bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Safety Assessment of Drilling Operations in the Marcellus-Shale Gas Development
Authors: Olawoyin Richard , Wang John Y. , Oyewole Samuel A.
Published: January 2013

The process of gas development is intensive and involves risk to theenvironment. Statistics confirm that 0.5 to 1% of wells drilled result in ablowout. Causes of these exploration risks are identified as violations ofenvironmental laws enforced by the Pennsylvania Department of EnvironmentalProtections (DEP), operational pollution (accidental spills and leaks), andoperator's policy. In addressing this concern, a risk-assessment methodologywas used to evaluate all violations by operators in the State of Pennsylvaniafrom January 2008 to November 2010, by use of Statistical Analysis Software(SAS). The most significant causes of environmental damage and risk weredetermined by use of the doubly repeated measure analysis of covariance(ANCOVA). The category effect and interaction effect were used to prove theusefulness of the developed model, which helps explain the safety level of thelocality. There were a total of 2,601 violations between 2008 and 2010committed by 65 different operators in the Marcellus Shale, out of which only27 of the operators showed significance difference based on environmentallydamaging violations (ranked 5 to 10). A statistical comparison was made tounderstand the difference between the operators based on the 2,601 totalviolations. The most significant incidents are ranked [on the basis of Bordacount (Saari 1985)] 3, 5, 9, 10, which accounts for 67% of all the violations.These data reflect several environmental concerns that are currently prevalentin the Marcellus-shale area. This research identifies environmental incidents,causes and effects of exploration risk, and safety impediments in the Marcellusgas play. It also presents guidelines for feasible options to minimizeenvironmental risks and consequently increase the degree of safety in the area.Recommendations on how to mitigate these impending problems are presented.
The Optimal Range of the Nitrogen-Injection Rate in Shale-Gas Well Drilling
Authors: Li Jun , Guo Boyun , Liu Gonghui , Liu Wei
Published: January 2013

Given the downturn of natural-gas prices in North America, it is vitally important to reduce the cost of drilling shale-gas wells. Gas-percussion drilling with nitrogen gas recently has been used in shale-gas field development. It has increased footage capacity by approximately 60%. Because the rate of penetration (ROP) is fast in gas-percussion drilling, it requires injection of an adequate quantity of nitrogen gas to clean the hole. However, a high rate of gas injection often causes wellbore erosion and deviation problems. It is imperative to determine the optimal range of the nitrogen-gas-injection rate that can mitigate the problem.

This paper presents an analytical method for predicting the optimal range of the nitrogen-gas-injection rate required to balance the borehole-cleaning and -integrity issues. The optimal gas-injection rate was sought between the minimal value required for hole cleaning and the maximal permissible value to avoid hole erosion. The minimal value was determined on the basis of Angel's kinetic-energy theory for cuttings removal modified with Charles' theory of particle-grinding energy. The maximum required value was estimated by use of the sonic flow criterion at the bit. Good consistency was observed between the predicted optimal range of gas-injection rate and field problem-free nitrogen-gas-injection rates. This paper provides drilling engineers a practical tool for designing the optimal range of nitrogen-gas-injection rate to cut shale-gas drilling cost.
Art Psychotherapy & Narrative Therapy An Account of Practitioner Research
Authors: Linnell Sheridan
Published: January 2013

This book is a personal, political and philosophical exploration of doing both therapy and research: an enquiry into how the process of therapy shapes the therapist as well as the client, and how the researcher is shaped by her research. A guiding theme is the proposal, following Foucault and Nikolas Rose, that psychotherapy is constituted, through forms of modern power, as a crucial contemporary site of both governance and resistance. As well as giving an account of the author's clinical and research practices as an art psychotherapist and narrative therapist, the book offers a highly readable introduction to poststructural theory and innovative social sciences methodologies, while expanding the understanding and practice of these theories and methodologies. The book embodies and performs what it describes, engaging readers far more strongly in complex theoretical material than is possible in an expository text. The poststructural, autoethnographic approach taken in this book is unique in the field of the arts therapies.
A novel method for data conflict resolution using multiple rules
Authors: Yong-Xin Zhang , Qing-Zhong Li , Zhao-Hui Peng
Published: January 2013

In data integration, data conflict resolution is the crucial issue which is
closely correlated with the quality of integrated data. Current research
focuses on resolving data conflict on single attribute, which does not
consider not only the conflict degree of different attributes but also the
interrelationship of data conflict resolution on different attributes, and it
can reduce the accuracy of resolution results. This paper proposes a novel
two-stage data conflict resolution based on Markov Logic Networks. Our
approach can divide attributes according to their conflict degree, then
resolves data conflicts in the following two steps: (1)For the week
conflicting attributes, we exploit a few common rules to resolve data
conflicts, such rules as voting and mutual implication between facts.
(2)Then, we resolve the strong conflicting attributes based on results from
the first step. In this step, additional rules are added in rules set, such
rules as inter-dependency between sources and facts, mutual dependency
between sources and the influence of week conflicting attributes to strong
conflicting attributes. Experimental results using a large number of
real-world data collected from two domains show that the proposed approach
can significantly improve the accuracy of data conflict resolution.
A viewpoint of Tanzania e-commerce and implementation barriers
Authors: Oreku George , Mtenzi Fredrick , Ali Al-Dahoud
Published: January 2013

The growing rate of ICT utilization particularly the Internet and mobile
phones has influenced at an exponential rate online interaction and
communication among the generality of the populace. However, with the
enormity of businesses on the Internet, Tanzania is yet to harness the
opportunities for optimal financial gains. This study is exploratory in
nature as it attempts to unveil the prospects of ecommerce implementation,
participation, motivation and opportunity to the developing countries like
Tanzania where by the domestic market is very big to ensure the growth of
agricultural sector. The paper proposes to investigate the ability of
consumers to purchase online, the available motivation to do so, and the
opportunities for Internet access. We argue the Government and central bank
to encourage innovative new technological developments by pre-regulating
electronic money to familiarize itself with electronic money schemes
generally. Findings revealed that Tanzanians have the ability to participate
in e-commerce, but there is need for improved national image to bring in the
element of trust and discipline within, and before the international
communities. Currently, consumers source for information online but make
purchases the traditional way.
Modeling and verifying the Ariadne protocol using process algebra
Authors: Wu Xi , Zhu Huibiao , Zhao Yongxin , Wang Zheng , Si Liu
Published: January 2013

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by mobile nodes
without the support of prior stationary infrastructures. In such networks,
routing protocols, particularly secure ones are always the essential parts.
Ariadne, an efficient and well-known on-demand secure protocol of MANETs,
mainly concerns about how to prevent a malicious node from compromising the
route. In this paper, we apply the method of process algebra Communicating
Sequential Processes (CSP) to model and reason about the Ariadne protocol,
focusing on the process of its route discovery. In our framework, we consider
the communication entities as CSP processes, including the initiator, the
intermediate nodes and the target. Moreover, we also propose an intruder
model allowing the intruder to learn and deduce much information from the
protocol and the environment. Note that the modeling approach is also
applicable to other protocols, which are based on the on-demand routing
protocols and have the route discovery process. Finally, we use PAT, a model
checker for CSP, to verify whether the model caters for the specification and
the non-trivial secure properties, e.g. nonexistence of fake path. Three case
studies are given and the verification results naturally demonstrate that the
fake routing attacks may be present in the Ariadne protocol.
Influence of malocclusion on the development of masticatory function and mandibular growth
Authors: Nakamura Aya , Zeredo Jorge L. , Utsumi Dai , Fujishita Ayumi , Koga Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Noriaki
Published: January 2013

Objective

To verify the hypothesis that appropriate acquisition of masticatory function and normal growth of the mandible are modified by malocclusion.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen Jcl:ICR mice were divided into two groups. In one group we shifted the mandible laterally using an occlusal guidance appliance, creating a posterior crossbite at 5 weeks of age. The other group served as control. After 10 weeks, three-dimensional jaw movements and muscle activities were recorded simultaneously during mastication. Microcomputed tomography scans were obtained in vivo to evaluate morphometric changes in the mandible.

Results

(1) The jaw movement pattern in the sagittal plane showed significantly less anteroposterior excursion in the malocclusion group during the late-closing phase (power phase). (2) Electromyography showed significantly less masseter activity in the malocclusion group. (3) The condylar width and mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly reduced in the malocclusion mice compared to the normal mice.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that optimization of the chewing pattern and acquisition of appropriate masticatory function is impeded by malocclusion. Altered mechanical loading to the mandible may cause significant reduction of condylar width and mandibular BMD.
Current Practice Patterns and Identified Educational Needs of Health Care Providers in Managing Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Williamson J. Chad , Glauser Terry A. , Nevins P. Holder , Schneider Doron , Kruger Davida F. , Urquhart B. Scott , Whitfield Suzanne F. , Dubois Anne Marie
Published: January 2013

IN BRIEF

This article describes the results of surveys distributed to a national audience of specialty, primary care, and allied health care providers (HCPs) who manage patients with type 2 diabetes on a daily basis. The results provide insights into current educational needs and can inform the design and development of education programs for these HCPs.
Evaluation of Resin Composite Translucency by Two Different Methods
Authors: Kim D-H , Park S-H
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was 1) to compare the translucency of seven different types of composite materials and three different shade categories (dentin, enamel, and translucent) by determining the translucency parameter (TP) and light transmittance (%T) and 2) to evaluate the correlation between the results of the two evaluation methods. Three shades (dentin A3, enamel A3, and clear translucent) of seven composite materials (Beautifil II [BF], Denfil [DF], Empress Direct [ED], Estelite Sigma Quick [ES], Gradia Direct [GD], Premise [PR], and Tetric N-Ceram [TC]) from different manufacturers were screened in this study. Ten disk-shaped specimens (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness) were prepared for each material. For the TP measurements, the colors of each specimen were recorded according to the CIELAB color scale against white and black backgrounds with a colorimeter and used to calculate the TP value. For the %T measurements, the mean direct transmittance through the specimen in the range between 380 and 780 nm was recorded using a spectrometer and computer software. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to compare the TP and %T for the composite materials and shade categories. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for the seven composite materials per shade category and the three shade categories per composite material. The correlation between the two evaluation methods was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. All statistical procedures were performed within a 95% confidence level. TP differed significantly by composite material within each shade category (p<0.05) and by shade category within each composite material (p<0.05). %T differed significantly by composite material within each shade category (p<0.05) and by shade categories within each composite material (p<0.05), except for BF and ES. For the two evaluation methods, TP and %T, were positively correlated (r=0.626, p<0.05). These methods showed strong correlation for each composite material except ES (r=0.763-0.992, p<0.05) and moderate correlation for each shade category (r=0.403-0.528, p<0.05).
Surface Properties of Dental Nanocomposites After Finishing WithRigid Rotary Instruments
Authors: Marchan SM , White D , Marchan QM , Dhuru V , Smith WA
Published: January 2013

This study evaluated the surface characteristics of three nanoparticle resin composites (Z350, Heritage 7 Nanohybrid, and Ice) using profilometry and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) after subjecting them to sequential finishing procedures using rigid rotary instruments. Fifteen 8 mm × 8 mm × 2 mm specimens were fabricated for each tested composite and subjected to one of the following finishing regimens: finishing with green stones followed by white stones, finishing with 45-μm diamond followed by 15-μm diamond, finishing with a 12-fluted carbide followed by a 20-fluted carbide. After finishing, the surfaces were subjected to profilometric testing. Eight parallel tracings were used to scan the finished surface of each specimen. For each recorded profile, the average roughness (Ra) and extreme value descriptor (Rmax) were recorded. On completion of the profilometric testing, two specimens from each group were randomly selected for qualitative assessment by SEM. Profilometric data was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffe tests. The results demonstrated that the three control groups of the tested nanocomposites behaved as a coherent group with respect to surface roughness. With the exception of the nanohybrid Heritage 7 finished with the carbide instruments, all composites showed an increase in surface roughness.

The Z350 and Ice finished with the carbide finishing instruments showed no statistically significant increase in Ra, but both of these composites showed significantly rougher surfaces when finished with diamonds compared with controls. The nanohybrids Ice and Heritage 7 demonstrated significantly higher roughness in terms of Rmax when finished with stones. The SEM correlated well with roughness measurements. The conclusion may be drawn that diamonds and stones produce unacceptable surfaces in terms of roughness on the tested nanocomposites whereas finishing carbides produce acceptable surfaces.
Bond Strength of Self-etch Adhesives After Saliva Contamination at Different Application Steps
Authors: Cobanoglu N , Unlu N , Ozer FF , Blatz MB
Published: January 2013

This study evaluated and compared the effect of saliva contamination and possible decontamination methods on bond strengths of two self-etching adhesive systems (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE], Optibond Solo Plus SE [OSE]). Flat occlusal dentin surfaces were created on 180 extracted human molar teeth. The two bonding systems and corresponding composite resins (Clearfil AP-X, Kerr Point 4) were bonded to the dentin under six surface conditions (n=15/group): group 1 (control): primer/bonding/composite; group 2: saliva/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 3: primer/saliva/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 4: primer/saliva/rinsing/drying/bonding/composite; group 5: primer/bonding (cured)/saliva/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite; group 6: primer/bonding (cured)/saliva/removing contaminated layer with a bur/rinsing/drying/primer/bonding/composite. Shear bond strength was tested after specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analyses. For CSE, groups 2, 3, and 4 and for OSE, groups 6, 2, and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths than the control group (p<0.05). CSE groups 5 and 6 and OSE groups 3 and 5 revealed bond strengths similar to the control. When saliva contamination occurred after light polymerization of the bonding agent, repeating the bonding procedure recovered the bonding capacity of both self-etch adhesives. However, saliva contamination before or after primer application negatively affected their bond strength.
Hypoplastic Enamel Treatment in Permanent Anterior Teeth of a Child
Authors: Carvalho LD , Bernardon JK , Bruzi G , Andrada MAC , Vieira LCC
Published: January 2013

In some patients with labial white stains involving the enamel and dentin, bleaching associated with a restorative procedure using composites may be an appropriate treatment alternative. Although bleaching makes the teeth and the stain whiter, the staining is less evident and easier to restore. Restorative procedures using adequate composites may then recover the natural optical properties while also providing appropriate mechanical properties, thereby ensuring the longevity of the treatment. In this article, the clinical case of a 9-year-old patient who reported dissatisfaction with her smile because of the presence of hypoplastic enamel staining at the central superior and inferior incisors is reported. The treatment consisted of a bleaching protocol followed by composite resin restorations using the stratification technique. The final esthetic result demonstrated the possibility of obtaining a natural smile with an adequate color and natural-looking restorations, thereby ensuring the esthetics and the patient's functional satisfaction.
Investigation of superexcited states in molecular deuterium
Authors: Smolin Andrey , Li Juan , Mo Yuxiang , Vasyutinskii Oleg
Published: January 2013

A high-resolution VUV laser absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the photon-induced ion-pair formation in D2 in the spectral region from 140117.4 to 140732.0 cm−1. We report determination of photoionization efficiency in ortho-para D2 in supersonic molecular beam with energy resolution of 0.1 cm−1. The assignment of the superexcited D2 Rydberg states is done based on the quantum defect theory.
On the geometry of the space-time and motion of the spinning bodies
Authors: Trenčevski Kostadin
Published: January 2013

In this paper an alternative theory about space-time is given. First some preliminaries about 3-dimensional time and the reasons for its introduction are presented. Alongside the 3-dimensional space (S) the 3-dimensional space of spatial rotations (SR) is considered independently from the 3-dimensional space. Then it is given a model of the universe, based on the Lie groups of real and complex orthogonal 3 × 3 matrices in this 3+3+3-dimensional space. Special attention is dedicated for introduction and study of the space S × SR, which appears to be isomorphic to SO(3,ℝ) × SO(3,ℝ) or S
3 × S
3. The influence of the gravitational acceleration to the spinning bodies is considered. Some important applications of these results about spinning bodies are given, which naturally lead to violation of Newton’s third law in its classical formulation. The precession of the spinning axis is also considered.
Geological modeling of rock type domains in the Balya (Turkey) lead-zinc deposit using plurigaussian simulation
Authors: Yunsel Tayfun , Ersoy Adem
Published: January 2013

Mineral resource evaluation requires defining geological rock-type domains. The traditional simulation methods have serious limitations for applications to large numbers of domains, which have complex contact relations. Plurigaussian simulation is an effective method which can be applied, in a simple way, to any number of domains, using both local and global geological information to infer the distributions of rock types. This work not only presents the application of the plurigaussian simulation method to the Balya lead-zinc deposit, but also assesses the spatially varying rock type proportions, and accounts for uncertainties between them. These parameters are extremely important for mining deposits, since the mineralizations of interest generally occur only in certain rock types. Furthermore, being able to model the different geological rock types is vital to good mine operations, production planning, and management. The results indicate that the plurigaussian method correctly reproduces the different orientations of the individual rock types, as seen in drill holes, and the proportion of each rock type, even if this varies in space.
Teacher Value-Added at the High-School Level
Authors: Goldhaber Dan D. , Goldschmidt Pete , Tseng Fannie
Published: January 2013

This article reports on findings based on analyses of a unique dataset collected by ACT that includes information on student achievement in a variety of subjects at the high-school level. The authors examine the relationship between teacher effect estimates derived from value-added model (VAM) specifications employing different student learning assumptions. Specifically, they compare teacher effectiveness estimates derived from a traditional lagged score VAM using pretests and posttests in a single subject area to those derived from VAM specifications employing a cross-subject student fixed-effects approach. The latter approach offers advantages for teacher evaluation systems due to significantly reduced data requirements; however, there is evidence that both the estimated effect size of teacher quality as well as estimates of individual teacher performance vary depending on the VAM methodology. In particular, teacher effects identified based on within-student cross-subject variation results in significantly smaller effect size estimates than do those generated from a more traditional lagged score model. The correlation across model specification ranges from .25 to .96 depending on the subject area.
Verification of Recommended Load and Resistance Factor Design and Construction of Piles in Cohesive Soils
Authors: Ng Kam W. , Sritharan Sri , Dunker Kenneth F. , DeBoer Danielle
Published: January 2013

To enhance regional design and construction practices for driven piles, FHWA permitted the development of regional resistance factors for the design of foundation piles. By fitting allowable stress design safety factors to the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) framework, several state departments of transportation (DOTs), including the Iowa DOT, have adopted interim procedures. Subsequently, an LRFD procedure that incorporates setup was developed for piles in cohesive soils through comprehensive research in Iowa. The proposed LRFD procedure used an Iowa DOT in-house static analysis method and the wave equation analysis program for construction control. To verify the adequacy of the proposed procedure and investigate its economic implications, differences in pile design between the interim and the proposed LRFD procedures were evaluated on the basis of independent data collected from more than 600 production steel H-piles driven in cohesive soils. This study concluded that the proposed LRFD procedure would not significantly increase the design and construction costs. The incorporation of pile setup into the LRFD procedure was found to provide additional economic benefits. Although the current Iowa DOT policy is to drive piles to the contract length, if a suitable pile termination procedure were used once the desired resistance was achieved, a general saving of 20% in pile length would be anticipated for both procedures. Although the research and findings presented in this paper are specific to a local area, these methods could be adopted nationally to increase the efficiency of bridge foundations for all states.
Toward a Better Understanding of Benefits of Geosynthetics Embedded in Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Vismara Stefania , Molenaar A. A. A. , Crispino Maurizio , Poot M. R.
Published: January 2013

Reflective cracking is a serious issue in asphalt pavements. A common technique for preventive maintenance and rehabilitation is a thin asphalt concrete overlay; however, the application of a reinforcement can be a more suitable solution because such reinforcement can prevent or delay crack propagation. This paper presents research undertaken within a study of asphalt concrete overlays that included geosynthetics. A program of laboratory experiments and detailed analyses was conducted to gain insight into the effect of reinforcement in asphalt pavements by evaluating and quantifying the benefits of geosynthetic interlayers. Two test approaches were used. In the first approach, the specimens were analyzed by means of monotonic tests to investigate the bond at the interface and the contribution of the reinforcement to tensile strength. The results of the direct shear test indicated that the geosynthetic was able to guarantee a good bond at the interface, even at the end of the test. In the second approach, a nonconventional fatigue test was adopted to characterize the reinforced systems’ ability to resist fatigue cracking. X-ray tomography was performed to investigate the void structure of the beams tested under cyclic loadings. The research findings underline the benefits of geosynthetic interlayers embedded in asphalt pavements. The geosynthetics reduce the amplitude of the crack for high displacements and keep the pavement structure intact, even after moderate cracking has occurred in the overlay.
Bacteriological Study Of Post-operative Abdominal Wound Infection- A Case Study
Authors: Johora Fatima Tuz , Ahmed Zakaria
Published: January 2013

Fifty different cases of post-operative abdominal wound infection and per-operative contamination related to wound infection were analized from swabs/pus. Most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli and next was Staplylococcus sp., indicate most wound infection after abdominal surgery is caused by endogenous organism of gastrointestinal tract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.10982 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.86-90
Isolated Nerve Sheath Tumor Of Jejunum Presenting As Acute Abdomen
Authors: Mohanty Jignyasu , Prasad Sujit
Published: January 2013

Nerve sheath tumors of gastrointestinal tract are rare and occurs more frequently as systemic manifestations of generalized neurofibromatosis type-1(NF-1). In neurofibromatosis-1 lesions may be scattered or solitary tumor. Occasionally, such tumors may be the initial presenting feature of NF-1. Rarely, cases of isolated nerve sheath tumor of small intestine presenting with bleeding and obstruction have been documented. We report a 19years male presenting with nerve sheath tumor of jejunum in acute abdomen. His investigations show no features of NF-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.11754 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.91-92
Utility of Biomarkers in Sepsis: Mirror Reflection of Inner Truculent Devil
Authors: Kota Sunil Kumar , Meher Lalit Kumar , Rao Epari Sanjeeva , Jammula Sruti , Kota Siva Krishna , Modi Kirtikumar D
Published: January 2013

There is a plethora of biomarkers proposed and being researched in the field of sepsis. The complex pathophysiology of sepsis involves many mediators of inflammation pertaining to coagulation, complement, contact system activation, inflammation, apoptosis, etc. Markers related to those processes can gauge the degree of sepsis. Compared with localized pathology, the systemic nature and involvement of multiple organs in sepsis gives scope for numerous potential biomarkers. There is no 'gold standard' for the diagnosis of sepsis. Currently available/in-research biomarkers are compared for their efficacy with methods used to diagnose and monitor sepsis such as combination of clinical signs and available laboratory variables. An arbitrary classification of these biomarkers is made and the literature surrounding these markers and their efficacy in diagnosis of sepsis is reviewed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13349 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.17-29
Health conceptions among adolescents of a Bangladeshi rural population
Authors: Khan AKM Dawlat
Published: January 2013

Objective: This study was aimed at understanding adolescents conceptions regarding health. Methodology: This was an empirical study conducted applying qualitative methods in a village at Sylhet district in the northeastern region of Bangladesh. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Result: Most of the adolescents did not have clear conception about the meaning of the term Health in term of WHOs definition. They emphasized that the appearance of body structure is the indicator of health. They divided human body into two parts; inner and outer. The flesh and intestine are covered by skin. Soul is considered as the internal part of body. Respondents explained that female body as less strong than male and female become easily infected. Few adolescents believed health as state of disease free condition. Conclusion: This study revealed that adolescents have diversified thinking on health which demands to provide special attention for improving their understanding on health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i1.13350 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 01 January13 pp.30-33
PAT Design Strategy for Energy Recovery in Water Distribution Networks by Electrical Regulation
Authors: Carravetta Armando , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Fecarotta Oreste , Ramos Helena
Published: January 2013

In the management of water distribution networks, large energy savings can be yielded by exploiting the head drop due to the network pressure control strategy, i.e., for leak reductions. Hydropower in small streams is already exploited, but technical solutions combining efficiency and economic convenience are still required. In water distribution networks, an additional design problem comes out from the necessity of ensuring a required head drop under variable operating conditions, i.e., head and discharge variations. Both a hydraulic regulation (HR)—via a series-parallel hydraulic circuit- and an electrical regulation (ER)—via inverter- are feasible solutions. A design procedure for the selection of a production device in a series-parallel hydraulic circuit has been recently proposed. The procedure, named VOS (Variable Operating Strategy), is based on the overall plant efficiency criteria and is applied to a water distribution network where a PAT (pump as a turbine) is used in order to produce energy. In the present paper the VOS design procedure has been extended to the electrical regulation and a comparison between HR and ER efficiency and flexibility within a water distribution network is shown: HR was found more flexible than ER and more efficient. Finally a preliminary economic study has been carried out in order to show the viability of both systems, and a shorter payback period of the electromechanical equipment was found for HR mode.
Biohydrogen Production by the Thermophilic Bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus: Current Status and Perspectives
Authors: Bielen Abraham , Verhaart Marcel , Van der Oost John , Kengen Servé
Published: January 2013

Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus is one of the most thermophilic cellulolytic organisms known to date. This Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium ferments a broad spectrum of mono-, di- and polysaccharides to mainly acetate, CO2 and hydrogen. With hydrogen yields approaching the theoretical limit for dark fermentation of 4 mol hydrogen per mol hexose, this organism has proven itself to be an excellent candidate for biological hydrogen production. This review provides an overview of the research on C. saccharolyticus with respect to the hydrolytic capability, sugar metabolism, hydrogen formation, mechanisms involved in hydrogen inhibition, and the regulation of the redox and carbon metabolism. Analysis of currently available fermentation data reveal decreased hydrogen yields under non-ideal cultivation conditions, which are mainly associated with the accumulation of hydrogen in the liquid phase. Thermodynamic considerations concerning the reactions involved in hydrogen formation are discussed with respect to the dissolved hydrogen concentration. Novel cultivation data demonstrate the sensitivity of C. saccharolyticus to increased hydrogen levels regarding substrate load and nitrogen limitation. In addition, special attention is given to the rhamnose metabolism, which represents an unusual type of redox balancing. Finally, several approaches are suggested to improve biohydrogen production by C. saccharolyticus.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 5-Hydroxy-8-methoxy-1-oxaspiro[5,5]undeca-7,10-diene-9-one
Authors: Plourde Guy , Scully Thomas
Published: January 2013

A short five steps synthesis of the title compound from vanillin is described. The racemic spiroether 7 was obtained in 61% yield and in >99% diastereomeric excess (by 1H-NMR) from the corresponding phenolic derivative 3 by oxidation with lead (IV) acetate.
Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Acylation Reactions, Scope and Recent Developments
Authors: Blangetti Marco , Rosso Heléna , Prandi Cristina , Deagostino Annamaria , Venturello Paolo
Published: January 2013

Since the first report and due to its handiness and wide scope, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) cross coupling reaction has become a routine methodology in many laboratories worldwide. With respect to other common transition metal catalyzed cross couplings, the SM reaction has been so far less exploited as a tool to introduce an acyl function into a specific substrate. In this review, the various approaches found in the literature will be considered, starting from the direct SM acylative coupling to the recent developments of cross coupling between boronates and acyl chlorides or anhydrides. Special attention will be dedicated to the use of masked acyl boronates, alkoxy styryl and alkoxy dienyl boronates as coupling partners. A final section will be then focused on the acyl SM reaction as key synthetic step in the framework of natural products synthesis.
Safety Monitoring in Clinical Trials
Authors: Yao Bin , Zhu Li , Jiang Qi , Xia H.
Published: January 2013

Monitoring patient safety during clinical trials is a critical component throughout the drug development life-cycle. Pharmaceutical sponsors must work proactively and collaboratively with all stakeholders to ensure a systematic approach to safety monitoring. The regulatory landscape has evolved with increased requirements for risk management plans, risk evaluation and minimization strategies. As the industry transitions from passive to active safety surveillance activities, there will be greater demand for more comprehensive and innovative approaches that apply quantitative methods to accumulating data from all sources, ranging from the discovery and preclinical through clinical and post-approval stages. Statistical methods, especially those based on the Bayesian framework, are important tools to help provide objectivity and rigor to the safety monitoring process.
Biophysical Properties of Cultivated Pastures in the Brazilian Savanna Biome: An Analysis in the Spatial-Temporal Domains Based on Ground and Satellite Data
Authors: Ferreira Laerte , Fernandez Luis , Sano Edson , Field Chris , Sousa Silvio , Arantes Arielle , Araújo Fernando
Published: January 2013

Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd in the world, with cattle ranching being particularly prominent in the 200-million ha, Brazilian neotropical moist savanna biome, known as Cerrado, one of the world’s hotspots for biodiversity conservation. As decreasing productivity is a major concern affecting the Cerrado pasturelands, evaluation of pasture conditions through the determination of biophysical parameters is instrumental for more effective management practices and herd occupation strategies. Within this context, the primary goal of this study was the regional assessment of pasture biophysical properties, through the scaling of wet- and dry-season ground truth data (total biomass, green biomass, and % green cover) via the combined use of high (Landsat-TM) and moderate (MODIS) spatial resolution vegetation index images. Based on the high correlation found between NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and % green cover (r = 0.95), monthly MODIS-based % green cover images were derived for the 2009–2010 hydrological cycle, which were able to capture major regional patterns and differences in pasture biophysical responses, including the increasing greenness values towards the southern portions of the biome, due to both local conditions (e.g., more fertile soils) and management practices. These results corroborate the development of biophysically-based landscape degradation indices, in support of improved land use governance and natural area conservation in the Cerrado.
Characterization of a New Heat Dissipation Matric Potential Sensor
Authors: Matile Luzius , Berger Roman , Wächter Daniel , Krebs Rolf
Published: January 2013

Soil moisture sensors can help to reduce the amount of water needed for irrigation. In this paper we describe the PlantCare soil moisture sensor as a new type of heat dissipation sensor, its calibration and the correction for temperature changes. With the PlantCare sensor it is possible to measure the matric potential indirectly to monitor or control irrigation. This sensor is based on thermal properties of a synthetic felt. After a defined heating phase the cooling time to a threshold temperature is a function of the water content in the synthetic felt. The water content in this porous matrix is controlled by the matric potential in the surrounding soil. Calibration measurements have shown that the sensor is most sensitive to −400 hPa and allows lower sensitivity measurements to −800 hPa. The disturbing effect of the temperature change during the measurement on the cooling time can be corrected by a linear function and the differences among sensors are minimized by a two point calibration.
Géographie du mouvement, géographie en mouvement. La mobilité comme dimension du terrain dans l'étude des migrations
Authors: Brachet Julien
Published: January 2013

Le rapport entre mobilité et terrain en géographie est interrogé à partir d’une recherche menée sur les migrations de transit au Sahara central. L’articulation entre la spatialité de l’objet et la spatialité du chercheur est envisagée selon deux aspects : la mobilité sur le terrain, entre les sites distincts d’un terrain archipélagique, et la mobilité comme terrain, c’est-à-dire en tant que situation privilégiée d’enquête et d’observation en mouvement, à l’intérieur des flux migratoires, permettant de saisir la nature des événements et des constructions sociales éphémères que tout voyage engendre.
Le terrain ? C'est ce qui résiste. Réflexion sur la portée cognitive de l'expérience sensible en géographie
Authors: Labussière Olivier , Aldhuy Julien
Published: January 2013

Une étude des théories non représentationnelles en géographie, parmi lesquelles nous distinguons la pensée de Gilles Deleuze, nous aide à problématiser comment l’expérience sensible, et une plus grande attention au corps, peuvent susciter du nouveau dans le processus d’élaboration des connaissances ( la résistance ). Nous donnons à cette réflexion les modalités d’une étude plus concrète en portant notre regard sur Le Travail en Sicile (Rochefort, 1961). Ceci nous permet d’ouvrir un débat sur le terrain pris comme un ensemble relationnel (chercheur, objet, méthode, aire d’étude) ouvert et évolutif, jalonné par des défis méthodologiques et théoriques directement liés à l’expérience sensible.
L'impact des politiques néolibérales sur l'éducation : tensions entre prise en compte des diversités et standardisation
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Santiago Mylene
Published: January 2013

Cet article se penche sur deux tendances présentes dans les systèmes éducatifs contemporains mais qui sont rarement reliées. Il s’agit de la valorisation des diversités amenées par les élèves à l’école et des réformes éducatives centrées sur les résultats. Dans un premier temps, nous analyserons les raisons qui font qu’au-delà d’une valorisation rhétorique la diversité culturelle des élèves est encore considérée plus comme un problème au lieu d’une opportunité pour l’école. Dans un deuxième temps, nous examinerons la mise en œuvre par les politiques éducatives de réformes centrées sur des orientations d’inspiration néolibérale comme la privatisation, la redevabilité ou la bonne gouvernance. Enfin, nous verrons que la privatisation de l’éducation contribue à la diminution de la mixité socioculturelle dans les écoles et les classes et exclut de nombreux élèves d’une scolarité pouvant leur permettre d’avoir une mobilité sociale.
La tache aveugle de l'émile
Authors: Soëtard Michel
Published: January 2013

Émile ou de l’éducation pose un problème d’interprétation dans le rapport qui s’établit, dès la préface de l’ouvrage, entre l’injonction d’une solide connaissance positive du sujet à éduquer et l’évocation d’un « système » qui prend la forme de « rêveries d’un visionnaire sur l’éducation ». Cette disjonction, encore accentuée par la rupture que marque Rousseau entre « la bonté absolue du projet » et son exécution dans des conditions toujours particulières, a compliqué la démarche de ceux qui ont voulu s’engager dans sa suite. Ce fut le cas des artisans de l’éducation nouvelle au cœur du « creuset des sciences de l’éducation » que fut Genève dans la première moitié du XX e siècle : la constitution d’une « science de l’enfant » n’a pas cessé d’interférer, chez eux, avec une visée « humaniste » qui a le plus souvent pris la forme d’une militance, et qui est demeurée la tache aveugle de la pensée éducative. Et le passage aux « sciences de l’éducation » n’a pas fait disparaître la problématique. C’est à éclairer philosophiquement la dimension « humaniste », dans son rapport avec la « scientifique », et à articuler les deux dans une épistémologie de la pédagogie qui pourrait encore trouver actuellement son utilité, que s’emploie cet article.
Le geste professionnel, du savoir à la compétence : l'exemple de la proportionnalité des doses chez les infirmiers
Authors: Guiet-Silvain Jeanne , Malabry Yvan
Published: January 2013

Le domaine de la santé exige rigueur dans l’application et la qualité des soins. La justesse des calculs de dose lors des traitements médicamenteux engage la responsabilité des infirmiers. Les opérations mathématiques inscrites dans les procédures sont complexes et dans l’urgence des situations, des erreurs tragiques pour les patients peuvent être commises. Pour réinvestir son savoir formel (appris en formation) dans une situation professionnelle, le praticien doit effectuer des opérations intellectuelles qui doivent faire coïncider les catégories préétablies du savoir avec l’ensemble des caractéristiques de la situation rencontrée. Nous avons cherché comment les professionnels développent des compétences pour calculer les doses. Nous avons proposé des tests à soixante élèves infirmiers et mené des entretiens avec quinze infirmiers expérimentés. Ces derniers semblent cultiver deux logiques de fonctionnement : l’une acquise en formation (maîtrise des principes mathématiques) et l’autre au travail, parfois sans liaison entre elles. Ils sortent du modèle dispensé en formation, pour reconstruire des « règles pratiques » qui leur semblent plus adaptées en termes d’ergonomie des savoirs.
Secret et traumatisme : l'expérience des enfants juifs cachés en Belgique
Authors: Fohn Adeline
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article a pour but d’appréhender l’impact psychique de la mise au secret à un âge précoce, chez des sujets victimes de traumatismes multiples. Pour ce faire, 45 témoignages d’anciens enfants juifs cachés en Belgique ont été récoltés. En effet, le secret et le silence revêtent une place importante dans leur histoire. Nous constatons que, chez les enfants juifs cachés, le secret comme fait relationnel induit peu à peu un fonctionnement psychique propre au secret, distinction théorisée par Serge Tisseron. Nous mettons en évidence la manière dont le secret et la stigmatisation ont mis à mal le sentiment d’appartenance et ont favorisé le développement de sentiments tels que la culpabilité et la honte. Enfin, l’analyse des récits montre que le secret autour de la disparition des proches a pu entraver le processus de deuil.
Sur la corde raide - les étiologies « traditionnelles » et leur utilisation dans le dispositif ethnopsychiatrique
Authors: Heidenreich Felicia
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article questionne l’utilisation des étiologies traditionnelles dans les thérapies ethnopsychiatriques. Travailler avec ces représentations, qui sont aussi appelées « matériel culturel », est une des « marques » de l’approche ethnopsychiatrique. Si l’intention première de ce travail est une ouverture vers d’autres possibles dans la thérapie, il y a un risque très important qu’il n’enferme les patients dans une vision rigide de leur culture d’origine. Le fait de ramener les patients à leur culture d’origine se fait aux dépens d’un travail sur le vécu dans la société d’accueil, sur le racisme dans le quotidien et dans les institutions et sur la position des cliniciens par rapport cela.
Suicide au travail : comment intervenir ?
Authors: Burnonville Francine , Pavlic Annie Debard
Published: January 2013

Résumé Lorsqu’un salarié se suicide, la pensée rationnelle de l’ensemble des salariés vole en éclats, une onde de choc se propage dans l’entreprise, d’autant plus que cette personne qui s’enlève la vie part avec ses secrets. Comment l’entreprise traverse-t-elle cette crise ? Comment faut-il intervenir ? Cet article vise à aider les dirigeants et les gestionnaires à mettre en place un cadre d’intervention qui permettra de résoudre la crise. Pour cela, nous analysons les impacts d’un suicide sur l’ensemble du personnel et sur la direction de l’entreprise. Nous relevons les facteurs qui prédisposent au suicide, qui y contribuent, qui le précipitent et qui le préviennent. Puis, nous décrivons les trois modes possibles de résolution de la crise qu’entraîne un suicide : une résolution négative, neutre et positive. Par la suite, nous examinons les interventions à faire auprès des employés, des cadres et de l’organisation lorsque cette crise survient. Finalement, nous traitons des différentes mesures que la direction peut prendre pour instaurer une culture de prévention du suicide au sein du personnel.
Comment mieux concilier sa vie professionnelle et sa vie personnelle ?
Authors: Deschênes Guylaine
Published: January 2013

Résumé Malgré tous les efforts déployés par les gouvernements et les organisations, la conciliation entre les exigences du travail et celles de la vie personnelle reste un défi quotidien pour la majorité des gens qui se situent dans un contexte contraignant associé aux familles monoparentales, éclatées ou reconstituées, au vieillissement de la population, à la précarité de l’emploi, aux exigences relatives à la performance, etc. Cet article vise à aider les personnes à mieux concilier les différentes sphères de leur vie en leur donnant des conseils rattachés aux six principes fondamentaux suivants : déterminer ses valeurs et gérer ses priorités en conséquence; cultiver des attitudes de vie gagnantes; savoir gérer son temps dans sa vie professionnelle et sa vie personnelle; savoir s’organiser dans ces deux domaines; savoir bien s’entourer et demander de l’aide; enfin, savoir gérer son stress.