bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À la recherche de l' ἄν perdu: les syntagmes avec ἄχρι(ς) et μέχρι(ς) dans Galien
Authors: García Novo Elsa
Published: June 2019

El empleo de ἄχρι(ς) y μέχρι(ς) por Galeno tiene las características siguientes. 1. Ante vocal escribe ἄχρις y μέχρις. 2. Utiliza ἄχρι(ς) después de consonante y μέχρι(ς) después de vocal. 3. Cuando estos adverbios introducen una oración temporal, se refieren a presente-futuro y llevan Subjuntivo con ἄν. El aspecto verbal suele ser Aoristo y por lo tanto el significado es “hasta que”; a veces el aspecto es Presente y el significado “mientras”. 4. Galeno usa ἄχριπερ y μέχριπερ seguidos de ἄν y Subjuntivo. Según el TLG es el primer escritor que emplea ἄχριπερ. Probablemente tomó μέχριπερ de Platón, y acuñó ἄχριπερ para atenerse a su norma de emplear ἄχρι(ς) después de consonante y μέχρι(ς) después de vocal. 5. En función de estos datos sugiero errores en la transmisión y sus causas. 6. El Pseudo-Galeno es ajeno a estos rasgos.
Enfermedad de Parkinson y demencia, calidad de vida y sobrecarga del cuidador. Intervención multidisciplinaria en Atención Primaria
Authors: Rossón Sebastián , Fuentealba Claudia , Hormazábal Cristián , Villena Carolina , Brieba Francisca
Published: June 2019

Introducción: Objetivos del tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson y la demencia son controlar síntomas, conservar funcionalidad y calidad de vida de pacientes y cuidadores y disminuir la sobrecarga del cuidador. Terapia ocupacional y educación tienen utilidad. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención multidisciplinaria en la calidad de vida de cuidadores y pacientes con demencia y/o Parkinson y en la sobrecarga del cuidador. Materiales y método: Diseño cuasi-experimental, 29 pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson y/o demencia, comuna Vitacura y sus cuidadores. Evaluación de calidad de vida del paciente y cuidador mediante escala WHOQOLBREF y SF-36 respectivamente y la sobrecarga del cuidador mediante escala Zarit. Se realizó intervención con sesiones educativas, talleres de autoayuda y actividades integrativas. Se realizó terapia ocupacional en domicilio. Análisis estadístico con SPSS® versión 17. Resultados: La sobrecarga del cuidador disminuyó significativamente (diferencia promedio de 22 puntos escala Zarit, p
Diferencia de precios entre las distintas marcas de medicamentos y los medicamentos genéricos comentario de estudio hecho por ANADEUS
Authors: Cienfuegos Jorge
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: Divulgar entre los investigadores en salud pública algunas propuestas de gráficos estadísticos multivariantes, tales como las caras de Chernoff, los gráficos de estrella, las curvas de Andrews y gráficos de radar.Material y método: Los gráficos estadísticos multivariantes propuestos son aplicados para describir los Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile, año 2010, (n=29) en base a información cuantitativa de dimensión p=7; ellos son procesados usando software estadísticos standard como R, STATA y SAS.Resultados: La descripción de los 29 Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile en base a información cuantitativa de dimensión siete, representados en cada uno de los gráficos multivariantes exhibidos, permite determinar conglomerados, estándares y tendencias.Conclusiones: La disponibilidad de eficientes software estadísticos sugiere complementar las indispensables estrategias de análisis exploratorio de nuestra información con representaciones gráficas adecuadas al contexto multidimensional que pueden ayudar a alcanzar una mejor comprensión del problema de interés. La síntesis gráfica generada por la aplicación de gráficos estadísticos multivariantes para describir los Sistemas de Salud Públicos de Chile complementa nuestro conocimiento de este aspecto de la realidad nacional, puede sugerir algunas hipótesis, refutar otras y ayudar en la interpretación de resultados complejos. Naturalmente esto es extensible a muchas otras situaciones de interés para el investigador salubrista.
Hacia una estrategia de participación en y para la salud mental: escuela de monitores en salud mental comunitaria La Pintana
Authors: Encina Esteban , Minoletti Alberto
Published: June 2019

El artículo presenta el desarrollo y evaluación preliminar de la iniciativa Escuela de Monitores en Salud Mental Comunitaria, iniciativa pionera implementada desde 2011 en la comuna de La Pintana de Santiago, orientada a promover la participación comunitaria en salud pública a través de la formación de monitores en salud mental comunitaria. Se describen datos preliminares relativos a tasas de graduación, adherencia a la escuela, encuestas de satisfacción y análisis FODA. Asimismo, se detallan las condiciones para el levantamiento de un proyecto de esta naturaleza, con foco en la articulación tripartita entre el Centro de Salud Mental (COSAM), la Universidad y las Organizaciones Comunitarias. Se discuten las limitaciones y proyecciones de esta iniciativa, enfatizando los rendimientos que la participación comunitaria comporta para los desafíos de la salud mental y el bienestar en el Chile contemporáneo.
Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en estudiantes universitarios de primer año
Authors: Molina Ramiro , Sepúlveda Rodrigo , Carmona Rodrigo , Molina Temístocles , Mac-Ginty Scarlett
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) en estudiantes universitarios de primer año. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico en estudiantes de 17 a 18 años de primer año de 14 Facultades, 2 Institutos y 1 Programa de Bachillerato. Se aplicó el test Kidscreen-52, enviado por correo electrónico a 3.738 estudiantes. Contestaron 1.277 (34,16%). Análisis con programa WINSTEPS y expresión con puntajes Rasch. Resultados: Las dimensiones Bienestar Físico, Estado de Ánimo y Emociones y Autonomía con menos de 42 puntos Rasch, y otras dos, Bienestar Psicológico, Amigos y Apoyo Social tuvieron puntajes significativamente menores a lo encontrado en adolescentes chilenos de edad comparable, en mujeres, escolares de establecimientos municipales de bajo nivel socioeconómico, con Índice de Vulnerabilidad Escolar (IVE) o con discapacidad o problema de salud o enfermedad crónica. Las diferencias son mayores en Facultades con más demanda académica. Este primer estudio revela información no conocida, trascendente para estudiantes, académicos y sus autoridades. Se sospecha que posiblemente ocurre en otras universidades. Conclusiones: Los estudios de Calidad de Vida estudiantil son factibles de aplicar en instituciones de educación superior en beneficio de educandos y educadores. Este estudio es un insumo para diagnóstico y evaluación de las políticas salud y apoyo estudiantil y aporta a la orientación de la docencia. En el futuro podrían aplicarse instrumentos de medición de la Calidad de Vida en estudiantes de otras edades y en otros estamentos universitarios con test validados en Chile, combinado con estudios de Factores de Riesgo.
Factors affecting nurses’ work motivation level at a governmental hospital: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Baljoon Reem A. , Banjar Hasnah , Banakhar Maram
Published: June 2019

Background and aim: Nurses are working in different healthcare organizations; each healthcare organization has different organizational resources. Therefore, factors affecting nurses’ work motivation are varied among nurses in different healthcare organizations. The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting nurses’ work motivation levels at a governmental hospital in Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional design was used and recruited registered nurses (n = 280) who worked for at least one year of experience. The survey was distributed among registered nurses working in one governmental hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to measure nurses' work motivation level and to identify the affecting factors.Results: This study showed that nurses' work motivation level is affected by several personal and organizational factors. A positive relationship was found between higher order need strength and shared values and nurses' work motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic). This study revealed that there is a positive relationship between pay, promotion, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, co-workers, nature of work, communication and working conditions and nurses' work motivation level.Conclusions: There is a need to enhance and promote the motivational strategies within the current study setting by providing satisfactory remuneration, equitable benefits increase the chances of promotion and encourage supportive supervision. Additionally, there is a need to create healthy workplace environment that support co-workers relationship.
The Relationship Between Leisure Time Management and Perceptions of Boredom
Authors: Çakır Veli Ozan
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this research is to examine university students’ leisure time management and perceptions of boredomaccording to various factors and to put forward the relationship between those two concepts. The test group of theresearch has been selected with purposive sampling among students from Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty ofSport Sciences and 170 “Male” and 82 “Female” students with an average age of 21,71 ± 3,10 have volunteered totake part. In the research “Leisure Time Management Scale,” which has been developed by Wang et al. (2011) andadapted into Turkish by Akgül and Karaküçük (2015), and “Leisure Boredom Scale,” which has been developed byIso-Ahola and Weisseinger (1990), and adapted to Turkish by Kara et al. (2014), has been used. In order todetermine the personal information of participants the percentage and frequency methods; to determine whether thedata has normal distribution or not the Shapiro Wilks normalcy test has been applied and after concluding, that thedata is conformable with the parametric test conditions, MANOVA and Pearson Correlation tests have been used fordata analysis. According to the analysis; in view of gender variable, in both leisure time management and leisureboredom perceptions scale a significant difference has been observed (p<0.05). In view of age variable, in the“Programming” subdimension of leisure time management and in all subdimensions of leisure boredom perceptionscale a significant difference has been observed (p<0.05). In view of wealth variable, in the “Leisure time manner”and “Programming” subdimensions of leisure time management scale a significant difference has been observed butno difference has been observed in leisure time perception. Finally, a negative and meaningful relationship has beenobserved between the two scales. In conclusion it is possible to claim, that the leisure time management and boredomperception of participants has had significant differences in view of some variables and that when they can managetheir leisure time, they are satisfied.
Institutional Efficiency and Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries
Authors: Sayari Karima
Published: June 2019

The paper estimates the impact of institutions’ quality on the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to develop a new measure of quality of institutions: Institutional Efficiency Index (IEI). In order to appraise quantitatively the effect of institutional quality on FDI entry, we used a panel data regression analysis on a dataset covering 40 countries from different developing regions for which the necessary data were accessible during the period 2011-2015. The paper argues that the institutional efficiency, as a measure of institutional quality, enhances the attractiveness of developing countries to FDI.

The results of this paper suggest that FDI is mainly determined by institutional quality. A host country endowed with a high quality of institutions will be more attractive to foreign investors. In order to improve their competitiveness in term of attraction of foreign investment, developing countries should work more on providing a stable environment as well as on the transparency of policy implementation regarding the entry of multinational companies. 
Multi-lab intrinsic solubility measurement reproducibility in CheqSol and shake-flask methods
Authors: Avdeef Alex
Published: June 2019

This commentary compares 233 CheqSol intrinsic solubility values (log S0) reported in the Wiki-pS0 database for 145 different druglike molecules to the 838 log S0 values determined mostly by the saturation shake-flask (SSF) method for 124 of the molecules from the CheqSol set. The range of log S0 spans from -1.0 to -10.6 (log molar units), averaging at -3.8. The correlation plot between the two methods indicates r2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.34 log unit, and a slight bias of -0.07 log unit. The average interlaboratory standard deviation (SDi) is slightly better for the CheqSol set than that of the SSF set: SDiCS = 0.15 and SDiSSF = 0.24. The intralaboratory errors reported in the CheqSol method (0.05 log) need to be multiplied by a factor of 3 to match the expected interlaboratory errors for the method. The scale factor, in part, relates to the hidden systematic errors in the single-lab values. It is expected that improved standardizations in the ‘gold standard’ SSF method, as suggested in the recent ‘white paper’ on solubility measurement methodology, should make the SDi of both methods be about ~0.15 log unit. The multi-lab averaged log S0 (and the corresponding SDi) values could be helpful additions to existing training-set molecules used to predict the intrinsic solubility of drugs and druglike molecules.
Integracja uchodźczyń w świetle polityki integracyjnej Unii Europejskiej i doświadczeń tureckich
Authors: Braniewicz Oktawia , Kuźma Inga B. , Mirys-Kijo Karolina , Pietrzak Edyta
Published: June 2019

The article is the result of research conducted by the authors in the project The International Cooperation for Rehabilitation and Social Integration of Refugee in Turkey and Europe supported by Erasmus+ Programme and aimed at creating an innovative model of rehabilitation and integration of refuge women (implemented by the University of Gaziantep, Turkey) based on the experiences of partner countries.
The aim of the article is to analyse the specificity of mechanisms and integration models used in work with refugee women. Issues such as migration, legal status of refugee women, EU integration policy or European support programmes for refugee in the context of gender were examined using mixed research methods. The analysis was conducted from a transdisciplinary perspective: political, legal, social, anthropological and gender perspective.
A Gap Exposed: What Is Known About Sikh Victims of Domestic Violence Abuse (DVA) and Their Mental Health?
Authors: Kaur-Aujla Harjinder , Shain Farzana , Lillie A. Kate
Published: June 2019

There is emerging evidence that Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) has the potential to pose a real threat to the Sikh community as it seeks to ensure that gender equality is embraced within its religious practice. Nevertheless, the interface of domestic abuse and the distress it causes to Sikh female victims in relation to their mental health is barely explored within UK academic literature. From the existing literature on DVA and South Asian women, what we do know is that there may be a denial of the issue within communities due to shame and family exposure. We are aware of the high rates of suicide and self-harm that is prevalent within the South Asian culture, something often attributed to inter-familiar conflict. The pioneering community-led British Sikh Report or BSR (British Sikh Report 2017) surveyed 2000 Sikhs and found that seventy-two percent of Sikh-identifying males and females considered that violence and sexism affected British Sikh women’s lives. Notably, the type of violence was not particularised enough to be able to gain a full understanding and extent of the issue. A further eighty-three percent of male and female participants felt that women should be provided mental health support in Gurdwaras (temples). This grassroot report has been presented to Parliament and was pioneered by local MP’s and is clearly topical in terms of study.To date, we are aware of no UK-based academic study that focuses on the experiences of Sikh victims of abuse. This paper aims to extrapolate key generic studies on domestic abuse in the South Asian culture, in order to help formulate an initial understanding of issues involving domestic violence and mental health as it impacts Sikh women in Britain. Further recommendations for research within this community are presented.
The Development of a Stigma Support Intervention to improve the Mental Health of Family Carers of Autistic Children : Suggestions from the Autism Community
Authors: Lodder Annemarie , Papadopoulos Chris , Randhawa Gurch
Published: June 2019

Parents and family carers of autistic children report poorer mental health than any other parents. Stigma surrounding autism plays a significant role in the mental health of family carers of autistic children, often leaving families feeling isolated. Yet there are currently no interventions available to support families with stigma. In order to guide the design and development of an intervention to improve the psychological well-being of parents and carers of autistic children by addressing the stigma they may experience, we surveyed the autism community (n = 112) about their views and suggestions to make such intervention more successful. The thematic analysis of the qualitative responses revealed that respondents wished for public awareness to be raised and suggested that education would be the key to this. Respondents also – recommended that parental self-esteem and self-compassion skills should be increased and that they would benefit from ‘ready-made’ phrases or information available to react to instances of stigma from the public, other family members, and professionals. The autism community provided valuable suggestions to be incorporated in the design of a stigma support intervention for parents of autistic children, in order to improve their mental health and caregiving abilities.
The Roots of Trust
Authors: Mújdricza Ferenc
Published: June 2019

The present article addresses the question of the ‘roots’ of trust: a debate between cognitive and non-cognitive trust theories, ongoing since the dawn of modern theorising on trust. On the one side, there is the assumption of conceiving trust as a learnt capacity, based on Erikson’s concept of basic trust. On the other side is the hypothesis of innate, built-in trust. After a critical overview of the cognitive and non-cognitive approaches, given that neither side was able to build up a decisive argument, the paper proceeds to some relevant discoveries of the life sciences that serve as proofs of the concept. Michael Polányi’s principles of marginal control and boundary conditions help avoiding the pitfall of any reductionist determinism. The analysis results in a rejection of the early learning concept of the cognitive approaches. Trusting is proven to be an a priori given human faculty inscribed in our neurobiological system, but neither biologically, nor in any other way, entirely determined. The possibility to trust is always present in the human: the trusting being.
The Role of Sensation Seeking in Substance Use and Sporting among Female Teachers Training College Students
Authors: Pikó Bettina F. , Pinczés Tamás
Published: June 2019

Sensation seeking is a personality trait characterized by the need for novelty, adventure, and a general willingness to take risks. Young adults are more likely to seek sensations in high-risk situations, such as shared substance use among friends, risky sexual behavior, or sports. We know even less about any link between behaviors that are not necessarily risky (e.g., hobby sporting, occasional drinking, etc.) and gender characteristics. This paper explored the role of different dimensions of sensation seeking in female college students’ health behavior, including smoking, drinking, and active sporting. The sample consisted of female teachers training college students from Debrecen, Hungary (N = 171; mean age = 20.6, S.D. = 2.6 years). Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that the total score on the sensation seeking scale (BSSS-8) was related to all types of health behavior. Disinhibition (D) contributed to smoking and drinking, while other dimensions were also related to smoking. In addition, in active sporting Experience Seeking (ES) played a role. Focus on different dimensions of sensation seeking can be applied in health education programs, particularly for students (teacher training) whose health behavior may serve as an exemplar for children. As multiple analyses suggest, sport motivation can be elevated through satisfying the female students’ experience seeking, while skills training in disinhibition may help to reduce their substance use.
Succinate Dehydrogenase–Deficient Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmad , Chopra Shefali
Published: June 2019

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)–deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a subset of wild-type GIST that constitutes approximately 10% of gastric GISTs. SDH-mutated GISTs lack mutations in the proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (also known as KIT, c-KIT, or CD117) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR-α). These tumors have female predilection, affect children and young adults, and have a spectrum of behavior from indolent to progressive. These tumors have characteristic morphologic features including multinodular architecture, multiple tumors, lymphovascular involvement, and occasional lymph node metastasis. They can be seen in patients with Carney triad or Carney-Stratakis syndrome. Although a mutation in any one of the SDH subunits can be pathogenic, deficiency of a single subunit leads to loss of detectable SDH subunit B by immunohistochemistry, enabling a convenient, tissue-based screening method. The prognosis and the clinical course of these tumors is different from that of KIT- or PDGFR-α–mutated GISTs. Surgical management is considered the main line of treatment. SDH-mutated GISTs do not respond well to the common targeted therapy, with no objective tumor response to imatinib. The role of the pathologist in diagnosing these cases is imperative in management and subsequent follow-up.
Candida auris: An Emerging Yeast Pathogen Posing Distinct Challenges for Laboratory Diagnostics, Treatment, and Infection Prevention
Authors: Hata D. Jane , Humphries Romney , Lockhart Shawn R. ,   for the College of American Pathologists Microbiology Committee
Published: June 2019

Context.—

Candida auris is an emerging yeast species that was first described in 2009. This ascomycetous yeast is notable for resistance to azole antifungal agents, for environmental persistence, and for its ability to contaminate health care environments, resulting in patient colonization and nosocomial infections.

Objective.—

To review the state of current knowledge addressing challenges in the accurate identification of C auris in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory, including application of phenotypic, proteomic, and genomic methodologies; characteristics that may predispose the human host to acquiring C auris; transmission; clinical presentations; treatment modalities; environmental decontamination; and infection prevention in health care settings.

Data Sources.—

The PubMed search engine was used to access peer-reviewed literature published from 2009 to 2019.

Conclusions.—

The rapid emergence of C auris has presented unique challenges for the areas of laboratory diagnostics and infection prevention and in options for antifungal treatment, which are limited. The current lack of established antifungal susceptibility test breakpoints complicates therapeutic decision making. Enhanced awareness of this pathogen is essential to monitor outbreaks and to reduce the risk of spread within health care environments.
Uso da Tecnologia Assistiva na Educação Inclusiva no Processo de Alfabetização de Escolares: Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Biazus Graziela Ferreira , Rieder Carlos Roberto Mello
Published: June 2019

O Marco de Ação da Educação 2030 e boom tecnológico são de grande relevância na Educação Inclusiva (EI). Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre Tecnologia Assistiva (TA) na EI de escolares no processo de alfabetização. Fontes dos dados: revisão sistemática de artigos publicados nos últimos oito anos e disponíveis nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. A estratégia de busca incluiu a combinação das seguintes palavras-chave: inclusão educacional, equipamentos de autoajuda, dispositivos de auto ajuda, educação especial. Também incluiu os unitermos na língua inglesa: maintreaming child, education special, self-help devices child. A união dessas palavras foi feita sempre com o termo AND. Síntese dos dados: A estratégia de pesquisa resultou em 610 títulos listados e 124 selecionados para a revisão. Pela leitura do título e do resumo, 17 artigos foram selecionados e incluídos com a combinação TA na EI. A revisão possibilitou a análise de pesquisas no âmbito nacional e internacional. Participaram da análise 2881 alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais (NEEs), 391 pais e professores e 29 colaboradores da equipe de TA. Os principais resultados encontrados na revisão foram que a EI depende de diversas abordados tais como questões acadêmicas, comportamental, mobilidade / acessibilidade, social e transporte e deve haver maior compreensão sobre aplicação da TA na EI. Conclui-se que a EI deve ser parte integrante de um sistema educacional, permitir flexibilidade e adaptação curriculares para alunos com NEEs e a TA tem como benefício facilitar a inserção desses alunos no ambiente escolar.
Mark D. Nanos. Reading Paul within Judaism
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: June 2019

No abstract is available.
Les dilemmes de la Russie face aux nouvelles routes de la soie chinoises
Authors: Vercueil Julien
Published: June 2019

Cet article analyse les enjeux internes et externes que pose, pour la Russie, le projet chinois des Nouvelles routes de la soie (nrs). Nous montrons que, compte tenu des transformations économiques enregistrées durant la période récente par les deux pays, l’intensification des échanges entre la Chine et la Russie soulève désormais de tout autres questions qu’il y a vingt-cinq ans. Nous évaluons ensuite dans quelle mesure les nrs peuvent servir de levier de développement des infrastructures de la Russie, mais aussi les risques de mise en concurrence de la Russie dans l’espace post-soviétique. Nous étudions les possibilités d’évolution des échanges sino-russes au travers notamment de leur composante énergétique et concluons sur une tentative de mesure de l’impact potentiel des nrs sur les rapports économiques entre la Russie et les pays d’Asie centrale post-soviétique.
Les voies indonésiennes de la Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Allès Delphine , Frécon Éric
Published: June 2019

En analysant le volet indonésien de la Belt and Road Initiative (bri), cet article montre les apports croisés de l’étude des (mis)perceptions et de leurs usages en politique étrangère, et d’une approche décentrée des Relations internationales. La mise en récit de la bri fait écho à la représentation d’une émergence chinoise vouée à s’imposer unilatéralement. Sa mise en oeuvre dans l’archipel est pourtant incrémentale et largement soumise à l’agenda politique indonésien. La misperception est néanmoins entretenue par Pékin et Jakarta, car elle sert leurs agendas respectifs. L’interdépendance asymétrique entre les deux États paraît renforcée par ce projet, qui invite à consolider le concept d’ambiguïté stratégique et à ancrer l’analyse des relations internationales dans l’observation de leurs effets localisés.
Chine, Éthiopie, Djibouti : un triumvirat pour la Corne de l’Afrique ?
Authors: Le Gouriellec Sonia
Published: June 2019

Située sur une des routes maritimes les plus utilisées au monde, la Corne de l’Afrique est une étape essentielle du projet chinois Nouvelles routes de la soie (Belt and Road Initiative –bri) en Afrique. Dans cette région, il se traduit par un afflux de contrats de construction dans les infrastructures portuaires et ferroviaires. Nous proposons ici de renverser le regard et d’analyser la stratégie des acteurs locaux en mobilisant le concept d’extraversion. L’asymétrie des relations entre la Chine et les pays de la région n’est pas subie. Elle est acceptée et devient même un mode d’action pour les régimes locaux. Nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement aux relations entre la Chine, l’Éthiopie et Djibouti. Ces relations sont basées sur un partenariat économique et politique. Les Nouvelles routes de la soie renforcent un ordre régional établi autour de la puissance régionale éthiopienne.
An integrative genomic analysis of the Longshanks selection experiment for longer limbs in mice
Authors: Castro João PL , Yancoskie Michelle N , Marchini Marta , Belohlavy Stefanie , Hiramatsu Layla , Kučka Marek , Beluch William H , Naumann Ronald , Skuplik Isabella , Cobb John , Barton Nicholas H , Rolian Campbell , Chan Yingguang Frank
Published: June 2019

Evolutionary studies are often limited by missing data that are critical to understanding the history of selection. Selection experiments, which reproduce rapid evolution under controlled conditions, are excellent tools to study how genomes evolve under selection. Here we present a genomic dissection of the Longshanks selection experiment, in which mice were selectively bred over 20 generations for longer tibiae relative to body mass, resulting in 13% longer tibiae in two replicates. We synthesized evolutionary theory, genome sequences and molecular genetics to understand the selection response and found that it involved both polygenic adaptation and discrete loci of major effect, with the strongest loci tending to be selected in parallel between replicates. We show that selection may favor de-repression of bone growth through inactivating two limb enhancers of an inhibitor, Nkx3-2. Our integrative genomic analyses thus show that it is possible to connect individual base-pair changes to the overall selection response.
Evaluation of Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Technique Applied by Dental Students at Different Educational Levels
Authors: Ghavimi Mohamad Ali , Arta Ahmad , Banishahabadi Amirhossein , Raof Aria , Zadeh Arezou Ghoreishi
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Unfortunately, the most important consideration that is ignored in evaluation of the success rate of IANB technique is the teaching and learning of the correct injection technique in the academic atmosphere of universities and during the study period. Only a limited number of studies have evaluated this matter. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the success rate of the IANB technique administrated by dental students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in order to promote the dental educational programs. Materials and Methods: The subjects in the present consisted of patients referring to the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, who required surgery in the lower jaw. The dental students evaluated in the present study consisted of the third-, fourth- and fifth-year students who were selected randomly. A total of 30 patients underwent a local anesthetic technique by the third-, fourth- and fifth-year dental students each. Anesthetic agent cartridges containing 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with adrenalin were used for the local anesthetic technique. The success of the anesthetic technique was analyzed 2 and 5 minutes after injection with the use of an electric pulp tester (EPT). In addition, the severity of pain was tested with the use of VAS. Results: there was no significant difference in the success rate of the IANB technique between male and female students. Comparison of the success rate of the IANB technique between the third-, fourth- and fifth-year dental students showed no significant differences in response to EPT, perception of pain and feeling of the dental explorer between the three groups of students. However, the frequency of the success rate of the IANB technique showed that the success rates were 86.3%, 93.3% and 83.3% for the third-, fourth- and fifth-year dental students, respectively. Discussion: the success of this technique has been reported to be low in references for some reasons. In this context, unfortunately the most important fact that is not taken into account in the evaluation of the reasons for the failure of the IANB technique is the teaching and learning of the correct technique in universities and during university studies and only a limited number of studies have evaluated it. Conclusion: Previous studies have reported a 70% success rate for the IANB technique administrated by dental students; however, the results of the present study showed a success rates >70 for this technique administered by the third-, fourth- and fifth-year dental students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The discrepancy between the results might indicate the important role of proper education in decreasing the failure rate of this technique.
A primer on standardized testing: History, measurement, classical test theory, item response theory, and equating
Authors: Himelfarb Igor
Published: June 2019

Objective:

This article presents health science educators and researchers with an overview of standardized testing in educational measurement. The history, theoretical frameworks of classical test theory, item response theory (IRT), and the most common IRT models used in modern testing are presented.

Methods:

A narrative overview of the history, theoretical concepts, test theory, and IRT is provided to familiarize the reader with these concepts of modern testing. Examples of data analyses using different models are shown using 2 simulated data sets. One set consisted of a sample of 2000 item responses to 40 multiple-choice, dichotomously scored items. This set was used to fit 1-parameter logistic (PL) model, 2PL, and 3PL IRT models. Another data set was a sample of 1500 item responses to 10 polytomously scored items. The second data set was used to fit a graded response model.

Results:

Model-based item parameter estimates for 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and graded response are presented, evaluated, and explained.

Conclusion:

This study provides health science educators and education researchers with an introduction to educational measurement. The history of standardized testing, the frameworks of classical test theory and IRT, and the logic of scaling and equating are presented. This introductory article will aid readers in understanding these concepts.
Land Suitability Evaluation for Rubber in the Tropical Humid Region of Kerala, India
Authors: Chandrakala M. , Srinivasan R. , `Kumar K. S. Anil , Sujatha K. , Hegde Rajendra , Singh S. K. , Nirmala H. R.
Published: June 2019

Aims: To assess the suitability of the rubber in Elamdesam block, Idukki district, Kerala.

Place and Duration of Study: Soil survey done and soil samples were brought from Elamdesam block, Idukki district, Kerala, India in the year 2016 and laboratory characterization and suitability assessment was done during 2017 in National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Hebbal, Bangalore

Methodology: Soil suitability of rubber in Elamdesam block has been worked out in two steps. In the first step suitability criteria for rubber crop have been evolved with the help of existing literature with special reference to a tropical humid region of India. Emphasis was placed on land characteristics or land qualities which determine the limitations. Together, these diagnostic features (limitations) determine soil suitability when matched with crop or ecological requirements. In the second step, the defined suitabilities are shown on soil maps according to the map legend (soil composition) to prepare a relative suitability map for rubber in Elamdesam block.

Results: Results revealed that rubber is moderately suitable in the area constituted 23.4 per cent of the total with the limitation of root restriction, soil fertility, topography and soil texture. Marginally suitable in 20.75 per cent of the total geographical area with the limitation of topography, root restriction and soil fertility and 20.23 per cent of the total area is unsuitable with the limitation of depth to water table and root restriction in the Elamdesam block.  

Conclusion: More than 60 per cent of the total geographical area is under rubber cultivation in Elamdesam block, Idukki district, Kerala apart from soils are having the limitation of root restriction, soil fertility, topography, depth to water table and soil texture.
Petroleum Pollution and Decrease Neuroplasticity in Brain Development of the Ogoni Children in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: David Lekpa Kingdom , Bodo Tombari , Gimah Batombari Gbidum
Published: June 2019

Background: Health and mental related illnesses has emerged as a new challenge in the rural and undeveloped areas in Ogoniland where petroleum exploration activities have devastated the entire ecosystem. Many of the school children are no longer zealous about their academic activities, as their performances in school are always very poor. It has been reported that the children’s poor performance in school is closely linked with several health and mental challenges suffered by these children in the highly polluted areas.

Methods: The study comprises of 383 primary school teachers selected from 8 rural communities in the four (4) Ogoni Local Government Areas (Gokana, Tai, Eleme and Khana) in Rivers State where massive environmental pollution has been reported. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from the teachers on the children’s exposure to oil pollution; self-rated mental illnesses and behavioural symptoms among the school children, perception to petroleum pollution and mental illnesses.

Results: The results revealed that the signs of mental illnesses like anxiety disorder, attention-deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and eating disorder were noticeable among the school children. The children also exhibited behavioural challenges such as extreme fear, difficulty in concentrating, self-imposed injuries, aggressive behaviour, avoiding other classmates and poor academic performances. The field survey further revealed that mental illnesses and behavioural challenges were common in areas of massive petroleum pollution of the environment. Other causes of these illnesses were revealed to be poverty and psychoactive substance use.

Conclusion: It was concluded that constant exposures of the children to environmental pollution is associated with decreasing neuroplasticity of the brain.
Sorghum Intercropped with Piatã Grass in Eucalyptus Sub-forest
Authors: Moreira Georgio Martins , Abreu Joadil Gonçalves De , Almeida Roberto Giolo De , Barros Lívia Vieira De , Azevedo Virgínia Helena De , Neto Inácio Martins da Silva , Cabral Carlos Eduardo Avelino , Herrera Larah Drielly Santos , Peixoto Wender Mateus , Herrera Dayenne Mariane
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of forage sorghum when intercropped with piatã grass and cultivated in eucalyptus sub-forest. The experiment was carried out at the Embrapa Gado de Corte, in Campo Grande - MS. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main treatments were: monoculture (single sorghum); intercropping (simultaneous sowing of sorghum + piatã grass). The secondary treatments were composed by the sampling sites, with five sites equidistant between the rows of eucalyptus trees (CLFI), with full sun as a control (CLI). The percentage of shading was always higher than 30% in the sub-forest, and the overall average of the system with 63% shade, even after 50% thinning of eucalyptus trees. The intercropping with the grass, an interesting fact, did not affect sorghum grain yield, since it validates the potential of forage sorghum for use in intercropping with perennial grasses, with average grain yield of 2,404.63 kg ha-1. Regarding the sampling sites, it was observed a higher yield in the full sun with 3,283 kg ha-1. The weight of 100 grains was higher for sorghum in monoculture. On the other hand, the upper W1000 was observed at sites A and C. The weight of 1000 grains is considered stable, being affected only under conditions of stress during grain formation. The sorghum intercropped with the piatã grass did not influence the harvest index (HI), while in the shaded environment there was an increase in the harvest index in relation to the full sun.
B
ryobacteraceae
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: June 2019

Bry.o.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Bryobacter
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bryobacteraceae
the
Bryobacter
family.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Bryobacterales / Bryobacteraceae

The family
Bryobacteraceae
accommodates Gram‐negative, aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, non‐spore‐forming, and mildly acidophilic bacteria, which divide by binary fission. Members of this family are chemoheterotrophs, which utilize various sugars and heteropolysaccharides. Some representatives are capable of reducing Fe(III) and nitrate. They are mesophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria. Major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
and C
16:1
ω7
c
; the cells also contain significant amounts of 13,16‐dimethyl octacosanedioic acid. Habitats are acidic wetlands and soils. The family belongs to the class
Acidobacteriia
, order
Bryobacterales
.

DNA G + C content (genome sequence) (mol%)
: 58.0–61.9.

Type genus
:
Bryobacter
Kulichevskaya, Suzina, Liesack and Dedysh 2010, 304
VP
.
P
aludibaculum
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: June 2019

Pa.lu'di.ba'cu.lum. L. n.
palus –udis
a swamp, marsh; N. neut. n.
baculum
a stick, rod; N.L. neut. n.
Paludibaculum
rod‐shaped bacterium from wetland.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Bryobacterales / Bryobacteraceae / Paludibaculum

The genus
Paludibaculum
is represented by Gram‐negative, non‐spore‐forming, and nonmotile rods that occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains and reproduce by binary fission. These bacteria are facultatively anaerobic, mildly acidophilic, and mesophilic chemoorganotrophs, which utilize sugars and some polysaccharides. The only currently described species of this genus,
Paludibaculum fermentans
, was isolated from a littoral wetland of a boreal lake. Capable of fermentation and dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction under anoxic conditions. Major fatty acids are iso‐C
15
:0
and C
16
:1
ω7
c
; the cells also contain significant amounts of 13,16‐dimethyl octacosanedioic acid. The quinone is MK‐8. Known habitats are acidic wetlands and groundwater bodies. Members of the class
Acidobacteriia
, order
Bryobacterales
, family
Bryobacteraceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.5.

Type species
:
Paludibaculum fermentans
Kulichevskaya, Suzina, Rijpstra, Sinninghe Damsté and Dedysh 2014, 2861
VP
.
The NLRP3 p.A441V Mutation in NLRP3‐AID Pathogenesis: Functional Consequences, Phenotype‐Genotype Correlations and Evidence for a Recurrent Mutational Event
Authors: Awad Fawaz , Assrawi Eman , Jumeau Claire , Odent Sylvie , Despert Veronique , Cam Gérard , Perdriger Aleth , Louvrier Camille , Cobret Laetitia , Copin Bruno , Chantot‐Bastaraud Sandra , Duquesnoy Philippe , Piterboth William , Le Jeunne Claire , Quenum‐Miraillet Genevieve , Siffroi Jean Pierre , Georgin‐Lavialle Sophie , Grateau Gilles , Legendre Marie , Giurgea Irina , Karabina Sonia‐Athina , Amselem Serge
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine the molecular and cellular bases of autoinflammatory syndromes in a multigenerational French family with Muckle‐Wells syndrome and in a patient originating from Portugal with familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome.

Methods

Sequencing of NLRP3 exon 3 was performed in all accessible patients. Microsatellite and whole‐genome single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was used i) to test the intrafamilial segregation of the identified variant and ii) to look for a founder effect. Functional analyses included the study of i) apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck formation in HEK293T cells (stably expressing ASC–green fluorescent protein and pro‐caspase 1‐FLAG) transiently expressing the wild‐type or mutated NLRP3 protein, ii) levels of IL‐1β secreted from transfected THP‐1 cells, and iii) inflammasome‐related gene expression and cytokine secretion from monocytes isolated from patients in crisis (probands from the two families), related patients out of crisis, and from controls.

Results

The same heterozygous mutation (c.1322C>T, p.A441V) located in the NACHT domain, segregating with the disease within the first family, was identified in the two families. This mutation was found to be associated with different core haplotypes. NLRP3‐A441V led to increased ASC speck formation and high levels of secreted IL‐1β. Monocyte inflammasome‐related gene expression and cytokine secretion, which were within the normal range in patients out of crisis, were found to be differentially regulated between the two probands, correlating with their phenotypic status.

Conclusion

These molecular and cellular findings, which indicate a recurrent mutational event, clearly demonstrate the pathogenicity of the p.A441V missense mutation in NLRP3‐associated autoinflammatory disease and point to the interest of studying patients’ primary cells to assess disease activity.
Wood‐Derived Materials for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Huang Jianlin , Zhao Bote , Liu Ting , Mou Jirong , Jiang Zhongjie , Liu Jiang , Li Hexing , Liu Meilin
Published: June 2019

Over the past decade, wood‐derived materials have attracted enormous interest for both fundamental research and practical applications in various functional devices. In addition to being renewable, environmentally benign, naturally abundant, and biodegradable, wood‐derived materials have several unique advantages, including hierarchically porous structures, excellent mechanical flexibility and integrity, and tunable multifunctionality, making them ideally suited for efficient energy storage and conversion. In this article, the latest advances in the development of wood‐derived materials are discussed for electrochemical energy storage systems and devices (e.g., supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries), highlighting their micro/nanostructures, strategies for tailoring the structures and morphologies, as well as their impact on electrochemical performance (energy and power density and long‐term durability). Furthermore, the scientific and technical challenges, together with new directions of future research in this exciting field, are also outlined for electrochemical energy storage applications.