bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of power and voltage delivery after successfully black-start
Authors: Satriawan Andika Pradnya , Saidah Saidah , Taufik Taufik
Published: November 2022

Efforts to maintain the continuity of electricity distribution to customers and reduce the amount of Energy Not Distributed (END) are to speed up the recovery process due to disturbances in the electricity distribution system, especially blackouts. The strategy to speed up recovery in a total blackout is to do a black-start on a generator unit with a black-start facility and send voltage to a larger generator unit. At the Grati-Paiton Substation, the generator that has black-start facilities is the Grati Gas Steam Power Plant (GSPP). The delivery of power and voltage from the Grati-Paiton substation is required after the Grati GSPP successfully black-start. Study optimal power flow simulation in distributing power and voltage using DigSILENT software. Based on the simulation results, several schemes are used to distribute power and voltage from the Grati-Paiton substation within the generator’s Mvar. As a result, the voltage during the distribution process meets the criteria according to the Grid. The most optimal scheme is with the least number of stages, the production of Mvar, which is still safe for power generation, and the voltage at the end of the Paiton substation still meets the nominal voltage according to the Grid.
A proposed conceptual framework of supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model in Indonesian industries: a literature review
Authors: Setyadi Antonius , Rimawan Erry , Kristanto Ivan , Rohmah Puspita Eka
Published: November 2022

This article uses the approach of a literature review study sourced from previous research and relevant to this research, namely the Supply Chain Operations Reference model. The phenomenon is that previous studies have not reviewed the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model as an interesting thing to study in collaboration with other methods in a structured way. This study aims to give a proposed framework of the SCOR model as a reference for detailed information related to the SCOR model in Indonesia's retail, manufacturing, and service industries. The results of the paper are the year of publication for the 50 articles reviewed consists of 2018-2021 for the country of Indonesia. The research object consists of 3 objects, namely the retail, manufacturing, and service industries. Most supply chain performance levels in Indonesia are in a good category. Most of the research variables majority of the five variables often used in the SCOR model: plan, source, make, deliver, and return. The performance attribute priority that needs to be improved is the reliability attribute. The method used by previous research is 17 methods. This method can be used as an illustration to see how the SCOR model can collaborate with other methods. The paper's conclusion is the research proposed framework regarding the application of the SCOR model that can be collaborated with other methods.
Room-temperature high-speed mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with π-shape metal contact
Authors: Gao Xu , Yang Ke , Zhu Yi-xuan , Liu Junqi , Zhai Shenqiang , Liu Shuman , Zhuo Ning , Zhang Jinchuan , Wang Lijun , Liu Fengqi , Wang Xiao-hua , Wei Zhi-peng
Published: November 2022

We demonstrate a high-speed 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser with room
temperature continuous wave operation. The maximum output power of 141
mW is obtained at 20 ℃. The parasitic capacitance of the device is
decreased from 36.6 pF to 7.1 pF by monolithic integrating a π-shape
metal contact electrode. This results in an increase in the -3 dB RF
modulation bandwidth from 870 MHz to 4.5 GHz compared with the
conventional electrode configuration.
Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Fetal Health: A Systematic Review.
Authors: Ong Andrew Khai Weyn , Yee Anne Li , Fong Adrian Jing Hong , Arasoo T Valliammai Jayanthi Thirunavuk , Ramadas Amutha
Published: November 2022

Background Ramadan fasting (RF) is mandatory for all healthy Muslims in
the ninth month of Islamic calendar. Pregnant women are exempt from
fasting but many willfully practise it. There are concerns that fasting
during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus but there are no firm
recommendations regarding its safety. Objectives To provide a systematic
review on the effects of RF on fetal health. Search Strategy We
conducted literature search for peer-reviewed articles through Ovid
MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) until 31 December 2021. Selection Criteria
All case-control and observational cohort studies that reported on fetal
outcomes of pregnant women who underwent RF for at least 1 day at any
point of time during pregnancy are included. Data Collection and
Analysis Two researchers independently reviewed the eligibility of all
studies. A third researcher resolved any conflict between researchers.
Findings are extracted from eligible papers and presented as narratives.
Main Results 18 articles are included based on eligibility criteria,
with a total sample size of 3,213,070. There are studies demonstrating
negative associations between RF and neonatal weight, amniotic fluid
index, preterm birth and growth parameters mainly during second and
third trimesters, but those evidences are not strongly supported.
Conclusion There is limited data to elucidate the relationship between
RF and fetal health, hence the need for more studies to provide better
understanding. Funding None. Keywords Ramadan fasting, pregnant women,
fetal outcomes.
Regional biogeography versus intra-annual dynamics of the root and soil microbiome
Authors: Bell-Dereske Lukas , Benucci Gian Maria Niccolò , Costa Pedro Beschoren da , Bonito Gregory , Friesen Maren L. , Tiemann Lisa , Evans Sarah
Published: November 2022

Root and soil microbial communities constitute the below-ground plant
microbiome, are drivers of nutrient cycling, and affect plant
productivity. However, our understanding of their spatiotemporal
patterns is confounded by exogenous factors that covary spatially, such
as changes in host plant species, climate, and edaphic factors. These
spatiotemporal patterns likely differ across microbiome domains
(bacteria and fungi) and niches (root vs. soil). To capture spatial
patterns at a regional scale, we sampled the below-ground microbiome of
switchgrass monocultures of five sites spanning >3 degrees
of latitude within the Great Lakes region. To capture temporal patterns,
we sampled the below-ground microbiome across the growing season within
a single site. We compared the strength of spatiotemporal factors to
nitrogen addition determining the major drivers in our perennial
cropping system. All microbial communities were most strongly structured
by sampling site, though collection date also had strong effects; in
contrast, nitrogen addition had little to no effect on communities.
Though all microbial communities were found to have significant
spatiotemporal patterns, the structure of bacterial communities was
better explained by spatiotemporal factors than fungal communities,
which appeared more structured by stochastic processes. Root
communities, especially bacterial, were more temporally structured than
soil communities which were more spatially structured, both across and
within sampling sites. These differential responses of bacterial and
fungal communities to spatiotemporal factors likely alter interactions
and assembly of the plant microbiome.
Correlation Between Gestational Age by Last Menstrual Period (LMP) and Fetal Biometry Using Ultrasonography In 1st Trimester On Ethnic Minangkabau
Authors: Yusrawati Yusrawati , Serudji Joserizal , Utama Bobby , Sari Puspita
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND: Since ultrasonography (USG) technology was discovered more
than 40 years ago, fetal biometry with ultrasound measurements has
become the prima donna, and it is considered an accurate method of
estimating the baby’s birth weight AIM: this study is expected to
provide more parameters and accurate results in determining fetal growth
estimates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is an analytical study using
a cross-sectional approach to determine fetal growth biometry in the
Minangkabau ethnic group. The selected sample was pregnant women who
came to check their pregnancy in December 2020 at Fetomaternal clinic
Hospital M. Djamil Padang and Network Hospital in the Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Andalas University.
Bivariate analysis using Pearson correlation test because the data
distribution was normally distributed with P value <0,05 and
then multivariate analysis using linear regression. RESULTS: Four
hundred pregnant women who came to check their pregnancy at 1st
trimester (4-13 weeks by USG). The characteristics of the research
subjects were the average age of pregnant women ranging from 21-31
years, primigravida, and the average level of education at senior high
school. Based on the Pearson analysis, Correlation between of each
variable GS and CRL to LMP, there is the strongest correlation between
LMP (p-value 0,000). CONCLUSIONS: We have produced a national
prescriptive standard for the initial measurement of fetal growth and
the first-trimester ultrasound dating of pregnancy that can be used in
Indonesia, especially in the Minangkabau ethnic group.
Combined effect of hygienic and polygenic risk scores in children with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Hong Soo-Jong , Choi Eom Ji , Song Kun Baek , Baek Eun Young , Park Min Jee , Yoon Ji-Sun , Jung Sungsu , Lee Si Hyeon , Kang Mi-Jin , Oh Hea Young , Lee So-Yeon , Park Kang Seo
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTBackground Although the development of
allergic rhinitis (AR) is associated with multiple genetic and hygienic
environmental factors, previous studies have focused mostly on the
effect of a single factor on the development of AR. This study aimed to
investigate the combined effect of multiple genetic and hygienic
environmental risk factors on AR development in school children.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study, comprising 1,797
children aged 9–12 years. Weighted environmental risk score (ERS) was
calculated by using four hygienic environmental factors, including
antibiotic use during infancy, cesarean section delivery, breast milk
feeding, and having older siblings. Weighted polygenic risk score (PRS)
was calculated by using four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),
including interleukin-13 (rs20541), cluster of differentiation 14
(rs2569190), toll-like receptor 4 (rs1927911), and glutathione
S-transferase P1 (rs1695). Multivariable logistic regression analysis
was used. Results More than three courses of antibiotic use
during infancy increased the risk of current AR (adjusted odd ratio
[aOR], 2.058; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.290–3.284).
Having older siblings, especially >2 (aOR, 0.526; 95% Cl:
0.303–0.913) had a protective effect. High ERS (>median;
aOR, 2.079; 95% Cl: 1.466–2.947) and PRS (>median; aOR,
1.627; 95% Cl: 1.117–2.370) increased the risk of current AR
independently. Furthermore, children who had both high ERS and PRS
showed a higher risk of current AR (aOR, 3.176; 95% Cl: 1.787–5.645).
Conclusions Exposure to multiple hygienic risk factors during
early life increases the risk of AR in genetically susceptible children.
Key words: Allergic rhinitis, Hygiene, Genes, Risk factors,
Child, Gene-environment interaction, Anti-bacterial agent
Chrysophanol accelerates astrocytic mitochondria transfer to neurons and attenuates the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Su Xiaomei , Zhang Danshen , Zhang Nan
Published: November 2022

Astrocytes release extracellular functional mitochondria and transfer
them into neurons to rescue injured neurons after a stroke. However,
there are no reports on drugs that might interfere with intercellular
mitochondrial transfer. In this study, chrysophanol (CHR) which had
proven to be an effective drug for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury
(CIRI) was selected as the test drug to investigate whether CHR exerted
a neuroprotective role by affecting the astrocytic mitochondrial
transfer. We used the astrocyte-neuron co-culture system for
establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell
model in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model
in vivo, to investigate the effect of CHR on astrocytic mitochondrial
transfer efficiency and neurons. The results showed that in the in vitro
experiment, CHR improved the neuronal activity and mitochondrial
function in the co-culture system by attenuating neuron injury after
OGD/R. In the subsequent in vivo experiment, CHR decreased the
neurological deficit score and infarction volume, recovered cell
morphology, decreased the neuronal apoptosis rate in ischemic penumbra,
and improved the CIRI in rats. In addition, the mitochondrial
fluorescence probe labeling technique showed that CHR accelerated the
transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons, suggesting that the
mitochondrial transfer between astrocytes and neurons might be an
important target for CHR to improve ischemic brain injury and that they
might also be a potential target for ischemic brain injury drugs.
Implication of drift and rapid evolution on negative niche construction
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Costa Manon , Nicolas Loeuille
Published: November 2022

An important property of niche construction is that its consequences can
persist for a long period of time, affecting several subsequent
generations. This phenomenon is known as the niche construction time
lags. Time lags in niche construction can result in the evolution of
cooperation. Here, we study the evolutionary consequences of cooperation
by incorporating time lags in a negative niche construction process. We
consider a population that extrudes waste into its environment as it
consumes resources. Higher consumption rates can lead to higher waste
production, as it is associated with higher \textit{per
capita} growth and reproduction rates. We showed that increasing
consumption rates often evolve as pollution is equally experienced by
the whole population while benefits are at the individual level. When we
consider rapid evolution, intragenerational time lags, and
stochasticity, however, such increases are no longer favoured and lower
consumption rates resulting in less waste production can be an outcome.
Interestingly, in the long term, drift becomes more important than
natural selection, as selection becomes progressively weaker while
population sizes are severely depressed by the cumulative effects of
pollution.
High Mobility Hafnium and Hydrogen Co-Doped Indium Oxide Transparent Conductive Films and Application in High Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell
Authors: Shang Jiacheng , Wang Qi , Zhou Shuai , Guo Wanwu , Zhou Rong , Zhou Yuqin , Liu Fengzhen
Published: November 2022

In this work, high quality hafnium and hydrogen co-doped In
O (IHfO:H) transparent conductive
films are developed via a reactive plasma deposition (RPD) technique
followed by air atmosphere annealing. Crystallinity, valence states, and
opto-electronic properties of the IHfO:H films under different H
concentration (0-1.5 %) and different annealing
temperature (100-250 °C) are systematically investigated. The effects of
hydrogen doping and annealing temperature on the properties of the
IHfO:H films are discussed. The high average transmittances (400-800 nm:
87.92 %; 800-2300 nm: 86.68 %), a sheet resistance of 27.53 Ω/□, and a
Hall mobility of 102.92 cm V s
are achieved on the optimized IHfO:H thin film
fabricated using 0.8 % H concentration with a 200 °C
annealing temperature. Finally, the IHfO:H films are applied to the
bifacial silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells to serve as the
front-side transparent electrode. The significant improvement in the
long wavelength spectral response compared to the control SHJ device
with an indium tin oxide (ITO) front-side transparent electrode leads to
an increase of about 0.3 % in the efficiency and an efficiency of over
25 % is achieved on the SHJ solar cell with an IHfO:H front-side
transparent electrode.
Tramadol use and risk of seizure: a report of two cases and a review of recent literature.
Authors: Dolan Emma , Delanty Norman
Published: November 2022

Tramadol has been classified as a controlled drug in several countries
in recent decades due to increasing prevalence of abuse, overdose and
its potential for adverse effects. Tramadol has been associated with
multiple adverse effects including seizures, serotonin syndrome and even
anaphylactoid reactions. Despite this it remains unregulated and is
available over the counter in some countries. We describe two cases of
tramadol-related seizures in patients prescribed therapeutic doses of
tramadol, identified through neurology clinics at a neurology tertiary
referral centre in Ireland. Literature review was carried out and
revealed a significant lack of recent literature relating to Tramadol
and risk of seizure. In particular, there was a lack of human studies
investigating tramadol at therapeutic, rather than supra-therapeutic,
doses. We suggest that further studies are required examining the use of
therapeutic doses of Tramadol and its potential for adverse effects,
looking particularly at seizure risk. We feel that Tramadol, like other
opioids, can be useful as part of a multi-modal analgesia regimen in
patients with moderate-to-severe pain, but that prescribers need to be
more aware of the potential risk of seizures associated with prescribing
it.
Do Audit Data Analytics Influence Juror Perceptions of Audit Quality and Auditor Negligence?
Authors: Barr-Pulliam Dereck , Brown-Liburd Helen L. , Carlson Amanda G.
Published: November 2022

We summarize a recent study that examines whether and how the signals provided by the internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) opinion and auditor use of advanced data analytic tools (ADAs) influence juror negligence perceptions. When auditors issue an unqualified ICFR opinion and rely on traditional statistical sampling, jurors assess the auditors as more negligent than when the auditors use ADAs. Conversely, when auditors issue an adverse ICFR opinion, jurors ascribe less blame to auditors and more to investor plaintiffs, regardless of whether the auditors use ADAs. Further, jurors perceive auditors as less negligent when they use ADAs for full population testing because they perceive ADAs to be an indicator of higher audit quality. Interestingly, jurors perceive no difference in the level of assurance provided by the audit opinion alone when auditors use ADAs relative to traditional sampling testing methods.
Estudio socioeducativo de los principales errores que realizan los alumnos en el tema de la integral definida como factor que impide la competencia requerida
Authors: Quiroz Lima Carlos , Vásquez Martínez Claudio Rafael , González González Felipe Anastasio , Torres Mata Joaquín , González Sánchez Irma Carolina
Published: November 2022

En el presente trabajo se analizan algunos de los errores que realizan con más frecuencia al estudiar la integral definida los alumnos de Ingeniería en Gestión Empresarial (IGE) del Instituto Tecnológico José Mario Molina (ITJMM), así como la forma en que esto los afecta para alcanzar la competencia matemática requerida. Por ello, fue necesario investigar sobre tres elementos clave: competencia, competencia matemática y revisión en la literatura sobre los principales errores de los alumnos en el tema de la integral definida. En síntesis, al examinar los resultados de un examen diagnóstico aplicado, se observó que 89 % de los alumnos presentaban uno o más de estos tipos de problemas. Sin embargo, después de la aplicación del estudio este porcentaje se redujo a 47 %.
campanha negativa no Facebook dos presidenciáveis nas eleições de 2018
Authors: De Quadros Doacir Gonçalves , Silva Pedro Felipe
Published: November 2022

Este artigo analisa o uso de campanha negativa na rede social Facebook pelos cinco principais candidatos à Presidência do Brasil durante o pleito de 2018, comparando o uso, a relevância e as estratégias predominantes no uso da rede social. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da coleta de postagens pelo aplicativo Netvizz, sendo 1.678 durante o primeiro turno e 162 postagens no segundo turno, totalizando 1.840. Em primeiro lugar, por meio da grade de Aggio (2011), essas postagens foram classificadas em 11 categorias, uma das quais é a campanha negativa. Em seguida, foram analisados a partir da tipologia proposta por Steibel (2005), somente as postagens negativas, a fim de entender quem foram os alvos, que tipos de campanha negativa (ataque, crítica e comparação) realizaram-se e qual foi o espaço estratégico da campanha negativa dentro da campanha de cada candidato. Os resultados indicam que a campanha negativa foi pouco empregada no primeiro turno em virtude do grande número de candidatos e para evitar “efeito bumerangue”, no segundo turno o uso foi maior e que focou majoritariamente em aspectos pessoais em detrimento dos aspectos políticos.
Resenha do livro "O sequestro da independência: uma história da construção do mito do Sete de Setembro", de Carlos Lima Junior, Lilia Schwarcz e Lúcia K. Stumpf
Authors: De Almeida Rodrigo Estramanho
Published: November 2022

O sequestro da independência: uma história da construção do mito de Sete de Setembro, é o segundo trabalho do trio de pesquisadores – o historiador Carlos Lima Jr. e as antropólogas Lilia Schwarcz e Lúcia Stumpf – que mais uma vez se reúnem para produzir um ensaio cujo objeto é construído a partir de uma pintura do pintor brasileiro Pedro Américo (1843-1905). Em sua primeira empreitada, dedicou-se à ambivalência, entre ficção e não-ficção, da tela A Batalha do Avaí, a enorme pintura em que Américo retratou um episódio marcante da guerra do Paraguai. O resultado desse trabalho foi publicado em 2013 pela Sextante, sob o título homônimo da referida pintura do pintor paraibano.
Nota dos Editores
Authors: Tavares Luis Eduardo , Malina Pedro
Published: November 2022

O ano de 2022 marca importantes inflexões na história brasileira. Ano de encruzilhada de forças e projetos de país, em que se realizam eleições gerais para a troca ou manutenção do comando da república, trazendo à tona o choque entre tendências ideológicas em jogo e fazendo aflorar as ansiedades e violência políticas. Este é um ano crucial na definição dos rumos imediatos que o Brasil trilhará, num momento dramático da história do país, em meio à crise econômica e aos enfrentamentos de uma pandemia global, em que a sociedade brasileira encontra-se politicamente fraturada pelos acontecimentos da última década e sob o governo de uma extrema direita disruptivo com os valores democráticos.
Modernismos e resistências à modernização
Authors: De Castro Picelli Pedro
Published: November 2022

Construo o presente artigo com o propósito de esboçar uma resposta, através do romance Mademoiselle Cinema: novella de costumes do momento que passa (1922) de Benjamim Costallat, à indagação deste Dossiê. Qual seja, “que reflexões e avaliações sobre os projetos e utopias de Brasil podem ser feitas a partir do pensamento político, social e estético brasileiro, instilados por estes eventos históricos e na atual encruzilhada em que o país se encontra?” Pretendo desenvolver meus argumentos por meio da análise sociológica da forma do romance. Isto é, enquanto chave de acesso à reflexão de determinados grupos sobre os processos sociais em compasso ao “próprio modo como classes diferentes, com pontos de vistas diferentes, confluem em uma situação histórica concreta” (WAIZBORT, 2007, p.67). Neste percurso argumentativo, procurarei observar em quais sentidos se realizaram as condições intelectuais para o desenvolvimento de uma crítica conservadora à modernização brasileira republicana, expressa neste romance enquanto um objeto heurístico da reflexão. E, sobretudo, como ele deu suporte aos próprios processos sociais em meio aos dinamismos culturais que tiveram em 1922 seu catalisador simbólico.
formação identitária do negro no interdiscurso
Authors: Da Silva Eduardo Alves
Published: November 2022

Considerando a Análise do Discurso, propomos neste artigo a formação da identidade negra em diversas situações envolvendo preconceitos em função da linguagem utilizada. A caracterização da figura no negro no interdiscurso parece se constituir de uma pluralidade de sentidos, que se estende desde a leitura imediata às várias vozes discursivas até uma espécie de concretização em sua manifestação circunstancial levando em consideração aspectos sociais, econômicos, culturais e políticos. Através da etnolinguistica, braço da linguística que se preocupa com grupos étnicos, e baseado numa metodologia indiciária (GINZBURG, 1989), propomos entender como a simbologia do negro é fundamentada numa série situações conceptuais intermediadas pela linguagem.
Palavras-Chave: Paradigma indiciário. Análise do discurso. Identidade negra.
Macular Complications of Behcet Disease: What to Expect?
Authors: Akioud Wafae , Hamzi Abderrahmane , Khamaily Mehdi , Mozari Yassine , Oubaaz Abdelbarre
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To determine the rate of incidence and the most common type of macular complications in patients with Behcet disease.

Methods: In this monocentric retrospective clinical study we examined all patients diagnosed with Behcet disease between April 2018 and April 2022 (150 patients). Each individual would undergo a complete ophthalmological examination, a fundus retinography, OCT scan and fluorescein angiography.

Results: 54 patients of 150 presented a macular complication (36%). The macular involvement was bilateral in 49 patients. 60% of patients presented with an initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of equal or less than 1/10. The most common types of maculopathy found in our study was cystoid macular edema (60.4% of patients), macular degeneration (32%), macular hole (5.3%) and serous retinal detachment/epimacular membrane (2.3%).

Conclusion: Macular involvement is very common in Behcet syndrome evolution and is responsible for severe and, most often, irreversible sight loss. Therefore a proper and early management of the disease is mandatory in order to minimize visual impairment.
Terson’s Syndrome: Never Let It Slide! (A Case Report)
Authors: Akioud Wafae , Hamzi Abderrahmane , Khamaily Mehdi , Mozarie Yassine , Oubaaz Abdelbarre
Published: November 2022

Terson's syndrome is defined by an intraocular (vitreous, retinal or retrohyaloid) hemorrhage, consequent to an acute intracranial bleeding or a sudden elevated intracranial pressure. Undiagnosed early, Terson's syndrome can be responsible for serious ocular complication that can leads to complete vision loss.

We report a 57 year old patient representing Terson's syndrome after an acute rupture of an aneurysm of the right sylvian artery. The rapid diagnosis and management of Terson's syndrome in our patient’s case allowed for a quick recovery and a better prognosis. Therefore, the importance of always thinking of Terson's syndrome a a possible diagnosis upon such clinical presentation.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATERI SENI RUPA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VII DI SMPN 02 RANAH AMPEK HULU TAPAN
Authors: Yunita Putri Okta , Sandra Yofita
Published: November 2022

Okta Yunita Putri (2020): The Influence of Using Audio Visual Media on Learning Outcomes of  Class VII Students in Visual Arts at SMPN 02 Ranah Ampek Hulu Tapan. Thesis Department of Fine Arts, FBS UNP. This research was conducted in order to find out the purpose of the effect of the use of audio visual media on the learning outcomes of class VII students in SMPN 02 Ranah Ampek Hulu Tapan. The method used in this research is quasi-experimental (quasi-experimental) and in this study using a Non Equivalent Control Group Design. The sampling design used was purposive sampling. After all tests are carried out, the Sig value can be obtained. (2-tailed as much as (0.003 <0.005) and the post-test tcount of 3.102, greater than ttable (0.3102> 2,000), then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, therefore the learning outcomes of the experimental group are significantly different Compared with the control group, the researcher concluded that the use of Audio Visual media had a positive (good) effect and significantly different on the learning outcomes of students in the learning process of visual art material for class VII at SMPN 02 Ranah Ampek Hulu Tapan.Keywords : Media, Audio Visual, Learning Outcomes, Fine Arts
PHONOSEMANTICS: PHONEMES OF MODERN GREEK CAN EXPRESS INHERENT MEANINGS?
Authors: Tilikidou Elpida
Published: November 2022

There are four categories of phonological iconicity (sound symbolism or phonosemantics): lexical and non-lexical onomatopoeia (direct phonological iconicity), associative and phonaesthetic iconicity (indirect phonological iconicity). This paper focuses on the third category, the examples of indirect associative phonological iconicity with examples of onomatopoeic words from Modern Greek, which are connected with concepts that refer to acoustic but also to non-acoustic experiences. Indirect, associative connection of consonants and vowels with specific or abstract concepts is based on the phonological characteristics of these phonemes (sonority, manner of articulation, etc.).
《古書通例》補論
Authors: 李 銳
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
俞嘉錫先生的《古書通例》之通觀達識，因近年來簡串古書的出土而越來越被人們重視。然而余先生當時尚未見到大批的簡串古書，他也因為反對當時所流行的疑偽書思潮，而在書中有有為言之之處。於今來看，他的說法既有可資補充之處，也有個別需要商榷之處。
Yu Jiaxi’s (1884-1955) comprehensive views and insights in his General Structure of Ancient Documents, a monograph first published in 1940, have been drawing more and more attention with the recent excavation of lost texts preserved in bamboo strips, silk inscriptions and ancient books. Although Yu did not see this large volume of material, he purposely expressed his opposition to the then-prevalent skepticism toward the authenticity of ancient books. While his theory has made an undeniable contribution to today’s scholarship, some of his views require cautious re-examination.
《詩》《書》古義與金文新證二則
Authors: 鄧 佩玲
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

《詩》、《書》成書甚早，其文辭古雅，歷代學者多有《詩》、《書》難明之嘆。比年以來，考古學發展迅速，出土文獻材料與曰俱增，且多爲先賢所未曾獲睹。二十世紀初，王靜安先生嘗提出著名之“二重證據法”，謂以今日之新發現、新材料、新學問補足、印證，乃至修訂傳世文獻、古籍之記述。從今日新見之青銅器銘文可知，金文用語形式更靈活多變，不拘一格，細審其用詞、用語，實有不少能與《詩》、《書》等先秦古籍參照比觀者，吾人固可藉此契機，將兩者作比觀發明，互補有無。因此，本文以新見金文材料與傳世文獻作相互印證，從而對《詩》“假以溢我”及《書》“乃命寧予以秬鬯二卣”二語之語義內涵作重新探討。

The books Shijing and Shangshu have an early history of formation, and due to its usage of antique wordings and sentence structure, various scholars had expressed great regrets at their difficulties in understanding. In recent years, since the prosperous development in archeology, a huge amount of long-lost documents have been discovered and excavated. In the early 20th century, the reputed scholar Wang Kuo-wei had proposed his famous theory of “dual attestation”, advocating the application of new findings, new materials and new knowledge to supplement, verify or even revise the received documents. As shown by the bronze inscriptions newly found, though their language structures are diverse and unstable, a number of which could also be recognized coherent and consistent with those found in received texts such as Shijing and Shangshu. Taking such critical opportunity, we could surly compare the two for the sake of acquiring a better understanding on their language. Therefore, this paper aims at re-examining the meaning of the phrases "jia yi yi wo" in Shijing and “nai ming ning yu yi ju chang er you” in Shangshu by undertaking a mutual verification between the excavated and the received documents.
傅斯年的史學思想
Authors: 朱 淵清
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

傅斯年是中國近現代思想學街史上著名學者。他創辦史語所開創了中國現代文科學衍。傅斯年提出的“史學即史料學”是一種現代史學的方法理論，提倡以史料為導向進入過去事實，主張史學研究應該從事考證和考古，而免於意識形態和政治關係的干擾。本文論述了傅斯年史學思想的內容和形成，并就傅斯年的科學思想、“史料”概念、歷史學和語言學的關係、考古學以及詮據法五個方面予以解讀分析和理解的批評。

Fu Sinian (1896-1950) was an eminent scholar in early modern Chinese intellectual history. His establishment of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, marks the advent of modem liberal arts scholarship. His modern methodology is revealed in his theory that “the study of history is the same as the study of historical sources.” He advocated that historical sources be used as a guide to enter the past world and that the study of history be related to archeology and textology but free from the interference of ideology and politics. The present essay discusses the content and the formation of Fu Sinian’s study of history. The discussion will focus on the interpretation, analysis, comprehension, and critique of five aspects, namely his scientific thought, concept of “historical resources,” the relationship between history and linguistics, archeology, and evidence method.
晚明朋友楷模的重寫：馮夢龍《三吉》中的友倫故事
Authors: 黃 衛總
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
晚明是一個友道大興的時代。但友道的興盛也使得友倫與五倫中的其他人倫關係之間的矛盾日益突出。本文試圖通過對馮夢龍《三言》中幾則有關友倫故事的解讀來探討晚明士人對友倫既熱衷又焦慮的悖論態度。
The Late Ming was a historical period when friendship was celebrated with unprecedented enthusiasm. However, such celebration also helped intensify the long-standing conflicts between friendship and other human relationships as defined in the Confucian notion of wulun or “the five cardinal human relationships." This essay is a reading of several stories focusing on friendship by Feng Menglong to explore some of the implications of the ambivalence toward friendship shared among many literati at that time.
堅實與脆弱一一析西西的《碗》
Authors: 王 良和
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文以文本細讀的方法，結合叙事學的理論，深入分析西西小説《碗》的人物形象、内心世界、隱喻、象徵、意象、性别議題，并探討交叉叙述手法在文中的作用，四段獨白構成怎樣的對話關係；通過多向的分析揭示小説豐富的意涵，并窺探《碗》與小説家西西的關係。

This essay applies close reading to “Bowl”, a novel by Xi Xi, drawing upon narrative theory, to analyze its characterization, the psychology of its characters, and the metaphors, symbols, imagery, and gender issues of the novel. It also explores how the interaction of the four monologues in the novel forms a Bakhtinian dialogue and its significance, in an attempt to unravel the multiple meanings of the work and the relationship between the novel and the novelist.
許進雄：《許進雄古文字論集》
Authors: 翁 餘漢
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

許進雄（1941一），臺灣高雄人，畢業於“國立”臺灣大學（下簡稱臺大）中文研究所，在學中受業於金祥恒（1918—1991）、李孝定（1918—1997）、屈萬里（1907—1979）諸先生，深於文字、甲骨之業。1968年受聘於加拿大多倫多市皇家安大略博物館遠東部，負責整理館藏的商代甲骨文字。1977年起在多倫多大學東亞系教授中國文字學、經學史、中國古代社會等課程。許先生於1996年仟臺大中文系教授，2006年轉任世新大學中文系教授，講授中國文字學、甲骨學、中國古代社會、中國文物等課程。許先生對甲骨研究特别專精，發現以甲骨鑽鑿型態爲根據的斷代方法，被中國河南省安陽博物苑甲骨展覽廳評爲對甲骨學有貢獻的二十五名學者之一。作者著作甚豐，計有《殷卜辭中五種祭祀的研究》（臺北：臺灣大學文史叢刊，1968年）、《卜骨上鑽鑿形態的研究》（臺北：藝文印書館，1973年）、《明義士所藏甲骨文字》（多倫多：安大略省博物館，1977年）、《中國古代社會》（臺北：商務印書館，修訂本，1995年，有中、韓、英文版）、《簡明中國文字學》（臺北：學海出版社，修訂版，2002年）、《古事雜談》（臺北：商務印書館，1991年）等十多本專著及四十多篇論文。北京中華書局爲推動兩岸學術交流，近年致力於出版海外學者，特别是臺灣學者的著作，以收交流互勵之效。今中華書局出版《許進雄古文字論集》（北京：中華書局，2010年），使海内外學者得見許先生詳稽博辨之文，并進一步認識其跨學科綜合分析之法。本文嘗試分析論文集之特色，以助讀者窺其堂奥。(撮要取自內文首段)
野村鮎子、成田靜香：《臺灣女性研究の挑戰》
Authors: 喬 玉鈺
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

以20世紀60年代美國新女權運動的開展爲肇端，對於女性的關注逐步上升到學術研究層面，女性研究不但在美國、加拿大、西歐諸國迅速勃興，也波及到日本、中國臺灣和中國大陸地區。特別是20世紀80年代以來，“性別視角伴隨著婦女研究的深入拓展廣爲傳播，由邊緣進入主流，成爲‘顯學’甚至‘熱學’”。[1]本書出版的契機源自日本關西中國女性史研究會主辦的“臺灣女性研究論壇”，由2007至2009，歷時兩年，參加者皆爲活躍在臺灣第一綫的性别學研究者、社會活動家或女性主義官僚（Femocrat）。[2]收録的九篇論文中除少數根據已發表論文修改增删外，其餘皆是專門爲該論壇撰寫并首次刊發。本書最大的特色在於每篇論文之後附有論文翻譯者撰寫的“解題”。執筆者作爲相同研究領域的日本學者，不局限於簡單的評論和解説，而是以學術敏感性和旁觀者的視角自出機杼，彌補了本土學者進行本土研究時的盲點，展現了中國大陸、中國臺灣和日本在女性問題上存在的共通與相異，也在異文化的碰撞中激蕩出靈感的火花。(撮要取自內文首段)
范紅霞：《柳詒徵文化思想研究》
Authors: 區 志堅
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.
20世紀80年代，國内學界在文化大革命後，既有主張輸入西學，打開通向西方的大門者，也有人主張從本土文化汲取現代化的養份，討論焦點爲中西文化論爭，“傳統”與“現代化”的互動問題。及後，在“啓蒙”及“全盤反傳統”話語的强勢影響下，奉五四運動發表激烈批評中國傳統文化的學者爲“新文化”之代表，如胡適、陳獨秀、顧頡剛等，而反對“新文化”學者的言論，被指爲“保守”，研究上處於邊緣地位；至90年代，亞洲四小龍經濟蓬勃，帶動學界逐步肯定儒家人文精神與現代化的關係，多注意中西文化的調和及中國文化的價值，由“文化熱”走向“國學熱”，肯定中國傅統學術的價值，先後出版多套以“國學大師”及“國學”爲名的叢書，反過來肯定“保守”學者的言論，又肯定以新方法闡明中國文化特色及融化中外新知的觀點，帶動研究陳寅恪及學衡派等，不少被劃爲“文化保守主義者”之列的學者如錢穆及柳詒徵等，再次受到重視。踏進千禧年，在全球化及現代性的研究風氣下，更肯定區域的主體性與現代化的關係，加上中國崛興，從而多注意中國文化的價值，國内大量興起國學研究院、國學講座、國學網、國學博客、電視國學等，國學熱下，不斷涌現“跟大師學國學”、“國學語絲”、“近現代國學資料叢書”等，曾批評五四時“新文化”言論的學者柳詒徵，由被忽視至受到重視。於2010年出版的范紅霞《柳詒徵文化思想研究》，就是在這種學術氛圍下誕生的成果。作者深入探討柳氏的多元思想，比較柳氏與同時人治史及思想的異同，對於暸解民國時期“文化保守主義”學者的精神面貌，甚有裨益。(撮要取自內文首段)
元代佛典《佛説目連救母經》向《目連寶卷》與閩北目連戲的文學性演變
Authors: 田仲 一成
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

元代佛典《佛説目連救母經》（下面略稱爲《目連救母經》）1304年前在浙江寧波出版，之後1346年在日本復刻。中國的原本早就失傳，日本的復刻本却藏在京都金光寺。作者據金光寺所藏本分析，獲得如下的結論：1. 復刻本的文章跟鄭振鐸在《中國俗文學史》中所引《目連救母出離地獄升天寶卷》（下面簡稱爲《目連寶卷》）相同的部分不少。2. 《目連救母經》之中，目連的母親劉氏名字稱爲四真。《目連寶卷》也一樣。閩北莆田目連戲之中，劉氏名字爲四真，可見其繼承於《目連救母經》。閩南目連戲之中，劉氏名字爲世真，大致受閩北劇本的影響。其他地區的目連戲劇本之中，看不見四真這個系統的名字。可見閩北目連戲文本是在元代《目連救母經》（可能經過《目連寶卷》）的影響之下成立的。3. 莆田目連戲末尾演出妙善公主（觀音）的故事，是繼承《香山寶卷》的。4. 據這些事實綜合起來説，莆田目連戲是直接繼承元代《目連救母經》而成立的，而且很可能是受到喜歡寶卷的閩北女子的影響而在元末明初成立的。至少可以推斷，它是明代後期（1582年）成書的鄭之珍本以前的早期目連戲民間劇本。

The Foshuo Mulian jiumu jing (Sutra of Buddha’s Sermon on Mahāmaudgalyāyana’s Rescue of His Mother) was first published in 1304 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, but later became lost in China. It was reprinted and published in Japan in 1346, and this edition is now preserved in Kōkōji Buddhist Monastery in Kyoto. The present article is a study of this edition and draws the following conclusions:

The Ming-dynasty Mulian jiumu baojuan (Precious Scroll of How Mulian Saved His Mother) cited in Zheng Zhenduo’s (1898-1958) History of Chinese Vernacular Literature contains several parts which are identical with the Foshuo Mulian jiumu jing.

In both the Putian Mulian Play and Precious Scroll, the name of Mulian’s mother is given as Liu Sizhen. This name originates in the Foshuo Mulian jiumu jing. In the Mulian plays circulated in southern Fukien, the mother’s name is Shizhen. This might have been inherited from northern Fukien plays, in which the name was adopted from the Mulian jiumu jing. This name is not found in plays from other regions. It is thus observed that the northern Fukien plays were established under the influence of the Mulian jiumu jing, albeit via the Precious Scroll.

The end of the Putian Mulian Play contains the story of Princess Miaoshan, a variant name of Bodhisattva Guanyin. This was derived from the Xiangshan Precious Scroll.

The three points above allow the conclusion that the Putian Mulian Play was derived from the Mulian jiumu jing. It appeared around late Yuan and early Ming times, most likely because Northern Fukien women were fond of precious scroll literature. It may at least be inferred that the Putian Mulian Play is the oldest extant Mulian drama text, which took shape before the Zheng Zhizhen (1518-1595) 1582 version.
王引之《經義述聞•國語上》斠正
Authors: 蕭 敬偉 , 郭 鵬飛
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

高郵王念孫、王引之父子，爲乾嘉樸學的代表人物。二王以其深湛的小學修爲，出入於經典之中，屢有創獲，其《經義述聞》更是經學名著，影響深遠。然而，在辯解疑難之餘，亦偶見未安之處，如文義的理解、字形的掌握或語法的分析等，均有值得商榷的例子。今就《經義述聞•國語上》，擇其可議之處，加以檢討，以察其問題所在。

Wang Niansun (1744-1832) and his son Wang Yinzhi (1766-1834) of Gaoyou (in modern Jiangsu province) were both representatives of the Qianlong-Jiaqing (mid 18th to early 19th centuries) intellectual school. Their expertise in philology enabled them to read the classics with unprecedented insights. Their Jingyi Shuwen (General Exegeses of the Classics) marks their highest accomplishment. Although the book is highly influential, it is not free from errors in the comprehension of texts, and in etymological and syntactic analyses. This essay focuses on some such examples taken from the chapter on the Guoyu (Discourses of the States) (part 1) and discusses the nature of these problems.
東海絲綢之路史疏
Authors: 李 傳江
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

我國東部沿海居民很早就進行海上航行活動，并在一定程度上打通了東部沿海各港口的交通航路，他們在進行海上民間貿易往來的同時，也促進了東海絲綢之路的形成。隨著齊魯蠶桑業的逐步興盛，海上絲綢貿易活動中心漸漸由南海北移，而海州灣等天然良港的特殊地理位置也爲東海絲綢之路的繁盛提供了必不可少的先决條件。

The inhabitants of China’s eastern seaboard initiated maritime navigation very early, and to a certain extent opened up sea routes from the ports along the coast. While engaging in private trade along sea routes, they also brought about the formation of the Silk Road in the East China Sea. Accompanying the gradual rise of sericulture in the Shandong (traditionally called Qilu) region, the center of maritime silk exchange gradually shifted northward. The special location of Haizhou Bay and other natural harbors was an indispensable precondition to the flourishing of the Silk Road in the East China Sea.
晚清女性紅樓接受的社會學探討
Authors: 王 力堅
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

晚清女性紅樓接受的主要表現形式爲題詠，由此所展示的種種生活／社會／情感／文學形態的表現，似乎是强化／放大了《紅樓夢》的言情／虚幻元素、乃至頽廢／誨淫元素所致，或許折射出一種中國式的舊時代世紀末情緒，而其間亦不免醖釀著某種新時代創世紀的潛在意藴。晚清女性社會形態從傳統閨閣文化的主流，分化出都市化甚或青樓化的支流。這麽一個趨向，其實也是當時《紅樓夢》接受文化的發展大勢。上海青樓文化的現代性演進，主要的標識，就是攙入了大量的《紅樓夢》元素，文士冶游典雅化與紅樓題詠青樓化互爲發明。由此也反映了晚清女性生活形態，逐漸趨向於社會化、世俗化。

The reception of Hongloumeng among women in the late Qing era primarily took the form of poetic composition. The various representations of lifestyles, society, emotions, and literature in these poems seems to have intensified the sentimental and fantastic elements, and even the decadent or erotic qualities, in Hongloumeng. Perhaps this reflects a Chinese form of fin-de-siècle mood, but also a latent sense of a new world being created. The society of late-Qing women was an offshoot of the traditional boudoir society, an urban or courtesan society. This tendency was central to Hongloumeng reception. The modernistic transformation of courtesan culture of Shanghai was marked primarily by the introduction of elements from Hongloumeng. There were two complementary trends as the entertainment of the literati became more refined, and poetry on Hongloumeng was increasingly devoted to the demimonde. This also reflect the tendency of late Qing women’s lifestyles to become part of the larger society.
王韜與近代早期香港華文報刊業———《循環日報》創辦緣起考
Authors: 蕭 永宏
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

《循環日報》的成功創辦，與作爲重要創辦人之一的王韜在《循環日報》創辦前比較深地介入香港華文報刊業密切相關。在此期間，王韜近代報刊輿論意識的形成，王韜與香港報界、商界和華人社會中知識人士的廣泛交往所建立的良好關係，王韜在《香港近事編録》報館多年歷練所積累的豐富的辦報經驗和鑄就的鮮明的辦報風格，都不同程度地爲《循環日報》的成功創辦提供了必要的思想動力、人事財政保障以及相應的業務基礎。這些諸多條件的獲得和具備是促成《循環日報》成功創辦的主要原因。

The successful establishment of the Xunhuan ribao (Universal Circulating Herald) was closely related to the active participation in Hong Kong’s Chinese press of Wang Tao, one of the most important founders of the newspaper. Wang Tao provided the essential intellectual motive, financial security, and entrepeneurial basis of the paper in its early stage. For Wang Tao had an awareness of the role of the early modern press, extensive contacts with important figures throughout journalistic and business circles, and also abundant experience working for Jinshi bianlu (Contemporary Affairs). These were the primary reasons that the Xunhuan ribao could be founded successfully.
“充餘之美”———唐君毅先生論中國藝術精神
Authors: 文 潔華
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文主要以唐君毅先生《中國文化之精神價值》一書中的豐富論點，闡釋其謂藝術爲人生之“餘事”或“充餘之美”的概念。本文首先指出唐君毅先生的美學觀，離不開其黑格爾模態的“客體化”觀點，以及其結合儒家心性論的特殊性，并先從唐君毅先生論美感經驗的根源處開始探討。本文揭示了唐先生的心性觀如何使他論審美經驗時，强調一種“内在化的模式”，也就是主體“統體的覺攝”活動。此覺攝展示了客體相，其後心意活動才對客體作出“選擇與剖判”。本文指出，如此唐先生談審美經驗并非否定了主客關係，而是更上一層，先從形上的超越心體抽離覺攝的内容，并使其客體化之後開始欣賞客體，此乃唐先生所説的内心情調之客觀化。本文依此進一步理解其如何説中國藝術乃表現整個人之性情胸襟這一觀點，以及藝術如何根植於個人生命及精神活動之興趣，而對其所嚮往之形式有特定之要求。本文并由此超越心覺的活動理解中國藝術的“藏、修、息、游”，以及“充餘之美”的觀念。

This article bases its discussion on Tang Zunyi’s aesthetics ideas in his representative work, The Spiritual Values of Chinese Culture. It investigates how Tang’s aesthetics has integrated Hegel’s philosophical ideas and the philosophy of mind in Neo-Confucianism, which has formulated his discussion of the origin of aesthetic experience. The article demonstrates Tang’s focus on the immanent sphere of the transcendental mind, in which the objectification of the mind takes place only after the subject’s primal experience, or its first encounter with things. Tang describes this transcendental experience as the “totality of intuition”, hence comes the division of the subject and the object, and the functions and the activities of the subject onto the object, which includes the aesthetic attitude. The article further explicates Tang’s reading of the various notions of Chinese aesthetics based on the nature of the origin of aesthetic experience, and his notion of the “beauty of abundance”. This meaningful concept helps to understand the inter-relation between (moral) personality and artistic expression in the aesthetics discourses of Tang Zunyi.
“何論”考
Authors: 李 成晴
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

陸游《老學庵筆記》對唐人科考“何論”的記載屬於誤解，“何論”是唐人對何晏《論語集解》的省稱，或徑指《論語》，而非陸游所推測的比較型論説文。兩宋科考中的確有比較型論説文一類文題，但在北宋以前無專名，在南宋則常以“如何論”爲題名。

In his Miscellanies of the Old Student’s Studio, Lu You (1125-1210) presents a misunderstanding of the term “He lun,” which occurs in the context of the Tang-dynasty imperial examination system. Lu surmises that the term refers to a specific type of argumentative essay requiring the literary devices of comparing and contrasting. In fact, the term was used by Tang people as an abbreviation of He Yan’s (d. 249) Collected Commentaries on Confucius’ Analects. In some cases it simply refers to the Analects itself. In the Tang-Song period, there were indeed essay questions needing to be answered in the form of comparison when making arguments in the imperial examinations. Nonetheless, no proper name was assigned to this specific essay type prior to the Northern Song (960-1127). It was often referred to as “the way to argue” (ru he lun) in the Southern Song (1127-1279).
文道與文法：汪琬古文理論再探
Authors: 李 向昇
Published: November 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

汪琬的古文理論，最核心的部分是文道與文法之間的關係，然而學界對此尚未有全面的梳理。論者或以汪琬與陳僖的論爭爲據，如青木正兒，以爲其文論主法；或以其散見觀點爲據，如郭預衡，則以爲其文論主道，未有客觀的總結。即便二者兼而論之，如郭紹虞、王運熙、顧易生諸位，則以爲汪琬既主文道又主文法的古文理論是自相矛盾的。然本文以爲，汪琬主文又主道的古文理論不僅不矛盾，並且是其古文理論的一大特點。本文將首先從汪琬與陳僖的論爭切入，還原這場論爭之始末，並旁及汪琬其他的文章，提出從道、經、文不同層次來理解汪琬的古文理論，認爲道仍然是其古文理論的核心，而文是其從創作的角度來探討古文的面向，仍然在道的統轄之下，消解其矛盾。其次，結合明末清初文學思潮的綫索，揭示汪琬的古文理論在廣受性靈文學思潮影響的時代，對回歸古文傳統、追溯唐宋文脈的清初古文所産生的重要意義。

There has yet to be a comprehensive study of the relationship between “literature” (wen) and “the Way” (dao), which forms a core theme in Wang Wan’s (1624-90) theory on classical prose. In his discussion of the debate between Wang and Chen Xi (early Qing), Aoki Masaru holds that Wang’s theory mainly concerns “method” (fa). Making no objective conclusion, Guo Yuheng discusses Wang’s sporadic views in his writing and observes that Wang advocates “the Way” in his theory. Some scholars, such as Guo Shaoyu, Wang Yunxi, and Gu Yisheng, assume that Wang’s advocacy is on both “the Way” and “method” but his theory is self-contradictory. This paper argues that Wang’s combination of “literature” and “the Way” is not contradictory, rather, it makes a prominent feature in his theory on classical prose. This study begins with a reconstruction of the details of the debate between Wang and Chen Xi. Based on a survey-analysis of Wang’s other writings, I propose that one should observe Wang’s theory by considering three levels of his thinking about the classics (jing), the Way, and literature. There are two tasks in this paper. First, I argue that the Way remains central in Wang’s theory, that literature is a means by which he investigates the characteristics of classical prose, and that literature is subordinated to the Way, therefore the alleged contradiction is resolved. Second, by tracing the intellectual trends of the transitional period between the Ming and Qing dynasties, I show that Wang’s literary thought was formed in a time when literature was mainly under the influence of “writing one’s inner nature and soul.” This exerted significant influence on early Qing prose, which made a return to classical prose tradition especially hankering after the Tang-Song legacy.