bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Electronic Cigarettes among U.S. Military Service Members – Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Gill Abegail A. , Alford Brandi , Balmer Jennylynn , Lutz Eric A. , Glogower Frederic D. , Palm COL Keith
Published: July 2022

Background

Decreased physical fitness, loss of vision and hearing, and increased risk of chronic diseases are significant primary and secondary implications associated with the health of U.S. Military Service members who use tobacco, including electronic cigarettes. Despite the medical and non-medical costs to the U.S. Department of Defense and potential adverse health effects to Service members, electronic cigarette use is on the rise.

Methods

U.S. Military Service members who completed their Periodic Health Assessment, a standardized, electronic, logic-based tool, from July 2018 to July 2019 were eligible. This exploratory study examines the prevalence and significant risk factors associated with self-reported use of electronic cigarettes, as well as determines if tobacco use varies by sex and Service branch, through use of Chi-square analysis and logistic regression.

Results

U.S. Military Service members 17–70 years old were included in this study ( N = 1.12 M), with 80% of study participants being male and 20% female. Exposure to secondhand smoke (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 2.15–2.22) and screening positive for hazardous drinking (OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 2.64–2.76) were found to show the greatest increase in odds of using electronic cigarettes, with similar findings after stratification by sex and Service branch. Stratification by Service branch revealed further differences in the association between electronic cigarette use and various demographic, military, lifestyle, and health characteristics.

Conclusion

Electronic cigarette use is increasing across the United States. U.S. Service members have unique risk factors and patterns of tobacco use. Despite tobacco use having potential adverse effects on military readiness, its use remains prevalent in this population. Our findings identify opportunities for the U.S. Department of Defense to review tobacco policy and availability and accessibility of cessation services to promote quitting tobacco, especially electronic cigarettes.
Effects of multicomponent training and detraining on the fitness of older adults with or at risk of frailty: results of a 10‐month quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Fernández‐García Ángel Iván , Gómez‐Cabello Alba , Gómez‐Bruton Alejandro , Moradell Ana , Navarrete‐Villanueva David , Pérez‐Gómez Jorge , González‐Gross Marcela , Ara Ignacio , Casajús José A. , Vicente‐Rodríguez Germán
Published: July 2022

The aims of this study were (1) to analyse the effects of a 6‐month multicomponent training (MCT) on the physical fitness of older adults with or at risk of frailty; (2) to study the consequences of a 4‐month detraining period; (3) to analyse the influence of frailty status on the training and detraining adaptations. A total of 102 robust, frail and prefrail older adults (80.1 ± 6.1 y) were divided into an intervention (TRAIN) and control group (CON). The TRAIN performed a 6‐month MCT, while the CON continued with their usual lifestyle. Fitness assessment was mainly based on the Senior Fitness Test. Four evaluations were carried out; at baseline, and at 3, 6 and 10 months from baseline. Linear mixed models were performed to analyse group by time interactions and to compare differences in changes within groups between different time points. After 6‐month MCT, TRAIN showed greater improvements for all fitness variables (group effects p < 0.05, except for flexibility) when compared to the CON. During the 4‐month detraining period, TRAIN significantly decreased their balance, upper‐limb flexibility and upper and lower‐limb strength (all p < 0.05). CON only decreased upper‐limb flexibility. When accounting for frailty status in the TRAIN, the frail‐prefrail showed lower adaptations to the training and were more affected by detraining than the robust. The presented MCT is a good strategy to improve fitness in this population, but its positive effects are limited in time. It is, therefore, critical to avoid detraining periods.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03831841.
Identifying priority areas for conservation in the lower Yellow River basin from an ecological network perspective
Authors: Kang Jieming , Li Chunlin , Li Meirui , Zhang Teng , Zhang Baolei
Published: July 2022

Taking the lower Yellow River basin as the study area, this study aims to construct ecological networks to mitigate the negative impacts of rapid urbanization on the ecosystem. Ecological sources were identified based on morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA), habitat quality and landscape connectivity. The ecological resistance surface was constructed and corrected by integrating natural and anthropogenic factors. The spatial range of ecological corridors and some of their key nodes were identified based on circuit theory. The ecological network (EN) was finally optimized using a similarity search and cost connectivity modules. The results show that the optimized ecological network structure is more stable than before. The EN includes 23 ecological sources with a total area of 5464.8 km
2
and 30 ecological corridor clusters with a total area of 2205.92 km
2
. Through the internal landscape heterogeneity of the corridor, 28 ecological node areas and 75 barrier areas were identified as key protection and restoration areas, with a total area of 78.44 km
2
and 372.79 km
2
, respectively. Through the construction and optimization of EN, this study identifies key areas for promoting ecological sustainability and provides a useful framework for coordinating regional ecological conservation and economic development.
Pressure Evolution of the Magnetism and Fermi Surface of YbPtBi Probed by a Tunnel Diode Oscillator Based Method
Authors: Huang Y. E. , Wu F. , Wang A. , Chen Y. , Jiao L. , Smidman M. , Yuan H. Q.
Published: July 2022

A central research topic in condensed matter physics is the understanding of the evolution of various phases and phase transitions under different tuning parameters such as temperature, magnetic field and pressure. To explore the pressure-induced evolution of the magnetism and Fermi surface of the heavy fermion antiferromagnet YbPtBi, we performed tunnel diode oscillator based measurements under pressure at low temperatures in high magnetic fields. Our results reveal that the magnetic order strengthens and the Fermi surface shrinks as the pressure increases, which are consistent with typical observations for Yb-based heavy fermion compounds. In addition, an anomalous change in the quantum oscillation amplitudes is observed above 1.5 GPa, and determining the origin requires further study.
The quadrupole moment of compact binaries to the fourth post-Newtonian order: from source to canonical moment
Authors: Blanchet Luc , Faye Guillaume , Larrouturou François
Published: July 2022

As a crucial step towards the completion of the fourth post-Newtonian (4PN) gravitational-wave generation from compact binary systems, we obtain the expressions of the so-called ‘canonical’ multipole moments of the source in terms of the ‘source’ and ‘gauge’ moments. The canonical moments describe the propagation of gravitational waves outside the source’s near zone, while the source and gauge moments encode explicit information about the matter source. Those two descriptions, in terms of two sets of canonical moments or in terms of six sets of source and gauge moments, are isometric. We thus construct the non-linear diffeomorphism between them up to the third post-Minkowskian order, and we exhibit the concrete expression of the canonical mass-type quadrupole moment at the 4PN order. This computation is one of the last missing pieces for the determination of the gravitational-wave phasing of compact binary systems at 4PN order.
Temperature reconstruction of an axisymmetric enclosed reactive flow using simultaneous background oriented schlieren and infrared thermography
Authors: Wahls Benjamin H , Ekkad Srinath V
Published: July 2022

The temperature distribution of a premixed methane air flame running at a Reynolds number of 1300 on a circular burner, 12.7

mm

diameter, enclosed in a fused silica cylindrical liner has been experimentally reconstructed using a non-invasive approach combining background oriented schlieren (BOS) and infrared (IR) thermography. BOS is used to characterize both the air ambient to the system, using an existing technique called 3D ray tracing, and the reactive flow inside the enclosure, with a novel modified version of 3D ray tracing. IR thermography is used to characterize the thermal/optical characteristics of the quartz glass enclosure itself, since the information is required as BOS is a line of sight imaging technique. Out of necessity, an approximated species independent relationship is used to calculate flow temperature from refractive index. A simulation is used to show this error is in the range of 5.8%–7%. Additionally, it is found that drastically simplifying the approach by removing the IR thermography system entirely and using the near outer wall air temperature from BOS/3D ray tracing to characterize the internal temperature of the quartz liner itself only causes a 1.5%–3.8% degradation in the accuracy of the reconstructed temperature field. The technique as presented is a relatively inexpensive, experimentally simple approach capable of determining the steady state temperature characteristics of optically accessible axisymmetric reactive flows.
Nanoscale visualization of metallic electrodeposition in a well-controlled chemical environment
Authors: Cheng Ningyan , Sun Hongyu , Beker Anne France , van Omme J Tijn , Svensson Emil , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Lee Hye Ryoung , Ge Binghui , Basak Shibabrata , Eichel Rüdiger A , Pivak Yevheniy , Xu Qiang , Hugo Pérez Garza H , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2022

Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides a useful means to study a wide range of dynamics in solution with near-atomic spatial resolution and sub-microsecond temporal resolution. However, it is still a challenge to control the chemical environment (such as the flow of liquid, flow rate, and the liquid composition) in a liquid cell, and evaluate its effect on the various dynamic phenomena. In this work, we have systematically demonstrated the flow performance of an in situ liquid TEM system, which is based on ‘on-chip flow’ driven by external pressure pumps. We studied the effects of different chemical environments in the liquid cell as well as the electrochemical potential on the deposition and dissolution behavior of Cu crystals. The results show that uniform Cu deposition can be obtained at a higher liquid flow rate (1.38 μl min−1), while at a lower liquid flow rate (0.1 μl min−1), the growth of Cu dendrites was observed. Dendrite formation could be further promoted by in situ addition of foreign ions, such as phosphates. The generality of this technique was confirmed by studying Zn electrodeposition. Our direct observations not only provide new insights into understanding the nucleation and growth but also give guidelines for the design and synthesis of desired nanostructures for specific applications. Finally, the capability of controlling the chemical environment adds another dimension to the existing liquid phase TEM technique, extending the possibilities to study a wide range of dynamic phenomena in liquid media.
Enabling non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy by integration of dynamic table translations
Authors: Guyer G , Mueller S , Koechli C , Frei D , Volken W , Bertholet J , Mackeprang P-H , Loebner H A , Aebersold D M , Manser P , Fix M K
Published: July 2022

Objective. The purpose of this study is to develop a treatment planning process (TPP) for non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy (DTRT) using dynamic gantry rotation, collimator rotation, table rotation, longitudinal, vertical and lateral table translations and intensity modulation and to validate the dosimetric accuracy. Approach. The TPP consists of two steps. First, a path describing the dynamic gantry rotation, collimator rotation and dynamic table rotation and translations is determined. Second, an optimization of the intensity modulation along the path is performed. We demonstrate the TPP for three use cases. First, a non-isocentric DTRT plan for a brain case is compared to an isocentric DTRT plan in terms of dosimetric plan quality and delivery time. Second, a non-isocentric DTRT plan for a craniospinal irradiation (CSI) case is compared to a multi-isocentric intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan. Third, a non-isocentric DTRT plan for a bilateral breast case is compared to a multi-isocentric volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan. The non-isocentric DTRT plans are delivered on a TrueBeam in developer mode and their dosimetric accuracy is validated using radiochromic films. Main results. The non-isocentric DTRT plan for the brain case is similar in dosimetric plan quality and delivery time to the isocentric DTRT plan but is expected to reduce the risk of collisions. The DTRT plan for the CSI case shows similar dosimetric plan quality while reducing the delivery time by 45% in comparison with the IMRT plan. The DTRT plan for the breast case showed better treatment plan quality in comparison with the VMAT plan. The gamma passing rates between the measured and calculated dose distributions are higher than 95% for all three plans. Significance. The versatile benefits of non-isocentric DTRT are demonstrated with three use cases, namely reduction of collision risk, reduced setup and delivery time and improved dosimetric plan quality.
Tunable domino effect of thermomagnetic instabilities in superconducting films with multiply-connected topological structures
Authors: Jiang Lu , Xue Cun , Marinković Stefan , Fourneau E , Xu Tie-Quan , Cai Xin-Wei , Nguyen N D , Silhanek A V , Zhou You-He
Published: July 2022

Topology is a crucial ingredient for understanding the physical properties of superconductors. Magnetic field crowds to adopt the form of topologically-protected quantum flux lines which can lose this property when moving at high velocities. These extreme conditions can be realized when superconductors undergo a thermomagnetic instability for which the sample topology come also into play. In this work, utilizing the magneto-optical imaging technique, we experimentally study magnetic flux avalanches in superconducting films with multiply-connected geometries, including single and double rings. We observe a domino effect in which avalanches triggered at the outer ring, stimulate avalanches at the inner ring thus impairing the expected magnetic shielding resulting from the outer ring and gap. We implement numerical simulations in order to gain more insight into the underlying physical mechanism and demonstrate that such event is not caused by the heat conduction, but mainly attributed to the local current distribution variation near the preceding flux avalanche in the outer ring, which in turn has a ripple effect on the local magnetic field profile in the gap. Furthermore, we find that the domino effect of thermomagnetic instabilities can be switched on/off by the environmental temperature and the gap width between the concentric rings. These findings provide new insights on the thermomagnetic instability in superconducting devices with complex topological structures, such as the superconductor–insulator–superconductor multilayer structures of superconducting radio-frequency cavities.
Conversion of the anomalous skin effect to the normal one in thin-film metallic microwave systems
Authors: Torkhov Nikolay A , Babak Leonid I , Budnyaev Vadim A , Kareva Katerina V , Novikov Vadim A
Published: July 2022

The main morphology parameters of microstrip Au/i-GaAs coplanar microwave transmission lines (CTL) with length l

W
influenced on its skin depth resistance R wide of δ and inductivity L are defined at frequencies f > 10 GHz. Due to the sizes of Au grains formed CTL d

x
< 130 nm, surface roughness h ≥ 400 nm and fractal character of its lateral distribution in CTL plane, the features in electron scattering processes arise and lead to the formation of significant size effects in local approximation. Necessary condition l

ball
< d

x
≪ δ for transition from anomalous skin effect to normal skin effect start up owing to limited grain size d

x
 ≪ δ. Moreover, in local approximation nonlinear dependence of R from l

W
is provided by fractal geometry of relief and grain lateral distribution. Nonlinear dependence of L from l

W
is provided by not only fractal features of CTL two-dimensional surface but fractal features of three-dimensional Au grain distribution over skin depth wide.
Quench dynamics of noninteracting fermions with a delta impurity
Authors: Gouraud Gabriel , Le Doussal Pierre , Schehr Grégory
Published: July 2022

We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of noninteracting fermions in one dimension and in continuum space, in the presence of a delta impurity potential at the origin whose strength g is varied at time t = 0. The system is prepared in its ground state with g = g
0 = +∞, with two different densities and Fermi wave-vectors k
L and k
R on the two half-spaces x > 0 and x < 0 respectively. It then evolves for t > 0 as an isolated system, with a finite impurity strength g. We compute exactly the time dependent density and current. For a fixed position x and in the large time limit t → ∞, the system reaches a non-equilibrium stationary state (NESS). We obtain analytically the correlation kernel, density, particle current, and energy current in the NESS, and characterize their relaxation, which is algebraic in time. In particular, in the NESS, we show that, away from the impurity, the particle density displays oscillations which are the non-equilibrium analog of the Friedel oscillations. In the regime of ‘rays’, x/t = ξ fixed with x, t → ∞, we compute the same quantities and observe the emergence of two light cones, associated to the Fermi velocities k
L and k
R in the initial state. Interestingly, we find non trivial quantum correlations between two opposite rays with velocities ξ and −ξ which we compute explicitly. We extend to a continuum setting and to a correlated initial state the analytical methods developed in a recent work of Ljubotina, Sotiriadis and Prosen, in the context of a discrete fermionic chain with an impurity. We also generalize our results to an initial state at finite temperature, recovering, via explicit calculations, some predictions of conformal field theory in the low energy limit.
A study of the influence of the method of pretreating Japanese kelp on its quality
Authors: Dementieva N V , Boytsova T M , Sakharova O V , Shemetova E V
Published: July 2022

One of the ways to create functional foods is to fortify them with dietary fiber. Dietary fiber includes a large group of compounds that must be an integral part of the daily diet of people. Raw materials of marine origin containing dietary fiber are brown algae. For example, Japanese kelp, along with important biologically active substances, contains soluble and insoluble dietary fibers. Soluble fibers include alginates, insoluble – cellulose (alguleza). A common disadvantage of different methods of processing the kelp is the loss of important functional nutrients: organic and mineral substances. The choice of the correct modes of primary processing the algae will contribute to obtaining a high quality semi-finished product and the production of a wide range of food products based on it. A method has been developed for the primary processing of the kelp, which contributes to the improvement of organoleptic characteristics and ensures the preservation of physiologically important components of algae. The organoleptic and chemical characteristics of kelp after primary processing have been studied.
Investigation of the biochemical characteristics of the secondary raw materials of caviar production for its subsequent industrial processing
Authors: Maksimova S N , Poleshchuk D V , Ponomarenko S Yu , Shadrina E V , Bashtovoy A N
Published: July 2022

The results of analytical and experimental studies on the biochemical characteristics of secondary raw materials of caviar production are presented. It is noted that the studied raw materials are formed during the production of caviar products from Pacific salmon (connective tissue, burst eggs). The prospects of using secondary raw materials for obtaining biologically valuable food products on the basis of their biochemical characteristics and resource sufficiency are assessed. The annual volume of salmon fishing and consumption of salted salmon caviar is presented, indicating the feasibility of collecting secondary raw materials and their subsequent industrial processing. The high value of the secondary raw materials under study has been proved due to their protein content, including collagen, as well as lipids and minerals. The fatty acid composition of raw material lipids is given, which confirms its biological value due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The mineral composition is presented, in which the biologically valuable minerals potassium and calcium prevail. On the basis of the biochemical characteristics of the studied raw materials the method of its processing by enzymatic biomodification for the production of new biologically valuable foodstuffs is predetermined.
Development of an enriched soft drink based on milk
Authors: Berketova L V , Gribova N A
Published: July 2022

A recipe and technology for producing an enriched non-alcoholic drink based on milk and plant components with increased nutritional value have been proposed. Banana puree, orange and grapefruit juices were selected as vegetable components. These components made it possible to simulate the texture of a "cocktail-type" drink, to give a sweet taste to the drink without easily digestible carbohydrates or their substitutes. They were good masking agents for suppressing the foreign taste and smell of the introduced biologically active substances. Vitamin PP, calcium gluconate, and omega-3 were added as enriched components in 30 to 50 % of their daily requirement. Sensory analysis was used to investigate the organoleptic characteristics of the drinks and to select a preference from the presented recipes. According to the research, the preferences were given to two recipes of drinks with different citrus components. The volume of 220 ml was chosen as the test unit of the drink. The first version of the drink included: milk (130 ml), banana puree (70 g), orange juice (20 ml). The second option was milk (150 ml), banana puree (60 g) and grapefruit juice (10 ml). These recipes of drinks had good sensory characteristics in appearance, consistency, smell and taste. The technology of obtaining the drink includes the preparation of raw materials, obtaining a milk-juice base, the introduction of micronutrients, banana puree with constant stirring, mixing until a homogeneous consistency is obtained and aseptic bottling in consumer containers.
The use of biotechnological approaches to the production of meat products based on the introduction of resource-saving technologies
Authors: Iskusnykh A Yu , Kurchaeva E E , Popova Ya A , Derkanosova A A , Egorova G N , Nshimirimana S
Published: July 2022

The current stage of food technology development is associated with ensuring a qualitatively new leap in the efficiency of using the planet's resources for food production. The article suggests ways to improve the quality, reduce the cost, expand the volume and assortment of food produced on the existing agricultural base while simultaneously developing traditional and non-traditional methods of food production. The aim of the work is to develop recommendations for expanding the range of enriched emulsified meat products using composites based on raw materials of vegetable and animal origin. The results obtained during the research positively assess the prospects for using a composite mixture based on ingredients of vegetable and animal origin as part of minced meat for sausage loaves. The developed functional composite mixture can be successfully used in the technology of minced products of a wide range, including enriched and preventive products for the general population, including children, the elderly, etc. The use of secondary resources of the meat processing industry with the use of biotechnological approaches in the production of food systems opens up wide opportunities for increasing the economic stability of production and saturation of the market with food products that meet the needs of the population and greening of the industry. The developed sausage products contain in their composition a sufficiently high amount of proteins with a relatively low fat content. The introduction of protein-carbon composites into the formulation made it possible to enrich products with proteins, dietary fibers, increase nutritional and biological value. Microbiological sausage products met the requirements for products of this group. The products do not exhibit toxic effects on the test object and as a result are harmless to humans.
Storage temperature effect on structural elements of ice cream
Authors: Sitnikova P B , Tvorogova A A
Published: July 2022

In the transportation and sale of ice cream, fluctuations in air temperature are possible with an excess of the recommended temperature minus 18 ° C. During subsequent storage, this leads to a change in the dispersion of structural elements (ice crystals and air bubbles) and the appearance of organoleptic defects. The article presents the results of studying the effect of temperature fluctuations on the dispersion of structural elements using the example of ice cream with the most effective stabilization system under conditions of realistically possible temperature fluctuations. The object of the study was ice cream with a mass fraction of fat 10%, dry fat-free milk residue 10%, sucrose 14%, and with a complex stabilizer-emulsifier containing 0.35% of an emulsifier with a high demulsifying effect (mono- and diglycerides with a high content of unsaturated fats) and a synergistic composition of hydrocolloids (0.15%) (locust bean gum and guar and carrageenan). It was found that a threefold change in the product temperature in the range of minus 18 ° C – minus 12 ° C – minus 18 ° C and subsequent storage for six months leads to an increase in the average size of ice crystals by 35%, and in the control sample only by 6%. In this case, for three months of storage, the angles with a larger base of the crystal increase by at least 10 ° C. During the same period, the average diameter of the air bubble increased by 61%. In the control sample, the air bubble increased by 26%. Frozen should not be stored until sale for a long time, for example, more than one month. This recommendation is to avoid a decrease in the fineness of structural elements ice cream subjected to a threefold increase in temperature from minus 18 ° C to minus 12 ° C with subsequent freezing to minus 18°C even when using an effective stabilizer.
Development of recipes and technologies for ready-to-cook cutlet mass based on minced tilapia
Authors: Dvoryaninova O P , Sokolov A V , Ryadnov S S , Solovyova E A , Syanov D A
Published: July 2022

China is one of the leaders in the supply of fish and seafood to Russia. An illustrative example is the supply of tilapia fish. Today the range of tilapia fish products supplied from China is limited in the Russian food market. It is represented mainly by such products as whole frozen fish and frozen fillets, which, in turn, opens up the prospects for the production of tilapia grown under the conditions of aquaculture in Russia. In this regard, the development of innovative technologies for fish products of wide consumer demand, including ready-to-cook cutlet mass made of tilapia minced meat, is relevant. The studies show that domestic tilapia meat has a number of advantages (protein content, essential amino acids and has a higher biological value (82%)) compared to imported tilapia meat (China). Therefore, it is more advisable to use tilapia meat of local origin in a variety of food products in order to regulate their functional properties, that is, to increase or change the properties of the protein to ensure the stability of the technological process and the quality of the products obtained, as well as to expand the methods of processing and the range of obtained products.
Enzymatic method for obtaining fatty acid concentrate from fish oil
Authors: Petrov B F , Volkova T P
Published: July 2022

Fish oil, depending on the quality, is used for various industries. High-quality oils are used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Changing the quality of fish oils are associated with the processes of hydrolysis and oxidation. Lower quality oils are used for fodder and technical purposes. One of the areas of fish oils technical use is the production of free fatty acids. Acids are obtained by oil hydrolysis. The enzymatic method of hydrolysis is considered to be promising. The method does not require high energy costs. The enzyme should be immobilized. This ensures the reusability of the enzyme in the technological process. Fish oil acids are distinguished by a high degree of unsaturation of their fatty acid composition. Therefore, these compounds can be used to obtain surface-active, film-forming and antifriction technical products.
Using regression analysis to optimise conditions for water-soluble polysaccharide extraction from sunflower
Authors: Dyakova N A , Gaponov S P , Slivkin A I , Belenova A S , Karlov P M , Lavrov S V
Published: July 2022

Common sunflower roots, often a by-product of the agriculture industry, comprise important raw materials for food and pharmaceutical uses. The purpose of this study was to detect the optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from roots of common sunflowers. We varied the grinding of raw materials, the temperature of the extractant, the multiplicity and duration of extraction, the ratio of raw materials to extractant, and the ultrasonic frequency in the bath "Grad 40-35". The data obtained during the experiments made it possible to develop a linear multivariate regression model with sufficient accuracy for forecasting and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed using Pearson's χ2-criterion. For determination of the strength of the general relationship between the predicted and observed data values, the correlation coefficient was used. Findings reveal that the most important conditions for the extraction of annual sunflower roots to obtain the maximum yield were: extraction temperature equal to 80 °C; extraction multiplicity equal to 3; ultrasound frequency equal to 35 kHz; grinding of raw materials into particles measuring between 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, extraction time of 15 to 20 minutes and the ratio of raw materials to extractant ranging from 1 g per 10 ml to 1 g per 15 ml.
Method based on RIDA®COUNT test systems to evaluate microbial contamination in animal products
Authors: Dorozhkin V I , Denisova E A , Zakharova L L , Goryainova G M , Arsenyeva L V
Published: July 2022

The paper presents the results of a method based on RIDA®COUNT test systems for evaluating the microbial contamination in animal products. These test systems are used to demonstrate the possibility of evaluating bacterial contamination (total microbial contamination, the presence of fungi and yeast, E. Coli, S. Aureus, Salmonella bacteria) in artificially contaminated meat and fish products. The methods were developed and updated for evaluating microbial contamination and fungi based on the RIDA®COUNT test systems.
Study of chronic toxicity of a cereal bar
Authors: Gumerov T Yu , Abrosimov I A , Gabdukaeva L Z , Nurgalieva A R
Published: July 2022

The paper is devoted to the development of a cereal product formulation and the study of its safety indicators. The indicators of chronic toxicity of a food product prepared from traditional grain raw materials and non-traditional vegetable and berry ingredients were studied together with researchers of the Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety. The Cereal Bar is made according to TU 10.61.33-009-23333135-2020.
The method of sensory evaluation of cooked sausage using a reference profile
Authors: Kuznetsova T G , Lazarev A A , Derevitzkaya O K , Soldatova N E
Published: July 2022

The use of a food profile-descriptors method is promising for the sensory evaluation of specialized products with defined composition and standardized nutritional value. More than 100 enterprises in the Russian Federation produce the sausage for children’s nutrition (i.e. “For babies”) in accordance with GOST 31498-2012 requirements, whose sausage differs in sensory parameters from enterprise to enterprise. The aim of the work is to create a reference sensory profile of the cooked sausage for children’s nutrition. We used 5 samples of cooked sausages for children’s nutrition as an objects of research. These sausages were produced in accordance with GOST 31498-2018 in various regions of the Russian Federation. The samples were exposed to sensory (organoleptic) evaluation according to the method of scoring (GOST 9959-2015) and the profiling method. The descriptors dictionary was developed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 33609-2015. In order to assess the intensity of descriptors, a 10-point linear structured scale was used. Using the dictionary of descriptors, a reference sensory profile of the cooked sausage for children’s nutrition was developed. The developed reference profile contains a set of key descriptive parameters and characteristics that represent the referenced sensory properties of the food product and their intensity. The profile included 21 descriptors, for each of which a range of permissible deviations in intensity was defined. These measures enable to objectify the results of sausages evaluation and, comparing their sensory parameters, to improve the sensory properties of the food.
Qualimetric vermouth authenticity model
Authors: Kiselev V M , Kiseleva T F , Nikolaeva M A , Petropavlovskaya A V , Plyushcheva L V
Published: July 2022

Modern methods of physical and chemical analysis make it possible to determine the composition of wine with great accuracy, define its belonging to the extended group of the category, as well as to quantify and qualitatively evaluate the foreign impurities contained in it. However, these methods cannot give a complete assessment of wine authenticity, which is based on the complex interaction of the aroma and its components. Therefore, it is impossible to assess the quality of wines, especially special flavored wines, without auxiliary models for organoleptic analysis. A “blind” organoleptic analysis without these models does not allow the taster reliably determining the type and category of wines, as well as their authenticity. This paper presents the method of determining a sample of tasted vermouth as a category of special flavored wines by comparing it with the initial parameters of taste, aroma and bouquet of the “authentic vermouth”. These parameters are presented in the form of two models: schematic five-stage qualimetric and multidimensional mathematical models. All parameters are based on the previously obtained results of the study of unique parameters of taste compositions of the varieties of vermouth samples purchased from retail chains. The veracity of the developed models was tested using the generally recognized triangular diagram of the Vedel’s triangle.
Development of an electrical ozonator for the treatment of agricultural products
Authors: Avdeeva V N , Starodubtseva G P , Bezgina Yu A , Zorina E B , Logacheva E A
Published: July 2022

This article presents an installation for producing ozone. Ozonators have found widespread use in agricultural production. The most efficient means of ozone production today are ozonators using electric discharge. They are simple in design and have high ozone yield in comparison with other methods. The ozonator is designed with the use of discrete elements, CMOS logic elements of medium integration, and operational amplifiers of medium accuracy. The design elements have galvanic connection to the 220/380 V network. The device consists of the following main functional elements: a master oscillator, a signal conditioning device, a display device, an amplifier, a high-voltage output stage and power supplies. This ozonator is intended for use in agricultural production, in particular for the treatment of crops. Experimental trials of the laboratory ozonator were carried out concerning treatment of winter wheat seeds with ozone to improve their sowing qualities. Particularly, winter wheat seeds were subjected to ozone treatment with ozone concentrations of 2.5, 35.0 and 55.0 mg/m3. At these concentrations, the dependence of germination energy of winter wheat seeds on the exposure and settling time from the moment of treatment to seed germination was determined. As a result of research, energy of germination increased by 17.0 % in comparison with the control, germinating capacity in the best variant changed from 77.0 % to 95.0 %.
Signature of lattice dynamics in twisted 2D homo/hetero-bilayers
Authors: Pan Yang , Li Shutong , Rahaman Mahfujur , Milekhin Ilya , Zahn Dietrich R T
Published: July 2022

Twisted 2D bilayer materials are created by artificial stacking of two monolayer crystal networks of 2D materials with a desired twisting angle θ. The material forms a moiré superlattice due to the periodicity of both top and bottom layer crystal structure. The optical properties are modified by lattice reconstruction and phonon renormalization, which makes optical spectroscopy an ideal characterization tool to study novel physics phenomena. Here, we report a Raman investigation on a full period of the twisted bilayer (tB) WSe2 moiré superlattice (i.e. 0

°

⩽
 
θ
 
⩽

60∘). We observe that the intensity ratio of two Raman peaks,

B

2
g

and

E

2
g

/

A

1
g

correlates with the evolution of the moiré period. The Raman intensity ratio as a function of twisting angle follows an exponential profile matching the moiré period with two local maxima at 0∘ and 60∘ and a minimum at 30∘. Using a series of temperature-dependent Raman and photoluminescence measurements as well as ab initio calculations, the intensity ratio

I

B

2
g

/

I

E

2
g

/

A

1
g

is explained as a signature of lattice dynamics in tB WSe2 moiré superlattices. By further exploring different material combinations of twisted hetero-bilayers, the results are extended for all kinds of Mo- and W-based transition metal dichalcogenides.
Highly modulated dual semimetal and semiconducting γ-GeSe with strain engineering
Authors: Huan Changmeng , Wang Pu , He Binghan , Cai Yongqing , Ke Qingqing
Published: July 2022

Layered hexagonal γ-GeSe, a new polymorph of germanium selenide (GeSe) synthesized recently, shows strikingly high electronic conductivity in its bulk form (even higher than graphite) while semiconducting in the case of monolayer (1L). In this work, by using first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that, different from its orthorhombic phases of GeSe, the γ-GeSe shows a small spatial anisotropic dependence and a strikingly thickness-dependent behavior with transition from semimetal (bulk, 0.04 eV) to semiconductor (1L, 0.99 eV), and this dual conducting characteristic realized simply with thickness control in γ-GeSe has not been found in other two-dimensional materials before. The lacking of d-orbital allows charge carrier with small effective mass (0.16 m
0 for electron and 0.23 m
0 for hole) which is comparable to phosphorene. Meanwhile, 1L γ-GeSe shows a superior flexibility with Young’s modulus of 86.59 N m−1, only one-quarter of that of graphene and three-quarters of that of MoS2, and Poisson’s ratio of 0.26, suggesting a highly flexible lattice. Interestingly, 1L γ-GeSe shows an in-plane isotropic elastic modulus inherent with hexagonal symmetry while an anisotropic in-plane effective mass owing to shifted valleys around the band edges. We demonstrate the feasibility of strain engineering in inducing indirect–direct and semiconductor–metal transitions resulting from competing bands at the band edges. Our work shows that the free 1L γ-GeSe shows a strong light absorption (∼106 cm−1) and an indirect bandgap with rich valleys at band edges, enabling high carrier concentration and a low rate of direct electron–hole recombination which would be promising for nanoelectronics and solar cell applications.
From Warkworth House to the 21st century care homes: progress marked by persistent challenges
Authors: Gordon Adam L , Spilsbury Karen , Achterberg Wilco P , Adams Rich , Jones Liz , Goodman Claire
Published: July 2022

Long-term care homes play an essential role within health and social care. Successful measures to support older people at home for longer have led to increased prevalence of disability, frailty and cognitive impairment in those who live in care homes over the last two decades. The need for care home places is projected to increase for the next two decades. Modern care homes provide care for people who are predominantly over 80, have multiple long-term conditions, take multiple medicines, are physically dependent and live with cognitive impairment. Residents do better when services recognise the contributions of staff and care home providers rather than treating residents as individual patients living in a communal setting. There is a strong case given residents’ frailty, multimorbidity and disability, that care should be structured around Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). Care should be designed to allow opportunities for multiprofessional teams to come together for CGA, particularly if healthcare professionals are based outside care homes. Good data about care homes and residents are central to efforts to deliver high quality care—in some countries, these data are collected but not collated. Collating such data is a priority. Care home staff are under-recognised and underpaid—parity of pay and opportunity with NHS staff is the bare minimum to ensure that the best are recruited and retained in the sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, residents and relatives have frequently been left out of decisions about policies that affect them, and better consultation is needed to deliver high quality care.
Ascertainment of Incident Cancer by US Population-Based Cancer Registries Versus Self-Reports and Death Certificates in a Nationwide Cohort Study, the US Radiologic Technologists Study
Authors: Liu Danping , Linet Martha S , Albert Paul S , Landgren Annelie M , Kitahara Cari M , Iwan Allison , Clerkin Castine , Kohler Betsy , Alexander Bruce H , Penberthy Lynne
Published: July 2022

Follow-up of US cohort members for incident cancer is time-consuming, is costly, and often results in underascertainment when the traditional methods of self-reporting and/or medical record validation are used. We conducted one of the first large-scale investigations to assess the feasibility, methods, and benefits of linking participants in the US Radiologic Technologists (USRT) Study (n = 146,022) with the majority of US state or regional cancer registries. Follow-up of this cohort has relied primarily on questionnaires (mailed approximately every 10 years) and linkage with the National Death Index. We compared the level of agreement and completeness of questionnaire/death-certificate–based information with that of registry-based (43 registries) incident cancer follow-up in the USRT cohort. Using registry-identified first primary cancers from 1999–2012 as the gold standard, the overall sensitivity was 46.5% for self-reports only and 63.0% for both self-reports and death certificates. Among the 37.0% false-negative reports, 27.8% were due to dropout, while 9.2% were due to misreporting. The USRT cancer reporting patterns differed by cancer type. Our study indicates that linkage to state cancer registries would greatly improve completeness and accuracy of cancer follow-up in comparison with questionnaire self-reporting. These findings support ongoing development of a national US virtual pooled registry with which to streamline cohort linkages.
Analyzing Longitudinally Collected Viral Load Measurements in Youth With Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection: Problems and Possible Remedies
Authors: Brummel Sean S , Van Dyke Russell B , Patel Kunjal , Purswani Murli , Seage George R , Yao Tzy-Jyun , Hazra Rohan , Karalius Brad , Williams Paige L ,   for the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study
Published: July 2022

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) is an important quantitative marker of disease progression and treatment response in people living with HIV infection, including children with perinatally acquired HIV. Measures of VL are often used to predict different outcomes of interest in this population, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. One popular approach to summarizing historical viral burden is the area under a time-VL curve (AUC). However, alternative historical VL summaries (HVS) may better answer the research question of interest. In this article, we discuss and contrast the AUC with alternative HVS, including the time-averaged AUC, duration of viremia, percentage of time with suppressed VL, peak VL, and age at peak VL. Using data on youth with perinatally acquired HIV infection from the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol, we show that HVS and their associations with full-scale intelligence quotient depend on when the VLs were measured. When VL measurements are incomplete, as can be the case in observational studies, analysis results may be subject to selection bias. To alleviate bias, we detail an imputation strategy, and we present a simulation study demonstrating that unbiased estimation of a historical VL summary is possible with a correctly specified imputation model.
Improvement in the binding specificity of anti-isomiroestrol antibodies by expression as fragments under oxidizing conditions inside the SHuffle T7E. colicytoplasm
Authors: Juengsanguanpornsuk Wipawee , Kitisripanya Tharita , Boonsnongcheep Panitch , Yusakul Gorawit , Srisongkram Tarapong , Sakamoto Seiichi , Putalun Waraporn
Published: July 2022

Sensitive and specific analysis of isomiroestrol (Iso) is required for the quality control of Pueraria candollei, a herb used to treat menopausal disorders. The anti-isomiroestrol monoclonal antibody (Iso-mAb) exhibits cross-reactivity with miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol, which impacts the analytical results. Here, the active and soluble forms of the single-chain variable fragment (Iso-scFv) and fragment antigen-binding (Iso-Fab) against Iso were expressed using Escherichia coli SHuffle® T7 to alter the binding specificity. The Iso-scFv format exhibited a higher binding activity than the Iso-Fab format. The reactivity of Iso-scFv towards Iso was comparable with that of the parental Iso-mAb. Remarkably, the binding specificity of the scFv structure was improved and cross-reactivity against analogs was reduced from 13.3-21.0% to ˂ 1%. The structure of recombinant antibodies affects the binding characteristics. Therefore, the immunoassays should improve specificity; these findings can be useful in agricultural processes and for quality monitoring of P. candollei-related materials.