bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Household Portfolio Composition
Authors: Bricker Jesse , Moore Kevin B. , Thompson Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2019

We use data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to explore how household asset portfolios in the United States have evolved from 1989 to 2016. Throughout this period, two key assets—housing and financial market assets—have driven the aggregate household balance sheet evolution. However, aggregates mask great heterogeneity in balance sheet composition across the wealth distribution, and most families hold a relatively small share of assets in financial markets and larger shares in housing and other nonfinancial assets. We also describe the typical life cycle asset accumulation processes among low, middle, and high-income families which—though varying dramatically by level—are quite similar. Finally, we use household balance sheets to describe how financial vulnerability has changed over time.
BÜYÜK SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ’NİN DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA HANEDAN KADINLARI
Authors: İNCE Fatma
Published: September 2019

Gerek İslamiyet öncesi gerekse de
İslamiyet sonrası dönemde kadının Türk toplumundaki konumu her zaman en yüksek
mertebede olmuştur. Türk toplumunda kadın erkekten sonra ailenin reisi,
çocukların vasisi ve aynı zamanda da erkeğin ölmesi durumunda mirasın sahibidir.
Kadın sadece aile hayatında etkin bir konumda değildir. Aynı zamanda devletin
işleyişinde de her zaman söz hakkına sahip olmuştur. Hunlar’da, Göktürkler’de,
Uygurlar’da ve diğer Türk topluluklarında kadının devlet içerisindeki etkin konumunu
gösteren yüzlerce örnek bulunabilir. İslamiyet’in kabulü sonrasında da Türk
devletlerinde kadının konumunda herhangi bir değişiklik yaşanmamıştır. Büyük
Selçuklu Devleti’nde de kadın bu güçlü konumunu devam ettirmiştir. Selçuklu
hanedan kadınlarının etkin rollerini hem devletin iç siyasetinde hem de dış
siyasetinde görmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne mensup hanedan
kadınlarının devletin dış politikasında ne derece etkili oldukları izah edilecektir.
Health perceptions of elderly people aged over 65 age
Authors: YİĞİTBAŞ Çağla , DEVECİ Süleyman Erhan
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The study was conducted to reveal the health perceptions of the
elderly people aged over 65 living at home according to some of their
demographic qualities. Materials
and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional one
with a population of 4158 people. 437 elderly people were included in the
sample after calculations. The dependent variables of the research consist of
the questions to measure the health perception and health-seeking behaviour of
the participants while the independent variables consist of the socio-demographic
qualities. Results: There was no difference between the general health perception and
the age of the elderly people, the place where they spend most of their lives,
social security status, number of children, hospitalized treatment in any
health institution for the last one year, and any exposure to violence
throughout one's life.

Conclusion: The health perceptions of the elderly people were
found to be negative according to some of their socio-demographical qualities.
Международные исследования: хаос или плюрализм?
Authors: Торкунов Анатолий
Published: September 2019

Специфика формирования научного знания о международных отношениях уже много лет является предметом дискуссии. Автор выделяет особенности соотношения фундаментального и прикладного уровней знания о международных отношениях, анализирует разделение собственно научного знания и рефлексии по поводу практической международной политики (что в самом общем виде обозначается как “большие идеи”). Соотношение же науки и практической международной деятельности рассматривается в том аспекте, что научное знание и “большие идеи” пересекаются, имея при этом различную природу и, по сути, являясь несопоставимыми. Автор приходит к выводу, что развитие международных отношений именно как объективной науки, отвечающей критериям научности, связано с трудностями, что также затрудняет и формирование прикладного уровня исследований. По мере того как наука о международных отношениях находит решения своих гносеологических проблем и накапливает знания, создаются предпосылки для формирования в полном смысле этого слова как ее теоретического, так и прикладного уровней. Но процесс этот не одномоментный и требует постоянного внимания со стороны исследователей.
Трансрегионализм – новый феномен мировой политики
Authors: Лебедева Марина , Кузнецов Денис
Published: September 2019

В статье рассматриваются тенденции, связанные с развитием феномена трансрегионализма в современной мировой политике. Углубление глобализационных процессов, распространение интеграционных практик и тренд демократизации мира – три ключевых мегатренда современности – обусловили совокупность условий для расширения трансрегионального сотрудничества. Авторы анализируют взаимосвязь трех мегатрендов и трансрегионализма, рассматривая последний как особый вариант взаимодействия государств, протекающий на промежуточном между региональным и глобальным уровне мировой политики. Трансрегионализм обусловлен перестройкой политической организации мира, которая протекает на трех уровнях – национальном, уровне системы международных отношений и уровне Вестфальской системы. Активизация негосударственных акторов, увеличение прозрачности границ и трансформация суверенитета в результате интенсификации транснациональных потоков, кризисное состояние ряда старых институтов и форматов взаимодействия в рамках эволюционирующей к полицентричности политической организации мира, поиск новых стимулов роста как национальными государствами, так и региональными объединениями, также стали причинами выдвижения трансрегиональных инициатив. В статье обосновывается выделение трех типов трансрегионализма: 1) сотрудничество региональных интеграционных групп (ЕС-АСЕАН, ЕС-МЕРКОСУР и др.); 2) трансрегиональные форумы, в которых участвуют государства из разных регионов мира (БРИКС, МИКТА и др.); 3) сетевой трансрегионализм как более сложный формат, в котором взаимодействуют как интеграционные группы, так и отдельные государства и группы государств (инициатива “Один пояс и один путь”, Транстихоокеанское партнерство и др.). Авторы предлагают определение трансрегионализма и выделяют его функции и раскрывают три возможных сценария: 1) сценарий “трансрегиональной хаотизации”, опирающийся на высококонкурентный потенциал трансрегиональных инициатив; 2) сценарий, рассматривающий трансрегионализм как “ступень глобализации”, 3) “трансрегиональная мозаика”, предусматривающая формирование сети взаимопересекающихся трансрегиональных структур.
Запрос на перемены: причины актуализации, ключевые слагаемые и потенциальные носители
Authors: Петухов Владимир , Петухов Роман
Published: September 2019

В статье анализируются результаты общероссийских социологических опросов, проведенных Федеральным научно-исследовательским социологическим центром РАН в последние годы. Цель проведенного авторами анализа – выявление важных с точки зрения будущего страны сдвигов в настроениях и ожиданиях россиян, в том числе причин актуализации в массовом сознании запроса на перемены, его основных слагаемых и потенциальных акторов. Актуализация данного запроса стала результатом резкой смены вектора общественных приоритетов и представляет собой, по мнению авторов, реакцию значительной части российского общества на неспособность властей обеспечивать свои обязательства в рамках так называемого патерналистского консенсуса, который в течение долгих лет оставался основой запроса на стабильность. Показано, что данный запрос, во-первых, носит пока внутрисистемный характер и ориентирует власть (причем, скорее, посредством пожеланий, нежели требований) на эволюционное изменение общества, а не на его радикальную институциональную трансформацию. Во-вторых, он весьма аморфен в плане как идейного содержания, так и целевой социальной базы, сфокусирован на социально-экономических реалиях сегодняшнего дня. И в-третьих, его главным носителем и наиболее очевидным бенефициаром является молодежь. Однако опросы показывают, что в преодолении существующего статус-кво и начале конструктивных изменений заинтересованы и другие социальные группы и слои. Содержательно запрос сфокусирован на ряде ключевых идей: а) минимизации разнообразных социальных неравенств; б) социальной справедливости, в) демократии, г) величия державы. Основой этого величия и сохранения Россией статуса ключевого международного игрока большинство опрошенных считают не наращивание военной мощи, а вхождение в число наиболее экономически развитых и политически влиятельных стран мира. В целом последние исследования свидетельствуют о переоценке обществом роли государства и “затухании” в массовом сознании россиян его ценности как ключевого инструмента реализации общего блага. Подавляющее число россиян поддерживает требование открытости власти, обеспечения возможностей граждан влиять на нее посредством законных демократических процедур. Растет число “самодостаточных” россиян, стремящихся ориентироваться в повседневной жизни не на вспомоществование со стороны власти, а на собственные силы. Однако готовность таких “самодостаточных” граждан к коллективным действиям невелика, они позиционируют себя сторонниками перемен, но не акторами социальных изменений.
PROJECT SCHEDULING AND STAFF ALLOCATION PROBLEM WITH TIME-DEPENDENT LEARNING EFFECT: A MIXED INTEGER NON-LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH
Authors: ARIK Oğuzhan Ahmet
Published: September 2019

This

paper proposes a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) for project

scheduling and staff allocation problem with time-dependent learning effect

considering task similarities for learning. Resources of a project, especially

staffs, can learn from previous tasks if those tasks and the current task are

similar. Considering similarities among tasks for each staff can produce a more

realistic schedule for a project. The objective function of the proposed

problem is to minimize project completion time. The learning effect in this

paper is dependent on the time when the project staff starts to do that task.

If a project staff does repetitive and/or similar tasks then that staff can get

experience and do tasks faster than planned durations. Therefore, task sequence

is essential to assign tasks to project staffs in order to minimize project

completion time by considering task similarities in view of learning.
SUBCRITICAL HYDROTHERMAL CONVERSION OF XYLOSE INTO VALUABLE PRODUCTS IN THE PRESENCE OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS
Authors: SERT Murat
Published: September 2019

Hydrothermal conversion in subcritical

water is a conversion technique which is attractive method because of its

ability to transform wet biomass into valuable chemicals without drying. In

this study, the hydrothermal conversion of xylose was carried out in

subcritical water in the absence and in the presence of catalysts. Experiments

were performed at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350°C with a reaction time of 1

h.  Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were

used as catalysts in the hydrothermal conversion of xylose. The effects of

temperature and catalyst addition on the yields of gas and liquid products also

on gas and liquid composition were examined. DES 1 consisting of potassium

carbonate and ethylene glycol, DES 2 composing choline chloride and urea showed

catalytic activity by increasing the liquid yield. The main components were

identified as hydroxyacetic acid (glycolic acid), lactic acid, 5-hydroxy methyl

furfural, furfural and formic acid. The gas product yield was increased by

increasing temperature for all samples. The presence of DESs showed catalytic

activity on gas yield and the maximum gas yield was obtained as 31.7 % for DES2
A short term evaluation of effect on serum urea, creatinine and potassium levels with use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (olmesartan or telmisartan) in stage 1 hypertensive patients
Authors: Gupta Varun , Singh Pooja
Published: September 2019

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are being used as first line agents for the treatment of hypertension in haemodialysis patients as well as in the general population. Serious hyperkalemia is common in patients with end-stage renal disease, and is observed in about 10% of haemodialysis patients. Although many research have been done so far to compare the antihypertensive efficacy of ARBs, but such studies to evaluate the effect on serum urea, creatinine and potassium levels are not so common in North India region.Methods: In this open label, prospective, randomized study, we evaluated the effect on serum urea, creatinine and potassium levels with use of ARB’s (olmesartan or telmisartan) in stage 1 hypertensive patients (JNCVII). 60 patients were randomized in to two groups. The odd numbers will be allotted olmesartan 20 mg (group A) and even numbers to telmisartan 40 mg (group B). Impacts on serum urea, creatinine and potassium levels were evaluated after 12 weeks.Results: Our results indicates that there was no statistically significant alterations in mean serum creatinine, blood urea and in mean serum potassium levels compared to baseline within the two groups as well as when mean of both groups were compared, olmesartan showed a better reduction in blood pressure as compared to telmisartan.Conclusions: Olmesartan showed a better reduction in blood pressure with similar effects in biochemical parameters as telmisartan.
Cefixime induce non convulsive status epileptics: a neurotoxic effect
Authors: Bhardwaj Ankit , Sharma Atma Ram , Sharma Sarla
Published: September 2019

Nonconvulsive status epileptics comprises a group of syndromes that display a great diversity regarding response to anticonvulsants ranging from virtually self-limiting variants to entirely refractory forms cephalosporins are thought to provoke seizure through inhibitory effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission and GABA receptors. Interference with GABA transmission result in pre-disposition towards excitatory neurotransmission, which can leads to seizures. Antibiotics can alter the serum concentration of anti-epileptic, resulting in seizures and anti-epileptic drugs toxicity.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and thiazolidinediones in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Soni Navneet O. , Pawar Saroja V. , Kale Sheetal , Mane Uday A. , Bhosale Pravin U. , Phandhare Komal , Bhosale Priya R. , Patil Smitha A.
Published: September 2019

Diabetic nephropathy is global problem with several drugs into trial without much success the current article highlights the role of thiazolidinedione’s in diabetic nephropathy by scrutinizing and reconnoitring the cellular and intracellular mechanism and shielding action and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma receptors (PPARγ) receptors. Not only anti-diabetic action but renal protective effect with evidence based study has been highlighted. PPAR γ-is versatile target having numerous benefits and mainly preventing fibrosis in diabetic experimental model and some clinical case report yet, the benefits are not up to mark, since renal failure itself causes volume expansion and the thiazolidinedione’s (TZDs) also preserve salt and water and lead to congestive heart failure which constraints its clinical application. Dual activators and balaglitazone selective PPAR modulator are having upcoming potential for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Further detail investigation on such drug is needed to explore. However adverse effect like heart failure, osteoporosis and volume expansion effect over-rides the beneficial effect thus limiting its clinical use of currently available TZDs.
Atherosclerosis in geriatric patients known to be healthy
Authors: Genç Ahmed Bilal , Yaylaci Selcuk , Acıkgöz Seyyid Bilal , Yildirim Mehmet , Aksoy Yakup Ersel , Vatan Mehmet Bülent , Dheir Hamad , Sipahi Savas
Published: September 2019

Background: The aim of the present study is to determine the presence of atherosclerosis in geriatric patients who are known to be healthy and examine sociodemographic and laboratory parameters affecting the presence of atherosclerosis.Method: 90 healthy volunteers including 66(73.3%) non-geriatric ones and 24(26.7%) geriatric ones were included in the study. It was analyzed whether there was a correlation between the two groups in terms of the parameters of gender, age average, alcohol consumption, smoking, carotid intima-media thickness (CA-IMT), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Sociodemographic and laboratory parameters of the volunteers with and without atherosclerosis in the geriatric group were examined. Results: Among geriatric volunteers (Group 1), 13(54.2%) were male; whereas, among non-geriatric volunteers (Group 2), 41(62.1%) were male. CA-IMT was determined to be higher in Group 1 (averagely 0.80±0.12 mm) than Group 2 (averagely 0.62±0.14 mm) (p:<0.001). PWV was significantly higher in Group 1 (averagely 10.32±1.44 m/s) than Group 2 (6.26±1.09 m/s) (p:<0.001). After PWV or CA-IMT examination, atherosclerosis findings were determined in 12 healthy geriatric volunteers (50%) in Group 1.Conclusion: It should be remembered that even though atherosclerosis can be frequently observed in geriatric individuals who are known to be healthy, it may also go unnoticed. Determination of atherosclerosis with noninvasive methods will be helpful in preventing complications that might be caused by atherosclerosis.
Comparison of automated flowcytometric reticulocyte analysis with manual reticulocyte count
Authors: Patel Komal , Patel Siddhi M.
Published: September 2019

Background: Reticulocytes are young or immature red blood cells released from bone marrow and that contain remanants of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomes. Reticulocyte count (RC) is the index of erythropoietic activity within bone marrow. The reticulocyte counting methods at clinical laboratories are currently divided into manual and automated.Methods: A total of 500 samples of study cases were processed by manual method using New Methylene Blue (NMB) and automated method based on flowcytometry by PENTRA XLR HORIBA hematology analyzer. All quality control parameters were evaluated and values obtained by both methods were compared using various statistical methods.Results: Automated hematology analyzer provides excellent precision and linearity with no significant carryover. On comparing manual and automated RC method good method correlation was found (correlation coefficient r-0.865), however individual case wise percent deviation between manual and automated RC and CRC varied significantly. In addition within run precision calculated for automated RC differed significantly from manual count. The mean of difference between duplicate readings (150 samples) of manual and automated RC (<5%) were 0.3 and 0.01 respectively while 6.3 and 0.15 respectively for >5% RC. Thus, automated method was found to be more precise than the manual RC.Conclusions: The manual count method for RC associated with significant imprecision compared to flowcytometric method mostly based on interobserver variation and the smaller number of cell being counted. In contrast, the automated method is rapid, easy to operate, count higher number of cells with precise measurement.
Diabetes Mellitus in adult Nigerians: patients’ characteristics, laboratory profile, practices and management outcome
Authors: Onyenekwe Belonwu M. , Young Ekenechukwu E. , Nwatu Chidinma B. , Okafor Christian I. , Ugwueze Chidiebere V. , Onuekwusi Kingsley O.
Published: September 2019

Background: Type 2 diabetes constitutes more than 90% of cases seen in Nigeria. Previous reports had shown that patients were poorly controlled and failed to meet management target across a broad range of parameters. Objectives of this study evaluated the characteristics and practices of patients attending the outpatient diabetes clinic. The study also examined to what extent they achieved management goals and what practices by the patients impacted negatively on treatment outcome.Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study. All patients were eligible. Consecutive patients attending the Diabetes Clinic were evaluated. Their demographic, behavioural, social, clinical and laboratory data were obtained. Data analysis was done with SPSS V 21.Results: There were 193 subjects, 78 males and 115 females aged 35-82(59.8± 9.1) years.  T2DM was diagnosed in 93.4%.  Hypertension was coexistent in 74%. Present or past foot ulcer was recorded in 11.9%. Only 37% of the subjects had an exercise program, 35% did the daily foot exam, and 45% had ophthalmology consult. Skipping medication was widespread (64%), mainly due to self-titration of medications (44%) and cost (23%). Fear of hypoglycemia (83%) and hypotension (79%) was prevalent. Their body mass index was 18.2-41.2(27.6±4.8) kg/m2. Subjects were prescribed a total of 2-14 medications (5.5±1.6). Metformin was the most commonly used glucose lowering medication (88.6%), followed by sulfonylureas (64%) and insulin (27.5%). HbA1c ranged from 5.3-16; 9.0±2.4%(33-151; 75±2.7 mmol/mol).Conclusion: Glycaemic control was poor in the study population. Intermittent medication to avoid hypoglycemia played a major role. The patients lacked competence to manage their diabetes from day to day. Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) and early use of insulin are recommended.
Tumor budding and depth of invasion can be used as prognostic risk factors in determining treatment plan for early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mohan Kaduganoor Ramakrishnan , Sharief Rahamathulla Mudassar , C. Rahila
Published: September 2019

Background: The grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma can be useful along with TNM staging in determining treatment plan. The aim is to evaluate the prognostic value of histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma and to find its importance in setting appropriate treatment plan.Methods: The study includes 60 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases surgically operated during January 2012 to December 2018. From the archival paraffin blocks and available resected specimens of each case, the histological parameters used in Bryne’s invasive grading system and Almangush BD model were evaluated and compared to their prognosis.Results: The parameters used in BD model-tumor budding and depth of invasion were found to be statistically significant with prognosis of the disease. Except for nuclear polymorphism, the parameters used in Bryne’s invasive front grading system do not correlate with prognosis.Conclusion: Based on the prognostic significance, tumor budding ≥5 buds in the invasive front area and depth of invasion ≥4mm can be used as risk factors in prospective clinical trials by considering them in early stage disparity cases for multimodality treatment approach and elective neck dissection.
Reverse-flow anterolateral thigh flap for knee soft-tissue reconstruction: case report
Authors: R. Banegas-Ruíz , Fabián Gómez-Mendoza Francisco , Rubén Baca-Domínguez Carlos , Gerardo Campos-Angulo , Alejo-Fuentes Luis Jesús , Alejo-Fuentes Luis Fernando , Christian Porras-Méndez , AI Valderrama-Treviño , Espinosa-Torres Juan Pablo , Mendoza-Barrera Germán E. , Rafael Escalera-Moreno , Berenice Yañez-Roa , Mariana Ramírez-Guerrero , Barrera-Mera Baltazar
Published: September 2019

The reconstruction of the injured tissue around the knee is a complex procedure for the plastic and orthopaedic surgeon. The objective is to provide an acceptable function and aesthetic result. Successful wound management includes meticulous debridement, planning and proper execution of the surgical procedure. An 11-year-old male patient with a right patellar fracture using an anterolateral thigh flap with reverse flow to cover the skin defect. For such purposes, the reverse flow anterolateral flap is an effective, trustworthy and well-documented option. The correct obtaining and implantation of the flap reduces the morbidity of the donor site, offers options in size and design, an adequate length of the pedicle and the possible combination with the fascia lata in case it is required. The versatility of the reverse flow anterolateral flap makes it a possible therapeutic alternative in reconstructive surgery since it is aesthetic and functional for the reconstruction of tissue near the knee joint.
A case of ventricular tachycardia precipitated by caffeine: a rare occurrence
Authors: Kumar Dharminder , Bhat Sanjeev
Published: September 2019

The effects of caffeine vary according to the dose and patient. Thus, there is no bright line defining thresholds. Here, we present an unusual case of ventricular tachycardia precipitated by a dose of 450-500 mg of caffeine in a healthy 33-year-old man.
Mathematical Modeling of Hydraulic Resistance in Pipes With Rough Walls
Authors: Evgenjevich Lobanov Lgor
Published: September 2019

In recent years, the numbers of patents have been devoted to the development of rough pipes. The technique theoretical settlement determine of factor of hydraulic resistance for round pipes with rough walls is developed on the basis of a principle of a superposition of complete viscosity in turbulent a layer mainly distinguished from the existing theories. The received results of account for the extended range of determining parameters much distinguished from appropriate given for round pipes with turbulizers, specify a level и intensification of heat exchange.
Numerical Simulation of Macrosegregation Impurities in the Solidifying Continuous Casting Steel Billet
Authors: Hress Oleksandr Volodimirovich , Isayev O. B. , Chebotaryova O. O. , Wu Kaiming
Published: September 2019

In this study, new theoretical conceptions have been developed about an impurity segregation mechanism at the time of alloy solidification considering present microvolumes with different chemical compositions during alloy solidification. It has been concluded that this conception allows to establish and optimize technologic parameters that influence the production of the main types of macro-heterogeneity. The derived model conceptions have confirmed the final condition of real continuous casting billets by using the advanced analyzing methods. 

Highlights 

· The quasi-equilibrium theory used to study the hardening processes of alloys has been expanded and improved.
· The development of a numerical model for macrosegregation impurities in solidifying continuous casting billet is suggested.
· The adequacy of the developed model is checked under the industrial conditions using comparison theoretical
· calculations and practical data.
· The results and developments that are obtained are discussed.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Friction-welded AISI 304 with AISI 430 Dissimilar Steels
Authors: P Anitha , ChandraMajumder Manik , V Saravanan , S Rajakumar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, standard SS304 austenitic stainless steel and SS430 ferritic steel cylindrical rods were fabricated by friction welding process by varying the frictional pressure and forge pressure in order to understand the effect of process parameter. The tensile strength and Vickers micro hardness tests were conducted for each fabricated joint to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welded specimen. It was found that sample S5 with friction pressure of 90 MPa and forging Pressure of 120 MPa has the high tensile strength value of 637 MPa and 372HV at the interface region. A detailed microstructural analysis was performed at the interface to reveal interconnecting of dissimilar metals.
Providing Business Continuity Plan after Natural Disasters: a case stusy in the Staff Area of Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran
Authors: Shafaie Vahid , Darvish Farid , Nazariha Mehrdad , Givehchi Saeed
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Each economic and non-economic institute is inevitably forced to pay special attention  to the post-crisis phase to keep its organizational alive, carry out its missions, and reduce the damages and costs caused by various crises. In this research, we tried to extract the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) after the natural disaster of earthquake in the staff area of Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran within the localized framework of BS-25999 British Standards Institution (BSI).
Method: In this regard, a questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis of the questionnaire results was performed by SPSS19 and Expertchoice11 applications.
Results: The manager of Water and Wastewater Company of  Tehran was found to be the best authority for managing the emergency so that the company can continue its operation and return to normal situation. According to the findings, the hot site was selected as the best location for business continuity of Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran, which could be an alternative site to continue the activities and services after the disaster.
Conclusion: A localized post-earthquake Business Continuity Plan (BCP) was suggested in the staff area of Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran. In this site,  necessary actions can be perfromed to continue the activities before, during, and after the disaster. Furthermore, organizational chart and task description can be redefined in it.
The Most Common Tools to Measure Trauma Severity: A review Study
Authors: Dehghani Tafti Abbasali , Nasiriani Khadijeh , Hajimaghsoudi Majid , Maki Mehri , Mirzaei Samaneh , Eftekhari Adel
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Due to the increasing mortality rate from trauma, determining the severity of injury has a very important role in the prognosis of the injured person. On the other hand, the quality of medical care provided to the casualties is evaluated using the Trauma Scoring System. Various scales were used to determine the trauma severity of injured. In this study, the most commonly used tools are investigated.
Methods: This review was conducted by searching throughout the Persian data bases of Magiran, Barakat, SID and English databases of Scopus, Web of sciences, PubMed, and Google scholar. To conduct the search, the following keywords were used: "Severity of Trauma", "Trauma scoring", and "Trauma Scoring System" without considering any time intervals. Our early search resulted in 2125 articles. Finally, 17 articles were analyzed and different functions of traumatic assessment tools were compared and studied.
Results: Traumatic assessment methods vary based on the anatomical and physiological parameters and composition of these two methods. In this study, the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and New Injury Severity Score (NISS) were considered as anatomical parameters; Revised Trauma Score (RTS) as physiological parameters; Trauma Score Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and A Severity Characterization of Trauma (ASCOST) were mentioned as a hybrid ranking system.
Conclusion: Application of accurate scientific evaluations in trauma severity assessment methods and application of each method in its appropriate position would result in appropriate improvements in the development of trauma care.  In addition, these systems can play an important role in providing care to patients with traumatic injuries in the present and future.
Challenges of Health Technology Incubators in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Moghbeli Mohammad Ali , Kalantari Ali Reza , Hekmat Somayeh , Salemian pour Mahshid , Lorafshar Ehsan , Koushki Mohammad Saleh , Dehnavieh Reza
Published: September 2019

Background: Health Technology Incubators (HTI) play an important role in paving the way depicted in Iran’s comprehensive health plan in order to achieve the aimed position in 2025. In light of the emerging nature of these centers in Iran, identification of HTI problems and challenges, as well as appropriate planning to resolve those problems can have a significant effect and improve Iran’s health system functionality.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Iran in 2016. Data were collected through interviews with 24 experts (Interviewees included managers, deputies, and employees from the country's incubators) in the field. Purposeful sampling continued until data saturation level was achieved. All interviews were recorded and then analyzed, and main themes and subgroups were extracted from them based on a framework analysis. In all the mentioned steps the Atlas-Ti software has been employed.
Results: Challenges of Health Technology Incubators in Iran were categorized into eight concepts- Cultural,   Rules and Principles, Funding, Concentrated Administrative System, Human Resources, Stewardship and Monitoring, Physical space and Equipment, and Communicational. Then 22 challenges were identified with in these concepts.
Conclusion: This study suggests that considering the challenges influencing technology incubators in the health sector, a sustainable program for these centers can be designed.
Effective Factors on Occupational Burnout among the Operating Room Staff in Teaching Hospitals affiliated with Isfahan Medical University: A qualitative content analysis
Authors: Keyvanara Mahmood , ShaarbafchiZadeh Nasrin , Alimoradnori Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Background: Burnout has negative effects on the performance of employees, especially on the operating room personnel, who are in contact with acute patients. The aim of this study was investigating effective factors on occupational burnout among the operating room staff at the teaching hospitals affiliated with Medical University of Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: This study was a qualitative content analysis. The study had 20 participants selected from hospital managers, clinical supervisors, operating room supervisors, and hospital matrons in teaching hospitals (al-Zahra, Khorshid, Amin, Kashani, Feyz) of Isfahan in 2016.Participants were selected using the purposeful sampling method until information saturation was reached. Data were collected using a deep semi-structured interview, after thatall interviews were recorded and then transcribed and reviewed. Later, the data were analyzed by MAXQDA/12.
Results: In this study, three main themes were achieved internal factors of organization, external factors of organization, as well as individual and personal factors of organization. Totally, these main themes had 51 subthemes. In the process of analyzing the main themes, we found that internal factors of organization had 37 subthemes, external factors of organization had 11 subthemes, and individual and personal factors of organization had three subthemes.
Conclusion: Various factors related to job burnout were mentioned by decision makers. It is possible to resolve these factors by proper decisions of managers and heads of hospitals. Managers of hospitals should advance service quality, reduce costs, and decrease losses of burnout due to internal factors of organization, external factors of organization, as well as individual and personal factors of organization.
VIOLENCE, JUSTICE, AND ALIENATION IN EDWARD BOND'S PLAY SAVED
Authors: Alabody Asaad , Hanif Mohsen
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The current study tries to explore the concept of violence; Justice and alienation in Edward Bond's play Saved. Saved is one of his plays to address the problem of social justice, violence and alienation in the modern world. It also seeks to show the causes which lead to violence and injustice in society. Then it goes to analyze the symbiotic relationship between the human imagination and reason in creating ideologies that affect the society and produce alienation, justice and violence.

Methodology:  Violence, justice and alienation are prominent phenomena enormously discussed today. Many thinkers have tried to talk about these concepts, but this research has dealt with examining these concepts in the thought of Edward Bond. In this context, data have been collected by using library and documentary method. First, violence, justice and alienation are discussed. Bond a social theorist discusses that a healthy man is a man that connects with the world by love rather than violence, but the aliened man turns toward domination, submission, destruction or combination. Bond discusses that the root of alienation, justice and violence are found in capitalist society and are released through socially.

Results: Bond's life has witnessed the events of the Second World War and he has seen the destruction of the cities and the suffering of the people. He is highly aware of the miserable situation in which people lived. He could agitate the audience against the government by the violence shown in his plays. Bond deals with investigating the characteristics of a healthy society. Regarding the approach, he discussed that people having not the desired characteristics will be considered as aliened men. The man who does not have health symptoms would be alienated.  

Implications: Since people engage in the inauthentic world, subjugated to oppression, live in the misery of universe, succumb to the disasters of everyday life and lack of rights, Playwrights can show and expose in their plays the suffering and suppression that individuals are subjected to. Writers and thinkers can guide people to authentic life and obvious truth of being through their lucid and objective language.
THE PALEOBOTANY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE EOCENE HERREN BEDS OF NORTH-CENTRAL OREGON, USA
Authors: JIJINA ANTHONY P. , CURRANO ELLEN D. , CONSTENIUS KURT
Published: September 2019

New collections of plant macrofossils and radiometric dates from the Herren beds of north-central Oregon provide the opportunity to document floral communities and calculate foliar-derived climate estimates from the warm early Eocene and the cooler middle Eocene. Plant macrofossils were collected from one fluvial site at East Birch Creek approximately 2 m below a 51.9 ± 0.9 Ma tuff. Collections were also made at two co-occurring fluvial sites at Arbuckle Mountain, whose ages are constrained to ca. 44.5–43.8 Ma based on a dated tuff from Willow Creek (44.5 ± 0.8 Ma) and reported ages for the overlying Clarno Formation. Floral findings show an almost complete vegetation overturn, with only two genera (Glyptostrobus and Allantodiopsis) appearing in both floras. Both floras are species poor, but the older East Birch Creek flora has higher richness and evenness than the younger Arbuckle Mountain flora. The four named genera at East Birch Creek are taxa found throughout Eocene North America; named genera at Arbuckle Mountain also include taxa restricted to the Pacific Northwest. Leaf margin analysis and leaf area analysis of the East Birch Creek community suggest a warmer and possibly wetter (mean annual temperature 23.4 ± 4.3 °C; mean annual precipitation 206 +89, -63 cm) climate than the Arbuckle Mountain flora (16.4 ± 4.2 °C; 165 +50, -71.4 cm). This research provides a framework for future research on Eocene floristic, environmental, and climatic trends of the Pacific Northwest.
Nutritional status of tuberculosis patients, a comparative cross-sectional study.
Authors: Feleke Berhanu Elfu , Feleke Teferi Elfu , Biadglegne Fantahun
Published: September 2019

Background

Each year, more than 13.7 million people became an active case of tuberculosis and more than 1.5 million cases of TB patient will die. The association between TB and malnutrition is bi-directional, TB leads the patient to malnutrition, and malnutrition increases the risk of developing active TB by 6 to 10 times. Improving the nutrition of individual greatly reduces tuberculosis. The aims of this study were to assess the nutritional status and determinants of underweight among TB patients.Methods

A comparative cross-sectional study design was implemented. The sample size was calculated using 95% CI, 90% power, the prevalence of malnutrition in TB patients 50%,
TB patients to TB free resident ratio of 3, the design effect of 2 and a 5% non-response rate. Systematic random sampling was used to select TB patients and simple random sampling technique was used to select TB free residents. The data were collected from July 2015- May 2018. The data were collected by interviewing the patient, measuring anthropometric indicators and collecting the stool and blood samples. The data were entered into the computer using Epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were used to find the proportion of malnutrition. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of malnutrition.Results

A total of 5045 study participants (1681 TB patients and 3364 TB free residents) were included giving for the response rate of 93.1%. The prevalence of underweight among TB patients was 57.17% (95% CI: 54.80%, -59.54%) and 88.52% of TB patients were anemic. The prevalence of malnutrition (underweight) among TB free residents was 23.37% (95% CI: 21.93-24.80). The nutritional status of TB patients was determined by site of infection AOR: 0.68 [0.49-0.94], sex of the patient AOR: 0.39 [0.25-0.56], residence AOR: 3.84 [2.74-5.54], intestinal parasite infection AOR: 7 [5.2-9.95], problematic alcohol use AOR: 1.52 [1.17-2.13].Conclusion

High proportions of TB patients were malnourished. TB patients were highly susceptible to malnutrition and even a very distal reason for malnutrition in the community became a proximal cause for TB patients.
The grapevine homeobox gene VvHB58 influences seed and fruit development through multiple hormonal signaling pathways
Authors: Li Yunduan , Zhang Songlin , Dong Ruzhuang , Wang Li , Yao Jin , Nocker Steve van , Wang Xiping
Published: September 2019

Background: Seedlessness is one of the most valuable traits in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ), especially for the raisin and table grape industries. Previous transcriptome analyses of seed development in grape hybrids suggested that specific homeodomain transcription factors are involved in seed development in seedless cultivars. However, the molecular mechanism of homeobox gene regulating seed development in grape is rarely reported.
Results: Here, we report that the grapevine VvHB58 gene, encoding a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip I) transcription factor, participates in regulating fruit size and seed number. The VvHB58 gene was differentially expressed during seed development between seedless and seeded cultivars . Subcellular localization assays revealed that the VvHB58 protein was located in the nucleus. Transgenic expression of VvHB58 in tomato led to loss of apical dominance, a reduction in fruit pericarp expansion, reduced fruit size and seed number , and larger endosperm cells. Analysis of the sequence and cytosine methylation within the VvHB58 promoter indicated that the differential expression during seed development between seedless and seeded grapes may be caused by different transcriptional regulatory mechanisms rather than promoter DNA methylation. Measurements of five classic endogenous hormones and expression analysis of hormone-related genes between VvHB58 transgenic and nontransgenic control plants showed that expression of VvHB58 resulted in significant changes in auxin, gibberellin and ethylene signaling pathways. Additio nally, several DNA methylation-related gene s were expressed differentially during seed development stages in seedless and seeded grapes , suggesting changes in methylation levels during seed development may be associated with seed abortion .
Conclusion: VvHB58 has a potential function in regulating fruit and seed development by impacting multiple hormonal pathways. These results expand understanding of homeodomain transcription factors and potential regulatory mechanism of seed development in grapevine, and provided insights into molecular breeding for grapes.
TRIal to slow the Progression Of Diabetes (TRIPOD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial using wireless technology and incentives
Authors: Lim Robyn Su May , Gardner Daphne Su Lyn , Bee Yong Mong , Cheung Yin Bun , Bairavi Joann , Gandhi Mihir , Goh Su-Yen , Ho Emily Tse Lin , Lin Xinyi , Tan Ngiap Chuan , Tay Tunn Lin , Finkelstein Eric Andrew
Published: September 2019

Background: Outcomes for those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Singapore is poor. In this TRIal to slow the Progression Of Diabetes (TRIPOD), we will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive diabetes management package (DMP), with or without a financial incentives program, M-POWER Rewards, in efforts to improve HbA1c levels for individuals with T2DM.

Methods/Design: TRIPOD is a randomized, open-labelled, controlled, multi-center, superiority trial with three parallel arms, namely (1) usual care only, (2) usual care with DMP, and (3) usual care with DMP plus M-POWER Rewards. A total of 339 adults with sub-optimally controlled T2DM (self-reported HbA1c 7.5–11.0%) will be block randomized according to a 1:1:1 allocation ratio to the three arms. The primary outcome is mean change in HbA1c level at Month 12 from baseline. Secondary outcomes include mean change in HbA1c level at Months 6, 18, and 24; mean changes at Months 6, 12, 18, and 24 in weight, blood pressure, and self-reported physical activity, weight monitoring, blood glucose monitoring, medication adherence, diabetes self-management, sleep quality, work productivity and daily activity impairment, and health utility index; and proportion of participants initiating insulin treatment by Months 6, 12, 18, and 24. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios will be computed based on costs per improvements in HbA1c at Month 12 and converted to cost per quality-adjusted life year gained.
Discussion: This study will present insights about the long-term cost-effectiveness and financial viability of the interventions and the potential for integrating within usual care.
Effects of Acupuncture on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liu Chengyong , Zheng Shiyu , Wu Wenzhong , Wang Xiaoqiu , Qin Shan , Zhao Yanan , Xi Hanqing , Wan Qingyun
Published: September 2019

Background : Acupuncture, as an important component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely applied in the treatment of chronic insomnia in China，while there is no clinical study related to its therapeutic mechanism. Methods/design : A single-center, single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial will be conducted at Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A total of 60 patients will be registered.Eligible participantswill be randomly divided into acupuncture group and shamacupuncture group (n = 30 cases in each group). Patients in both groups will be treated once every other day, 3 times per week for 4 weeks.The primary outcome measures are Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), and cortisol (CORT). Secondary outcome measures are Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Discussion : This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on chronic insomnia by using PSQI, ISI, and FSS. The mechanism of acupuncture on CIPs will be preliminarily discussed by analyzing the changes in concentrations of CRH, ACTH, and CORT before and after treatment.