bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Os 25 Anos do PPGDR-UNISC e sua contribuição para a pós-graduação e pesquisa em Desenvolvimento Regional no Brasil
Authors: Lima da Silveira Rogerio Leandro , Dornelles Mizael , Vogt Helena De Moura , Staviski Júnior Carlos
Published: October 2020

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul – UNISC completou 25 anos em 2019. Criado em 1994, em nível de mestrado, esteve originalmente vinculado ao Comitê Multidisciplinar da CAPES, tendo sido o primeiro Programa da área no país. Em 2002 passou por uma reestruturação, vinculando-se, a partir de então, ao Comitê
do Planejamento Urbano e Regional/Demografia. Com a obtenção da nota 4, em 2004, passou a oferecer o nível de Doutorado a partir de 2005. Em 2010 passou por uma segunda reestruturação,
culminando com a obtenção da nota 5 na avaliação trienal de 2013. Neste artigo abordamos o processo de criação e consolidação do PPGDR-UNISC e sua contribuição para a estruturação da área de conhecimento em planejamento urbano e regional-demografia no Brasil, uma visão geral das dissertações e teses defendidas nesse período, e o perfil multidisciplinar e a inserção social e profissional dos seus egressos, demonstrando a trajetória e os resultados alcançados nesse período.
Changing player behaviour in sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: Shake on it?
Authors: McKenna Jim , Backhouse Susan , Phillips Gemma , Jones Ben
Published: October 2020

To prevent the spread of infection during matches and training activities is a major challenge facing all sports returning from the enforced COVID-19 shutdown. During training and matches, rugby league players make contact with others which can result in SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. While these interactions characterise the appeal of the game, a number of them can be avoided, including shaking hands and conversing after the match. This paper presents a framework underpinned by behavioural science (capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour model, COM-B) to support stakeholders in helping players adopt new social distance norms and behaviours. This framework helps to ensure the players have the capability, opportunity, and motivation to adopt new COVID-19 risk minimising behaviours, which they will need to commit to 100%.
Considering Craft- and Arts-Based Practitioner Inquiry Activities as a Prompt for Transforming Practice
Authors: Childs Margie , Mapasa Tobeka , Ward Marina
Published: October 2020

Craft- and arts-based procedures, as examples of aesthetic communication, have the potential to inspire new ways of being and doing in the context of student support activities in higher education environments. In this article, we share our experiences of using craftwork and arts-infused activities to examine our practice. In our research undertaking, we collaborated creatively in order to scrutinise and question our taken-for-granted and usual student support practices. The purpose of our inquiry was to engage with specific craft- and arts-based procedures in order to discover how transformation of practice, prompted by creative activism, could be realised. To achieve this, we developed an innovative, Crafting Connections, procedure. This hands-on technique adds to the creative repertoire available to scholars and practitioners. Material sense making employing this craftwork process and arts-based activities facilitated the exploration of student support practices. Using visual activism and a transformative activist stance as theoretical perspectives, images, crafted artefacts, and collage work were scrutinised. This positioned us to make an argument for the coalescing of understanding and prompting of transformed practice informed by creative action and insight. Through craft- and arts-based practitioner inquiry activities, we gained insights regarding ways of creating a transformative learning space for students and staff to grow towards their goals and realise their intentions in a mutually beneficial manner. Our reflections further revealed that it is essential for staff to balance nurturing with respect for agency as a key action in the student support process.
Modelling groundwater level fluctuation in an Indian coastal aquifer
Authors: Safieh Javadinejad  , Rebwar Dara  , Forough Jafary
Published: October 2020

Estimating groundwater level (GWL) fluctuations is a vital requirement in hydrology and hydraulic engineering, and is commonly addressed through artificial intelligence (AI) models. The purpose of this research was to estimate groundwater levels using new modelling methods. The implementation of two separate soft computing techniques, a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) and an M5 model tree (M5-MT), was examined. The models are used in the estimation of monthly GWLs observed in a shallow unconfined coastal aquifer. Data for the water level were collected from observation wells located near Ganjimatta, India, and used to estimate GWL fluctuation. To do this, two scenarios were provided to achieve optimal input variables for modelling the GWL at the present time. The input parameters applied for developing the proposed models were a monthly time-series of summed rainfall, the mean temperature (within its lag times that have an effect on groundwater), and historical GWL observations throughout the period 1996–2006. The efficiency of each proposed model for Ganjimatt was investigated in stages of trial and error. A performance evaluation showed that the M5-MT outperformed the MLPNN model in estimating the GWL in the aquifer case study. Based on the M5-MT approach, the development of this model gives acceptable results for the Indian coastal aquifers. It is recommended that water managers and decision makers apply these new methods to monitor groundwater conditions and inform future planning.
Andropov's Gamble: Samantha Smith and Soviet Soft Power
Authors: Fedyashin Anton
Published: October 2020

General Secretary Yuri Andropov’s recourse to cultural and public diplomacy through the family of Samantha Smith in 1983 constituted the last attempt of an entrenched regime to salvage itself through a peace offensive without reforming its fundamental structure. With its ideological magnetism spent, the Soviet government made a last-ditch effort at popular détente that aimed to outmaneuver the Reagan and Thatcher rhetoric. However, Andropov’s attempt to decouple Soviet foreign aspirations from his government’s domestic policies rendered his public relations gamble highly vulnerable. Ironically, Andropov’s PR gamble produced the greatest results in the Soviet Union when it became sufficiently free to take advantage of them under Gorbachev.
External Audit and Asymmetric Information Problem: Alternative Framework in Public Banking
Authors: SÖNMEZ ÖZEKİCİOĞLU Seda , YETİZ Filiz
Published: October 2020

As an important policy instrument within the financial system, public banks assumed greater responsibility with the expansion of statist policies during the Great Depression of 1929. While maintaining and expanding its market share in the banking sector, Turkish Public Banking has undertaken the task of providing service for the benefit of the public and has increased its efforts to compete in global markets through the expansion of its customer portfolio - product range and financial innovations in information technologies lately. On the other hand, asymmetric information problem stemming from information pollution prevents the effective functioning of the audit mechanism, which is normally set to run based on accurate and complete information, and adversely affects the risk management processes of public banks. This study presents a proposal of an external audit model-“The Insured Customer-Based External Audit in Public Banking Model”. The model proposed will contribute to the present financial system in terms of strengthening the legal power of the related institutions with the aim of reducing asymmetric information and increasing efficiency of external auditing in public banks. SWOT analysis has been conducted over the proposed model for greater understanding of its applicability and to reveal its possible effects in the banking sector. The results derived from the preferred method used in the study will pave way for the implementation of different numerical research methods in the future such as multi-criteria decision-making techniques in the same area of research.
4 Optimizing AFM Imaging in PFT for High Resolution AFM Imaging on DNA v1
Authors: J. Haynes Philip , H. S. Main Kavit , L Pyne Alice
Published: October 2020

This is part 4 of the "Atomic Force Microscopy of DNA and DNA-Protein Interactions" collection of protocols. Collection Abstract: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a microscopy technique that uses a sharp probe to trace a sample surface at nanometre resolution. For biological applications, one of its key advantages is its ability to visualize substructure of single molecules and molecular complexes in an aqueous environment. Here, we describe the application of AFM to determine the secondary and tertiary structure of surface-bound DNA, and it’s interactions with proteins.
The Impact of Environmental Education Activities on Primary School Students’ Environmental Awareness and Visual Expressions
Authors: Yeşilyurt Mustafa , Ozdemir Balakoğlu Mukadder , Erol Mustafa
Published: October 2020

The aim of this research is to improve environmental awareness in primary school students. For this purpose, the study was carried out within the scope of action research pattern from qualitative research patterns. The study group was determined by selecting easily accessible samples. The study group consisted of second year students attending a state primary school in Gungoren District of Istanbul in the 2018-2019 academic year. The data of the study were obtained by the students’ environmental pictures, observation forms and semi-structured interview forms. The data obtained were analyzed by content analysis. According to the findings of the research, it is determined that students who received environmental education, draw pictures enthusiastically and reflecting environmental awareness, also after interviews students gain awareness toward environment, empathized with nature and draw highly esthetically appreciated pictures.
The Impact of Personality on the Physical Activity and Alcohol Use Relationship
Authors: Boland J.K. , Henderson C.E.
Published: October 2020

Studies have shown positive associations between levels of physical activity and alcohol use at both between-persons and within-person levels. This relationship has been of interest to researchers developing physical activity-based treatments for alcohol use disorders, which have had mixed results, one reason perhaps being because they have not controlled for individual differences. The current study investigated whether differences in Five-Factor Model personality traits moderated the physical activity-alcohol use relationship in an undergraduate sample (N = 263). Results showed lifestyle physical activity, extraversion, and neuroticism were each predictive of alcohol use, but there were no interaction effects among these variables, indicating that personality traits do not impact the strength of this relationship. Therefore, individuals high in traits of extraversion or neuroticism are not specifically at risk for increased alcohol use when participating in physical activity. If exercise-based interventions for alcohol use disorders are implemented, individuals high in extraversion and neuroticism continue to possess independent risk factors for alcohol use.
Prostatic bioregulatory polypeptide prostatilen: pharmacological properties and 30-year experience of clinical application in urology
Authors: Kuzmin Igor V. , Borovets Sergey Yu. , Gorbachev Anatoliy G. , Al-Shukri Salman Kh.
Published: October 2020

The review summarizes the results of 30-year clinical application of the prostatic bioregulatory peptide Prostatilen. The data from experimental studies, testifying for the high biological activity of the drug is shown, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are described. The review presents the results of clinical studies demonstrating the effectiveness and pathogenetic justification of the prescription of Prostatilen in the treatment of chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary bladder, as well as of several other diseases. The experience of Prostatilen application in the urological clinic of First Pavlov Saint Petersburg State Medical University is shown.
Hypertensive nephropathy as an outcome of unilateral nephrectomy in kidney cancer
Authors: Titjaev Igor I. , Andreev Sergey S. , Andreeva Svetlana V. , Udalov Konstantin V. , Kas’janov Denis S
Published: October 2020

Aim. To study the adaptive mechanisms of structural and functional changes in a single kidney after nephrectomy for kidney cancer.

Materials and Methods. A total of 179 operations of two types were performed: nephrectomy and kidney resection in patients with cancerous lesions. Postoperative ultrasound was performed size control and dopplerography of the vessels of the contralateral single kidney, monitoring-control of blood pressure.

Results. In case of kidney resection, the adaptive mechanisms controlling the volume of functioning tissue are preserved. The load on the organ remains minimal and physiological, and is not redistributed, blood pressure remains close to baseline. Nephrectomy does not lead to functional changes in a single kidney, but to adaptive and pathophysiological structural damage as a result of increased plasma pressure, organ reboot, its vicarious hypertrophy, which is accompanied by venous edema of interstitium as a pressure factor on the tissue, increased tone of arterioles, the development of secondary organ ischemia, circulatory hypoxia and increased blood pressure. All this fits into the clinical picture of hypertensive nephropathy.

Conclusions. The potential risk of hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy in patients undergoing nephrectomy, compared with patients after organ-saving surgery, is significantly higher. One of the most important manifestations of hypertension in the elderly is a violation of the structure and function of target organs, which include: the brain, heart, blood vessels, kidney. Nephrectomy forms a pathological vicious circle, contributing to the development and further progression of renal and cardiovascular failure.
Gongsun Longzi’s “form”: Minimal word meaning
Authors: Liu Limin , Huang Qiao
Published: October 2020

Inspired by Gongsun Longzi’s “form-naming” idea about word meaning, this paper argues that 1) the internal lexicon contains only the list of word-meaning pairs, with no additional information either as part of word meaning or as a structural level above it; 2) the meaning of word is a minimal C-Form, the identifying conceptual meaning that individuates a concept; 3) C-Form is the interface between word meaning and concept meaning; and 4) a sentence has a minimal semantic content, consisting of the minimal meanings of the words composing it, which is propositional and truth-evaluable, and contextual elements contribute nothing to the meaning of language expressions. This paper adheres to semantic minimalism, believing meanwhile that meaning holism helps in semantics inquiry, since reflection on language meaning differs from language meaning itself.
Early modern European languages and literature: A short review
Authors: Porter David
Published: October 2020

This article engages with several recent books about language and literature, with a general focus on the early modern period in Europe. One of these books discusses language study in early modern England. Another examines the histories of words relating to ‘ingenuity’. The third provides a theoretical look at the aphorism with a wide historical scope but with some chapters relating to early modern literature. Each is of general interest for linguistic and literary scholars.
Lung disease classification using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Aykanat Murat , Kılıç Özkan , Kurt Bahar , Saryal Sevgi Behiye
Published: October 2020

In this study we compared support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and Gaussian Bayes (GB) algorithms in classification of respiratory diseases with text and audio data. An electronic stethoscope and its software are used to record patient information and 17930 lung sounds from 1630 subjects. SVM, k-NN and GB algorithms were run on 6 datasets to classify patients into; (1) sick or healthy with text data, (2) sick or healthy with audio MFCC features, (3) sick or healthy with the text data and audio MFCC features, (4) 12 diseases with text data, (5) for 12 disease with audio MFCC features, (6) for 12 disease with the text data and audio MFCC features. Accuracy results in SVM were %75, %88, %64, %73, %63, %70; for k-NN %95, %92, %92, %67, %64, %66; for GB %98, %91, %97, %58, %48, %58 respectively.
In 12 class classification of lung diseases, the most accurate algorithm was SVM with text data. In classifying via audio data, k-NN was the most accurate. Using both audio and text data, SVM was the most accurate. When we classify healthy versus sick via text, audio and combined data, GB was always the most accurate with very high accuracy, closely followed by k-NN. We can infer from here that when we have large number of features but limited amount of samples, SVM and k-NN are best in classifying the dataset in more than two classes. However GB is best when it comes to classifying into two classes.
A retrospective study to assess incidence of ectopic pregnancies in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital
Authors: Dheepthikaa S. K. , Murugan Rajalekshmi
Published: October 2020

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is an acute abdominal emergency causing maternal morbidity and mortality. The overall incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing in recent times but due to early diagnosis and management the case fatality rate has reduced. Aim of the study is to determine the incidence of ectopic pregnancies in Saveetha hospital and find out common risk factors.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by analysing the medical records of the patients admitted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for 4 years from January 2015 to 2019 at Saveetha hospital, Chennai. The number of ectopic pregnancies out of the total pregnancies and the risk factors causing the ectopic pregnancies were analysed based on case sheets by simple descriptive statistics and percentage method.Result: Incidence was 3% or 30/1000 deliveries. The common age group was between 18 to 38 years. Mean age of ectopic pregnancy was 27.42 years. Risk factors were tubal ligation surgeries- 39.3%, Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD)-19.6%, Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-16.1%, infertility and ovulation induction-10.7%, previous ectopic pregnancy and use of Oral contraceptive pills (OCP)-5.4% and previous induced abortions-3.6%.Conclusion: Incidence of ectopic pregnancy is still remaining on the significant numbers. It can be diagnosed early by keeping a high index of suspicion. Tubectomy and other surgeries should be done with proper care. Education regarding safe abortion, unsupervised usage of OCP and risk of ovulation induction to avoid ectopic pregnancies.
Diastematomyelia differences in management of diastemetomyelia with associated abnormalities versus isolated diastemetomyelia: a case series
Authors: P. Salini Raani J. , Rao Ashwin , Balu Madhan , Rao Rashmi
Published: October 2020

Diastematomyelia (DM), also known as split cord malformation (SCM) is a type of spinal dysraphism. It is a very rare congenital spinal anomaly characterized by clefting of the spinal cord due to a partial or complete bony or fibrous septum within the spinal canal with splaying of the posterior spinal elements resulting in localized division of the spinal cord into two parts on either side of the septum which typically reunite below the cleft. The pathology was first described by Cruvelhier in 1853. About 1-3 per 1000 live birth, is the estimated incidence of spinal dysraphism and neural tube defects (NTD) occurs more commonly in females (55-70%). Prenatal diagnosis of DM is possible by ultrasonography (USG). The clinical significance of DM is that it may manifest as an isolated abnormality or in association with other spinal abnormalities such as spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation, hemivertebra, butterfly vertebra, kyphoscoliosis or part of Jarcho-Levin syndrome. The management of pregnancy with a foetus diagnosed with DM antenatally, differs based on whether the foetus has an isolated DM with intact skin or DM with more serious associated anomalies. We present two cases of Foetal DM both diagnosed by antenatal USG, Case 1 was diagnosed at 16 weeks gestation age (GA) with DM associated with Type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus and case 2 was diagnosed with isolated DM at 19 weeks 2 days GA.
A rare case of heterotopic pregnancy: an avalanche of catastrophe
Authors: Bhattacharya Rangan , Raut Rohini , Kumari Beena , Hojai D. C.
Published: October 2020

An ectopic pregnancy is the development of an embryo outside the uterus, a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Heterotopic pregnancy is when an intrauterine implanted embryo develops simultaneously along with an extra uterine implantation. With rising incidence of assisted reproductive technology (ART), incidence of ectopic pregnancy is on a rise. We report a case of an elderly patient, conceived by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), who had a catastrophe of events following conception, where she had an intrauterine twin gestation and an ectopic gestation in the left fallopian tube. She presented with vomiting and on ultrasound scan, we found a twin intra uterine gestation, with demise of one twin with no sign of ectopic implantation. Initially we decided to continue pregnancy. However, she had persistent spotting per vagina, and on a repeat ultrasound scan there was intrauterine demise of the other foetus also. Her uterus was then evacuated under anaesthesia. Post operatively, she became hemodynamic ally unstable and ultrasound was inconclusive of the cause. So, we subjected her to an MRI which showed a left adnexal ruptured ectopic pregnancy with hemoperitoneum. She was immediately taken up for exploratory laparotomy and left salpingectomy was done hemoperitoneum evacuated. Due to timely intervention and use of advanced techniques for diagnosis, she recovered successfully. Thus, heterotopic pregnancy can be a rare, life threatening complication of IVF, a vigilant eye and not shying away from the use of novel and advanced techniques for diagnosis, can help in early diagnosis and timely intervention and thus prove to be lifesaving.
Previous caesarean scar rupture: mortality averted a case report
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Singh Anuj , Tripathi V. B.
Published: October 2020

Uterine rupture at the site of a previous cesarean section scar is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of pregnancy by associated with significant foetal and maternal mortality and morbidity. A 31-year old woman, G6P3A2L1 with previous lower segment cesarian section (LSCS), booked case was admitted at 37 week of gestation with complaint of leaking per vaginal (P/V) in our tertiary care centre. Patient had spontaneous labor pain, which subsided after few contractions and sustained hemorrhagic shock with utero placental insufficiency due to previous LSCS scar rupture. Due diligence and expeditious caesarean management strategy needs to be adopted in parturient with previous caesarean patients owing due to risk of scar rupture. Ultrasonography is a useful tool which can be used to assess women with previous cesarean section to carry out risk stratification for subsequent pregnancies.
Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy of 12 weeks: a rare and unexpected long-term complication of caesarean section
Authors: Agrawal Priti , Agrawal Rishi , Agrawal Sujeet
Published: October 2020

Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is one of the rarest of all ectopic pregnancies. CSEP is a life-threatening condition and should be timely diagnosed and managed because if left untreated, it may lead to serious complications like uterine rupture, hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock and even maternal death. A 29-year-old female with history of amenorrhea 3 months, was referred from remote rural area with severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding for 15 days. Her previous childbirth was by caesarean section (CS), 4 years back. Trans abdominal ultrasonography (USG) revealed gestational sac in lower uterine segment and attached to anterior wall. Upper uterine segment was empty, crown lump length was 5.86 cm corresponding to 12 weeks and 3 days. As the pregnancy was 12 weeks with very thin myometrium covering it and placenta fully covering internal orifice of the cervix uteri (internal OS), took decision for laparotomy. Vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain are the most common presenting symptoms of CSEP. Severe acute abdominal pain or heavy vaginal bleeding may indicate impending rupture while hemodynamic instability may indicate rupture of CSEP. Laparoscopy or laparotomy can be done in such cases to remove pregnancy. Chose laparotomy as it would give quick, better access and control of hemorrhage in this case. The risk of CSEP and placenta accrete should be specially emphasized when counselling women requesting CS for nonmedical reasons. Prompt and accurate diagnosis using transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) followed by individualized treatment will significantly help to reduce morbidity related to CSEP.
Alternative livelihood for bidi workers: a study based on primary research on home-based bidi rollers of Solapur city of Maharashtra
Authors: Supase Ashish S. , Oswal Kunal , Mukherjee Kanchan , Singh Ajita , Chaturvedi Pankaj
Published: October 2020

Background: Solapur city situated in the district of Solapur, is home to the largest number of bidi workers of Maharashtra. Women and children engaged in bidi rolling face abuse, financial domination and a varied range of occupational health concerns. The bidi workers thus emphasize the need for an alternative livelihood strategy. The research-based on the review of existing programs, policies, best practices and successful models (locally and globally) for developing an alternative livelihood, understand the magnitude of work satisfaction among bidi workers and their perspective on alternative livelihoods.Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study design was adopted to conduct the study using a semi-structured interview schedule using a mixed-method approach. Data collection was done with the help of in-depth interviews with the workers, members of workers’ association, individuals and other key informants. Content analysis, triangulation method and Microsoft Excel were used for the statistical analysis.Results: The preliminary finding of the research indicates that bidi workers have the willingness to change their profession but they can only be accomplished if the right opportunities are provided. If there is a provision of training, 90% of the respondents are interested in making the shift to an alternative livelihood.Conclusions: In this context, it is anticipated that the recommendation towards developing alternative livelihood option other than bidi rolling will help tackle the deplorable condition of the workers.
XVIII. YÜZYILDA BATUM SANCAĞI’NDA EŞKIYALIK MESELESİ VE ASAYİŞ
Authors: ORHANKAZİ Sibel
Published: October 2020

XVI. yüzyılda yapılan Kafkasya ve Gürcistan seferleri sonucunda Osmanlı Devleti hâkimiyeti altına girmiş olan Batum, XVIII. yüzyılda Rusya ve İran arasındaki mücadele sahalarından biri olmuştur. Rusya’nın, Karadeniz kıyılarında Osmanlı Devleti’ne ait Faş, Anapa ve Kemhal gibi önemli kaleleri ele geçirmesinden sonra Batum ön plana çıkmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti için Rusya ile mücadelede bir set işlevi gören Batum Sancağı liman, kale ve her daim yenilenen ulaşım ağıyla askeri ve siyasi bakımdan dönemin önemli sınır şehirlerinden biri olmuştur.

Osmanlı Devleti, XVIII. yüzyılda Karadeniz limanlarından Kafkasya’ya taşınan her türlü zahire ve mühimmatı sahip olduğu Batum sancağı yolu ile aktarmaktaydı. Ancak bölgenin İstanbul’a uzaklığı bu anlamda bir takım sıkıntıları da beraberinde getirmekteydi. Nitekim fethedildiği ilk dönemlerden itibaren tam hâkimiyet sağlanamamış olan Batum’da bir otorite boşluğu ve devlet görevlilerinin ihmalleri söz konusuydu. Karadeniz iskelelerinden Kafkasya’ya zahire taşıyan gemilerin güzergâhı olan bölgede eşkıya unsurunun varlığı bu nakliyeye büyük engel teşkil etmekteydi. Osmanlı Devleti, bu engeli ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla XVIII. yüzyıl boyunca lojistik ikmal merkezi ve askeri tahkimat bölgesi olan Batum dâhilinde nüfuzlu ailelere kimi zaman idari anlamda bir takım ayrıcalıklar vermek zorunda kalmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede eşkıya ile mücadelede Karadeniz kıyısında donanma bulundurmuş, iç kesimlerde ise yolların güvenliğini sağlayıcı önlemler almıştır. Devlet, organize bir şekilde yapılan eşkıyalık faaliyetlerine karşı nizamı oluşturmaya çalışırken bölge halkından da destek almıştır. Huzursuzluğa sebep olan küçük gruplara ise mali cezalarla engel olunmuştur.
OSMANLI MEDRESELERİ BAĞLAMINDA “İSPİR KADIOĞLU MEDRESESİ” VE KONUMU ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER
Authors: KAZAZ Emriye
Published: October 2020

Orta Çoruh Havzası’nın önemli yerleşimlerinden biri olan İspir bölgesi, bulunduğu coğrafi konum nedeniyle doğu-batı ve kuzey-güney arasında önemli kavşak noktalarından biri olarak tarih boyunca çok sayıda toplum ve devlet için cazip bir yerleşim merkezi olmuştur. Bölgede bu medeniyetlerin izlerini taşıyan çok sayıda kale ve kilise yanında cami, mescit ve han gibi çok sayıda tarihi yapı bulunmaktadır. İspir Kadıoğlu Medresesi, Kale Camisi ve kilise kalıntısının yer aldığı İspir Kalesi ve Tuğrul Şah Camisi dışında merkezdeki en önemli anıtsal yapıdır. 18. yy’lın ilk yarısında inşa edilen Kadıoğlu Medresesi dikdörtgen açık avlu çevresinde sıralanan öğrenci hücrelerinden oluşmaktadır. Yakın çevresinde boş ve harap durumda Melik Halil Gazi Mescidi ve tarihi kaynaklarda adı geçen Melik Halil Zaviyesi olması muhtemel bir yapı kalıntısı bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, geç dönem Osmanlı yapısı olan İspir Kadıoğlu Medresesi mimari özellikleri Osmanlı medrese tipolojileri bağlamında derinlemesine incelenerek merkezi pratiklerle uyumlu ve sıradışı özellikleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca Osmanlı dönemi öncesinde inşa edilen yakın çevresindeki Melik Halil Gazi Mescidi ve Melik Halil Zaviyesi ile ilişkisi üzerine gözlemler ve değerlendirmeler aktarılmıştır.
The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm
Authors: Risdianto Faizal , Malihah Noor , Guritno Agung
Published: October 2020

This research attempts to investigate the pragmatics presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm. Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the presupposition used in conversation in Orwell’s novella. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers and classification based on six type of presupposition. The research also attempts to analyze the function in the use of presupposition in conversation. The data in this research are in form of utterances containing presupposition. Based on the classification of six presupposition types according to Yule's theory (1996), 180 presuppositions are found: 69 (38,3%) existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction, 35 (19,4%) lexical triggered by change of state verb; implicative predicate; iterative, 53 (29,4%) structural triggered by WH-question, 4 (2,2%) factive triggered by factive verb/predicate aware glad and 19 (10,6%) non-factive triggered by the verb dream imagine. Based on the six language function by Jakobson (1960), there are 5 functions of presupposition in the novella which are, 57 (47, 9%) referential, 33(27,7%) emotive, 25(21,1%) conative, 3(2,5%) poetic and 1 (0,8%) phatic. In this research, the practice of referential function in applying presupposition is considered as the most frequent.Keywords: Presupposition, presupposition triggers, Novella, George Orwell
Speech Acts in EFL Classrooms
Authors: Christianto Danin
Published: October 2020

Speech act is a functional unit in the form of an act which helps humans understand or accomplish things with words in communication. This research was aimed to find out and analyse the types of speech acts which were performed by teachers and students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. The researcher employed the speech act theory from Cruse (2000) to analyse and interpret the research results. Qualitative research was applied in this research due to the data source was from the teaching and learning activities in naturalistic environments in English classrooms. The subjects of this research were teachers and students in REAL Equivalent English classrooms. The results showed that there were three types of speech acts found in the interactions between the teachers and students, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act was performed when teachers and students uttered expressions with no certain intentions. Illocutionary act, on the other hand, was performed when the expressions contained certain intentions to listeners. Perlocutionary act was performed when the listeners showed responses and acted as feedback to the speakers’ utterances. By conducting this research, the researcher hopes that it can give more insights to readers regarding to the study of speech act theory in pragmatics field. Keywords:   English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Classrooms, Speech Acts, REAL Equivalent English, Teachers and Students.
TÜKETİCİLERİN ÇEVRE KONUSUNDAKİ DUYARLILIĞINA YÖNELİK REKLAMLARIN HUKUKİ AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: GÜRBÜZ GÜNGÖR Esin
Published: October 2020

Bu çalışmada tüketicilerin çevre konusundaki duyarlılığına yönelik reklamlar, tüketicinin korunması ve haksız rekabet hükümleri bakımından incelenmiştir. İlgili mevzuat, yargı kararları, Reklam Kurulu kararları ve özdenetim kurullarının kararları incelenerek çevre duyarlılığına yönelik reklamların hukuka uygunluğuna ilişkin koşullar ortaya konulmuştur. “Ticari Reklam ve Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Yönetmeliği” tüketiciye yönelik her türlü ticari reklam ile haksız ticari uygulamaya ilişkin kurallar içermektedir. Yönetmeliğin 17. maddesinde çevreye ilişkin beyanlar içeren reklamlara ilişkin düzenlemeler yer almaktadır. Bu maddede reklamların “tüketicilerin çevre konusundaki duyarlılığını ya da bu alandaki olası bilgi eksikliğini istismar edecek biçimde yapılamayacağı” düzenlenmiştir. Bu hükmün kaynağı Milletlerarası Ticaret Odasının “Reklamcılık ve Pazarlama İletişimi Uygulama Esasları”nın D1 maddesidir. Bir reklamın tüketicinin çevre duyarlılığına yönelik içerik taşıması bu reklamı hukuka aykırı yapmaz; ancak reklamda kullanılan ifadeler duyarlılığın istismarı niteliğindeyse hukuka aykırı kabul edilir.
Effect of Trap Color and Residual Attraction of a Pheromone Lure for Monitoring Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Cottrell Ted E. , Balusu Rammohan R. , Vinson Edgar , Wilkins Bryan , Fadamiro Henry Y. , Tillman P. Glynn
Published: October 2020

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are commonly monitored using pyramid traps baited with a pheromone. Initially, the pyramid traps were painted yellow and predominantly used to monitor native stink bug species. However, research studies involving the exotic Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) now use pyramid traps that are black, not yellow. As H. halys moves across the southeastern United States, the use of a single trap, yellow or black, for monitoring and conducting research studies would be beneficial. Our objective was to compare black and yellow pyramid traps baited with a lure to determine if one was superior for trapping herbivorous stink bugs. This study was conducted at four locations, three in Alabama and one in Georgia, over 2 yr. Additionally, residual efficacy of the lure was measured via trap capture over 1-mo intervals. Our results showed that only when native stink bug species were combined, and only in 1 yr, were captures significantly affected by trap color. Capture of the exotic H. halys and the most abundant native species, Euschistus servus (Say), was not significantly affected by trap color. Trap capture was significantly affected by how long a lure was in a trap. The data from this study suggests that when traps are used in conjunction with a pheromone to monitor multiple species of adult stink bugs, especially native species, the yellow pyramid trap is favored.
Rate of Release of Rhynchophorol Pheromone in Relation to Attraction of Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in Oil Palm Plantations in Colombia
Authors: Aldana-De La Torre Rosa Cecilia , Montes-Bazurto Luis Guillermo , Bustillo-Pardey Alex Enrique
Published: October 2020

Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is an important pest in oil palm plantations, and its populations are monitored through rhynchophorol pheromone-baited traps. To optimize the release of rhynchophorol in high-density polyethylene diffusers, five calibers (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) were evaluated. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design with 15 repetitions, recording daily weight loss of pheromones. Release rate of pheromone under laboratory conditions (30.2 ± 0.1°C; 70.8 ± 0.8% relative humidity [RH]) varied between 2.2 and 10.4 mg/day. Three diffusers with 2.4 ± 0.4, 3.6 ± 0.9, and 8.5 ± 1.3 mg/day of release rates, were selected for testing in three palm-growing zones. Adults of R. palmarum captured in traps with different diffusers were counted as well as pheromone weight loss. In two of three plantations, statistical differences were found in the capture of R. palmarum adults among the diffusers that presented different pheromone release rates (Eastern: F = 8.27; df = 2, 9; P = 0.0028; Central: F = 10.79; df = 2, 9; P = 0.0008; Southwestern F= 2.20; df = 2, 9; P= 0.1402). The diffuser with the release rate of 2.4 mg/day was selected because, after remaining 4 mo in the field, the traps with this diffuser registered catches statistically equal to those that had traps with newly installed diffusers. We concluded that the release rate of the pheromone of 2.4 mg/day is optimal for the capture of adults of R. palmarum during a period of 4 mo.
Some Properties of an Unmetalled phthalocyanine Obtained by Chance at Low Temperature
Authors: CANLİCA Mevlude
Published: October 2020

A novel tetrasubstituted metal-free phthalocyanine bearing phthalonitrile groups on the peripheral positions was synthesized accidentally by the cyclotetramerization reaction of the 4,4’-(1,3-phenylenebis(oxy))diphthalonitrile. For photodynamic therapy (PDT) application was described photophysical properties including fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF), fluorescence lifetime (τF), triplet state lifetime (τT) and triplet quantum yield (ΦT) and photochemical properties including singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φf) and photodegradation quantum yield (Φd) as well as magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) properties. The ΦT of phthalocyanine compound value was found 0.81. The obtained lifetime (τT) was 40 μs for metal-free Pc.
Microfinanzas en el Perú: del modelo relacional al modelo de eficiencia
Authors: Toledo Concha Emerson Jesús
Published: October 2020

El desarrollo de las microfinanzas en el Perú ha llegado a tener una sobreoferta de instituciones microfinancieras que ofrecen cada vez mayores productos, enfrentándose a un entorno cada vez más competitivo, con menores rendimientos, que se reflejan en sus estados de resultados. Uno de los factores que afectan directamente la rentabilidad de estas instituciones es la gestión de la eficiencia administrativa y operativa, donde es fundamental el manejo del modelo relacional. En esta parte, el asesor de negocios, utilizando la tecnología y metodología crediticia, evalúa y aprueba las operaciones, teniendo así atención directa con el cliente desde la prospección u origen del crédito hasta su renovación, desarrollando con él una relación a largo plazo. El objetivo de esta investigación es destacar la importancia que obliga a las instituciones, dedicadas a la atención de este sector, a darle mayor énfasis a un modelo de eficiencia, optimizando y mejorando el uso de sus recursos; asimismo se indican los cambios que viene generando este modelo relacional, que está siendo cuestionado toda vez que sus costos de operación resultan elevados y ponen en riesgo su sostenibilidad financiera, por lo tanto, las instituciones deben de adoptar acciones para adaptarse a esta nueva realidad, buscando mayor eficiencia, con el fin de tener competitividad. El presente trabajo de investigación se basará en un enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo.
La conservación de pigmentos arqueológicos y la generación de base de datos
Authors: Herrera N. Valeria , Acevedo Verónica J.
Published: October 2020

El siguiente trabajo aborda los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la aplicación de la técnica microestratigráfica como una herramienta para la conservación y gestión de pigmentos arqueológicos. Los riesgos de impacto, deterioro y pérdida de datos que se puedan generar sobre el material pigmentario durante la recolección de información para el desarrollo de trabajos de investigación, nos llevo a reflexionar acerca de los procedimientos puestos en práctica y en la necesidad de preservar la información que contienen. A su vez, se concibe la formación de una base de datos para el registro y documentación del material y estudios asociados como parte de la gestión del patrimonio arqueológico, con miras a la resolución de problemáticas de muestreo, conservación preventiva y almacenamiento. Ambos criterios se basan en protocolos de muestreo y de conservación, articulando cuestiones asociadas a la investigación arqueológica con perspectivas analíticas sustentadas en un trabajo interdisciplinario, contemplando las normativas aplicadas en la conservación de bienes culturales a nivel internacional y en Argentina. Los casos de aplicación corresponden a colecciones de piezas cerámicas prehispánicas de la zona de Quebrada de Humahuaca, Noroeste Argentino, y pertenecen a material de excavación y a colecciones alojadas en depósitos de museos de la región.
The importance of medical devices in preventing and combating SARS-CoV-2 and cooperation between national regulators, academy and industry - Perspectives from the Portuguese reality
Authors: Martins Portugal de Abreu Isabel Maria
Published: October 2020

In view of the scarcity of medical devices necessary to combat the outbreak crisis caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, an exceptional regime regarding applicable device conformity assessment procedures and market surveillance was established through Recommendation (EU) 2020/403 of the European Commission of 13 March. This was adopted by Portugal through the publication of Decree-Law no. 14-E / 2020 of 13 April. Many guidelines were issued during the pandemic by INFARMED and with the cooperation of other national entities (Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, national Industry and General Directorate of Health) to support medical device manufacturers and importers. It is important that these guidelines are reflected in the development of the Portuguese medical device industry in order to promote its international recognition and to ease access to other medical markets. A detailed analysis of all variables here included in this opinion article, together with some proposals, aims to promote a national strategic vision in the area of the development and production of medical devices, in order to enhance ideas and gains that resulted from these responses to the crisis, serving for future analysis to be published in due course.
In vitro water resistance evaluation of a bioactive sunscreen containing distinct film/ barrier-forming agents
Authors: Yi Sul Chin , Morocho-Jacomel Ana Lucia , Vieira Lima Fabiana , Argollo Marques Gabriela , Avila Rodriguez Wendi Lucia , Cruz Julcal Claudia Alejandra , del Rocio Abanto Robles Esther , Rosado Catarina , Robles Velasco Maria Valeria , Rolim Baby Andre
Published: October 2020

The use of functional bioactive ingredients and the property of water resistance are differentials in the choice of more effective and safer sunscreens. Water-resistance tests are expensive, time-consuming, and usually performed on subjects that expose them to irradiation and long immersion times. Thus, the study of in vitro water resistance using different film/ barrier-forming agents is relevant for obtaining sunscreen resistant to rinsing. We aimed to evaluate the water resistance of a rutin-based bioactive sunscreen containing distinct film/barrier-forming agents by an in vitro method. The in vitro water resistance assessment (% WRR) was carried out in a water bath. In vitro sun protection factor (SPF), critical A, (nm), UVA/UVB ratio, and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF(0)) were evaluated before and after rinsing using a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer with integration sphere. The formulation with dimethicone showed higher values of SPF after rinsing and achieved the requirement of % WRR greater than 50%. All formulations showed similar variations for all other parameters. The results highlighted the property of water resistance provided by the dimethicone, indicating that this emollient is an interesting ingredient choice for sunscreens.
The system of national school education in the Ulyanovsk Region in 1946–1950
Authors: Muchamedov Rashit A. , Filatov Artem V.
Published: October 2020

The study is devoted to the development of the national school system in the Soviet state in 1946–1950 on the example of Ulyanovsk Region. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that in the current realities in the Russian Federation, it is necessary, within the framework of reforming activities in the field of education, to find an effective option for transforming the national school into an institution with a high-quality level of educational services to representatives of non-Russian nationalities. The problem is analyzed on the basis of archival sources drawn from the funds of the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region (SACH UR) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (SAUR), for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, as well as regional periodical materials. We conduct a retrospective analysis of the condition of the school premises, their equipment with educational literature, visual aids, and also examined the state of the level of students’ education and teaching methods in national and Rus-sian schools of the Ulyanovsk Region. It is concluded that the authorities in the Ulyanovsk Region were able to lay a solid foundation for the further development of the education system.
Artistic image of a musical work as the main factor in the upbringing of a creative person in the process of development of performing skills of pianist students in children’s music school
Authors: Volkova Anna V.
Published: October 2020

We consider and examine the scientific essence of the category of artistic image as a special phenomenon necessary for the implementation of the author’s idea. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that there is a need to develop new pedagogical conditions for the success-ful development of performing skills using the modern repertoire. Attention is focused on the fact that the performance of musical works by modern composers is interesting to children, since they most accurately reflect the existing trends and directions of the world around them, and therefore the figurative sphere is not far-fetched, but natural and simple. Cycles of children’s plays by clas-sical and modern composers are presented in a systematic form, and their analytical review is conducted. It is emphasized that the involvement of knowledge in the field of children’s cycles and individual plays by modern composers allows us to take a new look at the process of development of performing skills of primary school students. We substantiate and analyze the relationship between agogic deviations and technical skills in the process of implementing an artistic image during a concert performance. It is concluded that a complete bright and rich performance of the work is impossible without the emotional and aesthetic development of the student.