bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telling it in Time: Interpreting Consistency and Change in the Life Stories of Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: May 2005

In this article, I inquire into the life of a single Holocaust survivor in order to give a “thick description” of the dynamics of talking about the past over time. David K., born in 1928 in Gheorgheni Hungary, was deported to Auschwitz in 1944, where he spent one month before entering slave labor camps in Mühldorf and Mittergars. My reading of David's life is based upon two interviews, the first from 1982 (at age 54) and the second from 1995 (at age 67). I employ a method of structural interpretation, “narrative mapping,” which is based upon the work of Labov and Waletzky (1967), in order to visualize the amount of overall consistency between the two interviews. I also carefully study individual narratives that are repeated over time. My reading of David's interviews suggests strong consistency along with significant changes. There is enormous consistency in the structure and content of narratives but differences in the point or evaluations of narratives. I also argue that David's later interview is more fully developed; David's later interview contains several new narratives and integrates historical insights into his account of the past. I discuss the merits of two explanations for this change, culture and time in development. Finally, I suggest possible strategies for researchers interested in working with the vast archives of survivor interviews.
Learning, Evaluation, and Systems Models in Engineering, Science, and Technology Curricula
Authors: Jacknow Lee
Published: May 2005

Current research and problems in math, science and engineering education are reviewed and concepts of thinking and learning are discussed in terms of psychometrics. Systems models for learning, the teaching environment, and learner-teacher interaction are presented and discussed. An approach to assessment, enabling the teacher to use personally preferred measurement criteria, is offered as is strong argument in favor of using simulation in engineering and science education. Assessment methodology is discussed.
Hypnotic Treatment of Hallucinations and Disordered Impulse Control
Authors: Berghausen Philip E. , Sachs Lewis B.
Published: May 2005

A highly motivated, fifty-nine-year-old, male patient with psychotic episodes of unknown etiology involving visual and auditory hallucinations was treated successfully using nonauthoritarian hypnotic interventions in the absence of any psychotropic medication. His hallucinations remitted completely as did the occurrence of bizarre, impulsive nocturnal behaviors that often accompanied the hallucinations. Speculations regarding the therapeutic mechanisms involved are presented. Stress reduction, especially that resulting from increased acceptance of his hallucinations, is postulated as having been largely responsible for the gains achieved.
Computer Anxiety and Different Types of Computer Courses
Authors: Leso Tim , Peck Kyle L.
Published: May 2005

This study was undertaken for two purposes: 1) to describe differences in anxiety in students voluntarily entering two different types of computer courses; and 2) to assess the changes in anxiety level attributed to each course. Undergraduate college students had registered for two introductory computer courses. One was a problem solving and programming course; the other was a tools software applications (non-programming) course. Students completed a pretest and posttest for computer anxiety. Results indicated that initial anxiety levels were not significantly different, and that the reduction in computer anxiety was significantly greater for students in the tools software applications course than for students in the problem solving and programming course. Although the “tool use” course proved more effective in reducing computer anxiety, results showed that large numbers of subjects in both conditions exhibited no reduction in anxiety as a result of the courses.
The Impact of Smoking in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Africa
Authors: Yach Derek
Published: May 2005

The health effects of smoking have been well documented in developed countries. This article highlights the impact of smoking and tobacco production on health and agricultural production in Africa. It shows that smoking represents an important current and future health risk to people in Africa, which will place stresses on the development of their health services. Tobacco production is shown to be associated with food imports, deforestation, and an economic dependence on transnational corporations. Possible solutions are proposed.
Key Lessons in Using Participatory Action Research to Build a Union Health and Safety Program
Authors: Rosen Jonathan
Published: May 2005

Participatory action research (PAR) has been beneficial in building an occupational health and safety program. This article focuses on the lessons learned by the New York State Public Employees Federation (PEF) Health and Safety Department. PEF's department has mobilized members to design and implement preventive programs that address key hazards. Members' key priority areas have been identified as workplace violence prevention, infectious disease control, ergonomics, and indoor air quality. We have documented hazards and feasible interventions in specific work environments and the research provides a model that can be implemented elsewhere. PAR also can help reduce a difficult barrier for researchers interested in workplace issues—access. Using PAR is different than traditional quantitative research methods; some differences are considered.
Tobacco or Health in the Third World: A Political Economy Perspective with Emphasis on Mexico
Authors: Stebbins Kenyon R.
Published: May 2005

In response to declining cigarette sales in the United States and Europe, transnational tobacco conglomerates have turned to the underdeveloped world to promote their unhealthy products for consumers who are at best only vaguely aware of the health risks associated with cigarette smoking. While cigarette sales in the Third World are growing “healthily,” the consumers of these cigarettes generally are not. Along with the already difficult problems of malnutrition and communicable diseases, underdeveloped countries are facing the probability of a smoking epidemic, which is directly related to the penetration of capitalist tobacco interests into new markets. While the tobacco companies are quick to suggest that these people who can least afford cigarettes (both financially and in terms of health risks) are exercising their “free choice” as consumers in an “open marketplace,” the author suggests that political and economic factors are central. Aided by two months of fieldwork in Mexico in 1986, the author examines smoking behavior and perceptions of associated health consequences. In addition, the influence of the tobacco companies and the Mexican government on tobacco production and consumption is analyzed.
The 1974 U.S. Budget—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Lewis I. J.
Published: May 2005

This paper argues that the bleak budgetary outlook in the United States is not unexpected and will be difficult to change. Present conservative fiscal policy has substantial economic merit and widespread political support. The President has presented a reasonably consistent political and economic philosophy to which viable alternatives have yet to be offered. Backing up his budget with threats of vetoes and impoundments, the President is polarizing a power struggle with Congress which overshadows substantive issues. The nearly $4 billion increase in federal health outlays, in conjunction with major cuts in hospital construction, mental health, research, manpower, and health services planning and delivery, highlights the mortgaging of the budget by uncontrollable expenditures for pensions, Medicare, interest, etc. Acceptance of a crisis in health care is no longer a basis for developing federal health policy, which now contemplates a limited federal role and reliance upon states and the marketplace. But the federal budgetary situation will worsen as Medicare and Medicaid contribute to a situation of ever-rising prices unconstrained by rational organization.
Public Policy Considerations in the Pricing of Prescription Drugs in the United States
Authors: Rucker T. Donald
Published: May 2005

The economic value of prescribed drugs consumed in the United States probably reached $10 billion in 1973. Public interest in pricing practices is traced to the involuntary nature of patient illness in general and prescribing in particular, the intrinsic attributes of drug therapy, and the growing role of third-party programs in determining reimbursement for prescription items. Drug product pricing is criticized because of the large proportion of sales revenue consumed by indirect expenses. Nine branded products are cited where the median value of revenue consumed by indirect expenses is 91 per cent. Pricing problems related to increases in active ingredients, quantities sold, and package size are also examined. Pricing at the dispensing level is assessed in terms of its relationship to the true economic cost of this function. Significant imperfections are noted and a uniform cost-accounting system for pharmacies is recommended. The issue of prescription price posting is reviewed in some detail, and it is suggested that the posting of a unique dispensing fee in each pharmacy would optimize consumer sovereignty.
The Present and Future of Primary Medical Care in Israel
Authors: Medalie J. H.
Published: May 2005

The health care system of Israel has been influenced by the history and politics of the country. Israel is a polyglot society both in its population and in its medical profession. Physicians from overseas are still automatically allowed to practice without any tests, examinations, or refresher courses. The medical care system comprises a number of independent services working together with variable degrees of cooperation. There are three types of primary physicians—general practitioner, general internist, and general pediatrician. At present, facilities are far from good with no coordination with hospitals. Many primary physicians are old, and young physicians are not keen on general practice. The future is more hopeful with better education and organization of medical care through regionalization, with family physician teams as the basic units and closer collaboration between hospitals and community services.
Leprosy Control by a People's Program: “A New Concept in Technology Transfer”
Authors: Antia Noshir H.
Published: May 2005

Leprosy is a major health hazard in tropical countries as it also is in China. All programs for the control of this disease have been based on the cheap, effective, and low-toxicity antileprosy drug Dapsone (DDS), available since the early 1950s. The emphasis has been on early detection and regularity of treatment, which has to be maintained for several years, if not a lifetime. Despite the availability of what might be rightly termed the “magic bullet,” World Health Organization (WHO) figures demonstrate that leprosy has not been controlled in most countries and is generally on the increase. Blame has been ascribed to the patients for hiding the disease and for irregularity of treatment. Emphasis has now shifted to high-technology research to evolve more expensive and much more difficult multidrug regimens and an antileprosy vaccine.

China, isolated from the rest of the world and using only simple DDS therapy, but ensuring its use through its barefoot doctor approach, has shown a reduction of leprosy cases from 500,000 to 100,000 in the past three decades. The author suggests that the world, including WHO, should learn from the experience of China rather than try to impose its own low effective and more expensive high-technology approach on this country.
Grandma's Hands: Black Grandmothers Speak about Their Experiences Rearing Grandchildren on Tanf
Authors: Henderson Tammy L. , Cook Jennifer L.
Published: May 2005

Based on the guiding principles of the symbolic interactions theory, the authors used symbolic interaction theory to understand the views and meanings attached to welfare, poverty, and poor families, as well as to decipher grandmothers' policy recommendations. The culturally variant perspective provided a conceptual lens that placed grandmothers' adaptive behaviors in a historical, socio-political context. Using Grounded Theory Methods, the authors analyzed 20 personal interviews from a larger multiple-case study that examines the influence of TANF on grandparent-led families in southwest Virginia. Grandparents' views create a continuum of beliefs toward poverty, TANF, and personal responsibility with themes of individualistic, structural, and fatalistic views. They made distinct policy recommendations to remove the penalties attached to kinship care. Kinship care continues to be an adaptive family feature, but Black grandmothers' maintain some of the same societal and familial values as the larger society.
Computer Aided Authoring and Editing
Authors: Braby Richard , Kincaid J. Peter
Published: May 2005

Using computers to author and edit text is now feasible and economical. This article describes two elements of a computer based publishing system which aid authors by automatically generating certain kinds of training materials, and in writing easily understood text Authoring routines automatically format and compose text and merge stored graphics with the text. Highly redundant training materials require only a small data base to produce a sizeable workbook. Editing routines aid authors in writing readable text by: 1) flagging uncommon words and long sentences; 2) suggesting substitutes for awkward or difficult words and phrases; and 3) indicating the readability grade level. These routines are operating as elements of a prototype publishing system in the U.S. Navy's Training Analysis and Evaluation Group minicomputer. They are being developed for use in the U.S. Navy's computer based publishing system.
Form and Function of Tridacna Shell Plaques from the Western Solomon Islands
Authors: Waite Deborah
Published: May 2005

Openwork plaques made from tridacna clam shell constitute a significant art form from the Western Solomon Islands. Known facts are relatively few: the plaques were associated with burials and were sometimes used or referred to as a special form of “Custom Money.” Visual analysis of forty-two plaques or plaque fragments indicates that there are three groups separable on the basis of figure style, motifs, composition, and technical considerations such as the relative thickness of the plaques, surface finish, and the like. This article integrates known facts regarding function or use of the plaques with information about other clam shell artifacts from the same islands and with a detailed analysis of the plaques themselves so as to reconstruct something of the traditional cultural context and significance of these artifacts.
Decentralized Socialism: Medical Care in Yugoslavia
Authors: Vukmanović C.
Published: May 2005

The health care system in Yugoslavia is based on the principles of reciprocity and solidarity, as regulated by constitutional provisions which guarantee medical care and use of health services as the basic right of all citizens. Medical care is organized on the basis of needs and resources of the society. Its funds are generated through individual contributions of citizens and sociopolitical, working, and other organizations which are accumulated into social insurance funds, for reimbursement of health institutions for the services they provide. Coordination among health institutions, associations of social insurance, and sociopolitical and other concerned organizations is regulated by law. Insured persons within their associations decide on the extent of medical care to which to subscribe and on all rights emanating from the insurance. There are several reimbursement mechanisms such as fee–for–service, capitation, and daily charges. Insured persons through their associations influence the administration of social insurance by means of specifying priorities in terms of certain needs and by deciding on specific contracts with health institutions. The emphasis in contract arrangements is placed on preventive services, home care services, and dispensary care, for which health institutions proportionally receive more money than for hospital services. This arrangement influences the pattern of organization of health institutions and health workers. The new type of institutions that are more and more dominant are integrated health services, so–called medical centers, which provide both preventive and curative services for the population they cover.
Visual Imagery: Its Psychophysiological Components and Levels of Information Processing
Authors: Lusebrink Vija B.
Published: May 2005

The patterns of the psychophysiological components of visual imagery were investigated for three simple verbally-presented imagery stimuli, the letter P, pencil, and pasture, and the control stimulus go blank. The stimuli were assumed to represent different codes and levels of information processing based on McGuigan's model of neuro-muscular circuits. The responses shown by the EOG of horizontal and vertical eye movement activity, the EMG of lip and covert right arm movement, and to a lesser degree, the EEG of alpha activity in the right occipital area differentiated among the three stimuli and also the control stimulus. The results are seen as supporting the concept of images as mental phenomena with differential psychophysiological patterns involving peripheral and central stores of information processing.
The Identity of the Business Correspondent
Authors: Almaney Adnan
Published: May 2005

Despite the important role which he plays in promoting corporate goals, the business correspondent does not seem to be equipped educationally nor motivated financially to perform this role adequately. The writer urges that more attention be given to the recruitment and compensation of the business correspondent, who is no less important for business firms than the public relations man.
Faculty Use of Instructional Technology in the University Classroom
Authors: Gueldenzoph Lisa E. , Guidera Stan , Whipple Darlene , Mertler Craig , Dutton Lisa
Published: May 2005

The new methods of communication provided by technology and the impact of the Internet have changed our economy from the “Industrial Age” into the “Information Age” and have transformed higher education. These changes call into question the traditional ways in which faculty and institutions of higher learning have functioned. The aim of this study was to examine faculty use of instructional technology in the university classroom. For the purposes of this study, instructional technology has been limited to Internet-related technologies including e-mail, the World Wide Web, newsgroups, file transfer protocol (FTP), and Gopher. The study addressed the strengths of the relationships between the use of instructional technology and 1) faculty demographics, 2) teaching styles, and 3) faculty perceptions of the effectiveness of instructional technology, access to technology, and administrative support. All of the full-time faculty at a four-year, doctorate I granting institution in the Midwest were surveyed.
Interpersonal Education by Rural Yemeni Women for Promoting Child Survival and Maternal Health
Authors: Haider Syed J. , Al-Hamly Mohammad , Barakat Adel , Elder John P. , Roberts Anne H.
Published: May 2005

This study reports the results of an evaluation of an education and training effort for promoting diarrheal control, nutritional health and general maternal and child health among rural Yemeni women. Eight hundred and five volunteer women and men from twenty Yemeni villages in the governorates of Al Beida and Hajja, were trained to disseminate basic health messages to friends and neighbors in their villages. Evaluators visited four villages that had received the training and two that had not, to determine whether the dissemination had actually occurred. Mothers contacted by their recently-trained neighbors correctly responded to all knowledge and practice questions related to diarrhea control, oral rehydration therapy and breast feeding, whereas mothers in control villages averaged 60 percent correct responses. The results suggest the potential for interpersonal education for improving child survival and maternal health in Yemen.
Measurement and Prediction of Recovery after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Martin Christine J.
Published: May 2005

Psychological tests were completed by myocardial infarct (MI) patients during their initial hospitalization, and further tests and a structured home interview occurred seven months later (N = 28). Self-reported health, symptoms, sexual activity, and psychosocial changes were found to form an inter-related cluster of outcome measures. Poor recovery was predicted by self-reports of high trait anxiety while in hospital, and by manual occupation. Poor recovery was also associated with in-hospital reports of dissatisfaction with work and few confiding relationships. The development of a brief pencil and paper screening instrument for MI patients in need of special rehabilitation support is discussed.
Suicide and Field Dependency
Authors: Levenson Marvin , Neuringer Charles
Published: May 2005

An attempt was made to investigate the hypothesis that psychiatric patients who commit suicide are more field dependent than non-suicidal psychiatric patients. Measures of field dependence were obtained from both groups (N = 84 in each group). It was found that suicide committers were more field dependent than non-suicidal patients.
Doing without the Generic He/Man in Technical Communication
Authors: Christian Barbara
Published: May 2005

Recent psycholinguistic research has challenged the view that English speakers interpret the male pronouns and the generic man as words that refer to both males and females. The suggested ambiguity of these terms is of concern to technical communicators because it can affect the accuracy of their messages. Since guidelines for avoiding sex ambiguity in language are not generally available in technical writing or speech manuals, this article offers simple devices for eliminating the generic use of male pronouns and man. It also provides alternate terms for common sex-biased expressions.
Mental Health Treatment Preferences of Older and Younger Primary Care Patients
Authors: Wetherell Julie Loebach , Kaplan Robert M. , Kallenberg Gene , Dresselhaus Timothy R. , Sieber William J. , Lang Ariel J.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To compare mental health treatment history and preferences in older and younger primary care patients.

Method:

We surveyed 77 older (60+) and 312 younger adult primary care patients from four outpatient medical clinics about their mental health treatment history and preferences.

Results:

Older adults were less likely than younger adults to report a history of mental health treatment (29% vs. 51%) or to be currently receiving treatment (11% vs. 23%). They were also less likely to indicate that they currently desire help with emotional problems (25% vs. 50%). Older adults were more likely to hold a belief in self-reliance that could limit their willingness to accept treatment for mental health problems, although they were less likely than younger adults to identify other barriers to treatment. Older adults reported that they were less likely to attend programs in primary care targeting mental health issues (counseling, stress management) than younger adults, although they were as willing as younger adults to attend programs targeting physical health issues (healthy living class, fitness program). Age remained a significant predictor of mental health treatment history and preferences even after controlling for other demographic variables.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that older adults in the primary care setting may be less willing to accept mental health services than younger adults. Results further suggest that perceived barriers may differ for older and younger patients, which may indicate the need for age-specific educational messages and services targeted to older adults in primary care.
Race in Epidemiology
Authors: Stolley Paul D.
Published: May 2005

The Journal has opened its pages to an important debate, taking place primarily in the United States, on the scientific merits of including race as a category in vital statistics. To begin this debate, we present a guest article by Professor Paul Stolley, chairman of the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, a well-known authority on this subject. Responses by other leading experts in this area will be published in an upcoming issue of the Journal.

The category of “race” as applied to the human species has no generally agreed upon definition and has been completely discredited by most geneticists and anthropologists. Yet racial categories are still used in epidemiological and social research, and are to be included in the 2000 U.S. Census. Because the history and life experiences of blacks and whites in the United States have been so radically different, social and economic variables have become mixed up and confused with genetic determinants. Attempts to redress historical oppression and discrimination have tended to perpetuate racial categories. It is time for a serious reexamination of the use of categories based on race.
Journal Prices, Why So Different?
Authors: Manten A. A.
Published: May 2005

An example is given of the cost structure of an international scientific journal. The effects which some important factors have on the journal's subscription price are indicated. These include publication by a commercial publishing house or learned society, circulation numbers, journal format, and page charges.
The Effects of Media on Motivation and Content Recall: Comparison of Computer- and Print-Based Instruction
Authors: Yang Yong-Chil
Published: May 2005

This study examined the effects of computer-based instruction (CBI) versus print-based instruction (PBI) on motivation, continuing motivation and content recall. A total of fifty-two 11th graders were randomly assigned to either a CBI group or a PBI group. The CBI and the PBI groups studied Lincoln's Decisions on the computer screen and in print text, respectively. After motivation and continuing motivation in both groups were measured with the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey, the immediate and delayed recall was measured with sixteen multiple-choice items. As expected, the results indicated that the CBI group showed significantly higher motivation and higher scores in the immediate recall over those of the PBI group, but the results of delayed recall were not significant between the two groups, and continuing motivation was difficult to interpret. These findings are discussed in terms of the motivational function of computers.
Workplace Health Education: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Vojtecky Michael A. , Kar Snehendu B. , Cox Stafford G.
Published: May 2005

A national survey of individuals responsible for workplace health education was conducted by self-administered mailed questionnaire. The present analysis examines the responses to the questions on the types of health education activities undertaken and the prior training in health education of those responsible for this work. Results suggest that interest and activity in workplace health education is increasing but that there is a serious lack of training in health education on the parts of those responsible for this work.
The Golden Section has no Special Aesthetic Attractivity!
Authors: Boselie Frans
Published: May 2005

Through the centuries great claims have been made for the special aesthetic value of the Golden Section. Reviews of the experimental literature yield a mixed verdict, some studies supporting the Golden Section hypothesis, others disproving it. A series of experiments is described in which the aesthetic quality of the Golden Section was systematically compared with the aesthetic appeal of the ratio of 1.5. It was found that the Golden Section does not have a special aesthetic quality as compared to the ration 1.5, and that other characteristics of visual patterns are far more important from an aesthetic point of view.
Functionalism and after? Theory and Developments in Social Science Applied to the Health Field
Authors: Frankenberg Ronald
Published: May 2005

It is suggested that sociology could have a totalizing theoretical function in relation to medicine. Marx in his Capital put forward a theory of social integration in which incidentally illness is seen as arising out of social conditions and reflecting back on them. Sigerist, following this lead, sees the roles of physicians and the sick in an historical context, but his analysis is marred by an inversion of Marx's man-centered view. George Bernard Shaw's experience in local government led him to a critical understanding. Parsons and Freidson develop Sigerist's ideas but outside their historical context. It is argued that empirical work in the field, while useful, suffers from the inadequacy of attempts to apply sociologic theory to medicine. This arises out of the social position of sociologists, their elitist view of administration, and their illusory desire to influence doctors. The solution is seen in identification with patients and an honest acceptance of class conflict and contradiction. It is suggested that in this respect Mao Tse-tung might be seen as a successful medical sociologist. A parallel is drawn with problems of realism and naturalism in art.
Enhancing Treatment Compliance in the Home Management of Childhood Malaria: The Use of a Participatory Approach in Ensuring Intervention Appropriateness
Authors: Asa A. , Adegbenro Caleb A. , Dare F. O. , Adeniyi J. D. , Osowole O. S. , Oladepo O.
Published: May 2005

The study employs a participatory approach in ensuring intervention appropriateness and compliance with prescribed chloroquine regimen for children perceived to be suffering from malaria. The study showed that tailoring educational intervention to the special needs of mothers, health workers, and patent medicine sellers and involving them in the design of interventions are some of the best ways of achieving intervention effectiveness. It also revealed that treatments with tablets predispose to higher compliance rates than syrups. Public participation in the diagnosis of management problems and proffering of interventions has shifted the role of researchers from interventionists to a supportive role of these populations. This strategy can save cost and ensure the permanence of interventions beyond the lifespan of the research.
The Effect of Graphic Format on the Interpretation of Quantitative Data
Authors: Head J. Thomas , Moore David M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on recall of presenting numerical data in several different chart formats. The formats used in this study were bar, line, table, and line-table. The three types of quantitative recall that were tested were specific amounts, and static and dynamic comparisons. It was also of interest to determine whether cognitive style (FD/FI) interacted with the ability of the subjects to recall information in any particular chart format.
Productivity and Safety in Worker Cooperatives and Conventional Firms
Authors: Grunberg Leon , Everard Jerry , O'Toole Mary
Published: May 2005

This paper examines the relationship between productivity and workers' safety in firms characterized by very different types of relations in production. Arguments are developed to explain why worker cooperatives are expected to have higher productivity and lower accident rates than conventional capitalist firms. Workers who own and control their firms are expected to have a greater incentive to be efficient and a greater ability to safeguard their health than workers employed under hierarchical and alienating conditions. The hypotheses are tested by comparing carefully matched conventional and cooperative plywood companies. Preliminary results suggest that while cooperatives may be more productive they are not safer, indicating the limits of the isolated cooperative form in capitalist market economies.
Grief Responses of Spouses following the Death of a Child: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bohannon Judy Rollins
Published: May 2005

Thirty-three bereaved husbands and wives whose child had died completed the Grief Experience Inventory at three different times over a one-year period. A repeated-measures MANOVA found significant differences between grief levels of spouses' responses and/or differences over time in ten of the twelve variables studied: denial, despair, guilt, loss of control, rumination, depersonalization, somatization, death anxiety, vigor, and physical strength. A Pearson product-moment correlation indicated that spouses' negative feelings about their marriages were significantly correlated, in a positive direction, with higher levels of grief following the child's death. At the end of the year-long study, however, there were few significant relationships between levels of grief and negative feelings about their marriages for wives and none for husbands.
Workers' Participation and Control in Italy: The Case of Occupational Medicine
Authors: Assennato Giorgio , Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This article sets forth a historical and current analysis of (a) the occupational health services in Italy; and (b) the political, economic, and social forces that determined them. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the events leading to the establishment in 1969 of forms of direct democracy at the workplace, i.e. workers' committees, and their consequences for the occupational health services. Also described and analyzed are the responsibilities and modus operandi of these committees in the creation and reproduction of scientific knowledge at the point of production. The relationship between the workers' committees, the “experts,” and the institutions of medicine, as well as that between the workers' committees, political parties, and the trade unions, is also discussed. An update on the impact that recent political developments have had on these workers' committees concludes the article.
An Analysis of the Use of Technology in Teaching Developmental Mathematics
Authors: Cochrane Camille , Eller Ben F. , Jones Beth H.
Published: May 2005

Many argue the use of computers as tools for students is the most important application of technology in education. However, many important issues must be considered when integrating technology into the classroom setting. This study found the use of calculators or the use of computers in conjunction with traditional teaching methods enhances student learning of Developmental Math. The study also supported the literature that suggests the use of technological tools do not threaten learning basic computation skills.
Social Networks and Mourning: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Rubin Nissan
Published: May 2005

This article suggests using social network theory to explain the varieties of mourning behavior in different societies. This context is used to compare the participation in funeral ceremonies of members of different social circles in modern-American society and in the Israeli kibbutz. The two cases demonstrate the validity of concepts deriving from social network analysis in the study of bereavement, mourning behavior, and funerary practice. The approach suggested might serve as a basis for a cross-cultural analysis of the range of participation in mourning rituals.
Historical Archaeology and Capitalism, Subscriptions and Separations: The Production of Individualism
Authors: Handsman Russell G.
Published: May 2005

It is argued that much of American archaeological research proceeds in the ignorance of a fundamental paradox which continues to befuddle the rest of anthropology. If historical archaeology reinvents itself as the processual interpretation of emerging capitalist society, then it becomes less difficult to differentiate the practical reason of the modern West from premodern cultural orders. Henry Glassie and James Deetz have begun to renovate the discipline through a structuralist theory of meaning yet they have mischaracterized the history of early modern America. Data associated with a variety of historical episodes and institutions demonstrate that one characteristic of modern ideology — individualism — did not begin to emerge until well after the American Revolution. This process of cultural separations was reflected in both texts and artifacts, was enacted in everyday life, and seemed to represent new social and economic orders. While the analysis is preliminary, it does reveal that historical archaeology can be transformed through an alliance with Neo-Marxist thought.
St. Augustine: First Urban Enclave in the United States
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: May 2005

Archaeological and documentary investigations into the early history of St. Augustine, Florida, as an urban enclave in the Spanish colonial mold, have focused upon the city itself and the processes operating in the development and maintenance of its unique cultural system. The interaction between the data gathered by intensive, systematic archaeological testing and the detailed documentary studies has resulted in a clearer understanding of just what both classes of data actually reflect in an urban context.
The Magnetic Susceptibility of Southwestern Obsidian: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Church Tim , Caraveo Carlos
Published: May 2005

The magnetic properties of volcanic glass and obsidian have long been known. Selected magnetic properties have proven useful discriminators among eastern Mediterranean obsidian sources. A recent exploratory study of the magnetic susceptibility of Southwestern obsidians indicates that it may prove a useful tool in this region also. Magnetic measurements of samples from many of the major obsidian sources in the Southwest were analyzed in an exploratory study of the technique and the resulting data are presented here. The technique and its limitations are also discussed.
Individualized Instructional Systems Used by Xerox
Authors: Burgwardt Frederick C.
Published: May 2005

The use of individualized instruction has been emerging as a training and development technique at Xerox over the past two years. We have accepted the challenge to: 1) identify appropriate instructional techniques; and 2) reduce costs by devising a delivery system by which programs prepared under a “single point” design/development concept can be distributed to users at various geographical locations.

Individualized instruction offers unique benefits. Well received by Xerox employees, it is a viable approach to continuing education in an industrial environment. It is now used to train personnel in a broad range of job families including secretaries-clerks, technicians, and engineers and scientists.
Clinton's Health Plan: Prudential's Choice
Authors: Woolhandler Steffie , Himmelstein David U.
Published: May 2005

President Clinton has proposed a managed competition model for health care reform. This strategy would accelerate the corporatization of U.S. health care resulting in more bureaucracy, less patient choice, and a health system owned by a few insurance giants. There is no evidence that competition or other central features of Clinton's plan can lower costs or improve quality. Because cost containment is doubtful, the promised expansion of coverage is unlikely to be implemented.
Comparative Nutrition and Health Services for Victims of Drought and Hostilities in the Ogaden: Somalia and Ethiopia, 1980–1981
Authors: Henderson Peggy L. , Biellik Robin J.
Published: May 2005

The civil chaos created by a combination of drought and hostilities in the Ogaden region of southern Ethiopia during the past five years has caused the majority of the indigenous, principally nomadic population to flee the area and seek refuge either in Somali refugee camps or in Ethiopian shelters for displaced persons. This paper compares the provision of basic food rations, selective feeding programs, primary health care, and preventive health measures between the two groups.

During 1980–1981 Somalia received more international assistance per capita than Ethiopia. Large numbers of Western personnel provided health and nutrition services in Somali refugee camps, whereas no foreigners were involved in Ethiopian shelters. These disparities were largely due to inadequate publicity concerning the problems Ethiopia faces, partly resulting from real and perceived political limitations related to the Soviet presence in that country. Refugee needs in Somalia have been publicized far more adequately, partly due to that country's alignment with the West. The Ethiopians nevertheless demonstrated greater efficiency in assisting their disaster victims; camp services comparable to those in Somalia were available despite greater logistic difficulties and fewer donated resources. The effectiveness of relief operations in Somalia was reduced by political constraints on governmental agencies.
A Message to the Labor Movement: Stop and Think!
Authors: Sass Robert
Published: May 2005

Trade unions and workers in North America have been objectified and instrumentalized by all political regimes, including the social-democratic New Democratic Party in Canada. And it is means-end non-thinking that characterizes government policies. Liberal elites and policy-making have marginalized ordinary workers making them “superfluous” without any vision of an “ethical community” and demonstrating contempt for democratic initiatives. There are oppositionary voices to the dominant social structures that oppress and undermine community and solidarity. However, trade unions and occupational health and safety “activists” have yet to reassess their strategies on workplace health and safety reforms, but are on the defensive in North America. Further, they are complicit with the dominant ideology and the occupational health and safety establishment, including the various and diverse professionals, who shape how we think about work environment matters; and they accommodate government regulators in mediating worker experiences and expectations with employer interests. The author suggests the beginning of a strategy that does not succumb to present-day liberal public policy-making and the atrophy of alternative options. In part, this strategy calls for a rudimentary phenomenology of moral judgment and a reconstruction of labor “tradition.”
CAI Systems in English
Authors: Yamamoto Yoneo , Vanin Orlando G.
Published: May 2005

This article provides an outline of a CAI system used to improve junior and senior high school students' grasp of English vocabulary through a game format. In order to implement it, we have developed an associative database and implemented it as a coroutine to the system. The article focuses mainly on the natural language interface and the coaching mechanism used in the system. Although English is the target language, Japanese was used to communicate with the student. The coaching mechanism is embedded in the interface and is an attempt to make tutoring strategies independent from the system. Basic structures and algorithms have been provided.
On the Political Economy of Risk: Farmworkers, Pesticides, and Dollars
Authors: Strigini Paolo
Published: May 2005

The rapid industrialization of world agriculture has been one of the most eventful social and economic transformations taking place in the second half of the 20th century. Today two agricultures coexist in most countries: capital-intensive agribusiness and labor-intensive subsistence farming. In the U.S., the former exploits largely nonwhite immigrant labor and the latter female unpaid labor, surviving as a “second job.”

The striking increase of production in industrial agriculture has been accompanied by uneven and irrational development and by a tragic upsurge of mechanical accidents and chemical hazards. Current pesticide use poses a threat to workers and their families, the general public, the environment, and future generations. Acute risks begin to be known largely through farmworkers' exposure, while chronic risks are often inferred from experimental studies but generally are disregarded.

Because of industry's historic neglect of health and environmental hazards, regulation has evolved under pressure from workers and citizens. Regulation is at present the best tool available to shape technological development according to society's needs and goals. Its basic requirements are information, reorientation of public resources, and democratic control. A major obstacle to its implementation is the inequitable social distribution of risks and benefits, within and among nations.
The Relationship between Reading and Writing
Authors: Rogers Raymond A.
Published: May 2005

Writing and speaking are basically different activities, and they must be separately developed. The first step in learning to write is learning to read. The natural way to improve one's writing is to cultivate the habit of reading for pleasure. Reading is the easiest, fastest, most convenient, most enjoyable, and most generally effective way to better writing.
Phenomenological Foundations for the Study of Suicide
Authors: Hoeller Keith
Published: May 2005

Is death the “enemy” to be avoided at all costs or is it to be faced, engendering liberation and rebirth? Contemporary suicidology concerns itself with the “causes” of suicide, placing great emphasis on prediction and control However, when the “meaning” of suicide is studied, understanding it as a human phenomenon becomes of major concern. Part of this understanding requires one to view “dread” as implying the possibility of making one's existence one's own, rather than something that must be prevented. In the study of suicide, revolutionary insights can emerge if less emphasis is placed on death as the “enemy” and more attention is placed on “dread” as a potential liberator.
Emotional Self-Repair and Poetry
Authors: Lester David , Terry Rina
Published: May 2005

Some scholars have argued that writing poetry was harmful for the psychological health of Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. Both writers seem to have suffered from affective disorders, but their poetry probably provided a cathartic benefit for them and helped them gain cognitive distance from their inner conflicts, since the writing of poetry requires a great deal of technical revision that may have an effect similar to cognitive therapy. It is argued, therefore, that writing may have helped both of these poets to survive longer than they might have had they not written.
Addressing Underlying Mechanisms to HIV/AIDS Preventive Behaviors in Ethiopia
Authors: Witte Kim , Girma Befekadu , Girgre Aklu
Published: May 2005

The gap between knowledge/attitudes and practices/behavior is well-documented, and frequently referred to as the KAP-Gap (i.e., Knowledge-Attitudes-Practices—Gap). Utilizing a national urban youth sample in Ethiopia, this study attempts to explain the KAP-Gap. Four key health communication variables outlined by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)—perceived susceptibility, severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy—were offered and tested as the underlying mechanisms to behavior change that bridge the gap between knowledge/attitudes and actual practices. The results revealed data consistent with the theory in that perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and response efficacy, were the only significant predictors of condom use among urban youth utilizing logistic regression techniques. Practical implications for HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns for Ethiopia's urban youth are offered.