bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gentechnik und Lebensmittel‐Fakten und Forderungen
Authors: Hoer Renate
Published: August 2010

Gentechnik im Lebensmittelbereich‐zu diesem Thema führte die Lebensmittelchemische Gesellschaft, Fachgruppe in der GDCh, am 16. Juni in Bonn ihren Update Workshop durch. Die Teilnehmer wollten Antworten auf Fragen finden, die von der europäischen Novel Food‐Verordnung offengelassen wurden, z. B. nach praktikablen Analysenmethoden sowie der Kennzeichnung gentechnisch veränderter Lebensmittel.
Von Proteinen, Zuckern und Lectinen
Authors: André Sabine
Published: August 2010

Wenn von biologischer Informationsspeicherung gesprochen wird, sind nicht nur Nucleinsäure‐ und Proteinsequenzen gemeint. Zunehmend wird offenbar, daß auch der Zuckerteil von Glycokonjugaten eine solche Rolle übernimmt.
Chemie niederkoordinierter Si‐Verbindungen
Authors: Heinicke J.
Published: August 2010

Aktuelle Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet niederkoordinierter Si‐Verbindungen wurden auf einem ersten Workshop für Nachwuchschemiker in Greifswald vorwiegend von Doktoranden und Diplomanden vorgetragen. Nach Einführungen zum photoelektronen‐ und matrix‐spektroskopischen Nachweis transienter Si‐Spezies wurden synthetische Arbeiten vorgestellt.
Wissenschaftlicher Außendienst
Authors: Hill Christiane
Published: August 2010

In der Januar‐Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift berichtete der Vorsitzende des Berufsverbandes der Pharmaberater Deutschland über das Berufsbild des Pharmaberaters, die geforderten Qualifikationen, Aufgaben, Ziele und Perspektiven. In Ergänzung dazu äußert sich hier Dr. Christiane Hill, Mitarbeiterin im Außendienst der Boehringer Ingelheim Bioproducts Partnership, zu Voraussetzungen und Anforderungen im wissenschaftlichen Außendienst.
Umweltchemie
Authors: Lenoir Dieter
Published: August 2010

Die Umweltchemie ist mittlerweile ein eigenständiges Gebiet der Chemie. Dieser erste Trendbericht referiert aus den Themenbereichen Messung, Entsorgung und Vermeidung von Schadstoffen sowie umweltverträgliche Synthesen als einigen der aktuellen Schwerpunkte dieser neuen Disziplin.
Bauchemie in München ‐ Erste Tagung der neuen GDCh‐Fachgruppe
Authors: Behret Heinz , Hauthal Werner H.
Published: August 2010

Fast genau ein Jahr nach dem Workshop der GDCh‐Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bauchemie in Hünfeld bei Fulda1) fand nun an der TU München die erste Tagung Bauchemie statt, die vom Industrieverband „Deutsche Bauchemie e.V.”︁ und der TU München unterstützt wurde. Der Vorschlag der Mitglieder zur Umwandlung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft in eine Fachgruppe wurde inzwischen vom GDCh‐Vorstand bestätigt.2)
Was sagt die chemische Industrie zum „Würzburger Modell”︁?
Authors: Schlechtriemen Geril‐Lutlwig
Published: August 2010

Eine Umfrage des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie bei den VCI‐Mitgliedsunternehmen zur Reform des Chemiestudiums ergab, daß die Vorschläge der Würzburger Denkschrift in der chemischen Industrie breite Unterstützung finden. Ein neuer Vorschlag zielt auf eine zusätzliche Profilbildung zum „Grenzflächen‐(Physiko)‐chemiker”︁.
Top‐Management‐Beratung: Karrierechance für Chemiker?
Authors: Dicke Hans‐Rudolf
Published: August 2010

Unser Autor gründete nach seinem Chemiestudium in Marburg und der Promotion, einem Postdoc‐Aufenthalt in den USA und jeweils mehrjähriger Tätigkeit in der Bayer AG und bei McKinsey 1990 die DICKE & ASSOCIATES Management Consultants GmbH. Hier folgt eine interessante Analyse der Berufsperspektiven für Chemiker in der Consulting‐Branche.
Forschung und Lehre mit Computern
Authors: Bögel Horst
Published: August 2010

Im Schoß indischer Gastfreundschaft konnten sich die Tagungsteilnehmer der ICCCRE über die neuesten Entwicklungen in der Computer‐Chemie informieren.
Kann man wissenschaftliche Leistung messen?
Authors: Kutzelnigg Werner
Published: August 2010

Die „Qualität”︁ eines Wissenschaftlers wird allzu oft noch nach der Anzahl seiner Publikationen beurteilt ‐ ein allzu unvollkommenes Kriterium, wie Werner Kutzelnigg in diesem Beitrag beweist. Der Neugierige, der das Problem von allen Seiten beleuchtet, steht aber schnell vor einem Dilemma: „Citation‐Rankings”︁ taugen wenig, aber Kriterien mit mehr Aussagekraft sind schwer zu greifen.
Deutschland im Biotech‐Fieber
Authors: Hammar Friederike
Published: August 2010

Die 16. DECHEMA‐Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen stand ganz im Zeichen der Aufbruchsstimmung, die der momentane Bio‐Boom in Deutschland erzeugt hat. Die Atmosphäre war besonders geprägt von der erstmalig stattfindenden Ausstellung deutscher Biotech‐Unternehmen.
Zur K'98
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Kunststoffe treiben Innovationen mehr denn je voran. Die K'98 wird dies für die Automobil‐ und Baubranche genauso wie für die Medizintechnik und vielfältige kleinere Felder des Alltags und der Industrie eindrucksvoll vorführen.
Weiterqualifikation mit Unterstützung des Arbeitsamts
Authors: Amoneit Frank
Published: August 2010

„Zusatzqualifikation”︁ ist häufig eines der Schlüsselworte im Bewerbungsverfahren. Wie erreicht man dieses begehrte Merkmal im Lebenslauf? Bei bestehender oder akut drohender Arbeitslosigkeit bieten die Arbeitsämter weitreichende Unterstützung an.
Wer darf Luft analysieren?
Authors: Jäger Walter
Published: August 2010

Die Akkreditierungsspraxis für Analysenlaboratorien in Deutschland ist verworren. Lediglich im Bereich der Luftanalyse können Analytiker auf bundeseinheitliche Regelungen bauen. Ein Arbeitskreis unter Vorsitz des Autors will erste Anstöße zur Vereinfachung geben.
Die ACD Labs Programmsuite
Authors: Ihlenfeldt Wolf‐Dietrich
Published: August 2010

Mehr als 40 Programm‐Module umfaßt die ACD Labs Programmsuite mittlerweile ‐ vom Struktureditor über die Vorhersage physikochemischer Eigenschaften bis zu Spektrenvorhersage und ‐management. Einige der interessantesten Kernmodule werden bier besprochen.
Wie wird Geist zu Geld?
Authors: Jakobi Rolf
Published: August 2010

Den Diplom‐Wirtschaftschemiker erwartet eine anspruchsvolle Tätigkeit, die generalistisches Managementwissen erfordert‐und eine steigende Nachfrage.
Stolpersteine auf dem Weg ins Ausland
Authors: Albus Stetan
Published: August 2010

Wer für einige Zeit im Ausland studieren oder forschen möchte, muß leider immer noch viel zu viele bürokratische Hindernisse überwinden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt Beispiele für gefährliche Stolpersteine. Die Essenz: Rechtzeitig informieren ist die halbe Miete.
Degussa‐Hüls ‐ ein weltweit führendes Unternehmen der Spezialchemie
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Nach dem Konzept des dezentralen Stammhauses sind die operativen Einheiten der kommenden Degussa‐Hüls AG strategische Geschäftsfelder, die als Geschäftsbereiche oder Tochtergesellschaften geführt werden. Von den insgesamt 16 strategischen Geschäftsfeldern in den vier Berichtssegmenten Health and Nutrition, Specialty Products, Polymers and Intermediates und Performance Materials werden hier Creanova, Industrial Chemicals, Fine Chemicals und Sivento vorgestellt.
Meilensteine der Chemie
Authors: Girnus Wolfgang , Remane Horst
Published: August 2010

Der diesjährige Ausflug in die Geschichte der Chemie erinnert an viele bekannte Namen und an manche, die sich ebenfalls noch zu entdecken lohnen.
Lebensmittel unter die Lupe genommen
Authors: Rinck Claudia
Published: August 2010

Molekularbiologische und immunologische Methoden, um Allergene, Prionen, Bakterien in Lebensmitteln oder gentechnisch veränderte Lebensmittel zu charakterisieren, wurden auf einem Informationstag der Dechema diskutiert.
Kalorimetrie bei hohen Temperaturen
Authors: Seifert Hans Jürgen
Published: August 2010

Die thermodynamischen Ergebnisse der Hochtemperaturkalorimetrie gewinnen an Bedeutung für die Werkstoffwissenschaft. Umfangreich eingesetzt werden die Methoden auch bei der Untersuchung von Mineralphasen und silikatischen Schmelzen, um petrogenetische Vorgänge im Erdmantel, in der Erdkruste und bei der Magmenkristallisation zu erklären.
Festkörperchemie 1998
Authors: Janek Jürgen , Ruck Michael
Published: August 2010

Neben der Präparation und der strukturellen Charakterisierung neuer Verbindungen stehen zunehmend Untersuchungen zu den physikalischen Eigenschaften und zum mesoskopischen Aufbau der Substanzen im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Dabei wird vermehrt auf die Kombination verschiedener, sich in Ihren Aussagen ergänzender Methoden gesetzt. Verstärkt hat sich der Trend zur Erforschung neuer Materialien und Werkstoffe, insbesondere für den Einsatz im Bereich der Nanotechnologie. Erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit findet auch das Studium der Kinetik von Festkörperreaktionen.
Organische Chemie 1998, Teil I
Authors: Goldberg Norman , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Müller Thomas , Strohmann Carsten , Breit Bernhard , Kiinig Burkhard , Johnsson Kai , Diederichsen Ulf
Published: August 2010

Bei den reaktiven Zwischenstufen befinden sich Experiment und Theorie in Einklang. Untersuchungen an organischen Kationen zeigen ihre Bedeutung für viele Anwendungsgebiete. Bei polaren Metallalkylen spielt Chiralität eine immer größere Rolle. Vor allem homogen katalysierbare Reaktionen prägen zur Zeit die Forschung bei den Metallorganischen Synthesen. In der Supramolekularen Chemie werden die untersuchten Systeme immer komplexer. Molekulare Erkennung und das Design von Enzymen bilden Schwerpunkte in der Bioorganischen Chemie.
Makromolekulare Chemie 1998
Authors: Balsam Martin , Barghoorn Peter , Stebani Uwe
Published: August 2010

Das Wissenschaftsgebiet “Makromolekulare Chemie” hat sich während der letzten zehn Jahre stark gewandelt. Das Gebiet der klassischen Bulk‐Polymere könnte als erforscht betrachtet werden, trotzdem gibt es auch dort Überraschungen. Die Metallocenkatalysatoren eröffneten Polymerkombinationen mit völlig neuen Strukturen. Das Potential ist bei weitem noch nicht erschöpft. Der Trend zu kleinen Dimensionen ist weiterhin bestimmend. Der vorliegende Trendbericht für das Jahr 1998 verfolgt einige dieser Entwicklungen und wird vervollständigt durch eine Übersicht über neue Polymerprodukte und eine Analyse des Geschehens auf dem Kunststoffmarkt.
Organische Chemie 1998, Teil II
Authors: Arlt Michael , Böttcher Henning , Gante Joachim , Gericke Rolf , Gottschlich Rudolf , Hölzemann Günter , Jonas Rochus , Jonczyk Alfred , Mederski Werner W. K. R. , Wiesyner Matthias , Griebenow Nils , Hansel Jan‐Gerd , Jordan Stephen , Wunberg Tobias
Published: August 2010

Neuen Entwicklungen in der Pharmaforschung und in der Kombinatorischen Chemie ist der zweite Teil des Trendberichts “Organische Chemie” gewidmet.
Gentechnik in der Schule
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: August 2010

Mit dem Experimentierkit “Blue Genes” des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie ist es erstmals möglich, grundlegende Experimente der Gentechnik, nämlich Genanalyse und Genklonierung, in der Schule durchzuführen und somit Lehrern und Schülern unmittelbare Erfahrung im Umgang mit der Gentechnik zu vermitteln. Diese Gentechnik‐Erfahrungen aus erster Hand sollen zu konstruktiven Diskussionen über die Möglichkeiten, Chancen und Risiken der Gentechnik anregen und damit die konkrete Auseinandersetzung mit wichtigen Fragen der heutigen Gesellschaft fördern.
Chemiker als Erfinder: Unser schönes DIN‐Format
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: August 2010

Eine einheitliche Weltsprache, das Weltgeld und ein Weltformat für Gedrucktes — war es wirklich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932), der über solche Dinge nachdachte und schließlich die Grundlagen für das heutige DIN‐Format legte?
F&E bei Degussa‐Hüls — die “Chemie” stimmt
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Degussa‐Hüls hat nun auch ihre neu geordnete, auf die strategischen Geschäftsfelder fokussierte Forschung. Geschäftsfeldübergreifend arbeiten die Konzernbereiche F&E‐Management mit der strategischen F&E zur Gewinnung neuer Kompetenzen innerhalb und außerhalb des aktuellen Portfolios sowie die Verfahrens‐ und Prozeßtechnik.
UK chemistry teachers visit Frankfurt
Authors: Coles Mike
Published: August 2010

The Royal Society of Chemistry organizes “Study Tours” for chemistry teachers. Normally these tours include visits to industrial plants and, over eight years, many teachers have gained fresh insights into the ways the chemical industry works. Last October a new style of tour was held in Frankfurt — a city with a rich history in producing industrial chemicals. With the great help of Kurt Begitt at GDCh a tour was set up which involved study of the education system (academic and vocational) as well as the more usual study of industrial activity.
Gesundheit aus Tee und Wein
Authors: Venhaus Susanne
Published: August 2010

Die diesjährigen Beiträge bei „Jugend forscht» aus dem Bereich Chemie zeigen, daß Wein durchaus vermag, Jugendliche in einen Forscher‐Rausch zu versetzen, daß natürliche, pflanzliche Nahrung vor Krebs schützen kann und daß Chemieschüler auch schon Chemiedidaktiker sein können.
Kostenlose Patentinformationen im Internet — auch für Chemiker interessant
Authors: Ohms Jörg
Published: August 2010

Für anwendungsnah arbeitende Chemiker sind Patentinformationen eine unverzichtbare Informationsquelle. Schätzungen gehen davon aus, daß bis zu 90% der in Patentschriften enthaltenen Informationen nur dort und in keiner anderen Publikation veröffentlicht werden. Auf einige Patentdatenbanken kann auch kostenfrei zugegriffen werden.
Physikalische Chemie der Atmosphäre: Klimaforschung bleibt spannend
Authors: Zellner Reinhard
Published: August 2010

Das Verständnis und die Bedeutung des Verhaltens von Spurenstoffen in der Atmosphäre sind innerhalb der letzten 20 Jahre stark gewachsen. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß die Grundlagenforschung an Breite und Tiefe zugenommen hat. Allerdings zeigt die wissenschaftliche Deutung drohender regionaler und globaler Umweltveränderungen, daß Politik und Gesellschaft handeln müssen.
Alles „nano”︁ oder was?
Authors: Schreiner Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Nein, sicherlich nicht alles war „nano”︁: „Die Euchem‐Conference on Stereochemistry”︁ auf dem Bürgenstock bot wieder ein ausgewogenes Programm, welches neben Vorträgen zum Aufbau kovalenter und nichtkovalenter Strukturen auch die neuesten Trends in der Metallorganischen Chemie und Biochemie bis hin zur Elektrochemie und NMR‐Spektroskopie widerspiegelte.
Die GDCh und Europa
Authors: Fritsche Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

Im Zeitalter eines zusammenwachsenden Europas kann das Jubiläum einer nationalen chemischen Gesellschaft nicht mehr gefeiert werden, ohne auch ihre Zusammenarbeit mit ihren europäischen Partnergesellschaften zu beleuchten. Eine Plattform für den ständigen Austausch mit unseren Kollegen im Ausland gibt es schon lange: die Föderation Europäischer Chemischer Gesellschaften (FECS). Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie sie zustande kam und was sie geleistet hat.
Wachstum aus Intelligenz — Innovationen für unser Überleben
Authors: Riesenhuber Heinz
Published: August 2010

Wer glaubt, Wachstum erfordere zwangsläufig einen höheren Rohstoff‐und Energieverbrauch und bedeute eine immer weiter zunehmende Belastung der Umwelt, der irrt.
50 Jahre organische Synthesechemie
Authors: Reißig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Organische Synthase — wohin? Diese Frage stellte Dieter Seebach vor knapp zehn Jahren, und er beantwortete sie in einem richtungsweisenden und umfassenden Aufsatz in der “Angewandten Chemie”. Der kurze Essay von Siegfried Hünig und Hans‐Ulrich Reißig fragt vor allem nach dem “woher”. Die Auswahl der wenigen Beispiele aus der rasanten Entwicklung seit Kriegsende ist zwangsläufig durch den subjektiven Blickwinkel der Autoren bedingt.
50 Jahre Physikalische Chemie
Authors: Winter Roland , Schindewolf Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Zu den Kerndisziplinen der Physikalischen Chemie (Thermodynamic Kinetik, Elektrochemie, Spektroskopie) kamen im Zuge des zunehmenden interdisziplinären Forschungsansatzes neue wissenschaftliche Inseln hinzu: Quantenchemie, Materialwissenschaften, Flüssigkeits‐, Festkörper‐und Grenzflächenchemie, Kolloid‐ und Polymerchemie, Sensorik, Energietechnik, Atmosphärenchemie und Biophysikalische Chemie. Die Aufgabenfelder der Physikalischen Chemie ragen damit heute bis in Gebiete wie Mineralogie, Geologie, Verfahrenstechnik, Biologie und Medizin. Teile ihrer Entwicklung in den letzten fünf Jahrzehnten werden hier von Roland Winter und Ulrich Schindewolf anhand einiger Beispiele aufgezeigt.
Lebensmittelchemie —von der Quantität zur Qualität
Authors: Grosch Werner
Published: August 2010

Vor allem die stürmische Entwicklung physikalischer, physikalisch‐chemischer und biochemischer Methoden zur Trennung und Identifizierung von Komponenten in so außerordentlich heterogen zusammengesetzten Materialien wie es Lebensmittel ihrer Natur nach sind, ermöglichte in den vergangenen 50 Jahren immer umfassendere Erkenntnisse dieser Zusammenhänge. Im Vordergrund stehen für Werner Grosch Substanzen, die zum Nährwert, Geruch, Geschmack, Farbe und Textur positiv oder negativ beitragen oder auf einen unerlaubten Zusatz oder eine unzulässige Behandlung hinweisen oder toxikologisch relevant sind.
Mehr Patentanmeldungen und Marken
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Die Zahl der Patentanmeldungen stieg 1998 in Deutschland um 10.3%, die Zahl der erteilten Patente sank um 3%. Einen Boom erlebten die Anmeldungen nationaler Marken: Sie erhöhten sich um ein Fünftel. Noch immer werden zu wenig Schutzrechte aus der Hochschule angemeldet.
Neues Bodenschutzrecht — Herausforderung an die Wasserchemie
Authors: Förstner Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Bei der Umsetzung des Bodenschutzgesetzes werden für den Wirkungspfad Boden‐Grundwasser wesentliche Kenntnislücken sichtbar. Die dazu geplanten Forschungsvorhaben sollen belastbare Entscheidungskriterien liefern und kostengünstige Sanierungsmaßnahmen von Altlasten ermöglichen. Die Fachgruppe Wasserchemie hat sich mit ihrem Arbeitskreis “Chemie und Biologie der Altlasten” an den konzeptionellen Vorarbeiten beteiligt.
Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?
Authors: Mix Andreas
Published: August 2010

Nicht um den bekannten Schlager “Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein?” geht es hier, sondern um einen unkonventionellen Videofilm zum Thema Arbeitssicherheit in chemischen Laboratorien. Für den Film, den die Fakultät für Chemie der Universität Bielefeld in Kooperation mit dem Audiovisuellen Zentrum der Hochschule produziert hat, bauten Mitarbeiter in Eigenregie lebensgroße, animierte Puppen.
Lichtemittierende Leiterpolymere für Dioden und Festkörperlaser
Authors: Scherf Ullrich
Published: August 2010

Aromatische Leiterpolymere sind ein Beispiel für das fruchtbare Wechselspiel zwischen Polymersynthese und der Optimierung spezifischer Materialeigenschaften (vor allem die Photo‐ und Elektrolumineszenz). Im Blickpunkt stehen dabei Synthesestrategien zur Erzeugung definierter, dafektarmer Molekülarchitekturen sowie die enge Verflechtung zwischen aktiver physikalischer Funktion und molekularer oder supramolekularer Struktur im Festkörper. Aromatische, konjugierte Leiterpolymere vom Poly(para‐phenylen)‐Typ (LPPPs) erweisen sich als vielversprechende Klasse lichtemittierender Polymere.
Software zur effektiven Validierung analytischer Verfahren
Authors: Ermer Joachim , Roussel Hoechst Marion
Published: August 2010

Die Software „Methoden‐Validierung in der Analytik — MVA”︁ ist Teil eines Serviceangebotes von Novia, Saarbrücken, und dient der Auswertung von Validierungsdaten. Der Umfang der Berechnungen zu den Validierungselementen sowie den Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenzen orientiert sich im wesentlichen an internationalen Richtlinien der DIN‐ISO und bietet eine ausführliche Diskussion der jeweiligen Berechnungsparameter, um die Planung der Validierung und die Bewertung der Ergebnisse zu erleichtern.
Antiquarische Bücher als Senke luftgetragener Schadstoffe
Authors: Schram Jürgen , Schmidt Thomas , Tegelkamp Marion
Published: August 2010

Warum zerfallen alte Bücher und Urkunden? Umweltfaktoren spielen eine Rolle, doch welche Bedeutung kommt historischen Lagerbedingungen zu? Die Cellulose alter Bücher fungiert in der Tat als Schadstoffsenke: Über längere Zeiträume hinweg werden Stickstoff‐ und Schwefeloxide sowie Chlorwasserstoff aus der Atmosphäre eingetragen.
Questions of language in the commonwealth censuses
Authors: Christopher A. J.
Published: August 2010

Censuses, which governments conduct to provide information on society for the provision of better order and welfare, have frequently included questions on language. Two aspects have been the subject of enquiry. First, language as an aspect of personal identity, notably mother tongue and that spoken, was recorded. Second, as a measure of the progress in education, levels of literacy were probed. Thus, specific skills in particular languages were asked, often to monitor language loss or the promotion of official tongues. However, within the countries of the Commonwealth there has been a remarkable lack of linguistic curiosity. This feature has been apparent since the beginning of modern census taking in the 19th century and has been perpetuated into the post‐colonial era. As a result, language questions that were posed have been diverse, with little systematic approach to the information sought. Indeed, half the countries in the latest round of Commonwealth censuses asked none, while the remainder usually only included one or two issues. As a result, comparatively little is known, from the published census data, of either the linguistic allegiances and abilities of a large proportion of the inhabitants of the Commonwealth or their evolution through time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reported competence of Estonian community pharmacists in relation to herbal products: findings from a health‐system in transition
Authors: Volmer Daisy , Lilja John , Hamilton David , Bell J. Simon , Veski Peep
Published: August 2010

Recent health‐system reforms in Estonia have resulted in an increased emphasis on primary health care and evidence‐based medicine. Community pharmacies are the primary source of herbal products, and pharmacists have an important role in ensuring the safe and effective use of herbal products. The objective of this study was to explore the self‐reported competence of pharmacists and the self‐reported provision of community pharmacy services in relation to herbal products. A survey instrument was mailed to a random sample of 154 (50%) community pharmacies in Estonia in February 2005. Responses were received from 114 pharmacists and six assistant pharmacists (response rate 77.9%). Among the respondents, 64.1% self‐evaluated their knowledge of herbal products as good or excellent. However, only 35.0% reported they experienced no problems in counselling about herbal products, while only 35.8% recognized the importance of continuing education. Pharmacists attached a high level of importance to providing information about herbal products' mode of action, administration, potential side‐effects and interactions. There was an apparent mismatch between pharmacists' self‐reported competence and their self‐reported provision of advice about herbal products. Health system reforms in Estonia may need to be accompanied by enhanced training for pharmacists to provide advice about the safe and appropriate use of herbal products. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofabrication of Anisotropic Gold Nanotriangles Using Extract of Endophytic Aspergillus clavatus as a Dual Functional Reductant and Stabilizer
Authors: Verma Vijay C , Singh Santosh K , Solanki Ravindra , Prakash Satya
Published: August 2010

Biosynthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles using microorganisms has emerged as a more eco-friendly, simpler and reproducible alternative to the chemical synthesis, allowing the generation of rare forms such as nanotriangles and prisms. Here, we report the endophytic fungus Aspergillus clavatus, isolated from surface sterilized stem tissues of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., when incubated with an aqueous solution of chloroaurate ions produces a diverse mixture of intracellular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), especially nanotriangles (GNT) in the size range from 20 to 35 nm. These structures (GNT) are of special interest since they possess distinct plasmonic features in the visible and IR regions, which equipped them with unique physical and optical properties exploitable in vital applications such as optics, electronics, catalysis and biomedicine. The reaction process was simple and convenient to handle and was monitored using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). The morphology and crystalline nature of the GNTs were determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. This proposed mechanistic principal might serve as a set of design rule for the synthesis of anisotropic nanostructures with desired architecture and can be amenable for the large scale commercial production and technical applications.
Contoured iliac crest allograft interposition for pericapsular acetabuloplasty in developmental dislocation of the hip: Technique and short-term results
Authors: Wade William J. , Alhussainan Thamer S. , Al Zayed Zayed , Hamdi Nezar , Bubshait Dalal
Published: August 2010

Background

Pericapsular acetabuloplasty procedures have been widely used as an integral component of combined surgery to treat developmental hip dislocation after walking age. The stability of the acetabuloplasty and the maintenance of the acetabular correction will depend on the structural integrity of the iliac crest autograft, which, traditionally, has been inserted as the interposition material. Problems related to the use of an autograft have been encountered by various surgeons—including the authors—namely, graft displacement and resorption, which may necessitate internal fixation or result in revision surgery. To overcome autograft failure, the use of an allograft as the interposition material has been introduced by some surgeons. This study describes the radiologic results of 147 hips treated for developmental hip dislocation by means of a standard protocol of open hip reduction and pericapsular acetabuloplasty with a contoured iliac crest allograft as the interposition material.

Methods

This retrospective study reviewed the radiographs of 147 hips presenting with late developmental dislocation which were treated by open reduction and a concomitant pericapsular acetabuloplasty using a contoured iliac crest allograft as the interposition material. The minimum follow up period was 2 years. Measurement of the acetabular index (AI) was the main variable. The efficacy of the interposed iliac crest allograft as the main stabiliser of the acetabuloplasty was reflected by the maintenance of the corrected AI during the follow up period. Loss of acetabular correction, graft extrusion or resorption, the need for osteotomy internal fixation, delayed or non union, infection, hip redislocation and avascular necrosis (AVN) as possible complications were documented.

Results

The treatment protocol of a combined open reduction of the hip and pericapsular acetabuloplasty, inserting a contoured iliac crest allograft as the interposition material, resulted in concentrically reduced and stable hips in 96.6% of our cases. The redislocation rate was 3.4%. All of the allografts were completely incorporated at 6 months post-surgery with no graft-related infections. In only two hips was the acetabular correction not maintained. None of the osteotomies required internal fixation for stability, even in older children.

Conclusion

We believe that a contoured iliac crest allograft as the pericapsular acetabuloplasty interposition material renders excellent osteotomy stability that eliminates the need for internal fixation and—in the short-term—maintains the correction of the acetabulum achieved intra-operatively.
High‐concentration capsaicin in HIV‐associated neuropathy: Clinical evidence and cases
Authors: Simpson David M.
Published: August 2010

HIV‐associated neuropathy (HIV‐AN) occurs frequently in patients with HIV infection or AIDS, but it is one of the more difficult forms of peripheral neuropathic pain to treat effectively. Results of two randomized, double‐blind trials indicated that a 30‐minute application of a high‐concentration capsaicin (8% w/w) patch (NGX‐4010; QUTENZA™) is the optimal dosage to alleviate pain associated with HIV‐AN. A subsequent integrated efficacy analysis of the two trials revealed that a 30‐minute application of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch produced significantly greater pain relief than a low‐concentration capsaicin (0.04% w/w) control patch (mean reduction in Numeric Pain Rating Scale score from baseline to Weeks 2–12; −27.0% vs −15.7%; p = 0.003). After application of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch, significant pain reduction was apparent by Week 2 and this was maintained throughout the 12‐week assessment period. In addition, significantly more patients responded to the high‐concentration capsaicin patch than to control across other endpoints measured. Pain relief was evident regardless of concomitant pain medication and antiretroviral therapy. As the high‐concentration capsaicin patch was also well tolerated, with only transient, localized application site‐related reactions, these clinical data indicate that the high‐concentration capsaicin patch could provide a promising new treatment for painful HIV‐AN.
Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur
Authors: Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph
Published: August 2010

French mathematician Joseph Fourier's Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur was originally published in 1822. In this groundbreaking study, arguing that previous theories of mechanics advanced by such outstanding scientists as Archimedes, Galileo, Newton and their successors did not explain the laws of heat, Fourier set out to study the mathematical laws governing heat diffusion and proposed that an infinite mathematical series may be used to analyse the conduction of heat in solids: this is now known as the 'Fourier Series'. His work paved the way for modern mathematical physics. This book will be especially useful for mathematicians who are interested in trigonometric series and their applications, and it is reissued simultaneously with Alexander Freeman's English translation, The Analytical Theory of Heat, of 1878.
Natural Theology
Authors: Paley William
Published: August 2010

William Paley (1743–1805) argues for the existence of God as the intelligent creator of the world in this, his last book, published in 1802. He builds on early modern natural theology including the works of John Ray, William Derham, and Bernard Nieuwentyt, and most of his examples are taken from medicine and natural history. Paley uses analogy and metaphors, including a particularly well-written version of the 'watchmaker analogy', to prove that the world is designed and sustained by God. This sixth edition also contains a detailed bibliography, appendices on Paley's courses, and background notes on key figures. It was an influential best-seller throughout the nineteenth century, read by theologians and scientists alike, and reprinted in cheap editions for the middle classes. It inspired many nineteenth-century works on natural theology, including the Bridgewater Treatises (which also appear in this series), and is a landmark of Western thought.
Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839
Authors: Kemble Fanny
Published: August 2010

A few years after her marriage to a wealthy American, the English stage-actress Frances Anne Kemble (1809–1893) moved with her husband to his residence in Georgia, where he had inherited two plantations. There she kept a journal of her shocking observations of the practice of slavery. Written over a period of less than four months, Kemble's journal records her day-to-day encounters with her husband's slaves, and attempts to expose the moral injustice of slavery. The journal circulated privately among her friends, but was not published until 1863, long after Kemble's divorce in 1849. Her book is credited with influencing Britain's position of neutrality during the American Civil War despite the cotton industry's lobbying in favour of the South. Kemble's journal remains a lasting and important critique of slavery, and a valuable document about the nineteenth-century American south.
Characters of Shakespeare's Plays
Authors: Hazlitt William
Published: August 2010

The critic, essayist and painter William Hazlitt (1778–1830) published and lectured widely on English literature, from Elizabethan drama to reviews of the latest work of his own time. His first extended work of literary criticism was Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, published in 1817. This volume from 1908 takes the text of the first edition and adds notes explaining complex terms to readers and an introduction by J. H. Lobban, a lecturer in English at Birkbeck College. As such it is the ideal introduction to Hazlitt's criticism. Hazlitt's political view of Shakespeare drew the ire of the Tory Quarterly review, whose hostile review destroyed sales of the second edition. The work remains of value, however, both as a contribution to the study of Shakespeare and, as with all of Hazlitt's prose, as a model of an elegant, persuasive essay.
Römisches Staatsrecht
Authors: Mommsen Theodor
Published: August 2010

Theodor Mommsen's influential multi-volume work, first published between 1871 and 1888, is a systematic treatment of the intricate workings of the Roman state. The renowned German scholar proposed an original and sometimes controversial understanding of Roman institutions, based around the categories of nineteenth-century constitutional law. The Romans themselves never actually codified their complicated body of law, but by applying a historical approach to describe the development of Roman law Mommsen succeeds in making it more accessible to the reader. He systematises the many diverse legal elements upon which the Roman constitution was based and offers a coherent reading of it. In Volume 2, Part 1 the author focuses on individual roles and appointments within the legislature, from the pontifex and the consuls to the tribune and the questors, as well as legates and other officials.
Preaching in Medieval England
Authors: Owst G. R.
Published: August 2010

First published in 1926, G. R. Owst's Preaching in Medieval England has remained a seminal work on the topic of English sermons of the period 1350–1450. In studying a largely neglected but important aspect of the medieval religious experience, the author adds considerably to our understanding of the pre-Reformation church. The book is in three parts - the preachers, the circumstances of the preaching and reception, and the sermons themselves. In the first section Owst discusses the different classes of preacher, the secular clergy, monks and particularly the wandering friars, famous for their preaching. In the second part he studies the experience of sermons, how, where and when they were delivered, and to whom. The examination of the sermons covers not only their content and language, but also the surviving manuals on preaching and eloquence, and advice to preachers. This wide ranging and scholarly book remains a crucial work on medieval preaching.
Modern German Music
Authors: Chorley Henry Fothergill
Published: August 2010

Henry Fothergill Chorley was music critic of The Athenaeum for over thirty years, and published several books on the state of contemporary European music, including Music and Manners in France and Germany (1841) and Thirty Years' Musical Recollections (1862), both reissued in this series. In the two-volume Modern German Music, published in 1854, he revisits many of the topics and places discussed in the 1841 volume, but views them from the other side of the Year of Revolution, 1848, which, he argues, changed the cultural as well as the political atmosphere of the German states significantly and permanently. Lively descriptions of German cities, their culture and especially their music festivals are accompanied by extended essays on Spohr, Beethoven, Schubert and Mendelssohn, but Chorley is by no means an uncritical observer, and his comments on the rise of nationalism and militarism in the German states after 1848 now seem prophetic.
Oeuvres complètes
Authors: Cauchy Augustin-Louis
Published: August 2010

Augustin-Louis, Baron Cauchy (1789–1857) was the pre-eminent French mathematician of the nineteenth century. He began his career as a military engineer during the Napoleonic Wars, but even then was publishing significant mathematical papers, and was persuaded by Lagrange and Laplace to devote himself entirely to mathematics. His greatest contributions are considered to be the Cours d'analyse de l'École Royale Polytechnique (1821), Résumé des leçons sur le calcul infinitésimal (1823) and Leçons sur les applications du calcul infinitésimal à la géométrie (1826–8), and his pioneering work encompassed a huge range of topics, most significantly real analysis, the theory of functions of a complex variable, and theoretical mechanics. Twenty-six volumes of his collected papers were published between 1882 and 1958. The first series (volumes 1-12) consists of papers published by the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France; the second series (volumes 13-26) of papers published elsewhere.
Radiations from Radioactive Substances
Authors: Rutherford Ernest , Chadwick James , Ellis Charles Drummond
Published: August 2010

Sir Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) was a New Zealand-born physicist who has become known as the 'father of nuclear physics' for his discovery of the so-called planetary structure of atoms. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His co-authors, James Chadwick and Charles D. Ellis also made significant discoveries in the field of nuclear physics, with Chadwick discovering the neutron particle in 1932. Research in nuclear physics in the 1930s had become focused on investigating the natures of alpha, beta and gamma radiation and their effects on matter and atomic structure. This volume provides a definitive account of the state of research into these types of radiation in 1930, explaining the theory and process behind inferring the structure of the atom and the structure of the nucleus. The text of this volume is taken from a 1951 reissue of the 1930 edition.
Political Polarization and the Size of Government
Authors: LINDQVIST ERIK , ÖSTLING ROBERT
Published: August 2010

In this article, we study the relationship between political polarization and public spending using the dispersion of self-reported political preferences as our measure of polarization. Political polarization is strongly associated with smaller government in democratic countries, but there is no relationship between polarization and the size of government in undemocratic countries. The results are robust to a large set of control variables, including gross domestic product per capita and income inequality.
Nutrition economics – characterising the economic and health impact of nutrition
Authors: Lenoir-Wijnkoop I. , Dapoigny M. , Dubois D. , van Ganse E. , Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea I. , Hutton J. , Jones P. , Mittendorf T. , Poley M. J. , Salminen S. , Nuijten M. J. C.
Published: August 2010

There is a new merging of health economics and nutrition disciplines to assess the impact of diet on health and disease prevention and to characterise the health and economic aspects of specific changes in nutritional behaviour and nutrition recommendations. A rationale exists for developing the field of nutrition economics which could offer a better understanding of both nutrition, in the context of having a significant influence on health outcomes, and economics, in order to estimate the absolute and relative monetary impact of health measures. For this purpose, an expert meeting assessed questions aimed at clarifying the scope and identifying the key issues that should be taken into consideration in developing nutrition economics as a discipline that could potentially address important questions. We propose a first multidisciplinary outline for understanding the principles and particular characteristics of this emerging field. We summarise here the concepts and the observations of workshop participants and propose a basic setting for nutrition economics and health outcomes research as a novel discipline to support nutrition, health economics and health policy development in an evidence and health-benefit-based manner.
Morphological changes and viability ofCryptosporidium parvumsporozoites after excystation in cell-free culture media
Authors: MATSUBAYASHI M. , ANDO H. , KIMATA I. , NAKAGAWA H. , FURUYA M. , TANI H. , SASAI K.
Published: August 2010

Cryptosporidium parvum,belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, is a major cause of waterborne gastroenteritis throughout the world. The sporozoites are thought to invade host enterocytes using an active process termed gliding motility. However, the biological and morphological changes within the sporozoites during this process are not fully understood. In the present study, excysted sporozoites ofC. parvumwere analysed ultrastructurallyin vitroand their viability was evaluated using fluorescent dyes. The sporozoites excysted from oocysts changed morphologically from banana-shaped to rod-shaped and finally to a rounded shape, in culture media in 3 h. Transmission microscopy revealed that the distance between the apical end and the nucleus was markedly reduced, dense granules were present close to the rhoptry in the apical region, amylopectin granules were absent, and membranes of round sporozoites were less clear. A fluorescent assay showed that the rate of survival decreased from 89% to 56% at 0–3 h (84·3% for banana-shaped and 49·2% for rod-shaped sporozoites). Therefore, post-excysted sporozoitesin vitrounderwent morphological changes and a rapid loss of viability. This staining method is useful, inexpensive and provides an alternative to more costly and intensive flow cytometric assays or infectivity assays with host cellsin vitro.
Eye fluke-induced cataracts in natural fish populations: is there potential for host manipulation?
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ O. , KARVONEN A. , VALTONEN E. T.
Published: August 2010

Manipulation of host phenotype (e.g. behaviour, appearance) is suggested to be a common strategy to enhance transmission in trophically transmitted parasites. However, in many systems, evidence of manipulation comes exclusively from laboratory studies and its occurrence in natural host populations is poorly understood. Here, we examined the potential for host manipulation byDiplostomumeye flukes indirectly by quantifying the physiological effects of parasites on fish. Earlier laboratory studies have shown thatDiplostomuminfection predisposes fish to predation by birds (definitive hosts of the parasites) by reducing fish vision through cataract formation. However, occurrence of cataracts and the subsequent potential for host manipulation in natural fish populations has remained poorly explored. We studied the occurrence of eye fluke-induced cataracts from 7 common fish species (Gymnocephalus cernuus, Rutilus rutilus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Alburnus alburnus, Osmerus eperlanus, Coregonus lavaretusandGasterosteus aculeatus) from the Bothnian Bay in the Baltic Sea. We found that the parasite-induced cataracts were common in fish and they also reached high levels which are likely to predispose fish to predation. However, we observed such cataracts only in species with the highest parasite abundances, which suggests that only certain hosts may be strongly affected by the infection.
The use of pronominal case in English sentence interpretation
Authors: YOSHIMURA YUKI , MacWHINNEY BRIAN
Published: August 2010

This study examined adult English native speakers' processing of sentences in which pronominal case marking conflicts with word order. Previous research has shown that English speakers rely heavily on word order for assigning case roles during sentence interpretation. However, in terms of cue reliability measures, we should expect English pronominal case to be nearly as strong a cue as word order. The current study examined this issue by asking subjects to interpret grammatical and ungrammatical sentences in which case competes with word order. The results indicated that word order remains the strongest cue in English, even when the case-marking cue is available. However, for noncanonical word orders, the case-marking cue had a strong effect on sentence interpretation.
Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of second language English syntax
Authors: BIRD STEVE
Published: August 2010

A longitudinal study compared the effects of distributed and massed practice schedules on the learning of second language English syntax. Participants were taught distinctions in the tense and aspect systems of English at short and long practice intervals. They were then tested at short and long intervals. The results showed that distributed practice led to superior test scores on the long-term tests, indicating that the learning of second language syntax can benefit from distributed practice in a manner very similar to that reported for other skills and information types in the experimental psychology literature. Implications for intensive language-leaning programs and syllabus design in general are discussed.
Is there cross-language modulation when bilinguals process number words?
Authors: MACIZO PEDRO , HERRERA AMPARO , PAOLIERI DANIELA , ROMÁN PATRICIA
Published: August 2010

This study explores the possibility of cross-language activation when bilinguals process number words in their first language (Italian) and their second language (German). Italian monolinguals (Experiment 1), German monolinguals (Experiment 2), and Italian/German bilinguals (Experiment 3) were required to decide the larger of two number words while the unit–decade compatibility effect was examined. For compatible trials the decade and unit comparisons lead to the same response (e.g., 24–67), whereas for incompatible trials the decade and unit comparisons lead to different responses (e.g., 27–64). The regular unit–decade compatibility effect was significant when bilinguals and monolinguals performed the comparison in German. However, this effect was not found when bilinguals and monolinguals performed the task in Italian. In addition, the decade distance played a major role when bilinguals processed in their first language, whereas the unit distance was more important when they worked in their second language. These results indicate that the processing of number words in one language is not modulated by the way bilinguals process number words in their alternative language.
Puerto Ricans in the United States and language shift to English
Authors: Torres Lourdes
Published: August 2010

In this essay, I examine language use among Puerto Ricans in the U.S., and evaluate evidence that suggests that they are shifting to English more quickly than other Latino groups. This accelerated adoption of English might seem to be a positive trend to proponents of English-only or to those who fetishize assimilation as the route to success in the U.S.; however, the fact that it is very often accompanied by a loss of Spanish is troubling to those who value multiculturalism and bilingualism. The idea that Puerto Ricans are the group that takes the lead in the loss of bilingualism among Latinos is a source of debate for observers of the sociolinguistic reality of Latinos in the U.S.

With a particular focus on the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, I first discuss language loss among Latino populations in the U.S. Then, I offer a brief overview of Puerto Rican immigration history, and of Latino presence in Chicago. Lastly, I address the allegedly exceptionally rapid shift of Puerto Ricans to English, and discuss possible reasons for this phenomenon. I conclude that even though there are sites where this assertion seems to be true, we need more evidence that captures actual language use patterns across a range of contexts before we can arrive at a definitive characterization of Puerto Rican speech practices.