bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missed opportunities for DCD kidney donors: Evaluation of warm ischemic time and associated functional warm ischemic time
Authors: Law Jeffrey , Hornby Karen , Payne Clare , Sener Alp , Luke Patrick P.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Many transplant centers utilize a hard cutoff of 2 hours of warm ischemic time (WIT), defined as the time from withdrawal of life‐sustaining measures to cold organ flush, to exclude donation after circulatory determination of death (DCD) kidney donation. As a result, almost a quarter of withdrawals to retrieve DCD organs fail to produce kidney transplants in Ontario. In order to assess our ability to increase organ yield, we wanted to characterize WIT and functional WIT (fWIT, time from systolic blood pressure <50 mm Hg to cold organ flush), as well as determine the time at which potential donors eventually die in those that did not become organ donors.

Methods

A retrospective review of all DCD kidney donors in Ontario was performed utilizing the Trillium Gift of Life Database from April 2013 to February 2018.

Results

Of 350 DCD kidney donors analyzed, 46.9% had < 0.5 hours, 51.7% between 0.5 and 2 hours, and 1.4% >2 hours of WIT. In each of these categories (WIT <0.5 hours, 0.5‐2 hours and >2 hours), the percentage of patients with fWIT <30 minutes was 100%, 94.4%, and 100%, respectively (P = NS). There were 106 potential donors who did not end up donating due to WIT >2 hours. Of these, 20.8% died between 2 and 4 hours, 10.4% between 4 and 6 hours, and 68.8% beyond 6 hours.

Discussion

The percentage of donors with fWIT >30 minutes did not increase with increasing WIT in DCD donors that went on to donate organs. These data support assessment of waiting up to 4 hours for DCD kidney donation as long as fWIT remains low.
Different outcomes after kidney transplantation between African Americans and Whites: A matter of income? A single‐center study
Authors: Arvelakis Antonios , Lerner Susan , Wadhera Vikram , Delaney Veronica , Ames Scott , Benvenisty Alan , Sehgal Vinita , Bhansali Arjun , De Boccardo Graciela , Sun Eric , Florman Sander , Shapiro Ron
Published: October 2019

Background

Our center has one of the largest representations of African Americans in listed and transplanted patients. We investigated if and how racial differences affect outcomes in our patient population.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all kidney transplants in African American and (non‐Hispanic) White patients in our center from 1/1/2005 to 12/31/2014. Cox regression was performed to evaluate the adjusted hazard ratios for graft loss. We investigated the influence of socioeconomic status on transplant outcomes. We stratified our patients into three groups based on income: lower (<$50 000 annual household income), medium ($50 000‐100 000 annual household income), and higher (>$100 000 annual household income.

Results

There were 1333 patients in our study, 696 Whites and 637 African Americans. The 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year graft survival between the two groups was 96.5% vs 91.1%, 89% vs 80.7%, and 77% vs 66.3%, respectively (P < .001 by Log Rank, Breslow and Taron‐Ware). When we compared the two groups separately in each income category, we found no statistical difference between African Americans and Whites in graft survival. In the regression model, income and not race was the significant factor influencing graft survival (P < .001 vs P = .61).
Chile's Export Diversification since 1960: A Free Market Miracle or Mirage?
Authors: Lebdioui Amir
Published: October 2019

Conventional wisdom has proclaimed Chile's recent economic development a ‘free market miracle’. In an examination of Chile's export diversification experience, this article departs from that view. By analysing the dynamics underlying the emergence of the salmon, fruit, forestry and wine sectors in Chile's export basket since the 1960s, the study sheds light on the crucial role of industrial policy in the process of capability accumulation that shapes new industries. The article undertakes a qualitative historical analysis of the scope and nature of policy interventions in each of the four sectors and conducts a quantitative policy evaluation using the difference‐in‐difference method. It finds that public institutions are essential in overcoming market failures inhibiting the emergence of new industries. Specifically, it shows that the government has a key role to play as a catalyst of human capital accumulation, as a venture capitalist, in trade promotion, and in ensuring ‘national’ sector reputation through a strong regulatory and quality control role. By elaborating on the dynamic process of structural transformation and capability accumulation, this article contributes to theoretical debates on the role of vertical policies in the emergence of new competitive sectors, and debates relating to static versus dynamic approaches to comparative advantage.
Functionally meaningful rating scales in progressive pediatric movement disorders
Authors: Perlman Susan
Published: October 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Shenhod et al. on pages 207–213 of this issue.
Elevated temperatures alter an ant‐aphid mutualism
Authors: Mooney Emily , Davidson Benjamin , Den Uyl James , Mullins Maria , Medina Eva , Nguyen Phuong , Owens Janel
Published: October 2019

Ant‐hemipteran mutualisms are keystone interactions that can be variously affected by warming: these mutualisms can be strengthened or weakened, or the species can transition to new mutualist partners. We examined the effects of elevated temperatures on an ant‐aphid mutualism in the subalpine zone of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA. In this system, inflorescences of the host plant, Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose (Apiaceae), are colonized by the ant‐tended aphid Aphis asclepiadis Fitch or less frequently by the non‐ant tended aphid Cavariella aegopodii (Scopoli) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae). Using an 8‐year observational study, we tested for two key mechanisms by which ant‐hemipteran mutualisms may be altered by climate change: shifts in species identity and phenological mismatch. Whereas the aphid species colonizing the host plant is not changing in response to year‐to‐year variation in temperature, we found evidence that a phenological mismatch between ants and aphids could occur. In warmer years, colonization of host plant inflorescences by ants is decreased, whereas for A. asclepiadis aphids, host plant colonization is mostly responsive to date of snowmelt. We also experimentally established A. asclepiadis colonies on replicate host plants at ambient and elevated temperatures. Ant abundance did not differ between aphid colonies at ambient vs. elevated temperatures, but ants were less likely to engage in tending behaviors on aphid colonies at elevated temperatures. Sugar composition of aphid honeydew was also altered by experimental warming. Despite reduced tending by ants, aphid colonies at elevated temperatures had fewer intraguild predators. Altogether, our results suggest that higher temperatures may disrupt this ant‐aphid mutualism through both phenological mismatch and by altering benefits exchanged in the interaction.
Lateral position preference in grazing feral horses
Authors: Inoue Sota , Yamamoto Shinya , Ringhofer Monamie , Mendonça Renata S. , Hirata Satoshi
Published: October 2019

Behavioural lateralisation is an effective way for animals to manage daily tasks by specialising behaviour to either side of the body. Many types of lateralisation are linked to the function of each brain hemisphere. Lateralisation of monitoring behaviour in mother–infant relationships occurs in a wide range of mammals, where infants frequently use their left eye to monitor their mother. However, few studies have focused on this type of spatial relationships among adults in daily life, such as during foraging. The present study focused on monitoring adult feral horse behaviour using quantitative analysis of spatial relationships, using drone technology. We found that horses form a localised spatial relationship with their nearest neighbour. Specifically, the nearest neighbour was located to the left rear of a target individual significantly more frequently than to the right rear. Furthermore, the nearest neighbour was less frequently located behind a target individual. We propose that this relationship is caused by a left‐eye preference, because information via the left eye predominantly proceeds to the right hemisphere, which is dominant for social processing.
Sparing the gut: COX‐2 inhibitors herald a new era for treatment of horses with surgical colic
Authors: Ziegler A. L. , Blikslager A. T.
Published: October 2019

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to manage a wide variety of conditions in horses, including management of colic. Flunixin meglumine is by far the most commonly used drug in the control of colic pain and inflammation and has become a go‐to for not only veterinarians but also horse‐owners and nonmedical equine professionals. NSAID use, however, has always been controversial in critical cases due to a high risk of adverse effects associated with their potent cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) inhibition. There are two important COX isoenzymes: COX‐1 is generally beneficial for normal renal and gastrointestinal functions and COX‐2 is associated with the pain and inflammation of disease. Newer selective NSAIDs can target COX‐2‐driven pathology while sparing important COX‐1‐driven physiology, which is of critical importance in horses with severe gastrointestinal disease. Emerging research suggests that firocoxib, a COX‐2‐selective NSAID labelled for use in horses, may be preferable for use in colic cases in spite of the decades‐long dogma that flunixin saves lives.
Atrial premature depolarisations five days post electrical cardioversion are related to atrial fibrillation recurrence risk in horses
Authors: Vernemmen I. , De Clercq D. , Decloedt A. , Vera L. , Van Steenkiste G. , van Loon G.
Published: October 2019

Background

The number of atrial premature depolarisations (APDs) is a known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence in humans.

Objectives

To evaluate if the number of APDs over a 24‐h period 5 days post cardioversion predicts AF recurrence within 1 year in horses, taking the multifactorial nature of AF into account.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Eighty horses met these inclusion criteria: first AF episode, no AF recurrence within 5 days post cardioversion, cardioversion by transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC), 24‐h ECG recording and echocardiographic examination 5 days post cardioversion, no antiarrhythmic treatment during the ECG recording and follow‐up of minimum 1 year. To compare the APD burden between the recurrence and non‐recurrence group a Mann–Whitney U test was used. A multivariable survival model was built to identify additional risk factors for AF recurrence.

Results

The patient population mainly consisted of Warmbloods (93%). Twenty‐six horses (33%) experienced AF recurrence within 1 year. The number of APDs (median [range]) was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in the recurrence group (15 [1–152]) compared with the non‐recurrence group (7 [0–304]). In the multivariable survival model, APDs ≥25/24 h (hazard ratio [HR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–6.8, P = 0.02), mitral regurgitation (HR 8.6, 95% CI 2.6–28.9, P<0.001), left atrial active fractional area change ≤9.6% (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0–6.5, P = 0.04) and lower body weight (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–0.99, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with AF recurrence.

Main limitations

This study did not evaluate early AF recurrence within 5 days. The results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other treatment methods, as only horses converted by TVEC were included.

Conclusions

The APD burden 5 days post cardioversion could be a useful predictive value for AF recurrence within 1 year in horses. However, other factors such as mitral regurgitation and atrial contractile function must also be taken into account.
Transporter membrane traffic and function: lessons from a mould
Authors: Diallinas George , Martzoukou Olga
Published: October 2019

Transporters are essential transmembrane proteins that mediate the selective translocation of solutes, ions or drugs across biological membranes. Their function is related to cell nutrition, communication, stress resistance and homeostasis. Consequently, their malfunction is associated with genetic or metabolic diseases and drug sensitivity or resistance. A distinctive characteristic of transporters is their cotranslational translocation and folding in a membrane bilayer, this being the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes or the cell membrane in prokaryotes. In the former case, transporters exit the ER packed in secretory vesicles and traffic via seemingly unconventional, rather than Golgi‐dependent, sorting routes to their final destination, the plasma membrane (PM). Proper folding is a prerequisite for ER exit and further trafficking. Misfolded transporters, either due to mutations, high temperature of chemical agents (e.g. DMSO, DTT) are blocked in the ER. The accumulation of ER‐retained transporters, in most cases, elicits endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation, but also ubiquitination‐dependent, chaperone‐mediated, selective autophagy. The function of PM transporters is finely regulated at the cellular level, in response to physiological or stress signals that promote, via α‐arrestin‐assisted ubiquitination, their endocytosis and vacuolar/lysosomal degradation, and in some cases recycling to the PM. Importantly, transporter oligomerization and specific interactions with membrane lipids are emerging as important players in transporter expression, function and turnover. This review discusses how paradigmatic work on transporters of a model mould, Aspergillus nidulans, has contributed to novel findings related to transporter functioning in eukaryotes.
Understanding ecosystems of the future will require more than realistic climate change experiments – A response to Korell et al.
Authors: De Boeck Hans J. , Bloor Juliette M. G. , Aerts Rien , Bahn Michael , Beier Claus , Emmett Bridget A. , Estiarte Marc , Grünzweig José M. , Halbritter Aud H. , Holub Petr , Jentsch Anke , Klem Karel , Kreyling Juergen , Kröel‐Dulay György , Larsen Klaus Steenberg , Milcu Alexandru , Roy Jacques , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. , Smith Melinda D. , Sternberg Marcelo , Vandvik Vigdis , Wohlgemuth Thomas , Nijs Ivan , Knapp Alan K.
Published: October 2019

This article is a response to Korell et al., 26, 325–327; See also the Commentary on this article by Muller et al., 26, e4–e5; See also the response to this Letter to the Editor by Korell et al., 26, 328–329.
Comparative study on physiological response characteristics of white clover to chloride salt and calcium‐magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing agents under freeze–thaw stress
Authors: Bian Wenjie , Bao Guozhang , Liao Jiafen , Zhang Qian , Chen Weiwei , Guan Shimei , Zhu Mengdan , Zhu Saning , Li Haiyi , Ding Xuemei
Published: October 2019

The application of deicing agents often coincides with freeze–thaw (FT); however, the physiological effects of the sodium chloride deicing agent and concentrated calcium‐magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing agent on plants in the FT environment are not well investigated. To explore the physiological response characteristics of white clover seedlings under different kinds of deicing agents and FT stress, the changes in the content of total soluble protein, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) of white clover seedlings were determined under the simulated stress of FT and deicing agent (DA). The results indicated that the soluble protein content in the white clover seedlings decreased, whereas the contents of MDA and soluble sugar, and the activities of SOD and POD increased under the FT stress. In the FT cycle, the content of soluble sugar under single FT stress, and the activities of SOD and POD of the three FT groups all showed a negative correlation with temperature. The MDA showed a significant correlation with other indicators, and the correlations among the other above physiological indexes were not significant (p < 0.05). The combined stress of FT + DA can cause increased plant damage, such as lipid peroxidation and osmotic potential imbalance. As an environmentally friendly DA, concentrated CMA was less harmful to plants than sodium chloride DA, but still brought damage to plants inevitably. Our results and corresponding discussion highlight the new findings on the effects of two kinds of deicing agents on plants under FT stress.
Productivity and quality of whole crop rice varieties in relation to plant components
Authors: Kim Jong Geun , Park Byung‐Chul , Liu Chang , Zhao Guo Qiang , Kim Hak Jin , Ahn Eok Keun
Published: October 2019

To expand the use of whole crop rice (WCR), accurate information on the nutritional value of newly developed varieties is required. We cultivated three new WCR varieties (Oryza sativacv. Suweon 605, Yeongwoo and Mogwoo) developed by the National Institute of Crop Science in the southern Korean Peninsula and evaluated their feed value (crude protein, CP; acid detergent fiber, ADF; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; in vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD; total digestible nutrients, TDN; and relative feed value, RFV) and functional materials (β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol).Oryza sativacv. Suweon 605 showed the earliest heading date and Yeongwoo the highest dry matter (DM) yield; however, there were no significant differences among varieties (p > 0.05) in DM yield. The CP content was highest in Mogwoo, and higher in leaves and grains than in stems.Oryza sativacv. Suweon 605 had the lowest ADF and NDF contents but the highest TDN and RFV. The grain nutrient value changed drastically in all varieties by 10 days after heading. The grain ratio was highest inOryza sativacv. Suweon 605 at 65.6% and lowest in Mogwoo at 12.3%. The leaf β‐carotene content was 7–15 times higher than that in stems and grains, and this increase was higher in Yeongwoo (66.25 mg/kg) than those of all other measured objectives in this experiment (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed in α‐tocopherol content. Based on these results,Oryza sativacv. Suweon 605 is recommended in terms of feed value and Yeongwoo is recommended for its high productivity. Because the feed value changed rapidly by 10 days after heading, it is desirable to ensure a later harvest time. The effects of functional materials on livestock performance require further study.
Are the Internet users concerned about molar incisor hypomineralization? An infoveillance study
Authors: Aguirre Patricia Estefania Ayala , Strieder Anna Paola , Lotto Matheus , Oliveira Thaís Marchini , Rios Daniela , Cruvinel Agnes Fátima Pereira , Cruvinel Thiago
Published: October 2019

Background

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect characterized by well‐demarcated discolorations frequently detected in molars, causing pain and esthetic alterations.

Aim

To assess the interests of Google users on MIH‐related information.

Design

Digital data were collected in Google Trends through two search strategies, ‘molar incisor hypomineralization’ (topic) and ‘MIH’ (search term), between January 2004 and November 2018. ARIMA models were applied to analyze trends of curves and to predict the activity of Google users during 12 months. Autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation (ACF/PACF) plots were used to detect trends in the variation of relative search volume (RSV) related to search strategies over time. The most popular queries were analyzed qualitatively, whereas geographical heat maps were retrieved to determine search volumes according to countries (P < .05).

Results

Gradual increasing trends were detected, with forecasts indicating similar levels of RSVs to the period between December 2017 and November 2018. Most popular queries and topics were associated with MIH diagnosis, being retrieved predominantly in European countries.

Conclusions

The activity of Google users related to this condition is maintained low, with a reduced intensification over time, suggesting that the awareness on MIH is probably confined to dentists and affected people worldwide.
In my Opinion… Bullshit Jobs in Statistics
Authors: Raper Simon
Published: October 2019

Statisticians – like many professions – are not immune from the rise of pointless work, says Simon Raper
Wetting behavior and brazing of titanium‐coated SiC ceramics using Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu filler
Authors: Song Xiaoguo , Chen Zubin , Hu Shengpeng , Duan Xiaokang , Lei Yuzhen , Niu Chaonan , Feng Jicai
Published: October 2019

By coating active titanium, Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu (SAC) filler wetted SiC effectively, as the contact angle decreased significantly from ~145° to ~10°. Ti3SiC2 and TiOx (x ≤ 1) reaction layers were formed at the droplet/SiC interface, leading to the reduction of contact angle. Reliable brazing of SiC was achieved using titanium deposition at 900°C for 10 minutes, and the typical interfacial microstructure of Ti‐coated SiC/SAC was SiC/TiOx + Ti3SiC2/Sn(s,s). Comparing to direct brazing, Ti–Sn compounds in the brazing seam were effectively reduced and the mechanical property of joints was dramatically improved by titanium coating. The optimal average shear strength of SiC joints reached 25.3 MPa using titanium coating‐ assisted brazing, which was ∼62% higher than that of SiC brazed joints using SAC‐Ti filler directly.
Quantitative estimation of crystallization kinetics in GeGaS and Au‐doped GeGaS glass‐ceramics
Authors: Chen Yimin , Li Qiuli , Yang Zhen , Shen Xiang , Wang Xunsi , Wang Rongping , Zhang Mingjie
Published: October 2019

Ge26.7Ga8S65.3 (GGS) and 0.1% Au‐doped Ge26.7Ga8S65.3 (GGS‐Au) glasses were prepared and annealed at a temperature that is 20 K higher than their respective glass transition temperature in order to create chalcogenide glass‐ceramics. X‐ray diffraction results showed that, thermal annealing can induce large amount of the crystal growth in the pure glass but this can be significantly suppressed by Au doping in the glass, which is in agreement with the previous results. We further employed various calorimetric methods, together with Mauro‐Yue‐Ellison‐Gupta‐Allan viscosity model, to investigate their crystallization kinetics. The crystal growth rate at annealing temperature of 723 K was quantitatively deduced to be 2.5 × 10−8 μm/s in Au‐doped GGS, which is about 20 times slower than that in the pure GGS with a growth rate of 4.7 × 10−7 μm/s.
Low loss and tailored high‐frequency performances of BaO‐doped NiZnCo magneto‐dielectric ferrites
Authors: Zheng Zongliang , Wu Xu , Feng Quanyuan , Harris Vincent G.
Published: October 2019

Spinel ferrite ceramics of nominal composition Ni0.5Zn0.3Co0.2Fe2O4 (NiZnCo) with various BaO doping were successfully synthesized for applications as novel high‐frequency magneto‐dielectric materials. The influences of BaO doping on the crystal phase, density, microstructure, and magnetic and dielectric performances in the frequency range of 0.1 to 5 GHz were systematically studied. It is revealed that the doped Ba2+ ions aggregate to the grain‐boundary regions and lead to the formation of BaFe2O4 phase that significantly restrains the growth of NiZnCo ferrite grains. Correspondingly, permeability and permittivity are effectively tailored through the varied grain size and density, which is demonstrated by the magnetic circuit model and the modified effective medium theory proposed herein. As BaO content x = 1.2‐1.8 mol%, the NiZnCo ferrites reveal the excellent performance with almost equal values of μ′ and ε′, yielding a characteristic impedance to be nearly identical as that of free space over a wide frequency range of the VHF and UHF bands. Furthermore, the magnetic loss is effectively reduced at high frequencies, where the typical tan δμ at 0.5 GHz is decreased to ~0.043 with a reduction of up to 37% and the loss factor (tan δμ/μ′) is as low as ~0.006.
Mesenchymal stem cell–derived conditioned medium attenuate angiotensin II‐induced aortic aneurysm growth by modulating macrophage polarization
Authors: Zhou Yang‐zhao , Cheng Zhao , Wu Yin , Wu Qi‐ying , Liao Xiao‐bo , Zhao Yuan , Li Jian‐ming , Zhou Xin‐min , Fu Xian‐ming
Published: October 2019

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic benefits on aortic aneurysm (AA); however, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of murine bone marrow MSC (BM‐MSCs)–derived conditioned medium (MSCs‐CM) on angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced AA in apolipoprotein E‐deficient (apoE−/−) mice. Murine BM‐MSCs, MSCs‐CM or control medium were intravenously administrated into AngII‐induced AA in apoE−/− mice. Mice were sacrificed at 2 weeks after injection. BM‐MSCs and MSCs‐CM significantly attenuated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 expression, aortic elastin degradation and AA growth at the site of AA. These treatments with BM‐MSCs and MSCs‐CM also decreased Ly6chigh monocytes in peripheral blood on day 7 and M1 macrophage infiltration in AA tissues on day 14, whereas they increased M2 macrophages. In addition, BM‐MSCs and MSCs‐CM reduced MCP‐1, IL‐1Ra and IL‐6 expression and increased IL‐10 expression in AA tissues. In vitro, peritoneal macrophages were co‐cultured with BM‐MSCs or fibroblasts as control in a transwell system. The mRNA and protein expression of M2 macrophage markers were evaluated. IL‐6 and IL‐1β were reduced, while IL‐10 was increased in the BM‐MSC systems. The mRNA and protein expression of M2 markers were up‐regulated in the BM‐MSC systems. Furthermore, high concentration of IGF1, VEGF and TGF‐β1 was detected in MSCs‐CM. Our results suggest that MSCs‐CM could prevent AA growth potentially through regulating macrophage polarization. These results may provide a new insight into the mechanisms of BM‐MSCs in the therapy of AA.
Color stability of polymer‐infiltrated‐ceramics compared with lithium disilicate ceramics and composite
Authors: Seyidaliyeva Aida , Rues Stefan , Evagorou Zinonas , Hassel Alexander J. , Rammelsberg Peter , Zenthöfer Andreas
Published: October 2019

Objective

To investigate the color stability of hybrid ceramics and to compare it to composite and lithium disilicate ceramics.

Materials and Methods

One hundred eighty samples were fabricated and processed with a semiautomatic grinding and polishing device (final step: 1200 grit). After thermocycling, samples were immersed in a staining solution (five subgroups: water, red wine, curry, black tea, cola) for 4 weeks. A spectroradiometer was used to determine the color of the samples in CIE L*a*b*. Color measurements were performed before staining (baseline, initial color), after thermocycling, after 2 and 4 week storage in staining solution and each after a two stage repolishing approach. Discoloration of specimens was calculated by means of ΔE00 compared to baseline values.

Results

All factors (material, staining solution, aging stage) were significantly associated with the extent of discolorations (P < .001). Maximum color changes occurred after 28 days staining (EN: ΔE00 = 4.5 ± 4.0; GB: ΔE00 = 5.0 ± 4.5; LS: ΔE00 = 3.0 ± 2.3) clearly exceeding the 50:50 threshold for acceptable color deviations. Due to repolishing, discoloration of LS samples was almost completely eliminated (ΔE00 = 0.4 ± 0.3) and significantly reduced for the other two materials (EN: ΔE00 = 1.0 ± 0.9; GB: ΔE00 = 0.9 ± 0.4; P = .428).

Conclusion

Discoloration of hybrid ceramics ranged in‐between lithium disilicate and composites, however more comparable to composites. Repolishing could reduce discolorations substantially.

Clinical Relevance

This study should help dental practitioners to estimate the color stability of common dental materials and the effect of polishing in removal of discolorations.
Contrasting Strategies: Human Eukaryotic Versus Bacterial Microbiome Research
Authors: Hooks Katarzyna B. , O'Malley Maureen A.
Published: October 2019

Most discussions of human microbiome research have focused on bacterial investigations and findings. Our target is to understand how human eukaryotic microbiome research is developing, its potential distinctiveness, and how problems can be addressed. We start with an overview of the entire eukaryotic microbiome literature (578 papers), show tendencies in the human‐based microbiome literature, and then compare the eukaryotic field to more developed human bacterial microbiome research. We are particularly concerned with problems of interpretation that are already apparent in human bacterial microbiome research (e.g. disease causality, probiotic interventions, evolutionary claims). We show where each field converges and diverges, and what this might mean for progress in human eukaryotic microbiome research. Our analysis then makes constructive suggestions for the future of the field.
Review of the cichlid genus Thysochromis (Teleostei: Ovalentaria) with the description of a new species from the Kouilou Province in the Republic of Congo, west–Central Africa
Authors: Walsh Gina , Lamboj Anton , Stiassny Melanie L.J.
Published: October 2019

A new species of the chromidotilapiine genus Thysochromis, is described from the Noumbi and Kouilou River drainages in the Republic of Congo. Based on the current investigation, Thysochromis is resolved as containing two geographically disjunct species, T. ansorgii from localities in the upper Guinean ichthyofaunal province (Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria) and Thysochromis emili sp. nov. restricted to coastal regions of the Republic of Congo in the lower Guinean province.
Paternal Part‐Time Employment and Fathers' Long‐Term Involvement in Child Care and Housework
Authors: Bünning Mareike
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study examines whether paternal part‐time employment is related to greater involvement by fathers in child care and housework, both while fathers are working part‐time and after they return to full‐time employment.

Background

The study draws on four strands of theory—time availability, bargaining, gender ideology, and gender construction. It studies couples' division of labor in Germany, where policies increasingly support a dual‐earner, dual‐carer model.

Method

The study uses data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel from 1991 to 2015 on employed adult fathers living together with at least one child younger than age 17 and the mother. The analytic sample comprises 51,230 observations on 8,915 fathers. Fixed effects regression techniques are used to estimate the effect of (previous) part‐time employment on fathers' child‐care hours, housework hours, and share of child care and housework.

Results

Fathers did more child care and housework while they worked part time. Yet, most fathers reverted to previous levels of involvement after returning to full‐time work. The only exception was fathers with partners in full‐time employment, who spent more time doing child care and took on a greater share of housework after part‐time employment than before.

Conclusion

The findings are largely consistent with the time availability perspective, although the results for fathers with full‐time employed partners indicate that the relative resources and gender ideology perspectives have some explanatory power as well.
Screening and biological function of protein elicitor secreted from biocontrol agent Hhs.015
Authors: Yan Xia , Wu Liqing , He Dandan , Zhang Yanan , Guo Hongmei , Gao Xiaoning , Wang Nana , Huang Lili
Published: October 2019

Strain Hhs.015, a PGPR strain well‐studied for biocontrol of apple Valsa canker, was isolated from cucumber roots and classified as a new species of Saccharothrix yanglingensis. Hhs.015 was able to colonize apple tissue culture seedlings and trigger disease resistance. According to the whole‐genome sequence of S. yanglingensis Hhs.015, its secreted proteins were predicted and analysed, which can help to find out Hhs.015 functional substances that are involved in inducing plant system resistance and also the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between Hhs.015 and the host plants. Using the software SignalP4.1, TMHMM2.0, DAS‐TMfilter, HMMTOP, ScanProsite, PSORT and big‐PI predictor, 7,379 ORFs of the genome of S. yanglingensis Hhs.015 were predicted and analysed. Moreover, the function of ORFs where the signal peptides come from was predicted by Swissprot database. The selected proteins were obtained by prokaryotic expression. Their effects in inducing plant resistance to the pathogen Valsa mali, resistance‐related enzyme activity and growth promotion analysis were evaluated. In total, 158 ORFs with known function, such as serine proteinase and transpeptidase, were identified; the remaining 142 ORFs were function‐unknown putative proteins. Five putative proteins were successfully obtained by prokaryotic expression, and the results showed that the protein named 5620g could enhance the plant disease resistance to the pathogen V. mali, inhibit the expansion of lesions and upregulate the defence‐related enzyme activity. The protein named 3176g could prolongate cucumber root. In conclusion, biocontrol strain Hhs.015 may secrete protein elicitors to improve plant resistance to the pathogenic microorganism and promote the growth of host plants.
Resurge gullies and “inverted sombrero” morphology, Flynn Creek impact structure, Tennessee
Authors: Adrian David R. , King David T. , Ormö Jens
Published: October 2019

The Flynn Creek impact structure is an approximately 3.8 km diameter, marine‐target impact structure, which is located in north central Tennessee,USA. The target stratigraphy consists of several hundreds of meters of Ordovician carbonate strata, specifically Knox Group through Catheys‐Leipers Formation. Like other, similarly sized marine‐target impact craters, Flynn Creek's crater moat‐filling deposits include, in stratigraphic order, gravity‐driven slump material, aqueous resurge deposits, and secular (postimpact) aqueous settling deposits. In the present study, we show that Flynn Creek also possesses previously undescribed erosional resurge gullies and an annular, sloping surface that comprises an outer crater rim surrounding an inner, nested bowl‐shaped crater, thus forming a concentric crater structure. Considering this morphology, the Flynn Creek impact structure has a crater shape that has been referred to at other craters as an “inverted sombrero.” In this paper, we describe the annular rim and the inner crater at Flynn Creek using geographic information system technology. We relate these geomorphic features to the marine environment of crater formation, and compare the Flynn Creek impact structure with other marine‐target impact structures having similar features.
Assessment of the human cutaneous microvasculature using optical coherence tomography: Proving Harvey’s proof
Authors: Argarini Raden , McLaughlin Robert A. , Naylor Louise H. , Carter Howard H. , Green Daniel J.
Published: October 2019

William Harvey proved the circulation of blood 400 years ago using a combination of ligature application and astute observation that presaged the existence of capillaries. Here we report findings, based on our development of a novel application of optical coherence tomography (OCT), that directly confirm the impact of cuff inflation on microvessels as small as ~30µm. By emulating Harvey's proofs, using cuff inflation at low pressure in the presence and absence of skin heating, we have imaged and quantified significant effects on microvascular diameter and density in humans in vivo. The application of cuff pressure significantly increased microvascular diameter (40.5 ± 4.6 vs 47.1 ± 3.9 µm, P = .01) and density (8.33 ± 4.3 vs 15.1 ± 4.9%, P < .01). These impacts were reversed by cuff deflation. Our study also showed the profound impacts of skin heating on microvessel diameter (46.7 ± 5.8 vs 70.6 ± 7.8 µm, P < .01) and density (14.2 ± 6.5 vs 43.2 ± 9%, P < .01) in vivo, which were further exacerbated by cuff inflation. Our approach to the direct visualization of the human skin microvasculature is non‐invasive, safe, and easily applied. Future experiments might be directed at questions of microvascular physiology and pathophysiology, such as how different mammals thermoregulate and what impacts cardiovascular disease and diabetes have on microvascular structure and function.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Aggarwal Divya , Tom Jesty Pullatu , Chatterjee Debajyoti , Goyal Manoj
Published: October 2019

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease due to a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes caused by polyoma virus (JC virus) infection. PML usually occurs in a setting of severe immunosuppression and is most commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia is a very rare cause of PML and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 45‐year‐old man who presented with behavioral alteration followed by progressive weakness of right side of the body. Contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed confluent irregular areas of T2‐weighted/fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in left frontoparietal and right temporoparietal regions. His hematological work up showed a decreased absolute CD4+ count of 217 per microliter, but was negative for HIV serology. Keeping a differential diagnoses of central nervous system lymphoma, brain biopsy was performed. Histopathology revealed demyelination with presence of intranuclear inclusions in the oligodendrocytes, which were positive for SV40 immunostain. Adjacent areas showed reactive gliosis with hypertrophic astrocytes, hence a diagnosis of PML was made. The patient died due to aspiration pneumonia. PML can occur very rarely in association with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia in the absence of other immunosuppressive illnesses. This report highlights the importance of high index of clinical suspicion and need for a careful histological examination for diagnosis of PML to facilitate adequate patient management.
Reframing Ishiguro's oeuvre through the Japanese militarist inThe White Countess
Authors: Cheng Chu‐chueh
Published: October 2019

The White Countess(James Ivory, 2005), a screenplay Kazuo Ishiguro scripts, liberally adapts Junichiro Tanizaki's novelThe Diary of a Mad Old Man. Upon its first release, the film was not well received among reviewers. Few scholars have paid attention to the film, and even fewer to the Japanese militarist, Mr. Matsuda. Among the film reviews that mention Matsuda, remarks on him are generally sketchy and incidental. The obscurity of the film and the Japanese figure in Ishiguro studies is peculiar and thus worthy of investigation. This essay considersThe White Countessa different medium that Ishiguro takes on to address his thematic concerns, and Matsuda a novelistic device which he applies to the cinematic narrative. It purports to illustrate the significance of the Japanese figure in the film, and then through him to situate the film properly within the discourse of Ishiguro's oeuvre. Three of Jacques Derrida’ s concepts,graft,margin, andframeinform this essay's theoretical tactics: repetition in variation, margin as center, and circuitous self‐revelation. The theoretic trio helps explain why the Japanese figure is inserted in the romance, how his presence frames the cinematic narrative, and what his deceptively marginal position discloses about Ishiguro authorship that remains to be explored.
Towards coeliac‐safe bread
Authors: Zhang Zhiyong , Deng Yiting , Zhang Wei , Wu Yongrui , Messing Joachim
Published: October 2019

Gluten‐free foods cannot substitute for products made from wheat flour. When wheat products are digested, the remaining peptides can trigger an autoimmune disease in 1% of the North American and European population, called coeliac disease. Because wheat proteins are encoded by a large gene family, it has been impossible to use conventional breeding to select wheat varieties that are coeliac‐safe. However, one can test the properties of protein variants by expressing single genes in coeliac‐safe cereals like maize. One source of protein that can be considered as coeliac‐safe and has bread‐making properties is teff (Eragrostis tef), a grain consumed in Ethiopia. Here, we show that teff α‐globulin3 (Etglo3) forms storage vacuoles in maize that are morphologically similar to those of wheat. Using transmission electron microscopy, immunogold labelling shows that Etglo3 is almost exclusively deposited in the storage vacuole as electron‐dense aggregates. Of maize seed storage proteins, 27‐kDa γ‐zein is co‐deposited with Etglo3. Etglo3 polymerizes via intermolecular disulphide bonds in maize, similar to wheat HMW glutenins under non‐reducing conditions. Crossing maize Etglo3 transgenic lines with α‐, β‐ and γ‐zein RNA interference (RNAi) lines reveals that Etglo3 accumulation is only dramatically reduced in γ‐zein RNAi background. This suggests that Etglo3 and 27‐kDa γ‐zein together cause storage vacuole formation and behave similar to the interactions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat. Therefore, expression of teff α‐globulins in maize presents a major step in the development of a coeliac‐safe grain with bread‐making properties.
Evolutionary processes of melanomas from giant congenital melanocytic nevi
Authors: Lim Youngkyoung , Shin Hyun‐Tae , Choi YoungHwan , Lee Dong‐Youn
Published: October 2019

Melanoma can develop in a congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN). In fact, a large CMN is associated with a high risk of developing melanoma. Although melanomas arising from CMNs are thought to have a pathogenesis distinct from conventional melanomas, no studies have been conducted on the evolution or tumor heterogeneity of CMN melanomas. We applied multi‐region whole‐exome sequencing to investigate the clonal nature of driver events and evolutionary processes in CMNs and melanomas arising from CMNs. In two patients, we observed an independent subclonal evolution in cancerized fields of CMNs and chromosome 8q amplification in both melanomas arising from CMNs. The amplification of MYC, located in chromosome 8q, was correlated with the percentage of tumor cells expressing high levels of MYC protein detected in melanoma cells by immunohistochemistry. Our analysis suggests that each CMN cell may evolve sporadically and that amplification of MYC might be a key event for melanoma development in CMNs.
How do employees react to leaders’ unethical behavior? The role of moral disengagement
Authors: Fehr Ryan , Fulmer Ashley , Keng‐Highberger Fong T.
Published: October 2019

Concerns over unethical leader behavior persist in today's workplace. Although some employees continue to support their leaders after learning of their unethical actions, others do not. In this paper, we integrate social cognitive theory with social information processing theory to propose that the support employees give to leaders who act unethically hinges on their propensity to morally disengage. Specifically, we develop a conditional indirect effects model, wherein moral disengagement propensity mitigates the negative impact of unethical leader behavior on leader‐directed support via employees’ perceptions of value congruence with and trust in the leader. The sum result is an improved understanding of when and why employees offer support to versus withhold support from leaders who act in ethically questionable ways.
Conflicting Messages: Multiple Policy Experiences and Political Participation
Authors: Rosenthal Aaron
Published: October 2019

Most Americans benefit from several policies, yet studies connecting policy receipt to political participation generally treat these interactions as isolated from each other. This article grounds itself in this reality by examining how multiple policy experiences interact to alter political participation. Focusing on policies that send conflicting messages to beneficiaries, I provide a political learning framework and set of quantitative findings that nuance conventional understandings of the relationship between the American welfare state and turnout behavior. The results demonstrate that politically mobilizing universal policies and demobilizing means‐tested policies can cancel each other out, such that individuals benefitting from both exhibit no change in their participatory behavior. Thus, the political impact of policies within each tier are shown to be contingent on one's involvement in the other tier. In a counterintuitive finding, this analysis further shows that multiple policy experiences within the means‐tested tier can combine to increase turnout rates due to the political lessons imparted by Head Start's uniquely democratic design. In advancing our understanding of the role public policies play in shaping American democracy, these findings demonstrate the importance of considering how policy feedback effects impact each other.
Legacy effects of soil homogenization on tallgrass prairie restoration: toward resolved understanding of the relationship between soil heterogeneity and plant species diversity
Authors: Stover Holly J. , Henry Hugh A. L.
Published: October 2019

Within plant communities, niche‐based species sorting can occur among distinct soil patches (microsites), increasing coexistence and diversity. Microsite edges (microedges) may also offer additional niche space. Therefore, in recently abandoned croplands, which often have uniform soils caused by a legacy of tillage (soil homogenization), the plant species diversity of future restoration efforts may be reduced. We conducted an experiment during the early establishment phase (3 years) of a tallgrass prairie restoration on former cropland to determine if soil homogenization decreases species diversity and alters community composition, and if microedges offer additional niche space. Heterogeneous plots with sand‐ or woodchip‐enriched patches were compared to plots made up of the same components, but distributed homogeneously, and pits and mounds were compared to flat topsoil. Homogenization decreased diversity in flat topsoil plots relative to pit plots and increased diversity in woodchip plots. In both cases, the treatments with the lowest canopy cover and greatest plant density had the greatest diversity. Sand and topographic homogenization decreased diversity, but when a drought occurred in year two, the effect was suppressed in the sand treatment and magnified in the pit plots. Microedges had properties unique from adjacent patches. Overall, variability in heterogeneity–diversity relationships was affected by interactions with plant growth patterns and environmental conditions. Our results indicate that while the addition of contrasting soil microsites has the potential to promote increased diversity in grassland restoration on former cropland, the patch components and design must be optimized to achieve this management goal.