bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterthoughts on biases in history perception
Authors: Dymkowski Maciej
Published: March 2011

Afterthoughts on biases in history perception

Contemporary social psychology describes various deformations of processing social information leading to distortions of knowledge about other people. What is more, a person in everyday life refers to lay convictions and ideas common in his/her cultural environment that distort his/her perceptions. Therefore it is difficult to be surprised that authors of narrations in which participants of history are presented use easily available common-sense psychology, deforming images of both the participants of history and their activities, as well as the sequence of events determined by these activities. Which cognitive biases, how often, and in what intensity they will be presented in historical narrations depend on statements of dominating common-sense psychology. The article outlines some biases made by historian-lay psychologists, such as attributional asymmetry or hindsight effects, whose occurrence in their thinking, as formed in the cultural sphere of the West, influences history perception and conducted historical interpretations.
Pratiques informelles et minorités issues de l'immigration : une régulation autonome en gestation ?
Authors: Touzri Abdelfattah
Published: March 2011

Résumé Cet article se penche sur les pratiques et les stratégies des minorités issues de l’immigration dans un quartier bruxellois, lieu de déploiement d’une nouvelle politique de revitalisation. Il s’interroge sur les stratégies d’appropriation du territoire déployées par les minorités. Il met en évidence le déploiement de stratégies de survie et d’une quête de sécurité de l’existence socialement imbriquées dans un espace urbain qui se façonne par ces pratiques. Ces pratiques informelles de survie des minorités qui s’apparentent à une stratégie de mobilité et qui suggèrent un mode de régulation autonome reposent en partie sur le développement de réseaux sociaux qui transcendent les territoires.
L'islamisme combattant au Pakistan : un état des lieux
Authors: Abou Zahab Mariam
Published: March 2011

Cet entretien entre Mariam Abou Zahab et Hérodote éclaire à la fois les connexions entre les partis islamistes parlementaires et les milices armées combattant au nom de l’islam, et la diversité de ces groupes : diversité d’ancrage territorial, diversité des objectifs majeurs, qu’ils soient géographiques (le Cachemire pour certains, l’Afghanistan et les terres pachtounes du Pakistan pour d’autres) ou idéologiques (groupes sunnites antichiites par exemple). Dans tous les cas, l’objectif est d’instaurer un État islamique tel que conçu par les idéologies radicales, voyant dans les origines de l’islam la seule référence orthodoxe. L’entretien éclaire aussi l’instrumentalisation de l’islamisme radical par l’armée, et aussi par les principales forces politiques portées par des calculs électoraux. In fine , la montée en puissance de ces groupes – talibans des frontières ou groupes sectaires du Pendjab – opérant leur jonction pose le problème de la cohésion nationale et de la rupture du pacte social, que les graves inondations de 2010 n’ont fait qu’exacerber.
Baloutchistan : fin de partie ?
Authors: Grare Frédéric
Published: March 2011

Depuis décembre 2005, le Baloutchistan, province la plus étendue mais la moins peuplée du Pakistan, est ravagé par un conflit ethnonationaliste, le cinquième depuis l’indépendance du pays. Cette situation trouve sa source immédiate dans le refus du régime de Pervez Musharraf de satisfaire les demandes baloutches en matière de développement économique et d’autonomie politique. Ses racines profondes sont cependant à rechercher dans la persistance d’un nationalisme baloutche qui connut son plein développement après la partition du sous-continent indien en 1947. Il témoigne également du caractère incomplet du processus d’intégration nationale au Pakistan. Régimes civils et militaires ont tous été incapables d’unir les populations du pays dans un vouloir politique commun. L’avenir de la province rebelle reste incertain mais le conflit en cours a peu de chances de lui apporter l’indépendance espérée. Le nationalisme baloutche a toutefois peu de chances de disparaître, en dépit de l’affaiblissement des organisations politiques qui le font vivre. À moyen terme, le risque repose dans l’érosion parallèle des structures de l’État fédéral et des structures tribales traditionnelles. Le vide politique qui pourrait en résulter pourrait être rempli par les éléments les plus radicaux de la société pakistanaise, affaiblissant un peu plus, un État déjà fragile.
Karachi, « mère des immigrés » : business, violence et politique identitaire
Authors: Boivin Michel
Published: March 2011

Karachi est aujourd’hui une mégapole de près de 18 millions d’habitants. Elle a connu une véritable explosion démographique après la partition de 1947, lorsque des millions de musulmans du nord de l’Inde sont venus s’établir dans la cité qui était alors la capitale du jeune État. En tant que mégapole, Karachi demeure la capitale économique et ﬁnancière du Pakistan, mais également la capitale de la criminalité. Plus que jamais, politique et criminalité sont étroitement imbriquées et il est prouvé que des partis politiques ayant pignon sur rue recourent au service de gangs pour alimenter leurs caisses. Au cours de la dernière décennie, c’est pourtant le rôle des talibans qui a retenu l’attention des observateurs. Les talibans afghans sont certes actifs à Karachi, mais ils y sont surtout pour collecter de l’argent à travers des activités criminelles : ils ne cherchent pas à « talibaniser » la ville. Restent les millions d’habitants de Karachi qui gèrent le quotidien dans une ville qui demeure très dangereuse. Pour certains, certes minoritaires, la sortie d’un quotidien misérable passe par l’adhésion à une idéologie, politique ou religieuse, dans laquelle la violence reste l’expression la plus signiﬁante. On notera que ce cheminement se produit dans des contextes où les individus sont en rupture avec de fortes valeurs patriarcales. La gestion du quotidien en milieu féminin repose en revanche sur de multiples microstratégies de voisinage qui réussissent à maintenir des relations paciﬁques entre ethnies et sectes pourtant diverses.
Les relations indo-pakistanaises : retour sur une normalité conflictuelle
Authors: Boquérat Gilles
Published: March 2011

La relation indo-pakistanaise est, depuis l’origine, caractérisée par un manque de conﬁance reposant sur une évaluation antagoniste des intentions de l’autre. La liste des contentieux majeurs entre les deux pays s’est allongée : la question du Cachemire rivalise aujourd’hui avec le positionnement face à l’extrémisme islamique, le partage des ressources hydriques ou la lutte d’influence en Afghanistan. L’accent est ici mis sur les facteurs déterminant l’appréhension pakistanaise de l’Inde, qu’ils soient sécuritaires ou confessionnels, et les postures qui en résultent. L’évolution du rapport de forces entre ces deux pays n’a pas manqué d’être également modulée par les grands problèmes affectant la communauté internationale.
Géopolitique des relations sino-pakistanaises à l'ère du terrorisme
Authors: Duchâtel Mathieu
Published: March 2011

Les relations sino-pakistanaises peuvent-elles être un facteur de stabilité en Asie du Sud ? Marquées par le sceau de la prolifération nucléaire et balistique, scellées dans une rivalité géopolitique avec l’Inde au cœur de la guerre froide, elles ont plutôt servi des intérêts de puissance que la cause de la stabilité régionale depuis les années 1960, avant de traverser une période de remise en cause dans les années 1990. Mais la montée du terrorisme en Asie du Sud, l’essor des échanges sino-indiens et les incertitudes sur l’avenir de l’Afghanistan les inscrivent dans une géopolitique en mutation, où les dynamiques économiques, sécuritaires et stratégiques invitent les deux pays à repenser les ﬁnalités stratégiques de leur partenariat. Cet article montre que les initiatives chinoises récentes vis-à-vis du Pakistan, qui procèdent exclusivement au niveau bilatéral et visent à éviter que le Pakistan ne s’affaiblisse dans des proportions encore plus alarmantes, apportent une contribution limitée et ambiguë à la sécurité régionale.
Pál Teleki ou les espoirs de renaissance de la nation hongroise dans l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Kubassek János
Published: March 2011

Pál Teleki incarne tragiquement les espoirs de renaissance de la nation hongroise dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Classée parmi les vaincus en 1918 et jugée au titre de responsable du conflit, la Hongrie tente de recouvrer territoires et populations que les traités ont placés sous la tutelle d’États à plus d’un titre hostiles. L’illustre figure de la géographie hongroise se fait le héraut des positions révisionnistes de son pays sur la scène internationale. Forts de leurs analyses remarquables, cartes à l’appui et suivant des moyens très modernes, ses collègues géographes plaident une cause que Teleki dirige au sommet en tant que Premier ministre, au lendemain de la paix de Versailles, puis à partir de 1939. Sujet à la très forte pression allemande, il finit par durement payer ses illusions et, conscient de son impuissance, se suicide en 1941 tandis que la Wehrmacht envahit la Yougoslavie avec la complicité hongroise.
Renseignement géographique et culture militaire
Authors: Boulanger Philippe
Published: March 2011

La géographie pour le militaire comprend, de manière générale, deux éléments complémentaires. Elle se définit d’abord comme une source de géolocalisation pour les unités et les systèmes d’armes. Les informations sont conçues pour un nombre étendu d’acteurs. Parallèlement, la géographie renvoie à des données d’informations confidentielles produites par des services de renseignement. Depuis le XVIIIe siècle, le renseignement géographique s’est imposé dans la culture militaire occidentale, passant d’un stade empirique à une rationalisation des procédés de réalisation.
Étudier le renseignement en France
Authors: Chopin Olivier , Irondelle Bastien , Malissard Amélie
Published: March 2011

Le Livre blanc sur la défense et la sécurité nationale de 2008 fait désormais du renseignement une fonction centrale et structurante de la défense et au-delà de la politique étrangère, qui s’accompagne de nombreuses innovations institutionnelles. On doit alors constater le caractère embryonnaire de ce que l’on pourrait appeler en France des « études sur le renseignement ». Le présent article se propose de présenter l’état actuel des études académiques sur le renseignement sur le plan national. Nous espérons montrer que plusieurs initiatives constituent l’embryon de recherches académiques sur lesquelles un « jeu d’hypothèses » pourrait désormais être proposé. Celui-ci pourrait, au-delà, permettre l’émergence d’un ensemble de paradigmes de recherche. L’enjeu est d’établir les conditions d’un dialogue entre le paradigme implicite, dominant en France, de la « culture du renseignement » et le paradigme fonctionnaliste dominant dans les recherches anglo-saxonnes.
Pascal et Kierkegaard face à face
Authors: Clair André
Published: March 2011

Résumé Entre Pascal et Kierkegaard, les affinités sont profondes, spécialement dans le rapport au christianisme. Si leurs œuvres ne sont pas comparables par leurs domaines et leurs méthodes, un même schème les réunit : la relation entre le manifeste et le caché. Pourtant cette dualité est comprise au moyen de deux concepts bien distincts. La pensée de Pascal s’accomplit dans le mystère et celle de Kierkegaard dans le paradoxe.
Nihil esse certi, point à la ligne ?
Authors: Carraud Vincent
Published: March 2011

Résumé Les éditions des Meditationes parues du vivant de Descartes ont imprimé chaque Meditatio d’un seul tenant, sans mettre périodiquement le texte « à la ligne » pour sa lecture en paragraphes, c’est-à-dire en unités de sens prédivisées. Cet article montre, en prenant pour exemple la page la plus célèbre des Meditationes (celle où Descartes prononce ego sum , ego existo ), à quel point la décision typographique de diviser le texte des Meditationes en alinéas a pu déterminer les lectures qui en ont été faites, et par conséquent les interprétations du raisonnement cartésien, au point de l’avoir souvent faussé.
Ne pas être sujet ?
Authors: Nowersztern Mariana
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’analyse de la lettre de Descartes à Christine du 20 novembre 1647 et de l’article 152 des Passions de l ’ âme permet de montrer que : 1/ l’estime de soi ne relève ni d’un amour de soi, ni d’un jugement que l’on porte sur soi-même ; 2/ le sens et la fonction de la similitudo Dei sont radicalement différents dans les Méditations et dans les Passions de l ’ âme ; 3/ Descartes déplace et retravaille, de façon originale, l’ancienne distinction théologique entre « image » et « ressemblance » : on peut ainsi distinguer l’image métaphysique, qui définit l’essence de la créature (la liberté) et la ressemblance morale qui porte sur l’usage que fait la créature d’elle-même.
Le Discours sur la montagne (Mt 5, 1-7.21)
Authors: Médevielle Geneviève
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’anniversaire de la retm , fondée par Albert Plé il y a 60 ans, invite aujourd’hui à renouer avec les questions de fond de l’éthique : c’est le cas du Sermon sur la montagne comme texte caractéristique de la Loi nouvelle. Quelles sont les mises en pratiques possibles pour ce texte majeur ? Stanley Hauerwas peut nous guider dans cette lecture, après que nous aurons établi les critères d’une manière spécifiquement théologique de traiter l’articulation entre Bible et morale. Quelque peu oublié par les catholiques et les protestants après la Réforme, le Sermon sur la montagne fait l’objet aujourd’hui de lectures plurielles (F. Böckle, J. Jeremias, L. Cahill, J. Ansaldi, É. Fuchs, etc.). Pour sa part, la lecture hauerwassienne ne se borne pas à mettre en évidence la christologie de Matthieu 5, mais elle tire aussi partie des propos de Jésus pour l’éthique concrète.
La notion de compétence : un modèle pour décrire, évaluer et développer les compétences
Authors: Coulet Jean-Claude
Published: March 2011

Résumé La notion compétence est très polysémique. La psychologie dispose, pourtant, de nombreux de concepts et cadre théoriques pertinents pour rendre compte des processus par lesquels elle s’exprime, au-delà, par exemple, de la classique trilogie des savoirs, savoir-faire et savoir-être ou d’une bien mystérieuse combinaison de ressources. L’un des objectifs de la présente contribution consiste à tenter de dégager l’essentiel de ces apports et d’en proposer une synthèse sous la forme d’un modèle de la compétence ( maddec ). Deux recherches empiriques sont évoquées pour en illustrer une utilisation descriptive ou évaluative. Pour terminer, nous cherchons à préciser comment, dans cette logique, peuvent être modélisées les activités de tutelle, déployées dans de nombreuses situations de formation ou de travail pour étayer le développement de compétences académiques ou professionnelles ( madic ).
Evidence That the Lipid Phosphatase SHIP-1 Regulates T Lymphocyte Morphology and Motility
Authors: Harris Stephanie J. , Parry Richard V. , Foster John G. , Blunt Matthew D. , Wang Amu , Marelli-Berg Federica , Westwick John , Ward Stephen G.
Published: March 2011

SHIP-1 negatively regulates the PI3K pathway in hematopoietic cells and has an emerging role in T lymphocyte biology. PI3K and SHIP can regulate cell migration in leukocytes, particularly in neutrophils, although their role in T cell migration has been less clear. Therefore, we sought to explore the role of SHIP-1 in human CD4+ T lymphocyte cell migration responses to chemoattractants using a lentiviral-mediated expression system and a short hairpin RNA approach. Silencing of SHIP-1 leads to increased basal phosphorylation of protein kinase B/Akt and its substrate GSK3β, as well as an increase in basal levels of polymerized actin, suggesting that SHIP-1 might regulate changes in the cytoskeleton. Accordingly, silencing of SHIP-1 led to loss of microvilli and ezrin/radixin/moesin phosphorylation, which could not be rescued by the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002. There were striking morphological changes, including a loss of microvilli projections, which mirrored changes in wild type cells after stimulation with the chemokine CXCL11. There was no defect in directional T cell migration toward CXCL11 in the SHIP-1–silenced cells but, importantly, there was a defect in the overall basal motility of SHIP-1 knockdown cells. Taken together, these results implicate SHIP-1 as a key regulator of basal PI3K signaling in human CD4+ T lymphocytes with important phosphatase-independent actions, which together are key for maintaining normal morphology and basal motility.
Endogenous MHC-Related Protein 1 Is Transiently Expressed on the Plasma Membrane in a Conformation That Activates Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells
Authors: Chua Wei-Jen , Kim Sojung , Myers Nancy , Huang Shouxiong , Yu Lawrence , Fremont Daved H. , Diamond Michael S. , Hansen Ted H.
Published: March 2011

The development of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is dependent upon the class Ib molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1), commensal bacteria, and a thymus. Furthermore, recent studies have implicated MR1 presentation to MAIT cells in bacteria recognition, although the mechanism remains undefined. Surprisingly, however, surface expression of MR1 has been difficult to detect serologically, despite ubiquitous detection of MR1 transcripts and intracellular protein. In this article, we define a unique mAb capable of stabilizing endogenous mouse MR1 at the cell surface, resulting in enhanced mouse MAIT cell activation. Our results demonstrated that under basal conditions, endogenous MR1 transiently visits the cell surface, thus reconciling the aforementioned serologic and functional studies. Furthermore, using this approach, double-positive thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells were identified as potential APCs for MAIT cell development and activation. Based on this pattern of MR1 expression, it is intriguing to speculate that constitutive expression of MR1 may be detrimental for maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut and/or detection of pathogenic bacteria in mucosal tissues.
Apolipoprotein B Binding Domains: Evidence That They Are Cell-Penetrating Peptides That Efficiently Deliver Antigenic Peptide for Cross-Presentation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: Sakamoto Norihisa , Rosenberg Amy S.
Published: March 2011

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are a good source of cholesterol, which is important in cellular homeostasis and production of steroids. Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100), the sole protein component of LDL, is known to bind to cell surface LDL receptor (LDLR) or cell surface-bound proteoglycans and to be internalized into cells. We found that APCs, consisting of macrophages and dendritic cells, upregulate LDLR on culture in vitro without obvious stimulation. In contrast, T cell populations only upregulate LDLR on activation. Thus, we strategized that tagging immunogens to ApoB-100 might be a useful means to target Ag to APCs. We generated fusion proteins consisting of receptor binding sites in ApoB-100, coupled to OVA peptide (ApoB-OVA), as Ag delivery vehicles and demonstrated that this novel delivery method successfully cross-presented OVA peptides in eliciting CTL responses. Surprisingly, internalization of ApoB-OVA peptide occurred via cell surface proteoglycans rather than LDLRs, consistent with evidence that structural elements of ApoB-100 indicate it to have cell-penetrating peptide properties. Finally, we used this strategy to assess therapeutic vaccination in a tumor setting. OVA-expressing EL-4 tumors grew progressively in mice immunized with ApoB-100 alone but regressed in mice immunized with ApoB-OVA fusion protein, coinciding with development of OVA-specific CTLs. Thus, to our knowledge, this is the first article to describe the cell-penetrating properties of a conserved human origin cell penetrating peptide that may be harnessed as a novel vaccination strategy as well as a therapeutics delivery device.
The Neonatal FcR-Mediated Presentation of Immune-Complexed Antigen Is Associated with Endosomal and Phagosomal pH and Antigen Stability in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Liu Xindong , Lu Li , Yang Ziyan , Palaniyandi Senthilkumar , Zeng Rongyu , Gao Lian-Yong , Mosser David M. , Roopenian Derry C. , Zhu Xiaoping
Published: March 2011

The FcγRs found on macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently facilitate the presentation or cross-presentation of immune-complexed Ags to T cells. We found that the MHC class I-related neonatal FcR for IgG (FcRn) in both Mϕs and DCs failed to have a strong effect on the cross-presentation of immune complex (IC) OVA Ag to CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, endosomal FcRn enhanced the presentation of the monomeric OVA-IC to CD4+ T cells robustly, whereas FcRn in phagosomes exerted distinctive effects on Ag presentation between Mϕs and DCs. The presentation of phagocytosed OVA-ICs to CD4+ T cells was considerably enhanced on wild-type versus FcRn-deficient Mϕs, but was not affected in FcRn-deficient DCs. This functional discrepancy was associated with the dependence of IgG–FcRn binding in an acidic pH. Following phagocytosis, the phagosomal pH dropped rapidly to <6.5 in Mϕs but remained in the neutral range in DCs. This disparity in pH determined the rate of degradation of phagocytosed ICs. Thus, our findings reveal that FcRn expression has a different effect on Ag processing and presentation of ICs to CD4+ T cells in the endosomal versus phagosomal compartments of Mϕs versus DCs.
Issues Related to Sentinel Lymph Node Assessment in the Management of Breast Cancer—What Are Relevant in Pathology Reports?
Authors: Tai Patricia , Joseph Kurian J. , Yu Edward
Published: March 2011

Most cancer centers now perform sentinel node (SN) biopsies. The limited number of SNs sampled compared with an axillary dissection has allowed more comprehensive lymph node analysis resulting in increased detection of micrometastases. Many node-negative cases are now reclassified as micrometastatic. Recent research on SN biopsy focuses on whether axillary dissection is always necessary when the SN is positive. Some subgroups of patients have a higher risk of more nodal metastases when completion axillary dissections were performed. This paper summarizes the different studies and examines what are the clinically relevant items to report on SN node pathology: volume or size of nodal metastasis, location within the node, extranodal extension, number of involved SN(s) and non-SN(s), total number of SN, and total number of nodes on axillary dissection, if performed.
Las asociaciones de la prensa españolas, un modelo de organización profesional consolidado
Authors: González Cortés Maria Eugenia , Paniagua Rojano Francisco Javier
Published: March 2011

Las asociaciones de la prensa representan la opción organizativa predominante entre los periodistas españoles. Suman, en la actualidad, un total de 50, la mayoría de ámbito provincial, aunque también las hay circunscritas a municipios (Jerez de la Frontera, Talavera de la Reina, Santiago de Compostela), a regiones (Campo de Gibraltar) e incluso a comunidades autónomas, como la Unión de Periodistas Valencianos. De igual manera, existen cinco asociaciones de carácter especializado, como la Asociación de Periodistas de Información Económica o la Asociación Española de la Prensa Deportiva. Todas ellas se agrupan en la Federación de Asociaciones de la Prensa de España (FAPE).El presente artículo analiza el nivel de sindicación y organización de los periodistas españoles y las ventajas derivadas de la pertenencia a dichas asociaciones, ofreciendo datos sobre:- Número de socios y tendencias registradas en cifras en el ejercicio correspondiente a 2007.- Servicios ofrecidos por las asociaciones: convenios, bolsas de trabajo, cursos de formación, publicaciones, etcétera.- Problemas y evolución que experimenta la profesión periodística: intrusismo, mala imagen, precariedad laboral, etcétera.- Presencia de las agrupaciones en la Red y adaptación de las mismas a las nuevas plataformas tecnológicas.
Estrategias de producción online para el tratamiento informativo en profundidad
Authors: Larrondo Ureta Ainara
Published: March 2011

Este artículo se basa en los resultados de un análisis empírico descriptivo de treinta productos informativos dedicados al tratamiento profundo de los temas en la ciberprensa española de referencia. [1] El procedimiento de investigación que describe ha sido concebido para esclarecer las particularidades formales, estilísticas y funcionales que presenta en el medio digital esta tipología de producto identificable bajo la denominación genérica de 'especial'. El trabajo concluye que los productos analizados demuestran estrategias de planificación hipertextual no siempre deliberadas que se encaminan a funciones de profundización informativa y documentales. En algunos casos evidencian también estrategias de producción integrada y de fomento de la interactividad participativa y productiva.
Validation of Forensic Science Techniques: Principles and Procedures
Authors: Layne DesPortes Betty
Published: March 2011

“Validation” is a term that has been used to describe various processes inherent in good scientific research and analysis. Validation in the analytical context refers to the process of establishing, through documented experimentation, that a scientific method or technique is fit for its intended purpose—in layman's terms, it does what it is intended to do. Although validation has always been a part of scientific best practices, the term has received recent attention in the legal community through the publication of the 2009 report of the National Research Council of the National Academies:
Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward
. The report included a discussion of the importance of validation in good scientific practice and concluded that several commonly used forensic science techniques did not qualify as validated methods. Those conclusions have reverberated in the legal community and generated considerable interest in validation. Legal practitioners should possess an understanding of validation and a means for determining whether a forensic science technique has been validated. This article describes validation and provides the important components of any validation process to help practitioners assess whether a forensic science technique qualifies as a “validated method.”
Organoselenium and Organotellurium Oxidation and Reduction
Authors: Młochowski Jacek , Lisiak Rafał , Wójtowicz‐Młochowska Halina
Published: March 2011

Oxygenated and reduced selenium and tellurium compounds, particularly thoese of practical importance have been extensively investigated especially during the last few decades. Selenium(IV) oxide, selenoxides, selenones, seleninic and peroxyseleninic acids, selenenamides and seleninamides are involved in oxyfunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons, their derivatives, alkylarenes, sulfides and amines, carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐carbon bond cleavage, ring closure and ring transformations,syn‐elimination, sigmatropic [2,3]‐rearrangement and other, chemo‐ regio‐ and stereocontrolled reactions. The chemistry of oxygenated tellurium compounds has been less extensively explored than their selenium counterparts;, nevertheless some of them have been successfully used for oxyfunctionalization of different groups of organic compounds while telluroxide elimination has gained more attention in the last years becoming a well‐established method for the synthesis of olefins. Hydrogen selenide and telluride, alkali selenides and tellurides, selenoles and telluroles are the most common reduced derivative of these elements. Their properties are expressed in many reactions such as reduction and deoxygenation of different groups of organic compounds alkenes, alkynes, ethers, carbonyl compounds, esters, lactones, oxiranes, nitrogen, sulfur and halogen compounds, as well as dealkylation of tertiary amines. The method for preparation of the different oxygenated and reduced selenium and tellurium compounds are described, their reactions are reviewed, their usefulness in synthesis is indicated and more representative mechanisms are discussed.
Heart Rate and Electrocardiography Monitoring in Mice
Authors: Ho David , Zhao Xin , Gao Shumin , Hong Chull , Vatner Dorothy E. , Vatner Stephen F.
Published: March 2011

The majority of current cardiovascular research involves studies in genetically engineered mouse models. The measurement of heart rate is central to understanding cardiovascular control under normal conditions, with altered autonomic tone and with superimposed stress, or in disease states, both in wild‐type mice and in those with altered genes. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the “gold standard,” using either hard‐wired or telemetry transmission. In addition, heart rate is measured or monitored from the frequency of the arterial pressure pulse or cardiac contraction, or by pulse oximetry. For each of these techniques, discussions of materials and methods, as well as advantages and limitations, are covered. However, direct ECG monitoring alone will determine not only the precise heart rates but also whether the cardiac rhythm is normal or not. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:123‐139. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exercise Performance Tests in Mice
Authors: Marcaletti Stefan , Thomas Charles , Feige Jérôme N.
Published: March 2011

Maximal exercise performance is a multifactorial process in which the cardiovascular component, the innervation of the musculature, and the contractile and metabolic properties of skeletal muscle all play key roles. Here, protocols are provided for assessment of maximal running capacity of mice on a treadmill, with a combination of short high‐intensity paradigms primarily intended to test for maximal power and cardiovascular function, and longer low‐intensity paradigms to assess endurance and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. The coupling of treadmill running to indirect calorimetry, to correlate performance measurements to maximal oxygen consumption, is also described. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:141‐154. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Battery Performance and Photocatalytic Activity of Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 Nanospheres/Graphene Composites by Template‐Free Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Na , Liu Gang , Zhen Chao , Li Feng , Zhang Lili , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: March 2011

Nanosized mesoporous anatase TiO2 particles have important applications in high‐performance lithium ion batteries and efficient photocatalysis. In contrast to the conventional synthesis routes where various soft or hard templates are usually employed, the direct growth of uniform mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres on graphene sheets by a template‐free self‐assembly process is presented. Compared to the conventional mesoporous anatase particles consisting of polycrystalline TiO2, the microstructure of obtained mesoporous anatase nanospheres on graphene sheets is single‐crystal‐like. The growth mechanism, lithium ion battery performance, and photocatalytic activity of the resultant mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres/graphene composites are thoroughly investigated. In comparison to the reference TiO2, the composite shows substantial improvement in lithium specific capacity from 1 C to 50 C, and photocatalytic removing organic pollutant and hydrogen evolution. More strikingly, the specific capacity of the composite at the rate of 50 C is as high as 97 mA h g−1, 6 times higher than that of the reference TiO2.
Intermolecular Regioselective 1,2‐Diamination of Allylic Ethers
Authors: Muñiz Kilian , Kirsch Jonathan , Chávez Patricia
Published: March 2011

Homogeneous palladium catalysis enables a novel intermolecular regioselective diamination of allylic ethers, which offers a convenient entry into 1,2,3‐trisubstituted products. These represent suitable building blocks with differently protected nitrogen atoms for subsequent synthetic application.
The Role of Surface Nonuniformity in Controlling the Initiation of a Galvanic Replacement Reaction
Authors: Cobley Claire M. , Zhang Qiang , Song Wilbur , Xia Younan
Published: March 2011

The use of silver nanocrystals—asymmetrically truncated octahedrons and nanobars—characterized by a nonuniform surface as substrates for a galvanic replacement reaction was investigated. As the surfaces of these nanocrystals contain facets with a variety of different areas, shapes, and atomic arrangements, we were able to examine the roles of these parameters in different stages of the galvanic replacement reaction with HAuCl4 (e.g., pitting, hollowing, pit closing, and pore formation), and thus obtain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism than is possible with silver nanocubes. We found that the most important of these parameters was the atomic arrangement, that is, whether the surface was capped by a {100} or {111} facet, and that the area and shape of the facet had essentially no effect on the initiation of the reaction. Interestingly, through the reaction with asymmetrically truncated octahedrons, we were also able to demonstrate that even when pitting occurred over a large area, this region would be sealed through a combination of atomic diffusion and deposition during the intermediate stages of the reaction. Consequently, even if pitting occurred across a large percentage of the nanocrystal surface, it was still possible to maintain the morphology of the template throughout the reaction.
Mechanical bowel preparation does not influence outcomes following colonic cancer resection
Authors: Nicholson G A , Finlay I G , Diament R H , Molloy R G , Horgan P G , Morrison D S
Published: March 2011

Background

Meta-analyses have indicated that preoperative mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) confers no clear benefit and may indeed be harmful for patients with colorectal cancer. The effects of bowel preparation on longer-term outcomes have not been reported. The aim was to compare long-term survival and surgical complications in patients who did or did not receive MBP before surgery for colonic cancer.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colonic cancer after routine hospital admission in the West of Scotland between January 2000 and December 2005. Clinical audit data were linked to cancer registrations and death certificates. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore determinants of survival.

Results

A total of 1730 patients underwent potentially curative surgery for colonic cancer, of whom 886 (51·2 per cent) were men. The mean(s.d.) age was 69·7(10·6) years. Some 1460 patients (84·4 per cent) received MBP. Median follow-up was 3·5 (range 0·1–6·7) years. There were no statistically significant differences in 30-day postoperative complication rates between groups. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death from all causes for patients treated with MBP (versus no MBP) was 0·72 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·57 to 0·91). Multivariable analysis with adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic circumstances, disease stage and presentation for surgery showed that MBP had no independent effect on all-cause mortality (HR 0·85, 0·67 to 1·10).

Conclusion

Neither postoperative complications nor long-term survival are improved by MBP before colonic cancer surgery.
A cadaveric study of injectate spread in the psoas compartment with a direct iliopsoas injection suggested for use during surgery
Authors: Green Connor , Flannery Olivia , Crotty Jim , Felle Patrick , Harmon Dominic , Masterson Eric
Published: March 2011

Total hip replacement produces significant postoperative pain. Psoas compartment block is the most effective block of the lumbar plexus in terms of pain relief and reduced blood loss. It is a proven regional technique for analgesia and anaesthesia during and after total hip replacement conferring a number of benefits to the patient. However, traditional techniques used to produce this block require increased theatre time and are associated with a number of serious complications. We present a surgeon‐delivered technique for producing a lumbar plexus block using direct injection into the iliopsoas muscle when it is visible intraoperatively. This study shows a cadaveric model using methylene blue and radiopaque contrast produces injectate spread in a fashion which would produce a successful lumbar plexus block. This novel technique for lumbar plexus block affords the benefits of psoas compartment block with reduced complications and reduced administration time. Clin. Anat. 24:763–767, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of CA‐125 in Identification of Right Ventricular Failure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan , Zorlu Ali , Dogan Omer Tamer , Karahan Oguz , Tandogan Izzet , Akkurt Ibrahim
Published: March 2011

Background:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and debilitating disease. Cor pulmonale, characterized by right ventricular (RV) failure, can severely influence prognosis in these patients. Hence, early recognition might be important for tailoring therapy. An old biomarker, CA‐125, seems to be associated with the right heart. We aimed to show the relationship between CA‐125 levels and RV failure in patients with COPD.

Hypothesis:

CA‐125 might be a useful biomarker in identification of RV failure in patients with COPD.

Methods:

Forty patients with recent exacerbation of COPD were enrolled into the study. Another 40 age‐ and sex‐matched individuals were enrolled for comparison. Levels of CA‐125 were measured in the patients during the hospital stay. The COPD patients underwent echocardiographic study on the same day. Right‐ventricular parameters were evaluated, and RV failure was identified via transthoracic echocardiography.

Results:

Patients with COPD had significantly higher CA‐125 levels compared with controls (median 33.94 U/mL vs 9.76 U/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Levels of CA‐125 were correlated with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.550, P < 0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = − 0.496, P = 0.001), and tricuspid lateral annulus S velocity (r = − 0.549, P = 0.002). High CA‐125 levels, obtained in hospitalized patients with COPD before echocardiography, enabled identification of RV failure with a sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 85.7%.

Conclusions:

The CA‐125 biomarker can be used to identify COPD patients with RV failure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Maintenance of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus neuromuscular system is not influenced by physiological levels of glucocorticoids
Authors: Niel Lee , Alves Philip A. , Pinzon Natalia , Holmes Melissa M. , Lovern Matthew B. , Monks D. Ashley
Published: March 2011

The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) neuromuscular system mediates sexual reflexes, and is highly sexually dimorphic in rats. While maintenance of this system in adulthood is mainly dependent on androgens, there is also evidence to suggest that glucocorticoids may have a catabolic effect. We conducted a series of studies to fully examine the influence of basal glucocorticoids on the size of the SNB motoneurons and the associated bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) muscles. Specifically, we examined whether the muscles and motoneurons of the SNB neuromuscular system are affected by: (1) blockade of endogenous glucocorticoids via delivery of the antagonist RU‐486 at doses ranging from low to high, (2) removal of endogenous glucocorticoids via adrenalectomy, or (3) restoration of physiological corticosterone levels via implants following adrenalectomy. In each study, we found that muscle and motoneuron size were unaffected by glucocorticoid manipulation. In contrast to previous results with supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids, our results indicate that basal, nonstress levels of glucocorticoids do not influence the size of the BC/LA muscles or their associated SNB motoneurons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Invariant natural killer T‐cell‐deficient mice display increased CCl4‐induced hepatitis associated with CXCL1 over‐expression and neutrophil infiltration
Authors: Lisbonne Mariette , L'Helgoualc'h Annie , Nauwelaers Gwendoline , Turlin Bruno , Lucas Catherine , Herbelin André , Piquet‐Pellorce Claire , Samson Michel
Published: March 2011

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are involved in the intrahepatic immune response and in hepatitis. In particular, iNKT lymphocytes are responsible for hepatocyte death in concanavalin A‐induced hepatitis in mice. We examined the role of iNKT cells in acute hepatitis induced by a hepatotoxic agent, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). WT and iNKT cell‐deficient (Jα18−/−) mice were challenged with a single dose of 2.4 g/kg CCl4 and both hepatic physiopathology and immune responses were studied. Plasma alanine and aspartate amino‐transferase levels were significantly higher in Jα18−/− mice than in WT mice two days after CCl4 administration. Chemokine CXCL1/keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC) and MMP‐8 were significantly higher in iNKT cell‐deficient mice than in control mice. The more severe liver injury in Jα18−/− mice was associated with greater leukocyte infiltrate, which was enriched in neutrophils (CD11b+CD11c−Gr‐1+ cells), in agreement with CXCL1/KC and MMP‐8 levels. Complementary experiments with NK‐depleted animals indicate a minor role for NK cells in the liver damage found in iNKT‐deficient mice. Thus, unlike for ConA‐induced hepatitis, we report that iNKT cells protect the liver against acute hepatitis induced by CCl4 and limit neutrophil infiltration.
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce CD8+LAG‐3+Foxp3+CTLA‐4+ regulatory T cells that suppress allo‐reactive memory T cells
Authors: Boor Patrick P. C. , Metselaar Herold J. , Jonge Sarina de , Mancham Shanta , van der Laan Luc J. W. , Kwekkeboom Jaap
Published: March 2011

Allo‐reactive memory T cells are a major barrier for induction of immunological tolerance to allografts in humans. Here, we report that stimulation of unfractionated human T cells with TLR‐stimulated allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) induces CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibit T‐cell allo‐responses, including those of memory T cells. CD3+ T cells were primed for 7 days with allogeneic pDCs that had been pre‐stimulated with TLR‐7 or TLR‐9 ligands. While the T cells proliferated and produced cytokines during the priming culture, they were profoundly hypo‐responsive to re‐stimulation with the same allo‐antigen in a second culture. Moreover, T cells primed by pDCs exerted donor‐specific suppression on allo‐responses of both unfractionated and memory CD3+ T cells. The regulatory capacity of pDC‐primed T cells was confined to CD8+LAG‐3+Foxp3+CTLA‐4+ T cells, which suppressed allogeneic T‐cell responses through a CTLA‐4‐dependent mechanism. Induction of CD8+ Tregs by pDCs could be partially prevented by 1‐methyl tryptophan, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase. In conclusion, stimulation of human T cells by TLR‐stimulated allogeneic pDCs induces CD8+ Tregs that inhibit allogeneic T‐cell responses, including memory T cells. Donor‐derived pDCs may be considered as an immunotherapeutic tool to prevent activation of the recipient allo‐reactive (memory) T‐cell repertoire after allogeneic transplantation.
Reflecting on multisite evaluation practice
Authors: King Jean A. , Ross Patricia A. , Callow‐Heusser Catherine , Gullickson Arlen R. , Lawrenz Frances , Weiss Iris R.
Published: March 2011

The lead evaluators for four large‐scale multisite National Science Foundation evaluations discuss their experiences across time and space to explicate what they have learned as six lessons that may be of use to other multisite practitioners. The lessons relate to the control of decisions, use of the evaluation process and outcomes, supporting project staff in their evaluation work, serving as a buffer between the funder and projects, taking purposeful leadership around cultural issues, and the importance of high‐quality evaluation designs. © Wiley Periodicals Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Relationship between duration of exposure and anxiolytic‐like effects of essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet
Authors: Satou Tadaaki , Kasuya Hikaru , Takahashi Mizuho , Murakami Shio , Hayashi Shinichiro , Sadamoto Kiyomi , Koike Kazuo
Published: March 2011

Several reports have described the relationship between the quantity of an essential oil (EO), delivered by injection, and the effects on emotional behaviour. However, few studies have examined the relationship between the duration of EO inhalation and effects on emotional behaviour. It is necessary to clarify this relationship to accomplish effective utilization of an EO. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the relationship between EO inhalation time and anxiolytic‐like effects. The anxiolytic‐like effect of inhaled EO at various administration times was examined in normal healthy mice using the elevated‐plus maze (EPM) test. The effect of a dose of 3.5 mg/l air of Alpinia zerumbet EO was assessed using the EPM test. A time‐dependent potentiation in the anxiolytic‐like effect was observed when the inhalation time was altered from 0 to 120 min. A significant (P < 0.05 compared to time 0) anxiolytic‐like effect was observed to peak at inhalation times of 90 and 120 min. However, the anxiolytic‐like effect returned to normal with a 150‐min exposure. There was an optimal time of EO inhalation for expressing an anxiolytic‐like effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spurious Forecasts?
Authors: Martínez‐Rivera Berenice , Ventosa‐Santaulària Daniel , Eduardo Vera‐Valdés J.
Published: March 2011

P. C. B. Phillips (1998) demonstrated that deterministic trends are a valid representation of an otherwise stochastic trending mechanism; he remained skeptic, however, about the predictive power of such representations. In this paper we prove that forecasts built upon spurious regression may perform (asymptotically) as well as those issued from a correctly specified regression. We derive the order in probability of several in‐sample and out‐of‐sample predictability criteria ( test, root mean square error, Theil's U‐statistics and R2) using forecasts based upon a least squares‐estimated regression between independent variables generated by a variety of empirically relevant data‐generating processes. It is demonstrated that, when the variables are mean stationary or trend stationary, the order in probability of these criteria is the same whether the regression is spurious or not. Simulation experiments confirm our asymptotic results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.