bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitization of algal virus to UV by the incorporation of 5‐bromouracil and mutations of host alga Plectonema boryanum
Authors: Singh P. K.
Published: July 2010

Ultraviolet light (UV) sensitivity and photoreactivation of algal virus (cyanophage) LPP‐1 were studied after multiplication in host alga Plectonema boryanum in presence of 5‐bromouracil (5‐BU) alone and in conjunction with sulfanilamide. Virus particles containing 5‐BU were more sensitive towards UV and also showed low photoreactivation. There was less incorporation of 5‐BU in virus without pretreatment of host alga with sulfanilamide, an inhibitor of thymine synthesis. 5‐BU‐induced short trichome mutants of Plectonema boryanum were isolated. These mutants grew slowly in liquid medium as well as on agar plates and differed in other morphological characters. Reversion of short trichome mutants was observed with a frequency of about 10−3, but revertants were different from parent alga. The short trichome mutants were sensitive to virus LPP‐1 and resistant towards UV.
Veränderung der Polysaccharid‐Biosynthese bei Candida guilliermondii durch Diphenylamin
Authors: Phai L. D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Diphenylamine (DPA) inhibits the formation of glucan in Candida guilliermondii while stimulating that of mannan. The total polysaccharide of cells decreases when growing in the presence of DPA. These effects are dependent on the concentration of DPA. Compared with 14 structure‐like substances, DPA was found to have the strongest activity.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aminoacyl‐tRNS Synthetasen (AAS) und Zellteilung bei einer temperatursensitiven filamentösen Mutante von Bacillus subtilis SB 19. II. Ein Aktivator der AAS
Authors: Süss J. , Mach Hiltraut , Mach F.
Published: July 2010

Die temperatursensitive filamentöse Mutante ts 33‐6 von B. subtilis SB 19 zeichnet sich durch unterschiedliches Teilungsvermögen bei restriktiver und permissiver Temperatur aus (30 °C Kurzstäbchen, 46 °C Filamente), das von charakteristischen Aktivitätswechseln der Aminoacyl‐tRNS Synthetasen (AAS) begleitet ist.

In Rohextrakten aus Kurzstäbchen erfolgt bei Präinkubation vor Start der ATP‐32(PP)i‐Austauschreaktion zum Nachweis der AAS eine Steigerung ihrer Aktivität in Abhängigkeit von der Präinkubationsdauer.

Der Nachweis dieses aktivitätssteigernden Effektes war in konventionell vorgereinigten und anschließend an Sephadex G‐200 gelfiltrierten Enzympräparaten nicht mehr möglich. An Sephadex G‐50 gelang die Abtrennung eines niedermolekularen Prinzips, das diese aktivitätssteigernde Wirkung hervorruft und Synthetasen‐aktivierendes Prinzip genannt wird (SAP).

Unabhängig davon wurde ein Zellteilungs‐induzierendes Prinzip (TIP) aus B. subtilis SB 19 isoliert, das unter restriktiven Bedingungen in Filamenten der Mutante ts 33‐6 Zellteilung ermöglicht.

Die Untersuchung der Eigenschaften des SAP ergab Anhaltspunkte, daß dieser Faktor einen ähnlichen Wirkungsmechanismus wie das TIP entwickelt: SAP und TIP sind in der Lage, einzelne AAS zu aktivieren, 9 spezifische AAS wurden untersucht. Beide Faktoren besitzen ein identisches Molekulargewicht von 5500–6000 Dalton. SAP und TIP verlieren bei 70 °C ihre Aktivität.

Die nachweisbaren engen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Zellteilungsprozessen und der Aktivität der AAS werden in einem Modell dargestellt.

Parallele Untersuchungen mit anderen Mikroorganismen, z. B. dem natürlichen Filamentbildner Kurthia zopfii führen zu vergleichbaren Ergebnissen.
Ausscheidung organischer Verbindungen durch Mikroorganismen in Gegenwart von Diphenylamin
Authors: Phai L. D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

Diphenylamine (DPA) causes an increased leakage of organic compounds with resting cells of Candida guilliermondii, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus already after a treatment of 1 h. The leakage depends both on the concentration of DPA and the duration of the treatment. Moreover, DPA influences the composition of the leaked ninhydrine‐positive compounds. After 20 h of treatment an increased release of mannan and ribose is observed in addition to the stronger leakage of ninhydrine positive compounds. With regard to the relation between structure and activity of DPA, the activity of 21 compounds was investigated. The two apolar phenyl groups as well as the secondary amino group being able to form ionic bounds are essential for maximal activity. A disturbance of the function of the cell membrane caused by DPA is discussed.
Growth and nitrogen fixation of mutants defective in heterocyst differentiation in the blue‐green alga Cylindrospermum sp.
Authors: Singh P. K.
Published: July 2010

Three classes of spontaneous and N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (NTG)‐induced mutants of the blue‐green alga Cylindrospermum sp. were isolated in the presence of combined nitrogen. Mutants with complete loss of heterocyst differentiation formed longer filaments than the parent alga and were unable to grow in nitrogen‐free medium and to fix nitrogen. The second type of mutants formed long filaments with terminal heterocysts. In the third type of mutants, paired proheterocyst differentiation occurred at regular intervals in long filaments and these were defective in their further development into mature heterocysts. Mutants with decreased heterocyst frequency due to defective differentiation and development showed less growth and nitrogen fixation in nitrogen‐free medium than the parent alga.
Morphologische und physiologische Untersuchungen des L‐Lysin‐Produzenten Brevibacterium sp. 22L unter den Bedingungen der kontinuierlichen Kultivierung
Authors: Beker M. , Mezhina G. , Ruklisha M. , Ose W. , Apsite A. , Viestur U.
Published: July 2010

Mittels morphologischer und physiologischer Paralleluntersuchungen konnte bei Brevibacterium sp. 22L die Existenz einer Korrelation zwischen ultrastruktureller Organisation und physiologischer Aktivität nachgewiesen werden. Zellen, die mit verhältnismäßig geringer spezifischer Wachstumsrate (μ = 0,2 h−1) wachsen, sind durch eine hohe lysinsynthetisierende Aktivität, ein gut entwickeltes System intrazellulärer Membranen und einen hohen RNS‐ und Ribosomen‐Gehalt charakterisiert. Zellen hingegen, die mit einer hohen spezifischen Wachstumsrate (μ = 0,4 h−1) wachsen, ergeben eine geringe Lysinausbeute und weisen ein schwach entwickeltes System intrazellulärer Membranen sowie einen niedrigeren RNS‐ und Ribosomen‐Gehalt auf. Die hohe lysinsynthetisierende Aktivität der Zellen wird offensichtlich durch die Vergrößerung der Membranoberfläche ermöglicht, auf der ein Teil des Enzymsystems der Zelle lokalisiert ist.
Lambdamycin, ein Antibioticum aus dem Stamm IMET 31118 von Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes PRAUSER
Authors: Fleck W. , Strauss D. , Prauser H. , Jungstand W. , Heinecke H. , Gutsche W. , Wohlrabe K.
Published: July 2010

Lambdamycin‐producing strains were detected by means of the BIP test method. The isolation technique and the physicochemical and biological properties of lambdamycin, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes, are described. Lambdamycin is a yellow‐green pigment of the chromoglycoside type. Digitalose and fucose are the sugar components. The physicochemical properties of lambdamycin resemble those of chartreusin. However, the known biological activity is different. The antibiotic can be isolated from culture filtrates and from the mycelium by extraction with lower aliphatic alcohols. It can be purified by gel filtration methods. Lambdamycin displays antimicrobial activity, particularly against grampositive bacteria. Strains which produce enzymes inactivating different commercial antibiotics are also inhibited. Moreover, lambdamycin shows antiviral activity, as well as cancerostatic and ergotropic action in vitro and in vivo. The acute LD50 of lambdamycin in mice after 21 days was > 125 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally.
Vergärung von Pyruvat durch sieben Arten phototropher Purpurbakterien
Authors: Gürgün V. , Kirchner G. , Pfennig N.
Published: July 2010

The dark, anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate under growth conditions was examined with the following species of phototrophic purple bacteria: Rhodospirillum rubrum strains Ha and S1, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa strain 2150, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain ATCC 17001, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains Kb1 and 6950, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023, and Chromatium vinosum strain D. Fermentation balances were established for all experiments.

Under fermentative conditions cell protein and dry weight increased only slightly, if at all. The species differed considerably in their fermentative activity; R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa exhibited the highest rates (2–8 μmoles pyruvate/mg protein · h). R. acidophila and R. capsulata showed an intermediate fermentation rate (0.4–2.0 μmoles pyruvate/mg protein · h), while the other strains tested fermented at quite low rates (0.2–0.4 μmoles pyruvate/mg protein · h). The extremes of fermentation times were from 30–380 hours.

Based on the products of fermentation which were formed in addition to acetate, formate, and CO2, the species can be grouped as follows:

R. rubrum, R. gelatinosa, and R. sphaeroides additionally form propionate.

R. gelatinosa, R. palustris, R. capsulata, R. sphaeroides, and C. vinosum additionally form lactate. R. palustris also produces butyrate.

R. acidophila and R. capsulata additionally form much 2,3‐butanediol, acetoin, and diacetyl. Small amounts of acetoin were formed by the rest of the strains.

A comparison of the fermentation of pyruvate by normal and starved cells (4 days in the light without a carbon source) of R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa shows that the latter ferment more slowly and produce less acetate and formate, but more propionate or lactate.

The fermentation of pyruvate by R. rubrum was also studied in cultures in which the pH fell (7.2–6.6). Compared with the fermentation at neutral pH (7.3, 7.4), the following differences were found: a slower fermentation rate, an increased production of dry weight, an increased formation of propionate, but a reduced formation of acetate and a very low production of formate.
Multi‐hit theory of the origin of life: Problems of growth rate of protobionts and of speed of earliest evolution. I.
Authors: Kaplan R. W.
Published: July 2010

The previously proposed theory of biogenesis being a multi‐hit process (due to random assemblage, within an aggregate of abiogenic nucleic acids (NAs) and proteins, of a set of functional molecules necessary for primitive life) is developed further taking into account speed of reactions and reproduction of protobionts, random distribution of functional molecules in protocell fission, and speed of earliest evolution. A hypothetical model of a protobiont being possibly ancestral to “our” life is designed. Probabilities of the multi‐hit origin of such protobionts are estimated accounting not only for inclusion by chance of functional protein and NA molecules but also for exclusion of deleterious enzymes, and respecting the number of possible primitive codes. It is shown that “fluid organisms” are impossible and that individuation is a key structure of life. Life based on only NA (genobiosis) in contrast to life with genotype (NA) plus phenotype (protein) being infinitely evolvable (holobiosis), and life based on proteins alone are discussed. It is shown that protein + NA‐life is in favour to those other life forms, and that the probability of origin of at least simple types of holobiotic protobionts might be high enough for repeated biogeneses under early earth conditions. Though protobionts may have had generation times of 103 years speed of early evolution as well as stability of functional molecules could have been sufficient for allowing of evolution to reach the level of procaryots within the 108 to 109 years available.
In vitro‐Versuche über extrazelluläre proteolytische Aktivität bei Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Zusammenhang mit phytopathologischen Untersuchungen
Authors: Knösel D. , Nimitan E.
Published: July 2010

Nachdem Inokulationsversuche an Testpflanzen negativ verliefen und der Nachweis von Pektinasen und Cellulasen nicht gelang, wurde die extrazelluläre proteolytische Aktivität von P. aeruginosa vermittels mehrerer Methoden untersucht. Bei hoher Aktivität beschränkte sich die Wirksamkeit auf den neutral‐alkalischen Bereich mit Optima zwischen pH 8 bis 9. Für die in vitro‐Hydrolysation der verschiedenen Proteine ist offenbar eine, somit unspezifische Protease verantwortlich zu machen, deren Molekulargewicht bei 20000 zu liegen scheint. Eine Beziehung zur Mazeration pflanzlichen Gewebes ist nicht gegeben.
Regeneration of yeast protoplasts. A freeze‐etching study
Authors: Nečas O. , Svoboda A.
Published: July 2010

The submicroscopical structure of yeast protoplasts regenerating the new cell wall or merely its fibrillar component was studied by freeze‐etching. No relation was found between the number and distribution of plasma membrane particles at various stages of regeneration. Hexagonal arrangement of the particles was found only solitarily even in protoplasts synthesizing intensely glucan microfibrils in liquid media. The fibrillar network on protoplasts grown in liquid medium or fibrillar groundwork of the cell wall on protoplasts grown in gelatine medium were exposed only after etching on etched faces. The microfibrils did not penetrate the outer leaflet of the unit membrane, which consequently indicates that no structural relation could exist between the fibrils and the plasma membrane particles. During conversion of cells to protoplasts, plasma membrane invaginations were arranged end‐to‐end to form prolonged furrows which persisted until cell wall regeneration had been completed. Then the long furrows broke into short units. Thus plasma membrane invaginations appear to be local, rigid differentiations of the plasma membrane which may migrate laterally. Neither the plasma membrane nor the adjacent cytoplasm showed signs of reverse pinocytosis. The endoplasmic reticulum, which was hypertrophic during regeneration, consisted of extensive membranes, often parallel in arrangement. The cytoplasm frequently contained groups of small globular particles without characteristic localization.
Physiologie des Anilinabbaus durch Achromobacter Ir 2
Authors: Rabsch W. , Fritsche W.
Published: July 2010

A bacterium was isolated from soil which utilizes aniline as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It was identified as Achromobacter sp. The cells grow at concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 1.25 mg aniline/ml with a growth rate of 0.3 h−1. Substrate inhibition was observed at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/ml, 3.0 mg/ml completely inhibit the growth. The yield coefficient was 0.63. Aniline was degraded with an activity of 200 μg/mg cell dry weight/hour. Aniline was assimilated and completely degraded. The remaining nitrogen was quantitatively detected as ammonia. The enzyme system involved in aniline degradation was induced by aniline but not repressed by succinate and ammonia.
Kinetik der Hexulose‐6‐phosphat‐Synthase methylotropher Bakterien in vitro und in situ
Authors: Babel W. , Müller R.
Published: July 2010

Die Hexulose‐6‐phosphat‐Synthase aus dem fakultativ methylotrophen Bakterium MB 58, dem obligat Methanol utilisierenden Bakterium Pseudomonas W 6 und dem obligat Methan utilisierenden Bakterium GB 3 wurde nach Permeabilisierung der Zellen in situ bzw. nach Ultraschall‐Desintegration in vitro untersucht.

Die kinetischen Kennlinien (v gegen Ribose‐5‐phosphat‐ bzw. Formaldehyd‐Konzentration) sind bei Bakterium MB 58 und Pseudomonas W 6 durch einen komplexen Verlauf charakterisiert. Es tritt ein intermediäres Plateau auf, das bei Pseudomonas W 6 in vitro nicht mehr zu beobachten ist. Bakterium GB 3 zeigt in vitro und in situ MICHAELIS‐MENTEN‐Kinetik. Eine Beeinflussung der Hexulosephosphat‐Synthase aus Pseudomonas W 6 durch Intermediate des Kohlenstoff‐ und Energiestoffwechsels wurde nicht festgestellt.

Die Bedeutung einer komplexen Kinetik der Hexulosephosphat‐Synthase für die Regulation des methylotrophen Stoffwechsels wird diskutiert.
Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on formate by reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N‐oxide
Authors: Yamamoto Isamu , Ishimoto M.
Published: July 2010

Anaerobic growth of E. coli, strain K‐10, depending on formate oxidation by nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N‐oxide was followed in a medium containing peptone. The presence of formate and peptone was indispensable for growth with fumarate and trimethylamine N‐oxide reduction. While there was no growth in the absence of acceptor, growth was observed in the absence of formate by nitrate reduction though not as much as under aerobic conditions. Per mole consumed formate equimolar succinate or trimethylamine was formed, but 1.2 mole of nitrite was produced, probably depending partly on peptone oxidation. The molar growth yield on formate was found to be 6.5, 7.6, and 7.0 g cells/mole depending on the reduction of nitrate, fumarate, and trimethylamine N‐oxide, respectively, suggesting the formation of one mole ATP coupled to the anaerobic electron transfers from formate.
Cytochromspektren methylotropher Bakterien
Authors: Babel W. , Steudel A.
Published: July 2010

Von 6 methanutilisierenden und 11 methanolutilisierenden Bakterienspecies wurden spektralphotometrische Analysen durchgeführt. Damit liegen einschließlich der Befunde von DAVEY u. MITTON (1973), TONGE et al. (1974) sowie ANTHONY (1975) die Cytochromspektren von 9 methan‐ und 14 methanolutilisierenden Bakterien vor. Obwohl zwischen obligat und fakultativ methylotrophen Bakterien unterschieden werden kann, die Assimilation der C1‐Verbindungen über zwei prinzipiell verschiedene Sequenzen erfolgt und sich die einzelnen Species in morphologischen, ultrastrukturellen und physiologischen Merkmalen erheblich unterscheiden, besitzen alle methanutilisierenden Bakterien ein qualitativ nahezu identisches Cytochromkomplement, das sich von den Spektren der methylotrophen, aber Methan nicht utilisierenden Bakterien, die bis auf Ausnahmen fakultativ methylotroph sind, nicht signifikant unterscheidet. Charakteristisch ist der hohe Gehalt an Cytochrom c und o sowie die sehr geringe Konzentration an b. Alle methanutilisierenden Bakterienstämme sowie die Hyphomicrobium‐Species verfügen über den Cytochrom aa3‐Komplex; in den methanolutilisierenden Bakterien konnte dieser nicht in allen Fällen sicher nachgewiesen werden.

Das Cytochromspektrum ist weder zur Differenzierung methanoxydierender Bakterien mit verschiedenen internen Membransystemen geeignet noch kann es zur Unterscheidung von obligat und fakultativ methylotrophen Species dienen.

Das prinzipiell identische Cytochromkomplement sowie die Tatsache, daß die Cytochrome der „methanotrophen”︁ Bakterien mit Methan wie mit Methanol reduzierbar sind, werden als Hinweis auf die generelle funktionelle Bedeutung für die Methylotrophie diskutiert.
Effects of different compounds of metals and of their mixtures on the growth and survival of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Barbič F. F.
Published: July 2010

The iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of different concentrations of metals as sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and in some other compounds. The bacteriological oxidation of ferro‐ions develops in all solutions in nearly the same way, with the only difference that, as the ion concentration increases, the beginning of measurable oxidation is postponed, i. e., with ion concentration increasing, the lag‐phase expands. When salts are mixed in different proportions, the toxic concentration of such a mixture corresponds, in a defined way, to the total of salts, i. e., of their ions.
Untersuchungen zur Antigenstruktur von Shigellen Heterogenität der spezifischen Polysaccharide von zwei Shigella flexneri‐Stämmen und zwei Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli‐Hybriden
Authors: Seltmann G. , Beer W.
Published: July 2010

The S‐specific polysaccharide from 2 Sh. flexneri wild strains (with serological var. X‐ and var. Y‐specificity, respectively) and 2 Sh. flexneri E. coli hybrids (with the same specificities) can be separated by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G‐200 and G‐50 into altogether 6 fractions per strain. Fraction G‐200/1 (molecular weight >106D) represents a polymer consisting nearly exclusively of glucose and is present mainly in the two Y‐type strains, much less in the two X‐type strains. Fractions G‐200/2 and G‐200/3 (molecular weight ∼ 105D and ∼ 2 · 104 D, respectively) seem to consist mainly of the S‐specific side chains while fraction G‐50/2 (molecular weight ∼ 2000 D) presumably contains an SR‐polysaccharide (core with one repeating unit). Fraction G‐50/3 (molecular weight ∼ 1000 D) contains the core polysaccharide and fraction G‐50/4 splitting products (mainly KDO). No significant differences in chromatographical behaviour and quantitative composition could be found between the polysaccharides of the wild strains and the hybrid strains

Because of the well‐known stability of the glucosaminyl linkages the sugar analysis was not only performed after acidic hydrolysis. In some cases the acid hydrolysate was reacted with HNO2 to cleave the glucosaminyl linkages. In most cases the values obtained now were higher than those obtained directly.
Torulopsis armenti n. sp.
Authors: Kocková‐Kratochvílová Anna , Sláviková Elena , Beránek J.
Published: July 2010

A new species Torulopsis armenti Kocková‐Kratochvilová, Sláviková et Beránek isolated from brain, liver, and kidney of cattle, which perished of a nervous disease, is described.
Einfluß von Violamycin BI auf den Ablauf der Excisionsreparatur in Escherichia coli K12 nach UV‐Bestrahlung
Authors: Stöbl Karin , Fleck W. F. , Strauss D.
Published: July 2010

The influence of violamycin B I on the process of excision repair of DNA‐damages after UV‐irradiation has been studied by observing the capacity to rejoin single‐strand breaks introduced in the DNA at the beginning of the repair process. The number of single‐strand breaks remaining unrepaired in the DNA was higher in presence of violamycin B I. Sedimentation analysis of the DNA of unirradiated cells showed in presence of violamycin B I only a small change in the molecular weight

As a possible reason for the lower capacity of the cells to accomplish repair steps following incision in presence of violamycin B I an inhibition of the function of repair enzymes by interaction of the antibiotic with the DNA‐template is discussed.
Introduction of a 16α‐hydroxyl function into estrone by Streptomyces roseochromogenes
Authors: Iida M. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRL B‐1233) converted estrone predominantly into its 16α‐hydroxyl derivative. Chemical and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR, MS) methods were used in establishing the structure and stereochemistry of the oxidation product. The product was assigned as 16α‐hydroxyestrone (yield, 17%). No other oxidation product was detected in this experiment. An interrelationship between cell growth and 16α‐hydroxy‐estrone formation was observed. Also, 16α‐hydroxylation of estrone was observed in resting cells

16α‐Hydroxylase showed good activity at 3.7 × 10−4M of estrone concentration and was completely inhibited by 1.1 × 10−3M. These results indicate the presence of a constitutive 16α‐hydroxylase in the organism investigated.
Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Transkription der T3‐DNA durch T3‐spezifische RNA‐Polymerase in zellfreien Extrakten von Escherichia coli CRT266
Authors: Musielski H. , Mann W. , Degen B. , Michel S. , Richter G.
Published: July 2010

Cell free extracts were prepared from E. coli CRT266 9 min after infection with T3 phages. RNA synthesis in these extracts is almost entirely due to T3 RNA polymerase. The inactivation of T3 RNA polymerase in these extracts proceeds rapidly at 42 °C. 90% of the activity is lost within 10 min at this temperature. Under conditions where the formation of a stable initiation complex with T3 DNA is possible, i.e., in the presence of GTP, ATP, and UTP the T3 RNA polymerase becomes protected against heat inactivation losing only 10% of its activity during an exposure to 42 °C for 10 min. Studies on the time course of RNA synthesis have shown that reinitiation is still possible at 37 °C and 42 °C. At 44 °C, however, RNA synthesis stops abruptedly after 3 min indicating that reinitiation does no longer take place. The elongation of already initiated T3 RNA chains is rather resistant to heat. At 44 °C the same elongation rates are observed as at 37 °C and 42 °C, respectively.
Physiologie und Biochemie der Streptomyceten XIII. Biosynthese von Paromomycin unter Einsatz von 14C‐Glucose, ‐Glucosamin, ‐2‐Desoxystreptamin und ‐Ribose durch Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var.
Authors: Reuter G. , Köster H. , Liebermann B.
Published: July 2010

Distribution of radioactivity in paromomycin ascertained after application of 14C‐D‐glucose, 14C‐D‐glucosamine, 14C‐2‐deoxystreptamine, respectively, 14C‐D‐ribose is taken as basis for a biosynthesis scheme: While ribose bound in the antibiotic originates from glucose by oxidation and following decarboxylation, glucosamine is formed via fructose‐6‐phosphate. Paromose I arises from glucosamine, but not the cyclohexan derivative 2‐deoxystreptamine, whose biosynthesis pathway is directly branching off glucose.
Different restriction of bacteriophages T3 and T7 by Pl‐lysogenic cells and the role of the T3‐coded SAMase
Authors: Krüger D. H. , Presber W. , Hansen Sigrid , Rosenthal H. A.
Published: July 2010

The intracellular growth of the phages T3 and T7 is restricted in the presence of the Escherichia coli prophage P1. Phage T3 has a higher ability to express its genome and to damage the host cell than T7. This partial protection of T3 against P1 restriction is due to the T3‐coded SAMase, an enzyme which degrades S‐adenosylmethionine, the cofactor of the P1 restriction endonuclease. Since we did not observe DNA cleavage in vivo, we conclude that the in vivo action of the P1 nuclease is limited to a SAM‐dependent repressor‐like binding to T3 and T7 DNA, while further reactions with the DNA (modification vs cleavage) are blocked.
Mesophilic and psychrophilic manganese‐precipitating bacteria in manganese nodules of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Schütt C. , Ottow J. C. G.
Published: July 2010

Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen an frischen, nicht‐kontaminierten Manganknollen, Sedimentproben und bodennahem Wasser aus dem zentralen Bereich des Pazifischen Ozeans konnten das Vorkommen einer ubiquitären, reichen Bakterienflora mit einem hohen Anteil an mesophilen‐und psychrophilen Mangan(II)‐fällenden Organismen nachweisen. In einigen Knollen wurden bis zu 106 mesophile und etwa 104 psychrophile (5–6 °C) Mangan(II)‐fällende Bakterien festgestellt. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieser Bakterien für die Genese von Manganknollen in der Tiefsee wird diskutiert.
Aufnahme von Zink durch synchrone Zellen von Chlorella fusca
Authors: Wihlidal H. , Broda E.
Published: July 2010

The uptake of labelled zinc into the interior of synchronous Chlorella fusca was measured at 30 °C in minimal and optimal conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). No saturation with Zn was reached during 10 hours. Uptake strongly depended on the stage of the cells during the development cycle. The rates of uptake per unit cell number, per unit cell volume and also per unit cell surface, reach maxima be forecell division, and thereafter strongly decrease. Clearly the transport system is built up during cell growth. The similarity of the dependence of the rates of uptake in minimal and optimal conditions on the stage of development suggests identity of the transport systems.
Zur Struktur des Mannans von Candida guilliermondii H
Authors: Rademacher K. H. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

The mannan of Candida guilliermondii was acetolyzed and the seperation by gel chromatography gave five neutral fragments with the characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, mannotetraose, and mannopentaose. All oligosaccharide fragments were composed of mannose in α‐linkage. Methylation analysis combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry demonstrated (1 → 6)‐linked d‐mannopyranose main chains with (1 → 2)‐linked d‐mannopyranose side chains.
Wirkung von 1,3,5‐Triazinen auf verschiedene Prokaryontenviren und ihre Wirte
Authors: Stenz E. , Menzel G.
Published: July 2010

In the agar diffusion test 24 triazines were investigated with regard to their action on the multiplication of DNA phages (λ and LPP‐1) and RNA phages (M 12 and Qβ). In several cases the amount of plaques was diminished or increased depending on the kind of triazine and virus. The investigations demonstrate the triazines to be able to interfere with the formation of plaques by virulent and temperate viruses of procaryotes.
Steroidumwandelnde Enzyme aus Mikroorganismen. V. Reinigung einer 4‐En‐3‐oxosteroid: (Akzeptor)‐1‐en‐oxidoreductase aus Nocardia opaca und Charakterisierung der prosthetischen Gruppe
Authors: Lestrovaja N. N. , Dänhardt S. , Hörhold C.
Published: July 2010

Für die Reinigung der 4‐En‐3‐oxosteroid:(Akzeptor)‐1‐en‐oxidoreductase aus Nocardia opaca wurden folgende Methoden angewandt: Abtrennung der Nucleinsäuren mit Streptomycinsulfat, fraktionierte Proteinfällung mit Ammoniumsulfat, Gelfiltration an Sephadex G‐100, Chromatographie und Rechromatographie an DEAE‐Cellulose. Dabei konnte das Enzym 160fach mit einer Ausbeute von 40% angereichert werden. Die Steroid‐1‐Dehydrogenasekativität wurde durch NAD, NADP und FMN nicht beeinflußt, FAD zeigte dagegen einen positiven Effekt.

Bei Behandlung mit Ammoniumsulfat unter sauren Bedingungen zur Dissoziation in Proteinanteil und prosthetische Gruppe konnte eine Apoenzympräparation hergestellt werden, die nur noch geringe Aktivität aufwies. Durch Zugabe von FAD in niedriger Konzentration erfolgte eine Wiederherstellung der ursprünglichen Enzymaktivität. Der KM‐Wert für FAD liegt bei 7,5 · 10−8 M.
Die Enzyme der Biosynthese aromatischer Aminosäuren bei Hansenula henricii: Anthranilat‐Phosphoribosylpyrophosphat‐ Phosphoribosyl‐Transferase (E.C. 2.4.2.18)
Authors: Bode R. , Birnbaum D.
Published: July 2010

Die Anthranilat‐Phosphoribosylpyrophosphat‐Phosphoribosyl‐Transferase (PR‐Transferase) von Hansenula henricii 38‐10‐2 hat ein Molekulargewicht von 70000 Dalton und ist mit keinem anderen Enzym aggregiert. Sie katalysiert die Zwei‐Substratreaktion nach dem sequentiellen Typ. Die Km‐Werte betragen 4,6 μm für Anthranilsäure und 0,88 mm für Phosphoribosylpyrophosphat (PRPP). Das Enzym unterliegt einer Substrathemmung durch Anthranilsäure (Ki = 30 μm) und zeigt negative Kooperativität der Bindungsstellen für dieses Substrat (n = 0,6). Für eine volle Aktivität ist die Anwesenheit von Mg2+‐Ionen notwendig (Km = 56 μm). Durch 3‐Hydroxyanthranilsäure wird die PR‐Transferase bezüglich Anthranilsäure kompetitiv gehemmt (Ki = 12 μm).
Unterschiede im Prolinstoffwechsel eines Peptidalkaloide‐produzierenden und eines nichtproduzierenden Stammes von Claviceps purpurea
Authors: Schlee D. , Böhmer Sylvia‐Annette
Published: July 2010

Two strains (pepty 695 and pur 221) of Claviceps purpurea have been used to study the dependence of proline turnover on incubation time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) under different culture conditions (synthetic saccharose‐citrate medium NL 720 and complex wort medium M 107) by means of tracer technique.

In the saprophytically ergotoxine producing strain pepty 695 the proline is utilized in the protein and alkaloid biosyntheses. On the other hand, under non‐producing conditions (M 10) the radioactivity of proline‐14C is incorporated into many fractions and finally into CO2. In submerged culture (NL 720) the Claviceps strain pur 221 which does not produce ergolines uses proline only to a small extent in the protein biosynthesis, while most of this amino acid is not metabolized.

The extent of uptake of proline is not correlated with the alkaloid synthesis.

For comparison the turnover of l‐glutamate‐14C and d, l‐ornithine‐1‐14C by strain pepty 695 cultivated in the NL 720 medium has been studied.
Spaltung von Lactulose durch Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Leuchtenberger A. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Im Verlauf der Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Gewinnung einer neutralen Protease wurde ein Komplexmedium gefunden, in dem der verwendete Stamm Bacillus megaterium eine hohe Enzymaktivität ausschüttet. Untersuchungen über den Umsatz der eingesetzten Kohlenhydrate während der Fermentation zeigten, daß die als C‐Quelle verwendete Lactose bei der Sterilisation des Nährmediums partiell in Lactulose überführt wird. Dieses fructosehaltige Disaccharid wird vom Produktionsstamm rasch umgesetzt. Es wird der Nachweis erbracht, daß die im Zellinneren lokalisierte β‐Galaktosidase die glykosidische Bindung der Lactulose angreift. Die Spaltungsrate ist etwa gleich hoch wie diejenige bei Einsatz von Lactose.
Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen zur Insertion der Pili bei dem neuisolierten Wasserstoff‐oxidierenden Bakterium 2K1
Authors: Mayer F.
Published: July 2010

Cells of the hydrogen‐oxidizing bacterium 2K1 exhibited numerous pili of varying length, with a diameter of 7–8 nm as measured from negatively stained samples. At the basis of each pilus, a cell wall differentiation was observed appearing, in face‐on view, as a ring‐like structure made up of subunits, and in side‐on view as a hollow cylinder penetrating through the cell wall. It is assumed that these ring‐like structures are in direct reation with the presence of the pili. As the number of ring‐like structures per cell was higher than the number of pili per cell, rings without associated pili might either be sites of polymerizing pili, or “dead” pilus channel complexes out of function due to pilus break‐down.
Glucoamylase aus Endomycopsis bispora I. Zur Produktion des Enzyms in Schüttelkultur
Authors: Ruttloff H. , Täufel A. , Zickler F.
Published: July 2010

Ein Stamm der Gattung Endomycopsis liefert unter geeigneten Kultivationsbedingungen Glucoamylase in hoher Ausbeute. Er läßt sich nach dem System von LODDER und KREGER VAN RIJ der Art Endomycopsis bispora zuordnen. Von den verschiedenen morphologischen Zustandsformen, in denen der Stamm auftritt, vermag nur die fädige Hyphenform hohe Enzymmengen zu produzieren. Es werden verschiedene C‐ und N‐Quellen sowie Phosphate hinsichtlich einer ausbeutesteigernden Wirkung getestet. Als besonders günstig erweisen sich hierbei Stärke, Maisquellwasser und organisch gebundenes Phosphat. Eine ökonomisch verwertbare Enzymbiosynthese beginnt erst am Ende der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt sind Stärke wie auch Glucose bereits weitgehend verstoffwechselt. Die unter Einsatz dieser beiden Kohlenhydrate ermittelten Befunde sprechen dafür, daß die Enzymsynthese durch Glucose katabolisch reprimiert wird.
Einfluß alternierender Störungen auf die Verbrauchskennziffern beim Wachstum von Mikroorganismen
Authors: Heinritz B. , Bley T.
Published: July 2010

In technical microbiology microorganisms often undergo alternating milieu changes. For instance, this is the case in recirculation reactors. The organisms react on these changes with an increase of entropy production and in connection with this with increasing substrate consumption. This increasing substrate consumption contradicts the aim of an optimum yield from a given substrate. Thus, studies of the reaction of microbial growth to alternating milieu changes are of great importance.

A simple model of the influence of alternating milieu changes on specific substrate consumption is given. In it the biological conversion of substances is built up by an irreversible consecutive reaction.

After preliminary examinations on the analogue computer the reaction of the model to alternating perturbations is simulated on the digital computer. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data.

The good agreement of experiment and model justifies the use of the simple formulation in the preparation of technical processes.
Kinetic properties of the purified 3‐hexulosephosphate synthase from Pseudomonas oleovorans
Authors: Müller R. , Sokolov A. P.
Published: July 2010

The kinetic characteristics of the purified 3‐hexulosephosphate synthase from the facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas oleovorans were investigated. It could be demonstrated that the dependence of the reaction rate on the rib(ul)ose‐5‐phosphate as well as the formaldehyde concentration has a complex shape with the appearence of plateau and trough regions. The shape of the curve is changed in dependence on the fixed level of the second substrate.

Multiple forms of the 3‐hexulosephosphate synthase were found to be responsible for the generation of the complex kinetic characteristics. By means of ion exchange chromatography it was possible to separate four active enzyme forms with different kinetic characteristics. These forms were also found to be interconvertible. This behaviour of the 3‐hexulosephosphate synthase is assumed to have the main regulatory function of the enzyme.
Glucoamylase aus Endomycopsis bispora. III. Morphologie‐abhängige Ausschüttung des Enzyms
Authors: Ruttloff H. , Winkler K. , Zickler F.
Published: July 2010

Es werden die im Kulturmedium zu erhaltenden Enzymaktivitäten bei Vorliegen morphologsich reiner Formen von E. bispora (Hyphenform, Hefeform) ermittelt. Durch die Vorinkubation in einem Maisquellwasser‐medium wird in den Hyphenzellen ein System der Glucoamylasesynthese induziert, während es im synthetischen Medium nicht zur Induktion und zu einer nur geringen, oft an der unteren analytischen Nachweisgrenze liegenden Enzymausschüttung kommt. Die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Enzymausschüttung in Gegenwart oder bei Abwesenheit von Glucose weisen aus, daß die Glucoamylasesynthese von E. bispora ein induzierbares, katabolisch reprimierbares und von der morphologischen Form des Organismus abhängiges System ist. Da der Übergang von der Mycel‐ in die Sproßform mit einem sofortigen Abfall der Glucoamylaseausschüttung verbunden ist, stellt die Erhaltung der Hyphenform unter praktischen Bedingungen der Enzymgewinnung eine wichtige Vorbedingung für die Erzielung hoher Enzymausbeuten dar.
Substructural studies on sporulation of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
Authors: Weber H. , Franzl E.
Published: July 2010

During sporulation of diploids from crosses between different strains of the yeast Saccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica irregular numbers of ascospores per ascus have been observed. Using the serial section method it could be shown now by means of electron microscopy that in one‐, two‐, and three‐spored asci unenclosed “naked” nuclei occur additionally to nuclei incorporated in mature spores. It was demonstrated that the production of less than four spores per ascus in this yeast is not the result of a lack of meiotic products but of the nonutilization of nuclei could be demonstrated which indicate a normal meiotic division. All ascospores derived from asci with different spore numbers are uninuclear. It is assumed that a defect in spore formation caused by structural changes of chromosomes or aneuploidy should give rise to the occurrence of non incorporated nuclei and spore irregularity. It was concluded that meiosis and spore formation in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica seem to represent parallel and coordinated processes which generally resemble those recorded for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula species.
Glucoamylase aus Endomycopsis bispora. V. Beeinflussung des Enzymbildungsvermögens durch Fette
Authors: Täufel A. , Winkler K. , Zickler F. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Es werden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von pflanzlichen, tierischen und mineralischen Fetten sowie von speziellen Phosphatidfraktionen des Maisquellwassers auf die Glucoamylaseausschüttung durchgeführt. Hierbei zeigt sich, daß pflanzliche Öle (Rapsöl, Maiskeimöl, Reisöl) die Glucoamylasesynthese stimulieren, wobei die hierdurch erzielbare Ausbeutesteigerung vor allem durch die Anwesenheit von Maisquellwasser im Medium verstärkt wird. Bestimmte phosphatidreiche Franktionen des Maisquellwassers erhöhen die Biosyntheseleistung des Enzymproduzenten erheblich. Der oxydative Zustand des Öles beeinflußt die Glucoamylaseausschüttung. Bei Ölen mit geringer Peroxidzahl sind die Steigerungsraten deutlich erniedrigt.
Unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung der Zellwand‐Polysaccharide beiSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288 und einer osmolabilen Mutante
Authors: Reuter G. , Märkisch U. , Hering V. , Venkov P. V.
Published: July 2010

Determination of the polysaccharide contents and structural studies on the mannan by acetolysis and permethylation analysis shows an altered polysaccharide biosynthesis of the osmoticsensitive mutant VY 1160 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S 288. The mutant contains more glucan, less mannan, and less alkali‐soluble glycogen. Its mannan is characterized by more short side chains and less long side chains. Its main chain is 1 → 6‐linked, but its side chains consist of more 1 → 3‐ than 1 → 2‐linked mannose units.
Dynamics of anerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the chemostat
Authors: Wòjcik M. , Wieluński J.
Published: July 2010

A kinetic MONOD model has been used to describe the dynamic response of a continuous stirred tank fermentor (CSTF) to changes in dilution rate. A general analytical solution of a lineraized model was obtained. Experimental results (VAIRO et al. 1977) of continuous anaerobic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have verified the model quantitatively. For step disturbances on the dilution rate the responses of biomass concentration and the outlet substrate concentration were calculated on a digital computer and compared with the experimental data.
Distribution functions of variables characterizing the mycelial morphology of Streptomyces hygtroscopicus grown in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures
Authors: Riesenberg D. , Erdmann A. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of variables characterizing the morphology of the mycelium of Streptomyces hygroscopicus grown in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures at different specific growth rates were investigated statistically. The values of the hyphal growth unit (L/N) and the values of the distance from the apex to the first branch (Lp) are normally distributed, but the values of the distance between neighbouring branches are logarithmically normal distributed. The distribution functions are discussed from the biological point of view.
Studies on the substrate specificity of the DNA methylase activity from Escherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Schmidt A. , Reinert H. , Venner H. , Bieber J.
Published: July 2010

A partially purified extract of DNA methylases from E. coli K‐12 containing DNA‐adenine as well as DNA‐cytosine methylase activities has been examined with respect to different DNA species as substrates. The results show that the natural content of 6‐MAP1) in the applied DNA represses the DNA‐adenine methylase activity. On the other hand, 5‐MC, already present in the substrate does not influence the activity of the DNA‐cytosine methylase. DNA from Micrococcus radiodurans, which is completely free of methylated bases served as comparison.

Since netropsin preferentially binds to AT‐rich regions of DNA, the influence of this oligopeptide antibiotic on the methylation of DNA was investigated. As expected the antibiotic predominantly inhibits adenine methylation of DNA. The degree of inhibition depends on the molar ratio of netropsin to DNA phosphate.
Studies of colicin action on wall‐less stable L‐forms of Escherichia coli I. Degree of attachment and of killing effect on rods and stable L‐form cells
Authors: Šmarda J. , Schuhmann Edith
Published: July 2010

Escherichia coli strains B and K12 W 1655 F+ are able to bind more lethal units of colicins E2, E3, G, H, Ia, and K + X per one stable L‐form cell (of the protoplast type) than per one rod cell; colicin D is bound in a higher amount on E. coli B rods. This pattern remains unchanged, if the same colicins are attached on chloroform‐killed cells of both forms. Rods of both E. coli strains are more sensitive to colicins D, E2, E3, K + X (as – in the strain B – to colicin Ia) than cells of the respective L‐forms. In the strain W 1655 F+ both cell forms are equally highly sensitive to colicin Ia. The stable L‐forms of both strains are much more sensitive to colicins G and H than the rods.

Thus the Gram‐negative cell wall decreases the probability of a colicin molecule to get attached to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane. On the other hand, in E. coli cells the attachment of most colicin molecules to the wall receptors increases the probability of their biological effect. There is no such effect of the wall‐attachment on the action of colicins G or H.

The strain B is tolerant to colicin E2, while being resistant to E3; thus the cytoplasmic membrane receptor sites for them are not identical.
Glucoamylase aus Endomycopsis bispora IV. Ausscheidung multipler Formen im Verlaufe der Kultivation
Authors: Winkler K. , Ruttloff H. , Zickler F.
Published: July 2010

In den von E. bispora gebildeten Glucoamylasespektren werden insgesamt 10 Isoenzyme nachgewiesen, die unterschiedlich stark in das Medium ausgeschieden werden und in unterschiedlichem Grade einer Repression unterliegen. Die größten Veränderungen im Bandenmuster treten während der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase auf; während dieser Zeit erfolgt die Metabolisierung der C‐Quelle. Die mit α1 bezeichnete Bande unterliegt am stärksten einer katabolischen Repression, steuert aber unter Derepressionsbedingungen (stationäre Phase) den größten Anteil zur Gesamtaktivität bei. Für den hohen Anteil an multiplen Formen steht eine Erklärung noch aus. Infolge der nur sehr geringen Proteaseaktivität im Kulturfiltrat ist eine extrazellulär ablaufende limitierte Proteolyse von Glucoamylasekomponenten wenig wahrscheinlich.
Dielektrophorese als Grundlage für ein neues Verfahren zur präparativen Zelltrennung
Authors: Glaser R. , Pescheck Ch. , Krause G. , Schmidt K. P. , Teuscher L.
Published: July 2010

Dielektrophorese ist die Bewegung polarisierbarer Teilchen in einem inhomogenen elektrischen Wechselfeld in Richtung steigender Feldstärke. Entsprechend der Polarisierbarkeit der Partikeln ist dieser Effekt frequenzabhängig. Es wird eine präparative Trennkammer beschrieben, die auf folgendem Prinzip beruht: In einem Elektrodenraum sammeln sich Zellen durch den Dielektrophorese‐effekt an einer koaxial gelegenen Drahtelektrode. Dieser Draht wird mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit bewegt, so daß die angehefteten Zellen kontinuierlich in eine vom Feld abgeschirmte Spülkammer überführt werden. Hier lösen sie sich vom Draht und gehen in Suspension. Der Trenn‐effekt wird an lebenden und toten Zellen von Saccharomyces cerevisiae sowie an zwei Arten von Oscillatoria demonstriert. Die Trennmethode spricht auf zellphysiologische Differenzen an und ist besonders für solche Zellen geeignet, die Suspensionslösungen geringen Salzgehaltes tolerieren.
Nutzung von Gen5 und Gen6 ts‐Mutanten des Phagen T3 für die Anzeige von Hemmstoffen der DNS‐Synthese
Authors: Scholz D. , Meissner Ch. , Rosenthal H. A.
Published: July 2010

In an enzyme‐specific drug screening system nalidixic acid and 3'FTdR, inhibitors of DNA synthesis, both reduce the growth of wild type and temperature‐sensitive point mutants of phage T3 with different efficiencies. The wild type shows the strongest sensitivity against the drugs, while an exonuclease mutant is the most insensitive variant. The DNA polymerase mutants exhibit an intermediate degree of inhibition.

The anthracycline antibiotics violamycin BI and adriblastin which preferentially inhibit RNA synthesis show the same degree of inhibition for all mutants. This is true also for the RNA synthesis inhibitor lambdamycin, which is identical with chartreusin. The protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol and o‐phenanthroline, a chelating agent, impair all mutants to the same extent.

Our data confirm the hypothesis that structural variants of essential viral enzymes, when compared with the wild type should sensitivities against specific inhibitors and show that this T3 system could be used for the indication of specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis.