bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Analysis of CLE26 in Controlling De Novo Root Regeneration from Detached Arabidopsis Leaves
Authors: Zhang Geng , Du Yuxuan , Wang Xinying , Zhang Yuge , Zhang Shili , Li Mingyang , Li Xiaojuan , Zhang Guifang
Published: December 2024

De novo root regeneration is the process by which adventitious roots form around the wound site from wounded or detached plant organs. The de novo root regeneration process has been widely exploited in cutting technology used for vegetative propagation. Here, we employed detached leaf explants from Arabidopsis thaliana to form adventitious roots for studying the process of de novo root regeneration. GUS staining showed that the expression of CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED26(CLE26) was gradually increased surrounding the wound site of leaf explants during adventitious root formation. Semi-thin sections further showed that the expression pattern of CLE26 was closely linked to the formation of adventitious roots. Next, genetic analyses confirmed that the CLE26 gene was involved in de novo root regeneration. Furthermore, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the leaf explants revealed that stress-related genes might be involved in CLE26-mediated adventitious root formation. Specifically, genes associated with the hydrogen peroxide catabolic process and oxidative stress response were predominantly upregulated in the cle26 mutant. In contrast, genes involved in the response to salicylic acid were largely downregulated in the cle26 mutant. Overall, our study indicates that the mutation in CLE26 might upregulate the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species metabolism or suppress the expression of genes associated with salicylic acid synthesis, thus promoting the formation of adventitious roots. These findings suggest that CLE26 is a potential candidate for the genetic improvement of adventitious rooting in cuttings.
Thraustochytrids: Evolution, Ultrastructure, Biotechnology, and Modeling
Authors: Menzorov Aleksei G. , Iukhtanov Daniil A. , Naumenko Ludmila G. , Bobrovskikh Aleksandr V. , Zubairova Ulyana S. , Morozova Ksenia N. , Doroshkov Alexey V.
Published: December 2024

The thraustochytrids are a group of marine protists known for their significant ecological roles as decomposers and parasites as well as for their potential biotechnological applications, yet their evolutionary and structural diversity remains poorly understood. Our review critically examines the phylogeny of this taxa, utilizing available up-to-date knowledge and their taxonomic classifications. Additionally, advanced imaging techniques, including electron microscopy, are employed to explore the ultrastructural characteristics of these organisms, revealing key features that contribute to their adaptive capabilities in varying marine environments. The integration of this knowledge with available omics data highlights the huge biotechnological potential of thraustochytrids, particularly in producing ω-3 fatty acids and other bioactive compounds. Our review underscores the importance of a systems biology approach in understanding thraustochytrids biology and highlights the urgent need for novel, accurate omics research to unlock their full biotechnological potential. Overall, this review aims to foster a deeper appreciation of thraustochytrids by synthesizing information on their evolution, ultrastructure, and practical applications, thereby providing a foundation for future studies in microbiology and biotechnology.
Peripherally Restricted Activation of Opioid Receptors Influences Anxiety-Related Behaviour and Alters Brain Gene Expression in a Sex-Specific Manner
Authors: Parkar Nabil , Young Wayne , Olson Trent , Hurst Charlotte , Janssen Patrick , Spencer Nick J. , McNabb Warren C. , Dalziel Julie E.
Published: December 2024

Although effects of stress-induced anxiety on the gastrointestinal tract and enteric nervous system (ENS) are well studied, how ENS dysfunction impacts behaviour is not well understood. We investigated whether ENS modulation alters anxiety-related behaviour in rats. We used loperamide, a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist that does not cross the blood–brain barrier, to manipulate ENS function and assess changes in behaviour, gut and brain gene expression, and microbiota profile. Sprague Dawley (male/female) rats were acutely dosed with loperamide (subcutaneous) or control solution, and their behavioural phenotype was examined using open field and elevated plus maze tests. Gene expression in the proximal colon, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala was assessed by RNA-seq and caecal microbiota composition determined by shotgun metagenome sequencing. In female rats, loperamide treatment decreased distance moved and frequency of supported rearing, indicating decreased exploratory behaviour and increased anxiety, which was associated with altered hippocampal gene expression. Loperamide altered proximal colon gene expression and microbiome composition in both male and female rats. Our results demonstrate the importance of the ENS for communication between gut and brain for normo-anxious states in female rats and implicate corticotropin-releasing hormone and gamma-aminobutyric acid gene signalling pathways in the hippocampus. This study also sheds light on sexually dimorphic communication between the gut and the brain. Microbiome and colonic gene expression changes likely reflect localised effects of loperamide related to gut dysmotility. These results suggest possible ENS pharmacological targets to alter gut to brain signalling for modulating mood.
Investigating the Immunomodulatory Impact of Fecal Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Their IgA Coating Patterns in Crohn’s Disease Patients
Authors: Kameli Nader , Becker Heike E. F. , Jonkers Daisy M. , Penders John , Savelkoul Paul , Stassen Frank
Published: December 2024

The human intestinal tract contains trillions of bacteria that coexist in a symbiotic relationship with human cells. Imbalances in this interaction can lead to disorders such as Crohn’s disease (CD). Bacteria membrane vesicles (MVs), which are released by almost all bacteria, have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in bacteria–host interactions. In this study, we assessed the physical characterizations, immunomodulatory effects, and IgA interactions of MVs derived from fecal samples of CD patients and healthy controls (HCs). MVs were isolated from the frozen fecal samples using a combination of ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis, we found that the MVs of the CD patients showed a significantly lower concentration compared to those of the HCs. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy revealed the larger size of the MVs in active CD (Ac-CD) compared to the MVs of remission CD (Re-CD) and HCs. Differentiated monocyte THP-1 cells released more TNF-a when exposed to MVs from the HCs compared to the CD patients. On the other hand, the MVs from the HCs and Re-CD patients but not the Ac-CD patients induced more anti-inflammatory IL-10. Intriguingly, bead-based flow cytometry analysis showed that the MVs of the HCs and Re-CD patients were more coated with IgA compared to those of the Ac-CD patients. These results suggest the potential role of MVs in the immunomodulatory impact on the pathophysiology of CD. Moreover, IgA seems to regulate these effects by direct binding, which was not the case for the Ac-CD patients. Finally, the IgA coating patterns of the MVs could be used as an additional disease biomarker, as they can clearly identify the exacerbation status of CD.
Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Insights into the Potential of Mitragyna speciosa for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hossain Rahni , Noonong Kunwadee , Nuinoon Manit , Majima Hideyuki J. , Eawsakul Komgrit , Sompol Pradoldej , Rahman Md. Atiar , Tangpong Jitbanjong
Published: December 2024

Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil (MS) has a traditional use in relieving pain, managing hypertension, treating cough, and diarrhea, and as a morphine substitute in addiction recovery. Its potential in addressing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition with no effective treatments, is under investigation. This study aims to explore MS mechanisms in treating AD through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro studies. Using network pharmacology, we identified 19 MS components that may affect 60 AD-related targets. The compound–target network highlighted significant interactions among 60 nodes and 470 edges, with an average node degree of 15.7. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed Alzheimer’s disease (hsa05010) as a relevant pathway. We connected 20 targets to tau and β-amyloid proteins through gene expression data from the AlzData database. Docking studies demonstrated high binding affinities of MS compounds like acetylursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, isomitraphylline, and speciophylline to AD-related proteins, such as AKT1, GSK3B, NFκB1, and BACE1. In vitro studies showed that ethanolic (EE), distilled water (DWE), and pressurized hot water (PHWE) extracts of MS-treated 100 μM H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells significantly reduced oxidative damage. This research underscores the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway effects of MS on AD, providing insights for future research and potential clinical applications.
Inhibitory Effects of Gliadin Hydrolysates on BACE1 Expression and APP Processing to Prevent Aβ Aggregation
Authors: Lin Chin-Yu , Hsieh Cheng-Hong , Lai Pei-Yu , Huang Ching-Wei , Chung Yung-Hui , Huang Shang-Ming , Hsu Kuo-Chiang
Published: December 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a leading neurodegenerative disorder, is closely associated with the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. The enzyme β-secretase (BACE1), pivotal in Aβ production, represents a promising therapeutic target for AD. While bioactive peptides derived from food protein hydrolysates have neuroprotective properties, their inhibitory effects on BACE1 remain largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of protein hydrolysates from gliadin, whey, and casein proteins prepared using bromelain, papain, and thermolysin. Through in vitro and cellular assays, bromelain-hydrolyzed gliadin (G-Bro) emerged as the most potent BACE1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.408 mg/mL. G-Bro significantly reduced BACE1 expression and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in N2a/PS/APP cell cultures, suggesting its potential to attenuate Aβ aggregation. The unique peptide profile of G-Bro likely contributes to its inhibitory effect, with proline residues disrupting β-sheets, lysine residues introducing positive charges that hinder aggregation, hydrophobic residues stabilizing binding interactions, and glutamine residues enhancing solubility and stability. These findings highlight gliadin hydrolysates, particularly G-Bro, as potential natural BACE1 inhibitors with applications in dietary interventions for AD prevention. However, further studies are warranted to elucidate specific peptide interactions and their bioactivity in neural pathways to better understand their therapeutic potential.
Functional Analysis of TAAR1 Expression in the Intestine Wall and the Effect of Its Gene Knockout on the Gut Microbiota in Mice
Authors: Vaganova Anastasia N. , Zhukov Ilya S. , Shemiakova Taisiia S. , Rozhkov Konstantin A. , Alferova Lyubov S. , Karaseva Alena B. , Ermolenko Elena I. , Gainetdinov Raul R.
Published: December 2024

Currently, the TAAR1 receptor has been identified in various cell groups in the intestinal wall. It recognizes biogenic amine compounds like phenylethylamine or tyramine, which are products of decarboxylation of phenylalanine and tyrosine by endogenous or bacterial decarboxylases. Since several gut bacteria produce these amines, TAAR1 is suggested to be involved in the interaction between the host and gut microbiota. The purpose of this present study was to clarify the TAAR1 function in the intestinal wall and estimate the TAAR1 gene knockout effect on gut microbiota composition. By analyzing public transcriptomic data of the GEO repository, we identified TAAR1 expression in enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and myenteric neurons in mice. The analysis of genes co-expressed with TAAR1 in enteroendocrine cells allows us to suggest the TAAR1 involvement in enteroendocrine cell maturation. Also, in myenteric neurons, we identified the co-expression of TAAR1 with calbindin, which is specific for sensory neurons. The 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of fecal microbiota revealed a slight but significant impact of TAAR1 gene knockout in mice on the gut microbial community, which manifests in the higher diversity, accompanied by low between-sample variability and reorganization of the microbial co-occurrence network.
Role of Annexin 7 (ANXA7) as a Tumor Suppressor and a Regulator of Drug Resistance in Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Bera Alakesh , Radhakrishnan Surya , Puthillathu Narayanan , Subramanian Madhan , Gana Nahbuma , Russ Eric , Pollard Harvey B. , Srivastava Meera
Published: December 2024

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy in the United States, with an overall favorable prognosis. However, some patients experience poor outcomes due to the development of resistance to conventional therapies. Genetic alterations, including mutations in BRAF, Met, and p53, play critical roles in thyroid cancer progression, with the BRAF V600E mutation detected in over 60% of cases. This study investigates the tumor-suppressive role of Annexin A7 (ANXA7) in thyroid cancer, focusing on its potential impact on tumor behavior and therapeutic response. Our analysis, which included RNA sequencing and protein profiling, revealed reduced ANXA7 expression in thyroid cancer cells, particularly in those harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Upon treatment with inhibitors targeting BRAF and MEK, ANXA7 expression increased, leading to reduced phosphorylation of ERK and activation of apoptotic pathways. Additionally, we identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 as a key player in modulating resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Combination therapies aimed at concurrently increasing p21 and ANXA7 levels resulted in a marked enhancement of apoptosis. These findings suggest a previously uncharacterized regulatory network involving the ANXA7/p21/BRAF/MAPK/p53 axis, which may contribute to drug resistance in thyroid cancer. This study provides new insights into overcoming resistance to BRAF and MAPK inhibitors, with implications for treating thyroid cancer and potentially other BRAF-mutant tumors. Future efforts will focus on high-throughput screening approaches to explore ANXA7-targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer.
Impact of the COL1A1 Gene Polymorphisms on Pain Perception in Tennis Elbow Patients: A Two-Year Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Niemiec Paweł , Jarosz Alicja , Nowak Tomasz , Balcerzyk-Matić Anna , Iwanicki Tomasz , Iwanicka Joanna , Gawron Katarzyna , Kalita Marcin , Górczyńska-Kosiorz Sylwia , Kania Wojciech , Szyluk Karol
Published: December 2024

The COL1A1 gene encodes the α1 chain of type I collagen, and the data reported so far demonstrate that its polymorphic variants may affect biomechanical properties of bones, muscles, and tendons, and contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. Given, however, limited research on these variants in tendon pathology, we analyzed the impact of COL1A1 polymorphisms on the tendinopathy phenotype and the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment for tennis elbow. Pain perception and therapy outcomes were analyzed from baseline, i.e., before PRP injection to two years post-PRP injection in a cohort of 107 patients. The study focused on seven COL1A1 variants: rs2249492 (C/T), rs2586488 (A/G), rs2075558 (A/C), rs2253369 (C/T), rs35231764 (A/G), rs1800012 (C/A), and rs9898186 (C/T). We demonstrated that carriers of the TT/CT (rs2249492), AA/AC (rs1800012), and TT/CT (rs9898186) genotypes reported pain related to injury more frequently than subjects with other COL1A1 variants, also in the context of performing specific activities and other pain characteristics. These polymorphisms did not significantly influence therapy effectiveness, although rs35231764 showed a moderate effect. In conclusion, the T (rs2249492), A (rs1800012), and T (rs9898186) alleles of COL1A1 gene are risk factors for pain perception in tennis elbow patients, but do not appear to substantially impact PRP treatment outcomes.
Semisynthesis and Antitumour Evaluation of Natural Derivatives from ent-Kaurene ent-15α-Angeloyloxykaur-l6-en-3β-ol Isolated from Distichoselinum tenuifolium
Authors: Yasser Yass K. , Gil Daniel , Zentar Houda , Durán-Peña María Jesús , Prados-Lopez Belen , Juárez-Moreno Jorge , Botubol-Ares José Manuel , Haidour Ali , Sainz Juan , Fernández Antonio , Alvarez-Manzaneda Ramón , Chahboun Rachid , Reyes-Zurita Fernando J.
Published: December 2024

Two natural ent-kaurene diterpenoids, ent-15α-angeloyloxykaur-16-en-3β-ol (7) and ent-15α-angeloyloxykaur-16-en-3β,9-diol (8), were extracted from the aerial parts of Distichoselinum tenuifolium, and six new derivatives were synthesised from compound (7). The antitumour properties of these natural and derivative ent-kaurenes (2, 7, 9–13) were evaluated in three cancer cell lines: HT29 (colon cancer), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and B16-F10 (murine melanoma). Among them, the synthesised ent-kaurene (13) containing an exomethylene–cyclopentanone moiety showed the strongest antiproliferative effects in all cell lines tested, with significantly lower IC50 values around 2.5 μM. Compounds 13 and 12, together with their precursor (7), were selected for further comparative cytometric and microscopic analyses. Cell cycle studies revealed that derivatives 12 and 13 exhibited promising cytostatic activity by inducing selective G2/M phase arrest, particularly effective in HT29 and HepG2 cells. Conversely, precursor (7) showed no significant effect on B16-F10 cell cycle distribution. The Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay confirmed the robust apoptotic effects of compounds (7), 12 and 13, with compound 13 inducing up to 99% total apoptosis and exhibiting significant apoptotic activity in all cell lines tested. These apoptotic effects were closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by a marked loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced Rh123 fluorescence in treated cells, thereby activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. These findings highlight the critical role of mitochondrial disruption in the cytotoxic mechanisms of these ent-kaurenes and underscore their potential as promising anticancer agents.
Educational Activities in the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens
Authors: Bavcon Jože , Malovrh Katja , Tomšič Maja , Ravnjak Blanka
Published: December 2024

Botanic gardens have an important role in educating people about plants. Direct contact with plants has a positive effect on the perception and understanding of plants and prevents plant blindness. In botanic gardens, pupils can learn about plants through practical work. At the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens, educational programmes for schools have existed since 1986. Every year the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens is visited by many different groups, from the youngest to oldest (kindergarten, primary school, graduate and professional school students, and faculties). We run around 350 guided tours for groups per year. Groups can choose either a guided tour with work sheets and workshops or they can visit the botanic gardens on their own. Most of groups are children from primary school. Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens offers programmes related to the valid school curriculum in Slovenia. Our programmes include guided tours based on level of pupils and/or practical work. The most popular time to visit is spring. But, we still have visitors in winter due to our tropical greenhouse. The most popular programme at our botanic gardens is the general tour. With our pedagogical programmes we contribute to plant knowledge, since we teach our pupils about nature.
The Lean Advantage: Transforming E-Commerce Warehouse Operations for Competitive Success
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Anwar , Kirby E. Daniel
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the transformation of e-commerce warehouse operations by integrating Lean Six Sigma tools to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Beginning with Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to identify inefficiencies, followed by a Hoshin Kanri plan to align improvement initiatives with strategic objectives, the study implemented measures such as pallet pooling, process standardization, automation in inspection and picking, layout optimization, and Kanban systems for continuous improvement. A case study of a local e-commerce warehouse specializing in medical devices and healthcare products identified 29 activities across receiving, inspection, storing, picking, packing, and shipping, highlighting inefficiencies addressed through Lean-driven initiatives. These efforts resulted in a 23% reduction in total lead time, doubled value-added time, and significant improvements in inspection, picking, packing, and automation, reducing delays, lowering costs, and enhancing workflow. The study fills a gap in the literature by integrating multiple Lean tools and utilizing the Critical to Quality (CTQ) matrix to ensure sustainable improvements in e-commerce warehousing, emphasizing the strategic value of Lean Six Sigma in creating efficient, customer-focused operations.
Photo-Excited Carrier Dynamics in Ammonothermal Mn-Compensated GaN Semiconductor
Authors: Ščajev Patrik , Prystawko Paweł , Kucharski Robert , Kašalynas Irmantas
Published: December 2024

We investigated the carrier dynamics of ammonothermal Mn-compensated gallium nitride (GaN:Mn) semiconductors by using sub-bandgap and above-bandgap photo-excitation in a photoluminescence analysis and pump–probe measurements. The contactless probing methods elucidated their versatility for the complex analysis of defects in GaN:Mn crystals. The impurities of Mn were found to show photoconductivity and absorption bands starting at the 700 nm wavelength threshold and a broad peak located at 800 nm. Here, we determined the impact of Mn-induced states and Mg acceptors on the relaxation rates of charge carriers in GaN:Mn based on a photoluminescence analysis and pump–probe measurements. The electrons in the conduction band tails were found to be responsible for both the photoconductivity and yellow luminescence decays. The slower red luminescence and pump–probe decays were dominated by Mg acceptors. After photo-excitation, the electrons and holes were quickly thermalized to the conduction band tails and Mg acceptors, respectively. The yellow photoluminescence decays exhibited a 1 ns decay time at low laser excitations, whereas, at the highest ones, it increased up to 7 ns due to the saturation of the nonradiative defects, resembling the photoconductivity lifetime dependence. The fast photo-carrier decay time observed in ammonothermal GaN:Mn is of critical importance in high-frequency and high-voltage device applications.
Improving Visible Light Photocatalysis Using Optical Defects in CoOx-TiO2 Photonic Crystals
Authors: Toumazatou Alexia , Sakellis Elias , Likodimos Vlassis
Published: December 2024

The rational design of photonic crystal photocatalysts has attracted significant interest in order to improve their light harvesting and photocatalytic performances. In this work, an advanced approach to enhance slow light propagation and visible light photocatalysis is demonstrated for the first time by integrating a planar defect into CoOx-TiO2 inverse opals. Trilayer photonic crystal films were fabricated through the successive deposition of an inverse opal TiO2 underlayer, a thin titania interlayer, and a photonic top layer, whose visible light activation was implemented through surface modification with CoOx nanoscale complexes. Optical measurements showed the formation of “donor”-like localized states within the photonic band gap, which reduced the Bragg reflection and expanded the slow photon spectral range. The optimization of CoOx loading and photonic band gap tuning resulted in a markedly improved photocatalytic performance for salicylic acid degradation and photocurrent generation compared to the additive effects of the constituent monolayers, indicative of light localization in the defect layer. The electrochemical impedance results showed reduced recombination kinetics, corroborating that the introduction of an optical defect into inverse opal photocatalysts provides a versatile and effective strategy for boosting the photonic amplification effects in visible light photocatalysis by evading the constraints imposed by narrow slow photon spectral regions.
High-Performance Advanced Composites in Multifunctional Material Design: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Simões Sónia
Published: December 2024

This review examines high-performance advanced composites (HPACs) for lightweight, high-strength, and multi-functional applications. Fiber-reinforced composites, particularly those utilizing carbon, glass, aramid, and nanofibers, are highlighted for their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. These materials enable diverse applications, including in the aerospace, automotive, energy, and defense sectors. In extreme conditions, matrix materials—polymers, metals, and ceramics—and advanced reinforcement materials must be carefully chosen to optimize performance and durability. Significant advancements in manufacturing techniques, such as automated and additive methods, have improved precision, reduced waste, and created highly customized and complex structures. Multifunctional composites integrating structural properties with energy storage and sensing capabilities are emerging as a breakthrough aligned with the trend toward smart material systems. Despite these advances, challenges such as recyclability, scalability, cost, and robust quality assurance remain. Addressing these issues will require the development of sustainable and bio-based composites, alongside efficient recycling solutions, to minimize their environmental impact and ensure long-term technological viability. The development of hybrid composites and nanocomposites to achieve multifunctionality while maintaining structural integrity will also be described.
Modification of Light-Cured Composition for Permanent Dental Fillings; Mass Stability of New Composites Containing Quinoline and Quinoxaline Derivatives in Solutions Simulating the Oral Cavity Environment
Authors: Pyszka Ilona , Jędrzejewska Beata
Published: December 2024

Billions of patients struggle with dental diseases every year. These mainly comprise caries and related diseases. This results in an extremely high demand for innovative, polymer composite filling materials that meet a number of dental requirements. The aim of the study was to modify the light-cured composition of permanent dental fillings by changing the composition of the liquid organic matrix. New photoinitiators (DQ1-DQ5) based on a quinoline or quinoxaline skeleton and a co-initiator-(phenylthio)acetic acid (PhTAA) were used. In addition, monomers that have been traditionally used in dental materials were replaced by trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The neutral dental glass IDG functioned as an inorganic filler. The influence of the storage conditions of the developed composites in solutions simulating the natural oral environment during the consumption of different meals on sorption, solubility, and mass changes was assessed. For the tests, fifty-four cylindrical composite samples were prepared according to ISO 4049 guidelines and stored in different solutions. Distilled water, artificial saliva, heptane, 10% ethanol, and 3% acetic acid, as well as solutions containing pigments such as coffee, tea, red wine, and Coca-Cola, were used for the studies. The samples were stored in these solutions for 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 days at 37 °C. The sorption, solubility, and mass changes in the tested samples were determined, and the trend of these changes as a function of storage time was presented. The results were analyzed considering the nature of the solution used, i.e., aqueous, hydrophobic, and acidic. The properties evaluated changed in a different way, characteristic for each of the abovementioned solution groups. It was found that the type of solution simulating the natural environment of the oral cavity has the greatest influence on the sorption, solubility, and changes in the mass of the tested material.
A Comparative Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Composites with Graphene and Unwashed Magnetite
Authors: Malaescu Iosif , Sfirloaga Paula , Bunoiu Octavian M. , Marin Catalin N.
Published: December 2024

Three elastomer samples were prepared using GS530SP01K1 silicone rubber (ProChima). The samples included pure silicone rubber (SR), a silicone rubber-graphene composite (SR-GR), and a silicone rubber-magnetite composite (SR-Fe3O4). The magnetite was synthesized via chemical precipitation but was not washed to remove residual ions. The dielectric response and electrical conductivity of these samples were analyzed across a frequency range of 500 Hz to 2 MHz. The analysis of the complex dielectric permittivity and Cole–Cole plots indicated a mixed dielectric response, combining dipolar behavior and charge carrier hopping. Despite this mixed response, electrical conductivity followed Jonscher’s power law, with the exponent values (0.5 < n < 0.9) confirming the dominance of electron hopping over dipolar behavior in SR-GR and SR-Fe3O4 samples. The SR-Fe3O4 sample demonstrated higher dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity than SR-GR, even though graphene is inherently more conductive than magnetite. This discrepancy is likely due to the presence of residual ions on the magnetite surface from the chemical precipitation process as the magnetite was only decanted and dried without washing. These findings suggest that the ionic residue significantly influences the dielectric and conductive properties of the composite.
Modification of Uniaxial Stress–Strain Model of Concrete Confined by Pitting Corroded Stirrups
Authors: Miao Zhiwei , Liu Yifan , Chen Kangnuo , Niu Xinping
Published: December 2024

To investigate the impact of stirrup pitting corrosion on the stress–strain model of core concrete under compression, this study, based on existing corroded steel specimens, establishes a probabilistic model of the residual cross-sectional area distribution of steel bars to reasonably evaluate the effect of pitting on the mechanical performance of stirrups. Considering the tension stiffening effect in reinforced concrete, a time-dependent damage model of corroded steel bars in concrete was determined, and the existing stress–strain model of concrete confined by stirrups was ultimately modified, establishing a time-dependent constitutive model that incorporates the effects of stirrup pitting corrosion. A comparison with previous experimental results indicates that the revised model presented in this paper can appropriately reflect the changes in the mechanical performance of concrete confined by corroded stirrups. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for the refined numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structures under the erosion of chloride ions.
A Marginal Maximum Likelihood Approach for Hierarchical Simultaneous Autoregressive Models with Missing Data
Authors: Wijayawardhana Anjana , Gunawan David , Suesse Thomas
Published: December 2024

Efficient estimation methods for simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models with missing data in the response variable have been well explored in the literature. A common practice is introducing measurement error into SAR models to separate the noise component from the spatial process. However, prior studies have not considered incorporating measurement error into SAR models with missing data. Maximum likelihood estimation for such models, especially with large datasets, poses significant computational challenges. This paper proposes an efficient likelihood-based estimation method, the marginal maximum likelihood (ML), for estimating SAR models on large datasets with measurement errors and a high percentage of missing data in the response variable. The spatial autoregressive model (SAM) and the spatial error model (SEM), two popular SAR model types, are considered. The missing data mechanism is assumed to follow a missing-at-random (MAR) pattern. We propose a fast method for marginal ML estimation with a computational complexity of O(n3/2), where n is the total number of observations. This complexity applies when the spatial weight matrix is constructed based on a local neighbourhood structure. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated through simulations and real-world data applications.
A Chemiluminescence Signal Amplification Method for MicroRNA Detection: The Combination of Molecular Aptamer Beacons with Enzyme-Free Hybridization Chain Reaction
Authors: Han Yu , Li Jialin , Li Man , An Ran , Zhang Xu , Cai Sheng
Published: December 2024

The association between microRNA (miRNA) and various diseases has been established; miRNAs have the potential to be biomarkers for these diseases. Nevertheless, the challenge of correctly quantifying an miRNA arises from its low abundance and a high degree of family homology. Therefore, in the present study, we devised a chemiluminescence (CL) detection method for miRNAs, known as the hybridization chain reaction (HCR)-CL, utilizing the enzyme-free signal amplification technology of HCR. The proposed methodology obviates the need for temperature conversion and offers a straightforward procedure owing to the absence of enzymatic participation, and the lumino-H2O2-mediated CL reaction occurs at a high rate. The technique successfully detected 2.5 amol of the target analyte and 50 amol of miR-146b in a 1% concentration of human serum. In summary, the method developed in this study is characterized by its ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, remarkable analytical prowess, and ability to detect miRNA without the need for total RNA extraction from serum samples. This method is expected to be widely used for biological sample testing in clinical settings.
Cytoskeleton Remodeling-Related Proteins Represent a Specific Salivary Signature in PSC Patients
Authors: Ceccherini Elisa , Morlando Antonio , Norelli Francesco , Coco Barbara , Bellini Massimo , Brunetto Maurizia Rossana , Cecchettini Antonella , Rocchiccioli Silvia
Published: December 2024

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are chronic inflammatory biliary diseases characterized by progressive damage of the bile ducts, resulting in hepatobiliary fibrosis and cirrhosis. Currently, specific biomarkers that allow to distinguish between PSC and PBC do not exist. In this study, we examined the salivary proteome by carrying out a comprehensive and non-invasive screening aimed at highlighting possible quali-quantitative protein deregulations that could be the starting point for the identification of effective biomarkers in future. Saliva samples collected from 6 PBC patients were analyzed using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technique, and the results were compared with those previously obtained in the PSC group. We identified 40 proteins as significantly deregulated in PSC patients compared to the PBC group. The Gene Ontology and pathway analyses highlighted that several proteins (e.g., small integral membrane protein 22, cofilin-1, macrophage-capping protein, plastin-2, and biliverdin reductase A) were linked to innate immune responses and actin cytoskeleton remodeling, which is a critical event in liver fibrosis and cancer progression. These findings provide new foundations for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of PSC and demonstrate that saliva is a suitable biological sample for obtaining proteomic fingerprints useful in the search for biomarkers capable of discriminating between the two cholestatic diseases.
Protective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Aging Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Skin Cells: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Wójciak Magdalena , Drozdowski Piotr , Skalska-Kamińska Agnieszka , Zagórska-Dziok Martyna , Ziemlewska Aleksandra , Nizioł-Łukaszewska Zofia , Latalska Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

Isoflavones are found in numerous plant species within the Leguminosae family; however, soy isoflavones are particularly significant in practice and have been extensively studied in recent years. The health-promoting potential of orally administered soy isoflavones is widely documented in the scientific literature, and many review articles have been developed to highlight their significance. However, it should be noted that soy-isoflavone-rich extracts and isolated soy isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are also often applied topically as ingredients in many formulations, including face creams, tonics, and emulsions. New delivery systems are continuously being developed to enhance the skin permeability of isoflavones, thus improving their efficacy. In this context, their direct activity on skin cells is an important aspect of scientific research. The anti-inflammatory, protective, and antioxidant properties of isoflavones and soy extracts make them promising cosmetic ingredients with anti-aging potential because inflammation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to structural and functional changes in skin cells, accelerating the aging process. This review provides an overview of research on the impact of the application of soy isoflavone extract and soy-derived isoflavones on skin cells, with a focus on the documented molecular mechanisms underlying their effects. This study aims to offer essential insights to aid in the development of functional cosmetics and future clinical applications.
Thiophenyl Anilato-Based NIR-Emitting Lanthanide (LnIII = Er, Yb) Dinuclear Complexes
Authors: Manna Fabio , Oggianu Mariangela , Mameli Valentina , Lai Stefano , Simbula Angelica , Quochi Francesco , Avarvari Narcis , Mercuri Maria Laura
Published: December 2024

By combining ErIII and YbIII ions with 3,6-dithiophene-anilate (Th2An) and scorpionate hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate (HBpz3−) ligands new luminescent dinuclear complexes are obtained. The two materials formulated as [((HB(pz)3)2Yb)2(μ-th2An)]·4DCM·1.3H2O 1Yb and [((HB(pz)3)2Er)2(μ-th2An)]·4DCM·1.8H2O 1Er, respectively, have been structurally characterized by SC-XRD and PXRD studies. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the photophysical properties of the Th2An ligand for the first time. Our findings reveal the crucial role of the thiophene anilate as an effective optical antenna, which sensitizes near-infrared (NIR)-emitting lanthanide ions, specifically ErIII and YbIII. The significant impact of vibrational quenching on the LnIII NIR emission efficiency has been also highlighted.
Hardware Implementation for Triaxial Contact-Force Estimation from Stress Tactile Sensor Arrays: An Efficient Design Approach
Authors: Pinto-Salamanca María-Luisa , Pérez-Holguín Wilson-Javier , Hidalgo-López José A.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a contribution to the state of the art in the design of tactile sensing algorithms that take advantage of the characteristics of generalized sparse matrix-vector multiplication to reduce the area, power consumption, and data storage required for real-time hardware implementation. This work also addresses the challenge of implementing the hardware to execute multiaxial contact-force estimation algorithms from a normal stress tactile sensor array on a field-programmable gate-array development platform, employing a high-level description approach. This paper describes the hardware implementation of the proposed sparse algorithm and that of an algorithm previously reported in the literature, comparing the results of both hardware implementations with the software results already validated. The calculation of force vectors on the proposed hardware required an average time of 58.68 ms, with an estimation error of 12.6% for normal forces and 7.7% for tangential forces on a 10 × 10 taxel tactile sensor array. Some advantages of the developed hardware are that it does not require additional memory elements, achieves a 4× reduction in processing elements compared to a non-sparse implementation, and meets the requirements of being generalizable, scalable, and efficient, allowing an expansion of the applications of normal stress sensors in low-power tactile systems.
TUH-NAS: A Triple-Unit NAS Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Authors: Chen Feng , Su Baishun , Jia Zongpu
Published: December 2024

Over the last few years, neural architecture search (NAS) technology has achieved good results in hyperspectral image classification. Nevertheless, existing NAS-based classification methods have not specifically focused on the complex connection between spectral and spatial data. Strengthening the integration of spatial and spectral features is crucial to boosting the overall classification efficacy of hyperspectral images. In this paper, a triple-unit hyperspectral NAS network (TUH-NAS) aimed at hyperspectral image classification is introduced, where the fusion unit emphasizes the enhancement of the intrinsic relationship between spatial and spectral information. We designed a new hyperspectral image attention mechanism module to increase the focus on critical regions and enhance sensitivity to priority areas. We also adopted a composite loss function to enhance the model’s focus on hard-to-classify samples. Experimental evaluations on three publicly accessible hyperspectral datasets demonstrated that, despite utilizing a limited number of samples, TUH-NAS outperforms existing NAS classification methods in recognizing object boundaries.
The Development of a Selective Colorimetric Sensor for Cu2+ and Zn2+ in Mineral Supplement with Application of a Smartphone Paper-Based Assay of Cu2+ in Water Samples
Authors: El-Maghrabey Mahmoud , Seino Shōta , Kishikawa Naoya , Kuroda Naotaka
Published: December 2024

Herein, we developed a colorimetric method for the determination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ using NBD-G as a novel selective metal sensor. NBD-G was easily synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) and Girard’s Reagent P. The NBD-G solution is yellow, but when it reacts with Cu2+ and Zn2+, its color changes selectively to red (510 nm) and orange (480 nm), respectively. NBD-G was used as a sensor for Cu2+ and Zn2+, showing a high sensitivity down to 0.77 µM for Cu2+ and 1.66 µM for Zn2+. NBD-G could determine both metals simultaneously; thus, it was applied to determine them in multimineral supplements, which showed excellent recoveries. Next, a filter paper impregnated with NBD-G was prepared as a test paper, and a simple, selective, and rapid onsite method for quantifying Cu2+ was developed as, interestingly, the paper showed no change upon the addition of Zn2+. Next, Cu2+ could be quantified with high selectivity and accuracy by photographing the color change with a smartphone camera and processing the image with Image J. The detection limit for Cu2+ using this method was 3.9 µM. Finally, the NBD-G test paper method was able to satisfactorily quantify Cu2+ spiked into the rainwater.
Improving the Calibration of Low-Cost Sensors Using Data Assimilation
Authors: Aranda Britez Diego Alberto , Tapia Córdoba Alejandro , Johnson Princy , Pacheco Viana Erid Eulogio , Millán Gata Pablo
Published: December 2024

In the context of smart agriculture, accurate soil moisture monitoring is crucial to optimise irrigation, improve water usage efficiency and increase crop yields. Although low-cost capacitive sensors are used to make monitoring affordable, these sensors face accuracy challenges that often result in inefficient irrigation practices. This paper presents a method for calibrating capacitive soil moisture sensors through data assimilation. The method was validated using data collected from a farm in Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain, which utilises a drip irrigation system. The proposed solution integrates the Hydrus 1D model with particle filter (PF) and the Iterative Ensemble Smoother (IES) to continuously update and refine the model and sensor calibration parameters. The methodology includes the implementation of physical constraints, ensuring that the updated parameters remain within physically plausible ranges. Soil moisture was measured using low-cost SoilWatch 10 capacitive sensors and ThetaProbe ML3 high-precision sensors as a reference. Furthermore, a comparison was carried out between the PF and IES methods. The results demonstrate that the data assimilation approach markedly enhances the precision of sensor readings, aligning them closely with reference measurements and model simulations. The PF method demonstrated superior performance, achieving an 84.8% improvement in accuracy compared to the raw sensor readings. This substantial improvement was measured against high-precision reference sensors, confirming the effectiveness of the PF method in calibrating low-cost capacitive sensors. In contrast, the IES method showed a 68% improvement in accuracy, which, while still considerable, was outperformed by the PF. By effectively mitigating observation noise and sensor biases, this approach proves robust and practical for large-scale implementations in precision agriculture.
Enhanced Acetone-Sensing Performance of a Bilayer Structure Gas Sensor Composed of a ZnO Nanorod Top Layer and a ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticle Decorated ZnO Nanorod Bottom Layer
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhu Huichao , Zhang Jianwei , Yu Jun , Tang Zhenan , Yao Guanyu , Zhao Wenqing , Wu Guohui , Jin Xia
Published: December 2024

In this study, we report a high-performance acetone gas sensor utilizing a bilayer structure composed of a ZnO nanorod top layer and a ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorod bottom layer. ZnO nanorods were synthesized via a water-bath method, after which the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorods were prepared using a simple immersion and calcination method. SEM and TEM revealed the porous morphology of the samples and the formation of ZnO-ZnFe2O4 heterojunctions. XPS analysis demonstrated an increase in oxygen vacancy content with the introduction of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Compared to pure ZnO nanorods, ZnFe2O4-decorated ZnO nanorods showed a 3.9-fold increase in response to 50 ppm acetone. Covering this layer with ZnO nanorods further increased the response by an additional 1.6 times, and simultaneously enhanced the selectivity to acetone. The top layer improves gas sensing performance by introducing heterojunctions with the bottom layer, partially blocking acetone gas at the bottom layer to facilitate a more complete reaction, and filtering ethanol interference.
Experimental Study on Drilling Signal Characteristics of PDC Drill Bit in Media of Different Strengths and Identification of Weak Media
Authors: Wu Zheng , Fan Yingbo , Chen Huazhou
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to investigate the drilling signal characteristics when a PDC drill bit penetrates media of different strengths and to assess the potential of these signals for identifying weak layers within rock formations. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted, and the response characteristics of the PDC drill bit in different-strength media were analyzed across the time domain, frequency domain, and time–frequency domain using statistical analysis, Fourier transform, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The results indicate that in the lowest-strength concrete (C10), the drilling speed was the fastest, while the mean, median, and primary distribution ranges of the thrust and torque were the smallest. Some dimensionless time-domain and frequency-domain indicators were found to have limitations in differentiating media of varying strengths. Meanwhile, the time–frequency analysis and EMD of the thrust and torque signals revealed distinct changes at the media boundaries, serving as auxiliary criteria for identifying transitions between different media. The time–frequency analysis and EMD demonstrated clear advantages in identifying these boundaries. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using drilling signals to identify weak layers that pose potential roof collapse hazards in roadway roof strata.