bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel sample treatment procedures for the determination of phosphorus in Cu‐based alloys using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry to solve the microstructural effect issue
Authors: Gorewoda Tadeusz , Mzyk Zofia , Anyszkiewicz Jacek , Bilewska Katarzyna , Cybulski Andrzej , Malara Szymon , Gołębiewska‐Kurzawska Joanna , Knapik Magdalena , Kostrzewa Justyna , Grzegorczyk Magdalena
Published: July 2017

The accurate analysis of hard CuP and CuPAg‐type solders using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry is a difficult task. Surface milling, the most common sample preparation method for calibration materials, results in poor accuracy for the phosphorus analysis, as evidenced by the unacceptable values of the root mean square error. Meanwhile, the analysis of real samples provides incorrect results, and microstructural effects are the main source of error. Thus, this effect was negated by considering the information depth of the phosphorus Kα line and the microstructure size of the alloys. Phosphorus was measured using a thin layer of the sample (a thickness of several micrometers). As a result, the analyzed layer was a poor representative of the sample. Two different approaches for solving the microstructural effect issue were proposed. In the first method, the alloy was remelted under controlled conditions to obtain fine‐grain samples, which successfully limited the microstructural effects. The second solution used specially prepared thin layer samples, and the sample dissolution eliminated the microstructural effect. Using the developed sample treatment methods resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of the phosphorus calibration curves. This allowed for the correct determination of phosphorus and other alloying elements in the Cu‐based alloys with low uncertainties.
Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties of Copper(II) Complexes of Pyridine and Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Kalinowska‐Lis Urszula , Szabłowska‐Gadomska Ilona , Lisowska Katarzyna , Ochocki Justyn , Małecki Maciej , Felczak Aleksandra
Published: July 2017

The cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of a series of six copper(II) complexes with phosphate and hydroxymethyl derivatives of pyridine and benzimidazole were investigated. The complexes and the corresponding free ligands were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus hauseri ATCC 13315, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Among the tested copper(II) complexes, compounds 2 and 5 containing 1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl diethyl phosphate and 2‐(hydroxymethyl)benzimidazole as ligands, respectively, were most active and limited the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans by 30–60 % according to concentration and microorganism. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the CuII complexes and free ligands towards cancerous B16 (murine melanoma) and non‐cancerous 10T1/2 (murine fibroblasts) cell lines was determined. The 10T1/2 cells were treated with the compounds at concentrations equal to IC50 values for B16 cells. In spite of the use of relatively high concentrations of the complexes, the viability of 10T1/2 cells was very high, ca. 80 % in some cases. Stability of the CuII complexes was evaluated in water solutions by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The copper(II) complex of 4‐(hydroxymethyl)pyridine was synthesized and identified.
Paternal Incarceration and Adolescent Social Network Disadvantage
Authors: Bryan Brielle
Published: July 2017

Previous research has suggested that adolescent peers influence behavior and provide social support during a critical developmental period, but few studies have addressed the antecedents of adolescent social networks. Research on the collateral consequences of incarceration has explored the implications of parental incarceration for children’s behavioral problems, academic achievement, health, and housing stability, but not their social networks. Using network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I find that adolescents with recently incarcerated fathers are in socially marginal positions in their schools and befriend more-marginal peers than other adolescents: their friends are less advantaged, less academically successful, and more delinquent than other adolescents’ friends. Differences in network outcomes are robust to a variety of specifications and are consistent across race and gender subgroups. This study advances the social networks literature by exploring how familial characteristics can shape adolescent social networks and contributes to the collateral consequences of incarceration literature by using network analysis to consider how mass incarceration may promote intergenerational social marginalization.
Sex‐dependent difference in the relationship between adipose‐tissue cholesterol efflux and estradiol concentrations in young healthy humans
Authors: Iqbal Fatima , Durham William J. , Melhem Ayyash , Raslan Saleem , Tran Tony T. , Wright Traver J. , Asghar Rabia , Fujise Ken , Volpi Elena , Sidossis Labros , Abate Nicola , Sheffield‐Moore Melinda , Tuvdendorj Demidmaa
Published: July 2017

Background

Impaired adipose tissue function and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) have been implicated in the development of vascular dementia, and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, both the substrate fluxes in adipose tissue and HDL‐C concentration differ between men and women. Moreover, adipose tissue cholesterol efflux has been implicated in modulation of HDL‐C levels. Thus, we aimed to determine if the association between serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux is sex‐dependent.

Method

We evaluated the serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux in young healthy men (n = 5) and women (n = 3). Adipose tissue cholesterol efflux was determined using subcutaneous microdialysis probes. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the parameters,p< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Our data demonstrated that serum estradiol levels directly associated with adipose tissue cholesterol efflux; however, the relationships may be sex‐dependent. We discussed our results in the context of currently available data regarding sex‐dependent variability in adipose tissue function and HDL‐C metabolism as a potential contributor to higher rates of vascular dementia in men. Further research is required to understand the sex‐dependent and −independent variabilities in adipose tissue metabolism to determine novel targets for interventions to prevent the development of vascular dementia.
Shakespeare's Reading Audiences
Authors: Clegg Cyndia Susan
Published: July 2017

This study grows out of the intersection of two realms of scholarly investigation - the emerging public sphere in early modern England and the history of the book. Shakespeare's Reading Audiences examines the ways in which different communities - humanist, legal, religious and political - would have interpreted Shakespeare's plays and poems, whether printed or performed. Cyndia Susan Clegg begins by analysing elite reading clusters associated with the Court, the universities, and the Inns of Court and how their interpretation of Shakespeare's Sonnets and Henry V arose from their reading of Italian humanists. She concludes by examining how widely held public knowledge about English history both affected Richard II's reception and how such knowledge was appropriated by the State. She also considers The Merry Wives of Windsor, Henry V, and Othello from the point of view of audience members conversant in popular English legal writing and Macbeth from the perspective of popular English Calvinism.
Taming the Past
Authors: Gordon Robert W.
Published: July 2017

Lawyers and judges often make arguments based on history - on the authority of precedent and original constitutional understandings. They argue both to preserve the inspirational, heroic past and to discard its darker pieces - such as feudalism and slavery, the tyranny of princes and priests, and the subordination of women. In doing so, lawyers tame the unruly, ugly, embarrassing elements of the past, smoothing them into reassuring tales of progress. In a series of essays and lectures written over forty years, Robert W. Gordon describes and analyses how lawyers approach the past and the strategies they use to recruit history for present use while erasing or keeping at bay its threatening or inconvenient aspects. Together, the corpus of work featured in Taming the Past offers an analysis of American law and society and its leading historians since 1900.
The Wealth Paradox
Authors: Mols Frank , Jetten Jolanda
Published: July 2017

The West is currently in the grip of a perfect storm: a lingering economic recession, a global refugee crisis, declining faith in multiculturalism, and the rise of populist anti-immigration parties. These developments seem to confirm the widely held view that hardship and poverty lead to social unrest and, more specifically, scapegoating of minorities. Yet in this provocative new book, Mols and Jetten present compelling evidence to show that prejudice and intergroup hostility can be equally prevalent in times of economic prosperity, and among more affluent sections of the population. Integrating theory and research from social psychology, political science, sociology, and history, the authors systematically investigate why positive factors such as gratification, economic prosperity, and success may also fuel negative attitudes and behaviours. The Wealth Paradox provides a timely and important re-evaluation of the role that economic forces play in shaping prejudice.
The Neuroscience of Intelligence
Authors: Haier Richard J.
Published: July 2017

This book introduces new and provocative neuroscience research that advances our understanding of intelligence and the brain. Compelling evidence shows that genetics plays a more important role than environment as intelligence develops from childhood, and that intelligence test scores correspond strongly to specific features of the brain assessed with neuroimaging. In understandable language, Richard J. Haier explains cutting-edge techniques based on genetics, DNA, and imaging of brain connectivity and function. He dispels common misconceptions, such as the belief that IQ tests are biased or meaningless, and debunks simple interventions alleged to increase intelligence. Readers will learn about the real possibility of dramatically enhancing intelligence based on neuroscience findings and the positive implications this could have for education and social policy. The text also explores potential controversies surrounding neuro-poverty, neuro-socioeconomic status, and the morality of enhancing intelligence for everyone. Online resources, including additional visuals, animations, questions and links, reinforce the material.
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean
Authors: Stamnes Knut , Thomas Gary E. , Stamnes Jakob J.
Published: July 2017

This new and completely updated edition gives a detailed description of radiative transfer processes at a level accessible to advanced students. The volume gives the reader a basic understanding of global warming and enhanced levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation caused by ozone depletion. It teaches the basic physics of absorption, scattering and emission processes in turbid media, such as the atmosphere and ocean, using simple semi-classical models. The radiative transfer equation, including multiple scattering, is formulated and solved for several prototype problems, using both simple approximate and accurate numerical methods. In addition, the reader has access to a powerful, state-of-the-art computational code for simulating radiative transfer processes in coupled atmosphere-water systems including snow and ice. This computational code can be regarded as a powerful educational aid, but also as a research tool that can be applied to solve a variety of research problems in environmental sciences.
Cyberpsychology and the Brain
Authors: Parsons Thomas D.
Published: July 2017

Cyberpsychology is a relatively new discipline that is growing at an alarming rate. While a number of cyberpsychology-related journals and books have emerged, none directly address the neuroscience behind it. This book proposes a framework for integrating neuroscience and cyberpsychology for the study of social, cognitive, and affective processes, and the neural systems that support them. A brain-based cyberpsychology can be understood as a branch of psychology that studies the neurocognitive, affective, and social aspects of humans interacting with technology, as well as the affective computing aspects of humans interacting with computational devices or systems. As such, a cyberpsychologist working from a brain-based cyberpsychological framework studies both the ways in which persons make use of devices and the neurocognitive processes, motivations, intentions, behavioural outcomes, and effects of online and offline uses of technology. Cyberpsychology and the Brain brings researchers into the vanguard of cyberpsychology and brain research.
Reviewing the South
Authors: Gardner Sarah
Published: July 2017

The American South received increased attention from national commentators during the interwar era. Beginning in the 1920s, the proliferation of daily book columns and Sunday book supplements in newspapers reflected a growing audience of educated readers and its demand for books and book reviews. This period of intensified scrutiny coincided with a boom in the publishing industry, which, in turn, encouraged newspapers to pay greater attention to the world of books. Reviewing the South shows how northern critics were as much involved in the Southern Literary Renaissance as Southern authors and critics. Southern writing, Gardner argues, served as a litmus to gauge Southern exceptionalism. For critics and their readers, nothing less than the region's ability to contribute to the vibrancy and growth of the nation was at stake.
Central Simple Algebras and Galois Cohomology
Authors: Gille Philippe , Szamuely Tamás
Published: July 2017

The first comprehensive, modern introduction to the theory of central simple algebras over arbitrary fields, this book starts from the basics and reaches such advanced results as the Merkurjev–Suslin theorem, a culmination of work initiated by Brauer, Noether, Hasse and Albert, and the starting point of current research in motivic cohomology theory by Voevodsky, Suslin, Rost and others. Assuming only a solid background in algebra, the text covers the basic theory of central simple algebras, methods of Galois descent and Galois cohomology, Severi–Brauer varieties, and techniques in Milnor K-theory and K-cohomology, leading to a full proof of the Merkurjev–Suslin theorem and its application to the characterization of reduced norms. The final chapter rounds off the theory by presenting the results in positive characteristic, including the theorems of Bloch–Gabber–Kato and Izhboldin. This second edition has been carefully revised and updated, and contains important additional topics.
Fundamentals of Medical Imaging
Authors: Suetens Paul
Published: July 2017

This third edition provides a concise and generously illustrated survey of the complete field of medical imaging and image computing, explaining the mathematical and physical principles and giving the reader a clear understanding of how images are obtained and interpreted. Medical imaging and image computing are rapidly evolving fields, and this edition has been updated with the latest developments in the field, as well as new images and animations. An introductory chapter on digital image processing is followed by chapters on the imaging modalities: radiography, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine and ultrasound. Each chapter covers the basic physics and interaction with tissue, the image reconstruction process, image quality aspects, modern equipment, clinical applications, and biological effects and safety issues. Subsequent chapters review image computing and visualization for diagnosis and treatment. Engineers, physicists and clinicians at all levels will find this new edition an invaluable aid in understanding the principles of imaging and their clinical applications.
Statements of Resolve
Authors: McManus Roseanne W.
Published: July 2017

Statements of resolve - in which leaders indicate that their country is committed to a position and will not back down - are a fixture of international conflict. However, scholars have not agreed on how much these statements affect conflict outcomes or which conditions give them coercive credibility. Statements of Resolve argues that an important and underappreciated factor influencing the impact of resolved statements is the ability to follow through. Roseanne W. McManus explains how adversaries analyze a leader's ability to follow through on statements and shows that perceptions of the ability to follow through are influenced not only by military capabilities but also by less obvious domestic political conditions. Through rigorous statistical tests based on quantitative coding of US presidential statements and case studies of three Cold War conflicts, this book shows that resolved statements can effectively coerce adversaries, but only when a sufficient physical and political ability is present.
The Sermon on the Mount and Moral Theology
Authors: Mattison, III William C.
Published: July 2017

In this volume, William C. Mattison, III demonstrates that virtue ethics provides a helpful key for unlocking the moral wisdom of the Sermon on the Mount. Showing how familiar texts such as the Beatitudes and Petitions of the Lord's Prayer are more richly understood, and can even be aligned with the theological and cardinal virtues, he also locates in the Sermon classic topics in morality, such as the nature of happiness, intentionality, the intelligibility of human action, and the development of virtue. Yet far from merely placing the teaching of Aristotle in the mouth of Jesus, he demonstrates how the Sermon presents an account of happiness and virtue transformed in the light of Christian faith. The happiness portrayed is that of the Kingdom of heaven, and the habits needed to participate in it in the next life, but even initially in this one, are possible only by God's grace through Jesus Christ, and lived in the community that is the Church.
Global Norms with a Local Face
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth
Published: July 2017

To what extent are global rule-of-law norms, which external actors promote in post-conflict states, localized? Who decides whether global standards or local particularities prevail? This book offers a new approach to the debate about how the dilemma between the diffusion of global norms and their localization is dealt with in global politics. Studying the promotion of children's rights, access to public information, and an international commission against impunity in Guatemala, Lisbeth Zimmermann demonstrates that rule-of-law promotion triggers domestic contestation and thereby changes the approach taken by external actors, and ultimately the manner in which global norms are translated. However, the leeway in local translation is determined by the precision of global norms. Based on an innovative theoretical approach and an in-depth study of rule-of-law translation, Zimmermann argues for a shift in norm promotion from context sensitivity to democratic appropriation, speaking to scholars of international relations, peacebuilding, democratization studies, international law, and political theory.
Conciliarism and Heresy in Fifteenth-Century England
Authors: Russell Alexander
Published: July 2017

The general councils of the fifteenth century constituted a remarkable political experiment, which used collective decision-making to tackle important problems facing the church. Such problems had hitherto received rigid top-down management from Rome. However, at Constance and Basle, they were debated by delegates of different ranks from across Europe and resolved through majority voting. Fusing the history of political thought with the study of institutional practices, this innovative study relates the procedural innovations of the general councils and their anti-heretical activities to wider trends in corporate politics, intellectual culture and pastoral reform. Alexander Russell argues that the acceptance of collective decision-making at the councils was predicated upon the prevalence of group participation and deliberation in small-scale corporate culture. Conciliarism and Heresy in Fifteenth-Century England offers a fundamental reassessment of England's relationship with the general councils, revealing how political thought, heresy, and collective politics were connected.
Carnal Knowledge
Authors: Ingram Martin
Published: July 2017

How was the law used to control sex in Tudor England? What were the differences between secular and religious practice? This major study reveals that - contrary to what historians have often supposed - in pre-Reformation England both ecclesiastical and secular (especially urban) courts were already highly active in regulating sex. They not only enforced clerical celibacy and sought to combat prostitution but also restrained the pre- and extramarital sexual activities of laypeople more generally. Initially destabilising, the religious and institutional changes of 1530–60 eventually led to important new developments that tightened the regime further. There were striking innovations in the use of shaming punishments in provincial towns and experiments in the practice of public penance in the church courts, while Bridewell transformed the situation in London. Allowing the clergy to marry was a milestone of a different sort. Together these changes contributed to a marked shift in the moral climate by 1600.
The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey
Authors: Yadirgi Veli
Published: July 2017

In recent years, the persecution of the Kurds in the Middle East under ISIS in Iraq and Syria has drawn increasing attention from the international media. In this book, Veli Yadirgi analyses the socioeconomic and political structures and transformations of the Kurdish people from the Ottoman era through to the modern Turkish Republic, arguing that there is a symbiotic relationship between the Kurdish question and the de-development of the predominantly Kurdish domains, making an ideal read for historians of the region and those studying the socio-political and economic evolution of the Kurds. First outlining theoretical perspectives on Kurdish identity, socioeconomic development and the Kurdish question, Yadirgi then explores the social, economic and political origins of Ottoman Kurdistan following its annexation by the Ottomans in 1514. Finally, he deals with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent foundation and evolution of the Kurdish question in the new Turkish Republic.
The Unexpected Scalia
Authors: Dorsen David M.
Published: July 2017

Antonin Scalia was one of the most important, outspoken, and controversial Justices in the past century. His endorsements of originalism, which requires deciding cases as they would have been decided in 1789, and textualism, which limits judges in what they could consider in interpreting text, caused major changes in the way the Supreme Court decides cases. He was a leader in opposing abortion, the right to die, affirmative action, and mandated equality for gays and lesbians, and was for virtually untrammelled gun rights, political expenditures, and the imposition of the death penalty. However, he usually followed where his doctrine would take him, leading him to write many liberal opinions. A close friend of Scalia, David Dorsen explains the flawed judicial philosophy of one of the most important Supreme Court Justices of the past century.
Christian Martyrdom and Political Violence
Authors: Rosario Rodríguez Rubén
Published: July 2017

In recent years, martyrdom and political violence have been conflated in the public imagination. Rubén Rosario Rodríguez argues that martyr narratives deserve consideration as resources for resisting political violence in contemporary theological reflection. Underlying the three Abrahamic monotheistic traditions is a shared belief that God requires liberation for the oppressed, justice for the victims and, most demanding of all, love for the political enemy. Christian, Jewish and Muslim martyr narratives that condone political violence - whether terrorist or state-sponsored - are examined alongside each religion's canon, in order to evaluate how central or marginalized these discourses are within their respective traditions. Primarily a work of Christian theology in conversation with Judaism and Islam, this book aims to model religious pluralism and cooperation by retrieving distinctly Christian sources that nurture tolerance and facilitate coexistence, while respecting religious difference.
The Voyage of Thought
Authors: Wintroub Michael
Published: July 2017

The Voyage of Thought is a micro-historical and cross-disciplinary analysis of the texts and contexts that informed the remarkable journey of the French ship captain, merchant, and poet, Jean Parmentier, from Dieppe to Sumatra in 1529. In tracing the itinerary of this voyage, Michael Wintroub examines an early attempt by the French to challenge Spanish and Portuguese oceanic hegemony and to carve out an empire in the Indies. He investigates the commercial, cultural, and religious lives of provincial humanists, including their relationship to the classical authorities they revered, the literary culture they cultivated, the techniques of oceanic navigation they pioneered, and the distant peoples with whom they came into contact. Ideal for graduate students and scholars, this journey into the history of science describes the manifold and often contradictory genealogies of the modern in the early modern world.
Shakespeare's Two Playhouses
Authors: Dustagheer Sarah
Published: July 2017

In what ways did playwrights like Shakespeare respond to the two urban locations of the Globe and the Blackfriars? What was the effect of their different acoustic and visual experiences on actors and audiences? What did the labels 'public' for the Globe and 'private' for the Blackfriars, actually mean in practice? Sarah Dustagheer offers the first in-depth, comparative analysis of the performance conditions of the two sites. This engaging study examines how the social, urban, sensory and historical characteristics of these playhouses affected dramatists, audiences and actors. Each chapter provides new interpretations of seminal King's Men's works written as the company began to perform in both settings, including The Alchemist, The Tempest and Henry VIII.  Presenting a rich and compelling account of the two early modern theatres, the book also suggests fresh insights into recent contemporary productions at Shakespeare's Globe, London and the new Sam Wanamaker Playhouse.
QING MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY, 1640–1800
Authors: Dai Yingcong
Published: July 2017

This article underscores the impact of the Qing dynasty’s war making capacity and organization on non-military areas. Following a brief account of the Qing military establishment and its major operations in the first half of the dynasty,i.e., 1640–1800, it explores several important examples of how Qing military institutions interacted with the civil bureaucracy and society at large. First, through the practice of appointing officials across the divide between the civil and military bureaucracies, military personnel penetrated into the domain of the civil state apparatus, quietly transforming the Qing government’s makeup. Second, Qing military costs deeply influenced the distribution of dynastic financial resources and general administration at all levels. Finally, the Qing’s wartime logistical system engaged both the civil bureaucracy and society, opening many opportunities for both civil bureaucracy personnel and the private sector, which in turn re-shaped the local socio-economic landscape.
Effects of dietary supplementation with a mixed blueberry and grape extract on working memory in aged beagle dogs
Authors: Fragua V. , Lepoudère A. , Leray V. , Baron C. , Araujo J. A. , Nguyen P. , Milgram N. W.
Published: July 2017

Cellular oxidative damage is thought to be one of the key mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Several nutritional interventions to limit cognitive decline are reported in the literature. To our knowledge, the association of grape and blueberry extracts has never been tested in aged dogs. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB) on oxidative status and cognitive performances in aged dogs. A total of thirty-five beagle dogs (aged 8·0–14·5 years) were fed a basal diet with PEGB at either 0 parts per million (ppm) (n 11; control), 240 ppm (n 12; PEGB1) or 480 ppm (n 12; PEGB2) for 75 d. To investigate the effects of PEGB supplementation on cognition and oxidative status, a delayed non-matching to position (DNMP) test and RT-PCR on genes involved in oxidative stress were evaluated. The dogs fed PEGB1 showed a higher superoxide dismutase mRNA expression compared with dogs fed PEGB2 (P = 0·042) and with the control group (P = 0·014). Moreover, the dogs fed PEGB2 showed higher nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression compared with the dogs fed PEGB1 (P = 0·027). Concerning the DNMP test, the proportion of dogs showing cognitive improvements relative to their baseline level was significantly higher in dogs fed the PEGB, regardless of the dosage, than in dogs receiving no supplementation (P = 0·030). The results obtained in the DNMP test suggested a potential benefit of the PEGB on working memory. However, this hypothesis should be further investigated to confirm this cognitive effect.
Social influence on 5-year survival in a longitudinal chemotherapy ward co-presence network
Authors: LIENERT JEFFREY , MARCUM CHRISTOPHER STEVEN , FINNEY JOHN , REED-TSOCHAS FELIX , KOEHLY LAURA
Published: July 2017

Chemotherapy is often administered in openly designed hospital wards, where the possibility of patient–patient social influence on health exists. Previous research found that social relationships influence cancer patient's health; however, we have yet to understand social influence among patients receiving chemotherapy in the hospital. We investigate the influence of co-presence in a chemotherapy ward. We use data on 4,691 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom who average 59.8 years of age, and 44% are Male. We construct a network of patients where edges exist when patients are co-present in the ward, weighted by both patients' time in the ward. Social influence is based on total weighted co-presence with focal patients' immediate neighbors, considering neighbors' 5-year mortality. Generalized estimating equations evaluated the effect of neighbors' 5-year mortality on focal patient's 5-year mortality. Each 1,000-unit increase in weighted co-presence with a patient who dies within 5 years increases a patient's mortality odds by 42% (β = 0.357, CI:0.204,0.510). Each 1,000-unit increase in co-presence with a patient surviving 5 years reduces a patient's odds of dying by 30% (β =−0.344, CI:−0.538,0.149). Our results suggest that social influence occurs in chemotherapy wards, and thus may need to be considered in chemotherapy delivery.
MILSOM'S LEGAL HISTORY
Authors: Ibbetson David
Published: July 2017

Toby Milsom was the most original English legal historian of the twentieth century. This paper gives a preliminary assessment of the importance of his work. charting the ways in which it has changed our thinking about the subject.
CUSTOM AS LAW IN ENGLISH LAW
Authors: Duxbury Neil
Published: July 2017

This article considers prescription as a customary standard of legal validity which enables judges to identify certain customs as law even though the status of those customs as law cannot be ascribed to a law-making authority. Although claims as to customs having prescribed are often bound up with claims as to the quality (as opposed to the validity) of custom as law, prescribed custom is properly conceived to be a feature of the rule of recognition – a criterion by which a court can identify, and declare, a custom as already existing law as distinct from both custom without the force of law and custom turned into positive law.
UNDERSTANDING ULTERIOR MENS REA: FUTURE CONDUCT INTENTION IS CONDITIONAL INTENTION
Authors: Child John
Published: July 2017

Where criminal offences such as attempt and conspiracy require a defendant (D) to intend future conduct, D's intention will always be conditional. D's intention may be explicitly conditional (e.g. D intends to rob the shop, but only if unable to pay her rent), or implicitly conditional (e.g. D intends to rob the shop, but if asked, would not do so if she found it surrounded by police). Rather than interpreting and defining conditional intention as synonymous with all future conduct intention, however, courts and commentators have too often approached it as unique, separate and problematic. This has led to problems of inconsistency in application, and simple incoherence. This article sets out and defends a model of conditional intention as future conduct intention, and as the key to understanding and applying ulterior mens rea.
Multilocus sequence typing and clonal population genetic structure ofCyclospora cayetanensisin humans
Authors: LI JUNQIANG , CHANG YANKAI , SHI KE , WANG RONGJUN , FU KANDA , LI SHAN , XU JINLING , JIA LITING , GUO ZHENXIN , ZHANG LONGXIAN
Published: July 2017

To investigate the prevalence ofCyclospora cayetanensisin a longitudinal study and to conduct a population genetic analysis, fecal specimens from 6579 patients were collected during the cyclosporiasis – prevalent seasons in two urban areas of central China in 2011–2015. The overall incidence ofC. cayetanensisinfection was 1·2% (76/6579): 1·6% (50/3173) in Zhengzhou and 0·8% (26/3406) in Kaifeng (P< 0·05), with infections in all age groups (P> 0·05). All the isolates clustered in theC. cayetanensisclade based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis. There were 45 specimens positive for all the fiveC. cayetanensismicrosatellite loci, and formed 29 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). The phylogenetic relationships of 54 distinct MLGs (including 25 known reference MLGs), based on the concatenated multilocus sequences, formed three main clusters. A population structure analysis showed that the 79 isolates (including 34 known reference isolates) ofC. cayetanensisproduced three distinct subpopulations based on allelic profile data. In conclusion, we determined the frequency ofC. cayetanensisinfection in humans in Henan Province. The clonal population structure of the humanC. cayetanensis isolates showed linkage disequilibrium and three distinct subpopulations.
Pioneer Spirits: New media representations of women in electronic music history
Authors: Morgan Frances
Published: July 2017

The Alternative Histories of Electronic Music conference in 2016 reflected a rise in research that explores new and alternative directions in electronic music historiography. Accordingly, attention has been focused on practitioners previously either ignored or thought to be marginal; a significant number of these figures are women. This fact has caught the attention of print and online media and the independent recording industry and, as a result, historical narratives of female electronic musicians have become part of the modern music media discourse. While this has many positive aspects, some media representations of the female electronic musician raise concerns for feminist scholars of electronic music history. Following the work of Tara Rodgers, Sally MacArthur and others, I consider some new media representations of electronic music’s female ‘pioneers’, situate them in relation to both feminist musicology and media studies, and propose readings from digital humanities that might be used to examine and critique them. This article expands on a talk given at AHEM and was first conceived as a presentation for the Fawcett Society event Sound Synthesis and the Female Musician, in 2014.
Electroacoustic Feedback and the Emergence of Sound Installation: Remarks on a line of flight in the live electronic music by Alvin Lucier and Max Neuhaus
Authors: Saladin Matthieu
Published: July 2017

Reflecting upon Max Neuhaus’s and Alvin Lucier’s first electronic works on electroacoustic feedback, I will consider how their research into live electronic music, meant to be performed on stage, announced a whole other form of creation, which was paradoxically emancipated from the concert hall and essential to the emergence of sound art: sound installations. If both musicians first appropriated the electronic medium for its possibilities in sound transformation, it appears that these experimentations, and more precisely those using feedback, quickly extended into areas other than research on tone and the live dimension of electronic performances. Indeed, electroacoustic feedback, as a phenomenon of retroaction, goes beyond the mere relationship to the instrument: by manifesting itself in the looping of the electroacoustic chain (microphone-amplification-speakers), it straightaway inscribes the electronic device in a spatial dimension that is linked to the propagation of sound. By analysing Neuhaus’s and Lucier’s first experiments with feedback, the specificities of their apparatuses and the experiences they aimed to create and foster, this article wishes to question the role these experiments played in the emergence of both musicians’ concern with space, which is at the core of any understanding of their later works. We can then re-read their contribution to the history of live electronic music in the light of both bifurcations and lines of flight inherent in their respective bodies of work, in order to look into the emergence of a certain art of sound installation, in which the liveness of live electronic music, far from being pushed aside, seems to lead into other forms of creation and specific aesthetic questions.
Music without Musicians ... but with Scientists, Technicians and Computer Companies
Authors: Parolini Giuditta
Published: July 2017

In the early days of music technologies the collaboration between musicians, scientists, technicians and equipment producers was very close. How did this collaboration develop? Why did scientific, business, and musical agendas converge towards a common goal? Was there a mutual exchange of skills and expertise? To answer these questions this article will consider a case study in early computer music. It will examine the career of the Italian cellist and composer Pietro Grossi (1917–2002), who explored computer music with the support of mainframe manufacturers, industrial R&D, and scientific institutions. During the 1970s, Grossi became an eager programmer and achieved a first-hand experience of computer music, writing several software packages. Grossi was interested in avant-garde music as an opportunity to make ‘music without musicians’. He aimed at a music composed and performed by machines, and eventually, he achieved this result with his music software. However, to accomplish it, Grossi could not be a lonely pioneer; he had to become a member, albeit an atypical one, of the Italian computing community of the time. Grossi’s story, thus, can tell us much about the collaborative efforts stimulated by the use of early computer technologies in sound research, and how these efforts developed at the intersection of science, art and industry.
INVENTING A NATIONAL WRITER: THE SOVIET CELEBRATION OF THE 1948 ALISHER NAVOI JUBILEE AND THE WRITING OF UZBEK HISTORY
Authors: Shin Boram
Published: July 2017

This article traces the process through which Alisher Navoi, a fifteenth-century Chagatai-Turkic poet from Herat, Afghanistan, became uzbekified and sovietized by Uzbek writers and scholars from the 1920s to the 1940s. It focuses on how shifting visions of nation-building affected Navoi's representation in Uzbek national historiography during the early Soviet period. The 1948 Soviet celebration of the 500th anniversary of Alisher Navoi's birth established the poet as a symbol of Uzbek “national-exceptionalism” that distinguished the Uzbek nation from other Central Asian nations. As a consequence Alisher Navoi's legacies that had regional significance were reduced to national heritage and the region's history was revised accordingly. The article, however, argues that the Soviet canonization of Alisher Navoi was not a rootless imposition of cultural history unfamiliar to the Uzbek people. Rather it was a realization of a nation-building project initiated by native Central Asian intellectuals called Jadids before the very creation of the Uzbek nation-state. Even though these intellectuals were persecuted during the 1930s Stalinist Terror, their ideas survived and were picked up by a new generation of Uzbek writers. This article also discusses how World War II provided an opportunity and justification for the Uzbek writers to rediscover their nation's pre-Revolutionary history and strengthened the Uzbek national ownership of Navoi legacies.
Measuring a Mastery Goal Structure Using the TARGET Framework
Authors: Lüftenegger Marko , Tran Ulrich S. , Bardach Lisa , Schober Barbara , Spiel Christiane
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In prior research, goal structures have been measured as macroscopic and holistic constructs referring to all activities in the classroom setting associated with learning and performing on a meta-level. A more comprehensive approach for identifying concrete classroom structures that should foster students’ mastery goals is provided by the multidimensional TARGET framework with its six instructional dimensions (Task, Autonomy, Recognition, Grouping, Evaluation, Time). However, measurement instruments assessing students’ perceptions of all TARGET dimensions are largely lacking. The main aim of this study was to develop and validate a new student questionnaire for comprehensive assessment of the perceived TARGET classroom structure (the Goal Structure Questionnaire – GSQ). Scales were constructed using a rational-empirical strategy based on classical conceptions of the TARGET dimensions and prior empirical research. The instrument was tested in a study using a sample of 1,080 secondary school students. Findings indicate that the scales are reliable, internally valid, and externally valid in terms of relationships with students’ achievement goals. More concretely, analyses revealed that the TARGET mastery goal structure positively predicts mastery goals, performance approach goals, and an incremental implicit theory of intelligence. No associations were found with performance avoidance goals.
Parents’ and Teachers’ Opinions on Bullying and Cyberbullying Prevention
Authors: Gradinger Petra , Strohmeier Dagmar , Spiel Christiane
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The goals of the present study were (1) to examine parents’ and teachers’ opinions on bullying and cyberbullying prevention, and (2) to investigate whether the involvement of their children or students in bullying affects their opinions. Altogether, 959 adults (466 parents, 493 teachers) reported on their opinions. More than 95% of parents and teachers regarded bullying as an important topic. Cyberbullying was seen as the least serious form and physical bullying as the most serious one. Ninety-five percent of parents and 90% of teachers stated that they would accept a bullying prevention program; 61% of parents and 75% of teachers were willing to actively participate in bullying prevention; 34% of parents and 66% of teachers reported that their own children or students were victims of bullying. This involvement moderated teachers’ opinions. Teachers of students affected by bullying rated verbal and cyberbullying as more serious, accepted prevention programs more readily, and were more willing to actively participate in a program compared to teachers whose students were not involved.
Adipocyte adaptive immunity mediates diet-induced adipose inflammation and insulin resistance by decreasing adipose Treg cells
Authors: Deng Tuo , Liu Joey , Deng Yanru , Minze Laurie , Xiao Xiang , Wright Valerie , Yu Richeng , Li Xian C. , Blaszczak Alecia , Bergin Stephen , DiSilvestro David , Judd Ryan , Bradley David , Caligiuri Michael , Lyon Christopher J. , Hsueh Willa A.
Published: July 2017

Obesity leads to a switch in subsets of CD4+ T cell in adipose tissue, characterized by an increase in IFNγ producing Th1 cells and a decrease in anti-inflammatory regulatory T (Treg) cells, which impairs systemic insulin sensitivity. What signals these changes is unknown. Herein we demonstrate that genetic deficiency of adipocyte MHCII decreases adipose IFNγ expression and increases adipose Treg abundance in obese mice, leading to reduced obesity-induced adipose inflammation and reduced insulin resistance without affecting weight gain. The preserved insulin sensitivity of high fat diet (HFD)-fed adipocyte-specific MHCII knockout (aMHCII−/−) mice was substantially attenuated by adipose-specific Treg ablation. Adipocytes of aMHCII−/− mice exhibit decreased capacity to stimulate IFNγ production in Th1 cells, whereas HFD-fed IFNγR1−/− mice were more insulin sensitive and had similarly high levels of Tregs in adipose tissue as aMHCII−/− mice. We further show that IFNγ strongly inhibits IL-33 effects to promote adipose Treg proliferation. Our results identify MHCII in adipocyte as a critical determinant of the obesity-induced adipose T cell subset switch and insulin resistance.
The entangled triplet pair state in acene and heteroacene materials
Authors: Yong Chaw Keong , Musser Andrew J. , Bayliss Sam L. , Lukman Steven , Tamura Hiroyuki , Bubnova Olga , Hallani Rawad K. , Meneau Aurélie , Resel Roland , Maruyama Munetaka , Hotta Shu , Herz Laura M. , Beljonne David , Anthony John E. , Clark Jenny , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: July 2017

Entanglement of states is one of the most surprising and counter-intuitive consequences of quantum mechanics, with potent applications in cryptography and computing. In organic materials, one particularly significant manifestation is the spin-entangled triplet-pair state, which mediates the spin-conserving fission of one spin-0 singlet exciton into two spin-1 triplet excitons. Despite long theoretical and experimental exploration, the nature of the triplet-pair state and inter-triplet interactions have proved elusive. Here we use a range of organic semiconductors that undergo singlet exciton fission to reveal the photophysical properties of entangled triplet-pair states. We find that the triplet pair is bound with respect to free triplets with an energy that is largely material independent (∼30 meV). During its lifetime, the component triplets behave cooperatively as a singlet and emit light through a Herzberg–Teller-type mechanism, resulting in vibronically structured photoluminescence. In photovoltaic blends, charge transfer can occur from the bound triplet pairs with >100% photon-to-charge conversion efficiency.