bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with subsequent diabetes‐related self‐care activities: The role of social support and optimism
Authors: Zhao FangFang , Suhonen Riitta , Katajisto Jouko , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: September 2019

Aim

This study aimed to explore how social support (external factor), optimism (internal factor) and their interaction associated with diabetes‐related self‐care activities (DRSCA) over 3 months among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design

Both questionnaire‐based and telephone‐based survey were used. The data were collected face to face, the first time by questionnaire and the second time by telephone.

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐five patients completed valid survey questionnaires (response rate was about 70% in the first and 62% in the second round). The association of social support and optimism with subsequent DRSCA was examined after adjusting for demographics and disease information.

Results

Based on results, optimism was significantly associated with subsequent DRSCA. In the dimensions of social support, objective social support and support use were significantly associated with subsequent DRSCA. The results showed that the mediation of optimism between the dimensions of social support and DRSCA was not significant after controlling for covariates. The results also indicated that social support and optimism played directly an important role in improving diabetes‐related self‐care activities.
Investigation of Photocatalytic Activity of Anchored Dysprosium and Praseodymium Complexes on CoFe2O4 in Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Daraie Mansoureh , Heravi Majid M. , Tamoradi Taiebeh
Published: September 2019

Two hitherto unknown magnetic nanoparticles were prepared through the immobilization of Dysprosium (Dy) and Praseodymium (Pr) Complexes on the surface of CoFe2O4, using commercially available or easily accessible materials under green conditions. They were fully characterized, using, FT‐IR, SEM, EDX, ICP‐OES, XRD and TGA techniques. Photocatalytic activity of these nanocomposites were successfully examined in the high yielding synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, via MCR, involving, barbituric acid, malononitrile and differently substituted benzaldehydes in the UV region (250 nm) at room temperature. The above‐mentioned photocatalysts showed excellent recoverability and reusability under the optimal reaction conditions.
Evaluation of carboxymethylpullulan‐AlCl3 as a coagulant for water treatment: A case study with kaolin
Authors: Chao Hong‐Jun , Zhang Xinran , Wang Wenqi , Li Daosheng , Ren Yongzheng , Kang Jianxiong , Liu Dongqi
Published: September 2019

A reduction in the use of aluminum (Al)‐based flocculants in the treatment of drinking water is considered essential for human health reasons. In this study, a novel composite flocculant, made of carboxymethylpullulan‐AlCl3, is evaluated in a lab‐scale, jar test system for the flocculation of kaolin. The results showed that the coagulation efficiency of carboxymethylpullulan‐AlCl3 was more effective in reducing turbidity than the solo use of carboxymethylpullulan or AlCl3. The optimum treatment conditions assessed by a response surface methodology were obtained at pH 6.50, 13.03 mg/L carboxymethylpullulan, and 94.87 mg/L AlCl3. Zeta potential measurements and photometric dispersion analysis demonstrated that AlCl3 had a more significant influence on charge neutralization than carboxymethylpullulan, whilst carboxymethylpullulan facilitated absorption and the development of particle bridges. Thus, the composite flocculant possessed both advantages that enhanced flocculation, and decreased the dosage of AlCl3, thereby reducing the potential for secondary environment pollution. When 90 mg/L carboxymethylpullulan‐AlCl3 was added to the model kaolin suspension characterized by a turbidity of 50 nephelometric turbidity units, the zeta potential and the maximum flocculating activity were determined as −2.28 mV and 98.0%, respectively. The results provide insight into the development of an environment‐friendly composite flocculant prepared from water‐dissolved polysaccharide and inorganic flocculants.

Practitioner points

A novel composite flocculant CMP‐AlCl3 was achieved by combining CMP and AlCl3 for water treatment.

The coagulation efficiency of CMP‐AlCl3 was more effective in reducing turbidity than the solo use of CMP or AlCl3.

The flocculation efficiency and mechanism were investigated by Zeta potential analysis, surface morphology, electron microscopy, and coagulation.
Multiple regression models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as prediction tools of changes in overall quality during the storage of spreadable processed Gouda cheese
Authors: Stangierski J. , Weiss D. , Kaczmarek A.
Published: September 2019

The aim of the study was to compare the ability of multiple linear regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the overall quality of spreadable Gouda cheese during storage at 8 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C. The ANN used five factors selected by Principal Component Analysis, which was used as input data for the ANN calculation. The datasets were divided into three subsets: a training set, a validation set, and a test set. The multiple regression models were highly significant with high determination coefficients: R2 = 0.99, 0.87 and 0.87 for 8, 20 and 30 °C, respectively, which made them a useful tool to predict quality deterioration. Simultaneously, the artificial neural networks models with determination coefficient of R2 = 0.99, 0.96 and 0.96 for 8, 20 and 30 °C, respectively were built. The models based on ANNs with higher values of determination coefficients and lower RMSE values proved to be more accurate. The best fit of the model to the experimental data was found for processed cheese stored at 8 °C.
Mindful Consumption: Three Consumer Segment Views
Authors: Milne George R. , Villarroel Ordenes Francisco , Kaplan Begum
Published: September 2019

As consumers are moving away from mindless consumerism, a mindful consumption literature has emerged that is based on Buddhist and psychological perspectives of mindfulness. While the idea of mindful consumption has great potential, there is little empirical research to date that comprehensively examines the consumer perspective on the role of mindfulness on consumption. To provide a grounded consumer perspective, the authors segment mindful consumption views from open-end text using a mixed method of clustering and text mining. By analyzing the segmentation structure, the authors discover various consumer views of mindful consumption, such as careful economic based consumption, monitoring activities of firms, and being informed about the impact of consumption choices. The authors compare the empirical results with the academic literature to provide directions for future research.
Inferior Vena Cava Filter Evaluation and Management for the Diagnostic Radiologist: A Comprehensive Review Including Inferior Vena Cava Filter-Related Complications and PRESERVE Trial Filters
Authors: Ahmed Osman , Sheikh Shermeen , Tran Patrick , Funaki Brian , Shadid Alexandria M. , Navuluri Rakesh , Van Ha Thuong
Published: September 2019

Inferior vena cava filters are commonly encountered devices on diagnostic imaging that were highlighted in a 2010 Food and Drug Administration safety advisory regarding their complications from long-term implantation. The Predicting the Safety and Effectiveness of Inferior Vena Cava Filters (PRESERVE) trial is an ongoing after-market study investigating the safety and utility of commonly utilized filters in practice today. While most of these filters are safe, prompt recognition and management of any filter-associated complication is imperative to prevent or reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with them. This review is aimed at discussing the appropriate utilization and placement of inferior vena cava filters in addition to the recognition of filter-associated complications on cross-sectional imaging. An overview of the PRESRVE trial filters is also provided to understand each filter's propensity for specific complications.
Thirdhand smoke: Genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential
Authors: Hang Bo , Wang Pin , Zhao Yue , Chang Hang , Mao Jian‐Hua , Snijders Antoine M.
Published: September 2019

Thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco has been smoked, represents a hidden and underestimated public health hazard. Evidence supports its widespread presence in indoor environments. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), a precursor of THS, has been well documented as a risk factor for human cancers, especially lung cancer. However, the concept of THS as a distinct entity that poses health risks for small children has developed only recently and the associations of THS with cancer risk and other chronic diseases are poorly understood due to limited numbers of studies to date. In this perspective, we mainly summarize all published studies on the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of THS exposure. These studies begin to fill the knowledge gap in our understanding of cancer risk of THS. Accumulating data from existing and future studies will help reduce the tobacco‐related cancer incidence through changes in lifestyle and tobacco control policies.
Settling the Patentability of Products Obtained from Essentially Biological Processes: The EPO President’s Referral to the Enlarged Board of Appeal in the Aftermath of “the Pepper Case”
Authors: GAMBINI Emanuela
Published: September 2019

In the aftermath of the Technical Board of Appeal’s decision T 1063/18 of 5 December 2018 (“the Pepper case”), the President of the EPO has referred, in G 3/19, two questions to the Enlarged Board of Appeal pursuant to Article 112(1)(b) of the European Patent Convention concerning the patentability of products obtained from essentially biological processes under Article 53(b) EPC. The Technical Board of Appeals in T 1063/18 upheld that the new Rule 28(2) of the Implementing Regulations to the European Patent Convention conflicts with Article 53(b) EPC, as it has been interpreted by the Enlarged Board of Appeal in G 2/12 and G 2/13 (the “Tomato II” and “Broccoli II” cases), namely that “the exclusion of essentially biological processes for the production of plants in Article 53(b) EPC does not have a negative effect on the allowability of a product claim directed to plants or plants material such as fruit”. Moreover, the TBA concluded that Article 58(b) EPC should prevail over Rule 28(2) EPC-IR. Since this ruling challenges the Administrative Council’s amendment to Rule 28 EPC-IR, the President deemed it necessary to refer the conflict to the EBA in order to “restore legal certainty”.
Thermodynamically consistent modelling of two-phase flows with moving contact line and soluble surfactants
Authors: Zhu Guangpu , Kou Jisheng , Yao Bowen , Wu Yu-shu , Yao Jun , Sun Shuyu
Published: September 2019

Droplet dynamics on a solid substrate is significantly influenced by surfactants. It remains a challenging task to model and simulate the moving contact line dynamics with soluble surfactants. In this work, we present a derivation of the phase-field moving contact line model with soluble surfactants through the first law of thermodynamics, associated thermodynamic relations and the Onsager variational principle. The derived thermodynamically consistent model consists of two Cahn–Hilliard type of equations governing the evolution of interface and surfactant concentration, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and the generalized Navier boundary condition for the moving contact line. With chemical potentials derived from the free energy functional, we analytically obtain certain equilibrium properties of surfactant adsorption, including equilibrium profiles for phase-field variables, the Langmuir isotherm and the equilibrium equation of state. A classical droplet spread case is used to numerically validate the moving contact line model and equilibrium properties of surfactant adsorption. The influence of surfactants on the contact line dynamics observed in our simulations is consistent with the results obtained using sharp interface models. Using the proposed model, we investigate the droplet dynamics with soluble surfactants on a chemically patterned surface. It is observed that droplets will form three typical flow states as a result of different surfactant bulk concentrations and defect strengths, specifically the coalescence mode, the non-coalescence mode and the detachment mode. In addition, a phase diagram for the three flow states is presented. Finally, we study the unbalanced Young stress acting on triple-phase contact points. The unbalanced Young stress could be a driving or resistance force, which is determined by the critical defect strength.
Comprehensive shear stress analysis of turbulent boundary layer profiles
Authors: Womack Kristofer M. , Meneveau Charles , Schultz Michael P.
Published: September 2019

Motivated by the need for accurate determination of wall shear stress from profile measurements in turbulent boundary layer flows, the total shear stress balance is analysed and reformulated using several well-established semi-empirical relations. The analysis highlights the significant effect that small pressure gradients can have on parameters deduced from data even in nominally zero pressure gradient boundary layers. Using the comprehensive shear stress balance together with the log-law equation, it is shown that friction velocity, roughness length and zero-plane displacement can be determined with only velocity and turbulent shear stress profile measurements at a single streamwise location for nominally zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. Application of the proposed analysis to turbulent smooth- and rough-wall experimental data shows that the friction velocity is determined with accuracy comparable to force balances (approximately 1 %–4 %). Additionally, application to boundary layer data from previous studies provides clear evidence that the often cited discrepancy between directly measured friction velocities (e.g. using force balances) and those derived from traditional total shear stress methods is likely due to the small favourable pressure gradient imposed by a fixed cross-section facility. The proposed comprehensive shear stress analysis can account for these small pressure gradients and allows more accurate boundary layer wall shear stress or friction velocity determination using commonly available mean velocity and shear stress profile data from a single streamwise location.
Identifying and mapping very small (<0.5 km2) mountain glaciers on coarse to high-resolution imagery
Authors: Leigh J. R. , Stokes C. R. , Carr R. J. , Evans I. S. , Andreassen L. M. , Evans D. J. A.
Published: September 2019

Small mountain glaciers are an important part of the cryosphere and tend to respond rapidly to climate warming. Historically, mapping very small glaciers (generally considered to be <0.5 km2) using satellite imagery has often been subjective due to the difficulty in differentiating them from perennial snowpatches. For this reason, most scientists implement minimum size-thresholds (typically 0.01–0.05 km2). Here, we compare the ability of different remote-sensing approaches to identify and map very small glaciers on imagery of varying spatial resolutions (30–0.25 m) and investigate how operator subjectivity influences the results. Based on this analysis, we support the use of a minimum size-threshold of 0.01 km2for imagery with coarse to medium spatial resolution (30–10 m). However, when mapping on high-resolution imagery (<1 m) with minimal seasonal snow cover, glaciers <0.05 km2and even <0.01 km2are readily identifiable and using a minimum threshold may be inappropriate. For these cases, we develop a set of criteria to enable the identification of very small glaciers and classify them ascertain,probableorpossible.This should facilitate a more consistent approach to identifying and mapping very small glaciers on high-resolution imagery, helping to produce more comprehensive and accurate glacier inventories.
Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili on the Juridical Status of Native American Polities
Authors: Grant Daragh
Published: September 2019

Over the course of the sixteenth century, Europeans writing about theius gentiumwent from treating indigenous American rulers as the juridical equals of Europe's princes to depicting them as little more than savage brutes, incapable of bearingdominiumand ineligible for the protections of the law of peoples. This essay examines the writings of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili to show how this transformation in European perceptions of Native Americans resulted from fundamental changes in European society. The emergence of a novel conception of sovereignty amid the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation was central to this shift and provided a new foundation for Europe's continued imperial expansion into the Americas.
The 2018 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: The Protestant Reformation through Arab Eyes, 1517–1698
Authors: Matar Nabil
Published: September 2019

This essay examines what Arabs knew about Luther, Calvin, and the Protestant-Catholic conflict in the early modern period. While there have been studies of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century impact of Protestant missions on the Arab East, there has been no study of the Protestant movement and its confrontation with Catholicism and Orthodoxy in the period between 1517 and 1698. Although Protestantism failed in gaining converts, the rivalry between Protestant England and Catholic France in co-opting converts to their military and ideological camps resulted in religio-social fissures that would have a lasting impact on Christians and Christianity in the Middle East.
Coexistence of three specialist predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid in the Pacific Northwest USA
Authors: Rose Alexander , Ross Darrell W. , Havill Nathan P. , Motley Kyle , Wallin Kimberly F.
Published: September 2019

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) is an invasive insect, introduced from Japan to eastern North America, where it causes decline and death of hemlock trees. There is a closely related lineage of A. tsugae native to western North America. To inform classical biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, the density and phenology of three native western adelgid specialist predators, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), Le. piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), were quantified in the Pacific Northwest. Infested branches were collected from western hemlock (Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at four sites around the Puget Sound, Washington and three sites in Oregon. Immature Leucopis were identified to species using DNA barcodes. Leucopis argenticollis was roughly twice as abundant as Le. piniperda. Laricobius nigrinus larvae were more abundant than the two species of Leucopis during the egg stage of the first adelgid generation, but Leucopis were present as feeding larvae during the second adelgid generation when La. nigrinus was aestivating in the soil, resulting in Leucopis being more abundant than La. nigrinus across the entire sampling period. Adelges tsugae and La. nigrinus densities were not correlated, while A. tsugae and Leucopis spp. densities were positively correlated. Leucopis spp. and La. nigrinus densities were negatively correlated. These results support the complementary use of La. nigrinus and the two Leucopis species for biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern USA, and point to the need for further investigation of spatial and temporal niche partitioning among the three predator species.
Analysis of the effects of nanosilver on bacterial community in the intestinal fluid of silkworms using high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Lin Chen , Wei Zhou , Yi Zhou , Tingting Tan , Huamao Du , Lichun Feng
Published: September 2019

Nanosilver is an environment-friendly, harmless alternative of traditional disinfectants which can be potentially applied in the sericulture industry. However, the effects of nanosilver on the intestinal bacterial community of the silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) are unclear. In this study, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to assess the intestinal bacterial community in both male and female silkworms while treated with different concentrations of nanosilver. We found that nanosilver significantly influenced the composition of silkworm intestinal bacterial community on the different taxonomic levels. Most conspicuously, the abundance of Firmicutes was increased by the treatment of 20 mg L−1 nanosilver but decreased by that of 100 mg L−1 nanosilver at the phylum level. The same trend was observed in Bacilli at the class level and in Enterococcus at the genus level. In some extreme cases, application of nanosilver eliminated the bacterium, e.g., Brevibacillus, but increased the population of several other bacteria in the host intestine, such as Blautia, Terrisporobacter, Faecalibacterium, and some bacteria could only be found in nanosilver treatment groups, e.g., Dialister. In addition, although nanosilver generally showed negative effects on the cocooning rate in a dose-dependent manner, we found that 20 mg L−1 nanosilver treatment significantly increased the body weight of silkworms and did not show negative effects on the survival rate. These results indicated that the intestinal bacteria community of silkworm larvae was significantly changed after nanosilver treatment which might consequently influence host growth and development.
Induced eggplant resistance against Trialeurodes vaporariorum triggered by jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and Nesidiocoris tenuis feeding
Authors: Esmaeily Saeideh , Amin Samih Mohammad , Izadi Hamzeh
Published: September 2019

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is one of the major insect pests of agricultural crops such as eggplant. Due to various difficulties associated with synthetic pesticides, more environmentally friendly alternative methods are greatly appreciated for controlling pests. In the present study, the induction of resistance was investigated in eggplant using root and foliar application of jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, as well as Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) either individually or in combination against T. vaporariorum. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions inside a growth chamber, which was set at 27 ± 2°C, 50 ± 5% relative humidity with a 16 h day length. Our results showed an increase in plant resistance due to the higher immature mortality rates, longer immature periods, lower longevity of adults, and fecundity. In free-choice situation, oviposition on root jasmonic acid (RJA) + N. tenuis and root abscisic acid (RABA) + N. tenuis was similar, but numbers of eggs deposited on these plants were lower than other treatments and control plants. The plant enzyme activity and phenolic content were significantly greater in RJA + N. tenuis and RABA + N. tenuis, intermediate in individual treatments, and the lowest in control plants. Correspondingly, T. vaporariorum longevity, number of eggs produced per female, oviposition preference, all were lowest when the insects fed on these treatments. These findings suggest that the induction of resistance in eggplants with the physiological changes in the host plant leads to a reduction in whitefly damage.
Consumption and Portfolio Choice under Internal Multiplicative Habit Formation
Authors: van Bilsen Servaas , Bovenberg A. Lans , Laeven Roger J. A.
Published: September 2019

This paper explores the optimal consumption and investment behavior of an individual who derives utility from the ratio between his consumption and an endogenous habit. We obtain closed-form policies under general utility functionals and stochastic investment opportunities by developing a nontrivial linearization to the budget constraint. This enables us to explicitly characterize how habit formation affects the marginal propensity to consume and optimal stock–bond investments. We also show that in a setting that combines habit formation with Epstein–Zin utility, consumption no longer grows at unrealistically high rates at high ages and investments in risky assets decrease.
Emotions, finances and independence. Uranium as a “happy object” in the Greenlandic debate on secession from Denmark
Authors: Thisted Kirsten
Published: September 2019

Analysing the Danish-Greenlandic debate on Greenland’s plans to extract and export uranium, the article advocates bringing the fields of extraction studies and cultural studies into dialogue. Drawing on discourse analysis, critical theory and the “emotional turn” in social sciences, the article demonstrates how the current discussion about secession is linked to a Danish-Greenlandic affective economy instituted during the colonial era. Conceived as the antithesis to the unhappy condition of present postcoloniality, independence has become the ultimate political goal for the Greenlandic nation. The reasoning is that history has made the Greenlanders citizens in a foreign nation, which has left them in a state of alienation. In order to lock colonialism away firmly in the past and attain future happiness, the Greenlanders must attain statehood. Uranium is supposed to promote this goal and is thus circulated as a “happy object”, positioning opponents of uranium mining as “affect aliens” or “killjoys” in the independence discourse. In Denmark, the Greenlandic detachment has led to “postcolonial melancholia” – and to a greater receptiveness to the Greenland desire for equality. In Greenland, disappointed expectations of rapid economic progress and growing distrust of large-scale projects have sparked a discussion about the significations of the concept of “independence”.
The ice as leitmotif of a life: Erich von Drygalski, writings and photographs
Authors: Millar Pat
Published: September 2019

Professional scientist-geographer Erich von Drygalski led the first German expedition to Antarctica in 1901–1903. The expedition saw itself as purely scientific, which turned out to be at odds with the expectations of Imperial Germany at the time. It was one of the first to use photography extensively and effectively to document and record scientific activities and to shape the public’s image of the work that was being done in this remote and unknown part of the world. Ice was the leitmotif of Drygalski’s life. He had prior experience in the Arctic, and the year spent in Antarctica confirmed his nuanced way of viewing the ice: on the one hand, and foremost, scholarly and objective, while still appreciating its aesthetic qualities; on the other, infused with feelings of human vulnerability. Using discourse analysis, this article examines Drygalski’s published work and photographs he chose to illustrate it, in order to investigate what the ice meant to him. In his writings, it was the scholarly, objective attitude which predominated and this may have contributed to the generally lacklustre reception of his Antarctic achievements. The photographs he chose to illustrate his published work, however, were many and varied, often capturing the awe-inspiring beauty of the ice and contributing to good sales of his narrative of the South Polar Expedition.
What can artificial languages reveal about morphosyntactic processing in bilinguals?
Authors: Grey Sarah
Published: September 2019

This article reviews work that has employed artificial languages to investigate the learning and processing of additional language grammar in bilinguals, with a focus on morphosyntactic processing in sentence contexts. The article first discusses research that has utilized artificial languages to elucidate two central issues in research on bilingual third language learning and processing: the role of prior language-learning experience and cross-linguistic transfer from the native and second languages to the third. Then, research that has compared bilingual third language to monolingual second language grammar processing is discussed, with specific consideration of hypothesized bilingual advantages at language learning. Finally, future directions in artificial language learning research on bilingual morphosyntactic processing are considered.
Engaging with the Sustainable Development Goals by going beyond Modernity: An ethical evaluation within a worldview framework
Authors: de Vries Bert J. M.
Published: September 2019

Non-technical summary

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets are an important achievement. They largely reflect the worldview of Modernity, with its emphasis on scientific and planning rationality and emancipatory ideals. This worldview is no longer evident and dominant, and it is time to systematically explore complementing worldviews. Explicit use of worldviews, as sets of values and beliefs, and ethics enriches the interpretation and implementation of the SDGs. This facilitates the engagement of citizens in their real-world diversity and the development of respect for and empathy and cooperation with people holding other values, beliefs and morals. Dialogue around ‘the middle road’ can give guidance to just, fair and sustainable development pathways.
Horizontal acquisition of a patchwork Calvin cycle by symbiotic and free-living Campylobacterota (formerly Epsilonproteobacteria)
Authors: Assié Adrien , Leisch Nikolaus , Meier Dimitri V , Gruber-Vodicka Harald , Tegetmeyer Halina E , Meyerdierks Anke , Kleiner Manuel , Hinzke Tjorven , Joye Samantha , Saxton Matthew , Dubilier Nicole , Petersen Jillian M
Published: September 2019

Most autotrophs use the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon fixation. In contrast, all currently described autotrophs from the Campylobacterota (previously Epsilonproteobacteria) use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) instead. We discovered campylobacterotal epibionts (“Candidatus Thiobarba”) of deep-sea mussels that have acquired a complete CBB cycle and may have lost most key genes of the rTCA cycle. Intriguingly, the phylogenies of campylobacterotal CBB cycle genes suggest they were acquired in multiple transfers from Gammaproteobacteria closely related to sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts associated with the mussels, as well as from Betaproteobacteria. We hypothesize that “Ca. Thiobarba” switched from the rTCA cycle to a fully functional CBB cycle during its evolution, by acquiring genes from multiple sources, including co-occurring symbionts. We also found key CBB cycle genes in free-living Campylobacterota, suggesting that the CBB cycle may be more widespread in this phylum than previously known. Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics confirmed high expression of CBB cycle genes in mussel-associated “Ca. Thiobarba”. Direct stable isotope fingerprinting showed that “Ca. Thiobarba” has typical CBB signatures, suggesting that it uses this cycle for carbon fixation. Our discovery calls into question current assumptions about the distribution of carbon fixation pathways in microbial lineages, and the interpretation of stable isotope measurements in the environment.
Sourcing the immune system to induce immunogenic cell death in Kras-colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Cirone Mara , Lotti Lavinia Vittoria , Granato Marisa , Renzo Livia Di , Biunno Ida , Cattaneo Monica , Verginelli Fabio , Vespa Simone , Davies Derek , Wells Valerie , Mariani-Costantini Renato , Mallucci Livio
Published: September 2019

Background

Current approaches aimed at inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) to incite an immune response against cancer neoantigens are based on the use of chemotherapeutics and other agents. Results are hampered by issues of efficacy, combinatorial approaches, dosing and toxicity. Here, we adopted a strategy based on the use of an immunomolecule that overcomes pharmachemical limitations.

Methods

Cytofluorometry, electron microscopy, RT-PCR, western blotting, apotome immunofluorescence, MLR and xenografts.

Results

We report that an ICD process can be activated without the use of pharmacological compounds. We show that in Kras-mut/TP53-mut colorectal cancer cells the 15 kDa βGBP cytokine, a T cell effector with onco-suppressor properties and a potential role in cancer immunosurveillance, induces key canonical events required for ICD induction. We document ER stress, autophagy that extends from cancer cells to the corresponding xenograft tumours, CRT cell surface shifting, ATP release and evidence of dendritic cell activation, a process required for priming cytotoxic T cells into a specific anticancer immunogenic response.

Conclusions

Our findings provide experimental evidence for a rationale to explore a strategy based on the use of an immunomolecule that as a single agent couples oncosuppression with the activation of procedures necessary for the induction of long term response to cancer.
Dynamin and reverse-mode sodium calcium exchanger blockade confers neuroprotection from diffuse axonal injury
Authors: Omelchenko Anton , Shrirao Anil B. , Bhattiprolu Atul K. , Zahn Jeffrey D. , Schloss Rene S. , Dickson Samantha , Meaney David F. , Boustany Nada N. , Yarmush Martin L. , Firestein Bonnie L.
Published: September 2019

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a frequently overlooked public health concern that is difficult to diagnose and treat. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common mTBI neuropathology in which axonal shearing and stretching induces breakdown of the cytoskeleton, impaired axonal trafficking, axonal degeneration, and cognitive dysfunction. DAI is becoming recognized as a principal neuropathology of mTBI with supporting evidence from animal model, human pathology, and neuroimaging studies. As mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium overload are critical steps in secondary brain and axonal injury, we investigated changes in protein expression of potential targets following mTBI using an in vivo controlled cortical impact model. We show upregulated expression of sodium calcium exchanger1 (NCX1) in the hippocampus and cortex at distinct time points post-mTBI. Expression of dynamin-related protein1 (Drp1), a GTPase responsible for regulation of mitochondrial fission, also changes differently post-injury in the hippocampus and cortex. Using an in vitro model of DAI previously reported by our group, we tested whether pharmacological inhibition of NCX1 by SN-6 and of dynamin1, dynamin2, and Drp1 by dynasore mitigates secondary damage. Dynasore and SN-6 attenuate stretch injury-induced swelling of axonal varicosities and mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, we show that dynasore, but not SN-6, protects against H2O2-induced damage in an organotypic oxidative stress model. As there is currently no standard treatment to mitigate cell damage induced by mTBI and DAI, this work highlights two potential therapeutic targets for treatment of DAI in multiple models of mTBI and DAI.
Kinase-independent inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced pathways protects the ovarian reserve and prolongs fertility
Authors: Bellusci Giovanna , Mattiello Luca , Iannizzotto Valentina , Ciccone Sarah , Maiani Emiliano , Villani Valentina , Diederich Marc , Gonfloni Stefania
Published: September 2019

Premature ovarian failure and infertility are adverse effects of cancer therapies. The mechanism underlying chemotherapy-mediated depletion of the ovarian reserve remains unclear. Here, we aim to identify the signaling pathways involved in the loss of the ovarian reserve to prevent the damaging effects of chemotherapy. We evaluated the effects of cyclophosphamide, one of the most damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, against follicle reserve. In vivo studies showed that the cyclophosphamide-induced loss of ovarian reserve occurred through a sequential mechanism. Cyclophosphamide exposure induced the activation of both DNAPK-γH2AX-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2)-p53/TAp63α isoform and protein kinase B (AKT)-forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) signaling axes in the nucleus of oocytes. Concomitant administration of an allosteric ABL inhibitor and cyclophosphamide modulated both pathways while protecting the ovarian reserve from chemotherapy assaults. As a consequence, the fertility of the treated mice was prolonged. On the contrary, the administration of an allosteric ABL activator enhanced the lethal effects of cyclophosphamide while shortening mouse fertility. Therefore, kinase-independent inhibition may serve as an effective ovarian-protective strategy in women under chemotherapy.
Determinants of maximum cup depth in non-glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma subjects: a population-based study
Authors: Zhang Qing , Zhang Ye , Xin Chen , Mao Yingyan , Cao Kai , Jan Catherine , Guo Chunyu , Wang Ningli , Thomas Ravi
Published: September 2019

Background/objectives

To study the associations of intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal vessel diameters: central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) with the maximum cup depth (MCD) in subjects with and without POAG.

Subjects/methods

Eligible subjects from the Handan Eye Study. All participants underwent physical and comprehensive eye examinations. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models assessed the association between MCD and other parameters.

Results

Four thousand one hundred and ninety-four eligible nonglaucoma and 40 POAG subjects were analyzed. On univariable analysis, deeper MCD was significantly associated with younger age, male gender, lower systolic blood pressure (BP), higher IOP, higher estimated cerebro-spinal fluid pressure (ECSFP), lower estimated trans-laminal cribrosa pressure difference (ETLCPD), longer axial length, narrower CRAE, narrower CRVE, larger disc area (DA) and a lower prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. On multivariable analysis, significant independent determinants of MCD were larger DA (P < 0.001; beta: 0.042;B: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.22), younger age (P < 0.001; beta: −0.09;B: −0.002; 95% CI: −0.003, −0.001), higher IOP (P < 0.01; beta: 0.040;B: 0.003; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.005), and narrower CRAE (P < 0.001; beta: −0.06;B: −0.001; 95% CI: −0.001, −0.0003). On adding ECSFP and ETLCPD to the model, MCD was associated with IOP but not with estimated CSFP and TLCPD. A 1 μm decrease in CRAE or 1 mmHg increase of IOP was associated with a 1 μm increase of MCD (P < 0.001) and 3 μm increase of MCD respectively (P = 0.009).

Conclusions

Narrow CRVE and higher IOP are associated with an increase in MCD.
Dynamic changes in epithelial cell morphology control thymic organ size during atrophy and regeneration
Authors: Venables Thomas , Griffith Ann V. , DeAraujo Alice , Petrie Howard T.
Published: September 2019

T lymphocytes must be produced throughout life, yet the thymus, where T lymphocytes are made, exhibits accelerated atrophy with age. Even in advanced atrophy, however, the thymus remains plastic, and can be regenerated by appropriate stimuli. Logically, thymic atrophy is thought to reflect senescent cell death, while regeneration requires proliferation of stem or progenitor cells, although evidence is scarce. Here we use conditional reporters to show that accelerated thymic atrophy reflects contraction of complex cell projections unique to cortical epithelial cells, while regeneration requires their regrowth. Both atrophy and regeneration are independent of changes in epithelial cell number, suggesting that the size of the thymus is regulated primarily by rate-limiting morphological changes in cortical stroma, rather than by their cell death or proliferation. Our data also suggest that cortical epithelial morphology is under the control of medullary stromal signals, revealing a previously unrecognized endocrine-paracrine signaling axis in the thymus.
The CXCL5/CXCR2 axis is sufficient to promote breast cancer colonization during bone metastasis
Authors: Romero-Moreno Ricardo , Curtis Kimberly J. , Coughlin Thomas R. , Miranda-Vergara Maria Cristina , Dutta Shourik , Natarajan Aishwarya , Facchine Beth A. , Jackson Kristen M. , Nystrom Lukas , Li Jun , Kaliney William , Niebur Glen L. , Littlepage Laurie E.
Published: September 2019

Bone is one of the most common sites for metastasis across cancers. Cancer cells that travel through the vasculature and invade new tissues can remain in a non-proliferative dormant state for years before colonizing the metastatic site. Switching from dormancy to colonization is the rate-limiting step of bone metastasis. Here we develop an ex vivo co-culture method to grow cancer cells in mouse bones to assess cancer cell proliferation using healthy or cancer-primed bones. Profiling soluble factors from conditioned media identifies the chemokine CXCL5 as a candidate to induce metastatic colonization. Additional studies using CXCL5 recombinant protein suggest that CXCL5 is sufficient to promote breast cancer cell proliferation and colonization in bone, while inhibition of its receptor CXCR2 with an antagonist blocks proliferation of metastatic cancer cells. This study suggests that CXCL5 and CXCR2 inhibitors may have efficacy in treating metastatic bone tumors dependent on the CXCL5/CXCR2 axis.
The fecal resistome of dairy cattle is associated with diet during nursing
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Taft Diana H. , Maldonado-Gomez Maria X. , Johnson Daisy , Treiber Michelle L. , Lemay Danielle G. , DePeters Edward J. , Mills David A.
Published: September 2019

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, and livestock play a significant role in selecting for resistance and maintaining such reservoirs. Here we study the succession of dairy cattle resistome during early life using metagenomic sequencing, as well as the relationship between resistome, gut microbiota, and diet. In our dataset, the gut of dairy calves serves as a reservoir of 329 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) presumably conferring resistance to 17 classes of antibiotics, and the abundance of ARGs declines gradually during nursing. ARGs appear to co-occur with antibacterial biocide or metal resistance genes. Colostrum is a potential source of ARGs observed in calves at day 2. The dynamic changes in the resistome are likely a result of gut microbiota assembly, which is closely associated with diet transition in dairy calves. Modifications in the resistome may be possible via early-life dietary interventions to reduce overall antimicrobial resistance.
NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity in the nucleus accumbens connects reward-predictive cues to approach responses
Authors: Vega-Villar Mercedes , Horvitz Jon C. , Nicola Saleem M.
Published: September 2019

Learning associations between environmental cues and rewards is a fundamental adaptive function. Via such learning, reward-predictive cues come to activate approach to locations where reward is available. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is essential for cued approach behavior in trained subjects, and cue-evoked excitations in NAc neurons are critical for the expression of this behavior. Excitatory synapses within the NAc undergo synaptic plasticity that presumably contributes to cued approach acquisition, but a direct link between synaptic plasticity within the NAc and the development of cue-evoked neural activity during learning has not been established. Here we show that, with repeated cue-reward pairings, cue-evoked excitations in the NAc emerge and grow in the trials prior to the detectable expression of cued approach behavior. We demonstrate that the growth of these signals requires NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity within the NAc, revealing a neural mechanism by which the NAc participates in learning of conditioned reward-seeking behaviors.
Nucleobase synthesis in interstellar ices
Authors: Oba Yasuhiro , Takano Yoshinori , Naraoka Hiroshi , Watanabe Naoki , Kouchi Akira
Published: September 2019

The synthesis of nucleobases in natural environments, especially in interstellar molecular clouds, is the focus of a long-standing debate regarding prebiotic chemical evolution. Here we report the simultaneous detection of all three pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil and thymine) and three purine nucleobases (adenine, xanthine and hypoxanthine) in interstellar ice analogues composed of simple molecules including H2O, CO, NH3 and CH3OH after exposure to ultraviolet photons followed by thermal processes, that is, in conditions that simulate the chemical processes accompanying star formation from molecular clouds. Photolysis of primitive gas molecules at 10 K might be one of the key steps in the production of nucleobases. The present results strongly suggest that the evolution from molecular clouds to stars and planets provides a suitable environment for nucleobase synthesis in space.
Zika virus enhances monocyte adhesion and transmigration favoring viral dissemination to neural cells
Authors: Ayala-Nunez Nilda Vanesa , Follain Gautier , Delalande François , Hirschler Aurélie , Partiot Emma , Hale Gillian L. , Bollweg Brigid C. , Roels Judith , Chazal Maxime , Bakoa Florian , Carocci Margot , Bourdoulous Sandrine , Faklaris Orestis , Zaki Sherif R. , Eckly Anita , Uring-Lambert Béatrice , Doussau Frédéric , Cianferani Sarah , Carapito Christine , Jacobs Frank M. J. , Jouvenet Nolwenn , Goetz Jacky G. , Gaudin Raphael
Published: September 2019

Zika virus (ZIKV) invades and persists in the central nervous system (CNS), causing severe neurological diseases. However the virus journey, from the bloodstream to tissues through a mature endothelium, remains unclear. Here, we show that ZIKV-infected monocytes represent suitable carriers for viral dissemination to the CNS using human primary monocytes, cerebral organoids derived from embryonic stem cells, organotypic mouse cerebellar slices, a xenotypic human-zebrafish model, and human fetus brain samples. We find that ZIKV-exposed monocytes exhibit higher expression of adhesion molecules, and higher abilities to attach onto the vessel wall and transmigrate across endothelia. This phenotype is associated to enhanced monocyte-mediated ZIKV dissemination to neural cells. Together, our data show that ZIKV manipulates the monocyte adhesive properties and enhances monocyte transmigration and viral dissemination to neural cells. Monocyte transmigration may represent an important mechanism required for viral tissue invasion and persistence that could be specifically targeted for therapeutic intervention.
Publisher Correction: An electrochemical thermal transistor
Authors: Sood Aditya , Xiong Feng , Chen Shunda , Wang Haotian , Selli Daniele , Zhang Jinsong , McClellan Connor J. , Sun Jie , Donadio Davide , Cui Yi , Pop Eric , Goodson Kenneth E.
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Exercise during preoperative therapy increases tumor vascularity in pancreatic tumor patients
Authors: Florez Bedoya Claudia Alvarez , Cardoso Ana Carolina Ferreira , Parker Nathan , Ngo-Huang An , Petzel Maria Q. , Kim Michael P. , Fogelman David , Romero Salvador Gabriel , Wang Huamin , Park Minjeong , Katz Matthew H. G. , Schadler Keri L.
Published: September 2019

The efficacy of chemotherapy is reduced by dysfunctional tumor vasculature, which may limit chemotherapy delivery to tumors. Preclinical studies have shown that moderate aerobic exercise improves tumor vascular function and increases chemotherapy efficacy in mouse models, but the effect of exercise on human tumor vasculature has not yet been determined. Here, we demonstrate that exercise remodels the tumor vasculature, accelerates the regression, and delays the regrowth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model treated with gemcitabine. By evaluating pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens from patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy, we also demonstrate for the first time that tumor vascular remodeling occurs in association with exercise in humans. Future studies will evaluate whether exercise-induced vascular remodeling improves gemcitabine or other chemotherapy efficacy in patients, as this study evaluated only changes in tumor vascular structure.