bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entotympanics, Ontogeny and Primates
Authors: MacPhee R.D.E
Published: September 2008

Ontogenetic investigations confirm that independent entotympanics are absent in living primates. Although cartilage occurs in the petrosal tympanic processes of some primates, the assumption that a suppressed entotympanic is thereby indicated can be adequately refuted according to embryological canons of interpretation. Problems regarding the homologies of different entotympanics, largely ignored by paleontologists and system- atists, reduce or negate their taxonomic valency for all but closely related groups. Until such puzzles are resolved, the possible but doubtful existence of entotympanics in plesiadapoids and inferred pre-primate ancestors cannot buttress claims for alleged ties between primates and certain entotympanic-bearing eutherians (principally bats, colugos and tree shrews).
Quantitative Changes in the Fundamental Structural Pattern of the Diencephalon among Primates and Insectivores
Authors: Baron Georg
Published: September 2008

The volumes of the main components of the diencephalon from 10 basal insectivores, 12 prosimians, and 15 simians including man were compared. The comparison of the percentage composition within the diencephalon shows that the thalamus and the subthalamus increase whereas the epithalamus and the hypothalamus decrease in relative size among primates. The allometric analysis reveals that, in spite of a relative reduction, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus are also progressive structures. However, their allometric size increase, being especially accentuated in earlier phyletic phases, is small in comparison to that of the thalamus and the subthalamus. These latter two components are characterized by a continuous phylogenetic growth from the basal insectivores to the simians. The correlation analysis shows that the strongest correlations and, in many cases, that isometric size increase exist between structures which belong to the same functional system.

These findings indicate the existence of at least two major developmental gradients in the quantitative development of the diencephalon, a neencephalic and a limbic one.
Anatomy of the Bony Pelvis in Parapithecid Primates
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: September 2008

Four partial innominate bones, attributed to the parapithecid primates Parapithecus grangeri and Apidium phiomense, have recently been recovered from Oligocène deposits in the Fayum of Egypt. These fossils provide the first documentation of pelvic morphology for early anthropoids. In pelvic anatomy, parapithecids show definite similarities to higher primates rather than to prosimians, but cannot be clearly allied with any one extant group. Functionally, the fossils indicate quadrupedal or leaping habits rather than suspensory or bipedal behaviors.
An Analysis of Tooth and Body Size Relationships in Five Primate Taxa
Authors: Wood B.A.
Published: September 2008

The strength and the nature of the covariance between tooth and body size was investigated in Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Papio and Colobus. When sexes are combined in each taxon, the correlations are strong enough to compare the allometry coefficients of taxa, and the non-human taxa show a sufficiently strong linear relationship to compute ‘interspecific’ allometry coefficients. Allometry coefficients for each variable were not uniform among the taxa, and coefficients also differed from one variable to another. Computed ‘intra’ and ‘inter’ specific allometry coefficients from these data suggest that canine size will usually scale at a higher level than molar crown area, which is at most isometric, and not positively allometric with respect to body size. The consequence is that larger representatives of a taxon would be expected to combine relatively larger canines with a proportional, or relatively smaller, molar crown area. It is pointed out that these differences do not correspond to those found between ‘gracile’ and ‘robust’ australopithecines.
The Primates in Darfur, Republic of Sudan
Authors: Wilson R.T.
Published: September 2008

The paper describes the distribution, group size and relative abundance of Erythrocebus paras and Papio doguera in Darfur Province, Sudan. Less detailed information is given on Cercopithecus aethiops and Galago senegalensis. Detailed observations were carried out in the field and by low-level aerial survey during 1972-1978 and have been supplemented by references to the literature where appropriate.
Ecology of Sympatric Gibbons
Authors: Raemaeken Jeremy
Published: September 2008

Ecological compatibility of sympatric gibbons is achieved by a difference in diet resulting from the effect of differing body sizes on the efficiency of harvesting different foods. In addition, differences in feeding apparatus and body size between the large and small species maximise the rate at which each can eat its most eaten food type. Parallels exist between the species array of gibbons and that of the African apes in the relationship between body size and ecology.
Attention Structure in Monkeys
Authors: Torres de Assumpçâo C. , Deag J.M
Published: September 2008

The relationship between patterns of visual attention and agonistic rank was investigated for colonies of four primate species. No general relationship was found.
Morphometric Studies in the Taxonomy of the Orang-Utan (Pongo pygmaeus, L. 1760)
Authors: Jacobshagen Burkhard
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this study is to verify the subspecific level of the two recent refugial groups of Orang-utan on Borneo and Sumatra. A total of 47 skulls from both regions were studied by means of 32 craniometric characters. Univariate analysis showed highly significant differences only in males, whereas multivariate statistical analysis led to complete discrimination in both sexes. These results support the assumption that the geographically isolated Orang groups are subspecies.
Influence of Sociality following Isolation on Feeding Rhythms of Monkeys Entrained to Artificial Light Schedules
Authors: Braun Robert G
Published: September 2008

Socialization following a period of isolation disrupted the feeding rhythms of monkeys entrained to artificial light schedules. When isolation was reinstituted, the performances of the subjects, which had shifted during socialization, reverted to profiles similar to but not the same as they were in the initial isolation period. The strength of the social factor may have derived, in part, from the effects of the isolation which preceded the socialization phase.
Troop Male Membership Changes and Infant Killing in Langurs (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: Boggess Jane
Published: September 2008

Almost all studies of Presbytis entellus have resulted in observations of troop male membership changes. Reports from three studies indicate that in some cases troop male membership change occurs through rapid and complete adult male replacement with attendant infant mortality. Data from other investigations of P. entellus show or suggest a different pattern of troop male membership change with no infant mortality. The phenomena of infant killing and rapid male replacement are evaluated on the basis of review of data from ten P. entellus studies. While these and my own data indicate that male social instability (i.e. frequent changes in troop male membership) is species-typical for P. entellus, they do not support the hypothesis that infant killing represents part of an evolved male reproductive strategy.
Mangabey (Cercocebus albigena)
Authors: Freeland W.J
Published: September 2008

Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 × 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey. food tree density than is found at Kanyawara.

The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of goups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.
Description and Analysis of the Arch Display in the Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia
Authors: Rathbun Carolyn Dorsey
Published: September 2008

Three different arch displays are described in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) at the National Zoological Park. Analysis of social behaviours including huddling, sexual activity, territorial encounters and arch displays suggests that arch displaying is motivated by conflicting tendencies of a nonaggressive nature and may function as a regulator of social contact, thus maintaining homeostasis within and between a social group.
Circadian Locomotor Rhythms of the Night Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) under Constant Light Conditions
Authors: Tokura H. , Hirai N.
Published: September 2008

Three quantities, circadian period, amount of activity, and ratio of activity time to rest time of circadian locomotor rhythms in the night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), were measured under the influence of two constant light intensities. When light intensity was increased from < 0.1 to 100 lx, the circadian period increased, showing that Aschoff’s rule can be valid for this dark active primate species. The ratio of activity time to rest time was shorter under 100 lx than under < 0.1 lx of continuous light, but a consistent change in the amount of activity did not occur between both light intensities.
Polyspecific Associations of Cercocebus albigena: Geographic Variation and Ecological Correlates
Authors: Waser Peter M
Published: September 2008

The characteristics of mixed-species groups and interspecific interactions involving the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena, are described. Polyspecific associations are common and behaviorally complex. In Uganda, ecological data suggest that associations with some species are related to foraging, although evidence that these associations benefit the individuals involved remains equivocal. West African data indicate considerable geographic variability in polyspecific association tendencies.
Chimpanzee R-C-E-F Blood Group System: a Counterpart of the Human Rh-Hr Blood Groups
Authors: Socha W. W. , Moor-Jankowski J.
Published: September 2008

A chimpanzee blood group system is defined by a set of isoimmune antisera, anti-Rc, anti-Cc, anti-Ec, anti-Fc, anti-cc and anti-c, that distinguish 19 blood types. Population analysis of 285 unrelated animals and the study of 21 chimpanzee families support the postulated model of inheritance by 9 allelic genes. There is a close relationship between the R-C-E-F blood group system and human Rh-Hr blood groups as indicated by overall structural resemblance of both systems and by serological similarity of their principal antigens, Rc and Rho. There are indications that R-like structures are also present on the red cells of other anthropoid apes, and possibly on those of the Old World monkeys.
Failure to Find Self-Recognition in Mother-Infant and Infant-Infant Rhesus Monkey Pairs
Authors: Gallup G.G. , Wallnau L.B. , Suarez S.D.
Published: September 2008

To date, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to make the identity of the reflection more explicit we report two experiments in which rhesus monkeys were given paired access to a common mirror over an extended period. While developmental differences in mirror behavior were obtained, signs of self-recognition failed to emerge. The results were discussed in terms of the absence in monkeys of an essential cognitive category for processing mirrored information about the self.
Observations on the Inter-Troop Movement of Adult Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Henzi S.P. , Lucas J. W.
Published: September 2008

Vervet troops are not closed units and migration − both into and out of the troop − occurs regularly. Available data suggest that it is a male phenomenon related to the accessibility of adult females. The process and its implications are discussed.
Habitat Quality and Populations of Two Sympatric Gibbons (Hylobatidae) on a Mountain in Malaya
Authors: Caldecott Julian O.
Published: September 2008

Sympatric gibbon species Hylobates lar and H. syndactylus were censused on a mountain in Malaya (West Malaysia). Habitat quality was assessed between 380- and 1,525-m altitudes. H. syndactylus was found to occur up to altitudes higher than does H. lar, and this is discussed with reference to the two species’ divergent foraging strategies indicated by previous research. It is suggested that gibbons are restricted in their altitudinal range by an increasingly unfavourable ratio of food consumed to energy expended in its location, caused by a reduced food-source density and more difficult terrain at higher elevations.
Clumping and Consistency in Primates’ Patterns of Range Use: Definitions, Sampling, Assessment and Applications
Authors: Rasmussen Dennis R.
Published: September 2008

A method for understanding how patterns of range use are related to either environmental or to social factors is first to assess quantitatively characteristics of the patterns with descriptive indices, and second, to use appropriate univariate or multivariate methods to determine the proportion of variation in the patterns associated with immediate ecological or social factors. This paper is focused on methods for quantitative assessment of two characteristics of patterns of range use: the degree to which occupational densities of areas within a range are clumped and the degree to which occupational densities within a range are consistent over time. The method of analysis of patterns of range use advocated in this paper is compared with other, previously used methods.
Intergroup Infant Kidnapping in Hanuman Langur
Authors: Mohnot S.M.
Published: September 2008

The Hanuman langur, Presbytis entellus (Primates, Cercopithecidae, Colobinae), is under investigation in its wild state around Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, since 1967. Jodhpur constitutes its extreme western range of distribution beyond which lies the Great Indian Desert. Infant transfer, infant killing [see Mohnot, 1971a, b], and intergroup infant kidnappings were frequently observed in this habitat. Details pertaining to intergroup infant kidnapping by allomothers of neighboring groups are presented here.
Time Budget of Tana River Red Colobus
Authors: Marsh C. W.
Published: September 2008

Data on the activity pattern of a group of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius rufomitratus) living along the Tana river, Kenya, were collected during monthly 5-day observation periods between October 1973 and December 1974. The two most important activities were feeding and resting which occupy about one-third and one-half of daytime, respectively. These proportions vary considerably, however, according to age-sex class, time of day and month of year. Compared to a group studied at a rain-forest site in Uganda, the Tana animals spend substantially less time feeding and more time resting. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
The Similarity of Chorionic Gonadotrophin and Its Subunits in Term Placentae from Man, Apes, Old and New World Monkeys and a Prosimian
Authors: Folia Primatologica Editors
Published: September 2008

Chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) was estimated, by bioassay and radioimmunoassay (RIA), in placental extracts from 11 ape and monkey species. There was a significant correlation between the results of the two assay systems (r = 0.903, p 0.001). The concentration of CG in most primate term placentae was the same as that in the human placenta at term. Extracts from all placentae cross-reacted with antiserum to ovine LH-β subunit, and those of the chimpanzee and gorilla also had a significant cross-reaction with an antiserum to the carboxyl terminal peptide of the HCG-β subunit. Primate placentae chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 had components active in the RIA systems for HCG, HCG-α HCG-β sub-units. In general, the elution profiles of all ape and monkey placental extracts resemble those made from human term placentae and of purified HCG and its subunits. The shape of the elution patterns from human and non-human material suggests that there was more than one molecular form of CG-α subunit activity. A second, more retarded molecular form having β subunit activity was found in extracts made from human, gorilla, gibbon and rhesus monkey placentae. The similarity between the structure of ape and monkey placental CG with HCG and its subunits implies a function similar to that of HCG in late pregnancy.
Family Formation Strategies of Kloss’s Gibbons
Authors: Tilson R. L.
Published: September 2008

This study describes how adults of Kloss’s gibbons (Hylobates klossii) inhabiting the central rain forest of Siberut Island, Indonesia, help their offspring achieve reproductive success. Adults of these monogamous apes exclude maturing offspring from the family and territory through intrasexual aggression. Adults may then assist the offspring to establish a territory contiguous to theirs. Aid may take the form of accompanying offspring into suitable areas not yet occupied or forcefully annexing part of an adjacent territory. Replacement of an adult by its offspring may also occur. A conclusion is that the probability of a young gibbon gaining a territory and mate is greater in the proximity of its parental group than in areas farther afield.
A Comparative Study of Culturally Transmitted Patterns of Feeding Habits in the Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus and the Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Cambefort J. P.
Published: September 2008

Japanese workers have studied social acquisition patterns of new feeding habits in Macaca fuscata which they have termed precultural. The present study investigates the same phenomenon in the chacma baboon and the vervet monkey in their natural habitat. The questions addressed are: (1) How a new feeding habit enters a troop and by which age and sex category, also how it is propagated? (2) When individuals are permitted with a choice between palatable and unpalatable food, can they learn by demonstration only or do they have to pass through a direct learning process? (3) Can the results from the above questions be explained by social parameters such as the social structure of the individual species? It was found that juvenile baboons discover new food and that after the discovery propagation is instantaneous. In vervets discovery is random among the age classes and propagation is slow and takes place through certain ‘pivot’ individuals. Both species fail to learn about palatability by demonstration but have to go through a direct learning process. This contrasts strongly with the forest baboon Mandrillus sphinx that have been shown to learn by demonstration. Socially, baboon juveniles stay closer to each other than the adults who force them to live at the periphery of the troop. Vervets again forage without precise sub-group formation. The link between social and cultural propagation and social structure is discussed on the basis of these findings.
Cytogenetic Study of Five Species of Cercopithecus
Authors: Dugoujon J. M. , Moro F. , Larrouy G.
Published: September 2008

The G- and C-banded karyotypes of five species of Cercopithecus are reported. The chromosome numbers are: for C. ascanius katangae 2 n = 66 (XX); for C. petaurista petaurista 2 n = 66 (XY); for C. mona mona 2 n = 68 (XX); for C. pogonias grayi 2 n = 12 (XY) and for C. hamlyni 2 n = 64 (XY). We always found three types of chromosome: metacentric, sub-metacentric and acrocentric. The ‘marker chromosomes’ typical of the Cercopithecidae are of the last type. The karyotype of C. pogonias grayi shows a characteristic pair of acrocentric autosomes which is again found in the hybrid karyotypes.
Home Range and Daily March in a Hamadryas Baboon Troop
Authors: Sigg Hans , Stolba Alexander
Published: September 2008

Band I at Cone Rock used a home range of 28 km2, which overlapped with the ranges of seven other Hamadryas bands. The utilization pattern of a home range area depended on the habitat type, the distance from the sleeping cliff, and the frequency of visits in that area. The ranging pattern provided evidence for the assumption of a mental map.
Infant Socialization and Maternal Influence in Chimpanzees
Authors: Horvat Janice R. , Kraemer Helena C.
Published: September 2008

The first 5 years of infant socialization was studied in two captive groups of chimpanzees. The infant’s frequency of social behaviors increased as it became older, the mother’s decreased, and that between mother and infant was relatively stable. The mother and infant socialized mostly with an age class similar to their own, with grooming and play being predominant, respectively. Their behaviors were more diverse when they socialized with a different age class. Initially, the mother and infant interacted more with females than males, but later more with males. The mother’s associations with juveniles and infants were high as her infant became more socially active with its peers. Most of the input to the mother-infant social relationship was by the mother.
Developing Pongid Dentition and Its Use for Ageing Individual Crania in Comparative Cross-Sectional Growth Studies
Authors: Dean M. C. , Wood B. A.
Published: September 2008

This study of the developing pongid dentition is based on cross-sectional radiographic data of juvenile Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus skulls. Comparisons with developmental features of the human dentition are made, and possible explanations for the formation of larger teeth within the reduced pongid growth period are discussed. The data presented in this study provide an alternative method for ageing individual pongid crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. The advantages of this method are demonstrated by ageing individual Gorilla crania from radiographs and plotting relative dental age against length of the jaw.
New Antigens on Primate Immunoglobulins Determined by Antiglobulins of Normal Human Sera
Authors: Dugoujon J. M. , Blanc M. , Ducos J.
Published: September 2008

By a serological inhibition test, a series of new antigens on non-human primate immunoglobulins is detected by human antiglobulins. Differences of reactivity between species are described.
Development of Deciduous and Permanent Dentition in Tarsiu s and Its Phylogenetic Significance
Authors: Patrick Luckett W. , Maier Wolfgang
Published: September 2008

The earliest stages of development and differentiation of deciduous and permanent teeth were studied in prenatal and perinatal tarsiers. Both deciduous and successional teeth develop at loci for I1, I2, C, P2–4. Relationships among the dental lamina, enamel organs, and successional lamina were used to determine tooth homologies. During the second half of prenatal life, dP2 and dl2 undergo abnormal development. Their dentin becomes fragmented, and these teeth are shed or resorbed without eruption during the perinatal period. Our study provides evidence of an intermediate phase in evolutionary tooth loss. These findings do not corroborate recent hypotheses of primate phylogeny based mainly on tooth eruption patterns.
Seasonal Changes in the Techniques Employed by Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, to Feed on Termites (Pseudacanthotermes spiniger)
Authors: Uehara Shigeo
Published: September 2008

During a short period, wild chimpanzees of group K in the Mahale Mountains employ a set of several techniques, including tool use, to feed on one species of termite (Pseudacanthotermes spiniger). They appear to use each technique appropriately according to phenological changes in the prey insect’s activities. The chimpanzees also ingest small pieces of soil from the tower of P. spiniger ’s mound throughout the year. Geophagy presumably makes them visually and tactually aware of the phenological changes of the termite’s reproductive cycle. Analyses of fecal samples from the chimpanzees indicate interannual fluctuations in the amount of termites ingested. On the other hand, the chimpanzees of group B, ranging to the north of group K, utilize a fishing technique to obtain another type of termite (Macrotermes ?herus) on a large scale during the first half of the wet season. Fecal analysis data show that chimpanzees of group B consume far more termites than those of group K. The probability that the same or similar tool-using techniques as fishing may be employed in feeding on different types of insects by chimpanzees of different unit groups according to subtle local differences in the insect fauna of their home ranges is discussed.
Notes on the Size and Composition of Groups of Proboscis Monkey, Nasalis larvatu s
Authors: Macdonald D. W.
Published: September 2008

Proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus, were observed from a boat in coastal mangrove swamps in Brunei. The size of foraging parties varied from 2 to 63 individuals and there was evidence that these parties were of ephemoral composition. Mean group size was 13.8 (mode 6-10). Overall, parties comprised males:females:juveniles in the ratio 1:2.6:1.8. It is suggested that variation in the size of foraging parties may be a consequence of the patchy distribution of food trees amongst a forest of inedible Nipa fructicans .
Selection and the Transferrin Polymorphism in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Small Meredith F.
Published: September 2008

Rates of survival, infant growth and fertility of rhesus monkeys with two, one and no C allele(s) at the transferrin locus are compared. Infants with no C allele experience slower growth rates than animals with either one or two C allele(s). While heterozygous females exhibit the highest infant growth rates among females, their fertility is lower and incidence of abortions and stillbirths is higher than for females with two or no C alleles. It is hypothesized that opposing directions of selection at different life-cycle stages maintain a stable equilibrium at the transferrin locus.
Scaling of Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight and Canine Size in Primates
Authors: Leutenegger Walter
Published: September 2008

Among primates sexual dimorphism in both body weight and canine size increases exponentially with increasing body size. This suggests that a full explanation of the variance in sexual dimorphism can only be attained if, in addition to sexual selection, parental investment, and various ecological factors, the influence of body size is taken into account. Positive allometry in both body weight dimorphism and canine size dimorphism is demonstrated to be associated with polygyny. In monogamous species the two dimorphisms not only remain constant throughout the size range but actually are minimal or lacking at any given body size.
Diet and Feeding Behaviour of Kloss Gibbons on Siberut Island, Indonesia
Authors: Whitten Anthony J.
Published: September 2008

Kloss gibbons are the same size and live in the same type of habitat as several other gibbon species, and consequently its diet would be expected to be similar to its closely related congeners. The diet is described in terms of the weight of food items, faecal remains, and time devoted to different foods. Aspects of feeding behaviour are then examined, such as changes in food choice through the day, the relationship between fruit size to feeding bouts and feeding rates, and the effect of forest type quality on ranging. A comparison is made between gibbon species. The diet of Kloss gibbons appears to differ from that of other gibbons in that it contained no tree leaves, and arthropods were a major part of the diet. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Females, Male Competition and Gray Langur Troop Structure
Authors: Curtin Richard A.
Published: September 2008

During the course of an ongoing investigation of the effects of mother-infant separation on development in gray langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus), a series of 4 mothers of approximately 6-month-old infants were removed from their social groups and placed in a captive all-male group for 2-week periods. The male group contained 3 sexually mature animals and 1 juvenile and was within the range of variation observed in the wild. One of the introduced females came into estrus while with the male group. Agonistic behavior among the males increased during her introduction, but was resolved through dominance. There was no fighting and little threat. Agonistic behavior did not increase during the introductions of the other 3 females. These results are discussed and it is proposed that dominance can allow the survival of multi-male troops among gray langurs where (1) low population densities allow the formation of hierarchies, and (2) existing hierarchies are not disrupted by the simultaneous presence of several estrous females. It is predicted that these conditions will best be met where troop sizes are moderate and mating is not sharply seasonal.
The First Weeks of Cohabitation of Newly-Formed Heterosexual Pairs of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Woodcock Alison J.
Published: September 2008

16 pairs of common marmosets were formed, six of which were observed for 7 weeks, and ten for 4 weeks. A variety of behaviours was recorded, including sexual mounting, male tongue-smacking, female slit-eyed tongue-flicking, scent marks, huddling, allogrooming and autogrooming. Behaviours associated with sexual encounters occurred initially at high levels but declined during the study period. The incidence of sexual mounting was closely related to that of male tongue-smacking and female slit-eyed tongue-flicking. Other social behaviours including scent-marking and allogrooming did not show a consistent pattern of occurrence with respect to time or sexual activity.
Potentials for Pheromones in Chimpanzee Vaginal Fatty Acids
Authors: Fox Greysolynne J.
Published: September 2008

52 vaginal lavages from 33 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of various age classes and reproductive states were examined for volatile fatty acid content by means of liquid gas chromatography. Features of the acid complex in chimpanzee vaginal secretions distinguish these apes from other anthropoids investigated and may constitute an odor signal that identifies chimpanzees. It was not possible to discriminate between the most and least fertile stages of the estrous cycle or among individuals on the basis of acid characteristics. If volatile fatty acids in chimpanzee vaginal secretions are components of a sexual pheromone or pheromones, it is more likely that they are immediate releasers of attraction than of sexual behavior.
Statistical Discrimination among Vocalizations of Individual Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus )
Authors: Smith Harriet J. , Newman John D. , Hoffman Howard J. , Fetterly Karen
Published: September 2008

Discriminant analysis was used to distinguish statistically between the chuck vocalizations of individual squirrel monkeys. A unique combination of values of six structural parameters characterized the chucks of each of 5 individuals, permitting reliable identification of sources of chuck vocalizations on the basis of chuck structure alone. Certain parameters were found to be nearly invariant within individual monkeys, while others were quite variable within and between individuals. We propose that this technique be used in retrospective classification of vocalizations by source, when observational identification of the sources of all vocalizations in a rapid sequence is not possible.
Chromosomal Evolution in ‘Lemurs’. VI. Chromosomal Banding Studies of Galago senegalensis, Galago alleni, Galago demidovii and Euoticus elegantulus
Authors: Dutrillaux B. , Couturier J. , Warter S. , Rumpler Y.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of four Galagidae (Galago senegalensis, G. demidovii, G. alleni and Euoticus elegantulus) are studied and compared with the aid of various banding techniques. Many common chromosome segments were found, and it was possible to reconstruct a hypothetical ancestral karyotype for the family. It was also possible to show the relation between the chromosomes of Galagidae with those of two Lorisidae. The general scheme of chromosomal evolution of the Lorisiforms can be proposed, resulting from a common populational evolution, followed by an accumulation of translocations, mostly of the Robertsonian type. Several pericentric inversions have also occurred in the trunk of the Lorisidae, emerging from this common population. Then, Galagidae have evolved, each species independently, by an accumulation of translocations, mostly Robertsonian, whereas Lorisidae have accumulated pericentric inversions prior diverging.
Immature Male and Adult Male Interactions in Bisexual Langur (Presbytis entellus ) Troops
Authors: Boggess Jane
Published: September 2008

One bisexual troop of langurs (Presbytis entellus ) was intensively investigated for 32 months at the Junbesi-Ringmo study site in Nepal. Observations occurred during three separate studies and span a period of 6 years. All members of the study troop could be individually recognized throughout the three studies. During this investigation data were collected on immature male (from birth to 5 years of age) social relations with adult males. Social relations between these two classes of males varied both in type and in frequency of behaviors displayed. During the first study, when the troop was predominantly multi-male, young males directed various tense behaviors toward adult males. Monthly rates of occurrence of such behaviors fluctuated and showed a positive correlation with rates of agonistic behaviors between adult males. In contrast, interactions between the adult and immature males were considerably more relaxed during the second and third studies when the troop had but 1 adult male. Based on the results of these studies, and data evaluated from other studies of P. entellus, it is hypothesized that the frequency and patterning of interactions between adult males affect adult male relations with young males.
Feeding and Ranging in the Agile Gibbon
Authors: Ginttins S.P.
Published: September 2008

A group of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) was studied for 2 years in the Malay Peninsula. The activity budgets and daily activity patterns of the group are described, together with their ranging behaviour. A list of the plant species eaten and estimates of dietary proportions are presented. Seasonal changes in diet and ranging behaviour are investigated.
A Comparison of Mother and Nonmother Behaviors during Birth Season in Two Species of Captive Macaques
Authors: Small Meredith F.
Published: September 2008

9 adult rhesus macaque females (Macaca mulatta ) and 7 adult bonnet macaque females (Macaca radiata ) were observed during the birth season to identify possible differences between mothers and nonmothers in time budgets and social interactions. Rhesus mothers spent less time moving, feeding, grooming others and aiding others than rhesus nonmothers did. Bonnet mothers spent less time resting and moving, but more time in huddling groups than bonnet nonmothers did. Mothers of both species were approached more than nonmothers, and fed more often near others. The presence of a dependent infant not only alters female time budgets, but also changes social interactions between adult females and other group members.
Polymorphisme électrophorétique des différentes sous-espèces de Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Lucotte G. , Gautreau C. , Galat G. , Galat-Luong A.
Published: September 2008

Variations were observed in prealbumin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, PGM-II and AK systems in various subspecies of Cercopithecus aethiops. The electrophoretic distance between three forms seems to indicate an intermediary status between populations and subspecies. The reasons for this moderate differentiation are discussed with regard to divergence of ethological characters, as recently studied.
Polyspecific Association between Saguinus fuscicollis, Saguinus labiatus, Callimico goeldii and Other Primates in North-Western Bolivia
Authors: Pook A.G. , Pook G.
Published: September 2008

During a 5-month field study on the primates of northern Bolivia, it was found that two callitrichid species, Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus labiatus, formed apparently stable mixed troops, sharing a common home range, and associating for approximately 50% of their day. The groups joined together each morning and sometimes stayed together for several hours, up until mid-afternoon. In some localities, a Callimico goeldii group was also present, and they shared the same home range and associated a great deal with the mixed Saguinus troop. The mechanisms by which these associations are established and maintained are discussed. Possible reasons for the high degree of polyspecific association are proposed. Other associations between the Saguinus species and larger primates are also described.
Heart Rate in the Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang )
Authors: Müller E.F.
Published: September 2008

Heart rates of 4 adult slow lorises were measured by telemetry under normal housing conditions and during exposure to various ambient temperatures. Oxygen pulse values were calculated and compared to those previously reported for thicktailed bushbabies.
Cytogenetic Study of Cercopithecus pogonias grayi × Cercopithecus ascanius katangae Hybrids
Authors: Dugoujon J.-M. , Moro F. , Larrouy G.
Published: September 2008

The G-banded karyotypes of a male and a female hybrid born of the cross between a Cercopithecus pogonias grayi (2 n = 72 XY) and a C. ascanius katangae (2 n = 66 XX) are reported. The constant chromosome number 2 n = 69 of both the male and female hybrids equals the arithmetic mean of the parental chromosome. A correlation between the hybrid karyotypes and those of their parents is proposed. The typical acro-centric autosomes of C. pogonias grayi are found again in the offspring.
Daily and Seasonal Patterns of Roaring and Spacing in Four Red Howler Alouatta seniculus Troops
Authors: Sekulic Ranka
Published: September 2008

Daytime and seasonal patterns of roaring and spacing are described for the red howler monkey, Alouatta seniculus. A seasonal difference in howling at midday during the dry season is correlated with high temperature and high insolation. Interacting troops come closer to each other and roar more during the dry season, when they often meet around fruiting figs, than during the wet season. It is suggested that during the dry season food is more patchily distributed, which results in more intense competition between the groups. Smaller or lower quality food patches may be available to A. seniculus than to A. palliata of Central America. The limited data support the hypothesis that howlers minimize the costs of travel by forming smaller troops when smaller or lower quality food patches are available.
Reproduction in Cheirogaleus medius
Authors: Foerg Renate
Published: September 2008

The reproductive behavior of 20 captive Cheirogaleus medius was studied over two breeding seasons in 1980 and 1981. Seasonality, estrous cycle, sexual behavior, sexual maturity, and postpartum estrus are described. Reproduction of the different species of the family Cheirogaleidae as well as that of the Galaginae and Lemuridae is compared.
Stress-effects in Microcebus murinus
Authors: Perret Martine
Published: September 2008

Histological investigations were made over a 10-year period on 164 lesser mouse lemurs that died spontaneously in captivity. The principal lesions found were chronic nephrosis with nephritis which affects 90% of the animals, myocardial necrosis, respiratory insufficiency induced by interstitial pneumonia, fatty changes in the liver, and splenic and gastric lesions. The following are associated with these pathologies: progressive hypothyroidism, stable hypercorticism, slight medulloadrenal hyperactivity, and sexual disorders such as testicular atrophy in males and estrous cycle disturbance or uterine tumor in females. All these data were treated by correspondence analysis; this showed that, except for some rare cases of death which can be attributed to massive parasitic infestation or generalized cancer, the whole captive population of lesser mouse lemurs is suffering from a syndrome that leads to renal insufficiency and death. Most of the observed pathologies are considered as being associated with aging in mammals. But captive Microcebus murinus died between 3 and 4 years of age, whereas their potential life survival is 13 years. Our hypothesis is that these pathologies arise due to an overload of cortico- and medulloadrenal secretions. The above-mentioned hormonal imbalance could be induced by stress factors occurring in captivity, the most important of which would be social stress.
A Preliminary Study on the Ecology of the Capped Langur
Authors: Anwarul Islam Md. , Husain K.Z.
Published: September 2008

There are little published data on the ecology of the capped langur (Presbytis pileatus), so a study of this species was undertaken at Madhupur National Park, Bangladesh, from December 1977 to July 1978. The langurs spend 32% of their 709-min day feeding, 49% in sitting and resting, and 19% moving, playing and grooming. Feeding occurs in the early morning and late afternoon, and there is a peak of resting in the middle of the day. Leaves form the major part of the diet (61 %), with flowers, fruits, and seeds next in importance (30%). On average, groups move about 450 m each day.
Skeletal Remains of Propliopithecus chirobates from the Egyptian Oligocene
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elywn L.
Published: September 2008

A distal humerus, a fragmentary ulna, a tibia and several partial calcanei from Oligocene sediments in the Fayum Province of Egypt are attributed to Propliopithecus chirobates. Comparison and analysis of this material indicates that this species was an arboreal quadruped. All of the skeletal elements are more similar to the same bones in the Miocene hominoid Pliopithecus vindobonensis than to any extant primate species. Like Pliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, Propliopithecus exhibits numerous primitive skeletal features and more closely resembles living ceboids than either extant hominoids or cercopithecoid monkeys.
A Phylogeny of Gibbons (Hylobates spp.) Based on Morphological and Behavioural Characters
Authors: Haimoff Elliott H. , Chivers David J. , Paul Gittins S. , Whitten Tony
Published: September 2008

A new estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among the nine gibbon taxa is presented, based on a compatibility analysis of 55 morphological and behavioural characters. The phylogeny presented here differs somewhat from those of other studies, but there appears to be a basic consensus that: the siamang and concolor gibbons represent the earliest forms to speciate; the agile, lar, moloch, Müller’s, and pileated gibbons represent the lates forms to speciate; with the Kloss and hoolock gibbons representing intermediate forms. Although the hypotheses regarding the evolutionary direction of these characters remain subjective due to the lack of gibbons in the fossil record, the method used is totally objective in its approach and is repeatable when further data become available.
Population Dynamics of Japanese Monkeys with Special Reference to the Effect of Artificial Feeding
Authors: Sugiyama Yukimaru , Ohsawa Hideyuki
Published: September 2008

Population dynamics of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata ) have been studied at Mt. Ryozen, central Japan, between 1969 and 1980. The troop had been artificially fed until August 1973 and, since then, has been living in its natural habitat without artificial feeding. Increase in body weight, primiparous age, age-specific natality, survivorship and mortality, population and biomass growth rate, and age of disappearance of young males were compared between the two study periods, with and without artificial feeding. Comparison of population parameters in each study period was also done between social classes, central and peripheral. As shown, in table VII, it was revealed that artificial feeding was an important factor in population growth and, furthermore, that this effect was mainly on the kin-groups of the central class of the troop. In the natural habitat without artificial feeding most of the population parameters showed almost the same figure for kin-groups of central and peripheral classes.
Scapula of Apidium phiomense : A Small Anthropoid from the Oligocene of Egypt
Authors: Anapol Fred
Published: September 2008

A scapular fragment from the Upper Fossil Wood Zone, Quarry I, Fayum Depression, Egypt, is assigned to the taxon Apidium phiomense. This animal may have approximated the size of Galago crassicaudatus or Nycticebus coucang, as predicted by regressing body weight on glenoid surface area and fossa length for an assortment of living primates. Morphometric values for spinoglenoid, axilloglenoid, and axillospinal angles indicate locomotor affinities of A. phiomense with colobine monkeys. Other nonmetric traits align the fossil with Saimiri sciureus, probably its closest behavioral analogue. A. phiomense is thus characterized as an arboreal quadruped with a locomotor repertoire that includes a considerable amount of leaping and the use of forelimbs for clinging and/or suspending during landing.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys
Authors: Oates John F. , Trocco Thomas F.
Published: September 2008

Field recordings of male loud calls (or roars) from each major form of black-and-white colobus monkey have been analyzed spectrographically, and features of tempo and pitch measured. Considered together with data on cranial dimensions, coat pattern, and geographical distribution, the results of this analysis suggest that there are five species of black-and-white colobus: Colobus angolensis, C. guereza, C. polykomos, C. satanas, and C. vellerosus. C. guereza and C. vellerosus may have differentiated most recently during a major arid event prior to the last Pleistocene glacial maximum; they have an identical low-pitched roar which we consider to be a shared, derived character. The other species, of which C. satanas has the most distinct roar, may belong to older lineages.
Inter-Troop Transfer of Lemur catta Males at Berenty, Madagascar
Authors: Jone Kathryn C.
Published: September 2008

Lemur catta male exchange occurred throughout the reserve at Berenty and affected change in the composition of most, if not all, of the twelve troops in the reserve. Males migrate into troops with which they are already familiar. Inter-troop encounters may serve to increase a male’s knowledge of a potential new home. Extensive overlap in home ranges may facilitate this process. An important result of migration in L. catta is the avoidance of inbreeding in a species whose females form stable groups over long periods of time and do not breed out of their troop.