bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between mineralized cancellous bone allograft and an alloplast material for sinus augmentation: A split mouth histomorphometric study
Authors: Kolerman Roni , Nissan Joseph , Rahmanov Marina , Vered Hana , Cohen Omer , Tal Haim
Published: July 2017

Background

Several grafting materials have been used in sinus augmentation procedures including autogenous bone, demineralized freeze‐dried bone, hydroxyapatite, β‐tricalcium phosphate, anorganic deproteinized bovine bone, and combination of these and others. Yet, the issue of the optimal graft material for sinus floor augmentation is controversial.

Purpose

This prospective, randomized split‐mouth study was undertaken to histomorphometrically compare a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) alloplastic bone substitute and a human bone mineral allograft (freeze‐dried bone allograft, FDBA) in patients undergoing bilateral maxillary lateral sinus floor augmentation.

Material and methods

Apico‐coronal core biopsies were harvested at 9 months from 26 bilateral sites in 13 treated patients. Specimens were processed for histological and histomorphometrical analyses.

Results

Newly formed bone (NB) was evident in all specimens with values of 27.5% and 24.0% at the FDBA and BCP sites, respectively (P = .331). The residual graft particle values were 12.5% and 25.4% (P = .001), and the connective tissue values were 60.0% and 50.6%, respectively. The osteoconductive value was 52.6% for the FDBA and 26.7% for the alloplast (P = .001). The values for the measured residual graft particles, connective tissue, and osteoconductivity, but not for NB, showed highly significant differences between the two groups. All sections in the alloplast material showed evidence of a light chronic inflammatory infiltrate, mainly comprising lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells.

Conclusions

Both graft materials are suitable for sinus floor augmentation, with the allograft material being more osteoconductive.
Effectiveness of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rezende Barbosa Marianne Penachini da Costa de , Oliveira Vinicius Cunha , Silva Anne Kastelianne França da , Pérez‐Riera Andrés Ricardo , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos
Published: July 2017

Background

Functional training is a new training vision that was prepared from the gesture imitation of daily activities. Although your use has become popular in clinical practice, the influence of the several cardiorespiratory adjustments performed during the functional training in different populations and conditions is unknown. So, the aim of this systematic review was to gather information in the literature regarding the influence of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters.

Methods

We conducted search strategies on MEDLINE, PEDro, EMBASE, SportDiscus and Cochrane to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) summarized the evidence.

Results

Five original studies were included. Effects favoured functional training on oxygen consumption (VO2) at intermediate‐term follow‐up: weighted mean difference −1·0 (95% CI: 5·4–3·3), P = 0·642, and a small and not clinically important effect observed on VO2 favouring control at intermediate‐term follow‐up (i.e. mean difference of 1·30 (95% CI 1·07–1·53), P<0·001).

Conclusion

According to the GRADE system, there is very low quality evidence that functional training is better than other interventions to improve cardiovascular parameters. This result encourages new searches about the theme.
Sleep patterns among patients with chronic fatigue: A polysomnography‐based study
Authors: Pajediene Evelina , Bileviciute‐Ljungar Indre , Friberg Danielle
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to detect treatable sleep disorders among patients complaining of chronic fatigue by using sleep questionnaires and polysomnography.

Methods

Patients were referred to hospital for investigations and rehabilitation because of a suspected diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). The criteria for further referral to full‐night polysomnography (PSG) were symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness and/or tiredness in the questionnaires.

Results

Of a total of 381 patients, 78 (20.5%) patients underwent PSG: 66 women and 12 men, mean age 48.6 years, standard deviation ±9.9 years. On the basis of the PSG, 31 (40.3%) patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea, 7 (8.9%) patients with periodic limb movement disorder, 32 (41.0%) patients with restless legs syndrome and 54 (69.3%) patients had one or more other sleep disorder. All patients were grouped into those who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS (n = 55, 70.5%) and those who did not (n = 23, 29.5%). The latter group had significantly higher respiratory (P = .01) and total arousal (P = .009) indexes and a higher oxygen desaturation index (P = .009).

Conclusions

More than half of these chronic fatigue patients, who also have excessive daytime sleepiness and/or tiredness, were diagnosed with sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea, periodic limb movement disorder and/or restless legs syndrome. Patients with such complaints should undergo polysomnography, fill in questionnaires and be offered treatment for sleep disorders before the diagnose ME/CFS is set.
Lost in Translation: No Effect of a High‐Profile Publication on the Concomitant Use of Interacting Drugs
Authors: Acton Emily K. , Leonard Charles E. , Bilker Warren B. , Phansalkar Shobha , Hennessy Sean
Published: July 2017

We sought to assess whether a high‐profile publication that demonstrated serious clinical consequences of specific drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) reduced the concomitant use of those drugs. We conducted a quasi‐experimental study using 2000–2008 prescription claims from a commercial health insurer to examine trends in the dispensing of the interacting drug pairs (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors[ACEI] + potassium‐sparing diuretic, digoxin + clarithromycin, and glyburide + cotrimoxazole) and control drug pairs previously reported in a top‐tier general medicine journal. We examined prepublication and postpublication dispensing trends using Poisson regression. ACEI + potassium‐sparing diuretic use did not differ postpublication vs. prepublication (P = 0.11). Digoxin + clarithromycin use decreased minimally postpublication vs. prepublication (relative rate = 0.9996: 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9993–0.9998). Glyburide + cotrimoxazole use increased minimally postpublication vs. prepublication (relative rate = 1.0220; 95% CI = 1.0187–1.0254). Therefore, the high‐profile DDI publication had minimal to no measurable effect in reducing the concomitant use of the interacting drugs studied. We believe that better strategies are needed to translate knowledge about DDIs into clinical practice.
Labour Networks under Supply Chain Capitalism: The Politics of the Bangladesh Accord
Authors: Scheper Christian
Published: July 2017

The Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety is a transnational governance approach towards implementing factory safety standards in the Bangladeshi garment sector. Some commentators argue that the Accord is a ‘game changer’ in times of corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially because it includes transnational buying companies in a legally binding contract with union federations. This article takes the Accord as an interesting case for how labour networks become part of a transnational governance arrangement. Taking a cultural political economy perspective, the author assumes that the Accord marks a practice of implementing ethical demands under conditions of supply chain capitalism and argues that calling the Accord a paradigm shift would be overly optimistic: while labour networks were able to use a crisis in the regime of CSR policies, they could not challenge the managerial culture of translating political demands according to the conventions of supply chain management. These conventions separate the sources of profit from the political claim for decent labour standards. In a transnational governance initiative, labour networks rely on such management conventions, since they are constitutive of the production network. From this perspective the Accord is an impressive reaction to the Rana Plaza disaster, but not a game changer.
Research in epidemic and emergency situations: A model for collaboration and expediting ethics review in two Caribbean countries
Authors: Aarons Derrick
Published: July 2017

Various forms of research are essential in emergency, disaster and disease outbreak situations, but challenges exist including the long length of time it takes to get research proposals approved.

Consequently, it would be very advantageous to have an acceptable model for efficient coordination and communication between and among research ethics committees/IRBs and ministries of health, and templates for expediting (done with speed and efficiency) ethical review of research proposals in emergency and epidemic situations to be used across the Caribbean and in other low and middle income countries.

This project involved a literature search and the interviewing of ministry of health officials, public health practitioners, and research ethics committee/IRB members in Jamaica and St. Lucia, to obtain suggestions for the best model for efficient coordination and communication between research ethics committees (RECs), and developed a template for expediting review of research protocols in epidemic and emergency conditions.
Haitian people's expectations regarding post‐disaster humanitarian aid teams’ actions
Authors: Kpanake Lonzozou , Jean‐Jacques Ronald , Sorum Paul Clay , Mullet Etienne
Published: July 2017

The way people at the receiving end of humanitarian assistance perceive this intervention may provide invaluable bottom‐up feedback to improve the quality of the intervention.

We analyzed and mapped Haitians’ views regarding international humanitarian aid in cases of natural disaster. Two hundred fifty participants–137 women and 113 men aged 18‐67–who had suffered from the consequences of the earthquake in 2010 were presented with a series of vignettes depicting a humanitarian team's action and were asked to what extent these actions corresponded to what ought to be expected from an international aid mission. Four factors were considered in the vignettes (a) whether the team worked in close association with local institutions, (b) whether it was composed of competent people who were prepared for their mission, (c) whether they treated people as a function of immediate needs, and (d) whether they behaved in a respectful way.

Through cluster analysis, five qualitatively different positions were found: (a) Complete hostility to any kind of humanitarian aid (6%); (b) Strong hostility to humanitarian aid in the case of disrespectful attitudes or behaviors (4%); (c) Technical competence is the only factor that matters (25%); (d) Both manifestation of respect for the population and technical competence matter (38%) and (e) Undetermined (27%).

Most Haitians expect humanitarian teams to be technically competent, but even very competent aid is not considered adequate if provided in an arrogant and disrespectful manner.
Left ventricular torsion assessed by two‐dimensional echocardiography speckle tracking as a predictor of left ventricular remodeling and short‐term outcome following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: A single‐center experience
Authors: Awadalla Hany , Saleh Mohamed Ayman , Abdel Kader Mohamed , Mansour Amr
Published: July 2017

Aims

Left ventricular (LV) torsion is a novel method to assess systolic LV function. This study aimed at exploring the utility of 2D speckle tracking–based assessment of left ventricular torsion in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undertaking primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) in predicting left ventricular remodeling.

Methods and Results

The study included 115 patients (mean±SD, age 52.2±9.67, males 84.3%) who underwent pPCI for AMI. Echocardiographic assessment of LV torsion by two‐dimensional speckle tracking was performed early after the index pPCI. Patients underwent repeat echocardiography at 6 months to detect remodeling. LV torsion in the acute setting was significantly lower in those who demonstrated LV remodeling at follow‐up compared to those without remodeling (7.56±1.95 vs 15.16±4.65; P<.005). Multivariate analysis identified peak CK & CK‐MB elevation (β=−0.767 and −0.725; P<.001), SWMA index (β=−0.843; P<.001), and Simpson's derived LV ejection fraction (LVEF; β=0.802; P<.001) as independent predictors of baseline LV torsion. It also identified peak LV torsion (β: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.15–0.5, P=.001) and SWMA index (β: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, P=.005) as independent predictors of LV remodeling. Baseline Killip's grades II and higher (β: 48.6; 95% CI 5.5–428, P<.001) and diabetes mellitus (β: 29.7; 95% CI 1.1–763, P<.05) were independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

Left ventricular torsion in acute MI setting is impaired and predicts subsequent LV remodeling at 6‐month follow‐up.
An interesting and unusual coronary artery anomaly
Authors: Turner Michael C. , Hinton Christine , Gilmore Richard M.
Published: July 2017

Cardiac CT angiography utilized in the emergency room for triage of low‐to‐intermediate risk chest pain on occasion identifies unexpected abnormalities. In this case, multiple coronary anomalies existed in the same patient. Images and clinical decision making are discussed in this presentation. Coronary anomalies are being recognized with increased frequency due to increasing use of this modality in the evaluation of chest pain. The clinical implications of these findings are not always clear.
Cardiac sarcoidosis diagnosed by multimodality imaging
Authors: Fujikura Kana , Garcia Mario J.
Published: July 2017

A 66‐year‐old woman presented with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and akinesis of the basal septum on echocardiography. Coronary angiography was normal. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed mid‐wall enhancement. Positron emission tomography showed a perfusion defect at the same location using 13N‐ammonia, but increased 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. These findings supported the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. High‐dose steroids initially reduced frequency of PVCs but had to be withdrawn due to severe side effects. An ICD was implanted. Our case demonstrates the utility of multimodality imaging to diagnose and guide management of this entity.
Anterolateral papillary muscle rupture in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis due to direct bacterial invasion of papillary muscle
Authors: Whitehead Nicholas James , Li Sheila , Lai Katy
Published: July 2017

Rupture of papillary muscles due to infective endocarditis is a very rare event. We report a case of anterolateral papillary muscle rupture caused by Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, due to direct bacterial invasion of the papillary muscle, resulting in severe mitral regurgitation.
Belief, Correctness and Constitutivity
Authors: Fassio Davide
Published: July 2017

Some philosophers have argued that a standard of correctness is constitutive of the concept or the essence of belief. By this claim they mean, roughly, that a mental state is a belief partially in virtue of being correct if and only if its content is true. In this paper I provide a new argument in support of the constitutivity of the correctness standard for belief. I first argue that the standard expresses a conceptual necessity. Then I argue that, since conceptual necessities are such in virtue of some concept, the standard must also be necessary in virtue of some concept. Finally, I provide an argument by exclusion to the effect that the standard is necessary in virtue of the concept of belief.
Love, Respect, and Individuals: Murdoch as a Guide to Kantian Ethics
Authors: Merritt Melissa McBay
Published: July 2017

I reconsider the relation between love and respect in Kantian ethics, taking as my guide Iris Murdoch's view of love as the fundamental moral attitude and a kind of attention to individuals. It is widely supposed that Kantian ethics disregards individuals, since we don't respect individuals but the universal quality of personhood they instantiate. We need not draw this conclusion if we recognise that Kant and Murdoch share a view about the centrality of love to virtue. We can then see that respect in the virtuous person cannot be blind to the individual, as critics of Kantian ethics contend. My approach contrasts recent efforts (Velleman and Bagnoli) to assimilate Kantian respect to Murdochian love, which overlook Murdoch's distinctive claims about thesingularityof moral activity. This idea is not as un‐Kantian as it seems, and it should inform any Kantian ethics that aims to address the charge about individuals.
Effects of different indentation methods on fatigue life extension of cracked specimens
Authors: Razavi N. , Ayatollahi M.R. , Amouzadi A. , Berto F.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, 3 different indentation methods have been investigated for crack arresting and fatigue life enhancement of cracked components. The influence of residual stresses induced by indentation on fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate was explored by experiments and numerical simulations. Fatigue tests were conducted on a group of specimens which were indented on the crack tip by various indentation load magnitudes. For another group of specimens, the double indentation and triple indentation methods were applied on the cracked specimens with the aim of obtaining proper residual stress fields that contribute to higher crack growth retardations. Both the numerical and experimental results revealed that the higher indentation loads led to larger domain of compressive residual stress around the crack tip and consequently to higher fatigue life extension. In addition, the triple indentation method resulted in more FCG retardation compared with single and double indentation methods. Furthermore, for the specimens repaired by double and triple indentation methods, indenting ahead of the crack tip led to retardation in more crack growth compared with the other horizontal positions of indentation.
An improved null model for assessing the net effects of multiple stressors on communities
Authors: Thompson Patrick L. , MacLennan Megan M. , Vinebrooke Rolf D.
Published: July 2017

Ecological stressors (i.e., environmental factors outside their normal range of variation) can mediate each other through their interactions, leading to unexpected combined effects on communities. Determining whether the net effect of stressors is ecologically surprising requires comparing their cumulative impact to a null model that represents the linear combination of their individual effects (i.e., an additive expectation). However, we show that standard additive and multiplicative null models that base their predictions on the effects of single stressors on community properties (e.g., species richness or biomass) do not provide this linear expectation, leading to incorrect interpretations of antagonistic and synergistic responses by communities. We present an alternative, the compositional null model, which instead bases its predictions on the effects of stressors on individual species, and then aggregates them to the community level. Simulations demonstrate the improved ability of the compositional null model to accurately provide a linear expectation of the net effect of stressors. We simulate the response of communities to paired stressors that affect species in a purely additive fashion and compare the relative abilities of the compositional null model and two standard community property null models (additive and multiplicative) to predict these linear changes in species richness and community biomass across different combinations (both positive, negative, or opposite) and intensities of stressors. The compositional model predicts the linear effects of multiple stressors under almost all scenarios, allowing for proper classification of net effects, whereas the standard null models do not. Our findings suggest that current estimates of the prevalence of ecological surprises on communities based on community property null models are unreliable, and should be improved by integrating the responses of individual species to the community level as does our compositional null model.
Peaks of in situ N2O emissions are influenced by N2O‐producing and reducing microbial communities across arable soils
Authors: Domeignoz‐Horta Luiz A. , Philippot Laurent , Peyrard Celine , Bru David , Breuil Marie‐Christine , Bizouard Florian , Justes Eric , Mary Bruno , Léonard Joël , Spor Ayme
Published: July 2017

Agriculture is the main source of terrestrial N2O emissions, a potent greenhouse gas and the main cause of ozone depletion. The reduction of N2O into N2 by microorganisms carrying the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process eliminating this greenhouse gas. Recent studies showed that a previously unknown clade of N2O‐reducers (nosZII) was related to the potential capacity of the soil to act as a N2O sink. However, little is known about how this group responds to different agricultural practices. Here, we investigated how N2O‐producers and N2O‐reducers were affected by agricultural practices across a range of cropping systems in order to evaluate the consequences for N2O emissions. The abundance of both ammonia‐oxidizers and denitrifiers was quantified by real‐time qPCR, and the diversity of nosZ clades was determined by 454 pyrosequencing. Denitrification and nitrification potential activities as well as in situ N2O emissions were also assessed. Overall, greatest differences in microbial activity, diversity, and abundance were observed between sites rather than between agricultural practices at each site. To better understand the contribution of abiotic and biotic factors to the in situ N2O emissions, we subdivided more than 59,000 field measurements into fractions from low to high rates. We found that the low N2O emission rates were mainly explained by variation in soil properties (up to 59%), while the high rates were explained by variation in abundance and diversity of microbial communities (up to 68%). Notably, the diversity of the nosZII clade but not of the nosZI clade was important to explain the variation of in situ N2O emissions. Altogether, these results lay the foundation for a better understanding of the response of N2O‐reducing bacteria to agricultural practices and how it may ultimately affect N2O emissions.
Investigation of pain and life satisfaction in older adults
Authors: Karadag Arli Senay , Bakan Ayse Berivan , Varol Ela , Aslan Gulpinar
Published: July 2017

Aim

The present study aimed to investigate pain and life satisfaction in older adults.

Methods

This study, which is descriptive in nature, utilized the relational screening model. It was carried out between September 2016 and March 2017, with 387 people aged ≥65 years who were registered in Family Health Centers in Ağrı, a city located in eastern Turkey.

Results

The participants’ mean Geriatric Pain Measure score was 53.23 ± 29.40, indicating moderate pain. The mean Life Satisfaction Scale score was 8.50 ± 5.34, indicating moderate life satisfaction level. The study also found a statistically significant, negative relationship between life satisfaction and geriatric pain.

Conclusions

An increase in the elderly population brings various health problems. The results of the present study showed that the rate of chronic diseases is very high in older adults. Therefore, pain is one of the most frequently encountered health problems, and it has negative effects on life satisfaction. In conclusion, is it considered that older adults’ life satisfaction could increase if their pain is identified and reduced effectively. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 5–11.
A seroepidemiological survey of the effect of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B and C virus infections among elementary school students in Siem Reap province, Cambodia
Authors: Fujimoto Mayumi , Chuon Channarena , Nagashima Shintaro , Yamamoto Chikako , Ko Ko , Svay Somana , Hok Sirany , Lim Olline , Ohisa Masayuki , Akita Tomoyuki , Katayama Keiko , Matsuo Junko , Takahashi Kazuaki , Tanaka Junko
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study aimed to survey the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among elementary school students in Siem Reap province, Cambodia and to evaluate the effects of a national infant HBV vaccination program introduced in 2001.

Methods

Students in 3rd grade during the 2011, 2012, and 2013 academic years were enrolled in this study; at the time of the second examination, in the 2014–2015 academic year, the students were in 5th or 6th grade. The incidence and prevalence rates of HBV and HCV infection were estimated and full HBV sequences were analyzed.

Results

Among 248 students (107 male and 141 female) born between 1999 and 2005, five students were HBV surface antigen (HBs‐Ag) positive (2.02%), and all of them were infected with genotype C. Among them, subgenotype C1 was found in four students and, unexpectedly, complete genetic sequence identity of subgenotype C1 was found in two students from different families. The anti‐HBV core (HBc) and anti‐HBs prevalence rates were 10.89% and 16.13%, respectively. Twenty‐five students were positive for anti‐HBs and negative for both HBsAg and anti‐HBc (10.08%; estimated serological vaccination rate); this rate increased significantly with the birth year (P = 0.0229). Prevalence of anti‐HCV was 2.82%, and HCV RNA was not detected. The estimated incidence of HBV and HCV infection were both 0/1000 person‐years (PY) (95% confidence interval, 0–20.61/1000 PY and 0–14.50/1000 PY, respectively).

Conclusion

Hepatitis B virus full‐genome sequencing and serological analysis revealed the possibility of horizontal transmission of HBV among Cambodian schoolchildren. However, the anti‐HBc positivity rate decreased along with increasing age and estimated serological vaccination rates.
Extent, quality and impact of patient and public involvement in antimicrobial drug development research: A systematic review
Authors: Evans David , Bird Emma , Gibson Andy , Grier Sally , Chin Teh Li , Stoddart Margaret , MacGowan Alasdair ,   the North Bristol Microbiology Patient Panel
Published: July 2017

Background

Patient and public involvement (PPI) is increasingly recognized as bringing a range of benefits to clinical and health services research. Recent systematic reviews have identified and synthesized many benefits (eg higher recruitment rates) and some costs (eg extra time need). Much of the literature focuses on PPI in long‐term conditions rather than more acute health care in which the majority of microbiological research is undertaken.

Objectives

The aim was to identify the extent, quality and impact of PPI in antimicrobial drug development research. Objectives were to identify any relevant reporting of PPI in antimicrobial research; appraise the quality of reporting on PPI using recognized PPI reporting and critical appraisal tools; and extract and synthesize data on the impact of PPI.

Search strategy

A systematic review was undertaken with a search strategy based on four word groups (PPI, patients, antimicrobial drug development and outcomes). Eight online databases were searched.

Inclusion criteria

English language publication, publication between 1996 and 2016 and studies describing PPI in antimicrobial drug development research.

Main results

No studies were found through online searching that met the search strategy and inclusion criteria. One relevant protocol paper with a brief mention of PPI was identified through expert recommendation. Commentary papers recommending PPI were identified through website searching and expert opinion.

Discussion and conclusions

Despite strong policy guidance encouraging PPI at the international and national levels, and anecdotal accounts of PPI taking place, evidence for the extent, quality and impact of PPI in antimicrobial drug development research has not yet appeared in the peer‐reviewed literature.
The effects of traffic light labelling versus cartoon labelling on food and beverage purchases in a children's hospital setting
Authors: Whitt O. R. , Jilcott Pitts S.B. , Rafferty A. P. , Payne C. R. , Ng S. W.
Published: July 2017

This study's purpose was to examine changes in healthy and unhealthy items purchased following the implementation of traffic light and cartoon labelling in a small retail food venue (Café Bay) in a children's hospital in eastern North Carolina. Between October 2015 and March 2016, daily food and beverage sales from Café Bay were obtained during baseline, traffic light labelling, a washout period, cartoon labelling (on healthy foods only) and a final washout period. Pearson chi‐squared tests and multiple linear regressions were used to examine effects of labelling strategies, controlling for the holidays. In unadjusted analyses, traffic light labelling was associated with significant decreases in purchases of unhealthy items purchased, while cartoon labelling was associated with increases in unhealthy items purchased. In adjusted linear regression analysis, traffic light labelling was associated with fewer unhealthy purchases and thus may have potential to decrease the amount of unhealthy items purchased in a children's hospital food retail venue.
Knockout of a P‐glycoprotein gene increases susceptibility to abamectin and emamectin benzoate in Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Zuo Y.‐Y. , Huang J.‐L. , Wang J. , Feng Y. , Han T.‐T. , Wu Y.‐D. , Yang Y.-H.
Published: July 2017

P‐glycoprotein [P‐gp or the ATP‐binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1)] is an important participant in multidrug resistance of cancer cells, yet the precise function of this arthropod transporter is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of P‐gp for susceptibility to insecticides in the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene‐editing technology. We cloned an open reading frame (ORF) encoding the S. exigua P‐gp protein (SeP‐gp) predicted to display structural characteristics common to P‐gp and other insect ABCB1 transporters. A knockout line with a frame shift deletion of four nucleotides in the SeP‐gp ORF was established using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing system to test its potential role in determining susceptibility to chemical insecticides or insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Results from comparative bioassays demonstrate that knockout of SeP‐gp significantly increases susceptibility of S. exigua by around threefold to abamectin and emamectin benzoate (EB), but not to spinosad, chlorfenapyr, beta‐cypermethrin, carbosulfan indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, diafenthiuron, chlorfluazuron, chlorantraniliprole or two Bt toxins (Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa). Our data support an important role for SeP‐gp in susceptibility of S. exigua to abamectin and EB and imply that overexpression of SeP‐gp may contribute to abamectin and EB resistance in S. exigua.
Encouraging college student active engagement in learning: Student response methods and anonymity
Authors: Barr M.L.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of anonymity in encouraging college students to be more cognitively engaged in lectures. Kinesiology majors from three universities were asked to respond to questions during two consecutive lectures using response methods of opposing degrees of anonymity, one using ‘clickers’ and the other using hand‐raising. Participation and comprehension rates were statistically significantly different following the use of the different response methods (*p = 0.000 and *p < 0.001, respectively). Participant survey responses revealed insight into student perceptions regarding the role of anonymity in encouraging their cognitive engagement during each of the lectures. From participant comments, four major dimensions emerged suggesting the anonymity of using clickers (a) increased participation; (b) influenced cognitive engagement; (c) allowed for normative comparisons and (d) allowed for more processing time.
Methods for (industrial) thawing of fish blocks: A review
Authors: Backi Christoph Josef
Published: July 2017

The food processing industry is facing challenges when it comes to the thawing of fish and fish products. These challenges include most importantly the quality of the product to be thawed, the profitability of the operation and to some minor degree the environmental impact of the whole operation. Without doubt, thawing (and freezing) has a large impact on the structure and other quality factors of fish. In addition, both serve as bottlenecks in the production chain with direct effects on the profitability and hence also on the environment, for example, if the thawing process takes longer than necessary, energy is wasted and the quality of the product might suffer. In this concise review, several methods for (industrial) thawing of fish are presented and discussed, mainly with respect to their technical specifications and functional principles. These methods can be divided into two main principal types, namely the ones that provide heat to the frozen fish only via its boundary layers, and the ones that generate heat also in the frozen fish's inner spatial domain. Both types come with advantages and disadvantages; however, the latter types are generally not (yet) suitable for industrial large‐scale operation. The theory, functional principles and advantages/disadvantages will be highlighted in this work. In addition, an outlook on future developments as well as proposals for further research will be provided.

Practical applications

Thawing of fish is a very important step in the production chain from catch to salable product. Freezing serves both as shelf‐life extension for large catches and as a possibility to dampen out seasonal fluctuations of different species to make them available all year round. However, a frozen headed and gutted fish cannot be processed further (e.g., filleted), it has to be thawed to perform further processing of the product.
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on preserving various types of fresh produce
Authors: Hyun Jeong‐Eun , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: July 2017

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is an effective preservation method for extending the shelf‐life of various foods. This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of MAP for improving the food quality and safety of various fresh produce during refrigeration storage. Thirteen kinds of fresh produce were washed with 100 ppm chlorine and then packaged in three different types of packaging film using two different methods (air and 100% CO2 gas). Changes of the headspace gas composition, visual quality, microbial populations, and electrolyte leakage of the packaged samples were measured during storage at 4 ± 2 °C. MAP using CO2 gas resulted in lower levels of total mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli/coliform, and yeast/mold in the fresh produce compared than the air packaging. In particular, MAP using CO2 gas was effective at maintaining low levels of yeast and mold on grapes, soybean sprouts, and lotus roots during storage (p ≤ .05). However, the visual quality of some of the fresh produce (e.g., green vegetables) during storage was affected by MAP. Higher levels of electrolyte leakage were observed in fresh produce packaged under CO2 gas than that under air, except for grapes and lotus roots.

Practical applications

These results suggest that although MAP may be useful for improving the shelf‐life of some root vegetables and fruits during storage, its application would be limited for certain types of fresh produce because of quality deterioration. The result of this study could be used for developing the effective preservation method for fresh produce.
IPL vs PDL in treatment of facial erythema: A split‐face study
Authors: Handler Marc Z , Bloom Bradley S , Goldberg David J
Published: July 2017

Background

Lasers and noncoherent intense pulse light sources effectively treat vascular lesions. Intense pulsed light (IPL), a nonablative treatment for photorejuvenation, uses a flashlamp which emits noncoherent light between 400 and 1400 nm. The light may be filtered to target a specific chromophore. The pulsed dye laser (PDL), at 595 nm, has been the historical standard of care in the treatment of facial erythema. We sought to determine whether IPL may be used in lieu of PDL in reducing facial erythema.

Objectives

To determine whether IPL may be used to treat facial erythema with equal efficacy as PDL used at nonpurpuric settings.

Methods

Prospective investigation of a cohort of 15 subjects with unwanted bilateral facial erythema. Subjects presented for two treatments with an IPL (BBL™ BroadBand Light; Sciton, Palo Alto, CA) to one half of the face and PDL (Cynergy™; Cynosure, Westford, MA) to the other half.

Results

Patients with facial erythema may be successfully treated with IPL or PDL.

Conclusions

Intense pulsed light and pulsed dye laser with nonpurpuric settings were equally effective in reducing facial erythema.
Development of genotyping method for functionally relevant variants of cytochromes P450 in cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Uno Y. , Osada N. , Sakurai S. , Shimozawa N. , Iwata T. , Ikeo K. , Yamazaki H.
Published: July 2017

In cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), widely used in drug metabolism studies, CYP2C9, CYP2C76, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, important drug‐metabolizing enzymes, are abundantly expressed in liver and metabolize cytochrome P450 substrates. CYP2C9 (c.334A>C), CYP2C76 (c.449TG>A), CYP2D6 (c.891A>G), CYP3A4 (IVS3 + 1G>del), and CYP3A5 (c.625A>T) substantially influence metabolic activity of enzymes, and thus are important variants in drug metabolism studies. In this study, a real‐time PCR method was developed for genotyping these variants. The validity of the methods was verified by genotyping two wild type, two heterozygous, and two homozygous DNAs and was used to genotype 41 cynomolgus macaques (from Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, or Vietnam) for the five variants, along with another important variant CYP2C19 (c.308C>T). The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 variants were found only in Cambodian and Vietnamese animals, while the CYP2C76 and CYP2D6 variants were found only in Indonesian and Philippine animals. The CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants were not found in any of the animals analyzed. Mauritian animals, genotyped using next‐generation sequencing data for comparison, possessed the CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 variants, but not the other variants. These results indicated differences in prevalence of these important variants among animal groups. Therefore, the genotyping tool developed is useful for drug metabolism studies using cynomolgus macaques.
Idiosyncratic responses to climate‐driven forest fragmentation and marine incursions in reed frogs from Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands
Authors: Bell Rayna C. , Parra Juan L. , Badjedjea Gabriel , Barej Michael F. , Blackburn David C. , Burger Marius , Channing Alan , Dehling Jonas Maximilian , Greenbaum Eli , Gvoždík Václav , Kielgast Jos , Kusamba Chifundera , Lötters Stefan , McLaughlin Patrick J. , Nagy Zoltán T. , Rödel Mark‐Oliver , Portik Daniel M. , Stuart Bryan L. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Zassi‐Boulou Ange Ghislain , Zamudio Kelly R.
Published: July 2017

Organismal traits interact with environmental variation to mediate how species respond to shared landscapes. Thus, differences in traits related to dispersal ability or physiological tolerance may result in phylogeographic discordance among co‐distributed taxa, even when they are responding to common barriers. We quantified climatic suitability and stability, and phylogeographic divergence within three reed frog species complexes across the Guineo‐Congolian forests and Gulf of Guinea archipelago of Central Africa to investigate how they responded to a shared climatic and geological history. Our species‐specific estimates of climatic suitability through time are consistent with temporal and spatial heterogeneity in diversification among the species complexes, indicating that differences in ecological breadth may partly explain these idiosyncratic patterns. Likewise, we demonstrated that fluctuating sea levels periodically exposed a land bridge connecting Bioko Island with the mainland Guineo‐Congolian forest and that habitats across the exposed land bridge likely enabled dispersal in some species, but not in others. We did not find evidence that rivers are biogeographic barriers across any of the species complexes. Despite marked differences in the geographic extent of stable climates and temporal estimates of divergence among the species complexes, we recovered a shared pattern of intermittent climatic suitability with recent population connectivity and demographic expansion across the Congo Basin. This pattern supports the hypothesis that genetic exchange across the Congo Basin during humid periods, followed by vicariance during arid periods, has shaped regional diversity. Finally, we identified many distinct lineages among our focal taxa, some of which may reflect incipient or unrecognized species.
Hybrid zone formation and contrasting outcomes of secondary contact over transects in common toads
Authors: Arntzen Jan W. , de Vries Wouter , Canestrelli Daniele , Martínez‐Solano Iñigo
Published: July 2017

Much progress in speciation research stems from documenting patterns of morphological and genetic variation in hybrid zones. Contrasting patterns of marker introgression in different sections of the contact can provide valuable insights on the relative importance of various evolutionary mechanisms maintaining species differences in the face of hybridization and gene flow and on hybrid zone temporal and spatial dynamics. We studied species interactions in the common toadsBufo bufoandB. spinosusin France and northwestern Italy using morphological and molecular data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in an extensive survey, including two independent transects west and east of the Alps. At both, we found sharp, coincident and concordant nuclear genetic transitions. However, morphological clines were wider or absent and mtDNAintrogression was asymmetric. We discuss alternative, nonexclusive hypotheses about evolutionary processes generating these patterns, including drift, selection, long‐distance dispersal and spatial shifts in hybrid zone location and structure. The distribution of intraspecific mtDNAlineages supports a scenario in whichB. bufoheld a local refugium during the last glacial maximum. Present‐day genetic profiles are best explained by an advance ofB. spinosusfrom a nearby Iberian refugium, largely superseding the localB. bufopopulation, followed by an advance ofB. bufofrom the Balkans, with prongs north and south of the Alps, drivingB. spinosussouthwards. A pendulum moving hybrid zone, first northwards and then southwards, explains the wide areas of introgression at either side of the current position of the contact zones.
Vertical differentiation in oligopoly and license fees when outside innovator can enter the market: Two‐step auction
Authors: Hattori Masahiko , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: July 2017

When an outside innovating firm has a technology to produce a higher quality good than the good produced at present, it can sell licenses of its technology to incumbent firms, or enter the market and at the same time sell licenses, or enter the market without license. We examine the definitions of license fee in such a situation in an oligopoly with three firms under vertical product differentiation, one outside innovating firm and two incumbent firms, considering threat by entry of the innovating firm using a two‐step auction. We show that in the case of uniform distribution of consumers' taste parameter and zero cost when the quality improvement (the difference between the quality of the high‐quality good and the quality of the low‐quality good) is small (or large), the two‐step auction is (or is not) credible, and license to two firms without entry strategy (or entry without license strategy) is optimal depending on credibility of the two‐step auction.
The two‐component response regulator Skn7 belongs to a network of transcription factors regulating morphogenesis in Candida albicans and independently limits morphogenesis‐induced ROS accumulation
Authors: Basso Virginia , Znaidi Sadri , Lagage Valentine , Cabral Vitor , Schoenherr Franziska , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé , d'Enfert Christophe , Bachellier‐Bassi Sophie
Published: July 2017

Skn7 is a conserved fungal heat shock factor‐type transcriptional regulator. It participates in maintaining cell wall integrity and regulates the osmotic/oxidative stress response (OSR) in S. cerevisiae, where it is part of a two‐component signal transduction system. Here, we comprehensively address the function of Skn7 in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We provide evidence reinforcing functional divergence, with loss of the cell wall/osmotic stress‐protective roles and acquisition of the ability to regulate morphogenesis on solid medium. Mapping of the Skn7 transcriptional circuitry, through combination of genome‐wide expression and location technologies, pointed to a dual regulatory role encompassing OSR and filamentous growth. Genetic interaction analyses revealed close functional interactions between Skn7 and master regulators of morphogenesis, including Efg1, Cph1 and Ume6. Intracellular biochemical assays revealed that Skn7 is crucial for limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in filament‐inducing conditions on solid medium. Interestingly, functional domain mapping using site‐directed mutagenesis allowed decoupling of Skn7 function in morphogenesis from protection against intracellular ROS. Our work identifies Skn7 as an integral part of the transcriptional circuitry controlling C. albicans filamentous growth and illuminates how C. albicans relies on an evolutionarily‐conserved regulator to protect itself from intracellular ROS during morphological development.
Insecticide resistance, associated mechanisms and fitness aspects in two Brazilian Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) populations
Authors: VIANA‐MEDEIROS P. F. , BELLINATO D. F. , MARTINS A. J. , VALLE D.
Published: July 2017

In Brazil, insecticide resistance in Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyrethroids and to the organophosphate (OP) temephos is disseminated. Currently, insect growth regulators (IGRs) and the OP malathion are employed against larvae and adults, respectively. Bioassays with mosquitoes from two northeast municipalities, Crato and Aracaju, revealed, in both populations, susceptibility to IGRs and malathion (RR95 ≤ 2.0), confirming the effectiveness of these compounds. By contrast, temephos and deltamethrin (pyrethroid) resistance levels were high (RR95 > 10), which is consistent with the use of intense chemical control. In Crato, RR95 values were > 50 for both compounds. Knock‐down‐resistant (kdr) mutants in the voltage‐gated sodium channel, the pyrethroid target site, were found in 43 and 32%, respectively, of Aracaju and Crato mosquitoes. Biochemical assays revealed higher metabolic resistance activity (esterases, mixed function oxidases and glutathione‐S‐transferases) at Aracaju. With respect to fitness aspects, mating effectiveness was equivalently impaired in both populations, but Aracaju mosquitoes showed more damaging effects in terms of longer larval development, decreased bloodmeal acceptance, reduced engorgement and lower numbers of eggs laid per female. Compared with mosquitoes in Crato, Aracaju mosquitoes exhibited lower OP and pyrethroid RR95, increased activity of detoxifying enzymes and greater effect on fitness. The potential relationship between insecticide resistance mechanisms and mosquito viability is discussed.