bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dreaming About IRMA
Authors: Skues Richard A.
Published: April 2008

In his article in Psychoanalysis and History (2(2), 2000) Philip Kuhn proposes that, contrary to Freud's claims, his dream of Irma's injection occurred on 21 September 1895, and that it was not fully analysed until August 1899. He further asserts that this dream was used by Freud as a substitute for the dream that he felt compelled by Fliess to drop from the first draft of his book. The author finds no evidence to support Kuhn's claims but, on the contrary, demonstrates the insubstantial nature of the supporting argument and the imagined character of his ‘evidence’. The true chronology of Freud's writing of his dream book is mapped out, along with the effects of the deletion of his ‘big’ dream. It is argued that the publication of Kuhn's paper poses serious questions to academic journals dealing with the history of psychoanalysis about their policy on the standards of their published papers.
The Early Relationship Between Sigmund Freud and Isidor Sadger: A Dream (1897) and a Letter (1902)
Authors: May Ulrike
Published: April 2008

Auf der Basis von Wittels' Hinweis, daß Isidor Sadgers Aufsatz Das Wunder vom denkenden Eiweiß (1897a) einen Tagesrest für Freuds Traum vom norekdalen Stil bildete, wird vorgeschlagen, daß dieser Traum in der Zeit zwischen Februar/April 1897 und Herbst 1897 geträumt wurde. Es wird erörtert, welche Publikation von Sadger über Ibsen den zweiten Tagesrest für Freuds Traum gebildet haben könnte. Der Kontakt zwischen Freud und Sadger in den neunziger Jahren wird rekonstruiert. Danach wird diskutiert, warum Sadgers Aufsatz Freud zu einem Traum angeregt haben könnte. Flechsigs Grundkonzeption des Zusammenhangs zwischen Gehirn und Seele und Sadgers voranalytische Sicht der psychischen Vorgänge werden umrissen. Ein bisher unveröffentlichter Brief Freuds an Sadger aus dem Jahr 1902 wird vorgestellt und sein möglicher Anlaß erörtert. Es wird gezeigt, daß Sadger vermutlich bereits 1898 mit der Durchführung von Analysen begann und der erste oder zweite Arzt aus dem unmittelbaren Umfeld Freuds in Wien gewesen sein dürfte, der analytisch arbeitete. Es wird ferner dargestellt, daß Sadger bereits in den Neunziger Jahren in seinen Veröffentlichungen auf Freud hinwies. Alles in allem dürfte Isidor Sadger der einzige von Freuds Schülern gewesen sein, der folgende Merkmale in sich vereinte: er interessierte sich vor 1900 für Freuds Ansatz, führte vor 1900 Analysen durch, trat vor 1900 öffentlich für Freud ein, wurde Mitglied der Mittwochgruppe und blieb lange Zeit (bis 1933).
Brücke's Great-Grandson's Visit to Freud: A Contribution to the Understanding of Freud's Relationship to Ernst Brücke
Authors: Etzersdorfer Elmar
Published: April 2008

Der Urenkel Ernst Brückes stattete Freud am 27. September 1932 einen Besuch ab. Bisher unbekannte Dokumente im Zusammenhang mit diesem Besuch, den Freud in seiner ‘kürzesten Chronik’ vermerkte, belegen, daß es sich um den damals 24-jährigen Franz Theodor Brücke handelte. In dem Gespräch kam auch die Biographie Ernst Brückes zur Sprache, die dessen Enkel Ernst Theodor, der Vater Franz Theodor Brückes, 1928 verfaßt hatte, und die Freud nicht bekannt war. Auf den Erhalt des Buches reagierte Freud sehr rasch mit einem bisher nicht bekannten Brief an Franz Theodor Brücke, in dem er Brückes ‘innige Liebesfähigkeit’ herausstrich und Details der Biographie korrigiert, darunter die Ursache für den Schmiß auf Brückes Nase. Die Beziehung Freuds zu Brücke wird in der Überschau der bekannten Belege dargestellt und es wird gezeigt, daß Brücke für Freud in hohem Ausmaß und bis in das hohe Alter als Ich-Ideal fungierte und die hohen Ansprüche Freuds an sich selbst repräsentierte, während Ernst Fleischl, der von Freud in dem Brief zweimal erwähnt wird, die Gefahr des eigenen Scheiterns darstellte.
Soul Man Meets the Blind Watchmaker: C. G. Jung and Neo-Darwinism
Authors: Pietikainen Petteri
Published: April 2008

C. G. Jung's name has recently been connected with neo-Darwinian theories. One major reason for this connection is that Jungian psychology is based on the suggestion that there exists a universal structure of the mind that has its own evolutionary history. On this crucial point, Jungians and neo-Darwinian evolutionary psychologists agree. However, it will be argued in this paper that, although Jungian psychology opposes the tabula rasa doctrine (mind as a blank slate), Jung cannot be regarded as the founding father of evolutionary psychology. From the scientific perspective, Jung's biological assumptions are simply untenable and have been for many decades. In his attempt to fuse biology, spirit, and the unconscious, Jung ended in speculative flights of imagination that bear no resemblance to modern neo-Darwinian theories. The premise of the paper is that, when Jungian psychology is presented to us as a scientific psychology that has implications for the development of neo-Darwinian psychology, we should be on guard and examine the evidence.
Transforming At-One-Ment: Spielrein, Jung, Bion
Authors: Sayers Janet
Published: April 2008

To remedy the relative neglect of the contribution of Sabina Spielrein to psycho-analysis this article details her early life, psychiatric hospitalization, analysis by Jung, love affair with him, extracts from her diary, correspondence with Jung and Freud, and published writing. Together this material highlights Spielrein's pioneering insights regarding the involvement of what Bion subsequently called ‘at-one-ment’ in (a) the transformations effected by the transference-counter-transference of patient and analyst in analysis, (b) art, (c) symbolism as univer-salizing inspiration or defence, (d) the death instinct, (e) the subconscious as semiotic mediator between what is conscious and unconscious, and (f) children's early language acquisition.
Bingham Dai, Adolf Storfer, and the Tentative Beginnings of Psychoanalytic Culture in China: 1935-1941
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey
Published: April 2008

This paper looks at the work of two figures who, while marginal to theoretical developments within the history of psychoanalysis, each briefly played an important role in the dissemination of analytical ideas in China, contributing to an early psychoanalytic culture there. Bingham Dai, a native of China, while studying for a PhD in sociology at Chicago, received instruction from Harry Stack Sullivan and a psychoanalytic training under Karen Horney's supervision. However, the neo-Freudian outlook with which this experience imbued him had its roots in an earlier encounter with his experiments in personality education first conducted on students in a Tientsin high school, and later in Shantung under the direction of the conservative Confucian scholar and reformer, Liang Shu Ming. These experiences convinced him that a less orthodox psychoanalytic perspective was what Chinese patients with psychological problems required. He returned in 1935 to teach medical psychology to doctors at Peking Union Medical College, taking a few into analysis and treating some patients. However, the Sino-Japanese war brought these activities to a close and he left in 1939, just a few months after the former Freud publisher and Viennese émigré, Adolf Storfer, arrived. Storfer set about publishing Gelbe Post, a German language periodical replete with articles on psychoanalysis, linguistics and Chinese culture. But limited finances, severe competition from a rival publisher, plus his own ill health, forced him to abandon this in spite of the support offered him through the many contributors in the international psychoanalytic community whose articles he published. The paper concludes by considering the relative historiographic fate of the men upon whom subsequent scholarship has been very unevenly focused.
Simulating the Unconscious
Authors: Borch-Jacobsen Mikkel
Published: April 2008

This paper is concerned with hypnosis and the methodological ‘anxiety’ (Devereux) which inevitably affects the hypnotist, whether experimental psychologist or therapist: what if the phenomena observed during hypnosis were only an effect of compliance with his own expectations, demands and suggestions? What if the hypnotized simulated hypnosis solely to please him? From Charcot and Richet to Martin Orne, by way of Bernheim or Freud, the response of researchers to this disquieting question has always been the same: the subject cannot be simulating, because he is hypnotized, asleep, unconscious. The hypothesis of a psychic unconscious (or of unconsciousness), which determined the very concept of hypnosis from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards is nothing more than a postulate required to guarantee the objectivity of hypnotic and, more broadly, psychological phenomena, by preventing the latter from being seen as simple artifacts of the experimental or clinical situation. The present paper examines several historical avatars of this postulate, including psychoanalysis, and proposes that it be abandoned in favour of a conception of psychology and psychotherapy which is constructivist and no longer objectivist, recognizing the artifactual character of psychic productions instead of denying it.
Jung and the Nazis: Some Implications for Psychoanalysis
Authors: Frosh Stephen
Published: April 2008

The involvement of Jung with German psychotherapy in the 1930s revealed a strong tendency to collaborate with the Nazis, even though his behaviour was more contradictory than has often been acknowledged. In part this was due to anti-Semitic sentiments; some of it was fuelled by the apparent opportunity to make Jungian psychology dominant over its ‘Jewish’ Freudian rival; and in part Jung's admiration for the energy of the Nazi movement seems to have been genuine.This paper traces some of the elements in Jung's activities of that period in order to highlight the mixture of pragmatic and ideological investments that also applied to many other psychotherapists, and to some German psychoanalysts at the time.
The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of the Jews
Authors: Zaretsky Eli
Published: April 2008

Situating psychoanalysis in the context of Jewish history, this paper takes up Freud's famous 1930 question: what is left in Judaism after one has abandoned faith in God, the Hebrew language and nationalism, and his answer: a great deal, perhaps the very essence, but an essence that we do not know. On the one hand, it argues that ‘not knowing’ connects psychoanalysis to Judaism's ancestral preoccupation with God, a preoccupation different from that of the more philosophical Greek, Latin and Christian traditions of theology. On the other hand, ‘not knowing‘ connects psychoanalysis to a post-Enlightenment conception of the person (i.e. of personal life), as opposed to the more abstract notion of the subject associated with Kant.
Aerial Survey in Scotland 2003 Discovery from the air: a pit-defined cursus monument in Fife
Authors: Cowley David C. , Gilmour Simon M. D.
Published: April 2008

Summary

The chance discovery of burials at the traditional site of St Trolla's Chapel, Kintradwell, near Brora, led to their rescue excavation and subsequent analysis. The results confirm that this was the site of a chapel in the Medieval period, with radiocarbon dates indicating the use of the burial ground from the earlier 11th to the 16th or 17th centuries. The skeletal remains reveal something of the personal histories of the occupants, with evidence for warfare, hard labour, injury through accident and a possible case of congenital syphilis. The site's association with St Triduana and the concentration of late Iron Age remains and Pictish sculpture in the vicinity together suggest an earlier, Pictish origin for the chapel.
Typing classical polymorphisms by real‐time PCR: Analysis of the GPT and ALAD protein polymorphisms in the Jewish populations
Authors: Zoossmann‐Diskin Avshalom , Swinburne Sarah , Shohat Mordechai , Peleg Leah , Gazit Ephraim , Turner David
Published: April 2008

Expanding the already extensive data array on classical polymorphisms in new populations is beneficial to full characterization of the intricate relationships between human populations. This can be done in a short time on a large‐scale by using real‐time PCR. The red‐cell enzymes Δ‐aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) have each two alleles that can be separated by protein electrophoresis. They were previously characterized by protein electrophoresis in some of the Jewish populations. We designed primers and probes for fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection of the ALAD and GPT alleles to type Jewish populations including some in which these polymorphisms have not been studied in the past. The methods described here allow fast and efficient determination of these common classical polymorphisms. When used in large‐scale population studies, these methods are not only faster, but also cheaper than amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. The frequency of ALAD*1 among Jews ranges from 0.781 to 0.960 and that of GPT*1 from 0.412 to 0.773. A maximum likelihood tree based on the ALAD and GPT polymorphisms and five other red‐cells enzymes polymorphisms depicts quite accurately the known historic, anthropological, and geographic relations between the Jewish populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digit ratio (2D:4D), dominance, reproductive success, asymmetry, and sociosexuality in the BBC Internet Study
Authors: Manning John T. , Fink Bernhard
Published: April 2008

Digit ratio (2D:4D) may be a correlate of prenatal sex steroids, and has been linked to traits, which are influenced by fetal testosterone and estrogen. Here we consider such links in a large Internet study of sex differences (the BBC Internet Study) in which finger lengths were self‐measured. Consistent with lab‐based findings the 2D:4D in this study shows sexual dimorphism, ethnic differences and higher dimorphism of right 2D:4D than left, thereby indicating that 2D:4D does measure real between‐participant variation. High error in self‐measurement of fingers reduces effect sizes. However, the large sample size gives assurance that significant effects are likely to be real. We controlled for ethnicity and sexual orientation by considering White heterosexuals only (153,429 participants). Sexual dimorphism was confirmed in 2D:4D and for the difference of right–left 2D:4D. After Bonferroni correction we found highly significant relationships with low effect sizes as follows. In males and females there were negative associations between 2D:4D and dominance. In males there were negative associations between 2D:4D and family size and factors associated with reproductive success. For females these associations were positive. For asymmetry we found U‐shaped relationships with 2D:4D in both males and females. We found no relationship between 2D:4D and promiscuity (sociosexuality). In total, we considered 48 relationships and found 29 to be significant. We compare our findings with a similar study reported by Putz et al. (2004), which found only 2 out of 57 correlations to be significant and discuss possible reasons for the discrepancies between the studies. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intergenerational gains in relative knee height as compared to gains in relative leg length within Taiwanese families
Authors: Floyd B.
Published: April 2008

Evidence indicates that variation in relative leg length (RLL) is a sensitive indicator of early childhood circumstances, but research presents conflicting evidence of how lower leg growth contributes to variability. This study investigates the extent of intergenerational changes in subischial leg length and knee height relative to stature among father–son, mother–daughter, and midparent–offspring pairs. These changes and differences in the extent of mean change in the two indices within like‐sex parent–offspring pairs were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results indicate that within all categories, mean generational differences in both indices were substantial [Δ RLL z: 0.64–0.73; Δ relative knee height (RKH) z: 0.46–0.64] and statistically significant (P ≤ 0.010). Mean increases in RLL and RKH across parent–offspring categories were consistently greater in Taipei than Auckland, though only the midparent–offspring generation by location contrast for RLL was statistically significant (P = 0.037). Father–son and mother–daughter average differences were virtually identical for RLL (0.73 z vs. 0.72 z). When differences within pairs in the extent of change in RLL and RKH were assessed directly, mother–daughter mean differences approached significance at an α level of 0.05 (Δ = 0.26 z; F = 3.42, df = 1, 42, P = 0.071). Father–son differences were smaller (Δ = 0.09 z) and statistically insignificant suggesting very similar amounts of change in the two indices. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical activity: The present in the context of the past
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Little Bertis B.
Published: April 2008

In the broad sense, modern humans have lived in an environment in which physical activity and associated movement skills were central, especially in the context of physical competition with other animals. The physically active lifestyle of earlier human populations has been emphasized, especially the cardiovascular endurance component and energy expenditure, but less attention has been devoted to the gross and fine motor skills that are essential components of this lifestyle. Motor skills developed through practice are important determinants of success and survival in preindustrial societies. In industrial and postindustrial societies, on the other hand, the role of physical activity is different, with prowess in certain areas of physical expertise (e.g., accuracy with projectiles, muscular strength, among others) and prolonged exertion (i.e., cardiovascular endurance) less important for survival. The combined effects of the transition to a sedentary lifestyle and attendant dietary changes have resulted first an epidemic of coronary heart disease and more recently an epidemic of overweight/obesity in postindustrial societies. Although mortality associated with coronary heart disease has declined, due largely to biomedical advances, overweight and obesity have increased concomitantly with population reduction in physical activity (energy expenditure) and increased calorie (energy) consumption. The current scenario begs several questions which have implications for contemporary human biology related to sustaining the pace of cultural change on a biological base that is increasingly being compromised by physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low potential electrodeposition of high‐quality and freestanding poly(3‐(6‐bromohexyl)thiophene) films
Authors: Xu Jingkun , Wei Zhenhong , Du Yukou , Pu Shouzhi , Hou Jian , Zhou Weiqiang
Published: April 2008

High‐quality freestanding and conducting poly[3‐(6‐bromohexyl)thiophene] (PBHT) films with electrical conductivity of 20 S/cm were synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of 3‐(6‐bromohexyl)thiophene (BHT) in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). The oxidation potential of BHT in pure BFEE was measured to be only 1.2 V versus saturated calomel electrode, SCE much lower than that determined in acetonitrile (ACN) (1.8 V vs SCE). The polymer films obtained from this media were very shiny and flexible and can be easily cut into various shapes. The structure and morphology of the polymer films were investigated by UV‐vis, infrared, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All these results indicated that the terminal bromide did not have negative effect on the electrochemical polymerization of BHT. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of viscosity of shell solution on the content of solid powder as core material in microencapsulation by the drying‐in‐liquid method
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroshi , Mo Liu , Taguchi Yoshinari , Tanaka Masato
Published: April 2008

Solid powder generating minus ion was microencapsulated by polystyrene with the drying‐in‐liquid method. In the microencapsulation, (R)‐(+) limonene as the solvent for polystyrene and ethylene glycol as the continuous phase were adopted instead of the conventional organic solvent such as dichloromethane, benzene and toluene, and water, respectively. It was mainly investigated whether the solvents adopted here could be applied to the drying‐in‐liquid method or not and how the viscosity of the shell solution and the oil soluble surfactant affected the content of core material. The oil soluble surfactant made hydrophilic solid powder more hydrophobic and resulted in an increase of the content. Microcapsules containing solid powder could be prepared with the drying‐in‐liquid method using (R)‐(+) limonene and ethylene glycol. An increase in the viscosity of the shell solution repressed the movement of solid powder particles in a droplet of the shell solution during the microencapsulation process and resulted in the higher content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study of monodispersed polystyrene colloidal particles containing fluorine
Authors: Liu Changsheng , Li Jun
Published: April 2008

Monodispersed polystyrene colloidal particles containing fluorine were synthesized by two‐stage semicontinuous emulsion polymerization in the presence of trifluoroethyl methacrylate (F3MA) as a functional comonomer. And then the colloidal crystal films were fabricated quickly from aqueous colloidal solutions by the vertical deposition method at certain temperature and humidity. The chemical components and thermal property of colloidal particles were determined by Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The size and morphology of the particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface element distribution of colloidal crystal films was measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical property and water contact angles of the colloidal crystal films were investigated. When the concentration of F3MA relative to the total content of monomers was 2.5%, the size and the coefficient of variation (Cv) of colloidal particles were 211 nm and 4.2%, respectively. The colloidal crystal film exhibited high water‐contact angles (121.3°). The surface analysis by using XPS revealed that the fluorinated components preferentially enriched at the colloidal crystal film surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Artificial aging and deterioration of oil‐painted Fabriano paper and cardboard paper supports
Authors: Elfeky Osama M. , Hassan Mohammad L.
Published: April 2008

Fabriano paper and cardboard are commonly used for oil paintings as paper supports. There are different practices for oil painting. Sometimes, painters paint directly on paper supports. They may also impregnate paper supports with linseed oil before painting to prevent the absorption of the binder from the oil‐based paint by the paper, or they may apply a background (e.g., animal glue and calcium carbonate) on the paper supports and then paint their drawings. The effects of aging by heat or ultraviolet light on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile elongation, and tearing resistance), optical properties (changes in color indices), and pH of Fabriano paper and cardboard painted with the aforementioned practices were studied. In addition, the thermal stability of paper painted with these practices was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and physical properties of transparent organic–inorganic nanohybrid materials based on urethane dimethacrylate
Authors: Daimatsu Kazuki , Sugimoto Hideki , Nakanishi Eiji , Yasumura Takashi , Inomata Katsuhiro
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was to prepare transparent organic–inorganic nanohybrid materials with improved physical properties in comparison with the matrix polymer. Polymerizable silica nanoparticles were synthesized via the reaction of silanol groups on the surface of silica nanoparticles (particle diameter ≈ 12 nm) with isocyanate groups of 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanate (MOI) in ethyl acetate. In addition, the matrix monomer, urethane dimethacrylate, was prepared by the reaction of an MOI isocyanate group with the hydroxyl group of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and novel organic–inorganic nanohybrid materials were obtained at various silica contents with bulk polymerization. The surface treatment of the silica nanoparticles and preparation of the matrix monomer were carried out in a one‐pot reaction. The prepared hybrid materials retained high transparency, and the elastic modulus and surface hardness improved with increasing silica content. Moreover, the strength of the material containing 20 wt % silica was up to 30 MPa higher than that of the matrix polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Blends of high density polyethylene with branched poly(styrene‐co‐dodecyl acrylate): Rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties
Authors: Qiang Ren , Fanghong Gong , Dongliang Zhang , Xiaoxiao Shi , Jianbo Fang , Bibiao Jiang
Published: April 2008

Branched poly(styrene‐co‐dodecyl acrylate) (BPSDA) was prepared by the atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene with dodecyl acrylate using p‐cholomethyl styrene as initiator‐monomer (inimer) and CuCl/Bpy (2,2′‐bipyridine) complex as catalyst. The remarkable discrepancies between the molecular weight determined by gel permeation chmotagraphy and multiangel laser light scattering reveals the highly branched structure of the resulting copolymer. Furthermore, the composition was analyzed by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), which is consistent with the feed ratio of monomers. Blending of the branched product with high density polyethylene (HDPE) was attempted in haake mixer. The rheological, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of the resulting blends were studied. Compared with pure HDPE, the complex viscosity of blend with addition of 4 wt % BPSDA decreased by 15.9%. While the elongation at break decreased by 5.5% and tensile strength decreased by 4.2%. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) revealed that the average particle size of disperse phase in HDPE/4% BPSDA blend is 0.45 μm in diameter. Differential scanning calorimetry characterization showed that the addition of BPSDA accelerated the relative crystallization rate but decreased the final absolute degree of crystallinity. No obvious change of thermal stability of the blends was observed relative to pure HDPE. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of polymer‐based spherical activated carbons with tailored pore structure
Authors: Zhu Zhaolian , Li Aimin , Zhong Sheng , Liu Fuqiang , Zhang Quanxing
Published: April 2008

A series of spherical activated carbons (SACs) with different pore structure were prepared from divinylbenzene‐based polymer through CO2 activation. The effect of activation temperature and retention time on the yield and textural properties of the resulting SACs were studied. The SACs were characterized by N2 adsorption, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and aqueous adsorption assays. Either increasing activation temperature or extending retention time decreases the yield of SACs. The BET surface area and pore volume increase with activation temperature and reach a maximum at 1000°C and then decrease at higher activation temperatures. At 1000°C, BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore pore volume increase with retention time from 0.5 to 2 h, and meanwhile micropore volume decreases. The micropores are gradually widened into mesopores with increasing activation temperature or extending retention time. SEM and XRD analyses of SAC10 verify the presence of developed porous structure composed of disordered micrographite stacking. Aqueous adsorption assays indicate that SACs have good adsorption capacity for phenol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Banks Stuart , Bensted‐Smith Robert , Calvopiña Monica , Chiriboga Angel , Garske Lauren E. , Henderson Scott , Miller Kathy Ann , Salazar Sandie
Published: April 2008

The Galapagos Marine Reserve provides refuge for numerous threatened marine species, including 16 mammals, birds, reptiles and fish currently recognized on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, plus an additional 25 endemic fish, mollusc, crustacean, echinoderm, coral and macroalgal species that comply with threatened species criteria because of declining extent of occurrence or highly‐localized ranges, and hence also qualify for inclusion on the Red List.

Threatened marine species with restricted ranges are not randomly distributed across the archipelago but tend to co‐occur at a limited number of sites that are predominantly located in the west. Sites at which threatened species are known to persist, particularly those with a large proportion of the global population, are here identified as sites of global conservation significance — key biodiversity areas.

The majority (27) of the 38 inshore key biodiversity areas identified are currently protected from fishing because they lie within the 17% of coastal waters that is zoned as ‘no‐take’ tourism or conservation zones. All key biodiversity areas should be protected from extractive exploitation if threatened species are to be safeguarded. This can be achieved, at the minimum, through a relatively minor amendment to the existing marine zoning scheme, whereby an additional 2% of the coastline is dedicated to conservation.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of decoupling the intracellular and extracellular levels in multi‐level models of virus growth
Authors: Haseltine Eric L. , Yin John , Rawlings James B.
Published: April 2008

Virus infections are characterized by two distinct levels of detail: the intracellular level describing how viruses hijack the host machinery to replicate, and the extracellular level describing how populations of virus and host cells interact. Deterministic, population balance models for viral infections permit incorporation of both the intracellular and extracellular levels of information. In this work, we identify assumptions that lead to exact, selective decoupling of the interaction between the intracellular and extracellular levels, effectively permitting solution of first the intracellular level, and subsequently the extracellular level. This decoupling leads to (1) intracellular and extracellular models of viral infections that have been previously reported and (2) a significant reduction in the computational expense required to solve the model. However, the decoupling restricts the behaviors that can be modeled. Simulation of a previously reported multi‐level model demonstrates this decomposition when the intracellular level of description consists of numerous reaction events. Additionally, examples demonstrate that viruses can persist even when the intracellular level of description cannot sustain a steady‐state production of virus (i.e., has only a trivial equilibrium). We expect the combination of this modeling framework with experimental data to result in a quantitative, systems‐level understanding of viral infections and cellular antiviral strategies that will facilitate controlling both these infections and antiviral strategies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 811–820. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethanol and hydrogen production by two thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from Icelandic geothermal areas
Authors: Koskinen Perttu E.P. , Beck Steinar R. , Örlygsson Jóhann , Puhakka Jaakko A.
Published: April 2008

Microbial fermentations are potential producers of sustainable energy carriers. In this study, ethanol and hydrogen production was studied by two thermophilic bacteria (strain AK15 and AK17) isolated from geothermal springs in Iceland. Strain AK15 was affiliated with Clostridium uzonii (98.8%), while AK17 was affiliated with Thermoanaerobacterium aciditolerans (99.2%) based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Both strains fermented a wide variety of sugar residues typically found in lignocellulosic materials, and some polysaccharides. In the batch cultivations, strain AK17 produced ethanol from glucose and xylose fermentations of up to 1.6 mol‐EtOH/mol‐glucose (80% of the theoretical maximum) and 1.1 mol‐EtOH/mol‐xylose (66%), respectively. The hydrogen yields by AK17 were up to 1.2 mol‐H2/ mol‐glucose (30% of the theoretical maximum) and 1.0 mol‐H2/mol‐xylose (30%). The strain AK15 produced hydrogen as the main fermentation product from glucose (up to 1.9 mol‐H2/mol‐glucose [48%]) and xylose (1.1 mol‐H2/mol‐xylose [33%]). The strain AK17 tolerated exogenously added ethanol up to 4% (v/v). The ethanol and hydrogen production performance from glucose by a co‐culture of the strains AK15 and AK17 was studied in a continuous‐flow bioreactor at 60°C. Stable and continuous ethanol and hydrogen co‐production was achieved with ethanol yield of 1.35 mol‐EtOH/mol‐glucose, and with the hydrogen production rate of 6.1 mmol/h/L (H2 yield of 0.80 mol‐H2/mol‐glucose). PCR‐DGGE analysis revealed that the AK17 became the dominant bacterium in the bioreactor. In conclusion, strain AK17 is a promising strain for the co‐production of ethanol and hydrogen with a wide substrate utilization spectrum, relatively high ethanol tolerance, and ethanol yields among the highest reported for thermoanaerobes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 679–690. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Double‐Shelled Ferrihydrite Hollow Spheres with a Tunable Aperture
Authors: Wu Zhengcui , Zhang Miao , Yu Kuai , Zhang Shudong , Xie Yi
Published: April 2008

Novel double‐shelled hierarchical ferrihydrite hollow spheres (Fe10O14(OH)2⋅4 H2O) were successfully synthesized on a large scale by using a facile medicine‐inspired solution‐phase approach. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an ordinary and inexpensive medicine for expanding blood vessels, served as both a ferric source and an in situ formed gas‐bubble template with the presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate as a pH regulator, coordinator, and stabilizer. A twice‐gas‐bubble template model has been proposed for the formation of the double‐shelled hollow spheres to take advantage of the dissociation and hydrolyzation of the two kinds of ligands in the SNP precursor. The size of the double‐shelled ferrihydrite hollow spheres can be tuned by varying the experimental parameters. As‐obtained ferrihydrite is highly sensitive to ethanol gas, which indicates potential applications in the field of sensing devices.
Convergence analysis of general neural networks under almost periodic stimuli
Authors: Huang Zhenkun , Mohamad S. , Wang Xinghua , Feng Chunhua
Published: April 2008

In this paper, we investigate the convergence dynamics of 2N almost periodic encoded patterns of general neural networks subjected to external almost periodic stimuli, including almost periodic delays. Invariant regions are established for the existence of 2N almost periodic encoded patterns under two classes of activation functions. By employing the property of ℳ︁‐cone and inequality technique, attracting basins are estimated and some criteria are derived for the networks to converge exponentially toward 2N almost periodic encoded patterns. The results obtained are new; they extend and generalize the corresponding results existing in the previous literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin ideal internalization in Mexican girls: A test of the sociocultural model of eating disorders
Authors: Austin Julia L. , Smith Jane Ellen
Published: April 2008

Objective:

We examined the influence of thin ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in Mexican girls.

Method:

We sampled 137 public school girls aged 12–15 from a small city in Mexico. Participants were given Spanish versions of the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance scale, two measures of body dissatisfaction, the eating attitudes test, and the attitudinal familism scale.

Results:

Thin ideal internalization mediated the relationship between thin ideal awareness and body dissatisfaction, and the relationship between thin ideal awareness and eating disorder symptoms. Attitudinal familism was negatively correlated with thin ideal internalization for girls outside of the normal weight range.

Conclusion:

Mexican girls are at risk of eating disorder symptoms, and there is support for the sociocultural model of disordered eating in this population. Hispanic family values may mark protection from thin ideal internalization in Mexican girls outside of the normal weight range. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
The point prevalence of bulimic disorders from 1990 to 2004
Authors: Crowther Janis H. , Armey Michael , Luce Kristine H. , Dalton Ginnie R. , Leahey Tricia
Published: April 2008

Objective:

This study investigated the point prevalence of probable cases of bulimia nervosa (BN), eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and specific eating disorder symptomatology among 6,844 undergraduate women at a single site, examining changes across five 3‐year time periods and on a yearly basis from 1990 to 2004.

Method:

Participants completed a self‐report checklist that assessed the diagnostic criteria for BN (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994) and the Bulimia Test (Smith and Thelen, J Consult Clin Psychol, 52, 863–872, 1984) (BULIT) or Bulimia Test‐Revised (Thelen et al., Psychol Assess, 3, 119–124, 1991) (BULIT‐R).

Results:

Chi‐square analyses comparing the percentages of probable cases of BN and EDNOS and the percentages of women who reported frequent binge eating and most compensatory weight control strategies were nonsignificant. Only the percentages of women who endorsed overconcern with weight and shape and diuretic use and excessive exercise as compensatory weight control strategies changed over time.

Conclusion:

Consistent with Keel et al.'s (Keel et al., Psychol Med, 36, 119–127, 2006) findings regarding the point prevalence rates of BN from 1992 to 2002, results indicated that probable cases of eating disorders remained relatively stable. Methodologically, this research illustrates the importance of examining multiple data points when investigating stability or change in behavior. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Online discussion groups for bulimia nervosa: An inductive approach to Internet‐based communication between patients
Authors: Wesemann Dorette , Grunwald Martin
Published: April 2008

Objective:

Online discussion forums are often used by people with eating disorders.

Method:

This study analyses 2,072 threads containing a total of 14,903 postings from an unmoderated German “prorecovery” forum for persons suffering from bulimia nervosa (www.ab‐server.de) during the period from October 2004 to May 2006. The threads were inductively analyzed for underlying structural types, and the various types found were then analyzed for differences in temporal and quantitative parameters.

Results:

Communication in the online discussion forum occurred in three types of thread: (1) problem‐oriented threads (78.8% of threads), (2) communication‐oriented threads (15.3% of threads), and (3) metacommunication threads (2.6% of threads). Metacommunication threads contained significantly more postings than problem‐oriented and communication‐oriented threads, and they were viewed significantly more often. Moreover, there are temporal differences between the structural types.

Conclusion:

Topics relating to active management of the disorder receive great attention in prorecovery forums. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Study on vibration caused by electromagnetic force in the end portion of large‐capacity cylindrical synchronous machines: Improvement of electromagnetic force estimation and verification of degradation on winding insulation
Authors: Nagano Susumu , Tokumasu Tadashi , Fujita Masafumi , Inoue Yoshiyuki , Ichimonji Masayuki , Katayama Hitoshi , Hiramatsu Daisuke , Nitta Tanzo
Published: April 2008

A new method for analyzing electromagnetic force in the end‐winding portion of large‐capacity synchronous generators is provided and evaluated in comparison with 3D FEM electromagnetic analysis. In addition, a method for estimating end‐winding vibration during on‐load operation is suggested by measured data at factory testing. Moreover, an evaluation method for insulation degradation after operation is proposed for large‐capacity cylindrical synchronous machines, where the end‐winding portion is the longest and electromagnetic forces on it are the greatest of all rotating machinery. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(4): 78–89, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20666
Evaluation of polarization angle rotation of propagating light in a partially ionized atmosphere under discharge conditions
Authors: Shiina Tatsuo , Honda Toshio , Fukuchi Tetsuo
Published: April 2008

The polarization angle rotation of the propagating beam was estimated in a partially ionized atmosphere under discharge conditions. The polarization plane angle rotation is caused by the magneto‐optical effect (Faraday effect). The estimated rotation angle is of the order of <1 degree, but can be detected with an extinction ratio of polarization of >30 dB. We examined the effects of the optical path length of repeating square mirror optics and an air‐gap length of the discharge on the rotation angle. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(4): 1–7, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20689
Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Composed of (Triptycenedicarboxylato)zinc
Authors: Vagin Sergei , Ott Anna , Weiss Hans‐Christoph , Karbach Alexander , Volkmer Dirk , Rieger Bernhard
Published: April 2008

Two novel 2D and 3D coordination polymers of 9,10‐triptycenedicarboxylic acid and zinc nitrate, which form under solvothermal reaction conditions, are described. As determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, their frameworks are assembled from dinuclear zinc coordination units which are interlinked by triptycenedicarboxylato (TDC) struts. In the 2D‐MOF reported here, the extended network of van der Waals interactions between triptycene units as well as coordinated solvent molecules is responsible for the dense assembly of layers with a 44 net topology into the final crystal structure. The framework of the 3D‐MOF is composed from [Zn2(TDC)1.5]∞ layers with a 63 topology, the layers being interlinked by triptycenedicarboxylato pillars (bnn‐net). This MOF possesses hexagonal channels which are filled with guest molecules.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nanostructured Titania–Diphosphonate Hybrid Materials with a Porous Hierarchy
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Jun , Ma Tian‐Yi , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: April 2008

An organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructured material of titania–diphosphonate (Ti‐HEDP) was prepared from a simple self‐assembly process with the precursor tetrabutyl titanate and 1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (HEDP). The prepared hybrid Ti‐HEDP has a semicrystalline anatase phase, exhibiting a hierarchical macroporous structure composed of mesostructured Ti‐HEDP nanorods with a length of 80–150 nm and a thickness of 18–38 nm. The BET surface area is 257 m2/g. The 1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diyl‐bridged organophosphonate groups were homogeneously incorported into the network of the hierarchical nanostructured/porous solid, as revealed by FT‐IR spectroscopy, MAS NMR spectroscopy, XPS, and TGA measurements. The optical property, photocatalytic activity, and metal ion adsorption ability of the hierarchical Ti‐HEDP materials were also investigated, suggesting that they have potential applications in catalysis and adsorption.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nitroamino Triazoles: Nitrogen‐Rich Precursors of Stable Energetic Salts
Authors: Huang Yangen , Gao Haixiang , Twamley Brendan , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: April 2008

1‐Nitroamino‐1,2,3‐triazole (5) was synthesized and its zwitterionic structure was established using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The calculated detonation properties for 4‐nitroamino‐1,2,4‐triazole (2) (P= 33.4 GPa,vD= 8793 m/s) and 1‐nitroamino‐1,2,3‐triazole (5) (P= 33.0 GPa,vD= 8743 m/s) are comparable with RDX. A new family of energetic salts7–21based on either the 1‐nitroamino‐1,2,3‐triazolate or the 4‐nitroamino‐1,2,4‐triazolate anion were prepared and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR), multinuclear NMR spectra, elemental analyses, density, TGA and DSC. The heats of formation (ΔfH°298) and detonation properties for these stable salts were calculated using Gaussian 03 and Cheetah 4.0, respectively. Comparison of the properties of the 1,2,3‐ and 1,2,4‐triazolate salts indicates that while the 1,2,4‐derivatives are more stable thermally, the 1,2,3‐analogs invariably have higher heats of formation. In contrast to its salts, 1‐nitroamino‐1,2,3‐triazole (5) is extremely shock‐sensitive with an impact sensitivty of <1 J. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of the Mannopeptimycin Disaccharide and Its Conjugation with 4‐Alkylidene‐β‐lactams
Authors: Adinolfi Matteo , Giacomini Daria , Iadonisi Alfonso , Quintavalla Arianna , Valerio Silvia
Published: April 2008

The disaccharide moiety of the antibiotic mannopeptimycin has been synthesized as a (N‐phenyl)trifluoroacetimidate donor, the reactivity of which was tested in conjugation with a 4‐alkylidene‐β‐lactam acceptor. Key steps of the synthesis were Bi(OTf)3‐catalyzed glycosidations that proceeded in short times and with high yields and stereocontrol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
On the Mechanism of Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Cyclopropanols: Theoretical Calculations Uncover a Bottle‐Neck 1,4‐H Shift and Suggest Adequate Reaction Conditions
Authors: Sordo Tomás L. , Ardura Diego
Published: April 2008

The mechanism of the one‐carbon ring‐expansion reactions of 1‐(1‐propynyl)cyclopropanol (1; R = Me), (1R*,2R*)‐1‐ethynyl‐2‐isopropylcyclopropanol (3), and (1R*,2S*)‐1‐(phenylethynyl)‐2‐isopropylcyclopropanol (4) catalyzed by [AuP(Ph)3]+ to yield the corresponding 2‐alkylidenecyclobutanones was theoretically investigated by B3LYP‐PCM calculations by using the LANL2DZ relativistic effective core potential for Au and the 6‐31G(d) basis set for the remaining atoms. The most favorable route for these rearrangements in dichloromethane solution is a two‐step mechanism involving as the first step the coordination of the gold(I) complex to the alkyne moiety with subsequent evolution through a 1,2‐alkyl shift. Activation of the reactive C–C bonds takes place mainly through hyperconjugative interactions of these bonds with the oxygen atom and the alkyne moiety; this latter interaction is reinforced by the presence of the cationic gold(I) complex. The second step is the rate‐determining one and consists of a 1,4‐H shift, which requires the assistance by a second molecule of cyclopropanol to become readily accessible. This second molecule plays a very efficient bifunctional catalytic role, which cannot be played by a dichloromethane molecule. The use of methanol, water, and HFIP as assisting molecules was also investigated. Calculations suggest that the process would run most favorably in water. In agreement with experimental data, we found that the most favorable ring expansion of 3 takes place through migration of the substituted carbon atom. The only product to be expected from the rearrangement of 4, however, is that corresponding to the migration of the nonsubstituted carbon atom.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)