bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blinding in peer review: the preferences of reviewers for nursing journals
Authors: Baggs Judith Gedney , Broome Marion E. , Dougherty Molly C. , Freda Margaret C. , Kearney Margaret H.
Published: September 2008

Title.  Blinding in peer review: the preferences of reviewers for nursing journals.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to assess the beliefs and preferences of reviewers for nursing journals about blinding of authors to reviewers, reviewers to authors, neither or both.

Background.  Blinding of author and reviewer names in the manuscript review process has been of interest to nursing editors, but reports that are based on data rather than simply opinion concern the editorial practices of biomedical rather than nursing journals. There has been no study of nursing journal reviewer beliefs and preferences related to blinding.

Method.  A descriptive web‐based survey was conducted. The sample included 1675 anonymous reviewers, recruited through 52 editors of nursing journals from their review panels. Data were collected in 2007.

Findings.  Double‐blinding of reviews was the most common method reported. Ninety per cent of respondents reported that the papers they received to review did not include author names. When author names were blinded, 62% of reviewers could not identify the authors of papers; another 17% could identify authors ≤10% of the time. Double‐blinding was the method preferred by 93·6% of reviewers, although some identified some advantages to an unblinded open review process.

Conclusion.  Nursing journal reviewers are generally very satisfied with double‐blinding and believe it contributes to the quality of papers published. Editors or editorial boards interested in a more open review process could consider alternatives such as offering authors and reviewers the option to unblind themselves. Simply announcing that the review process will henceforth be unblinded would probably lead to loss of reviewers.
Host‐driven divergence in the parasitic plant Orobanche minor Sm. (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: THOROGOOD C. J. , RUMSEY F. J. , HARRIS S. A. , HISCOCK S. J.
Published: September 2008

Many parasitic angiosperms have a broad host range and are therefore considered to be host generalists. Orobanche minor is a nonphotosynthetic root parasite that attacks a range of hosts from taxonomically disparate families. In the present study, we show that O. minor sensu lato may comprise distinct, genetically divergent races isolated by the different ecologies of their hosts. Using a three‐pronged approach, we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific taxa O. minor var. minor and O. minor ssp. maritima parasitizing either clover (Trifolium pratense) or sea carrot (Daucus carota ssp. gummifer), respectively, are in allopatric isolation. Morphometric analysis revealed evidence of divergence but this was insufficient to define discrete, host‐specific taxa. Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker‐based data provided stronger evidence of divergence, suggesting that populations were isolated from gene flow. Phylogenetic analysis, using sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers derived from ISSR loci, provided strong evidence for divergence by clearly differentiating sea carrot‐specific clades and mixed‐host clades. Low levels of intrapopulation SCAR marker sequence variation and floral morphology suggest that populations on different hosts are probably selfing and inbreeding. Morphologically cryptic Orobanche taxa may therefore be isolated from gene flow by host ecology. Together, these data suggest that host specificity may be an important driver of allopatric speciation in parasitic plants.
Determination of TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphism in the Chinese Han population by real‐time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Feng M. L. , Yin B. , Shen T. , Huang H. , Zheng J. W. , Qian K. C. , Liu D. Z.
Published: September 2008

The heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complex plays a key role in immune surveillance. TAP1 and TAP2 typing was usually performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR–sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe. As an alternative to these methods, we have established TaqMan assays to determine the frequencies of the TAP1 and TAP2 alleles. We have used these new TaqMan assays to genotype the polymorphisms in 339 unrelated Chinese Hans residing in North and South China. We detected five TAP1 and four TAP2 alleles. All the loci conform to the Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The most frequent alleles in Chinese Hans were TAP1*0101 (79.79%) and TAP2*0101 (82.74%). The two‐locus haplotype analysis showed highly significant positive linkage disequilibrium for one TAP1–TAP2 haplotype (TAP1*020101–TAP2*0102), three TAP1–DRB1 haplotypes (TAP1*020101–DRB1*03, TAP1*020102–DRB1*13, and TAP1*0301–DRB1*16), and three TAP2–DRB1 haplotypes (TAP2*0102–DRB1*09, TAP2*0103–DRB1*04, and TAP2*0201–DRB1*01). The three‐locus haplotype analysis showed highly significant positive linkage disequilibrium for TAP1*0101–TAP2*0101–DRB1*07, TAP1*0101–TAP2*0103–DRB1*04, TAP1*020101–TAP2*0101–DRB1*03, and TAP1*020101–TAP2*0102–DRB1*13. Comparison of the allele frequencies with those of other populations showed that the TAP1 allele distribution was very similar in all the groups, except for the Guarani, Kaingang, and Anatolian populations, but TAP2 distribution was significantly different from that of the other populations. The new TaqMan method provides relatively accurate, high‐resolution, simple, and fast assays for TAP genotyping.
A new HLA‐A*680106 allele identified in individuals with celiac disease from the Friuli area of northeast Italy
Authors: Caggiari L. , Cannizzaro R. , De Zorzi M. , Canzonieri V. , Da Ponte A. , De Re V.
Published: September 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A*680106 antigen was identified in two Italian individuals by polymerase chain reaction sequencing‐based typing.
Differential cytokine expression and regulation of human anti‐pig xenogeneic responses by modified porcine dendritic cells
Authors: Layton Daniel Stuart , Bean Andrew Gerard , Dodge Natalie Michelle , Strom A. David G. , Sandrin Mauro Sergio , Ierino Francesco Libero
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background:  Porcine dendritic cells (DC) are likely to be pivotal cells in the initiation of stimulatory and potential tolerogenic responses to xenoantigens, however, there are limited studies characterizing these antigen presenting cells.

Methods:  Porcine PBMC (CD172a+) were cultured with GM‐CSF and IL‐4 and phenotype and functional capabilities assessed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL‐10, and IL‐3 were added to the GM‐CSF/IL‐4 DC cultures to determine phenotypic and functional changes. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for key cytokines was performed and the modified porcine DC were further assessed by primary mixed lymphocyte reaction to determine the effect of LPS, IL‐10, and IL‐3 on stimulatory capability.

Results:  Porcine PBMC (CD172+) cultured with GM‐CSF and IL‐4 produced cells with DC morphology, which were major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II+, CD14−/lo, and CD1alo. Addition of IL‐10 or IL‐3 to GM‐CSF/IL‐4 DC cultures produced cells with lower levels of MHC class II and higher levels of antigen uptake consistent with less mature DC. Quantitative real‐time PCR of DC showed the addition of IL‐10 induced an increase in IL‐10 mRNA, no detectable IL‐12, and reduced IL‐6 mRNA. The addition of IL‐3 to DC cultures decreased IL‐12, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with no change in IL‐10 mRNA. GM‐CSF/IL‐4 DC induced strong human lymphocyte proliferation, compared with significantly reduced stimulatory capacity induced by IL‐10 and IL‐3 treated DC cultures.

Conclusions:  The profound effect on differential DC cytokine profile and reduced human anti‐pig responses has important therapeutic implications in xenotransplantation. The mechanism of altered regulation warrants further investigation.
Clinical versatility of porcine hepatocytes in the light of interspecies differences in cytochrome P450 regulation and expression
Authors: Kleine Moritz , Schrem Harald , Borlak Jürgen , Klempnauer Jürgen
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background and aims:  In fulminant hepatic failure, the clinical use of bioartifical liver support with porcine hepatocytes is the subject of a controversial debate. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic functions have relevant implications for drug metabolism and detoxification. In this study, we investigate interspecies differences in CYP gene expression between human and porcine primary hepatocytes and the impact of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) exposition mimicking cytokine release in fulminant hepatic failure.

Methods:  Primary hepatocyte cultures were isolated from human resection specimens and from German landrace pigs. Cell cultures (single and co‐cultures) were exposed to porcine vs. human IL‐6 and TNF‐α, respectively. Changes in quantitative CYP gene expression were investigated by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR.

Results:  Significant differences in species‐specific CYP gene expression by human and porcine hepatocytes were found after exposure to species‐identical IL‐6 (10 ng/ml) for CYP 1A1, CYP 2C, CYP 3A (P = 0.002, 0.022, 0.017, respectively) or species‐identical TNF‐α (30ng/ml) for CYP 1A2 and CYP 2A (P = 0.037, 0.023, respectively). In single vs. co‐culture, human hepatocytes demonstrated stronger repression of CYP 1A1, 2C8 and 3A4 expression after dosage with human IL‐6 (10ng/ml) (P = 0.022, 0.031,  0.014, respectively).

Conclusion:  Our findings demonstrate significant species‐specific differences in CYP gene expression and regulation when high doses of IL‐6 and TNF‐α are used (10  and 30 ng/ml, respectively). These findings may point to species‐specific physiological incompatibilities of porcine hepatocytes and thus limit their clinical versatility.
Graft rejection in the xenogeneic transplantation of mice: diagnosis with in vivo MR imaging using the homing trait of macrophages
Authors: Mun Han Song , Kang Hee Jung , Lim Keun Ho , Sohn Jin Young , Chang Hyeujin , Lee Kyoung Geun , Lee Jin Seong
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background:  To evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to depict the in vivo recruitment of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)‐labeled macrophages and to diagnose graft rejection in xenogeneic transplantation.

Methods:  We transplanted the trachea of SD rat (xenogeneic) or C3H/HeN mouse (syngeneic) into the left thighs of six male C3H/HeN mice. The SPIO‐labeled macrophage was administered through the tail vein 2 days (acute) or 14 days (chronic) after transplantation in each group. The left thighs of the mice were imaged on a 4.7‐T MR scanner 24 h after macrophage administration. We evaluated the extent and pattern of the susceptibility effect (macrophage distribution) and compared them in the two groups. The MR findings were then correlated with the histopathologic results. We also measured in both groups the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 level before and 2 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after transplantation.

Results:  The band‐shaped lower signal intensity (SI) zone was noted around the graft in the acute and chronic phases of xenogeneic group and in the acute phase of syngeneic group, but it was not noted in the chronic phase of syngeneic transplantation. The lower SI zone corresponded to the distribution of SPIO‐labeled macrophages on histopathological analyses. On histologic examination, the severe inflammation developed around the xenogeneic graft, but only slightly around the syngeneic graft. MCP‐1 was elevated 2 days after transplantation in both groups, but then gradually decreased in the syngeneic group; in xenogenic group, the MCP‐1 value decreased by week 2 but then increased by week 4.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that the homing of intravenously administered SPIO‐labeled macrophages can be monitored on MR imaging and is correlated with the MCP‐1 level and the histopathologic findings of the xenograft rejection.
Aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits endothelial activation, complement activation, and von Willebrand factor secretion in vitro and attenuates hyperacute rejection in an ex vivo model of pig‐to‐human pulmonary xenotransplantation
Authors: Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Ji‐Eun , Wi Hyun Cho , Lee Sang Woo , Kim Ji Yeon , Kang Hee Jung , Kim Young Tae
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background:  In the xenotransplantation of vascularized organs, such as the lung, a large area of endothelial cell layer is a big hurdle to be overcome. We investigated the potential protective effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a known inhibitor of platelet adhesion, on endothelial damage induced by xenogeneic serum. We also assessed its role in hyperacute xenograft rejection using a porcine ex vivo lung perfusion model.

Methods:  Porcine endothelial cells were incubated with human serum and other inflammatory stimuli. For the evaluation of von Willebrand factor (vWF) secretion and tissue factor (TF) expression, we used human endothelial cells. E‐selectin expression, complement activation, TF expression and platelet activation were investigated by flow cytometry. In an ex vivo porcine lung perfusion model, the porcine lungs were perfused with fresh human whole blood: unmodified blood (n = 5), ATA‐treated blood (n = 5), and ATA and lepirudin‐treated blood (n = 5).

Results:  Aurintricarboxylic acid significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐ or lipopolysaccharide‐induced endothelial E‐selectin expression in a dose‐dependent manner. ATA also prevented human serum induced‐E‐selectin expression and human monocytic cell adhesion to porcine endothelial cells. Moreover, ATA abolished thrombin‐induced vWF secretion as well as complement activation. However, ATA induced endothelial TF expression and platelet activation in vitro. In ex‐vivo experiments, ATA treatment improved pulmonary function and attenuated sequestration of leukocytes. Although ATA did not influence thrombin generation, we were able to minimize its activity by adding lepirudin to the blood with ATA.

Conclusions:  Our study demonstrated in vitro protective effect of ATA on the inhibition of endothelial activation and vWF secretion and confirmed detrimental effect of ATA on induction of endothelial TF and platelet activation. The combination of ATA and lepirudin may act beneficially by preventing coagulation perturbation while maintaining improved xenograft survival.
Dissecting the instant blood‐mediated inflammatory reaction in islet xenotransplantation
Authors: Goto Masafumi , Tjernberg Jenny , Dufrane Denis , Elgue Graciela , Brandhorst Daniel , Ekdahl Kristina Nilsson , Brandhorst Heidi , Wennberg Lars , Kurokawa Yoshimochi , Satomi Susumu , Lambris John D. , Gianello Pierre , Korsgren Olle , Nilsson Bo
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background:  A massive destruction of transplanted tissue occurs immediately following transplantation of pancreatic islets from pig to non‐human primates. The detrimental instant blood‐mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), triggered by the porcine islets, is a likely explanation for this tissue loss. This reaction may also be responsible for mediating an adaptive immune response in the recipient that requires a heavy immunosuppressive regimen.

Materials and methods:  Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (LMW‐DS) and the complement inhibitor Compstatin were used in a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies designed to dissect the xenogeneic IBMIR in a non‐human primate model of pancreatic islet transplantation. Adult porcine islets (10 000 IEQs/kg) were transplanted intraportally into three pairs of cynomolgus monkeys that had been treated with LMW‐DS or heparin (control), and the effects on the IBMIR were characterized. Porcine islets were also incubated in human blood plasma in vitro to assess complement inhibition by LMW‐DS and Compstatin.

Results:  Morphological scoring and immunohistochemical staining revealed that the severe islet destruction and macrophage, neutrophilic granulocyte, and T‐cell infiltration observed in the control (heparin‐treated) animals were abrogated in the LMW‐DS‐treated monkeys. Both coagulation and complement activation were significantly reduced in monkeys treated with LMW‐DS, but IgM and complement fragments were still found on the islet surface. This residual complement activation could be inhibited by Compstatin in vitro.

Conclusions:  The xenogeneic IBMIR in this non‐human primate model is characterized by an immediate binding of antibodies that triggers deleterious complement activation and a subsequent clotting reaction that leads to further complement activation. The effectiveness of LMW‐DS (in vivo and in vitro) and Compstatin (in vitro) in inhibiting this IBMIR provides the basis for a protocol that can be used to abrogate the IBMIR in pig‐human clinical islet transplantation.
Engraftment of human hepatocytes in the livers of rats bearing bone marrow reconstructed with immunodeficient mouse bone marrow cells
Authors: Igarashi Yuka , Tateno Chise , Tanaka Yuka , Tachibana Asato , Utoh Rie , Kataoka Miho , Ohdan Hideki , Asahara Toshimasa , Yoshizato Katsutoshi
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Background:  Previously, we created, a chimeric mouse (humanized mouse), a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse whose liver was >90% repopulated with human (h)‐hepatocytes, which are useful for the testing of drug metabolism and toxicity, as well as a hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus‐susceptible animal model. However, their small body size and small total blood volume limited the utilization for analytical purposes, which led us to develop a method to create a chimeric rat bearing h‐hepatocyte‐repopulated liver.

Methods:  F344 nude rats devoid of T cells were irradiated with X‐rays and injected with bone marrow cells (BMCs) from SCID mice (mSCID). The rate of replacement with mSCID‐BMCs was evaluated by two‐color flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After mSCID‐BMCs repopulated the host bone marrow (BM), the rats were treated with retrorsine, partially hepatectomized (PHx), and transplanted with 5 × 106 h‐hepatocytes isolated from the chimeric mice. h‐Albumin (h‐Alb) concentrations in the host blood and the expression levels of protein and mRNA of hepatocyte differentiation markers in the h‐hepatocytes were evaluated by ELISA, immunostaining, and reverse transcription‐PCR, respectively.

Results:  The mSCID‐BMCs successfully repopulated the rats, the percentage of mouse cells reaching 94% among host (rnudeF344) PBMCs at 4 weeks after m‐BMC transplantation. h‐Hepatocytes isolated from the chimeric mice were transplanted to the liver of the mSCID‐BMC‐repopulated rats. The engrafted h‐hepatocytes expressed h‐Alb and h‐cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtypes and survived showing normal phenotypes until at least 3 weeks post‐h‐hepatocytes transplantation (h‐HPCT). However, the blood concentrations of h‐Alb declined at 4 weeks post‐HPCT, concomitant with the emergence of both rnudeF344‐ and mSCID‐macrophages, suggesting the rejection of h‐hepatocytes due to the activation of macrophages.

Conclusion:  We developed a novel method to create a rat that bears the liver engrafted with h‐hepatocytes, utilizing a rat with the BM composed of mSCID‐BMCs as a host. This h‐hepatocyte‐bearing rat will be a valuable model for studying the immunologic mechanisms involved in xenogeneic transplantation and for generating rats with higher rates of repopulation with h‐hepatocytes.
Macroevolutionary patterns in the origin of mutualisms involving ants
Authors: OLIVER T. H. , LEATHER S. R. , COOK J. M.
Published: September 2008

Ants are a diverse and abundant insect group that form mutualistic associations with a number of different organisms from fungi to insects and plants. Here, we use a phylogenetic approach to identify ecological factors that explain macroevolutionary trends in the mutualism between ants and honeydew‐producing Homoptera. We also consider association between ant–Homoptera, ant–fungi and ant–plant mutualisms. Homoptera‐tending ants are more likely to be forest dwelling, polygynous, ecologically dominant and arboreal nesting with large colonies of 104–105individuals. Mutualistic ants (including those that garden fungi and inhabit ant‐plants) are found in under half of the formicid subfamilies. At the genus level, however, we find a negative association between ant–Homoptera and ant–fungi mutualisms, whereas there is a positive association between ant–Homoptera and ant–plant mutualisms. We suggest that species can only specialize in multiple mutualisms simultaneously when there is no trade‐off in requirements from the different partners and no redundancy of rewards.
Presentation, complications, and treatment outcome of brucellosis in Turkish children
Authors: Tanir Gonul , Tufekci Sehra B. , Tuygun Nilden
Published: September 2008

Background: Brucellosis constitutes a public health problem in Turkey. In endemicBrucella melitensisareas such as Turkey, children represent 20–25% of cases.

Methods: Hospital records of 90 children with brucellosis admitted during a 9 year period, 1997–2006, were evaluated retrospectively.

Results: Of 90 patients, 27 (30%) were female and 63 (70%) were male (P < 0.05). Patients were aged between 1 and 16 years of age. The mean age was 9.02 ± 3.59 years. Fifty‐two patients (57.8%) were from rural areas of Turkey. The mode of transmission was consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products in 64 patients (71.1%). Parents of 41 patients (45.6%) worked in animal breeding. A positive family history for brucellosis was noted in 14 patients (15.6%). The most frequently involved joint with arthralgia was the knee joint. Arthritis was found in six patients (6.7%), and five of the six had monoarthritis. Serum agglutination test was ≥1/160 in 82 patients (91.1%). The joint symptoms rapidly responded to the treatment and the majority of the patients had significant improvement. The duration of treatment was 6 weeks in 81 patients (90%). Six patients experienced relapse. Four patients presented with complications that included neurobrucellosis, discitis and sclerosis of the hip joint.

Conclusions: Treatment of childhood brucellosis with co‐trimoxazole + rifampicin or doxycycline + rifampicin, according to patient age, is effective and has low relapse rates. Complications and relapse were successfully treated with triple‐drug regimens with a low sequelae rate.
Developmental outcomes in persistent pulmonary hypertension treated with nitric oxide therapy
Authors: Hosono Shigeharu , Ohno Tutomu , Kimoto Hirofumi , Shimizu Masaki , Takahashi Shigeru , Harada Kensuke
Published: September 2008

Background:  The aim of the present study was to assess 3 year auditory and neurodevelopmental outcomes of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) before and after introducing inhaled nitric oxide (i‐NO) therapy, and to detect the clinical factors affecting poor outcome.

Methods:  A retrospective historical cohort study of 26 survivors with PPHN with oxygenation index (OI) ≥25 (13 infants without i‐NO therapy, control group; 13 with i‐NO therapy, i‐NO group) was performed. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) at 6 and 12 months and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age were evaluated.

Results:  ABR abnormalities at 6 months were observed in one infant in the i‐NO group and six in the control group (P = 0.04). At 1 year, one infant in the i‐NO group and two of six infants in the control group still had ABR abnormality. In the i‐NO group, two children had abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes, as compared with five children in the control group at 3 year follow up. Two children in the control group and no children in the i‐NO group had hearing loss at 3 years of age. Hypocapnea (P = 0.04) and elevated creatine phosphokinase (P = 0.04) were found to be most predictive for neurodevelopmental abnormality.

Conclusion:  Avoidance of excessive hypocapnea via introduction of i‐NO therapy might reduce both ABR and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
The effects of chronic nitrogen fertilization on alpine tundra soil microbial communities: implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling
Authors: Nemergut Diana R. , Townsend Alan R. , Sattin Sarah R. , Freeman Kristen R. , Fierer Noah , Neff Jason C. , Bowman William D. , Schadt Christopher W. , Weintraub Michael N. , Schmidt Steven K.
Published: September 2008

Many studies have shown that changes in nitrogen (N) availability affect primary productivity in a variety of terrestrial systems, but less is known about the effects of the changing N cycle on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. We used a variety of techniques to examine the effects of chronic N amendments on SOM chemistry and microbial community structure and function in an alpine tundra soil. We collected surface soil (0–5 cm) samples from five control and five long‐term N‐amended plots established and maintained at the Niwot Ridge Long‐term Ecological Research (LTER) site. Samples were bulked by treatment and all analyses were conducted on composite samples. The fungal community shifted in response to N amendments, with a decrease in the relative abundance of basidiomycetes. Bacterial community composition also shifted in the fertilized soil, with increases in the relative abundance of sequences related to the Bacteroidetes and Gemmatimonadetes, and decreases in the relative abundance of the Verrucomicrobia. We did not uncover any bacterial sequences that were closely related to known nitrifiers in either soil, but sequences related to archaeal nitrifiers were found in control soils. The ratio of fungi to bacteria did not change in the N‐amended soils, but the ratio of archaea to bacteria dropped from 20% to less than 1% in the N‐amended plots. Comparisons of aliphatic and aromatic carbon compounds, two broad categories of soil carbon compounds, revealed no between treatment differences. However, G‐lignins were found in higher relative abundance in the fertilized soils, while proteins were detected in lower relative abundance. Finally, the activities of two soil enzymes involved in N cycling changed in response to chronic N amendments. These results suggest that chronic N fertilization induces significant shifts in soil carbon dynamics that correspond to shifts in microbial community structure and function.
Soils of a Mediterranean hot spot of biodiversity and endemism (Sardinia, Tyrrhenian Islands) are inhabited by pan‐European, invasive species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma
Authors: Migheli Quirico , Balmas Virgilio , Komoñ‐Zelazowska Monika , Scherm Barbara , Fiori Stefano , Kopchinskiy Alexey G. , Kubicek Christian P. , Druzhinina Irina S.
Published: September 2008

We have used a Mediterranean hot spot of biodiversity (the Island of Sardinia) to investigate the impact of abiotic factors on the distribution of species of the common soil fungus Trichoderma. To this end, we isolated 482 strains of Hypocrea/Trichoderma from 15 soils comprising undisturbed and disturbed environments (forest, shrub lands and undisturbed or extensively grazed grass steppes respectively). Isolates were identified at the species level by the oligonucleotide BarCode for Hypocrea/Trichoderma (TrichOKEY), sequence similarity analysis (Trichoblast) and phylogenetic inferences. The majority of the isolates were positively identified as pan‐European and/or pan‐global Hypocrea/Trichoderma species from sections Trichoderma and Pachybasium, comprising H. lixii/T. harzianum, T. gamsii, T. spirale, T. velutinum, T. hamatum, H. koningii/T. koningii, H. virens/T. virens, T. tomentosum, H. semiorbis, H. viridescens/T. viridescens, H. atroviridis/T. atroviride, T. asperellum, H. koningiopsis/T. koningiopsis and Trichoderma sp. Vd2. Only one isolate represented a new, undescribed species belonging to the Harzianum–Catoptron Clade. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis revealed only one potentially endemic internal transcribed spacer 1 allele of T. hamatum. All other species exhibited genotypes that were already found in Eurasia or in other continents. Only few cases of correlation of species occurrence with abiotic factors were recorded. The data suggest a strong reduction of native Hypocrea/Trichoderma diversity, which was replaced by extensive invasion of species from Eurasia, Africa and the Pacific Basin.
The economic and workload impact of ‘backdoor’ prostate‐specific antigen screening on the UK National Health Service: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Chelladurai Arputharaj J. , Gunendran Thiru , Nicholson Caroline , Matanhelia Shyam S. , Blades Rosemary A.
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVE

To determine the economic burden and additional cost on one hospital within the UK National Health Service secondary to prostate‐specific antigen screening by a private recruitment company for a clinical drug trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data were reviewed from all patients who were excluded from the trial and referred across by the recruitment company between May 2004 and April 2005. The additional cost for all their investigation and treatment was calculated.

RESULTS

There were 87 interventional procedures (transrectal prostate biopsy, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy), 27 diagnostic scans (magnetic resonance Imaging and bone scan) and 240 additional outpatient visits (new and follow‐up) over the 1‐year period. The calculated cost was approximately £271 500.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the significant increase in the workload and financial burden in one centre within the UK National Health Service. Many other hospitals are likely to be in a similar situation and the total cost to the health service will be much greater.
Preventive behaviour in adult offspring of Type 2 diabetic patients and its relationship to parental advice
Authors: Nishigaki M. , Kobayashi K. , Abe Y. , Seki N. , Yokomura T. , Yokoyama M. , Kazuma K.
Published: September 2008

Aims This study was conducted to investigate preventive behaviour of offspring at risk of Type 2 diabetes, particularly focusing on the relationship between patients’ behaviour of giving advice as parents.

Methods This cross‐sectional study was based on a self‐reported questionnaire survey and was conducted at the diabetes clinic of one general hospital. Subjects were 164 pairs, comprising Type 2 diabetic patients ranging in age from 50 to 75 years and non‐diabetic offspring ranging in age from 20 to 50 years.

Results Approximately half of patients’ offspring were engaged in preventive behaviour; 51.2% to prevent weight gain and 50.6% to have a healthy diet. The proportion of offspring taking regular exercise was significantly less (40.2%) than those attempting weight control and eating a healthy diet (P = 0.0039,P = 0.0035, respectively). One hundred and six (64.6%) patients advised their offspring to change their lifestyle habits, such as with diet or exercise, for diabetes prevention. However, preventive behaviours in offspring, including preventing weight gain, having a healthy diet and taking regular exercise, were not facilitated by parental advice (P = 0.27, 0.92, 0.61, respectively). The offspring regarded medical professionals or mass media as reliable information sources, but not the family. However, they received information about diabetes most frequently from their family.

Conclusions Although more offspring practised preventive behaviour than expected, they were less likely to exercise than to change their diet or attempt to control their weight. Parental advice did not facilitate offspring preventive behaviour. Further research is needed to discover how to mediate links between parental advice and offspring preventive behaviour.
Children and young people with diabetes in Yorkshire: a population‐based clinical audit of patient data 2005/2006
Authors: McKinney P. A. , Feltbower R. G. , Stephenson C. R. , Reynolds C. ,   on behalf of the Yorkshire Paediatric Diabetes Special Interest Group
Published: September 2008

Aims  To provide a population‐based clinical audit of children and young people with diabetes, reporting outcomes, including glycaemic control, for named individual units.

Methods  Clinical audit data on care processes and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were collected for 1742 children and young people treated in 16 paediatric units in Yorkshire, from January 2005 to March 2006. The Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young People provided information technology support and validation that enhanced data quality. Multi‐level linear regression modelling investigated factors affecting glycaemic control.

Results  An HbA1c measure was recorded for 91.6% of patients. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence‐recommended target level for HbA1c of < 7.5% was achieved for 14.7% of patients. HbA1c was positively associated with duration of diabetes and later age at diagnosis. Patients living in deprived areas had significantly poorer control compared with those from affluent areas. Significant between‐unit variation in HbA1c was not reflected by any association with unit size.

Conclusions  Our population‐based clinical audit of children with diabetes is the product of an effective collaboration between those who deliver care and health services researchers. High levels of recording the key care process measuring diabetes control, compared with national figures, suggests collaboration has translated into improved services. The interesting association between poor diabetes control and higher deprivation is noteworthy and requires further investigation. Future audits require recording of clinical management and clinic structures, in addition to resources to record, assemble and analyse data.
Changes in transferrin are related to changes in insulin resistance: the SLIM study
Authors: Roumen C. , Feskens E. J. M. , Jansen E. H. J. M. , Saris W. H. M. , Blaak E. E.
Published: September 2008

Aims  To determine the effect of a lifestyle intervention on serum transferrin and ferritin levels and the relationship between changes in transferrin and ferritin and changes in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

Methods  Randomized controlled lifestyle intervention directed at a healthy diet and increased physical activity in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

Results  After 1 year, the change in ferritin levels in the intervention group as compared with the control group did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). Transferrin change was independently related to the change in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and ferritin change was related to the change in 2‐h free fatty acids.

Conclusions  Changes in insulin sensitivity and postprandial lipid metabolism are related to changes in iron metabolism.
Association between depression and concurrent Type 2 diabetes outcomes varies by diabetes regimen
Authors: Aikens J. E. , Perkins D. W. , Piette J. D. , Lipton B.
Published: September 2008

Aims  Although depression has weak associations with several Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) outcomes, it is possible that these associations are concentrated within certain patient subgroups that are more vulnerable to their effects. This study tested the hypothesis that depression is related to glycaemic control and diabetes‐related quality of life (DQOL) in patients who are prescribed injected insulin, but not those on oral glucose‐lowering agents alone.

Methods  Participants (103 on insulin, 155 on oral glucose‐lowering agents alone) with Type 2 DM were recruited from a large US healthcare system and underwent assessment of glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin; HbA1c), medication adherence and diabetes self‐care behaviours, DQOL and depression (none, mild, moderate/severe).

Results  There was a significant regimen × depression interaction on HbA1c (P = 0.002), such that depression was associated with HbA1c in patients using insulin (β = 0.35, P < 0.001) but not in patients using oral agents alone (β = –0.08, P = NS). There was a similar interaction when quality of life was analysed as an outcome (P = 0.002). Neither effect was mediated by regimen adherence.

Conclusions  The generally weak association between depression and glycaemic control is concentrated among patients who are prescribed insulin. Similarly, the association between depression and illness quality of life is strongest in patients prescribed insulin. Because this is not attributable to depression‐related adherence problems, psychophysiological mechanisms unique to this group ought to be carefully investigated. Clinicians might be especially vigilant for depression in Type 2 DM patients who use insulin and consider its potential impact upon their illness course.
New squatting test indices are useful for assessing baroreflex sensitivity in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nakagawa M. , Shinohara T. , Anan F. , Yufu K. , Takahashi N. , Okada N. , Hara M. , Yoshimatsu H. , Saikawa T.
Published: September 2008

Aims  The heart rate (HR) responses after performance of the squatting and standing manoeuvre are thought to be a useful tool to assess autonomic neuropathy in diabetics. Our aim was to develop new simple squatting test indices and to analyse their applicability to the assessment of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in patients with diabetes.

Methods  Twenty healthy volunteers (mean age 23.2 ± 3.8 years) and 51 patients with diabetes (mean age 55.9 ± 10.6 years) were enrolled in study 1 and study 2, respectively. Each subject stood for 3 min (basal period), then squatted down for 1 min (Sq) and stood up again for 1 min (St). In study 1, the squatting test was performed before and after pharmacological autonomic blockade. In study 2, we measured HR in each period and calculated the difference between basal HR and HRSq (ΔHRSq) and between HRSt and HRSq (ΔHRSt). BRS was also measured using the phenylephrine method in diabetic patients.

Results  In healthy individuals during autonomic blockade, HR changes were mainly controlled by the vagal tone during squatting and by the sympathetic tone during standing. In diabetic patients, ΔHRSq and ΔHRSt positively correlated (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001) and both ΔHRSq and ΔHRSt significantly correlated with BRS (r = 0.66, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.61, P < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions  The new squatting test indices provide useful information for assessing autonomic neuropathy and for identifying diabetic patients at high risk of cardiovascular events.
Long‐term weight loss and weight‐loss maintenance strategies
Authors: Rössner S. , Hammarstrand M. , Hemmingsson E. , Neovius M. , Johansson K.
Published: September 2008

It has been suggested that about 20% of subjects undergoing weight‐loss programmes can achieve a certain degree of long‐term success. At present, surgery remains the only method resulting in long‐term sustained weight loss, but access remains restricted. Hence it is important to analyse, in addition to pharmacotherapy, the methods to improve the effects of diet, exercise and behavioural modification. Since these techniques are less spectacular than others, there is a risk that their potential will be overlooked, in spite of the fact that they remain the main alternative for most subjects undergoing weight‐loss therapy. This review summarizes realistic treatment alternatives and also provides data from a day care treatment, a strategy not much reported in the literature. This is a standard treatment modality for diabetes but less common in obesity treatment.
Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity
Authors: Olsen N. J. , Heitmann B. L.
Published: September 2008

The prevalence of obesity has increased in the past 30 years, and at the same time a steep increase in consumption of soft drinks has been seen. This paper reviews the literature for studies on associations between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity, relative to adjustment for energy intake. Conclusions from previous reviews have been inconsistent, but some included many cross‐sectional studies or studies supported by sugar industry. A literature search was performed for prospective and experimental studies using Medline and Scirus. Fourteen prospective and five experimental studies were identified. The majority of the prospective studies found positive associations between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Three experimental studies found positive effects of calorically sweetened beverages and subsequent changes in body fat. Two experimental studies did not find effects. Eight prospective studies adjusted for energy intake. Seven of these studies reported associations that were essentially similar before and after energy adjustment. In conclusion, a high intake of calorically sweetened beverages can be regarded as a determinant for obesity. However, there seems to be no support that the association between intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity is mediated via increased energy intake, and alternative biological explanations should be explored.
Where Else Does Turnout Decline Come From? Education, Age, Generation and Period Effects in Three European Countries
Authors: Gallego Aina
Published: September 2008

Recent research has found that voter turnout is declining in most advanced industrial countries. The trend is driven by generational replacement because the age cohorts that entered the electorate at the end of the twentieth century are voting at lower than expected rates. In North American countries, the decline is also concentrated among the poorly educated. This article examines the relative contribution of period, life‐cycle, generational and educational effects on changes in electoral participation over the last four decades in Sweden, Norway and Germany with individual‐level data. Turnout decline is partly driven by generational change in the countries observed as the literature suggests. Additionally, there is also a clear socio‐economic correlate. Most strikingly, poorly educated persons of all age groups are increasingly failing to vote in Germany. The results suggest that the causes of the long‐term evolution are multidimensional and the relative consequences vary across countries. The debate about turnout decline and its possible remedies has to take into account the fact that both members of new generations and citizens with low education attainment are the main targets of measures aimed at increasing turnout rates, but different actions might be required to attract each specific demographic group to the polls.
Democratic Accountability in Decentralised Governance1
Authors: Hanberger Anders
Published: September 2008

This article develops a conceptual framework for studying democratic accountability in decentralised governance, and discusses critical issues about democratic accountability from a citizen's perspective. First, the concept is discussed and adapted to make it useful for studying democratic accountability in different governance structures. Second, the article scrutinises conditions for democratic accountability in decentralised governance based on three models. Third, democratic accountability is discussed with reference to a case study of public reviewers operating in four municipalities in Sweden. The study indicates that municipal auditors and the local media have the greatest impact on municipal policy. On the whole, auditors improve local governments’ internal control and systems for steering and monitoring municipal policy, whereas the media sometimes alter the policy agenda without changing the policy. Auditors maintain and support an elitist democratic orientation of democratic accountability, and the media maintain this democratic orientation and in addition promote democratic dialogue. Viewed from a citizen's perspective, the traditional accountability system does not work satisfactorily. State inspectors and municipal auditors – two important public reviewers in the current system – could improve their work to make it more useful to citizens’ democratic control. Another way discussed to develop democratic accountability is to promote participatory policy and concrete means of accountability (e.g. on‐site visits, conducted tours and different forms of democratic dialogue). The formal way to improve democratic accountability implies more transparency, monitoring and control, which may also lead to distrust and scapegoat thinking (i.e. a surveillance society), whereas concrete modes of accountability, more associated with participatory and deliberative democracy, imply mutual responsibility and trust building. Strengthening participatory policy, active citizens, collective responsibility and democratic dialogue could be an alternative to the emerging audit society.
Controlling Corruption in the Public Sector
Authors: Andersson Staffan , Bergman Torbjörn
Published: September 2008

Much of the literature on political corruption is based on indices such as the ones presented by Transparency International, but the reliability and validity of these indices are questionable. The main alternative approach – qualitative case studies – often lacks a theoretical framework allowing for systematic empirical analysis. To remedy this shortcoming, this article places qualitative case studies into the framework of principal‐agent theory. The cases comprise two Swedish county councils (regional governments), both of which reorganised their administrations in similar ways in the 1990s. One experienced corruption scandals, but the other did not. In comparing them, the article links the propensity for corruption to institutional design – in particular, the mechanisms of delegation and control.
Revealing Weak‐Form Inefficiency in a Market for State Contingent Claims: The Importance of Market Ecology, Modelling Procedures and Investment Strategies
Authors: SUNG M. , JOHNSON J. E. V.
Published: September 2008

This paper examines the degree to which current prices discount historical prices in a market for state contingent claims. Conditional logit analysis is employed to predict winning probabilities, based on market prices in a betting market. These are used, together with various wagering strategies to yield substantial abnormal returns. Consequently, in contrast to the existing literature, the results suggest that the market is not weak form efficient. The disparity with previous efficiency studies highlights the importance of considering market ecology and of adopting an appropriate modelling procedure and investment strategy to fully exploit information contained in market prices.
Unemployment Benefits and Reservation Wages: Key Elasticities from a Stripped‐Down Job Search Approach
Authors: ADDISON JOHN T. , CENTENO MÁRIO , PORTUGAL PEDRO
Published: September 2008

This paper exploits survey information on reservation wages and data on actual wages from the European Community Household Panel to deduce, in the manner of Lancaster and Chesher, additional parameters of a stylized structural search model; specifically, reservation wage and transition/duration elasticities. The informational requirements of this approach are minimal, thereby facilitating comparisons between countries. Further, its policy content is immediate in so far as the impact of unemployment benefit rules and measures increasing the arrival rate of job offers are concerned. These key elasticities are computed for the United Kingdom and 11 other European nations.
The Wage Impact of Trade Unions in the UK Public and Private Sectors
Authors: BLANCHFLOWER DAVID G. , BRYSON ALEX
Published: September 2008

There is a growing gap in the union membership wage premium between public and private‐sector workers in the United Kingdom. Using the Labour Force Surveys of 1993–2006, the gap between the membership premium in the public and private sectors closes with the addition of three‐digit occupational controls, although significant wage premia remain in both sectors. However, using the Workplace Employment Relations Survey of 2004, the public‐sector union membership wage premium remains roughly twice the size of the private‐sector membership premium, having accounted for workplace fixed effects and workers' occupations, job characteristics, qualifications and demographics.