bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Branching Ratios and Lifetimes of 25Mg Levels below 5.2 MeV
Authors: Ollerhead R. W. , Kean D. C. , Gorman R. M. , Thomson M. B.
Published: October 2017

All levels below 5.2 MeV in 25Mg have been studied using the reaction 25Mg(p, p′γ). In-elastically scattered protons were detected in an annular surface barrier detector located at 180°; coincidence gamma-ray spectra were obtained at Ge (Li) detector angles of 90°, 45°, and 135°. Level energies were determined from unshifted gamma-ray energies recorded in the 90° spectra. Lifetimes were obtained from the attenuated Doppler shift of gamma-ray energies recorded in spectra taken at forward and backward angles. Branching ratios were deduced from the combined data of all three angles. The identification of levels as members of rotational bands is discussed, and transition strengths deduced from the present measurements are compared with predictions of the simple rotational model.
Saturation inhomogène des colorants dans le cas d'une excitation incohérente
Authors: Mourou G. , Denariez-Roberge M. M.
Published: October 2017

A theoretical model is developed here which describes the evolution of hole burning in solutions when the pulse duration is assumed to be longer than the transverse relaxation time T2.

The double influence of T2 on the width of the initial hole and also on the transient nature of this hole is observed.

A comparison of these results with some experimental measurements is performed.
A Cavity Perturbation Technique for Measuring Complex Dielectric Permittivities of Liquids at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Mansingh Abhai , McLay D. B. , Lim K. O.
Published: October 2017

A microwave technique for measuring the complex dielectric permittivity of liquids by using a cylindrical cavity oscillating in the TM010 mode is described. The liquid is placed in a cylindrical teflon cell and the dielectric constant and loss of the liquid are evaluated by measuring accurately the changes in the resonant frequency and Q of the cavity for the composite sample and for the teflon alone. This technique has been used to measure the dielectric constant and loss at 2.4 GHz of some pure liquids and solutions in benzene of ortho and meta isomers of difluoro-, dichloro-, dibromo-, and diiodo-benzene. The measured values for the pure liquids are in good agreement with the literature values. The dielectric relaxation times and dipole moments of the dihalobenzenes in benzene solution evaluated by assuming a simple Debye type dispersion show good agreement with the earlier calculated values derived from Cole–Cole plots based on measurements at several microwave frequencies. This technique, by virtue of the use of a teflon cell and of gold plated end caps, allows the determination of the dielectric properties of corrosive liquids at microwave frequencies and another advantage is that very small liquid samples are required.
Contribution à l'analyse du profil de la section droite des solides de révolution
Authors: Bouillon Gratien , Tremblay Gilles , Vo-Van Hung
Published: October 2017

A mathematical technique using the Fourier series for analyzing the measured shape of the right section of a solid of revolution is proposed. The functions of the shape profile, the base circumference, and the base waviness permit the determination of the shape errors distribution; they permit also the determination of the bearing area curve and the shape parameters. The arithmetical average deviation is used as the parameter for assessing the irregularity of the shape profile.
Flux stationnaires et supersoniques de protons, paralleles au champ magnétique
Authors: Fridman M.
Published: October 2017

Using the gyration radius as the parameter to expand the differential equation for the moments, the transport equations for highly supersonic flux, which is parallel to the magnetic field, are obtained. The maximum order one can hope to obtain for the invariants is discussed together with the relation between the function of distribution f1 proposed by Whang and that which must result at 1 AU if f1 or a bimaxwellian function are used at the origin. Using f01 at the base (~ 55 Rs) it can be estimated that the total loss of heat flux under 1 AU is of the order of 70% on condition that the values obtained after f1 are utilized.
Additivity of Scattering Phase Shifts
Authors: Bajaj K. K. , Nogami Y.
Published: October 2017

The additivities of the partial wave phase shifts (APP) and of the phase in the impact parameter representation (AIP) are examined for models of scattering from two centers which simulate nucleon–deuteron and pion–deuteron scatterings. It is shown that the AIP, which essentially leads to the Glauber approximation, holds very well, whereas the APP fails except for a trivial case.
Group Theoretical Analysis of Lattice Vibrations in GaSe Polytypes
Authors: Jandl S. , Brebner J. L.
Published: October 2017

We present here a group theoretical analysis of the lattice vibrations of the ε and γ polytypes of GaSe for different directions of the wave vector in the Brillouin zone. The effect of the interlayer interactions and the assignment of the modes observed in Raman scattering is discussed.
Thin Sample Time Domain Reflectometry for Nonideal Dielectrics
Authors: Springett B. E. , Bose T. K.
Published: October 2017

The theoretical time response is derived for a pulse reflected from a thin sample of dielectric situated in a coaxial line. The dielectric is assumed to have a distribution of relaxation times. Specific account is taken of the finite rise time of the applied pulse. The equations developed are general and permit the interpretation of measurements without the necessity of transforming to the frequency domain. Explicit equations are developed for the Cole-Davidson and Cole-Cole representations of nonideal dielectrics.

Some experimental examples are discussed to assess the utility of the technique.
Superradiant Intensity Fluctuations in Neoclassical Radiation Theory
Authors: Zardecki Andrzej
Published: October 2017

The fluctuation properties of a system of two level atoms are investigated by introducing a random precession term into the equations of motion of the atomic super Bloch vector. Starting from the assumptions of neoclassical radiation theory a general formula for the dipole field of a small system of atoms is derived. The intensity fluctuations are calculated in the narrowing limit for two extreme cases of very large and very small atomic to thermal energy ratios. The former case, describing a true superradiant emission, involves asymptotic solutions to the Fokker-Planck equation. The latter case, treated by perturbation theory, corresponds to spontaneous emission in the presence of incoherent pumping.
Diffraction Dissociation and Partons
Authors: Resnick L.
Published: October 2017

A descriptive model of high energy diffractive reactions among hadrons is presented, with particular attention to diffraction dissociation into definite channels (exclusive reactions). The motivation is based upon the ideas of Good and Walker, and others, but hadrons are now assumed to be composed of elementary point like constituents, called partons. The physical eigenstate of a hadron is assumed to be a noneigenstate of parton number, so the latter is a fluctuating quantity in a given reaction. The basic interaction in a high energy collision of two hadrons is assumed to be between partons. However, detailed parton-parton dynamics is avoided by invoking the optical theorem for forward angles. For diffraction dissociation, the basic problem is the construction of a 'compound' physical state in terms of supposedly known 'simple' physical states. A prescription is given, using the argument of random phases, and the amplitude for diffraction dissociation is found as an overlap, simultaneously, of momentum space wave functions and parton number distribution functions. Simple examples are given for Gaussian and Poisson functions. The model can account for several features of exclusive diffraction dissociation reactions but spin is neglected at this stage.
Parametrically Excited Instabilities in a Magnetized Electron Plasma
Authors: Seshadri S. R.
Published: October 2017

The excitation of waves propagating perpendicular to the magnetostatic field in a cold, uniform plasma by an externally imposed high frequency electric field is investigated. Orientations of the external electric field parallel to the magnetostatic field as well as perpendicular to the magnetostatic field but inclined at an angle to the propagation direction are considered. In the former case, the ordinary mode is parametrically coupled-to the two branches of the extraordinary mode and in the latter case, there is coupling between the two branches of the extraordinary mode itself. This parametric coupling leads to instabilities of the interacting waves. The conditions necessary for the excitation of the parametric instabilities as well as the dependence of the maximum growth rate of the instability on the strength of the magnetostatic field are also examined.
Note on "Lifetime Effects in Coupled Channel Problems"
Authors: Nakamura Koichi
Published: October 2017

The simple field theoretical model of coupled channel problems proposed by Kamal and Kreuzer is solved in the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Some comments are made on their method of inclusion of self energy effects in the unstable particle propagator.
Cyclopropanation of benzylidenemalononitrile with dialkoxycarbenes and free radical rearrangement of the cyclopropanes
Authors: Merkley Nadine , Venneri Paul C , Warkentin John
Published: October 2017

Thermolysis of 2-cinnamyloxy-2-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazoline (1a) and the analogous 2-benzyloxy-2-methoxy compound (1b) at 110°C, in benzene containing benzylidenemalononitrile, afforded products of apparent regiospecific addition of methoxycarbonyl and cinnamyl (or benzyl) radicals to the double bond. When the thermolysis of 1a was run with added TEMPO, methoxycarbonyl and cinnamyl radicals were captured. Thermolysis of the 2,2-dibenzyloxy analogue (1c) in the presence of benzylidenemalononitrile gave an adduct that is formally the product of addition of benzyloxycarbonyl and benzyl radicals to the double bond. In this case, a radical addition mechanism could be ruled out, because the rate constant for decarboxylation of benzyloxycarbonyl radicals is very large. A mechanism that fits all of the results is predominant cyclopropanation of benzylidenemalononitrile by the dialkoxycarbenes derived from the oxadiazolines, in competition with fragmentation of the carbenes to radical pairs. The cyclopropanes so formed then undergo homolytic ring-opening to the appropriate diradicals. Subsequent β-scission of the diradicals to afford radical pairs, and coupling of those pairs, gives the final products. Thus, both carbene and radical chemistry are involved in the overall processes.Key words: cyclopropane, dialkoxycarbene, β-scission, oxadiazoline, radical.
Crystal and molecular structure of phenylboronic acid, C6H5B(OH)2
Authors: Rettig Steven J. , Trotter James
Published: October 2017

Crystals of phenylboronic acid are orthorhombic, a = 17.9049(7), b = 115.3264(5), c = 9.8113(2) Å, Z = 16, space group Iba2. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R of 0.031 and Rw of 0.041 for 1409 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I). The asymmetric unit consists of two independent molecules linked by a pair of O—H … O hydrogen bonds. Each dimeric unit is also hydrogen bonded to four other such units (at [Formula: see text]) to form an infinite array of layers which stack along the c axis. Mean bond lengths corrected for libration (rms deviations from the mean in parentheses) are: O—B, 1.371(7), B—C, 1.565(3), and C—C(phenyl), 1.394(11) Å.
THE INFLUENCE OF A SUSTAINED MONOCYTOSIS UPON THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN RABBITS TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS
Authors: Girard Kenneth F. , Murray E. G. D.
Published: October 2017

By means of periodic injections of a chloroform soluble, nontoxic, and non-antigenic lipid substance extracted from Listeria monocytogenes, it was possible to stimulate and maintain a high degree of monocytosis in the blood of rabbits for at least twenty days. Animals immunized with Salmonella typhosa, staphylococcus toxoid, and horse serum during the period of monocytosis gave considerably higher titers than did control animals in every case.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHATE INTO THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF SLICES OF CAT BRAIN
Authors: Strickland K. P.
Published: October 2017

Slices of cat brain respiring in a Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate medium were found to incorporate radioactive inorganic phosphate (P32) into the phospholipid fraction. The addition of glucose or mannose increased the incorporation of P32into the phospholipids. Fructose caused a small increase, whereas galactose was without effect. Pyruvate and lactate increased the incorporation of P32into the phospholipids. Succinate, L (+)-glutamate, D (−)-glutamate, α keto-glutarate, citrate, and L-malate failed to support the incorporation.Anaerobic conditions and homogenization of the tissue prevented the in vitro incorporation of P32into the phospholipids of cat brain. A wide range of metabolic inhibitors (cyanide, azide, malononitrile, chloretone, nembutal, iodoacetate, and fluoride), in concentrations that inhibit the oxygen consumption of brain slices, inhibited the incorporation. The incorporation was also inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol in concentrations that do not decrease the oxygen consumption of brain slices.These findings indicated that the incorporation of P32into the phospholipids of slices of cat brain is a metabolic phenomenon and is dependent upon the maintenance of an adequate phosphorylating mechanism within the slice.
THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: VII. A STUDY OF SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF TWO PROTEASES ISOLATED FROMMORTIERELLA RENISPORADIXON-STEWART
Authors: Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

Two proteases isolated from the culture medium of Mortierella renispora Dixon-Stewart (PRL 26) had different isoelectric points but similar pH optimums. The components were inhibited by equal amounts of ovomucoid. Heat studies showed that the constituent moving towards the cathode (cathodic component) was more stable at 58 °C. than the anodic component. The enzyme located in the cathodic component hydrolzyed chloroacetyl-L-tyrosine. The same fraction also hydrolyzed N-carbobenzoxy-α-L-glutamyl-DL-alanine and to a much lesser extent N-carbobenzoxy-α-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid. No enzymatic activity could be detected against glycylglycine, diglycylglycine, glycyl-L-proline, seryl-serine, or α-benzoyl-L-argininamide.
CELL FREE "CHOLINE ACETYLASE" FROM LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM
Authors: Girvin Grace T. , Stevenson J. W.
Published: October 2017

The conventional methods employed to extract "choline acetylase" from animal tissues have been found not to be applicable to the extraction of the bacterial enzyme. A method has been developed for the extraction of a highly active cell free "choline acetylase" from Lactobacillus plantarum. The procedure involves disruption of lyophilized cells with glass powder and resolution of lipoprotein complexes through extraction of the cell debris with n-butyl alcohol followed by acetone drying and aequeous extraction of the enzyme from the acetone dried cell residue. The enzyme extract acetylates choline when incubated under anaerobic conditions with the substrates choline and acetate and requires the presence of ATP and cysteine. Coenzyme A markedly increases the activity of dialyzed extracts. Sodium pyruvate does not affect the synthesis of acetylcholine by the bacterial enzyme; sodium fluoride acts as a potent inhibitor. The activity of the extract is at least twice that reported for purified mammalian brain preparations and is 45% as potent as the highly active squid head ganglion enzyme.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF THE ENTRY AND TRANSIT OF S35 IN CARTILAGE, BONE, AND DENTINE OF YOUNG RATS AND THE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE IN VITRO
Authors: Bélanger Leonard F.
Published: October 2017

The fate of radiosulphate introduced in young suckling rats has been followed by autoradiography of formalin–ethanol fixed celloidin sections. In the cartilaginous epiphyses of long bones, the radioelement has been detected first in the cells, particularly at the hypertrophic level, then in cells and matrix, and finally in matrix exclusively. The incorporated radiosulphate was later displaced towards the ossification area by the growth process. During this migration, the relative intensity of the autoradiograph decreased progressively. This series of events was interpreted as visualization of chondroitin sulphate synthesis, secretion, and utilization or turnover. The S35 labelled substance was rapidly hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase except in areas of tendon insertions. In bone and dentine, an over-all initial exchange picture was replaced by a growth line of acid fast, hyaluronidase labile, sulphated material which became displaced along with bone salts by further growth. This material was metachromatic with toluidine blue. It is thought to be also chondroitin sulphate and its possible relationship to mineralization has been discussed.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOASSAY OF 11-OXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

Total sugar in a protein-free liver hydrolyzate, determined by copper reduction, provides an acceptable criterion for estimating the response to graded doses of 11-oxycorticosteroids. Total carbohydrate in the liver, measured by the anthrone reagent, may also be used for this purpose. The glycogenic response to adrenal corticoids of fasting adrenalectomized male rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 40 to 50 gm., is increased by the administration of glucose, but appears to be depressed by ethanol. Although the precision of the assay is not influenced unfavorably by using the rats on the day following adrenalectomy, the mortality rate of the adrenalectomized animals is reduced by this procedure.
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT AND SKIN TEMPERATURE
Authors: LeBlanc Jacques
Published: October 2017

The subcutaneous fat explains to a large extent the individual differences, as well as the regional variations in the skin temperature, observed on the body. The insulation of the fat layer is 0.41 Clo per inch after one hour's exposure at 70° F., 1.18 at 60° F., and 1.96 at 50° F. The significance of these results, with reference to the thermal steady state of the body, is discussed.
THE LIPID AND WATER CONTENT OF CARCASS, SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND TESTICLE IN THE HOST COMPONENT OF THE ALBINO RAT – WALKER CARCINOMA 256 DUAL ORGANISM AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF TUMOR GROWTH
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Boyd Carl E. , Hill J. Gilbert , Ravinsky Ely
Published: October 2017

The objective of this investigation was to find at what stage in the growth of Walker carcinoma 256 appear the shifts in water and lipid levels of host carcass, skeletal muscle, and testicle, noted at or near death of the dual organism by Boyd, Connell, and McEwen (1952). Lipid and water estimations were made upon these tissues, at intervals of one, two, and three weeks of tumor growth, in 35 tumor-bearing and 34 littermate control albino rats. In host carcass, the decline in concentration, per 100 gm. dry weight, of total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids appeared after two weeks of tumor growth, while at or about the same time a rise occurred in the levels of water, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid. In hind limb skeletal muscle of the host, the levels of total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids were lowered, while those of water were elevated, after two and three weeks of tumor growth. In host testicle, the levels of water and lipids were essentially similar to those of the controls. The rise in concentration of water, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol of the host varied, in general, with increase in the T/RC coefficient. Maximal low levels of host total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids were reached at T/RC coefficient values of 20 to 30. Maintenance of total body weight (tumor plus host) was due mainly to accumulation of water in both components. The host component lost dry weight, total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids more rapidly than these accumulated in the tumor in total amount. The smaller loss of total amounts of water, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol in the host was offset by an approximately equal accumulation of these substances in the tumor.
EFFECT OF INSULIN ON ETHANOL METABOLISM
Authors: Masoro E. J. , Abramovitch Henry
Published: October 2017

The role of insulin in ethanol metabolism was investigated with the aid of C14-labeled ethanol. Surviving kidney and liver slices prepared from insulized rats oxidized ethanol to carbon dioxide at approximately the same rate as slices prepared from control rats. The data on the effect of insulin on the conversion of ethanol to lipids are equivocal since the P value is 0.036. There appears to be some increase in lipogenesis but not of an appreciable magnitude. The possibility that the beneficial effects noted in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication with insulin may be the result of an increased synthetic metabolism is discussed.
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INSECTICIDE DIELDRIN
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Graham A. R. , Seguin J. J. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: October 2017

The effects of dieldrin (hexachloro-epoxy-octahydro-dimethanonaphthalene) were studied in acute experiments on cats and rabbits. When injected intravenously or intra-arterially, it caused excitation of the central nervous system, which resulted in increased reflex excitability, convulsions, bradycardia, and some vasodepression. Dieldrin potentiated the effects of acetylcholine on the central nervous system and on the circulatory system as well as on intestinal motility. These latter manifestations were abolished by section of the vagus nerves, indicating a central action. Dieldrin had no effect on salivary secretion produced either by stimulation of the chorda tympani or by injections of acetylcholine in the decentralized submaxillary gland. Thus, although dieldrin has a marked parasympathomimetic action, this effect is exerted through stimulation of central mechanisms and not peripherally.
CARDIORENAL EFFECTS OF LARGE INFUSIONS OF DEXTRAN IN DOGS
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Young I. E.
Published: October 2017

The production of hypervolemic dilution anemia in intact, anesthetized dogs by the continuous intravenous infusion of 6% dextran solution caused large increases in the cardiac output and urine flow. No consistent changes were observed in pulse rate or arterial blood pressure. The right auricular mean pressure usually increased early in the infusion, but later there was no consistent relation between right auricular pressure and cardiac output. The total peripheral resistance, glomerular filtration rate, and renal blood flow decreased. With infusion volumes exceeding 10% of the body weight, acute high-output heart failure occurred. The observed hemodilution was consistently greater than that expected from the volume of the infusion, because the dextran solution was, presumably, hypertonic.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM BENTONITE ADMINISTRATION ON VITAMIN A METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Laughland D. H. , Phillips W. E. J.
Published: October 2017

The inclusion of sodium bentonite in the diet severely limited the ability of vitamin A deficient rats to store the vitamin in the liver. This effect was observed both with vitamin A and with the provitamin β-carotene. Moreover, the liver weight per 100 gm. body weight was found to be less in most of the groups receiving sodium bentonite than in control groups. The results may be interpreted in terms of a physical adsorption of vitamin A or β-carotene on sodium bentonite present in the small intestine. Sodium bentonite cannot be regarded as an inert ingredient of the diet of rats and its prolonged administration might be expected to have deleterious effects.
THE ACTION OF BENZIMIDAZOLE ON ENZYMATIC ADAPTATION
Authors: Kushner Donn J. , Pascoe Enid
Published: October 2017

The adaptive formation of formic hydrogenlyase in E. coli and of the enzymes oxidizing benzoate, malonate, and L-tyrosine in P. fluorescens is inhibited by benzimidazole. In one strain of E. coli tryptophan and alanine in combination completely reverse the benzimidazole inhibition. In another strain tryptophan partly reverses the inhibition but alanine is without effect. These amino acids are without effect on the benzimidazole inhibition of adaptation in P. fluorescens. Adenine and guanine have no action on the benzimidazole inhibition in both bacterial species.Tryptophan disappears anaerobically in the presence of E. coli. Ammonia production accompanies tryptophan disappearance. This disappearance, which probably involves a destruction of the tryptophan molecule, is inhibited by benzimidazole.
EMBRYONIC AND POSTEMBRYONIC CHANGES IN THE LIPIDS OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES EGGS
Authors: Fairbairn Donald
Published: October 2017

Unembryonated ascaris eggs contained amounts of saponifiable and unsaponifiable lipids estimated to exceed 50% of the protoplasmic solids. The saponifiables (75–80% of the total lipids) consisted of triglycerides and much smaller quantities of phospholipids. Volatile acids comprised a significant part of the total triglyceride fatty acids. The unsaponifiables (> 20% of the total lipids) contained ascaryl alcohol as the major component. Unesterified sterols were also present. During embryonation and postembryonic survival of the eggs, the saponifiables decreased to 25% of the initial amount present, whereas unsaponifiables remained constant. Death of the embryos coincided with failure to utilize the remaining saponifiables.
LIFE SPAN OF MICE FED A HIGH FAT DIET AT VARIOUS AGES
Authors: Silberberg Ruth , Silberberg Martin
Published: October 2017

The effect of a high fat diet on life span depends on strain and sex of the animal tested and is specifically due to the fat content, and not to the high caloric value, of the diet. In male mice of strain C57BL, feeding of a high fat diet from the ages of 1, 6, or 12 months on through life shortened the life span. If the high fat diet was given for a limited period of time, the effect on life span depended on the age at which these mice were placed on the high fat ration.
DISTRIBUTION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN THE NORMAL AND HYPERTHYROID RAT FOLLOWING ADRENALINE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Leduc Jean , Dubreuil Robert , D'Iorio Antoine
Published: October 2017

Feeding of iodinated casein to rats produces marked variations in the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of heart, spleen, liver, adrenals, and blood. An impairment in the destruction of the injected adrenaline is noticed in similarly treated animals. The significance of these results with reference to the thyrotoxic process is discussed.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: X. THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF USTILAGIC ACID
Authors: Boothroyd B. , Thorn J. A. , Haskins R. H.
Published: October 2017

The β-cellobiolipid, ustilagic acid, deposited when Ustilago zeae (PRL 119) is grown in a medium containing glucose, was prepared from 1-C14-glucose. The labelled acid was degraded to carbohydrate and fatty acid fractions. The carbohydrate was shown to be synthesized from 3-C fragments and the fatty acid from 2-C fragments. These results show that the hexose metabolism of the organism is probably the same as that suggested in the Embden–Meyerhof scheme.
THE METABOLISM OFASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESOVARIES: II. AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Pollak John K. , Fairbairn Donald
Published: October 2017

Homogenates of ascaris ovaries contained transamination, deamination, and reductive amination systems. Alanine–glutamic and aspartic–glutamic transaminases were active, whereas weaker transaminations occurred between glycine or serine and α-ketoglutaric or pyruvic acids. Sixteen other amino acids did not participate in transamination with these keto acids. A minor reaction, however, occurred between alanine or glutamic acid and α-ketovaleric acid. No amino acid oxidase activity was detected, and deamination appeared to be limited to a weakly positive glutamic dehydrogenase, which could be coupled to the alanine–glutamic and aspartic–glutamic transaminases to form a transdeaminase system. In the presence of pyruvate and ammonium chloride reductive amination occurred and alanine and aspartic acid were synthesized. This reaction was accelerated by bicarbonate, although oxalacetate could not be substituted successfully for pyruvate in the amination system. The results of the investigation are in accord with the probability that an active protein synthesis occurs in ascaris ovaries.
A CONSTANT-RATE INDICATOR-INFUSION TECHNIC FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL VASCULAR VOLUME IN MAN
Authors: Bowers Dorrance , Shepherd John T. , Wood Earl H.
Published: October 2017

Evans blue dye was injected at a constant rate into the right ventricle or pulmonary artery of 17 subjects in 21 experiments. The consequent arterial dilution patterns were recorded continuously by a cuvette oximeter connected to an indwelling needle in the radial artery. From these dilution patterns the amount and concentration of dye in the intravascular space between the injecting and sampling sites were determined when an equilibrium concentration was attained. From these dimensions the "central vascular volume" was calculated. The values for the central vascular volume thus derived showed agreement with those determined in near-simultaneous estimations by Hamilton's modification of Stewart's method. The values for the "lung blood volumes" by the Newman method in these subjects were systematically smaller than the values for the central vascular volume.
A CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF THE C14-DISTRIBUTION IN LABELLED XYLOSE
Authors: Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2017

A series of reactions reported previously for the degradation of glucose has been modified and extended to permit the determination of carbon-14 in each of the five carbons of a single 2 mM. xylose sample. Methyl xylopyranoside was oxidized with periodic acid giving C-3 as formic acid, and a dialdehyde which was converted to strontium methoxy-diglycolate. The purified salt was hydrolyzed to glyoxylic and glycolic acids. The glyoxylic acid was isolated as the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (C-1 + C-2) which was decarboxylated to give carbon dioxide from C-2. The glycolic acid was oxidized by lead tetraacetate to give C-4 as carbon dioxide and C-5 as formaldehyde. The activity in C-1 was determined by difference. The method was applied to xylose-1-C14, xylose-5-C14, and a biologically synthesized xylose sample with satisfactory results. This degradation procedure is theoretically applicable to other aldopentoses and aldotetroses.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL FEEDING ON THE DISTENSIBILITY OF THE ISOLATED THORACIC AORTA OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Nichol James T.
Published: October 2017

The descending thoracic aortas of control and cholesterol fed rabbits were dissected out. These aortas were used to prepare tension–length diagrams. Cholesterol feeding increased the distensibility at pressures up to 70 mm. Hg, but at pressures above this value no significant change is produced. Cholesterol feeding increases the resistance of the aorta to collapse, i.e. the longer the cholesterol feeding is continued, the greater the magnitude of the negative pressure required to make the vessel segment collapse.
THE EFFECTS OF STRYCHNINE, ESERINE, AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE ELECTROCORTICOGRAM AND MOTOR UNIT FIRING; TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRETCH REFLEX IN THE MASSETER MUSCLE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Wilkey William D. , Miller Frederick R.
Published: October 2017

Observations were made on rabbits and cats under dial anesthesia. Monopolar recording from cortex was used. Strychnine, 1%, on motor cerebral cortex is excitatory, as shown by increased firing of motor units; later the strychnine induces cortical spikes. Each spike is triphasic, consisting of an initial, small positive wave, a large, fast negative wave, and a final, slow positive wave; the first two waves are believed to be excitomotor; the final positive wave is regarded as a positive after-potential with relative quiescence of neurons; it is not excitatory for motor units. Microwaves at high frequency occur during first positive wave and ascent of negative wave; microwaves decay during descent of negative wave and are absent during final positive wave. Microwaves are caused by fast, repetitive firing of neurons; this neuronal firing causes excitation of motor units. Intracortical and extracortical conduction are believed to be repetitive. Acetylcholine (ACh), 1%, on eserinized cortex induces triphasic spikes, resembling those from strychnine; microwaves are likewise present. Strychnine, eserine, and ACh are believed to stimulate cortical synapses. Strychnine and ACh, though very different chemically, are believed to trigger the same fundamental cortical mechanism of conduction.
ANTIOXIDANTS AS INHIBITORS OF LINOLEATE OXIDATION CATALYZED BY PLANT LIPOXIDASE AND BY HEMOLYZATES OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , McRae Sheila C.
Published: October 2017

Hemolyzates of human erythrocytes catalyzed the oxidation of linoleate at pH 7 but not at pH 9. Hence the erythrocytes contained no lipoxidase and the catalytic action was probably due to hemoglobin. However, the time-activity curves for hemolyzates and for crystalline hemoglobin were not identical in shape. The oxidation of linoleate at pH 7 by plant lipoxidase was powerfully inhibited by phenothiazine and by phenylhydrazine. These compounds, and also α-tocopherol and α-naphthol, inhibited the catalytic activity of hemolyzates and of crystalline hemoglobin. It is probable that phenothiazine and phenylhydrazine act as antioxidants in these systems. Antioxidants in vivo may possibly play a role in protecting the unsaturated fatty acids of the erythrocyte membrane from oxidation catalyzed by hemoglobin.
EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON RATES OF GLUCOSE TRANSFER IN THE DEPANCREATIZED DOG
Authors: Henderson Margaret J. , Wrenshall Gerald A. , Odense Paul
Published: October 2017

An attempt to answer the question as to whether insulin acts to lower blood glucose by increasing utilization, or by decreasing production, or by both, has been made using a new experimental approach. A trace dose of radioactive glucose was injected into each of six postabsorptive depancreatized dogs which had been deprived of exogenous insulin for 66 hr. Blood samples were collected before and after the intravenous injection of insulin, and plasma glucose concentration and specific activity were measured. From these data the simultaneous rates of appearance and disappearance of plasma glucose were calculated for a sequence of time intervals, both before and after insulin, by a method which did not assume dynamic equilibrium. Previous in vivo experiments using radioactive tracers to measure rates of production and utilization of glucose have been made in animals which were in steady states, either with or without insulin, and the effects of insulin were ascertained by comparison of the state with insulin and the state without insulin. The method described in this paper has made it possible to follow the effects of insulin while it is acting in one and the same animal. Insulin was found to cause an abrupt and marked increase in the rate of disappearance of glucose, and this increased rate became less with time, reaching the preinsulin level in about 90 min. Insulin caused a slower and much smaller decrease in the rate of appearance, but the decrease became greater with time during the three hour period of observation. Thus, it appeared that insulin acted in vivo both to increase the utilization of glucose and to decrease its production, but the effects differed in magnitude and in speed of response.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: IV. FORMATION FROM SOME AROMATIC MONOMERS
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

Studies have been carried out on the transformation of some C14- labelled aromatic monomers into the lignin residues which yield phenolic aldehydes on nitrobenzene oxidation. The dilution of the radioactive carbon during transformation of the administered precursor to the aldehyde-yielding residue has been taken as a criterion of its efficiency as a lignin precursor. In wheat plants, substances with a phenylmethane (C6, C1) skeleton are not, in general, efficient precursors, although the carbon-14 of vanillin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid is incorporated appreciably into parts of the lignin. In contrast, several substances with a phenylpropane (C6, C3) structure—phenylalanine, tyrosine, and cinnamic acid—are readily transformed to two or more of the three lignin residues, and ferulic acid is very efficiently converted to the guaiacyl part of lignin. Degradation experiments indicate that the aromatic ring and at least the adjacent side chain carbon of the C6, C3compounds are incorporated as a unit. Preliminary evidence has been obtained of marked differences in the utilization of lignin precursors by different species. A new procedure is described for the separation of vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by partition chromatography on columns of diatomaceous earth.
CLEAVAGE OF CELLOTRIOSE BY MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE
Authors: Whitaker D. R. , Merler E.
Published: October 2017

The method of cleavage of cellotriose by Myrothecium cellulase was determined from the distribution of C14in the enzymic hydrolysis products of cellotriose labelled in the anhydroglucose unit at the reducing end of the chain. The substrate was prepared by the incubation of the enzyme in a concentrated solution of cellopentaose (0.14 M) and C14-labelled glucose (5 M) and the fractionation of the products, first by adsorption and elution on a charcoal column and then by preparative paper chromatography. The glucosidic linkage adjacent to the non-reducing end of the chain is preferentially hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Its rate of hydrolysis was estimated to be about five times that for the linkage adjacent to the reducing end of the chain.
THE CONSTITUENTS OF COD LIVER WITH VITAMIN B12 ACTIVITY FOR LACTOBACILLUS LEICHMANNII
Authors: Truscott Beryl , Hoogland P. L.
Published: October 2017

The identity of the compounds that together form the total microbiological vitamin B12 activity of cod-liver residue was determined by a fractionation procedure involving ion exchange, countercurrent distribution, partition chromatography, and microbiological assay. The presence of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and the desoxyribosides of thymine, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and guanine was demonstrated. The total vitamin B12 activity, as determined by microbiological assay with Lactobacillus leichmannii, and its distribution in cod-liver residue, were very similar to those of beef liver. Cod-liver residues may be used to replace beef liver in vitamin B12 preparations.
THE ROLE OF A-ESTERASE IN THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF PARAOXON, TEPP, AND PARATHION
Authors: Main A. R.
Published: October 2017

The liver and serum A-esterase activity was determined in normal rats and in rats which four days previously had been fed a massive sublethal dose of aldrin. Aldrin pretreatment doubled the A-esterase activity in the liver and halved it in the serum. The intravenous toxicity of paraoxon increased slightly following aldrin pretreatment, while the oral toxicity decreased threefold. These results indicated that the A-esterase activity of the liver mediates the oral toxicity, and that the serum activity influences the intravenous toxicity. The latter conclusion was verified by the preparation of a partially purified concentrate of rabbit serum A-esterase. The concentrate was intravenously injected into rats. The serum A-esterase activity increased three- to five-fold, and the acute toxicity of paraoxon decreased significantly. Following aldrin pretreatment the oral toxicity of TEPP decreased slightly, while the intravenous toxicity remained unaltered. This result is explained by the relative activity of A-esterase toward paraoxon and TEPP. Parathioa intravenous toxicity increased two- to three-fold following aldrin pretreatment. Comparison of paraoxon with parathion experiments suggested that aldrin pretreatment results in the inhibition of the 'in vivo' conversion of parathion to paraoxon. The serum esterase hydrolyzing phenylbenzoate in rat and rabbit was found to be the B-type esterase of Aldridge.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XIII. ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE RETICULOCYTE
Authors: Rubinstein D. , Ottolenghi P. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: October 2017

The object of the study was to ascertain the changes that occur in the activity of the enzymes of the reticulocyte during its maturation to the normocyte (adult erythrocyte). Blood specimens were taken from rabbits in which a severe anemia and a pronounced reticulosis (50–90% reticulocyte count) had been produced by giving the animals subcutaneous injections of acetylphenylhydrazine. Succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and DPN-ase were found to be confined to the insoluble fraction of the cells while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyrophosphatase were found only in the soluble fraction (stroma-free hemolyzate). Isocitric, lactic, and malic dehydrogenases, fumarase, aconitase, and hexokinase were found to be present in both fractions. The activity of fumarase, hexokinase, and pyrophosphatase is much lower in the normocyte than in the reticulocyte while that of the isocitric, lactic, and malic dehydrogenases and of DPN-ase was of the same order in both types of cell. Aliquots of blood specimens were kept at 37 °C. for 12 hr. and the activity of numerous enzymes was followed at two-hourly intervals. The enzymes which are more active in the reticulocyte undergo a diminution in activity concurrently with the decrease in the reticulocyte count. Succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, and aconitase are absent from the normocyte. The significance of these changes with respect to the maturation of the reticulocyte is discussed.Exposure of hemolyzates of the blood specimens to the enzyme ribonuclease, to destroy any ribonucleic acid that may be present, did not alter the activity of any of the enzymes tested. The DPN-ase of the reticulocyte, as in the normocyte, was found to be a nucleosidase which splits the linkage between nicotinamide and ribose.
THE DEGRADATION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DURING ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS
Authors: Hurst R. O.
Published: October 2017

The extent of alkaline degradation of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was determined by following the formation of organic phosphate soluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid solution and the liberation of ammonia. Hydrolysis of DNA with 1 N sodium hydroxide at 100 °C. for four hours was required to effect complete formation of acid-soluble oligonucleotides and the ammonia liberated was equivalent to the estimated amino nitrogen content of the DNA.
THE FUNCTION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

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THE MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION OF A CELLODEXTRIN BY MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE
Authors: Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

A cellodextrin with a number-average degree of polymerization (D.P.) of 24 was hydrolyzed by Myrothecium cellulase in the presence of C14-labelled cellobiose. The specific activities of cellotriose and cellotetraose isolated at various stages of the hydrolysis were less than 20% of that of cellobiose isolated at the same time. It is concluded that transfer reactions involving cellobiose contributed little to the formation of cellotriose and cellotetraose. The ratio moles of cellotriose formed/mole of cellobiose formed was at least 0.7 and the corresponding ratio for cellotetraose at least 0.4. The number-average D.P. of the substrate decreased slightly during the hydrolysis. The results exclude a degradation of the substrate by cleavage of cellobiose units from the ends of its chains but are consistent with degradation by random cleavage.
METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND STEROID FORMATION BY RAT ADRENALS IN VITRO
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Birmingham Marion K. , Saffran Murray
Published: October 2017

The stimulation by ACTH of the formation of corticoids by rat adrenals in vitro is enhanced by the presence of glucose in the medium. Pyruvate and ribose also enhance the stimulation by ACTH, but to a lesser extent; acetate, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate are without detectable influence. The following inhibitors decrease or abolish the effect of ACTH: iodoacetate, fluoride, arsenite, N2 (anaerobiosis), cyanide, azide, and dinitrophenol. A decrease in the sodium: potassium ratio of the medium also results in the inhibition of the stimulation of corticosteroid formation by ACTH. Fluoroacetate, trans-aconitate, malonate, and benzoate exert a less marked influence on the formation of corticoids. Epinephrine and insulin are without effect.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF STEROIDS IN "100%" PHOSPHORIC ACID
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech J. , Steyermark Paul R.
Published: October 2017

Absorption maxima and minima of 67 steroids, after treatment with "100%"phosphoric acid, are tabulated together with their optical densities. Some correlations between the structure and the spectra of steroids are demonstrated with the aid of simple model compounds. An example of the application of the technique to the characterization of steroids from natural sources is quoted.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON NORMAL AND ON POLIOMYELITIS INFECTED TISSUE CULTURES: II. INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS ENZYME SYSTEMS IN HOMOGENATES OF KIDNEY TISSUE CULTURES OF NORMAL RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: Kovacs E.
Published: October 2017

Pools of normal tissue cultures were examined for enzymes associated with nucleic acid metabolism. Ribonucleases and desoxyribonucleases, 5-nucleotidases, simple nucleotidases, acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied, and certain others occasionally demonstrated. Characteristic behavior of these enzyme systems during the cultivation procedures, during growth, and during degeneration was described. Quantitative data indicate the presence of significant amounts of enzymes in the supernatant fluid. This accounts for the considerable loss in these specialized constituents during fluid changes. The bearing of these findings on the physiology and pathology of cultivated cells was discussed, as a working hypothesis, with special emphasis on poliomyelitis infection. The use of enzyme assays, as functional tests supplementing morphological methods in tissue cultivation, was recommended.