bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Epidemiology and Outcomes of Patients with Intentional Poisoning by Age Groups: Single Center Observation Study
Authors: Kim Jin Hyun , Cho Jin Seong , Kim Jin Joo , Lim Yong Su , Yang Hyuk Jun , Lee Geun
Published: June 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare demographic and characteristic differences in self-poisoned patients by age groups using a comprehensive trauma database. Methods: This study included 1,823 patients who were admitted to the emergency room following self-poisoning. Three age groups were defined: young patients (less than 19 years), adult patients (19 to 64 years) and elderly patients (65 years and old). From January 2011 to December 2015, data were obtained from in a single emergency medical center. We investigated the materials of poisoning, ingestion time, GCS, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and outcomes of patients. Results: A total of 1,823 self-poisoned patients visited the hospital during 5 years. Among these, 130 (7.1%) were categorized as young, 1,460 (80.1%) were adults and 233 (12.8%) were elderly. The most common drug of self-poisoning substances was antipyretics (50.0%) for those in the young group, sedative drugs (45.0%) for adults, and pesticides (41.2%) for the elderly. Mortality was 2.7% in the adult group and 14.6% in the elderly group. After adjusting for all factors related to mortality, the odds ratio (OR) of mortality was 2.63 in the elderly group (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-4.81). Conclusion: There were definite differences in the characteristics of three groups. The younger patients used drugs that could be easily obtained while older patients used more lethal drugs.
General Characteristics for Poisoning-Induced Transient or Sustained Hyperammonemia
Authors: Lee Soo Hyung , Park Hong In , Choe Michael Sung , Je Dong Wook , Nho Woo Young , Kim Seong Hun , Lee Mi Jin , Ahn Jae Yun , Moon Sung Bae , Lee Dong Eun , Park Jung Bae
Published: June 2023

Purpose: In patients with altered mentality caused by drugs or unknown causes, ammonia is checked to facilitate differential diagnosis or diagnose hepatic coma. This helps early prevention and treatment of brain damage due to hyperammonemia. This study was conducted to evaluate clinical characteristics of intoxicated adult patients with hyperammonemia. Methods: We evaluated 95 patients with hyperammonemia among intoxicated patients above the age of 15 who visited our ED from January 2013 to December 2015. We analyzed the demographic characteristics and type of poisoning substance, reason for ingestion, toxicological characteristics such as elapsed time from ingestion to hospital visit, lab, clinical progression and complications. Data were evaluated using the student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for frequency analysis of categorical variables. Results: When compared to healthy individuals, patients with hyperammonemia showed statistical significance on their SOFA score (p=0.016) and poison severity score (p<0.001). Additionally, patients with hyperammonemia showed significantly different initial serum AST level (p=0.012) and maximum serum AST level during the hospital stay (p=0.026) when compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, individuals with sustained hyperammonemia compared to transient hyperammonemia showed clinically significant SOFA scores (p<0.001), poison severity scores (p=0.007), mortality rates in the ICU (p=0.021), as well as different duration of hospital stay (p=0.037), serum creatinine level (p=0.002), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.025), and serum myoglobin (p=0.015). Conclusion: Most poisoning-induced hyperammonemia cases were transient and recovered without special treatment. Therefore, hyperammonemia is almost non-specific among poisoning patients.
Genoprotective Effect of Melatonin Against to the Genotoxicity of Glyphosate on Human Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Kim Jung-Gyu , Choi Woo-Ik , Lee Jae-Ho , Choi In-Jang , Jin Sang-Chan
Published: June 2023

Purpose: Glyphosate is a widely used non-selective herbicide. Previous studies have shown that glyphosate has genotoxicity, and that even low-doses of glyphosate can cause DNA damage. Melatonin is a hormone produced and secreted by the pineal gland that is known to be a potent anti-carcinogen, anti-oxidant, and genetic protector. This study was conducted to investigate the genoprotective effect of melatonin against glyphosate in human blood lymphocytes. Methods: Human peripheral blood was obtained from 15 young, healthy volunteers and cultured under four different toxicologic conditions. The four groups consisted of a control group, glyphosate only group (300 ng/mL), glyphosate with low level of melatonin group ($50{mu}M$), and glyphosate with high level of melatonin group ($200{mu}M$). The mean Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency of each group was then analyzed. Results: Glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.78{pm}2.31$, p<0.001). Interestingly, the group that received a low-level of melatonin had a lower mean SCE frequency ($8.67{pm}2.58$) than the glyphosate-only group, while the group that received a high level of melatonin had a much lower mean SCE frequency ($8.06{pm}2.50$) than the glyphosate-only group. There was statistical significance. Conclusion: Melatonin exerted a potent gene protective effect against the genotoxicity of glyphosate on human blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent fashion.
In vitro Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Sister Chromatid Exchange in the Lymphocytes Exposed to Glyphosate
Authors: Park Jung-Min , Choi Woo-Ik , Jin Sang-Chan , Lee Jae-Ho , Choi In-Jang
Published: June 2023

Purpose: Green tea is known as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogen, and genetic protector. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a widely used non-selective herbicide that causes DNA damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of green tea in human blood lymphocytes exposed to glyphosate using the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) frequency method. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 volunteers and cultured through four different conditions. Four groups were divided into control, glyphosate only (300 ng/mL), glyphosate and low ($20{mu}m$) concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and glyphosate and high ($100{mu}m$) concentrations of EGCG. Results: The glyphosate exposed groups had a higher mean SCE frequency ($10.33{pm}2.50$) than the control group ($6.38{pm}2.28$, p<0.001). The low concentrations of EGCG groups had a lower mean SCE frequency ($9.91{pm}1.93$) than the glyphosate-only group, although this difference was not significant (p=0.219). However, the high concentration group ($9.49{pm}1.85$) had a significantly lower SCE frequency than the glyphosate-only group (p=0.001). Conclusion: EGCG has a gene protective effect in human lymphocytes exposed to the genotoxicity of glyphosate in the case of high concentrations.
Flumazenil administration in suspected patients with acute hypnotics and sedatives poisoning: risk-benefit re-evaluation
Authors: Huh Jae Hong , Choi Sang Chun , Lim Yong Gyun , Lampotang Samsun , Park Eung Jung
Published: June 2023

Purpose: The use of flumazenil administration in the emergency department is still controversial because of concerns about adverse effects. The present study was conducted to re-evaluate the risk-benefit ratio associated with flumazenil administration to patients suspected of having acute hypnotics and sedatives poisoning in the emergency department. Methods: A retrospective chart review study was conducted for patients whose final diagnoses were "poisoning" and "benzodiazepine" or "sedatives-hypnotics" from Mar. 2006 to Feb. 2015. The basal characteristics of the patients, including past medical history, ingredients and dose of ingested drug and co-ingested drugs were investigated. For patients administered flumazenil, responsiveness and time from admission to flumazenil administration were investigated with supplement. All collected data were analyzed in aspect terms of risk/benefit. Results: A total of 678 patients were included in our study. Benzodiazepine was the most common sedative/hypnotic drug prescribed, and the frequency of prescription continuously increased. The proportion of TCA as co-ingestion decreased from 13.1% to 3.9% in patients with acute sedative/hypnotic poisoning. Flumazenil was administered to 55 patients (8.1%), of which 29 patients (52.7%) were applied to contraindications. Fifty-three patients (96.4%) showed positive responsiveness, including partial responsiveness after flumazenil administration. No severe adverse events were identified. Conclusion: Based on the current trends in prescription patterns for sedative/hypnotic drugs, increased use of non-TCA antidepressants, and responsiveness to administration of flumazenil, benefit seemed weighted more in this study, although the observed benefits were based on limited results. Further prospective multicenter studies will be needed to optimize benefit-risk ratio.
Accuracy of Disease Codes Registered for Anaphylaxis at Emergency Department
Authors: Choi Jin Kyun , Kim Sun Hyu , Lee Hyeji , Choi Byungho , Choi Wook-jin , Ahn Ryeok
Published: June 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the frequency and clinical characteristics of anaphylaxis patients who are registered inaccurately with other disease codes. Methods: Study subjects presenting at the emergency department (ED) were retrospectively collected using disease codes to search for anaphylaxis patients in a previous studies. The study group was divided into an accurate and inaccurate group according to whether disease codes were accurately registered as anaphylaxis codes. Results: Among 266 anaphylaxis patients, 144 patients (54%) received inaccurate codes. Cancer was the most common comorbidity, and the radio-contrast media was the most common cause of anaphylaxis in the accurate group. Cutaneous and respiratory symptoms manifested more frequently in the inaccurate group, while cardiovascular and neurological symptoms were more frequent in the accurate group. Blood pressure was lower, and shock and non-alert consciousness were more common in the accurate group. Administration of intravenous fluid and epinephrine use were more frequent in the accurate group. Anaphylaxis patients with a history of cancer, shock, and epinephrine use were more likely to be registered as anaphylaxis codes accurately, but patients with respiratory symptoms were more likely to be registered with other disease codes. Conclusion: In cases of anaphylaxis, the frequency of inaccurately registered disease codes was higher than that of accurately registered codes. Anaphylaxis patients who were not treated with epinephrine at the ED who did not have a history of cancer, but had respiratory symptoms were at increased risk of being registered with disease codes other than anaphylaxis codes.
Attempted Suicide by Nitrogen Gas Asphyxiation: A Case Report
Authors: Park Sung-Wook , Yeom Seok-Ran , Han Sang-kyoon , Kim Hyung-Bin , Cho Young-Mo , Bae Byung-Kwan , Wang Il-Jae
Published: June 2023

Nitrogen is an inert gas that is harmless to humans under normal conditions. While it is not inherently toxic, nitrogen gas becomes dangerous when it displaces oxygen, resulting in suffocation. Herein, we report a case of a 34-year-old man who attempted suicide by nitrogen asphyxiation who presenting with decreased mental function and agitation. Lactic acidosis and hyperammonemia were observed on presentation at the emergency department, but these improved after a few hours. After 2 days, the patient regained full consciousness, and was discharged without any complications. Survival after asphyxiation due to nitrogen gas is very rare, and these patients are more likely to have poorer outcomes. There is a potential for the increasing use of nitrogen gas as a method of committing suicide because of the ease of access to this gas.
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinales and Portomesenteric Venous Gas following Anticholinesterase Pesticide Poisoning
Authors: Lee Suk Hee , Lee Kyung-Woo , Jung Jin Hee
Published: June 2023

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and portomesenteric venous gas are uncommon radiological findings, but are found commonly in cases of bowel ischemia, or as a result of various non-ischemic conditions. A 72-year-old man visited an emergency center with altered mental status 2 hours after ingestion of an unknown pesticide. On physical examination, he showed the characteristic hydrocarbon or garlic-like odor, miotic pupils with no response to light, rhinorrhea, shallow respiration, bronchorrhea, and sweating over his face, chest and abdomen. Laboratory results revealed decreased serum cholinesterase, as well as elevated amylase and lipase level. We made the clinical diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning in this patient based on the clinical features, duration of symptoms and signs, and level of serum cholinesterase. Activated charcoal, fluid, and antidotes were administered after gastric lavage. A computerized tomography scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast showed acute pancreatitis, poor enhancement of the small bowel, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, portomesenteric venous gas and ascites. Emergent laparotomy could not be performed because of his poor physical condition and refusal of treatment by his family. The possible mechanisms were believed to be direct intestinal mucosal damage by pancreatic enzymes and secondary mucosal disruption due to bowel ischemia caused by shock and the use of inotropics. Physicians should be warned about the possibility of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and portomesenteric venous gas as a complication of pancreatitis following anticholinesterase poisoning.
Two Cases of Tetramine Intoxication from Neptunea contricta
Authors: Lee Seong You , Lee Jang Young , Lee Won Suk , Sung Won Young , Seo Sang Won
Published: June 2023

Even though Neptunea contricta appears similar to Batilus cornutus and Rapana venosa, they are different in tetramine content which inhibits the neuronal calcium channel. Therefore, mistaking Neptunea contricta for Batilus cornutus or Rapana venosa, can result in the occurrence of toxic symptoms. Three patients developed nausea, epigastric pain, chest pain, dizziness, blurred vision, dyspnea, hypertension and tachycardia after eating Neptunea contricta. Moreover, consumption of one only piece was sufficient to cause symptoms because each Neptunea contricta has 17.3 mg of tetramine. Accordingly, care should be taken when patients are consuming more than 5 pieces because toxic symptoms such as dyspnea can occur. Moreover, correct species identification is important because the quantity of tetramine varies among sea snail species. Finally, it is important to educate people to remove the salivary glands completely before consuming Neptunea contricta.
A Case of a Herbicide Poisoning Induced Methemoglobinemia Patient Treated with High-dose Vitamin C
Authors: Sun Kyung Hoon , Kim Jun Kew , Ryu Chang Yeon , Kim Seo Jin , Jo Hyeon Kyu , Yoo Tae Ho , Park Yong Jin , Kim Sun pyo
Published: June 2023

Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which the iron portion of hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen, is oxidized to produce methemoglobin, which increases blood concentration. There are many causes of methemoglobinemia, the most common being food, drugs, and chemicals. A 75-year-old male patient who had taken an herbicide did not notice any nonspecific symptoms. However, after 4 hours, his methemoglobin levels increased to 17.1%, while after 7 hours it increased to 26.5%, at which time intravenous administration of methylene blue 1 mg/kg (an antidote) was started. After a total of five doses of methylene blue at 1 mg/kg due to reactive methemoglobinemia for about 36 hours, the methemoglobin levels increased to 23.7%. Because no more methylene blue could be administered, 10 g of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was administered intravenously. After 82 hours, ascorbic acid 10 g was administered six times for repeated reactive methemoglobinemia. No additional reactive methemoglobinemia was observed. The ventilator and endotracheal tube were successfully removed on day 5 after admission.
Comparison of Silymarin, Penicillin, N-acetylcysteine in Patient with Amatoxin Poisoning: A Systematic Review
Authors: Choi Min Woo , Ko Dong Ryul , Kong Taeyoung , Choa Min Hong , You Je Sung , Chung Sung Phil
Published: June 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of pharmacologic treatment of amatoxin poisoning patients. Methods: Literature was accessed through PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, KoreaMed, KISS and KMBASE. Studies relevant to human use of pharmacologic therapy including silymarin, penicillin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for amanita poisoning were included. Case reports, letters, editorials and papers with insufficient information were excluded. Comparison of clinical outcomes (especially mortality and liver transplantation rate) in each study was analyzed. Results: The final analysis included 13 retrospective studies. None of these studies showed direct comparisons of individual agents. Among 12 studies comparing silymarin vs penicillin, eight showed clinical superiority of silymarin. Among eight studies comparing silymarin with NAC, six showed clinical superiority of silymarin. Among seven studies of NAC vs penicillin, five showed clinical superiority of NAC. Conclusion: This systematic review suggested that clinical superiority of various pharmacological agents used to treat amatoxin poisoning is debatable. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests it is reasonable to consider combinations of multiple agents for patients with amanita poisoning. Further studies are required to establish a treatment regimen for amanita poisoning.
The Effect of Glehnia Littoralis on Alpha-amanitin Induced Hepatotoxicity in a Murine Model
Authors: Ryu Chang Yeon , Sun Kyung Hoon , Hong Ran , Park Yongjin
Published: June 2023

Purpose: Glehnia littoralis has been reported to have several pharmacological properties but no in vivo reports describing the protective effects of this plant on${alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity have been published. ${alpha}$-Amanitin is a peptide found in several mushroom species that accounts for the majority of severe mushroom poisonings leading to severe hepatonecrosis. In our previous in vitro study, we found that ${alpha}$-amanitin induced oxidative stress, which may contribute to its severe hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Glehnia littoralis acetate extract (GLEA) has protective antioxidant effects on ${alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity in a murine model. Methods: Swiss mice (n=40 in all groups) were divided into four groups (n=10/group). Three hours after giving ${alpha}$-amanitin (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) to the mice, they were administered silibinin (50 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or Glehnia littoralis ethyl acetate extract (100 mg/kg/d, oral) therapies once a day for 3 days. After 72 hours of treatment, each subject was killed, cardiac blood was aspirated for hepatic aminotransferase measurement, and liver specimens were harvested to evaluate the extent of hepatonecrosis. The degree of hepatonecrosis was assessed by a pathologist blinded to the treatment group and divided into 4 categories according to the grade of hepatonecrosis. Results: GLEA significantly improved the beneficial functional parameters in ${alpha}$-amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity. In the histopathological evaluation, the toxicity that was generated with ${alpha}$-amanitin was significantly reduced by GLEA, showing a possible hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion: In this murine model, Glehnia littoralis was effective in limiting hepatic injury after ${alpha}$-amanitin poisoning. Increases of aminotransferases and degrees of hepatonecrosis were attenuated by this antidotal therapy.
Pharmaceutical Drug Poisoning after Deregulation of Over the Counter Drug Sales: Emergency Department Based In-depth Injury Surveillance
Authors: Kim Sung Ho , Kim Hyunjong , Lee Ji Sook , Park Junseok , Kim Kyung Hwan , Shin Dong Wun , Kim Hoon , Park Joon Min , Jeon Woochan
Published: June 2023

Purpose: The Korean government approved selected nonprescription drugs (Over-The-Counter drug; OTC drug) to be distributed in convenience stores from 15. Nov. 2012. This study examined the changes in the incidence and the clinical outcome of acute pharmaceutical drug poisoning after the deregulation of OTC drug sales. Methods: This study analyzed the data of Emergency Department based Injury In-depth Injury Surveillance (EDIIS), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2011 to 2014. The following items were examined: age, gender, intention, alcohol association, pharmaceutical drugs resulting acute poisoning, the clinical outcomes in emergency department, and the admission rate of intensive care unit (ICU). This is a retrospective cross section observational study. Results: A total of 10,162 patients were subject to pharmaceutical drug poisoning. Acute poisoning by acetaminophen and other drugs were 1,015 (10.0%) and 9,147 (90.0%) patients, respectively. After the deregulation of OTC drug sales, acute poisoning by other drugs increased from 4,385 to 4,762 patients but acute poisoning by acetaminophen decreased from 538 to 477 patients (p<0.05). The rate of admission of acetaminophen poisoning increased from 36.1% (194/538) to 46.8% (223/477). The admission rate to the ICU by acetaminophen poisoning increased from 4.6% (25/538) to 11.3% (54/477) after the deregulation of OTC drug sales (p<0.05). Conclusion: Since the deregulation of OTC drugs sales, pharmaceutical drug poisoning has increased but acetaminophen poisoning has decreased. The rate of hospitalization and ICU admission by pharmaceutical drug poisoning with or without acetaminophen has also increased.
Using Social Networks for Tele-consultation on the Covid-19 Clinical Coding: A Quality Improvement Approach for Health Policy Making
Authors: Hosseini Nafiseh , Hosseini Masoumeh , Mostafavi Sayyed Mostafa , Kiani Behzad , Bergquist Robert , Kimiafar Khalil , Sarbaz Masoumeh
Published: June 2023

Objective: The accuracy of clinical coding in COVID-19 is
essential for quality of care, disease surveillance, as well as research
and reporting. This study aims to describe and categorize consultations
between medical coders based on the social media network in Iran on the
COVID-19 coding. Method: A clinical coding group in the social
network at the national level in Iran was established to follow
consultation regarding COVID-19 among coders. We also utilized an online
survey, which was designed to extract the problems coders encountered
during clinical coding and their opinion on whether these consultations
were effective. Herein, we report messages and communication records
exchanged among members of this network obtained between 21 February
2020 and 20 November 2020. Finally, we categorised the obtained
information and identified the problems for COVID-19 accurate coding in
Iran. Results: A total of 1,340 messages in 332 consultations
were exchanged amongst 76 coders. We categorised topics of consultations
into 11 categories. Most consultations dealt with “suspected or
probable” (n = 71), “clinical coding and diagnosis” (n=59) within 332
conversations. In 47% of consultations, the first reply was less than
10 ± 3 min. “Maternal and infant ” and “procedures and drugs ” were
the most common subjects with specific answer. Based on the viewpoints
of coders, online consultations can reduce the time of clinical coding
and increase coding accuracy. Conclusion: The establishment of
social networks among medical record coders is an efficient strategy to
deal with coding issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and improve the
quality of hospital records.
A color-based tumor segmentation method for clinical ex vivo breast tissue assessment utilizing a multi-contrast brightfield imaging strategy
Authors: Wang Roujia , Ekem Lillian , Gallagher Jennifer , Factor Rachel E. , Hall Allison , Ramanujam Nirmala
Published: June 2023

We demonstrate an automated two-step tumor segmentation method
leveraging color information from brightfield images of fresh core
needle biopsies of breast tissue. Three different color spaces (HSV,
CIELAB, YCbCr) were explored for the segmentation task. By leveraging
white-light and green-light images, we identified two different types of
color transformations that could separate adipose from benign and tumor
or cancerous tissue. We leveraged these two distinct color
transformation methods in a two-step process where adipose tissue
segmentation was followed by benign tissue segmentation thereby
isolating the malignant region of the biopsy. Our tumor segmentation
algorithm and imaging probe could highlight suspicious regions on
unprocessed biopsy tissue to guide selection of areas most similar to
malignant tissues for tissue pathology whether it be formalin fixed or
frozen sections, expedite tissue selection for molecular testing, detect
positive tumor margins, or serve an alternative to tissue pathology, in
countries where these services are lacking.
Relationship between types of pathogenic microorganism isolated from Thoroughbred racehorses with infectious dermatitis and course of treatment
Authors: USHIYA SHIGETO , UETSUKA KOJI
Published: June 2023

We isolated and identified 261 aerobic bacterial strains and 121 fungal
strains from the lesions of 140 Thoroughbred racehorses with infectious
dermatitis. Drug susceptibility testing was performed for the bacteria
isolated. Each specimen was then classified into three categories based
on the type of microorganism isolated: i) Group C, coagulase-positive
staphylococci (CPS); ii) Group F, pathogenic fungi; and iii) Group N,
other resident microorganisms not classified in other groups. Skin rash
morphology and the course of treatment were examined for correlations
with group classification. The results showed no relationship between
skin rash morphology and group classification. As for the course of
treatment, most cases required topical application of antibiotics
selected based on drug sensitivity testing of the affected area to
achieve resolution of symptoms. These included multiple cases from Group
F in which pathogenic fungi such as Trichophyton spp. were isolated.
Infectious dermatitis in racehorses is currently treated simply by
differentiating between bacterial and fungal infections through
experience-based visual inspection and palpation alone, and by providing
pharmacotherapies such as antibiotics or antifungal agents. However, the
present findings suggest that treatment based upon practitioner
experience and skin rash morphology alone may be ineffective. Regardless
of the morphology, the affected area should be thoroughly cleansed first
with an antiseptic that is effective against both bacteria and fungi. If
improvement is still not seen, medications should be introduced based on
microbial identification and drug susceptibility testing.
Wave attenuation by sea ice in the Arctic marginal ice zone observed by spaceborne SAR
Authors: Huang Bingqing , Li Xiaoming
Published: June 2023

Attenuation of ocean waves by ice is a crucial process of the
interaction between waves and sea ice in marginal ice zone (MIZ), while
such interaction can contribute to the retreating of sea ice in the
Arctic. Based on the retrieved two-dimensional ocean wave spectra by
spaceborne SAR, we investigated the attenuation of ocean waves in the
MIZ in Svalbard and Greenland. The results show that the energy
attenuation rate ranges from 0.126×10-4/m to 
0.618×10-4/m . Quantitative analysis suggests that the
attenuation rate is significantly related to wave height and peak wave
period of coming waves. It is further found that the waves decay faster
in the area with ice thickness exceeding 0.5 m. We compared the derived
wave attenuation rates in the present study with those in previous
studies based on in situ measurements, which reveals that waves are
becoming less attenuated by sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
Investigation of Ionospheric Small-Scale Plasma Structures associated with Particle Precipitation
Authors: Enengl Florine , Spogli Luca , Kotova Daria , Jin Yaqi , Oksavik Kjellmar , Partamies Noora , Miloch Wojciech Jacek
Published: June 2023

We investigate the role of auroral particle precipitation in small-scale
(below hundreds of meters) plasma structuring in the auroral ionosphere
over the Arctic. To the scope, we together analyse data recorded by an
Ionospheric Scintillation Monitor Receiver (ISMR) of Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) signals and by an All-Sky Camera located in
Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway). We leverage on the raw GNSS samples
provided at 50 Hz by the ISMR to evaluate amplitude and phase
scintillation indices at 1 s time resolution and the Ionosphere-Free
Linear Combination at 20 ms time resolution. The simultaneous use of the
1 s GNSS-based scintillation indices allows identifying the scale size
of the irregularities involved in plasma structuring in the range of
small (up to few hundreds of meters) and medium-scale size ranges (up to
few kilometers) for GNSS frequencies and observational geometry.
Additionally, they allow identifying the diffractive and refractive
nature of the found fluctuations on the recorded GNSS signals. Six
strong auroral events and their effects on plasma structuring are
studied. Plasma structuring down to scales of hundreds of meters are
seen when strong gradients in auroral emissions at 557.7 nm cross the
line of sight between the GNSS satellite and receiver. Local magnetic
field measurements confirm small-scale structuring processes coinciding
with intensification of ionospheric currents. Since 557.7 nm emissions
primarily originate from the ionospheric E-region, plasma instabilities
from particle precipitation at E-region altitudes are considered to be
responsible for the signatures of small-scale plasma structuring
highlighted in the GNSS scintillation data.
Extraction of mantle discontinuities from teleseismic ambient noise
Authors: Kato Shota , Nishida Kiwamu
Published: June 2023

Ocean swell activities excite body-wave microseisms that contain
information on the Earth’s internal structure. Although seismic
interferometry is feasible for exploring structures, it faces the
problem of spurious phases stemming from an inhomogeneous source
distribution. This paper proposes a new method for inferring seismic
discontinuity structures beneath receivers using body-wave microseisms.
This method considers the excitation sources of body-wave microseisms to
be spatially localized and persistent over time. To detect the P-s
conversion beneath the receivers, we generalize the receiver function
analysis for earthquakes to body-wave microseisms. The resultant
receiver functions migrate to the depth section. The detected 410- and
660-km mantle discontinuities are consistent with the results obtained
using earthquakes, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of our method
for exploring deep-earth interiors. This study is the first step toward
body-wave exploration while considering the sources of P-wave
microseisms to be isolated events.
Non-triggering and then triggering of a repeating aftershock sequence in the Dead Sea by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake pair: Implications for the physics of remote delayed aftershocks
Authors: Inbal Asaf , Ziv Alon , Lior Itzhak , Nof Ran Novitsky , Eisermann Andreas Samuel
Published: June 2023

Most aftershocks occur in areas experiencing large co-seismic stress
changes, yet some occur long after the mainshock in remote
lightly-stressed regions. The triggering mechanism of these remote
delayed aftershocks is not well understood. Here, we study aftershocks
occurring in the Dead Sea (DS) area following the 2023 Mw7.8 and Mw7.6
Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Most aftershocks cluster along previously
quiescent structures off the main the DS fault strand. Visual inspection
disclosed three aftershocks instantaneously triggered by the Mw7.6 in
the Northern DS basin, and match-filtering revealed a delayed
aftershock. Waveform similarity and temporal clustering suggest the
northern DS aftershocks re-rupture a stick-slip patch loaded by
surrounding creep. Velocity-gradient seismograms show the Mw7.6 exerted
larger transient stresses than the Mw7.8, which may explain triggering
by the Mw7.6, but not by the Mw7.8. This account of
instantaneously-triggered repeaters underscores the role of interactions
between aseismic and seismic slip in remote triggering.
Combined physical and biogeochemical assessment of mesoscale eddy parameterisations in ocean models: eddy induced advection at non-eddying resolutions
Authors: Ruan X , Couespel D , Lévy M , Li J , Mak Julian , Wang Y
Published: June 2023

Ocean components of Earth System Models employed for climate projections as yet do not routinely resolve mesoscale eddies for computational cost reasons, and the associated subgrid processes are still parameterised in these numerical models. While the performance of physics parameterisations in a numerical ocean model is normally assessed via examining the associated physical responses, biogeochemical responses are also important, but are often treated separately. Given recent advances in mesoscale eddy parameterisations, specifically for the eddy induced advection, this work systematically examines the improvements brought about by the inclusion of a time and space varying eddy induced velocity coefficient, and examine the joint consequences for physical and biogeochemical responses in the context of an idealised but ocean relevant model. Relative to a high resolution mesoscale eddy resolving model, the more updated mesoscale eddy parameterisation is able to capture aspects of the model truth in the physical responses. However the biogeochemistry response is rather more subtle, where a ’better’ response with the conventional eddy parameterisation with a constant coefficient could arise from a physically inconsistent response. The present work provides some baseline model sensitivities from which future assessments employing other parameterisations or in more complex settings could compare against.
Performance Analysis of a Strong Constraint 4DVar and 4DEnVar on Regional Ionosphere Imaging
Authors: Ssessanga Nicholas , Miloch Wojciech Jacek , Clausen Lasse Boy Novock , Kotova Daria
Published: June 2023

Data assimilation (DA) techniques have recently gained traction in the
ionospheric community, particularly at regional operational centers
where more precise data are becoming prevalent. At centre stage is the
argument over which technique or scheme merits realization. At 4DSpace,
we have in-house developed and assessed the performance of two regional
flavors of short-term forecast strong constraint four-dimensional (4D,
space and time) variational (SC4DVar) DA schemes; the orthodox
incremental (SC4DVar-Inc) and ensemble-based (SC4DEnVar) approach.
SC4DVar-Inc is bottled-necked by expensive Tangent Linear Models (TLMs)
and model Ad-joints (MAs), while SC4DEnVar design mitigates these
limitations. Both schemes initialize from the same background
(IRI-2016), and electron densities forward propagated (30-min) by a
Gauss Markov filter- the densities take on a log-normal distribution to
assert the mandatory ionosphere density positive definiteness.
Preliminary assimilation is performed only with ubiquitous Global
Navigation Satellite System observables from ground-based receivers,
with a focus on moderately stable mid-latitudes, specifically the
Japanese archipelago and neighboring areas. Using a simulation analysis,
we find that under model space localization, 30 member Ensembles are
sufficient for regional SC4DEnVar. Verification of reconstructions is
with independent observations from ground-based ionosonde and satellite
radio occultations: the performance of both schemes is fairly adequate
during the quiet period when the background has a better estimation of
the hmF2. SC4DVar-Inc is slightly better over areas densely populated
with measurements, but SC4DEnVar estimates the overall 3D ionosphere
picture better, particularly in remote areas and during severe
conditions. These results warrant SC4DEnVar as a better candidate for
precise short-time regional forecasts.
Quantum Calculation of Classical Kinetic Equations: A Novel Approach for Numerical Analysis of 6D Boltzmann-Maxwell Equations in Collisionless Plasmas Using Quantum Computing
Authors: Higuchi Hayato , Pedersen Juan William , Yoshikawa Akimasa
Published: June 2023

A novel quantum algorithm for solving the Boltzmann-Maxwell equations of
the 6D collisionless plasma is proposed. The equation describes the
kinetic behavior of plasma particles in electromagnetic fields and is
known for the classical first-principles equations in various domains,
from space to laboratory plasmas. We have constructed a quantum
algorithm for a future fault-tolerant large-scale quantum computer to
accelerate its costly computation. This algorithm consists mainly of two
routines: the Boltzmann solver and the Maxwell solver. Quantum
algorithms undertake these dual procedures, while classical algorithms
facilitate their interplay. Each solver has a similar structure
consisting of three steps: Encoding, Propagation, and Integration. We
conducted a preliminary implementation of the quantum algorithm and
performed a parallel validation against a comparable classical approach.
IBM Qiskit was used to implement all quantum circuits.
Hydraulic Properties in the Complete Moisture Range of Hydric Soil in Peatlands of the Earth's Third Pole
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Zuoliang , Yang Wen , Liu Rong
Published: June 2023

The hydraulic properties of hydric soils in Tibet’s peatlands
significantly influence hydrological processes and play a substantial
role in carbon cycle. Soil hydraulic studies on the peatlands remain
strikingly limited. By the comparison of six hydraulic parameterizations
using either van Genuchten-Mualem (vGM) or Kosugi saturation function,
the results indicate that the PDI (Peter-Durner-Iden) model remains an
excellent choice for these multi-disperse systems composed of mixed
components, despite substantial discrepancies in the micrometer-scale
morphology of structure and composition of partially decomposed Sphagnum
and vascular tissues and mineral particles. The bi-modal scheme does not
adapt well in the later stages of the Evaporation Experiment (EE), as of
the bi-modal scheme deviates in the dry range of the water retention
curve (WRC). Nonetheless, Irrespective of the saturation functions, the
bi-modal with PDI yields satisfactory results for the WRC and the
hydraulic conductivity curve (HCC). We attribute this to the
complementary effects of two uni-modals. But for bi-modal PDI scheme,
vGM demonstrates better performance than the Kosugi in high clay content
samples. These clay-rich samples exhibit a broader and more
heterogeneous feature in the equivalent Pore Size Distribution (PSD),
while other samples generally show a broad and relatively homogeneous
feature. Therefore, we conclude that the WRC and HCC are jointly
determined by structures and compositions of mixed components of
lignocellulosic, humin and mineral materials. Intricate nature of these
components underscore the necessity for extensive comprehensive field
sampling and laboratory analyses to accurately capture the hydraulic
characteristics in the peatlands of Tibet.
Optimizing Seasonal-to-Decadal Analog Forecasts with a Learned Spatially-Weighted Mask
Authors: Rader Jamin Kurtis , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2023

Seasonal-to-decadal climate prediction is crucial for decision-making in
a number of industries, but forecasts on these timescales have limited
skill. Here, we develop a data-driven method for selecting optimal
analogs for seasonal-to-decadal analog forecasting. Using an
interpretable neural network, we learn a spatially-weighted mask that
quantifies how important each grid point is for determining whether two
climate states will evolve similarly. We show that analogs selected
using this weighted mask provide more skillful forecasts than analogs
that are selected using traditional spatially-uniform methods. This
method is tested on two prediction problems within a perfect model
framework using the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Grand Ensemble:
multi-year prediction of North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, and
seasonal prediction of El Niño Southern Oscillation. This work
demonstrates a methodical approach to selecting analogs that may be
useful for improving seasonal-to-decadal forecasts and understanding
their sources of skill.
An Analytical Model of Active Layer Depth under Changing Ground Heat Flux
Authors: ZHU Modi , Wang Jingfeng , Ivanov Valeriy Yuryevich , Sheshukov Aleksey Y , Zhou Wenbo , Zhang Liujing , Mazepa Valeriy , Sokolov Alexandr , Valdayskikh Victor
Published: June 2023

A physically based analytical model is formulated to simulate the thaw
depth of active layer under changing boundary condition of soil heat
flux. The energy conservation statement leads to a nonlinear integral
equation of the thaw depth using an approximate temperature profile as
an analytical solution of the diffusion equation describing the heat
transfer in the active layer. The time-varying soil surface heat flux is
estimated using non-gradient models when field observations are not
available. The proposed model was validated against field observations
at three Arctic forest and tundra sites. The simulated thaw depth and
soil temperature profiles are in good agreement with observations
hinting the potential for model application at larger spatial scales.
Bizarre Love Triangle: Triad Interactions between the M2, K1, and O1 tides in the Western Pacific
Authors: Devlin Adam Thomas , Jay David A , Pan Jiayi
Published: June 2023

Momentum exchange between ocean tidal waves of different frequencies
facilitates energy transfer and dissipation. However, such mechanisms
are poorly understood, and how such processes will change in a warmer
ocean is unclear. Inviscid triads are nonlinear interactions involving
three waves whose frequencies sum to zero; at least one of the waves is
always internal. Triads exchange energy on a time scale slower than the
frequencies of the original waves and can occur in resonant and
non-resonant forms. Triad interactions are possible in a variety of
media (e.g., light waves), and also occur in the ocean, especially for
ocean tides. Here, we detail triad interactions between the M2, K1, and
O1 tides in three complex regions of the Western Pacific Ocean: The
South China Sea, The Solomon/Bismarck Sea region, and the Coral Sea
along the eastern coast of Australia. We develop simplified diagnostic
versions of the triad interaction equations and examine the amplitude,
phase-lock, energy balance, and wavenumber match of each triad. Strongly
resonant triads are prevalent in the Gulf of Thailand/Malacca Strait, in
the Solomon Sea/Bismarck Sea, and along the eastern coast of Australia,
with isolated triads seen in the South China Sea. All triads are found
near regions of complex bathymetry and intense internal tide generation
and activity, which provide the most likely explanation for their
occurrence. However, triad properties are strongly dependent on
latitude, local stratification, and depth; the latter two will change as
the ocean warms and sea level rises.
Identifying misconnection hotspots using coliforms and biofilms
Authors: Edmonds-Brown Veronica , Chiejina Chidinma
Published: June 2023

An overlooked source of faecal contamination of rivers comes from
misconnected pipes from residential properties. With a large increase in
housing developments along with property extensions, there is widespread
concern that piping networks are not being adequately checked for
misconnections before property sales. Two surveys of 45 sites on the
River Lee and its tributaries used coliforms and biofilm communities to
identify misconnection hotspots, with the focus on contamination from
raw sewage. Between the 2013 survey and a repeat in 2020, there has been
a significant increase in the number of coliforms from surface water
outfalls from an average of 43,693 cfu per 100ml to 123,797 cfu - nearly
a three-fold increase. The percentage of misconnections containing raw
sewage was calculated as 7.2% in 2014, increasing to 10.6% in 2020,
thus suggesting an increase in the number of misconnections. The biofilm
communities that developed on tiles pegged into the river substrate
below surface water outfalls were categorised by three community
groupings: clean communities, a transitional group and dirty
communities. A clear separation between these groups can be seen in the
DECORANA plots. CCA found a relationship between taxa in clean and dirty
sites associated with coliform counts. This study highlights that the
contribution of raw sewage is underestimated, and this is becoming a
persistent and serious pollution problem, especially in urban rivers
where the increase is greater. Using coliform testing and biofilm
communities in combination will highlight misconnection hotspots.
Measuring Tree Sway Frequency with Videos for Ecohydrologic Applications: Assessing the Efficacy of Eulerian Processing Algorithms
Authors: Ammatelli Joseph H. , Gutmann Ethan D. , Bush Sidney , Barnard Holly R , Ciruzzi Dominick Michael , II Steven P Loheide , Raleigh Mark S. , Lundquist Jessica D
Published: June 2023

Measurements of biophysical tree properties and hydrologic fluxes are
necessary for improving models and monitoring the impact of
disturbances. Prior research has demonstrated that measurements of tree
sway frequency can be used to quantify important ecohydrologic
processes, such as drought stress and snow interception, that otherwise
require expensive measurement techniques. However, existing instruments
used to measure tree sway lack spatial scalability. We investigate
whether the virtual vision sensor and multilevel binary thresholding
video processing algorithms can be used to accurately extract tree sway
frequency at multiple points in a video camera field of view and enable
scalable measurements of ecohydrologic processes. Comparing sway
frequencies extracted from video and accelerometer data at two sites, we
show that for 30-60 s videos, the video processing algorithms can
reproduce accelerometer sway frequencies with ±0.03 Hz accuracy. The
results suggest that video processing algorithms may be suitable for
applications where changes in sway frequency are on the order of tenths
of hertz or larger, for example the measurement of snow in trees.
Further work is needed to clarify the accuracy of the algorithms when
applied to longer videos, which may be required to monitor processes
with more subtle changes in sway frequency, such as diurnal changes in
tree water content.
Cross-linked whole cells for the sucrose transfructosylation reaction in a continuous reactor
Authors: Ribeiro Menossi , da Rin , de Souza , da Cunha , de Almeida , da Silva , Maiorano Alfredo , Firmani Perna , Villalba Morales
Published: June 2023

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are fructose oligomers beneficial to human health and nutrition for prebiotic sugars. Their production occurs by a transfructosylation reaction in sucrose molecules catalyzed by fructosyltransferase enzymes (FTase, E.C.2.4.1.9) adhered to microbial cells. The purpose of this work was to study the preparation, enzymatic activity, and stability of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301 cells used as a biocatalyst for the transfructosylation reaction of sucrose in a packed bed reactor (PBR), aiming at FOS production. The highest transfructosylation activity (AT) was presented by the biocatalyst prepared by cross-linking at 200 rpm and 45 min. The highest AT in the PBR was obtained at 50 ?C, with flow rates from 3 mL min-1 to 5 mL min-1 and sucrose concentrations of 473 g L-1 and 500 g L-1. The enzymatic kinetics was described using the Michaelis-Menten model. Finally, the biocatalyst showed constant AT of approximately 75 U g-1 and 300 U g-1 for 12 h of reaction in the PBR operating in continuous and discontinuous flow, respectively. These results demonstrate a high potential of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked A. oryzae IPT-301 cells as heterogeneous biocatalysts for the continuous production of FOS in PBR reactors.