bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased abundance of native and non‐native spiders with habitat fragmentation
Authors: Bolger Douglas T. , Beard Karen H. , Suarez Andrew V. , Case Ted J.
Published: February 2009

Habitat fragmentation and invasive species often contribute to the decline of native taxa. Since the penetration of non‐native species into natural habitat may be facilitated by habitat fragmentation, it is important to examine how these two factors interact. Previous research documented that, in contrast to most other arthropod taxa, spiders increased in density and morphospecies richness with decreasing fragment area and increasing fragment age (time since insularization) in urban habitat fragments in San Diego County, California, USA. We tested whether a specific mechanism, an increase in non‐native species with fragmentation, is responsible for this pattern. We found that both native and non‐native taxa contributed to the pattern. Abundance of native spiders per pitfall trap sample increased significantly with decreasing fragment size (i.e. a negative density–area relationship) and abundance of non‐natives increased significantly with increasing fragment age. The proportion of non‐native individuals also increased significantly with age. One non‐native species, Oecobius navus, comprised the majority of non‐native individuals (82.2%) and a significant proportion of total individuals (25.1%). Richness of spider families per sample (family density) increased with fragment age due to an increase in the occurrence of non‐natives in older fragments, however, native family richness did not vary with age or area. Due to increasing dominance by non‐native and some native families, family evenness declined with decreasing fragment size and increasing fragment age. Native and non‐native abundance covaried positively arguing against strong negative interactions between the two groups. O. navus had a strong positive association with another common non‐native arthropod, the Argentine ant (Linepitheme humile), suggesting a possible direct interaction. In contrast, abundance of native spiders was negatively correlated with Argentine ant abundance. We hypothesize that fragmentation in this semiarid habitat increases productivity in smaller and older fragments enhancing the density of both native and non‐native taxa.
Out of South America: multiple origins of non‐native apple snails in Asia
Authors: Hayes K. A. , Joshi R. C. , Thiengo S. C. , Cowie R. H.
Published: February 2009

Apple snails (Ampullariidae: Pomacea) native to the New World have become agricultural and environmental pests widely in southern and eastern Asia since their introduction in about 1980. Although their impacts have been extensively documented, considerable confusion persists regarding their identities and geographical origins. Efforts to resolve the confusion have suffered from inadequate taxonomic and geographical sampling from both native and introduced ranges. Using phylogenetic and genealogical methods, we analysed 610–655 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA sequences from 783 apple snails from 164 Asian locations and 57 native South American locations. In Asia, we found four species of Pomacea in two clades: (1) Pomacea canaliculata and P. insularum, and (2) P. scalaris and P. diffusa. Parsimony networks and mismatch distributions indicate that the non‐native ranges of the two most widespread species, P. canaliculata and P. insularum, probably result from multiple introductions. Molecular analyses are consistent with early accounts; non‐native P. canaliculata populations trace back to multiple locations in Argentina and have probably been introduced more than once. In contrast, P. insularum was probably introduced from Brazil and Argentina independently. Multiple introductions may, in part, explain the success and rapid spread of these two species. Unlike P. canaliculata and P. insularum, P. scalaris and P. diffusa were probably introduced through the aquarium trade, derived originally from Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Possible physiological, ecological, and native range differences among these four species highlight the importance of accurate identification in understanding invasion patterns and processes, which is vital in developing and implementing management strategies.
Electronic Medical Record System in a Headache Specialty Practice: A Patient Satisfaction Survey
Authors: Freeman Marshall C. , Taylor Anne P. , Adelman James U.
Published: February 2009

Background.— Since November 2002, Headache Wellness Center, a specialty headache practice in Greensboro, NC, has used exclusively an electronic medical record (EMR) system for all patient clinical contacts.

Objective.— To assess patient satisfaction and perceptions regarding this new office technology and to better understand the EMR‐patient–physician relationship.

Methods.— An EMR satisfaction survey was administered from February to June 2006 and was completed by 394 patients. All patients were known to the practice and completed the survey at the time of a headache revisit evaluation.

Results.— The majority of respondents believed that EMR system use was not intrusive; did not draw attention away from patient contact; provided more efficient and accurate interactions; and preferred an EMR system in this particular headache setting.

Conclusion.— Patient satisfaction with an EMR system in a headache specialty practice was high.
Cytokines and Chemokines in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Dhungana Samish , Sharrack Basil , Woodroofe Nicola
Published: February 2009

Background.— The pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) remains unclear and as such it remains a diagnosis of exclusion.

Objectives.— To identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum cytokine and chemokine profiles associated with IIH.

Method.— Semiquantitative assessment with cytokine antibody arrays was used to detect the relative expression of 42 different cytokines and chemokines in the CSF and serum of 8 IIH patients and 8 controls. Subsequently, quantitative assay with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed for chemokine CCL2, interleukin‐1 alpha (IL‐1α), and leptin.

Results.— Cytokine antibody array showed elevated levels of CCL2 in the CSF and CCL7, CCL8, IL‐1α, and leptin levels in serum in IIH patients compared with controls. Subsequent quantitative assessment with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed significantly elevated CSF CCL2 in IIH patients compared with controls (P < .01) but there was no significant difference in leptin and IL‐1α levels between the groups.

Conclusion.— This is the first report demonstrating differences in cytokine expression in the serum and CSF in IIH patients compared with controls. Since the pathogenesis of IIH is unclear, the heterogeneity of the cytokine expression reported here may help understand the pathogenesis of this condition.
Funding of Research on Headache Disorders by the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Schwedt Todd J. , Shapiro Robert E.
Published: February 2009

Background.— Despite the high level of individual and societal burden resulting from headache disorders, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has funded relatively little research on these disorders.

Objective.— The objective of this study was to define current patterns of NIH funding of research on headache disorders.

Methods.— The Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects database was searched using the terms “migraine” or “headache” or “trigeminovascular” and inclusive of the dates 1987 to November 2007. Titles and abstracts of the resulting projects were reviewed to identify headache research projects and to extract data. E‐mails were sent to each of the principal investigators to identify investigators experienced in serving on NIH study sections. E‐mails and membership directories were used to determine if principal investigators were members of the American Headache Society. Comparisons were made for levels of NIH funding for migraine, headache disorders, and 10 other medical disorders relative to 3 measures of disease burden.

Results.— A total of 111 headache research projects led by 93 different investigators were identified. Research project grants (Rs) accounted for 61 (55%) of the grants. Migraine was the most common headache type studied, being the focus in 77 (69.4%) of the projects. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke was responsible for funding 66 (59.5%) of the projects. At least 30 (32.3%) of the principal investigators were American Headache Society members and 14 (15%) had served on NIH study sections.

Conclusions.— A small number of research grants on headache disorders were funded by the NIH over the last 2 decades, with 2007 funding estimated between $6.8 and $13 million. By comparison to NIH funding of research on 10 chronic medical conditions relative to disease burden, headache research funding should exceed $103 million annually.
A Comparison of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With and Without Papilledema
Authors: Digre Kathleen B. , Nakamoto Beau K. , Warner Judith E.A. , Langeberg Wendy J. , Baggaley Susan K. , Katz Bradley J.
Published: February 2009

Objective.— To compare clinical features, visual characteristics, and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with and without papilledema.

Background.— Idiopathic intracranial hypertension does not often occur without papilledema. This study estimates the prevalence and compares the clinical characteristics of idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with and without papilledema.

Methods.— We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of all idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients diagnosed at the University of Utah Neuro‐Ophthalmology Unit between 1990 and 2003. Patient records were reviewed for presence of papilledema and other signs, symptoms, and treatment characteristics. Each patient without papilledema was matched to the patient with papilledema who was closest to his/her age and sex. McNemar's and Wilcoxon‐signed rank sum tests were used to compare characteristics between matched pairs.

Results.— Among all patients (n = 353), the prevalence of those without papilledema was 5.7% (n = 20). Patients without papilledema reported photopsias (20%), and were found to have spontaneous venous pulsations (75%) and non‐physiologic visual field constriction (20%) more often than did those with papilledema. Mean opening pressure, although above normal, was lower in patients without papilledema (mean = 309 mm cerebrospinal fluid) compared with those with papilledema (mean = 373 mm cerebrospinal fluid, P = .031). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients without papilledema had more frequent diagnostic lumbar punctures than did patients with papilledema. Visual acuities and treatment were similar between groups.

Conclusions.— The clinical presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema is only somewhat different from that of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with papilledema. The lower opening pressure in patients without papilledema may explain variations in symptoms and signs between the 2 groups. When there are visual field changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema, non‐physiologic visual loss should be considered.
How Children and Parents Evaluate the Headache Centre's Intervention
Authors: Ferrari Anna , Pileri Francesca , Spaccapelo Luca , Zappaterra Maurizio , Ruggerini Ciro , Tacchi Raffaella , Bertolini Alfio
Published: February 2009

Background.— While adult headache patients' satisfaction with treatments has been widely investigated, less attention has been paid to children and adolescent headache patients' opinions and their parents' views.

Objective.— The aim of our follow‐up survey was to analyze the outcomes of the Headache Centre's intervention and the evolution of headache according to patients until the age of 16 and their parents.

Methods.— We studied all outpatients suffering from episodic primary headache according to International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd edition criteria, seen for the first time in 2005‐2006 at the Headache Centre of the University Hospital of Modena (Italy), and at least one of their parents. The duration of the follow‐up ranged from 1 to 3 years. For the purpose of the study, a specific questionnaire was created and administered by a telephone interview.

Results.— We enrolled 84 patients (38 females, 45%; 46 males, 55%; mean age ± SD: 12.9 ± 2.9 years) with primary headache: migraine without aura 66%, episodic tension‐type headache 23%, migraine with aura 11%. At the follow‐up, 70% of the patients reported that headache had improved; frequency had decreased significantly more than severity (P = .000, Fisher's exact test), both in those who had followed a prophylactic treatment and in those who had not. A high percentage of the children and parents could precisely indicate trigger factors for headache: especially excessive worrying and studying. The patients reporting an improvement attributed it to pharmacological prophylactic treatment, but also to other factors: first of all, better school results and more happiness than before. Seventy‐seven percent of the parents thought that the Headache Centre's intervention had helped them to better understand and manage their children's headache.

Conclusions.— Children's and adolescents' headache has in most cases a favorable prognosis; the Headache Centre's intervention is considered effective by most parents. We must increase and focus therapeutic efforts addressed to the few patients with worsening headaches in spite of treatment, since these children's/adolescents' headache also is at risk to progress in the adult age.
Evaluation of Carisbamate for the Treatment of Migraine in a Randomized, Double‐Blind Trial
Authors: Cady Roger K. , Mathew Ninan , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Hu Peter , Haas Magali , Novak Gerald P.
Published: February 2009

Objective.— This study explored the dose‐response relationship of carisbamate administered at doses of 100 mg per day, 300 mg per day, or 600 mg per day, in the prevention of migraine.

Background.— Carisbamate ([S]‐2‐O‐carbamoyl‐1‐o‐chlorophenyl‐ethanol; RWJ 333369) is a new chemical entity being studied for efficacy as adjunctive therapy in partial onset epilepsy. Because some antiepileptic drugs are also efficacious in migraine, for example, topiramate and valproate sodium, we tested carisbamate in migraine prophylaxis.

Design/Methods.— This was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, approximately 22‐week duration. The primary efficacy variable was the percent reduction from baseline through the double‐blind phase in average monthly migraine frequency using a 48‐hour rule. Patients were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 to treatment with carisbamate 100, 300, or 600 mg per day, or placebo. Migraine attacks were counted during a prospective 4‐week baseline period, which was followed by a 2‐week titration period, a 12‐week maintenance period, a 1‐week medication reduction period, and a 3‐week observation period. Patients had an established history of migraine, with or without aura, for at least 1 year and a 3‐month history of 3‐12 migraine attacks per month.

Results.— Patients (n = 323) were predominantly women (85%) and white (89%); mean age was 41 years. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the carisbamate groups and placebo (P ≥ .6) for the median (range) percentage reduction from baseline to end point in average monthly migraine frequency (P value vs placebo): 37% (−250%, 100%) for placebo; 33% (−210%, 100%; P = .7) CRS 100 mg/day; 27% (−100%, 100%; P = .8) CRS 300 mg/day; and 35% (−87%, 100%; P = .6) CRS 600 mg/day. Results for secondary efficacy measures (responder rate, percent reduction in average monthly migraine frequency using the 24‐hour rule, and percent reduction in average monthly migraine days) were consistent (P ≥ .075). The proportion of patients discontinuing because of adverse events was similar for placebo and carisbamate‐treated patients (13% each). The most common (occurring in ≥5% of patients) treatment‐emergent adverse events in patients treated with carisbamate were fatigue (17%) and nasopharyngitis (13%). Fatigue appeared to be dose related.

Conclusions.— Carisbamate was not more efficacious in migraine prophylaxis than placebo in this well‐controlled study that included a suitable population. However, carisbamate monotherapy was well tolerated at doses up to 600 mg per day.
LIPID CLASS, CAROTENOID, AND TOXIN DYNAMICS OF KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE) DURING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION1
Authors: Schaeffer Blake A. , Kamykowski Daniel , McKay Laurie , Sinclair Geoff , Milligan Edward
Published: February 2009

The internal lipid, carotenoid, and toxin concentrations of Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) Gert Hansen and Moestrup are influenced by its ability to use ambient light and nutrients for growth and reproduction. This study investigated changes in K. brevis toxicity, lipid class, and carotenoid concentrations in low‐light, nitrate‐replete (250 μmol quanta · m−2 · s−1, 80 μM NO3); high‐light, nitrate‐replete (960 μmol quanta · m−2 · s−1, 80 μM NO3); and high‐light, nitrate‐reduced (960 μmol quanta · m−2 · s−1, <5 μM NO3) mesocosms. Reverse‐phase HPLC quantified the epoxidation state (EPS) of the xanthophyll‐cycle pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin, and a Chromarod Iatroscan thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC/FID) system quantified changes in lipid class concentrations. EPS did not exceed 0.20 in the low‐light mesocosm, but increased to 0.65 in the high‐light mesocosms. Triacylglycerol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) were the largest lipid classes consisting of 9.3% to 48.7% and 37.3% to 69.7% of total lipid, respectively. Both lipid classes also experienced the greatest concentration changes in high‐light experiments. K. brevis increased EPS and toxin concentrations while decreasing its lipid concentrations under high light. K. brevis may mobilize its toxins into the surrounding environment by reducing lipid concentrations, such as sterols, limiting competition, or toxins are released because lipids are decreased in high light, reducing any protective mechanism against their own toxins.
The Effects of Substance Use on Offender Crime Scene Behavior
Authors: Hammond Christine J. , Bond John W. , Grant Timothy D.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Substance use has an effect on an individual’s propensity to commit acquisitive crime with recent studies showing substance users more likely to leave forensic material at a crime scene. An examination of acquisitive crime solved in Northamptonshire, U.K., during 2006 enabled 70 crime scene behavior characteristics to be analyzed for substance and nonsubstance use offenders. Logistical regression analyses have identified statistically significant crime scene behavior predictors that were found to be either present at or absent from the crime scene when the offender was a substance user. Most significant predictors present were indicative of a lack of preparation by the offender, irrational behavior, and a desire to steal high value, easily disposed of, property. Most significant predictors absent from the crime scene were indicative of more planning, preparation, and execution by the offender. Consideration is given to how this crime scene behavior might be used by police investigators to identify offenders.
Helicobacter pylori, helminth infections and growth: a cross‐sectional study in a high prevalence population
Authors: Cherian Sarah , Forbes David , Sanfilippo Frank , Cook Angus , Burgner David
Published: February 2009

Aim: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is usually acquired in childhood and may adversely affect growth, although data are inconsistent. This study investigated growth parameters in a paediatric cohort with a high prevalence of H. pylori and helminth infection.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study of African refugee children (<16 years) recruited at their initial health assessment following resettlement in Australia. Detailed demographic, infection and anthropometric data were obtained. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by monoclonal faecal antigen enzyme immunoassay testing (MFAT). Growth restriction was defined as children with any anthropometric measures below the fifth centile for age and gender.

Results: H. pylori infection was detected in 149/182 (81.9%). Children with H. pylori infection were older (mean 8.5 years, standard deviation (SD) 4.2 years vs. 5.8 years, SD 4.5 years, p < 0.001). No gender differences were observed. After adjustment for age, H. pylori did not adversely affect body mass index or other anthropometric measurements. Helminth infections were common (41.8%) but not associated with reduced growth or with H. pylori infection.

Conclusion: H. pylori and helminth infections are prevalent in African refugee children but neither is associated with growth restriction. Longitudinal growth velocity studies are necessary to identify any long‐term consequences of H. pylori on childhood growth.
SENIOR AUSTRALIANS FOR GROWTH AND EXPLORATION SAGE (NSW)
Authors: Clark D.
Published: February 2009

The Sage programme is quite simply a positive approach to ageing. The programme deals with the physical, emotional and spiritual aspects of the person creating an environment where he or she may continue to grow.
Simvastatin and Indomethacin Have Similar Anti‐Inflammatory Activity in a Rat Model of Acute Local Inflammation
Authors: Nežić Lana , Škrbić Ranko , Dobrić Silva , Stojiljković Miloš P. , Jaćević Vesna , Šatara Svjetlana Stoisavljević , Milovanović Zoran A. , Stojaković Nataša
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Statins, such as simvastatin, lower circulating cholesterol levels and are widely prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Several studies have shown unexpected effects of statins on inflammation. We studied the anti‐inflammatory effect of simvastatin using a standard model of an acute local inflammation, the carrageenan‐induced footpad oedema. Experimental groups (n = 6–8) were given simvastatin in a dose range 5–30 mg/kg, indomethacin 1–8 mg/kg and methylcellulose (control)per os. Footpad volume was measured with a plethysmograph and compared with the pre‐injection volume of the same paw. Swelling (in microlitres) was then calculated, and in drug‐treated animals, per cent inhibition was derived through comparison with the control group. Histopathological examination of the skin biopsies was performed to examine severity of paw skin lesions and to confirm the simvastatin‐induced inhibition of acute inflammation. Both simvastatin and indomethacin administered orally, 1 hr before carrageenan injection, significantly reduced the extent of footpad oedema. Indomethacin dose‐dependently blocked the swelling; the maximal effect was obtained with 8 mg/kg by 48.3% (P < 0.05). Simvastatin produced a comparable anti‐inflammatory activity at a dose of 5 mg/kg (32%), while 10 and 30 mg/kg caused a 47.6% and 51.7% reduction, respectively, with the maximal effect observed at 20 mg/kg by 57.2% (P < 0.05). The comparison of the ED50of these agents on molar basis showed equipotent anti‐inflammatory activity. Histopathological examination of the footpad skin biopsies revealed that simvastatin, dose‐dependently and comparablly to indomethacin, reduced polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration. These data support the hypothesis that simvastatin has an acute anti‐inflammatory activity.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Treatment of Trauma‐ and Abuse‐Related Dissociative Symptom Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Weber Scott
Published: February 2009

TOPIC:  Dissociation is believed to be one of the most common underlying psychological processes among children and adolescents receiving mental health treatment, but most of the dissemination of information about dissociation has occurred among psychiatrists and psychologists.

PURPOSE:  Modes of treatment for dissociation as it affects children and adolescents are described.

SOURCES USED:  Current research and practice scholarly articles on treatment of children and adolescents for dissociation and dissociative symptom disorders were accessed and critically reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS:  Prognosis in children and adolescents can vary widely among patients and between the specific types of dissociation disorder; however, expert clinicians and researchers agree that early, intense treatment offers the greatest possibility of full recovery.
Poverty and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Dashiff Carol , DiMicco Wendy , Myers Beverly , Sheppard Kathy
Published: February 2009

PROBLEM:  Poverty and accelerations of inequality, manifested by the increasing difference between the richest and poorest populations, have significant effects on the mental health of vulnerable groups. Adolescents are vulnerable to the effects of poverty. As a time of change and transition for youth and their families, adolescence creates both challenges and opportunities to intervene in the effects of poverty.

PURPOSE:  The purpose of this article is to discuss the significance of poverty and its impact on adolescent mental health and mental health services.

SOURCES:  An interdisciplinary literature search was conducted on the topic of poverty and adolescent mental health.

CONCLUSIONS:  Results indicated that nurses need to remain active participants in the provision of mental health services to adolescents in poverty and increase their advocacy for the creation of policy changes that address mental health needs of this population.
A surprisingly high pair fraction for extremely massive galaxies at z ∼ 3 in the GOODS NICMOS survey
Authors: Bluck Asa F. L. , Conselice Christopher J. , Bouwens Rychard J. , Daddi Emanuele , Dickinson Mark , Papovich Casey , Yan Haojing
Published: February 2009

We calculate the major pair fraction and derive the major merger fraction and rate for 82 massive (M* > 1011 M⊙) galaxies at 1.7 < z < 3.0 utilizing deep Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS data taken in the GOODS north and south fields. For the first time, our NICMOS data provide imaging with sufficient angular resolution and depth to collate a sufficiently large sample of massive galaxies at z > 1.5 to reliably measure their pair fraction history. We find strong evidence that the pair fraction of massive galaxies evolves with redshift. We calculate a pair fraction of fm= 0.29 ± 0.06 for our whole sample at 1.7 < z < 3.0. Specifically, we fit a power-law function of the form fm=f0(1 +z)m to a combined sample of low-redshift data from Conselice et al. (2007) and recently acquired high-redshift data from the GOODS NICMOS survey. We find a best fit to the free parameters of f0= 0.008 ± 0.003 and m= 3.0 ± 0.4. We go on to fit a theoretically motivated Press–Schechter curve to this data. This Press–Schechter fit, and the data, shows no sign of levelling off or turning over, implying that the merger fraction of massive galaxies continues to rise with redshift out to z∼ 3. Since previous work has established that the merger fraction for lower mass galaxies turns over at z∼ 1.5–2.0, this is evidence that higher mass galaxies experience more mergers earlier than their lower mass counterparts, i.e. a galaxy assembly downsizing. Finally, we calculate a merger rate at z= 2.6 of ℜ < 5 × 105 Gpc-3 Gyr-1, which experiences no significant change to ℜ < 1.2 × 105 Gpc-3 Gyr-1 at z= 0.5. This corresponds to an average M* > 1011 M⊙ galaxy experiencing 1.7 ± 0.5 mergers between z= 3 and 0.
On the various origins of close-in extrasolar planets
Authors: Marchi S. , Ortolani S. , Nagasawa M. , Ida S.
Published: February 2009

The extrasolar planets (EPs) so far detected are very different to the planets in our own Solar System. Many of them have Jupiter-like masses and close-in orbits (the so-called hot planets, HPs), with orbital periods of only a few days. In this Letter, we present a new statistical analysis of the observed EPs, focusing on the origin of the HPs. Among the several HP formation mechanisms proposed so far, the two main formation mechanisms are type II migration and scattering. In both cases, planets form beyond the so-called snow line of the protoplanetary disc and then migrate inwards due to angular momentum and energy exchange with either the protoplanetary disc or companion planets. Although theoretical studies produce a range of observed features, no firm correspondence between the observed EPs and models has yet been established. In our analysis, by means of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, we find convincing indications for the existence of two types of HPs, whose parameters reflect physical mechanisms of type II migration and scattering.
Cognitive Approaches to Lexical Semantics
Authors: Dingfang Shu
Published: February 2009

This article reviews the achievements and recent research programs in the field of cognitive lexical semantics, which has become a full‐fledged field since the early 1980s, when important research findings in cognitive psychology concerning the internal structure of categories (prototype structure and family resemblance structure) were adopted to analyze lexical categories (Taylor et al. 2003). Cognitive linguists have since changed their conceptions about the nature of word meanings, and the interplay between words and their contexts. The traditional dividing lines between lexicon and grammar, and linguistic knowledge and encyclopedic knowledge have been largely blurred, and meaning is seen as a manifestation of conceptual structure, which is embodied and entrenched in the schematic network of structures and is extended on the basis of language usage events.
Jacobite Politics in the Age of Anne
Authors: SZECHI DANIEL
Published: February 2009

Every political movement has watershed moments when decisions are taken with very long‐term consequences. This article explores one such moment with respect to the jacobite movement during the reign of Queen Anne. Implicitly building on Geoffrey Holmes's model of the workings of the whig and tory parties in the age of Anne, the article analyses the turn to the Scots that took place within jacobite politics between 1702 and 1710. Throughout the 1690s the English jacobites had dominated the politics of the jacobite movement. Cementing their hold on the jacobite court's outlook and policies there was, too, an intrinsic anglocentrism at royal and ministerial level. Yet by 1715 the Scots jacobites were clearly equal partners with the English within the movement, and this parity was to shape the entire subsequent history of the jacobite cause. This shift within the politics of the movement was, moreover, not simply a corollary of the union. This article argues that the shift to the Scots was far more fundamental in terms of the outlook and policies of the movement, and ultimately did not depend on the immediate military utility of the Scots jacobites, but on a new perception of them as a uniquely important resource.
The Debate in the House of Lords on ‘No Peace without Spain’, 7 December 1711: A New Source
Authors: JONES CLYVE
Published: February 2009

The debate in the house of lords on ‘No Peace without Spain’ in December 1711 was the first test of the strength of the administration of Robert Harley, earl of Oxford, in the upper House. Though there are more sources for this debate than is normal for proceedings in the Lords, few can claim to be by eyewitnesses. A newly ‘discovered’ anonymous letter from an eyewitness found in the papers of the lord great chamberlain's office in the Parliamentary Archives gives a detailed account of this important debate.
The Clash of Interests: Commerce and the Politics of Trade in the Age of Anne
Authors: GAUCI PERRY
Published: February 2009

This article celebrates the contribution which Professor Holmes made to the field of British politics and society by the study of an important collection of political tracts. The compiler of the collection is identified as Sir Charles Cooke, one of the most significant commercial politicians of his day. The organisation of the collection illuminates the ways in which City politicians used various channels of information, both printed and personal, to support their political platforms. It also demonstrates how Cooke contributed to the defeat of the tories over the French Commerce Bill of 1713, by supplying key sources to combat the ministry's position. On a wider plane, although it suggests that partisan politics tainted all information advanced in the public sphere, this did not relieve political rivals of the need to establish the superior authority of their sources, and political success only saw Cooke redouble his efforts to gain as wide a base of information as possible. Statistical precision remained elusive, but his archive stands testament to a growing need for authority of source in a political world of party and vested interests.
Geoffrey Holmes and the Public Sphere: Augustan Historiography from Post‐Namierite to the Post‐Habermasian
Authors: COWAN BRIAN
Published: February 2009

This article attributes the relative lack of attention to the ‘public sphere’ in Geoffrey Holmes's work to the pervasive influence of Lewis Namier and the Namierite conception of political history. Holmes's British Politics can be understood as a product of what might be called the revisionist's dilemma. Because the main thrust of the argument of this work was to challenge the Namierite interpretation of the structure of politics in Anne's reign, Holmes could not fail but to replicate the structures of the original Namierite paradigm. Nevertheless, Holmes's demolition of the Namierite view of Augustan politics also opened up new possibilities for further research; it ultimately widened our understanding of the ‘political’ and it prepared the ground for the remarkable interdisciplinary dialogue between literary historians, intellectual historians, and political historians. The article concludes with a discussion of how Holmes's successors began to build on his work in ways that can help explain why the Habermasian public sphere paradigm emerged to the foreground of current scholarship in a field where it had been ignored for three decades. Historians are now beginning to build a detailed post‐Habermasian understanding of the ways in which the public sphere affected the structures of politics in later Stuart Britain. Work along these lines may well finally help explain the transformation of British politics from an age of Stuart revolutions to the age of Hanoverian oligarchy.
‘Last of all the Heavenly Birth’: Queen Anne and Sacral Queenship*
Authors: SMITH HANNAH
Published: February 2009

This article considers Queen Anne in her capacity as a royal politician. In particular, it examines how she attempted to represent her political authority and how this intersected with prevailing perceptions of female rule and ideas about the sacred basis to monarchy. It analyses the iconographical meanings embedded in Antonio Verrio's decorative scheme of 1703–5 for the queen's drawing room at Hampton Court and suggests ideas behind Anne's revival of the ceremony of touching for the king's evil. The article argues that Anne used both initiatives to emphasize the sacral quality of her queenship and it goes on to explore her reasons for doing so in the context of pre‐ and post‐revolutionary projections and understandings of kingly – and queenly – authority.
Tom Wharton and the Whig Junto: Party Leadership in Late Stuart England*
Authors: HOLMES GEOFFREY
Published: February 2009

This previously unpublished lecture by Geoffrey Holmes looks at the parliamentary career of Thomas, 6th Baron Wharton, 1st earl and 1st marquess of Wharton, a leading member of the whig junto in the reigns of William III and Queen Anne. It examines his ‘unsavoury’ character and how his reputation as a libertine and swordsman may have helped his role as a party leader. It also examines his historical reputation, partly through the works of Jonathan Swift, Richard Steele and Lord Macauly and attempts to restore his position as a much‐maligned major figure in Augustan parliamentary and electoral politics.
‘Rendering the Union more Complete’: The Squadrone Volante and the Abolition of the Scottish Privy Council*
Authors: TOWNEND GRAHAM
Published: February 2009

The 22nd article of the Treaty of Union had settled the Scottish representation in the parliament of Great Britain. Although both the old and the new parties had readily agreed to modify its terms before the union came into effect most Scots blamed the new party for this unpopular amendment. As well as evading this censure the old party was also able to use the union to consolidate its grip on the government of Scotland. Intensely annoyed at this the new party retaliated by arguing that Scottish institutions should be remodelled along English lines. The first step was the abolition of the Scottish privy council. When it failed to persuade Lord Treasurer Godolphin to assist, the new party, or the Squadrone as it was now more commonly known, turned to the whig junto. It was eager to oblige and a bill to abolish the council was introduced during the first session of the British parliament. Godolphin's hesitant response to the Squadrone and the junto was criticised by the northern secretary of state, Robert Harley. He appealed to the duke of Marlborough for help, but this merely intensified the differences with Godolphin. Harley also turned to the queen and with her approval took the unprecedented, and unusual, step of supporting abolition in the house of commons. Although this brought the disagreement with Godolphin to a head, the lord treasurer responded with a vigorous, but unsuccessful, attempt to amend the bill in the Lords. The court's failure was quickly forgotten, however, as most Scots damned the Squadrone for once more betraying its country.
Geoffrey Holmes and the House of Lords Reconsidered
Authors: EAGLES ROBIN
Published: February 2009

The publication of Geoffrey Holmes's British Politics in the Age of Anne, arguably, did more than any other volume of the period to reinvigorate interest in the house of lords in the Augustan period. The upper chamber, which had been largely overlooked by historians such as Sir Lewis Namier and Robert Walcott, had come to be regarded as a very inferior partner to the house of commons, populated by great landowners whose principal interest was to see the furtherance of their kinship networks. Holmes's work demonstrated clearly the central role of the Lords in British political life and revised radically the accepted orthodoxy that family predominated over ideology in the early 18th century. This article seeks to reassess Holmes's contribution to the study of the Lords in the light of research undertaken since the publication of British Politics and to suggest some ways in which Holmes's model, which remains broadly unassailable, might be reshaped.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the whale shark (Rhincodon typus)
Authors: RAMÍREZ‐MACÍAS DENÍ , SHAW KRISTINE , WARD ROCKY , GALVÁN‐MAGAÑA FELIPE , VÁZQUEZ‐JUÁREZ RICARDO
Published: February 2009

In preparation for a study on population structure of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), nine species‐specific polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were developed. An initial screening of 50 individuals from Holbox Island, Mexico found all nine loci to be polymorphic, with two to 17 alleles observed per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.200 to 0.826 and from 0.213 to 0.857, respectively. Neither statistically significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations nor statistically significant linkage disequilibrium between loci were observed. These microsatellite loci appear suitable for examining population structure, kinship assessment and other applications.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis
Authors: RENSHAW MARK A. , DOUGLAS KORY C. , REXROAD III CAIRD E. , JOBITY ANN MARIE C. , GOLD JOHN R.
Published: February 2009

Thirteen nuclear‐encoded microsatellites from a genomic DNA library of Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, were isolated and characterized. The microsatellites include 10 perfect repeats (eight tetranucleotide and two dinucleotide) and three imperfect repeats (two tetranucleotide and one dinucleotide). An additional five microsatellites, isolated originally from two congeneric species (S. cavalla and S. niphonius), were characterized in S. brasiliensis. Serra Spanish mackerel support artisanal fisheries along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts of Central and South America, from Belize to Brazil.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Authors: MISHIMA KENTARO , HIRAO TOMONORI , URANO SHOUGO , WATANABE ATSUSHI , TAKATA KATSUHIKO
Published: February 2009

Microsatellite markers were isolated from Robinia pseudoacacia L. using an enrichment method. Eleven of the 23 primer pairs designed successfully amplified unambiguous and polymorphic single loci among 39 individual R. pseudoacacia L. from northeastern Japan. The observed and expected heterozygosities of the 11 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.333 to 0.821 and from 0.489 to 0.867, respectively. The polymorphisms observed at the 11 microsatellite loci are useful genetic data for forest ecological studies involving R. pseudoacacia L.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Lychnophora pinaster: a study for the conservation of a native medicinal plant
Authors: HABER L. H. , CAVALLARI M. M. , SANTOS F. R. C. , MARQUES M. O. M. , GIMENES M. A. , ZUCCHI M. I.
Published: February 2009

Lychnophora pinaster Mart. (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant, extensively employed in popular medicine as an anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and healing agent. Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and optimized for L. pinaster from an enriched genomic library. The markers were used to analyse 37 plants from two native populations, generating an average number of 6.6 alleles per polymorphic locus. These loci are important tools for future studies of population genetics.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the hermaphroditic freshwater snailsDrepanotrema surinamenseandDrepanotrema depressissimum
Authors: NICOT ANTOINE , JARNE PHILIPPE , DAVID PATRICE
Published: February 2009

We characterized new variable microsatellites in two congeneric species of hermaphroditic freshwater snails (Drepanotrema depressissimumandD. surinamense), as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping sets of loci.D. depressissimumhad high mean gene diversity (> 0.8) and large number of alleles (= 10.9) per population. Most loci and populations were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. TheFSTestimates were low among lesser Antilles populations and larger with a Venezuelan population. Far less diversity was found inD. surinamensewith mean number of alleles and gene diversity per population of 2.8 and 0.34, respectively. Very few heterozygous individuals were observed. The most likely explanation is a high selfing rate (> 0.825) in this species. Unsurprisingly, theFSTestimates among populations were much higher than inD. depressissimum. Cross‐species amplification in three congeneric species was on the whole unsuccessful.
Characterization of 35 novel microsatellite loci for ecological and evolutionary studies of the bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus)
Authors: LANDIS J. B. , GROSE M. J. , WILEY E. O. , HUDMAN S. P.
Published: February 2009

The bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) is abundant and widespread with a broad ecological niche. This species is also sexually dimorphic with strong competition between males during the mating season. We developed two genomic libraries enriched for microsatellite repeats — one dinucleotide and one tetranucleotide — and isolated 48 putative, novel microsatellite loci. Of those, we present 35 polymorphic and statistically independent microsatellite markers with two to 18 alleles per locus and heterozygosities ranging from 0.04 to 1. These markers will be useful for future behavioural, ecological, evolutionary and mating system studies using P. notatus.
Microsatellite loci for the fungus Ascosphaera apis: cause of honey bee chalkbrood disease
Authors: REHNER STEPHEN A. , EVANS JAY D.
Published: February 2009

The fungus Ascosphaera apis is a worldwide fungal pathogen of honey bees. To provide tools for understanding the dispersal history of this pathogen, strain differences in virulence, and host–pathogen interactions, we used the draft genome assembly of A. apis to develop microsatellite loci for this species. We present testing results for 25 scorable loci revealing two to eight alleles per locus in a survey of Maryland isolates of this fungus.
Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite DNA markers in the oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus)
Authors: WENG GUO‐JING , LI SHOU‐HSIEN , SEVERINGHAUS LUCIA LIU
Published: February 2009

We designed 10 new microsatellite markers for the oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus) and tested them on 44 individuals. The number of alleles ranged from two to 12 with an average of five, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.273 to 1.0. Linkage disequilibrium was not found. These markers are being used in a study of the ecology of this species in Taiwan. We also tested their utility on eight other raptor species.
A computer program to simulate multilocus genotype data with spatially autocorrelated allele frequencies
Authors: GUILLOT GILLES , SANTOS FILIPE
Published: February 2009

Many models for inference of population genetic parameters are based on the assumption that the data set at hand consists of groups displaying within‐group Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at individual loci and linkage equilibrium between loci. This assumption is commonly violated by the presence of within‐group spatial structure arising from nonrandom mating of individuals due to isolation by distance (IBD).

This paper proposes a model and simulation method implemented in a computer program to flexibly simulate data displaying such patterns. The program permits displaying of smooth spatial variations of allele frequencies due to IBD and more abrupt variations due to presence of strong barriers to gene flow. It is useful in assessing performance of various statistical inference methods and in designing spatial sampling schemes. This is shown by a simulation study aimed at assessing the extent to which IBD patterns affect accuracy of cluster inferences performed in models assuming panmixia. The program is also used to study the effects of spatial sampling scheme (e.g. sampling individuals in clumps or uniformly across the spatial domain). The accuracy of such inferences is assessed in terms of number of inferred populations, assignment of individuals to populations and location of borders between populations. The effect of spatial sampling was weak while the effect of IBD may be substantial, leading to the inference of spurious populations, especially when IBD was strong with respect to the size of the sampling domain. The model and program are new and have been embedded in the R package Geneland, for user convenience and compliance with existing data formats.
Comprehensive cross‐amplification of microsatellite multiplex sets across the rodent genus Microtus
Authors: RUDÁ M. , ŽIAK D. , GAUFFRE B. , ZIMA J. , MARTÍNKOVÁ N.
Published: February 2009

We developed four multiplex panels comprising 19 microsatellite loci and tested their amplification in 21 rodent species important for agricultural and conservation management (Microtus, Arvicola, Chionomys). On average, 17.6 loci amplified per species. Number of alleles ranged from 1 to 19 per locus. We report an additional locus polymorphic in 15 vole species.