bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Water Availability and Habitat Quality on Bark‐Stripping Behavior in Barbary Macaques
Authors: Ciani Andrea Camperio , Martinoli Loredana , Capiluppi Claudio , Arahou Mohamed , Mouna Mohamed
Published: September 2009

Abstract: The cedar oak forest of the Middle Atlas in Morocco is not only the last of the large forests in the southern Mediterranean, but it also contains all the surviving forest biodiversity. This forest has been severely affected by drought, overgrazing by mixed herds of goat and sheep, and excessive logging for timber, firewood, and livestock fodder. Recently, cedar bark stripping by Barbary Macaques (   Macaca sylvanus) has begun to have an effect on the forest. We investigated this behavior by monitoring a 500‐km2 mosaic forest of cedar and oak in the Middle Atlas of Morocco between 1994 and 1996. We surveyed the forest 18 times in four different seasons along a 90‐km transect. We recorded observations of bark stripping and a variety of quantitative ecological factors that could predict this behavior, such as livestock density, forest quality, undergrowth condition, water availability, and monkey density. The statistical analysis (including rank correlation, regression, and nonparametric variance analysis) strongly suggests that water scarcity and monkey exclusion from previously available permanent water sources are correlated with intense cedar bark‐stripping behavior by macaques. The density of cedars and of monkeys appeared to be only secondary factors. As a conservation policy, making water more accessible to wild monkeys might reduce bark‐stripping behavior.
Woodpeckers as Indicators of Forest Bird Diversity
Authors: Mikusiński Grzegorz , Gromadzki Maciej , Chylarecki Przemyslaw
Published: September 2009

Abstract: We analyzed the usefulness of woodpecker species (  family Picidae) in predicting the diversity of other forest bird species using the Polish Ornithological Atlas data on species distribution in Poland. We used the database (n = 2317) to examine the patterns of woodpecker occurrence in atlas plots and to test how well the occurrence of woodpecker species is related to the occurrence of other forest birds. The occupancy of atlas plots by particular species varied from 98.5% in the Great Spotted Woodpecker (   Dendrocopos major) to only 2.4% in the Three‐toed Woodpecker (   Picoides tridactylus). Woodpecker species richness in plots varied between 0 and 10 species, with a mean value of 4.3 species per plot. The occurrence of particular woodpecker species in plots with different woodpecker species richness was associated with the degree of specialization in particular species. Examining the entire data set, we found a positive relationship between woodpecker species richness and the number of species of other forest birds. These relationships were confirmed in three smaller regional data subsets with at least eight woodpecker species present (northeast Poland, r 2 = 0.78, p = 0.0001; east Poland, r 2 = 0.53, p = 0.0001; Carpathians, r 2 = 0.53, p = 0.0001). The mean number of forest specialists increased from 6 to over 30 species in plots with 0 and 9 woodpecker species, respectively. Also, the mean number of woodland generalists increased steadily with woodpecker species richness. Our results confirm the suitability of the woodpecker group as part of an indicator system for assessing avian diversity at the landscape scale. We suggest that in countries or regions in Europe where data on bird diversity are not readily available, woodpecker surveys could serve as a good tool for assessing the diversity of forest birds at the landscape scale.
Effect of Edge Structure on the Flux of Species into Forest Interiors
Authors: Cadenasso M. L. , Pickett S. T. A.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: A key goal of conservation biology is to prevent the spread of exotic species. Previous work on exotic invasion has two limitations: (1) the lack of a spatially explicit approach and (2) a primary focus on the net effect of invasion by examining invasive species already present in the community. We address these limitations by focusing on the arrival of a potential invader into a community and use a spatially explicit approach to quantify the flow of seeds from the surrounding landscape into the interior of a forest. We hypothesize that the structure of forest‐edge vegetation influences how the edge mediates seed flux. To test our hypothesis, we experimentally altered vegetation structure within 20 m of the edge to create two edge treatments: thinned and intact. We quantified the flux of seeds moving into the forest interior across the two treatments. We used seed traps randomly arrayed on transects from 5 to 50 m into the forest. More seeds crossed the thinned treatment than crossed the intact treatment to reach the forest interior. In addition, seeds that crossed the thinned treatment dispersed farther into the forest than those that crossed the intact treatment. These results were consistent throughout the period of maximum autumn dispersal, including periods before and after leaf drop. Our results show that the structure of vegetation on the edge interacts with the flux of wind‐dispersed seed across the edge. We demonstrated that an edge with intact vegetation can function as a physical barrier to seed dispersal. Therefore, the structure of vegetation on edges can influence the function of edges as barriers to seed flux into the forest interior.
Orchestrating Ecosystem Management: Challenges and Lessons from Sequoia National Forest
Authors: Rigg Catherine M.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Numerous agencies and organizations have adopted the concept of ecosystem management as a guiding principle in natural resource management. Despite this widespread interest, no single definition of ecosystem management has been accepted, and there are no specific guidelines or standards by which to apply the concept. I examined how one federal agency, the U.S. Forest Service, is applying the principles of ecosystem management at a local level. I present a case study examining management of giant sequoia (  Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Sequoia National Forest, California, to illuminate the challenges of practicing ecosystem management by associating on‐the‐ground management activities with ecosystem management themes, characteristics, and mechanisms identified in academic, industry, and agency literature. Experience at Sequoia National Forest suggests that the application of ecosystem management is compromised by poor relations between managers and stakeholders, multifarious policy requirements, budgetary uncertainty, and limited ecological research on which to base management decisions. To facilitate successful application of ecosystem management in the future, I recommend that managers (1) build confidence and trust in the process, (2) acknowledge bias, (3) reconcile policy and funding constraints with long‐term planning, (4) invest in scientific research, data collection, and monitoring capacity, and (5) explore the relationship between values and science. These recommendations, although based on the U.S. Forest Service experience, are relevant to natural resource management in general.
Effects of Habitat Size and Patch Isolation on Reproductive Success of the Serpentine Morning Glory
Authors: Wolf Amy T. , Harrison Susan P.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: We examined the effects of habitat area and patch isolation on reproductive success in serpentine morning glory (Calystegia collina[Convolvulaceae]), a primarily self‐incompatible clonal plant endemic to serpentine outcrops in northern California's coast ranges. Within a 4000‐km 2 region, we compared the reproductive success of C. collina on 16 small (<5 ha) and 7 large ( >300 ha) outcrops. Flower and fruit production were significantly higher on large serpentine outcrops than on small outcrops. Fruit production also was positively correlated with the soil's ratio of calcium to magnesium. Successful pollination was positively affected by flower density and the number of other flowering patches within 100 m of a C. collina patch. The number of nearby flowering patches was considerably higher on large than on small outcrops. Flowers on large outcrops did not receive significantly more bee visitors than flowers on small outcrops, suggesting that pollination success is related to the quality rather than the quantity of pollen deposited. Fruit production by plants on both small and large outcrops was enhanced by the experimental addition of pollen from other patches, but not by the addition of pollen from the same patch. These findings demonstrate that the size of habitat may have strong effects on the reproductive success of locally endemic plants by enhancing opportunities for successful sexual reproduction. They also warn against the presumption that naturally patchy plant species are invulnerable to the effects of habitat fragmentation.
Interactions of an Insecticide with Larval Density and Predation in Experimental Amphibian Communities
Authors: Boone Michelle D. , Semlitsch Raymond D.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: This study examines the effects of the short‐lived insecticide carbaryl, a neurotoxin, on amphibian communities experiencing natural stresses of competition and predation. Tadpoles of three species (  Woodhouse's toad [Bufo woodhousii], gray treefrog [Hyla versicolor], and green frog [Rana clamitans]), representing a commonly encountered assemblage in Missouri, were reared in outdoor polyethylene pond mesocosms. We determined the effects of initial tadpole density ( low or high), predation (newts [ Notophthalmus viridescens] absent or present), chemical exposure (0, 3.5, or 7.0 mg /L carbaryl), and their interactions on body mass, larval period, and survival to metamorphosis. Green frogs in high‐density ponds did not reach metamorphosis, but metamorphs in low‐density ponds and tadpoles in high‐density ponds were not significantly affected by treatments or their interaction. Carbaryl reduced survival to metamorphosis in toads and treefrogs and increased mass at metamorphosis in treefrogs. Effects of carbaryl varied with predator environment and initial larval density. Interactions of carbaryl with predator and with density may result in an indirect effect of carbaryl causing increased food resources through the elimination of zooplankton populations that may compete for similar resources. Our results indicate that differences in biotic conditions influenced the potency of carbaryl and that even low concentrations induce changes that may alter community dynamics in ways not predicted from single‐factor, laboratory‐based studies.
Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological Flow Control: Lessons from Rivers and Streams
Authors: Puth Linda M. , Wilson Karen A.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Landscape boundaries and corridors are areas of small spatial extent relative to their large effects on ecological flows. The trend in ecological literature is to treat corridors and boundaries as separate phenomena on the landscape. This approach, however, misses a fundamental aspect they have in common: their strong influence on ecological flows. Corridors and boundaries exist at opposite ends of a permeability gradient, differing in their effects on rates and direction of flow. The position of landscape structures along this permeability gradient depends on attributes of both the flow and of the structure itself. We discuss boundaries and corridors in terms of mover specificity, scale, and effects on different levels of ecological organization, using rivers and streams to illustrate our points. We predict which structures will act as boundaries or corridors and at what spatial and temporal scales they are likely to be relevant. Considering the function of landscape structures across the boundary‐corridor continuum will provide researchers and managers with a more complete, holistic viewpoint and will allow better strategies to attain conservation goals.
Contact Mechanics of Simulated Meniscal Tears in Cadaveric Canine Stifles
Authors: THIEMAN KELLEY M. , POZZI ANTONIO , LING HANG‐YIN , LEWIS DANIEL D. , HORODYSKI MARYBETH
Published: September 2009

Objective—To evaluate the biomechanical effects of 5 types of meniscal lesions on contact mechanics in the canine stifle.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Cadaveric canine stifles (n=12 pair).

Methods—Medial meniscal lesions (radial, vertical longitudinal, nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears) were simulated in cadaveric stifles. A contact map was recorded from each tear type and contact area (CA) and peak contact pressure (PCP) from each tear type were compared.

Results—A significant difference in PCP was detected between control and nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears. PCP increased by >45% in nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex meniscal tears when compared with control. No significant difference was found in PCP between control and radial and vertical longitudinal tears. No significant difference was found in CA between any of the meniscal conditions.

Conclusions—Nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears cause a significant increase in PCP. Radial and vertical longitudinal tears had a minimal impact on the contact pressures of the medial compartment of the stifle.

Clinical Relevance—Based on this ex vivo model, we support the clinical recommendation of debriding nonreducible bucket handle, flap, and complex tears because the injured portion of the meniscus no longer contributes significantly to the function of the meniscus. Radial and vertical longitudinal tears do not cause a change in contact mechanics allowing consideration of nonsurgical treatment and meniscal repair, respectively. Future experimental and clinical studies should aim to refine the treatment of specific meniscal injuries.
Clinical Evaluation of Pancarpal Arthrodesis Using a CastLess Plate in 11 Dogs
Authors: CLARKE STEPHEN P. , FERGUSON JOHN F. , MILLER ANDREW
Published: September 2009

Objective— To describe the use of a 3.5/2.7 mm CastLess Plate (CLP) for pancarpal arthrodesis (PCA) in dogs.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Dogs with traumatic/degenerative carpal disease (n=11).

Methods— Records (September 2006–July 2007) of dogs that had PCA using a 3.5/2.7 mm CLP were reviewed to determine intra‐ and postoperative complications and use of external coaptation. Follow‐up (≥12 months) was obtained by telephone interview of owners.

Results— Thirteen PCA procedures were performed; 5 intraoperative complications occurred in 4 procedures and included iatrogenic metacarpal fissure fracture (2), inability to remove an alignment pin (1), and poor distal plate position (2). External coaptation was used in 4 dogs: concomitant or iatrogenic injuries (3), bilateral PCA (1), for 3–6 weeks. Clinical evaluation 6–24 weeks postoperatively revealed iatrogenic metacarpal fractures to have healed and that 1 postoperative complication (infection) developed. Telephone follow up for 10 dogs (mean, 14 months; range, 12–20 months) revealed no further problems.

Conclusion— PCA using a 3.5/2.7 mm CLP reduces the need for external coaptation and seemingly reduces postoperative morbidity associated with other internal fixation techniques.

Clinical Relevance— PCA can be performed safely and successfully using a 3.5/2.7 mm CLP, with low postoperative morbidity compared with other PCA techniques. Particular attention should be taken when applying the distal component of the plate.
Arthrodesis of the Equine Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Biomechanical Comparison of Two Parallel Headless, Tapered, Variable‐Pitched, Titanium Compression Screws and Two Parallel 5.5 mm Stainless‐Steel Cortical Screws
Authors: WOLKER RYAN R. E. , CARMALT JAMES L. , WILSON DAVID G.
Published: September 2009

Objective— To compare the biomechanical characteristics, failure mode, and effects of side (left or right limb) and end (forelimb or hindlimb) of different screws in 2‐screw, parallel‐screw proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis constructs in horses.

Study Design— In vitro experimental study.

Sample Population— Twenty limbs from 6 cadavers (4 complete limb sets, 2 partial sets—total of 4 forelimb and 6 hindlimb pairs).

Methods— Two parallel 5.5 mm cortical (AO) screws were inserted in lag fashion in 1 randomly allocated limb of a pair, and 2 parallel headless, tapered, variable‐pitched, titanium compression screws (Acutrak‐Plus®) were inserted in the contralateral limb. Constructs were tested in 3‐point bending in a dorsopalmar (plantar) direction using a materials‐testing machine at a loading rate of 5.83 mm/s. Maximal bending moment at failure and composite stiffness were calculated from data generated on load–displacement curves. Data were analyzed using a Friedman 2‐way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon's signed‐rank tests.

Results— No significant difference was detected for bending moment or stiffness values in proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis constructs using 2 parallel Acutrak‐Plus® or AO screws for fixation. Mean stiffness values were significantly different between forelimb and hindlimb constructs.

Conclusions— Performance of 2 parallel Acutrak‐Plus® screws was biomechanically comparable with 2 parallel AO 5.5 mm cortical screws in in vitro pastern arthrodesis constructs.

Clinical Relevance— Acutrak‐Plus® screws may provide an alternative means of fixation for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis.
Biomechanical Comparison of Four Soft Tissue Replacement Materials: An In Vitro Evaluation of Single and Multilaminate Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa, Canine Fascia Lata, and Polypropylene Mesh
Authors: ARNOLD GREGORY A. , MATHEWS KYLE G. , ROE SIMON , MENTE PETER , SEABOCH TIM
Published: September 2009

Objective— To compare mechanical performance of 4 soft tissue replacement materials.

Study Design— Experimental.

Sample Population— Polypropylene mesh (PM), single‐layer porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS), multilaminate (4‐layer) porcine small intestinal submucosa (MLSIS), and canine fascia lata (FL).

Methods— The mechanical properties of each material were determined by testing to failure on a materials testing machine. Samples of each material (n=10) were tested in 3 different modes: resistance to suture pullout, tensile testing, and push‐through testing. PM was tested both parallel (PMa) to and perpendicular (PMb) to its longitudinal cord orientation. SIS and FL were similarly tested in 2 orthogonal directions.

Results— With some exceptions, the following generalizations can be made regarding the mechanical performance of the materials tested: Suture pullout—FL>PMa=PMb>MLSIS>SIS (P≤.04). Tensile testing—FL>PMa>PMb>MLSIS>SIS (P≤.02). Push‐through testing—FL>PM>MLSIS>SIS (P≤.003).

Conclusions— PM accommodated a significantly higher load and energy to yield when its longitudinal cords were oriented parallel with the tension axis (PMa). FL performed similarly to the PM, with the exception of limited elongation in tension. MLSIS had biomechanical characteristics that were inferior to FL and PM but superior to SIS.

Clinical Relevance— PM's orientation may need to be considered when used clinically. FL is a biomechanically suitable soft tissue replacement material but its use may be limited by currently available sizes. SIS cannot be recommended in high‐strain environments.
Potential Iatrogenic Medial Meniscal Damage During Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: O'BRIEN CHAD S. , MARTINEZ STEVEN A.
Published: September 2009

Objective— To evaluate potential iatrogenic medial meniscal (MM) damage during tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and to establish a safe zone (SZ) for hypodermic needle (HN) identification of the medial aspect of the stifle joint.

Study Design— Prospective cohort.

Animals— Cadaveric canine stifles (n=40).

Methods— HN (20 or 25 G) were inserted through the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the femorotibial joint and through the SZ insertion points. The medial meniscus was inspected for iatrogenic damage. Statistical comparison of MM damage caused by different needle sizes and insertion sites was performed using Fisher's exact test with significance at P<.05.

Results— Twenty‐gauge group: 65% of stifles had minor MM damage with MCL insertion compared with 35% of stifles with SZ insertion (P=.0049). Severe MM damage occurred in 25% of stifles with MCL insertion compared with 0% of stifles with SZ insertion (P=.0014). Twenty‐five‐gauge group: 85% of stifles had minor MM damage with MCL insertion compared with 30% after SZ insertion (P=.0011); however, no severe MM injury was noted.

Conclusions— HN insertion though the MCL can produce iatrogenic damage to the MM. Use of a 25 G HN and SZ site for insertion reduced the frequency and severity of MM damage.

Clinical Relevance— HN insertion into the medial aspect of the femorotibial joint during TPLO can cause gross iatrogenic MM damage, which may contribute to the incidence and misdiagnosis of latent MM injuries after TPLO.
Endoscope‐Guided Balloon Sinuplasty of the Equine Nasomaxillary Opening
Authors: BELL CHRIS , TATARNIUK DANE , CARMALT JAMES
Published: September 2009

Objective— To describe and evaluate an endoscope‐guided balloon sinuplasty technique for dilation of the equine nasomaxillary opening (NMO).

Study Design— Experimental study.

Animals— Equine cadaver heads (n=5); Quarter Horses (n=4).

Methods— A custom rigid balloon introducer was passed into position within the NMO at the caudal recess of the middle meatus. Under endoscopic guidance, a balloon catheter was passed via the introducer into the NMO and inflated to 6 atmospheres, for 30 seconds 3 times, to dilate the NMO. Drainage rates after sinuplasty were evaluated for the caudal maxillary sinus in 5 cadaver heads and balloon sinuplasty was performed in 4 live horses. All skulls were examined to assess the efficacy of NMO dilation.

Results— Positioning of the balloon catheter was readily achieved in all heads. Dilation was observed endoscopically and confirmed on necropsy in all heads. Drainage rates from the caudal maxillary sinus increased significantly (∼1.5 ×) in all 5 cadaver heads after sinuplasty (P=.001).

Conclusions— Dilation of the NMO improved sinus drainage in all 5 cadaver heads. Endoscopic evaluation of the ostium revealed marked dilation of the NMO in live horses and indicates potential clinical use in standing horses.

Clinical Relevance— Balloon sinuplasty of the NMO opening is an easily performed, clinically applicable technique for use in standing horses. Clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this technique in diseased sinuses.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Fracture Configuration on the Mechanical Properties of Standard and Novel Interlocking Nail Systems in Bending
Authors: TING DENNIS , CABASSU JULIEN B. , GUILLOU REUNAN P. , SINNOTT MICHAEL T. , MEYER ERIC G. , HAUT ROGER C. , DÉJARDIN LOÏC M.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To investigate the effect of fracture configuration on the mechanical properties of standard interlocking nails (ILNs) and a novel angle‐stable ILN (ILNn) in bending.

Study Design—In vitro experimental study.

Sample Population—Synthetic tibial gap fracture bone models.

Methods—Bone models, featuring a 5 or 120 mm central defect, respectively, mimicking a simple diaphyseal and a comminuted fracture involving both metaphyses, were implanted with 6 or 8 mm screwed or bolted standard ILNs (ILN6s, ILN6b, ILN8s, ILN8b, respectively) or an ILNn. Specimens were tested in 4‐point bending. Construct angular deformation (AD) and slack were statistically compared (P<.05).

Results—With increasing gap size, standard ILN construct AD increased significantly by ∼27% in ILN8b and by up to 105% in ILN6s. Similarly, standard ILN construct slack significantly increased by ∼33% in ILN8b (from ∼4.2° to ∼5.6°) and by up to ∼130% in ILN6s (from ∼7° to ∼16°). Conversely, there was no difference in the ILNn construct AD (∼4°) regardless of gap size. ILNn AD was the lowest of all groups and occurred without slack.

Conclusions—This study demonstrated that the angle‐stable ILNn provided construct stability regardless of fracture configuration, whereas the intrinsic slack of standard ILNs could jeopardize construct stability in a fracture configuration involving the metaphyses.

Clinical Relevance—Use of standard ILNs may be optimal in diaphyseal fractures where circumferential nail/cortical contact could augment repair stability. Conversely, the angle‐stable ILNn may represent a reliable fracture stabilization method for diaphyseal fractures as well as fractures involving the metaphyseal regions.
Biceps Brachii and Brachialis Tendon of Insertion Injuries in Eleven Racing Greyhounds
Authors: SCHAAF OLAF R. , EATON‐WELLS RICHARD , MITCHELL RICHARD A. S.
Published: September 2009

Objective— To report injuries of the biceps brachii (BTI) or brachialis (BrTI) tendons of insertion in 11 racing Greyhounds.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Greyhounds (n=11).

Methods— Medical records (1990–2006) of racing Greyhound dogs with BTI injuries were reviewed. Preinjury, injury, and posttreatment information was obtained via trainer telephone questionnaire and individual greyhound race data. Outcomes between surgical and conservative management were compared.

Results— Dogs had elbow hyperextension, positive biceps test, and forelimb circumduction and 82% were male, whereas Queensland's male to female ratio of racing Greyhounds was almost equal. Eight dogs had right BTI injuries. Nine dogs had surgically confirmed tendon injuries: 5 combined BTI and BrTI, 2 mid‐body BTI, 1 musculotendinous BTI, and 1 ulnar tuberosity avulsion fracture. Seven dogs were treated surgically (3 loop pulley sutures, single radial screw and washer, suture screws or fracture fixation in lag fashion), 2 dogs were euthanatized at surgery, 2 were rehomed and hence managed conservatively. All surgically treated dogs returned to near preinjury performance; 6 returned to racing and at least 4 won races in the same or higher grade. One conservatively managed dog returned to “pet” function. No dog reinjured its BTI or BrTI.

Conclusion— BTI and BrTI avulsions are rare acute traumatic performance injuries of racing Greyhounds.

Clinical Relevance— Preinjury racing performance can be achieved with early surgical repair of BTI and BrTI and optimal postoperative management.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Polypropylene Mesh, Modified Three‐Loop Pulley Suture Pattern, and a Combination for Repair of Distal Canine Achilles' Tendon Injuries
Authors: GALL TRENT T. , SANTONI BRANDON G. , EGGER ERICK L. , PUTTLITZ CHRISTIAN M. , ROONEY MATTHEW B.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To compare mechanical stability between a novel polypropylene mesh repair (Mesh), a modified 3‐loop pulley suture (Suture), and a combination of the techniques (Suture+Mesh) for the repair of distal canine Achilles' tendon ruptures.

Study Design—In vitro mechanical evaluation.

Sample Population—Cadaveric canine Achilles' tendon/calcaneus units (n=34).

Methods—Constructs were loaded under tension to failure in a materials testing machine with synchronized kinematic analysis. Ultimate load to failure, global construct stiffness, and force required to reach 1 and 3 mm gap formation was recorded.

Results—Ultimate load to failure was greatest for the Suture+Mesh group and lowest for the Suture group. The Suture+Mesh technique afforded a significantly greater global stiffness than the Suture or Mesh treatments. Force to generate 1 and 3 mm gap formation was greatest with the Suture group.

Conclusions—The Suture+Mesh group had the highest ultimate load to failure and afforded the greatest global stiffness though it had no added benefit to resist local gap formation at the repair.

Clinical Relevance—Achilles' ruptures repaired with suture can be augmented with mesh to increase the ultimate load to failure, but as currently tested, there was a decrease in resistance to gap formation At this time we cannot recommend Mesh or the Suture+Mesh techniques without further testing.
International variation in volunteer whole blood donor eligibility criteria
Authors: Karp Julie K. , King Karen E.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: This study assesses international variation in volunteer whole blood donor eligibility criteria.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In February 2008, Web sites of major blood collection organizations in 17 countries were queried for the volume of whole blood donations and six donor eligibility criteria: allowed donation frequency, donor age, hemoglobin (Hb), weight, and deferrals for tattoo and pregnancy/breast‐feeding.

RESULTS: The allowed frequency of whole blood donation ranged from 56 to 120 days, some with sex‐ and age‐specific limitations. While blood collection agencies in three countries did not have an upper age limit for donation, the remainder mandated donor retirement at ages from 60 to 81 years. The minimum Hb level was 11.5 to 12.5 g/dL for women and 12.5 to 13.5 g/dL for men. Blood collection organizations in only three countries required a minimum donor weight of less than 50 kg. Tattoo and pregnancy deferrals ranged from 4 to 12 months and 6 weeks to 12 months, respectively. The volume of whole blood donations ranged from 300 to 500 mL. The percentage of total blood volume donated, the absolute grams of Hb expected to be restored per deferral period and per day of donor deferral, and the concentration of Hb expected to be restored per deferral period were calculated.

CONCLUSIONS: International volunteer whole blood donor eligibility criteria demonstrate marked variation. These differences likely cause international variation in the prevalence of adverse donor reactions and iron deficiency anemia. The reasons underlying these dissimilarities are unclear, but may include varying cultural influences and average donor body habitus.
Pressure‐aided transfusion of platelets: does it affect the platelets?
Authors: Fischer‐Nielsen Anne , Stissing Trine , Maansson Charlotte , Joergensen Bent Gymoese
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: In massively bleeding patients, pressure infusers are used for transfusion of red blood cells and plasma but not for platelets (PLTs) due to an assumed negative effect on the PLTs. This study examined whether pressure‐aided in vitro transfusion affected the number, activation state, and/or function of the PLTs as measured by flow cytometry and thrombelastography (TEG).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PLT concentrates stored for 1 (n = 8) or 8 (n = 7) days were transfused in vitro by means of a pressure inducer (300 mmHg). Samples before and after transfusion were measured for PLT concentration and expression of CD62P, CD63, and PAC‐1. These activation markers were measured by flow cytometry on resting PLTs as well as PLTs stimulated with thrombin receptor–activating peptide. Clot generation and strength was examined by TEG by measuring the angle (degree) and maximum amplitude (mm), values that are highly dependent on the PLT function.

RESULTS: PLT concentrations were unchanged after pressure‐aided transfusion reflecting no destruction. With respect to activation state and in vitro functional capacity either no or only minor differences (<7%) were detected.

CONCLUSION: In this study, use of a pressure inducer decreased the transfusion time of in vitro PLT transfusion by approximately 50%. No or only minor and inconsistent changes of the PLT number and function were observed. Consequently, this study indicates that pressure infusers could be used for transfusion of PLTs if clinically indicated, that is, in massively bleeding patients. However, in vivo studies to assess the safety and utility of pressure‐aided PLT transfusion are warranted.
A Model of Gas‐Phase Transport During the Initial Stages of Sintering of Silicon Carbide
Authors: Kaza Anil , Matthewson M. John , Niesz Dale , Haber Richard L. , Rossi Mark A.
Published: September 2009

Carbon, which is often used as an additive to silicon carbide powder, is thought to facilitate densification during sintering by aiding the removal of the native SiO2 layer, which is present on the starting SiC powder. The mechanism is the reduction of SiO2 to SiC with the formation of primarily CO gas, which diffuses out from the porous compact at a temperature below the normal sintering temperature. It has been found beneficial to hold the compact at an intermediate temperature to allow time for the CO and other gases to diffuse out before the pores close. We investigate this process using a computational model based on codiffusion of multiple gas species, which enables prediction of the gas and condensed phase compositions as a function of time and position in the specimen. The results are used to determine the optimum holding time for complete SiO2 removal as a function of key parameters, such as specimen thickness, particle size, temperature, etc., as well as the necessary amount of C additive. The results of the modeling are consistent with the experimentally observed spatial variation of density and composition in SiC compacts.
In Situ X‐Ray Radiography and Tomography Observations of the Solidification of Aqueous Alumina Particles Suspensions. Part II: Steady State
Authors: Deville Sylvain , Maire Eric , Lasalle Audrey , Bogner Agnès , Gauthier Catherine , Leloup Jérôme , Guizard Christian
Published: September 2009

This paper investigates the behavior of colloidal suspensions of alumina particles during directional solidification, by in situ high‐resolution observations using X‐ray radiography and tomography. This second part is focussed on the evolution of ice crystals during steady‐state growth (in terms of interface velocity) and on the particle redistribution taking place in this regime. In particular, it is shown that particle diffusion cannot determine the particle concentration profile in this regime of interface velocities (20–40 μm/s). Particles are redistributed by a direct interaction with the moving solidification interface. Several parameters controlling the particle redistribution were identified, namely the interface velocity, the particle size, the shape of the ice crystals, and the orientation relationships between the crystals and the temperature gradient.
Development of Low‐Firing B‐Fluxed Stoneware Tiles
Authors: Gualtieri Alessandro F.
Published: September 2009

In a global period of economic recession, innovation is a key requisite to get over this critical phase and prompt an upturn in the economy. Even the market of traditional ceramics is in a stalemate and producers desperately seek for new ideas which may supersede the long‐used stoneware tiles. This paper presents the full characterization of a new potential class of ceramics namedlow‐temperature stoneware tiles, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The body formulation and the firing process are both covered by an Italian Patent. This innovative product exhibits technological and esthetical features analogous to those of the traditional stoneware tile bodies but is fired at a maximum temperature of 950°C, about 250°C lower than the firing temperature of stoneware tiles. This is possible thanks to the addition of a B‐rich frit to the mixture composed of quartz, feldspars, and clays. The frit acts as a low‐temperature flux and promotes the melting of the feldspars. Within the fired body, the residual phases are quartz and feldspars. The newly formed phases can be β‐spodumene if Li is present in the frit or spinel if Mg is present in the natural materials. The best body formulations have been characterized with mineralogical, microscopic, and technological methods. The major weakness of these ceramic bodies is their unresistance to acids. The chemical nature of the sintered matrix, with a high content of alkalies and B, triggers off the tendency of the ceramic body to react in contact with acidic solutions. Another penalty factor is the cost of the B‐rich frit used in the formulation of the ceramic mixture which increases the overall cost of the ceramic body.
Al3BC3 Powder: Processing and Synthetic Mechanism
Authors: Lee Sea‐Hoon , Lee Jin‐Seok , Tanaka Hidehiko , Choi Sung‐Churl
Published: September 2009

The processing parameters for the synthesis of Al3BC3 powder were optimized, and the synthetic mechanism was investigated. The mechanical mixing of the raw powders promoted the formation of secondary phases due to mechanical alloying effect and contamination. Nearly X‐ray pure Al3BC3 powder was obtained after the calcination of the raw powder mixture at 1800°C for 2 h in Ar by suppressing the vaporization of aluminum. During calcination, Al4C3 layer was formed at the surface of aluminum powder by the reaction with carbon, which maintained the morphology of the aluminum powder above its melting temperature. The nucleation and growth of Al3BC3 within aluminum melt began to occur at 1000°C, and became the main synthetic mechanism of Al3BC3 at 1100°C. The Al3BC3 particles synthesized at 1100°C were porous and were composed of fine hexagonal crystals. The main synthetic mechanism of A3BC3 changed into solid–solid reaction above 1100°C, and a gas–solid reaction promoted the densification of the porous Al3BC3 powder above 1340°C.
Processing and Properties of Graded Ceramic Filters
Authors: Barg Suelen , Koch Dietmar , Grathwohl Georg
Published: September 2009

A new processing route for high‐performance graded ceramic filters is presented. The direct foaming process is based on the transition of a surfactant‐stabilized alkane dispersion in a stabilized aqueous ceramic powder suspension into mechanically stable ceramic foams with porosities up to 90%. The cell size distribution and, consequently, the permeability of the filters could be efficiently adjusted by the control of the high alkane phase‐emulsified suspension (HAPES) microstructure during emulsification. Furthermore, open porous graded structures are produced by combining HAPES layers with different droplet sizes. The tailored microstructural features, providing controlled permeabilities as well as high compressive strength of the cellular ceramics are of special interest for applications where fluid transport through ceramic microstructures is required. These include filters, in particular for aerosol filtration, temperature control membranes in autothermal reforming, catalytic supports including supports for batteries as well as matrices for immobilized microorganisms.
Effects of Li Substitution on the Structure and Ferroelectricity of (Na,K)NbO3
Authors: Sun Xueyi , Deng Jinxia , Chen Jun , Sun Ce , Xing Xianran
Published: September 2009

The structures of (1−x)(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–xLiNbO3 were investigated by the X‐ray Rietveld method at room temperature. It is surprising to find that the spontaneous polarization of orthorhombic phase reaches at the lowest value and the spontaneous polarization of tetragonal phase reaches at highest value at x=0.06. The lattice parameter of (K0.47Na0.47)NbO3–0.06LiNbO3, which was refined by using two phase model, reasonably described the structure change of the (1x)(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–xLiNbO3. The temperature dependence of Raman spectroscopy study of the phase transition of (K0.47Na0.47)NbO3–0.06LiNbO3 showed that the increasing of temperature introduced a local disorder even above Tc. The degree of cation ordering determines the electrical properties of the ceramics.
Fabrication and Characterization of Sol–Gel Derived (100)‐Textured (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 Thin Films
Authors: Hao Xihong , Zhai Jiwei , Song Xiwen , Yang Jichun , Ren Huiping
Published: September 2009

A typical kind of antiferroelectric (AFE) thin films with the composition of (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PLZT) were successfully fabricated on the platinum‐buffered silicon substrates through the modified sol–gel method. X‐ray diffractometer results indicated that PLZT films possessed a pure perovskite structure with a strong (100) orientation. The dielectric permittivity‐field and polarization–field measurements demonstrated the AFE nature of the PLZT thin films. The level of electric‐field‐induced strain was measured to be about 0.65% using an scanning probe microscope.
Microwave Dielectric Properties Trends in a Solid Solution (Bi1−xLnx)2Mo2O9 (Ln=La, Nd, 0.0≤x≤0.2) System
Authors: Zhou Di , Randall Clive A. , Wang Hong , Pang Li‐Xia , Yao Xi
Published: September 2009

The influence of La3+ and Nd3+ substitution for the Bi3+ cations in the low‐firing Bi2Mo2O9 system is considered in regard to the sintering behavior, density, phase composition, and microwave dielectric properties. All the compositions can be sintered to high densities in temperature range of 620°–680°C. In (Bi1−xLnx)2Mo2O9 (Ln=La, Nd) ceramics, when x≤0.2 the solid solution is within a monoclinic phase (P21/n) and the phase had an increase in melting temperature with the doping. In the La substitution case, the (Bi0.8La0.2)2Mo2O9 ceramics had the best microwave dielectric properties with a permittivity of 32.7, a Qf value (f=resonant frequency, Q=1/dielectric loss at f) of 13 490 GHz and a temperature coefficient of −4.6 ppm/°C. With the Nd‐substituted samples, the (Bi0.9Nd0.1)2Mo2O9 ceramics had the best microwave dielectric properties with a permittivity of 33.9, a Qf value of 15 200 GHz and a temperature coefficient of +8.05 ppm/°C. The substitution of La and Nd can effectively modify the microwave dielectric properties of Bi2Mo2O9 ceramic and in particular adjust the temperature coefficient to near zero. The (Bi1−xLnx)2Mo2O9 (Ln=La, Nd) ceramics are very interesting new materials for an ultralow‐temperature cofired ceramics technology that is compatible with Al metal electrodes.
Enhanced neointimal hyperplasia and carotid artery remodelling in sequestosome 1 deficient mice
Authors: Sugimoto Rika , Warabi Eiji , Katayanagi Satoru , Sakai Satoshi , Uwayama Junya , Yanagawa Toru , Watanabe Ayaka , Harada Harumi , Kitamura Kiyoshi , Noguchi Noriko , Yoshida Hiroshi , Siow Richard C.M. , Mann Giovanni E. , Ishii Tetsuro
Published: September 2009

Deficiency in the signal adaptor protein sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/A170/p62) in mice is associated with mature‐onset obesity, accompanied by insulin and leptin resistance. We previously established that redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 up‐regulates SQSTM1 expression in response to atherogenic stimuli or laminar shear stress in vascular cells, and here examine the role of SQSTM1 in neointimal hyperplasia and vascular remodelling in vivo following carotid artery ligation. Neointimal hyperplasia was markedly enhanced at ligation sites after 3 weeks in SQSTM1–/– compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. The intimal area and stenotic ratio were, respectively, 2.1‐ and 1.7‐fold higher in SQSTM1−/– mice, indicating enhanced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). When aortic SMCs were isolated from WT and SQSTM1−/– mice and cultured in vitro, we found that SQSTM1–/– SMCs proliferated more rapidly in response to foetal calf serum (FCS) and attained 2–3‐fold higher cell densities compared to WT SMCs. Moreover, migration of SQSTM1–/– SMCs was enhanced compared to WT SMCs. Early and late phases of p38MAPK activation in response to FCS stimulation were also more enhanced in SQSTM1–/– SMCs, and inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 signalling pathways significantly attenuated SMC proliferation. In summary, SQSTM1–/– mice exhibit enhanced neointimal hyperplasia and vascular remodelling following arterial ligation in vivo. The enhanced proliferation of SQSTM1–/– aortic SMCs in vitro highlights a novel role for SQSTM1 in suppressing smooth muscle proliferation following vascular injury.
The relative importance of male tail length and nuptial plumage on social dominance and mate choice in the red‐backed fairy‐wren Malurus melanocephalus: evidence for the multiple receiver hypothesis
Authors: Karubian Jordan , Swaddle John P. , Varian‐Ramos Claire W. , Webster Michael S.
Published: September 2009

Understanding why males of many species exhibit two or more sexual ornaments depends upon identifying both the information conveyed and the intended receiver(s) for each signal. Here we focus on identifying the intended receivers for two sexual signals exhibited by male red‐backed fairy‐wrens Malurus melanocephalus, extent of nuptial plumage and tail length. In doing so we test the multiple receiver hypothesis, which predicts that each trait is directed toward a different type of receiver (e.g., males vs females). Male red‐backed fairy‐wrens in nuptial plumage exhibit reversed sexual dimorphism for tail length in the breeding season, when their tails are significantly shorter than those of females or males in eclipse plumage. Using both aviary‐based experiments and indices of mate choice and social dominance from a natural population, we found that extent of nuptial plumage and age primarily affected female mate choice and that shorter tails were primarily associated with male:male dominance signaling. The field and aviary studies combined are consistent with the multiple receiver hypothesis, in that each trait appears to be directed primarily to a different set of receivers (plumage for females and tail length for males), though each trait may also signal information to the other set of receivers as well. We propose that sexual selection may favor shorter tail lengths in male red‐backed fairy‐wrens through social competition mechanisms.
Usefulness of skin testing in cutaneous drug eruptions in routine practice
Authors: Tchen Tatiana , Reguiaï Zïad , Vitry Fabien , Arnoult Elizabeth , Grange Anne , Florent Grange , Bernard Phillipe
Published: September 2009

Background: Cutaneous drug eruptions are common side‐effects. The imputation score combining intrinsic (chronology, clinical and paraclinical signs) and extrinsic criteria used in Pharmacovigilance Centres is insufficient alone to identify with certainty a responsible drug.

Objective: To evaluate the imputation score before and after performing skin testing in patients with cutaneous drug eruptions.

Patients/Methods: A single‐centre retrospective study was performed on 339 patients tested between 2001–2006. Imputation scores were calculated before and after skin tests for each cutaneous drug eruption according to the clinical type of skin eruption and the type of drug.

Results: Among 121 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 46% showed an increase of the imputation score as shown by 25/41 cases of maculo‐papular exanthema, 4/11 cases of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis and 17/41 cases of urticaria/anaphylaxis. The imputation score increased in 25/70 cases of the tested antibiotic drugs, in 14/56 cases of cardiovascular drugs, and it increased in 19 patients (34%) with I1 or I2 imputation scores before skin testing and in 29 (52%) with an I3 imputation score before skin testing.

Conclusions: Drug skin testing appeared useful in investigating cutaneous drug eruptions in routine practice, including not only drugs with a high imputation score (I3) but also those with a lower score (I1, I2). Drug skin testing should lead to oral rechallenge of drugs with negative tests in order to determine which drugs may be used safely.
A review of the materials and allergens in protective gloves
Authors: Rose Rebecca F , Lyons Paul , Horne Helen , Mark Wilkinson S.
Published: September 2009

The ingredients previously reported to cause protective glove allergy are presented and evaluated for strength of evidence. Allergens that have caused both delayed hypersensitivity and contact urticaria are considered for rubber, plastic, leather, and textile gloves. The current guidelines regarding glove manufacture are described. A list of materials confirmed by the industry to be used in glove production is presented together with a suggested series for investigating patients with delayed type hypersensitivity and contact urticaria secondary to glove use.