bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proliferative Activity in Normal Salivary Gland and Pleomorphic Adenoma A Study by Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Staining
Authors: Fujita Shuichi , Takahashi Hiroshi , Okabe Haruo
Published: August 2010

Proliferative activity of the structural components of normal salivary glands (27 cases) and characteristic histological areas in salivary pleomorphic adenoma (51 cases) was examined by visualization of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). In the normal salivary gland, there were clusters of cells, each with two or three AgNOR dots, within the intercalated ducts. The mean number of AgNORs in this portion was 1.80, which was significantly higher than in the other epithelial parts. This indicates vigorous proliferative activity of the intercalated ducts, and thus the ducts may play an important role as reserve cells in neoplastic transformation. In pleomorphic adenoma, solid nests had a high AgNOR count (1.61), showing a significant difference from the tumor cells scattered in the “stroma”. Thus the decrease in proliferative ability might occur concurrently with formation of the extracellular matrix. Acta Pathol Jpn 42: 573 578, 1992.
Three Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines Exhibiting Different Phenotypic Expressions
Authors: Hotta Tetsuo , Motoyama Teiichi , Watanabe Hidenobu
Published: August 2010

In an attempt to elucidate the differences in histological features and biological behavior of osteosarcomas, three human osteoblastic type osteosarcomas were studied in vitro and in nude mice. The secretory processing and extracellular fiber formation of type I collagen proved to be the most important factor in bone formation in the osteosarcomas. Alkaline phosphatase also seemed to be important. However, we were unable to find any particular protooncogene abnormalities which could have been implicated in the occurrence or biological behavior of these osteosarcomas. Acta Pathol Jpn 42: 595 603, 1992.
Clinicopathologic study of primary mediastinal non‐lymphoblastic non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas among the Japanese
Authors: Nakagawa Atsuko , Nakamura Shigeo , Koshikawa Takashi , Nakayama Atsuo , Nagasaka Tetsuro , Motoori Tadashi , Kojima Masaru , Hosomura Yasuo , Ueda Ryuzo , Mori Shigeo , Asai Junpei , Suchi Taizan
Published: August 2010

We studied the morphologic, immunologic and clinical features of 14 cases of primary non‐lymphoblastic non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas of the mediastinum. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 76 years, with a median age of 28 years. According to the Ann Arbor classification, 71 % of our cases were in an early stage. Three cases were in Stage I, eight in Stage II, one in Stage III and two in Stage IV (one with multiple hepatic lesions and another with bone marrow involvement). The patients were heterogeneous in terms of the disease and were therefore histologically classified into three categories: diffuse large B cell lymphoma with sclerosis (DLS; n= 8); large cell anaplastic lymphoma (LC‐Ana; n = 5); and low grade B cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lym‐phoid tissue (MALT lymphoma; n= 1). DLS was the most common group and was characterized as CD5, CD10–, CD19+, CD20+, CD21‐ and CD22+. Imprint smears showed azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells of three of four DLS cases. All of the six cases examined were negative when tested for Epstein‐Bart virus (EBV) sequences after hybridization with the EBV internal repeat probe. DLS and MALT lymphoma cases were of a B‐lineage lymphoma of the thymus, while most of the LC‐Ana cases were of a T‐lineage lymphoma. Patients with non‐lymphoblastic non‐Hodgkis'n lymphomas had a relatively favorable prognosis compared with lymphoblastic lymphoma (P<0.01 by the generalized Wilcoxon test). There was no significant difference in the survival between non‐lymphoblastic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease (P>0.05 by the generalized Wilcoxon test).
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the stomach: Report of a highly infiltrative case with electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies
Authors: Kojimahara Kenichi , Mukai Makio , Yamazaki Kazuto , Yamada Taketo , Katayama Tatsuro , Nakada Koh , Uematsu Shigeto , Umezono Akira , Hosoda Yasuhiro
Published: August 2010

A large, poorly demarcated, elevated lesion over the area ranging from the lower end of the esophagus to the lesser curvature of the cardiac region was examined in a 19 year old woman, and demonstrated an irregular and highly infiltrative proliferation of spindle cells over the full thickness of the gastric wall. Although the spindle cells grew mainly in the submucosa, they penetrated the muscularis propria, leaving intact muscle tissue that formed an irregular, island‐like pattern, and reached the subserosa. The cells were identified as myofibroblasts by light microscopy, immuno‐histochemistry and electron microscopy. The present case is considered to be of an inflammatory pseudotumor due to extremely infiltrative growth of myofibroblasts. This lesion differed from inflammatory fibroid polyp (similarly consisting of proliferating myofibroblasts accompanied by inflammatory cells) in terms of age at onset, tumor size, pattern of cell proliferation and main inflammatory cell component. This report also discusses the relationship between this lesion and a very recently advocated new entity, inflammatory fibrosarcoma of the mesentery and retroperito‐neum, which is a tumour closely simulating inflammatory pseudotumor.
Prognostic value of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) count in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands
Authors: Vuhahula Edda A. M. , Nikai Hiromasa , Ogawa Ikuko , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Takata Takashi , Ito Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

A retrospective study was performed on 34 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) to see if quantification of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) was correlated with their prognosis. Mean follow‐up period was 113 months. According to detailed clinical data that included tumor recurrences, metastases and patient survival conditions, two groups were classified. Group 1 consisted of 20 live patients without metastases, of whom 16 were free of disease, while group 2 comprised 14 patients with metastases among whom 12 died of tumor. The silver staining technique was applied to paraffin embedded specimens. In each case, 300 nuclei were randomly examined and the mean AgNOR per nucleus was calculated. All patients from group 2 had mean AgNOR counts greater than 4, whereas 65% of patients from group 1 had mean AgNOR counts less than 4. In addition, statistical analysis showed that the pooled mean AgNOR count in group 2 was significantly higher than in group 1 (P < 0.01). The present results suggest that silver staining technique promises to be a useful supplementary method for prognostic evaluation of salivary ACC, and may be performed before planning the treatment.
Periosteal osteosarcoma of the femur with bone marrow involvement: A case report
Authors: Sonobe Hiroshi , Iwata Jun , Furihata Mutsuo , Ohtsuki Yuji , Mizobuchi Hiroo , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Periosteal osteosarcoma is an exceedingly rare type of chondroblastic osteosarcoma, showing rather better prognosis, and secondary bone marrow involvement is unusual. A case of a 22 year old male with periosteal osteosarcoma of the right femur with an associated bone marrow lesion is presented. The juxtacortical tumor, 16 ×11 × 9 cm, was located on the bone cortex of the upper diaphysis and extended into the surrounding soft tissues. A minimal bone marrow lesion was present, although the bone cortex was quite intact. Microscopically, the tumor consisted exclusively of atypical chondroblastic cells with a small osteoblastic area. The bone marrow lesion, interestingly, contained both multiple nodules of well‐differentiated chondrosarcomatous components and a few demarcated foci of atypical spindle cells producing a fine osteoid matrix. It was reasonable to conclude, therefore, that this tumor was a periosteal osteosarcoma with an unusual secondary bone marrow lesion rather than a conventional (central) chondroblastic osteosarcoma with soft tissue invasion. The patients good prognosis with no tumor recurrence or metastasis during more than 7 years follow‐up after surgery supports this conclusion.
Quantitative morphology of human cirrhotic livers. Part I: Parameter expression of pattern as a basis for computerized classification
Authors: Chiba Ryoji , Takahashi Tohru
Published: August 2010

Although classification is a long‐used method of histopathology, a reproducible one has yet to be created. We established a most adequate classification of cirrhosis from a geometric and statistical point of view, by reducing its form to a set of quantities and submitting the data to multivariate analysis. In this article, methods for quantification are described as a preliminary step for the Statistical treatment that appears in another paper. The pattern was reduced to a set of four quantities: (i) the mean nodular radius: (ii) the coarseness; (iii) the mean septal thickness; and (iv) the degree of nodular separation. A model of dispersed spheres with various radii r was employed to assimilate cirrhosis; r was assumed to follow a logarithmic normal distribution. The parameters of this distribution were estimated stereologically from measurements on microscopic sections of chord lengths Λ generated from nodules by a test line. The coarseness was defined as the volume % of nodules larger than 1.5 mm in r. The mean septai thickness was determined stereologically on a plate model, into which the actual septa were transformed without changing their volume or surface density. The degree of nodular separation pθ was defined as a two‐dimensional parameter, based on the curvature of nodulo‐septal borders. It was demonstrated in several examples how accurately a set of these quantltles describes various patterns of cirrhosis.
Anaphylactoid purpura with intestinal perforation: Report of a case and review of the Japanese literature
Authors: Okano Mayumi , Suzuki Takayoshi , Takayasu Hiroyuki , Harasawa Shigeru , Sate Teiko , Tsutsumi Yutaka , Ozawa Akira , Ohkido Muneo
Published: August 2010

A 78 year old man suffering from anaphylactoid purpura complained of abdominal pain and bloody stools. Combined therapy with Prednisolone and cyclophosphamide had been given against nephrotic syndrome caused by purpura nephritis. Severe abdominal pain with symptoms and signs of panperitonitis necessitated laparotomy. Rectosigmoid perforation due to necrotizing angiitis (phlebitis) was also demonstrated histologically. The patient died of septicemia 18 days after surgery. Perforation of the alimentary tract rarely occurs in anaphylactoid purpura. Twenty similar cases were briefly reviewed from the Japanese literature.
Expression and amplification of Her2, EGFR and cyclin D1 in breast cancer: Immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization
Authors: Cho Eun Y. , Choi Yoon‐La , Han Jae J. , Kim Kyoung‐Mee , Oh Young L.
Published: August 2010

Determination of Her2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclin D1 status is now of major clinical importance due to the development of molecule‐targeting drugs in anticancer therapy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) are the most simple and convenient methods for evaluating gene alterations and their protein consequences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the status of Her2, EGFR and cyclin D1 on both IHC and CISH in 95 primary breast carcinomas. There was substantial consistency between the IHC and CISH results of Her2 and EGFR, showing fair agreement between protein overexpression and gene amplification. However, cyclin D amplification was not related to protein overexpression. Moreover, there was no correlation between Her2, EGFR and cyclin D1. Her2 protein overexpression and amplification were positively associated with histological grade, nuclear grade and inversely correlated with the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). In ER‐negative and postmenopausal patients, EGFR gene amplification was strongly associated with worse recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.0087, P = 0.0149, respectively). Overall, the present findings suggest that EGFR gene amplification is important in predicting prognosis and this should be evaluated in breast carcinoma in addition to Her2 status in routine pathological practice.
Histopathology of the thyroid in amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism
Authors: Nakazawa Tadao , Murata Shin‐ichi , Kondo Tetsuo , Nakamura Nobuki , Yamane Tetsu , Iwasa Satoshi , Katoh Ryohei
Published: August 2010

Amiodarone is well recognized as an anti‐arrhythmic drug containing a high dose of iodine with considerable potential to cause thyroid dysfunction. The present patient was a 66‐year‐old Japanese woman who developed a cardiac arrhythmia and was given amiodarone as an anti‐arrhythmic agent for approximately 3 months, until the day before her death. However, 19 days after starting amiodarone, serum testing indicated a hypothyroid status that was not recognized clinically. At autopsy, microscopy showed that most of the thyroid follicles were enlarged with dense colloid substance and lined by flattened follicular cells (involuted follicles). There were a small number of damaged follicles infiltrated by macrophages, which were immunopositive for HAM56. Sudan IV staining indicated many lipid droplets in follicular cells. Ultrastructurally the follicular cells contained large residual bodies composed of abundant electron‐lucent lipid droplets of variable size. Although it is difficult to be certain of the direct link of amiodarone on the basis of a single case, it is reasonable to presume that this histopathology is associated with amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism and that involution changes represent the hypofunctional status of this drug‐induced disorder. This is the first report on the histopathological findings of thyroid tissue from a patient with amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism.
Research note: Renaming Verrucophora farcimen Eikrem, Edvardsen et Throndsen
Authors: Eikrem Wenche , Edvardsen Bente , Throndsen Jahn
Published: August 2010

Verrucophora farcimen is renamed Pseudochattonella farcimen, and V. farcimen should be regarded as a synonym of P. farcimen for reasons of priority.
Reading skills of Japanese second‐graders
Authors: Ogino Tatsuya , Takahashi Yoshiko , Hanafusa Kaoru , Watanabe Kiyoko , Morooka Teruko , Takeuchi Akihito , Oka Makio , Sanada Satoshi , Ohtuska Yoko
Published: August 2010

Background:  A few studies have explored the prevalence of dyslexia among children who speak Japanese as their native language by evaluating them individually by means of reading‐based tasks. The present study was designed to clarify the frequency of suspected dyslexia among second‐graders attending ordinary classes.

Methods:  The subjects were 40 children (22 males, 18 females; 7 years 4 months–8 years 4 months; mean age, 7 years 11 months) out of 182 second‐graders at a public elementary school situated in a local city. Each subject underwent a monomoraic syllable reading task, a word reading task, a non‐word reading task, and a short sentence reading task.

Results:  The scores on the four tests were not normally distributed; rather, they were strongly skewed to shorter reading time or fewer reading errors. In addition, they were significantly extended toward either longer reading time or more reading errors. Except in the non‐word reading task, most subjects only made a few reading errors. Seven subjects (17.5%) showed at least one score that was more than 1.5 IQR (interquartile range) higher than the third quartile of that subject's eight scores on the four tasks. Assuming that those seven children are potentially dyslexic, at least 3.8% of second‐graders (seven out of 182) are suspected to be suffering from dyslexia.

Conclusion:  It is likely that the prevalence of dyslexia in Japan is comparable to that in Europe and the US. To confirm this, a more comprehensive study on a larger scale should be implemented in the future.
Mothers with mental health problems: a systematic review
Authors: Blegen Nina E. , Hummelvoll Jan K. , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: August 2010

Mothers with mental health problems meet challenges in coping with their condition, the responsibility of child rearing, and fulfilling their role as a mother. The aim of this study was to create a synthesis of the previous research on mothers with mental health problems and the challenges they face. A systematic literature search of international databases was undertaken, covering the period between January 1998 and April 2009. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The analysis process involved skimming, comprehending, analyzing, and synthesizing. Three themes emerged: the vulnerability of mothers with mental health problems, the fear of being perceived as not good enough as a mother, and concern that the children might develop mental health problems. In conclusion, the focus of the research field is shifting from viewing the mother's mental health problems from an individualistic perspective to considering them in a broader context of relational, economic, and environmental factors and on the basis of the mother–child relationship being characterized by interdependence.
Four unusual causes of acute dysphasia
Authors: DANCOCSK ANGELA C , McDONAGH THOMAS J
Published: August 2010

Dysphasia has many causes, most commonly cerebrovascular accident or transient cerebral ischaemia. Four patients presented with acute dysphasia to the Department of Emergency Medicine at Fremantle Hospital within four months. Although the aetiologies were diverse and unusual, in each case the speech disturbance resolved completely with appropriate treatment.
Severe myocardial injury and rhabdomyolysis from acute oral amphetamine abuse
Authors: HENDERSON A , MAY C
Published: August 2010

We report a case of a previously healthy young man who developed severe myocardial injury and rhabdomyolysis after a single oral ingestion of amphetamine. Such major toxicity is more usually associated with the use of intravenous amphetamine or chronic amphetamine abuse. Both physicians and potential drug users need to be aware that a single oral ingestion of amphetamine may produce severe, life‐threatening toxicity.
The incidence and spatial pattern of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. attacked by Platypus subgranosus Schedl in Tasmania's cool temperate rainforest
Authors: ELLIOTT H. J. , KILE G. A. , CANDY S. G. , RATKOWSKY D. A.
Published: August 2010

Data from transect surveys of 20 cool temperate rainforest sites in Tasmania were used to quantify the incidence and spatial distribution of myrtle, Nothofagus cunninghamii, attacked by the mountain pinhole borer, Platypus subgranosus. Attack by this insect is indicative of the disease ‘myrtle wilt’ caused by the pathogenic hyphomycete, Chalara australis.

The proportion of myrtle trees attacked by the disease ranged from 9.4 to 53.4%, with an average incidence of 24.6%. Regression analysis indicated that attack decreased with increasing altitude and, after adjusting for altitude, callidendrous forests had a higher incidence of attack than thamnic‐implicate forests. In mixed eucalypt‐rainforest stands, the incidence of attack increased as both relative and absolute measures of myrtle density increased. However, a significant amount of variation in the incidence of attack remained unexplained by the site and stand variables measured. The incidence of attack differed significantly between diameter classes with the larger diameter trees having the highest incidence of attack. Trees with stem and crown damage had a significantly higher incidence of attack than undamaged trees. Attacked trees tended to be clumped, with the degree of clumping reasonably constant across sites, but dependent on nearest neighbour distance within sites.

Dying trees occurred at an average rate of 2.4 trees ha‐1 per year or 1.6% of live trees per year across the sites.
Mark–recapture may reveal more about ecology than about population trends: Demography of a threatened ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) population
Authors: Hoyle S. D. , Pople A. R. , Toop G. J.
Published: August 2010

Since European settlement in Australia, the geographical range of ghost bats (Macroderma gigas) has contracted northwards. Ghost bats are thought to occur in disjunct populations with little interpopulation migration, raising concerns over the current status and future viability of the southernmost colony, which has also been threatened by mining activity. To address these concerns, demographic parameters of the southernmost colony were estimated from a mark–recapture study conducted during 1975–1981. Female bats gave birth to a single young in late spring, but only 40% (22–70%, 95% CI) of females bred in their second year, increasing to 93% (87–97%, 95% CI) for females ≥ 2 years old. Sixty‐five percent of juveniles caught were female. Annual adult survival ranged between 0.57–0.77 for females and 0.43–0.66 for males, and was lowest over winter–spring and greatest in autumn–winter. Juvenile survival for the first year ranged between 0.35–0.46 for females and 0.29–0.42 for males. Adult survival varied among seasons, was negatively associated with rainfall, but was not associated with temperature beyond being lower in late winter. Poor survival may result from the inferior daytime roosts that bats must use if water seepage forces them to leave their normal roosts. Although these age‐specific rates of fecundity and survival suggested a declining population, mark–recapture estimates of the population trend indicated stability over the study period. Counts at daytime roosts also suggested a population decline, but were considered unreliable because of an increasing tendency of bats to avoid detection. It is therefore likely that some assumptions in estimating survival were violated. These results provide a caution against the uncritical use of population projections derived from mark–recapture estimates of demographic parameters, and the use of untested indices as the basis for conservation decisions.
Canopy effects of the invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia on seed bank composition, richness and density in a montane shrubland (Córdoba, Argentina)
Authors: GIANTOMASI ALEJANDRA , TECCO PAULA A. , FUNES GUILLERMO , GURVICH DIEGO E. , CABIDO MARCELO
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Invasive woody species frequently change the composition of the established vegetation and the properties of the soil under their canopies. Accordingly, invasion may well affect regenerative phases of the community, especially at the seed bank level, likely influencing community restoration. Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae) is an invasive shrub in central Argentina that affects woody recruitment, particularly enhancing the recruitment of other exotic woody species. There is though no information regarding its effect on the soil seed bank within the invaded community. The present study was set up to gain further insight into the canopy effects of P. angustifolia. We aimed to assess whether the invasive shrub affects seed bank composition, richness and seed density as compared with the dominant native shrub Condalia montana (Rhamnaceae), and to relate the observed seed bank patterns with those of the established vegetation. We evaluated the composition of the germinable seed bank and the established vegetation under the canopy of 16 shrubs of P. angustifolia, 16 shrubs of C. montana, and in 16 control plots (10 m2) without shrub cover. The floristic composition of the seed bank differed among canopy treatments. However, seed bank richness did not differ significantly. There was an overall high seed density of exotic species throughout the study site, though exotic forbs showed significantly lower seed densities under the invasive shrub. Pyracantha angustifolia would not promote the incorporation of new species into the seed bank of the invaded community but rather favour the establishment of woody species that do not depend on seed banks. The absence of dominant woody species in the seed bank, the dominance of exotic forbs, and the high similarity between established exotic species and those present in the seed bank may surely affect community restoration following the main disturbances events observed in the region.
Diabetes management of elective hospital admissions
Authors: Flanagan D. , Ellis J. , Baggott A. , Grimsehl K. , English P.
Published: August 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1289–1294 (2010)

Aims  At any given time, people with diabetes occupy approximately 10–20% of acute hospital beds. In addition, diabetes is associated with a greater length of stay. Patients undergoing elective procedures occupy approximately 50% of hospital beds. The aim of this 12‐month project was to improve the quality of diabetes care for elective inpatients. The primary outcome measure was length of stay.

Methods  A team was established to improve the quality of care and reduce the length of stay of all patients admitted electively with diabetes. Specific areas of focus were surgical pre‐assessment, planning the admission, post‐operative care and planning a safe discharge. A retrospective audit of all elective patients with a coded diagnosis of diabetes admitted between June 2008 and June 2009 was performed.

Results  Comparing the year of the project with the preceding year day‐case rates for patients with diabetes increased by 34.8% for diabetes vs. 13.7% for the total hospital population (P for difference = 0.048). There was a significant fall in diabetes length of stay of 0.34 days comparing 2008 and 2009 (P = 0.040). Over the same period, we have shown a smaller reduction in length of stay for all other admissions of 0.08 days (p = 0.039).

Conclusion  A team specifically employed to focus on elective inpatient diabetes care have a significant impact on length of stay of this patient group with potential cost savings.
Alleviating the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem within Probe‐Based Geospatial Analyses
Authors: Butkiewicz Thomas , Meentemeyer Ross K. , Shoemaker Douglas A. , Chang Remco , Wartell Zachary , Ribarsky William
Published: August 2010

We present a probe‐based interface for the exploration of the results of a geospatial simulation of urban growth. Because our interface allows the user great freedom in how they choose to define regions‐of‐interest to examine and compare, the classic geospatial analytic issue known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) quickly arises. The user may delineate regions with unseen differences that can affect the fairness of the comparisons made between them. To alleviate this problem, our interface first alerts the user if it detects any potential unfairness between regions when they are selected for comparison. It then presents the dimensions with potential problematic outliers to the user for evaluation. Finally, it provides a number of semi‐automated tools to assist the user in correcting their regions' boundaries to minimize the inequalities they feel could significantly impact their comparisons.
Food 2030: Towards a Redefinition of Food? A Commentary on the New United Kingdom Government Food Strategy
Authors: MARSDEN TERRY
Published: August 2010

The British government published its new food strategy in January 2010, entitled ‘Food 2030: How We Get There’. This emerges out of a considerable amount of policy activity and debate since the sharp rises in food prices during 2007–2008. This demonstrated the need both to now have an explicit food policy, and to position this as a goal across various government departments. In addition, it is recognised that food security and hunger are key global concerns. How does the strategy face up to the arrival of these new and combined challenges associated with the need to produce more food sustainably and to allocate it more fairly? Clearly, we are in a period of new productivism with regard to trying to solve national and international food security and sustainability issues. Yet this strategy misses an opportunity to stimulate a new strategic approach in enhancing and developing the United Kingdom's food supply system albeit in its international context. We need more governmental and political innovation and imagination if we are to meet these challenges. The new food strategy may come to represent the start of this process.
Please Don't Use Science or Mathematics in Arguing for Human Rights or Natural Law
Authors: ARTOSI ALBERTO
Published: August 2010

In the vast literature on human rights and natural law one finds arguments that draw on science or mathematics to support claims to universality and objectivity. Here are two such arguments: 1) Human rights are as universal (i.e., valid independently of their specific historical and cultural Western origin) as the laws and theories of science; and 2) principles of natural law have the same objective (metahistorical) validity as mathematical principles. In what follows I will examine these arguments in some detail and argue that both are misplaced. A section of the paper will be devoted to a discussion of arguments relying on the historical and cultural specificity (and intrinsic superiority) of Western science. The conclusion is that both science and mathematics offer little help to anyone wanting to make use of them as paradigms of universality, objectivity, and rationality. Finally, I will draw some consequences for the idea of human rights.
HARRODIAN INSTABILITY AND THE ‘NORMAL RATE’ OF CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN KALECKIAN MODELS OF DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH—A SURVEY
Authors: Hein Eckhard , Lavoie Marc , van Treeck Till
Published: August 2010

Starting from potential Harrodian instability in the Kaleckian distribution and growth model we survey Kaleckian reactions put forward to avoid or to cope with this instability. We show that, contrary to the position taken by the critics of the Kaleckian model, this model is capable of maintaining an endogenous rate of capacity utilization, the paradox of thrift and the paradox of costs in the long run, even if the problem of Harrodian instability arises. We conclude that Kaleckian models are more flexible than their Harrodian and Marxian critics suppose when attacking the simple textbook version.
INTERNATIONAL OUTSOURCING, THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND EFFECTIVE DEMAND
Authors: Hashimoto Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2010

We develop a two‐country model of international trade with outsourcing opportunities, and analyze the effects of outsourcing on employment and effective demand under stagnation. Increased outsourcing proves not only to lower employment but also to depreciate the real exchange rate which has the effect of boosting employment. The latter also dominates the former, such that employment and consumption are stimulated. The home and foreign countries respond in opposite ways, however, to the production shift and the real exchange rate adjustment. Furthermore, we find that the effects of outsourcing on consumption are opposite in the presence, and the absence, of unemployment.
European Energy Security Co‐operation: Between Amity and Enmity
Authors: KIRCHNER EMIL , BERK CAN
Published: August 2010

Through an application of Regional Security Complex Theory and empirical examination, this article explores the pros and cons of regional and inter‐regional energy co‐operation. In spite of present unilateral and bilateral manoeuvres on the part of EU Member States to the contrary, a common energy security policy appears feasible over the next five to ten years. However, EU–Russian co‐operation in the energy sector is not likely to improve considerably over this period, and EU attempts to counterbalance the dominant and growing position that Russia has occupied in the supply of gas to EU countries by seeking alternative energy supply from central Asia are likely to be thwarted by countervailing Russian measures.
Acts of European Citizenship: A Political Sociology of Mobility
Authors: ARADAU CLAUDIA , HUYSMANS JEF , SQUIRE VICKI
Published: August 2010

European citizenship is marked by a tension: between a citizenship that is derivative of the nation‐state and a citizenship that is defined by free movement. Approaching this tension as symptomatic of a deep‐rooted contradiction between integration and mobility that is constitutive of modern social formations, this article develops a political sociology of mobility that challenges territorial and culturalist accounts of European citizenship. It does so by exploring the political enactment of European citizenship by marginalized subjects, whose engagement in relations of exchange serves as the ground for acts of European citizenship that ‘mobilize mobility’. This is illustrated by an analysis of the 2005 Declaration for the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe.
Allele‐Sharing Statistics Using Information on Family History
Authors: Callegaro A. , Meulenbelt I. , Kloppenburg M. , Slagboom P. E. , Houwing‐Duistermaat J. J.
Published: August 2010

When conducting genetic studies for complex traits, large samples are commonly required to detect new genetic factors. A possible strategy to decrease the sample size is to reduce heterogeneity using available information. In this paper we propose a new class of model‐free linkage analysis statistics which takes into account the information given by the ungenotyped affected relatives (positive family history). This information is included into the scoring function of classical allele‐sharing statistics. We studied pedigrees of affected sibling pairs with one ungenotyped affected relative. We show that, for rare allele common complex diseases, the proposed method increases the expected power to detect linkage. Allele‐sharing methods were applied to the symptomatic osteoarthritis GARP study where taking into account the family‐history increased considerably the evidence of linkage in the region of the DIO2 susceptibility locus.
Tooth replacement in adult Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura)
Authors: Shaw J. P.
Published: August 2010

To determine the time scale of tooth replacement in adult Xenopus laevis (Daudin), three large females of similar size were kept in aquaria at 25 °C for ten weeks. They were anaesthetized twice weekly with MS 222 and impressions of their upper jaws were taken using thin sheets of dental gold‐casting wax. Because the erupted tips of the teeth were small (100 μm), the impressions were enlarged by projection so that the presence or absence of a tooth at each locus in the jaw could be recorded. Each half of each animal's jaw was analysed separately and a statistical analysis of the records yielded results for the duration of the Replacement Cycle and Functional Life of the teeth. The range of the median Replacement Cycle time between specimens was 910–1,010h, that of the Functional Life 580–700 h and that of the Gap Period (the time over which loci were unoccupied by functional teeth) 230–420 h. A tentative time scale for the complete tooth development cycle (from tooth germ initiation to complete resorption) was calculated by extrapolation from the results and ranged from 59.07 to 71.29 days.
Plasma esterase polymorphism in the Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, in Britain
Authors: Hall S. J. G. , Semeonoff R.
Published: August 2010

Three hundred and eighty‐three Clethrionomys glareolus from 20 localities in England, Wales and Scotland were typed for plasma esterase and a genetic polymorphism was discovered. The esterase was named Es‐1. Breeding tests suggested that three alleles were segregating: Es‐1o when homozygous results in complete absence of enzyme activity. The active alleles Es‐1f and Es‐1s code for enzyme variants which migrate more rapidly and less rapidly, respectively, under starch gel electrophoresis. Of these active alleles, Es‐1f is morc common in the north of Britain and Es‐18 in the south. A 23‐month field study on two areas at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, suggested that animals possessing Es‐1s survived less well at high population densities, perhaps through their being more likely to emigrate.
The intramandibular linkage in Astatotilapia elegans (Teleostei: Cichlidae): appearance and function of the meckelian cartilage
Authors: Aerts Peter
Published: August 2010

During expansion of the bucco‐pharyngeal cavity in Astatotilapia elegans, the lower jaws depress and follow the movements of the suspensoria (abduction). Moreover, the angulo‐articular part of each ramus rotates around its longitudinal axis in such a manner that the retro‐articular process moves laterally (= lateral inclination). As a result, a part of the meckelian cartilage undergoes a torsion.

Elastic moduli of the meckelian cartilage are calculated. It is supposed that during adduction of the head parts, the gained strain energy (due to torsion of the cartilage rod) may be sufficient to move the retro‐articular process medially (= medial inclination) by means of elastic resilience. The processes are then held in their resting position, closely to the ventral side of the head. Undoubtedly, the meckelian cartilage acts as a spring, preventing passive lateral movements of the retro‐articular processes. In this way, the streamlining of the fish‐head is improved when the head parts are in an adducted position.
Metabolism and survival of fasting Estuarine crocodiles
Authors: Garnett S. T.
Published: August 2010

Carbon dioxide production by fasting immature Estuarine crocodiles was between 0·023 and 0·042 mlg‐1h‐1. The calculated oxygen consumption was between 46% and 70% of that expected from the crocodiles weights. The daily percentage weight loss while fasting is given by 0·020 + 0·584 (days without food)‐1. Survival time of crocodiles that failed to feed after hatching was related to initial weight, death occurring after 27·4% of the initial weight had been lost. Fat was the principal nutrient catabolized by fasting crocodiles. The results are consistent with those expected of an inactive predator that rapidly lowers metabolic rate to starvation levels when food is unavailable and can thus withstand extended fasts.
The functional anatomy of the gills of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula)
Authors: Metcalfe J. D. , Butler P. J.
Published: August 2010

Vascular casting techniques combined with scanning electron microscopy of fixed tissue have been used to describe the vascular anatomy of the gills of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Two distinct blood pathways were revealed: a ‘respiratory’ blood pathway which conveys deoxygenated blood from the heart to the gas exchange surface of the gills and then carries oxygenated blood away to the systemic circulation, and a ‘non‐respiratory’ blood pathway which interconnects with the respiratory blood pathway and which diverts blood into the venous drainage from the gills.

The physiological function of this complex circulation in the gills of elasmobranchs is discussed in terms of both the osmotic constraints upon the animal, and the possible control of blood flow.
A comparison of the biology of the normal and bridled forms of the Guillemot Uria aalge at a single colony
Authors: Harris M. P. , Wanless S.
Published: August 2010

The proportion of Guillemots on the Isle of May showing bridling has remained constant for 49 years. Although clumping of birds occurred, there was no obvious assortment of sexes. We detected no systematic differences in the breeding of bridled and normal individuals.
The ecology, morphology and behaviour of Bakerdania elliptica (Acari: Prostigmata: Pygmephoridae), a mite associated with terrestrial isopods
Authors: Colloff M. J. , Hopkin S. P.
Published: August 2010

In deciduous woodlands near to Bristol, South‐west England, about one in ten specimens of the woodlouse Oniscus asellus (L.) are infested with Bakerdania elliptica (Krczal, 1959), a small pygmephorid mite of about 200 pm in length. Woodlice in the field rarely carry more than three mites, which are usually attached to the mid or lateral regions of the sixth and seventh pereonites on the ventral surface of the isopod. These ‘favoured sites’ correspond to regions of the exoskeleton of the woodlouse which are free from abrasion as they move through leaf litter. Mites removed from these areas and replaced on the first pereonite return to a favoured site, usually within 30 min. During this process they exhibit four distinct types of behaviour.]

Uninfested specimens of Oniscus usellus maintained in laboratory tanks on leaf litter from their ‘own’ site all become infested with mites within a week. The number of mites on the isopods increases rapidly under these conditions. After six weeks, each individual carries a mean of about 50 mites. The level of infestation is subsequently stable, probably due to saturation of favoured sites, since large numbers of unattached mites can be found in the leaf litter during this period.

Studies by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have shown that Bakerdania elliptica does not feed while attached to the cuticle of Oniscus asellus, and that all attached mites are females. Males are extremely rare and occur only in leaf litter. These observations suggest that the relationship between Bakerdania elliptica and Oniscus asellus is one of phoresy and that female mites use woodlice as an aid to dispersal during their life cycle.
Patterns of Rural Development: A Cross‐Country Comparison using Microeconomic Data
Authors: Winters Paul , Essam Timothy , Zezza Alberto , Davis Benjamin , Carletto Calogero
Published: August 2010

This article proposes a general pattern of rural development in which increases in per capita income are associated with a decline in the importance of agricultural production and a rise in the importance of non‐agricultural income sources. Following the approach to examining Engel’s Law, we use data from 15 developing countries and a merged dataset to test whether such a pattern emerges. The analysis shows a strong, positive relationship between per capita income and the share of income earned from rural non‐agricultural wage employment and a negative relationship between per capita income and agricultural production.
Effects of Solar UV‐B Radiation on Embryonic Development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla, and Taricha torosa
Authors: Anzalone Christopher R. , Kats Lee B. , Gordon Malcolm S.
Published: August 2010

Exposure to solar ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation leads to increased embryonic mortality in some amphibians. It has been hypothesized that sensitivity to UV‐B may contribute to the population declines of some species. To better understand the effects of ambient UV‐B on embryo development and survival, embryos from three lower latitude (34°N), lower altitude (290 m) amphibian species were studied at natural breeding sites in the Santa Monica Mountains near Los Angeles, California. We compared embryonic development and hatching success in Hyla regilla, Hyla cadaverina, and Taricha torosa embryos exposed to ambient solar UV‐B radiation with those shielded from solar UV‐B. A large percentage of H. regilla embryos survived when exposed to and protected from UV‐B. Neither hatching success nor rates of development were affected by solar UV‐B. Conversely, H. cadaverina and T. torosa embryos displayed high rates of embryonic mortality when exposed to solar UV‐B. Elimination of solar UV‐B significantly increased hatching success in both of these species, but had no effect on rates of embryonic development. These data suggest that under natural conditions, solar UV‐B radiation influences embryo survival in both Hyla cadaverina and Taricha torosa. Additional studies are required to determine whether susceptibility to UV‐B affects these species at the population level.

Efecto de la Radiación Solar UV‐B en el Desarrollo Embrionario en Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla y Taricha torosa

La exposición a radiación solar ultravioleta‐B (UV‐B) resulta en el incremento de la mortalidad embrionaria en algunos anfibios. Existe la hipótesis de que la sensibilidad a UV‐B puede contribuir a la declinación poblacional de algunas especies. Para entender los efectos de UV‐B ambiental sobre el desarrollo y sobrevivencia embrionario estudiamos, en sitios reproductivos naturales cerca de Los Angeles California, embriones de especies de anfibios de baja latitud (34°N) y baja altitud. Comparamos el desarrollo embrionario y éxito de eclosión en embriones de Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla y Taricha torosa expuestos a radiación UV‐B ambiente con los de embriones protegidos de la radiación. Un alto porcentaje de embriones de H. regilla sobrevivió cuando expuestos a y protegidos de la radiación. La radiación UV‐B no afectó al éxito de eclosión ni a las tasas de desarrollo. Por el contrario, embriones de H. cadaverina y T. torosa presentaron altas tasas de mortalidad embrionaria cuando expuestos a la radiación UV‐B. La eliminación de UV‐B incrementó el éxito de eclosión significativamente en ambas especies, pero no tuvo efecto sobre las tasas de desarrollo embrionario. Estos datos sugieren que, en condiciones naturales, la radiación UV‐B influye sobre la sobrevivencia de Hyla cadaverina y Taricha torosa. Se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar si la susceptibilidad a UV‐B afecta a estas especies a nivel poblacional.
The Relationship between Popularity and Body Size in Zoo Animals
Authors: Ward Paul I. , Mosberger Nicole , Kistler Claudia , Fischer Oliver
Published: August 2010

Larger animals are more expensive to maintain in zoos than are smaller animals, and they breed at slower rates. Consequently, zoos could potentially contribute more to conservation efforts by concentrating on smaller‐bodied species, but they could lose patronage if the zoo’s public prefers to see larger species. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the popularity of zoo exhibits and the body sizes of the animals displayed. We measured popularity as the proportion of people passing an exhibit who looked at it for more than 10 seconds and compared popularity to the body size of the animals in the exhibit. We found that exhibits of larger animals were preferred by both adults and children. Children also showed a significant preference for larger groups of mammals. Although larger animals are more expensive to maintain, as estimated from adoption costs, a cost‐adjusted measure of popularity still yielded the conclusion that larger animals are more popular, especially with children. It thus may be premature to recommend that zoos concentrate on breeding smaller species to increase their potential contribution to conservation efforts because this would probably result in their exhibits being less popular.

Relación entre la Popularidad y el Tamaño Corporal en Animales de Zoológico

En los zoológicos, los animales grandes son más caros de mantener que los animales pequeños, además de que su tasa reproductiva es más baja. En consecuencia, los zoológicos contribuyen potencialmente más a los esfuerzos de conservación al concentrar esfuerzos en especies de cuerpos pequeños; sin embargo, los zoológicos podrían perder clientela si el público prefiere ver especies de cuerpo grande. Examinamos la relación entre la popularidad de las exhibiciones de zoológicos y el tamaño corporal de las especies exhibidas. Medimos la popularidad como la proporción de gente pasando por una exhibición y que la observó por más de 10 segundos y comparamos la popularidad con el tamaño del cuerpo de los animales exhibidos. Encontramos que las exhibiciones de animales grandes son preferidas tanto por adultos como por niños. Los niños mostraron además una preferencia significativa por los grupos de mamíferos grandes. Aunque los animales grandes son más caros de mantener en base a estimaciones de costo de adopción, una medida de ajuste en el costo en base a la popularidad mostró la conclusión de que los animales más grandes seguirían siendo más populares, especialmente entre los niños. Es aún prematuro recomendar que los zoológicos se concentren en la reproducción de especies pequeñas para incrementar su potencial contribución a los esfuerzos de conservación, puesto que esto podría resultar en una pérdida en la popularidad de sus exhibiciones.