bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural network assisted Kalman filter for INS/UWB integrated seamless quadrotor localization
Authors: Bi Shuhui , Ma Liyao , Shen Tao , Xu Yuan , Li Fukun
Published: July 2021

Due to some harsh indoor environments, the signal of the ultra wide band (UWB) may be lost, which makes the data fusion filter can not work. For overcoming this problem, the neural network (NN) assisted Kalman filter (KF) for fusing the UWB and the inertial navigation system (INS) data seamlessly is present in this work. In this approach, when the UWB data is available, both the UWB and the INS are able to provide the position information of the quadrotor, and thus, the KF is used to provide the localization information by the fusion of position difference between the INS and the UWB, meanwhile, the KF can provide the estimation of the INS position error, which is able to assist the NN to build the mapping between the state vector and the measurement vector off-line. The NN can estimate the KF’s measurement when the UWB data is unavailable. For confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method, one real test has been done. The test’s results demonstrate that the proposed NN assisted KF is effective to the fusion of INS and UWB data seamlessly, which shows obvious improvement of localization accuracy. Compared with the LS-SVM assisted KF, the proposed NN assisted KF is able to reduce the localization error by about 54.34%.
Gene expression during THP-1 differentiation is influenced by vitamin D3 and not vibrational mechanostimulation
Authors: Simakou Theodoros , Freeburn Robin , Henriquez Fiona L.
Published: July 2021

Background

In injury or infection, monocytes migrate into the affected tissues from circulation and differentiate into macrophages which are subsequently involved in the inflammatory responses. Macrophage differentiation and activation have been studied in response to multiple chemokines and cytokines. However, mechanical, and physical stimuli can also influence macrophage differentiation, activation, cytokine production, and phagocytic activity.

Methods

In this study the macrophage differentiation from THP-1 monocytes was assessed upon the stimulation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,000 Hz vibrations, using qPCR for quantification of transcript expression. Vitamin D binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and subsequently modulates the expression of a variety of genes in monocytes. The effects of the 1,000 Hz vibrational stimulation, and the combined treatment of vitamin D3 and 1000 Hz vibrations were unknown. The differentiation of macrophages was assessed by looking at transcription of macrophage markers (e.g.,CD14,CD36), antigen presenting molecules (e.g.,HLA-DRA), transcription factors (e.g.,LEF-1,TCF7L2), and mechanosensors (e.g.,PIEZO1andPKD2).

Results

The results showed that vitamin D3 induced THP-1 macrophage differentiation, which was characterized by upregulation ofCD14andCD36, downregulation ofHLA-DRA, upregulation of thePKD2(TRPP2), and an inverse relationship betweenTCF7L2andLEF-1, which were upregulated and downregulated respectively. The 1,000 Hz vibrations were sensed from the cells which upregulatedPIEZO1andTCF3, but they did not induce expression of genes that would indicate macrophage differentiation. The mRNA transcription profile in the cells stimulated with the combined treatment was comparable to that of the cells stimulated by the vitamin only. The 1,000 Hz vibrations slightly weakened the effect of the vitamin for the regulation ofCD36andHLA-DMBin the suspension cells, but without causing changes in the regulation patterns. The only exception was the upregulation ofTCF3in the suspension cells, which was influenced by the vibrations. In the adherent cells, the vitamin D3 cancelled the upregulating effect of the 1,000 Hz vibrations and downregulatedTCF3. The vitamin also cancelled the upregulation ofPIEZO1gene by the 1,000 Hz vibrations in the combined treatment.

Conclusion

The mechanical stimulation with 1,000 Hz vibrations resulted in upregulation ofPIEZO1in THP-1 cells, but it did not affect the differentiation process which was investigated in this study. Vitamin D3 induced THP-1 macrophage differentiation and could potentially influence M2 polarization as observed by upregulation ofCD36and downregulation ofHLA-DRA. In addition, in THP-1 cells undergoing the combined stimulation, the gene expression patterns were influenced by vitamin D3, which also ablated the effect of the mechanical stimulus onPIEZO1upregulation.
Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor
Authors: Veenstra Jan A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Some insulin/IGF-related peptides (irps) stimulate a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that transfers the extracellular hormonal signal into an intracellular response. Other irps, such as relaxin, do not use an RTK, but a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This is unusual since evolutionarily related hormones typically either use the same or paralogous receptors. In arthropods three different irps, i.e. arthropod IGF, gonadulin and Drosophila insulin-like peptide 7 (dilp7), likely evolved from a gene triplication, as in several species genes encoding these three peptides are located next to one another on the same chromosomal fragment. These arthropod irps have homologs in vertebrates, suggesting that the initial gene triplication was perhaps already present in the last common ancestor of deuterostomes and protostomes. It would be interesting to know whether this is indeed so and how insulin might be related to this trio of irps.

Methodology

Genes encoding irps as well as their putative receptors were identified in genomes and transcriptomes from echinoderms and hemichordates.

Results

A similar triplet of genes coding for irps also occurs in some ambulacrarians. Two of these are orthologs of arthropod IGF and dilp7 and the third is likely a gonadulin ortholog. In echinoderms, two novel irps emerged, gonad stimulating substance (GSS) and multinsulin, likely from gene duplications of the IGF and dilp7-like genes respectively. The structures of GSS diverged considerably from IGF, which would suggest they use different receptors from IGF, but no novel irp receptors evolved. If IGF and GSS use different receptors, and the evolution of GSS from a gene duplication of IGF is not associated with the appearance of a novel receptor, while irps are known to use two different types of receptors, the ancestor of GSS and IGF might have acted on both types of receptors while one or both of its descendants act on only one. There are three ambulacrarian GPCRs that have amino acid sequences suggestive of being irp GPCRs, two of these are orthologs of the gonadulin and dilp7 receptors. This suggests that the third might be an IGF receptor, and that by deduction, GSS only acts on the RTK. The evolution of GSS from IGF may represent a pattern, where IGF gene duplications lead to novel genes coding for shorter peptides that activate an RTK. It is likely this is how insulin and the insect neuroendocrine irps evolved independently from IGF.

Conclusion

The local gene triplication described from arthropods that yielded three genes encoding irps was already present in the last common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. It seems plausible that irps, such as those produced by neuroendocrine cells in the brain of insects and echinoderm GSS evolved independently from IGF and, thus, are not true orthologs, but the result of convergent evolution.
An Interesting Case of Achalasia Cardia with Co-Existing Coronavirus 19 Infection
Authors: Gupta Rishabh , Mishra Gaurav , Dhande R. P.
Published: July 2021

With this case report, we emphasize the unique fact that chest pain and discomfort in COVID-19 infected patient can be due to other causes and it should not be overlooked. The SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of coronavirus, the homo-sapiens have recently been attacked in a large number.

Common clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients infected include high grade fever, weakness, dry cough, breathlessness and chest pain with discomfort.

We are presenting a case report of covid-19 infected patient having chief complaints of chest pain and discomfort. The patient was evaluated using computed tomography imaging and- Achalasia cardia was diagnosed and needful was done. It should be noted that multiple conditions can co-exist along with COVID-19 infection for which proper and complete evaluation needs to be done keeping other possibilities in mind.
Efficacy of Various Irrigants Used with Self- Adjusting File System on Smear Layer: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Navjot S. Mann , Manpreet Kaur , Ashu Jhamb , Manu Rana , Divya Batra , Aaron Sarwal
Published: July 2021

Aim: To assess the efficacy of various irrigants used with Self-Adjusting File (SAF) system on smear layer.

Materials and Methods: Forty extracted mandibular teeth were taken and decoronated. All samples were instrumented manually up to number 20 K file. SAF file was further used to prepare the canals. All the samples were randomly divided into four Groups: Group I: Neem Extract Group II:  Amla Juice; Group III: 5.25% NaOCl+ 20% Citric Acid; Group IV: 5.25% NaOCl solution was used for 4minutes. All roots were sectioned longitudinally in the buccolingual plane and viewed under electron microsope.

Statistical Analysis Used: The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical evaluation and Mann-Whitney ???? test was used for multiple comparisons

Results: Comparison between same thirds of group showed statistically significant difference in coronal and middle parts. Group 3 showed the best results for smear layer removal. Group 4 showed least efficacy of smear layer removal.

Conclusion: Group 3 showed the best removal efficacy followed by group 1 and 2 with least being for group 4.
To Study the effect of Traditional Back Exercises vs Exercise Ball Exercise on Pain Intensity, Core Endurance and Limitation of Activities in Individuals with Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Comparative Study
Authors: Soni Jay Kumar , Contractor Edrish
Published: July 2021

Aims: Non specific Low back pain is defined as pain without any known pathology which affects almost all the leading occupation where body's awkward posture, twisting and stress forces are commonly encountered across the globe and it is highly prevalent 60% to 70% in a year. Studies have shown various exercise regimen individual effect on the same but superiority of regimen out of these is not clear.

Study Design: Comparative Study

Place and Duration of Study: Ahmedabad Institute of Medical Sciences, Duration 2013-15

Objective: To assess and compare the effect of core stability exercise, back school program and Swiss ball exercise on Pain, core endurance and Functional disability.

Methodology: A group of 24 patients having non-specific low back pain between age groups 18-40 were randomly selected and allocated in to two groups. Group A(n=12) received traditional exercise whereas Swiss ball exercise was given to Group B(n=12). The subjects were treated for two weeks. Baseline data for VAS, Core endurance and MODI were taken on day1 and at the end of two weeks

Result: The results were analyzed by wilcoxon signed rank test within both groups. Both groups showed significant improvement in VAS, core endurance and MODI at the end of 2weeks.Comparison between both the Group A and Group B was done by Mann- whitney U test and statistically no significant difference was seen in VAS, core endurance and MODI between the groups

Conclusion: The study concluded that both the exercises are equally effective in reducing pain intensity, improves core endurance and functional status in subjects with non specific low back pain
A Rare Case of Anti Phospholipid Syndrome Associated Intermediate and Posterior Uveitis
Authors: Ksheeraja Y. , Manasaveena N. T.
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Autoimmune disorders are often associated with Uveitis. Anti-Phospholipid syndrome(APS) is characterized by increased hypercoagulability and divergent ocular features.

Case Presentation: A 45-year-old male patient presented with complaints of headache for 2 days. The patient gives a history of fever and loss of consciousness 20 days back and was treated symptomatically. On examination Visual acuity was 6/6 in the right eye and 6/12 in the left eye. On slit-lamp examination, the anterior segment was normal, vitreous cells were 2+ suggestive of vitritis in the left eye. Dilated fundus examination showed exudates in both eyes with macular parafoveal edema in the left eye. Laboratory investigations showed Antiphospholipid Antibody Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Beta 2 glycoprotein IgM positive and raised ESR, PTT, and triglycerides. MRI brain showed acute embolic infarcts in multiple areas.

Management: Topical Steroids and cycloplegic for uveitis and systemic steroids and anticoagulants for systemic manifestations were given and the patient's vision improved to 6/6 and macular edema reduced in the left eye during the follow-up.

Conclusion: APS is a life and vision-threatening multisystem disorder, needs monitoring for INR and Anti phospholipid antibodies. A rare manifestation of uveitis is noted and prompt treatment with topical, oral steroids resolves the uveitis. But to prevent recurrences and further thrombotic events long-term immunosuppression, anticoagulation treatment is required.
Mechanistic insights into p53‐regulated cytotoxicity of combined entinostat and irinotecan against colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Marx Christian , Sonnemann Jürgen , Beyer Mandy , Maddocks Oliver D. K. , Lilla Sergio , Hauzenberger Irene , Piée‐Staffa Andrea , Siniuk Kanstantsin , Nunna Suneetha , Marx‐Blümel Lisa , Westermann Martin , Wagner Tobias , Meyer Felix B. , Thierbach René , Mullins Christina S. , Kdimati Said , Linnebacher Michael , Neri Francesco , Heinzel Thorsten , Wang Zhao‐Qi , Krämer Oliver H.
Published: July 2021

Late‐stage colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a clinically challenging problem. The activity of the tumor suppressor p53 is regulated via post‐translational modifications (PTMs). While the relevance of p53 C‐terminal acetylation for transcriptional regulation is well defined, it is unknown whether this PTM controls mitochondrially mediated apoptosis directly. We used wild‐type p53 or p53‐negative human CRC cells, cells with acetylation‐defective p53, transformation assays, CRC organoids, and xenograft mouse models to assess how p53 acetylation determines cellular stress responses. The topoisomerase‐1 inhibitor irinotecan induces acetylation of several lysine residues within p53. Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with the class I HDAC inhibitor entinostat synergistically triggers mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in irinotecan‐treated p53‐positive CRC cells. This specifically relies on the C‐terminal acetylation of p53 by CREB‐binding protein/p300 and the presence of C‐terminally acetylated p53 in complex with the proapoptotic BCL2 antagonist/killer protein. This control of C‐terminal acetylation by HDACs can mechanistically explain why combinations of irinotecan and entinostat represent clinically tractable agents for the therapy of p53‐proficient CRC.
Evaluation of four surface surrogates for modeling lung tumor positions over several fractions in radiotherapy
Authors: Wikström Kenneth A. , Isacsson Ulf M. , Nilsson Kristina M. , Ahnesjö Anders
Published: July 2021

Patient breathing during lung cancer radiotherapy reduces the ability to keep a sharp dose gradient between tumor and normal tissues. To mitigate detrimental effects, accurate information about the tumor position is required. In this work, we evaluate the errors in modeled tumor positions over several fractions of a simple tumor motion model driven by a surface surrogate measure and its time derivative. The model is tested with respect to four different surface surrogates and a varying number of surrogate and image acquisitions used for model training. Fourteen patients were imaged 100 times with cine CT, at three sessions mimicking a planning session followed by two treatment fractions. Patient body contours were concurrently detected by a body surface laser scanning system BSLS from which four surface surrogates were extracted; thoracic point TP, abdominal point AP, the radial distance mean RDM, and a surface derived volume SDV. The motion model was trained on session 1 and evaluated on sessions 2 and 3 by comparing modeled tumor positions with measured positions from the cine images. The number of concurrent surrogate and image acquisitions used in the training set was varied, and its impact on the final result was evaluated. The use of AP as a surface surrogate yielded the smallest error in modeled tumor positions. The mean deviation between modeled and measured tumor positions was 1.9 mm. The corresponding deviations for using the other surrogates were 2.0 mm (RDM), 2.8 mm (SDV), and 3.0 mm (TP). To produce a motion model that accurately models the tumor position over several fractions requires at least 10 simultaneous surrogate and image acquisitions over 1–2 minutes.
Stability Improvement of Tin‐Based Halide Perovskite by Precursor‐Solution Regulation with Dual‐Functional Reagents
Authors: Cao Xiangrong , Li Jingrui , Dong Hua , Li Peizhou , Fan Qinhua , Xu Ruoyao , Li Haomiao , Zhou Guijiang , Wu Zhaoxin
Published: July 2021

Tin‐based halide perovskites have attracted great attention in the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) community with their suitable band gaps, excellent optoelectronic properties, and non‐toxicity. However, because of their poor chemical stability, it is challenging to fabricate highly stable and efficient tin PSCs (TPSCs). In this study, the origin of the Sn2+ oxidation ahead of film formation is concentrated on, and it is found that the ionization of SnI2 in precursor plays a decisive role. Accordingly, SnI2 dissociation and the subsequent Sn2+ oxidation can be restricted in precursor by employing reductive complexes as additives. This dual‐functional source‐regulating strategy effectively helps prepare high‐quality perovskite films with low Sn4+ defect densities. As a result, the unencapsulated TPSCs show a considerable power‐conversion efficiency of 10.03% (certified 9.38%) and maintain 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h of light aging testing.
Mechanically Strong and Multifunctional Hybrid Hydrogels with Ultrahigh Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Zhou Qingya , Lyu Jiayu , Wang Guang , Robertson Mark , Qiang Zhe , Sun Bin , Ye Changhuai , Zhu Meifang
Published: July 2021

Stretchable conductive hydrogels with simultaneous high mechanical strength/modulus, and ultrahigh, stable electrical conductivity are ideal for applications in soft robots, artificial skin, and bioelectronics, but to date, they are still very challenging to fabricate. Herein, sandwich‐structured hybrid hydrogels based on layers of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels and a layer of silver nanowires (AgNWs)/PVA are fabricated by electrospinning combined with vacuum‐assisted filtration. The hybrid ANF‐PVA hydrogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties with the tensile modulus of 10.7–15.4 MPa, tensile strength of 3.3–5.5 MPa, and fracture energy up to 5.7 kJ m−2, primarily attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding interactions between PVA and ANFs and in‐plane alignment of the fibrous structure. Rational design of heterogeneous structure endows the hydrogels with ultrahigh apparent electrical conductivity of 1.66 × 104 S m−1, among the highest electrical conductivities ever reported so far for conductive hydrogels. More importantly, this ultrahigh conductivity remains constant upon a broad range of applied strains from 0–90% and over 500 stretching cycles. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibit excellent Joule heating and electromagnetic interference shielding performances due to the ultrahigh electrical conductivity. These mechanically strong, hybrid hydrogels with ultrahigh and strain‐invariant electrical conductivity represent great promises for many important applications such as flexible electronics.
Highly Efficient Pure‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Rubidium and Chlorine Alloyed Metal Halide Perovskite
Authors: Yang Yang , Xu Shuang , Ni Zhenyi , Van Brackle Charles H. , Zhao Liang , Xiao Xun , Dai Xuezeng , Huang Jinsong
Published: July 2021

Perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are promising candidates for display and solid‐state lighting, due to their tunable colors, high conversion efficiencies, and low cost. However, the performance of blue PeLEDs is far inferior to that of the near‐infrared, red, and green counterparts. Here, the fabrication of pure‐blue PeLEDs with an emission peak at 475 nm, a peak external quantum efficiency of 10.1%, and a maximum luminance of 14 000 cd m−2 is demonstrated by tailoring the compositions of perovskites. The pure‐blue electroluminescence is achieved by simultaneous addition of rubidium and chlorine ions into CsPbBr3 and incorporation of phenylethylammonium chloride forms quasi‐2D hybrid perovskites. The combination of these composition engineering results in blueshifted emissions without reducing the quantum yield. The judicious alloying is shown to be critical to result in the better morphology with suppressed current leakage and enhanced light outcoupling.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantiopure Oxazolidinones via Biocatalytic Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation of Alkenes
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ying , Wan Nan‐Wei , Li Ying‐Na , Ma Ran , Cui Bao‐Dong , Han Wen‐Yong , Chen Yong‐Zheng
Published: July 2021

Chiral oxazolidinones are of significance in both medicinal and synthetic chemistry, while preparing these compounds usually involves using expensive starting materials and harsh reaction conditions. Herein, a one‐pot biocatalytic cascade process was developed for stereo‐ and regioselective aminohydroxylation of diverse alkenes by combining styrene monooxygenase and halohydrin dehalogenase, providing an approach to enantiopure oxazolidinones.

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Rejuvenation of Senescent Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Pulsed Triboelectric Stimulation
Authors: Li Gaocai , Zhu Qianqian , Wang Bingjin , Luo Rongjin , Xiao Xiaohui , Zhang Yi , Ma Liang , Feng Xiaobo , Huang Jingang , Sun Xuhui , Wen Zhen , Pan Yue , Yang Cao
Published: July 2021

Stem cell senescence contributes to stem cell exhaustion and drives various aging‐associated disorders. However, strategies to rejuvenate senescent stem cells are limited. The present study proposes an approach based on triboelectric stimulation to rejuvenate senescent bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) by fabricating a pulsed triboelectric nanogenerator (P‐TENG) that can produce stable pulsed current output unaffected by the triggered frequency. The senescence phenotypes of aged BMSCs are reversed by triboelectric stimulation at 30 µA at 1.5 Hz. Triboelectric stimulation enhances the proliferation of aged BMSCs and increases their pluripotency and differentiation capacity. Additionally, mechanistic investigations reveal that pulsed triboelectric stimulation by P‐TENG rejuvenates senescent BMSCs by enhancing MDM2‐dependent p53 degradation, which is demonstrated by loss‐of‐function studies of MDM2 and p53. Overall, this study identifies a new approach for the rejuvenation of senescent BMSCs and describes a promising therapeutic intervention for many diseases associated with aged BMSCs.
Breathable, Degradable Piezoresistive Skin Sensor Based on a Sandwich Structure for High‐Performance Pressure Detection
Authors: Xu Mengting , Cai Haihua , Liu Zulan , Chen Fangchun , Chen Li , Chen Xiang , Cheng Xuan , Dai Fangyin , Li Zhi
Published: July 2021

Wearable intelligent sensor materials have broad application prospects for human health detection and robot kinematics. 3D structure sensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, a wide detection range, and high strength, as is widely reported in existing research. Here, a sandwich structure involving an encapsulation layer, a 3D conductive network, and an encapsulation layer is prepared. Polyaniline acts as an active conductive filler for the 3D conductive network, while silk fibroin and poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) are used to form a network for carrying conductive materials. Additionally, K‐carrageenan is added to encapsulate the 3D conductive network and prepare a high‐performance green skin sensor. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity (2.54 kPa−1) and a wide linear detection range (165.3 kPa). In addition, the pressure sensor possesses excellent durability (>2000 cycles) and a fast response time of 160 ms. Moreover, the sensor is compatible and biodegradable and encapsulated by a nontoxic water‐soluble polymer. On this basis, skin sensors for health monitoring systems and intelligent interactive systems are reported, thus enabling future applications in medical detection and human–machine interaction.
NiMoO4@Co3O4 Core–Shell Nanorods: In Situ Catalyst Reconstruction toward High Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Solomon Getachew , Landström Anton , Mazzaro Raffaello , Jugovac Matteo , Moras Paolo , Cattaruzza Elti , Morandi Vittorio , Concina Isabella , Vomiero Alberto
Published: July 2021

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck for the practical exploitation of water splitting. Here, the potential of a core–shell structure of hydrous NiMoO4 microrods conformally covered by Co3O4 nanoparticles via atomic layer depositions is demonstrated. In situ Raman and synchrotron‐based photoemission spectroscopy analysis confirms the leaching out of Mo facilitates the catalyst reconstruction, and it is one of the centers of active sites responsible for higher catalytic activity. Post OER characterization indicates that the leaching of Mo from the crystal structure, induces the surface of the catalyst to become porous and rougher, hence facilitating the penetration of the electrolyte. The presence of Co3O4 improves the onset potential of the hydrated catalyst due to its higher conductivity, confirmed by the shift in the Fermi level of the heterostructure. In particular NiMoO4@Co3O4 shows a record low overpotential of 120 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, sustaining a remarkable performance operating at a constant current density of 10, 50, and 100 mA cm−2 with negligible decay. Presented outcomes can significantly contribute to the practical use of the water‐splitting process, by offering a clear and in‐depth understanding of the preparation of a robust and efficient catalyst for water‐splitting.
Hydrodynamics and droplet size distribution of liquid–liquid flow in a packed bed reactor with orifice plates
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Cai Jinjin , Wang Dimiao , Liang Xiaojiang , Xie Qinglong , Nie Yong , Ji Jianbing
Published: July 2021

A packed bed reactor with orifice plates (PBR@OP) was designed by adding orifice plates periodically in packed beds. Hydrodynamics and droplet size distribution in PBR@OP were experimentally investigated using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)/water as the model liquid–liquid system. In PBR@OP, the flow pattern was close to plug flow. Droplets with Sauter mean diameter (d32) of 150–550 μm were generated. The pressure drop of orifice, flow velocity and plate spacing were key parameters to control the droplet size. The reactor performance was evaluated by analyzing a FAME epoxidation process. At the same d32 and residence time, the length and total pressure drop of PBR@OP were about 1/3 and 1/4 of those of PBR without orifice plates, respectively. Furthermore, a semi‐empirical correlation describing the d32 change in PBR@OP was developed, revealing a relative mean deviation of 8.64%. PBR@OP presents a cost‐effective option for the intensification of liquid–liquid medium rate reactions.
Socially mediated overlap in vocal interactions between free‐ranging black howler monkeys
Authors: Briseño‐Jaramillo Margarita , Berthet Melissa , Estrada Alejandro , Biquand Véronique , Lemasson Alban
Published: July 2021

“Conversation rules” such as overlap avoidance and coordinated overlap have been reported in nonhuman animals, and seem to be adaptive responses to the requirements of social life. Some species display both patterns in an apparently flexible way, but the social factors mediating their respective usage remain poorly documented. We investigated the potential social factors guiding the usage of these temporal rules during collective howling in six free‐ranging groups of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). First, we found that adult males' vocalizations rarely overlap those of other callers while most adult females' calls overlap other members' calls, especially that of other females. Second, whereas some call types (notably affiliative calls) are typically emitted without overlap, roars (agonistic loud calls) overlap more frequently. Third, coordinated overlap is more frequent during intergroup competition. Our findings support the hypothesis that overlap avoidance and coordinated overlap are two different (here sex‐related) vocal alliance social behaviors, at least for some nonhuman primates. More comparative investigations are now needed to explore further their evolutionary trajectories in this lineage.
A multicenter real‐life study on the multiple reasons for uncontrolled allergic rhinitis
Authors: Van Bulck Pauline , Cools Leen , Soumya Mysore S. , Nyembue Dieudonné T. , Kabobo Patricia , Zhang Luo , Scadding Glenis K. , Toskala Elina , Fokkens Wytske J. , Steelant Brecht , Hellings Peter W.
Published: July 2021

Background

: Recent data show uncontrolled disease in 35% of allergic rhinitis (AR) patients on medical treatment. The reasons for uncontrolled disease can arbitrarily be divided into disease‐related, diagnosis‐related, treatment‐related, and patient‐related factors. However, the relative importance of these factors in uncontrolled disease remains speculative. This explorative study aimed at determining the factors causing uncontrolled AR on four different continents worldwide, identifying the most common reasons for uncontrolled disease in AR.

Methods

: Patients with uncontrolled AR (n = 430) were asked to fill out a questionnaire and underwent a clinical examination at the outpatient clinic in five university outpatient clinics (Leuven [Belgium], Beijing [China], Kinshasa [Congo], Bangalore [India], and Philadelphia [US]). Two independent physicians evaluated the reason or multiple reasons for uncontrolled disease. The study was coordinated from the University Hospital of Leuven.

Results

: In uncontrolled AR patients, 76% of patients showed two or more reasons for uncontrolled disease according to the physicians’ evaluation. Disease‐related factors (64%) were considered most often the reason for uncontrolled disease, followed by treatment‐ (56%), patient‐ (54%), and diagnosis‐related (47%) factors. There is limited variability in observations across different centers worldwide.

Conclusion

: We here define the multiple reasons for uncontrolled AR across different continents, with disease‐related factors being most frequently associated with uncontrolled disease. A better understanding of uncontrolled disease will guide us in defining strategies to improve AR care.
An Improved Turn Structure for Inducing β‐Hairpin Formation in Peptides
Authors: Li Xingyue , Sabol Andrew L. , Wierzbicki Michał , Salveson Patrick J. , Nowick James S.
Published: July 2021

Although β‐hairpins are widespread in proteins, there is no tool to coax any small peptide to adopt a β‐hairpin conformation, regardless of sequence. Here, we report that δ‐linked γ(R)‐methyl‐ornithine (δMeOrn) provides an improved β‐turn template for inducing a β‐hairpin conformation in peptides. We developed a synthesis of protected δMeOrn as a building block suitable for use in Fmoc‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis. The synthesis begins with l‐leucine and affords gram quantities of the Nα‐Boc‐Nδ‐Fmoc‐γ(R)‐methyl‐ornithine building block. X‐ray crystallography confirms that the δMeOrn turn unit adopts a folded structure in a macrocyclic β‐hairpin peptide. CD and NMR spectroscopy allow comparison of the δMeOrn turn template to the δ‐linked ornithine (δOrn) turn template that we previously introduced and to the popular d‐Pro‐Gly turn template. These studies show that the folding of the δMeOrn turn template is substantially better than that of δOrn and is comparable to d‐Pro‐Gly.
Fluorosulfuryl Isocyanate Enabled SuFEx Ligation of Alcohols and Amines
Authors: Sun Shoujun , Gao Bing , Chen Junyu , Sharpless K. Barry , Dong Jiajia
Published: July 2021

Fluorosulfuryl isocyanate (FSI, FSO2NCO) is established as a reliable bis‐electrophilic linker for stepwise attachment of an alcohol bearing module to an amine bearing module and thence a new module RO‐C(=O)‐NH‐SO2‐NR′R′′ is created. FSI's isocyanate motif fuses directly and quickly with alcohols and phenols, affording fluorosulfuryl carbamates in nearly quantitative yield. A new reagent and process to deliver the FSI‐derived fluorosulfuryl carbamate fragment to amines are also developed. The resulting SVI−F motifs from step‐1 are remarkably stable, given the great structural complexities in diverse products. In the step‐2 reaction with amines, the best yield of the S−N linked products arise with water alone. This “on water” interfacial reactivity phenomenon is crucial, revealing the latent reactivity of SVI−F probe for potential covalent capture of proteins in vivo which is important in today's drug discovery. The scope of the SuFEx chemistry is largely expanded thereby and the facile entry to these phosphate‐like connections should prove useful to click chemistry across diverse fields.
Robust and Versatile Coatings Engineered via Simultaneous Covalent and Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Zhou Jiajing , Penna Matthew , Lin Zhixing , Han Yiyuan , Lafleur René P. M. , Qu Yijiao , Richardson Joseph J. , Yarovsky Irene , Jokerst Jesse V. , Caruso Frank
Published: July 2021

Interfacial modular assembly has emerged as an adaptable strategy for engineering the surface properties of substrates in biomedicine, photonics, and catalysis. Herein, we report a versatile and robust coating (pBDT‐TA), self‐assembled from tannic acid (TA) and a self‐polymerizing aromatic dithiol (i.e., benzene‐1,4‐dithiol, BDT), that can be engineered on diverse substrates with a precisely tuned thickness (5–40 nm) by varying the concentration of BDT used. The pBDT‐TA coating is stabilized by covalent (disulfide) bonds and supramolecular (π‐π) interactions, endowing the coating with high stability in various harsh aqueous environments across ionic strength, pH, temperature (e.g., 100 mM NaCl, HCl (pH 1) or NaOH (pH 13), and water at 100 °C), as well as surfactant solution (e.g., 100 mM Triton X‐100) and biological buffer (e.g., Dulbecco's phosphate‐buffered saline), as validated by experiments and simulations. Moreover, the reported pBDT‐TA coating enables secondary reactions on the coating for engineering hybrid adlayers (e.g., ZIF‐8 shells) via phenolic‐mediated adhesion, and the facile integration of aromatic fluorescent dyes (e.g., rhodamine B) via π interactions without requiring elaborate synthetic processes.
Molecular Electrostatic Potential and Noncovalent Interactions in Derivatives of Group 8 Elements
Authors: Daolio Andrea , Pizzi Andrea , Calabrese Miriam , Terraneo Giancarlo , Bordignon Simone , Frontera Antonio , Resnati Giuseppe
Published: July 2021

This communication reports experimental and theoretical evidences of σ‐hole interactions in adducts between nitrogen or oxygen nucleophiles and tetroxides of osmium or other group 8 elements. Cocrystals between pyridine or pyridine N‐oxide derivatives and osmium tetroxide are characterized through various techniques and rationalized as σ‐hole interactions using DFT calculations and several other computational tools. We propose the term “osme bond” (OmB, Om=Fe, Ru, Os, (Hs)) for naming the noncovalent interactions wherein group 8 elements have the role of the electrophile. The word osme is the transcription of ὀσμή, the ancient Greek word for smell that was used to name the heaviest group 8 element in relation to the smoky odor of its tetroxide.
Investigations of the Alignment Process of PBPMLG: 2H NMR Analysis Reveals a Thermoresponsive 90° Flip of the Polymer
Authors: Schirra Dominic S. , Hirschmann Max , Radulov Iliya A. , Lehmann Matthias , Thiele Christina M.
Published: July 2021

The application of anisotropic parameters in NMR‐spectroscopy enables the acquisition of spatial and angular information, complementary to those from conventional isotropic NMR‐measurements. The use of alignment media is a well‐established method for inducing anisotropy. PBPMLG is a recently discovered polyglutamate‐based alignment medium, exhibiting thermoresponsive behavior in the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phase, thus offering potential for deeper understanding of the alignment process. We present one approach for investigating the thermoresponsive behavior by synthesizing specifically deuterated PBPMLG‐isotopologues and their subsequent analyses using 2H NMR‐spectroscopy. It was possible to relate the observed thermoresponsive behavior to a flip of the polymer with respect to the external magnetic field—an effect never observed before in glutamate‐based polymeric alignment media. Furthermore, a solvent‐induced temperature dependent gelation was verified in THF, which might provide yet another opportunity to manipulate the properties of this alignment medium in the future.
Photoinduced Charge Separation Prompted Intervalence Charge Transfer in a Bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Bridged Donor‐TCBD Push‐Pull System
Authors: Khan Faizal , Jang Youngwoo , Patil Yuvraj , Misra Rajneesh , D'Souza Francis
Published: July 2021

Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT), a phenomenon observed in molecular systems comprised of two redox centers differing in oxidation states by one unit, is reported in a novel, newly synthesized, multi‐modular donor‐acceptor system comprised of central bis(thienyl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) hosting two phenothiazine‐tetracyanobutadiene (PTZ‐TCBD) entities on the opposite sides. One‐electron reduction of TCBD promoted electron exchange between the two TCBD resulting in IVCT transition in the near‐infrared region. The stabilization energy, −ΔGcom and comproportionation equilibrium constant, Kcom calculated from peak potentials of the split reduction waves were found to be 1.06×104 J mol−1, and 72.3 M−1, respectively. Further, the IVCT transition was also witnessed during the process of thermodynamically feasible electron transfer upon excitation of the TDPP entity in the system, and served as a diagnostic marker to characterize the electron transfer product. Subsequent transient absorption spectral studies and data analysis by Global and Target analyses revealed occurrence of ultrafast charge separation (kcs≈1010 s−1) owing to the close proximity and good communication between the entities of the multi‐modular donor‐acceptor system. The role of central TDPP in promoting IVCT is borne out from the present investigation.
Development and properties of zein/Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides blend as a hard capsule material
Authors: Tian Lanying , Fan Hongxiu , Liu Hongcheng , Tong Zhengquan , Liu Tingting , Zhang Yanrong
Published: July 2021

Replacement of animal‐derived capsules with those of plant origin, which are safe and stable, is the development tendency at present. However, properties of pure plant materials, such as high hydrophobicity, low solubility, and poor film‐forming ability, restrict the popularization and application of plant capsules. In the present study, a novel blend of zein and Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TPS) was developed by a facile one‐step shear method. Properties of the blend were investigated to show its potential in being used as raw materials for capsule shells. According to viscosity, rheological behaviors, and microscopic morphology of the blends, TPS molecules enhance both the stability and gelling functions of the mixture by wrapping around the zein aggregations. It was revealed that the viscosity of the zein/TPS system increases with the zein content, while the elasticity of it increases with the TPS content. The films obtained from the blends were characterized by mechanical properties and SEM, showing a zein/TPS mass ratio of 7:3 leads to the most appropriate TS and highest EAB among all films tested. The FTIR and XRD analysis suggested the physical mixing of zein and TPS in the blend films. As shown by the DSC curves, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blend film gradually dropped with the addition of TPS, which was a consequence of the weakening of intermolecular interactions. The paper introduced the whole process, from raw material preparation to ZT capsule production, further verifying the application potentials of such a novel plant material.
Improved antifouling and drug delivery properties of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel by grafting with N‐isopropylacrylamide via organic dye photocatalyzed PET‐RAFT polymerization
Authors: Zhou Jinsheng , Sun Yugui , Huang Zixiang , Luo Zhongkuan , Hu Huiyuan
Published: July 2021

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel was modified with NIPAAm via a green, efficient, and industrially applicable photo induced electron transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (PET‐RAFT) polymerization catalyzed by organic dye. The hydrophilicity of PVA‐g‐pNIPAAm became temperature sensitive due to the introduction of pNIPAAm polymer brushes. It was surprising that PVA‐g‐pNIPAAm became superhydrophilic (WCA = 4.3°) at 25°C while the grafting yield was 39.3%. In addition, no cytotoxic for primary human eyelid fibroblast cells was observed according to ISO 10993.5:2009. Antifouling properties of PVA‐g‐pNIPAAm were significantly improved due to the increase of surface steric repulsion effect. Drug release property of PVA‐g‐pNIPAAm was more controllable than PVA hydrogel. Thus, organic dye catalyzed PET‐RAFT polymerization could be applied to construct functional surface on biomaterials, and PVA‐g‐pNIPAAm hydrogel with lower cytotoxic, higher antifouling, and drug release properties had great potential in drug delivery.
Cranial and endocranial anatomy of a three‐dimensionally preserved teleosauroid thalattosuchian skull
Authors: Wilberg Eric W. , Beyl Alexander R. , Pierce Stephanie E. , Turner Alan H.
Published: July 2021

Thalattosuchians represent one of the several independent transitions into the marine realm among crocodylomorphs. The extent of their aquatic adaptations ranges from the semiaquatic teleosauroids, superficially resembling extant gharials, to the almost cetacean‐like pelagic metriorhynchids. Understanding the suite of osteological, physiological, and sensory changes that accompanied this major transition has received increased attention, but is somewhat hindered by a dearth of complete three‐dimensionally preserved crania. Here, we describe the cranial and endocranial anatomy of a well‐preserved three‐dimensional specimen of Macrospondylus bollensis from the Toarcian of Yorkshire, UK. The trigeminal fossa contains two similar‐sized openings separated by a thin lamina of prootic, a configuration that appears unique to a subset of teleosauroids. Macrospondylus bollensis resembles other thalattosuchians in having pyramidal semicircular canals with elongate cochlear ducts, enlarged carotid canals leading to an enlarged pituitary fossa, enlarged orbital arteries, enlarged endocranial venous sinuses, reduced pharyngotympanic sinuses, and a relatively straight brain with a hemispherical cerebral expansion. We describe for the first time the olfactory region and paranasal sinuses of a teleosauroid. A relatively large olfactory region suggests greater capacity for airborne olfaction in teleosauroids than in the more aquatically adapted metriorhynchoids. Additionally, slight swellings in the olfactory region suggest the presence of small salt glands of lower secretory capacity than those of metriorhynchoids. The presence of osteological correlates for salt glands in a teleosauroid corroborates previous hypotheses that these glands originated in the common ancestor of Thalattosuchia, facilitating their rapid radiation into the marine realm.
Techno‐economic analysis of novolac resin production by partial substitution of petroleum‐derived phenol with bio‐oil phenol
Authors: Khanal Asmita , Manandhar Ashish , Adhikari Sushil , Shah Ajay
Published: July 2021

Novolac resins are produced by reacting phenol and formaldehyde, which are both conventionally obtained from petroleum refining. However, phenolic compounds present in bio‐oil obtained via fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass can be used to partially substitute petroleum‐derived phenol. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the techno‐economic feasibility of producing novolac resin by partially substituting petroleum‐derived phenol with biomass‐based phenol in the U.S. The analysis was done at two different annual novolac resin production capacities of 25, 000 and 100, 000 t, respectively, representing the existing small‐ and large‐scale resin production facilities in the U.S. Mass balance and energy analyses of the system were performed to estimate resources (equipment, raw materials, consumables, utilities, and labor) requirements, capital and operating costs, and the financial parameters, including the minimum selling price (MSP). The MSPs for biomass‐based novolac resin for 25, 000 and 100, 000 t capacities were estimated to be $1,585 t–1 and $1,250/t–1, respectively, which falls below its current market price range ($1,700‐3,200 t–1). The bio‐oil to phenol substitution ratio, phenol content in bio‐oil, phenol cost, plant size, biomass feedstock cost, and resin synthesis residence time were the most sensitive parameters affecting the production cost and MSP of novolac resin. The production of biobased novolac resin has the potential to be economically feasible at the current state of technology, and could be an important outlet for diversifying the use of bio‐oil. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute an additional player in regulating epithelial development
Authors: Hebbar Sarita , Knust Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules produced in cells. So far, they have mostly been connected to diseases and pathological conditions. More recent results revealed a somewhat unexpected role of ROS in control of developmental processes. In this review, we elaborate on ROS in development, focussing on their connection to epithelial tissue morphogenesis. After briefly summarising unique characteristics of epithelial cells, we present some characteristic features of ROS species, their production and targets, with a focus on proteins important for epithelial development and function. Finally, we provide examples of regulation of epithelial morphogenesis by ROS, and also of developmental genes that regulate the overall redox status. We conclude by discussing future avenues of research that will further elucidate ROS regulation in epithelial development.