bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive heterogeneous nucleation onto a microscopic impurity in a Potts model
Authors: Asuquo Cletus C. , McArthur Danielle , Bowles Richard K.
Published: August 2016

Many metastable systems can nucleate to multiple competing stable or intermediate metastable states. In this work, a Potts model, subject to external fields, is used to study the competitive nucleation of two phases attempting to grow on a microscopic impurity. Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the free energy surfaces for the system under different conditions, where the relative stability of the phases is adjusted by changing the interaction parameters, and the nucleation rates obtained using multicomponent transition state theory (TST) are compared with the rates measured using the survival probability method. We find that the two methods predict similar nucleation rates when the free energy barrier used in the transition state theory is defined as the work required to form a critical embryo from the metastable phase. An analysis of the free energy surfaces also reveals that the competition between the nucleating phases leads to an effective drying of the impurity which slows down the nucleation rate compared to the single phase case.
Asymmetric-shell ignition capsule design to tune the low-mode asymmetry during the peak drive
Authors: Gu Jianfa , Dai Zhensheng , Song Peng , Zou Shiyang , Ye Wenhua , Zheng Wudi , Gu Peijun , Wang Jianguo , Zhu Shaoping
Published: August 2016

The low-mode radiation flux asymmetry in the hohlraum is a main source of performance degradation in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) implosion experiments. To counteract the deleterious effects of the large positive P2 flux asymmetry during the peak drive, this paper develops a new tuning method called asymmetric-shell ignition capsule design which adopts the intentionally asymmetric CH ablator layer or deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layer. A series of two-dimensional implosion simulations have been performed, and the results show that the intentionally asymmetric DT ice layer can significantly improve the fuel ρR symmetry, hot spot shape, hot spot internal energy, and the final neutron yield compared to the spherical capsule. This indicates that the DT asymmetric-shell capsule design is an effective tuning method, while the CH ablator asymmetric-shell capsule could not correct the fuel ρR asymmetry, and it is not as effective as the DT asymmetric-shell capsule design.
Particle motion in generalized Dirac’s monopoles of dimension 2k + 1
Authors: Bai Zhanqiang
Published: August 2016

By using Meng’s idea in his generalization of the classical MICZ-Kepler problem, we obtained the equations of motion of a charged particle in the field of generalized Dirac monopole in odd dimensional Euclidean spaces. The main result is that for every particle trajectory r : I → ℝ2k+1∖{0}, there is a 2-dimensional cone with vertex at the origin on which r is a geodesic.
Elastic aging from coexistence and transformations of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric states in PZT
Authors: Cordero F. , Craciun F. , Trequattrini F. , Galizia P. , Galassi C.
Published: August 2016

Materials undergoing antiferroelectric/ferroelectric (AFE/FE) transitions are studied for possible applications that exploit the large volume, charge, and entropy differences between the two states, such as electrocaloric cooling, energy storage, and electromechanical actuators. Though certain compositions of PbZr1−xTixO3 codoped with La and Sn may withstand millions of electrically induced AFE/FE cycles, in other cases few thermally induced cycles and room temperature aging may cause noticeable changes in the material properties. This is particularly evident in the elastic moduli, which at room temperature can become as much as four times softer. In order to get more insight into the mechanisms involved in such elastic aging and full recovering with mild annealing at 600–800 K, the effect of La doping on PbZr0.954Ti0.046O3 is studied with anelastic measurements. Complete suppression of the time dependent phenomena is found after the transformation of the intermediate FE phase into incommensurate AFE by 2% La doping. This is discussed in terms of disappearance of the stress and electric fields at the FE/AFE interfaces, in the light of the thermally activated anelastic relaxation processes that are observed at high temperature and are due to mobile defects, presumably O vacancies.
Edge-induced Schottky barrier modulation at metal contacts to exfoliated molybdenum disulfide flakes
Authors: Nouchi Ryo
Published: August 2016

Ultrathin two-dimensional semiconductors obtained from layered transition-metal dichalcogenides such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are promising for ultimately scaled transistors beyond Si. Although the shortening of the semiconductor channel is widely studied, the narrowing of the channel, which should also be important for scaling down the transistor, has been examined to a lesser degree thus far. In this study, the impact of narrowing on mechanically exfoliated MoS2 flakes was investigated according to the channel-width-dependent Schottky barrier heights at Cr/Au contacts. Narrower channels were found to possess a higher Schottky barrier height, which is ascribed to the edge-induced band bending in MoS2. The higher barrier heights degrade the transistor performance as a higher electrode-contact resistance. Theoretical analyses based on Poisson's equation showed that the edge-induced effect can be alleviated by a high dopant impurity concentration, but this strategy should be limited to channel widths of roughly 0.7 μm because of the impurity-induced charge-carrier mobility degradation. Therefore, proper termination of the dangling bonds at the edges should be necessary for aggressive scaling with layered semiconductors.
Operation of a semiconductor microcavity under electric excitation
Authors: Karpov D. V. , Savenko I. G.
Published: August 2016

We present a microscopic theory for the description of the bias-controlled operation of an exciton-polariton-based heterostructure, in particular, the polariton laser. Combining together the Poisson equations for the scalar electric potential and Fermi quasi-energies of electrons and holes in a semiconductor heterostructure, the Boltzmann equation for the incoherent excitonic reservoir and the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the exciton-polariton mean field, we simulate the dynamics of the system minimising the number of free parameters and build a theoretical threshold characteristic: number of particles vs applied bias. This approach, which also accounts for the nonlinear (exciton-exciton) interaction, particle lifetime, and which can, in principle, account for any relaxation mechanisms for the carriers of charge inside the heterostructure or polariton loss, allows to completely describe modern experiments on polariton transport and model devices.
Transparent ambipolar organic thin film transistors based on multilayer transparent source-drain electrodes
Authors: Zhang Nan , Hu Yongsheng , Lin Jie , Li Yantao , Liu Xingyuan
Published: August 2016

A fabrication method for transparent ambipolar organic thin film transistors with transparent Sb2O3/Ag/Sb2O3 (SAS) source and drain electrodes has been developed. A pentacene/N,N′-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic di-imide (PTCDI-C13) bilayer heterojunction is used as the active semiconductor. The electrodes are deposited by room temperature electron beam evaporation. The devices are fabricated without damaging the active layers. The SAS electrodes have high transmittance (82.5%) and low sheet resistance (8 Ω/sq). High performance devices with hole and electron mobilities of 0.3 cm2/V s and 0.027 cm2/V s, respectively, and average visible range transmittance of 72% were obtained. These transistors have potential for transparent logic integrated circuit applications.
Suppression effect of silicon (Si) on Er3+ 1.54μm excitation in ZnO thin films
Authors: Xu Bo , Lu Fei , Ma Changdong , Fan Ranran
Published: August 2016

We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of ZnO:Er thin films on Si (100) single crystal and SiO2-on-silicon (SiO2) substrates, synthesized by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to analyze the properties of thin films. The diffusion depth profiles of Si were determined by second ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Infrared spectra were obtained from the spectrometer and related instruments. Compared with the results at room temperature (RT), PL (1.54μm) intensity increased when samples were annealed at 250°C and decreased when at 550°C. A new peak at 1.15μm from silicon (Si) appeared in 550°C samples. The Si dopants in ZnO film, either through the diffusion of Si from the substrate or ambient, directly absorbed the energy of pumping light and resulted in the suppression of Er3+ 1.54μm excitation. Furthermore, the energy transmission efficiency between Si and Er3+ was very low when compared with silicon nanocrystal (Si-NC). Both made the PL (1.54μm) intensity decrease. All the data in experiments proved the negative effects of Si dopants on PL at 1.54μm. And further research is going on.
Terahertz amplification in RTD-gated HEMTs with a grating-gate wave coupling topology
Authors: Condori Quispe Hugo O. , Encomendero-Risco Jimy J. , Xing Huili Grace , Sensale-Rodriguez Berardi
Published: August 2016

We theoretically analyze the operation of a terahertz amplifier consisting of a resonant-tunneling-diode gated high-electron-mobility transistor (RTD-gated HEMT) in a grating-gate topology. In these devices, the key element enabling substantial power gain is the efficient coupling of terahertz waves into and out of plasmons in the RTD-gated HEMT channel, i.e., the gain medium, via the grating-gate itself, part of the active device, rather than by an external antenna structure as discussed in previous works, therefore potentially enabling terahertz amplification with associated power gains >40 dB.
Nucleation, imaging, and motion of magnetic domain walls in cylindrical nanowires
Authors: Da Col S. , Jamet S. , Staňo M. , Trapp B. , Le Denmat S. , Cagnon L. , Toussaint J. C. , Fruchart O.
Published: August 2016

We report several procedures for the robust nucleation of magnetic domain walls in cylindrical permalloy nanowires. Specific features of the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) contrast of such wires are discussed, to avoid the misinterpretation of the magnetization states. The domain walls moved under quasistatic magnetic fields in the range 0.1–10 mT, as evidenced by MFM at remanence at different stages of their motion.
Monolithically integrated InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser grown by MOCVD on exact Ge/Si(001) substrate
Authors: Aleshkin V. Ya. , Baidus N. V. , Dubinov A. A. , Fefelov A. G. , Krasilnik Z. F. , Kudryavtsev K. E. , Nekorkin S. M. , Novikov A. V. , Pavlov D. A. , Samartsev I. V. , Skorokhodov E. V. , Shaleev M. V. , Sushkov A. A. , Yablonskiy A. N. , Yunin P. A. , Yurasov D. V.
Published: August 2016

We report on realization of the InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition on a virtual Ge-on-Si(001) substrate. The Ge buffer layer has been grown on a nominal Si(001) substrate by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. Such Ge buffer possessed rather good crystalline quality and smooth surface and so provided the subsequent growth of the high-quality A3B5 laser structure. The laser operation has been demonstrated under electrical pumping at 77 K in the continuous wave mode and at room temperature in the pulsed mode. The emission wavelengths of 941 nm and 992 nm have been obtained at 77 K and 300 K, respectively. The corresponding threshold current densities were estimated as 463 A/cm2 at 77 K and 5.5 kA/cm2 at 300 K.
Size-effects in indium gallium arsenide nanowire field-effect transistors
Authors: Zota Cezar B. , Lind E.
Published: August 2016

We fabricate and analyze InGaAs nanowire MOSFETs with channel widths down to 18 nm. Low-temperature measurements reveal quantized conductance due to subband splitting, a characteristic of 1D systems. We relate these features to device performance at room-temperature. In particular, the threshold voltage versus nanowire width is explained by direct observation of quantization of the first sub-band, i.e., band gap widening. An analytical effective mass quantum well model is able to describe the observed band structure. The results reveal a compromise between reliability, i.e., VT variability, and on-current, through the mean free path, in the choice of the channel material.
Scalability of valence change memory: From devices to tip-induced filaments
Authors: Celano U. , Fantini A. , Degraeve R. , Jurczak M. , Goux L. , Vandervorst W.
Published: August 2016

Since the early days of the investigation on resistive switching (RS), the independence of the ON-state resistance with actual cell area has been a trademark of filamentary-switching. However, with the continuous downscaling of the memory cell down to 10 x 10 nm2 and below, the persistence of this phenomena raises intriguing questions on the conductive filaments (CFs) and its dimensions. Particularly, the cell functionality demonstrated at relatively high switching current (> 100 μA) implies a high current density (> 106 A/cm2) inside a CF supposedly confined in few hundreds on nm3. We previously demonstrated a methodology for the direct observation of CFs in integrated devices namely scalpel SPM, which overcomes most of the characterization challenges imposed by the device structure and the small CF lateral dimensions. In this letter, we use scalpel SPM to clarify the scaling potential of HfO2-based valence change memory (VCM) by characterization of CFs programmed at relatively high switching current and by AFM tip-induced RS experiments. Besides the demonstration of a remarkable scaling potential for the VCM technology, our results are also used to clarify the present understanding on the AFM-based experiments.
Oxidative N-Dealkylation of Tertiary Amines with Tetraethylammonium Periodate Catalyzed by Metal Complexes
Authors: Bhat Daisy , Sharma Nidhi
Published: August 2016

The oxidative N-dealkylation of tertiary amines, N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-diethylaniline, catalyzed by some sterically hindered FeIII complexes and tetraethylammonium periodate as oxidant gave the corresponding N-dealkylated and mono-oxygenated products in good yields. The presence of electronegative atoms on the catalyst complexes influenced the product yield. The presence of H-atom abstractor 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol did not influence product formation, thereby suggesting that the reaction proceeded predominantly via a one-electron transfer mechanism rather than via hydrogen abstraction. Tetraethylammonium periodate favoured oxygen transfer to the substrate.
Exploring the use of a fragmented landscape by a large arboreal marsupial using incidental sighting records from community members
Authors: Heise-Pavlov Sigrid R. , Gillanders Alan
Published: August 2016

Effective conservation of large mammalian species within a human-modified landscape depends on the knowledge of their ability to utilise available suitable habitat within a matrix of unsuitable habitat. We use incidental sightings of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) in north-eastern Australia that were recorded by community members in a non-standardised way to assess the functional connectivity of the highly fragmented landscape of the Atherton Tablelands for this species. By applying spatial analytical tools to available mapped information on landscape attributes and the reported sightings it was found that the species shows a low matrix resistance. Since most sightings within the matrix were found within 150 m of a patch with suitable habitat and the average distance between these patches was 77 m it can be concluded that Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos are able to reach most fragmented suitable habitat given certain limitations of the accuracy of the used maps and sighting locations. Based on distances between suitable habitat patches and their predominant size of up to 2 ha we expect that the species can include several fragments into its home range. More sightings of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos than expected by chance within the matrix during dry seasons combined with shorter than expected distances into the matrix suggests the existence of seasonal resource-driven movements of this species. Due to the non-standardised nature of the data the derived conclusions need to be tested in rigorous scientific projects before they can be integrated into the development of conservation strategies for Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos on the Atherton Tablelands.
Role of kinesin-1–based microtubule sliding in
Drosophila
nervous system development
Authors: Winding Michael , Kelliher Michael T. , Lu Wen , Wildonger Jill , Gelfand Vladimir I.
Published: August 2016

Significance

We previously demonstrated that the microtubule (MT) motor protein kinesin-1 slides and transports MTs themselves in addition to its established role in organelle transport. However, the physiological importance of MT sliding has not been determined. Here, we identified the mechanism of kinesin-1–based MT sliding and generated a sliding-deficient
Drosophila
mutant. Additionally, we generated a chimeric motor that actively slides MTs but cannot transport organelles. Using these tools, we demonstrated that MT sliding is an essential biological process, with key roles in both axon and dendrite outgrowth. Because the C-terminal MT-binding site of kinesin-1, which is essential for sliding, is highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, we postulate that MT sliding is important for nervous system development in many organisms.
Spontaneous eyelid closures link vigilance fluctuation with fMRI dynamic connectivity states
Authors: Wang Chenhao , Ong Ju Lynn , Patanaik Amiya , Zhou Juan , Chee Michael W. L.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Functionally connected brain networks exhibit recurring connectivity fluctuations. Although such dynamic connectivity states (DCS) can be expected to have behavioral correlates, linking fluctuating connectivity with behavioral state is hampered by the use of mental probes that themselves perturb observed behavior. Using the degree of eyelid closure as a proxy for vigilance state, we were able to continuously assay behavior and constrain the myriad of possible DCS to two relevant states denoting arousal in sleep-deprived persons. Intriguingly, these two DCS had counterparts in task-based data that predicted interindividual differences in the frequency of behavioral lapsing and intraindividual fluctuations in response speed. The replication of these findings in an independent dataset should encourage further investigations into the network dynamics of mental states.
Scaling ansatz for the jamming transition
Authors: Goodrich Carl P. , Liu Andrea J. , Sethna James P.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Central to the theory of phase transitions is the fact that the free energy can be written in a scale-invariant form that captures scaling exponent relations. Our work shows that, for the jamming transition, the elastic energy is the relevant free energy and can be expressed in a scale-invariant form consistent with known exponent relations. This result places jamming in the context of the theory of critical phenomena, suggesting the potential for a theoretical description of jamming on par with that of Ising criticality. It also provides powerful support for the idea that the observed commonality in the mechanical and thermal responses of disordered solids can be understood as a manifestation of universality associated with the critical jamming transition.
Representations of the dead and the afterlife in translations of Mudan Ting, a masterpiece in Chinese Kunqu theatre
Authors: Ngai Cindy S.B.
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the strategies used to translate into English death related cultural taboos viz. death, ghost and resurrection represented in the prominent classical Chinese drama Mudan Ting. Particular reference is made to the articulation of these taboos in three seminal English versions of Mudan Ting (as Peony Pavilion) by Cyril Birch, Wang Rongpei and Zhang Guanqian, respectively. Although these translators all follow the source text closely, certain differences in their translation strategies warrant attention. Cyril Birch takes an acculturation approach to the translation of death-related material, whereas Wang Rongpei adheres to the original text and tends to use semantic translation. In contrast, Zhang Guanqian usually translates literally, infusing the English text with a “foreign” flavor. These differences are examined in light of the general propensity among translators to take an avoidance approach to death-related material. The strategies used to translate taboo subjects are found to depend on the translator’s intentions, the target readership, the specific nature of the culturally loaded elements and the availability of equivalent expressions in the target language and culture.
Translation quality assessment demystified
Authors: Karoubi Behrouz
Published: August 2016

The current paper aims at developing a conceptual framework to describe translation quality assessment as a complex process of decision making. It starts with a discussion about the great amount of confusion that exists in the usage of terminologies related to the area of translation quality assessment and tries to disambiguate and (re)define key terms that are often taken for granted such as translation, assessment, and quality. The article then deals with developing a theoretical model to explain different stages of the process of translation quality assessment, i.e., collection, synthesis, and interpretation of data with an emphasis on the significance of the role of assessors in the process.
Language processing in bilinguals
Authors: Sabourin Laura L. , Burkholder Michèle , Vīnerte Santa , Leclerc Jean-Christophe , Brien Christie
Published: August 2016

In this paper we integrate and reinterpret new data from a set of experiments in our lab in order to tease apart many of the factors thought to influence bilingual processing. Specifically we combine data from studies investigating age of immersion (AoI), manner of acquisition (MoA), proficiency and context of bilingualism to (1) investigate the organization of the bilingual mental lexicon and (2) determine the nature of the interaction between bilingualism and cognitive control. We suggest that a naturalistic MoA promotes the integration of the bilingual lexicon, and that an early AoI per se is somewhat less important (though it tends to lead to a more naturalistic MoA). Further, bilinguals with an integrated bilingual lexicon (i.e., naturalistic learners) only develop cognitive control advantages if they are in a dual-language environment.
The role of language proficiency in the perception of L2 taboo words by late bilingual speakers
Authors: Leończyk Aleksandra
Published: August 2016

Cognitive research has established that there exists a significant difference between L1 and L2 with regard to emotional speech processing. Harris, Ayçiçeĝi and Gleason (2003) and Dewaele (2004) have shown that L1 taboo words evoke greater emotional arousal than their L2 counterparts. According to Harris (2004), an L2 acquired early and in a naturalistic setting gains the features of L1 in terms of emotional interference. However, the data from one of the areas of emotional speech processing in bilinguals, i.e. the experimental data about late bilinguals, is still scarce. The present study aims to trace the effects of proficiency and language exposure on the perceived emotional charge of L2 taboo and curse words by late bilinguals. 106 highly proficient Polish-English bilinguals, who were students on an English Studies program at the time of testing, took part in the Emotional Stroop task (Williams, Mathews & MacLeod 1996) and their reaction times were measured. The results discussed with reference to previous findings in the literature suggest that the emotional input provided during second language acquisition is too weak to effectively form affective connotations to L2 utterances.
“Identical” vowels in L1 and L2? Criteria and implications for L2 phonetics teaching and learning
Authors: Paillereau Nikola Maurova
Published: August 2016

Researchers in the field of the teaching and learning of phonetics agree that learners of a foreign/second language (L2) acquire identical vowels by positive transfer from their first language (L1). This statement prompted us to examine whether the French and Czech languages, differing in the size of their vowel inventories, possess any identical vowels that could thus be omitted from French as a Foreign Language (FFL) phonetic curricula intended for Czech learners. The quantification of the vowels’ phonetic similarity is based on the comparison of their (1) phonetic symbols, (2) formant values (F-patterns), and (3) perceptual characteristics. The combined results show that strictly identical vowels between the two languages do not exist, but some French vowels can be defined as highly similar to some Czech vowels. Different coarticulatory effects of vowels produced in isolation and in labial, dental and palato-velar symmetrical environments point to a very strong influence of phonetic contexts on vowel similarity. Indeed, no French vowel is highly similar to any Czech vowel in all of the contexts studied. The findings suggest that phonetic exercises designed for Czech learners should focus on allophonic variations of all French vowels.
English as a lingua franca in the Asian context
Authors: Sung Chit Cheung Matthew
Published: August 2016

The global phenomenon of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has gained a great deal of attention among applied linguists in recent years. With English serving an increasingly important role as a lingua franca in the Asian context, this special issue aims to explore ELF in Asia through the lens of identity. It critically explores issues and concerns surrounding ELF and identity formation from an Asian perspective by investigating ELF communication involving Asian speakers of English and examining their voices and experiences which have been under-represented in the ELF literature. Building upon a small but growing body of literature on ELF and identity, this special issue brings together articles that examine different aspects of identity formation in ELF communication in several Asian contexts, addressing an array of issues including how identities are constructed and negotiated in lingua franca settings and how different aspects of identities are shaped by linguistic and socio-cultural norms of various ELF contexts and by complex interactions of power relations, language attitudes and ideologies.
Language and identity in virtual space
Authors: Sultana Shaila
Published: August 2016

Based on the data drawn from an intensive ethnographic study on young adults in Bangladesh conducted in the virtual space, specifically Facebook (FB) and analysis of those data through a transglossic framework, the paper shows that the meaning-making processes in lingua franca (LF) encounters can be appropriately deciphered when their language is considered in terms of translocalisation, transculturation, transmodality, and transtextualisation. The data also demonstrate that the young adults deliberately flout the linguistic features of English with their Bangladeshi counterparts, while they prefer to approximate a native form of English with other native and non-native speakers of English. Even though their English is variable and emergent in the potential LF context of the virtual space, their conscious choice of approximating a near-native form indicates that they are keenly aware of the ideologies related to ELF and associated with ELF identity attributes. The paper confirms the necessity of reconceptualisation of ELF, considering the idiosyncrasies of young adults’ language practices; and identifies the paradoxes of sociolinguistic profiling of South Asian speakers, based on dichotomous and binary phenomena, such as ELF and non-ELF speakers, EFL (English as a Foreign Language) vs. ESL (English as a Second Language) speakers, or members of the Inner Circle vs. Outer Circle.
Constructing the global citizen
Authors: De Costa Peter I.
Published: August 2016

Building on research on identity (e.g., Norton, 2013), intercultural communicative competence (e.g., Byram, 2008) and English as a lingua franca (e.g., Dewey, 2012), this article examines how the notion of a global citizen was constructed in a school-based ethnographic study involving students from Asia who were recipients of a Singapore government scholarship. Identity construction in this English-medium school was traced across four levels — national, school, classroom, and group interactions — in order to analyze the ways in which global citizenship was realized. Findings from the multiple data sets revealed that while a skewed interpretation of the global citizen was conceived at the school and classroom level, group interactions among students yielded promising indicators of how intercultural communication as mediated through English as a lingua franca could help produce students who are open minded and work actively to build relationships with others. The article closes with a discussion of possibilities for designing pedagogy to develop global citizenship education.
Avoiding interactional conflict in dementia
Authors: Guendouzi Jackie , Meaux Ashley , Müller Nicole
Published: August 2016

Sociolinguistic research in the general population has established the existence of gender differences in the social use of language. In particular, it has been noted that women use more markers of politeness, small talk and structural devices (e.g. minimal responses, tag questions) to help maintain their conversations. Analysis of interactions involving people with dementia (PWD) suggests that these gender based differences were still present in the face of dementia. Furthermore, the use of these forms of language helped the women with dementia to avoid conflict and extend the length of their interactions. This study investigated whether the use of such language helped or hindered women with dementia in maintaining conversational satisfaction.
A metadialogic approach to intercultural dialogue
Authors: Koike Dale , Blyth Carl S.
Published: August 2016

Our objective is to discover if metadialogic discussion by participants and researchers increases their understanding of the dialogue. We videotaped a native Spanish speaker and a fifth-semester Spanish learner from the U.S. as they discussed a conversational prompt. Next, a facilitator guided the participants in a videotaped retrospection to uncover what their thoughts and feelings had been during the original interaction. A third party then analyzed the original videotaped dialogue and compared it to the participants’ metadialogic commentary to determine accuracy and adequacy of the analysis. Results show that dialogic retrospection is an effective tool and should be incorporated into dialogue research methodology. Instead of analyzing solely a transcription of an audiotape or film, metadialogic retrospection can access hidden motivations underlying language use, leading to greater accuracy. We argue that such retrospection is necessary for understanding cognitive and psychological dimensions of co-constructing meaning in intercultural dialogue.
A longitudinal study of bilingual identity development in a heritage language learner
Authors: Bateman Nicoleta
Published: August 2016

Research on linguistic identity and community membership negotiation in the fields of second language acquisition and heritage language has rightly focused on adolescents and older individuals. Aiming to fill a gap in the literature, this paper addresses this topic from the perspective of younger heritage speakers, focusing on what dialogue reveals about such negotiation by the young heritage speaker, and on what purposes the heritage language serves. By presenting data from a case study of a heritage learner, a child growing up in an English-Romanian bilingual home, this paper shows that dialogue reveals the child’s use of language to negotiate linguistic identity and community membership both for herself and her interlocutors. Recognizing the significance of developing a bilingual identity for heritage speakers, and the broader goal for our society to embrace multilingualism, the paper concludes with implications from this research for family, community, and public education.
The interpersonal strand of political speech
Authors: Livnat Zohar , Lewin Beverly A.
Published: August 2016

The present study offers an underlying theoretical framework for examining political speeches from a rhetorical perspective. This framework is based on systemic functional linguistics developed by Halliday (most recently updated by Halliday and Matthiessen 2014), and includes discourse structures suggested by later authors. We suggest that the interpersonal stratum of meaning, through which we manage social relations, represents a powerful resource for creating a dialogue with the audience in order to recruit it to a politician’s call for action. To address this issue, we analyzed ten speeches delivered by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to five different international audiences. We examined strategies that foster dialogic interaction with the audience, by directly addressing them, or otherwise acknowledging their presence. The interpersonal strategies we identified combine into larger domains which we term forming social bonds, building a consensus and revealing ideology. These strategies may be salient because they tap into various aspects of the audience’s experience and identity: the social, affective, and ideological spheres.
Law Enforcement Attitudes towards Naloxone following Opioid Overdose Training
Authors: Purviance Donna , Ray Bradley , Tracy Abigail , Southard Erik
Published: August 2016

Background: Opioid intoxication and overdoses are life-threatening emergencies requiring rapid treatment. One response to this has been to train law enforcement to detect the signs of an opioid overdose and train them to administer naloxone to reverse the effects. Although not a new concept, few studies have attempted to examine this policy. Methods: At 4 different locations in Indiana, law enforcement personnel were trained to detect the signs of an opioid-related overdose and how to administer naloxone to reverse the effects of the overdose. Pre and post surveys were administered at each location ( N = 97). To examine changes in attitudes following training, the authors included items from the Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS), which measures respondents’ competency, concerns, and readiness to administer naloxone. Results: Among the full sample, naloxone training resulted in significant increases in competency, concerns, and readiness. Examining changes in attitudes by each location revealed that the training had the greatest effect on competency to administer naloxone and in easing concerns that law enforcement personal might have in administering naloxone. Conclusions: This study adds to others in showing that law enforcement personnel are receptive to naloxone training and that the OOAS is able to capture these attitudes. This study advances this literature by examining pre-post changes across multiple locations. As the distribution of naloxone continues to proliferate, this study and the OOAS may be valuable towards the development of an evidence-based training model for law enforcement.
Recent Incarceration and Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment Outcomes among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Patients
Authors: Riggins Daniel P. , Cunningham Chinazo O. , Ning Yuming , Fox Aaron D.
Published: August 2016

Background

Opioid use disorder is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) is an effective means of therapy, but patients with recent criminal justice involvement may need more support during BMT than other patients. The authors hypothesized that recently incarcerated BMT patients who initiated treatment in primary care would have poorer treatment outcomes than those who were not recently incarcerated.

Methods

Investigators analyzed data from a multisite cohort study of BMT integrated into HIV care. Patients were stratified by self-reported incarceration in the 30 days before initiation of BMT. The outcomes of interest were 6- and 12-month treatment retention and self-reported opioid use. Investigators used multivariable logistic regression and hierarchical linear model, respectively, to evaluate the association between recent incarceration and these outcomes while adjusting for potential confounding variables.

Results

Among 305 BMT patients living with HIV/AIDS, 39 (13%) reported recent incarceration. Patients with recent incarceration (vs. without) were more likely to be homeless, unemployed, and previously diagnosed with mental illness. Recent incarceration was not significantly associated with differences in 6-month (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46–1.98) and 12-month (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.27–1.18) treatment retention or in self-reported opioid use (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.51–1.92) after adjustment for potential confounding variables.

Conclusions

Those with incarceration in the 30 days prior to BMT initiation were more likely to be homeless, unemployed, and previously diagnosed with mental illness than those without recent incarceration. However, no significant difference in self-reported opioid use or 6-month or 12-month retention in treatment was detected between those with and without recent incarceration. Future studies should confirm these findings with larger sample sizes. Encouraging formerly incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder to initiate evidence-based treatments, including BMT, should be part of efforts to confront the opioid addiction epidemic in the United States.
Oxide segregation and melting behavior of transient heat load exposed beryllium
Authors: Spilker B. , Linke J. , Pintsuk G. , Wirtz M.
Published: August 2016

In the experimental fusion reactor ITER, beryllium will be applied as first wall armor material. However, the ITER-like wall project at JET already experienced that the relatively low melting temperature of beryllium can easily be exceeded during plasma operation. Therefore, a detailed study was carried out on S-65 beryllium under various transient, ITER-relevant heat loads that were simulated in the electron beam facility JUDITH 1. Hereby, the absorbed power densities were in the range of 0.15–1.0 GW m−2 in combination with pulse durations of 1–10 ms and pulse numbers of 1–1000.

In metallographic cross sections, the emergence of a transition region in a depth of ~70–120 µm was revealed. This transition region was characterized by a strong segregation of oxygen at the grain boundaries, determined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy element mappings. The oxide segregation strongly depended on the maximum temperature reached at the end of the transient heat pulse in combination with the pulse duration. A threshold for this process was found at 936 °C for a pulse duration of 10 ms. Further transient heat pulses applied to specimens that had already formed this transition region resulted in the overheating and melting of the material. The latter occurred between the surface and the transition region and was associated with a strong decrease of the thermal conductivity due to the weakly bound grains across the transition region. Additionally, the transition region caused a partial separation of the melt layer from the bulk material, which could ultimately result in a full detachment of the solidified beryllium layers from the bulk armor. Furthermore, solidified beryllium filaments evolved in several locations of the loaded area and are related to the thermally induced crack formation. However, these filaments are not expected to account for an increase of the beryllium net erosion.
Poloidal rotation driven by nonlinear momentum transport in strong electrostatic turbulence
Authors: Wang Lu , Wen Tiliang , Diamond P.H.
Published: August 2016

Virtually, all existing theoretical works on turbulent poloidal momentum transport are based on quasilinear theory. Nonlinear poloidal momentum flux—

〈

v
∼

r

n
∼

v
∼

θ

〉

is universally neglected. However, in the strong turbulence regime where relative fluctuation amplitude is no longer small, quasilinear theory is invalid. This is true at the all-important plasma edge. In this work, nonlinear poloidal momentum flux

〈

v
∼

r

n
∼

v
∼

θ

〉

in strong electrostatic turbulence is calculated using the Hasegawa–Mima equation, and is compared with quasilinear poloidal Reynolds stress. A novel property is that symmetry breaking in fluctuation spectrum is not necessary for a nonlinear poloidal momentum flux. This is fundamentally different from the quasilinear Reynold stress. Furthermore, the comparison implies that the poloidal rotation drive from the radial gradient of nonlinear momentum flux is comparable to that from the quasilinear Reynolds force. Nonlinear poloidal momentum transport in strong electrostatic turbulence is thus not negligible for poloidal rotation drive, and so may be significant to transport barrier formation.
On the search for the chiral anomaly in Weyl semimetals: the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance
Authors: Reis R D dos , Ajeesh M O , Kumar N , Arnold F , Shekhar C , Naumann M , Schmidt M , Nicklas M , Hassinger E
Published: August 2016

Recently, the existence of massless chiral (Weyl) fermions has been postulated in a class of semi-metals with a non-trivial energy dispersion. These materials are now commonly dubbed Weyl semi-metals (WSM). One predicted property of Weyl fermions is the chiral or Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly, a chirality imbalance in the presence of parallel magnetic and electric fields. In WSM, it is expected to induce a negative longitudinal magnetoresistance (MR). Here, we present experimental evidence that the observation of the chiral anomaly can be hindered by an effect called ‘current jetting’. This effect also leads to a strong apparent negative longitudinal MR, but it is characterized by a highly non-uniform current distribution inside the sample. It appears in materials possessing a large field-induced anisotropy of the resistivity tensor, such as almost compensated high-mobility semimetals due to the orbital effect. In case of a non-homogeneous current injection, the potential distribution is strongly distorted in the sample. As a consequence, an experimentally measured potential difference is not proportional to the intrinsic resistance. Our results on the MR of the Weyl semimetal candidate materials NbP, NbAs, TaAs, and TaP exhibit distinct signatures of an inhomogeneous current distribution, such as a field-induced ‘zero resistance’ and a strong dependence of the ‘measured resistance’ on the position, shape, and type of the voltage and current contacts on the sample. A misalignment between the current and the magnetic-field directions can even induce a ‘negative resistance’. Finite-element simulations of the potential distribution inside the sample, using typical resistance anisotropies, are in good agreement with the experimental findings. Our study demonstrates that great care must be taken before interpreting measurements of a negative longitudinal MR as evidence for the chiral anomaly in putative Weyl semimetals.
Invasive Aspergillosis Associated With Severe Influenza Infections
Authors: Crum-Cianflone Nancy F.
Published: August 2016

Background.  Invasive aspergillosis may occur in the setting of severe influenza infections due to viral-induced respiratory epithelium disruption and impaired immune effects, but data are limited.

Methods.  A retrospective study was conducted among severe influenza cases requiring medical intensive care unit (ICU) admission at an academic center during the 2015–2016 season. Data collected included respiratory cultures, medical conditions and immunosuppressants, laboratory and radiographic data, and outcomes. A systematic literature review of published cases in the English language of aspergillosis complicating influenza was conducted.

Results.  Six (75%) of 8 ICU influenza cases had Aspergillus isolated; 5 were classified as invasive disease. No ICU patient testing negative for influenza infection developed aspergillosis during the study period. Among cases with invasive aspergillosis, influenza infection was type A (H1N1) (n = 2) and influenza B (n = 3). Published and current cases yielded n = 57 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group criteria: 37% proven, 25% probable, and 39% possible cases). An increasing number of cases were reported since 2010. Sixty-five percent of cases lacked classic underlying conditions at admission for aspergillosis, 86% had lymphopenia, and 46% died.

Conclusions.  Aspergillosis may occur in the setting of severe influenza infections even among immunocompetent hosts. Risks may include influenza A (H1N1) or B infections and viral-induced lymphopenia, although further studies are needed. Prompt diagnosis and antifungal therapy are recommended given high mortality rates.
Parallax of a Mira variable R Ursae Majoris studied with astrometric VLBI
Authors: Nakagawa Akiharu , Kurayama Tomoharu , Matsui Makoto , Omodaka Toshihiro , Honma Mareki , Shibata Katsunori M. , Sato Katsuhisa , Jike Takaaki
Published: August 2016

We have measured an annual parallax of the Mira variable R Ursae Majoris (R UMa) with the VLBI Exploration for Radio Astronomy (VERA). From the monitoring VLBI observations over a span of about two years, we detected H2O maser spots in the LSR velocity range from 37 to 42 km s−1. We derived an annual parallax of 1.97 ± 0.05 mas, and this gives a corresponding distance of 508 ± 13 pc. The VLBI maps revealed 72 maser spots distributed in an ∼110 au area around the expected stellar position. Circumstellar kinematics of the maser spots were also revealed by subtracting a systemic motion in the Hipparcos catalog from proper motions of each maser spot derived from our VLBI observations. Infrared photometry was also conducted to measure a K-band apparent magnitude, and we obtained a mean magnitude of mK = 1.19 ± 0.02 mag. Using the trigonometric distance, mK is converted to a K-band absolute magnitude of MK = −7.34 ± 0.06 mag. This result gives a much more accurate absolute magnitude for R UMa than previously provided. We solved a zero-point of the MK–log P relation for the Galactic Mira variables and obtained a relation of MK = −3.52 log P + (1.09  ±  0.14). Other long-period variables, including red supergiants, whose distances were determined with astrometric VLBI, were also compiled to explore the different sequences of the MK–log P relation.