bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review on Promoting Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Patients Using Mobile Phone Technology
Authors: Quintana Yuri , Gonzalez Martorell Eduardo , Fahy Darren , Safran Charles
Published: June 2018

Objective Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is paramount to successful long-term suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For poorly adherent patients with HIV, barriers to remaining adherent may be overcome by the implementation of targeted interventions delivered via mobile devices. This systematic review is focused specifically on mobile phone technologies to deliver adherence interventions in HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) populations.

Methods This review (PROSPERO #CRD42017065131) systematically extracted data from published literature from five databases on mobile phone interventions to improve adherence to ART for HIV. The reported studies had been conducted between 2007 and 2017. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane method ranking each criterion as low, high, or unclear risk of bias.

Results Of the 835 articles returned, we identified 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), retrospective and prospective cohort trials, or mixed method studies with a comparison group that fit criteria for inclusion. No standard measure of adherence was consistent throughout the examined studies, and assessments by self-report, pill counting, and medication event monitoring system (MEMS) were utilized. The studies reported mixed results, with 17 reporting significant improvements to adherence, 3 reporting improvements without supplying p-values, and 6 reporting no significant change or a reduction in adherence.

Conclusion The mixed nature of the results exemplifies the need for more comprehensive approaches and larger scale trials to confirm results observed in limited cohort sizes. To better retain satisfactory adherence within the HIV population, and especially in low-resource settings, we recommend that future interventions incorporate multiple strategies: mobile-based reminders, social support structures, and personalized content.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography in Detecting Intra-articular Pathology Associated with Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Carulli Christian , Tonelli Filippo , Melani Tommaso , Pietragalla Michele , De Renzis Alioscia , Caracchini Giuseppe , Innocenti Massimo
Published: June 2018

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in the detection of intra-articular lesions of the hip in patients affected by femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) by using arthroscopy as reference standard.

Methods Twenty-nine consecutive hip arthroscopies performed in 24 patients were considered for the study. Patients had a mean age of 38.3 years. Ultrasound-guided 1.5-T MRA was performed with precontrast short tau inversion recovery, T1-weighted and PD coronal, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted axial with 3-mm-thick slice sequences, and postcontrast T1-weighted fat saturation MRA (Fat-SAT) axial, coronal and oblique sagittal, and T1-weighted Vibe 3D coronal sequences with MPR sagittal, axial, and radial reconstructions with 2-mm-thick slice and coronal density protonil (DP) Fat-SAT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRA were evaluated by comparison arthroscopy for the following intra-articular findings: acetabular and femoral chondral lesions, labral degeneration, labral tears, synovitis, ligamentum teres (LT) tears, CAM lesions, pincer lesions, loose bodies, and osteophytes.

Results An absolute per cent agreement (100%) was observed for all the variables in the assessment of CAM lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MRA were 100, 68.4, 72.7, and 100%, respectively, for acetabular chondral lesions; 100, 50, 47.3, and 100%, respectively, for femoral chondral lesions; 33, 85, 20, and 91.6%, respectively, for labral tears; 95, 71, 91.3, and 83.3%, respectively, for labral degeneration; 100, 88, 57.1, and 100%, respectively, for LT tears; 33.3, 85, 50, and 73.9%, respectively, for pincer lesions; 50, 96, 66.6, and 92.3%, respectively, for intra-articular loose bodies; and 100, 73.9, 50, and 100%, respectively, for osteophytes.

Conclusion MRA may play an important role in detecting intra-articular lesions associated with FAI. This might be helpful for the preoperative planning before hip arthroscopy.

Level of Evidence This is a Level 2, diagnostic accuracy study compared with gold standard.
Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis in May–Thurner's Syndrome with a Novel Oral Anticoagulant: A Case Report
Authors: Han Toh Ching , Sule Ashish Anil
Published: June 2018

May–Thurner's syndrome (MTS) is an anatomical variant where the left common iliac vein (CIV) is compressed by the overlying right common iliac artery and the underlying lumbar vertebrae, leading to stenosis in the left CIV. Endovascular intervention followed by anticoagulation currently constitute the mainstay of management of MTS associated with recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Warfarin appears to be the anticoagulant of choice in most studies conducted in patients with MTS. There is little evidence of treatment using nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants. This case report serves to describe a patient with MTS who was successfully treated with catheter-directed therapy followed by anticoagulation using rivaroxaban.

A 64-year-old women presented with left lower limb swelling. Her duplex ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) showed extensive DVT and underlying narrowing of the left CIV, respectively.

She underwent catheter-directed therapy, involving stent placement in the left CIV, and was subsequently started on rivaroxaban. She developed partial thrombosis of the external iliac vein at 5 months postprocedure and partial stent thrombosis at 1 year postprocedure while on rivaroxaban, requiring repeat stenting and continuation of anticoagulation. On follow-up, there was no recurrence of symptoms related to MTS, no postthrombotic syndrome, and no clinically significant bleeding as a side effect of rivaroxaban.

This case report shows that rivaroxaban is a safe agent that can be successfully used in the treatment of MTS after stenting.
Developmental Changes in Isometric Strength: Longitudinal Study in Adolescent Soccer Players
Authors: Duarte Joao , Valente-dos-Santos João , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel , Malina R. , Deprez Dieter , Philippaerts Renaat , Lenoir Matthieu , Vaeyens Roel
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to examine longitudinal changes in isometric strength of the knee extensors (ImKE) and knee flexors (ImKF) at 30° and 60°. The sample was composed of 67 players aged 11.0–13.9 years at baseline over five years. Stature, body mass, skinfolds, and isometric strength (ImKE30°, ImKF30°, ImKE60° and ImKF60°) were measured. Fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) were derived from skinfolds. Skeletal age was obtained using TW2 RUS. Multilevel random effects regression analyses extracted developmental polynomial models. An annual increment on chronological age (CA) corresponded to 5.6 N (ImKE30°), 2.7 N (ImKF30°), 4.6 N (ImKE60°) and 1.5 N (ImKF60°). An increment of 1 kg in FFM predicted isometric strength as follows: 1.2 N (ImKE30°), 2.1 N (ImKF30°), 3.1 N (ImKE60°) and 2.0 N (ImKF60°). The following equations were obtained: ImKE30°=5.759×CA+1.163×FFM; ImKF30°=−19.369+2.691×CA+0.693×CA2+2.108×FFM; ImKE60°=4.553×CA+3.134×FFM; and, ImKF60°=-19.669+1.544×CA+2.033×FFM. Although skeletal maturity had a negligible effect on dependent variables, age and body size, based on FFM, were relevant longitudinal predictors. During adolescence, systematic assessment of knee extensors and knee flexors are strongly recommended to prevent impairment of knee muscle groups.
Towards decolonised knowledge about transport
Authors: Schwanen Tim
Published: June 2018

For centuries the transport of people and goods across the globe has been shaped profoundly by Western and other colonialisms. Impacts on the development of infrastructures such as roads, railways and ports as well as transport flows within, to and from origins and destinations are increasingly documented. This essay proposes that expert knowledge about and way of knowing transport systems and practices in former and current colonies are at least as much shaped by Western colonialisms. It advocates a decolonisation of that knowledge and proposes a dual strategy of complicating, slowing down and disrupting existing expert knowledge about transport and of putting new concepts, theories and methodological practices in critical dialogue with each other and hegemonic transport research practices. It also emphasises that moving beyond transport expertise’s colonial legacy is a project that should be led from outside historically emerged centres of knowledge production.
Phase walk analysis of leptokurtic time series
Authors: Schreiber Korbinian , Modest Heike I. , Räth Christoph
Published: June 2018

The Fourier phase information play a key role for the quantified description of nonlinear data. We present a novel tool for time series analysis that identifies nonlinearities by sensitively detecting correlations among the Fourier phases. The method, being called phase walk analysis, is based on well established measures from random walk analysis, which are now applied to the unwrapped Fourier phases of time series. We provide an analytical description of its functionality and demonstrate its capabilities on systematically controlled leptokurtic noise. Hereby, we investigate the properties of leptokurtic time series and their influence on the Fourier phases of time series. The phase walk analysis is applied to measured and simulated intermittent time series, whose probability density distribution is approximated by power laws. We use the day-to-day returns of the Dow-Jones industrial average, a synthetic time series with tailored nonlinearities mimicing the power law behavior of the Dow-Jones and the acceleration of the wind at an Atlantic offshore site. Testing for nonlinearities by means of surrogates shows that the new method yields strong significances for nonlinear behavior. Due to the drastically decreased computing time as compared to embedding space methods, the number of surrogate realizations can be increased by orders of magnitude. Thereby, the probability distribution of the test statistics can very accurately be derived and parameterized, which allows for much more precise tests on nonlinearities.
On the upper hybrid wave instability in a spin polarized degenerate plasma
Authors: Iqbal Z. , Khan Imran A. , Murtaza G.
Published: June 2018

Applying the separate spin evolution-quantum hydrodynamic model incorporating Coulomb exchange interaction, the instabilities of upper hybrid mode and beam driven mode due to passing of electron beam in a spin polarized degenerate plasma are studied. It is found that the electron spin not only changes the growth rate of these modes but also gives birth to a new spin-dependent wave (spin electron acoustic wave) in the real frequency spectrum. Further, the Bohm potential and exchange interaction effects significantly affect the frequency spectra of upper hybrid mode. Other parameters like streaming speed of beam electron and beam density are also found to influence the growth rate of these modes. These consequential effects may have a strong bearing on the wave and instability phenomena in the solid state plasmas.
Multi-stage proton acceleration controlled by double beam image technique
Authors: Wang W. P. , Shen B. F. , Zhang H. , Lu X. M. , Li J. F. , Zhai S. H. , Li S. S. , Wang X. L. , Xu R. J. , Wang C. , Leng Y. X. , Liang X. Y. , Li R. X. , Xu Z. Z.
Published: June 2018

A double beam image (DBI) technique is coupled in the two-stage accelerating mechanism to simultaneously improve the spectra and maximum energy of the proton beam. A proton beam with a narrow-spectrum center at 5.4 MeV and a long tail up to 14.4 MeV is generated in the experiment. Experimental and simulation results show that spatial collineation, time synchronization, and real-time monitoring are needed for optimum two-stage proton acceleration and are realized by the DBI technique to a certain extent in our experiment. This DBI technique can be used to achieve optimum two-stage acceleration in a feasible manner and will allow precise manipulation of multistage acceleration to improve the energy and spectra of particle beams.
Electrical percolation through a discontinuous Au nanoparticle film
Authors: Lefferts Merel J. , Murugappan Krishnan , Wu Chen , Castell Martin R.
Published: June 2018

Au thin films of thicknesses ranging from 5 to 20 nm were grown in UHV through physical vapour deposition on glass substrates decorated with Pt interdigitated electrodes with 5 μm separation. As expected, a gradual decrease in the electrical resistance of the films was observed as growth proceeded; however, when the average film thickness was greater than around 11 nm, the resistance decrease was not smooth but occurred in discrete steps. These resistance steps are attributed to the formation of electrical percolation pathways connecting the electrodes. The samples were then annealed at temperatures between 200 °C and 500 °C for periods of 1 to 22 h with the aim of producing insulating nanoparticle films. Dewetting of the Au films produces nanoparticles whose size and separation depend on annealing temperature and time, as well as the initial thickness of the Au film. The complex electrical resistance behaviour of the film was also monitored during the dewetting process.
Quadrupolar and hexapolar Hall magnetic field during asymmetric magnetic reconnection without a guide field
Authors: Sang Longlong , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Huang Kai , Wang Shui
Published: June 2018

In this paper, by taking advantage of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation model, we study the structure of the out-of-plane magnetic field (Hall magnetic field) during asymmetric magnetic reconnection without a guide field, and the associated in-plane current system is also analyzed. The evolution of asymmetric reconnection has two stages. At the first stage, the electrons move toward the X line along the separatrix in the magnetosheath side, and depart from the X line along the separatrix in the magnetosphere side. Another electron flow toward the X line exists above the separatrix in the magnetosphere side. The resulted in-plane current system, which is mainly determined by electron dynamics, generates the quadrupolar structure of the Hall magnetic field, where the two quadrants in the magnetosheath side are much stronger than those in the magnetosphere side. At the second stage, besides these electron flows, an additional electron flow away from the X line is formed along the magnetic field below the separatrix in the magnetosheath side. A hexapolar structure of the Hall magnetic field is then generated by such a current system.
Design principle of high-performance organic single-crystal light-emitting devices
Authors: Yamao Takeshi , Higashihara Shohei , Yamashita Shusuke , Sano Hiroyuki , Inada Yuhi , Yamashita Kenichi , Ura Shogo , Hotta Shu
Published: June 2018

Organic semiconductor crystals exhibit unique optoelectronic characteristics such as high carrier mobility and laser oscillation. Nonetheless, it remains difficult thus far to achieve such potential activities on an optical device configuration mainly because of lack of knowledge of optical parameters such as refractive indices and their dispersion. Here, we demonstrate a simple but powerful design principle of high-performance organic single-crystal light-emitting devices. The method is based upon observation of emission-angle dependent spectra produced from an organic slab single crystal equipped with a one-dimensional diffraction grating. The emission spectra are characterized by sharply resolved lines whose locations are blueshifted or redshifted as a function of the emission angles. Detailed analysis of these emission lines has enabled us to solve equations of electromagnetic wave motion within and outside the slab crystal and to get solutions under appropriate boundary conditions. The design principle also allows us to relate crystal thicknesses and orders of both longitudinal and transverse modes of emission. Thus, we have been able to optimize the geometry of a slab organic crystal in an organic light-emitting device configuration. The relevant knowledge can directly be used for designing an organic laser either optically excited or electrically excited.
A micro-SQUID with dispersive readout for magnetic scanning microscopy
Authors: Foroughi F. , Mol J.-M. , Müller T. , Kirtley J. R. , Moler K. A. , Bluhm H.
Published: June 2018

We have designed and characterized a micro-SQUID with dispersive readout for use in low temperature scanning probe microscopy systems. The design features a capacitively shunted RF SQUID with a tunable resonance frequency from 5 to 12 GHz, micrometer spatial resolution, and integrated superconducting coils for local application of magnetic fields. The SQUID is operated as a nonlinear oscillator with a flux- and power-dependent resonance frequency. Measurements for device characterization and noise benchmarking were carried out at 4 K. The measured flux noise above 10 kHz at 4 K is 80 nΦ0 Hz−1∕2 at a bandwidth of 200 MHz. Estimations suggest that one can benefit from parametric gain based on inherent nonlinearity of the Josephson junction and reduce the flux noise to 30 nΦ0Hz–1∕2 at 100 mK, which corresponds to 10.6 μBHz–1∕2 for a magnetic moment located at the center of the pickup loop.
Magnetic field dependence of antiferromagnetic resonance in NiO
Authors: Wang Zhe , Kovalev S. , Awari N. , Chen Min , Germanskiy S. , Green B. , Deinert J.-C. , Kampfrath T. , Milano J. , Gensch M.
Published: June 2018

We report on measurements of magnetic field and temperature dependence of antiferromagnetic resonances in the prototypical antiferromagnet NiO. The frequencies of the magnetic resonances in the vicinity of 1 THz have been determined in the time-domain via time-resolved Faraday measurements after selective excitation by narrow-band superradiant terahertz (THz) pulses at temperatures down to 3 K and in magnetic fields up to 10 T. The measurements reveal two antiferromagnetic resonance modes, which can be distinguished by their characteristic magnetic field dependencies. The nature of the two modes is discussed by comparison to an eight-sublattice antiferromagnetic model, which includes superexchange between the next-nearest-neighbor Ni spins, magnetic dipolar interactions, cubic magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and Zeeman interaction with the external magnetic field. Our study indicates that a two-sublattice model is insufficient for the description of spin dynamics in NiO, while the magnetic-dipolar interactions and magneto-crystalline anisotropy play important roles.
Developing a solid-state quasi-square pulse Marx generator
Authors: Chen Rong , Yang Jianhua , Cheng Xinbing , Qian Baoliang
Published: June 2018

A solid-state quasi-square pulse Marx generator has been designed, constructed, and tested in this paper. The spark gap switches of a typical Marx generator have been replaced by a fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer (FRSPT), and a three-section anti-resonance network has taken the role of pulse forming module in this quasi-square Marx generator. For the switches, thyristors are used as the primary switches and the FRSPT is used as the pulse modulating switch. The experimental results show that if the charge voltage is about 1000 V, the output quasi-square pulse has an amplitude of 18.5 kV and a pulse width of 3.15 μs, and the experimental results verify the feasibility of the concept of an all-solid-state quasi-square square pulse Marx generator based on an FRSPT and anti-resonance network.
Single junction solar cell employing strain compensated GaAs0.965Bi0.035/GaAs0.75P0.25 multiple quantum wells grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kim Honghyuk , Kim Kangho , Guan Yingxin , Lee Jaejin , Kuech Thomas F. , Mawst Luke J.
Published: June 2018

Single junction solar cells employing 30-period and 50-period GaAs0.965Bi0.035/GaAs0.75P0.25 (Eg ∼ 1.2 eV) multiple quantum wells (MQWs) as base regions were grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements indicated a peak spectral emission at 1.18 eV, and the spectral dependence of the external quantum efficiency measured from the fabricated devices shows the extended absorption edge relative to that of GaAs. The fabricated devices with anti-reflection coating employing a 50-period MQW structure exhibit 23% improvement in the conversion efficiency, 4% in the open-circuit voltage, 9% in the short-circuit current density, and 9% in the fill factor, compared to those from the devices employing a 30-period MQW structure in the base region, under AM1.5 direct illumination.
Oxygen octahedral distortions in compressively strained SrRuO3 epitaxial thin films
Authors: Kan Daisuke , Anada Masato , Wakabayashi Yusuke , Tajiri Hiroo , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: June 2018

We carried out the synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements and investigated the oxygen octahedral distortions in compressively strained SrRuO3 epitaxial thin films on NdGaO3 substrates. We observed half-order Bragg reflections originating from the RuO6 octahedral distortions accommodated in the compressively strained films. Our structural analysis shows that the RuO6 octahedra are elongated along the out-of-plane direction and are rotated in the out-of-phase manner only about the out-of-plane direction. The RuO6 rotation angle γrot is 10.9° ± 1.2°, which is larger than that in the bulk SrRuO3. The results indicate that the substrate-induced compressive strain enhances the out-of-plane rotations while strongly suppressing the in-plane rotations. In fact, the half-order Bragg reflections arising from the octahedral rotations about the in-plane direction are found to be weak and broad, implying that the in-plane rotations exist only in the interface region, not in the entire film. This indicates that while the in-plane octahedral rotation propagates through the interfacial octahedral connections into the film, its propagation decays within the interface region because of the compressive strain. Our results indicate that both the substrate-induced strain and the interfacial octahedral connection play important roles in determining the octahedral distortions accommodated in the strained SrRuO3 films.
Direct modulation of a single InP/InAs nanowire light-emitting diode
Authors: Takiguchi Masato , Zhang Guoqiang , Sasaki Satoshi , Nozaki Kengo , Chen Edward , Tateno Kouta , Tawara Takehiko , Shinya Akihiko , Gotoh Hideki , Notomi Masaya
Published: June 2018

Telecom-band single nanowire (NW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on silicon platforms are promising for use as future on-chip light sources. To realize such an LED, we grew p-i-n junction InP/InAs NWs by the vapor-liquid-solid method and used them to fabricate single NW-LED composites on Si wafers. Using a micro-photoluminescence system and a current injection probe setup, we were able to estimate the optical and electrical properties. In addition, we demonstrated the dynamic signal modulation capabilities of our device through a digital eye diagram with a pseudorandom binary sequence signal. This telecom-band single NW-LED employing Gbps signal modulation has the potential for use as an on-chip light source.
Effect of tree density on competition between Leucaena leucocephala and Chloris gayana using a Nelder Wheel trial. II. Belowground interactions
Authors: Pachas A. Nahuel A. , Shelton H. Max , Lambrides Christopher J. , Dalzell Scott A. , Murtagh G. John , Hardner Craig M.
Published: June 2018

Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit subsp. glabrata (Rose) Zarate) in combination with grass pasture is one of the most persistent, productive and sustainable grazing systems used in Queensland, Australia. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the competitive interactions that determine the proportions of leucaena and grass components is needed to optimise the design and management of the hedgerow pasture system. In a water-limited environment, belowground interactions between species are especially influential. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of leucaena plant density and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) competition on root distribution, evapotranspiration, patterns of soil-water use and the resulting water-use efficiency (WUE) of the leucaena and grass components.
Results showed that although leucaena had deeper roots than Rhodes grass, the majority of fine roots of both leucaena and Rhodes grass were in the upper 1.5 m of the soil profile suggesting a high level of competition for water resources. A major factor favouring Rhodes grass was that its root abundance was 8–10 times greater than leucaena, allowing it to compete more effectively for water resources and limit the lateral spread of leucaena roots. Higher cumulative evapotranspiration values were recorded from leucaena grown with Rhodes grass than from leucaena grown in absence of grass. However, this difference was negligible at the highest leucaena density owing to the reduced yield of grass caused by shading and increased water uptake of leucaena. The findings of this study also confirmed the hypothesis that at low tree densities, leucaena–grass pasture will have higher WUE (13.8 kg DM mm–1) than sole leucaena, but this difference was reduced with increments of leucaena density. Highest WUE (65.9 kg DM mm–1) occurred at highest leucaena density with or without grass.
Understanding conflict and consensus regarding wood bison management in Alaska, USA
Authors: Doney E. D. , Bath A. J. , Vaske J. J.
Published: June 2018

Context
Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) have been absent from Alaska for over 170 years. In the spring and summer of 2015, however, 130 animals were reintroduced to the state. These wood bison were restored through a consensus-based planning process, but it remains unknown how the animals will be managed.

Aims
To survey urban and rural Alaska residents to understand the effect of proximity to the resource on residents’ preferences for management of wood bison in different scenarios.

Methods
Data were collected in urban areas using a mail-back questionnaire (n = 515) and by on-site interviews with rural residents (n = 31), between June and September 2015. Respondents were asked to state their preferred wood bison management strategies under specific situations of potential human–bison conflict.

Key results
Residents from urban and rural study areas differed in their preference of bison management, particularly in more severe situations (i.e. damage to property, causing injury to people).

Conclusions
Urban and rural residents were reluctant to use lethal management of wood bison, even under situations that threaten human property.

Implications
Backlash from urban residents could occur if managers use lethal management. Rural residents, however, favour lethal management when human injury occurs.
The impact of traditional neuroimaging methods on the spatial localization of cortical areas
Authors: Coalson Timothy S. , Van Essen David C. , Glasser Matthew F.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Most human brain-imaging studies have traditionally used low-resolution images, inaccurate methods of cross-subject alignment, and extensive blurring. Recently, a high-resolution approach with more accurate alignment and minimized blurring was used by the Human Connectome Project to generate a multimodal map of human cortical areas in hundreds of individuals. Starting from these data, we systematically compared these two approaches, showing that the traditional approach is nearly three times worse than the Human Connectome Project’s improved approach in two objective measures of spatial localization of cortical areas. Furthermore, we demonstrate considerable challenges in comparing data across the two approaches and, as a result, argue that there is an urgent need for the field to adopt more accurate methods of data acquisition and analysis.
Resilience of networks with community structure behaves as if under an external field
Authors: Dong Gaogao , Fan Jingfang , Shekhtman Louis M. , Shai Saray , Du Ruijin , Tian Lixin , Chen Xiaosong , Stanley H. Eugene , Havlin Shlomo
Published: June 2018

Significance

Much work has focused on phase transitions in complex networks in which the system transitions from a resilient to a failed state. Furthermore, many of these networks have a community structure, whose effects on resilience have not yet been fully understood. Here, we show that the community structure can significantly affect the resilience of the system in that it removes the phase transition present in a single module, and the network remains resilient at this transition. In particular, we show that the effect of increasing interconnections is analogous to increasing external magnetic field in spin systems. Our findings provide insight into the resilience of many modular complex systems and clarify the important effects that community structure has on network resilience.
Out-of-the-groove transport of lipids by TMEM16 and GPCR scramblases
Authors: Malvezzi Mattia , Andra Kiran K. , Pandey Kalpana , Lee Byoung-Cheol , Falzone Maria E. , Brown Ashley , Iqbal Rabia , Menon Anant K. , Accardi Alessio
Published: June 2018

Significance

The plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells is asymmetric, with the signaling lipid phosphatidylserine in the cytoplasmic leaflet. When activated, membrane proteins termed phospholipid scramblases collapse this asymmetry by exchanging lipids between bilayer leaflets. The resulting externalization of phosphatidylserine is needed for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, blood coagulation, and membrane repair. The mechanism by which scramblases transport lipids is poorly understood. The structure of a TMEM16-scramblase suggested that phospholipid headgroups move through a membrane-exposed hydrophilic groove, as a credit card moves through a card reader. Here we show that TMEM16 and GPCR scramblases transport lipids with very large headgroups, suggesting an out-of-the-groove transport mechanism. We propose that scramblases locally deform the membrane to translocate lipids both within and outside the groove.
August Schleicher and Materialism in 19th-Century Linguistics
Authors: McElvenny James
Published: June 2018

Towards the end of his career, August Schleicher (1821–1868), the great consolidator of Indo-European historical-comparative linguistics in the mid-19th century, famously drew explicit parallels between linguistics and the new evolutionary theory of Darwinism. Based on this, it has become customary in linguistic historiography to refer to Schleicher’s ‘Darwinian’ theory of language, even though it has long been established that Schleicher’s views have other origins that pre-date his contact with Darwinism. For his contemporary critics in Germany, however, Schleicher’s thinking was an example not of Darwinism but of ‘materialism’. This article examines what ‘materialism’ meant in 19th-century Germany – its philosophical as well as its political dimensions – and looks at why Schleicher’s critics applied this label to him. It analyses the relevant aspects of Schleicher’s linguistics and philosophy of science and the criticisms directed against them by H. Steinthal (1823–1899). It then discusses the contemporary movement of scientific materialism and shows how Schleicher’s political views, social background and personal experiences bound him to this movement.
Differential protein-protein binding affinities of H-NS family proteins encoded on the chromosome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and IncP-7 plasmid pCAR1
Authors: Sun Zongping , Vasileva Delyana , Suzuki-Minakuchi Chiho , Okada Kazunori , Luo Feng , Igarashi Yasuo , Nojiri Hideaki
Published: June 2018

H-NS family proteins encoded on the chromosome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (TurA and TurB) and the IncP-7 plasmid pCAR1 (Pmr) commonly have an N-terminal dimerization/oligomerization domain constituted by a central and a terminal dimerization sites. To clarify the dimerization manner at the central dimerization sites of the three homologs, we performed chemical cross-linking analyses with protein variants inactivated at the terminal dimerization site. Comparison of the hetero-dimer ratios among them suggested stronger affinities between the central dimerization sites of TurA and TurB monomers than between TurA and Pmr or TurB and Pmr. Furthermore, analyses of the interaction between truncated TurB containing only a functional terminal dimerization site and full-length proteins suggested that TurB exhibited higher affinities for oligomer complex formation with TurB itself and TurA but not Pmr. Altogether, we revealed stronger interaction between the N-terminal domains of TurA and TurB than between either of them and Pmr.
Instability and singularity of projective hypersurfaces
Authors: Lee Cheolgyu
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we will show that the Hesselink stratification of a Hilbert scheme of hypersurfaces is independent of the choice of Plücker coordinate and there is a positive relation between the length of Hesselink’s worst virtual 1-parameter subgroup and multiplicity of a projective hypersurface.
Rational points and non-anticanonical height functions
Authors: Frei Christopher , Loughran Daniel
Published: June 2018

A conjecture of Batyrev and Manin predicts the asymptotic behaviour of rational points of bounded height on smooth projective varieties over number fields. We prove some new cases of this conjecture for conic bundle surfaces equipped with some non-anticanonical height functions. As a special case, we verify these conjectures for the first time for some smooth cubic surfaces for height functions associated to certain ample line bundles.
An enhancement of Zagier’s polylogarithm conjecture
Authors: Sato Nobuo
Published: June 2018

Let

m
≥
2

m\geq 2

be a natural number and let

A

\mathcal {A}

be an ideal class of an imaginary quadratic number field. Zagier and Gangl constructed

C

/

Q

(
m
)

\mathbb {C}/\mathbb {Q}(m)

-valued invariants

I

m

(

A

)

I_{m}(\mathcal {A})

which they named “the enhanced zeta value”, since the real part of

i

m
−
1

I

m

(

A

)

i^{m-1}I_{m}(\mathcal {A})

, after being multiplied by a certain elementary factor in terms of a factorial and a power of

2
π

2\pi

, equals the partial zeta value

ζ
(
m
,

A

)

\zeta (m,\mathcal {A})

. They also constructed the enhanced polylogarithm, a

C

/

Q

(
m
)

\mathbb {C}/\mathbb {Q}(m)

-valued function on the

m
m

-th Bloch group

B

m

(

C

)

\mathcal {B}_{m}(\mathbb {C})

, and formulated an enhanced conjecture for

I

m

(

A

)

I_{m}(\mathcal {A})

that gives a natural lift of the polylogarithm conjecture for

ζ
(
m
,

A

)

\zeta (m,\mathcal {A})

to a conjectural equality in

C

/

Q

(
m
)

\mathbb {C}/\mathbb {Q}(m)

. In this article, we define the Shintani L-function of two variables which is naturally regarded as a two-variable analog of the partial zeta function for imaginary quadratic fields. Then we study its analytic properties in order to construct

C

/

Q

(
1
)

\mathbb {C}/\mathbb {Q}(1)

-valued invariants

Λ

i

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\Lambda _{i}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

(

i
∈
{
1
,
2
}

i\in \{1,2\}

) for a ray class

A

\mathcal {A}

using the first partial derivative of the Shintani L-function at

(
1
−
m
,
1
−
m
)

(1-m,1-m)

. From the construction,

Λ

1

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\Lambda _{1}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

and

Λ

2

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\Lambda _{2}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

are complex conjugate invariants that satisfy
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="zeta prime left-parenthesis 1 minus m comma script upper A right-parenthesis equals normal upper Lamda 1 left-parenthesis 1 minus m comma script upper A right-parenthesis plus normal upper Lamda 2 left-parenthesis 1 minus m comma script upper A right-parenthesis">

ζ
′

(
1
−
m
,

A

)
=

Λ

1

(
1
−
m
,

A

)
+

Λ

2

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\zeta ’(1-m,\mathcal {A})=\Lambda _{1}(1-m,\mathcal {A})+\Lambda _{2}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

. Then we prove the main theorem of this article about the equality between Zagier and Gangl’s enhanced zeta value

I

m

(

A

)

I_{m}(\mathcal {A})

and

Λ

1

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\Lambda _{1}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

, by explicit calculation of the Fourier expansion of the partial derivative of the Shintani L-function. Finally, we formulate the enhanced conjecture for the ray class invariants

Λ

i

(
1
−
m
,

A

)

\Lambda _{i}(1-m,\mathcal {A})

, by which we expand Zagier-Gangl’s original conjecture. We also give several numerical examples to verify the correctness of our enhanced conjecture.
Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Rush James R.
Published: June 2018

The eleven countries of Southeast Asia are diverse in every way, from the ethnicities and religions of their residents to their political systems and levels of prosperity. These nations—Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei, and East Timor—are each unique, yet shared traditions mean that each country is also typically Southeast Asian. Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction traces the region’s history from the earliest “mandala” kingdoms to the colonial era and the present day. Synthesizing the ideas of leading scholars, it provides an analysis of contemporary Southeast Asia that accommodates its bewildering ethnic, religious, and political complexities while exposing the underlying patterns that make it a unified world region.
1. What is Southeast Asia?
Authors: Rush James R.
Published: June 2018

“What is Southeast Asia?” provides a geographical, political, social, and historical overview of each of the eleven nations that make up Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asia is home to hundreds of ethnic groups that are today the citizens of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Island (or maritime) Southeast Asia includes the Malay Peninsula and two huge archipelagos whose even more diverse populations are now citizens of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines. The entire region stretches some 5,000 kilometers from end to end and 4,000 kilometers north to south. It contains 625 million people, around 9% of the world’s population.
2. Kingdoms
Authors: Rush James R.
Published: June 2018

By the second or third millennium bce, the people of Southeast Asia were cultivating rice, domesticating pigs, chickens, and cattle, and forming the region’s earliest settled communities in several mainland areas congruent with present-day north Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaya. “Kingdoms” describes what little is known about the early civilizations through the region, such as at Funan and Angkor. It also describes pre-modern Southeast Asia as a world of mandala kingdoms and how Southeast Asian societies and states evolved in communication with adjacent Asian civilizations in India and China, absorbing Islam and Theravada Buddhism. After China’s withdrawal from the region, the Europeans arrived from the 1500s bringing new trade and cultural influence.
4. Nations
Authors: Rush James R.
Published: June 2018

Most of Southeast Asia’s colonies had been created by conquest and coercion. Almost everywhere, Southeast Asians attempted to fend off European rule in every way possible. “Nations” describes the processes of resistance to colonial powers, growing nationalism, and new movements for political reform and independence. Japan’s entry to World War II changed everything. The impact of the war on Southeast Asia is explained along with the move to independence and nation-building that followed. It also outlines the effects of the Cold War, the signing of the ground-breaking Treaty of Amity and Cooperation by the ASEAN members, and the financial booms and crashes of the 1990s and 2000s.
Prehistory: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: June 2018

Prehistory covers the period of some four million years before the start of written history, when our earliest ancestors, the Australopithecines, existed in Africa. Prehistory: A Very Short Introduction invites us to think about who we are by considering who we have been. There have been many archaeological discoveries over the last ten years, with a new framework for prehistory emerging. Greater understanding of Chinese and central Asian prehistory shows Eurasian prehistory in a different light, changing the traditional view of human progress around the invention of agriculture and development of cities. This VSI explores the new landscape of our prehistory, considering the way the different geographical locations weave together.
1. Rethinking prehistory
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: June 2018

A profound consideration is underway of the nature of long-term human history. The major turning points identified—the invention of farming, growth of cities, and technological change—were not events, but long-term processes, with unpredictable effects. ‘Rethinking prehistory’ explains that a progressive prehistory is increasingly at odds with the empirical evidence of the past as we understand it. The older model emphasized increasing human control, but this is not a feature of human history. All periods and places exhibit dynamic prehistories and histories. Our task is to appreciate, compare, and contrast those dynamisms and to debate across cultural differences what the past means to each of us in the present.
3. In the beginning—African origins and global movements
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: June 2018

‘In the beginning—African origins and global movements’ outlines the history of human ancestors, who split off from the other great apes in the late Miocene (c.7 mya (million years ago)). The most accepted direct ancestors to modern humans are the Australopethicines, appearing c.4 mya. From c.2.4 mya, the first members of the early Homo genus appear in east Africa. The first hominin to leave Africa was probably Homo erectus c.1.8 mya. It is thought today’s world population descends from a common ancestral group in Africa, spreading just under 100,000 years ago into the Middle East and then Europe, Asia, and beyond. Tool and fire use is also discussed.
5. Continental fusion—connections across Europe, Asia, and Africa
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: June 2018

We think of globalization as a new process, but long-distance connections are basic to being human. ‘Continental fusion—connections across Europe, Asia, and Africa’ sketches regional histories, considering the Neolithic history of metallurgy, pottery, burial practices, the prehistory of languages, and art styles. It is now possible to see the depth and importance of connections across this huge region from the Neolithic onwards. Materials, such as bronze, and complex art styles linked to shared cosmologies and practices helped set up and maintain connections that all areas participated in and benefitted from. Connections did not produce similarities of culture, however, and regional differences increase from the Bronze Age onwards.
6. New worlds—the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: June 2018

Much of life globally was organized around understanding and living with the spirits of the earth and heavens. ‘New worlds—the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific’ explains that cosmological relations form the thread linking the complex forms of evidence from these continents which cover a large part of the earth’s surface and of global prehistory. Settlement was never a passive process of accepting what was found in a place, but of active engagement with new possibilities and constraints. Debate and inventiveness, including a great range of symbiotic relationships, are central to human success in both moving and creating sustainable lifestyles in novel places: some continental landmasses, others tiny islands.
Long-Term Risk of Hypertension in Normoglycemia and Prediabetes, and Their Relation to the Change of Glycemic State
Authors: Jung Ju Young , Oh Chang-Mo , Choi Joong-Myung , Ryoo Jae-Hong , Park Sung Keun
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Although increasing evidence has suggested the significant association between dysglycemia and hypertension, this association is less well described in prediabetes. Additionally, it is unclear how risk of hypertension varies according to the change of glycemic state.

METHODS

Five thousand four hundred thirteen nondiabetic Koreans were dichotomized into normoglycemia (NG) and prediabetes group and followed-up for 10 years. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) [adjusted HRs (95% CI)] for the development of hypertension. Subgroup analysis was conducted in subdivided glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with <5.7%, 5.7–5.9%, and 6.0–6.4% and 2 hour post-load glucose (2 hr-PG) with <140, 140–169, and 170–199 mg/dl. The glycemic states are NG, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus (DM), which are used in evaluating the change of glycemic state during follow-up in baseline NG (NG → NG, NG → prediabetes, and NG → DM) and baseline prediabetes (prediabetes → prediabetes and prediabetes → DM).

RESULTS

Compared with NG, prediabetes was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension [1.11 (0.997–1.23)]. HbA1c ≥5.7% [1.13 (1.02–1.26)] and 2 hr-PG ≥140 mg/dl [1.15 (1.004–1.31)] were marginally associated with the risk of hypertension. In subgroup analysis, only 2 hr-PG of 170–199 mg/dl showed the significantly increased risk of hypertension [1.37 (1.09–1.73)]. Compared with the maintaining glycemic state, the progression of glycemic state had the significantly increased risk of hypertension [NG → prediabetes; 1.41 (1.19–1.67), NG→DM; 1.77 (1.36–2.30), and prediabetes → DM; 1.32 (1.13–1.55)].

CONCLUSION

The progression of glycemic state was a strong determinant on the development of hypertension.
Practical dynamic de Bruijn graphs
Authors: Crawford Victoria G , Kuhnle Alan , Boucher Christina , Chikhi Rayan , Gagie Travis
Published: June 2018

Motivation

The de Bruijn graph is fundamental to the analysis of next generation sequencing data and so, as datasets of DNA reads grow rapidly, it becomes more important to represent de Bruijn graphs compactly while still supporting fast assembly. Previous implementations of compact de Bruijn graphs have not supported node or edge deletion, however, which is important for pruning spurious elements from the graph.

Results

Belazzougui et al. (2016b) recently proposed a compact and fully dynamic representation, which supports exact membership queries and insertions and deletions of both nodes and edges. In this paper, we give a practical implementation of their data structure, supporting exact membership queries and fully dynamic edge operations, as well as limited support for dynamic node operations. We demonstrate experimentally that its performance is comparable to that of state-of-the-art implementations based on Bloom filters.

Availability and implementation

Our source-code is publicly available at https://github.com/csirac/dynamicDBG under an open-source license.