bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Fisika Berorientasi Model Pembelajaran Pemaknaan untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa
Authors: Sartika Septi Budi
Published: October 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran fisika berorientasi model pembelajaran pemaknaan dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D yang direduksi menjadi 3-D, yaitu define, design, and develop. Uji coba perangkat pembelajaran ini dilakukan di Kelas VIII E SMP Negeri 21 Surabaya, dengan menggunakan One Group Pre test and Post test Design. Kualitas perangkat pembelajaran yang dihasilkan meliputi: validitas berkategori baik dan layak digunakan, tingkat kesulitan Buku Ajar Siswa dan Lembar Kegiatan Proses masing-masing sebesar 6% dan 7%, tingkat keterbacaan Buku Ajar Siswa dan Lembar Kegiatan Proses masing-masing sebesar 99,4% dan 98%. Sedangkan Hasil implementasi pembelajaran meliputi: keterlaksanaan RPP selama tiga kali pertemuan berkategori baik, aktivitas siswa berkategori cukup aktif, dan siswa merespon positif seluruh komponen pembelajaran pemaknaan. Juga diperoleh Hasil Belajar Proses sebesar 91,3; Hasil Belajar Psikomotor sebesar 95,4; Hasil Belajar Kognitif sebesar 84,2; dan Sensitivitas Moral sebesar 91,6. Hasil belajar ini meningkat signifikan dari nilai pre testnya. Berdasarkan hasil dan diskusi penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran fisika berorientasi model pembelajaran pemaknaan yang berkualitas mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar dan sensitivitas moral siswa SMP.
Pengaruh Pemanfaatan Lingkungan Sebagai Sumber Belajar Melalui Metode Inkuiri Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa SDN I Sribit Delanggu Pada Pelajaran IPS
Authors: Hendarwati Endah
Published: October 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hasil belajar siswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar melalui metode inkuiri lebih baik dibandingkan siswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode ceramah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aktivitas siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN I Sribit. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas IV SDN I Sribit Kecamatan Delanggu Kabupaten Klaten, dengan sampel terdiri dari 2 kelas (kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol), masing-masing berjumlah 31 orang siswa. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) aktivitas siswa selama kegiatan belajar mengajar mempunyai kategori baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh nilai rata-rata aktivitas siswa sebesar 3,11. (2) Hasil belajar dengan menggunakan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar melalui  metode inkuiri lebih baik dibandingkan dengan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan metode ceramah. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh nilai  sig. sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 dan t hitung (6,2650)  <  t tabel (1,671).
Proses Berpikir Siswa SMA dalam Memecahkan Masalah Matematika Materi Turunan Ditinjau Dari Gaya Kognitif Field Independent dan Field Dependent
Authors: Ngilawajan Darma Andreas
Published: October 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa dengan gaya kognitif yang berbeda, yaitu siswa dengan gaya kognitif Field Independent (FI) dan siswa dengan gaya kognitif Field Dependent (FD). Penelitian dilakukan pada SMA Negeri 1 Manyar-Gresik. Subjek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 2 orang siswa yang diambil dari kelas XI IPA-2, yaitu 1 siswa dengan gaya kognitif FI dan 1 siswa dengan gaya kognitif FD. Materi turunan diberikan untuk melihat proses berpikir kedua subjek dalam memecahkan masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan kedua subjek pada langkah memahami masalah, yaitu subjek FI memahami masalah lebih baik bila dibandingan dengan subjek FD. Selain itu, subjek FI menunjukkan pemahaman yang baik terhadap konsep turunan bila dibandingkan dengan subjek FD.
Penenerapan Metode Quantum Teaching Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas II SDN Gading 1 Sumenep
Authors: Mikaningsih Jatminika Ningsih Alani
Published: October 2016

Pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) juga tidak lepas dari kecenderungan proses pembelajaran teacher centered, proses pembelajaran lebih banyak dikuasai oleh guru. Terkait belum optimalnya hasil belajar IPS, dialami pula oleh siswa kelas II SDN Ganding 1 Sumenep. Untuk itu, peneliti selaku guru berupaya untuk menggunakan metode Quantum Teaching sebagai salah satu alternatif pembelajaran bermakna yang bermuara pada pembelajaran yang aktif, kreatif, efektif dan menyenangkan sehingga diharapkan hasil belajar yang diperoleh siswa juga meningkat. Ada lima prinsip yang mempengaruhi seluruh aspek metode Quantum, yaitu segalanya berbicara, segalanya bertujuan, pengalaman sebelum pemberian nama, akui setiap usaha, jika layak dipelajari maka layak pula dirayakan.Penelitian ini berlangsung di SDN Ganding 1 Kecamatan Ganding Kabupaten Sumenep yaitu pada siswa kelas II berjumlah 24 siswa. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode observasi dan tes. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan, diperoleh hasil bahwa penerapan Metode Quantum Teaching dengan kerangka TANDUR dalam pembelajaran IPS dapat memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas II SDN Ganding 1 Sumenep yaitu pada materi Kedudukan dan Peran Anggota Keluarga. Hal ini ditandai oleh peningkatan hasil evaluasi unjuk kerja kelompok pada siklus I memperoleh nilai rata-rata 63, pada siklus II meningkat mencapai 88,3. Kemudian hasil nilai rata-rata pada dua kali pos tes juga menunjukkan peningkatan dari 75,5 menjadi 98. Selain itu, melalui penerapan metode quantum teaching, keterlibatan siswa secara aktif dalam proses pembelajaran dapat ditingkatkan. Hal ini terbukti pada saat proses pembelajaran berlangsung, pada siklus II sebagian besar siswa (89%) berpartisipasi secara aktif dalam keompok.
Penggunaan Metode Penugasan atau Resitasi Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas III dalam Memahami Konsep Mengenal Pecahan Sederhana
Authors: Suparti Suparti
Published: October 2016

Dalam pembelajaran matematika agar mudah dimengerti siswa, proses penalaran deduktif digunakan untuk menguatkan pemahaman yang sudah dimiliki siswa. Langkah-langkah tersebut memerlukan partisipasi aktif dari siswa melalui metode pembelajaran yang melibatkan siswa secara langsung dalam pembelajaran sehingga siswa akan benar-benar memahami konsep, tidak hanya sekedar menghafal. Metode resitasi (penugasan) menjadi salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran, dimana penyajian pelajaran dengan cara guru memberi tugas tertentu dalam waktu yang telah ditentukan dan siswa mempertanggungjawabkan tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya. Melalui penggunaan metode resitasi (penugasan), diharapkan hasil belajar siswa kelas III dalam memahami konsep mengenal pecahan sederhana dapat meningkat. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas III SDN Ganding 1 sebanyak 20 orang. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasi dan tes. Untuk metode observasi ditulis dengan rumus prosentase, sedangkan metode tes dihitung dengan mencari nilai rata-rata, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode penugasan atau resitasi dalam proses pembelajaran matematika sudah tergolong sangat baik, dengan nilai  persentase yang muncul yaitu 100%. Hal tersebut berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa yang juga mengalami peningkatan nilai rata-rata tes belajar, dari 63 (siklus I) menjadi 82 (siklus II), dan peningkatan ketuntasan belajar siswa dari 60% pada siklus I menjadi 95% pada siklus II. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan metode penugasan atau resitasi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas III pada materi memahami konsep mengenal pecahan sederhana di SDN Ganding 1 Kecamatan Ganding Kabupaten Sumenep tahun pelajaran 2012/2013.
Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar IPA Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Think-Pairs Share (TPS)
Authors: Rusman Rusman
Published: October 2016

Model pembelajaran yang digunakan guru sangat berpengaruh dalam menciptakan situasi belajar yang benar-benar menyenangkan dan mendukung kelancaran proses belajar mengajar, serta sangat membantu dalam pencapaian prestasi belajar yang memuaskan. Akan tetapi, dalam pelaksanaan di lapangan pembelajaran banyak didominasi oleh guru sehingga kurang mampu membangun persepsi, minat, dan sikap siswa yang lebih baik. Hal tersebut juga dijumpai di SDN Pinggir Papas 1 Sumenep, siswa sulit memahami materi yang ada. Kendala yang terjadi adalah siswa merasa bosan dan tidak berminat mengikuti pembelajaran IPA. Hasil nilai ulangan harian dari 25 siswa hanya 9 siswa (36%) yang mendapatkan nilai di atas KKM (65). Dari hasil tersebut, peneliti merasa perlu sekali melakukan perbaikan pembelajaran agar sehingga hasil belajar siswa dapat ditingkatkan, yaitu dengan menerapkan model  pembelajaran kooperatif Think-Pair-Share (TPS). Sesuai rumusan masalah “apakah model pembelajaran kooperatif Think-Pairs-Share (TPS) dapat meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar IPA pada Siswa Kelas IIIA SDN Pinggir Papas 1 Sumenep?”, maka dilakukan metode penelitian dengan observasi dan tes. Hasil dari dua siklus penelitian yang melalui tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi diperoleh hasil prestasi belajar siswa meningkat dari 67,8 dengan ketuntasan belajar 72% menjadi 80,4 dengan ketuntasan 100%. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif Think Pairs Share mampu meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPA pada siswa kelas IIIA SDN Pinggir Papas 1 Sumenep, dengan peningkatan yang signifikan yaitu sebesar 28% melebihi kriteria peningkatan yang ditentukan yaitu 20%. Selain itu, model pembelajaran kooperatif Think Pairs Share efektif digunakan sebagai salah satu metode pembelajaran di kelas dapat menjadikan siswa aktif dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran oleh guru.
Pemanfaatan Media Pembelajaran Audio Visual Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar PAI Pada Siswa Kelas V SDN Kalianget Timur X
Authors: Ernawati Ernawati
Published: October 2016

Proses belajar mengajar pada hakikatnya adalah proses komunikasi, penyampaian pesan dari pengantar ke penerima. Pesan berupa isi/ajaran yang dituangkan ke dalam simbol-simbol komunikasi baik verbal maupun non verbal.Dalam pembelajaran PAI, agar bahan pelajaran yang diberikan lebih mudah dipahami oleh siswa, diperlukan media yang membantu proses penyampaian tersebut.Melalui media (alat bantu), diharapkan akan terjadi persepsi yang sama antara guru dan siswa. Apalagi Pendidikan Agama Islam yakni pendidikan yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia, terutama dalam mencapai ketentraman bathin dan kesehatan mental padaumumnya.Media CD ini bisa digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pembelajaran PAI, khususnya pada materi “menceritakan kisah-kisah Nabi”.Melalui film tentang kisah Nabi yang ada dalam kaset CD, tentunya siswa akan lebih mudah memahami dan lebih mengasyikkan untuk digunakan sebagai sarana belajar daripada menggunakan buku ajar biasa yang pada akhirnya berpengaruh terhadap pencapaian hasil belajar siswa. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai melaluipenelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keefektifan media CD dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada pelajaran PAI materi menceritakan kisah Nabi di kelas V SDN Kalianget Timur X.Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari siklus I sampai II, pemanfaatan media pembelajaran CD pada materi menceritakan kisah Nabi terbukti dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar baik secara kelompok maupun secara individu. Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran CDjuga dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa yang meliputi keaktifan, kerjasama, keberanian, kedisiplinan, serta ketelitian siswa.
Mendidik Untuk Membentuk Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Analisis Tugas Guru Dalam Mendidik Siswa Berkarakter Pribadi Yang Baik
Authors: Kurniawan Machful Indra
Published: October 2016

Pendidikan merupakan suatu proses yang dilakukan secara sadar untuk mengembangkan potensi peserta didik secara aktif agar dapat memiliki kemampuan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta ketrampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Guru merupakan tenaga profesional yang memiliki tugas untuk mengajar, mendidik dan melatih siswa sesuai dengan tujuan yang diharapkan. Untuk menjalankan tuganya sebagai pendidik, guru tidak hanya mentransfer ilmu saja, melainkan juga mendidik dalam arti lain membentuk karakter siswa menjadi pribadi yang baik.  Dalam membentuk karakter siswa sekolah dasar menjadi pribadi yang baik dapat dilakukan dengan cara menentukan, melaksanakan, dan membiasakan siswa sekolah dasar untuk melakukan kegiatan yang sesuai dengan pembentukan karakter yang diharapkan dalam proses pembelajaran. Dengan demikian tugas guru dalam mendidik untuk membentuk karakter siswa sekolah dasar dapat tercapai dengan baik.
Implementasi Surat Edaran Mendikbud Terhadap Peran Orang Tua Pada Hari Pertama Sekolah
Authors: Wardana Mahardika Darmawan Kusuma
Published: October 2016

Hari pertama sekolah merupakan hari paling awal dan sangat bermanfaat dalam memulai kegiatan di sekolah bagi seorang siswa, namun saat ini banyak siswa yang datang pada hari pertama tanpa didampingi oleh orang tua. Padahal peran orang tua tidak kalah penting dengan guru pada hari pertama anak masuk sekolah. Datangnya orang tua pada hari pertama sekolah dapat menumbuhkan motivasi anak dalam belajar. Orang tua juga dapat membina komunikasi dengan pihak sekolah demi kelangsungan pendidikan anak. Selain itu, orang tua juga dapat memantau kegiatan yang diselenggarakan oleh sekolah. Untuk mendukung kegiatan orang tua yang penting pada hari pertama masuk sekolah bagi anak, pemerintah melalui kementerian pendidikan mengeluarkan sebuah surat edaran no 4 tahun 2016 tentang hari pertama sekolah. Meskipun dalam implementasinya, surat edaran ini mengalami pro dan kontra juga beberapa kendala, namun dengan dikeluarkannya surat edaran ini dapat membantu meringankan perijinan bagi orang tua agar dapat mengantar anaknya sekolah karena pada hari pertama sekolah perlu adanya peranan orang tua.
PRODUCTION OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY TO THE COAT PROTEIN OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS IN CHICKEN EGGS
Authors: Nurhadi Nurhadi , Sijam Kamaruzaman , Sulaiman Inon
Published: October 2016

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the most destructive diseases in many citrus growing areas of Indonesia. Effective strategies for controlling CTV depend on diagnostic procedure namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Study aimed to purify the CTV antigen and produced its polyclonal antibody. Virion of the severe CTV isolate designated UPM/ T-002 was concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation combined with low speed centrifugation. Semipurified antigen was further purified by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The specific coat protein (CP) band of CTV with molecular weight of 25 kD was excised and eluted using elution buffer containing 0.25 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8 + 0.1% SDS, then used as antigen for injection into 6-month-old female of White Leghorn chicken. Results, showed than the specific polyclonal antibody raised against the 25-kDa CP had a titer of approximately 104, gave low background reaction with healthy plant sap and reacted specifically with CTV isolates. The reaction was equally strong for a severe, a moderate, a mild, and a symptomless isolate, suggesting a broad reaction range of this antibody toward different CTV isolates. Optimal virus titer can be obtained since virus loss during purification could be minimized and the highly purified antigen as an immunogen could be obtained by cutting out the CP band from SDS-PAGE gels. Large amount of highly titer of CTV antibody can be produced in chicken egg. The simplicity of the procedure makes it economically acceptable and technically adoptable because the antibody can be produced in basic laboratory.
THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICE ON POPULATION OF PEA LEAFMINER (Liriomyza huidobrensis) AND ITS PARASITOIDS IN POTATO
Authors: Suryawan Ida Bagus Gde , Reyes Stephen G.
Published: October 2016

Pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is the major pest of potato crop in Indonesia. The use of insecticides to control the pest is ineffective and harmful to the natural enemies. The study aimed to find out a promising cultural practice for leafminer management on potato crop. The study was conducted at a farmer’s field in Bali in 2004. Potato plants (Granola variety) were grown in a raised-bed plot of 10 m x 1 m. The treatments evaluated were standard cultural practice (C), C plus reflective plastic mulch (RPM) (CM), farmer’s practice (F), vermicompost (V), and V plus RPM (VM). All treatments were arranged in RCBD with five replications. From each plot, 10 plant samples were randomly taken to observe the presence of larvae, mines, and adults. Larvae and adults of leafminer and mines were separately counted from the top, middle, and bottom parts of the plant samples. Parasitoids were collected from the infested leaves of the plant samples. Emerged parasitoids were counted and put into vials with 70% ethyl alcohol and then identified. The results showed that the population of adults, larvae of L. huidobrensis, and mines were less in C, CM, V, and VM treatments compared to farmer's practice (F). However, RPM (CM and VM) treatments significantly reduced population of leafminer and mines. The highest population of adults, larvae, and mines on RPM treatment were less than 1.5, 8.5, and 10 per plant, respectively compared to other treatments which were greater than 3.2 for adults, 12.4 for larvae, and 12.7 for mines. Parasitoid population and parasitism level were more in vermicompost treatments (V and VM) compared to other treatments (C, CM, and F). The results showed that application of pesticides was ineffective against leafminer and reduced parasitoid population; in the other hand RPM was effective to control leafminer although the effect on parasitoids was not clear. Parasitoid species that were found associated with potato crop were Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Neochrysocharis sp., and Opius sp. Combination of RPM with standard practice and vermicompost are prospective for leafminer management in potato crop, however, VM is friendlier to environment regarding sustainable agriculture.
CHARACTERIZATION AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF INDONESIAN COMMERCIAL BIOFERTILIZERS
Authors: Husen Edi Husen , Simanungkalit R.D.M. , Saraswati Rasti , Irawan Irawan
Published: October 2016

Biofertilizers currently sold in the market are not labeled with a distinct quality standard. As such, farmers may buy low quality biofertilizers, which can reduce their profit and trust on the benefit of biofertilizers. This paper presents the characteristics of various products of commercial biofertilizers as well as farmers’ knowledge and experience on the products. The study was carried out in 2004-2006 by collecting and analyzing data on registered commercial biofertilizers, checking their availability at the market (39 agricultural shops), and interviewing farmers on their knowledge and experience on the use of biofertilizers on various farming systems in Bandung District, West Java (86 respondents) and Semarang District, Central Java (77 respondents). The quality of biofertilizers was tested in the laboratory based on microbial density and its functional (phenotypic) traits. The study showed that amongst various brands of biofertilizers commercialized, 41 brands of them have been officially registered as commercial products. Two brands of other biofertilizers found in agricultural shops were registered as organic or inorganic fertilizers. In general, each biofertilizer contained two or more microbial strains and was claimed to have multiple functions. However, most of them (>90%) were not labeled with expiry date information. Macronutrient contents (NPK) of some microbial carriers were almost equal to those of organic fertilizers. Around 38% of respondents in Bandung knew biofertilizers and less than 10% have ever used them. In Semarang, however, familiarity and personal experience of the respondents were much lower, i.e. 10% and 3%, respectively. About 67% and 50% of agricultural shops in Bandung and Semarang sold biofertilizers, respectively. Laboratory analyses showed that microbial density of five biofertilizers tested was lower than that of product specification, although most of them were positive for N-fixing and P-solubilizing traits. Some microbial strains contained less than 103 cfu based on the dilution level testing. These figures imply the urgent need to improve the existing quality standard system of biofertilizers including its control mechanisms.
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND LEAF DETACHMENT ON CHRYSANTHEMUM GROWN IN TWO TYPES OF PLASTIC HOUSE
Authors: Budiarto K. , Sulyo Y. , S.N. E. Dwi , Maaswinkel R.H.M.
Published: October 2016

Chrysanthemum is one of important ornamentals in Indonesia and it ranks in the first quantity of cut flower marketed every year. In most cases, the low productivity is still a constraint for the traditional growers to make production process profitable. Several problems revealed in chrysanthemum production were investigated. The study dealt with the effect of two types of plastic house constructions, irrigation frequency, and leaf detachment on the growth and development of chrysanthemum. The experiment was conducted at Segunung, Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute during the dry season of 2005. A nested design with six replications was used. The results showed that plants grown in wood-constructed plastic house had better growth performance and flower quality than those under bamboo plastic house. Longer stem and higher plant fresh weight with more flowers and longer life span were also observed on chrysanthemum irrigated four times per week than those irrigated twice per week. Leaf removal often practiced by the growers is no longer recommended, since the number of leaves on the plant influenced all parameters observed. The more leaves were detached, the more negative impacts on plant growth were found.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOMATIC EMBRYOS OF SAGO (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)
Authors: Kasi Pauline D. , Sumaryono Sumaryono
Published: October 2016

Development of somatic embryos of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on agar-solidified medium are highly varied producing heterogeneous seedlings. Understanding of this phenomenon may help in improving the cultural procedures and conditions of sago
somatic embryogenesis to obtain uniform seedlings in a large scale. This experiment was conducted at the laboratory for plant cell culture and micropropagation, Indonesian Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops from January to March 2006 to examine morphological changes i.e. color and development stages of sago during their somatic embryo development on an agar-solidified medium. Twenty single globular somatic embryos of sago with specific color (yellowish, greenish, and reddish) were cultured in a Petri dish supplemented with a solid medium. The medium was a micronutrients-modified MS (MMS) with half strength of macronutrients containing 0.01 mg l-1 ABA, 2 mg l-1 kinetin, 20 g l-1 sucrose, 0.5 g l-1 activated charcoal, and 2 g l-1 gelrite. Parameter observed was the percentage of embryo’s number based on color and developmental stage. The result showed that at the end of 6-week culture passage, most originally greenish (80.8%) and reddish (95.8%) embryos remained unchanged in their colors, whereas almost half of the originally yellowish embryos turned to greenish and only 30%
remained yellowish. At the same time, single globular embryos have changed gradually into the next developmental stages, although not all of the embryos were germinated. The initial color of embryo affected the rate of the developmental stage changes. Yellowish and greenish globular embryos developed more rapidly into cotyledon or germinant stages at 58% and 55% respectively, in 6 weeks than the reddish ones (41%). Therefore, the yellowish and greenish embryos are the best sources of material for in vitro mass propagation and synthetic seed production of sago.
MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION ON CORN USED BY FEED MILLS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Tangendjaja Budi , Rachmawati Sri , Wina Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Mycotoxins which are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxin contamination on local and imported corn samples collected from different feed mills in Indonesia. Three hundred fifty six of corn samples (0.50 kg each) were sent by several feed mills to the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production during 2005-2006. The background information accompanied with each sample was country/province of origins, harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, moisture levels, grades, and varieties. The samples were analyzed for various mycotoxins, i.e aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin (OCRA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T2 toxin using commercial kits, except for AFL which was analysed using a kit developed by the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science. The results showed that average AFL level in the contaminated corn originated from Indonesia was 59 µg kg-1, almost 7 times higher than that imported from the USA or Argentina. Among the types of mycotoxins detected, FUM was the highest with an average of 1193 µg kg-1, followed by DON, ZEN and OCRA at level of 324, 22 and 2 µg kg-1, respectively. Mycotoxin levels in the contaminated local corn samples varied depending on the province of origins as well as harvesting seasons, postharvest drying methods, and moisture contents. The least mycotoxin contaminations were found on corn originated from North
Sumatra and Lampung with the AFL levels were < 20 and < 50 µg kg-1, respectively, lower than those from East Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi (64-87 µg kg-1). Mycotoxin levels, however, were less affected by grading made by feed mills and corn varieties. It is indicated that AFL was the most important mycotoxin as far as for animal feeding concerned, as it contaminated almost 50% of local corn with the level of contamination above the Indonesian National Standard, i.e. 50 µg kg-1. The study suggests that postharvest methods of local corn must be improved to reduce mycotoxin contamination.
PEMODELAN KONSEP FUNDAMENTAL REPOSITORI INSTITUSI DI PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS SULTAN AGENG TIRTAYASA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FRAMEWORK ZACHMAN
Authors: Kurniawati Nia , Mustafa Badollahi , Ardiansyah Firman , Mulyani Eko Sri
Published: October 2016

Perpustakaan Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (Untirta) sebagai perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri terus berupaya menghimpun konten lokal berupa karya ilmiah sivitas akademika dalam format hardcopy dan softcopy. Koleksi softcopy dalam format pdf belum diintegrasikan ke dalam sistem informasi perpustakaan. Koleksi tersebut, akan terus bertambah terdokumentasi secara fisik dan hanya dapat diakses di perpustakaan. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dukungan repositori institusi. Kajian ini bertujuan membuat pemodelan konsep fundamental repositori institusi menggunakan pendekatan framework Zachman. Kajian ini merupakan peneliltian analisis deskriptif dengan tool framework Zachman dan rules of fulfilling dari Pereira and Sousa. Hasil penelitian berupa suatu model konsep fundamental repositori institusi untuk diterapkan dengan memanfaatkan infrastruktur yang telah ada di Untirta.
PERSEPSI PEMUSTAKA TERHADAP KENYAMANAN RUANGAN PERPUSTAKAAN DI PUSAT PERPUSTAKAAN DAN PENYEBARAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
Authors: Iskak Penny Ismiati , Andriani Juznia
Published: October 2016

Perpustakaan dituntut untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas layanan perpustakaan, diantaranya perbaikan sarana dan prasarana perpustakaan, termasuk ruangan perpustakaan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi pemustaka terhadap kenyamanan ruang perpustakaan di PUSTAKA. Survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni sampai November 2013 dengan responden sebanyak 97 orang. Variabel yang dikaji meliputi karakteristik responden, kebutuhan ruangan, ketersediaan ruangan, serta kenyamanan ruangan perpustakaan. Analisis difokuskan pada persepsi pemustaka terhadap kondisi saat ini (kondisi yang dirasakan pada saat berkunjung ke perpustakaan) dan harapan pemustaka terhadap kondisi fisik ruangan perpustakaan. Kesenjangan antara keduanya merupakan kualitas. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ruangan perpustakaan yang paling dibutuhkan pemustaka adalah
ruangan akses internet, diikuti ruangan baca, ruangan multi media, ruangan meja informasi, ruangan diskusi, ruangan baca personal, dan kid corner. Ruangan tersebut telah disediakan dengan baik oleh PUSTAKA, walaupun belum sesuai harapan pemustaka. Pemustaka merasa nyaman selama berada di ruang perpustakaan, namun masih belum sesuai dengan yang diharapkan pemustaka. Kebutuhan ruangan, ketersediaan ruangan, dan kualitas ruangan memberikan kontribusi terhadap prediksi kenyamanan yang dirasakan pemustaka. Kajian lanjutan perlu dilakukan dengan menyertakan variabel pengetahuan, sikap dan kemampuan pustakawan dalam memberikan layanan perpustakaan kepada pemustaka.
PEMANFAATAN PERPUSTAKAAN UK/UPT LINGKUP KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Authors: Suryantini Heryati , Rufaidah Vivit Wardah
Published: October 2016

Perpustakaan unit kerja (UK)/unit pelaksana teknis (UPT) lingkup Kementerian Pertanian merupakan perpustakaan khusus yang berperan dalam penyediaan informasi untuk mendukung kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan pertanian. Upaya pembinaan pengelolaan perpustakaan lingkup Kementerian Pertanian telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perpustakaan tersebut. Untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan perpustakaan tersebut oleh pengguna, suatu pengkajian dilakukan dengan metode survei. Sampel ditentukan sebanyak 36 perpustakaan dengan 57 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Juni-September 2013 melalui wawancara langsung dan melalui e-mail dengan menggunakan panduan kuesioner. Variabel yang diamati adalah karakteristik responden pengguna perpustakaan, pemanfaatan perpustakaan, dan tanggapan pengguna terhadap sumberdaya manusia, sarana prasarana dan sumberdaya koleksi perpustakaan. Kuesioner bersifat ordinal menggunakan skala Likert dan sebagian bersifat terbuka untuk mendapatkan saran dan masukan dari responden. Data yang terkumpul ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil pengkajian memperlihatkan bahwa pemanfaatan perpustakaan lingkup Kementerian Pertanian oleh pengguna belum optimal, terlihat dari frekuensi kunjungan pengguna ke perpustakaan dan lamanya responden berada di perpustakaan, yaitu hanya 4-6 kali/bulan dengan lamanya pengguna berkunjung di perpustakaan kurang dari 2 jam. Sebagian besar pengguna lebih banyak memanfaatkan layanan manual dibandingkan dengan layanan elektronis. Jenis koleksi yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan pengguna berturut-turut adalah buku, disusul majalah ilmiah dan jurnal  online. Layanan perpustakaan yang disediakan cukup memuaskan, namun informasi yang diperoleh kadang-kadang sesuai kebutuhan. Sarana dan prasarana perpustakaan seperti komputer, ruangan perpustakaan, dan jaringan internet belum memadai. Petugas perpustakaan/pustakawan di instansi lingkup Kementerian Pertanian masih sangat terbatas baik kuantitas maupun kualitas sesuai     bidang keahlian yang dibutuhkan.
FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT PUSTAKAWAN LINGKUP KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN DALAM PENGKAJIAN PERPUSTAKAAN DAN INFORMASI
Authors: Iskak Penny Ismiati
Published: October 2016

Pengkajian di bidang perpustakaan dan informasi berperan meningkatkan kinerja perpustakaan. Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian telah menyediakan wadah penyebaran hasil-hasil pengkajian bagi pustakawan, yaitu Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian. Namun, jurnal ini selalu mengalami kekurangan naskah karena minimnya kontribusi artikel dari pustakawan. Minimnya kegiatan pengkajian oleh pustakawan menjadi salah satu penyebab rendahnya kontribusi artikel tersebut. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor teknis dan nonteknis yang menghambat pustakawan dalam melaksanakan pengkajian di bidang perpustakaan dan informasi. Pengkajian dilakukan melalui survei dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur yang terdiri atas pertanyaan terbuka dan tertutup. Responden sebanyak 40 orang menanggapi pernyataan berskala Likert dari 1-5 tentang hambatan pengkajian. Data dianalisis dengan perangkat lunak Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 17.0. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa faktor teknis yang menghambat pengkajian berturut-turut adalah kurang penguasaan statistik pengolahan data, kurang kemampuan menginterpretasi data, dan kurang penguasaan metodologi pengkajian. Kurangnya anggaran pengkajian, kurangnya waktu, dan kesulitan memulai pengkajian merupakan hambatan utama dari segi nonteknis. Bagi Pustakawan Madya, faktor nonteknis lebih menghambat melaksanakan pengkajian dibanding faktor teknis. Demikian pula bagi Pustakawan Muda dan Pustakawan Pertama. Bimbingan dari pustakawan senior dan mitra sejajar serta pendidikan dan pelatihan diharapkan dapat mengatasi hambatan dalam melaksanakan pengkajian. Demikian pula alokasi waktu khusus dan dukungan anggaran diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pelaksanaan pengkajian. Penentuan prioritas dalam mengatasi hambatan secara tepat dapat meningkatkan pelaksanaan pengkajian di kalangan pustakawan.
Using Composite Modeling as a Means to Maximize Profitability
Authors: Ortiz Tom
Published: October 2016

Management

Oil companies exist to make money. Many companies too often focus solely on maximizing current production when they should really be focusing on maximizing profitability. A holistic, total asset modeling process is needed to reorient the focus of digital oilfield systems to make the net present value (NPV) of every project the centerpiece of all decisions.

Digital oil field providers have spent the past decade enabling a growing variety of specific workflows to automate isolated engineering tasks. These efforts have significantly reduced nonproductive time and costs. Nevertheless, transformational productivity increases will be required for operators to thrive in a prolonged, low oil price environment. For this reason, digital oil fields must become less about workflow orchestration and more about financial optimization.

A variety of metrics are used in the industry to measure financial performance or to make capital budgeting decisions. In addition to NPV, the metrics may include internal rate of return (IRR), real options analysis, or payback period. Among these, payback fails to account for the time value of money, IRR does not return a unique solution in cases where positive and negative cash flows alternate over time, and real options analysis can be shown to be equivalent to the NPV method if risk is properly accounted for.*

Less formalistic measurements may also come into play, particularly where projects involve national oil companies for whom politics, short-term cash flow pressures, and regulatory frameworks can exert large influences over the selection of a project.

Without a significant loss of generality, we claim that if a business activity is not expected to increase NPV, then it should not be undertaken. Under this assumption, well-intentioned, but NPV-reducing, programs of activity that are proposed to improve a technical metric should be reconsidered. For example, reservoir engineers will always try to improve their recovery factors, but economic limits will dictate the scenarios in which oil should be left in the reservoir.

In a company in which groups or teams are accustomed to operating in silos, the financial effect of decisions can be opaque, particularly at the level of decision making required to manage globally dispersed, cross- functional teams. To improve transparency, it is insufficient for only managers to have visibility into the financial effect of technical decisions. Technical personnel also need to know that their work is improving the bottom line. As they gain greater financial awareness, employees will begin making more improvements to their technical projects in ways that optimize profitability.
Case Study Shows Benefits of Applying Hollow Glass Spheres to Drilling Fluids
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: October 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 174010, “Hollow-Glass-Sphere Application in Drilling Fluids: Case Study,” by Arminder Minhas, SPE, Halliburton; Brandon Friess, SPE, Farid Shirkavand, and Barry Hucik, Seven Generations Energy; Teresa Pena-Bastidas, 3M Canada; Bradley Ross, SPE, Halliburton; and Shawn Servinski and Frank Angyal, Seven Generations Energy, prepared for the 2015 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Garden Grove, California, USA, 27–30 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

In an effort to optimize drilling operations and economics, an operator examined the effect of adding hollow glass spheres (HGSs) directly to the drilling fluid instead of performing underbalanced drilling. Both nitrogen and HGSs were believed to reduce hydrostatic pressure of the mud column in the hole, resulting in higher drilling rates of penetration (ROPs) and reduced mud losses to the wellbore. This paper provides information on HGSs as an economic alternative to nitrogen to help reduce the hydrostatic pressure of invert-emulsion drilling fluids.

Introduction

This case study focuses on the application of HGSs in two different sections of the drilling operation—a horizontal section and a vertical intermediate section. Data from a base-case horizontal section using an all-oil drilling fluid were compared with data of another well on the same drilling pad using the same fluid with the addition of HGSs. The intermediate-section data were from a base-case well that used an invert-emulsion drilling fluid, and they were compared with data from other intermediate well intervals in the same field that used an invert-emulsion drilling fluid with the addition of HGSs.

Use of HGSs in Drilling Fluids

HGSs are inert materials that are used as density-reducing agents. In the oil and gas industry, they are used for reducing the density of drilling fluids and cement blends. These hollow spheres (Fig. 1) are chemically inert, thermally stable (with a softening temperature of 600°C), and made of soda-lime borosilicate with a high strength/density ratio, and they can be added to both oil- and water-based fluids. A density reduction of up to 2.086 lbm/gal is possible when using HGSs.

HGS addition helps reduce density and, consequently, the effective circulating density (ECD). Addition of HGSs to a lightweight drilling fluid allows consistent, stable properties and allows for measurement while drilling and controlled management of fluid properties. These lightweight fluids can be used for drilling at balanced, near-balanced, or underbalanced conditions. Applications include depleted reservoirs, geologically fractured formations, poorly consolidated formations, and high-permeability formations.

In general, a reduction of differential pressure can result in the elimination of differential sticking, reduction or elimination of fluid loss, and mitigation of formation damage. This can result in higher productivity during drilling operations and during production.
An Experimental Study of Multiphase Behavior for n-Butane/Bitumen/Water Mixtures
Authors: Gao Jianyi , Okuno Ryosuke , Li Huazhou Andy
Published: October 2016

Steam/solvent coinjection has been studied and pilot tested as a potential method to improve steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for bitumen recovery. Reliable design of coinjection requires reliable pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) data for bitumen/solvent/water mixtures, which are scarce and fragmentary in the literature.

The main objective of this research was to present a new set of PVT and multiphase data for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at pressures up to 10 MPa and temperatures up to 160°C. Experiments were conducted with a conventional PVT apparatus. The data presented include multiphase equilibria up to four coexisting phases and liquid densities for 100% bitumen, two mixtures of n-butane/bitumen, and one mixture of n-butane/bitumen/water.

Liquid/liquid separation of hydrocarbons was experimentally observed at the n-butane concentration of 97 mol% in the n-butane/bitumen system with/without water, for a wide range of temperatures at operating pressures for expanding-solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD). This may indicate the limited solubility of n-butane in bitumen even when a high level of accumulation of n-butane takes place near a chamber edge in ES-SAGD for Athabasca bitumen. The multiphase transition that involves appearance/disappearance of the vapor phase was observed to occur near the vapor pressure of n-butane or its extension. Such phase transition occurs at a higher pressure in the presence of water, because of its vapor pressure, than in the absence of water at a given temperature. This is the first time four coexisting phases are reported for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen/water mixtures at temperature/pressure conditions relevant to ES-SAGD.
Effective Marketing Leadership, Strategies and Tactics During Turbulent Times in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Ferrero Ricardo , Varer Melis , Bowling David
Published: October 2016

Turbulence in the oil and gas industry requires a sharper focus on value selling as operators place increasing emphasis on real-time remote operations to improve efficiency while reducing health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks. All companies now operate in an international, interconnected environment where customers are scattered around the globe. Even companies that market only to a single country or region must think globally.

The challenge for marketing in the oil and gas industry during this volatile period is ensuring delivery of value propositions so operators can make informed decisions about solutions that provide the greatest benefit for operational improvement and HSE risk reduction.

This paper describes the key strategic elements of this marketing process, from value creation to value delivery. Marketing challenges are explored in addition to knowledge on how to develop a marketing plan (including segmentation and targeting) using customer needs and insights, as well as competitor analysis, for a globally interconnected business environment.

The paper explains how to develop effective brand and positioning strategies in addition to the best use of all elements of the marketing mix to deliver successful marketing plans in an international context and their application to the oil and gas industry.

The paper also provides a comprehensive study of translating strategy into action for effective value message delivery. The role of new media is examined using inbound marketing techniques for an array of communication tools and tradeshows in combination with the strict requirement for appropriate resource allocation.
High Stress Contrast between Different Lithologies and its Implications for Drilling and Stimulation in the Northern Cooper Basin
Authors: Gui Feng , Rahman Khalil , Lockhart Duncan , Cunha Diogo , Meadows Dylan
Published: October 2016

Drilling in the Cooper Basin faces challenges from the hostile stress environment, high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, and variations in rock properties with depth. The current understanding is that the Cooper Basin is under a highly deviatoric, strike-slip stress regime with significant stress contrasts between different lithologies. These conditions create challenges for drilling and well stimulation.

A series of wells have been reviewed to understand the vertical and lateral stress changes in the Patchawarra Trough in the Northern Cooper Basin. The temperature anomaly at this location appears to be lower than in the Nappamerri Trough in the south. A different level of overpressure is also observed, and the formation pressure appears to vary depending on structural location. Shallow wells on the ridge appear to be near hydrostatic in the Permian sands, but overpressure is as high as 10.5-11 ppg on structures in the deeper part of the Patchawarra Trough. Rocks appear to be generally strong, with siltstones in the Permian section being only slightly weaker than sandstones. The stress anisotropy in the sandstone is large; the SHmax/Shmin ratio is greater than 2. The stress anisotropy is considered to be the reason for preferential wellbore failure in sands instead of shaly siltstones. The stresses in interlayered thick coals tend to be near isotropic. It is also thought that the stress regime is not necessarily uniform with depth; the maximum horizontal stress decreases drastically at shallower depths, and the stress regime becomes normal faulting.

The detailed geomechanical analysis shows that the drilling challenges faced in the deeper section are mainly caused by the thick coal sequences. Sandstones and siltstones are relatively strong, should not cause much wellbore instability, and are only expected to develop narrow breakouts. For hydraulic fracturing, the small stress contrast (similar minimum horizontal stress magnitudes) between sandstone and siltstone in the Permian formation would result in difficulty in confining the fracture in zone. Consequently, excessive height growth may cause the fracture to grow into highly fractured coals and may lead to early screen-outs.

Detailed geomechanical modeling for a series of wells in the Patchawarra Trough has enabled a thorough understanding of variations in rock properties, pressure and stress in the area. Optimised drilling strategies for mud weight and mud properties were adopted for the drilling of vertical and horizontal wells. Accurate stress modelling also helped the optimisation of hydraulic fracture design to achieve successful fracture treatments for improved production.
Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticles Transport in Porous Media for Optimisation in Well Stimulation and EOR Using Electromagnetic Heating
Authors: Santoso R. K. , Rachmat S. , Putra W. D. , Resha A. H. , Hartowo H.
Published: October 2016

Electromagnetic heating has been recently introduced as an effective technology to enhance production of heavy and extra-heavy oil reservoir. Several investigations using metal oxide nanoparticles have successfully proven to increase the effectiveness of heating process. Nanoparticles act as thermal-conducting agent during the heating process. Thus, heat distribution along the reservoir strongly depends on the nanoparticles distribution (concentration profile along the reservoir). In this study, we develop a mathematical model to characterize the concentration distribution of nanoparticles along the reservoir during injection phase. The model is developed using material balance and fluid flow in porous media. Several empirical correlations are also adopted to describe the adsorption phenomenon during the nanoparticles flow in the reservoir. Using coreflood experiment data of iron oxide nanoparticles, the model is simulated and fitted to look for several constants and confirm the minimum error. From the simulation results, the model matched with tracer data and had small squared error with nanoparticles data.