bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Based on Abalone Mussel Shells (Halioitis asinina) Synthesized by Precipitation Method with Aging Time Variations
Authors: Permatasari H A , Yusuf Yusril
Published: June 2019

Carbonated Hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is a substituted-hydroxyapatite (HAp) with carbonate ions that are similar to natural inorganic bone constituents. The CHAp can be synthesized from natural material that has high calcium carbonate, such as abalone shells (Halioitis asinina), with a calcium carbonate content of 90-95% of the total abalone shell weight. In this study, the precipitation method has succeeded in synthesizing CHAp. The effect of aging time variations (0, 24, and 48 hours) during the synthesis process on CHAp characteristics was investigated. Characterization of the samples were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Based on XRD data analysis, the diffraction peaks at32.02° were observed in all variations of aging time, i.e., the characteristics of B-type CHAp phase, in which the increasing of aging time reduces its crystallinity. B-type CHAp was formed when carbonate ions substitute the phosphate ions in the structure of HAp, as confirmed by EDX analysis. This means that the increasing of aging time improves its Ca/P mole ratio (1.71-1.81), which is greater than the Ca/P mole ratio of stoichiometric HAp (1.67). This is due to an increase in the number of carbonate ions that replace the position of phosphate ions as aging time increases. This is also confirmed by FTIR analysis, which showed that the increasing of aging time cause stronger absorption of carbonate ion in 872.9 cm−1, characteristics to B-type CHAp. From data analysis, it can be concluded that 48 hours aging time was the optimum time to produce B-type CHAp which has similar characteristics to natural bone apatite with low crystallinity.
Impact of the Bi substitution on the structural and charge density distribution of Ca0.7La0.3-xBixMnO3 (x = 0, 0.1)
Authors: Raharjo B M , Rahman I N , Munazat D R , Razak D S , Faruq Umar , Nur A N , Kurniawan Budhy
Published: June 2019

The Bi substitution effect on the structure of La0.3-xBixCa0.7MnO3 (x = 0, 0.1) is observed through the X-ray powder diffraction pattern. The effect of Bi substitution does not significantly change the unit cell size itself. This is due to the size of the Bi3+ ionic radius which is relatively almost the same as the ionic radius of La3+. Through Rietveld refinement, it is confirmed that the samples have the orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. Changes of the charge density distribution between the atoms of bonds with the Bi substitution are investigated using maximum entropy method (MEM). MEM which is based on the refined structure factors extracted from the Rietveld method provide the information of charge ordering with respect to stronger regularity pattern of charge density distribution.
Impedance Measurement of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance using Phase Gain Detector and Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Authors: Sakti Setyawan P , Akbar Esa R N , Kamasi Daniel D , Naba Agus
Published: June 2019

Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor responds measurement can be done in three different methods. One method which gives a rich information is the impedance measurement of the QCM sensor using a phase gain measurement. In this configuration, the QCM sensor was placed in a configuration where the sensor was injected with a sinusoidal signal. Signal gain and phase difference between the signal before and after the QCM sensor was measured and compared. An integrated circuit which able to measure the gain and phase difference is available in a low cost and small footprint. In other hand, the high-performance digital oscilloscope is also available in the market with reasonably priced. In this experiment, we comparing the use of the AD8302, gain and phase detector circuit, and Picoscope 5244B. Picoscope 5244B is a high-performance Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO). The result showed that the AD8302 gave an easy and direct results of the gain and phase value. The output can directly processed using a microcontroller which allow for the development of a gain and phase detection system. In other hand, the DSO provided a true signal comparison between the input signal and output signal, but it required a complex processing.
Simple Method to Enhance O2/N2 Separation on P84 co-polyimide Hollow Fiber Membrane
Authors: Sari Pusfita , Gunawan Triyanda , Wan Salleh Wan Norharyati , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Widiastuti Nurul
Published: June 2019

In this study, a simple coating technique to enhance the selectivity performance of P84 co-polyimide hollow fiber polymer membrane was investigated. The hollow fiber membrane was coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to prevent gas flow through the defect surface. The prepared membranes were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and pure gas permeation measurement. The pure gas of O2 and N2 were used to determine the permeation properties of the hollow fiber membrane. The single gas measurement showed that the perm-selectivity of O2/N2 of the hollow fiber membrane increased up to 181% after the coating treatment. It is concluded that the simple coating technique has significant effect in enhancing the selectivity performance of the hollow fiber membrane.
Modeling of Parity Status of The Mother and Basic Immunization Giving to Infants with Semiparametric Bivariate Probit (Case Study: North Kalimantan Province in 2017)
Authors: Amelia Rahmi , Mashuri Muhammad , Vita Ratnasari M.Si
Published: June 2019

The bivariate probit regression model is a probit regression model consisting of two response variables with errors between the two variables correlate each other. The correlation between the two response variables can occur as a result of the presence of endogeneity, a condition in which a response variable becomes an exogenous variable in another response variable. Besides, the important issue that cannot be underestimated is undetectable nonlinear relationships between response variables and predictors, especially discrete or continuous predictor variables. The bivariate probit regression that does not ignore endogeneity cannot detect the nonlinear relationships between response variables and predictors, so one of the regression models that can overcome the problem is bivariate probit regression model with a semiparametric approach. The first step in semiparametric bivariate probit modeling is testing the hypothesis of exogeneity to determine whether there is a case of endogeneity or not. The exogenous test used in this study is the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) and Likelihood Ratio (LR) test. The data used in this study consisted of two binary categorical response variables, they are parity status of the mother and basic immunization giving to infants in North Kalimantan Province in 2017. The results of the exogenous test using the LM test and LR test stated that there was a significant correlation between response variables. The AIC value of the semiparametric bivariate probit model is 1301.602, while the bivariate probit model produces AIC of 1316.789, so it can be concluded that the semiparametric bivariate probit model provides better modeling results than the bivariate probit model.
Parameters Estimation of Enzymatic Reaction Model for Biodiesel Synthesis by Using Real Coded Genetic Algorithm with Some Crossover Operations
Authors: Anam Syaiful
Published: June 2019

Along with the increase in population and industry in many countries, the fuel oil demand also increases. Petroleum exploration on a large scale will accelerate the depletion of petroleum reserves. One alternative to meet fuel needs is the discovery of biodiesel which is renewable alternative energy. Synthesis biodiesel is carried out through an enzymatic reaction. In the enzymatic reaction model making biodiesel, there are parameters that must be estimated. The estimated parameters of the enzymatic reaction model will determine the success of the reaction. The parameter estimation of the enzymatic reaction model can be done using local optimization or global optimization algorithms, but the local optimization algorithm has a major disadvantage, the optimal value obtained is the local optimal value. Genetic algorithms are global optimization algorithms that are capable of working on high-dimensional problems. The success of genetic algorithms is determined by chromosome models, crossover operations, and mutation operations. The use of improper crossover operations often produces local optimum solutions. There are various types of crossover operation, each of which has weaknesses and advantages. This paper studies the parameters estimation of the enzymatic reaction model for biodiesel synthesis by using genetic algorithms with some crossover operation.
Two-State Poisson Hidden Markov Models for Analysis of Seismicity Activity Rates in West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Azizah Nur , Astutik Suci , Nurjannah
Published: June 2019

Awareness of seismicity activity rates could be learned from modeling the earthquake events by utilizing the record of seismicity events data in NTB over time which is associated with count time series data. Poisson Hidden Markov Model (PHMM) has been widely applied in various fields, including earthquake event. Therefore, it would be interesting to implement PHMM on earthquake case in NTB. The data can be analyze using PHMM as we can ignore the over-dispersion and dependency relationship among data. The model is the development of Markov Model that consists of (a) observed state, which can be observed directly and (b) hidden state, which cannot be observed directly because it is hidden. Hidden state in this research is defined as seismicity activity rates classified into a low rate and high rate (2 states). The count time series data of earthquake events will be more informative when it is classified into the seismicity activity levels. This research applied earthquake event data (magnitude ≤ M4.7 and depth < 60 km) from January 2009 until September 2018, collected from USGS (United States Geological Survey). The parameter estimation method used in this research is the Bayesian method. The objective of this research is to obtain parameters of 2 state Poisson Hidden Markov Model using the Bayesian approach. Model validation measured by MAE (Mean Absolute Error). Based on the result, the average earthquake cases caused by low seismicity activity rate in NTB over time is 1 event whilst the high rate is 18 events. The probability of low seismicity activity rate influenced by the previous rate and the long run behavior (steady state) in NTB is still larger than the high rate. The achieved two-state PHMM is suitable for modeling the earthquake case in NTB with MAE values of 0.4079.
Comparison of Curve Estimation of the Smoothing Spline Nonparametric Function Path Based on PLS and PWLS In Various Levels of Heteroscedasticity
Authors: Rinaldo Fernandes Adji Achmad , Hutahayan Benny , Solimun  , Arisoesilaningsih Endang , Yanti Indah , Astuti Ani Budi , Nurjannah  , Amaliana Luthfatul
Published: June 2019

Linearity assumption that has not been fulfilled in the path analysis should use nonparametric approach. This research uses smoothing spline nonparametric path analysis with generated data where the condition of heteroscedasticity level measured through MAPD statistic will be applied to the data. The conditions are MAPD 0.01 – 0.20; 0.21 – 0.40; 0.41 – 0.60; 0.61 – 0.80; and 0.81 – 1.00. The purpose of this research is to determine the comparison of curve estimation of spline smoothing nonparametric path function on every level of heteroscedasticity category (DM) and without considering the heteroscedasticity (TM). The research results found that relative efficiency value of DM (PWLS) estimator with TM (PLS) that is always more than 1 for every heteroscedasticity level and every observation size. Thus, it was obtained better DM estimator (PWLS approach) comparing to TM (PLS).
Dynamical Analysis on the Model of Tuberculosis Spread with Vaccination and Saturated Incident Rate
Authors: Indrayani S. W. , Kusumawinahyu W. M. , Trisilowati
Published: June 2019

This research concern with dynamical analysis of a SVLIT (Susceptible Vaccination Latent Infective Treatment) model. It represents the spread of tuberculosis with vaccination and saturated incident rate. The incident rate is considered because of the barriers effect due to changes in susceptible individuals behavior. This model has two equilibrium points, namely disease-free equilibrium point which always exists and an endemic equilibrium point that exists under some certain conditions. The local stability of the equilibrium points is investigated by using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The method of next generation matrix is applied to determine the basic reproduction number R
0. It can be shown numerically that disease-free equilibrium point is local asymptotically stable when R
0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium point exist and local asymptotically stable when R
0 > 1. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the theoretical results.
Probabilistic Inventory Model with Expiration Date and All-Units Discount
Authors: Limansyah Taufik , Lesmono Dharma
Published: June 2019

Inventory is a substantial factor for company to ensure the continuity of its production process. In the inventory management, products usually have expiration date that should be considered in the inventory model, especially in chemical or food industry. Another factor that has an influence to the inventory model is discount factor offered by the supplier. A retailer can accept this offer in order to reduce its total inventory cost. Although buying in a large quantity can decrease purchase cost per unit and set up cost, but it can increase holding cost and expiration cost which all directly has an impact in the total inventory cost. Inventory model with expiration date and all-units discount for probabilistic demand is the focus of this paper. From the mathematical model, an optimal order quantity that minimize the total cost of inventory can be obtained. In building the mathematical model, we assume that lead time is constant and the lead time demand follows Gamma distribution. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our model and algorithm to find the optimal solution. Sensitivity analysis for parameters used in the model is also performed in order to see the impact on the optimal order quantity and total inventory cost.
Modelling of Poverty Percentage of Non-Food Per Capita Expenditures in Indonesia Using Least Square Spline Estimator
Authors: Massaid A. , Hanif M. , Febrianti D. , Chamidah N.
Published: June 2019

The average per capita expenditure is the cost incurred for the consumption of all household members for a month divided by the number of household members. The higher expenditure per capita, the higher level of welfare of the population. In Indonesia, the number of non-food per capita expenditures increases every year and followed by a decrease in the number of poor people. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of changes in per capita non-food expenditure on the percentage of poor people in Indonesia. To investigate it, in this paper, we use nonparametric regression model based on least square spline estimator that could accommodate the data patterns changing at certain points. The results show that for every one-million-rupiah increase in per capita non-food expenditure, if the expenditure per capita is less than 0.47 million rupiah, the percentage of poverty will decrease 68.71%, and if per capita expenditure is more than 0.47, the percentage of poverty will decrease 5.96%.
Generalized Method of Moment Application in Simultaneous Dynamic Panel Data Equations for Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions, and Health Expenditures Modelling
Authors: Nafngiyana Ulin , Setiawan  , Rahayu Santi Puteri
Published: June 2019

Sustainable development is one of the goals of ASEAN as a UN cooperation partner. The high level of CO2 emissions as one indicator of the decline in environmental quality in several ASEAN member countries, requiring an appropriate policy in order to achieve sustainable development targets. Based on previous research, the relationship between CO2 emissions, income, and health expenditure is not only simultaneous but also dynamic (changes in a variable spread to the current period and future periods). The relationship between these variables can be described in a system of dynamic simultaneous equations. The ten ASEAN country panel data for eight years (2008-2015) will be used by applying a simultaneous dynamic data panel model. GMM-System Estimator and GMM Arellano-Bond are used to estimate the parameters of dynamic models. Based on the accuracy of the sign with economic theory as well as from the standard error estimator produced, estimates from the GMM-System Estimator are considered better. The resulting estimates indicate a significant simultaneous influence between health expenditure and per capita income and between health expenditure and CO2 emissions. Per capita income growth affects the growth of CO2 emissions indirectly through per capita health expenditure. In addition, the lag of each variable, namely per capita income, per capita health expenditure, and CO2 emission has a positive and significant effect that indicates a long-run multiplier effect.
Modelling of the Advanced Level National Examination Average Pass Rate in Zimbabwe using Bayesian Hierarchical Log-logistic and Normal Mixture Approach
Authors: Ngwarati Barbara , Iriawan Nur , Kuswanto Heri
Published: June 2019

The national examination as one of the standard evaluation systems of education in Zimbabwe is used for the educational developments that seek to improve the quality of education in the educational sectors. This research aims to find the best model and its factors affecting the average pass rate of the Advanced Level (A-Level) national examination in Zimbabwe. Modelling was conducted using a two-level hierarchical model with factors influencing the national examination at district in the first level and those influencing the national examination provincial level in the second level. The Bayesian approaches namely hierarchical log-logistic and normal mixture were used in the modelling. The estimation of these Bayesian approaches posterior parameters was done using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) value was used to select the best model. The hierarchical normal mixture was found to be the best model to explain the variability of the average pass rate percentage of the A–Level national examination and all the micro and macro variables in this study significantly influenced the A-Level national examination in Zimbabwe.
Parameter Interval Estimation of Semiparametric Spline Truncated Regression Model for Longitudinal Data
Authors: Prawanti Dasty Dewi , Nyoman Budiantara I , Purnomo Jerry D.T.
Published: June 2019

Regression analysis is one method in statistics that is used to determine the pattern of functional relationships between response variables with predictor variables. Semiparametric regression approach is a combination of parametric regression and nonparametric regression. The most popular estimator for nonparametric regression or semiparametric regression is spline truncated estimator. Spline is the estimation method that is most often used because it has excellent statistical interpretation and visual interpretation compared to other methods. Regression modelling using longitudinal data is often found in everyday life, where observations are carried out for each subject over a period of time. Interval estimation is often examined by nonparametric regression and semiparametric regression; this estimation aims to determine predictor variables that have a significant influence on the response variable. One indicator used in poverty analysis is the poverty line. Based on Indonesia’s macro poverty analysis calculations, in the period March 2016 to March 2017, the poverty line increased by 5.67 percent, with increases in urban and rural areas at 5.79 percent and 5.19 percent respectively. Modelling using semiparametric spline truncated regression for longitudinal data on data on the percentage of poor people in Indonesia produces the best model usingW1weighting and one point knot. Based on the results of the study with a significance level of 0.05, it was found that the percentage of poor people was influenced by the human development index (HDI) and the unemployment rate. This semiparametric regression model has a minimum GCV value of 1.677, MSE of 5.477 × 10−2and R2value of 98.67%.
Image Enhancement Sputum Containing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Using A Spatial Domain Filter
Authors: Rachmad Aeri , Chamidah Nur , Rulaningtyas Riries
Published: June 2019

Image enhancement sputum is needed to identify bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). The number of TB bacteria in sputum images determines the severity of tuberculosis sufferers. In this paper, we study image enhancement sputum techniques by using spatial domain filter-based methods such as median filtering, Gaussian filtering, adaptive noise-removal filtering and bilateral filtering. These filtering techniques are used to overcome the problems when taking sputum images such as adjusting the focus of the lens, lighting and dirt that stick to the lens and on the slide glass. The obtained results for 100 data sputum images from this study are average means square error (MSE) of median filtering, Gaussian filtering, adaptive noise-removal filtering and bilateral filtering, i.e., 30.68, 17.10, 18.92 and 26.28, respectively. Also, average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of them are 33.70 dB, 35.91 dB, 35.59 dB and 34.01 dB, respectively. The avarage computational time are 0.09 sec, 0.18 sec, 0.38 sec and 134 sec respectively.
System Dynamics Modeling of Indonesia Road Transportation Energy Demand and Scenario Analysis to achieve National Energy Policy Target
Authors: Setiawan I C , Indarto  , Deendarlianto
Published: June 2019

The Indonesian transportation sector is currently the nation’s largest consumer of petroleum products and a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions overall. Many policies have been implemented by central and local governments, from the introduction of alternative fuels until demand management like odd-even policy; results, however, are in most cases disappointing. This paper explained a system dynamics model for the road transportation sector in Indonesia. The model considers basic policy options under Activity, Structure, Intensity, and Fuel (ASIF) framework and includes two main objectives, i.e., reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emission. Policy scenarios were developed to cover business as usual (REF), transport demand management (TDM), the introduction of fuel economy (FE) standard and feebate system (FEE), adoption of electric vehicles (EV) which considers future technological improvement factors and fuel switching strategy. The result indicates that it is mandatory to have a policy mix as the most effective strategy to reduce energy consumption, CO2 emission and achieve national energy mix target in 2050.
Non-monoton Nonparametric Variogram to Model the Land Price of Manado City with Hole Effect Periodicity Structure
Authors: Weku Winsy , Pramoedyo Henny , Widodo Agus , Fitriani Rahma
Published: June 2019

In spatial analysis, the experimental variogram fitting generally uses a mathematical variogram model such as monotonous spherical, exponential Gaussian along with increasing distance lag. However, there are certain cases, in this case the land price in Manado which raises experimental variogram in the form of non-monotonous (hole effect) as well as sinusoidal waves. This means that experimental variogram matching must be done as well as possible based on the positive definite function or at least following the hole effect pattern at the first peak. This study offers a variogram multiplicative-additive operation to combine monotonous and non-monotonous models in a nonparametric manner. The monotonous model used is a Gaussian-type for the amplitude of the hole effect, while the non-monotonous model is the first order zero-form Bessel function to indicate the wavelength. Based on measurements of the accuracy of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MAE (Mean Absolute Error), combining the two models is relatively good and successful in fitting experimental variograms of land prices that have indicators of hole effect with periodicity. The hybrid composition of these models (non monotonous and monotonous models) provides a better approach to the experimental variogram compared to the previous mathematical monoton variogram models. To model Manado’s land price which has a hole effect, it would be more appropriate to use the Bessel composition model on the basis of p = 1 and the Gaussian-type model at m = 1 (or Exponential).
Synthesis of 2-methyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and In-silico Activity Profiling Toward Cytochrome P450-3A4
Authors: Dwisari Fath , Srihardyastutie Arie , Ulfa Siti Mariyah
Published: June 2019

The synthesis of 2-methyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2) was carried out by reflux of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1) with MeOH and ZnCl2 for 12 hours at ambient. The reaction resulted a yellow needle crystal in 6.92 % yield (m.p 173-175°C). The FT-IR analysis showed the presence of -OCH3 group at 1210 cm−1. The analysis using 1H-NMR showed chemical shift a δ = 3.81 ppm and the 13C-NMR gave 56.38 ppm for hydrogen and carbon from -OCH3 group. The bioavailability tests were determined by using in silico approach included lipophilicity (log P) and half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). It showed that the lipophilicity of 2 (log P = 0.92) is lower than 1 (log P = 1.79) which is calculated using Hyperchem software. The molecular docking of 2 towards cytochrome P450-3A4 showed a good result with IC50 13.68 ppm better than 1 (IC50 65.617 ppm). Further experimental is proposed for bromoalkylation of 2 using bromooctanoic acid to give 3-(7-bromoheptyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (3). The in-silico calculation of 3 showed better lipophilicity (log P = 3.64) and IC50 (9.725 ppm) compared to 2. This result indicated that the addition of methoxyl and bromoalkyl group can improve the activity of the compound as a drug candidate.
Neprilysin inhibitor from herbal compounds as the latest adjuvant treatment of chronic heart failure
Authors: Nurhafsyah L P , Kusumawati R , Indarto D
Published: June 2019

Neprilysin (NEP) is an endopeptidase that metabolizes vasoactive peptides such as natriuretic peptides. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI) is an alternative therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) which is better than angiotensin receptor antagonist therapy alone. This study aimed to identify herbal compounds as in silico NEP inhibitor for adjuvant treatment of CHF. In this study, structure of NEP was obtained from Protein Data Bank (5JMY) and sacubitril as a standard ligand was obtained from PubChem database (9811834). Indonesian herbal compounds were derived from the HerbalDB database that met criteria of Lipinski’s rule. Binding affinity and sites were determined using the AutoDock Vina software. Interaction of herbal compounds and NEP were visualized using the PyMol software. Indonesian herbal compounds with the same binding site at Arg102 dan Arg110 amino acids with sacubitril (-6.73 ± 0.06 Kcal/mol) was NSC9324 (-7.07 ± 0.05 Kcal/mol). From 517 herbal compounds, NSC93241 had similar conformation to the standard ligand. NSC93241 has similar molecular formula and molecular weight to herbal plant (Ruscus aculeatus Linn or Butcher’s broom). NSC93241 potentially becomes an NEP inhibitor in silico for adjuvant treatment of CHF. Further investigation is required for evaluation of the antagonist effect of this compound towards NEP.
Study of Citronellal Condensation Reactions with 1,2-phenylenediamine by CuSO4 Catalyst under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Rahmawati L M , Warsito  , Iftitah E D
Published: June 2019

Benzimidazole compounds were prepared from the condensation reaction between 1,2-phenylenediamine and citronellal. In all cases, the condensation reaction is very selective and simple method under microwave conditions. The reaction takes place efficiently in ambient conditions with good results. Citronellal was used as the starting material for the synthesis of benzimidazoles because of their antibacterial activity. The strength of benzimidazole activity not only influenced by its main ring but also by the presence of substituents that bound to imidazole or aromatic ring. In this work, the purification of citronellal from kaffir lime oil was conducted by using salt reaction with NaHSO3 saturated solution and hydrolysis by NaOH saturated solution. The synthesis reaction proceeds using CuSO4 catalyst in dichloromethane as a solvent with mole ratio variation of 1,2-phenylenediamine to citronellal, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, respectively. The optimum reaction was obtained at 1:2 and 1:3 mole ratio of citronellal. The yield of the product is 5.76 % and 5.097 % (m.p 140-143°C). FTIR analysis showed spectrum bands for C=N at 1671 cm−1 and C-N 1269 cm−1. Characterization was carried out using MS and showed that the synthesized product had a molecular weight m/z: 243, 381 and 453. Analysis result from FTIR, mass spectrometry and melting point indicated the product of benzimidazole derivatives was successfully obtained in this study.
Different Response of Hydroponically Grown Vegetables to the Addition of Nostoc sp. GIA13a as an alternative nitrogen source
Authors: Salamah Andi , Fadilah Nurrahmi , Khairiyah Istatik , Hendrayanti Dian
Published: June 2019

Vegetable growth needs nitrogen (N) supply in the form of nitrate and or ammonium. Alternative environmental-friendly nitrogen can be provided by using N2-fixing cyanobacteria, such asNostoc. This study investigated the effect ofNostocsp. GIA13a to spinach (Amaranthussp.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) grown in modified Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system provided with Hoagland Solution. The treatments of nitrogen in Hoagland Solution were as follows: nitrate+GIA13a (NGia), nitrate without GIA13a (N), ammonium+nitrate (AN), ammonium+GIA13a (AGia) and ammonium without GIA13a(A). Inoculant of 2 g was added at the 1stand 14thday after planting (dap). Experiment was carried out for 21 days. The result showed that spinach and water spinach had different physiological responses to the occurrence ofNostocsp. Gia13a in nutrient solution. Total chlorophyll of spinach was increased in treatment with GIA13a inoculation, while it was decreased in water spinach. Ammonium consumption of water spinach was higher than spinach as shown by ammonium concentration on the nutrient solution after 14 days experiment. Inoculation ofNostocsp. Gia13a also triggered the growth of lateral shoot of water spinach. During experiment, chlorosis symptom was observed in young leaves of both plants. Chlorosis symptom in water spinach occurred in all treatment except NGia, while in spinach the symptom was found only in AGia and A.
Synthesis of Ni Catalyst Supported on SiO2-ZrO2 Binary Oxide for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol
Authors: Sowe Momodou Salieu , Masruri  , Ulfa Siti Mariyah
Published: June 2019

Hydrodeoxygenation is a one-step reaction that involve the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon followed with the deoxygenation of the carbon-oxygen bond. This reaction is effective for converting biomass-derived chemicals from bio-oils, fats, woods, and lignocellulosic materials into biofuels using metal-based oxide catalysts. A Ni based-metal oxide catalyst is reported for hydrodeoxygenation reaction of phenol. The catalyst was prepared by a wet-impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dissolved in deionized water and mixed with the previously prepared SiO2-ZrO2 binary oxide as support. After calcination and reduction at 500 °C, Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 catalyst was obtained. The XRD results showed 2θ peaks for metallic Ni at 30°, 44° and 76°. Additional peaks were detected at 2θ = 35°, 50°, 51°, and 60° for ZrO2 tetragonal phase. However, peaks were not detected for SiO2 suggesting amorphous SiO2-ZrO2 composite formation. The XRF analysis of Ni loading was detected at 16.45%. The catalyst activity test for hydrodeoxygenation of phenol was performed using a batch reactor at 200 °C for 2 h and 8 h. The GC-MS analysis gave product conversion for 2 h at 16.84% with the selectivity formation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone at 48.10% and 45.78% yield, respectively. After a prolonged reaction time of 8 h, 100% selectivity for cyclohexanol was achieved. Product distribution showed that the catalyst is active for hydrogenation of benzene better than -OH or C=O deoxygenation. The results suggest Ni/SiO2-ZrO2 could be a potential catalyst for biofuel production via hydrogenation reaction.
Sexual harassment rife in US physics
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: June 2019

Around three-quarters of US female physics undergraduates have experienced sexual harassment during their studies.
Last-minute intervention saves JASON advisory panel
Authors: Gwynne Peter
Published: June 2019

A senior US government advisory group has been saved from closure following a last-minute intervention from an agency within the Department of Energy (DOE)
No dark doubts
Authors: Smith Peter F
Published: June 2019

In reply to the Frontiers article “Sterile neutrinos are a no-show in MINOS+ experiment” (April p5), concerning the absence of evidence for sterile neutrinos in neutrino-oscillation experiments.
Optical network mimics brain neurons and synapses
Authors: Johnston Hamish
Published: June 2019

A prototype artificial neural network (ANN) that uses only light to function has been unveiled by researchers in Germany and the UK.
Did the Romans invent seismic invisibility?
Authors: Cartlidge Edwin
Published: June 2019

Ancient Romans may have built structures that acted like modern-day invisibility cloaks made from “metamaterials”.
Colour optimization of phosphor-converted flexible nitride nanowire white light emitting diodes
Authors: Guan Nan , Amador-Mendez Nuño , Wang Junkang , Das Subrata , Kapoor Akanksha , Julien François H , Gogneau Noëlle , Foldyna Martin , Som Sudipta , Eymery Joël , Durand Christophe , Tchernycheva Maria
Published: June 2019

We demonstrate flexible nanowire white light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) with an optimized colour quality. The devices consist of flexible InGaN/GaN nanowire LEDs acting as pumps, capped with removable phosphor-doped polydimethylsiloxane membranes. Five different phosphors with tens of microns in grain size emitting from green to orange are investigated using both violet-blue and a blue-green nanowire-based LED pumps. In addition, a flexible nanowire white LED with a warm white emission is demonstrated using two layers of different phosphors. Compared to the previous realizations of flexible nanowire white LEDs, these novel LEDs improve the colour rendering index from 54 to 86 and show a colour tuneable from a bluish cool white colour to natural white and finally to warm white. The flexibility tests show that the LEDs can be bent down to 1.5 cm curvature radius without significant degradation. Therefore, the replacement of the nano-phosphors used in the previous realization by relatively inexpensive micro-phosphors does not degrade the good mechanical flexibility of the white nanowire LEDs.
Sharp Hausdorff-Young inequalities for the quaternion Fourier transforms
Authors: Lian P.
Published: June 2019

The quaternion Fourier transforms are powerful tools in modern data analysis, in particular for color image processing. At present, there are mainly three different quaternion Fourier transforms widely used. In this paper, we prove the sharp Hausdorff-Young inequalities for these three transforms and the more general ones, i.e., the steerable quaternion Fourier transforms. Then Hirschman’s entropy uncertainty principle in the quaternion setting follows from the standard differential approach.
A Beurling–Lax–Halmos theorem for spaces with a complete Nevanlinna–Pick factor
Authors: Clouâtre Raphaël , Hartz Michael , Schillo Dominik
Published: June 2019

We provide a short argument to establish a Beurling–Lax–Halmos theorem for reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces whose kernel has a complete Nevanlinna–Pick factor. We also record factorization results for pairs of nested invariant subspaces.
Renormalization towers and their forcing
Authors: Blokh Alexander , Misiurewicz Michał
Published: June 2019

A cyclic permutation

π
:
{
1
,
…
,
N
}
→
{
1
,
…
,
N
}

\pi :\{1, \dots , N\}\to \{1, \dots , N\}

has a block structure if there is a partition of

{
1
,
…
,
N
}

\{1, \dots , N\}

into

k
∉
{
1
,
N
}

k\notin \{1,N\}

segments of consecutive integers (blocks) of the same length, permuted by

π
\pi

; call

k
k

the period of this block structure. Let

p
1

>
⋯
>

p
s

p_1>\dots >p_s

be periods of all possible block structures on

π
\pi

. Call the finite string

(

p
1

/

1
,

(p_1/1,

p
2

/

p
1

,

p_2/p_1,

…
,

\dots ,

p
s

/

p

s
−
1

,
N

/

p
s

)

p_s/p_{s-1}, N/p_s)

the renormalization tower of

π
\pi

. The same terminology can be used for patterns, i.e., for families of cycles of interval maps inducing the same, up to the flip of the entire orbit, cyclic permutation (thus, there are two permutations, one of whom is a flip of the other one, that define a pattern). A renormalization tower

M

\mathcal M

forces a renormalization tower

N

\mathcal N

if every continuous interval map with a cycle of pattern with renormalization tower

M

\mathcal M

must have a cycle of pattern with renormalization tower

N

\mathcal N

. We completely characterize the forcing relation among renormalization towers. Take the following order among natural numbers:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="4 much-greater-than 6 much-greater-than 3 much-greater-than 8 much-greater-than 10 much-greater-than 5 much-greater-than midline-horizontal-ellipsis much-greater-than 4 n much-greater-than 4 n plus 2 much-greater-than 2 n plus 1 much-greater-than midline-horizontal-ellipsis much-greater-than 2 much-greater-than 1">

4
≫
6
≫
3
≫
8
≫
10
≫
5
≫
⋯
≫
4
n
≫
4
n
+
2
≫
2
n
+
1
≫
⋯
≫
2
≫
1

4\gg 6\gg 3\gg 8\gg 10\gg 5\gg \dots \gg 4n\gg 4n+2\gg 2n+1\gg \dots \gg 2\gg 1

understood in the strict sense (we write consecutive even numbers, starting with 4, then insert

m
m

after each number of the form

2
(
2
s
+
1
)

2(2s+1)

, and finally append the order with 2 and 1). We show that the forcing relation among renormalization towers is given by the lexicographic extension of this order. Moreover, for any tail

T
T

of this order there exists an interval map for which the set of renormalization towers of its cycles equals

T
T

.
Fibronectin matrix as a scaffold for procollagen proteinase binding and collagen processing
Authors: Saunders Jared T. , Schwarzbauer Jean E.
Published: June 2019

The extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen (collagen I) are codistributed in many tissues, and collagens have been shown to depend on an FN matrix for fibrillogenesis. Microscopic analysis of a fibroblast ECM showed colocalization of procollagen I with FN fibrils, and proteolytic cleavage of procollagen to initiate fibril formation was significantly reduced with inhibition of FN matrix assembly. We examined the role of FN matrix in procollagen processing by the C-propeptide proteinase bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1). We found that BMP-1 binds to a cell-assembled ECM in a dose-dependent manner and that, like procollagen, BMP-1 colocalizes with FN fibrils in the matrix microenvironment. Binding studies with FN fragments identified a binding site in FN’s primary heparin-binding domain. In solution, BMP-1–FN interactions and BMP-1 cleavage of procollagen I were both enhanced by the presence of heparin, suggesting a role for heparin in complex formation during proteolysis. Indeed, addition of heparin enhanced the rate of procollagen cleavage by matrix-bound BMP-1. Our results show that matrix localization of this proteinase facilitates the initiation of collagen assembly and suggest a model in which FN matrix and associated heparan sulfate act as a scaffold to organize enzyme and substrate for procollagen processing.
RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread
Authors: Sanderlin Allen G. , Vondrak Cassandra , Scricco Arianna J. , Fedrigo Indro , Ahyong Vida , Lamason Rebecca L.
Published: June 2019

Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g., trans-endocytosis) using cell–cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNA interference screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localizes to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be coopted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.
An Efficient Strategy Based on Liquid–Liquid Extraction With Acid Condition and HSCCC for Rapid Enrichment and Preparative Separation of Three Caffeoylquinic Acid Isomers From Mulberry Leaves
Authors: Wang Li-Tao , Gao Ming-Zhu , Yang Qing , Cui Qi , Jian Yue , Fan Xiao-Hong , Yao Li-Ping , Fu Yu-Jie
Published: June 2019

Morus alba L. is a medicinal plant that contains a high amount of caffeoylquinic acids such as 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA). This study aimed to establish a fast and efficient method for separating caffeoylquinic acids from mulberry leaves by using high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled with macroporous resin. D101 resin showed better adsorption and desorption capacity for three caffeoylquinic acids among six macroporous resin adsorbents. The contents of 3-CQA, 5-CQA and 4-CQA reached for 4.77%, 18.95% and 9.84% through one cycle of D101 resin, which were 3.13-fold, 4.57-fold and 4.78-fold more than those in crude extracts, respectively. With a two-phase solvent system of ethyl acetate-water (1:1, V/V), >93% purity of target compounds were obtained in one cycle during 150 min with the recovery yields of 80.59%, 99.56% and 94.21% for 3-CQA, 5-CQA and 4-CQA, respectively. The structural identification of target compounds was carried out by ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The present result represented an easy and efficient separation strategy for the utilization of mulberry resource.
Adaptive Replica Creation and Selection Strategies for Latency-Aware Application in Collaborative Edge-Cloud System
Authors: Li Chunlin , Zhang YiHan , Luo Youlong
Published: June 2019

There are many research problems in cloud replica management such as low data reliability, unbalanced node load and large resource consumption. The strategy and status of replica creation, replica placement and replica selection are analyzed. The replica creation based on access tendency (DRC-AT), the replica placement based on user request response time and storage capacity (DRP-RS) and the replica selection based on response time (DRS-RT) are proposed. The DRC-AT algorithm introduces the two parameters of file popularity and period value of file popularity, calculates the file access tendency periodically and decides the creation and deletion of the replica of the file according to the size of the file access tendency. The DRP-RS algorithm evaluates the user’s request response time and storage capacity to select the best node set to place the replica. The DRS-RT algorithm returns to the user the node with the strongest service capability that contains the user’s requested data. Experiments show that the algorithm can improve the speed of data reading by the client, improve the resource utilization, balance the load of the node and improve the overall performance of the system.
Patterns of Oviposition and Feeding in the Monophagous Fly Anastrepha spatulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on its Larval Host Plant Schoepfia schreberi
Authors: López-Ortega Maurilio , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Pérez-Staples Diana , Díaz-Fleischer Francisco
Published: June 2019

Monophagous insects that use discrete resources for oviposition and feeding are especially sensitive to variations in host quality and availability because their opportunities to find these resources are scarce. The monophagous tephritid fly Anastrepha spatulata Stone is a tephritid fly that uses as hosts the fruits of the non-economically important Schoepfia schreberi J. F. Gmel. Scant information of host utilization behavior in the field is available for this species. Wild individually marked flies were observed during the fruiting season. Observations of oviposition, feeding and resting on three trees were taken hourly from 0900 to 1800 hours on days with benign weather. Our results suggest that females can use fruits for oviposition or for feeding according to a temporal scale. Females were significantly more likely to feed on smaller hosts and oviposit in larger ones. Additionally, individual variation in host patch exploitation was detected. However, females that fed on a natural food source such as host fruit juice oviposited fewer eggs than females provided an artificial diet of sucrose and hydrolyzed yeast. Results indicate that females use different foraging tactics during the fruiting season and confirm that, in this case, the host plant is not the center of activity.