bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Case to Answer
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes that most regulators will permit a practitioner’s submission of 'no case to answer’ at the close of the regulator’s case. On the other hand, some regulatory bodies permit a complainant to seek a review of the decision by the investigation committee not to refer a matter to the disciplinary committee. An application may be made on insufficient evidence to find the charge proved or that, even if the evidence were to establish the facts alleged, the charge is incapable of constituting misconduct or impairment. The chapter tackles the cases of R v. Galbraith and R v. Shippey to elaborate on the requirement that the court needs to consider the evidence as a whole, including its weaknesses and strengths. It references the Benham Ltd v. Kythira Investments Ltd case as an example of the disadvantages of the application of no case to answer.
Publication and Anonymity
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the requirement of contrary regulators to publish the outcome of decisions in the absence of good reason. It elaborates on the publication of findings and publicity of the disciplinary process. The outcome of disciplinary proceedings and any sanction imposed by the committee or tribunal is an important aspect of the public interest. Thus, the witness’s identity can achieve anonymity in appropriate circumstances and confidential material may be omitted from any published report of the proceedings. The chapter also highlights that panellists are expected not to be unduly influenced by prejudicial publicity. It notes that the committee or tribunal should receive clear and emphatic advice to ignore any improperly reported material.
Reprimand
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on reprimanding, which is the lower end of the spectrum of sanctions available to a regulatory body. It elaborates on the rules of several regulatory bodies that provide for the imposition of a reprimand or admonishment if the committee or tribunal is satisfied that the allegation is well founded. Moreover, guidance on reprimands has also been issued by numerous regulators. The General Medical Council (GMC) may give advice or issue a warning. Meanwhile, the tribunal and the General Optical Council may issue a warning where the practitioner’s fitness is not found to be impaired. The chapter explores the relevant factors of a reprimand, such as the respondent’s low culpability and the likelihood of future misconduct.
Stay of Proceedings
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the concept of stay of proceedings. It notes the correlation of stay of proceedings to abuse of process, bias, concurrent proceedings, delay, estoppel, human rights, and natural justice. Furthermore, the aforementioned correlation is elaborated on in their respective chapters within the book.
Witnesses
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes the rules of regulatory bodies that typically include detailed provisions dealing with witnesses and evidence of witnesses. The provisions also involve directions requiring parties to supply lists of proposed witnesses and exchange witness statements ahead of the hearing, that witness statements should stand as evidence-in-chief, the taking of evidence and cross-examination, and special measures for vulnerable witnesses. Moreover, most bodies require evidence to be taken on oath or by affirmation, but this is not universal. The chapter mentions how the court is unlikely to interfere with a reasoned determination by the tribunal in line with the absence of procedural unfairness. It looks into various witness summons in a disciplinary hearing.
Medea’s Russian Images on Stage and in Literature
Authors: Nikiforova Larisa
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the vicissitudes of Medea in Russia, including the performance and translation of German and French versions as part of transnational court culture. Nikiforova additionally explores prose versions of the Medea story written for a broader audience as well as Russian folklore with obvious parallels to the Greek myth. The chapter highlights the significant ways in which the Colchian story was invoked by Catherine the Great herself. In the Russian context, it becomes apparent that current political events were scrutinized in the guise of classical myth, combined with indigenous legends, during a century dominated by a strong female rulers.
The Battle Against Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

In the second decade of the twenty-first century, Colombia showed surprising results in the fight against poverty. Monetary poverty dropped from 40.3% in 2009 to 27% in 2018, extreme monetary poverty was cut in half in the same period, and multidimensional poverty fell from 30.4% in 2010 to 19.6% in 2018. More than five million Colombians overcame poverty. Inequality also decreased significantly. In the middle of an internal armed conflict and peace negotiations, Colombia became a poverty reduction success story. All of this happened under the leadership of President Juan Manuel Santos (2010–2018). How was this accomplished? In this book, based on his experience and with data and statistics, former President Santos explains how this battle against poverty was waged and describes the tools, programs, and policies that produced these results. In particular, he emphasizes the importance of Colombia’s globally pioneering adoption of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), calculated according to the Alkire–Foster method and developed at the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). The MPI, inspired by the work of Professor Amartya Sen, has been used in Colombia not only as a poverty measure but also as an instrument to guide social policy. The Colombian approach to poverty offers lessons to other nations, academics, and decision-makers. The Colombian experience demonstrates that, with political leadership and reliable poverty measurement, it is possible to make progress toward social equality.
Introduction
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

Juan Manuel Santos, former president of Colombia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, gives an account of how he approached the issue of poverty in his country. He draws on his family and academic experiences, including his first lesson from Professor Amartya Sen at the London School of Economics (LSE), the impact on him of a speech by Bobby Kennedy at the University of Kansas, and his relationship with poverty as a journalist and as a minister of various portfolios. Finally, when he was elected president of Colombia in 2010, he made the fight against poverty, along with his goal to achieve peace, a pillar of his government agenda. He announced this in his inaugural address.
Colombia
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

Resolved not to fall into the error known as the “Adam complex,” when Juan Manuel Santos took office as president of Colombia in August 2010, he decided to build on what had already been built and continue the process to develop a Multidimensional Poverty Index for Colombia (C-MPI). With the dedicated work of the National Planning Department (DNP in Spanish), led by Hernando José Gómez, the C-MPI was included as an indicator in the 2010–2014 National Development Plan. Finally, the C-MPI was officially adopted in August 2011, with ongoing support and guidance from Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This chapter describes how the C-MPI was designed as well as its dimensions and indicators. In addition, it tells how, in May 2012, the National Council for Economic and Social Policy (CONPES in Spanish) issued CONPES Social No. 150, a document that laid out institutional responsibilities for calculating, analyzing, and evaluating the C-MPI. In this way, Colombia became a pioneering country in the world, not only for adopting the MPI but also for including it as an indicator in the government’s development plan and regulating its calculation and use. In 2013, Santos met with Professor Amartya Sen, who inspired the multidimensional measurement of poverty, at Oxford. Both were later appointed as co-founders of the Multidimensional Poverty Peer Network (MPPN).
Poverty, Conflict, and Peace
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

A special feature makes the case of Colombia unique and particularly interesting: the strategy against poverty was put into practice in the middle of an internal armed conflict and, at the same time, during peace negotiations with the main illegal armed group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Undoubtedly, poverty and war feed into each other. Therefore, the country’s effort to make peace was also an effort for social inclusion that ultimately allowed the State and its social support programs to reach areas of the country that had been isolated for decades. This chapter deals with initiatives essential for simultaneously consolidating peace and combating poverty. These include the reparation of victims, with whom President Santos sought ongoing personal contact, the restitution of land to dispossessed small-scale farmers, the reintegration of former combatants into society, voluntary substitution of illicit crops (this section includes a reflection on the failure of the war on drugs), and programs to develop the areas most affected by the conflict, known as the Development Programs with a Territorial Focus (PDETs in Spanish). This is a useful model for the world’s nations and regions affected by war and violence. This chapter concludes that, just as Nelson Mandela once told Juan Manuel Santos, peace and social development go hand in hand.
The Emerging Strategic Environment
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes how the landscape of nuclear deterrence is changing and the ways in which the strategic theory inherited from the Cold War era can and cannot address the emerging challenges. Russia and China are currently deploying larger numbers of new kinds of nuclear weapons and U.S. nuclear strategy needs to evolve to account for these. Moreover, Moscow and Beijing have scrutinized the defeat of the USSR in the Cold War and designed their own strategies to avoid making the same mistakes. The chapter concludes that while the pioneers of nuclear strategy can provide some guidance about how to rise to the demands of the emerging strategic environment, the chapter argues that it ultimately demands new conceptual approaches and the reconsideration of old assumptions.
No Place to Hide?
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the way in which nuclear weapon states currently ensure the survivability of their retaliatory forces, such as missile-carrying submarines and mobile ICBMs. In order to analyze whether artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies can make these forces vulnerable, it is necessary to define the problems that computers must solve to enable this feat. Using examples such as U.S. anti-submarine warfare against Soviet submarines during the Cold War and the “Scud hunt” against Saddam Hussein’s mobile missiles during the Persian Gulf War, this chapter provides a discussion of the operational requirements involved. Given the characteristics of modern strategic nuclear forces, computers will need to solve information fusion and adaptive planning problems on an immense scale in essentially real time if they are going to enable counterforce targeting.
A View from the Provinces
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan
Published: September 2023

Taking the catalog of a library of books collected across the nineteenth century by a family in a provincial town as a starting point, “A View from the Provinces” examines the ways in which kabuki in the nineteenth century circulated in print both within and beyond the city of Edo (the former name for Tokyo). Comparing the ways in which playbills, scripts, and illustrated books circulated in the countryside with depictions of provincial consumers of urban culture created by prominent writers and illustrators, we see how an idea of the theater as a quintessentially urban art that could only be consumed within the great theaters of the metropolis was belied by the ways in which kabuki circulated widely in printed form as both image and text.
Mothers and Daughters
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the generational shift that took place between mothers and daughters, from ‘home-making’ to ‘self-making’. It analyses the attitudes of the mothers born before the Second World War and shows how their daughters in their life story accounts, rejected what their mothers stood for. It shows how the post-war generation’s embrace of modern selfhood antagonized their mothers, resulting in comprehension gaps and misunderstandings. This chapter discusses the material differences between the experiences of the two generations and the subsequent reinterpretation of those experiences by the daughters as they look back on their own journeys away from the lives of their mothers.
The Tyrannical Style of American Politics
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America is used to clarify the tyrannical style of the American imagination. Building from Richard Hofstadter’s influential formulation of the paranoid style, the tyrannical style is the expression of aggrieved frustration, not the articulation of oppression, that emerges when elites are challenged by the expansion of equality. While working through the various modes of tyranny he identifies in the United States, Tocqueville provides an example of “the South” jealous of its neighbors and anxious about the possible loss of its privileges. The tyrannical style antedates Tocqueville’s analysis, as a reading of works by John Taylor of Caroline makes clear. The chapter ends with other brief example of the tyrannical style in Alfred Bledsoe; Basil Ransom from The Bostonians; and The Marrow of Tradition, by Charles Chesnutt.
Raking Imperial Muck
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Not only does the chapter provide an overview of the relationship between writing about wealth or money and tyranny; it surveys mid-century thinking on what the advent of capitalism did to reshape the understanding of tyranny. Across the 1850s, many writers and thinkers began increasingly to notice the unfreedoms associated with capitalism, often using enslaved persons as figures for the working class. This chapter looks at this affiliation from another direction, focusing on the ways that capitalism generalizes forms of tyranny. Two authors anchor the chapter: Margaret Fuller and Karl Marx. Both were correspondents for the New-York Daily Tribune, and both wrote powerfully in the newspaper’s pages about the threat, new but old, that tyranny posed to persons. At the same time, the chapter continues to work within the frame of the long age of Napoleon by stressing the villainous role that Napoleon III played for Marx and, to a lesser extent, Fuller. In the Second Empire, Marx identified a new form of socialism—imperial socialism—a precursor to fascism.
Napoleonic Codes
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Louisiana state law is based on the Code civil des français, a local oddity that scholars of Kate Chopin have linked to her representation of Creole New Orleans in The Awakening. I return to this fact with a second piece of evidence from the novel—Edna Pontellier’s first love looks like Napoleon—to consider how Napoleonic codes shape the text. The chapter’s investigation is organized by the process of discrimination, fundamental to a civil code and a problem for Edna and her community. Drawing on Henri Bergson and Friedrich Nietzsche, the analysis demonstrates the ways that individualism’s imperial parameters prove destructive for communities and persons alike.
Haiti, Singing for the Land, Sea, and Sky
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: September 2023

Vodou drummer Jean-Michel Yamba echoes a refrain that has been reverberating through Haitian society for some time: the Earth is dangerously out of balance, and the world’s people are the cause. Scientific studies support this uneasy realization: the 2018 Global Climate Risk Index ranks Haiti as the single most vulnerable country in the world to the effects of extreme weather events related to climate change. This chapter reflects on how humanity’s responsibility toward the environment has been deeply encoded as traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) within Vodou sacred ecology, which is expressed through songs and interactions with the lwa (spirits).
Resilient Sounds
Authors: Post Jennifer C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses the sonic practices and conservation actions of residents of Rakiura Stewart Island in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using a social-cultural-ecological systems model to argue for a more balanced approach to ecologically focused studies, the work shows how sounds and soundscapes as expressive forms are key sources for knowledge about the environment and its conservation needs while also supporting the daily lifeways of the island’s residents. Māori and European settler residents, engaged with local sounds of nature in their daily lives, are supported by local and national organizations as they focus on restoration of the island’s resources to a perceived pre-settlement state. In the process they can support their aesthetic needs, measure conservation success, and mark social bonds. The community focus on sounds in their more-than-human communities contributes to building unique Māori-European relationships while also supporting the resilience of nature and of Māori social and cultural relationships to the environment.
Eco-Trope or Eco-Tripe?
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd
Published: September 2023

This chapter is a response to Keogh and Collinson’s challenge to music ecology. The author takes issue with their characterization of the “balance of nature” eco-trope in ecological science and music ecology. In distinguishing between ecology as a Western scientific field of inquiry and ecology as a holistic philosophy, the chapter proposes that, like ecological science, ecomusicologies can be holistic without being teleological. It attempts to assuage the concern that music ecology is utopian and risks maintaining the unjust legacy of racism, colonialism, and the neoliberal socioeconomic order. On the contrary, it argues that music ecology’s ecojustice framework embraces a more comprehensive and equitable revisioning of the global political and economic power structure, one that is a multiracial, multiethnic, multigender, and multispecies pluriverse.
Goofing on Elvis
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

David Lynch’s Wild at Heart—starring Nicolas Cage and Laura Dern as an outlaw couple adrift in a world of sex and violence—contains one of Cage’s most polarizing performances to date, both delighting and horrifying audiences at Cannes. Drawing on a new interview with Lynch, this chapter examines every facet of Cage’s performance in Wild at Heart, from his unbridled sexuality to his lively chemistry with Dern to his overt channeling of Elvis Presley—one of Cage’s foremost influences—into a collage-like performance that pulls freely from American icons. The chapter considers how the Elvis motif fits into Lynch’s corrupted Americana and, more broadly, how singing fits into Cage’s surrealistic style of acting. This chapter also delves into the making of Zandalee, the largely forgotten erotic thriller Cage made shortly after Wild at Heart, and argues that Wild at Heart and Zandalee complement each other, both artifacts of an era in which Cage was pushing himself toward shockingly frank, visceral expressions of sexual desire. In Wild at Heart, sexuality is a respite from ruthless violence; in Zandalee, it is the cause of violence.
Drunk in Love
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

Drawing on new interviews with filmmaker Mike Figgis and actress Elisabeth Shue, among other sources, this chapter examines the making of the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas, with a focus on Nicolas Cage’s Oscar-winning performance as a suicidal alcoholic. The chapter explores Cage’s passionate approach to making the film—bringing offbeat additions to the script, hiring an alcoholic family friend to be his “drinking coach” on set, and at one point proposing that he should be drunk throughout the shoot. The chapter also examines the life and death of author John O’Brien, who wrote the novel Leaving Las Vegas, and how aspects of O’Brien’s addiction and dark humor were absorbed into Cage’s performance. This aspect of the chapter draws from a new interview with O’Brien’s sister, Erin O’Brien, who met Cage during the filming of Leaving Las Vegas. Finally, the chapter chronicles how Leaving Las Vegas transcended its humble, low-budget circumstances to become a critical success, with Cage ultimately winning an Oscar at the 68th Academy Awards, a culmination of Cage’s work in independent cinema and his struggle to be taken seriously by the Hollywood establishment despite his jarring creative choices and nepotistic background.
Clinical Health Psychology
Authors: Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Gil-Llario Maria Dolores , Giménez-García Cristina
Published: September 2023

Throughout human history, there have been different ways of understanding the relationship between the mind and the body, ultimately giving rise to the biopsychosocial model. This model, together with some changes in the type of the most frequent diseases in society and contributions from other disciplines, is the basis of health psychology. Clinical health psychology has contributed its applied perspective to health promotion and psychological intervention in health-related problems. In just four decades, it has improved the health and quality of life of the population. This chapter analyzes its foundations and the steps that led to the birth and constitution of this subdiscipline. It also discusses future directions for clinical health psychology.
Private Censorship
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

Concerns about censorship have once again reached a fever pitch across the liberal West. In other historical periods, such concerns may have marked reactions to book bans and burnings. Often, they followed prosecutions and subsequent jailtime for things spoken or written. During the red scare, they were the hushed response to chilling state-sponsored watch-lists and employer-supported blacklists designed to ensure victory against communism. Against this history, complaints about the new censorship appear different. With respect to the new censorship, there are no books burnings, no prosecutions, no laws or committees. Indeed, there is no coercive state involvement at all. With a few notable exceptions, complaints about censorship in the 21st-century West are complaints about the behavior of private parties: social groups, employers, media conglomerates, social media platforms, and search engines. To better understand the concerns surrounding non-state interference with speech, Private Censorship offers an account of censorship, as well as an assessment of the ethical and political issues it raises across contexts. In addition, the book casts a critical eye on many popular proposals for responding to these complaints. Unlike these popular approaches, Private Censorship foregrounds the importance of rights to property, association, and free expression.
The “Old” Media: Censorship and Press Freedom
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

“The ‘Old’ Media: Censorship and Press Freedom” marks the beginning of a series of chapters that emphasize institutional questions. It begins by distinguishing media censorship from the ordinary exercise of editorial authority. Editorial authority is (1) crucial for our media environment and yet (2) requires conferring on press outlets the power to censor. Yet the threat of media censorship is best addressed by encouraging pluralism in the funding of media and harnessing new technologies to lower the costs of bringing the news to local communities. Despite widespread dissatisfaction with the news media, our reliance on legacy outlets indicates an opportunity for converting mere reliance to trust. In addition to being interesting on its own terms, this discussion shows that concerns about our current information environment are not new and provides some clues for how responses to worries about new technologies might go awry.
The “New” (Social) Media
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

“The ‘New’ Social Media,” argues that much social media content moderation is well conceived as censorship. As a result, when it fails to meet the effectiveness constraint or targets above-board speech, such moderation is condemnable. Yet to limit platforms’ abilities to deliver different packages of moderation is to decrease their capacity for product differentiation and innovation. Accordingly, it is important to protect platforms’ legal rights and powers to moderate (and eschew radical reform of the legal environment, including Section 230, that makes this possible). The chapter argues that social media companies are better-positioned to police some kinds of speech and worse-positioned to police others. When social platforms moderate in ways that amount to wrongful censorship, the best way to hold them accountable is through market mechanisms like exit and boycott rather than legal sanctions .
(Not So) Final Thoughts
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that concerns about private censorship put in sharp relief tensions that have long been at the heart of liberal theory. The easiest way out of these tensions is by curtailing these freedoms by institutional means into a package of liberties less prone to conflicts. But to do this is to increase the risk of systemic failure and to give up besides freedoms that we have reason to value. A better course forward is a program of civic education that emphasizes the duties that we have to use our rights responsibly and to take others’ liberties and interests as citizens and human beings to heart. While this response might appear as neat as the legal solutions that are currently fashionable among technocrats, it is more likely to preserve those aspects of modern life most worth preserving.
Nietzsche's On The Genealogy of Morality
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

Since the early 2000s, Nietzsche scholarship has made dramatic progress. Using this recent scholarship to inform its analyses of the Genealogy, the Guide introduces readers to the major arguments found in the Genealogy. And where arguments are left underdeveloped by Nietzsche, the Guide also shows how arguments he develops elsewhere clarify and buttress what he says in the Genealogy. The Guide begins by introducing the reader to Nietzsche’s life, identifying some of his intellectual influences, and tracking his influence on subsequent philosophers, artists, literary critics, social and political thinkers, and moral psychologists. In four longer chapters, the Genealogy’s Preface and three essays are investigated in detail. Each chapter is divided into two parts, the first dedicated to section-by-section examinations of Nietzsche’s claims as they unfold in the book, the second to detailed analyses of the most important, intricate, and perplexing of this arguments. This structure permits readers to remain oriented through the Genealogy’s sometimes uneven development. Nietzsche’s claims having been thus familiarized, the Guide unpacks them in greater detail in each chapter’s discussion section, steering readers through other arguments that sometimes lie behind the Genealogy’s arguments and showing how recent scholarship has improved our understanding of its more cryptic claims. Throughout, the Guide strives to remain accessible and avoid technical jargon and to keep Nietzsche’s fascinating, if disturbing, insights into moral evaluation, moral history, and moral psychology front and center. Having read the Guide, readers will be prepared to appreciate the Genealogy’s many merits and identify some of its argumentative gaps.
Introduction
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

The introduction fulfills two tasks. First, a discussion of Nietzsche’s writing style serves notice that readers accustomed to formal, detached, and impersonal philosophical writing will be surprised, perhaps disturbed, by Nietzsche’s energetic, chatty, and unreserved style. This style extends to the Genealogy, which is perhaps his most conventionally structured book. Even here, he alerts his readers that each of the Genealogy’s three essays start in ways that are designed to mislead them. This design compels readers to read carefully and reflectively, acknowledging that the Genealogy is only a preliminary element of his larger project of revaluing all values. Second, the introduction summarizes each of the chapters to follow, showing how they are linked to one another and highlighting key claims and arguments.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre
Published: September 2023

After discussions of the media environments in the three countries, Chapter 1, an overview and critique of current theories of media systems, highlights how existing frameworks rest on the misguided presumption that nations and their press freedom landscapes exist within a state of linear democratization—that societies have progressed and will continue to progress from non-democracy to democracy—when, in actuality, specific events can unravel structures and derail democracy-building processes. Many existing frameworks are grounded in Western ways of thinking and tend to take a universalistic approach to the press that does not account for transitions and change. Press freedom means different things in different countries and within different contexts, making it difficult for any theory to aptly apply; thus, a more detailed set of considerations for understanding media systems outside of the Western world is needed.
The Battle for Technological Supremacy
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 5 shows how the individual vertical battles discussed in Chapter 4 are now evolving into a broader horizontal conflict between the US and China as the two digital powers are fighting for technological supremacy. Over the past few years, the US has taken a number of measures to restrict China’s access to strategic technologies, citing national security concerns. China is responding in kind, imposing extensive export and investment restrictions on US companies. This ongoing rivalry has also fueled a subsidy race as the US and China both seek to shore up to their capabilities in critical technologies such as semiconductors. Other countries, including those in the EU, are also turning to industrial policy in the midst of the growing US–China tensions and unraveling global supply chains. As a result, the tech war risks entrenching techno-nationalism as a global norm. This can be seen as a victory for the Chinese state-driven model as governments are abandoning the US’s vision of an open, free, and global digital economy. The chapter predicts that the US–China conflict is likely to continue, even intensify. But it also shows how deeply intertwined supply chains and commercial pressures in both the US and China are likely to prevent a full decoupling of US and Chinese technological assets. As a result, the horizontal conflict will remain costly, yet will also feature elements of restraint, ultimately denying both satisfactory resolution and averting a complete balkanization of the digital economy.
Exporting China’s Digital Authoritarianism through Infrastructure
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 8 turns to examine how China is gaining global influence by building digital infrastructures across the world. Country by country, Chinese tech companies—all with varying ties to the CCP—have built the physical components of digital infrastructures, provided critical telecommunications and e-commerce services, and supplied surveillance technologies along the Digital Silk Road. This chapter shows how Chinese tech companies have made inroads into numerous markets across Asia, Africa, and Latin America and even parts of Europe. China has also gradually assumed control of key positions in relevant international organizations involved in standard setting across technologies, further allowing the Chinese government to entrench its regulatory standards and surveillance practices—and, with that, its values—across the world. Many receiving countries have welcomed Chinese technologies and accompanying regulatory standards as a path toward digital sovereignty and development. For authoritarian governments, an additional motivation has been to gain access to surveillance technologies that they eagerly use toward illiberal ends. The chapter discusses the unease that the US and its allies have regarding the growing sphere of China’s influence yet also acknowledges the difficulties they face in countering that influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

The conclusion asks whether the American, the Chinese, or the European regulatory model will prevail in their horizontal battles and quest for global influence, while simultaneously examining whether the tech companies or governments will ultimately triumph in their various vertical battles. It predicts that the European rights-driven regulatory model is likely to prevail over the American market-driven model within the democratic world, while the Chinese regulatory model will limit the EU’s ability to entrench its norms and values outside of the democratic world. The EU model is also haunted by the difficulties of enforcing its regulations against powerful tech companies. In this state of the world, the US needs to decide whether to align itself more closely with the European regulatory model. If the US can be convinced that embracing the European rights-driven model will not impede innovation and compromise its technological progress, this choice to emulate the EU model will be easier to embrace. Ultimately, the most compelling argument for closer transatlantic alignment comes from a shared perception that the US and the EU both need to focus on the battle that matters the most: the battle that will be fought over the fate of liberal democracy. That battle will ultimately determine the soul of the digital economy, defining what kind of society we will live in for years and decades to come—a battle that neither the US nor the EU can afford to lose.
Ritual as Cultural Grammar
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

Li (ritual propriety), a fundamental concept in Confucianism, has been interpreted in various ways. This chapter presents a novel interpretation of li in term of cultural grammar. First, it examines and analyzes textual evidence to clarify the key meanings of li in Confucian philosophy, both on its “hardware” and “software” dimensions. Second, it argues that the role of li in a society is analogous to grammar in a language. Thus, the Confucian concept of li can be understood as cultural grammar. As such, li exists in all cultures, albeit in different forms. The chapter concludes by discussing the significance of li in contemporary society.
Can Sages Be Wrong?
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter traces the history of the canonization of Kongzi as an example of sages. It then investigates related debates about the perfection of sages in Chinese history. It argues for the fallibility of the teachings of Confucian sages and contrasts it with strategies for tackling similar issues in monotheistic traditions. This chapter shows that this fallibility of Confucian sages marks a significant difference between Confucianism and monotheistic traditions when it comes to reforming traditions in our times and that the fallibility of Confucian sages allows us to better assess classic texts and to renew Confucianism for contemporary society.
Introduction
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter defines polyamory as a subset of intimate or romantic relationship styles that fall under the umbrella of ethical non-monogamy. It details polyamory’s recent popularity, including academic and mainstream interest in the lifestyle. It differentiates polyamory from polygamy, polyandry, and free love and argues that although it shares characteristics with other non-monogamous practices throughout American history, polyamory is a product of the cultural changes that occurred in the twentieth century. It sets polyamory within the larger historical context of the liberation movements of the past century, including the Civil Rights Movement, feminism, and gay liberation and argues that it is primarily a product of the sexual and religious experimentation of the 1960s, later reshaped by the conservative cultural shift of the 1980s.
Partnerships
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 4 argues that polyamory emerged as a coherent set of ideas in the 1990s, as Nearing and Anapol united their efforts and established Loving More Magazine. During that time, their coalition expanded to included bisexual activists and liberal Christians. This chapter traces how its advocates framed polyamory as a superior system of sexual ethics, better suited to the emotional and financial perils of modern society than the traditional nuclear family. To do this, their polyamorous coalition embraced an array of alternative spiritualities, from New Age and neo-Pagan religion to liberal Christianity. They also prohibited casual sex. Despite attempts to garner respectability, polyamorists were castigated on television talk shows as out of touch spiritualists and sexual libertines from the bygone era of the 1960s. Furthermore, polyamory’s rejection of casual sex stoked internal dissention as some factions functioned as moral police and others struggled for greater freedom.
Afterword
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

The afterword argues that despite polyamory’s growing popularity, the legal future of polyamory is unclear. It considers that the passing of polyamory’s founding generation, such as Deborah Anapol and Morning Glory Zell, coincided with a waning of polyamory’s spiritualist heritage. Yet that change has opened polyamory to a larger demographic of young Americans who are increasingly open to different forms of ethical non-monogamy. It also considers the implications of Obergefell v. Hodges and argues that the decision does not have a clear implication for the future of multipartner relationships. It argues that this may not matter since many polyamorists are content to keep their relationships private. Meanwhile experts, such as evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, have regarded polyamory as a legitimate and healthy lifestyle. It ends by arguing that polyamory is no longer practiced primarily by affluent white Americans but has recently been taken up by minority communities, such as BlackandPoly, as a means for revolutionary social change.
Jayne County, Laura Jane Grace, and the HerStory of Transgender Punks in America
Authors: Fournier Karen
Published: September 2023

The recent proliferation of memoirs by female punk musicians has contributed to our understanding of female experiences in a subculture whose history has historically been recounted from the perspective of its male participants. Claims that punk histories are enriched by female voices that have been largely absent, while true, reinforce a gender binary that excludes other important voices from punk’s historical narrative. This chapter explores the contributions to, and challenges faced within, the American punk subculture by two transgender participants whose careers are separated by more than three decades. In her autobiography, the punk pioneer Jayne County recounts how her career was stymied in the 1970s because of her transgender identity, while Laura Jane Grace’s memoir exposes the lingering stigma that she felt within the subculture when she transitioned in 2012. Comparisons between these two accounts of punk raise important questions about inclusion and diversity in a subculture whose DIY ethos purports to empower and embrace all potential participants.
The Art of Performing Authenticity
Authors: Medeiros Beatriz A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents the discussion around the performance of authenticity in the writing of Amanda Palmer’s memoir. Palmer engages trust as a symbolic capital that connects her with her fan base by negotiating notions of truth, legitimization, and intimacy. In The Art of Asking: or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let Other People Help, the musician builds a coherent self-narrative to overthrow contradictions and, hence, maintain strong bonds with the public. Palmer employs two processes that, at first, seem to come from opposed spheres: performance and authenticity. By showing parts of her intimacy, she shapes the construction of trust, resulting in her proximity with her fan base, legitimizing her work’s credibility, and negotiating her truth in the self-narrative. Performing authenticity, in these terms, is a strategy that appears in Palmer’s writing style, and that makes it possible for her to maintain the fidelity of a group of people.
Power in the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Hellín Silvia Hernández
Published: September 2023

Female rock memoirists tend to follow the celebrity autobiography practice of illustrating their accounts with career-related photographs of themselves and their lives. Patti Smith, Viv Albertine, and Liz Phair, however, choose to replace these images with pictures taken by themselves of other people, places, and objects. In an act of empowerment, these three women place themselves behind the camera, no longer being relegated to the position of objects, but (re)presenting themselves as artistic subjects. Through these works that go beyond the mere autobiographical act, Smith, Albertine, and Phair thus take full control not only of their narratives but also of their image while raising questions about the boundaries between fact and fiction, the faultiness of memory, or the need to contextualize images.
Anger
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

In the history of philosophy, we generally see two versions of anger. The first version is a kind of irrational rage bent on destruction that philosophers such as Seneca and Śāntideva warn against. The second version an emotional protest against injustice that is defended by Marilyn Frye and Audre Lorde. This chapter argues that neither version is right. We feel anger when we feel like we’re getting stepped on or interfered with. Sometimes we feel that way about injustice, but sometimes we feel it abot life’s inconveniences. We often think we’re unjustified in getting angry over minor thing, but there’s nothing petty or irrational about being angry when your projects and plans are frustrated. You’re allowed to feel anger even if it isn’t “the good kind.”
Introduction
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces Ibn Sina and Biruni as the most outstanding thinkers to have lived between ancient Greece and the European Renaissance. It acknowledges the relative obscurity of both thinkers due to the fact they did not spring from the ancient culture that is traditionally studied since they were born in the tenth century in Central Asia. Biruni devised the first example of a calculus of finite differences and the concept of specific gravity, which was later developed by Galileo and Einstein in his theories of relativity. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina is credited with being a founder of scholastic philosophy and Canon of Medicine. The chapter also acknowledges that both thinkers believed the most fundamental mark of humanity was its ability to reason.
Privileged Prodigies
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the childhood of Ibn Sina and Biruni, which is regarded as intense and extraordinary. Biruni was an orphan and he became a ward of the brother-in-law of the last ruler of Khwarazm which shaped his entire life and career. On the other hand, Ibn Sina was born with wealth into the family of an ambitious, upwardly mobile, and cultivated senior civil servant. The chapter highlights the religious training of both thinkers as expected of young Muslims. It cites that Biruni primarily focused on mathematics, geography, and geometry, while Ibn Sina attempted to get answers about how people can gain access to firm truths.
From Peace to Chaos
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores Ibn Sina and Biruni's work experience in Gurganj. It clarifies that both thinkers kept apart even though they served the same government, attended the same court functions, and have similar intellectual voraciousness. Biruni's work mostly consisted of his collaboration with Ibn Iraq, astronomical studies, and data for his work Masud's Canon. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina worked with the same intensity as Biruni to improve his medical practice and studies, especially under the security and support of the vizier, who was Suhayli. The chapter then expounds on the time when Biruna was appointed as the vizier to the shah of Khwarazam.
Expanding the Known World
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the aftermath when Biruni was forced to flee when his patron was murdered and his capitol was ransacked. It cites Biruni became the sultan's hostage and was then accused of heresy. By late 1018, Biruni was able to withdraw into his work by complying with Mahmud’s demands as they arose but otherwise keeping both the sultan and his court at arm’s length. Biruni's work, The Determination of the Coordinates of. . . Cities, marked the foundation of the modern field of geodesy. The chapter also mentions Biruni's belief about the futility of freezing scientific knowledge in a static encyclopedia.
The Cure
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of Ibn Sina's escape to Hamadan and seeking refuge with the emir Ala ad-Dawla of Isfahan. While playing a central role in all the political and military turmoil, he managed simultaneously to direct his intellectual energies to create al-Shifa, which is variously rendered as The Healing, The Book of Healing, The Book of the Remedy, and The Cure. Ibn Sina primarily aims to cure ignorance and heal the soul. Thus, he divided his project to correspond with Aristotle's categories of knowledge and attempted to cure confusion and ignorance. The chapter mentions how Ibn Sina was the greatest medieval representative of the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded by Aristotle’s interpreters
Biruni and Ibn Sina, a Millennium On
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the writings of Ibn Sina and Biruni. It clarifies that Ibn Sina and Biruni differed radically in their ways to achieve unity despite having the same goal and hailing from the Samani empire in Central Asia. For example, Ibn Sina disregards diversity, while Biruni devised innovative methods to study diversity and the corresponding geography, culture, and passage of time. The chapter also explains the thinkers' differences with regards to vows on good society and concerns with religious faith. It mentions how Biruni and Ibn Sina created a two-man Renaissance while sharing the conviction that God's Creation is orderly and in conformity with natural laws accessible to human reason.