bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between migraine, anxiety and depression
Authors: Victor TW , Hu X , Campbell J , White RE , Buse DC , Lipton RB
Published: July 2009

Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between self-reported medical diagnosis of migraine, self-reported depressive symptomology (RDS) and self-reported anxious symptomology (RAS) in the National Health Interview Survey ( n = 30 852). Semipartial squared correlations evaluated the population-level variability between RDS, RAS and migraine impairment. Migraine prevalence was 15.2% (overall), 20.5% (women) and 9.4% (men). Migraine risk was higher in participants with RAS [odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.09, 2.52), with RDS (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.93, 2.58), who smoked (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09, 1.30), or who consulted a mental health provider (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.27, 1.65). Although migraine risk was increased in both women (OR 1.93) and men (OR 2.42) with RAS ( P < 0.001), men with RAS had a higher migraine risk than did women with RAS ( P < 0.001). Only 7% of the variability in migraine impairment (population level) was predicted by variability in RDS and/or RAS.
Abnormal MRI in a patient with ‘headache with neurological deficits and CSF lymphocytosis (HaNDL)’
Authors: Yilmaz A , Kaleagasi H , Dogu O , Kara E , Ozge A
Published: July 2009

A 27-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department with right upper-extremity numbness and mild weakness followed by a bifrontal throbbing headache for 30 min, which was similar to a headache lasting for 12 h that had occurred 3 days ago. Laboratory tests were unremarkable except for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis. On the following day, a headache episode with left hemiparesis and hemihypoaesthesia, left hemifield visio-spatial inattention, anosagnosia and confusion recurred. The headache was diagnosed as headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) syndrome according to the criteria of the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Simultaneously performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed swelling of the grey matter, CSF enhancement in the sulci of the right temporal and occipital regions and hypoperfusion of the same brain regions. During the following 10 days two more similar episodes recurred and during the ensuing 12 months the patient remained headache free. Neuroimaging findings of the HaNDL syndrome are always thought as virtually normal. MRI abnormalities in our patient have not been reported in HaNDL syndrome previously, although they have been reported in hemiplegic migraine patients before. The findings in our case suggest that hemiplegic migraine and HaNDL syndrome may share a common pathophysiological pathway resulting in similar imaging findings and neurological symptoms.
Applied Ethics: Naturalism, Normativity and Public Policy
Authors: O’NEILL ONORA
Published: July 2009

abstract  Normative argument is supposed to guide ways in which we might change the world, rather than to fit the world as it is. This poses certain difficulties for the notion of applied ethics. Taken literally the phrase ‘applied ethics’ suggests that principles or standards with substantial philosophical justification, in particular ethical and political principles with such justification, are applied to particular cases and guide action. However, the ‘cases’ which applied ethics discusses are themselves indeterminate, and the relation of principles to these ‘cases’ differs from the relation of principles to cases in naturalistic, truth‐oriented inquiry. Writing in ‘applied ethics’, I shall argue, does not need elaborate case histories or scenarios, since the testing points for normative principles are other normative principles rather than particular cases. Normative principles and contexts to which they are applicable are indeed needed for any reasoning that is practical, but they are not sufficient. Practical ethics needs principles that can not merely be applied in certain cases or situations, but also enacted in certain ways, and requires an account of practical judgement and of the public policies that support that judgement.
Ranging and nesting behaviour of the dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius, in coppice‐with‐standards woodland
Authors: Bright P. W. , Morris P. A.
Published: July 2009

Radiotracking was used to investigate the movements of dormice at different times during the summer, in an area of coppice‐with‐standards woodland, a habitat traditionally associated with this species. The dormice were shown to be wholly arboreal in their activity, foraging in different strata of their three‐dimensional habitat, as different food sources became seasonally available. Nest sites were located and both sexes were found to travel only short distances from them, implying that this species probably has a low potential for dispersal. Males normally travelled further than females each night and had larger home ranges, within which activity was usually concentrated in small areas associated with a particular food resource. The findings are discussed in relation to woodland management and distribution surveys.
The anatomy and chemical composition of adipose tissue in wild wolverines(Gulo gulo)in northern Canada
Authors: Pond Caroline M. , Mattacks Christine A. , Ramsay M. A.
Published: July 2009

Adipose tissue was dissected completely from 25 adult male and five adult female wolverines shot between October and March, 1990–1992 in Northwest Territories, Canada. The gross mass, mean adipocyte volume, lipid, protein and collagen contents were measured in adipose tissue from 13 superficial and internal depots homologous to those of other terrestrial mammals. The total adipocyte complement was calculated from the mass of each depot and its site‐specific adipocyte volume. Almost all the adipose depots found in other terrestrial mammals were present in wolverines and site‐specific differences in adipocyte volume were similar to those of other species. No significant sex differences were detected. All depots except the cardiac adipose tissue enlarged with increasing fatness, but the superficial depots expanded faster than any of the internal depots and the posterior superficial depots enlarged slightly faster than the anterior depots. The partitioning of adipose tissue between superficial and intra‐abdominal depots, and between anterior and posterior superficial depots, changed with fatness and was consistent with predictions from allometric equations derived from data from other Carnivora. The total adipocyte complement was variable, with more than 70% of the specimens having 2–5 times as many adipocytes as predicted from allometric equations relating adipocyte complement to body mass in other carnivorous mammals. Consequently, the correlation between mean adipocyte volume and total dissectible adipose tissue was weak. Measurements of adipocyte volume from biopsies of adipose tissue, and indices based upon the mass of thickness of one or a few depots, would therefore not provide an accurate estimate of fatness. The concentration of collagen was higher in the superficial and intra‐abdominal adipose depots of specimens collected in mid‐winter than in homologous tissues of those killed in early winter, but there were no comparable seasonal changes in the abundance of lipid or non‐collagen protein.
The origin and metabolic significance of exosomatic water in the semi‐terrestrial beachflea, Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: Spicer J. I. , Taylor A. C.
Published: July 2009

The origin(s), distribution and fate(s) of exosomatic water in the semi‐terrestrial amphipod, Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas 1766) have been investigated. These observations were coupled with a study of the gross morphology of the ventral groove and associated structures and a physiological investigation of gill function, allowing an appraisal of the metabolic significance of exosomatic water. The key to the success of amphipods invading land lies, we suggest, in the retention of exosomatic water by capillary action within a water‐conducting system (analogous to that found in isopods) located within the ventral groove. This exosomatic water allows ‘aquatic’ methods of gas, water and ion exchange to continue unimpeded as long as the ventral groove can be recharged either from urine or standing water.
Suckling time and fawn growth in fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: Birgersson B. , Ekvall K.
Published: July 2009

The total suckling time and the fawns’ absolute increase in weight from birth to weaning were studied in a group of fallow deer over two consecutive calving seasons. The aim was to clarify the use of suckling time as a predictor of parental input in fallow deer. When all subjects from both years are taken into account, no positive relation between suckling time and growth was found. This was due to at least two important factors: (i) fawns to primiparous mothers sucked relatively longer, with no corresponding increase in weight, compared to multiparous mothers; and (ii) suckling time during the first two weeks after birth seems to be an inadequate measure of milk transfer.
High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and its consequences for maternal care
Authors: Laurenson M. Karen
Published: July 2009

Juvenile mortality in cheetahs was found to be extremely high compared to other large mammals, with approximately 72.2% of litters dying before they emerged from the lair at eight weeks of age. An average of 83.3% of cubs alive at emergence died by adolescence at 14 months of age, thus cheetah cubs were estimated to have only a 4.8% chance of reaching independence at birth. The instantaneous rate of mortality was highest immediately after cubs emerged from the lair. Before emergence, lion predation was the major source of this mortality, although some cubs died from starvation after they were abandoned by their mothers, or as a result of grass fires and inclement weather. After emergence, predation again accounted for virtually all cub mortality, with lions and spotted hyaenas taking approximately the same proportion of cubs. Overall predation accounted for 73.2% of cheetah cub deaths in this study, with 78.2% of these being killed by lions. The extent of maternal care, in the form of vigilance and antipredator behaviour, mirrored cub susceptibility to mortality and, in the case of vigilance, possibly also starvation. The probability of a cheetah mother responding aggressively to a predator was found also to depend on the species of predator. This study highlights the importance of the influence of juvenile mortality on patterns of parental care.
Spiders provide important resources for an endangered lizard
Authors: Fellows H. L. , Fenner A. L. , Bull C. M.
Published: July 2009

Conservation management requires knowledge of how a target species interacts with other species. Some relatively common species can modify the environment to the advantage of rarer, endangered species. Thus, local enhancement of those common species can positively influence remaining populations of the rarer species. The endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard Tiliqua adelaidensis inhabits burrows that are constructed by lycosid and mygalomorph spiders. We recorded 490 burrows in a 1 ha plot at the end of one season, and then observed at regular intervals the formation and loss of burrows, and the changes in occupancy status of each burrow over the next season. We found spiders in 94% of all newly constructed burrows and deduced that they had built the burrows. We found no evidence that lizards dug new burrows or deepened existing burrows. The numbers of both lizards and spiders in the burrows declined over the spring and summer, with lizards moving from their burrows more often early in the season than later. However, there was no strong trend for lizards to replace spiders in burrows. In fact, lizards tended to occupy deeper burrows than spiders, suggesting little negative impact of lizards on spiders. However, spiders had a positive impact on lizards by providing the refuge burrows central for lizard survival. Although lizards readily accept artificial burrows, long‐term conservation for the lizards must include viable spider populations to maintain a supply of suitable burrow refuges.
Resting breathing frequency in aquatic birds: a comparative analysis with terrestrial species
Authors: Mortola J. P. , Seguin J.
Published: July 2009

Several studies have indicated that in birds breathing frequency (f, breaths min−1) scales to the −1/3 of body weight (W, kg); this is different from the −1/4 of mammals. We wondered if this discrepancy was due to the peculiar scaling pattern of aquatic birds, as is the case of aquatic mammals. In fact, we had noted previously that the allometric scaling of f differs considerably between aquatic and terrestrial mammals, respectively, W−0.42 and W−0.25. Measurements of f were obtained in 48 aquatic birds of 22 species and in 35 terrestrial birds of 27 species, during resting conditions on land. Additional data from 11 aquatic and 14 terrestrial species, different from the ones measured, were obtained from the literature. The allometric curve of all species combined (terrestrial and aquatic, n=74) was f=13.3W−0.36, similar to what is reported in previous studies. However, the allometric curve of the aquatic species (n=33, f=14.5W−0.56) differed greatly (P<0.001) from that of the terrestrial species (n=41, f=13.4W−0.26). On average, f of aquatic birds of the 3–5 kg range was 63%, and that of birds of larger size was 57%, of the values of terrestrial birds of similar W. We conclude that, as in mammals, also in terrestrial birds f scales to the −1/4 exponent of W. The similarity of the scaling patterns of f between aquatic birds and mammals suggests a common breathing adaptation to life in the aquatic environment irrespective of phylogenetic relations.
Impairment severity selectively affects the control of proximal and distal components of reaching movements in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: DOMELLÖF ERIK , RÖSBLAD BIRGIT , RÖNNQVIST LOUISE
Published: July 2009

This study explored proximal‐to‐distal components during goal‐directed reaching movements in children with mild or moderate hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP); [seven females, four males; mean age 8y 6mo; SD 27mo], compared with age‐matched, typically developing children (seven females, five males; mean age 8y 3mo [SD 25mo]. Severity of HCP was assessed following the approach of Claeys et al. Optoelectronic registrations were made during unimanual reaching‐to‐grasp and reaching‐to‐hit movements with both the affected/non‐preferred and unaffected/preferred side. Regardless of task, the children with HCP, particularly those with moderate impairment, displayed less optimal spatiotemporal organization of movements performed with the affected arm. Compared with the goal to hit, and increasingly with more severe impairment, children with HCP adapted to the goal to grasp by recruiting augmented shoulder movements when reaching with the affected side. A resulting impact on distal kinematics was found in shorter, straighter, and less segmented movement paths. Thus, depending on severity of hemispheric lesions and task complexity, unilateral brain injuries in HCP may selectively affect neural pathways underlying both proximal and distal arm movement control. Levels of both ipsi‐ and contralateral activation in relation to side and lesion severity should be considered in future studies on prehension movements in HCP.
Cultural resistance to fast‐food consumption? A study of youth in North Eastern Thailand
Authors: Seubsman Sam‐ang , Kelly Matthew , Yuthapornpinit Pataraporn , Sleigh Adrian
Published: July 2009

Increased intake of saturated fat and refined sugars underlies much of the problem of emerging obesity all over the world. This includes middle‐income countries like Thailand, which are subject to successful marketing of Western fast foods especially targeted at adolescents. In this study we explore the socio‐cultural influences on fast‐food intake for non‐metropolitan (rural and urban) adolescents in North East Thailand (Isan). Our questionnaire sample included 634 persons aged 15–19 years who are in and out of formal schooling and who are randomly representing upper, central and lower Isan. All were asked about their knowledge of fast‐food health risks and their attitudes towards, and consumption of, fast food and traditional food. As well, we used several focus groups to obtain qualitative data to complement the information derived from the questionnaire. Some three quarters of sampled youth were aware that fast food causes obesity and half knew of the link to heart disease. About half consumed fast food regularly, induced by the appeal of ‘modern’ lifestyles, social events and marketing, as well as by the convenience, speed and taste. Nearly two‐thirds thought that local foods should be more popular and these beliefs were more likely to be found among children from educated and urban families. Local foods already constitute a cultural resistance to fast‐food uptake. We propose several methods to boost this resistance and protect the youth of Thailand against fast food and its many adverse health consequences.
Changing Patterns in Family Farming: The Case of the Pampa Region, Argentina
Authors: GRAS CARLA
Published: July 2009

In the past few decades, Argentine agriculture has been significantly reorganized. Changes include the marked growth of export production, the need for an increasing level of capital investment and technological incorporation into farms and the restructuring of public intervention. This paper examines the dynamics of farm exit and the adjustments made by capitalized family farmers in the Pampa region. We suggest transformations in family farms are the result of a substantial shift in their main characteristics which historically combined the use of family labour, a certain accumulation capacity and ownership status. In particular, we will discuss the different and changing patterns of farm operations and the adjustments made with respect to work and land tenure.
Molecular determinants of β‐carboline inhibition of the glycine receptor
Authors: Chen Xuebin , Cromer Brett A. , Lynch Joseph W.
Published: July 2009

β‐Carbolines are potent modulators of GABA type A receptors and they have recently been shown to inhibit glycine receptors in a subunit‐specific manner. The present study screened four structurally similar β‐carbolines, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronorharmane, norharmane, harmane and 6‐methoxyharmalan, at recombinantly expressed α1, α1β, α2 and α3 glycine receptors with the aims of identifying structural elements of both the receptor and the compounds that are important for binding and subunit specificity. The four compounds exhibited only weak subunit specificity, rendering them unsuitable as pharmacological probes. Because they displayed competitive antagonist activity, we investigated the roles of known glycine binding residues in coordinating the four compounds. The structural similarity of the compounds, coupled with the differential effects of C‐loop mutations (T204A, F207Y) on compound potency, implied direct interactions between variable β‐carboline groups and mutated residues. Mutant cycle analysis employing harmane and norharmane revealed a strong pairwise interaction between the harmane methyl group and the C‐loop in the region T204 and F207. These results which define the orientation of the bound β‐carbolines were supported by molecular docking simulations. The information may also be relevant to understanding the mechanism β‐carboline of binding to GABA type A receptors where they are potent pharmacological probes.
Factors Conveying Resilience in the Context of Urban Poverty: The Case of Orphans and Vulnerable Children in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Fotso Jean Christophe , Holding Penny A. , Ezeh Alex C.
Published: July 2009

Background:  This paper aims to extend the knowledge of the psychosocial impact of orphanhood through a detailed description of child welfare outcomes; explore the relationship between child‐, household‐ and neighbourhood‐level characteristics and child welfare outcomes; and suggest potential points of intervention to support orphans and vulnerable children.

Methods:  Two indices of psychosocial welfare were developed: emotional well‐being and perceived care. Multilevel regression models were applied to identify the sources of variability in these outcomes.

Results:  Vulnerability was associated more with poverty and neighbourhood characteristics, than with orphanhood.

Conclusion:  Targeted support for orphans should take into account the loss incurred, the age and gender of the child, and the characteristics of the community in which the child lives.
Does Size Matter in Australia?*
Authors: KORTT MICHAEL , LEIGH ANDREW
Published: July 2009

We estimate the relationship between hourly wages and two aspects of body size: height and body mass index (BMI). We observe a height premium, with an additional 10 cm of height being associated with a 3 per cent increase in hourly wages for men. However, workers with higher BMI scores do not seem to earn lower wages. These results are largely unaffected by controlling for physical health, or (in the case of BMI) instrumenting with the BMI of biological family members. A survey of previous instrumental variables studies shows little indication of systematic biases, suggesting that OLS may provide a reasonable estimate of the causal impact of BMI on wages.
A Term Structure Decomposition of the Australian Yield Curve*
Authors: FINLAY RICHARD , CHAMBERS MARK
Published: July 2009

We use data on coupon‐bearing Australian Government bonds and Overnight Indexed Swap (OIS) rates to estimate risk‐free zero‐coupon yield and forward curves for Australia from 1992 to 2007. These curves and analysts’ forecasts of future interest rates are then used to fit an affine term structure model to Australian interest rates, with the aim of decomposing forward rates into expected future overnight cash rates plus term premia. The expected future short rates derived from the model are on average unbiased, fluctuating around the average of actual observed short rates. Since the adoption of inflation targeting and the entrenchment of low and stable inflation expectations, term premia appear to have declined in levels and displayed smaller fluctuations in response to economic shocks. This suggests that the market has become less uncertain about the path of future interest rates. Towards the end of the sample period, term premia have been negative, suggesting that investors may have been willing to pay a premium for Commonwealth Government securities.
Social and Economic Costs of Food Allergies in Europe: Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Costs and Health Utility
Authors: Fox Margaret , Voordouw Jantine , Mugford Miranda , Cornelisse Judith , Antonides Gerrit , Frewer Lynn
Published: July 2009

Objectives. To develop a questionnaire to measure the additional social costs of food allergies (FAs).

Data Source and Study Setting. People with FAs and sampled members of the general population (with and without FAs) in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in 2006.

Study Design. (1) Literature review. (2) Focus group to identify key costs of FAs and seek views on the questionnaires. (3) Pilot survey to test the questionnaires in cases and controls.

Data Collection. Twenty‐eight participants in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands with clinically or self‐diagnosed FAs took part in one of five focus groups. A case–control postal survey was conducted in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands (with 125 FA cases and 62 controls).

Principal Findings. Methods exist to measure social costs in chronic illness, but not FAs. Focus groups found features of FAs likely to impact costs of living. Pilot results suggest higher costs of living and health care costs, and well‐being in FAs.

Conclusion. The questionnaire is proposed for use in wider European and other comparative studies of FAs.
Compounds from Sichuan and Melegueta peppers activate, covalently and non‐covalently, TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels
Authors: Riera CE , Menozzi‐Smarrito C , Affolter M , Michlig S , Munari C , Robert F , Vogel H , Simon SA , Le Coutre J
Published: July 2009

Background and purpose:  Oily extracts of Sichuan and Melegueta peppers evoke pungent sensations mediated by different alkylamides [mainly hydroxy‐α‐sanshool (α‐SOH)] and hydroxyarylalkanones (6‐shogaol and 6‐paradol). We assessed how transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), two chemosensory ion channels, participate in these pungent sensations.

Experimental approach:  The structure–activity relationships of these molecules on TRPA1 and TRPV1 was measured by testing natural and synthetic analogues using calcium and voltage imaging on dissociated dorsal root ganglia neurons and human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the wild‐type channels or specific cysteine mutants using glutathione trapping as a model to probe TRPA1 activation. In addition, using Trpv1 knockout mice, the compounds' aversive responses were measured in a taste brief‐access test.

Key results:  For TRPA1 activation, the cis C6 double bond in the polyenic chain of α‐SOH was critical, whereas no structural specificity was required for activation of TRPV1. Both 6‐shogaol and 6‐paradol were found to activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, whereas linalool, an abundant terpene in Sichuan pepper, activated TRPA1 but not TRPV1 channels. Alkylamides and 6‐shogaol act on TRPA1 by covalent bonding whereas none of these compounds activated TRPV1 through such interactions. Finally, TRPV1 mutant mice retained sensitivity to 6‐shogaol but were not responsive to α‐SOH.

Conclusions and implications:  The pungent nature of components of Sichuan and Melegueta peppers was mediated via interactions with TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels and may explain the aversive properties of these compounds.
The Relationship Between Homocysteine and Genes of Folate‐Related Enzymes in Migraine Patients
Authors: Oterino Agustin , Toriello Maria , Valle Natalia , Castillo Jesus , Alonso‐Arranz Ana , Bravo Yolanda , Ruiz‐Alegria Carlos , Quintela Estrella , Pascual Julio
Published: July 2009

(Headache 2010;50:99‐168)

Background.— It has been suggested that homocysteine (Hcy) and the 5′‐10′‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T variant are implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. Homocysteine has the potential to damage endothelium and accelerate atherosclerosis. Genetic factors such as the MTHFR C677T polymorphism, and other polymorphisms in folate‐related genes associated with high homocysteine levels, may contribute to increasing this vascular risk.

Results.— We recruited 427 migraine patients (199 without aura [MO]; 228 with aura [MA]), and 310 controls in a neurologic clinic. Hcy levels and 6 polymorphisms corresponding to 6 folate‐related genes, including the MTHFR C677T variant, were determined in all migraine participants and in a subset of 155 controls. We found higher sex‐adjusted Hcy levels in MA (mean: 11.02 µM) than MO patients (9.86 µM; P = .005 for the difference). Hcy levels higher than 12.0 µM doubled the risk for MA (OR = 2.145; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.3‐3.4; P = .001), and those higher than 15.0 µM incurred a 6‐fold increase (OR = 5.95; 95% CI = 2.1‐20.0, P < .001). The number of MTHFR 677T alleles was the best genetic predictor of Hcy levels (r2 = 0.06; P = 6.2e‐6; corrected for genetic variants analyzed) and this effect remained significant after correction for other confounding factors. Using multi‐dimensionality reduction approaches, we observed significant epigenetic interaction among some of the folate‐related genetic variants to predict higher Hcy levels, and also among higher Hcy levels and folate‐related genetic variants to predict the end‐diagnosis of MA only among migraineurs. In controls, Hcy levels and the number of MTHFR 677T alleles were found to be intermediate between those observed in MA and MO patients.

Conclusion.— Our results suggest that MA patients have higher Hcy levels. We also observed complex epigenetic interaction among folate‐related enzymes, sex, and Hcy levels predicting MA phenotype. Nevertheless, genetic factors explained only a minor proportion of the variance for both Hcy plasma levels and for predicting MA phenotype. Determination of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and Hcy levels may be useful to identify patients with a high risk of suffering from MA.
The Stress and Migraine Interaction
Authors: Sauro Khara M. , Becker Werner J.
Published: July 2009

There are several ways in which stress may interact with migraine in those predisposed to migraine attacks. These interactions may result from biochemical changes related to the physiological stress response, as, for example, the release of corticotrophin releasing hormone, or from changes induced by the psychological response to stressors. Stress is the factor listed most often by migraine sufferers as a trigger for their attacks, but in addition there is evidence that stress can help initiate migraine in those predisposed to the disorder, and may also contribute to migraine chronification. Migraine attacks themselves can act as a stressor, thereby potentially leading to a vicious circle of increasing migraine frequency. Since the important factor in the stress–migraine interaction is likely the individual's responses to stressors, rather than the stressors themselves, the acquisition of effective stress management skills has the potential to reduce the impact of stressors on those with migraine.
1. Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Van Kleef Maarten , Van Genderen Wilco E. , Narouze Sem , Nurmikko Turo J. , Van Zundert Jan , Geurts José W. , Mekhail Nagy
Published: July 2009

Trigeminal neuralgia is a common cause of facial pain. It has a significant impact on the quality of life and the socioeconomic functioning of the patient. The aim of this review is to provide recommendations for medical management of trigeminal neuralgia based on current evidence. Based upon the analyses of the literature combined with experience in pain management, symptoms, assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment possibilities of trigeminal neuralgia are described and discussed. Recommendations for pain management are given and are displayed in a clinical practice algorithm. Treatment should be multidisciplinary. Various treatment options and their risks should be discussed with the patient. The first treatment of choice is carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. In younger patients, the first choice of invasive treatment is probably microvascular decompression. For elderly patients, radiofrequency treatment of Gasserian ganglion is recommended and the technique is described in detail.
Estimation Bias in Spatial Models with Strongly Connected Weight Matrices
Authors: Smith Tony E.
Published: July 2009

This article shows that, for both spatial lag and spatial error models with strongly connected weight matrices, maximum likelihood estimates of the spatial dependence parameter are necessarily biased downward. In addition, this bias is shown to be present in general Moran tests of spatial dependency. Thus, positive dependencies may often fail to be detected when weight matrices are strongly connected. The analysis begins with a detailed examination of downward bias for the extreme case of maximally connected weight matrices. Results for this case are then extended by continuity to a broader range of (appropriately defined) strongly connected matrices. Finally, a simulated numerical example is presented to illustrate some of the practical consequences of these biases.
Living with Nuclear Power: A Q‐Method Study of Local Community Perceptions
Authors: Venables Dan , Pidgeon Nick , Simmons Peter , Henwood Karen , Parkhill Karen
Published: July 2009

The issue of new nuclear power is once again high up on the public policy agenda in many countries, and candidate sites for new civilian stations are likely to include those that have existing nuclear facilities. A common assumption is that existing nuclear communities will be more accepting of new build because of the direct economic and other benefits nuclear power already makes to a local area. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of contemporary data on perceptions of the risks, benefits, and values associated with nuclear power within such communities. This study uses Q‐methodology to investigate the perspectives on living with nuclear risk among people (n = 84) drawn from communities near to two nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom. Both stations, at Bradwell‐on‐Sea and Oldbury‐on‐Severn, had been in operation for over 40 years. The Q‐analysis identified four main perspectives, or points of view, accounting for 53% of total variance. These were interpreted as: Beneficial and Safe; Threat and Distrust; Reluctant Acceptance; and There's No Point Worrying. We conclude that the “landscape of beliefs” about nuclear power in such communities is both subtle and complex, avoiding simplistic bipolar dichotomies such as “for” or “against,” and that there is a need for extensive and meaningful dialogue with such communities over any new build plans. The usefulness of Q‐methodology for investigating the ways in which people live with risk is highlighted, as are the implications of the results for theories of risk and trust.
Convergence of Insurance and Financial Markets: Hybrid and Securitized Risk‐Transfer Solutions
Authors: Cummins J. David , Weiss Mary A.
Published: July 2009

Abstract

One of the most significant economic developments of the past decade has been the convergence of the financial services industry, particularly the capital markets and (re)insurance sectors. Convergence has been driven by the increase in the frequency and severity of catastrophic risk, market inefficiencies created by (re)insurance underwriting cycles, advances in computing and communications technologies, the emergence of enterprise risk management, and other factors. These developments have led to the development of hybrid insurance/financial instruments that blend elements of financial contracts with traditional reinsurance as well as new financial instruments patterned on asset‐backed securities, futures, and options that provide direct access to capital markets. This article provides a survey and overview of the hybrid and pure financial markets instruments and provides new information on the pricing and returns on contracts such as industry loss warranties and Cat bonds.
Utility of Lead aVR for Identifying the Culprit Lesion in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kühl Jørgen Tobias , Berg Ronan M. G.
Published: July 2009

Background: Lead aVR is a neglected, however, potentially useful tool in electrocardiography. Our aim was to evaluate its value in clinical practice, by reviewing existing literature regarding its utility for identifying the culprit lesion in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods: Based on a systematic search strategy, 16 studies were assessed with the intent to pool data; diagnostic test rates were calculated as key results.

Results: Five studies investigated if ST‐segment elevation (STE) in aVR is valuable for the diagnosis of left main stem stenosis (LMS) in non–ST‐segment AMI (NSTEMI). The studies were too heterogeneous to pool, but the individual studies all showed that STE in aVR has a high negative predictive value (NPV) for LMS. Six studies evaluated if STE in aVR is valuable for distinguishing proximal from distal lesions in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in anterior ST‐segment elevation AMI (STEMI). Pooled data showed a sensitivity of 47%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predicative value (PPV) of 91% and a NPV of 69%. Five studies examined if ST‐segment depression (STD) in lead aVR is valuable for discerning lesions in the circumflex artery from those in the right coronary artery in inferior STEMI. Pooled data showed a sensitivity of 37%, a specificity of 86%, a PPV of 42%, and an NPV of 83%.

Conclusion: The absence of aVR STE appears to exclude LMS as the underlying cause in NSTEMI; in the context of anterior STEMI, its presence indicates a culprit lesion in the proximal segment of LAD.
Epsilon‐Like Electrocardiographic Pattern in a Patient with Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Ozeke Ozcan , Cavus Umut Y. , Atar Ilyas , Ozin Bulent , Ilkay Erdogan
Published: July 2009

Both Brugada syndrome (BrS) and arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) can cause repolarization abnormalities in right precordial leads and predispose to sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular arrhythmias. Although there is controversy over whether BrS is distinct from ARVD/C, it is believed that both are different clinical entities with respect to both the clinical presentation and the genetic predisposition. The coexistence of these two relatively rare clinical entities is also reported, but, some hypothesized that it is more possible that disease of the right ventricular muscle might accentuate the Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. In clinic practice, there may be cases where the dividing line is not so clear. We report a 33‐year‐old male presenting with recurrent syncope, who has a peculiar pattern of coved‐type ST‐segment elevation (ST‐SE) with epsilon‐like wave in right precordial leads.
Electrocardiographic Evaluation in Patients with Systemic Scleroderma and without Clinically Evident Heart Disease
Authors: Biełous‐Wilk Anna , Poręba Małgorzata , Staniszewska‐Marszałek Edyta , Poręba Rafał , Podgórski Maciej , Kałka Dariusz , Jagielski Dariusz , Rusiecki Lesław , Pilecki Witold , Baran Eugeniusz , Andrzejak Ryszard , Sobieszczańska Małgorzata
Published: July 2009

Background: In patients with systemic scleroderma (SSc), clinically evident cardiac involvement is recognized to be a poor prognostic factor. The aim of the study was to evaluate electrocardiographic changes, parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in patients with SSc without evident symptoms of heart disease.

Methods: A group of 27 patients with SSc were subjected to standard electrocardiography (ECG) examination and 24‐hour Holter monitoring. Analysis of HRV in time and frequency domains, HRT, and echocardiography were also performed.

Results: Holter monitoring revealed a larger number of premature supraventricular contractions (PSVCs), as well as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in the patients with systemic scleroderma, as compared with the control group. Moreover, the SSc patients showed decreased parameters of time and frequency domains, as referred to the controls, especially during night hours. In four patients, abnormal HRT values were present. On echocardiography, only slight changes were found, however in five patients left ventricle diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed.

Conclusions: The noninvasive electrocardiographic methods seems to be useful for detecting early heart involvement in course of SSc and could be recommended for routine used in clinical practice. Significance of HRT analysis in patients with SSc needs further elucidation.
Talking/Not Talking about Race: The Enregisterments of Culture in Higher Education Discourses
Authors: Urciuoli Bonnie
Published: July 2009

In higher education “diversity” discourses, culture routinely stands in for race, but its use is unevenly enregistered. Examination of three web pages at one college shows contrasting entextualizations of culture: in promotional discourse, culture is loosely associated with diversity; in describing student organizations, culture is variously associated with race, ethnicity, nationality, language, and gender; for multicultural programs, culture is most tightly associated with racial markedness. Culture is most complexly enregistered in spoken discourse among students of color, indexing racial markedness experienced as subjectivity, family, class, and location. Framing all these usages is a neoliberalization of racial markedness, as in the idea of “educating the community.” [enregisterment, indexicality, higher education, culture, diversity]
The hidden lion: Tswapong girls’ puberty rituals and the problem of history
Authors: WERBNER PNINA
Published: July 2009

In this article, I propose, against earlier missionary and anthropological narratives that construct Tswana girls’ initiation as abjectifying, subjectifying, and violent, that the Tswapong girls’ puberty ritual, the mothei, endows novices with seriti, a quality that implies an active sense of autonomy, dignity, respect, and self‐respect. I argue that the mothei rites enact a conjunctural, embodied dialectics of fertilization, respect, and empowerment as the novice is moved in and out of the hut–womb in a series of transformative phases, from passivity to agency and from darkness to protective shadow. In addition, the secret singing, dancing, and performance in the hut—the cult's esoteric lore—create moments of transgressive sexuality, creativity, fun, and conviviality as well as posing challenging physical ordeals. Despite the mothei's creation of a viable and vibrant society of village women, a growing tendency has been to abandon the ritual in the name of “progress,” arising from teachers’ and girls’ understanding of themselves as “modern” subjects. I reflect on this trend, spelling out some of the dilemmas and implications for an anthropological ethics of salvage anthropology and critical nostalgia. [puberty rituals, initiation, Tswana–Botswana, Tswapong, missionaries, women and agency, cultural authenticity, critical nostalgia]
Traditional, transnational, and cosmopolitan: The Colombian Yanacona look to the past and to the future
Authors: JACKSON JEAN E. , RAMÍREZ MARÍA CLEMENCIA
Published: July 2009

In this article, we analyze a crisis that resulted when a vehicular road was illegally cut through a corner of southern Colombia's San Agustín Archaeological Park, a UNESCO‐designated World Heritage site, by a nearby reindigenizing Yanacona community and its neighboring campesino allies. In numerous meetings addressing the crisis, Yanacona leaders, performing on a transnational and cosmopolitan stage, have asserted and justified their position by creatively combining local and “authentic” discourses with significantly scaled‐up heritage, developmentalist, and environmentalist ones. Yanacona articulate and adapt their ethnicity to an evolving global reification of diversity as well as fashion a symbolics of citizenship that critiques modernity but cannot be called “traditional.”[reindigenization, heritage, performativity, state–indigenous relations, politics of culture, cultural tourism, Colombia]
A Survey of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification Studies of Unicellular Protists Using Single‐Cell PCR
Authors: LYNN DENIS H. , PINHEIRO MARCEL
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT. We surveyed a variety of studies that have used single‐cell polymerase chain reaction (SC‐PCR) to examine the gene sequences of a diversity of unicellular protists. Representatives of all the Super‐Groups of eukaryotes have been subjected to SC‐PCR with ciliates and dinoflagellates being most commonly examined. The SC‐PCR was carried out either by directly amplifying a single lysed cell or by first extracting DNA and following this with amplification of the DNA extract. Cell lysis methods included heating, freezing, mechanical rupture, and enzyme digestion. Cells fixed or preserved with ethanol, methanol, and Lugol's have also been used successfully. Heminested or seminested PCR might follow the initial PCR, whose products were then directly sequenced or cloned and then sequenced. The methods are not complicated. This should encourage protistologists to use SC‐PCR in the description of new or revised taxa, especially rare and unculturable forms, and it should also enable the probing of gene expression in relation to life history stages.
Preparation, Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Dense Nd1−xCaxCrO3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Shen Yu , Liu Monan , He Tianmin , Jiang San Ping
Published: July 2009

Nd1−xCaxCrO3 (0≤x≤0.25) solid solutions are synthesized using a two‐step calcination solid‐state reaction method and can potentially be used as interconnect applications in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The lattice parameters and unit cell volume decrease with an increase of the Ca2+ dopant concentration at the A‐site. On the other hand, the relative density, electrical conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) increase with an increase of Ca2+ contents. Calcium doping significantly depresses the chromium vaporization of NdCrO3, thus accelerating the sintering and densification of the oxides. Nd1−xCaxCrO3 with x=0.25 shows the best electrical conductivity of 28.8 and 1.1 S/cm at 850°C in air and hydrogen, respectively, with a high relative density of 98.0% and a good TEC of 9.19 × 10−6 K−1 in the temperature range from 30° to 1000°C in air. This indicates that Nd0.75Ca0.25CrO3 is a promising candidate as an interconnect material for application in SOFCs.
Incompatible insect technique: incompatible males from aCeratitis capitatagenetic sexing strain
Authors: Zabalou S. , Apostolaki A. , Livadaras I. , Franz G. , Robinson A. S. , Savakis C. , Bourtzis K.
Published: July 2009

Wolbachiaare obligatory intracellular and maternally inherited bacteria that infect and spread through natural arthropod populations by inducing male‐killing, feminization, parthenogenesis, and, most commonly, unidirectional and bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Cytoplasmic incompatibility can be used to control natural populations of insect pests, in a way analogous to the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), namely through the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). For the successful application of the IIT (based on a unidirectional CI approach) against a target species, it is essential that only males are released, as the release of females would lead to fertile matings between the released males and the released females and the establishment of aWolbachia‐carrying field population. In the present study, we describe aWolbachia‐infected line of the VIENNA 8 genetic sexing strain of the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), that carries the selectable markertemperature sensitive lethal(tsl). We show that (1) transferredWolbachiainduce high levels of CI even after the temperature treatment required for the male‐only production, and (2) theWolbachia‐infected genetic sexingC. capitataline can be used in cage population suppression experiments analogous to the SIT. We also discuss our results in a comparison between IIT and SIT, investigating whether irradiation and cytoplasmic factors can be combined toward the development of novel strategies for insect pest control.
WT1 marker is not sufficient for distinguishing between melanoma and melanocytic nevi
Authors: Rosner Karli , Mehregan Darius R. , Moussai Darius , Abrams Judith , Tromp Gerard , Mehregan David A.
Published: July 2009

Background: The heterogeneous histological features of melanoma may often overlap with melanocytic nevi. For this reason, pathologists have sought after immunohistochemistry to assist with difficult cases. Recently, Wilms' tumor 1 protein (WT1) has been suggested to differentiate between melanoma and melanocytic nevi.

Objective: Our objective was to determine whether immunohistochemistry analysis of WT1 expression is a reliable tool in differentiating cutaneous melanoma from melanocytic nevi.

Methods: Forty‐five melanoma and 43 melanocytic nevi were immunostained with anti‐WT1 monoclonal antibody (clone 6F‐H2).

Results: Forty of the 45 cutaneous melanoma (89%) and 22 of the 43 melanocytic nevi (51%) stained (> 10% cells) for WT1. The highest sensitivity for WT1 was expressed by nodular melanoma (19/20), superficial spreading melanoma (8/10) and Spitz nevi (9/11). At the threshold of above 75% WT1‐stained cells, the specificity for melanoma was 95% but the sensitivity was only 31%. At the threshold of 10%, the sensitivity increased to 89% but the specificity decreased to only 49%. Finally, at the threshold of 25% and 50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 71%, 61% and 64%, 77%, respectively.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that melanoma is associated with increased WT1 expression. However, as a single immunostaining marker, WT1 is not sufficient for distinguishing melanoma from melanocytic nevi.