bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of poly(vinyl cinnamates) and its self‐assembled structure
Authors: Du Haiyan , Liu Ruodong , Zhang Junhua , Liu Shibin , Hao Xiaogang , Han Xuemin
Published: November 2012

Poly(vinyl cinnamates) (PVCi) with different degrees of substitution (DS) are synthesized by grafting p‐chloro‐substituted cinnamic acid onto poly(vinyl alcohol). The chemical structures of PVCi were confirmed by 1H NMR. Amphiphilic PVCi copolymers were self‐assembled into particles in a selective solvent. The morphology and diameter of particles have been studied by scanning electron microscopic and dynamic light scattering. The morphology and hydrodynamic diameter have strong relationship with DS and water content introduced during self‐assembly process. The prepared PVCi could photo‐cross‐link at λ = 360 nm due to the photodimerization between pendant cinnamate groups. However, the self‐assembled PVCi particles did not present photo‐crosslinking behavior. The formed regular particles could disperse in aqueous solution, which increases their applications in biomedical fields. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fundamental Questions in Personality
Authors: Wilt Joshua , Condon David M. , Brown–Riddell Ashley , Revelle William
Published: November 2012

The network perspective represents a novel contribution to personality theory by conceptualising personality traits as emerging from the mutual dependencies between fundamental and causal affective, behavioural, and cognitive components. We argue that incorporating a more nuanced biological and developmental perspective to causality and a more precise approach to affective, behavioural, cognitive and motivational components may serve to enrich the network perspective. Although the graphical approach to modelling personality is aesthetically pleasing, analytic techniques are not yet available to put network models to the (quantitative) test. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Stranski–Krastanow transition in SiGe epitaxy investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Walther Thomas , Norris David J. , Qiu Yang , Dobbie Andrew , Myronov Maksym , Leadley David R.
Published: November 2012

The Stranski–Krastanow growth mode describes the transition from two‐dimensional flat strained layer epitaxy to the formation of islands that can be technologically used as quantum dots. This has so far been utilized for In(Ga)As/GaAs and Ge/Si heteroepitaxy. Here, we investigate multilayer samples of SiGe alloys grown with different germanium content and thicknesses by reduced pressure chemical vapor phase epitaxy and show that a similar transition can be found in the Si1−xGex‐on‐Si system at x ≈ 0.28. Using a combination of annular dark‐field imaging and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy in an analytical transmission electron microscope, we demonstrate that it is the total amount of Ge deposited that determines whether the layers stay flat or roughen, and it is germanium segregation that determines whether and when the transition occurs. While layers with nominally pure Ge roughen at a thickness of ∼0.5 nm, Si1−xGex layers with x ≥ 0.28 stay flat for much longer, until segregated Ge at the surface leads to islanding. Layers below that critical concentration (x ≤ 0.27) can stay flat up to even higher thicknesses, possibly until dislocations will be formed. The critical thickness for the Stranski–Krastanow transition at x = 0.28 is d = 1.7 nm.
Ties between event times and jump times in the Cox model
Authors: Xin X. , Horrocks J. , Darlington G.A.
Published: November 2012

Methods for dealing with tied event times in the Cox proportional hazards model are well developed. Also, the partial likelihood provides a natural way to handle covariates that change over time. However, ties between event times and the times that discrete time‐varying covariates change have not been systematically studied in the literature. In this article, we discuss the default behavior of current software and propose some simple methods for dealing with such ties. A simulation study shows that the default behavior of current software can lead to biased estimates of the coefficient of a binary time‐varying covariate and that two proposed methods (Random Jitter and Equally Weighted) reduce estimation bias. The proposed methods can be easily implemented with existing software. The methods are illustrated on the well‐known Stanford heart transplant data and data from a study on intimate partner violence and smoking. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo Metabolic Imaging of Insulin with Multiphoton Fluorescence of Human Insulin–Au Nanodots
Authors: Liu Chien‐Liang , Liu Tzu‐Ming , Hsieh Tsung‐Yuan , Liu Han‐Wen , Chen Yu‐Shing , Tsai Cheng‐Kun , Chen Hsieh‐Chih , Lin Jong‐Wei , Hsu Ron‐Bin , Wang Tzung‐Dau , Chen Chien‐Cheng , Sun Chi‐Kuang , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: November 2012

Functional human insulin–Au nanodots (NDs) are synthesized for the in vivo imaging of insulin metabolism. Benefiting from its efficient red to near infrared fluorescence, deep tissue subcellular uptake of insulin–Au NDs can be clearly resolved through a least‐invasive harmonic generation and two‐photon fluorescence (TPF) microscope. In vivo investigations on mice ear and ex vivo assays on human fat tissues conclude that cells with rich insulin receptors have higher uptake of administrated insulin. Interestingly, the insulin–Au NDs can even permeate into lipid droplets (LDs) of adipocytes. Using this newly discovered metabolic phenomenon of insulin, it is found that enlarged adipocytes in type II diabetes mice have higher adjacent/LD concentration contrast with small‐sized ones in wild type mice. For human clinical samples, the epicardial adipocytes of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) also show elevated adjacent/LD concentration contrast. As a result, human insulin–Au nanodots provide a new approach to explore subcellular insulin metabolism in model animals or patients with metabolic or cardiovascular diseases.
Enabling OpenCL support for GPGPU in Kernel‐based Virtual Machine
Authors: Tien Tsan‐Rong , You Yi‐Ping
Published: November 2012

The importance of heterogeneous multicore programming is increasing, and Open Computing Language (OpenCL) is an open industrial standard for parallel programming that provides a uniform programming model for programmers to write efficient, portable code for heterogeneous computing devices. However, OpenCL is not supported in the system virtualization environments that are often used to improve resource utilization. In this paper, we propose an OpenCL virtualization framework based on Kernel‐based Virtual Machine with API remoting to enable multiplexing of multiple guest virtual machines (guest VMs) over the underlying OpenCL resources. The framework comprises three major components: (i) an OpenCL library implementation in guest VMs for packing/unpacking OpenCL requests/responses; (ii) a virtual device, called virtio‐CL, that is responsible for the communication between guest VMs and the hypervisor (also called the VM monitor); and (iii) a thread, called CL thread, that is used for the OpenCL API invocation. Although the overhead of the proposed virtualization framework is directly affected by the amount of data to be transferred between the OpenCL host and devices because of the primitive nature of API remoting, experiments demonstrated that our virtualization framework has a small virtualization overhead (mean of 6.8%) for six common device‐intensive OpenCL programs and performs well when the number of guest VMs involved in the system increases. These results indirectly infer that the framework allows for effective resource utilization of OpenCL devices.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Helical‐Chiral Pyridines as Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Peng Zhili , Takenaka Norito
Published: November 2012

A new family of chiral pyridines has been designed and synthesized for use in asymmetric organocatalysis. Thus, helical‐chiral pyridines induce high enantioselectivity in a range of mechanistically unrelated, synthetically significant transformations, including Friedel‐Crafts alkylation with nitroalkenes, periselective Diels‐Alder reactions with nitroalkenes, the ring‐opening of epoxides with a chloride nucleophile, and the propargylation of aldehydes.
Equipping Classroom Teachers for English Language Learners
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Walker Colleen , Manarino‐Leggett Priscilla
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this article is to describe the Quality Educators Academy (QEA), a year‐long training for K‐8 classroom teachers that was funded by a NC ESEA Title II–A Improving Teacher Quality (NC QUEST) Grant. Key features of the project as well as the design and content of the training contributed to success in recruiting, retaining, and effectively training classroom teachers to work with ELLs. The authors, who implemented a QEA in North Carolina, share what they did in detail so that others interested in equipping classroom teachers with research‐based best practices for meeting the needs of English language learners may learn from their efforts. This article describes key features of the project: collaboration, recruitment and selection of participants, professional development design, and training and content delivery.
Role of propolis (bee glue) in improving histopathological changes of the kidney of rat treated with aluminum chloride
Authors: EL‐kenawy Ayman EL‐meghawry , Hussein Osman Hosam Eldin , Daghestani Maha Hasan
Published: November 2012

Humans are frequently exposed to aluminum from various food additives, therapeutic treatments and the environment, and it can be potentially toxic. This study is aimed to elucidate the protective effects of propolis against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)‐induced histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in kidney tissues of rats. Sixty Wistar Albino male rats (average weight 250–300 g) were divided into three equal groups. The first served as a negative control. The second received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw, 1/ 25 LD 50). The third were administered AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw, 1/ 25 LD 50) plus propolis (50 mg/kg bw). Doses were given once daily via a gavage for 8 weeks every day. The results showed that shrunken glomeruli, intraglomerular congestion, loss of apical microvilli, degeneration of mitochondria and widened rough endoplasmic reticulum were also observed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubules of these animals. Treatment with propolis ameliorated the harmful effects of AlCl3; this was also proved histopathologically by the noticeable improvement in the renal tissues. There were also significant variations in the expressed of ki‐67 and p53 proteins. It can be concluded that propolis may be promising as a natural therapeutic agent in AlCl3‐induced renal toxicity and oxidative stress in rat kidneys. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 1000–1010, 2014.
Modern management of obesity in men
Authors: Haslam David
Published: November 2012

Management of obesity includes identifying and engaging with the patient, as well as screening for and treating any comorbidities. David Haslam discusses the roles of dietary restriction, physical activity, drugs and surgery in weight loss management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
How (not) to communicate new scientific information: a memoir of the famous Brindley lecture
Authors: Klotz Laurence
Published: November 2012

In 1983, at the Urodynamics Society meeting in Las Vegas, Professor G.S. Brindley first announced to the world his experiments on self‐injection with papaverine to induce a penile erection. This was the first time that an effective medical therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) was described, and was a historic development in the management of ED. The way in which this information was first reported was completely unique and memorable, and provides an interesting context for the development of therapies for ED. I was present at this extraordinary lecture, and the details are worth sharing.
The Urology Foundation
Authors: De Winter Louise
Published: November 2012

The Urology Foundation is the only charity in the UK and Ireland that covers all urological conditions and cancers, and that is uniquely focused on improving the knowledge and skills of urologists and funding research in order to improve patient outcomes. We receive no government funding and rely wholly on donations to support our work. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Axion-Higgs unification
Authors: Redi Michele , Strumia Alessandro
Published: November 2012

Abstract

In theories with no fundamental scalars, one gauge group can become strong at a large scale Λ and spontaneously break a global symmetry, producing the Higgs and the axion as composite pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We show how KSVZ and DFSZ axion models can be naturally realised. The assumption Λ ≈ 1011 GeV is phenomenologically favoured because: a) The axion solves the QCD θ problem and provides the observed DM abundance; b) The observed Higgs mass is generated via RGE effects from a small Higgs quartic coupling at the compositeness scale, provided that the Higgs mass term is fine-tuned to be of electroweak size; c) Lepton, quark as well as neutrino masses can be obtained from four-fermion operators at the compositeness scale. d) Extra fermions can unify the gauge couplings.
Novel virtual hepatectomy is useful for evaluation of the portal territory for anatomical sectionectomy, segmentectomy, and hemihepatectomy
Authors: Ariizumi Shun‐ichi , Takahashi Yutaka , Kotera Yoshihito , Omori Akiko , Yoneda Godai , Mu Han , Katagiri Satoshi , Egawa Hiroto , Yamamoto Masakazu
Published: November 2012

Background

The novel technique of virtual hepatectomy is useful for evaluation of the portal territory of the liver, since this software program includes functions for liver surgery planning. We evaluated the accuracy of virtual hepatectomy for anatomical hepatectomy.

Methods

Between 2010 and 2011, 92 patients with liver tumors underwent virtual hepatectomy preoperatively. The predicted liver volume was compared with the actual liver volume among patients who underwent anatomical sectionectomy, segmentectomy, and hemihepatectomy.

Results

Ninety of 92 patients underwent anatomical hepatectomy on the basis of virtual hepatectomy. According to the surgical procedure, the predicted liver resection volume showed a strong correlation with the actual liver volume in patients who underwent sectionectomy (r = 0.985, p < 0.0001, n = 44, median error rate 9 %), segmentectomy (r = 0.949, p < 0.0001, n = 17, median error rate 12 %), and hemihepatectomy (r = 0.967, p < 0.0001, n = 29, median error rate 7 %).

Conclusions

The novel technique of virtual hepatectomy is useful for evaluation of the portal territory for anatomical sectionectomy, segmentectomy, and hemihepatectomy.
The endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided rendezvous technique for biliary cannulation: a technical review
Authors: Isayama Hiroyuki , Nakai Yousuke , Kawakubo Kazumichi , Kawakami Hiroshi , Itoi Takao , Yamamoto Natsuyo , Kogure Hirofumi , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: November 2012

Steady progress is being made in endoscopic biliary intervention, especially endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐guided procedures. The EUS‐guided rendezvous technique (EUS‐RV) is a salvage method for failed selective biliary cannulation. The overall success rate of EUS‐RV in 247 cases from seven published articles was 74 % and the incidence of complications was 11 %. The main cause of failed rendezvous cannulation was difficulty passing a biliary stricture or papilla due to poor guidewire (GW) manipulation. A recent large study found a 98.3 % success rate and superiority to precutting. This report suggested using a hydrophilic guidewire. Major complications were bleeding (0.8 %), bile leakage (1.2 %), peritonitis (0.4 %), pneumoperitoneum (0.2 %), and pancreatitis (1.6 %). The approach routes for EUS‐RV were transgastric, transduodenal short position, and transduodenal long position. The appropriate route for each patient should be used. GW selection for EUS‐RV is critical, and a hydrophilic GW might be the most useful. The catheter can be inserted through the papilla alongside or over the wire. Alongside cannulation is convenient, but difficult. The problem with the over‐the‐wire technique is withdrawal of the GW in the accessory channel. EUS‐RV is effective and safe, but is not established. The efficacy should be confirmed in a prospective comparative trial, and the necessary specialist equipment should be developed.
An analysis of the population genetics of restored Zostera marina plantings in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey
Authors: Campanella James J. , Bologna Paul A. X. , Smalley John V. , Avila Diana N. , Lee Karen N. , Areche Eduardo C. , Slavin Laura J.
Published: November 2012

Within Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, eelgrass (Zostera marina) populations have declined by 62 % over the last 20 years. To better understand the consequences of this devastation, we have previously employed microsatellite DNA polymorphisms to analyze the population structure of Z.marina within Barnegat Bay, as well as along the eastern United States seaboard. We have restored populations of Z. marina in Barnegat Bay over the last 10 years to help assess the best planting conditions and ecotypes that might be used in long‐term restoration strategies. In this study, we examined the genetic health of the restored populations compared to that of the donor eelgrass populations within the bay. Using microsatellites, we can identify which parental founding ecotypes survived the restoration process over multiple generations. The frequency of observed heterozygotes, although higher than in the natural populations, still indicates reduced levels of diversity and connectivity. The inbreeding frequency is high in the restored populations, but lower than what is seen in the native populations. All restored populations have effective population values >50, suggesting a high probability of survival in the short term.
Protein expression profiles in patients carrying NFU1 mutations. Contribution to the pathophysiology of the disease
Authors: Ferrer‐Cortès Xènia , Font Aida , Bujan Núria , Navarro‐Sastre Aleix , Matalonga Leslie , Arranz José Antonio , Riudor Encarnació , del Toro Mireia , Garcia‐Cazorla Angels , Campistol Jaume , Briones Paz , Ribes Antonia , Tort Frederic
Published: November 2012

Cofactor disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism are a heterogeneous group of diseases with a wide variety of clinical symptoms, particular metabolic profiles and variable enzymatic defects. Mutations in NFU1 were recently identified in patients with fatal encephalopathy displaying a biochemical phenotype consistent with defects in lipoic acid‐dependent enzymatic activities and respiratory chain complexes. This discovery highlighted the molecular function of NFU1 as an iron‐sulfur(Fe‐S) cluster protein necessary for lipoic acid biosynthesis and respiratory chain complexes activities. To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease we have characterized the protein expression profiles of patients carrying NFU1 mutations. Fibroblasts from patients with the p.Gly208Cys mutation showed complete absence of protein‐bound lipoic acid and decreased SDHA and SDHB subunits of complex II. In contrast, subunits of other respiratory chain complexes were normal. Protein lipoylation was also decreased in muscle and liver but not in other tissues available (brain, kidney, lung) from NFU1 patients. Although levels of the respiratory chain subunits were unaltered in tissues, BN‐PAGE showed an assembly defect for complex II in muscle, consistent with the low enzymatic activity of this complex. This study provides new insights into the molecular bases of NFU1 disease as well as into the regulation of NFU1 protein in human tissues. We demonstrate a ubiquitous expression of NFU1 protein and further suggest that defects in lipoic acid biosynthesis and complex II are the main molecular signature of this disease, particularly in patients carrying the p.Gly208Cys mutation.
Psychological Correlates of Handedness and Corpus Callosum Asymmetry in Autism: The left Hemisphere Dysfunction Theory Revisited
Authors: Floris Dorothea L. , Chura Lindsay R. , Holt Rosemary J. , Suckling John , Bullmore Edward T. , Baron-Cohen Simon , Spencer Michael D.
Published: November 2012

Rightward cerebral lateralization has been suggested to be involved in the neuropathology of autism spectrum conditions. We investigated functional and neuroanatomical asymmetry, in terms of handedness and corpus callosum measurements in male adolescents with autism, their unaffected siblings and controls, and their associations with executive dysfunction and symptom severity. Adolescents with autism did not differ from controls in functional asymmetry, but neuroanatomically showed the expected pattern of stronger rightward lateralization in the posterior and anterior midbody based on their hand-preference. Measures of symptom severity were related to rightward asymmetry in three subregions (splenium, posterior midbody and rostral body). We found the opposite pattern for the isthmus and rostrum with better cognitive and less severe clinical scores associated with rightward lateralization.
The European Union as a Global Power of Values
Authors: Skordeli Marina
Published: November 2012

The European Union has been traditionally perceived as a values-based power that has exerted a certain appeal to the world and a transformative influence on its neighbours. The power of its attraction derives from the fact that it is a unique model in history, constructed on common values, mutual interests, solidarity and joint policies for economic development and convergence, with the aim to preserve peace, stability and welfare for all European peoples. Despite occasional ups and downs, this has been a successful endeavour, as demonstrated by its successive development and unprecedented enlargements. The effectiveness of the EU in disseminating its values varies, depending on different factors. Overall, the EU's most powerful tool is its paradigm. In response to current challenges threatening the credibility of its model, the EU needs to remain committed to its values and principles, speak with one voice and keep inspiring its peoples first, so that it can inspire the world.
Yes to Technological Progress, but No to Populism: A Proactive Proposal
Authors: Hartleb Florian
Published: November 2012

The centre-right is a values-based political family which is currently facing two interrelated challenges, both of which result from the pressures on representative democracies in the twenty-first century and the attacks on established political procedures. First, the centre-right needs a credible and long-term response to the politics of simplification as an answer to the complexity of populist-demagogic forces. In many European countries, populist parties have succeeded in national elections. Second, it has to respond to a new field of politics given the label net politics, an online representation of political processes that uses the new technologies. The current rise of populism may be no more than a temporary aberration on the road to normal European party politics. Parties have to adapt while keeping up stability, credibility and loyalty among the electorate. The centre-right, with its values-based approach, is in a good position and can be optimistic about further challenges.
Values, National Interests and the Transatlantic Partnership's Future
Authors: Zarate Robert
Published: November 2012

As the United States and Europe struggle today to meet their respective economic and strategic challenges, it is becoming all too easy to take for granted, or even to forget, the significance of shared core values–-including strong beliefs in individual liberty, representative democracy, freedom of expression, the impartial rule of law, minority and women's rights, and the necessity of free markets for economic growth. However, the US and Europe should not forget that their shared and enduring core values provide a source for their individual and collective renewal, and for advancing new values-based foreign policy initiatives to reaffirm and revitalise the Transatlantic Partnership in the short and long term.
Romantic relationships and adjustment problems in China: The moderating effect of classroom romantic context
Authors: Hou Jinqin , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Zhang Jianxin , Guo Fei , Huang Zheng , Wang Mianbo , Chen Zhiyan
Published: November 2012

Theoretical and empirical research has shown that adolescent romantic relationships are associated with a wide range of developmental outcomes, including adverse consequences. The present study used a hierarchical linear model to examine the moderating effect of classroom romantic context on the association between adolescent romantic relationships and adjustment problems. Data were collected from 4776 Chinese adolescents across 106 classes and from 47 schools. The participants' ages ranged from 12 to 18 years. The results indicated that romantic involvement and breakups were associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors. Moreover, the association between breakups and depressive symptoms depended on the classroom romantic context. Specifically, we found that adolescents who experienced breakups showed fewer depressive symptoms in classrooms where romantic relationships were common among classmates than in those classrooms where romantic relationships were rare among classmates. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Medication Safety
Authors: Hicks Rodney W. , Wanzer Linda J. , Denholm Bonnie
Published: November 2012

Medication errors in the perioperative setting can result in patient morbidity and mortality. The AORN “Recommended practices for medication safety” provide guidance to perioperative nurses in developing, implementing, and evaluating safe medication use practices. These practices include recognizing risk points in the medication use process, collaborating with pharmacy staff members, conducting preoperative assessments and postoperative evaluations (eg, medication reconciliation), and handling hazardous medications and pharmaceutical waste. Strategies for successful implementation of the recommended practices include promoting a basic understanding of the nurse's role in the medication use process and developing a medication management plan as well as policies and procedures that support medication safety and activities to measure compliance with safe practices.
Trust–Commitment as a Mediator of the Celebrity Endorser–Brand Equity Relationship in a Service Context
Authors: Dwivedi Abhishek , Johnson Lester W.
Published: November 2012

The current study extends the endorsement literature by examining it in the trust–commitment framework. Specifically, the trust–commitment framework is examined as a mediator of the effect of endorser credibility on consumer perceived brand equity as well as consumer expectations of relationship continuity. The current study is conducted within a pure service (i.e., telecom service) context; adding incremental value to the findings given the pivotal role of the trust–commitment framework. The conceptual model is estimated using a sample of 525 Indian consumers that evaluate some of the major Indian telecom sector brand-and-endorser combinations. The model fits the data adequately, and the analysis supports a fully mediated role of the trust–commitment framework in explaining the hypothesized outcomes. The study complements theoretical perspectives on endorser effects, and suggests a relationship facilitating role of celebrity endorsements.
Emergency contraception
Authors: Dunn Sheila , Guilbert Édith , Burnett Margaret , Aggarwal Anjali , Bernardin Jeanne , Clark Virginia , Davis Victoria , Dempster Jeffrey , Fisher William , MacKinnon Karen , Pellizzari Rosana , Polomeno Viola , Rutherford Maegan , Sabourin Jeanelle , Senikas Vyta , Wagner Marie‐Soleil
Published: November 2012

Objective

To review current knowledge about emergency contraception (EC), including available options, their modes of action, efficacy, safety, and the effective provision of EC within a practice setting.

Options

The combined estradiol‐levonorgestrel (Yuzpe regimen) and the levonorgestrel‐only regimen, as well as post‐coital use of copper intrauterine devices, are reviewed.

Outcomes

Efficacy in terms of reduction in risk of pregnancy, safety, and side effects of methods for EC and the effect of the means of access to EC on its appropriate use and the use of consistent contraception.

Evidence

Studies published in English between January 1998 and March 2010 were retrieved though searches of Medline and the Cochrane Database, using appropriate key words (emergency contraception, post‐coital contraception, emergency contraceptive pills, post‐coital copper IUD). Clinical guidelines and position papers developed by health or family planning organizations were also reviewed.

Values

The studies reviewed were classified according to criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, and the recommendations for practice were ranked according to this classification (Table 1).

Benefits, Harms, and Costs

These guidelines are intended to help reduce unintended pregnancies by increasing awareness and appropriate use of EC.

Sponsor

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada.
Modeling sound transmission of human middle ear and its clinical applications using finite element analysis
Authors: Chen Shou‐I , Lee Ming‐Hsiao , Yao Chih‐Min , Chen Peir‐Rong , Chou Yuan‐Fang , Liu Tien‐Chen , Song Yu‐Lin , Lee Chia‐Fone
Published: November 2012

We have developed a new finite element (FE) model of human right ear, including the accurate geometry of middle ear ossicles, external ear canal, tympanic cavity, and mastoid cavity. The FE model would be suitable to study the dynamic behaviors of pathological middle ear conditions, including changes of stapedial ligament stiffness, tensor tympani ligament (TTL), and tympanic membrane (TM) stiffness and thickness. Increasing stiffness of stapedial ligament has substantial effect on stapes footplate movement, especially at low frequencies, but less effect on umbo movement. Softer TTL will result in increasing umbo and stapes footplate displacement, especially at low frequencies (f < 1000 Hz). When the TTL was detached, the vibration amplitude of umbo increased by 6 dB at 600 Hz and two peaks (300 and 600 Hz) were found in the vibration amplitude of stapes footplate. Increasing the stiffness of tensor tympani resulted in a slightly decreased umbo amplitude at very low frequencies (f < 500 Hz) and significantly decreased displacement up to 12 dB at middle frequencies (1000 Hz < f < 4000 Hz). However, the amplitude change of stapes footplate is very sensitive to the TTL stiffness, especially at low frequency (f < 1000 Hz). The increased stiffness of TM resulted in reduced umbo and stapes footplate displacement at frequencies <1500 Hz and increased displacement at frequencies >1500 Hz. As (TM) thickness was increased, the umbo displacement was reduced, especially at very low frequencies (f < 600 Hz). Otherwise, the stapes displacement was reduced at all frequencies.
An unusual case with myotonia
Authors: Da Yu‐Wei , Wang Min , Li Yun , Lu Yan , Jia Jian‐Ping
Published: November 2012

We report an unusual case involving a patient with myotonia. A 57‐year‐old man had multisystemic symptoms including skeletal muscle weakness, atrophy and percussion myotonia, cataract, heart involved, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and urinary incontinence. The electromyography revealed myotonic discharges. Muscle biopsy showed myopathic features and a striking number of ring fibers. It was genetically proven that the case was not myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) or 2 (DM2). The case might be DM3 or an unusual case of unclassified myopathy with multisystemic damage.
Cosmogenic3He age estimates of Plio-Pleistocene alluvial-fan surfaces in the Lower Colorado River Corridor, Arizona, USA
Authors: Fenton Cassandra R. , Pelletier Jon D.
Published: November 2012

Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Colorado River (LCR) and tributary alluvial fans emanating from the Black Mountains near Golden Shores, Arizona record six cycles of Late Cenozoic aggradation and incision of the LCR and its adjacent alluvial fans. Cosmogenic3He (3Hec) ages of basalt boulders on fan terraces yield age ranges of: 3.3–2.2 Ma, 2.2–1.1 Ma, 1.1 Ma to 110 ka, < 350 ka, < 150 ka, and < 63 ka. T1 and Q1 fans are especially significant, because they overlie Bullhead Alluvium, i.e. the first alluvial deposit of the LCR since its inception ca. 4.2 Ma.3Hecdata suggest that the LCR began downcutting into the Bullhead Alluvium as early as 3.3 Ma and as late as 2.2 Ma. Younger Q2a to Q4 fans very broadly correlate in number and age with alluvial terraces elsewhere in the southwestern USA. Large uncertainties in3Hecages preclude a temporal link between the genesis of the Black Mountain fans and specific climate transitions. Fan-terrace morphology and the absence of significant Plio-Quaternary faulting in the area, however, indicate regional, episodic increases in sediment supply, and that climate change has possibly played a role in Late Cenozoic piedmont and valley-floor aggradation in the LCR valley.
The Impact of Claims Management, Treatment, and Rehabilitation on Recovery and Return to Independence
Authors: Cairns Liz , Dyson Maree , Canobi Sally , Vipond Nic
Published: November 2012

The use of contemporaneous evaluation in personal injury insurance enables schemes to maintain and enhance their viability through access to quality information on cost, liabilities and outcomes. Best practice in research programs in the sector requires data on client outcomes and financial performance to be collected. This article presents a case study of the research and evaluation program for the National Serious Injury Service of New Zealand's Accident Compensation Corporation.
A Comparison of the SB5 and the CAS in Educational Psychology Practice
Authors: Berman Jeanette , Price Ian
Published: November 2012

Two tests of intellectual ability were compared in terms of quantitative measures and professional utility in the context of 41 students who were referred for psychoeducational investigation of their learning. Full-scale, Composite, and Factor scores from The Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales — Fifth Edition (SB5) and the Das Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) were compared and individual profiles were examined. The SB5 is the latest version of a traditional test referenced to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll factor model of intelligence, while the CAS was developed from an information processing theory of intelligence. Full-scale measures of intellectual ability were found to differ significantly, with the SB5 approximately 8 points higher than the CAS. Analysis of the profiles assisted in understanding specific learning abilities and guided interventions. The implications of this for the relative utility of the two instruments, their interchangeablity, the meaningful interpretation of results, and their complementary contribution to practice are discussed.
TOWARDS A REGIME CHANGE IN THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SEED SUPPLY SYSTEM IN CHINA
Authors: LI JINGSONG , JIGGINS JANICE , VAN BUEREN EDITH T. LAMMERTS , LEEUWIS CEES
Published: November 2012

This paper explores changes in the organization of seed supply in China over the last decade by means of a multi-level institutional analysis. At the landscape level, the implications for China of the regulation of plant genetic resources through various international treaties and conventions are reviewed in the light of the evolution of the global seed industry. At the regime level, the transition in the Chinese context to market-based seed supply and the development of commercial and public seed sectors are examined. The study then analyses trends in seed supply at the niche level, with reference to participatory maize (Zea mays L.) breeding in three provinces in southwest China where high rural poverty persists. This work offers radical novelty in variety development and seed provision on behalf of smallholder farmers. However, a series of technical, organizational and market ‘mismatches’ are demonstrated within the existing seed regime. The participatory work emphasizes breeding for diverse cultivars adapted to specific ecosystems but these are prevented from reaching commercial markets by existing varietal testing procedures. Participatory breeding has potential to address farmers’ varietal needs as agriculture modernises and to support the public function of research institutes, but within mainstream intellectual property regimes the public value of participatory breeding cannot be accommodated adequately. Yet, when coupled to institutional innovations for recognising intellectual property and sharing benefit among all those who contribute, participatory breeding may initiate a powerful dynamics for change within seed regimes and a sui generis seed system suited to the Chinese context.
Testing the statistical learning of spelling patterns by manipulating semantic and orthographic frequency
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , LEUNG DILYS
Published: November 2012

This study tested the diverging predictions of recent theories of children's learning of spelling regularities. We asked younger (Grades 1 and 2) and older (Grades 3 and 4) elementary school–aged children to choose the correct endings for words that varied in their morphological structure. We tested the impacts of semantic frequency by including three types of words ending in -er: derived and inflected forms, the first of which are far more frequent across the language, and one-morpheme control forms. Both younger and older children were more likely to choose the correct ending for derived forms over one-morpheme control words. This difference emerged for inflected forms only for the older children. We also tested the impacts of orthographic frequency by contrasting performance on the two derived allomorphs -er and -or, the first of which is far more frequent, and comparison one-morpheme forms. Both younger and older children were more likely to choose the correct spelling for the derivational -er over the same letter pattern in control words. This difference did not emerge in either group for the -or ending. The implications of these findings for current models of children's spelling development are discussed.
Informal and formal knowledge: The curriculum conception of two rock graduates
Authors: McPhail Graham
Published: November 2012

Informal learning has become a prominent theme in music education literature in recent times. Many writers have called for a new emphasis on informal knowledge and pedagogy as the way forward for music education. The position taken in this paper is that a central issue for music education is the accommodation of a tension between types of knowledge and the ways of knowing strongly associated with popular and classical of music – socially acquired informal knowledge and socially developed but formally acquired disciplinary knowledge. Approaches to curriculum conception and realisation observed in a recent series of case studies in New Zealand secondary schools suggest that a key factor in student engagement is the degree to which teachers can create links between informal and formal knowledge so that students’ understanding and conceptual abilities can be extended across these knowledge boundaries. The teaching approaches of two recent graduates in rock music are discussed to support the social realist argument that a ‘progressive’ approach to curriculum involves creating links between informal and formal knowledge rather than replacing one with the other or dissolving the boundaries between them. Through seeing the two types of knowledge as necessarily interconnected within educational contexts, the epistemic integrity of classroom music is maintained. In this way students are able to recognise themselves and their aspirations while also recognising the potential and power of the foundational knowledge of the discipline.
Secondary student motivation to participate in a Year 9 Australian elective classroom music curriculum
Authors: McEwan Rob
Published: November 2012

Despite strong philosophical arguments supporting the inclusion of music in all students’ education, declining student participation rates in school music activities during the middle years of schooling remain an ongoing issue for music education researchers. This paper presents the findings of a case study examining the motivational factors influencing student enrolment behaviour in the elective classroom music curriculum within the social context of an independent secondary school in regional Australia. The analysis discussed in this paper focuses on the socio-cultural contexts of school culture, peer group, family values and student perceptions of teachers as factors shaping student academic motivational orientations.
Variation in capture height and trap persistence among three Costa Rican understorey butterfly species
Authors: Alexander Laura G. , DeVries Philip J.
Published: November 2012

Tropical forest insects are vertically stratified between the canopy and understorey. Using 60 traps set at two heights above the forest floor (30 at 15 cm and 30 at 1 m) we compared abundances in capture height, persistence in traps, and sex of three co-occurring understorey butterflies (Cithaerias pireta,Dulcedo politaandPierella helvina) in Costa Rica. We captured, marked and released 283 individual butterflies (65C. pireta, 79D. polita, 139P. helvina) and showed all three species were captured more often in low traps, andP. helvinawas captured only in low traps. The probability of remaining in traps for 24 h did not differ significantly forD. politaandP. helvina, but was significantly lower forC. pireta. The odds of trapping either sex did not differ significantly forP. helvinaandC. pireta, but they were significantly lower forD. politamales. We experimentally demonstrate that these co-occurring species fly and feed just above the forest floor, but differ with respect to their persistence in traps and attraction to traps by sex. Our study implies that closely related species can exhibit behavioural differences that may influence population abundance estimates in multi-species studies.
Effects of soil water status on the spatial variation of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in tropical rain-forest soils in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Kosugi Yoshiko , Takanashi Satoru , Kanemitsu Shuhei , Osaka Ken'ichi , Hayashi Yuki , Tani Makoto , Rahim Nik Abdul
Published: November 2012

To assess the effects of soil water status on the spatial variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes, we examined these gas fluxes and environmental factors in a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Measurements of soil CO2, CH4and N2O fluxes were taken ten, nine, and seven times, respectively over 30 mo at 15 or 39 sampling point within 2-ha plot. Mean (± SE) value of spatially averaged CO2flux was 4.70 ± 0.19 μmol CO2m−2s−1and observed spatial variation in CO2flux was negatively related to the volumetric soil water content (VSWC) during the dry period. Over the wet period, extremely high CO2emissions were positively correlated with VSWC at some locations, suggesting that no spatial structure of CO2flux was because of such hot-spot CO2emissions. Flux of CH4was usually negative with little variation, with a mean value of –0.49 ± 0.15 mg CH4m−2d−1, resulting in the soil at our study site functioning as a CH4sink. Spatial variation in CH4flux was positively related to the VSWC throughout the entire study period (dry and wet). Some CH4hot spots were observed during dry periods, probably due to the presence of termites. Mean value of spatially averaged N2O flux was 98.9 ± 40.7 μg N m−2h−1and N2O flux increased markedly during the wet period. Spatially, N2O flux was positively related to both the VSWC and the soil N concentration and was higher in wet and anaerobic soils. These findings suggest that denitrification is a major contributor to high soil N2O fluxes. Additionally, analysis by adjusting confounding effects of time, location and interaction between time and location in mixed models, VSWC has a negative effect on CO2flux and positive effects on CH4and N2O fluxes. We found that soil water status was related temporally to rainfall and controlled greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from the soil at the study site via several biogeochemical processes, including gas diffusion and soil redox conditions. Our results also suggest that considering the biological effects such as decomposer activities may help to explain the complex temporal and spatial patterns in CO2and CH4fluxes.
The role of earthworms in nitrogen and solute retention in a tropical forest in Sabah, Malaysia: a pilot study
Authors: Johnson Sarah , Bose Arshiya , Snaddon Jake L. , Moss Brian
Published: November 2012

Compounds of the 20 elements needed by living organisms are relatively soluble in water and therefore vulnerable to being leached and lost from terrestrial ecosystems during mineralization. Intact systems have thus acquired retention mechanisms that sequester nutrients and minimize losses. Such mechanisms should be particularly important where rainfall is very high but direct evidence of retention mechanisms in tropical forests is scarce (Snaddon et al. 2012, Turner et al. 2007).
Acquisition of English grammatical morphology by internationally adopted children from China
Authors: PIERCE LARA J. , GENESEE FRED , PARADIS JOHANNE
Published: November 2012

Acquisition of English grammatical morphology was examined in five internationally adopted (IA) children from China (aged 0;10–1;1 at adoption) during the first three years' exposure to English to determine whether acquisition patterns were characteristic of child second language (L2) learners or monolingual first language (L1) learners. Results from spontaneous and elicited speech showed that IA children acquired grammatical morphemes similarly to L1 learners; namely, (1) non-tense-marking morphemes were acquired earlier than tense-marking morphemes; (2) BE was acquired in synchrony with other tense-marking morphemes; and (3) a high percentage of omission errors and a low percentage of commission errors were observed.