bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VITAMIN C IN RELATION TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

In the experiments reported in the present communication it was found that vitamin C, both natural and synthetic preparations, had no effect on the course of experimental poliomyelitis induced by nasal instillation of the virus. The objection cannot be raised that too large an amount of virus was used, since recent studies (3) on the fate of the nasally instilled virus indicated that all but an undetectable amount of it is swallowed and disappears from the nasal mucosa within 3 hours or less, and that none is demonstrable in the central nervous system before the 3rd day. Vitamin C administration was begun immediately after the instillation of virus and if it were capable of exerting any effect on the virus or the tissues it could have done so even before multiplication of virus had begun. Monkeys whose store of vitamin C was depleted reacted in the same way as those receiving an adequate diet. There is no apparent explanation for the difference between these results and those reported earlier by Jungeblut (1,2).

During the present investigation it was found that monkeys on a scorbutic diet died of spontaneous acute infections, chiefly pneumonia and enterocolitis, while their mates receiving an adequate diet remained well. The surviving monkeys on the scorbutic diet developed the osseous and other changes of human scurvy, and the vitamin C used in this study was shown to produce healing and calcification in the bones as well as to check the edema and hemorrhagic diathesis.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

1. The fate of bacilli of reinfection at the portal of entry and in metastatic foci, and also the associated host responses, are essentially similar in rabbits and guinea pigs.

2. However, in the guinea pig tubercle bacilli of reinfection are more effectively fixed at the portal of entry than in the rabbit.

3. The guinea pig fixes at the site of reinfection unrelated substances, such as trypan blue and agar particles, more effectively than the rabbit.

4. At the site of a local non-specific inflammation precipitins from the circulating blood accumulate in higher concentration in tuberculous guinea pigs than in tuberculous rabbits.

5. These differing fixing capacities of the two species are associated with differences of extracellular character in the inflammation resulting from reinfection. (a) In the guinea pig, whose tissues are highly sensitized and greatly injured by the tubercle bacillus, the lymphatics adjoining the site of reinfection become thrombosed. In the rabbit whose tissues are moderately sensitized and less injured by the tubercle bacillus the corresponding lymphatics remain open. (b) In the guinea pig the fibrinous network at the site of inflammation forms a fine sieve-like structure. In the rabbit this network forms a coarse sieve-like barrier.

6. In rabbits and guinea pigs primarily infected, the destruction of tubercle bacilli takes place first and most extensively at the portal of entry. At this time they are less effectively destroyed in the nearest metastatic foci. Simultaneously they are still growing without hinderance in such foci in remote internal organs.

7. The cell-free body fluids of normal animals support the growth of tubercle bacilli in vivo. The body fluids of tuberculous animals under the same conditions are bacteriostatic for this microorganism.

8. Tubercle bacilli often multiply by preliminary subdivision into non-acid-fast granules, from which the acid-fast rods sprout. This confirms the work of Kahn.
ON THE SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF PEPTIDES. III
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described dealing with immune sera to pentapeptides and peptide amides. Absorption and inhibition tests gave no indication of the presence in the immune sera of special antibodies for portions of a peptide molecule but the antibodies appeared to be specific for an entire pentapeptide even though the sera contained qualitatively different fractions. Marked disparity was found between the reactions of peptides and corresponding amides indicating differences between acid and other polar groups in their influence on serological specificity.
RADIOACTIVE IRON AND ITS METABOLISM IN ANEMIA
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. , Lawrence E. O. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Artificially produced radioactive iron is an extremely sensitive agent for use in following iron in the course of its changes in body metabolism, lending itself to studies of absorption, transport, exchange, mobilization, and excretion.

The need of the body for iron in some manner determines the absorption of this element. In the normal dog when there is no need for the element, it is absorbed in negligible amounts. In the anemic animal iron is quite promptly assimilated.

The plasma is clearly the means of transport of iron from the gastrointestinal tract to its point of mobilization for fabrication into hemoglobin.

The speed of absorption and transfer of iron to the red cell is spectacular. The importance of the liver and bone marrow in iron metabolism is confirmed.
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS BETWEEN LAYERS ADSORBED ON BUILT UP STEARATE FILMS
Authors: Porter Eliot F. , Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

By adsorbing antigens and antibodies on barium stearate multilayers immunological reactions at surfaces have been studied.

Pneumococcus polysaccharide specific antibody systems using purified antibodies from both horse and rabbit sera were investigated. The polysaccharides failed to show visible adsorption, but by alternate treatment with antibody and polysaccharide several layers of antibody could be specifically deposited.

With the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system antitoxin was found to adsorb to layers of toxin but not conversely. The reaction, however, was not specific.

Molecular weights calculated from the thickness of adsorbed protein layers, using dissymmetry factors, roughly correspond to molecular weights calculated from sedimentation and diffusion constants.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN A MOUSE STOCK OBSERVED FOR FOUR YEARS
Authors: Traub Erich
Published: June 2004

A small mouse stock in which lymphocytic choriomeningitis is endemic has been observed over a period of 4 years. The disease has persisted during that time, but it has become so mild that it can no longer be recognized by clinical observation. In spite of this fact, all of the stock mice tested, both young and old, carried considerable amounts of virus in their organs and blood. The females readily transmit the infection to their offspring. Intrauterine infection has become the only mode of transmission of the disease in contrast to the situation in 1935 when a certain number of mice were born virus-free and became infected by contact shortly after birth.

The present mildness of the disease appears to be due to two factors, namely, the change in its mode of transmission just mentioned, and a shift in the severity of the disease with regard to the age of the host at the time of infection. This shift has occurred gradually since 1935 when the mice infected in utero were the only ones to become sick. Since 1937, however, the virus is quite harmless for such animals and produces symptoms only in suckling mice from the virus-free stock exposed to contact infection. Evidence is presented which suggests that the shift in the severity of the disease was caused by a decrease of the pathogenicity of the virus for embryonic mouse tissue and a concurrent increase of the resistance to intrauterine infection of the mice from the infected stock.

Another change noted concerned the communicability of the experimental disease. In contrast to observations made in 1935 the experimental infection of mature mice from the virus-free colony is now very rarely transmitted by contact to healthy mice, young or old. Suckling mice from the same stock infected by intranasal instillation of virus, however, readily transmit the disease and continue to do so as they grow up. The same is true for mice infected naturally. The reason for this discrepancy has not been ascertained, but it has been shown that naturally infected mice capable of transmitting the disease in general discharge large amounts of virus through the nose for a longer period of time than mature mice infected experimentally which fail to transmit their infection. It may likewise be of significance in this connection that the virus can lose its communicability by animal passage.

A marked change (chiefly climatic and dietary) in the environmental conditions of the infected stock failed to influence the course and character of the epidemic.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Blalock Alfred , Levy Sanford E. , Cressman Ralph D.
Published: June 2004

Unilateral renal ischemia superimposed upon intestinal ischemia has resulted in a prolonged elevation in the arterial blood pressure in a high percentage of the animals which were studied.
AMOUNT AND DURATION OF IMMUNITY INDUCED BY INTRADERMAL INOCULATION OF CULTURED VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. , Baird R. D.
Published: June 2004

Continued cultivation of vaccine virus in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo tissue and Tyrode's solution has resulted in a virus qualitatively changed to such an extent that considerable amounts of it can be injected intradermally into human beings without danger or inconvenience.

Individuals who are vaccinated intradermally with the cultured virus should be revaccinated dermally six months to a year later with a potent calf lymph virus in order to obtain a satisfactory immunity to smallpox without being subjected to the dangers and inconvenience associated with primary vaccinations with calf lymph virus.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Variola virus was cultivated in embryonated eggs from smallpox crusts and maintained through 85 passages. Therein it produced foci of cellular proliferation and necrosis on the chorioallantoic membrane but did not affect the embryo.

The virus from egg cultures was inactive in the skin of the rabbit on primary injection and in the testis both initially and on passage. In the monkey it provoked a cutaneous eruption of short duration after an incubation period of 5 days.

On nasal instillation in the mouse the virus caused no symptoms and failed to survive on the mucous membrane of the upper air passages. Beginning with the 64th egg passage it was regularly recoverable from the lung, on subinoculation in eggs, through the 5th day and occasionally through the 7th day. Its presence in the lung was attended by progressive pathological changes.
THE BEHAVIOR OF ABNORMAL HUMAN THYROID TISSUE CULTIVATED IN THE LINDBERGH APPARATUS
Authors: Foot N. Chandler , Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. Human thyroid tissue may be kept alive and in good condition in the Lindbergh apparatus for at least 3 weeks, in usable condition from 1 to 2 months, provided that the vascular tree remain patent and functioning.

2. Experiments with altered amounts of iodin, adrenalin, hormones, and other substances show constant results only in connection with eschatin and pitressin which, in concentrations of 1:1000 in the perfusate almost invariably cause hyperplasia of the explanted tissue.

3. The original state of the tissue and the character of the symptom complex in the patient from which it was taken appeared to play no part in the subsequent behavior of the tissue explants.

4. In one experiment a most remarkable metaplasia was observed in the explanted thyroid tissue during the 6 to 8 weeks that it remained in two apparatuses. The cause of this is not evident.
A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Baird R. D. , Wall M. J.
Published: June 2004

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be sedimented in the ultracentrifuge and washed repeatedly; the virus retains its activity provided that a small amount of normal serum is present in the diluent.

A soluble substance capable of fixing complement in the presence of immune serum can be separated from the virus. Washed virus fixes complement poorly.

The serologically specific soluble antigen is widely distributed in tissues of infected guinea pigs, mice, and monkeys.
POLIOMYELITIS AND THE LYMPHATIC APPARATUS
Authors: Yoffey Joseph M. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

In rhesus monkeys the Toomey "T" strain of poliomyelitis virus could not be detected in cervical or thoracic duct lymph after intranasal or intracerebral inoculation.
LUNG EDEMA FOLLOWING BILATERAL VAGOTOMY
Authors: Lorber Victor
Published: June 2004

1. Small animals (rat and guinea pig) vagotomized in the neck die within a period of hours, the lungs showing extensive congestion and edema.

2. Tracheotomy permits appreciably longer survival with minimal lung changes approximating those seen in the control animals.

3. Intrathoracic vagotomy (sparing the recurrent laryngeal nerve) on one side, and cervical vagotomy on the other, permits almost indefinite survival (guinea pig and rabbit), unless laryngeal paralysis from the unilateral denervation produces respiratory obstruction (rat, guinea pig, and rabbit).

4. Pulmonary edema following bilateral vagotomy probably results primarily from respiratory obstruction. It is suggested that circulatory failure may also be a factor of some importance. The rôle of vagotomy itself is considered in relationship to these two phenomena.

5. The reaction of smaller animals to bilateral vagotomy, with regard to lung changes, apparently differs in no way from that of the larger animals, but is less readily demonstrated because of the smaller diameters of the air passages.
IMMUNE RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Coggeshall L. T.
Published: June 2004

Specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead Plasmodium knowlesi.

Sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for P. knowlesi. Because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. Normal rabbit serum is not parasiticidal.

Experiments on passive protection in monkey malaria with serum from rabbits which have received intraperitoneal injections of living or dead P. knowlesi yield no conclusive evidence that protective antibodies are formed.
FAMILIAL MAMMARY TUMORS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

The clinical histories of two different types of familial mammary cancer in the rabbit have been described. In one type, the first clinical sign of breast abnormality was a sudden and intense engorgement and thereafter the disorder passed through stages of cyst formation and benign neoplasia to cancer with metastasis. In the second type, neoplasia originated in clinically normal breast tissue and there was no history of antecedent mammary abnormality.
FAMILIAL MAMMARY TUMORS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

The pathological histories of two types of familial mammary cancer in the rabbit have been described. One type was distinguished by characteristic antecedent mammary changes similar to those found in Schimmelbusch's disease in women and by a distinctive papillary structure. The second type originated in normal breast tissue and was characterized histologically by an atypical proliferation of acini.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FROG CARCINOMA IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Lucké Balduin
Published: June 2004

The adenocarcinoma of leopard frogs may be cultivated with ease in plasma media. In such cultures two types of growth occur with regularity. The first is in the form of tubules which promptly grow out in the solid medium and retain their tubular form as long as they remain completely enveloped by plasma. When, however, they make contact with the surface of the glass, they adhere to it, the part in contact becomes flat, and its cells now grow no longer as tubules but as membranes.

The manner of growth in vitro resembles the growth of transplants of the same tumor in the anterior chamber of the living eye, thus suggesting that in each case the habit of growth is determined by the same morphogenetic factors, i.e. those inherent in the cells themselves, and those depending on interfacial forces.

The malignant cells of the frog carcinoma have the attributes which in general distinguish malignant cells from normal cells of corresponding type. In comparison with adult kidney cells, their normal homologues, the conspicuous properties of frog carcinoma cells are: larger and more variable size and shape of cell body, of nucleus, and nucleolus; coarser and denser structure of cytoplasm, of nucleoplasm, and of nuclear membrane; increase in number of mitochondria, and more frequent occurrence of mitosis. These cytological characteristics remain unaltered in cultures maintained for as long as six months.

Frog carcinoma is a transmissible disease due to an agent which induces inclusion bodies, and which has other attributes indicating that it is a virus. The general correspondence in character between its cells and the malignant cells of mammalian tumors of diverse origin suggests that neoplastic phenomena are essentially alike, no matter in what group of animals they occur or what their causal factors may be.
THE PASSAGE OF TYPE III RABBIT VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE VASCULAR SYSTEM INTO JOINTS AND CERTAIN OTHER BODY CAVITIES
Authors: Shaffer Morris F. , Bennett Granville A.
Published: June 2004

1. Within 24 hours following intravenous inoculation with rabbit virulent strains of pneumococcus Type III, most rabbits develop infections of one or both knees. The frequency of bilateral knee joint involvement increases as the duration of the disease is prolonged.

2. The spinal fluid, aqueous humor, and bladder urine remain sterile at a time when the knee joints contain pneumococci. Subsequently, however, they may be invaded.

3. The administration of a single dose of type specific horse immune serum, at a period when in all probability one or both knee joints contain organisms, appears to be ineffective in bringing about resolution of the infections process in these sites, even though horse serum constituents may be demonstrated serologically to be present within the joint cavities.
THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND HORMONE REFRACTORINESS
Authors: Gordon Albert S. , Kleinberg William , Charipper Harry A.
Published: June 2004

1. Young splenectomized female rats, free of latent infection, show greater increases in ovarian weight in response to injections of pregnant mare's serum than do young normal rats with spleens intact.

2. The regression in ovarian weight which occurs after about a month in such injected splenectomized animals may be prevented by repeated injections of an agent like trypan blue which causes blockage of the compensating reticulo-endothelial elements.

3. The plasmas obtained from these splenectomized and splenectomized dye-blocked animals possess less antihormone substance than plasmas from similarly treated normal animals.

4. Young female rats, heavily infected with Bartonella muris, and therefore possessing an injured reticulo-endothelial system, develop heavier ovaries in response to injections of pregnant mare's serum than do normal uninfected rats.

5. Similar differences in effect on the testes and seminal vesicles of young normal, splenectomized, and bartonella-infected male rats have been obtained using pregnancy urine extract.

6. Young splenectomized, and splenectomized dye-blocked guinea pigs injected with thyrotropic extract, show heavier and more highly active thyroids than normal hormone-injected animals,

7. These results are explained on the basis that the reticulo-endothelial system participates in the production of antihormone substances.
HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Seastone C. V.
Published: June 2004

A group of guinea pigs carrying a chronic streptococcus cervical lymphadenitis has been studied. The chronic disease may be transmitted with pure cultures of streptococci isolated from the naturally occurring abscesses. Its probable mode of transmission under natural conditions was shown to be the ingestion of the infective agent.

The spontaneous appearance of an acutely fatal variant was observed. Infection with the chronic strains protected animals against the highly virulent strain. Such immunity could not be passively transferred to either mice or guinea pigs, nor could any opsonizing, precipitating, or bactericidal antibody be associated with it. The presence of allergy could not be correlated with this immunity.

The dissociation of the chronic and acute strains was investigated and non-invasive phases isolated. No precipitin reaction attributable to an antigenic virulence factor could be demonstrated. No protection was obtained with vaccines or aggressins.
EXPERIMENTS ON HISTAMINE AS THE CHEMICAL MEDIATOR FOR CUTANEOUS PAIN
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Minard David
Published: June 2004

Experimental evidence shows that histamine is liberated when the upper layers of the skin are stimulated in the threshold range although no gross or microscopic evidence of tissue damage is demonstrable. A histamine-like substance is recoverable from the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye on electrical stimulation of the cornea. This substance is liberated in direct proportion to the intensity of the stimulus. Histamine when injected intradermally or applied to the denuded skin (less epidermis and some cutis) or cornea causes pain. That the substance liberated is most likely histamine was shown by its action on the intestinal strip of the guinea pig, which action was not effaced by adding atropine to the bath; by its heat stability, its neutralization by histaminase and its dialysability through cellophane membranes, and by the fact that thymoxyethyldiethylamine, which appears to be a specific antagonist to histamine, neutralizes the action of the diffusates of stimulated skin and when injected subcutaneously or rectally abolishes generally the pain responses to pinching, pricking and cutting, and lowers the electrical threshold of the skin markedly without affecting the somatic sensory nerve trunks.
EXPERIMENTAL MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Polk Alice D.
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of meningococci obtained directly from the spinal fluid of a patient has been propagated in serial passage in 10 to 12 day old chick embryos without change in its essential characteristics.

2. The chick embryo is susceptible to infection with the meningococcus, and, depending on its stage of development, reacts to the infection with more or less specific lesions.

3. In chick embryos of 15 days incubation, following the utilization of definite portals of entry, such as the nasopharynx, or by inoculation of the amniotic fluid or by inoculation of the body wall, the meningococcus is localized in specific areas, namely in the cranial sinuses, the lungs or meninges, or in all of these areas.

4. The lesions of the meningococcus infection in man, a septicemia, sinusitis, pneumonia and meningitis can be reproduced in the chick embryo by choosing embryos at the proper state of development and utilizing the various portals of entry experimentally available.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF MENINGOCOCCUS MENINGITIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Polk Alice D.
Published: June 2004

1. A microscopic and bacteriological analysis of the meningitis produced in the chick embryo following inoculation of meningococci into the body wall or into the amniotic cavity indicates that the meninges are invaded by way of the blood stream.

2. There is no indication that a direct extension of the infection by way of the middle ear, the cranial sinuses or the pia-arachnoid sheath of the olfactory nerves to the meninges takes place.
ON THE NATURE OF THE PRESSOR ACTION OF RENIN
Authors: Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. Tachyphylaxis occurs when renin is repeatedly injected into dogs and cats regardless of whether they are normal, anesthetized, pithed, hepatectomized, suprarenalectomized, nephrectomized, or eviscerated.

2. The pressor response to renin in brief experiments is independent of the height of the arterial pressure or the presence of the suprarenals. Evisceration and large doses of ergotamine reduce the response. It is largely uninfluenced by pithing, intracisternal injection of renin, cocaine, strychnine, caffeine, and infusion of sodium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid. It may be slightly increased by large blood transfusions or hepatectomy but the result is short lived.

3. There is no parallelism between the pressor responses to carotid sinus stimulation, adrenine, and tyramine on the one hand and renin on the other.

4. Section of the brain may be followed by depressor responses to renin.

5. Intracisternal injection of renin elicits no significant rise in blood pressure or other circulatory manifestations.

6. Continuous infusion of renin produces a prolonged rise of arterial pressure in normal and chronically suprarenalectomized dogs, but the pressure ultimately falls despite continued infusion.

7. Tachyphylaxis develops in the isolated rabbit's ear perfused with blood and small doses of renin. The same blood perfused through a second ear causes no vasoconstriction when renin is added. Addition of renin-activator restores the ability of renin to cause constriction.

8. Renin alone causes no vasoconstriction when perfused with Ringer's solution, but renin plus renin-activator restores activity. Tachyphylaxis does not develop when Ringer's solution is employed instead of recirculating blood.

9. Blood from animals made tachyphylactic by repeated injections of renin is lacking in activator and also fails to cause vasoconstriction in the rabbit's ear when renin and renin-activator are added.

10. Renin-activator is lost and tachyphylaxis develops more slowly during continuous infusion of renin. Blood pressure may fall after a period of renin infusion despite the pressure in the blood of excess renin. Injection of partially purified activator restores the activator content of the blood as demonstrated in the rabbit's ear, but no rise in arterial pressure occurs.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: Huggins Charles , Masina M. H. , Eichelberger Lillian , Wharton James D.
Published: June 2004

A simple isolation of the prostate enabled quantitative collection of prostatic secretion in dogs over periods of months. The secretory stimulant was pilocarpine and 2 similar amounts injected with a 6 hour interval gave smaller amounts at the second testing, suggesting a fatigue effect. The prostate was not absolutely refractory since doubling the amount of alkaloid injected at the second test increased the volume to equal or exceed the preliminary secretion. The depression effect had disappeared at 24 hours.

In normal dogs the secretory curves were essentially regular, with occasional prolonged rises or depressions. The amount of secretion did not bear a direct relationship to the weight of the gland in adult dogs. The germinal epithelium of the testis underwent atrophy during the first few weeks of cage life while the prostatic secretion was maintained, showing that the atrophy was differential and did not involve the cells producing the androgenic hormone. The atrophy was reversible and all dogs kept for more than 4 months showed restoration of the germ cells. A few dogs developed atrophy of the germinal cells with cessation of prostatic secretion for many weeks but with final recovery. Removal of the suprarenal glands with suprarenal insufficiency did not produce sterility.

The distribution of electrolytes in the prostatic secretion differed from that in the serum-transudate system, although the concentration of osmotically active substances was the same, being made up almost entirely of sodium and chloride. The distribution was not affected by the different physiological procedures used in this study. Protein concentrations were less than 1 per cent.

The rate of prostatic atrophy following castration was determined, and cessation of secretion occurred in 7 to 23 days. The restoration of prostatic fluid in castrate dogs following daily injections of testosterone propionate followed a smooth curve to form a plateau which was interrupted occasionally by prolonged elevations with return to the established level. The prostate having been reconstructed, the dosage of androgenic material injected could be greatly reduced without causing a decrease in secretion.

Ablation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands had no significant influence on prostatic secretion. Hyperthyroidism caused a secretory depression interrupted with returns to normal levels.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BLOOD AND THE HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES IN MALIGNANT PANLEUCOPENIA OF CATS
Authors: Hammon William D. , Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

The most conspicuous clinical finding during the course of this virus disease is a fulminating panleucopenia. The earliest significant decrease noted is usually in the number of the lymphocytes. From the study of lymph nodes and bone marrow during the incubation period and throughout the illness, it appears that failure of leucopoiesis is the cause of leucopenia. Inclusion bodies in the primitive blood cells of the marrow suggest a direct action of the virus on these cells. When recovery occurs a marked myelogenous leucemoid response is noted.

Available data indicate the presence of a mild anemia due to a failure in erythropoiesis, less marked than the leucopenia probably because of the longer life of the adult circulating erythrocytes. The erythrocytes appear to have an increased fragility and the serum has a slight increase in icterus, suggesting an increased mean erythrocyte age. During recovery erythropoiesis does not begin until after the myeloid marrow response has begun to subside, due possibly to previous mechanical crowding of the marrow by the more rapidly growing myeloblasts and myelocytes.
PROLONGED MAINTENANCE OF SPIROCHETES AND FILTRABLE VIRUSES IN THE FROZEN STATE
Authors: Turner Thomas B. , Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

1. Observations are reported on the virulence of various types of spirochetes and filtrable viruses after storage at – 787deg;C. for periods up to 3 years.

2. Five specimens of Treponema pallidum belonging to 4 different strains, and 7 specimens of T. pertenue belonging to 5 different strains were tested after storage for approximately 3 years. With one exception each specimen contained actively motile treponemes, and all specimens were highly pathogenic for rabbits. Many other specimens of these spirochetes stored for shorter periods were also tested with similar results.

3. Relapsing fever spirochetes tested after storage from 6 months to 1 year showed active motility and were virulent for mice.

4. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae was found to be actively motile after storage for 5, 6, and 10 months. The spirochete of rat bite fever, Spirillum minus, was virulent for mice after storage for 1 year.

5. The virus of human influenza, PR8 strain, tested after storage for approximately 3 years was fatal to mice in essentially the same dilution as was the same lot of material before freezing. Similar results were obtained upon testing the virus of meningopneumonitis after storage for 3 years. The virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale was pathogenic for mice after storage for 10 months.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SURVIVAL OF SPIROCHETES IN THE FROZEN STATE
Authors: Turner Thomas B. , Brayton Nancy L.
Published: June 2004

Titration experiments made with relapsing fever spirochetes before and after freezing showed the following:

1. With each freezing and thawing there is a slight but regular decrease in virulence, which decrease bears no relation to the duration of storage at – 78°C. Ordinarily infectivity is destroyed by more than 4 refreezings.

2. There was not always close correlation between motility and infectivity.

3. Cooling spirochetes from 0°C. to –78°C. over a 2 to 6 hour period damages them only slightly more than does rapid cooling, but warming from – 78°C. to 0°C. over a 2 to 6 hour period kills most of the organisms. Rapid thawing, as in a water bath, damages the spirochetes less than thawing more slowly, as at room temperature.

4. At storage temperatures of –12°C. and –20°C. there is a gradual decrease in virulence over a period of days or weeks, and by the 6th week the infectivity of the material is markedly reduced.
STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Authors: Sanders Murray
Published: June 2004

Two strains of the lymphogranuloma venereum virus were maintained in tissue cultures for 12 and 21 generations respectively.

In a third strain a quantitative increase in potency as high as 1000 times was obtained by inoculating tissue cultures with infected emulsions of known virulence.

Greater increases in potency were consistently obtained by maintaining tissue cultures and virus at room temperature (23°C. with a range of approximately ± 5°C.) than by incubating them at 37°C. The virus did not survive in the absence of oxygen.

Embryonic guinea pig brain and serum ultrafiltrate were found to be the most effective vehicles for propagation of the lymphogranuloma virus.

There is evidence that the site of activity for this virus is intracellular.

Embryonic guinea pig brain cells were maintained in the serum ultrafiltrate diluted with buffered salt solution in good (morphologic) condition for as long as 70 days. Not only could old cultures be successfully inoculated with the virus of lymphogranuloma, but high titres could be maintained over extended periods.
THE SELECTIVE ACTION OF SULFANILAMIDE ON THE PARASITES OF EXPERIMENTAL MALARIA IN MONKEYS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Coggeshall L. T.
Published: June 2004

It was found that with mixed malaria infections in the same experimental animal sulfanilamide eradicates a virulent P. knowlesi infection, leaving the animal with a milder chronic P. inui infection. Determinations of the metabolic activity of the two parasites in vitro showed that P. knowlesi consumed approximately six times more oxygen than P. inui. The addition of sulfanilamide in concentrations less than that necessary to effect a cure almost completely inhibited the respiration of P. knowlesi parasites in vitro, while the same concentrations of the drug against the same number of P. inui parasites had no apparent effect.
A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Wall M. J. , Baird R. D.
Published: June 2004

The soluble antigen of lymphocytic choriomeningitis which is readily separable from the virus is a relatively stable substance and appears to be of a protein nature. A specific precipitin reaction can be demonstrated when immune serum is added to solutions of antigen which have been freed of certain serologically inactive substances. The complement-fixation and precipitation reactions which occur in the presence of immune serum and non-infectious extracts of splenic tissue obtained from guinea pigs moribund with lymphocytic choriomeningitis seem to be manifestations of union of the same soluble antigen and its antibody. On the other hand, the antisoluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances appear to be different entities.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Gerbi C. , Rubenstein B. B. , Goldblatt H.
Published: June 2004

The consumption of oxygen by slices of renal tissue of the rabbit was studied by means of the Warburg manometric method. The ischemic kidney of the rabbit shows a definite diminution of oxygen consumption, compared with the normal kidney.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF NEPHROTIC SERA AND URINE
Authors: Longsworth L. G. , MacInnes D. A.
Published: June 2004

The electrophoretic patterns of the sera and urine of two cases of lipoid nephrosis have been obtained and have been compared with a typical pattern of normal serum. The patterns of the pathological sera deviated widely from the normal, indicating relatively low albumin and high globulin content. The comparison of the patterns of nephrotic sera cleared by centrifugation and by ether extraction shows that a large portion of the ß globulin consisted of a labile lipo-protein. The pattern of the nephrotic urine proteins resembled that of normal serum, with, however, significant differences.
THE THERMAL INACTIVATION TIME AT 41.5°C. OF THREE STRAINS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

1. The thermal inactivation time at 41.5°C. of the H. F. and Frank strains of herpes simplex virus, under the conditions described, was 80 hours.

2. A strain of herpes virus recently recovered from a patient treated with a physically induced fever had a thermal inactivation time of 50 hours at 41.5°C.

3. The neurotropic factor of the H. F. and Frank strains of virus was more resistant to a temperature of 41.5°C. than the dermotropic factor. There was little difference in the thermostability of these two factors of the Go strain.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Kahn Joseph R. , Bayless Francis , Simon Morris A.
Published: June 2004

Excision of both carotid sinuses, with or without section of cardio-aortic inhibitor fibers, was not followed by a significant change of femoral mean blood pressure from the normal. This procedure did not interfere with the development of hypertension produced by renal ischemia. There was no significant difference between the levels of hypertension due to renal ischemia in animals with both carotid sinuses previously excised and in those with both carotid sinuses intact.

In one of three animals with hypertension due to renal ischemia, in which the elevated blood pressure had gradually subsided, there was a slight and only temporary reelevation of pressure after excision of both carotid sinuses. In the other two animals, excision of the carotid sinuses had no effect on the blood pressure. In all three, however, increased constriction of the renal arteries caused significant and persistent reelevation of the blood pressure.

The carotid sinus has no demonstrable influence upon hypertension caused by renal ischemia, although in such animals it probably plays the same part in the regulation of blood pressure as it does in normal animals (7).
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Wolf Abner , Cowen David , Paige Beryl H.
Published: June 2004

1. Infected material from the brain and spinal cord of an infant suffering from a recently recognized form of granulomatous encephalomyelitis was inoculated into rabbits and mice and produced an experimental disease which was readily transmissible in series.

2. A parasite identical with that in the lesions of the human case was found in the lesions of the experimental animals.

3. The morphology of this microorganism, the course of the disease and the lesions produced in the animals inoculated with it, the wide host range of this parasite, and the results of cross immunity experiments, establish its identity as a Toxoplasma. It is suggested that the microorganism be designated Toxoplasma hominis.

4. The clinical and pathologic features of the infection produced in animals by this Toxoplasma are described.

5. The infection in the infant is the first proved instance of human toxoplasmosis. Since the lesions were confined to the central nervous system the disease is termed toxoplasmic encephalomyelitis.

6. The first experimental transmission of human toxoplasmosis to animals is recorded.
ON THE PRESENCE IN SYPHILITIC SERUM OF ANTIBODIES TO SPIROCHETES, THEIR RELATION TO SO CALLED WASSERMANN REAGIN, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SERODIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry , Hogan Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

1. In confirmation of Gaehtgens, syphilitic human sera give positive complement fixation with cultures of so called T. pallidum (Reiter strain). Syphilitic rabbit sera are equally reactive. Syphilitic human and rabbit sera agglutinate these cultures, often in high titre (Beck).

2. Normal rabbit sera react weakly with the culture to give both agglutination and complement fixation in low titre. Normal human sera, despite the fact that they contain agglutinins in low titre, fail to fix complement with the Reiter strain of cultured spirochetes. Confirming Gaehtgens, the latter reaction is therefore of practical utility for the serum diagnosis of syphilis.

3. When syphilitic serum is heated at 63°C., there is no demonstrable difference in the thermolability of the antibody to spirochetes, and of the reagin which determines the Wassermann and flocculation tests.

4. (a) The absorption of syphilitic serum by spirochetal suspensions removes all reactivity, not only for the spirochetes, but for tissue lipoids (alcoholic beef heart extract) as well; the sera become Wassermann- and flocculation-negative. (b) Absorption of syphilitic serum with tissue lipoids renders the Wassermann and flocculation tests negative, but does not demonstrably change the reactivity of the serum with spirochetes. (c) Rabbits immunized to beef heart lipoid develop spirochetal agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies (Reiter strain) in high titre.

5. It is concluded that these cultured spirochetes contain antigenic material serologically related to a substance present in mammalian tissue, as well as other antigenic factors not present in such extracts, but equally reactive with syphilitic serum.

6. These findings support the thesis that the primary serologic change in syphilis is the development of antibodies to T. pallidum. The Wassermann and flocculation tests would be explained on the basis that the tissue extracts used as "antigen" in these tests contain one or more substances serologically related to antigenic components of T. pallidum. Similarly, the cultured Reiter strain of spirochete is apparently sufficiently close serologically to T. pallidum to be agglutinated by and to give complement fixation with the antibodies to T. pallidum present in syphilitic serum.

7. Since suspensions of cultured spirochetes contain antigenic factors which react specifically with syphilitic serum, some of which are not present in ordinary Wassermann and flocculation "antigens," they may prove even more valuable than those tissue extracts in the serodiagnosis of syphilis.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Chase M. W.
Published: June 2004

A method has been described by which sensitization to a simple chemical, picryl chloride (2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene), can be satisfactorily attained by means of intraperitoneal injection of the compound when killed tubercle bacilli suspended in paraffin oil were used as adjuvant. Sensitivity of the contact dermatitis type results therefrom. It follows that although skin sensitization of this type is most easily obtained by dermal application this route of administration is no necessary condition for such sensitivity.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Treffers Henry P. , Mayer Manfred
Published: June 2004

1. In two rabbits subjected to prolonged injections with crystalline egg albumin the antibodies in one showed progressive changes such as noted in an earlier paper; the antibodies in the other did not.

2. The significance of this behavior in the production of sera for therapeutic use is pointed out.

3. Quantitative studies are reported on the low grade or incomplete antibody present in the early stages of immunization of a horse with egg albumin.

4. Quantitative studies on the flocculating antibody from later bleedings from the horse are given, and the dissociation of the soluble pre-zone compounds by rabbit anti-egg albumin is studied. Rough velocity estimations are reported.

5. The bearing of the findings on the mechanism of precipitin and flocculation reactions and of the Danysz effect is discussed in terms of the union of multivalent antigen with multivalent antibody.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN RETENTION UPON THE REGENERATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Mebane J. Gilmer
Published: June 2004

1. Because of the clinical observation that the capacity to form new plasma proteins is sometimes impaired in cases of nephritis (2), experiments were performed to determine whether the impaired function in the nephritic is related to nitrogen retention.

2. These experiments consisted of producing renal injury by injecting uranium nitrate into standard hypoproteinemic dogs and comparing the rate of blood plasma protein formation under these conditions of nitrogen retention with that in the uninjured dog.

3. Despite elevations in blood N.P.N. to more than ten times normal, no interference with plasma protein formation was observed. These elevations in N.P.N. affected principally the urea and undetermined fractions.

4. Neither elevation in N.P.N. nor proteinuria per se appears to have any effect upon plasma protein production. Possibly the deficient production of plasma proteins in the nephritic is related to a more general disturbance in metabolism in which the elevation in N.P.N. is secondary.
FAMILIAL MAMMARY TUMORS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments is described in which fragments derived from two mammary tumors of distinct types were transferred at different developmental stages to the anterior chamber of the eye of normal rabbits. It was found that the ability to survive and to grow progressively after transplantation was not immediately related to anaplastic cellular changes. On the other hand, there existed a definite correlation between the success of transplantation and the morphological relationship of tumor cells and the normal cells of the host. Transplantation to normal animals could not be effected during stages of local tissue invasion but was successfully performed as soon as the tumor cells manifested the ability to invade foreign tissues or to metastasize in the spontaneous host. It was concluded, therefore, that neither anaplasia nor local tissue invasion represented autonomy but, rather, stages in its development and that the final attainment of this condition was only evidenced by metastasis or by invasion in foreign tissues.

The tumors were successfully transplanted to normal animals during this series of experiments and have been carried by serial transfer to the present time. The most outstanding feature in the transplantation of the papillary type tumor was the marked difference in susceptibility exhibited by the two sexes. The acinar type tumor was distinguished by high transplantability, an extremely rapid growth rate and early regression.