bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Models of Natural Right
Authors: Tomassini Fiorella
Published: June 2024

In the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant locates the Rechtslehre in the realm of the “systematic knowledge of the doctrine of natural right (Ius naturae).” However, Kant in a profound shift there redefines the concept of ius naturae: the (moral) right of nature becomes the law of freedom, and the doctrine of natural right becomes “the metaphysical doctrine of right.” This chapter examines Kant’s critical analysis of two previous models of natural right, those belonging to Baumgarten and Achenwall. In contrast to Kant, these highlight the normative link between right principles and a natural end, as well as the role of God as the author of moral laws, both absent in Kant. While Kant’s concept of right adopts Achenwall by dissociating right from ethics and associating it with the power to coerce, he retains Baumgarten’s notion that a rational doctrine of right forms part of a broader systematic doctrine encompassing the whole system of duties.
The ‘Two Worlds Theory’ in the Philebus
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: June 2024

This paper asks whether Plato endorses the ‘Two Worlds Theory’ in the Philebus. The issue is complicated in part because that theory has been formulated in different, not obviously equivalent ways. Accordingly, the paper begins by distinguishing different versions of the view. It then explores the central passages in the Philebus, asking whether they endorse one or another version of the view. One issue discussed is how we should understand epistēmē in the dialogue: is it restricted to everlasting, unchanging things? Is all epistēmē knowledge, and, if so, how should we understand ‘knowledge’ here? Is all epistēmē true, or is some epistēmē false? Plato distinguishes different levels of epistēmē, but how many of them are there and how are they to be distinguished?
Aristotle on Knowledge and the Knowable
Authors: Moss Jessica
Published: June 2024

Aristotle has a general concept of knowledge, which he labels gnōsis (in addition to his various concepts of specialized kinds of knowledge such as epistēmē). This paper illuminates Aristotle’s gnōsis by studying at his treatment of the gnōrimon (‘knowable’). Despite, Aristotle’s distinction between what is knowable by nature and what is knowable to us, and his application of ‘gnōrimon’ both to propositions and to objects, he has a unified notion of the gnōrimon, namely that with which we can be well acquainted. This strongly suggests that gnōsis is knowledge in the sense of good acquaintance. All knowledge, propositional or not, is a matter of being well acquainted with reality. Thus, on Aristotle’s view, all humans by nature desire to know not primarily because we want our beliefs to be certain or justified or the like, but because we want reality to be well known to us, like a well-known person.
Nicomachean Revision in the ‘Common Books’
Authors: Baker Samuel H.
Published: June 2024

There is good reason to believe that Nicomachean Ethics 6. 2 is a Nicomachean revision of an originally Eudemian text. Aristotle seems to have inserted lines 1139a31–b11 by means of a marginal note, which the first editor then mistakenly added in the wrong place, and this paper proposes moving these lines so that they follow the word κοινωνεῖν at 1139a20. The suggested note appears to be Nicomachean for several reasons, but most importantly because it contains a desire-based account of the practical intellect as teleologically oriented to action. The NE articulates consequences of this account regarding practical philosophy’s methodology and teleological orientation to action. The EE does not articulate such consequences and instead seems to assume an object-based account of the practical intellect. Consequently, it would seem that, between the EE and the NE, Aristotle revised his conception of the practical intellect and consequently his conception of practical philosophy.
Something Stoic in Plato’s Sophist
Authors: Harven Vanessa De
Published: June 2024

The Stoics have often been compared with the earthborn Giants in the Battle of Gods and Giants in Plato’s Sophist, but with diverging opinions about the lessons they drew in reaction to Plato. At issue are questions about what in the Sophist the Stoics were reacting to, how the Stoics are like and unlike the Giants, the status of being for the Stoics, and the extent to which they were Platonizing with their incorporeals. With these open questions in mind, this paper re-examines the Sophist from the Stoic perspective, finding eight distinct challenges that are likely to have been salient to the Stoics, and offers a new account of the Stoics as responding to these challenges with an innovative ontology that prises apart something from being to make room for what is not, and a sophisticated one-world metaphysics that grounds everything there is in two fundamental bodies.
The Role of Foreign Companies (1895–1930)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 covers the role of foreign firms in Japanese economic and social development. Foreign companies were barred from doing business outside the port cities until the 1890s. However, it became necessary to allow them to enter the market in exchange for access to the technologies that had ushered in the second industrial revolution. Chapter 5 examines Japan’s decision to join two major global institutions: the Gold Standard and Paris Convention on Intellectual Property as a means of attracting foreign companies. It also provides a general overview of the foreign companies that invested in Japan in 1895–1930 and sections on major industries of the second industrial revolution: oil/chemicals, electrical appliances, automobiles, and consumer goods. In each section, the discussion focuses on the partnerships between Japanese and foreign entrepreneurs and how the technology transfers occurred. While foreign firms were allowed to do business in Japan from the 1890s to the 1930s, their presence did not result in a convergence to a British or American model of capitalism. On the contrary, it only strengthened the position of zaibatsu in the Japanese economy. Zaibatsu were the most important local partners of foreign firms, and through them, foreign firms were able to found joint ventures and transfer technology, thus contributing to the establishment of zaibatsu capitalism during the interwar years. Despite the overwhelming advantages of foreign firms, they did not always succeed in dominating the domestic market as shown through the case study of Siemens’s entry into the Japanese X-ray device market.
Preserving the World’s Evolutionary Cauldrons
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

The final chapter opens with some remarkable successes that we have achieved, both in ecosystem restoration and in increasing our understanding of the many challenges facing us. These successes have provided the scientific tools needed to solve even more intractable problems, such as the true role of microbial communities in ecosystems. We visit to the Amazon rainforest and explore the hundreds of years of experience that indigenous groups have acquired as they have learned to survive in fragile ecosystems. Then we thread our way through populations of gigantic cane toads in northern Australia, learning that ecosystems have immense ability to fight back against, and sometimes to co-opt, even the most destructive invading species. There are no easy technological fixes to these problems. Tiny ecological “lifeboats,” like the ill-fated Biosphere 2 in Arizona, can go wrong in an immense number of ways. In summary, we are a species with wonderful accomplishments, clearly worth saving. But we must also save our planet.
The Beggar’s Opera
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

This chapter centers on the figure of the disabled beggar (and the overlapping figure of the street-seller) whose significance and self-presentation became morally and economically prescribed and proscribed in the Victorian period, during which the government was intent on giving economic force to the distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor. The performances of everyday life—though often spectacular—are the primary means by which disabled beggars and street-sellers escape nascent social-scientific categorization under the Poor Law Amendments of 1834 and the implementation of workhouse labor. Performance as visual spectacle is both a necessary means by which these figures earn a living and the source of the near-obsessive concerns about imposture that haunt the period. This chapter treats a wide range of texts and illustrations from Charles Lamb to Henry Mayhew (and his collaborator, photographer Richard Beard), Thomas Carlyle, and others.
The Dead Man Come to Life
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 focuses on one Edward Albert, a Jamaican-British double-amputee crossing-sweeper who engages in multiple forms of remunerative labor: begging as well as selling an autobiographical chapbook that tells the story of his disablement and demands reparations for his suffering at the hands of an inhumane racialized economic system. Albert’s chapbook shows an assemblage of cultural artifacts and tropes—particularly those associated with slavery, the history of the Black Atlantic, and Caribbean performance traditions—to lend meaning to his body in ways that he hopes will be financially beneficial. His claims and his acts of self-fashioning reflect the complex version of aberrance that appears at the intersection of disability and racial difference. Albert’s multimedia assemblage of a saleable self thwarts a knowing eye while simultaneously providing a model of Black endurance in a world in which Black lives are imagined to be disposable.
Epilogue
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

The Epilogue turns to prominent modernist writers and thinkers—particularly figures such as Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, and Ford Madox Ford—to consider “What We Have Lost”—an ethical optics that might still prove useful. One such loss is Ruskin’s idea of a kind of ontological flatness in which all objects and people are worthy of attention and attentive looking, in and of themselves. Focusing on the modernist tendency toward precise aesthetic discrimination—a tendency now associated with sophisticated aesthetic judgment—the chapter suggests that such discrimination represents not only a fall from optical innocence but also a narrowing of aesthetic values that ultimately impedes expansive vision. The book concludes by drawing out the implications of viewing physical aberrance as an ethical, aesthetic, and relational orientation rather than a medical, legal, or social category, and argues that there is value in Victorian ideas of extranormativity that this book rediscovers.
The grammar(s) of reported discourse in medieval French literature
Authors: Marnette Sophie
Published: June 2024

This chapter ties in narratological, stylistic, and linguistic insights from the author’s research and from the study of français oral représenté to offer a global approach to the macro- and micro-grammar(s) of speech and thought presentation (S&TP), highlighting their intra- and intertextual variation, i.e. the fact that different grammars can compete within the same text and across textual genres. The macro-grammar(s) of S&TP are explored in terms of the form and functions of reported discourses and of their framing (i.e. insertion) within the texts, while the micro-grammar(s) are investigated in terms of stable characteristics linked to the interactional quality of oral discourse and in terms of the spoken language’s aptitude for linguistic innovation. The examples used here are mostly taken from two digital editions of the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, an early thirteenth-century prose text, in a database recently developed by the ERC-funded project ‘The Values of French’.
Elision, the neglected link in French phonology
Authors: Green John N. , Hintze Marie-Anne
Published: June 2024

Elision is the least well studied of the processes collectively known as linking phenomena in the phonology of modern French. Until the publication of Green and Hintze (2021), it had not attracted a single comprehensive account this century. The current chapter challenges the prevailing belief that elision is unitary and categorical, hence marginal for both theoretical phonology and sociolinguistics. Data presented from a historical corpus of late twentieth-century French show conclusively that vocalic elision is the largest contributor to rightward resyllabification, well ahead of liaison and classic enchaînement. Even so, it is not categorical in all sites, and is increasingly prone to erosion in tokens of que and its compounds. Although non-elision has obvious phonological consequences, its motivation lies in discourse structure and speaker interaction rather than in phonology.
Attitudes on Twitter towards French inclusive writing
Authors: Tristram Anna
Published: June 2024

This chapter reports on a study which combines techniques from corpus linguistics and discourse analysis to explore attitudes to French inclusive writing (écriture inclusive) on the social media microblogging site, Twitter. The study takes a dual approach to exploring the expression of attitudes in the corpus, by investigating both the lexico-semantics of tweets and domain-specific expressive features such as retweets and favourites. The study adds to the growing body of research into attitudes towards specific language features (rather than varieties/dialects) and places this debate within the larger context of the feminization of the French language. The results reveal a large degree of overlap between attitudes towards inclusive writing at the official and individual levels, which is argued to be related to the underlying ideology of the standard which obtains in France.
Widening the Scope of Rehabilitation and Research
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter continues describing the inventive aspects of Brook’s strategy. It details how patients and staff worked together to conduct participatory action research that few psychiatrists would think about today. The evolving program also included six more components that the clinical staff felt were important to the process. At its heart, the Vermont program focused on treating people as people. Following the dictum of Switzerland’s Manfred Bleuler, this included “clear and steady personal relations; activity in accordance with one’s talents, interests, and strengths; confrontations with responsibilities and even dangers; and, at the right time and in the right rhythm, rest and relaxation.” Unfortunately, the current general rehab approach, with exceptions listed in the last two chapters, still focuses on doing things “for and to” patients, maintaining an abiding, albeit denied, attitude that considers these patients as only being able to achieve marginal levels of functioning or pursue a downward course.
How We Measured a Life Lived
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

The author describes her 18 months in a “university-without-walls.” With input from at least 16 major figures in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and statistics, she crafted a full grant application for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Her application received a nearly perfect score, presenting the toughest methodology and design of 11 very-long-term studies. This chapter shows how the decisions were made and why. The author presents helpful advice to researchers considering mounting a longitudinal study, also detailing the strategic and tactical decisions that were made and why. The second NIMH site visit was a typical one of nitpicking and assumptions that “once a chronic patient, always a chronic patient.” Jerry Hogarty, a well-known investigator in the field, was the outside reviewer and suggested that the author should get her PhD at the same time that the study was funded.
Surprise Discoveries Out in the Field
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter begins Part Three, which focuses on the study’s surprise findings. With 97% of original participants found and accounted for, the chapter reveals the remarkable stories of people who had reclaimed their lives: one person was a well-paid plumber, another was assistant manager of a ski inn, another person who was thought to be mute wasn’t; researchers found niche people and self-regulators, as well as those who didn’t recover. The author describes a series of patient photographs taken since the late 1800s. She details how many of those with lower incomes augmented their lifestyle through bartering. The researchers found high functioning people in board-and-care homes running the place, and they found others in independent housing who were not doing well at all.
The Role of Rehabilitation, Neural Plasticity, and Public Policy in Long-Term Outcome
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

The second study was a matched comparison between the specific Vermont patients under study with those from Augusta State Hospital in Maine. Eight thousand Maine records were scanned to match age, sex, length of hospitalization, and diagnosis to each Vermont subject, with more than 1,900 possible matches. Maine had minimal rehabilitation, with placements for housing and jobs only for acute not chronic patients. Using the same protocol, the Maine and Vermont teams conducted interstate and intraproject reliability studies. Findings indicated that 49% of the Mainers did improve, which led to speculation about neural plasticity and the possibility that psychotherapy, rehabilitation, and self-help were as helpful as drugs in treatment. A life chart analysis of both states tracked the changes in programs and policies since 1940 onward. Maine, which is much larger than Vermont, ended up being more unwieldly and slower in mounting change.
Northern New England
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

The environment—time, place, and local culture—always has an effect on research. It shapes decisions made, opportunities and resources available, the type of questions posed, the availability of study participants, and the spirit of inquiry. Since researchers rarely look at the differences in the environments in which their studies occur, the author presents this chapter as a brief history of both states, including size and census data, economics, landscapes, and idiosyncrasies plus the major contributions to the nation made by their respective citizens. The chapter also explains why northern New England is such a great place to conduct longitudinal studies.
Arlen, Ira Gershwin, and A Star Is Born
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

In 1953 Arlen and Ira Gershwin teamed up to create the score for Judy Garland’s comeback vehicle, the Warner Bros. film A Star Is Born (1954), with a screenplay by Moss Hart. In a process still unusual for Hollywood musicals, the songs were carefully woven into Hart’s scenario to reflect the complex, evolving relationship between Esther Blodgett (Garland) and Norman Maine (James Mason). Arlen and Gershwin wrote eleven numbers for A Star Is Born, some remaining unused, others cut before the premiere. “The Man That Got Away,” a torch song sung near the beginning of the film, became one of Garland’s signature numbers in her later career.
Singing the Arlen Songbook
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

For almost a century Arlen’s songs have been favorites of top vocalists, many of whom had long personal and professional associations with the composer. This chapter discusses selected great recordings, extending from “Stormy Weather” by Ethel Waters in 1933 to “Ain’t It de Truth” by Audra McDonald in 2002. Some songs were written for specific singers (Judy Garland and Lena Horne) to perform in film or onstage. Others were featured in iconic versions by Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, and Barbra Streisand. Two fine crossover artists from the world of opera, Eileen Farrell and Sylvia McNair, also made distinguished albums of Arlen songs.
One School’s Journey through the Post–Civil Rights Era
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter uses Potter-Thomas Elementary School in Philadelphia as a case study for examining how the institutionalization of bilingual education was part of a broader reconfiguration of race that rose to ascendency in the post–Civil Rights era. It first examines the emergence of bilingual education within a broader move toward compensatory education in the 1960s. It then examines how educators at Potter-Thomas sought to challenge this compensatory approach through efforts at maintaining, rather than remediating, Puerto Rican culture at Potter-Thomas. It argues that while this was framed as oppositional to compensatory education, it relied on the same underlying logic that framed language as the primary challenge confronting the Puerto Rican community in ways that obscured broader structural barriers. Finally, it examines the ways that Potter-Thomas was a pioneer in what would become the modern accountability movement and the ways that this led the demise of its bilingual education program.
Producing Deficiency and Erasing Colonialism in the Bilingual Education Act
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter situates the emergence of bilingual education as a viable policy option within culture of poverty discourses. At the core of these debates was the contention that their unique colonial history had produced cultural and linguistic deficiencies within Latinx communities that bilingual education was particularly well-positioned to remediate. This connected to a more general discourse associated with the culture of poverty that had been taken up in the United States with a primary focus on the African American community. As a result, bilingual education activists, in the process of being politically incorporated into the system, were accepting a Faustian bargain that bestowed on them individual proximity to whiteness in exchange for accepting that Latinx and other racialized communities were fundamentally broken and needed to be fixed.
Silent Film and the Formations of U.S. Literary Culture
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah
Published: June 2024

Silent Film and the Formations of US Literary Culture: Literature in Motion argues that the emergence and development of motion pictures across the silent-film era constituted a defining moment in US literary history, one that would alter literature’s institutions and practices in fundamental and far-reaching ways. As literary historians have ably demonstrated, late nineteenth-century advances in transport, communications, and printing technologies combined to alter radically literary culture, not least of all in terms of its massification; as Henry James declared in 1899, “The book . . . is almost everywhere.” However, less is known about the considerable role in these transformations in literary culture played by motion pictures—literature’s rival and exemplar in their claim to narrative realism and enthrallment. Silent Film and the Formations of US Literary Culture tells the story of what quickly became the inextricable entanglement of the literary and motion-picture industries. It asks, how exactly did literary culture respond to the emergence and development of narrative cinema? What were the material effects of motion pictures on it: its authors, publishers, readers, and manner of circulation? To answer these questions, it draws on extensive archival film and literary materials and unearths a range of collaborative, cross-media expressive and industrial practices to reveal the manifold ways in which early twentieth-century literary culture sought both to harness and to temper the reach of motion pictures.
Starring the Author: Literary Celebrity and Popular Authorship
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 considers the role of authors in silent-era motion-picture production. It traces the transformations in authorship effected by such encounters and as it shifted out of the study, into the studio, and onto the screen. It argues that it was less the author’s craft that came so to appeal to the studios than their reputation and the cultural capital that accrued to literary authorship, something the studios sought to exploit. To that end, they began to market authors in the same way they came to market their stars. This chapter traces these transformations via a consideration of the careers of Jack London and Gertrude Atherton, among other popular authors, as well as Samuel Goldwyn’s Eminent Authors Inc.
George Washington
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on the presidency of George Washington who adopted a formal mode of communication while seeking to make himself accessible. Moreover, Washington understood that he was to govern, but he also recognized that the American president is simultaneously the head of state and the chief executive. The chapter elaborates on the series of decisions Washington made during his tenure before detailing his stepping down as the nation's president, demonstrating that he did not wish to reign as a monarch. It also considers the emergence of political parties, the Republican and the Federalist, despite widespread hostility to factions.
John Adams
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 discusses the presidency of John Adams who succeeded in preserving the republic in wartime. Adams labored strenuously to make the transition from the George Washington presidency seamless, though doing so put him at the mercy of subordinates who felt beholden not to him but to his rival, Hamilton. At times during his presidency, Adams quickened war frenzy, so Congress had to restrain him. Though Adams had to cope with war hysteria, he won the hearts of peace-loving Americans by opposing the efforts of Federalists in Congress to create a provisional army. The chapter then elaborates on the last moments of Adams’s regime, when he reflected that neither he nor the commonwealth had a party, unlike Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
A Dialogic Theory of Educational Technology
Authors: Wegerif Rupert , Major Louis
Published: June 2024

Education draws students into participation in ongoing cultural dialogues. These dialogues are mediated by communications technology in various forms from words, through books, to the internet and increasingly AI language assistants. Technology is therefore at the heart of education. However, the distinctive role and impact of technology has not always been reflected in theories of education. In this chapter, we put forward a dialogic theory of educational technology intended to serve as a foundation for design. The kind of designs this theory grounds are combined pedagogical and technical designs to facilitate the dynamic interweaving of educational dialogues at different spatio-temporal scales, linking short-term face-to-face dialogues to long-term and more global dialogues. Dialogic education with technology is, we argue, an essential response to two of the biggest challenges of our time—the challenge of the Anthropocene and the challenge of the Digital Age.
Intersubjectivity and Dialogue in Video Games
Authors: Saviano Declan
Published: June 2024

In his classic formulation of intersubjectivity, Ragnar Rommetveit focused on how meaning is negotiated in face-to-face interactions. Much dialogue now occurs online, however, raising questions about the applicability of his ideas to this new medium. This chapter uses ethnographic examples of text-based dialogue from the team-based competitive online video game League of Legends termed “toxicity” to argue that Rommetveit’s ideas are applicable to online dialogue and indeed reveal that online and offline dialogue are more similar than they appear. Toxicity, any in-game communicative behavior that is negative, mean-spirited, or hurtful (and often shockingly so), is an unusual dialogic phenomenon because it represents the simultaneous termination of an existing state of weak intersubjectivity and the reformation of a new, antagonistic form of intersubjectivity around existing social and cultural norms. These norms are governed as much by player culture as by the restrictions imposed on communication by the game itself.
Dialogue, Polarization, and Change: Reflections
Authors: Lemke Jay
Published: June 2024

The Commentary discusses the importance of recognizing that dialogue, both interpersonal and intersocial, can lead to increased polarization as well as to constructive transformation and reconciliation. Dialogue by itself does not guarantee movement toward reconciliation. The genesis of true intersubjectivity requires not only that we understand the viewpoint of the Other but that we come down from the Ideal (or rise to the concrete) and engage with real persons, messy situations, ambiguous narratives, and fuzzy norms. If there is an escape from the ultimately destructive downside of dialogue, it must lie in a return to the lifeworld, to real lives and real people, to the concrete consequences of group histories and material conditions in the beings of persons and the feelings we can have for another. Not as a reductionist neo-individualism but in our focus on specificity. The specificity of the here-and-now dialogue—not just in terms of persons but of circumstances and conditions-interpersonal networks and histories, the unique but never unprecedented.
“You Just Got to Own It”
Authors: Smith Fern , Grice Jade Le
Published: June 2024

Exploring sexuality can be full of possibility and pleasure. Sexuality, however, can also be a site where gendered and racialized discourses coalesce in nuanced and complex ways, informed by unique sociocultural contexts. This chapter explores how Māori (Indigenous) girls in rural northland of Aotearoa (New Zealand), develop their sexual subjectivities in sociocultural context. Using a kaupapa Māori methodology led by Māori researchers with connections to these communities, thirty young people (twelve boys and eighteen girls) were interviewed. The results outline contextual tensions evident in Māori girl’s narratives, informed by a settler-colonial context that has marginalized Māori culture. Māori girls articulated a range of social pressures intersected by racism, (hetero)sexuality, misogyny, and religious conservatism. Some Māori girls sought ways to resist this constitutive sociocultural context by drawing on Māori ways of knowing and being to seek out opportunities for social and interpersonal redress and healing, for themselves and their communities.
Predators and Perpetrators
Authors: Day Madi , Carlson Bronwyn
Published: June 2024

White settlers across the continent now known as Australia have violently imposed on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander lives since first contact and continue to do so through digital communication technologies. This chapter examines how a culture of white violence toward Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples occurs both offline and online, applying Indigenous queer and feminist analysis to situate this violence within broader settings of settler colonialism and colonial heteropatriarchy. The chapter analyzes online discourse and predatory behavior from white settlers within larger systems of violence that service settler colonial societies. It troubles the distinction between offline and online violence and considers how hierarchies of desirability are reproduced in each. Finally, it argues that while there is significant attention to those targeted by white settlers, there is need for greater attention paid to the predators and perpetrators who enact violence in online and offline spaces.
Getting Started
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 presents the neurological and psychological foundations for their approach to teaching jazz improvisation. Everyone is wired to improvise. Exposure and repetition as the foundation of learning. The role of the subconscious in improvising. The limits of teaching by rote memory. Introducing choice into the classroom. Suggested uses of the book are followed by a recommended listening list. A few tips are provided for working together in a classroom setting. The centrality of the blues in jazz. Why they have chosen to begin their sequence somewhere other than the blues. The driving question behind the book: “What did the artists we admire practice?”
Basic Concepts
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 begins with a review of basic jazz chord symbols and sets out the conventions used in the book. Lesson Plans 1 and 2 demonstrate how to get students designing melodies based on the pitches in the root triad. Basic rhythms are introduced. Materials are provided on how to get rhythm section instruments (piano, guitar, bass, drums) started. These include basic voicings for chord instruments, designing bass lines, and tips for more effective drumming.
Adding the 2nd (1-2-3-5)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 looks at ways to add the 2nd degree of the scale to the root triad in order to start to design melodies. It continues the work begun in chapter 1 on the foundations of jazz rhythms. Consideration is given to both holding more than one rhythm in mind at a time and building longer 8th-note melodic lines. Diatonic 3rds are introduced into the daily routine. The teacher’s notes offer suggestions for visualizing shapes coming out of the scale, moving from chord to chord, using the metronome in rehearsal, and introducing more advanced rhythms (implying 3/4 in 4/4). The rhythm section notes discuss adding the 2nd degree of the scale to bass lines.
Improvising on the Entire Chord/Scale (Part 1)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Utilizing the four basic shapes with diatonic 3rds that have been covered in chapters 2–7, chapter introduces students to improvising on the entire chord or scale. Basic rhythms for this improvisation are introduced. The teacher’s notes include notes on singing tetrachords, adding syncopation, and the importance of descending lines. The rhythm section notes cover the use of diatonic 3rds in bass lines and the use of diatonic 3rds in comping for piano or guitar.
II–7 | V7 | I (Part Two)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 13 continues the focus on the II–7 V7 IΔ7 progression. It looks at ways to combine the 3-5-7-9 arpeggio with 7 to 3 voice leading to improvise on II–7 V7 IΔ7. Students are introduced to the sound of altered 9ths. Foundational melodies for the dominant cycle are introduced. The chapter concludes with a look at ways to anticipate and delay a change of chord by adding and dropping beats.
Playing the Blues (Part 1)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

This chapter is the first of two to focus on the blues. It begins with a short introduction to the origin and meanings of the blues, discussing its relationship to colonial American democracy and its roots in the practice of chattel slavery. The chapter suggests that the creators of jazz music understood that the art form had universal roots. Students are introduced to the harmonic form of the blues and a simplified respelling of the blues, and are shown how to use approach tones to hear the harmonic form of the blues.
Searching for Sources Part 2
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 addresses the “how” of searching for sources, focusing in particular upon electronic databases—for most sources of information are located through a database of some kind. The first part of the chapter sets out different ways of searching databases, documenting why and how particular search functions are used. Six database functions are discussed: (1) basic and advanced searches, and the use of filters; (2) search fields, and the concept of uniform titles; (3) Boolean operators and nesting terms; (4) truncation; (5) wildcard symbols; and (6) proximity operators. The second part of the chapter provides guidelines for planning a search, drawing together the information and strategies documented in chapters 2 and 3. The guidelines are divided into six sections: (1) which sources will be accessed? (2) which search terms will be used? (3) which search strategies will be used? (4) how will the search results be saved? (5) searching for sources as an ongoing process; and (6) managing anxiety and other emotions. Chapter 3 includes a series of exercises that are designed to cultivate familiarity with the resources and strategies discussed in chapters 2 and 3.
Writing a Thesis Part 1
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 is the first of four chapters that discuss what is involved in writing a thesis. The first part of the chapter is concerned with content, organization, and presentation. It considers, in turn, the three overarching segments of a thesis: (1) front matter (title page, declaration of originality, copyright page, dedication, abstract, table of contents, illustrations, definitions, abbreviations, symbols, preface, acknowledgements); (2) chapters, or main text (introduction, organization and presentation of the research findings, conclusion); and (3) back matter (bibliography/reference list, appendices). Part 2 of the chapter provides guidelines for formatting a thesis. There are two exercises in this chapter. Exercise 1 entails the critical evaluation of an existing thesis. Exercise 2 involves the formulation of a table of contents.
Regulating Sex
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 discusses how sex is regulated in elite sports. The regulation of sex is really about regulating femaleness, as few elite sports policies attempt to define and control who can compete in men’s sports. The chapter notes the development of elite sport policies relating to intersex and trans athletes. It analyzes the concept of “necessary discrimination,” which administrators argue is foundational to sport. It concludes by discussing several proposals to the “two-sex” sport model.
Conclusion
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

The conclusion returns to the story of Kamila Valieva and its resolution. Then, drawing on information from the previous chapters and supplementary evidence, it suggests several ways to build better protective policies. This includes making sport unexceptional, anticipating the possibilities for change, incorporating diverse and multidisciplinary insights, and centering the athletes. To fulfill the promise of sport, good policies must more than “good-looking policies” that distract from or contribute to the deep problems of the elite sport.
Rational Living and Straight Thinking
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the contested meaning of reason and rationality in postwar psychology by focusing on the career of America’s leading psychotherapist, Albert Ellis. His rational therapy understood emotions as a category of distorted thinking that got people into trouble, especially with regard to their sexual inhibitions. Through his New York City practice and his voluminous writings in the mainstream, pornographic, and underground presses, Ellis called upon ordinary Americans to abandon their hang-ups and think straight about themselves. They responded through individual and shared self-exploration, experimentation, and expression. The chapter documents Ellis’s impact on the free thought movements of the 1960s and explains how feminists, gay liberationists, and Objectivist libertarians challenged his authority over sexual and psychological processes.
Introduction
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: June 2024

The insight that motivates this collection of essays is that literature deals with the intrusion of the extraordinary into the ordinary. Literary intrusions provide rich soil for philosophical analysis. While literature is preoccupied with the details of the intrusion (how it happens, why, and with what consequences), philosophy is more directly interested in the structural aspects of things: What is ordinary and what is extraordinary? Do they operate on the same level of existence, or is the extraordinary based on quite different metaphysical and moral principles? And if the ordinary and extraordinary are based on distinct principles, as facts and values and as temporary and eternal seem to be, how can they interact with each other? Such questions are used in this collection to situate Tolstoy’s War and Peace within the rich and ever-shifting history of both literature and philosophy.
Tolstoy on War
Authors: Holmes Robert L.
Published: June 2024

In War and Peace Tolstoy lights the way to a new understanding of war, the full conception of which emerges only in his later work. It arises there from his conception of what makes life meaningful, which in turn eventuates in his anarchism and pacifism. But his reflections in War and Peace on the nature of history, the tension between freedom and necessity, and the role of supposedly great men in history help lay the foundation for these later views. They represent problems that must be confronted to understand the many dimensions of war. Tolstoy’s thought on war is in effect an organic whole, rather than, as often supposed, an early literary masterpiece followed by, and disconnected from, his later philosophical, religious, and ethical explorations.
War and Peace as a Historical Novel
Authors: Rey Marie-Pierre
Published: June 2024

As well as being a monument in world literature, War and Peace educated generations and generations of Russians in an epic representation of 1812; it played a key role in shaping the collective memory of the struggle against Napoleon and his Grande Armée invading the Russian empire. But can the novel serve as a reliable historical source of the events of 1812, and can we trust the novel from a historical perspective? To answer these questions, this chapter is organized in three sections. The first goes back to the origins of the work and the sources used to write the novel. The second analyzes Tolstoy’s historical methodology and examines to what extend the novel might be considered a reliable source for historians. The third section balances this view by shedding light on historical distortions and exaggerations that attest to a subjective, passionate, and committed writing of 1812.
Denis Davydov’s Truth in War and Peace
Authors: Orwin Donna Tussing
Published: June 2024

This chapter will discuss the contribution of Denis Vasil’evich Davydov (1784–1839) to Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. It is well known that he is the prototype in the novel for hussar captain Vaska Denisov, the mentor for Nikolai Rostov, but this chapter shows that Davydov’s influence is broader and deeper than this. In particular, it addresses issues of freedom and necessity so fundamental to the novel, and seems to take a position contrary to that of Tolstoy’s narrator in it. (For instance, Davydov believes in the significance of great men in history while the narrator does not.) A true depiction of war requires an evocation of what Tolstoy calls its “tone,” created by the voices of participants in it. Davydov both as a memoirist on whom Tolstoy relied and as a character in the novel helps set the right tone to the entire novel.
War and Peace and the Origins of Tolstoy’s Religion
Authors: Steiner Lina
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines Tolstoy’s budding religious philosophy by tracing the trajectories of the four central characters whose inner biographies represent different vectors of Russian society’s spiritual development during the first quarter of the nineteenth century: Prince Andrei, Princess Marya, Pierre, and Natasha. Marya, with her unwavering religious devotion and sentimentality, serves as a foil and counterpoint to her skeptical brother, who overcomes his unbelief and embraces God only on his deathbed. Pierre’s narrative offers rich material for understanding the phenomenon of the Decembrist liberalism. It reflects Tolstoy’s engagement with Christopher Martin Wieland’s Bildungsroman The History of Agathon, as well as with the philosophy of early German Romanticism that wed Spinoza’s monist metaphysics to Fichte’s philosophy of freedom. Tolstoy’s deepest religious insights that foreshadow his later writings on religion are expressed through his portrayal of Natasha, who represents what Leibnitz and the Romantics called vis viva and inspires the longing for the infinite.
Death and Infinity
Authors: Love Jeff
Published: June 2024

The badly wounded Prince Andrei supinely gazes up at the “lofty infinite sky” at Austerlitz. His experience has frequently been considered apocalyptic or near-death—an experience of ending. Yet such experience is of a most peculiar kind since this end, and the pure indeterminacy of the infinite, can be neither adequately thought nor experienced. Infinite indeterminacy in this sense lies at the very edges of the novel’s narrative. It is also central to the experience not only of Prince Andrei but also of his friend Pierre Bezukhov, and other important characters who strive to give a name to the “it” (ono) associated with death precisely as indeterminate or infinite. This chapter traces these attempts to include death in the narrative economy of the novel and the failure to do so linked to the impossible experience of death as infinite indeterminacy.
“Embryo of a Tornado”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison learned that Spain had transferred its vast dominions in Louisiana Territory to the French. Madison suspected that the French first consul, Napoleon, would use Louisiana to control the United States or make the West a client state of France. To counter this aggression, Madison negotiated with France to purchase the territory in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the country. Federalists adopted Madison’s strategy to discredit the ruling party by depicting leaders as foreign pawns. They accused Madison and Jefferson of bargaining with France to promote their party and fund France’s wars. Executive leadership pressed Madison to question where political authority resided in a republic. Like Federalists of the 1790s, he began to equate the administration’s interests with the people’s interests, misinterpreting minority dissent as disloyalty to the government.
“The Burr Fever”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

Between 1805 and 1807, former vice president Aaron Burr undertook travels around the United States that aroused suspicion. Scholars have advanced a range of theories to explain Burr’s movements. Many at the time believed Burr’s alleged conspiracy was an immediate, treasonous threat to the United States, and they saw foreign governments behind it. Mingling their fears with party politics, partisans accused each other of aiding or emboldening Burr and his foreign allies. Burr’s project touched every nerve in US political culture: foreign meddling, internal dissent, and party strife. Republicans and Federalists disavowed Burr, each side with their own reasons to despise him. Amid the political theatrics, it became and remains impossible to ascertain Burr’s motives and objectives. Partisan politics muddied foreign meddling and foreign collusion to the point that Americans could hardly tell legitimate from exaggerated threats.
“A Serpent, in the Shape of a Spy”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

In 1811 and 1812, former British spy John Henry and French con artist Paul-Émile Soubiran convinced President James Madison to purchase documents from Henry’s espionage mission, claiming that they contained proof of a conspiracy between Federalists and Great Britain. Easily convinced that extreme Federalists wanted to subvert the government, Madison used public money to buy the papers, leading Federalists to accuse him of misusing government funds to embarrass their party and benefit his reelection chances. The incident culminated a decades-long cycle that landed Americans on the precipice of war. Foreign meddling bred political distrust, political distrust reinforced partisanship, and partisanship encouraged foreign meddling. Madison plunged the nation into war to eradicate what he viewed as a foreign threat emboldened by internal enemies.