bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Advertising Constructs and Methods to Understand Direct Mail Fundraising Appeals
Authors: Diamond William D. , Gooding‐Williams Sara
Published: May 2004

This study examined whether we could use a Solicitation Response Model adapted from the consumer research literature to increase our understanding of nonprofit direct mail solicitations. We sent 389 surveys to people listed in the database of a homeless shelter. In response, 166 people rated an envelope and appeal from the shelter. The model successfully explained potential donors' intention to open the envelope and intention to donate. Emotional responses to the envelope and attitude toward the envelope were more important influences upon acquisition (or new) donors' intention to open the envelope than upon renewal donors' intention. Attitude toward the appeal had a stronger effect upon acquisition donors' intention to donate than it did upon renewal donors' intention. The study suggests differences in the way that appeals should be designed for acquisition and renewal donors. As well, we present a small sample method for diagnosing direct mail charitable solicitations.
Outcomes Assessment and the Paradox of Nonprofit Accountability
Authors: Campbell David
Published: May 2004

Leaders of nonprofit organizations face a particular bind in responding to the demands for results‐based accountability. If they focus only on the project‐level outcomes over which they have the most control or for which indicators are readily available, they risk default on the larger question of accountability to publicly valued goals. On the other hand, if they try to demonstrate the impact of their particular projects on communitywide outcomes, they risk taking credit inappropriately or shouldering the blame for indicators beyond their control. Here, I present findings from a research project, conducted in collaboration with economic development organizations on the north coast of California, that explored the practical demands and dynamics associated with this paradox. The key challenges are more civic and political than technical.
The Capacity of Community‐Based Organizations to Lead Local Innovations in Welfare Reform: Early Findings from Texas
Authors: Poole Dennis L. , Ferguson Miguel , DiNitto Diana , Schwab A. James
Published: May 2004

Community‐based organizations (CBOs) are now cast among the lead actors in welfare reform. But do they have adequate capacity to perform this critical leadership function? Early findings from fifteen state‐funded projects in Texas show that state planners must carefully assess the capacity of a CBO to initiate and sustain an innovation at the local level. The authors examine six organizational variables that predict success or failure: goals, management, technology, funding, community involvement, and performance.
Training Needs of Administrators in the Nonprofit Sector: What Are They and How Should We Address Them?
Authors: Dolan Drew A.
Published: May 2004

In increasing numbers, academic programs across the country are exploring how they can best meet the needs of nonprofit organizations. To better support the debate and decision‐making processes of such programs, the author contributes information on training drawn from nearly six hundred nonprofit administrators, exploring variables that may influence the needs and examining the format for training most desired by those administrators.
Change and Continuity in the Governance of Nonprofit Organizations in the United Kingdom: The Impact of Organizational Size
Authors: Cornforth Chris , Simpson Claire
Published: May 2004

This article reports on the results of a survey of charities in England and Wales, which examined how their boards are changing and whether various external initiatives to improve board performance are having an effect. In particular, the research explored the impact of organizational size. The findings suggest that the size of the organization does matter, as a variety of board characteristics and changes vary with size. The article concludes by examining some of the implications of these findings for theory and practice.
Reframing Board‐Staff Relations: Exploring the Governance Function Using a Storytelling Metaphor
Authors: Bradshaw Patricia
Published: May 2004

This article attempts to reframe board‐staff relations by presenting an alternative perspective on governance, management, and leadership functions within nonprofit organizations. It draws on an interpretative view of organizations and suggests that we can understand nonprofits as socially constructed entities by using the metaphor of storytelling. Seeing the role of board and staff through this theoretical lens allows us to reconceptualize them. This in turn enables us to enhance the creative potential of the governance function and allows governance to support the goal of creating resilient, adaptive, learning organizations.
Should We Have Faith in Faith‐Based Social Services? Rhetoric Versus Realistic Expectations
Authors: Gibelman Margaret , Gelman Sheldon R.
Published: May 2004

Early in his administration, President George W. Bush set forth his Faith‐Based Initiative, which would authorize and encourage religious groups to compete for and provide publicly funded social services. This article analyzes the arguments made by supporters of faith‐based social services in regard to their underlying values and premises. This analysis forms the basis for examining the managerial track record of faith‐based organizations in the delivery of social services. To identify issues and trends within this category of service providers, the authors analyzed press reports of instances of wrong doing in faith‐based groups from 1995 to 2001. Findings reveal that faith‐based groups appear to be as susceptible to managerial and accountability inadequacies, if not outright wrongdoing, as are nonsectarian service providers. The authors identify implications regarding the credibility of faith‐based groups and public trust as they pertain to an enhanced role in the less regulated service system that the president envisions.
Organization and Management in the Third Sector: Toward a Cross‐Cultural Research Agenda
Authors: Lewis David
Published: May 2004

Third sector organizations in the industrialized and the developing world—and particularly the subset of third sector organizations known as development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)—are becoming more culturally diverse in internal staff composition, management styles, and working environments. Although cultural issues have been largely absent from the nonprofit and the NGO research literatures, the organizational implications of societal culture and organizational culture are widely debated within other research fields. This article proposes a closer engagement between third sector management research and the wider study of cross‐cultural organizational issues within anthropology, development studies, and management theory. It argues that such an exchange is necessary if third sector organizational research agendas are to include changing organizational landscapes effectively, and the article concludes with some ideas for future research.
Releasing a New Wave of Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Zietlow John T.
Published: May 2004

Enterprising Nonprofits: A Toolkit for Entrepreneurs, by
J. Gregory Dees, Jed Emerson, and Peter Economy. Hoboken,
N.J.: Wiley, 2001. 319 pp., $34.95 cloth.
The role of county‐based funders in sustaining nonprofits within rural and urbanized counties
Authors: Besel Karl , Andreescu Viviana
Published: May 2004

Social service nonprofit organizations in the United States originally relied on private donations and
charitable events to sustain their operations. Using case studies, this article examines the role played by
local officials in the thirty‐year survival of certain Indiana Youth Services Bureaus (YSBs)
and highlights the salient factors that influenced the viability of some nonprofit organizations over the
others.
Resource Centers: A Foundation's Strategy to Support Nonprofit Grantees
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Williams Frank G. , Hyer Kathryn
Published: May 2004

Resource centers (RCs) are one strategy used by foundations to provide technical assistance to, and to help disseminate the efforts of, multisite demonstration projects. Foundation goals must fit with RC purposes. Establishing the RC early in project development, carefully defining the scope of responsibilities, and locating leaders who can solve problems are critical considerations for foundation officers considering this strategy.
Governance in Public‐Private Community Health Partnerships: A Survey of the Community Care Network SM Demonstration Sites
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Comfort Maureen E. , Weiner Bryan J.
Published: May 2004

This review of the governance practices of twenty‐five public‐private partnerships involved in addressing a broad range of community health needs shows that governance in public‐private community partnerships departs significantly from traditional notions of institutional governance. Governance structures and degrees of progress toward governance goals vary widely and appear to be systematically related to the organization, composition, location, and activity of each partnership.
Do Intentional Efforts to Improve Boards Really Work? The Views of Nonprofit CEOs
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Murray Vic
Published: May 2004

Commentators on the effectiveness of nonprofit boards of directors usually find them wanting in a number of ways and urge that they reform themselves. A study to ascertain how many boards actually accept this advice and intentionally attempt to change the way they operate also examines what changes boards attempt to make, what provokes their efforts, and what outcomes result.
The Views of Nonprofit Executives on Educating Nonprofit Managers
Authors: Haas Peter J. , Robinson Maynard G.
Published: May 2004

Extraordinary nonprofit‐sector expansion has produced organizations with complex missions and operations, and the managers responsible for their effectiveness require adequate preparation. Although no single degree program stands out as the clear preference of nonprofit executives, we propose that certain organizational characteristics are associated with the preference for specific degrees.
Innovation, Professional Interests, and Nonprofit Organizations: The Case of Health Care in Poland
Authors: Sokolowski S. Wojciech
Published: May 2004

Nonprofit organizations have a role in spreading technological innovation. The experience in Poland illustrates that entrepreneurial health care professionals prefer nonprofit organizations over for‐profit organizations to introduce novel services to the market because nonprofits create favorable public perceptions of those services.
Youth Development: On the Path Toward Professionalization
Authors: Hahn Andrew B. , Raley Gordon A.
Published: May 2004

Youth development in the United States is making a transition from social movement to emerging profession. This article marks the path of this transition; charts achievements in developing core competencies and skill standards, training and education programs, career ladders, evaluations, and public awareness; and suggests the next steps in staff development that managers of nonprofit youth and human service organizations should consider.
Altruists or Egoists? Retention in Stipended Service
Authors: Mesch Debra J. , Tschirhart Mary , Perry James L. , Lee Geunjoo
Published: May 2004

This study examines stipended volunteers—those volunteers who engage freely in a helping activity within a formal organizational structure but receive some type of remuneration for their services. Based on a sample of AmeriCorps members from three states, we identify several motivational, demographic, and individual factors that affect retention of stipended volunteers. We conclude that retention depends more on instrumental career‐related factors than on altruistic motivation or meaningfulness of the service.
The Decision‐Making Context and Its Impact on Local Human Service Nonprofits
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang , Scotch Richard K.
Published: May 2004

One significant factor affecting an organization's functioning is the decisions made by other organizations that are important to it. We examine decision‐making in three local human service delivery nonprofits, focusing on the level (local versus national) of the actors making decisions as well as the degree of horizontal or vertical coordination among decision makers. The findings show that the decision‐making context affects nonprofit structure and operations and suggest that providers may have to make significant trade‐offs as they seek to restructure in response to policy changes such as devolution.
Strengthening Board Performance
Authors: Holland Thomas P. , Jackson Douglas K.
Published: May 2004

Many nonprofit boards have undertaken board development activities, yet there has been little empirical evidence of the impact on board performance. This article reports findings from organizations: ten participated in developmental interventions, and fourteen received no interventions but served as matched comparisons. The experimental group showed significant improvements in board performance, and the comparison group did not. Lessons from the study include a number of practical steps boards can take to reorganize governance procedures and structures to enhance board effectiveness.
Nongovernmental Organizations, Business, and the Management of Ambiguity
Authors: Lewis David
Published: May 2004

Partnerships between business and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that seek to promote fair trade between small scale producers in poor countries and Western consumers are opening up new and potentially challenging approaches to development in terms of income generation, local capacity building, and alternative sources of NGO funding. However, such ventures face a distinctive set of problems, many of which arise because these ventures are located uncomfortably on the boudary between the nonprofit and the business sectors. The concept of sectoral ambiguity helps to explain observed problems with confused expectations, management tensions, and lack of sustainability. Strengthening these partnerships will require greater transparency, market diversification, long‐range planning, and the building of a set of more realistic expectations.
The Strength of Strong and Weak Ties
Authors: Ashman Darcy , Brown L. David , Zwick Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

Strong civil societies, composed of diverse community groups and nongovernmental organizations, are increasingly seen as neccessary for robust economic growth and effective democratic governance. Yet financial and other resources for civil society organizations typically are scarce.
The Influence of Ethical Reasoning on Leader Effectiveness
Authors: Jurkiewicz Carole L. , Massey Jr. Tom K.
Published: May 2004

In making decisions about ethical issues for their organizations, effective nonprofit executives differ substantially from ineffective nonprofit executives according to the study reported here.
Community Development Venture Capital
Authors: Jegen David L.
Published: May 2004

The investment strategies of nine community developement venture capital (CDVC) funds and thier mixed results in managing the tension between financial and social returns reveal the challenges in combining traditional venture capital methods with community development goals.
How Pervasive Are Abuses in Fundraising Among Nonprofits?
Authors: Tuckman Howard P. , Chang Cyril F.
Published: May 2004

This article explores selected fundraising information for charitable
nonprofits, asking whether widespread abuses might exist
in this sector. After examining the pervasiveness of fundraising
and its relation to mission, we show that a few nonprofits raise
a majority of sector charitable revenues, and we present the
ratio of funds raised to funds spent on fundraising by mission
categories. We find that 72 percent of charitable nonprofits do
not report direct fundraising expenditures, 5 percent of the active
fundraising nonprofits obtain 90 percent of total funds raised,
mission is related to a nonprofit's ability to raise funds, the
median nonprofit spends about 9.6 percent of total raised funds
for fundraising, and only one in five nonprofits hires a professional
fundraiser. At least in terms of the measures used in this
report, widespread abuses are not obvious.
Reforming Property Tax Exemption Policy in the Nonprofit Sector: Commercialism, Collective Goods, and the Donative Theory
Authors: Grimm Jr. Robert T.
Published: May 2004

This article develops, critiques, and tests the donative theory, which bases the tax treatment of nonprofits on their production of collective or public goods, through twelve variations for determining property‐tax‐exempt organizations in five nonprofit industry groups. Using a case study of Indianapolis nonprofits, the results reveal that a significant number of organizations in the nonprofit sector and most industry groups would experience the loss of their property tax exemption. The author calls for nonprofit managers and scholars to give greater future attention to property tax exemption policy in the nonprofit sector.
Neighborhood‐Based Services: Organizational Change and Integration Prospects
Authors: Rapp Cynthia A. , Whitfield Carolyn M.
Published: May 2004

Prospects for service integration between settlement houses, or traditional neighborhood centers that offer services for individuals ranging from preschool children to the elderly, and family resource centers, agencies that provide support for families and early childhood education programs, are explored in this Rochester, New York, case study. Although the target populations of these two types of organizations overlap, service integration is not likely in the short run due to differing organizational philosophies and the adaptation of each organization to unique funding sources. Increased funding pressures and demands for greater efficiency in service delivery may make collaboration more attractive in the future.
The Nonprofit Sector and State Governments: Public Policy Issues Facing Nonprofits in North Carolina and Other States
Authors: Coble Ran
Published: May 2004

The challenges facing nonprofits in North Carolina and most states include devolution and ripple effects at the state level from federal budget cutbacks, government efforts to tax or further regulate nonprofits, scandals involving a few organizations or their leaders, and efforts to limit nonprofits' right to lobby and advocate for their causes. But the future also holds a number of opportunities for nonprofits, including the increased clout of nonprofits acting together as a sector; partnership initiatives with nonprofits by North Carolina's governor and chief executives in other states, legislative measures to increase charitable giving and reduce red tape, state‐level summits following up on the president's push for increased volunteerism, and a reservoir of public trust in nonprofits. North Carolina's experience may predict the future dangers and opportunities in other states.
Nonprofit and Social Marketing
Authors: Nitterhouse Denise
Published: May 2004

Marketing Social Change: Changing Behavior to Promote
Health, Social Development, and the Environment, by Alan R.
Andreasen. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1995. 367 pp.,
$30.95 cloth.

Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations, by Siri Espy.
Chicago, Ill.: Lyceum Books, 1993. 165 pp., $19.95 paper.

Marketing Nonprofit Programs and Services: Proven and Practical
Strategies to Get More Customers, Members, and Donors,
by Douglas B. Herron. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1997. 282
pp., $32.95 cloth.
Volunteer Participation and Withdrawal
Authors: Farmer Steven M. , Fedor Donald B.
Published: May 2004

Volunteer behavior is often difficult to manage or control since control systems of the sort that direct behavior in most for‐profit organizations are usually not available. This study introduces a tool—the psychological contract—that can give voluntary‐agency administrators a powerful way to help them understand and manage volunteers' contributions to their organizations. The study finds that elements of this approach, especially the level of support the volunteer believes he or she is receiving from the organization, are especially important tools that can both increase participation in various events and reduce withdrawal or turnover intentions.
Variation of the essential oil content and composition in leaves from cultivated plants of Hypericum androsaemum L.
Authors: Guedes Ana P. , Amorim Lúcia R. , Vicente Ana , Fernandes‐Ferreira M.
Published: May 2004

The amount and composition of the essential oil from leaves of Hypericum androsaemum L. cultivated in Arouca (Portugal) were determined in six samples harvested during 1 year at intervals of 2 months. The seasonally dependent essential oil content ranged from 0.7 mg/g biomass dry weight in September to 3.4 mg/g in February. The oil contained more than 80 compounds, 70 of which (constituting 88–93% of the total oil) were identiﬁed by GC and GC‐MS. An approximation of the absolute quantiﬁcation of each compound and compound class was performed using a GC method with an internal standard. The relative and the absolute content of each compound and compound class changed during the year. At the end of the winter and in the spring, the essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and accumulated a high number of intermediate to long chain n‐alkanes and 1‐alkenes. In September, the essential oil contained the lowest levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43%) and the highest levels of 1‐octene and 2‐hexenal (38%). In February, the essential oil had the highest level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (73%) and the highest diversity of intermediate to long chain n‐alkanes and 1‐alkenes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assay of quadranguloside, the major saponin of leaves of Passiﬂora alata, by HPLC‐UV
Authors: Reginatto Flávio H. , Gosmann Grace , Schripsema Jan , Schenkel Eloir P.
Published: May 2004

An HPLC method with UV detection has been developed and validated in order to quantify quadranguloside, the main saponin of the leaves of Passiﬂora alata. The analysis was achieved by simple isocratic elution (with acetonitrile:aqueous phosphoric acid) using a Nova‐Pak® phenyl column. The amount of quadranguloside present in aqueous extracts from leaves of P. alata was estimated to be 22.2% (w/w), corresponding to 0.8% (w/w) in relation to dried leaves. The assay method described is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive, and may form part of future drug authentication protocols. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐molecular‐weight side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polyethers based on 4′‐cyanobiphenyl‐4‐oxy mesogenic groups
Authors: Montornés J. M. , Reina J. A. , Ronda J. C.
Published: May 2004

A set of poly[ω‐(4′‐cyano‐4‐biphenyloxy)alkyl‐1‐glycidylether]s were synthesized by the chemical modification of the corresponding poly(ω‐bromoalkyl‐1‐glycidylether)s with the sodium salt of 4‐cyano‐4′‐hydroxybiphenyl. New high‐molecular‐weight side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers were obtained with excellent yield and almost quantitative degree of modification. All side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers were rubbers soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The characterization by 1H and 13C NMR revealed no changes in the regioregular isotactic microstructure of the starting polymer and the absence of undesirable side reactions such as deshydrobromination. The liquid crystalline behavior was analyzed by DSC and polarized optical microscopy, and mesophase assignments were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Polymers that had alkyl spacers with n = 2 and 4 were nematic, those that had spacers with n = 6 and 8 were nematic cybotactic, and those that had longer spacers (n = 10 and 12) were smectic C and showed some crystallization of the side alkyl chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3002–3012, 2004
Effect of cocatalyst on the chain microstructure of polyethylene made with CGC‐Ti/MAO/B(C6F5)3
Authors: Beigzadeh Daryoosh , Soares João B.P. , Duever Thomas A.
Published: May 2004

This investigation studied the solution polymerization of ethylene in Isopar E in a semibatch reactor using CGC‐Ti as catalyst and methylalumoxane (MAO) and tris(pentaflourophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] as cocatalysts. The effects of cocatalyst type and amount on the chain microstructure were investigated. 13C NMR and gel permeation chromatography were used to determine the long‐chain branching (LCB) content and molecular weight distribution (MWD), respectively, of the samples. It was observed that higher concentrations of MAO increased the LCB content and decreased the molecular weight of the polymer. On the other hand, increasing the amount of B(C6F5)3 lowered the LCB content, increased the molecular weight, and broadened MWD significantly. We believe that this approach can be used as an efficient way to control the microstructure of polyolefins made with these catalytic systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3055–3061, 2004
Higher spin gauge theories in various dimensions
Authors: Vasiliev M.A.
Published: May 2004

Properties of nonlinear higher spin gauge theories of totally symmetric massless higher spin fields in anti‐de Sitter space of any dimension are discussed with the emphasize on the general aspects of the approach.
Factors affecting the phase‐out of pesticide use in public areas in Denmark
Authors: Kristoffersen Palle , Larsen Søren U , Møller Jacob , Hels Tove
Published: May 2004

That pesticide use in public areas in Denmark has been significantly reduced during the period 1995 to 2002 is shown when comparing three surveys carried out by the Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute (DFLRI) with funding from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. During that period, the total registered public use of pesticides was reduced from 28.8 tonnes active ingredients to 6.3 tonnes, corresponding to a 78% reduction. In 2002, the Danish counties and state institutions had reduced their total pesticide use by 80% and 73%, respectively, compared to 1995 figures. Similarly, the Danish municipalities reduced their use by 83% from 1995 to 2002. Surveys of municipal pesticide use carried out in 1995, 2000 and 2002 have been used as the basis for determining the factors that have influenced municipal reductions of pesticide use. The 2000 and 2002 trends can be explained partly on the basis of the figures for 1995 use. The trend for 2002 can also be partially explained by the political parties in power in the municipalities during the phase‐out period. The models used account for up to 30% of the total variations, meaning that the pesticide use of individual municipalities is very much influenced by other, non‐definable factors such as tradition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanism of resistance to carpropamid in Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Takagaki Makiichi , Kaku Koichiro , Watanabe Satoshi , Kawai Kiyoshi , Shimizu Tsutomu , Sawada Haruko , Kumakura Kazuo , Nagayama Kozo
Published: May 2004

The inhibitory activity of carpropamid on scytalone dehydratase (SDH) extracted from a carpropamid‐resistant strain of Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr was dramatically reduced in comparison with that on SDH extracted from the sensitive strain. A single‐point mutation (G to A) located at the upstream region (233 bp downstream from the ATG codon) resulting in a one‐amino‐acid substitution (valine [GTG] 75 to methionine [ATG]: V75M) was found in the resistant strain. To examine whether the V75M mutation is the primary reason for decreasing the sensitivity of SDH to carpropamid, the SDH cDNAs of both the sensitive and the resistant strain were cloned into a GST‐fused protein expression vector‐system. The recombinant SDHs of both strains exhibited the same sensitivities to carpropamid as those extracted from the mycelia of the respective strains. These data clearly revealed that the V75M mutation causes the low sensitivities of the SDHs of the carpropamid‐resistant strains, and strongly suggests that the V75M mutation confers resistance of these strains to carpropamid. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Linewidth for interconduction subband transition in Si/Si1−xGex quantum wells
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu P. K.
Published: May 2004

The intersubband absorption linewidth has much importance in the operation of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Here we calculate the intersubband absorption linewidth due to interface roughness scattering, deformation potential acoustic phonon scattering, and optical (intervalley) phonon scattering via the deformation potential, i.e. g phonon. We consider the n‐type Si/Si1−xGex structure. The linewidths are studied for various well widths and different in‐plane kinetic energy. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The characteristics of the Coulomb gap in the density of states of germanium doped irradiation defects
Authors: El‐Hakim S. A.
Published: May 2004

This work deals with the determination of the characteristics of the Coulomb gap (CG) in the density of states (DOS) in the vicinity of the Fermi level, from the analysis of the temperature dependence of dc conductivity in the temperature range (1.5 K–300 K) in germanium, disordered by large fluences of fast reactor neutrons. From application, the percolation theory of conductivity and the variable range hopping (VRH) under the effect of the Coulomb interaction of localized carriers, the localization radius is found to be 49.2 Å. The dielectric constants of the samples are determined. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence spectra and decay kinetics in ZnWO4 and CdWO4 crystals
Authors: Chernov S. , Grigorjeva L. , Millers D. , Watterich A.
Published: May 2004

The luminescence spectra and luminescence decay kinetics in ZnWO4 (nominal pure and doped with Fe and Mo) under pulsed electron beam and pulsed nitrogen laser excitation have been investigated. It is suggested that the two‐stage intrinsic luminescence decay observed under ionizing radiation excitation in ZnWO4 and CdWO4 was due to two different self‐trapped exciton (STE) configurations in these crystals. The role of Fe and Mo impurities for scintillation efficiency in ZnWO4 and CdWO4 has been discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin‐injection in semiconductors: materials challenges and device aspects
Authors: Van Roy Willem , Van Dorpe Pol , Motsnyi Vasyl , Liu Zhiyu , Borghs Gustaaf , De Boeck Jo
Published: May 2004

Successful spin‐injection from magnetic contacts into a semiconductor heterostructure (up to room temperature) is seen as one of the key features to realise spintronic applications. In this paper we describe our effort in establishing spin‐injection in the tunneling regime from various different ferromagnetic contacts. The device structure that is used to test the spin‐injection is a III–V light emitting device. This device has good characteristics as a detector of the injected electron spin‐polarisation. We summarise the results on spin‐injection obtained from different magnetic contact strategies: ferromagnetic metal/AlOx, ferromagnetic metal/Schottky tunnel barrier and ferromagnetic semiconductor/Zener diode combination. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of La0.7Ce0.3MnO3 thin film
Authors: Han S. W. , Lee J. D. , Kim K. H. , Mitra C. , Jeong J. I. , Kim K. J. , Kim B. S. , Min B. I. , Kim J. H. , Wi S. C. , Kang J.‐S.
Published: May 2004

The electronic structure of epitaxial thin films of La0.7Ce0.3MnO3 (LCeMO) has been investigated using photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The measured valence‐band PES, Ce 3d PES, and Ce 3d XAS spectra for LCeMO consistently indicate that the localized Ce 4f orbitals are almost unoccupied so that the Ce valence is nearly tetravalent. The Mn 2p XAS spectrum suggests Mn2+ and Mn3+ mixed‐valent states of Mn ions in LCeMO. The LSDA + U calculation agrees better with the measured PES/XAS spectra than the LSDA calculation (U: the on‐site Coulomb interaction). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theories for individual excited states
Authors: Nagy Á.
Published: May 2004

Variational and nonvariational density functional theories of a single excited state are reviewed. The asymptotic behavior of the exchange correlation potential in these theories is studied. Generalized OPM and KLI approximations are discussed. Cusp relation for the Kohn–Sham and exchange correlation potentials is proved in the KLI approximation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
The electronic spectrum of linear HC9H+
Authors: Mühlhäuser Max , Haubrich Jan , Peyerimhoff Sigrid D.
Published: May 2004

Ab initio multi‐reference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRD–CI) calculations are employed to determine the vertical electronic spectrum of HC9H+. The transition energy for the first dipole‐allowed transition 12Πg ← X2Πu is computed at 2.13 eV, in reasonable agreement with the experimental value of 659 nm (1.88 eV) recently measured in a neon matrix. It is computed with an oscillator strength of f = 0.007. Furthermore, two previously unknown transitions at 2.72 eV (22Πg ← X2Πu) and at 5.47 eV (42Πg ← X2Πu) are calculated with large f‐values. These dominating states show considerable multi‐reference character. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Theoretical studies on the effects of methods and parameterization on the calculated free energy of hydration for small molecules
Authors: Alagona Giuliano , Ghio Caterina , Nagy Peter I.
Published: May 2004

Free energies of hydration (FEH) have been computed for 13 neutral and nine ionic species as a difference of theoretically calculated Gibbs free energies in solution and in the gas phase. In‐solution calculations have been performed using both SCIPCM and PCM polarizable continuum models at the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP and ab initio Hartree–Fock levels with two basis sets (6‐31G* and 6‐311++G**). Good linear correlation has been obtained for calculated and experimental gas‐phase dipole moments, with an increase by ∼30% upon solvation due to solute polarization. The geometry distortion in solution turns out to be small, whereas solute polarization energies are up to 3 kcal/mol for neutral molecules. Calculation of free energies of hydration with PCM provides a balanced set of values with 6‐31G* and 6‐311++G** basis sets for neutral molecules and ionic species, respectively. Explicit solvent calculations within Monte Carlo simulations applying free energy perturbation methods have been considered for 12 neutral molecules. Four different partial atomic charge sets have been studied, obtained by a fit to the gas‐phase and in‐solution molecular electrostatic potentials at in‐solution optimized geometries. Calculated FEH values depend on the charge set and the atom model used. Results indicate a preference for the all‐atom model and partial charges obtained by a fit to the molecular electrostatic potential of the solute computed at the SCIPCM/B3LYP/6‐31G* level. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Development of regionalized hydrological models in an area with short hydrological observation series
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , El Idrissi Abdelkhalak , Pfister Laurent , Hingray Benoît , Guex Frédéric , Musy André , Humbert Joël , Drogue Gilles , Leviandier Thierry
Published: May 2004

High spatio‐temporal resolution monitoring has only been progressively developed in the Rhine–Meuse basins over the last few decades. As a consequence, basic hydrological information can be very scarce in some areas. In regions which are homogeneous from a hydroclimatological and physiogeographical point of view, hydrographs can be reproduced via regionalized hydrological models, provided that climatological observation series are available.

The Alzette river basin, monitored since the mid‐1990s by a very dense hydroclimatological observation network, had been chosen in the framework of the IRMA‐SPONGE project FRHYMAP for transposing the conceptual hydrological models HRM and SOCONT and regionalizing their parameters. The regionalized models were to be used both for extending the currently available runoff series and evaluating runoff in neighbouring non‐monitored basins.

The 16 monitored sub‐basins of the Alzette, reflecting the physiogeographical diversity of the study area, were divided into two subsets, serving for both the calibration and the validation procedures. Once the transposition of the models to the Alzette basin had been successfully assessed, their parameters were linked to the physiogeographical characteristics of the sub‐basins. The performance of the thus regionalized models was assessed via a validation on a subset of basins that had not been retained for the elaboration of the regional parameter sets.

The transposition of the HRM and SOCONT model to the Alzette river basin was completed successfully. Results overall proved to be satisfying, with the HRM model performing equally well for low flows and high flows, while the SOCONT model showed best results for high flows and a systematic overestimation of the mean discharge. Both models proved to be adequate for evaluating daily runoff in non‐monitored basins of the Grand‐Duchy of Luxembourg, helping thus to counterbalance the considerable lack of hydrological observation series in this part of the Rhine basin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of ecological aspects in flood protection strategies: defining an ecological minimum
Authors: Geilen Noël , Jochems Hans , Krebs Laurence , Muller Serge , Pedroli Bas , Van der Sluis Theo , Van Looy Kris , Van Rooij Sabine
Published: May 2004

Policy makers are confronted with the question of how to combine sustainable flood protection and floodplain rehabilitation in the best possible way. Both topics deal with spatial planning aspects in a range of scales. This question was the starting point for the development of an evaluation method within the IRMA/SPONGE project INTERMEUSE, illustrated on the basis of assumed flood protection strategies in the Meuse river basin (the ‘sponge’ strategy, the ‘retention’ strategy, and the ‘floodplain lowering’ or ‘winter bed’ strategy). The integration of flood protection and floodplain rehabilitation can be performed on two scale levels that are interrelated: on the regional level the focus is on (large parts of) an entire stream basin; on the local level specific site conditions are taken as starting point. Ecological aspects under study are spatial cohesion of habitats as identified by species population persistence modelling (regional, longitudinal level) and required habitat quality for carabid beetles and for meadow vegetation gradients as assessed by correspondence analysis (local, transversal level). The carabid beetles are taken as indicative for the ecological integrity of the river bed, the meadow vegetation for that of the floodplain.

A unifying concept in the evaluation of ecological integrity is the ecological minimum: the critical boundary or minimum level of habitat conditions for a potentially good ecological functioning. It is the least acceptable state for a river ecosystem that is still functional to some extent, compared to a natural river ecosystem. The results of this study show clearly that there is a good chance to combine floodplain rehabilitation aims with flood protection activities, both on a local and on an international scale. Although ecological effect assessment and ecological optimizing (referring to a natural reference state) remain basic, additionally the assessment of the ecological minimum helps to define design strategies for integrated flood protection, especially in situations where there is an opportunity for river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the effects of cyclic floodplain rejuvenation on flood levels and biodiversity along the Rhine River
Authors: Baptist Martin J. , Penning W. Ellis , Duel Harm , Smits Antonius J. M. , Geerling Gertjan W. , Van der Lee Guda E. M. , Van Alphen Jos S. L.
Published: May 2004

To reduce flood risks in the Netherlands, measures to increase the flood conveyance capacity of the Rhine River will be implemented. These measures will provide more room for the river and include lowering of the floodplains and excavation of secondary channels. Moreover, these measures provide opportunities for ecological rehabilitation of the floodplains. However, it is expected that floodplain sedimentation and softwood forest development in rehabilitated floodplains will gradually reduce the conveyance capacity and the biodiversity. Therefore, a floodplain management strategy was proposed that would meet both flood protection and nature rehabilitation objectives. This strategy, Cyclic Floodplain Rejuvenation (CFR), aims at mimicking the effects of channel migration by removal of softwood forests, by lowering floodplains or by (re)constructing secondary channels. In this study, the effects of CFR measures on reducing flood levels and enhancing biodiversity along the Waal River were assessed. A one‐dimensional hydraulic modelling system was applied together with rule‐based models for floodplain vegetation succession and floodplain sedimentation. The model simulations demonstrated that the flood management strategy of Cyclic Floodplain Rejuvenation is able to sustain safe flood levels in the Waal River when about 15% of the total floodplain area is rejuvenated with a return period of 25 to 35 years. The rejuvenation strategy led to a diverse floodplain vegetation distribution that largely complies to the historical reference for the Waal River. Cyclic Floodplain Rejuvenation may be the appropriate answer to solve the dilemma between flood protection and nature rehabilitation in highly regulated rivers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIO‐SAFE: assessing the impact of physical reconstruction on protected and endangered species
Authors: de Nooij R. J. W. , Lenders H. J. R. , Leuven R. S. E. W. , de Blust G. , Geilen N. , Goldschmidt B. , Muller S. , Poudevigne I. , Nienhuis P. H.
Published: May 2004

Assessing actual and potential biodiversity of river–floodplain ecosystems on the basis of policy and legislation concerning endangered and protected species is necessary for consistency between different policy goals. It is thus a prerequisite to sustainable and integrated river management. This paper presents BIO‐SAFE, a transnational model that quantifies the relevance of species and ecotopes, characteristic of the main channels and floodplains of the rivers Rhine and Meuse, on the basis of international treaties and directives and national Red Data Lists. BIO‐SAFE was developed into a tool for biodiversity assessment with regard to design and evaluation of physical planning projects, Environmental Impact Assessments and comparative landscape–ecological studies. It was conceived to be applicable in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Taxonomic groups involved are higher plants, birds, herpetofauna, mammals, fish, butterflies, and dragonflies and damselflies. The linkage of habitat requirements of species to ecotopes allows the user to derive information at the level of several ecotope types and scales. The model requires input data on presence of species and/or surface area of ecotopes. BIO‐SAFE has been applied to flood risk reduction projects along the rivers Rhine and Meuse. Results show that BIO‐SAFE yields quantitative information regarding the degree to which actual situations, reconstruction designs and developments of species and ecotope composition meet national and international agreements on biodiversity conservation.

Attuning biodiversity conservation and flood risk reduction measures is a major issue in applied ecology and spatial planning. Assessments with BIO‐SAFE can help find an optimal balance. Because of its policy‐based character, BIO‐SAFE yields information that is complementary to ecological biodiversity indices, single‐species habitat models and ecological network analysis. The development of BIO‐SAFE was based on species characteristic of rivers and floodplains, but the method can easily be applied to other ecosystems as well. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient retention in floodplains of the Rhine distributaries in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Lee G. E. M. , Olde Venterink H. , Asselman N. E. M.
Published: May 2004

Denitrification, plant uptake and sedimentation are important mechanisms of nutrient retention in floodplains. Due to nutrient retention, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads of the river decrease, which is a primary aim in European water quality management. However, the relative contribution of the various retention mechanisms to nutrient retention is largely unknown, as is the total retention that may be achieved. The aim of this study was the estimation of nutrient retention by the mechanisms of plant uptake, silt sedimentation and denitrification for the Dutch Rhine distributaries over one hydrological year (April 2000–March 2001). N and P retention in these floodplain stretches were estimated by means of measured process rates in the floodplains and one‐dimensional hydrodynamic and sedimentation models.

Estimated total retention of N (all mechanisms together) is less than 3% of the annual load, which can be considered as insignificant. The total retention of P was 5 to 18% of the annual P load, which is significant. Floodplain sedimentation was the most important retention mechanism for both N and P. As excavation of the floodplain is expected to increase annual sedimentation rates, floodplain lowering as carried out in river restoration projects, may lead to a considerable increase in retention of P, but will hardly affect retention of N, because N was mainly present as dissolved nitrate in the river water. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing views of nature of science in an authentic context: An explicit approach to bridging the gap between nature of science and scientific inquiry
Authors: Schwartz Reneé S. , Lederman Norman G. , Crawford Barbara A.
Published: May 2004

Reform efforts emphasize teaching science to promote contemporary views of the nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry. Within the framework of situated cognition, the assertion is that engagement in inquiry activities similar to those of scientists provides a learning context conducive to developing knowledge about the methods and activities through which science progresses, and, in turn, to developing desired views of NOS. The inclusion of a scientific inquiry context to teach about NOS has intuitive appeal. Yet, whether the learners are students, teachers, or scientists, the empirical research does not generally support the claim that engaging in scientific inquiry alone enhances conceptions of NOS. We studied developments in NOS conceptions during a science research internship course for preservice secondary science teachers. In addition to the research component, the course included seminars and journal assignments. Interns' NOS views were assessed in a pre/post format using the Views of Nature of Science questionnaire, [VNOS‐C] and interviews. Results indicate most interns showed substantial developments in NOS knowledge. Three factors were identified as important for NOS developments during the internship: (1) reflection, (2) context, and (3) perspective. Reflective journal writing and seminars had the greatest impact on NOS views. The science research component provided a context for reflection. The interns' role perspective appeared to impact their abilities to effectively reflect. Interns who assumed a reflective stance were more successful in deepening their NOS conceptions. Those who maintained a scientist's identity were less successful in advancing their NOS views through reflection. In light of these results, we discuss the significance and challenges to teaching about NOS within inquiry contexts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:610–645, 2004