bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of economic and ecological advantages and challenges in development of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon and renewable energy sources for resource-based economy in Kazakhstan
Authors: Ivakhnenko Aleksandr , Bakytzhan Beibarys
Published: March 2020

In global socioeconomic development facing climate change challenges to minimize the output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and moving to a more low-carbon economy (LCE) the major driving force for success in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the cost of energy generation. One of the main factors for energy source selection in the power supply and energy type generation process is the price parameters often influenced at different degree by government policies incentives, technological and demographic challenges in different countries. We research the energy sources situation and possible development trends for developing country Kazakhstan with resource-based economy. In general, the economic aspects affect the quality and quantity of energy generated from different sources with incentives for environmental concern. Traditional energy sources in Kazakhstan, such as coal, oil and natural gas remain low-cost in production due to high reserve base, which leads to steady growth in this area. In general, the cost for generating 1 kWh of energy from the cheapest carbon source of energy sub-bituminous coal is about 0.0024 $, for natural gas 0.0057 $, conventional oil 0.0152 $ (conventional diesel is 0.0664 $) and for expensive unconventional oil 0.0361 $, whereas renewable hydrocarbons could potentially become more competitive with unconventional oil production (methanol 0.0540 $, biodiesel 0.0837 $, bioethanol 0.1933 $ for generating 1 kWh). Furthermore, we consider the main non-traditional and renewable energy sources of energy from the sun, wind, water, and biofuels, hydrogen, methane, gasoline, uranium, and others. There is a difference between the breakeven prices of conventional gas and biomethane (0.0057 $ and 0.047 - 0.15 $ respectively averaging 0.0675 $ per 1 kWh for biomethane) which is often related to the difference in their production methods. The main advantage of biomethane is environmentally friendly production. We also propose an assessment of fuel by environmental characteristics, where one of the hazardous sources Uranium is forth cheap 0.0069 $ per kWh, but the environmental damage caused by its waste is the greatest. At the same time hydropower is seven times more expensive than uranium, but it does not cause direct health damage issues, however influencing significantly ecosystem balance. Hydrogen fuel is the most expensive among others. Overall in Kazakhstan energy-producing from the sun, wind and biogas is more expensive comparing with global trends from 0.4 to 5.5 cents per 1 kWh, but remains cheaper for hydropower. In addition, based on the research findings we analyzed the potential for sustainable non-renewable and renewable energy development in the future for the case of the resource-based economy in Kazakhstan. 
Stress triggering and the mechanics of fault slip behavior
Authors: Scuderi Marco Maria , Collettini Cristiano
Published: March 2020

Dynamic changes in the stress field during the seismic cycle of tectonic faults can control frictional stability and the mode of fault slip. Small perturbation in the stress field, like those produced by tidal stresses can influence the evolution of frictional strength and fault stability with the potential of triggering a variety of slip behaviors. However, an open question that remains still poorly understood is how amplitude and frequency of stress changes influence the triggering of an instability and the associated slip behavior, i.e. slow or fast slip.

Here we reproduce in the laboratory the spectrum of fault slip behaviors, from slow-slip to dynamic stick-slip, by matching the critical fault rheologic stiffness (kc) with the surrounding stiffness (k). We investigate the influence of normal stress variations on the slip style of a quartz rich fault gouge at the stability boundary, i.e. k/kc slightly less than one, by adopting two techniques: 1) instantaneous step-like changes and 2) sinusoidal variations in normal stress. For the latter case, modulations of normal stress were chosen to have amplitudes greater, less or equal to the typical stress drop observed during unperturbed experiments. Also, the period was varied to be greater, less or equal to the typical recurrence time of laboratory slow-slip events. During the experiments, we continuously record ultrasonic wave velocity to monitor the microphysical state of the fault. We find that frictional stability is profoundly affected by variation in normal stress giving rise to a variety of slip behaviors. Furthermore, during strain accumulation and fabric development, changes in normal stress permanently influence the microphysical state of the fault gouge increasing kc and producing a switch from slow to fast stick-slip. Our results indicate that perturbations in the stress state can trigger a variety of slip behaviors along the same fault patch. These results have important implications for the formulation of constitutive laws in the framework of rate- and state- friction, highlighting the necessity to account for the microphysical state of the fault in order to improve our understanding of frictional stability.
Off-Shore wind potential in Cyprus: Towards an integrated representative geospatial database.
Authors: Akylas Evangelos , Gravanis Elias , Nikolaidis Andreas , Panagiotou Constantinos F. , Mettas Christodoulos , Kyriakidis Phaedon , Hadjimitsis Diofantos
Published: March 2020

Cyprus' energy balance today depends to a large extent on imports of petroleum products for energy production. This has an impact on both the economy and the environment of the island. The contribution of renewable energy sources (RES) in Cyprus, although there is considerable potential, still remains limited. Specifically, renewable energy sources today account for less than 9% of the country's total gross energy consumption.

This paper contributes to the study of the off-shore wind power on the island, focusing on the creation of an integrated geospatial database for the study of wind characteristics on the coasts and offshore of Cyprus using measurements from meteorological stations, data from the European database with horizontal analysis 25x25 km, and 24-hour forecasts from the Open Skiron meteorological model in 5x5 km resolution.

The analysis take advantage of both wind measurement from meteorological stations in coastal Cyprus areas, as well as information on wind values from forecasting models and databases to record an initial reference distribution in space and time.

 

Acknowledgments:

This research is supported by the project  “Cross-Border Cooperation for Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning” referred as “THAL-CHOR 2” and it is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by national funds of Greece and Cyprus, under the Cooperation Programme “INTERREG V-A Greece-Cyprus 2014-2020”.
The elements of the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere
Authors: Bao Jiawei , Stevens Bjorn
Published: March 2020

Deep convection plays an important role in driving the large-scale circulation and the complex interaction between moist convection and the large-scale circulation regulates the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere. 

The convectional thoughts of the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere are that the horizontal temperature in the free troposphere is homogeneous, which is referred to as weak temperature gradient (WTG), while the vertical structure follows a moist-adiabatic lapse rate. However, it is not known how accurate WTG holds and which moist- adiabatic process the tropical atmosphere indeed experiences. This study centers around the horizontal and vertical structure of the tropical atmosphere and uses the global storm resolving simulations (GSRMs) from ICON at 2.5 km to investigate them

The virtual effect or the vapor buoyancy effect arises from that the molecular weight of water vapor is much smaller than that of dry air. With the same pressure and temperature, this virtual effect makes moist air lighter than dry air. As the horizontal buoyancy differences are eliminated by convection gravity waves, virtual temperature, a temperature variable including the moisture conditions, is expected to be homogeneous. Then, to obtain a homogeneous virtual temperature horizontally, the absolute temperature has to change to accommodate the horizontal moisture difference. The model results show that virtual temperature is relatively homogeneous at mid- and lower troposphere. Therefore, the virtual effect plays a very important role in the horizontal temperature structure, making the absolute temperature colder in moist regions and warmer in dry regions. However, in the upper troposphere, both the absolute temperature and the virtual temperature are not homogeneous, and vary as a function of moisture, indicating a weakening influence of convection gravity waves there.

We use saturation equivalent potential temperature (theta-es) to explore the vertical structure of the tropical atmosphere. Theta-es is expected to be conserved above the lifting condensation level (LCL) if calculated following the exact moist-adiabatic process that tropical atmosphere undergoes. The pseudo-adiabat and the reversible-adiabat with the effect of condensate loading are compared. To minimize the horizontal differences in theta-es due to moisture, we also define theta-es to account for the virtual effect and the condensate loading effect. The model results suggest that the actual moist-adiabatic process that tropical atmosphere experiences is between the pseudo-adiabat and the reversible-adiabat with the effect of condensate loading assuming air parcels originating from 972 hPa. 

The above results are broadly consistent with the results from ERA5 reanalysis.
Modeling of groundwater flow velocity and aquifer recharge in a Cenozoic multi-aquifer system – a case study from Eastern Brandenburg (Germany)
Authors: Janetz Silvio , Jahnke Christoph , Wendland Frank , Voigt Hans-Jürgen
Published: March 2020

In recent years, deep aquifers (> 50 m below ground level) have become increasingly interesting for the supply of drinking and irrigation water or geothermal use. Understanding the regional flow processes between near-surface and deep aquifer systems is an important criterion for the sustainable management of deep groundwater resources. However, hydrogeological conditions, regional flow rates and aquifer recharge in deep aquifers are largely unknown in many cases. The aims of the present study are therefore to determine (i) groundwater flow velocities in a Cenozoic multi-aquifer system, and (ii) proportion of aquifer recharge into the individual Cenozoic aquifers and timescales to completely replace water in the Cenozoic aquifers (turnover time).  

The numerical study was carried out in three adjacent groundwater catchment areas in the region of Eastern Brandenburg. In a first step, a hydrogeological 3D model of the entire Cenozoic aquifer system (85 km × 73 km and down to a depth of 0.5 km) was developed, which comprises up to 12 unconsolidated sandy aquifers and 10 confining units (glacial tills, silts and clays). In a second step, a steady-state flow modelling was performed including calibration using natural hydraulic head data from both regional main and deep aquifers.

The modeling results show that the average groundwater flow velocities decrease from 20-50 m/a in the near-surface Pleistocene main aquifers to 1-2 m/a in the deep Oligocene aquifers. At the same time, the aquifer recharge in the aquifer system decreases substantially with increasing depth. Depending on the catchment geology, the Pleistocene main aquifers are recharged by 65-70 % of infiltration water, while the aquifer recharge of the deep Oligocene aquifers is only 4.5-9.5 %. The calculations of turnover time indicate that the time periods to completely flush the deep aquifers are very long (approx. between 90 and 4600 years). The results thus allow a first quantification of the flow processes between near-surface and deep aquifers as well as the identification of flow paths to develop a utilization concept for deep groundwater resources in the region of Eastern Brandenburg.
High-resolution atmospheric boundary layer simulations using WRF-LES
Authors: Kirkil Gokhan
Published: March 2020

WRF model provides a potentially powerful framework for coupled simulations of flow covering a wide range of
spatial and temporal scales via a successive grid nesting capability. Nesting can be repeated down to turbulence
solving large eddy simulation (LES) scales, providing a means for significant improvements of simulation of
turbulent atmospheric boundary layers. We will present the recent progress on our WRF-LES simulations of
the Perdigao Experiment performed over mountainous terrain. We performed multi-scale simulations using
WRF’s different Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) parameterizations as well as Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
and compared the results with the detailed field measurements. WRF-LES model improved the mean flow field
as well as second-order flow statistics. Mean fluctuations and turbulent kinetic energy fields from WRF-LES
solution are investigated in several cross-sections around the hill which shows good agreement with measurements.
On the Impact of Sea State on GNSS-R Polarimetric Observations
Authors: Hoseini Mostafa , Semmling Maximilian , Rennspiess Erik , Ramatschi Markus , Haas Rüdiger , Strandberg Joakim , Nahavandchi Hossein , Wickert Jens
Published: March 2020

We investigate a long-term ground-based GNSS-R dataset to evaluate the effect of sea state on the polarization of the reflected signals. The dataset consists of one-year polarimetric observations recorded at Onsala space observatory in Sweden in 2016 using right- and left-handed circular polarization (RHCP and LHCP) antennas. One up-looking antenna to receive direct signal and two side-looking antennas to collect reflections are installed at about 3 meters above sea level. The data is collocated with the measurements from a nearby tide-gauge and meteorological station.

We focus on precise power estimation using a polarimetric processor based on Lomb–Scargle periodogram at precisely observed sea levels. The processor converts 0.1 Hz coherent in-phase and quadrature correlation sums provided by a reflectometry receiver to power estimates of the direct and reflected signals. The power estimates are reduced to three power ratios, i.e. cross-, co-, and cross to co-polarization. A model, describing the elevation dependent power loss due to sea surface roughness, is then utilized to invert the calculated power ratios to the standard deviation of sea surface height.

Analysis of about 14000 events found in the dataset (~40 continuous tracks per day) shows a fair agreement with the wind speeds as an indicator of the sea state. Although an increasing sensitivity to sea state is observed for all the power ratios at elevation angles above 10 degrees, the measurements from the co-polar link seem to be less affected by the surface roughness. The results reveal that the existing model cannot predict the effect of sea surface roughness in a comprehensive way. The different response of RHCP and LHCP observations to roughness is evident, however, the polarization dependence is not covered by the model. The deviations from the model are particularly clear at lowest elevations (<5 deg) where the roughness effect is expected to vanish. The results indicate that roughness also affect observations at lowest elevation angles. In this elevation range the expected dominance of the RHCP component above the LHCP component is not observed.  A different approach is required to model the influence of sea state in GNSS-R. The increasing amount of reflectometry data may allow to retrieve an empirical relation between coherent reflection power and sea state in future investigation.
Do different geologists see the same fractures? Quantifying subjective bias in fracture data collection.
Authors: Andrews Billy , Roberts Jennifer , Shipton Zoe , Johnson Gareth , Bigi Sabina , Tartarello M.Chiara
Published: March 2020

The characterisation of natural fracture networks using outcrop analogues is important in understanding subsurface fluid flow and rock mass characteristics in fractured lithologies. It is well known from decision sciences that subjective bias can significantly impact the way data is gathered and interpreted, introducing scientific uncertainty.

This study investigates the scale of and nature of subjective bias on fracture data collected by geoscientists using four commonly used approaches (linear scanlines, circular scanlines, topology sampling and window sampling) both in the field and in workshops using field photographs.

We observe considerable variability between each participant’s interpretation of the same scanline, and this variability is seen regardless of participants’ level of geological experience. Geologists appear to be either focussing on the detail or focussing on gathering larger volumes of data; personal character traits that affect the recorded fracture network attributes. As a result, the fracture statistics that are derived from field data can vary considerably for the same scanline, depending on which geologist collected the data. Additionally, the personal bias of geologists collecting the data affects the scanline size (minimum length of linear scanlines, radius of circular scanlines or area of a window sample) needed to collect a statistically representative amount of data.

Based on our findings and on understanding of bias reduction in decision sciences, we suggest protocols to recognise, understand and limit the effect of subjective bias on fracture data biases during data collection.

Our work shows the capacity for cognitive biases to introduce uncertainty into observation-based data. Fracture statistics derived from field data often inputs into geological models that are used for a range of applications, from understanding fluid flow to characterising rock strength, and so these uncertainties have ramifications for propagation into a range of outcomes. Importantly, our findings that personal bias can affect data collection have implications well beyond the geosciences.
World War II Munitions as a source of Mercury to the Southwest Baltic Sea
Authors: Gosnell Kathleen , Beck Aaron , Achterberg Eric
Published: March 2020

The Second World War (WWII) resulted in many humanitarian, cultural and environmental impacts throughout Europe and the world. During WWII anti-aircraft ammunition was used extensively in the Baltic Sea region, and the legacy of WWII munitions are present throughout the area. For example, up to 1.5 million anti-aircraft grenades were shot down in a 10 km2 region along the Dänisch-Nienhof (DN) training center of northern Germany near Kiel. Anti-aircraft grenades contain toxic explosive chemicals such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and mercury fulminate. It has been estimated that the detonation of WWII bombs released up to 2 tons of mercury (Hg) species into the coastal environment of Germany in the surrounding Kiel area. The DN and greater Kiel Bay (KB) region additionally have non-detonated and partial bombs which could also yield a critical source of Hg to the area. Until now very little research has been done into how much of this Hg might be stored in the sediment, or moving through the waters and food chains of the region.

Water, sediment and plankton samples were collected from around DN and KB in order to quantify and investigate potential impacts and magnitudes of Hg contamination from munition sites and bombs. These Hg levels are compared to available TNT values, and other potential munition-sourced pollutants. Water samples were collected using ‘trace metal clean’ techniques at surface and depth for each station. Plankton samples were gathered at each water station using a vertically towed net in order to assess Hg in the lower food chain. While sediment samples were carefully collected from stations surrounding the KB bomb dumps. These results provide an initial assessment into how much of an impact Hg sourced from anti-aircraft munitions might have on the environment and food chain health within the southern Baltic and KB region.
EMODnet: FAIR and open source marine data, digital products and services
Authors: Calewaert Jan-Bart , Larkin Kate , Delaney Conor , Marsan Andree Anne , Collart Tim
Published: March 2020

Unlocking the potential of big ocean data relies on Findable, Reusable, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) data. This is a core principle of the European Marine Observation and Data network (EMODnet), a leading long-term marine data service provider, funded by the EU. Over 150 organizations deliver harmonized data through seven portals spanning bathymetry, geology, physics, chemistry, biology, seabed habitats and human activities, with a central portal. Recent data and data products include a high-resolution digital terrain model bathymetry product, digital  vessel density maps, marine litter maps and products on geological features. International use cases include sustainable fisheries management and offshore wind farm development. The EMODnet Data Ingestion Service enhances data sharing and the EMODnet Associated Partnership Scheme offers benefits for industry and wider stakeholders. Increasingly, EMODnet is interacting and collaborating with other key marine data initiatives in Europe and globally. This include collaborations with Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS), SeaDataCloud and others to develop the pilot Blue Cloud as a marine component of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), as well as with China, USA and international organisations such as IODE/IOC. This presentation/contribution will provide an update on EMODnet developments, with a future outlook considering main challenges and opportunities and touch upon key collaborations with other marine data initiatives in Europe and globally.
New paleomagnetic data on marine sediments from the Central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Elkina Daria , Frederichs Thomas , Geibert Walter , Matthiessen Jens , Niessen Frank , Piskarev Alexey , Stein Rüdiger
Published: March 2020

Accurate dating of marine sediments from the Arctic Ocean remains a subject of great debate over the last decades. Due to the lack of adequate materials for biostratigraphy and stable isotope analyses, paleomagnetic reconstructions came into play here but though yielded ambiguous interpretations. Moreover, sedimentation rates in the Quaternary, determined for isolated morphological features in the Arctic Ocean, are often applied to the entire Arctic Ocean realm resulting in an inappropriate oversimplification of probably diverging regional depositional regimes.

Paleomagnetic studies on four long sediment cores, collected from the Mendeleev Ridge and the Lomonosov Ridge, complemented by the results from one core from the Podvodnikov Basin, have provided an opportunity to compare the sedimentation history of these profound structures in the Arctic Ocean. Cores PS72/396-5 and PS72/410-3 (Mendeleev Ridge), PS87/023-1, PS87/030-1 (Lomonosov Ridge) and PS87/074-3 (Podvodnikov Basin) were retrieved during expeditions of RV Polarstern in 2008, and 2014. Paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and physical properties measurements were carried out at the Center for Geo-Environmental Research and Modeling (GEOMODEL) of the Research Park in St. Petersburg State University, at the University of Bremen, and the Alfred Wegener Institute.

According to the results on the Mendeleev Ridge’s cores, complemented with 230Th excess study on core PS72/396-5, the Brunhes Matuyama boundary (0.78 Ma) is observed at the first meters below the seafloor. That, together with the Matuyama Gauss transition (2.58 Ma) recorded in both cores, implies the mean sedimentation rate in this area to be in the order of mm/kyr.

In contrast to the Mendeleev Ridge, the cores from the Lomonosov Ridge and the Podvodnikov Basin have shown a more complex paleomagnetic record with a relevant shift to negative inclinations significantly deeper downcore. This could signify a relevant difference in the sedimentation regimes between both ridges during the Quaternary.    
Modelling Jakobshavn Isbrae from 2009 to 2018
Authors: Trevers Matt , Payne Tony , Cornford Steph , Hogg Anna
Published: March 2020

Jakobshavn Isbrae has dramatically accelerated, thinned and retreated since the late 1990s in several stages of retreat and stagnation. Studies have indicated that the loss of buttressing due to retreat of the calving front following the disintegration of its floating ice tongue was the trigger of acceleration and thinning of the terminus, however uncertainty remains over the mechanisms controlling the timing and magnitude of the retreat.

The maximum retreat of the calving front was reached between 2013 and 2015 following the peaking of ice flow speeds in excess of 18 km yr-1. Since 2016, ice flow speeds have decelerated from this peak and the terminus has experienced a modest readvance and thickening. We calculated a calving rate for the period 2009 to 2018 which shows that terminus flow speeds and calving are closely related. Until 2009 a transient loosely bonded ice tongue formed but this feature appears not to have formed from 2010 onwards.

We aim to demonstrate that the signal of thinning and retreat can be reproduced by driving the glacier with the calculated calving rate. We used the BISICLES ice sheet model to simulate the evolution of Jakobshavn Isbrae over the past decade, with the calving front driven by the calculated 2009 – 2018 calving rate. The results of these simulations show that the response of the glacier to the applied calving rate is in line with its observed evolution over this period. We also present the results of further experiments designed to examine the mechanisms and controls on the calving retreat.
Over 1000 rivers accountable for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean
Authors: Meijer Lourens , van Emmerik Tim , van der Ent Ruud , Lebreton Laurent , Schmidt Christian
Published: March 2020

Plastic waste increasingly accumulates in the marine environment, but data on the distribution and quantification of riverine sources, required for development of effective mitigation, are limited. Our new model approach includes geographical distributed data on plastic waste, landuse, wind, precipitation and rivers and calculates the probability for plastic waste to reach a river and subsequently the ocean. This probabilistic approach highlights regions which are likely to emit plastic into the ocean. We calibrated our model using recent field observations and show that emissions are distributed over up to two orders of magnitude more rivers than previously thought. We estimate that over 1,000 rivers are accountable for 80% of global annual emissions which range between 0.8 – 2.7 million metric tons per year, with small urban rivers amongst the most polluting. This high-resolution data allows for focused development of mitigation strategies and technologies to reduce riverine plastic emissions.
Sea-ice Induced Southern Ocean Subsurface Warming and Surface Cooling in a Warming Climate
Authors: Haumann F. Alexander , Gruber Nicolas , Münnich Matthias
Published: March 2020

Much of the Southern Ocean surface south of 55° S cooled and freshened between at least the early 1980s and the early 2010s. Many processes have been proposed to explain the unexpected cooling, including increased winds or increased surface freshwater fluxes from either the atmosphere or glacial meltwater. However, these mechanisms so far failed to fully explain the surface trends and the concurrently observed warming of the subsurface (100 to 500 m). Here, we argue that these trends are predominantly caused by an increased wind-driven northward transport of sea ice, enhancing the extraction of freshwater near Antarctica and releasing it in the open ocean. This conclusion is based on factorial experiments with a regional ocean model. In all experiments with an enhanced northward transport of sea ice, the open-ocean surface between the Subantarctic Front and the sea-ice edge is cooled by strengthening the salinity dominated oceanic stratification. The strengthened stratification reduces the downward mixing of cold surface water and the upward heat loss of the warmer waters below, thus warming the subsurface. This sea-ice induced subsurface warming mostly occurs around West Antarctica, where it likely enhances ice-shelf melting. Moreover, it could account for about 8±2% of the global ocean heat content increase between 1982 and 2011. Antarctic sea-ice changes thereby may have contributed to the slowdown of global surface warming over this period. The important role of sea-ice in driving changes in the high-latitude Southern Ocean are robust across all considered sensitivity cases, although their magnitude is sensitive to the forcing and the role of salinity in controlling the vertical stratification in the mean state. It remains yet unclear whether these sea-ice induced changes are associated with natural variability or a response to anthropogenic forcing.
How to give visibility to soil: attractive and innovative educational initiatives of Spanish Society of SoilScience (SECS)
Authors: Díaz-Raviña Montserrat , Barral-Silva Maria Teresa , Arias-Estévez Manuel , Mataix-Solera Jorge
Published: March 2020

The Spanish Society of Soil Science (www.secs.com.es, SECS) was founded in 1947 by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) with the main objective of promoting the study and knowledge of Soil Science. To achieve the slogan of  2015 International Year of Soils, Healthy soils for a healthy life, taking into account our long experience working with the concept of soil as a living system, we planned several projects and activities to promote the knowledge of this living and non-renewable natural resource among the different sectors of the society. Educational programs and cooperation agreements with different Educational Centers and the Administration as well as collaboration with Universities, Ecology and Nature Associations, National and International Parks, Museums and others Institutions related with the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems, were established in order to get them involved in the Educational Projects (organization, participation, financing). One critical point in the success of the projects was the elaboration of diverse, innovative educational materials to stimulate, in an attractive way, the knowledge of this non-renewable natural resource among different sectors of society as well as the level of implication of persons involved on the projects.

In this contribution we will show some examples of these materials and initiatives concerning different aspects of Soil Science which result to be of interest to the general public: the comic Living in the Soil in different languages (Galician, Spanish, English, Italian and Catalan) and its corresponding Lesson Plans; Vivere nel Suolo: Giornata di Legalitá Ambientale;Vivire nel Suolo: Gionarta Mondiale del Suolo; Would life on the planet be possible without the soil?; Nature in the family; The game of soil; The elaboration of an Artificial Reproduction of a Soil Pedion and its inclusion in different centers related to soil; the creation of a Permanent Soil Room in the Museum of Natural History of Santiago de Compostela University (MHN); temporal exhibition Soil:Art Painting with soils; Pictures of José Caballo; group visits to the MHN and hence to the Permanent Soil Room; Soil Courses and Conferences; participation in Competitions. Our experience indicates that the inclusion of these innovative and attractive materials is very useful in the planning of activities related to soil to give visibility to this non-renewable resource hidden under the vegetation, the soil. We consider that these successful initiatives can be used as a prototype to transmit the message of importance on this natural resource, the soil, and the need of its protection all over the world.

Acknowlegments. All persons and organizations that participate in all these SECS activities and projects.
The Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR): An Interdisciplinary, Networked Approach to Building Canada’s Marine Research Capacity
Authors: Avery Laura , Wallace Doug , Menafra Rodrigo
Published: March 2020

The Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR) is an interdisciplinary Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence, connecting leading marine researchers across the country with trainees, partners and communities. MEOPAR funds research, trains Highly-Qualified Personnel, develops strategic partnerships, and works to support knowledge mobilization in marine challenges and opportunities for the benefit of the Canadian economy and society. As a Network, MEOPAR’s strength lies in our inter-sectoral connections—to researchers, partners, organizations, and Indigenous communities, all of whom have an interest in learning more about risks and opportunities in the marine environment. The Network funds research focusing on the North Atlantic, St. Lawrence, Arctic Ocean, and Salish Sea.

MEOPAR has trained over 700 Highly-Qualified Personnel (“MEOPeers”) since 2012. One in three MEOPeers are international students or researchers who have chosen to study or progress in their research careers in Canada. MEOPAR’s training program builds capacity in interdisciplinary research and 21st-century skills related to marine environmental risk and the required response and policy strategies. Training content is based on MEOPAR's four outcome areas (Ocean Observation; Forecasting and Prediction; Coastal Resilience; and Marine Operations), along with core content areas relevant to Canada’s next generation of marine professionals (Knowledge Translation and Science Communication; Interdisciplinary Research; and Career Development). To help build capacity in marine research, MEOPAR offers a suite of training initiatives to post-secondary students and early-career researchers, including a Postdoctoral Fellowship Award, Early Career Faculty grants, travel awards, workshops, International Research Internship and Visiting Scholar funding, and an Annual Training Meeting. These initiatives provide MEOPeers with value-added training opportunities they would not be able to access through their academic programs or research labs. This poster will introduce MEOPAR’s interdisciplinary and intercultural approaches to training the next generation of marine leaders in Canada. Case studies will feature MEOPeers working in the North Atlantic region who are pursuing value-added training opportunities supported by the Network. 
CCN properties of pollen from selected wind pollinated plants
Authors: Sonnenberg Sebastian , Burkart Julia , Gratzl Jürgen
Published: March 2020

Aerosol particles that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) inuence cloud albedo and lifetime and thereby affect the planetary radiative balance. The indirect aerosol effect on climate is still one of the largest uncertainties and especially the role of biological particles is not yet well described. Pollen grains are primary biological particles that become airborne during the blooming season of plants. Pollen from wind pollinated plants represent a seasonally signifficant portion of the organic aerosol in the atmosphere. Intact pollen grains are rather large (10-100 µm) but under conditions of high humidity pollen grains have been shown to rupture and release cytoplasmic material including a large number of particles much smaller in size (0.5-5 µm).

In this study we extract soluble and insoluble material from several pollen samples (Phleum, Betula, Artimesia, Poa, Corylus and Ambrosia) and investigate the CCN activity of the extracts in a laboratory study. The main component of the experiment is the continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) from Droplet Measurement Technologies (DMT). The CCNC was calibrated with (NH4)2SO4. The activation behavior of (NH4)2SO4 is theoretically well described by Kohler equation. For particles which consist of a multitude of organic components it is convenient to represent the chemical composition through the hygroscopicity parameter κ. In the first part of the experiment, we determine the activation diameter at 5 different supersaturations and calculate the kappa parameter for all pollen samples. We find that the values fall in the range from 0.1-0.2. which is typical for particles composed of organic substances. Extracts from Betula pollen show the highest hygroscopicity (κ = 0.18), while extracts from Artimesia exhibit the lowest hygroscopicity (κ = 0.13). In the second part of the experiment we will also investigate the CCN activity of the insoluble material.
Optimizing rotation management of forest plantations: the effects of carbon accounting methods
Authors: Hou Guolong , Delang Claudio O. , Lu Xixi , Olschewski Roland
Published: March 2020

Forest has great value both in storing carbon and timber production. Afforestation has been widely undertaken across countries to achieve their goals in poverty alleviation and environment protection, specifically in mitigating the atmosphere carbon concentration. This study determines the optimal rotations of different forest types in China’s afforestation projects considering the costs of benefit of afforestation and the carbon value under two different carbon accounting rules, tCER and lCER accounting. The optimal rotation periods of three tree species, Eucalyptus, Chinese fir and Poplar, were estimated using data from various Chinese regions. We apply a modified Hartman rotation model to calculate the optimal rotation period. Results show that at carbon price of 15 USD per t CO2 for a 5-year validation period, the optimal rotation period are all extended with the highest increase (5 years or 29%) found for Chinese fir (E, N, NE) under tCER accounting after considering the value of carbon sequestration. However, the optimal decision for Eucalyptus is extended to 3 years or 60% under lCER accounting. Poplar plantation is less influenced by either tCER or lCER accounting. We further examine the sensitivity of the optimal decision to carbon price and interest rate. Results show the optimal decision of Chinese fir is highly sensitive to the changes of carbon price or interest rate under tCER accounting, while that of Eucalyptus is the most sensitive under lCER accounting. We demonstrate the significant effects of carbon accounting methods and plantation species on the determination of optimal rotation period for afforestation projects. The findings can contribute to the sustainable management of carbon sequestration projects. The methodology can also be applied to other regions in the developing world.
Geological Mapping of the Neruda Quadrangle (H13), Mercury
Authors: Man Benjamin , Rothery David. A. , Balme Matt. R. , Conway Susan. J. , Wright Jack
Published: March 2020

Introduction: 

The Neruda Quadrangle (H-13), Mercury, is one of the final uncharted regions on the planet. With ESA-JAXA’s BepiColombo mission underway, it is imperative that a full set of comprehensive geological maps is produced prior to the spacecraft’s arrival, to provide context for BepiColombo’s studies. Geological mapping of H-13 has commenced as part of the PLANMAP project to map the entire planet at a scale of 1:3M [1–7].

 

Data and Methods: 

The primary base map to be used is the 166m/pixel high-resolution monochrome global mosaic. Additionally, the 665m/pixel enhanced colour global mosaic as well as narrow-angle camera (NAC) images are used for interpretation and quality control. All data were obtained by MESSENGER’s Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS). ArcGIS software is used for mapping following both USGS and PLANMAP practices. The map is projected as a Lambert Conformable Conic. To enable accurate correlation with neighbouring quadrangles, a 5° overlap is being mapped.

 

Mapping Units and Features: 

Mercury’s geological terrains are divided into four overarching units: Crater Materials, Smooth Plains, Intermediate Plains and Intercrater Plains [8]. Crater Materials are further subdivided based on the degree of crater degradation with both three class [2] and five class classifications being mapped [8].

Structural features such as lobate scarps, wrinkle ridges and high-relief ridges are distinguished using linework.

 

Acknowledgements:

Gratitude is given to STFC and the Open University Space Strategic Research Area that make this research possible (ST/T506321/1). PLANMAP is European Commission H2020 grant 776276.

 

References:

[1] Galluzzi et al (2017) EGU G. Assembly. [2] Galluzzi et al (2016) JoM, 12, 227–238. [3] Mancinelli et al (2016) JoM, 12, 190–202. [4] Guzzetta et al (2017) JoM, 3, 227–238. [5] Wright et al (2019) JoM, 15, 509–520. [6] Pegg et al (2019) LPSC Abstracts. [7] Malliband et al (2019) LPSC Abstracts. [8] Spudis & Guest (1988) Mercury.
Overview of the first year of the NEMO global 1/36° configuration (ORCA36) development
Authors: Bricaud Clement , Castrillo Miguel
Published: March 2020

Mercator Ocean International operates global high-resolution forecasting systems in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. The current system has a 1/12° resolution. In order to prepare the increase of its resolution, the development of a new global configuration has started in 2019, with a higher resolution (1/36°). This configuration is also expected in the H2020 IMMERSE project as a demonstrator for the HPC improvements developed in NEMO OGCM and in the H2020 ESIWACE2 project as a demonstrator for production runs at unprecedented resolution on pre-exascale supercomputers. We present here the first 0RCA36 configuration and the first results of a simulation performed on several months forced

by ERAinterim with NEMO 4. We compare it with its twin global ¼° and 1/12° configurations. We also present some results of NEMO 4/ORCA36 performances and scalability, performed by BSC on Mare Nostrum supercomputer.
Solar Orbiter: Europe's mission to the Sun
Authors: Zouganelis Yannis , Mueller Daniel , St Cyr Chris , Gilbert Holly , Nieves-Chinchilla Teresa
Published: March 2020

ESA’s Solar Orbiter mission is scheduled for launch in February 2020, and will focus on exploring the linkage between the Sun and the heliosphere. It is a collaborative mission with NASA that will collect unique data that will allow us to study, e.g., the coupling between macroscopic physical processes to those on kinetic scales, the generation of solar energetic particles and their propagation into the heliosphere, and the origin and acceleration of solar wind plasma. By approaching as close as 0.28 AU, Solar Orbiter will view the Sun with high spatial resolution and combine this with in-situ measurements of the surrounding heliosphere. Over the course of the mission, the highly elliptical orbit will get progressively more inclined to the ecliptic plane. Thanks to this new perspective, Solar Orbiter will deliver images and comprehensive data of the unexplored Sun’s polar regions and the side of the Sun not visible from Earth. This talk will provide a mission overview, highlight synergies with NASA’s Parker Solar Probe and summarise current status.
The impact of a parameterisation of submesoscale mixed layer eddies on mixed layer depths in the NEMO ocean model
Authors: Calvert Daley , Nurser George , Bell Mike , Fox-Kemper Baylor
Published: March 2020

A parameterisation scheme for restratification of the mixed layer by submesoscale mixed layer eddies is implemented in the NEMO ocean model. Its impact on the mixed layer depth (MLD) is examined in 30-year integrations of "uncoupled" ocean-ice and "coupled" atmosphere-ocean-ice-land global climate configurations used by the Met Office Hadley Centre. The specification of the mixed-layer Rossby radius in the scheme is shown to affect its impact on the MLD in the 1/4 degree uncoupled configuration by up to a factor of 2 in subtropical and mid-latitudes. This factor has been limited in the extent to which small mixed-layer Rossby radii are utilised to guard against CFL-type instabilities in the scheme, but such a limit was not found to be necessary for this implementation. An alternative form of the scheme is described that approximates the mixed-layer Rossby radius as a function only of latitude. This form is shown to yield similar results to the original formulation for an appropriate choice of parameters. The global mean impact of the scheme on the MLD is found to be almost twice as large in the 1 degree and 2 degree uncoupled configurations as it is in the 1/4 degree configuration, although the parameterised vertical buoyancy fluxes have closer agreement. This is shown to be the result of the scheme overcompensating for the decay in strength of resolved mixed layer density fronts in this model with decreasing horizontal grid resolution. The MLD criterion defining the depth scale of the scheme is shown to affect its global mean impact on the MLD by nearly a factor of 3 in the 1/4 degree uncoupled and coupled configurations, depending on whether the criterion is chosen to capture the actively mixing layer or well-mixed layer. Climatological MLD biases are improved overall in both cases, substantively reducing deep winter biases whilst slightly increasing shallow summer biases.
Moringa oleifera seeds for single and simultaneous removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions
Authors: Abatal Mohamed , Durán Avendaño Yaneth Stephanie , Olguin M. Teresa , Vargas Joel
Published: March 2020

In this study, we report the effectiveness of natural and NaOH treated Moringa oleifera seeds for single and simultaneous Pb2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions. The biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The pH of point zero charge (pHpzc) was determined. Effects of contact time (15-1440 min), pH of solutions (2-10), mass of biosorbent (0.1-0.5 g) and initial metal ion concentration (10-1000 mg/L) were investigated using batch tests. The results show the pretreatment of biosorbent by NaOH improve significantly uptake capacity (mg/g) of the metal ions (q (Pb2+) = 38.45 and q (Cd2+) = 17.32 ˃ q (Pb2+) = 31.45 and q (Cd2+)= 14.67). Kinetic studies shown that the more than 90 % uptake of ion metals occurring within 120-180 min and the experimental data were better describe by a pseudo-second-order model. The sorption data for non-treated and NaOH treated Moringa oleifera seeds were evaluated by the Freundlich isotherm models to describe the adsorption equilibrium.