bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X.—The Medusæ of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: January 2013

This is a report upon the Medusæ collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition during the voyage of the Scotia in the years 1902, 1903, and 1904, under the leadership of Dr W. S. Bruce, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining the specimens.

The collection is a small one containing twelve species, but five more species would have probably been added if only the specimens had been in a recognisable condition. Some of the specimens are in excellent condition, and these were mostly taken at the surface, but others are very much damaged. Unfortunately, the damaged specimens are just the ones wanted in good condition, as they mostly come from the Antarctic region and from the stations where the nets were sent down to a great depth. The damage is done in the nets, and other collections which have passed through my hands tell the same tale. It is the rubbing together of the sides of the net that tears the medusæ to pieces. All deep-sea nets should be so constructed that the sides of the nets cannot come together, and also provided with a large can at the end.
XII.—The Evolution of the Eyebrow Region of the Forehead, with Special Reference to the Excessive Supraorbital Development in the Neanderthal Race
Authors: Cunningham D. J.
Published: January 2013

One of the most striking features of the famous Neanderthal cranium consists in the strong projection which is exhibited in the glabellar and the supraorbital or eyebrow regions of the frontal bone. This character is rendered all the more important from the fact that all the specimens which have been collected since the Neanderthal cranium was discovered (1857), and which have been shown to belong to the same remote geological period, possess the same, or at least very much the same, remarkable prominence in the eyebrow region. These specimens are not very numerous, but, inasmuch as they represent the earliest remains of man with which we are acquainted, they possess a very special interest. In addition to the Neanderthal cranium, the group includes the two Spy crania, the Gibraltar skull, and the recently discovered Krapina remains. The Krapina remains are in a very fragmentary condition, but they apparently consist of portions of the skeletons of ten individuals, and the frontal bones all present the character in question.
XIV.—On Fossil Fish-remains collected by J. S. Flett, M.A., D.Sc., from the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H.
Published: January 2013

Little has hitherto been known about the animal remains of the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland. In 1858 Sir Roderick Murchison mentioned the occurrence, in flaggy beds in the environs of Lerwick, of “the same little Crustacean (the Estheria) which occurs at Thurso and Kirkwall.” Heddle in 1878 refers to the occurrence of fish-remains in the rocks of the same region in the following terms:—“Specimens of small fishes, apparently acanthoides, were shown the writer; these were imbedded in a brown fine-grained muddy sandstone; they were stated to occur in a quarry north of Gardie in Bressay.” Again, in the same year, Sir A. Geikie, in his well-known paper on the “Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe,” states that Dr HEDDLE “informs me that he was shown some ichthyolites (Coccosteus, etc.) in Bressay, which he was assured had been found among the flagstones of that island.” Unfortunately it does not appear that any description of these specimens has ever been published, nor, so far as I am aware, is their present whereabouts known.
XVII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Observations on the Anatomy of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes Weddelli)
Authors: Hepburn David
Published: January 2013

In the specimen under consideration there were fifteen pairs of ribs, of which nine pairs were vertebro-sternal. The costal cartilage associated with each of these was long and very flexible. The articulation of the first pair of costal cartilages with the sternum was effected by means of a short but strong band of fibrous tissue, which permitted considerable freedom of movement and did not form a junction of the more or less rigid character seen in man.
XVIII.—The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Melvill James Cosmo , Standen Robert
Published: January 2013

Since we had the pleasure of working out the Mollusca obtained by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, Dr W. S. Bruce has kindly transmitted to our care some additional material, overlooked in the first instance, and taken (a) from deposits from jars in which Sponges were placed; (b) from Algæ and other growths, principally coming from Scotia Bay; and (c) from a new species of Cephalodiscus.
XXII.—The Cestoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Rennie John , Reid Alexander
Published: January 2013

The Cestode material obtained by the Scotia Expedition consisted of eight adult and three larvæ or immature forms. Of these, one (Anchistrocephalus microcephalus, Rud.) is not Antarctic, having been obtained from the Sunfish (Orthagoriscus mola), at Station 107, in 39° 12′ S., 53° 44′ W., on January 1, 1903.
XXI.—Levicaulis arranensis, gen. et sp. nov., A Lycopsid Axis from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
Authors: Beck Charles B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Large number of structurally preserved lycopsid axes from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland are described and designated as a new genus and species. A comparison of this genus with other lycopsids is followed by a discussion of the development of the secondary cortex, and several other interesting structural features.
X.—Notice of Fossil Trees recently Discovered in Craigleith Quarry, near Edinburgh
Authors: Christison Robert
Published: January 2013

In February 1831 the late Mr Witham read to the Royal Society of Edin burgh, a paper of much interest on two fossil trees of great size which had been brought to light, the one in 1826, and the other in 1830, during the excavations carried on in Craigleith sandstone quarry, in the immediate neighbourhood of our city. In March of the same year this paper, with the addition of several chemical analyses of the fossils, was read also before the Natural History Society of Northumberland. In 1833 he included his observations on these fossils in a separate and more comprehensive treatise on “The Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables found in the Carboniferous and Oolitic Deposits of Great Britain.” The main purpose of Mr Witham's researches—in addition to an accurate description and delineation of natural objects previously little investigated—was to show that fossil vegetables in the oolitic and carboniferous formations were not, as had been generally supposed prior to his researches, always ferns, tree-ferns, lycopodiums, and other acrogenous plants, but on the contrary many of them woody exogenous trees, showing longitudinal ligneous bundles, transverse medullary rays, concentric annual layers, and other characters belonging to the intimate organisation of our existing forest trees. Mr Witham even went so far as to identify the structure of the Craigleith fossils with that of our modern pines, and to assign them to two separate species.
XXII.—Astéries, Ophiures et Échinides de l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Écossaise
Authors: Koehler R.
Published: January 2013

La collection d'Astéries, d'Ophiures et d'Échinides, dont M. le Dr. William S. Bruce a bien voulu me confier l'étude, comprend surtout les échantillons recueillis par l'Expédition de la Scotia lors de son séjour dans l'Antarctique et quelques autres provenant des îles Falkland, du banc de Burdwood et de l'île Gough, ou de dragages effectués entre le 46° et le 51° lat. S. M. Bruce y a joint quelques spécimens capturés pendant le voyage de retour de la Scotia, au Cap, à Sainte-Hélène, à l'Ascension et à Saint-Vincent.
XXIV.—A Monograph on the general Morphology of the Myxinoid Fishes, based on a study of Myxine. Part III. Further Observations on the Skeleton
Authors: Cole Frank J.
Published: January 2013

The first and second parts of this work (7, 8), on the skeleton and muscles respectively, were published in theTransactionsof the Society for 1905 and 1907. The third part would naturally have related to the viscera, and this, in fact, is in active preparation, but it is first necessary to amplify the description of the skeleton. Figs. 1 and 2 in my first part were based on dissections, which were executed very carefully, and the results checked by the examination of serial sections. It is, however, peculiarly difficult, and especially so inMyxine, to preserve the natural relations of the parts, and these drawings therefore exhibit the defects incidental to the method by which they were prepared. I mean by this, not that they are inaccurate, but that the interrelationships of the parts could not be faithfully represented. Quite apart from this, however, it became necessary to re-draw these figures.
II.—The Antarctic Fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Regan C. Tate
Published: January 2013

Our knowledge of the Antarctic fish-fauna has greatly increased during the last ten years. The Belgian expedition to Graham Land (1897–1899) was followed by that of the Southern Cross to Victoria Land (1898–1900), fitted out by Sir George Newnes. Next were the British expedition of the Discovery to Victoria Land and Edward Land (1901–1904), the German voyage of the Gauss to Kerguelen and Willhelm Land (1901–1903), and Nordenskjöld's Swedish expedition to South Georgia, the South Shetlands, and Graham Land. Then came the voyage of the Scotia to the South Orkneys and Coats Land (1902–1904), and Charcot's expeditions to the Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land in the Français. (1904–1905) and the Pourquoi Pas? (1908–1910), and finally Shackleton's expedition (1908–1909).
XVI.—On Rhinosporidium seeberi (Wernicke, 1903), with special reference to its Sporulation and Affinities
Authors: Ashworth J. H.
Published: January 2013

1. The investigation has been carried out on fresh and well preserved material obtained over a period of more than four years from a native of Cochin, now a graduate in medicine, who, while pursuing his medical studies in Edinburgh, had recurrences of Rhinosporidial polypi on his nasal septum (pp. 307, 308).

2. Rhinosporidium is a spherical or oval non-motile Protistan, usually lying between the connective tissue cells of the polypi, but occasionally found within a cell forming part of a cell-group cut off from the base of the epidermis or in a mononuclear, probably phagocytic, cell (pp. 309, 321).
XVII.—Studies in the Ectocarpaceæ. I. The Life-History and Cytology of Pylaiella litoralis, Kjellm
Authors: Knight Margery
Published: January 2013

During the last few years attention has been focussed somewhat sharply upon the Marine Algæ, partly on account of the recently investigated life-histories of some of the larger Phæophyceæ, and partly because of a recent suggestion that the Marine Algæ may represent the stock from which all higher land-plants have originated. Interest has naturally centred on the problem of the origin of an alternation of generations among the seaweeds, comparable to that which has become a characteristic feature in the life-histories of higher terrestrial plants.
XI.—A Previllous Human Ovum, aged Nine to Ten Days (The Davies-Harding Ovum)
Authors: Davies Francis
Published: January 2013

Within recent years several human ova in the previllous stage of development have been discovered and their study, taken in conjunction with the detailed observations of Heuser and Streeter (1941) on the development of the macaque embryo, has resulted in fundamental modifications of the views previously held concerning the early development of the human embryo.

The outlook on early human embryology comprises three phases: first, the phase when only very few specimens had been discovered and the tentative conclusions drawn from their study were to a considerable extent merely surmised by analogy with the phenomena known to occur in the development of other animals; second, the phase where sufficient material has been acquired to enable investigators to verify or deny some of these postulations and even to suspect certain possibilities—like variations in the degree of development of the various elements in embryos of approximately the same age such as is known to occur in other mammals, or early histological changes indicating pathological relations between the embryonic and maternal structures which may foreshadow the failure of continued embryono-maternal relations and impending abortion; and third, a phase when the specimens will be so numerous that the conclusions of the earlier periods can be established with certainty or definitely refuted. At present, early human embryological study is in the second phase, and the early attainment of the third phase is desirable to fill gaps in the present knowledge of the stages in the development of several structures (e.g. the yolk-sac, the amnio-embryonic vesicle, etc.) and to determine details necessary for a more precise comparison of the development of the human ovum with that of other primate and of lower vertebrate forms.
XIII.—On the Place and Power of Accent in Language
Authors: Blackie
Published: January 2013

On the subject of accent and quantity as elements of human speech, there has been such an immense amount of confusion, arising from vague phraseology, that in renewing the discussion nothing seems more necessary than to start with a careful and accurate definition of terms; and that a definition not taken from books, and the dumb bearers of a dead tradition, but from the living facts of nature, and the permanent qualities belonging to articulated breath. Now, if we observe accurately the natural and necessary affections of words in human discourse, considered merely as a succession of compact little wholes of articulated breath, without regard to their signification, we shall find that all the affections of which they are capable amount to four. Either (1), the mass of articulated breath which we call a word, is sent forth in a comparatively small volume, as in the case of a common gun, or it is sent forth in large volume, as in the case of a Lancaster gun; this is a mere affair of bulk, in virtue of which alone it is manifest that any word rolled forth from the lungs of a Stentor must be a different thing from the same mass of sound emitted from a less capacious bellows. In common language this difference is marked by the words loud and low.
XIV.—On the Average Quantity of Rain in Carlisle and the Neighbourhood
Authors: Barnes Thomas
Published: January 2013

In the year 1827, I communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh some meteorological journals, kept at Carlisle by the late Mr Pitt, extending over a period of twenty-four years, viz., from 1801 to 1824 inclusive. An abstract of these journals, with explanatory remarks and tabular results, were drawn up by me, and read before the Society, and were afterwards published in their Transactions. I now beg to offer some remarks to the Society on journals kept by Dr Carlyle, in the city of Carlisle, from 1757 to 1783 inclusive, by the Rev. Jos. Golding at Aikbank, near Wigton, Cumberland, fourteen miles west of Carlisle, from 1792 to 1810 inclusive, and by myself at Bunkers Hill, two and a half miles west of Carlisle, which is situate 184 feet above the sea level, according to the late Ordnance Survey, from 1852 to 1870 inclusive. I shall confine my remarks to the quantity of rain that fell during the several periods of our journals. The accompanying tables show the quantity of each month and year included in these periods. I regret much that I am not able to give a description of the instruments used by Dr Carlyle and Mr Golding; but as they both were gentlemen of considerable ability and of liberal education, and devoted much time and attention to meteorology, there is no reason to doubt either the quality of their instruments or the correctness of their observations. Dr Carlyle's rain-gauge was placed in his garden, near the head of Abbey Street, and is about the same height as the ground on which the Cathedral stands, eighty-two feet above the level of the sea. My own rain-gauge consists of a copper funnel, twelve inches in diameter at the top, and is inserted into a strong tinned iron vessel, placed in a box on my garden wall, the height of the funnel being six feet above ground. It is examined from time to time, and particularly after a fall of rain. The water is measured by means of a glass tube of half an inch diameter, with an attached scale of inches and tenths.
XVII.—On the Homological Relations of the Cœlenterata
Authors: Allman
Published: January 2013

Independently of the general agreement which necessitates the association of the Hydra, Actinia, and other Cœlenterate animals into one primary group of the animal kingdom, we must also expect a special morphological correspondence between the various forms of animals thus associated. In other words, a homological agreement ought to be determinable between the parts of animals included in any one subordinate section of the Cœlenterata with the parts of animals included in any other.

A comparison of the two primary sections of the Cœlenterata (Actinozoa and Hydrozoa), and of the various orders of these with one another, will show that such an agreement really exists, and that it is possible, by easily understood and thoroughly consistent modifications, to convert each special type into any of the others.
XIX.—On some Abnormal Cones of Pinus Pinaster
Authors: Dickson Alexander
Published: January 2013

It is well known that although the overwhelming majority of specimens of fircones exhibit one or other of the simple spiral arrangements represented by the terms of the ordinary series ½, ⅓, ⅖, ⅜, , &c., whose generating and successive secondary spirals are indicated by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, &c., yet exceptional cases occur now and again, where we find either conjugate spirals of the ordinary system, or arrangements (usually simple, but sometimes conjugate) belonging to other systems of spirals. Of these exceptional arrangements, perhaps the most common are bijugates of the ordinary system, giving the numbers 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 26, &c., and simple spirals belonging to the system ⅓, , &c., giving the numbers 1, 3, 4,7,11, 18, &c. More rarely, trijugates of the ordinary system occur, giving the numbers 3, 6, 9, 15, 24, 39, &c.; or spirals of the system , ⅕, , &c., giving the numbers 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, 23, 37, &c.; not to speak of various other arrangements, some of which will fall to be considered in the special cases which form the subject of the present communication.
XXII.—On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. III
Authors: Tait
Published: January 2013

I have explained at some length, in my “Reply to Prof. Boltzmann,” the circumstances under which the present inquiry originated and has been pursued. Of these I need now only mention two:—first, the very limited time which I can spare for such work; second, the very meagre acquaintance I possessed of what had been already done with regard to the subject. My object has been to give an easily intelligible investigation of the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory; and I have, in consequence, abstained from reading the details of any investigation (be its author who he may) which seemed to me to be unnecessarily complex. Such a course has, inevitably, certain disadvantages, but its manifest advantages far outweigh them.
XXIII.—On Systems of Solutions of Homogeneous and Central Equations of the nth Degree and of two or more Variables; with a Discussion of the Loci of such Equations
Authors: M'Laren
Published: January 2013

The purpose of the present paper is to ascertain how far it is possible to find exact solutions or values of x, y, &c., in equations between variables, so that the forms of plane curves and contour-lines of surfaces may be exactly determined. No approximate methods have been admitted, and only those methods have been used which are applicable to algebraic equations of every degree and any number of variables. In the examples given I have generally selected equations of even degree and even powers of the variables. But every such solution evidently includes the solution of the non-central equation of half the degree having corresponding terms and equal coefficients. The methods of solution employed are founded on the following introductory theorem or principle, which may be described as that of Homogeneous or Linear Variation of the quantities.
XV.—On some Cretaceous Brachiopoda and Mollusca from Angola, Portuguese West Africa
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: January 2013

The following notes have been prepared as the result of a study of a small collection of fossils belonging chiefly to the Pelecypoda and Gastropoda, which were obtained by Professor J. W. Gregory, F.R.S., from the Cretaceous rocks of the neighbourhood of Lobito Bay, situated to the north of Benguella, in the province of Angola. At first sight the specimens appeared to be of too unsatisfactory a character for determination, on account of their fragmentary condition, besides often consisting of natural casts. From a closer examination, however, it has been possible to trace some details of structure which have afforded clues to the identification of certain genera and species, a record of which will assist in extending our present limited knowledge of the Cretaceous conchology of this region of Africa. During the progress of these researches, a few further specimens from the same locality were added to Professor Gregory's collection, having been specially obtained by Mr E. Robins, of the Benguella Railway Company. So far as the literature of the subject is concerned, we appear to be indebted to the memoirs of Professor Paul Choffat of Lisbon for most of our information on the Cretaceous fauna of Angola, although reference should also be made to a small and important paper by M. Stanislas Meunier issued in 1888, which contains the earliest known figures of Cretaceous mollusca (Cephalopoda) from Angola, consisting of Schloenbachia inflata, J. Sowerby, Desmoceras cuvervillei, Stan. Meun., Hamites virgulatus, Brongniart, and H. tropicalis, Stan. Meun. These specimens, obtained from the limestones of Lobito Bay, north of Benguella, were considered to be of Albian age, the forms of S. inflata being regarded as identical with a variety of that species which had been figured by Szajnocha from the Elobi Islands, situated off the north-west territory of the French Congo.
XIX.—Apractocleidus teretipes: A new Oxfordian Plesiosaur in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University
Authors: Smellie William R.
Published: January 2013

This Plesiosaur was collected from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough by A.N. Leeds, Esq., F.G.S., and was acquired for the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, by Professor J. W. Gregory. The major portion of the skeleton is present, and the bones are in an excellent state of preservation. The specimen has many striking resemblances to Cryptocleidus oxoniensis, but detailed examination showed that it could not belong to that species, and the differences existing in the paddle, shouldergirdle, number of vertebræ, and conditions of ossification are such that it cannot be retained in that genus as now defined. Under the circumstances it seems advisable to create a new genus.
XXI.—On Leaf-Architecture as illuminated by a Study of Pteridophyta
Authors: Bower F. O.
Published: January 2013

The expression “architecture” as applied to the leaf was introduced by Prantl in his monograph on the Hymenophyllaceæ. It may be adopted as connoting the sum of the facts of construction of leaves; together with those principles or methods deduced from them, upon which we find the leaf to be built up. The varieties of size, form, and complexity of leaves appear infinite; but similarities in the scheme of their construction are obvious. It cannot be assumed that where similarities occur they are necessarily due to immediate community of descent. They may or may not be. Parallel development under similar conditions may be, and probably has been often, the source of such similarity. But even so it may be possible to connect the simpler and the more complex within the several lines of nearer relationship, and a study of several such lines may be expected to disclose certain underlying principles or methods which have ruled in the construction of foliar organs at large. The recognition of these, in their evolutionary aspect, is the proper basis for a scientific knowledge of leaf-architecture.
IX.—The Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of Æolid Molluscs, with a Discussion on their Nematocysts
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: January 2013

During recent years there has been a very great advance in our knowledge of the minute structure and function of the various regions and glands of the alimentary canal of the prosobranch and pulmonate gastropods, without any corresponding increase in our understanding of the opisthobranch and, in particular, of the nudibranch gut. That the emphasis should be laid on the streptoneurous and the land-living forms is obviously due to their abundance and to the fact that they include almost all the familiar types of gastropod mollusc, but it is disappointing that, at the moment of writing, there exists only one account of the histology and function of the digestive system of either a dorid or an æolid—to confine attention to the two main types of nudibranch molluscs which occur in British waters—that of Millott (1937b). This is perhaps more noticeable when it is recalled that the nudibranchs have specialised along distinctly unusual lines, many of which are intimately associated with the food and feeding habits which the animals have adopted. The æolids, it is true, have attracted a lively interest in connexion with their possession of nematocysts, but the majority of investigators have apparently been content to trace these into the cnidosacs without concerning themselves over the other constituents of the animal's food.
VII.—The Anatomy of Follicles Producing Wool-Fibres, with special reference to Keratinization
Authors: Auber L.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

The mammalian hair-fibre, together with the “inner root-sheath” (i.e.the axial layers of the follicle wall), grows upward by a proximal addition of cells. Changes in the inner root-sheath are responsible for the final shape and surface sculpture of the fibre. At its distal limit the inner root-sheath disintegrates owing to the effect of a de-keratinizing chemical agent.

A bent, undulated, or “crimped” fibre is due to a differentiated progress of the changes leading to keratinization of the “fibre cortex”. The cells which give rise to a “medulla” are different chemically and less compressible than cortical cells.
VIII.—Structure and Biology of the Larva and Spat ofVenerupis pullastra(Montagu)
Authors: Quayle D. B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:

This is a study of the structure and biology of the lamellibranchVenerupis pullastra(Montagu) from the early larva to the spat stage. The larva is identified, and the functional significance of the changes that occur during metamorphosis from the larva to the spat is considered. Organ development in the spat up to a length of one millimetre is described. The free swimming larva is studied from the point of view of seasonal abundance, length of pelagic period, vertical distribution and diurnal migration. Spatfalls both on artificial and natural bottom are studied, and the results indicate a possible cause for the high mortality in the early stages of marine invertebrates with this type of reproduction.
XVII.— The Ecology of Exposed Rocky Shores of Caithness
Authors: Lewis John R.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The vertical and horizontal distributions of important plants and animals on exposed rocky shores in Caithness are described, and comparisons are made with other shores of the British Isles. The environmental conditions which cause a marked uplift in the zonation of inter-tidal species in Caithness are considered.
XX.—Cytological Studies of Melaniidæ (Mollusca) with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Polyploidy. II. A Study of Meiosis in the Rare Males of the Polyploid Race ofMelanoides tuberculatusandMelanoides lineatus
Authors: Jacob Joseph
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In the rare males of the polyploid race ofMelanoides tuberculatus, which constitute about 3 per cent of the population, spermatogenesis has been studied in detail and compared with certain stages of spermatogenesis in the rare males ofM. lineatus, which constitute 0·01 per cent of the population. The occurrence of the rare males in these parthenogeneticMelanoidesprovides an exceptional opportunity for studying the pairing behaviour of the chromosomes and for obtaining a better understanding of the probable nature of the polyploidy involved. During spermatogenesis, the two usual meiotic divisions occur, but the different stages show univalents, bivalents, quadrivalents and bridge fragment configurations. Degeneration of sex cells occurs at different stages, but mostly at the spermatid stage and the sterility of the rare males may be said to be chromosomal. The significance of the various abnormal meiotic phenomena is discussed and it is suggested that autoallopolyploidy is involved. A conjectural scheme of the possible origin of the autoallopolyploidM. tuberculatusis also suggested and the interrelationships between parthenogenesis, polyploidy and hybridity discussed.
IX.—Lower Palæozoic Hyolithidæ from Girvan.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: January 2013

The extensive series of specimens of members of the Hyolithidæ which Mrs Elizabeth Gray has collected from the Ordovician and Silurian beds of the Girvan district, and submitted to me for investigation, forms the basis of the following memoir.

Through the kindness of Dr John Horne and Professor J. W. Gregory, special facilities have been afforded me of examining the other Scotch examples in the Geological Survey Collection, Edinburgh, and the Museum of Glasgow University. My thanks are also due to Dr F. L. Kitchin for the opportunity of studying the specimens in the Jermyn Street Museum.
XII.—The Lateral Sense Organs of Elasmobranchs: The Ampullary Canals of the Genus Raia.
Authors: Lamont Augusta
Published: January 2013

For two centuries and a half the ampullary canal system of Elasmobranch fishes has occupied the attention of a series of investigators, who have treated the subject from a variety of standpoints, and have amassed a considerable literature representing, in spite of repetition and some conflicting statements, a gradual advance to a fuller knowledge regarding the occurrence and the structure of the organs in question.
XXX.—On a New Siphonogorgid Genus Cactogorgia; with Descriptions of Three New Species.
Authors: Simpson James J.
Published: January 2013

Among the numerous littoral Alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine survey ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean there are five small Siphonogorgids of exceptional interest and apparently new to science. As some time must elapse before the publication of the complete memoir on the Indian Ocean collection, it seems advisable to make a separate report on these new forms. In so doing, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor A. Alcock, F.R.S., and Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., F.R.S.E., University of Aberdeen, for the opportunity of studying these interesting forms, and to the latter also for much kind advice and encouragement.
VII.—A Carboniferous Fauna from Nowaja Semlja
Authors: Bruce W. S. , Lee G. W. , Carruthers R. G.
Published: January 2013

The present paper is based on the study of a suite of fossils collected in 1898 by Dr W. S. Bruce, during a cruise with Major Andrew Coats in the Barents Sea, on board the yacht Blencathra.

The fossils were found in situ in a cliff at the extremity of Cape Cherney, a promontory situated on the west coast of Southern Nowaja Semlja, in Iat. 70° 49' and long. 56° 37'. Contrary to what often obtains in the case of materials collected by explorers, they are all from the same bed, a fact which greatly increases the value of the collection, as there is thus no possibility of a mixing of forms from different horizons.
XIII.—The Formation, Rupture, and Closure of Ovarian Follicles in Ferrets and Ferret-Polecat Hybrids, and some Associated Phenomena.
Authors: Robinson Arthur
Published: January 2013

A few words of explanation are necessary at the outset in connection with the terms used in association with the animals upon which these investigations were made.

Dealers in ferrets supply two types of animals—one with yellowish-white fur and pink eyes, which they call “ferrets,” and a second type in which the yellowish fur is intermingled with a varying admixture of brownish or brown-black hairs; the second type they call “polecats.” The polecats of the ferret-dealers are not, however, true polecats, for Miss Frances Pitt, who has bred ferrets and polecats and ferret-polecat hybrids in a scientific manner, and to whom I am indebted for the greater and best part of my information on this subject, points out that the so-called polecat of the dealers is never so dark and handsome in colour as the true polecat. Moreover, as Miss Pitt states, in the true polecat the light marks in front of the ears do not usually join across the forehead, whereas in the polecat of the dealers they form a band across the face; further, when viewed from in front and above, the head of the true polecat has the form of a fairly equilateral triangle, whilst in ferrets and the so-called polecats of the dealers the head, on the whole, has the form of an isosceles triangle.
XIV.—The Anatomy and Affinity of certain Rare and Primitive Ferns.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

A number of rare genera of Ferns of somewhat uncertain affinity had recently come to my hands. As they had by previous writers been referred in some degree to a common relationship it seemed well to embody them together in one memoir. As the work proceeded thejustification of this became more apparent, and towards the end of the work the conclusion seemed clear that the suggested affinities were real though not very close.
XVI.—The Prostate Glands of the Earthworms of the Family Megascolecidæ.
Authors: Stephenson J. , Ram Haru
Published: January 2013

The prostates or spermiducal glands form a prominent feature in the anatomy of the large family of the Megascolecidæ. Occurring in the neighbourhood of the termination of the sperm-ducts, they assume one of two forms, the tubular or the lobular. In the first, the gland typically takes the form of a bent, undulating, or coiled tube, cylindrical, with a single central lumen; in the second, it consists of a loosely or tightly packed aggregate of lobules, each with its ductule. The prostatic duct is in the first case a continuation of the glandular tube; in the second, the duct is formed by the union of the ductules; in both cases it is as a rule firm and muscular.
XVII.—The Calciferous Glands of Earthworms.
Authors: Stephenson J. , Prashad Baini
Published: January 2013

The calciferous glands of earthworms are well-known structures, which occur under a variety of forms, and have been the subject of a considerable amount of research. They are appendages of the oesophagus which occur in different segments in different genera and species; and the usual view of their morphological nature, put forward by Beddard (l) in 1895, and for long generally adopted, is that their epithelium is the oesophageal epithelium thrown into various degrees of folding. Beddard describes these different degrees in a number of different forms.
XVIII.—The Morphology of the Prosencephalon of Spinax as a type of Elasmobranch Fore-brain.
Authors: Thomson J. Stuart
Published: January 2013

This investigation on the morphology of the Fore-brain or Prosencephalon of Elasmobranchii was suggested to me by Professor G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., and I am indebted to him for introducing me to an interesting if somewhat difficult and perplexing subject. A glance at the literature on the morphology of the prosencephalon will readily convince one of two things—firstly, of the endless field for work in endeavouring to ascertain the true homologies of the neurone areas and fibre tracts in the brain throughout the Phylum Vertebrata; and secondly, of the somewhat unnecessary obstacles which have been introduced into the problem by the more recent additions to a terminology, already overburdened and encumbered, of new terms for equivalent parts. It would appear to be very advantageous if mutual agreement could be arrived at among workers on this subject regarding the use of descriptive terms, and, if such is at present impracticable, that each new worker should refrain as far as possible from applying a new term to a structure already previously described. In one case, namely, that of the tuberculum olfactorium, five different terms have apparently been applied to the same area.
XIV.—The Functional Morphology and Feeding Mechanism of the Chydorid CladoceranEurycercus lamellatus(O. F. Müller)
Authors: Fryer Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Outstanding structural features related to habits of life in the chydorid cladoceranEurycercus lamellatusare described. Crawling is as important as swimming in this deposit-feeding species. The nature of the food, its collection and subsequent manipulation, are described. Both cephalic and trunk appendages are involved in this process. Their structure and mode of action are described and illustrated in detail. Many hitherto unknown structural features are described and the functional significance of these and other morphological peculiarities is explained.
Observations on Carboniferous seeds of Mitrospermum, Conostoma and Lagenostoma
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Mitrospermum bulbosum sp. nov. is described from a single specimen found in the Lower Carboniferous Cementstone Group of Berwickshire. It is a platyspermic seed about 14 mm diameter. The nucellus is free from the integument laterally and contains a single megaspore above which is a pollen chamber and well-developed apical beak. The integument is cordate at the base around a bulbous chalazal region with two membranous wings which terminate above as two flat lobes having a V-shaped sinus between. At the base of this sinus is the micropyle which surrounds the apex of the nucellar beak.

Mitrospermum compressum Arber has been re-investigated from 21 specimens and evidence adduced to show that the micropylar canal expands upwards and opens between two short apical lobes.

Conostoma oblongum Will, has been re-investigated from 20 specimens. It possesses four integumental bundles; sometimes there are two basal lobes but no integumental flanges; no free apical lobes have been seen and the seed was sessile, not having a wide pedicel.

A specimen of Lagenostoma ovoides Will, with a mature prothallus is briefly described from longitudinal sections. At the upper end the prothallus has three archegonia and a circular trough surrounding the ‘tent-pole’.
The Devonian actinopterygianCheirolepisAgassiz
Authors: Pearson D. Michael , Westoll T. Stanley
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The structure of the fishes constituting the Devonian genusCheirolepisis investigated. Articulated remains from the Scottish Old Red Sandstone and the Canadian Upper Devonian were studied and two species are recognised, the Middle DevonianC. trailliand the Upper DevonianC. canadensis.Recently described fragmentary material from Europe assigned to the genus is best regarded asincertae sedis. Cheirolepisis the earliest actinopterygian genus with extensive material. Neurocranial remains are described, with a crossopterygian-like parasphenoid. There seems to have been a mobile rostral region with several small bones between premaxilla and postrostral extending to the anterior corner of the small dermal orbit. New palatoquadrate and pectoral girdle material is described. The apparently primitive nature of the head skeleton is related to the cranial dynamics and the likely mode of life. The small scales and the elongate-fusiform body shape are a corollary of the method of swimming. The ecology of the fishes is touched upon. A taxonomic investigation of the two species was carried out but although interesting variation in the scale-row numbers came to light no changes at the specific level were deemed necessary. Revised generic and specific diagnoses are given.
On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland
Authors: Dick John R. F.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Skeletal remains of Tristychius arcuatus commonly occur in ironstone nodules from the Scottish Upper and Lower Oil Shale Groups. This material is clearly distinguishable from the small shark from Glencartholm described by Traquair, Woodward and Moy-Thomas under this name. Study of the latter shows that its finspines are distinctly different from the holotype of T. arcuatus and, therefore, it has been renamed.

Tristychius arcuatus sensu stricto is a medium-sized hybodont shark with a short gape, a functionally heterocercal tail and narrow-based, tribasal pectoral fins. Its most unusual feature is a well developed opercular gill cover composed of long hyoid rays. Evidence suggests that this character was present in several Palaeozoic sharks, although it is absent in all Recent elasmobranchs. It is not clear whether it was primitively present in chondrichthyans or evolved separately in several lineages.

Hybodonts and ctenacanths are recognised as separate, specialised shark radiations, neither of which can be directly ancestral to Recent sharks. Of the two, hybodonts appear to be more closely related to Recent forms, although the presence of typical hybodont finspines in Tristychius arcuatus indicates that they had diverged from ancestral euselachians before the beginning of the Carboniferous.
A deep resistivity sounding at Rookhope, Northern England
Authors: Habberjam G. M. , Thanassoulas C.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A method of conducting a resistivity sounding, up to a maximum spacing of 5 kilometres, is described. By conducting measurements, in a symmetrical fashion, about the sounding centre and in two perpendicular directions, it is possible to obtain results which are relatively insensitive to the orientation of the electrode array used and entirely related to the local area around the sounding centre. By choice of the progression of spacing used, it is also possible to express the results in terms of resistivity measures suitable for subsequent interpretation.

A resistivity sounding curve, conducted in this manner at Rookhope, shows the existence a highly resistive basement at interpreted depths which are in reasonable accord with the known depth to the Weardale granite in this area.
XXXI.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: A Contribution to the Histology of the Central Nervous System of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii).
Authors: Haig Harold Axel
Published: January 2013

The specimens submitted for examination were:

(a) Portions of the brain (labelled Specimen XXXI.).

(b) Portions of spinal cord (labelled Specimen XXIV.).

Both were in excellent condition as regards fixation and hardening, having been preserved for many years in a fluid composed of formol and 95 per cent. alcohol (the fluid was also injected into the cerebral vessels). They were, previous to histological examination, submitted to the following processes:—

i. Comparatively thin slices were taken from various regions and placed for twenty-four hours in absolute alcohol.

ii. Then transferred to acetone for twelve hours.

iii. Placed in xylol until permeated.

iv. Embedded in paraffin of melting-point 52° C. Sections were then taken with an improved form of the Cambridge rocking microtome, and fixed to slides by means of the albumen method.
XI.—The Corals of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
Authors: Gardiner J. Stanley
Published: January 2013

The collection of Scotia corals is naturally small, since the main work of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition was in high Southern latitudes, but, during the outward and homeward journeys of the Scotia, collections were made, when opportunity presented itself.

The species are interesting distributionally, but their soft parts are largely decayed. There are five species, of which one is a known species; three dead masses, generically determinable; and the last, a new species, which may in future prove of even greater interest than at the present time.
XII.—A Study of the Effect of Diurnal Periodicity upon Plant Growth
Authors: Redington George
Published: January 2013

A preliminary account of an earlier investigation of this nature has been given in a previous paper (Redington and Priestley, 1925), and it is intended to record here the results of further work, with particular reference to questions of growth and development. The new data that are presented are the result of two series of experiments, which will be called Series B and C, whilst the earlier work will be referred to as Series A. A critical review of the relevant literature has recently been published (Redington, 1929), so reference will only be made to such work when it has a direct, positive, or negative bearing on the results recorded here.
XIV.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna: The Fauna of the Sandy and Muddy Areas of the Tidal Zone
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: January 2013

In 1926 a quantitative examination of the fauna of the intertidal sands in the Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde, was begun, and the results proved so interesting that it was decided to extend the survey to other parts of the Scottish coast, the object being to study the variation in density and composition of the fauna, with special reference to the two groups of molluscs and polychætes, from place to place, and at various levels on the beach. During the past two years observations have been made in three widely separated areas, namely, on the Ayrshire coast and Firth of Clyde, on the southern shore of the Moray Firth, and on the east coast of Scotland and in the Firth of Forth. In all, twenty-five bays or stretches of coast have been visited, and over one hundred and fifty quantitative collections worked through.
XXVIII.—Schist Geology: Braemar, Glen Clunie, and Glen Shee
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: January 2013

The district shown on the plate at the end of this paper belongs to an elevated portion of the much-dissected tableland known as the Highlands of Scotland. It stretches from the eastward-draining Dee to the southward-draining Shee and Isla. The watersheds between these three rivers determine the county boundaries of Aberdeen in the north, and Perth and Forfar in the south-west and south-east. They often rise well above 3000 feet, and where they meet in Glas Maol (I of Plate) they attain to 3502 feet. In the valley bottoms, Braemar on the Dee and the Spittal of Glen Shee both stand a little above the 1000-foot level. A connecting road, with a famous hairpin bend known as the Devil's Elbow (J), passes the Aberdeenshire frontier half a mile east of the Cairnwell at a height of 2199 feet. Its course furnishes an ideal geological traverse of the district considered as a whole.