bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of Measurement of Plasma Volume and of Indirect Estimation of Red Cell Volume
Authors: Strumia M. M. , Strumia P. V. , Dugan A.
Published: October 2009

Total blood volume (TBV) and red cell volume (RCV) determinations have become an established diagnostic procedure in a variety of conditions; they are being used increasingly to estimate the requirement of blood transfusion. A common laboratory practice is to determine indirectly the RCV and/or the TBV by measuring the plasma volume (PV) and the venous hematocrit (VH). This procedure is technically simple and has been made popular by a number of semiautomatic electronic devices. In the healthy population we find results of the direct and the indirect measure of the RCV to be not statistically different, although they may differ by as much as ± 10% in individual cases. Larger discrepancies between the results of the two methods have been reported in patients by numerous investigators.

In the present study the RCV based on the PV was found to be significantly larger in many patients than the RCV measured directly by tagging of red cells. Emphasis is here placed on the severity of this discrepancy in the general bed‐patient population. The differences in the RCV cannot be explained alone by the variability of the hematocrit in the large and small vessels, but must involve an early loss of the albumin and/or the tag from the vascular bed. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the measure of the PV, and consequently of the estimated RCV, in a considerable number of patients. It will be shown that the discrepancies noted can be reduced significantly by basing the measure of the plasma volume on the highest T‐1824 density or on the highest 131I (RISA) activity obtained three to ten minutes postinfusion of the tag.
Detection and Characterization of Blood Group Antigens on Untransformed Human Amnion Cells
Authors: Friedhoff F. , Kuhns W. J.
Published: October 2009

Amnion cells, primary and in culture, along with the infant's own erythrocytes, were tested by mixed agglutination for blood groups A, B, H, M, N, Tja, Rho(D), Yta, I and i. Studies were carried out on cell cultures ranging in age from one day to 39 days. Only A, B, H, Tja, I and i could be demonstrated on amnion cells. Decrease in the number of cells positive for Tja, and possibly for A and B, was observed in the course of cell passages. In cultures positive for H, the percentage of positive cells, although small, generally continued as long as the culture was studied.
Human Cadaver Blood for Transfusion
Authors: Vyas G. N. , Munver U. L. , Salgaonkar D. S. , Purandare N. M.
Published: October 2009

To evaluate the suitability of cadaver blood for use in transfusions, blood from five corpses was examined for biochemical alterations and erythrocyte survival. Blood nonprotein nitrogen and serum potassium and uric acid levels were increased to some degree, but erythrocyte survival was within normal limits.
Quantitative Studies of a Two‐stage Hemagglutination System Employing the Antiglobulin Reaction
Authors: Greendyke R. M. , Swisher S. N. ,   With the Assistance of D. J. Meisenzahl and N. C. Trabold
Published: October 2009

The quantitative analysis of hemagglutination employing an electronic particle counter has been extended to the development of a two‐stage system for the study of agglutination of red cells sensitized by incomplete antibodies treated with antiglobulin serum. The agglutination of red cells in an anti‐Rho (D) system has been studied to demonstrate the relationship between such parameters as per cent agglutination, per cent two‐cell aggregates, and mean cell number per aggregate. Demonstrations of applications of this technic to such problems as the measurement of comparative potency and characterization of anti‐Rho sera, dosage effects, disaggregation patterns with antisera of different specificities, use of chain‐specific antiglobulin sera, and antiglobulin consumption studies are given.
Quantitative Studies of the Erythrocytic B Antigen in South African Caucasian, Bantu and Asiatic Blood Donors
Authors: Milner L. V. , Calitz F.
Published: October 2009

The strength of the erythrocytic B antigens in South African Caucasian, Asiatic and Bantu donors was studied by a quantitative procedure. The mean strength of the B antigen in the Bantu was found to be considerably stronger than in the Caucasians and Asiatics. The Asiatics, while having a mean similar to the Caucasians, showed much more variance in the strength of B antigen than the other two races, having both the weakest and strongest antigens observed, stronger even than the strongest Bantu.
Clinical Effectiveness of Platelet Concentrates Prepared with or without Acidification of the Plasma
Authors: Cavins J. A. , Pirnar A. , Roy A. J. , Farber S.
Published: October 2009

Fresh platelet concentrates prepared with or without acidification of the platelet‐rich plasma were administered to 32 thrombocytopenic patients. A total of 122 transfusions were given including 60 of platelet concentrates from unmodified plasma and 62 of platelets prepared from acidified plasma. In vivo retrieval was calculated by two different and previously used formulas and found to be equivalent for acidified or nonacidified platelet concentrates by either method. Strict adherence to the details of the platelet separation technic is stressed and the possible significance of refrigeration during centrifugation is considered. Non‐modified platelet concentrates are therapeutically effective. They are also economically preferable since they can be obtained as by‐products of ordinary blood banking and do not prejudice the use of the plasma for separation of AHF cryoprecipitates.
Continuous Flow Cell Washing System
Authors: Schlutz C. A. , Bellamy D.
Published: October 2009

Advancements in blood therapy during the past decade have indicated the need for a presterilized disposable cell washing system. Experimental and prototype developments indicate the feasibility of continuous washing for 1) removal of plasma protein from red cell masses, 2) deglycerolization of frozen red cells, 3) removal of cellular debris, and 4) separation of mixed cell populations.

A new system has been designed to accomplish these separations. Initial studies indicate a thousandfold concentration reduction of initial supernate per liter of wash solution per unit of blood. Studies using isotopes and rates of dye removal formed the basis of further studies of programs utilizing deglycerolization and density gradient separation of cells. The basis for the development of the system and experimental results obtained from this system are defined.
An Analysis of Hospital Blood Bank Whole Blood Inventory Control Policies
Authors: Jennings J. B.
Published: October 2009

A detailed model of a hospital blood bank whole blood inventory system is developed, shown to provide an accurate representation of actual blood bank operations, and analyzed by means of digital computer simulation. The control of hospital blood inventories is examined with primary emphasis on the specification of the most basic and most flexible policy—the desired beginning inventory level policy. The performance of the system is studied graphically in terms of a function which relates the two most important measures of effectiveness—blood shortage and blood outdating—to the inventory level. Less flexible decisions are studied in terms of the shift which they produce in this curve. Numerical results are obtained to indicate the specific effects of a reduction of variability in central blood bank shipments, a reduction of the average age or an extension of the dating period of blood entering the blood bank, the establishment of a minimum inventory level or reorder point, and the addition of a second daily blood order.
Anti‐γ‐Globulins in Women Treated with Anti‐Rh γ‐Globulin
Authors: Sturgeon P. , Jennings E. R.
Published: October 2009

The incidence of anti‐γ‐globulin activity in women given at delivery, anti‐Rh γ‐globulin for prophylaxis of immunization to Rho has been studied. Each patient in two groups of approximately 50 women each was given one injection. At examination six months postpartum, the incidence of anti‐γ‐globulins was found to be no greater than in untreated controls. In addition, a third group of 15 women who had prophylactic immunization for two successive pregnancies had no increased incidence of anti‐γ‐globulins.
Washing Erythrocytes in a Centrifugal System with Particular Reference to Glycerolized Cells
Authors: Meryman H. T. ,   With the technical assistance of J. W. Saur and H. Belin
Published: October 2009

True countercurrent washing is difficult to achieve with unaggregated erythrocytes because of their small size and tendency to engage in bulk flow. Continuous‐flow centrifugal washing of cells suspended in isotonic saline is extremely efficient, permitting a reduction in the concentration of extracellular contaminant by a factor of 100 in less than five minutes with a wash solution volume less than twice the volume of the cell solution. The introduction of glycerol into a cell suspension decreases sedimentation rates and imposes several obstacles to continuous‐flow wash. The efficiency of centrifugal wash procedures for fully glycerolized cells is poor and a preliminary reduction in glycerol concentration by some other method is necessary before continuous‐flow wash can be used effectively. A preliminary dilution with a hypertonic sodium chloride wash improves sedimentation characteristics, but excessive packing of the crenated cells results in washing hemolysis. Some further dilution with isotonic saline prevents this and permits completion of the wash on a continuous‐flow centrifugal basis.
Anti‐C as a Naturally‐Occurring Antibody
Authors: Beck M. , Dixon J. , Lawson N. S. , Oberman H. A.
Published: October 2009

Anti‐C was detected in the serum of a 49‐year‐old man who had no history of transfusion. The thermal range of reactivity of the antibody, as well as its characterization as an IgM globulin, are consistent with the behavior of a naturally‐occurring antibody. This is believed to be the first report of such an antibody with anti‐C specificity.
Symposium: Immunologic Suppression of Primary Rh Antibody Formation*
Authors: Siskind G. W.
Published: October 2009

Passive antibody specifically suppresses an immune response by binding to the antigenic determinant, and appears to do so by competing with potential antibody forming cells for available antigen. This concept is consistent with most of the evidence in the literature. In the course of naturally occurring immune responses, circulating antibody contributes to the progressive rise in antibody affinity with time after immunization by suppressing the antibody production of cells bearing relatively lower affinity antibody.
A Relationship between Lewis Type and Immunologic Responsiveness to Blood Group Specific Substances
Authors: Trentelman E. F.
Published: October 2009

Two hundred and fifty‐one group B donors who had been immunized with blood group specific substances were typed with anti‐Lea serum at the time their serum was examined for anti‐A. Among 160 donors found to have an anti‐A titer of 1:100 or more, 62 or 38.8 per cent were Le(a+). Of 91 donors whose titer was less than 1:100 only six or 6.6 per cent were Le(a+). It is concluded that the Le(a+) phenotype is associated with the isoagglutinin response. The nature of this association remains to be determined.
The Application of Continuous Thermal Conditions in Blood Banking
Authors: Hunter D. T. , Sumsion E. G. , Christensen B.
Published: October 2009

A system is described which enables the performance of immunohematologic studies without removal from a warm environment. This is accomplished through the use of a warm compartment containing all necessary equipment and materials to perform and complete the procedure at 37 C. The major advantages of this methodology include the elimination of effects from cold antibodies and enhancement of warm antibody specificity. A modification is proposed which enables thermal conditions to be introduced at the end stage of immune antibody studies in which agglutination is observed. The proposed system appears to be free of false negative or positive interference.
Hemagglutinating Antipenicillin Antibodies (HAPA): Incidence and Significance in Four Groups of Patients
Authors: Ascari W. Q. , Gorman J. G.
Published: October 2009

Four groups of patients were examined serologically for hemagglutinating antipenicillin antibodies (HAPA). The incidence of HAPA was found to be 21.8 per cent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, 37.8 per cent in patients treated with penicillin for syphilis, 7.9 per cent in patients with cardiovascular disease and 22.2 per cent in patients with penicillin allergies. These incidences were significantly higher than the 3.1 per cent frequency noted in healthy individuals donating blood in this survey.

Although the reasons for the high incidences of HAPA vary for the patient groups, this study indicates that a substantial number of patients are at risk of developing positive direct antiglobulin reactions and/or acquired hemolytic anemias if treated with penicillin.
Positive Antiglobulin Tests in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Polesky H. F. , Smith R. , Weirich F.
Published: October 2009

Positive direct antihuman globulin tests were found in 33 per cent of patients after cardiac surgery. Twenty‐one per cent of patients studied before surgery had a positive enzyme‐antiglobulin test. None of the patients had hemolytic anemia. The positive serologic tests were detected by only some commercial “broad spectrum” Coombs reagents.
Early History of Blood Substitutes: Transfusion of Milk
Authors: Oberman H. A.
Published: October 2009

In the final quarter of the 19th century, dissatisfaction with blood transfusion prompted a brief wave of enthusiasm for transfusion of milk as a blood substitute. Although transfusion of cow's milk was first attempted in Canada in 1854, this form of treatment achieved its greatest popularity in the United States between 1873 and 1880. During this interval, transfusion of milk from cows, goats and humans was attempted. However, adverse effects, as well as the advent of isotonic saline solutions, prompted its discontinuance.
Pooled Platelet Concentrates Prepared in a New Blood Bank Centrifuge
Authors: Miller W. V. , Gillem H. G. , Yankee R. A. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: October 2009

Pools of platelet‐rich plasma, prepared by the split‐ACD technic at the donor facility, were passed through a special (ADL) centrifuge bowel to continuously trap platelets within the bowl as platelet‐poor plasma was removed. The platelets were concentrated in a final volume of 125 to 150 ml. With the bowl used, flow rates of about 50 ml/min at 1,200 × g allowed concentration of 80 per cent of the platelets from the original plasma. Platelet clumping did not occur despite admixture of ABO blood groups. Recovery in vivo was equal to that observed for platelets in conventional concentrates. Divided doses of these platelet concentrates were reserved for multitransfused patients because pooling increases the risk of transmitting hepatitis. This method is a rapid, effective, semiautomated adjunct to blood‐component preparation in hospital blood banks.
Aspects of a Computer‐assisted System for Calling Blood Donors from a Specialized Panel
Authors: Hopkins D. F. , Milne G. R.
Published: October 2009

A system is described for locating within a region people who have special blood‐group antibodies in their serum, identifying those who may be able to donate blood, and obtaining donations of such blood. This system is oriented to collecting relatively large amounts of blood containing anti‐Rho(D) to meet present requirements for anti‐D immunoglobulin without resorting to artificial immunization, and is extended to include people who have other antibodies which may be required for blood typing. A computer is used to perform much of the intricate clerical work. Certain problems relating to the use of a computer within the context of blood transfusion are identified and discussed, with special reference to systems analysis, donor identification, and blood‐group terminology.
Mechanism Whereby Platelets Support the Endothelium
Authors: Wojcik J. D. , Van Horn D. L. , Webber A. J. , Johnson S. A.
Published: October 2009

Thrombocytopenic guinea pigs (platelet count reduced by total body irradiation) were transfused with tritium‐tagged diisopropylfluorophosphonate‐labeled donor platelets. Electron autoradiographs were prepared of tissue taken at various intervals following the transfusion. Some label was found in the endothelial cells three minutes after completion of the transfusion and many platelets were observed interacting with the endothelial membrane. Thirty minutes later much label was found localized only in the endothelial cells with few platelets interacting with the endothelial membrane. The mechanism whereby platelets nourish the endothelial cells by interacting with them is initiated as soon as donor platelets contact deprived endothelium. Transfusion of platelet‐poor plasma containing ten times the amount of label in the platelet concentrates resulted in 87 per cent of the label remaining in the plasma and red blood cells with no localization in the endothelium.
Effect of Adenine on Stored Erythrocytes Evaluated by Autologous and Homologous Transfusions
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

Blood obtained from normal volunteers and stored in ACD with or without adenine was evaluated by both tests in vitro and by 24‐hour recovery following transfusion. Significant differences between autologous and homologous transfusions were not detected. The changes that did occur were limited to evidence of lesser erythrocyte breakdown in ACD units fortified with adenine. These units were associated with higher survival values at all storage periods evaluated and displayed over 70 per cent 24‐hour posttransfusion survival even after 42 days of storage.
Effect of Prolonged Storage on Erythrocyte Enzymes
Authors: Mourad N.
Published: October 2009

After 19 weeks' storage in autologous plasma at 4 C, the enzymatic activities of erythrocytic enolase, 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase and ATPase each were reduced by about one half, nucleoside diphosphokinase, glutathione reductase, and hexokinase were reduced by about one third, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were relatively unchanged in activity. After 19 weeks' storage at ‐120 C or ‐170 C in glycerol‐sucrose medium, the activity of these erythrocyte enzymes was essentially unchanged.
Oxygen Equilibria and Biochemical Changes of Whole Blood Stored in Different Preservation Media
Authors: Huisman T. H. J. , Boyd E. M. , Kitchens J. , Mayson S. , Shepeard W. L.
Published: October 2009

Human blood was stored in its oxygenated and in its deoxygenated forms for a period of 14 to 56 days at 4 C in six different preservation media, namely, ACD and CPD, ACD and CPD supplemented with adenine, ACD and CPD supplemented with adenine and with tris (hydroxymethyl) amino‐methane at pH 7.2. At regular intervals determinations were made of the pH and the oxygen affinities of the total blood, of the intracellular concentrations of ATP, 2,3‐DPG and inorganic phosphate, of plasma electrolytes and lactic add concentrations, and of the minor hemoglobin components. The investigations have shown: 1) Storage of blood in the deoxygenated form results in a rapid decrease of the blood pH, an increased lactic acid production, and a less rapid change in the oxygen affinities and 2,3‐DPG levels; 2) Storage of blood at a more neutral pH prevents the changes in 2,3‐DPG level and oxygen affinity; 3) Supplementation of the media with adenine may increase to some extent the ATP level of the red blood cells; 4) No significant changes are observed in the percentages of the minor hemoglobins. A striking correlation was observed between the oxygen affinity of the blood and the intracellular 2,3‐DPG level; no such correlation was present between the ATP level of the red blood cells and the oxygen affinity of the blood. The 2,3‐DPG level (and the oxygen affinity) was also dependent on the pH of the blood‐preservation media. A rapid disappearance of 2,3‐DPG was noted below rather fixed pH values; these pH values were consistently lower when blood was stored in its deoxygenated form than in its oxygenated form.
Effects of Adenine on Clotting Factors in Fresh Blood, Stored Blood, and Stored Fresh Frozen Plasma
Authors: Mooreside D. E. , Graybeal F. Q. , Langdell R. D.
Published: October 2009

The addition of small quantities of adenine to whole blood may prolong the useful shelf life of bank blood. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of adenine on the clotting factors in blood containing ACD and CPD. Units of whole blood were collected in ACD, ACD‐adenine, CPD and CPD‐adenine, and each was stored 42 days under standard blood bank conditions. Samples of fresh frozen plasma containing these anticoagulants were stored three to four months at ‐30 C. Assays of Factors V, VIII (AHF), IX (PTC), X (Stuart Factor), fibrinogen, and prothrombin were performed on fresh blood, stored blood and stored fresh frozen plasma. The presence of small quantities of adenine did not appear to produce any appreciable alteration in the activity of the clotting factors in fresh blood. Further, adenine did not appear either to improve or worsen the survival of the procoagulants in whole blood stored 42 days or in fresh frozen plasma stored three to four months. There was significant deterioration of Factors V and VIII in whole blood stored 42 days in ACD, ACD‐adenine, CPD, and CPD‐adenine, but the degree of storage loss was independent of the anticoagulant employed. Factor X, fibrinogen, and prothrombin remained stable in blood stored 42 days regardless of the anticoagulant used, but Factor IX activity increased during storage possibly as the result of contact activation. Fresh frozen plasma stored three to four months showed a uniform slight loss of Factor VIII in all four anticoagulants, but Factors V, IX, X, fibrinogen, and prothrombin remained stable in stored fresh frozen plasma regardless of the anticoagulant employed.
Coexistence of MN Erythrocytes and Apparent Anti‐M Antibody
Authors: Schmidt A. P. , Taswell H. F.
Published: October 2009

A patient of blood type MN with an apparent anti‐M antibody in his serum is described. The antibody agglutinated all O,M and O,MN cells tested at 4 C and 13 C but did not agglutinate his own or his children's MN cells. The patient's cells were agglutinated by all of three rabbit anti‐M and ten of 11 human anti‐M sera. The present case resembles one previously described, and further illustrates multiple specificities associated with the M agglutinogen.
Information Needs for Hospital Blood Bank Inventory Control
Authors: Jennings J. B.
Published: October 2009

As revealed in an earlier study of blood bank inventory control, the records kept by many blood banks, and the statistics derived therefrom, are not adequate for the rational control of inventories of blood products. A reasonable set of basic data is described, together with a possible set of records capable of providing the necessary information.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐Jsb
Authors: Wake E. J. , Issitt P. D. , Reihart J. K. , Feldman R. , Luhby A. L.
Published: October 2009

Jsbnegative antigen occurs in about 1 per cent of Negroes and has not been reported in Caucasians. This report presents what appears to be the first published case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Jsb. The disease was mild and no exchange transfusions were required despite a fairly high maternal anti‐Jsb titer. Potential transfusion problems are discussed.
Polycythemic Donors—Are They Useful and Safe?
Authors: Hyman G. A. , Carlsen E.
Published: October 2009

A 15‐year experience with the transfusion of blood from donors with polycythemia vera is summarized. For no valid scientific reason a fine source of donor blood has been largely ignored. In the study reported, not only has the expected benefit occurred following transfusion from polycythemic donors, but there has been freedom from possible adverse late sequelae. Fifty‐six recipients have lived from two to thirteen years; 20 recipients are still being followed. In no instance was a new case of cancer or of polycythemia vera discovered in the recipient. In addition, there is a provocative possibility that cancer occurs less often than expected in the recipient of such transfusions. At least the procedure has not been proven harmful, and the authors suggest that a valuable source of blood donation, the healthy donor with polycythemia vera, should be employed routinely.
Persistent Polyagglutinability in Vivo Unrelated to T‐antigen Activation
Authors: Haynes C. R. , Dorner I. , Leonard G. L. , Arrowsmith W. R. , Chaplin H.
Published: October 2009

Red blood cells of a type B patient became polyagglutinable eight years ago and have remained so to the present. No infection or other cause for the phenomenon has been discovered and laboratory studies have established conclusively that the polyagglutinability is distinguishable from T‐antigen activation and from the effect of periodate treatment in vitro. Combined 51Cr and Ashby differential agglutination studies of the survival in vivo of normal type B donor blood demonstrated that the transfused cells did not become polyagglutinable during more than four months in the patient's circulation. It is concluded that the underlying abnormality of the patient's red blood cells originates during their formative stage in the bone marrow. The clinical implications of these findings and their possible relationship to the patient's accompanying leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are discussed briefly.
Circulation of Concentrated One‐day‐old Platelets in Vivo
Authors: Roy A. , Cavins J. , Djerassi I.
Published: October 2009

Platelet concentrates of rat and human origin were stored at 22 C or at 4 C for up to 24 hours without additives. Transfusion of these concentrates into thrombocytopenic recipients demonstrated that: (1) storage of rat or human platelets at 4 C for up to 24 hours did not affect their recovery in vivo; (2) storage at 22 C resulted in a marked reduction in the viability of rat platelets but only a slight reduction in the viability of human platelets as adjudged by these criteria; (3) at 24 hours posttransfusion, the residual increment of platelets stored at 22 C was significantly higher than that of platelets stored at 4 C. The pH of the concentrates (rat and human) stored at 4 C remained slightly alkaline while the pH of those stored at 22 C., especially rat platelets, was significantly reduced. The deleterious effects of storage of platelets at 4 C are well known. These effects, however, do not preclude their usefulness when a limited objective of arresting or preventing hemorrhage for short periods is pursued. When daily platelet transfusions are feasible, platelets stored for 24 hours at 4 C in the absence of fresh material are adequate for clinical use.
The Nature of Rh Blocking Antibodies
Authors: Prager M. D. , Reed J.
Published: October 2009

Five different anti‐D antisera, each demonstrating both a prozone and specific blocking of D‐anti‐D agglutination, were fractionated by a variety of methods including DEAE‐cellulose chromatography, preparative electrophoresis, and Sephadex gel filtration. In fractions with blocking activity, IgG was either the one immunoglobulin consistently present or the only immunoglobulin detectable. The most potent blocking activity was observed in fractions in which IgG had the most cathodic electrophoretic migration. The possibility that blocking reactions might be associated with either low‐molecular‐weight microglobulins or IgM monomers was considered, but no supporting evidence was found. Specific agglutination inhibition of D‐anti‐D was observed also with urine concentrates from donors undergoing active immunization, and IgG was the most prominent immunoglobulin in these preparations.
Hemoglobin Function of Blood Stored at 4 C in ACD and CPD with Adenine and Inosine
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Ellis T. J.
Published: October 2009

Normal hemoglobin function depends on adequate erythrocyte levels of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), a compound that is poorly maintained during blood bank storage in acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD). Since 2,3‐DPG is better maintained at the higher pH afforded by citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD), hemoglobin function was compared during storage in CPD and ACD. Further, hemoglobin function was studied in CPD blood containing adenine and inosine, compounds that provide metabolic energy and thus prolong the shelf‐life of blood, because they also effect the levels of 2,3‐DPG during storage. Hemoglobin function, expressed as the P50 (the P02 at 50 per cent oxygenation, an inverse but direct measure of oxygen affinity) is considerably better maintained during storage in CPD than in ACD. The hemoglobin function or P50 of blood stored in CPD‐adenine is not maintained as well as blood stored in CPD without adenine, but the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves show only a small difference when compared to the difference between ACD and CPD. Blood stored in CPD‐adenine with inosine, present initially or added at day 25, allows higher P50 values late in storage, thus providing better hemoglobin function for more of the storage period.
Knops‐Helgeson (Kna), a High‐frequency Erythrocyte Antigen
Authors: Helgeson M. , Swanson J. , Polesky H. F.
Published: October 2009

An antibody found in the sera of several unrelated individuals defines a new high‐frequency antigenic determinant, Kna (Knops‐Helgeson). If Kn(a—) arises from the homozygous state of, as of now, amorphic genes, Kn/Kn, the Kn locus is not closely linked to the loci for ABO, MNSs, Rh, Lu, Jk, and Se.
Hemolytic Anemia Due to Anti‐A in Concentrated Antihemophilic Factor Preparations
Authors: Rosati L. A. , Barnes B. , Oberman H. A. , Penner J. A.
Published: October 2009

Progressive anemia developed in a type A1 hemophiliac after he had received a large amount of commercial Factor VIII concentrate. Anti‐A was found in the patient's serum as well as in eluates from his erythrocytes. Moreover, the product contained potent anti‐A. A positive direct antiglobulin test and increased osmotic fragility with microspherocytosis were additional laboratory findings which suggested passive transfer of anti‐A as the cause of the anemia. The possibility of anemia due to transfused anti‐A or anti‐B should be considered in patients, other than those of type O, who manifest progressive anemia following treatment with large volumes of a pooled plasma product.
Measurement of Erythrocyte Survival during Open‐heart Surgery
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Dean H. M. , Valeri C. R. , Bougas J. A. , Desforges J. F.
Published: October 2009

A method of estimating erythrocyte survival during open‐heart surgery is presented. Two erythrocyte populations were transfused simultaneously into the extracorporeal circulation and were compared by measuring the survival of one population with 51Cr labeling and the other by automated differential agglutination. The difference between the percentage survivals of two erythrocyte populations was calculated. When the survival of a single erythrocyte population was measured simultaneously by chromium labeling and by automated differential agglutination, evidence for elution of chromium from the labeled red blood cells during the operative procedure was not found. A significant increase in the rate of erythrocyte destruction occurred following transfusion of red blood cells that had been stored at 4 C for longer than one week. The destroyed red blood cells apparently represented those irreversibly damaged during storage at 4 C.
Development of an Automated Blood Inventory and Information System for a Regional Transfusion Service
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Roseth D. R. , Stelloh R. T. , Perine J. , Nehama I. D. , Hurst T. M. , Rimm A. A. , Becker G. A. , Strei E. A. , Krenz S. J. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2009

A prototype automated blood inventory and information system (ABIIS) designed to play a major role in management of blood resources for a large metropolitan area has been installed and placed in operation. Proposed use of the system to support all phases of Blood Center operation (i.e., input, distribution, and output of blood) is discussed and preliminary data on cost‐effectiveness are given. Additional experience and experimentation is required to fully document the value of this program. Results to date suggest, however, that the improved service, and increased operating efficiency gained from automation on this scale are more than sufficient to justify the costs incurred.
A Computer‐based Blood Inventory and Information System for Hospital Blood Banks as Part of a Regional Blood‐management Program
Authors: Hirsch R. L. , Brodheim E. , Ginsberg F. E.
Published: October 2009

The feasibility of establishing computerized networks between hospital blood banks and regional blood distribution centers is being tested. A portion of this system is described which serves the individual hospital blood bank directly and eventually will feed its data into the total regional system. Information is entered via a teletypewriter by blood bank personnel. Reports can be generated that can serve as accession, reservation, and transfusion logs, reproduce the blood bank history of a patient or a unit of blood, indicate the status of the entire inventory or a single unit of blood, and highlight units about to outdate. Statistical summaries of various blood bank activities can be derived readily from the data base created. Analysis of a data base created from the blood bank records of two large metropolitan New York hospitals reveals significant differences in the amounts of blood used on the various services (medical, surgical, emergency, special) and for certain major medical conditions (gastrointestinal bleeding, renal dialysis). The probability that units requested actually will be transfused was calculated for one major medical category and a tentative age‐matching policy for the selection of bloods to be reserved was suggested. Attention is called to the necessity of considering standards of compatibility between present and future computer‐based systems for blood banks, that they can be merged into regional networks that will benefit the community, the donor, and the patient‐recipient.
Rapid Screening for Hepatitis Antigen by Immunoelectrodiffusion Using Paper Discs
Authors: Duquesnoy R. J. , Becker G. A.
Published: October 2009

Immunoelectrodiffusion with paper discs is a simple and rapid method for screening blood donors for hepatitis antigen.
Rapid Method for Separation of Blood Cells
Authors: Tellez A. , Rubinstein P.
Published: October 2009

Successful separation of lymphocytes and platelets from peripheral blood and buffy coat using a one‐step procedure has been achieved. The method involves a discontinuous gradient of Dextran and Hypaque® (Winthrop).
Large‐scale Procedure for Reprocessing Outdated Clinical Albumin
Authors: Wickerhauser M. , Glaser C. , Westcott W.
Published: October 2009

Recovery of clinical albumin from large stocks of outdated material would help to alleviate the current shortage of this valuable product. A large‐scale procedure for reprocessing outdated polymerized albumin is described based on Cohn's cold ethanol technic. The method consists of removing a polymeric fraction by precipitation in the cold at 20 per cent ethanol, pH 5.2 and 0.03 M NaCl, and recovering monomeric albumin from the supernatant at pH 4.8 and 25 per cent ethanol. High nephelometric stability is restored, and the product meets all the NIH requirements for clinical salt‐poor albumin. The fractionation method reduces the polymer content from 33.5 per cent to about 10 per cent, which is comparable to that found in indated albumin preparations. The yield of recovered albumin was 32.5 per cent, while the recovery of the monomer, itself, was 45 per cent. Some signs which suggest denaturation of the albumin during the aging process are discussed briefly.
Quality‐control Approach to Improve Donor Care
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

The operation of any donor center should include provision for the protection of the individual who reacts adversely to the withdrawal of blood. No center can expect an absence of reactions and every center should try to reduce the frequency of reactions to a minimum. A quality‐control system was adapted to monitor reaction incidence based upon the average incidence in that particular center. When the frequency of reactions consistently exceeds the tolerance zone, poor reaction control is indicated. The most practical design for a phlebotomy area was found to be three beds that permitted the use, alternately, of either one or two beds for bleeding and, simultaneously either one or two beds for donor recovery. This achieved rapid blood collections without increasing the frequency of reactions. Reaction‐prone donors are best identified through history of having reacted adversely to an earlier blood collection. Donors reacting away from the bed had greater risk of injury than those reacting on the bed. Observation and more care kept the incidence of reaction in hazardous areas at a low level. The quality control system proved useful in assuring proper and safe operation of the blood bank and in improving donor care.
Platelet Response to Hypotonic Stress after Storage at 4 C or 22 C
Authors: Handin R. I. , Fortier N. L. , Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

We have studied the response of platelets to a standardized osmotic stress following storage at either 4 C or 22 C. Platelets that had been stored at 22 C for up to 72 hours retained their ability to recover from hypotonic swelling, while those that had been stored at 4 C showed a rapid decline in their ability to recover from hypotonic stress.
Macroglobulinemia with Positive Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Bayrakci C. , Bardana E. J. , Pirofsky B.
Published: October 2009

A patient had macroglobulinemia, a chromosomal abnormality, and IgG + C3 antiglobulin positive hemolytic anemia. The IgM appeared as a monoclonal M component, with an exclusive к‐chain distribution. Warm‐acting erythrocyte autoantibody in eluates was IgG.
Bactériologic Study of Platelet Concentrates Prepared and Stored without Refrigeration
Authors: Silver H. , Sonnenwirth A. C. , Beisser L. D.
Published: October 2009

Cultures for bacterial growth were taken from platelet concentrates prepared at ambient temperature and stored for 24 to 96 hours at 30 C. A total of 120 cultures were taken at varying times from 40 platelet concentrates. The collecting system was not broken. No organisms were isolated which indicates that the hazard to the patient from bacterial contamination is not enhanced by this method of preparation.
Fibrinogen and Fibrin Degradation Products in Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Sack E. S. , Nefa O. M.
Published: October 2009

Three patients who received incompatible transfusions are reported. Two developed a generalized bleeding diathesis and died. Clotting studies showed disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fibrinogen and fibrin split products were found in extremely high amounts as a result of secondary activation of the fibrinolytic system following the intravascular coagulation episode. One patient was treated with heparin with cessation of the hemorrhage. Prompt treatment with heparin should be the therapy of choice for the bleeding tendency which accompanies hemolytic reactions.
A Tutorial on Linear Regression in Blood Banking
Authors: Hyams L. , Philpot J.
Published: October 2009

The relationship between a set of independent and dependent variables can be evaluated by the least squares line. Methods are presented to calculate this line, to test the significance of intercept and slope, to estimate, and to predict.
Passaic Valley Blood Program
Authors: Churg J. , Steinlauf P. , Brill R. , Gannon J. R. , Ellis A. S. , Sobel H. J. , Weiss I.
Published: October 2009

A procurement program is described which is designed to provide blood from volunteer donors for about 10,000 transfusions (10,000 pints) a year. The program consists of: (1) pre‐admission deposit of blood in the hospital banks by relatives and friends of patients; (2) efficient exchange of blood among the seven participating hospitals; (3) formation of blood‐assurance groups in the community.

During its six years of operation, the program has almost completely eliminated the purchasing of commercial blood; it has reduced by half, out‐dating of blood in the banks; and it has doubled the amount of blood supplied by the assurance groups.
Complete Restoration of Oxygen Transport Function and 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate Concentration in Stored Blood
Authors: Duhm J. , Deuticke B. , Gerlach E.
Published: October 2009

Depleted 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate levels and defective oxygen‐transport function of blood stored in ACD can be normalized within 30 minutes by incubating the erythrocytes in a medium containing inosine (10 mM), pyruvate (10 mM), and phosphate (50 mM). The mechanisms responsible for these effects and practical implications for blood transfusion are discussed.
Comparative Sensitivity of Complement Fixation, Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, Radial, and Double Diffusion for Detection of Australia Antigen
Authors: Holper J. C. , Jambazian A.
Published: October 2009

The comparative sensitivity of CF, CIEP, and radial and double diffusion tests were determined on specimens from a large institution, samples submitted to a clinical laboratory for Australia testing, and samples from a commercial blood banking operation.

CF, CIEP, and radial diffusion were more sensitive systems for the detection of Au than double diffusion. However, the greater sensitivity of the CF, CIEP, and radial diffusion had only a small effect on the frequency of detection of positive specimens. This slight effect was probably due to the relatively low percentage of specimens with concentrations of Australia antigen below the detectability of the double diffusion system.
Detection of Fetal Maternal Hemorrhage: An Evaluation of Serological Tests Related to Rho(D) Immune Globulin (Human)
Authors: Polesky H. F. , Sebring E. S.
Published: October 2009

Microscopic examination of 219 indirect anti‐human globulin tests using a 1: 1,000 dilution of RhoGAM®* and 259 indirect antihuman globulin tests using appropriate slide test anti‐Rho(D) sera on specimens simulating fetal maternal hemorrhages (FMHs) of from 15 to 200 ml showed that agglutination was more frequently observed using the slide test anti‐Rho(D) sera. Tests done on coded specimens sent to several hospital laboratories indicated the need for technologist education in the interpretation of results of these tests on postpartum women. Since the amount of Rh immune globulin needed to treat women with FMHs depends on the volume of fetal bleed, suspected FMHs should be confirmed and quantitated using Kleihauer‐Betke smears.
Temperature Changes in Donor Blood under Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Pick P. , Fabijanic J.
Published: October 2009

Units of whole blood freshly collected in plastic bags or conventional bottles required up to 1/2 hr at refrigeration temperature before the core temperature fell below 10 C. Subsequent incubation at room temperature raised the core temperature of the blood units past an acceptable 10 C limit within 45 to 60 minutes.
Patterns of Endogenous Platelet Serotonin Release
Authors: Aledort L. M. , Gilbert H. S. , Puszkin E.
Published: October 2009

The release of endogenous serotonin (5HT) from the platelets of normal human subjects was studied using adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, and connective tissue (CT) as aggregating agents. Clot retraction was found to release from 60 to 100 per cent of available platelet 5HT. Of the aggregating agents studied, only connective tissue was accompanied by the release of endogenous SHT in all subjects. Low concentrations of ADP gave no release, and high concentrations of ADP as well as thrombin‐induced aggregation gave release in the minority of subjects.

The pattern of release of endogenous 5HT in response to aggregating agents was found to differ from results of studies reported by others 18, 19 using exogenous radioactive 5HT.
An Antibody, in the Serum of a Wr(a+) Individual, Reacting with an Antigen of Very High Frequency
Authors: Adams J. , Broviac M. , Brooks W. , Johnson N. R. , Issitt P. D.
Published: October 2009

The serum of a Wr(a+) woman has been found to contain an antibody reacting with an antigen of very high incidence. Preliminary tests on the strength of the Wra antigen on the cells of the antibody former and the variation of reactions of the antibody with the cells of nonrelated Wr(a+) and Wr(a‐) individuals suggest that the antibody may be detecting the antithetical antigen to Wra.
Routine Use of Frozen Blood in a Community Hospital. Economic Dream or Reality?
Authors: Becker S. M. , Pribor H. C. , Remington M.
Published: October 2009

The routine use of frozen blood in a community hospital is economically feasible even with only 40 per cent utilization of platelet concentrates and 100 per cent utilization of cryoprecipitate and Factor VIII‐poor plasma. The medical advantages far outweigh the minimal added costs. Large hospitals with active blood banks should investigate the possibility of using frozen blood routinely. The fear of and the resistance to adopting newer procedures which may be technically more difficult must be overcome before the widespread use of frozen blood becomes a reality. From the economic standpoint, it already is.
Development of Gm Antibodies Following Injection of Anti‐Rh Gamma Globulin
Authors: Nathenson G.
Published: October 2009

The incidence of antibody formation to Gm(1), Gm(5) or Gm(4) antigens in Rh‐negative mothers was determined following injections of pooled anti‐Rh γ globulin for the prevention of Rh isoimmunization. A 4.1 per cent frequency of Gm antibodies following a first injection in 316 mothers was found, compared to a 1.0 per cent frequency in a control noninjected population. Two injection volumes (either 4.5 ml or 1.0 ml) were administered to mothers in the first injection group. A significant number of Gm antibodies developed in mothers given the 4.5 ml injection, but not in those receiving 1.0 ml. In small second and third injected groups, given 1.0 ml of γ globulin, no increase in incidence of Gm antibody formation occurred. The γ globulins in the sera of eight mothers were separated into 19S and 7S components. Gm antibody activity was found in the 19S fractions of all specimens and in the 7S fraction of one. Positive latex fixation reactions following injection were detected in the sera of two mothers who developed Gm antibodies. The potential hazards of Gm antibodies are discussed, but the data suggest that these antibodies pose little immunologic threat to mother or child.

Gm factors in humans are a group of genetically determined antigens located on the heavy chains of γG globulins. Development of anti‐Gm antibodies may result from the administration of blood or blood products containing γ globulins.1 7,15 The use of anti‐Rh containing γ globulin in pregnant Rh‐negative women, for the prevention of primary maternal Rh hemolytic disease immunization,14 raises the question of whether anti‐Gm sensitization occurs in these mothers and, if so, what if any consequences result. This report adds to presently available data regarding the formation of Gm antibodies following injections of anti‐Rh‐containing γ globulin,2,3,18 by detailing observations made on 387 Rh‐negative mothers administered one or more injections.