bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circadian Variation in Placental and Hepatic Clock Genes in Rat Pregnancy
Authors: Wharfe Michaela D. , Mark Peter J. , Waddell Brendan J.
Published: July 2011

Clock genes drive circadian rhythms in a range of physiological processes both centrally and in peripheral tissues such as the liver. The aims of this study were to determine whether the two functionally-distinct zones of the rat placenta (junctional and labyrinth) differentially express clock genes and, if so, whether these exhibit circadian patterns. Rats were sampled from d 21 of pregnancy (term = d 23) and from diestrus I of the estrous cycle. Adult liver (all animals), fetal liver, and placental zones (pregnant animals) were collected at 0800, 1400, 2000, and 0200 h. Both zones of the rat placenta expressed all seven canonical clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, and Cry2), but there were marked zonal differences and, unlike in maternal liver, circadian variation in placenta was limited. Similarly, placental expression of Vegf varied with zone but not time of day. Pregnancy also led to marked changes in hepatic clock gene expression, with peak levels of Per1, Cry1, and Cry2 all reduced, Per3 increased, and circadian variation in Clock expression lost. All clock genes were expressed in fetal liver, but there was less circadian variation than in maternal liver. Similarly, fetal corticosterone levels remained stable across the day, whereas maternal corticosterone showed clear circadian variation. In conclusion, our data show that the rat placenta expresses all canonical clock genes in a highly zone-specific manner but with relatively little circadian variation. Moreover, pregnancy alters the expression and circadian variation of clock genes in maternal liver, possibly contributing to maternal physiological adaptations.
Ethylene inhibits lateral root development, increases IAA transport and expression of PIN3 and PIN7 auxin efflux carriers
Authors: Lewis Daniel R. , Negi Sangeeta , Sukumar Poornima , Muday Gloria K.
Published: July 2011

We used genetic and molecular approaches to identify mechanisms by which the gaseous plant hormone ethylene reduces lateral root formation and enhances polar transport of the hormone auxin. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, aux1, lax3, pin3 and pin7, which are defective in auxin influx and efflux proteins, were less sensitive to the inhibition of lateral root formation and stimulation of auxin transport following treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). By contrast, pin2 and abcb19 mutants exhibited wild-type ACC responses. ACC and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased the abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport proteins in an ETR1 and EIN2 (ethylene signaling)-dependent and TIR1 (auxin receptor)-dependent fashion, respectively. The effects of ACC on these transcripts and on lateral root development were still present in the tir1 mutant, suggesting independent signaling networks. ACC increased auxin-induced gene expression in the root apex, but decreased expression in regions where lateral roots form and reduced free IAA in whole roots. The ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) had opposite effects on auxin-dependent gene expression. These results suggest that ACC affects root development by altering auxin distribution. PIN3- and PIN7-GFP fluorescence was increased or decreased after ACC or AVG treatment, respectively, consistent with the role of PIN3 and PIN7 in ACC-elevated transport. ACC treatment abolished a localized depletion of fluorescence of PIN3- and PIN7-GFP, normally found below the site of primordia formation. These results suggest that ACC treatment increased PIN3 and PIN7 expression, resulting in elevated auxin transport, which prevented the localized accumulation of auxin needed to drive lateral root formation.
p62/SQSTM1 in autophagic clearance of a non-ubiquitylated substrate
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihisa , Tanaka Masaki
Published: July 2011

Proteolytic systems and the aggresome pathway contribute to preventing accumulation of cytotoxic aggregation-prone proteins. Although polyubiquitylation is usually required for degradation or aggresome formation, several substrates are processed independently of ubiquitin through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we found that p62/SQSTM1, a multifunctional adaptor protein, was involved in the selective autophagic clearance of a non-ubiquitylated substrate, namely an aggregation-prone isoform of STAT5A (STAT5A_ΔE18). By using a cell line that stably expressed STAT5A_ΔE18, we investigated the properties of its aggregation and degradation. We found that STAT5A_ΔE18 formed non-ubiquitylated aggresomes and/or aggregates by impairment of proteasome functioning or autophagy. Transport of these aggregates to the perinuclear region was inhibited by trichostatin A or tubacin, inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC), indicating that the non-ubiquitylated aggregates of STAT5A_ΔE18 were sequestered into aggresomes in an HDAC6-dependent manner. Moreover, p62 was bound to STAT5A_ΔE18 through its PB1 domain, and the oligomerization of p62 was required for this interaction. In p62-knockdown experiments, we found that p62 was required for autophagic clearance of STAT5A_ΔE18 but not for its aggregate formation, suggesting that the binding of p62 to non-ubiquitylated substrates might trigger their autophagic clearance.
The C-terminal tail of tetraspanin protein CD9 contributes to its function and molecular organization
Authors: Wang Hong-Xing , Kolesnikova Tatiana V. , Denison Carilee , Gygi Steven P. , Hemler Martin E.
Published: July 2011

Tetraspanin protein CD9 supports sperm–egg fusion, and regulates cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, proliferation and signaling. The large extracellular loop and transmembrane domains of CD9 engage in functionally important interactions with partner proteins. However, neither functional nor biochemical roles have been shown for the CD9 C-terminal tail, despite it being highly conserved throughout vertebrate species. To gain new insight into the CD9 tail, three C-terminal amino acids (Glu-Met-Val) were replaced with residues corresponding to C-terminal amino acids from tetraspanin protein CD82 (Pro-Lys-Tyr). Wild-type and mutant CD9 were then stably expressed in MOLT-4, K562, U937, RD and HT1080 cells. Whereas wild-type CD9 inhibited cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin, mutant CD9 did not. Wild-type CD9 also promoted homotypic cell–cell aggregation and microvilli formation, whereas mutant CD9 did not. Protein interactions of wild-type and mutant CD9 were compared quantitatively using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in conjunction with liquid-chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. SILAC results showed that, despite wild-type and mutant CD9 having identical expression levels, mutant CD9 and its major transmembrane interacting partners were recovered in substantially reduced amounts from 1% Brij 96 lysates. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that mutant CD9 recovery was decreased in Brij 96, but not in more stringent Triton X-100 detergent. Additionally, compared with wild-type CD9 complexes, mutant CD9 complexes were larger and more oligomerized in Brij 96 detergent, consistent with decreased Brij 96 solubility, perhaps due to more membrane domains packing more tightly together. In conclusion, multiple CD9 functions depend on its C-terminal tail, which affects the molecular organization of CD9 complexes, as manifested by their altered solubilization in Brij 96 and organization on the cell surface.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of preclinical studies: Publication bias in laboratory animal experiments
Authors: Korevaar D A , Hooft L , Ter Riet G
Published: July 2011

In 2006, Peters et al. identified 86 systematic reviews (SRs) of laboratory animal experiments (LAEs). They found 46 LAE meta-analyses (MAs), often of poor quality. Six of these 46 MAs tried to assess publication bias. Publication bias is the phenomenon of an experiment's results determining its likelihood of publication, often over-representing positive findings. As such, publication bias is the Achilles heel of any SR. Since researchers increasingly become aware of the fact that SRs directly support the ‘three Rs’, we expect the number of SRs of LAEs will sharply increase. Therefore, it is useful to see how publication bias is dealt with. Our objective was to identify all SRs and MAs of LAEs where the purpose was to inform human health published between July 2005 and 2010 with special attention to MAs’ quality features and publication bias. We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Toxline and ScienceDirect from July 2005 to 2010, updating Peters’ review. LAEs not directly informing human health or concerning fundamental biology were excluded. We found 2780 references of which 163 met the inclusion criteria: 158 SRs, of which 30 performed an MA, and five MAs without an SR. The number of SRs roughly doubled every three years since 1997. The number of MAs roughly doubled every five years since 1999. Compared with before July 2005, more MAs were preceded by SR and reported on (quality) features of included studies and heterogeneity. A statistically significant proportion of MAs considered publication bias (26/35) and tried to formally assess it (21 /35).
Dynamics of Spray – Swirl – Acoustics Interactions
Authors: Kumara Gurubaran R. , Sujith R. I.
Published: July 2011

Combustors with fuel-spray atomizers are particularly susceptible to pressure or velocity oscillations resulting from the occurrence of thermoacoustic oscillations. Experimental investigations of distilled water spray – swirl – acoustic interactions are presented. The presence of a swirl flow field alters the behavior of water spray drastically. Investigations showed complex behavior of water sprays in an acoustic cycle. In the presence of acoustic oscillations the phase averaged droplet diameter variation with in an acoustic cycle is more at the axial locations compared with off axis locations. The phase averaged axial velocity variation of the droplets is high compared to that of phase averaged radial and tangential velocities with in an acoustic cycle. Periodic clustering of droplets in the spray field is observed in the presence of acoustic field. A maximum particle count of 14 times the minimum count in a phase angle bin is observed within an acoustic cycle for the acoustic pressure amplitude of 3000 Pa. The droplet diameter distribution in the spray field is affected in the presence of acoustic oscillations.
Single Cavity Trapped Vortex Combustor Dynamics – Part-2: Simulations
Authors: Singhal Atul , Ravikrishna R. V.
Published: July 2011

The first part described a versatile TVC test rig capable of a continuously variable length-to-depth ratio (L/D) of the cavity and optical access through quartz plates provided on three sides for visualization. Flame stabilization in the single cavity TVC was successfully achieved with methane as fuel and the range of flow conditions for stable operation were identified. From these, a few cases were selected for detailed experimentation, the results of which were presented in part-1. The results indicated that reducing L/D ratio and increasing cavity-air velocity favour stable combustion. In the present paper, numerical simulations are performed to ascertain reasons for some of the trends. The predicted temperatures at the exit showed reasonably good agreement with measured values. The experiments are also performed for different flow conditions to ascertain stability limits of the combustor. Insight from these set of experiments along with simulations has highlighted the importance of air and fuel injection strategies in the cavity. It was observed in the experiments that for certain cases involving moderate cavity-air velocity, the flame tend to blowout whereas at higher and lower cavity-air velocities, the flame was observed to be stable. This observation could be explained based on understanding obtained from simulations. From a mixing and combustion efficiency standpoint, it is desirable to have a cavity vortex that is anti-clockwise. However, natural tendency for flow over a cavity is to form a vortex that is clockwise. The tendency to blowout at higher inlet flow velocities is thought to be because of these two opposing effects. This basic understating of cavity flow dynamics can be used for further design improvements in future to improve flame stability at higher inlet flow velocities.
Examples of the Potential of DNS for the Understanding of Reactive Multiphase Flows
Authors: Reveillon J. , Pera C. , Bouali Z.
Published: July 2011

The objective of this article is to point out the ability of the multiphase flow DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) to help to understand basic physics and to interpret some experimental observations. To illustrate the DNS' potential to give access to key phenomena involved in reactive multiphase flows, several recent results obtained by the authors are summed up with a bridge to experimental results. It includes droplet dispersion, laminar spray flame instability, spray combustion regimes or acoustic modulation effect on a two-phase flow Bunsen burner. As a perspective, two-phase flow DNS auto-ignition is considered thanks to a skeletal mechanism for the n-heptane chemistry involving 29 species and 52 reactions. Results highlight evaporating droplet effects on the auto-ignition process that is generally dramatically modified by spray distribution resulting from the turbulent fluid motion. This paper shows that DNS is a powerful tool to understand the intricate coupling between the evaporating spray, the turbulent fluid motion and the detailed chemistry, inseparable in the experimental context.
Caregiver Report of Executive Functioning in a Population-Based Sample of Young Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Lee Nancy Raitano , Fidler Deborah J. , Blakeley-Smith Audrey , Daunhauer Lisa , Robinson Cordelia , Hepburn Susan L.
Published: July 2011

The current study describes everyday executive function (EF) profiles in young children with Down syndrome. Caregivers of children with Down syndrome (n  =  26; chronological ages  =  4–10 years; mental ages  =  2–4 years) completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool (BRIEF-P; G. A. Gioia, K. A. Espy, & P. K. Isquith, 2003), a caregiver report measure of everyday/functional EF skills in multiple domains. On the BRIEF-P, elevations were noted on a global EF composite as well as the Working Memory and Plan/Organize scales in particular (relative to norms developed for typically developing children of a similar mental age). These results suggest a specific pattern of EF weaknesses in young children with Down syndrome, consistent with the extant literature that has focused primarily on older individuals who have been tested using laboratory EF tasks.
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in Norway spruce during the first and second desorptions
Authors: Hoffmeyer Preben , Engelund Emil Tang , Thygesen Lisbeth G.
Published: July 2011

It is a commonly accepted notion that the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood at a given relative humidity (RH) is highest during initial desorption of green wood due to an irreversible loss of hygroscopicity during the 1st desorption. The basis for this notion is investigated by assessing how drying and saturation procedures influence the differences between the 1st and the 2nd desorption curves for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sapwood. The study establishes 1st and 2nd desorption isotherms for a variety of initial conditions and it covers the RH range from 60.1% to 99.9%. The state of the water is not affected by oven-drying and rewetting as demonstrated by time domain low field NMR relaxometry. The results challenge the conclusions of earlier studies and indicate that in these studies the 2nd desorption was initiated at much too low EMC and therefore fails to describe a boundary desorption isotherm. Instead, it becomes an intermediate desorption isotherm starting at the adsorption boundary curve and crossing over to eventually meet the desorption boundary curve. The results also show that vacuum drying at room temperature only gives a modest loss of hygroscopicity compared to the green state. Conversely, oven-drying at 103°C results in a more significant loss of hygroscopicity, except for RH above 96% where an increase in EMC surprisingly is seen.
A rheological description of the water vapour sorption kinetics behaviour of wood invoking a model using a canonical assembly of Kelvin-Voigt elements and a possible link with sorption hysteresis
Authors: Hill Callum A.S. , Keating Barbara A. , Jalaludin Zaihan , Mahrdt Eike
Published: July 2011

The dynamic vapour sorption behaviour of two Malaysian hardwoods, acacia (Acacia mangiumWild) and sesendok (Endospermum malaccenseBentexMüll. Arg.) was studied over a narrow temperature range (20–40°C). The rate of sorption or desorption of water into or out of the wood cell wall was considered to be limited by the viscoelastic behaviour of the material and the sorption kinetics was accordingly analysed in terms of a canonical series of Kelvin-Voigt elements. A two series and three series model have been applied to the kinetic data and the results are compared. Characteristic times and moisture contents were obtained from the models. The Arrhenius equation was used in conjunction with the reciprocals of the characteristic times to calculate the activation energy and activation entropy of sorption, and the Gibbs free energy of activation for the sorption process was also determined. This is the first time that entropy of activation and Gibbs free energy of activation for sorption processes with wood have been reported. Interpretation of these data invokes a model describing the polymeric relaxation processes occurring within the cell wall during adsorption or desorption. A possible link between sorption kinetics, polymeric relaxation processes, and sorption hysteresis is discussed.
12 Jahre Euro. Aus ruhigen Gewässern in stürmische See
Authors: Becker Werner
Published: July 2011

Währungen sind Sorgenkinder. Ganz besonders gilt das für den jungen Euro, und ganz besonders gilt das für die Deutschen, die im 20. Jahrhundert zwei schwere Geldkrisen erlebten und vor zwölf Jahren ihre harte DM für die neue Währung opferten. Hat es sich gelohnt oder hatten die Skeptiker recht, die dem Euro ein Debakel prophezeiten? Diese Fragen stellt sich Werner Becker, als Mitglied der Deutschen Bank ein prominenter Insider, der weiß, wovon er spricht.
Effects of Fatigue on Immune Function in Nurses Performing Shift Work
Authors: Nagai Makie , Morikawa Yuko , Kitaoka Kazuyo , Nakamura Koshi , Sakurai Masaru , Nishijo Muneko , Hamazaki Yuko , Maruzeni Shoko , Nakagawa Hideaki
Published: July 2011

Effects of Fatigue on Immune Function in Nurses Performing Shift Work: Makie Nagai, et al. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University—

Objectives

We investigated the effects of fatigue on NK cell function and lymphocyte subpopulations in nurses performing shift work using a longitudinal design.

Methods

Fiftyseven female nurses engaged in shift work at a hospital in Japan were selected for our study cohort. The hospital used a counterclockwise rotating three‐shift system. Night shifts followed day shifts after a sevenhour interval. Immune parameters measured at the beginning of the day shift through to the end of the night shift were compared between two groups stratified by their level of fatigue. Statistical differences were evaluated after adjusting for baseline immune values and other demographic features.

Results

Subjective feelings of fatigue increased progressively from the beginning of day shifts to the end of night shifts. From the beginning of day shifts to the end of night shifts, NK cell activity and CD16+CD56+ lymphocytes decreased, while CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes increased. The group with the greater increase in fatigue showed a larger decrease in NK cell activity and a larger increase in CD4+lymphocytes when compared with the group reporting less fatigue. These indings did not change after adjusting for demographic factors and sleep hours.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that shift work has deleterious effects on NK cell function and that the effects depend on the degree of fatigue. Proper management of shift work may lessen fatigue in workers and also ameliorate many health problems experienced by shift workers.
Oxide-Based Electrochromics: Advances in Materials and Devices
Authors: Granqvist C. G. , Bayrak Pehlivan İ. , Green S. V. , Lansåker P. C. , Niklasson G. A.
Published: July 2011

Electrochromic (EC) devices are able to vary their throughput of visible light and solar energy by the application of a voltage. They are of much interest for “smart” windows in buildings and are able to create energy efficiency, occupant well being, and security. This paper gives a survey over oxide-based EC device technology and also presents some recent advances regarding EC thin films of mixed metal oxides, nanoparticle-containing electrolytes to join these films, and metal-based transparent electrical conductors needed to apply the voltage.
A Study Of A Korean Kindergarten's Use Of Buddhist-Oriented 'Meditation Projects' to Increase Creative Art Expression In Painting
Authors: Lee Su-kyung
Published: July 2011

This article gives an overview of Buddhist-oriented meditation techniques that were integrated with art projects for four and five year old kindergarten children at Dong Guk Kindergarten, Gyeongju City, South Korea. The article assesses the effect of this program on the creatvitiy levels of the children.
Prevenção integrada: novas perspectivas para as políticas de segurança no Brasil
Authors: Azevedo Rodrigo Ghiringhelli de
Published: July 2011

O presente artigo busca identificar os elementos constitutivos de uma nova perspectiva de tratamento da conflitualidade social contemporânea. Parte-se do reconhecimento dos limites do paradigma reativo, característico da modernidade em matéria penal, pautado pela lógica formal e dogmática da normatividade estatal. Se de um lado a crise deste paradigma leva ao recrudescimento do punitivismo, com propostas de aumento de penas e da utilização das mesmas não mais para retribuir ao delito ou reinserir o indivíduo na sociedade, mas como mecanismo de pura e simples contenção, e à supressão de garantias em nome da eficiência e do combate ao crime, de outro, surgem por toda parte experiências de gestão da segurança baseadas na participação cidadã e no engajamento da sociedade civil em políticas de inclusão social e controle público da atuação da polícia e do sistema penal.
Administração de justiça e construção de hegemonia
Authors: Cortizo María del Carmen
Published: July 2011

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a participação da Administração de Justiça nos processos de formação e expansão da cultura jurídica. Nesse sentido, e tendo como pressuposto que os juízes expandem a cultura jurídica através das suas práticas judiciais, afirma-se que somente uma reforma intelectual e moral, no sentido gramsciano do conceito, que compreenda a todas as pessoas (incluindo os operadores de direito) possui a capacidade de produzir uma transformação radicalmente democrática dessa mesma cultura. Afirma-se também que muitas possibilidades, no caminho assinalado, abrem-se a partir do núcleo de bom senso presente no senso comum jurídico. Ainda assim torna-se indispensável a democratização interna do Judiciário e o controle externo das suas atividades jurisdicionais.
Política social focalizada e ajuste fiscal: as duas faces do governo Lula
Authors: Druck Graça , Filgueiras Luiz
Published: July 2011

Este texto tem por objetivo analisar a natureza e as principais características da política social do governo Lula, evidenciando a sua estreita relação com a política econômica liberal-ortodoxa legada do governo anterior como uma 'herança maldita', mas mantida e aprofundada pelo novo governo. Portanto, mais do que esmiuçar todos os detalhes e dimensões dessa política social, o objetivo é o de apreender o seu conteúdo e significado político-econômico maior, a partir daquilo que lhe é central e que a define politicamente, inclusive em termos simbólicos, qual seja: o programa focalizado de combate à pobreza denominado Bolsa Família.
Ciudadanía, sociedad civil y participación en políticas públicas: la experiencia de los foros vecinales de seguridad en el municipio de La Plata
Authors: Sarmiento Julio , Tello Claudia , Segura Ramiro
Published: July 2011

El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación sobre la participación ciudadana en políticas de seguridad, desarrollada en el municipio de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina¹. El trabajo se centra en el análisis de las prácticas de participación observadas en los foros vecinales de seguridad y en la significación que los foristas le asignan a las mismas. Cabe aclarar que para el desarrollo de la investigación se recurrió a técnicas cualitativas de recolección y análisis de datos, como la observación participante, entrevistas a informantes clave y entrevistas a foristas. Una conclusión importante a la que se arriba es que la participación no aprovecha todas las posibilidades de la política pública, en tanto en los foros se expresa una 'ciudadanía limitada'. Un ejemplo de ello es la autoidentificación de los foristas como 'vecinos', una categoría más bien despolitizada y moral. Finalmente, se espera que el artículo pueda convertirse en un aporte, desde un estudio empírico, al debate sobre la significación política de la participación de la sociedad civil en políticas públicas.
Espaços públicos, participação e clientelismo: um estudo de caso sobre o orçamento participativo em Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Neves Angela Vieira
Published: July 2011

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os desafios dos espaços públicos na cultura política brasileira, para tanto é apresentado um estudo de caso sobre o orçamento participativo no município de Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro. O texto está dividido em três seções, a primeira dedicada ao trato dos desafios das experiências de orçamento participativo na cultura política brasileira, enquanto a segunda analisa a experiência Barra Mansa. Por último são mencionados os conflitos gerados entre o legislativo municipal e a implementação dos espaços participativos. No segmento, relatam-se alguns dos efeitos políticos constatados: a resistência dos vereadores frente ao OP, tensionando a cultura política fundada no favor; a perda de poder político do vereador, por sentir-se prejudicado, ameaçado e desprestigiado pelo Executivo; a disputa política criada entre os vereadores e os representantes da sociedade civil já que o OP possibilitou a formação de novas lideranças locais.
Democracia e participação na gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil
Authors: Jacobi Pedro Roberto , Barbi Fabiana
Published: July 2011

Este artigo aborda o fortalecimento do espaço público e a abertura da gestão pública à participação da sociedade civil na elaboração de suas políticas públicas. Trata, também, da sempre complexa e contraditória institucionalização de práticas inovadoras que marcam rupturas com a dinâmica predominante em áreas e setores da administração, especificamente na gestão ambiental. Apresenta uma reflexão focalizada na gestão pública compartilhada dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e nas transformações qualitativas na relação entre Estado e sociedade, como referências de inflexão e reforço das políticas públicas centradas na ampliação da cidadania. Assinala, nas conclusões, os impactos das práticas participativas, que, apesar de controversas, apontam para uma nova qualidade de vida, que abre novos espaços sociopolíticos e influencia qualitativamente na transformação do estado atual da gestão de recursos hídricos no Brasil.
Cooperação econômica versus competitividade social
Authors: Arroyo João Cláudio Tupinambá
Published: July 2011

As estratégias de cooperação econômica, presentes desde as sociedades primitivas, indicam que a presidência da lógica da 'competição' é uma importante distorção promovida pelo modo capitalista de produção e vivência que apartou o trabalhador do trabalho, desumanizando as relações sociais e políticas. Cooperação e competição possuem interações e complementaridades possíveis de potencializar um desenvolvimento humano desde que sob as premissas da economia solidária. Interação que traz efetiva agregação de valor ao processo econômico. A principal estratégia cooperativa está na lógica das teorias que fundamentam os aglomerados e arranjos econômicos. E a construção sociocultural capaz de tornar esta opção uma construção hegemônica se articula, hoje, em torno da economia solidária.
Padrões do estupro no fluxo do sistema de justiça criminal em Campinas, São Paulo
Authors: Vargas Joana Domingues
Published: July 2011

Esta pesquisa apresenta a análise longitudinal dos registros, produzidos na Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher, no Ministério Público e nas Varas Criminais, do município de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, que permite identificar tanto as características do estupro (acusados, vítimas e relação existente entre eles), quanto os processos de seleção e de filtragem a que estes são submetidos no decorrer de seu processamento. Os resultados encontrados para Campinas inserem-se nos padrões das queixas de estupro encontrados nos estudos internacionais. Estes indicam que estupro é uma categoria heterogênea, embora os agressores sejam invariavelmente homens e as vítimas jovens. Por outro lado, quando se analisa o processo de seleção criminal, observa-se a filtragem das tipologias encontradas na fase de queixa em três padrões para o crime de estupro: intrafamiliar, cometido por agressor desconhecido e entre jovens que se conhecem.
Judiciarização das relações sociais e estratégias de reconhecimento: repensando a 'violência conjugal' e a 'violência intrafamiliar'
Authors: Rifiotis Theophilos
Published: July 2011

Trata-se de um ensaio sobre os movimentos sociais que lutam contra a 'violência conjugal' e contra a 'violência intrafamiliar', colocando em debate especialmente a estratégia da chamada 'conquista de ganhos jurídicos'. Aborda-se, inicialmente, a noção de 'violência', problematizando a sua pertinência teórica e seus limites analíticos. Num segundo momento, discute-se a centralidade e/ou exclusividade das medidas no âmbito da judiciarização, especialmente a Delegacia da Mulher, e seus limites e dilemas em termos de lutas por reconhecimento social. A seguir, apresenta-se um esboço da teoria sobre lutas por reconhecimento social fundamentado na obra de Axel Honneth, destacando a base moral das demandas por justiça e a complexidade de sua tradução em termos de direitos. Finalmente, o trabalho aponta para uma leitura crítica da judiciarização das relações sociais, insistindo sobre o caráter tridimensional das lutas por reconhecimento e a pluralidade da agenda política no campo da 'violência conjugal' e 'violência intrafamiliar'.
Bioética, violência e desigualdade: as biociências e a constituição do biopoder
Authors: Sarmento Hélder Boska de Moraes
Published: July 2011

A sociedade contemporânea está atravessada por contradições e paradoxos, dentre os quais vale destacar a relação entre a alta tecnologia e, a pior situação humana, a miséria. Resultado das escolhas éticas e políticas desta era tecnológica, vive-se em situações de fronteira, nas quais as biociências desempenham papel central, tanto no volume de conhecimentos gerados, como na utilização de seus resultados, que, sem controle social, ampliam desigualdades. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar o quanto as biociências articulam-se com o desenvolvimento científico dos países inovadores de tecnologia, criando uma nova relação de poder, violento e desigual para os que apenas a consomem, denominado de biopoder. Daí a necessidade de uma bioética crítica capaz de empreender reflexões sobre os procedimentos técnicos, os fundamentos da atividade científica, sua aplicabilidade e relação com o mercado, oportunizando uma 'ponte' na tomada de decisões para que a própria ciência não se torne um obstáculo à democracia.
Trabalho e reestruturação produtiva no Brasil neoliberal: precarização do trabalho e redundância salarial
Authors: Alves Giovanni
Published: July 2011

O objetivo do artigo é tratar das mutações sociais que ocorrem no mundo do trabalho a partir da era neoliberal no Brasil. Examina-se a precarização do trabalho como sendo elemento compositivo do novo metabolismo social que emerge com a reestruturação produtiva do capital e a constituição do Estado neoliberal. Apresenta-se como bases objetivas da precarização do trabalho, a intensificação (e ampliação) da exploração (e espoliação) da força de trabalho, o desmonte de coletivos de trabalho e de resistência sindical-corporativa; assim como a fragmentação social nas cidades em virtude do crescimento exacerbado do desemprego em massa.
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Nonsyndromic Individuals with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tannure Patricia Nivoloni , Oliveira Cristiana Aroeira G.R. , Maia Lucianne Copie , Vieira Alexandre R. , Granjeiro José Mauro , de Castro Costa Marcelo
Published: July 2011

Objective

To assess whether individuals born with nonsyndromic oral clefts display a higher frequency of dental anomalies.

Design

A search of MEDLINE, BIREME, OVID ALL EMB Reviews, and The Cochrane Library was conducted. The methodologic quality of the papers selected was assessed and scored. Papers reporting observational controlled studies of nonsyndromic forms of oral cleft matched for dental anomalies in primary and/or permanent teeth were included without language restrictions. Eligible studies were scored as “A”—low risk of bias, “B”—moderate risk of bias, or “C”—high risk of bias and poor quality. Fixed and random effects models were used to aggregate individual odds ratios (OR) and to derive pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Six studies fulfilled our selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Three distinct subgroup analyses were carried out in terms of dental anomalies. In the tooth agenesis meta-analysis, a random effects model was used because of heterogeneity and showed a significant association between tooth agenesis and oral clefts (OR = 12.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.75 to 40.36). In the remaining analyses, the fixed effects model revealed a positive association between supernumerary (OR = 4.99; 95% CI, 2.58 to 9.64) and crown morphologic abnormalities (OR = 5.69; 95% CI, 3.96 to 8.19) with oral clefts. Most included studies were of low to moderate quality.

Conclusion

Although general limitations in study design were observed, the evidence suggests that a higher number of dental anomalies in the permanent dentition are noted in individuals born with oral clefts.
The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on the Goslon Score of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Southall Peter , Walters Mark , Singer Steven
Published: July 2011

Objective

To assess the effect of orthodontic treatment on Goslon Yardstick outcome.

Design

Retrospective study.

Patients

A series of 66 consecutive patients born with a complete unilateral left lip and palate. Patients were sorted into a nontreatment group (n = 47) and a treatment group (n = 19).

Method

Three assessors trained in the use of the Goslon Yardstick ranked the dental arch relationships of study casts taken at 6 and 9 years.

Results

There was only a fair agreement (κ = .33) between 6- and 9-year Goslon Yardstick scores for the cohort of 66 patients, with a significant (p < .05) difference in the mean score at 6 years (3.17 ± 0.8) and at 9 years (2.88 ± 1.0). Removal of 19 subjects who had orthodontic inventions prior to taking of the 9-year-old study cast improved the agreement to moderate (κ = .52). There was no significant difference (p > .05) in mean scores at 6 and 9 years (3.13 ± 0.9 and 3.17 ± 1.03, respectively). The treatment group exhibited significant differences (p < .001) with mean Goslon Yardstick scores of 3.0 ± 0.9 at 6 and 2.25 ± 0.45 at 9 years.

Conclusions

The inclusion of patients who had received orthodontic treatment prior to taking of study casts being used for Goslon Yardstick scoring can result in a more favorable outcome. Patients who have received active orthodontic treatment prior to taking of dental casts should be excluded or accounted for in audits to assess primary cleft surgical outcome in patients with a unilateral cleft lip and palate.
A Very Rare Cause of Asymmetric Velopharyngeal Incompetence: Unilateral Palate Hypoplasia
Authors: Özgür Figen , Kamburoǧlu Haldun Onuralp
Published: July 2011

Asymmetric velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) may be caused by neuromuscular disorders, trauma, tumor resection, cleft palate, or unilateral hypoplasia of the velum and pharynx. However, VPI due to isolated unilateral hypoplasia is extremely rare. In this case report, a 4-year-old girl with unilateral palate hypoplasia and her two-staged management is presented. The speech quality of the patient improved noticeably after these procedures. The first stage allowed us to make the second stage pharyngeal flap more conservatively than possible in a one-stage procedure. We think that this two-step procedure could be an alternative to other methods in the treatment of asymmetric VPI.
Genetic Studies in the Nigerian Population Implicate an MSX1 Mutation in Complex Oral Facial Clefting Disorders
Authors: Butali A. , Mossey P.A. , Adeyemo W.L. , Jezewski P.A. , Onwuamah C.K. , Ogunlewe M.O. , Ugboko V.I. , Adejuyigbe O. , Adigun A.I. , Abdur-Rahman L.O. , Onah I.I. , Audu R.A. , Idigbe E.O. , Mansilla M.A. , Dragan E.A. , Petrin A.L. , Bullard S.A. , Uduezue A.O. , Akpata O. , Osaguona A.O. , Olasoji H.O. , Ligali T.O. , Kejeh B.M. , Iseh K.R. , Olaitan P.B. , Adebola A.R. , Efunkoya E. , Adesina O.A. , Oluwatosin O.M. , Murray J.C. ,   The NigeriaCRAN Collaboration
Published: July 2011

Background

Orofacial clefts are the most common malformations of the head and neck, with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 700 births. They are commonly divided into CL(P) and CP based on anatomic, genetic, and embryologic findings. A Nigerian craniofacial anomalies study (NigeriaCRAN) was set up in 2006 to investigate the role of gene-environment interaction in the origin of orofacial clefts in Nigeria.

Subjects and Methods

DNA isolated from saliva from Nigerian probands was used for genotype association studies and direct sequencing of cleft candidate genes: MSX1, IRF6, FOXE1, FGFR1, FGFR2, BMP4, MAFB, ABCA4, PAX7, and VAX1, and the chromosome 8q region.

Results

A missense mutation A34G in MSX1 was observed in nine cases and four HapMap controls. No other apparent causative variations were identified. Deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed in these cases ( p = .00002). A significant difference was noted between the affected side for unilateral CL ( p = .03) and bilateral clefts and between clefts on either side ( p = .02). A significant gender difference was also observed for CP ( p = .008).

Conclusions

Replication of a mutation previously implicated in other populations suggests a role for the MSX1 A34G variant in the development of CL(P).
Demographics of Cleft Care Providers in Africa and Reported Experience in Training and Practice: Direct Analysis of Continent-Based Practitioners
Authors: Adetayo Oluwaseun A. , Martin Mark C.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To elucidate the impact of several geographic, cultural, and socioeconomic variables on cleft care delivery in Africa, and to investigate the current status of cleft care delivery in Africa.

Design

Survey of practitioners attending the second Pan-African Congress on Cleft Lip and Palate (PACCLIP).

Setting

The annual PACCLIP conference in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa, February 2007.

Main Outcome Measure

To provide an analysis of the demographics and training experience of cleft care providers in Africa by collating information directly from the continent-based practitioners.

Results

Plastic surgeons and oral and maxillofacial surgeons provide the majority of cleft care. Most of the participants reported availability of formal training programs in their respective countries. The predominant practice settings were university and government-based. During training, half of the providers had encountered up to 30 cleft cases, and a quarter had managed more than 100 cases. Representation of visiting surgeons were equally distributed between African and non-African countries.

Conclusions

This study provides initial and detailed analysis crucial to understanding the underlying framework of cleft care composition teams, demographics of providers, and training and practice experience. This awareness will further enable North American and other non-African plastic surgeons to effectively partner with African cleft care providers to have a further reaching impact in the region.
Long-Term, Longitudinal Follow-Up of Individuals with UCLP after the Gothenburg Primary Early Veloplasty and Delayed Hard Palate Closure Protocol: Maxillofacial Growth Outcome
Authors: Friede Hans , Lilja Jan , Lohmander Anette
Published: July 2011

Objective

To study long-term maxillofacial development in a sample of patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The patients’ palatal repair had been performed according to a two-stage protocol with early velar closure and delayed hard palate surgery.

Design

Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study.

Subjects

The sample consisted of 50 consecutive patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate born from 1980 to 1989. All of them had been operated on at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Methods

Certain maxillary casts as well as lateral roentgencephalograms, obtained at 5, 10, 16, and 19 years of age, were analyzed.

Results

Our patients’ maxillofacial growth was very good even up to the final examination in early adulthood. We ascribe the advantageous midfacial morphology of our patients particularly to limited growth restriction from palatal scars due to the surgical protocol used in our cleft center.

Conclusion

The two-stage protocol we advocate for repair of the palatal cleft resulted in very satisfactory growth outcome. A palatal scar, which might impair maxillary development, was created only by the velar surgery. If this scar is located close to the posterior border of the hard palate, it might result in less maxillary growth restriction than if it is positioned further anteriorly.
Cephalometric Evaluation of Airways after Maxillary Anterior Advancement by Distraction Osteogenesis in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sharshar Hossam H. , El-Bialy Tarek H.
Published: July 2011

Objective

This study was conducted to review the changes in airways after maxillary anterior advancement by distraction osteogenesis in patients with cleft lip and palate.

Materials and Methods

Several electronic databases were searched. The selection criteria were set to include clinical trials and at least 1 year of postsurgical data. The original articles were then retrieved and evaluated by two investigators to ensure that they met the selection criteria. The references were also hand searched for possible missing articles.

Results

Forty-three abstracts were found in the electronic searches. After the first set of selection criteria was applied to these abstracts, 14 articles were retrieved. After the final selection criteria, only four articles were finally selected. However, sample sizes of the selected articles were small, and the methodological quality of the studies was inadequate. All selected articles were consistent in that upper airway sizes increased and nasal resistance was reduced after distraction osteogenesis.

Conclusions

Despite the consistency of increasing the upper airway size and reducing nasal resistance in the only four found articles, limitations of the studies merit caution in interpreting these findings. We conclude that there are insufficient prospective randomized controlled clinical trials to confirm these results.
Nasoalveolar Molding: Prevalence of Cleft Centers Offering NAM and who Seeks It
Authors: Sischo Lacey , Chan Jenny W. , Stein Margot , Smith Christie , Van Aalst John , Broder Hillary L.
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) is a treatment option available for early cleft care. Despite the growing debate about the efficacy of nasoalveolar molding, questions remain regarding its prevalence and the demographic characteristics of families undergoing this technique prior to traditional cleft surgery.

Objectives

To determine the number of teams currently offering nasoalveolar molding and to identify salient clinical and sociodemographic variables in infants and families who choose nasoalveolar molding compared with those who choose traditional cleft care across three well-established cleft centers.

Results

Via phone surveys, 89% of the U.S. cleft teams contacted revealed that nasoalveolar molding is available at 37% of these centers. Chart reviews and phone correspondence with caregivers indicate that the average distance to the cleft center was 65.5 miles and caregiver age averaged 30.9 ± 5.7 years. Of families who chose nasoalveolar molding, 85% received total or partial insurance coverage. No difference in caregiver education, income, or distance to the clinic between treatment groups was found. On average, infants receiving nasoalveolar molding and cleft surgery had larger clefts and had more clinic visits than infants receiving traditional cleft surgery. Infants who were firstborn and those who did not have other siblings were more likely to receive nasoalveolar molding than were infants who were residing with other siblings.

Conclusions

Currently more than one-third of U.S. cleft centers offer nasoalveolar molding. Although the cleft size was larger in the nasoalveolar molding group, no treatment group differences in education, income, and distance to the clinic were found.
Postpalatoplasty Eustachian Tube Function in Young Children with Cleft Palate
Authors: Alper Cuneyt M. , Losee Joseph E. , Mandel Ellen M. , Seroky James T. , Swarts J. Douglas , Doyle William J.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To characterize Eustachian tube function using the forced response test in young children with cleft palate with or without cleft lip after palatoplasty with tympanostomy tubes inserted prepalatoplasty and compare these results with those of a 1986 study that evaluated a similar population using identical methods.

Setting

Outpatient research clinic.

Patients/Participants

A total of 34 children with cleft palate were tested at an average age of 18.6 ± 4.0 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Passive and active measures for the forced response test.

Results

Of the sample, 13 ears could not be tested, and tests on 24 ears were incomplete. The forced response test showed that the passive Eustachian tube function parameters were similar to those of normal adults and children. The percentage of ears that showed tubal dilation with swallowing was 60%. The active resistance and dilatory efficiency were similar to those of a normal adult population.

Conclusions

A 1986 study of Eustachian tube function in postpalatoplasty subjects with cleft palate (37 ears) aged 15 to 26 months documented Eustachian tube dilation with swallowing in 84% of the ears. In the present study, which focused on a similar population, the frequency of tubal dilation was 60%. Nonetheless, both frequencies are significantly greater than the dilation frequency of 27% reported for 56 ears of subjects with cleft palate tested between 3 months and 18 years with tympanostomy tubes inserted for persistent otitis media with effusion. This suggests that dilation during the forced response test may be a prognostic marker for those children with cleft palate who will resolve their ear disease at an early age.