bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimasi potensi kerugian ekonomi akibat wasting pada balita di indonesia
Authors: Renyoet Brigitte Sarah , Nai Hildagardis Meliyani Erista
Published: June 2019

Background: Wasting cases for children under five are currently increasing, the high risk of malnutrition continues to increase so that it has an effect on increasing the prevalence of nutritional problems which results in decreased productivity.Objectives: To estimate the economic potential lost due to wasting in children under five.Methods: Descriptive research, by processing data from various related agencies which are all in the form of secondary data. Calculate using the Konig (1995) formula and a correction factor from Horton's (1999) study. The research activities are carried out starting July 2018 until September 2018.Results: Nationally based on the prevalence of wasting in children under five in 2013 amounting to IDR 1.042 billion - IDR 4.687 billion or 0.01% - 0.06% of the total GDP of Indonesia.Conclusion: The prevalence of high wasting problems can increase the potential for economic losses and affect the economy of a country especially in developing countries and one of them is Indonesia.
Exploratory Geovisualizations for Supporting the Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis of Place-Related Emotion Data
Authors: Bleisch Susanne , Hollenstein Daria
Published: June 2019

Locations become places through personal significance and experience. While place data are not emotion data, per se, personal significance and experience are often emotional. In this paper, we explore the potential of using visual data exploration to support the qualitative analysis of place-related emotion data. To do so, we draw upon Creswell’s (2009) definition of place to define a generic data model that contains emotion data for a given location and its locale. For each data dimension in our model, we present symbolization options that can be combined to create a range of interactive visualizations, specifically supporting re-expression. We discuss the usefulness of example visualizations, created based on a data set from a pilot study on how elderly women experience their neighborhood. We find that the visualizations support four broad qualitative data analysis tasks: revising categorizations, making connections and relationships, aggregating for synthesis, and corroborating evidence by combining sense of place with locale information to support a holistic interpretation of place data. In conclusion, the paper contributes to the literature in three ways. It provides a generic data model and associated symbolization options, and uses examples to show how place-related emotion data can be visualized. Further, the example visualizations make explicit how re-expression, the combination of emotion data with locale information, and visualization of vagueness and linked data support the analysis of emotion data. Finally, we advocate for visualization-supported qualitative data analysis in interdisciplinary teams so that more suitable maps are used and so that cartographers can better understand and support qualitative data analysis.
Counter-Mapping the Spaces of Autonomous Driving
Authors: Alvarez León Luis F.
Published: June 2019

In this article I provide an account of key tensions shaping the development of autonomous driving technologies, and explores how such tensions can open up avenues for counter-mapping the data spaces produced through these navigation technologies. The design and massive commercialization of autonomous vehicles implies the production of new models of space, generated through the integration of data collected through technologies such as lidar scanning, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. This production of space is bounded within the confines of the technological black boxes of the vehicles themselves, as well as the corporate black boxes of the companies that design and deploy them. However, there are key sources of tension surrounding the creation of these black boxes: those between market competitors; between the state and the private sector; and between civil society, the private sector, and the state. In this article I explore these tensions by focusing on the potential for counter-mapping as a means of critique, transparency, and political action across three separate aspects of the autonomous driving space-making process: (1) legislation, by examining the emergence of Right to Repair laws across the United States, beginning with the Automotive Right to Repair Law passed in Massachusetts in 2012; (2) design, through open source projects for building self-driving cars, exemplified by Udacity, a pioneer in this area; and (3) hacking, specifically interventions designed to open, critique, or disrupt autonomous driving technologies. These examinations are embedded in a political economic account that interrogates the ownership and control over the spaces produced through autonomous driving, as well as the economic value associated with such production of space.
Wpływ inwestycji infrastrukturalnych w sektorze gazowym na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Authors: Tomaszewski Krzysztof
Published: June 2019

Infrastruktura energetyczna jest jednym z czynników warunkujących bezpieczeństwo energetyczne współczesnego państwa. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy problematyki sektora gazu ziemnego i nowych inwestycji infrastrukturalnych w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego. W tekście skonfrontowano teorię procesu integracji europejskiej (zagadnienia solidarności i lojalności) z praktyką wynikającą z pragmatycznego podejścia państw członkowskich UE do problematyki bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Zastosowanie perspektywy nauk politycznych umożliwiło kompleksową analizę konsekwencji politycznych wynikających z realizacji połączeń gazowych (Nord Stream I, Nord Stream II oraz Baltic Pipe) w regionie Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Artykuł prezentuje grę interesów wokół analizowanych projektów gazowych oraz wskazuje, iż są one warunkowane przede wszystkim partykularnymi interesami państw (i firm) uczestniczących w realizacji tych projektów.
Referendum ogólnokrajowe w Republice Kazachstanu
Authors: Pogłódek Andrzej
Published: June 2019

Kazachstan w Konstytucji z 1995 roku uznał, podobnie jak inne państwa Azji Centralnej, równorzędność dwóch postaci sprawowania władzy przez naród (bezpośredniej i przedstawicielskiej). Jednakże ograniczenia wprowadzone ustawą konstytucyjną znacząco zawęziły zakres przedmiotowy referendum. Prawo zarządzenia referendum ma tylko prezydent Kazachstanu, co powoduje, że obywatele mogą jedynie występować do głowy państwa o przeprowadzenie ogólnokazachstańskiego referendum. W praktyce ustrojowej Kazachstanu od 1995 roku (przyjęcie obecnej Konstytucji) obywatele nie mieli okazji wziąć udziału w referendum. Pojawiające się wnioski były odrzucane przez głowę państwa. Wobec tego w Kazachstanie potencjał instytucji referendum pozostaje w uśpieniu, niewykorzystywany w procesie postępującej demokratyzacji tego kraju.
Infinitely Many Solutions for a Non-homogeneous Differential Inclusion with Lack of Compactness
Authors: Ge Bin , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D.
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we consider the following class of differential inclusion problems in

ℝ
N

{\mathbb{R}^{N}}

involving the

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(
x
)

{p(x)}

-Laplacian:

-

Δ

p
⁢

(
x
)

⁢
u

+

V
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

|
u
|

p
⁢

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)

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2

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∈

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⁢

(
x
)

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⁡
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in

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.

-\Delta_{p(x)}u+V(x)\lvert u\rvert^{p(x)-2}u\in a(x)\partial F(x,u)\quad\text{% in}\ \mathbb{R}^{N}.

We are concerned with a multiplicity property, and our arguments combine the variational principle for locally Lipschitz functions with the properties of the generalized Lebesgue–Sobolev space. Applying the nonsmooth symmetric mountain pass lemma and the fountain theorem, we establish conditions such that the associated energy functional possesses infinitely many critical points, and then we obtain infinitely many solutions.
Fabrication of 3D microstructures using grayscale lithography
Authors: Lima Frederico , Khazi Isman , Mescheder Ulrich , Tungal Alok C. , Muthiah Uma
Published: June 2019

Following the demand for three-dimensional (3D) micromachined structures, additive and subtractive processes were developed for fabrication of real 3D shapes in metals, alloys and monocrystalline Si (c-Si). As a primary structuring step for well-defined 3D structuring of the photoresist, grayscale lithography by laser direct writing was used. For additive fabrication of 3D microstructures, structured photoresist was used as molds. They were sputtered and subsequently electroplated by a metal (Cu) and an alloy (NiCo). The derived electroplated structures were demolded from the photoresist using an organic stripper. These metal structures are satisfactory replicas of the photoresist pattern. For subtractive pattern transfer of 3D structures into c-Si, reactive ion etching (RIE) was used to transfer the 3D photoresist structure into c-Si with 1:1 pattern transferability. The process parameters of RIE were optimized to obtain a selectivity of 1 and an anisotropy factor close to 1. Whereas conventional X-ray lithography (LIGA) and nanoimprint lithography result in 2.5D patterns, these techniques allow the fabrication of almost any arbitrary 3D shapes with high accuracy. In many cases, 3D structures (‘free forms’) are required, e.g. for molding of optical components such as spheres (or aspheres), channels for lab-on-a-chip and pillars for biological applications. Moreover, 3D structures on Si could be used as optical gratings and sensors.
Analysis of the Yielding Behavior of Electrorheological Suspensions by Controlled Shear Stress Experiments
Authors: Pavlínek Vladimír , Sáha Petr , Pérez-González José , de Vargas Lourdes , Stejskal Jaroslav , Quadrat Otakar
Published: June 2019

The yielding behavior of two model electrorheological suspensions of uncoated silica particles and silica coated with polyaniline base in silicone oil using controlled shear rate and controlled shear stress experiments has been analyzed. The results demonstrate that unlike the uncertain dynamic yield stress values estimated from the results obtained in the former mode by extrapolation of the unsteady shear stresses to zero shear rate, the controlled shear stress measurement permits to detect sensitively the region starting from the initial rupture of particle chain structure in the electric field at rest corresponding to a static yield stress τyand ending in total breakage of suspension structure at a breaking stress τb.. The latter quantity can be detected with a good accuracy and proved to be a reliable criterion of the stiffness of ER structure.
Rheology of LCP/PET Blends at Solid and Molten States of LCP
Authors: Hashmi S.A.R. , Kitano Takeshi
Published: June 2019

Liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were blended in an elastic melt extruder to make samples having different volume fractions of constituent polymers. Shear stress, shear viscosity, first normal stress difference at different shear rates under steady state conditions of these blends were evaluated at two different temperatures 265 and 285˚C. The LCP was in solid state at 265˚C and in melt state at 285˚C and was dispersed in molten matrix of PET at both temperatures. Shear viscosity of blend increased with addition of LCP in PET matrix. A maxima was observed in viscosity versus composition plot. Blends containing more than 50 vol. % of LCP in the blend show higher viscosity as compared to the constituent polymers. First normal stress difference, N1, increased with LCP content in the blend at 285˚C when ploted against shear stress whereas at 265˚C this trend was opposite. The increased value of N1 with shear rate was explained assuming a tendency of asymmetric particles to rotate under velocity gradient of suspending medium. At 285˚C N1 varied with shear stress in two stages. First stage was characterized with high sensitivity of N1 with shear stress, which reduced in second stage on plastic deformation of LCP droplets.
Ca2+-Induced Cold-Set Gelation of Whey Protein Isolate Fibrils
Authors: Bolder Suzanne G. , Hendrickx Hanneke , Sagis Leonard M.C. , van der Linden Erik
Published: June 2019

In this paper we describe the rheological behaviour of Ca2+-induced cold-set gels of whey protein mixtures. Cold- set gels are important applications for products with a low thermal stability. In previous work [1], we determined the state diagram for whey protein mixtures that were heated for 10 h at pH 2 at 80°C. Under these conditions, the major whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), forms fibrils. When whey protein mixtures are heated at protein concentrations in the liquid solution regime of the state diagram, cold-set gels can be formed by adding Ca2+ ions at pH 7. We studied the rheological behaviour of cold-set gels for various sample compositions for whey protein mixtures. When keeping the total whey protein concentration constant, the elastic modulus, G’, for the cold-set gels decreased for increasing a-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin ratios, because less material (β- lg fibrils) was available to form a gel network. In the cold-set gels the interactions between the β-lg fibrils induced by the calcium ions are dominant. The β-lg fibrils are forming the cold-set gel network and therefore determine the gel strength. a-Lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin are not incorporated in the stress-bearing structure of the gels.
Scattering from Shear-Ordered Dispersions
Authors: Versmold H.
Published: June 2019

Rheology is commonly used as a tool for analytics and quality control in latex technology. As soon as flow becomes essential for the structure measured in a scattering experiment we call it scattering from shear-ordered dispersions or rheologic scattering. In this paper it is shown that the structure of concentrated dispersions can with advantage be studied by scattering experiments. Theoretical and experimental aspects as well as examples of small-angle synchrotron x-ray and neutron scattering from colloidal dispersions, presented in the paper, are closely related to rheology.
The Rheology of Frozen Soils
Authors: Arenson Lukas U. , Springman Sarah M. , Sego Dave C.
Published: June 2019

The rheological behaviour of frozen soils depends on a number of factors and is complex. Stress and temperature histories as well as the actual composition of the frozen soil are only some aspects that have to be considered when analysing the mechanical response. Recent improvements in measuring methods for laboratory investigations as well as new theoretical models have assisted in developing an improved understanding of the thermo-mechanical processes at play within frozen soils and representation of their response to a range of perturbations. This review summarises earlier work and the current state of knowledge in the field of frozen soil research. Further, it presents basic concepts as well as current research gaps. Suggestions for future research in the field of frozen soil mechanics are also made. The goal of the review is to heighten awareness of the complexity of processes interacting within frozen soils and the need to understand this complexity when developing models for representing this behaviour.
On the Simulation of Kinetic Theory Models of Complex Fluids Using the Fokker-Planck Approach
Authors: Mokdad B. , Pruliere E. , Ammar A. , Chinesta F.
Published: June 2019

Models of kinetic theory provide a coarse-grained description of molecular configurations wherein atomistic processes are ignored. The Fokker-Planck equation related to the kinetic theory descriptions must be solved for the distribution function in both physical and configuration spaces. When the model involves high dimensional spaces (including physical and conformation spaces and time) standard discretization techniques fail due to excessive computation requirements. In this paper, we revisit some model reduction techniques recently proposed to circumvent those difficulties, exploring other new application areas related to entangled polymer models as well as the use of such reduced models for treating complex flows in which the distribution function involves both the physical and the conformation coordinates.
Free Surface Effects on Normal Stress Measurements in Cone and Plate Flow
Authors: Venerus David C.
Published: June 2019

The effects of free surface shape on normal stress difference measurements in cone and plate flow are investigated. The analysis shows that the stress field is significantly altered by deviations of the free surface from an ideal (spherical) shape. For the cone and partitioned plate technique, it is shown how modest deviation from a spherical free surface shape can lead to errors of roughly 10% in the measured normal stress differences.
Optimized Rheo-optical Measurements Using Fast Fourier Transform and Oversampling
Authors: Klein Christopher , Venema Paul , Sagis Leonard , van Dusschoten Dagmar , Wilhelm Manfred , Spiess Hans Wolfgang , van der Linden Erik , Rogers Salman S. , Donald Athene M.
Published: June 2019

Rheo-optics is a method that allows the analysis of optical properties, like birefringence and dichroism under steady and oscillatory shear. It is possible to correlate macroscopic mechanical responses with induced microscopic changes in the material. We describe how this method was improved several fold and implemented on a commercially available setup. However, the here presented ideas are applicable to any rheo-optical setup, based on modulation of the laser light. Additionally it does not need a lock-in amplifier and therefore reduces the costs of the setup.
Rheological Characterization of Shear-Thinning Fluids with a Novel Viscosity Equation of a Tank-Tube Viscometer
Authors: Kwon Kyung C. , Park YoonKook , Floyd Tamara , Vahdat Nader , Jackson Erica , Jones Paul
Published: June 2019

A tank-tube viscometer and its novel viscosity equation were developed to determine flow characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids. The objective of this research is to test capabilities of the tank-tube viscometer and its novel non-Newtonian viscosity equation by characterizing rheological behaviors of well-known polyethylene oxide (MW 8000000) aqueous solutions as non-Newtonian fluids with 60-w% sucrose aqueous solution as a reference calibration fluid. Non-Newtonian characteristics of 0.3 - 0.7 wt% polyethylene oxide aqueous solutions were extensively investigated with the tank-tube viscometer and its non-Newtonian viscosity equation over the 294 - 306 K temperature range, and 55 - 784 s-1 shear rate range. The 60-w% sucrose aqueous solution was used as a reference/calibration fluid for the tank-tube viscometer. Dynamic viscosity values of 60 w% sucrose aqueous solution were determined with the calibrated tank-tube viscometer and its Newtonian viscosity equation at 299.15 K, and compared with the literature values.
Effects of State Change of Liquid Crystalline Polymer on Dynamic Visco-Elasticity of its Blends with Polyethylene-Terephthalate
Authors: Hashmi S.A.R. , Kitano Takeshi
Published: June 2019

The dynamic viscoelastic properties of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends were studied at two different temperatures: 265°C at which LCP was in solid state and 285°C at which LCP was in molten state. The PET was in molten state at both the temperatures. The storage modulus, G’, loss modulus, G’’, dynamic viscosity, h’, of blends with different compositions were evaluated and compared. The morphology of these samples was studied using scanning electron microscope, which exhibited composition dependency. A maxima was observed in the viscosity versus composition plot corresponding to 90/10 LCP/PET blend at 285°C. The G’ versus G’’ plots demonstrated the composition dependency of LCP/PET blends.
Error Introduced by a Popular Method of Processing Parallel-Disk Viscometry Data
Authors: Yeow Y. Leong , Leong Yee-Kwong , Khan Ash
Published: June 2019

The assumptions implicit in the simplified expressions used to convert the torque-rotational speed data of parallel-disk viscometry into rim shear rate and rim shear stress are identified. The rim shear stress generated by the simplified expression is compared against the actual rim shear stress. The error involved is quantified for two standard rheological models and for a set of laboratory data. Under normal operation conditions of parallel-disk viscometers this error was found to be within the acceptable limit. However, for highly shear thinning fluids and for fluids exhibiting yield stress this error can become very large. The suitability of the approximate rim shear stress in wall slip determination is then briefly discussed.
Genetic Programming Approach for Flow of Steady State Fluid Between Two Eccentric Spheres
Authors: El-Bakry Mostafa Y. , Radi Amr
Published: June 2019

Genetic Programming (GP) is used to estimate the functions that describe the torque and the force acting on the external sphere due to steady state motion of viscoelastic fluid between two eccentric spheres. The GP has been running based on experimental data of the torque at different eccentricities to produce torque for each target eccentricity. The angular velocity of the inner sphere and the eccentricity of the two spheres have been used as input variables to find the discovered functions. The experimental, calculated and predicted torque and forces are compared. The discovered function shows a good match to the experimental data. We find that the GP technique is a good new mechanism of determination of the force and torque of fluid in eccentric sphere model.
Shear Rate Corrections for Herschel-Bulkley Fluids in Couette Geometry
Authors: Kelessidis Vassilios C. , Maglione Roberto
Published: June 2019

A methodology is presented to invert the flow equation of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid in Couette concentric cylinder geometry, thus enabling simultaneous computation of the true shear rates, γ̇HB, and of the three Herschel-Bulkley rheological parameters. The errors made when these rheological parameters are computed using Newtonian shear rates, γ̇N, as it is normal practice by research and industry personnel, can then be estimated. Quantification of these errors has been performed using narrow gap viscometer data from literature, with most of them taken with oil-field rheometers. The results indicate that significant differences exist between the yield stress and the flow behavior index computed using γ̇HB versus the parameters obtained using γ̇N and this is an outcome of the higher γ̇HB values. Predicted true shear rates and rheological parameters are in very good agreement with results reported by other investigators, who have followed different approaches to invert the flow equation, both for yield-pseudoplastic and power-law fluids.
Aging, Rejuvenation and Thixotropy in Complex Fluids: Time-dependence of the Viscosity at Rest and under Constant Shear Rate or Shear Stress
Authors: Quemada Daniel
Published: June 2019

Complex fluids exhibit time-dependent changes in viscosity that have been ascribed to both thixotropy and aging. However, there is no consensus for which phenomenon is the origin of which changes. A novel thixotropic model is defined that incorporates aging. Conditions under which viscosity changes are due to thixotropy and aging are unambiguously defined. Viscosity changes in a complex fluid during a period of rest after destructuring exhibit a bifurcation at a critical volume fraction ϕc2. For volume fractions less than ϕc2 the viscosity remains finite in the limit t →∞. For volume fractions above critical the viscosity grows without limit, so aging occurs at rest. At constant shear rate there is no bifurcation, whereas under constant shear stress the model predicts a new bifurcation in the viscosity at a critical stress σB, identical to the yield stress σy observed under steady conditions. The divergence of the viscosity for σ≤σB is best defined as aging. However, for σ > σB, where the viscosity remains finite, it seems preferable to use the concepts of restructuring and destructuring, rather than aging and rejuvenation. Nevertheless, when a stress σA(≤σB) is applied during aging, slower aging is predicted and discussed as true rejuvenation. Plastic behaviour is predicted under steady conditions when σ > σB. The Herschel-Bulkley model fits the flow curve for stresses close to σB, whereas the Bingham model gives a better fit for σ >> σB. Finally, the model’s predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental data from the literature for the transient behaviour of laponite gels.
New Driving Unit for the Direct Measurement of Yield Stress with a Stress Controlled Rheometer
Authors: Shahnazian Hamid , Odenbach Stefan
Published: June 2019

Investigations of rheological properties of ferrofluids have shown strong changes of the viscosity in magnetic fluids with an applied magnetic field. The change of the viscosity – the magnetoviscous effect – can theoretically be described with chain and structure formation under the influence of a magnetic field. Moreover, the formation of these structures leads to the appearance of viscoelastic effects or other non-Newtonian features like yield stress in ferrofluids with an applied magnetic field. With a shear rate controlled rheometer – as it as been used in former experiments – the yield stress could not be investigated directly. Therefore the results concerning a field dependent yield stress based on an extrapolation of shear controlled measurements. For the direct investigations of the yield stress, a dedicated stress controlled rheometer is required, allowing direct investigations of the magnitude and field dependence of this effect. In this work the design of the stress controlled rheometer with its main parameters has been described in detail. The rheological investigations with differently composed fluids show that the stress controlled rheometer enables direct measurements of even small yield stresses in ferrofluids as well as large effects like they are found in magnetorheological fluids (MRF).
Evaluation of Slip Effects in the Capillary Flow of Foams
Authors: Bekkour Karim
Published: June 2019

Foams have been prepared from water added with a surfactant (Sodium-Dodecyl-Sulfate, SDS) and a polymer (Poly-Ethylene-Oxide, PEO) at different concentrations. This work was devoted to a study of the flow properties of the foams. The pressure drops were measured during flow in capillary tubes (2.5, 3.5 and 4 mm) in laminar regime. It was found a strong dependence of the flow curves on capillary diameter showing that pronounced wall slip effects exist. Two known approaches were applied to quantify the slip velocity: (a) the Mooney method, in which the key assumption is that the slip velocity depends only on the wall shear stress, was not applicable and (b) the Oldroyd-Jastrzebski method, in which the assumption is that the slip velocity depends not only on the wall shear stress but also on the flow geometry, yielded satisfactory results. The determination of the pressure drop coefficient showed that the Metzner and Reed correlation, i.e., the Reynolds analogy based on the generalised Reynolds number, could be applied if the data are corrected for slip effects.
Rheological Study of the Interfacial Crosslinking Reaction in Reactive Polymer Blends
Authors: Cirman C. , Bouquey M. , Terrisse J. , Muller R.
Published: June 2019

Two reactive methacrylic polymers were synthesized by copolymerization of isobutylmethacrylate with a small amount of either methacrylic acid or glycidyl methacrylate. In a molten blend, the condensation reaction between the acid and epoxy groups leads to crosslinking at the interface between the domains formed by the two polymers. This reaction was followed by dynamic mechanical measurements in the melt. Blends were prepared by compression molding a mixture of pellets of controlled size and then by shearing these samples in a cone and plate rheometer up to different values of total shear strain, thus achieving different values of interfacial area per unit volume. Since the two copolymers are miscible, a homogeneous blend could be obtained by coprecipitation and was considered as a limiting case for high values of interfacial area. The glass transition temperature of the polymers was well below the temperature at which the kinetics of the condensation reaction becomes significant. It was therefore possible to separate the creation of interface by shearing from the interfacial crosslinking reaction, which was induced by increasing the temperature. For the blends with the highest values of interfacial area, the viscoelastic properties in the melt after reaction revealed a low frequency plateau for the storage modulus G’, whose level increases almost linearly with the amount of applied shear strain.
On the importance of cryptographic agility for industrial automation
Authors: Paul Sebastian , Niethammer Melanie
Published: June 2019

Cryptographic primitives do not remain secure, they deteriorate over time. On the one hand increasing computing power leads to more powerful attacks on their underlying mathematical problems. On the other hand quantum computing threatens to break many widely used cryptographic primitives. The main goal of cryptographic agility is to enable an easy transition to alternative cryptographic schemes. Considering the long lifetime of products within industrial automation, we argue that vendors should strive for cryptographic agility in their products. In this work we motivate cryptographic agility by discussing the threat of quantum computers to modern cryptography. Additionally, we introduce the reader to the concept of post-quantum cryptography. Ultimately, we demonstrate that cryptographic agility requires three elements: 1) cryptographic application programming interfaces, 2) secure update mechanisms and 3) documentation of cryptographic primitives. By providing practical concepts we show how to meet these requirements in software-based systems.
Cyber security and Industry 4.0
Authors: Mehrfeld Jens
Published: June 2019

“Stagnation is death“. This quote can be applied to two aspects. First, it is bad for a company if an outage occurs since then it cannot produce goods anymore and thus can make no more profit. Second, this quote can also refer to the developments leading to Industry 4.0. But what happens if technological progress creates more risks? The following article explores this issue with respect to IT security.
Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid free light chains in Lyme neuroborreliosis – a pilot study
Authors: Tjernberg Ivar , Johansson Marcus , Henningsson Anna J.
Published: June 2019

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free light chains (FLCs) in the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB).

Methods

Serum and CSF levels of κ- and λ-FLC, albumin and total concentration of immunoglobulin M (IgM) were determined together with CSF chemokine CXCL13 in 23 patients with definite LNB, 35 inflammatory neurological disease control (INDC) and 18 non-inflammatory control (NIC) patients. Indices and intrathecal fractions (IFs) of FLC and IgM were calculated.

Results

Significant differences in FLC indices and IFs were found between the LNB group and both control groups, p ≤ 0.007. Sensitivity of intrathecal κ- and λ-FLC synthesis reached 78%–87% in LNB patients with a specificity of 94%–100% in NIC patients, whereas specificity in INDC patients was 69%. The corresponding frequencies of positive results for IF and index of IgM and CSF CXCL13 in these three diagnostic groups were 74%–96% in LNB patients, 0% in NIC patients and 3%–6% in INDC patients at the chosen cut-off levels.

Conclusions

The findings of this study show a moderate to high sensitivity of CSF κ- and λ-FLC in LNB patients with a high specificity in NIC patients. However, overlap in CSF κ- and λ-FLC levels between LNB and INDC patients calls for caution in the interpretation and limits the diagnostic usefulness in the LNB diagnosis. CSF CXCL13 appears to be the most valuable additional biomarker of LNB aside from routine parameters such as CSF pleocytosis and anti-Borrelia antibody index.
Effect of confined electrolyte volumes on galvanic corrosion kinetics in statically loaded materials
Authors: Policastro Steven A. , Hangarter Carlos M. , Anderson Rachel M. , Friedersdorf Fritz
Published: June 2019

This work investigates the effects that the confined volume of atmospheric electrolytes has on the galvanic corrosion kinetics of a martensitic stainless steel alloy, UNS S13800, coupled with UNS A97075 in simulated atmospheric environments at relative humidity values that span the range of operational exposures. Restricted volumes found in thin films and droplets have been shown to control reduction reaction kinetics and are an ongoing challenge to characterize and standardize. This, along with the dynamic and high concentration of aggressive ions found in confined electrolytes, creates a unique corrosion system that requires a multifaceted approach to evaluate varied conditions, compare them with traditional measurements, and more accurately predict galvanic atmospheric corrosion. In this work, corrosion currents in galvanic couples were obtained under two environmental conditions: (1) bulk electrolytes, in a standardized test configuration, with chemistries relevant to atmospheric electrolytes; and (2) deliquesced droplets formed and equilibrated at a given temperature and relative humidity value. The corrosion currents for the same galvanic couple specimens were evaluated, using an atmospheric corrosion model, under a thin film electrolyte while statically loaded and unloaded, at two nominally different locations, e.g. Alexandria, VA, and Miami, FL, on the same date, using recorded weather conditions. The modeled corrosion currents were then compared with the currents obtained from the experimental conditions.
When do small fatigue cracks propagate and when are they arrested?
Authors: Stanzl-Tschegg Stefanie E.
Published: June 2019

The formation of small and long cracks and their propagation or arrest are treated drawing special attention to the (a) impact of environment and (b) several loading parameters (R-ratio, stress/strain-amplitude, constant-amplitude and variable-amplitude loading, superimposed loading, ultrasonic fatigue loading, and frequency effects) for three groups of metallic materials (two high-strength steels, 7075 and 2024 Al alloys, polycrystalline copper). The influence of these parameters on lifetimes and fatigue crack propagation behavior being determined by microstructural features on all levels of magnification (ranging from several millimeters to nanometers) is presented. A review of the state of knowledge according to literature is given in the introduction. The following results were obtained, and models for their interpretation were presented: The development (growth or arrest) of small cracks into a long crack is driven by several competing processes (due to material, way of loading, environment, etc.). The environment plays a predominant role. Especially in the high-cycle and very-high cycle regime, the complexity of interacting processes needs further – mainly experimental – investigations. Some further studies relate to different loading conditions and possibilities of testing considering newly developed material. Experiments in high vacuum have to form the basis for studying environmentally assisted fatigue response.
Value Creation in Negotiations of Contractual Warranties and Indemnifications
Authors: Jastrzębski Jacek
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it presents to the broader European audience the thesis of lawyers being the “transaction cost engineers”, with a particular focus on acquisition agreements. Secondly, it applies the terminology of value-creation and value-distribution to the operation of warranty clauses and contractual indemnities. These contractual clauses typically form a significant part of an acquisition agreement and they are frequently among those most heavily negotiated between the parties. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the value considerations underlying these negotiations. Finally, the paper discusses the interplay between a contract’s pricing terms, non-pricing terms (like warranty clauses and contractual indemnities) and the bargaining power of the parties. Again, the focus is on acquisition agreements, where the interplay between these factors is determined by the structure of an M&A transaction process.
Synthesis and characterization of a polyisocyanide with thioether pendant caused an oxidation-triggered helix-to-helix transition
Authors: Guo Li-Yuan , Zhang Han , Huang Sheng-Tang , Di Man , Yao Gang , Wu Shi
Published: June 2019

Stimuli responsive helical polymers have attracted wide attention and many polymers responsive to the external stimuli have been synthesized. But, only a few examples have been reported regarding the redox-induced helicity inversion helical polymers. The polyisocyanide including thioether pendant (poly-MBTIP) was synthesized by polymerization of methyl (R)-3-(benzylthio)-2-isocyanopropanoate (MBTIP) monomer using NiCl2·6H2O as catalytic agent in dry DCM. The chiroptical and oxidation properties of the poly-MBTIP are investigated. The poly-MBTIPs exhibit intense specific optical rotations and Cotton effects compared to the monomer, strongly suggesting a helical conformation of the polymer backbone. Additionally, the thioether pendant of poly-MBTIP backbone was oxidized to sulfoxide group by H2O2. Interestingly, the specific optical rotations and Cotton effects of poly-MBTIP oxidized are reversed, probably suggesting a helical conformation inversion.
Conetworks on the base of polystyrene with poly(methyl methacrylate) paired polymers
Authors: Kizhnyaev Valery N. , Pokatilov Fedor A. , Shabalin Alexey I. , Zhitov Roman G.
Published: June 2019

It is found that forced (reactive) blending of polystyrene (PS) with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) involves the covalent binding of heterogeneous macromolecules to afford the paired polymers. For this purpose, the “anchor” N-H unsubstituted tetrazole or oxirane functional groups are preliminarily introduced in the structure of both polymers in a small amount that leads to a covalent binding of the heterogeneous macromolecules. The reaction between the modified PS and PMMA is carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene and dichloroethane (DCE) at a high total concentration of polymers (10-20 g dL-1). The process is accompanied by gel-formation to deliver cross-linked paired polymers It is established that the highest rate of the paired polymer is attained in the DCE medium, while the lowest rate is observed in DMF. For paired polymers synthesized in DMF, two glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 92°C and 104°C correspond to the original PS and PMMA, respectively. The products of forced blending of PS and PMMA in toluene have one averaged Tg value (99°C), whereas those obtained in DCE show no pronounced glass transition region at 90 ÷ 115°C. In toluene or DCE, the paired polymers are formed, which represent single-phase systems having one glass transition region.
On conjugation orbits of semisimple pairs in rank one
Authors: Gongopadhyay Krishnendu , Kalane Sagar B.
Published: June 2019

We consider the Lie groupsSU⁢(n,1){\mathrm{SU}(n,1)}andSp⁢(n,1){\mathrm{Sp}(n,1)}that act as isometries of the complex and the quaternionic hyperbolic spaces, respectively. We classify pairs of semisimple elements inSp⁢(n,1){\mathrm{Sp}(n,1)}andSU⁢(n,1){\mathrm{SU}(n,1)}up to conjugacy. This gives local parametrization of the representations ρ inHom⁢(F2,G)/G{{\mathrm{Hom}}({\mathrm{F}}_{2},G)/G}such that bothρ⁢(x){\rho(x)}andρ⁢(y){\rho(y)}are semisimple elements inG, whereF2=〈x,y〉{{\mathrm{F}}_{2}=\langle x,y\rangle},G=Sp⁢(n,1){G=\mathrm{Sp}(n,1)}orSU⁢(n,1){\mathrm{SU}(n,1)}. We use thePSp⁢(n,1){{\mathrm{PSp}}(n,1)}-configuration spaceM⁢(n,i,m-i){{\mathrm{M}}(n,i,m-i)}of orderedm-tuples of distinct points in𝐇ℍn¯{\overline{{\mathbf{H}}_{{\mathbb{H}}}^{n}}}, where the firstipoints in anm-tuple are boundary points, to classify the semisimple pairs. Further, we also classify points onM⁢(n,i,m-i){{\mathrm{M}}(n,i,m-i)}.
A Lowpass Filter Design Using Curved and Fountain Shaped Resonators
Authors: Roshani Sobhan , Dehghani Khatereh , Roshani Saeed
Published: June 2019

In this paper a new lowpass filter (LPF) with curved line resonators and fountain shaped resonators is proposed. The proposed filter has achieved wide stopband, compact size, sharp roll-off rate and low return loss. Two tapered resonators are used to produce transmission zeros and widen the stopband. Also, a fountain shaped resonator is proposed using curved transmission lines to obtain good sharpness in the filter response. The cut-off frequency of the designed LPF is 1.74 GHz and the overall size of the designed LPF is 0.135 λg × 0.132 λgwhere λgis the guided wavelength at the cut-off frequency. The results show that the overall size of the lowpass filter could be reduced using curved line resonators and curved transmission lines.
In vitro import experiments with semi-intact cells suggest a role of the Sec61 paralog Ssh1 in mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Laborenz Janina , Hansen Katja , Prescianotto-Baschong Cristina , Spang Anne , Herrmann Johannes M.
Published: June 2019

Mitochondrial biogenesis relies on the synthesis of hundreds of different precursor proteins in the cytosol and their subsequent import into the organelle. Recent studies suggest that the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) actively contributes to the targeting of some mitochondrial precursors. In the past, in vitro import experiments with isolated mitochondria proved to be extremely powerful to elucidate the individual reactions of the mitochondrial import machinery. However, this in vitro approach is not well suited to study the influence of non-mitochondrial membranes. In this study, we describe an in vitro system using semi-intact yeast cells to test a potential import relevance of the ER proteins Erg3, Lcb5 and Ssh1, all being required for efficient mitochondrial respiration. We optimized the conditions of this experimental test system and found that cells lacking Ssh1, a paralog of the Sec61 translocation pore, show a reduced import efficiency of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Our results suggest that Ssh1, directly or indirectly, increases the efficiency of the biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins. Our findings are compatible with a functional interdependence of the mitochondrial and the ER protein translocation systems.
Evaluation of a comprehensive sexuality education program in La Romana, Dominican Republic
Authors: Richards Sheyla D. , Mendelson Eva , Flynn Gabriella , Messina Luz , Bushley Diane , Halpern Mina , Amesty Silvia , Stonbraker Samantha
Published: June 2019

Background

The Dominican Republic (DR) has some of the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and adolescent pregnancy in the Caribbean. Well-designed comprehensive sexuality education programs (CSEP) can reduce risky sexual behavior. This study sought to evaluate the Módulo Anexo Materno Infantil (MAMI) adolescent clinic’s CSEP in changing knowledge of STI and pregnancy and attitudes towards risky sexual behavior following implementation.

Methods

A mixed methods study was conducted among students aged 11–25 years from three schools between September 2017 and February 2018. Participants in MAMI CSEP completed questionnaires, before, immediately following, and 3 months following the CSEP. Questions assessed knowledge, attitude, and sexual experience, and obtained program feedback. There was one eight-participant focus group discussion (FGD) per school. Descriptive statistics summarized sample demographics and cross-sectional responses. McNemar’s test evaluated differences in the proportions of students selecting correct responses over time. Paired t-tests compared mean test scores across time.

Result

Overall response rate was 98.7% (1414/1432), with 486 pre-tests, 448 initial post-tests, and 480 3-month post-tests. Respondents identified as 53.5% (321/600) female and 46.5% (279/600) male with mean age of 14.2 years. More males (63.4%) reported sexual experience than females (35.8%) (p < 0.001). Increases in mean scores from pre-test to post-test and pre-test to 3-month post-test were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Three themes arose from the FGDs: (1) expanding sexual and reproductive health knowledge, (2) perception of curricular content, structure and delivery, and (3) student-health educator dynamic.

Conclusion

Improvement in test scores supports MAMI CSEP’s efficacy in educating students and reinforcing positive attitudes to reduce risky sexual behavior. Utilizing an interactive health educator model provided students with clear, accurate information in a safe environment with mutual trust. Selecting health educators employed by an adolescent clinic allows them to connect students to preventive and treatment services during the CSEP.
The Web as a legal language resource
Authors: Giampieri Patrizia
Published: June 2019

The literature has long explored the Web as corpus for language research and practice. However, little has been written on the Web as a legal language resource. This paper is aimed at exploring the Web as a tool which can provide answers to legal language queries. In this respect, it will show how Google advanced search and the WebCorp Web concordancer can shed light on legal language and bring recurrent patterns to the surface. To this aim, a few issues will be addressed touching upon the query search syntax, the choice of the best translation candidates, the extraction of frequent collocations, the noticing of high recurrences, etc. Considering the shortcomings and the advantages of Google advanced search and of the WebCorp Web concordancer, the paper findings will argue that the Web as corpus can be a reliable legal language resource as long as a selection of tools are used, and the query syntax is accurate.
Meaning construction and judicial identification: Difficulties and countermeasures of criminal regulation of illegal fundraising behavior on online P2P lending platforms
Authors: Peng Xinlin , Luo Xiaoshuang , Li Jian
Published: June 2019

At present, there exist several difficulties in the criminal regulation of illegal fundraising activities on China’s P2P platforms, such as discovering, identifying, tracking, and preventing. To solve these difficulties in the criminal regulations, this study applies the problem-oriented approach to evaluate the meaning constructions of illegal fundraising behavior on online P2P lending platforms in the corresponding judicial identifications, that is, judicial regulations and interpretations. After analyzing the judicial documents of 192 criminal cases in China, this study finds that it is necessary to actively draw on successful extra-territorial experience, and further establish a reasonable balance between maintaining financial security and promoting financial innovation. Specifically, the judiciary could adjust the current single loose criminal policy into one that combines leniency with rigidity, perfect the criminal law and its interpretation system of illegal fundraising behavior on P2P platforms, strengthen the connection mechanism of punishment and execution, explore the specialized case-handling mechanism, and implement a case guidance system.