bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herman Oliphant, stare decisis and the primacy of pragmatics in legal reasoning (with a brief excursion into neuropragmatics)
Authors: Butler Brian E.
Published: May 2019

Capone and Bucca argue that legal interpretation can go significantly wrong when founded upon a false conception of language and linguistic practices. This claim is correct. Specifically, semantic-based theories of linguistic meaning that are based upon the idea that a “core” semantic meaning can be identified outside of context and then needs to be “pragmatically enriched” for specific applications get the project of understanding language use in the legal context profoundly backwards. This paper emphasizes the primacy of an embedded pragmatics over other conceptions of linguistic meaning and practice in law. Herman Oliphant, in “A Return to Stare Decisis” offers an argument that helps strengthen the claim for the “primacy of pragmatics” in law. His work also shows that if the primacy of pragmatics is accepted, not only does this have significant impact upon actual legal practice, but it also highlights worrisome blind spots in currently dominant philosophical theories of law. His argument is that a conception of law that is centered upon such an appeal to principle, stare dictis, leads to a legal practice based upon distorting abstractions and a false conception of language use in law pulled out of its worldly roots. Because of this, he argues that stare dictis is detrimental to a living and empirically effective and informed legal system. Hence the need for a return of stare decisis properly understood. His article gives some grounds for critiquing many dominant philosophical theories of law. Oliphant’s theory is, importantly, compatible with, and supported by, a picture of language use offered by Jaszczolt and recent work in neuropragmatism. This, in turn, can be thought as further verification of Capone and Buccas’ assertion that the adoption of a false theory of language can have far ranging and detrimental effects upon legal practice and legal theory.
Utilization of a shared decision-making tool in a female infant with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and genital ambiguity
Authors: Chawla Reeti , Weidler Erica M. , Hernandez Janett , Grimbsy Gwen , van Leeuwen Kathleen
Published: May 2019

Background

Shared decision-making (SDM) is the process by which patients/families and providers make healthcare decisions together. Our team of multidisciplinary disorders of sex development (DSD) has developed an SDM tool for parents and female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and associated genital atypia.

What is new

Elective genital surgery is considered controversial. SDM in a patient with genital atypia will allow patient/family to make an informed decision regarding surgical intervention.

Case presentation

Our patient is a 2.5-year-old female with CAH and genital atypia. Initially, her parents had intended to proceed with surgery; however, after utilizing the SDM checklist, they made an informed decision to defer urogenital sinus surgery for their daughter.

Conclusions

We successfully utilized an SDM tool with parents of a female infant with CAH and genital atypia, which allowed them to make an informed decision regarding surgery for their daughter. Future directions include a prospective enrolling study to determine the generalizability and applicability of SDM with families of children diagnosed with CAH.
Slow light with interleaved p-n junction to enhance performance of integrated Mach-Zehnder silicon modulators
Authors: Passoni Marco , Gerace Dario , O’Faolain Liam , Andreani Lucio Claudio
Published: May 2019

Slow light is a very important concept in nanophotonics, especially in the context of photonic crystals. In this work, we apply our previous design of band-edge slow light in silicon waveguide gratings [M. Passoni et al, Opt. Express 26, 8470 (2018)] to Mach-Zehnder modulators based on the plasma dispersion effect. The key idea is to employ an interleaved p-n junction with the same periodicity as the grating, in order to achieve optimal matching between the electromagnetic field profile and the depletion regions of the p-n junction. The resulting modulation efficiency is strongly improved as compared to common modulators based on normal rib waveguides, even in a bandwidth of 20–30 nm near the band edge, while the total insertion loss due to free carriers is not increased. The present concept is promising in view of realizing slow-light modulators for silicon photonics with reduced energy dissipation.
Scripture as Cognitive Principle of Christian Dogmatics
Authors: Duby Steven J.
Published: May 2019

In traditional Protestant theology, Holy Scripture has been regarded as the external cognitive principle of Christian dogmatics. However, maintaining that Scripture should still have this role today requires addressing some challenges posed in modern Protestant theology. This essay will address three challenges that can be identified in the work of Wolfhart Pannenberg and some other recent authors. These challenges concern (1) the relationship between Scripture and the natural knowledge of God, (2) the verification of Scripture’s authority, and (3) the relationship between Scripture and the things and events signified by it.
The Archaeological Impacts of Metal Detecting
Authors: Banning Edward B.
Published: May 2019

In a comment on two recent articles on the archaeological impacts of metal detecting, this paper advocates clearer and more valid measures of those impacts and more nuanced classification of the legal and cultural environments in which metal detecting takes place. The need to rely on open-source, online data for transnational analysis makes the former challenging but not impossible. Using the example of Canada, the paper shows that jurisdictional and other complexities make simple “permissive” and “restrictive/prohibitive” dichotomies unhelpful, and suggests using multivariate analysis that accounts for such factors as presumption of ownership, locations of metal detecting, availability of finds reporting, and whether heritage legislation concerns artifacts or only sites. This is essential for development of sound, evidence-based policy on the metal-detecting hobby.
Impoliteness Revisited: Evidence fromQingmianThreats in Chinese Interpersonal Conflicts
Authors: Ran Yongping , Zhao Linsen
Published: May 2019

There is a growing consensus that (im)politeness is associated with participants’ situated evaluations vis-à-vis the moral order (Haugh 2013a, 2015b; Kádár and Haugh 2013). This paper focuses on impoliteness as evaluative practices underpinned by the moral order ofqingmian(lit., affection-based face). Drawing on data from Chinese interpersonal conflicts, the study reveals that unmetrenqing(favor) expectations and unmetmianzi/lian(face) expectations are often evaluated asqingmianthreats by participants, and thereby cause conflicts and disharmony. Our analysis investigates three key issues: (1)qingmianthreat as the cause of interpersonal conflicts, (2) cultural factors influencing expectations associated with ‘taking offence’ in Chinese and (3) the implications ofqingmianthreat for (im)politeness theory at the etic level.
Role of the GABAA receptors in the long-term cognitive impairments caused by neonatal sevoflurane exposure
Authors: Li Tao , Huang Zeyi , Wang Xianwen , Zou Ju , Tan Sijie
Published: May 2019

Sevoflurane is a widely used inhalational anesthetic in pediatric surgeries, which is considered reasonably safe and reversible upon withdrawal. However, recent preclinical studies suggested that peri-neonatal sevoflurane exposure may cause developmental abnormalities in the brain. The present review aimed to present and discuss the accumulating experimental data regarding the undesirable effects of sevoflurane on brain development as revealed by the laboratory studies. First, we summarized the long-lasting side effects of neonatal sevoflurane exposure on cognitive functions. Subsequently, we presented the structural changes, namely, neuroapoptosis, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, following sevoflurane exposure in the immature brain. Finally, we also discussed the potential mechanisms underlying subsequent cognitive impairments later in life, which are induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure and pointed out potential strategies for mitigating sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive impairments. The type A gamma-amino butyric acid (GABAA) receptor, the main targets of sevoflurane, is excitatory rather than inhibitory in the immature neurons. The excitatory effects of the GABAA receptors have been linked to increased neuroapoptosis, elevated serum corticosterone levels and epigenetic modifications following neonatal sevoflurane exposure in rodents, which might contribute to sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive abnormalities. We proposed that the excitatory GABAA receptor-mediated HPA axis activity might be a novel mechanism underlying sevoflurane-induced long-term cognitive impairments. More studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness and mechanisms by targeting the excitatory GABAA receptor as a prevention strategy to alleviate cognitive deficits induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure in future.
Complement clauses in Caucasian Urum
Authors: Lorenz Johanna
Published: May 2019

This study examines the different patterns used to code complement clauses in Caucasian Urum, an endangered variety of Anatolian Turkish spoken in Georgia that exhibits considerable influence from Russian. Urum shows some substantial deviations from Turkish in its morphosyntax of complementation. The data indicate that primarily left-branching and synthetic Turkic patterns are replaced in favor of right-branching and analytic constructions. Furthermore, different classes of complement-taking predicates and their selectional restrictions on complement choice are analyzed and compared to the patterns in Turkish and Russian. The findings reveal that the Urum complementation system resembles the Russian pattern.
Schule als Lernort der Demokratie
Authors: Kenner Steve , Lange Dirk
Published: May 2019

Learning in and for democracy is a central task of schools and is at the same time one of their greatest challenges. The article begins by staking out a position and offering a definition within the field of citizenship education. Subsequently, the article describes key insights from school and educational research on the challenges and success- factors of democratic school development. Finally, this contribution highlights that schools need to see themselves as emancipatory and participatory places of learning for democracy.
Diakonisches Lernen als Demokratiebildung?
Authors: Horn Friederike von
Published: May 2019

Abstrakt

Dieser Artikel argumentiert, dass aufgrund gewisser Ähnlichkeiten zwischen partizipativen Theorien der Demokratie, den neuesten Programmen für Demokratielernen und dem Konzept des diakonischen Lernens das diakonische Lernen als wichtiger Teil des Demokratielernens angesehen und bewertet werden sollte.
Demografischer Wandel und nachlassende Kirchenzugehörigkeit: Ergebnisse aus der Mitgliederprojektion der evangelischen und katholischen Kirche in Deutschland und ihre Folgen für die Religionspädagogik.
Authors: Peters Fabian , Ilg Wolfgang , Gutmann David
Published: May 2019

In 2020, for the first time in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, less than half of the 6- to 18-year-old population will be members of the Protestant or Catholic Church. By the year 2060, this percentage will continue to decrease to 25 %. These are the results of the first coordinated member projection study for the Evangelical and Catholic Church in Germany.

The article depicts the method of the projection model and the developments for the coming four decades. It examines regional peculiarities in West and East Germany by viewing the states of Baden-Württemberg and Saxony as exemplary cases. Questions about the possible consequences for church, school, and society will conclude the article
Digital studio tutors as partners
Authors: Branham Cassandra Ann , Blomstrom Sally , Mumpower Lori , Kissh Kimberly , Wiley Jaclyn , Liu Yunxiao , Miller Kody , Bryant Zachary , Reedy Brian
Published: May 2019

This case study examines an initiative at a STEM-focused university where a Digital Studio was developed in response to a perceived lack of digital literacies among students. Digital Studio tutors partnered with faculty, students, and the Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence to improve instruction and enhance students’ communication and digital literacy skills. Digital Studio tutors acted as partners in several ways, including developing training materials, conducting on-campus outreach, and contributing to curriculum development and content delivery in a Speech course. Ultimately, we observed that positioning Digital Studio tutors as partners enhanced the learning experience for all involved. The tutors’ skills, knowledge, and approaches complemented those of the faculty member to help students achieve the learning outcomes of the course, while also allowing the tutors and the faculty director to enhance their own digital literacy skills through their involvement in the Digital Studio.
“Commitment to collaboration”: What students have to say about the values underpinning partnership practices
Authors: Luo Benjamin , Matthews Kelly , Chunduri Prasad
Published: May 2019

Students as Partners (SaP) is about students and staff working together in teaching and learning. It is guided by the values of partnership. Knowing how students understand these values, particularly students new to the ideas and language of SaP, would enrich the scholarly conversation about partnership practices. To that end, our study asked students unfamiliar with SaP, “what values and attitudes do you think are necessary for students and academics to work as collaborative partners on teaching and learning?” We captured 173 written responses from students in a biomedical sciences degree program in an Australian university. Thematic analysis revealed four key values: respect, communication, understanding, and responsibility/commitment. We discuss the results through the lens of reciprocity and power, emergent consumerist culture in higher education, and the disciplinary context of science. In conclusion, we encourage dialogue between staff and students to illuminate and affirm the values of partnership that define SaP.
Multi-dimensional trust between partners for international online collaborative learning in the Third Space
Authors: McCollum Brett , Morsch Layne , Pinder Chantz , Ripley Isaiah , Skagen Darlene , Wentzel Michael
Published: May 2019

The International Network for Chemistry Language Development is a community of faculty and students that employ video conferencing technologies in collaborative learning experiences. Learners partner with an international peer at another university to complete online collaborative assignments (OCAs). OCAs focus on shared learning and professional experience rather than assessment of knowledge to practice chemistry communication in the oral, written, and symbolic domains. We present OCAs as an example of the Third Space, where control over interactions and learning is negotiated between unfamiliar remote students, empowering students as emerging experts. This digital Third Space results in the formation of trust (a) between student partners to prepare for—and contribute during—the OCAs, and (b) between students and faculty as partners in teaching and learning. Additionally, we report how revisions to the OCA design are achieved with current students as consultants and partners, and former students as co-researchers and co-designers.
Influence of Acceleration Approaches on the Corrosion Behavior of Embedded Steel in Mortar
Authors: Zhang Xiaogang , Zuo Guiqin , Xu Pei , Memon Shazim Ali , Sun Hongfang , Xing Feng
Published: May 2019

In this article, the influence of three acceleration approaches (electrochemical corrosion method, alternate wetting and drying method, and salt spray method) on the corrosion behavior of a steel bar embedded in mortar cover was investigated. The steel corrosion and the mortar cracking were characterized by using an X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) techniques. The results showed that the cracking time of mortar was the longest in the salt spray method (approximately 384 days), followed by the alternate wetting and drying method (approximately 269 days), and the electrochemical corrosion method (approximately 66 days). For similar maximum width of cracks on the surface of concrete cover, the electrochemical method generally resulted in a higher level of corrosion in reinforcement than the other two methods. The corrosion products of steel and the distribution of crack patterns obtained from the salt spray method were more nonuniformly distributed than the ones obtained from alternate wetting and drying method whereas those formed via the electrochemical method had a uniform distribution. The aforementioned findings are also valid for the distribution of crack patterns. In terms of the composition of corrosion products, the value of the atomic ratio of iron to oxygen (Fe/O) in the wetting and drying and salt spray methods was smaller than that obtained in the electrochemical method because the specimens under the former two methods were exposed to air for a much longer period of time than in the electrochemical method.
Identification of Hot Working Conditions and No-Recrystallization Temperature for a Cr-Mo-V Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Bharat Reddy G. , Sarkar Apu , Kapoor Rajeev , Kumar Harish , Shrivastav Vivek
Published: May 2019

Specimens of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel, commonly used as reactor pressure vessel material, were hot deformed under uniaxial compression in the temperature range of 700°C–1,200°C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s−1 in a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator. The strain rate sensitivity (m) map was generated using the flow curves data. The maximum m value of 0.22 was obtained in the temperature range of 1,100°C–1,200°C and strain rate range of 0.01–0.1 s−1. Optical micrographs were used to correlate the deformed microstructures with the hot compression parameters. Kinetics analysis within the high m domain yielded the activation energy as 275 kJ mole−1 and the stress exponent as 4.46. Further, a multistep deformation (at constant strain rate with varying temperature) technique, widely used to identify the temperature of no-recrystallization (inhibition of recrystallization), was performed at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 s−1, with temperatures varying from 1,150°C–800°C. The determined value of the temperature of no-recrystallization was approximately 920°C, meaning below this value of temperature dynamic recrystallization would be inhibited.
Understanding the Social Influences on Engaging Key Populations With HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Study With Men Who Have Sex With Men in Three Indonesian Cities
Authors: Lazuardi Elan , Newman Christy E. , Tasya Irma Anintya , Rowe Emily , Wirawan D. N. , Wisaksana Rudi , Subronto Yanri W. , Kaldor John , Kusmayanti Nur Aini , Iskandar Shelly , Bell Stephen
Published: May 2019

The globally recognized test and treat approach underpins Indonesian national strategies to reduce and prevent HIV among key populations, including men who have sex with men. More comprehensive understanding of how engagement with HIV prevention is shaped by social and community practices will support these efforts. Between 2015 and 2016, focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 54 men who have sex with men in three urban settings in Indonesia to elicit their views on, and experiences of, HIV prevention and care. Focused on data relating to testing, findings documented the important influence of informal peer networks, community-based organizations and outreach workers. Some social dimensions of service access complicated this, particularly fear of stigma or lack of confidentiality in large service settings. The many differences between men challenges assumptions that a single set of HIV prevention strategies will work to engage all men who have sex with men living in Indonesia.
Lovastatin, not Simvastatin, Corrects Core Phenotypes in the Fragile X Mouse Model
Authors: Muscas Melania , Louros Susana R. , Osterweil Emily K.
Published: May 2019

The cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin corrects neurological phenotypes in animal models of fragile X syndrome (FX), a commonly identified genetic cause of autism and intellectual disability (ID). The therapeutic efficacy of lovastatin is being tested in clinical trials for FX; however, the structurally similar drug simvastatin has been proposed as an alternative due to an increased potency and brain penetrance. Here, we perform a side-by-side comparison of the effects of lovastatin and simvastatin treatment on two core phenotypes inFmr1-/ymice versus WT littermates: excessive hippocampal protein synthesis and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGSs). We find that simvastatin does not correct excessive hippocampal protein synthesis in theFmr1-/yhippocampus at any dose tested. In fact, simvastatin significantly increases protein synthesis in bothFmr1-/yand WT. Moreover, injection of simvastatin does not reduce AGS in theFmr1-/ymouse, while lovastatin significantly reduces AGS incidence and severity versus vehicle-treated animals. These results show that unlike lovastatin, simvastatin does not correct core phenotypes in theFmr1-/ymouse model.
Role of chemokine receptors in thyroid cancer and immunotherapy
Authors: Coperchini Francesca , Croce Laura , Marinò Michele , Chiovato Luca , Rotondi Mario
Published: May 2019

Inflammation is currently regarded as an essential component of malignancies. It is now known that the tumor microenvironment may profoundly influence the biological behavior of cancer cells and ultimately the patient’s outcome. Chemokine and their receptor play a major role in determining the immune phenotype of the cells infiltrating the thyroid tumor microenvironment. Experimental evidence shows that both normal and cancer thyroid cells express specific chemokine receptors. The expression of at least some of these receptors exerts several biological effects, which influence the course of the disease. The present review article will take into account the role of the most studied chemokine receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR7, DARC, CCR3, CCR6 and CCR7) in the context of thyroid cancer. This review will focus on current knowledge provided by in vitro and in vivo studies specifically performed on thyroid cancer including (i) expression of chemokine receptors in normal and cancer thyroid cells; (ii) role of chemokine receptors in affecting the biological behavior of thyroid tumors including the metastatic process; (iii) current knowledge about immunotherapies through targeting of chemokine receptors in thyroid cancer.
MAPK- and AKT-activated thyroid cancers are sensitive to group I PAK inhibition
Authors: Knippler Christina M , Saji Motoyasu , Rajan Neel , Porter Kyle , La Perle Krista M D , Ringel Matthew D
Published: May 2019

The number of individuals who succumb to thyroid cancer has been increasing and those who are refractory to standard care have limited therapeutic options, highlighting the importance of developing new treatments for patients with aggressive forms of the disease. Mutational activation of MAPK signaling, through BRAF and RAS mutations and/or gene rearrangements, and activation of PI3K signaling, through mutational activation of PIK3CA or loss of PTEN, are well described in aggressive thyroid cancer. We previously reported overactivation and overexpression of p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in aggressive human thyroid cancer invasive fronts and determined that PAK1 functionally regulated thyroid cancer cell migration. We reported mechanistic crosstalk between the MAPK and PAK pathways that are BRAF-dependent but MEK independent, suggesting that PAK and MEK inhibition might be synergistic. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of group I PAKs using two PAK kinase inhibitors, G-5555 or FRAX1036, reduced thyroid cancer cell viability, cell cycle progression and migration and invasion, with greater potency for G-5555. Combination of G-5555 with vemurafenib was synergistic in BRAFV600E-mutated thyroid cancer cell lines. Finally, G-5555 restrained thyroid size of BRAFV600E-driven murine papillary thyroid cancer by >50% (P < 0.0001) and reduced carcinoma formation (P = 0.0167), despite maintenance of MAPK activity. Taken together, these findings suggest both that group I PAKs may be a new therapeutic target for thyroid cancer and that PAK activation is functionally important for BRAFV600E-mediated thyroid cancer development.
Cis- andTrans-chromosomal Interactions Define Pericentric Boundaries in the Absence of Conventional Heterochromatin
Authors: Sreekumar Lakshmi , Jaitly Priya , Chen Yao , Thimmappa Bhagya C , Sanyal Amartya , Sanyal Kaustuv
Published: May 2019

The molecular cues for CENPA positioning in epigenetically regulated centromeres is elusive. Candida albicans has small regional non-repetitive centromeres that do not harbor conventional heterochromatin. Deletion of native centromere leads to activation of a neocentromere...

The diploid budding yeast Candida albicans harbors unique CENPA-rich 3- to 5-kb regions that form the centromere (CEN) core on each of its eight chromosomes. The epigenetic nature of these CENs does not permit the stabilization of a functional kinetochore on an exogenously introduced CEN plasmid. The flexible nature of such centromeric chromatin is exemplified by the reversible silencing of a transgene upon its integration into the CENPA-bound region. The lack of a conventional heterochromatin machinery and the absence of defined boundaries of CENPA chromatin makes the process of CEN specification in this organism elusive. Additionally, upon native CEN deletion, C. albicans can efficiently activate neocentromeres proximal to the native CEN locus, hinting at the importance of CEN-proximal regions. In this study, we examine this CEN-proximity effect and identify factors for CEN specification in C. albicans. We exploit a counterselection assay to isolate cells that can silence a transgene when integrated into the CEN-flanking regions. We show that the frequency of reversible silencing of the transgene decreases from the central core of CEN7 to its peripheral regions. Using publicly available C. albicans high-throughput chromosome conformation capture data, we identify a 25-kb region centering on the CENPA-bound core that acts as CEN-flanking compact chromatin (CFCC). Cis- and trans-chromosomal interactions associated with the CFCC spatially segregates it from bulk chromatin. We further show that neocentromere activation on chromosome 7 occurs within this specified region. Hence, this study identifies a specialized CEN-proximal domain that specifies and restricts the centromeric activity to a unique region.
Calculation of the Effective Macromolecular Radii of Human Serum Albumin from the Shear Viscosity Data for Its Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Khorolskyi O. V.
Published: May 2019

The Malomuzh–Orlov theory is used to analyze the experimental shear viscosity data obtained for aqueous solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) at pH = 7.0 in wide temperature and concentration intervals, which allowed the effective radii of HSA macromolecules to be calculated. It is shown that three intervals of the effective molecular radius of HSA with different behaviors can be distinguished in a temperature interval of 278–318 K: 1) below the crossover concentration, the effective molecular radius of HSA remains constant; 2) in the interval from the crossover concentration to about 10 wt%, the effective molecular radius of HSA in the aqueous solution nonlinearly decreases; and 3) at concentrations of 10.2–23.8 wt%, the effective radius of HSA macromolecules linearly decreases, as the concentration grows. The assumption is made that the properties of water molecules in the solution bulk play a crucial role in the dynamics of HSA macromolecules at the vital concentrations of HSA in the solutions. The role of water near the surface of HSA macromolecules and the corresponding changes of its physical properties have been discussed.
Ultraviolet Sensors Based on ZnxCd1 – xS Solid Solutions
Authors: Pavelets S. Yu. , Bobrenko Yu. N. , Semikina T. V. , Atdaev B. S. , Sheremetova G. I. , Yaroshenko M. V.
Published: May 2019

Effective semiconductor ultraviolet sensors on the basis of Zn0.6Cd0.4S and Zn0.7Cd0.3 solid solutions (SSs) are fabricated. The sensors include variband layers and a thin (∼10 nm) stable polycrystalline p-Cu1.8S film as a transparent component of the surface-barrier structure. The n-CdS layers are used as substrates for the epitaxial growing of SSs. The problems of obtaining low-resistive ZnxCd1−xS polycrystalline layers, providing an ohmic contact with them, and matching the lattice parameters in the SS and the substrate material are resolved by applying intermediate variband layers. On the basis of a heterostructure with glass filters, a selective sensor in the UV-A spectral interval is developed, as well as sensors sensitive to the pigmentation interval of solar radiation (the violet-blue section). Energy band diagrams of the multilayer structure are plotted. The results of Auger-spectroscopic researches and the researches of the main electrical and photovoltaic properties of sensors are reported.
Peran Capping Agent terhadap Morfologi SrTiO3 Bulat Berongga yang Terbentuk dari Susunan Nanokubus melalui Metode Solvotermal
Authors: Putri Yulia Eka , Saputri Merida , Anwar Rahmadhini , Andriani Nova , Najeela Rathesa , Ilmi Thalabul , Wellia Diana Vanda
Published: May 2019

SrTiO3 bulat berongga yang tersusun dari nano kubus telah disintesis dengan penambahan cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) sebagai capping agent untuk mengontrol morfologi partikel. Kondisi sintesis pada suhu 220 °C selama 48 jam dengan perbandingan mol Sr:Ti = 1:1.25 dan perbandingan material awal dengan CTAB adalah 1:0.5 menghasilkan partikel dengan kristalinitas yang tinggi pada puncak spesifik   2θ = 32.41o bidang 110 yang merujuk pada struktur perovskit kubus.  Penghalusan struktur kristal dengan metoda Rietveld menunjukkan bahwa struktur kristal hasil pengukuran memiliki kecocokan yang tinggi dengan hasil perhitungan dengan nilai Rwp adalah 12.07. Interaksi antara CTAB dan permukaan SrTiO3 terlacak pada spektrum FTIR dengan angka gelombang 1100-1250 cm-1 membuktikan adanya vibrasi ulur C-N yang melemah akibat proses capping. Foto SEM menunjukkan bahwa partikel yang terbentuk umumnya memiliki bentuk bulat berongga, sementara foto TEM memperlihatkan partikel berongga berukuran mikro dibentuk dari susunan nanokubus berukuran rata-rata 20 nm. Kata kunci: Capping agent, partikel berongga, nanokubus, solvotermal, perovskite The synthesis of SrTiO3 hollow sphere built as assembly of nanocubes using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as capping agent was aimed to control the size and shape of the particles. The condition of the synthesis at 220 °C for 48 hours with a molar ratio of Sr:Ti was 1:1.25 and starting material:CTAB was 1:0.5, have resulted the particles with a high crystallinity with specific XRD peaks at 2θ; 32.41 (110), which was in agreement with the cube-perovskite structure. The refinement of the crystal structure by the Rietveld method showed that the crystal structure of the measurement results has a high match with the result of the calculation with Rwp value was 12.07. The interaction between CTAB and the surface of SrTiO3 traced in the FTIR spectrum with wave number 1100-1250 cm-1 indicated the stretching vibration of C-N was weakened due to the capping process. SEM images showed the particles with hollow microsphere, while TEM images revealed that the hollow particles were assembled by nanocubes with an average size of 20 nm. Keywords: Capping agent, hollow, nanocube, solvothermal, perovskite.
Sol-Gel Entrapment of Enzymes
Authors: Bergogné Laurie , Fennouh Souad , Guyon Stéphanie , Roux Cécile , Livage Jacques
Published: May 2019

Two enzymes, lipase and β-galactosidase, have been encapsulated within
sol-gel matrices. Enzymatic activity of encapsulated lipase for hydrolysis
and trans-esterification reactions is maintained. Encapsulation yields
depend not only on the sol-gel porous texture but also on the water amount
added for the sol-gel synthesis and the hydratation history of the enzyme.
When the water amount is low, the highly active enzyme conformation
generated by the phase separation is frozen during gelation.
Escherichia Coli have been also encapsulated. The
cellular organization appears to be well preserved. Their β-galactosidase
activity seems to be better in wet gels but decreases dramatically upon
drying.
Macroporous Bulk Gels and Thin Films by Colloidal Templating of
Emulsions and Latex Particles
Authors: Subramanian G. , Manoharan V. N. , PINE D. J.
Published: May 2019

We present a new way of making macroporous materials using colloidal
suspensions of ceramic nanoparticles. We start from a mondisperse emulsion
of 0.5 to 3.0 μm diameter oil droplets suspended in an aqueous colloidal
dispersion of 80–100 nm silica particles. Upon evaporation of the water, the
silica particles form a particulate gel around the emulsion droplets.
Removal of the emulsion droplets by dissolution in alcohol and subsequent
drying produces a monolithic solid macroporous body. Bulk gels with volume
greater than 1 cm3 could be easily produced with this method.
Uniform films with thickness of approximately 10 μm have also been made by
dip coating of the emulsion-silica colloid mixture. One can also use
polystyrene particles as templates in place of the emulsion droplets. Using
this approach, we were able to produce highly ordered macroporous titania
and silica ceramics with pore sizes around 500 nm and typical dimensions of
3.0 × 2.0 × 0.5 mm3. These dimensions are much larger than those
produced using alkoxides. Lower shrinkage associated with particulate gels
reduces cracking and increases the structural integrity of the macroporous
body.
Tailoring of organically-modified silica MCM-41 type materials
with dye molecules
Authors: Lebeau Bénédicte , Fowler Christabel E. , Mann Stephen
Published: May 2019

Micelle templated co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and
3-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)-propyltriethoxysilane was used to covalently
attach an organic chromophore into silica materials with MCM-41
architecture. Hexagonally highly-ordered mesoporous dye-functionalized
silica materials with various dye contents (up to 43 wt%) were precipitated
from alkaline and acidic aqueous solutions containing cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide (C16TMAB) surfactant. These materials were obtained in
the form of powders, excluding their use in thin film applications, such as
required for membrane and optical devices. Therefore, an evaporation-induced
self assembly process was used to prepare transparent mesostructured
dye-functionalized silica thin films and monoliths. Analogous materials with
increased pore channel sizes were fabricated by addition of the micelle
swelling agent 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene to the reaction mixture or by
replacing C16TMAB surfactant by an amphiphilic triblock copolymer
(poly (ethylene oxide)-block-poly (propylene
oxide)-block-poly (ethylene oxide)). This synthetic
route was also used to produce bimodal mesostructured dye-modified silica
materials using both latex spheres and C16TMAB micelles as
organic structure-directing agents.
Modification of Montmorillonite with PEO-b-PS
Copolymers
Authors: Beyer Frederick L. , Beck Tan Nora C.
Published: May 2019

Wyoming montmorillonite has been modified with block copolymers of poly
(styrene) (PS) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Using melt intercalation
techniques, PEO-b-PS copolymers spanning a range of volume fractions and
molecular weights were mixed with montmorillonite, annealed above the
Tg of PS, and characterized using X-ray diffraction. Most of
the block copolymers intercalated the clay, with several samples exhibiting
multiple Bragg reflections from increased gallery spacing. Samples with
higher PEO volume fractions were most likely to have intercalation. For a
given PS block length, longer PEO blocks were more likely to produce
intercalation. In general, the increased gallery spacings were close to
those produced by modifying montmorillonite with PEO homopolymer.
UV Curable Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Jang Guang-Way , Wu Ren-Jye , Sheen Yuung-Ching , Lin Ya-Hui , Chang Chi-Jung
Published: May 2019

This work successfully prepared an UV curable organic-inorganic hybrid
material consisting of organic modified colloidal silica. Applications of UV
curable organic-inorganic hybrid materials include abrasion resistant
coatings, photo-patternable thin films and waveguides. Colloidal silica
containing reactive functional groups were also prepared by reacting organic
silane and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) using sol-gel process. In
addition, the efficiency of grafting organic moiety onto silica
nanoparticles was investigated by applying TGA and FTIR techniques.
Experimental results indicated a strong interdependence between surface
modification efficiency and solution pH. Acrylate-SiO2 hybrid
formation could result in a shifting of thermal degradation temperature of
organic component from about 200°C to near 400°C. In addition, the stability
of organic modified colloidal silica in UV curable formula and the physical
properties of resulting coatings were discussed. Furthermore, the morphology
of organic modified colloidal silica was investigated by performing TEM and
SEM studies‥
Porous oxide thin layers using mesophase
templating
Authors: Klotz Michaela , Idrissi-Kandri Noureddine , Ayral André , Guizard Christian
Published: May 2019

Hexagonal mesoporous silica layers were first prepared by the sol-gel route
from solutions containing silicon alkoxides as silica precursors and
alkyltrimethylammonium bromides to form the templating liquid crystal
mesophase. The synthesis conditions required to obtain well-ordered
crack-free layers were investigated. Two main synthesis parameters were
identified. The first one is the aging time of the sol before deposition
which defines the size of the inorganic cluster before the thin layer
deposition and the simultaneous phase formation. The second important
synthesis parameter is the surfactant volume fraction in the medium after
the departure of the volatile components. Well-ordered hexagonal layers were
obtained for surfactant volume fractions in agreement with the
water-surfactant binary diagram. These synthesis conditions were extended to
cubic and lamellar phases and to other types of surfactants, gemini
(cationic surfactants with two polar head groups) and non-ionic triblock
copolymers. First results concerning the extension of this approach to the
preparation of alumina thin layers are finally presented.
Porous Gel Coatings Obtained by Phase Separation in ORMOSIL
System
Authors: Nakanishi Kazuki , Kumon Souichi , Hirao Kazuyuki , Jinnai Hiroshi
Published: May 2019

Macroporous silicate thick films were prepared by a sol-gel dip-coating
method accompanied by the phase separation using methyl-trimethoxysilane
(MTMS), nitric acid and dimethylformamide (DMF) as starting components. The
morphology of the film varied to a large extent depending on the time
elapsed after the hydrolysis until the dipping of the coating solution. On a
glass substrate, the films prepared by early dipping had inhomogeneous
submicrometer-sized pores on the surface of the film. At increased reaction
times, relatively narrow sized isolated macropores were observed and their
size gradually decreased with the increase of reaction time. On a polyester
substrate, in contrast, micrometer-sized isolated spherical gel domains were
homogeneously deposited by earlier dippings. With an increase of reaction
time, the volume fraction of the gel phase increased, then the morphology of
the coating transformed into co-continuous gel domains and macropores, and
finally inverted into the continuous gel domains with isolated macropores.
The overall morphological variation with the reaction time was explained in
terms of the phase separation and the structure freezing by the forced
gelation, both of which were induced by the evaporation of methanol during
the dipping operation.
Electrical and Optical Interconnection-Technology based on
Ormocer - Inorganic-Organic Hybrid
Materials
Authors: Popall Michael , Buestrich Ralf , Kahlenberg Frank , Andersson Annika , Haglund Joacim , Robertsson Mats E. , Blau Gerd , Gale Mike , Rösch Oliver , Dabek Alexander , Neumann-Rodekirch Jens , Cergel Lubomir , Lambert Daniel
Published: May 2019

Photopatternable hybrid inorganic-organic polymers with negative resist
behaviour have been developed and tested for evaluation in optical and
electrical interconnection technology. They are composed of inorganic oxidic
structures cross-linked or substituted by organic groups. The synthesis
starts from organosilane precursors reacted by sol-gel-processing in
combination with organic crosslinking of polymerisable organic functions. As
a result of these functionalities the properties of the ORMOCER®s are
adjusted to the particular applications. Systematic variation of composition
combined with adaptation to micro system technology allows great flexibility
in processing. The main features of these materials are:

• Combined use as dielectric and passivation layers in electrical systems
and devices as well as core and cladding for optical applications enables
e/o applications with high integration levels.

• Postbaking at moderate temperatures (120 - 170 °C) enables processing on
low-cost substrates such as FR-4 (a glass-fibre reinforced
epoxy-polymer).

• Easily adaptable to thin film technology: spin-on with planarisation >
90 %, via diameters down to 20 μm and high aspect ratio for optical
waveguides have been achieved.

Synthesis, modification of the resins towards technological needs, their
thin film technology and the resulting demonstrators will be discussed.
PHÂN VÙNG CHỨC NĂNG SỬ DỤNG BỀN VỮNG TÀI NGUYÊN- MÔI TRƯỜNG HUYỆN ĐẢO VÂN ĐỒN, QUẢNG NINH
Authors: Thai Nguyen Dinh , Tue Nguyen Tai , Hong Nguyen Thi , Dung Tran Thi
Published: May 2019

Van Don district has many favorable conditions in terms of geographical location, economic and political position, and diversity in natural resources for developing marine economic zone. The strength of the district is to develop eco-tourism, conservation of valuable marine ecosystems as well as exploitation of minerals and construction materials. At the present, Van Don is facing negative impacts from urbanization and economic development, environmental degradation, and reduction of biodiversity. Therefore, the purpose of this study aims to determine the zoning criteria and application for the functional zoning for sustainable use of environment and natural resources in Van Don island district. Based on the zoning criteria and natural and socio-economic characteristics, Van Don island district can be divided into two main environmental and natural resources function zones, consisting of Cai Bau island zone (with 3 sub-zones) and Van Hai zone (with 4 sub-zones). Each sub-region has its own unique characteristics that are scientific foundations for orienting sustainable development.
Benefits of a dedicated ultrasound education for medical students: A 3 year experience
Authors: Patel Saagar , Brown Kimberly , Rajakumar Girija , Kumaravel Manickam , Awdeh Haitham , Bawa Pritish , Cai Chunyan
Published: May 2019

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. ObjectiveAn accelerated ultrasound education curriculum was designed specifically for second-year medical students. Our goal was to effectively measure this teaching methodology and to assess the practicality of this concept.Materials and MethodsAfter analyzing the existing ultrasound training for medical students, improvements were made to the existing curriculum for 2nd-year students that addressed the drawbacks in ultrasound education, including instrumentation, anatomy, and ultrasound-guided procedures. Prior to exposure to ultrasound education, all students participated in an anonymous quiz to determine and document their baseline knowledge. The ultrasound immersion week included; hands-on education and lectures. Students were divided into small groups with radiologists supervising ultrasound skills on standardized patients and intervention using phantom models.After the week-long exposure to radiology and ultrasound, students took a post-exposure assessment to evaluate their knowledge. Efficacy of the program was determined by comparing pre and post-exposure test results.ResultsStudents from Cohort A and B had a 19% improvement, and Cohort C had a 39% improvement. Pre and Post immersion quiz analysis were validated with statistical testing with a p-value <0.01. A thorough analysis of all three years showed significant improvement among medical students.ConclusionThe study proved that short, accelerated ultrasound education programs are effective in educating second-year medical students. By the standardized questionnaire, it also demonstrated that there is a significant impact in ultrasound knowledge among students through a week of focused education. Using homemade phantoms promoted active engagement among students and exhibited the practicality of conducting such a course in any institution.
Çarlık Rusyası’nda Yahudi Siyaseti ve Pogrom Hareketleri
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Burcu
Published: May 2019

Yahudi karşıtlığı söz konusu olduğunda Avrupa ülkeleri ilk akla gelenlerdir. Çünkü ilk getto Avrupa’dateşkil edilmiş ve Yahudilere yönelik ilk toplu kıyım ve sürgünler burada meydana gelmiştir. Bununlabirlikte XVIII. yy’ın ikinci yarısında, Polonya’nın paylaşımından sonra çok sayıda Yahudi’nin sınırlarınadâhil olduğu Rusya’da da yoğun bir Yahudi karşıtı siyaset mevcuttu. Nitekim en büyük Yahudi gettolarındanbiri, “Pale yerleşimi” adıyla Çarlık Rusyası’nda bulunuyordu. Öyle ki, XX. yy’ın sonlarında Rusya’daki 5milyon Yahudi, Pale yerleşiminde ikamet ediyordu. Rusya, bilhassa XIX. yy sonlarından itibaren Yahudilereyönelik çok sayıda şiddet olaylarına tanık olmuştu. Rusya’daki ilk pogrom, 1113 yılında Kiev’de meydanageldi. Yahudilere yönelik şiddet olaylarında kilit hadise, Çar II. Aleksandr’ın suikast sonucu öldürülmesioldu. Bu olaydan kısa süre sonra, pogromlar tüm imparatorlukta bir dalga halinde yayıldı. Pogromlar, çoksayıda Yahudi’nin ülkeden göç etmesine neden oldu. Bu çalışmada Çarlık yönetiminin Yahudilere yönelikpolitikaları hakkında ana hatlarıyla bilgi verilmiş, ardından Çarlık Rusyası’nda yaşanan pogrom hadiseleriele alınmış ve bu hadiselerin hangi gerekçelerle meydana geldiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.