bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

For Caribbean plantation economies to function and prosper, European colonizers needed Others – African slaves. In Empire, Michael Hardt and Toni Negri write about this production of Others, the creation of racial boundaries, and the dark Other as the negative component of European identity as well as the economic foundation of European economic systems. They identify contagious diseases as one of the most important threats to the boundaries between self and Other. For Hardt and Negri, ‘The horror released by European conquest and colonization is a horror of unlimited content, flow and exchange – or really the horror of contagion, miscegenation and unbanded life. Hygiene requires protective barriers.’...
The parents of Adam and Eve: missing links
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that by the 1870s the popular idea of human prehistory in Britain had become fixated on the concept of the missing link, the as-yet undiscovered creature at the point where the evolutionary descent of humans and apes had split. British showmen and circus owners exploited this fascination by passing off all sorts of creatures as missing links, from actual monkeys to actors in disguise. The two most important missing links are analysed in detail: Pongo the first live gorilla seen in Europe, and Krao, a Burmese girl with congenital deformities. They were promoted in Britain with explicitly evolutionary language. Scientists scoffed, but the public clearly understood the deceit, which they accepted as entertaining and harmless. Pongo and Krao inspired cartoons and humorous songs. They were imitated on stage by acrobats and in pantomimes. And drawings of missing links were used in advertisements. Pongo and Krao were also the last important evolutionary freaks. The globe had been comprehensively explored, evolution and European prehistory were far better understood, and the increasingly commercialised entertainment industry strove for middle class respectability.
Modern times: the Victorian cave man’s long afterlife
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that the war consolidated the cave man’s status as a global cultural character. Cave men have since been frequently depicted on stage, in films, in advertisements, literature, and more recently on television. Hollywood finally embraced the British conception of comic cave men in the 1920s. By then the character was so completely divorced from earlier evolutionary associations, that religious fundamentalists ignored it. The character has subsequently followed an almost unrelenting downward trajectory into b-movies, cheap comedies and cartoons, and productions that paraded hyper-sexualised women. The slide decelerated in 1960 when The Flintstones, the most influential depiction of cave men, debuted on American television. The series satirised middle-class, suburban America, in much the same spirit as E.T. Reed had once viewed Britain. The chapter concludes by briefly examining more recent depictions of cave men and prehistory in film and television to show that comedy predominates alongside healthy doses of action and attempts at scientific accuracy. Various examples are used to show that women continue to be portrayed in dismissive and overtly sexualised ways and that prehistory still denigrates and dismisses racial minorities. At the same time, the seemingly endless popularity and profitability of cave men films and television series mean that they will continue to be made for years.
Conclusion
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This short chapter is constructed around two cave men cartoons that were published in 2015. These are used to demonstrate the book’s conclusion that the cave man character in popular culture was established in late-Victorian Britain to show, in a gently mocking tone, that national ideals and institutions were superlative and immemorial. This has subsequently been expanded to suggest that Anglo-Saxon society has always been predominant. The character does not reflect scientific evidence or the controversies of the 1860s. These modern humans inhabit a conservative projection of the contemporary world in which its dominant values and ideas are unchallenged. This allows a broad audience to laugh, at itself, unselfconsciously.
Insurrection as values-driven theory and action
Authors: Loadenthal Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter seeks to construct and present the basis for an insurrectionary framework based around a shared politic; to define the sites where insurrectionary action converges, and in doing so, develop the signposts for what constitutes the modern insurrectionary tendency. An insurrectionary politic can be established through examining where these affinities begin and end and where political analysis and calls for action overlap and diverge. The values embodied in the insurrectionary canon are constituted from a hodgepodge of formal and less formal texts, none of which embody a central claim. It is through these often anonymously-authored texts that this chapter explores the insurrectionary framework by examining its eight recurrent, ideological tendencies: pro-attack, fostering social war, expanding intersectionality, acting informally, promoting anti-reformism, and advocating illegalism, Green primitivism, and individualism.
Insurrection as anti-securitization communication
Authors: Loadenthal Michael
Published: January 2018

In the final chapter, the reader is tasked with evaluating three central claims. First, the question of canonization is revisited to argue not for a library of thought based in aged texts, but rather a fluid framework based in action and post-action analysis. Secondly, using the lens of poststructuralism the notion of deterritorialized power is discussed as conceived of by non-insurrectionary theorists. Through the exploration of key thinkers such as Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the book argues that the insurrectionary notion of “The Totality” serves to expand the notion of intersectionality, making key connections that allow a critical understanding of structural violence and security. Finally, the chapter examines the performative and spectacular nature of insurrectionary violence specifically, and political violence generally. Through a discussion of speaking via communiqués, the chapter concludes by modeling a relationship between those that produce spectacle as a form of communication, and the audience the traditionally receives it.
Financial hardship: bankruptcy, insolvency, and medical charity
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: January 2018

Bankruptcy and insolvency were the types of career turbulence that were most likely to interrupt medical careers. Insolvency might entail a stay in debtor’s prison. This chapter examines the experiences of men who suffered financial setback and explores their access to support systems. The Royal Medical Benevolent Fund was established in 1836 and might have offered a prop, but analysis of their records suggests that medical bankrupts and insolvents were rarely among their beneficiaries. Therefore other sources of informal support must be inferred, beyond formal medical charity.
Urban chaos and the imagined other: remaking middle-class hegemony
Authors: Kulz Christy
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines parental orientations to Dreamfields, as responses to the urban chaos discourse show how parents and students conceptualise their positions within this imagined Urbanderry landscape. Discourses of pathology shape the relationships developed between parents and teachers, impacting upon how students and parents are perceived and treated by the school. The urban chaos discourse powerfully reiterates the inequitable positions of the watcher and the watched, the judger and the judged. The white middle-class parent occupies an invisible, normative space, while working-class and ethnic minority parents feel the potential weight of discipline's reformative hand. Rather than students being measured as data, the continued use of types, categories and subjective judgements becomes evident as students are weeded off Dreamfields’ conveyor belt as it progresses from the compulsory lower school to sixth form college.
Introduction: thinking about America in the world over the longer run
Authors: Dunkerley James
Published: January 2018

For all their bragging and their hypersensitivity, Americans are, if not the most critical, at least the most anxiously self-conscious people in the world, forever concerned about the inadequacy of something or other – their national morality, their national culture, their national purpose. This very uncertainty has given their intellectuals a critical function of special interest. The appropriation of some of this self-criticism by foreign ideologues for purposes that go beyond its original scope or intention is an inevitable hazard. But the possibility that a sound enterprise in self-correction may be overheard and misused is the poorest of reasons for suspending it....
Chaotic epic: Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order revisited
Authors: Dunkerley James
Published: January 2018

As a core interpretative text of the immediate post-Cold War period, The Clash of Civilizations acquired an almost infamous status amongst liberal circles on account of a perceived melange of cultural essentialism, conservative realist thinking, and a confidently negative appraisal of world trends. In this chapter, James Dunkerley reviews the initial, often critical reception of Clash of Civilizations and seeks to explain why the text has continued to enjoy such widespread attention. He agrees with the view that, alongside Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History and John Mearsheimer’s The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, it forms part of distinct ‘moment’ following the collapse of the USSR and the complex challenges of the USA becoming, at least transiently, a ‘unipolar power’. However, he also identifies the continued salience of the text in Huntington’s often adept assessment of regional political trends, even when these are entirely divorced from his underlying civilizational thesis.
Paul Wolfowitz and the promise of American power, 1969–2001
Authors: Milne David
Published: January 2018

The study of foreign policy and international relations often takes ideas as rigid and fully formed, being assigned to individuals and categories of school without much attention to the processes by which they change calibre and gain or lose traction. David Milne’s politico-intellectual biography of Paul Wolfowitz from 1969 until he took up service in the administration of George W. Bush focuses precisely on the vagaries as well as the consistencies in the evolution of his thought. Many of the shifts and deepening convictions derived, of course, form the experience of observing and implementing US policy in the latter stages of the Vietnam War and thereafter. Milne takes us through the phases of Wolfowitz’s political evolution up to the moment of 9/11, showing that the “War on Terror” cannot simply be attributed to the trauma of that event; there were many existing tributaries that played into the Bush doctrine, and these have not always been given the recognition they deserve.
Thatcher’s refugees and Thatcher’s beneficiaries: discretionary migration in the 1980s
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter scrutinises the paradox in the 1980s of the coexistence of flourishing discretionary migrations of affluence with deep recession and unemployment accompanying Thatcher government reforms. Some migrants labeled themselves ‘Thatcher’s refugees’, describing flight from austerity while pursuing new opportunities for self-improvement and mobility overseas. There was also a surge in migration of ‘professional and managerial’ classes, often attracted to inner-city living or to rural or coastal locations with emphasis on lifestyle changes and ecological values. Thatcher’s refugees coexisted with Thatcher’s beneficiaries, supporters who attributed success in Britain to government policies, and seized initiatives in new fields like Information Technology, easily adapted to global mobility. ‘Migration on a whim’ draws on stories illustrating the powerful emergence of casually adopted mobility in pursuit of ideological or political interests, global adventure and personal quests for transformations in lifestyle, love and spirituality. These could be effected successfully by tertiary educated migrants easily able to adapt their qualifications to demands of new countries and to satisfy restrictive visa qualifications. Their ease of mobility also translated readily into more cosmopolitan outlooks, skeptical of national loyalties and adopting ‘citizen of the world’ identities, attitudes that would deepen in the 1990s.
Mega-events and macro-social change
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines a new sociological framework for exploring the deeper and broader contexts of macro-social change in an era of globalisation which are relevant to understanding contemporary mega-events. It suggests that in recent decades Western society in particular has entered a ‘second phase’ in the modernization process marked by changes in the media (i.e. the digital revolution and the rise of the internet), in urbanisation processes (e.g. post-industrial urban regeneration in a context of ecological crisis), and in global geo-politics (i.e. the rise of China and of other ‘emerging’ countries and world regions). On this basis the chapter then indicates how this analysis of macro-social change generally connects with three key sets of changes in and around the world of mega-events in media, urban and global locational aspects of mega-events. These three sets of inter-connected contextual and mega-event changes are explored in further detail in the three main Parts of the book.
The digital age, media sport and mega-events: piracy and symbiosis in the cultural industries
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

What are the implications of the digital age and new media for media-sport and the mediation of sport mega-events like the Olympics? In this chapter we focus on the internet ‘piracy’ problem and look into recent governmental policies and practices which aim to address and curb internet piracy in both the USA and the UK. The core of the chapter addresses problems of internet piracy in the field of media-sport and the related field of major sport-events like the Olympic Games, and also high profile and high value football matches. In relation to the Olympics it looks ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches by the IOC to address the internet ‘piracy’ problem. Finally, the chapter addresses the current co-existence between television and the internet-based media in the context of the Olympics, and the possibilities for a new symbiosis in this area.
Mega-events, globalisation and urban legacy: events in China in the early twenty-first century
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

The contemporary period of globalisation involves various economic and other ‘global shifts’ from Western to non-Western societies. This chapter explores the idea that these deeper social changes are reflected in the world of mega-events, notably in the ‘global shift’ in mega-event locations away from the West to increasingly include non-Western world regions. The chapter views contemporary mega-events as ‘multi-theme legacy park’ projects for their host cities. Their shift to new non-Western contexts is illustrated by reviewing mega-events in contemporary China, particularly the cases of the Beijing 2008 Olympics, the Guangzhou 2010 Asian Game and the Shanghai 2010 Expo 2010. The chapter shows that, in spite of many differences, at least one notable commonality between the Sydney 200O Olympic model and event legacies in Beijing and Shanghai in particular is the construction of major new urban green spaces. These urban park-building and park-renewing projects have typically aimed to embody, on a permanent basis, environmental and recreational (rather than sporting) values and vision of urbanism. In addition these mega-event projects all aimed, in comparable ways (even if to greater or lesser extents), to use these new urban parks as hubs and catalysts from which other (social and economic) mega-event legacy influences might also be developed.
Mega-events, glocalisation and urban legacy: London as an event city and the 2012 Olympics
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

Mega-events exemplify the ‘glocalisation’ involved in global processes being embodied in local, urban contexts. This chapter explores this through the particular lens of mega-events staged in London and their urban legacies. London is understood as being both a Western and European world regional city as well as being a national capital. The chapter show how London has been physically marked and culturally influenced by a number of mega-events since the mid-19thC, particularly Expos and Expo-type events. They left long-term urban legacies, most notably in the cases of the ‘Albertopolis’ and Southbank cultural quarters. The chapter uses some of these introductory and historical themes to inform a detailed look into the case of the London 2012 Olympics and its various social and economic legacies. It shows the importance for the London model of mega-event legacy-making, of the construction of a major new urban park for social and environmental reasons. On the basis of a review of developments in the short- to medium-term post-Olympic period the chapter concludes that event planners’ hopes that the Olympic park can operate as a hub and catalyst also for economic and employment development, particularly in the cultural and creative industries, are credible.
Introduction
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Charity is a big business and as such it should be run with business efficiency.1

Richard Reuter, 1953

In 1990 Harold Gauer, former regional director of CARE in the American Midwest, published his professional memoirs entitled Selling Big Charity: The Story of C.A.R.E. In this book Gauer recalls his first CARE conference in the agency’s New York headquarters in 1950. Having gained the impression that “out-of-towners” like him “would do well to just keep quiet and listen,” Gauer silently observed how during the meeting “a parade of home office folk took turns telling the story of their jobs and how they did them. Which according to them was very capably indeed.” After the CARE delegates from other US cities had responded “with tales of their own special local situations and with copious advice on how to run the home office,” a group of “young intense” managers from the Lever Brothers Company showed up:...
New cooperative horizons (1955–61)
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 traces CARE’s development during a period of recurring organizational crisis and economic instability. It analyses how CARE’s management and board of directors dealt with organizational overextension and the need to find both a new humanitarian mission and more sustainable business model. CARE began to apply for government-donated food surplus resulting from structural agricultural overproduction in the United States. By delivering agricultural abundance such as milk powder, butter oil and other food staples to people in the developing countries, CARE successfully occupied a humanitarian market niche and established itself as a (neither entirely private nor entirely public) provider of food aid.
A Scottish effect?
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

James Taylor, of his fellow countrymen, had the most impact on the history of Sri Lanka but he was by no means the only Scot to make his mark there. Indeed, a tradition emerged within the British community that Scots, especially those from the northeast Lowlands, had been the master builders par excellence of the coffee economy until its final collapse in the 1880s. The accolade was also repeated during the period of tea cultivation which has thus far been mainly overlooked by scholars in assessments of the Scottish contribution to Sri Lanka. We document here why and how Ceylon came to be seen as a ‘Scotch colony’ in the nineteenth century and how the modern nation of Sri Lanka continues to remember aspects of its previous Scottish influence.
China: a doomed and distorted growth model?
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

China’s advance towards overtaking the US economy has taken place at such speed that it has taken most observers by surprise. At the same time, with contemporary China only just beginning to appear in mainstream Western culture, China remains a closed book to the mass of the population in the West. This combination of rapid change and ignorance creates understandable fears as to what this may mean, which are inflated by a generally hostile and distorted mainstream media narrative about China that is subject to little informed scrutiny. Even more serious discussions about China are distorted by attempts to sustain the myths of the ‘Washington consensus’; meaning it has to be claimed that China’s economic growth must be exaggerated, unsustainable, about to crash or has only come at immense human cost. This chapter considers some of the myths and misinformation that inform popular prejudices about China and tackles some misconceived theories that distort more influential opinions, including in assessing China’s economic achievements and prospects.
The courting of Vietnam
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how the US is seeking to exploit past and present tensions between Vietnam and China to encourage Vietnam into a closer military and strategic relationship with the US to the detriment of China. It discusses how the US hopes to ‘triangulate’ relations between Vietnam, China and itself in the way it took advantage of the Sino-Soviet split to draw China into the US’s orbit. The idea that Vietnam would willingly get sucked into an American strategy to isolate China appears counterintuitive, given the Vietnam War and China and Vietnam’s shared ideology and political systems. But tensions over rights in the South China Sea have become a lever for the US. The chapter discusses how Vietnam has indeed moved closer to the US, but concludes that for the time being, despite ongoing tensions, its relations with China remain crucial and secure.
Thailand and Myanmar: shifting loyalties
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

The respective relations of the US and China with Thailand and Myanmar were virtually unchanged for decades: Thailand was closely allied to the US, while isolated Myanmar was often heavily reliant on China. In recent years these firm allegiances have become shifting sands: while Thailand’s governments since 2000 have leaned closer to China, Myanmar’s moves to civilian government since 2010 have increased its orientation to the US. This chapter considers the prospects for the US ‘pivot to Asia’ in both these countries and draws some conclusions on the current balance of forces between the US and China in relation to all the countries in Southeast Asia discussed in this section of the book.
Reading the revenant in Charlotte Brontë’s literary afterlives: charting the path from the ‘silent country’ to the seance
Authors: Pouliot Amber
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the reasons for the Brontës’ longstanding connection with haunting and the supernatural, and how this has been intertwined with processes of fictionalisation. Focusing on Charlotte Brontë in particular, it traces her connection with the supernatural back to Elizabeth Gaskell’s seminal biography, The Life of Charlotte Brontë. Within Gaskell’s biography are embedded a series of macabre ghost stories that have the effect of supernaturalising and semi-fictionalising the life of its subject. This chapter demonstrates that Gaskell’s influence can be seen both in the commemorative ghost poetry of the nineteenth century, which we might think of as proto-fictional biography, and in the works of fictional biography that featured the Brontës as ghosts throughout the inter-war period. It follows the trajectory of Brontë’s fictionalisation by charting nineteenth-century commemorative poetry’s gradual approach to fictional biography in terms of its ghosts’ increasing communicativeness and vocalisation.
‘Poetry, as I comprehend the word’: Charlotte Brontë’s lyric afterlife
Authors: Barton Anna
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the apparently limited afterlife of Charlotte Brontë’s poetry. Addressing the critical fortunes of the Aylott and Jones collection of 1846 and considering Brontë's discussion of poetry in her letters, it argues that the author incorporates traces of the early poetry into her novels in different guises. Focusing on The Professor, Jane Eyre and Shirley, this chapter proposes Brontë’s fiction as a sequence of experiments in the poetics of the Victorian novel that retrieve and reform the Romantic lyric, granting it a marketable posthumousness and securing the feminine lyric voice for the printed page.
The age of location realism
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

The huge shift that has taken place in British television drama production in the 2000s, away from multi-camera studio and towards single camera location (and occasional soundstage) work, has been mirrored in performance style. Television now having supplanted theatre as the medium in which actors are now most likely to gain their first professional experience, serial television has replaced repertory as the actor’s training ground, and drama schools are also specifically training young actors for screen work for the first time. As a result, the style of performance employed for television has moved further than ever before away from the projection of stage work, the prior rehearsal period of the multi-camera studio having all but disappeared, and post-production has come to play a far more prominent role. As a result, many perceive generational differences between in the performances of actors trained in different eras, Survivors and in particular Doctor Who featuring an intriguing mix of approaches to television acting.
Conclusion
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

The methodological approaches employed herein offer as complete a picture as possible of the determinants of British television acting, and cover distinct historical periods. In the live era, from the mid-1930s up to the early 1960s, the type of experience gained by actors was arguably of greater importance than duration. Many were unaccustomed to the mediating effects of television technology, and had yet to ‘scale down’ approaches to performance that had typically been acquired and developed through stage experience. The varying backgrounds of ...
European realities: aspects of the ‘triangular’ relations between Europeans, Muslims and Jews
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

Gordon Allport, the founder of modern prejudice research, observed, “People who reject one out-group will tend to reject other out-groups.” In a country-by-country overview this chapter surveys the mutual views and practices of Europeans and Muslim immigrants and the relevance of Jewish European history in their encounters. In the Netherlands, where Muslims are 5.5 percent of the population and live in “Muslim ghettos,” Dutch liberalism and tolerance rankles Islamic conservative sensitivities. The Dutch minority government with the support of the far-right Party of Freedom (PVV) and its controversial leader Geert Wilders, who compares the Koran to Hitler’s Mein Kampf, has passed some of the toughest restrictions against immigrants in Europe, including a ban on the women’s burqa and dual citizenship. A “Pig Day” in Bologna, Italy, protested the planned construction of a mosque. In Sweden once anti-Semitic skinheads and racists moved on to targeting Muslims, while young Muslims torch synagogues and attack Jews in reaction to Israeli ME policies. The internet with its far-reaching potential to recruit new supporters to causes of all extremist persuasions and to spread hate propaganda has become a fast-growing EU-wide trend and favoured “free-for-all tool” for many individuals, groups and political parties.
In the same boat: European opposition, Muslim migrants, impact on Jews
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

European laws and policies directed against Muslims and Islamic religious tenets directly affect the Jewish population in many common denominator issues that unite Jews and Muslims in surprising, contradictory, complex and convoluted ways. The Jews stand between Muslim immigrants and Europe’s attempt to assimilate them. Various European attempts to ban Muslim dress codes, mainly women’s, are made to look discriminatory because Jews, especially the ultra-Orthodox, who also wear conspicuous clothing, are not singled out. The use of fines on women’s headscarves and burqas in Holland and Belgium recall historical taxes levied on Jews. Judaism and Islam share similar methods of animal slaughter that contravene EU laws. In the struggle against restrictions on male circumcision, Muslims leave the battle to the Jewish community, because given recent European history, Jewish arguments and demands are more likely to be heard. Accusations that Muslims control the EU as the Jews control the world link the two groups into one. Wider issues such as the building of mosques, de-Christianizing Europe (banning Christmas trees in public, etc.), and racism and bigotry make cooperation between Muslim migrants and European Jews possible and are even set to further develop, despite the controversies and conflicts between them.
Mutualism in the trenches: anarchism, militarism and the lessons of the First World War
Authors: Adams Matthew S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the importance of the memory of the First World War to Herbert Read’s political thought, contextualising this process of memory formation through his interactions with two of the war’s leading literary figures: Richard Aldington and Erich Maria Remarque. Emphasising the importance of the post-war context in cultivating Read’s political reading of his experiences, it shows how the war continued to shape his political thought. Read’s experiences led to an abhorrence of violence and in turn a commitment to pacifism and gradualist tactics. Moreover, his time in the trenches led him to recognise the importance of ‘fidelity’ between members of a group in ensuring survival in times of extreme danger. Shorn of its militarist associations, this idea, Read argued, could helpfully bolster anarchist conceptions of organisation.
‘Working the ground’
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

Chapter One focuses on human-environment relations and opens with a description of what it means to ‘work the ground’ when fishing off the coast of Scotland. Through detailed ethnography and James Gibson’s and Tim Ingold’s conception of ‘affordances’, it shows how productive grounds are created through the labour of fishers. The chapter explores people’s personal relations to grounds, sensory techniques for ‘feeling’ the grounds, and the historical development of new tools to explore grounds. The chapter describes how fishermen saw themselves as contributing to the productivity of grounds - in contrast to the conventional view of fishermen as destroying the ocean environment. Drawing on Marx, ‘labour’ is explored as both a material metabolism with nature and as a subjective activity. Understandings and experiences of labour are shown to be contradictory – at times relational, productive, alienated, and destructive – reflecting people’s real and conflicted relations too their environment and their own labour. The need for ethnographic investigations of the subjective experience of labour in ‘the West’ is emphasised. A labour-centered approach to human-environment relations can ensure analysis is both materially grounded and sensitive to people’s subjective relations to environments, machines, and markets.
From Wullie’s Peak to the Burma Naming places at sea
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

The chapter focuses on human-environment relations. It begins with a description of how place names are used during a fishing trip, and how they are marked in digital GPS chartplotters and discussed amongst fishermen. Most of the names discussed are of places at sea not marked by anything visible from the sea’s surface. An account of the working day of a trawler fisherman shows how the intensive sociability of fishing skippers transcends their isolation on different boats. Discussions among skippers are focussed on the material results and affordances of fishing in places and names are generated in these discussions, reflecting Marnie’ Holborow’s Marxist analysis of language. The chapter builds on Tim Ingold’s analysis of place by demonstrating that place names reflect subjective the experience of working in them, as well as searing events of social history and changing fishing practices. An examination of places that are remembered but no longer in use shows that the same location can become a different place. The chapter concludes by emphasising how places are generated through conversations amongst people involved in developing their affordances, and how names for places incorporate many aspects of life experience and resonate through collective social experience.
Structural Violence in ecological systems
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

The final substantive chapter explores the structural violence in the fishing industry. The circumstances of the wreck of the fishing boat Kathryn Jane and the death of her crew are examined in detail, along with the effect of the wreck and deaths on other fishers. The logic of seamanship meant taking the time and care to stay safe at sea, yet the logic of the market pressurised fishers to catch as quickly as possible and created incentives to fish in dangerous conditions. Fishers experience structural violence, with a fatality rate 115 times higher than the average workforce – but this was not recognised by fishers or government agencies. Instead, an ideology of nature naturalised deaths on a dangerous sea, and an ideology of accidents blamed fishermen for their own deaths. Fishers themselves coped with the deaths of their friends and workmates by isolating each event and ‘not keeping score’. Fishers and other seafarers were sometimes traumatised by these experiences. Ecological systems produced by capitalism include structural violence.
Conspiracy as a crisis of procedure in Bird of Prey (BBC 1, 1982) and Edge of Darkness (BBC 2, 1985)
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines a strand of topical BBC conspiracy dramas from the 1980s which utilised the serial form’s increasing popularity for original drama. Drawing upon 1970s Hollywood films, these presented a paranoid narrative showing the collapse of the procedural certainties that had characterised earlier spy series. Firstly, the chapter closely examines Ron Hutchinson’ Bird of Prey (BBC 1, 1982), which dramatised the rise of a gangster capitalism emerging from continental Europe and a growing surveillance state. It then analyses Troy Kennedy Martin’s Edge of Darkness (BBC 2, 1985), a more prestigious serial which provided a closer response to the ascendance of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government and its pursuit of free market economics. The resultant abandonment of the social-democratic consensus fundamentally challenged the very basis of the BBC’s ‘rejection of politics’, and these serials are read as allegorical expressions of a new collapse of certainty in the Corporation’s constitutional position.
Death of a master narrative: the battle for consensus in A Very British Coup (Channel 4, 1988)
Authors: Oldham Joseph
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the serial A Very British Coup (Channel 4, 1988), which depicts the election of a socialist Labour Prime Minister and the mobilisation of an Establishment conspiracy to engineer his downfall. It argues that the decentralised model of Channel 4 enabled a more radical incarnation of the conspiracy genre than could be found on the BBC, with a more wide-ranging paranoid analysis of society that gives a new focus to the role of the media. This is mirrored in the serial;’ innovative paranoid aesthetic, which presented a highly fragmented visual style with an emphasis on screens and surveillance. The chapter also explores how the source novel’s ending was reworked to explicitly meditate on possibilities for restoring consensus through the democratising ideals of the television medium. However, this is contrasted with the reality of the 1990 Broadcasting Act which, a few years later, ushered in the fragmented multi-channel age.
Caretaker or liberator?
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

Are parents caretakers or liberators? Is the role of parents to act in a paternalistic fashion so as to take care of their children or is it instead to set their children free?
In this chapter, I argue that those who defend the caretaker thesis do so on the basis of assumptions characteristic of the liberal view on paternalism. It is assumed that paternalism entails interfering with another’s liberty, that it does not involve moral conflicts, and that it is justified treatment of those who lack the qualities of an agent. In addition, no clear distinction is made between children who lack the qualities of an agent and children who are merely incompetent. What is more, the same assumptions underlie the liberation thesis. Indeed, both the caretaker thesis and the liberation thesis are questionable because they operate with a definition of paternalism that is highly problematic. I also want to make one further argument here. Namely, even an adequate conceptualisation of paternalism is insufficient as a general account of parental power, as there are non-paternalistic forms of parental power as well.
Licensing, monitoring, and training parents
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

We should distinguish the rights parents have ‘over’ their children from the ‘right to parent’. This is the distinction between parents’ power over their children, or more precisely parents’ legitimate power over their children, on the one hand, and the right to play the role of a parent and therefore the right to raise or rear children, on the other hand. It is widely accepted that, in one sense or another, the ‘right to parent’ is conditional. That is, if adults do not satisfy certain requirements, for example the requirement of being a competent parent, society may refuse to grant the right in the first place, or the right already granted may be restricted or rescinded altogether. In this case study, I will look at three proposals concerning the conditions to be placed on the ‘right to parent’: that we should license parents, that we should monitor parents, and that we should train parents.
Conclusion
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

We have seen in this book that many political philosophers assume that, when we are faced with conflicting moral claims, the job of a political philosopher is to identify general rules to resolve such conflicts. Such an approach assumes that, when we engage in political philosophy we work out ideals in our head and then apply them directly to specific cases: we apply them ‘neat’, to use Jonathan Wolff’s terminology. Throughout this book, I have argued against such an approach. It is the case that we should do highly abstract and theoretical work, and such work does or should have generality. For instance, when I argued that paternalism as a concept was not sufficient to account for the power exercised by parents, I intended this as a general theoretical claim. At the same time, we should also be doing quite applied work, and this requires that we look closely at cases, and make decisions based on practical judgements in those cases. In doing so, I have reached conclusions about substantive issues and have made practical judgements in specific cases. In one sense, these have generality, as I have made an argument in each instance and therefore I am looking for agreement from others. The rationale I have offered in each case has been in line with the ideas of reasonableness and public justification in a context of actual disagreement, borrowed from Rawls and Nagel respectively, although with some adaptations.
Who makes new dances? The dance profession and the evolution of style
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the standardisation of the English style of ballroom dance and the professionalisation of the dance community, showing that these processes were inextricably connected. The catalyst to the dance profession’s consolidation was a series of conferences convened in the 1920s by prominent teachers who sought to standardise the steps of new ballroom dances arriving in Britain from the United States and continental Europe. From these events emerged the rudimentary English style, which the profession then passed on to the dancing public via dancing schools, exhibition dancing, dance competitions and print culture. However, the chapter argues that the success – and even the steps and figures – of a dance were not determined entirely by this top-down process. Not only did a significant segment of the dancing public eschew instruction, and remain largely oblivious to professional activities, but the two groups were not always aligned in their dancing preferences. The result was that questions about which dances would be danced in Britain, how they would be performed, and what the gradually evolving national style would look like, were continually negotiated between producers and consumers of popular dance.
The dance evil: gender, sexuality and the representation of popular dance
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the social perception and cultural representation of dancing – especially its chief enthusiasts, professionals, and the public venues where it took place – were shaped by contemporary anxieties about gender, class, and sexuality. It examines the controversies that surrounded the ‘dancing girl’ (also called the flapper or modern woman), as well as the male ‘lounge lizard’ or ‘dancing dandy’, within the context of the gender upheavals that occurred during and immediately after the First World War. The chapter also considers the negative assumptions about particular public dancing spaces, as well as the paid dance partners who were employed within them, showing that these were underpinned by class prejudice and anxieties about crime and sexual immorality. However, the chapter argues that social concerns about dancing were strongly contested from the very start of the modern dance era, and that this leisure form became progressively more respectable and integrated into the national culture as professionalisation and commercialisation processes progressed throughout the interwar years.
Dancing democracy in wartime Britain
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the representation and experience of popular dance during the Second World War. It demonstrates that dancing provided a potent means for producers and consumers alike to express and embody many of the ideals associated with the ‘people’s war’, such as cheerful endurance, grace under fire, and social and imperial unity. Dancing also became synonymous and expressive of democracy, and differentiated Britain from its enemies. At the same time, commercial producers – but especially the dance hall industry – re-packaged patriotism as a way of staying in business, utilising war-themed promotions and causes to attract patrons, or advertising their ballrooms as bomb shelters.
[Untitled]
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

The epilogue reflects on popular dance in the post-war years. After the war, going to the palais remained as popular as ever, but the dances performed within the dance halls continued their long evolution. Following on some of the individualised and independent movements introduced by the jitterbug, modern ballroom dancing slowly began to give way to new dances which could be performed without a partner, or which better accompanied rock n’ roll and later disco. Owing to their particular focus on ballroom dance, the dance profession began the modern dance era with arguably more cultural influence than the dance hall industry, but those positions had clearly undergone a switch by the 1950s. Ballroom dancing eventually became a niche professional art form, while many of the 1920s dance halls continued to operate for decades after their establishment, even as they faced new challenges of their own.
Introduction
Authors: Gatrell Peter
Published: January 2018

The English writer and critic John Berger regarded the twentieth century as ‘the century of departure, of migration, of exodus, of disappearance: the century of people helplessly seeing others, who were close to them, disappear over the horizon’.1 Berger’s characterisation of ‘helplessness’ invites us to consider not only how people were rendered liable to sudden and involuntary displacement, but also how those processes were represented at the time and subsequently. Global conflicts, revolutions and civil wars have played a major part in these processes of movement and loss, exposing combatants and non-combatants to personal risk. Civilians have frequently been the chief actors in the dramas of ‘departure’ and ‘disappearance’. Massive displacement has not necessarily entailed movement across state borders, although it is only relatively recently that policy-makers have taken into account the large numbers of internally displaced persons in different parts of the world....
The refugee question in Bulgaria before, during and after the First World War
Authors: Vukov Nikolai
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the circumstances of displacement, the reception and settlement of refugees, and the state’s attempts to address the political, economic and social shock of accepting thousands of refugees from the lost territories. It outlines the centrality of the refugee issue to the development of the modern Bulgarian state particularly after the Balkan wars. The chapter focuses on three main episodes: before 1912, when a quarter of a million refugees already fled to Bulgaria whose population was around 4.5 million in 1912; between 1913 and 1918, when 120,000 refugees settled in the country; and in the years 1919-25 during which time Bulgaria witnessed the influx of an additional 180,000 refugees. Some consideration is given to prevailing social and economic conditions, such as the impact of refugees on urban and rural life in Bulgaria, and to the role of refugee relief organisations. Attention is also devoted to the international repercussions of the refugee crisis.
Spectacle and martyrdom: bloody suffering, performed suffering and recited suffering in French tragedy (late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries)1
Authors: Biet Christian
Published: January 2018

Biet’s chapter about French 17th- and 18th- century spectacle and text introduces the important theme of performance by reaffirming the key role of performing in terms of a public repetition of traumatic experiences already stirring the social fabric. At the start of the early modern period, when tragedy re-emerges in a sort of re-birth, tragic theatre becomes an alternative scenery for social action, a virtual scene for experimental lives, but also another scaffold and another judicial court for the audience, taking place inside theatres. Performing bodies, as Biet’s account reveals, are never at the start of a process of public spectacularization of violence. It thereby constitutes an essential meditation on where ‘art’ took up and discontinued the real to an early modern society that still knew spectacular punishment. Performers, as Biet sees them, engaged in anxieties opened by real trials and judiciary rulings, yet their repetitions permitted audiences to gain a more solid foothold in the ‘open wounds’ of an ongoing punitive judiciary.