bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow-induced translocation of polymers through a fluidic channel: A dissipative particle dynamics simulation study
Authors: Guo Jiayi , Li Xuejin , Liu Yuan , Liang Haojun
Published: April 2011

The dynamics of flow-induced translocation of polymers through a fluidic channel has been studied by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) approach. Unlike implicit solvent models, the many-body energetic and hydrodynamic interactions are preserved naturally by incorporating explicit solvent particles in this approach. The no-slip wall boundary and the adaptive boundary conditions have been implemented in the modified DPD approach to model the hydrodynamic flow within a specific wall structure of fluidic channel and control the particles' density fluctuations. The results show that the average translocation time versus polymer chain length satisfies a power-law scaling of τ ∼N1.152. The conformational changes and translocation dynamics of polymers through the fluidic channel have also been investigated in our simulations, and two different translocation processes, i.e., the single-file and double-folded translocation events, have been observed in detail. These findings may be helpful in understanding the conformational and dynamic behaviors of such polymer and/or DNA molecules during the translocation processes.
Plasma structures for quasiphase matched high harmonic generation
Authors: Sheinfux A. H. , Henis Z. , Levin M. , Zigler A.
Published: April 2011

A scheme for creation of periodic plasma structures by ablating a lithographic pattern is demonstrated. A proof of principle experiment was conducted, and plasma parameters were measured as a function of time with spatial resolution <10 and 100 μm periodicity. Several possible applications, in particular, quasiphase matching for high harmonic generation in plasma are considered.
Physiology and gene expression of the rice landrace Horkuch under salt stress
Authors: Lisa Laisa A. , Elias Sabrina M. , Rahman M. Sazzadur , Shahid Saima , Iwasaki Tetsushi , Hasan A. K. M. Mahbub , Kosuge Keiko , Fukami Yasuo , Seraj Zeba I.
Published: April 2011

Good donors in breeding for salt tolerance are a prerequisite for food security under changing climatic conditions. Horkuch, a farmer-popular salt tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety from the south-west coast of Bangladesh was characterised up to maturity under NaCl stress, together with a modern variety (BRRI dhan41), a sensitive control (BRRI dhan29) and Pokkali, the salt-tolerant benchmark for rice. Horkuch had low reduction in shoot biomass, a low Na : K ratio in flag leaves, a low percent reduction in yield and good partitioning of Na in the older leaves, and maintained high levels of Ca and Mg in the flag leaves. In order to understand the physiology at the molecular level, the expression of salt-responsive genes was investigated using microarray analysis. Salt-stressed cDNA of Horkuch seedlings were hybridised with cDNA probes synthesised mainly from database sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The upregulated genes included transcription factors, signal transducers, metabolic enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, osmoprotectants and some specific salt-induced transcripts. An increase in expression of photosynthesis-related genes as well ROS scavengers suggested that this could be the reason for the better yield performance of Horkuch. The data therefore indicate Horkuch as a potential donor alternative to Pokkali in breeding programs for salt tolerance.
The production of flowers, fruit and leafy shoots in pruned macadamia trees
Authors: Olesen Trevor , Huett David , Smith Glenn
Published: April 2011

For Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche var. 849, we compared four limb removal strategies of varying style and severity over 4 years, in terms of effects on yield, on the distribution of light, and new vegetative shoots, racemes and fruit within the canopy. Limb removal reduced yields. The reduction corresponded with the severity of pruning, not with the style of pruning. Limb removal had little impact in the medium term on light penetration to the orchard floor. Within the canopy, shoot production and raceme production were inversely related. Shoot production was favoured by high light conditions; raceme production occurred predominantly in areas of heavy shade, with 49% of racemes produced at canopy locations receiving less than 2% full daylight, and 94% produced at locations receiving less than 16% full daylight. Most flowering appeared to occur on wood more than 3 years old. The capacity of different parts of the canopy to support fruit set and retention increased with proximity to the more irradiated parts of the canopy, but fruit production was still high deep within the lower part of the canopy, with 50% of fruit produced at canopy locations receiving less than 2% full daylight, and 90% produced at locations receiving less than 16% full daylight.
Probing the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells in a 3D microfabricated landscape
Authors: Liu Liyu , Sun Bo , Pedersen Jonas N. , Aw Yong Koh-Meng , Getzenberg Robert H. , Stone Howard A. , Austin Robert H.
Published: April 2011

The metastatic invasion of cancer cells from primary tumors to distant ecological niches, rather than the primary tumors, is the cause of much cancer mortality [Zhang QB, et al. (2010)
Int J Cancer
126:2534–2541; Chambers AF, Goss PE (2008)
Breast Cancer Res
10:114]. Metastasis is a three-dimensional invasion process where cells spread from their site of origin and colonize distant microenvironmental niches. It is critical to be able to assess quantitatively the metastatic potential of cancer cells [Harma V, et al. (2010)
PLoS ONE
5:e10431]. We have constructed a microfabricated chip with a three-dimensional topology consisting of lowlands and isolated square highlands (Tepuis), which stand hundreds of microns above the lowlands, in order to assess cancer cell metastatic potential as they invade the highlands. As a test case, the invasive ascents of the Tepui by highly metastatic PC-3 and noninvasive LNCaP prostate cancer cells were used. The vertical ascent by prostate cancer cells from the lowlands to the tops of the Tepui was imaged using confocal microscopy and used as a measure of the relative invasiveness. The less-metastatic cells (LNCaP) never populated all available tops, leaving about 15% of them unoccupied, whereas the more metastatic PC-3 cells occupied all available Tepuis. We argue that this distinct difference in invasiveness is due to contact inhibition.
Species-specific collaboration of heat shock proteins (Hsp) 70 and 100 in thermotolerance and protein disaggregation
Authors: Miot Marika , Reidy Michael , Doyle Shannon M. , Hoskins Joel R. , Johnston Danielle M. , Genest Olivier , Vitery Maria-Carmen , Masison Daniel C. , Wickner Sue
Published: April 2011

Yeast Hsp104 and its bacterial homolog, ClpB, are Clp/Hsp100 molecular chaperones and AAA+ ATPases. Hsp104 and ClpB collaborate with the Hsp70 and DnaK chaperone systems, respectively, to retrieve and reactivate stress-denatured proteins from aggregates. The action of Hsp104 and ClpB in promoting cell survival following heat stress is species-specific: Hsp104 cannot function in bacteria and ClpB cannot act in yeast. To determine the regions of Hsp104 and ClpB necessary for this specificity, we tested chimeras of Hsp104 and ClpB in vivo and in vitro. We show that the Hsp104 and ClpB middle domains dictate the species-specificity of Hsp104 and ClpB for cell survival at high temperature. In protein reactivation assays in vitro, chimeras containing the Hsp104 middle domain collaborate with Hsp70 and those with the ClpB middle domain function with DnaK. The region responsible for the specificity is within helix 2 and helix 3 of the middle domain. Additionally, several mutants containing amino acid substitutions in helix 2 of the ClpB middle domain are defective in protein disaggregation in collaboration with DnaK. In a bacterial two-hybrid assay, DnaK interacts with ClpB and with chimeras that have the ClpB middle domain, implying that species-specificity is due to an interaction between DnaK and the middle domain of ClpB. Our results suggest that the interaction between Hsp70/DnaK and helix 2 of the middle domain of Hsp104/ClpB determines the specificity required for protein disaggregation both in vivo and in vitro, as well as for cellular thermotolerance.
Precessional damping of Fe magnetic moments in a FeNi film
Authors: Buschhorn Stefan , Brüssing Frank , Abrudan Radu , Zabel Hartmut
Published: April 2011

We report on the element-resolved precessional dynamics of Fe magnetic moments in a homogeneous FeNi thin film. In our pump–probe experiment the magnetic system is excited by a magnetic field pulse from a stripline. The instantaneous response to the field-pulse excitation is monitored as a function of time in a stroboscopic measurement using element-selective x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (XRMS). Our data show that Fe and Ni moments are aligned parallel to each other at all times, while they oscillate around the effective field direction given by the step field pulse and applied bias field. The field dependence of the precessional motion and damping of Fe magnetic moments is analysed and compared with time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (tr-MOKE) measurement data from the literature, showing good agreement.

Additional studies prove the capability of our setup to conduct temperature-dependent studies. In the case of the presented FeNi system no changes in the frequency or damping behaviour are observed within a temperature range of 150–350 K.
PST thin films for electrocaloric coolers
Authors: Correia T M , Kar-Narayan S , Young J S , Scott J F , Mathur N D , Whatmore R W , Zhang Q
Published: April 2011

Relaxor behaviour in a thin film of partially ordered PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3 (PST) was confirmed via slim P–E loops and the frequency dependence of the temperature at which the dielectric constant is maximum. Indirect measurements of the electrocaloric effect suggest that removing a field of 774 kV cm−1 yields a temperature change of −3.5 °C to −6.9 °C over a broad range of operating temperatures near room temperature (1–127 °C), with a correspondingly large refrigerant capacity of 662 J kg−1. In addition to low electrical hysteresis, there is negligible thermal hysteresis. PST thin films are therefore promising for EC cooling near room temperature.
A pilot study of the short‐term use of simvastatin in sickle cell disease: effects on markers of vascular dysfunction
Authors: Hoppe Carolyn , Kuypers Frans , Larkin Sandra , Hagar Ward , Vichinsky Elliott , Styles Lori
Published: April 2011

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by progressive vascular injury and its pathophysiology is strikingly similar to that of atherosclerosis. Statins decrease inflammation and improve endothelial function in cardiovascular disease, but their effect in SCD is not known. In this pilot study, we examined the safety and effect of short‐term simvastatin on biomarkers of vascular dysfunction in SCD. We treated 26 SCD patients with simvastatin, 20 or 40 mg/d, for 21 d. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), tissue factor (TF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed and responses to simvastatin were compared between the two treatment groups. Simvastatin increased NOx levels by 23% in the low‐dose (P = 0·01) and 106% in the moderate‐dose (P = 0·01) groups, and by 52% overall (P = 0·0008). CRP decreased similarly in both dose groups and by 68% overall (P = 0·02). Levels of IL‐6 decreased by 50% (P = 0·04) and 71% (P < 0·05) in the low‐ and moderate‐dose groups, respectively. Simvastatin had no effect on VEGF, VCAM1 or TF. Simvastatin was well‐tolerated and safe. Our preliminary findings showing a dose‐related effect of simvastatin on levels of NOx, CRP and IL‐6 suggest a potential therapeutic role for simvastatin in SCD.
Mortality after transfusions, relation to donor sex
Authors: Middelburg R. A. , Briët E. , van der Bom J. G.
Published: April 2011

Introduction  Blood products from female donors have been associated with worse outcome after blood transfusions. We aimed to quantify the association of overall mortality with transfusions from female blood donors.

Methods  We performed a cohort study of all transfusion recipients during a 5‐year period at the Leiden University Medical Center. Analyses were performed in a sub‐cohort of recipients with all transfusions from donors of the same sex. Effects in male and female recipients were analysed both separately and averaged, for an overall estimate.

Results  Overall, when averaged over both male and female recipients, transfusions from female donors were not associated with increased mortality. However, in male recipients transfusions from female donors were positively associated with mortality, while in female recipients the association was reversed. The hazard ratio for mortality after sex‐mismatched transfusions was 1·2 (95% CI, 0·98–1·4). In recipients aged 1–55 it was 1·8 (95% CI, 1·2–2·7). In recipients over 55, with more other risk factors for mortality, it was 1·0 (95% CI, 0·83–1·2).

Conclusions  Overall transfusions from female donors were not associated with increased mortality. However, male recipients of blood from female donors did have an increased risk of death. Female recipients of blood from male donors showed a weaker increase in mortality.
Medication administration hassles for Mexican American family caregivers of older adults
Authors: Kao Hsueh‐Fen S.
Published: April 2011

In order to take their medications at home, elders rely increasingly on their family, but little is known about the factors influencing this task. This study explored the effects of acculturation and social exchange on the hassles that Mexican American (MA) family caregivers face in administering medication to their elders. A descriptive, correlational design, with a convenience sample of 239 MA adult caregivers of elders who were on a daily prescription that was recruited in Dallas, Texas and San Diego, California, USA, was used. The caregivers' scores on the medication administration hassles scale were significantly affected by acculturation and social exchange factors that explained 36% of the variance in the scores; the social exchange block had a larger influence than did the acculturation block. Caregiving might be an outcome of dynamic family exchange relationships between the caregiving dyad. The results can help healthcare professionals to detect potentially at‐risk MA families and provide them with culturally appropriate nursing interventions.
Outcome measurement in speech and language therapy: results of a pilot study
Authors: ENDERBY PAMELA , JOHN ALEXANDRA , SLOAN MARINA
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT  Speech and language therapy aims to effect different aspects of the patient's difficulties according to the underlying disorder. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether different patterns of change were reflected in various client groups receiving speech and language therapy, whether these changes concurred with the views of experts and whether the results were meaningful to purchasers. Ten pilot sites were involved in the study. After training, therapists developed scales which they felt reflected the domains as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO)/Enderby approach. Over a 3‐month period therapists collected data on patients for the pilot study. Nine hundred and ninety results were collected during this period. The results show noticeable differences in the impact of speech and language therapy according to the client group. Some client groups show the greatest impact on the area of impairment, whereas others show greater impact in the domains of disability and handicap. The changes were in accordance with what was expected by experts and showed some agreement between districts. Purchasers were able to understand the nature of the speech and language therapists' work with different client groups. Whilst this method appears to be able to reflect the different emphasis for speech and language therapy in an appropriate fashion, there are concerns about its sensitivity. The pilot study was flawed in some respects, being held over a short period of time, during the summer holidays, and asking therapists to judge the start score on reflection. Further studies are necessary so that outcome measures can be made over a more protracted period of time and the base course can reflect the therapist's opinions at the beginning of treatment. Purchasers have a tendency to make decisions on data rather than information. Outcome measurement can only provide data and this, on its own, can be misinforming.
The understanding and use of counselling by speech and language therapists at different levels of experience*
Authors: PARKINSON KARIN , RAE JOHN P.
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT  There is little empirical research on speech and language therapists' use of counselling skills or their understanding of what counselling means. We report a survey examining both these issues and their relationship to work experience. Four groups (first and fourth‐year students, new and experienced therapists, total 151) completed a questionnaire measuring counselling and teaching work behaviours used by therapists, or anticipated by students. Significant differences were found. Scheffe's test showed: first‐year students indicated fewer counselling behaviours than experienced therapists; new therapists indicated fewer counselling behaviours than fourth‐year students and experienced therapists; fourth‐year students anticipated using less teaching behaviour than was reported by new and experienced therapists. This pattern may be partly due to new therapists adopting a defensive teaching role. No significant differences were found between the groups' understanding of counselling. Content analysis showed that while the therapist skills needed and the exploratory nature of counselling were identified by most participants, few mentioned enabling the client to take responsibility for change. This may relate to the perceived locus of control in the therapeutic situation. We discuss training implications and the role of personal therapy in developing a healthy therapeutic relationship.
Chaperonins from an Antarctic archaeon are predominantly monomeric: crystal structure of an open state monomer
Authors: Pilak Oliver , Harrop Stephen J. , Siddiqui Khawar S. , Chong Kevin , De Francisci Davide , Burg Dominic , Williams Timothy J. , Cavicchioli Ricardo , Curmi Paul M. G.
Published: April 2011

Archaea are abundant in permanently cold environments. The Antarctic methanogen, Methanococcoides burtonii, has proven an excellent model for studying molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation. Methanococcoides burtonii contains three group II chaperonins that diverged prior to its closest orthologues from mesophilic Methanosarcina spp. The relative abundance of the three chaperonins shows little dependence on organism growth temperature, except at the highest temperatures, where the most thermally stable chaperonin increases in abundance. In vitro and in vivo, the M. burtonii chaperonins are predominantly monomeric, with only 23–33% oligomeric, thereby differing from other archaea where an oligomeric ring form is dominant. The crystal structure of an N‐terminally truncated chaperonin reveals a monomeric protein with a fully open nucleotide binding site. When compared with closed state group II chaperonin structures, a large‐scale ∼30° rotation between the equatorial and intermediate domains is observed resulting in an open nucleotide binding site. This is analogous to the transition observed between open and closed states of group I chaperonins but contrasts with recent archaeal group II chaperonin open state ring structures. The predominance of monomeric form and the ability to adopt a fully open nucleotide site appear to be unique features of the M. burtonii group II chaperonins.
Prospective comparative study of Miniperc and standard PNL for treatment of 1 to 2 cm size renal stone
Authors: Mishra Shashikant , Sharma Rajan , Garg Chandrapraksh , Kurien Abraham , Sabnis Ravindra , Desai Mahesh
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Standard PNL is known to have higher clearance rates for stones 1–2 cm. However, it is not promoted because of its associated morbidity, especially bleeding. Minitiarization of the PNL has spawned a new interest in this modality for treating small bulk urolithiasis.

The study adds to a growing body of evidence in a prospective manner that smaller tract PNL “miniperc” is associated with a similiar efficacy of achieving stone‐clearance rates while decreasing the invasiveness of the procedure and associated morbidity.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the results of miniperc vis‐à‐vis standard PNL in the treatment of stones of 1–2 cm in size. Miniperc may represent a reasonable procedure in patients with nonbulky urolithiasis offering a similar outcome as standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) with advantage of reduced morbidity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• 55 procedures including 27 miniperc and 28 standard PNL were performed for renal stones 1–2 cm in size. Pediatric patient, active urinary tract infection, renal malformation, uncorrected coagulopathy and morbid obesity patients were excluded from the study.

• The parameters studied were demography, operative time, postoperative analgesic requirement, hemoglobin drop, complications and stone clearance.

RESULTS

• Mean tract size was 18.2 ± 2 F (15–20) and 26.8 ± 2 F (24–30), P value <0.0001 in the miniperc and standard PNL, respectively. Holmium LASER and pneumatic lithotripter were the main energy sources used in miniperc and standard PNL, respectively.

• Miniperc operative time was longer than that of standard PNL (45.2 ± 12.6 vs 31 ± 16.6 min, P= 0.0008 respectively).

• Conversely, there was an advantage of miniperc over standard PNL in terms of a significantly reduced hemoglobin drop (0.8 ± 0.9 vs 1.3 ± 0.4 gram%, P= 0.01), analgesic requirement (55.4 ± 50 vs 70.2 ± 52 mg tramadol, P= 0.29) and hospital stay (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 4.8 ± 0.6 days, P≤ 0.001), respectively.

• Intra‐ operative conversion of the procedure into a tubeless PNL was significantly more in the miniperc group (P≤ 0.001). The miniperc and standard PNL group had clearance rates of 96% and 100%, respectively at 1 month follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

• This study demonstrated significant advantages of the miniperc procedure in terms of reduced bleeding leading to a tubeless procedure and reduced hospital stay.

• The stone free rates and the complications were similar in either group.
Is native timber tree intercropping an economically feasible alternative for smallholder farmers in the Philippines?
Authors: Santos Martin Fernando , van Noordwijk Meine
Published: April 2011

Integration of trees on upland farms in the Philippines has been slower than expected and desirable from an environmental perspective. Our economic and risk analysis points to current policies as part of the problem. The study compares three domesticated indigenous timber trees (Shorea contorta V., Pterocarpus indicus J., and Vitex parviflora W.) intercropped with maize against a benchmark of the widely used exotic mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.). We used a biophysical simulation model (WaNuLCAS 3.1) to represent interaction between trees and crops for a fundamental level of water, nutrient and light capture as the basis for production functions. External conditions affecting systems profitability were accounted for in the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Elements of risk were introduced through Monte Carlo simulation. Study results revealed that from a farmer’s perspective intercropping systems provide similar (within an uncertainty range of + or − 10%) returns to monocropping scenarios. When net subsidies and taxes are accounted for, social profitability evaluations favour tree intercropping at high tree densities. The net effect of the current bias in price policies towards food production therefore refrains farmers from making decisions to integrate trees on farms; a decision that is actually in the national interest on economic grounds, even without consideration of positive environmental effects.
Intergenerational equity and the social discount rate
Authors: Scarborough Helen
Published: April 2011

Recent modelling of the costs and benefits of climate change has renewed debate regarding assumptions for the social discount rate in analysing the impacts of environmental change. Previous literature suggests two key factors influence estimates of the social discount rate: the rate of pure time preference and the elasticity of marginal utility of future consumption. These components of the social discount rate reinforce the linkages between the choice of social discount rate and intergenerational distribution. This paper addresses the question of the relationship between intergenerational equity and the social discount rate and promotes the application of intergenerational distributional weights as a means of incorporating intergenerational equity preferences in policy analysis. Intergenerational equity‐adjusted social discount rates are derived as a means of decomposing the intergenerational equity aspect of the social discount rate. The work has significant policy implications for projects with long time frames given the sensitivity of Cost Benefit Analysis outcomes to decisions regarding the social discount rate.
Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in Malaysia: an ordinal system approach*
Authors: Yen Steven T. , Tan Andrew K.G. , Nayga Jr Rodolfo M.
Published: April 2011

We examine the socio‐demographic determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption using household survey data from Malaysia. A bivariate ordered probability model is developed by the copula approach. Results for a system of fruit and vegetable servings per week indicate that education, age, ethnicity, income, location of residence, smoking status and health conditions are significant predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption in Malaysia. Policy implications are suggested.
A J–function for inhomogeneous point processes
Authors: van Lieshout M. N. M.
Published: April 2011

We propose new summary statistics for intensity‐reweighted moment stationary point processes, that is, point processes with translation invariant n‐point correlation functions for all , that generalise the well known J‐, empty space, and spherical Palm contact distribution functions. We represent these statistics in terms of generating functionals and relate the inhomogeneous J‐function to the inhomogeneous reduced second moment function. Extensions to space time and marked point processes are briefly discussed.
Positivism, post‐positivism and domestic water demand: interrelating science across the paradigmatic divide
Authors: Sharp Liz , McDonald Adrian , Sim Patrick , Knamiller Cathy , Sefton Christine , Wong Sam
Published: April 2011

The contributions and limitations of the positivist and post‐positivist approaches to research into domestic water demand are analysed and compared, and the potential for bringing the two perspectives together is evaluated. The analysis is based on a 4‐year investigation of water demand conducted as part of a larger multidisciplinary research programme on sustainable urban environments and specifically the role of water in new developments. The positivist approach is more traditional and offers immediate utility in an evidence‐based, legally defensible policy arena. Positivists use concepts such as good ecological status and water scarcity as measures or targets. In contrast post‐positivists seek to ‘deconstruct’ concepts and decision processes in order to understand backgrounds, values and contexts that influence outcomes. The positivists typically use large quantitative data sets and seek to establish general ‘truths’ that can be tested and used to forecast. The post‐positivists undertake intensive case‐study‐based investigations, typically drawing on qualitative information to illustrate processes, exceptions and barriers. While each approach can add value to the other, the paper argues that the synthesis of the two approaches to create integrated interdisciplinary frameworks is unlikely to succeed. It argues that the most helpful vision is that of a pluralist research environment with ‘interrelating interdisciplinary research’ in which the relative contributions of generalisations and forecasts are discussed alongside broader interpretations about the inherent values of the current policy process.
Fertility life table parameters of different strains ofTrichogrammaspp. collected from eggs of the carob mothEctomyelois ceratoniae
Authors: POORJAVAD Nafiseh , GOLDANSAZ Seyed H. , HOSSEININAVEH Vahid , NOZARI Jamasb , DEHGHANIY Hossein , ENKEGAARD Annie
Published: April 2011

Fertility life table parameters were assessed for five populations (strains) of twoTrichogrammaspecies,T. embryophagumHartig andT. principiumSugonyaev & Sorokina, collected from eggs of the carob mothEctomyelois ceratoniae(Zeller) in Iranian pomegranate orchards. Four combinations of two constant temperatures (25°C, 30°C) and two relative humidity levels (50% RH, 70% RH) were used. The overall intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was significantly decreased with decreased relative humidity but was uninfluenced by temperature. The highest and lowestrmvalues were observed inT. embryophagumfrom Qum (0.34 ± 0.004) andT. embryophagumfrom Varamin (0.13 ± 0.01), respectively. Two‐way interaction analyses revealed that the strains had significantly different responses in theirrmvalues at different temperatures and relative humidities. In general,rmvalues were significantly higher at 25°C and 70% RH than at 30°C and 50% RH. The Qum strain ofT. embryophagumwas the most promising candidate to be considered as a biocontrol agent againstE. ceratoniaedue to its high reproductive rate (0.27 ± 0.01) at conditions (30°C and 50% RH) similar to the actual climatic conditions in Iranian pomegranate orchards during the major part of the growing season.
Building Blocks for a Precautionary Approach to the Use of Nanomaterials: Positions Taken by Trade Unions and Environmental NGOs in the European Nanotechnologies Debate
Authors: van Broekhuizen Pieter , Reijnders Lucas
Published: April 2011

As partners in the European capacity‐building project NanoCap, trade unions and environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have established positions on the development of nanotechnologies. Key in their positioning is their view that the use of nanomaterials with currently unknown occupational and environmental hazards must have consequences for the risk management and use of nanoproducts. They have made proposals for responsible manufacturing and for applying the precautionary principle to the use of nanoproducts and they urgently call for the acceptance and the operationalization of a precautionary approach by the industry and governments. The trade unions and NGOs are calling for transparency and openness regarding processes and products that contain nanomaterials and have proposed specific tools for nanomaterial use that put the precautionary principle into practice, including the principles no data → no exposure and no data → no emission. The proposed tools also include compulsory reporting of the type and content of nanoparticles applied in products, a register of workers possibly exposed to nanoparticles, and the use of nano reference values as guides to assess workplace exposure to nanoparticles.
Impact of environmental factors on knee injuries in male and female recreational skiers
Authors: Ruedl G. , Fink C. , Schranz A. , Sommersacher R. , Nachbauer W. , Burtscher M.
Published: April 2011

In alpine skiing, the knee represents the dominant injury location with marked gender differences. Snow, slope and weather conditions as well as altitude and low temperatures are thought to influence the prevalence of knee injuries. Therefore, ski patrol injury reports were used to compare gender‐specific prevalence of knee injuries with regard to several environmental factors including the actual air temperatures. A total of 1039 non‐contact knee injuries were reported with a corresponding prevalence of knee injuries of 44.4% (males: 30.1%; females: 57.4%). Temperature quartiles of all recorded injuries were calculated to compare gender‐specific prevalence of knee injury with regard to temperatures. Comparing the first quartile (mean temperature −11 °C) with the fourth quartile (mean temperature +3 °C), the prevalence of knee injury in female skiers was higher at low ambient temperatures (61% vs 50%, odds ratio: 1.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–2.22; P=0.005) while no such association was found for male skiers. Additionally, knee‐injured females showed a twofold prevalence when skiing during snowfall compared with females with other injuries (15.4% vs 8.6%; P=0.001). No other environmental factor showed a significant association with the gender‐specific prevalence of knee injury. In conclusion, low ambient temperature and snowfall are important environmental risk factors for knee injuries in female skiers.
Skeletal muscle plasticity with marathon training in novice runners
Authors: Luden N. , Hayes E. , Minchev K. , Louis E. , Raue U. , Conley T. , Trappe S.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate leg muscle adaptation in runners preparing for their first marathon. Soleus and vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were obtained from six recreational runners (23 ± 1 years, 61 ± 3 kg) before (T1), after 13 weeks of run training (T2), and after 3 weeks of taper and marathon (T3). Single muscle fiber size, contractile function (strength, speed, and power) and oxidative enzyme activity [citrate synthase (CS)] were measured at all three time points, and fiber type distribution was determined before and after the 16‐week intervention. Training increased VO2max∼9% (P<0.05). All soleus parameters were unchanged. VL MHC I fiber diameter increased (+8%; P<0.05) from T1 to T2. VL MHC I Vo (−12%), MHC I power (−22%) and MHC IIa power (−29%) were reduced from T1 to T2 (P<0.05). No changes in VL single fiber contractile properties were observed from T2 to T3. No change was observed in soleus CS activity, whereas VL CS activity increased 66% (P<0.05). Our observations indicate that modest marathon training elicits very specific skeletal muscle adaptations that likely support the ability to perform 42.2 km of continuous running – further strengthening the existing body of evidence for skeletal muscle specificity.
Mortality and cardiovascular morbidity among long‐term endurance male cross country skiers followed for 28–30 years
Authors: Grimsmo J. , Maehlum S. , Moelstad P. , Arnesen H.
Published: April 2011

Longevity and reduced mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity compared with the general population are described among former athletes in a few studies only. The aim of the study was to assess the outcomes of mortality and CVD morbidity after 30 years follow‐up in long‐term cross country skiers. The study was based on three different age groups of 122 long‐term long‐endurance cross country skiers participating in studies in 1976 and 1981. A total of 78/85 skiers completed the 28–30 year follow‐up, while 37 were dead. Causes of deaths through 2006 were ascertained using the National Death Register. Morbidity or mortality data were available in 115 subjects. Total deaths were 31% compared with 40% in the general male population (P=0.04). Exercise electrocardiographic ST‐depression in 1981 was associated with the later appearance of coronary heart disease (HR 2.90; P=0.033). Body mass index and average systolic blood pressure from 1976 to 1981 were predictors of later appearance of CVD (HR 1.23; P=0.034 and HR 1.03; P=0.048, respectively). Long‐term aerobic exercise appears to be associated with reduced all‐cause mortality.
Panoramic Images versus Three‐Dimensional Planning Software for Oral Implant Planning in Atrophied Posterior Maxillary: A Clinical Radiological Study
Authors: Fortin Thomas , Camby Elsa , Alik Mahdi , Isidori Michel , Bouchet Hervé
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The objectives of this radiographic study were to determine to what degree the available residual bone area for implant placement was underestimated on panoramic radiographs (by comparison with multislice computed tomography CT/cone beam CT images combined with planning software) and to what degree the rate of severely resorbed posterior maxillae requiring sinus lift was overestimated on panoramic radiographs (by comparison with planning software in combination with strategic implant placement).

Materials and Methods: During a 2‐year period, every patient who presented for the placement of implants in the posterior maxilla was examined by three practitioners to discuss the treatment plan. When two to three practitioners indicated a sinus lift with creation of a lateral window, a CT scan was performed and examined using dedicated three‐dimensional software by a clinician familiar with the Computer Assisted Design/ Computer Assisted Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) implant placement protocol. For each tooth to be replaced, the presence of anatomical features such as anterior or posterior wall, palatal curvature, and septa were examined in view of the placement of an 8‐mm or longer implant.

Results: One hundred one patients were studied in this case series for the treatment of 135 edentulous spans accounting for 301 missing teeth. After examination of the CT data on the three‐dimensional software, 202 teeth (67.1%) could be replaced using a CAD/CAM procedure; 60.7% of the edentulous spans could be completely repaired by a crown or bridge supported by implants. In addition, 67.3% of edentulism with no teeth posterior to the span could be completely repaired using a fixed prosthesis supported by implants.

Conclusion: This radiological study demonstrates that the use of a panoramic exam for oral implant planning in severely resorbed maxillae overestimates the need for a sinus augmentation procedure when compared with the use of both three‐dimensional planning software and strategic implant placement on small remaining bone volume.
Alternative Treatment Procedure in the Case of Fractured Abutment of Adhesive Bridge: A Clinical Report
Authors: ŞANAL FATMA AYŞE , GÜLER AHMET UMUT , İNAN UĞUR , ÖZDEMİR OĞUZ SÜLEYMAN
Published: April 2011

In this case report, an alternative approach was presented for treatment of coronal fracture including pulp of maxillary central incisor, one of the abutments of an adhesive bridge, by using fiber post and tooth's own fractured component. The patient was referred to our clinic with the complaint of pain from the upper right central incisor and mobility of the adhesive bridge in maxillary anterior segment. It was realized that, the upper right central incisor, one of the abutments of the adhesive bridge, had been fractured at middle thirds of the crown including the pulp chamber. After dismounting the adhesive bridge and completion of the root canal treatment, a fiber post was placed into the fractured tooth. The fractured component, adherent to adhesive bridge retainer, was concorded to the fiber post. The whole structure was cemented with adhesive resin. A 1‐mm‐wide groove was made along the fracture line and restored with composite resin. The patient was evaluated clinically and radiographically at 12 and 30 months after the treatment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Adhesive cementation of fractured component by supporting the remaining tooth structure with a fiber post is an inexpensive and conservative treatment alternative when the fractured component is compatible with the remaining tooth structure in cases of tooth fractures including the pulp chamber at anterior segment.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 23:89–96, 2011)
Effect of Different Light‐Curing Modes on Degree of Conversion, Staining Susceptibility and Stain's Retention Using Different Beverages in a Nanofilled Composite Resin
Authors: AGUIAR FLÁVIO HENRIQUE BAGGIO , GEORGETTO MATHEUS HENRIQUE , SOARES GIULLIANA PANFIGLIO , CATELAN ANDERSON , DOS SANTOS PAULO HENRIQUE , AMBROSANO GLAUCIA MARIA BOVI , FIGUEROBA SIDNEY RAIMUNDO , LOVADINO JOSÉ ROBERTO
Published: April 2011

Statement of Problem:  It is unknown whether the staining pigment concentration would affect the color of composite resin and whether the absorption of the staining pigment is related to the degree of conversion (DC).

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light‐curing units (LCUs) on DC, superficial staining (ΔE), and pigment concentration (PC) in a nanofilled composite resin (Z350, 3M ESPE) using different beverages.

Materials and Methods:  Specimens were polymerized for 20 seconds using four LCUs (N = 50): quartz–tungsten–halogen (QTH)—450 mW/cm2; laser (LAS)—300 mW/cm2; second‐generation light‐emitting diode (LED)—1100 mW/cm2; and third generation LED—700 mW/cm2. DC (%) was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Specimens concerning each group (N = 10) were then immersed in one of the solutions (distilled water, red wine, whisky, coffee, and cola—40 min/day, for 40 days). Specimen's color was measured before and after exposure to solutions using a colorimeter (Commission Internacionale de I'Eclairaga L*a*b* color scale), and ΔE was calculated. Specimens were then prepared for the spectrophotometric analysis to measure PC. Data were submitted to two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p = 0.05).

Results:  DC: QTH presented the lowest DC, with statistical differences for LAS, LED 2, and LED 3. Whisky and wine showed lower PC mean values than cola and coffee. No statistical difference was observed for LCUs regarding PC and all staining solutions, except cola. Whisky showed the highest values for ΔE regarding all LCUs. Wine showed statistically lower ΔE than whisky, with water presenting the lowest ΔE. LAS and QTH showed higher values than LED 2 concerning ΔE.

Conclusion:  LCUs interfered with DC and altered the PC and ΔE of the composite resin submitted to different staining solutions. There was no correlation among DC, PC, and ΔE.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Light‐curing modes might interfere with staining susceptibility, stain's retention, and DC of a composite resin, compromising the clinical performance. The highest pigment absorption was not associated with the highest superficial staining of the composite resin. Alcoholic drinks lead to greater superficial staining and non‐alcoholic solutions lead to a higher pigment concentration.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 23:106–115, 2011)
Female Sexual Dysfunction in Patients Treated with Antidepressant—Comparison Between Escitalopram and Fluoxetine
Authors: Sidi Hatta , Asmidar Duni , Hod Rozita , Guan Ng Chong
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is one of the most widely used antidepressant and commonly associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD).

Aims

This study compares the prevalence of FSD between patients on escitalopram and fluoxetine. The risk factors for FSD were also examined.

Methods

A cross-sectional study involved 112 female depressed patients (56 each group) who were in remission (as defined in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] during the past 2 months with no significant signs or symptoms of the disturbance and Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale score of ≤10) from the psychiatric clinic in a university hospital. The rates of sexual dysfunction between the two groups were compared.

Main Outcome Measures

The subjects were interviewed by using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Sexual dysfunction was assessed with the Malay Version of the Female Sexual Function Index.

Results

The prevalence of FSD was 44.6% for all patients, 55.4% for the fluoxetine group, and 33.9% for the escitalopram group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed no significant difference in the risk of FSD between the two groups. Moderate to high dosing was the only significant associated factor for FSD (odds ratio = 4.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.94–12.33).

Conclusion

There was no significant difference in the risk of having FSD between patients treated with fluoxetine or escitalopram. Patients on higher dosage of antidepressant have higher risk of having FSD.
Sexual Dysfunction Risk and Associated Factors in Young Peruvian University Women
Authors: Escajadillo-Vargas Nataly , Mezones-Holguín Edward , Castro-Castro Julio , Córdova-Marcelo Wilder , Blümel Juan E. , Pérez-López Faustino R. , Chedraui Peter
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Information regarding sexual dysfunction risk among young Latin American women is limited.

Aim

Assess female sexual dysfunction (FSD) risk and associated factors in young Peruvian university women.

Methods

This was a nested case-control study, using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Cases were defined as women with total FSFI scores at or below 26.55 (increased FSD risk). Demographic characteristics, gynecologic aspects, body mass index, mood disorders, substance abuse, and issues related to the couple, were also evaluated.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary end point was assessment of FSD risk and associated factors.

Results

A total of 625 women were surveyed of which 409 (65.4%) were sexually active. The average total FSFI score was 27.2 ± 4.3. Overall, 39.9% were at higher risk for FSD. Multivariate analysis using a binary logistic regression model found that male premature ejaculation (odds ratios [OR]=2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27–4.77), oral emergency contraception use (OR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.04–3.38), good partner relationship (OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.12–0.49), and length of relationship (≥3 years; OR=0.025, 95% CI: 0.013–0.05) were factors independently associated to a higher FSD risk (goodness of fit P =0.39).

Conclusion

In this young university female population, FSD risk was high and associated to male and female factors.
Characterization of Carbohydrate–Protein Matrices for Nutrient Delivery
Authors: Zhou Yankun , Roos Yrjö H.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Amorphous carbohydrates may show glass transition and crystallization as a result of thermal or water plasticization. Proteins often affect the state transitions of carbohydrates in carbohydrate–protein systems. Water sorption behavior and effects of water on glass transition and crystallization in freeze‐dried lactose, trehalose, lactose–casein (3: 1), lactose–soy protein isolate (3: 1), trehalose–casein (3: 1), and trehalose–soy protein isolate (3: 1) systems were studied. Water sorption was determined gravimetrically as a function of time, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) models were fitted to the experimental data. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and instant crystallization temperature (Tic) in anhydrous and water plasticized systems were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Gordon–Taylor equation was used to model water content dependence of the Tg values. The critical water content and water activity (aw) at 24 °C were calculated and crystallization of lactose and trehalose in the systems was followed at and above 0.54 aw. Carbohydrate–protein systems showed higher amounts of sorbed water and less rapid sugar crystallization than pure sugars. A greater sugar crystallization delay was found in carbohydrate–casein systems than in carbohydrate–soy protein isolate systems. The Tg and Tic values decreased with increasing water content and aw. However, higher Tic values for lactose–protein systems were found than for lactose at the same aw. Trehalose showed lower Tic value than lactose at 0.44 aw but no instant crystallization was measured below 0.44 aw. State diagrams for each system are useful in selecting processing parameters and storage conditions in nutrient delivery applications.

Practical Application:  This study provided stability requirements as controlled by water sorption behavior of freeze‐dried carbohydrate–protein systems at room temperature and thermal behavior of these systems at a range of water contents. This information allows science‐based selection of processing parameters, storage conditions, and understanding of the physical properties of matrices used for nutrient delivery.