bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors in Musculoskeletal Disorder Development in Children Connected With the Extended use of Information and Communication Technologies
Authors: Lazić Miloš , Mačak Hadžiomerović Amra , Pleho Dženan , Alibegović Aldina , Alić Nino
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The way of life in modern society goes along with new technological discoveries and achievements. This lifestyle leaves its positive and negative consequences on children. Such changes are especially reflected on health already in earliest stages of life. The studies show that most children have been using computers even since kindergarten and that children’s computer use is longer than recommended. It is more effective and cheaper to prevent musculoskeletal disorders than to cure them. Goal: To examine all risk factors concerning the development of musculoskeletal disorders connected with a long use of information and communication technologies by reviewing scientific literature. Material and methods: Non-experimental qualitative research into the risk factors of the development of musculoskeletal disorders connected with a long use of information and communication technologies based on relevant databases. Results and discussion: Based on a discussion of the attitudes and opinions of other authors, risk factors are divided in three basic groups: ergonomic, individual, and psychosocial risk factors. As it is shown in the discussion of this paper, a disbalance of the desk for a desktop computer, the non-ergonomic design of the furniture, the type and time of the ICT usage device, the sedentary way of using the ICT devices at school and at home are just some of the numerous risk factors to children’s health. Conclusion: By examining the risk factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders in children connected with an extended use of information and communication technologies, the presented evidence in the discussion section based on other authors’ attitudes and opinions, leads us to the conclusion that numerous risk factors that affect children’s health are due to a larger and more frequent use of computers, console games, tablets and mobile phones.
The generation of cortical novelty responses through inhibitory plasticity
Authors: Schulz Auguste , Miehl Christoph , Berry Michael J , Gjorgjieva Julijana
Published: October 2021

Animals depend on fast and reliable detection of novel stimuli in their environment. Neurons in multiple sensory areas respond more strongly to novel in comparison to familiar stimuli. Yet, it remains unclear which circuit, cellular, and synaptic mechanisms underlie those responses. Here, we show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity of inhibitory-to-excitatory synapses generates novelty responses in a recurrent spiking network model. Inhibitory plasticity increases the inhibition onto excitatory neurons tuned to familiar stimuli, while inhibition for novel stimuli remains low, leading to a network novelty response. The generation of novelty responses does not depend on the periodicity but rather on the distribution of presented stimuli. By including tuning of inhibitory neurons, the network further captures stimulus-specific adaptation. Finally, we suggest that disinhibition can control the amplification of novelty responses. Therefore, inhibitory plasticity provides a flexible, biologically plausible mechanism to detect the novelty of bottom-up stimuli, enabling us to make experimentally testable predictions.
A Hybrid GA/GE Beamforming Technique for Side Lobe Cancellation of Linear Antenna Arrays
Authors: Abdelrahman S. I. , Hussein A. H. , Shaalan A. E. A.
Published: October 2021

Side lobe level reduction is one of the most critical research topics in antenna arrays beamforming as it mitigates the interfering and jamming signals. In this paper, a hybrid combination between the Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique and the gauss elimination (GE) equation solving technique is utilized for the introduction of the proposed GA/GE beamforming technique for linear antenna arrays. The proposed technique estimates the optimum excitation coefficients and the non-uniform inter-elements spacing for a specific side lobe (SL) cancellation without disturbing the half power beamwidth (HPBW) of the main beam. Different size Chebychev linear antenna arrays are taken as simulation targets. The simulation results revealed the effectiveness of the proposed technique
Exploring microwave absorption by non-periodic metasurfaces
Authors: Hamilton J. K. , Hooper I. R. , Lawrence C. R.
Published: October 2021

In recent years there has been a large body of work investigating periodic metasurface microwave absorbers. However, surprisingly few investigations have focused on the absorption performance of similar non-periodic designs. In this work, the electromagnetic response of a large area (310 mm x 310 mm) microwave absorber that lacks a global periodicity is experimentally studied. The top metallic layer of the ultra-thin (0.3 mm) absorber is structured with rectangular patches given by a procedurally generated non-periodic pattern, known as the toothpick sequence. The specular reflectivity of both p-polarised and s-polarised incident radiation shows coupling to an additional low frequency mode when compared to a standard square patch periodic absorber. To further explore the coupling efficiency of such non-periodic absorbers, finite element models were used to investigate the influence of increasing sample size.
Betulinic acid decreases lipid accumulation in adipogenesis-induced human mesenchymal stem cells with upregulation of PGC-1α and UCP-1 and post-transcriptional downregulation of adiponectin and leptin secretion
Authors: Senamontree Sasithon , Lakthan Thitiporn , Charoenpanich Pornsri , Chanchao Chanpen , Charoenpanich Adisri
Published: October 2021

Background

Controlling cellular functions, including stem cell growth and differentiation, can be the key for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previously identified as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, betulinic acid (BA) may have the capability to control stem cell homeostasis, benefiting T2DM treatment. In this study, the effects of BA on osteogenesis and adipogenesis mechanisms of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were investigated.

Results

We observed that BA increased hMSC osteogenesis by enhancing the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and mRNA expressions of osteogenic markers, namely, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. In addition, BA decreased hMSC adipogenesis with the decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, reduced intracellular lipid accumulations, down-regulated CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha, and suppressed post-transcriptional adiponectin and leptin secretion. BA increased the brown adipocyte characteristics with the increase in the ratio of small lipid droplets and glucose uptake. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of brown adipocyte markers, namely, PPARγ coactivator one alpha, uncoupling protein 1, and interleukin-6 increased.

Conclusions

Our results uncovered the mechanisms of how BA improved glucose and lipid metabolisms by decreasing white adipogenesis and increasing brown adipogenesis. Altogether, BA may be used for balancing glucose metabolisms without the potential side effects on bone loss or weight gain.
Impact of Various Sources of Seed Priming on Growth, Yield and Quality of Spinach Local (Spinacia oleracea) in-vitro and in-vivo Condition
Authors: Joshi Bela , Rai P. K. , Pandey Vandana
Published: October 2021

Seed germination, following seedling growth are basic but crucial steps in a plant life cycle which includes proper seed germination which is a basic pre-requisite for a better crop growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Vegetable Science Department under the Defence Institute of Bio-Energy and Research (DIBER), (DRDO), Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand in the year 2020-2021 to standardize the best treatment of seed priming specific to Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). An investigation was conducted both in a laboratory and on the field with the same treatment that was: (T1) Distilled water, (T2) 1%NaCl, (T3) 1%H2O2, (T4) 1%Na2CO3, (T5) Tap water, (T6) 1%DAP, (T7) Control. Seeds were soaked for 16 hrs and then dried to original moisture content for 2 days. It was found that all the priming treatments showed a significant difference with the control and the highest germination %(lab) with 71% was observed in seeds treated with DAP (T6) and the highest crop yield (field) were observed for 1% Na2CO3. Na2CO3 showed the best result in the field as well as in lab conditions based on different quality parameters followed by DAP. This study showed that seed priming treatments help in the enhancement of seed quality parameters, proved cost-effective and the most economical method. The experiment helps to improve the seed quality using different priming treatments which are cost-effective, economic, environment friendly and one of the quickest methods used for seed enhancement.
Quantification of Tofacitinib in Human Plasma Samples Using Radio-Labeled Internal Standard
Authors: Yamana Anilvikas , Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bannoth
Published: October 2021

A simple, sensitive and accurate liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for determination of Tofacitinib in human plasma. The method was developed on Agilent Zorbax SB-C8 150×4.6 mm, 5 µm column using 10mM ammonium formate: acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) mobile phase for Chromatographic separation of Tofacitinib. The Tofacitinib and Tofacitinib- C3 were monitored by electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reactions monitoring mode to detect the Tofacitinib at mass/charge 313.200/149.200 and Tofacitinib-13C3 (Internal Standard) at 316.500/149.200. Liquid-liquid extraction was employed in the extraction of analytes from human plasma. Both drug and internal standards were stable in plasma samples. The proposed method was validated as per international council of harmonization guidelines over a linear concentration range of 0.2ng/mL to 100.0ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) of ≥ 0.9983. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies of tofacitinib in biological samples can be achieved by analyzing them using the validated developed method. This study plays a key role in determining routine therapeutic drug monitoring of tofacitinib drug.
Oligomycin A Induces Apoptosis‐to‐Pyroptosis Switch against Melanoma with Sensitized Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Liying , Lu Dan , Huo Minfeng , Xu Huixiong
Published: October 2021

Induction of mitochondrial‐targeted therapies is demonstrated to be predominantly effective in malignant melanoma therapeutics mediated by programmed cell death (PCD). The pivotal control to switch cell apoptosis to pyroptosis is exhibited to overcome the apoptosis‐resisting characters and induce immune responses against the melanoma. Yet approaches to trigger this switch are limited by far. In the present work, it is found that oligomycin A (OA), a mitochondrial respiratory inhibitor, can effectively suppress mitochondrial functionalities and induce the intracellular oxidative stresses in situ, ultimately inducing apoptosis‐to‐pyroptosis switch against melanoma. The authors have encapsulated OA into the designed cyclic argine‐glycine‐aspartic (c(RGDyC)) decorated iron constructed metal‐organic framework (MIL101‐NH2‐Fe) to develop tumorous glutathione responsive nanocatalytic therapeutics, aiming to trigger intensive apoptosis‐to‐pyroptosis PCD against melanoma, accompanied with the sensitized immunotherapy via the immune checkpoint blockade. The present work offers a prominent PCD switch to destruct melanoma with promising clinical perspectives.
Development of Nickel Selenide@polydopamine Nanocomposites for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Guided NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Hu Wenxue , Zhen Wenyao , Zhang Mengchao , Wang Wei , Jia Xiaodan , An Shangjie , Wang Yue , Guo Zhuo , Jiang Xiue
Published: October 2021

The penetration depth of near‐infrared laser has greatly restricted the development of most photothermal agents. Recently, photothermal agents in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window have drawn great attention as they can overcome above barrier. Herein, a novel “all in one” NIR‐II responsive nanoplatform (nickel selenide @polydopamine nanocomposites, NiSe@PDA NCs) based on in situ coating the polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of biomineralized nickel selenide nanoparticles (NiSe NPs) for dual‐model imaging‐guided photothermal therapy is reported. Under the illumination of NIR‐II laser (1064 nm), the photothermal conversion efficiency of NiSe@PDA NCs can reach 48.4%, which is higher than that of single NiSe NPs due to the enhanced molar extinction coefficient. In addition, because of the paramagnetic effect of NiSe NPs, the constructed NiSe@PDA NCs can be acted as T1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Most importantly, the MRI contrast effect is enhanced with the coating of PDA layer due to the loose structure of PDA. Ultimately, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the developed NCs can achieve efficient MRI‐guided photothermal therapy for treating malignant tumor. Therefore, the designed NiSe@PDA NCs with excellent features show great potential for clinical MRI‐guided cancer therapy.
Smart Chemical Engineering‐Based Lightweight and Miniaturized Attachable Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery and Diagnostics
Authors: Chen Wei , Wang Zheng , Wang Lin , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: October 2021

Smart attachable systems have attracted much attention owing to their capabilities in terms of body performance evaluation, disease diagnostics, and drug delivery. Recent advances in chemical and engineering techniques provide many opportunities to improve device fabrication and applications owing to the advantages of being lightweight and easy to control as well as their battery absence and functional diversity. This review highlights the latest developments in the field of chemical engineering‐based lightweight and miniaturized attachable systems, which are mainly inspired by the natural world. Their applications for real‐time monitoring, point‐of‐care sampling, biomarker detection, and controlled release are discussed thoroughly with respect to specific products/prototypes. The perspectives of the field, including persistence guarantee, burden reduction, and personality improvement, are also discussed. It is believed that chemical engineering‐based lightweight and miniaturized attachable systems have good potential in both clinical and industrial fields, indicating a large potential to improve human lives in the near future.
Regioselective Hydroperoxylation of Aziridines and Epoxides Only with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Saleh SK Abu , Hazra Atanu , Hajra Saumen
Published: October 2021

A catalyst and organic solvent‐free regioselective hydroperoxylation of aziridines and epoxides, including spiroaziridine‐ and spiroepoxy oxindoles have been explored with commercially available 50% aq. H2O2. This method provides an access to secondary benzylic β‐hydroperoxy amines and ‐alcohols and tertiary 3‐hydroperoxy oxindoles. The protocol is also applicable to the less reactive alkyl aziridines. Furthermore, an acid‐catalyzed Kornblum‐DeLaMare type rearrangement of secondary benzylic hydroperoxide has also been revealed to afford amino‐ and hydroxyl ketones.

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Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Allylation and Prenylation of Indoles at C4‐Position
Authors: Zhang Shang‐Shi , Liu Yan‐Zhi , Zheng Yi‐Chuan , Xie Hui , Chen Shao‐Yong , Song Jia‐Lin , Shu Bing
Published: October 2021

Herein, Rh(III)‐catalyzed C4‐selective C−H allylation and prenylation of indoles by using a weak carbonyl coordination directing group have been reported. By employing 5‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐ones, 4‐vinyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones and 2‐methyl‐2,3‐butadiene as scalable cross‐coupling partners, these divergent synthesis protocols proceed smoothly under redox‐neutral reaction conditions, delivering various allylated and prenylated indoles in moderate to satisfied yields. This transformation exhibits high functional‐groups compatibility and broad substrate scope. Scale‐up experiment and mechanistic studies were also accomplished.

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Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Tandem Cyclization of Alkynol‐Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes to Construct Naphthalene‐Fused Eight‐ to Eleven‐Membered Cyclic Ethers
Authors: Tao Leyi , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: October 2021

A gold‐catalyzed intramolecular tandem cyclization of alkynol‐tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes was reported in this paper, providing a synthetic route to access naphthalene‐fused eight‐ to eleven‐membered cyclic ether derivatives in moderate to good yields. On the basis of control experiments and DFT calculations, a reasonable reaction mechanism involving a gold carbene intermediate was proposed, which was formed via the 6‐endo‐dig enyne cyclization process.

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Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Fibers: Controllable Architectures for Electrochemical Energy Applications
Authors: Zhang Fangzhou , Sherrell Peter C. , Luo Wei , Chen Jun , Li Wei , Yang Jianping , Zhu Meifang
Published: October 2021

Organic/inorganic hybrid fibers (OIHFs) are intriguing materials, possessing an intrinsic high specific surface area and flexibility coupled to unique anisotropic properties, diverse chemical compositions, and controllable hybrid architectures. During the last decade, advanced OIHFs with exceptional properties for electrochemical energy applications, including possessing interconnected networks, abundant active sites, and short ion diffusion length have emerged. Here, a comprehensive overview of the controllable architectures and electrochemical energy applications of OIHFs is presented. After a brief introduction, the controllable construction of OIHFs is described in detail through precise tailoring of the overall, interior, and interface structures. Additionally, several important electrochemical energy applications including rechargeable batteries (lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries), supercapacitors (sandwich‐shaped supercapacitors and fiber‐shaped supercapacitors), and electrocatalysts (oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction) are presented. The current state of the field and challenges are discussed, and a vision of the future directions to exploit OIHFs for electrochemical energy devices is provided.
Electrochemically Promoted Bifunctionalization of Alkynes for the Synthesis of β‐Keto Sulfones
Authors: Wan Hai‐Lan , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong
Published: October 2021

An electrochemical oxidative difunctionalization of internal and terminal alkynes with sulfonyl hydrazides for the synthesis of β‐keto sulfones has been achieved. The reaction involves the addition of sulfonyl radicals to alkynes, and the resulting alkenyl radicals are oxidized to alkenyl cations, which are then nucleophilically attacked by H2O, followed by tautomerization to form β‐keto sulfones. The method is green and sustainable as it is catalyst‐free, oxidant‐free, and additive‐free. The new C−O and C−S bonds can be constructed in one‐pot to directly access β‐keto sulfone derivatives.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic α,β‐Dehydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Shibatani Ayaka , Kataoka Yasutaka , Ura Yasuyuki
Published: October 2021

The aerobic dehydrogenation of saturated carboxylic acids to α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids proceeded by a simple Pd(OAc)2/pyridine catalyst system under 1 atm of O2. β‐Acyloxylated carboxylic acids were also produced from propionic acid and butyric acid by the conjugate addition of the substrates to the formed α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids. When propionic acid was used as a substrate,trans‐Pd(OCOEt)2(pyridine)2was formedin situas a precatalyst. The kinetic experiments indicated that Pd(OCOR)2(pyridine) is a catalytically active species and that β‐C(sp3)−H bond activation in the carboxylate ligand is the turnover‐limiting step. The DFT calculations agreed with the mechanism.
Manipulation of Organic Afterglow by Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Wang Guangming , Wang Xuepu , Sun Yan , Zhou Bei , Zou Yunlong , Wang Biaobing , Zhang Kaka
Published: October 2021

The fabrication of room‐temperature organic phosphorescence and afterglow materials, as well as the transformation of their photophysical properties, has emerged as an important topic in the research field of luminescent materials. Here, we report the establishment of energy landscapes in dopant‐matrix organic afterglow systems where the aggregation states of luminescent dopants can be controlled by doping concentrations in the matrices and the methods of preparing the materials. Through manipulation by thermodynamic and kinetic control, dopant‐matrix afterglow materials with different aggregation states and diverse afterglow properties can be obtained. The conversion from metastable aggregation state to thermodynamic stable aggregation state of the dopant‐matrix afterglow materials to leads to the emergence of intriguing afterglow transformation behavior triggered by thermal and solvent annealing. The thermodynamically unfavorable reversible afterglow transformation process can also be achieved by coupling the dopant‐matrix afterglow system to mechanical forces.
Total Synthesis of Glipizide and Glibenclamide in Continuous Flow
Authors: Sagandira Cloudius R. , Khasipo Agnes Z. , Watts Paul
Published: October 2021

Glipizide and glibenclamide remain some of the widely prescribed antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein the authors report on an isocyanate‐free synthetic procedure towards the preparation of these on demand drugs at multigram scale using continuous flow technology. The safety concern over the use of isocyanates in most of the existing synthetic routes was dealt with in this present work by using N‐carbamates synthesised in situ from activation of amines with chloroformates as safer alternatives. An overall yield of 80–85 % was obtained for the semi‐telescoped steps within 10 min total residence time.
The legacy of river channel modification in wadeable, lowland rivers: Exploring overdeep rivers in England
Authors: Gurnell Angela M. , Downs Peter W.
Published: October 2021

Many lowland fluvial systems are suspected to possess a morphological legacy from a long history of channel modifications as a consequence of limited energy and sediment supply to facilitate recovery. We explore the extent of such modifications using a regionally extensive dataset of physical habitat surveys compiled by non‐specialist surveyors. Representative photographs for each surveyed site were used to quality check channel width, depth and bed grain size information derived from Modular River Physical (MoRPh) surveys. Following checking, 1659 surveys were retained for analysis from alluvial sites, almost entirely in England. The photographs were also inspected for evidence of clear ‘overdeepening’ that would preclude frequent overtopping of the lower bank top. Results indicated that almost one‐third of the sites were overdeepened, that width‐to‐depth ratios defined using the active bed width showed stronger discrimination of overdeepening than bankfull width, that highly statistically significant identification of overdeepened channels was possible in channels up to 10 m wide and with only minimal differences attributable to channel bed materials. Stepwise regression analysis estimated relationships between channel width‐to‐depth ratios and channel size for overdeepened and non‐overdeepened channels. We demonstrate that large data sets collected by numerous non‐specialist surveyors can, with careful filtering, generate statistically robust results of geomorphological value over areas larger than is otherwise practicable. Furthermore, we reveal a notable legacy of overdeepening in the analysed lowland rivers, which presents a significant ‘hydromorphological’ management challenge.
Synthesis of a novel Sr2TiMnO6 double perovskite electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries
Authors: Bhardwaj Upasana , Sharma Aditi , Mathur Ankita , Halder Aditi , Kushwaha Himmat Singh
Published: October 2021

Perovskite‐based catalysts have received a lot attention as bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR/OER) catalysts in secondary rechargeable zinc–air batteries due to their tunable structure, stability at high current densities, low cost, lightweight, and nontoxicity. This paper investigates a new perovskite material, Sr2TiMnO6 (STMO), for a rechargeable zinc–air battery (ZAB). The crystalline structure, morphology, and adsorption/desorption behavior of STMO are thoroughly studied and investigated their catalytic processes. The perovskite catalyst shows high catalytic activities, durability, and endurance in the alkaline medium, resulting in the power density of 97 mW·cm−2, and a specific capacity of 705.21 mAh·g−1. The rechargeable STMO ZAB exhibited good cycling stability with the current density of 3.5 mA·cm−2 for 6.66 h and low overpotential. The observed results promise STMO to be a viable candidate as a functional (ORR/OER) electrocatalyst which can be successfully used for commercial fuel‐cells and metal air batteries.
Pathological gallbladder wall thickening is associated with advanced chronic liver disease and independent of serum albumin
Authors: Bremer Sebastian C. B. , Knoop Richard F. , Porsche Melissa , Amanzada Ahmad , Ellenrieder Volker , Neesse Albrecht , Kunsch Steffen , Petzold Golo
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Increased gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) is a common finding. Reported causes include advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), ascites and hypalbuminemia. GBWT is a marker for the prediction of esophageal varices. It remains unclear which of these factors is the decisive driver of GBWT. We aim to investigate whether there is a predominant factor associated with the GBWT.

Methods

We enrolled 258 patients with ascites, hypalbuminemia and/or ACLD and 98 healthy volunteers that underwent abdominal ultrasound. Differences of mean GBWT in subgroups of patients with ACLD, ascites, and/or hypalbuminemia were analyzed. Correlation between various parameters and GBWT were calculated using multiple regression analysis.

Results

GBWT in patients with ACLD + ascites + hypalbuminemia (n = 59; 5.70 ± 2.05 mm) was pathologically increased compared to patients with hypalbuminemia + ascites without ACLD (n = 36; 2.14 ± 0.66 mm; p < .001) and to patients with only hypalbuminemia (n = 76; 2.02 ± 0.80 mm; p < .001). GBWT of patients with ACLD + hypalbuminemia (n = 30; 3.42 ± 1.52 mm) and with ACLD and normal albumin level were not different (n = 46; 3.10 ± 1.62 mm; p > .999). Significant correlation was seen between GBWT and ACLD (r = .53; p < .001) and ascites (r = .51; p < .001) but not albumin level (r = .04; p = .510).

Conclusion

We demonstrate that ACLD is predominantly associated with GBWT. In contrast to the current literature, serum albumin level appears not to be associated with pathological GBWT.
Synthesis, antimicrobial/radical scavenging, and in‐silico investigations of a novel class of 4‐[(4′‐hydroxymethylphenyl)‐1H‐1′,2′,3′‐triazol‐1‐yl‐methyl]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones
Authors: Carmel Yesudass Sowmiya , Ranjan Prabodh , Suresh Hari Prasad
Published: October 2021

Reaction of 4‐[(4′‐trimethylsilyl‐1H‐1′,2′,3′‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones with benzaldehyde and tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in THF yielded ten novel coumarinyl‐ triazoyl‐ phenyl methanol derivatives in 88%–97% yields. The in‐vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and radical scavenging activities reveal three of the compounds possess good biological activity. In‐silico computational investigations with the most active ligands have indicated that molecules behave as potent antibacterial inhibitors.
Modulation of observed sea surface temperature variation by the quasi‐biweekly oscillation in the tropical western Pacific during boreal summer
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Kuiping , Yu Weidong , Zu Yongcan , Liu Lin
Published: October 2021

Using 17‐year in situ buoy observations, this study investigates how sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical western Pacific Ocean is modulated by the quasi‐biweekly oscillation (QBWO) during boreal summer. The 10‐buoy mean phase‐by‐phase composites of SST indicate that SST evolution lags behind the convection cycle by approximately one quarter, with the maximum SST occurring in Phase −90° (29.68°C) and the minimum SST occurring in Phase 90° (29.37°C). The diurnal cycle of SST (dSST) is in phase with the convection cycle, with the minimum dSST occurring during the convectively active phase (0.34°C) and the maximum dSST occurring during the convectively suppressed phase (0.61°C). The fluctuation in the dSST reaches 0.27°C, which is similar to that in the SST (0.31°C). This kind of oscillation can be well explained by the evolution of the sea surface forcing parameters, especially the shortwave radiation and wind speeds, observed from the buoys. In addition, the composite range of the dSST suggests an interesting asymmetry between Phase −90° and 90°. The interaction of the background summer mean state and the 10–30‐day intraseasonal anomalies causes the asymmetry in wind speed between Phase −90° and 90°, which in turn results in the asymmetry in the dSST between these two phases. Since QBWOs are more likely to occur during El Niño developing summers than during El Niño decaying summers, the 10–30‐day intraseasonal SST and dSST variances during El Niño developing summers are stronger than those during El Niño decaying summers.
Endovascular management of portal vein obstruction in hepatobiliary cancer patients
Authors: Ferral Hector , Alonzo Marc J. , Datri Jewel , Hogg Melissa E. , Marsh Robert , Talamonti Mark S.
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this article is to describe the procedural safety, technical success, and clinical success of endovascular management of portal and mesenteric venous obstruction in patients with hepatobiliary neoplasms.

Methods

Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved HIPAA compliant retrospective review of 21 consecutive patients with hepatobiliary malignancies who underwent endovascular portal vein recanalization and stent placement between January 2012 and March 2020. Clinical diagnoses were pancreatic cancer (n = 19), colon cancer metastatic to the liver (n = 1), and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1). Presenting signs and symptoms included: ascites, abdominal pain, abnormal liver function tests, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Stent patency and patient survival are presented with Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

The technical success rate was 100%. A transhepatic approach was used in 20 cases (95.2%); trans‐splenic access in one. Primary stent patency was 95.2%, 84%, and 68% at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. All stent occlusions were caused by tumor progression. A total of 80% of patients reported symptomatic improvement. Patient survival at 10 months was 40%. The early death rate was 4.76%. There were no bleeding complications from the percutaneous tracts.

Conclusion

Endovascular recanalization with stent placement is safe with high technical and clinical success.
Are otolaryngology residents ready for independent practice? A survey study
Authors: Chen Jenny X. , Riccardi Aaliyah C. , Shafique Neha , Gray Stacey T.
Published: October 2021

Objective

We surveyed otolaryngology program directors (PDs) and recent otolaryngology residency graduates on the operative autonomy of graduating residents and their comfort with independent practice.

Methods

An anonymous survey was sent to otolaryngology PDs and recent graduates of training programs (members of the Young Physicians Section [YPS] of the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation). Questions were developed around the 14 key indicator procedures (KIPs) defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.

Results

Fifty PDs (43% of PDs) and 152 recent graduates (6% of YPS members) responded. Over 90% of participating PDs felt their graduating residents were either somewhat or extremely comfortable performing 12 out of 14 KIPs. Among the 12 procedures PDs felt their graduating residents were comfortable performing, 57% to 95% of recent graduates also felt either somewhat or extremely comfortable performing them by graduation. Similarly, at least 90% of responding PDs felt their residents achieved meaningful autonomy in the last 2 months of residency prior to graduation for 11 of 14 KIPs. For these same 11 procedures, 74% to 95% of recent graduates indicated they achieved meaningful autonomy. The procedures that PDs and recent graduates felt required the most surgical assistance were ossiculoplasty/stapedectomy, rhinoplasty, and mastoidectomy. All PDs agreed or strongly agreed that graduating residents are comfortable operating and taking call as general otolaryngologists, compared to 86% and 93% of recent graduates.

Conclusion

Most PDs and recent graduates agree that residents are well‐prepared for general otolaryngology practice with the exception of select KIPs.

Level of evidence: 4.
Human impacts alter driver–response relationships in lakes of Southwest China
Authors: Zheng Wenxiu , Zhang Enlou , Wang Rong , Langdon Peter Guy
Published: October 2021

Biodiversity and ecological stability are closely linked, and over recent timescales, anthropogenic impacts have accelerated losses in both from local to global scales. We attempt to show the combined response of diversity and stability of an aquatic community to changes in human activity as a driver. To address this, we measured the diversity and variability of chironomids and their drivers and nature of response to external conditions over the last century, based on 4 lake sediment sequences from Southwest China, one of world's 36 biodiversity hotspots. Our results showed that the driver–response relationship was linear in a lake without direct human impacts but nonlinear in human directly impacted lakes. Recent decreases in alpha diversity and increases in beta diversity were commonly recorded in all four lakes, suggesting that both species loss and a faster replacement of chironomid taxa are a regional phenomenon. However, in the same context of human‐induced global warming, increased variability and regime shifts only occurred in lowland lakes, directly disturbed by humans, highlighting that direct human impacts have overcome natural forcing as the determinant driver shaping the chironomid composition in these sites. In addition, we found that increases in beta diversity occurred prior to a regime shift and its character depends on how the community responds to the key external pressure. Our findings reveal that direct human disturbances have largely reshaped the chironomid composition and induced an earlier regime shift at the cost of species loss, resilience loss, and a change in driver–response type.
A learning health system approach to COVID‐19 exposure notification system rollout
Authors: Tai‐Seale Ming , May Nicole , Sitapati Amy , Longhurst Christopher A.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Digital exposure notification (EN) approaches may offer considerable advantages over traditional contact tracing in speed, scale, efficacy, and confidentiality in pandemic control. We applied the science of learning health systems to test the effect of framing and digital means, email vs Short Message Service (SMS), on EN adoption among patients of an academic health center.

Methods

We tested three communication approaches of the Apple and Google EN system in a rapid learning cycle involving 15 000 patients pseudorandomly assigned to three groups. The patients in the first group received a 284‐word email that presented EN as a tool that can help slow the spread. The patients in the second group received a 32‐word SMS that described EN as a new tool to help slow the spread (SlowTheSpreadSMS). Patients in the third group received a 47‐word SMS that depicted the system as a new digital tool that can empower them to protect their family and friends (EmpowerSMS). A brief four‐question anonymous survey of adoption was included in a reminder message sent 2 days after the initial outreach.

Results

One hundred and sixty people responded to the survey within 1 week: 2.33% from EmpowerSMS, 0.97% from SlowTheSpreadSMS, and 0.53% from emails; 29 (41.43%), 24 (41.38%), and 11 (34.38%) reported having adopted EN from each group, respectively. Patient reported barriers to adoption included iOS version incompatibility, privacy concerns, and low trust of government agencies or companies like Apple and Google. Patients recommended that healthcare systems play an active role in disseminating information about this tool. Patients also recommended advertising on social media and providing reassurance about privacy.

Conclusions

The EmpowerSMS resulted in relatively more survey responses. Both SMS groups had slightly higher, but not statistically significant EN adoption rates compared to email. Findings from the pilot not only informed operational decision‐making in our health system but also contributed to EN rollout planning in our State.
Effect of Intermittent Traveling Water Screen Operation on Fish Survival
Authors: Rackovan Jenna , Zottoli Joe , Amaral Stephen V. , Black Jonathan , McMahon Brian
Published: October 2021

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s final rule for complying with section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act states that cooling water intakes withdrawing >7.6 million liters per day must use one of seven alternatives to reduce fish impingement mortality. Fish-friendly traveling water screens (TWSs) are expected to be frequently utilized because of relative ease of retrofit. The final rule requires “continuous or near continuous screen rotation” to facilitate recovery of collected fish as soon as practical. However, intermittent TWS operation could be advantageous for operators because reductions in screen system operating time will extend equipment life and reduce operating costs. A laboratory evaluation was conducted with Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, and Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (42–106 mm TL) to determine whether intermittent rotation would optimize TWS operation and maintain biological performance. A preliminary evaluation was conducted with three approach velocities (0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 m/s) at four stationary screen durations (2, 4, 6, 12 h) in small test flumes to select parameters for a larger-scale evaluation. The full-scale evaluation tested two approach velocities (0.30 and 0.45 m/s) at two stationary durations (2 and 4 h at 0.45 m/s; 6 and 12 h at 0.30 m/s) and continuous screen operation. Fish avoided impingement at 0.30 m/s, and approach velocity was the primary determinant of survival probability, with increased velocity leading to increased mortality. Severe injuries occurred more frequently during stationary screen trials than with continuous operation; over 50% of fish had >40% scale loss at 0.45 m/s for stationary trials. The results indicate that continuous rotation is optimal for fish survival at approach velocities between 0.30 and 0.45 m/s. However, intermittent operation at average approach velocities of 0.30 m/s or less may be acceptable for fishes with equal or greater swimming ability than those tested in this study.
Progenitor‐derived ribosomal RNA supports protein synthesis inDrosophilaneurons
Authors: Fee Jade , Aboukilila Mohamed , Cleary Michael D.
Published: October 2021

Global mRNA translation may differ dramatically between progenitor cells and their differentiated progeny. One way cell type‐specific translation is established is through ribosome concentration. In addition to addressing unique metabolic needs, changes in ribosome concentration may influence cell fate. The mechanisms that determine ribosome abundance in progenitors versus differentiated progeny are not fully understood. Here, we investigated this process by focusing on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis inDrosophilaneural progenitors and neurons. We found that rRNA synthesis is robust in neural progenitors but is limited in postmitotic neurons. Newly born neurons inherit rRNA from their progenitor parent and this inherited rRNA is sufficient for protein synthesis in neurons. Our findings support a model in which neuron‐specific translation programs are established by rRNA inheritance.

Key Points

This work links changes in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, often assumed to be an invariant feature of cells, to neural differentiation.

We describe a process of rRNA inheritance, where rRNA made in neural progenitors is passed to their progeny.

We show that rRNA inheritance is sufficient for neural development and protein synthesis in neurons.
Relationships between adiposity distribution and metabolic health in preconception women in South Africa
Authors: Prioreschi Alessandra , Koethe John R. , Aronoff David M. , Goldstein Jeffrey A. , Norris Shane A.
Published: October 2021

Objective

Adipose tissue is a central regulator of metabolic health and a contributor to systemic inflammation. Patterns of adiposity deposition are important to understand for optimizing health. This study aimed to asses relationships between adiposity deposition and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in South African women prior to conception.

Methods

Non‐pregnant, healthy women (n = 298) were recruited for this cross‐sectional study via home visits. Body composition was measured by Dual X‐ray Absorptiometry. Inflammation markers C‐reactive protein (CRP), alpha1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and blood pressure were scored according to risk. A summative metabolic health risk score was created for women with obesity. Generalized regression models assessed relationships between adiposity deposition and outcomes with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

Obesity was present in 22% of women (mean age = 20.93 years). Fat mass index was associated with inflammation and metabolic health risk (β = 0.58; p < 0.01). Visceral fat, trunk:limb ratio, android:gynoid ratio, body mass index, weight, and waist circumference were positively associated with CRP, AGP, and metabolic health risk (p < 0.01). Weight was associated with Hba1c (β < 0.01; p < 0.05). Participants with obesity and low metabolic health risk had lower fat mass index and visceral fat than participants with obesity and higher metabolic health risk.

Conclusions

Black South African women accumulated excess adipose tissue in abdominal regions. While fat mass and body mass were associated with inflammation and metabolic health risk, women with obesity and with lower fat mass index and lower visceral adipose tissue were metabolically protected. Identification of women at risk for metabolic disease preconception could help ensure future healthy pregnancies and prevent transference of risk to offspring.
Should we connect children to nature in the Anthropocene?
Authors: Larson Brendon M. H. , Fischer Bob , Clayton Susan
Published: October 2021

To most conservationists and many parents, it seems obvious that it is a good thing to teach children to value the natural world. Not only does connection with nature support their development and well‐being, but it also supports ongoing efforts by humans to sustain the natural world.

However, there are incontrovertible trends towards a diminution of the state of nature as a consequence of human activities.

In this context, as a thought experiment, we address a rather grim question: Should we still encourage children to be connected to nature, to care for it and be concerned about it?

We first consider the meaning of connection to nature in the Anthropocene, and then turn to a consideration of several ethical dimensions of this problem, including the potential trade‐off between well‐known health benefits of time in nature and the long‐term psychological impacts of loss of nature (e.g., ecological grief and solastalgia).

While there is no simple answer to our question, our analysis does highlight underappreciated ethical dilemmas of the Anthropocene as well as the value of the local, urban forms of nature to which children around the world are increasingly exposed and engaging with in unprecedented ways.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic growth and its associated factors among head and neck cancer survivors
Authors: Hamdan Nur Amirah , Abd Hamid Norhaliza , Leong Bin Abdullah Mohammad Farris Iman
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) may improve well‐being among cancer survivors, but a longitudinal study addressing head and neck cancer (HNC) is lacking. This longitudinal study examined PTG trends and determined the associations of physical symptoms and complications, as well as sociodemographic and tumor characteristics on PTG over time among HNC survivors.

Methods

Participants completed the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer's “Quality of Life Questionnaire—Head and Neck 35” module (EORTC‐QLQ‐H&N‐35) and “Posttraumatic Growth Inventory—Short Form” (PTGI‐SF) during baseline (T1) and follow‐up (T2; 5–7 months post‐baseline) assessments.

Results

In total, 200 HNC participants completed the study and 67.5% of them reported increasing PTG. Physical symptoms and complications that were significantly associated with lower PTG included problems with social contact and the senses. Meanwhile, sociodemographic variables that were significantly associated with PTG were gender (males had lower PTG than females) and religion (Muslims and Buddhists had higher PTG than participants of other religious faith).

Conclusion

Our findings revealed the need to focus on the impact of sensory issues and reduced social contact following HNC on PTG which may be addressed by various restorative and supportive rehabilitation therapy.
Biogeographic distribution patterns and assembly processes of nirS‐type and nirK‐type denitrifiers across the black soil zone in Northeast China
Authors: Hu Xiaojing , Gu Haidong , Liu Junjie , Liu Zhuxiu , Li Lujun , Du Shuli , Yu Zhenhua , Li Yansheng , Jin Jian , Liu Xiaobing , Wang Guanghua
Published: October 2021

Denitrifiers controlled the key‐step on global N cycles; however, little knowledge had been focused on their biogeography and associated underlying mechanisms. Here, based on high‐throughput sequencing, we investigated the nirS‐type and nirK‐type community diversity, biogeography, assembly mechanisms, and taxa interactions with 26 soil samples that were obtained across the black soil zone of northeast China. The results revealed that Proteobacteria was the unique known phylum of denitrifying bacteria, and Bradyrhizobium was the most abundant genus detected in both nirS‐type and nirK‐type denitrifiers across all soil samples. Compared with nirS‐type denitrifiers, a relatively high cosmopolitan and community diversity were found in nirK‐type. Those two types of denitrifying communities showed clear geographic distribution accompanied by obvious distance‐decay relationships. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that soil properties rather than sampling latitudes significantly influenced denitrifying communities with soil pH as the key drivers. However, stochastic processes, as dispersal limitation, played a greater role than deterministic processes in determining community assembly of both nirS‐type and niK‐type denitrifiers. This dispersal limitation was mostly contributed by the potential competition among taxa, with the negative interactions dominating in the denitrifying co‐occurrence patterns. Moreover, soil acidification with soil pH ranking from 4.0 to 4.5 simplified network structure and compelled denitrifiers to cooperate with each other in contrast to other soil pH ranges. These results provided comprehensive insights into the ecological processes of denitrifying communities, which were of great importance to the improvement of agricultural ecosystem services from the perspective of microorganisms.