bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free and Conjugated Estrogen Exports in Surface‐Runoff from Poultry Litter–Amended Soil
Authors: Dutta Sudarshan , Inamdar Shreeram , Tso Jerry , Aga Diana S. , Sims J. Tom
Published: August 2010

Land application of animal manures such as poultry litter is a common practice, especially in states with surplus manure. Past studies have shown that animal manure may contain estrogens, which are classified as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and may pose a threat to aquatic and wildlife species. We evaluated the concentrations of estrogens in surface runoff from experimental plots (5 × 12 m each) receiving raw and pelletized poultry litter. We evaluated the free (estrone, E1; 17β‐estradiol, E2β; estriol, E3) and conjugate forms (glucuronides and sulfates) of estrogens, which differ in their toxicity. Sampling was performed for 10 natural storm events over a 4‐mo period (April –July 2008). Estrogen concentrations were screened using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), followed by quantification using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Concentrations of estrogens from ELISA were much higher than the LC/MS/MS values, indicating cross‐reactivity with organic compounds. Exports of estrogens were much lower from soils amended with pelletized poultry litter than the raw form of the litter. No‐tillage management practice also resulted in a lower export of estrogens with surface runoff compared with reduced tillage. The concentrations and exports of conjugate forms of estrogens were much higher than the free forms for some treatments, indicating that the conjugate forms should be considered for a comprehensive assessment of the threat posed by estrogens.
Denitrification in Anaerobic Lagoons Used to Treat Swine Wastewater
Authors: Hunt P. G. , Matheny T. A. , Ro K. S. , Vanotti M. B. , Ducey T. F.
Published: August 2010

Anaerobic lagoons are commonly used for the treatment of swine wastewater. Although these lagoons were once thought to be relatively simple, their physical, chemical, and biological processes are very complex. This study of anaerobic lagoons had two objectives: (i) to quantify denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and (ii) to evaluate the influence of lagoon characteristics on the DEA. The DEA was measured by the acetylene inhibition method. Wastewater samples and physical and chemical measurements were taken from the wastewater column of nine anaerobic swine lagoons from May 2006 to May 2009. These lagoons were typical for anaerobic swine lagoons in the Carolinas relative to their size, operation, and chemical and physical characteristics. Their mean value for DEA was 87 mg N2O–N m−3 d−1 In a lagoon with 2‐m depth, this rate of DEA would be compatible with 1.74 kg N ha−1 d−1 loss. When nonlimiting nitrate was added, the highest DEA was compatible with 4.38 kg N ha−1 d−1 loss. Using stepwise regression for this treatment, the lagoon characteristics (i.e., soluble organic carbon, total nitrogen, temperature, and NO3–N) provided a final step model R2 of 0.69. Nitrous oxide from incomplete denitrification was not a significant part of the system nitrogen balance. Although alternate pathways of denitrification may exist within or beneath the wastewater column, this paper documents the lack of sufficient denitrification enzyme activity within the wastewater column of these anaerobic lagoons to support large N2 gas losses via classical nitrification and denitrification.
Influence of Eutrophication on the Distribution of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Hydroelectric Reservoirs
Authors: Meng Bo , Feng X. B. , Chen C. X. , Qiu G. L. , Sommar J. , Guo Y. N. , Liang P. , Wan Q.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of mercury (Hg) and the characteristics of its methylation were investigated in Wujiangdu (WJD) and Yinzidu (YZD) reservoirs in Guizhou province, China. The two reservoirs are characterized by high and low levels of primary productivity, respectively. Mercury species in water samples from depth profiles in both reservoirs and from interface water in the WJD were analyzed each season during 2007. The concentrations of total Hg (HgTunf) and methylmercury (MeHgTunf) in unfiltered water samples from the WJD varied from 3.0 to 18 pmol dm−3 and from 0.17 to 15 pmol dm−3, respectively; ranges were 2.0 to 9.5 pmol dm−3 for HgTunf and 0.14 to 2.2 pmol dm−3 for MeHgTunf in the YZD. Elevated methylmercury concentrations in water samples from the bottom water and water–sediment interface demonstrated an active net Hg methylation in the downstream reach of the WJD. There was no discernable Hg methylation occurring in the YZD, nor in the upstream and middle reaches of the WJD. The results suggest that high primary productivity resulting from cage aquaculture activities in the WJD is an important control on Hg methylation in the reservoir, increasing the concentrations of MeHg in water in the Wujiang River basin, southwestern China.
Management of Microbial Contamination in Storm Runoff from California Coastal Dairy Pastures
Authors: Lewis David J. , Atwill Edward R. , Lennox Michael S. , Pereira Maria D.G. , Miller Woutrina A. , Conrad Patricia A. , Tate Kenneth W.
Published: August 2010

A survey of storm runoff fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) from working farm and ranch pastures is presented in conjunction with a survey of FCB in manure management systems (MMS). The cross‐sectional survey of pasture runoff was conducted on 34 pastures on five different dairies over 2 yr under varying conditions of precipitation, slope, manure management, and use of conservation practices such as vegetative filter strips. The MMS cross‐sectional survey consisted of samples collected during 1 yr on nine different dairies from six loafing barns, nine primary lagoons, 12 secondary lagoons, and six irrigation sample points. Pasture runoff samples were additionally analyzed for Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia duodenalis, whereby detectable concentrations occurred sporadically at higher FCB concentrations resulting in poor correlations with FCB. Prevalence of both parasites was lower relative to high‐use areas studied simultaneously on these same farms. Application of manure to pastures more than 2 wk in advance of storm‐associated runoff was related to a ≥80% reduction in FCB concentration and load compared to applications within 2 wk before a runoff event. For every 10 m of buffer length, a 24% reduction in FCB concentration was documented. A one‐half (75%), one (90%), and two (99%) log10 reduction in manure FCB concentration was observed for manure holding times in MMS of approximately 20, 66, and 133 d, respectively. These results suggest that there are several management and conservation practices for working farms that may result in reduced FCB fluxes from agricultural operations.
Identifying Sources and Assessing Potential Risk of Heavy Metals in Soils from Direct Exposure to Children in a Mine‐Impacted City, Changsha, China
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Chai Liyuan , Yang Zhihui , Wang Yunyan , Wang Haiying
Published: August 2010

Heavy metal pollutants in soils can usually enter the human body and pose heath risks through a soil–crop–human body pathway (indirect exposure) or soil–human body pathway (direct exposure). Previous studies often neglected the direct exposure in human health risk assessment, especially for children. We collected surface soil samples from urban and suburb areas in Changsha City, China, to analyze the content of As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A combination of principal component analysis, geostatistics, and triangulated irregular network (TIN) model was successfully used to discriminate the sources of heavy metals. The direct exposure method, sequential indicator simulation, and geographical information system (GIS) technologies were used to perform a health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to children living in the study area. Results show that heavy metal contamination in Changsha may originate from coal usage and industrial activities. One thousand equiprobable realizations suggest that not all sites within the study area may be suitable for housing or allotments without remediation. Most high hazard indexes are located in the suburb and mining areas. Moreover, arsenic presents a high health risk in comparison with other elements. Compared with inhalation and dermal contact in direct soil exposure, soil ingestion is the largest contribution to potential health risks for children. This study indicates that we should attach great importance to the direct soil exposure for children's health.
Evaluating Sewage‐Associated JCV and BKV Polyomaviruses for Sourcing Human Fecal Pollution in a Coastal River in Southeast Queensland, Australia
Authors: Ahmed W. , Wan C. , Goonetilleke A. , Gardner T.
Published: August 2010

In this study, the host‐sensitivity and host‐specificity of JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) polyomaviruses were evaluated by testing wastewater and fecal samples from nine host groups in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The JCV and BKV polyomaviruses were detected in 63 human wastewater samples collected from primary and secondary effluent, suggesting high sensitivity of these viruses in human wastewater. In the 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples tested, 80 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative for the JCV and BKV markers. Only one sample (out of 81 animal wastewater and fecal samples) from pig wastewater was positive. Nonetheless, the overall host‐specificity of these viruses to differentiate between human and animal wastewater and fecal samples was 0.99. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Australia that reports on the high specificity of JCV and BKV polyomaviruses. To evaluate the field application of these viral markers for detecting human fecal pollution, 20 environmental samples were collected from a coastal river. In the 20 samples tested, 15% (3/20) and 70% (14/20) samples exceeded the regulatory guidelines for Escherichia coli and enterococci levels for marine waters. In all, five (25%) samples were PCR positive for JCV and BKV, indicating the presence of human fecal pollution in the coastal river investigated. The results suggest that JCV and BKV detection using PCR could be a useful tool for identifying human‐sourced fecal pollution in coastal waters.
Sources of Nitrate Yields in the Mississippi River Basin
Authors: David Mark B. , Drinkwater Laurie E. , McIsaac Gregory F.
Published: August 2010

Riverine nitrate N in the Mississippi River leads to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several recent modeling studies estimated major N inputs and suggested source areas that could be targeted for conservation programs. We conducted a similar analysis with more recent and extensive data that demonstrates the importance of hydrology in controlling the percentage of net N inputs (NNI) exported by rivers. The average fraction of annual riverine nitrate N export/NNI ranged from 0.05 for the lower Mississippi subbasin to 0.3 for the upper Mississippi River basin and as high as 1.4 (4.2 in a wet year) for the Embarras River watershed, a mostly tile‐drained basin. Intensive corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] watersheds on Mollisols had low NNI values and when combined with riverine N losses suggest a net depletion of soil organic N. We used county‐level data to develop a nonlinear model of N inputs and landscape factors that were related to winter–spring riverine nitrate yields for 153 watersheds within the basin. We found that river runoff times fertilizer N input was the major predictive term, explaining 76% of the variation in the model. Fertilizer inputs were highly correlated with fraction of land area in row crops. Tile drainage explained 17% of the spatial variation in winter–spring nitrate yield, whereas human consumption of N (i.e., sewage effluent) accounted for 7%. Net N inputs were not a good predictor of riverine nitrate N yields, nor were other N balances. We used this model to predict the expected nitrate N yield from each county in the Mississippi River basin; the greatest nitrate N yields corresponded to the highly productive, tile‐drained cornbelt from southwest Minnesota across Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. This analysis can be used to guide decisions about where efforts to reduce nitrate N losses can be most effectively targeted to improve local water quality and reduce export to the Gulf of Mexico.
Contracting for Dynamic Efficiency
Authors: Calcott Paul , Petkov Vladimir P
Published: August 2010

This paper explores implementation of efficiency in an alternating-move game. Incentives are provided with contracts that specify a scheme of monetary obligations. The analysis focuses on time-invariant payment schedules that satisfy budget balance. We derive contracting forms that generate efficient investments in Markov-perfect equilibria. Some notable solutions are highlighted: repeated transfer of ownership, partnership and Markovian expectation damages.
Personality Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Orphaned Survivors of the Sichuan Earthquake
Authors: Zhang Xingli , Liu Mingxin , Zhu Mingjing , Shi Jiannong , Cheng Li
Published: August 2010

The personality predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in orphan survivors after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China were investigated. Half a year after the earthquake, 196 preearthquake and 116 postearthquake orphans who survived were recruited. All participants completed the
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children (Gong, 1984) and Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (Smith, Perrin, Dyregrov, & Yule, 2003). The regression analysis showed that the Neuroticism score was the strongest predictor of the severity of PTSD symptoms for both pre- and postearthquake
orphans. For the preearthquake orphans, the Extraversion trait predicted Arousal negatively, and the Lie trait predicted Intrusion and Arousal positively. However, for the postearthquake orphans, only the Extraversion trait predicted Avoidance positively.
Alienation Matters: Validity and Utility of Etzioni's Theory of Commitment in Explaining Prosocial Organizational Behavior
Authors: Hornung Severin
Published: August 2010

In this study assumptions of Etzioni's (1975) theory of control and commitment are tested. Psychometric evidence is provided for the reliability and validity of the Organizational Commitment Scale (Penley & Gould, 1988), operationalizing Etzioni's typology of so-called calculative,
alienative, and moral commitment. In a sample of 172 hospital workers, these 3 dimensions were found to be empirically distinct. Structural equation modeling was used to confirm differential effects of distributive and procedural justice perceptions on calculative, alienative, and moral commitment,
supporting the notion that different forms of attachment develop partly in response to organizational compliance systems. When investigating simultaneous effects on supervisor-rated prosocial behavior, only alienation had a significant (negative) impact. Findings indicate acceptable validity
and utility of a commitment model grounded in social theory for explaining organizational behavior.
Cross-Cultural personality assessment: the revised neo personality inventory in China
Authors: Yang Jian-Feng
Published: August 2010

The Mandarin Chinese version of Costa and McCrae's (1992) Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was used to survey 473 people from 9 occupational groups in mainland China. Internal consistency was adequate for almost all dimensions. Correlations with occupation and gender sustained
the validity of NEO-PI-R. The differences of mean value between Chinese participants and an American sample (Costa & McCrae, 1992) were significant in 4 dimensions. However, further validation of the 5-factor model for the assessment of personality in China is needed.
Do Government Officials Decide More Rationally than the Rest of us?
Authors: Bonniot-Cabanac Marie-Claude , Cabanac Michel
Published: August 2010

We investigated the relative weighting of rationality and pleasure in decisions by individuals from all three branches of government. Judges, government executives, and members of parliament rated their pleasure/displeasure after reading item-sentences describing political and social
problems followed by different decisions (Questionnaire One). Questionnaire Two was a multiple-choice, grouping of items from Questionnaire One. All three participant groups maximized pleasure equally in their decision making.
Hypovitaminosis D and cardiometabolic risk factors among non-obese youth
Authors: Al-Daghri Nasser , Al-Attas Omar , Alokail Majed , Alkharfy Khalid , Yousef Mansour , Nadhrah Hesham , Al-Othman Abdulaziz , Al-Saleh Yousef , Sabico Shaun , Chrousos George
Published: August 2010

Hypovitaminosis D and increased cardiometabolic risk have been well established in adults. This study aims to determine whether or not vitamin D also influences cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 186 boys (mean age 12.4 ± 3.7 years) and 114 girls (11.6 ± 3.7) in a cross-sectional observational study. Anthropometrics were obtained and morning fasting blood samples were collected. Serum glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine methods. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In our population, approximately 10% of subjects had severe 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (< 12.5 nmol/L), while 50% of the boys and 40% of the girls had mild vitamin D deficiency (12.5–24.9 nmol/L). Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were inversely correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, waist and hip circumferences and serum triglyceride concentrations, and positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Age and systolic blood pressure were significant predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, explaining about 30% of the variance (p = 0.0005). In conclusion, significant associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiometabolic parameters support promising cardioprotective benefits from vitamin D sufficiency at an early age. Follow-up with prospective clinical intervention studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Iatrogenic rupture of the trachea caused by double Lumen tube intubation
Authors: Potocnik Iztok , Kupsch Andreas , Jankovic Vesna
Published: August 2010

Acute injuries of the tracheobronchial system are rare and life-threatening situations. Tracheal rupture most commonly occurs after blunt trauma to the chest. It is a rare but most concerning immediate complication of intubation. One-lung ventilation is required in lung surgery. Video assisted thoracoscopic procedures are an absolute indication for one-lung intubation. The double-lumen tube is the mainstay of one lung ventilation. Due to their larger size and rigidity, double lumen tubes are more difficult to insert, and complications are more common than with single lumen tubes. Opinions about the need for checking routinely the position of a double lumen tube by fiber optic bronchoscopy directly after intubation are divided. A 69-year-old woman with epidermoid lung carcinoma was scheduled for video assisted thoracoscopic left upper pulmonary lobectomy under general anaesthesia. The patient was prepared for the operation and itubated with the Carlens double lumen tube as usual. On introducing the camera into the thoracic cavity, the surgeon noted that the lungs were not completely collapsed. During blind adjustment the position of the tube the trachea was ruptured. The right-sided thoracotomy was performed and closed the greater part of the tracheal laceration. Only its upper 1.5-cm segment was surgically inaccessible because of the anatomical situation and thus remained unsutured. The patient received antibiotics, continuous airway humidification, analgesia with piritramide, and chest physiotherapy. She had no complications. In the literature, opinions about checking routinely the position of a double lumen tube by fiber optic bronchoscopy are divided.. Possibly, the very serious complication encountered in our patient could have been avoided, had the tube position been checked by bronchoscopy. The treatment strategy for post-intubation tracheal rupture depends on the size and location of the rupture, its clinical presentation, and the overall condition of the patient). Early surgical repair is the treatment of choice for most patients when a transmural tear with a length exceeding 2 cm. In our the combination of surgical and conservative treatment was performed. The uppermost part of the tear could not be sutured because of the anatomical situation, and so about 1.5 cm of the trachea remained open. The case is interesting from many perspectives. It shows that intubation with a Carlens tube is a potentially hazardous procedure, which should be performed only by experienced anaesthesiologists. Furthermore, our case report underscores the importance of checking routinely the position of a double lumen tube by fiber optic bronchoscopy. It provides evidence that minor tracheal lacerations can be successfully managed by conservative measures.
Wake-Up Calls
Authors: Subramanyam G
Published: August 2010

DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3594Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol.6, No.1
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in CMS-teaching hospital: a preliminary report
Authors: Sanjana RK , Shah Rajesh , Chaudhary Navin , Singh YI
Published: August 2010

Aims: Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Materials and methods: Between April 2007 and December 2009, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were included in this study. All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of a total of 348 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 138 (39.6%) were found to be Methicillin-resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(62.3%) were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 52(37.7%) of the isolates were from outpatients. All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. More than 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin, while less than 10% of them were resistant to azithromycin, amikacin and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: This preliminary report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in our hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need of the hour. Key words: Nosocomial infection; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); multidrug resistant. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3595 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-6
Diagnostic imaging, present & future
Authors: Deka PK
Published: August 2010

DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i2.3608 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 2
Mushroom Poisoning-an overview
Authors: Patowary BS
Published: August 2010

There are many thousands of mushroom species in the world, some are edible and some are poisonous due to containing significant toxins. The edible mushroom is a common food item with tempting flavour, taste and nutritive value; nowadays quite often grown at home and cultured with commercial marketing. Mushroom poisoning usually results from ingestion of wild mushrooms due to misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species bearing very close resemblance, deliberate seeking of psychotropic mushrooms and accidental childhood ingestions. Majority of fatal mushroom poisoning occurs due to ingestion of Amanita Phalloides - the 'death cap', due to its high content of Amatoxin - a potent cytotoxin. Fatal poisoning is usually associated with delayed onset of symptoms which are very severe, with hepatic, renal, hemolytic and CNS involvement. Aim of this article is for informational and preventive purpose. Key words: Mushroom poisoning; amanita phalloidis; amatoxin. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i2.3619 Journal of college of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol.6, No-2, 56-61
Desired Skills and Attributes: For Dietitian Preceptors
Authors: Walker Sharon , Grosjean Garnet
Published: August 2010

We examined the research literature to determine the skills and attributes that dietetic interns desire in clinical preceptors. A search of three databases produced little information specific to dietetics. Literature on preceptors in other health disciplines identified preceptor attributes that students in clinical placements value. We were able to cluster the data from these studies into four themes: knowledge and experience, personal characteristics, teaching skills and attitudes, and interpersonal relationships. This review suggests a need for further development of dietitian preceptor training, as well as for further research specific to dietetic interns’ needs.
Toxicity of the Herbicide Atrazine: Effects on Lipid Peroxidation and Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Freshwater Fish Channa Punctatus (Bloch)
Authors: Nwani Christopher Ddidigwu , Lakra Wazir Singh , Nagpure Naresh Sahebrao , Kumar Ravindra , Kushwaha Basdeo , Srivastava Satish Kumar
Published: August 2010

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity and effects of a commercial formulation of the herbicide atrazine (Rasayanzine) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme system in the freshwater air breathing fish Channa punctatus. The 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 of atrazine, calculated by probit analysis, were determined to be 77.091, 64.053, 49.100, 44.412 and 42.381 mg·L-1, respectively, in a semi static system with significant difference (p < 0.05) in LC10-90 values obtained for different times of exposure. In addition to concentration and time dependent decrease in mortality rate, stress signs in the form of behavioral changes were also observed in response to the test chemical. In fish exposed for 15 days to different sublethal concentrations of the herbicide (1/4 LC50 = ~10.600 mg·L-1, 1/8 LC50 = ~5.300 mg·L-1 and 1/10 LC50 = ~4.238 mg·L-1) induction of oxidative stress in the liver was evidence by increased lipid peroxidation levels. The antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) responded positively in a concentration dependent pattern, thus, suggesting the use of these antioxidants as potential biomarkers of toxicity associated with contaminations exposure in freshwater fishes.
Using Scenario Visioning and Participatory System Dynamics Modeling to Investigate the Future: Lessons from Minnesota 2050
Authors: Schmitt Olabisi Laura K. , Kapuscinski Anne R. , Johnson Kris A. , Reich Peter B. , Stenquist Brian , Draeger Kathryn J.
Published: August 2010

Both scenario visioning and participatory system dynamics modeling emphasize the dynamic and uncontrollable nature of complex socio-ecological systems, and the significance of multiple feedback mechanisms. These two methodologies complement one another, but are rarely used together. We partnered with regional organizations in Minnesota to design a future visioning process that incorporated both scenarios and participatory system dynamics modeling. The three purposes of this exercise were: first, to assist regional leaders in making strategic decisions that would make their communities sustainable; second, to identify research gaps that could impede the ability of regional and state groups to plan for the future; and finally, to introduce more systems thinking into planning and policy-making around environmental issues. We found that scenarios and modeling complemented one another, and that both techniques allowed regional groups to focus on the sustainability of fundamental support systems (energy, food, and water supply). The process introduced some creative tensions between imaginative scenario visioning and quantitative system dynamics modeling, and between creating desired futures (a strong cultural norm) and inhabiting the future (a premise of the Minnesota 2050 exercise). We suggest that these tensions can stimulate more agile, strategic thinking about the future.
Climate Change and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Thompson Heather E. , Berrang-Ford Lea , Ford James D.
Published: August 2010

In recent years it has become clear that climate change is an inevitable process. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the expectation is that climate change will have an especially negative impact, not only a result of projected warming and rainfall deficits, but also because of the vulnerability of the population. The impact upon food security will be of great significance, and may be defined as being composed of three components: availability, access, and utilization. To further investigate the link, a systematic literature review was done of the peer-reviewed literature related to climate change and food security, employing the realist review method. Analysis of the literature found consistent predictions of decreased crop productivity, land degradation, high market prices, negative impacts on livelihoods, and increased malnutrition. Adaptation strategies were heavily discussed as a means of mitigating a situation of severe food insecurity across the entire region. This is linked to issues of development, whereby adaptation is essential to counteract the negative impacts and improve the potential of the population to undergo development processes. Findings additionally revealed a gap in the literature about how nutrition will be affected, which is of importance given the links between poor nutrition and lack of productivity.
THE ANTECEDENTS OF ONLINE BRAND TRUST: MALAYSIAN EVIDENCE
Authors: Alam Syed Shah , Yasin Norjaya Mohd.
Published: August 2010

This study empirically investigated the factors that influence consumer's perception of online brand trust in Malaysia. Six hypotheses were developed to test hypothesizing relationships among: security/privacy, perceived risk, word‐of‐mouth, quality information, good online experience, brand reputation with online brand trust. A survey of 209 respondents was used in this study to test hypothesized relationships. Survey findings indicate that security/privacy, perceived risk, word‐of‐mouth, quality information and brand reputation appear to have a significant and positive relationship with online brand trust (R2=0.537). Interestingly good online experience was not found to be significantly influential. The results are compared with earlier findings and implications for further research are discussed. Santrauka Straipsnyje empiriškai tiriami veiksniai, kurie daro itakapirkejo suvokimui apie pasitikejima internetines prekes ženklu Malaizijoje. Buvo iškeltos šešios hipotezes hipotetiniam ryšiui nustatyti tarp: saugu‐mo ir privatumo, suvokiamos rizikos, kokybes informacijos, geros internetines patirties, prekes ženklo reputacijos bei pasitikejimo internetines prekes ženklu. Hipotetiniam ryšiui patikrinti buvo apklausti 209 respondentai. Rezultatai parode, kad tarp saugumo ir privatumo, suvokiamos rizikos, kokybes informacijos ir prekes ženklo reputacijos kriterijubei pasitikejimo internetines prekes ženklu yra reikš‐mingas teigiamas ryšys (R2 = 537). Tačiau buvo nustatyta, kad gera internetine patirtis neturi dideles reikšmes. Rezultatai palyginti su anksčiau atliktais tyrimais bei aptarti tolesniutyrimupasiūlymai.
COGNITION DRIVEN FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING COLLABORATIVE WORKING IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: NEGOTIATION PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Xue Xiaolong , Ji Yingbo , Li Lin , Shen Qiping
Published: August 2010

Negotiation is the popular collaborative decision‐making behavior in inter‐organization systems, especially in the collaborative working in construction projects (CWCP). However, negotiation has long been recognized as a critical but time‐ and energy‐consuming process. The lack of an effective framework to improve the efficiency (performance) of negotiation is a major problem for those seeking to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of collaborative working in construction projects. This paper aims to develop a cognitive mapping‐based application framework for improving collaborative working in construction project from negotiation perspective (CF‐CWCP). This framework includes two‐fold: (1) mapping negotiation process in construction projects using cognitive mapping technique; (2) developing CF‐CWCP by integrating intelligent agent and cognitive mapping techniques. This research will benefit the partners in construction projects to improve construction negotiation performance. A prototype of CF‐CWCP is developed. Santrauka Derybos yra populiarus bendradarbiavimu gristas tarimasis tarp organizaciniu sistemu priimti sprendi‐mus, ypač vykdant statybu projektus. Derybos jau seniai suvokiamos kaip vertingas, tačiau daug laiko ir energijos atimantis procesas. Veiksmingos sistemos, galinčios padeti pagerinti derybu efektyvuma, trūku‐mas yra viena iš pagrindiniu problemu siekiantiems padidinti bendradarbiavimo veiksminguma vykdant statybos projektus. Pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas ‐ išpletoti pažinimo kartografija paremtos sistemos, kuri pagerintuben‐dradarbiavima vykdant statybos projektus, taikyma atsižvelgiant i derybu perspektyvas. Šia sistema suda‐ro dvi dalys: 1) kartografinis derybu procesas vykdant statybos projektus, pagristas pažinimo kartografijos technologija; 2) pažinimo sistemos, gerinančios bendradarbiavima vykdant statybos projektus, pletojimas integruojant intelektinius agentus ir pažinimo kartografijos technologija. Šis tyrimas pades statybu projek‐tu dalyviams pagerinti derybu efektyvuma, be to, išpletotas pažinimo sistemos prototipas.
SELECTION OF RATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION METHOD BY APPLYING NEW STEP‐WISE WEIGHT ASSESSMENT RATIO ANALYSIS (SWARA)
Authors: Keršulienė Violeta , Zavadskas Edmundas Kazimieras , Turskis Zenonas
Published: August 2010

The paper considers major principles of application of the multi‐attribute systems to solve legislative tasks. In order to assess dispute resolution methods from economic, social and other points of view, it is necessary to apply methods for assessing solutions according to multiple attributes. All known multi‐attribute methods cannot value the atribute weights as one weight of attribute is higher or lower significant than the other attribute. The new step‐wise weight assessment ratio analysis method (SWARA) allows including experts, lawyers or dispute parties opinion about significance ratio of the attributes in the process of rational decision determination. SWARA method could be applied in practical implementation of specialised decision support systems and alternative dispute resolution in virtual environment. Starting with principles and established approaches, a problem‐structuring methodology was developed which would condition the problem to allow a more thoughtful application of existing decision‐making analytic methodologies. Santrauka Darbe nagrinejami daugiakriterines analizes taikymo galimybes ir principai teisiniams uždaviniams spresti. Siekiant ekonominiu, socialiniu ar kitu aspektu ivertinti ginču sprendimo būdu alternatyvas, būtina taikyti metodus, ivertinančius šias alternatyvas apibūdinančius kriterijus. Tačiau visi žinomi daugiakriteriniai metodai nevertina, kiek rodikliai, apibūdinantys alternatyvas, yra vienas už kita svar‐besni ar ne tokie reikšmingi. Pasiūlytas naujas kriteriju svoriu nustatymo metodas, pagristas nuose‐kliu laipsnišku poriniu kriteriju santykines svarbos lyginimu (angl. Step‐Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis ‐ SWARA), leidžia priimant sprendimus ivertinti ekspertu, advokatu ar ginčo šaliu nuomo‐ne apie rodikliu reikšmingumu skirtumus. SWARA metodas gali būti taikomas kuriant specializuotas sprendimu paramos sistemas, skirtas racionaliam ginču sprendimo būdui parinkti ar ginčams spresti alternatyviais būdais virtualioje aplinkoje. Darbe trumpai apžvelgti ginču sprendimo būdai, sukurtas ju vertinimo ir lyginimo metodas, kuris sekmingai galetu būti taikomas ir kitiems uždaviniams spresti.
THE NEW DEVELOPMENT TREND OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A RESULT OF COLLABORATION BETWEEN GERMAN‐LITHUANIAN‐POLISH SCIENTIFIC TRIANGLE
Authors: Tamošaitienė Jolanta , Bartkienė Lina , Vilutienė Tatjana
Published: August 2010

In this article the scientific cooperation between the three academic centres from Germany, Lithuania and Poland, represented by Prof. F. Peldschus (Leipzig University of Applied Sciences), Prof. E. K. Zavadskas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University), and Prof. O. Kapliński (Poznan University of Technology), is presented. Formal meetings have been called Colloquia, and were organized every two years in different academic centres. The research achievements and activities during the period of 2007–2009 are presented. The main research fields of OR in Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development of three academic centres are surveyed. As a result of productive collaboration in the period between the 11th and 12th Colloquiums, several postdoctoral theses and doctoral dissertations were defended, research papers and books were published and conferences were organized with published proceedings, etc. On the basis of these achievements EURO Working Group OR in Sustainable Development and Civil Engineering (EWG‐ORSDCE) was established. Santrauka Straipsnyje apžvelgiami mokslinio bendradarbiavimo rezultatai tarp Vokietijos, Lietuvos ir Lenkijos akademiniu centru. Šiu centru susitikimai buvo vadinami kolokviumais, kurie buvo organizuojami kas antrus metus skirtingame akademiniame centre. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiami moksliniai pasiekimai ir nuveikti darbai 2007–2009 m., pateikiami Vokietijos, Lietuvos ir Lenkijos akademiniu centru atlikti darbai operaciniu tyrimu, statybos inžinerijos ir subalansuotos pletros temomis. Produktyvaus bendradarbiavimo rezultatai nuo 11‐ojo iki 12‐ojo kolokviumo yra: apgintos habilitaciniu darbu tezes bei daktaro disertacijos, paskelbti moksliniai straipsniai ir išleistos knygos, suorganizuotos mokslines kon‐ferencijos ir išspausdinti konferenciju straipsniu rinkiniai. Remiantis šiais pasiekimais buvo isteigta darbo grupe " OR in Sustainable Development and Civil Engineering” (EWG‐ORSDCE).
Do activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein differ between healthy volunteers and HIV-infected patients?
Authors: Jetter Alexander , Fätkenheuer Gerd , Frank Dorothee , Klaassen Tobias , Seeringer Angela , Doroshyenko Oxana , Kirchheiner Julia , Hein Wolfgang , Schömig Edgar , Fuhr Uwe , Wyen Christoph
Published: August 2010

Background

In inflammation and infection, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities are down-regulated. Information on possible discrepancies in activities of CYP enzymes and drug transporters between HIV-infected patients and healthy people is limited.

Methods

We used midazolam, dextromethorphan and digoxin as in vivo phenotyping probes for CYP3A (CYP3A4/5), CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein activities, respectively, and compared these activities between 12 healthy Caucasian volunteers and 30 treatment-naive HIV-infected patients.

Results

Among the HIV-infected patients, the overall CYP3A activity (apparent oral midazolam clearance) was approximately 50% of the activity observed in healthy volunteers (point estimate 0.490, 90% confidence interval [CI] 0.377–0.638). The CYP2D6 activity (plasma ratio area under the curve [AUC]; AUCdextromethorphan/AUCdextrorphan) was essentially unchanged (point estimate 1.289, 90% CI 0.778–2.136). P-glycoprotein activity was slightly lower in patients (digoxin maximum concentration point estimate 1.304, 90% CI 1.034–1.644).

Conclusions

The overall CYP3A activity was approximately 50% lower in HIV-infected patients than in healthy volunteers. The CYP2D6 activity was highly variable, but, on average was not different between groups, whereas a marginally lower P-glycoprotein activity was observed in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients.
L'« exceptionnel » système de santé américain
Authors: Farmer Paul , Rylko-Bauer Barbara
Published: August 2010

Résumé En dépit des sommes investies et d’une maîtrise inégalée des techniques de pointe, le système de santé américain se distingue par son inefficacité et par son incapacité à répondre aux besoins de l’ensemble de la population. En témoignent la multiplication des erreurs médicales, le nombre imposant d’Américains, même salariés, ne bénéficiant d’aucune assurance maladie, enfin, la difficulté, pour tous, à accéder aux soins. Si les USA constituent en ce domaine une exception, c’est par l’absence de couverture universelle et par le caractère fragmentaire du dispositif médical, à quoi il faut ajouter la situation particulièrement alarmante des groupes les plus vulnérables socialement ; autant d’éléments qui semblent prouver que l’application à la santé de la logique marchande qui s’est imposée dans les années 1990 est loin de se révéler la panacée promise. Des voix s’élèvent aujourd’hui pour rappeler que la médecine ne saurait être considérée comme une simple marchandise et dénoncer les dysfonctionnements qu’engendre une gestion plus soucieuse de résultats financiers que d’égalité et de sécurité. Car c’est la prise en charge spécifiquement médicale des patients elle-même qui se trouve aujourd’hui sacrifiée aux impératifs budgétaires, au point que les institutions dispensant des soins gratuits aux malades les plus démunis voient leur mission sociale menacée. Il apparaît donc urgent de soumettre à un examen critique approfondi le système de santé américain, d’autant qu’il fait école en Europe, en Amérique Latine et ailleurs.
Th2-Specific Immunity and Function of Peripheral T Cells Is Regulated by the p56Lck Src Homology 3 Domain
Authors: McCoy Margaret E. , Finkelman Fred D. , Straus David B.
Published: August 2010

T cell activation and effector function is essential for robust immunity. Ag TCR signals are known to regulate T lymphocyte differentiation, but the mechanisms involved in this regulation remain unclear. Recent work has demonstrated that the Src family protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck specifically links TCR signaling to activation of the MAPK pathway through the function of its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The MAPK pathway is involved in T cell activation and has previously been implicated in Th2 immunity. We have used Lck SH3 mutant knockin mice (LckW97A) to investigate the potential role of this regulatory mechanism in T lymphocyte activation and effector function. Our results demonstrate that Lck SH3 domain function regulates activation of T lymphocytes as indicated by reduced IL-2 production, CD69 induction, and proliferation of LckW97A T cells following TCR stimulation. Biochemical studies confirm that activation of the MAPK pathway is selectively altered following TCR ligation in LckW97A T lymphocytes. Phospho-ERK induction is reduced, but phospho-phospholipase Cγ1 induction and calcium mobilization are largely unaffected. Immunization with DNP–keyhole limpet hemocyanin, heat-killed Brucella abortus, or infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrates selectively impaired Th2 immunity with reduced serum levels of IgG1, IgE, and IL-4. In vitro studies show that LckW97A T cells can differentiate into Th2-type cells, but they form IFN-γ–producing cells under conditions that normally favor Th2 development. These data indicate that the Lck SH3 domain controls T lymphocyte activation by regulating MAPK pathway induction and demonstrate a novel role for Lck in the regulation of Th2-type immunity.
The Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter Regulates Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Antigen Presentation
Authors: D’Angelo June A. , Dehlink Eleonora , Platzer Barbara , Dwyer Peter , Circu Magdalena L. , Garay Jone , Aw Tak Yee , Fiebiger Edda , Dickinson Bonny L.
Published: August 2010

The major cellular antioxidant glutathione is depleted during HIV infection and in obesity. Although the consequence of glutathione depletion on immune function is starting to emerge, it is currently not known whether glutathione dysregulation influences the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Moreover, the effect of glutathione depletion on DC effector functions, such as Ag presentation, is poorly understood. Glutathione synthesis depends on the cystine/glutamate antiporter, which transports the rate-limiting precursor cystine into the cell in exchange for glutamate. In this paper, we present a detailed study of antiporter function in DCs and demonstrate a role for the antiporter in DC differentiation and cross-presentation. We show that the antiporter is the major mechanism for transport of cystine and glutamate and modulates the intracellular glutathione content and glutathione efflux from DCs. Blocking antiporter-dependent cystine transport decreases intracellular glutathione levels, and these effects correlate with reduced transcription of the functional subunit of the antiporter. We further demonstrate that blocking antiporter activity interferes with DC differentiation from monocyte precursors, but antiporter activity is not required for LPS-induced phenotypic maturation. Finally, we show that inhibiting antiporter uptake of cystine interferes with presentation of exogenous Ag to class II MHC-restricted T cells and blocks cross-presentation on MHC class I. We conclude that aberrant antiporter function disrupts glutathione homeostasis in DCs and may contribute to impaired immunity in the diseased host.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Induces De Novo Expression of the MHC Class I in Tumor Cells through the ERK5 Pathway
Authors: Charni Seyma , de Bettignies Geoffroy , Rathore Moeez G. , Aguiló Juan I. , van den Elsen Peter J. , Haouzi Delphine , Hipskind Robert A. , Enriquez José Antonio , Sanchez-Beato Margarita , Pardo Julián , Anel Alberto , Villalba Martin
Published: August 2010

Most cancer cells use anaerobic-like glycolysis to generate energy instead of oxidative phosphorylation. They also avoid recognition by CTLs, which occurs primarily through decreasing the level of MHC class I (MHC-I) at the cell surface. We find that the two phenomena are linked; culture conditions that force respiration in leukemia cells upregulate MHC-I transcription and protein levels at the cell surface, whereas these decrease in cells forced to perform fermentation as well as in leukemia cells lacking a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain. Forced respiration leads to increased expression of the MAPK ERK5, which activates MHC-I gene promoters, and ERK5 accumulation in mitochondria. Respiration-induced MHC-I upregulation is reversed upon short hairpin RNA-mediated ERK5 downregulation and by inactive mutants of ERK5. Moreover, short hairpin RNA for ERK5 leukemia cells do not tolerate forced respiration. Thus, the expression of ERK5 and MHC-I is linked to cell metabolism and notably diminished by the metabolic adaptations found in tumor cells.