bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instituições de longa permanência para idosos no Brasil: sumário da legislação
Authors: Pinto Silvia Patricia Lima de Castro , Simson Olga Rodrigues de Moraes Von
Published: August 2012

O número de instituições destinadas ao asilamento de idosos no Brasil começou a crescer a partir das últimas décadas do século XX, ao mesmo tempo em que foi sendo criada uma estrutura legal para regular suas atividades. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um sumário das legislações federais criadas na área dos direitos dos idosos a partir da promulgação da Constituição Brasileira de 1988, com especial atenção às legislações relativas à assistência em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos.
Envelhecimento, estresse oxidativo e sarcopenia: uma abordagem sistêmica
Authors: Leite Leni Everson de Araújo , Resende Thaís de Lima , Nogueira Guilherme Marcos , Cruz Ivana Beatrice Mânica da , Schneider Rodolfo Herberto , Gottlieb Maria Gabriela Valle
Published: August 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: a sarcopenia é caracterizada pela perda de massa e funcionalidade muscular e está associada a uma série de disfunções e doenças sistêmicas que acometem os idosos. Também é um dos parâmetros utilizados para definição da síndrome de fragilidade, que é altamente prevalente em idosos, conferindo maior risco para quedas, fraturas, incapacidade, dependência, hospitalização recorrente e mortalidade. Recentemente, a literatura tem reportado que a etiopatogenia da sarcopenia está intimamente relacionada com um aumento na taxa de produção de espécie reativa de oxigênio (ERO), o que pode ocasionar a denervação, perda e atrofia de fibras musculares e consequente perda da força muscular. OBJETIVO: realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o papel do estresse oxidativo na gênese da sarcopenia. MÉTODO: revisão narrativa. Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciElo. As buscas foram feitas através das expressões: sarcopenia e envelhecimento, perda de massa muscular em idosos, estresse oxidativo, inflamação e sarcopenia e epidemiologia da sarcopenia. Resultados: a etiologia da sarcopenia é multifatorial e envolve a interação de diversos fatores, incluindo aspectos genéticos, metabólicos, estilo de vida, como os hábitos alimentares (ingestão protéica) e de gasto energético (atividade física), e as EROs desempenham papel-chave na mediação do processo de perda de massa e função muscular associado ao envelhecimento. CONCLUSÃO: ao longo do processo de envelhecimento, o estresse oxidativo torna-se mais perigoso, uma vez que, associado ao declínio dos hormônios sexuais, que exercem efeitos anabólicos sobre o tecido músculo-esquelético, pode acelerar a perda e atrofia desse tecido.
Annual grassland resource pools and fluxes: sensitivity to precipitation and dry periods on two contrasting soils
Authors: Sudderth Erika A. , St. Clair Samuel B. , Placella Sarah A. , Swarbreck Stéphanie M. , Castanha Cristina , Herman Donald J. , Fischer Marc L. , Kleber Markus , Sudderth Erik B. , Torn Margaret S. , Firestone Mary K. , Andersen Gary L. , Ackerly David D.
Published: August 2012

In ecosystems throughout the world climate models project increased variability in precipitation patterns that may strongly affect the above‐ and below‐ground processes that control carbon, water, and nutrient cycles. Uncertainty about how plant and soil processes respond to wet and dry periods at different times in the growing season is a barrier to understanding how changing rainfall patterns will affect ecosystem function in annual grasslands. We used mesocosm systems to test the sensitivity to mid‐ and late‐season dry periods of twenty response variables related to nitrogen, carbon, and water cycling in Avena barbata monocultures. We compared the responses of individual variables and of grassland systems under low and high cumulative rain treatments and between two contrasting soil types.

Analysis of individual response variables demonstrated strong seasonal patterns: most soil and plant resource pools and fluxes changed between mid‐ and late‐season, and many had larger responses to the late‐season dry period. Under increasingly variable precipitation regimes, specific resource pools and fluxes such as soil nitrate and ecosystem CO2 flux may be more strongly affected when dry periods occur later in the growing season. Individual responses variables were also used as state variables in a principal components analysis of changes in grassland functional states between treatments and over time. There were dramatic functional state shifts between the mid‐ and late‐season for both soil types, driven by changes in canopy height, leaf soluble protein, soil nitrate, gross N mineralization, and leaf N. However, we did not find evidence that the functional state of grassland systems was affected by rainfall patterns, indicating that interactions among below‐ and above‐ground processes resulted in system‐level resistance to changes in soil moisture. A strong association between plant canopy size and ecosystem functional state suggests that responses of plant phenology and growth to climate change may predict changes in ecosystem function.
EMERGENT IDENTITY MATCHING AFTER SUCCESSIVE MATCHING TRAINING. II: REFLEXIVITY OR TRANSITIVITY?
Authors: Urcuioli Peter J. , Swisher Melissa
Published: August 2012

Three experiments evaluated whether the apparent reflexivity effect reported by Sweeney and Urcuioli (2010) for pigeons might, in fact, be transitivity. In Experiment 1, pigeons learned symmetrically reinforced hue‐form (A‐B) and form‐hue (B‐A) successive matching. Those also trained on form‐form (B‐B) matching responded more to hue comparisons that matched their preceding samples on subsequent hue‐hue (A‐A) probe trials. By contrast, most pigeons trained on just A‐B and B‐A matching did not show this effect; but some did—a finding consistent with transitivity. Experiment 2 showed that the latter pigeons also responded more to form comparisons that matched their preceding samples on form‐form (B‐B) probe trials. Experiment 3 tested the prediction that hue‐hue matching versus hue‐hue oddity, respectively, should emerge after symmetrically versus asymmetrically reinforced arbitrary matching relations if those relations are truly transitive. For the few pigeons showing an emergent effect, comparison response rates were higher when a probe‐trial comparison matched its preceding sample independently of the baseline contingencies. These results indicate neither a reflexivity nor a transitivity effect but, rather, a possible identity bias.
Exergy diagnosis of coal fired CHP plant with application of neural and regression modelling
Authors: Stanek Wojciech , Budnik Michał
Published: August 2012

Mathematical models of the processes, that proceed in energetic machines and
devices, in many cases are very complicated. In such cases, the exact
analytical models should be equipped with the auxiliary empirical models that
describe those parameters which are difficult to model in a theoretical way.
Regression or neural models identified basing on measurements are rather
simple and are characterized by relatively short computation time. For this
reason they can be effectively applied for simulation and optimization of
steering and regulation processes, as well as, for control and thermal
diagnosis of operation (eq. power plants or CHP plants). In the paper
regression and neural models of thermal processes developed for systems of
operation control of thermal plants are presented. Theoretical-empirical
model of processes proceeding in coal fired CHP plant have been applied.
Simulative calculations basing on these models have been carried out. Results
of simulative calculations have been used for the exergetic evaluation of
considered power plant. The diagnosis procedure let to investigate the
formation of exergy costs in interconnected components of the system of CHP,
as well as, investigate the influence of defects in operation of components
on exergy losses and on the exergetic cost in other components.
Use of pleural access ports for treatment of recurrent pneumothorax in two dogs
Authors: Cahalane Alane Kosanovich , Flanders James A.
Published: August 2012

Case Description—An 8-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog (dog 1) and a 13-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog (dog 2) were evaluated because of spontaneous pneumothorax.

Clinical Findings—Both dogs had decreased bronchovesicular sounds with coughing, tachypnea, cyanosis, lethargy, or a combination of these clinical signs. Radiographic examination revealed pneumothorax in both dogs and consolidation of a lung lobe in dog 2. Pneumothorax was alleviated following thoracocentesis in both dogs but recurred.

Treatment and Outcome—Dog 1 was initially treated by placement of a thoracostomy tube but underwent thoracotomy when pneumothorax recurred after tube removal; left caudal lung lobectomy was performed because a ruptured bulla was suspected, and a pulmonary bulla was histologically confirmed. Dog 2 underwent thoracotomy with left caudal lung lobectomy and partial removal of the left cranial lung lobe; diffuse pulmonary emphysema was diagnosed. This dog underwent a second surgery for right caudal lung lobectomy because of torsion. When pneumothorax recurred and additional surgery was not considered feasible, pleural access ports were placed in both dogs for repeated removal of air from the thoracic cavity. Ports were used clinically for 17 days in dog 1 and 14 days in dog 2. Dog 1 successfully underwent another surgery when pneumothorax recurred 18 days after port placement but was euthanized 17 months later when dyspnea and tachypnea recurred. Pneumothorax had not recurred further in dog 2 twenty-three months after port placement.

Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that pleural access ports may have a role in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs.
Norman Dott, Gerard Guiot, and Jules Hardy: key players in the resurrection and preservation of transsphenoidal surgery
Authors: Patel Smruti K. , Husain Qasim , Eloy Jean Anderson , Couldwell William T. , Liu James K.
Published: August 2012

Developed over a century ago, the transsphenoidal approach to access lesions of the pituitary gland and sella turcica has transformed the field of neurosurgery, largely due to the work of Oskar Hirsch and Harvey Cushing. Furthermore, its use and modification in the early 1900s was perhaps one of Cushing's greatest legacies to skull base surgery. However, Cushing, who had worked relentlessly to improve the transsphenoidal route to the pituitary region, abandoned the approach by 1929 in his pursuit to master transcranial approaches to the suprasellar region. Hirsch and a few other surgeons continued to perform transsphenoidal operations, but they were unable to maintain the popularity of the approach among their peers.

During a time when transsphenoidal surgery was on the brink of extinction, a critical lineage of 3 key surgeons—Norman Dott, Gerard Guiot, and Jules Hardy—would resurrect the art, each working to further improve the procedure. Dott, Cushing's apprentice from 1923 to 1924, brought his experiences with transsphenoidal surgery to Edinburgh, Scotland, and along the way, developed the lighted nasal speculum to provide better illumination in the narrow working area. Guiot, inspired by Dott, adopted his technique and used intraoperative radiofluoroscopic technique for image guidance. Hardy, a fellow of Guiot, from Montreal, Canada, revolutionized transsphenoidal microsurgery with the introduction of the binocular microscope and selective adenomectomy.

The teachings of these pioneers have endured over time and are now widely used by neurosurgeons worldwide. In this paper, we review the lineage and contributions of Dott, Guiot, and Hardy who served as crucial players in the preservation of transsphenoidal surgery.
The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria
Authors: Elhadi Ali M. , Kalb Samuel , Perez-Orribo Luis , Little Andrew S. , Spetzler Robert F. , Preul Mark C.
Published: August 2012

The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 bc) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century ad, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, including neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. In this article the authors consider the beginning of this journey, from the earliest descriptions of skull base anatomy to the establishment of basic skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt.
Petrosal approaches to posterior circulation aneurysms
Authors: Gross Bradley A. , Tavanaiepour Daryoush , Du Rose , Al-Mefty Ossama , Dunn Ian F.
Published: August 2012

Complex posterior circulation aneurysms are formidable lesions with an abysmal natural history. Their management continues to present a challenge to both endovascular and open microsurgical approaches. Affording an expansive, combined supra- and infratentorial exposure, the petrosal approaches are well suited for these challenging lesions when located along the basilar trunk or at a low-lying basilar apex. This report evaluates the evolution and application of petrosal approaches to these lesions. Excluding transsigmoid, infratentorial, or labyrinth-sacrificing approaches, the authors found 23 reports with 61 posterior circulation aneurysms treated via a petrosal approach. Although early morbidity was not negligible, rates of aneurysm occlusion (95% overall) and long-term outcome were quite laudable in light of the challenge posed by these lesions. Moreover, with accumulating experience with petrosal approaches, rates of complications are likely to wane, as neurosurgeons capitalize on the expansive exposure afforded by these indispensable approaches.
Evolution of the posterior petrosal approach
Authors: Gross Bradley A. , Tavanaiepour Daryoush , Du Rose , Al-Mefty Ossama , Dunn Ian F.
Published: August 2012

In this article, the authors review the history of the posterior petrosal approach. The early foundation of the retrolabyrinthine lateral petrosectomy has its roots in the otolaryngology literature. These early approaches were limited in exposure by the tentorium superiorly and the sigmoid sinus posteriorly. Although the concept of a transtentorial approach was originally combined with a complete labyrinthectomy, Hakuba and colleagues described the expansive exposure afforded by sectioning the tentorium and superior petrosal sinus and mobilizing a skeletonized sigmoid sinus. This maneuver serves as the key step in allowing for the full, combined supra- and infratentorial exposure that the posterior petrosal approach provides. In contrast to Hakuba et al.'s approach, which used a partial labyrinthectomy, modern approaches often preserve the entire labyrinth (retrolabyrinthine approach). For added exposure, the latter can be combined with the anterior petrosal approach, allowing for the preservation of hearing and an enhanced view of the surgical target. The authors review the evolution of the petrosal approach and highlight its applicability.
Fedor Krause: the first systematic use of x-rays in neurosurgery
Authors: Elhadi Ali M. , Kalb Samuel , Martirosyan Nikolay L. , Agrawal Abhishek , Preul Mark C.
Published: August 2012

Within a few months of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895, Fedor Krause acquired an x-ray apparatus and began to use it in his daily interactions with patients and for diagnosis. He was the first neurosurgeon to use x-rays methodically and systematically. In 1908 Krause published the first volume of text on neurosurgery, Chirurgie des Gehirns und Rückenmarks (Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord), which was translated into English in 1909. The second volume followed in 1911. This was the first published multivolume text totally devoted to neurosurgery. Although Krause excelled in and promoted neurosurgery, he believed that surgeons should excel at general surgery. Importantly, Krause was inclined to adopt technology that he believed could be helpful in surgery. His 1908 text was the first neurosurgical text to contain a specific chapter on x-rays (“Radiographie”) that showed roentgenograms of neurosurgical procedures and pathology. After the revolutionary discovery of x-rays by Röntgen, many prominent neurosurgeons seemed pessimistic about the use of x-rays for anything more than trauma or fractures. Krause immediately seized on its use to guide and monitor ventricular drainage and especially for the diagnosis of tumors of the skull base. The x-ray images contained in Krause's “Radiographie” chapter provide a seminal view into the adoption of new technology and the development of neurosurgical technique and are part of neurosurgery's heritage.
Humphrey Ridley (1653–1708): 17th century evolution in neuroanatomy and selective cerebrovascular injections for cadaver dissection
Authors: Thakur Jai Deep , Sonig Ashish , Chittiboina Prashant , Khan Imad Saeed , Wadhwa Rishi , Nanda Anil
Published: August 2012

Humphrey Ridley, M.D. (1653–1708), is a relatively unknown historical figure, belonging to the postmedieval era of neuroanatomical discovery. He was born in the market town of Mansfield, 14 miles from the county of Nottinghamshire, England. After studying at Merton College, Oxford, he pursued medicine at Leiden University in the Netherlands. In 1688, he was incorporated as an M.D. at Cambridge. Ridley authored the first original treatise in English language on neuroanatomy, The Anatomy of the Brain Containing its Mechanisms and Physiology: Together with Some New Discoveries and Corrections of Ancient and Modern Authors upon that Subject.

Ridley described the venous anatomy of the eponymous circular sinus in connection with the parasellar compartment. His methods were novel, unique, and effective. To appreciate the venous anatomy, he preferred to perform his anatomical dissections on recently executed criminals who had been hanged. These cadavers had considerable venous engorgement, which made the skull base venous anatomy clearer. To enhance the appearance of the cerebral vasculature further, he used tinged wax and quicksilver in the injections. He set up experimental models to answer questions definitively, in proving that the arachnoid mater is a separate meningeal layer. The first description of the subarachnoid cisterns, blood-brain barrier, and the fifth cranial nerve ganglion with its branches are also attributed to Ridley.

This historical vignette revisits Ridley's life and academic work that influenced neuroscience and neurosurgical understanding in its infancy. It is unfortunate that most of his novel contributions have gone unnoticed and uncited. The authors hope that this article will inform the neurosurgical community of Ridley's contributions to the field of neurosurgery.
Planification directrice forestière et planification d'aménagement du territoire (essai)
Authors: Gmür Philippe
Published: August 2012

Forestry development planning and land use planning (essay)

The purpose of land use planning is to coordinate the various activities and projects which affect a given region. In many aspects, forestry development planning therefore forms part of land use planning. There is however a nuance in that this planning – limited to the sector of forest land both in content and geographically – is governed by different laws and administrative bodies. Forestry development planning must also take into account issues and decisions concerning areas beyond the forest boundaries. In particular where natural hazards, the wood production chain or important installations for leisure activities are concerned, decisions on land use management must continue to be prepared in both land use planning and forestry development planning and then integrated respectively into the other plan.
Der Wald und die Zukunft der Nachhaltigkeitspolitik (Essay)
Authors: Wachter Daniel
Published: August 2012

The forest and the future of sustainability policies (essay)

In accordance with the “Rio +20” conference in June, future policies for sustainability will be characterised by the necessary transformation of our economic system into a “green economy”, and the reinforcement of the institutional framework for sustainable development. Forests and forestry policy fit into these priorities extremely well. An increased but sustainable use of wood in order to achieve ecological and economic aims lies directly on target for a green economy. The ban on clearances or the associated reforestation policies are pioneering institutional measures in forestry policy, and these should be applied to other resources. Swiss sustainability policy for the next few years has been defined by the Federal Council in the document “Strategy for sustainable development 2012–2015”. This goes in the direction of the efforts named above, but does not make any statement concerning implementation plans in the realm of forestry. Rather it is the responsibility of forestry policy to put into effect the general strategy as presented.
Der Betriebsplan – eine Verbindung strategischer und operativer Managementprozesse (Essay)
Authors: Schmidt Roger , Grütter Marco
Published: August 2012

The business plan – a combination of strategic and operational management processes (essay)

Economic success must be the central objective in forestry business planning. Business planning thus differentiates from forest development planning. The latter, depending on the degree of commitment, must enter the operational environmental analysis as an influencing factor or as a restriction. The forest owners remain the most important stakeholders, shaping business organization and the management of their forests within the given legal framework. By means of the business plan, management comes to an agreement with the forest owners over their operative objectives, so that the result is a viable and promising strategy. The planning concept of the Bern State Forest Enterprise integrates existing operative elements into the business plan. Mission statement and management strategy are linked to operational management and implementation by further strategic objectives, such as a silvicultural concept. On an operational and dispositive level, the main instrument is forest production planning and monitoring. Strategic controlling measures complete the concept as described. The foresters on the ground, with their know-how and their operative planning data, contribute to strategic planning. The silvicultural concept is thus largely defined by the foresters responsible for biological production. Besides the strategies, structures and systems, sufficient attention must be paid to soft factors such as corporate culture, staff development and motivation. A successful implementation of the business plan can only be achieved through a high level of common identification with the business objectives.
Wald und Recht (Essay)
Authors: Griffel Alain
Published: August 2012

Forest and Law (essay)

The forests of Switzerland are afforded special legal protection. Since 1902, the year in which the first piece of forestry legislation was enacted, Swiss forestry law is governed by the principle of conservation and the interdiction to clear forest land. Hence, during the 20th century Swiss forests were able to recover from past exploitation as well as to remain unscathed, at least in the main. Swiss forest protection is a success story. Recent developments have, however, given cause for concern. The fact that the ban on building outside of building zones has been considerably watered down during the last fifteen years – an end to this trend is unfortunately not yet in sight – could, before long, have a substantial bearing on the forests. Indeed, the Swiss legislator recently amended the Forest Act of 1991, and its next amendment is already in the pipeline. The politics of unsustainable settlement expansion are doing enough damage to the Swiss landscape as it is. We must be vigilant in order to ensure that our forests do not become their next victim.
Anomie, exclusion, désaffiliation : dissolution de la cohésion sociale ou du lien social ?
Authors: Guibet Lafaye Caroline
Published: August 2012

Résumé Anomie, exclusion, désaffiliation, fracture sociale, autant de notions qui peuplent le discours politique et social et qui prétendent exprimer un affaiblissement des liens sociaux, voire de la cohésion sociale. Notre propos vise, d’une part, à cerner les conditions théoriques de pertinence d’emploi de ces notions et, d’autre part, à montrer que, bien qu’étant utiles pour décrire des situations individuelles, elles ne permettent aucunement, comme telles, de conclure à un état de la cohésion macrosociale, en l’occurrence à sa dissolution. Anomie et exclusion ne sont opératoires, dans cette dernière perspective, que lorsqu’elles sont explicitées et associées à des évolutions structurelles. Nos analyses permettront ainsi d’opérer une dissociation précise des champs de pertinence des notions de lien social et de cohésion sociale.
Repenser le lien social : de Georg Simmel à Jean Gagnepain et à la sociologie clinique
Authors: Dartiguenave Jean-Yves , Le Bot Jean-Michel , Garnier Jean-François
Published: August 2012

Résumé La question du lien social est au cœur du projet sociologique depuis l’époque des « pères fondateurs ». Cela est particulièrement net chez Auguste Comte aussi bien que chez Émile Durkheim, très inquiet de la montée de l’anomie qu’il croyait percevoir dans les sociétés industrialisées. Cette inquiétude se retrouve de nos jours dans des sociétés occidentales où le chômage et le sous-emploi se maintiennent à des niveaux élevés, conduisant à multiplier les appels à « créer », « restaurer », « maintenir » ou « développer » le lien social. Mais ces appels, très souvent, ne dépassent guère l’idée d’un lien social résultant de rencontres ou d’échanges, si possibles « conviviaux », entre les « individus ». Pour aller au-delà de cette vision naïve et quelque peu superficielle, cet article s’appuie sur la tradition sociologique, notamment simmelienne, ainsi que sur l’anthropologie clinique pour montrer que le lien social ne résulte jamais de la seule rencontre ou de la seule coexistence des individus. Il est construit par les personnes à travers un double processus : de différenciation et d’identification d’une part, de séparation et d’unification de l’autre.
Souffrance au travail en milieu carcéral : les épreuves de l'exercice professionnel au parloir pénitentiaire
Authors: Moulin V. , Sevin A.-S.
Published: August 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse, à partir d’un modèle intégratif et dynamique, la souffrance au travail et les manifestations de celle-ci, chez les agents pénitentiaires en milieu carcéral dans un espace particulier qui est celui du « parloir pénitentiaire ». Si les questions des facteurs de risques, notamment du stress ou du burn out ont été abondamment traitées dans la littérature, selon des approches factorielles, rares sont les modèles multidimensionnels existants qui permettent de comprendre la complexité et la spécificité des processus en jeu en milieu carcéral. La méthode de recherche relève d’une analyse comparative des espaces professionnels. Soixante-douze entretiens semi-directifs de recherche ont été conduits auprès des surveillants occupant chacun des espaces, dans trois établissements pénitentiaires français. À partir de différents indicateurs, le modèle permet de saisir les processus et étapes qui conduisent à la manifestation de souffrances au travail. Il offre à la fois des perspectives d’intervention et de prévention pour les cadres et psychologues chargés du soutien aux personnels.
L'usage des outils d'évaluation du stress au travail : perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques
Authors: Ponnelle Sandrine , Vaxevanoglou Xénophon , Garcia F.
Published: August 2012

Résumé Dans le contexte professionnel, l’étude du stress en lien avec la santé est un thème récurrent et d’actualité. Aborder ce thème est aussi se confronter à un certain nombre d’obstacles théoriques et méthodologiques que cet article de synthèse se propose de présenter. L’analyse de la problématique du stress est effectuée à travers l’énoncé de difficultés liées à la définition de ce concept dans le champ scientifique et à ses modalités d’investigation associées à la variété des indicateurs psychologiques et physiologiques. L’absence de présentation systématique des outils de mesure dans la littérature scientifique entretient une relative confusion quant à leur validité (de construction et prédictive) et leurs spécificités, à laquelle cet article espère, à son niveau, participer à remédier.
Integrated Strategy of Water Quality Monitoring and Simulation for Amazon Reservoirs
Authors: Bessa Marcio da R. M. , Brasil Antonio C. P.
Published: August 2012

To take better advantage of the water quality monitoring systems and modeling processes practices in Amazon reservoirs, this study carried out a strategic methodology to couple these two tools. As a result, Information Monitoring and a Modeling Cycle are presented in this paper. The authors integrate the well-known Processes of Simulation and Systems of Monitoring & Assessment practices and incorporated improvements realized by efforts over the past 15 years, that is, UN/ECE Task Force on Monitoring & Assessment, and National Water Quality Monitoring Council and Brazilian Reservoir (NWQMC/USA) monitoring programs.
Adsorption of Fluoride on Limestone-Derived Apatite
Authors: Murutu Cyprian , Onyango Maurice S. , Ochieng Aoyi , Otieno Fred
Published: August 2012

Fluoride in drinking water above permissible levels is responsible for human dental and skeletal fluorosis. Adsorptive based defluoridation is the most popular technique with several end-user applications. Consequently, this paper describes the fluoride removal potential of a novel sorbent, limestone-derived apatite from drinking water. The adsorbent was prepared by calcining limestone followed by reacting with orthophosphoric acid. Batch sorption studies were performed as a function of contact time, pH, initial fluoride concentration, temperature and adsorbent dose. Sorption of fluoride was found to be pH dependent with a maximum occurring in the pH range of 5-9. The authors also observed that the material had a buffering effect on the same pH range. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity was found to increase with temperature, depicting the endothermic nature of the adsorption process and decreases with adsorbent mass. The equilibrium data was well described by the conventional Langmuir isotherm, from which isotherm the maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 22.2 mg/g. From the kinetic perspective, the fluoride adsorptive reaction followed the pseudo-second order mechanism.
Consumers Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Pop Nicolae Al. , Vaduva Sebastian A. , Dabija Dan Cristian , Fotea Ioan S.
Published: August 2012

To build a better and more profitable corporate image, Western firms have been investing in social responsibility. The Romanian consumer has fairly recently been exposed to this holistic marketing concept since the Revolution of 1989, and in this regard, in this article, the authors verify conventional corporate social responsibility principles of building customer loyalty as well as goodwill from stakeholders. The paper explores the competitive advantage and its various components in which companies make use of marketing instruments that influence CSR activities of retailers.
Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Varner Carson H. , Varner Katrin C.
Published: August 2012

This paper examines developing issues and attitudes that unite and divide the United States and the European Union as the discussion and regulation of agriculture evolves. While some terms, such as “organic,” are defined in law in both the United States and European Union, the increasingly used “sustainability” is an evolving concept. The main sustainability issue is how to provide food and fiber for a rapidly growing world population. In this context, the role of biotechnology is questioned. Americans tend to favor what are sometimes called genetically modified crops, while Europeans remain cautious. Europeans lean more toward organic farming, while Americans assert that much of the world will starve if organic methods are required. This paper reviews the directions that the discussion of these issues is taking and will show areas of agreement and where the two sides diverge.
Does VuFind Meet the Needs of Web 2.0 Users?
Authors: Ho Birong
Published: August 2012

With new Web tools, information can be released to flow in every direction (library to user, user to library, library to library, and user to user). Western Michigan University (WMU) implemented VuFind as the primary OPAC interface for its Voyager system in September 2009. VuFind includes many Web 2.0 catalog features such as user tagging, comments, and reviews, as well as “more like this” and “Did you mean?” Having relied in the past on vendors with relatively restrictive licenses and indexes, and being mindful that Voyager does not allow users to write to its database tables (i.e. to allow more community participation in describing what is in the catalog), WMU chose the open source VuFind. Originally developed at Villanova’s Falvey Memorial Library to work with Voyager; VuFind now has a community of libraries that have implemented and improved it. This chapter discusses some of the Web 2.0 services and functions that VuFind provides, and how examines how they are being used at WMU. User access logs are analyzed, and the use of tagging is examined. There was undoubtedly a significant degree of hype around VuFind a year ago, but what is the reality one year after implementation?
Intelligent Personal Agents in Library 2.0 Environments
Authors: Tramullas Jesús , Garrido Piedad
Published: August 2012

The use of OPACs has been one of the problems that users of libraries have faced. The application of Web 2.0 techniques in OPACs has favored the interaction between users and library automation systems. However, these improvements focus on aspects of collaboration and recommendation rather than on aspects of cognitive work. In this field, the contribution of software agents can be of great importance. This chapter presents the design of an intelligent personal assistant called Byblon, which uses programming of agents and semantic queries against repositories. The aim of the personal assistant is to offer users recommendations on concepts related to the object of his search. The user evaluation has provided satisfactory results, and the use of an avatar as a future interface development is envisioned.
Web 2.0 Technology as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Skelly Lara , Eidelman Jen , Underwood Peter
Published: August 2012

In response to two different pedagogical challenges, namely delivering varied library instruction to a big first year class and delivering a focused library instruction to a varied group, librarians at an academic institution created online guides. These guides, built in LibGuides with many Web 2.0 tools included, effectively delivered the desired instructional service. This chapter outlines the details of the challenge, the steps taken to create the guide, and the use of the guide and possible future uses.
An Efficient and Flexible Approach of Keyword Search in XML
Authors: Yang Weidong , Zhu Hao
Published: August 2012

In this chapter, firstly, the LCA-based approaches for XML keyword search are analyzed and compared with each other. Several fundamental flaws of LCA-based models are explored, of which, the most important one is that the search results are eternally determined nonadjustable. Then, the chapter presents a system of adaptive keyword search in XML, called AdaptiveXKS, which employs a novel and flexible result model for avoiding these defects. Within the new model, a scoring function is presented to judge the quality of each result, and the considered metrics of evaluating results are weighted and can be updated as needed. Through the interface, the system administrator or the users can adjust some parameters according to their search intentions. One of three searching algorithms could also be chosen freely in order to catch specific querying requirements. Section 1 describes the Introduction and motivation. Section 2 defines the result model. In section 3 the scoring function is discussed deeply. Section 4 presents the system implementation and gives the detailed keyword search algorithms. Section 5 presents the experiments. Section 6 is the related work. Section 7 is the conclusion of this chapter.
Ontology-Driven Keyword Search for Heterogeneous XML Data Sources
Authors: Yang Weidong , Zhu Hao
Published: August 2012

Massive heterogeneous XML data sources emerge on the Internet nowadays. These data sources are generally autonomous and provide search interfaces of XML query language such as XPath or XQuery. Accordingly, users need to learn complex syntaxes and know the schemas. Keyword Search is a user-friendly information discovery technique, which can assist users in obtaining useful information conveniently without knowing the schemas, and is very helpful to search heterogeneous XML data. In this chapter, the authors present a system called SKeyword which provides a common keyword search interface for heterogeneous XML data sources, and employs OWL ontology to represent the global model of various data sources. Section 1 introduces the context of keyword search for heterogeneous XML data source. In Section 2, the preliminary knowledge is given, and the semantics of keyword search result in ontology is defined. In section 3, the system architecture is described. Section 4 presents the approaches of ontology integration and index building used by SKeyword. Section 5 presents the generation algorithm of searching results and discusses how to rewrite the keyword search of global conceptual model to into the XQuery sentences for local XML sources. Section 6 discussed how to organize and rank the results. Section 7 shows the experiments. Section 8 is the related work. Section 9 is the conclusion of this chapter.
Foundation of XML Stream Processing Techniques
Authors: Yang Weidong , Zhu Hao
Published: August 2012

The problem of processing streaming XML data is gaining widespread attention from the research community, and various XML stream processing methods are put forward, including automaton-based methods, index-based methods, and so forth. In this chapter, the basic concepts and several existing typical approaches of XML stream processing are discussed. Section 1 introduces the background and current research status of this area. Section 2 focuses on the discussion of automaton-based methods, for example, X/YFilter, XPush, et cetera. In section 3, the index-based methods are given. In section 4, other methods such us Fist and XTrie are discussed briefly. Section 4 discusses some optimization technique of XML stream processing. Section 5 summarizes this chapter.
Keyword Search in XML Streams
Authors: Yang Weidong , Zhu Hao
Published: August 2012

Most existing XML stream processing techniques adopt full structured query languages such as XPath or XQuery, which are difficult for ordinary users to learn and use. This chapter presents an XML stream filter system called XKFitler, which uses keyword to filter XML streams. In XKFitler, we use the concepts of XLCA (eXclusive Lowest Common Ancestor) and XLCA Connecting Tree (XLCACT) to define the search semantic and results of keywords, and present an approach to filter XML stream according to keywords. In section 1, the background of keyword search in XML streams is introduced. Section 2 explains the searching results. In section 3, a stack-based keyword searching algorithm for XML stream filtering without schemas is presented in-depth. Section 4 presents a keyword search over XML streams by using schema information. The system architecture of XKFilter is described in section 5. Section 6 is the experiments to show the performance. Section 7 discusses the related work. Section 8 is the summaries of this chapter.
Research Background
Authors: Al-Hamadani Badya , Lu Joan
Published: August 2012

XML documents are increasing in usage during the last years since the structure of these documents has lots of important specifications. This chapter explains the importance of XML documents and their structure. It spotlights the difference between the traditional text retrieval and retrieving information from XML documents as well as the query languages used to access parts of these documents.
State of the Art Technology in Compressing and Querying XML Documents
Authors: Al-Hamadani Badya , Lu Joan
Published: August 2012

Since this research consists of two main parts, the XML compressor and the vague query processor, this chapter discusses the main XML compression techniques in its first part. It will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and discusses the differences between them. The second part of this chapter will focus on the vague query processors used to retrieve information from XML documents.
Compressing and Vague Querying (XCVQ) Design
Authors: Al-Hamadani Badya , Lu Joan
Published: August 2012

As shown in the literature review from the previous chapter, there are a good number of studies in the field of compressing XML documents and querying the compressed version without the need to fully decompress. However, vague queries, which are one of the most important query types, have been processed to retrieve information from raw XML documents and not from compressed ones. Depending on the SDM, the design of the complete system should be made, followed by its implementation which can be seen in Appendix B in chapter 12. This chapter illustrates the design architecture of the XCVQ (an XML Compressing and Vague Querying) which has the ability to compress the XML documents and use the compressed files in order to retrieve information according to vague queries. It starts with the main architecture of the system followed by the design of each of its parts, namely XCVQ’s compressor, decompressor, and the query processor.
Experiments and their Assessment
Authors: Dweib Ibrahim , Lu Joan
Published: August 2012

In this chapter, the authors give a description of the experiment setup consisting of experiment environment and performance measurement. They perform experiments on mapping XML document into relational database, building XML document from relational database, updating XML document stored in relational database, and retrieving document content from relational database using XPath expressions. These experiments will be done to check the scalability and effectiveness of the model. Then they compare their model with the (Tatarinov et al., 2002) and the Accelerating XPath model (Torsten et al., 2004). The comparison consist of four stages: mapping, building, updating, and retrieving, as most of other studies just took one or two stage and forgot the others. Some of them took retrieving, others took updating, and others took updating and retrieving, but most of them did not consider mapping and rebuilding.
An Investigation in Multi-Feature Query Language Based Classification in Image Retrieval
Authors: Pein Raoul Pascal , Lu Joan , Renz Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

With rapid development of digital technologies, building an efficient and reliable image retrieval system is always challenging in computing science and related application disciplines. This book part presents an investigation in how “Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR)” queries could be designed in order to achieve an extensible language understandable by both humans and machines. The query language used applies concepts from established text search and image retrieval engines. The question of whether such a query language can be sufficiently expressive to formally describe certain real-life concepts is investigated. Sets of images from different classes are used to build “descriptor” queries that are supposed to capture a single concept.
An Investigation in Multi-Feature Query Language Based Classification in Image Retrieval
Authors: Pein Raoul Pascal , Lu Joan , Renz Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

The research field of “Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR)” is closely related to several others. This chapter provides an overview of the most relevant research fields and their interrelationship regarding this investigation. For each one, a summary of recent, related research is presented. In addition, the related preliminary work of the author is shortly presented. Based on this background information, major challenges in CBIR are discussed. The scope and the aims of this investigation have been adjusted to accommodate those challenges with respect to the given resources.
The Description and Relation of WS-CDL and BPEL
Authors: Qian Yanjun , Zhou Wei , Wu Zhongwei , Yao Shaowen
Published: August 2012

WS-CDL (Web Service Choreography Description Language) is a language to describe multiple party how to work with together to accomplish a work in the context of SOA. BEPL (Business Process Execution Language) can get the same point, but they are from different view. WS-CDL is from a global view, which describes how multiple parties communicate with each other. BPEL is from a point of view of a single role who participates to manage the process of the work. Usually these two ways work together to describe and implement the business process. But WS-CDL has more advantages to achieve the most important goal of SOA-flexibility. So, W3C gives a suggestion to create an algorithm mapping from WS-CDL to BPEL; this chapter describes such a way to accomplish this.
Cross-Layer Design for Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Ayyash M. , Al-Sbou Y.
Published: August 2012

Nowadays, due to the tremendous growth of wireless communications technologies and multimedia applications, the radio spectrum is starting to be crowded and scarce to meet the continuous growth of frequency requirements. Additionally, interference management is one of the key issues in wireless networks. Therefore, network solutions and evolutions have crucial challenges to overcome the inefficiency in configuring and managing network resources. To optimize wireless network operations and spectrum scarcity, a new networking paradigm, known as cognitive radio networks (CRNs), has been introduced. Due to the limited capabilities of the conventional layered protocol, CRNs adjust layer parameters adaptively according to the spectrum environment and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Hence, cross-layer design (CLD) solutions were necessary to allow for improving and optimizing CRNs performance. This chapter provides an extensive and exclusive overview of cognitive networks, CLD methodologies and properties, and cross-layer optimization (CLO) schemes among different layers. Moreover, it presents possible research solutions for cognitive networking. Finally, indispensable highlights of future work research directions are provided.