bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basal Structure and Attachment of Flagella in Cells of
Proteus vulgaris
Authors: Abram Dinah , Koffler Henry , Vatter A. E.
Published: January 2020

Abram, Dinah
(Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.),
Henry Koffler, and A. E. Vatter
. Basal structure and attachment of flagella in cells of
Proteus vulgaris
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1337–1354. 1965.—The attachment of flagella to cells of
Proteus vulgaris
was studied electron microscopically with negatively stained and shadow-cast preparations of ghosts from standard cultures and from special cultures that produced “long forms.” The flagellum, the basal portion of which is hooked, arises within the cell from a nearly spherical structure, 110 to 140 A in diameter. This structure appears to be associated with the cytoplasmic membrane; it may be a part of the membrane or a separate entity that lies just beneath the membrane. Flagella associated with cell walls free from cytoplasmic membrane frequently have larger bodies, 200 to 700 A in diameter, associated with their base. These structures probably consist at least partly of fragments of the cytoplasmic membrane, a portion of which folds around a smaller structure. Flagella in various stages of development were observed in long forms of
P. vulgaris
cells grown at low temperature. The basal structure of these flagella was similar to that of the long or “mature” flagella. Strands connecting the basal structures were observed in ghosts of long forms; these strands appear to be derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Flagella were found to be attached to fragments of cell wall and to cytoplasmic membrane in a similar manner as they are attached to ghosts. In isolates of flagella that have been separated from the cells mechanically, the organelles often terminate in hooks which almost always appear naked, but have a different fine structure than the flagellum proper.
Comparison of the Ultrastructure of Several Rickettsiae, Ornithosis Virus, andMycoplasmain Tissue Culture
Authors: Anderson Douglas R. , Hopps Hope E. , Barile Michael F. , Bernheim Barbara C.
Published: January 2020

Anderson, DouglasR. (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.),Hope E. Hopps, Michael F. Barile, and Barbara C. Bernheim. Comparison of the ultrastructure of several rickettsiae, ornithosis virus, andMycoplasmain tissue culture. J. Bacteriol.90:1387–1404. 1965.—In an effort to make a valid comparison of the ultrastructure of several intracellular parasites, selected agents were propagated under identical conditions in a single type of tissue culture cell; such infected preparations were processed for examination by electron microscopy by use of a standardized procedure for fixation and embedding. The organisms studied were: the Breinl and E strains of epidemic typhus,Rickettsia prowazeki; the Bitterroot strain ofR. rickettsii; the Karp strain ofR. tsutsugamushi(R. orientalis);R. sennetsu;the P-4 strain of ornithosis virus; and the HEp-2 strain ofMycoplasma hoministype I. Each of the rickettsial species examined had a cell wall and a plasma membrane, and contained ribosomes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a ground substance. However, certain differences were noted. Both strains ofR. prowazekicontained numerous intracytoplasmic electron-lucent spherical structures (4 to 10 mμ), not previously described.R. sennetsu, unlike the other rickettsiae, was not free in the host cytoplasm but was always enclosed in a vacuole.R. rickettsiiwas observed intranuclearly and in digestive organelles of the host cell as well as in the cytoplasm. Cells infected with ornithosis virus contained several forms representing the stages in its life cycle. The “initial bodies,” made up of ribosomes and DNA strands, were morphologically similar to the rickettsiae. In cultures infected withM. hominis, most of the cells became large and multinucleate. Although theMycoplasmaorganisms were readily cultivated from these cultures, only a few could be found in the electron microscope preparations. These organisms were extracellular and lacked a cell wall, being bound only by a unit membrane. Again, the internal components were ribosomes and DNA strands. Under the uniform preparative conditions employed here, the three groups of organisms were morphologically distinguishable from one another.
Factors in Lysis and Lysis Inhibition by Lambda Bacteriophage
Authors: Groman Neal B.
Published: January 2020

Groman, Neal
B. (University of Washington, Seattle). Factors in lysis and lysis inhibition by lambda bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1563–1568. 1965.—Induced
Escherichia coli
strain K-12(λ112) exhibited lysis inhibition at 37 C but lysed at 44 C when incubated in LB medium lacking NaCl [LB − (NaCl)]. In LB medium containing NaCl, the temperatures for lysis and lysis inhibition were reversed. In contrast, induced K-12(λ) lysed under all of these conditions. At 37 C, the addition of NaCl to LB − (NaCl) at various times after induction of K-12(λ112) restored lysis. The degree of lysis decreased the longer the addition was delayed, but partial restoration occurred as late as 150 min postinduction. At 44 C, the addition of salt at various times after induction restored lysis inhibition even after lysis had begun. An attempt was made to correlate the conditions for lysis and lysis inhibition with the behavior of λ112 endloysin. The enzymatic activities of λ and mutant λ112 endolysins were compared under various salt-temperature conditions. Both endolysins were progressively and equally inhibited by increasing concentrations of Na
+
, K
+
, and Li
+
salts, and exhibited similar relative activities at 24 and 37 C. Both were stable at 37 C in the presence and absence of NaCl, and were inactivated at comparable rates at 44 C. The results indicate that the effect of salt and temperature on lysis and lysis inhibition cannot be explained by their direct effect on λ112 endolysin.
Inactivation of Cephalothin and Cephaloridine by
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Benner Ernest J. , Bennett John V. , Brodie Jean L. , Kirby William M. M.
Published: January 2020

Benner, Ernest
J. (University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle),
John V. Bennett, Jean L. Brodie, and William M. M. Kirby
. Inactivation of cephalothin and cephaloridine by
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1599–1604. 1965.—Marked differences were observed in the susceptibility of penicillinase-producing staphylococci to cephalothin and cephaloridine. All of 100 strains of penicillin G-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
, with the use of a large inoculum, were found to be susceptible to 2 μg/ml of cephalothin, whereas only 50% were susceptible to this concentration of cephaloridine, and 15% required 15 μg/ml or more for inhibition. In contrast, penicillin G-sensitive strains were more susceptible to cephaloridine and did not show the marked inoculum effect observed with the cephaloridine-resistant strains. These differences were due to a much greater destruction of cephaloridine than of cephalothin by staphylococcal penicillinase. Cephaloridine-resistant staphyloccoci were stronger penicillinase producers than were susceptible strains, and the resistant strains were found to inactivate cephaloridine by hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring. In population studies, cephaloridine-resistant cells differed from methicillin-resistant cells in that they decreased in numbers as the drug concentration was increased, and the survivors in higher drug concentrations were no more resistant than was the parent strain. Treatment with acriflavine eliminated resistance of the cells to both penicillin G and cephaloridine. It was concluded that cephaloridine resistance was due to hydrolysis by penicillinase, and that this was related to the pyridine ring substitution in the cephalosporanic acid nucleus.
Intracellular Production of
Brucella
L Forms II. Induction and Survival of
Brucella abortus
L Forms in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hatten Betty A. , Sulkin S. Edward
Published: January 2020

Hatten, Betty
A. (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas),
and S. Edward Sulkin
. Intracellular production of
Brucella
L forms. II. Induction and survival of
Brucella abortus
L forms in tissue culture. J. Bacteriol.
91:
14–20. 1966.—Intracellular survival of altered brucellae, possibly L forms, was not greatly affected by penicillin or streptomycin in concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 40 μg/ml, but a combination of these two antibiotics (2.5 to 20 μg/ml each) reduced the number of positive L-form cultures. Tetracycline (2.0 μg/ml) decreased the number of positive L-form cultures at about the same rate as combinations of the higher concentrations of penicillin and streptomycin. Various concentrations of tetracycline (0.1 to 2.0 μg/ml) with 5.0 μg/ml of penicillin or streptomycin significantly reduced the number of positive L-form cultures. L forms were recovered for several days after elimination of bacteria from the cultures by all of the antibiotics tested. L-form production was not dependent upon the presence of antibiotics in the culture medium, but they were recovered in greater numbers when bacteria were still present in the hamster kidney cells. Addition of thallium acetate to infected cells (at varying intervals of time after infection) to control bacterial growth and conversion to the L phase during cellular disintegration decreased the number of positive L-form cultures obtained over a 10-day period. Comparison of the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria recovered from infected tissue culture cells with the stock strain of
Brucella abortus
indicated that some resistance to penicillin and tetracycline had developed. A marked resistance to streptomycin was observed in those bacteria recovered from cells maintained in the presence of this antibiotic.
Biochemistry of Nitrate Respiration in
Pseudomonas stutzeri
I. Aerobic and Nitrate Respiration Routes of Carbohydrate Catabolism
Authors: Spangler W. J. , Gilmour C. M.
Published: January 2020

Spangler
, W. J. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
and C. M. Gilmour
. Biochemistry of nitrate respiration in
Pseudomonas stutzeri
. I. Aerobic and nitrate respiration routes of carbohydrate catabolism. J. Bacteriol.
91:
245–250. 1966.—The metabolic pathways of glucose catabolism were studied in
Pseudomonas stutzeri
under aerobic conditions and under conditions of nitrate respiration. Studies on both glucose and gluconate catabolism, by the radiorespirometric method, indicated that these substrates are degraded in the same manner, i.e., the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. There appeared to be no major shift in primary metabolic pathways when nitrate was used as the terminal hydrogen acceptor in nitrate respiration as opposed to aerobic respiration with free molecular oxygen. It was shown that glucose is not degraded to any appreciable extent under anaerobic conditions in the absence of nitrate. Tentative evidence suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle functions under both conditions of oxygen relationships and that the rate of carbon oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle is slower with nitrate respiration than under aerobic conditions.
Characterization of a Thermophilic Bacteriophage for
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Saunders Grady F. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Saunders, Grady
F. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and L. Leon Campbell
. Characterization of a thermophilic bacteriophage for
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
340–348. 1965.—The biological and physical-chemical properties of the thermophilic bacteriophage TP-84 were investigated. TP-84 was shown to be lytic for 3 of 24 strains of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
tested over the temperature range of 43 to 76 C. The latent period of TP-84 on
B. stearothermophilus
strain 10 was 22 to 24 min. TP-84 has a hexagonal head, 53 mμ in diameter and 30 mμ on a side; its tail is 130 mμ long and 3 to 5 mμ wide. The phage has an S
50
20,w
of 436, and bands at a density of 1.508 g/cc in CsCl (
p
H 8.5). The diffusion coefficient of TP-84 was calculated to be 6.19 × 10
−8
cm
2
/sec. From the sedimentation and diffusion data, a particle molecular weight of 50 million daltons was calculated for TP-84. The phage DNA has a base composition of 42% guanine + cytosine, deduced from buoyant density and melting temperature measurements.
Episome-Carried Surface Antigen K88 ofEscherichia coliI. Transmission of the Determinant of the K88 Antigen and Influence on the Transfer of Chromosomal Markers
Authors: Ørskov Ida , Ørskov Frits
Published: January 2020

Ørskov, Ida(Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark),and Frits Ørskov. Episome-carried surface antigen K88 ofEscherichia coli. I. Transmission of the determinant of the K88 antigen and influence on the transfer of chromosomal markers. J. Bacteriol.91:69–75. 1966.—The transmission of the determinant of theEscherichia coliK88 antigen in mixed cultures ofE. colistrains is described. The K88 factor could not be transferred by filtrates, nor could responsible phages or colicines be detected. Acriflavine was shown to “cure” the bacteria for the K88 antigen. Generally, the strains having acquired the K88 antigen also acquired the ability to transfer chromosomal markers, but this ability was in some cases retained by segregants which had lost the K88 antigen. Introduction into an F+strain caused reduction of the recombination frequency and disappearance of the f+antigen. Not all wild-type strains with the K88 antigen are genetic donors of this antigen, at least not to a discernible degree. It was concluded that the K88 antigen determinant is carried by an episome.
Prophage Repression as a Model for the Study of Gene Regulation I. Titration of the λ Repressor
Authors: Wiesmeyer Herbert
Published: January 2020

Wiesmeyer, Herbert
(Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.). Prophage repression as a model for the study of gene regulation. I. Titration of the λ repressor. J. Bacteriol.
91:
89–94. 1966.—The concentration of λ repressor molecules within a λ lysogenic cell was estimated from the multiplicity of superinfecting homologous phage necessary to permit replication and release of plaque-forming units. A multiplicity of 20 superinfecting phage was found sufficient to permit replication to occur in the normal λ lysogen. The phage released after lysis of the superinfected lysogen was composed of both prophage and superinfecting phage types. Superinfection of the lysogen at lower multiplicities resulted in the lysis of only a small percentage of infected cells and is thought to represent a possible heterogeneity of repressor concentration in the lysogenic population. Viability of the superinfecting particle was found to be unnecessary for titration of the repressor. The repressor concentration in three lysogens of the nonultraviolet-inducible mutant of λ, λ
ind−
, was found to be greater than 20 regardless of the host bacterium. However, the number of cells yielding phage after superinfection was found to vary with the particular host. The specificity of the λ repressor was shown to be limited to homologous phage, as determined following heterologous superinfection experiments with phages T6r, 82c, 434c, 434hy, and 424. In all instances except that of superinfection with phage 434hy, only heterologous phage replication occurred. Superinfection by phage 434hy resulted in the release of both prophage and superinfecting phage types. The latter type represented approximately 80% of the total phage released.
Synchronization of Bacteria by a Stationary-Phase Method
Authors: Cutler Richard G. , Evans John E.
Published: January 2020

Cutler, Richard
G. (University of Houston, Houston, Tex.),
and John E. Evans
. Synchronization of bacteria by a stationary-phase method. J. Bacteriol.
91:
469–476. 1966.—Cultures of
Escherichia coli
and
Proteus vulgaris
have been synchronized, with a high percentage phasing, in large volumes and at high cell densities by a method which takes advantage of a tendency of cells to synchronize themselves when entering the stationary phase of growth. The method consists of growing the bacteria to an early stationary phase, harvesting them quickly under minimal conditions of stress, and inoculating them into fresh medium at a dilution of about sevenfold. Cellular division is then partially synchronized. Four-generation cycles of a high percentage of phasing are obtained by repeating this procedure on the partially synchronized culture. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein analyses were made throughout all phases of the growth curve. Advantage has been taken of this method of synchrony to isolate selected segments of the bacterial genome in significant amounts. A working hypothesis to explain the synchrony suggests that the unfavorable conditions of growth as the bacteria near the stationary phase are detected by a decrease in the amino acid pool size, and that this results in a gradual decrease of DNA transcription activity through the inhibition of RNA polymerase by transfer RNA. The synchronizing method may be unique in producing cultures that grow both in cellular division and in genomic synchrony.
Bacterial Oxidation of Orthophosphite
Authors: Malacinski George , Konetzka Walter A.
Published: January 2020

Malacinski, George
(Indiana University, Bloomington),
and Walter A. Konetzka
. Bacterial oxidation of orthophosphite. J. Bacteriol.
91:
578–582. 1966.—A variety of bacteria grown on a glucose and salts medium were capable of utilizing orthophosphite as a sole source of phosphorus. Two organisms,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
195 and
Serratia marcescens
24, were studied in detail. Growth rates and total cell yields of the bacteria grown on phosphite indicated that the bacteria utilized phosphite as efficiently as phosphate. The ability to oxidize the anion was shown to be inducible. A period of adaptation was required prior to growth on phosphite when phosphate-grown cells were transferred to a medium containing a limiting amount of phosphate and excess phosphite. No phosphite-oxidizing activity could be detected in whole cells or cell-free extracts of phosphate-grown cells. Both whole cells and cell-free extracts of phosphite-grown cells possessed phosphite-oxidizing activity.
Absorption and Utilization of Organic Matter by the Strict Autotroph,
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
, with Special Reference to Aspartic Acid
Authors: Butler Richard G. , Umbreit Wayne W.
Published: January 2020

Butler, Richard
G. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and Wayne W. Umbreit
. Absorption and utilization of organic matter by the strict autotroph,
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
, with special reference to aspartic acid. J. Bacteriol.
91:
661–666. 1966.—The strictly autotrophic bacterium,
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
, can be shown to assimilate a variety of organic materials. Aspartic acid can be assimilated into protein and can be converted into CO
2
, but even in the presence of sulfur it cannot serve as the sole source of carbon for growth. The reason appears to be that aspartic acid is converted into inhibitory materials.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Protein pM49 Interacts with pM95 and Is Critical for Viral Late Gene Expression
Authors: Han Tian , Hao Hongyun , Sleman Sirwan S. , Xuan Baoqin , Tang Shubing , Yue Nan , Qian Zhikang
Published: January 2020

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections result in morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, and the virus is also a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, because of the unavailability of vaccines against this virus and restricted antiviral therapies with low toxicity, as well as the emergency of resistant strain of this virus, the understanding of viral late gene regulation may provide clues to study new antiviral drugs or vaccines. In this study, we report that MCMV protein pM49 is critical for viral late gene transcription, based on its interaction with pM95. This finding reveals the important role of pM49-pM95 interaction in the regulation of viral late gene expression and that it could be a future potential target for therapeutic intervention in CMV diseases.
Refined Mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile Gliding Based on Structure, ATPase Activity, and Sialic Acid Binding of Machinery
Authors: Nishikawa Miyuki S. , Nakane Daisuke , Toyonaga Takuma , Kawamoto Akihiro , Kato Takayuki , Namba Keiichi , Miyata Makoto
Published: January 2020

The genus
Mycoplasma
is made up of the smallest parasitic and sometimes commensal bacteria;
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
, which causes human “walking pneumonia,” is representative. More than ten
Mycoplasma
species glide on host tissues by novel mechanisms, always in the direction of the distal side of the machinery.
Mycoplasma mobile
, the fastest species in the genus, catches, pulls, and releases sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), the carbohydrate molecules also targeted by influenza viruses, by means of a specific receptor and using ATP hydrolysis for energy. Here, the architecture of the gliding machinery was visualized three dimensionally by electron cryotomography (ECT), and changes in the structure and binding activity coupled to ATP hydrolysis were discovered. Based on the results, a refined mechanism was proposed for this unique motility.
Subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma misdiagnosed as pilonidal disease
Authors: Kelly Aisling , Nally Deirdre , Crowther Stephen , Kavanagh Dara
Published: January 2020

Ependymomas are neoplasms which arise from the radial glial cells, which many recent studies have proposed are neural stem cells. Extracranial ependymomas are rare. We present the case report and supporting multimedia of a 37-year-old man who presented with a painless intergluteal swelling which was diagnosed clinically as a pilonidal cyst. However, on excision, he was found to have a subcutaneous sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma based on histological findings. His management and follow-up are presented and discussed. Given the rare nature of this condition, there is a lack of published guidelines on management and follow-up protocols. Supporting evidence is limited to sporadic case reports. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management strategies adopted supported by the best available evidence.
Double-hit monomorphic B-cell lymphoma after liver transplantation
Authors: Tahir Zabreen , Peters Julia , Leahy Kathleen , Batalini Felipe
Published: January 2020

We report the first case of double-hit (MYC and BCL-6) monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient status post liver transplantation. Our patient is a 71-year-old man with a past medical history of Budd–Chiari syndrome complicated by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. He underwent a deceased donor liver transplantation 2 years prior to presentation and was maintained on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for immunosuppression. He presented with a 3-week history of classical B-symptoms. Initial workup was notable for elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Abdomen ultrasound revealed multiple hypoechoic lesions, raising suspicion for a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Biopsy showed pleomorphic large neoplastic cells throughout, consistent with a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cytogenetics then revealed rearrangements in both MYC and BCL-6, consistent with double-hit lymphoma. His immunosuppressive regimen was subsequently tapered and he was started on DA-EPOCH-R (dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and rituximab) regimen.
Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco
Authors: El Omari H. , Chahlaoui A. , Talbi F. , Ouarrak K. , El Ouali Lalami A.
Published: January 2020

Background. Parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, are still a public health problem in several countries and in Morocco. Methods. The data used are those of epidemiological surveillance collected in the registers of the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC); however, the socioeconomic data were obtained from the High Commissioner for Planning. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the different variables. Results. In total, 70 cases were recorded by the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC) during the period from 2009 to 2015. 46% of the cases come from rural areas while 54% of the cases come from urban areas. The Pearson test shows the existence of a significant relationship between the number of cases recorded and the type of environment (r = 0.49, p value = 0.02), and population rate (R = 0.849 and p≤0.001). However, in our case, the poverty rate does not influence CL’s distribution. Conclusion. Our results show that the CL affects the majority of the municipalities with predominance of the urban environment, so the distribution of cases of this pathology is not influenced by the poverty; however, the urbanization and the number of inhabitants have a positive impact on the distribution of this scourge.
A Characterization of Multi-Wavelet Dual Frames in Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Li Jiajia
Published: January 2020

For the past few years, wavelet and multi-wavelet frames have attracted interest from researchers. In this paper, we address some of these problems in the setting of the Sobolev space, and characterize of multi-wavelet dual frames in these spaces by using a pair of equations.
Integrated Optimization on Energy Saving and Quality of Service of Urban Rail Transit System
Authors: Li Wenxin , Peng Qiyuan , Wen Chao , Li Shengdong , Yan Xu , Xu Xinyue
Published: January 2020

Optimizing to increase the utilization ratio of regenerative braking energy reduces energy consumption, and can be done without increasing the deviation of train running time in one circle. The latter entails that the train timetable is upheld, which guarantees that the demand for passenger transport services is met and the quality of services in the urban rail transit system is maintained. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization model for urban railways with timetable optimization to minimize the total energy consumption of trains while maximizing the quality of service. To this end, we apply the principles and ideas of calculus to reduce the power of the velocity in the train energy consumption model. This greatly simplifies the complexity of the optimization model. Then, considering the conflicting requirements of decision-makers, weight factors are added to the objective functions to reflect decision-makers’ preferences for energy-saving and the quality of service. We adopt the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to solve the proposed model. A practical case study of the Yizhuang urban railway line in Beijing is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and evaluate the advantages of the optimal energy saving timetable (OEST) in comparison to the optimal quality of service timetable (OQOST). The results showed that the OEST reduced total energy consumption by 8.72% but increased the deviation of trains running time in one circle by 728 s. The total energy consumption was reduced by 6.09%, but there was no increase in the deviation of train running time in one circle with the OQOST.
Prediction for the Flexural Properties of Nanowires in Lateral Manipulation
Authors: Fang Lin , Yuan Quan , Huang Mengyang
Published: January 2020

Simple beam theory is usually employed to predict the flexural properties of nanowires (NWs) in the lateral manipulation, which results in a linear F−δ curve. However, three factors, namely, changes in the load position and direction of the AFM tip, surface effects, and the large displacement of the NW, are not considered in simple beam theory. In this work, a simple geometrical model is proposed to analyze the large deflection and rotational angle deformation of NWs in the lateral manipulation. The traditional solution to the differential equation of the deflection curve turns the solution of an integral equation. Results show that contact force does not linearly increase with increasing displacement, and the F−δ curve exists a maximum amount due to changes in the load position and direction of the AFM tip. Moreover, the rotational angle and deflection have a nonlinear relationship. Comparison of the results of this work with other authors’ measurements illustrates that the use of simple beam theory in manipulation underestimates the deflection and effective modulus of NWs. Our model provides a good approach to predict F−δ curves, rotational angles, and contact forces that closely match experimental results.
Chemical Underpinning of the Tea Bag Index: An Examination of the Decomposition of Tea Leaves
Authors: Duddigan Sarah , Shaw Liz J. , Alexander Paul D. , Collins Chris D.
Published: January 2020

Decomposition is a key flux of terrestrial carbon to the atmosphere. Therefore, gaining a better understanding of how plant litter decomposes in soil, and what governs this process, is vital for global climate models. The Tea Bag Index (TBI) was introduced by Keuskamp et al. (2013) as a novel method for measuring litter decomposition rate and stabilisation. The TBI uses two types of tea bags representing fast (green tea) and slow (rooibos tea) decomposition substrates as standardised litter bags. To date, the TBI method has been used in over 2000 locations across the globe. However, before now, there has been no information on how the composition of the tea leaves change during incubation. These data are crucial in determining the validity of the use of the TBI method globally, to ensure the tea leaves decompose in a way that is representative of so-called “native” litters. To provide chemical underpinning of the TBI method, a laboratory incubation of the tea bags was conducted with destructive sampling at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, and 91 d. The incubated tea was analysed for total C and N. In addition, C was characterised as alkyl, O-alkyl, aromatic, or carbonyl C using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic angle spinning (CPMAS NMR). The results suggest that changes in carbon in both tea types are comparable to other litter studies, with a net decrease in total C and relative proportion of O-alkyl C fraction, which contains carbohydrates and cellulose. We conclude that the decomposition of tea leaves in the bags used in the TBI is representative of other litters.
Comparison of Scaling Ground Motions Using Arithmetic with Logarithm Values for Spectral Matching Procedure
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wang Dong-sheng , Chen Xiao-yu , Li Hong-nan
Published: January 2020

In recent studies, spectral matching is the most commonly proposed method for selecting earthquake records for time-history analysis of structures. However, until now, there have been no serious investigations of the effects of coordinate values on the scaling of ground motions. This paper investigated the influence of using arithmetic and logarithmic values of response spectra in spectral matching procedures (i.e., ASM and LSM methods) on the results of nonlinear structural time-history analysis. Steel moment resisting frame structures of the 3-, 9-, and 20-stories, which represent low-, medium-, and high-rise buildings, respectively, were used as examples. Structural benchmark responses were determined by calculating the arithmetic mean and median of peak interstory drift ratio (PIDR) demands based on the three record sets developed by the American SAC Steel Project. The three record sets represent seismic hazard levels with 50%, 10%, and 2% probabilities exceeded in 50 years, and their average acceleration spectra were also taken as the target spectrum. Moreover, another 40 record components for selection were scaled both by ASM and LSM methods. The seven components whose spectra were best compatible with the target spectra were selected for the structural time-history analysis. The scale factors obtained by the LSM method are nearly larger than that of the ASM method, and their ranking and selection of records are different. The estimation accuracies of structural mean (median) responses by both methods can be controlled within an engineering acceptable range (±20%), but the LSM method may cause larger structural responses than the ASM method. The LSM method has a better capacity for reducing the variability of structural responses than the ASM method, and this advantage is more significant for longer-period structures (e.g., 20-story structure) with more severe nonlinear responses.
Investigating New Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapies: If You Hit Them Harder, Do They Get Up Differently?
Authors: Floros Konstantinos V. , Hata Aaron N. , Faber Anthony C.
Published: January 2020

Targeted therapies have revolutionized treatment of several different types of cancers. However, in almost an invariable fashion, cancers eventually regrow in the presence of the targeted therapy, a phenomenon referred to as acquired resistance. In this issue of Cancer Research, Finn and colleagues demonstrate that modeling acquired resistance to MET tyrosine kinase inhibition in a MET-amplified gastric cancer cell line by a single, high exposure of the targeted therapy reveals clinically relevant acquired resistant mechanisms, which may be more faithful and comprehensive than the ones revealed through traditional ramp-up approaches.

See related article by Finn et al., p. 79
Contrastes na terra do café
Authors: Andrade Ana Luíza Mello Santiago de
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho tem por intenção discutir como determinados locais de sociabilidade, especialmente os dedicados ao comer e ao beber, apresentaram alterações significativas na vida urbana. O que esta pesquisa busca é compreender as formas de sociabilidades modernas, em que o comer fora de casa, mais que atitude natural que visa à alimentação para suprir necessidades, esteve carregada de valores simbólicos e distinção social, demonstrando sua face cultural. Articulado à formação do gosto e à distinção social, verifica-se que os padrões higiênicos e o discurso médico estiveram presentes em diversas esferas da sociedade: nos lares, nas obras estruturais, nos cuidados com o corpo e a saúde, mas também nos estabelecimentos comerciais destinados à alimentação. Tais aspectos apontam para a alimentação como prática de lazer e convívio social, que agitaram a vida urbana da metrópole em construção, e o que se vê é uma adequação de São Paulo ao chamado mundo civilizado. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram pesquisadas e tabuladas as edições do jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 1920 e 1929, compreendendo que a imprensa periódica atuou de forma pedagógica nessa tentativa de incluir São Paulo no mundo civilizado, mas também exerceu papel de vigilância das novas práticas urbanas, notadamente a partir da coluna de crônicas intitulada “Coisas da Cidade”. Foram levantados também os anúncios de casas comerciais destinados ao comer e ao beber: restaurantes, confeitarias, leiterias, bombonieres, salões de chá. A intenção é perceber, portanto, as divergências entre o que anunciava a publicidade e o controle da vida social por meio da coluna de crônicas. Se de um lado anunciava-se uma vida elegante, de outro constatava-se a inexistência à época, em São Paulo, de algum café de bom nível. O cronista atentava para a sujeira dos ambientes enquanto a publicidade divulgava o bom gosto. A publicidade exerceu um importante papel na construção de imaginários sobre a modernidade. Vendendo mais do que produtos, foi por meio dela que novas formas de sociabilidade foram propagandeadas pelas páginas dos jornais. Entretanto, por mais que as casas comerciais anunciassem todo seu luxo e requinte, algumas observações não escaparam do olhar do cronista. O jornalista utilizava suas crônicas como forma de denúncia sobre tudo aquilo que pudesse representar o atraso e prejudicar o andamento de São Paulo rumo ao progresso. O que se pôde constatar através da pesquisa foi essa inconsistência entre os anúncios publicitários e o cotidiano da cidade, narrado pelo colunista do matutino. É senso comum o estabelecimento da década de 1920 como os anos dourados da modernização no Brasil, tendo a capital paulistana como centro deste processo. Por meio da pesquisa sobre a alimentação na cidade que se transformava foi possível perceber os embates em torno de um projeto modernizador.
Increased Drp1 Acetylation by Lipid Overload Induces Cardiomyocyte Death and Heart Dysfunction
Authors: Hu Qingxun , Zhang Huiliang , Gutiérrez Cortés Nicolás , Wu Dan , Wang Pei , Zhang Jing , Mattison Julie A. , Smith Eric , Bettcher Lisa F. , Wang Mingyi , Lakatta Edward G. , Sheu Shey-Shing , Wang Wang
Published: January 2020

Rationale:

Lipid overload-induced heart dysfunction is characterized by cardiomyocyte death, myocardial remodeling, and compromised contractility, but the impact of excessive lipid supply on cardiac function remains poorly understood.

Objective:

To investigate the regulation and function of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (dynamin-related protein 1) in lipid overload-induced cardiomyocyte death and heart dysfunction.

Methods and Results:

Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed signs of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, including hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension. HFD for 18 weeks also induced heart hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial insulin resistance, and cardiomyocyte death. HFD stimulated mitochondrial fission in mouse hearts. Furthermore, HFD increased the protein level, phosphorylation (at the activating serine 616 sites), oligomerization, mitochondrial translocation, and GTPase activity of Drp1 in mouse hearts, indicating that Drp1 was activated. Monkeys fed a diet high in fat and cholesterol for 2.5 years also exhibited myocardial damage and Drp1 activation in the heart. Interestingly, HFD decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) levels and increased Drp1 acetylation in the heart. In adult cardiomyocytes, palmitate increased Drp1 acetylation, phosphorylation, and protein levels, and these increases were abolished by restoration of the decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) level. Proteomics analysis and in vitro screening revealed that Drp1 acetylation at lysine 642 (K642) was increased by HFD in mouse hearts and by palmitate incubation in cardiomyocytes. The nonacetylated Drp1 mutation (K642R) attenuated palmitate-induced Drp1 activation, its interaction with voltage-dependent anion channel 1, mitochondrial fission, contractile dysfunction, and cardiomyocyte death.

Conclusions:

These findings uncover a novel mechanism that contributes to lipid overload-induced heart hypertrophy and dysfunction. Excessive lipid supply created an intracellular environment that facilitated Drp1 acetylation, which, in turn, increased its activity and mitochondrial translocation, resulting in cardiomyocyte dysfunction and death. Thus, Drp1 may be a critical mediator of lipid overload-induced heart dysfunction as well as a potential target for therapy.
“I’m just an Imam, not Superman”: Imams in Switzerland
Authors: Schmid Hansjörg
Published: January 2020

Current debates on Islam in Europe often focus on imams as religious leaders and key figures in integration politics. Muslim associations undergoing processes of transformation and generational change have equally high expectations of imams. This article uses stakeholder theory to analyse the current situation of imams and draws on empirical material from Switzerland to illustrate both multi-faceted stakeholder claims and imams’ self-reflections on role conflicts they experience. It indicates that imams and Muslim associations tend to develop different coping strategies leading either to an enlarged profile for imams or to a differentiation of functions and professions in the social and religious fields.
Four new species of Contulma from South America (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae)
Authors: HOLZENTHAL RALPH W. , ROBERTSON DESIREE R.
Published: January 2020

Four new species in the caddisfly genus Contulma Flint 1969 (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae) are described from Bolivia and southeastern Brazil: C. boliviensis n. sp. (Bolivia), C. fluminensis n. sp. (Brazil), C. meloi n. sp. (Brazil), and C. tripui n. sp. (Brazil). The Bolivian species represents the first record of the genus and family for Bolivia. The Brazilian species form a closely related group of species also including C. tijuca Holzenthal & Flint 1995.
Availability and type depository of twelve Japanese plant bug species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: YASUNAGA TOMOHIDE , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL D. , AUKEMA BEREND
Published: January 2020

For twelve nominal species of Miridae described from Japan by Yasunaga and his colleagues (Yasunaga, 2005; Yasunaga & Miyamoto, 2006; Yasunaga & Schwartz, 2005), no information is given on the type depositories of the holotypes, making these names unavailable according to Article 16.4.2 of the International Commission on Zoological nomenclature (ICZN 1999). We describe them here as new species and make their names available with the original authorship from the date of publication of this correspondence. For each new species, a reference is given to the published description, satisfying the conditions of Article 13.1.2 (ICZN, 1999).
New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Ufo Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2005 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)
Authors: MELIKA GEORGE , TANG CHANG-TI , YANG MAN-MIAO , BIHARI PÉTER , BOZSÓ MIKLÓS , PÉNZES ZSOLT
Published: January 2020

Two new species of cynipid inquilines, Ufo nipponicus from Japan and U. cerroneuroteri from Taiwan are described.Descriptions, diagnoses, biology, and host associations for the new species and a key to Ufo species are given. Two Ufospecies, U. shirakashii (Shinji) and U. shirokashicola (Shinji) are transferred to Saphonecrus. All taxa are supported by morphological and molecular data.
Describing undiscovered insect diversity: an introduction to collected papers describing 150 new taxa
Authors: ZHANG ZHI-QIANG
Published: January 2020

The number of species on earth is estimated to be 8.7 million, with 87% of them to be discovered and described (Mora et al. 2011). The total of 8.7 million seems to be an underestimate, because for Animalia alone, over 1.5 million species have been described (Zhang 2011b). The most successful group, the Insecta, accounts for almost two-thirds of all animals.
Two new species of Elmidae (Coleoptera) from Argentina
Authors: MANZO V. , ARCHANGELSKY M.
Published: January 2020

Two new species of riffle beetles, Austrelmis patagonicus sp. nov. and Neoelmis argentinensis sp. nov. are described andillustrated from adults of both sexes. The mature larva of N. argentinensis is described and illustrated, and compared toother known larvae of Neoelmis. The distribution of the known species of Austrelmis and Neoelmis are synopsized and a checklist of the genera and species of Elmidae known from Argentina is given.
Two new genera of Pteronemobiini crickets from the Brazilian Atlantic forest (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Trigonidiidae, Nemobiinae)
Authors: BOLFARINI MARCIO P. , CAPELLARI RENATO S. , DE A. G. DE MELLO FRANCISCO
Published: January 2020

Two new genera and species of Pteronemobiini crickets (Grylloidea: Trigonidiidae: Nemobiinae) are described fromsouthern Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Kevanemobius paulistorum gen. n. et sp. n., and Pepoyara jagoi gen. n. et sp. n. The position of these genera among other Pteronemobiini is briefly discussed.
A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)
Authors: FU YUE , SÆTHER OLE A. , WANG XINHUA
Published: January 2020

Six new species of the orthoclad genus Paratrichocladius from the Sino-Indian Region (P. aduncus sp. n., P. bicinctus sp.n., P. caestus sp. n., P. comptus sp. n., P. sagittarius sp. n., P. ternarius sp. n.) are described and illustrated as males. Notesare given on P. ater Wang et Zheng, P. guidalii Rossaro, P. hamatus Wang et Zheng, P. lanzavechiai Rossaro, P.pierfrancescoi Rossaro, P. pretorianus (Freeman), P. rufiventris (Meigen), P. skirwithensis (Edwards), and P. tridens Fuet Wang based on Chinese material. The holotypes of P. mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki, P. tobanonadecimus Kikuchi etSasa, P. tusimocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, P. unabrevis Sasa, and P. yakukeleus Sasa et Suzuki are re-examined. P. brevicornisand P. tamaater are listed. Paratrichocladius gotoefeus Sasa et Suzuki is transferred to the genus Paracricotopus and is ajunior synonym of Paracricotopus tamabrevis (Sasa et Suzuki). A key to the males of Paratrichocladius from the SinoIndian Region is given.
Two new species and new records of Muscidae (Diptera) from Wrangel Island, Russia
Authors: SOROKINA VERA S.
Published: January 2020

Two new species in the genera Spilogona Schnabl and Coenosia Meigen are described from Wrangel Island (Spilogonakhrulevae sp. nov. and Coenosia wrangelensis sp. nov.). Their differences from closely related species are shown by theirinclusion in keys to these genera. Coenosia sibirica Hennig is newly recorded from the Russian Arctic. The male terminalia of all species are figured.
A new species of Wiedemannia (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae) from Balkan Peninsula
Authors: IVKOVIĆ MARIJA , PLANT ADRIAN , HORVAT BOGDAN
Published: January 2020

Wiedemannia artemisa sp. nov. (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae) is described from the Balkan Peninsula. Althoughcurrent subgeneric concepts are considered to have doubtful validity, the new species is tentatively assigned to the subgenus Philolutra Mik. The distribution of Wiedemannia in the Balkans is discussed.
Description of Rhodnius montenegrensis n. sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from the state of Rondônia, Brazil
Authors: DA ROSA JOÃO ARISTEU , ROCHA CLÁUDIA SOLANO , GARDIM SUELI , PINTO MARA CRISTINA , MENDONÇA VAGNER JOSÉ , FILHO JÚLIO CÉSAR RENTE FERREIRA , DE CARVALHO ELAINE OLIVEIRA COSTA , CAMARGO LUÍS MARCELO ARANHA , DE OLIVEIRA JADER , NASCIMENTO JULIANA DAMIELI , CILENSE MARIO , ALMEIDA CARLOS EDUARDO
Published: January 2020

We present here a multisource approach that takes advantage of several disciplines to address a taxonomic issue. A triatomine related to Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 was recently found in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. The name Rhodnius montenegrensis n. sp. is suggested because it was found in the municipality of Monte Negro. The main differences between these two species can be detected in the female and male genitalia, but there are also noticeable differences in their eggs. Molecular analysis using PCR-RFLP technique and Bayesian inferences based on a fragment of the Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene corroborated the morphological findings. We used this integrative approach to address the taxonomic decision for a new Rhodnius species and its relationship with others of this genus. Results obtained herein stress that morphology must be used as the major approach for obtaining phenotypic information, and molecular data should be taken as a complementary tool.
Interventions Addressing Vision, Visual-perceptual Impairments Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Yoo Paul Y. , Scott Katryne , Myszak Filip , Mamann Stephanie , Labelle Amelie , Holmes Melanie , Guindon Andreanne , Bussieres Andre E.
Published: January 2020

Background.

The existing literature on the effectiveness of interventions targeting vision, visual-perceptual impairments following acquired brain injury (ABI) is scarce and unlinked to occupational performance.

Purpose.

To explore current occupational therapy practice in vision-rehabilitation among adults with ABI in Canada, and to determine the evidence-practice gaps.

Methods.

An online survey was made available through the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) website, and disseminated to seven public healthcare institutions in Quebec. The survey collected respondent demographic information, and the types and frequency of treatments delivered. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine interventions’ frequency. Participant comments were collected and grouped into recurring themes.

Findings.

Over half (55%) of respondents regularly use evidence-based interventions when addressing visual acuity (VA) and visual field (VF) deficits, but only very few (3%) use it when dealing with oculomotor function and visual stress impairments.

Implications.

Results gave a glimpse of interventions used and suggested the need for further research in vision rehabilitation.