bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for widespread torsion–vibration interaction in substituted toluenes
Authors: Gascooke Jason R. , Lawrance Warren D.
Published: September 2023

The torsional constant (F) is a parameter extracted from spectroscopic analyses of molecules possessing a methyl group. Its value depends primarily on the methyl structure. Widely varying F values have been reported for substituted toluenes in their ground electronic state, first excited singlet electronic state or the ground electronic state of the cation. Conventionally, this variability is assumed to indicate significant changes in the methyl structure with substituent, its position on the ring and the electronic state. However, when the large amplitude methyl torsion interacts with other, small amplitude vibrations, this interpretation is misleading as the torsional states are shifted to lower energy, resulting in a reduced, ‘effective’ F being determined. We have observed coupling between methyl torsion and the low frequency, methyl group out-of-plane wag vibration in toluene, p-fluorotoluene, m-fluorotoluene and N-methylpyrrole, leading us to postulate that, since such motion will be present whenever the methyl group is attached to a planar frame, this type of interaction is widespread. This is tested for a series of substituted toluenes by comparing the methyl group structure calculated by quantum chemistry with the experimental torsional constants. The quantum chemistry calculations predict little variation in the methyl structure across a wide range of substituents, ring positions and electronic state. The wide variation in F values observed in experimental analyses is attributed to the torsion–vibration interaction affecting the torsional band structure, so that measured F values become ‘effective constants’. Comparisons between calculated and experimental torsional constants need to be cognisant of this effect.
Ribosome-binding antibiotics increase bacterial longevity and growth efficiency
Authors: Wood Emily , Schulenburg Hinrich , Rosenstiel Philip , Bergmiller Tobias , Ankrett Dyan , Gudelj Ivana , Beardmore Robert
Published: September 2023

Antibiotics, by definition, reduce bacterial growth rates in optimal culture conditions; however, the real-world environments bacteria inhabit see rapid growth punctuated by periods of low nutrient availability. How antibiotics mediate population decline during these periods is poorly understood. Bacteria cannot optimize for all environmental conditions because a growth-longevity tradeoff predicts faster growth results in faster population decline, and since bacteriostatic antibiotics slow growth, they should also mediate longevity. We quantify how antibiotics, their targets, and resistance mechanisms influence longevity using populations of
Escherichia coli
and, as the tradeoff predicts, populations are maintained for longer if they encounter ribosome-binding antibiotics doxycycline and erythromycin, a finding that is not observed using antibiotics with alternative cellular targets. This tradeoff also predicts resistance mechanisms that increase growth rates during antibiotic treatment could be detrimental during nutrient stresses, and indeed, we find resistance by ribosomal protection removes benefits to longevity provided by doxycycline. We therefore liken ribosomal protection to a “Trojan horse” because it provides protection from an antibiotic but, during nutrient stresses, it promotes the demise of the bacteria. Seeking mechanisms to support these observations, we show doxycycline promotes efficient metabolism and reduces the concentration of reactive oxygen species. Seeking generality, we sought another mechanism that affects longevity and we found the number of doxycycline targets, namely, the ribosomal RNA operons, mediates growth and longevity even without antibiotics. We conclude that slow growth, as observed during antibiotic treatment, can help bacteria overcome later periods of nutrient stress.
The effect of parental presence on the anxiety during first dental treatment in children
Authors: Karaca Serhat , Şirinoğlu Capan Belen
Published: September 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of parental presence on dental anxiety in children during dental treatments.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted with 194 children between January-April, 2020. The children were randomly divided into two subgroups. Children in group-I were treated in parent’s presence (pp), and in group-II in parent’s absence (pa). The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS) and The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) were used for subjective measurements, whereas the objective measurement was performed by measuring the heart rate.
Results: The mean age of 194 children was 6.26 ± 1.15 years, ranging from 5-8 years of age. The mean MDAS score of all children was 15.1 ± 4.72. No significant correlations were found in terms of dental anxiety between the children’s gender and age with heart rate, WBFPS and MDAS scores. Preoperative WBFPSscores (6.83 ± 1.04 pp and 7.01 ± 0.93 pa) were higher than postoperative scores (5.34 ± 2.11 pp and 5.74 ± 2.04 pa), with no statistically significant difference. Although there was no statistically significant results, the paediatric dentist observed a deterioration in the children’s behavior throughout the sessions in group-II compared to children in group-I.
Conclusions: Parental presence has no statistically significant effect on dental anxiety in children during dental treatments.
Near-Field Thermal Splitter Based on Magneto-Optical Nanoparticles
Authors: Ge 葛 Wen-Xuan 文宣 , Hu 胡 Yang 杨 , Gao 高 Lei 雷 , Wu 吴 Xiaohu 小虎
Published: September 2023

Based on the many-body radiative heat transfer theory, we investigate a thermal splitter based on three magneto-optical InSb nanoparticles. The system comprises a source with adjustable parameters and two drains with fixed parameters. By leveraging the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the permittivity of InSb, the direction of heat flux in the system can be controlled by adjusting the magnetic field or temperature at the source. Under magnetic field control, the coupling between the separated modes, and the suppression of the zero-field mode induced by the magnetic field, are utilized to achieve a thermal splitting ratio within the modulation range of 0.15–0.58. Furthermore, temperature control results in a thermal splitting ratio ranging from 0.15 to 0.99, as a result of the suppression of the zero-field mode by the magnetic field and the blue shift effect of the zero-field mode frequency increasing with temperature. Notably, the gap distance between nanoparticles does not significantly affect the splitting ratio. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for utilizing magneto-optical nanoparticles as thermal splitters and lay the groundwork for implementing complex heat flux networks using InSb for energy collection and heat transfer control.
Bogoliubov spectrum and the dynamic structure factor in a quasi-two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled BEC
Authors: Kaur Inderpreet , Ghosh Sankalpa
Published: September 2023

We compute the Bogoliubov–de Gennes excitation spectrum in a trapped two-component spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in quasi-two-dimensions as a function of linear and angular momentum and analyze them. The excitation spectrum exhibits a minima-like feature at finite momentum for the immiscible SOC-BEC configuration, which implies dynamical instability. We augment these results by computing the dynamic structure factor in the density and pseudo-spin sector, and discuss its interesting features that can be experimentally measured through Bragg spectroscopy of such ultracold condensates.
Lossy dielectric resonator array absorber made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/epoxy composite
Authors: Zhou Yuhao , Liu Yutong , Zeng Lei , Bie Shaowei , Jiang Jianjun
Published: September 2023

A cylindrical lossy dielectric resonator array absorber is designed and verified by experiments. The designed cylindrical resonator array is made of a lightweight carbon multiwalled nanotube/epoxy composite material, and the gaps filled with polypropylene are used to fix the cylindrical array. Studies have shown that the lossy dielectric resonator array structure has dual-mode resonance characteristics, and the hybrid array composed of cylinders with different diameters can further generate multi-resonant coupling effects, thereby significantly improving the absorptivity. The total thickness of the designed absorber is 4 mm, and the normal incidence absorptivity is greater than 97% in the frequency range of 8–12 GHz. The measured results are consistent with the simulation, which verifies the reliability of the design concept and preparation method.
Spark discharges at the interface of water and heptane: emulsification and effect on discharge probability
Authors: Dorval Audren , Stafford Luc , Hamdan Ahmad
Published: September 2023

Spark discharges in liquid have shown great potential for use in numerous applications, such as pollutant degradation, precision micromachining, and nanomaterials production. Herein, spark discharges are initiated at the interface of two immiscible liquids, heptane and water. This leads to the formation of an emulsion via mechanisms akin to bubble dynamics and instabilities at the gas–liquid. At high discharge number, an additional mechanism contributes to emulsion formation, resulting in an increase in the number of smaller heptane droplets in water. Analyses of the current–voltage characteristics show that high probability of discharge occurrence is obtained when the electrodes are aligned with the interface. This result is correlated with the low erosion rate of the electrodes. In the case of discharges at the interface, we observed that beyond a certain number of discharges, the breakdown voltage drops; far from the interface, it increases with the discharge number. Based on 2D simulation with a Monte Carlo approach to consider various droplet distribution in water, the electric field distribution is determined. The results support the fact that the decrease in breakdown voltage may be attributed to the intensification of the E-field in water close the heptane droplet. Therefore, spark discharges generated at the interface of a heptane/water system produce an emulsion of heptane in water, which facilitates the occurrence of subsequent discharges by intensifying the electric field and reducing the breakdown voltage.
Optimization of rotating coil system for magnetic center measurement and its application in high energy photon source
Authors: Zhang Luyan , Han Yuanying , Wang Tong , Dong Lan , Ke Zhiyong , Wang Xiaolong , Men Lingling , Yan Luping , Lu Shang , Liu Xiaoyang , Yan Haoyue
Published: September 2023

The Chinese high energy photon source is the fourth-generation light source that is currently under construction, with the booster being a significant component that has been completed by October 2022. In order to meet this timeline, 218 magnets requiring calibration were fitted with a rotating coil system and a three-coordinate measuring machine to optimize magnet center calibration. The rotating coil system is specially designed for magnetic center measurements. It employs a single-turn coil instead of the traditional complex compensated coil and uses a three-coordinate measuring machine imaging probe for precise positioning of the wire in space. This system has high accuracy, high speed, and high reliability. However, it is limited by the size of the three-coordinate measuring machine, meaning that larger magnets cannot be measured, thus limiting scalability. In September 2022, all of the magnets had been calibrated. This paper introduces the various aspects of coil design and examines the efficacy of employing three-coordinate measuring machine imaging for coil rotation center positioning and sag measurement, and provides a statistical analysis of calibration performance alongside mechanical calibration errors, the deviation between the magnet center and the mechanical center, and also a scatter analysis. Additionally, this paper also outlines the changes in the measuring time for each magnet, providing a reference for future magnet center calibration tasks.
On the role of vacancy-hydrogen complexes on dislocation nucleation and propagation in metals
Authors: Arora Aman , Singh Harpreet , Adlakha Ilaksh , Mahajan Dhiraj K
Published: September 2023

New insights are provided into the role of vacancy-hydrogen (VaH) complexes, compared to the hydrogen atoms alone, on hydrogen embrittlement of nickel. The effect of the concentration of hydrogen atoms and VaH complexes is investigated in different crystal orientations on dislocation emission and propagation in single crystal of nickel using atomistic simulations. At first, embrittlement is studied on the basis of unstable and stable stacking fault energies as well as fracture energy to quantify the embrittlement ratio (unstable stacking fault energy/fracture energy). It is found that VaH complexes lead to high embrittlement compared to H atoms alone. Next, dislocation emission and propagation at pre-cracked single crystal crack-tip are investigated under Mode-I loading. Depending upon the elastic interaction energy and misfit volume, high local concentrations at the crack front lead to the formation of nickel-hydride and nickel-hydride with vacancies phases. These phases are shown to cause softening due to earlier and increased dislocation emission from the interface region. On the other hand, dislocation propagation under the random distribution of hydrogen atoms and VaH complexes at the crack front or along the slip plane shows that VaH complexes lead to hardening that corroborates well with the increased shear stresses observed along the slip plane. Further, VaH complexes lead to the disintegration of partial dislocation and a decrease in dislocation travel distance with respect to time. The softening during emission and hardening during propagation and disintegration of partial dislocation loops due to VaH complexes fit the experimental observations of various dislocation structures on fractured surfaces in the presence of hydrogen, as reported in literature.
Research on electronic synaptic simulation of HfO2-based memristor by embedding Al2O3
Authors: Lin Jinfu , Liu Hongxia , Wang Shulong
Published: September 2023

The potential of neuromorphic computing in synaptic simulation has led to a renewed interest in memristor. However, the demand for multilevel resistive switching with high reliability and low power consumption is still a great resistance in this application. In this work, the electronic synaptic plasticity and simulated bipolar switching behavior of Pt/Al2O3(2 nm)/HfO2 (10 nm)/Al2O3 (2 nm)/Ti tri-layer memristor is investigated. The effect of Al2O3 layer embedded at the top electrode and the bottom electrode on the resistive performance of the memristor was studied. It is found that both of them can effectively improve the reliability of the device (104 cycles), the resistive window (>103), the tunable synaptic linearity and reduce of the operating voltage. RRAM with Al2O3 embedded at the top electrode have higher uniformity and LTP linearity, while those with Al2O3 embedded at the bottom electrode significantly reduce the operating current (∼10 μA) and improve LTD linearity. Electron transport mechanisms were compared between single-layer HfO2 and tri-layer Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 samples under DC scanning. The results showed that the thin Al2O3 layer at the top electrode led to Fowler Northeim tunneling in the low-resistance state, while the thin Al2O3 layer at the bottom electrode led to Schottky emission in the high-resistance state. The Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 memristors were successfully used to achieve synaptic properties, including enhancement, inhibition, and spike time-dependent plasticity, demonstrating an important role in high-performance neuromorphic computing applications.
Hölder regularity for collapses of point-vortices
Authors: Donati Martin , Godard-Cadillac Ludovic
Published: September 2023

The first part of this article studies the collapses of point-vortices for the Euler equation in the plane and for surface quasi-geostrophic equations in the general setting of α models. In these models the kernel of the Biot–Savart law is a power function of exponent

−
α

. It is proved that, under a standard non-degeneracy hypothesis, the trajectories of the point-vortices have a Hölder regularity up to the time of collapse. The Hölder exponent obtained is

1

/

(
α
+
1
)

and this exponent is proved to be optimal for all α by exhibiting an example of a three-vortex collapse. The same question is then addressed for the Euler point-vortex system in smooth bounded connected domains. It is proved that if a given point-vortex has an accumulation point in the interior of the domain as t → T, then it converges towards this point and displays the same Hölder continuity property. A partial result for point-vortices that collapse with the boundary is also established: we prove that their distance to the boundary is Hölder regular.
Distribution patterns of reactive species in the interaction between atmospheric pressure plasma jet and fiber membrane
Authors: Kong Xianghao , Li Sisi , Li Haoyi , Yang Weimin , Yang Dezheng , Ning Wenjun , Wang Ruixue
Published: September 2023

Surface modification of polymer fiber membranes using atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma has gained significant attention in recent years. The effectiveness of surface modification determined by the uniform distribution of reactive species when plasma touching the fibers. In this study, we investigated the distribution patterns of plasma reactive species on the fibers surface with different fiber spacings by both experiment and modeling. The results revealed that reduced fiber spacing produced an obstructive effect on the propagation of reactive species. This obstruction was primarily caused by the accumulation of a significant charge on the windward side of the fiber. Consequently, there was a substantial difference in the fluxes of reactive species between the windward and leeward sides of the fiber membrane, resulting in poor uniformity of the reactive species distribution. It was worth noting that the fluxes of reactive species exhibited a double-peak distribution on the circumferential surface of the fiber filaments. This phenomenon was attributed to the coupling effect between the fiber filaments, wherein the electric field strength was higher within the gap. High electric field strength facilitated the generation and propagation of reactive species. However, as the fiber spacing decreased, the propagation of high field strength became limited until it merged into the fiber gap.
Piezo-phototronic enhanced dual-wavelength InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells Micro-LED arrays
Authors: Yin Yu , Chen Renfeng , Duo Yiwei , He Rui , Yang Jiankun , Ji Xiaoli , Long Hao , Wang Junxi , Wei Tongbo
Published: September 2023

As a promising technology for next-generation displays due to their high brightness and low power consumption, InGaN-based micro light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) have attracted great attention in recent years. In this work, we detailedly investigate the carrier recombination and transportation process in dual-wavelength InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) Micro-LED arrays under piezo-phototronic effects using electroluminescence (EL) and time-resolution photoluminescence measurements. With the increase of external strain, the violet EL intensity of dual-wavelength Micro-LED arrays first increases obtaining a maximum enhancement of ∼12% and then decreases, whereas blue EL emission almost maintains constant. Additionally, as the size of Micro-LED decreases, the enhancement obtained via piezo-phototronic effect will reduce, which is attributed to their inherently weaker piezoelectric polarization effect. Combining with dynamic analysis of carriers in the blue quantum well (QW), it is concluded that strain-induced interface polarized charges promote the wave function overlap of electron–hole pair, but reduce the injection of hole carriers in blue QW. Superposition of the above two factors enables the blue EL intensity stable under piezoelectric coupling. These results present a promising potential of piezo-phototronic effects to improve the Micro-LEDs devices.
A small-scale swimmer actuated by acoustic radiation force
Authors: Liu Junming , Wang Xin , Yu Hang , Wang Le , Chen Si
Published: September 2023

A small-scale swimmer based on a piezoelectric actuator is proposed in this work, which could serve as the thruster for a minitype underwater robot. The out-of-plane stretching vibration mode in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric actuator is selected as the operating mode. Acoustic radiation propultion is generated due to the difference in acoustic impedance between solid and liquid media, then the opposite acoustic driving force makes the swimmer move forward. The vibration modes of piezoelectric actuator in dry and wet modals are compared through the finite element simulation, and verified by mechanical vibration characteristic test. Then a prototype with the size of Φ 37 mm × 45 mm is fabricated. The underwater performance shows that its linear speed achieves 33.93 mm s−1 under the voltage of 160 Vp–p with the frequency of 900 Hz and has a capacity of carrying 20 g loads, which confirms the feasibility of the proposed underwater driving method.
Seismic response analysis of single-degree-of-freedom systems with superelastic monocrystalline CuAlBe SMAs
Authors: Qiu Canxing , Tang Yuqing , Liu Hang , Du Xiuli
Published: September 2023

Although the potential of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in seismic applications has been well recognized, the majority of the past research was directed to NiTi SMAs. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using a novel type of SMA, termed superelastic monocrystalline CuAlBe SMA, in seismic vibration control. According to prior loading tests, CuAlBe SMAs had an excellent superelasticity behavior with the largest recoverable strain over 25%. Within the superelastic range, CuAlBe SMAs shown unloading behavior which was dependent on the strain amplitude in the present cycle, which could not be captured by current constitutive models. Hence, a new constitutive model was firstly proposed to simulate the hysteretic behavior of CuAlBe SMAs, and a good agreement is found between the experimental data and numerical simulations. And then, to explore the characteristics and advantages in terms of seismic applications, case studies on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with NiTi and CuAlBe SMAs were carried out. Finally, two design methods were used to size the NiTi and CuAlBe SMAs, and the corresponding SDOF systems were subjected to two ensembles of earthquakes associated with frequently occurred and design basis seismic hazard levels. The simulation results indicated that, compared with NiTi SMAs, CuAlBe SMAs could more effectively control the displacement and acceleration demands, if their ductility capacity was fully utilized in the design procedure.
Absorption modulation of quasi-BIC in Si–VO2 composite metasurface at near-infrared wavelength
Authors: Dai Hongxiang , Liu Jukun , Ju Jiaqi , Cheng Ke
Published: September 2023

Bound states in the continuum (BIC) have attracted great attention in nanophotonics in the past few years. The metasurface with inverted symmetry breaking exhibits high Q resonance through quasi-BIC (Q-BIC), which realizes light modulation, sensing and nonlinear generation. In this work, a symmetry-broken Si–VO2 composite metasurface is studied and modulate near-infrared light absorption in Q-BIC mode. First, a L-shaped Si metasurface with broken C4v symmetry is designed, which realizes the transition from BIC to Q-BIC and shows strong circular dichroism. Later, phase-change material VO2 is integrated into the L-shaped Si metasurface. By changing the ambient temperature, the Si–VO2 composite metasurface shows distinct light absorption characteristics, including insensitivity to incident angle and a maximum absorption modulation of up to 210%. The results show that VO2 can effectively modified Q-BIC resonator to realize the modulation absorption of near-infrared light.
Darboux transformation and explicit solutions for the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation
Authors: Liu Tongshuai , Xia Tiecheng
Published: September 2023

In this paper, the N-fold Darboux transformation of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation associated with 3×3 order spectral problem is constructed by means of the gauge transformation. By applying the Darboux transformation, some soliton solutions of this equation are derived.
Microstructural analysis of microwave processed EWAC + Cr3C2 cladding on SS-304 substrate
Authors: Srivastava Sharat Chandra , Murtaza Qasim , Kumar Paras
Published: September 2023

The surface layer of SS-304 substrate was modified by a composite cladding of EWAC + Cr3C2 (20%, 40%, & 60% by weight) powder performed by utilizing the concept of microwave hybrid heating technique. The experimental testing was carried out in a home microwave applicator with an Al2O3 shield. Claddings of around 1 mm thickness were produced by exposing materials to microwave irradiation at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and 900 W of power. The entire system was exposed to microwave environment for about 360 s. The microstructural findings showed that the clads were produced via efficient metallurgical bonding, which entailed melting of clad powder along with diffusion of the substrate surface layer. The clads showed hard carbides in a columnar dendritic structure surrounded by a softer nickel-iron based matrix. The XRD spectrum shows that the clad also contains solid solution of Fe/Ni, chromium carbide (Cr23C6 and Cr3C2) and various intermetallic phases like NiSi, Ni3Si, and FeNi3. The average Vickers microhardness of the microwave processed clads was observed to be 700 ± 31 HV for EWAC + 60% Cr3C2, 580 ± 28 HV for EWAC + 40% Cr3C2 and 460 ± 23 HV for EWAC + 20% Cr3C2 respectively. The observed microhardness for all cases was higher than the substrate microhardness (260 ± 5 HV), which indicates the usefulness of the cladding for wear resistance applications.
Effect of coherent edge-localized mode on transition to high-performance hybrid scenarios in KSTAR
Authors: Lee Youngho , Kim S.K. , Kim J.W. , Kim B. , Park M.S. , Kwon J.M. , Choi M.J. , Hahn S.H. , Lee M.W. , Yang S.M. , Hong S.C. , Lee C.Y. , Park S.J. , Byun C.S. , Kim H.-S. , Chung J. , Na Yong-Su
Published: September 2023

This paper deals with one of the origins and trigger mechanisms responsible for the observed performance enhancements in the hybrid scenario experiments conducted in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR). The major contribution to the performance improvement comes from a broader and higher pedestal formation. The increase of fast ion pressure due to a plasma density decrease also contributes substantially to the global beta. Although the reduced core plasma volume resulting from the pedestal expansion has a negative effect on the core thermal energy, a considerable confinement improvement observed in the inner core region limits the degradation. The one significant characteristic of high-performance discharges is the presence of Coherent Edge-localized Mode (CEM) activity. CEM is triggered during the pedestal recovery phase between typical ELM crashes and has been found to be related to the increase of particle and heat transport. It appears to underlie two commonly observed phenomena in high-performance hybrid scenario discharges in KSTAR; pedestal broadening and continuous density decrease. Despite the associated transport increase, CEM activities can induce performance enhancement. With the pedestal broadening, ELM crashes become delayed and weakened, which, in turn, allows for a higher pedestal. Moreover, the density decrease directly increases fast ion pressure by extending the beam-slowing-down time. The linear gyrokinetic analysis reveals that the increase of fast ions could initiate positive feedback loops, leading to the stabilization of Ion Temperature Gradient mode in the inner core region.
Estimation of wall forces solely from magnetic measurements: an application to RFX-mod experiment
Authors: Abate D. , Yanovskiy V. , Bonotto M. , Cordaro L. , Marchiori G. , Pigatto L. , Pustovitov V.D.
Published: September 2023

The estimation of integral wall force using solely magnetic measurement in RFX-mod experiment is presented. The vertical and sideways forces are directly obtained from the magnetic field measured outside the vacuum vessel. Several theoretical predictions related to tokamak are also verified for the reversed field pinch configuration. The contribution of different modes to the force is also considered and analyzed. This method of calculation would be relevant for future nuclear fusion reactors where magnetic measurements will be located only outside the vacuum vessel.
Potential roles of birds diversity in optimizing sustainable oil palm plantations at PT Gunung Tua Abadi
Authors: Putri M M , Kwatrina R T
Published: September 2023

Indonesia has declared the green economy paradigm; as one of the strategic sectors in implementing the green economy, oil palm plantations are expected to start reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, fungicides, pesticides and etc. Additionally, oil palm plantations are expected to be able to optimize the roles of biodiversity in oil palm plantations. So, it will enhance sustainable and environmentally friendly plantation management. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on the species potential and role of birds in oil palm plantations. The study was conducted on four types of land cover at PT Gunung Tua Abadi (PT GTA) with a line transect method in the morning and afternoon with three repetitions. The number of bird species in the Young Oil Palm (YP) is as many as 20. Meanwhile, the lowest number of species was found in Medium Oil Palm (MP) and Old Oil Palm (OP), as many as 10 species. In addition, if grouped by a guild, the birds in PT GTA belong to 8 guilds. Each type of guild is thought to have its role to assist in oil palm operations, including the role of controlling insect pests (Centropus sinensis, Centropus bengalensis, Collocalia linchi); seed dispersal (Trerons vernans), and also as pest control (Tyto alba, Elanus caeruleus). Further research is needed to determine more deeply the effectiveness of the role of each bird species in oil palm plantation.
The role of birds diversity in increasing oil palm productivity at PT Permata Sawit Mandiri, West Kalimantan
Authors: Perdhana R D
Published: September 2023

The expansion of oil palm plantations has reaped many damaging accusations, namely as the leading cause of deforestation, and is responsible for the decline in biodiversity. Oil palm cultivation cannot be separated from pest attacks that affect its quality and quantity. Besides being expensive, pesticides can cause environmental damage and decrease palm oil productivity. Therefore, optimizing the utilization of biodiversity in its management is necessary. As insectivores, birds significantly control pests that attack oil palm plants and also have other beneficial roles for oil palm plantations. This study aims to identify the diversity of bird species and the role of various bird species in the oil palm plantation of PT Permata Sawit Mandiri, West Kalimantan. Data were collected using a combination of line transects, point observation methods, and vegetation analysis methods. Meanwhile, data related to the role of birds in oil palm plantations were obtained through a literature study. The total species of birds found in oil palm plantations were 38 species in 6 land cover locations. The highest number of bird species was found in Secondary Forest in block G12 land cover and based on the type of feed, most bird species also found in this land cover (20 species), which acts as natural pollinators, seed dispersers, and pest control. While the least species of birds were found in oil palm with the oldest planting year (3 species). The diversity and the role of bird species found in secondary forests and rubber forests bordering oil palm plantations have the potential to source food, pollination, and pest control for birds in oil palm plantations.
Diversity and the role of butterflies species at PT Permata Sawit Mandiri, West Kalimantan
Authors: Ningrum I K
Published: September 2023

The use of chemicals indicates a cost inefficiency and makes oil palm plantations considered environmentally unfriendly causing a decrease in environmental quality. These problems indicate the need to increase the role of biodiversity to optimize oil palm productivity and be environmentally friendly. Based on this, research is needed on the diversity and role of butterfly species in palm oil agrosystems. The purpose of this study is to identify the species of butterflies in various land cover and analyzes the role of butterflies in the palm oil agrosystem. The research was conducted at PT Permata Sawit Mandiri, West Kalimantan. Diversity data was obtained through pollard transect and trapping methods, while role data was obtained through the literature study method. The pollard transect method was carried out along a line measuring 2 × 1,000 m long and 10 m wide at 08.00-11.00. The trapping method was carried out by placing 5 traps in each observation line for 3 × 24 hours. The results showed that there were 190 individuals belonging to Papilionidae (3 species), Pieridae (8 species), Nymphalidae (37 species), Lycaenidae (7 species), and Hesperidae (4 species). There are variations of butterfly species between land covers with the highest number of species found in rubber gardens (27 species). 7 species of butterflies have the potential as oil palm pollinators with the highest potential owned by Elymnias hypermnestra. The Papilionidae (Graphium agamemnon, Papilio polytes, Papilio memnon) can be environmental bioindicators because more sensitive to the environment.
Biodiversity tourism: a concept for oil palm villages sustainable revitalization
Authors: Yusrini L , Sunkar A , Santosa Y , Rachmawati E
Published: September 2023

Rural resilience has become an interestingly debated topic in recent years, with scholars offering opposing viewpoints. Studies have suggested that rural resilience is arguably better than that of urban. Especially in the context where the rural is supported economically by the existence of some businesses such as oil palm plantations. However, certain negative images are still linked to oil palm plantations, in particular with respect to biodiversity loss, despite many of the plantations having areas of high conservation value (HCV). HCVs are known to possess and attract wild species such as elephants, orangutans, and other primates, meaning that ecologically, HCV represents a significant added value of the oil palm plantations. This conceptual paper aims to contribute to this debate by envisioning feasible futures of biodiversity tourism for oil palm village revitalization by utilizing the biodiversity richness of HCVs. This study includes a conceptual model of biodiversity tourism for oil palm village revitalization that was developed using a causal loop diagram approach. The causal loop diagram depicts an overall understanding and describes the village system’s complexity. Positive and negative loops that form the reinforcement and balance circles represent the connection between the input and output variables. A systematic literature review and interviews with pilot village stakeholders were used to collect data. The potential of such a vision is discussed before finally concluding with an insight into the future of biodiversity tourism for oil palm village revitalization. This paper recognizes that biodiversity tourism for oil palm village revitalization can be done sustainably by presenting it as a complex system with its subsystems. It shows that oil palm villages and biodiversity are interdependent and interconnected. Moreover, biodiversity tourism can be recognized as a vehicle to promote the positive impacts of oil palm plantations in enhancing knowledge and awareness of biodiversity conservation beyond existing economic value.
Superposing and modulating heterogeneous optical vortices of high-order orbital angular momentum
Authors: Zhang Yidan , Luo Hao , Li Peng , Guo Hao , Sang Suling , Gu Yuzong , Wu Zhenkun
Published: September 2023

This article reports the preparation of high orbital angular momentum (OAM) using non-uniform beam interference both theoretically and experimentally. This study commences with the reconstruction of Bessel–Gaussian vortex beams utilizing power-exponential-phase vortices. Subsequently, two reconstructed beams are used for interfere, followed by the application of the phase multiplication technique. This methodology enables higher-order operations on the interfered beams, thereby escalating their topological charges and facilitating the attainment of high-orbit angular momentum. The implementation of these methods is especially relevant in the realms of optical manipulation and remote sensing. Lastly, the high OAM optical vortex is subjected to rotation at any controllable angle. This manipulation introduces an additional degree of freedom for particle operations, thereby expanding their application prospects.
Inelastic mechanical behaviour of an additively manufactured titanium alloy: a statistical continuum mechanics theory perspective
Authors: Mahdavi Mostafa , Alaghmandfard Reza , Odeshi Akindele , Mohammadi Mohsen , Liang Steven , Garmestani Hamid
Published: September 2023

Statistical continuum mechanics theory was used to simulate the inelastic stress of polycrystalline materials using two-point statistics. For the experimental part, the Electron beam melting (EBM) technique (Arcam EBM Q10 additive machine) was used to fabricate cylindrical rods of Ti-6Al-4V both in horizontal and vertical directions. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was employed to achieve statistically reliable orientation maps of vertically and horizontally printed samples. In this study, high strain rate compression tests at six different strain rates were performed, and the stress–strain curves were generated. This work is amongst the first attempts to model the microstructure of additively manufactured hexagonal alloys under compressive loadings using the statistical continuum mechanics theory. The model is capable of simulating reasonably large microstructures (statistically representative) with a practical computational cost and accuracy, unlike numerical models that require a high computational cost. It should be noted that in additive manufacturing, due to large grains and high anisotropy, microstructures used in the simulations should be large enough to include sufficient information from the material’s structure. Therefore, using finite element models would be very challenging here. On the other hand, the statistical continuum mechanics theory uses the statistical representation of the material’s characteristics for solving the governing equations with Green’s function that enables this methodology to use more microstructure characteristic information without having a noticeable change to the computational cost. The proposed model in this study uses different microstructure characteristics such as crystal grain orientation, total slip systems, active slip systems, gain morphology, and chemical phases that are obtained from EBSD images for simulating the inelastic mechanical behavior of polycrystalline materials. Although this model simulates polycrystalline materials by considering various crystal and grain information, unlike numerical methods, it doesn’t simulate the grain interactions well and we cannot study local deformation and crack nucleation sites. This model works very well for simulating the overall behavior of material instead of each individual grain and failure analysis. This model has shown a good combination of computational cost and accuracy in which the error between the simulated and experimental strength for vertical and horizontal samples was 6.21% and 8.07%, respectively.
Modulating poisson’s ratio in flexible honeycombs by density and architecture gradations
Authors: Uddin Kazi Zahir , Anni Ibnaj Anamika , Youssef George , Koohbor Behrad
Published: September 2023

Zero Poisson’s ratio structures are a new class of mechanical metamaterials wherein the absence of lateral deformations allows the structure to adapt and conform their geometries to desired shapes with minimal interventions. These structures have gained attention in large deformation applications where shape control is a key performance attribute, with examples including but not limited to shape morphing, soft robotics, and flexible electronics. The present study introduces an experimentally driven approach that leads to the design and development of (near) zero Poisson’s ratio structures with considerable load-bearing capacities through concurrent density and architecture gradations in hybrid honeycombs created from hexagonal and re-entrant cells. The strain-dependent Poisson’s ratios in hexagonal and re-entrant honeycombs with various cell wall thicknesses have been characterized experimentally. A mathematical approach is then proposed and utilized to create hybrid structures wherein the spatial distribution of different cell shapes and densities leads to the development of honeycombs with minimal lateral deformations under compressive strains as high as 0.7. Although not considered design criteria, the load-bearing and energy absorption capacities of the hybrid structures are shown to be comparable with those of uniform cell counterparts. Finally, the new hybrid structures indicate lesser degrees of instability (in the form of cell buckling and collapse) due to the self-constraining effects imposed internally by the adjacent cell rows in the structures.
Altered dynamic network interactions in children with ASD during face recognition revealed by time-varying EEG networks
Authors: Chen Baodan , Jiang Lin , Lu Guoqing , Li Yuqin , Zhang Shu , Huang Xunan , Xu Peng , Li Fali , Yao Dezhong
Published: September 2023

Although the electrophysiological event-related potential in face processing (e.g. N170) is widely accepted as a face-sensitivity biomarker that is deficient in children with autism spectrum disorders, the time-varying brain networks during face recognition are still awaiting further investigation. To explore the social deficits in autism spectrum disorder, especially the time-varying brain networks during face recognition, the current study analyzed the N170, cortical activity, and time-varying networks under 3 tasks (face-upright, face-inverted, and house-upright) in autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. The results revealed a smaller N170 amplitude in autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing, along with decreased cortical activity mainly in occipitotemporal areas. Concerning the time-varying networks, the atypically stronger information flow and brain network connections across frontal, parietal, and temporal regions in autism spectrum disorder were reported, which reveals greater effort was exerted by autism spectrum disorder to obtain comparable performance to the typically developing children, although the amplitude of N170 was still smaller than that of the typically developing children. Different brain activation states and interaction patterns of brain regions during face processing were discovered between autism spectrum disorder and typically developing. These findings shed light on the face-processing mechanisms in children with autism spectrum disorder and provide new insight for understanding the social dysfunction of autism spectrum disorder.
The association of microbial infection and adaptive immune cell activation in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Clement Mathew
Published: September 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Early symptoms include the loss of memory and mild cognitive ability; however, as the disease progresses, these symptoms can present with increased severity manifesting as mood and behaviour changes, disorientation, and a loss of motor/body control. AD is one of the leading causes of death in the UK, and with an ever-increasing ageing society, patient numbers are predicted to rise posing a significant global health emergency. AD is a complex neurophysiological disorder where pathology is characterized by the deposition and aggregation of misfolded amyloid-beta (Aβ)-protein that in-turn promotes excessive tau-protein production which together drives neuronal cell dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. It is widely accepted that AD is driven by a combination of both genetic and immunological processes with recent data suggesting that adaptive immune cell activity within the parenchyma occurs throughout disease. The mechanisms behind these observations remain unclear but suggest that manipulating the adaptive immune response during AD may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Using immunotherapy for AD treatment is not a new concept as the only two approved treatments for AD use antibody-based approaches to target Aβ. However, these have been shown to only temporarily ease symptoms or slow progression highlighting the urgent need for newer treatments. This review discusses the role of the adaptive immune system during AD, how microbial infections may be contributing to inflammatory immune activity and suggests how adaptive immune processes can pose as therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
12. Criminology and atrocity crimes
Authors: Aydın-Aitchison Andy , Buljubašić Mirza , Holá Barbora
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the key concepts and history of criminology being correlated with atrocity. It explains that atrocity criminology will continue to develop in association with criminologies of overlapping and related phenomena, such as war and organisational crime. The international criminalization of atrocity has been addressed by many authors who emphasize different dimensions, including Austin Turk’s conflict theory. The chapter notes that aetiological inquiry on atrocity features multiple disciplines, integrating a breach of legal or moral prohibition, and theoretical resources that situate individual action in a wider context. It also acknowledges the dilemma surrounding the uniquely criminological approach to the problem of atrocity.
32. Youth justice in an age of uncertainty: principles, performance, and prospects
Authors: McAra Lesley
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the principles, operational functioning, and impacts of the institutions which have evolved across the four nations in the United Kingdom to deal with children and young people who come into conflict with the law. A key aim of the chapter is to assess the social, political, and cultural conditions necessary to sustain more progressive approaches to youth justice, predicated on the best interests of the child. The chapter begins with a critique of the evolving normative framings of youth justice, both in terms of the international standards to which UK systems avowedly adhere and the shifting conceptual underpinnings of research and policy debates on young people who come into conflict with the law. It then explores the recent history of policy transformation across the four UK nations, a story of both divergent and convergent dynamics. Following this, the chapter considers the disjuncture which research has found between the ambition osentencf policy and the cultural practices of institutions which make up the youth justice system, highlighting a persistent tendency to recycle a client group of young people who are mostly poor, known to systems from an early age and disproportionately from Black and Minoritized Ethnic groups. The final part of the chapter offers some reflections on the futures of youth justice in a time of multiple and intersecting crises, and what needs to be done now to nurture and support children and young people: a holistic and generative approach to justice.