bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping of etiologies of computed tomography-proven acute colitis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Meyer Jeremy , Schrenzel Jacques , Balaphas Alexandre , Delaune Vaihere , Abbas Mohamed , Morel Philippe , Puppa Giaccomo , Rubbia-Brandt Laura , Bichard Philippe , Frossard Jean-Louis , Toso Christian , Buchs Nicolas C. , Ris Frédéric
Published: June 2022

Our objective was to describe the etiologies of acute colitis and to identify patients who require diagnostic endoscopy. Patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal infection and colonic inflammation on CT were prospectively included. Those immunosuppressed, with history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), were excluded. Microbiological analysis of the feces was performed using PCR assays BD-Max and FilmArray (GI panel,) and fecal cultures. Fecal calprotectin was determined. Patients with negative BD-Max underwent colonoscopy. One hundred and seventy-nine patients were included. BD-Max was positive in 93 patients (52%) and FilmArray in 108 patients (60.3%). Patients with infectious colitis (n = 103, 57.5%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. (n = 57, 55.3%), Escherichia coli spp. (n = 8, 7.8%), Clostridioides difficile (n = 23, 22.3%), Salmonella spp. (n = 9, 8.7%), viruses (n = 7, 6.8%), Shigella spp. (n = 6, 5.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (n = 2, 1.9%) and others (n = 4, 3.9%). Eighty-six patients underwent colonoscopy, which was compatible with ischemic colitis in 18 patients (10.1%) and IBD in 4 patients (2.2%). Fecal calprotectin was elevated in all patients, with a mean concentration of 1922.1 ± 2895.6 μg/g, and was the highest in patients with IBD (8511 ± 9438 μg/g, p < 0.001). After exclusion of patients with infectious etiology, a fecal calprotectin > 625 μg/g allowed identifying patients with IBD with an area under ROC curve of 85.1%. To conclude, computed tomography-proven colitis was of infectious etiology in 57.5% of patients. The main pathogens identified were Campylobacter spp. (55.3%), Clostridioides difficile (22.3%) and Salmonella spp. (8.7%). Ischemic colitis (10.1%) and IBD (2.2%) were seldom represented. No colorectal cancer was found.
Observation of a half-illuminated mode in an open Penrose cavity
Authors: Kim Juman , Kim Jinuk , Seo Jisung , Park Kyu-Won , Moon Songky , An Kyungwon
Published: June 2022

The illumination problem in mathematics questions the existence of a bounded region in which light rays from a point light source do not illuminate the whole region. Since Penrose disproved the illumination problem with elliptical reflective boundaries, the interest has mostly remained in ray optics mainly because there can be no completely dark region for light waves due to diffraction. Here, in a two-dimensional Penrose cavity with elliptical boundaries, we report experimental observation of a symmetry-broken mode in the long-wavelength regime with the half of the cavity region with reflection symmetry almost unilluminated in the steady state. The half-illuminated mode (HIM) was observed in an acoustic cavity by using the schlieren method. The HIM originated from the coherent superposition of near-degenerate modes, among which two scarred modes with opposite parities played a major role. The illuminated part of the HIM could be even flipped by choosing different coefficients in the coherent superposition of the participating modes. The HIM of the Penrose cavity provides new perspective to the illumination problem in an open system.
Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups
Authors: Noel Sophia C. , Fortin-Hamel Liana , Haque Manjurul , Scott Marilyn E.
Published: June 2022

The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to factors including maternal infection during pregnancy. Establishment of neural networks critical for memory and cognition begins during the perinatal period, when Heligmosomoides bakeri, a gastrointestinal (GI) nematode restricted to the maternal mouse intestine, has been shown to upregulate expression of long-term potentiation genes in the young rodent pup brain. We explored the impact of maternal infection during pregnancy and early lactation on the spatial behavior of uninfected male and female juvenile mice. Pre-weaned pups of H. bakeri infected dams exhibited less exploratory behaviour compared to pups of uninfected dams on postnatal day (PD) 16 but not PD 17, possibly reflecting a transient fear of an unfamiliar environment and/or a brief neurodevelopmental delay. Our two spatial memory tests show for the first time an enhancement of spatial memory in response to maternal nematode infection regardless of pup sex. At PD 17, pups of infected dams expressed object location memories after 3 h in the Object Location Test whereas offspring of uninfected mothers did not. In addition, at PD 34, juveniles of infected mothers retained their ability to find the escape hole in the Barnes Maze Test for one week whereas offspring from uninfected mothers did not. This finding is even more striking given that spatial memory was positively associated with pup length, yet this maternal infection impaired linear growth of pups. Thus, the positive impact of maternal infection on spatial memory countered any impairment associated with the shorter length of the pups. Overall, these novel findings indicate that a maternal GI nematode infection during pregnancy and lactation positively influences the spatial memory of uninfected juvenile offspring with potential fitness implications for the next generation.
Mesenchymal stem cells exert their anti-asthmatic effects through macrophage modulation in a murine chronic asthma model
Authors: Kim Ruth Lee , Bang Ji-Young , Kim Jeonghyeon , Mo Yosep , Kim Yujin , Lee Chun-Geun , Elias Jack A. , Kim Hye Young , Kang Hye-Ryun
Published: June 2022

Despite numerous previous studies, the full action mechanism of the pathogenesis of asthma remains undiscovered, and the need for further investigation is increasing in order to identify more effective target molecules. Recent attempts to develop more efficacious treatments for asthma have incorporated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based cell therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic effects of MSCs primed with Liproxstatin-1, a potent ferroptosis inhibitor. In addition, we sought to examine the changes within macrophage populations and their characteristics in asthmatic conditions. Seven-week-old transgenic mice, constitutively overexpressing lung-specific interleukin (IL)-13, were used to simulate chronic asthma. Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) primed with Liproxstatin-1 were intratracheally administered four days prior to sampling. IL-13 transgenic mice demonstrated phenotypes of chronic asthma, including severe inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and subepithelial fibrosis. Ly6C+M2 macrophages, found within the pro-inflammatory CD11c+CD11b+ macrophages, were upregulated and showed a strong correlation with lung eosinophil counts. Liproxstatin-1-primed hUC-MSCs showed enhanced ability to downregulate the activation of T helper type 2 cells compared to naïve MSCs in vitro and reduced airway inflammation, particularly Ly6C+M2 macrophages population, and fibrosis in vivo. In conclusion, intratracheal administration is an effective method of MSC delivery, and macrophages hold great potential as an additional therapeutic target for asthma.
City-wide greenhouse gas emissions of communities nearby the world heritage site of Ayutthaya, Thailand
Authors: Yensukho Paphada , Sugsaisakon Sittisak , Kittipongvises Suthirat
Published: June 2022

Climate change has emerged one of the greatest threats to sustainable development. Cities are a major contributor to high carbon dioxide levels. This research aimed to quantify city-wide GHG emissions and investigate the potential for climate change mitigation in communities near the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Ayutthaya, Thailand via the multi-criteria analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The total city-wide GHG emission of Ayutthaya Municipality in 2018 was 99,137.04 tCO2eq (1.93 tCO2eq per capita). Energy and waste sectors were the two largest emitters. Pratuchai, the most populated subdistrict and the WHS location, was the largest source of GHGs. However, the cultural heritage site emitted only 0.2% of total GHGs. Based on the IPCC2013 LCA method, residential sector accounted for the largest share (74%), while the WHS contributed only < 1% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. If all the Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Roadmap are fully implemented in the residential sector, total GHGs would be reduced by 9735.47% tCO2eq and 6846.86 tCO2eq in 2030. Based on expert interviews, AHP pairwise comparison showed that energy-saving strategies were more preferable than renewable energy technologies. For climate policy initiative, ‘feasibility of implementation’ had the highest AHP weight (0.45) followed by ‘policy feasibility’ (0.39), and ‘environmental performance’ (0.16).
Thermal gradient ring reveals thermosensory changes in diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice
Authors: Sasajima Sachiko , Kondo Masaki , Ohno Nobuhiko , Ujisawa Tomoyo , Motegi Mikio , Hayami Tomohide , Asano Saeko , Asano-Hayami Emi , Nakai-Shimoda Hiromi , Inoue Rieko , Yamada Yuichiro , Miura-Yura Emiri , Morishita Yoshiaki , Himeno Tatsuhito , Tsunekawa Shin , Kato Yoshiro , Nakamura Jiro , Kamiya Hideki , Tominaga Makoto
Published: June 2022

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) includes symptoms of thermosensory impairment, which are reported to involve changes in the expression or function, or both, of nociceptive TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels in rodents. In the present study, we did not find changes in the expression or function of TRPV1 or TRPA1 in DPN mice caused by STZ, although thermal hypoalgesia was observed in a murine model of DPN or TRPV1−/− mice with a Plantar test, which specifically detects temperature avoidance. With a Thermal Gradient Ring in which mice can move freely in a temperature gradient, temperature preference can be analyzed, and we clearly discriminated the temperature-dependent phenotype between DPN and TRPV1−/− mice. Accordingly, we propose approaches with multiple behavioral methods to analyze the progression of DPN by response to thermal stimuli. Attention to both thermal avoidance and preference may provide insight into the symptoms of DPN.
Modification of baseline status to improve breath tests performance
Authors: Alegre Estibaliz , Sandúa Amaia , Calleja Sofía , Deza Sara , González Álvaro
Published: June 2022

Breath tests used to evaluate carbohydrates malabsorption require baseline H2and CH4levels as low as possible. Test cancellation is recommended when exceeding certain cut-offs (H2 ≥ 20 ppm and CH4 ≥ 10 ppm). Although following preparation protocols, many patients have baseline levels above those cut-offs. We investigated if light walking can reduce baseline H2and CH4levels. We retrospectively analyzed baseline H2and CH4levels from 1552 breath tests. Baseline levels (B1), especially in H2, were lower when obtained at later hours of the day. In those with baseline levels above cut-off, re-sampling (B2) after light walking for one hour, decreased H2levels 8 ppm (Q1–Q3: 1–18 ppm), and 2 ppm (Q1–Q3: 0–3 ppm) for CH4. Consequently, 40% of tests with elevated B1 levels, presented B2 levels below mentioned cut-offs. Ten percent of tests considered negative when using B1 for calculations, turned positive when using B2 instead. All positive tests when using B1 values, remained elevated when using B2. Re-sampling after light walking for one hour could allow test performance in those with previous elevated baseline levels, avoiding diagnosis delays. Using the second sample for delta calculations identifies positive patients for malabsorption that would have been considered negative.
Confined interface transformation of metal–organic frameworks for highly efficient oxygen evolution reactions
Authors: Wang Yueqing , Zhao Lanling , Ma Jizhen , Zhang Jintao
Published: June 2022

Confined interfacial transformation of MOFs was realizedviathe regulation of ion–ligand concentrations, which enables spontaneous control over the morphology and composition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction.
Best Papers from 2021 published in the Environmental Science journals of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Authors: Novak Paige J. , Donahue Neil , McNeill Kristopher , Vikesland Peter J.
Published: June 2022

The Editors-in-Chief of the Environmental Science journals introduce the Best Papers of 2021.
Effects of a polystyrene intermediate layer for improved electrochromic properties of nano porous WO3electrochromic films
Authors: Sahu Dipti. R. , Hung Cheng-Yen , Wang Sheng-Chang , Huang Jow-Lay
Published: June 2022

Nanostructured electrochromic materials having long life cycle and high chemical stability are promising for displays, rear view mirrors, and smart window applications.
Advances in stable isotope labeling: dynamic labeling for spatial and temporal proteomic analysis
Authors: Beller Nicole C. , Hummon Amanda B.
Published: June 2022

Traditional SILAC labeling has been expanded with pulsed applications to uncover a new quantitative dimension of proteomics – temporal analysis. These techniques have aided in inspiring SILAC-based temporal and spatial labeling applications.
Oleic acid/oleylamine ligand pair: a versatile combination in the synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Mourdikoudis Stefanos , Menelaou Melita , Fiuza-Maneiro Nadesh , Zheng Guangchao , Wei Shuangying , Pérez-Juste Jorge , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Sofer Zdeněk
Published: June 2022

Oleic acid and oleylamine are added in a solution containing suitable precursors and they can often form complexes with metal ions. These complexes may be thermally decomposed to yield ligand-coated nanoparticles with a tendency to form assemblies.
Excessive consumption mechanism of hydrazine in the reaction with ReO4−: Re species evolution and ReO2·nH2O-catalyzed decomposition
Authors: Kang Jinyang , Zhang Guikai , Chen Bo , Chen Lang , Wu Rulei , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Hang Jiahui , Zheng Chengbin , Xia Chuanqin
Published: June 2022

ReO4− is slowly reduced to ReO42− and Re(iv) species by hydrazine, and ReO2·nH2O catalyzes hydrazine decomposition.
An efficient strategy to boost the directed migration of photogenerated holes by introducing phthalocyanine as a hole extraction layer
Authors: Bu Qijing , Zhao Qifeng , Lu Guang , Zhu Xixi , Zhang Yuexing , Xie Tengfeng , Liu Qingyun , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: June 2022

Phthalocyanine with adjustable band energy and a binding group acts as a hole extraction layer to accelerate hole transfer from Ti-Fe2O3to CoPi, and thus improves the PEC water oxidation performance of Ti-Fe2O3.
Facile construction of AIE-active pyridinyl-diphenylacrylonitrile derivatives with optical properties finely modulated by D–A regulation
Authors: Wang Yipu , Zhong Yanlang , Zhang Xinyi , Qu Da-Hui , Mei Dong , Mei Ju
Published: June 2022

AIE-active PyDPACNs with tunable emission covering visible light region were facilely constructed. Role reversal of pyridinyl was revealed. Synergistic light-activated and dark cytotoxicity made PyDPACN-TCF promising for image-guided dual-therapy.
Magnetic properties, magnetocaloric effect, and critical behaviors in Co1−xCrxFe2O4
Authors: Islam M. A. , Hossain A. K. M. Akther
Published: June 2022

Magnetic entropy change as a function of temperature for various Co1−xCrxFe2O4 at an applied magnetic field of 5 T.
Interface functionalization of mesoporous ruthenium films with polyaniline for enhanced hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis at all pH values
Authors: Duan Zhongyao , Zhang Mei , Cui Lin , Yu Hongjie , Deng Kai , Xu You , Wang Ziqiang , Wang Liang , Wang Hongjing
Published: June 2022

mRu@PANI/CP has been synthesized for pH-universal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis with excellent electrocatalytic performance.
Flexible in-plane zinc-ion hybrid capacitors with synergistic electrochemical behaviors for self-powered energy systems
Authors: Tian Xiaocong , Ma Hui , Gao Yuanyuan , Xu Bingang
Published: June 2022

Flexible in-plane zinc-ion hybrid micro-capacitors (ZIHCs) are built up with matchable device capacitance, operating voltage window and life span for advanced self-powered energy systems.
Evaporation-induced nano- to micro-sized transformation of photoluminescent Cs4PbBr6 crystals
Authors: Zhu Hong , Pan Yuexiao , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun
Published: June 2022

Blue emissive Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals (∼3 nm) with a strong quantum confinement effect in a mixed solution of acetone and organic amines grow into ligand-free green emissive Cs4PbBr6 microcrystals (∼2 μm).
Flares and rotation of M dwarfs with habitable zones accessible to TESS planet detections
Authors: Stelzer B. , Bogner M. , Magaudda E. , Raetz St.
Published: June 2022

Context. More than 4000 exoplanets have been discovered to date, providing the search for a place capable of hosting life with a large number of targets. With the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) having completed its primary mission in July 2020, the number of planets confirmed by follow-up observations is growing further. Crucial for planetary habitability is not only a suitable distance of the planet to its host star, but also the star’s properties. Stellar magnetic activity, and especially flare events, expose planets to a high photon flux and potentially erode their atmospheres. Here especially the poorly constrained high-energy UV and X-ray domain is relevant.

Aims. We characterize the magnetic activity of M dwarfs to provide the planet community with information on the energy input from the star; in particular, in addition to the frequency of optical flares directly observed with TESS, we aim at estimating the corresponding X-ray flare frequencies, making use of the small pool of known events observed simultaneously in both wavebands.

Methods. We identified 112 M dwarfs with a TESS magnitude ≤11.5 for which TESS can probe the full habitable zone for transits. These 112 stars have 1276 two-minute cadence TESS LCs from the primary mission, which we searched for rotational modulation and flares. We study the link between rotation and flares and between flare properties, for example the flare amplitude-duration relation and cumulative flare energy frequency distributions (FFDs). Assuming that each optical flare is associated with a flare in the X-ray band, and making use of published simultaneous Kepler/K2 and XMM-Newton flare studies, we estimate the X-ray energy released by our detected TESS flare events. Our calibration also involves the relation between flare energies in the TESS and K2 bands.

Results. We detected more than 2500 optical flare events on a fraction of about 32% of our targets and found reliable rotation periods only for 12 stars, which is a fraction of about 11%. For these 12 targets, we present cumulative FFDs and FFD power law fits. We construct FFDs in the X-ray band by calibrating optical flare energies to the X-rays. In the absence of directly observed X-ray FFDs for main-sequence stars, our predictions can serve for estimates of the high-energy input to the planet of a typical fast-rotating early- or mid-M dwarf.
Assessment of quality of life of patients with oral sub mucous fibrosis before and after treatment with topical curcumin
Authors: Patil Neha , Khandelwal P. N. , Patel Shilpa , Gupta Bharat
Published: June 2022

Background and aim: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is potentially pre-malignant condition of the oral cavity with a high malignant transformation rate. The condition not only affects the oral function of the patients but has a huge impact on their social and psychological wellbeing affecting the overall quality of life. To evaluate the effectivity of the treatment assessing the quality of the life of these patients before and after treatment is of utmost importance but till now has not been an integral part of the management strategy. This study was carried to assess the change in quality of life before and after treatment with curcumin in patients with OSMF. Methods: Quality of life was assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with topical curcumin in 50 patients with OSMF using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life head and neck Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ35). Results: At the end of 3 months there was significant (p < 0.05) change in the quality of life of patients with OSMF as suggested by assessment of the multi-item and single item scale used in the questionnaire. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the use of assessing Quality of life as an integral part of treatment strategy for OSMF and suggests curcumin as a promising treatment modality for patients with OSMF.
Initiation of safflower sowings in the organic farming system of Western Kazakhstan
Authors: Nasiyev Beybit , Bushnev Aleksandr , Zhanatalapov Nurbolat , Bekkaliyev Askhat , Zhylkybay Ainur , Vassilina Tursunay , Shibaikin Vladimir , Tuktarov Renat
Published: June 2022

We carried out the research in 2020–2021 in Western Kazakhstan on medium-loamy dark chestnut soils. The purpose of the research is to identify changes in physico-chemical, biological parameters of soil cover, productivity, and quality of safflower (Carthamus tincforius L.) under the influence of different technologies of agrarian landscape shaping, for rational management of organic agrocenoses. The field experiments showed that in the conditions of Western Kazakhstan, the use of the biologized technology of organic farming increases the yield of safflower in comparison with the traditional technology by 26.66–35.38%, with a high oil content of 30.0–39.95%. The phytoameliorative role of safflower in improving agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological parameters of dark chestnut soils is proved.
How do algae oils change the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids market?
Authors: Sehl Anthony , Caderby Emma , Bouhouda Sammy , Rébeillé Fabrice , Griffiths Hywel , Da Rocha Gomes Sonia
Published: June 2022

The health benefits of a diet rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) no longer need to be proven. However, while health authorities attempt to increase the consumption of the n-3 LC-PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), data from the latest intake surveys demonstrate that EPA and DHA consumption is still too low. A push towards greater sustainability, and a rise in vegetarianism are pushing manufacturers to move from traditional fish oils towards alternative sources. Microalgae oils provide a source of n-3 LC-PUFA with a lower environmental impact and are produced using processes that limit damage to the oils. This review aims to report on oleaginous microalgae strains available for n-3 LC-PUFA production, the processes used for their growth and the extraction and refining processes for their oils. It also addresses the challenges inherent in these products and their fabrication, and some of the novel characteristics of microalgal oils, including their very high n-3 LC-PUFA content and the chemical structure of their triglycerides, that lead to exciting opportunities in their use as functional food ingredients.
Improving weak efficiency frontier in a variable returns to scale stochastic data envelopment analysis model
Authors: Forghani Davood , Ibrahim Mustapha D. , Daneshvar Sahand
Published: June 2022

The conventional stochastic data envelopment analysis (SDEA) model suffers from biased efficiency scores for units located at the weak efficient frontier or compared to the weak frontier. This study modifies the weak efficient hyperplane(s) while maintaining the general production function by restricting the gradients of weak efficient hyperplanes in the original model using facet analysis. Empirical analysis on environmental efficiency of sustainable development goals validates the results of the modification. Results of the modified model compared to the conventional model show change in efficiency scores of weak efficient units and those compared to the weak part of the frontier while the efficiency scores of the strong efficient frontier remain the same. Furthermore, the proposed model shows greater discriminatory power compared to the conventional model, hence, providing a reliable benchmark and improvement strategy post efficiency analysis.
Stroke Mimics – Glioblastoma Presenting with Hemorrhage after Thrombolysis: Case Report
Authors: Gago Guilherme , Reis Marcelo Martins dos , Ferreira Marcelo Paglioli , Vial Antonio Delacy Martini , Worm Paulo Valdeci
Published: June 2022

Background Stroke is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden-onset neurological deficit of vascular cause. Stroke-like clinical symptoms that are later found to have nonvascular disorders have been termed stroke mimics (MIM), and their incidence ranges from 1.3 to 25% in patients not treated with thrombolytic therapy. Eventually, intravenous thrombolysis of MIM may occur.

Case Description We describe a 74-year-old woman with abrupt global aphasia who received thrombolytic therapy after the presumed diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. She gradually improved despite the finding of an asymptomatic left temporal hematoma on the computed tomography (CT) scan. Two months later, she presented with a new focal neurological deficit and was diagnosed with a glioblastoma in the topography of the previous bleeding.

Conclusion This case highlights the rare occurrence of hemorrhage after thrombolysis in patients with MIM.
Avoidance Reduction Therapy for School-Age Children Who Stutter
Authors: Sisskin Vivian , Goldstein Benjamin
Published: June 2022

Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is a behavioral therapy for children and adults that incorporates speech therapy and counseling to reduce learned physical and socioemotional struggle that constitute the problem for the stutterer.a While stuttering is a neurodevelopmental difference, efforts to mask a stigmatized identity can contribute to avoidance, shame, and fear of speaking. This article provides theoretical foundations for therapy principles, describes the processes of self-acceptance and change, and outlines therapy goals and activities using child-friendly explanations and case study vignettes.
The Cost Analysis of a 7-Year Cross-Section of Patients with Epilepsy in a Single-Center Child Neurology Outpatient Clinic: A Descriptive Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Yilmaz Arzu
Published: June 2022

The cost analysis of the 7-year cross-section of the patients in pediatric neurology outpatient clinic including patients with foreign nationality was investigated retrospectively. Between January 10, 2013 and January 10, 2020, the total number of applicants, the nationalities of the patients, and the hospital cost were analyzed. Of 3,338 patients, aged between 0 and 20 years with mean age of 8.7 years at admission to the child neurology had received 17,476 clinical examinations. Of these, 51.6% were male and 93.5% cases were Turkish patients (n = 3,122), with 6.5% foreign nationals (n = 216). There was no difference in terms of gender between nationalities (p > 0.05). The total cost of cases with epilepsy was 1,312,427.73 Turkish Lira (TRY) and 6.2% account belonged to foreign nationals, mostly from Iraq (3.6%, n = 119) and Syria (2.4%, n = 80). The highest proportion of foreigner admissions due to epilepsy was in 2018 (11.1%). Mean average of health expenditures for foreign nationals diagnosed with epilepsy was 6.2% with the highest expenditure in 2019 (27.750,06 TRY). The proportion of admissions for epilepsy was 27.6% (17,476/63,173) among all neurological admissions. The proportion of Turkish patients was 25.6% (6,181/63,173), and 3.8% (1,295/3,398) accounted for foreigners' admissions. The proportion of total epilepsy costs compared with the total neurological admissions was 30% (1.312.427,73 TRY/4.347.592,80 TRY) and among them, the expenditure proportion for epilepsy in Turkish patients compared with that of total foreigner admissions was 3.9% (80.416,44 TRY/201.490,515 TRY). Expenditures for evaluating of epileptic children with foreign nationality cover an average of 6.5% of the entire section of the health expenditures made for patients with the diagnosis of epilepsy in the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic over the 7-year period. Epilepsy accounts for 30% admissions among all neurological admissions with 3.9% belonging to foreign national admissions.
Depiction of Cerebral Aneurysm Wall by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Preoperative Illustration
Authors: Tanaka Riki , Liew Boon Seng , Yamada Yasuhiro , Sasaki Kento , Miyatani Kyosuke , Komatsu Fuminari , Kawase Tsukasa , Kato Yoko , Hirose Yuichi
Published: June 2022

Introduction Preoperative illustration is a part of an important exercise to study the configuration, direction, and presence of any perforations, and is the weakest point in the wall of the cerebral aneurysm. The same illustration is used to study the surrounding brain structures to decide the best and safe surgical approach prior to any surgical procedure. With the evolution of the aneurysm wall study and study of flow dynamic within the involved artery and its aneurysm wall using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a better surgical plan can be formulated to improve the flow dynamics. As one of the clinical applications of CFD, we propose a study using a composite image that combines preoperative illustration and CFD, which is traditionally widely used in neurosurgery.

Methods and Materials We study the use of illustrations of the unruptured cerebral aneurysm of internal carotid-posterior communicating (ICPC) artery and anterior communicating artery (AcomA) treated at our hospital. The combinations of both preoperative illustrations and CFD images by using “ipad Pro” were used.

Result and Conclusion Medical illustration in the preoperative study of unruptured cerebral aneurysm with combinations of CFD and surrounding brain structures is helpful to decide the surgical approaches and successful surgical treatments.
A Review of Direct Endobiliary Techniques for the Management of Biliary Conditions
Authors: Garg Tushar , Singh Harjit , Weiss Clifford R.
Published: June 2022

A majority of patients with cholangiocarcinoma and malignant biliary obstruction cannot undergo surgery for treatment as they present late in the disease course. It is crucial to relieve biliary obstruction in these conditions, for which metallic stents are commonly used. However, these stents have a high rate of occlusion due to the ingrowth of malignant tissue. In this review, we will discuss the use of direct endobiliary therapies that can be used either independently or in combination with metallic stents.
At the Eye of the Hurricane! Perioperative Management of an Unoptimized Metastatic Pheochromocytoma Presenting for Emergency Neurosurgery
Authors: Suresh Sapna , Hrishi Ajay Prasad , Divakar Ganesh , Sethuraman Manikandan
Published: June 2022

Metastatic pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a rare entity arising from extra-adrenal tissue. We report the perioperative management of a young woman presenting with metastatic PCC to the vertebral body resulting in vertebral collapse and spinal cord compression necessitating emergency surgery. There are no reports of anesthetic management of a patient with unoptimized metastatic PCC presenting for emergency neurosurgery under general anesthesia. Our anesthetic goals were to maintain a deep anesthetic plane with stable hemodynamics, facilitate intraoperative neuromonitoring, manage catecholamine surges during anesthetic induction, tumor resection, and manage perioperative massive blood loss. The successful perioperative management of metastatic PCC has become possible with the vast armamentarium of anesthetic drugs and intraoperative advanced monitoring techniques. In addition, our role in understanding the pathophysiology and course of the disease is essential to ensure low morbidity and mortality of such cases in their most vulnerable perioperative period.
The History of Plastic Surgery in Israel
Authors: Wolf Yoram , Hagen Binyamina Rosenberg , Yafe Batya , Golan Jacob , Shulman Ori , Har-Shai Yaron , Neuman Rami
Published: June 2022

Today, plastic surgery is a well-known profession with highly respected surgeons from institutions all over the world. Over the last several decades numerous clinical and technological advances have been made, thanks to the dedication and hard work of these outstanding professionals; however, things were not always this way. At the turn of the 20th century, Israel had yet to be introduced to the field of plastic surgery. However, this all changed with the War of Independence. Humanitarian aid by the prominent South African surgeon, Jack Penn, laid the foundation for the founding fathers of plastic surgery in Israel to establish a strong legacy of producing world-renowned surgeons and innovators. Through this paper, we hope to provide a brief overview of the history of plastic surgery in Israel and what transpired to give us the state of surgical practice we have today.
Electric Fields in Nanodevices Mapped with Holography Technique
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: June 2022

Electron holography provides portal to peer into the electronic hearts of nanodevices, measure their electric fields
Lithiating magneto-ionics in a rechargeable battery
Authors: Hu Yong , Gong Weiyi , Wei Sichen , Khuje Saurabh , Huang Yulong , Li Zheng , Li Yuguang C. , Yao Fei , Yan Qimin , Ren Shenqiang
Published: June 2022

Magneto-ionics, real-time ionic control of magnetism in solid-state materials, promise ultralow-power memory, computing, and ultralow-field sensor technologies. The real-time ion intercalation is also the key state-of-charge feature in rechargeable batteries. Here, we report that the reversible lithiation/delithiation in molecular magneto-ionic material, the cathode in a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, accurately monitors its real-time state of charge through a dynamic tunability of magnetic ordering. The electrochemical and magnetic studies confirm that the structural vacancy and hydrogen-bonding networks enable reversible lithiation and delithiation in the magnetic cathode. Coupling with microwave-excited spin wave at a low frequency (0.35 GHz) and a magnetic field of 100 Oe, we reveal a fast and reliable built-in magneto-ionic sensor monitoring state of charge in rechargeable batteries. The findings shown herein promise an integration of molecular magneto-ionic cathode and rechargeable batteries for real-time monitoring of state of charge.
Sialic acids on B cells are crucial for their survival and provide protection against apoptosis
Authors: Linder Alexandra T. , Schmidt Michael , Hitschfel Julia , Abeln Markus , Schneider Pascal , Gerardy-Schahn Rita , Münster-Kühnel Anja K. , Nitschke Lars
Published: June 2022

Sialic acids (Sias) on the B cell membrane are involved in cell migration, in the control of the complement system and, as sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) ligands, in the regulation of cellular signaling. We studied the role of sialoglycans on B cells in a mouse model with B cell–specific deletion of cytidine monophosphate sialic acid synthase (CMAS), the enzyme essential for the synthesis of sialoglycans. Surprisingly, these mice showed a severe B cell deficiency in secondary lymphoid organs. Additional depletion of the complement factor C3 rescued the phenotype only marginally, demonstrating a complement-independent mechanism. The B cell survival receptor BAFF receptor was not up-regulated, and levels of activated caspase 3 and processed caspase 8 were high in B cells of
Cmas
-deficient mice, indicating ongoing apoptosis. Overexpressed Bcl-2 could not rescue this phenotype, pointing to extrinsic apoptosis. These results show that sialoglycans on the B cell surface are crucial for B cell survival by counteracting several death-inducing pathways.
The reflexive cycle
Authors: Kiss Katalin É. , Mus Nikolett
Published: June 2022

Starting from a morphosyntactic puzzle of the Ugric and Samoyedic languages of the Uralic family (possessive agreement suffixes functioning as accusative allomorphs on pronominal objects), this paper identifies a pronoun cycle which leads from reflexives via intensifiers and via referentially independent intensive pronouns to neutral pronouns. In Tundra Nenets, evidence of three rounds of reflexive renewal is also pointed out, with the three sets of pronouns frozen at different stages of the cycle. The analysis has implications for debated issues of language change. It is shown that elements participating in cyclic changes not only suffer feature loss but also incorporate features. Based on the recurring cycle in Tundra Nenets, it is argued that the cyclicity of linguistic changes implies a notion of unidirectionality that also leaves room for unpredictable outcomes.
Evidentiality in Finnish
Authors: Kaiser Elsi
Published: June 2022

Evidentiality conveys information about the nature – and reliability – of the information source. This paper investigates the Finnish reportative evidential (hearsay particle)kuulemmaand the dubitative particlemuka(‘supposedly, allegedly, as if’). I propose a unifying analysis of two seemingly divergent uses ofmuka, and show how they contrast withkuulemma. My analysis builds on and extends recent work on reportatives regarding the distinction between the Animator (the speaker who utters the sentence) and the Principal (the person whose commitments are being expressed). Furthermore, I suggest that the dubitativemukamay point to the existence of non-assertive discourse moves and has implications for our understanding of the discourse role of ‘Principal.’ This work also informs typological work on evidentials and related expressions by providing a systematic investigation of reportative and dubitative markers in a non-Indo-European language.
Development of the use of discourse markers across different fluency levels of CEFR
Authors: Huang Lan-fen , Lin Yen-liang , Gráf Tomáš
Published: June 2022

Fluent L2 English speakers frequently use discourse markers (DMs) as a speech management strategy, but research has largely ignored how this develops across different proficiency levels and how it is related to immersive experiences. This study examines the developmental patterns of three DMs –well,you knowandlike – in the speech of learners at A2-C1 in CEFR with and without immersive experiences in target language environments. The fluency-rated LINDSEI corpus (173 learners) and a parallel native corpus (50 speakers) provided approximately 350,000 tokens and 3,395 instances of the analyzed DMs. Overall, DM frequency (especially withwellandyou know) among C1 speakers increases with rising fluency levels up to almost native-like levels. Immersive experience correlates positively with overall and individual DM frequency (except forlike). As the skillful use of DMs results in more fluent speech production, the didactic implications for L2 instructors should be developed.
3-aminoquinoline: a turn-on fluorescent probe for preferential solvation in binary solvent mixtures
Authors: Das Sharmistha , Das Shirsendu , Singh Avinash Kumar , Datta Anindya
Published: June 2022

3-Aminoquinoline (3AQ) has been used as a fluorescent probe for preferential solvation in hexane-ethanol solvent mixtures. Results of the present experiment have been put into context by comparison with prior observations with 5-aminoquinoline (5AQ) as the probe. 3AQ exhibits a relatively small change of dipole moment (Δμ = 2.2 D) upon photoexcitation, compared to 5AQ (Δμ = 6.1D), which might appear to be a hindrance in the way of its use as a solvation probe. Indeed, the values of parameters like spectral shifts are smaller for the present experiment with 3AQ. At the smallest concentration of alcohol used, its local mole fraction around the probe is significantly lower than in the previous experiments with 5AQ. However, these apparent disadvantages are outweighed by the significant increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime observed with increasing concentration of ethanol in the solvent mixture, as opposed to the drastic fluorescence quenching that occurs for 5AQ. This is a marked advantage in the use of 3AQ in studies like the present one. The local mole fraction of ethanol and preferential solvation index experienced by 3AQ are in line with those reported for 5AQ. The disadvantage of the smaller magnitude of Δμ persists in the time resolved fluorescence experiments, for solvent mixtures with very low ethanol content. Negligible wavelength dependence of fluorescence transients of 3AQ is observed for x

p
= 0.002,. However, this effect is outweighed at higher alcohol concentrations, for which nanosecond dynamics of preferential solvation is observed.
Corrosion and wear performances of hydroxyapatite and boron-containing TiO2 composite coatings on Ti6Al7Nb alloy
Authors: Vangolu Yenal , Kilic Savas
Published: June 2022

Plasma electrolytic oxidation coupled with hydrothermal treatment is a relatively new technique to form a hydroxyapatite/TiO2 layer on titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Hence the process allows achieving a bioactive and bactericidal surface by using electrolytes that contain ions (such as calcium-phosphorus and boron) necessary for desired properties. The coating properties are controllable by adjusting the parameters in the PEO process. In the present study, an electrolyte that contains both calcium, phosphorus, and boron ions was used to form a rough and porous oxide layer on Ti6Al7Nb which is known to be less toxic than the most widely used Ti alloy for biomedical applications, Ti6Al4V. A hydroxyapatite and boron-containing oxide layer was obtained after plasma electrolytic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment. Coatings were examined by XRD, XPS, SEM, contact angle measurement system, micro-hardness tester, wear tester, and corrosion measurement system. The results showed that the wear and the corrosion properties of all coated samples increased. Especially boron doping enhanced both the wear and corrosion resistance. Relatively the best corrosion resistance was achieved from CaP-B and the best wear resistance was from HA-B samples. The hardness values and mean surface roughness of all coated samples also increased while the average friction coefficients decreased. The hardness increased from 323 ± 5 HV0.1 to 1084 ± 16 HV0.1 where the coefficient of friction decreased from 0.5672 ± 0.01 to 0.4697 ± 0.03.
Investigation of the protection effect of ginger, tea tree and grapefruit essential oil extracts on mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4solution
Authors: Loto Roland Tolulope
Published: June 2022

Utilization of plant extracts for the corrosion protection of metallic alloys has increased significantly in the last few years. Ginger (GII), tea tree (TT) and grapefruit (GP) essential oil extracts were evaluated for their corrosion protection effect on mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4media by potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss analysis, open circuit potential measurement, optical microscopy and ATF-FTIR spectroscopy. Corrosion rate from weight loss and polarization at 0% extract concentration decreased from 63.33 mm y−1and 18.01 mm y−1to values between 0.31 mm y−1and 1.96 mm/y for weight loss, and 0.604 mm y−1and 0.161 mm/y for polarization at optimal extract concentration. Generally, the extracts performed effectively with inhibition efficiency above 95%. The extracts displayed mixed-type inhibition properties though with significant effect on the cathodic plot while the anodic plots indicate activation control mechanism. Corrosion inhibition of GII extract obeyed the Langmuir and Frumkin isotherm model while TT extract inhibition adhered to Langmuir, Frumkin, Frundlich and Temkin isotherms. GP extract inhibition obeyed the Langmuir isotherm only. Correlation coefficient of the isotherms were generally above 0.9. Adsorption of the extracts aligned with chemisorption adsorption from thermodynamic calculations. Open circuit potential plots in the presence of the extracts/acid solution generally depict significant electropositive shift compared to the plot in the absence of the extracts which was relatively electronegative. Potential variations were observed on the plots of the extracts due to miniature active passive transit characteristics at the extract-metal interphase. ATF-FTIR spectroscopic data shows the functional groups in TT extract molecules adsorbed onto the steel exterior compared to GII and GP extract molecules which depict surface coverage from analysis of the wavelength and transmittance data. Optical image of mild steel after corrosion depicts significantly degraded exterior with corrosion pits. However, in the presence of the extracts the steel morphology was well protected.
Noiseless linear amplification in quantum target detection using Gaussian states
Authors: Karsa Athena , Ghalaii Masoud , Pirandola Stefano
Published: June 2022

Quantum target detection aims to utilise quantum technologies to achieve performances in target detection not possible through purely classical means. Quantum illumination is an example of this, based on signal–idler entanglement, promising a potential 6 dB advantage in error exponent over its optimal classical counterpart. So far, receiver designs achieving this optimal reception remain elusive with many proposals based on Gaussian processes appearing unable to utilise quantum information contained within Gaussian state sources. This paper considers the employment of a noiseless linear amplifier at the detection stage of a quantum illumination-based quantum target detection protocol. Such a non-Gaussian amplifier offers a means of probabilistically amplifying an incoming signal without the addition of noise. Considering symmetric hypothesis testing, the quantum Chernoff bound is derived and limits on detection error probability is analysed for both the two-mode squeezed vacuum state and the coherent state classical benchmark. Our findings show that in such a scheme the potential quantum advantage is amplified even in regimes where quantum illumination alone offers no advantage, thereby extending its potential use. The same cannot be said for coherent states, whose performances are generally bounded by that without amplification.
3D bioprinted glioma models
Authors: Yigci Defne , Sarabi Misagh Rezapour , Ustun Merve , Atceken Nazente , Sokullu Emel , Bagci-Onder Tugba , Tasoglu Savas
Published: June 2022

Glioma is one of the most malignant types of cancer and most gliomas remain incurable. One of the hallmarks of glioma is its invasiveness. Furthermore, glioma cells tend to readily detach from the primary tumor and travel through the brain tissue, making complete tumor resection impossible in many cases. To expand the knowledge regarding the invasive behavior of glioma, evaluate drug resistance, and recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, various modeling strategies were proposed in the last decade, including three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold-free cultures, organ-on-chip microfluidics chips, and 3D bioprinting platforms, which allow for the investigation on patient-specific treatments. The emerging method of 3D bioprinting technology has introduced a time- and cost-efficient approach to create in vitro models that possess the structural and functional characteristics of human organs and tissues by spatially positioning cells and bioink. Here, we review emerging 3D bioprinted models developed for recapitulating the brain environment and glioma tumors, with the purpose of probing glioma cell invasion and gliomagenesis and discuss the potential use of 4D printing and machine learning applications in glioma modelling.
Mobility, environment and inequalities in the post-COVID city
Authors: Albalate Daniel , Bel Germà , Gragera Albert
Published: June 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about enormous disruption in mobility in cities. We review and analyse the evidence generated since the advent of the crisis, paying special attention to travel behaviour changes and how they are hampering the achievement of sustainability goals. Modal shifts to more individual modes of transport, with regained interest in car usage, combined with the financial distress of public transportation and raising inequalities, appear as the most challenging problems city planners face if travel preferences do not revert shortly. We discuss policies and measures that could be implemented so that these risks are addressed and lessened.