bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supracolloidal chains of patchy micelles in water
Authors: Nghiem T.-L. , Löbling T. I. , Gröschel A. H.
Published: December 2017

This work describes the programmable self-assembly of ABC triblock terpolymers into patchy micelles and further to supracolloidal chains in water.
Correction: Removal of Cu(ii) from aqueous solution using Fe3O4–alginate modified biochar microspheres
Authors: Yu Changjiang , Wang Miao , Dong Xinyu , Shi Zaifeng , Zhang Xiaopeng , Lin Qiang
Published: December 2017

Correction for ‘Removal of Cu(ii) from aqueous solution using Fe3O4–alginate modified biochar microspheres’ by Changjiang Yu et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 53135–53144.
Photoinduced oxidative activation of electron-rich arenes: alkenylation with H2 evolution under external oxidant-free conditions
Authors: Hu Xia , Zhang Guoting , Bu Faxiang , Luo Xu , Yi Kebing , Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen
Published: December 2017

An external oxidant-free cross-coupling of electron-rich arenes and styrenes was enabled by a dual photoredox-cobaloxime catalytic system.
Ligand-enabled ortho-C–H olefination of phenylacetic amides with unactivated alkenes
Authors: Lu Ming-Zhu , Chen Xing-Rong , Xu Hui , Dai Hui-Xiong , Yu Jin-Quan
Published: December 2017

Here we report a quinoline-derived ligand that enables the Pd(ii)-catalyzed olefination of the C(sp2)–H bond with simple aliphatic alkenes using a weakly coordinating monodentate amide auxiliary.
The curved kinetic boundary layer of active matter
Authors: Yan Wen , Brady John F.
Published: December 2017

A body submerged in active matter feels the swim pressure through a kinetic accumulation boundary layer on its surface.
Ultra‐low‐LO‐power X‐band down‐conversion ring mixer using weak‐inversion biasing technique
Authors: Tsai J.‐H. , Xiao H. , Cheng J.‐H. , Chang R.‐A.
Published: December 2017

An ultra‐low‐LO (local oscillator)‐power X‐band down‐conversion ring mixer in 0.18‐μm CMOS process is presented. By using the weak‐inversion biasing technique, the proposed X‐band ring mixer exhibits low‐dc‐power consumption and low‐LO‐drive power while maintaining a reasonable conversion gain (CG). The measurement results show that the proposed mixer demonstrates a maximum CG of 1.75 dB with ultra‐low‐LO‐power of −8 dBm at RF of 12 GHz and IF of 100 MHz. The dc power is only 2 mW. The 3‐dB RF bandwidth is from 9 to 15 GHz and the output 1‐dB compression point (OP1 dB) is −14 dBm.
Methodology for ESS‐type selection and optimal energy management in distribution system with DG considering reverse flow limitations and cost penalties
Authors: Sepulveda Rangel Camilo Alberto , Canha Luciane , Sperandio Mauricio , Severiano Railson
Published: December 2017

As there are different types of energy storage systems (ESS), it is important to have a tool that determines the best alternative to be installed in the distribution systems. This study presents a methodology for optimal determination of size, type and site of ESS in distribution systems with distributed generation (DG). The methodology uses a genetic algorithm and a power flow calculated by the Electric Power Research Institute software OPENDSS. For the optimal ESS charge and discharge management uses a non‐linear optimisation model that has as objective an energy cost and loss reduction. In addition, the methodology makes an energy management of the system by limiting the reverse flow with a load shifting process and a cost penalty. Solar and wind power are considered as DG modelled in Homer. Then, a genetic algorithm is used to select the size, type and site of the ESS, considering different lifecycles and costs. This methodology is tested in the IEEE 123 nodes system simulated and adapted in the OPENDSS and the formulation is implemented in MATLAB via COM interface. Finally, results of the methodology are presented and discussed.
Fault diagnosis of PV array based on optimised BP neural network by improved adaptive genetic algorithm
Authors: Liu Yawei , Zhu Xiaorong , Yang Jin
Published: December 2017

The fault diagnosis model based on back propagation (BP) neural network is especially suitable for multi‐fault and complex pattern recognition. However, the selection of initial weights and thresholds of BP neural network is lack of basis and it is easy to fall into the local optimum. Genetic algorithm (GA) can be used to optimise the initial weights and thresholds of the BP neural network. However, the selection process of GA based on roulette wheel selection is a random operation and the parameters of GA, the crossover probability and the mutation probability, are given a constant value which reduces the efficiency. Thus improved adaptive GA provides improvement in the selection, crossing and mutation process of GA, which prevents the neural network from falling into local optimum more effectively. Results of cases study show that this method can determine the fault types of photovoltaic array effectively.
Measurement of the solar system acceleration using the Earth scale factor
Authors: Titov O. , Krásná H.
Published: December 2017

Aim. We propose an alternative method to detect the secular aberration drift induced by the solar system acceleration due to the attraction to the Galaxy centre. This method is free of the individual radio source proper motion caused by intrinsic structure variation.

Methods. We developed a procedure to estimate the scale factor directly from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data analysis in a source-wise mode within a global solution. The scale factor is estimated for each reference radio source individually as a function of astrometric coordinates (right ascension and declination). This approach splits the systematic dipole effect and uncorrelated motions on the level of observational parameters.

Results. We processed VLBI observations from 1979.7 to 2016.5 to obtain the scale factor estimates for more than 4000 reference radio sources. We show that the estimates highlight a dipole systematics aligned with the direction to the centre of the Galaxy. With this method we obtained a Galactocentric acceleration vector with an amplitude of 5.2 ± 0.2 μas/yr and direction αG = 281∘± 3∘ and δG = −35∘± 3∘.
Non-linear mechanical behavior of a sintered material for braking application using digital image correlation
Authors: Mann Ruddy , Magnier Vincent , Serrano-Munoz Itziar , Brunel Jean-Francois , Brunel Florent , Dufrenoy Philippe , Henrion Michele
Published: December 2017

Friction materials for braking applications are complex composites made of many components to ensure the various performances required (friction coefficient level, low wear, mechanical strength, thermal resistance, etc.). The material is developed empirically by a trial and error approach. With the solicitation, the material evolves and probably also its properties. In the literature, the mechanical behavior of such materials is generally considered as linear elastic and independent of the loading history. This paper describes a methodology to characterize the mechanical behavior of such a heterogeneous material in order to investigate its non-linear mechanical behavior. Results from mechanical tests are implemented into material laws for numerical simulations. Thanks to the instrumentation, some links with the microstructure can also be proposed. The material is made of a metallic matrix embedding graphite and ceramic particles and is manufactured by sintering. It is used for dry friction applications such as high-energy brake for trains, cars and motorcycles. Compression tests are done with digital image correlation to measure full-filled displacement. It allows to calculate strain fields with enough resolution to identify the material heterogeneity and the role of some of the components of the formulation. A behavior model of the material with plasticity and damage is proposed to simulate the non-linear mechanical behavior and is implemented in an FEM code. Results of mechanical test simulations are compared with two types of experiments showing good agreement. This method thus makes it possible to determine mechanical properties at a virgin state but is extensible for characterizing a material having been submitted to braking solicitations.
Die Vielseitigkeit des Schlafes
Authors: Staub C.
Published: December 2017

Hintergrund: Die Wirkung von beeinträchtigtem Schlaf auf die Schmerzempfindung, die Regeneration und das Wohlbefinden wird sowohl von medizinischem Personal als auch von Patienten oft zu wenig beachtet.

Ziel: Dieser Artikel zeigt auf, dass verschiedene mit dem Schlaf zusammenhängende Krankheitsbilder in der Physiotherapie behandelt werden können.

Methode: Es werden 3 verschiedene typische Fallbeispiele mit folgenden Diagnosen beschrieben: (1) Kopfschmerzen bei obstruktivem Schlafapnoe-Syndrom, (2) Insomnie und (3) chronisches Schmerzsyndrom und Störung des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus. Die Beispiele illustrieren einige Möglichkeiten der physiotherapeutischen Praxis.

Ergebnisse: Bei allen 3 Patienten erzielten physiotherapeutische Maßnahmen gesundheitliche Verbesserungen (erholsamerer Schlaf, Verbesserung der Atmung während des Schlafes, erhöhtes Wohlbefinden, Schmerzreduktion).

Schlussfolgerung: Für einen wirksamen Schlaf und reduzierte Beschwerden (Schmerzen, Fatigue) müssen individuelle Lösungen angeboten werden.
Real-World Early Treatment with Room Temperature–Stable Recombinant Factor VIIa in Hemophilia A/B and Inhibitors: SMART-7™ Post Hoc Analyses
Authors: Demartis Francesco , Batorova Angelika , Chambost Hervé , Eshghi Peyman , Karimi Mehran , Kavakli Kaan , El Fegoun Soraya , Cepo Katarina , Vestergaard Lene , Benson Gary
Published: December 2017

Treating hemophilia A or B patients with inhibitors is particularly challenging, as they do not respond to replacement therapy with factor VIII or factor IX concentrates. A room temperature–stable formulation of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa; NovoSeven®), which provides improved convenience and treatment access to patients compared with the earlier formulation of rFVIIa, was shown to be safe and effective in a post-authorization, multinational, observational study (Study Monitoring Antibodies against Room Temperature–stable factor 7 [SMART-7™]). In post hoc, subgroup analyses of SMART-7™ data, the hemostatic response following rFVIIa monotherapy in patients with hemophilia A or B with inhibitors by time to first treatment and in different age cohorts was assessed. A total of 482/618 bleeding episodes treated with rFVIIa monotherapy and with (1) valid efficacy assessment, (2) no missing time for bleed start, (3) no missing time for any dose administration, and (4) valid time to first treatment were included in the analyses. Data on the type and location of bleeding episodes treated with rFVIIa monotherapy were also collected. The majority of bleeding episodes treated with rFVIIa monotherapy were treated within 1 hour after bleeding onset (318/482 [66%]) and, among them, 96.5% (307/318) were effectively treated (i.e., bleeding stopped). Hemostatic efficacy remained high for bleeding episodes treated >1 to ≤4 hours after the onset, with 94/101 (93.1%) treated effectively. Cause and location of bleeding varied across the different age groups assessed. Real-world evidence from post hoc, subgroup analyses of SMART-7™ data confirmed that patients were able to treat themselves quickly and that early treatment with rFVIIa was associated with high efficacy.
An Infant with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in the Setting of Hydranencephaly
Authors: Avidan O. , Craig A. , Deerwester K.
Published: December 2017

An infant of 37 weeks' gestation was born with signs and symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Upon further investigation, he was found to have congenital hydranencephaly, a condition in which the forebrain is absent. In this case report, we explore the mechanisms of NAS and hydranencephaly, and why an infant without a forebrain can still experience NAS symptoms.
Outcomes of Resident-Performed Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Beketova Tatyana , Pfeiffer Margaret , Chuang Alice , Kim Gene
Published: December 2017

Purpose This article aimed to evaluate outcomes of resident-performed Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).

Methods This is a case series of patients who underwent DSAEK performed by PGY-4 ophthalmology residents at Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital from January 2013 to August 2016 staffed by a fellowship-trained cornea specialist. Patients with less than 1 month of follow-up were excluded. Demographics, baseline ocular characteristics, and intraoperative data were recorded. Vision and graft status were recorded at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and the last follow-up visits. Surgical failure was defined as graft detachment within 1 week of surgery and/or primary graft failure within 3 months of surgery.

Results Eighteen eyes of 18 patients who followed up for 14.9 months (±12.9) were included. Mean age of patients was 60.9 years (±13.2). Indications for DSAEK included pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (10), Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (4), and other causes of endothelial dysfunction (4). Eleven (61%) eyes had prior ocular surgery, and 7 (39%) had prior glaucoma surgery. There were no postoperative graft detachments and two (11%) primary graft failures. There was one primary graft failure in a glaucoma patient. Of the 16 graft successes, logMAR visual acuity improved by 0.46 logMAR (±0.73) from baseline.

Conclusion With appropriate staffing by an experienced cornea surgeon, DSAEK with residents as the primary surgeons is a safe and effective procedure with reasonably good outcomes.
Prolonged Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Thai Children: Mortality Rate and its Predictors
Authors: Saengow Vitchayaporn , Trenavit Pairat , Sakpichaisakul Kullasate
Published: December 2017

Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the most common neurological emergency condition among children and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Yet, there are little data on this condition in the context of Thailand. To address this information gap, we studied children with prolonged CSE in a major regional referral hospital to measure the case–fatality rate and predictors for fatal outcomes. Infants and children at least 1 month of age diagnosed with prolonged CSE (by the International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE] 2015 criteria), from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2012 at a large tertiary hospital in Northeast Thailand, were analyzed. Data were collected from the medical record on demographic, etiology, treatment, and clinical course. Clinical outcomes were determined prospectively at 1, 3, and 6 months following hospital discharge. Sixty patients with CSE (31 males, 29 females) of mean age 3.8 years were identified. Eighteen children (30.0%) had been previously diagnosed with epilepsy. Their CSE etiologies were acute symptomatic (48.3%), febrile (30.0%), remote symptomatic (10.0%), idiopathic (6.7%), and progressive symptomatic (5.0%). Overall mortality was 11.7% (short-term ≤ 30 days, 5%; long-term > 30 days, 6.7%). High overall mortality rate was associated with delays in initiating treatment (p < 0.05, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 10.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–89.7) and prolonged seizure duration > 90 minutes (p < 0.05, adjusted OR: 21.9; 95% CI: 1.9–257.6). With a high mortality rate of 11.7% among children with CSE, initiating early treatment according to established guidelines is essential to avoid this outcome.
12.1.5 Pyrazoles (Update 2017)
Authors: Götzinger A. C. , Müller T. J. J.
Published: December 2017

This review presents an overview of the developments in pyrazole synthesis since the beginning of the 21st century. It includes the synthesis of the pyrazole core by ring-closing reactions, ring expansion or contraction, and aromatization. The introduction of substituents onto the pyrazole ring is also covered. Novel synthetic methods that have been developed since the original Science of Synthesis review on pyrazoles (Section 12.1) include various multicomponent approaches in which multiple bonds are formed, cross coupling, and C—H activation reactions of pyrazole derivatives.
1.1 Polyene Cyclizations
Authors: Shenvi R. A. , Wan K. K.
Published: December 2017

A domino transformation consists of a first chemical reaction enabling a second reaction, which can then effect a third reaction, and so on, all under the same reaction conditions. A polyene cyclization is defined as a reaction between two or more double bonds contained within the same molecule to form one or more rings via one or more C—C bond-forming events. Herein, domino polyene cyclizations are discussed, with an emphasis on operationally simple methods of broad utility. From the perspective of synthesis theory, polyene cyclizations are a powerful approach for the efficient generation of both complexity and diversity, with the potential for a single synthetic route to generate a series of both constitutional and stereochemical isomers. However, with some noteworthy exceptions, the ability to controllably cyclize a linear chain to multiple products with high selectivity still generally eludes synthetic chemists and represents a significant chemical frontier for further development.
1.5.3 Brook Rearrangement as the Key Step in Domino Reactions
Authors: Kirschning A. , Gille F. , Wolling M.
Published: December 2017

The Brook rearrangement has lost its Cinderella status over the past twenty years since being embedded into cascade reaction sequences. The powerful formation of carbanions through silyl migration has been exploited for the development of many new methodologies and has been used as a key transformation in complex natural product syntheses. Now, the Brook rearrangement belongs to the common repertoire of synthetic organic chemists.
2.5 Biomimetic Oxidation in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Vicens L. , Borrell M. , Costas M.
Published: December 2017

Oxidation reactions performed by metalloenzymes are regarded as a model for the development of novel methods that could represent a more sustainable alternative to traditional oxidants, or that could also introduce novel selectivity. Herein, are collected oxidation methodologies that reproduce reactivity aspects of enzymatic systems and that find use for synthetic purposes. This includes catalytic systems based on iron, manganese, and copper that allow for the functionalization of aliphatic C—H bonds leading to halide and pseudohalide insertion, the epoxidation and cis-dihydroxylation of alkenes, the oxidation of alkanes, the oxidation of alcohols, and the hydroxylation of phenols.
5.3 Aminohydroxylation and Aminooxygenation of Alkenes
Authors: Chemler S. R. , Wdowik T.
Published: December 2017

The aminohydroxylation of alkenes provides β-amino alcohols (vicinal amino alcohols). A number of alkene aminohydroxylation protocols (and those of related reactions termed oxyamination and aminooxygenation), predominantly enabled by transition-metal catalysis, are described in this chapter, which focuses on literature published in the period 1996–2015. Cyclic and acyclic compounds containing vicinal amino alcohols and derivatives thereof can be prepared from alkenes with good regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.
5.4 Halogenation and Halocyclization of Alkenes
Authors: Andries-Ulmer A. , Gulder T.
Published: December 2017

Halogenated compounds are of high importance in many disciplines, even beyond chemistry. The unique properties that can be traced back to the halogen atom make the development of methods for selectively installing carbon—halogen bonds a rewarding goal. This chapter provides an overview of effective methods for the chemo-, regio-, and, in particular, stereoselective formation of C—X bonds using different oxidative approaches.
7 Gold-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkynes
Authors: Calleja P. , Dorel R. , Echavarren A. M.
Published: December 2017

This chapter reviews gold-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular oxidative reactions of alkynes proceeding through α-oxo gold(I) carbenes or related intermediates. Oxidative reactions of enynes and applications of gold-catalyzed oxidative reactions in total synthesis are also covered.
8.2 Enantioselective Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Stoltz B. M. , Wright A. C. , Ebner D. C. , Park N.
Published: December 2017

Described herein is a review of methods for the enantioselective oxidation of alcohol derivatives to afford enantioenriched alcohols from the corresponding racemates. This review emphasizes recent discoveries in the field, i.e. those that have been reported since 2011. Topics covered include transfer hydrogenation, aerobic metal catalysis, nitroxyl-based radical catalysis, manganese catalysis, and biocatalysis.
12 Aerobic Oxidative Intermolecular Cross-Coupling and Heck Reactions
Authors: Bellina F. , Perego L. A.
Published: December 2017

Transition-metal-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C—C bond forming couplings allow the synthesis of alkenyl-, (het)aryl-, and alkynyl-substituted (het)arenes by activation of C—H bonds on both of the reaction partners.
1.3 Reduction of Arenes
Authors: Dai X. , Shi F.
Published: December 2017

The group VIII metals, boranes, and Lewis pairs can catalyze the reduction of arenes to afford cycloalkanes. Cycloalkenes, as the intermediate product in the reduction of arenes, can also be generated by the partial reduction of arenes in the presence of ruthenium- and rhodium-based catalysts, but the selective partial reduction of polycyclic arenes to cycloalkenes still remains a challenge.
1.4 Reduction of Hetarenes
Authors: Chen Z.-P. , Zhou Y.-G.
Published: December 2017

The reduction of hetarenes provides a practical and efficient route to the corresponding saturated or partially saturated heterocycles, which are important structural motifs in many biologically active reagents and synthetic drugs. In the past decades, this approach has been extensively developed and it now represents a very powerful tool in organic synthesis. This chapter provides an overview of the reduction of hetarenes. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis approaches involving hydrogenations and transfer hydrogenations with transition-metal catalysts are discussed. Moreover, enantioselective approaches are also covered.
1.5 Catalytic Reduction of Alkynes and Allenes
Authors: Bonrath W. , Medlock J. A. , Müller M.-A.
Published: December 2017

Catalytic reductions are one of the most important transformations in the chemical industry. In the field of alkyne and allene reduction, the most widely used method is hydrogenation. Numerous processes have been developed and implemented in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries for the production of a wide variety of alkenes and alkanes. This review provides an overview of the best (selective) reduction methods, from the use of the classic supported transition metal catalysts (e.g., the Lindlar catalyst) to more recently developed homogeneous catalysts which show alternative reactivity and selectivity, including preferential formation of E-alkenes.
1.7 Hydrogenolysis of Ethers
Authors: Nakagawa Y. , Tamura M. , Tomishige K.
Published: December 2017

Selective hydrogenolysis of ethers to alcohols and hydrocarbons is becoming possible with appropriate metal catalysts. Total removal of oxygen atoms from functionalized ethers to give alkanes, especially from furan derivatives toward biofuels, is catalyzed by a combination of metal and acid.
Enhanced optical alignment of a digital micro mirror device through Bayesian adaptive exploration
Authors: Wynne Kevin B. , Knuth Kevin H. , Petruccelli Jonathan
Published: December 2017

As the use of Digital Micro Mirror Devices (DMDs) becomes more prevalent in optics research, the ability to precisely locate the Fourier “footprint” of an image beam at the Fourier plane becomes a pressing need. In this approach, Bayesian adaptive exploration techniques were employed to characterize the size and position of the beam on a DMD located at the Fourier plane. It couples a Bayesian inference engine with an inquiry engine to implement the search. The inquiry engine explores the DMD by engaging mirrors and recording light intensity values based on the maximization of the expected information gain. Using the data collected from this exploration, the Bayesian inference engine updates the posterior probability describing the beam’s characteristics. The process is iterated until the beam is located to within the desired precision. This methodology not only locates the center and radius of the beam with remarkable precision but accomplishes the task in far less time than a brute force search. The employed approach has applications to system alignment for both Fourier processing and coded aperture design.
Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of
aerosols
Authors: Bzdek Bryan R. , Reid Jonathan P.
Published: December 2017

Aerosols are found in a wide diversity of contexts and applications, including the atmosphere, pharmaceutics, and industry. Aerosols are dispersions of particles in a gas, and the coupling of the two phases results in highly dynamic systems where chemical and physical properties like size, composition, phase, and refractive index change rapidly in response to environmental perturbations. Aerosol particles span a wide range of sizes from 1 nm to tens of micrometres or from small molecular clusters that may more closely resemble gas phase molecules to large particles that can have similar qualities to bulk materials. However, even large particles with finite volumes exhibit distinct properties from the bulk condensed phase, due in part to their higher surface-to-volume ratio and their ability to easily access supersaturated solute states inaccessible in the bulk. Aerosols represent a major challenge for study because of the facile coupling between the particle and gas, the small amounts of sample available for analysis, and the sheer breadth of operative processes. Time scales of aerosol processes can be as short as nanoseconds or as long as years. Despite their very different impacts and applications, fundamental chemical physics processes serve as a common theme that underpins our understanding of aerosols. This perspective article discusses challenges in the study of aerosols and highlights recent chemical physics advancements that have enabled improved understanding of these complex systems.
Skyrmions and Hall viscosity
Authors: Kim Bom Soo
Published: December 2017

We discuss the contribution of magnetic Skyrmions to the Hall viscosity and propose a simple way to identify it in experiments. The topological Skyrmion charge density has a distinct signature in the electric Hall conductivity that is identified in existing experimental data. In an electrically neutral system, the Skyrmion charge density is directly related to the thermal Hall conductivity. These results are direct consequences of the field theory Ward identities, which relate various physical quantities based on symmetries and have been previously applied to quantum Hall systems.
La duplicación de clíticos en español como estrategia de marcación inversa
Authors: Pericchi Natalia , Cornillie Bert , Van de Velde Freek , Davidse Kristin
Published: December 2017

Clitic doubling is the phenomenon in which, in a clause, a NP or a stressed pronoun and a clitic pronoun refer to the same entity and have the same syntactic function. Previous studies on this phenomenon in Spanish observe that it takes place when the elements involved have features such as +preposition and +definiteness that make them prone to topicalization, such as with stressed pronouns (Silva-Corvalán, 1984;Melis and Flores, 2009;Vázquez Rozas and García Salido, 2012). However, we have found that in 19th and 20th Century Spanish, doubling often occurs with elements that are not typically topical, such as indefinite NPs. On the basis of a sample of the Argentinian variety from the CORDE and CREA corpora we found that doubling in ditransitive clauses has two functions: it can mark topical indirect objects, but it can also flaginverse distributionswhich have unexpected promotion of the direct object and demotion of the indirect object in the accessibility scale.
Food and companion animal welfare: the Islamic perspective.
Authors: Fuseini A. , Knowles T. G. , Hadley P. J. , Wotton S. B.
Published: December 2017

Much has been published regarding the animal welfare aspects of Halal slaughter, particularly when carried out without stunning. Although a significant number of animals are being stunned prior to Halal slaughter in the developed world, in fact, the majority of non-Muslims in these countries are still of the view that Muslims do not generally have compassion when it comes to the treatment of food animals, particularly at the point of slaughter. This is, however, a direct contrast to the teachings of Islam, as laid down in the Quran and the
Hadith
(Islamic scriptures). The Prophet of Islam, Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him), through whom the Quran was revealed, was a known animal welfare advocate, and it is well documented that he disapproved and reprimanded any of his companions who fell short of the etiquette with respect to the treatment of animals in their care. This paper explores some important verses in the Quran, authentic narrations from the
Hadith
and academic literature on the welfare of both food and companion animals.
Aerobic training but no resistance training increases SIRT3 in skeletal muscle of sedentary obese male adolescents
Authors: Vargas‐Ortiz Katya , Pérez‐Vázquez Victoriano , Figueroa Arturo , Díaz Francisco J. , Montaño‐Ascencio Paulina G. , Macías‐Cervantes Maciste H.
Published: December 2017

In recent years, prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has increased. A strategy for prevention and management of obesity is aerobic training (AT) due to its effectiveness to decrease fat mass. AT increases the content of SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein that increases the expression of PGC‐1α and NFR1, thereby enhances mitochondrial function and metabolic health. Resistance training (RT) provides metabolic benefits but its effect on SIRT3 content is unknown. To compare the effect of AT and RT on SIRT3, PGC‐1α and NRF‐1 protein levels in skeletal muscle of sedentary obese adolescents. Twenty‐seven sedentary obese male adolescents (age: 16.7 ± 0.9 years; BMI: 33.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2) completed a 1‐month control period prior to randomization to one of two supervised exercise protocols: AT (3 days/week, 40 min/day, 70–80% peak heart rate) or RT (3 days/week, 11 exercises, 2 sets/exercise, 12 repetitions/set) for 12 weeks. Biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after 12 weeks to analyse SIRT3, PGC‐1α and NRF‐1 proteins content. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and anthropometric variables were evaluated before and after training. AT increased SIRT3 content, which was associated with improvements in PGC‐1α content and body fat percentage. RT did not affect SIRT3 or PGC‐1α. VO2peak increased only in AT. The increase in muscle mitochondrial SIRT3 was observed only following AT. In contrast, RT increased muscle mass without improving SIRT3 in obese male adolescents.
PSMA brings new flavors to PI3K signaling: A role for glutamate in prostate cancer
Authors: Palamiuc Lavinia , Emerling Brooke M.
Published: December 2017

In this issue of JEM, Kaittanis et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171052) report a new signaling role for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), providing a mechanistic link between two major oncogenic pathways, as well as promising therapeutic implications for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.
Home Literacy Environment and Shared Reading in the Newborn Period
Authors: Sinclair Elizabeth M. , McCleery Ellen J. , Koepsell Lorraine , Zuckerman Katharine E. , Stevenson Ellen B.
Published: December 2017

In 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics and Reach Out and Read formally emphasized counseling families on shared reading starting at birth. However, little data exist on the home reading practices and environments of newborn infants.

Objective:

To characterize the home reading practices and environments of 2-week-old infants.

Methods:

We distributed writtens self-administered surveys to 223 families seen for 2-week well-child visits. The survey assessed the frequency of shared reading, “favorite activities” with infants (including shared reading), number of books in the home, and sources of reading information. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were computed to assess the frequency of primary outcomes and sociodemographic associations.

Results:

At the 2-week well-child visit, 57.7% of families had not yet started reading with their infants. A minority of families (29.1%) reported shared reading as a favorite activity. Thirty-five percent of families reported having ≤10 books in the home. Non-white race and having lived outside the United States were significantly associated with having ≤10 books in the home. Parents who reported not always enjoying reading were less likely to have started reading to their infant.

Conclusion:

Differences in both book ownership and having initiated shared reading are present from the newborn period. Findings suggest an opportunity for the provision of children's books in early infancy through primary care, particularly for immigrant and minority families. Engaging parents to incorporate language-rich activities, including shared reading, with their infants may be especially important for those who have a history of not being read to or who do not report enjoying reading.
Assessment of Masses of the External Ear With Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging
Authors: Razek Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

To assess masses of the external ear with diffusion-weighted MR imaging.

Material and Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 43 consecutive patients with soft tissue mass of the external ear. They underwent single shot diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the ear. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the mass of the external ear was calculated. The final diagnosis was performed by biopsy. The ADC value correlated with the biopsy results.

Results:

The mean ADC value of malignancy (=27) of external ear (0.95 ± 0.19 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly lower (p = 0.001) than that of benign (n = 16) lesions (1.49 ± 0.08 × 10−3 mm2/s). The cutoff ADC used for differentiation of malignancy from benign lesions was 1.18 × 10−3 mm2/s with an area under the curve of 0.959, an accuracy of 93%, a sensitivity of 92%, and specificity of 93%. There was a significant difference in the ADC of well and moderately differentiated malignancy versus poorly and undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.001), and stages I and II versus stages III and IV (p = 0.04) of squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion:

ADC value is a non-invasive promising imaging parameter that can be used for differentiation of malignancy of the external ear from benign lesions, and grading and staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear.
Observed Treatment Responses to Short-Course Doxycycline Therapy for Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Simons Rebecca , Candfield Sophie , French Patrick , White John A.
Published: December 2017

Background

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) has reestablished itself as an endemic sexually transmitted infection in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe and North America over the last decade. Current guidelines suggest treatment with 21 days of doxycycline; however, the evidence base for LGV treatment including its duration is very limited.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review in 2 central London genitourinary medicine clinics of men who have sex with men (MSM) with LGV in whom less than 21 days of doxycycline was used initially.

Results

Sixty MSM were treated initially with less than 21 days of doxycycline, of whom 50 (83%) were prescribed a 7-day course. Fifty percent of patients were asymptomatic, with the rest having rectal or other symptoms. Fifty-nine (97%) of 60 had a negative test of cure for LGV at a median of 31 days (7–200 days). Reinfection as opposed to treatment failure was considered likely in the patient testing positive. A second test of cure at a median of 139 days later (37–638 days) was completed in 30 patients, of whom 28 (93%) were negative for LGV.

Conclusions

Seven to 14 days of doxycycline is effective in most cases of LGV with negative TOCs in 59 of 60 patients. These data suggest that 7 days of doxycycline is effective in achieving cure of rectal LGV in most MSM. There is a case for a randomized controlled trial of LGV treatment including a 7-day regimen of doxycycline.
Osseous Convexity at the Anterior Fontanelle: A Presentation of Metopic Fusion?
Authors: Sun Alexander Haosi , Persing John A.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Craniosynostosis, or a premature fusion of 1 or more cranial vault sutures, results in characteristic head shape deformities. In previous reports, an osseous prominence at the anterior fontanelle has been suggestive of adjacent suture fusion and local elevation in intracranial pressure (ICP). This prominence has been termed the “volcano” sign, and has been described in the anterior fusion of the sagittal suture and serves as an indication for surgery.

Methods:

Two patients presented for head shape evaluation with mild metopic ridging and anterior fontanellar osseous convexities consistent with the volcano sign. Low-dose computed tomography imaging was performed in both patients due to concern for underlying craniosynostosis with elevated locoregional ICP.

Results:

In both patients, imaging was significant for a localized, superior forehead metopic fusion, as well as a bony, convex prominence at the site of the ossified anterior fontanelle. There were no other clinical or radiologic signs or symptoms to suggest elevated ICP. Surgery was not indicated in either patient.

Conclusions:

Here the authors present 2 patients with osseous convexities at the site of the closed anterior fontanelle without signs or symptoms of elevated ICP, or classic signs of metopic synostosis. The authors hypothesize that this pattern may be due to a form of mechanically induced premature fusion of a normal metopic suture that is focused superiorly at the bregma, with minimal resultant restriction of overall skull growth. This is in contrast to metopic synostosis, which primarily has a sutural pathology and leads to characteristic findings of hypotelorism and trigonocephaly.
A Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Morphology
Authors: Celebi Ahmet Arif , Kau Chung How , Femiano Felice , Bucci Ludovica , Perillo Letizia
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

The aims of this study were to evaluate sexual dimorphism for facial features within Italian and Egyptian populations and to compare the facial morphology by sex between these 2 populations.

Materials and Methods:

Three-dimensional (3D) facial images were acquired by using the portable 3dMDface System, which captured 259 subjects from 2 population groups of Italian (n = 139) and Egyptian (n = 120). Each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. All subjects in the groups were aged between 18 and 30 years and had no apparent facial anomalies. A total of 23 anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3D faces of each subject. The independent t test was used to analyze each data set obtained within each subgroup.

Results:

Egyptian women tend to have distinct facial features when compared with Italian women; they had less prominent eyes, more nasal width, more height of upper and lower faces and more height of upper and lower vermilion lengths. Egyptian and Italian males demonstrated very close facial features. However, Egyptian males had more nasal width, length of alare, and mandibular height.

Conclusions:

Sexual dimorphism for facial features was presented in both the Italian and Egyptian populations. In addition, there were significant differences in facial morphology between these 2 populations, especially in females.
Surgical Resection of the Primary Tumor in Women With De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer
Authors: Lane Whitney O. , Thomas Samantha M. , Blitzblau Rachel C. , Plichta Jennifer K. , Rosenberger Laura H. , Fayanju Oluwadamilola M. , Hyslop Terry , Hwang E. Shelley , Greenup Rachel A.
Published: December 2017

Objective:

We evaluated patterns of surgical care and their association with overall survival among a contemporary cohort of women with stage IV breast cancer.

Background:

Surgical resection of the primary tumor remains controversial among women with stage IV breast cancer.

Methods:

Women diagnosed with clinical stage IV breast cancer from 2003 to 2012 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Cancer Database. Those with intact primary tumors who were alive 12 months after diagnosis were categorized by treatment sequence: (1) surgery before systemic therapy, (2) systemic therapy before surgery, and (3) systemic therapy alone. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association of treatment sequence with surgery type. Overall survival was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:

Among 24,015 women, 56.2% (13,505) underwent systemic therapy alone and 43.8% (10,510) underwent surgical resection. Rates of surgery decreased slightly over time (43.1% in 2003 to 41.9% in 2011). Treatment with systemic therapy before surgery was associated with larger tumor size (median 4.5 vs 3.1 cm, P < 0.001) and receipt of mastectomy (81.4% vs 52.2%, P < 0.001) when compared to those who underwent surgery first. Receipt of surgery, whether before or after systemic therapy (Hazard Ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.73; Hazard Ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.61; P < 0.001), was independently associated with improved adjusted overall survival when compared to systemic therapy alone.

Conclusions:

Surgical resection of the primary tumor occurs in almost half of women with stage IV breast cancer alive 1 year after diagnosis, and is increasingly occurring after systemic therapy. Coordinated multidisciplinary care remains highly relevant in the setting of metastatic breast cancer, where surgical decisions should be made on an individual basis and may affect survival in select women.
Porcine commensal Escherichia coli: a reservoir for class 1 integrons associated with IS26
Authors: Reid Cameron J. , Wyrsch Ethan R. , Roy Chowdhury Piklu , Zingali Tiziana , Liu Michael , Darling Aaron E. , Chapman Toni A. , Djordjevic Steven P.
Published: December 2017

Porcine faecal waste is a serious environmental pollutant. Carriage of antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence-associated genes (VAGs), and the zoonotic potential of commensal Escherichia coli from swine are largely unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the role of commensal E. coli as contributors to the mobilization of ARGs between food animals and the environment. Here, we report whole-genome sequence analysis of 103 class 1 integron-positive E. coli from the faeces of healthy pigs from two commercial production facilities in New South Wales, Australia. Most strains belonged to phylogroups A and B1, and carried VAGs linked with extraintestinal infection in humans. The 103 strains belonged to 37 multilocus sequence types and clonal complex 10 featured prominently. Seventeen ARGs were detected and 97 % (100/103) of strains carried three or more ARGs. Heavy-metal-resistance genes merA, cusA and terA were also common. IS26 was observed in 98 % (101/103) of strains and was often physically associated with structurally diverse class 1 integrons that carried unique genetic features, which may be tracked. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first detailed genomic analysis and point of reference for commensal E. coli of porcine origin in Australia, facilitating tracking of specific lineages and the mobile resistance genes they carry.
Analysis of cardiac differentiation at single cell resolution reveals a requirement of hypertrophic signaling for HOPX transcription
Authors: Friedman Clayton E , Nguyen Quan , Lukowski Samuel W , Chiu Han Sheng , Helfer Abbigail , Miklas Jason , Suo Shengbao Suo , Jackie Han Jing-Dong , Osteil Pierre , Peng Guangdun , Jing Naihe , Baillie Greg J , Senabouth Anne , Christ Angelika N , Bruxner Timothy J , Murry Charles E , Wong Emily S , Ding Jun , Wang Yuliang , Hudson James , Ruohola-Baker Hannele , Bar-Joseph Ziv , Tam Patrick P L , Powell Joseph E , Palpant Nathan J
Published: December 2017

Differentiation into diverse cell lineages requires the orchestration of gene regulatory networks guiding diverse cell fate choices. Utilizing human pluripotent stem cells, we measured expression dynamics of 17,718 genes from 43,168 cells across five time points over a thirty day time-course ofin vitrocardiac-directed differentiation. Unsupervised clustering and lineage prediction algorithms were used to map fate choices and transcriptional networks underlying cardiac differentiation. We leveraged this resource to identify strategies for controllingin vitrodifferentiation as it occursin vivo. HOPX, a non-DNA binding homeodomain protein essential for heart developmentin vivowas identified as dys-regulated inin vitroderived cardiomyocytes. Utilizing genetic gain and loss of function approaches, we dissect the transcriptional complexity of the HOPX locus and identify the requirement of hypertrophic signaling for HOPX transcription in hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. This work provides a single cell dissection of the transcriptional landscape of cardiac differentiation for broad applications of stem cells in cardiovascular biology.
Evolution of anisogamy in the early diverging fungus,Allomyces
Authors: Phadke Sujal S. , Rupp Shawn M. , Wilson Sayres Melissa A.
Published: December 2017

Gamete size dimorphism between sexes (anisogamy) is predicted to have evolved from an isogamous system in which sexes have equal-sized, monomorphic gametes. Although adaptive explanations for the evolution of anisogamy abound, we lack comparable insights into molecular changes that bring about the transition from monomorphism to dimorphism. The basal fungal cladeAllomycesprovides unique opportunities to investigate genomic changes that are associated with this transition in closely related species that show either isogamous or anisogamous mating systems. The anisogamous species show sexual dimorphism in gamete size, number, pigmentation and motility. We sequenced transcriptomes of fiveAllomycesisolates representing the two mating systems, including both male and female phenotypes in the anisogamous species. Maximum likelihood ancestral character state reconstruction performed in MESQUITE using the de-novo assembled transcriptomes indicated that anisogamy likely evolved once inAllomyces, and is a derived character as predicted in theory. We found that sexual stages ofAllomycesexpress homologs of several genes known to be involved in sex determination in model organisms includingDrosophilaand humans. Furthermore, expression ofCatSperhomologs in male- and female-biased samples in our analysis support the hypothesis that gamete interaction in the anisogamous species ofAllomycesmay involve similar molecular events as the egg-sperm interaction in animals, including humans. Although the strains representing either mating system shared much of the transcriptome, supporting recent common ancestry, the analysis of rate of evolution using individual gene trees indicates high substitution rates and divergence between the strains. In summary, we find that anisogamy likely evolved once inAllomyces, using convergent mechanisms to those in other taxa.