bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple combinations of 5‐FU pathway genes predict the outcome of metastatic gastric cancer patients treated by S‐1
Authors: Ichikawa Wataru , Takahashi Takehiro , Suto Kenichi , Shirota Yoshinori , Nihei Zenro , Shimizu Michio , Sasaki Yasutsuna , Hirayama Renzo
Published: May 2006

We evaluated the expression of 5‐FU pathway genes in prechemotherapeutic fresh frozen samples obtained from primary tumors to predict response and survival of 59 metastatic gastric cancer patients treated with S‐1 monotherapy as first line treatment. Five 5‐FU pathway genes, including thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and uridine phosphorylase (UP), were analyzed by the quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptional PCR method. Median values of each gene were selected for cut‐off values separating high and low gene expressions. In univariate analyses, low TS, high OPRT and low TP were significantly associated with a tumor shrinkage and a long survival, whereas DPD and UP gene expressions did not correlate with response and survival. Multivariate analyses revealed that independent variables were OPRT and TS for response and TS and TP for survival. When OPRT and TS were combined, a significantly increased accuracy rate of 91.5% was seen for response. Similarly, an increased hazard ratio of 10.29 was observed for survival in patients possessing low TS and low TP, compared with those with high TS or high TP. The simple combinations of 2 genes, OPRT and TS for response and TS and TP for survival, may allow identification of gastric cancer patients who will benefit from S‐1 chemotherapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Affective cues and brand‐extension evaluation: Exploring the influence of attitude toward the parent brand and attitude toward the extension ad
Authors: Nan Xiaoli
Published: May 2006

This research investigates the influence of two affective cues, namely, attitude toward the parent brand and attitude toward the extension ad, on brand‐extension evaluation. Results show that as perceived congruity between the extension and the parent brand decreases, the influence of attitude toward the parent brand on brand‐extension evaluation decreases, but the influence of attitude toward the extension ad increases. The impact of the two affective cues also appears to be moderated by an individual's need for cognition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fault‐tolerant routings with minimum optical index
Authors: Dinitz Jeffrey H. , Ling Alan , Stinson Douglas R.
Published: May 2006

We construct sets of routings in the complete directed graph
$\vec{K}_n$
that tolerate up to f failures of nodes or links. These routings are optimal with respect to several desirable criteria. In addition, our routings have minimum (or close to minimum) possible optical indices, which means that wavelengths can be assigned to the directed paths in the routings in an efficient manner. This property is useful in the context of optical networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(1), 47–55 2006
Breast cancer in relation to childhood parental divorce and early adult psychiatric disorder in a British birth cohort
Authors: LOKUGAMAGE A. U. , HOTOPF M. , HARDY R. , MISHRA G. , BUTTERWORTH S. , WADSWORTH M. E. J. , KUH D.
Published: May 2006

Background. Jacobs and Bovasso reported (Psychological Medicine 2000, 30, 669–678) that maternal death in childhood and chronic severe depression in adulthood were associated with subsequent breast cancer. We have examined the effects of parental loss in childhood and psychiatric disorder in adult life on breast cancer risk using a national birth cohort study.

Method. Eighty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in a study of 2253 women followed from birth to age 59 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test whether breast cancer rates were higher in women who experienced parental death and divorce before age 16, psychiatric disorders between 15 and 32 years, symptoms of anxiety and depression at 36 years, or use of antidepressant medication at 31 or 36 years than in women who did not have these experiences.

Results. There was no overall association between parental death, parental divorce or psychiatric disorder and the incidence of breast cancer. There was some evidence that women with more severe psychiatric disorders between the ages of 15 and 32 years were more likely to develop breast cancer early. The interaction between parental divorce and severe psychiatric disorder was non-significant (p=0·1); however, the group who experienced both these events had an increased breast cancer risk compared with those who experienced neither [hazard ratio (HR) 2·64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·13–6·19].

Conclusions. Our study does not provide strong support for the hypothesis that early loss or adult psychiatric disorders are associated with breast cancer. A meta-analysis is needed that uses data from all available cohort studies and investigates possible interactive effects on breast cancer risk.
Aktuelle Technologien in der Ultraschallbildgebung
Authors: Jenderka
Published: May 2006

Die hohe Innovationsrate der diagnostischen Ultraschallsysteme bringt kontinuierlich neue Verfahren in der sonographischen Diagnostik mit sich. Diese erlauben durch höhere Auflösung, verbesserten Kontrast und schnelleren Bildaufbau eine aussagekräftige Diagnostik und sichere Befunderhebung. Das breite Spektrum neuer Techniken und Verfahren stellt aber auch höhere Anforderungen an die Anwender und deren Ausbildung. Kenntnisse über Prinzip und Wirkungsweise helfen bei der Auswahl der richtigen Methode und dem sinnvollen Einsatz der Verfahren. In diesem Beitrag soll die Funktionsweise einer Reihe neuer Technologien und Verfahren bei der Konstruktion von Schallköpfen, der Erzeugung von Ultraschallimpulsen und zum schnellen Bildaufbau beschrieben werden. Die den Techniken zu Grunde liegenden Ideen werden gemeinsam mit den verbundenen Vor- und Nachteilen erläutert.
The Biological Clock and Sleep in the Elderly
Authors: Juda Myriam , Münch Mirjam , Wirz-Justice Anna , Merrow Martha , Roenneberg Till
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Among many other changes, older age is characterized by advanced sleep-wake cycles, changes in the amplitude of various circadian rhythms, as well as reduced entrainment to zeitgebers. These features reveal themselves through early morning awakenings, sleep difficulties at night, and a re-emergence of daytime napping. This review summarizes the observations concerning the biological clock and sleep in the elderly and discusses the documented and theoretical considerations behind these age-related behavioral changes, especially with respect to circadian biology.
Variability in the altitude of fast upper tropospheric winds over the Northern Hemisphere during winter
Authors: Strong Courtenay , Davis Robert E.
Published: May 2006

The surface of maximum wind (SMW) is used as a frame for examining spatial and temporal variability in the vertical position of fast upper tropospheric winds over the Northern Hemisphere during winter. At a given observation time in a gridded data set, the SMW is defined as the surface passing through the fastest analyzed wind above each grid node, with a vertical search domain restricted to the upper troposphere and any tropospheric jet streams extending into the lower stratosphere. Documenting how SMW pressure varies spatially and temporally guides the operational and climatological analysis of tropospheric jet streams and enables more informed interpretation of isobaric wind speed signals (i.e., isobaric speed variability can be caused by both jet core pressure changes and jet core speed changes). Using six‐hourly Northern Hemisphere (NH) NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 2004, the mean three‐dimensional structure of the NH SMW is mapped for winter, and vertical cross sections are used to show the position of the SMW relative to the mean isotachs, the mean lapse‐rate tropopause, and the mean dynamic tropopause. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are identified as the leading contributors to SMW pressure variability over the NH using principal components analysis. During the AO positive phase, mean SMW pressures are decreased at high latitudes and increased at middle and subtropical latitudes. The SMW response to the AO is elliptical with the centers of pressure change displaced more equatorward over Asia and the Atlantic. During the warm phase of ENSO, eastward expansion and strengthening of the Pacific jet stream is associated with SMW pressures up to 27 hPa lower near 30°N. The relatively low SMW pressures of the east Pacific SMW are flanked, during the warm phase of ENSO, by slower upper tropospheric winds and higher SMW pressures near the equator and the Gulf of Alaska.
Water desorption from an oxygen covered Pt(111) surface: Multichannel desorption
Authors: Karlberg G. S. , Wahnström G. , Clay C. , Zimbitas G. , Hodgson A.
Published: May 2006

Mixed OH∕H2O structures, formed by the reaction of O and water on Pt(111), decompose near 200K as water desorbs. With an apparent activation barrier that varies between 0.42 and 0.86eV depending on the composition, coverage, and heating rate of the film, water desorption does not follow a simple kinetic form. The adsorbate is stabilized by the formation of a complete hydrogen bonding network between equivalent amounts of OH and H2O, island edges, and defects in the structure enhancing the decomposition rate. Monte Carlo simulations of water desorption were made using a model potential fitted to first-principles calculations. We find that desorption occurs via several distinct pathways, including direct or proton-transfer mediated desorption and OH recombination. Hence, no single rate determining step has been found. Desorption occurs preferentially from low coordination defect or edge sites, leading to complex kinetics which are sensitive to both the temperature, composition, and history of the sample.
On the Birkhoff factorization problem for the Heisenberg magnet and nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Krešić-Jurić Saša
Published: May 2006

A geometrical description of the Heisenberg magnet (HM) equation with classical spins is given in terms of flows on the quotient space G∕H+, where G is an infinite dimensional Lie group and H+ is a subgroup of G. It is shown that the HM flows are induced by an action of R2 on G∕H+, and that the HM equation can be integrated by solving a Birkhoff factorization problem for G. For the HM flows that are Laurent polynomials in the spectral variable, we derive an algebraic transformation between solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) and Heisenberg magnet equation. The Birkhoff factorization problem for G is treated in terms of the geometry of the Segal-Wilson Grassmannian Gr(H). The solution of the problem is given in terms of a pair of Baker functions for special subspaces in Gr(H). The Baker functions are constructed explicitly for subspaces that yield multisoliton solutions of NLS and HM equations.
Proton implantation-induced intermixing of InAs∕InP quantum dots
Authors: Barik S. , Tan H. H. , Jagadish C.
Published: May 2006

Proton implantation-induced intermixing of InAs quantum dots (QDs) capped with InP, GaInAsP, and InP and InGaAs layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition is investigated. The samples are annealed at 750, 800, 850, and 900°C for 30s and thermal stability of the QDs is studied. The optimum annealing temperature is around 800°C which gives maximum implantation-induced energy shift. The QDs capped with InP layers show the highest implantation-induced energy shift due to strong group V interdiffusion whereas the QDs grown on and capped with GaInAsP layers show the least implantation-induced energy shift due to weak group V and group III interdiffusion. The QDs capped with InP and InGaAs layers show intermediate implantation-induced energy shift and are less thermally stable compared to the QDs grown on and capped with GaInAsP layers. The QDs capped with InP layers show enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensity when implanted with lower proton dose (less than 5×1014ions∕cm2). On the other hand higher proton dose (more than 1×1014ions∕cm2) reduces the PL linewidth in all samples.
Impact on predation of sea turtle nests when predator control was removed midway through the nesting season
Authors: Engeman Richard M. , Martin R. Erik , Smith Henry T. , Woolard John , Crady Carrie K. , Constantin Bernice , Stahl Margo , Groninger N. Paige
Published: May 2006

The beach at Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR) is a high-density nesting beach serving three species of threatened and endangered sea turtles. Historically, up to 95% of turtle nests at HSNWR were lost to predation by raccoons and armadillos. Consequently, predator control was identified as the most important conservation tool at HSNWR, and predator control optimised by predator monitoring led to highly successful results whereby predation had been reduced to low levels (7–13.5% of monitored nests) in 2002 and 2003. In 2004, funding shortfalls caused predator control to be curtailed with ~1.5–2 months remaining in the nesting/hatching season. We analysed the resulting effects on turtle nest predation levels compared with the results from 2002 and 2003. The predation rate in 2004 compared favourably with that of 2002 and 2003 until the end of June, after which control was curtailed. Thereafter, predation rapidly accelerated, with the 2004 predation rate increasing to 1.5–3 times the rates from 2002 and 2003 by the end of August. The discrepancy in all likelihood would have grown further, except Hurricane Frances destroyed all remaining nests with 1.5–2 months left in the nesting/hatching season. Product-limit survival analyses demonstrated substantial differences in turtle nest survival between 2004 versus 2002 and 2003, but not between 2002 and 2003. When analysed as cohorts based on month of nest deposition, no differences were found among 2002, 2003, 2004 for nests deposited in May. These nests received full protection from predation in each of the three years. However, the survival analyses for nests deposited in June, and those deposited in July showed inferior survival for 2004 when predator control was removed for the last half of nesting/hatching.
Polarized axonal surface expression of neuronal KCNQ channels is mediated by multiple signals in the KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 C-terminal domains
Authors: Chung Hee Jung , Jan Yuh Nung , Jan Lily Y.
Published: May 2006

The M channels, important regulators of neuronal excitability, are voltage-gated potassium channels composed of KCNQ2–5 subunits. Mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 cause benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), dominantly inherited epilepsy and myokymia. Crucial for their functions in controlling neuronal excitability, the M channels must be placed at specific regions of the neuronal membrane. However, the precise distribution of surface KCNQ channels is not known. Here, we show that KCNQ2/KCNQ3 channels are preferentially localized to the surface of axons both at the axonal initial segment and more distally. Whereas axonal initial segment targeting of surface KCNQ channels is mediated by ankyrin-G binding motifs of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, sequences mediating targeting to more distal portion of the axon reside in the membrane proximal and A domains of the KCNQ2 C-terminal tail. We further show that several BFNC mutations of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 disrupt surface expression or polarized surface distribution of KCNQ channels, thereby revealing impaired targeting of KCNQ channels to axonal surfaces as a BFNC etiology.
FUNDAMENTAL DOMAINS FOR LATTICES IN RANK ONE SEMISIMPLE LIE GROUPS
Authors: Garland H. , Raghunathan M. S.
Published: May 2006

We construct a fundamental domain ω for an arbitrary lattice [unk] in a real rank one, real simple Lie group, where ω has finitely many cusps (i.e., is a finite union of Siegel sets) and has the Siegel property (i.e., the set {γ [unk] [unk]|ωγ [unk] ω [unk] ϕ} is finite). From the existence of ω we derive a number of consequences. In particular, we show that [unk] is finitely presentable and is almost always rigid.
THETA CONSTANTS, MODULI, AND COMPACT RIEMANN SURFACES
Authors: Farkas H. M.
Published: May 2006

One of the classical tools for the study of moduli of compact Riemann surfaces is the Riemann theta function. Preliminary results were announced earlier
1
which established relations between two kinds of theta constants on a compact Riemann surface of genus 2. In this note we generalize the results there obtained. The main theorem is as follows:

A sufficient condition for
[Formula: see text]
to be independent of
[Formula: see text]
is that
[Formula: see text]
for the
2

g
-2

(2

g
-1

- 1)
characteristics
[Formula: see text]
where
[Formula: see text]
ranges over all odd g
- 1
characteristics
.
SOME REMARKS ABOUT LIQUID METALS
Authors: McLachlan Dan
Published: May 2006

This paper proposes that the liquid state in metals consists of clusters, or globs, of ordered material separated by very thin layers of defects. The nature of the defects surrounding each glob and separating it from neighboring globs is the main feature of the theory. The volume of each defect and the energy to produce it is found to be only a fraction of that required to produce an ordinary vacancy in a solid. A close correlation is shown to exist between this theory and Eyring's theory of significant structures.
1-7
The heats of fusion and the volume changes on melting can be computed, as can be the coordination numbers in the liquid state.
STUDIES OF DNA-INFECTED DISRUPTED CELL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Weinstein Bernard I. , Mackal Roy P. , Werninghaus Betty , Evans E. A.
Published: May 2006

Procedures for increasing both sensitivity and reproducibility of virus production in disrupted DNA-infected cell preparations have been described. A variety of chemical agents and physical procedures, including fractionation by centrifugation, were tested for effects on the ability of disrupted cell preparations to form virus particles. DNA prepared from λ-virulent phage, a deletion mutant derived from λ-temperate phage, was shown to be infectious in disrupted cell preparations. When infectious λ-virulent and λ-temperate phage DNA were added simultaneously to frozen and thawed cell preparations, a marked increase in the production of infectious units was observed. This effect was eliminated when the biological activity of either DNA type was destroyed by heat. Phage particles produced by such mixed infections had the same buoyant density as the respective parental phages.
PASSIVE HEMOLYSIS BY SERUM AND COBRA VENOM FACTOR: A NEW MECHANISM INDUCING MEMBRANE DAMAGE BY COMPLEMENT
Authors: Pickering R. J. , Wolfson M. R. , Good R. A. , Gewurz H.
Published: May 2006

The studies presented here indicate that activation of the complement (C′) system by a foreign protein will cause membrane injury and passive lysis of unsensitized erythrocytes present at the time of the reaction. These observations suggest that in addition to the classical antibody-C′-induced cytolysis, there are alternative pathways or mechanisms for activation and participation of the terminal C′ components in the production of cell membrane injury.

We have shown that a substance derived from cobra venom and eluted from a single protein band on polyacrylamide can promote lysis of unsensitized autologous or heterologous erythrocytes in the presence of fresh guinea pig serum and that this lysis-inducing activity and C′-inhibiting activity appear to reside in the same fractions. The lytic activity is prevented by several agents known to impair classical C′3 activity, but is unaffected by certain procedures which interfere with the function of C′ components C′1 and C′2, a suggestion that this reaction involves chiefly C′3-C′9. Further, the cobra venom (CV) factor depletes C′ activity in
cobra
serum, and the CV factor (with its 5S serum cofactor) converts purified C′3 to its inactive form,
1
indicating that the reaction of this complex with the complement system occurs without participation of antibody. Therefore, since the lysis-inducing and C′-inhibiting activity of the CV factor appear to result from similar interactions with the complement system, these observations suggest that cell membrane damage and cell lysis can be accomplished through activation of the complement system by a mechanism involving little or no participation of classical antibody or C′ components C′1, 4, or 2.
ON TUNING AND AMPLIFICATION BY LATERAL INHIBITION
Authors: Ratliff Floyd , Knight B. W. , Graham Norma
Published: May 2006

Lateral inhibition in a neural network generally attenuates the amplitudes of the responses to sinusoidal stimuli—both spatial and temporal. For an inhibitory influence with an abrupt onset and an exponential decay in time, and with a Gaussian distribution in space (the forms often assumed in theoretical calculations), the attenuation is greatest at low temporal and spatial frequencies. The attenuation diminishes with increasing frequencies until ultimately the amplitudes of inhibited responses become equal to, but never exceed, the amplitudes of the uninhibited.

For an inhibitory influence with a delay to the maximum in time or with eccentric maxima in space, however, the amplitudes of inhibited responses to certain intermediate frequencies may be greater than those of the uninhibited respones. This “amplification” results because the delay and the spatial separation “tune” the network to particular temporal and spatial frequencies; the inhibition is turned on at the trough of the response and off at the crest, thus tending to produce the greatest possible amplitude. The amplification has been observed in one neural network, the retina of the lateral eye of
Limulus
. The basic principles are general, and the effects may be expected in any system with negative feedback.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RNA STIMULATING GROWTH OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE
Authors: Fujii T. , Villee C. A.
Published: May 2006

RNA prepared from the seminal vesicles of intact adult rats, or of testosterone-treated castrate adult rats, produced a 30 per cent increase in the weight of the seminal vesicle and a 25 per cent increase in the incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein. RNA prepared from the liver or ventral prostate of the same animals produced only a 10 per cent increase in the weight of the seminal vesicle. RNA prepared from the liver of control or testosterone-treated adult female rats was ineffective in stimulating the growth of the seminal vesicle. Polyuridylic acid instilled into the lumen had no effect on the weight of the seminal vesicle, but increased the incorporation of labeled phenylalanine into protein. RNA sedimenting in the 18
S
area on sucrose density gradients was most effective in stimulating growth of the seminal vesicle of three-week-old rats. Treating homogenized tissue with deoxycholate greatly increased the effectiveness of the RNA extracted. RNA extracted from seminal vesicles by treatment with deoxycholate and dextran sulfate was biologically active, whereas the usual 4
S
RNA in the 100,000 ×
g
supernatant is ineffective.
TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF THE RACEMIC FORM OF THE SECOND JUVENILE HORMONE (METHYL 12-HOMOJUVENATE) FROM THE CECROPIA SILK MOTH
Authors: Johnson William S. , Campbell Simon F. , Krishnakumaran A. , Meyer Andre S.
Published: May 2006

Methyl
cis
-10-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-
trans,trans
-2,6-tridecadienoate has been stereoselectively synthesized in 12 steps starting from methyl
trans
-γ-bromo-β,β-dimethylacrylate and 1-acetyl-1-methylcyclopropane. The final product proved to be identical with the second, less abundant juvenile hormone (methyl 12-homojuvenate) isolated from the Cecropia silk moth. The biological activities of the compound were evaluated in various insects.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES IN THE INITIATION OF PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT ANTIGENS
Authors: Strober S. , Law L. W.
Published: May 2006

Thoracic duct cells obtained from normal (unimmunized) donors restored the primary hemolysin response of lethally irradiated or neonatally thymectomized rats to sheep red blood cells. Synergy between thoracic duct cells and bone-marrow cells was demonstrated in the irradiated hosts. However, thoracic duct cells did not restore the primary antibody response of irradiated rats challenged with diphtheria toxoid, but did restore the response of neonatally thymectomized rats. The addition of peritoneal exudate cells or bone-marrow cells to inocula of thoracic duct cells also failed to restore the response of irradiated hosts to diphtheria toxoid, although normal spleen cells restored the response. These findings indicate that the cellular events involved in the initiation of the primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells differ from those involved in the response to diphtheria toxoid.
THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL SPLEEN CELLS IN THE INTERFERON RESPONSE OF THE INTACT MOUSE
Authors: Osborn June E. , Walker Duard L.
Published: May 2006

A method is described for the detection of interferon production by individual spleen cells of mice after intravenous virus infection. Although mouse spleen plays a major role in the total interferon response to Newcastle disease virus, the number of spleen cells participating is a small fraction of the total, suggesting that interferon formation is to some extent a specialized cell function.

Monolayers of mouse embryo cells, after brief contact with agar-suspended spleen cells from interferon-producing mice, have roughly circular foci of cells remaining after removal of agar and vesicular stomatitis virus challenge. The numbers of such foci correlate directly with the number of spleen cells, concentration of inducing virus in the inoculum, duration of contact of cells with mouse-embryo indicator monolayers, time after interferon induction, and serum interferon titer. With this technique, evolution of the interferon-forming cell response in spleens of virus-infected mice has been studied.
ON POPULATION GROWTH IN A RANDOMLY VARYING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Lewontin R. C. , Cohen D.
Published: May 2006

If a population is growing in a randomly varying environment, such that the finite rate of increase per generation is a random variable with no serial autocorrelation, the logarithm of population size at any time
t
is normally distributed. Even though the expectation of population size may grow infinitely large with time, the probability of extinction may approach unity, owing to the difference between the geometric and arithmetic mean growth rates.
A CURVILINEAR EXTENSION OF THE MAXIMUM MODULUS PRINCIPLE
Authors: Bagemihl Frederick
Published: May 2006

The classical maximum principle is extended to the case where at frontier points the assumed global upper limit of the function is replaced by an upper limit along merely an arc, provided that the function does not have infinity as an asymptotic value.
AN EFFECT OF POSTSYNAPTIC NEURONS UPON PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS
Authors: Decima Emilio E.
Published: May 2006

Centrifugal (“antidromic”) discharges in cat sensory fibers are observed consistently in a variety of experimental preparations and with many different surgical and recording techniques. As is well known, they can be either “spontaneous” or induced by afferent volleys in other sensory fibers. In addition, it is shown here that they can be elicited by antidromic motoneuron activation when the latter is conditioned by natural sensory stimuli or by shocks to the dorsal roots. The latency of the centrifugal dorsal root response to ventral root stimulation is shorter than that of the monosynaptic reflex mediated by the same fibers. An “antidromic” coupling, probably of an electrical nature, between motoneurons and presynaptic terminals is postulated.
REPRESENTATIONS OF WEAK AND STRONG INTEGRALS IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: Brooks James K.
Published: May 2006

We establish a representation of the Gelfand-Pettis (weak) integral in terms of unconditionally convergent series. Moreover, absolute convergence of the series is a necessary and sufficient condition in order that the weak integral coincide with the Bochner integral. Two applications of the representation are given. The first is a simplified proof of the countable additivity and absolute continuity of the indefinite weak integral. The second application is to probability theory; we characterize the conditional expectation of a weakly integrable function.
INWARD MOTIONS IN CONNECTED SPACES
Authors: Whyburn Gordon T.
Published: May 2006

The concept of an
A
-set
1
is broadened and developed in an arbitrary connected
T
1
-space
X
. Movements of such sets under arbitrary functions and under mildly restricted functions from
X
to itself are analyzed. Areas of constricted action are located which are imposed on the function by the structure of the space. Applications are made to the case where
X
is a dendrite. In this case existence of points of restricted motion is proved for arbitrary functions which yield actual fixed points in case of partly continuous functions.
ON THE LAW OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM
Authors: Slivka John
Published: May 2006

The law of the iterated logarithm provides a family of bounds all of the same order such that with probability one only finitely many partial sums of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables exceed some members of the family, while for others infinitely many do so. In the former case, the total number of such excesses has therefore a proper probability distribution, and it is shown here that whenever the law applies this distribution possesses no moments of positive order. This result further elucidates the celebrated precision of this law of probability concerning fluctuations of sums of random variables.
CULTURE OF CALLUS OF
Hedera canariensis
, WILLD
Authors: Robbins William J. , Hervey Annette
Published: May 2006

Callus from stems of adult
Hedera canariensis
has been maintained on synthetic media for 29 successive passages over a period of three years. Callus from petioles of adult
H. canariensis
and from cotyledons has also been grown in culture.
ENERGY-LINKED REACTIONS IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA, V. RELATION OF THE LIGHT-INDUCED PROTON UPTAKE TO PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN
R. rubrum
CHROMATOPHORES
Authors: Keister Donald L. , Minton Norma Jean
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of photophosphorylation have been studied in
Rhodospirillum rubrum
chromatophores. No evidence for a time or intensity lag in photophosphorylation was found. An intensity lag could be induced with the uncoupling agent,
m
-chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone or, in some cases, by aging of the chromatophores.

In chloroplasts, the occurrence of a time and intensity lag in phosphorylation has been correlated with the formation of a proton gradient and quoted as evidence that a proton gradient is a prerequisite of phosphorylation. The significance of the absence of a time and intensity lag in chromatophores is discussed in this context.
MINIMAL IMMERSIONS OF SPHERES INTO SPHERES
Authors: Do Carmo Manfredo P. , Wallach Nolan R.
Published: May 2006

In this paper we announce a qualitative description of an important class of closed
n
-dimensional submanifolds of the
m
-dimensional sphere, namely, those which locally minimize the
n
-area in the same way that geodesics minimize the arc length and are themselves locally
n
-spheres of constant radius
r
; those
r
that may appear are called admissible. It is known that for
n
= 2 each admissible
r
determines a unique element of the above class. The main result here is that for each
n
≥ 3 and each admissible
r
≥ [unk]8 there exists a continuum of distinct such submanifolds.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN EVOKED BY BRADYKININ AND ITS ALTERATION BY MORPHINE AND ASPIRIN
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Krauthamer G. , Guzman F. , Fulp R. R.
Published: May 2006

Synthetic bradykinin, a nonapeptide formed from α-2 globulin in plasma, injected intra-arterially or intraperitoneally in cats in doses of 10-50 μg, evoked activity in the central nervous system in pathways associated with the signaling of pain. Similar injections of bradykinin in intact normal cats and dogs evoked manifestations of pain, and in conscious humans elicited verbal reports of pain perceived in the area of injection. Single unit activity was recorded in the medial reticular formation of the brainstem, in the medial thalamus and, more laterally, among the posterior group nuclei and the suprageniculate nucleus. Bradykinin did not evoke any cortical or subcortical slow potentials such as those evoked by electrical stimulation of the foot pads. When bradykinin was given together with the electrical stimulus, the responses evoked by the latter were blocked.

Morphines uppressed bradykinin-evoked activity. Aspirin caused marked fluctuations in activity, unrelated to the bradykinin injection; the bradykinin block of evoked potentials could no longer be observed after aspirin dosage. The results are discussed in terms of the peripheral and central sites of analgesic action and the likelihood of the existence of chemosensitive pain receptors.
EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE POINTS ON THE GENOME OF RAPIDLY GROWING
E. coli
B/r
Authors: Ward C. B. , Glaser D. A.
Published: May 2006

Synchronized cultures of rapidly growing
E. coli
B/r cells were starved for a required amino acid at various cell ages to allow ongoing chromosome replication to be completed without initiation of new replication cycles. It has been found that when such synchronized cultures are exposed to the mutagen nitrosoguanidine, genetic markers just in the process of replication show a markedly higher mutation rate than markers elsewhere on the chromosome. The number of growing points on the chromosome at each cell age can then be determined by observing the nitrosoguanidine-induced mutation rates for specific genetic markers on the genome. These experiments indicate that there exist multiple growing points on the genome for about ten minutes during the life cycle when the cells are growing with a doubling time of 28 minutes.
AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE REACTION UNIQUE TO EARLY EMBRYONIC TISSUE OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Rennert Owen M.
Published: May 2006

The formation of trifluoroleucine-tRNA and leucine-tRNA during embryonic development of the mouse is a function of gestational age. The existence of a leucine-tRNA synthetase has been demonstrated in early embryonic tissue (gestational age <10 days) which has unique chemical properties, acylating tRNA with trifluoroleucine with avidity almost equal to leucine. This enzyme has been shown to be stable to heating at 45°C for 30 minutes.

A second leucine-tRNA synthetase, which is similar chemically and physically to the enzyme isolated from more mature embryonic tissue, has been isolated from this embyronic source as well as from adult tissue.

Quantitative changes in the species of tRNA isolated from these various sources have been documented utilizing the technique of polyacrylamide electrophoresis. These changes parallel the disappearance of the early embryonic enzyme, fewer species of tRNA acting as acceptors for leucine as maturation progresses.
THE MANGANESE MERCURY STAR π
1
BOOTIS
Authors: Montgomery John Wm. , Aller Lawrence H.
Published: May 2006

High-dispersion plates secured with the Coudé spectrograph of the Lick 120 inch telescope have been used to analyze the peculiar
A
star π
1
Bootis. Spectral-energy distribution measurements are combined with line-intensity data for iron and manganese in two stages of ionization to obtain a fit with model atmospheres for
T
eff
= 13,000°K and log
g
= 4. The influence of adopted
T
and
g
on the derived abundances is discussed. Although C, O, Mg, Si, Ti, Cr, and Fe appear to have nearly normal (i.e., solar) abundances, strontium appears to be enhanced in abundance by an order of magnitude, and scandium is about 50 times overabundant, while manganese and yttrium appear to be two orders of magnitude overabundant. If the identification of gallium is correct, this element is overabundant by a factor approaching 100,000; while if λ3983.90 is to be attributed to HgII, as Bidelman suggests, the overabundance of this element is many orders of magnitude.
CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, IX. DEPLETION FROM THE NORMAL RABBIT BONE MARROW OF ANTIGEN-REACTIVE CELLS DIRECTED TOWARD HUMAN PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Abdou Nabih I. , Richter Maxwell
Published: May 2006

Normal adult rabbits were injected intravenously with peripheral leukocytes obtained from a normal human volunteer (donor
A
). The animals were sacrificed 24 hours later, and their bone marrow cells (primed bone marrow) or bone marrow cells obtained from a normal, unimmunized rabbit (normal bone marrow) were injected intravenously into irradiated (800 r) rabbits. The latter were immunized with peripheral leukocytes of donor
A
. The antisera obtained from the irradiated rabbits given primed bone marrow cells displayed minimal or no cytotoxic activity toward white cells of either donor
A
or an unrelated donor
B
. On the other hand, antisera obtained from irradiated rabbits given normal bone marrow cells displayed high titers of cytotoxic activity with respect to donor
A
cells only. It is concluded that rabbit bone marrow can be depleted of antigen-reactive cells directed toward white cell antigens following injection of the white cells intravenously and that these bone marrow cells are incapable of conferring antibody-forming capacity, in irradiated recipients, directed to this particular species of white cells. The relevance of these findings to the field of transplantation in general is discussed.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Sherwin Allan L. , Karpati George , Bulcke Jan A.
Published: May 2006

A specific antiserum against skeletal muscle creatine phosphokinase has been obtained by immunizing chickens with purified rabbit skeletal muscle creatine phosphokinase. The antiserum was organ- rather than species-specific and reacted equally well with creatine phosphokinase from rabbit, guinea pig, and human skeletal muscle. Immunological specificity was verified by double immunodiffusion in agar gel where the precipitin line exhibited creatine phosphokinase activity. In solution the antiserum inhibited the enzymatic activity of creatine phosphokinase. By means of the immunofluorescent technique, creatine phosphokinase was localized in the intermyofibrillar space of normal human skeletal muscle fibers in cryostat sections. A higher concentration of the enzyme was found in fibers which have primarily an anaerobic enzyme profile (type II fibers) as determined by conventional histochemical reactions.
NERVE MEMBRANE CURRENT NOISE: DIRECT MEASUREMENTS UNDER VOLTAGE CLAMP
Authors: Poussart Denis J. M.
Published: May 2006

Fluctuations in the steady-state current of the membrane of the lobster giant axon have been measured under voltage-clamp conditions. These fluctuations have a power density spectrum that is inversely proportional to frequency. The magnitude of the fluctuations is determined largely by the potassium component of the membrane current.
SENSITIVE CRITERIA FOR THE CRITICAL SIZE FOR HELIX FORMATION IN OLIGOPEPTIDES
Authors: Goodman Murray , Verdini Antonio S. , Toniolo Claudio , Phillips William D. , Bovey Frank A.
Published: May 2006

We studied the conformation of a series of γ-ethyl-L-glutamate oligopeptides by circular dichroism and 220 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. By use of the first technique we noted enhancement of the
n
→ π
*
and splitting of the π → π
*
transitions commencing with the heptamer in trimethylphosphate and trifluoroethanol. With the second method we found changes in chemical shifts for the amide protons consistent with the onset of helicity at the heptamer in the solvents noted above. When DMSO-
d
6
is used as a solvent, no such chemical shift changes occur because the oligopeptides do not assume helical conformations.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE REAL INFINITE SIMPLE AND REAL INFINITE PRIMITIVE LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: Shnider Steven
Published: May 2006

In this paper the real infinite simple and real infinite primitive Lie algebras are classified.
ON THE VITALI-HAHN-SAKS AND NIKODÝM THEOREMS
Authors: Brooks James K.
Published: May 2006

We present simplified proofs of the well-known Vitali-Hahn-Saks and Nikodým theorems for measures.
MICROCALORIMETRIC STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF MAGNESIUM COMPLEXES OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: Belaich J. P. , Sari J. C.
Published: May 2006

Values for the thermodynamic quantities (Δ
F
, Δ
H
, Δ
S
) in reactions in which complexes of adenine nucleotides with magnesium ion (ATPMg
--
, ADPMg
-
, AMPMg) are formed have been obtained by a microcalorimetric technique by using an isothermic Calvet's apparatus.

Experimental values measured at ionic strength μ = 0.2 indicate that complex formation reactions are driven by the entropic factor and that stability of complexes increases with length of the phosphate chain.
COMPARISON OF LUNAR WITH TERRESTRIAL AND METEORITIC ROCKS
Authors: Turner Francis J. , Ulbrich Mabel
Published: May 2006

This note examines critically recent attempts to identify or closely correlate lunar surface samples—on the basis of alpha-scattering analysis—with terrestrial igneous rocks (basalts) or with eucrite meteorites. Basalts show considerable variety; but all have chemical characteristics inherited from terrestrial mantle rock melted under a limited range of terrestrial pressure-temperature conditions. What is characteristic is not so much the content of any particular element or oxide—e.g., SiO
2
47-52 per cent—but rather a complete chemical pattern in which such ratios as Fe/Mg and Ca/(Na + K) show consistent relationships to Si content. These are the chemical criteria that might be useful in comparing terrestrial basalt with extraterrestrial rocks. Basalts also have distinctive mineralogical and textural characteristics; and if a lunar or meteoritic rock is to be identified as basalt it must possess these, too.

Turkevich's analysis of alpha-scattering data for lunar samples (Surveyor V) show significant departure from basaltic composition: Very high (Ca + K)/Na associated with distinctly high Fe/Mg. In basalts relatively high (Ca + K)/Na—in no case approaching the reported lunar values—tends to be associated with Fe/Mg values
lower
than average. The same “lunar” pattern of high (Ca + K)/Na and Fe/Mg appears in recorded analyses of eucrite meteorites. In the lunar samples, Ti is notably higher than in basalts, and even more so than in eucrites. If eucrites are of lunar origin their Ti values are, so far, a real anomaly.
IDENTIFICATION OF A BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITOR FROM HELA CELLS: A KETOALDEHYDE
Authors: Sparkes Brian G. , Kenny C. Paul
Published: May 2006

The growth-inhibiting factor found earlier in human cell cultures appeared to be a ketoaldehyde. An infrared spectral study of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives suggested that the ketoaldehyde was 4-hydroxy-2-ketobutyraldehyde. The compound, when synthesized, gave the same DNPH derivatives as the natural substance.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEAR ULTRAVIOLET CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF TRNA FROM
E. coli
Authors: Scott Jesse F. , Schofield Peter
Published: May 2006

The circular dichroism arising from 4-thiouridine residues in
E. coli
transfer RNA has been studied under conditions in which the secondary and tertiary structure of the macromolecule is either intact or totally disrupted. Studies on both unfractionated tRNA and on highly purified species of methionine-, valine-, and lysine-specific tRNA suggest that the circular dichroism of the 4-thiouridine residue is highly sensitive to its local environment in the macro-molecule and reveal interesting differences between these purified species. A new chromophore, resembling 4-thiouridine in some respects but showing distinctive chemical and optical properties, has been detected. The implications of these results on model-building studies of tRNA are discussed.
Formation of Assimilatory Nitrate Reductase by
in vitro
Inter-Cistronic Complementation in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Nason Alvin , Antoine Alan D. , Ketchum Paul A. , Frazier William A. , Lee David K.
Published: May 2006

In vitro
complementation of the soluble assimilatory nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH)-nitrate reductase was attained by mixing cell-free preparations of certain
Neurospora
nitrate reductase mutants: induced
nit-1
(uniquely possessing inducible NADPH-cytochrome
c
reductase) with (
a
) uninduced or induced
nit-2
or
nit-3
, or (
b
) uninduced wild type. The complementing activity of induced
nit-1
is soluble while that of
nit-2, nit-3
, and wild type is particulate but not of mitochondrial origin. All fractions are inactivated by heat or trypsin. The NADPH-nitrate reductase enzymes formed in the above three complementing mixtures are similar to the wild-type enzyme in sucrose density gradient profiles, molecular weight, substrate affinity, sensitivity to inhibitors and temperature, but show different ratios of associated enzyme activities. The data suggest that nitrate reductase consists of at least two protein subunits: a nitrate-inductible subunit as reflected by inductible NADPH-cytochrome
c
reductase, and a constitutive protein which is activated (as indicated by the appearance of flavine adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (FADH
2
)- and reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase activities) when it combines with the inductible subunit.
The Separation, Physical Characterization, and Differentiation Kinetics of Spermatogonial Cells of the Mouse
Authors: Lam D. M. K. , Furrer R. , Bruce W. R.
Published: May 2006

By means of the velocity sedimentation technique for cell separation, single cell suspensions from the testes of the mouse could be separated into at least seven peaks each with a different sedimentation velocity. These were named and characterized as follows: α (12 mm/hr); β (10 mm/hr); γ (6.5 mm/hr); δ (4.3 mm/hr); θ (broad peak with median 2.5 mm/hr); κ (1.1 mm/hr); λ (0.75 mm/hr). Tritiated thymidine was injected into thirty groups of mice. The spermatogonial cells of each group were separated at one hour and then at daily intervals, and the acid insoluble activity of each fraction was measured. This method enabled us to determine the differentiation patterns of mouse spermatogenesis by following the thymidine label with time. It was found that the spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes formed the θ peak with
S
-phase spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes having a similar sedimentation velocity of 2.1 mm/hr. The β cells were identified as late pachytenes and diplotene cells, the γ cells as secondary spermatocytes, the δ cells as earliest spermatids, the κ cells as spermatids, and the λ cells as mature spermatozoa.
Stable Haploid Cultured Cell Lines from frog Embryos
Authors: Freed Jerome J. , Mezger-Freed Liselotte
Published: May 2006

Two haploid cell lines have been established from androgenetic embryos of the frog,
Rana pipiens;
one line has been maintained in culture for 150 generations, the other for 200 generations. Karyotypes of the two lines agree well with the standard for the species although some chromosomes show small differences in length. The cells multiply in the same defined basal medium used for culture of other anuran cell lines; this medium consists of the usual amino acids, vitamins, and serum macromolecules plus an exogenous purine source. Both the haploids resemble „permanent” cell lines in their prolonged multiplication in culture. The two lines differ in their mode of growth, one being epithelial-like, the other forming an overlapping meshwork of fibroblast-like cells. Both have the low plating efficiency characteristic of „unaltered” cells. These two lines are exceptional in their ability to compete successfully with the diploid variants which arise by endomitosis or cell fusion and which usually overgrow the haploid population. The more vigorous line, RPH 68.2A, should provide the long-desired haploid material for genetic studies in cell culture.