bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rats Hate This Stuff: Potent Long-Acting Vitamin K Antagonists
Authors: Underiner Reena , de Olano Jonathan
Published: February 2024

Superwarfarins are long-acting vitamin K antagonists often found in rodenticides. Their ingestion can lead to prolonged and profound coagulopathy. Without the proper history, the diagnosis can be missed because changes in coagulation parameters will not be affected for hours to days after the ingestion. After a large acute ingestion, immediate referral to the emergency department is warranted for treatment with activated charcoal. If the patient is coagulopathic and symptomatic, the goal is stabilization, replacement of coagulation factors, and a prolonged course of vitamin K to reverse the effects of the vitamin K antagonist. Patients with intentional exposures should be carefully assessed by psychiatry before hospital discharge to assure compliance with outpatient therapy.
When Antidiarrheals Stop More Than Loose Bowels: Loperamide-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Farah Rita , Morgan Brent
Published: February 2024

Loperamide is a synthetic over-the-counter opioid medication used as an antidiarrheal agent. It is a substrate of P-glycoprotein, which limits its absorption from the small intestines and penetration of the blood–brain barrier. High-dose loperamide increases plasma concentration following saturation of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps in the small intestines. Co-administration of loperamide with P-glycoprotein, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 inhibitors will also increase loperamide plasma concentration and decreases metabolism. Central opioid effects can result after overdose. Numerous reports on loperamide toxicity revealed its potential for misuse as an opioid substitute due to its ease of access and low cost. However, the primary toxicity of concern after high-dose loperamide ingestions involves cardiac toxicity. Loperamide inhibits sodium-gated cardiac channels, leading to QRS complex widening and the cardiac delayed rectifier potassium channel, which increases the QT interval and results in increased risk of ventricular dysrhythmias. The management of loperamide toxicity is largely supportive with standard advanced cardiac life support measures. It is noteworthy that loperamide is lipophilic and highly protein-bound, therefore hemodialysis is not expected to be beneficial. IV lipid emulsion can be considered in patients with severe cardiotoxicity refractory to standard measures. In patients with cardiovascular collapse not responding to standard treatment measures, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be considered.
Save a Life, Initiate Buprenorphine: Emergency Department Buprenorphine Administration
Authors: Kruse Maxwell , Silva Joshua da
Published: February 2024

In 2019, there were nearly six times the number of opioid overdose deaths than there were a decade earlier. Emergency department clinicians have an opportunity to save lives by learning to utilize medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist with a much higher affinity for opioid receptors than commonly misused full-opioid agonists. Its unique pharmacology enables it to suppress opioid withdrawal, reduce cravings, and reduce the risk of overdose, and it allows for infrequent dosing. Studies have shown that treatment with buprenorphine is associated with reductions in opioid-related overdose, opioid-related mortality, and improved retention in treatment programs. MAT programs have also been shown to reduce overall costs to the healthcare and criminal justice systems compared to brief interventions and referrals alone.
All Amped Up and Nowhere to Go: Caffeine and Methylxanthine Overdose
Authors: Nuveen Nicholas , Gittinger Melissa H.
Published: February 2024

Caffeine and theobromine are methylxanthines found in many foods and supplements. Theophylline (and its salt, aminophylline) are compounds used in the treatment of apnea of prematurity and previously in the treatment of reversible bronchospastic disease. Their ultimate effect is increased release of catecholamines and stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors, with phosphodiesterase inhibition in severe toxicity. They are metabolized by CYP1A2. Manifestations of toxicity include GI, cardiovascular, central nervous, and metabolic changes. Chronic users may experience more severe symptoms of overdose at lower serum concentrations than those with acute exposure. Workup includes electrolyte measurements, serial concentrations of the overdose agent, ECGs, and creatine kinase or urinalysis to detect rhabdomyolysis. Treatments involve GI decontamination as well as specific symptom control and potentially extracorporeal removal.
A diverse spectrum of mycoses histologically diagnosed in Ghana: Insights from a 10-year retrospective study
Authors: Ocansey Bright , Erskine Isaac , Okine Leonard , Potakey Daniel , Pappoe-Ashong Prince , Sraku Isaac , Quayson Solomon , Opintan Japheth , Kosmidis Chris , Denning David
Published: February 2024

In Ghana, most laboratory diagnoses of severe mycoses are based on histopathology findings due to inadequate availability of serology, culture, and molecular tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of mycoses diagnosed in Ghana. We retrospectively reviewed reports from 2012 to 2021 from three major pathology laboratories in Ghana to identify reports indicating the presence of fungal elements and diagnosis of a mycosis, then extracted demographic, clinical history, site of infection, stain(s), used and diagnosed mycosis details. Over the 10-year period, 107 cases were found. No apparent increasing and decreasing trend in the number of cases per year or in a period was observed. The age range of affected patients was from 4 to 86 years. Special stains for fungi were only used in 22 of 107 (20.6%) of cases. The most frequently affected site was the sino-nasal area (34%). Mycosis type was determined for 58 (54.2%) cases, comprising aspergillosis (21), candidiasis (14), dermatophytosis (6), mucormycosis (3), two cases each of chromoblastomycosis, histoplasmosis, eumycetoma, entomophthoromycosis, sporotrichosis, and Malassezia infection and a single case each of cryptococcosis and deep onychomycosis. Of the 53 (49.5%) cases with presumptive diagnosis data, only seven (13.2%) had a pre-biopsy suspicion of mycosis. There is a wide spectrum of mycoses in Ghana, including endemic mycoses not previously reported. Improving the use of special fungal stains could increase yield and mycoses identification. Laboratory diagnostic capacity needs enhancement to complement histopathology investigations with serology, culture, and molecular methods.
What Is (Un)Flavored? A Scoping Review of the Conceptualization of Flavored Cigarillos
Authors: Pike Moore Stephanie , Osborn Catherine , Suratkal Jessica , Vasu Pranav , Koopman Gonzalez Sarah , Trapl Erika
Published: February 2024

Introduction

To identify how flavor is conceptualized with respect to cigarillos to illuminate areas of concordance and discordance and provide a pathway for the harmonization of tobacco flavor measurement.

Aims and Methods

Three methods were used to identify research measuring flavors respective to cigarillo products including: (1) querying research databases using key words “cigarillo,” “tobacco” and “flavor”/’flavour,’ (2) sub-sampling of the eligible literature with backward and forward reference searching, and (3) a bibliographic search of key experts. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Inclusion criteria required manuscripts to be available in English, published prior to 3/1/2022, be original and peer-reviewed, and include a measure of flavor pertaining to cigarillo products. A total of 163 manuscripts met these criteria and were subsequently evaluated.

Results

Cigarillo flavor determinations were made based on the presence of flavoring agents, sensory characteristics, marketing or package characteristics, pre-defined lists, the absence of any of these, and/or were undefined. Individual flavors and their related classifications were not altogether mutually exclusive due to differences in conceptualization which has evolved over time.

Conclusions

Flavor measures continue to evolve, likely in response to both tobacco control policies and industry shifts. There is a lack of standardization in flavor conceptualization that can be ameliorated through intentional integration of multiple forms of research such as identifying patterns of flavoring agents and/or marketing strategies that elicit a specific flavor profile. By doing this, we may more comprehensively evaluate the impact of flavors, their constituents, and related marketing strategies on broader population health.

Implications

There are discrepancies in the conceptualization of flavor in tobacco and nicotine products. The lack of standardized, definitive language limits our ability to comprehensively evaluate the population-level health impact of flavors in addition to our ability to effectively inform, implement, and enforce policies restricting flavors in tobacco and nicotine products.
Italian Venice, 1866–1920
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Venice had to adjust to its new role as a provincial capital, as it confronted the issues of industrialization, urban development, unemployment, social unrest, and aesthetics. The shift of port facilities to the new Maritime Station on the Giudecca Canal better integrated shipping and railways and promoted heavy industry. All of this sparked new debates about modernization versus preservation. Tourism continued its growth although its epicenter shifted to the Lido beach resorts. Dire working and housing conditions for the working classes led to labor organizing and worker unrest with much of the reaction against modernization spearheaded by the Catholic Church. In the end, the momentous decision was made to develop heavy industry at Porto Marghera on the mainland and to focus the historical island city on tourism and culture.
Israelite Jerusalem (930 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

After David’s conquest, Jerusalem became known as the “City of David.” David made the city the political capital of his kingdom (which some scholars argue was a small chiefdom), consisting of a coalition of the twelve Israelite tribes—the so-called United Kingdom. David also made Jerusalem the religious capital by transferring the Ark of the Covenant to the Temple Mount, a rocky outcrop that rises to the north of the southeastern hill. It was atop this natural high point that David’s son Solomon built the first temple to house the God of Israel and a new royal palace for himself.
Hasmonean Jerusalem (64 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

In the mid-second century bce, the Jews gained independence from Greek rule and established a kingdom ruled by the Hasmonean family. Jerusalem became the capital of this kingdom, and, by 64 bce the city had reached its pre-586 bce size and population. Under the Hasmoneans, the city was increasingly integrated into the Hellenistic world but also became visibly more “Jewish.” Although the Roman annexation of the Hasmonean kingdom one year later—in 63 bce—marked a sharp historical break by ending Jewish independence, from an archaeological perspective, Jerusalem’s development by the Hasmoneans laid the groundwork for its continued growth under Herod the Great and his successors.
Milton in the Age of Twitter
Authors: Herman Peter C.
Published: February 2024

Carey’s The Essential ‘Paradise Lost’ straddles the line between adaptation and translation. To make Paradise Lost accessible to a new generation of readers who find it far too long, Carey edits the poem to about one-third the original length and inserts summaries. His project is thus analogous to adapting Shakespeare for children, which assumes that, while younger readers are incapable of understanding the complexities of Shakespeare’s language, plots, and themes, if we give them a taste, they will want to read the original later in life. But editing decisions are neither random nor neutral. As this chapter demonstrates, one of the essences of Paradise Lost is its presentation of interpretative uncertainties, but the result for much of what Carey considers ‘essential’ is to preserve the paradigm of Milton as a poet of certainty.
Paradise Lost for Hispanoamerica’s Youth
Authors: Murgia Mario
Published: February 2024

Especially since the 1950s, Paradise Lost was distributed in Hispanoamerica mostly in illustrated prose versions deriving from Ibero-Spanish translations and containing either well-known pictorial works from Western Europe or illustrations by local artists. This popularizing, globalizing tendency gave way to a further localized manner of introducing Milton’s epic in Hispanoamerican contexts. As of the 1970s, simplified illustrated versions of Paradise Lost appeared in editorial series for children and young adults. Using Garneau’s notion of tradaptation, this chapter explores how Ecuador’s Rafael Díaz and Spain’s Manuel Vallvé in Mexico reconfigure Milton’s aim to ‘justify the ways of God to men’ for youth audiences and Hispanophone audiences. Díaz and Vallvé translate the discursive ethos of Paradise Lost into tonal and visual caricatures of actions and personages. The comic-like sketches by Nelson Jácome and Tarquino Mejía in Díaz’s book become veritable diegetic components of the text, while the (unattributed) drawings in Vallvé’s volume function as interpretive illustrations.
From Milton’s Paradise Lost to Blake’s Milton
Authors: Adnot Camille
Published: February 2024

This chapter traces Milton’s ambivalent light and dark images in Paradise Lost in William Blake’s illuminated book Milton: A Poem in Two Books and John Martin’s mezzotint illustrations to Paradise Lost. It starts with Blake’s visual transposition of Milton’s ‘dark materials’, focusing on clouded light as a symbol of blindness and sublime vision, before addressing the paradox of dark light. It then examines different nightscapes, which are generative of textual and visual ambiguities. Blake’s variations on light are then compared to Martin’s chiaroscuro effects. The artists’ respective engraving techniques are shown to offer different treatments of light and shadow. Through the medium change from the verbal to the visual, their engravings offer a milieu in which potent Miltonic images are able to resonate and are substantialized. The chapter concludes by recalling how prominent Paradise Lost was for Romantic artists, who found powerful inspiration in Milton’s poem.
An Olympic City at War
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2 highlights the complex Brazilian public security architecture and Brazil’s police history. It likewise investigates the historical roots of Rio’s urban conflict and presents the attempted changes in Rio’s public security politics in the run-up to the mega-events that greatly echo the vocabulary found in other cities around the globe, mantled around pacification, urban smartness, and resilience. The chapter shows consequently how the global mega-event philosophy was adapted to the city’s urban security management that is historically grounded in a vicious circle of attack and response in which Special Forces, equipped with armoured vehicles, assault rifles, and helicopters, invade communities, causing immediate reactions by drug traffickers, equally well equipped with heavy weaponry, claiming numerous victims among the local residents, the drug traffickers, and the police officers. Everyday life for the non-white and poor populations in these territories is commonly interrupted by the most violent forms of police controls, killings, and stigmatization.
The Permeable Fortress
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis
Published: February 2024

Chapter 4 investigates how mega-event security has been concretely implemented in Rio de Janeiro. The chapter demonstrates how the fortress ambitions were established spatially and illustrate the strategy of occupying Rio with police and military forces, creating a fortress within a fortress. The chapter dives into the immediacy of the security perimeters around the Maracanã stadium and the Olympic Park, narrating through ethnographic accounts how security measures were implemented but provoked institutional conflicts, shortcomings, and new security risks. The most emblematic account in the chapter happened in the inner security perimeter around the Maracanã stadium while accompanying police officers during their long-hours shift to secure the enrolment of the World Cup. Another scene features an explorative walk in the Rio 2016 Olympic Park in which the security measures tremendously failed. Essentially, the chapter reveals how porous and permeable the fortress was throughout both events, producing novel conflicts and insecurities.
From Delegation to Prescription
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K
Published: February 2024

The proper allocation of interpretive authority between states and arbitral tribunals is central to current debates about investment treaty arbitration. States traditionally have given arbitrators broad latitude to interpret and apply international investment agreements. But as states gain greater experience with international investment arbitration, they are reclaiming interpretive authority from arbitrators as part of states’ broader reform efforts. To that end, states have devised at least four treaty-drafting techniques: interpretive guidelines, which tell tribunals how to interpret important treaty provisions, such as indirect expropriation, national treatment, and fair and equitable treatment; interpretive clarifications, which provide “greater certainty” on the meaning of investment protections in new treaties and interpretive gloss on existing treaties; interpretive indicators, which may tilt the interpretive balance toward the drafting states’ policy preferences, such as environmental protection; and interpretive markers, which record in the travaux préparatoires states’ preferred treaty interpretations. These drafting techniques can be enormously important. They may curtail arbitrators’ interpretive discretion, influence the interpretation of prior investment treaties, and even alter the outcome of arbitral cases. These techniques starkly illustrate the move from a traditional “delegation” model of IIAs to a more “prescriptive” model. Given their increasing use, these techniques are likely to affect the development of international investment law and arbitration for years to come.
The High-Water Mark of International Judicialization?
Authors: Alter Karen J
Published: February 2024

The proliferation of international courts and tribunals was a post-Cold War phenomenon. Its timing coincided with rise of the neoliberal Washington Consensus, and with the idea that promoting human rights and democracy decreases violence and interstate war. Should we expect declining popular support for neoliberalism, globalization, and democracy, and the rise of nationalists leaders and powerful countries antagonistic to human rights and the rule of law to signal the end of the international adjudication era? This contribution will consider the forces that propelled the proliferation of international courts and international litigation, and the factors that contribute to judicializing politics, to explore what the current moment suggests for the future of international adjudication.
Babies in Groups
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Babies in Groups examines the consequences for science, for childcare policy, and for adult psychotherapy, of findings that young babies capably enjoy participating in groups. The authors’ research on preverbal infants’ capacities for group-communication in all-baby trios and quartets opens up new ways of imagining human development as fundamentally group-based. Babies in Groups highlights the changes a group-based vision of infancy brings to early child education and care by documenting the transformative consequences of introducing group-based practices into a high-quality childcare service in rural Australia. The book also challenges the belief that one-to-one infant–adult ‘attachments’ ground human development. This belief unnecessarily narrows understanding of human potential, and slants scientific research. This examination culminates by showing how ignoring group contexts in many clinical traditions can distort descriptions of what happens in therapy, producing such unintended consequences as ‘mother-blaming’ for the problems an infant may experience as she or he grows up.
Babies in Threes
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Babies in Threes details findings produced by new methods for recording and describing interactions in all-infant trios. These demonstrate that six- to eight-month-olds have capacities for group membership. The chapter uses a detailed analysis of one trio to show that babies can create their own new meanings in the course of infant-only group interactions. Babies in Threes shows how infants interact with more than one other person at once, combining a multiplicity of resources for multi-directional communication, including: both peripheral and focal vision; sound-making; sharing rhythms; complex combinations of facial expression; touch; gestures; orienting; and imitation. The chapter analyses one twelve-minute group interaction in detail, paying particular attention to a ‘rude sign’ flicked by one girl at another. This focal event prompts an examination of the potentials and limits of the interpretive processes whereby observers come to assign meanings to or understand the behaviours of infants and adults. All such understandings have specific cultural roots.
Making Visible Ordinary Groupness
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Making Visible Ordinary Groupness documents what happens when a high quality childcare service adopts a group-based approach to early education. The chapter emphasizes how familiar it seems—if given the opportunity—that infants enjoy themselves together, play together, have emotional responses to each other and show awareness of the social complexity of which they are part. The chapter focuses first on how mealtimes are transformed by educators swapping stressful adult-infant spoon-feeding routines to a relaxed and naturally enjoyed time when infant highchairs are placed in circles of four or five, allowing for social time, for learning from and teaching each other, for curiosity about each other and for exploiting and subverting the routines established at the centre. The chapter describes vignettes illustrating group complexity, how infants can creatively work together, as well as illustrating group-facilitative roles for educators and alternative ways of managing infant distress. Conclusions focus on implications for policy.
Prisms and Multiplicities
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Prisms and Multiplicities shows how ignoring group contexts in many traditions of psychotherapy can distort descriptions of what happens in therapy, with serious unintended consequences. For example, identifying mothers alone as the effective ‘environment’ for their babies, makes mothers the fulcrum of mental health and well-being, thus ignoring how such culturally bound childcare arrangements lead to ‘mother-blaming’ for the problems an infant may experience when growing up. The chapter shows how this narrowed vision ignores the workings of effective group-based therapies, sidelines the family dynamics which enfold infants, and denies infants’ subjective complexity. Such blindnesses suggest that the ‘attachment paradigm’ constitutes a self-validating community whose group dynamics render it oblivious to its own inadequacies. The strong resonance of attachment narratives in some professional circles invites analysis in terms of rhetoric, not science—as the chapter illustrates. We conclude by advocating approaches to assessment and therapy which honour the complexity of babies’ worlds.
Economic and Monetary Union and the Single Market: A Coming-of-Age Story?
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia
Published: February 2024

The link between the EU’s single market and Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a long-standing one: they were conceived of as complementary elements within the European economic constitution and supposed to enhance each other as two sides of the same coin—namely, the project of creating an economic union among the Member States. The relationship between the single market and EMU, however, has also changed over time, especially since the euro area crisis. The crisis highlighted the need for changes to make EMU more resilient; tools to effect change in this area—in the form of EU powers and their corresponding Treaty legal bases—were limited, and the single market ones were co-opted. As we shall see, this use is justified due to the complementary nature of the single market and certain aspects of EMU, but it has its drawbacks and, most importantly, limitations. The use of single market legal bases will continue in the future—perhaps changing, to some degree, the nature of the single market itself—and it is an essential condition of solving the problems of EMU, but not a sufficient one. This chapter will provide an overview of the tightening of the relationship between the single market and EMU in the aftermath of the euro area crisis, also showing its limitations. It will then discuss the need for EMU to grow in additional, different ways that do not rely on the legal bases of the single market, in order to ‘come of age’.
Sheep May Safely Graze
Authors: Gormley Laurence W
Published: February 2024

This contribution traces Steve Weatherill’s intellectual journey with the internal market, and in particular the free movement of goods, as portrayed through many of his publications over the years. It uses the images of a shepherd, safely grazing sheep, and rulers governing well, portrayed in the Bach/Franck Cantata Schafe können sicher weiden (Sheep May Safely Graze). It follows Weatherill’s concerns, critical observations, and level of contentment in the light of judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union and various actions of the European Union legislative actors. It concludes that Weatherill is and has been a Good Shepherd, and that the internal market is in safe hands with him in that role.
The Relationship Between Free Movement of Persons and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Spaventa Eleanor
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the intersection between barriers to movement and fundamental rights which leads to the application, or not, of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (Charter) to acts of the Member States. Here, there are different strands of case law pulling in different directions, and this contribution identifies different approaches in the Court’s jurisprudence: in some categories of cases, fundamental rights are more readily applied (eg in cases relating to changes of names, extradition cases, Ruiz Zambrano cases, and deprivation of citizenship cases) whereas in other cases, including those concerning barriers to movement and access to welfare, fundamental rights are only relevant in some instances; this sometimes also depends on the way in which the preliminary question has been formulated. Furthermore, there seems to be a link between the fundamental right deemed to be relevant and the rationale of free movement in that particular case: not just any Charter right may be relied upon in any given case, but only those Charter rights which have the effect of reinforcing or facilitating the right to move.
No One is Bigger than the Game
Authors: Odudu Okeoghene
Published: February 2024

The fact that salaries in some sectors of the economy are very much higher than in other sectors of the economy, but that the work carried out in the lower paid sectors might be thought of as more ‘valuable’, has prompted enquiry. What role does competition law play in creating salary disparities, legitimizing such disparities, or eliminating salary disparities? Using the example of athletes’ salaries this contribution explores the role that competition law has played, and continues to play, in the functioning of the market for athletic services. Competition law creates an environment in which athletes are able to bargain for an increased share of the revenue generated by sport. A question then is whether the ability of athletes to extract an increased share of the revenue generated by the game is somehow harmful. It has been argued that such salaries have an adverse impact on ‘competitive balance’ or otherwise destabilize a sport. The salary distribution hitherto examined is internal to the game and what has not yet been fully explored is whether a salary disparity between sectors is problematic. The contribution suggests that an issue to analyse is whether the disparity of wealth affects accessibility to the sector. It would need to be demonstrated that athletes’ salaries harm accessibility and that lower salaries would increase accessibility, rather than being consumed by others in the game.
Thinking with Spirits
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason
Published: February 2024

This introduction consists of a series of epigrammatic notes which outline the interlocking concerns of the book: poetry and spirit, poetry and modernity, spatializing poetry, spirit and epistemology, History and ancestrality, poetry and the life and afterlife of slavery. Spirit, here, is more than Hegel’s Geist, a sense of thought ‘unfolding itself out of itself, by itself’, since, as Aimé Césaire’s work shows, spirit transcends the concept of the individual. The author opens a sustained consideration of these connections through an engagement with Césaire’s work, and through an exploration of poetry as collaboration and exchange across time and across bodies. The introduction places a diverse range of thinkers into conversation with the work of Césaire: from Martin Buber and Nicolas Berdyaev to Santiago Castro Gómez, Rinaldo Walcott and Jack Halberstam.
Coda
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason
Published: February 2024

The coda offers a conclusion to the book’s reflections. Written in the first person, this section brings together personal narrative with philosophical thought to suggest what adopting thinking with spirits means practically. It answers the following questions: What would a praxis of ‘thinking with spirits’ entail in everyday life? What politics—even a politics of the self—follow from this? What kinds of responses does thinking with spirits bring to the contemporary chatter around the climate crisis and ecological collapse? It offers an example of how one might connect to a sense of technology that involves a reactivation of our earthly consciousness, in other words a form of technology that becomes linked to poiesis.
The Indo-Iranian Religion
Authors: Oberlies Thomas
Published: February 2024

The shared elements of Zoroastrianism and the Ṛgvedic religion, going back to an Indo-Iranian religion, are manifold. The number of shared deities and religious concepts (e.g. certain cosmographic ideas and a specific form of ʻtruthʼ) is very high, and reconstruction can even be extended to general assumptions about rituals. The centre of the Indo-Iranian cultic system is the sacrifice, in which the gods are treated to convivial offerings such as food, drink, poetry, and the divine potion (Soma in Vedic). These central elements retain their importance in Ṛgvedic times. The layer of beliefs and cultic forms inherited from the Indo-European age was overlaid by another in the period when Vedic and Iranian tribes were one community.
Service provision or tax exemptions
Authors: Kjær Anne Mette , Arinanye Clayton
Published: February 2024

The light taxation of Ugandan agriculture offers a weak basis for revenue bargaining and a weak starting point to demand better services. However, agriculture sector actors have recently raised for public debate a number of issues related to taxation, much more so than demands for improved services. This chapter explores this puzzle through seven instances of revenue bargaining, four involving tax-related issues, and three about service delivery. We ask whether different bargaining outcomes can be explained by features of the bargaining process. We find that the most successful cases of policy influence are those in which the farmers’ organizations seek a tax exemption. In contrast, attempts at influencing non-tax agricultural policies were not successful. Such differences can be attributed to various features of the bargaining process. For example, we see much stronger mobilization and more cross-associational alliances against taxes than we do for improved service delivery.
Campaign financing and revenue bargaining in Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Khisa Moses , Msami Jamal , Therkildsen Ole
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses the link between campaign financing and revenue bargaining. We argue that campaign financing, especially for the incumbent president, provides more bargaining power for campaign donors than paying taxes. Because increased electoral competition makes ruling parties more dependent on private campaign funding and use of government budgets, such dependency enhances the bargaining power of campaign funders. Our findings show that presidential campaign costs in Uganda, where elite fragmentation is considerable, increased significantly in the election cycles of the 2010s compared to Tanzania. What is more, in both countries, expenditures are higher for the incumbents than for opposition candidates, and the government budget is a much more important source of funding for presidential elections in Uganda than in Tanzania. Also, private sources for the ruling party are mainly individuals and domestic companies who successfully bargain for reduced taxation and access to rents.
Conclusion
Authors: Bak Ane Karoline , Kjær Anne Mette , Ulriksen Marianne S.
Published: February 2024

In this concluding chapter, we summarize the comparative findings from across the ten empirical chapters in this edited volume. We present key findings on the three most common triggers of revenue bargaining; on how and where processes of bargaining unfold, focusing on the influence of relative-bargaining positions of revenue providers and ruling elites at the outset and how it evolves; and on the outcomes, specifically whether revenue bargaining leads to fiscal contracts and what such contracts look like. We end the chapter by highlighting two broader macro-level implications of our findings: first, politics matters in revenue mobilization whereby those within or close to the ruling elite can negotiate better outcomes than those who are less favourably placed. Second, we see signs of state–society reciprocity, which opens the political space and holds promises for more inclusive and formalized settings for policymaking and, hence, the potential for a society-wide fiscal social contract.
Immiserizing Growth Fails the Poor
Authors: Shaffer Paul
Published: February 2024

Immiserizing growth (IG) refers to situations where economic growth does not lead to poverty reduction. How should this phenomenon be conceptualized? How often, when and where does it occur? Why does it occur? This book aims to address these three sets of questions, drawing on a wide range of theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches. It presents a conceptualization of IG which combines the notions of failed and malevolent inclusion, being bypassed and ‘avoidably’ harmed by growth, respectively. It addresses the second set of issues drawing on comparable household survey data from around 1990 using multiple poverty lines and time periods, and different measures of growth and poverty. It reviews explanations of immiserizing growth found in a wide variety of bodies of thought including the classical tradition of political economy (Mathus, Ricardo, and Marx), radical traditions of scholarship, literatures on poverty dynamics and inclusive growth, and empirical case studies. Eight categories of processes and mechanisms of IG emerge from these literatures related to: (i) sectoral, spatial or other dimensions of growth; (ii) poverty traps; (iii) public action or inaction; (iv) changes in relative prices or the terms of trade; (v) technological change; (vi) violence and conflict; (vii) dispossessions and indebtedness and viii) environmental degradation and ‘natural’ phenomena. Part II of this book empirically investigates some of these potential drivers of IG using econometric analysis, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and case studies. The various chapters of this book make distinct historical, theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions and further our understanding of a phenomenon which remains underexamined and inadequately understood.
Magnetic Domains
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A.
Published: February 2024

This chapter reviews the basic concepts and fundamentals of magnetic domains but not in great detail as the majority of domain theory does not apply to particulate and granular materials. However the key anisotropies, magnetocrystalline and shape, are described in detail and the basis of the formation of domains and the resulting magnetisation processes are discussed. Phenomenon of single domain particles and why they are formed and their reversal mechanisms are discussed in detail including coherent and incoherent reversal and the role of easy axis alignment. Exchange coupling is discussed for the case of granular thin films as is the general topic of ferrimagnetic nanoparticles which are those which find applications.
Magnetic Recording
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A.
Published: February 2024

The basis of information storage on magnetic materials is described in terms of its development from early tape recording to advanced digital data storage. This includes the phenomenon of anhysteretic magnetic recording which provides a linear response. This is followed by a description of the development of disk recording with data stored in the plane of the disk and the development of advanced disk structures and read heads based on spin valves or spin tunnel junctions. The fairly recent transition to perpendicular recording is then described where data is now stored perpendicular to the plane of the disc and a detailed description of the disk structure and the read/write head is presented. Finally the development and recent commercialisation of heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is described in some detail.
Pufendorf on Confessional Strife and Interstate Relations
Authors: Boyd Nathaniel
Published: February 2024

The present chapter analyses Samuel Pufendorf’s understanding of the international legal order and how it was shaped by his reflections on topics that are conventionally distinguished from international law in academic study, namely, religious toleration and theology. The first and second sections examine the post-Westphalian system in the Holy Roman Empire and the importance of keeping the promises made between states. The third section takes up the theological dimension of Pufendorf’s thinking in Jus feciale divinum (1695) and the covenant or federal theology it involves. Parallels are consequently drawn between Pufendorf’s arguments on covenants with treaties in international law. The concluding section studies these aspects in further detail and shows the extent to which Pufendorf’s conception of international law reflects the pattern of his theology.
Pufendorf’s Idea of Natural Equality
Authors: Behme Thomas
Published: February 2024

How does Pufendorf conceive natural equality? Does he follow Hobbes in conceiving it as a technical rule leading to peace, namely, to consider those as equals whom one is not able to subdue? According to that view, the concept of equality legitimates a far-reaching sovereign disposal of the social hierarchy in the state according to the requirements of peace and security. Or does he understand natural equality as an articulation of an idea of human dignity that deduces an equal right of self-determination from the moral freedom of man? According to the first view, Pufendorf’s concept of natural equality is simply a tool of state-building. According to the second view, it is a fundamental and unalienable feature of humanity that has to be protected by any political authority. This chapter considers Pufendorf’s concept of natural equality and its systematic place in his natural law doctrine.
Consent Matters
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

Consent works moral magic. Things that would otherwise be wrong to do to someone are, with that person’s consent, made morally permissible. But what is consent, and how does it work? What can be taken for consent (perhaps wrongly) and with what consequences? How does consent come into being and pass out of it? How can consent be conferred, invoked, and revoked? What is the role of social and legal norms in governing consent? How contextually sensitive should those norms be in applying to diverse settings, ranging from sexual encounters to prison hospitals to the poll booth? Those are the sorts of broad questions animating this book. It aspires to provide a comprehensive account of the social practice of consent, informed by deep reading in the history of ideas, philosophy, law, political science, and sociology. Consent Matters thus serves, at one and the same time, as a guide for the perplexed social practitioner of consent and as a touchstone for philosophical attempts to theorize and to refine those existing practices.
Revoking Consent
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

If something can permissibly be done only with a person’s consent, and that person no longer consents, then on the face of it that thing cannot (any longer) permissibly be done. But consent cannot be revoked once the consented-to act is over, and there is a natural presumption that consent to on-going activities continues until it is explicitly revoked. Others reasonably relying to their detriment on your previous consent constitutes a pro tanto reason against revoking it and in favour of compensating them for their reasonable reliance if you do. Where the other has incurred uncompensatable costs in relying on your previous consent, that provides a pro tanto reason for thinking it irrevocable
Consent of the Unconscious and the Incompetent
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: February 2024

Consent of unconscious people is most often discussed in connection with performing medical procedures on comatose patients. But those issues arise particularly pointedly in sexual encounters where one person consents to another’s performing sexual acts on them when they are unconscious. Consent was given before they became unconscious; but continuing consent is required, and unconscious (or incompetent) people are constitutionally incapable of either reaffirming or revoking consent. That may not be a problem for surgeons operating on pre-consenting patients while comatose, because the surgeon stands in a fiduciary relation to the patient in a way the sexual partner does not. Connected to that is the fact that saving lives where you can is the ‘moral default rule’, whereas securing sexual gratification with or without consent is most definitely not.
Decolonising Comparative Constitutional Law (and Democratisation Studies)?
Authors: Daly Tom Gerald , Samararatne Dinesha
Published: February 2024

What factors drive constitutional change and sustain positive transformation? How are democratic values recognised, restored, and preserved through constitutional change? How can these questions be answered in a manner that is relevant to most of the world? This introductory chapter presents the motivations and aims of the collection; situates this work within the rapidly expanding literature on the building, decay, and breakdown of liberal democracy; reflects on the considered methodological approach pursued and the need to decolonise comparative constitutional law and democratisation studies; explores and interrogates the conceptual framework of democratic consolidation and constitutional endurance as it applies to the seven case studies (Ethiopia, The Gambia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand); and provides a summary of each chapter.
The Role of Governing Institutions in Attempted Reform Processes
Authors: Zulueta-Fülscher Kimana
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the role of governing institutions, as either catalysts, allies, or potential obstacles to reform, by analysing the structure and character of these institutions in the seven case studies included in this book. Central to this chapter is the very complex relationship between (and within) the executive and the legislature in parliamentary monarchies/republic, presidential, semi-presidential, and assembly-independent systems. Looking at these systems, the chapter also focuses on the relationship between the political, the electoral, and the political party system in an attempt to assess whether, and how, this interaction may have contributed or not to stable and resilient governments with enough power to push through reforms. It stands out that all seven countries have endured significant setbacks to reform processes mostly aimed at consolidating democracy by way of increasing the accountability of state institutions and rebalancing executive–legislative relations. Some of the factors contributing to these (temporary) failures include the highly fragmented and weak nature of many opposition coalitions; the personalised nature of political parties and high levels of party corruption, which result in weak parliaments that fail to serve in their oversight capacity; the general fluidity of the political party system; and the short-termism of many political leaders and their electorate. Underlying the latter are two different world views—liberal-republican and communitarian and/or ethno-nationalist—that help build narratives and expectations as to the way politics is practiced and the role and aim of governing institutions in processes of democratic consolidation.
Maldives Constitution 2008
Authors: Zulfa Mariyam
Published: February 2024

Maldives introduced multiparty democracy and multi-candidate elections for the first time in its constitutional history in 2008. Since then, party politics has gained ground, with ten parties active on the ground today. Experience since the new Constitution’s inception has shown that no one political party has attained the constitutionally required 50 per cent + 1 votes in the first round. The resultant coalition-making is anomalous to the presidential system the Constitution is predicated upon and needs review. The embeddedness of a constitutional culture resulting from centuries of monarchical, and later authoritarian, rule; the relative youthfulness of political parties manifested in their lack of liberal ideological bearings; and the continued factionalisation and disagreements amongst party elites are all signposts for review as the democratisation process embraces more citizen participation. Maldives’ case study illustrates that constitution-making processes are sites for power play by political elites. While political parties create a space for greater public participation, something more is required for the true benefits of individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution to flow to the people and for institutional resilience to set in.