bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching short circuit breaking test on high‐voltage circuit breakers to undergraduate students by using MATLAB‐SIMULINK
Authors: Vahidi B. , Taherkhani M.
Published: October 2010

This article describes an efficient method of teaching short circuit breaking test of high‐voltage circuit breakers, to undergraduate students of power system groups in electrical engineering departments, as a part of a high‐voltage course for senior undergraduate students. The article shows how to simulate the components of testing circuit and breaker in order to teach students the test. Evaluation of the simulation over several semesters with more than 40 students is very positive in terms of their developing confidence in and understanding of short circuit breaking test on high‐voltage circuit breakers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 459–466, 2013
Outcomes following PCI in patients with previous CABG
Authors: Bundhoo Shantu S. , Kalla Manish , Anantharaman Rajaram , Morris Keith , Chase Alexander , Smith David , Anderson Richard A. , Kinnaird Tim D.
Published: October 2010

Background: Limited data is available to guide operators as to the optimal revascularisation strategy in patients with previous CABG representing with angina. Method: Retrospective analysis of 161 patients with prior CABG undergoing PCI in two centres between September 2005 and April 2008. Results: 161 patients (132 male, 68 ± 8years) underwent PCI at 126 ± 65 months after index CABG. Clinical presentation of recurrent ischaemia was stable in 59.7% and as an acute coronary syndrome in 40.3% of patients. Mean follow‐up after PCI was 13.5 ± 4.8 months. About 62.7% of patients underwent native vessel PCI, 32.9% had a graft only PCI, and 4.4% having a combination of both. Drug eluting stents were used in 84.9% of cases. There was one cardiac death and one case of redo CABG during follow‐up. Mean CCS angina class decreased from 2.87 to 0.67 (P < 0.0001) in the follow‐up group. About 13.6 % of all patients had a MACE at follow up. This was higher in the graft PCI group (21.6% vs. 8.9%, P = 0.048). About 12.4% of the total cohort underwent repeat PCI although 30% of these required PCI for a de‐novo lesion. TVR rate was significantly higher in patients undergoing graft PCI than native vessel PCI (15% vs. 4.9%, P = 0.031). Graft PCI was an independent predictor (HR 3.73, 1.27–10.87 [95%CI], P = 0.016) of MACE in these patients. Conclusion: PCI significantly improved angina in these patients with low overall rates of TVR. However TVR rate was significantly higher in patients undergoing graft PCI than those undergoing native vessel PCI. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A nonimaging catheter for measurement of coronary artery lumen area
Authors: Hermiller James , Choy Jenny S. , Svendsen Mark , Bigelow Brian , Fouts Andrew M. , Hall Jack , Parr Kirk , Ball Michael , Sinha Anjan , Bhatt Deepak L. , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: October 2010

Objectives: The objective of this human pilot study was to determine the safety and the level of agreement between a novel nonimaging 2.7 Fr. catheter‐based system (LumenRECON, LR) that uses electrical conductance for measurement of lumen cross‐sectional area (CSA) with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). Based on previous animal studies, we hypothesized the level of agreement between LR and IVUS to be 13%. Background: Accurate and reproducible vessel sizing is essential for optimal percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 12 patients were studied to evaluate the safety, accuracy, and reproducibility of the system in comparison with IVUS and QCA. The CSA of coronary arteries was determined by IVUS, QCA, and LR in the distal, proximal, and center of a lesion during standard PCI. Results: A Bland‐Altman plot of the LR versus IVUS and QCA show a nonsignificant mean difference between the two measurements of 0.04 and 0.07 mm in diameter, respectively. The root mean square error of LR versus IVUS and QCA was 14.3 and 25.8% of the mean IVUS or QCA diameter, respectively. The mean of the difference between two LR duplicate measurements was nearly zero (0.03 mm) and the repeatability coefficient was within 8.7% of the mean of the two measurements. There were no procedural complications nor were any device‐related MACE reported within 30 days of the procedure. Conclusions: This proof of concept pilot study establishes the safety and accuracy of the conductance technology for a pivotal trial of coronary sizing. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coil closure of residual shunt after amplatzer pfo occlusion
Authors: Meier Bernhard
Published: October 2010

A 59‐year‐old man suffered a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and was found to have a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Six months after closure with a 25 mm Amplatzer PFO occluder there was a significant residual shunt at transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). A coil was implanted and TEE 4 months later showed complete closure. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recanalization and reuse of early occluded radial artery within 6 days after previous transradial diagnostic procedure
Authors: Babunashvili Avtandil , Dundua David
Published: October 2010

Late radial artery (RA) thrombosis occurs in 3–9% after transradial interventions. RA occlusion has made this approach unsuitable for repeat interventions and obviated the need for alternative vascular access for catheterization, e.g., left RA (with certain risk of bilateral RA occlusion) or femoral artery with its shortcomings and, sometimes, life‐threatening complications requiring surgical treatment (large groin hematoma, arterio‐venous fistula or false aneurysm, retroperitoneal hemorrhage). We demonstrate the possibility of retrograde RA recanalization, dilatation, and restoration of the RA patency within 6 days after first transradial coronary diagnostic catheterization complicated with acute RA occlusion. Thus we were able to recanalize previously occluded RA and reuse it for repeat transradial coronary interventions. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
All comers 5 french transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention without sheath
Authors: Laurent Bayard Yves , Jakob Dominik , Meier Bernhard
Published: October 2010

Background: There is an interest to keep the arterial access site for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) small. Using sheaths for introduction of arterial catheters is standard. The effective outer diameter of the usual introducer sheaths is about 1.5 French (F) larger than the labeled size. Omitting the sheath affords a smaller access without loss of working lumen. Methods: PCI was performed with sheathless 5 F guiding catheters in 503 consecutive all comers via femoral access. Diagnostic assessment of the coronary arteries was performed at the beginning using 4 F diagnostic catheters with 4 F sheaths in 293 patients (58%). In the remaining patients, a sheathless 5 F Amplatz left 2 (AL2) guiding catheter was used for both diagnostic study and PCI. Data analysis was performed retrospectively using catheterization reports and hospital summaries. Results: PCI without sheath was successful in 500 of 503 patients (99%).Balloon coronary angioplasty only was performed in 155 (31%) patients, and stenting in 346 (69%). In six patients, a 6 F sheath and catheter were used additionally for various reasons. Femoral closure devices were used in 23 patients (5%). The femoral access complication rate was 5% with a major hematoma in 2%. In‐hospital mortality and Q‐wave myocardial infarction rate were both 0.2% (one patient each). A single AL2 guiding catheter with 17 exceptions and an average of 1.1 coronary guidewires per case were used. No direct complications regarding the 5 F access without a sheath were noted. Mean hospitalization time was 2.2 ± 1.5 (range 1–25) days. Conclusion: The 5 F PCI without sheath can be performed safely in all comers. Vascular access bleeding complication rates were comparable, if not lower than with the conventional 6 F interventions with or without closure devices. The savings in material are substantial. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Class of Fluorescent Boronic Acids That Have Extraordinarily High Affinities for Diols in Aqueous Solution at Physiological pH
Authors: Cheng Yunfeng , Ni Nanting , Yang Wenqian , Wang Binghe
Published: October 2010

The boronic acid group is an important recognition moiety for sensor design. Herein, we report a series of isoquinolinylboronic acids that have extraordinarily high affinities for diol‐containing compounds at physiological pH. In addition, 5‐ and 8‐isoquinolinylboronic acids also showed fairly high binding affinities towards D‐glucose (Ka=42 and 46 M−1, respectively). For the first time, weak but encouraging binding of cis‐cyclohexanediol was found for these boronic acids. Such binding was coupled with significant fluorescence changes. Furthermore, 4‐ and 6‐isoquinolinylboronic acids also showed the ability to complex methyl α‐D‐glucopyranose (Ka=3 and 2 M−1, respectively).
A Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Probe for Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 and Its Application in Inhibitor Screening
Authors: Kawaguchi Mitsuyasu , Okabe Takayoshi , Terai Takuya , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Kojima Hirotatsu , Minegishi Izumi , Nagano Tetsuo
Published: October 2010

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Recently, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) was identified as a potential antidiabetes target. Many DPP4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin and vildagliptin, have been developed and marketed, but superior therapeutic agents are still required. Therefore, we have developed new methodology for screening of DPP4 inhibitors. Absorption‐based measurements with para‐nitroaniline or fluorescence‐based measurements with the coumarin derivative 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin are often used for the screening of protease inhibitors, including DPP4 inhibitors, but these strategies are not sufficiently sensitive because of interfering background absorption and fluorescence, thus giving rise to many false‐positive and false‐negative results. Therefore, we have designed and synthesised a novel DPP4 probe (Gly‐Pro‐BCD‐Tb; Gly=glycine, Pro=proline, andBCD defines the backbone of the probe comprising an aniline derivative as on/off switch, a 7‐amino‐4‐methyl‐2(1H)‐quinolinone (cs‐124) as antenna moiety, and a diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N’,N’’,N’’‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA) as chelator moiety, Tb=terbium) for time‐resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements. TRF measurements with Gly‐Pro‐BCD‐Tb showed high sensitivity and reliability in the inhibitory assay relative to Gly‐Pro‐MCA (MCA=4‐methylcoumarin‐7‐amide), a conventional fluorescence probe for DPP4. Further, we employed our probe for high‐throughput DPP4 inhibitor screening with 3841 randomly selected compounds and found that epibestatin, an epimer of bestatin (a well‐known anticancer drug and general aminopeptidase inhibitor), showed dose‐dependent DPP4 inhibitory activity. Interestingly, bestatin did not exhibit DPP4 inhibitory activity. We believe that this screening system will be useful for the discovery of DPP4 inhibitors with novel structural scaffolds.
Heterometallic Modular Metal–Organic 3D Frameworks Assembled via New Tris‐β‐Diketonate Metalloligands: Nanoporous Materials for Anion Exchange and Scaffolding of Selected Anionic Guests
Authors: Carlucci Lucia , Ciani Gianfranco , Maggini Simona , Proserpio Davide M. , Visconti Marco
Published: October 2010

The modular engineering of heterometallic nanoporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on novel tris‐chelate metalloligands, prepared using the functionalised β‐diketone 1,3‐bis(4′‐cyanophenyl)‐1,3‐propanedione (HL), is described. The complexes [MIIIL3] (M=Fe3+, Co3+) and [MIIL3](NEt4) (M=Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) have been synthesised and characterised, all of which exhibit a distorted octahedral chiral structure. The presence of six exo‐oriented cyano donor groups on each complex makes it a suitable building block for networking through interactions with external metal ions. We have prepared two families of MOFs by reacting the metalloligands [MIIIL3] and [MIIL3]− with many silver salts AgX (X=NO3−, BF4−, PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6−, CF3SO3−, tosylate), specifically the [MIIIL3Ag3]X3⋅Solv and [MIIL3Ag3]X2⋅Solv network species. Very interestingly, all of these network species exhibit the same type of 3D structure and crystallise in the same trigonal space group with similar cell parameters, in spite of the different metal ions, ionic charges and X− counteranions of the silver salts. We have also succeeded in synthesising trimetallic species such as [ZnxFeyL3Ag3](ClO4)(2x+3y)⋅Solv and [ZnxCdyL3Ag3](ClO4)2⋅Solv (with x+y=1). All of the frameworks can be described as sixfold interpenetrated pcu nets, considering the Ag+ ions as simple digonal spacers. Each individual net is homochiral, containing only Δ or Λ nodes; the whole array contains three nets of type Δ and three nets of type Λ. Otherwise, taking into account the presence of weak AgC σ bonds involving the central carbon atoms of the β‐diketonate ligands of adjacent nets, the six interpenetrating pcu networks are joined into a unique non‐interpenetrated six‐connected frame with the rare acs topology. The networks contain large parallel channels of approximate hexagonal‐shaped sections that represent 37–48 % of the cell volume and include the anions and many guest solvent molecules. The guest solvent molecules can be reversibly removed by thermal activation with retention of the framework structure, which proved to be stable up to about 270 °C, as confirmed by TGA and powder XRD monitoring. The anions could be easily exchanged in single‐crystal to single‐crystal processes, thereby allowing the insertion of selected anions into the framework channels.
Mechanistic Investigation of Organolanthanide‐Mediated Hydroamination of Conjugated Aminodienes: A Comprehensive Computational Assessment of Various Routes for Diene Activation
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: October 2010

The present computational mechanistic study comprehensively explores alternative scenarios for activation of the amine‐linked diene CC linkage toward CN ring closure in intramolecular hydroamination of a prototypical aminodiene by a well‐characterised lanthanocene–amido catalyst. Firstly, the non‐insertive mechanism by Scott featuring ring closure with concomitant amino proton delivery onto the diene unit has been explored and key features have been defined. This scenario has been compared with the classical stepwise insertion mechanism that involves rapid substrate association/dissociation equilibria for the 3 t‐S1 resting state and also for azacycle intermediates 4 s, 4 a, facile and reversible exocyclic migratory diene insertion into the LaN(amido) σ‐bond, linked to turnover‐limiting LaC azacycle aminolysis. The LnN σ‐bond insertive mechanism prevails for the examined intramolecular hydroamination of (4E,6)‐heptadienylamine 1 t by [Cp*2LaCH(TMS)2] starting material 2.The following aspects are in support of this mechanism: 1) the derived rate law is consistent with the observed empirical rate law; 2) the assessed effective barrier for turnover‐limiting aminolysis does agree remarkably well with empirically determined Eyring parameters; 3) the ring‐ether double‐bond selectivity is consistently elucidated. This study reveals that the non‐insertive mechanism is not achievable for the particular lanthanocene–amido catalyst and furthermore cannot account for the observed product spectrum. Notwithstanding of these findings, the non‐insertive mechanism cannot be discarded a priori for intramolecular aminodiene hydroamination. Spatial demands around the lanthanide centre influence the two mechanisms differently. The LnN σ‐bond insertive mechanism critically relies on a sufficiently accessible lanthanide and enhanced encumbrance renders cyclisation and aminolysis steps less accessible kinetically. It contrasts with the non‐insertive mechanism, where greater lanthanide protection has a rather modest influence. The present study indicates that the non‐insertive mechanism would prevail if the lanthanide centre were to be protected effectively against CC bond approach. Notably, a different product spectrum would be expected for aminodiene hydroamination following the insertive or non‐insertive route.
Atomistic In Situ Investigation of the Morphogenesis of Grains during Pressure‐Induced Phase Transitions: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the B1–B2 Transformation of RbCl
Authors: Zahn Dirk , Tlatlik Harald
Published: October 2010

The mechanistic details of the pressure‐induced B1–B2 phase transition of rubidium chloride are investigated in a series of transition path sampling molecular dynamics simulations. The B2→B1 transformation proceeds by nucleation and growth involving several, initially separated, nucleation centers. We show how independent and partially correlated nucleation events can function within a global mechanism and explore the evolution of phase domains during the transition. From this, the mechanisms of grain boundary formation are elaborated. The atomic structure of the domain–domain interfaces fully support the concept of Bernal polyhedra. Indeed, the manifold of different grain morphologies obtained from our simulations may be rationalized on the basis of essentially only two different kinds of Bernal polyhedra. The latter also play a crucial role for the B1→B2 transformation and specific grain boundary motifs are identified as preferred nucleation centers for this transition.
Host–Guest Inclusion Compound from Nitramine Crystals Exposed to Condensed Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Saint Martin Sabine , Marre Samuel , Guionneau Philippe , Cansell François , Renouard Joel , Marchetto Virginie , Aymonier Cyril
Published: October 2010

HNIW or CL20 (2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane) is a nitramine, which is considered as the highest energetic molecular compound known to date, therefore, attracting increasing interest in propulsion applications. Additionally, CL20 is an interesting system for fundamental studies, exhibiting several polymorphs, which can behave as host lattices for trapping guest molecules. Herein, a new CL20 structure that contains inserted CO2 molecules is reported. A combination of Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and thermal analyses (thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry) was used to characterize this new material.
Molecular Alloys: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on the Substitution of Zinc by Cadmium and Mercury in the Homologous Series [Mo(M′R)12] and [M(M′R)8] (M=Pd, Pt; M′=Zn, Cd, Hg)
Authors: Bollermann Timo , Cadenbach Thomas , Gemel Christian , von Hopffgarten Moritz , Frenking Gernot , Fischer Roland A.
Published: October 2010

The synthesis and structural characterization of novel, metal‐rich, highly coordinated compounds [Mo(M′R)12] and [M(M′R)8] (M: Pd, Pt, Mo; M′: Zn, Cd; R: Me=CH3, Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) are reported. Additionally, a description of the bonding situation of the new compounds by means of quantum‐chemical calculations is presented including the Hg analogues. Reaction of [Pt(GaCp*)4] with CdMe2results in the formation of the unprecedented all‐Cd coordinated [Pt(CdMe)4(CdCp*)4] (1). Similarly, the treatment of the all‐Zn coordinated [Pd(ZnMe)4(ZnCp*)4] with CdMe2affords the novel Zn/Cd mixed compound [Pd(CdMe)4(ZnCp*)4] (2). The related Zn/Cd mixed compound [Mo(ZnCp*)3(CdMe)9] (3) is prepared by reaction of [Mo(ZnCp*)4(GaMe)4] with an excess amount of CdMe2. All compounds were analyzed by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The bonding situation of these highly coordinated, metal‐rich molecules1–3were studied by quantum‐chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) at the BP86/TZ2P+ level, atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) analysis, and energy‐decomposition analysis (EDA), as well as the its natural orbitals for chemical valence variation (EDA‐NOCV) and including the hypothetically all‐Hg‐coordinated analogues. The results point out that the radial interactions M–M′ in the icosahedral compounds that have twelve ligands are best described as classical electron‐pair‐sharing covalent bonds, whereas the dodecahedral species, which have eight ligands, exhibit metal–ligand donor–acceptor bonds. The attractive interactions between the metal–ligand fragments M′R by means of M′–M′ bonds are weaker but not insignificant. All complexes fulfill the 18‐electron rule. The analysis clarifies the electronic structures as being distinctly different from typical endohedral clusters M@(M′′R)nthat exhibit strong peripheral M′′–M′′ interactions: The M′M′ bonds are not strong enough to yield stable (M′R)ncages.
Narratives of irony and failure in ethnographic work
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz , Kostera Monika
Published: October 2010

Organizational ethnography is one of the most valued approaches to qualitative studies of organizations. Much attention has been given to the development of the research process, of which the researcher's identity is an integral part. However, we believe that the analysis of research failures has been much less developed in the discourse of ethnographic methods for the study of organizations. Therefore, we have explored some of the “slips” in ethnographic work, as described in accounts of fellow organizational anthropologists. As the study is qualitative, we have adopted a narrative research method. We have divided the “slips” (i.e., errors) into four categories important for the ethnographer's identity: (a) one's role; (b) one's project, (c) one's relation to “the Other”; and (d) the social context of the slip. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association of race/ethnicity, insurance status, and socioeconomic factors with breast cancer care
Authors: Freedman Rachel A. , Virgo Katherine S. , He Yulei , Pavluck Alexandre L. , Winer Eric P. , Ward Elizabeth M. , Keating Nancy L.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

Few data are available on how race/ethnicity, insurance, and socioeconomic status (SES) interrelate to influence breast cancer treatment. The authors examined care for a national cohort of breast cancer patients to assess whether insurance and SES were associated with racial/ethnic differences in care.

METHODS:

The authors used multivariate logistic regression to assess the probability of definitive locoregional therapy, hormone receptor testing, and adjuvant systemic therapy among 662,117 white, black, and Hispanic women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during 1998‐2005 at National Cancer Data Base hospitals. In additional models, the authors included insurance and area‐level SES to determine whether these variables were associated with observed racial/ethnic disparities.

RESULTS:

Most women were white (86%), 10% were black, and 4% were Hispanic. Most had private insurance (51%) or Medicare (41%). Among eligible patients, 80.0% (stage I/II) had definitive locoregional therapy, 98.5% (stage I‐IV) had hormone receptor testing, and 53.1% and 50.2% (stage I‐III) received adjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy, respectively. After adjustment, black (vs white) women had less definitive locoregional therapy (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88‐0.94), hormonal therapy (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87‐0.93), and chemotherapy (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84‐0.91). Hispanic (vs white) women were also less likely to receive hormonal therapy. Hormone receptor testing did not differ by race/ethnicity. Racial disparities persisted despite adjusting for insurance and SES.

CONCLUSIONS:

The modest association between black (vs white) race and guideline‐recommended breast cancer care was insensitive to adjustment for insurance and area‐level SES. Further study is required to better understand disparities and to ensure receipt of care. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A review and characterization of the various perceptions of quality cancer care
Authors: Colosia Ann D. , Peltz Gerson , Pohl Gerhardt , Liu Esther , Copley‐Merriman Kati , Khan Shahnaz , Kaye James A.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

It is important to maintain high‐quality cancer care while reducing spending. This requires an understanding of how stakeholders define “quality.” The objective of this literature review was to understand the perceptions patients, physicians, and managed care professionals have about quality cancer care, especially chemotherapy.

METHODS:

A computerized literature search was conducted for articles concerning quality cancer care in patients who received chemotherapy. Among >1100 identified sources, 25 presented interviews/survey results from stakeholders.

RESULTS:

Patients defined quality cancer care as being treated well by providers, having multiple treatment options, and being part of the decision‐making process. Waiting to see providers, having problems with referrals, going to different locations for treatment, experiencing billing inaccuracies, and navigating managed care reimbursement negatively affected patients' quality‐of‐care perceptions. Providers perceived quality cancer care as making decisions based on the risks‐benefits of specific chemotherapy regimens and patients' health status rather than costs. Providers objected to spending substantial time interacting with payers instead of delivering care to patients. Payers must control the costs of cancer care but do not want an adversarial relationship with providers and patients. Payers' methods of managing cancer more efficiently involved working with providers to develop assessment and decision‐assist tools.

CONCLUSIONS:

Delivering quality cancer care is increasingly difficult because of the shortage of oncologists and rising costs of chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and imaging tests. The definition of quality cancer care differed among stakeholders, and healthcare reform must reflect these various needs to maintain and improve quality while controlling costs. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society
Replicating real‐time garbage collector
Authors: Kalibera Tomas
Published: October 2010

Real‐time Java is becoming a viable platform for real‐time applications, bringing new challenges to a garbage collector. A real‐time collector has to be incremental as not to cause deadline misses by suspending an application for too long. In particular, if a real‐time collector has to relocate objects in the heap, it must do so incrementally and transparently to the application. This is usually achieved via an indirection that has to be followed on every read and write to the heap. We present an alternative solution, based on object replication, which does not need any special handling for memory reads, but writes are more expensive: every value is written twice. As writes are less frequent than reads, the total overhead is reduced. With our implementation in a research real‐time Java VM and DaCapo, pseudo‐jbb, and SPEC JVM 98 benchmarks, we observe an average speed‐up of 4% on a Linux/x86 platform. Compared with an existing technique for parallel systems, our technique targets uni‐processor green‐threading embedded systems, allowing us to design simpler and more predictable mutator barriers. Thanks to cheap synchronization provided by green threading, our technique features atomic writes to object replicas, providing programmers with the natural behavior in face of unprotected access to shared variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anion‐Dependent Tendency of Di‐Long‐Chain Quaternary Ammonium Salts to Form Ion Quadruples and Higher Aggregates in Benzene
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca , Bellachioma Gianfranco , Ciancaleoni Gianluca , Crocchianti Stefano , Laganà Antonio , Zuccaccia Cristiano , Zuccaccia Daniele , Macchioni Alceo
Published: October 2010

The self‐aggregation tendency of [N(CH3)2(C18H37)2]X [1X; X−=BF4−, PF6−, OTf−, NTf2−, BPh4−, BTol4−, BArF−, and B(C6F5)4−] salts to form ion quadruples (IQs) and higher aggregates (HAggs) in [D6]benzene is investigated by means of diffusion NMR spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that salts containing small anions (1BF4, 1PF6, and 1OTf) are present in solution as IQs even at the lowest investigated concentration of C=5×10−5 M and show a limited tendency to further self‐aggregate, reaching a maximum average aggregation number (N=VH/${V_{\rm{H}}^{{\rm{0IP}}} }$, where VH=measured hydrodynamic volume and ${V_{\rm{H}}^{{\rm{0IP}}} }$=hydrodynamic volume of the ion pair) of about 6–8 (C=0.050–0.100 M). Salts with larger counterions [1BPh4, 1BTol4, 1BArF, and 1B(C6F5)4] form instead ion pairs at low concentration but steadily self‐aggregate (especially the non‐fluorinated ones) on increasing their concentration up to N values exceeding 50 (C=0.030–0.050 M). 1NTf2 behaves in an intermediate fashion. The self‐aggregation tendency of salts is quantified by formulating the dependence of VH on C by means of the equations of indefinitive aggregation models. The following rankings for the formation of IQs and HAggs are obtained: IQs: 1BF4≈1PF6≈1OTf> 1NTf2>1B(C6F5)4≥1BPh4≥1BTol4≥1BArF; HAggs: 1BTol4>1BPh4> 1NTf2>1B(C6F5)4> 1BArF>1BF4≈1PF6≈1OTf. Interionic NOE NMR studies and DFT calculations were conducted in order to determine the relative anion–cation orientation in the self‐aggregating units.
Preparation and characterization of Bi0.9M0.05N0.05FeO3(M = Sm, Gd; N = Sr, Y) polycrystalline multiferroic compounds
Authors: Al‐Haj M.
Published: October 2010

The multiferroic compounds Bi0.9Gd0.05Sr0.05FeO3, Bi0.9Sm0.05Sr0.05FeO3, Bi0.9Gd0.05Y0.05FeO3, and Bi0.9Sm0.05Y0.05FeO3 were prepared by the conventional ceramic method and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The compounds were found to have the rhombohedral perovskite‐like structure, accompanied by the existence of small amounts of Bi2Fe4O9 and Bi25FeO40 impurity phases. The appearance of weak ferromagnetism in Bi0.9Gd0.05Sr0.05FeO3 and Bi0.9Sm0.05Sr0.05FeO3 is due to partial destruction of the spiral spin structure due to lattice distortion and oxygen vacancies. The magnetic transition temperatures of the compounds are 360 °C and 355 °C, respectively. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microwave dielectric properties of La(1‐2x/3)Bax(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 ceramics
Authors: Chen Yih‐Chien , Chen Kuei‐Chien , Hsu Wei‐Yu
Published: October 2010

This study examined the potential applications of microwave dielectric properties of La(1‐2x/3)Bax(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 ceramics in rectenna. The La(1‐2x/3)Bax(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state method with various sintering temperatures. An apparent density of 6.62 g/cm3, a dielectric constant of 20.3, a quality factor of 51,700 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency of ‐78.2 ppm/K were obtained for La2.98/3Ba0.01(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3 ceramics that were sintered at 1550 °C for 4 h. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Do mediators walk their talk in civil cases?
Authors: Wall James A. , Chan‐Serafin Suzanne
Published: October 2010

In this article we examine initial joint sessions in civil case mediations and note that, although understudied, they are a key element in the mediation process. Here mediators can set the tone of the mediation by delineating the goals, proffering advice to the disputants, and relating their experiences. They can indicate which strategy or style they will subsequently use. To investigate these aspects, we observed one hundred civil case mediations and found that mediators in the opening joint sessions typically did provide goals, advice, and descriptions. In about one‐half of the mediations, the mediators stated which style—neutral, evaluative, or pressing—they would use. Observations of the subsequent mediations revealed that mediators who said they would employ a neutral style seldom did so, whereas the mediators who said they would evaluate or press were more apt to follow their espoused strategy. An examination of the agreements in the mediations revealed that the evaluative strategy was most often associated with agreement, the pressing style was a close second, and the neutral style was a distant third. Moreover, it was noted that the evaluative and pressing mediators who walked their talk—who employed the strategy they said they would use—were effective in getting agreements. In contrast, the lowest number of agreements came when mediators initially stated they would use an evaluative strategy but subsequently pressed the disputants.
Fairness, understanding, and satisfaction: Impact of mediator and participant race and gender on participants' perception of mediation
Authors: Charkoudian Lorig , Kabcenell Wayne Ellen
Published: October 2010

This empirical study explores the effects of matching mediators and mediation participants by gender and by racial or ethnic identity group. It considers both the effect on a participant of being present in a mediation session where there is no mediator of the same gender or racial/ethnic group and the effect of being present when there is also a mediator who matches the gender or race/ethnicity of the other participant. The results show that failing to match disputants and mediators by gender has negative effects on mediation satisfaction measures and that those effects increase when the mediator's gender also matches that of the other participant. In contrast, failure to match by racial or ethnic group has little effect, but when an unmatched participant faces both an opposing participant and a mediator who share a racial or ethnic identification, mediation satisfaction decreases in several respects.
The culture of China's mediation in regional and international affairs
Authors: (Jason) Qian Cheng
Published: October 2010

Currently there seems to be an increasing interest in and demand for China's mediation in resolving conflict. To a certain extent, such a phenomenon is associated with China's re‐emerging power. But more importantly, it is probably the style and skills of China's mediation that matters, which represents the emerging of a unique mediation culture, with China being its messenger. The paper examines key elements of such a mediation culture, using examples of China's mediation in regional and international affairs. The shaping of such a culture offers good lessons for mediators around the world who strive for effective conflict resolution.
Ken Wilber's Integral Theory applied to mediation
Authors: Perloff Fred
Published: October 2010

Integral Theory is a metatheory developed by American philosopher Ken Wilber to include and contextualize all existing knowledge. This article uses Wilber's concepts of quadrants and levels to understand the goals and theoretical assumptions of six mediation approaches: evaluative, facilitative, humanistic, narrative, systemic, and transformative. The contributions to mediation from the modern, postmodern, and integral (post‐postmodern) levels of development are described. Some ways to recognize the diverse levels of mediation participants are offered, and several implications for mediators of Integral Theory are explored.
Efficient implementation of pseudochaotic piecewise linear maps with high digitization accuracies
Authors: Addabbo Tommaso , De Caro Davide , Fort Ada , Petra Nicola , Rocchi Santina , Vignoli Valerio
Published: October 2010

In this paper we discuss the efficient implementation of pseudochaotic piecewise linear maps with high digitization accuracies, taking the R'enyi chaotic map as a reference. The proposed digital architectures are based on a novel algorithmic approach that uses carry save adders for the nonlinear arithmetic modular calculations arising when computing piecewise linear maps with a finite precision. As a result, the system can be implemented by digital circuits obtaining high throughputs, which are not dependent on the digital resolution while involving a hardware complexity linearly proportional to the number of bits used for representing the discretized state. The proposed solutions result to be particularly suitable for the implementation of pseudorandom number generators based on pseudochaos, or for the definition of efficient digital blocks that can be integrated in most of the pseudochaotic cyphers proposed in the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the design of multi notch filters
Authors: Deshpande Rohini , Kumar B. , Jain S. B.
Published: October 2010

A methodology for designing FIR multi notch filters (NFs) derived from second‐order prototype IIR NFs is suggested. Rejection bandwidth for the designed filter can be controlled by suitable choice of ‘r’, the pole radius of the IIR prototype NFs. The suggested multi NF can also be adapted to eliminate second‐, third‐ and fourth‐order harmonics of periodic noise besides the fundamental noise frequency component. A special case when two notch frequencies ω1 and ω2 are such that [(cosω1)(cosω2) = − 1/2] has also been discussed. The IIR multi NF design for this special case results in reduction of the number of multipliers without affecting the response of the desired NF. For the aforereferred condition, the required coefficients of impulse response of FIR multi notch filter get reduced to almost half in number resulting in reduced computations. The number of zero coefficients further reduces with increase in ‘r’ value. In addition, the frequency response becomes better, with reduced ripples in the pass bands, when ‘r’ is increased and length ‘L’ of the FIR NF is chosen appropriately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New biomarkers probing depth of cell senescence assessed by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Zhao Hong , Halicka H. Dorota , Traganos Frank , Jorgensen Ellen , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: October 2010

The imaging analytical capabilities of laser scanning cytometer (LSC) have been used to assess morphological features considered to be typical of the senescent phenotype. The characteristic “flattening” of senescent cells was reflected by the decline in the density of staining (intensity of maximal pixel) of DNA‐associated fluorescence [4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)] paralleled by an increase in nuclear size (area). The decrease in ratio of maximal pixel to nuclear area was even more sensitive senescence biomarker than the change in maximal pixel or nuclear area, each alone. The saturation cell density at plateau phase of growth recorded by LSC was found to be dramatically decreased in cultures of senescent cells, thereby also serving as an additional marker. The induction of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 and γH2AX and activation of ATM markers of DNA damage response were measured in parallel with DNA/DAPI maximal pixel and nuclear area. These biomarker indices were expressed in quantitative terms by reporting them as a fraction of the respective controls. The effect of treatment of A549 and WI‐38 cells with different concentrations of mitoxantrone (Mxt) and trichostatin A for various time periods was studied to assess the degree (depth) of cell senescence. Also assessed was the effect of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, the agent attenuating metabolic cell activity, on the depth of senescence induced by Mxt. A relationship between the ability of cells to synthesize RNA (incorporate 5‐ethynyluridine) that leads to growth imbalance and induction of cell senescence was also studied. The data show that morphometric analysis of cellular attributes by LSC offers an attractive tool to detect cell senescence and measure its degree particularly in assessing effects of the factors that enhance or attenuate this process. This methodology is of importance in light of the evidence that cellular senescence is not only a biological process that is fundamental for organismal aging but also impedes formation of induced‐pluripotent stem cells providing the barrier for neoplastic transformation and is the major mechanism of induction of reproductive cell death during treatment of solid tumors. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Untersuchungen zum eingefassten Mauerwerk am Beispiel Porenbeton
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Schöps Peter
Published: October 2010

Mauerwerksbauten werden in Deutschland in der Regel traditionell, dass heißt ohne Verstärkungsmaßnahmen, hergestellt. Erst bei anspruchsvolleren Konstellationen, wie offenen Grundrissen oder hohen Lasten, sind weitere konstruktive Maßnahmen notwendig. Hierbei wird die fehlende oder nur geringe Zugfestigkeit des Mauerwerks durch Bewehrungselemente kompensiert. Eine Möglichkeit stellt das Eingefasste Mauerwerk dar. Bisher seht bei der Anwendung dieser Konstruktionsform allerdings die Ertüchtigung für die Plattenbeanspruchung im Vordergrund. Die günstigen Eigenschaften für den Lastabtrag in Scheibenrichtung werden außer Acht gelassen. Der folgende Beitrag belegt anhand von Versuchen und theoretischen Betrachtungen die deutliche Traglaststeigerung und das hohe duktile Verformungsvermögen.

Investigations on confined masonry made of Autoclaved aerated concrete. Masonry buildings in Germany are normally made in a traditional way. That means without reinforcement measures. Only buildings in a more critical situation, such as open ground plans or high loads, are getting some structural extensions. Here the low or missing tensile strength of the masonry is compensated by reinforcing elements. One possibility for the structural enhancement is the use of RC‐confinement. The strengthening for out of plane bending was the reason for the use of this confined masonry in Germany so fare. The improvement of shear properties was not taken into account. This paper shows on the basis of experiments and theoretical investigations, the significant increase of the shear capacity and the high ductile deformation capacity.
Zukünftige Brandschutzbemessung von schlanken Kalksandstein‐Wänden mit deutlich höheren Auflasten
Authors: Bruhn Peter , Hahn Christiane , Schlundt Andreas
Published: October 2010

Die Feuerwiderstandsdauer von tragenden, raumabschließenden Mauerwerkswänden muss derzeit in Abhängigkeit des Ausnutzungsfaktors entsprechend den Regelungen in der Anlage zur Liste der technischen Baubestimmungen bestimmt werden. Die Beschränkung des Ausnutzungsfaktors auf 1,0 bedeutet, dass keine höheren Lasten auf die Wände einwirken dürfen als nach dem vereinfachten Verfahren in DIN 1053‐1 statisch nachweisbar sind. Anderenfalls muss die Wanddicke erhöht werden, um den Ausnutzungsfaktor entsprechend zu reduzieren. Um bei schlanken Kalksandsteinwänden die deutlich höheren zulässigen Las ten nach dem genaueren Berechnungsverfahren und insbesondere nach dem Teilsicherheitskonzept auch bei Anforderungen an den Brandschutz ausnutzen zu können, wurde von der euro päischen Kalksandsteinindustrie ein umfangreiches Forschungsprogramm durchgeführt, worüber bereits ausführlich berichtet wurde. In diesem Beitrag werden nunmehr die Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Normung, insbesondere auf die derzeit in Bearbeitung befindlichen änderungen zu den Normen DIN 4102‐4 und ‐22, erläutert. Abschließend wird ein Vorschlag für die zukünftige Regelung zur Ermittlung der Feuerwiderstandsdauer von tragenden, raumabschlie ßenden Kalksandsteinwänden unterbreitet.

Future calculation of the fire resistance of slender calcium silicate walls with explicitly higher loads. At present the fire resistance endurance of load bearing walls with a fire‐separating function has to be determined depending on the utilisation factor as given in the rules of the annex to the list of technical rules. The restriction of the utilisation factor to 1,0 means that no higher loads are allowed as calculated in the structural analysis according to the simplified calculation method in DIN 1053‐1. Otherwise the thickness of the wall has to be increased to reduce the utilisation factor. To take advantage for slender calcium silicate masonry walls in applying the permitted clearly higher loads according to the more exact calculation method in DIN 1053‐1 and especially according to the semi‐probabilistic safety concept also in case of requirements on fire protection, the European calcium silicate industry realized a substantial research project as already described in details earlier. Now in this article the effect on future standardisation projects, especially on the currently revised standards DIN 4102‐4 and ‐22, will be illustrated. Finally a proposal is given for future rules to determine the fire resistance period of load bear ing calcium silicate walls with a fire‐separating function.
Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln
Authors: Fehling Ekkehard , Stürz Jochen , Meyer Udo
Published: October 2010

Der Beitrag berichtet über zentrische und exzentrische Schubversuche an Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den aktuell gültigen Bemessungsansätzen in DIN 1053‐1 verglichen.

Es wird gezeigt, dass die Versuchsergebnisse immer eine ausreichende Sicherheit gegenüber den Bemessungswerten nach DIN 1053‐1 aufweisen. Auch für Mauerwerk aus Wärmedämmziegeln mit allgemeiner bauaufsichtlicher Zulassung können somit die vereinfachten Bemessungsregeln der DIN 4149 ohne Abminderungen angewendet werden.

In plane shear resistance of thermal insulating vertically perforated clay brick masonry. In plane shear tests on thermal insulating vertically perforated clay brick masonry are presented. The results are compared with the design rules from DIN 1053‐1.

The test results exceeded the design predictions of DIN 1053‐1 by a significant safety margin. The simplified design rules from the German earthquake standard DIN 4149 can be applied to thermal insulating clay unit masonry with technical approvals without any reduction.
Horizontaltragfähigkeit von zusammengesetzten Mauerwerksquerschnitten
Authors: Zilch Konrad , Schermer Detleff , Scheufler Wolfgang , Grabowski Stefanie
Published: October 2010

Zusammengesetzte Schubwandquerschnitte weisen unter kombinierter Beanspruchung aus Normalkraft und Schub mit Scheibenbiegung bezüglich der Steifigkeit und Tragfähigkeit ein deutlich günstigeres Verhalten auf als gerade Wandabschnitte ohne entsprechende Flansche. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf Erdbeben beanspruchungen wurde an der Technischen Universität München ein Versuchsprogramm an im Grundriss T‐förmigen Schubwandbauteilen unter realistischen Randbedingungen durchgeführt und mit rechnerischen Untersuchungen begleitet. Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse auszugsweise dar, insbesondere im Hinblick auf numerische Vergleichsberechnungen.

Masonry shear walls with flanges: Behaviour under combined loadings. Concering the load bearing capacity and the stiffness characteristics of shear walls with flanges, a significant better behaviour under combined shear loadings, compared to walls with rectangular shape, can be found. Within a research project, several tests on full‐scale walls with T‐shaped ground plan view and different execution detaillings (e. g. connection between shear wall and intersecting wall with shear ties or interlocking) under combined N‐M‐V loadings (static‐cyclic and pseudo‐dynamic) have been performed. In the following some results of the tests and numerical investigations are presented.
Neue Tragfähigkeitstabellen zur Einstufung von Mauerwerk in Feuerwiderstandsklassen
Authors: Bruhn Peter , Hahn Christiane , Meyer Udo
Published: October 2010

Im Beitrag wird eine neue Systematik zur Angabe von Tabellenwerten des Feuerwiderstands von Mauerwerkswänden durch Auswertung von Brandversuchen vorgestellt. Für bestimmte definierte Randbedingungen (Stein‐Mörtel‐Kombination, Halterung der Wand) werden die für bestimmte Wanddicken maximal aufnehmbaren zentrisch eingeleiteten Normalkräfte zum Erreichen einer definierten Feuerwiderstandsdauer angegeben. Damit ist die brandschutztechnische Bewertung von Mauerwerkswänden unabhängig von verwendeten kalten Bemessungsverfahren direkt möglich.

New tables for the classification of the fire resistance of masonry. A new approach for tabulated data for the definition of the fire resistance of masonry walls on the basis of fire resistance tests is presented. Maximum vertical loads to hit a defined fire resistance are given — depending on additional boundary conditions, such as unit‐mortar‐combination and statical system of the walls — for different wall thicknesses. This approach allows the fire design of walls irrespective of the design method applied in “cold design”.