bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stiffness Compensation in Variable Displacement Mechanisms of Swash Plate Axial Piston Pumps Utilizing Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Zhang Guangcheng , Ma Mengxiang , Lin Yueh-Jaw
Published: January 2025

Swash plate axial piston pumps play an important role in hydraulic systems due to their superior performance and compact design. As the controlled object of the valve-controlled hydraulic cylinder, the swash plate is affected by the complex fluid dynamics effect and the mechanical structure, which is prone to vibration, during the working process, thereby adversely affecting the dynamic performance of the system. In this paper, an electronically controlled ball screw type variable displacement mechanism with stiffness compensation is proposed. By introducing piezoelectric ceramic materials into the nut assembly, dynamic stiffness compensation of the system is achieved, which effectively changes the vibration characteristics of the swash plate and thus significantly improves the working stability of the system. Based on this, the stiffness model of a double nut ball screw is established to obtain the relationship between piezoelectric ceramics and the double nut. An asymmetric Bouc–Wen piezoelectric actuator model with nonlinear hysteresis characteristics is also established, and a particle swarm algorithm with improved inertia weights is utilized to identify the parameters of the asymmetric Bouc–Wen model. Finally, a piezoelectric actuator model based on the feedforward inverse model and a PID composite control algorithm is applied to the variable displacement mechanism system for stiffness compensation.
Electrolytic Routes to Titanium: Methodological Innovations, Key Findings, and Prospects for Sustainable Production
Authors: Du Daoguang , Dou Zhihe , Zhang Tingan
Published: January 2025

Titanium is an indispensable strategic metal, and the greening of titanium production processes is a key safeguard for the further development of the titanium industry. Traditional titanium extraction methods involve high-temperature molten salts and high energy consumption, accompanied by significant environmental issues. The electrolytic method for the production of titanium is a more environmentally friendly and promising production process. This review examines recent advancements in electrolytic titanium production, focusing on methods like the FFC, OS, SHS-ED, and USTB processes. These methods offer more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional titanium extraction. Key findings include improvements in anode materials, electrolyte compositions, and process optimizations, which enhance titanium purity and production efficiency. The SHS-ED method, in particular, has shown significant advantages by shortening the deoxidation reaction path, improving process efficiency, and reducing the formation of undesirable phases. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in improving current efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and scaling up production. This article aims to provide guidance for future research directions and to discuss how to further promote the development of electrolytic titanium technology for more efficient and environmentally friendly titanium production.
Hollow Direct Air-Cooled Rotor Windings: Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis
Authors: Reinap Avo , Estenlund Samuel , Högmark Conny
Published: January 2025

This article focuses on the analysis of a direct air-cooled rotor winding of a wound field synchronous machine, the innovation of which lies in the increase in the internal cooling surface, the cooling of the winding compared to the conventional inter-pole cooling, and the development of a CHT evaluation model accordingly. Conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis is used to explore the cooling efficacy of a parallel-cooled hollow-conductor winding of a salient-pole rotor and to identify a cooling performance map. The use of high current densities of 15–20 Arms/mm2 in directly cooled windings requires high cooling intensity, which in the case of air cooling results not only in flow velocities above 15 m/s to ensure permissible operating temperatures, but also the need for coolant distribution and heat transfer studies. The experiments and calculations are based on a non-rotating machine and a wind tunnel using the same rotor coil(s). CHT-based thermal calculations provide not only reliable results compared to experimental work and lumped parameter thermal circuits with adjusted aggregate parameters, but also insight related to pressure and cooling flow distribution, thermal loads, and cooling integration issues that are necessary for the development of high power density and reliable electrical machines. The results of the air-cooling integration show that the desired high current density is achievable at the expense of high cooling intensity, where the air velocity ranges from 15 to 30 m/s and 30 to 55 m/s, distinguishing the air velocity of the hollow conductor and bypass channel, compared to the same coil in an electric machine and a wind tunnel at the similar thermal load and limit. Since the hot spot location depends on cooling integration and cooling intensity, modeling and estimating the cooling flow is essential in the development of wound-field synchronous machines.
Flow Shop Scheduling with Shortening Jobs for Makespan Minimization
Authors: Sun Zheng-Wei , Lv Dan-Yang , Wei Cai-Min , Wang Ji-Bo
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with a two-machine flow shop problem with shortening jobs. A shortening job means that the job’s processing time is a decreasing function of its starting time. The aim is to find a sequence that minimizes the makespan of all the jobs. several dominance properties, some lower bounds, and an initial upper bound are derived, which are applied to propose a branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the problem. We also propose some heuristics and mathematical programming. Computational experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Determinants of Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Case-Control Study in West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Dermawan Arif , Ropii Bejo , Lasminingrum Lina , Hasansulama Wijana , Setiabudiawan Budi
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a leading cause of morbidity in children, characterized by fever, otalgia, and hearing loss. If untreated, AOM may progress to chronic complications requiring surgical management. Globally, factors such as allergies, environmental tobacco smoke, and nutritional deficiencies are well-established risk factors, but in Indonesia, particularly rural areas like Bandung Regency, limited awareness and data exacerbate the burden of disease. Smoking prevalence and low immunization rates further increase risks for AOM. Materials and Methods: This case-control study, conducted between September 2019 and February 2020 in Bandung Regency, evaluated risk factors for AOM in children aged 24–59 months. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, anthropometric assessments, and ENT examinations. A total of 168 AOM-positive and 367 AOM-negative children were recruited from primary healthcare facilities. Results: Multivariable analysis identified significant associations with AOM: allergic rhinitis (AOR 1.92), cigarette smoke exposure (AOR 1.79), stunted growth (AOR 1.48), and incomplete basic immunizations (AOR 1.77). These findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable factors such as nutrition and immunization to reduce AOM incidence. Conclusions: The rhinitis allergy and exposure to cigarette smoke are among the well-established risk factors that our results validate. Additional research is necessary to validate if our findings involving two modifiable risk factors, stunted children and insufficient basic vaccination, may increase the risk of AOM.
First Isolation, Molecular Identification, and Phylogenetic Characterization of A3B5 Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Pullets in Chile
Authors: Cádiz Leandro , Guzmán Miguel , Rivera Paola , Navarrete Fernando , Torres Paulina , Hidalgo Héctor
Published: January 2025

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an important pathogen affecting the poultry industry worldwide. IBDV serotype 1, including classical virulent strains (cvIBDV), variant strains (varIBDV), and very virulent strains (vvIBDV), is pathogenic for chickens. IBDV mainly infects immature B-lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, weakening the humoral immune response and leading to secondary infections and increased morbidity and mortality. The Laboratory of Avian Pathology received ten live 8-week-old pullets from a laying hen operation experiencing increased mortality, prostration, diarrhea, and sudden death. Upon necropsy, the affected birds presented swollen, hemorrhagic, and edematous bursa of Fabricius, as well as hemorrhage in the breast and thigh muscles. RT-PCR confirmed that the samples from the bursa of Fabricius were positive for IBDV. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP2 gene nucleotide sequences classified the strain, isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, as the A3B5 genotype. Amino acid sequence analysis of the VP2 hypervariable region revealed the presence of amino acid residues commonly found in vvIBDV. Additional studies are required to investigate the epidemiological situation of this genotype in Chile and to evaluate current vaccination plans and their effectiveness against new variants.
Using In Vitro Models to Study the Interactions Between Environmental Exposures and Human Microbiota
Authors: Cheng Qiwen , Chen Shengxi
Published: January 2025

Research has demonstrated a close correlation between human microbiota and overall health, highlighting their intimate connection. Exposure to environmental factors, such as chemical contaminants and biological agents, has the potential to alter the composition and function of microbiota, thereby influencing health outcomes. Meanwhile, microbiota may contribute to host protection by degrading, or rendering harmless, exposures. Environmental exposures demonstrate significant diversity and dynamism; however, conventional methods for exposure–microbiota research, such as animal and epidemiological studies, are often both time-consuming and costly. Additionally, they may raise ethical concerns. This review aimed to examine the existing understanding of employing in vitro models to investigate the interactions between environmental exposures and human microbiota, particularly those located outside the large intestine. A comprehensive search was conducted across the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, employing a range of keywords related to microbiota, exposures, and in vitro models. A total of 58 studies fulfilled the search criteria, revealing instances of microbial modulation of exposures and vice versa. It was observed that, although considerable research has been conducted on these interactions in vitro, there remains a pressing need for enhanced model designs and application contexts.
Identification of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase-Associated Ribonuclease H Inhibitors Based on 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone Mannich Bases
Authors: Tu Nhat Quang , Richetta Clémence , Putzu Federica , Delelis Olivier , Ahmed Khursheed , Masand Vijay H. , Schobert Rainer , Tramontano Enzo , Corona Angela , Biersack Bernhard
Published: January 2025

There is a strong demand for new and efficient antiviral compounds. A series of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone Mannich bases were screened for their HIV-1-RNase H inhibitory activity. An HIV-1-RNase H assay was used to study the RNase H inhibition by the test compounds. Docking of active derivatives into the active site of the enzyme was carried out. Compounds 1e and 2k showed distinctly higher HIV-1-RNase H inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.8–3.1 µM) than the known inhibitors RDS1759 and compound 13. The binding mode and possible interactions of 1e and 2k with the HIV-1-RNase H active site were determined using molecular docking, which led to the identification of salient and concealed pharmacophoric features of these molecules. The docking analysis revealed that there are significant differences in the binding mode of these compounds within the active site of the target enzyme. A selection of HIV-1-RNase H-inhibitory Mannich bases was tested for antiviral activity against HIV-1, and compound 2k showed the highest activity at low toxicity to host cells. The lawsone Mannich bases 1e and 2k also underwent a preliminary screening for activity against SARS-CoV-2, and compound 1e was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication (IC50 = 11.2 µM).
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights into Mentha asiatica Boriss.: A Promising Antimicrobial Plant
Authors: Baimakhanova Baiken , Sadanov Amankeldi , Baimakhanova Gul , Tluebekova Diana , Amangeldi Alma , Turlybaeva Zere , Ratnikova Irina , Nurgaliyeva Zhanar , Seisebayeva Roza , Ussipbek Botagoz , Umbetyarova Lyazzat , Amirkhanova Akerke , Seitimova Gulnaz , Turgumbayeva Aknur
Published: January 2025

Mentha asiatica Boriss., a species native to Central Asia, has garnered significant attention for its diverse phytochemical profile and antimicrobial potential. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the antimicrobial activities of M. asiatica, focusing on its essential oils and other bioactive constituents. The study contextualizes the importance of natural antimicrobials in the era of rising antibiotic resistance and highlights the plant’s traditional use in ethnomedicine. The main methodologies explored include gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for phytochemical characterization and various in vitro assays to assess antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The essential oils of M. asiatica demonstrate a broad spectrum of activity, attributed to compounds such as menthol, menthone, and carvone. Other phytochemicals, including sesquiterpenes and terpenoids, also contribute to its bioactivity. The review underscores the potential of M. asiatica as a source of novel antimicrobial agents and calls for further research into its mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and safety profiles. The findings position M. asiatica as a promising candidate for developing plant-based antimicrobial formulations, addressing critical needs in healthcare and food preservation.
The Novel Imipramine–Magnesium Complex Exerts Antidepressant-like Activity in Mice Subjected to the Forced Swim Test and the Tail Suspension Test
Authors: Serefko Anna , Lachowicz-Radulska Joanna , Szopa Aleksandra , Herbet Mariola , Czylkowska Agnieszka , Ignatiuk Katarzyna , Dołoto Anna , Szewczyk Bernadeta , Wośko Sylwia , Wróbel Andrzej , Szponar Jarosław , Wlaź Piotr , Skałecki Piotr , Wróbel Jan , Słotwińska Weronika , Poleszak Ewa
Published: January 2025

The objective of this study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy of a novel imipramine–magnesium (IMI–Mg) complex in comparison to the administration of imipramine and magnesium individually. The study utilized adult male albino Swiss mice. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). A locomotor activity test was conducted to exclude false positive results in the FST and TST. Moreover, the study assessed oxidative stress levels in the mice subjected to acute environmental stress by measuring glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status. The administration of the IMI–Mg complex at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg resulted in a reduction in immobility time in both behavioral tests, thereby indicating the antidepressant-like potential of the tested complex, which was similar to the one observed after the administration of these two compounds as separate drug forms. The efficacy of the novel IMI–Mg complex represents a significant advancement and provides a foundation for future research. This innovative agent has the potential to enhance the safety profile of the therapy, streamline the treatment protocol, improve patient satisfaction, and promote adherence to the therapeutic regimen.
Green Synthesis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Doped with Silver and Silver-Core Selenium-Shell Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity
Authors: Unal İlkay
Published: January 2025

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is widely used in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity. However, its low mechanical strength, tendency toward rapid corrosion, and lack of bactericidal properties present significant limitations in applications. This study aimed to improve the properties of HAp by reinforcing it with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and doping it with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-core selenium-shell nanoparticles (Ag@SeNPs). Ocimum basilicum extract was used as both a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly and non-toxic method as an alternative to traditional methods. The synthesized HAp, HAp/MWCNT, Ag-HAp/MWCNT, and Ag@Se-HAp/MWCNT nanocomposites were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analysis. BET analysis showed a reduction in surface area from 109.4 m2/g for pure HAp to 71.4 m2/g, 47.5 m2/g, and 35.3 m2/g for HAp/MWCNTs, Ag- HAp/MWCNTs, and Ag@Se-HAp/MWCNTs, respectively. Antimicrobial activities against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans were evaluated. HAp and HAp/MWCNT did not show any antimicrobial activity, while Ag-HAp/MWCNTs showed inhibition zones of 14 mm for Escherichia coli and 18 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 5 mg/mL. Ag@Se-MWCNTs/HAp exhibited superior efficacy with inhibition zones of 18 mm, 12 mm, and 20 mm for S. aureus, E. faecalis, and Candida albicans, respectively. The incorporation of Ag@SeNPs enhanced HAp’s antibacterial and antifungal properties through a synergistic mechanism.
Editorial: 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Liao Wugang , Wang Lin
Published: January 2025

The rapid advancements in the field of two-dimensional (2D) materials have significantly influenced the development of innovative sensor technologies [...]
Impact of L-Citrulline Supplementation and HIIT on Lipid Profile, Arterial Stiffness, and Fat Mass in Obese Adolescents with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rodríguez-Carrillo Alan , Espinoza-Vargas Mario , Vargas-Ortiz Katya , Ibarra-Reynoso Lorena , Olvera-Juárez Monserrat , Gómez-Ojeda Armando , Garay-Sevilla Ma. , Figueroa Arturo
Published: January 2025

Background: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and obesity contribute to vascular dysfunction through oxidative stress, heightening cardiovascular risk. Oral supplementation with L-citrulline (L-cit), a precursor of L-arginine (L-arg) and nitric oxide, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may improve vascular function and cardiometabolic health. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of L-cit supplementation and HIIT on arterial stiffness, body composition, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP) in adolescents with MASLD and obesity. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05778266), 44 adolescents (15–19 years) with MASLD and obesity were assigned to HIIT + L-cit (n = 14), HIIT + placebo (n = 14), or L-cit (n = 15) for 12 weeks. HIIT sessions (85% and 60% peak heart rate during intense and recovery periods) occurred thrice weekly. Training volume progressively increased, and participants performed 20 min of HITT per session in the last 8 weeks. Results: Outcomes included pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (Aix75), VO2peak, body composition, BP, glucose and lipid profiles, and hepatic steatosis. Compared to L-cit, HIIT + L-cit improved non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.04), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01), triglycerides (p = 0.02), and VO2peak (p = 0.001). No significant between-group changes were found in PWV, AIx75, hepatic steatosis, and body composition. HIIT + placebo improved VO2peak (p = 0.002), and L-cit decreased the degree of steatosis (p = 0.038). Conclusions: HIIT + L-cit supplementation enhanced lipid profile and cardiorespiratory fitness, while HIIT + placebo improved cardiorespiratory capacity, and L-cit alone decreased hepatic steatosis. Thus, L-cit could be an adjuvant strategy to manage obesity-related MASLD in adolescents.
Comprehensive Ethnopharmacological Analysis of Medicinal Plants in the UAE: Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus
Authors: Almasri Razan , Bedir Alaa , Al Raish Seham
Published: January 2025

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is home to diverse indigenous medicinal plants traditionally used for centuries. This study systematically evaluates the pharmacological and nutritional potential of key medicinal plants, including Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies relevant to their nutritional and pharmacological uses. The findings highlight the therapeutic roles of these plants in managing global health challenges such as gastrointestinal diseases, and antimicrobial resistance through bioactive compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, and antioxidants. Additionally, their contributions to nutrition, including essential vitamins and minerals, are emphasized for disease prevention and health promotion. While this research focuses on the UAE, the implications are globally relevant, as many of these plants are also found in traditional medicine across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Integrating these findings into global nutritional and healthcare systems offers potential solutions for pressing public health concerns, reduces reliance on synthetic pharmaceuticals, and promotes sustainable healthcare practices. This work is a valuable reference for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers, bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific applications globally.
Harnessing Edible Wild Fruits: Sustainability and Health Aspects
Authors: González-Zamorano Lorena , Cámara Rosa , Morales Patricia , Cámara Montaña
Published: January 2025

Our health, well-being, and development are intrinsically linked to the preservation of biodiversity. This situation has driven the establishment of numerous treaties, international agreements, and regulatory frameworks that address sustainable food systems from multiple perspectives, including agriculture, food security, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study is to review the potential of wild edible fruits in terms of sustainability and implications for human health. Specifically, this work examines the contribution of these fruits to promoting biodiversity, and their support for sustainable food systems as well as their beneficial role in human health. Additionally, it considers the evolution of relevant international treaties related to the preservation of wild fruits. An in-depth review of international treaties related to the conservation of wild fruits was conducted by consulting information available on official websites of international organizations such as the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), among others. Next, a review of the sustainability and health benefits of edible wild fruits was performed. Results showed that although numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of wild edible fruits, there is still a lack of scientific evidence showing that the use of these species could have positive effects not only on human health and well-being but also on the environment and biodiversity. Thus, integrating these fruits into sustainable practices could play a key role in supporting future food security and the well-being of communities.
A Mobile-Based Approach to Enhance Knowledge of Infant and Young Child Feeding Among Teenage Mothers in Nigeria: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sosanya Mercy E. , Adesanya Oluwatosin D. , Rufai Hauwa E. , Freeland-Graves Jeanne H.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The second highest prevalence of childhood malnutrition in the world is found in Nigeria. Infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) are crucial predictors of the nutritional status of children. This study evaluated the effects of utilization of the BabyThrive app versus control on IYCF knowledge of Nigerian teenage mothers. Methods: A parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 194 low-income teenage mother–child (0–2 years) dyads in Nigeria. Outcome measures included knowledge concerning food type for an infant, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and total IYCF knowledge scores. Results: No significant differences in demographic characteristics or IYCF knowledge were found at baseline. Post-intervention, almost all BabyThrive participants vs. only 36.1% of controls were aware that expressed breast milk is the ideal food for an infant <6 months, when a mother resumes work (p < 0.05). As compared to the BabyThrive group, knowledge of how to maintain breast milk supply (5.2% vs. 83.5%), the duration of safety of breast milk at room temperature (15.4% vs. 85.6%), responsive feeding (58.8% vs. 96.9) and dietary diversity (15.5% vs. 99%) was substantially lower in controls (p < 0.05). Mean knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding (25.17 ± 1.37 vs. 19.87 ± 1.80), complementary feeding (15.68 ± 0.60, vs. 13.51 ± 1.21) and total knowledge scores (46.8 ± 1.79 vs. 38.65 ± 2.71) was higher in the BabyThrive group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In sum, the BabyThrive app significantly increased maternal IYCF knowledge in comparison with controls. It will be a useful tool to improve maternal IYCF knowledge in resource-limited areas.
The Effects of a Novel Astragalus-Based Extract (Keyfobell Powder (KFB)) on Longitudinal Bone Growth via IGF-1 Upregulation: A Potential Growth Hormone Alternative
Authors: Lee Myong Jin , Jeong Daesik , Lee Ji Hwan , Kang Jaeha , Choi Jihye , Seo Jaeok , Kim Hong Il , Seo Jisoo , Ko Kiseong , Nam Dong Hyuk , Lee Hye Lim , Kang Ki Sung
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of a novel Astragalus extract (Keyfobell powder [KFB]) composed of Astragalus membranaceus, red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), and Cervi Parvum Cornu as a potential growth hormone (GH) alternative. The primary focus was placed on its impact on longitudinal bone growth through the upregulation of circulatory insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Methods: We performed in vitro and in vivo experiments using a hypothalamic cell line and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and ghrelin mRNA expressions in GT1-7 cells. The treatment groups were administered KFB at various dosages, and the positive controls received recombinant human GH. Body weight, bone length, and density were assessed, along with serum levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGF-1. Results: KFB and somatropin exhibited no cytotoxic effect in GT1-7 cells and increased GHRH and ghrelin mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. KFB administration resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in body weight and bone growth (femur and tibia). Changes in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were comparable to those observed in the GH-treated group. Based on network pharmacological analysis, multiple compounds in KFB ((20S)-20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, caproic acid, daidzein, furfuryl alcohol, lauric acid, octanal, and salicylic acid) may synergistically regulate the PI3K-Akt, Ras, and Rap1 signaling pathways linked to growth control and cartilage formation, leading to a possible increase in height. Conclusions: Our results suggest that KFB can function as a GH-mimetic agent that promotes bone growth through IGF-1 upregulation.
Ligands for Intestinal Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease
Authors: Hada Akanksha , Xiao Zhengguo
Published: January 2025

The intestinal tract is constantly exposed to a diverse mixture of luminal antigens, such as those derived from commensals, dietary substances, and potential pathogens. It also serves as a primary route of entry for pathogens. At the forefront of this intestinal defense is a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a critical barrier between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the underlying host tissue. The intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), one of the most abundant lymphocyte populations in the body, play a crucial role in actively surveilling and maintaining the integrity of this barrier by tolerating non-harmful factors such as commensal microbiota and dietary components, promoting epithelial turnover and renewal while also defending against pathogens. This immune balance is maintained through interactions between ligands in the GI microenvironment and receptors on T-IELs. This review provides a detailed examination of the ligands present in the intestinal epithelia and the corresponding receptors expressed on T-IELs, including T cell receptors (TCRs) and non-TCRs, as well as how these ligand-receptor interactions influence T-IEL functions under both steady-state and pathological conditions. By understanding these engagements, we aim to shed light on the mechanisms that govern T-IEL activities within the GI microenvironment. This knowledge may help in developing strategies to target GI ligands and modulate T-IEL receptor expression, offering precise approaches for treating intestinal disorders.
Fluorescent Probes to Image the KCa3.1 Channel in Tumor Cells
Authors: Thale Insa , Naß Elke , Vinnenberg Laura , Todesca Luca Matteo , Budde Thomas , Maisuls Ivan , Strassert Cristian A. , Schwab Albrecht , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is not only involved in physiological processes such as immune reactions and control of vascular tone, but is highly expressed in various tumor entities. Thus, imaging of KCa3.1 channels comes into focus for the localization of high channel density, i.e., for tumor diagnosis. In particular, the physicochemical properties of the fluorescent probes should be improved compared to existing probes. Methods: The small molecule inhibitor of the KCa3.1 channel, senicapoc, was used as a warhead and was coupled with different fluorescent dyes. After synthesis of the novel probes, their physicochemical properties (lipophilicity, photophysical properties) and their ability to image KCa3.1 channels in A549-3R lung tumor cells were determined. Results: In order to increase the polarity and quantum yield of reported fluorescent probes, three strategies were followed: (1) An F-atom at the B-atom of bodipy-labeled senicapoc derivatives 9a, 9b, and 15a was replaced by a OCH3 moiety, which decreased the logP value by one log-unit. (2) The p-phenylene moiety of the linker was replaced by an aliphatic tetramethylene linker decreasing the lipophilicity by 0.3–0.5 log-units. (3) Instead of bodipy dyes, fluorescein was coupled with the senicapoc warhead resulting in very polar probes 21a and 21b with low logP values of 1.5 and 1.3, respectively. Introduction of an ethyl moiety at the bodipy core increased the quantum yield, which resulted in the best punctate staining pattern of fixed and living A549-3R lung tumor cells with the ethylbodipy-labeled senicapoc derivative 10b. The specificity was shown by various control experiments. Co-staining with 10b and an antibody did not result in overlapping signals. Conclusion: The well-balanced lipophilicity and fluorescent quantum yield render the ethylbodipy-labeled senicapoc derivative 10b a very good probe to image selectively KCa3.1 ion channels in fixed and living tumor cells. It was hypothesized that the antibody binds selectively at the closed channel (58.5%), whereas the senicapoc–bodipy conjugate 10b binds selectively at the open channel (41.5%). The ratio 58.5:41.5 reflects the ratio of the ion channel in closed and open conformations.
Marsilio Ficino and the Soul: Doctrinal and Argumentative Remarks Regarding His Use of the Elements of Physics and the Elements of Theology
Authors: Kiosoglou Sokratis-Athanasios
Published: January 2025

The depth and extent of Ficino’s reception and use of Proclus has already attracted much scholarly attention. The present paper builds on and tries to enrich these results, focusing specifically on Ficino’s reception of Proclus’ Elements of Physics and Elements of Theology. In the first part I discuss a marginal annotation of Ficino, in which he makes use of arguments about the circular motion of the soul from the Elements of Physics. I provide some clarifications about the annotated text (of Plotinus) and propose one additional possible echo of the Elements of Physics in Ficino’s Platonic Theology and its arguments about the immortality of the soul. The second part of the paper turns to the link between the Elements of Theology and Ficino’s Platonic Theology. Together with some further doctrinal borrowings I suggest that also the structure of the two works bears important affinities. The soul is a central case in point. To ground this claim, I compare specific sections of the two texts. Also, I selectively examine Ficino’s commentary on the Philebus, which is prior to the Platonic Theology and is strongly influenced by the early theorems of the Elements of Theology. Overall, the paper wishes to shed further light on Ficino’s multiform (and not yet fully unveiled) appropriation of Proclus.
Wavelength Conversion Process of Intra-Pulse Stimulated Raman Scattering in Near-Zero Negative Dispersion Range
Authors: Chen Bowen , Du Silun , Li Deqi , Li Baoqun , Wang Sunde , Wang Tianshu
Published: January 2025

In the near-zero negative dispersion region of highly nonlinear fiber, the process of wavelength conversion based on the mechanism of intra-pulse stimulated Raman scattering is sensitive to the parameters of pumping pulse and fiber length under the combined effects of nonlinearity and dispersion. Therefore, we experimentally demonstrate the process in detail by using conventional soliton pulses with three sets of pulse parameters and two highly nonlinear fiber lengths of 400 m and 500 m. The experimental results show that, under the combined action of dispersion and several types of nonlinear mechanisms, the wavelength conversion processes are apparently different when using pulses with different parameters to pump different lengths of highly nonlinear fibers. Specifically, the separation degree of the frequency-shifted pulse spectrum and pumping pulse spectrum, and the corresponding redshift rate and pump power consumption all show significantly different results. The experimental results can guide the selection of more suitable parameters for the pumping pulse and the length of highly nonlinear fiber to achieve a better effect of wavelength redshift or spectrum broadening for various practical applications.
Co-Culturing Seaweed with Scallops Can Inhibit the Occurrence of Vibrio by Increasing Dissolved Oxygen and pH
Authors: Zhang Shuangshuang , Lin Wei , Liang Sijie , Sun Guangda , Yao Jianting , Duan Delin
Published: January 2025

Seaweeds are critically important for the maintenance of biodiversity in marine aquaculture ecosystems, as they can inhibit the growth of Vibrio. Here, we determined the optimal environmental parameters for co-culturing green macroalgae (Ulva pertusa) and red macroalgae (Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis) with Chinese scallop (Chlamys farreri) by measuring dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and the strength of Vibrio inhibition under laboratory conditions and validating the effectiveness of this optimal co-culture system from the perspectives of nutrient levels, enzyme activities, and microbial diversity. The results show that co-culturing 30 g of seaweed and three scallops in 6 L of seawater with aeration in the dark (1.25 L min−1, 12:12 h L:D) significantly decreased the number and abundance of Vibrio after 3 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in C. farreri were significantly higher, indicating that its immune defense and metabolism enhanced in this optimal co-culture system. High DO and pH levels significantly decreased the alpha diversity of microorganisms, and the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms decreased. The optimal co-culture system was effective for the control of vibriosis. Generally, our findings suggest that seaweeds could be used to enhance the aquaculture environment by conferring healthy and sustainable functions in the future.
Unraveling the Impact of Environmental Factors and Evolutionary History on Species Richness Patterns of the Genus Sorbus at Global Level
Authors: Pan Yujia , Fu Chenlong , Tian Changfen , Zhang Haoyue , Wang Xianrong , Li Meng
Published: January 2025

Understanding the drivers of species richness patterns is a major goal of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the drivers vary across regions and taxa. Here, we assessed the influence of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the pattern of species richness in the genus Sorbus (110 species). We mapped the global species richness pattern of Sorbus at a spatial resolution of 200 × 200 km, using 10,652 specimen records. We used stepwise regression to assess the relationship between 23 environmental predictors and species richness and estimated the diversification rate of Sorbus based on chloroplast genome data. The effects of environmental factors were explained by adjusted R2, and evolutionary factors were inferred based on differences in diversification rates. We found that the species richness of Sorbus was highest in the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), which is probably the center of diversity. Among the selected environmental predictors, the integrated model including all environmental predictors had the largest explanatory power for species richness. The determinants of species richness show regional differences. On the global and continental scale, energy and water availability become the main driving factors. In contrast, climate seasonality is the primary factor in the HDM. The diversification rate results showed no significant differences between HDM and non-HDM, suggesting that evolutionary history may have limited impact on the pattern of Sorbus species richness. We conclude that environmental factors play an important role in shaping the global pattern of Sorbus species richness, while diversification rates have a lesser impact.
Development of Controllable Perfusion Culture Scaffolds Using Multi-Channel Collagen Gels: Effects of Gelation Conditions on Channel Formation and Media Supply
Authors: Arishima Mareni , Haraguchi Ryota , Kawakita Hidetaka , Aoki Shigehisa , Oishi Yushi , Narita Takayuki
Published: January 2025

The development of scaffold materials that effectively mimic the extracellular matrix while enabling controlled nutrient delivery remains a critical challenge in tissue engineering. Multi-channel collagen gels (MCCGs), which form through the competition between gelation and phase separation, have emerged as promising scaffolds due to their self-organized vessel-like structures. However, a systematic understanding of the relationship between the gelation conditions and functional properties is limited. In this study, MCCGs were developed as controllable perfusion culture scaffolds by investigating the effects of carbonate buffer concentration on channel formation, permeation behavior, and cell proliferation. MCCGs were prepared using different carbonate buffer concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 mM), with 25 mM producing optimal channel formation, characterized by an approximately 60% channel area fraction and uniform distribution. Permeation studies revealed that fluid transport through MCCGs is governed by a complex interplay between capillary phenomena and hydraulic pressure, whose relative dominance shifts with flow rate: capillary action dominates at low flow rates (2.5 mL/h), whereas hydraulic pressure becomes the primary driver at higher rates (5.0–10.0 mL/h). Cell proliferation assessments demonstrated that MCCGs prepared with 25 mM carbonate buffer provided the most favorable microenvironment, achieving superior cell growth over 168 h through balanced media supply and cell adhesion area. This optimization approach through buffer concentration adjustment offers a cost-effective and scalable method for developing perfusion culture scaffolds, advancing both the fundamental understanding of functional gel systems and practical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Highly Transparent Anti-Smudge Coatings for Self-Cleaning, Controllable Liquid Transport, and Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Xu Hua , Chen Chao , Hu Shunfeng , Chen Yiqi , Duan Dengle , Liang Guowei , Zhong Ximing
Published: January 2025

Highly transparent anti-smudge coatings are attractive for diverse fields due to their inherent repellency against various contaminants and the ability to keep surfaces clean. In this work, a novel fluorine-free anti-smudge coating system was developed by using poly(dimethysiloxane), tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and isophorone diisocynate to synthesize a hexa-functional coating precursor and utilizing hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer as a curing agent. The resultant anti-smudge coatings are highly transparent and can be applied to various substrates. These coatings exhibit repellency against water, hexadecane, ink, pump oil, and crude oil and show self-cleaning performance in air and oily environments. Moreover, they display anti-ink ability and can be employed to reduce bacterial contamination. Of note, they can endow substrates with protection against corrosion from strong acids, strong bases, salt solutions, and even aqua regia. The developed coatings also show potential for controllable liquid transport. Moreover, these versatile coatings are mechanically robust, demonstrating tolerance against abrasion, impact, and bending and also exhibiting excellent adhesion to various substrates, indicative of their availability for widespread applications.
Granitoid Mapping with Convolutional Neural Network from ASTER and Landsat 8 OLI Data: A Case Study in the Western Junggar Orogen
Authors: Zheng Shuo , Zhou Yarong , An Yanfei , Cui Xiangyu , Shi Pilong
Published: January 2025

The Western Junggar Orogen (Xinjiang) is featured by widespread granite intrusions and substantial Au-Cu-Mo resources, making it an ideal site to study granitoids and their metallogenic link. Here, we first conducted geological surveys and analyses with ASD spectrometry, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the granitoid lithology. Then, we used spectral and remote sensing data statistics and rock textural features to select band combinations from ASTER and Landsat 8 OLI VNIR-SWIR data. Three band combinations, i.e., spectral absorption bands + T1, SWIR + T1, and VNIR-SWIR + T1, serve as the input layers for convolutional neural networks (AlexNet, VGG16, and GoogLeNet). They are used for remote sensing identification of granitoid lithology and the assessment of its accuracy. The results highlight the AlexNet model’s superior performance, as evidenced by the highest weighted F1 score (91.98%) and kappa coefficient (0.84) with ASTER VNIR-SWIR + T1 as the input layers. We suggest that the AlexNet model can best identify the granitoid subtypes (with ASTER images) in the Western Junggar. In contrast, Landsat 8 OLI images performed poorly, possibly because they have only two SWIR bands. We offer detailed spatial distribution characteristics of granite subtypes and provide remote sensing exploration methods for studying polymetallic ore belts in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB).
Deviations of Boundary Layer Height and Meteorological Parameters Between Ground-Based Remote Sensing and ERA5 over the Complex Terrain of the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Wei Yiming , Sun Yankun , Ma Yongjing , Tan Yulong , Ren Xinbing , Peng Kecheng , Yang Simin , Lin Zhong , Zhou Xingjun , Ren Yuanzhe , Ahmed Masroor , Tian Yongli , Xin Jinyuan
Published: January 2025

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the vertical accuracy of ERA5 reanalysis data for boundary layer height and key meteorological variables, based on high-precision observational data from Baotou, located on the Mongolian Plateau, during the winter (January–March) and summer (July–August) months of 2021. Results indicate that ERA5 exhibits significant biases in horizontal wind speed, with deviations ranging from −5 to 8 m/s at 50 m, primarily driven by sandstorms in winter and convective weather in summer. The most pronounced errors occur below 500 m. Vertical wind speeds are consistently underestimated in both seasons, with biases reaching up to 1 m/s, particularly during active summer convection. ERA5 also struggles to reproduce low-level wind directions accurately. In winter, correlation coefficients range from 0.43 to 0.64 below 200 m and improve to above 0.7 at 500 m. In summer, correlation coefficients are lower, ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 below 200 m, with reduced accuracy at 500 m compared to winter. Temperature deviations increase above 2000 m, with a relative overestimation of 3% at 3000 m. Relative humidity is generally overestimated by 5–20% between 1000 and 2000 m in winter and by 10–30% in summer. For boundary layer heights, ERA5 overestimates daytime mixed-layer heights by up to 2000 m in summer and 500–800 m in winter. In contrast, ERA5 captures nocturnal stable boundary layer heights well during winter. This comprehensive evaluation of the vertical structure accuracy of ERA5 reanalysis data, conducted in a heavily industrialized city on the Mongolian Plateau, offers essential insights for improving meteorological studies and refining climate models in the region. The findings provide valuable reference data for enhancing weather forecasting and supporting climate change research, particularly in complex terrain areas.
Traffic and Scenario Adaptive OFDM-IM for Vehicular Networks: A Fuzzy Logic Based Optimization Approach
Authors: Ren Xingliang , Wei Yaqi , Zhu Lina , El Korso Mohammed Nabil
Published: January 2025

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) holds significant importance in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, with its main advantages being outstanding spectral efficiency and strong interference resistance. However, the existing OFDM-IM systems in vehicular networks overlook actual vehicular network channels and the impact of scatterers, thus failing to accurately reflect the system performance. Moreover, these systems focus solely on the bit error rate (BER) and ignore user requirements for low energy consumption and high spectral efficiency. To address these issues, we propose a user demand- and scenario-adaptive OFDM-IM method that optimizes the OFDM-IM index parameter by considering the spectral efficiency, BER, and energy consumption. Firstly, considering non-line-of-sight components and roadside reflectors, we establish a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication channel model for straight road scenarios. Then, we construct a transmission framework for vehicular network communication using OFDM-IM. Specifically, we develop an energy efficiency maximization formula, in which fuzzy logic is used to adjust the weights of the three performance indicators to meet various environmental and user requirements. In detail, we discuss the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for OFDM-IM to achieve a lower BER than traditional OFDM in various vehicular communication scenarios. Thus, we can make appropriate choices based on the robustness of the simulation results. The simulation results presented in this paper indicate our method’s effectiveness in enhancing the system’s reliability, efficiency, and flexibility.