bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Graphite from Agricultural Bio-Waste Material: A Review
Authors: Yap Yee Wen , Mahmed Norsuria , Norizan Mohd Natashah , Abd Rahim Shayfull Zamree , Ahmad Salimi Midhat Nabil , Abdul Razak Kamrosni , Mohamad Ili Salwani , Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al-Bakri , Mohamad Yunus Mohd Yusry
Published: May 2023

Graphitic carbon is a valuable material that can be utilized in many fields, such as electronics, energy storage and wastewater filtration. Due to the high demand for commercial graphite, an alternative raw material with lower costs that is environmentally friendly has been explored. Amongst these, an agricultural bio-waste material has become an option due to its highly bioactive properties, such as bioavailability, antioxidant, antimicrobial, in vitro and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, biomass wastes usually have high organic carbon content, which has been discovered by many researchers as an alternative carbon material to produce graphite. However, there are several challenges associated with the graphite production process from biomass waste materials, such as impurities, the processing conditions and production costs. Agricultural bio-waste materials typically contain many volatiles and impurities, which can interfere with the synthesis process and reduce the quality of the graphitic carbon produced. Moreover, the processing conditions required for the synthesis of graphitic carbon from agricultural biomass waste materials are quite challenging to optimize. The temperature, pressure, catalyst used and other parameters must be carefully controlled to ensure that the desired product is obtained. Nevertheless, the use of agricultural biomass waste materials as a raw material for graphitic carbon synthesis can reduce the production costs. Improving the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach depends on many factors, including the availability and cost of the feedstock, the processing costs and the market demand for the final product. Therefore, in this review, the importance of biomass waste utilization is discussed. Various methods of synthesizing graphitic carbon are also reviewed. The discussion ranges from the conversion of biomass waste into carbon-rich feedstocks with different recent advances to the method of synthesis of graphitic carbon. The importance of utilizing agricultural biomass waste and the types of potential biomass waste carbon precursors and their pre-treatment methods are also reviewed. Finally, the gaps found in the previous research are proposed as a future research suggestion. Overall, the synthesis of graphite from agricultural bio-waste materials is a promising area of research, but more work is needed to address the challenges associated with this process and to demonstrate its viability at scale.
Study on Mass Erosion and Surface Temperature during High-Speed Penetration of Concrete by Projectile Considering Heat Conduction and Thermal Softening
Authors: Dong Kai , Jiang Kun , Jiang Chunlei , Wang Hao , Tao Ling
Published: May 2023

The mass erosion of the kinetic energy of projectiles penetrating concrete targets at high speed is an important reason for the reduction in penetration efficiency. The heat generation and heat conduction in the projectile are important parts of the theoretical calculation of mass loss. In this paper, theoretical models are established to calculate the mass erosion and heat conduction of projectile noses, including models of cutting, melting, the heat conduction of flash temperature, and the conversion of plastic work into heat. The friction cutting model is modified considering the heat softening of metal, and a model of non-adiabatic processes for the nose was established based on the heat conduction theory to calculate the surface temperature. The coupling numerical calculation of the erosion and heat conduction of the projectile nose shows that melting erosion is the main factor of mass loss at high-speed penetration, and the mass erosion ratio of melting and cutting is related to the initial velocity. Critical velocity without melting erosion and a constant ratio of melting and cutting erosion exists, and the critical velocities are closely related to the melting temperature. In the process of penetration, the thickness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) gradually increases, and the entire heat conduction zone (EHZ) is about 5~6 times the thickness of the HAZ.
Numerical Analysis of Fracture Behaviour for Cracked Joints in Corrugated Plate Girders Repaired by Stop-Holes
Authors: Wang Qifei , Zhou Wenfeng , Wang Zhiyu , Xiang Sijie , Yao Guowen , Huang Qunyi , Liu Yinggai
Published: May 2023

The efficient crack eliminated stop-hole measure was proposed to repair and reduce the stress concentration associated fracture risk of the corrugated plate girders by setting it at the critical joint of flange plate with tightened bolts and gaskets under preloading. To investigate the fracture behaviour of these repaired girders, parametric finite element analysis was conducted, focusing on the mechanical feature and stress intensity factor of crack stop-hole in this paper. The numerical model was verified against experimental results first, and then the stress characteristics due to the presence of crack open-hole were analysed. It was found that the moderate-sized open-hole was more effective than the over-sized open-hole in the reduction of stress concentration. For the model with prestressed crack stop-hole through bolt preloading, the stress concentration was nearly 50% with the prestress around open-hole increased to 46 MPa, but such a reduction is inconspicuous for even higher prestress. Relatively high circumferential stress gradients and the crack open angle of oversized crack stop-holes were decreased owing to additional prestress effects from the gasket. Finally, the shift from the original tensile area around the edge of the crack open-hole that was prone to fatigue cracking to a compression-oriented area is beneficial for the reduction of stress intensity factor of the prestressed crack stop-holes. It was also demonstrated that the enlargement of crack open-hole has limited influence on the reduction of stress intensity factor and crack propagation. In contrast, higher bolt prestress was more beneficial in consistently reducing the stress intensity factor of the model with the crack open-hole, even containing long crack.
Signal-Decay Based Approach for Visualization of Buried Defects in 3-D Printed Ceramic Components Imaged with Help of Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kopycinska-Müller Malgorzata , Schreiber Luise , Schwarzer-Fischer Eric , Günther Anne , Phillips Conner , Moritz Tassilo , Opitz Jörg , Choi Yeong-Jin , Yun Hui-suk
Published: May 2023

We propose the use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) as a tool for the quality control of 3-D-printed ceramics. Test samples with premeditated defects, namely single- and two-component samples of zirconia, titania, and titanium suboxides, were printed by stereolithography-based DLP (Digital Light Processing) processes. The OCT tomograms obtained on the green samples showed the capability of the method to visualize variations in the layered structure of the samples as well as the presence of cracks and inclusions at depths up to 130 µm, as validated by SEM images. The structural information was visible in cross-sectional images as well as in plan-view images. The optical signal measured from the printed zirconia oxide and titanium oxide samples showed strong attenuation with depth and could be fit with an exponential decay curve. The variations of the decay parameter correlated very well with the presence of defects and material variation. When used as an imaging quantity, the decay parameter projects the position of the defects into 2-D (X,Y) coordinates. This procedure can be used in real time, it reduces the data volume up to 1000 times, and allows for faster subsequent data analysis and transfer. Tomograms were also obtained on sintered samples. The results showed that the method can detect changes in the optical properties of the green ceramics caused by sintering. Specifically, the zirconium oxide samples became more transparent to the light used, whereas the titanium suboxide samples became entirely opaque. In addition, the optical response of the sintered zirconium oxide showed variations within the imaged volume, indicating material density variations. The results presented in this study show that OCT provides sufficient structural information on 3-D-printed ceramics and can be used as an in-line tool for quality control.
Structure and Wear Performance of a Titanium Alloy by Using Low-Temperature Plasma Oxy-Nitriding
Authors: Li Haidong , Wang Haifeng , Wang Shijie , Yang Yange , Niu Yunsong , Zhu Shenglong , Wang Fuhui
Published: May 2023

To solve the problems of high nitriding temperature and long nitriding time with conventional plasma nitriding technologies, a kind of low-temperature plasma oxy-nitriding technology containing two-stage processes with different ratios of N to O was developed on a TC4 alloy in this paper. A thicker permeation coating can be obtained with this new technology compared to conventional plasma nitriding technology. The reason for this is that the oxygen introduction in the first two-hour oxy-nitriding step can break the continuous TiN layer, which facilitates the quick and deep diffusion of the solution-strengthening elements of O and N into the titanium alloy. Moreover, an inter-connected porous structure was formed under a compact compound layer, which acts as a buffer layer to absorb the external wear force. Therefore, the resultant coating showed the lowest COF values during the initial wear state, and almost no debris and cracks were detected after the wear test. For the treated samples with low hardness and no porous structure, fatigue cracks can easily form on the surface, and bulk peeling-offcan occur during the wear course.
Atomic Layer Etching Using a Novel Radical Generation Module
Authors: Jung Junho , Kim Kyongnam
Published: May 2023

To fabricate miniature semiconductors of 10 nm or less, various process technologies have reached their physical limits, and new process technologies for miniaturization are required. In the etching process, problems such as surface damage and profile distortion have been reported during etching using conventional plasma. Therefore, several studies have reported novel etching techniques such as atomic layer etching (ALE). In this study, a new type of adsorption module, called the radical generation module, was developed and applied in the ALE process. Using this module, the adsorption time could be reduced to 5 s. Moreover, the reproducibility of the process was verified and an etch per cycle of 0.11 nm/cycle was maintained as the process progressed up to 40 cycles.
Blockchain Transaction Fee Forecasting: A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Butler Conall , Crane Martin
Published: May 2023

Gas is the transaction-fee metering system of the Ethereum network. Users of the network are required to select a gas price for submission with their transaction, creating a risk of overpaying or delayed/unprocessed transactions involved in this selection. In this work, we investigate data in the aftermath of the London Hard Fork and shed insight into the transaction dynamics of the network after this major fork. As such, this paper provides an update on work previous to 2019 on the link between EthUSD/BitUSD and gas price. For forecasting, we compare a novel combination of machine learning methods such as Direct-Recursive Hybrid LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and Attention-LSTM. These are combined with wavelet threshold denoising and matrix profile data processing toward the forecasting of block minimum gas price, on a 5-min timescale, over multiple lookaheads. As the first application of the matrix profile being applied to gas price data and forecasting that we are aware of, this study demonstrates that matrix profile data can enhance attention-based models; however, given the hardware constraints, hybrid models outperformed attention and CNN-LSTM models. The wavelet coherence of inputs demonstrates correlation in multiple variables on a 1-day timescale, which is a deviation of base free from gas price. A Direct-Recursive Hybrid LSTM strategy is found to outperform other models, with an average RMSE of 26.08 and R2 of 0.54 over a 50-min lookahead window compared to an RMSE of 26.78 and R2 of 0.452 in the best-performing attention model. Hybrid models are shown to have favorable performance up to a 20-min lookahead with performance being comparable to attention models when forecasting 25–50-min ahead. Forecasts over a range of lookaheads allow users to make an informed decision on gas price selection and the optimal window to submit their transaction in without fear of their transaction being rejected. This, in turn, gives more detailed insight into gas price dynamics than existing recommenders, oracles and forecasting approaches, which provide simple heuristics or limited lookahead horizons.
Parameter Identification of Lithium-Ion Battery Model Based on African Vultures Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Fahmy Hend M. , Sweif Rania A. , Hasanien Hany M. , Tostado-Véliz Marcos , Alharbi Mohammed , Jurado Francisco
Published: May 2023

This paper establishes a study for an accurate parameter modeling method for lithium-ion batteries. A precise state space model generated from an equivalent electric circuit is used to carry out the proposed identification process, where parameter identification is a nonlinear optimization process problem. The African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA) is utilized to solve this problem by simulating African vultures’ foraging and navigating habits. The AVOA is used to implement this strategy and improve the quality of the solutions. Four scenarios are considered to take the effect of loading, fading, and dynamic analyses. The fitness function is selected as the integral square error between the estimated and measured voltage in these scenarios. Numerical simulations were executed on a 2600 mAhr Panasonic Li-ion battery to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested parameter identification technique. The proposed AVOA was fulfilled with high accuracy, the least error, and high closeness with the experimental data compared with different optimization algorithms, such as the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm, the quasi-Newton algorithm, the Runge Kutta optimizer, the genetic algorithm, the grey wolf optimizer, and the gorilla troops optimizer. The proposed AVOA achieves the lowest fitness function level of the scenarios studied compared with relative optimization algorithms.
An Improved Flow Direction Algorithm for Engineering Optimization Problems
Authors: Fan Yuqi , Zhang Sheng , Wang Yaping , Xu Di , Zhang Qisong
Published: May 2023

Flow Direction Algorithm (FDA) has better searching performance than some traditional optimization algorithms. To give the basic Flow Direction Algorithm more effective searching ability and avoid multiple local minima under the searching space, and enable it to obtain better search results, an improved FDA based on the Lévy flight strategy and the self-renewable method (LSRFDA) was proposed in this paper. The Lévy flight strategy and the self-renewable approach were added to the basic Flow Direction Algorithm. Random parameters generated by the Lévy flight strategy can increase the algorithm’s diversity of feasible solutions in a short calculation time and greatly enhance the operational efficiency of the algorithm. The self-renewable method lets the algorithm quickly obtain a better possible solution and jump to the local solution space. Then, this paper tested different mathematical testing functions, including low-dimensional and high-dimensional functions, and the test results were compared with those of different algorithms. This paper includes iterative figures, box plots, and search paths to show the different performances of the LSRFDA. Finally, this paper calculated different engineering optimization problems. The test results show that the proposed algorithm in this paper has better searching ability and quicker searching speed than the basic Flow Direction Algorithm.
Studying the Harmonic Functions Associated with Quantum Calculus
Authors: Alsoboh Abdullah , Amourah Ala , Darus Maslina , Rudder Carla Amoi
Published: May 2023

Using the derivative operators’ q-analogs values, a wide variety of holomorphic function subclasses, q-starlike, and q-convex functions have been researched and examined. With the aid of fundamental ideas from the theory of q-calculus operators, we describe new q-operators of harmonic function Hϱ,χ;qγF(ϖ) in this work. We also define a new harmonic function subclass related to the Janowski and q-analog of Le Roy-type functions Mittag–Leffler functions. Several important properties are assigned to the new class, including necessary and sufficient conditions, the covering Theorem, extreme points, distortion bounds, convolution, and convex combinations. Furthermore, we emphasize several established remarks for confirming our primary findings presented in this study, as well as some applications of this study in the form of specific outcomes and corollaries.
The Impact of Non-Andrological Medications on Semen Characteristics, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Parameters
Authors: Salerno Gerardo , Borro Marina , Visco Vincenzo , Olana Soraya , Gargano Francesca , Raffa Salvatore , Zamponi Virginia , Mancini Camilla , Faggiano Antongiulio , Simmaco Maurizio , Mazzilli Rossella
Published: May 2023

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of medications on oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and semen characteristics in males with idiopathic infertility. Materials and Methods: In this observational case-control clinical study, 50 men with idiopathic infertility were enrolled, of whom 38 (the study group) were on pharmacological treatment and 12 made up the control group. The study group was clustered according to the medications (Group A: anti-hypertensive, n = 10; Group B: thyroxine, n = 6; Group C: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, n = 13; Group D: miscellaneous, n = 6; Group E: lipid-lowering drugs, n = 4). Semen analyses were performed according to WHO 2010 guidelines. Interleukins (IL)-10, IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 alpha were determined using a solid-phase sandwich immunoassay. The diacron reactive oxygen metabolites, d-ROMs test, was performed by means of a colorimetric determination of reactive oxygen metabolites and measured with a spectrophotometer. Beta-2-microglobulin and cystatin-C were measured with an immunoturbidimetric analyzer. Results: No differences between the study and control groups for age and macroscopic and microscopic semen characteristics were found, nor were any differences found after clustering according to the drug categories. IL-1 alpha and IL-10 were significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group; IL-10 was significantly lower in groups A, B, C and D compared with the control group. Furthermore, a direct correlation between IL-1 alpha, IL-10 and TNF-alpha and leukocytes was found. Conclusions: Despite the sample size limitations, the data suggest a correlation between drug use and activation of the inflammatory response. This could clarify the pathogenic mechanism of action for several pharmacological classes on male infertility.
A Case of Primary Multifocal Cutaneous Mucormycosis in a Pediatric Patient with Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Niyazi Denis , Belcheva Milena , Vergiev Stoyan , Kaleva Valeria , Stoeva Temenuga
Published: May 2023

Mucormycosis, caused by the widespread molds of the Mucorales order, is an insidious infection that manifests in different clinical forms. Even the most benign form, the cutaneous mucormycosis, can present with severe complications and a fatal outcome in patients with a suppressed immune system and underlining comorbidities. We present a rare case of a proven primary multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis in a child with newly diagnosed acute leukemia without multiorgan dissemination. Various laboratory techniques (histopathological, cultural and molecular-genetic) were used to detect and confirm the diagnosis. Etiological therapy (liposomal amphotericin B, 5 mg/kg) combined with surgical intervention were used to manage the infection. The case shows that a rapid and complex diagnostic approach is of crucial importance for the timely initiation of adequate therapy, as well as for the successful management of this life-threatening fungal infection.
Study of the Power Generation Performance of Impact Piezoelectric Energy Capture Devices
Authors: Tian Xiaochao , Liu Jinlong , Hou Jun , Gai Houjun , Yang Jie , Sun Zhenwen
Published: May 2023

In order to solve the problem of conventional energy shortages, a non-resonant impact piezoelectric energy capture device using a (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric film at low frequency is proposed, and related theoretical analysis and experimental studies are conducted. The device has a simple internal structure, is green and easy to miniaturize, and is capable of harvesting energy at low frequencies to supply energy to micro and small electronic devices. First, to verify the feasibility of the device, the structure of the experimental device is modeled and dynamically analyzed. Then the modal, stress–strain, and output voltage of the piezoelectric film are simulated and analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. Finally, the experimental prototype is built according to the model, and the experimental platform is constructed to test the relevant performance. The experimental results show that the output power produced by the capturer varies within a certain range when the capturer is excited externally. With an external excitation force of 30 N, a piezoelectric film bending amplitude of 60°, and a piezoelectric film size of 45 × 80 mm, the resulting output power voltage is 21.69 V, the output current is 0.07 mA, and the output power is 1.5176 mW. This experiment verifies the feasibility of the energy capturer and provides a new idea for powering electronic components.
Characteristic Gut Bacteria in High Barley Consuming Japanese Individuals without Hypertension
Authors: Maruyama Satoko , Matsuoka Tsubasa , Hosomi Koji , Park Jonguk , Nishimura Mao , Murakami Haruka , Konishi Kana , Miyachi Motohiko , Kawashima Hitoshi , Mizuguchi Kenji , Kobayashi Toshiki , Ooka Tadao , Yamagata Zentaro , Kunisawa Jun
Published: May 2023

Background: Barley, a grain rich in soluble dietary fiber β-glucan, is expected to lower blood pressure. Conversely, individual differences in its effects on the host might be an issue, and gut bacterial composition may be a determinant. Methods: Using data from a cross-sectional study, we examined whether the gut bacterial composition could explain the classification of a population with hypertension risks despite their high barley consumption. Participants with high barley intake and no occurrence of hypertension were defined as “responders” (n = 26), whereas participants with high barley intake and hypertension risks were defined as “non-responders” (n = 39). Results: 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that feces from the responders presented higher levels of Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae UCG-013, Lachnospira, and Subdoligranulum and lower levels of Lachnoclostridium and Prevotella 9 than that from non-responders. We further created a machine-learning responder classification model using random forest based on gut bacteria with an area under the curve value of 0.75 for estimating the effect of barley on the development of hypertension. Conclusions: Our findings establish a link between the gut bacteria characteristics and the predicted control of blood pressure provided by barley intake, thereby providing a framework for the future development of personalized dietary strategies.
Phytochemical Characterization of Purple Coneflower Roots (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.) and Their Extracts
Authors: Petrova Ani , Ognyanov Manol , Petkova Nadezhda , Denev Petko
Published: May 2023

Echinacea purpurea is a perennial plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It has a wide range of applications mainly in the treatment and prevention of inflammations in the respiratory system. The current study aimed to perform a phytochemical characterization of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) roots and their extracts (water, 40%, 50%, 60% ethanol, and 60% glycerol). Phytochemical characterization was carried out by gravimetric, spectrophotometric, and chromatographic methods. Echinacea roots were characterized by a low lipid (0.8%) content. In contrast, carbohydrates (45%) and proteins (20%) occupied a large part of the dry matter. Amongst the extracts, the highest yield was obtained using water as a solvent (53%). Water extract was rich in protein and carbohydrates as fructans (inulin) were the most abundant carbohydrate constituent. The most exhaustive recovery of the phenolic components was conducted by extraction with 40% ethanol and 60% glycerol. It was found that water is the most suitable extractant for obtaining a polysaccharide-containing complex (PSC) (8.87%). PSC was composed mainly of fructans (inulin) and proteins with different molecular weight distributions. The yield of PSC decreased with an increasing ethanol concentration (40% > 50% > 60%) but the lowest yield was obtained from 60% glycerol extract. The obtained results showed that Echinacea roots contained a large amount of biologically active substances—phenolic components and polysaccharides and that glycerol was equally efficient to ethanol in extracting caffeic acid derivatives from purple coneflower roots. The data can be used for the preparation of extracts having different compositions and thus easily be incorporated into commercial products.
Quercetagitrin Inhibits Tau Accumulation and Reverses Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Deficits in P301S-Tau Transgenic Mice
Authors: Zhong Suyue , Ye Jinwang , Deng Yunsong , Zhang Mohan , Zou Miaozhan , Yao Xuanbao , Xiao Shifeng
Published: May 2023

Intracellular tau accumulation is a hallmark pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Tau protein, in the hyperphosphorylated form, is the component of paired helical filaments (PHFs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD. Blocking tau aggregation and/or phosphorylation is currently a promising strategy for AD treatment. Here, we elucidate that quercetagitrin, a natural compound derived from African marigold (Tagetes erecta), could inhibit tau aggregation and reduce tau phosphorylation at multiple disease-related sites in vitro. Moreover, the in vivo effect of quercetagitrin was assessed in P301S-tau transgenic via oral administration. The compound treatment restored the cognitive deficits and neuron loss in the mice. The formation of NFTs and tau phosphorylations in the hippocampus and cortex of the mice was also prevented by the compound. Moreover, quercetagitrin feeding displayed neuroinflammation protection through the inhibition of NF-κB activation in the mice. Together, our data reveal that quercetagitrin possesses the potential to further develop as a therapeutic medicine for AD and other tauopathies.
Cyclopropane-Containing Specialized Metabolites from the Marine Cyanobacterium cf. Lyngbya sp.
Authors: Salleh Nurul Farhana , Wang Jiale , Kundukad Binu , Oluwabusola Emmanuel T. , Goh Delia Xin Yin , Phyo Ma Yadanar , Tong Jasmine Jie Lin , Kjelleberg Staffan , Tan Lik Tong
Published: May 2023

Marine cyanobacteria are known to produce structurally diverse bioactive specialized metabolites during bloom occurrence. These ecologically active allelochemicals confer chemical defense for the microalgae from competing microbes and herbivores. From a collection of a marine cyanobacterium, cf. Lyngbya sp., a small quantity of a new cyclopropane-containing molecule, benderadiene (2), and lyngbyoic acid (1) were purified and characterized using spectroscopic methods. Using live reporter quorum-sensing (QS) inhibitory assays, based on P. aeruginosa PAO1 lasB-gfp and rhlA-gfp strains, both compounds were found to inhibit QS-regulated gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to lyngbyoic acid being more active in the PAO1 lasB-gfp biosensor strain (IC50 of 20.4 µM), it displayed anti-biofilm activity when incubated with wild-type P. aeruginosa. The discovery of lyngbyoic acid in relatively high amounts provided insights into its ecological significance as a defensive allelochemical in targeting competing microbes through interference with their QS systems and starting material to produce other related analogs. Similar strategies could be adopted by other marine cyanobacterial strains where the high production of other lipid acids has been reported. Preliminary evidence is provided from the virtual molecular docking of these cyanobacterial free acids at the ligand-binding site of the P. aeruginosa LasR transcriptional protein.
Aroma Characterization of Roasted Meat and Meat Substitutes Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with Simultaneous Selective Detection and a Dedicated Software Tool, AromaMS
Authors: Tzanani Nitzan , Hindi Ariel , Marder Dana
Published: May 2023

The development of healthier and more sustainable food products, such as plant-based meat substitutes (PBMSs), have received significant interest in recent years. A thorough understanding of the aroma composition can support efforts to improve the sensory properties of PBMS products and promote their consumer acceptability. Here, we developed an integrated hardware and software approach for aroma analysis of roasted food based on simultaneous analysis with three complementary detectors. Following the standard procedure of aroma headspace sampling and separation using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography, the column flow was split into three channels for the following detectors for the selective detection of nitrogen and sulfur (N/S)-containing compounds: an electron ionization-mass spectrometry for identification through a library search, a nitrogen-phosphorous detector, and a flame-photometric detector (FPD)/pulsed-FPD. Integration of results from the different types of detectors was achieved using a software tool, called AromaMS, developed in-house for data processing. As stipulated by the user, AromaMS performed either non-targeted screening for all volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or selective screening for N/S-containing VOCs that play a major role in the aroma experience. User-defined parameters for library matching and the retention index were applied to further eliminate false identifications. This new approach was successfully applied for comparative analysis of roasted meat and PBMS samples.
Medicinal Mushroom Extracts from Hericium coralloides and Trametes versicolor Exert Differential Immunomodulatory Effects on Immune Cells from Older Adults In Vitro
Authors: Williams Lily M. , Berthon Bronwyn S. , Stoodley Isobel L. , Williams Evan J. , Wood Lisa G.
Published: May 2023

Medicinal mushroom extracts (MMEs) exert immunomodulatory effects on innate immunity. The present study aimed to examine the effect of medicinal mushroom components on in vitro immune cell responses to inflammatory stimuli by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from older adults, where immune function is altered. PBMCs were treated with extracts from Hericium coralloides (HC) and Trametes versicolor (TV) prior to stimulation with rhinovirus A1 (RVA1), influenza A/H1N1pdm09 (H1N1), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or house dust mite (HDM) for 48 h. In the presence of virus, type I and II IFN significantly (p < 0.05) decreased following treatment with at least one concentration of all extracts compared to the untreated cell controls, along with significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). In the presence of LPS, extracts from TV reduced IL-1β compared to untreated cells. In the presence of HDM, the concentration of IL-5 and/or IL-13 was significantly decreased with at least one dose of all extracts. MMEs exert differential effects on the release of inflammatory and antiviral mediators in vitro. Reduced type 2 cytokine responses to HDM may be beneficial in conditions where allergic inflammation is present, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema. Further research is needed to examine extracts in vivo.
Nobiletin Mitigates D-Galactose-Induced Memory Impairment via Improving Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice
Authors: Xiong Wei , Li Rongzi , Li Boying , Wang Xifan , Wang Huihui , Sun Yanan , Wang Xiaoyu , Li Yixuan , Ren Fazheng
Published: May 2023

Memory impairment is a characteristic of brain aging, and it is associated with a decrease in neurogenesis. Therefore, enhancing neurogenesis is a potential method for mitigating brain aging. Nobiletin (NOB) is a natural polymethoxylated flavonoid derived from citrus peels. It acts as an antioxidant, enhances anti-inflammation, and displays neuroprotective properties. However, the mechanism of NOB on brain aging has not been elucidated. In this study, D-galactose-induced aging mice were treated with NOB (100 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. NOB administration attenuated D-galactose-induced memory impairment and restored hippocampal neurogenesis, including the number of newborn neurons and neural stem cells in mice. Furthermore, it downregulated the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1 β, IL-6, and pP65 (by 42.2%, 22.9%, and 46.4% of those in the D-galactose treated group, respectively) in the hippocampus and blocked microglia and astrocyte activation. In vitro, NOB inhibited D-galactose-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 cells, and the conditioned medium prepared from NOB- and D-galactose-co-treated BV2 cells elevated the viability (90.3% of control) and differential ability (94.9% of control) of C17.2 cells, compared to the D-galactose-treated group alone. It was concluded that NOB could restore memory impairment via the improvement of neurogenesis by ameliorating neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Overall, NOB is a potential candidate neurogenesis enhancer for improving brain function.
Pharmacological Activity of Flavonoid Quercetin and Its Therapeutic Potential in Testicular Injury
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Tang Yufeng , Lu Guangping , Gu Junlian
Published: May 2023

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely found in natural fruits and vegetables. Recent studies have shown that quercetin mediates multiple beneficial effects in a variety of organ damage and diseases, and is considered a healthcare supplement with health-promoting potential. Male infertility is a major health concern, and testicular damage from multiple causes is an important etiology. Previous studies have shown that quercetin has a protective effect on reproductive function. This may be related to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic biological activities of quercetin. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms by which quercetin exerts its pharmacological activity and its role in testicular damage induced by various etiologies. In addition, this paper compiles the application of quercetin in clinical trials, demonstrating its practical effects in regulating blood pressure and inhibiting cellular senescence in human patients. However, more in-depth experimental studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the true value of quercetin for the prevention and protection against testicular injury.
A Social Media Intervention for Promoting Oral Health Behaviors in Adolescents: A Non-Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: Calderon Susana J. , Comnick Carissa L. , Villhauer Alissa , Marshall Teresa , Dahl Jan-Ulrik , Banas Jeffrey A. , Drake David R.
Published: May 2023

Poor oral hygiene and excessive consumption of soda are among the main drivers of systemic health issues in adolescents in the United States. This non-randomized pilot clinical trial focused on the effects of a health text message system and smartphone-based intervention on adolescent tooth-brushing behavior and dietary choices, with a convenience sample of 94 participants aged 12 to 14 years old. A group of 75 participants agreed to use a tooth-brushing app and received a health text message; the other group of 15 agreed to use the tooth-brushing app, but did not receive a health text message. Saliva specimens were collected directly before and at the end of each experiment; changes in the salivary presence of cariogenic bacteria over the duration of the study were evaluated and compared with the demographics and behavioral variables. Within the text message group, 5% of participants increased the frequency of daily tooth brushing. Within the non-intervention group, 29% of participants increased the frequency of their daily tooth brushing. There were reductions in the total salivary bacteria and total streptococci in both groups (p < 0.001), but no change in the presence of cariogenic Mutans streptococci. Raising adolescents’ consciousness of oral health behavior resulted in marginal to moderate improvements to oral hygiene and dietary choices, as well as reductions in total salivary bacteria.
Development and Characterization of Methyl-Anthranilate-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles: A Phytocosmetic Sunscreen Gel for UV Protection
Authors: Ghazwani Mohammed , Hani Umme , Alqarni Mohammed H. , Alam Aftab
Published: May 2023

Methyl anthranilate (MA) is a naturally derived compound commonly used in cosmetic products, such as skin care products, fine perfumes, etc. The goal of this research was to develop a UV-protective sunscreen gel using methyl-anthranilate-loaded silver nanoparticles (MA-AgNPs). The microwave approach was used to develop the MA-AgNPs, which were then optimized using Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Particle size (Y1) and absorbance (Y2) were chosen as the response variables, while AgNO3 (X1), methyl anthranilate concentration (X2), and microwave power (X3) were chosen as the independent variables. Additionally, the prepared AgNPs were approximated for investigations on in vitro active ingredient release, dermatokinetics, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The study’s findings showed that the optimal MA-loaded AgNPs formulation had a particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and percentage entrapment efficiency (EE) of 200 nm, 0.296 mV, −25.34 mV, and 87.88%, respectively. The image from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. According to an in vitro investigation on active ingredient release, MA-AgNPs and MA suspension released the active ingredient at rates of 81.83% and 41.62%, respectively. The developed MA-AgNPs formulation was converted into a gel by using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. The spreadability and extrudability of MA-AgNPs gel were found to be 16.20 and 15.190, respectively, demonstrating that the gel may spread very easily across the skin’s surface. The MA-AgNPs formulation demonstrated improved antioxidant activity in comparison to pure MA. The MA-AgNPs sunscreen gel formulation displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour, which is typical of skin-care products, and was found to be stable during the stability studies. The sun protection factor (SPF) value of MA-AgNPG was found to be 35.75. In contrast to the hydroalcoholic Rhodamine B solution (5.0 µm), the CLSM of rat skin treated with the Rhodamine B-loaded AgNPs formulation showed a deeper penetration of 35.0 µm, indicating the AgNPs formulation was able to pass the barrier and reach the skin’s deeper layers for more efficient delivery of the active ingredient. This can help with skin conditions where deeper penetration is necessary for efficacy. Overall, the results indicated that the BBD-optimized MA-AgNPs provided some of the most important benefits over conventional MA formulations for the topical delivery of methyl anthranilate.
Nanoemulsion Loaded with Clotrimazole Based on Rapeseed Oil for Potential Vaginal Application—Development, Initial Assessment, and Pilot Release Studies
Authors: Smoleński Michał , Muschert Susanne , Haznar-Garbacz Dorota , Małolepsza-Jarmołowska Katarzyna
Published: May 2023

Vaginal candidiasis (VC) is an emerging global hardly treated health issue affecting millions of women worldwide. In this study, the nanoemulsion consisting of clotrimazole (CLT), rapeseed oil, Pluronic F-68, Span 80, PEG 200, and lactic acid was prepared using high-speed and high-pressure homogenization. Yielded formulations were characterized by an average droplet size of 52–56 nm, homogenous size distribution by volume, and a polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.2. The osmolality of nanoemulsions (NEs) fulfilled the recommendations of the WHO advisory note. NEs were stable throughout 28 weeks of storage. The stationary and dynamic (USP apparatus IV) pilot study of the changes of free CLT over time for NEs, as well as market cream and CLT suspension as references, were conducted. Test results of the changes in the amount of free CLT released from the encapsulated form were not coherent; in the stationary method, NEs yielded up to 27% of the released CLT dose within 5 h, while in the USP apparatus IV method, NEs released up to 10% of the CLT dose. NEs are promising carriers for vaginal drug delivery in the treatment of VC; however, further development of the final dosage form and harmonized release or dissolution testing protocols are needed.
Medication Dispensing by Pharmacy Technicians Improves Efficiency and Patient Safety at a Geriatric Ward at a Danish Hospital: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kjeldsen Lene Juel , Schlünsen Maja , Meijers Annette , Hansen Steffan , Christensen Camilla , Bender Tanja , Ratajczyk Barbara
Published: May 2023

Background: This study aims to evaluate medication dispensing by pharmacy technicians at a geriatric inpatient ward at a Danish hospital. Methods: Four pharmacy technicians were trained in delivering a dispensing service at a geriatric ward. At baseline, the ward nurses recorded the time spent dispensing the medication and the number of interruptions. Similar recordings were completed twice during the period in which the pharmacy technicians delivered the dispensing service. Satisfaction among the ward staff with the dispensing service was assessed by a questionnaire. Reported medication errors were collected during the dispensing service period and compared to a similar time period during the previous two years. Results: The time spent on dispensing medications was on average reduced with 1.4 h per day ranging from 4.7 to 3.3 h per day when the pharmacy technicians performed the service. Interruptions during the dispensing process decreased from a daily average of more than 19 times to an average of 2–3 per day. The nursing staff reported positive feedback on the medication dispensing service provided, especially about easing their workload. There was a tendency toward decreased reporting of medication errors. Conclusion: The medication dispensing service performed by the pharmacy technicians reduced time spent on dispensing medication and increased patient safety by reducing interruptions during the process and decreasing the number of medication errors reported.
Identification of Rice Freshness Using Terahertz Imaging and Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhang Yuan , Ge Hongyi , Jiang Yuying , Qin Yifei
Published: May 2023

Retention of rice freshness is highly dependent on storage temperature. Timely and accurate identification of rice freshness is critical to ensure food security. Here, we characterize the freshness of rice in reference to storage temperature. Terahertz reflection imaging is a non-destructive and deeply penetrating technique that can be used for detecting rice freshness. Due to the shortcomings of traditional machine learning, such as limited processing of nonlinear problems and insufficient computing power. Deep learning has the advantages of strong learning ability and high portability. Therefore, for rice freshness identification, the VGG19 network and the Inception-ResNet-v2 network were used in this paper. Moreover, we propose an improved 1D-VGG19-Inception-ResNet-A network. This network possesses the advantages of low time consumption from the 1D-VGG19 network and high classification accuracy from the 1D-Inception-ResNet-V2 network. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the accuracy of the proposed network is significantly improved, with the rice freshness recognition accuracy of 99.80%. The experimental results indicate that terahertz spectral imaging and deep learning algorithms are viable tools for monitoring rice freshness.
The Acute Effects of Plyometric Exercises on Sprint Performance and Kinematics
Authors: Zisi Maria , Stavridis Ioannis , Bogdanis Gregory , Terzis Gerasimos , Paradisis Giorgos
Published: May 2023

Background: Post-activation potentiation refers to the acute and temporary enhancement of performance in explosive movements after performing a conditioning activity, such as plyometrics. The current study aimed to investigate the acute effects of horizontal leg bounding on 30 m acceleration performance, 5 m split times, and sprint kinematics (step frequency and length, flight and contact time). Methods: Fourteen young sprinters, nine females and five males, performed two experimental conditions and one control condition in randomized and crossover orders. The experimental conditions included 3 × 10 repetitions of alternate-leg horizontal bounding or 3 × 5 repetitions of single-leg horizontal bounding for each leg. Active recovery was performed in the control condition. A 30 m sprint test was executed before and 5 min after each condition. Results: Sprint times at 5 m (p = 0.014) and 10 m (p = 0.041) were improved after performing alternate-leg horizontal bounding. Additionally, an increase in running velocity (p = 0.017) and step frequency (p = 0.028) was observed in the 0–5 m segment of the sprint. Sprint performance and kinematics showed no significant differences after performing single-leg horizontal bounding. Conclusions: Alternate-leg horizontal bounding, which is a sprint-specific exercise that emphasizes a horizontal impulse, can be used effectively to improve performance in the initial phase of sprint acceleration.
Genomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Genetic Contribution to Population Diversity and Specific Traits in Coconut
Authors: Yousefi Kobra , Abdullah Siti Nor Akmar , Hatta Muhammad Asyraf Md , Ling Kong Lih
Published: May 2023

Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the sustainable growth of the coconut industry has been hampered due to a shortage of good quality seedlings. Genetic improvement through the traditional breeding approach faced considerable obstacles due to its perennial nature, protracted juvenile period, and high heterozygosity. Molecular biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and next-generation sequencing (NGS), could expedite genetic improvement efforts in coconut. Researchers have employed various molecular markers to reveal genetic diversity among coconut populations and for the construction of a genetic map for exploitation in coconut breeding programs worldwide. Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics on the different varieties have generated a massive amount of publicly accessible sequence data, substantially improving the ability to analyze and understand molecular mechanisms affecting crop performance. The production of high-yielding and disease-resilient coconuts and the deciphering of the complex coconut genome’s structure can profit tremendously from these technologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of coconut research, using genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular markers initiatives.