bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetanus in patients with chronic wounds – are we aware?
Authors: Farnworth Elizabeth , Roberts Awen , Rangaraj Aravindan , Minhas Uzma , Holloway Samantha , Harding Keith
Published: September 2011

The incidence of tetanus in patients with wounds is unknown; however, recently concern has been raised over the proportion of tetanus cases in which a chronic wound is the portal of entry for Clostridium tetani. Varicose ulcers, dermatosis and necrosed tumours are estimated to be the point of entry for C. tetani spores in 11–14% of three cases. Of diabetic patients in the USA who contracted tetanus, a diabetic foot ulcer was responsible in 25% of cases despite this chronic wounds have yet to be considered as a risk factor for tetanus. An audit was undertaken and a survey devised to form the basis of the data collection to assess if patients with chronic wounds are up‐to‐date in accordance with the tetanus immunisation programme. Over a 5‐day period, the data were prospectively collected and the tetanus status of a 100 patients retrospectively analysed. The status was then compared with general practitioner (GP) records via telephone follow‐up. One hundred patients (n = 100) were available in the audit period, with the majority being male (n = 51). The age range was 22–91 years old (median 70 years). Nearly half of the samples (n = 48) were diabetic, with the majority of patients (n = 35) having venous leg ulcers. Only 15% had a biopsy of their wound. The duration of wounds varied from 1 to 480 months. Patients were asked to confirm their tetanus status. Almost half of the patients were unsure of their tetanus status 48% (n = 48), almost a third 30% (n = 30) thought they were not covered and 22% (n = 22) thought they were up‐to‐date. After confirming with the GP records, the results were as follows: almost half of the patients, 43% (n = 43) were not covered, 33% (n = 33) were up‐to‐date, 13% had no immunisation records available at the GPs, 10% had no GP contact details and 1% no contact was possible. Currently, tetanus prophylaxis is given based on the vaccination history of the patient but as identified that this can prove to be unreliable. With the burden of chronic wound and ageing population set to increase, levels of protection amplify the risk of tetanus faced by those suffering from chronic wounds. Strict caution should be taken in those patients who were born before the national childhood vaccination programme, implemented in 1961. Moreover, every effort should be made to ensure that such individuals complete their primary course. By ensuring each patient is actively immunised, protection against tetanus, a potential killer, is provided.
Applications of the Time‐Naught Term in the Cooper and Jacob (1946) Equation
Authors: Edwards David A.
Published: September 2011

The ability to manipulate analytical expressions for aquifer drawdown can provide insights into groundwater flow processes and assist with assessing strengths and weaknesses of aquifer parameter estimation methods. In the Cooper and Jacob (1946) parameter estimation method, the antilog of the horizontal‐axis intercept in a plot of drawdown vs. log(time) is referred to as time naught (t0), which is used for estimating storativity. This article briefly reviews traditional uses of the time‐naught concept and then spends time introducing new insights and applications involving (1) time‐naught/distance relationships, including ways to compensate for certain missing data; (2) use of time naught in a simple method providing a quick visual check of which data in a Cooper‐Jacob plot are suitable for use in linear regression; (3) application of time naught, as determined for one well, in estimating the later minimum time for which data from a distant well can be used in the Cooper‐Jacob method; (4) development of relationships between drawdown and time naught; (5) use of time naught in a simple algebraic equation to estimate drawdown at smaller times than feasible using the Cooper‐Jacob method; and (6) employment of time naught and a vertical‐axis intercept on a plot of drawdown vs. log(time) for evaluating storativity. This information may be useful to new hydrogeologists or others interested in further developing their analytical well hydraulics skills.
Optimization of β‐Casein Stabilized Nanoemulsions Using Experimental Mixture Design
Authors: Maher Patrick G. , Fenelon Mark A. , Zhou Yankun , Kamrul Haque Md. , Roos Yrjö H.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the effect of changing viscosity and glass transition temperature in the continuous phase of nanoemulsion systems on subsequent stability. Formulations comprising of β‐casein (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w), lactose (0% to 20% w/w), and trehalose (0% to 20% w/w) were generated from Design of Experiments (DOE) software and tested for glass transition temperature and onset of ice‐melting temperature in maximally freeze‐concentrated state (Tg′ & Tm′), and viscosity (μ). Increasing β‐casein content resulted in significant (P < 0.0001) increases in viscosity and Tm′ (P= 0.0003), and significant (P < 0.0001) decreases in Tg′. A mixture design was used to predict the optimum levels of lactose and trehalose required to attain the minimum and maximum Tg′ and viscosity in solution at fixed protein contents. These mixtures were used to form the continuous phase of β‐casein stabilized nanoemulsions (10% w/w sunflower oil) prepared by microfluidization at 70 MPa. Nanoemulsions were analyzed for Tg′ & Tm′, as well as viscosity, mean particle size, and stability. Increasing levels of β‐casein (2.5% to 10% w/w) resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in viscosity (5 to 156 mPa.s), significant increase in particle size (P= 0.0115) from 186 to 199 nm, and significant decrease (P= 0.0001) in Tg′ (−45 to −50 °C). Increasing the protein content resulted in a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in nanoemulsion stability. A mixture DOE was successfully used to predict glass transition and rheological properties for development of a continuous phase for use in nanoemulsions.
Replicating viral vectors for cancer therapy: strategies to synergize with host immune responses
Authors: Altomonte Jennifer , Ebert Oliver
Published: September 2011

Tumour‐specific replicating (oncolytic) viruses are novel anticancer agents, currently under intense investigation in preclinical studies and phase I–III clinical trials. Until recently, most studies have focused on the direct antitumour properties of these viruses. There is now an increasing body of evidence indicating that host immune responses may be critical to the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Although the immune response to oncolytic viruses can rapidly restrict viral replication, thereby limiting the efficacy of therapy, oncolytic virotherapy also has the potential to induce potent antitumoural immune effectors that destroy those cancer cells, which are not directly lysed by virus. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune system in terms of antiviral and antitumoural responses, as well as strategies to evade or promote these responses in favour of improved therapeutic potentials.
LONG‐RUN DETERMINANTS OF SAVINGS RATES IN WAEMU COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT FROM ARDL BOUNDS TESTING APPROACH
Authors: KEHO YAYA
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we examine the long‐run determinants of savings rates for seven member countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union over the period 1970–2006. We use the bounds testing approach to cointegration developed by Pesaran et al. This methodology has several advantages with respect to other cointegration tests. The long‐run determinants of savings rate vary across countries. Results reveal that the financial liberalization process undertaken at the end of 1989 and the existing monetary policy have not been effective to increase the domestic savings rates within the area.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ZIMBABWE: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS
Authors: GWENHAMO FARAYI
Published: September 2011

The purpose of our research is to examine the impact of property rights on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zimbabwe for the period 1964‐2005. While the macroeconomic determinants of FDI have been analysed to a considerable extent in past empirical work, the role of institutional factors such as the protection of property rights and the efficiency of the legal system has been underexplored. Using a multivariate cointegration framework, we use a newly constructed de jure property rights index for Zimbabwe to determine the impact of property rights on FDI. The empirical evidence shows that property rights are consistently an important explanatory variable of FDI in Zimbabwe, even after controlling for periods when there are no significant new foreign capital inflows. Other significant explanatory variables of FDI in Zimbabwe are the real gross domestic product (GDP), capital intensity, the external debt to GDP ratio, political instability as well as the educational levels.
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS IN MALAWI
Authors: NGALAWA HAROLD , VIEGI NICOLA
Published: September 2011

This paper sets out to investigate the process through which monetary policy affects economic activity in Malawi. Using innovation accounting in a structural vector autoregressive model, it is established that monetary authorities in Malawi employ hybrid operating procedures and pursue both price stability and high growth and employment objectives. Two operating targets of monetary policy are identified, viz., bank rate and reserve money, and it is demonstrated that the former is a more effective measure of monetary policy than the latter. The study also illustrates that bank lending, exchange rates and aggregate money supply contain important additional information in the transmission process of monetary policy shocks in Malawi. Furthermore, it is shown that the floatation of the Malawi Kwacha in February 1994 had considerable effects on the country's monetary transmission process. In the post‐1994 period, the role of exchange rates became more conspicuous than before although its impact was weakened, and the importance of aggregate money supply and bank lending in transmitting monetary policy impulses was enhanced. Overall, the monetary transmission process evolved from a weak, blurred process to a somewhat strong, less ambiguous mechanism.
Practical feeding and condition scoring for donkeys and mules
Authors: Burden F.
Published: September 2011

Donkeys have evolved to thrive on highly fibrous, poor quality foodstuffs and have evolved as browsers as well as grazers. As such, they have different nutrient requirements with significantly lower energy and protein needs when compared with horses. Dietary management of donkeys is essential when kept in a temperate climate as they are prone to obesity and related disorders. A diet based on fibrous forages and limited grazing is usually sufficient for the majority of donkeys and mules. Specialist feeding is discussed in this article.
Latent structure analysis of repeated classifications with dichotomous data
Authors: Dayton C. Mitchell , Macready George B.
Published: September 2011

Latent structure models are presented for situations involving repeated, dichotomous classifications as might arise, for example, in panel studies. Procedures for estimation, hypothesis testing and comparisons among alternative models are developed for two or more occasions of measurement. In addition, methods are suggested for multivariate panel studies where two or more variables are each measured repeatedly. The procedures are exemplified with real‐life data sets.
Rater agreement for complex assessments
Authors: Hubert Lawrence , Golledge Reginald G.
Published: September 2011

A general strategy is proposed for measuring and testing the agreement between two raters who use some common scheme for assessing each of n objects. As long as a numerical measure of correspondence or proximity can be obtained between any two assessments, an agreement index can be defined and tested for significance under a null conjecture of rater independence. The usual weighted kappa index appropriate for nominal scale response agreement is a special case of our more comprehensive framework.
Specific inference in ANOVA: From significance tests to Bayesian procedures
Authors: Rouanet Henry , Lecoutre Bruno
Published: September 2011

Whenever in a complex design inferences on separate effects are sought, the (overall) distributional assumptions of a general model are irrelevant. The specific inference approach is examined as a useful alternative to the conventional general model approach. The specific inference for a particular effect, based only on data relevant to this effect, is valid regardless of the complexity of the design. Specific inference is first discussed in terms of significance testing. It is argued that the usual ANOVA table can be regarded as a system of specific analyses, each one resting on a separate specific model in its own right. Then specific inference is discussed within a Bayesian framework. A ‘standard Bayesian ANOVA’ is suggested as a direct extension of the usual F‐test ANOVA. Technical developments and methodological implications are outlined.
On the possible relations between discriminability and apparent magnitude
Authors: Ross Helen E.
Published: September 2011

Some psychophysicists seek a unified theory in which the scaling of apparent sensory magnitude and the discrimination of differences in intensity can be encompassed. When contextual factors arc held constant, there is a positive correlation over many sensory continua between the exponent of the power function for sensory scaling and the inverse of the Weber fraction. Variations in neural efficiency also show a similar correlation with apparent magnitude and discrimination. The role of other factors (such as contrast, adaptation and size scaling) remains unclear. Both Weber and Fechner considered aspects of these issues. Weber held that, for the same physical stimulus intensity, apparent magnitude and discriminatory ability increased with neural efficiency. Fechner held that changes in apparent magnitude had no effect on discrimination: a stable differential threshold was predicted by the Parallel Law (Weber's Law applied to internal sensations). Evidence is considered for the tactile sense and weight perception, and for visual size. The relation between apparent heaviness and weight discrimination is complex, varying with the state of adaptation and with neural efficiency. There is some evidence that both tactile and visual apparent size increase with a finer underlying neural structure; but it is unclear whether other types of increase in apparent size lead to increased spatial acuity, or to differences in the Weber fraction for line length. The variety of values of apparent magnitude and discrimination, and the lack of a monotonic relation between them, makes it unlikely that all known relationships could be encompassed in a unified psychophysical theory.
Comparing the slopes of two independent regression lines when there is complete heteroscedasticity
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: September 2011

For two independent groups, let (X1j, Y1j), …, (Xnjj, Ynjj) be a random sample from some bivariate distribution corresponding to the jth group, and assume that Yij = β1jXij + β0j + εij. Type I heteroscedasticity is defined to be a situation where for fixed j, ɛij does not have a common variance. That is, the variance of εij depends on the value of X. Type II heteroscedasticity is taken to mean that the variance differs between groups. That is, the variance of εi1 is not equal to the variance of εi2 even when Xi1 = Xi2. Complete heteroscedasticity refers to a situation where there is both type I and II heteroscedasticity. This paper considers the problem of computing a confidence interval for β11 — β12, the difference between the slopes, when there is complete heteroscedasticity. Some results on computing a confidence interval for the difference between the intercepts are reported as well. The one method found to give good results is used to reanalyse some data from a study dealing with pygmalion in the classroom.
HOW LONG CAN YOU ENJOY BLACKJACK WITH 100 CHIPS?
Authors: YANG TAO , LI QIANQIAN , XIA XINGANG , ZHAO ERBO , LIU GUO , HAN ZHANGANG
Published: September 2011

Gambling-related research has implications in financial area understandings and applications. Researches in this area usually focus on pathology, risk-taking, decision-making and addiction. Few works have been done to demonstrate the distribution of the playing time before players go bankrupt. One problem is that it is difficult to get statistics in real world gambling. In this paper, we do simulations in a Blackjack game with a selected strategy. We find the distribution of playing time before players lose a certain amount of money as a power law distribution, indicating the existence of very long playing time players. We also find that double is the most important factor that causes the fat tail. Comparison shows that when removing double, split and three to two payoff, Blackjack goes back to a random walk. The increase of the number of decks somewhat decreases the average playing time. Our results may have pathologic gambling intervention implications.
THE KHOVANOV HOMOLOGY OF (p, -p, q) PRETZEL KNOTS
Authors: STARKSTON LAURA
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we compute the Khovanov homology over ℚ for (p, -p, q) pretzel knots for 3 ≤ p ≤ 15, p odd , and arbitrarily large q. We provide a conjecture for the general form of the Khovanov homology of (p, -p, q) pretzel knots. These computations reveal that these knots have thin Khovanov homology (over ℚ or ℤ). Because Greene has shown that these knots are not quasi-alternating, this provides an infinite class of non-quasi-alternating knots with thin Khovanov homology.
Tantalum Nitride as Electrode for MOS Technology and Schottky Diode
Authors: Lima Lucas P. , Diniz José A. , Doi Ioshiaki , Miyoshi Juliana , Silva Audrey R. , Godoy Fo José
Published: September 2011

TaN films have been used as gate electrodes in MOS capacitors, which were fabricated with 18 nm thick SiO2 as gate dielectric, and in Schottky diodes on n-type Si (100) substrates. TaN layer presented electrical resistivity of 327 μΩ.cm and poly crystalline structure. MOS capacitors and Schottky diodes were sintered in conventional furnace in forming gas at 450 °C for different annealing times between 5 and 30 min. MOS Capacitors and Schottky diodes presented TaN/SiO2/Si/Al and TaN/Si/Al structures and were electrical characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. From C-V measurements, the extracted TaN work function values and effective charge densities were between 3.9 and 4.4 eV, 1010 and 1012 cm-2, respectively. From I-V measurements, the work function values between 4.3 and 4.4 eV were extracted. Both devices present excellent results, which indicate that TaN electrodes can be used for MOS Technology and Schottky Diode.
Electrical Characterization of TeO2-ZnO Dielectrics Containing Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Bontempo Leonardo , Dos Santos Filho Sebastião G. , Siarkowski Acácio L. , Kassab Luciana R.
Published: September 2011

This work presents the production and characterization of thin films produced by RF Magnetron Sputtering technique for applications as high-k materials. RF co-sputtering was used for deposition of amorphous films on silicon substrates. Targets of 85.5TeO2-14.5ZnO (in wt.%) and bulk gold with purity of 99.99% were RF sputtered. It was developed an appropriate methodology for the nucleation of thin films. The films were characterized by profilometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrical measurements to obtain the capacitance curves and determine the dielectric constant (k). By profilometry technique, it was possible to measure the thickness of the thin film and determine the deposition rate. By TEM measurements we verified the presence of metallic nanoparticles and the type of structure formed by the array elements. The film without nanoparticles showed dielectric constant k = 6.5, which enhanced to 10 in the presence of Au nanoparticles in the vitreous matrix.
Ballistic Transport Properties of Spin Field-Effect Transistors Built on Silicon and InAs Fins
Authors: Osintsev Dmitri S. , Sverdlov Viktor , Makarov Alexander , Selberherr Siegfried
Published: September 2011

We investigate the transport properties of ballistic spin field-effect transistors (SpinFET). We show that temperature exerts a significant influence on the device characteristics. For the InAs-based SpinFET an ambient temperature higher than T=150K leads to the absence of the ability to modulate the value of the tunneling magnetoresistance through changing the bandgap mismatch between the channel and the contacts. The length of the semiconductor channel impacts significantly the device characteristics. A shorter channel is preferred for potential operations at room temperature. For the silicon-based SpinFET the spin-orbit interaction has to be taken in the Dresselhaus form. We demonstrate that silicon fins with [100] orientation exhibit a stronger dependence on the value of the spin-orbit interaction and are thus preferable for practical realization of SpinFETs.
Impact of Substrate Rotation and Temperature on the Mobility and Series Resistance of Triple-Gate SOI nMOSFETs
Authors: De Souza Michelly , Martino João A. , Simoen Eddy , Claeys Cor , Pavanello Marcelo A.
Published: September 2011

In this work a comparative experimental analysis of the electron mobility and parasitic source-drain series resistance of triple-gate n-channel MOSFETs as a function of the temperature is carried out. Devices with different fin widths fabricated on standard non-rotated and 45o rotated SOI substrates were analyzed for temperatures ranging from 250 K to 400 K. It is shown that the use of rotated substrate does not affect the subthreshold slope or the threshold voltage variation with temperature of these devices. On the other hand, the change in the conduction plane not only improves the mobility, but also promotes a rise of its variation with temperature. Although the fin width reduction may cause an increase of the series resistance, the increased mobility of rotated devices is responsible for the series resistance roll-off and this reduction becomes larger as the fin is narrowed.
Influence of Proton Irradiation in Bulk and DTMOS Triple Gate FinFETs
Authors: Andrade Maria G. , Martino João A. , Aoulaiche Marc , Collaert Nadine , Mercha Abdelkarim , Simoen Eddy , Claeys Cor
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the influence of proton irradiation is experimentally studied in triple gate Bulk FinFETs with and without Dynamic Threshold MOS configuration (DTMOS). The drain current, transconductance and Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) will be compared in the DT mode and the standard biasing configuration. Moreover, the important figures of merit for the analog performance such as transconductance-over-drain current, output conductance and intrinsic voltage gain will be studied. The results indicate that the DTMOS FinFET structure shows superior electrical characteristics and a better analog performance before and after irradiation.
Enhancement of Light Emission from an Europium(III) Complex Based-OLED by Using Layer-By-Layer Assembled Hole-Transport Films
Authors: Santos Gerson , Paterno Leonardo G. , Fonseca Fernando J. , Andrade Adnei M. , Preira Luiz F.
Published: September 2011

Rare earth complexes hold a promising future in light-emitting devices owing to their strong and sharp luminescence with very high quantum efficiency. Here we report an effective yet very simple way to study and eventually enhance the optoelectronic performance of an organic light emitting device (OLED) based on europium(III) tris(dibenzoylmethane) mono(1,10-phenanthroline), Eu(DBM)3Phen as an emitter. The approach is based on the layer-by-layer deposition of hole-transport films made of PANI/PEDOT:PSS bilayers onto the ITO anode, prior to the emissive layer. As a main advantage, the procedure ensures a great control of the hole-transport film thickness at nanometer level, and thus provides different interfacial conditions. Moreover, we have observed that the devicés current density and luminance are increased when PANI/PEDOT:PSS bilayers are applied. Such OLEDs emit purple color due to contributions from both Eu(III) and PVK emissions.
Study on the Thermal Oxidation of Photonic Crystals for Sensor Applications
Authors: Huanca Danilo R. , Elias Vinícius F. , Salcedo Walter J.
Published: September 2011

Porous silicon photonic crystals with microcavities were fabricated and oxidized thermally to apply them as sensor devices. It has been found that the devices oxidized thermally over longer periods than 10 minutes are not suitable to be used as sensor devices, because they lose the features of its photonic band gap and resonance peak when these ones are immersed in organic solvent environment. However, short periods of oxidation provide well-passivated photonic structures that can be used successfully as optical sensor devices since they show a linear response between the resonance peak position and the organic solvent refractive index.
Sputtered Silicon Nitride Thin Films for Non-Volatile Memory Applications
Authors: Adam Matheus , Coelho Artur Vicente P. , Pereira Marcelo B. , Boudinov Henri I.
Published: September 2011

The present work reports the preparation, as well as the optical and electrical characterization of silicon nitride reactive RF-sputtered thin films. Argon and nitrogen mixtures have been used in different concentrations to optimize the film electrical proprieties. The thickness and the refractive index of the films were measured by spectral ellipsometry and current-voltage measurements were performed. Furthermore, the films also presented a high degree of amorphization, as indicated by qualitative measurements of its crystallinity. Complete memory structures were fabricated and a program/erase voltage shift window of 10V was measured.
Physical Characterization of High-k HfxAl1-xOy Gate Dielectrics Prepared by ALD
Authors: Christiano Verônica , Adelmann Christoph , Kellermann Guinther , Verdonck Patrick , Dos Santos Filho Sebastião G.
Published: September 2011

This work describes the physical characterization of hafnium aluminates prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and annealed at 1000oC during 60s in N2 or N2+O2(5%) and laser annealing at 1200oC during 1ms. Aerial concentrations of Hf, Al and O were obtained with the aid of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Oxygen Resonance using 3.048 MeV (α,α) elastic scattering and Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (WDS), respectively. Following, the molar concentration of hafnium was obtained and compared with the nominal value of the Atomic-Layer-Depostion recipes. As a result, a significant difference was observed for films with a higher concentrations of hafnium. In addition, X-ray reflectometry (XRR) was employed to confirm thickness and to obtain surface roughness, which was around 1 nm. Finally, Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Spectroscopy (GISAXS) experiments allowed to characterize composition variations based on a modeling using spherical nanoparticles. Experiments indicated the presence of nanoparticles having an average radius ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 nanometers and a significant composition variation was observed for films with a higher concentrations of hafnium .
Electroplated Magnet Membranes for MEMS Applications
Authors: Campos Camila D. , Flacker Alexander , Vaz Alfredo R. , Moshkalev Stanislav A. , Nóbrega Eurípedes G.
Published: September 2011

The influence of a magnetic field on electrodeposition of nickel films over polymeric substrates which renders flexible membranes with permanent magnet layers is studied. Samples of membranes with nickel deposited by electroplating in presence and absence of magnetic field are compared. To improve adherence, the electroplated layer is deposited over an electroless contact layer, after a wet pre-treatment. Mechanical and magnetic properties of the samples were measured as function of process parameters. Experimental results confirm that the magnetic field has a positive impact over properties of deposited films.
An Unusual Presentation of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour of the Abdomen: Morphological, Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural, and Molecular Studies
Authors: Angunawela Preethika , Khalafallah Alhossain A. , Wolfswinkel Karen , Seaton David , Brain Terry
Published: September 2011

Desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT) is an aggressive and a rare neoplasm. We report on a 34-year-old male who had abdominal discomfort with a large intraperitoneal mass. Histological examination of the tumour biopsy revealed sheets of small round cells. The cells were positive with vimentin and desmin (with occasional dot positivity) and negative for WT1 and CD 99 with immunohistochemistry. Cytogenetics showed a translocation disrupting the EWSR 1 gene on 22 q 12 consistent with DSRCT. Electron microscopic examination showed sparse cytoplasmic organelles. The patient succumbed 34 months from disease presentation after multiple chemotherapies and thereafter radiotherapy. In summary, our case exemplifies that it is crucial to combine clinical, histological, and molecular aspects in diagnosing DSRCT especially when characteristic dot positivity with desmin is weak along with deficient marking of WT1 and CD99 by immunohistochemistry. Histology was also less clear than published examples of this entity with a poor desmoplastic response. A multidisciplinary approach including early referral to specialised centres is recommended in these cases as tertiary referral centres will be required to substantiate the diagnosis.
The Effects of Different Types of Fly Ash on the Compressive Strength Properties of Briquettes
Authors: Sola Özlem Çelik , Yayla Murat , Sayın Barış , Duran Atiş Cengiz
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the different types of fly ash on the compressive strength properties of sintered briquettes. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out. The chemical composition and physical properties of the materials used were determined. Particle size distribution and microstructure elemental analyses of the materials used were carried out by a particle size analyzer (Mastersizer) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). Following the characterization of the materials, briquettes were prepared by sintering at different temperatures. Compressive strength test results of the briquette samples indicated that briquettes with a compressive strength value of 47.45 N/mm2can be produced. The results obtained exceed the Turkish standard (TS EN 771-1) requirements (9.8–23.54 N/mm2). SEM-EDS results showed that briquette samples made with Tunçbilek (T) fly ash had a higher percentage of the glassy phase than the other briquette samples. Due to this microstructure, it results in higher compressive strength value.
Bell Clapper Testis, Torsion, and Detorsion: A Case Report
Authors: Khan F. , Muoka Okwudili , Watson G. M.
Published: September 2011

We are presenting a common but interesting case of testicular torsion. Torsion is a common important urological emergency. History and examination is important for diagnosis. Urgent testicular exploration is an important message if in doubt.
Lead-Binding Proteins: A Review
Authors: Gonick Harvey C.
Published: September 2011

Lead-binding proteins are a series of low molecular weight proteins, analogous to metallothionein, which segregate lead in a nontoxic form in several organs (kidney, brain, lung, liver, erythrocyte). Whether the lead-binding proteins in every organ are identical or different remains to be determined. In the erythrocyte, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) isoforms have commanded the greatest attention as proteins and enzymes that are both inhibitable and inducible by lead. ALAD-2, although it binds lead to a greater degree than ALAD-1, appears to bind lead in a less toxic form. What may be of greater significance is that a low molecular weight lead-binding protein, approximately 10 kDa, appears in the erythrocyte once blood lead exceeds 39 μg/dL and eventually surpasses the lead-binding capacity of ALAD. In brain and kidney of environmentally exposed humans and animals, a cytoplasmic lead-binding protein has been identified as thymosinβ4, a 5 kDa protein. In kidney, but not brain, another lead-binding protein has been identified as acyl-CoA binding protein, a 9 kDa protein. Each of these proteins, when coincubated with liver ALAD and titrated with lead, diminishes the inhibition of ALAD by lead, verifying their ability to segregate lead in a nontoxic form.
Using Complete Squares Method to Optimize Replenishment Policies in a Four-Stage Supply Chain with Planned Backorders
Authors: Seliaman M. E.
Published: September 2011

We develop a four-stage, serial supply chain inventory model with planned backorders. This supply chain model is formulated for the integer multipliers coordination mechanism, where firms at the same stage of the supply chain use the same cycle time and the cycle time at each stage is an integer multiplier of the cycle time used at the adjacent downstream stage. We develop an optimal replenishment policy using a simple algebraic method to solve the problem without the use of differential calculus.
Exposure of the Main Italian River Basin to Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ferrari Federico , Gallipoli Agata , Balderacchi Matteo , Ulaszewska Maria M. , Capri Ettore , Trevisan Marco
Published: September 2011

This study give a preliminary survey of pharmaceutical contamination and accumulation in surface waters and sediments along the river Po basin (74,000 km2, the largest in Italy), a strategic region for the Italian economy: it collects sewage from a vast industrialized area of Italy (Autorità di Baciono del fiume Po, 2006, 2009). 10 pharmaceuticals (atenolol, propanolol, metoprolol, nimesulide, furosemide, carbamazepine, ranitidine, metronidazole, paracetamol, and atorvastatin) from several therapeutic classes were searched in 54 sampling points along the river Po from the source to the delta, and at the mouth of its major effluents. In water samples were found pharmaceuticals in the range of 0.38–0.001 μg/L, except for furosemide (max conc. 0.605 μg/L), paracetamol (max conc. 3.59 μg/L), metoprolol (never detected) and for atenolol (not analysed). In sediment samples, only paracetamol was not detected, while the others were generally found in the range of 0.4–0.02 μg/kgwwwith high concentrations for atenolol (max conc. 284μg/kgww) and furosemide (max conc. 98.4μg/kgww). The findings confirm also STPs as point sources of contamination. Despite of the much evidence for the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, the observed low levels cannot be considered to pose a serious risk to human health; further studies are necessary for a comprehensive risk assessment.
Parameter Estimation Based on the Frèchet Progressive Type II Censored Data with Binomial Removals
Authors: Mubarak Mohamed
Published: September 2011

This paper considers the estimation problem for the Frèchet distribution under progressive Type II censoring with random removals, where the number of units removed at each failure time has a binomial distribution. We use the maximum likelihood method to obtain the estimators of parameters and derive the sampling distributions of the estimators, and we also construct the confidence intervals for the parameters and percentile of the failure time distribution.
Walking Ability Is a Major Contributor to Fear of Falling in People with Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Rehabilitation
Authors: Nilsson Maria H. , Hariz Gun-Marie , Iwarsson Susanne , Hagell Peter
Published: September 2011

Although fear of falling (FOF) is common in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), there is a lack of research investigating potential predictors of FOF. This study explored the impact of motor, nonmotor, and demographic factors as well as complications of drug therapy on FOF among people with PD. Postal survey data (including the Falls Efficacy Scale, FES) from 154 nondemented people with PD were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. Five significant independent variables were identified explaining 74% of the variance in FES scores. The strongest contributing factor to FOF was walking difficulties (explaining 68%), followed by fatigue, turning hesitations, need for help in daily activities, and motor fluctuations. Exploring specific aspects of walking identified three significant variables explaining 59% of FOF: balance problems, limited ability to climb stairs, and turning hesitations. These results have implications for rehabilitation clinicians and suggest that walking ability is the primary target in order to reduce FOF. Specifically, balance, climbing stairs, and turning seem to be of particular importance.
Evaluation of Major Depressive Disorder in Patients Receiving Chronic Treatment with Topical Timolol
Authors: Bali Shveta Jindal , Parmar Twinkle , Arora Vishal , Ichhpujani Parul , Sagar Rajesh , Dada Tanuj
Published: September 2011

Purpose: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in chronic glaucoma patients on a topical β-blocker (timolol). Design: An observational case control study was performed. Methods: The subjects recruited were divided into 3 groups. Group I included 98 patients with chronic glaucoma on topical β-blocker therapy, group II included 64 chronic glaucoma patients on prostaglandin analogues, and group III included 150 normal controls. All subjects were screened for MDD by the self-administered questionnaire Prime-MD Today (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, New York, N.Y., USA). Results: The control group had a significantly higher age (p < 0.001) compared to the glaucoma patients on timolol or prostaglandin analogues; 9/98 patients (9.2%) on timolol, 1/64 patients (1.5%) on prostaglandins and 3/150 (2%) control subjects were screened positive for MDD. The odds ratios adjusted for age, sex and duration of glaucoma showed that patients on β-blocker therapy were 6.4 and 4.9 times more likely to have depression compared to those on prostaglandin analogues and control subjects, respectively. Conclusions: Glaucoma patients on topical timolol should be screened for depression and referred for appropriate psychiatric consultation and treatment if indicated.
Mucosal Macrophages in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammation
Authors: Mowat Allan McI , Bain Calum C.
Published: September 2011

Intestinal macrophages are essential for local homeostasis and in keeping a balance between commensal microbiota and the host. However, they also play essential roles in inflammation and protective immunity, when they change from peaceful regulators to powerful aggressors. As a result, activated macrophages are important targets for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease. Until recently, the complexity and heterogeneity of intestinal macrophages have been underestimated and here we review current evidence that there are distinct populations of resident and inflammatory macrophages in the intestine. We describe the mechanisms that ensure macrophages remain partially inert in the healthy gut and cannot promote inflammation despite constant exposure to bacteria and other stimuli. This may be because the local environment ‘conditions’ macrophage precursors to become unresponsive after they arrive in the gut. Nevertheless, this permits some active, physiological functions to persist. A new population of pro-inflammatory macrophages appears in inflammation and we review the evidence that this involves recruitment of a distinct population of fully responsive monocytes, rather than alterations in the existing cells. A constant balance between these resident and inflammatory macrophages is critical for maintaining the status quo in healthy gut and ensuring protective immunity when required.
Development of Neonatal Respiratory and Intensive Care: Chinese Perspectives
Authors: Sun Bo , Ma Li , Liu Xiaohong , Gao Xirong , Ni Liming
Published: September 2011

Recent economic improvements in China have allowed the development of perinatal-neonatal care in sub-provincial regions. However, variations in neonatal respiratory and intensive care exist, especially in regions with limited resources. We conducted a series of collaborative clinical investigations into neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure (NRF). In the study period from 2004 to 2005, this nationwide study found an incidence of NRF of 13.4% of total admissions to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with a mortality of 32%. Fewer than 30% of infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) received surfactant treatment. Most cases of NRF had birth weights (BWs) of 1,000–1,500 g. Approximately 60% of deaths were due to withdrawal of respiratory support because of economic restraints despite initial response to therapy. Extremely low BW or gestational age accounted for less than 2% of all NRF cases, and their survival rate was less than 50%. A prospective clinical epidemiologic study of NRF in 14 NICUs, mainly sub-provincial centers, in Hebei province was undertaken in the study period from 2007 to 2008. NRF made up 16.9% of total NICU admissions, with increased use of surfactant (>50%) and continuous positive airway pressure (>80%) in this study. However, mortality due to RDS, meconium aspiration syndrome and pulmonary infection/sepsis remained higher than 30%, in part affected by socioeconomic factors. With measures to assist hospitalized neonates from low income families in urban areas, as well as the ‘new rural cooperative health care program’ to subsidize families from rural areas, the quality and affordability of NICU services may be improved in the forthcoming years.
Pulmonary Effects of Prolonged Oligohydramnios following Mid-Trimester Rupture of the Membranes – Antenatal and Postnatal Management
Authors: Williams Olivia , Hutchings Graham , Hubinont Corinne , Debauche Christian , Greenough Anne
Published: September 2011

Mid-trimester, preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) with prolonged oligohydramnios remains a challenge for both obstetricians and neonatologists. Although survival rates have improved, morbidity remains common particularly due to pulmonary insufficiency and pulmonary hypertension. The aetiology of abnormal lung development is unknown but may depend critically on pulmonary vascular development. Antenatal evaluation of at-risk foetuses by three-dimensional ultrasound and MRI is possible but the techniques need to be further assessed. Antenatal corticosteroids given in cases of PPROM reduce the incidence of neonatal death, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage and necrotising enterocolitis without increasing maternal or neonatal infection. The true risk-benefit ratio of antibiotics, tocolysis and strategies to normalise amniotic fluid volume remains less clear. There is no consensus regarding the optimal ventilation strategy to support infants with pulmonary insufficiency following PPROM, and further work is required to determine whether and which pulmonary vasodilators improve long-term outcome in these infants.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid for the Prevention of Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Haritoglou Christos , Gerss Joachim , Hammes Hans P. , Kampik Anselm , Ulbig Michael W. ,   for the RETIPON Study Group
Published: September 2011

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on the occurrence of diabetic macular edema. Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, multinational study. Patients were randomized to the treatment group with 600 mg ALA per day or the placebo group. Every 6 months stereo fundus photographs, HbA1c levels, and an ophthalmological examination were documented. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of clinically significant macular edema (CSME) within a follow-up period of 2 years. Results: We randomized 235 patients with type II diabetes mellitus into the treatment group (mean age 58.0 years) and 232 into the placebo group (mean age 57.9 years). Mean HbA1c level was 8.1, with no significant differences between the treatment (mean 8.2, SD ± 1.35) and placebo groups (mean 8.1, SD ± 1.29). HbA1c values remained constant over time. In the treatment and placebo groups, 84 and 86 patients (35.7 and 37.1%) had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with a median duration of diabetes of 9.3 versus 9.0 years in the placebo group. Visual acuity remained unchanged during the entire trial. Concerning the primary endpoint, the study provided a negative result, i.e. 26/235 patients in the treatment group and 30/232 patients in the placebo group developed CSME. Confirmatory intention-to-treat analysis of the primary endpoint revealed no statistically significant difference between groups (log-rank test, p = 0.7108, HR = 0.9057 with CI = 0.5355–1.5317). Median follow-up was identical (2.00 years). Conclusions: A daily dosage of 600 mg ALA does not prevent the occurrence of CSME in IDDM patients.
Evaluation of the Incidence of Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Injection of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Authors: Inoue Maiko , Kobayakawa Shinichiro , Sotozono Chie , Komori Hideki , Tanaka Kumiko , Suda Yuzo , Matsushima Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Shigeru , Senoo Tadashi , Tochikubo Tetsuo , Kadonosono Kazuaki
Published: September 2011

Aims: To report the incidence of infectious and noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from a multicenter clinical trial in Japan. Methods: A retrospective multicenter review of the data of patients who received intravitreal anti-VEGF injections between January 2007 and March 2011 was undertaken. Cases with the clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis resulting from intravitreal injection were identified and reviewed. Results: A total of 5,236 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (1,209 intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, 3,827 injections of ranibizumab, and 200 injections of pegaptanib sodium) had been administered. Five patients (0.095%), all of whom had received bevacizumab, were diagnosed as having endophthalmitis after the intravitreal injection. All patients visited the institutes for re-examination within 1–2 days after the injection. Among the 5 patients, 2 (0.038%) were culture positive for Streptococcus oralis and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The remaining 3 eyes (0.057%) developed presumed noninfectious endophthalmitis. Conclusion: Although endophthalmitis is a rare complication associated with intravitreal injection, in this series intravitreal anti-VEGF injection caused infectious or noninfectious endophthalmitis at a relatively high frequency. Further investigations are needed to consider an appropriate injection protocol for minimizing the incidence rates of endophthalmitis, and to assess the optimal treatment protocol for intravitreal injection-related endophthalmitis although it was difficult to differentiate these two entities.