bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air Pollution and Control
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

The Arab region currently faces a worsening air pollution emergency. Due to the dry, arid, and desert-like conditions of the region, as well as a rise in industrialization, urbanization, construction activities, population growth, and impacts of wars and conflicts, the concentration of air pollutants is very high across the region. The detrimental effects of ground level air pollutants on public health, safety, and the environment in Arab states raises the urgent need for clear and comprehensive legal frameworks on air pollution control. This chapter examines the meaning, causes, and impacts of air pollution in the Arab region, with focus on climate change; stratospheric depletion of the ozone layer; indoor and outdoor air quality concerns; discharge of effluents from extractive industries; and transboundary air pollution. The chapter then provides an overview of key international and regional frameworks and initiatives on air pollution control, their national application across the region, as well as a discussion of practical gaps and challenges that must be addressed to enhance the effectiveness of legislation and policies on air pollution control in Arab States.
International Economic Law and the Environment
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

Questions about the impact of environmental policies on trade and investment, as well as the impacts of trade liberalization on environment protection, have resulted in some of the most charged debates over the last several decades. Similarly, the increasing introduction of environmental content into bilateral and multilateral international investment treaties involving Arab states has been a frequent source of controversy. These debates have assumed greater significance and urgency as the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underscores the need for enhanced partnership on trade, investment, and environment issues. This chapter examines progress made, and the key challenges that remain, in balancing international economic law obligations under trade and investment treaties, with environmental protection in the Arab region. It suggests a wide array of mutually supportive solutions that can help maximize coherence and partnerships between international economic law and environmental regimes at national levels to enhance sustainable development outcomes.
Human Rights and Environment
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: March 2022

It has been over 25 years since the 1991 Arab Declaration on Environment and Development and Future Prospects proclaimed that all Arab countries shall respect, protect, and fulfill “the rights of peoples to sustainable development, as set out in the Rio Declaration.” Since then, varying levels of attention have been accorded to the task of recognizing the linkages between environment, sustainable development, and human rights in the region. This chapter evaluates law and governance arrangements across the Arab region that have been designed to respect, protect, and fulfill the fundamental human right to environmental protection and sustainable development. In doing so, it also examines the meaning, nature, and scope of environmental rights, and highlights international and regional instruments on environmental rights, as well as the potentials and limitations of constitutional and legislative approaches to environmental human rights enforcement across the region.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

The introduction reframes the question of monarchy in the German Empire in global terms. It examines recent work on the history of monarchy and sovereignty in the age of empire and posits the necessity of viewing the history of royal relations as a global and not just a European development. It argues that the global relationships between rulers reflected both the structural constraints of imperial priorities and the expressions of agency and sovereignty that sought to direct and subvert metropolitan actions through the exercise of the royal prerogative. It also outlines the constitutional and quotidian limitations on Kaiser Wilhelm II’s involvement in colonial affairs and the necessity of reconceptualizing monarchical power in the German Empire as including the experiences of colonized monarchs.
In Search of a German Hong Kong
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

It is incontestable that the German navy occupied Kiautschou Bay after receiving a direct order from Kaiser Wilhelm II. What is often forgotten, however, is that this intervention was in line with long-term naval planning which had exhaustively surveyed the Chinese coastline in search of a harbour that would offer not only a naval advantage but the kind of economic benefit to Germany that Britain enjoyed in Hong Kong. The manner in which the occupation was brought about was also the result of a plan to exploit a crisis in China to gain territory that was originally hatched by the German foreign secretary, Bernhard von Bülow. While Wilhelm II had forced the pace of the occupation, he did so in a way that aggravated both Russia and the Chinese, brought into question the sovereign rights of the Chinese emperor and empress dowager, and sparked a scramble for Chinese territories.
The ‘Kaiser’s Holocaust’ in Africa?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

While several historians have claimed that the genocidal war in German South West Africa was a direct expression of the will of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the evidence suggests that the primary responsibility for the genocide lies with the commander in the field, Lothar von Trotha, and, to a lesser extent, metropolitan military planners. It is certainly the case that the German emperor chose Trotha from a shortlist of candidates. However, the tactics and prosecution of the war were not overseen by the monarch. When confronted by the German chancellor with the war crimes occurring in German South West Africa, Wilhelm II agreed to have the commander in the field’s ‘order of annihilation’ rescinded and for him to be later recalled to Germany. That Wilhelm II did not personally direct the genocidal conduct of the war in no way alters the fact that the German state was directly responsible for the genocide, given that it was conducted by the royally appointed and legally competent German commander of military operations.
Paramountcy in German South West Africa
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

Prior to the genocidal war of 1904 in German South West Africa, relations between the representatives of the German state and the rulers of the Herero and Nama nations had seen both intense conflict and cooperation. While the Germans resorted to violent atrocities to try and defeat the Paramount Leader of the Nama, Hendrik Witbooi, they managed to gain traction with the Herero nation by intervening to support the candidacy of Samuel Maharero as Paramount Leader of the Herero while isolating his primary rivals, including Nicodemus Kavikunua. At the same time as rival factions of the Herero were suppressed by the Germans with the support of Samuel Maharero, his paramountcy and closeness to the Germans were confirmed through the royal visit of his son, Friedrich Maharero, to Berlin, where he met Kaiser Wilhelm II. While this mutual reliance of the Germans and Samuel Maharero paid short- and medium-term dividends for both, the internal contradictions inherent to settler colonialism saw Maharero’s scope for independent sovereign action increasingly narrowed in the period leading up to 1904.
The Limits of Royal Reciprocity
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

While other kingdoms in German Cameroon had chosen to resist the Germans and had paid a heavy price for doing so, King Njoya of Bamum persuaded his people that their interests were best served by striking an alliance with the Germans. As part of this self-conscious alignment, Njoya enthusiastically sent a military force against Nso, a Cameroonian kingdom that had earlier defeated and beheaded Njoya’s father, King Nsangu. When the Germans retrieved his father’s remains during the course of the war, Njoya agreed to send a replica of his throne to Kaiser Wilhelm II as a gift. At the same time as Njoya maintained friendly relations with the Germans, he also sought to balance his relations with the Islamic kingdoms of the north, to which he owed his initial rise to power. In this way, Njoya sought to maximize his autonomy within the broader structures of German imperialism and regional networks of power.
A Visit to the King of Samoa
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

Even prior to the formal annexation of Samoa by the Germans, Samoan politics, including the contest for Samoa’s kingship, had been distorted by the influence of German, British, and American imperial rivalry. This tendency continued into the German period, during which Kaiser Wilhelm II was proclaimed to be the King of Samoa and the paramount Samoan leader was reduced to becoming subordinate to the German emperor and his colonial governor. The heir apparent to this paramountcy, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, was able to visit Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin, albeit as part royal envoy and part anthropological exhibit. Despite his aim of forging a personal connection to the German emperor, before Tamasese could become Samoa’s paramount leader, the paramountcy too was discontinued and converted into an advisory position shared between two Samoan notables, one of whom was Tamasese.
Conclusion
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: March 2022

Pointing out that the case study approach of this book is far from exhausted, the conclusion brings together the various examples of royal interactions examined in the preceding chapters to demonstrate that the experiences of monarchs who came into contact with the German Empire were extremely varied and reflected both local conditions and the prevailing power differentials between the German colonizers, colonized monarchs, and the people they sought to rule. It reiterates that the role of Kaiser Wilhelm II in German Weltpolitik and Kolonialpolitik should not be overestimated and points out that whenever the German emperor did intervene, it caused more problems than it solved and led to his increasing marginalization in imperial affairs. It ends with a call for more work on German political, diplomatic, and economic history that shows an awareness of the colonial matrices of power that structured both domestic politics and foreign policy.
Introduction
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

This introductory chapter situates contemporary French debates on postcolonial theory in the context of a general rejection by state officials and a wide swathe of French academia of race and colonialism as important themes in French history. By using some of the insights of the Martinican anti-colonial thinker Frantz Fanon on racism as a constitutive element to modern colonialism, the Introduction argues that race and empire are useful and crucial categories of analysis for understanding modern French history. A tangible example of this colonial inheritance has been the policing of North Africans in Paris, state schemes for housing racial minorities, and the interpenetration of social work and surveillance.
The Police Conception of North Africans
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

When North African migrants became a durable presence in Paris after World War I, the Parisian municipal authorities noted the discrepancy between the surveillance regime that existed in the colonies and the relative freedom accorded to them in the imperial capital. Taking into account the continuity of a centuries-long police concern with foreigners in Paris, the chapter argues that the colonial migrant represented a new kind of stranger for city officials. The ideological origins of the stereotype of the “North African” who was often interchangeable with the “Arab” and the “Muslim” are traced to the early nineteenth-century French violent colonial encounter in Algeria. Ideas and practices emanating from colonial administrative services in Algeria, Indochina, and Madagascar, as well as colonial ethnographic and medical knowledge, all contributed to the police conception of North Africans that is reflected in the reports and memoranda of the Parisian police from the 1920s to the 1950s. The outcome of this conception was that police surveillance emerged as the preferred state practice in the management of difference in Paris.
The Coming of the Algerian Revolution
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

The chapter describes both the coming of the Algerian War to Paris and the police response to organized anti-colonial nationalism in the heart of the empire. The idea of the North African and the racial coding of the city would provide a map for police intervention. The neighborhood of La Goutte d’Or in the 18th arrondissement, considered the “medina of Paris” by police services, became a laboratory for police tactics upon the North African community and for the normalization of such tactics. Cordoning the neighborhood, mass identity checks, and repression of anti-colonial organizing by the MNA and FLN were characteristic of the policing regime organized by Prefect of Police Jean Baylot.
The Quest for “Autonomy”
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

After independence and subsequent waning of the importance of nationalist associational life, new immigrant associations emerged to both challenge the older associations but also to confront the problems of the North African community in post-imperial Paris. The three problems focused on by most of the immigrant associations were police harassment, racism, and poor housing conditions. Drawing on the archives of the most active immigrant organizations, this chapter provides a history of their origins, their ideological positions vis-à-vis the French student radical movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, and their activities. There is a particular focus on the case of the murder of an Algerian teenage boy in La Goutte d’Or in 1971 by a white French citizen from the same neighborhood. Not only did this affair occasion major demonstrations by leftist organizations and an accompanying police occupation of the neighborhood, it also radicalized a number of North African immigrant activists who argued for counter-surveillance of the police and possible vigilante killings of perceived racists. Moreover, this episode further strengthened a desire for what these activists called “autonomy.” This was a schism from French student and labor activism and the construction of independent organizations, often along ethnic lines. The chapter emphasizes the persistence of discriminatory policing in post-imperial Paris, the rise of identity politics, and the origins of the so-called “second generation” of North Africans’ mistrust of French officialdom.
Conclusion
Authors: Prakash Amit
Published: March 2022

The Conclusion reflects on the legacy of the colonial past in postcolonial France and how French policing and counterinsurgency techniques of the mid-twentieth century have ramified across the globe. Drawing on the history of the Paris as a racialized space, the chapter focuses on its implications for the contemporary discussions of French universalism, minority rights, and equal citizenship. The question of race and racism as categories of analysis is taken up in order to demonstrate that despite an official desire to reject such analyses as irrelevant to French life, this study has shown how integral they are to understanding the social life of the capital of France, once a capital of empire.
Careless
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

Whether considering children, older adults, or even each other—friends, neighbors, community members—caregiving in America consistently falls short. To get a better idea of how, where, and why, the authors examine and discuss the major issues and factors at play. Only after recognizing and coming to terms with our country’s mistake in not prioritizing caregiving can it improve, both through individual efforts and as a society. This chapter gives a stark picture of the world if current trends continue. There is less and less emphasis on caregiving. Society neglects caregiving for children and older adults, as evidenced in the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation.
The Case Against the Business Case
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

The authors debunk the so-called business case for work–life, demonstrating how it is unsound and paradoxically undermines progress. If the business case were so powerful, then some of today’s most profitable companies—Amazon, for example—would not operate in a way that is completely counter to the business case for work–life. In fact, the business case is not new. Historically it has played out from the company towns of the Industrial Revolution to the spike in women’s employment during World War II (with government-sponsored child care to boot) to the corporate benefits programs that cropped up in the early 1980s. Furthermore, the business case rests on a category error. The case is based on the idea that supporting caregiving is, and must be (to be justified), good for the bottom line. The authors argue for putting an end to the business case and replacing it with a humanistic case. People don’t (and shouldn’t) need a commercial justification for caregiving.
Conclusion
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L.
Published: March 2022

In this concluding chapter, the authors invite the reader to consider how, when people are constantly told to find and pursue their passion projects, the most obvious one—organizing a life in which caregiving ambition is given full scope—is still hiding in plain sight. They pose a question to the reader: What happens when one starts to wonder if there is more to life than work? They encourage the reader to imagine if caring—not work—were the value around which society was organized. They also make concrete suggestions about where to start, including to stop hiding our caregiving at work and pretending that it doesn’t exist. Most importantly, they urge the reader to embrace and value ambitious caregiving—a laudable goal that can unite people, regardless of their respective career paths.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces Patti Tamara Lenard’s defense of multiculturalism. The five steps of her part of the book are outlined: she begins with an account of culture and political inclusion, and argues that trust is at the centre of a collaborative democratic politics; she outlines the range of accommodation claims that are made in democratic states, including those based in equality of opportunity and reparations; she outlines the tricky cases she will consider in more depth, including culturally separate schools and Indigenous self-determination; she considers cultural groups that request exclusion rather than accommodation, including orthodox religious communities; and finally she defends the adoption of a shared public culture in diverse states.
Noninterference and Political Inclusion
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines special cases of “cultural preservation” requests, where minority groups ask for noninterference. These claims cannot be justified in terms of a commitment to political inclusion. The chapter examines two cases: exemption from mandatory education, as requested by Amish and Orthodox Jewish communities, and exemption from majority state conflict-resolution procedures, as requested by many religious communities. The chapter argues that the majority’s response ought to be framed in terms of how best to keep opportunities for political inclusion open and available over the long term and that the choice made with respect to requested exemptions may well require compromise on both sides. The host community must proceed by protecting the basis for trust relations between culturally segregated groups and the majority community, on the grounds that this trust will sometimes be required to facilitate political cooperation in times of emergency. To illustrate the latter, the challenges faced in New York City as it combated the spread of Covid-19 in Orthodox Jewish communities are examined.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces Balint’s argument against multicultural minority rights. Balint explains that he is for minority accommodation, but thinks that liberal neutrality is better than multicultural minority rights in achieving this important end. The problem of minority accommodation is one of relative majority privilege, especially in the case of key public institutions. It is this privilege that should be removed, and thus neutralized, instead of adding the new forms of minority privilege proposed by multicultural minority rights advocates.
Response to Balint
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2022

In this chapter, Patti Tamara Lenard responds to Peter Balint’s neutralist rejection of minority rights claims. The chapter examines Balint’s claim that culture is too hard to define, and rejects it, on the grounds that it is possible for culture to matter even if there are disputes about what should count as a culture; tricky definitional questions about culture do not undermine the real importance that cultures play in the lives of individuals. The chapter then examines the “domination” worry that Balint highlighted, the worry that if cultural groups are permitted preservation rights, the more powerful community members will dominate those who are less powerful. To do so, the chapter considers the political participation rates of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States, to show that political inclusion can travel with community separation. Finally, the chapter expresses skepticism of the role that toleration can play in sustaining solidarity in a diverse political space, as Balint claimed.
Getting to Know Kant
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

Part One provides an overview of Kant’s ethical framework. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to Kant himself and the foundations of his theory in rationality. Chapter 2 explains the importance of freedom in Kant’s ethics. Chapter 3 takes up Kant’s picture of human moral psychology, especially our weaknesses and our susceptibility to vice. Chapter 4 focuses on moral motivation, virtue, and what it means to have a Kantian good will. Chapter 5 explains the universal law formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative, emphasizing the importance of moral equality. Chapter 6 explains the humanity formulation, highlighting the concepts of dignity, respect, and self-respect. Chapter 7 explains the kingdom of ends formulation, with a focus on moral community. Chapter 8 introduces the foundational Kantian moral attitudes of love and respect. Chapter 9 sets out a comprehensive overview of the different types of Kantian duties, including the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties.
Freedom
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the importance of freedom in Kant's ethics, looking at his ideas about human nature and rationality. Kant thinks that we have to understand ourselves as free to choose courses of action. He describes this as freedom in a negative sense. But there is another sense in which, for Kant, we are free. This is the freedom that we exercise when we make choices in accordance with rational principles. Kant calls this positive freedom, and he thinks that we must also understand ourselves as being free in this positive sense. To have positive freedom is to be capable of acting for specifically moral reasons. Kantian freedom is not a means to an end; it is a way of living in which we guide ourselves in accordance with rationally defensible principles.
Human Nature
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines Kant's picture of human moral psychology, especially our weaknesses and our susceptibility to vice. Kant draws a distinction that proves helpful in sorting through the internal obstacles in our path to becoming better. That is a distinction between what he calls self-love and self-conceit. Kant describes self-love as "benevolence toward oneself" and self-conceit as "satisfaction with oneself." He also distinguishes between the kinds of feelings that come upon us (affects), sometimes in an overpowering way, and the feelings and inclinations that are more settled parts of our character (passions). Finally, Kant identifies three "grades" of evil: frailty, impurity, and depravity. When vices infiltrate our characters, evil reasoning becomes both more likely and more difficult to detect.
Kantian Duties
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents an overview of the different types of Kantian duties, including the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. It begins with a fundamental distinction between what Kant called juridical duties (or duties of right) and ethical duties (or duties of virtue). The easiest way to explain the difference between juridical duties and ethical duties is in terms of whether they are subject to external enforcement by the state. Perfect duties are duties to do or refrain from doing specific actions, while imperfect duties are duties to adopt ends or take on commitments. The chapter then looks at the two duties that Kant puts into the category of imperfect duties: a duty to improve ourselves and a duty to promote the happiness of others.
Knowing Ourselves
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the difficulties of self-knowledge, looking at the source of the difficulties and the implications. For Kant, much of the problem lies in our strong interest in getting what we want (self-love) while maintaining a high opinion of ourselves relative to others (self-conceit). When we combine these propensities toward self-love and self-conceit with our capacity to engage in rationalization and self-deception, the result is a major hurdle to self-knowledge. Honest self-assessment is a real challenge. If we are going to commit ourselves to our moral improvement, as Kant says we must, we have to be willing to be as honest with ourselves as possible.
Judging Ourselves
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter studies Kant's primary solution to the problem of accurate self-assessment, which he calls the court of conscience. In Kant's court of conscience, we call ourselves to account in a way similar to how we call suspected offenders to account in a courtroom. Kant believes that everyone has a conscience, in that everyone has it within their power to know what is right. He also seems to have confidence that if we really subject ourselves to the court of conscience, in good faith and with the right attitude, we will be able to see through the ruses that we use to rationalize our actions, at least many of them. But we do have to be willing to allow reflection to take us where we do not want to go. We have to let go of our desire to see ourselves as the victim, the hero, or whatever narrative about ourselves suits us best, and instead take ownership of our own moral mistakes and failures. This means that if we are going to use the court of conscience effectively, we need to develop a sense of humility.
Contempt
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the vice of contempt, which is a denial of fundamental respect to others as rational agents. Kant criticizes certain forms of judicial punishment as incompatible with respect for the dignity of humanity. This does not mean that we cannot hold people responsible for their morally despicable acts. Indeed, Kant thinks that punishing people within a judicial system is actually a way of respecting them. Kant believes that everyone is capable of recognizing and following the categorical imperative. This is part of his justification for holding lawbreakers accountable for what they have done. In holding someone accountable, we treat them as a rational being who could and should have known better. But it is possible to hold someone accountable without holding them in contempt. And that, according to Kant, is what morality directs us to do.
Defamation
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the vice of defamation or spreading negative gossip for its entertainment value. Kant worries about the effects of gossip on us, on others, and on the moral community. When the love of gossip becomes a deep-seated enjoyment of spreading nasty rumors about other people, he sees it as a full-fledged vice, one he calls the vice of defamation. As Kant describes the information-sharing that characterizes the vice of defamation, it is information that casts another person in a negative light. The duty to avoid the vice of defamation is the duty "not to take malicious pleasure in exposing the faults of others so that one will be thought as good as, or at least not worse than, others." Thus, the malicious pleasure is the real problem; self-conceit is a major impediment to having a good will.
Deceitfulness
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter explains Kant's opposition to lying and the reasons why deceitfulness is such a serious Kantian vice. Kant thinks that when we tell lies, we are fundamentally misusing reason in a way that he sees as a devaluing of our dignity, resting as it does on our rational capacities. This is why he considers a propensity to lie to be a vice, one that is contrary to what we owe ourselves as rational beings. Lying is also contrary to the duties we owe to other rational beings. But there is still more to Kant's concern about truthfulness, which is that it is foundational to the possibility of human community, as well as its progress. Essentially, a bunch of liars cannot form a functional society.
Stoic Cheerfulness
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses the Kantian ideal of cheerful self-sufficiency in the face of deprivation and disappointment, highlighting Kant's sympathy with Stoicism. For Kant, the deeper reasons we have for seeking self-control are moral ones. If we have control over our desires, we will be less likely to perform immoral actions. Self-control also enables us to live according to our own principles, as opposed to being dragged around by our whims. If we do not have self-control, the authority of reason in our lives will be seriously hindered. When we have control over our desires and inclinations, we are better positioned to exercise the authority of reason that Kant thinks is expressive of our dignity as free beings. If we are going to develop this self-control, Kant thinks, we should avoid luxuries, as they tend to make us soft and dissatisfied.
Kant as a Guide to Life
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: March 2022

This chapter reflects on the value of a Kantian way of life and the freedom it represents. Our rational capacity is what enables us to choose what is right, no matter how strong the temptations to do otherwise. In choosing what is right, we choose freedom. We also demonstrate to ourselves and the world just why each of us is worthy of admiration and awe. A Kantian life is a challenging one, but it has at its core a fundamental hopefulness about humanity and our future. It is a theory that may seem overly optimistic in dark times. But for Kant, dark times are when we most need optimism. Hope in humanity is always rational and sometimes absolutely necessary.
Before There Was Rhythm
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

Musical rhythm, in the sense we now mean it, is not a concept that any known medieval theorist or musician used. Of course, rhythm was a live element of music stretching back to before there was either the language or notation to describe it, but it was not understood in our terms. Today rhythm is understood in terms of notes that contain stable numbers of beats, but in the late middle ages this was not the case. Instead rhythm was conceptually based in a system of flexible and context-dependent symbols. This chapter demonstrates how mensural notation and its application encode a particular understanding of musical rhythm different from that of modern notation. It draws on music theoretical texts by Johannes de Muris and others to understand how late-medieval thinkers conceived of rhythm. A case study demonstrates how different forms of notation shape both composition and analysis.
The Danger of False Exceptionalism
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

Guillaume Du Fay’s Nuper rosarum flores (1436) has been subject to symbolic interpretation ever since Charles Warren suggested that the structure of the motet reflects the architectural proportions of the cathedral of Florence. More recent analyses have accepted the premise that the motet’s form has extramusical meaning, in particular that mensural and architectural proportions can be directly analogized. The extent and specificity of the extramusical associations Nuper rosarum flores enjoys—an occasion, a place, and a secure attribution—are rare in the fifteenth century. This fact alone makes the motet appear to be exceptional. But reading Nuper rosarum flores alongside the norms of genre and notation and against the grain of the work’s modern historiography suggests that it is not all that special—or at least that it is no more special than Du Fay’s other ceremonial motets. The interpretive history of Nuper rosarum flores exemplifies what I call “false exceptionalism,” which relates to a more general problem in music studies—the alluring but often elusive relationship between musical form and social meaning.
The Aesthetics of Transformation
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

When combined with other compositional objectives, notational fixity can be a difficult principle to uphold. This chapter takes on the most extreme cases, untangling composers’ decisions in the face of conflicting priorities. Through case studies such as Josquin des Prez’s Missa Malheur me bat, Jacob Obrecht’s Missa L’homme armé, and the anonymous Missa L’ardant desir, this chapter follows composers as they reckon with the possibilities and limitations notational fixity presents, showing how issues of musical borrowing and visual presentation interact with broader aesthetic concerns.
Participation in Planning
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 examines the relationship between bottom-up inputs and regime policy outputs. To study this relationship, Gueorguiev takes advantage of the fact that China’s policymakers selectively open some policies to public consultation, but not others. To exploit this variation, he simulates the consultation process by surveying Chinese citizens on the same issues for which the regime was conducting consultation, as well as on issues that the government planned in private. Survey evidence from three annual waves of public opinion polling (2016–2018) suggests that including public consultation in policymaking produces decisions that are generally more congruent with public opinion. Moreover, the surveys offer hints as to how the consultation process might help planners market their preferred policy positions as moderate, especially on issues for which the public does not have a clear preference.
Remote Control
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 8 engages two recent developments in the CCP’s approach to social management. First, technology is making it easier for the regime to engage in passive forms of surveillance and control. Relatedly, a new nationwide social crediting system is turning every citizen into both a collaborator and a target for control. These developments raise the possibility that Chinese citizens may become increasingly estranged from the CCP. Consistent with this proposition, survey evidence presented in this chapter shows that respondents who receive information about how social crediting could be self-compromising are less likely to feel that they, as citizens, are trusted by the state, even though their own trust in the state is unaffected. The main implication from the analysis is that a growing reliance on surveillance technology and passive forms of control may undercut a sense of citizenship and volunteerism in China’s inclusive control system.
Introduction
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

The Introduction outlines the puzzle of authoritarian control in contemporary China. Reflecting on China’s early efforts to control the Covid-19 outbreak, it outlines the critical role of public mobilization and participation in top-down campaigns. The chapter then extends this insight to other dimensions of China’s approach to governance and the seemingly contradictory fusion of public participation and authoritarian control that we see in modern Chinese politics. The chapter concludes with an outline for the rest of the book.
An Exhausted Soil
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

Agricultural practices embraced by Southern planters leached the soil of nutrients and promoted erosion. Widespread monoculture and the rejection of soil preservation techniques like crop rotation and fertilizer made enslaved agriculture soil killing, and prompted planters to seek out new lands, driving western expansion. As the cotton-slave frontier spread westward, it left devastated soils in its wake and drove the domestic slave trade. This chapter connects soil degradation and erosion caused by enslaved monoculture with that caused by enslaved mining. In North Carolina and Georgia, enslaved gold miners toiled hundreds of miles underground and used toxic mercury to extract gold from the rocks. Both farming and mining had transformative effects not only on the local ecosystem but on entire regions, as soil runoff and mining byproducts changed the composition of streams, forests, and entire biomes.
An Animal without Hope
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines interactions between enslaved people and wild and domesticated animals. Enslaved people worked plowing fields with mules, beasts of burden that they both loved and resented. They hunted, trapped, and fished to supplement the meager rations provided by their owners. They lived in fear of wild animals—alligators, rattlesnakes, bears—which served as a powerful disincentive to leave the plantation. Slave owners used animals, especially horses and dogs, as implements of control and punishment. A menagerie of wild and domesticated animals created a complex zoological framework for slavery in the American South, one that shaped and was shaped by the peculiar institution. Many enslaved people drew parallels between their lives in bondage and animals.
Landscape of Freedom
Authors: Silkenat David
Published: March 2022

This concluding chapter examines the ways that the environment shaped emancipation during the Civil War, tying together many of the themes introduced in earlier chapters. During the Civil War, hundreds of thousands of enslaved African Americans used their environmental knowledge to escape from bondage. Working as spies, scouts, laborers, and soldiers, self-emancipated African Americans deployed this environmental knowledge to help the Union war effort. In contraband camps, they experienced harsh environmental conditions. The end of legal slavery forced a reconceptualization of both labor and environmental practices in the South, which would have meaningful consequences for the landscape of Black freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

The Introduction begins with a reading of the poet Statius’s “birthday ode” to Lucan (Silvae 2.7), written some twenty-five to thirty years after the earlier poet’s death. Statius, through the character of Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry, reads Lucan as a poet who surpasses all prior epic poets and who brings closure to the epic genre, and also as one whose poetic voice both thunders and laments. Statius thus stands as a model reader for understanding Lucan’s poetic aims and ambitions. The Introduction also establishes the ongoing fame and significance into Lucan’s time of Homer and Ennius, the poetic foils most central to this book’s argument, while also introducing the methodology of considering Lucan’s use of “anchoring” allusions to early epics as well as his inversion of larger master-tropes that were central to these foundational epics.
Lucan at and against Epic’s Beginnings
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers close readings of three programmatic passages in which Lucan holds up his polemical engagement with early epic models. The chapter begins with treatment of Caesar’s visit to Troy in Book 9, a passage including Lucan’s most explicit statement about his place in the epic tradition. Here, through a series of evocative allusions, he places his work alongside and indeed beyond the epics of Ovid, Virgil, Ennius, and Homer—the last two imagined together. The age-old crux of how to refer to the poem (Pharsalia or Bellum Civile) is also addressed, with the argument that the name Pharsalia speaks in meaningful ways to the poem’s relationship with its model texts, especially the Iliad (as a toponym and central epic place that is dislocated by Pharsalia) and the Annales (as a marker of the progression of Roman time that is ended by the day of Pharsalia). The chapter then considers the opening lines of the poem (1.1–32), with a focus on the anchoring allusions to Homer, Livius Andronicus, and Ennius, and on the themes and master tropes from early epic that Lucan explores there. The chapter concludes with a new reading of the poetics in the first episode of the Pharsalia’s narrative (1.183–205), where Caesar’s spurning of the goddess Roma at the Rubicon also marks the poet’s rejection of the spirit of epic continuation that had carried through from Homer to Ennius to Virgil.
Lucan and the Closing of the Maritime Moment
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores Lucan’s closure of a theme that is central to Livius Andronicus’s Odusia and Naevius’s Bellum Punicum, as well as Ennius’s Annales: Rome’s emerging control of the sea. Recent scholarly work has looked at the confluence of Rome’s “maritime moment” in the third century BCE and its epic moment, that is, the near simultaneous emergence of Roman ascendancy on the sea and Roman epic. This chapter proposes that the Pharsalia—in its concentration on sinking ships, crashing fleets, and the “un-winning” of the contest with Rome’s maritime rival Carthage—narrates the loss of Roman sway over the sea and, with it, the corresponding fall of the genre that captured and monumentalized that sway. Readers of the poem have noted how extraordinary Lucan’s attention to the sea is, and have also long mused on his focus on Africa and the Carthaginian threat, points of focus that are central to the project of revisiting and closing the epic genre’s beginnings on the sea. These early epics exhibit a keen sense of the precariousness of Rome’s launch onto the sea, but ultimately highlight the success of Roman naval expansion—and so, this chapter argues, they are keyed into the uncertainty but ultimate success of the genre of epic as well. Lucan’s poem marks a sharp difference by directing that sense of peril and contingency not toward progress (of Rome on the sea or of the Roman epic story) but toward wholesale destruction and closure.
The Pharsalia and the Loss of Nostos
Authors: Joseph Timothy A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter builds on the understanding of nostos as a binding master trope in the Odyssey, and as an end accomplished by hero (Odysseus) and poet (Homer) alike. It argues that Lucan crafts the journeys of each of his central characters—Caesar, Cato, and Pompey—as reversals of Odysseus’s nostos, each in a distinct way, but with none reaching home in the poem, and each conspicuously failing to achieve the spousal reunion that is so central to Odysseus’s nostos. It examines how each narrative arc is emblematic of the larger story in the Pharsalia of Rome’s own imperiled journey and ultimate loss of nostos and even the very idea of “home.” In this process, epic poetry too is undone, left without the fulfillment and completion of nostos—as here the marker of closure comes in the thematic exploration of opening up. Within this chapter the place of Homer’s Odyssey as an anti-model is paramount, but the chapter also advances the argument that Livius’s Odusia—the poem that first carried over and initiated the telling of epic at Rome—stands alongside the Homeric poem as a foil for Lucan, and in this way the unraveling of the epic arc of nostos carries a doubly powerful poetic force.
Data Access Technology Standards
Authors: Cardinal Don , Thomas Nick
Published: March 2022

In Chapter 5, “Data Access Technology Standards: A History of Open Banking Data Access,” Don Cardinal, Managing Director of the Financial Data Exchange (FDX), and Nick Thomas, Co-Founder of Finicity (a Mastercard company) and FDX, present a definitive history of consumer-permissioned financial data access, how technology standards have evolved globally over the last twenty years, and present the current state of data access standards efforts, a survey of data-sharing standards developing across the globe. The authors begin with a history of OFX and consumer-permissioned data access via Data Aggregation, including screen-scraping, mobile and web “backend” APIs, custom APIs, and various formatted data standards. They follow with a history of modern standards development efforts to move away from credential-based to token-based data access methods using OAuth and standardized APIs. Cardinal and Thomas describe the development of regional and global industry-led standards in the Americas, Europe, and Asia, and outline some of the challenges to adopting a universal technology standard.
India’s Approach to Open Banking: Some Implications for Financial Inclusion
Authors: Carrière-Swallow Yan , Haksar Vikram , Patnam Manasa
Published: March 2022

Chapter 11 continues the regional survey with “India’s Approach to Open Banking: Some Implications for Financial Inclusion,” by the IMF’s Yan Carrière-Swallow, Vikram Haksar, and Manasa Patnam. The authors examine how the development of the digital infrastructure known as the “India Stack”—including an interoperable payments system, a universal digital ID, and other features—is delivering on the government’s objective to expand the provision of financial services. While each individual component of the India Stack is important, the authors argue that its key overarching feature is a foundational approach of providing extensive public infrastructures and standards that generates important synergies across the layers of the stack. Until recently, a large share of India’s population lacked access to formal banking services and was largely reliant on cash for financial transactions. The expansion of mobile-based financial services that enable simple and convenient ways to save and conduct financial transactions has provided a novel alternative for expanding the financial net. The stack’s improved digital infrastructures have already allowed for a rapid increase in the use of digital payments and the entry of a range of competitors including fintech and BigTech firms.