bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rare case of necrotizing fasciitis after early infant male circumcision
Authors: Zabihi Fariba , Bastami Saeid Jamalie , Atqiaee Khashayar
Published: October 2022

Even though circumcision is low‐risk, complications may occur, necessitating careful management. Here, we describe a 5‐month‐and‐28‐day‐old infant who developed necrotizing fasciitis following Plastibell circumcision. This report emphasizes that clinicians should use standard equipment and appropriate‐sized rings to prevent these unusual complications following circumcision.
Perioperative management of malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia: A report of two cases
Authors: Chi Xiaowei , Xu Yi , Liao Hongbing , Chen Tao , Li Qiang , Fu Qiang
Published: October 2022

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a lethal complication associated with general anesthesia characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, and high mortality. We present two seemingly typical cases of intraoperative MH development, with details on perioperative assessment and rescue. Postoperative genetic test showed mutations in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene.
Acute myocardial infarction immediately after second vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Kurozumi Atsumasa , Hara Hisao , Nagai Ran , Hiroi Yukio
Published: October 2022

We present a serious and rare case of acute myocardial infarction soon after the administration of second vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019. Patient's culprit lesion in the right coronary artery was identified and appropriately treated using intravascular imaging. Postvaccination monitoring of patients who are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases is critical.

Rare but severe cases of acute myocardial infarction following vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 have been reported. Physicians should consider this rare side effect as a possible differential diagnosis and appropriately manage such patients.
Highly‐Efficient CO2 Electromethanation with Extremely Low Overpotentials on Pt/C Catalysts: Strategic Design of Multi‐Potential‐Step Method
Authors: Matsuda Shofu , Sakoda Taito , Ishibashi Ryu , Umeda Minoru
Published: October 2022

This paper proposes a new idea for dramatically increasing the efficiency of CO2 reduction to CH4 at Pt/C electrocatalysts with negligibly low overpotentials. Pt catalysts have typically been disregarded in favor of other metal catalysts for CO2 reduction due to their poor performances. However, our strategically‐designed, multi‐potential‐step method, using a membrane electrode assembly with Pt/C catalysts, allows CO2 to be electrocatalytically converted to CH4 at close to the theoretical electrode potential with a net faradaic efficiency of 59.8±9.7 %. This approach is relevant and important because it provides a method of simultaneously ameliorating CO2 buildup and generating useful products.
Developing Catalysts via Structure‐Property Relations Discovered by Machine Learning: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Joshi Hrishikesh , Wilde Nicole , Asche Thomas S. , Wolf Dorit
Published: October 2022

Industrial catalyst development is a complex issue that requires optimization of performance, synthesis, costs, and engineering aspects. During the development, structure‐property relations are often used to provide valuable insights into the catalyst. However, conventionally, this process is time‐consuming and costly. Advancements in the field of automation for experimentation, data collection, and simulations have allowed the use of machine learning (ML) strategies for this development. Herein we provide an industrial perspective on ML strategies for the development of solid catalysts.
Mapping key neuropeptides involved in the melanocortin system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brain
Authors: Norland Sissel , Eilertsen Mariann , Rønnestad Ivar , Helvik Jon Vidar , Gomes Ana S.
Published: October 2022

The melanocortin system is a key regulator of appetite and food intake in vertebrates. This system includes the neuropeptides neuropeptide y (NPY), agouti‐related peptide (AGRP), cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART), and pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC). An important center for appetite control in mammals is the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, with neurons that coexpress either the orexigenic NPY/AGRP or the anorexigenic CART/POMC neuropeptides. In ray‐finned fishes, such a center is less characterized. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has multiple genes of these neuropeptides due to whole‐genome duplication events. To better understand the potential involvement of the melanocortin system in appetite and food intake control, we have mapped the mRNA expression of npy, agrp, cart, and pomc in the brain of Atlantic salmon parr using in situ hybridization. After identifying hypothalamic mRNA expression, we investigated the possible intracellular coexpression of npy/agrp and cart/pomc in the tuberal hypothalamus by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The results showed that the neuropeptides were widely distributed, especially in sensory and neuroendocrine brain regions. In the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus, the putative homolog to the mammalian arcuate nucleus, npya, agrp1, cart2b, and pomca were predominantly localized in distinct neurons; however, some neurons coexpressed cart2b/pomca. This is the first demonstration of coexpression of cart2b/pomca in the tuberal hypothalamus of a teleost. Collectively, our data suggest that the lateral tuberal nucleus is the center for appetite control in salmon, similar to that of mammals. Extrahypothalamic brain regions might also be involved in regulating food intake, including the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Managing for Resiliency in the Face of Drought
Authors: Sever Megan
Published: October 2022

Farmers are facing more frequent and severe droughts than they have in generations, including over this last year. By late summer 2022, nearly 40% of farmers in the U.S. had already plowed under or killed their crops. That’s because those crops stood no chance of reaching maturity and harvest due to ongoing drought. Yields in Texas, for example, were proving almost 70% below normal as severe drought gripped the region. Some 60% of the West, South, and Central Plains were experiencing severe or worse drought. It’s now the offseason for some crops and early season for others. It’s a good time to advise farmers what changes they might undertake to make their farms more resilient. Earn 1.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
High step‐up MIMO DC–DC power converter control‐based pole placement
Authors: Radmanesh Hamid , Maalandish Mohammad , Pourjafar Saeed , Khooban Mohammad‐Hassan
Published: October 2022

This paper introduces a new high step‐up multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) DC–DC converter control‐based pole placement suitable for photovoltaic system applications. The suggested topology has a high stability current control. Low element number, high voltage conversion ratio, and low ripple input current are the main advantages of the proposed converter. The capability to use several energy resources with different voltage/current characteristics, increase the number of inputs and outputs arbitrary without duty‐cycle limitation, and control each input unit power switch independently are other advantages. The operation principle of the suggested topology, steady‐state analysis in continuous condition mode (CCM), and parameter design are analyzed. A comparison between the suggested topology and other converters is applied. Two‐input two‐output version of the suggested topology in 200 W at an operating 50 kHz switching frequency is analyzed. Finally, the Typhoon HiL‐404 emulating setup is applied to verify the performance and efficiency of the suggested high‐step‐up MIMO DC–DC power converter.
Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in pancreatic juice are associated with histological subtypes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Hayakawa Hiroshi , Fukasawa Mitsuharu , Takano Shinichi , Shindo Hiroko , Takahashi Ei , Kawakami Satoshi , Fukasawa Yoshimitsu , Kuratomi Natsuhiko , Sato Tadashi , Kadokura Makoto , Hirose Sumio , Maekawa Shinya , Inoue Taisuke , Yamaguchi Tatsuya , Harai Shota , Kawaida Hiromichi , Kono Hiroshi , Mochizuki Kunio , Enomoto Nobuyuki
Published: October 2022

Background

The present study aimed to examine the correlation between preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in pancreatic juice (PJ‐CEA) and the histological subtype of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN).

Methods

We enrolled IPMN patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography between March 2002 and March 2018. Clinical factors associated with IPMN histological subtypes of 67 patients who underwent surgery were analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between CEA immunohistochemistry findings and histological subtypes was investigated.

Results

Median PJ‐CEA were 15 ng/ml in the gastric type, 150 ng/ml in the intestinal type, and 175 ng/ml in the pancreatobiliary type. Both intestinal and pancreatobiliary types had significantly higher PJ‐CEA than the gastric type (p = 0.001). In the analysis of histological subtype predictors, high PJ‐CEA (≥63 ng/ml) only showed a significant difference in multivariate analyses (95% confidence interval 4.8–70.2; p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry findings revealed significantly higher CEA expression in the non‐gastric type than in the gastric type (p < 0.001). The non‐gastric type showed a significantly worse prognosis than the gastric type (p = 0.017).

Conclusion

PJ‐CEA was an independent predictor of IPMN histological subtypes in a preoperative setting. High PJ‐CEA predict the non‐gastric type, while low PJ‐CEA predict the gastric type.
Automated multi‐sample DNA extraction for genotyping live Xenopus embryos
Authors: Alles Narmadha , Guille Matthew , Górecki Dariusz C.
Published: October 2022

Background

Xenopus frogs are used extensively for modeling genetic diseases owing to characteristics such as the abundance of eggs combined with their large size, allowing easy manipulation, and rapid external embryo development enabling the examination of cellular and phenotypic alterations throughout embryogenesis. However, genotyping of mutant animals is currently done either as part of a large group, requiring many embryos, or late in development with welfare effects. Therefore, we adapted the Zebrafish Embryonic Genotyper for rapid genomic DNA extraction from Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis at early stages.

Results

Sufficient and good quality DNA was extracted as early as the Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 19 and, importantly, no detrimental effects of the extraction process on the subsequent tadpole development, behavior, or morphology were observed. Amplicons of up to 800 bp were successfully amplified and used for further analyses such as gel electrophoresis, T7 endonuclease I assay and Sanger sequencing.

Conclusion

This method allows rapid genotyping during the early stages of Xenopus development, which enables safe identification of mutants. These can be analyzed at early developmental stages or selected for raising without the need for invasive genotyping later, with resource savings and ethical gains in line with the 3Rs principles.
Joint effects of female preference intensity and frequency‐dependent predation on the polymorphism maintenance in aposematic sexual traits
Authors: Ponkshe Aditya , Endler John A.
Published: October 2022

Maintenance of variation in aposematic traits within and among populations is paradoxical because aposematic species are normally under positive frequency‐dependent predation (PFD), which is expected to erode variation. Aposematic traits can evolve in an ecological context where aposematic traits are simultaneously under mate choice. Here, we examine how the mate preference intensity affects the permissiveness of polymorphism in sexually selected aposematic traits under different PFD regimes. We use the haploid version of the classical sexual selection model and show that strong mate preferences can substantially increase the permissiveness of polymorphism in aposematic traits under different PFD regimes. The Fisher process can interact with PFD, and their interaction can promote the maintenance of polymorphism within populations when mate preferences are strong. We show that the same selective conditions that promote the maintenance of polymorphism within populations reduce the likelihood of divergence in aposematic traits among populations.
A flexible and efficientBayesian implementation of point process models for spatial capture–recapture data
Authors: Zhang Wei , Chipperfield Joseph D. , Illian Janine B. , Dupont Pierre , Milleret Cyril , de Valpine Perry , Bischof Richard
Published: October 2022

Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) is now routinely used for estimating abundance and density of wildlife populations. A standard SCR model includes sub‐models for the distribution of individual activity centers (ACs) and for individual detections conditional on the locations of these ACs. Both sub‐models can be expressed as point processes taking place in continuous space, but there is a lack of accessible and efficient tools to fit such models in a Bayesian paradigm. Here, we describe a set of custom functions and distributions to achieve this. Our work allows for more efficient model fitting with spatial covariates on population density, offers the option to fit SCR models using the semi‐complete data likelihood (SCDL) approach instead of data augmentation, and better reflects the spatially continuous detection process in SCR studies that use area searches. In addition, the SCDL approach is more efficient than data augmentation for simple SCR models while losing its advantages for more complicated models that account for spatial variation in either population density or detection. We present the model formulation, test it with simulations, quantify computational efficiency gains, and conclude with a real‐life example using non‐invasive genetic sampling data for an elusive large carnivore, the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Norway.
Success by agreement? Uncovering power struggles in translating Swedish moose policy
Authors: Sjölander‐Lindqvist Annelie , Hansson‐Forman Katarina , Sandström Camilla
Published: October 2022

Exploring how actors translate public policy content into practice provides new insight into policy processes. Because they are driven by contextual circumstances and values, that is, they are socially constructed, studying the interpretations and negotiations involved in the translation process advances our understanding of what shapes implementation agents, and subsequently the success of policy implementation. The Swedish moose policy, a legislative framework for decentralizing moose management in order to balance the various interests affected by the presence and abundance of moose, was used as a case study. In response to the task of implementation, some of the key stakeholders sought their own strategies for successful implementation and to achieve the national policy goals. This response expressed itself as two separate agreements, in 2016 and 2019, between different constellations of implementing actors (landowner and hunter organizations). These agreements provide an example of how key actors can translate policy, and expose inadequate policy designs. Revealing how the implementing actors perceive the policy and each other helps explain the continued presence of social and political conflict. Our results indicate that power struggles underpin the translation process; by constructing the core problem differently, not sharing ideas about management and using language that discourages collaboration, the actors' translations, together with a lack of clarity in policy design, hinder the chances of successful policy implementation. Policy processes have become increasingly complex, and differences between implementers present as obstacles that have to be overcome. The paper contributes to our understanding of implementation processes within a collaborative governance setting, where the responsibility of the implementation process has been devolved to non‐state actors.
Identification of central amygdala and trigeminal motor nucleus connectivity in humans: An ultra‐high field diffusion MRI study
Authors: Kaya Batu , Geha Paul , de Araujo Ivan , Cioffi Iacopo , Moayedi Massieh
Published: October 2022

The neuroanatomical circuitry of jaw muscles has been mostly explored in non‐human animals. A recent rodent study revealed a novel circuit from the central amygdala (CeA) to the trigeminal motor nucleus (5M), which controls biting attacks. This circuit has yet to be delineated in humans. Ultra‐high diffusion‐weighted imaging data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) allow in vivo delineation of circuits identified in other species—for example, the CeA–5M pathway—in humans. We hypothesized that the CeA–5M circuit could be resolved in humans at both 7 and 3 T. We performed probabilistic tractography between the CeA and 5M in 30 healthy young adults from the HCP database. As a negative control, we performed tractography between the basolateral amygdala (BLAT) and 5M, as CeA is the only amygdalar nucleus with extensive projections to the brainstem. Connectivity strength was operationalized as the number of streamlines between each region of interest. Connectivity strength between CeA–5M and BLAT–5M within each hemisphere was compared, and CeA–5M circuit had significantly stronger connectivity than the BLAT–5M circuit, bilaterally at both 7 T (all p < .001) and 3 T (all p < .001). This study is the first to delineate the CeA–5M circuit in humans.
Developmental data science: How machine learning can advance theory formation in Developmental Psychology
Authors: Van Lissa Caspar J.
Published: October 2022

Theories are the vehicle of cumulative knowledge acquisition. At this time, however, many (developmental) psychological theories are insufficiently precise to derive testable hypotheses. This limits the advancement of our principled understanding of development. This problem cannot be resolved by improving the way deductive (confirmatory) research is conducted (e.g., through preregistration and replication), because theory formation requires inductive (exploratory) research. This paper argues that machine learning can help advance theory formation in (developmental) psychology, because it enables rigorous exploration of patterns in data. The paper discusses specific advantages of machine learning, explains core methodological concepts, introduces relevant methods, and describes how data‐driven insights are consolidated into theory. Machine learning automates exploration, and incorporates checks and balances to ensure generalizable results. It can assist in phenomenon detection and offers a more holistic understanding of the phenomena associated with an outcome or process of interest.
Who is a thinker? With age, higher SES American children increasingly associate social status with divisions in labour
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene E. , Farrow Tatyana , Maurer Brian A.
Published: October 2022

This exploratory report investigates how children, aged 6‐ to 12‐years, reason about divisions in labour. It focuses on understanding when in development children might associate higher status groups with intellectual as opposed to physical labour. It explores this question by introducing a sample of mostly mid/high‐SES American children to a novel factory setting and then asking them who is likely to have one of two jobs: a ‘builder’ (physical labour), or ‘thinker’ (intellectual labour) job. Older children were more likely than younger children to associate an individual's higher social status with intellectual labour work as opposed to physical labour work. Children also explained their reasoning, and with age their explanations focused more on social factors like the role of access to ‘choices’ or opportunities in shaping the nature of others' work.
n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve depression‐like behavior by inhibiting hippocampal neuroinflammation in mice via reducing TLR4 expression
Authors: Hu Li , Zeng Xianxiang , Yang Kai , Peng Hongli , Chen Jinhong
Published: October 2022

Introduction

n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are believed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammation‐related diseases, including depression.

Methods

The mouse model of depression was established through chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), the mice were intervened with n‐3 PUFAs, and then the expression of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) was stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test were performed to monitor the depression behavior of mice. Microglia activation was detected by Iba1 immunofluorescence, and neuronal injury was detected by Nissl staining. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, Interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β in the hippocampus were assessed via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α messenger RNA levels. Western blot was utilized for detection of TLR4 protein expression.

Results

CUMS significantly reduced the sucrose preference in mice, while increased the immobility time in FST and TST. Moreover, CUMS significantly aggravated microglia activation and neuronal damage in mice and increased the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α in hippocampal tissues, however, intervention with n‐3 PUFAs could improve the above effects. Further, the increased TLR4 induced by LPS partially reversed the inhibition of n‐3 PUFAs on depression‐like behaviors, microglial activation and inflammatory injury of hippocampal neurons.

Conclusion

n‐3 PUFAs may ameliorate depression‐like behaviors via reducing hippocampal neuroinflammation in CUMS‐induced mice by regulating TLR4 expression, suggesting that n‐3 PUFAs may be an effective antidepressant, which provides evidence for future treatment of depression.
Attention augmented residual autoencoder for efficient polyp segmentation
Authors: Sushama Geetha , Menon Gopakumar Chandrasekhara
Published: October 2022

Colon cancer has been reported to be one of the frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer deaths. Early detection and removal of malicious polyps, which are precursors of colon cancer, can enormously lessen the fatality rate. The detection and segmentation of polyps in colonoscopy is a challenging task even for an experienced colonoscopist, due to divergences in the size, shape, texture, and the close resemblance of polyps with the colon lining. Machine‐assisted detection, localization, and segmentation of polyps in the screening procedure can profoundly help the clinicians. Autoencoder‐based architectures used in polyp segmentation lack the efficiency in incorporating both local and long‐range pixel dependencies. To address the challenges in the automatic segmentation of colon polyps we propose an autoencoder architecture, augmented with a feature attention module in the decoder part. The salient features from RGB colonoscopic images are extracted using the residual skip‐connected autoencoder. The decoder attention module joins spatial subspace with feature subspace extracted from the deep residual convolutional neural network and enhances the feature weight for precise segmentation of polyp regions. Extensive experiments on four publicly available polyp datasets demonstrate that the proposed architecture provides very impressive performance in terms of segmentation metrics (Dice scores and Jaccard scores) when compared with the state‐of‐the‐art polyp segmentation approaches.
Coaching home visitors: A thematic review with an emphasis on research and practice needs
Authors: Walsh Bridget A. , Innocenti Mark S , Early Start , Hughes‐Belding Kere
Published: October 2022

There is wide recognition in early childhood fields that coaching is important to a professional's development and growth in general, but little is known about coaching home visiting professionals in particular. An early childhood home visiting professional works with families to encourage positive parent‐child interactions, family goal setting, and family well‐being and health. Determining the essential components of coaching home visitors will help advance this field. Because coaching in the home visiting field is emergent, this article draws on literature from the early childhood field with an emphasis on applications for home visiting. We gleaned six themes that may represent common features of coaching. This article presents a compilation of common themes identified in literature reviews on coaching professionals across the early childhood field that warrant further development and evaluation by home visiting practitioners and researchers regardless of the home visiting model. The discussion concludes with recommendations to stimulate research and practice on coaching home visitors.
Sex‐specific associations between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle mass in a population‐based study
Authors: Park Chul‐Hyun , Lee Eun‐Ju , Kim Hyung‐Lae , Lee Yong‐Taek , Yoon Kyung Jae , Kim Han‐Na
Published: October 2022

Background

A gut–muscle axis through which the microbiome influences skeletal muscle has been hypothesized. However, sex‐specific association between the characteristics of gut microbiota and skeletal muscle mass has not yet been reported. Herein, we performed sex‐specific analyses of faecal microbiota composition for the skeletal muscle mass in a population‐based cohort.

Methods

We collected faecal samples of 1052 middle‐aged participants (621 men and 431 women) who attended health screenings, and we analysed the intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Relative muscle mass was calculated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis and presented as the skeletal muscle mass index [SMI (%) = total appendicular muscle mass (kg)/weight (kg) × 100]. We categorized the subjects into four groups by the quartile of the SMI. Association tests between gut microbiota and SMI were conducted according to the microbial diversity, taxonomic profiling and functional inference in a sex‐stratified manner.

Results

The mean age and SMI of the total participants were 44.8 years (standard deviation [SD], 8.2) and 41.4% (SD, 3.9), respectively. After adjustments for possible covariates such as age, body mass index and regular physical activity, the highest quartile (Q4) group of SMI had higher alpha diversity than the lowest quartile (Q1) group in male participants (coefficient = 10.79, P < 0.05, linear regression model), whereas there was no difference in diversity among SMI groups in females. At the species level, Haemophilus parainfluenzae (coefficient = 1.910) and Roseburia faecis (coefficient = 1.536) were more abundant in the highest SMI (Q4) group than in the lowest SMI (Q1) group in males. However, no significant taxon was observed along the SMI groups in females. The gut microbiota of the lowest SMI group (Q1) was enriched with genes involved in biosynthesis of amino acids and energy generation compared with that of the highest SMI group (Q4) in both sexes, although the significance of the inferred pathways was weak (P < 0.05 but the false discovery rate q > 0.05).

Conclusions

In this large sample of middle‐aged individuals, this study highlights fundamental sex‐specific differences in the microbial diversity, composition and metabolic pathways inferred from gut microbiota according to SMI. The gut microbiota may provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the sex dependence of skeletal muscle mass.
Differential diagnosis of cardiac tumors: General consideration and echocardiographic approach
Authors: Pino Paolo G. , Moreo Antonella , Lestuzzi Chiara
Published: October 2022

Cardiac tumors may be primary (either benign or malignant) or secondary (malignant) and are first detected by echocardiography in most cases. The cardiologist often challenges their identification, the differential diagnosis and the best therapeutic approach. Malignant tumors have usually a poor prognosis, which may be significantly improved by appropriate and timely therapies. The echocardiographic aspects of benign and malignant cardiac tumors described in this article, along with a clinical evaluation may orient the differential diagnosis and aid in choosing the further steps useful to define the nature of the mass,
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: Clinical applications from neurological to cardiological setting
Authors: D'Andrea Antonello , Fabiani Dario , Cante Luigi , Caputo Adriano , Sabatella Francesco , Riegler Lucia , Alfano Gabriele , Russo Vincenzo
Published: October 2022

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a rapid, noninvasive, real‐time, and low‐cost imaging technique. It is performed with a low‐frequency (2 MHz) probe in order to evaluate the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its pathological alterations, through specific acoustic windows. In the recent years, TCD use has been expanded across many clinical settings. Actually, the most widespread indication for TCD exam is represented by the diagnosis of paradoxical embolism, due to patent foramen ovale, in young patients with cryptogenic stroke. In addition, TCD has also found useful applications in neurological care setting, including the following: cerebral vasospasm following acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain trauma, cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, and evaluation of CBF and cerebral autoregulation after an ischemic stroke event. The present review aimed to describe the most recent evidences of TCD utilization from neurological to cardiological setting.
Nutrient smuggling: Commensal gut bacteria‐derived extracellular vesicles scavenge vitamin B12 and related cobamides for microbe and host acquisition
Authors: Juodeikis Rokas , Jones Emily , Deery Evelyne , Beal David M. , Stentz Régis , Kräutler Bernhard , Carding Simon R. , Warren Martin J.
Published: October 2022

The processes by which bacteria proactively scavenge essential nutrients in crowded environments such as the gastrointestinal tract are not fully understood. In this context, we observed that bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by the human commensal gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron contain multiple high‐affinity vitamin B12 binding proteins suggesting that the vesicles play a role in micronutrient scavenging. Vitamin B12 belongs to the cobamide family of cofactors that regulate microbial communities through their limited bioavailability. We show that B. thetaiotaomicron derived BEVs bind a variety of cobamides and not only deliver them back to the parental bacterium but also sequester the micronutrient from competing bacteria. Additionally, Caco‐2 cells, representing a model intestinal epithelial barrier, acquire cobamide‐bound vesicles and traffic them to lysosomes, thereby mimicking the physiological cobalamin‐specific intrinsic factor‐mediated uptake process. Our findings identify a novel cobamide binding activity associated with BEVs with far‐reaching implications for microbiota and host health.
A convenient total synthesis of indolo[2,3‐b]carbazole‐6,12‐dione
Authors: Chakraborty Suchandra
Published: October 2022

Indolo[2,3‐b]carbazole‐6,12‐dione is exceptionally attractive due to its efficient antitumor activity. Synthesis of biologically potent symmetric indolo[2,3‐b]carbazole‐6,12‐dione and its N‐alkylated derivatives has been achieved by exploring the keto group of easily accessible 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazol‐1‐one with remarkable yields just in five steps, utilizing the two classical reactions—Japp‐Klingemann procedure followed by Fischer Indole Cyclisation as key steps. The required formylation of N‐alkylated 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazol‐1‐one has been effectively accomplished through Cross Claisen Condensation.
Characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from supracrestal gingival connective tissue
Authors: Srithanyarat Supreda S. , Choosiri Manutsanun , Sa‐Ard‐Iam Noppadol , Petcharat Pijitra , Osathanon Thanaphum
Published: October 2022

Background

Although periodontal ligament‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDL‐MSCs) have been recognized as the best MSC choice for periodontal regeneration, using PDL‐MSCs requires tooth extraction for cell isolation. The supracrestal gingival (SG) connective tissue is a part of the gingiva which is located close to the PDL. SG‐MSCs might have similar characteristic to the PDL‐MSCs and serve as a good MSC candidate for periodontal regeneration. This study aimed to investigate and compare the characteristics of human MSCs isolated from SG tissue (hSG‐MSCs), marginal gingival tissue (hMG‐MSCs), and PDL (hPDL‐MSCs) in terms of MSCs properties and differential gene expression profile.

Methods

Human periodontal tissue from five healthy subjects, including SG, MG, and PDL, was harvested. The primary cells of the hSG‐MSCs, hMG‐MSCs, and hPDL‐MSCs were isolated and expanded to assess MSCs markers by flow cytometry, colony‐forming ability, differentiation potential, RNA sequencing, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Of the three cell types, the hSG‐MSCs demonstrated the highest colony‐forming ability. The number of alizarin red S positive colonies produced by the hSG‐MSCs was higher than the hMG‐MSCs but lower than the hPDL‐MSCs. RNA sequencing revealed that the hSG‐MSCs had a more similar gene expression profile to the hPDL‐MSCs than the hMG‐MSCs. Pathway enrichment analysis found no significant differences in the differentially expressed genes between the hSG‐MSCs and hPDL‐MSCs; however, there were significantly enriched pathways between the hPDL‐MSCs and hMG‐MSCs for the extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and ECM‐receptor interaction pathways.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a close relationship between hSG‐MSCs and hPDL‐MSCs. hSG‐MSCs could be a potential MSC source for periodontal tissue engineering.
Immune response characterization of primary gingival fibroblasts from Grade C periodontitis patients
Authors: Stolf Camila S. , Sacramento Catharina M. , Alvarenga Carolina A. P. G. , Vieira Jonathan R. , Araújo Cássia F. , Monteiro Mabelle F. , Paz Hélvis E. S. , Santamaria Mauro P. , Ruiz Karina G. S. , Casarin Renato C. V.
Published: October 2022

Background

Grade C, Stage 3–4 Periodontitis (Perio4C) is a rapidly destructive disease caused by an unequilibrated immune response that starts after the primary contact of the periodontopathogens with the gingival tissue. However, it is still unclear how this imbalanced response initiates and what is the role of the connective tissue cells in the progression of this disease. Thus, this study aims to assess the local immune response of Perio4C patients through the exposure of primary gingival fibroblast cells (GFs) with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans protein extract (AaPE) and the quantification of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐1β, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and IL‐10 super‐family members (IL‐10, IL‐19, and IL‐24) secreted by them.

Methods

Gingival biopsies from nine periodontally health (PH) and eight Perio4C patients were harvested, and the primary culture of GFs was obtained. The cells were exposed to AaPE (5 and 20 μg/ml) and 12‐myristate 13‐phorbol acetate and ionomycin – calcium salt (PMA). The supernatant was collected after 1.5 and 3 h, and a cytokine panel was evaluated.

Results

Clustering analysis indicated dissimilar and stimuli‐dependent cytokine production between Perio4C and PH subjects. Perio4C GFs presented lower production of IL‐4, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, IL‐10, IL‐24, and IL‐19, while IL‐1β levels were similar to the PH group, leading to a disruption in the pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokine ratio (p < 0.05). IL‐1β and IL‐10 super‐family were the most discriminative representants for PH and Perio4C, respectively.

Conclusion

GFs from individuals with Perio4C tended to hypo‐respond to stimulation with AaPE, producing lower concentrations of some pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory molecules, trending to develop a pro‐inflammatory extracellular environment.
Impact of local rivers on coastal acidification
Authors: Savoie Allison M. , Moody Amy , Gilbert Melissa , Dillon Kevin S. , Howden Stephan D. , Shiller Alan M. , Hayes Christopher T.
Published: October 2022

Coastal ecosystems are highly dynamic areas for carbon cycling and are likely to be negatively impacted by increasing ocean acidification. This research focused on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) in the Mississippi Sound to understand the influence of local rivers on coastal acidification. This area receives large fluxes of freshwater from local rivers, in addition to episodic inputs from the Mississippi River through a human‐built diversion, the Bonnet Carré Spillway. Sites in the Sound were sampled monthly from August 2018 to November 2019 and weekly from June to August 2019 in response to an extended spillway opening. Prior to the 2019 spillway opening, the contribution of the local, lower alkalinity rivers to the Sound may have left the study area more susceptible to coastal acidification during winter months, with aragonite saturation states (Ωar) < 2. After the spillway opened, despite a large increase in TA throughout the Sound, aragonite saturation states remained low, likely due to hypoxia and increased CO2 concentrations in subsurface waters. Increased Mississippi River input could represent a new normal in the Sound's hydrography during spring and summer months. The spillway has been utilized more frequently over the last two decades due to increasing precipitation in the Mississippi River watershed, which is primarily associated with climate change. Future increases in freshwater discharge and the associated declines in salinity, dissolved oxygen, and Ωar in the Sound will likely be detrimental to oyster stocks and the resilience of similar ecosystems to coastal acidification.
Distribution patterns at different spatial scales reveal reproductive isolation and frequent syntopy among divergent lineages of an amphipod species complex in Western Carpathian streams
Authors: Bystřický Pavel Karel , Rutová Tereza , Brož Vojtěch , Gajdošová Magdalena , Juračka Petr Jan , Copilaş‐Ciocianu Denis , Petrusek Adam
Published: October 2022

Recent discoveries of vast cryptic diversity among various aquatic invertebrates pose a challenge for understanding their ecology and biodiversity patterns, as well as for conservation. We studied the distribution, potential hybridization and habitat preferences of divergent lineages of the hyperdiverseGammarus fossarumspecies complex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in their contact zone in the Western Carpathians (Central Europe), to obtain insights into processes that may influence lineage coexistence. We initially screened over 60 sites to assess the regional distribution, confirming the presence of four lineages in streams of the study area. Two to three lineages were found to be syntopic at almost half the sites. Subsequently, nine such localities were studied in detail for the mesohabitat distribution (fast vs. slow water flow), pairing preferences, and temporal stability of theGammaruscommunity. A significant fraction of regional spatial variation was explained by the position in the dendritic river network, altitude, stream width, and anthropogenic stress. At the local scale, however, we did not find differences in distribution between mesohabitats with contrasting flow rates. Mixed precopulatory pairs in syntopy were extremely rare, even under highly imbalanced lineage ratios, confirming a strong prezygotic reproductive barrier between the studied lineages. This was congruent with species delimitation analyses using molecular markers, which confirmed the absence of any recent gene flow. The frequent and apparently temporally stable syntopy of these reproductively isolatedGammaruslineages warrants further research on the processes that may facilitate this coexistence, focusing on potential finer differences in their ecology, functional morphology, or biotic interactions.
River chemistry constraints on the carbon capture potential of surficial enhanced rock weathering
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Planavsky Noah J. , Katchinoff Joachim , Raymond Peter A. , Kanzaki Yoshiki , Reershemius Tom , Reinhard Christopher T.
Published: October 2022

Technologies and approaches that remove and sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from Earth's atmosphere are likely to play a significant role in mitigating anthropogenic climate disruption in the coming century. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) on the land surface is one extensively discussed approach toward carbon dioxide removal (CDR), but the capacity of rivers to carry dissolved products derived from ERW without CO2 re‐release is largely unexplored, hindering a full understanding of the life cycle of ERW and its associated maximum CDR potential. Here, we use a conceptual model built upon river/stream carbonate chemistry to estimate the upper limits on the carbon transport potential (CTP) of rivers and groundwaters. Our model yields a riverine CTP ranging between 0.26–0.89 GtCO2 yr−1 for the United States and 7.1–21.3 GtCO2 yr−1 globally for accelerated silicate weathering, and between 0.090–0.37 GtCO2 yr−1 for the United States and 2.5–8.8 GtCO2 yr−1 globally for accelerated carbonate weathering. Although these limits will be challenging to achieve in practice, our results support the notion that the transport of dissolved constituents in surface waters is unlikely to be a primary bottleneck limiting the CDR potential of ERW. This supports the notion that accelerated mineral weathering should be considered as an additional component of greenhouse gas mitigation portfolios. However, future research on the kinetics of ERW reactions and river responses, along with consideration of possible added CO2 emissions by activities needed to accomplish ERW, are needed for a more realistic quantification of the net CDR via ERW in the land–soil–river system.
Dennard Scaling in Optoelectronics: Scientific Challenges and Countermeasures of Micro‐LEDs for Displays
Authors: Lu Boyang , Wang Lai , Hao Zhibiao , Luo Yi , Chen Chien‐Ju , Wu Meng‐Chyi , Tang Jianshi , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. Fred
Published: October 2022

Scaling‐down is the most significant technical strategy to improve performance for microelectronic devices, which is first performed systematically by Robert H. Dennard for silicon integrated circuits. Its main idea is that device parameters such as doping and junction depth must be adjusted when shrinking the dimensions of a field‐effect transistor so that the power density can remain unchanged. Recently, miniaturization of light‐emitting diodes or “microscale light‐emitting diodes (Micro‐LEDs)” is gaining much attention because of their potential for superior display technologies. However, the scaling‐down of LEDs used for solid‐state lighting (SSL) results in extremely low efficiency devices, with the reasons and underlying device physics still unclear. Here the law of Micro‐LED scaling is proposed in analogy to Dennard scaling, through which new perspectives are provided to comprehensively understand the root cause of Micro‐LED inefficiency and the scientific challenges to be addressed for mass commercialization, including subthreshold radiation, size‐dependent effect, and the enhancement of carrier recombination at low current density.
Strategies for Enhancement Luminance of Sub‐Micrometer Phosphor: A Sub‐Micrometer Narrow‐Band Red Phosphor with Ultrahigh Thermal Stability
Authors: Zhou Yuhan , Seto Takatoshi , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, phosphors are widely used in high quality white light emitting diodes (W‐LEDs) and display technology. Micro light emitting diode (Micro‐LED) has the advantages of ultrahigh resolution color saturation, while ordinary phosphors are difficult to apply due to their large particle size. As is known to all, once the phosphor particle size is reduced, its luminescence intensity will loser. This paper presents a strategy to improve the luminescence intensity of sub‐micrometer narrow‐band red phosphors. By increasing the doping concentration of rare‐earth ions through total substitution and reducing the nonradiative transition in the cell, ultrahigh concentration doping of sub‐micrometer phosphors is achieved to improve the luminescence intensity. Surprisingly, with increasing Eu3+ up to entirely substitution for Gd3+ site, both the absorption efficiency and the internal quantum efficiency of the sample increased greatly. The external quantum efficiency increased from 5.42% to 19.70%. Sub‐micrometer EuAl3(BO3)4 exhibits ultrahigh thermal stability, with a luminous intensity at 225 °C that is 128% of that at room temperature, meeting the conditions of extreme high‐temperature environments or high‐power LEDs. In summary, this work has great potential for application in W‐LED and presents a solution idea to solve the luminous intensity reduction of sub‐micrometer phosphors.
An 18‐month follow‐up of the Covid‐19 psychology research consortium study panel: Survey design and fieldwork procedures for Wave 6
Authors: McBride Orla , Butter Sarah , Martinez Anton P. , Shevlin Mark , Murphy Jamie , Hartman Todd K. , McKay Ryan , Hyland Philip , Bennett Kate M. , Stocks Thomas V. A. , Gibson‐Miller Jilly , Levita Liat , Mason Liam , Bentall Richard P.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Established in March 2020, the C19PRC Study monitors the psychological and socio‐economic impact of the pandemic in the UK and other countries. This paper describes the protocol for Wave 6 (August–September 2021).

Methods

The survey assessed: COVID‐19 related experiences; experiences of common mental health disorders; psychological characteristics; and social and political attitudes. Adult participants from any previous wave (N = 3170) were re‐invited, and sample replenishment procedures helped manage attrition. Weights were calculated using a survey raking algorithm to ensure the on‐going original panel (from baseline) was nationally representative in terms of gender, age, and household income, amongst other factors.

Results

1643 adults were re‐interviewed at Wave 6 (51.8% retention rate). Non‐participation was higher younger adults, those born outside UK, and adults living in cities. Of the adults recruited at baseline, 54.3% (N = 1100) participated in Wave 6. New respondent (N = 415) entered the panel at this wave, resulting in cross‐sectional sample for Wave 6 of 2058 adults. The raking procedure re‐balanced the longitudinal panel to within 1.3% of population estimates for selected socio‐demographic characteristics.

Conclusions

This paper outlines the growing strength of the publicly available C19PRC Study data for COVID‐19‐related interdisciplinary research.