bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empire, Religious Fanaticism, and Everyman's Dilemma: Julian the Apostate in Kazantzakis and Cavafy
Authors: Syrimis George
Published: July 2010

This comparative analysis of Constantine Cavafy's "Julian" poems and Nikos Kazantzakis's play Julian the Apostate brings the two works into conversation with each other as well as with current debates about the so-called "clash of civilizations," "globalization," and the "war on terror." In light of fanatical religious rhetoric and violent conflict in the two historical periods—the fourth century A.D. and the present—a revisiting of Kazantzakis's heroic vision of Julian and Cavafy's ironic and skeptical treatment may serve to modulate and inform the current discussion by facilitating a more nuanced critique of the assumed manifest destiny of the American polity, the grand narrative of Middle Eastern reformation, the ethical aspirations of and justifications for military action based on religious grounds, as well as the recent employment of rhetoric in political discourse and in what one might call "the theatrics of power."
ACRL’s Hall of Fame: An Analysis of Academic/Research Librarian of the Year Award
Authors: Krasulski Michael J. , Bell Steven J.
Published: July 2010

The Association of College & Research Libraries’ (ACRL) Academic/Research Librarian of the Year awardees constitute a “hall of fame” for ACRL. This article reports research analyzing 30 years of awardees between 1978 and 2007. Studying the demographics and accomplishments of the awardees contributes to knowledge of how academic librarianship has evolved as a profession and how its values have shifted. As the profession begins to explore and better comprehend the outcomes of its award processes, it may choose to evaluate and redesign them. This study offers several recommendations for change to the Academic/Research Librarian of the Year Award.
Use of the progesterone (P4) receptor antagonist aglepristone to characterize the role of P4 withdrawal for parturition and placental release in cows
Authors: Shenavai Sima , Hoffmann Bernd , Dilly Marc , Pfarrer Christiane , Özalp Gözde R , Caliskan Caglar , Seyrek-Intas Kamil , Schuler Gerhard
Published: July 2010

In late pregnant cows, progesterone (P4) is mainly of luteal origin. However, the trophoblast may provide high local P4concentrations in the uterus. To test for the importance of a complete P4withdrawal for parturition-related processes and placental release, the P4receptor (PGR) blocker aglepristone (Ap) was administered to three cows on days 270 and 271 of pregnancy. A complete opening of the cervix was observed 46.5±7.3 h after the start of treatment. However, expulsion of the calves was impaired obviously because of insufficient myometrial activity, and placental membranes were retained for at least 10 days. Measurement of P4concentrations indicated that PGR blockage induced luteolysis. To investigate the role of P4withdrawal for the prepartal tissue remodeling of the placentomes, the caruncular epithelium was evaluated by morphometry, and the percentage of trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) relative to the total number of trophoblast cells were assessed. Caruncular epithelium in Ap-treated cows (D272+Ap) was immature (30.5±3.3%) and not different from untreated controls (elected cesarean section (CS) on day 272; D272-CS; 31.5±1.4%), whereas it was significantly reduced at normal term (D280.5±1.3; 21.0±6.1%;P=0.011). Correspondingly, the percentage of TGCs were 20.1±1.4 in D272+Ap, 22.1±4.8 in D272-CS, and 9.8±3.9 at term (P=0.001). No effect was detected on placental estrogen synthesis. The results showed that in late pregnant cows, P4withdrawal only induces a limited spectrum of the processes related to normal parturition and is not a crucial factor for the prepartal tissue remodeling in placentomes and the timely release of the placenta.
Systemic hemodynamics during cough induced and vasovagal syncope
Authors: Csillik A. , Boros I. , Rudas László , Zöllei É.
Published: July 2010

Common faint and the so-called situational syncope are usually listed together in the category of “neurally mediated syncope”. Although vasovagal syncope has been subject of extensive research in the past years, its mechanism is not fully understood. Much less information is available about situational syncope. Numerous entities in this heterogeneous group are related to excessive straining (e.g. weight lifter's or trumpet player's syncope). Cough syncope is also associated with tremendous intrathoracic, intravascular, and even intracranial pressure fluctuations. Although reflex responses are certainly triggered during cough, their relative role, and their analogy with the classical vasovagal reaction are not clear. We report a case of vasovagal syncope and cough reaction occurring in the same subject during laboratory testing.
Forest Paradigms in Vrat Kathas
Authors: Menzies Robert
Published: July 2010

Vrat kathas (Hindu women’s domestic literature) present the forest as a place for the reception of religious knowledge. These stories place themselves on par with divinely revealed texts by emulating certain themes found there. The vrat kathas, moreover, present women as ritualists whose actions are more effective than are men’s. While the vrat kathas do seem to “emulate” the male models, they also posit superiority of both the woman as a ritualist and the vrat as a ritual. Thus, the vrat kathas posit the superiority of vrat rituals, vrat stories, and vrat performers as superior to the “elite” male forms they are ostensibly emulating.
“Bonafide Tribals”
Authors: Elison William
Published: July 2010

This essay discusses a predicament confronting semi-urban members of the Warli community, a tribal (adivasi) group whose settlements occupy the wooded northern frontier of the city of Mumbai. Much of this area is administered as a nature reserve, the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, with adjacent sections having been opened to development by business interests, prominent among them the Bollywood film industry. When first an environmental NGO and then the film studios sought to drive the Warlis from their land, Warli NGOs responded in court first by enumerating their presence and then by establishing a connection between those abstract numbers and constructions of tribals already circulating in legal discourse and other privileged channels—ideas, images, and narratives that could frame them as a certain kind of community whose relation to a certain kind of space gave them legitimate rights of occupancy. At stake in these conflicts, I argue, was the problem of recognition. Invisibility, which had so long defined the condition of denizens of the Indian wilderness, was no longer a refuge; once the forest zone had been absorbed within the realm of polity, it became incumbent on the Warlis to claim recognition as fellow subjects in whatever terms were practicable or be consigned to abjection.
Forests of Belonging
Authors: Parajuli Pramod
Published: July 2010

This special issue is a welcome addition in the history of ecological and cultural discourses in India. As complex as it is, it would be foolhardy to construct a unified theory of what might be the ecological cosmology of the Hindus who live in India. Given the diverse bio geographies of India and people co-evolving in those areas with their own ways of making a living and creating meanings, diversity is the only rule of the game. This special issue on the Forests of Belonging does a good job of depicting that. The primacy of the ethnographic element in all contributions is also encouraging. Yet, I posit that these discourses have not distanced themselves far enough from the Brahminism and textual Hinduism that has dominated Indian studies for so long. My short commentary interrogates those texts from the lived experience of Hindu peasants in my own village in the Himalayan foothills of Nepal and my work among the adivasi (original inhabitants) peasants in the Jharkhand region in India.
Incorporating and Evaluating Voices in a Film Studies Thesis
Authors: Coffin Caroline
Published: July 2010

In academic writing, referencing sources is more than just a strategy for demonstrating scholarship. In thesis writing, for example, it plays an important role in making the writer’s argument persuasive. This investigation is concerned with the different ways in which thesis writers incorporate and evaluate diverse voices through academic referencing. First, it sets out an analytical framework underpinned by systemic functional linguistics (Halliday, 2004), particularly developments in appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005). The framework provides a dialogic perspective on the linguistic options for referencing academic sources. The discussion then shows how the framework was used to conduct a detailed analysis of one doctoral student’s incorporation of academic sources in a successful Film Studies thesis. The analysis concludes with an illustrative list of referencing strategies used in theses and other types of academic writing. By reporting on how the conventions of referencing can be used in rhetorically effective ways, the research aims to make a contribution to the field of academic writing which is of practical as well as academic value.
Using the PhD Thesis Introduction as a Heuristic Device for Supporting the Writing of a Thesis
Authors: Donohue James
Published: July 2010

This article explores the role of a thesis introduction in establishing the contribution of the thesis to its field of study and how the introduction might be exploited by the writer of the thesis and their supervisor to scaffold the thesis writing process. The focus is on how the introduction realizes a conceptual map of the field of the thesis, a series of speech acts, and a text which construes the conceptual map of the field and the relevant speech acts by means of its method of development. A second focus is on how these aspects of the introduction can serve as heuristic devices which can be used to generate versions of the introduction and to project the structure of the entire thesis.
The Influence of Revision on First Person Pronoun Use in Thesis Writing
Authors: John Suganthi P
Published: July 2010

First person pronoun use in academic writing has received much attention from researchers over the past decade (Baynham (1999), Tang and John (1999), Kuo (1999), Ivanic and Camps (2001), Hyland (2001; 2002; 2004), Harwood (2005) and Koutsantoni (2003, 2007), to name a few). It is acknowledged as the most visible representation of the writer’s identity in the text. This paper investigates the influence of revision on the use of first person pronouns in dissertation writing. The aim of the paper is to reach a better understanding of how writers’ identities develop in academic texts during the process of writing. Master’s level dissertations written by international students mainly from the Far East and enrolled at a UK university form the data for this study. The results reveal that the revision process can be used as an effective means to raise students’ awareness of how their identities develop during the writing process and how they might transform from being novices of the academic discourse community to becoming initiates (Thompson, 2001).
Semi-Automated Analysis of a Thesis
Authors: Mason Oliver , Pennington Martha C
Published: July 2010

Given the high demands in knowledge and practice of written language conventions of academia and of specific disciplines, research traditions, and accepted approaches to thesis writing, doctoral students face a daunting array of challenges in writing a thesis. Here we discuss some ideas for automated analysis of low-level features of a thesis and preliminary work using Correspondence Analysis showing differences across chapters in theses from four fields (Biology, Linguistics, Tourism, and Film Studies) according to the presence of the three types of reporting verbs studied by Hyland (2002), i.e. those expressing research acts, cognitive acts, and discourse acts. The analysis illustrates the method and is suggestive of its potential for pointing up differences in thesis structure that might be of value for thesis students and their supervisors.
Undergraduate Iranian EFL Learners’ Use of Writing Strategies
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Esmaeel
Published: July 2010

This study investigates English language learners’ writing strategies with reference to their gender and year of study at a university in Iran. To this end, a writing strategies questionnaire was employed to tap into the memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, social, and affective strategies of 230 participants. Semi-structured interviews with participants were also conducted in addition to the questionnaire. Participants’ perceptions demonstrated no significant differences in writing strategy use for either gender or year of study. Metacognitive and cognitive strategies were found to be the most frequently used strategies by all writers, and both the low- and high-level male and female learner-writers used writing strategies with approximately the same frequency. Interviews identified sociocultural and contextual differences in students of both genders and years of study which reflect the challenges foreign language learner-writers of English face in an academic context. Further research on writing strategies taking more specific variables, task settings, and contexts into consideration is necessary to shed more light on EFL writing strategy use.
Nutritional and environmental factors affecting plasma ghrelin and leptin levels in rats
Authors: Nakahara Keiko , Okame Rieko , Katayama Tetsuro , Miyazato Mikiya , Kangawa Kenji , Murakami Noboru
Published: July 2010

We examined which factors suppress the rise of ghrelin secretion under hunger in 16-h-starved rats, and compared the responses of plasma ghrelin and leptin levels to various exogenous and endogenous stimuli in intact rats. Although an acute expansion of the stomach by infusion of 6 ml air or 3 ml water in rats starved for 16 h did not change the level of plasma acyl-ghrelin 3 ml corn starch solution, corn oil, or 20% ethanol significantly decreased it. Vagotomy inhibited suppression by nutrients but not by ethanol. Chronic infusion of ethanol into the stomach for 3 weeks in free-feeding rats caused widespread injury of the stomach mucosa, and increased both plasma ghrelin levels and the number of ghrelin cells. In intact rats, low temperature did not change ghrelin levels, but increased leptin levels. On the other hand, restriction stress decreased plasma ghrelin levels, but had the reverse effect on plasma leptin levels. Although insulin decreased and 20% glucose increased plasma glucose levels, they both decreased plasma ghrelin levels. Insulin elevated plasma leptin levels, but glucose had no effect. These results indicate that 1) acyl-ghrelin secretion from the stomach under fasting condition is suppressed by nutrients but not by mechanical expansion of the stomach; 2) high and low environmental temperature, stress, or administration of insulin reciprocally affect plasma levels of ghrelin and leptin; and 3) an increase of stomach ghrelin cell number and plasma ghrelin levels after chronic ethanol treatment may be involved in restoration of gastric mucosae.
Pubcreds: Fixing the Peer Review Process by “Privatizing” the Reviewer Commons
Authors: Fox Jeremy , Petchey Owen L.
Published: July 2010

The peer review system is breaking down and will soon be in crisis: increasing numbers of submitted manuscripts mean that demand for reviews is outstripping supply. This is a classic “tragedy of the commons,” in which individuals have every incentive to exploit the “reviewer commons” by submitting manuscripts, but little or no incentive to contribute reviews. The result is a system increasingly dominated by “cheats” (individuals who submit papers without doing proportionate reviewing), with increasingly random and potentially biased results as more and more manuscripts are rejected without external review. Because this is a classic tragedy of the commons, we propose a classic solution: privatizing the commons. Specifically, we propose that instead of being free to exploit the reviewer commons at will, authors should have to “pay” for their submissions using a novel “currency” called PubCreds, earned by performing reviews. We discuss how this simple, powerful idea could be implemented in practice, and describe its advantages over previously proposed solutions. While our proposal may seem radical, doing nothing will lead to a system in which external review becomes a thing of the past, decision‐making by journals is correspondingly stochastic, and the most selfish among us are the most rewarded.
Contributors List
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael
Published: July 2010

Full Text Available.
A Handbook of Oral Physiology and Oral Biology
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the part of dentistry that links basic physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms to frequently encountered problems in dental practice. Themes that are covered include the structure and function of the cells of oral mucosa, the biology of bone, the functions of oral mucosa, some important aspects on oral microbial flora and biofilms and finally the current principles on mastication, swallowing and speech. The knowledge of basic sciences is essential in oral biology, helping to understand the nature and behavior of cells, tissues and organs in health and disease. It is an easy-to-read, relatively brief but a comprehensive Ebook appropriate for undergraduate and graduate dental students as well as for practicing clinicians.
Biology of Bone
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to
move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store
minerals. This chapter briefly covers a wide spectrum of areas related to elementary bone
pathophysiological features and basic bone research. While bone embryology, osteogenesis, bone
remodeling, bone development, osteoblast and osteoclast biology constitute the main contents, topics
important to the understanding of bone metabolic diseases are also reviewed. The significance of bone
enhancing factors and effect of immune system on bone is discussed. Elementary knowledge is also
given for the relation of bone and implants.
Deglutition
Authors: K. Markopoulos Anastasios
Published: July 2010

Deglutition is a reflex process of muscular contractions aiming to forward food, saliva or
other substances from the oral cavity to stomach.

Although deglutition can be caused consciously, in most instances it is caused subconsciously.

Frequency of deglutition is one per minute, which means that during day and night more than 1000
swallowing movements may occur. Decrease of swallowing activity occurs during sleep.

Beyond food and saliva transportation, deglutition may be protective in nature. In collaboration with
respiratory movements, breath is stopped during deglutition, so the entrance of food into trachea is
avoided.

In case of food entrance into trachea, apart from other protective reflexes, activation of deglutition
occurs that contributes to the cleaning of airways.

Mechanisms of deglutition are complex processes requiring the collaboration of extended parts of the
brainstem, cranial nerves, sensory receptors and muscles. Masticatory process is programmed through
neural circuits in brainstem’s “masticatory center”. If masticatory center is activated for a first time,
masticatory process becomes then automatic.
Amelogenin: Possible Roles in Regeneration of Tooth Supporting Tissues, in Long Bone and During Embryonic Craniofacial Complex Development
Authors: Deutsch Dan , Haze Amir , Gruenbaum-Cohen Yael , Sharon Shay , Shilo Dekel , C. Silverstein Nechama , Blumenfeld Anat
Published: July 2010

For decades, the amelogenins which comprise 90% of the developing extracellular enamel matrix proteins were known to be exclusively expressed in ectodermal enamel and play a major role in its structural organization and biomineralization. In more recent years other roles for amelogenin have been discovered. This manuscript focuses on amelogenins possible roles during regeneration of tooth supporting tissues, in normal long bone, and during development of the embryonic craniofacial complex; A single recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM+), induced in-vivo regeneration of all tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues after creation of experimental periodontitis. Amelogenin recruited (directly or indirectly) mesenchymal stem cells during periodontal regeneration. Amelogenin beads applied on developing embryonic mesenchyme and tooth germ recruited mesenchymal cells. Amelogenin was expressed in normal and regenerating alveolar bone cells (osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts), periodontal ligament, cementum and bone marrow stromal cells. Amelogenin was also expressed in long bone, periosteum, articular cartilage and differentially in ephyphysial growth plate cells. Amelogenin expression was highest in areas of high bone turnover and remodeling in normal and regenerating tissues. Spatio-temporal expression of amelogenin during embryonic craniofacial development is dynamic. These results and accumulating reports suggest that amelogenin participates in regulation of some developmental processes, acts as a signaling molecule affecting both normal and regenerating tissues, and is involved in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. The pattern of amelogenin expression and the induction of periodontal regeneration, possibly offer future treatment to some widespread periodontal, bone, ligament and joint diseases, which are of major clinical, scientific and financial challenges.
Intrinsic Disorder in Amelogenin
Authors: Janet Moradian-Oldak  , Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
Published: July 2010

In addition to its critical structural function during enamel biomineralization amelogenin protein also exhibits distinct signaling activities in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. We present computational and biophysical data to demonstrate that amelogenin belongs to the class of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs). IDPs lack a well-defined 3D structure under native conditions and are typically flexible, extended, and have little secondary structure in vitro in the absence of partners. This chapter considers details of the conformation, secondary structure, and degree of disorder in amelogenin. We propose that the occurrence of “conformational plasticity” in amelogenin explains its multi-functionality, contributes to its strong tendency to self-assemble, and its potential to specifically interact with different targets.
The Role of Amelogenin in Dental Enamel Formation: A Universal Strategy for Protein-Mediated Biomineralization
Authors: C. Margolis Henry , Beniash Elia
Published: July 2010

Significant advances have been made in understanding the role of amelogenin and other matrix proteins in the regulation of enamel formation, although the mechanism for this process is not fully understood. However, it is apparent that there are several guiding principles associated with the formation of mineralized tissues, although the mechanism by which enamel mineral forms differs from other mineralized tissues in several distinct aspects. This review briefly describes some of the similarities and difference between enamel, bone and dentin formation and highlights recent in vitro and in vivo studies from our laboratories that show that amelogenin regulates enamel mineral formation using a strategy that appears to be universally utilized in the development of mineralized tissues. More specifically, the presented studies show that full-length amelogenin has the capacity to stabilize the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and guide its organization into linear needle-like structures that subsequently fuse and organize into parallel bundles of apatitic crystals in vitro. Importantly, these in vitro findings are consistent with recent in vivo data presented that show that mineral morphology and organization in enamel are established by the organic matrix prior to its crystallization. These new findings should aid in the development of novel approaches for mineralized tissue regeneration and repair.
Peer Feedback in a Large Undergraduate Blended Course: Perceptions of Value and Learning
Authors: Ertmer Peggy A. , Richardson Jennifer C. , Lehman James D. , Newby Timothy J. , Cheng XI (Carol) , Mong Christopher , Sadaf Ayesha
Published: July 2010

This study examined students' perceptions of peer feedback and learning in a large, undergraduate course that incorporated supplementary online discussions. Peer feedback (PF) was facilitated via an automated rating system, within Blackboard discussion forums, for half of the students enrolled in the course. Following the peer feedback process, students in the PF group perceived higher levels of confidence and comfort for posting and responding in online discussions than students who did not receive peer feedback. A significant difference was noted on perceptions of confidence for contributing relevant ideas to the discussions, with the PF students expressing higher levels of confidence, yet not all students perceived benefits to their learning. Implications for the implementation of peer feedback in online and blended courses are provided.
Anonymity to Promote Peer Feedback: Pre-Service Teachers' Comments in Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Communication
Authors: Howard Craig D. , Barrett Andrew F. , Frick Theodore W.
Published: July 2010

In this quasi-experimental case study, we compared five sections of a basic undergraduate technology course. Within an asynchronous web forum, pre-service teachers wrote short critiques of websites designed by their classmates. This peer feedback was provided anonymously by students in two classes ( n = 35) whereas providers and recipients of peer feedback were identified by their real names in three other classes ( n = 37). Computer-Mediated discourse analysis methods (Herring, 2004) were used to code student written comments according to substance and tone of feedback. Next, we estimated likelihoods of specific feedback patterns through Analysis of Patterns in Time (Frick, 1990). Results indicated that students who were anonymous were approximately five times more likely to provide substantively critical feedback than were those whose identities were known to their recipients. When feedback was given anonymously, students were approximately four times more likely to provide reasons for needed improvement to a website, and then to suggest design alternatives. In light of advantages afforded by this form of pseudonymity, we conclude with a discussion of pedagogical prescriptions for supporting learners' production of feedback.
PCBs in Schools: What about School Maintenance Workers?
Authors: Newman David M.
Published: July 2010

Driven by environmental and parent activists, government agencies are paying increasing attention to the issue of PCBs in in-place caulk, particularly in school buildings. At the same time, there is insufficient consideration of the school maintenance workers and contractors who maintain and replace PCB caulk, even though they may constitute the school population with the highest exposures and risks. This commentary briefly assesses recent PCB-related developments at the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the New York State Education Department from an occupational health perspective.
The Children of Aramis
Authors: Salvo Michael J. , Pflugfelder Ehren Helmut , Prenosil Joshua
Published: July 2010

Recently, human and user-centered design methods have challenged older system-centered practices, enriching resources and providing better technological artifacts for end-users. This article argues that though design has become more user-centered, something is still lacking: more opportunities exist for articulating feedback already present in technology-culture networks. To encourage the recovery of this feedback, this article examines discourses surrounding transportation technology and the Chōra, the variety of stakeholders who shape the progression of technology through use, negation, or re-appropriation. While this article is far from a programmatic or procedural document, it suggests opening design processes to a variety of cultural inputs beyond those marked as “users.” It attempts to open a space for technical communicators in these multifaceted feedback loops, where Chōral influences are articulated and rearticulated for more effective transportation design.
Mass Transfer Studies in a Novel Perforated Plate Bubble Column
Authors: Dhanasekaran S. , Karunanithi T.
Published: July 2010

This investigation reports the experimental and theoretical results carried out to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in a novel hybrid rotating and reciprocating perforated plate bubble column. Countercurrent condition is performed. kLa is studied by the absorption of oxygen from air into deoxygenated water at room temperature (27 ± 1°C). Effects of agitation level, superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid velocity and plate spacing on kLa were analyzed and found to be significant. With an increase in agitation level at a constant superficial gas and liquid velocities, the breakage process of gas bubbles starts to be more pronounced and intensive oxygen mass transfer occurs. Hence, kLa increases sharply. kLa increases with an increase in superficial gas velocity, due to higher gas holdup and the enhanced breakup of bubbles. Similarly, kLa increases with an increase in superficial liquid velocity and the effect is found to be significant. When plate spacing is decreased (by increasing the number of plates), it is observed that the kLa increases at higher superficial gas velocity and agitation level. Correlation is developed for the determination of kLa and found to concur with experimental results. This correlation can be used for the determination of kLa for this hybrid column with 95% accuracy within the range of variables investigated in this present study.
This Time Is Different: An Example of a Giant, Wildly Speculative, and Successful Investment Mania
Authors: Odlyzko Andrew
Published: July 2010

The literature on manias and bubbles is dominated by spectacular collapses and the question of whether they could have been foreseen. What is not widely known, though, is that there was at least one giant and wildly speculative investment episode that was successful in that it produced above-market profits for original investors. The British railway mania of the 1830s involved real capital investment comparable, as a fraction of GDP, to about $2 trillion for the U.S. today. It faced withering skepticism and criticism, much of it very reasonable, as its supposedly rosy prospects were based on extrapolation from the brief experience of just a couple of successful early railways. Yet by the mid-1840s, it was seen as a success.The example of the railway mania of the 1830s serves as a useful antidote to claims that bubbles are easy to detect or that all large and quick jumps in asset valuations are irrational. This episode also suggests the need to reexamine much of the work on business cycles and the diffusion of technologies. The standard literature in this area, starting from Juglar and continuing through Schumpeter to more recent authors, almost uniformly ignores large investment mania, whose nature does not fit the stereotypical pattern.
Valuing Foreign Lives and Settlements
Authors: Dana David A.
Published: July 2010

Cost-benefit analysis in the United States for policy and legal purposes traditionally has been highly parochial, excluding not just losses or gains of welfare to non-U.S. residents from a given policy but also excluding any losses or gains in welfare U.S. residents would experience as a result of impacts to foreigners and foreign settlements. In the climate change context, this approach has meant that cost-benefit analyses for the costs of unmitigated climate change to the United States value at zero the losses that U.S. residents will bear as a result of the direct, adverse impacts of climate change to foreign lives and settlements. This article argues that there are sound theoretical reasons to include such welfare losses in a cost-benefit analysis, and that doing so requires going beyond revealed preference data to consider stated preference surveys. The article presents the findings of internet-based surveys that strongly suggest that the implicit assumption of the current approach to cost-benefit analysis in the United States—that U.S. residents value foreign lives and settlements that may be destroyed by climate change at zero—is untenable.
An Assessment of Important Issues Concerning the Application of Benefit-Cost Analysis to Social Policy
Authors: Vining Aidan , Weimer David L
Published: July 2010

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) provides a framework for systematically assessing the efficiency of public policies. Increasingly, BCA is being applied to social policies, ranging from preschool interventions to prison reentry programs. These applications offer great potential for helping to identify policies that offer the best returns on public investments aimed at helping the disadvantaged or otherwise improving social life. However, applying BCA to social policies pose a number of challenges. The need for a comprehensive approach to assessing social policies generally requires making predictions based on data from multiple sources and using available shadow prices. As these predictions and shadow prices are inherently uncertain, special effort must be made to explicitly address the resulting uncertainty of predictions of net benefits. Prediction and valuation are complicated by behaviors, such as addiction, that do not clearly satisfy the assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics. As distributional goals are often an explicit motivation for social policies, BCA may be an incomplete framework for public policy purposes unless analysts can find ways to incorporate people's willingness to pay for changes in the distribution of consumption across society. If BCA is to reach its potential for contributing to good social policy, analysts must be aware of these challenges and researchers must help address them.
The Science of a “Seal” for PICC Line Management: BioSeal CVC Powder
Authors: Blough Lauren , Hinson Kathy , Hen John
Published: July 2010

The Science of a “Seal” for PICC Line Management: BIOSEAL CVC Powder As An Alternative Hemostatic Agent That Keeps Sites Dry And Intact

Purpose

To assess the ability of BIOSEAL CVC™ Powder (Biolife, LLC, Sarasota, FL) to achieve hemostasis for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) line insertions; to eliminate the 48-hour dressing change prescribed by Centers for Disease Control.
Assessment of oxygen transport and utilization in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis
Authors: Butler Amy L. , Campbell Vicki L.
Published: July 2010

Objective—To compare cardiac index (CI), oxygen delivery index (o2I), oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER), oxygen consumption index (o2I), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis with published values for healthy dogs; compare those variables in dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive; and compare CI and o2I in dogs with sepsis with values in dogs with nonseptic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (nSIRS).

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—10 dogs with naturally occurring sepsis and 11 dogs with nSIRS.

Procedures—Over 24 hours, CI, o2I, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI were measured 4 and 5 times in dogs with sepsis and with nSIRS, respectively. The mean values of each variable in each group were compared over time and between groups; data for dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive were also compared.

Results—Mean o2I was significantly decreased, and mean CI, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI were not significantly different in dogs with sepsis, compared with published values for healthy dogs. Mean CI and o2I in dogs with sepsis were significantly greater than values in dogs with nSIRS. Among dogs with sepsis that did or did not survive, values of CI, o2I, O2ER, o2I, and SVRI did not differ significantly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with values in healthy dogs, only o2 was significantly lower in dogs with sepsis. Values of CI and o2I were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis than in dogs with nSIRS, suggesting differing degrees of myocardial dysfunction between these groups.
Hyperphosphatasemia and concurrent adrenal gland dysfunction in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers
Authors: Zimmerman Kurt L. , Panciera David L. , Panciera Roger J. , Oliver Jack W. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Binder Ellen M. , Randall Daniel C. , Kinnarney Joseph H.
Published: July 2010

Objective—To determine causes of hyperphosphatasemia (high serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity) in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers.

Design—Prospective case-controlled study.

Animals—34 apparently healthy adult Scottish Terriers (17 with and 17 without hyperphosphatasemia).

Procedures—Serum activities for 3 isoforms (bone, liver, and corticosteroid) of ALP were measured. Concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, estradiol, and aldosterone were measured before and after cosyntropin administration (ie, ACTH; 5 μg/kg [2.27 μg/lb], IM). Liver biopsy specimens from 16 dogs (11 with and 5 without hyperphosphatasemia) were evaluated histologically.

Results—In dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, the corticosteroid ALP isoform comprised a significantly higher percentage of total ALP activity, compared with the percentage in dogs without hyperphosphatasemia (mean ± SE, 69 ± 5.0% and 17 ± 3.8%, respectively). In 6 dogs with hyperphosphatasemia, but none without, serum cortisol concentrations exceeded reference intervals after ACTH stimulation. Six dogs with and 15 without hyperphosphatasemia had increased concentrations of ≥ 1 noncortisol steroid hormone after ACTH stimulation. Serum ALP activity was correlated with cortisol and androstenedione concentrations (r = 0.337 and 0.496, respectively) measured after ACTH stimulation. All dogs with and most without hyperphosphatasemia had abnormal hepatocellular reticulation typical of vacuolar hepatopathy. Subjectively, hepatocellular reticulation was more severe and widespread in hyperphosphatasemic dogs, compared with that in nonhyperphosphatasemic dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hyperphosphatasemia in apparently healthy Scottish Terriers was most likely attributable to hyperadrenocorticism on the basis of exaggerated serum biochemical responses to ACTH administration and histologic hepatic changes, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism.
Cystoscopic diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 16 cases (2005–2008)
Authors: Smith Andrea L. , Radlinsky MaryAnn G. , Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: July 2010

Objective—To determine outcome of cystoscopic-guided transection for treatment of ectopic ureters in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—16 female dogs.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent cystoscopic-guided transection of the membrane separating unilateral or bilateral ectopic ureters from the urethra and bladder between May 2005 and May 2008 were reviewed. Postoperative outcome was determined by use of telephone interviews conducted 1 to 36 months after the procedure.

Results—4 dogs had complete resolution of urinary incontinence with cystoscopic-guided transection alone, an additional 5 dogs had complete resolution with a combination of cystoscopic-guided transection and phenylpropanolamine administration, and an additional 4 dogs had an improvement in urinary control, although urinary incontinence persisted. Outcome could not be assessed in the remaining 3 dogs because of collagen injections in the urethra at the time of ureteral transection (n = 2) or nephrectomy secondary to unilateral hydronephrosis (1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that cystoscopic-guided transection may be an acceptable alternative to traditional surgical correction of ectopic ureter in dogs. Most complications associated with the cystoscopic procedure were minor and easily managed.
Oxidation of hexafluoropropylene to hexafluoropropylene oxide using oxygen
Authors: Łągiewczyk Monika , Czech Zbigniew
Published: July 2010

Oxidation of hexafluoropropylene to hexafluoropropylene oxide using oxygen

A method for pressure oxidation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) to hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), using oxygen, is presented. Oxidation was achieved in a batch-fed reactor at temperature range between 130 to 170°C. The influence of temperature and kind of solvents, such as 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) and carbon tetrachloride on the yield of HFPO and the course of oxidation was investigated in preliminary studies. The maximum HFPO yield of approximately 83% was noticed.
Acidic ionic liquids based on phosphonium chloride and metal chlorides-recyclable media and catalysts in the Diels-Alder reaction
Authors: Janus Ewa
Published: July 2010

Acidic ionic liquids based on phosphonium chloride and metal chlorides-recyclable media and catalysts in the Diels-Alder reaction

Acidic ionic liquids based on trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride-P6.6.6.14 Cl and six different metal chlorides (YCl3, YbCl3, MgCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2, InCl3) were prepared. The molar fraction of metal chloride (XMClx) used for the formation of acidic ionic liquids with P6.6.6.14 Cl was changed in the range from 0.3 to 0.5. The high catalytic activity in the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and various αβ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds showed ionic liquids at XMClx≤0.4. In general, the highest product yields and endo:exo ratios were achieved in the acidic ionic liquids formed from MgCl2, YCl3 and YbCl3. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the prepared ionic liquids were thermally stable up to nearly 400°C. Additionally, they could be reused with only little loss of catalytic activity after the 4th recycle.
Physico-chemical and dispersive characterisation of magnesium oxides precipitated from the Mg(NO3)2 and MgSO4 solutions
Authors: Pilarska Agnieszka , Paukszta Dominik , Ciesielczyk Filip , Jesionowski Teofil
Published: July 2010

Physico-chemical and dispersive characterisation of magnesium oxides precipitated from the Mg(NO3)2 and MgSO4 solutions

An attempt was made to synthesise magnesium oxide of a high degree of dispersion permitting its use as adsorbent or catalyst. The synthesis method proposed was precipitation with the use of magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate. The influence of temperature, the mode and the rate of dosing, the concentration and the ratio of the reagents on the properties of the final product was analysed. Magnesium oxides were obtained by thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxides and subjected to thorough analysis. The results permitted selection of the reaction systems ensuring synthesis of the final products of the desired properties.
Biological assessments of streams that have been adversely impacted by sediment runoff in Idaho, USA
Authors: Mahler Robert , Barber Michael
Published: July 2010

Biological assessments of streams that have been adversely impacted by sediment runoff in Idaho, USA

Sediments are the major source of pollution in surface waters of the Pacific Northwest Region of the USA. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between SMI water quality scores at 76 sampling sites in eight watersheds and the observed soil erosion rates on adjacent landscapes. The water quality SMI scores in streams were obtained using stream macro invertebrates as an indicator of water quality, while soil erosion rates were determined by observation on adjoining landscapes during periods of maximum precipitation. Soil erosion rates of >2, 2-5, 5-15, 15-25 and <25 mt/ha/yr were observed at 9, 20, 45, 14 and 12% of the sampling sites, respectively. Landscapes with erosion rates of less than 5 mt/ha/yr generally resulted in good water quality in adjacent streams; however, when soil erosion rates on adjacent landscapes exceeded 5 mt/ha/yr SMI water quality scores were less than good 86% of the time. Strong significant relationships were observed between SMI water quality rating and observed soil erosion rates. Consequently, land management or rehabilitation practices that reduce soil erosion rates to levels below 5 mt/ha//yr should improve stream water quality.
Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers
Authors: Bajkowski Sławomir
Published: July 2010

Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers

Erosion and accumulation processes in the vicinity of water structures develop depending on the life of the facility, hydrological regime and morphology of the riverbed. Diversification of flow characteristics affects the segregation of bed sediment on section of period of weirs. Knowledge of factors determining granulometric diversity of bottom material allows for more appropriate bed and riverbanks protections design. It also enables estimation of the conditions of sediment transport down the watercourse and its participation in the balance of the transport of bottom material in the watercourse. Areas where sediment accumulates on the water structures are up water and down water positions, stilling basin and other cavities of the structure. The article presents an analysis of granulometric composition of bottom material in selected lowland weirs. Research facilities are weirs located on lowland rivers. Segregation of sediment material was observed on weir sections. Thickest sediment is piled in up water, smallest in down water.
In vitro Propagation of Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Reichb.f.  A Rare Orchid of High Medicinal Value
Authors: Kaur Saranjeet , Bhutani K.K.
Published: July 2010

Foliar explants of Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Reichb. f. were cultured on Mitra (M) medium with 1.0 mg/l BAP, Kn  each and 1.0 mg/l NAA individually and in combination for initiation of regeneration response, proliferation of regenerants and subsequent development of plantlets. Juvenility of the tissues and chemical stimulus were important factors in initiating the regeneration response in the explants. The relatively older leaf explants (>1cm in length) remained recalcitrant to regeneration the representing younger ones (<1cm in length) responded to certain chemical regimes. BAP, Kn individually in the medium should direct PLB regeneration whereas when used with NAA, the explants showed callus proliferation and further differentiated into PLBs. An individual treatment with NAA (1.0 mg/l) impaired the response frequency and delayed further morphogenetic processes leading to plantlet development. The best response in the explants (in terms of high regeneration frequency, early initiation, PLB proliferations, and plantlet development) was observed in 1.0 mg/l BAP alone/with 1.0 mg/l NAA + activated charcoal. Plantlets were transferred to pots containing epiphytic compost (1 charcoal : 1 brick pices : 1 bats). Nearly 75% of plantlets survival was recorded.  Key words: In vitro, Orchid, Vanda testacea, Micropropagation, Protocorm-like bodies, callus D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4077 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 1-7, 2009 (June)