bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argila bentonita: uma breve revisão das propriedades e aplicações
Authors: Fernandes Elaine Ferreira dos Santos , Aguiar Eliana Silva , Lima Érica Karine Alves de , Alves Ketelly Estefane da Silva , Farias José Rosa de Souza , Almeida Ycaro Breno Alves de , Alves Maria Elayne Rodrigues , Silva Hitalo de Jesus Bezerra da , Braga Aluska do Nascimento Simões , Santos Valdeci Bosco dos
Published: January 2023

As bentonitas são materiais argilosos compostos principalmente por montmorilonita (mineral do grupo das esmectitas). A sua composição coloidal característica determina a incorporação de água, formando pastas plásticas. Sejam sódicas ou cálcicas, as bentonitas são amplamente utilizadas em inúmeras aplicações industriais devido as suas características estruturais, disponibilidade e abundância na natureza, e baixo custo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma breve revisão narrativa da literatura sobre a potencialidade das argilas bentoníticas quanto às suas características e algumas aplicações. Foram selecionados artigos entre os anos de 2017 a 2022 a partir da plataforma Science Direct e utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: Bentonite, environmental remediation, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and civil construction. Os resultados evidenciaram que a área de aplicação mais estudada foi a de remediação ambiental conectada às investigações em adsorção, o que demonstra o alto interesse e motivação dos pesquisadores por temas relacionados à sustentabilidade. Portanto, espera-se que esta leitura preliminar possa contribuir para a compreensão do potencial tecnológico da bentonita, trazendo claridade ao estudo de suas propriedades e aplicações.
O Experimento investigativo como ferramenta de ensino: o que pensam e fazem os Professores de Matemática de uma Escola Pública no Pará
Authors: Freitas Renan Ferreira de Freitas , Reis Lailson Chaves , Albuquerque Márcia Cristina Palheta , Costa Deyse Danielle Souza da , Malheiro João Manoel da Silva
Published: January 2023

O presente trabalho busca analisar de que forma a experimentação investigativa pode contribuir para o ensino e para a aprendizagem da Matemática nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Assim, realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa com quatro professores regentes de uma Escola Municipal da cidade de Mãe do Rio (PA), tais professores possuem experiência em turmas com alunos do 1° ao 5º ano deste ciclo de ensino. Como instrumento para coleta dos dados utilizou-se um questionário, no qual os docentes expressaram suas contribuições a partir de questões que abordavam sua formação acadêmica, o conhecimento e o uso (ou não) da experimentação investigativa em sua prática. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram escassez de conhecimentos e consequentemente dificuldades na utilização do ensino por investigação no ensino da Matemática. Com isso, destaca-se a necessidade de processos de formação continuada voltados ao campo das metodologias ativas, buscando ampliar a compreensão dos professores e contribuir para práticas docentes pautadas na resolução de problemas, aproximando assim, os conteúdos científicos da realidade dos estudantes.
A análise físico química no sumário de urina como triagem na conduta clínica
Authors: Sousa Paulo César Pereira de , Petrola Antônio Neves Solon , Férrer Carol Machado , Vale Lucas Aguiar , Xavier Luis Gonzaga Moura , Kubrusly Marcos
Published: January 2023

O exame sumário de urina é composto pela análise físico-químico e a sedimentoscopia. Quando a fase físico-química se encontra em normalidade, discute-se a não realização da etapa da sedimentoscopia. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância dos resultados  físico-químicos normais da urina como triagem ao exame de sedimentoscopia.  Foram analisados os resultados de 3661 exames de sumário de urina de rotina (jato médio) realizados no Laboratório Clementino Fraga, Fortaleza-Ceará, no mês de janeiro de 2018. Os dados coletados foram registrados, tabulados e analisados no software SPSS versão 17.0. Foi observado que 77,92% dos exames de urina não apresentavam alterações físico-químicas. Nas 2658 urinas com análises físico-químicas normais, 87,06% apresentam sedimentoscopias normais dentro de um intervalo de confiança de 85,78% - 88,34%. Analisando o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) das urinas com físico-químicas normais e correlacionando com as alterações encontradas nas sedimentoscopias, verificamos que este método tem 99,8% de acurácia para todos os elementos encontrados. A ausência de esterase leucocitária e hemácias na análise físico-química tem uma acurácia para sedimentoscopia de 97,5% e 98,2%, respectivamente. O presente estudo sugere a utilização da análise físico-químicas normais como fator de exclusão ao exame de sedimentoscopia.
Uso de fitoterápicos na Doença Hemorroidária
Authors: Momm Gabriela Cruz , Torresilha Ana Luísa , Santos Carlos Henrique Marques dos
Published: January 2023

O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso de fitoterápicos no tratamento da Doença Hemorroidária (DH), um tipo de patologia anorretal, cujo quadro clínico inclui sangramento ao evacuar, desconforto anal, prurido, dor e protrusão anal. Buscou-se reunir dados de ensaios clínicos, guidelines, estudos experimentais e revisões sistemáticas com o objetivo de apresentar os fitoterápicos que demonstraram eficácia no tratamento da DH, haja visto que seu manejo padrão apresenta diversos efeitos colaterais e complicações. Dentre fitoterápicos avaliados (ex.: Terminalia chebula Retz, Allium iranicum e Centella asiatica L.) mostraram melhora significativa, principalmente, nos parâmetros como: sangramento, diminuição da atividade inflamatória, e nos padrões clínicos e endoscópicos da doença. Portanto, há uma grande necessidade de introduzí-los como terapia alternativa ou coadjuvante ao tratamento convencional, e incentivar a realização de mais pesquisas que explorem sua eficácia clínica, assim cooperando para o aperfeiçoamento da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos.
Breaking bags and crunching clams: assessing whitespotted eagle ray interactions with hard clam aquaculture gear
Authors: Cahill BV , McCulloch KL , DeGroot BC , Bassos-Hull K , Ajemian MJ
Published: January 2023

Shallow coastal waters are commonly used in shellfish aquaculture for ‘grow-out’ of bivalves like the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. These locations have substantially higher clam densities than the surrounding environment and attract molluscivores, requiring clammers to incorporate anti-predator materials into their grow-out gear to protect their product. However, the effectiveness of these materials against larger predators like rays remains untested. Inspired by clammer reports of predator-inflicted damage to grow-out gear, we assessed the capacity of the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari to interact with clams housed within a suite of industry standard anti-predator materials. Mesocosm experiments were conducted where rays were exposed to unprotected clams (control), clams inside polyester mesh clam bags (dipped in a latex net coating and non-dipped), and under high density polyethylene (HDPE) or chicken wire cover netting. Gear interactions were quantified from video footage throughout the course of the experiment (5 h), and clam mortality was assessed after the completion of each trial. While rays were capable of consuming clams through bags, anti-predator treatments reduced clam mortality 4- to 10-fold compared to control plots. Double-layered (i.e. bags with cover netting) treatments had the lowest clam mortality (0.6 ± 0.1%; mean ± SE), highlighting the utility of this type of protection in limiting ray impacts. Though not significantly greater, we noted relatively high levels of interactions with HDPE netting over other materials, which was facilitated by the material ensnaring the lower dental plate of the rays. Clammers should consider adopting multi-layered anti-predator gear; however, resecuring materials periodically remains imperative at reducing ray interactions.
Treatment of Status Epilepticus – A Narrative Review of the Evidence so Far and a Proposal for the Design of Retrospective Studies
Authors: Rösche Johannes , Redecker Juliane
Published: January 2023

Randomised controlled studies of the treatment of status epilepticus (SE) are difficult to perform due to ethical reasons. Therefore, the evidence for treatment guidelines is mainly based on observational studies, case series, case reports, and retrospective database analyses. The diversity of approaches used to determine the termination drug in a treatment episode of SE shows that the scientific community has not yet found a global means of defining when and if an antiepileptic drug is successful in terminating SE. More meta-analyses are needed in order to compare the treatment effects in the subtypes of non-convulsive SE because these are only small heterogeneous subdivisions in large database analyses. Furthermore, we propose that future case series, observational studies, or retrospective database analyses should follow certain standards to make them more comparable.
Interests and Rights in Bernard Mandeville’s Fable Of the Bees and Trenchard and Gordon’s Cato’s Letters
Authors: Ward Lee
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the way in which political thinkers and political actors in early eighteenth-century England responded to the challenges produced by the Financial Revolution as it ushered in new economic institutions such as the system of public credit, joint-stock companies and chartered banks. The South Sea Bubble of 1720 provides the context for both Trenchard and Gordon’s Cato’s Letters and the publication of a new, expanded edition of Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees. This chapter argues that Mandeville and Cato’s Letters represent two discrete aspects of classical liberalism with Mandeville articulating an interest-based version that eschews natural rights discourse and Cato’s Letters exemplifying the rights-based account of Lockean liberalism demonstrating deep suspicion toward the form of self-interest associated with the collusion of political and economic power. Mandeville’s premise “Private vices, Public benefits” suggests a rudimentary framework for a system of the natural harmony of economic interests.
The Role of Mission Councils in the Scottish Mission in South Africa, 1864–1923
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

Mission councils were introduced into South Africa in order to facilitate the work of mission. However, they had the effect of hindering the progress of black people in missionary work, as well as the policies relating to mission emanating from Scotland. They were instruments of the control of personnel, property and finance.
The Rev. Edward Tsewu’s Dispute with the Free Church of Scotland Mission
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

This dispute is to be seen in the context of the development of the Africa Initiated Church movement and Ethiopianism during the closing decades of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates the inner tensions resulting from the exercise of white control of emerging work in the Witwatersrand.
The Mzimba Secession, 1898: A South African ‘Disruption’
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter views the Mzimba Secession as an African version of the Scottish Disruption of 1843. It reveals the tensions inherent in white control of resources, particularly property and finance in contrast to the striving for independence on the part of black Christians.
The Formation of the Bantu Presbyterian Church of South Africa, 1920–3
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: January 2023

The process leading to the formation of an autonomous black church is discussed in relation to developing United Free Church of Scotland mission policy and the needs and aspiration of black Presbyterians. This is considered in the light of the need to maintain a form of relationship with the Presbyterian Church of South Africa. An assessment id offered of the decision to establish an autonomous denomination.
Conclusion: Make Your Choice – Ambiguity Beyond Beauvoir
Authors: Fuery Kelli , Fuery Kelli
Published: January 2023

The conclusion to Ambiguous Cinema affirms its primary intention of making visible Simone de Beauvoir’s philosophy of ambiguity as a valuable method for a phenomenological study of film-going experience. It also restates the importance of locating emotional turbulence within any consideration of ambiguous experience, particularly when considering disclosure of ethical vision and the potential of a film’s political appeal. It discusses Michele Le Doeuff’s work Hipparchia’s Choice to acknowledge the importance of ‘wandering’ in philosophical thought and the opportunity for readers to travel with Beauvoir’s idea of ambiguity in their respective cinematic encounters.
Introduction: Hidden Lives
Authors: Weaver Carrie L.
Published: January 2023

The Introduction presents a discussion of the evidence, methods and theoretical frameworks that will be used throughout the book. It begins with an overview of the burial evidence used to explore aspects of marginalisation. Marginalising attributes that are discernible from mortuary contexts (i.e. physical impairment, socioeconomic status, and ancestry/ethnicity) are described, reasons for omitting age and sex as discrete categories of analysis are explained, and limitations of skeletal evidence are explored. The next section focuses on methods, detailing the bioarchaeological techniques for the estimation of age at death, biological sex, stature, physiological stress and ancestry as well as the funerary archaeological methods that inform our understanding of burial practices and the ways in which identities are constructed through the use of material culture. The discussion then shifts to a description of the theoretical models of interpretation employed in this study (i.e. non-normative burial and materiality). The section that follows provides a brief introduction to the concept of intersectionality. Intersectionality is a constant thread that runs throughout the book, as the intersection of two or more marginalising characteristics impacts an individual’s degree of social marginalisation. Finally, the Introduction’s concluding section outlines the organisation of the rest of the book.
Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Weaver Carrie L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the available bioarchaeological evidence of the non-elite in the Late Archaic/Classical Greek world (ca. sixth to fifth/fourth century BCE). Although material from the Greek mainland is the primary focus of this investigation, case studies from earlier and later periods of Greek history, as well as Greek colonial contexts, are incorporated to illustrate patterns of continuity and/or change. The chapter begins by discussing the ways in which socioeconomic status can be discerned from burial contexts. Then the focus shifts to the bioarchaeological evidence of low socioeconomic status, beginning with the under-representation of poor infants and children. Next, burials that are believed to belong to impoverished individuals (both free and enslaved) are identified and interpreted in the context of contemporary literary and visual sources. The chapter concludes with a consideration of intersectionality and the ways in which the coalescence of multiple marginalising factors (e.g. a person who is both non-Greek and enslaved) can negatively impact social integration.
Generation
Authors: Posman Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the idea of generation, both in terms of timeframe and generating process. It focuses on Stein’s text “Composition as Explanation,” in which the concept of generation features prominently, and reads Stein’s reflections on the concept in tandem with Karl Mannheim’s Essay on the Problem of Generationsand Wilhelm Pinder’s The Problem of Generation in Europe’s Art History.Like Mannheim, Stein wonders whether there is a formative power at work in generations. The Aristotelian idea of entelechy, or formative power, was taken up in early-twentieth-century vitalist debate. Both Hans Driesch and Henri Bergson discuss it. The chapter argues that Stein reconfigures the Aristotelian idea as ongoing difference. Crucially, for Stein, this implies a radically open sense of contemporaneity, in which echoes of pasts and germinating futures are at play. Stein’s interest in the process of ongoing difference, furthermore, runs parallel to her interest in the cinema, which is explored in the next chapters, “Tradition” and “Cinematic Collectivities.”
Princesses, Patronage and the Production of Knowledge in Safavid Iran*
Authors: Ünal Yusuf
Published: January 2023

The chapter examines works dedicated to princesses of the Safavid
dynasty, finding that the authors and translators of these works regularly portrayed the princesses as religious and temporal authorities, supplementing their being cast – those who were unmarried, in any case – as brides of the Twelfth Imam in other contexts, connecting their own authority with that of the Imam of the Age while also allowing them to maintain an autonomy, being free of obligations to an ordinary husband, that their peers could enjoy. The writers repeatedly granted these princesses, particularly Mahin Banu (1519–1562), Pari Khan Khanum (d. 1578), and Zaynab Begum (d. /1640), titles ordinarily reserved for the Safavid kings. The chapter suggests that these titles and epithets, which cannot be dismissed as frivolous hyperbole, indicate an acceptance of female members of the Safavid dynasty as participants in the divinely sanctioned sovereignty accorded to the Shahs.
On the Generality of Writing and the Plasticity of the Trace
Authors: Goldgaber Deborah
Published: January 2023

In chapter 5, I consider the essential connection between generalised writing and plasticity (qua modifiability and retention). The trace, I argued in the previous chapter, is defined by an origin- less and indefinite retention and modification. Speculative grammatology consists in the generalisation of memory or mnemonic form. The materiality of the trace, then, refers not to any substrate (of the graphic trace) but to the essential modifiability of textual structures. Modifiable texts retain heterogeneous texts. To demonstrate the productivity and pertinence of this account of arche-writing, I consider several grammatological descriptions of organic and material processes (including tree rings, organic recording devices more generally, and neurological memory trace). In the second part of the chapter, I consider the extent to which plasticity may mark the speculative limits of grammatology. While plasticity is the condition of mnemonic form, it may not be exclusively mnemonic. Catherine Malabou argues that the mnemonic ‘productivity’ of the trace obscures the destructive powers of plasticity. While Malabou’s critique is directed at neurological accounts of the ‘non-graphic’ trace, its force bears equally upon the grammatological account of arche- writing that I have reconstructed.
Born And Bred in Seventeenth-Century Crimea: Child Slavery, Social Reality And Cultural Identity
Authors: Yaşa Fırat
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which slavery affected children born into slavery in the seventeenth century of Crimean society. These children experienced their parents as human beings forced to obey the dictates of a master or mistress, and grew up knowing that a similar fate awaited them. I also trace the social status and emotions of slaves captured during raids at a young age. It is fortunate that there are accounts that reveal the longing of these slaves for the lives the slave raiders and traders had abducted them from. In addition, I endeavour to explain why some remained, while addressing the issue of the cultural identity of these child slaves more broadly.
Muslim Orphans And The SHARI‘AH in nineteenth-century palestine: cases from nablus
Authors: Yazbak Mahmoud
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on Muslim orphans and the Shari‘ah in nineteenth-century Ottoman Palestine, especially cases from Nablus. It traces the experiences of Muslim orphans by examining the Shari‘a court records and describes the social status of Muslim orphans according to Shari‘ah, which considered children as orphans only after their father passed away, but not so when they lost their mothers. The chapter draws attention to the patrimonial approach of the court, society and family towards orphans, which lasted at least until 1874, when the first orphanage in Ottoman Palestine was founded. It shows that the state’s approach to orphan children preserved the early modern Islamic approach, in that it adhered to the regulations of Shari‘ah law.
Hohfeld and the Scots Law Floating Charge
Authors: Hardman Jonathan
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Dr Hardman analyses the Scots law floating charge using the work of the celebrated American jurist Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918). On the basis of this, it is shown that much analysis and discussion of the floating charge is flawed. Consequences arising from this conclusion are also identified.
The Empirical Importance of the Floating Charge in Scotland
Authors: Hardman Jonathan , MacPherson Alisdair D J
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents novel empirical analysis of floating charges. Empirical work on floating charges has been sadly lacking over the years and this chapter seeks to address this gap. It utilises data gathered form Companies House to draw conclusions as to the empirical importance of floating charges in Scotland. It also discusses some of the terms of a sample of floating charge instruments and considerations as to the doctrinal implications of these.
Commemorating Thermopylae: The Andreia of Glorious Defeat as a Literary Construct
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: January 2023

In 480 BC the Persians defeated the Spartan led defence of the pass at Thermopylae. That defeat was a real catastrophe for the Spartan elite, however, arguably the episode became more celebrated than the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis and Plataea. Glorious defeat was therefore transformed into the quasi-victory it has become in popular conception. Partly responsible for this reception is the fame of Herodotus’ history which relates the battle in detail and in which he relays the supposed comments generated afterwards. Why should the leadership qualities of Leonidas apparently be still regarded as worth admiring and was he really an epitome of good generalship? This chapter questions the generalship of Leonidas, and offers some doubts about the authenticity of the epitaphs ‘celebrating’ the actions of the Spartans at Thermopylae. Finally some reasons why the more positive than negative view of Thermopylae that have prevailed until now are also considered.
Reconstructing Early Seleucid Generalship, 301–222 BC
Authors: McAuley Alex
Published: January 2023

Given the warrior ethos of Alexander and his companions, it comes as little surprise that generals would figure so prominently in the courts of the dynasties formed by the diadochoi. The vast Seleucid empire is no exception to this, and we find that generals are key figures in its administration from its earliest generation. As the dynasty’s imperial ideology and courtly practice crystallised over the following century, the prominence of generals was likewise solidified, to the point that most of those who later attempted to usurp the throne came from the dynasty’s foremost generals. This chapter tracks the evolving place of Seleucid generals at court and in the field, beginning with the precedent set by Alexander and the hetairoi and then considering the likes of Achaeus the Elder, Andromachos, Alexander of Sardis, their contemporaries in the near east of the Empire. Precisely why and how Seleucid generals like Achaeus the Younger, Timarchos of Miletos and Diodotus Trpyhon garnered such support that their attempts at usurpation could shake the foundations of the empire is also considered.
Ammianus and the Heroic Mode of Generalship in the Fourth Century ad
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: January 2023

Ammianus Marcellinus is one of our most important sources for late Roman warfare, and his significance in this regard has long been recognized. This recognition has even extended to his treatment of commanders, emperors and otherwise. Many have focused on Ammianus’ characterization of Julian, with an especial focus on his narrative and rhetorical strategies (Rohrbacher, Ross), especially with respect to Julian’s apparent heroism (Lendon, Rohrbacher). What there have been few of, however, are examinations of Ammianus’ views on generalship contextualized into wider thinking on the art of war and generalship in the late Roman World. The focus of this chapter is the place of heroic generalship in open combat, for Keegan exemplified by Alexander the Great, a figure often held up as a model by or for Julian, and an approach to command which Lendon has argued persisted from the fourth century through the sixth. The analysis straddles two threads: historiographical when it comes to examining how Ammianus characterizes the generals that feature in his accounts of combat; and historical when we attempt to situate his accounts in the wider context of late Roman thinking on war exemplified here by Vegetius.
The fine Line Between Courage and Fear in the Vandal War
Authors: Stewart Michael
Published: January 2023

Fear takes centre stage in Book 3 of the Vandalic Wars by the mid-sixth century historian Procopius. Several recent articles have drawn attention to Procopius’ stress on the Roman high-commands’ fears and trepidations when the Emperor Justinian announced his campaign to wrest North Africa from the Vandals in the summer of 533. Since Procopius probably included the African campaign’s supreme commander Belisarius in this group of hesitant generals, some modern scholars see it as a subtle effort by the historian, even at this early stage, to cast Belisarius and the East Roman high command in a disparaging light. For these revisionists, it offers further proof that Procopius was against Justinian’s campaigns in the West from the beginning, and no sycophant of Belisarius even at this early stage. This chapter refutes these claims, suggesting that such views simplify the role that the multifaceted Greek concept of fear plays in Procopius and other early Byzantine writers dealing with military matters. Far from a just a negative trait, for Procopius “fear”— in a multitude of contexts—functions as an essential attribute of successful and courageous generals.
Tian Yue Marshals His Tropes: Public Persuasion and the Character of Military Leadership in Late Tang China
Authors: Graff David A.
Published: January 2023

Tian Yue was the military governor (jiedushi) of Wei-Bo, one of several autonomous provinces in the northeastern part of the Tang realm that rebelled against imperial authority in the early 780s. At the beginning of 782 Wei-Bo’s main field army, led by Tian Yue himself, was shattered by forces loyal to the Tang court. Tian fled back to his headquarters at Weizhou, where he delivered a dramatic speech to the assembled multitudes that persuaded them to rally around him and resist a prolonged siege. This chapter examines the substance of Tian Yue’s speech and draws out its implications for the nature of political-military leadership in late Tang China. Challenged by their conspicuous lack of traditionally sanctioned legitimacy, military upstarts such as Tian Yue could not rely solely on traditional styles of generalship and top-down imperial and patriarchal modes of authority, but found it necessary to appeal directly to their followers by stressing longstanding emotional bonds, hardships shared and overcome, reciprocal obligations, and mutual self-interest. This approach was necessitated not only by the weakness of their own position, but also by long-term social and institutional changes.
Socialism and Marxism in Russia: The Peasant Commune is Dead – Long Live the Peasant Commune!
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Is it possible to move from feudalism to socialism, bypassing the disasters of capitalism? This chapter focuses on the debate about socialism. It emphasises the presence of a pre-Marxist indigenous tradition of agrarian socialism, partly rooted in Slavophile thought and partly developing into anarchist socialism / communism. Marx’s exchange with Vera Zasulich over Russia’s possible evasion of capitalism contrasts with the formation of philosophical system of Marxism. In all of this, the contrast between philosophical (or scientific) and political agenda’s leads to an instructive dynamics. What various forms of socialism, communism and anarchism share is the emphasis on the necessity and inevitability of revolutionary change.
The Long Russian Revolution – Signposts for a Roller Coaster
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Who is the subject of revolution? A rising bourgeoisie? A reformist elite of liberals and social-democrats? The proletariat? A tightly organized vanguard party? Radical anarchists? Or the narod [mass of common people] as a whole? A long period of revolutionary change coincided with a period of unprecedented cultural and intellectual bloom, the Silver Age [Serebriannyi vek], during which Russian and West European philosophers became part of a single philosophical culture. Attempts to set new landmarks [vekhi] proved quickly outdated in a process of inescapable polarisation until, at the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks under Lenin established a new ordo ordinans. Most leading intellectuals of liberal, bourgeois or religious orientation were forced into exile and left the early Soviet Union on the Philosophy Steamer [Filosofskii parokhod]. Achievements of the February 1917 Revolution, actually starting on International Women’s Day, such as equal rights for women and men as well as universal suffrage, were integrated in a new, increasingly oppressive order. Bolshevik terror started as early as 1918.
Soviet Marxism–Leninism and Political Philosophy – Never Mind the Gaps!
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Can philosophy be the foundation of a political regime? The Soviet regime claimed that this was the case: led by a Party that was guided by a Marxist-Leninist ideology that, in its turn, had its foundation in a philosophical system constructed around dialectical and historical materialism. The 1920s were a period of intense debate among Russian Marxists and increasing politicisation, while the few remaining non-Marxist philosophers managed to continue their work in the institutional margins. The 1930s, however, witnessed the regimentation of philosophy generally, and the reduction of Marxist philosophy to a single dogmatic doctrine. Most remaining idealist and religious philosophers met their fate in the GULag. After WW2, however, the Soviet system, while still in Cold War opposition to the capitalist West and engaging in battle on the philosophical front, included a complex philosophical culture where, in a variety of niches, philosophers did manage to engage in independent thought. Paradoxically, philosophy proved political by definition while political philosophy, as a discipline, was absent, and much philosophical debate took place “in the kitchen” [na kukhne].
Political Philosophy for a New Russia – New Wine in Old Bottles?
Authors: van der Zweerde Evert
Published: January 2023

Did Russia restore its Soviet past? Arguably it did in terms of political oppression and exclusion of serious opposition, but certainly not in socio-economic terms. Covering roughly the first two decades of the 20th C, this chapter shows how the Russian Federation has, seemingly inescapably, moved in the direction of an authoritarian, but not totalitarian regime. New grand historiosophical schemes concerning Russia’s place and role in the world have emerged, but also less grand, but philosophically more interesting critical voices that, sometimes, base themselves on the same philosophical positions, such as Heidegger. New forms of protest culture, partly reaching back to late Medieval iurodstvo [chapter 1], partly aiming to outsmart the powers that be, have emerged. Most relevant, in the long term, is the fact that during thirty years of academic and press freedom, a highly diverse political-philosophical landscape has developed that includes most of the new disciplines that emerged in global academia, such as gender studies, philosophy of environment and animal world, and decolonial theory. Even if the label “political philosophy” remains rare, Russian philosophers have again become part of a globalising philosophical culture.
Modal and Semi-modal Verbs of Obligation in the Australian, New Zealand and British Hansards, 1901–2015
Authors: Smith Adam , Korhonen Minna , Kotze Haidee , van Rooy Bertus
Published: January 2023

Research by Adam Smith, Minna Korhonen, Haidee Kotze and Bertus van Rooy is reported in this longitudinal study of changes in the language of parliamentary discourse, focusing on the modals and semi-modals of obligation: must, should, need to, have to. The researchers used a large diachronic corpus of material from the three regional Hansards (Australian, New Zealand and British), to compare the profiles of modal usage at five key points from the early 20th to 21st century. They found overall declining frequencies for must, should and have to in all three Hansards, but also remarkably high levels and peaks in Australian and New Zealand usage when the subject of the verb was we or the Government. Some of these co-occur with key points in national history, suggesting waves of collective sentiment in parliamentary rhetoric and setting national priorities. Other contextual factors – such as changing editorial conventions, and newer parliamentary practices in presenting speeches and broadcasting debates – may also have modulated the expression of obligation in individual Hansards over time.
The Particular Place of International Criminal Trials: Aims and Procedure
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyses the aims of international criminal law. It argues that the discourse is unclear, and there has been a conflation of three levels of analysis: the system of law, its institutions of courts and tribunals, and its trial processes. It is important to understand these as three separate levels of analysis – capable of supporting different aims, or of supporting the same aims in different ways. However, several of the aims that have been placed on the level of the trial are problematic. I demonstrate this with reference to three aims: ending impunity, giving a meaningful voice to victims, and the search for the truth. I then argue that a recalibration of the aims of international criminal trials is needed, and that the aims of the trial should properly emphasise the aim of a forensic determination of the accused’s guilt or innocence.
The Centrality of Rights and Fairness in International Criminal Trials
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: January 2023

This Chapter examines why fairness and rights are central in international criminal trials. I show that this centrality is accepted and seen as important. I examine what rights are in international criminal trials – what they are, who they attach to, and why they matter. I also examine the ‘rights’ of other trial parties and participants (the prosecution and the victims), arguing that these trial participants do not have rights in the same way the accused does. Rather, they have interests, competencies, some duties – and some limited rights. I also examine the question of how rights are positioned in relation to truth-seeking in international criminal procedure. I then examine the idea of ‘fairness’ in international criminal trials, and show that fairness is generally considered to be a crucial aspect of international criminal procedure, and this centrality of fairness is accepted and protected, by a wide array of both practitioners and scholars. I argue that fairness holds several uses: it may be an interpretive tool for trial chambers; an epistemic enabler; a legitimating force; and a tool to assist the system of law to achieve its aims.
Fairness, The Rights of the Accused and the use of Adjudicated Facts
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: January 2023

This Chapter analyses the relationships between fairness, the rights of the accused, and procedure, in the case of the use of adjudicated facts - where Trial Chambers take judicial notice of facts which were previously adjudicated in other proceedings at the Tribunal. I examine procedural decisions made by Trial Chambers, and the outcomes of these decisions, to analyse the connections between fairness, rights, and the use of adjudicated facts. First, I demonstrate that concerns around fairness and the rights of the accused have, perhaps counter-intuitively, been used to expand the use of adjudicated facts. Secondly, I examine the Karadži? case, and how the shifting evidential burden permitted by this rule may affect the equality of arms. Thirdly, I examine the judicial reformulation of facts to ensure they meet admissibility requirements, as in the Mladi? case. Finally, in the Staniši? case fairness was used to disallow the use of adjudicated facts, but the lateness and inconsistency of these adjudicated facts decisions adversely affected the rights of the accused. Ultimately, while there is a claimed connection between rights, fairness and procedure, a closer examination exposes a disconnection between fairness and rights in procedural decision-making, to the detriment of the rights of the accused.
Conclusions
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: January 2023

In contemporary international criminal trials, the most fundamental guiding principles – those of fairness and rights – are divorced both from each other, and from procedural decisions. Indeed, I have shown how fairness has been rhetorically invoked to justify decisions that, nonetheless, have the effect of undermining the rights of the accused. Given the centrality of fairness and rights to international criminal law, this is a profound challenge for the system of law, its institutions, and its processes. In these Conclusions, I examine what this tells us about international criminal law and its structural limitations and conditions of possibility. I make the ultimate normative argument of this book: that there should be a renewed closeness between fairness and rights in the context of procedural decision-making in these trials. However, I also emphasise that even this claim is uncomfortable, given the possibilities and impossibilities of international criminal law, and that perhaps alternatives to this system should be investigated.
Under Divine Providence
Authors: Renard John
Published: January 2023

In Chapter Six the central metaphor is that of our exemplars’ intermediary role in bringing together the “seen and unseen” realms through their “wondrous feats.” Here an overarching metaphor intimately connected to marvellous powers in the first place is that of charismatic authority, a clear cut above mere “acquired/discursive” epistemic credentials and available only via affirmation from still higher authorities – God and the Prophets. As in earlier chapters, the key secondary metaphors turn on the wide range of attributes, desirable or damnable, variously symbolized by a cast of characters. So, for example, a water monster (along with Satan) is recalcitrant and incorrigible nastiness; marketplace dogs and an ox fleeing from butchers, and a royal hunting falcon, embody honest seeking for higher knowledge and spiritual freedom and betoken a cosmos brimming with unsuspected spiritual capabilities; and untamed forces of nature threaten potential disaster that only recourse to God can neutralize. Here the key is the role of those individuals in mediating God’s power in a Spirit-filled cosmos, in response to a host of human needs and aspirations. [176]
Faith, Creation and the Future of Deleuzian Subjects
Authors: Jampol-Petzinger Andrew M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter of the book takes up various elements from the preceding accounts of the self in order to show how Deleuze’s and Kierkegaard’s revisions to conventional notions of selfhood can be linked to questions of collective identity and political struggle. For both philosophers, the normative project of “becoming” one’s singular self involves a kind of openness and exchange with one’s immediate environment, de-personalizing the atomistic individual and undermining the boundaries between self and other. Looking at the work of several contemporary interpreters of Kierkegaard, the chapter argues that this account of the self as intrinsically “porous” to the outside world makes the ethical ideals of Deleuze and Kierkegaard’s thought also immediately political in nature. To be a self will mean to become the sort of entity whose very way of being richly affects and is affected by the communities that one is a part of. Such a conception allows for future developments of the relationship between ethics and politics beyond notions that place politics either “before” or “after” questions of private ethical behaviour.
Contingent Movement: Seafaring, Contracts and Law
Authors: Campbell Peter B
Published: January 2023

This chapter suggests a new conceptual framework for understanding movement within maritime spaces. Very often scholars who have conceptualised overseas travel and the process of navigational decision making have paid insufficient attention to the reality of sailing in the ancient Mediterranean context. By understanding decision-making as 'contingent' upon moment-to-moment changes in the actors' physical and social reality, we are better equipped to understand the maritime connectivity that defined Roman trade and exchange.
On Dressel 20 and Beyond: Management, Punishment and Protection in the Context of Roman Imperial Oil Distribution
Authors: Mataix Ferrándiz Emilia
Published: January 2023

All along the Roman Empire, Baetica was known to have exported huge quantities of oil to Rome from the age of Augustus onwards in the Dressel 20 amphora. The inscriptions written on these amphorae varied across time, according to the way that the distribution was
organised and financed. For many years, these inscriptions were only considered under the focus of the Roman government, diminishing the importance of private subjects in distribution, and ignoring the role of the locationes or contracts by which these goods were collected and distributed. The aims of these agreements were to keep imperial involvement in these ventures but entrusting much of the work to private entrepreneurs or contractors. The inscriptions of products addressed to public supply reveal a large network, which ensured that the tasks agreed for gathering and shipping the goods
were performed through a well-organised administrative machinery. Thus, the study of Dressel 20's epigraphy reveals economic phenomena taking place in particular moments of the Empire and help us understand the management of their distribution and the logic of the operations lying behind their inscriptions.
The Allocation of Risk in Carriage-by-Sea Contracts
Authors: Fiori Roberto
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that the traditional trichotomy of letting and hiring (locatio conductio), that distinguishes between the locatio conductio rei, operarum, operis, fails to explain why the Romans gave the same name of locatio conductio and the same procedural remedies to very different contractual patterns. By examining the evidence for the structure of contracts of affreightment in the Graeco-Roman papyri together with the interpretation of similar contracts by the Roman jurists, the author exposes the insufficiency of the traditional trichotomy as a hermeneutical tool.
Introduction
Authors: Wittmann Matthias , Holl Ute
Published: January 2023

The introduction provides a concise summary of each chapter and presents the book’s division in four parts: (I) An Archaeology of Possible Futures; (II) Material Matters: Memory, Accessibility, Translation; (III) Interstices. Niches. Impure Memories, and (VI) Transgenerational Gaps and Transmissions. In addition, the introductory chapter establishes with Michel Foucault’s notion of ‘counter-memory’ a theoretical framework that connects all of the book's contributions. ‘Counter-memories’ are not negations of memory; their ‘counter’ operates tactically on many fronts and junctions of power relations, totalitarian exclusions and conclusions, destabilizing normative orders of re-membering, A genealogical and archaeological perspective as proposed by Foucault through this concept remembers history against the grain, excavating and reactivating silenced experiences and buried struggles.
A Shadow for Invisible Films: A Way to Break the Monopoly of Image Production in Iran
Authors: Mokri Shahram
Published: January 2023

In his chapter ‘A Shadow for Invisible Films: A Way to Break the Monopoly of Image Production in Iran,’, Shahram Mokri describes the production conditions, the developments, and the socio-economic context that led to the emergence of a new generation of ﬁlmmakers in Iran, generally known as the sixth generation. As someone who started making ﬁlms after the year 2000 (1379), at a time when more and more digital video cameras were coming into circulation, Mokri regards this digital revolution as a new opportunity for young ﬁlmmakers to challenge and outwit the control mechanisms of the authorities who, for this reason, have tried up to the present day to discredit digital ﬁlmmaking. In order to show, how the digital possibilities brought forth a new generation of ﬁlmmakers, Mokri gives novel insights into the history of the dynamics between economics, technology, and aesthetics in Iran. A wide variety of phenomena is taken into account: from the bureaucratic claims of control over technical equipment, the role of video recorders in keeping the visual memory alive, the divisions of the ﬁlm system – ‘cinematic vs. digital division’ – up to the generational conﬂicts that are also articulated in the use of different ﬁlm techniques.
(Auto)Immunity In Esposito And Derrida
Authors: Wolfe Cary
Published: January 2023

This essay compares the paradigm of (auto)immunity and its centrality to the reconceptualization of biopolitical thought in the work of Jacques Derrida and Roberto Esposito. While Esposito and Derrida share an ‘ecologised’ understanding of the immune system, the alterity of temporality that is operative in the organism/environment relationship (as emphasized in immune system discourse itself in biology) is formalized more rigorously in Derrida than in Esposito – and this has serious consequences for the concept of ‘community’ and more generally for the attempt to craft an ‘affirmative’ biopolitics, in which Esposito is quite invested. The missing link between Derrida’s more creative or productive sense of (auto)immunity and its underpinnings in theoretical biology is the radical alterity of temporality at work in the tech[1]nicity or machinalité of iterability (specifically, the iterability of the organism/ environment relationship and its non-linear character, as it unfolds in real time). This, in turn, is central to his own denaturalisation and deconstruc[1]tion of the difference between the organic (or biological) and the technical (or mechanical), and eventually to his own reconceptualisation of ‘Life’, all of which is key to a non-reductionist and non-vitalist concept of (auto)immunity for biopolitical thought.
The Vico-Momentum: Esposito On Language And Life 1
Authors: Cimatti Felice
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a philosophical and critical presentation of the double role of Giambattista Vico in Esposito’s philosophical work: i) as one of the main sources of Italian Thought as it is discussed in Living Thought (2010); and ii) as the ‘prototype’ of a conceptual work in which philosophy mixes itself with literature and science, history and anthropology, linguistics and poetry. In fact, Vico represents a paradigmatic case of the typical ‘impure’ Italian philosophy. Through such an analysis one can also appreciate the frequently unnoticed role of the reflection on language in Esposito’s philosophy, because language is at the same time a biological and a historical phenomenon.