bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘No connection or cooperation’? Missionaries and anthropologists on the Pacific Northwest Coast
Authors: Tomalin Marcus
Published: November 2009

This article examines the collaborative research that was accomplished by certain missionaries and anthropologists who were based on the Pacific Northwest Coast during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although it is still sometimes suggested that these interactions were minimal, this article reveals their depth and extent. In particular, the way in which prominent researchers such as Franz Boas made use of linguistic analyses that had been produced by priests is reconsidered, and it is shown that missionaries such as Charles Harrison followed the anthropologists' lead in describing and preserving the indigenous cultures they encountered. Such facts reinforce revisionist historiographical accounts of the development of anthropology which give greater emphasis to the role of missionaries.

L’auteur examine les recherches « collaboratives » menées à la fin du XIXesiècle et au début du XXepar certains missionnaires et anthropologues basés sur la côte Nord‐ouest du Pacifique. Bien que l’on suggère parfois encore que ces interactions ont été très succinctes, le présent article révèle leur profondeur et leur étendue. Est notamment réexaminée la manière dont des chercheurs aussi éminents que Franz Boas, par exemple, ont utilisé des analyses linguistiques réalisées par des prêtres. Il apparaît que des missionnaires tels que Charles Harrison ont suivi l’exemple des anthropologues pour décrire et préserver les cultures autochtones qu’ils rencontraient. Ces observations viennent à l’appui des révisions récentes de l’histoire du développement de l’anthropologie, qui accordent une plus grande place au rôle des missionnaires.
How do teachers in Ireland and England conceptualise dyslexia?
Authors: Bell Sheena , McPhillips Thérèse , Doveston Mary
Published: November 2009

This paper presents the findings of a comparative study using data from questionnaire surveys carried out in England (n=57) and Ireland (n=72). The researchers examine how teachers and teaching assistants who are currently teaching pupils with dyslexia in primary schools describe dyslexia and what may have influenced their conceptualisation. The paper examines teachers' responses both in terms of how they view their pupils presenting difficulties in the classroom, and how far they link these to underlying differences in cognitive processing. The researchers suggest ways in which this might influence their teaching in terms of methodology. Findings have been mapped to the Morton and Frith causal modelling framework. The implications of these findings for the training and support of teachers are discussed in the light of recent national initiatives to improve the teaching of dyslexic pupils in both countries.
‘There Is Graite Odds between A Mans being At Home And A Broad’: Deborah Read Franklin and the Eighteenth‐Century Home
Authors: Conger Vivian Bruce
Published: November 2009

From 1764 to her death in 1774, Deborah Franklin lived in ‘their’ new house without husband Benjamin. The correspondence between them reveals several ambiguously gendered constructions of that house – ideologically, materially, and architecturally. Deborah was ‘homeless’ legally and conceptually. Her household variously consisted of her mother, her adopted son, her daughter, relatives, guests, boarders and servants – she permanently assumed the role of head of the household. His household consisted of his landlady, Widow Margaret Stevenson, and her daughter Polly – he could not assume his role as head of household. Moreover, as Deborah wrote to her husband about turning the house into a fortress during a raid on it during Stamp Act crisis, he wrote to her about the household goods; as she talked about politics, he discussed familial matters. Their permeable, even ambiguous, masculine and feminine roles reconstructed the meaning – and thereby symbolised the gendered complexity – of the early American white middling and elite eighteenth‐century home.
Ideal Homes and the Gender Politics of Consumerism in Postcolonial Ghana, 1960–70
Authors: Murillo Bianca
Published: November 2009

This article uses the 1967 Ideal Home Exhibition in Accra as a window onto understanding connections between gender and consumerism in postcolonial Ghana. Drawing upon newspapers, comics and novels, it argues that the home was placed at the centre of national debates about economic recovery and political stability. Major goals of attracting Western investors and building Ghana's private sector simultaneously promoted conservative gender roles and restrictions on consumer behaviour. Cultural stereotypes targeting the consumption habits of women and youth intensified in the postcolonial period, masking larger issues like unstable wages, increasing foreign debts, high costs of living and government corruption.
From Husbands and Housewives to Suckers and Whores: Marital‐Political Anxieties in the ‘House of Egypt’, 1919–48
Authors: Pollard Lisa
Published: November 2009

This article traces the transformation in the symbolic role of the modern, bourgeois Egyptian home and the political and personal relationships it allegedly engendered, showing that what had originally appeared as promising became the potential site of treason and deceit. The article relies on archival materials, political caricatures and articles from the popular press. Beginning with an assessment of the political discourse of 1919, it then illustrates how, by the 1930s, home life and marriage appeared as zones of crisis rather than promise. By the late 1940s, as a stand‐in for political commentary, the domicile appeared as a space from which men had to escape at all costs, presaging a revolution in which a new political order would restore the household to its previous order and centrality.
Communist Comfort: Socialist Modernism and the Making of Cosy Homes in the Khrushchev Era
Authors: Reid Susan E.
Published: November 2009

In the Khrushchev Era Soviet Union, housing and homemaking became widely shared preoccupations both for specialist agents of the state and for individual homemakers, as standard, prefabricated apartments were erected on a mass scale. This essay examines a series of tensions and contradictions: between mobilisation and dwelling; between the chiliasm of the official ideology of communism and the process of settling and making home in these new single‐family flats; between mass‐produced structures and the agency of the individual; and between the prescriptions of the state's agents and the practices of ordinary amateur homemakers, primarily women. Drawing on contemporary press and archival sources, as well as on interviews with women who moved into the newly‐built apartments, the article analyses the ways in which, in authoritative discourse and in everyday practice, specialists and amateurs, primarily female homemakers, sought to transcend the antithesis of home comfort and communism.
Corporate Domesticity and Idealised Masculinity: Royal Naval Officers and their Shipboard Homes, 1918–39
Authors: Colville Quintin
Published: November 2009

This article explores the interrelationship of masculine identity and corporate domesticity through the example of Royal Naval officers and the quarters they occupied on board ship during the 1920s and 1930s. Through a case study of a surviving warship, it establishes the linkages of this environment to a wider upper‐middle‐class world of public school common rooms, gentlemen's clubs and family homes. It analyses the role of this shipboard domesticity in defining the idealised and class‐specific persona of the naval officer: constructed through foregrounding approved qualities (such as dutifulness, restraint and self‐discipline), and suppressing characteristics considered problematic (for instance, introspection, individualism and intellectualism). The article also evaluates the tensions generated by these impersonal and unreachable standards, and the simultaneous ability of the naval home to support corporate and individual behaviours at odds with the officer ideal. The final section explores the gendered nature of these spaces. It argues that while the shipboard home was essentially a male one, the dynamic it engineered between rival ‘male’ and ‘female’ domesticities was invariably relational. Officers’ communal quarters were routinely used to support and intensify oppositional understandings of masculinity and femininity. Nonetheless, attempts to dispute these boundaries and to internalise feminised qualities of sentiment, attachment and dependency can be detected in the privatised domesticity of the cabin.
Men Making Home: Masculinity and Domesticity in Eighteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: November 2009

Eighteenth‐century England is, for many scholars, the time and place where modern domesticity was invented; the point at which ‘home’ became a key concept sustained by new literary imaginings and new social practices. But as gendered individuals, and certainly compared to women, men are notable for their absence in accounts of the eighteenth‐century domestic interior. In this essay, I examine the relationship between constructs of masculinity and meanings of home. During the eighteenth century, ‘home’ came to mean more than one's dwelling; it became a multi‐faceted state of being, encompassing the emotional, physical, moral and spatial. Masculinity intersected with domesticity at all levels and stages in its development. The nature of men's engagements with home were understood through a model of ‘oeconomy’, which brought together the home and the world, primarily through men's activities. Indeed, this essay proposes that attention to how this multi‐faceted eighteenth‐century ‘home’ was made in relation to masculinity shifts our understanding of home as a private and feminine space opposed to an ‘outside’ and public world.
A unifying explanation for diverse metabolic scaling in animals and plants
Authors: Glazier Douglas S.
Published: November 2009

The scaling of metabolic rate with body mass has long been a controversial topic. Some workers have claimed that the slope of log‐log metabolic scaling relationships typically obeys a universal 3/4‐power law resulting from the geometry of resource‐transport networks. Others have attempted to explain the broad diversity of metabolic scaling relationships. Although several potentially useful models have been proposed, at present none successfully predicts the entire range of scaling relationships seen among both physiological states and taxonomic groups of animals and plants. Here I argue that our understanding may be aided by three shifts in focus: from explaining average tendencies to explaining variation between extreme boundary limits, from explaining the slope and elevation (metabolic level) of scaling relationships separately to showing how and why they are interrelated, and from focusing primarily on internal factors (e.g. body design) to a more balanced consideration of both internal and external (ecological) factors. By incorporating all of these shifts in focus, the recently proposed metabolic‐level boundaries hypothesis appears to provide a useful way of explaining both taxonomic and physiological variation in metabolic scaling relationships. This hypothesis correctly predicts that the scaling slope should vary mostly between 2/3 and 1 and that it should be related to metabolic (activity) level according to an approximately U‐shaped function. It also implies that the scaling of other energy‐dependent biological processes should be related to the metabolic level of the organisms being examined. Some data are presented that support this implication, but further research is needed.
Novel Phr1 mutations and the evolution of phenol reaction variation in US weedy rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Gross Briana L. , Skare Karl J. , Olsen Kenneth M.
Published: November 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03077.xFeatured paper: See Commentary, p741
Moyamoya: to cut or not to cut is not the only question. A paediatric neurologist’s perspective
Authors: GANESAN VIJEYA
Published: November 2009

The paediatric neurologist is usually the clinician who makes the diagnosis of moyamoya in children, yet most of the debate in the literature has focused on surgical management of the condition. Semantic confusion and variable use of the term among neuroradiologists continues to be unhelpful. Increasing recognition of moyamoya, for example in sickle cell disease, and the publication of clinical guidelines encouraging referral for surgical evaluation highlight the need to identify and engage with management of the condition. In practical terms, the most frequent management issues for the paediatric neurologist, other than when to refer for surgery, are headache, hypertension, and the concern of the family that other children might be affected. These issues are discussed in the context of the available literature, and areas in which there is a need for research and consensus are identified.
Pim‐1 kinase as activator of the cell cycle pathway in neuronal death induced by DNA damage
Authors: Zhang Yi , Parsanejad Mohammad , Huang En , Qu Dianbo , Aleyasin Hossein , Rousseaux Maxime W. C. , Gonzalez Yasmilde Rodriguez , Cregan Sean P. , Slack Ruth S. , Park David S.
Published: November 2009

DNA damage is a critical component of neuronal death underlying neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Neuronal death evoked by DNA damage is characterized by inappropriate activation of multiple cell cycle components. However, the mechanism regulating this activation is not fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the cell division cycle (Cdc) 25A phosphatase mediates the activation of cyclin‐dependent kinases and neuronal death evoked by the DNA damaging agent camptothecin. We also showed that Cdc25A activation is blocked by constitutive checkpoint kinase 1 activity under basal conditions in neurons. Presently, we report that an additional factor is central to regulation of Cdc25A phosphatase in neuronal death. In a gene array screen, we first identified Pim‐1 as a potential factor up‐regulated following DNA damage. We confirmed the up‐regulation of Pim‐1 transcript, protein and kinase activity following DNA damage. This induction of Pim‐1 is regulated by the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐κB) pathway as Pim‐1 expression and activity are significantly blocked by siRNA‐mediated knockdown of NF‐κB or NF‐κB pharmacological inhibitors. Importantly, Pim‐1 activity is critical for neuronal death in this paradigm and its deficiency blocks camptothecin‐mediated neuronal death. It does so by activating Cdc25A with consequent activation of cyclin D1‐associated kinases. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pim‐1 kinase plays a central role in DNA damage‐evoked neuronal death by regulating aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation.
Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of manganese and lipopolysaccharide: differential involvement of microglia and astroglia
Authors: Zhang Ping , Lokuta Kyle M. , Turner DeAnne E. , Liu Bin
Published: November 2009

Overexposure to manganese is known to cause damage to basal ganglial neurons and the development of movement abnormalities. Activation of microglia and astrocytes has increasingly been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. We have recently shown that microglial activation facilitates manganese chloride (MnCl2, 10–300 μM)‐induced preferential degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. In this study, we report that combinations of MnCl2(1–30 μM) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5–2 ng/mL), at minimally effective concentrations when used alone, induced synergistic and preferential damage to DA neurons in rat primary neuron‐glia cultures. Mechanistically, MnCl2significantly potentiated LPS‐induced release of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1 beta in microglia, but not in astroglia. MnCl2and LPS were more effective in inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in microglia than in astroglia. Furthermore, MnCl2and LPS‐induced free radical generation, cytokine release, and DA neurotoxicity was significantly attenuated by pre‐treatment with potential anti‐inflammatory agents minocycline and naloxone. These results demonstrate that the combination of manganese overexposure and neuroinflammation is preferentially deleterious to DA neurons. Moreover, these findings not only shed light on the understanding of manganese neurotoxicity but may also bear relevance to the potentially multifactorial etiology of Parkinson’s disease.
Mu and kappa opioids modulate mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitor differentiation via MAP kinases
Authors: Hahn Jason W. , Jagwani Shana , Kim Eunhae , Rendell Victoria R. , He Joy , Ezerskiy Lubov A. , Wesselschmidt Robin , Coscia Carmine J. , Belcheva Mariana M.
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1431–1441.

As embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitors (NPs) have the potential to be used in cell replacement therapy, an understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate their terminal differentiation is imperative. In previous studies, we discovered the presence of functional μ opioid receptors (MOR) and κ opioid receptors (KOR) in mouse embryonic stem cells and NPs. Here, MOR and KOR immunoreactivity was detected in NP‐derived oligodendrocytes during three stages of their maturation in vitro. Moreover, we examined the modulation of retinoic acid‐induced NP differentiation to astrocytes and neurons by μ, [D‐ala2, mephe4, gly‐ol5] enkephalin, or κ, U69, 593, opioids. Both opioid agonists inhibited NP‐derived neurogenesis and astrogenesis via their corresponding receptors as determined by immunocytochemistry. By administering selective inhibitors, we found that opioid inhibition of NP‐derived astrogenesis was driven via extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK), while the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway was implicated in opioid attenuation of neurogenesis. In addition, μ and κ opioids stimulated oligodendrogenesis from NP‐derived NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors via both ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Accordingly, both opioids induced ERK phosphorylation in NG2+ cells. These results indicate that small molecules, such as MOR and KOR agonists may play a modulatory role in NP terminal differentiation.
Disruption of the interaction between myosin VI and SAP97 is associated with a reduction in the number of AMPARs at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Nash Joanne E. , Appleby Vanessa J. , Corrêa Sonia A. L. , Wu Hongju , Fitzjohn Stephen M. , Garner Craig C. , Collingridge Graham L. , Molnár Elek
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 677–690.

Myosin VI is an actin‐based motor protein that is enriched at the postsynaptic density and appears to interact with alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) via synapse associated protein 97 (SAP97). Here, we find that a Flag epitope‐tagged dominant negative construct that inhibits the interaction between SAP97 and myosin VI (Flag‐myoVI‐DN) causes a dramatic reduction in the number of synapses and the surface expression of AMPARs in cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we find that Flag‐myoVI‐DN also prevents the rapid delivery of AMPARs to synapses that can be induced by the transient activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors. The Flag‐myoVI‐DN induced decrease in surface AMPARs is not because of reduced AMPAR subunit protein synthesis. Using whole‐cell recording, we show that Flag‐myoVI‐DN also prevents the activity‐induced increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency that is normally associated with recruitment of AMPARs to the cell surface at synaptic sites that lack these receptors (i.e. ‘silent’ synapses). Together, these results indicate that myosin VI/SAP97 plays an important role in trafficking and activity‐dependent recruitment of AMPARs to synapses.
Modifications in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation pattern after repeated palatable food consumption undergo rapid habituation in the nucleus accumbens shell of non‐food‐deprived rats
Authors: Danielli Barbara , Scheggi Simona , Grappi Silvia , Marchese Giovanna , De Montis Maria Graziella , Tagliamonte Alessandro , Gambarana Carla
Published: November 2009

In non‐food‐deprived rats a palatable meal induces a transient increase in dopamine output in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell and core; habituation to this response develops with a second palatable meal, selectively in the shell, unless animals are food‐deprived. A palatable meal also induces time‐dependent modifications in the dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32 000 (DARPP‐32) phosphorylation pattern that are prevented when SCH 23390, a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, is administered shortly after the meal. This study investigated whether dopaminergic habituation in the shell had a counterpart in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes. In non‐food‐deprived rats, two consecutive palatable meals were followed by similar sequences of modifications in DARPP‐32 phosphorylation levels in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core, while changes after the second meal were blunted in the shell. In food‐deprived rats two consecutive meals also induced similar phosphorylation changes in the shell. Finally, SCH 23390 administered shortly after the first palatable meal in non‐food‐deprived rats inhibited DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes in response to the first meal, and prevented the habituation to a second meal in terms of dopaminergic response and DARPP‐32 phosphorylation changes. Thus, dopamine D1 receptor stimulation plays a role in the development of habituation.
Unidirectional hybridization at a species’ range boundary: implications for habitat tracking
Authors: Beatty Gemma E. , Philipp Marianne , Provan Jim
Published: November 2009

Aim Introgressive hybridization between a locally rare species and a more abundant congener can drive population extinction via genetic assimilation, or the replacement of the rare species gene pool with that of the common species. To date, however, few studies have assessed the effects of such processes at the limits of species’ distribution ranges. In this study, we have examined the potential for hybridization between range‐edge populations of the wintergreenPyrola minorand sympatric populations ofPyrola grandiflora.

Location Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland and Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.

Methods Genetic analysis of samples from Greenland and Canada was carried out using a combination of nuclear and chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results Analysis of nuclear SNPs confirmed hybridization in populations of morphologically intermediate individuals, as well as revealing the existence of cryptic hybrids in ostensibly morphologically pureP. minorpopulations. Analysis of chloroplast SNPs revealed that this hybridization is unidirectional and suggests that hybrids originate via pollen swamping ofP. minorby the more commonP. grandiflora.

Main conclusions Extensive unidirectional hybridization may lead to the extinction of peripheral populations ofP. minorwhere the two species grow sympatrically. Extinction could occur as a result of genetic assimilation where F1s are fertile, or via the removal of unidirectionally pollinated sterile F1s, or by a combination of these processes. This could compromise the ability of species to respond to climate change via habitat tracking, although the final outcome of these processes may ultimately depend on the rate of global climate change and its effect on the species’ distributions.
DNA methylation pattern changes upon long‐term culture and aging of human mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Bork Simone , Pfister Stefan , Witt Hendrik , Horn Patrick , Korn Bernhard , Ho Anthony D. , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

Within 2–3 months of in vitro culture‐expansion, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) undergo replicative senescence characterized by cell enlargement, loss of differentiation potential and ultimate growth arrest. In this study, we have analyzed DNA methylation changes upon long‐term culture of MSC by using the HumanMethylation27 BeadChip microarray assessing 27 578 unique CpG sites. Furthermore, we have compared MSC from young and elderly donors. Overall, methylation patterns were maintained throughout both long‐term culture and aging but highly significant differences were observed at specific CpG sites. Many of these differences were observed in homeobox genes and genes involved in cell differentiation. Methylation changes were verified by pyrosequencing after bisulfite conversion and compared to gene expression data. Notably, methylation changes in MSC were overlapping in long‐term culture and aging in vivo. This supports the notion that replicative senescence and aging represent developmental processes that are regulated by specific epigenetic modifications.
Neurodegeneration in an Aβ‐induced model of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of Cdk5
Authors: Lopes Joao P. , Oliveira Catarina R. , Agostinho Paula
Published: November 2009

Cdk5 dysregulation is a major event in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro studies using differentiated neurons exposed to Aβ exhibit Cdk5‐mediated tau hyperphosphorylation, cell cycle re‐entry and neuronal loss. In this study we aimed to determine the role of Cdk5 in neuronal injury occurring in an AD mouse model obtained through the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the Aβ1–40 synthetic peptide. In mice icv‐injected with Aβ, Cdk5 activator p35 is cleaved by calpains, leading to p25 formation and Cdk5 overactivation. Subsequently, there was an increase in tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as decreased levels of synaptic markers. Cell cycle reactivation and a significant neuronal loss were also observed. These neurotoxic events in Aβ‐injected mice were prevented by blocking calpain activation with MDL28170, which was administered intraperitoneally (ip). As MDL prevents p35 cleavage and subsequent Cdk5 overactivation, it is likely that this kinase is involved in tau hyperphosphorylation, cell cycle re‐entry, synaptic loss and neuronal death triggered by Aβ. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Cdk5 plays a pivotal role in tau phosphorylation, cell cycle induction, synaptotoxicity, and apoptotic death in postmitotic neurons exposed to Aβ peptides in vivo, acting as a link between diverse neurotoxic pathways of AD.
THE APPLICATION OF TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY (ToF‐SIMS) TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF OPAQUE ANCIENT GLASSES*
Authors: RUTTEN F. J. M. , BRIGGS D. , HENDERSON J. , ROE M. J.
Published: November 2009

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) has been used, for the first time, for the characterization of opaque ancient glasses. Isotope‐specific chemical imaging with sub‐micron resolution enabled the separate analysis of opacifiying inclusions and the surrounding glass matrix. Phase identification has been demonstrated and quantification of the matrix composition has been investigated by use of Corning Glass Standard B as a model. Trace element detection limits are typically in the range 0.5–5.0 ppm atomic—in favourable cases down to 0.01 ppm. For the analysis of inclusions in particular, this has the potential to provide new information of use in establishing provenance and trade routes by ‘fingerprinting’ as well as the investigation of manufacturing techniques, as demonstrated by comparisons between glasses and with EDX data from the same samples.
Non‐Atomistic Wage Setters and Monetary Policy in a New Keynesian Framework
Authors: GNOCCHI STEFANO
Published: November 2009

This paper extends an otherwise standard New Keynesian (NK) model to allow for the presence of large wage setters. Building on monetary models from an earlier generation, I contribute to the NK literature by adding some new insight. It is shown that once the presence of large wage setters is taken into account, the degree of wage setting centralization and the aggressiveness of the central bank in stabilizing inflation jointly affect steady state employment. Because of this interaction, the benefits associated with inflation stabilization increase in the centralization of the wage bargaining process.
Monetary Policy, Determinacy, and Learnability in a Two‐Block World Economy
Authors: BULLARD JAMES , SCHALING ERIC
Published: November 2009

We study how determinacy and learnability of worldwide rational expectations equilibrium may be affected by monetary policy in a simple, two‐country, New Keynesian framework under both fixed and flexible exchange rates. We find that open economy considerations may alter conditions for determinacy and learnability relative to closed economy analyses and that new concerns can arise in the analysis of classic topics such as the desirability of exchange rate targeting and monetary policy cooperation.
Trend Inflation, Taylor Principle, and Indeterminacy
Authors: ASCARI GUIDO , ROPELE TIZIANO
Published: November 2009

Positive trend inflation shrinks the determinacy region of a basic New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model when monetary policy is conducted by a contemporaneous interest rate rule. Neither the Taylor principle, which requires the inflation coefficient to be greater than one, nor the generalized Taylor principle, which requires that the nominal interest rate to be raised by more than the increase in inflation in the long run, is a sufficient condition for local determinacy of equilibrium. This finding holds for different types of Taylor rules, inertial policy rules, and price indexation schemes. Therefore, regardless of the theoretical setup, the monetary literature on interest rate rules cannot disregard average inflation in both theoretical and empirical analyses.
Monetary Policy and Inflation Expectations in Latin America: Long‐Run Effects and Volatility Spillovers
Authors: DE MELLO LUIZ , MOCCERO DIEGO
Published: November 2009

This paper uses multiple cointegration analysis to estimate simultaneously a monetary reaction function and the determinants of expected inflation for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. In addition, M‐GARCH modeling is used to test for the presence of volatility spillovers between the monetary stance and inflation expectations. The analysis shows that there are long‐term relationships between the interest rate, expected inflation, and the inflation target, and that greater volatility in the monetary stance increases the volatility of expected inflation in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico.
A Growth Theory for the Insurance Industry
Authors: Nektarios Milton
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Insurance economics models of statics and comparative statics assume that the process of economic adjustment must inevitably lead to equilibrium. The question of attainability of equilibrium has not been addressed so far. This is the domain of dynamic analysis. In this article, we develop a model of economic growth for the insurance industry. The production function of the insurance industry is based on the assumption that the output, “incurred losses,” is a function of “invested assets” and “other labor and nonlabor inputs.” The latter grow at the rate n, a proxy of the growth rate of insurance expenses. The assets–inputs ratio, r, characterizes the steady‐state growth path that the insurance industry eventually attains. The adjustment process takes place through the assets–losses ratio, v, which is affected by the insurance leverage, the loss ratio, and the insurance exposure of the insurance industry. An insurance industry that has reached a steady state will have its output growing at the rate n +π, where π is the growth rate of average productivity. The incremental reserve ratio, s, determines definitely a steady‐state growth path for the insurance industry. An increase or decrease in s may move the insurance industry to a higher or lower growth path. We suggest that this analysis provides a stronger theoretical context for analyzing dynamic phenomena in the insurance industry.
Chronic disaster syndrome: Displacement, disaster capitalism, and the eviction of the poor from New Orleans
Authors: ADAMS VINCANNE , VAN HATTUM TASLIM , ENGLISH DIANA
Published: November 2009

Many New Orleans residents who were displaced in 2005 by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the subsequent levee failures and floods are still displaced. Living with long‐term stress related to loss of family, community, jobs, and social security as well as the continuous struggle for a decent life in unsettled life circumstances, they manifest what we are calling “chronic disaster syndrome.” The term refers not only to the physiological and psychological effects generated at the individual level by ongoing social disruption but also to the nexus of socioeconomic and political conditions that produce this situation as a long‐term and intractable problem. Chronic disaster syndrome emerges from the convergence of three phenomena that create displacement: long‐term effects of personal trauma (including near loss of life and loss of family members, homes, jobs, community, financial security, and well‐being); the social arrangements that enable the smooth functioning of what Naomi Klein calls “disaster capitalism,” in which “disaster” is prolonged as a way of life; and the permanent displacement of the most vulnerable populations from the social landscape as a perceived remedy that actually exacerbates the syndrome.
Man enough to let my wife support me: How changing models of career and gender are reshaping the experience of unemployment
Authors: LANE CARRIE M.
Published: November 2009

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among unemployed U.S. high‐technology workers, I challenge the association of job loss and unemployment with a crisis of masculinity. I argue that, in the United States today, middle‐class workers conceptualize their careers as a string of contract positions, thus mitigating the personal and professional consequences of job loss and unemployment. Changing gender roles and the rise of dual‐earner marriages in the United States have also reshaped the experience of middle‐class unemployment, alleviating some of the emasculating effects of unemployment for men but prompting new crises for unemployed women.
Discourses of the soul: The negotiation of personal agency in Tzotzil Maya dream narrative
Authors: GROARK KEVIN P.
Published: November 2009

In this article, I examine the framing of personal agency in Tzotzil Maya dream narrative. Drawing on contemporary linguistic, psychodynamic, and phenomenological approaches, I focus on the lexical and semantic resources typical of highland Maya dream talk, illustrating the way these resources can be used to pragmatically negotiate questions of volition and authorial responsibility in relation to dream experience. By locating experience at a distance from the speaker, this framing provides an expressive resource for managing—mitigating, diffusing, or even disclaiming—agentic responsibility for described events or experiences, particularly those with significant implications for social status or self‐definition. I close with reflections on the interpretive potential of an integrative “cultural psychodynamic” approach, one that draws on discourse‐analytic, ethnographic, and psychoanalytic methods and theories in the service of understanding complex cultural subjectivities.
Performative politics: The Camba countermovement in eastern Bolivia
Authors: FABRICANT NICOLE
Published: November 2009

Evo Morales, the indigenous, leftist president of Bolivia, has faced serious challenges to his social‐democratic project. His new constitution and proposals for redistributive legislation have sparked much resistance from white elites in the country's eastern region. In this article, I explore the component elements of right‐wing movement building in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, which include festive and celebratory performances of regional pride and paramilitaristic carnivals of violence. I suggest that these kinds of spectacles—one of invented cultural tradition, the other of aggression and brutality—represent the desperate attempt of a minority white, mestizo population to restore political and economic order through extralegal means.
“Stains” on their self‐discipline: Public health, hygiene, and the disciplining of undocumented immigrant parents in the nation's internal borderlands
Authors: HORTON SARAH , BARKER JUDITH C.
Published: November 2009

Histories of the role of public health in nation building have revealed the centrality of hygiene to eugenic mechanisms of racial exclusion in the turn‐of‐the‐20th‐century United States, yet little scholarship has examined its role in the present day. Through ethnography in a Mexican migrant farmworking community in California's Central Valley, we explore the role of oral hygiene campaigns in racializing Mexican immigrant parents and shaping the substance of their citizenship. Public health officials perceive migrant farmworkers’ children's oral disease as a “stain of backwardness,” amplifying Mexican immigrants’ status as “aliens.” We suggest, however, that the recent concern with Mexican immigrant children's oral health blends classic eugenic concerns in public health with neoliberal concerns regarding different immigrant groups’ capacity for self‐governance.
Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia
Authors: Klingberg S. , Wittorf A. , Fischer A. , Jakob‐Deters K. , Buchkremer G. , Wiedemann G.
Published: November 2009

Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Fischer A, Jakob‐Deters K, Buchkremer G, Wiedemann G. Evaluation of a cognitive behaviourally oriented service for relapse prevention in schizophrenia.

Objective:  There is little work demonstrating the effectiveness of cognitive behaviourally oriented interventions in routine service settings. This pragmatic trial is designed to test the impact of a group treatment service on relapse rates under the conditions of routine health care.

Method:  A total of 169 schizophrenia patients were randomly allocated either to a comprehensive cognitive behaviourally oriented service (CBOS) or to treatment as usual (TAU). The primary outcome is the time until the first relapse after discharge from hospital. Relapse was defined as an increase in positive or negative symptoms as assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Survival analysis has been conducted up to the 6‐month assessment.

Results:  The mean time to relapse after discharge from hospital in the CBOS group was significantly longer than in the TAU group (log rank test, P = 0.033). This was due to less exacerbations regarding negative symptoms in the CBOS condition (log rank test, P = 0.014). The number of social contacts was improved in the CBOS group only.

Conclusion:  The CBOS intervention appears to be beneficial in reducing early negative symptom exacerbations.
Age and platelet count are IPSS‐independent prognostic factors in young patients with primary myelofibrosis and complement IPSS in predicting very long or very short survival
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Caramazza Domenica , Gangat Naseema , Hanson Curtis A. , Pardanani Animesh , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: November 2009

Objectives:  The current study was designed to identify International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS)‐independent prognostic factors in young patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The study also examined the overall risk profile of long‐term (>15 yr) and short‐term (<5 yr) survivors.

Methods:  Study patients were selected from the Mayo Clinic database for PMF, and study eligibility included age <60 yr, minimum follow‐up of 5 yr and availability of IPSS‐relevant variables at time of diagnosis.

Results:  A total of 148 consecutive patients met the above‐stipulated criteria. To date, 89 (60%) patients have died; 48 (32%) died within 5 yr of their diagnosis (short‐term survivors). Median follow‐up of patients who are alive was 9 yr (range 5–28) with a >15‐yr survival documented in 16 patients (long‐term survivors). Multivariable analysis identified unfavorable IPSS category (intermediate‐2/high risk), age >50 yr and platelet count <100 × 109/L as independent predictors of inferior survival (P < 0.01). Median survival in the absence of all three risk factors was approximately 18 yr and was shortened to 7 and 1.6 yr in the presence of 1 or ≥2 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.01). Among long‐term survivors, 69% were age ≤50 yr, 100% had favorable IPSS profile and 100% displayed platelet count ≥100 × 109/L; the corresponding figures for short‐term survivors were 29%, 50% and 65% (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Age and platelet count are IPSS‐independent predictors of survival in young patients with PMF, and they complement the IPSS in identifying patients with very long or very short survival.
REVIEW ARTICLE: What the Sperm Says and the Egg Hears – A Tale of Two Proteins and More
Authors: Bronson Richard
Published: November 2009

While considerable information exists regarding the early interactions of spermatozoon and egg that lead to successful fertilization, the molecular biology of events that result in the incorporation of the spermatozoon within the cortical ooplasm is largely undefined. There is circumstantial evidence suggesting that this process involves the interactions of specific oolemmal receptors and their ligands on sperm that bear similarities to mechanisms used in phagocytosis by macrophages. We have postulated that the egg may act as a ‘non‐professional phagocyte’ during its association with the spermatozoon. This review surveys those events, provides an historical context, and creates a paradigm for further investigation.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Urgent Termination of Pregnancy in Pre‐eclampsia and Panel of Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Hradecky Libor , Subrt Ivan , Ulcova‐Gallova Zdenka
Published: November 2009

Problem  The present work was undertaken to investigate the occurence of autoantibodies to eight various phospholipids in time of urgent termination of the pregnancy (sectio caesarea) in patients in reproductive age with severe preeclamptic symptoms.

Method of study  Autoantibodies against annexin V, ph‐serine, ph‐ethanolamine, ph‐inositol, ph‐DL‐glycerol, cardiolipin, beta2‐glycoprotein I (beta2‐GPI), and phosphatidic acid were studied by ELISA methods.

Results  Increased levels of IgA‐beta2‐glycoprotein I, IgG‐beta2‐glycoprotein I, IgG‐ anti‐ph‐serine, and IgG‐anticardiolipin were found in sera of preeclamptic women in the time of urgent sectio caesarea when compared to the control group with physiological pregnancy.

Conclusion  Supposed increase in various antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) levels due to the stress during the short time of admission and a need for a quick medical decision to terminate the pregnancy was not unambiguously proven, but our results are evidently influenced by the current urgent life‐saving treatment.
Oligomerized tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand strongly induces cell death in myeloma cells, but also activates proinflammatory signaling pathways
Authors: Berg Daniela , Stühmer Thorsten , Siegmund Daniela , Müller Nicole , Giner Tina , Dittrich‐Breiholz Oliver , Kracht Michael , Bargou Ralf , Wajant Harald
Published: November 2009

The oligomerization status of soluble tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) trimers has an overwhelming impact on cell death induction in a cell‐type dependent fashion. Thus, we evaluated the ability of single and oligomerized TRAIL trimers to induce cell death in human myeloma cells. In all myeloma cell lines analyzed, oligomerized TRAIL trimers induced caspase activation and complete cell death, whereas non‐oligomerized TRAIL trimers showed no or only a modest effect. Caspase activation induced by oligomerized TRAIL was blocked in all cell lines by the pan‐caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp(OMe)‐fluoromethylketone (z‐VAD‐fmk). Cell death induction was largely blocked in two cell lines by z‐VAD‐fmk, but was only marginally attenuated in three other cell lines, indicating that TRAIL induces caspase‐dependent and caspase‐independent cell death in myeloma cells. Preceding cell death, TRAIL activated nuclear factor κB, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, p38 and p42/44. Although TRAIL‐induced stimulation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 was caspase‐dependent in a cell type‐specific fashion, activation of nuclear factor κB and p42/44 was caspase‐independent in all cases. In accordance with activation of the nuclear factor κB pathway, we observed transcriptional up‐regulation of several well established nuclear factor κB target genes. Furthermore, we found that TRAIL activates proinflammatory pathways in approximately 50% of primary myeloma samples. Taken together, our data suggest (a) that oligomerized TRAIL variants are necessary to ensure maximal cell death induction in myeloma cells and (b) TRAIL should be used in combination with anti‐inflammatory drugs for treatment of myeloma to avoid and/or minimize any potential side‐effects arising from the proinflammatory properties of the molecule.
Side chain specificity of ADP‐ribosylation by a sirtuin
Authors: Fahie Kamau , Hu Po , Swatkoski Stephen , Cotter Robert J. , Zhang Yingkai , Wolberger Cynthia
Published: November 2009

Endogenous mono‐ADP‐ribosylation in eukaryotes is involved in regulating protein synthesis, signal transduction, cytoskeletal integrity, and cell proliferation, although few cellular ADP‐ribosyltransferases have been identified. The sirtuins constitute a highly conserved family of protein deacetylases, and several family members have also been reported to perform protein ADP‐ribosylation. We characterized the ADP‐ribosylation reaction of the nuclear sirtuin homologTrypanosoma bruceiSIR2‐related protein 1 (TbSIR2RP1) on both acetylated and unacetylated substrates. We demonstrated that an acetylated substrate is not required for ADP‐ribosylation to occur, indicating that the reaction performed by TbSIR2RP1 is a genuine enzymatic reaction and not a side reaction of deacetylation. Biochemical and MS data showed that arginine is the major ADP‐ribose acceptor for unacetylated substrates, whereas arginine does not appear to be the major ADP‐ribose acceptor in reactions with acetylated histone H1.1. We performed combinedab initioquantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations, which indicated that sirtuin ADP‐ribosylation at arginine is energetically feasible, and involves a concerted mechanism with a highly dissociative transition state. In comparison with the corresponding nicotinamide cleavage in the deacetylation reaction, the simulations suggest that sirtuin ADP‐ribosylation would be several orders slower but less sensitive to nicotinamide inhibition, which is consistent with experimental results. These results suggest that TbSIR2RP1 can perform ADP‐ribosylation using two distinct mechanisms, depending on whether or not the substrate is acetylated.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7288298:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)adp ribosylates(MI:0557)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)

MINT‐7288305,MINT‐7288325,MINT‐7288338,MINT‐7288352,MINT‐7288370,MINT‐7288395,MINT‐7288412:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)adp ribosylates(MI:0557)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:P02253) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)

MINT‐7288385:TbSIR2(uniprotkb:O96670)deacetylates(MI:0197)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) bydeacetylase assay(MI:0406)

MINT‐7288424:hADPRH(uniprotkb:P54922)cleaves(MI:0194)histone H1.1(uniprotkb:Q02539) byenzymatic studies(MI:0415)