bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of H‐shaped fractal antenna for microbolometer and its thermal performance estimation
Authors: Takebe K. , Ikeshima Y. , Miyashita H. , Takano K. , Hangyo M. , Lee S.‐S.
Published: September 2014

The design results of an H‐shaped fractal antenna for application in multi‐band microbolometers and the thermal performance estimation result of the microbolometer are reported. The H‐shaped fractal antenna has been designed for wavelengths of 25 and 150 μm based on a dipole antenna formula and finite element method (FEM) simulation. Simulation results show that the absorption peaks exist at 27 and 150 μm. To verify the absorption characteristics of the designed antenna, the antenna was fabricated and the absorption characteristics for the x‐polarised incident wave radiated from the + z‐direction were measured. The measured transmittance dips at 27 and 146 μm almost agreed with the absorption peaks of the simulation results. The thermal performance estimation of an H‐shaped fractal antenna‐coupled VO2 microbolometer and obtained voltage sensitivities of 0.63 and 4.81 mV/(W/m2) at 27 and 150 μm absorption peaks, respectively, are also presented.
1D virtual force field algorithm for reflexive local path planning of mobile robots
Authors: Choe Tok‐Son , Park Jin‐Bae , Joo Sang‐Hyun , Park Yong‐Woon
Published: September 2014

A one‐dimensional (1D) virtual force field (VFF) algorithm for real‐time reflexive local path planning of mobile robots is proposed. The 1D‐VFF is composed of the virtual steering, obstacle and integrated force fields (IFFs). The steering force field (SFF) is generated by the local or global goal position. This SFF leads a mobile robot to the goal. The obstacle force field (OFF) is created by the raw data of a range measurement sensor (RMS). By this OFF, a mobile robot avoids obstacles. The IFF is produced by combining the steering and OFFs in which weights between 0 and 1 are multiplied. Through this IFF, a final steering command by which a mobile robot reaches a goal by avoiding obstacles is generated. Various simulations compare the performance of the proposed 1D‐VFF with the weighted virtual tangential vector (WVTV), which is the recently suggested local path planning method to overcome the U‐shaped enclosure problem.
Accurate measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings by phase-alternating R-symmetry (PARS) sequences in magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Hou Guangjin , Lu Xingyu , Vega Alexander J. , Polenova Tatyana
Published: September 2014

We report a Phase-Alternating R-Symmetry (PARS) dipolar recoupling scheme for accurate measurement of heteronuclear 1H-X (X = 13C, 15N, 31P, etc.) dipolar couplings in MAS NMR experiments. It is an improvement of conventional C- and R-symmetry type DIPSHIFT experiments where, in addition to the dipolar interaction, the 1H CSA interaction persists and thereby introduces considerable errors in the dipolar measurements. In PARS, phase-shifted RN symmetry pulse blocks applied on the 1H spins combined with π pulses applied on the X spins at the end of each RN block efficiently suppress the effect from 1H chemical shift anisotropy, while keeping the 1H-X dipolar couplings intact. Another advantage over conventional DIPSHIFT experiments, which require the signal to be detected in the form of a reduced-intensity Hahn echo, is that the series of π pulses refocuses the X chemical shift and avoids the necessity of echo formation. PARS permits determination of accurate dipolar couplings in a single experiment; it is suitable for a wide range of MAS conditions including both slow and fast MAS frequencies; and it assures dipolar truncation from the remote protons. The performance of PARS is tested on two model systems, [15N]-N-acetyl-valine and [U-13C,15N]-N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe tripeptide. The application of PARS for site-resolved measurement of accurate 1H-15N dipolar couplings in the context of 3D experiments is presented on U-13C,15N-enriched dynein light chain protein LC8.
Adapting a commercial shear rheometer for applications in cartilage research
Authors: Boettcher K. , Grumbein S. , Winkler U. , Nachtsheim J. , Lieleg O.
Published: September 2014

Cartilage research typically requires a broad range of experimental characterization techniques and thus various testing setups. Here, we describe how several of those tests can be performed with a single experimental platform, i.e. a commercial shear rheometer. Although primarily designed for shear experiments, such a rheometer can be equipped with different adapters to perform indentation and creep measurements, quantify alterations in the sample thickness, and conduct friction measurements in addition to shear rheology. Beyond combining four distinct experimental methods into one setup, the modified rheometer allows for performing material characterizations over a broad range of time scales, frequencies, and normal loads.
Penetrative Rayleigh-Bénard convection in water near its maximum density point
Authors: Large E. , Andereck C. D.
Published: September 2014

The presence of a density maximum in water near 4 °C significantly modifies the nature and onset conditions of convective flows due to imposed temperature differences. In the present study, vertical temperature gradients are imposed upon a horizontal, rectangular layer of water, with the top and bottom surfaces maintained above and below the maximum density temperature, respectively. In such an arrangement, convection beginning in the lower, unstable portion of the layer (as small as 1/3 of the layer height) may penetrate into the upper, stable region. The resulting convection patterns are visualized using schlieren or shadowgraph techniques along multiple visual axes. The measured onset conditions and observed patterns are discussed in the context of preceding predictions and experimental observations in similar penetrative systems. As expected from the non-Boussinesq nature of water in this temperature range, convection sets in at temperature differences below those predicted by linear stability theory when the unstable portion of the layer is sufficiently small. The conduction-convection transition is also hysteretic in nature. At onset, the convection pattern consists of parallel, transverse rolls due to the boundary conditions of the fluid chamber. When the unstable portion of the layer is significantly less than half of the fluid layer height, the convective motion is found to penetrate only partway into the upper stable region, within which weakly counter-rotating motions are driven. At higher Rayleigh numbers, the fluid undergoes secondary transitions to either hexagonal cellular or longitudinal roll states which are visualized for the first time. Pattern heights and wavenumbers were measured in some instances, establishing qualitative (in general) and quantitative (over some parameter ranges) agreement with linear theory.
2D electron density profile measurement in tokamak by laser-accelerated ion-beam probe
Authors: Chen Y. H. , Yang X. Y. , Lin C. , Wang L. , Xu M. , Wang X. G. , Xiao C. J.
Published: September 2014

A new concept of Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) diagnostic has been proposed, of which the key is to replace the electrostatic accelerator of traditional HIBP by a laser-driven ion accelerator. Due to the large energy spread of ions, the laser-accelerated HIBP can measure the two-dimensional (2D) electron density profile of tokamak plasma. In a preliminary simulation, a 2D density profile was reconstructed with a spatial resolution of about 2 cm, and with the error below 15% in the core region. Diagnostics of 2D density fluctuation is also discussed.
Comparative study of two (K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Zhang Jialiang , Gao Yong , Qin Yalin , Yao Weizeng , Tian Xing
Published: September 2014

The piezoelectric performance of a ferroelectric ceramic is usually affected largely by the characters of domain structure inside its polycrystalline grains. However, relevant studies in the (K,Na)NbO3-based ceramics have been rarely carried out so far. This article reports the results of a systematical and comparative study between (K0.50Na0.50)0.94Li0.06NbO3 and (K0.50Na0.50)Li0.04(Nb0.85Ta0.15)O3 ceramics. Both of the two ceramics are of tetragonal phase at room temperature and have the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition close to room temperature. They exhibit high piezoelectric properties at room temperature and their piezoelectric properties are largely temperature-dependent. Interestingly, however, a much better piezoelectric thermal-aging stability is found in the (K0.50Na0.50)Li0.04(Nb0.85Ta0.15)O3 ceramic than in the (K0.50Na0.50)0.94Li0.06NbO3 ceramic. Furthermore, a marked difference in domain structure is recognized between the two ceramics through observing the domain patterns. The poled (K0.50Na0.50)0.94Li0.06NbO3 ceramic shows the complicated domain patterns consisting of banded parallel stripes and many watermarks inside most of the polycrystalline grains, whereas the other ceramic has the simple domain patterns that include a few sets of parallel stripes and some watermarks. The observed difference in piezoelectric thermal-aging stability between the two ceramics can be reasonably explained from the viewpoint of domain structure.
Distribution of the surface potential of epitaxial HgCdTe
Authors: Novikov V. A. , Grigoryev D. V. , Bezrodnyy D. A. , Dvoretsky S. A.
Published: September 2014

We studied the distribution of surface potential of the Hg1−xCdxTe epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The studies showed that the variation of the spatial distribution of surface potential in the region of the V-defect can be related to the variation of the material composition of epitaxial film. The V-defect is characterized by increased of Hg content with respect to the composition of the solid solution of Hg1−xCdxTe epitaxial film. In this paper, it was demonstrated that the unformed V-defects can be observed together with the macroscopic V-defects on the epitaxial film surface. These unformed V-defects can allow the creation of a complex surface potential distribution profile due to the redistribution of the solid solution composition.
Polarized dissipative solitons in all-polarization-maintained fiber laser with long-term stable self-started mode-locking
Authors: Shen Xuling , Li Wenxue , Zeng Heping
Published: September 2014

We demonstrated a polarization-maintained dissipative soliton fiber laser. It was self-started and capable of outputting stable nanosecond mode-locked pulses through the nonlinear rotation inside fibers connected with a Faraday reflective mirror. The setup of the fiber laser ensured the output pulses with good polarization extinction, high pulse contrast, and quite good long-term stability against environmental disturbance. The mode-locked pulses were centered at 1030 nm with a narrow spectral bandwidth and had a pulse duration of 7 ns, while the pulse repetition rate could be varied from 1 to 8 MHz by setting the fiber cavity length. The output pulse energy reached 20 nJ at the repetition rate of 1 MHz.
Does age matter under winter photoinhibitory conditions? A case study in stems and leaves of European mistletoe (Viscum album)
Authors: Míguez Fátima , Fernández-Marín Beatriz , Hernández Antonio , Becerril José Maria , García-Plazaola José Ignacio
Published: September 2014

European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic plant with perennial leaves and photosynthetic stems easily discernible according to their age. These properties make V. album the perfect species to (i) compare the mechanisms of seasonal acclimation of photosynthetic stems with those of leaves, and (ii) evaluate the influence of ageing in the efficiency of photosynthetic tissues. To achieve these general objectives, photosynthetic pigments, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), recovery kinetics and key thylakoidal proteins were analysed during winter and spring in leaves and at different age stems. During winter, some woody species are able to maintain photosynthetic activity, but at lower rates than during spring. In the case of V. album, photosynthetic relevance of green stems appears equal to leaves in terms of total area. Besides, mistletoe stems are able to maintain higher Fv/Fm and lower level of antioxidants than leaves, especially during winter season. The recovery from winter photoinhibition is also faster in stems than in leaves. Thylakoidal protein composition (mainly high levels of D1) also supports the idea of stems as main photosynthetic organs in V. album during winter. Further, in winter, the level of photoinhibition of V. album stems decreased concomitantly with ageing. This work highlights the importance of stem photosynthesis in plant carbon balance and demonstrates that ageing does not necessarily imply a loss of vitality in stems.
Deep, noninvasive imaging and surgical guidance of submillimeter tumors using targeted M13-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ghosh Debadyuti , Bagley Alexander F. , Na Young Jeong , Birrer Michael J. , Bhatia Sangeeta N. , Belcher Angela M.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Early detection of cancer positively impacts diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient survival. Using fluorescence imaging offers the promise of safe, noninvasive detection with excellent resolution and guides surgical removal of tumors to improve patient outcomes. However, the success of current optical probes is limited due to high background from tissue autofluorescence, poor penetration depth, and inherently low signal stability. Here, we engineered M13 bacteriophage to stabilize single-walled carbon nanotubes for selective, targeted imaging of ovarian tumors. These nanoprobes fluoresce at longer near-infrared wavelengths than current probes, thereby improving noninvasive detection of small, deep tumors and guidance for surgical removal of submillimeter tumors. This material-based approach may be attractive to guide surgical interventions where deep tissue molecular imaging is informative.
Delimitation of information between grammatical rules and lexicon
Authors: Panevová Jarmila , Ševčíková Magda
Published: September 2014

The present paper contributes to the long-term linguistic discussion on the boundaries between grammar and lexicon by analyzing four related issues from Czech. The analysis is based on the theoretical framework of Functional Generative Description (FGD), which has been elaborated in Prague since 1960s. First, the approach of FGD to the valency of verbs is summarized. The second topic, concerning dependent content clauses, is closely related to the valency issue. We propose to encode the information on the conjunction of the dependent content clause as a grammatical feature of the verb governing the respective clause. Thirdly, passive, resultative and some other constructions are suggested to be understood as grammatical diatheses of Czech verbs and thus to be a part of the grammatical module of FGD. The fourth topic concerns the study of Czech nouns denoting pair body parts, clothes and accessories related to these body parts and similar nouns. Plural forms of these nouns prototypically refer to a pair or typical group of entities, not just to many of them. Since under specific contextual conditions the pair/group meaning can be expressed by most Czech concrete nouns, it is to be described as a grammaticalized feature.
Successful Aging Among LGBT Older Adults: Physical and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life by Age Group
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I. , Kim Hyun-Jun , Shiu Chengshi , Goldsen Jayn , Emlet Charles A.
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are a health disparate population as identified in Healthy People 2020. Yet, there has been limited attention to how LGBT older adults maintain successful aging despite the adversity they face. Utilizing a Resilience Framework, this study investigates the relationship between physical and mental health-related quality of life (QOL) and covariates by age group.

Design and Methods:

A cross-sectional survey of LGBT adults aged 50 and older (N = 2,560) was conducted by Caring and Aging with Pride: The National Health, Aging, and Sexuality Study via collaborations with 11 sites across the U.S. Linear regression analyses tested specified relationships and moderating effects of age groups (aged 50–64; 65–79; 80 and older).

Results:

Physical and mental health QOL were negatively associated with discrimination and chronic conditions and positively with social support, social network size, physical and leisure activities, substance nonuse, employment, income, and being male when controlling for age and other covariates. Mental health QOL was also positively associated with positive sense of sexual identity and negatively with sexual identity disclosure. Important differences by age group emerged and for the old–old age group the influence of discrimination was particularly salient.

Implications:

This is the first study to examine physical and mental health QOL, as an indicator of successful aging, among LGBT older adults. An understanding of the configuration of resources and risks by age group is important for the development of aging and health initiatives tailored for this growing population.
Using a Micro-Level Model to Generate a Macro-Level Model of Productive Successful Aging
Authors: Johnson Jessica K. M. , Sarkisian Natalia , Williamson John B.
Published: September 2014

Purpose of the Study:

Aging successfully entails good physical and cognitive health, as well as ongoing participation in social and productive activity. This study hones in on participation in productive activity, a factor that makes an important contribution to successful aging. One conceptual model of productive activity in later life specifies the antecedents and consequences of productivity. This study draws on that micro-level model to develop a corresponding macro-level model and assesses its utility for examining the predictors of and explaining the relationships between one form of productivity (labor force participation rates) and one aspect of well-being (average life expectancy) among males and females.

Design and Methods:

Random effects regression models and path analysis were used to analyze cross-national longitudinal data for 24 high-income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries at seven time points (1980–2010; 168 observations total).

Results:

OECD countries with higher labor force participation rates among older workers have higher life expectancies. Labor force participation mediates the effects of gross domestic product per capita on male and female life expectancy, and it mediates the effect of self-employment rate for men, but it acts as a suppressor with regard to the effect of public spending on male and female life expectancy.

Implications:

A well-known micro-level model of productive activity can be fruitfully adapted to account for macro-level cross-national variation in productivity and well-being.
Overfishing of marine resources: some lessons from the assessment of demersal stocks off Mauritania
Authors: Meissa B. , Gascuel D.
Published: September 2014

The recent, rapid development of fishing in Mauritania offers a good case study for a comparative approach of the resilience of the species exploited there, in the face of increasing fishing pressure. First, we assessed the health of 22 demersal stocks with differing ecological requirements, demographic strategies, and states of exploitation. A dynamic production model was fitted in a framework of Bayesian statistics to abundance indices estimated from scientific trawl surveys or commercial catch per unit efforts. We show that 12 of the 22 stocks assessed are overexploited and 3 are fully exploited. The combined assessment of all 22 stocks demonstrates an overall overexploitation, with total demersal biomass decreasing by ∼75% since 1982 and fishing effort 30% higher than that at maximum sustained yield (40% higher for finfish). Second, relations between states of stocks and life history traits were analysed. The stocks of large and vulnerable species currently undergo the highest fishing pressure and are those that are the most overexploited. At the scale of the community represented by the stocks considered, surveys-based indictors of the mean intrinsic vulnerability, the mean maximum length, and the mean trophic level exhibit a significant decrease from 1990 to 2010. Changes observed in catch-based indicators depend on fishing strategies and are impacted by the recent development of the small-scale fishery. But indicators expressed as a function of a multiplier of fishing effort or fishing mortality clearly decrease, thus confirming that the intensification of exploitation leads to communities dominated by smaller species and lower trophic levels. We conclude that large and high trophic level species, such as white grouper, meagre, guitarfish, and smooth-hound, are markers of ecosystem health and should be considered as sentinel species.
Inverting Sutures With Systemic Retinoids and Lubrication Can Correct Ectropion in Ichthyosis
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraldur , Baldursson Baldur Tumi
Published: September 2014

The authors present 2 children, a girl aged 9 and a boy aged 15 years, both with lower eyelid ectropion due to congenital lamellar ichthyosis.They had the same treatment protocol, insertion of inverting sutures in addition to a systemic retinoid drug and a lubrication of the eyelids. The girl had 2 separate procedures of inverting sutures, while the eyelids of the boy were corrected with 1 procedure. Both tolerate their systemic retinoid treatment nicely. Five years later, the lower eyelids are in an excellent position without any further surgical intervention. The patients are comfortable. The conventional method to treat these conditions is skin grafts. The authors offer another treatment option in this very bothersome condition.
Mizugakiibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake
Authors: Kojima Hisaya , Tokizawa Riho , Fukui Manabu
Published: September 2014

A novel, moderately thermophilic, bacterial strain (skMP5T) was isolated from sediment of a freshwater lake in Japan. The cells were rod-shaped, motile and Gram-stain-negative. Growth was observed at temperatures ranging from 25 to 52 °C, with optimum growth observed at 48–50 °C. The pH range for growth was pH 5.0–8.2, with optimum growth at pH 6.0–7.0. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 72 mol%. The major components in the fatty acid profile were iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of the strain was ubiquinone Q-8. The strain was facultatively anaerobic, and reduced nitrate to nitrite under anoxic conditions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate was a member of the family

Xanthomonadaceae

within the class

Gammaproteobacteria

, showing highest sequence similarity with

Tahibacter aquaticus

RaM5-2 (93.6 %) and

Metallibacterium scheffleri

DKE6T (93.3 %). On the basis of phylogenetic and phenotypic properties, strain skMP5T represents a novel species of a new genus, Mizugakiibacter sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is skMP5T ( = DSM 27098T = NBRC 109608T).
Arenimonas maotaiensis sp. nov., isolated from fresh water
Authors: Yuan Xin , Nogi Yuichi , Tan Xu , Zhang Ren-Gang , Lv Jie
Published: September 2014

A translucent, white, Gram-reaction-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-flagellated, slightly curved or curved bacterial strain, designated YT8T, was isolated from the fresh water of the Maotai section of Chishui River, China. Cells were catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YT8T is a member of the genus

Arenimonas

with similarity to other members of this genus ranging from 93.7 to 95.0 %. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8), major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids, while major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strain YT8T was 66.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic features studied, strain YT8T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus

Arenimonas

, for which the name Arenimonas maotaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YT8T ( = CGMCC 1.12726T = JCM 19710T).
μ-Oxalato-bis[bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(I)] dichloromethane disolvate. Corrigendum
Authors: Royappa Andrew D. , Golen James A. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Royappa A. Timothy
Published: September 2014

An erroneous claim in the paper by Royappaet al.[Acta Cryst.(2013), E69, m126] is corrected and a reference added for a previously published report of a closely related structure.
Crystal structure of (±)-(3aR,5R,8bR)-5-hydroperoxy-2-phenyl-6-tosyl-4,5,6,8b-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-e]indole-1,3(2H,3aH)-dione
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Gullickson Glen C. , Dickson Rozalin R. , Groess Leah L. , Tritch Kenneth J.
Published: September 2014

The title compound, C23H20N2O6S, crystallizes as a racemate in the space groupP-1, with an overall L- or J-shape to each molecule. Centrosymmetric pairs of molecules are tandem hydrogen bonded between the hydroperoxy H atom and carbonyl O atom. A different centrosymmetric pairing has stackedS-tolyl rings, and a third pairing is L,J-interlocked by the short leg. Except for stacked tolyl pairs, neighboring π-systems are much closer to orthogonal than coaxial. The title compound is the first example of a hydroperoxide obtained from the autoxidation of a Diels–Alder adduct of a 2-vinylpyrrole.
Crystal structure ofcatena-poly[[potassium-tri-μ-dimethylacetamide-κ6O:O] iodide]
Authors: Comanescu Cezar-Catalin , Oliver Allen G.
Published: September 2014

The structure ofcatena-poly[[potassium-tri-μ-dimethylacetamide-κ6O:O] iodide], {[K(C4H9NO)3]I}n, at 120 K has trigonal (P-3) symmetry. The structure adopts a linear chain motif parallel to the crystallographiccaxis. Two crystallographically independent K+cations are present in the asymmetric unit located on threefold rotoinversion axes at [0, 0, 0] and [0, 0, 1/2] and are bridged by the O atoms of the acetamide moiety. This is an example of a rare μ2-bridging mode for dimethylacetamide O atoms. The iodide counter-ion resides on a threefold rotation axis in the channel formed by the [K(C4H9NO)]+chains.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-(2-{5-[(2-acetoxyethyl)(methyl)amino]thiophen-2-yl}vinyl)-3-methylbenzothiazolium iodide monohydrate
Authors: Sun Xian-Shun , Wang Ming-Ming , Li Dan-Dan
Published: September 2014

In the cation of the title hydrated salt, C19H21N2O2S2+·I−·H2O, the benzothiazolium ring system is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.0251 (15) Å], and it makes a small dihedral angle of 1.16 (18)° with the plane of the thiophene ring. In the crystal, the cations, anions and crystalline water molecules are linked by classical O—H...O, O—H...I and weak C—H...O hydrogn bonds, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network. π–π stacking is observed between parallel thiazole rings of adjacent cations [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5945 (16) Å].
Crystal structures of 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-ium chloride and 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-ium nitrate
Authors: Yamuna Thammarse S. , Jasinski Jerry P. , Kaur Manpreet , Anderson Brian J. , Yathirajan H. S.
Published: September 2014

The title salts, C8H13N4+·Cl−, (I), and C8H13N4+·NO3−, (II), contain linked pyridinium–piperazine heterocycles. In both salts, the piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation with protonation at the N atom not linked to the other ring. In the crystal of (I), weak N—H...Cl interactions are observed, leading to zigzag chains along [100]. In the crystal of (II), both H atoms on the NH2+group form bifurcated N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds. Weak C—H...O interactions are also observed. These bonds collectively link the components into infinite chains along [100].
Transition planning and writing instruction: the effects of a brief intervention
Authors: McConnell Amber E. , Little Karen S. , Martin James E.
Published: September 2014

This study used a multiple probe design across behaviours to determine if four high school students with learning disabilities could plan post‐school transition goals using a modified GO 4 IT … NOW! intervention while learning essential paragraph and essay writing skills. The results of this study indicate a functional relationship between the intervention and increased writing skills needed for high‐stakes testing and increases in students' knowledge of transition planning. During baseline, students produced extremely short essays and did not include essential paragraph elements. After instruction, students wrote longer compositions and included more details, and paragraphs contained more paragraph elements. All participants increased essay quality during the intervention as measured by the rubric used to evaluate end‐of‐instruction writing prompts.
Utamu wa Afrika (the sweet taste of Africa): The vegetable garden as part of resettled African refugees' food environment
Authors: Gichunge Catherine , Kidwaro Fanson
Published: September 2014

Aim

To examine the role of gardening as a component of resettled African refugees' food environment.

Methods

This was a qualitative study that collected data using in‐depth interviews from 13 gardeners who were purposively sampled to include those participating in community and home gardens. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was used to identify themes in the data.

Results

Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed three emerging themes: food provision (access, availability and affordability), enhanced wellbeing (mental and physical) and barriers encountered in the food environment (limited knowledge on crop seasonality, size of garden and cost of manure). By having access to a vegetable garden, participants were able to access healthy foods and utilise familiar and culturally acceptable foods.

Conclusions

Through gardening, the resettled refugees' traditional foods are not only made available but easily accessible at little or no cost ensuring households are able to make healthy food choices. The pillars of food security—food availability, access, utilisation and stability—are enhanced through gardening, making community and home gardens an important component of the resettled refugees' food environment.
Structural, Compositional, and Sensorial Properties of United States Commercial Ice Cream Products
Authors: Warren Maya M. , Hartel Richard W.
Published: September 2014

Commercial vanilla ice cream products from the United States (full fat, low fat, and nonfat) were analyzed for their structural, behavioral (i.e., melt rate and drip‐through), compositional, and sensorial attributes. Mean size distributions of ice crystals and air cells, drip‐through rates, percent partially coalesced fat, percent overrun and total fat, and density were determined. A trained panel carried out sensory analyses in order to determine correlations between ice cream microstructure attributes and sensory properties using a SpectrumTM descriptive analysis. Analyses included melt rate, breakdown, size of ice particulates (iciness), denseness, greasiness, and overall creaminess. To determine relationships and interactions, principle component analysis and multivariate pairwise correlation were performed within and between the instrumental and sensorial data. Greasiness and creaminess negatively correlated with drip‐through rate and creaminess correlated with percent total fat and percent fat destabilization. Percent fat did not determine the melt rate on a sensorial level. However, drip‐through rate at ambient temperatures was predicted by total fat content of the samples. Based on sensory analysis, high‐fat products were noted to be creamier than low and nonfat products. Iciness did not correlate with mean ice crystal size and drip‐through rate did not predict sensory melt rate. Furthermore, on a sensorial level, greasiness positively correlated with total percent fat destabilization and mean air cell size positively correlated with denseness. These results indicate that commercial ice cream products vary widely in composition, structure, behavior, and sensory properties.
Consumer Acceptance of Model Soup System with Varying Levels of Herbs and Salt
Authors: Wang Chao , Lee Youngsoo , Lee Soo‐Yeun
Published: September 2014

Although herbs have been reported as one of the most common saltiness enhancers, few studies have focused on the effect of herbs on reducing added sodium as well as the impact of herbs on consumers’ overall liking of foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of varying levels of herbs on reducing added sodium and consumers’ overall liking of soups and identify the impact of salt levels on consumers’ overall liking of soups. Overall liking of freshly prepared and retorted canned soups with varying levels of herbs was evaluated before and after adding salt by consumers ad libitum until the saltiness of the soup was just about right for them. The results of the study demonstrated that when the perceived herb flavor increased, the amount of salt consumers added to fresh soups decreased (P ≤ 0.006); however, consumers’ overall liking decreased (P ≤ 0.013) as well for the highest level of herb tested in the study. Although overall liking of all canned soups was not significantly decreased by herbs, the amount of salt consumers added was also not significantly decreased when herbs were used. Overall liking of all soups significantly increased after more salt was added (P ≤ 0.001), which indicates that salt level was a dominant factor in affecting consumers' overall liking of soups with varying levels of herbs. These findings imply the role of herbs in decreasing salt intake, and the adequate amount of herbs to be added in soup systems.
Developmental State Construction and Strategic Regionalism: The Continental Reach of South Africa's Development Finance Institutions
Authors: Qobo Mzukisi , Motsamai Dimpho
Published: September 2014

South African development finance institutions (DFIs) have extensive portfolios of projects they finance, with a remit that reaches beyond the domestic scene. Indeed, these DFIs are a product of history and have evolved to correspond to the country's postapartheid dispensation. In the past, South African DFIs were used to reinforce the political ideology of apartheid and its policy of separate development. Postapartheid DFI mandates have however changed significantly. They are not just instruments of the state's developmental agenda at the domestic level, but those also active in the region. We characterise this interlinkage of domestic developmentalism and regional orientation as strategic regionalism. The major focus of this article is to survey the role of South African DFIs in the African continent while also critically reviewing their relationship with the state's developmental paradigm and regional strategy.
Factors influencing donor and recipient decision making in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: a survey of a non‐transplant population
Authors: Lansom Joshua D. , Rowe Simon , Sandroussi Charbel , Harrison James D. , Solomon Michael , McCaughan Geoffrey , Crawford Michael
Published: September 2014

Background

This study aimed to (i) investigate the factors that influence donor and recipient decision making in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT); (ii) quantify the level of risk that would be acceptable to potential donors; and (iii) determine from whom an individual would be willing to receive a donation.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire using hypothetical scenarios centred on AALDLT was created and administered to participants recruited from the waiting room of an orthopaedic outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital in Sydney (n = 105). The questionnaire asked participants to consider scenarios in which they either (i) were a potential donor for a family member or close friend or (ii) themselves required a liver transplant.

Results

Ninety‐five (90%) participants expressed an in‐principal willingness to consider living organ donation. The factors most important in deciding to be living liver donors were the probability of a good outcome for the recipient, the likelihood of the potential recipient's survival until a deceased donor liver became available and the risk of donor death. Donor death was also rated as the least acceptable donor outcome. Participants expressed a willingness to receive a donation from all proposed donor groups equally.

Conclusions

The acceptability of hypothetical living organ donation was very high in the population group studied. Participants were also willing to accept significantly higher risks of complications from organ donation than they would actually be exposed to. Clinicians should feel encouraged to discuss the risks and benefits of living donation frankly with patients and their families.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Screening, and Molecular Docking Studies of Piperazine‐Derived Constrained Inhibitors of DPP‐IV for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kushwaha Ram N. , Srivastava Rohit , Mishra Akansha , Rawat Arun K. , Srivastava Arvind K. , Haq Wahajul , Katti Seturam B.
Published: September 2014

Novel piperazine‐derived conformationally constrained compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro Dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory activities. From a library of compounds synthesized, 1‐(2‐(4‐(7‐Chloro‐4‐quinolyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine (2g) was identified as a potential DPP‐IV inhibitor exhibiting better inhibitory activity than P32/98, reference inhibitor. The in vivo studies carried out in STZ and db/db mice models indicated that the compound 2g showed moderate antihyperglycemic activity as compared to the marketed drug Sitagliptin. A two‐week repeated dose study in db/db mice revealed that compound 2g significantly declined blood glucose levels with no evidence of hypoglycemia risk. Furthermore, it showed improvement in insulin resistance reversal and antidyslipidemic properties. Molecular docking studies established good binding affinity of compound 2g at the DPP‐IV active site and are in favor of the observed biological data. These data collectively suggest that compound 2g is a good lead molecule for further optimization studies.
Serum cytokine pattern in young children with screening detected coeliac disease
Authors: Björck S , Lindehammer S R , Fex M , Agardh D
Published: September 2014

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation localized to the small bowel, but less is known about systemic signs of inflammation. The aim was to measure cytokines of the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cell patterns in children with screening-detected coeliac disease before and after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Serum samples selected before and after the start of a gluten-free diet from 26 3-year-old children diagnosed with biopsy-proven coeliac disease and from 52 matched controls were assayed in an multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the 10 cytokines: interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-12p70 were elevated significantly in children with coeliac disease compared to controls (P < 0·001 and P = 0·001, respectively). Similar findings were demonstrated for the Th2 cytokines IL-5 (P < 0·001), IL-10 (P = 0·001) and IL-13 (P = 0·002). No difference in cytokine levels between the two groups was found for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-8. After gluten-free diet, levels of IL-5, IL-12 and IL-10 decreased significantly (P < 0·001, P = 0·002 and P = 0·007) and IFN-γ levels were reduced (P = 0·059). Young children with coeliac disease detected by screening demonstrate elevated levels of serum cytokines at time of diagnosis. A prolonged systemic inflammation may, in turn, contribute to long-term complications known to be associated with untreated coeliac disease.
Capital–Labour and State Dynamics in Export Horticulture in North‐east Brazil
Authors: Selwyn Ben
Published: September 2014

This article argues for the primacy of class relations and struggles as determinants of developmental processes and outcomes, emphasizing the evolving, dialectical nature of these relations. It does so by providing a case study of export horticulture in North‐east Brazil. It documents how the region's rural trade union has been able, through mobilizing its membership base, to achieve significant improvements in their livelihoods, pay and conditions. It also shows how the region's employers have responded to these gains by restructuring the labour force in order to attempt to fragment and weaken it. The article pays particular attention to the gender dynamics of class relations.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene knockout in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Sasaki Haruka , Yoshida Keita , Hozumi Akiko , Sasakura Yasunori
Published: September 2014

Knockout of genes with CRISPR/Cas9 is a newly emerged approach to investigate functions of genes in various organisms. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 can mutate endogenous genes of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, a splendid model for elucidating molecular mechanisms for constructing the chordate body plan. Short guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 mRNA, when they are expressed in Ciona embryos by means of microinjection or electroporation of their expression vectors, introduced mutations in the target genes. The specificity of target choice by sgRNA is relatively high compared to the reports from some other organisms, and a single nucleotide mutation at the sgRNA dramatically reduced mutation efficiency at the on‐target site. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis will be a powerful method to study gene functions in Ciona along with another genome editing approach using TALE nucleases.
KISSMig – a simple model for R to account for limited migration in analyses of species distributions
Authors: Nobis Michael P. , Normand Signe
Published: September 2014

Detecting the legacy of time‐lagged migration in species ranges is an urgent matter for understanding range dynamics. KISSMig is a simple migration model which generates maps of accessibility from areas of origin and allows the generation and testing of hypotheses about the influence of specific spread patterns on species distributions. KISSMig has important applications: 1) uncovering the influence of limited migration relative to other drivers, 2) detecting areas of origin and their importance as sources of migration, and 3) accounting for limited migration in modeling species distributions. Here we introduce KISSMig and use the oak species Quercus cerris to illustrate these applications.
Introducing Scenario Based Learning interactive to postgraduates in UQ Orthodontic Program
Authors: Naser‐ud‐Din S.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

E‐learning has gained momentum in health sciences and seems to have great potential in specialist dental education. Higher acceptability by learners is particularly associated with the surge of smart devices. Currently, there are limited number of e‐learning modules available for dental education, particularly in Orthodontics.

Material and methods

Scenario Based Learning interactive (SBLi®) software was used for the first time in Orthodontics Postgraduate training at the University of Queensland. Nine interactive modules were created embedded with clinical procedure videos, web‐links, evidence‐based literature, along with opportunity for self‐assessment and evaluation. Qualitative data were collected before and after the administration of the SBLi® for Orthodontics. The purpose of this data was to investigate learning styles and the acceptance of e‐modules as part of postgraduate training.

Results

Advantages of the package included high acceptance rate, greater confidence in the application of clinical skills covered in the modules and reduced contact time particularly with limited academic staff. E‐modules demonstrated high compatibility with the learning styles of the participants and were considered engaging.

Conclusions

It seems apparent that e‐learning is most effective in a blended learning environment, supplemented with the traditional classroom approach, rather than as a sole mechanism for postgraduate training.
Impact of early remission by induction therapy on allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia with an intermediate‐risk karyotype in first complete remission
Authors: Hemmati Philipp G. , Terwey Theis H. , Na Il‐Kang , le Coutre Philipp , Jehn Christian F. , Vuong Lam G. , Dörken Bernd , Arnold Renate
Published: September 2014

For patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) early achievement of remission during induction treatment is an important predictor for long‐term outcome irrespective of the type of consolidation therapy employed. Here, we retrospectively examined the prognostic impact of early remission (ER) vs. delayed remission (DR) in a cohort of 132 AML patients with an intermediate‐risk karyotype undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in first complete remission (CR1). In contrast to patients showing DR, patients achieving ER had a significantly higher 3‐yr overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) of 76% vs. 54% (P = 0.03) and 76% vs. 53% (P = 0.03). Likewise, 3 yr after alloSCT the cumulative incidence of relapse (CI‐R) was significantly lower in the ER subgroup as compared to patients achieving DR, that is, 10% vs. 35% (P = 0.004), whereas non‐relapse mortality (NRM) did not differ significantly. Multivariate analysis identified DR as an independent prognosticator for an inferior DFS (HR 3.37, P = 0.002) and a higher CI‐R (HR 3.55, P = 0.002). Taken together, these data may indicate that the rapid achievement of remission predicts a favorable outcome in patients with intermediate‐risk AML undergoing alloSCT in CR1. In turn, the adverse effect of DR may not be fully overcome by alloSCT.
Diffusion probe for gas sampling in undisturbed soil
Authors: Petersen S. O.
Published: September 2014

Soil‐atmosphere fluxes of trace gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are determined by complex interactions between biological activity and soil conditions. Soil gas concentration profiles may, in combination with other information about soil conditions, help us to understand emission controls. This paper describes a simple and robust diffusion probe for soil gas sampling as part of flux monitoring programmes. It can be deployed with minimum disturbance of in‐situ conditions, and also at sites with a high or fluctuating water table. Separate probes are used for each sampling depth, in this study ranging from 5 to 100 cm. The probe has a 10‐ml diffusion cell with a 3‐mm diameter opening covered by a 0.5‐mm silicone membrane. At sampling the diffusion cell is flushed with 10 ml N2 containing 50 µl l−1 ethylene (C2H4) as a tracer; tracer recovery is used to calculate sample concentrations. Ethylene is immediately removed by flushing with unamended N2. Equations are presented to correct for dead volumes of connecting tubing and valves. Laboratory tests evaluated recovery of CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2), removal of C2H4 and equilibration of CH4, N2O and CO2 in air and water. Field tests on peat soils used for grazing showed soil gas concentrations of CH4 and N2O as influenced by topography, site conditions and season. The applicability of the diffusion probe for trace gas monitoring is discussed.