bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA Class II Genotypes Associated With Early‐Onset Periodontitis: DQB1 Molecule Primarily Confers Susceptibility to the Disease
Authors: Ohyama Hideki , Takashiba Shogo , Oyaizu Kosuke , Nagai Atsushi , Naruse Taeko , Inoko Hidetoshi , Kurihara Hidemi , Murayama Yoji
Published: March 2012

DNA typing was performed on 24 Japanese patients with early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) using the PCR‐RFLP method to investigate an association of the susceptibility to EOP with the particular HLA class II alleles (HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1, and ‐DQB1). DRB1* 1401, DRB1* 1501, DQB1* 0503, and DQB1* 0602 were found more frequently (“susceptible”) in the EOP patients than in healthy controls. In contrast, DRB1* 0405 and DQB1* 0401 were found less frequently (“resistant”) in EOP patients. All patients carrying DQB1* 0602 had an atypical BamHI site in the intron upstream of the third exon of the DQB1 gene, which in our previous studies appeared to be a susceptible marker for EOP. A comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of these susceptible and resistant HLA‐DRB1 and DQB1 alleles elucidated some differences in antigen‐derived peptide binding sites related to the susceptible or resistant alleles. Especially, DQB1* 0503 and DQB1* 0602 alleles carrying aspartic acid at position 57 and glycine at position 70 are increased significantly in EOP. Since amino acid residues at positions 57 and 70 on the DQB1 molecule are supposed to be involved in antigen binding, amino acid substitutions at these positions may affect the immune responsiveness to the periodontopathic antigen. Our results suggest that the DQB1 molecule plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of EOP and that the susceptibility to EOP may be determined by the binding ability between the peptide and HLA‐DQ antigens. J Periodontol 1996;67:888–894.
Efficacy of a Sonic Toothbrush on Inflammation and Probing Depth in Adult Periodontitis
Authors: O'Beirne Gerrarda , Johnson Robert H. , Persson G. Rutger , Spektor Michael D.
Published: March 2012

This single‐blind, 8‐week study compared the efficacy of a sonic toothbrush and a manual brush in 40 patients with adult periodontitis. Qualitative clinical indices and quantitative laboratory methods were used to monitor the periodontal status of 3 pockets 5 to 7 mm deep in each subject. Patients were randomly assigned either a sonic or manual toothbrush. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, gender, and anatomical location of the test sites. Data were collected from all sites at baseline and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Over the 8‐week period, both groups showed significant improvements in the clinical indices used. Descriptive statistics indicated the sonic brush group had greater improvement than the manual group in the clinical parameters (gingival index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow was significantly lower in the sonic brush group (P = 0.018). Considerable variation was present in the levels detected for both inflammatory cytokines tested, however, concentration of interleukin‐1 beta was significantly lower in the GCF of sonic group patients (P = 0.05), while concentration of interleukin‐6 was significantly reduced in both groups (P ≤ 0.05) (t tests). Under these conditions, there is some evidence to suggest that the sonic toothbrush is more beneficial in resolving inflammation in patients with moderate periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1996;67:900–908.
Immunomodulatory and Superantigen Activities of Bacteria Associated With Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Getka Thu P. , Alexander David C.C. , Parker William B. , Miller Glenn A.
Published: March 2012

Immune dysfunctions are frequently associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Several investigators have reported that patients with severe periodontitis show reduced or negligible levels of proliferative responses of peripheral blood and gingival lymphocytes to periodontopathic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of products from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) on lymphocytes obtained from periodontally diseased and non‐diseased individuals in order to extend our understanding of the possible role of such bacterial components as immune modulators. Pooled cultures of either P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans were disrupted using glass beads in a bead mill to prepare whole cell homogenates. These homogenates were then co‐cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and known lymphocyte stimulators. Cultures were pulsed with tritiated thymidine, harvested, and radio label incorporation was determined. Responses to toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1 (TSST‐1) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were inhibited at high concentrations of bacterial homogenate. However, as the concentration was reduced, responses induced by PWM were restored while TSST‐1 induced responses remained inhibited. Such results suggest that P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans contain potent immunosuppressants with differential influences on lymphocyte population. These effects on B‐ and T‐cells are independent of periodontal disease status and appear to exert their influence through non‐toxic mechanisms. In addition, work currently underway presently indicates that obligate oral anaerobic bacteria such as P. gingivalis produce substances with some of the characteristics of superantigens. J Periodontol 1996;67:909–917.
Fourier Domain Oct Measurement of Macular, Macular Ganglion Cell Complex, and Peripapillary RNFL Thickness in Glaucomatous Chinese Eyes
Authors: Chen Junyi , Huang Haili , Wang Min , Sun Xinghuai , Qian Shaohong
Published: March 2012

Purpose.

To evaluate and compare the glaucoma discrimination ability of macula, macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC), and peripapillary nerve fiber layer (ppNFL) thickness in Chinese patients using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT).

Methods

A total of 64 normal subjects (N), 47 glaucoma suspects (GS), and 48 glaucoma patients (G) were enrolled in the study. The thickness of mGCC, ppNFL, and total macula were measured using RTVue-100 FD-OCT (software version: 4.0.7.5; Optovue). The GCC and ONH protocols were used for obtaining images in all subjects. For each binocular subject, one eye was chosen randomly for analysis.

Results.

The average thicknesses of macular, mGCC, and ppNFL in normal eyes were significantly different from those in GS or G eyes (p<0.001). The mGCC thickness correlated well with ppNFL thickness (correlation coefficients for N, GS, and G eyes are 0.397 [p=0.001], 0.822 [p<0.0001], and 0.865 [p<0.0001]). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curve of macular, mGCC, and ppNFL thickness are 0.940 (p<0.0001), 0.998 (p<0.0001), and 0.977 (p<0.0001), discriminating G from N eyes. There was no significant difference comparing the discriminating powers of NFL, GCC, and macular thickness.

Conclusions.

The mGCC measurements provide another measurement of neural loss in glaucoma, and may serve as a promising parameter for ppNFL thickness in the clinical assessment of glaucoma. For glaucomatous eyes, mGCC and ppNFL thicknesses performed better discriminating abilities compared with macular thickness.
Optimal antigen retrieval for ethanol‐fixed cytologic smears
Authors: Denda Tamami , Kamoshida Shingo , Kawamura Jumpei , Harada Kunihiko , Kawai Kenji , Kuwao Sadahito
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND:

Antigen retrieval, a crucial technique for immunostaining, is often carried out on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. The role of antigen retrieval in immunostaining of ethanol‐fixed smears remains unclear. The authors evaluated the effects of 2 common antigen retrieval procedures, heat‐induced antigen retrieval and protease‐induced antigen retrieval, for immunostaining using a broad panel of antibodies.

METHODS:

Papanicolaou‐stained ethanol‐fixed smears from 36 surgical specimens were immunostained with 43 antibodies. Three widely used heat‐induced antigen retrieval solutions, namely, citrate buffer (pH 6.0 and pH 7.0) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (pH 8.0) for heat‐induced antigen retrieval, and pronase were used. The staining results were compared between the ethanol‐fixed smears and the corresponding FFPE tissue sections.

RESULTS:

Heat‐induced antigen retrieval was essential for all the 9 antibodies examined against nuclear antigens, and for 7 of 26 antibodies against cytoplasmic and cell membrane antigens. Superior results were obtained using lower‐pH heat‐induced antigen retrieval solutions for ethanol‐fixed smears than was the case for FFPE tissue sections; use of citrate buffer (pH 6.0) was optimal for most antibodies. For 17 antibodies against cytoplasmic/cell membrane antigens, satisfactory results were obtained even without antigen retrieval on the ethanol‐fixed smears, whereas antigen retrieval was necessary for detection on the FFPE tissue sections. Protease‐induced antigen retrieval frequently exerted deleterious effects on ethanol‐fixed smears. Despite antigen retrieval, detection of 2 lymphocytic markers failed on ethanol‐fixed smears. This limitation was overcome by heat‐induced antigen retrieval on formalin vapor‐fixed smears.

CONCLUSIONS:

In ethanol‐fixed smears, most of the antibodies can be immunostained successfully without antigen retrieval treatment or mild heat‐induced antigen retrieval using citrate buffer (pH 6.0). The optimal antigen retrieval condition for each antibody must be individually determined. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic resonance imaging of triangular fibrocartilage
Authors: Yoshioka Hiroshi , Burns Joseph E.
Published: March 2012

Due to their small size and complex structure, diagnosing injury of the proximal wrist ligamentous structures can be challenging. The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is an example of one such structure, for which lesions may be missed unless high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained via a standard matrix with a small field of view or high‐resolution imaging matrix (small spatial scale matrix elements/large matrix size) is utilized. While there have been recent advances in increasing MRI spatial resolution, attempts at improved visualization by isolated increase in the spatial resolution will be ineffective if the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the images obtained is low. Additionally, high contrast resolution is important to facilitate a more precise visualization of these structures and their pathology. Thus, a balance of the three important imaging factor qualifications of high spatial resolution, high SNR, and high contrast resolution must be struck for optimized TFCC and wrist imaging. The goal of this article, then, is to elucidate the theory and techniques of effective high‐resolution imaging of the proximal ligamentous structures of the wrist, balancing SNR and high contrast resolution constraints, and focusing on imaging of the TFCC as a prototypical example. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:764‐778. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signaling property study of adhesion G‐protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Gupte Jamila , Swaminath Gayathri , Danao Jay , Tian Hui , Li Yang , Wu Xinle
Published: March 2012

Adhesion G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR) are special members of GPCRs with long N‐termini containing multiple domains. We overexpressed our collection of receptors together with G‐proteins in mammalian cell lines and measured the concentrations of intracellular signaling molecules, such as inositol phosphate and cAMP. Our results show that a subset of tested adhesion GPCRs has constitutive activities and is capable of coupling to a variety of G‐proteins. In addition, we have identified a small molecule compound that specifically activates one of the subfamily members, GPR97, and the activation was confirmed by an independent GTPγS assay. These findings suggest classical GPCR screening assays could be applied to de‐orphanize these receptors, and provide pharmacological tools to improve understanding of the physiological functions of these receptors.
Merlin, a multi‐suppressor from cell membrane to the nucleus
Authors: Zhou Lu , Hanemann C. Oliver
Published: March 2012

Recent evidence suggests that the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene encoded protein merlin suppresses mitogenic signalling not only at the cell membrane but also in the nucleus. At the membrane, merlin inhibits signalling by integrins and tyrosine receptor kinases (RTKs) and the activation of downstream pathways, including the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, FAK/Src, PI3K/AKT, Rac/PAK/JNK, mTORC1, and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways. In the nucleus, merlin suppresses the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4DCAF1 to inhibit proliferation. Gene expression analysis suggested that CRL4DCAF1 could also regulate the expression of integrins and RTKs. In this review, we explore the links between merlin function at the membrane and in the nucleus, and discuss the potential of targeting the master regulator CRL4 DCAF1 to treat NF2 and other merlin‐deficient tumours.
Hematopoietic growth factors: Personalization of risks and benefits
Authors: Puhalla Shannon , Bhattacharya Saveri , Davidson Nancy E.
Published: March 2012

A common side effect of cancer treatment is bone marrow suppression. The resulting myelosuppression and anemia can cause significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Agents such as granulocyte colony stimulating factors (GCSF) and erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) may be helpful to ameliorate this depression of blood counts; however these agents have risks which also need to be carefully weighed.
Polypharmacy and the Role of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Authors: Geller Andrew I. , Nopkhun Wilawan , Dows‐Martinez Marly N. , Strasser Dale C.
Published: March 2012

Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing practices lead to higher rates of mortality and morbidity, particularly in vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with complex medical conditions. Physical medicine and physiatrists face particular challenges given the array of symptoms treated across a spectrum of conditions. This clinical review focuses on polypharmacy and the associated issue of potentially inappropriate prescribing. The article begins with a review of polypharmacy along with relevant aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. The adverse effects and potential hazards of selected medications commonly initiated and managed by rehabilitation specialists are then discussed with specific attention to pain medications, neurostimulants, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antispasmodics, sleep medications, and antiepileptics. Of particular concern is the notion that an adverse effect of one medication can mimic an indication for another and lead to a prescribing cascade and further adverse medication events. Appropriate prescribing practices mandate an accurate, current medication list, yet errors and inaccuracies often plague such lists. The evidence to support explicit (medications to avoid) and implicit (how to evaluate) criteria is presented along with the role of physicians and patients in prescribing medications. A brief discussion of “medication debridement” or de‐prescribing strategies follows. In the last section, we draw on the essence of physiatry as a team‐based endeavor to discuss the potential benefits of collaboration. In working to optimize medication prescribing, efforts should be made to collaborate not only with pharmacists and other medical specialties but with members of inpatient rehabilitation teams as well.
Fast-decaying inductive IP in frozen ground
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O.
Published: March 2012

Effects of induced polarization (IP) often appear in TEM data collected in Yakutia and elsewhere in permafrost areas. Inversion of transient responses using the Cole–Cole model of frequency-dependent conductivity shows fast decaying induced polarization in the shallow subsurface (within 100 m). Frozen ground within these depths has the chargeability (m) in the range from 0.2 to 0.85 (mostly 0.2–0.5); the relaxation time constant (τ) varies from 35 to 250 μs being 50–100 μs on average, and the exponent c is little variable, unlike m and τ (from 0.8 to 1). The latter fact (c ≈ 1) is indicative of a narrow range of relaxation times fitting the Debye relaxation model. Conversion of the complex conductivity into relative low-frequency dielectric permittivity results in values of the order of tens of thousands or a few hundred thousand. These exceptionally high permittivities have no other plausible explanations than electrochemical polarization of unfrozen water that remains bound on the surface of mineral grains at subzero temperatures. The effects of electrochemical polarization are described and interpreted in terms of frequency-dependent surface conductivity, which is controlled by surface-to-volume ratio.
Crustal geodynamic activity: manifestations in cloud fields
Authors: Morozova L.I.
Published: March 2012

We consider different kinds of linear cloud anomalies appearing in satellite images over active crustal faults. The spatiotemporal relationship between earthquakes and cloud anomalies was studied by statistical methods. It has been shown that these cloud anomalies in the atmosphere can be used for short-term prediction of the earthquake time and region. Also, we consider the earthquake-related evolution of the giant thunderstorm cloud near the epicenter before the earthquake.
Plate boundaries in the Far East region of Russia (from GPS measurement, seismic-prospecting, and seismological data)
Authors: Timofeev V.Yu. , Ardyukov D.G. , Solov’ev V.M. , Shibaev S.V. , Petrov A.F. , Gornov P.Yu. , Shestakov N.V. , Boiko E.V. , Timofeev A.V.
Published: March 2012

The recent geodynamics of the Far East region of Russia is considered, where three large tectonic plates converge—Eurasian, North American, and Pacific, as well as several microplates—Okhotsk, Bering, and Amurian—have been hypothesized to exist. The available data on the position of the plate boundaries, the relative plate rotation poles, and the regional seismicity were analyzed, and parameters of plate motion models for northeastern Russia were determined in this study. The regional deep structure was investigated, using data obtained by different geophysical methods. The results of observations of the Magadan–Vrangel Island profile by deep seismic sounding (DSS), common-depth point (CDP) method, and correlation refraction method (CRM) are presented.
Oral tonsil in the floor of mouth: Ectopic oral tonsillar tissue simulating benign neoplasms
Authors: Kashima Koji , Takamori Koichi , Igawa Kaori , Yoshioka Izumi , Sakoda Sumio
Published: March 2012

Oral tonsils, ectopic sublingual tonsillar tissue, manifest as an asymptomatic, nonulcerated, freely movable nodule. We present a case of a 28‐year‐old female with ectopic tonsillar tissue in the anterior floor of the mouth. The lesion was totally removed under local anesthesia. The microscopic examination showed well demarcated and encapsulated lymphoid tissue with lymphoid follicles and central lacuna‐like squamous epithelium covering space. These findings are similar to tonsillar tissue, and the case was finally diagnosed as sublingual oral tonsil. This article underlines that oral tonsils occur more frequently than is generally recognized, and the importance of differential diagnosis of soft tissue nodules in the oral floor.
Eigenvalue decay of positive integral operators on the sphere
Authors: Castro M. , Menegatto V.
Published: March 2012

We obtain decay rates for singular values and eigenvalues of integral operators generated by square integrable kernels on the unit sphere in

R

m
+
1

\mathbb {R}^{m+1}

,

m
≥
2

m\geq 2

, under assumptions on both, certain derivatives of the kernel and the integral operators generated by such derivatives. This type of problem is common in the literature but the assumptions are usually defined using standard differentiation in

R

m
+
1

\mathbb {R}^{m+1}

. In this paper, the assumptions are all defined via the Laplace-Beltrami derivative, a concept first investigated by Rudin in the early fifties and genuinely spherical in nature. The rates we present depend on both, the differentiability order used to define the smoothness conditions and the dimension

m
m

. They are shown to be optimal.
Fisheries, management and conservation of the whale shark Rhincodon typus in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu H. H. , Joung S. J. , Liu K. M.
Published: March 2012

The Taiwanese government introduced a catch‐and‐report system for the whale shark Rhincodon typus in 2001, and in the following year limited the total allowable catch (TAC) to 80 individuals. This limit was reduced over the following years, reaching a low of 30 individuals in 2007. In November 2007, a comprehensive ban on R. typus fishing came into effect and protection measures were adopted for the species. This study measured and recorded the total length (LT), body mass and sex of 810 R. typus, using fisheries and other released data for the period 1995–2008. The mean LT of individuals caught from June to October was smaller than that for individuals caught from November to May. Mean annual catches in set nets were higher in south‐western Taiwan than in other regions of Taiwan. The sex ratio showed that males were caught more frequently than females in Taiwanese waters, indicating sex segregation. For the first time, the stock structure, conservation and management regulation of R. typus in the north‐west Pacific Ocean have been reviewed. The results provide a useful resource for future assessment of the possible development of R. typus ecotourism in Taiwan.
RNA interference mortality points to noncircadian functions for the clock gene in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Tobback J. , Vuerinckx K. , Boerjan B. , Huybrechts R.
Published: March 2012

One of the core genes in the circadian regulation network is clock (clk). By forming a heterodimer with CYCLE (CYC) that binds on an E‐box in the promoter region, it induces the transcription of other elements in the circadian transcriptional feedback loops and different clock output genes. In contrast to other insects, a clk double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment is lethal in adults and fifth instar nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, in a dose‐dependent manner. Clk knock down fifth instar nymphs are able to undergo their imaginal moult but, depending on the amount of dsRNA, it takes them longer than the controls to reach adulthood. As adults, clk knock down animals do not develop their fat body and ovaries like the control animals. Therefore, we tested the expression of different genes involved in energy metabolism and reproduction to see the effect of the clk RNA interference knock down. Surprisingly, the expression of the vitellogenin gene was up‐regulated in the clk knock down females who did not appear to invest their energy in egg development. Taken together, our results point out that the clk gene in the desert locust has an additional function in development besides its established role in maintaining the circadian rhythms in the brain.
The efficacy of ProTaper Universal rotary retreatment instrumentation to remove single gutta‐percha cones cemented with several endodontic sealers
Authors: Ersev H. , Yılmaz B. , Dinçol M. E. , Dağlaroğlu R.
Published: March 2012

Ersev H, Yılmaz B, Dinçol ME, Dağlaroğlu R. The efficacy of ProTaper Universal rotary retreatment instrumentation to remove single gutta‐percha cones cemented with several endodontic sealers. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 756–762, 2012.

Aim  To evaluate residual root filling material following removal of three newly developed root canal sealers used with a matched‐taper single‐cone root filling technique and to compare the efficacy of ProTaper Universal rotary retreatment instruments with that of a conventional manual technique.

Methodology  The canals of 120 palatal roots in maxillary molar teeth were instrumented with EndoWave nickel–titanium rotary instruments and filled using Hybrid Root SEAL, EndoSequence BC Sealer, Activ GP system or AH Plus with matched‐taper single gutta‐percha cones. The root fillings were then removed with ProTaper Universal retreatment rotary instruments or a manual technique. Buccolingual and proximal digital radiographs of the roots were exposed to determine the area of remaining filling material in the coronal, middle and apical thirds. The area percentages of remaining filling material in each third and total canal area were calculated. Data were analysed statistically with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results  Irrespective of the sealer type and retreatment technique, filling material could not be removed completely from the root canals. Significantly, more remaining filling material was observed in the apical third (P < 0.05). When comparing the sealers, the only significant difference was detected between AH Plus/manual and Activ GP/manual groups with respect to residual material in the total canal area (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between manual and ProTaper groups.

Conclusions  When using gross radiographic criteria, the Activ GP was more effectively removed from root canals than AH Plus with hand instrumentation. Hybrid Root SEAL, EndoSequence BC Sealer and AH Plus were removed to a similar extent. ProTaper Universal retreatment instruments were as safe and effective as hand instruments in reaching the working length.
Inhibition of glycinin thermal aggregation by an artificial chaperone sodium dodecyl sulphate
Authors: Guo Jian , Yang Xiao‐Quan , Gu Wei , Yuan De‐Bao , Wang Jin‐Mei , Wu Na‐Na
Published: March 2012

Poor solubility caused by thermal aggregation usually limits the utilisation of soy proteins in food industry. In this study, the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), was found to be effective in suppressing thermal aggregation of glycinin which was the main composition of the insoluble aggregates of soy proteins. Turbidity, dynamic light scattering, surface tension, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra analysis were used to reveal the mechanism for the inhibitory of thermal aggregation by SDS. Bound to SDS, the exposed hydrophobic groups on the protein molecules were covered by the ionic head groups of SDS. The approaching of the particles was unavailable in the presence of the strong electrostatic repulsive force. Therefore, the particles remained stable and disperse. Thermal aggregation was not effectively suppressed until the binding sites which interacted with SDS on the glycinin molecules were saturated. The strategy for improving the solubility of food protein was also discussed.
Optimal conditions for the production of monoacylglycerol from crude palm oil by an enzymatic glycerolysis reaction and recovery of carotenoids from the reaction product
Authors: Majid Norholis , Cheirsilp Benjamas
Published: March 2012

Monoacylglycerol (MAG) was produced from crude palm oil (CPO) by the enzymatic glycerolysis reaction in organic solvents. The optimal conditions for MAG production from CPO were: the use of a mixture of tert‐butanol and hexane (1:1) as the organic solvents; an immobilised lipase of 40%; a molar ratio of glycerol to CPO of 8:1 with 4% of water content in the glycerol; and an initial CPO concentration of 10%. A maximum yield of 74.3% MAG was obtained with an initial production rate of 42.3 mg MAG mL−1 h−1. By converting CPO to the more polar MAG, the efficiency of recovery of carotenoids by adsorption column chromatography was improved up to 75.7% from 55.1% when using unconverted CPO. This study provides information that will be useful for developing an efficient and cheaper industrialised process for the production of MAG from CPO and recovery of carotenoids from the reaction product.
Impact of two Williopsis yeast strains on the volatile composition of mango wine
Authors: Li Xiao , Yu Bin , Curran Philip , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: March 2012

The aim of the research was to study the volatile composition of mango wine fermented with two Williopsis yeast strains: Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 and W. staurnus var. suaveolens NCYC2586. Thirty terpenoids, twenty‐six esters, ten alcohols, nine acids, seven aldehydes and ketones, two ethers, two phenols and one sulphur compound were identified in the mango wine fermented with strain NCYC500, while twenty‐seven terpenoids, thirty esters, eleven alcohols, eight acids, eight aldehydes and ketones, three ethers, two phenols, one sulphur compound and one furan were detected in the mango wine fermented with the strain NCYC2586. The kinetic changes, final concentrations and odour activity values of major volatiles were compared between the two Williopsis yeast strains and also with other yeast reported in the literature. The results showed that Williopsis yeast strains NCYC500 and NCYC2586 were high producers of acetic acid and acetate esters, but low producers of medium‐ to long‐chain fatty acids and their corresponding ethyl esters. Unlike mango wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most terpenoids derived from mango juice were retained in the resultant mango wine fermented with the two Williopsis yeast strains, suggesting the mango wine could retain the aromatic hints of fresh mango.
A neuro‐fuzzy computational approach for multicriteria optimisation of the quality of espresso coffee by pod based on the extraction time, temperature and blend
Authors: Russo Lucia , Albanese Donatella , Siettos Constantinos I. , Di Matteo Marisa , Crescitelli Silvestro
Published: March 2012

We demonstrate how soft computing methods can be exploited to solve multicriteria quality optimisation problems in food science and technology. In particular, we link neuro‐fuzzy modelling techniques with simulated annealing to optimise/design the quality of espresso coffee by pod. The design variables are the extraction time (ranging from 10 to 30 s), temperature (80–110 °C) and blends (100% Arabica, 100% Robusta and Arabica Robusta: A20R80, A80R20 and A40R60); they are not the only variables that affect the sensory profile of a cup of espresso coffee, but have a strong impact on the sensory quality of the beverage. Based on the framework, we show that the particular problem is a nonlinear one. Hence, an espresso coffee characterised by a specific sensory profile can be extracted using different sets of parameter values. For example, the same sensory profile can be obtained using either pure Robusta extracted at 22 s and 94 °C or 90% Arabica and 10% Robusta extracted at 25 s and 99 °C. Yet, the global optimum with respect to the distance to the optimum sensorial values is obtained using 70% Arabica and 30% Robusta extracted at 15 s around 93 °C.
Antioxidant and DNA protection activities of a glycoprotein isolated from a seaweed, Saccharina japonica
Authors: Kim Eun‐Young , Kim Yu‐Ri , Nam Taek‐Jeong , Kong In‐Soo
Published: March 2012

A glycoprotein with a molecular weight of ∼10 kDa was purified from Saccharina japonica, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated using five different antioxidant assays. The highest antioxidant activities of the purified glycoprotein determined by DPPH, ABTS, SODA, SORS and FRAP assays were 85%, 95%, 94%, 72% and 97%, respectively. About 37% nitric oxide scavenging and 85% xanthine oxidase inhibition activities were also observed at a concentration of 5 mg mL−1. The glycoprotein exhibited optimal activity levels of free radical scavenging at pH 7–9 and 40 °C. Antioxidant activity decreased when treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and metal ions. Moreover, its scavenging activity decreased when the glycoprotein was treated with deactivation agents such as pronase E or sodium periodate (NaIO4), and it showed protective activity against DNA cleavage induced under oxidative conditions.
Amino acid composition, foaming, emulsifying properties and surface hydrophobicity of mustard protein isolate as affected by pH and NaCl
Authors: Aider Mohammed , Djenane Djamel , Ounis Wassef B.
Published: March 2012

Amino acid composition, protein hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of mustard protein isolate at pH 3, 5, 7 and in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl were studied. Glutamic (19.18 ± 0.30%) and aspartic (7.49 ± 0.11%) acids were the dominants. Foaming ability was enhanced by NaCl. Time to reach 75 mL foam was 23% higher in water than in NaCl. Drained volume after 10 min was concentration dependent and was the lowest in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl at protein concentration of 2.5% and 5%. The emulsifying properties were pH and concentration dependent, and the best results were obtained at pH 3, corresponding to the highest positive charge density of the protein surface. The highest emulsion stability (90.22 ± 3.52%) was obtained in 0.05 m NaCl and 5% protein concentration, whereas the lowest (63.00 ± 1.06%) was in water at all protein concentrations. Protein hydrophobicity was low and depended of pH but not of NaCl.
Determination of critical storage conditions of coffee oil microcapsules by coupling water sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature
Authors: Frascareli Elen Cristina , Silva Vanessa Martins , Tonon Renata Valeriano , Hubinger Míriam Dupas
Published: March 2012

Coffee oil microcapsules were produced by spray‐drying using as encapsulating agents gum Arabic, whey protein isolate (WPI) and mixtures of maltodextrin (MD) and WPI, at three different proportions (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3). Sorption isotherms were determined by the gravimetric method, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Microcapsules produced with gum Arabic showed the highest water adsorption and underwent a stronger water plasticising effect. At the highest water activity (0.843), this sample had a Tg value of −18.3 °C, while those produced with WPI at higher proportions showed values around 25 and 30 °C. The good fit of experimental data by Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer and Gordon–Taylor models allowed the determination of the critical storage conditions, at which powders are not susceptible to deteriorative physical changes. The samples produced with 1:1 and 1:3 of MD/WPI were the most stable ones, showing critical water activity values of 0.890 and 0.938, respectively.
Effect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils and their mixture on quality changes of refrigerated green mussel (Perna viridis)
Authors: Masniyom Payap , Benjama Ommee , Maneesri Jaruwan
Published: March 2012

Effect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils (Eos) and their mixture on quality of green mussel stored at 4 °C was investigated. The mixture of 0.25% turmeric and 0.25% lemongrass Eos could lower microbiological and chemical deterioration of mussel as evidenced by the lower microbial counts, total volatile base, ammonia, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide contents and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, compared with the control (P < 0.05). It indicated that a mixture of turmeric and lemongrass Eos in mussel showed synergistic effect on the retardation of bacterial growth and lipid oxidation. However, samples treated with 0.5% lemongrass oil exhibited the higher likeness score for odour and flavour, compared with the samples treated with other Eos throughout the storage of 15 days. Samples treated with turmeric essential oil caused the changes in odour and flavour. Therefore, lemongrass treatment was shown to be the promising means to prevent the deterioration and maintain the odour and flavour attributes of mussel during prolonged refrigerated storage.
Physicochemical, sensorial and textural characteristics of liquid‐smoked salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by salting treatment and sugar addition
Authors: Martinez Olaia , Salmerón Jesús , Guillén Maria Dolores , Pin Carmen , Casas Carmen
Published: March 2012

The effect of salting method, dry salting (DS), brine salting (BS), brine salting with sucrose addition (BSS) or dry salting with sucrose addition (DSS) on the quality of Atlantic salmon treated with a liquid smoke flavouring was investigated over a 45‐day storage period. Sugar‐added samples were the ones with the significantly lowest values for TBARS (β0, DS = 0.09b; BS = 0.18a; DSS = 0.07c; BSS = 0.07c). BSS and DSS fillets showed faster production rates of trimethylamine (TMA), 0.57 and 1.46, than the DS and BS fillets, 0.81 and 1.19, respectively. The DS and DSS fillets showed long delay periods before the TMA concentration started to increase (16.18; 20.60), and 90% of the panellists preferred these to BS or BSS fillets. In fact, only the BSS fillets were rejected during the storage, after 34 days; and the fillets with the most overall desirable characteristics at the end of the storage period were those of the DSS group.
Case of anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibody‐induced glomerulonephritis with cytomegalovirus‐induced thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Shiraishi N. , Kitamura K. , Hayata M. , Ogata T. , Adachi M. , Kajiwara K. , Ikeda H. , Miyoshi T. , Tomita K.
Published: March 2012

Although the involvement of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in HIV patients and transplant recipients has been reported, it is still controversial whether CMV itself can cause TMA. We report herein a rare case with rapid improvement of TMA by ganciclovir treatment in a patient who is neither HIV‐positive nor a transplant recipient, suggesting a pathogenic role for CMV in TMA.
From blood transfusion to patient blood management: a new paradigm for patient care and cost assessment of blood transfusion practice
Authors: Leahy M. F. , Mukhtar S. A.
Published: March 2012

The ageing population in developed countries, including Australia, is putting increasing demands on blood transfusion services. With a falling donor pool there is likely to be a shortage of blood and blood products in the next 20 to 30 years unless there are significant changes in medical practice. The National Health and Medical Research Council/Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Use of Blood Components from 2001 are being redeveloped by the National Health and Medical Research Council/Australian and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion as evidence‐based patient‐focused Patient Blood Management guidelines with the aim of improving patient outcomes by reducing inappropriate blood and blood product use and targeting therapies for improving the management of anaemia and coagulopathies.
Canine multifocal retinopathy in the Australian Shepherd: a case report
Authors: Hoffmann Ingo , Guziewicz Karina E. , Zangerl Barbara , Aguirre Gustavo D. , Mardin Christian Y.
Published: March 2012

A 1‐year‐old Australian Shepherd (AS) was presented for a routine hereditary eye examination. During the examination multiple raised, brown to orange lesions were noted in the fundus, which could not be attributed to a known retinal disease in this breed. As they clinically most closely resembled canine multifocal retinopathy (cmr) and no indication of an acquired condition was found, genetic tests for BEST1 gene mutations were performed. These showed the dog to be homozygous for the cmr1 (C73T/R25X) gene defect. Furthermore, ultrasound (US), electroretinography (ERG), and optical coherence tomography were performed, confirming changes typical for cmr. Subsequently, the AS pedigree members were genetically and clinically tested, demonstrating autosomal recessive inheritance with no clinical symptoms in carrier animals, as was previously described for cmr. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of canine multifocal retinopathy in the AS breed. Further investigations are under way.
“Now let me share this with you”: Exploring Poetry as a Method for Postcolonial Geography Research
Authors: Eshun Gabriel , Madge Clare
Published: March 2012

Abstract: In this article we attempt to “seize back the creative initiative” to uncover whether poetry might be a useful postcolonial research method. In exploring the possibilities and limitations of poetry as a means of re‐representing and interpreting data collected through in‐depth qualitative interviews, our conclusions are ambivalent: we are attracted to poetry but troubled by it too. For instance, poetry does hold promise through its ability to imaginatively project thoughts and ideas, opening up space so new perspectives can emerge. However, as academics we are always complicit in the knowledge creation process (albeit to varying degrees), and so the representative qualities of poetry are never unproblematic or straightforward. Thus although poetry does have potential as a method for postcolonial geography research, we are making a cautious and careful appeal for its use. We use the case of ecotourism research conducted in Boabeng‐Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana to explore these ideas.
Problematizing Labour's Agency: Rescaling Collective Bargaining in British Columbia Pulp and Paper Mills
Authors: Sweeney Brendan , Holmes John
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  This paper focuses on the contradictory nature and sometimes unintended consequences of workers’ efforts to defend particular communities against the ravages of capital restructuring. In the past decade, pattern collective bargaining in the highly unionized British Columbia pulp and paper industry has faced enormous strains due to intense industry restructuring. Our analysis focuses on the repercussions of actions taken by union locals in two British Columbia towns—Port Alice and Port Alberni—to try to secure the survival of their pulp and paper mills and, even in the case of Port Alice, the continued existence of the community. Our analysis resonates with recent debates surrounding worker agency as well as writing in the 1980s which addressed the often contradictory and problematic nature of workers’ struggles to “defend place”; writing largely neglected in more recent work in labour geography.
The Changing Shape of Intellectual Cooperation: From the League of Nations to UNESCO
Authors: Pemberton Jo‐Anne
Published: March 2012

This article elaborates on some of the key ideas that gave rise to and animated the International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation, a body which was among the last permanent organisations of the League of Nations. Although the Commission's efforts to cement intellectual relations among nations often went unappreciated, its proponents considered intellectual cooperation to be the very heart and soul of the League's Covenant. From the outset, the Commission sought to harmonise the world's various intellectual and cultural currents while maintaining respect for diversity. During its life, the Commission also became increasingly aware of the issue of its own cultural particularity and the vital need to incorporate perspectives and traditions other than those in which its origins lay. It was in grappling with these issues, and not just in pursuing its broader mandate, that the Commission can be said to be the forerunner of UNESCO.
The National Service Scheme: Citizenship and the Tradition of Compulsory Military Service in 1960s Australia
Authors: Twomey Christina
Published: March 2012

Between 1964 and 1972, the National Service Act 1964 required Australian men turning twenty years old to register for national service. Unlike most scholarship on the national service scheme, which focuses on opposition to the scheme and its unpopularity, this article examines the reasons why most Australians supported the reintroduction of national service and why so many young men complied with its provisions. It argues that compulsory military service was seen as essential in the context of the Cold War, and as a way of ensuring that young men now coming of age were inducted into models of masculinity, citizenship and duty considered essential for a cohesive society. It was the scheme's break with accepted traditions of compulsory military service in Australia that is an overlooked, and important, element of the criticism it generated. In that sense, it was the legacy of earlier wars that fed into the contemporary response to national service.
“Forced Adoption” in the Australian Story of National Regret and Apology*
Authors: Cuthbert Denise , Quartly Marian
Published: March 2012

This essay places the long‐standing campaign for redress and apology of women separated from their children through adoption in an historical and political context, tracing the rise of the single mother as a political voice through the Council for the Single Mother and her Child and the emergence of birth mother advocacy groups. The political actions of these mothers must be seen alongside the two national apologies already delivered and the political activism which led to them. Activism for apologies for past wrongs ought be understood in terms of the contemporary Australian politics of apology in which, in the words of Hannah Arendt, “pity is elevated to the level of a political principle”. However, in the case of these mothers, the Australian story of national regret and apology is complicated by issues of gender and sexuality. The women, unlike the Stolen Generations, child migrants and institutionalised children, do not easily or readily fit within the terms of national apology as formulated in the apologies of 2008 and 2009 which were addressed primarily to wronged and innocent children. If and when an apology is addressed to these women, its terms will necessarily differ from the earlier apologies.
The Causes and Impact of the Brain Drain in Institutions of Higher Learning in Zimbabwe
Authors: Shumba Almon , Mawere Douglas
Published: March 2012

The brain drain of professionals has now become a major concern in developing countries, especially in Zimbabwe, in particular. In this study, we sought to determine: (a) the causes for the exodus of professionals; (b) the impact of the massive exodus of professionals on higher education; (c) the effects of the brain drain on the quality of graduate produced; and (d) possible solutions that could be used to curb the massive exodus of professionals. A sample of three employers, ten current and eight former lecturers, ten current students and five members of management were used in this study. We collected data using a questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions. In this study, we found that the major push factors include low remuneration, low job satisfaction, collapse of funding, the political climate and declining currency exchange regimes, while the pull factors include attractive salaries and research and study opportunities, among others. Both push and pull factors caused the brain drain in Zimbabwe.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF ‘ORIGINAL’ SONG DYNASTY GUAN WARES AND LATER IMITATIONS FROM THE PALACE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS, BEIJING
Authors: MIAO JIAN‐MIN , LV CHENG‐LONG , LI HE , CHEN TIE‐MEI
Published: March 2012

Fifty‐eight porcelain samples in Guan ware style from the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing were analysed using non‐destructive ED‐XRF. These included 40 vessels that were traditionally ascribed as Guan wares of the Song Dynasty, and 18 vessels traditionally ascribed as imitation Guan wares, made during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The purposes of this study were: (1) to cross‐check the traditional identification of these wares with the new classification based on their chemical compositions; and (2) to carry out a provenance study of the authentic Song Guan wares—that is, to compare the chemical compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares with those of the shards unearthed from the known Guan ware kilns of the Song Dynasty. This study shows that: (1) the chemical compositions of the glaze are significantly different between the Song Guan wares and the imitation wares—among the 58 wares tested, seven are likely to have been misidentified by the traditional method; and (2) the glaze compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares themselves are not homogeneous, and they can be divided into three groups. The provenance of these groups was briefly investigated.