bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Iron Age barrow in the New Forest
Authors: Piggott C. M.
Published: November 2011

During the course of excavations undertaken in 1941 on behalf of the Ministry of Works on Beaulieu Heath in the New Forest a small, and hitherto unrecorded, barrow was discovered by the writer (fig. i). After the conclusion of the official work this small barrow was excavated in order to establish its cultural position in an area rich in barrow burials, but which does not, to the writer's knowledge, include many others of similar character. It should, however, be mentioned here that such inconspicuous little mounds are hard to find, and the present example was discovered shortly after a heath fire had burnt off the heather.
A Saxon treasure hoard found at Chester, 1950
Authors: Webster Graham , Dolley R. H. , Dunning G. C.
Published: November 2011

On 29th November 1950 workmen employed by the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board were relaying a cable on the west side of Castle Esplanade, Chester. In cleaning up the western side of the trench with a spade, 18 in. below the present pavement level and 29 ft. to the south of St. Martin's Court, one of the men cut through a small earthenware vessel and a shower of coins and silver bullion poured into the bottom of the trench. It is distressing to record that although the Grosvenor Museum is only 100 yards from the site, the discovery was not reported. No significance was attached to the find; one of the men stated later that they thought they were milk checks. Three of the men put handfuls of coins into their pockets; others were distributed to children near, and the rest shovelled back into the trench. The engineer-in-charge took several to his office for thepurpose of identification, but later forgot about them. One of the men sent some of the coins to Hunter Street Girls' School, by his niece, for identification, and the mistress immediately sent them to the Curator of the Grosvenor Museum.This happened on 10th December, and the Curator at once appreciating the significance of the discovery, set to work to recover as much as possible of the hoard, and reported the matter to the City Coroner. As a result he recovered a hundred coins, twelve ingots of silver, and a fragment of the vessel.
The end of mid-Anglian paganism and the ‘Tribal Hidage’
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: November 2011

The middle years of the seventh century witnessed several important changes and events in the Anglo-Saxon scene: firstly, the gradual stages of the conversion to Christianity; secondly, the resultant, but by no means uniformly final, abandonment of pagan burial rites, whether by cremation or interment; thirdly, the deposition of the Sutton Hoo ship; and fourthly, the issue of what Dr. Hodgkin has described as that interesting and important puzzle, the early assessment of population contained in the Tribal Hidage. It would be strange if archaeology were unable to cast some light upon the interaction of the first three, and it is possible, even probable, that it can contribute some help to the interpretation of the fourth.
The use of blue slate for roofing in medieval England
Authors: Jope E. M. , Dunning G. C.
Published: November 2011

Documentary sources and excavated evidence have both shown that blue slate, occurring naturally in the older rock formations of the more westerly parts of Britain, was used to a considerable extent for roofing during the middle ages in a wide area of southern England. The evidence as at present known is summarized in the map, fig. i. Although new evidence occurs from time to time in documents, particularly as building accounts are more fully explored, the main opportunity of obtaining a fuller picture of this medieval trade in slates lies in the preservation of examples found in excavated medieval levels, so that they can be subjected to appropriate petrological examination. It is evident that these slates can expand our knowledge of medieval trade, and this account is presented in order to draw attention to their importance among excavated material.
A Romano-British Pottery Kiln at Weston Favell, near Northampton
Authors: Bunch Brian , Corder Philip
Published: November 2011

The village of Weston Favell is situated on high land to the north of the river Nene, some 2½ miles to the north-east of the centre of Northampton. On the north side of the Wellingborough Road at this point the Northampton Education Committee are erecting the Cherry Orchard School. In April 1953, during the filling in of a disused quarry preparatory to building, one of the writers noticed sherds of Roman pottery in a disturbed patch in the quarry face (Nat. Grid 5237.2819). Further examination disclosed two large burnt stones protruding from it, which proved on excavation to be the cheeks of the stokehole flue of a small pottery kiln.

The quarry was some 16 to 18 ft. deep, and had been used to get the local limestone. The field to the south of it shows disturbance of the surface over a considerable area. Overlying the stone hereabouts is an extensive layer of grey clay, which may well have served as the raw material of the potters. It contains pockets of whitish sand similar to that which gives the clay of the local ware its characteristic texture.
A habergeon of Westwale
Authors: Reid William , Burgess E. Martin
Published: November 2011

In May 1957 a mail shirt of quite exceptional quality was acquired for the Tower of London Armouries. The purchase was made through Master Sergeant G. A. Gordon, a member of the United States Army serving in Germany, who was good enough to draw the writer's attention to the shirt and subsequently to arrange for it to be sent to the Tower for examination.
Baguley Hall: the survival of Pre-Conquest building traditions in the fourteenth century
Authors: Smith J. T. , Stell C. F.
Published: November 2011

The timber-framed houses of south Lancashire and Cheshire first became familiar to antiquaries through the publication between 1851 and 1859 of Turner and Parker's Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages. In 1884 the architect Henry Taylor produced a more extended study entitled Old Halls in Lancashire and Cheshire that remains today the best general account of the subject. Subsequently the only important addition to knowledge was the detailed description of the Lancashire halls for the Victoria County History, published between 1906 and 1914. Thereafter little work has been done on them, and certainly nothing comparable to the studies of timber-framed buildings in Sussex, Essex, or the midlands. As a group these northern houses are remarkable for their heavy timbering and a contrasted ‘black-and-white’ effect which is more marked than anywhere else in England.
Excavations at Portchester Castle, Hants, 1963–5. Second Interim Report
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2011

The present series of excavations at Portchester Castle have continued annually since they began in 1961. The first part of this work, covering the period from 1961 to Easter 1963, having already been described, it is the purpose of the present report to summarize the results obtained since then. In June 1963, following the demolition of the custodian's house, Mr. A. B. Norton cut a section through the ditch system of the Roman fort. In the following Easter the outer earthwork was examined and a trial area excavated within the fort in order to study the nature of the stratigraphy and to examine the particular problems involved in excavating the interior. Once the information had been obtained area excavation began in the Easter of 1965. At the same time a site outside the north wall of the fort was examined for the Ministry of Public Building and Works prior to the erection of a public lavatory and changing-rooms; limited trenching was also carried out in the Inner Bailey. The work was undertaken with the active cooperation of the Ministry of Public Building and Works and was financed by grants from the Society of Antiquaries, the Libraries and Museum Committee of the Portsmouth City Council, the Haverfield Trustees, the Joint Archaeological Committee, and by several private donations.
A Group of Bronze Models from Sussex in the British Museum
Authors: Manning W. H.
Published: November 2011

The group of small bronze models which forms the subject of this paper entered the British Museum in 1854 with the purchase of the Croften Croker Collection. They were said to have been found in a tumulus in Sussex, without any further details being given.
A Bronze Mount from the Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: November 2011

An unusual little bronze mount (fig. 1, pl. XXII, 1a, b) has been found on the site of the Roman villa at Lullingstone, Kent, and is published here by kind permission of the excavator, Lt.-Col. G. W. Meates. It comes from the black level spreading over the filling of the bath block, a level which contained much late Roman material but which must be regarded as unstratified. The mount is of cast bronze and 3·6 cm. long. It is basically a bar which is flat underneath for a length of 2·3 cm., and perforated at each end; it then stretches further in one direction, rising into a curved surface underneath, with a deeply chip-carved animal head terminal on the top. A similar animal head, facing the opposite way, decorates the upper surface of the flat bar between the two perforations. The terminal animal has open jaws, and the ears stand up in relief, but the other animal head ends in a blunt nose and the ears are indicated by recessed lentoid shapes. When found, a dome-headed iron rivet was present in the middle hole, and iron rust in the end hole. These iron traces disappeared in the cleaning process.
A Portrait of King Christian II as a Young Prince
Authors: Sass Else Kai
Published: November 2011

A small portrait of a young man, flower in hand, in the collection of the Society, inscribed on the frame: LE ROY DE DENEMARQUE is here identified as Christian II (1481–1559, King of Denmark 1513–23) as a young prince. The painting may be a contemporary or rather later copy of an original painted about 1505–6. The author points out the affinity between this painting and two other portraits in the collection, here identified as Englebert II, Count of Nassau (1451–1504), and Philip of Cleves, Seigneur de Ravenstein (1456–1528).

According to the notes of the donor, the Reverend Thomas Kerrich, these three pictures belonged to a series of portraits at Oxnead. The connection between the Paston family and the Burgundian Court is explained. The portrait of Christian II may be a copy of an original, probably sent to Margaret of Austria, whose niece Isabella of Habsburg, brought up by her at Malines, married Christian in 1514. If the copy had been sent to England on the occasion of the wedding in 1514, the wording of the inscription would be correct.
The Refortification of the Tower of London 1679–86
Authors: Parnell Geoffrey
Published: November 2011

Between 1679 and 1686 the Office of Ordnance sought to strengthen and modernize the defences of the Tower and to reorganize the accommodation of the garrison within. Rather than undertaking a massive programme of reconstruction, the Office simply equipped many of the existing, essentially medieval, defences with artillery platforms, though on the north-west and south-east corners of the outer enceinte a considerable amount of rebuilding was carried out. Despite the compromising nature of much of the work, these measures represent the last major attempt to refortify the castle. By 1714, however, the greater part of the improvements was deemed worthless and in the following year artillery reductions were set in motion.
Palaeoliths from the lower reaches of the Bristol Avon
Authors: Lacaille A. D.
Published: November 2011

The fact that the Pleistocene ice-sheets mantled so great a part of Britain was long regarded as sufficient explanation of the absence of Lower Palaeolithic remains from the territory south of a line drawn from the Wash to the Bristol Channel. Recent work and finds, however, show that during genial conditions early man certainly moved quite far into areas freed by the waning ice during periods of retreat. Thus, from extremes beyond those cited, there are reports of a few Lower Palaeolithic implements from Pleistocene gravels in the valley of the Trent in Lincolnshire, from the valley of the Don and from Huntow, in Yorkshire, and of an odd piece from Cheshire. But of most import to the present study are the Lower Palaeolithic stone tools from the basin of the Severn in the Midlands, and an Acheulian hand-axe has been found within the past few months at Pen-y-lan, near Cardiff. With the palaeoliths discovered at intermediate sites in the basin of this great river the range in the Atlantic drainage is extended from Somerset into once glaciated territory.
An Iron Age A site on the Chilterns
Authors: Richardson K. M. , Young Alison
Published: November 2011

In 1946 a visit to the barrow, which lies on the edge of the western scarp of Chinnor Common, and a cursory examination of the adjoining area, cultivated during the war, resulted in finds of pottery and other objects indicating Iron Age occupation. The site lies on the saddleback of a Chiltern headland, at a height of about 800 ft. O.D. Two hollow ways traverse the western scarp, giving access to the area from the Upper Icknield Way, which contours the foot of the hill, then drops to cross the valley, passing some 600 yards to the north of the Iron Age site of Lodge Hill, Bledlow, and rising again continues northwards under Pulpit Hill camp and the Ellesborough Iron Age pits below Coombe Hill. The outlook across the Oxford plain to the west is extensive, embracing the hill-fort of Sinodun, clearly visible some fourteen miles distant on the farther bank of the Thames. The hollow way at the north-west end of the site leads down to a group of ‘rises’ hard by the remains of a Roman villa, and these springs are, at the present day, the nearest water-supply to the site.
Anglo-Saxon Tablet Weaving
Authors: Crowfoot Grace M.
Published: November 2011

Tablet weaving has been popular in the north from the early centuries A.D. It is present, for example, in the well-developed tablet braids and edgings of the Torsberg find from Schleswig, and therefore might be expected to occur in Anglo-Saxon remains. It is most appropriate, then, that the first examples of tablet weaving to be recognized in this country come from East Anglia, and in two cases these are fastened to wrist-clasps regarded by E. T. Leeds as distinctive of districts which were occupied by the Angles.
The Anglo-Saxon Rood and other Features in the South Porch of St. Mary's Church, Breamore, Hampshire
Authors: Rodwell Warwick , Rouse E. Clive
Published: November 2011

Conservation in 1980 of the wall-paintings in the upper chamber of the south porch at Breamore church, where the notable Anglo-Saxon stone rood is sited, led to an archaeological study of the associated parts of the building. It was established that the rood is not in its primary location over the south door, but was only erected there in the fifteenth century. It is argued that the rood originally occupied a position over the western arch into the nave of the Saxon church, being enclosed within a chamber, now demolished. The Norman south doorway and added porch appear to be a refurbishment of an original entrance to the nave, although probably not the principal one, which, it is argued, lay at the west end. In the fifteenth century the church was repaired piecemeal, and this involved the demolition of the Saxon north porticus and western chamber, the partial reconstruction of the south porch and a lowering of its roof pitch, and the resiting of the displaced rood sculptures in the south wall of the nave above the porch. In the early sixteenth century the walls of the porch were raised, creating an upper storey which functioned as a chapel, probably dedicated in honour of St. Mary the Virgin. The rood then became a devotional object within the porch chapel, and an elaborate scheme of landscape painting was applied as a background, and was continued on the west wall of the chapel. The remaining areas of wall plaster in the chapel were painted with guttée-de-sang and sacred monograms. Later in the sixteenth century the Anglo-Saxon sculptures were deliberately defaced and their remains hidden by a layer of plaster. The re-exposure of the rood and paintings took place at an unrecorded date in the nineteenth century; the upper floor of the porch was removed in 1897, revealing the chapel to view from below.
Sugar-Loaf Shield Bosses
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: November 2011

The descriptionZuckerhuthas been used in German publications to distinguish the tall shield bosses of the eighth century which have certain variations in form but remain constant in being unusually tall in proportion to their width. The term is taken from the shape of the clay mould in which, as late as the end of the nineteenth century, sugar was left to drain and set, the walls of the resulting sugar-loaves being usually slightly convex, rising to a point. ‘Sugar-loaf’ is therefore used here as a general term for the whole species of shield boss of tall proportions, but more specifically for the high, curved cone. The straight-sided cone may be more properly referred to as conical. Some of these have been noticed in England, and as they begin at the end of the pagan period when grave goods are sparse, it seemed likely that a study of them with their associated finds and relations overseas might provide a useful contribution to this part of Saxon chronology. It must be remembered that examination of shield bosses of this period is often made difficult by a thick coating of rust with other accretions, but the inside is sometimes less affected and yields more information. Although every effort has been made towards accuracy, it is possible that details may have been missed which might become visible after cleaning, but a number of the bosses are so fragmentary that further treatment would not seem to be advisable.
An Anglian Cemetery at Glaston, Rutland
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow , Barber J. L.
Published: November 2011

The sand-pit at Glaston, Rutland, from which came the example of a rare type of Celto-Saxon fibula recorded in the Antiquaries Journal, xxviii, 169 ff., has since yielded evidence of a small cemetery. By way of preface it may be noted that the settlement which the cemetery represents is situated at a point close to the junction of the Oolitic Northampton Sands with the Lias, an observation stressed by Reginald A. Smith in his article on Anglo-Saxon remains in volume i of the Victoria History of Northamptonshire in regard to Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in the country. It is also applicable to the other known cemeteries in Rutland itself, the selection being determined by accessibility to an adequate water-supply. Reference to the geological map in the V.C.H., Rutland, i, shows that the choice at Glaston follows the general rule on an outlier that thrusts into the Lias as far as Uppingham from the north-south Oolitic band that covers the eastern half of the county.
A method of calculating ice-shelf surface velocity using ICESat altimetry
Authors: Marsh O.J. , Rack W.
Published: November 2011

Very high precision satellite altimeter measurements from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System onboard NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) have allowed a method of feature tracking to be developed for floating ice which relies on recording the movement of large surface undulations. This method is applied to a section of the Ross Ice Shelf downstream of the grounding line of the Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica. The altimetry method has benefits over established optical and interferometric remote sensing techniques due to high pointing accuracy for geo-location, ability to deal with tidal fluctuations and to measure velocity where visible surface features are absent. Initial processing of a single sequence of ICESat tracks gives encouraging results for unidirectional ice flow with correlations between surface profiles in consecutive years exceeding 90% and producing high internal consistency in velocity between independent tracks. Velocities of 331 ± 28 m a−1 near to the grounding line are also consistent with available ground measurements for the area.
Language control abilities of late bilinguals
Authors: FESTMAN JULIA
Published: November 2011

Although all bilinguals encounter cross-language interference (CLI), some bilinguals are more susceptible to interference than others. Here, we report on language performance of late bilinguals (Russian/German) on two bilingual tasks (interview, verbal fluency), their language use and switching habits. The only between-group difference was CLI: one group consistently produced significantly more errors of CLI on both tasks than the other (thereby replicating our findings from a bilingual picture naming task). This striking group difference in language control ability can only be explained by differences in cognitive control, not in language proficiency or language mode.
Validation of a semi-quantitative FFQ using food records as a reference in older women in the Kuopio Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS)
Authors: Erkkilä Arja T , Järvinen Ritva , Karvonen Henna , Keronen Linda , Tuppurainen Marjo T
Published: November 2011

Objective

To validate an eighty-nine-item semi-quantitative FFQ for measurement of nutrient intakes in elderly women.

Design

FFQ and 3 d food records were filled in by women participating in the Kuopio Fracture Prevention Study (OSTPRE-FPS). Data on intakes of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, Ca, Fe, P, K, Mg, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin K from ninety-nine women were available to assess the agreement of the two methods. Validity was assessed using correlation coefficients, cross-classification into quintile categories and Bland–Altman plots. Nutrients relevant to bone health were assessed.

Setting

OSTPRE-FPS in Finland.

Subjects

Elderly women with a mean age 71·3 years.

Results

The FFQ overestimated energy and nutrient intakes as compared with food records by 30–50 %. The highest correlation coefficients of the energy-adjusted nutrient intakes between the methods were observed for fibre (0·60), Mg (0·56) and folic acid (0·49) and the lowest for protein and vitamin D (both 0·19). The cross-classification of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes showed that on average 68 % of the participants (range 62–78 %) were classified into the same or an adjacent quintile category.

Conclusions

The validity of energy and nutrient intakes measured with the FFQ was moderate as compared with 3 d food records in elderly women. The FFQ is a useful tool for the nutrient assessment of elderly women in epidemiological research.
Spatial‐temporal variations in phytoplankton size and colored detrital matter absorption at global and regional scales, as derived from twelve years of SeaWiFS data (1998–2009)
Authors: Bricaud A. , Ciotti A. M. , Gentili B.
Published: November 2011

A procedure has been proposed by Ciotti and Bricaud (2006) to retrieve spectral absorption coefficients of phytoplankton and colored detrital matter (CDM) from satellite radiance measurements. This was also the first procedure to estimate a size factor for phytoplankton, based on the shape of the retrieved algal absorption spectrum, and the spectral slope of CDM absorption. Applying this method to the global ocean color data set acquired by SeaWiFS over twelve years (1998–2009), allowed for a comparison of the spatial variations of chlorophyll concentration ([Chl]), algal size factor (Sf), CDM absorption coefficient (acdm) at 443 nm, and spectral slope of CDM absorption (Scdm). As expected, correlations between the derived parameters were characterized by a large scatter at the global scale. We compared temporal variability of the spatially averaged parameters over the twelve‐year period for three oceanic areas of biogeochemical importance: the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. In all areas, both Sf and acdm(443) showed large seasonal and interannual variations, generally correlated to those of algal biomass. The CDM maxima appeared in some occasions to last longer than those of [Chl]. The spectral slope of CDM absorption showed very large seasonal cycles consistent with photobleaching, challenging the assumption of a constant slope commonly used in bio‐optical models. In the Equatorial Pacific, the seasonal cycles of [Chl], Sf, acdm(443) and Scdm, as well as the relationships between these parameters, were strongly affected by the 1997–98 El Niño/La Niña event.
Binding free energy calculations and biological testing of novel thiobarbiturates as inhibitors of the human NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase Sirt2
Authors: Uciechowska Urszula , Schemies Jörg , Scharfe Michael , Lawson Michael , Wichapong Kanin , Jung Manfred , Sippl Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

Novel thiobarbiturates were identified by virtual screening and MM-PBSA calculation as potent sirtuin inhibitors which represent useful probes for cellular studies.
Brain enlargement is associated with regression in preschool-age boys with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Nordahl Christine Wu , Lange Nicholas , Li Deana D. , Barnett Lou Ann , Lee Aaron , Buonocore Michael H. , Simon Tony J. , Rogers Sally , Ozonoff Sally , Amaral David G.
Published: November 2011

Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple behavioral and biological phenotypes. Accelerated brain growth during early childhood is a well-established biological feature of autism. Onset pattern, i.e., early onset or regressive, is an intensely studied behavioral phenotype of autism. There is currently little known, however, about whether, or how, onset status maps onto the abnormal brain growth. We examined the relationship between total brain volume and onset status in a large sample of 2- to 4-y-old boys and girls with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [
n
= 53, no regression (nREG);
n
= 61, regression (REG)] and a comparison group of age-matched typically developing controls (
n
= 66). We also examined retrospective head circumference measurements from birth through 18 mo of age. We found that abnormal brain enlargement was most commonly found in boys with regressive autism. Brain size in boys without regression did not differ from controls. Retrospective head circumference measurements indicate that head circumference in boys with regressive autism is normal at birth but diverges from the other groups around 4–6 mo of age. There were no differences in brain size in girls with autism (
n
= 22, ASD;
n
= 24, controls). These results suggest that there may be distinct neural phenotypes associated with different onsets of autism. For boys with regressive autism, divergence in brain size occurs well before loss of skills is commonly reported. Thus, rapid head growth may be a risk factor for regressive autism.
Genome-wide antisense transcription drives mRNA processing in bacteria
Authors: Lasa Iñigo , Toledo-Arana Alejandro , Dobin Alexander , Villanueva Maite , de los Mozos Igor Ruiz , Vergara-Irigaray Marta , Segura Víctor , Fagegaltier Delphine , Penadés José R. , Valle Jaione , Solano Cristina , Gingeras Thomas R.
Published: November 2011

RNA deep sequencing technologies are revealing unexpected levels of complexity in bacterial transcriptomes with the discovery of abundant noncoding RNAs, antisense RNAs, long 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, and alternative operon structures. Here, by applying deep RNA sequencing to both the long and short RNA fractions (<50 nucleotides) obtained from the major human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
, we have detected a collection of short RNAs that is generated genome-wide through the digestion of overlapping sense/antisense transcripts by RNase III endoribonuclease. At least 75% of sense RNAs from annotated genes are subject to this mechanism of antisense processing. Removal of RNase III activity reduces the amount of short RNAs and is accompanied by the accumulation of discrete antisense transcripts. These results suggest the production of pervasive but hidden antisense transcription used to process sense transcripts by means of creating double-stranded substrates. This process of RNase III-mediated digestion of overlapping transcripts can be observed in several evolutionarily diverse Gram-positive bacteria and is capable of providing a unique genome-wide posttranscriptional mechanism to adjust mRNA levels.
Neurotrophin-mediated degradation of histone methyltransferase by S-nitrosylation cascade regulates neuronal differentiation
Authors: Sen Nilkantha , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: November 2011

Epigenetic regulation of histones mediates neurotrophin actions with histone acetylation enhancing cAMP response element-binding (CREB)-associated transcription elicited by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve-growth factor (NGF). Roles for histone methylation in CREB's transcriptional activity have not been well characterized. We show that depletion of the histone methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 3–9 homolog 1 (SUV39H1) selectively augments BDNF- and NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth. SUV39H1 is the principal enzyme responsible for trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9, a molecular mark associated with transcriptional silencing. BDNF and NGF act via a signaling cascade wherein degradation of SUV39H1 down-regulates trimethylation of H3K9 in a nitric oxide-dependent pathway. BDNF activates neuronal NOS with the nitrosylated GAPDH/seven in absentia (Siah) homolog complex translocating to the nucleus. Degradation of SUV39H1 by Siah facilitates histone H3 on lysine 9 acetylation, CREB binding to DNA, enhanced expression of CREB-regulated genes and neurite outgrowth.
Salicylic acid mediates the reduced growth of lignin down-regulated plants
Authors: Gallego-Giraldo Lina , Escamilla-Trevino Luis , Jackson Lisa A. , Dixon Richard A.
Published: November 2011

Down-regulation of the enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) in thale cress (
Arabidopsis thaliana
) and alfalfa (
Medicago sativa
) leads to strongly reduced lignin levels, reduced recalcitrance of cell walls to sugar release, but severe stunting of the plants. Levels of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) are inversely proportional to lignin levels and growth in a series of transgenic alfalfa plants in which lignin biosynthesis has been perturbed at different biosynthetic steps. Reduction of SA levels by genetically blocking its formation or causing its removal restores growth in HCT–down-regulated
Arabidopsis
, although the plants maintain reduced lignin levels. SA-mediated growth inhibition may occur via interference with gibberellic acid signaling or responsiveness. Our data place SA as a central component in growth signaling pathways that either sense flux into the monolignol pathway or respond to secondary cell-wall integrity, and indicate that it is possible to engineer plants with highly reduced cell-wall recalcitrance without negatively impacting growth.
Usefulness of Olanzapine as an Adjunct to Opioid Treatment and for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Torigoe Kazuhiro , Nakahara Kae , Rahmadi Mahardian , Yoshizawa Kazumi , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Hirayama Shigeto , Imai Satoshi , Kuzumaki Naoko , Itoh Toshimasa , Yamashita Akira , Shakunaga Kiyoshi , Yamasaki Mitsuaki , Nagase Hiroshi , Matoba Motohiro , Suzuki Tsutomu , Narita Minoru
Published: November 2011

Background

The use of opioids for pain management is often associated with nausea and vomiting. Although conventional antipsychotics are often used to counter emesis, they can be associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. However, chronic pain can induce sleep disturbance. The authors investigated the effects of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine on morphine-induced emesis and the sleep dysregulation associated with chronic pain.

Methods

A receptor binding assay was performed using mouse whole brain tissue. The emetic response in ferrets was evaluated by counting retching and vomiting behaviors. Catalepsy in mice was evaluated by placing both of their forepaws over a horizontal bar. Released dopamine was measured by an in vivo microdialysis study. Sleep disturbance in mice in a neuropathic pain-like state was assayed by electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings.

Results

Olanzapine showed high affinity for muscarinic M1 receptor in brain tissue. Olanzapine decreased morphine-induced nausea and vomiting in a dose-dependent manner. However, olanzapine at a dose that had an antiemetic effect (0.03 mg/kg) did not induce catalepsy or hyperglycemia. In addition, olanzapine at this dose had no effect on the morphine-induced release of dopamine or inhibition of gastrointestinal transit. Finally, olanzapine inhibited thermal hyperalgesia and completely alleviated the sleep disturbance induced by sciatic nerve ligation.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that olanzapine may be useful for the treatment of morphine-induced emesis and as an adjunct for the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with sleep disturbance.
Cellulose Synthase-Like D1 Is Integral to Normal Cell Division, Expansion, and Leaf Development in Maize
Authors: Hunter Charles T. , Kirienko Daniel Hill , Sylvester Anne W. , Peter Gary F. , McCarty Donald R. , Koch Karen E.
Published: November 2011

The Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CslD) genes have important, although still poorly defined, roles in cell wall formation. Here, we show an unexpected involvement of CslD1 from maize (Zea mays) in cell division. Both division and expansion were altered in the narrow-organ and warty phenotypes of the csld1 mutants. Leaf width was reduced by 35%, due mainly to a 47% drop in the number of cell files across the blade. Width of other organs was also proportionally reduced. In leaf epidermis, the deficiency in lateral divisions was only partially compensated by a modest, uniform increase in cell width. Localized clusters of misdivided epidermal cells also led to the formation of warty lesions, with cell clusters bulging from the epidermal layer, and some cells expanding to volumes 75-fold greater than normal. The decreased cell divisions and localized epidermal expansions were not associated with detectable changes in the cell wall composition of csld1 leaf blades or epidermal peels, yet a greater abundance of thin, dense walls was indicated by high-resolution x-ray tomography of stems. Cell-level defects leading to wart formation were traced to sites of active cell division and expansion at the bases of leaf blades, where cytokinesis and cross-wall formation were disrupted. Flow cytometry confirmed a greater frequency of polyploid cells in basal zones of leaf blades, consistent with the disruption of cytokinesis and/or the cell cycle in csld1 mutants. Collectively, these data indicate a previously unrecognized role for CSLD activity in plant cell division, especially during early phases of cross-wall formation.
Acceptability of coupling Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants with the Expanded Programme on Immunization in three francophone countries in Africa
Authors: de Sousa Alexandra , Rabarijaona Leon P. , Ndiaye Jean L. , Sow Doudou , Ndyiae Mouhamed , Hassan Jacques , Lambo Nilda , Adovohekpe Paul , Guidetti Flavia , Recht Judith , Affo Alphonse
Published: November 2011

Objective  Intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi) is a malaria control strategy currently recommended by WHO for implementation at scale in Africa, consisting of administration of sulphadoxine‐pyrimethamine (SP) coupled with routine immunizations offered to children under 1 year. In this study, we analysed IPTi acceptability by communities and health staff.

Methods  Direct observation, in‐depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Benin, Madagascar and Senegal during IPTi pilot implementation. Villages were stratified by immunization coverage. Data were transcribed and analysed using NVivo7 software.

Results  Communities’ knowledge of malaria aetiology and diagnosis was good, although generally villagers did not seek treatment at health centres as their first choice. Perceptions and attitudes towards IPTi were very positive among communities and health workers. A misconception that SP was an antipyretic that prevents post‐vaccinal fever contributed to IPTi’s acceptability. No refusals or negative rumours related to IPTi coupling with immunizations were identified, and IPTi did not negatively influence attitudes towards other malaria control strategies. Healthcare decisions about children, normatively made by the father, are starting to shift to educated and financially independent mothers.

Discussion  Intermittent preventive treatment in infants is well accepted by providers and communities, showing a synergic acceptability when coupled with routine immunizations. However, a misconception that SP alleviates fever should be addressed when scaling up implementation.
An integrative morphological and molecular diagnostics for Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Marie‐Stephane Tixier , Mireille Okassa , Serge Kreiter
Published: November 2011

Tixier, M‐S., Okassa, M. & Kreiter, S. (2011). An integrative morphological and molecular diagnostics for Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 68–78.

Phytoseiidae species are predators used in biological control programmes to limit mite pests out‐breaks in the world. Specific diagnostic is thus very important to ensure the success of pest management. This study aims to determine the species status of populations within the main species in vineyards and orchards: Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri, considering four molecular markers (COI, Cytb mtDNAs, 12SrRNA, ITSS) and 34 morphometrical characters. With the three mitochondrial DNA fragments considered, unexpected high genetic distances were observed between two groups, whereas both nuclear DNA and morphological analyses did not show such distinction. Furthermore, the GYMC and the 4 × rule tests emphasised the existence of a single species. Similarly, cross‐breeding experiments between specimens of the two groups showed no reproductive incompatibility. Therefore, despite the great intraspecific variation emphasised by the three mtDNA markers, we conclude that all the specimens considered belong to the same species. The present study clearly underlines the difficulty to conclude on species status using only mt markers and genetic distances, and stresses the necessity to apply multiple approaches for species definition. It also shows the confidence of the morphology for delineating this species.
Electrocardiographic findings in women with a recent history of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: HOOGSTEDER PHILIPPE H.J. , KRÜSE ARNOLD J. , SEP SIMONE J.S. , DASSEN WILLEM R. , GORGELS ANTON P. , PEETERS LOUIS L.
Published: November 2011

Abstract  Objective. To assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities after a pregnancy complicated by pre‐eclampsia and/or syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (PE) and to compare the ECG characteristics, at least six months after pregnancy, between primiparous early‐onset PE women with and without recurrent PE. Design. Longitudinal observational study. Setting. Tertiary referral centre in The Netherlands from 1996 to 2008. Sample. Six hundred and fifty‐eight formerly pre‐eclamptic women. For our second objective, we used a subgroup of 79 primiparae with a history of early‐onset PE. Methods. Data were obtained during a postpartum screening program for women with hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Main outcome measures. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in PE women and characteristics of the ECG in women with recurrent PE after a first pregnancy complicated by early‐onset PE. Results. The ECG of 13 (2.0%), two (0.3%) and two (0.3%) former patients suggested ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement, respectively. Primiparae with recurrent PE in their second pregnancy differed from their counterparts with an uneventful second pregnancy by a leftward deviation of both the P‐ and the R‐axes of 11° (p= 0.022) and 12° (p= 0.021), respectively, with a prolonged QT interval (p= 0.025). Conclusions. The prevalence of ECG abnormalities in women with a recent history of PE was low and did not differ appreciably from that in a large population of healthy women of comparable age. The ECGs in primiparae with a history of early‐onset PE who developed recurrent PE in their second pregnancy differed slightly from women with an uneventful second pregnancy, probably related to potential confounders.
Demographic balancing of migrant and resident elk in a partially migratory population through forage–predation tradeoffs
Authors: Hebblewhite Mark , Merrill Evelyn H.
Published: November 2011

Partial migration is widespread in ungulates, yet few studies have assessed demographic mechanisms for how these alternative strategies are maintained in populations. Over the past two decades the number of resident individuals of the Ya Ha Tinda elk herd near Banff National Park has been increasing proportionally despite an overall population decline. We compared demographic rates of migrant and resident elk to test for demographic mechanisms partial migration. We determined adult female survival for 132 elk, pregnancy rates for 150 female elk, and elk calf survival for 79 calves. Population vital rates were combined in Leslie‐matrix models to estimate demographic fitness, which we defined as the migration strategy‐specific population growth rate. We also tested for differences in factors influencing risk of mortality between migratory strategies for adult females using Cox‐proportional hazards regression and time‐varying covariates of exposure to forage biomass, wolf predation risk, and group size. Despite higher pregnancy rates and winter calf weights associated with higher forage quality, survival of migrant adult females and calves were lower than resident elk. Resident elk traded high quality food to reduce predation risk by selecting areas close to human activity, and by living in group sizes 20% larger than migrants. Thus, residents experienced higher adult female survival and calf survival, but lower pregnancy and calf weights. Cause‐specific mortality of migrants was dominated by wolf and grizzly bear mortality, whereas resident mortality was dominated by human hunting. Demographic differences translated into slightly higher (2–3%), but non‐significant, resident population growth rate compared to migrant elk, suggesting demographic balancing between resident strategies during our study. Despite statistical equivalence, our results are also consistent with slow long‐term declines in migrants because of high predation because of higher wolf‐caused mortality in migrants. These results emphasize that migrants and residents will make different tradeoffs between forage and risk may affect the demographic balance of partially migratory populations, which may explain recent declines in migratory behavior in many ungulate populations around the world.
Primed for the Spirit: Creation, Redemption and the MissioSpiritus
Authors: Yong Amos
Published: November 2011

The focus of this article is the pneumatological foundations of Christian mission. My thesis is that the work of the Holy Spirit in creation, redemption, and eschatological salvation is central to Christian mission theology. Theology of mission is thus approached both in terms of the missio Dei more generally and the missio Spiritus more specifically. This argument for a pneumatological missiology is attentive to recent trends and developments in both theological and missiological literature. In conclusion, practical implications of such a pneumatologically oriented theology of mission are explored.
Transition Over C4 Leading Edge and Measurement of Intermittency Factor Using PDF of Hot-Wire Signal
Authors: Hazarika B. K. , Hirsch C.
Published: November 2011

The variation of intermittency factors in the transition region of a C4 leading edge flat plate is measured at three incidence angles in a low-turbulence free stream. During the determination of intermittency factor, the threshold value of the detector function and the validity of conditional averaging are verified by a method based on the direct application of PDF of the hot-wire output. As the angle of incidence is increased, the transition progressively moves through all the three modes on the suction surface: at zero incidence the bypass transition, at 2 deg incidence the natural transition, and at 4 deg incidence the separated-flow transition occur, respectively. All three modes of transition exhibited the chordwise intermittency factor variation in accordance with Narasimha’s universal intermittency distribution; thus, the method based on spot production rate is applicable to all the three modes of transition. In the transition zone of the attached boundary layers, the conditionally averaged interturbulent profiles are fuller than the Blasius profile, while the conditionally averaged turbulent profiles follow a logarithmic profile with a variable additive parameter.
Factors controlling joint spacing in interbedded sedimentary rocks: integrating numerical models with field observations from the Monterey Formation, USA
Authors: Gross Michael R. , Fischer Mark P. , Engelder Terry , Greenfield Roy J.
Published: November 2011

Local tensile stress normal to a joint is reduced in the vicinity of the joint because such stresses are not transmitted across free surfaces. This stress reduction prevents the formation of new joints in the vicinity of existing joints, and thus influences joint spacing. Lateral extent of this stress reduction shadow increases with joint height, which corresponds to bed thickness for many sedimentary rocks. The linear correlation between joint spacing and bed thickness commonly observed in outcrop is a direct result of this relationship. However, other factors in addition to bed thickness influence joint spacing. We evaluate these factors through both a review of the Hobbs model for joint spacing and a 2D finite element simulation of a crack confined to a lithology-controlled mechanical unit. The stress reduction shadow increases in length with incresaing Young’s modulus of the jointing bed, though fracture stress, flaw size, flaw distribution and extensional strain all interact with bed thickness and elastic properties ultimately to control joint spacing. One explanation for the observed decrease in joint spacing with increasing Young’s modulus in outcrops of the Monterey Formation is that beds with higher Young’s moduli fail at lower magnitudes of extensional strain.
Adaptive and Radio-Agnostic QoS for Body Sensor Networks
Authors: Zhou Gang , Li Qiang , Li Jingyuan , Wu Yafeng , Lin Shan , Lu Jian , Wan Chieh-Yih , Yarvis Mark D. , Stankovic John A.
Published: November 2011

As wireless devices and sensors are increasingly deployed on people, researchers have begun to focus on wireless body-area networks. Applications of wireless body sensor networks include healthcare, entertainment, and personal assistance, in which sensors collect physiological and activity data from people and their environments. In these body sensor networks, quality of service is needed to provide reliable data communication over prioritized data streams. This article proposes BodyQoS, the first running QoS system demonstrated on an emulated body sensor network. BodyQoS adopts an asymmetric architecture, in which most processing is done on a resource-rich aggregator, minimizing the load on resource-limited sensor nodes. A virtual MAC is developed in BodyQoS to make it radio-agnostic, allowing a BodyQoS to schedule wireless resources without knowing the implementation details of the underlying MAC protocols. Another unique property of BodyQoS is its ability to provide adaptive resource scheduling. When the effective bandwidth of the channel degrades due to RF interference or body fading effect, BodyQoS adaptively schedules remaining bandwidth to meet QoS requirements. We have implemented BodyQoS in NesC on top of TinyOS, and evaluated its performance on MicaZ devices. Our system performance study shows that BodyQoS delivers significantly improved performance over conventional solutions in combating channel impairment.