bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro Moments Database for cross‐country analysis of ICT, innovation, and economic outcomes
Authors: Bartelsman Eric , Hagsten Eva , Polder Michael
Published: August 2018

This paper provides technical documentation to a database built up from firm‐level sources titled Micro Moments Database (MMD) that is made available for researchers through Eurostat. The MMD is an internationally harmonized research database of statistical moments collected from linked longitudinal firm‐level data in a large selection of EU national statistical offices. The underlying sources for the database are business registers, firm‐level surveys on production, usage of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and innovative activities, as well as recorded information on trade and worker education, all linked at the firm level. The unit of observation in the MMD represents groups of firms within industries and allows research that bridges micro and macroanalysis. The paper delineates the type of research questions that uniquely can be addressed with the MMD, and the advantages and disadvantages of using MMD for questions where alternative data sets are available. The paper next presents the methodology underlying construction of the MMD and provides documentation of the rich set of features. Finally, the paper provides descriptive statistics that highlight the unique character of the data and reviews some of the cross‐country analytical work already conducted using the MMD.
Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations: Introduction to the Searle Center Database
Authors: Baron Justus , Spulber Daniel F.
Published: August 2018

This paper describes the Searle Center Database on Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs). This database combines comprehensive information on technology standards, SSO membership, and SSO characteristics in a format designed for economic research. In particular, the database includes data on quantifiable characteristics of 797,711 standard documents issued by 615 SSOs, institutional membership in a sample of 191 Standards Organizations, and the rules of 36 SSOs on standard adoption procedures, standard‐essential patents (SEPs), participation, and openness. Using the Internet Archives, we track both institutional membership and the SSO rules and procedures over time since the inception of the Archives in 1996. We identify 67,417 entities participating in at least one Standards Organization. The paper describes how to combine these data with other new databases on standard‐related patents and standardization processes at 3GPP; and sketches avenues for empirical research.
Machine learning and natural language processing on the patent corpus: Data, tools, and new measures
Authors: Balsmeier Benjamin , Assaf Mohamad , Chesebro Tyler , Fierro Gabe , Johnson Kevin , Johnson Scott , Li Guan‐Cheng , Lück Sonja , O'Reagan Doug , Yeh Bill , Zang Guangzheng , Fleming Lee
Published: August 2018

Drawing upon recent advances in machine learning and natural language processing, we introduce new tools that automatically ingest, parse, disambiguate, and build an updated database using U.S. patent data. The tools identify unique inventor, assignee, and location entities mentioned on each granted U.S. patent from 1976 to 2016. We describe data flow, algorithms, user interfaces, descriptive statistics, and a novelty measure based on the first appearance of a word in the patent corpus. We illustrate an automated coinventor network mapping tool and visualize trends in patenting over the last 40 years. Data and documentation can be found at https://console.cloud.google.com/launcher/partners/patents-public-data.
Business dynamics of innovating firms: Linking U.S. patents with administrative data on workers and firms
Authors: Graham Stuart J.H. , Grim Cheryl , Islam Tariqul , Marco Alan C. , Miranda Javier
Published: August 2018

This paper discusses the construction of a new longitudinal database tracking inventors and patent‐owning firms over time. We match granted patents between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the U.S. Census Bureau. We use inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. The triangulated database allows us to maximize match rates and provide validation for a large fraction of matches. In this paper, we describe the construction of the database and explore basic features of the data. We find patenting firms, particularly young patenting firms, disproportionally contribute jobs to the U.S. economy. We find that patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms but that most patenting firms are nevertheless small, and that patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Although manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, we find that most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. These new data are a product of collaboration within the U.S. Department of Commerce, between the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Monetizing marks: Insights from the USPTO Trademark Assignment Dataset
Authors: Graham Stuart J. H. , Marco Alan C. , Myers Amanda F.
Published: August 2018

Attention to the asset value of intellectual property (IP) has traditionally concentrated on high‐value patent sales and licenses. This narrow focus neglects nonpatent assets held by a broader set of economic agents, such as trademarks, and overlooks the evolving ways owners are employing and monetizing their intangible assets. To help remedy this deficiency, the Office of Chief Economist of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is releasing a series of datasets in formats convenient for researchers. This article describes the USPTO Trademark Assignment Dataset, a database of over 785,000 transactions recorded during 1952–2013 affecting almost 4.2 million trademark registrations and applications. We provide a comprehensive description and present key trends, showing that among registrations issued during 1978–2013, more than 31% were affected by some transaction during their lives, 21% were transferred to different parties, and 12% were involved in at least one security interest agreement. Examining transaction rates by registration cohort, we find evidence that registered U.S. trademarks may be more likely to be traded than are U.S. patents. Other trends and findings are discussed. Despite limitations, these data open new avenues for research, particularly with respect to trademark collateralization and the market for brands.
The USPTO Patent Examination Research Dataset: A window on patent processing
Authors: Graham Stuart J.H. , Marco Alan C. , Miller Richard
Published: August 2018

This article describes the “USPTO Patent Examination Research Dataset” (PatEx) and explores possible selection issues and the representativeness of the nearly 9.2 million US patent application records it contains. We find that data are sparse for years before 1981, and that serious selection issues affect records on applications filed prior to 2001 due to nonpublication in the United States. Following implementation of a policy change in November 2000, both coverage and representativeness of the PatEx data improve substantially. We uncover specific areas that are prone to selectivity issues, by generating statistical evidence across application characteristics such as application type, age, ownership type, domestic or foreign origin, patent family status, and technology class among others. Although our exploration suggests to researchers several categories of specific concern, our findings overall show that the PatEx data are generally representative of the population of patent applications filed in the United States after November 2000 across observable characteristics.
Mental disorder as a puzzle for constitutivism
Authors: Heney Diana B.
Published: August 2018

In theNicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that the performance called for by being human is rational flourishing and a life that falls short of flourishing will fail to constitute a life lived in accordance with the norms governing human kind in virtue of its function. Against this constitutivist story, a puzzle arises: On Aristotle's criteria, it looks impossible for a person with a mental disorder to flourish. I consider whether this puzzle can be satisfactorily addressed without abandoning Aristotelian constitutivism. I regard this as a puzzle worthy of serious engagement because there is a tension between the adoption of Aristotelian virtue ethics as a normative backbone for applied ethics and the possibility that the theory would consign many, many people to being incapable of virtue or flourishing. I first set out the basic commitments of a constitutivist Aristotelian account and show how it generates the hypothesis that a person with mental disorder could never flourish. I then present two contemporary concepts of mental disorder—one from the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association'sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disordersand one from philosopher George Graham'sThe Disordered Mind. I show that Graham's treatment of mental disorder supplies the basis for a compelling response to the puzzle for constitutivism. That response is rooted in his conceptualization of disorder as involvingtruncatedrather than absent rationality. I suggest that Aristotle's discussion of death can be construed as supporting a second response. Finally, I discuss possible clinical implications under the auspices ofcaring constitutivism, which treats Aristotle's account of the human function as a basis from which ideals of rationality and recovery can be empathetically developed.
Courtship and mating behaviour of manta rays Mobula alfredi and M. birostris in the Maldives
Authors: Stevens Guy M. W. , Hawkins Julie P. , Roberts Callum M.
Published: August 2018

The aim of this 14 year study was to elucidate the entire courtship and mating behaviour of manta rays Mobula alfredi and M. birostris using behavioural observations, video and photographic records. From 2003 to 2016, over 11,000 surveys were undertaken at known manta ray aggregation sites in the Maldives to record any observed manta rays reproductive activity. From 47,591 photo‐ID sightings, 4,247 individual M. alfredi were identified and 226 individual M. birostris from 229 photo‐ID sightings, all recorded at 22 atolls across 265 different sites. Courtship activity was observed on 206 surveys at 30 different sites. A total of 229 courtship events were recorded, with 90% (n = 205) of them occurring at cleaning sites. The observed courtship activity was categorised into seven distinct stages which are described in detail: initiation, endurance, evasion, pre‐copulatory positioning, copulation, post‐copulatory holding and separation. Photographs provide the first scientific record of the entirety of manta rays courtship and mating. Both M. alfredi and M. birostris appear to engage in the same elaborate courtship rituals, exhibiting the same behaviours during all stages of the courtship and mating process.
An approach to select Lactobacillus isolates as protective cultures for food fermentations
Authors: Inglin Raffael C. , Delbrück Alessia I. , Fässler Benjamin , Siebenmann Katharina E. , Lacroix Christophe , Stevens Marc J. A. , Meile Leo
Published: August 2018

Food waste reduction can be achieved by applying protective cultures to avoid spoilage of fermented food products. In this study, we present an approach to screen large numbers of strains for potential use as protective cultures in food. A phenotypic screening of 504 Lactobacillus strains for 27 food‐relevant growth conditions revealed variations and physiological limits for the genus. Previously, the strains were tested for their antibacterial activity in a high‐throughput assay. Here, the activity of 22 positive strains from that screening was assessed in more detail, mainly against Listeria, Enterococcus, Rhodotorula, and Candida species. The proteinaceous nature of the inhibiting substances was confirmed by protease digestion. Twenty‐two antibacterial and 42 antifungal strains were detected. In a co‐culture competition‐assay, 1–2 cfu/ml of Lactobacillus plantarum RI‐162 were able to inhibit the outgrowth of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LME and reduce the cell number below the detection limit of 50 cfu/ml within 48 hr.

Practical applications

To translate the result to industrial application, the potential protective culture Lactobacillus sakei RI‐409 reduced the initial Listeria ivanovii DSM 12491T concentration in an industrial‐scale salami fermentation by 1.4 log within 5 days. In a small‐scale salami fermentation, one L. sakei strain and five Lactobacillus plantarum strains were tested as protective cultures. Four strains reduced the spiked counts of L ivanovii DSM 12491T from an initial concentration of 105 cfu/g at the start of fermentation to below the detection limit of 100 cfu/g within two days. In a 1,000‐L small‐scale raw milk soft cheese fermentation, the potential protective culture L. plantarum RI‐271 reduced the endogenous enterococci concentration with 1.5 log compared to untreated raw milk. In conclusion, we have developed an approach to select tailor‐made antimicrobial protective cultures for biopreservation in fermented food products.
Obtaining protein isolate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its application as coating in fresh‐cut melons
Authors: Chevalier Raquel Costa , Pizato Sandriane , de Lara Jorge Antonio Ferreira , Cortez‐Vega William Renzo
Published: August 2018

The present work thus aimed to evaluate the effects of the acidic and basic protein isolates as edible coatings on the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of fresh‐cut melons. Three treatments were used: (T1) control (melon without coating); (T2) 1.5% acidic protein isolates (API), 1.5% Clove essential oil (CEO); (T3) 1.5% basic protein isolates (BPI), and 1.5% CEO. The results were analyzed statistically by the analysis of variance. The API had the highest percentage of protein (93.05%), when compared to the BPI that obtained 92.77%. Tilapia protein isolate coatings T2 and T3 presented the least growth of psychrotrophs, molds, and yeasts. All treatments showed the absence of Salmonella and thermotolerant coliforms in 25g of sample. It was concluded that treatment T3 showed lower mass loss (7.54%), lower microbial growth, lower decrease in firmness, greater acceptability in the sensorial analysis, presenting the best results on the coating of fresh‐cut melons.

Practical applications

Fresh‐cut melons are appreciated worldwide for their flavor and nutritional composition. However, their shelf life is limited by changes in color, texture, appearance, and microbial growth. An alternative to minimize the losses and increase the shelf life of this product is the use of edible coatings which can maintain the quality parameters of fresh fruit. Protein isolate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained by acid and basic processes could be used as a carrier of preservative solution This can also be used together with clove essential oil as edible coating in fresh‐cut melons. It can be considered useful to the minimal processing industry and also used as an alternative to fast food and other ready‐to‐eat products, attending the demand for healthy and convenient foodstuffs.
Food residuals on the food‐contacting surfaces of stainless steel and polypropylene influence the efficacy of ultraviolet light in killing foodborne pathogens
Authors: Yoon Jae‐Hyun , Hyun Jeong‐Eun , Song Hana , Kim Ji‐Yeon , Kim Ju‐Hee , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: August 2018

This study was conducted to examine effects of food residues on the survivals of pathogens on stainless steel (SSS) and polypropylene (PPP) after ultraviolet‐radiation (UVR) surface decontamination. Cultures of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated on coupons containing deionized water, tryptic soy broth, pork, chicken, cabbage, and milk, respectively. The surface coupons were incubated at 100% relative humidity (RH) and 25°C for 24 hr to produce their own biofilms. UVR (=254 nm) surface decontamination for 120 min resulted in bacterial reductions in the levels of ≥2.5 log10 cfu/coupon. Populations of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes within biofilms declined on SSS harboring chicken juice after UVR for 120 min, showing by <1.5 log10‐reductions. The presence of food residues on the food‐contacting surfaces would facilitate the strong adhesion of these organisms, indicating that bacteria enclosed in biofilms were more resistant to UVR sanitization.

Practical applications

In this study, it seemed to indicate that the incidence of varying food residues such as deionized water, tryptic soy broth, pork, chicken, cabbage, and milk could affect bacterial adhesion–attachment to the food‐contacting surfaces significantly. At least, some food residues such as pork, chicken, and milk would be supposed to provide a favorable environment where major foodborne pathogens are able to grow and produce their biofilms strongly. Especially, it was determined that the gram‐negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium showed the higher sensitivity on coupons against ultraviolet‐radiation surface decontamination.
The expansion of intensive marine aquaculture in Turkey: The next‐to‐last commodity frontier?
Authors: Ertör Irmak , Ortega‐Cerdà Miquel
Published: August 2018

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food‐producing sectors, and its share in global seafood production is rising significantly compared with capture fisheries. This transforms seafood production practices while allowing capital to expand to new marine commodity frontiers. Building on the conceptualization of aquaculture as a new frontier for capture fisheries, the article aims to uncover how commodity frontiers expand within the intensive marine aquaculture sector and shape the transformation of seafood production by focusing on its recent growth in Turkey. It analyses this transformation based on 22 in‐depth interviews with key social actors in Turkey, as well as a review of sector and state reports and the relevant legislations of Turkey and the European Union, and argues that the three‐pronged horizontal, vertical, and taxonomic expansion already observed in industrial capture fisheries has similarly taken place in intensive marine aquaculture through the commodity widening, deepening, and marketing strategies employed by aquaculture firms.
Contribution of Quantitative Amygdalar MR FLAIR Signal Analysis for Lateralization of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Jafari‐Khouzani Kourosh , Elisevich Kost , Wasade Vibhangini S. , Soltanian‐Zadeh Hamid
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

This study evaluates the contribution of an automated amygdalar fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal analysis for the lateralization of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE).

METHODS

Sixty‐nine patients (27 M, 42 F) who had undergone surgery and achieved an Engel class Ia postoperative outcome were identified as a pure cohort of mTLE cases. Forty‐six nonepileptic subjects comprised the control group. The amygdala was segmented in T1‐weighted images using an atlas‐based segmentation. The right/left ratios of amygdalar FLAIR mean and standard deviation were calculated for each subject. A linear classifier (ie, discriminator line) was designed for lateralization using the FLAIR features and a boundary domain, within which lateralization was assumed to be less definitive, was established using the same features from control subjects. Hippocampal FLAIR and volume analysis was performed for comparison.

RESULTS

With the boundary domain in place, lateralization accuracy was found to be 70% with hippocampal FLAIR and 67% with hippocampal volume. Taking amygdalar analysis into account, 22% of cases that were found to have uncertain lateralization by hippocampal FLAIR analysis were confidently lateralized by amygdalar FLAIR. No misclassified case was found outside the amygdalar FLAIR boundary domain.

CONCLUSIONS

Amygdalar FLAIR analysis provides an additional metric by which to establish mTLE in those cases where hippocampal FLAIR and volume analysis have failed to provide lateralizing information.
Toxic‐Metabolic Neurologic Disorders in Children: A Neuroimaging Review
Authors: Kontzialis Marinos , Huisman Thierry A.G.M.
Published: August 2018

There are multiple causes of neurotoxicity in children including medications, extrinsic toxins and insults, illicit drugs, built up of toxic metabolites due to genetic or acquired disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. The review is centered on causes of neurotoxicity affecting the pediatric brain and producing typical and easily recognized imaging manifestations. Early identification of common and less common imaging findings may point toward the correct direction, and may facilitate early diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment to reverse or at least limit the injury to the developing brain. Two common imaging patterns of neurotoxicity in children are the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and acute toxic leukoencephalopathy that are usually related to chemotherapy and immunosuppression for common pediatric malignancies. Another well‐described imaging pattern of injury in children involves reversible splenial lesions with or without associated white matter abnormalities. Multiple additional extrinsic causes of neurotoxicity are presented including radiation and chemoradiation, various medications and treatment regimens, poisoning, illicit drug use or accidental exposure, and the respective characteristic neuroimaging findings are highlighted. Intrinsic neurotoxicity may occur in the setting of inborn errors of metabolism or acquired progressive organ failure leading to build up of toxic metabolites. Additional intrinsic causes of neurotoxicity include metabolic derangements and characteristic imaging findings in all instances are reviewed. The goal of the article is to enhance familiarity of neurologists and neuroradiologists with the imaging appearance of common and less common toxic insults to the pediatric brain.
Nephrology nurses' perceptions of discussing sexual health issues with patients who have end‐stage kidney disease
Authors: Yodchai Kantaporn , Hutchinson Alison M. , Oumtanee Areewan
Published: August 2018

Background

Despite sexual dysfunction (SD) being common among, and affecting quality of life in people with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving dialysis, sexuality is not a subject that patients and nephrology nurses usually discuss.

Objective

To explore Thai nephrology nurses’ perceptions about discussing sexual health issues with patients receiving dialysis.

Material and Methods

A phenomenological approach was applied and data were collected using semi‐structured individual interviews. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 20 participants from four Southern regional hospitals in Thailand between April and June 2016. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's method.

Findings

Participants were aged between 27 and 53 years: mean 42.95 (±7.62 SD). Nineteen were female and sixteen were married. Five themes emerged: (1) improving knowledge in order to enhance confidence before discussing sexuality with patients; (2) gaining patients’ trust before discussing sexuality; (3) finding an appropriate time to discuss sexuality; (4) organising a suitable setting in which to discuss sexuality and (5) feelings of appreciation for helping patients and their partners overcome their sexual health issues.

Conclusion

These findings provide an understanding of Thai nurses’ perceptions about the challenges in communicating with patients experiencing ESKD regarding sexual health problems and concerns. The findings suggest that sexual health education and training would enhance the confidence of Thai nephrology nurses in initiating sexuality‐related discussions with their patients.
Team Diversity in Innovation––Salient Research in the Journal of Product Innovation Management
Authors: Weiss Matthias , Backmann Julia , Razinskas Stefan , Hoegl Martin
Published: August 2018

See virtual issue: Team Diversity in Innovation
Spaces of the Religious Economy: Negotiating the Regulation of Religious Space in Singapore
Authors: Woods Orlando
Published: August 2018

Over the past three decades, the theory of religious economy has been established, applied, debated, developed, and rejected. It has proven to be as divisive as any "general theory" of religion should be, and yet its core tenets continue to engage and unite scholars around the world. In response to broader shifts within the sociology of religion, this article reframes religious economy by advancing a spatial approach to its theorization. A spatial approach can help develop new perspectives on the regulation of religion, and the resistant agency of religious groups. With a focus on the "secular monopoly" of Singapore, it demonstrates how the restricted supply of land for religious purposes increases competition between religious groups. To overcome restrictions, religious groups pursue strategies of spatial and organizational boundary crossing. This has led to the closer regulation of space, and highlights the recursive interplay between the regulation and praxis of religion in Singapore.
Impactites of the Mistastin Lake impact structure: Insights into impact ejecta emplacement
Authors: Mader Marianne M. , Osinski Gordon R.
Published: August 2018

The Mistastin Lake impact structure is an intermediate‐size (~28 km apparent crater diameter), complex crater formed ~36 Myr. The original crater has been differentially eroded; however, a subdued terraced rim and distinct central uplift are still observed and impactites are well exposed in three dimensions. The inner portion of the structure is covered by Mistastin Lake and the surrounding area is locally covered by soil/glacial deposits and vegetation. The crystalline target rocks of the Mistastin Lake region are dominated by anorthosite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite. Previous studies of the Mistastin Lake impactites have primarily focussed on the impact melt rocks. This study further evaluates the entire suite of impactite rocks in terms of their location within the crater structure and emplacement mechanisms. Locally, allochthonous impactite units including impact melt and various types of breccias are distributed around the lake in the terraced rim and are interpreted as proximal ejecta deposits. A multistage model for the origin and emplacement of impact melt rocks and the formation of impact ejecta is proposed for the Mistastin Lake impact structure based on a synthesis of the field and petrographic observations. This model involves the generation of a continuous ballistic ejecta blanket during the excavation stage, followed by the emplacement of melt‐rich, ground‐hugging flows during the terminal stages of crater excavation and the modification stage of crater formation. Impact melt‐bearing breccias—also termed “suevite” at other sites—are present in several distinct settings within the Mistastin Lake structure and likely have more than one formation mechanism.
From the mid‐Ordovician into the Late Silurian: Changes in the micrometeorite flux after the L chondrite parent breakup
Authors: Martin Ellinor , Schmitz Birger , Schönlaub Hans‐Peter
Published: August 2018

We present the first reconstruction of the micrometeorite flux to Earth in the Silurian Period. We searched 321 kg of condensed, marine limestone from the Late Silurian Cellon section, southern Austria, for refractory chrome‐spinel grains from micrometeorites that fell on the ancient sea floor. A total of 155 extraterrestrial spinel grains (10 grains >63 μm, and 145 in the 32–63 μm fraction) were recovered. For comparison, we searched 102 kg of similar limestone from the mid‐Ordovician Komstad Formation in southern Sweden. This limestone formed within ~1 Ma after the breakup of the L chondrite parent body (LCPB) in the asteroid belt. In the sample we found 444 extraterrestrial spinel grains in the >63 μm fraction, and estimate a content of at least 7000 such grains in the 32–63 μm fraction. Our results show that in the late Silurian, ~40 Ma after the LCPB, the flux of ordinary equilibrated chondrites has decreased by two orders of magnitude, almost down to background levels. Among the ordinary chondrites, the dominance of L‐chondritic micrometeorites has waned off significantly, from >99% in the post‐LCPB mid‐Ordovician to ~60% in the Late Silurian, with ~30% H‐, and ~10% LL‐chondritic grains. In the Late Silurian, primitive achondrite abundances are similar to today's value, contrasting to the much higher abundances observed in pre‐LCPB mid‐Ordovician sediments.
Evaluation of petrologic evidence for high partial pressures of SiO(g) in the solar nebula
Authors: Rubin Alan E.
Published: August 2018

Although they cannot be ruled out, high partial pressures of SiO(g) in the solar nebula are not required to produce various petrologic features of chondrules. These features include the low‐Ca‐pyroxene‐rich margins of type‐IAB chondrules, high concentrations of SiO2 and Na2O in mesostasis near the surface of some chondrules in LL3.0 Semarkona, and silica‐rich igneous rims around many type‐I chondrules in CR chondrites. It is a misconception that low‐Ca pyroxene phenocrysts are restricted mainly to the periphery of type‐IAB chondrules; instead, they are widely distributed in most of these chondrules. Type‐IAB chondrules can be modeled as having formed by remelting of type‐IB chondrules that contained relict olivine grains derived from disrupted type‐IA chondrules. Semarkona chondrule mesostases that show increased concentrations of SiO2 and Na2O from the core to the rim were probably affected by parent‐body aqueous alteration. The silica‐rich igneous rims around many type‐I chondrules in CR chondrites may have formed by melting of pyroxene‐rich dust aggregates that had been previously enriched in Na, K, and Mn derived from volatilized chondrules.
Peptidoglycan degradation machinery in Clostridium difficile forespore engulfment
Authors: Dembek Marcin , Kelly Abigail , Barwinska‐Sendra Anna , Tarrant Emma , Stanley Will A. , Vollmer Daniela , Biboy Jacob , Gray Joe , Vollmer Waldemar , Salgado Paula S.
Published: August 2018

Clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea in hospitals worldwide, linked to significant morbidity and mortality. As a strict anaerobe, it produces dormant cell forms – spores – which allow it to survive in the aerobic environment. Importantly, spores are the transmission agent of C. difficile infections. A key aspect of sporulation is the engulfment of the future spore by the mother cell and several proteins have been proposed to be involved. Here, we investigated the role of the SpoIID, SpoIIM and SpoIIP (DMP) machinery and its interplay with the SpoIIQ:SpoIIIAH (Q:AH) complex in C. difficile. We show that, surprisingly, SpoIIM, the proposed machinery anchor, is not required for efficient engulfment and sporulation. We demonstrate the requirement of DP for engulfment due to their sequential peptidoglycan degradation activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, new interactions within DMP and between DMP and Q:AH suggest that both systems form a single engulfment machinery to keep the mother cell and forespore membranes together throughout engulfment. This work sheds new light upon the engulfment process and on how different sporeformers might use the same components in different ways to drive spore formation.
Host use patterns of Culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in Florida, U.S.A., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses
Authors: McGregor B. L. , Stenn T. , Sayler K. A. , Blosser E. M. , Blackburn J. K. , Wisely S. M. , Burkett‐Cadena N. D.
Published: August 2018

Culicoides spp. biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the U.S.A., are susceptible to two Culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Elucidating host–vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. This study investigated the host range of Culicoides spp. present on a big game preserve in Florida on which a variety of Cervidae and Bovidae freely roam. Culicoides were captured with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps run twice weekly on the preserve for 18 consecutive months (July 2015–December 2016). Host preference was quantified through forage ratios, based upon PCR‐based bloodmeal analysis of Culicoides spp. and overall animal relative abundance on the preserve. Culicoides stellifer preferentially fed on Cervus spp. and fallow deer (Dama dama) and displayed a relative avoidance of Bovidae and white‐tailed deer. Culicoides debilipalpis preferred white‐tailed deer and avoided all Bovidae. Culicoides pallidicornis and Culicoides biguttatus showed preferences for white‐tailed deer and Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), respectively. These results add to current knowledge of preferred hosts of Florida Culicoides spp. and have implications for the spread of orbiviruses. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of auxin signalling through DIAGETROPICA and ENTIRE differentially affects tomato plant growth via changes in photosynthetic and mitochondrial metabolism
Authors: Batista‐Silva Willian , Medeiros David B. , Rodrigues‐Salvador Acácio , Daloso Danilo M. , Omena‐Garcia Rebeca P. , Oliveira Franciele Santos , Pino Lilian Ellen , Peres Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano , Fernie Alisdair R. , Zsögön Agustín , Araújo Wagner L.
Published: August 2018

Auxin modulates a range of plant developmental processes including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and shoot and root development. Recent studies have shown that plant hormones also strongly influence metabolic networks, which results in altered growth phenotypes. Modulating auxin signalling pathways may therefore provide an opportunity to alter crop performance. Here, we performed a detailed physiological and metabolic characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with either increased (entire) or reduced (diageotropica—dgt) auxin signalling to investigate the consequences of altered auxin signalling on photosynthesis, water use, and primary metabolism. We show that reduced auxin sensitivity in dgt led to anatomical and physiological modifications, including altered stomatal distribution along the leaf blade and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in clear reductions in both photosynthesis and water loss in detached leaves. By contrast, plants with higher auxin sensitivity (entire) increased the photosynthetic capacity, as deduced by higher Vcmax and Jmax coupled with reduced stomatal limitation. Remarkably, our results demonstrate that auxin‐sensitive mutants (dgt) are characterized by impairments in the usage of starch that led to lower growth, most likely associated with decreased respiration. Collectively, our findings suggest that mutations in different components of the auxin signalling pathway specifically modulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes.
Reconsideration of 2008 decision: Food and Drug Administration approval of etanercept for systemic treatment of moderate to severe pediatric psoriasis
Authors: Gatti Jasmine , Lindstrom Jill A. , Beitz Julie
Published: August 2018

Although systemic etanercept was approved in 2004 for adults, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) denied approval for use in children with psoriasis in 2008. Revision of the FDA's risk‐benefit assessment in response to understanding of disease burden, unmet medical need, and the effect of off‐label use in children with psoriasis led to the 2016 approval as the first systemic biologic product for the treatment of children aged 4‐17 with moderate to severe psoriasis. This article delineates the thinking that led to this reconsideration. The underlying thinking paved the way to inform current pediatric drug development as the FDA continues to bring needed medical products to children.
Anatomy of agency capture: An organizational typology for diagnosing and remedying capture
Authors: Rex Justin
Published: August 2018

Recent crises and disasters in regulated industries have renewed scholarly attention to regulatory capture. The present research incorporates and builds on these efforts by creating a typology to help researchers and practitioners organize the capture literature. The typology has two dimensions: the degree of coordination within the regulated industry, theagentsof capture; and the scope of capture within the agency and elected officials, thetargetsof capture. I illustrate the utility of the typology by using a case study of banking regulation before the 2008 global financial crisis. The case study uses process‐tracing methodology to weigh evidence about the role and scope of capture in creating the crisis. The contributions of this research are twofold. First, for capture theory, the typology assists in organizing the disparate, multidisciplinary research on capture mechanisms and remedies. Second, for practice, this organization can lead to more accurate diagnoses about the scope of capture and suggest appropriately tailored remedies.
How Concrete Do We Get Telling Stories?
Authors: Vossen Piek , Caselli Tommaso , Cybulska Agata
Published: August 2018

Will reading different stories about the same event in the world result in a similar image of the world? Will reading the same story by different people result in a similar proxy for experiencing the story? The answer to both questions is no because language is abstract by definition and relies on our episodic experience to turn a story into a more concrete mental movie. Since our episodic knowledge differs, also the mental movie will be different. Language leaves out details, and this becomes specifically clear when building machines that read texts to represent events and to establish event relations across mentions, such as co‐reference, causality, subevents, scripts, timelines, and storylines. There is a lot of information and knowledge on the event that is not in the text but is needed to reconstruct these relations and understand the story. Machines lack this knowledge and experience and likewise make explicit what it takes to understand stories from text. In this paper, we report on experiments to automatically model event descriptions and instances across different news articles. We will show that event information is scattered over the text but also varies a lot in the degree it abstracts from details, which makes establishing event identity and relations extremely difficult. The variation in granularity of event descriptions seems to vary with pragmatic communicative strategies and defines the problem at different levels of complexity.
The ratio of trichomes to stomata is associated with water use efficiency in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
Authors: Galdon‐Armero Javier , Fullana‐Pericas Mateu , Mulet Pere A. , Conesa Miquel A. , Martin Cathie , Galmes Jeroni
Published: August 2018

Trichomes are specialised structures that originate from the aerial epidermis of plants, and play key roles in the interaction between the plant and the environment. In this study we investigated the trichome phenotypes of four lines selected from the Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL) population for differences in trichome density, and their impact on plant performance under water‐deficit conditions. We performed comparative analyses at morphological and photosynthetic levels of plants grown under well‐watered (WW) and also under water‐deficit (WD) conditions in the field. Under WD conditions, we observed higher trichome density in ILs 11‐3 and 4‐1, and lower stomatal size in IL 4‐1 compared with plants grown under WW conditions. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was higher under WD conditions in IL 11‐3, and the plant‐level water use efficiency (WUEb) was also higher in IL 11‐3 and in M82 for WD plants. The ratio of trichomes to stomata (T/S) was positively correlated with WUEi and WUEb, indicating an important role for both trichomes and stomata in drought tolerance in tomato, and offering a promising way to select for improved water use efficiency of major crops.
Riesgo biológico en el aire respirable de los minadores de basura en la Et2 Zámbiza en Quito-Ecuador
Authors: Coral K. , Rodríguez M. A. , Oviedo J. E.
Published: August 2018

La ciudad de Quito dispone de dos estaciones de transferencia de residuos, previamente a su transporte al relleno sanitario de El Inga. En la estación de transferencia de Zámbiza laboran minadores recolectando el material reciclable de los residuos, labor que los pone directamente en contacto con los residuos de papel higiénico cargados de heces humanas que la comunidad desecha junto con los residuos, exponiéndolos a un riesgo biológico que ha sido evaluado a través de la determinación de coliformes fecales y totales en su ambiente de trabajo y la posterior aplicación del método Biogaval. Se obtuvo que los minadores superan el nivel de acción biológica para la tifoidea y paratifoidea y están muy cerca en el caso de intoxicaciones alimentarias con presencia de diarreas agudas. Con las medidas correctivas se logró disminuir el riesgo hasta niveles inferiores al inicial.
Los significados de la participación para el cambio climático en Chile
Authors: Sapiains Arrué Rodolfo , Ugarte Caviedes Ana María , Aldunce Paulina
Published: August 2018

Este artículo analiza los distintos significados del concepto de participación, para avanzar hacia un modelo más inclusivo de gobernanza del cambio climático en Chile. Para ello, se presenta una revisión bibliográfica que discute distintas epistemologías, teorías y definiciones de la participación, con énfasis en las dificultades para su implementación en el contexto chileno. Posteriormente, se revisan los mecanismos de participación ciudadana desplegados en el desarrollo de instrumentos de gobernanza del cambio climático existentes en Chile. Se distinguen tipos de participación utilizados y se identifican experiencias conducidas desde la sociedad civil y la academia. Finalmente, se discuten los alcances y las limitaciones de los modelos de participación implementados y se resalta la importancia de incrementar la influencia de la sociedad civil y de mejorar los mecanismos existentes. Esto se explica por un escenario de cambio climático que posiblemente requerirá una mayor cantidad de actores involucrados en la toma de decisiones, para anticipar posibles divisiones frente al desarrollo de acciones de adaptación o mitigación más radicales, y que al mismo tiempo demandará mayores niveles de responsabilidad, compromiso y acción de la ciudadanía.
Capacidad de tecnologías de información y desempeño organizacional: efecto mediador de la capacidad de absorción
Authors: Guisao Santiago , Rincón Luis , Arias-Pérez José
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el efecto mediador de la Capacidad de Absorción (CAB) en la relación entre las Capacidades de Tecnologías de Información (CTI) y el Desempeño Organizacional, particularmenteel desempeño financiero (DF) y el desempeño no financiero (DnF). El modelo de hipótesis se contrastó en una muestra de empresas manufactureras y de servicios, para ello, se utilizaron ecuaciones estructuralespor el método de mínimos cuadrados parciales. Se encontró que existe una mediación total de CAB en la relación entre CTI y DF, y parcial entre CTI y DnF. En conclusión, para que las CTI logren incidir sobre losresultados empresariales, es necesaria su articulación con habilidades organizacionales blandas como la CAB.
Student Learning in Physical Education Through the Lens of a “Curriculum Specialist”
Authors: Chen Senlin , Garn Alex
Published: August 2018

For decades, scholars in physical education pedagogy have done tremendous work to enlighten the research on student learning. Dr. Catherine D. Ennis was one of the leading experts in the past 3 decades (active contributor 1984–2017), who had a monumental impact on learning-related research in physical education. In this article, the authors synthesize Dr. Ennis’s scholarship on student learning in physical education, honoring her contributions to the field. They first define learning as a concept and learning in physical education and present how Ennis as a “curriculum specialist” viewed learning. They then cover Ennis’s insights and findings that originated from her series of impactful curriculum studies related to student engagement and learning and conclude by sharing lessons learned from Ennis’s scholarly wisdom for guiding future research in physical education pedagogy.
Accelerating a paradigm shift: The Common Fund Single Cell Analysis Program
Authors: Roy Ananda L. , Conroy Richard , Smith Jessica , Yao Yong , Beckel-Mitchener Andrea C. , Anderson James M. , Wilder Elizabeth L.
Published: August 2018

The Single Cell Analysis Program catalyzed technologies leading to explore human tissue heterogeneity at the cellular level.
Epigenetic immune cell counting in human blood samples for immunodiagnostics
Authors: Baron Udo , Werner Jeannette , Schildknecht Konstantin , Schulze Janika J. , Mulu Andargaschew , Liebert Uwe-Gerd , Sack Ulrich , Speckmann Carsten , Gossen Manfred , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K. , Babel Nina , Schürmann Dirk , Baldinger Tina , Bacchetta Rosa , Grützkau Andreas , Borte Stephan , Olek Sven
Published: August 2018

Epigenetic immune cell counting provides a potentially more robust platform to diagnose immune defects in adults and newborns.
The PA3177 Gene Encodes an Active Diguanylate Cyclase That Contributes to Biofilm Antimicrobial Tolerance but Not Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Poudyal Bandita , Sauer Karin
Published: August 2018

A hallmark of biofilms is their heightened resistance to antimicrobial agents. Recent findings suggested a role for bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) in the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents; however, no c-di-GMP modulating enzyme(s) contributing to the drug tolerance phenotype of biofilms has been identified.
Mutation-Driven Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Presence of either Ceftazidime or Ceftazidime-Avibactam
Authors: Sanz-García Fernando , Hernando-Amado Sara , Martínez José Luis
Published: August 2018

Ceftazidime-avibactam is a combination of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor, the use of which is restricted to some clinical cases, including cystic fibrosis patients infected with multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, in which mutation is the main driver of resistance. This study aims to predict the mechanisms of mutation-driven resistance that are selected for when
P. aeruginosa
is challenged with either ceftazidime or ceftazidime-avibactam.