bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of subsequent pregnancies on the risk of developing diabetes following a first pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes: a population‐based study
Authors: Retnakaran R. , Austin P. C. , Shah B. R.
Published: November 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 287–292 (2011)

Aims  Women with gestational diabetes mellitus have a high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, secondary to post‐partum progression of the chronic pancreatic ß‐cell defect that underlies their presenting with dysglycaemia in pregnancy. Insulin‐sensitizing therapy can decrease this risk of Type 2 diabetes, partly by offloading the secretory demand placed on the ß‐cells. Conversely, however, it is not known whether the considerable secretory demands posed by the physiologic insulin resistance of a subsequent pregnancy could accelerate the progression to Type 2 diabetes. Thus, we sought to determine whether subsequent pregnancies are associated with the risk of developing diabetes following gestational diabetes.

Methods  Using a population‐based administrative database, we identified all women in Ontario, Canada, whose first pregnancy was between April 2000 and March 2007 and was complicated by gestational diabetes (n = 16 817). This cohort was followed for a median 4.5 years for subsequent pregnancies and the development of diabetes.

Results  During follow‐up, 2731 women (16.2%) developed diabetes. Gestational diabetes recurred in 41.5% of subsequent pregnancies. Interestingly, after covariate adjustment, a subsequent pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.68, 95%CI 0.60–0.76; P < 0.0001). Specifically, whereas each subsequent gestational diabetes pregnancy was associated with a modestly increased risk of diabetes (adjusted HR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.01–1.34; P = 0.03), each non‐gestational diabetes pregnancy was associated with a significantly reduced risk of diabetes (adjusted HR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.27–0.41; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions  A subsequent pregnancy is not necessarily associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes following gestational diabetes. Instead, the absence of recurrent gestational diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy may identify a lessened risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in this high‐risk patient population.
Autonomic imbalance: prophet of doom or scope for hope?
Authors: Vinik A. I. , Maser R. E. , Ziegler D.
Published: November 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 643–651 (2011)

It has long been recognized that cardiac autonomic neuropathy increases morbidity and mortality in diabetes and may have greater predictive power than traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events. Significant morbidity and mortality can now be attributable to autonomic imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function. New and emerging syndromes include orthostatic tachycardia, orthostatic bradycardia and an inability to use heart rate as a guide to exercise intensity because of the resting tachycardia. Recent studies have shown that autonomic imbalance may be a predictor of risk of sudden death with intensification of glycaemic control. This review examines an association of autonomic dysregulation and the role of inflammatory cytokines and adipocytokines that promote cardiovascular risk. In addition, conditions of autonomic imbalance associated with cardiovascular risk are discussed. Potential treatment for restoration of autonomic balance is outlined.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves health‐related quality of life in patients with diabetes and chronic foot ulcer
Authors: Löndahl M. , Landin‐Olsson M. , Katzman P.
Published: November 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 186–190 (2011)

Aims  Adjunctive treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy has recently been shown to improve ulcer healing in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcer. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves the health related quality of life in these patients.

Methods  Prospective randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blinded study setting using SF‐36.

Results  A total of 75 patients were included in the study; 38 were randomized to hyperbaric oxygen therapy and 37 to placebo (hyperbaric air). The overall mean physical and mental summary scores for the entire study population at baseline were 29.6 ± 8.8 and 47.5 ± 12.4, respectively. There was a significant difference between baseline and 1 year follow‐up responses to the mental summary score and two of the eight (SF‐36) (?) domains in the ‐hyperbaric oxygen group, whereas no significant improvement of health related quality of life was seen in the placebo group. Comparing quality of life in patients who healed their ulcer (healers) with those who did not (non‐healers), post‐treatment levels of the mental health summary score, social functioning and role limitations due to physical and emotional health were significantly improved in healers. No differences were seen in any SF‐36 (?) domain in non‐healers.

Conclusions  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves long‐term health related quality of life in patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcers, possibly attributable to better ulcer healing.
Epidermis: the formation and functions of a fundamental plant tissue
Authors: Javelle Marie , Vernoud Vanessa , Rogowsky Peter M. , Ingram Gwyneth C.
Published: November 2010

Epidermis differentiation and maintenance are essential for plant survival. Constant cross‐talk between epidermal cells and their immediate environment is at the heart of epidermal cell fate, and regulates epidermis‐specific transcription factors. These factors in turn direct epidermal differentiation involving a whole array of epidermis‐specific pathways including specialized lipid metabolism necessary to build the protective cuticle layer. An intact epidermis is crucial for certain key processes in plant development, shoot growth and plant defence. Here, we discuss the control of epidermal cell fate and the function of the epidermal cell layer in the light of recent advances in the field.

Contents

Summary
17

I.
Introduction
17

II.
How do plants product an epidermis?
18

III.
Functions of the epidermis in plant development
28

IV.
The epidermal cuticle layer, lipids and plant defence
33

V.
Conclusions and perspectives
34

Acknowledgements
35

References
35
A case of adult‐onset type II citrullinemia with comorbid epilepsy even after liver transplantation
Authors: Eriguchi Yosuke , Yamasue Hidenori , Doi Nagafumi , Nishida Takuji , Abe Osamu , Yamada Haruyasu , Aoki Shigeki , Suga Motomu , Inoue Hideyuki , Nonaka Hiroi , Obata Takayuki , Ikehira Hiroo , Kobayashi Keiko , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: November 2010

The current study using single case voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 1H‐MR‐spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) explores the neural background of unexplained seizure attacks and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities persisting even after liver transplantation in a patient with adult‐onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). Although the MRI had shown no gross abnormality, the VBM revealed significantly smaller‐than‐normal regional volume in the left hippocampus of the patient as compared with 111 age‐matched controls. 1H‐MRS further indicated reduction of all metabolite concentrations in the left hippocampus compared with those in the right homolog region, with the single exception of elevated glutamate concentration. These results are similar to those of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), although CTLN2‐complicated mesial TLE has rarely been reported. In contrast to TLE, periictal asterixis and interictal slow activities on EEG support another possibility that the patient might have slight metabolic encephalopathy even after the liver transplantation.
Voting Behavior in Vote‐by‐Mail Elections
Authors: Southwell Priscilla L.
Published: November 2010

The research examines both aggregate and individual level data in the state of Oregon—the only state that conducts all of its elections by mail. The aggregate analysis of 46 statewide elections (1980–2008) suggests that the vote‐by‐mail format is a major stimulus to voter participation in special and presidential elections in Oregon, while its effect on turnout in primary and off‐year general elections is insignificant. Additional analysis of the official centralized voter registration lists in Oregon from 2000 to 2007 (approximately 2 million registered voters) confirms this tendency of Oregon voters to abstain in special elections, particularly for younger voters. These findings also suggest that voter turnout since the adoption of vote‐by‐mail in 1998 has been slightly lower for Republicans than for Democrats in primary elections and special elections.
Strategic Adaptation to Performance Objectives in a Dual‐Task Setting
Authors: Janssen Christian P. , Brumby Duncan P.
Published: November 2010

How do people interleave attention when multitasking? One dominant account is that the completion of a subtask serves as a cue to switch tasks. But what happens if switching solely at subtask boundaries led to poor performance? We report a study in which participants manually dialed a UK‐style telephone number while driving a simulated vehicle. If the driver were to exclusively return his or her attention to driving after completing a subtask (i.e., using the single break in the xxxxx‐xxxxxx representational structure of the number), then we would expect to see a relatively poor driving performance. In contrast, our results show that drivers choose to return attention to steering control before the natural subtask boundary. A computational modeling analysis shows that drivers had to adopt this strategy to meet the required performance objective of maintaining an acceptable lateral position in the road while dialing. Taken together these results support the idea that people can strategically control the allocation of attention in multitask settings to meet specific performance criteria.
Effects of species‐specific interactions with predation risk on the relative species sensitivities to a pesticide in water boatmen (Corixidae)
Authors: Trekels Hendrik , Van de Meutter Frank , Stoks Robby
Published: November 2010

There is increasing concern that synergistic interactions between stressors may result in accelerated biodiversity loss. Yet, the prevalence and magnitude of these interactions remain one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future ecological change. Synergistic interactions between pesticide stress and predation risk are receiving increasing attention because they indicate that standard pesticide tests in the absence of predation risk may underestimate effects that occur under natural conditions. We questioned whether synergisms (or interactions in general), by differently shaping individual species’ sensitivities, can modulate species sensitivity rankings (SSRs) in survival and growth rate. Using laboratory and outdoor mesocosm experiments with five species of water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae) we studied mortality and growth rate over seven days of exposure. We evaluated the presence and nature of interactions between the pesticide endosulfan and predation risk and tested to what extent this affected the SSRs to endosulfan. The combined exposure to the pesticide and predation risk resulted in synergistic effects for survival (Sigara lateralis) and growth rate (Sigara iactans) and in an antagonistic effect for growth rate (Hesperocorixa linnaei and female Sigara striata). These results suggest that standard tests may underestimate the pesticide effect in a natural predator environment for some species. While the effects of these interactions on SSRs were not strong and SSRs remained largely similar in the absence and presence of predation risk, some obvious species rank shifts occurred for growth rate which may potentially affect community structure through changed competitive strength. The study of SSRs and their dependency on biotic stressors may provide a simple conceptual and predictive framework to increase our understanding of how stressors like pesticides may differentially affect community structure in the absence and presence of another stressor.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Co‐administration of Chloramphenicol and Multivitamin–Haematinics Complex in Rats
Authors: Oyagbemi Ademola A. , Adedara Isaac A. , Saba Adebowale B. , Farombi Ebenezer O.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Concurrent administration of chloramphenicol (CAP) with multivitamin–haematinics complex (MHC) is a common practice to cushioning anticipated anaemic effect of CAP in most developing countries. This study investigated the mechanism involved in CAP‐induced reproductive toxicity as well as the effects of its co‐administration with MHC in male rats. CAP and MHC were administered orally at therapeutic doses of 28 mg/kg body‐weight and 0.08 ml/kg body‐weight, respectively, every 6 hr for 10 days. After exposure, while there was body‐weight loss in CAP, MHC and CAP plus MHC‐treated animals, there were no treatment‐related changes in the absolute and relative weights of the testes in all treated groups. Alone, MHC treatment markedly decreased catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and 5′ nucleotidase (5′ NTD) activities whereas it resulted in significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Activities of SOD, CAT and GST as well as H2O2 levels were not significantly affected in CAP and CAP plus MHC‐treated rats whereas GSH level and 5′ NTD activity were markedly decreased in CAP plus MHC‐treated rats. Significant increase in testicular alkaline phosphatase activity, lipid peroxidation and sperm abnormalities were accompanied by reduction in epididymal sperm number, sperm motility and live–dead ratio in all treatment groups whereas aminotransferase activities were unaffected. Treatment‐related degeneration of the testes was evident in all treated animals. In summary, while MHC‐induced testicular toxicity via oxidative stress, CAP did not and their combination is implicated in reproductive dysfunction within the time course of our investigation.
Gastroprotective Effect of Rutin against Indomethacin‐Induced Ulcers in Rats
Authors: Abdel‐Raheem Ihab T.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Several reports have indicated that indomethacin‐induced gastropathy is mediated through generation of free radicals, neutrophil infiltration and disturbance in nitric oxide production. Rutin is a potent antioxidant flavonoid. Recently, rutin was reported to inhibit neutrophil infiltration and to modulate nitric oxide production in gastric mucosa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of rutin against indomethacin‐induced gastric injury. Accordingly, four groups of rats were used. The first three groups were injected orally with vehicle, rutin (200 mg/kg) and indomethacin (48 mg/kg) respectively. The fourth group was injected with rutin 1 hr before indomethacin. Animals were killed after 6 hr of indomethacin administration. Gastric juice acidity and gastric injury were evaluated directly. Moreover, the activities of myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and the contents of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and total nitrite/nitrate (as a marker of nitric oxide production) were determined in mucosal tissues. Indomethacin increased gastric ulcer index, gastric myeloperoxidase activity, gastric acidity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents compared with control. On the other hand, indomethacin decreased glutathione, nitrite/nitrate contents and superoxide dismutase activity. Histopathological examination of the stomachs of indomethacin‐treated rats revealed degenerative changes in gastric tissues. Pre‐treatment with rutin protected gastric tissues against indomethacin‐induced gastropathy as demonstrated from reduction in the ulcer index, attenuation of histopathological changes and amelioration of the altered oxidative stress and biochemical parameters. These results indicate that rutin has a protective effect against indomethacin‐induced gastropathy probably through inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, suppression of oxidative stress generation and replenishing nitrite/nitrate levels regardless of gastric acidity.
Is a Closed-Suction Drain Advantageous for Penile Implant Surgery? The Debate Continues
Authors: Kramer Andrew , Goldmark Ellen , Greenfield Jason
Published: November 2010

Introduction

The debate about leaving a closed-suction drain during penile implant surgery remains unsolved. What is the current thinking about the pros and cons of leaving a scrotal drain for inflatable penile implant (IPP) surgery?

Aims

The aim of this study is to explore the fund of existing information, and formulate a point and counterpoint debate analyzing the drain issue for implant surgery.

Methods

Two differing points of view are given to answer the question of benefit vs. risk drains in implant patients.

Main Outcome Measures

To facilitate the debate about a longstanding urologic question.

Results

There are two conflicting points presented in this manuscript, one supporting drain placement, the other opposing it in light of the risks and benefits.

Conclusions

Without prospective randomized controlled trials specifically looking at drain placement following IPP, it is unclear whether or not this intervention is beneficial. Until a study of this type is performed, leaving a drain will largely remain a surgeon preference.
Sexual Health Difficulties in a Population-Based Sample of Croatian Women Aged 18–35 and the Effects of the Dual (Career and Motherhood) Role
Authors: Štulhofer Aleksandar , Kuljanić Karin , Buzina Daška Štulhofer
Published: November 2010

Introduction

The prevalence of sexual health difficulties among women in Croatia is presently unknown. Although women under 40 years of age may be exposed to the most intense demands of the dual role (career and motherhood), they are often assumed to be at lower risk for sexual difficulties.

Aim

To assess the prevalence of sexual difficulties in a population-based study of women aged 18–35 and to explore the possible impact of the dual role on female sexual health.

Methods

The study was carried out in April 2010 on a multistage probability sample of 1,000 women aged 18–35 years. The response rate was 37.3% (1,680 women refused to participate). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the correlates of sexual difficulties, including the dual role.

Main Outcome Measures

The prevalence of the four most common female sexual health difficulties (lack of desire, lubrication difficulties, inability to reach orgasm, and pain during intercourse) were measured using the one-item indicators from the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors.

Results

Among coitally experienced women (N=870), 27.6% reported having a lack of desire, 23.6% pain during sexual intercourse, 23.1% inability to reach orgasm, and 18.5% difficulties with genital lubrication. All four difficulties were negatively associated with sexual satisfaction, but only the lack of sexual interest and inability to reach orgasm seemed to substantially decrease sexual well-being. In multivariate analyses, age, education, being in a steady relationship or married, and partner communication about sexuality were significant correlates of reported sexual difficulties. The dual role was not a significant predictor of sexual health difficulties.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of participants reported one or more sexual health difficulties that lasted for at least 2 months. Women in the dual role were not at an increased risk of experiencing difficulties in sexual functioning.
Sexual Function After Rectocele Repair
Authors: Brandner Sonja , Monga Ash , Mueller Michael D. , Herrmann Gudrun , Kuhn Annette
Published: November 2010

Introduction

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition among women with a prevalence of 11% and may affect the anterior, posterior, or apical compartment with a negative impact on sexual function.

Aim

Aim of the current study was to evaluate sexual function before and after surgical rectocele fascial repair in sexually active patients who suffer from symptomatic rectoceles.

Main Outcome Measures

Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and anatomical outcome after rectocele repair.

Methods

Between December 2000 and December 2009, we asked sexually active female patients who were to undergo rectocele fascial repair for symptomatic rectoceles to participate in this study. The patients were gynecologically examined before and after surgery and prolapse staging was performed using the ICS-Pelvic Organ Prolapse Staging. Patients were asked to fill in the FSFI before surgery and at 6 months follow-up. For statistical analysis, Graph Pad Prism version 5.0 for Windows was used (Graph Pad, La Jolla, CA, USA). Student’s t-test was used after normality tests to compare groups and α was set 0.05.

Results

Sixty-eight patients were included in this study. Median age was 72 years (range 47–91), median parity of 2 (range 0–3) and median body mass index was 29 kg/m2 (range 23–31). Main complaints preoperatively were painful prolapse feeling (n = 52), dyspareunia (n = 59), and a feeling of vaginal heaviness (n = 39). One patient who had suffered from postoperative infection that resulted in excessive scar tissue of the posterior wall suffered from de novo dyspareunia. Statistical analyses (paired t-test) showed significant improvement for desire (P < 0.001), satisfaction (P < 0.0001), and pain (P < 0.0001) and no significant changes for arousal (P = 0.0897), lubrication (P = 1), and orgasm (P = 0.0893).

Conclusion

Posterior fascial repair improves some domains of sexual function but not all in sexually active patients with symptomatic rectoceles, and local oestrogene treatment may contribute to this finding.
Attitudes, knowledge and barriers to participation in cancer clinical trials among rural and remote patients
Authors: SABESAN Sabe , BURGHER Bjourn , BUETTNER Petra , PILIOURAS Peter , OTTY Zulfiquer , VARMA Suresh , THAKER Darshit
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To assess the knowledge of randomized clinical trials and willingness and barriers to participation among rural, remote and regional cancer patients of North Queensland.

Methods:  A survey was conducted in medical oncology outpatient clinics at the Townsville and Mt Isa hospitals on patients, following their informed consent, using questionnaires. Rurality was defined according to the rural remote and metropolitan area classification.

Results:  Of the 180 patients approached, 178 participated. The median distance to the regional trial center for rural participants was 180 km (range 80–1300 km). 45.4% lived in rural or remote areas and the rest lived in Townsville, a regional metropolitan center. Their overall knowledge was low, with a median knowledge score of 3 (inter‐quartile ranges n = 2.5). For randomized controlled trials there were no significant relationships between willingness to participate and rurality or education level (P = 0.981). Cost of travel (41.1% rural or remote; 23.5% regional; P < 0.001) and the need for family or friends to accompany them (38.9% rural or remote; 24.1% regional, P = 0.021) were more important for rural/remote than regional patients as factors affecting participation.

Conclusion:  Rural and remote patients are as interested in participating in randomized clinical trials as regional patients. Their knowledge of trials is poor and education earlier in the consultations is needed. Since cost of travel and the need for family members to accompany them are important for rural patients trial budgets should include the cost of travel to encourage participation.
Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries
Authors: Laguna‐Torres Victor A. , Sánchez‐Largaespada José F. , Lorenzana Ivette , Forshey Brett , Aguilar Patricia , Jimenez Mirna , Parrales Eduardo , Rodriguez Francisco , García Josefina , Jimenez Ileana , Rivera Maribel , Perez Juan , Sovero Merly , Rios Jane , Gamero María E. , Halsey Eric S. , Kochel Tadeusz J.
Published: November 2010

Please cite this paper as: Laguna‐Torres et al. (2011) Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 123–134.

Background  Despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in Central America, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease.

Aims  To analyze viral etiologic agents associated with influenza‐like illness (ILI) in participants reporting to one outpatient health center, one pediatric hospital, and three general hospitals in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua

Material & Methods  Between August 2006 and April 2009, pharyngeal swabs were collected from outpatients and inpatients. Patient specimens were inoculated onto cultured cell monolayers, and viral antigens were detected by indirect and direct immunofluorescence staining.

Results  A total of 1,756 patients were enrolled, of whom 1,195 (68.3%) were under the age of 5; and 183 (10.4%) required hospitalization. One or more viral agents were identified in 434 (24.7%) cases, of which 17 (3.9%) were dual infections. The most common viruses isolated were influenza A virus (130; 7.4% of cases), respiratory syncytial virus (122; 6.9%), adenoviruses (63; 3.6%), parainfluenza viruses (57; 3.2%), influenza B virus (47; 2.7% of cases), and herpes simplex virus 1 (22; 1.3%). In addition, human metapneumovirus and enteroviruses (coxsackie and echovirus) were isolated from patient specimens.

Discussion  When compared to the rest of the population, viruses were isolated from a significantly higher percentage of patients age 5 or younger. The prevalence of influenza A virus or influenza B virus infections was similar between the younger and older age groups. RSV was the most commonly detected pathogen in infants age 5 and younger and was significantly associated with pneumonia (p < 0.0001) and hospitalization (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion  Genetic analysis of influenza isolates identified A (H3N2), A (H1N1), and B viruses. It also showed that the mutation H274Y conferring resistance to oseltamivir was first detected in Honduran influenza A/H1N1 strains at the beginning of 2008. These data demonstrate that a diverse range of respiratory pathogens are associated with ILI in Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. RSV infection in particular appears to be associated with severe disease in infants in the region.
Effects of Extraction Conditions on the Sensory and Instrumental Characteristics of Fish Gelatin Gels
Authors: Boran G. , Lawless H.T. , Regenstein J.M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Fish skin gelatin has recently been of interest as a product that eliminates religious concerns (Jewish and Muslim) and could be an alternative value‐added product from fish waste. Recent research has shown that extraction conditions affect gelatin quality. In this study, gelatin from Asian silver carp skin and extracted under different conditions have been studied sensory properties using descriptive analysis and time intensity testing to determine how extraction conditions affect gelatin sensory properties. Three pairs of gelatin samples were selected based on their gel strength, viscosity, and melting temperature. The impacts of different extraction conditions on instrumental methods were examined. Some functionality measurements were also done to determine how sensory measurements correlate with instrumental measurements. The gel strength varied between 60 ± 10 g and 590 ± 30 g while the viscosity varied between 1.9 ± 0.0 cP and 7.4 ± 0.2 cP. The hardness, melting and gelling temperature of the samples were well correlated with the gel strength (r > 0.90). The results indicated that the strongest correlation among all the sensory attributes was between firmness and melting temperature, which was a negative correlation (−0.75) suggesting that the firmer the gel samples the slower they melt. The viscosity was found to be very discriminative between samples in terms of sensory properties. The functional measurements were found to be strongly correlated within themselves while the sensory measurements were less so, which might be due to the greater variability when using sensory panelists or sensory parameters simply might not be related. The firmness, melting rate, and aftertaste were those sensory attributes most successfully discriminated by the panelists.

Practical Application:  The production of fish gelatin from Asian carp would provide an additional use for this invasive species in the Midwest of the United States. This could increase the fishing pressure on the fish to prevent further migration, particularly into the Great Lakes. As such, Asian carp fish gelatin would be a value‐added product from an otherwise waste component of the fish. This would be available to all those consumers who for one reason or another do not wish to use pork and beef gelatin, for example, Muslims, Jews, those concerned about “Mad Cow Disease,” and so on. At the same time it could provide a greater economic return for fishers and fish processors.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Food Antimicrobials Applied Singly and in Combination
Authors: Brandt Alex L. , Castillo Alejandro , Harris Kerri B. , Keeton Jimmy T. , Hardin Margaret D. , Taylor Thomas M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Combining food antimicrobials can enhance inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) meats. A broth dilution assay was used to compare the inhibition of L. monocytogenes resulting from exposure to nisin, acidic calcium sulfate, ɛ‐poly‐L‐lysine, and lauric arginate ester applied singly and in combination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were the lowest concentrations of single antimicrobials producing inhibition following 24 h incubation at 35 °C. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were the lowest concentrations that decreased populations by ≥3.0 log10 CFU/mL. Combinations of nisin with acidic calcium sulfate, nisin with lauric arginate ester, and ɛ‐poly‐L‐lysine with acidic calcium sulfate were prepared using a checkerboard assay to determine optimal inhibitory combinations (OICs). Fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) were calculated from OICs and were used to create FIC indices (FICIs) and isobolograms to classify combinations as synergistic (FICI < 1.00), additive/indifferent (FICI= 1.00), or antagonistic (FICI > 1.00). MIC values for nisin ranged from 3.13 to 6.25 μg/g with MBC values at 6.25 μg/g for all strains except for Natl. Animal Disease Center (NADC) 2045. MIC values for ɛ‐poly‐L‐lysine ranged from 6.25 to 12.50 μg/g with MBCs from 12.50 to 25.00 μg/g. Lauric arginate ester at 12.50 μg/g was the MIC and MBC for all strains; 12.50 mL/L was the MIC and MBC for acidic calcium sulfate. Combining nisin with acidic calcium sulfate synergistically inhibited L. monocytogenes; nisin with lauric arginate ester produced additive‐type inhibition, while ɛ‐poly‐L‐lysine with acidic calcium sulfate produced antagonistic‐type inhibition. Applying nisin along with acidic calcium sulfate should be further investigated for efficacy on RTE meat surfaces.

Practical Application:  This study demonstrates the potential for combinations of antimicrobials to result in greater pathogen inhibition as compared to the application of a single antimicrobial. The data presented in this study can aid the food industry in developing more efficient and effective application of antimicrobials. These findings should also prompt further studies validating the inhibitory effect of combinations of antimicrobials on ready‐to‐eat surfaces.
Comparison of Physical, Chemical, and Sensorial Characteristics between U.S.‐Imported and Northwestern Mexico Retail Beef
Authors: González‐Rios H. , Peña‐Ramos A. , Valenzuela M. , Zamorano‐García L. , Cumplido‐Barbeitia G. , González‐Méndez N.F. , Huerta‐Leidenz N.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  To compare beef from Northwestern Mexico (NMEX) and that imported from the United States in physical‐chemical (PC) and sensory traits, samples of ribeye (m. Longissimus dorsi thoracis, LDT) and knuckle (m. Vastus lateralis, VL) of Mexican (64 LDT; 51 VL) and U.S. (28 LDT; 25 VL) origin were purchased randomly from select retail stores located in 3 cities of NMEX. PC evaluation measured contents of moisture, fat and cholesterol, Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBSF), pH, CIE L*, a*, and b*, cooking loss, and normalized fatty acid profile (FAP). Trained panelists evaluated raw and cooked samples for 2 and 6 different organoleptic traits, respectively. Mexican and U.S.‐imported LDT steaks did not differ (P > 0.05) in PC traits. VL samples differed in L*, b*, hue*, WBSF, and fat content by country of origin (COO). The WBSF for cooked VL samples from the United States was lower (P < 0.05) and fat content was greater (P < 0.05) than those for NMEX steaks. The FAP varied between muscles; Mexican LDT had a higher content of C18:0, while VL from the United States had a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a higher PUFA/Saturated ratio (P < 0.05). Although sensory traits tended to be rated higher for Mexican LDT and VL steaks, no statistical differences with U.S.‐imported samples were detected (P > 0.05). Results indicated that domestic and U.S. retail steaks sold in the NMEX are similar in eating quality and PC, whereas differences observed in FAP deserve further attention from a nutritional standpoint.
Physical, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of Carp and Mammalian Skin Gelatin Films
Authors: Ninan George , Joseph Jose , Abubacker Zynudheen
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Films of 0.11 to 0.13 mm thickness were prepared using gelatins from the skins of cultured freshwater carp species and mammalian gelatins viz., porcine and bovine skin gelatin. A comparative study was made on the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of these films. The amino acid composition, gel strength, clarity, and gel setting point of the gelatins were also determined. Carp skin gelatins had a lower imino acid content (19.16% to 20.86%) than mammalian skin gelatins (22.91% to 23.7%). Grass carp gelatin had gel strength of 230.2 B that is comparable to the reported value for bovine skin gelatin (227.2 B). The bloom values of rohu and common carp skin gelatins were 188.6 B and 181.3 B, respectively, which were significantly lower than mammalian gelatins. Mammalian gels have significantly higher (P < 0.05) setting temperatures (23.7 to 24.2 °C) than carp skin gelatins. Tensile strength (TS) was lowest for films from common carp and rohu skin gelatin (490 and 497 kg/cm2, respectively) and highest for porcine skin gelatin film. The degree of transparency (L*) was significantly higher for films from grass carp, bovine hide, and pork skin gelatin films. Carp skin gelatin films had significantly lower water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP) than mammalian skin gelatin films, which indicated that carp skin gelatin based films have superior barrier properties than mammalian skin gelatin films.

Practical Application:  Carp species viz., rohu, common carp, and grass carp form the bulk of the aquaculture production in India and studies have shown that the filleting waste of these species, particularly skin can be a good source of gelatin with functional properties comparable to mammalian gelatins. Films prepared from these sources have good potential as replacer for mammalian gelatin based edible films. A comparative study of the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of these films with mammalian gelatin films will give a better understanding of the specific areas of application viz., quality preservation and shelf life extension of muscle foods.
Effects of Buckwheat Sprouts on Plasma and Hepatic Parameters in Type 2 Diabeticdb/dbMice
Authors: Watanabe Mitsuru , Ayugase Jun
Published: November 2010

Abstract: We examined the effects of buckwheat sprouts (BS) (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and onin vivooxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice. Mice (C57BL/KsJ‐leprdb/leprdb,db/db) were fed a diet containing 0%, 5%, or 10% BS based on AIN‐93G for 21 d. Plasma parameters, such as total cholesterol, arteriosclerotic index, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the HbA1c concentration of whole blood in the diabetic BS‐fed groups were lower than those in the diabetic control (AIN‐93G) group. Concentrations of hepatic parameters, such as lipids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and TBARS levels in BS‐fed groups, were lower than those in the diabetic control group. Although gene expressions of the hepatic lipid regulation enzymes such as 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMG‐CoAR) and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in diabetic BS‐fed groups were higher than in the diabetic control group, the elevation of mRNA level of CYP7A1 was greater than that of HMG‐CoAR. In addition, concentration of bile acids in feces was higher in the diabetic BS‐fed groups than in the diabetic control group. These results suggest that BS have variousin vivoactivities in relation to antidiabetic effects in type 2 diabetic mice, especially for improvement in lipid metabolism. It was deduced that excretion of bile acids in feces by feeding the BS diet would contribute to the suppression of the cholesterol concentration in the plasma and liver tissues of mice.
Assessment of Potential Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., and Pediococcus spp. Strains Isolated from Kefir
Authors: Sabir Firat , Beyatli Yavuz , Cokmus Cumhur , Onal‐Darilmaz Derya
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  In this study, the metabolic activities (in terms of quantities of the produced lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and exopolysaccharides) of 8 strains of Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., and Pediococcus spp., were determined. Lactic acid levels produced by strains were 8.1 to 17.4 mg/L. The L. acidophilus Z1L strain produced the maximum amount (3.18 μg/mL) of hydrogen peroxide. The exopolysaccharides (EPS) production by the strains was ranged between 173 and 378 mg/L. The susceptibility of 7 different antibiotics against these strains was also tested. All strains were found to be sensitive to ampicillin. The tolerance of the strains to low pH, their resistance to bile salts of strains, and their abilities to autoaggregate and coaggregate with Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 were also evaluated. High EPS‐producing strains showed significant autoaggregation and coaggregation ability with test bacteria (P < 0.01). A correlation also was determined between EPS production and acid‐bile tolerance (P < 0.05). EPS production possibly affects or is involved in acid‐bile tolerance and aggregation of Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., and Pediococcus spp. strains and supports the potential of L. acidophilus Z1L strain as new probiotic.
A Low‐Calorie Beverage Supplemented with Low‐Viscosity Pectin Reduces Energy Intake at a Subsequent Meal
Authors: Perrigue Martine , Carter Brett , Roberts Susan A. , Drewnowski Adam
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  The addition of fiber to foods and beverages has been linked with greater satiety and reduced energy intakes at the next meal. However, measures of satiety can be influenced by the time interval between beverage consumption and the next meal. The objective of this study was to determine how the time interval between consumption and a subsequent test meal impacts the satiating power of a low‐calorie beverage supplemented with low‐viscosity pectin fiber. Forty‐two participants (20 men, 22 women) each participated in 4 study sessions. Study preloads were 2 low‐calorie beverages (355 mL, 8 kcal) containing either 0 g fiber (no fiber) or 8 g low‐viscosity fiber (added fiber). These preloads were consumed either 90 min before lunch or 15 min before lunch. Every 15 min, participants rated hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and thirst using 100‐mm visual analogue scales. A test lunch was served and plate waste was measured. Beverages with added fiber reduced energy intakes at lunch relative to those without fiber. A short delay (15 min) between beverage consumption and a subsequent meal was associated with higher satiety ratings and reduced energy intakes, regardless of fiber content. The addition of low‐viscosity pectin to low‐calorie beverages reduced energy intakes at the next meal, presenting a possible tool for intake regulation. A short time interval between consumption of a low‐calorie beverage and a meal also increased satiety and decreased food intake, reflecting the short‐lived effect of volume.

Practical Application:  Consumption of a low‐calorie beverage supplemented with 8 g of low‐viscosity pectin fiber reduced energy intakes at the next meal. However, beverages consumed 15 min prior to the test meal were associated with higher satiety and lower subsequent energy intakes than beverages consumed 90 min prior to the test meal, regardless of fiber content. Timing of preload consumption has an important impact on measures of satiating power.
Electrostatic Sprays of Food‐Grade Acids and Plant Extracts are More Effective than Conventional Sprays in Decontaminating Salmonella Typhimurium on Spinach
Authors: Ganesh Vijayalakshmi , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Ravichandran Madhuram , Johnson Michael G. , Griffis Carl L. , Martin Elizabeth M. , Meullenet Jean‐Francois , Ricke Steven C.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  About 40000 people fall victim to Salmonella infections every year in the United States. Recent occurrences of Salmonella contaminated spinach and its recalls have accelerated the need for efficient antimicrobials targeting these pathogens. Our study was aimed at evaluating the inhibitory properties of malic, tartaric, and lactic acids, and grape seed extract (GSE) alone and in combinations and their application methods against Salmonella Typhimurium‐inoculated spinach using a response surface method. Fresh spinach leaves were washed, disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution (0.04% v/v), rewashed with sterile deionized (DI) water, and inoculated with a 2nd‐day culture of S. Typhimurium (7.0 log CFU/mL). Adhered S. Typhimurium population on day 0 were 7.5 log CFU/g. These were treated with individual and combinations of organic acids with GSE or DI water (control) adjusted to the same pH as that of the test solutions with both the modes of application and leaves were refrigerated at 4 °C. Malic acid (2%) in combination with GSE (3%) or lactic acid (3%) sprayed electrostatically showed reductions of 2.6 to 3.3 log CFU/g compared to lower log reductions (0.0 to 0.3 log CFU/g) by day 14 if sprayed conventionally. These findings indicate that malic acid in combination with GSE/lactic acid solutions applied by electrostatic spraying exhibited higher inhibition of pathogens than conventional spraying and can be used for commercial applications to enhance food safety.

Practical Application:  Electrostatic spraying is a novel technology that can be used to apply natural antimicrobials onto spinach for effective decontamination of food pathogens. The technique introduces the economical use of food‐grade organic acids and grape seed extract that offer health benefits in addition to antimicrobial properties. The multiple hurdle technology could be extended to disinfect other fresh produce, meat systems, and other commercial food safety applications.
A Transfer of Technology from Engineering: Use of ROC Curves from Signal Detection Theory to Investigate Information Processing in the Brain during Sensory Difference Testing
Authors: Wichchukit Sukanya , O’Mahony Michael
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  This article reviews a beneficial effect of technology transfer from Electrical Engineering to Food Sensory Science. Specifically, it reviews the recent adoption in Food Sensory Science of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a tool that is incorporated in the theory of signal detection. Its use allows the information processing that takes place in the brain during sensory difference testing to be studied and understood. The review deals with how Signal Detection Theory, also called Thurstonian modeling, led to the adoption of a more sophisticated way of analyzing the data from sensory difference tests, by introducing the signal‐to‐noise ratio, d′, as a fundamental measure of perceived small sensory differences. Generally, the method of computation of d′ is a simple matter for some of the better known difference tests like the triangle, duo–trio and 2‐AFC. However, there are occasions when these tests are not appropriate and other tests like the same–different and the A Not–A test are more suitable. Yet, for these, it is necessary to understand how the brain processes information during the test before d′ can be computed. It is for this task that the ROC curve has a particular use.
Articles: Association of An Intronic, but Not Any Exonic, FRMD4B Sequence Variant and Heart Failure
Authors: Matkovich Scot J. , Van Booven Derek J. , Cappola Thomas P. , Dorn II Gerald W.
Published: November 2010

Common forms of heart failure (HF) exhibit familial clustering, but specific genetic risk factors have been challenging to identify. A recent single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray study implicated a locus within an intron of FRMD4B in Caucasian HF. Here, we used next‐generation resequencing of pooled DNA and individual Sequenom genotyping to test for associations between FRMD4B SNPs and ischemic and/or nonischemic cardiomyopathy in two independent populations. Exonic resequencing of Caucasians and African‐Americans identified 32 FRMD4B SNPs, 13 of which had allele frequencies greater than 1%. None of these common FRMD4B SNPs were significantly associated with ischemic, nonischemic, or all‐cause HF in either of the study populations. We individually genotyped the seminal intronic rs6787362 FRMD4B SNP in the primary study population and compared genotypes between HF cases and controls. The rs6787362 variant allele was more frequent in Caucasians with ischemic cardiomyopathy, and carriers (heterozygous or homozygous) of the variant allele had increased risk of HF (OR 1.437, CI 1.085–1.904; p= 0.0118). No such association was seen for African‐American HF. These results confirm an association between the intronic rs6787362 FRMD4B SNP and ischemic cardiomyopathy in a European‐derived population, but do not support the proposition that coding FRMD4B variants are susceptibility factors in common HF. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 134–139
Bifunctionally Graded Electrode Supported SOFC Modeling and Computational Thermal Fluid Analysis for Experimental Design
Authors: Shi Junxiang , Xue Xingjian
Published: November 2010

A comprehensive 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed for a bi-electrode supported cell (BSC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The model includes complicated transport phenomena of mass/heat transfer, charge (electron and ion) migration, and electrochemical reactions. The uniqueness of the modeling study is that functionally graded porous electrode property is taken into account, including not only linear but also nonlinear porosity distributions. The model is validated using experimental data from open literature. Numerical results indicate that BSC performance is strongly dependent on both operating conditions and porous microstructure distributions of electrodes. Using the proposed fuel/gas feeding design, the uniform hydrogen distribution within the porous anode is achieved; the oxygen distribution within the cathode is dependent on porous microstructure distributions as well as pressure loss conditions. Simulation results also show that fairly uniform temperature distribution can be obtained with the proposed fuel/gas feeding design. This modeling work can provide a pre-experimental analysis and guide experimental designs for BSC test.
Performance of Microtubular SOFCs Using Ethanol Fuel
Authors: Suzuki Toshio , Yamaguchi Toshiaki , Fujishiro Yoshinobu , Awano Masanobu , Kikuchi Tetsuro , Fujii Akira , Funahashi Yoshihiro
Published: November 2010

Microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered to be ideal for application such as auxiliary power units due to their high thermal shock resistance and their compactness (high volumetric power density). Thus, it is of importance to understand the performance of the cell under actual fuel-fed condition. In this study, we demonstrate the performance of the microtubular SOFCs using a forming gas and a gas reformed from ethanol-water mixture.