bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Useful clinical findings and simple laboratory data for the diagnosis of seasonal influenza
Authors: Takeoka Hiroaki , Horibata Ken , Hiyoshi Tetsuya , Noge Ikuma , Sakihara Eishi , Sechi Yusuke , Okutsu Shota , Suzuyama Hiroki , Nabeshima Shigeki
Published: March 2021

Background

When using rapid antigen test kits for the diagnosis of influenza, false‐negative results may occur if done too soon after the onset of symptoms. The purpose of this study was done to determine clinical laboratory items other than rapid antigen testing are useful for diagnosing influenza.

Methods

The subjects were 915 patients who visited the outpatient clinic of hospital between April 2010 and March 2017 during the influenza epidemic seasons, from December to April, and had both fever of 37.0 degrees or more and cold symptoms.

Results

Of the 214 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 176 had influenza. Multivariate analysis extracted patient consultation within four days of onset, fever of 37 degrees or higher, posterior pharyngeal lymphoid follicles, CRP of 0.77 mg/dL or less, and a lymphocyte count of 900/μL less as independent variables.

Conclusion

In previous study, lymphoid follicles on the posterior pharyngeal wall and decreased lymphocyte count were reported as influenza‐specific findings. Both were confirmed with high specificity in our study, indicating that both would be useful when patients with influenza‐like symptoms were false‐negative for the rapid antigen test.
MANF protects pancreatic acinar cells against alcohol‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular injury
Authors: Wu Huaxun , Li Hui , Wen Wen , Wang Yongchao , Xu Hong , Xu Mei , Frank Jacqueline A. , Wei Wei , Luo Jia
Published: March 2021

Background/Purpose

Heavy alcohol drinking is associated with pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is initiated by the damage to the pancreatic acinar cells. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to play an important role in alcohol‐induced pancreatic damage. Mesencephalic astrocyte‐derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an ER stress‐inducible protein. The aim of the study was to determine whether MANF can ameliorate alcohol‐induced ER stress and cellular damages to pancreatic acinar cells.

Methods

Alcohol‐induced damage to mouse pancreatic 266‐6 acinar cells was determined by MTT and flow cytometry. MANF expression was downregulated by MANF siRNA using the Neon Transfection System. The overexpression of MANF was performed by the infection with the adenoviral vector carrying mouse MANF gene. The expression of ER stress markers was determined by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence.

Results

Alcohol caused ER stress, oxidative stress and induced apoptosis of 266‐6 acinar cells. Recombinant human MANF alleviated alcohol‐induced ER stress and cell death by inhibiting IRE1‐caspase 12‐caspase 3 apoptotic pathway. Overexpression of mouse MANF also protected cells against alcohol‐induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibiting MANF by siRNA exacerbated alcohol‐induced cellular damage.

Conclusions

MANF was protective against alcohol‐induced ER stress and cellular injury in pancreatic acinar cells. The findings suggest a potential therapeutic value of MANF for alcoholic pancreatitis.
MRI Findings of Arachnoiditis, Revisited. Is Classification Possible?
Authors: El Homsi Maria , Gharzeddine Karem , Cuevas Jordan , Arevalo‐Perez Julio , Rebeiz Karim , Khoury Nabil J. , Moukaddam Hicham
Published: March 2021

Background

Prior imaging studies characterizing lumbar arachnoiditis have been based on small sample numbers and have reported inconsistent results.

Purpose

To review the different imaging patterns of lumbosacral arachnoiditis, their significance, and clinical implications.

Study type

Retrospective.

Population

A total of 96 patients (43 women; average age 61.3 years) with imaging findings of arachnoiditis (postsurgical: N = 49; degenerative: N = 29; vertebral fracture: N = 6; epidural and subdural hemorrhage: N = 3, infectious: N= 1; other: N = 8) from January 2009 to April 2018.

Field strength/Sequence

Sagittal and axial T2‐weighted Turbo Spin Echo at 1.5 T and 3 T.

Assessment

Chart review was performed to assess the cause of arachnoiditis, and imaging was reviewed by two musculoskeletal and three neurology radiologists, blinded to the clinical data and to each other's imaging interpretation. Previous classification included a three‐group system based on the appearance of the nerve roots on T2‐weighted images. A fourth group was added in our review as “nonspecified” and was proposed for indeterminate imaging findings that did not fall into the classical groups. The presence/absence of synechiae/fibrous bands that distort the nerve roots and of spinal canal stenosis was also assessed.

Statistical tests

The kappa score was used to assess agreement between readers for both classification type and presence/absence of synechiae.

Results

Postsurgical (51%) and degenerative changes (30%) were the most common etiologies. About 7%–55% of arachnoiditis were classified as group 4. There was very poor classification agreement between readers (kappa score 0.051). There was also poor interreader agreement for determining the presence of synechiae (kappa 0.18) with, however, strong interreader agreement for the presence of synechia obtained between the most experienced readers (kappa 0.89).

Data Conclusion

This study demonstrated the lack of consensus and clarity in the classification system of lumbar arachnoiditis. The presence of synechia has high interreader agreement only among most experienced readers and promises to be a useful tool in assessing arachnoiditis.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Vaccine hesitancy: Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID‐19 vaccination among Egyptian medical students
Authors: Saied Shimaa M. , Saied Eman M. , Kabbash Ibrahim Ali , Abdo Sanaa Abd El‐Fatah
Published: March 2021

Background

Vaccine hesitancy poses serious challenges for achieving coverage for population immunity. It is necessary to achieve high COVID‐19 vaccination acceptance rates and medical students’ coverage as future health care providers. The study aimed to explore the level of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and determine the factors and barriers that may affect vaccination decision‐making.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out among medical students in Tanta and Kafrelsheikh Universities, Egypt. Data collection was done via an online questionnaire during January 2021 from 2133 students.

Results

The majority of the participant students (90.5%) perceived the importance of the COVID‐19 vaccine, 46% had vaccination hesitancy, and an equal percentage (6%) either definitely accepted or refused the vaccine. Most of the students had concerns regarding the vaccine's adverse effects (96.8%) and ineffectiveness (93.2%). The most confirmed barriers of COVID‐19 vaccination were deficient data regarding the vaccine's adverse effects (potential 74.17% and unknown 56.31%) and insufficient information regarding the vaccine itself (72.76%).

Conclusion

The government, health authority decision‐makers, medical experts, and universities in Egypt need to work together and make efforts to reduce hesitancy and raise awareness about vaccinations, consequently improving the acceptance of COVID‐19 vaccines.
Simultaneous determination of erythrocyte methotrexate polyglutamates by a novel and simple HPLC‐MS/MS method with stable isotope‐labeled internal standards
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Zhang Song , Li Jiali , Zhong Xiaoli , Feng Guiping , Hu Liangqing , He Fan , Cen Hanjing , Chen Yilu , He Yanling , Zeng Huasong , Chen Xiao , Mo Xiaolan
Published: March 2021

Low‐dose methotrexate is the first‐line therapy for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In vivo, methotrexate is converted into a series of methotrexate polyglutamates whose intracellular levels contribute significantly to its efficacy and toxicity. In this study, a novel high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine erythrocyte methotrexate polyglutamates using stable isotope‐labeled internal standards. Erythrocyte samples were precipitated by perchloric acid and then determined on an XBridge BEH C18 column with an XP vanguard precolumn in 12 min. The mobile phase consisted of 10 nM ammonium acetate (pH 10) and methanol under gradient elution. The detection was carried out in multiple reaction monitoring mode via an electrospray ionization source in positive ionization mode. The calibration curve for each metabolite was linear from 2.0 to 500.0 nmol/L (r2 > 0.99). The intraday and interday accuracies were between 93.0 and 107.0%, and the corresponding precisions were between 0.8 and 5.2%. The relative recovery ranged from 82.7 to 105.1%, and the relative matrix effect varied from 96.5 to 104.4%. The erythrocyte metabolites were stable for 30 days at −80°C. This simple and accurate method is applicable to routine monitoring of the concentration of erythrocyte methotrexate polyglutamates in patients to achieve individualized treatment.
Effect of Artesunate Combined With Fractional CO2 Laser on the Hypertrophic Scar in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Zhang Jinxia , Xia Zhikuan , Zhou Shuanglin , Luo Wanting , Peng Zhuoying , Yang Rongya
Published: March 2021

Background and Objectives

Hypertrophic scar (HS), a common complication in wound healing, is characterized by the disarrangement of collagen, fibers, and extracellular matrix. Artesunate (ART) can inhibit the abnormal formation of fibroblasts and collagens. Fractional CO2 laser (FCO2L) can facilitate tissue remodeling and the absorption of drugs into ablative microthermal columns in HS. So far, no research has investigated the efficacy of ART combined with an FCO2L in treating HS. To investigate the theoretical basis and clinical significance of this combination, we established a rabbit model of HS to observe the change in the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Forty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: control group, ART group, FCO2L group, and ART + FCO2L (combination) group. Four wounds were surgically established in the ear of each rabbit and allowed to develop into HS. ART (20 μL/cm2) was injected in ART and combination groups, and FCO2L (combo mode, deep energy:10m J, super energy: 50 mJ) in FCO2L and combination groups on the 28th day after HS occurred. Three rounds of treatment were applied (once every 14 days). HS samples were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Van Gieson staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis on the 70th day.

Results

The morphological and histopathological changes in HS were significant. HSs were smoother and smaller and the collagen fibers were thinner and less disordered in the combination group than those in ART and FCO2L groups. Meanwhile, the hypertrophic index (HI), fiber density (NA), and collagen fiber content (AA) were lower in the combination group (1.54 ± 0.15, 3.30 ± 0.22, 30.37 ± 1.41%) than in the ART group (2.51 ± 0.22, 4.69 ± 0.16, 44.68 ± 2.30%) and FCO2L group (1.99 ± 0.14, 4.13 ± 0.12, 37.74 ± 1.38%) (P < 0.01). Additionally, the expressions of TGF‐β1 and PCNA protein were suppressed in the ART group (0.30 ± 0.03, 0.25 ± 0.03) and FCO2L group (0.35 ± 0.03, 0.32 ± 0.05), and the suppression was more significant in the combination group(0.07 ± 0.02, 0.07 ± 0.02) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The combination of ART and FCO2L can effectively reduce HS in the rabbit model. This is the first report about this combination in the treatment of HS. A novel treatment is expected to be based on our findings. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Molecule‐Responsive Polymer Monolith as a Smart Gate Driven by Host–Guest Interaction with Morphology Restoration
Authors: Mizuno Shunsuke , Asoh Taka‐Aki , Takashima Yoshinori , Harada Akira , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

Materials that function in response to the molecules are attracting attention as smart materials. In particular, the autonomous change in permeability is an attractive function of the biomimetic materials in the fields of microfluidic devices, transport control, and sensing. In this study, a monolith that incorporates crosslinked points formed by an inclusion complex of β‐cyclodextrin and phenyl groups is prepared and applied for permeability control. Monoliths with continuous pores of several micrometers in size show a reversible permeability change in response to the specific molecules. During the supramolecular bond dissociation/reformation cycle, the monoliths restore their permeability along with their original porous structure.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Polyethylene Midblock Copolymers in Hot Steam: Key Role of Crystalline and Topological Structure
Authors: Cheng Shuwen , Hu Yu , Wu Xuanhong , Li Wei , Mu Jingshan
Published: March 2021

A series of linear‐shaped, H‐shaped, and dumbbell‐shaped semi‐crystalline triblock copolymers (E1, E2 and E3) is prepared, which contains polyethylene (PE) midblock and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) endblocks. The molecular design in this study is focused on the variation of the length and number of PMMA chains, with a fixed PE midblock (Mn = 16 000 g mol−1) and approximate composition (wtPE%:wtPMMA ≈ 1:1), upon which the hierarchical self‐assembly behavior in solvent vapor annealing (SVA) process is investigated. The dumbbell‐shaped E3, which contains the most and shortest PMMA chains, shows a drastic reduction of the Tm and crystallinity of PE midblock. It is attributed to the plasticization effects by the dumbbell architecture, which disturbed the chain folding of PE block. The variation of the topological structure of copolymers not only accelerates the transformation of morphologies from spherical to network, but also leads to the formation of new morphologies. After repeated annealing, both E1 and E2 form crossed network, columnar and flower‐like morphologies by higher‐level assembly from preassembled vermicular micelles. By comparison, the dumbbell‐shaped E3 assembled into lamellar or stacks of “lamellar” morphologies. The hierarchical self‐assembly can be governed by the combination of the driving forces of PE crystallization and the topologies structure.
Pipeline of anti‐Mycobacterium abscessussmall molecules: Repurposable drugs and promising novel chemical entities
Authors: Egorova Anna , Jackson Mary , Gavrilyuk Victor , Makarov Vadim
Published: March 2021

TheMycobacterium abscessuscomplex is a group of emerging pathogens that are difficult to treat. There are no effective drugs for successfulM. abscessuspulmonary infection therapy, and existing drug regimens recommended by the British or the American Thoracic Societies are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, novel antibacterial drugs are urgently needed to contain this global threat. The current anti‐M. abscessussmall‐molecule drug development process can be enhanced by two parallel strategies—discovery of compounds from new chemical classes and commercial drug repurposing. This review focuses on recent advances in the finding of novel small‐molecule agents, and more particularly focuses on the activity, mode of action and structure–activity relationship of promising inhibitors from five different chemical classes—benzimidazoles, indole‐2‐carboxamides, benzothiazoles, 4‐piperidinoles, and oxazolidionones. We further discuss some other interesting small molecules, such as thiacetazone derivatives and benzoboroxoles, that are in the early stages of drug development, and summarize current knowledge about the efficacy of repurposable drugs, such as rifabutin, tedizolid, bedaquiline, and others. We finally review targets of therapeutic interest inM. abscessus that may be worthy of future drug and adjunct therapeutic development.
Continuous fast pyrolysis synthesis of TiO2/C nanohybrid lithium‐ion battery anode
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Funke Axel , Cheng Ya‐Jun , Song Fang , Yin Shanshan , Liang Suzhe , Zuo Xiuxia , Gao Jie , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Xia Yonggao
Published: March 2021

Continuous fast pyrolysis is developed for in situ synthesis of ultra‐small metal oxide nanoparticles embedded into three‐dimensional macroporous carbon matrix as demonstrated by the TiO2/carbon nanohybrid. The TiO2 nanoparticles with the average size of 4.6 nm ± 0.6 nm are uniformly distributed in the in situ generated macroporous carbon matrix. When evaluated as an anode in a lithium‐ion battery, the macroporous TiO2/C nanohybrid exhibits a reversible capacity of 483 mAh g–1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 67 mA g–1, which is 3.6 times higher than that of the TiO2/C calcined in a conventional batchwise way. Besides, the capacity retains 93 mAh g–1 at a high current density of 670 mA g–1. It reveals that the continuous fast pyrolysis is an efficient method to fabricate carbon composition based metal oxides as lithium‐ion battery anode materials.
Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women with diabetes in the Lolland‐Falster Health Study, Denmark
Authors: Løwenstein Ea , Jepsen Randi , Andersen Lea L. , Laigaard Jennie , Møller Lars A. , Gæde Peter , Bonde Lisbeth , Gimbel Helga
Published: March 2021

Aims

To investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and UI subtypes (stress, urgency, and mixed UI) in women with or without diabetes mellitus; and to investigate the association between diabetes and UI (any and subtypes).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study based on the Lolland‐Falster, Denmark population‐based health study. From 2016 to 2020, clinical measurement, questionnaires, and blood tests were collected. A total of 8563 women aged 18 or older were enrolled. Data analysis included 7906 women. UI was defined as any involuntary leakage of urine during the previous 4 weeks. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders: age, body mass index, parity, physical activity, previous gestational diabetes, education, and smoking.

Results

UI prevalence was 50.3% in women with diabetes and 39.3% in women without diabetes. The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for UI in women with diabetes was OR 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–1.92) and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.88–1.38), respectively. Mixed UI was associated with diabetes after controlling for confounders. A subgroup analysis found women using multiple antidiabetic medications had increased odds of UI, 2.75 (95% CI, 1.38–5.48), after controlling for confounders.

Conclusion

The prevalence of UI in women with diabetes was higher than in women without diabetes. The odds of UI was 56% higher in women with diabetes compared with women without diabetes but the effect was attenuated when controlling for confounders and statistically significance was not achieved. For a subgroup using multiple antidiabetic medications, the risk of UI was higher than in women without diabetes.
A prospective, multicenter, international study to explore the effect of three different amplitude settings in female subjects with urinary urge incontinence receiving interstim therapy
Authors: Elterman Dean , Ehlert Michael , De Ridder Dirk , McCrery Rebecca , Pakzad Mahreen , Kaufman Melissa R. , Shah Sagar , Margolis Eric , Bukkapatnam Raviender , Johnson Gayle , Zirpel Lance , Stolen Kira , Champs Mylène , Goudelocke Colin
Published: March 2021

Aims

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of sub‐sensory amplitude settings of sacral neuromodulation therapy on overactive bladder symptoms in subjects with urinary urge incontinence.

Methods

Subjects who qualified for a neurostimulator device implant were randomized to one of three amplitude settings (50% of sensory threshold [ST], 80% of ST, and ST). Subjects completed urinary voiding diaries (3‐day), International consultation on incontinence modular questionnaire—overactive bladder symptoms quality of life questionnaire, and patient global impression of improvement (PGI‐I) to assess change in voiding symptoms and quality of life (QoL) from baseline through 12 weeks.

Results

Forty‐eight subjects had a successful test stimulation, 46 were implanted with a neurostimulator device and 43 completed the 12‐week follow‐up visit. The change from baseline to 12 weeks is −3.0 urinary incontinence (UI) episodes/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: −4.4 to −1.7) for the 50% of sensory threshold group, −2.9 UI episodes/day (95% CI: −4.7 to −1.2) for 80% of sensory threshold group, and −3.6 UI episodes/day (95% CI: −5.2 to −1.9) for the sensory threshold group. In each randomized group, improvements were observed in health‐related QoL, its subscales, and symptom interference. Subjects across all three randomization groups reported on the PGI‐I that their bladder condition was better at 12 weeks compared to before they were treated with InterStim therapy.

Conclusion

These findings provide insights into possible advancements in the postimplantation phase of therapy with potential for improved patient comfort and increased device longevity.
Centralization of health policy decisions, conversion to austerity, and public defiance in contemporary France
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: March 2021

France has experienced significant social policy changes in the last 20 years, which are perceived to be paradigm shifts. The paper informs the reader about the implementation of New Public Management (NPM) principles in the French health care system and its limitations. NPM developments change the healthcare environment, but its outcomes were below expectations. Reforms led to a recentralization of health policy decisions, eased the implementation of austerity measures, but adversely affected key stakeholders such as the medical profession and the public. Reforms pitted the Medical Profession against the Techno Structure. Public participation and civic engagement are receding.
Sleep terrors—A parental nightmare
Authors: Gigliotti Federica , Esposito Dario , Basile Consuelo , Cesario Serena , Bruni Oliviero
Published: March 2021

Sleep terrors (STs) are sleep disorders characterized by abrupt arousal from sleep with autonomic hyperactivity and inappropriate behavior. Though a common condition in childhood that usually affects children between 4 and 12 years of age, STs, however, may be present even in adulthood. The exact etiology of STs is not known yet, however, several hypotheses have been proposed over the years, identifying some potential genetic, neurodevelopmental, or other causes. Nevertheless, a useful pathophysiological model identified a common cascade of predisposing, priming, and precipitating factors, which could help to explain and sometimes prevent STs. Establishing a correct diagnosis is mandatory for appropriate management, as several conditions (such as other parasomnias or nocturnal seizures) may mimic STs. Furthermore, we also described some conditions which can be comorbid to STs, like some medical or psychological disorders. A number of treatment options have been proposed, ranging from only sleep hygiene practices to pharmacological therapies; we reviewed some of the most prominent ones. In spite of the fact that STs have long been considered benign disorders, which tend to reduce spontaneously over the years, they may have unexpected consequences on the child but also on the caregivers.
Clinical validation of a mandibular movement signal based system for the diagnosis of pediatric sleep apnea
Authors: Martinot Jean‐Benoit , Cuthbert Valérie , Le‐Dong Nhat N. , Coumans Nathalie , De Marneffe Deborah , Letesson Clément , Pépin Jean L. , Gozal David
Published: March 2021

Background

Given the high prevalence and risk for outcomes associated with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), there is a need for simplified diagnostic approaches. A prospective study in 140 children undergoing in‐laboratory polysomnography (PSG) evaluates the accuracy of a recently developed system (Sunrise) to estimate respiratory efforts by monitoring sleep mandibular movements (MM) for the diagnosis of OSA (Sunrise™).

Methods

Diagnosis and severity were defined by an obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (OAHI) ≥ 1 (mild), ≥ 5 (moderate), and ≥ 10 events/h (severe). Agreement between PSG and Sunrise™ was assessed by Bland–Altman method comparing respiratory disturbances hourly index (RDI) (obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and respiratory effort‐related arousals) during PSG (PSG_RDI), and Sunrise RDI (Sr_RDI). Performance of Sr_RDI was determined via ROC curves evaluating the device sensitivity and specificity at PSG_OAHI ≥ 1, 5, and 15 events/h.

Results

A median difference of 1.57 events/h, 95% confidence interval: −2.49 to 8.11 was found between Sr_RDI and PSG_RDI. Areas under the ROC curves of Sr_RDI were 0.75 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.72–0.78), 0.90 (IQR: 0.86–0.92) and 0.95 (IQR: 0.90–0.99) for detecting children with PSG_OAHI ≥ 1, PSG_OAHI ≥ 5, or PSG_ OAHI ≥ 10, respectively.

Conclusion

MM automated analysis shows significant promise to diagnose moderate‐to‐severe pediatric OSA.
Disturbance compensation based asymptotic tracking control for nonlinear systems with mismatched modeling uncertainties
Authors: Yang Guichao , Wang Hua , Chen Jie
Published: March 2021

In order to acquire high‐performance tracking control for a class of nonlinear systems with matched and mismatched modeling uncertainties, a disturbance‐compensation‐based nonlinear robust controller with a continuous control law is integrated via a novel asymptotic‐filter‐based backstepping approach. Specially, a set of novel asymptotic disturbance observers with exact estimation performance is constructed to estimate matched and mismatched total disturbances respectively in real time. Moreover, the integrated control algorithm just needs the state measurements only and does not require any internal dynamics and other physical parameter information generally. Furthermore, only the first derivative of the command to be tracked is demanded. It is noted that asymptotic output tracking performance under the closed‐loop operation can be achieved. Finally, the whole closed‐loop stability is proven strictly via the Lyapunov theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the integrated controller is demonstrated by contrastive application results.
Observer design for a class of nonlinear systems combining dissipativity with interconnection and damping assignment
Authors: Biedermann Bastian , Meurer Thomas
Published: March 2021

A nonlinear observer design approach is proposed that exploits and combines port‐Hamiltonian systems and dissipativity theory. First, a passivity‐based observer design using interconnection and damping assignment for time variant state affine systems is presented by applying output injection to the system such that the observer error dynamics takes a port‐Hamiltonian structure. The stability of the observer error system is assured by exploiting its passivity properties. Second, this setup is extended to develop an observer design approach for a class of systems with a time varying state affine forward and a nonlinear feedback contribution. For a class of nonlinear systems, the theory of dissipative observers is adapted and combined with the results for the passivity‐based observer design using interconnection and damping assignment. The convergence of the compound observer design is determined by a linear matrix inequality. The performance of both observer approaches is analyzed in simulation examples.
Design and Friedlander Reaction Based Synthesis of New Cycloalkyl Ring Fused Quinolines as Multifunctional Agents for Alzheimer's Treatment: In Silico Studies
Authors: Macha Baswaraju , Kulkarni Ravindra , Garige Anil Kumar , Pola Shivani , Akkinepally Raghuramrao , Garlapati Achaiah
Published: March 2021

A new series of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitors were designed based on the structure of tacrine and synthesized in multicomponent Friedlander reaction between 2‐aminobenzonitrile and cycloalkanones. The synthesized tacrine analogs were characterized by spectral data and evaluated for acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activity by following Ellman method. Compound 11 a and 11 g with piperazine containing acetamide and butyrylamide chains have shown equal potency to that of tacrine with IC50 values 0.71±0.04 and 1.01±0.03 μM, and 0.52±0.03 and 0.73±0.04 μM, against AChE and BuChE respectively when compared to standard tacrine with IC50 of 0.23±0.4 μM and 0.31±0.03, whereas rivastigmine showed 0.47±0.2 and 0.65±0.02 μM against AChE and BuChE, respectively. Also, some of the potent compounds were tested for liver toxicity and were found to be much safer than tacrine. Thus, these new tacrine analogs with five, six and seven membered ‘C’ rings have emerged as new cholinesterase inhibitors for further exploitation as anti‐Alzheimer's agents. Docking studies of all the molecules disclosed close hydrogen bond interactions within the binding site.
Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste: Fabrication of Keratin‐Chitosan Biofilms
Authors: Gül Çelik Mediha , Hakan Morcali M. , Ayhan Ziba Cengiz , Dolaz Mustafa
Published: March 2021

According to scientists, keratin is one of the most abundant fibrous materials in nature after cellulose and chitin in the world. Several nature fibrous materials have a wide range of application starting from biomedical application to the construction sector, and especially the textile sector. The uses of natural fibers in these sectors are economical for increasing their specific properties, such as antibacterial properties, flexibility, tensile strength, shear strength, toughness, etc. This paper presented a new type of keratin‐chitosan biofilms with the separation of keratin from waste chicken feathers. The laboratory‐scale keratin extraction process was designed. The keratin extraction percentage of different lixiviants (NaOH; NaOH+Na2S; Na2S) were studied and compared each other to understand the reaction process. The chosen reaction parameters were lixiviant concentration, reaction time, and temperature in an attempt to figure out their effects on the extraction of keratin. The highest extraction value was achieved at 60 °C and 400 rpm for 6 h, and 0.5 M Na2S per 5 g of chicken feather powder. After obtaining keratin powder from the chicken feather powder, the keratin and chitosan powders were mixed in a certain ratio. Afterwards the polyvinyl alcohol was added into the mixture of keratin and chitosan at 100 °C until forming the biofilms. The properties and structure of the biofilms were characterized and antibacterial properties of films were examined. Owing to its enormous extraction performance using common and cheap chemicals and simple equipment at ambient conditions, the pile processing method has great promise for the keratin bio‐waste's industrially.
The FDA and the COVID‐19: A political economy perspective
Authors: March Raymond J.
Published: March 2021

This article utilizes a political economy framework to examine how FDA regulations impacted the U.S. healthcare sector's ability to address COVID‐19. I specifically examine the developing COVID‐19 testing, the approval of the medication remdesivir, and COVID‐19 vaccines. By examining periods before and after the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs), my analysis finds that the FDA's regulations enacted before the COVID‐19 pandemic began strongly restricted clinician and patient access to COVID‐19 testing, remdesivir treatment, and approving vaccines. After the FDA issued EUAs, the healthcare sector quickly adopted COVID‐19 testing and remdesivir with little evidence of negative consequences. These findings contribute to the economics literature examining the FDA and contemporary COVID‐19 policy research.
The impact of a stress‐reducing protocol on the quality of pre‐anaesthesia in cats
Authors: Argüelles Juan , Echaniz Mónica , Bowen Jonathan , Fatjó Jaume
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Transport to the clinic is a major source of stress for cats. The process involves being put into a carrier, driven in a car and handled. Cats are therefore removed from the safe‐haven of their territory and experience many stressful stimuli and interactions.

Methods: In the present study, 31 cats were transported to the clinic following a low‐stress transport protocol and compared with a control group of 36 cats whose owners did not follow the protocol. This protocol involved preparing a cat carrier basket with F3 pheromone and keeping it covered and stable during the car journey from the home to the clinic. Pre‐anaesthesia information was recorded for cardiac rate, respiratory rate, tolerance to handling, time for sedation to be achieved and dose of propofol required for induction and endotracheal intubation.

Results: The group exposed to the low‐stress transport protocol took less time to reach sedation and needed a lower dose of propofol for induction than the control group.

Conclusion: These results suggest that, in cats, pre‐anaesthetic and induction requirements are influenced by lower‐stress transport and handling.
Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders in UK dogs: Epidemiology and management aspects of a research‐neglected syndrome
Authors: O'Neill Dan G. , Hendricks Anke , Phillips Jennifer A. , Brodbelt Dave C. , Church David B. , Loeffler Anette
Published: March 2021

Background: Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders (ASD) are frequent presentations for dogs in primary‐care practice but evidence‐based information on disease occurrence and risk is sparse. This study estimates prevalence, breed associations and other risk factors as well as reporting on clinical management.

Methods: A cohort study of dogs attending VetCompass practices between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2013. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression methods.

Results: Of 104,212 dogs attending 110 UK practices, the 1‐year period prevalence of ASD was 4.40% (95% CI: 4.22–4.57). Compared to crossbreds, six breeds showed increased odds of ASD (Cavalier King Charles spaniel, King Charles spaniel, Cockapoo, Shih‐tzu, Bichon Frise and Cocker spaniel), and six breeds showed reduced odds (Labrador Retriever, Border collie, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Lurcher, German Shepherd Dog and Boxer). Brachycephalic types had 2.6 times the odds for ASD compared to dolichocephalic types. Medication prescribed for ASD included antimicrobials (n = 480, 20.24%) and analgesics (n = 284, 11.97%). Anal sacculectomy was performed in under 1% of cases.

Conclusions: High prevalence, strong breed predispositions and evidence of severity suggested from the antimicrobial and analgesic therapies combined with current substantial knowledge gaps identify ASD as a key research‐neglected syndrome in dogs.
Detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in pneumonic lungs from clinically apparently healthy camels slaughtered at Tambul slaughterhouse, Central Sudan
Authors: Abdalla Nahid A. S. , Alhussain Alaa E. M. , Mohammed Sana I. , Hakeem Mihad , Ahmed Ihsan H. , Mohammed Galal E. , Osman Nussieba A.
Published: March 2021

The study investigated the presence and prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viral antigens among camels in Tambul area, Gezira State, Central Sudan, regardless of its sex, age and breed, and their possible contribution in the epidemiology of the disease in the Sudan. Hundred pneumonic lung tissues were aseptically collected from clinically apparently healthy camels showed no signs of illness at ante‐mortem examination, from Tambul slaughterhouse, Tambul area, Gezira State, Central Sudan, between November and December 2018. Samples were collected based on presence of the pneumonic signs, at the tissue level, including congestion of the lungs, presence of abscesses, fragility, changes in colour and thickness of the tissue. In order to detect PPR viral antigen, haemagglutination (HA) test was employed on lung tissue homogenate, using chicken RBCs suspension, which gave a positive reaction in 17–19 min. PPRV antigen was detected in 98 of camel samples with an overall antigenic prevalence of 98%. Of note, the HA titres achievable ranged from 4 to 256 HA units (HAU) with mean titre of 14.4 HAU, whereas apparently most of the samples achieved HA titres of 8 HAU. The results demonstrated presence of PPR viral antigens associated with pneumonia in camels indicating exposure of these camels to PPRV and probably presence of subclinical infection. Infection of species other than small ruminants suggests the fact that camels are potential hosts for PPRV and might play a role (or not) in the epidemiology of the disease. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if camels are able to transmit PPRV for in‐contact small ruminants or other animal species.
Lineage‐instructive functions of the E26‐transformation‐specific‐family transcription factor Spi‐C in immune cell development and disease
Authors: Raczkowski Hannah L. , DeKoter Rodney P.
Published: March 2021

Cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis are the consequence of a complex mixture of inputs from cell‐intrinsic and cell‐extrinsic factors. In rare cases, expression of a single transcription factor, or a few key factors, may be sufficient to dictate lineage differentiation in a precursor cell. The E26‐transformation‐specific‐family transcription factor Spi‐C has emerged as an example of a lineage‐instructive factor involved in the generation of mature, specialized subsets of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. Spi‐C can instruct differentiation of splenic precursors into red pulp macrophages responsible for phagocytosing senescent red blood cells. In the B cell compartment, Spi‐C acts as a key regulator of cell fate decisions at the pro‐B to pre‐B cell stage and for plasma cell differentiation. Spi‐C regulates key genes including Nfkb1, Bach2, Syk, and Blnk to regulate cell cycle entry and B cell differentiation. Here, we review the biology of the lineage‐instructive transcription factor Spi‐C and its contribution to mechanisms of disease in macrophages and B cells.

This article is categorized under:

Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Molecular magnetic properties of a dysprosium(III) complex coordinated to a nonadentate bispidine ligand
Authors: Cieslik Patrick , Comba Peter , Hergett Waldemar , Klingeler Rüdiger , Plny Günter Finn Peter , Spillecke Lena , Velmurugan Gunasekaran
Published: March 2021

The DyIII complex of the nonadentate bispidine L1 (bispidine=3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) has a capped square antiprismatic structure, known to lead to suppressed quantum relaxation of magnetization by quantum tunneling. [DyIIIL1]OTf indeed is an SMM with a modest barrier to magnetization relaxation. The experimentally determined barrier of 46 cm−1 is confirmed by ab initio calculations (43.5 cm−1), and the quantum‐chemical analysis indicates that ligand modifications, leading to a higher symmetry and a stronger axial ligand field should significantly increase the effective barrier to magnetization relaxation.
The multi-field, rapid-turn inflationary solution
Authors: Aragam Vikas , Paban Sonia , Rosati Robert
Published: March 2021

Abstract

There are well-known criteria on the potential and field-space geometry for determining if slow-roll, slow-turn, multi-field inflation is possible. However, even though it has been a topic of much recent interest, slow-roll, rapid-turn inflation only has such criteria in the restriction to two fields. In this work, we generalize the two-field, rapid-turn inflationary attractor to an arbitrary number of fields. We quantify a limit, which we dub extreme turning, in which rapid-turn solutions may be found efficiently and develop methods to do so. In particular, simple results arise when the covariant Hessian of the potential has an eigenvector in close alignment with the gradient — a situation we find to be common and we prove generic in two-field hyperbolic geometries. We verify our methods on several known rapid-turn models and search two type-IIA constructions for rapid-turn trajectories. For the first time, we are able to efficiently search for these solutions and even exclude slow-roll, rapid-turn inflation from one potential.
Correction to: Respect for the journey: a survivor-led investigation of undergoing psychotherapy assessment
Authors: Faulkner Alison , Kelly Katie , Gibson Sarah , Gillard Steve , Samuels Lana , Sweeney Angela
Published: March 2021

The original version of this article contained references to articles and authors that were blinded.
Die Zügeloperation bei inkompletter Okulomotoriusparalyse (Rectus-superior- und Rectus-lateralis-Transposition nach nasal unten)
Authors: Gräf Michael
Published: March 2021

Ziel

Demonstration der Technik und Wirksamkeit der Zügeloperation bei Okulomotoriusparalyse mit erhaltener Hebungsfähigkeit.

Methode

Transposition der Mm. recti lateralis (hinter Mm. obliquus und rectus inferior) und superior (hinter Obliquus-superior-Sehne und M. rectus medialis) in den nasal unteren Quadranten.

Ergebnisse

Im exemplarisch dargestellten Fall korrigierte der Eingriff ohne wesentlichen Verrollungseffekt eine paralytische Exo-Hypertropie von 30–40°/20–30°.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Zügeloperation erweitert das chirurgische Repertoire zur Korrektur paralytischen Schielens.
High-Speed PIV of shock boundary layer interactions in the transonic buffet flow of a compressor cascade
Authors: Klinner Joachim , Hergt Alexander , Grund Sebastian , Willert Christian E.
Published: March 2021

The dynamics of a transonic buffet flow on the suction side of a highly loaded 2-D compressor blade model is investigated at a chord-based Reynolds number of$$1.4 \times 10^6$$1.4×106and an inlet Mach number of 1.05. Near stall the detached bow shock exhibits pronounced modal shock oscillations at buffet frequencies of$${\omega ^*}=2\pi f c / U_1=2.27$$ω∗=2πfc/U1=2.27which are not related to any structural aeroelastic modes. High-speed PIV at several stations along the chord provides chordwise velocity spectra and wave propagation velocities of shock-induced perturbations. For this purpose, a double-pulse laser system with a high-repetition rate was set up consisting of two combined DPSS lasers. This enables time-resolved PIV using frame straddling at up to 100 kfps and pulse separations down to 800 ns. Synchronized high-speed shadowgraph imaging simultaneously locates the position of the bow shock. Based on cross-correlations between velocity time records at two points and between velocity and shock position, the propagation velocity of the modal perturbations is determined upstream and downstream from the shock. The measured data indicate that feedback occurs between a region immediately downstream of the shock foot and a plane upstream of the shock, up to which transverse velocity disturbances are convected. This observation is contrary to Lee’s model Lee (AIAA J 28(5):942–944, 1990) which describes self-sustained shock-buffet as a consequence of shock–trailing edge interactions.

Graphic Abstract
Improving tumor budding reporting in colorectal cancer: a Delphi consensus study
Authors: Haddad Tariq Sami , Lugli Alessandro , Aherne Susan , Barresi Valeria , Terris Benoît , Bokhorst John-Melle , Brockmoeller Scarlet Fiona , Cuatrecasas Miriam , Simmer Femke , El-Zimaity Hala , Fléjou Jean-François , Gibbons David , Cathomas Gieri , Kirsch Richard , Kuhlmann Tine Plato , Langner Cord , Loughrey Maurice B. , Riddell Robert , Ristimäki Ari , Kakar Sanjay , Sheahan Kieran , Treanor Darren , van der Laak Jeroen , Vieth Michael , Zlobec Inti , Nagtegaal Iris D.
Published: March 2021

Tumor budding is a long-established independent adverse prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, yet methods for its assessment have varied widely. In an effort to standardize its reporting, a group of experts met in Bern, Switzerland, in 2016 to reach consensus on a single, international, evidence-based method for tumor budding assessment and reporting (International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference [ITBCC]). Tumor budding assessment using the ITBCC criteria has been validated in large cohorts of cancer patients and incorporated into several international colorectal cancer pathology and clinical guidelines. With the wider reporting of tumor budding, new issues have emerged that require further clarification. To better inform researchers and health-care professionals on these issues, an international group of experts in gastrointestinal pathology participated in a modified Delphi process to generate consensus and highlight areas requiring further research. This effort serves to re-affirm the importance of tumor budding in colorectal cancer and support its continued use in routine clinical practice.
A longitudinal analysis of fatigue in colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy
Authors: Xian Xuemei , Zhu Chenping , Chen Yilin , Huang Binbin , Xu Didi
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The aim of this longitudinal study was to analyze trends in fatigue among colorectal cancer patients during chemotherapy and examine the predictors of multidimensional fatigue.

Methods

A mixed sample of colorectal cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy (N = 200) was recruited in China. The patients completed the Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) at baseline (before chemotherapy) and after 3 and 6 months of chemotherapy. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate the effect of time on the CFS score. The data on violations of the statistical assumptions (independence, normality, and sphericity) from the repeated measures ANOVAs were examined. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations of the potential predictor variables at baseline on the total fatigue score and subscale scores at follow-up.

Results

As chemotherapy progressed, significant increases in the three subscale scores and total scores were observed. Physical fatigue and total fatigue scores increased continuously during chemotherapy (P < 0.001). However, affective fatigue and cognitive fatigue scores increased significantly in the first 3 months (P < 0.001) and basically remained stable thereafter (P > 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression was used to analyze the predictors. The results showed that the baseline fatigue subscale score was the strongest predictor of each dimension of fatigue. In addition, age affected physical fatigue, and monthly income and education affected cognitive fatigue.

Conclusion

Fatigue increased during chemotherapy. Early assessment and intervention may be better for controlling fatigue, especially in patients with higher baseline fatigue level, older age, and lower economic and educational levels.
User-centred design evaluation of symbols for adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane-keeping assistance (LKA)
Authors: Perrier Mickaël Jean Rémy , Louw Tyron Linton , Carsten Oliver
Published: March 2021

Advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) are now numerous, each relieving drivers of their responsibility for the control of different aspects of the driving task. Notably, adaptive cruise control (ACC) for longitudinal control, or lane departure prevention (LDP) and lane centring control (LCC) for lateral control, two variations of the lane-keeping assistance (LKA) system. Drivers must familiarise themselves with various symbols to correctly identify and activate the system they wish to be using and the existing standard graphical symbols for ACC and LKA are often replaced by manufacturers in favour of their own symbols. With a user-centred approach in mind, we previously conducted a focus group where drivers were invited to design their own symbols and discuss those symbols currently in-use. In the present research, we administered an online survey and analysed the responses from 328 drivers regarding different levels of knowledge about ADAS, to evaluate the usability of a selection of these symbols. Our results indicate that the standard ACC symbol would not be the most suitable of the four symbols tested, whereas, the standard LKA/LDP symbol was greatly confused with any of the four LCC symbols we tested, especially if hands were present on the symbol. Finally, drivers without prior knowledge of ADAS had more difficulties interpreting those symbols in general. Considerations for the development and evaluation of graphical symbols are discussed.