bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earlier is Better: Learning English in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsairi Meshari A.
Published: December 2017

Various studies have been carried out in order to find out the suitable age for foreign language acquisition. Every research study has had a different Critical Period (CP) and most of them have not been really close together in terms of years. Critical Period refers to the actual time frame during which foreign language acquisition should take place. The study at hand does not look at the actual age, but at theories about why there is an age. Age comes as a result of factors that urge one into learning a second foreign language. These factors are known as domains. Due to this fact this survey investigates why children should be taught a foreign language earlier as well as assessing their feelings about learning a new language (Li & Schmitt, 2009).
Research of Fluorinated Acrylate Copolymer on Flax Fabric
Authors: Sui Zhihui , Yang Kangle , Chen Jie , Zhao Xin , Gao Shuzhen
Published: December 2017

A fluorine-containing acrylate copolymer emulsion was prepared in this study, which was applied to finishing linen fabric. Dodecafluloroheptry methacrylate (G04) was used as a modified monomer, butylacrylate (BA) and methylacrylate (MMA) as soft and hard monomers. respectively, and acrylic acid as a functional monomer. Structure and properties of the products were characterised and analyzed by FTIR, TEM, PSD and CA measurements, respectively. The water and air permeability as well as the breaking force of the fabric treated were also investigated. The results showed that the fluorine-containing acrylate copolymer emulsion obtained had a core-shell structure, and the microsphere was of nanoscale size. Because of the latex film on the fabric surface, it became smooth and flat. And the increase in G04 was beneficial to the mechanical properties, waterproofness and antifouling ability of the linen fabric. When the content of G04 were increased from 0% to 20%, the water in the linen sample and hexadecane contact angles to the copolymer film increased from 113.02° to 136.08° and from 65.1° to 87.6°, respectively. Furthermore the breaking force of the linen samples was enhanced from 648 N to 721 N. However, the increasing content of G04 had negative effects on the flexural rigidity as well as water and air permeability of the fabric, which were essential requirements for the fabric’s application. However, the wash resistance was excellent and the wear-resistance of the finished linen fabric was better than the unfinished linen fabric.
Investigation of the Efficiency of the UV/H2O2 Process on the Removal of dye Acid Green 16 from Aqueous Solutions: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Płonka Izabela , Pieczykolan Barbara , Barbusiński Krzysztof , Kalka Joanna , Thomas Maciej , Piskorz Paweł Jan
Published: December 2017

The effects of the removal of Acid Green 16 (100 mg AG-16/dm3, COD=111 mg O2/dm3) from aqueous solutions by the UV/H2O2 process in UV reactors: low pressure lamp (LP, 15W) and medium pressure lamps (MP, 150W) are presented. The best results of AG-16 removal were obtained for H2O2 250 mg/dm3 (99.85%, AG-16=0.15 mg/dm3) and 200 mg/dm3 (99.80%, AG-16=0.20 mg/dm3) for LP and MP lamps, respectively, with the same parameters, i.e. 30 min reaction time and pH 6. Under these conditions, the AG-16 solution was completely discolored and the COD removal efficiency was 57.3% (LP lamp) and 63,4% (MP lamp). However, at optimum conditions of decolorisation, no decrease in the toxicity of solutions (Microtox test) was observed. For the MP lamp, the toxicity of solutions remained at the same level as in the initial solutions (Toxicity Unit, TU=3), whereas in the case of the LP lamp, the TU value after the process increased to 6. In conclusion, the AOPs for toxic pollutants should also be optimised from the point of view of toxicity.
Formale lingvistiske teorier
Authors: Kristensen Susanne Annikki
Published: December 2017

Denne artikel opstiller ikke i første omgang et modsætningsforhold mellem en formel/formal og en funktionel sprogbeskrivelse, som lingvister ellers ynder. Derimod opstilles et modsætningsforhold mellem det deskriptive og det formale, og det forudsættes, at de generative og (en del af) de funktionelle sprogbeskrivelser har grund i formale teorier. Dernæst behandles fire internationalt etablerede teorier, nemlig Chomskys generativisme, Lexical-Functional Grammar og Functional Grammar, suppleret med teoretiske tanker fra Functional Syntax, med særlig henblik på teoriernes syn på transitivitet. Målet er at afklare, hvad der er af forskelle og ligheder mellem de generative og funktionelle teorier om syntaks.
Formel og funktionel grammatik
Authors: Togeby Ole
Published: December 2017

I denne artikel sammenlignes formelle, generative grammatikeres med funktionelle grammatikeres behandling af forholdet mellem form og mening på sprogets forskellige niveauer: lyd og grafer, morfemer og ord, sætninger, ytring af tekster og sproglige handlinger. Beskrivelsesapparatet for ledsætningsordstilling på dansk hos de generative grammatikere Platzack, Hrafnbjargarson, og Ken Christensen, og hos de funktionelle grammatikere Diderichsen, Hansen og Heltoft, og Togeby diskuteres, og det konstateres at metasproget og notationssystemerne på trods af store forskelle ikke er uforenelige, men at notationssystemerne i den formelle grammatik bedst sikrer konsistens og modsigelsesfrihed. Metoderne for falsifikation af teorierne sammenlignes, og det konstateres at den funktionelle metode giver mulighed for mere raffinerede falsifikationsprocedurer end den generative grammatiks acceptabilitetstests. Som erkendelsesinteresse har den generative grammatik først og fremmest at finde den universelle grammatik som angiveligt udgør det biologiske grundlag (generativitet og rekursivitet) for sprogudøvelsen, mens den funktionelle grammatik søger at finde hvad der i evolutionen og historien har adskilt mennesket fra menneskeaberne, nemlig sprog der hviler på socialitet, tillid og kultur. Til sidst vises det hvorledes erkendelsesinteressen i hhv. biologi og socialitet har givet forskellige resultater i beskrivelsen af konstruktionsændringen fra Det fortryder mig til Jeg fortryder det på dansk. Det konkluderes at de to lingvistiske skoler med fordel kan arbejde sammen om beskrivelser i detaljen.
Hvor svært er det lige? En undersøgelse af genkendelsen af ord med reducerede segmenter
Authors: Pharao Nicolai , Malmstedt Mia Ridder , Veng Selina
Published: December 2017

Reduceret udtale af ord er meget udbredt i daglig tale, hvilket betyder at lyttere konstant møder ordformer der afviger fra den distinkte, kanoniske udtale. Denne undersøgelse ser på om der er forskel på hvor hurtigt og korrekt lyttere genkender reducerede ordformer sammenlignet med distinkte ordformer. Resultaterne af et auditivt lexical decision-forsøg viser at segmentel reduktion hæmmer forståelsen både når der ses på svartider og svarkorrekthed. De viser desuden at lyttere oftere identificerer højfrekvente ord korrekt, uanset om de er reducerede eller distinkte. Resultaterne diskuteres i forhold til modeller for det mentale leksikon og de faktorer der påvirker tendensen til reduktion i løbende tale. Undersøgelsen er den første af sin art for dansk, og den begrænser sig til at undersøge ord præsenteret i isolation. Den bør derfor følges op af flere studier der også inddrager fonetisk, syntaktisk og semantisk kontekst.
Factors Influencing Cane Use for the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Cross‐Sectional Survey
Authors: Hart Julia , Hinman Rana S. , van Ginckel Ans , Hall Michelle , Nelligan Rachel , Bennell Kim L.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To investigate demographic, symptom‐related, and cognitive determinants of cane use for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and prioritize the factors that could facilitate cane use in people with no previous cane use.

Methods

A survey of people ages ≥45 years with a clinical diagnosis of knee OA was conducted. The survey consisted of the following two sections: 1) demographic and cognitive determinants of cane use assessed via subscales of the Cane Cognitive Mediator Scale, and 2) 19 statements, underpinned by the Behaviour Change Wheel theoretical framework, relating to factors that could facilitate regular cane use. Logistic regression was used to examine determinants of cane use, while a priority pairwise ranking activity (1000minds software) determined the rank order of the 19 statements that could facilitate cane use.

Results

A total of 529 people completed Part 1 (80% females; 35% cane users) and 231 people completed Part 2. Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03– 1.09), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), knee pain ≥3 years (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.63–4.21) and numeric rating scale pain level while walking (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09–1.30) were significant independent determinants of cane use. In people who had never used a cane, statements relating to cane‐use technique, fitting, knowledge of benefits, and motivation were ranked highest overall.

Conclusion

Independent determinants of cane use include older age, higher BMI, greater pain duration, and greater severity of knee pain. Strategies targeting an individual's capability and motivation to use a cane may increase cane use among people with knee OA.
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP): An Attachment‐focused Family Treatment for Developmental Trauma
Authors: Hughes Daniel
Published: December 2017

The impact of intrafamilial, relational trauma on the development of children is severe and pervasive, affecting all aspects of the child's functioning. The psychological treatment of children who have experienced such trauma may well have the greatest impact in facilitating their development when it adopts a relational approach incorporating central features of attachment theory while also including their caregivers when they are able to provide safety. Dyadic developmental psychotherapy (DDP), an attachment‐focused family therapy, has two phases. In the first, the therapist sees the caregivers alone to ensure that they have the motivation and ability to relate with the child in ways that facilitate attachment security. This stage includes a description of the process of the treatment and the caregivers’ central role in the co‐regulation of emotional states, reducing the impact of the trauma on the child, assisting the child in turning to them for comfort and safety, and assisting in the development of new meanings of the trauma itself and its effect on the child's future. During the joint sessions, the therapist, utilising an intersubjective stance, actively facilitates a dialogue between therapist, child, and caregiver that incorporates the goals mentioned above and, within an open‐and‐engaged conversational tone, helps the child to develop a coherent autobiographical narrative that is not fragmented by terror and shame.
Finding politically feasible conservation policies: the case of wildlife trafficking
Authors: Haas Timothy C. , Ferreira Sam M.
Published: December 2017

Conservation management is of increasing importance in ecology as most ecosystems nowadays are essentially managed ecosystems. Conservation managers work within a political‐ecological system when they develop and attempt to implement a conservation plan that is designed to meet particular conservation goals. In this article, we develop a decision support tool that can identify a conservation policy for a managed wildlife population that is both sustainable and politically feasible. Part of our tool consists of a simulation model composed of interacting influence diagrams. We build, fit, and use our tool on the case of rhino horn trafficking between South Africa and Asia. Using these diagrams, we show how a rhino poacher's belief system can be modified by such a policy and locate it in a perceived risks‐benefits space before and after policy implementation. We statistically fit our model to observations on group actions and rhino abundance. We then use this fitted model to compute a politically feasible conservation policy.
Voltammetric Determination of Diffusion Coefficients in Polymer Membranes: Guidelines to Minimize Errors
Authors: Hambly Bradley P. , Sheppard James B. , Pendley Bradford D. , Lindner Erno
Published: December 2017

Diffusion coefficients are important in the design, optimization, and selection of membranes used in many applications including chemical and biosensors. Since the diffusion‐controlled transport of the analyte and interfering ions and molecules through polymer membranes may affect the rate of response, detection limit, selectivity, lifetime, etc. of chemical and biosensors, having a rapid and accurate method for the determination of diffusion coefficients of different compounds in a variety of membranes is uniquely important. In our contribution, we present a simple protocol for the rapid determination of the diffusion coefficients of electrochemically active analytes by linear sweep voltammetry. The expected errors in the estimated coefficients have been analyzed through modeling and the correlation between the magnitude of the unknown diffusion coefficients and the method's related maximum error is presented as a contour plot for different working electrode dimensions. It is also shown that our analysis protocol can be used to estimate the diffusion coefficient in complex membrane matrices and non‐ideal experimental conditions with a maximum systematic error of 14 % even without any experimental parameter optimization.
Safety signal detection and evaluation in clinical development programs: A case study of tofacitinib
Authors: Dasic Gorana , Jones Thomas , Frajzyngier Vera , Rojo Ricardo , Madsen Ann , Valdez Hernan
Published: December 2017

Adverse events are anticipated during a clinical development program. Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We describe here the process undertaken by Pfizer to investigate a safety signal for pancreatic cancer with tofacitinib. Potential cases of pancreatic cancer across indications from Pfizer's clinical trials and safety databases were identified and underwent in‐depth case review and external expert consultation. The magnitude of the signal was quantified. The feasibility of formal signal evaluation via a hypothesis‐testing study was explored. As of July 2016, 14 cases of potential pancreatic cancer were identified: eight cases in clinical development trials (psoriasis n = 6; RA n = 1; psoriatic arthritis n = 1), four cases in a postmarketing study in RA patients in Japan, and two spontaneous reports. Incidence rates (95% confidence intervals) per 100 patient‐years ranged from 0 (0, 0.02) to 0.14 in RA, 0.05 (0.01, 0.15) to 0.07 (0.02, 0.16) in psoriasis, and 0.25 (0.01, 1.37) in psoriatic arthritis. The majority of patients had established risk factors for pancreatic cancer. The pharmaceutical industry's rapid and transparent response to safety signals is essential for ensuring patient safety and enabling physicians and patients to adequately assess a drug's risk:benefit. Safety signals emerging through pharmacovigilance may be true or false indicators of a causative association with drug exposure. In this example, it was determined that tofacitinib exposure was unlikely to be related to induction and promotion of pancreatic cancer; however, a relationship with pancreatic cancer promotion could not be excluded.
Apple, Summer Mite Airblast Experiment, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Yorking’ and 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were spaced 10 × 20 ft apart and were 20 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were 1 and 13 Jul. Approximately 2 cm of rain fell within 2 h after the first application. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Topsin 85DF, Captan 50WP, Nova 40WP, and Penncozeb 80WP) and nutrients (Solubor and CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35WP, Lannate 1.8L) were applied as needed at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. SP was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet rating was based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10%) russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface).
Comparison of Foliar, Seed, and Soil Treatments for Reducing Tobacco Thrips Injury on Watermelon, 1993
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

On 3 Jun, all plots were direct seeded by hand into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. ‘Allsweet’ watermelons were seeded at 15 cm spacing into plots measuring 1 row wide by 12 m long, with rows spaced 3.7 m apart and each plot was separated by 3 m long buffers within rows. All treatments were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial and irrigation was provided as needed using a surface level trickle irrigation system. Seed (S) treatments were applied on 2 Jun as a slurry to the same seedlot and allowed to dry thoroughly before planting. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied before seeding on 3 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 39 liters per ha at 30 psi through a single 8003 flat fan nozzle. One ft band (BA) treatments were applied at planting by hand and lightly incorporated into the soil with a rake. Sidedress (SD) treatments were applied on 15 Jul as a soil drench with a tractor-mounted injection system calibrated to deliver 239 liters per ha. Foliar (F) treatments were applied on 20 and 27 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 127 liters per ha at 30 psi. Sprayer output was increased to 212 liters per ha at 40 psi for foliar treatments applied on 6 and 13 Aug. The sprayer boom was equipped with four hollow-cone nozzles spaced 30 cm apart for all foliar treatments. Thrips damage was rated on two leaves per plant from two plants per plot on 28 Jun and 22 Jul using the following scale: 1 = no damage, 2 = yellow flecking from thrips feeding, 3 = yellow flecking and leaf distortion from thrips feeding. Watermelons were harvested and weighed on 27 and 30 Aug and 1 Sep. Analyses of variance were used to analyze data and means were separated with Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.10).
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1993
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 60 ft × 68 ft, were in a 2-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 2 Jul with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 TeeJet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 4, 7, 11 and 17 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Spider Mite Control in Corn, 1993
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Wildman L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: December 2017

Two tests, (1 for BGM and 1 for TSM) were established in a furrow irrigated corn field at the Southwest Kansas Research-Extension Center, Finney County, KS. In each test, treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows (10 ft) wide and 50 ft long with a 4-row (10 ft) border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley at each end. Treatments were applied on 12 and 13 Aug with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one on each side of the row on 16 inch drop hoses directed at the ear zone and a third nozzle directed at the top of the plant). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 2 mph and 40 psi. In each plot 4 plants were flagged, 2 plants in each of 2 center rows. In the BGM test, sections of corn leaves infested with Banks grass mites, collected in Haskell Co., were placed in the leaf axil of the flagged plants. In the TSM test, sections of corn leaves infested with twospotted spider mites from the laboratory colony were placed in the leaf axil of the flagged plants. Pretreatment spider mite counts were made on 9 Aug by visually searching all leaves of the flagged plants for large (adult female) spider mites. Post-treatment counts were made on 17 and 18 Aug, 23 and 24 Aug and 1 and 2 Sep (approx. 5, 11 and 20 days after treatment (DAT) respectively) by searching every other leaf (one-half plant) except for the TSM Test on 2 Sep when only half of every other leaf (one quarter plant) was searched. All spider mite counts were converted to mites per plant for presentation. Grain yield was determined by machine harvesting 2 rows per plot and the gross weight was adjusted to 15.5% moisture and converted to bu/acre.
Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products Against Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Moar W. J. , McCollum R. , Smith R.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 23 Apr at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, AL, in 8 row plots (36 inch centers) × 75 ft long with 25 ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer to deliver 8 gal/acre using TeeJet TX10 hollow cone tip nozzles on 18-inch spacing at 55 psi at 5 mph. Water pH was 7.2-7.4 and Prime Oil was used as a spreader/sticker at recommended rates. Foliar treatments were applied 4 times (16, 22 Jun and 9, 13 Jul) followed by 6 weekly applications of Karate starting 21 Jul in order to preserve the results of the microbial treatments. Treatments were evaluated 4 times (21, 25 Jun and 12, 16 Jul) at 3-5 DAT for the presence of eggs, larvae, and terminal damage by sampling 25 terminals in the middle 4 rows/plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting the middle 2 rows/plot on 22 Oct.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1992
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established approximately 10 miles east of Hazelton. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the plots were furrow irrigated. Nine treatments and an untreated check were replicated 6 times in a RCBD. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch row spacing) by 30 ft. Alleys were cut between plots prior to harvest to give 25 ft of row per plot. On 4 Apr modified in furrow (MIFAP) applications of Temik, Counter and Tenax were made at planting including an at planting sidedress (PS) application of Temik. Temik was placed 2 inches to the water side of the furrow and 2-3 inches deep. On 13 May, post-emergence applications of Temik and Counter were made. Temik was knifed in a narrow band as in the planting sidedress application (PES) and Counter was applied as a 4 inch band over the row (PEB) and chain incorporated. Rapeseed meal was applied 14 May by hand in a 3-4 inch band (PEB) over the row and hand raked to incorporate with the soil. Post emergence applications were made just prior to irrigation. Stand counts were made weekly after thinning with the last stand count being made on 16 Jun. On 25 Jul 5 adjacent beets were dug from the middle of rows 2 and 5 to give 10 beets per plot for rating root maggot damage. The beets were washed and visually rated using the following rating systems: a Five Point System: 0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars, 4 = 0.5 to 0.75 of root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than 0.75 of root area damaged, dying beet; or a Seven Point System: 0 = no damage; 1 = 1—4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars, or up to 3 larger scars; 4 = 4 large scars to 0.25 of root surface covered with scars; 5 = 0.25 to 0.5 of root surface covered with scars; 6 = 0.5 to 0.75 of root area blackened by scars; 7 = more than 0.75 of root surface blackened, dying beet. Sugar beets were machine topped and harvested for untared weights on 15 Oct. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD’s.
Evaluation of Pyrethroids Against Thrips on Anthurium, 1993
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 4 May through 12 Jul at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, HI. Matured plants growing in 2 gal bags in volcanic cinder media under 80% polypropylene shade were used. Experimental plots measured 6 by 6 ft with 36 plants per block, arranged in a RCB with four blocks. Four biweekly applications of insecticides were applied beginning 4 May ending 28 Jun. Insecticides were applied at 1,846 liters/ha using a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. A spreader-sticker (Ad-here, Occidental Chemical Co., Lanthrop, CA) was added to all treatments including the control at a rate of 0.39 ml/liter solution. The control was sprayed with water. Anthurium flowers were harvested biweekly at Vt to full maturity and observed for thrips injury characterized by distinct bleached streaks on the front and/or back of the spathe. The percentage of thrips injured flowers were analyzed by ANOVA.
Evaluation of Insecticide Ear Tags on Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Boxler D. J. , Campbell J. B.
Published: December 2017

Y-Tex experimental ear tags (YT-615) were compared with PYthon® 10% ear tags for horn fly control on beef cattle. The study was initiated 17 Jun at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE. Cattle used in the trial were randomly selected from a herd of 200 heifers. Ear tags were applied as follows: YT-615 applied to 25 heifers (one tag per heifer), PYthon applied to 30 heifers (two tags per heifer) and PYthon applied to 120 heifers (one tag per heifer). An untreated group of 10 heifers served as a comparison. The three treatment groups were maintained in separate native range pastures throughout the study period. Horn fly counts were recorded at weekly intervals by counting flies on both sides of a minimum of 15 heifers during each fly counting session.
Susceptibility of the Brown Dog Tick to Eight Acaricides, 1991
Authors: Castella J. , Estrada A.
Published: December 2017

Formulated acaricides were evaluated for toxicity to engorged larvae and nymphs of the brown dog tick with the “tea-bag” method (envelopes made in rice paper). Engorged larvae were obtained from guinea pigs infested with 3 week old larvae from a laboratory colony. Engorged nymphs were obtained from naturally infested dogs in a kennel. Twenty recently (<12 h) detached larvae or ten engorged nymphs were placed in each envelope and immediately treated. The envelopes were immersed for 3 s in concentrations of 10 ml of acaricides in 150 ml beakers. The envelopes were dry within 60 min after being dipped at ordinary room conditions (21-28°C and 40-60% RH). After 24 h, the ticks were transferred to assay tubes (5 ml) and held at 27 ± 1°C, 80 ± 5% RH, in total darkness until emergence. Ticks were classified as live (normally moulted) or dead (not able to moult, moulted but dead or incapable of walking). Data were analyzed by probit analysis.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Snap Beans, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snap beans were planted on 12 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Spacing was 3 ft between rows. Sprays were applied in 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi using a 3 hollow cone nozzle backpack sprayer on the following dates: 27 Aug; 1, 7, 21 and 29 Sep. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of insect damaged pods in 50 randomly picked pods/plot on 8 Oct, and yields from the entire 25 ft row of each plot. The plots were mechanically harvested on 15 Oct. Although CEW and ECB pressure was high this year, the drought resulted in a second planting, as the first planting failed. Due to the delay in planting, pods started forming after the peak moth flights and during periods of cooler nights. These factors resulted in reduced insect pressure in this study.
Head Cabbage, Microbial Control of Cutworm, Webworm, Cluster Caterpillar and Gardenlooper, 1993
Authors: Muniappan R. , Silva-Krott I.U.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Guam, at the Inarajan site. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications. Each treatment consisted of four rows of head cabbage with eight plants on each row. Replications were separated by 60 cm of bare soil. Cabbage seedlings were planted 2 Mar 1993
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Fall Tomatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Tomatoes were transplanted on 26 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row with 5 ft spacing, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. Treatments were applied on the dates indicated in the table using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 45 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A 6-ft section (30 sq ft) of each plot was flagged off for hand harvesting. Fruit at the “breaker” stage or riper was harvested on 29 Sept and 20 Oct. Numbers of marketable and worm-damaged fruit and calculated yields/acre for the combined two harvests are recorded in the table. Damage from all three worm species is similar and no attempt was made to separate the damage according to species. Worm pressure was moderate to heavy with peak moth flights occurring in mid-Aug through mid-Sept, as determined by the black light trap at Painter, VA. Dimethoate and AgriMek were applied for the first spray on the plots indicated in the table to control leaf miners. XenTari was applied on the remaining spray dates on these plots because the leaf miner population declined to well below threshold levels after 6 Sept.
Evaluation of Planting-Time Soil Insecticide Applications for Controlling Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Catangui M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J. , Brinkman M. A. , Smith M. P. , Voss T. S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted at 5 locations (Aurora, Bruce, Cavour, Delmont, and Garretson) in SD. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 12.2 m to 15.2 m in length, and spaced 96.5 cm apart. Experimental design for all studies was a RCB with 4 replications. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using CO2-powered delivery systems individually mounted on each row of the planter. Each system was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa. Banded insecticide treatments (granular or liquid) were applied in an 18-cm swath over the open seed furrow (T-band) in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and were incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Infurrow treatments were placed directly between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) corn seed was planted at a rate of 23,000 kernels per acre at all study locations. Five roots per replication were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale to measure rootworm larval damage. Root injury ratings were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models procedure, and DMRT was used to compare treatment means.
Control of Soybean Looper in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Wier A. T. , Lingren P. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide efficacy against soybean looper was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft, planted 3 Jun. Treatments in both tests were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 23 Aug with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3 and 7 DAT using two 25-sweep samples/plot with a standard 15 inch diameter sweep net. Rows 2 and 3 were sampled 3 DAT and rows 4 and 5 were sampled 7 DAT. No rainfall occurred during the test.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. Delano , Crowe Bert D.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 13 selected insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 22 Aug on ‘Davis’ soybeans planted in early Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, 15 and 21 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. At 28 DAT, all plots were visually rated for percent defoliation. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) at the initiation of the test and R6 growth stage (full size beans in pods) at the conclusion. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
White Grub Control Trial, Ft. Morgan, Co, 1991
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

The experiment was established 6 Sep at the Ft. Morgan Municipal Golf Course. Soil type was a sandy loam, with thatch layer of %-in to %-in. Individual plots were 5-ft × 5-ft, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied between 9:30-11:00 AM, in a water volume of 20 gal/1000 ft2, using a sprinkler can. During application, overcast conditions existed and temperatures averaged 75-78°F. Plots were sprinkler irrigated within two hours after application. Target species was Cyclocephala sp., probably C. hirta. Evaluation was made 20 Sep. Plots were sampled by lifting a 15 × 15-inch turf flap and counting all living larvae which were underneath.
Western Flower Thrips on Impatiens Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1994
Authors: Cesnik R. , Oetting R. D. , Gardner W. A.
Published: December 2017

A total of 220 plants were potted individually in 10 cm pots on 20 May. These plants were separated into groups of 120 and 100 and placed into 2 separate double-poly greenhouses, thereby establishing 2 studies. In both studies, each treatment block contained 5 potted plants. The pots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Blocks were placed 50 cm apart. Test 1 consisted of 6 treatments and Test 2 consisted of 5 treatments. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 3 wk using a compressed-air sprayer operated at 30 to 35 psi, sprayed to runoff. A 75 × 120 cm masonite board was placed between plots to prevent overspray from one plot to another. Cell-U-Wet® (Creative Service,s Inc., Michigan City, IN) at 0.15 lb/gal was added to each tank mix in Test 2. Pre treatment and weekly post-treatment samples were obtained by excising 25 randomly selected flowers from each block and placing them immediately into 190-ml capacity plastic vials containing 80 ml of 70% ethanol. Each vial was shaken 10 times. The flowers were then removed from the vial, rinsed with 70% ethanol into the vial, and discarded. The adult and immature thrips captured in the alcohol were enumerated.
Laboratory Toxicity of Spinosad to Late Second Instar Tobacco Budworm Compared to Commercial Standards, 1994
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: December 2017

The relative activity of spinosad was studied utilizing late second instar tobacco budworm each confined on a treated cotton leaf disc in a one ounce vented plastic cup. The discs were dipped in solutions using 4-fold dilutions. Ten replicates of one larva each were infested after drying at each dose and generally 5 dosage levels were used in the tests. Each paired comparison was done side by side and evaluated 72 hours after infestation.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control; Admire 2F Soil Application Depth, Big Lake, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Wingard Tom
Published: December 2017

A small trial was established in an irrigated commercial field to determine efficacy of Admire 2F equivalent dosage with, and at varying distances above, the seed piece. Soils were sandy loams. A plot was a single 25 ft row. Treatments were arranged in an RCB design, replicated 4 times. The field was planted on 5 May, seed pieces uncovered on 11 May, re-covered to appropriate depth and treated with Admire 2F at a soil dosage of 1.3 fl ozl1000 row ft in 40 gal/ acre water. The original 6 deep ridge was then restored. Plant emergence began about 20 May but appeared uneven so % emergence data were recorded. The foliar treatment was delayed until slightly more than 15% larval defoliation was present. Foliar treatment dates were 29 June, 6, 13 & 20 July.
Potato Insect Control With Foliar Sprays, 1995
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 25 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Six treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a RCB design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Treatment sprays were broadcast applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi) and delivering 20 gal finished spray per acre (four, 10X hollow cone nozzles). On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3-4 instar) and adult beetles were counted, and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center 5 hills of the middle 2 plot rows. On 5 Jul a pre-count of all CPB life stages was taken and all treatment applications were made. Counts of GPA were made by visual examination of 10 leaves per plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple means comparison.
Control of Second Generation Tobacco Budworms on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 4 May in a Norfolk loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 40 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 1.0 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 7 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. A single application was applied to all plots on 21 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow cone nozzle per row. On 27 Jun, 25 terminals from each plot were examined for TBW eggs, terminal damage from TBW and live larvae. No squares were present at this relatively late date and thus were not sampled. On 31 Jul, the number of white blooms and bolls was counted for 15 ft for each plot per replicate (60 ft total per treatment). Plots were harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 18 Oct.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against BW in cotton planted 12 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft in both tests. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 Jul in Test II and on 10, 12, 14, 17 Jul in Test II. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton flower buds (squares) per plot 2-4 DAT for evidence of BW damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 0.1, 0.1 and 0.3 inches rainfall on 10, 14 and 15 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Tobacco Insect Control with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

Various insecticides applied as transplant water treatments were compared with foliar and soil treatments for TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 9 May (soil temperature, 65 °F; ambient temperature, 70 °F; soil pH, 5.6; weather, sunny; soil moisture, good). The Admire drench treatment was applied to tobacco seedlings in 288-cell float trays 24 hr before transplanting. The treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 1 fl oz of Admire 240FS in 1.84 gal of water/1,000 plants through 8003LP tips at 20 psi. Treatments were watered in with an additional 1 gal of water immediately after application. ‘Coker 371 Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 215 gal solution/acre with a Holland plunger-type transplanter on 16 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperatures were 70 °F and 78-81 °F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 3 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through 3, TX-12 nozzles/row. The weather was clear, wind speed was less than 5 mph, and ambient temperature was 86 °F. Tobacco production followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations for weed and disease control, fertilization, topping and sucker control. Dipel 4L was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 4 Aug. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a wk from 6 to 10 wk after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated for each plot on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no signs of aphid feeding and 10 = all leaves showing severe damage resulting from TA infestations including honeydew, sooty mold, necrotic leaf tissue and exuviae. TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot on 22 May, 1 wk after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yields and prices were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). TA count data were transformed to Log10 (X+l) before analysis.
Ant Control on Golf Course Fairways, Nh 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

A fairway infested with ant colonies was treated at 1900 hr at the Rochester Country Club, Rochester, NH. Plots were 6 X 15 ft, replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by a 3 ft buffer. Plots were treated 8 Aug and rated weekly by counting the number of active colonies per plot. Sprays were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with 8004 nozzles. Treatments were applied in a volume of water equivalent to 4 gal/1000 ft2. Fairways were irrigated 3 times per week with 0.2 in water. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 90.1°F; sky, clear; soil temperature, surface 91°F; soil texture, sandy loam; wind, 1-3 mph; soil pH 5.7; soil moisture, 28.7%; organic matter, 10.4%.
Spring Management of Bluegrass Billbug With Scimitar And Merit At The Valentine Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1995:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a complete randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (19 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 60° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72.0° F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 66.0° F; RH, 69%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 19.0% sand, 57.0% silt, 24.0% clay; organic matter, 4.0%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 25.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, mid-afternoon; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.125 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 40 (28 Jun) and 45 (3 Jul) DAT. Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Mealybug Control on Buffalograss Turf in Saunders Co., Nebraska, 1995
Authors: Heng-Moss T. M. , Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of mealybugs on a buffalograss lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebraska. The turf (100% buffalograss) was maintained at a mowing height of 3.5 inches but was mowed to a height of 2 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3–5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: soil moisture 13%; air temperature 83°F; soil temperature 70°F; relative humidity 53%; wind direction and velocity 177° at 10 mph. Plots were 4 X 4 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 28 Aug, 1995. Granular treatments were applied by using a precalibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 4 gal finished spray/1000ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inches of water. No rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 37 DAT (4 Oct) by removing from each plot three, 4.25 inch diam turf-soil cores (0.3 ft2 total area) to a depth of 1 inch. Cores were placed in Berlese funnels and extracted mealybugs were counted after 48 hr. Pre-treatment estimate of insect activity was 75 mealybugs per 1.0 ft2.