bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention strategies for blood‐borne viruses—in the Era of vaccines, direct acting antivirals and antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Pfaender Stephanie , von Hahn Thomas , Steinmann Joerg , Ciesek Sandra , Steinmann Eike
Published: May 2016

Blood‐borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and the facultative blood‐borne hepatitis E virus, are considered a major public health problem given that they are accountable for millions of deaths each year. Treatment options, including effective vaccine design, development of antiviral strategies and the implementation of antiretroviral therapy have improved substantially over the last couple of years and contribute to successful treatment and prevention of these infectious diseases. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge and concepts in prevention of transmission of these blood‐borne viruses.
Structural behaviour of composite dowels in thin UHPC elements
Authors: Lechner Thomas , Gehrlein Sebastian Felix , Fischer Oliver
Published: May 2016

Composite dowels with different shapes have been developed and used in composite members during the last two decades. At the Chair of Concrete and Masonry Structures at Technical University of Munich (TUM), composite dowels with a clothoid shape are used for filigree composite beams and columns. In both types of application the composite dowels are used as external reinforcement and Ultra‐High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is chosen instead of normal‐strength concrete. This article describes mainly the results of the preliminary push‐out tests that were carried out in order to determine the structural behaviour of composite dowels in thin UHPC elements and verify the influence of the UHPC web thickness, the steel thickness of the shear connector, the concrete compressive strength and the influence of reinforcement on the loadbearing capacity and failure modes. The paper also includes an overview of and the outlook for the experiments with composite beams and composite columns.
The design concept for the steel part of a composite dowel shear connection
Authors: Lorenc Wojciech
Published: May 2016

The design concept for the steel part of a composite dowel shear connection is based on a geometric stress concept and it assumes the superposition of individual stress components resulting from longitudinal shearing and bending of a composite section. Analytical transformations of FEM calculation results for critical regions in steel dowels lead to the solution represented by closed interaction curves for the dimensionless shear resis tance of the connection versus the axial resistance of the web.
Non‐linear behaviour of steel dowels in shear connections with composite dowels: design models and approach using finite elements
Authors: Lorenc Wojciech
Published: May 2016

The theoretical background to the elastic design of steel dowels is presented in , what constitutes the basis for Fatigue Limit State (FLS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) are given. In this paper assumptions for Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and mechanical models are presented for both shapes covered by the German National Technical Approval . The yield strength of steel is assumed in the plastic design of steel dowels, contrary to the tensile strength of steel used in the case of headed studs. A dis cussion on this aspect is presented using results obtained by finite elements which are presented in . Hence, a consistent approach for ULS, SLS and FLS is established which is based on the statement that the resistance of a unit length of a shear connection with steel dowels does not depend on the size of the dowels and the ductility of the connection is a linear function of the dowel size.
Comparison of main models for size effect on shear strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams
Authors: Yu Qiang , Le Jia‐Liang , Hubler Mija H. , Wendner Roman , Cusatis Gianluca , Bažant Zdeněk P.
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a critical comparison of the existing code provisions for the shear strength of concrete beams. The comparison is based on the computerized filtering‐out of the inevitable statistical bias from the available multivariate database on shear strength, on an examination of the predicted size effects on shear strength and their underlying hypotheses and on the results of recent high‐fidelity numerical simulations of shear failure. In addition to examining the existing models, the present comparison also provides several key considerations for testing the scientific soundness of any model of shear failure in concrete beams, which is necessary for future revisions to the design code provisions.
Goffman, Growing Up, and Experienced Relationality
Authors: Johnson Peter
Published: May 2016

This article adopts a Goffmanian framework to grapple with the emotional‐relational experiences associated with teenagers growing up. Drawing upon focus group interviews with 14–15 year olds in East and West Belfast, the lack of full personhood attributed to nonadults is discussed in relation to spatial exclusion and stigmatizing service transactions, along with some emotional consequences. However, instances where teenagers embrace as well as reject this ostensibly negative social positioning are also elaborated. The overall thrust of the article seeks to demonstrate how the hierarchical adult‐child complex is built and maintained through everyday face‐to‐face interaction and the ritualistic expression of standards of worth assigned to participants.
Social and Political Risks: Factors Affecting FDI in China's Mining Sector
Authors: Campisi Julian M. , Caprioni Elena
Published: May 2016

Political risk can be defined as the potential for uncertainty and harm to business/economic operations that arise from political (governmental and other) behavior and events. These risks typically stem from factors such as economic structures, government institutions, policies, and societal characteristics, and are becoming more of a concern to prospective investors in a changing global political economy. This article seeks to expand upon the framework of political risk analysis by looking at “softer,” nonquantifiable risk factors. Through the analysis of foreign business experiences in China, we aim to demonstrate, via a qualitative case study of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Chinese mining sector, that in addition to typical financial, operational, and geological factors, firms should be better aware of the particular sociopolitical and cultural risks that can harm their investments in a given industry. This study draws on primary fieldwork, focuses on micropolitical risks to the industry, and stresses that multinational corporations (MNCs) could be more cognizant of the many societal factors that can influence an investment success. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of RISC: how do small RNAs and chaperones activate Argonaute proteins?
Authors: Nakanishi Kotaro
Published: May 2016

RNA silencing is a eukaryote‐specific phenomenon in which microRNAs and small interfering RNAs degrade messenger RNAs containing a complementary sequence. To this end, these small RNAs need to be loaded onto an Argonaute protein (AGO protein) to form the effector complex referred to as RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC assembly undergoes multiple and sequential steps with the aid of Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperone machinery. The molecular mechanisms for this assembly process remain unclear, despite their significance for the development of gene silencing techniques and RNA interference‐based therapeutics. This review dissects the currently available structures of AGO proteins and proposes models and hypotheses for RISC assembly, covering the conformation of unloaded AGO proteins, the chaperone‐assisted duplex loading, and the slicer‐dependent and slicer‐independent duplex separation. The differences in the properties of RISC between prokaryotes and eukaryotes will also be clarified. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:637–660. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1356

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
Influence of dietary protein on serum metabolites and antioxidant status: A study in Chrysolophus amherstiae
Authors: Bajpai S.K. , Das A. , Saini M. , Kullu S.S. , Sharma A.K.
Published: May 2016

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding graded levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on serum biochemical profile of Lady Amherst's pheasants (LAP). Eighteen male LAP were randomly distributed into three groups of six each in an experiment based on completely randomized design. The CP content of the diets was 13.4%, 16.5%, and 19.1%, in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Serum concentrations of uric acid was lowest (P < 0.05) in group I. Relationship between serum concentration of uric acid and nitrogen intake was linear (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.01). Concentrations of other serum metabolites and enzymes were similar among the groups. Serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) was highest (P < 0.05) in group I, followed by groups II and III. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of serum was lower (P < 0.007), whereas serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher (P < 0.001) in group I as compared to groups II and III. Regression of serum concentration of TAC (R2 = 0.74, P < 0.01) and MDA (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.05) was polynomial. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was higher (P < 0.007) in group I as compared to groups II and III. Relationship between H/L ratio and nitrogen intake was polynomial (R2 = 0.69, P < 0.05). Cell mediated immune response measured as foot web index was similar among the groups. Based upon the results, it was concluded that a diet containing 16.5% crude protein would be optimum for improving antioxidant defense and the ability of Lady Amherst's pheasant to combat stress. Zoo Biol. 35:346–354, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer, Aromatase Inhibitors, and Bone Health: What the Surgeon Should Know
Authors: Baatjes K. J. , Apffelstaedt J. P. , Kotze M. J. , Conradie M.
Published: May 2016

Breast cancer, as the most common malignancy in women, remains a major public health issue despite countless advances across decades. Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of the hormone‐sensitive subtype of breast cancer. The use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the postmenopausal women has extended the survival beyond that of Tamoxifen, but harbors a subset of side effects, most notably accelerated bone loss. This, however, does not occur in all women undergoing treatment. It is vital to identify susceptible patients early, to limit such events, employ early treatment thereof, or alter drug therapy. International trials on AIs, predominantly performed in North American and European females, provide little information on what to expect in women in developing countries. Here, surgeons often prescribe and manage endocrine therapy. The prescribing surgeon should be aware of the adverse effect of the endocrine therapy and be able to attend to side effects. This review highlights clinical and biochemical factors associated with decrease in bone mineral density in an, as yet, unidentified subgroup of postmenopausal women. In the era of personalized medical care, appropriate management of bone health by surgeons based on these factors becomes increasingly important.
Vats Versus Axillary Minithoracotomy in the Management of the Second Episode of Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Cost–Benefit Analysis
Authors: Divisi Duilio , Di Leonardo Gabriella , Crisci Roberto
Published: May 2016

Background

Video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was considered the gold standard approach in recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, with unanimous consensus of opinions. The cost‐effectiveness analysis in the surgical treatment of recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) was carried out comparing VATS with muscle‐sparing axillary minithoracotomy (MSAM).

Methods

Between July 2006 and October 2012 we treated 56 patients with a second episode of PSP by VATS or open approach. Time of intervention, prolonged air leaks, duration of pleural drainage, length of hospitalization, and long‐term morbidity were evaluated, establishing the relationship between costs and quality‐adjusted life for each technique.

Results

The assessment of pain and threshold of tenderness was more favorable in VATS in respect to MSAM during the 5 years of follow‐up (p = 0.004 and <0.001 at 1st year; p = 0.006 and <0.002 at 5th year). The minimally invasive method was less expensive than axillary minithoracotomy (2443.44 € vs. 3170.80 €). The quality‐adjusted life expectancy of VATS was better than that of MSAM (57.00 vs. 49.2 at 60 months) as well as the quality‐adjusted life year (0.03 at 1st year and 0.13 at 5th year). Incremental cost per life year gained of VATS versus MSAM was between 24,245.33 € (1st year) and 5776.31 € (5th year), making it advantageous at 3rd, 4th, and 5th years.

Conclusions

VATS compared to MSAM in the treatment of a second episode of PSP ensured undoubted clinical advantages associated with significant cost savings.
Stratigraphy of the Upper Gondwana Formations around Sohagpur, Western Part of the Satpura Gondwana Basin, Central India
Authors: Sengupta Saradee , Sengupta Dhurjati Prasad , Bandyopadhyay Saswati
Published: May 2016

The present work provides a detailed lithological map of the western part of the Satpura basin around Sohagpur and reports the presence of new archosauromorph fossil bones from that region. The study area is dominated by the Bagra Formation along with a narrow patch of the underlying upper part of the Denwa Formation. The lower Denwa and the underlying Pachmarhi formations are absent here. The presence of the Pachmarhi Formation, as a tongue shaped area, as mapped by Crookshank (1936) is discarded in this study on the basis of lithology and petrographic analyses, instead the presence of the Bagra Formation is suggested in this area. A comparison of the lithologies and the vertebrate faunas of the upper Gondwana formations between eastern and western part of the basin has been carried out for the first time. The comparison indicates that the Denwa Formation present in the western sector represents only the topmost part of the formation while the complete succession of Denwa is preserved in the eastern sector. The Bagra Formation in the western sector documents the presence of sheet-like sandstone bodies unlike the eastern part. The vertebrate fauna of the eastern part is dominated by temnospondyl amphibians while that of the western part is dominated by archosauromorph. The vertebrate fossils of upper part of Denwa Formation, found from similar lithologies in west and east though, have differences in the amount of transportation before their burial.
Holigarna (Anacardiaceae) from the Early Eocene of Western India and its Palaeogeographical and Palaeoclimatological Significance
Authors: Shukla Anumeha , Mehrotra Rakesh Chandra
Published: May 2016

Thick lignite deposits on the western margin of India were preserved on account of thick vegetation which got buried underneath due to tectonic activities that occurred in northwestern part of India during the early Palaeogene. Study of the fossil flora preserved in these beds is important to deduce the palaeoclimate of the region. Therefore, a field work was undertaken to collect plant fossils from the Tarkeshwar lignite mine, Surat district, Gujarat (western India) which is still unexplored as far as the plant mega-remains are concerned. A fossil wood is systematically described from the Cambay Shale Formation of the mine considered to be of early Eocene in age. It shows close affinities with Holigarna (Anacardiaceae), particularly with H. beddomei and H. grahamii. This genus is evergreen in nature and grows in the Indo-Malayan region, while both the modern analogues of the fossil are endemic to semi-evergreen to evergreen forests of Western Ghats, south India, located at the equator. This not only confirms the palaeolatitudinal position of the Indian subcontinent at the equator during the early Palaeogene, but also indicates the presence of equatorial rain forest in the Indian subcontinent during the period. Based on the timetree, Sapindales started to diverge in the early Palaeocene (62– 57 Ma) as its oldest fossil is from the K-Pg boundary. Discovery of the present anacardiaceous fossil (belonging to Sapindales) from the early Eocene strengthens the above phylogenetic view.
Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Quality in Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration, the New Capital Region of Andhra Pradesh, India – A Baseline Study
Authors: Rao P. N. , Prasad K. Maruthi , Madhusudhan B. J. , Krishna V. S. R. , Anand A. V. S. S. , Madhnure Pandith
Published: May 2016

Groundwater sampling was carried out in fast growing Vijayawada urban agglomeration in Andhra Pradesh state with a view to generate base line data and to assess groundwater quality, its variations vis-à-vis urbanization and hydrochemical characteristics. The groundwaters are found to be fresh to brackish, hard to very hard, often enriched with nitrate, phosphate, and faecal colliform indicating anthropogenic influence on groundwater on account of urbanization. Manganese and iron of geogenic origin are also found to be in high concentrations in some localities. The quality deterioration is more in shallow aquifers, as also in core urban and red soil covered areas. Spatial variations in groundwater quality are discernible, with high concentrations of SO4−,NO3− in core urban area suggesting the impact of urbanization. A wide range of chemical constituents indicate water rock interactions as influenced by anthropogenic activities controlling the urban aquifers. The order of abundance of cations is Na>Mg>Ca>K, while the order of abundance of anions is Cl>HCO3>SO4>NO3. The baseline study suggests the need to protect the groundwater resource through sound environmental protection measures for the welfare of the inhabitants in the city around which the new capital is proposed to be constructed for newly formed Andhra Pradesh state in India.
A Study on the Geochemistry of Groundwater Exhibiting Natural Attenuation of Phenols in the Alluvial Tracts of Oil Refinery Area of Bongaigaon District, Assam
Authors: Sankar K. Siva , Bhargav J. S.
Published: May 2016

Hydrochemical and hydrogeological studies were carried out in the groundwater of Dhaligaon refinery area, Bongaigoan district, Assam. The study revealed that the area is underlain by alluvial deposits of thickness varying from 67 to 142 meters and the groundwater occurs in unconfined alluvial formations. Transmissivity values of the formations range from 2100 to 3800 m2/day. The effluents from the refinery are disposed off into a natural drain, “Tunia nala”, which contaminates the groundwater. The effluents contain constituents like phenol, nitrite, sulphide, iron etc, which subsequently seep into the dug well zone, but the phenol concentrations get naturally attenuated during the contaminant transport to the depths below. The probable reasons leading to natural attenuation of phenol as per in-situ hydrogeological and environmental conditions have been discussed.
Reservoir Characterization and Formation Evaluation of a “Royal Onshore Field”, Southern Niger Delta using Geophysical Well Log Data
Authors: Obiora Daniel N. , Gbenga David , Ogobiri Godwin
Published: May 2016

The reservoir properties of three wells in Royal Field, Niger Delta basin was characterized using fundamental formula. The distributions and thicknesses of sand bodies were determined within each of the wells in the field using geophysical modeling software. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were done for the three exploration wells with the depth ranges of 4000-9700m for Royal well 1, 1000-8805m for Royal well 2, and 4000-8000m for Royal well 3. Each well has identified sand units. Royal well 1 and Royal well 2 have 5 sand units (A, B, C, D, E) each, with respective thicknesses 422m, 110m, 92m, 142m and 350m for well 1, and 82m, 65m, 214m, 362m, and 192m for well 2. Royal well 3 has 4 sand units (A, B, C, D), with respective thicknesses 135m, 80m, 269m and 229m. Petrophysical evaluations were made from well logs. The average porosity values obtained for Royal wells 1, 2, and 3 are 0.24, 0.18 and 0.22 respectively while the corresponding average permeability values are 2789mD, 1292mD, 1643mD. Porosity values obtained from porosity logs and density log (RHOB) using porosity formula are found to be within the range of 0.07-0.45, while their permeabilities range from 164 to 8453 milli Darcy. The water saturation obtained for each reservoir unit in combination with the resistivity index were used to prove the presence of hydrocarbon in these sands. Royal well 2 having its sand A, 80% hydrocarbon saturated and 82m thickness is the most prolific. The results clearly indicate that the application of this technique is very effective for the interpretation of reservoir properties.
SMR Geomechanics and Kinematic Analysis near Rasulpur, Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Mondal M. E. A. , Siddique Tariq , Mondal Bulbul , Alam M. Masroor
Published: May 2016

Slope stability of mine slopes is often associated with safety and economics during excavation. Sandstone is excavated from Rasulpur area of Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh for the purpose of crushed, decorative and dimension stones. In the present paper an attempt has been made to characterize the rock slope faces into different stability classes. Characterization is based on geological and geotechnical parameters recorded on the outcrop during field investigation and supplemented by geomechanical properties by the laboratory test for strength of the rock intact. SMR Geomechanics classification is used to identify the stability class and remedial measures are also suggested to reduce any possible hazard. Kinematic analysis of slope was also investigated to determine the probability of any possible structurally controlled failure. On the basis of SMR Geomechanics calculations slope under investigation lies under good stability class i.e. 2a and 2b. Installation of nets during excavation can be done and for better safety spot and systematic rock bolting can be done. Kinematic study reveals that toppling failures may occur, special care must be given to the joint set which can trigger toppling failure.
Mifepristone increases mRNA translation rate, triggers the unfolded protein response, increases autophagic flux, and kills ovarian cancer cells in combination with proteasome or lysosome inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Lei , Hapon Maria B. , Goyeneche Alicia A. , Srinivasan Rekha , Gamarra-Luques Carlos D. , Callegari Eduardo A. , Drappeau Donis D. , Terpstra Erin J. , Pan Bo , Knapp Jennifer R. , Chien Jeremy , Wang Xuejun , Eyster Kathleen M. , Telleria Carlos M.
Published: May 2016

The synthetic steroid mifepristone blocks the growth of ovarian cancer cells, yet the mechanism driving such effect is not entirely understood. Unbiased genomic and proteomic screenings using ovarian cancer cell lines of different genetic backgrounds and sensitivities to platinum led to the identification of two key genes upregulated by mifepristone and involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR): the master chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), glucose regulated protein (GRP) of 78 kDa, and the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous transcription factor (CHOP). GRP78 and CHOP were upregulated by mifepristone in ovarian cancer cells regardless of p53 status and platinum sensitivity. Further studies revealed that the three UPR‐associated pathways, PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, were activated by mifepristone. Also, the synthetic steroid acutely increased mRNA translation rate, which, if prevented, abrogated the splicing of XBP1 mRNA, a non‐translatable readout of IRE1α activation. Moreover, mifepristone increased LC3‐II levels due to increased autophagic flux. When the autophagic–lysosomal pathway was inhibited with chloroquine, mifepristone was lethal to the cells. Lastly, doses of proteasome inhibitors that are inadequate to block the activity of the proteasomes, caused cell death when combined with mifepristone; this phenotype was accompanied by accumulation of poly‐ubiquitinated proteins denoting proteasome inhibition. The stimulation by mifepristone of ER stress and autophagic flux offers a therapeutic opportunity for utilizing this compound to sensitize ovarian cancer cells to proteasome or lysosome inhibitors.
Short-term velocity variations and sliding sensitivity of a slowly surging glacier
Authors: Flowers Gwenn E. , Jarosch Alexander H. , Belliveau Patrick T. A. P. , Fuhrman Lucas A.
Published: May 2016

We use daily surface velocities measured over several weeks in 2007 and 2008 on a slowly surging glacier in Yukon, Canada, to examine the ordinary melt-season dynamics in the context of the ongoing surge. Horizontal velocities within and just below the ~1.5 km-long zone of fastest flow, where the surge is occurring, are often correlated during intervals of low melt. This correlation breaks down during melt events, with the lower reaches of the fast-flow zone responding first. Velocity variability in this lower reach is most highly correlated with melt; velocities above and below appear to respond at least as strongly to the velocity variations of this reach as to local melt. GPS height records are suggestive of ice/bed separation occurring in the fast-flow zone but not below it, pointing to a hydrological cause for the short-term flow variability in the surging region. Independent velocity measurements over 6 years show a maximum July flow anomaly coincident with the location most responsive to melt. Results from a simple model of dashpots and frictional elements lend support to the hypothesis that this zone partly drives the dynamics of the ice above and below it. We speculate that the slow surge may enhance glacier sensitivity to melt-season processes, including short-term summer sliding events.
[Ir]rationality, Happiness, and Benefit-Cost Analysis: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Robinson Lisa A.
Published: May 2016

Behavioral economics and happiness research have many important implications for the conduct of benefit-cost analysis as well as for policy design and implementation. By identifying ways in which we may act irrationally and providing new perspectives on the relationship between our circumstances and our sense of well-being, this research raises numerous questions regarding the evaluation of individual and societal welfare and the desirability of alternative policies. In this special issue, we present a series of articles that explore these concerns and provide significant new insights.
Baltimore Is Burning: Can I-O Psychologists Help Extinguish the Flames?
Authors: Ruggs Enrica N. , Hebl Michelle R. , Rabelo Verónica Caridad , Weaver Kayla B. , Kovacs Joy , Kemp Andeneshea S.
Published: May 2016

Recent media coverage has called attention to what some see as an unreasonable use of force by law enforcement officers against unarmed Black citizens. Many of these incidents have stirred widespread concern, as there has been a large public outcry indicating that the incidents appear to have racial undertones, which is particularly pronounced given the fatal consequences that are too frequent. This article focuses on how psychological research on racial bias can explain some of the cognitive and affective processes that could be influencing law enforcement officer behavior in at least some of these incidents. Further, we discuss how industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists can use this research and leverage current practices within the field to develop solutions and effectively deal with individual racial biases among officers within the law enforcement community. We also discuss avenues of future research within I-O psychology and hope to spark a conversation within the I-O community about additional ways the field can address tensions that have arisen between law enforcement and different communities regarding perceptions of excessive use of force by officers.
Statistically steady states of forced isotropic turbulence in thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium
Authors: Donzis Diego A. , Maqui Agustin F.
Published: May 2016

We investigate statistically steady states of turbulent flows when molecular degrees of freedom, in particular vibration, are taken into account. Unlike laminar flows initially in thermal non-equilibrium which asymptotically relax towards thermal equilibrium, turbulent flows present persistent departures from thermal equilibrium. This is due to fluctuations in temperature and other thermodynamic variables, which are known to increase with turbulent Mach number. Analytical results are compared to direct numerical simulations at a range of Reynolds and Mach numbers as well as molecular parameters such as relaxation times. Turbulent fluctuations are also shown to disrupt the distribution of energy between translational–rotational–vibrational modes even if thermal equilibrium is attained instantaneously relative to turbulence time scales, an effect that increases with characteristic relaxation times. Because of the nonlinear relation between temperature and vibrational energy in equilibrium, the fluctuation of the latter could be strongly positively skewed with long tails in its probability density function. This effect is stronger in flows with strong temperature fluctuations and when vibrational modes are partially excited. Because of the finite-time relaxation of vibration, departures from equilibrium result in very strong transfers of energy from the translational–rotational mode to the vibrational mode. A simple spectral model can explain the stronger departures from thermal equilibrium observed at the small scales. The spectral behaviour of the instantaneous vibrational energy can be described by classical phenomenology for passive scalars.
Drift approximation and ideal MHD of cold relativistic winds
Authors: Bogovalov Sergey V.
Published: May 2016

A critical revision of the essential principles of the physics of relativistic flows of cold plasma is given. We prove that the approximation of ideal magnetic hydrodynamics of the cold plasma is equivalent to the drift approximation of motion of charged particles in an electromagnetic field. The equations of magnetohydrodynamics are obtained from equations for the drift motion of the charged particles. The conditions of application of the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics are obtained. In the case of the Crab pulsar the violation of the frozen-in condition can happen at a distance that well exceeds the distance to the termination shock. One fluid MHD can be incorrect at the light cylinder provided that the Lorentz factor of the plasma exceeds $10^{4}$ and the curvature radius of the flow line is comparable with the light cylinder. It is shown that the electric currents in the cold plasma are the result of the inertial drift motion of the charged particles in the crossed electric and magnetic fields.
A Note on the Origins of Hali'sMusaddas-e Madd-o Jazr-e Islām
Authors: TIGNOL EVE
Published: May 2016

Published in 1879 in theTahzīb ul-Akhlāqas well as in book form, Maulana Altaf Husain Hali'sMusaddas on the Ebb and Flow of Islam(better known asMusaddas-e Hālī) is a unique text. The poem, which recalls a glorious Islamic past and mourns its decline in India, both drew on the Urdushahr āshobtradition that had developed since the eighteenth century as well as innovatively developed a very Arabic “flavour” and style that was uncommon at the time. While C. Shackle and J. Majeed have analysed Hali's use of typical Arabic literary devices in their excellent study and edition of theMusaddas, they conceded that “the overt influence of Arabic poetry is less easy to establish”. However, new evidence from theAligarh Institute Gazetteof 1878 brings another piece to the puzzle and enables us to situate Hali'sMusaddasin its broader historical and literary context: indeed, two articles written by Sayyid Ahmad Khan in January of that year show that Hali's masterpiece was in fact conceived as an Urdu re-adaptation of an Arabic classic, al-Rundi's famousLament for the fall of Seville.
Pediatrician preferences, local resources, and economic factors influence referral to a subspecialty access clinic
Authors: Di Guglielmo Matthew D. , Greenspan Jay S. , Abatemarco Diane J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Pediatric patients seek timely access to subspecialty care within a complex delivery system while facing barriers: distance, economics, and clinician shortages.

Aim

We examined stakeholder perceptions about solutions to the access challenge. We engaged over 300 referring primary care pediatricians in the evaluation of Access Clinics at an academic children’s hospital.

Methods

Using an anonymous online survey, we asked pediatricians about their and their patients’ experiences and analyzed factors that may influence referrals.

Findings

Referring pediatricians reported satisfaction; they provided feedback about their patients’ experiences, physician communication, and referral influences. Distance from the Access Clinic does not correlate with differences in referral volume; living in areas with higher child populations and higher median income is associated with more referrals. Referring pediatricians have strong opinions about referrals, are attuned to patient experiences, and desire bi-directional communication. Multiple factors influence referral to and acceptance of Access Clinics, but external influences have less impact than expected.
Aging Stars Make New Habitable Zones
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: May 2016

Scientists searching for life in the universe now have a new target: the once-icy worlds orbiting red giants.
An allosteric role for receptor activity-modifying proteins in defining GPCR pharmacology
Authors: J Gingell Joseph , Simms John , Barwell James , Poyner David R , Watkins Harriet A , Pioszak Augen A , Sexton Patrick M , Hay Debbie L
Published: May 2016

G protein-coupled receptors are allosteric proteins that control transmission of external signals to regulate cellular response. Although agonist binding promotes canonical G protein signalling transmitted through conformational changes, G protein-coupled receptors also interact with other proteins. These include other G protein-coupled receptors, other receptors and channels, regulatory proteins and receptor-modifying proteins, notably receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs have at least 11 G protein-coupled receptor partners, including many class B G protein-coupled receptors. Prototypic is the calcitonin receptor, with altered ligand specificity when co-expressed with RAMPs. To gain molecular insight into the consequences of this protein–protein interaction, we combined molecular modelling with mutagenesis of the calcitonin receptor extracellular domain, assessed in ligand binding and functional assays. Although some calcitonin receptor residues are universally important for peptide interactions (calcitonin, amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptide) in calcitonin receptor alone or with receptor activity-modifying protein, others have RAMP-dependent effects, whereby mutations decreased amylin/calcitonin gene-related peptide potency substantially only when RAMP was present. Remarkably, the key residues were completely conserved between calcitonin receptor and AMY receptors, and between subtypes of AMY receptor that have different ligand preferences. Mutations at the interface between calcitonin receptor and RAMP affected ligand pharmacology in a RAMP-dependent manner, suggesting that RAMP may allosterically influence the calcitonin receptor conformation. Supporting this, molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the calcitonin receptor extracellular N-terminal domain is more flexible in the presence of receptor activity-modifying protein 1. Thus, RAMPs may act in an allosteric manner to generate a spectrum of unique calcitonin receptor conformational states, explaining the pharmacological preferences of calcitonin receptor-RAMP complexes. This provides novel insight into our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor-protein interaction that is likely broadly applicable for this receptor class.
Contribution of ammonia oxidation to chemoautotrophy in Antarctic coastal waters
Authors: Tolar Bradley B , Ross Meredith J , Wallsgrove Natalie J , Liu Qian , Aluwihare Lihini I , Popp Brian N , Hollibaugh James T
Published: May 2016

There are few measurements of nitrification in polar regions, yet geochemical evidence suggests that it is significant, and chemoautotrophy supported by nitrification has been suggested as an important contribution to prokaryotic production during the polar winter. This study reports seasonal ammonia oxidation (AO) rates, gene and transcript abundance in continental shelf waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula, where Thaumarchaeota strongly dominate populations of ammonia-oxidizing organisms. Higher AO rates were observed in the late winter surface mixed layer compared with the same water mass sampled during summer (mean±s.e.: 62±16 versus 13±2.8 nm per day, t-test P<0.0005). AO rates in the circumpolar deep water did not differ between seasons (21±5.7 versus 24±6.6 nm per day; P=0.83), despite 5- to 20-fold greater Thaumarchaeota abundance during summer. AO rates correlated with concentrations of Archaea ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes during summer, but not with concentrations of Archaea amoA transcripts, or with ratios of Archaea amoA transcripts per gene, or with concentrations of Betaproteobacterial amoA genes or transcripts. The AO rates we report (<0.1–220 nm per day) are ~10-fold greater than reported previously for Antarctic waters and suggest that inclusion of Antarctic coastal waters in global estimates of oceanic nitrification could increase global rate estimates by ~9%. Chemoautotrophic carbon fixation supported by AO was 3–6% of annualized phytoplankton primary production and production of Thaumarchaeota biomass supported by AO could account for ~9% of the bacterioplankton production measured in winter. Growth rates of thaumarchaeote populations inferred from AO rates averaged 0.3 per day and ranged from 0.01 to 2.1 per day.
Synthesis of tetra- and octa-aurated heteroaryl complexes towards probing aromatic indoliums
Authors: Yuan Jun , Sun Tingting , He Xin , An Ke , Zhu Jun , Zhao Liang
Published: May 2016

Polymetalated aromatic compounds are particularly challenging synthetic goals because of the limited thermodynamic stability of polyanionic species arising from strong electrostatic repulsion between adjacent carbanionic sites. Here we describe a facile synthesis of two polyaurated complexes including a tetra-aurated indole and an octa-aurated benzodipyrrole. The imido trinuclear gold(I) moiety exhibits nucleophilicity and undergoes an intramolecular attack on a gold(I)-activated ethynyl to generate polyanionic heteroaryl species. Their computed magnetic properties reveal the aromatic character in the five-membered ring. The incorporation of the aurated substituents at the nitrogen atom can convert non-aromaticity in the parent indolium into aromaticity in the aurated one because of hyperconjugation. Thus, the concept of hyperconjugative aromaticity is extended to heterocycles with transition metal substituents. More importantly, further analysis indicates that the aurated substituents can perform better than traditional main-group substituents. This work highlights the difference in aromaticity between polymetalated aryls and their organic prototypes.
Erratum: Chromatin-associated degradation is defined by UBXN-3/FAF1 to safeguard DNA replication fork progression
Authors: Franz André , Pirson Paul A. , Pilger Domenic , Halder Swagata , Achuthankutty Divya , Kashkar Hamid , Ramadan Kristijan , Hoppe Thorsten
Published: May 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 10612 (2016); Published: 4 February 2016; Updated: 17 May 2016. This Article contains errors in the labelling of Fig. 5 and Supplementary Fig. 6, the former of which was introduced during the production process. In Fig. 5b, an ‘x’ indicating the presence of UBXN-3(SGG)-HIS in lane 6 was inadvertently omitted.
Congruent pattern of accessibility identifies minimal pore gate in a non-symmetric voltage-gated sodium channel
Authors: Oelstrom Kevin , Chanda Baron
Published: May 2016

Opening and closing of the central ion-conducting pore in voltage-dependent ion channels is gated by changes in membrane potential. Although a gate residue in the eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel has been identified, the minimal molecular determinants of this gate region remain unknown. Here, by measuring the closed- and open-state reactivity of MTSET to substituted cysteines in all the pore-lining helices, we show that the state-dependent accessibility is delineated by four hydrophobic residues at homologous positions in each domain. Introduced cysteines above these sites do not react with intracellular MTSET while the channels are closed and yet are rapidly modified while the channels are open. These findings, in conjunction with state-dependent metal cross-bridging, support the notion that the gate residues in each of the four S6 segments of the eukaryotic sodium channel form an occlusion for ions in the closed state and are splayed open on activation.
Ultralow-phase-noise millimetre-wave signal generator assisted with an electro-optics-modulator-based optical frequency comb
Authors: Ishizawa A. , Nishikawa T. , Goto T. , Hitachi K. , Sogawa T. , Gotoh H.
Published: May 2016

Low-noise millimetre-wave signals are valuable for digital sampling systems, arbitrary waveform generation for ultra-wideband communications and coherent radar systems. However, the phase noise of widely used conventional signal generators (SGs) will increase as the millimetre-wave frequency increases. Our goal has been to improve commercially available SGs so that they provide a low-phase-noise millimetre-wave signal with assistance from an electro-optics-modulator-based optical frequency comb (EOM-OFC). Here, we show that the phase noise can be greatly reduced by bridging the vast frequency difference between the gigahertz and terahertz ranges with an EOM-OFC. The EOM-OFC serves as a liaison that magnifies the phase noise of the SG. With the EOM-OFC used as a phase noise “booster” for a millimetre-wave signal, the phase noise of widely used SGs can be reduced at an arbitrary frequency f (6 ≦ f ≦ 72 GHz).
Automated microseismic event location using Master-Event Waveform Stacking
Authors: Grigoli Francesco , Cesca Simone , Krieger Lars , Kriegerowski Marius , Gammaldi Sergio , Horalek Josef , Priolo Enrico , Dahm Torsten
Published: May 2016

Accurate and automated locations of microseismic events are desirable for many seismological and industrial applications. The analysis of microseismicity is particularly challenging because of weak seismic signals with low signal-to-noise ratio. Traditional location approaches rely on automated picking, based on individual seismograms, and make no use of the coherency information between signals at different stations. This strong limitation has been overcome by full-waveform location methods, which exploit the coherency of waveforms at different stations and improve the location robustness even in presence of noise. However, the performance of these methods strongly depend on the accuracy of the adopted velocity model, which is often quite rough; inaccurate models result in large location errors. We present an improved waveform stacking location method based on source-specific station corrections. Our method inherits the advantages of full-waveform location methods while strongly mitigating the dependency on the accuracy of the velocity model. With this approach the influence of an inaccurate velocity model on the results is restricted to the estimation of travel times solely within the seismogenic volume, but not for the entire source-receiver path. We finally successfully applied our new method to a realistic synthetic dataset as well as real data.
Effect of the particle-hole channel on BCS–Bose-Einstein condensation crossover in atomic Fermi gases
Authors: Chen Qijin
Published: May 2016

BCS–Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover is effected by increasing pairing strength between fermions from weak to strong in the particle-particle channel and has attracted a lot of attention since the experimental realization of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases. Here we study the effect of the (often dropped) particle-hole channel on the zero T gap Δ(0), superfluid transition temperature Tc, the pseudogap at Tc and the mean-field ratio 2Δ(0)/"Equation missing", from BCS through BEC regimes, using a pairing fluctuation theory which includes self-consistently the contributions of finite-momentum pairs and features a pseudogap in single particle excitation spectrum. Summing over the infinite particle-hole ladder diagrams, we find a complex dynamical structure for the particle-hole susceptibility χph and conclude that neglecting the self-energy feedback causes a serious over-estimate of χph. While our result in the BCS limit agrees with Gor’kov et al., the particle-hole channel effect becomes more complex and pronounced in the crossover regime, where χph is reduced by both a smaller Fermi surface and a big (pseudo)gap. Deep in the BEC regime, the particle-hole channel contributions drop to zero. We predict a density dependence of the magnetic field at the Feshbach resonance, which can be used to quantify χph and test different theories.
Enhancing Specific Energy and Power in Asymmetric Supercapacitors - A Synergetic Strategy based on the Use of Redox Additive Electrolytes
Authors: Singh Arvinder , Chandra Amreesh
Published: May 2016

The strategy of using redox additive electrolyte in combination with multiwall carbon nanotubes/metal oxide composites leads to a substantial improvements in the specific energy and power of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). When the pure electrolyte is optimally modified with a redox additive viz., KI, ~105% increase in the specific energy is obtained with good cyclic stability over 3,000 charge-discharge cycles and ~14.7% capacitance fade. This increase is a direct consequence of the iodine/iodide redox pairs that strongly modifies the faradaic and non-faradaic type reactions occurring on the surface of the electrodes. Contrary to what is shown in few earlier reports, it is established that indiscriminate increase in the concentration of redox additives will leads to performance loss. Suitable explanations are given based on theoretical laws. The specific energy or power values being reported in the fabricated ASCs are comparable or higher than those reported in ASCs based on toxic acetonitrile or expensive ionic liquids. The paper shows that the use of redox additive is economically favorable strategy for obtaining cost effective and environmentally friendly ASCs.