bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular anastomoses in twin placentae and their recognition
Authors: Bhargava Indra , Chakravarty Aroti
Published: July 2008

166 placentae from multiple pregnancies (including three triplets and 17 monochorral) have been studied by injection corrosion technique, using cellulose acetate buterite in acetone, under continuous pressure within physiological limits. It has been shown that vascular anastomoses in twin placentae are usually multiple. The direct type is frequently found in monochorial twin placentae and is mostly arterial or venous in nature. The indirect type is observed more commonly in dichorial twin placentae and is mostly arteriovenous in nature. Both types are almost universally found in monochorial monoamniotic placentae. The presence of direct anastomotic channels has a highly significant association with the incidence of marginal vessels and an exaggeration of parameters of stress to an abnormal quantum – both singly and in combinations of three or more - and is independent of the pattern of branching. In the ontogenetic time-sequence perspective, direct anastomoses, marginal vessels and parameters of stress in a twin placenta can be regarded as different phases of the sequelae of an altered vascular relationship caused by disturbances in the vicinity of the 12th week of gestation. It has been further shown that direct vascular anastomoses are a greater risk to the twins than indirect ones. The importance of early and timely recognition of such channels, by an examination of twin placentae for the presence of marginal vessels, is stressed.
The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Z.M. , Koshayan Diran S. , Khreis Yahya M.
Published: July 2008

The central nervous system (CNS) of two mammalian species was studied autoradiographically using tritium-labeled thymidine; the rat, whose brain contains few localized mast cells (MCs) but many ubiquitous neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), and the guinea pig, whose brain contains only ubiquitous NLMs. A few guinea pigs were also injected with an MC discharger compound 48/80 and the response of the NLMs, which are thought to be allied to MCs, as well as of neuroglial and vascular endothelial cells, was noted. The rats were 3 days to 6 weeks old whereas all the guinea pigs were young adults. Both MCs and NLMs took up the label, and much more so in the babies, paralleling similar uptakes in only very small immature MCs outside the CNS. Neuroglial elements, especially subependymal and oligodendroglial, as well as endothelial, perivascular, leptomeningeal and ependymal cells demonstrated some uptake. This was considerably increased upon receipt of compound 48/80, especially in the case of the subependymal glia, the NLMs and the endothelial cells; capillary neoformations were seen in the spinal cords of guinea pigs that had shown signs of paralysis. The cause of this increase is discussed in terms of mild stress induced by that compound. The subependymal response is also discussed with reference to periventricular plaques seen in multiple sclerosis and lymphoreticular and glial tumors seen in that region. It is concluded that both MCs and NLMs are capable of DNA replication and mitosis in immature animals. The NLMs can also divide upon stimulation in adult CNS.
Effect of oxidizing agents on alizarin red S and its staining properties in vitro
Authors: Virtanen P. , Isotupa K.
Published: July 2008

Different oxidants regulate the staining ability, the hue, and the staining target in bone, cartilage and connective tissue in vitro in connection with alizarin red S (ARS). The use of oxidants should promote the staining ability on guinea pig bone, also slightly on rabbit bone, but not on rat bone. Quite selective staining of bone, cartilage and connective tissue was achieved in this study via ARS oxidation. In addition to oxidizing, complex formation, especially when regulating the staining target, may be considerable. In these twelve experiments with oxidizing agents, the most promising results as concerns selectivity were obtained with phosphomolybdic acid, ferric chloride, stannic chloride and chromium trioxide. As agents activating the staining ability, potassium persulfate seems best. Based on the oxidizing influence of potassium persulfate and according to the potentiometric and precipitation analyses, the coordinative bonding of Ca2+ to the ARS molecule seems obvious. When the β-phenolic group of ARS is partly oxidized and, on the other hand, partly ionized, indicating the titration range, Ca2+ should be bound to it. Oxidized α-quinonic oxygen begins to form a coordinative bond with the same Ca2+ and thus the chelate is formed. On the slightly alkaline side, where the α-phenolic group has its ionization ranges, the oxidant causes a clear broadening and increase in the complex formation effect, which seems to be an indication of reactions of the calcium ions with two oxidized and partly ionized ARS molecules.
Staining properties of alizarin red S for growing bone in vitro
Authors: Virtanen P. , Isotupa K.
Published: July 2008

The pH-metric titration curve of alizarin red S (ARS) showed that ARS ionizes in three stages: firstly the –SO3Na group, secondly the β-hydroxyl group, and finally on the alkaline side the α-hydroxyl group. The titration of ARS solution with calcium ions indicates that complex and chelate formation between ARS and calcium are distinct. The in vitro staining experiments were carried out at different pH levels. Completely ionized ARS had the best affinity for growing bone surfaces. The next most effective staining occurred just prior to neutralization. The least effective staining by ARS was found after the neutralization point had been reached. The presence of calcium made the dye solution inactive for staining the growing bone in vitro.
Histological and histochemical appearance of livers and kidneys of rats after long-term treatment with different concentrations of sodium fluoride in drinking water
Authors: de Camargo A.M. , Merzel J.
Published: July 2008

After a review of the controversies in the literature, a histologic and histochemical study of the livers and kidneys of 48 albino rats was performed. The animals were placed on a diet containing 1 ppm NaF in demineralized drinking water, or 1, 10 or 100 ppm NaF in tap water during 90 or 180 days. The rats treated with fluoride did not present any abnormalities with respect to weight gain, morphology, behavior, and macroscopic appearance of the livers and kidneys compared to the control animals. Microscopic examination failed to reveal any morphologic alterations in either the cells or the mitochondria of the livers and kidneys. Histochemically, the polysaccharides, the proteic reactive groups and the acid and alkaline phosphatases also failed to present any visible alterations. With respect to the lipids, the kidneys and livers of the rats treated for 90 days did not show any fat deposition, whereas those treated for 180 days showed zones of deposition of lipids in the livers and kidneys with different frequencies when compared with the control animals. The association between lipid infiltration and the presence of fluoride in the drinking water, however, was statistically significant only in the livers, hence, the hypothesis that fluorinated water accelerated this process in the treated animals cannot be excluded.
Correlative light- and electron-microscopic study of parathyroid glands in dogs of different age groups
Authors: Wild P.
Published: July 2008

The parenchyma of parathyroid (FT) glands of neonatal, growing and adult dogs consisted of dark and light chief cells. In growing and adult dogs, dark chief cells had an electron-dense cytoplasm, prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and Golgi apparatus. Based on the secretion cycle proposed by Roth and Capen [1974], they were referred to as active cells. Light chief cells had an electronlucent cytoplasm, inconspicuous rER and Golgi apparatus. They were referred to as inactive cells in resting stages or in stages of transition between active and inactive forms or vice versa. In neonatal dogs, dark chief cells were similar to those in growing and adult dogs and light chief cells had the features of the cells referred to as cells in transitional stages. There were no cells in resting stages. The morphological findings suggest that PT activity in growing dogs was similar to that in adult dogs, whereas in neonatal dogs it was different; this may be related to the animal’s developmental status or to changes in serum calcium concentration after birth.
Neuronal deficits in mice following phenobarbital exposure during various periods in fetal development
Authors: Bergman Arieh , Rosselli-Austin Linda , Yedwab Gideon , Yanai Joseph
Published: July 2008

Four groups of pregnant mice were fed milled food containing 3 g/kg phenobarbital, acid, form, and water as their only nutritional source during various periods during pregnancy (days 9–18, 9–13, 13–16 or 16–18). Control females received milled food and water. The brains of control and phenobarbital-treated male offspring were removed at age 50 days, fixed, cut and stained with HE. Matching sagittal sections were selected for the study of the cerebellar Purkinje cells and the hippocampal pyramidal cells. Previous findings were confirmed in that prenatal phenobarbital exposure during the last two trimesters of pregnancy (days 9–18) resulted in a long-lasting deficit in the number of the Purkinje (23 %) and pyramidal cells 9% (P < 0.01). Phenobarbital administration during only part of this period (days 9–13, 13–16 or 16–18) had the same effect as administration during the entire period. The cell deficit did not correlate with the time of appearance of the neurons, thus, suggesting that phenobarbital may possibly act even on neurons which are already formed.
A. cerebri media, Abgangszonen und Weiten ihrer Rami corticales
Authors: Lang J. , Dehling U.
Published: July 2008

Origin, diameter and right-left differences of the cortical rami of the middle cerebral artery were examined in 101 hemispheres. Included are also the length, diameter and the types of furcation (bifurcatio, trifurcatio, quadrofurcatio).
Neue Befunde zum Verlauf der A. cerebri anterior (Pars postcommunicalis), zu den Abgangszonen und Weiten ihrer Rami corticales
Authors: Lang J. , Häckel H.R.
Published: July 2008

On 104 cerebral hemispheres course and branch pattern of the A. cerebri anterior were investigated. The branching zones of the cortical rami were appointed, respectively, to the thirds of Genu and Truncus corporis callosi. The regular occurrence, width and course of these cortical rami were also determined.
Sensorivagal nature of oesophageal submucous layer nerve endings
Authors: Rodrigo José , Robles Chillida Elías M. , De Felipe Javier , Pérez Anton José A. , Pedrosa Juan A. , Arnedo Antonio
Published: July 2008

Two types of surgery were performed on domestic cats to establish the source and functional significance of the apparatuses we have denominated perivascular, perifascicular and free endings of the oesophageal submucous layer. After extirpation of the cranial regions of the sympathetic ganglionic chain, of all the cervical ganglia and of the four proximal thoracic ganglia, no Wallerian degeneration of the concerned nerve endings was observed, thus ruling out their dependence on this neural pathway. After ablation of the central portion of the nodose ganglion, of the vagal nerve. Wallerian degeneration was observed in these nerve-ending apparatuses, thus demonstrating: (i) that these nerve apparatuses depend on perikarya situated in the nodose ganglion and (ii) that they are sensory receptors.
Effects of Surgical Sympathectomy on Laminar Nerve Endings in Myenteric Ganglia
Authors: Rodrigo José , Robles-Chillida E.M. , de Felipe J. , Mayo I. , Pérez Antón J.A. , Pedrosa J.A. , Gómez A.
Published: July 2008

Extirpation of the anterior regions of the sympathetic ganglionated chain (all cervical ganglia and the four subsequent thoracic ganglia) has been carried out in the cat. Histological study of the esophagus wall has shown intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) to suffer an alteration which, in time, reverts to normality. Since it is not a Wallerian degeneration as such, we conclude, contrary to what has previously been assessed by some authors, that these nerve apparatuses are not dependent either on nerve cells located in sympathetic ganglia or on nerve fibers coursing through the sympathetic trunk. Speculations are made as to why IGLEs undergo a transitory alteration after experimental destruction of nerve strutures to which they are not directly related.
Relationship between Brain Volume and Size of Dural Venous Sinuses in Human Fetuses and Adults
Authors: Sekeles Eliezer , Gitlin Gershon
Published: July 2008

A quantitative study of 50 human fetuses, ranging in size from 64 to 259 mm crown-rump length (CRL), and 12 adult cadavers was carried out. After removal of each brain from the cranial cavity and measurement of its volume (BV), the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the transverse (TS) and sigmoid (SS) dural venous sinuses were measured; the measurements were taken at the same anatomical point in all fetuses and adults. For each fetus and adult, indices CSA · TS/BV and CSA · SS/BV were calculated. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the mean CSA · TS/BV and CSA · SS/BV indices in fetuses were significantly greater than those of the adults, i.e., relative to the size of the brain, the dural venous sinuses in fetuses were greater than in adults. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between the CSA · SS/BV index and the CRL of the fetuses; this means that as the brain and sinuses grow during fetal development, the growth rate of the sinuses decreases. By implication, the rate of growth of the arterial blood supply decreases proportionately. A similar, progressive decrease in the growth rate of the brain takes place during fetal life.
Histochemical Studies on the Lateral Geniculate Bodies and Visual Cortices after Optic Nerve Ligation in the Mouse
Authors: Yew David T. , Liu H.C.
Published: July 2008

The lateral geniculate bodies and visual cortices were analysed by histochemical methods after optic nerve ligation. Changes in succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and monoamine oxidase were evident. However, no difference in alkaline phosphatase was detected between the experimental and control mice.
A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of the Pineal Body of the Nutria (Myocastor Coypus)
Authors: Salisbury Ronald L. , Krieg Richard J. , Seibel Hugo R.
Published: July 2008

Light and electron microscopic studies of the nutria (Myocastor coypus) pineal gland revealed pinealocytes interspersed among glial, vascular, and neuronal elements. Each pinealocyte possessed a single process that terminated within the parenchyma near the perivascular region. The eccentrically located nucleus in these cells contained euchromatic chromatin, a prominent nucleolus, and a highly infolded nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm was rich in mitochondria, Golgi complexes, and glycogen particles. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was better developed than the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and polyribosomes were not abundant. Long profiles of subsurface cisterns constituted prominent cytoplasmic features, and these were most conspicuous in the regions of somasomatic apposition. The bulbous endings of the pinealocyte processes were filled with clear, round, secretory vesicles. Dense-cored vesicles were rarely observed. Glia reminiscent of protoplasmic astrocytes displayed cytoplasmic processes that enveloped blood vessels, invested the pineal periphery, and intervened among the pinealocytes. They thus seemed to form a barrier between the meningeal capsule and vascular space on the one hand and the parenchyma on the other.
Die markhaltigen Ganglienzellen im Labyrinth des Meerschweinchens
Authors: Samandari Farhang , Bogusch Gottfried
Published: July 2008

The pericellular structures of the three ganglia situated in the petrous bone were investigated by light and electron microscopy in the guinea pig. All perikarya of the ganglion spirale cochleae and the ganglion vestibulare are surrounded by a myelin sheath which consists of 10–15 layers. Relative to their size, the cells of the ganglion spirale are characterized by a thicker myelin sheath than those of the ganglion vestibulare. The peripheral and central processes of the ganglion cells show a stronger myelination than the corresponding perikarya. The decrease in myelin from the nerve fibre to the perikarya does not proceed continuously but occurs only after the last interanular segment. At the peripheral processes, the myelin sheath ends a few micrometres before reaching the sensory epithelial layer. The perikarya of the ganglion geniculi nervi facialis are unmyelinated.
Age Characteristics of Blood Vessels of the Human Heart
Authors: Hadžiselimović H.
Published: July 2008

71 neonatal to 81-year-old male and female human hearts were dissected and microscopically examined by means of ocular micrometry with particular regard to the thickness of the arterial walls. Both the intima and the media of the arteries thicken with age. Thickening of the intima is particularly active from the first decade of life. Our microscopic study and measurements of the thickness of the individual layers of the arterial wall have shown that in all segments of the arteries of specimens of equal age there exists a permanent proportion between the thickness of the intima and the media. Special attention was paid to the coronary arteries of newborns. By means of precise dissection and coronarography, the branching of coronary arteries, types of arterial vascularization, anastomoses and muscle bridges on arteries were studied in 100 hearts of male and female newborns taken at random. The intramural vessels were examined on special preparations. The sinusoid shows particularly clear-cut age-related changes. In older age, the venous vessels and the sinusoids are dominant, while in childhood, the capillary network and arterioles are dominant. The increase in the volume of the venous bed of the heart is in inverse proportion to the flow of blood through the coronary arteries.
Morphologic Study of the Blood Vessels of the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Albino Rat
Authors: DePace Dennis M.
Published: July 2008

Blood vessels of the rat superior cervical ganglion were examined by both light and electron microscopy. Direct blood supply to the superior cervical ganglion was derived from a capsular plexus of vessels. Intraganglionic vessels were for the most part capillaries. Some of these capillaries appeared dilated and sinusoidal. Although the ganglion did not seem to be densely vascularized, there was sufficient distribution to accommodate the nerve cell bodies of the ganglion. Individual capillaries served groups of neurons. Occasionally, capillary loops could be observed to surround single neuron perikarya. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of two types of capillaries. The majority of the capillaries of the rat superior cervical ganglion demonstrated a continuous, non-fenestrated endothelium. Typical junctional complexes were found on abutting endothelial surfaces. Endothelial flaps and microvilli were also observed on the luminal surface of some of the vessels. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles were observed on both the luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium. A small number of capillaries demonstrated a fenestrated endothelium. In both types of capillaries there was a basement membrane and an extracellular space containing collagen. Perikaryal cytoplasm was separated from the extracellular space by a thick layer of satellite cell cytoplasm.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Reparative Dentin in Rat Molar Pulps
Authors: Sela J. , Tamari I. , Hirschfeld Z. , Bab I.
Published: July 2008

A reparative dentin bridge was induced in rat molar teeth by pulp exposure and capping with calcium hydroxide. Transmission electron-microscopic examination after 10 days revealed the presence of odontoblastic cells and collagenous matrix with focal calcifications. The calcifying fronts were composed of hydroxyapatite crystals. Numerous extracellular matrix vesicles were scattered between the forming cells and the calcifying fronts. Some of the vesicles contained electron-dense material and in others, apatite crystals were detected. Matrix vesicles could not be identified in normal, mature calcifying dentin matrix. In view of the present observations and studies on surgical manipulations in articular cartilage, it is concluded that matrix vesicle calcification may result from alterations in the metabolic state of mesenschymal tissues. These changes can be induced surgically or chemically.
Modification of an in vitro Technique in Order to Grow Adult Rat Anterior Pituitary in Organ Culture
Authors: Schweisthal M.R.
Published: July 2008

The study of adult rat anterior pituitary maintained in vitro was made possible by a modification of the suspension system used in the watch-glass method of organ culture. The integrity and health of the tissue was observed with the electron microscope. Somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were seen routinely. A cell with large (400–750 nm) granules and thought to be a luteotroph (mammotroph) was also seen. These results support the use of this method for the growth of adult rat anterior pituitary, or other large explants, for short periods of time in organ culture.
Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Entstehung digitaler Beugefurchen
Authors: Wachtler F. , Chris B. , Jacob H.J.
Published: July 2008

Flexion creases on the toes of birds show remarkable similarities to human digital flexion creases, concerning both morphology and development. Muscle-free avian limbs were raised in the coelomic cavity or on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Flexion creases were found to be formed after both procedures. From these experiments it may be concluded that regional differences, rather than mechanical factors, concerning the involved tissues are responsible for the formation of digital flexion creases. This may hold true also for human digital flexion creases.
Effect of Age upon Uterine Response to Deciduagenic Stimulus
Authors: Craig Shirley S.
Published: July 2008

The effect of aging upon ability of the uterus to respond to a deciduagenic stimulus was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Particularly, subtle structural characteristics of decidualization were sought in stromal cells of uteri of aged rats. To negate effects of ovarian aging, rats 4, 10 and 20–24 months of age were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and subsequent ovarian hormone injections. As deciduagenic stimulus, sesame oil was injected into the right uterus. The left served as the hormone primed control; and only antimesometrial endometrium was examined. Oil-injected uteri of 4- and 10-month-old rats developed deciduomata which histologically were similar to published descriptions. No decidual changes were observed in the aged oil-injected uterus. Therefore, the experimental and control uteri appeared similar. Luminal epithelial cells of aged rats differed from those of younger animals primarily in possessing more lysosomes and fewer surface microvilli. Stromal cells of aged rats differed more in shape and in quantity of cytoplasm, and in these cells lipofuscin deposits were identified more frequently. Moreover, leukocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were more numerous in the aged uteri. Failure of the aged uterus to decidualize could not be correlated with any morphologic changes. Results are correlated with previously proposed explanations for failure of aged uteri to decidualize and, accordingly, to maintain implanting embryos.
Freeze-Fracture Replica Studies of the Human Adrenal Cortex, with Special References to Microvillous Projections
Authors: Setoguti Takao , Inoue Yasuhisa
Published: July 2008

Freeze-fracture replicas of human adrenocortical cells revealed en face fractures (both P and E faces) of the cell surface to be classified into three patterns: (1) the fracture face with no microvillous projections; (2) the fracture face mainly with short microvillous projections which arise horizontally from the edges of the small cavity on the cell surface to form a flower bud-like configuration on the P face; (3) the fracture face mainly with varying-sized, longer microvillous projections which arise almost vertically from the cell surface and show no specific organization. The former two fracture faces were supposed to correspond to the plasma membranes facing the interstitium including pericapillary spaces, since they had no gap junctions and frequently appeared along sinusoidal capillaries. On the other hand, the latter fracture face seemed to be equivalent to the plasma membranes facing intercellular spaces, since it frequently showed gap junctional specialization of intramembranous particles and usually both the P and E fracture faces of plasma membrane on the same surface. En face fractures of these gap junctions were various in shape and size. Tight junctions and their complex form with gap junctions were not encountered. Cell organelles and the nucleus had more numerous intramembranous particles on the P fracture face than on the E fracture face.
Nerve Fibers with a Selective Affinity for Quinacrine in the Cornea
Authors: Cavallotti C. , Ceccarelli E. , Evangelisti F. , Amenta F.
Published: July 2008

The existence of a limited population of neither adrenergic nor cholinergic nerve fibers was observed in the rat cornea. These nerve fiber-like structures have a selective affinity for quinacrine and are not altered by chemical sympathectomy. The findings are discussed.
Distribution of Hair on the Phalanges of the Hand in Nigerians
Authors: Singh J.D.
Published: July 2008

Data on the frequency and patterns of hair distribution on the phalanges of the hand are available from different parts of the world. However, the literature reveals that the African continent has so far not been explored adequately in this respect. The present investigation was undertaken to document the findings from Nigeria. A random sample of 585 male and female students and staff of the University of Calabar, Nigeria, between the ages of 18 and 30 years were examined. All the cases considered were Nigerians born to Nigerian parents. It was interesting to observe that in 4% of the males and in 5% of the females hair on the first phalanx was absent which has not been reported so far in any other population. The presence of hair on the middle phalanx also was significantly less (21 %) as compared to the findings of other authors in different populations. The distal phalanges never showed hair which is quite in agreement with the reports from other workers. Although there is a wide range of variation in presence or absence of hair on the middle phalanx from one population to another, the frequency order remains 4 > 3 > 5 > 2 in all of them including the present report. Further, it is obvious that the frequency of phalangeal hair is lowest in Africans (21%) and highest in the white race (70%). Other races are in between these values.
Sensory Vagal Nature and Anatomical Access Paths to Esophagus Laminar Nerve Endings in Myenteric Ganglia. Determination by Surgical Degeneration Methods
Authors: Rodrigo J. , De Felipe J. , Robles-Chillida E.M. , Pérez Antón J.A. , Mayo I. , Gómez A.
Published: July 2008

The dependence, access paths and functional significance of the intraganglionic laminar nerve endings (IGLEs) in the esophageal wall of the cat are demonstrated. To this end Wallerian degeneration was induced on the vagus nerve by a number of surgical operations performed at the nodose ganglion level. The results show IGLEs to be sensorial receptors dependent on neuronal bodies situated in the nodose ganglion. The nerve fibers on which they depend to reach the esophageal wall gain access via the vagus and the superior laryngeal nerve.
Morphology of the Middle Ear in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Saad Mohamed M. , Doyle William J. , Gest Thomas R.
Published: July 2008

The primary purpose of this study is to present a description of the morphology of the middle ear in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) based on original dissections. The results presented document the morphologic similarities of this structure in the rhesus monkey and man, and further define the anatomic parameters necessary for using the rhesus monkey to model the human system.
Adipocyte Development in Subcutaneous Tissues of the Young Rat
Authors: Hausman G.J.
Published: July 2008

The relationship between mammary gland development and adipocyte formation in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied. Tissue samples from newborn rats and young rats were prepared for histological and histochemical analysis. The development of subcutaneous adipocytes in the young rat is associated temporally and spatially with mammary gland development. The growing mammary gland ducts and the blood vessels and nerves that serve the ducts may physically interact with connective tissue cells, resulting in a population of undifferentiated cells. Adipocytes and a wide variety of cell types may be derived from this pool of undifferentiated cells. Histochemical characteristics of cells of immature ends of mammary gland ducts indicated hypoxic conditions. These conditions may have directed a vascularization process that resulted in a network of adipocytes and capillaries around mammary gland ducts. Thus, under normal conditions, adipocyte formation is an integral phase of mammary gland development in the fetal and yount rat.
Histological Variations of Jejunal and Ileal Mucosa on Days 8 and 15 after Hypophysectomy in Rat: Morphometrical Analysis in Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Bastie M.J. , Balas D. , Laval J. , Senegas-Balas F. , Bertrand C. , Frexinos J. , Ribet A.
Published: July 2008

Variations of the intestinal mucosa were studied in male adult Wistar rats on day 8 and day 15 after hypophysectomy. All results were compared with those obtained in pair-fed control rats. Morphological variations were observed at two intestinal levels (high part [hp] and low part [lp] of the jejunoileum) both with morphometrical analysis (villous area, microvillous area, enterocytes, goblet and Paneth cell number, mitotic index...), in light or electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids). Levels of the main intestinal hydrolysis were also measured by means of biochemical assays. Atrophy of the intestinal mucosa was confirmed, but atrophy produced not only a reduction of the villous area (hp = –30%p < 0.01, lp = –22%p < 0.05 on day 8, hp = –25 %p < 0.05 lp = –36% p < 0.01 on day 15) but also a significant decrease of the microvillous area (hp ≈ –39% p < 0.001, lp = –14% p < 0.05 on day 8, hp = –24% p < 0.02, lp = –30% p < 0.05 on day 15) in accordance with a significant decrease of brush border enzyme levels. The atrophy was generalized but concerned mainly the high part of the small intestine and could be attributed mostly to a significant decrease of glandular mitosis (hp = –57% p < 0.01, lp = –77% p < 0.001 on day 8, hp = –74% p < 0.01, lp = -75% p < 0.001 on day 15) without apparent modification of cell extrusion at the top of intestinal villi. Hypophysectomy affected the different cell types of the villous intestinal epithelium in different ways. Absorbing cells were the more reduced in number. Defects of maturation of goblet cells were noted. On the other hand, hypertrophy (p < 0.001) and hyperplasia (p < 0.001) of Paneth cells were observed with a significant decrease of the lytic activity. These apparent discrepancies can be attributed to important cytological variations and partial mucoid transformation of the secretory component of Paneth cells (observed both by histochemical and electron microscopic observation). Cytological variations after hypophysectomy seem to be induced early, since no significant differences could be observed between days 8 and 15 for most of the parameters tested. Direct or indirect (local relay) effect of pituitary function is discussed.
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Ependyma of the Fourth Ventricle in the Monkey Brain
Authors: Singh D.R. , Bajpai V.K. , Maitra S.C. , Shipstone A.C. , Hasan M.
Published: July 2008

The ependymal structure of the fourth ventricle floor of adult rhesus monkeys was investigated using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each half of the floor exhibited dense ciliation which decreased towards the median sulcus. The area postrema and the facial colliculus lacked cilia and were covered with non-ciliated ependymal cells. Along the entire length of the median sulcus supraependymal globular protrusions were seen. Over the rostral and middle thirds of the sulcus these protrusions exhibited interwoven ridges. At the former situation they were closely approximated but at the latter they were on the surface of non-ciliated nodules which were lying amongst sparsely ciliated cells. In the caudal third these protrusions presented smoother surfaces without any structural details over them. Transmission electron microscopy through the upper two thirds of the median sulcus revealed these surface protrusions to be non-ciliated cells having long and profuse network of interwoven microvilli over their luminal surface. These cell bodies exhibited well-defined supranuclear Golgi complexes, vesiculated rough and smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and polyribosomes, few electron dense granules, network of microtubules and light and dense multivesiculated bodies. These features suggested a secretory and/or absorptive role, rather than autophagy to these surface specialization.
The Mandibular Angular Cartilage in the Rat
Authors: Vilmann H.
Published: July 2008

Histomorphological and histochemical aspects of the mandibular angular cartilage and its surrounding perichondrium are described from a material consisting of 46 rats aged between 1 and 56 days. Comparisons at 11–13 days with mandibular condylar cartilage reveal a marked concordance in their general composition. However, certain differences in extent of the subzones constituting the cartilage are present. These differences are suggested to express differences in growth rates between the structures. The study of the age changes which take place in the mandibular angular cartilage reveals an age-related change in direction of the muscles attached to the medially and laterally facing surfaces of the structure in combination with a change in direction of the connective tissue covering its posterior part. Such changes might be indications of changes in direction of the tensional forces acting on the cartilage. Ultimately, they might be related to the limited temporal maintenance of the structure.
Relationship between Lipoprotein(a), Metabolic Syndrome, and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Older Japanese People
Authors: Kotani Kazuhiko , Shimohiro Hisashi , Adachi Seiji , Sakane Naoki
Published: July 2008

Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] or metabolic syndrome (MS) is individually considered an atherosclerotic factor. Serum Lp(a) may reportedly show the additive effects on atherosclerosis under certain particular pathologies. We do not know the association between serum Lp(a) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) with relation to MS in older people. Objective: The present study aims at investigating the relationship between Lp(a) and CIMT levels in relation to MS among older subjects. Methods: We studied 182 Japanese subjects of ≧60 years (mean 72.5 years), free of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease. MS was based on the NCEP-ATPIII criteria with a minor modification for Japanese. The CIMT was ultrasonographically measured. Results: The CIMT levels were significantly greater in the MS group (n = 60, 1.03 ± 0.22 mm) than the non-MS group (n = 122, 0.96 ± 0.22 mm). Multivariate analysis, using Lp(a) levels or the product term for interaction between Lp(a) and MS, showed that age significantly and independently correlated to CIMT, along with male gender. Discussion: Even when Lp(a) and MS were simultaneously considered, age was the best determinant of CIMT in this population. The mechanism of our results including weak additive effects of Lp(a) and MS among older subjects may be partly throughout aging.
A Histochemical Study of the Coronary Vasculature in Euthyroid and Hyperthyroid Rats
Authors: Cannon Samuel , Kapes Evelyn D. , Wagner J.W. , Godwin Gregory C. , Gelderd John B.
Published: July 2008

Coronary arteries and arterioles in the left and right ventricles from normal and hyperthyroid rats were examined histochemically to determine and to compare their metabolic activities. The test animals were made hyperthyroid by administration of desiccated thyroid for 8–10 weeks. Using histochemical techniques, selected enzymes and components of key metabolic pathways were examined. These pathways included an evaluation of aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation, Kreb’s cycle and respiratory chain) and anaerobic metabolic capacity, hexose-monophosphate shunt activity, amounts of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids present and activity of β-oxidation of fatty acids. Our results indicate that normal coronary arteriolar metabolism is predominantly aerobic. The findings also suggest a reduction in aerobic metabolism with an accompanying increase in anaerobic potential in the hyperthyroid coronary arterioles. Thus, during thyrotoxicosis, the coronary arterioles may partially shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Moreover, in both the normal and thyrotoxic rat heart, the coronary microvasculature appears quite stable with little cell proliferation. In contrast, both the control and hyperthyroid rat coronary arteries appear to utilize primarily anaerobic pathways, while the control and hyperthyroid myocardium seem highly dependent upon aerobic metabolism. The tremendous reduction in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in hyperthyroid, when compared to normal coronary arteries and some larger arterioles, implies a reduced capacity for nucleic acid and protein synthesis in the test animals.
Some Circuit Operations in the Mammalian Brain
Authors: Eccles John C.
Published: July 2008

There is an account of the basic neuronal connectivities of the spinal cord with the Sherringtonian principles of divergence and convergence. Neurones act synaptically either as excitatory or as inhibitory, depending on the specific transmitter substances liberated. Inhibitory neurones usually act either in a feedback or a feedforward manner. Voluntary movement is considered in relation to the instructions delivered to the motor cortex in order to produce the discharges down the pyramidal tract that evoke the required movement. There is an account of the three lines of evidence which indicate that in voluntary movements the primary neural event arises in discharges of neurones of the supplementary motor area (SMA). There are three main circuits from the SMA that activate subroutines concerned in the preprogramming of movements: (1) SMA to the basal ganglia, thence to the thalamus with a collateral line through the substantia nigra, thence to the association cortex; (2) SMA to cerebellar hemisphere via the pontine nuclei, thence to the nucleus dentatus, to the thalamus, to the association cortex, and (3) SMA to association cortex both frontal and parietal. According to the SMA hypothesis the liaison brain for intention is located in the SMA, there being reciprocity of informational flow from the mental events of intention to the neuronal events in the SMA.
Cystic Kidney in an 8-Week Human Embryo
Authors: Kirillova IrenaA. , Kulazhenko Valentin P. , Kulazhenko Larisa G. , Novikova Irina V.
Published: July 2008

An 8-week human embryo with cystic dilation of the right renal pelvis and ampullar portions of collecting tubules was found among 2,500 conceptuses (including 76 with urogenital malformations) obtained through unduced abortion. This observation presents further evidence that some cases of renal cysts are not secondary to ureteric atresia or nonunion of primitive collecting and secretory tubules but are the primary anomaly of ureteric bud branching and nehphron induction.
Effect of Calcitonin on Calcitonin Cells, Parathyroid Glands and Serum Electrolytes in the House Shrew (Suncus murinus)
Authors: Srivastav Ajai Kumar , Swarup Krishna
Published: July 2008

Porcine calcitonin (CT) (0.5 MRC unit daily) was administered intraperitoneally to house shrews, Suncus murinus, for 42 days. The changes in serum calcium and phosphate levels as well as the light microscopical alterations of the parathyroid and calcitonin cells (C cells) between the 1st and 42nd day of treatment were recorded. The serum calcium level shows a fall up to the 7th day of treatment and thereafter it increases to normal values. The hypophosphataemic effect of CT increases progressively throughout the experiment continuing even after the loss of the hypocalcaemic effect. CT administration inhibits the release of secretory granules of C cells up to 21 days. Hyperplasia and degranulation of C cells is observed at 28, 35 and 42 days of treatment. C cells with collapsed membrane are also encountered in the lumina of the thyroid follicles. From the 28th day onwards the parathyroid chief cells of treated animals show hypertrophy and loss of staining reaction.
Filiform Papillae of Cat Tongue
Authors: Boshel J. , Wilborn W.H. , Singh B.B.
Published: July 2008

A pronounced species variation in the organization of filiform papillae has been observed. Preliminary histologic studies of cat tongue revealed marked regional variations in size, shape and organization of filiform papillae. Therefore, a correlated light microscopic, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of tissue samples of representative areas of the cat tongue was undertaken for further elucidation. Results showed that filiform papillae on the tip of the tongue were short and exhibited several conical processes from the base of each papilla. In contrast, filiform papillae in the midportion of the dorsum of the tongue consisted of a large mound with a single sharp spinous process projecting posteriorly. In the region of the vallate papillae, the filiform papillae were shorter and more conical than those on the midportion of the tongue. In addition, keratohyalin granules in filiform papillae were comprised of an eosinophil spheroid with small basophil attachments.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of the Organization of Serotonin Neurons in the Brain of the Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Takeuchi Y. , Kimura H. , Matsuura T. , Sano Y.
Published: July 2008

The distribution and morphological characteristics of the perikarya of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the brain of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) were studied using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. A wide and scattered distribution of 5-HT neurons was demonstrated in this study. Our immunohistochemical technique revealed for the first time 5-HT neurons in the following areas: the periaqueductal gray lateral to the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the field of the lemniscus lateralis, the nucleus parabrachialis medialis, the nucleus interpeduncularis and certain areas of the reticular formation.
Notes on the Anatomy of the Heart in the Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777)
Authors: Bisaillon André
Published: July 2008

The heart of the Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) is described based on the dissection of six specimens of both sexes ranging in body weight from 23.2 to 46.4 kg. The heart is characterized, as in other seals, by a transverse broadness and a flatness of the ventricles along with an apex formed by both ventricles. Heart parameters are used for comparisons with those of other seals and land mammals. The heart width index (heart height/heart circumference) averages 33.4 compared to 28.7 for the Weddell seal and 39.0 for the felids. The right ventricle of the Harp seal heart is relatively long and very broad with a mean length index (TS/heart height) of 68.8 and a mean width index (TP/heart height) of 54.8. These functional heart parameters are discussed and physiological adaptations are suggested.
Quantitativ-histomorphologische Untersuchungen an der Aorta abdominalis von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Jäger Eva , Widhalm K. , Sinzinger H. , Strobl W.
Published: July 2008

127 abdominal aortas of children and adolescents aged 0–20 years were examined histomorphologically. The quantitative analysis gave the following results: (1) The intimal thickness increases continuously with age. The maximal intimal growth can be observed between the 1st and 3rd and the 12th and 19th year of age, respectively. (2) The media exhibits a similar increase in thickness with a maximal growth between the 1st and 3rd and in the 12th year. (3) The intima-media index rises rapidly from birth until the 3rd year, with a plateau thereafter, and then increases again between the 14th and 18th year. (4) The mean values for these measurements were higher in males than in females in all the age groups except for the 1st year.
A Study of the Superficial Veins of the Cubital Fossa in Nigerian Subjects
Authors: Singh S.P. , Ekandem G.J. , Bose S.
Published: July 2008

The pattern of arrangement of superficial veins in the cubital fossa was studied in 400 cubital fossae of 200 living persons from amongst the medical students and staff of the Medical School, University of Calabar, Nigeria. In the present study, the patterns of arrangement of the veins in the cubital fossa varied considerably from usual textbook descriptions. Five types of variations have been observed. The commonest pattern observed was the median vein of the forearm dividing into two branches, one joining the basilic and the other the cephalic vein.
Limbic projections to the cat thalamus
Authors: Somogyi Gy. , Hajdu F. , Tömböl T. , Madarász M.
Published: July 2008

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to identify the afferent projection systems of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the cat. The results indicate that fibres projecting to the three anterior nuclei of the thalamus arise from the hippocampal region, septum and cingulate cortex unilaterally and from the hypothalamus (mamillary nuclei) both bilaterally and unilaterally. The cells of the medial mamillary nuclei send their axons to the ipsilateral AV and AM nuclei whereas the lateral mamillary nucleus projects bilaterally to the AD nuclei.