bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glioblastoma multiforme has many faces
Authors: Jansen van Rensburg Philip Huxham , Jansen van Rensburg Malan Nicolaas
Published: May 2014

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a class of devastating, highly aggressive central nervous system tumours. While the classical appearance is easily recognisable, several variations occur. We present 6 cases of confirmed GBM that illustrate the unusual findings in histological subtypes, early presentation and spread on MRI imaging.
Rigler’s sign and the football sign
Authors: Daya Sheetal , Mahomed Nasreen , Andronikou Savvas
Published: May 2014

Rigler’s sign was first described in 1941 by L G Rigler as a new radiological sign for recognising free air in the peritoneal cavity on supine radiograph. The presence of pneumoperitoneum allows free intraperitoneal air to be contrasted with intraluminal gas, accentuating the wall of gas-containing viscera. It is observed in infants and very ill patients where only limited radiographs of the abdomen are possible. The football sign was first described by R E Miller in the 1960s. Seen on supine abdominal radiographs, this describes an oval radiolucency resembling an American football. It is important for the radiologist to recognise the supporting signs of pneumoperitoneum, such as Rigler’s sign and the football sign, on supine abdominal radiographs, especially in neonates and infants, where erect chest/abdominal radiographs are not always possible.
Onwards and upwards
Authors: Davis Razaan
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in evaluating response of carcinoma of the cervix treated with chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Le Roux A.J. , Gebremariam F.A. , Harmse W.S
Published: May 2014

Objective: To determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value obtained by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) can be used as a reliable detector of response of carcinoma of the cervix treated with chemoradiotherapy, compared with conventional T2-weighted MRI.Design: A prospective cohort study was performed.Setting: Department of Oncology, Universitas-National Hospital Complex, Bloemfontein.Subjects: Seventeen women with advanced cervical cancer, FIGO staging IIB - IVB, were selected for chemoradiation.Outcome measures: Patients underwent pelvic MRI before therapy, 14 days after onset of therapy, and in the last week of treatment (5th/6th week). Axial and sagittal conventional T2 was followed by DW-MRI in the axial plane from which a tumour region of interest (ROI) was manually drawn to calculate ADC values using b-values of 500 and 1 000 s/mm2.Results: ADC values for cervical carcinoma increased after treatment with chemoradiation. The most significant observation was seen 14 days after treatment was started. The mean ADC value increased with 20% (b=500 s/mm2) and 24% (b=1 000 s/mm2) (statistically significant, p<0.05) compared with a decrease in tumour size of only 8%, which was not statistically significant (p=0.075). Responders showed a larger change in ADC values than non-responders.Conclusion: The study showed considerable promise in the ability of ADC to identify early tumour response to therapy. DW-MRI is a non-invasive functional imaging technique that may in future change management in oncology by early identification of non-responders, hence avoiding unnecessary treatment.
Acute mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus on computed tomography
Authors: Ahmed Aadil
Published: May 2014

Acute gastric volvulus is a rare, but potentially life-threatening, cause of upper gastro-intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis can prove clinically challenging, and hence there is increased reliance on imaging. There are different types of gastric volvulus, with the variant presented in our case being the less commonly encountered mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus. Some of the CT features of gastric volvulus are described, and the usefulness of CT in assisting with the diagnosis is highlighted.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a horseshoe kidney
Authors: Basson Frederik Christoff , De Witt Juruan Francois
Published: May 2014

A rare case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a horseshoe kidney is presented, with emphasis on the computed tomography findings. This very rare combination has only been reported twice in an adult, and never been published with images.
Coronal views of the paediatric mandibular condyle on computerised tomography brain (CTB) studies: An important review area
Authors: Peedikayil Tushar , Wieselthaler Nicole
Published: May 2014

The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of routinely reviewing the mandibular condyle on computerised tomography brain studies in a trauma setting, that often extends to involve the mandibular condyles in the scan parameters. We discuss 4 cases seen over the last 18 months at our institution, and review the relevant literature regarding paediatric mandibular fractures.
Abdominal imaging: Diagnosis
Authors: Beningfield S. , Scholtz P.
Published: May 2014

We congratulate Dr Omar (details not to hand at time of going to press) for his close to spot-on diagnosis, for which he receives the award of R1 000 from the RSSA. Professor Beningfield et al. elaborate below on the condition and its imaging. Please refer to page 152 of the December 2012 issue of the SAJR for the presentation details and unannotated images.
The pattern and prevalence of vertebral artery injury in patients with cervical spine fractures
Authors: Ismail Farzanah , Motsitsi Silas , Khan Nausheen , Fabris-Rotelli Inger
Published: May 2014

Aim: It is not uncommon for vertebral artery injury to occur when there are fractures through the transverse foraminae of the first to the sixth vertebral bodies. Other important risk factors for vertebral artery injury include facet joint dislocations and fractures of the first to the third cervical vertebral bodies. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern and prevalence of vertebral artery injury on CT angiography (CTA) in patients with cervical spine fractures.Method: A retrospective review of patients who had undergone CTA of the vertebral arteries was undertaken. Reports were reviewed to determine which patients met the inclusion criteria of having had both cervical spine fractures and CTA of the vertebral arteries. Images of patients who met the inclusion criteria were analysed by a radiologist.Results: The prevalence of vertebral artery injury was 33%. Four out of the 11 patients who had vertebral artery injury, had post-traumatic spasm of the artery, with associated thrombosis or occlusion of the vessel. In terms of blunt carotid vertebral injury (BCVI) grading, most of the patients sustained grade IV injuries. Four patients who had vertebral artery injury had fractures of the upper cervical vertebrae, i.e. C1 to C3. Fifteen transverse process fractures were associated with vertebral artery injury. No vertebral artery injury was detected in patients who had facet joint subluxations.Conclusion: Patients with transverse process fractures of the cervical spine and upper cervical vertebral body fractures should undergo CTA to exclude vertebral artery injury.
An unusual case of intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt
Authors: Naidoo Pumersha , Maharaj Narisha , Naidu Vanesha , Maharajh Jaynund
Published: May 2014

Intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts are rare vascular anomalies that may be detected in asymptomatic patients, given the recent advances in radiological imaging techniques. Accurate shunt evaluation and classification can be performed with ultrasound and multi-detector computed tomography. We report an unusual case of an intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt with an incidental finding of neurofibroma.
Pseudoachondroplasia: Report on a South African family
Authors: Moosa Shahida , Nishimura Gen
Published: May 2014

Pseudoachondroplasia is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia that results in disproportionately short stature, severe brachydactyly with strikingly lax small joints, malalignments of the lower limbs, and characteristic radiological features. Although named ‘false achondroplasia’, the entity is a distinct condition, in which affected individuals are born with normal length and have a normal facies, but is often only recognised after the age of 2 years, when the disproportion and waddling gait become evident. We report on an affected South African father and daughter, and highlight their clinical and radiographic features.
Primary extradural meningioma arising from the calvarium
Authors: Ravi N , Yi Wang Xiao , Yu Li , Ping Huang Jian , Hao D.
Published: May 2014

Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumours. Meningiomas arising at other locations are termed primary extradural meningiomas (EDM) and are rare. Here we report a case of EDM arising from the calvarium – a primary calvarial meningioma (PCM).
Paediatric neuro-imaging: Diagnosis
Authors: Misser S.K.
Published: May 2014

We congratulate Professor Savvas Andronikou of the Department of Radiology, University of Pretoria, for his spot-on diagnosis, for which he receives the award of R1 000 from the RSSA. Dr Misser elaborates below on the images and findings. Please refer to page 45 of the March 2013 issue of the SAJR for the investigative images.
Face of the giant panda sign in Wilson disease
Authors: Chakraborty Sumit , Mondal Sumantro , Sinha Debanjali , Nag Arijit
Published: May 2014

Wilson disease usually presents with neurologic or hepatic manifestations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is very informative in diagnosiing of this disease, especially in patients with neurological features. High T2 signal intensity in the corpus striatum is the most commonly encountered MRI finding. The 'face of the giant panda' sign is seen on axial T2-weighted MRI, and results from abnormal signal intensities in the midbrain. Though uncommon, the sign is considered as the pathognomonic MRI sign of Wilson disease.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) and gadolinium-based contrast media
Authors: Ngoya P.S. , Vawda Z , Lotz J.W
Published: May 2014

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), unknown before March 1997 and first described in 2000, is a systemic disorder characterised by widespread tissue fibrosis. The first known case occurred in 1997, after the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) at high doses in patients with renal failure had become routine. An overwhelming majority occurred within weeks to months after injection of a GBCA. This note comprises guidelines on the prevention of NSF.
Thymic masses: A radiological review
Authors: Mittal Mahesh Kumar , Sureka Binit , Sinha Mukul , Mittal Aliza , Thukral Brij Bhushan
Published: May 2014

Various thymic masses and their normal variations have different pathological and management consequences. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of these entities so that appropriate and timely treatment can be given.
Cone beam CT workshop; SASPI report
Authors: Matzdorff Robert
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
CPD questionnaire
Authors: Matzdorff Robert
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Body imaging
Authors: Misser Shalendra Kumar , Steer D.B. , Purcell S.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Radiology in the research environment
Authors: Davis Razaan
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Adrenal lesions encountered in current medical practice − a review of their radiological imaging
Authors: Naidu Vanesha , Singh Bhugwan
Published: May 2014

Modern radiological technology has transformed the way that adrenal lesions are currently investigated. The contemporary radiologist has been catapulted to the forefront in the management of adrenal disease. With the increasing use of cross-sectional imaging, adrenal lesions are being serendipitously discovered in radiological studies undertaken for non-adrenal-related conditions – the so-called adrenal ‘incidentaloma’. This review discusses the imaging modalities available for characterising these lesions, highlighting current concepts and controversies in differentiating benign from malignant pathology. The article also provides a brief overview of the spectrum of adrenal pathology commonly encountered in the adult population.
Endoluminal treatment of thoracic aortic lesions
Authors: Scholtz Leonie
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Vertebral height as the measure of lesion length in carcinoma of the oesophagus - is it accurate?
Authors: Shamra V. , Donde B. , Mohiuddin M. , Rabin B.S. , Majeed U. , Chetty D. , Nyongensa C. , Msemo A. , Van der Merwe D. , Glynn-Thomas R.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
An unusual presentation of tuberculous lymphadenopathy, paraspinal masses with spondylitis in a young boy
Authors: Van der Walt Betsie , Raven Sonja , Lockhat Zarina , Van de Werke Irma
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis - a case report and review
Authors: Ker J.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
The big-hearted man now in trouble
Authors: Van de Werke Irma , Lockhat Zarina , Van der Walt Betsie , Abdullah Rowaida
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Training for radiologists
Authors: De Vries Coert
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
A quick guide to safety and compatibility of passive implants and devices in an MR environment
Authors: Kotze D.J. , De Vries C.
Published: May 2014

An increasing number of patients with metal implants are being referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations. Implants and devices may be divided into two groups, namely active and passive. This article will focus on passive devices. A device is MR-safe when it is used in the MR environment, but presents no additional risk to the patient or other individuals, although the quality of diagnostic information may be affected. MR procedures may be contraindicated due to various interactions between the MR environment and medical devices, which include torque, translational force, heating, induced electrical currents, magnetic field interactions, artefacts, and misrepresentation. Therefore, before deciding whether any object is MRsafe/ compatible, the intended use and the possible retaining mechanisms must be considered.
Do dose area product meter measurements reflect radiation doses absorbed by health care workers?
Authors: Raubenheimer R. , Spangenberg B. , Van Jaarsveld G. , Koller A. , De Vries C. , Herbst C.P. , Willemse C.A. , Joubert G.
Published: May 2014

This study determined the correlation between radiation doses absorbed by health care workers and dose area product meter (DAP) measurements at Universitas Hospital, Bloemfontein. The DAP is an instrument which accurately measures the radiation emitted from the source. The study included the interventional radiologists, radiographers and nurses associated with radiological intervention procedures during the period 1 August 2003 - 31 August 2003. The amount of radiation produced during every procedure was measured by a dose area product meter (DAP) and routinely recorded. The absorbed doses received by health care workers were measured using a thermoluminescent dose meter (TLD). The TLDs were analysed and recorded at the end of each week. Health care workers wore TLDs on the following areas: forehead, thyroid (attached under thyroid guard), and abdomen (worn under lead jacket). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.9, p = 0.0374) was found between the radiographers’ head TLD and DAP meter readings. All other correlations between TLD and DAP readings were not statistically significant. Strong positive correlations were found between the TLD readings of the radiologists’ and nurses’ bodies, the nurses’ and radiographers’ bodies and the radiologists’ and the radiographers’ bodies, all of which were statistically significant.
Cerebral aneurysms - an audit
Authors: Louw D.J. , De Vries C. , Joubert G.
Published: May 2014

We performed an audit to determine the profile of cerebral aneurysms at the Universitas Hospital Bloemfontein, the only government hospital with a vascular suite in the Free State and Northern Cape area. Two hundred and twenty-three government patients, diagnosed with cerebral aneurysms during the period 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2003, were included in the study. Of the 223 patients, 37.2% were male and 62.8% female. The patients’ average age was 45.5 years (range 11 - 78 years).Most patients (61.4%) were older than 40 years. The average age for males and females was 41.4 and 46.3 years, respectively, with the females being significantly older (95% CI: 1.7 - 8.2). Most patients had single aneurysms (65.5%). More females (42.9%) had multiple aneurysms compared with the males (20.5%) (95% CI females - males: 9.9 - 33.7%). Of the patients 40 years and younger, 22.1% had multiple aneurysms compared with 42.3% of the patients older than 40 years (95% CI: 7.8 - 31.7%). In our audit the females (when compared with the males) had a clear preponderance for cerebral aneurysms, were significantly older, and had a significant increase in multiplicity with an increase in age.
Polycystic liver disease - a disease entity presenting as part of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Boonzaaier-Botha H. , Cock C.
Published: May 2014

A 65-year-old man was referred to the Gastroenterology Department with complaints of longstanding upper abdominal discomfort and hepatomegaly. Ultrasound of the liver revealed a massively enlarged liver with multiple cystic areas. Aspiration of the largest cyst revealed 15 ml of yellow fluid without any organisms or malignant cells.A diagnosis of autosomal- dominant polycystic kidney disease was suspected, but could not initially be confirmed on ultrasound/ computed tomography imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the multiple hepatic cysts and revealed multiple smaller cysts in both kidneys. Symptomatology subsided after aspiration of the largest cyst and the patient was discharged. The patient has subsequently been followed up and is currently symptom free. The case illustrates the importance of screening for associated kidney disease in patients with polycystic liver disease.
Message from the new editorial committee
Authors: Committee Editorial
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) procedure - a review
Authors: Duncan Ian C.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Endovascular treatment of intractable epistaxis - results of a 4-year local audit
Authors: Duncan Ian C , Fourie P.A. , Le Grange C.E. , Van der Walt H.A.
Published: May 2014

A total of 57 endovascular embolisation procedures were performed for intractable epistaxis in 51 patients over a 4-year period at the Unitas Interventional Unit near Pretoria. Long-term follow-up was possible in 36 patients. Three cases were due to trauma and 2 directly related to previous facial surgery, 1 patient had hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), and the remaining 45 cases (88.2%) were classed as idiopathic. Eight patients (15.7%) had a rebleed between 1 and 33 days after the initial embolisation. Four were re-embolised once, 1 was re-embolised twice (the HHT patient), and 2 underwent additional ethmoid artery ligation (with no further bleeding). This gives a primary short-term success rate (in all 51 cases) of 86.3% and a secondary assisted success rate of 94.1% for embolisation alone. Long-term follow- up was obtained in 36 patients, with 35 (97.2%) reporting no further bleeding after the initial procedure(s). Only the patient with HHT developed multiple recurrent bleeds. The mortality rate was 0%, the major morbidity rate 2% (1 stroke), and the minor morbidity rate 25% (N = 36), which included transient facial pain, headaches and femoral problems related to access. Our results compare favourably with other published series. In conclusion, endovascular embolisation for intractable epistaxis is available locally as an alternative technique for the treatment
Meningioma - a review of 52 cases
Authors: Fynn E. , Khan N. , Ojo A.
Published: May 2014

Meningiomas are extra-axial neoplasms representing 15 - 20% of primary intracranial neoplasms. Incidence peaks in patients aged 40 - 60 years, and they more commonly affect women than men. Most meningiomas arise from arachnoidal cells on the inner surface of the dura and they thefore grow inward toward the brain to form bulky intradural tumour masses. Most meningiomas are benign, but ~6% are atypical or aggressive, and 1 - 2% are frankly malignant. Common locations for meningiomas include the cerebral convexity, parasagittal region, sphenoid wing, olfactory groove, tuberculum sella, posterior fossa, and cavernous sinus.
A case of renal artery stenosis - FMD or artherosclerosis, a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Khan N. , Makama J.Z.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Middle aortic syndrome
Authors: Khan N. , Scheepers P.A. , Thebe D.C.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Hyatid arthritis on the hip joint with fatal outcome
Authors: Kganakga T. , Golele R.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
The changing face of radiology
Authors: Khan N. , Fynn E.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
The paediatric suprasellar cistern as an important CT review area
Authors: Dahya V. , Andronikou S.
Published: May 2014

Pathology affecting the suprasellar cisternis varied in paediatric neuroradiologypractice. Although MRI is theimaging modality of choice for lesionsof the suprasellar cistern, abnormalitiescan be detected on CT withknowledge of the normal anatomyand a sound approach to the possiblepathological entities. We present ourapproach to pathology affecting thesuprasellar cistern and highlight thisusing various cases seen at our institutionin the recent past.
Imaging findings in a patient with eosinophilic pneumonia (Loffler's syndrome)
Authors: Andronikou S. , Du Toit G. , Carrighal M. , Argent A.
Published: May 2014

Löffler’s syndrome was initiallydescribed as a disorder characterisedby transient pulmonary infiltratesaccompanied by peripheral bloodeosinophilia in asymptomatic ormildly ill patients. Abnormal chestradiographic findings are said tooccur in 95% of patients but there areno descriptions of CT findings. Thereare many causes of this syndrome, butin developing countries the mostcommon presentation remains secondaryto the migratory larvae ofcommon intestinal helminths. Wepresent the clinical and radiologicalfeatures of a boy with clearly definedLöffler's syndrome due to larvalmigration.
Hypoxic-ischaemic injury - the 'white cerebellum sign' versus the true 'reversal sign'
Authors: Moosa S. , Andronikou S.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
Re: The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign in a polycythaemic child
Authors: Duncan I.C.
Published: May 2014

No abstract available.
La identificación con personajes de lesbianas: Recepción de audiencias heterosexuales y homosexuales desde una aproximación metodológica mixta
Authors: Soto-Sanfiel María Teresa , Ibiti Adriana , Palencia Villa Rosa María
Published: May 2014

Introducción. Esta investigación observa la identificación de receptores homosexuales y heterosexuales de ambos sexos con las protagonistas lesbianas de ficciones audiovisuales en España. Metodología. El estudio aplica un método mixto, compuesto por dos investigaciones independientes cuyos resultados se interpretan conjuntamente: la cuantitativa determina magnitudes de los efectos y la cualitativa los explica. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que el sexo del receptor no afecta a las magnitudes de la identificación, aunque sí a las razones por las que se produce; que la orientación sexual del receptor, en cambio, sí afecta, y que las reacciones de los hombres heterosexuales son significativamente más indiferentes. Además, revela que el peso en la identificación se halla en la empatía afectiva con los personajes. Discusión y Conclusiones. La aplicación de una metodología mixta aporta profundidad. El uso de escalas de identificación en la recolección de datos del cuantitativo obliga al participante a posicionarse dentro del rango de valores disponibles, pero las entrevistas del método cualitativo, permiten revelar la amplitud de significados vinculados a esos valores. Como se esperaba (H1), el contenido de la ficción afecta a la identificación con los personajes lesbianos. La protagonista moralmente más virtuosa induce a mayor identificación, y ésta se produce, además, por razones más homogéneas entre las poblaciones de distinto sexo u orientación sexual. Asimismo, se encuentran razones para refutar que el sexo del receptor afecta a la identificación con los personajes de lesbianas (H2). También, se confirma que existen diferencias en la identificación en función de la orientación sexual general (H3). Dichas diferencias, sin embargo, no se producen únicamente en las magnitudes generales, sino en las motivaciones para la identificación. La resonancia personal que evocan las historias y la similitud de las historias con experiencias propias, son los dos factores de peso en la identificación de los homosexuales. Además, se encuentra que estas narrativas son procesadas de forma distinta por homosexuales y heterosexuales. Las respuestas de los heterosexuales masculinos son siempre más distantes e indiferentes que las de las heterosexuales femeninas o las de los homosexuales de ambos sexos.
Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry
Authors: Navas-Guzmán F. , Fernández-Gálvez J. , Granados-Muñoz M. J. , Guerrero-Rascado J. L. , Bravo-Aranda J. A. , Alados-Arboledas L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we outline an iterative method to calibrate the water vapour mixing ratio profiles retrieved from Raman lidar measurements. Simultaneous and co-located radiosonde data are used for this purpose and the calibration results obtained during a radiosonde campaign in summer and autumn 2011 are presented. The water vapour profiles measured during night-time by the Raman lidar and radiosondes are compared and the differences between the methodologies are discussed. Then, a new approach to obtain relative humidity profiles by combination of simultaneous profiles of temperature (retrieved from a microwave radiometer) and water vapour mixing ratio (from a Raman lidar) is addressed. In the last part of this work, a statistical analysis of water vapour mixing ratio and relative humidity profiles obtained during 1 year of simultaneous measurements is presented.
Spatial analysis of precipitation in a high-mountain region: exploring methods with multi-scale topographic predictors and circulation types
Authors: Masson D. , Frei C.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Statistical models of the relationship between precipitation and topography are key elements for the spatial interpolation of rain-gauge measurements in high-mountain regions. This study investigates several extensions of the classical precipitation-height model in a direct comparison and within two popular interpolation frameworks, namely linear regression and kriging with external drift. The models studied include predictors of topographic height and slope, eventually at several spatial scales, a stratification by types of a circulation classification, and a predictor for wind-aligned topographic gradients. The benefit of the modeling components is investigated for the interpolation of seasonal mean and daily precipitation using leave-one-out crossvalidation. The study domain is a north-south cross-section of the European Alps (154 km × 187 km), which disposes of dense rain-gauge measurements (approx. 440 stations, 1971–2008). The significance of the topographic predictors was found to strongly depend on the interpolation framework. In linear regression predictors of slope and at multiple scales reduce interpolation errors substantially. But with as many as nine predictors the resulting interpolation still poorly replicates the across-ridge variation. Kriging with external drift (KED) leads to much smaller interpolation errors than linear regression. But this is achieved with a single predictor of local height already, and the extended predictor sets bring only marginal further improvement. Again, the stratification by circulation types and the wind-aligned gradient predictor do not improve over the single predictor KED model. Similarly for daily precipitation, information from circulation types is not improving interpolation accuracy. The results confirm that topographic predictors are essential for reducing interpolation errors, but exploiting the spatial autocorrelation in the data may be as effective as developing elaborate predictor sets. Our results also question a popular practice of using linear regression for predictor selection and they support the common practice of using climatological background fields in the interpolation of daily precipitation.
Focal mechanisms in the southern Aegean from temporary seismic networks – implications for the regional stress field and ongoing deformation processes
Authors: Friederich W. , Brüstle A. , Küperkoch L. , Meier T. , Lamara S. , Working Group Egelados
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The lateral variation of the stress field in the southern Aegean plate and the subducting Hellenic slab is determined from recordings of seismicity obtained with the CYCNET and EGELADOS networks in the years from 2002 to 2007. First motions from 7000 well-located microearthquakes were analysed to produce 540 well-constrained focal mechanisms. They were complemented by another 140 derived by waveform matching of records from larger events. Most of these earthquakes fall into 16 distinct spatial clusters distributed over the southern Aegean region. For each cluster, a stress inversion could be carried out yielding consistent estimates of the stress field and its spatial variation. At crustal levels, the stress field is generally dominated by a steeply dipping compressional principal stress direction except in places where coupling of the subducting slab and overlying plate come into play. Tensional principal stresses are generally subhorizontal. Just behind the forearc, the crust is under arc-parallel tension whereas in the volcanic areas around Kos, Columbo and Astypalea tensional and intermediate stresses are nearly degenerate. Further west and north, in the Santorini–Amorgos graben and in the area of the islands of Mykonos, Andros and Tinos, tensional stresses are significant and point around the NW–SE direction. Very similar stress fields are observed in western Turkey with the tensional axis rotated to NNE–SSW. Intermediate-depth earthquakes below 100 km in the Nisyros region indicate that the Hellenic slab experiences slab-parallel tension at these depths. The direction of tension is close to east–west and thus deviates from the local NW-oriented slab dip presumably owing to the segmentation of the slab. Beneath the Cretan sea, at shallower levels, the slab is under NW–SE compression. Tensional principal stresses in the crust exhibit very good alignment with extensional strain rate principal axes derived from GPS velocities except in volcanic areas, where both appear to be unrelated, and in the forearc where compressional principal stresses are very well aligned with compressional principal strain rates. This finding indicates that, except for volcanic areas, microseismic activity in the southern Aegean is not controlled by small-scale local stresses but rather reflects the regional stress field. The lateral and depth variations of the stress field reflect the various agents that influence tectonics in the Aegean: subduction of the Hellenic slab, incipient collision with continental African lithosphere, roll back of the slab in the southeast, segmentation of the slab, arc volcanism and extension of the Aegean crust.
Book Review: International Assistance and State-University Relations
Authors: Szmodis Whitney , Eng Sothy
Published: May 2014

Not applicable.
From Education Policy to Class Practices: Indonesian Secondary EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in Developing School-Based EFL Syllabi
Authors: Kamil Dairabi , Mukminin Amirul , Kassim Noor Lide Abu
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this quantitative inquiry was to examine the self-efficacy of Indonesian secondary school English as foreign language (EFL) teachers in developing a school-based EFL syllabus. The data were collected through a survey to 98 secondary school EFL teachers in the District of Kerinci, Jambi Sumatra, Indonesia. The data were analyzed through the Rasch Analysis (Linacre 2004, 2006). The results revealed that the teachers had a high-self efficacy in developing the syllabus. However, they tended to be less efficacious on theoretical tasks in the syllabus development and on tasks that were not part of their responsibility in previous curricula. In addition, this study also produced an instrument for measuring teachers’ self-efficacy in developing the syllabus that can be used for similar purposes in other contexts.
Paired opposite Clear Corneal Incision: Time-Related Changes of its Effect and Factors on which those Changes Depend
Authors: Nemeth Gabor , Kolozsvari Bence , Berta Andras , Laszlo Modis
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To assess astigmatism induced by paired opposite clear corneal incision (OCCI) compared to single incisions and to investigate factors on which its effect depends.

Methods

The study comprised 326 eyes from 326 patients. In patients with <1.0 D corneal astigmatism, clear corneal incision was performed (CC group, n = 245), and in those with >1.0 D preoperative corneal astigmatism, a second, opposite clear corneal incision was made (OCCI group, n = 81). Both groups consisted of superior, temporal, and oblique subgroups according to the steepest meridian. Prior to the surgery, and after surgery, repeated keratometry was performed and surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated using vector analysis.

Results

Two weeks after the surgery, the SIA was 0.67 ± 0.44 D in the CC group and 1.15 ± 0.65 D in the OCCI group; 9 weeks after the operation, it was 0.61 ± 0.43 D in the CC group and 0.99 ± 0.57 D in the OCCI group (p<0.001). The SIA showed no significant postoperative change in our groups.

Conclusions

Opposite clear corneal incision reliably induces about 1.0 D of corneal astigmatism on the steep meridian in proportion to the rate of preoperative astigmatism. Its magnitude is independent of the location of the incisions and its effect remains unchanged during the postoperative period.
Sub-Tenon Block does not Provide Superior Postoperative Analgesia vs Intravenous Fentanyl in Pediatric Squint Surgery
Authors: Ramachandran Rashmi , Rewari Vimi , Chandralekha  , Sinha Renu , Trikha Anjan , Sharma Pradeep
Published: May 2014

Purpose

We evaluated the efficacy of sub-Tenon block in decreasing perioperative pain, incidence of intraoperative oculocardiac reflex (OCR), and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in pediatric squint surgery.

Methods

A total of 67 children age 2-12 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status 1 and 2, were randomized to receive either sub-Tenon block (ST) in the operative eye or 2 mcg/kg of intravenous fentanyl (F) for squint surgery after induction of general anesthesia in this double-blind study. Postoperative pain was measured by either modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Pain in the postoperative period (up to 2 hours) was measured as the primary endpoint. Other parameters measured in the groups were intraoperative hemodynamics, postoperative modified CHEOPS or VAS at shifting, 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery, incidence of intraoperative OCR, and PONV at shifting, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery.

Results

There was no statistical difference in the postoperative pain scores in the recovery room up to 2 hours after surgery. The VAS and CHEOPS scores were not different in the groups up to 24 hours after surgery. The incidence of OCR was significantly higher in group F than group ST. The incidence of PONV was significantly higher in group F than group ST at 30 minutes and 1 hour after the surgery (41%, 47% vs 19%, 9%, respectively, p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in intraoperative hemodynamics and PONV scores after 2 hours in the postanesthesia care unit.

Conclusions

Use of sub-Tenon block does not decrease the incidence of postoperative pain significantly in children undergoing squint surgery. However, it leads to a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of intraoperative OCR and PONV in the early recovery period in these patients.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of the Ophthalmic Insert Mydriasert in Patients Undergoing Retinal Angiography
Authors: Cagini Carlo , Caricato Anna , Tosi Gianluigi , Pascale Angelo , Cesari Claudia , Fiore Tito
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To verify the efficacy to obtain mydriasis and cardiovascular safety of Mydriasert (ophthalmic insert containing tropicamide and phenylephrine) in diabetic and nondiabetic patients undergoing retinal angiography by comparing it with usually administered eyedrops (tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 10%).

Methods

This was a prospective randomized study. A total of 154 eyes of 77 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 78 eyes, group 2 consisted of 76 eyes, and the patients were monitored for pupillary dilation, blood pressure, heart rate, and possible adverse effects at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes.

Results

No severe adverse effects were observed in either group. In the entire sample studied, the mean pupillary diameter was greater in the eyedrops group after 20 and 40 minutes, while mydriasis was similar in the 2 groups after 60 minutes. The diabetic patients treated with Mydriasert had less mydriasis than those treated with eyedrops after 20 and 40 minutes, and diabetic patients showed less mydriasis than the nondiabetic patients after 60 and 90 minutes. There was no significant between-group difference in mean heart rate or systolic and diastolic blood pressure at any of the time points.

Conclusions

Mydriasert assures an adequate degree of mydriasis for retinal angiography in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. There are no differences in efficacy or safety between the insert and the usually administered eyedrops, but the low total drug dose administered with the insert reduces the risk of cardiovascular side effects.
Applications of Different Types of Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses in Keratoconus and Their Visual Results
Authors: Kazanci Burcu , Ozek Dilay , Anayol Alparslan , Balikçi Ayşe , Ileri Dilek , Yilmazbaş Pelin
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To show applications of different types of gas-permeable contact lenses in patients with keratoconus and to compare visual acuity (VA) results.

Methods

A total of 229 eyes of 133 patients who used different types of rigid gas-permeable contact lenses between April 2003 and April 2010 at the Cornea and Contact Lens Unit of Eye Clinic 2 of the Ministry of Health, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, were included. Visual acuity of patients was classified as uncorrected and corrected with eyeglasses and corrected with contact lenses. The patients were compared in terms of VA, daily contact lens wear time, and complications.

Results

A total of 70 out of 133 (52.6%) patients in our study were male, and 63 (47.4%) were female. The mean age was 25.9 ± 7.03 years (12-45). As for the classification of the 229 eyes included in the study, 136 of 229 (59.4%) eyes had moderate keratoconus, 88 (38.4%) had advanced keratoconus, and 5 (2.2%) had severe keratoconus. Following the contact lens application, the VA in all patients increased when compared to uncorrected and corrected with eyeglasses groups and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.005). When a comparison of different types of contact lenses was made, a statistically significant difference was not found (p>0.5) in terms of increase in VA. When patients were evaluated in terms of contact lens wear times, it was observed that Boston Equalens II was preferred by patients wearing lenses 4–8 hours/day. For patients wearing lenses more than 8 hours a day, Rose K lens was used the most. No serious complication was observed in any of the patients that would lead them to stop wearing contact lenses during the follow-up period. There was also no need for keratoplasty in any patient during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

We detected an increase in VA in patients with rigid contact lenses. In addition, some contact lenses were better tolerated by patients and were used for a longer time during the day.
Ocular Surface Evaluation in Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients
Authors: Vanathi Murugesan , Kashyap Seema , Khan Rehan , Seth Tulika , Mishra Pravas , Mahapatra Manoranjan , Tandon Radhika
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To evaluate ocular surface of chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) patients in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).

Methods

Cross-sectional study of allo-HSCT patients. Data recorded included Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT), Schirmer I test, ocular surface staining, dry eye severity, and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC).

Results

Of 40 allo-HSCT patients (mean age 25.7 ± 11.03 years) studied, dry eye disease was noted in 30%. The OSDI was mild in 16.67%, moderate in 45.83%, and severe in 20.83% ocular GVHD (oGVHD) eyes; mild in 94.64%, moderate in 5.36% non-oGVHD eyes (p<0.001). The FTBUT was ≤5 seconds in 45.83%, >5 seconds in 54.17% of eyes with chronic oGVHD. Schirmer I test score was ≤5 mm in 58.33% of eyes with oGVHD. Conjunctival staining score was <3 in 25%, ≥3 in 75% of oGVHD eyes. Corneal staining score of <3 in 79.17%, ≥3 in 20.83% was seen in oGVHD eyes. Chronic oGVHD was seen in 24 eyes, with dry eye severity of level 3 in 17.5%, level 2 in 2.5%, level 1 in 10%. The CIC was abnormal in 75% with altered morphology seen in 22 eyes with oGVHD (91.7%) and 38 eyes without oGVHD (67.9%) (p = 0.024).

Conclusions

Significant ocular surface changes occur due to chronic oGVHD in allo-HSCT patients. The OSDI score, corneal involvement, and Schirmer I test are indicative of ocular morbidity in post allo-HSCT eyes. Conjunctival impression cytology abnormality is also seen in eyes without oGVHD.
“Pushed” Stent Intubation for Treatment of Complex Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Authors: Eshraghi Bahram , Aghajani Amirhossein , Kasaei Abulfazl , Tabatabaei Zia , Akbari Mohammadreza , Fard Masoud Aghsaei
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To assess the success rate of pushed stent intubation in children with complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).

Methods

This prospective study was performed in a single academic center. Forty-four eyes with complex CNLDO were treated with pushed stent intubation. Outcome measures included clinical signs plus a parental history of residual symptoms at 6 months after surgery. Relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes was reported.

Results

The mean follow-up after surgery was 9.0 months (range 6.5-13 months). Complete resolution was achieved in 26 of 44 eyes (59.1%; 95% CI 43.3%-73.3%) after pushed stent. Sex (odds ratio [OR] 2.9; 95% CI 0.4-18.9), age (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.5-1.5), previous history of probing (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.1-8.1), and presence of mucopurulent discharge (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.1-7.8) did not have significant impact on the failure rate in all subjects.

Conclusions

In patients with complex CNLDO, treatment with a pushed stent intubation alleviated the clinical signs and symptoms of CNLDO. Pushed stent has the advantage of reduced operating time and easy placement.
Choroidal Thinning in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Detected by Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Goktas Sertan , Sakarya Yasar , Ozcimen Muammer , Sakarya Rabia , Bukus Abdulkadir , Ivacik Ismail Senol , Erdogan Erkan
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To measure choroidal thickness in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and to compare the values with control eyes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).

Methods

Thirty-four patients with PEX syndrome and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in this study. Only one eye of each of the patients was included. Choroidal thickness was measured manually from the outer border of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner scleral border at the subfovea, 3 mm temporal to the fovea, and 3 mm nasal to the fovea using EDI-OCT.

Results

A total of 34 eyes from 34 consecutive patients with PEX syndrome (19 women and 15 men; mean age 75.3 ± 6.6 years) were included in the analysis. The mean subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness was significantly thinner in the PEX syndrome group compared with the control group (p<0.05, at all points). The mean choroidal thickness in the PEX syndrome group was as follows: 259 ± 33 μm, 211 ± 29 μm, and 106 ± 24 μm, subfoveal, temporal, and nasal to the fovea, respectively. In comparison, the mean choroidal thickness in the control group was 274 ± 23 μm, 225 ± 17 μm, and 117 ± 17 μm, at the subfovea, 3 mm temporal to the fovea, and nasal to the fovea, respectively.

Conclusions

In PEX syndrome, there is choroidal thinning subfoveal, temporal, and nasal to the fovea on EDI-OCT. Decreased choroidal thickness, probably due to increased vascular resistance, and reduced blood flow, is seen in PEX syndrome.
Donor Descemet-off versus Descemet-on Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: A Confocal Scan Study
Authors: Feizi Sepehr , Zare Mohammad , Hosseini Seyed Bagher , Kanavi Mozhgan Rezaee , Yazdani Shahin
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To compare confocal features of grafts following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using a donor without Descemet membrane (DM) versus a full-thickness donor with intact DM and endothelium.

Methods

This retrospective comparative study examined 45 eyes from patients with keratoconus who underwent DALK using the big-bubble technique. The big-bubble technique yielded a bared DM in all keratoconic eyes. Twenty-seven eyes received tissue from a donor without DM (group 1), while 18 received tissue from a full-thickness donor with an intact DM and endothelium (group 2). A group of normal eyes (n = 28, group 3) served as controls. Confocal microscopy was used to determine keratocyte density, explore the donor-recipient interface including clarity and reflectivity, evaluate endothelial cell density and morphology, as well as measure interface depth and central corneal thickness.

Results

Mean follow-up duration was 20.2 ± 8.6 months and 29.6 ± 17.0 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.13). Confocal scan demonstrated that the keratocyte profiles and distribution were more similar to normal corneas in group 2. Significantly more severe interface haziness was observed when donor DM and endothelium was retained (mean interface reflectivity value of 102.7 ± 22.1 versus 161.7 ± 30.0 light reflectance units in groups 1 and 2, respectively, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Graft cellular profiles and healing response at the donor-recipient interface can be profoundly affected depending on whether donor DM and endothelium is removed or retained.