bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Episcopacy a Jewish Institution ?
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: January 2010

IT is a commonplace that the New Testament never speaks of the ordination of bishops. Elders or presbyters with powers of administration and instruction were the only ordained ministers. The church at Jerusalem was in the care of “the apostles and the elders”. When St. Paul visited Ephesus, it was the elders (presbyters) whom he summoned and addressed. It is not a little strange that he should tell these elders that the Holy Ghost had made them “bishops” to feed the church of God. The natural inference (unless the word episcopus is used in a general sense of overseer) would be that the office of elder and bishop could be held by the same person. St. Paul left Titus in Crete with the express purpose of completing the organization of the church there by appointing elders. But here, too, the bishop and the elder seem to be one and the same if any meaning is to be given to γὰρ in v. 7. Again, 1 Peter v, 2, if the reading ἐπισκποῦντ∊ς be allowed to stand, points in the same direction; if it is to be omitted then the epistle recognizes no bishop but Jesus Christ, and then only in a verbal, not a real sense. Moreover, though there are presbyters in heaven, there are no bishops: at any rate the apocalyptist of Patmos saw none !

On the other hand St. Paul, in addressing the whole congregation of the faithful at Philippi, adds “together with the bishops and deacons”, making no mention of presbyters.
Irano-Indica II
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

THE early history of Central Asia, the background of the Turkish expansion in the ninth and tenth centuries, and of the Mongol eruption in the thirteenth, presents a large number of problems which the slowly progressing study of documents made accessible to us in particular by the late M. Aurel Stein and Paul Pelliot is bringing nearer to solution. Among these documents those from the kingdoms of Khotan and Krorayina are of outstanding importance for the early period. It seems desirable to treat of some of these problems here.

1. The vocabulary of Khotan and the Iranian words in the Krorayina documents

A large part of the vocabulary of the Khotanese language is now known, much of it already accessible in print, and it is possible to confront it with the Iranian words found in Krorayina. It is at once noticeable that in the two vocabularies, while part is identical, as in lāstana- ‘quarrel’, corresponding to Krorayina lastana, or prahona- ‘garment’ to Krorayina prahuni, yet marked differences appear which are unlikely to be due only to difference of time.

I would notice here the following ten cases.

1. In an article Recent Work in ‘Tokharian’ (Trans. Phil. Soc. 1947, 149–150), I called attention to the difference between Krorayina guśura, Kuchean Sanskrit gauśura, and the Khotan *bisīviraa-, attested in the plural bīsīvīrā of high birth ‘(Suvarnabhāsa-sūtra, Khotanese Texts I p. 248, 73 r 1), and the related bäsīvärāssai, translating Sanskrit kulaputra, a person of good family. The treatment of the initial υ- shows that here two dialects are concerned.
Sotho-Nguni Orthography and Tone-Marking
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

FOR years now the question of orthography in the South African Bantu languages has kept the authorities busy. It flares up periodically in different parts of the country, and local committees are called from time to time to deal with the conflagration.

In the past, unfortunately, these committees have too often concerned themselves with the problems of one language only, and apparently ignored both the effect their decisions would have on literature exchange and the attempts of previous committees to solve similar problems in related languages. Thus we have Zulu and Xhosa, very closely related languages, with considerable orthographical differences, while North Sotho and Tswana now differ from each other and from South Sotho, which (perhaps wisely) has set its face against orthographic change since 1906.

Until Dr. Jacob Nhlapo launched his campaign for Southern Bantu linguistic unity, few people had seriously considered the possibility of an orthographic system which would cover both the Nguni and Sotho groups, the feeling being that such unity lay in the realms of wishful thinking in view of the virtual impossibility of achieving unity within the groups.

The present article is an attempt to combine the experience of past efforts into a system that would actually be applicable to these two language groups. The acceptance of such a system would naturally involve great sacrifices of tradition and prestige from both parties. This aspect is not to be ignored, but at the same time can have little connection with the scientific elaboration of an alphabet. Consequently the argument “The Sotho (or the Nguni) would never accept such a solution” must be relegated to the sphere of practical politics.
Ttaugara
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

STEIN MS. Ch. 00269 is a report byhaḍa(”), who call themselvesñaśa bīsa(“ humble servants”), on behalf of sevenrispura(“ princes ”). It consists of 120 lines, but of that a considerable part cannot yet be translated. The report is concerned with the cities of Ṣacū and Kaṃmicū. Danger from robbers is reported and an investment of the city of Kaṃmicū, so that food and cattle are lacking.
The Copper Plate Grant of Śrīvīŕaŕāghava Cakravartin
Authors: Godavarma K.
Published: January 2010

The plate in question has been the subject of great controversy. The facsimiles of the plate have appeared in Epigraphica Indica, vol. iv, and in Indian Antiquary, vol. liii. Translations of the plate with comments have been published by Dr. Gundert (Madras Journal of Literature and Science, vol. xiii, part i, pp. 115–125), Kookel Kelu Nair (ibid., vol. xxi, pp. 35–8), Venkayya (Epigraphica Indica, vol. iv, pp. 290–7), and Mr. K. N. Daniel (Indian Antiquary, vol. liii, pp. 185–196, 219–229, 244–251, and 257–261).
The Structure of the Chinese Monosyllable in a Hunanese Dialect (Changsha)
Authors: Firth J. R. , Rogers B. B.
Published: January 2010

The only kind of speech behaviour with which the present study is directly connected is the oral naming of Chinese characters. Chinese characters have been prominent cultural objects for thousands of years. Even the sketchiest description of what they have been called by countless millions over a vast area of Asia would be a colossal task. All that is here attempted is a systematic analysis of what a certain number of selected characters were called by Mr. K. H. Hu, of Changsha.
A Grammar of the Language of Florida, British Solomon Islands
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

Florida is a convenient name for the largest island in the Nggela group, British Solomon Islands. This group consists of three inhabited islands. The smaller western island bears the native name of Olevuga, and is separated from the other two islands in the group by a fairly wide strait known as the “Sandfly Passage”. The centre and eastern islands are separated from one another by a narrow strait called the “Ututha” by the natives, but known to white people to-day as the “Boli Pass”, though its older name was the “Scudamore Passage”. These two islands bear the one native name of Nggela.
The Structure of a Bantu Language with special reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes
Authors: Ashton E. O.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this article is to bring to notice an aspect of a Bantu language, which is not often touched upon in the conventional grammars, and the hope is expressed that its perusal may stimulate thought. Even if it but blazes a trail from which others may depart, the writing of it will not have been in vain. This article is both introductory and complementary to an article entitled “The ‘Idea’ Approach to Swahili”, which appeared in the Bulletin, Vol. VII, Part 4, 1935.
Notes on the Mahāsin al-majālis of Ibn al-'Arif
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

The Mahasin al-majalis of Ibn al-'Arif (†536/1141) is a Sufi treatise of minor dimensions and inconsiderable importance, one of a multitude of such summaries that bridge the gap between the classical works of Kalabadhi, Qushairi, and Makki, and the phenomenal productivity of Ibn al-'Arabi. For all that, the essay (for it is little more) is not without interest; it is allusive and elliptical in style, thus affording material for commentators; and the author begins his discourse proper by quoting, though not by name, the Mawdqif of Niffari; as Ibn al-'Arabi afterwards used Ibn al-'Arif quite freely and approvingly, it is always possible that he got to know and take an interest in Niffari through this intermediary.
Notes on Three Turkish Manuscripts
Authors: Mundy C. S.
Published: January 2010

I. ′ÖMER B. MEZÎD: Mecmû‘atu’n-nazdir (S.O.A.S., 27,689), ff. 309, size 7 ½ in. by 5 ½ in., thick paper in library cloth, binding. The MS. has been considerably cut down, and the first leaf is missing. An odd leaf, formerly one of the end blanks, upon which verses have been written, has been bound in separately at the beginning. The first few leaves are defective, but have been carefully repaired, and nothing of importance is missing; in the main the MS. is in extremely good condition. It is undated, but belongs to the fifteenth century. Among the chronograms there is a verse which suggests that the compilation was made in 840/1436. The hand is a bold clear early Turkish neskh, black, with titles and ruled border in red. The harekes are carefully marked throughout. There are only eleven lines to a page, the area within the ruling being about 6 ¼ in. by 4 ¼ in., sometimes slightly more.
An Eye-witness Account of the Expedition of the Florentines against Chios in 1599
Authors: Leveen Jacob
Published: January 2010

An interesting footnote to the abortive expedition of the Florentines against the island of Chios in May 1599 is provided by a rare–possibly unique– book in the British Museum.

Its rarity may be gauged from the fact that we find no record of it in the catalogues of Steinschneider, Kayserling, and Ya'ari, or in the Jewish encyclopaedias. Nor have I been able to trace a reference to it in any other source. The book is a small quarto volume, measuring 7¾ in. by 5⅜ in., and consisting of twenty-eight leaves. The last leaf, which has no foliation, appears to be a cancel, as it reproduces, in a somewhat different form, the text of fol. 2. The book contains the Aramaic paraphrase of the Song of Solomon (known as the Targum), accompanied by a Judseo-Spanish (Ladino) version in the Hebrew character, and was printed in Salonica in the year A.M. (5)360 (A.D. 1600) at the printing press of Mattithiah Bathsheba and his sons, and subsidized by Moses [ben Samuel] di Medina. It was published for Jacob ben Judah Ashkenazzi, an itinerant bookseller of Safed in Galilee. A preface by him, as well as a poem by the same author on the game of chess, which, like the preface, is otherwise unknown (it is to be found on the verso of fol. 27), complete the book.
Arab Poet and Arabic Philologist
Authors: Gibb H. A. R.
Published: January 2010

Among the many contributions by which Ignaz Goldziher. deepened and enriched western understanding of Arabic culture, one of the most familiar to all students is his study of the conflict of ancient and modern in Arabic poetry.1 Devoted in the main to an analysis of the attitude taken up by literary critics towards modern, i.e. post–Islamic and later poets, the study traces the gradual shift in the criteria of judgment from the older philologists view of the unapproachable superiority of the pre–Islamic poets to the later aesthetic appreciation of modern and contemporary poetry. At the same time, it is pointed out that the older view not only continued to find support amongst the reactionaries, but remained the generally accepted view of the whole learned society of the Muslim, and particularly of the Arab, East.
Gardīzī on India
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

On several occasions, when my Persian coaster ventured into the Indian Ocean and was battered by too heavy seas, and I was murmuring the verse of Hafiz:– Dr. L. D. Barnett, like the expert pilot he is, came to the rescue. As a token of gratitude I wish him to accept my translation of the chapter on India extracted from the unpublished part of Gardīzī′s historical work.
The Self and its Complications
Authors: Stede W.
Published: January 2010

Before coming to the main argument I should like to place before the reader some general observations which have taken an ever firmer hold of me the more I have had to do with literary productions of the past.
An Unpublished Fragment of Paiśācī
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

Most of the available specimens of Paiśācī are recorded in Lacote′s Essai sur Gunādhya et la Brhaikathā, pp. 201 f., and in my article “ The Mysterious Paiśācī”, JRAS., 1943, 217 f. They comprise about a hundred words. I am now able, by the courtesy of Muni Punyavijayajī of the Svetambara Jaina Dharmasala, Baroda, who has sent me photostats of an early MS., to publish the longest extract extant in Paisaci from an unpublished portion of the Kuvalayamālā.
Country Life in Burmese Literature
Authors: Dunn C. W. , Pe Hla , Stewart J. A.
Published: January 2010

While Burmese nature poems are numerous enough in all periods of W literature to fill a sizable anthology, interest in the life of countrypeople–w their work and diversions–does not seem to have been manifested till the first half of the eighteenth century, when Padethayaza wrote his idylls, one of which we give here as No. I.
Notes on the Syllable Structure of Lushai
Authors: Hendebson Eugenie J. A.
Published: January 2010

These notes are based on the pronunciation of Mr. Lai Mama, of the Baptist Mission at Lungleh, whose recent presence in London afforded an opportunity, rare in this country, of studying Lushai at first hand. The investigation was short and incomplete, but sufficient phonetic data were collected to enable certain principles governing the structure of the monosyllable in isolation to be stated.
The Malay Founder of Medieval Malacca
Authors: Winstedt E. O.
Published: January 2010

It is many years since at an Oriental Congress in Paris Dr. C. O. Blagden started the comparative study of the genealogy of the Malay rulers of medieval Malacca, comparing the account in the then best known version of the Sejarah Melayuor “ Malay Annals ” with the list of rulers recorded in Chinese sources (Essays Relating to Indochina, 2nd series, vol. 1, Notes on Malay Archipelago and Malacca, W. P. Groeneveldt) and in d′Albuquerque′s Commentaries (Hakluyt Soc, 1927). Since Dr. Blagden wrote his paper, there have been pubKshed under my name two other Malay sources for the genealogy of the Malacca dynasty: a chapter from a MS. of the Bustan al-Salatin by Shaikh Nur al-din (JRAS., Straits Branch, 1920, No. 81, pp. 39–47) and an earlier version of the “ Malay Annals ” (JRAS., Malayan Branch, 1938, No. 16). There is also new material in the Suma Orientalis of Tomé Pires (Hakluyt Soc., 1944, vol. ii, pp. 229–259). And there is a valuable paper on the Founder of Malacca by P. V. van Stein Callenfels (JRASMB., 1937, pt. ii, pp. 160–6).
Gender, Number and Person in Bantu Languages
Authors: Guthrie Malcolm
Published: January 2010

One of the more obvious facts about the occurrence of grammatical concord in a language is the possibility of classifying the words -that operate the concord. The simplest kind of classification is one in which a class consists of all those words which require or display a particular set of agreements. In this way a definite number of classes is established, but there is no indication of any relationship between the classes, indeed the nature of such relationships, if any, is a subject for further investigation. As is widely known, in Bantu languages grammatical concord is operated by means of prefix agreement, a fact which is moreover one of the criteria used to determine whether or not a given language is to be accepted as Bantu. For this reason it is possible to examine on a general basis certain features of the class system of these languages that is involved in the use of concord.
Word-Palatograms and Articulation
Authors: Firth J. E.
Published: January 2010

THE purpose of these notes is to suggest a new approach in the study of articulation with the aid of palatography.

The language material studied consists of words in English, Marathi, Burmese, Chinese, and Fijian uttered for the purpose by native speakers of the languages, trained to work with artificial palates.

It must constantly be borne in mind that utterances are events,notfacts. The finding and the stating of the facts are the business of the phonetician. He attempts this by means of a set of correlated techniques each one of which makes its own specialized abstractions from the utterances. The findings are stated in the technical syntax and idiom of the discipline, employing categories and notations required by the conceptual framework.
Mīrzā Muḥammad Khān Qazvini
Authors: Minovi Mojtabā
Published: January 2010

The death of Mīrzā, Muḥammad Khān Qazvīnī is a great loss to scholarship, and will be felt most keenly in Persia itself, where men of such learning are rare to-day. I do not propose to say much here about the details of his life, for in 1924 he wrote a fairly full autobiography, which was published with four other lives as an appendix to The Bulletin of the Sciences of Finance and Economics, Tehran. This autobiography was reprinted in a collection of his articles called Bīst Maqāleḥ e Qazvīnī Vol. I (ed. Poure-Davoud, Bombay, 1928). More recently he wrote a shorter account of his life, which was published in the monthly periodical Yaghmā (Miḥr 1327/Sept. 1948). He died on 27th May 1949, when he was 72 years old, having been born in March 1877/Rabī’ I 1294. A moving obituary by his great fellow-scholar, S. H. Taqizādeh, appeared in the Ittilā‘āt, and The Times of London published an obituary notice a week later.

Qazvīnī's father was a scholar of some repute, and one of the four jointauthors of the great Persian biographical work Nāmeh-e Dāneshvar¯n. Qazvīnī himself, who was born in Tehran, was educated under the traditional Eastern system, and learnt more by his own efforts than from formal instruction. He was orphaned before he was twelve, and soon afterwards became a student (ṭalaba) in one of the old religious colleges supported by charitable bequests; but like other zealous students he managed to attend the lectures of all the eminent masters of his time.
Rare and doubtful words in the poetry of Abū-l-‘Alā’
Authors: Tayib Abdulla El
Published: January 2010

In the course of a recent study (a thesis on Abū-l-‘Alā’ as a poet), I have come upon certain words in Luzūm mā la- Yalzam which, to the best of my knowledge, do not occur in Ibn Durayd's Jamharah, Al-Asās, al-Ṣiḥāḥ, al-Qāmūs, al-Mukhaṣṣaṣ, Täj al-'Arūs, Lisān al-'Arab, al-Jāsūs ‘ala-l-Qāmūs, Lane's Lexicon, or al-Munjid. It might be interesting, from the point of view of Arabic philology, to examine some of these rare words here, if only because they occur in the work of such a distinguished authority as Abū-l-‘Alā’. I have consulted the texts in which these words occur in the Cairo edition of the Luzūm, the Bombay edition, and the British Museum MS., Or. 3160.
The Chronoloǵical Tables of Lei Li An Important Source for the Study of the Ming Bureaucracy
Authors: van der Sprenkel O. Berkelbach
Published: January 2010

TheChronological Tables of Officials of ike Present Dynasty (Kuo-ch'ao Lieh-ch'ing Nien-piao), by Lei Li, is an important source for the study of the Ming administrative system. The work is rare and little known. Fortunately, the copy in the Peking National Library was among the books sent by the Chinese government during the anti-Japanese war to the United States for safe-keeping, where it was microfilmed with the rest of the collection of rare books (manuscripts and printed works antedating the beginning of the Manchu dynasty) by the Library of Congress. It is in this form now accessible to students.
Ad BSOAS., xiii, p. 337: “The Sons of Italy”
Authors: Wittek Paul
Published: January 2010

As Professor B. Lewis remarks, the mention of the Bĕnê Iṭaliya constitutes a serious hitch to his demonstration that the chapter of the “Prayer” where they occur reflects events of the tenth century: the Fatimids' appearance in Egypt and Palestine and the subsequent struggles between them, the Carmathians, the Turk Alptekin, the Byzantines, and the Ṭayy Bedouin. Since the “Italians” are the only obstacle to an otherwise flawless argumentation Professor Lewis is fully justified in trying to explain them away. He suspects that Iṭaliya is due to a misguided “correction” of Ṭayya, which in Syriac and Rabbinic Hebrew denotes the Ṭayy, and by extension the Arabs in general, but was probably no longer familiar to the copyist.
A Note on Professor Duyvendak's Lectures on China's Discovery of Africa
Authors: Goodrich L. C.
Published: January 2010

Professor Duyvendak, in his lectures on China's discovery of Africa, delivered at the University of London, ends with the last of the voyages of Chêng Ho, 1431–33. This, until modern times, is doubtless the final official contact of the Chinese with Africa itself. The Ming history, however, records one more mission, this time from Miṣr (Egypt) to China, as has already been noticed by both Bretschneider and Pelliot. Since the records of this embassy, as preserved in the Ming shih lu, are of some interest I present a translation of them below.
La Correspondance de Ḍiyā ad-Dîn ibn al-Athīr Liste de lettres et textes de diplômes
Authors: Cahen C.
Published: January 2010

Dans une communication au Xe Congrès des Orientalistes, Margoliouth a caractérisé comme il convient la correspondance de Ḍiyâ ad-dîn ibn al-Athîr, et donné la substance d'un certain nombre des lettres officielles rédigées par cet auteur et se référant à des faits historiques notables des années 615 à 630 de l'Hégire environ. Mais Margoliouth ne connaissait qu'un manuscrit de la correspondance de Ḍiyâ ad-dîn, celui de la Bodléienne Pococke 322, qui, ainsi qu'il l'avait remarqué, ne contient de lettres que de la dernière période de la vie de l'auteur. Or il en existe d'autres. Sans parler de celui de Top-Kapu 2630, que je n'ai pu connaître, ni du court fragment de Berlin Ahlwardt 8629, un beau manuscrit, de peu postérieur au temps de l'auteur, a été acquis par la School of Oriental Studies de Londres, qui, si la plupart des lettres qu'il contient coïncident, dans un ordre différent, avec une partie de celles du ms. d'Oxford, en renferme cependant quelques autres. Surtout, il m'a été donné de voir à la Bibliothèque Nationale un recueil, écrit au XI/XVe siècle, de 215 lettres de Diyâ ad-dîn, émanant toutes, semble-t-il, des périodes de sa vie antérieures à 610 environ. Si nous remarquons qu'à peu près tous les extraits de lettres de lui-même donnés par Ḍiyâ ad-dîn dans son traité didactique sur l'art de la rédaction al-Mathalu's-sâ'iru fîadabi'l-kâtibi wa'sh-shâ'iri (éd. Bulaq 1282/1865) se retrouvent dans le recueil susdit, nous pouvons donc admettre qu'il nous donne, pour la partie de la vie de Ḍiyâ ad-dîn approximativement antérieure à celle couverte par les deux manuscrits d'Angleterre, l'état à peu près complet de la correspondance de cet auteur, ou du moins de ce qu'il en avait conservé. Malheureusement, le manuscrit en question appartient à un propriétaire privé iraqien, et il a été laissé à la Bibliothèque Nationale trop peu de temps pour qu'il m'ait été possible de lire beaucoup plus que l'intitulé des lettres. Néanmoins, comme il est difficile de savoir dans quelle mesure ce manuscrit sera jamais à la disposition des chercheurs, je pense ne pas faire œuvre inutile en indiquant, dans ces limites, l'essentiel de son contenu.
Audumbarāyaṇa's Theory of Language
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of the Nirukta Yāska mentions the four parts of speech (noun, verb, upasarga, and nipāta), and gives definitions of the first two: verbs are chiefly concerned with being-and-becoming (bhävapradhānam ākhyātam), while nouns are chiefly concerned with existants (sattvapradhānāni nāmāni). After a brief discussion, with examples, he proceeds to give an argument against the possibility of classifying the parts of speech. This somewhat cryptic passage, which has been the subject of a considerable amount of discussion, is as follows:—

indriyanitya vacanam audumbarāyaŋa. tatra catuşvam nopapadyate, 'yugapad-utpannānā vā śabdānām itaretaropadeśa śāstrakrto yogaś ca. vyāptimattvāt tu śabdasyānīyastvāc ca śabdena sajnā-karaŋa vyavāhārārtha loke. teşä manuşyavad devatā-bhidhānam. puruşavidyānityatvāt karmasampattir mantro vede.
The Letters of Al-Mustansir bi'llcāh
Authors: al-Hamdānī Ḥusain F.
Published: January 2010

In the archives of the Da'wat of the Yemen and India a collection of royal letters and decrees (sijillāt) issued by the Fātimid Khalīfa al-Mustanṣir bi'llāh (denoted in the following pages by the letter M.) (died A.H. 487 = A.D. 1094) to the Sulaihids of the Yemen has been preserved, and a manuscript containing this collection of documents has now been acquired by the Library of the School of Oriental Studies, London. The MS. is a modern copy, which belonged to an Ismā'īlī priest in India. I have searched in vain for other copies, but it is quite likely that we might find others in the collections of the Ismā'īlī in the Yemen and India. I give in the following pages a synopsis of the historical matter contained in these documents. Apart from their interesting literary style the letters furnish us with some useful historical data and contemporary evidence for the period covered by them, viz. the forty-four years from A.H. 445 = A.D. 1053 to A.H. 489 = A.D. 1095.
Some Swahili Nautical Terms
Authors: Copland B. D.
Published: January 2010

These words were collected at Bagamoyo and Tanga and on trips between Zanzibar and the mainland. Most of them do not occur in any of the standard dictionaries, that is, in Krapf, Steere. and Madan. In cases where a word has a specialized meaning or a different meaning from that given by the authority, the fact has been noted.
Notes on the Arabic Materials for the History of the Early Crusades
Authors: Gibb H. A. R.
Published: January 2010

The publication of the first volume of M. René Groussef's history of the Crusades, which is review'ed elsewhere in this issue, brings out again, and all the more vividly because of its wealth of detail and effort to present a complete and rounded-off picture, the very serious gaps in Orientalist research on this period. Whereas the study of the Western and Greek sources has progressed to a point at which it may be said that little more remains to be done, research on the Oriental sources is incredibly backward.
Iranian Words in the Kharosthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

Aύana has been referred to Skt. āpana, but there is nothing to suggest that it means “market” or “bazaar”. On the contrary, it is clear from the documents that it means “village”, “parish”, or “local township”, i.e. the small country towns or villages administratively dependent on Caota, the capital of the province. Further, -ύ- (= w) almost always occurs, not -v- which we would have expected out of an original -p-. It is possible, of course, that āpana might have been used in an extended sense “market-town”, but it can be explained perhaps easier out of Iranian. O.P. āvahana, Arm. lw. avan, both meaning “village”.
Linguistics without Sociology: Some Notes on the Standard Luganda Dictionary
Authors: Mair Lucy
Published: January 2010

It is getting to be a commonplace of modern linguistic studies that the method of interpreting one language in terms of another simply by assigning equivalents to isolated words cannot lead to a profitable understanding of systems of speech, each of which is inseparably bound up with the particular culture in which it is used. The work of Ogden and Richards and of A. H. Gardiner on civilized and of Malinowski on primitive language has shown conclusively that meaning cannot be regarded as something inherent in words and possessing an independent existence, but must be sought for in the context, if not of an actual situation, of the associations which form the experience of the speaker and hearer. In regard to primitive language, Malinowski has shown how the most apparently simple phrases, of which only one rendering might seem possible, can be misinterpreted by failure to recognize the special reference which they have to the native speaker.
Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I.
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

The following studies are all based on the registers of land, population, and revenue contained in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul. They will be limited to the Arabic-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, and to the first century of Ottoman rule. It is not my purpose to attempt a general study of the history of these areas in this period, nor to correlate the information derived from the archives with that obtained from other sources in a comprehensive historical monograph. My aim is rather to offer a series of studies in detail in a certain class of documents and on a few special topics; that is, to make a number of soundings in depth at selected points, rather than a surface survey of this material. The topics have, as far as possible, been chosen so as to give a wide range of variety, dealing with town and country, inland and coastal areas, mountain and plain. The first two studies deal with Palestine, which of all the countries under consideration has by far the richest documentation in outside.sources, and therefore offered the most promising field for a first experimental study. This study presents in outline the picture of Palestine in the early Ottoman period that emerges from the registers, and is intended as an introduction to the material as a whole. It will be followed by a documentary study of the quarters, population, and taxation of the towns of Palestine, and then by further studies on selected rural and urban areas in Syria and Iraq.1
A Fragment of the Sanskrit Vinaya. Bhiksunikarmavacana
Authors: Ridding C. M. , Poussin L. De La Vall´ee
Published: January 2010

§ 1. The Sanskrit MS. Oxford 1442, inaccurately described in the catalogue, contains the larger part of the Bhiksunīkarmavācanā. This text is interesting (1) as one of the most important parts of the Sanskrit Vinaya hitherto discovered, and (2) because the rules concerning the Nuns have not been much studied even from Pali sources. As far as we know no Bhikkhunlkammavakya has been published. The MS. is incomplete;
More Niffarī
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

In my edition of the Mawāqif and Mukhāṭabāt of Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Jabbār al-Niffarī (Gibb Memorial Series, 1935) I called attention in several places to statements made by the commentator 'Afīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī, and the copyist of the fine Gotha manuscript, that the writings of al-Niffarī as we then possessed them were compiled from the author's scattered notes by his son or grandson, the notes themselves, which were dated, being no longer extant. Among the dates mentioned for these original autograph portions were the years 352, 353, 358, 359, 360, and 361 of the Hijra. I was prepared to accept these statements at their face value, and to use them as confirming the authenticity of the works ascribed to al-Niffarī, and his approximate date as given by the biographers. But it certainly never entered my thoughts that I would one day be handling a part of his writings in his own hand.
Proto-Dravidian *c-: Toda t-
Authors: Emeneau M. B.
Published: January 2010

1. That the fifteen or so Dravidian languages are to be considered a family is perhaps as obvious on first inspection as that the Romance languages are one. Phonetic correspondences, however, have with few exceptions not been worked out with any great clarity and exactness during the years since 1856, when Caldwell first published his comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages. The prime reason for this is, of course, the rarity of scholars who have worked or are working in this field; there can be named fewer than a score who have made first-rate contributions. Even so, the failure of scholars to state phonetic correspondences in definitive forms is surprising, since prima facie the material is easy to deal with and etymologically related groups of words leap to the eye. I need only instance the verb meaning ‘come’ which occurs in all the languages and which I have treated in Lg. 21. 184–213; or the noun meaning ‘worm,’ the forms of which are: Ta. puu ‘worm, maggot,’ Ma. puu ‘worm, caterpillar, maggot, grub, moth, mite,’ Kot. pu ‘worm,’ Tod. puf ‘worm, intestinal worm,’ Ka. puu, pua ‘worm, insect in general, snake,’ Koḍ. puḷu ‘worm,’ Tu. puri ‘worm, mite, moth, skin parasite,’ pura, puru ‘snail,’ Te. purugu, puruvu, pruvvu ‘worm, any insect or reptile,’ Kol. purre ‘worm,’ Go. pŭṛī ‘insect, worm,’ Kui pṛiu, pṛīu, piṛu ‘wingless insect, worm, maggot,’ Kur. pocgō ‘worm, caterpillar, fleshy larva, esp. of beetle,’ Malt, pocru ‘worm,’ Br. pū ‘worm, maggot, caterpillar,’ pul-mak(k)ī ‘tape-worm’ (makī ‘intestinal worm’ < Persian).
A Grammar of the Language of Lobaha, Lepers' Island, New Hebrides, Melanesia
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

THE island of the Northern New Hebrides which the French explorer Bougainville named Isle of Lepers is uow usually known as Oba (Omba), and to this the locative preposition a is prefixed, Aoba. One is inclined, however, to question the accuracy of the name Oba as applied to Lepers’ Island, since on Raga, the nearest island eastward, the name given to the island is Bai, A Bai. Also on Atchin and its neighbouring islets to the westward, off the coast of Malekula, places that had a considerable connection with Lepers’ Island for ceremonial as well as for trading purposes, Ba and Bai are the names by which it is known. Bishop Patteson, of the MM., who frequently visited the island, always wrote of it as Lepers’ Island. The later name of Opa given to it by members of the MM. would seem to be due to mission scholars from the island of Mota further north, where p replaces b, and the article o precedes the names of islands. This would point to Ba (Mba) being the name of the island.

Dr. R. H. Codrington published a grammar of the Oba language, using the dialect of that portion of the north coast of the island which is known as Walurigi. This grammar was founded principally on information derived from scholars from that part of the island in the MM. school at Norfolk Island.
The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

In the cold December of 1906 I was returning from Borūjerd to Tehran. At every village on the road I inquired whether there existed any local curiosities. At Kondūrūd I was told that the inhabitants belonged to the Turkish Khalaj tribe and spoke Khalajī. I had only a couple of hours to jot down a few sentences in the dialect which struck me by its unusual features. It was too late to call back my men who, by that time, had gone ahead, and I had to content myself with the hope that some Khalaj might turn up in the capital. Indeed I had an inhabitant of “Khalajestān” brought to me from the bazaar only to discover that he spoke an Iranian dialect. I revisited Solṭanābād in 1917 in circumstances of war. At my request, the governor's men got hold of two Khalaj villagers, but the latter were so frightened that the official summons might mean some trouble in store for them that they hardly answered my questions and most pathetically asked me to let them go in peace.
An Indian Contribution to the Study of Property
Authors: Duncan J. , Derrett M.
Published: January 2010

Fundamental concepts are often the more difficult to define because of their ubiquitous employment, and though the majority of people are content to do without a definition the lack of one stands as a perpetual challenge to human intelligence. Property is just such a concept, standing upon the frontiers of linguistics, law, and logic without deriving final shape from any of them. Since no legal transaction or dealing could take place without it, and since innumerable events familiar to daily life depend upon it for their effectiveness, it seems strange that it is so little understood.
‘Openness’ in Tigre: A Problem in Prosodic Statement
Authors: Palmer F. R.
Published: January 2010

An essential part of the prosodic approach is the abstraction of those features that may be regarded as syntagmatic. One feature of this kind is ‘vowel harmony’; prosodic analysis is well equipped to deal with this in terms of x2018;frontness’ and ‘backness’, or ‘openness’ and ‘closeness’, these being treated as characteristic of the entire word or of a considerable part of it.

In the phonological analysis of Tigre a prosodic feature of this kind may be abstracted, the relevant phonetic observation being that there are sequences of open front vowels, and that within those sequences there are no half open central vowels. It is this feature that is referred to in the title as ‘openness’.
The Lay of Brahma's Marriage: An Episode of the Alh-Khand
Authors: Gbieeson George A.
Published: January 2010

Over Northern India from Delhi to Patna, there is no more popular story than that contained in the cycle of ballads called the Ālh-Khand. This is a long epic poem in twenty-three cantos, composed in the Bunēlī dialect of Western Hindī, telling in rude ballad metre of the exploits of the famous Ālhā and Ūdan, and sung by wandering minstrels known as Ālhā-gānēwālās, or “Singers of Ālhā”. Up to the middle of the last century the cycle does not appear to have ever been reduced to writing, as was the lot of the more elaborate productions of the professional Rajput bards, and few, if any, of its reciters are masters of the whole; but in the eighteen-sixties Mr. C. A. Elliott (afterwards Sir Charles Elliott), when stationed at Farrukhabad, near the ancient city of Kanauj, found three or four of these minstrels, and employed one of them to compile a complete set of the twentythree ballads from their joint memories. The poem thus rescued was printed, and its great popularity is shown by the fact that it has passed through many editions, and can be purchased in the bazaars written either in the Nāgarī or in the Persian character.
The Discovery of the Original Devanāgari Text of the Christian Purāna of Thomas Stevens
Authors: Abbott Justin E.
Published: January 2010

The collection of books and manuscripts belonging to the library of William Marsden, and given by him to King's College in 1835, but now in the possession of the School of Oriental Studies, has in its valuable contents a few Marathi manuscripts. Sir E. Denison Ross, in his article on “The Manuscripts Collected by William Marsden”, published in the Bulletin (Vol. II, Pt. Ill), has reproduced on pp. 535 and 537 the entries made by Mr. Marsden on these Marathi MSS.
A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language
Authors: Doke Clement M.
Published: January 2010

The Zulu language proper, Isizulu, is now spoken by the natives of Zululand and of the greater part of Natal, though naturally there are dialectal differences within that area, and these differences become more pronounced as the Xosa border is approached. The language of the amaMpondo, for instance, seems to savour both of Zulu and of Xosa. One of the outstanding phonetic differences between Zulu and Xosa is that the latter uses the alveolar nasal combination nd where the former uses the velar ηg, e.g. Xosa ndi, and Zulu “cardinal” vowels and the use of the vowel chart, cf. the various phonetic readers published by the London University Press, and particularly the Italian Phonetic Reader. They are indicated on the chart by the numbers (1) to (8).
Kusanica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

1. From the period of the rule of the Kuṣāṇa family of the Saka kings cor three inscriptions from Mathurā. Of the first two neither is completely preserved, but in both a word bakanapati is unmistakably present. The first inscription is of the time of the mahārāja rājātirāja devaputra Huviṣka. The second inscription written on a pedestal seems to contain the name Vima, and this by both K. P. Jayaswal and Mme van Lohuizen de Leeuw is considered to mean Vima Kadphises, though Sten Konow expressed his doubts.
Notes on the colloquial lanǵuaǵe of Persia as recorded in certain recent writings
Authors: Boyle J. A.
Published: January 2010

§ 1. There is in all languages a considerable difference between literary and colloquial usage. Sometimes this difference is so great that one can almost speak of two distinct languages. But even when the contrast is less striking it remains true that a large part of the vocabulary and a number of grammatical forms are to be encountered only in books and do not come spontaneously to the lips in natural speech; just as, on the other hand, there are words and expressions to be heard on every side in ordinary conversation that would be unthinkable in formal writing. All this is as true of Persian as of any other language; but whereas in the West the colloquial idiom has long since achieved literary recognition in the drama and in fiction, this is by no means the case in Persia, where recent experiments in the recording of the spoken language have met with strong opposition from the upholders of the classical tradition. The first shot hi this new ‘Battle of the Books’ was fired more than 30 years ago by Sayyed Mohammad ‘Ali amālzāde with the publication of his celebrated collection of short stories known as Yekī būd yekī na-būd, in which he introduced into Persian literature a host of words and phrases in common use by all classes throughout Persia but unrecorded in dictionaries and carefully avoided by men of letters. ǰamālzāde was content to enrich the vocabulary of the literary language: it was left to men like the late Sādeq Hedāyat and his disciple Sādeq Čūbak to take a second and much more controversial step and to make the creatures of their imagination employ, as nearly as possibly, the actual pronunciation and grammar of the spoken language.
A Farewell to the Khaǵan of the Aq-Aqatärān
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

Perhaps the most exotic among the many strange kings and rulers mentioned in the inscription of Paikuli is the Khagan of the Aq-Aqatärān or ‘White Khazars’. This is the meaning which the late E. Herzfeld, in his edition of that inscription, attributed to a group of words in the Middle Persian version which he read as ḥ'k'n ZY 'kka'n. As the inscription dates from the last decade of the 3rd century (probably from A.d. 293), his interpretation seems to involve a double anachronism: in the title, and in the national name.
Georgia and the Fall of the Ṣafavi Dynasty
Authors: Lang D. M.
Published: January 2010

Contemporaryaccounts of the events which led up to the Afghan conquest of Persia in 1722 ascribe some importance to the role played by the Georgians in this catastrophe. The well-known narrative of Jonas Hanway and reports of Catholic missionaries, European travellers, and Consular agents, together with the published documents from Russian archives, indicate that the deterioration of relations between the Shah and the King of K'art'li was among the factors which assisted Mīr Maḥmūd's enterprise. In the present brief study, the archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the Quai d'Orsay, as well as Georgian sources, have been drawn on to sketch the history of Georgian relations with the government of Shah Sulṭān Ḥusayn, and follow up some suggestive indications contained in Professor Minorsky's own writings.
The Privileǵe Granted by Meḥmed II to His Physician
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

In a recent article on Ya'qūb Pasha, the Jewish physician of Sultan Meḥmed II, Professor F. Babinger cites two passages from the brief account of the career of Ya'qūb given by A. Galanté in his Médecins Juifs au service de la Turquie. The first tells of the arrival of Ya'ūb in Edirne during the reign of Murād II, of his service with Murād and Meḥmed II, and gives the text of an alleged ferman exempting Ya'qūb and his descendants from all taxation in perpetuity, granted by Meḥmed II at Boghaz-kesen in Rabī' II 856/Apr.-May 1452. The second alleges that in 1571 the descendants of Ya'qūb applied to the Rabbinate in Constantinople for exemption from Jewish communal taxes on the basis of this ferman. As Babinger points out, Galanté refers the first statement simply to ‘un auteur hébraïque’, without further specification, while for the second statement he cites no authority at all.
Some Mu'tazilī Ideas about Religion In particular about Knowledge based on General Report
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

The British Museum manuscript Or. 8613 (146 folios, probably 5th–11th century) has lost both its beginning and end. Its subject is the doctrine of the Mu'tazila and it is divided into sections each of which begins with the quotation from a book by Abū 'Alī Muḥammad b. Khallād (Fihrist 174); in one place he is called ṣāḥib al-kitāb. The authorities mostly quoted are the two shaikhs, Abū 'Ahī al-Jubbāī and his son Abū Hāshim, the chief judge 'Abd al-jabbār (†415/1024) and Abū Rashīd Sa'īd b. Muḥammad who died somewhat later. He is the latest authority quoted. It is hard to decide to which of the two men Abū 'Alī refers. The MS. has been collated within the last 200 years but no other copy seems to be recorded unless no. 589 in Landberg (MSS. belonging to Maison Brill), Ziyādāt, by Abū Ṭālib Yaḥyā b. Ḥusain to al-uṣūl of Ibn Khallād, is the same work; but if the description ‘giving much information about the Zaidis’ is right, it is another book. The character of the book will be shown by a summary of its contents followed by an abridged translation of one section.
An Analysis of Primary and Secondary Significations in the Third Ghazal of Ḥāfiẓ
Authors: Wickens G. M.
Published: January 2010

In the course of a recently published article, I had occasion to demonstrate, rather briefly and using a comparatively simple poem, what seemed to me a distinct pattern of symbolic allusion in the verse of Ḥāfiẓ. I suggested that this type of pattern (especially in association with certain others, which have recently engaged the attention of scholars) largely invalidated the traditional view of Persian poetry as a random shower of brilliant, but ill-assorted and uncontrolled, ‘fireworks’.
Note on the Divyāvadāna
Authors: Thomas E. J.
Published: January 2010

The corruptions in the text of the Divyāvadāna are well known. As we now have it, it depends upon a number of modern copies of a single manuscript inaccessible in Nepal. Nor would access to this original be likely to solve all the difficulties. The editors declared that without continual reference to the Tibetan versions it would be impossible to give a satisfactory English translation. A series of highly important emendations was given by J. S. Speyer in the Vienna Oriental Journal (vol. xvi), but one passage there dealt with seems to require further consideration. It is in the story of Mākandika and his daughter, whom he wished to present as a wife to Buddha. The reply of Buddha is in verse (Divy., p. 519).
The Alternance ι- ∽ ω- in Ancient Japanese
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

To vol. iii, No. 1, of Monumenta Nipponica J. Rahder contributed an article in which he gives a list of consonant alternances and vowel alternances in Japanese including various dialects spoken in Ryūkyū. The importance of an extensive and careful study of such linguistic phenomena cannot be overestimated, for it constitutes the very first step towards the laborious task of grouping Japanese words into word-families, thence tracing them back to their respective roots.