bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do changes in the water regime determine the abundance of the copepod trophic group in a Neotropical floodplain?
Authors: Lino Lenin Medeiros de Almeida , Mantovano Tatiane , Tibúrcio Vanessa G. , Lansac-Tôha Fábio Amodêo
Published: May 2021

Abstract Aim Our study evaluated the effects of extreme weather events and environmental conditions on the trophic groups of copepods (herbivores and omnivores) in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Methods The zooplankton were collected and Copepods and Rotifers were analyzed in nine environments of the upper Paraná River floodplain during 2000 and 2010, during which time the La Niña (drought) and El Niño (flood) climatic events occurred, respectively. Results The results suggest that in periods of extreme drought productivity-related variables act as determining forces on abundance of copepod trophic groups due to the contraction of aquatic ecosystems. Although the abundance of trophic groups is associated with system productivity, the responses between them differ, since herbivore abundance was associated with chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus and omnivores with rotifer abundance. In extreme flood (El Niño), no significant relationship was found between environmental variables and any trophic group. Conclusions In general, it is believed that in periods of extreme drought the variables associated with productivity act as determining forces on the abundance of trophic groups of copepods due to the contraction of aquatic ecosystems. According to the results found, it is suggested that other works be carried out with a greater number of extreme events to corroborate our results and, and also to extrapolate to other aquatic communities.
As revoluções de independência como revoluções do tempo: almanaques, calendários e cronologias no Brasil do século XIX
Authors: Pimenta João Paulo , Costa Wilma Peres
Published: May 2021

Resumo: O artigo analisa concepções de tempo presentes no contexto da Independência do Brasil, relacionando-as com as observadas também em outros espaços americanos e europeus da mesma época. Mais especificamente, foca sua atenção em almanaques, calendários e cronologias produzidos e em circulação no Brasil de começos do século XIX. Em caráter introdutório, apresenta também uma discussão acerca de ideias de revolução e de mudança temporal na historiografia sobre o período.
“A Chile pidas perdón”: Nicolás de Piérola en las caricaturas de El Ferrocarrilito durante la Guerra del Pacífico (1880-1881)
Authors: Cifuentes Patricio Ibarra
Published: May 2021

Resumen: Entre los años 1880 y 1881, en pleno desarrollo de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884), que enfrentó a Chile contra el Perú y Bolivia por los territorios salitreros de Antofagasta y Tarapacá, el periódico de sátira chileno El Ferrocarrilito ridiculizó en sus caricaturas y versos al mandatario peruano Nicolás de Piérola. Esas manifestaciones culturales son analizadas como la escenificación de las ideas que artistas y editores transmitieron al público consumidor de noticias en clave satírica, supeditadas discurso patriótico, nacionalista y belicista imperante en la sociedad chilena enfrentada al desafío bélico contra dos países al mismo tiempo. Así colaboraron en la creación y repetición de un imaginario y estereotipos respecto de los enemigos de Chile, en especial con los peruanos.
Marcas territoriais do passado autoritário: lugares de memória e de consciência na América Latina
Authors: Quadrat Samantha Viz , Silva Izabel Pimentel da
Published: May 2021

Resumo: As experiências autoritárias do século XX foram marcadas pelo uso intenso da violência na perseguição aos seus oponentes e/ou a grupos sociais considerados “indesejáveis” às ditaduras, bem como pela tentativa de implementar uma nova narrativa ao país. Para alcançar esses objetivos, personagens, acontecimentos e lugares foram ressignificados. O presente dossiê reúne artigos que analisam essas transformações do espaço público e privado com novas funções e formas de uso. Os artigos aqui apresentados demonstram a amplitude do conceito de “lugares de memória”, que não se restringem apenas aos espaços diretamente associados às práticas de violência e tortura das ditaduras, mas contemplam espaços e regiões pouco explorados pela historiografia relacionada ao tema e destacam as disputas de memórias e os embates políticos e sociais envolvidos na identificação e recuperação desses lugares no período democrático e nos usos políticos do passado.
A Fortaleza de São José de Macapá: nos rastros das memórias das prisões e torturas (1964-1973)
Authors: Silva Maura Leal da , Camilo Janaína Valéria Pinto
Published: May 2021

Resumo: Lugares de memória têm se institucionalizado como locais marcados pela violência do Estado e pelo ocultamento devido a essa utilização. Assim, este artigo aborda o uso da Fortaleza de São José de Macapá - construção militar erguida no século XVIII na atual cidade de Macapá, capital do Amapá - como um dos lugares de memória da ditadura [brasileira]. Após um longo período de abandono, entre o século XIX até a criação do Território Federal do Amapá, em 1943, essa fortaleza recebeu as primeiras intervenções arquitetônicas para abrigar a Guarda Territorial e, em 1964, foi utilizada como local de prisões políticas. Após a coleta de testemunhos das vítimas e familiares da ditadura pela Comissão Estadual da Verdade do Amapá, passou-se a reivindicar para o “forte de Macapá” o uso institucional de um dos lugares de memória daquele período. Esses testemunhos vão de encontro à memória oficial, evidenciando aspectos pouco conhecidos da história desse lugar.
Reflexiones en torno a los sitios de memoria en Uruguay: las demarcaciones del paisaje repressivo
Authors: Scaraffuni Luciana
Published: May 2021

Resumen: En el marco de los esfuerzos por delimitar o demarcar algunos lugares de memoria, con el fin de no perder esas huellas dentro de la construcción de memoria colectiva en torno a lo que fue la dictadura cívico-militar uruguaya (1973-1985), se vuelve inteligible en la ciudad de Montevideo la existencia de algunos sitios de memoria que fueron creados a partir de la ley 19.641 aprobada en julio de 2018, configurando determinados paisajes de la memoria. Este artículo busca reflexionar acerca del establecimiento de estos sitios, con el fin de exponer la lógica de la demarcación y del recuerdo. Hace hincapie en uno de ellos el centro comercial Punta Carretas Shopping, que funcionó como cárcel y ha sido parte de un proceso complejo de demarcación que responde al neoliberalismo. Este artículo busca exponer los debates que encierran estas demarcaciones, las diferentes concepciones y las configuraciones que termina adoptando la ciudad de Montevideo.
Expression and Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells during Recovery from ATP Depletion
Authors: GARCÍA-OCAN[Combining Tilde]A ADOLFO , GALBRAITH SUSAN C. , VAN WHY SCOTT K. , YANG KAI , GOLOVYAN LINA , DANN PAMELA , ZAGER RICHARD A. , STEWART ANDREW F. , SIEGEL NORMAN J. , ORLOFF JOHN J.
Published: May 2021

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP) is widely expressed in normal fetal and adult tissues and regulates growth and differentiation in a number of organ systems. Although various renal cell types produce PTHrP, and PTHrP expression in rat proximal renal tubules is upregulated in response to ischemic injury in vivo, the role of PTHrP in the kidney is unknown. To study the effects of injury on PTHrP expression and its consequences in more detail, the immortalized human proximal tubule cell line HK-2 was used in an in vitro model of ATP depletion to mimic in vivo renal ischemic injury. These cells secrete PTHrP into conditioned medium and express the type I PTH/PTHrP receptor. Treatment of confluent HK-2 cells for 2 h with substrate-free, glucose-free medium containing the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A (1 μM) resulted in 75% depletion of cellular ATP. After an additional 2 h in glucose-containing medium, cellular ATP levels recovered to approximately 75% of baseline levels. PTHrP mRNA levels, as measured in RNase protection assays, peaked at 2 h into the recovery period (at four times baseline expression). The increase in PTHrP mRNA expression was correlated with an increase in PTHrP protein content in HK-2 cells at 2 to 6 h into the recovery period. Heat shock protein-70 mRNA expression was not detectable under baseline conditions but likewise peaked at 2 h into the recovery period. Treatment of HK-2 cells during the recovery period after injury with an anti-PTHrP(1-36) antibody (at a dilution of 1:250) resulted in significant reductions in cell number and uptake of [3H]thymidine, compared with nonimmune serum at the same titer. Similar results were observed in uninjured HK-2 cells. It is concluded that this in vitro model of ATP depletion in a human proximal tubule cell line reproduces the pattern of gene expression previously observed in vivo in rat kidney after ischemic injury and that PTHrP plays a mitogenic role in the proliferative response after energy depletion.
IgA Interaction with Carboxy-Terminal 43-kD Fragment of Fibronectin in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: WAGA SHINOBU , SUGIMOTO KAZUHIKO , TANAKA HIROSHI , ITO TATSUO , NAKAHATA TOHRU , TATEYAMA TAKASHI , KAKIZAKI YOSHIKI , YOKOYAMA MASARU
Published: May 2021

IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangial matrix is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy, and circulating IgA-containing complex has been implicated in this process. Since fibronectin is known to be involved in the assembly of extracellular matrix, this study was conducted to investigate whether fibronectin and its fragments are present in sera of patients and are capable of binding IgA1. Sera from patients with IgA nephropathy were purified by heparin-affinity chromatography, and column eluate were analyzed for the presence of fibronectin using Western blot and a set of anti-fibronectin monoclonal antibodies. Native fibronectin was digested with cathepsin D to obtain fragments similar to those of serum fibronectin. The capacity of fibronectin to bind IgA was examined with a mixture of purified IgA1 and cathepsin D-digested fibronectin fragments. A 43-kD carboxy-terminal fragment of fibronectin was detected in samples derived from sera of patients with IgA nephropathy but not in healthy control subjects. A similar-sized fragment was generated by cathepsin D digestion of the native molecule and was shown to bind to IgA1 in vitro. Since the carboxy-terminal domain is known to be critical in assembling exogenous fibronectin into the extracellular matrix, the affinity to IgA1 to a fragment found in patients may have pathogenic potential to mediate extracellular IgA deposition in IgA nephropathy.
The Leukotriene B4 Receptor Antagonist ONO-4057 Inhibits Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in WKY Rats
Authors: SUZUKI SATORU , KURODA TAKESHI , KAZAMA JUN-ICHIROU , IMAI NAOFUMI , KIMURA HIDEKI , ARAKAWA MASAAKI , GEJYO FUMITAKE
Published: May 2021

To evaluate the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in glomerulonephritis, this study was conducted to examine whether ONO-4057, an LTB4 receptor antagonist, moderated nephritis caused by the injection of nephrotoxic serum (NTS) into Wistar-Kyoto rats. Rats were given intraperitoneal injections of ONO-4057 or phosphate-buffered saline 24 h before the injection of NTS. These rats subsequently received equal doses of ONO-4057 or phosphate-buffered saline 3 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 d later. Compared with the control groups, ONO-4057 treatment significantly reduced proteinuria and hematuria, suppressed the glomerular accumulation of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced the formation of crescentic glomeruli in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that LTB4 is responsible for the crescentic formations and renal dysfunction associated with NTS nephritis. The LTB4 receptor antagonist ONO-4057 may thus be beneficial in the treatment of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Adoptively Transferable Tolerance Induced by CD45RB Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: GAO ZUHUA , ZHONG ROBERT , JIANG JIFU , GARCIA BERTHA , XING JING JING , WHITE MARTIN J. , LAZAROVITS ANDREW I.
Published: May 2021

The phenomenon of rejection remains the most serious problem in transplantation. The ultimate goal in transplant immunology is to develop therapeutic strategies that lead to tolerance. It has been shown that two injections of a monoclonal antibody to CD45RB leads to indefinite acceptance of renal allografts in mice. Moreover, the CD45RB monoclonal antibody reverses acute rejection and still induces tolerance. The purpose of this study was to assess mechanisms that could underlie this therapeutic benefit. It was shown that splenic lymphocytes from tolerant animals augmented proliferation in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions against donor alloantigens, and the serum of tolerant mice contained donor-specific antibodies, mainly of the IgG1 isotype, suggesting the presence of TH2 cytokines. Tolerance could not be broken by interleukin-2 infusion, but tolerance could be adoptively transferred by transfusion of tolerant mouse CD4+ splenic lymphocytes into naive allografted animals. These data suggest that an active immunoregulatory mechanism is partly responsible for the therapeutic effect. CD45RB-directed therapy may find clinical application in organ transplantation in human patients.
Assessment of Dry Weight in Hemodialysis
Authors: JAEGER JACK Q. , MEHTA RAVINDRA L.
Published: May 2021

Fluid balance is an integral component of hemodialysis treatments to prevent under- or overhydration, both of which have been demonstrated to have significant effects on intradialytic morbidity and long-term cardiovascular complications. Fluid removal is usually achieved by ultrafiltration to achieve a clinically derived value for “dry weight.” Unfortunately, there is no standard measure of dry weight and as a consequence it is difficult to ascertain adequacy of fluid removal for an individual patient. Additionally, there is a lack of information on the effect of ultrafiltration on fluid shifts in the extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces. It is evident that a better understanding of both interdialytic fluid status and fluid changes during hemodialysis is required to develop a precise measure of fluid balance. This article describes the current status of dry weight estimation and reviews emerging techniques for evaluation of fluid shifts. Additionally, it explores the need for a marker of adequacy for fluid removal.
Neutral Lipid from Proteinuric Rat Urine Is a Novel Inhibitor of the Red Blood Cell Calcium Pump
Authors: LINDNER ARMANDO , HINDS THOMAS R. , JOLY ALISON , SCHREINER GEORGE F.
Published: May 2021

Proteinuria may be associated with hypertension and progression of renal insufficiency, which in turn may accompany abnormalities in cell calcium homeostasis. Therefore, urine from rats made proteinuric by puromycin aminoglycoside administration was analyzed, in a search for factors affecting cellular calcium transport. Proteinuric urine was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography and HPLC, and the effects of the fractions on the plasma membrane calcium pump in human red blood cells were assessed. Proteinuric urine contained a powerful specific inhibitor of the calcium pump that had little or no effect on the Na+/K+- or Mg2+-ATPases. The inhibitor was characterized as a neutral lipid, migrating as a single band, that inhibited 45Ca2+ efflux. To confirm the presence of an inhibitor in other proteinuric states, the urine from two patients with proteinuria was examined and subjected to chromatography as in the rat studies. These thin-layer chromatographic fractions contained a very strong inhibitor of the red blood cell calcium pump, suggesting that this substance may have relevance for the pathogenesis of proteinuric renal disease in human patients. Rat proximal tubule cells in tissue culture, when challenged with lipid-replete albumin, secreted an inhibitor of the calcium pump that migrated in the same chromatographic band as the urine factor. Therefore, the processing of fatty acids borne by albumin into endocytosing proximal tubular epithelium results in the synthesis and release of a previously unknown lipid modulator of the calcium pump, an effect that may predispose kidney tissue toward elevations in cytosolic calcium levels in target cells.
Binding of the Renal Epithelial Cell Line LLC-PK1 to Laminin Is Regulated by Protein Kinase C
Authors: KAPADIA RINA , YURCHENCO PETER D. , AMSLER KURT
Published: May 2021

The α6β1 integrin heterodimer has been implicated in the mediation of renal epithelial cell binding to laminin, and it has been suggested that this binding is important for renal morphogenesis and development. Studies of nonrenal cells have suggested that the functional activity of α6β1 integrin is regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In this study, the binding of a renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1, to laminin was characterized and the role of PKC activity in the modulation of binding was investigated. LLC-PK1 cells bound to laminin-coated surfaces in a time- and laminin concentration-dependent manner. Binding was strongly inhibited by anti-β1 integrin antibodies and by anti-α6 integrin antibodies. Antibodies against α2 integrin and α3 integrin had little inhibitory effect. Cells bound to both whole laminin and laminin fragment E8, i.e., the fragment to which the α6β1 integrin heterodimer binds. Exposure of cells to PKC activators for as little as 2 h enhanced cell binding to laminin approximately twofold, in a protein synthesis-dependent manner. PKC inhibitors antagonized this effect. PKC-stimulated binding was also inhibited by anti-β1 integrin and anti-α6 integrin antibodies. PKC activation did not alter expression of β1 integrin subunits at the cell surface after short time periods (2 to 4 h), but expression was increased after longer time periods (24 h). These results indicate that the renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 binds to laminin via the α6β1 integrin heterodimer and binding is enhanced by PKC activation. The PKC-mediated enhancement of binding requires protein synthesis and is mediated in part by activation of surface α6β1 integrin.
Expansion of Cortical Interstitium Is Limited by Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: CORDONNIER DANIEL J. , PINEL NICOLE , BARRO CLAIRE , MAYNARD CLAIRE , ZAOUI PHILIPPE , HALIMI SERGE , DE LIGNY BRUNO HURAULT , REZNIC YVES , SIMON DOMINIQUE , BILOUS RUDOLF W.
Published: May 2021

Renal interstitial expansion is now considered a useful marker of progression of several nephropathies. This study describes a multicenter, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of Perindopril (4 mg/d) on kidney structure and function over 2 yr in 26 type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria ranging from 70 to 4210 mg/d and relatively preserved GFR (creatinine clearance >60 ml/min). All patients underwent baseline renal biopsy, but four (15%) were not randomized because of the presence of nondiabetic nephropathy. The remaining 22 were randomized (11 to Perindopril [PE], 11 to placebo [PO]), and 19 (9 PE, 10 PO) underwent follow-up biopsy at 2 yr. BP was controlled equally in both groups throughout. Proteinuria increased in PO patients (+1562 mg/d) but declined in PE patients (-156 mg/d) (P < 0.05). Morphometric analysis was performed by light microscopy using a Biocom computer. Over the 2 yr, mean cortical interstitial fractional volume identical at baseline increased significantly in PO patients (31.7 ± 5.3 versus 40.2 ± 11.1%; P = 0.001) but was unchanged in PE patients (33.8 ± 4.9 versus 34.7 ± 6.6%; P = 0.50). It is concluded that: (1) nondiabetic nephropathy is present in approximately 15% of albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients; and (2) Perindopril prevents interstitial expansion in hypertensive patients with biopsy-proven diabetic glomerulopathy. These results support a role of angiotensin II in the progression of interstitial changes in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
Newer Immunosuppressive Drugs
Authors: GUMMERT JAN F. , IKONEN TUIJA , MORRIS RANDALL E.
Published: May 2021

In recent years, many new immunosuppressive drugs have been discovered and developed for clinical use in transplantation. This review focuses on those drugs (leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus, tacrolimus) that have been shown to have immunosuppressive activity in patients. Different anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies are also reviewed as an example of a resurgence of development in the area of monoclonal antibodies. The price for reducing the incidence of allograft rejection by improved immunosuppression was thought to be a proportional increase in the incidence of infection and malignancy. Data from Phase III clinical trials of new immunosuppressants, however, show a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of acute rejection produced by these new drugs, which has not been accompanied by increases in infection and malignancy rates. The wide array of new drugs offers the opportunity to use combinations that block different pathways of immune activation while at the same time selecting drug combinations with nonoverlapping toxicity profiles so that doses of each single drug can be reduced below toxicity levels. The immunosuppressive therapy for patients can be tailored according to their individual needs.
Human Adolescent Nephronophthisis
Authors: OMRAN HEYMUT , HA[Combining Diaeresis]FFNER KARSTEN , BURTH SUSE , FERNANDEZ CARMEN , FARGIER BERNARDO , VILLAQUIRAN AMINTA , NOTHWANG HANS-GERD , SCHNITTGER SUSANNE , LEHRACH HANS , WOO DAVID , BRANDIS MATTHIAS , SUDBRAK RALF , HILDEBRANDT FRIEDHELM
Published: May 2021

In a large Venezuelan kindred, a new type of nephronophthisis was recently identified: Adolescent nephronophthisis (NPH3) is a late-onset recessive renal cystic disorder of the nephronophthisis/medullary cystic group of diseases causing end-stage renal disease at a median age of 19 yr. With the use of a homozygosity mapping strategy, the gene (NPHP3) was previously localized to chromosome 3q22 within a critical interval of 2.4 cM. In the current study, the NPHP3 genetic region was cloned and seven genes, eight expressed sequence-tagged sites, and seven microsatellites were physically localized within the critical disease interval. By human-mouse synteny analysis based on expressed genes, synteny between the human NPHP3 locus on chromosome 3q and the pcy locus on mouse chromosome 9 was clearly demonstrated, thus providing the first evidence of synteny between a human and a spontaneous murine renal cystic disease. By fluorescence in situ hybridization the chromosomal assignment of NPHP3 to chromosome 3q21-q22 was refined. Renal pathology in NPH3 was found to consist of tubular basement membranes changes, tubular atrophy and dilation, and sclerosing tubulointerstitial nephropathy. This pathology clearly resembled findings observed in the recessive pcy mouse model of late-onset polycystic kidney disease. In analogy to pcy, renal cyst development at the corticomedullary junction was found to be an early sign of the disease. Through cloning of the NPH3 critical region and mapping of expressed genes, synteny between human NPH3 and murine pcy was established, thus generating the hypothesis that both diseases are caused by recessive mutations of homologous genes.
Effect of Center- Versus Patient-Specific Factors on Variations in Dialysis Adequacy
Authors: FINK JEFFREY C. , BLAHUT STEVEN A. , BRIGLIA ANDREW E. , GARDNER JAMES F. , LIGHT PAUL D.
Published: May 2021

Efforts to improve the delivery of hemodialysis have focused mostly on identifying patient-related factors that lead to inadequate dialysis. Less consideration has been given to the impact of the dialysis center on adequacy. This study evaluated whether the dialysis facility or individual-level factors were the primary influence on variations in dialysis adequacy. This was a retrospective analysis of 4971 hemodialysis patients in 189 centers with urea reduction ratio (URR) values obtained in the final quarter of 1997. The between-center variation and the within-center correlation in URR values were quantified to determine the contribution of a center effect on variations in adequacy; furthermore, the proportion of variance attributable to the centers' effect and individual-level dialysis covariates were compared. There was a wider between-center variation in mean URR values (SD, 4.8%) than expected if there were no center effect (SD, 2.5%). There was a strong within-center correlation in URR values, measured by the parameter ρ, which was only minimally diminished after adjusting for individual-level covariates (adjusted ρ, 0.14; P < 0.0001). The variation in URR attributable to the center effect, quantified by R2, was greater than that related to individual-level dialysis factors (facility- and individual-level dialysis covariates R2, 23.6 and 11.3%, respectively). Initiatives to improve the delivery of dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease should be directed at facility policies governing dialysis care, along with patient-specific problems, because center effects have a major influence on dialysis adequacy.
Structure of the Human Type IV Collagen Gene COL4A3 and Mutations in Autosomal Alport Syndrome
Authors: HEIDET LAURENCE , ARRONDEL CHRISTELLE , FORESTIER LIONEL , COHEN-SOLAL LOLA , MOLLET GERALDINE , GUTIERREZ BRUNO , STAVROU CHRISTOPHOROS , GUBLER MARIE CLAIRE , ANTIGNAC CORINNE
Published: May 2021

Mutations in either the COL4A3 or the COL4A4 genes, encoding the α3 and α4 chains of type IV collagen, are responsible for the autosomal-recessive form of Alport syndrome, a progressive hematuric nephropathy characterized by glomerular basement membrane abnormalities. Reported here are the complete COL4A3 exon-intron structure and a comprehensive screen for mutations of the 52 COL4A3 exons in 41 unrelated patients diagnosed as having autosomal Alport syndrome. This resulted in the identification of 21 mutations that are expected to be causative. Furthermore, it is shown that heterozygous COL4A3 missense mutations, when symptomatic, can be associated with a broad range of phenotypes, from familial benign hematuria to the complete features of Alport syndrome nephropathy.
L’artiste et l’automate
Authors: DELTORN Jean-Marc
Published: May 2021

Les développements technologiques ont toujours été pour l'artiste source d'inspiration et d'exploration. L'outil informatique ne fait pas exception. L'avènement des dernières générations d'algorithmes dits «~d'apprentissage~» offre ainsi un terrain d'expression fertile allant de la musique aux arts graphiques, de la littérature au cinéma. L'algorithme devient, ici, un nouvel instrument dans la palette expressive des artistes, là, il offre à un large public des moyens d'accès inédits à la production d'œuvres susceptibles de rivaliser avec les créations des professionnels. Dans tous les cas, la nature de ces intermédiaires techniques, en déléguant à l'automate un ensemble de prérogatives qu'on imaginait indissociables de l'activité artistique, remet en question le rôle de l'humain dans la création et interrogent la nature même de l'acte créatif.
To casuistry of obsessive aspirations and sexual perversions. (Forensic psychiatric case)
Authors: Ivanov N. K.
Published: May 2021

The casuistry of sexual perversions is very extensive and, if we allow ourselves to report the case we are observing, it is due to the interest that it has from the forensic psychiatric point of view.
Wounded caudae equinae with a sharp cutting tool in the upper part
Authors: Veselitsky I. A.
Published: May 2021

At the end of the last year and the beginning of the present clinic, there was a case in the continuation of two months to observe a one-sided wound with a sharp cutting tool of that part of the caudae equinae, which is adjacent to the lower branch of the spinal cord. Injuries in general with a sharp tool of the contents of the spine are more inflicted by an outside hand than by the victim himself. According to Roesler, who has collected several of these newest cases from the literature (about 50), most of these injuries occur in the cervical part, where they occur twice as often as in other parts. A particularly extensive literary material concerning injuries, mainly of the spinal cord, was collected from the Flatau literature (from 1743 to 1905, with up to 108 works reviewed). In the review of the described cases of injuries to the contents of the spine over the past seven years, I did not have to meet a single case of injury in the lower part of the spine. Thus, cases of this kind, apparently, are far from frequent. In addition, they seem to be very interesting in diagnostics, which is why I thought it was not superfluous to present our case.
Dr. John Turner. Thrombotic origin of the seizure. Some further observations bearing on the supposed thrombotic origin of epileptic. The Journal of mental saence, 1908
Authors: Kovalevsky P. I.
Published: May 2021

Studies of Krainsky, Ceni and others have shown that epilepsy is very often of toxic origin.
G. Roussy. Two cases of lesion of the visual hillock. Deux nouveaux cos de lésions de la couche optique suivis d'autopsie. Revue neurol. 1909, no. 6
Authors: Osokin N.
Published: May 2021

The syndrome of the visual tubercle is not very bright. Since the publication of Roussy's work (1907), in which 13 observations have been collected, descriptions of Claude, Vincent and Klirrel have also appeared.
A. V. Ilgin. About the processes of concentration (attention) in the mentally ill. Experimental and psychological study of the mentally ill. Dissertation. From the psychological laboratory of Acad. V. M. Bekhterev. SPb. 1909
Authors: Bogatyrev N.
Published: May 2021

The author studied attention in the mentally ill four clinical forms: 1) dementia senilis, 2) dem. praec. 3) d. paralyt. and 4) paranoia. All patients were in the stage of clearly expressed dementia, but had not yet reached a deep degree. For the study, the author used the tables of Vaschide icons and tables of 6 letters, repeating without a certain order. The studied patients looked through the tables and marked the pre-defined symbols and letters. The number of viewed icons and letters measured the amount of work, and the % of incorrectly marked and missed ones indicated the quality of it, on the basis of which the conclusion about the state of attention was given.
Dr Bernaldo de Quiros. New theories about crime. Las nuovas teorias de la criminalidad, 1908. Journal of mental science, 1908
Authors: Kovalevsky P. I.
Published: May 2021

Quiros is a defender of a modern view of crime and criminals in Spain.
Dr. Alan Mc Dougall. On the principles and foundations of epilepsy treatment. On the principles of the treatement of epileptics. The Journal of mental sience, 1908
Authors: Kovalevsky P. I.
Published: May 2021

Treatment of epilepsy should be preceded by a study of its nature, causes and bases.
From the life of psychiatric institutions
Authors: Sholomovich A.
Published: May 2021

Before us is a report (belated) of the St.Petersburg city hospital of St. Panteleimon for the mentally ill for 1905 and three reports for 1907 of the hospitals: Pokrovskaya - Moscow Provincial Zemstvo, Odessa City Psychiatric Hospital and Psychiatric Hospital of Penza Provincial Zemstvo.
Recursos Semióticos em Atividades de Modelagem Matemática
Authors: Almeida Lourdes Maria Werle de , Goulart Tania Camila Kochmanscky
Published: May 2021

ResumoNeste artigo dirigimos nossa atenção à questão: quais recursos semióticos são ativados em atividades de modelagem matemática e como eles colaboram para o desenvolvimento da atividade? Nossas argumentações são fundamentadas, por um lado, em um quadro teórico que considera características da modelagem matemática bem como elementos relativos ao uso de recursos semióticos em atividades de ensino e aprendizagem e a constituição de pacotes semióticos. Por outro lado, consideramos uma pesquisa empírica em que atividades de modelagem matemática são desenvolvidas por alunos de uma disciplina de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral em um curso de Ciência da Computação. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa com cunho interpretativo. As análises nos permitem inferir que os alunos fazem uso de recursos semióticos de naturezas diversas de modo que se constituem pacotes semióticos relativamente às ações dos alunos nas diferentes fases do desenvolvimento de uma atividade de modelagem matemática. A ativação dos recursos semióticos bem como a sua colaboração para o desenvolvimento da atividade de modelagem matemática é ao mesmo tempo sincrônica e diacrônica de modo que não é possível afirmar especificamente quando um recurso atua de forma isolada ou conjuntamente com outros para potencializar a comunicação e organizar o pensamento. O que se pode concluir é que diferentes recursos semióticos atuam de maneira colaborativa para fomentar estas ações.

Palavras-chave: Educação Matemática. Modelagem Matemática. Recurso Semiótico. Pacote Semiótico.

AbstractIn this article we focus our attention on the question: what semiotic resources are activated in mathematical modeling activities and how do they collaborate in the development of the activity? Our arguments are based, on the one hand, on a theoretical framework that considers characteristics of mathematical modeling as well as elements related to the use of semiotic resources in teaching and learning activities. On the other hand, we consider an empirical research in which mathematical modeling activities are developed by students from a Differential and Integral Calculus discipline in a Computer Science course. From a qualitative research and interpretive nature, the analyzes allow us to infer that students make use of semiotic resources of different natures so that they constitute semiotic packages in relation to students' actions in the different phases of the development of a modeling activity mathematics. The activation of semiotic resources as well as their collaboration for the development of the mathematical modeling activity is both synchronous and diachronic so that it is not possible to state specifically when a resource acts in isolation or in conjunction with others to enhance communication and organize the thought. What can be concluded is that different semiotic resources work collaboratively to foster these actions.

Keywords: Mathematical Education. Mathematical Modeling. Semiotic Resource. Semiotic Package
Prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Iceland 2005-2018
Authors:   Icelandic Heart Association, Landspitali- The National University Hospital of Iceland, Þórsson Bolli , Guðmundsson Elías Freyr ,   Icelandic Heart Association, Sigurðsson Gunnar ,   Icelandic Heart Association, Aspelund Thor ,   Icelandic Heart Association, University of Iceland, Guðnason Vilmundur ,   Icelandic Heart Association, University of Iceland
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION: The number of people with type 2 diabetes has increased in Iceland in the last few decades. We utilized the national database on prescribed medication from the Directorate of Health to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Iceland and made prediction on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iceland in 10 and 20 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes for the period 2005-2018 was estimated based on prescriptions of diabetes medication in the national prescription database containing all prescriptions in Iceland during the period. The result was compared to the result from the REFINE-Reykjavik study (prospective, population-based cohort study) from 2004 to 2011 and published data from the USA from 1980 to 2016. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes more than doubled in near all age groups in both men and women in the period 2005-2018. The incidence increased by 2.8% annually (in 18-79 years old). The number of people in Iceland with type 2 diabetes was 10600 in 2018 and had increased from 4200 in the year 2005. If the increase in type 2 diabetes continues with the same rate as in the years 2005-2018 the number of people with diabetes in Iceland could be near 24000 in the year 2040.Comparison with the results of the REFINE-Reykjavik study showed an underestimation (22% in men and 12% in women) of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: Linear increase was seen in incidence and prevalence of people with type 2 diabetes in the years 2005-2018. Similar evolution was seen in USA from 1984. In order to counteract the increase of type 2 diabetes following the same path as has been seen in the USA, targeted measures are needed.
To practice time management skills for freshmen in pedagogical university
Authors: Mai Quoc Khanh , Nguyen Nam Phuong , Phan Trung Kien , Ly Van Thach , Le Thi Thuy Hang , Dinh Huong Ly
Published: May 2021

On the basis of systematizing basic theoretical issues on practicing time management skills for freshmen in pedagogical universities; surveying and evaluating the situation of practicing time management skills for freshmen in two pedagogical universities and two pedagogical colleges, the authors propose five measures to practice management skills time for first-year students in pedagogical universities, which include: Focusing on organizing refresher activities, raising their awareness about the importance of time management skills; developing time management skills practice activities for them in the University Skill Club; attracting students to participate in Youth Union and Association activities; testing and evaluating the results of practicing freshmen’s time management skills on a regular basis.
Structural Characterization Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Films on Cu
Authors: ACAR Merve , ERTUGRUL Mehmet
Published: May 2021

Bakır/bakır oksit/karbon nanotüp (Cu/CuO/CNT) kompozit ince filmler, elektroforetik biriktirme (EPD) yöntemine benzer şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Nanotüp filmler, SEM, EDAX, XPS, FTIR, Raman ile karakterize edilmiş ve filmlerin mikro yapısının, işlemde kullanılan çözücü, büyüme gerilimi ve tavlanmış sıcaklık bileşimi tarafından büyük ölçüde etkilendiği bulunmuştur. Kompozit yapılarda farklı tuzlu deiyonize su (KNO3, KCl, FeCl2) kullanılmakta ancak istenilen sonuç alınamamıştır. Bakır yüzeyinde daha kısa sürede daha fazla CNT birikmesi nedeniyle asetonla en iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Aseton/CNT solüsyonunda üretilen yapılarda oksit miktarının daha az olduğu görülmektedir.
Simulator Fetal Doppler
Authors: Fajrin Hanifah Rahmi , Maharani Sari , Fitriyah Aidatul
Published: May 2021

Fetal Doppler adalah alat diagnostik yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi denyut jantung bayi yang berada dalam kandungan. Denyut jantung janin (DJJ) adalah sebuah indikator dalam sebuah pemeriksaan kandungan yang menandakan bahwa ada kehidupan di dalam kandungan seorang ibu, sehingga alat fetal doppler yang digunakan harus menampilkan Bit per menit (BPM) yang akurat agar tidak ada kesalahan dalam pemeriksaan janin. Oleh karena itu, harus dilakukan kalibrasi pada fetal doppler dengan alat kalibrator yaitu fetal simulator, menurut standar alat di Loka Pengamanan Fasilitas Kesehatan (LPFK) output yang digunakan diantaranya 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, dan 240 BPM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat alat Simulator BPM Untuk Fetal Doppler dengan penambahan pemilihan BPM 60 hingga 240 dengan kenaikan 30 dengan menggunakan selenoid sebagai pengganti detak jantung dan rangkaian elektronika pendukung lainnya. Pada pengukuran BPM 60 terdapat nilai error 0,027%, BPM 90 terdapat nilai error 0,034% , BPM 120 terdapat nilai error 3,3%, BPM 150  terdapat nilai error 0,031%, BPM 180 terdapat nilai error 0,031%, BPM 210 terdapat nilai error 0,019%, dan nilai error terkecil yaitu 0% pada titik pengukuran BPM 240.  Alat Simulator BPM untuk Fetal Doppler dapat berfungsi dengan baik karena memiliki nilai error di bawah toleransi ±5 untuk BPM pada fetal doppler.
Sistem Monitoring Heart Rate dan Oksigen Dalam Darah Berbasis LoRa
Authors: Sofiani Inda Rusdia , Kharisma Rafli , Syafa'ah Lailis
Published: May 2021

Sistem monitoring detak jantung dan oksigen adalah sebuah sistem yang dapat mendeteksi atau memantau kondisi denyut jantung pasien dan kadar oksigen dalam darah dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi android dan jangkauan Lora Ra-02 sebagai komunikasi pengiriman data sehingga dokter dapat memantau kondisi pasien berdasarkan parameter tersebut. Pemeriksaan kadar oksigen dalam darah merupakan parameter tanda vital yang mendasar bagi paramedis dalam menentukan kondisi pasien tersebut. Pemeriksaan heart rate dan oksigen yang dilakukan oleh perawat atau dokter pada umumnya masih menggunakan alat elektrokardiogram dan blood oximeter sehingga masih perlu dicek secara manual dengan rutin dan berkelanjutan. Untuk itu dengan mempertimbangkan keakuratan dan lebih terkontrolnya pengukuran detak jantung dan level oksien secara real time, alat monitoring ini dibuat. Penujian dilakukan melalui keakuratan peniriman data dari alat ke sistem android dan jua dipertimbangkan pula kemungkinan banyaknya data yang hilang dalam setiap pengiriman. Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan menggunakan 10 parameter didapatkan nilai persentase error heart rate sebesar 4,78% dan oksigen sebesar 1,94% dan berdasarkan 5 kategori pengujian. Secara keseluruhan terdapat kekurangan pembacaan yang dipenaruhi jarak transmitter ke receiver.
A review: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jain Sourabh D , Shukla Pawandeep , Agrawal Ankit , Sharma Shikha
Published: May 2021

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is common, non-traumatic disability disease which affects young peoples. The incidence of multiple sclerosis is increasing worldwide with socioeconomic impact of the disease. Multiple sclerosis affect about more than 2 million people and currently it is incurable. The ratio of effect of MS in women and men is 2:1 respectively. Approx 250, 000- to 350,000 people are diagnosed with MS in the USA and about 10,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The epidemiology of Multiple sclerosis indicates that low serum levels of vitamin D, smoking, obesity and infection etc. are likely to play a role in disease development. In case of treatment of MS, it is divided three phases include: symptomatic, acute attack and disease modifying methods. In case of symptomatic around helping to maintain a patient’s quality of life. Treatment of acute attack is centered on the treatment of exacerbations that affects a patient’s functional ability. In disease modifying treatment focuses on the long term management of the disease with the goal to reduce relapse rates, lessen severity and to slow the progression of disability.
Queer and COVID-19 Positive: Contagion, Suspicion, and Stigma
Authors: Zwalf Holly , Sperring Samantha
Published: May 2021

I was one of the earliest cases of COVID‑19 in Australia. When I infected my partner, a trans man with cystic fibrosis, he was nine months pregnant. He birthed the baby during our nine days of forced isolation in hospital, making medical history as the first COVID-positive person to give birth outside of China, and the first documented non-caesarean birth in the world. Unfortunately, this was not the happy event it should have been. Our experiences while in the hospital were deeply traumatic, and since recovery we have been subjected to ongoing stigma. The post-COVID body is “othered” by medical professionals and the general public, treated with an acute suspicion reminiscent of ableism or fatphobia towards non-normative bodies. These experiences of exclusion and alienation echo the stigma directed towards the HIV-positive community during the height of the AIDS epidemic and the historical bio-medical regulation of queer bodies as second-class citizens. Drawing on theories of queer temporality, we consider the liminality of living in a “post- COVID” body—on the threshold of wellness and social contagion—as a queer time-warping experience. We call into question normative narrations of healthy/diseased bodies by considering the post-COVID body’s treatment as continually contagious.
LIVING WITH TERROR NOT LIVING IN TERROR: RELIGIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING PEACE IN PAKISTANI AREAS OF SECTARIAN VIOLENCE
Authors: Ali Madad , Zubair Seema , Ullah Aman , Shakir Mahrukh , Maryam  , Khattak Sadaf Kalsoom
Published: May 2021

Problem and aim of the study: This study is set out to investigate the impact of misinterpretation of religious education on sectarian violence in District Hangu.

Research methods: Primary data regarding religious education and its role in sectarian violence was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. The sample size of 279 respondents from three selected villages of District Hangu was randomly selected through the proportional allocation method. The level of significant relationship of the study variables was determined through the Chi-Square test at the Bivariate level analysis. At the multivariate level analysis sect and education were used as controlled variables.

Results: Results show that religious education has a significant role in generating sectarian violence as the observed value of 27.617 as strongly significant at a 1% level of significance. Moreover, the findings of the study revealed the relationship between madrasas’ education and sectarian violence as significant (  ≤ 0.05) for both groups i.e., literate, and illiterate.

Application of the study: This empirical work is useful in policy planning for the institutionalism of religion. Notwithstanding, a policy for formal registration of all religious madrassas is the need of the day. The present study highlights that extremist literature should be banned in madrassas and there should be a proper syllabus for these institutions. The uniformity of religious education including modern education in their syllabus might be beneficial in this regard. Further, it is needed to focus on the development of underdeveloped areas of Pakistan and encourage cross religion and sects’ dialogue.

 Originality and Novelty of the study: In Pakistan, the phenomena of sectarian violence have received limited attention in the literature. The existing empirical work in this area is primarily concerned with the political and social aspects of sectarian violence. Thus, the present study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by empirically exploring the issue of sectarian violence from a religious perspective. In this study, a novel method has been applied to determine the impact of religious education on sectarian violence by controlling the background variables of sect and education of the study participants. Such an application of the novel method is believed to enhance the validity of this study and vividly expose the role of sects in the sectarian violence in the research site.
Métodos de estimativa de vazão máxima para projetos de macrodrenagem urbana
Authors: Patricio Karoláine Fátima , Cadorin Sabrina Baesso , Back Álvaro José
Published: May 2021

O aumento populacional afeta diretamente nas questões de drenagem urbana, podendo ser na ocupação de áreas de risco ou mesmo pelo fato da redução da área permeável que ocorre através da urbanização das cidades. Com um sistema de macrodrenagem dimensionado corretamente, por meio da avaliação do melhor método de estimativa de vazão máxima pode-se reduzir e/ou acabar com os estragos causados por chuvas intensas. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi aplicar cinco metodologias de estimativa de vazão máxima, e discutir sua aplicabilidade para projetos de macrodrenagem urbana, sendo os métodos Racional, I-Pai-Wu, Ven te Chow, Hidrograma e McMath. Para o tempo de concentração utilizou-se as fórmulas de Corps of Engineers, Ven te Chow, Kirpich, Onda Cinemática, Califórnia Culverts Practice (E.U.A.) e Cinemático - SCS. Sendo que a área em estudo corresponde a uma bacia rural, sendo classificada como macrodrenagem, e após os cálculos dos tempos de concentração, optou-se pelo método Corps of Engineers para dar sequência ao estudo, além disso, foram avaliados o uso do solo para obtenção dos coeficientes C e CN, através de imagens aéreas utilizando o software ArcGis. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o método McMath subestima a vazão para áreas maiores que 8 km², enquanto o método Racional superestima. Os métodos I-Pai-Wu e Ven te Chow obtiveram valores semelhantes, o método do Hidrograma que foi obtido através do software Hydrological Engineering Center, Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) mostrou-se adequado para todas as condições estudadas.