bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elections and Government Expenditure
Authors: Karnam Gayithri
Published: May 2022

The growth and composition of public spending in a democratic country like India get substantially influenced by political factors although the subject pertains to serious economic business of the government—an important player in the macroeconomic setting. The framing of public expenditure decisions is largely influenced by the vested interests of the political parties, with a purpose of getting re-elected. Elections provide them with an opportune ground to announce programmes to appease various lobbies and undertake capital works that can showcase their performance. In times of elections, politicians try to maximize their chance of winning and gain political mileage using the public spending to woo the voters. The preference may be based on ideology, interest groups, level of competition, and so on. Incumbents would try to increase the overall spending or composition of spending in the election years. An analysis of the perceived changes in the composition of public spending is undertaken in the chapter for select Indian states categorized by high-, middle-, and low-income status.
Public Expenditure Reform
Authors: Karnam Gayithri
Published: May 2022

Effective management of fiscal space of any government is contingent upon an optimal resource mobilization coupled with an efficient application of limited resources for productive use. Even though in India there have been a number of committees appointed to suggest tax reforms, reforms on the public expenditure front have largely been statements in budget speeches or other policy platforms. Unbridled growth in public spending can be a source of serious fiscal unsustainability in the long run. The FRBM Act of the Government of India, a rule-based corrective mechanism, is meant to achieve fiscal consolidation. However, these rules aim at restricting the growth of fiscal deficit and public debt levels, which are actually the result of excessive spending or poor revenue performance. This chapter outlines the hitherto public expenditure reform initiatives tried out in India this far and discusses the merits of public expenditure rules adopted in the international context as useful alternatives to contain growth in unproductive public expenditure.
Live Artefacts
Authors: Cave Terence
Published: May 2022

Literary artefacts—the stories people tell, the songs they sing, the scenes they enact—are neither a by-product nor a side-issue in human culture. They provide a model of everything that cognition does. They refuse to separate thought from emotion, bodily responses from ethical reflection, perception from imagination, logic from desire. Above all, they demonstrate the essential fluidity and mobility of human cognition, its adaptive inventiveness. If we are astonished by the art of Chauvet or Lascaux as an early model of human cognition, then we should be continually astonished by what literature is and does as it reaches beyond itself to reimagine the world. This book argues that literary artefacts are quasi-autonomous living entities, fashioned to animate captured environments, embodied people and other creatures, ways of being and living that remain virtual. They own a freely delegated agency that allows them to speak to listeners and readers present and distant, present and future, adapting themselves and their meanings to whatever cognitive environment they encounter. Such an approach offers a way of linking a close attention to the specific properties of literary artefacts with the insights of cognitive anthropology and archaeology, and thus of satisfying the conditions for a properly interdisciplinary understanding of literature. It aims both to defend literary study against utilitarian and reductive arguments of all kinds and to argue that literary artefacts may give us new insights into how the mind (and its indispensable substratum, the brain) functions in the human ecology.
Literary Artefacts: Orpheus’ Head
Authors: Cave Terence
Published: May 2022

In keeping with the overall aim of giving priority to the literary artefacts themselves, the chapter opens with the description of a virtual museum that would include all imaginative utterances, whether spoken or written. It then focuses on literary representations of Orpheus’ severed head floating downstream after he has been torn apart by Maenads. These counterfactual representations afford a series of reflections on the nature of artefacts in general and the sense in which they already, from their origins, belong to the natural environment. The chapter makes a key move in suggesting a continuity, and indeed a consubstantiality, between human artefacts and the artefact-like objects and constructions that characterize the bodily and cultural lives of non-human creatures.
Questions of Time: Echoes, Iterations
Authors: Cave Terence
Published: May 2022

This is the first of two chapters on the temporal aspect of imaginative utterance, starting from the assumption that literary artefacts, like language itself, necessarily embody temporal process. This chapter begins with the question of memory via the well-known remarks of St Augustine on reading as a memory process; it then analyses a well-known poem by Ted Hughes that captures a contrast between clock-time and intuitive time. This leads in turn to a discussion of the time-bound character of literary utterance within the perspective of a ‘passing theory’ of literary communication. It explores echoic effects, iteration, flow, and timing with the help of literary artefacts (by Alice Oswald, Tennyson, and others) that both embody these and manifest them thematically.
The Spiritual Turn
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

Increasingly, North Americans and Western Europeans identify as “spiritual but not religious.” But what does “spirituality” actually mean? And what does this recent “spiritual turn” reveal about the nature of twenty-first-century liberal democracies? Secularization theorists argue that “spirituality” lacks institutional support and a shared tradition, thereby evincing religious decline. Meanwhile, critical commentators contend that the spiritual turn embodies all of the ills of post-1960s liberal democracies. This book challenges these popular misconceptions. Combining cultural sociology with intellectual history and political philosophy, and drawing from first-hand interview and fieldwork data, along with discourse analysis of best-selling books, it shows that rather than reflecting religious decline, the spiritual turn marks the rise of an enduring cultural structure in Western modernity—the religion of the heart. Tracing the rise of the religion of the heart to the 1960s, the book illuminates its elective affinities with the romantic liberal social imaginary that crystallized in popular consciousness during this era, and transformed the institutional spheres of Western liberal democracies, eventually giving birth to a new social order—romantic liberal modernity. Then, inspired by the Durkheimian tradition, it presents case studies of three sites where the religion of the heart is institutionalized in a specific discursive form—a Twelve Step group, a neo-Pentecostal church, and a Toastmasters public speaking club. The book concludes that while critics may have reason to disparage both “spirituality” and romantic liberal modernity more generally, the reality is far more complex than their criticisms suggest—and more importantly, far less hopeless.
Conclusion
Authors: Watts Galen
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter identifies and discusses the lessons contained in the three case studies about the potential perils of romantic liberal modernity. The first is that romantic liberal modernity—given the bureaucratic, legalistic, and rationalist character of public life—is disenchanting. This explains why so many today embrace the religion of the heart (“spirituality”). The second is that by sacralizing the values of individual freedom, self-expression, and self-realization, twenty-first-century liberal democracies loosen the bonds that tie individuals together, and therefore risk producing anomie. And the third is that the moral logic of the market exacerbates egoism unless it is counterbalanced by a moral logic institutionalized in a competing social sphere. Unfortunately, the popular self-understanding of romantic liberals, which denies their social and institutional debts, prevents them from heeding these lessons. The chapter therefore closes by encouraging romantic liberals to adopt a more Durkheimian self-understanding, which will enable them to see the social character of what they call their “true self”—as well as the social preconditions for realizing their ideals.
Plank Two
Authors: Withy Katherine
Published: May 2022

Sections 4 through 8 identify phenomena of lēthē, kruptesthai, and kruptein at Wrathall’s second plank. These are phenomena of concealing and concealment involved in discovering entities as that and what they are in comporting towards them, including: entities showing up in the mode of seeming, inauthentic discovering that covers entities over by revealing them only superficially, the backgrounding of the world when entities are discovered, the transparency of tools and skills, and the distinctive concealings involved in signs, mysteries, secrets, and works of art. Works of art make manifest their hidden materiality, and Heidegger’s discussion of this in ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’ is considered extensively, as are various interpretations of the concept of ‘earth’ put forward in that essay.
Some Common Factors Involved in Host-Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Many pathogens have evolved common mechanisms for effecting the early stages of infecting target organisms, be they plants or animals. These include secretion systems, iron-chelating systems (siderophores), and motility. Secretion systems are the protein complexes used by bacteria to transport substances, particularly proteins, across cell membranes. They are the cellular devices whereby pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that they use either to invade host cells or attack cells biochemically. Pathogens require iron for virulence and have evolved chelation systems to ensure that they can absorb enough. Pathogenic microbes need to attach to epithelial cells and use motility and chemotaxis to penetrate the protective hydrogels that overlay the epithelium. The target organisms have evolved common mechanisms for recognizing when they are being attacked, such as the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors. The pathogens fight back by mutating in various ways including using phagocytosis as an infection strategy.
Understanding Pathogen Populations: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Klebsiella pneumoniae is widespread in the environment and is a human commensal but only a small number of strains cause human infections. Human infections are of two types: hospital-acquired infections (HAI) and community-acquired infections (CAI). Klebsiella pneumoniae is resistant to ampicillin because it has a bla gene, but many clinical isolates are resistant to most β‎-lactam antibiotics because of mutations in the bla gene or by the acquisition of genes encoding other β‎-lactamases. Strains causing HAI are opportunistic pathogens but are difficult to treat because they are multi-drug resistant. Most of these strains circulate locally but a small number for unknown reasons have spread globally. Strains causing CAI are true pathogens and are hypervirulent but sensitive to most antibiotics. They are largely restricted to south-east Asia and Taiwan but the reason for this is not known.
Mycobacterial Mysteries: Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

The principal diseases caused by mycobacteria are tuberculosis and leprosy. Descriptions of both diseases can be found in pre-Christian Greek literature and DNA from both has been recovered from ancient skeletons. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Leprosy still exists in many parts of the world but for unknown reasons, it has died out in Europe. Tuberculosis is the best studied mycobacterial disease and is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. canetti). Genome analysis has shown that mycobacteria show a large variation in size and that the smallest genomes are found in the pathogenic species (genomic reduction). Genome analysis has not provided an explanation for the inability of Mycobacterium leprae to grow in the laboratory. Genomic analysis has revealed some of the key virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and these include the type VII secretion system (known as ESX), the PE and PPE family of proteins, and mycolic acid. The latter helps to protect the bacterium from phagocytosis. Effective protection against tuberculosis is provided by vaccination with either Mycobacterium microti or the BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both have a deletion of a genomic region encoding three cell wall proteins. Treatment of tuberculosis requires months of antibiotic therapy and multi-drug resistance is common. The use of DNA sequencing can greatly reduce the time to determine antibiotic sensitivity.
Introduction
Authors: Day Adam
Published: May 2022

‘It’s a classic failed state’, the general explained to me as we looked at a huge map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) tacked to his wall in the United Nations (UN) compound. It showed small green bubbles around towns in the East—Goma, Lubumbashi, Kisangani—while most of the rest of the country was a blank topography, bisected by the long curve of the Congo River. ‘You see’, he said, pointing at one of the green bubbles, ‘here we have an island of stability, a pocket where we’ve helped the Congolese government fight back the armed groups and hold some territory. The rest is pretty much up for grabs out there. Armed groups, bandits, militias, rapes, killings, no state presence at all. Empty.’...
Implications for a world ordered by states
Authors: Day Adam
Published: May 2022

This chapter suggests that the findings from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are typical of United Nations (UN) statebuilding around the world, including in Libya, Afghanistan, Mali, Central African Republic, and Somalia. Across these settings, evidence of highly networked, interrelated systems of governance contrasts with the UN’s boilerplate ‘extension of state authority’ mandates. Despite some advancement at the policy level towards concepts of systemic resilience that might allow for more nuanced approaches that align with these findings, they have not meaningfully filtered into statebuilding and peacebuilding practice. Drawing from complexity thinking, Chapter 8 offers several concrete policy implications for the future of statebuilding, demonstrating how a systems-based approach can transform the practice of conflict prevention and peacebuilding. The book concludes that the insights from complexity thinking have application more broadly in the realm of global governance. Here, liberal institutionalists have relied upon statebuilding as a practice that reaffirms liberal world order, prevents the growth of competing models, and heads off perceived security threats from ungoverned states. Today, that order appears increasingly in disarray as major powers retreat from multilateral institutions in pursuit of narrow national interest, while non-state actors have assumed a far greater role in global dynamics. Complexity thinking offers hope that new forms of order may emerge from these constellations of increasingly interconnected actors. Indeed, it suggests that if the UN is to play an influential role in global governance, it would best think in complex systems terms about how to become more connected to the nodes that matter.
An Epidemiological Perspective on historic and Emerging Pandemics
Authors: Jacobsen Kathryn H.
Published: May 2022

Epidemiologists define pandemics as global epidemics of diseases that threaten population health, and they use geography, frequency, and severity to determine whether a pandemic is occurring. International agreements from the eighteenth century that sought to reduce the harm from cholera pandemics without hindering international trade provided a foundation for the International Health Regulations that guide global surveillance, reporting, and communication today. Epidemics of SARS, influenza, COVID-19, and other acute emerging infectious diseases have revealed some of the gaps in global public health preparedness that need to be strengthened before the next pandemic. ‘Pandemiology’ is an evolving science that has not yet answered important questions about how to distinguish between epidemics and endemics, whether an increasing prevalence of a chronic infection or non-communicable disease can be classified as a pandemic, and how much the severity of a disease and its social and economic impacts should factor into pandemic classifications.
Pandemics and the Use of Exceptions in International Economic Law
Authors: Charles-Emmanuel Côté , Richard Ouellet , Marcoux Jean-Michel
Published: May 2022

When confronting pandemics, states can be prompted to adopt measures that have a negative impact on international economic relations in order to keep their population safe and to protect particularly sensitive sectors of their domestic economy. From export restrictions of medical equipment to foreign investment screening procedures and lockdowns, the COVID-19 outbreak resulted in several measures that profoundly disrupted business activities across borders. This chapter examines various measures adopted since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in light of rules that are found in free trade and international investment agreements. By focusing on the provisions that can be used by states to justify the adoption of measures intended to protect public health and the economy at the national level, it highlights an important tension. On the one hand, the use of exceptions in the context of a global health crisis may call for an extensive interpretation of concepts that can lead to easier justifications of trade and investment restrictions in the future. On the other hand, an effective reliance on exceptions can ultimately hinder efforts to fight the pandemic globally. This chapter explores this tension by considering exceptions that can be raised by states both in the context of international trade law and international investment law.
International and Global Cooperation in Response to COVID-19
Authors: Davies Sara E.
Published: May 2022

What does the international response to the COVID-19 pandemic tell us about the state of international health cooperation and its future? The predominant narrative that international cooperation ‘failed’ in response to COVID-19 may be understood from two competing points of view: first, that there was indeed a ‘failure’ in international cooperation stemming from the relationship between global health and global politics. A rival view, however, might suggest that COVID-19 reveals incremental progress in the area of global health cooperation and the emergence of thick networks of global health governance that includes both state and non-state actors. From this perspective, although COVID-19 presented an unexpected exogenous shock, global health cooperation continued—even multiplied—across various sectors and groups of actors. This suggests that for all the challenges it confronts, global health governance has been developing a complex agency that operates on multiple levels (state institutions, regional organizations, private for-profit actors, civil society, private–public partnerships) such that even when one political track is blocked, other tracks may continue to function. This chapter examines this phenomenon.
How Eskayan is used Today
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

The chapter introduces the linguistic ecology of the Philippines, and the place of Eskayan as it is spoken on the island of Bohol. Today, the dominant language of Bohol is Boholano-Visayan, but English and other languages are also used. Ritual languages and speech disguise games are known in various parts of the island. The Eskayan language, meanwhile, is spoken in just five small villages in the southeast. Eskayan is not used as a language of everyday communication but in circumscribed domains: prayer, singing, speech-making, and the reading and writing of Eskaya literature. These domains coincide with the domains of English use in lowland Bohol. Writing is the most significant domain of Eskayan language use in the handwritten reproduction of traditional Eskaya literature. This literature is the basis for making grammaticality judgments. Eskaya written practices are informed by literacy ideologies: that writing is sacred, natural, biological, and truthful and that it constitutes the most authentic embodiment of language.
The Writing System
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

The Eskayan script is mostly employed in the handwritten reproduction of traditional Eskaya literature. It is used for representing text in Visayan (Cebuano) as well as Eskayan. Of the approximately 1,065 characters in the system, a primary set of 24 is alphabetic with optional syllabic values; the remaining letters have syllabic values only and can be decomposed into an inahan (‘mother’), standing for (C)V, and a sinyas (‘gesture’), indicating consonant diacritics on either side of the nucleus. The script has minor logographic elements with ideography employed in the decimal numeral system. Over half of all Eskaya characters are redundant. The sheer size, complexity, and irregularity of the hybrid Eskaya script is unparalleled among the world’s writing systems. The opacity of Eskaya writing is, in part, what makes it attractive to new learners and has contributed to its successful transmission for ninety years.
Words and their Origins
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the origins of Eskayan vocabulary. Eskayan morphosyntax is strongly modeled on the grammar of Visayan, the principal language of Bohol. At the same time, its vocabulary bears only a minor Visayan influence, suggesting full-scale relexification. Spanish has had a more marked influence on Eskayan vocabulary in terms of phonotactics, root length, and a small number of direct borrowings. A small proportion of Eskayan lexemes are modeled on English counterpart terms. The traces of these colonial languages lend important clues to the development of the lexicon as a whole, shedding light on the tumultuous historical context in which Eskayan came into being. Further, the patterning of Eskayan vocabulary reveals Pinay’s folk-linguistic conceptions about the nature of language and linguistic variation.
From Pinay to Mariano Datahan (And Back Again)
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

Mariano Datahan was the charismatic leader of the Eskaya community who lived on the island of Bohol in the Philippines, from circa 1875 to 1949. From various oral and written sources, it is possible to establish the broad circumstances of his life that led to his establishment of a radical utopian community. In childhood he served as an altar boy under the missionary linguist Fr. Felix Guillen, and he later participated in the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). After converting to the Iglesia Filipina Independiente he developed a more radical spiritual program and attracted followers from across the island. His militant movement had many similarities with cult organizations known as pulahans and colorums, active on neighboring islands. He would make peace with the U.S. regime and began developing a unique cultural and literary program that came to fruition in the years before the Japanese occupation of Bohol (1942–1945).
What Motivates Site Selection?
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses an artist’s motivations in selecting a site. Criteria can include potential audience size, a social/political context, the physical design, personal connection to a site, or invitations from another person, producer, educational, cultural, or civic institution. A clear understanding of motivations when selecting where to work will enable you to make coherent artistic and production decisions and to communicate effectively with funders, collaborators, and production personnel. Understanding your motivation in selecting a site enhances the creative and production process. The more intentional your purpose in choosing a site the more likely the result will be a precise artistic plan and a shared sense of purpose.
Designing the Event and Staging the Audience
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter distinguishes the audience’s role and perspective when attending a conventional concert/proscenium stage event and a site-specific performance. The primary difference is that, with site creation, both the experience and meaning of the piece are influenced by how the audience physically encounters the art, so you must decide early in your creative and production timeline how the audience will experience the physical site and where they will be situated in relation to the performers. Audience design is a key part of the performance concept. The chapter explains how staging the audience can support the work’s intention, emphasize the site’s physical properties, and create the best viewing sightlines for the performance and emphasizes that the physical selected site is the subject matter of the work. Therefore, the design of how an audience sees the site must be integrated into the fabric of the performance experience. A brief overview of different audience design models are described in detail: frontal or proscenium design; fixed place, pivoting audience; fixed audience, multiple views; mobile audience/promenade performance; self-directed promenade with unified conclusion; mobile audience in moving vehicles; extended promenade performances; and simultaneous performances. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ticketing and its impact on audience size and design.
Creating for Physically Integrated Casts and Accessibility
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the author’s personal journey when first working with physically integrated casts for two site-specific productions. Lessons and strategies pertinent to issues of accessibility and how to create for and direct integrated casts are shared. Working with AXIS Dance Company in California brought about an awareness of how to select sites, how to generate creative content with performers, new ideas for audience design, rehearsal protocols that incorporate how surfaces impact performers in wheelchairs, the need for adequate time for warm-ups and breaks, costumes issues, and ideas for creating content appropriate for both abled and disabled performers.
Assessment
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the assessment of a site-specific project or any artistic production. Assessment consists of formalized self-reflection and written final reports on budget expenditures, audience response, and critical response that are required by funders. Assessment can feel superfluous or anticlimactic after the intensity of completing a project, but it is so much more. Taking the time to look inward can engender a deeper understanding of yourself as an artist. Assessment is the final piece of the project, providing the insights that will become the launching pad for future projects. Assessment can take two forms: personal assessment and assessment of and from others on your production team. A list of questions to help conduct both self-assessment and the assessment of a production team are provided. Assessment is ultimately about seeking objectivity in a very subjective world. For funders and your personal journey, clarity and honesty are valuable guides for discovery.
The Rise of the US Economy
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

The US economy emulated and improved on the British model by first adapting its coal reserves to steam engines and then developing petroleum and electricity as additional sources of industrial fuel. Its considerable lead on other states was thus a combination of resource endowment and technological creativity that radically altered the way modern economies function. Size, location, and resource endowment are often noted as causal factors in America’s ascent. After 1945, though, there was little doubt that the US economy was the world’s most advanced center of high technology and manufacturing production. It also emerged in 1945 as the leading political-military actor and the head of a coalition of the most economically advanced states in the world system. World War II alone did not elevate the United States to systemic leadership, but the systemic leadership mantle would not have passed to the United States in the absence of this global war.
Structure, Agency, and Grand Strategy
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

Grand strategy change analyses exhibit problems in balancing the interaction among ideas, external structures and developments, and domestic politics. An alternative theory is constructed that combines the correspondence between external problems and capability, shocks, political entrepreneurship, domestic politics, and reinforcement. The essence of the theory is that strategic shifts are more probable and likely to persist to the extent that more of these components involve significant changes. The 1920–1945 system leader puzzle—why the United States abstained from ascending to the system leader position in 1920 but not in 1945—is used as an illustration of the theory’s explanatory utility. The emphasis on grand strategy is needed to complement the more material emphases of chapter 3. Yet the question at hand remains similar to one of the issues raised in chapter 3—what had happened by 1945 to push the United States toward embracing systemic leadership in global politics?
The End of Systemic Leadership as We Have Come to Know It?
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

Discussions of the relative decline of the United States and its possible supplantment by China have become common with observers usually arguing for or against hegemonic transition. Less discussed is the possibility that the systemic leadership cycle may have run its course. Several factors are put forward that may spell the end for one state acquiring a disproportionate share of political, economic, and military power as in the past. The factors encompass lead economies, technological innovation and diffusion, energy transition (or its absence), and global war. If the interpretation is accurate, we are in for a long period of limited systemic leadership in which the United States maintains a weak lead on other actors and can only operate as something approximating a genuine “first among equals.” While this development could create space for the emergence of alternative political leadership formats, it seems more likely to increase competition and conflict than anything else.
Responsible Conduct of Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

Responsible Conduct of Research provides an overview of ethical, legal, and social issues in scientific research for science students, trainees, and professional scientists. Written by two leading scholars in the field of research ethics, one with a background in natural science and the other with a background in philosophy and law, the book incorporates insights from these diverse disciplines throughout the text. The book provides in-depth analyses of a wide array of topics, including ethical theory and decision-making, misconduct, questionable research practices, research record-keeping, data sharing, data auditing, reproducibility, authorship, publication, peer review, intellectual property, conflict of interest, mentoring, safe research environment, animal experimentation, research with human subjects, and social responsibility. The book also includes interesting case studies and provocative questions at the end of each chapter that can serve as a basis for further analysis and discussion. The concluding chapter of the book describes some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research. The 4th edition of Responsible Conduct of Research includes updated references and discussions of new and evolving topics, such as digital image manipulation, text recycling (sometimes called self-plagiarism), retractions, publication on pre-print servers, sexual and other forms of harassment, research with human biological samples, revisions to the Common Rule for research with human subjects, dual use research, the COVID-19 pandemic, providing science advice, and interactions with the media.
Inca Music Reimagined
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

The Latin American centennial celebrations of independence (ca. 1909–1925) constituted a key moment in the consolidation of national symbols and emblems while also producing a renewed focus on transnational affinities that generated a series of discourses about continental unity. At the same time, a boom in archaeological explorations, within a climate of scientific positivism, provided Latin Americans with new information about their “grandiose” former civilizations, such as the Inca and the Aztec, which some argued as tantamount to ancient Greek and Egyptian cultures. These discourses were at first political, before transitioning to the cultural sphere. Artists and particularly musicians thus began to move away from European techniques and themes, to produce a distinctive and self-consciously Latin American art. Inca Music Reimagined explores Inca discourses as a source for the creation of “national” and “continental” art music during the first decades of the twentieth century, with a concentration on opera by composers from Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina. To understand this process, the author analyzes early twentieth-century writings on Inca music and its origins, describing how certain composers transposed “Inca” techniques into their own works, to conclude with how this music was perceived by local audiences. Ultimately, it is argued that, faced with the difficulties of constructing national unity at the time, the turn to Inca culture and music in pursuit of such unity could only succeed within particular intellectual circles, and that the idea that the inspiration of the Inca could produce a “music of America” would remain utopian.
Dark Leadership and the Fate of Organizations
Authors: Hogan Robert , Sherman Ryne A.
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarizes the authors’ view of how the relatively recent interest in the dark side of personality has influenced leadership research. Conventional wisdom of leadership researchers has always been that the corporate elite is a race of heroes. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section provides some context and background for the subsequent discussion of leadership and the dark side of personality. The second section describes how the authors arrived at the notion of “the dark side of personality” and its impact on leadership. The third section summarizes the lessons that have been learned about these topics over the years. The chapter concludes with some final observations.
Authoritarianism
Authors: Harms P. D. , Landay Karen
Published: May 2022

Concerns about why and under what circumstances individuals would relinquish their own freedoms and put their faith in autocratic leaders are re-emerging as an important topic in the field of leadership research. In the present review, the authors cover the history of research on authoritarianism, the developmental origins of authoritarian values, and the implications of authoritarian individuals in the workplace. The authors also discuss the nature and effects of autocratic leaders in terms of their impact on their followers’ performance and well-being, but also key moderators of these effects. The chapter concludes with evaluations of where the study of authoritarians is headed in the future as well as the societal implications of authoritarianism more broadly.
The Collapse of Constitutional Remedies
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This book describes and explains the failure of the federal courts of the United States to act and to provide remedies to individuals whose constitutional rights have been violated by illegal state coercion and violence. This remedial vacuum must be understood in light of the original design and historical development of the federal courts. At its conception, the federal judiciary was assumed to be independent thanks to an apolitical appointment process, a limited supply of adequately trained lawyers (which would prevent cherry-picking judges), and the constraining effect of laws and constitutional provision. Each of these checks failed. A first consequence was that the early federal judicial system was highly dependent on Congress. Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century did a robust federal judiciary start to emerge. And it was only in the first quarter of the twentieth century that the federal courts took something like their present form. The book then charts how pressure from Congress and the White House has continued to shape courts’ behavior—first eliciting a mid-twentieth-century explosion in individual remedies, and then driving a five-decade-long collapse. Judges themselves have not avidly resisted this decline, in part because of ideological reasons and in part out of institutional worries about a ballooning docket. Today, as a result of these trends, the courts are stingy with individual remedies, but aggressively enforce the so-called structural constitution of the separation of powers and federalism. This cocktail has highly regressive effects. It is in clear need of reform.
Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes chemical weapons, examples of where and when they have been used, and the Chemical Weapons Convention. It also describes categories and examples of biological weapons, providing information on the attacks when they have been used, the Biological Weapons Convention, and risks of accidental exposure to biological agents. The chapter also provides information on nuclear weapons, including the health consequences of their use by the United States in 1945, nuclear weapons testing, the nuclear weapons industry, and risks of nuclear war. The chapter also provides information on international control measures. It also describes concerns about the accidental use of nuclear weapons and other concerns. Finally, the chapter addresses the elimination of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.
Profile 6: Denis Mukwege, M.D., Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Denis Mukwege, an obstetrician-gynecologist in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has made extraordinary contributions to diagnosing, treating, and preventing sexual violence, both locally and throughout the world.

After completing his residency training in obstetrics and gynecology, he focused much of his work on reducing extremely high maternal mortality in the DRC. In 1996, at the beginning of the First Congo War, the hospital where he was working was attacked. He fled to Bukavu, where 3 years later he established the Panzi Hospital....
Malnutrition and Communicable Diseases
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Because malnutrition predisposes people to communicable diseases and because some communicable diseases predispose people to malnutrition, these two categories of diseases are addressed together in this chapter. The section on malnutrition covers definitions and causes. It also covers use of food as a weapon of war, causing famine and mass starvation, and provides an example of how food has been used as the primary weapon in the Yemeni Civil War. It describes the health consequences of malnutrition in women, children, and displaced people. The section on communicable diseases covers diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, and vector-borne and other communicable diseases. It provides detailed information on tuberculosis, cholera and bacillary dysentery, measles, malaria, and leishmaniasis. It also discusses communicable diseases in children and displaced people. Finally, the chapter describes ways of addressing malnutrition and communicable diseases.
Adverse Impacts on Reproductive Health
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

During war and its aftermath, women face increased risks of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and childbirth, largely because of inadequate antenatal care, intrapartum care, and postpartum care, resulting from attacks on healthcare facilities, looting of medical supplies, and injuries, deaths, and flight of healthcare workers. Their increased morbidity and mortality also results from poverty, low educational level, distance from healthcare facilities, and reduced access to contraception and abortion services. Reproductive health issues have received inadequate attention by humanitarian aid organizations, the academic research community, and other sectors of society. As a result, many impacts of war on reproductive health have not been fully recognized, adequately studied, or otherwise addressed. The chapter presents the findings of epidemiological studies concerning complications of pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes during war and its aftermath, including maternal death, premature delivery and stillbirth, low birthweight, neonatal mortality, and birth defects. The chapter also addresses ways of improving reproductive health during war.
Profile 15: Gary Slutkin, M.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Gary Slutkin’s career trajectory demonstrates how a health professional, using well-established methods of infectious disease control, can stop the transmission of violence and possibly help to transform violence prevention.

Dr. Slutkin is an infectious disease physician and epidemiologist. After completing his training in internal medicine and infectious disease, he worked as director of the tuberculosis (TB) control program of the San Francisco Department of Public Health, where he controlled a major epidemic of TB using community health workers. In 1985, he moved to Somalia, where he developed a TB control program and helped investigate and control a large epidemic of cholera. After 3 years in Somalia, he was recruited by the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Programme on AIDS to guide its work in Central and East Africa. He then became director of the WHO Intervention Development Department....
The Informal Learning Approach
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents an overview of the informal learning approach and its tenets, the concept of authenticity, and shifting the role of the teacher to that of the facilitator. Informal learning and how it pertains to technology and creativity are also discussed. In addition, learning by ear from a recording, a facet of the informal learning approach, is explored. This chapter also discusses the differences between learning by ear as typically practiced in informal settings and ear training, typically practiced in formal conservatory settings. Finally, ways to approach informal learning in a general music class and an instrumental music class are presented.
Conclusion
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter is a brief overview of topics covered in the book. From reimagining how music in schools can look to informal learning, technology, and creativity, this chapter reminds readers of the importance of focusing on these tenets. It gives readers peace of mind in knowing that they do not have to be experts on this and that they must certainly be open to learning and never stop finding new ways to inspire creativity through technology. It reminds readers of the informal learning approach and to trust learners in these situations and gives reassurances to help to understand that all these apps can work together and that any one of the lessons or ideas in this collection can be altered to best fit the needs of their own classrooms.
Shared and Institutional Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

Our human lives involve remarkable forms of practical organization: diachronic organization of individual activity, small-scale organization of shared action, and the organization of institutions. A theory of human action should help us understand these multiple forms of human practical organization and their interrelations. This book argues that a key is our capacity for planning agency. Drawing on earlier work on the roles of planning agency in the cross-temporal and small-scale social organization of our agency, this book focuses on the role of our planning agency within our organized institutions. It draws on ideas, inspired by H. L. A. Hart, that our organized institutions are rule-guided, and that to understand this we need a theory of social rules. This book draws on the planning theory of shared intention and the underlying theory of plan rationality to understand social rules. It understands an organized institution as involving authority-according social rules of procedure. It provides a model of organized institutions that makes room for pluralistic divergence. This leads to a model of institutional intention and—drawing on ideas from Harry Frankfurt—institutional intentional agency. The account charts a path between views of, among others, Kirk Ludwig, Philip Pettit, and Scott Shapiro. It sees our capacity for planning agency as a core capacity that underlies not only string quartets and informal social rules but also, thereby, the rule-guided structure of organized institutions and institutional agency. And it supports adjustments in views of mind, intention, and agency that are built into Donald Davidson’s field-shaping work.
Institutional intention without a dense holistic subject
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter completes the theory of institutional intention (without trying to say what further would be needed for institutional moral accountability). Once pressures for a holistic subject play their role in the interpretation of individual participants, our plan-theoretic constructions build on the content-involving attitudes of individuals in a way that can realize functionalist conditions for institutional intention. But, given disagreement and incompleteness, such institutional intentions will not ensure a dense holistic institutional subject. The chapter explains how to assign content to institutional intention without embedding it within a dense holistic subject. The chapter distinguishes two threads of List and Pettit’s discussion of discursive dilemmas: the condition that the group’s “organizational structure” resolve a practical problem by issuing in a group conclusion by way of a premise-driven procedure, and the condition of induced rational completeness. This chapter coheres with the first thread but not the second.
Conclusion
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarizes a sequence of constructions of shared intention, social rules, rule-guided organized institutions, and institutional intention and intentional agency. The building blocks for these constructions involve the interconnected, rationally guided thinking and acting of individual, human planning agents. This psychology involves functionally specified plan states. In building up these constructions sequentially the theory aims, in each case, to ground functioning in construction. The claim is not that these constructions are unique: this is a strategy of sufficiency. Nevertheless, this sequence of constructions defeasibly supports the core capacity thesis that the human capacity for planning agency plays a core role in support of diachronic, small-scale social, and institutional human practical organization.