bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effets post-traumatiques du handicap sur le système perceptif et sur le psychisme des parents
Authors: Grasso Francesco
Published: January 2013

Résumé La naissance d’un enfant handicapé est généralement associée à une rupture de la continuité parmi les différents types de représentations psychiques chez les parents et à l’échec des systèmes prévisionnels normaux (anticipatoires des réactions de l’enfant) à prévoir et à donner du sens aux situations. L’émergence du sens de l’expérience affective est donc troublée chez les parents par les difficultés réciproques à comprendre et à prévoir les sentiments d’autrui. Elle rend difficile, voire impossible, d’investir libidinalement l’enfant et perturbe aussi les processus d’attachement à l’enfant handicapé. L’expérience du handicap peut se comprendre comme un véritable traumatisme qui comporte le déraillement de l’état de conscience – momentané, prolongé ou intermittent – chez les parents d’enfants atteints de maladies chroniques ou handicapés, c’est-à-dire un processus dissociatif qui rend difficile la mise en place des représentations de l’enfant réel (à la place ou en continuité avec « l’enfant imaginaire » attendu) et l’intégration entre différents niveaux représentatifs. L’auteur propose un processus d’accompagnement des parents selon deux directions de travail : a) la création d’une base perceptive commune entre parents et soignants et b) l’accompagnement psychologique des parents tout au long du chemin thérapeutique et/ou rééducatif ; ainsi qu’une prise en charge soit de l’enfant, soit des parents, sur quatre axes : 1) relation, représentation parentale, action thérapeutique ; 2) dommage biologique – capacités ; 3) ressources – objectifs ; 4) communication – information.
Le contre-transfert dans le soin du lien parent/bébé
Authors: Feldman Marion , Champion Marie , Bitu Manzo , Gayraud-Vergier Brigitte
Published: January 2013

Résumé La naissance d’un enfant réactive l’infantile chez les parents. Pour les professionnels de la petite enfance, bien accueillir le bébé c’est aussi bien accueillir les parents. Le travail en unité mère-bébé est centré sur la mise en place des liens précoces. Les pères sont associés à ce travail quand ils sont disponibles. L’accueil des bébés en crèche familiale préventive présente des caractéristiques similaires au placement familial. Néanmoins, au-delà d’un attachement double nécessaire à construire pour le bien-être du bébé (parent/assistante familiale), le travail avec les parents s’élabore dans une grande proximité. Les équipes peuvent se trouver en difficulté en raison de mouvements contre-transférentiels puissants. La situation présentée ici concerne le suivi d’une famille sur trois ans, depuis la naissance du bébé, les sept premiers mois en unité d’hospitalisation conjointe mère-bébé, les vingt-neuf mois suivants en crèche familiale préventive. Ce texte est centré sur les phénomènes de clivage et sur l’analyse des contre-transferts.
Préadolescences troublées : un temps de réélaboration du rapport au mourir ?
Authors: Amar Stéphane
Published: January 2013

Résumé Souvent jusque-là restée dans l’ombre de la période de la latence et de l’adolescence dans la littérature psychanalytique, la préadolescence contemporaine semble pourtant bien convoquer le clinicien à questionner ses repères théoriques habituels. Cette période, au regard de la symptomatologie qui s’y déploie aujourd’hui, et de plus en plus fréquemment, pourrait bien être l’un des marqueurs des effets de la modernité. C’est ici sous l’angle de la « question énigme » de la mort et du mourir, en tant qu’elle fait l’objet des remaniements cognitifs qu’impose l’accès à la pensée concrète et à la logique hypothético-déductive, qu’il sera proposé de comprendre diverses expressions actuelles de ces préadolescences troublées : phobies scolaires, comportements d’opposition et refus de l’autorité, troubles du sommeil, agitation psychomotrice, conduites à risque, relation d’objet addictive aux nouvelles technologies, plaintes somatiques...
Récrire l'histoire de la Guerre de Cent Ans. Une relecture historique et historiographique du traité de Troyes (21 mai 1420)
Authors: Moeglin Jean-Marie
Published: January 2013

Résumé La « Guerre de Cent ans » comme concept historiographique est d’abord le produit d’un discours sur la guerre et la paix tenu par les acteurs même de ce conflit, un discours qui construit la réalité historique autant qu’il est construit par elle. Ce discours traduit des enjeux politiques importants et il n’est pas resté identique tout au long de la période. La guerre est d’abord présentée comme « emprise » chevaleresque lancée par Édouard III contre l’usurpateur Philippe de Valois. Elle devient ensuite la guerre des deux royaumes de France et d’Angleterre à laquelle il faut mettre fin par l’établissement d’une paix finale. C’est sur cet arrière-plan qu’il faut comprendre la conclusion non seulement du traité de Brétigny-Calais en 1360 mais aussi du traité de Troyes en 1420. Mais cet enjeu a été ensuite volontairement gommé chez les historiens qui ont parlé du traité de Troyes. Dans l’historiographie française, la « Guerre de Cent ans » est devenue une guerre menée par un adversaire qui voulait faire disparaître le royaume de France en tant que pays indépendant mais qui, par contrecoup, avait provoqué la prise de conscience par la nation française elle-même de son identité.
La SDN et ses organisations de soutien dans les années 1920. Entre promotion de l'esprit de Genève et volonté d'influence
Authors: Guieu Jean-Michel
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article interroge la relation assez inédite entre la première organisation internationale à vocation universelle de l’histoire et les organisations privées créées aux fins de la soutenir. Si la jeune Société des Nations ne voyait dans ces organisations que de simples auxiliaires à la défense de leurs activités auprès des opinions publiques, celles-ci ne souhaitaient pas réduire leur action à une œuvre de propagande aveugle et prétendaient exercer une véritable influence sur les destinées de l’institution nouvelle. Elles s’employèrent ainsi à faire progresser les solutions qui leur paraissaient les plus conformes au développement de la coopération internationale par la SDN et à anticiper les problèmes internationaux auxquels les institutions genevoises devraient faire face.
L'humanitaire d'après-guerre : prisonniers de guerre et réfugiés russes dans la politique du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et de la Société des Nations
Authors: Piana Francesca
Published: January 2013

Résumé Parmi les nombreuses questions humanitaires que la première guerre mondiale engendra, le sort des prisonniers de guerre et des réfugiés russes fut des plus difficiles. Devant les réticences des gouvernements à s’engager politiquement et financièrement dans la résolution de ces deux questions, le Comité international de la Croix Rouge (CICR) et la Société des Nations (SDN) entreprirent des efforts conjoints afin d’y apporter une solution. Par le biais de l’étude des relations entre le CICR et la SDN pour le rapatriement des prisonniers de guerre et le secours aux réfugiés russes, cet article se propose d’établir les éléments composant la politique humanitaire d’après-guerre ainsi que le rôle grandissant des organisations internationales dans la politique mondiale.
L'esprit de la précaution
Authors: Guillaume Bertrand
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de précaution connaît une large diversité d’interprétations qui encourage les prises de positions les plus tranchées. Malgré certaines particularités épistémologiques, il faut lui reconnaître une pertinence au plan normatif, dès lors que, pour lui conserver un caractère substantif, sa définition générique se double d’une extension logique. Sa portée et la « révolution copernicienne » qu’il représente sont appréciées précisément : c’est que la mêlée relève d’une opposition de cosmologies. Mais après Jonas, la nature des difficultés écologiques contemporaines souligne tout à la fois sa nécessité et son impossibilité. Bergson et Nietzsche ou Lévi-Strauss suggèrent peut-être une alternative à l’esprit de précaution à visée environnementale qui puisse surmonter un naufrage philosophique.
Metodología de inspección higrotérmica para la determinación de un factor intensidad de evaporación en edificios históricos
Authors: García-Morales S. , López-González L. , Collado-Gómez A.
Published: January 2013

En este artículo se presenta lo que hemos denominado “inspección higrotérmica”, que consiste en un primer paso en el diagnóstico de flujos de agua a través de los elementos constructivos. El fundamento se basa en que un muro afectado por un problema de capilaridad está sometido a una succión con un determinado caudal y esta agua evaporará en la superficie del muro o del suelo, incrementando el contenido en humedad (W) de la lámina de aire en contacto con el paramento.

Se describe el método de inspección y de análisis de los resultados. Se utiliza un termohigrómetro de lectura directa, y las lecturas se hacen siguiendo un protocolo que permite el análisis de variables.

Los niveles de intensidad de los focos se establecen a partir de lo que hemos denominado “Factor de Intensidad de evaporación (Fi)”. Se ilustra el método con ejemplos de estudios en varios edificios históricos.
Yeserías españolas: Propuesta de tipología histórica
Authors: De Villanueva L.
Published: January 2013

Se ofrece aquí una reproducción de un trabajo original del profesor Villanueva con una leve corrección ortotipográfica sobre el texto original publicado en las Actas del Primer Congreso Nacional de Historia de la Construcción, Madrid, 19-21 septiembre 1996, eds. A. de las Casas, S. Huerta, E. Rabasa, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, CEHOPU, 1996. El
grupo de investigación AIPA, al que pertenecía Luis de Villanueva, consta con permiso del presidente de la Sociedad de Historia de la Construcción, profesor Huerta, como coeditor de las citadas actas para la reproducción del texto original con las modifi caciones tipográficas necesarias. Las imágenes de las figuras han sido tomadas de las fuentes originales consultadas por el profesor Villanueva, siempre que ha sido posible, con objeto de mejorar su calidad gráfica.
Restauración monumental: ¿el método en crisis?
Authors: González-Moreno Navarro A.
Published: January 2013

Este artículo repasa los últimos años de la restauración arquitectónica en España, y su evolución. Se inicia con las experiencias de una época en la que la práctica de la restauración se abordaba como un hecho compositivo y funcional, tratado casi como la arquitectura de nueva planta. La evolución de conceptos llega a la introducción de una metodología de trabajo basada en los distintos aspectos y valores que constituyen el patrimonio.

Pero la experiencia viene a demostrar la enorme dificultad en su aplicación, y en la interdisciplinariedad del equipo de trabajo, así como en la sobrevaloración de los medios, más que en los fines.
El monumento como un todo. El plan director de restauración
Authors: Latorre P.
Published: January 2013

El objetivo del artículo es exponer los problemas que plantea en el trabajo de restauración el estudio de la arquitectura histórica siguiendo el paradigma mecanicista y causal, que entiende su estructura como un sistema cerrado y estable, con un comportamiento lineal y predecible, que se imagina acabado, intemporal y reversible; en contraposición, se propone acometer su estudio conjuntamente con el de sus usuarios y el medio natural y socio cultural en el que se sitúan como un sistema abierto, complejo y dinámico, con un comportamiento no lineal y holístico de los elementos y partes que lo componen, en continua interacción, transformación y evolución de su configuración y construcción y, en definitiva inestable e irreversible. Algunas de estas ideas se elaboraron durante la redacción y ejecución del plan director de restauración de la Catedral de Santa María de Vitoria-Gasteiz del que se han extraído las imágenes que ilustran el artículo.
A Stochastic Truck Routing Model for Agricultural Freight
Authors: Mitra Subhro , Szmerekovsky Joseph , Barabanov Nikita
Published: January 2013

This paper analyzes the routing of agricultural freight from the fields to the elevators. A number of optimization models are built to analyze the effects of truck type restrictions in the truck mix on the overall system cost of delivering from fields to elevators. The models account for both the selection of truck type and load type for deliveries while respecting the load restrictions imposed on the highway network. The estimated origin-destination matrix is assigned on the highway network using a stochastic model. The stochastic model is designed to take into account the different behavior of truck traffic as opposed to passenger vehicle traffic and is implemented using simulation. The models developed here are tested on the highway network of North Dakota.
Highway Alignment Optimization Using Cost-Benefit Analysis Under User Equilibrium
Authors: Maji Avijit , Jha Manoj K.
Published: January 2013

Usually, selection of a highway alignment depends on an economical route that minimizes alignment sensitive costs, such as construction cost, user cost, right-of-way cost, and earthwork cost. Most of the available highway alignment optimization algorithms do not consider traffic assignment and distribution of traffic as a result of the new road network consisting of the new alignment as well as other pre-existing alignments. Constructing a new highway will ease the traffic in the existing road network. Based on Wardrop’s principle, the users will choose a route that will minimize their travel-time. Users will unilaterally shift to the available routes for their benefit and thus, traffic flow will attain equilibrium. Theoretically, the equilibrium of traffic flow between the existing highway and the newly designed highway alternative can be achieved by a user equilibrium model. A new methodology is developed in this paper to optimize a new three-dimensional highway alignment based on the existing highway alignment system information using a cost-benefit analysis approach. The results are quite promising for new road design and bypass construction since benefit maximization and cost minimization is performed simultaneously while attaining user equilibrium.
A Semi-Structured Methodology for ERP System Selection Based on MACBETH and Choquet Integral Applied to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
Authors: Khaled Abdelilah , Idrissi Mohammed Abdou Janati
Published: January 2013

Historically, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems were initially destined to large companies in order to standardize and streamline their key business processes. Recently, they have been increasingly adopted by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). However, making strategic tradeoffs among the various marketplace solutions is a troublesome balance task for SMEs without the rescue of systematic multicriteria decision approaches. This paper addresses the question of how to choose an ERP solution that best suits a given SME. It serves twofold objectives; firstly it defines a set of selection criteria related to SMEs’ context. Secondly, it presents a selection methodology based on the construction of an induced decision model through capturing the decision maker’s preferences. The key contribution of this paper is the introduction of a new iterative learning based approach destined to make enlightened decisions through the consideration of interdependencies among the adopted selection criteria thanks to the Choquet Integral.
Biometrics Technology and the New Economy
Authors: Al-Khouri Ali M.
Published: January 2013

Over the past decade, biometrics technology has evolved from a technology used primarily in forensics and a narrow scientific and technological field to an indispensable technology in public and private sectors expanding into areas calling for advanced security. Biometric technologies provide high levels of security and reliability to address requirements related to identification and verification of personal identities. In light of the ever increasing requirements for robust identity management, biometrics industry is evolving to play a central role in shaping the future economy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of biometrics technologies, its functions, areas of application, related international standards, and recent advances in the field. The second part of the article looks at the application of biometrics in the government sector worldwide, and the emerging pivotal role of biometrics in consolidating the foundations of the digital economies and sheds light on the experiences of the United Arab Emirates in deploying different advanced biometrics technologies in a wide range of applications. It also outlines the government plans to develop an identity management infrastructure to address multiple strategic objectives, some of which are related to revolutionizing public services and supporting the development of the digital economy.
Re-Examining the Nifty Returns after the First Decade of Derivative Trading in Indian Capital Market Using Non-Linear Asymmetric GARCH Models
Authors: Narang Sunita
Published: January 2013

This article examines the Indian stock market for conditional volatility using symmetric and asymmetric GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) variants with reference to a comprehensive period of 20 years from July 3, 1990 to November 30, 2010 using S&P CNX Nifty. The impact of future trading on Nifty return and volatility is assessed using dummy variable in total period and using Log (Open Interest of Nifty futures) in post-derivative period. Along with the period of two decades the analysis has also been done on a sub-period of a decade from 1995 to 2005 with NiftyJunior as surrogate index as it had no derivatives during this period. The results show that the PGARCH model is best suited to Indian market conditions.
Seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of resinosis, a symptom of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) injury, on boles of Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae)
Authors: Ryan Kathleen , de Groot Peter , Smith Sandy M. , Turgeon Jean J.
Published: January 2013

An established population of the exotic woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) was first detected in North America in 2004. In order to develop survey guidelines for the detection of this major pest of Pinus Linnaeus species in the Southern Hemisphere, we examined 231 Pinus sylvestris biweekly to establish the timing and spatial distribution of resinosis symptoms of attack, and the timing of subsequent tree mortality. Fresh resin appeared between mid-July and late August, and on 70% of infested trees was observed on the mid bole. The occurrence of tree death varied between sites, from 2 weeks after the first detection of resinosis in one site to several months in seven other sites. Findings from our study provide key information to improve detection of S. noctilio and predict its impact on forest stands in its new range in northeastern North America.
Prevalence of hypertension, its correlates and awareness among adult tribal population of Kerala state, India
Authors: Meshram II , Arlappa N , Balkrishna N , Rao KM , Laxmaiah A , Brahmam GNV
Published: January 2013

Background:

Increasing prevalence of hypertension is a public health problem in India.

Aims:

To study prevalence, correlates, and awareness of hypertension among tribal adult population in Kerala.

Setting and Design:

A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in tribal areas of Kerala by adopting multistage random sampling procedure.

Materials and Methods:

Data was collected on socio-demographic and behavioral factors, and anthropometric measurements were carried out. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized using the classification recommended for Asians. Waist circumference ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women was used cut off for defining an abdominal obesity. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to study association of hypertension with socio-demographic variables, personal habits, and obesity.

Results:

A total of 4,193 adults (men 1,891, women: 2,302) of ≥20 years of age were covered. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 40% (n=1671). The prevalence of hypertension increases with increase in age among both the genders. Regression analysis showed that the risk of hypertension was significantly (P<0.001) lower among educated and among higher socio-economic status group. Sedentary activity had 1.3 times (CI=1.09-1.60) and alcohol consumption had 1.4 (CI=1.17-1.73) times higher risk of hypertension. The risk of hypertension was 1.7 times higher among overweight/obese subjects. Overall, only 10% (n=164) of the adult population was aware of hypertension status, and about 8% (n=129) were on regular treatment.

Conclusion:

It was observed that the prevalence of hypertension was higher among tribal adult population of Kerala and was associated with age, gender, education, HHs wealth index, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and overweight/obesity.
Evaluation of clinical features scoring system as screening tool for influenza A (H1N1) in epidemic situations
Authors: Ranjan P , Kumari A , Das R , Gupta L , Singh SK , Yadav M
Published: January 2013

Background:

Influenza A (H1N1) hit the headlines in recent times and created mass hysteria and general panic. The high cost and non-availability of diagnostic laboratory tests for swine flu, especially in the developing countries underlines the need of having a cheaper, easily available, yet reasonably accurate screening test.

Aims:

This study was carried out to develop a clinical feature-based scoring system (CFSS) for influenza A (H1N1) and to evaluate its suitability as a screening tool when large numbers of influenza-like illness cases are suspect.

Settings and Design:

Clinical-record based study, carried out retrospectively in post-pandemic period on subject's case-sheets who had been quarantined at IG International Airport's quarantine center at Delhi.

Materials and Methods:

Clinical scoring of each suspected case was done by studying their case record sheet and compared with the results of RT-PCR. RT-PCR was used to confirm the diagnosis (Gold Standard).

Statistical Analysis:

We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the clinical feature-based scoring system (the proposed new screening tool) at different cut-off values. The most discriminant cut-off value was determined by plotting the ROC curve.

Results:

Of the 638 suspected cases, 127 (20%) were confirmed to have H1N1 by RT-PCR examination. On the basis of ROC, the most discriminant clinical feature score for diagnosing Influenza A was found to be 7, which yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of 86%, 88%, 64%, and 96%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The clinical features scoring system (CFSS) can be used as a valid and cost-effective tool for screening swine flu (influenza A (H1N1)) cases from large number of influenza-like illness suspects.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute calculouscholecystitis in 16 weeks′ in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer pregnancy
Authors: Augustin G , Vrcic H , Zupancic B
Published: January 2013

The most common casues of acute abdomen during pregnancy are acute appendicitis followed by acute cholecystitis. The case presented is a 33-year-old patient in 16 weeks' in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer pregnacy who developed acute cholecystitis. Previously there were two unsuccessful cycles, one complicated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Due to clinical deterioration during intravenous antibiotic therapy laparoscopic cheolecystecomy was performed and acute cholecystitis found. The postoperative course was uneventful. During the first 24 h tocolysis with intravenous fenoterol in addition to peroral atenolol 2 Χ 50 mg was administered. Postoperative course was uneventuful with further normal pregnancy. Elective cesarean section was made in term pregnancy (39 weeks) with singleton with Apgar 10/10. Current guidelines do not recommend prophylactic tocolysis in pregnant population with acute abdomen but there is no mention of the IVF-ET subpopulation of patients. Also, there are no guidelines for thromboprophylaxis in such patients with increased risk of thromboembolic accidents. To our knowledge this is the first case report of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy during IVF-ET gestation.
Scope and limitations of therapies
Authors: Kothari M , Mehta L
Published: January 2013

Medical practice is in crisis - the sophistications are enormous and expensive, and the outcomes leave much to be desired. An epistemologic evaluation that weighs the scope and limitations of any -pathy or any procedure seems to be the need of the day. As an example, described herein is the logic of such an exercise; and a sample of the exercise itself, taking cancer as an example.
Inherited ataxia with slow saccades
Authors: Chakor RT , Bharote H
Published: January 2013

Ataxia is a symptom of cerebellar dysfunction. Slowly progressive ataxia, dysarthria in an adult with a positive family history suggests an inherited cerebellar ataxia. We present an adult with gradually progressive ataxia and slow saccades. There was history of similar illness in his son. Genetic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia 2 was positive. We discuss the various inherited ataxias, causes of acute, progressive ataxia syndromes, episodic ataxias and ataxia associated with other neurological signs like peripheral neuropathy, pyramidal features, movement disorders and cognitive decline.
Biological width: No violation zone
Authors: Sharma Ashu , Rahul G. R. , Gupta Bhawna , Hafeez Mozammil
Published: January 2013

Maintenance of gingival health is one of the keys for the longevity of teeth, as well as for the longevity of restorations. The concept of Biologic width has been widely described by periodontists and restorative dentists. An adequate understanding of relationship between periodontal tissues and restorative dentistry is paramount to ensure adequate form, function and esthetics, and comfort of the dentition. While most clinicians are aware of this important relationship, uncertainty remains regarding specific concepts such as biologic width and indications and applications of surgical crown lengthening. These violations lead to complications like gingival inflammation, alveolar bone loss and improper fit of the restorative component. This review gives the wide aspect of the complex question of biologic width and represents an attempt to answer some of the demands in relation to it. The article also discusses the possible methods to assess biologic width, problems that occur after improper margin placement in the periodontium and the alternative procedures for prevention of biological width violation.
The effect of wrapping of light-cure tips on the cure of composite resin
Authors: Al-Marzok Maan Ibrahim
Published: January 2013

Aim: Dental curing lights are vulnerable to contamination during routine intra-oral use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wrapping light-cure tips on the hardness of cured composite resin. Settings and Design: Two types of barriers were used, which are the commercially available cellophane wraps and the disposable light-cure sleeves. A new light-cure unit used with a standard light-cure tip fixed at distance of 0.5 mm from the specimens. Materials and Methods: Sixty molds of 8 mm diameter and 2 mm depth filled with same type and shade of composite resin; 20 specimens cured without wrapping the tips, and 20 used for each wrapping method with new barrier was placed for each. The light-cure intensity and the Knoop hardness value were recorded. Statistical Analysis: Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the statistical differences between the groups. Pearson′s correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between light intensity and Knoop hardness values. Results: The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in the light intensity among the groups. However, there were no significant differences in the Knoop hardness values among the 3 groups. The cellophane-wrapped around the light-cure tips is appeared to cause the least reduction of hardness from the non-wrapped tip. Conclusions: The effect of the barriers on the hardness of composite resin was small and probably clinically insignificant. The light intensity output was above the acceptable curing levels using any of the two barriers. The use of non-opaque barriers with the light-cure tips is recommended to prevent cross contamination.
Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study
Authors: Cerci Bruno Bochnia , Roman Lucimara Stolz , Guariza-Filho Odilon , Camargo Elisa Souza , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro
Published: January 2013

Objective: An important characteristic of human dental enamel not yet studied in detail is its surface roughness in mesoscopic scale. This study evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the surface topography of acid etched enamel with different etching times. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six human maxillary bicuspids were randomly distributed into three groups (n=32): T0 (control), pumiced; T15, 35% phosphoric acid etched enamel for 15 s; T30, 35% phosphoric acid etched enamel for 30 s. Roughness measurements Ra, Rz and root mean square (RMS) and 3D images of enamel′s topography were obtained with atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is a powerful technique to obtain direct measurements on microscale features. Results and Conclusions: Roughness variables Ra, Rz and RMS presented statistically significant differences to all groups (P<0.000), with values increasing with etching time. This increase was greater from T0 to T15 than from T15 to T30. Enamel surface alterations T15 to T30 occur mainly due to increase in height and deepening of prisms central region.
Endodontic management of maxillary second molar with 2 palatal roots and root canals: A rare case report
Authors: Jha Padmanabh , Nikhil Vineeta , Jha Mesha
Published: January 2013

This case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary second molar with 2 palatal roots, which have canals with separate orifices and apical foramen. The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical and radiographic examination of the tooth. Root-canal treatment was performed using rotary instrumentation with Protaper files and obturated with corresponding protaper gutta percha cones and AH Plus sealer.
Use of recent diagnostic methods in locating multiple canals: A case series of six canals in maxillary first molar
Authors: Yadav Rakesh Kumar , Wadhwani Kulwinder Kaur , Tikku Aseem Prakash , Chandra Anil , Hasija Mukesh
Published: January 2013

The root canal anatomy of maxillary first molars has been described as three roots with three canals, and the commonest variation is the presence of a second mesiobuccal canal. However, some unusual number of canals should always be expected. Careful examination of the pulpal floor is recommended to locate all the canals and should be confirmed with conventional radiographic methods and additional imaging systems. The case reports describe the successful endodontic treatment of two maxillary first molars with six canals, with the help of dental computed tomography imaging system.
Aesthetic rehabilitation in a patient with tooth wear
Authors: Rashid Haroon , Vohra Fahim Ahmed , Nazir Mohsin
Published: January 2013

This case report sheds light upon the procedural treatment of aesthetic oral rehabilitation in patients with tooth wear so that not only a specialist but also a general dental practitioner can easily tackle cases of this caliber. In this case report, the treatment of a 58-year-old man with aesthetics concerns, tooth wear, and sensitivity in anterior teeth is discussed. The need for a stabilizing splint, crown lengthening, and the provisioning of partial dentures in the upper and lower arches were all part of the treatment protocol in this case. The prevalence of tooth wear and the aesthetic demands of patients have increased in our society nowadays. When both of these problems are encountered together in the dental practice, strict treatment planning is needed to achieve success.
Los diarios vascos frente al terrorismo (1990, 2000, 2008 y 2009). Análisis de los editoriales sobre los atentados mortales de ETA
Authors: Caminos-Marcet José María , Armentia-Vizuete José Ignacio , Marín-Murillo María Flora
Published: January 2013

En la presente investigación hemos analizado los editoriales que los medios de comunicación vascos publican durante los años 1990, 2000, 2008 y 2009 cuando se producen atentados de ETA con víctimas mortales. Pretendemos con ello observar el tratamiento que los diferentes medios de comunicación hacen sobre el terrorismo en sus textos de opinión más importantes, ya que son los que marcan la línea ideológica del medio. Como hipótesis de partida consideramos que a lo largo de las fechas analizadas hay un importantísimo cambio en la línea editorial de los medios a la hora de afrontar los asesinatos de ETA, que va desde la práctica inexistencia de la publicación de editoriales a la utilización de los mismos como instrumentos activos en la lucha contra la violencia. Alcanzado el año 2009, los medios de comunicación tienen una estrategia muy definida para combatir el terrorismo de ETA que queda perfectamente plasmada en los editoriales que publican.
Terrorism and the Invisible Hook
Authors: Blomberg S. Brock , Fernholz Ricardo , Levin John-Clark
Published: January 2013

This article investigates and compares the root causes of transnational terrorism and piracy. In order to accomplish this, we construct a novel data set that catalogues terrorist activity and piracy over the years 1992–2008, paying particular attention to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean since 1991. These data are then merged with other information detailing the economic, political, and security posture of each organization during the same period so that we can examine the relationship between economic prosperity, security, terrorism, and piracy. The main conclusion is that terrorism is mostly unrelated to economic conditions, while piracy responds to both economic payoffs and military deterrents.
Crevice Corrosion of Type 444 Stainless Steel in a Mildly Acidic Chloride Solution—Detection of an Anodic Peak Prior to Onset of Corrosion
Authors: DeForce Brian S. , Shaw Barbara A.
Published: January 2013

The crevice corrosion of stainless steel in chloride solutions has been studied extensively, and multiple explanations can be found in the literature to describe the actual mechanism. The current study attempts to provide insight on the topic by focusing on the role of electrode potential. The crevice corrosion of a passive system was investigated: Type 444 (UNS S44400) stainless steel. Tests were conducted in a variety of Cl− solutions including pH 2, 0.6 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution in which the alloy demonstrated broad passivity, and a high pitting potential. The occurrence of crevice corrosion without pitting in this system was demonstrated clearly with conclusive evidence, including a high measured current and both in situ and ex situ photographic evidence showing severe material loss by crevice corrosion. Through the use of a novel applied potential shift method, an anodic peak was detected before the initiation of crevice corrosion. Therefore, an anodic peak has been detected in a passive system prior to the onset of corrosion. This observation suggests that while solution compositional change is required to develop the anodic peak, another step is necessary to initiate crevice corrosion. The IR mechanism defines this step as the initiation event, IR >ΔΦ*, when the crevice wall in contact with the acidified crevice solution is activated and corrosion begins.
Influence of Cu on the Passivation Behavior of Fe-20Cr-xCu (x = 0, 2, 4 wt%) Alloys in Sulfuric Acid Solution
Authors: Oh KkochNim , Toor Ihsan-ul-Haq , Ahn SooHoon , Kwon HyukSang
Published: January 2013

Effects of Cu on the polarization behavior of Fe-20Cr-xCu (x = 0, 2, 4 wt%) were examined in deaerated 0.1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution. In the active region, corrosion resistance of the alloys is improved with Cu content as a result of the enrichment of Cu on the surface of the alloys that occurs by the preferential dissolution of Fe. In the passive region, the effects of Cu on the passivation behavior of the alloys was dependent on the applied potential. At potentials active to −100 mV vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), the passivity of the alloys is improved with Cu content, which is confirmed by the increase in passivation rate with a decrease in oxidation tendency. In contrast, above −100 mVSCE, where the oxidation reaction of Cu+ to Cu2+ occurs, the passivity of the alloys was degraded significantly with Cu content, as confirmed by the increase in passive current density as well as the significant decrease in passivation rate. The deleterious effects of Cu on the passivation behavior of Fe-20Cr-xCu (x = 0, 2, 4 wt%) decreased at potentials noble to 500 mVSCE, primarily as a result of the significant decrease in Cu content in passive film and hence of the decrease in the oxidation reaction of Cu+ to Cu2+.
Prediction and Measurement of Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Jones S. , Coley K. , Kish J.
Published: January 2013

When exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid, stainless steel exhibits unique electrochemical behavior. This behavior can be observed as an oscillation in open-circuit potential between the active and passive states. The transient nature of the corrosion behavior under these conditions results in a distinct challenge for measuring and predicting corrosion rates. Using a series of commercial alloys with various nickel contents, this paper outlines the utilization of electrochemical experimentation to refine the prediction of corrosion rates. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties associated with many traditional electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic scans when used for characterizing systems that undergo oscillations in open-circuit potential.
Assessing Corrosion of UNS S30403 Stainless Steel for Applications in Nuclear Waste Reprocessing Systems
Authors: Jahangiri N. , Raraz A.G. , Indacochea J.E. , McDeavitt S.M.
Published: January 2013

To investigate the corrosion of centrifugal contactors in the spent nuclear fuel treatment process called UREX+, corrosion of UNS S30403 stainless steel has been studied in three acidic aqueous solutions of 5.0 M nitric acid (HNO3), 5.0 M HNO3 + 0.1 M hydrofluroric acid (HF), and 5.0 M HNO3 + 0.1 M HF + 0.1 M Zr4+. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were conducted at temperatures of 25, 40, and 80°C and different hydrodynamic conditions (0, 1,000, 2,000 rpm). The results showed that the mixture of HNO3 and HF was the most corrosive environment. Addition of Zr4+ ions to this acidic solution reduced the corrosion caused by HF to levels similar to those found in HNO3 solutions. Higher corrosion rates were obtained as the solution's temperature increased while hydrodynamic conditions had a less significant effect on corrosion rates.
Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of Electrodeposited Amorphous Ni-W-P Coating in Saline-Sand Slurry
Authors: Ji Xiulin , Zhao Jianhua , Yang Shunzhen , Gu Lei
Published: January 2013

The amorphous Ni-W-P coating with 4.8 wt% W and 9.8 wt% P was electrodeposited from the electrolytic bath. Using a slurry pot erosion tester, the erosion-corrosion behavior of this Ni-W-P coating was investigated in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) slurry with 3 wt% sand particles (80 μm to 120 μm) at the impact velocities of 3.14, 5.23, and 8.37 m s−1, respectively. After erosion-corrosion in the saline-sand slurry, the hardness of Ni-W-P coating was increased from HV616 to HV722. The mechanical effect of sand particle impact causes crystallization of the coating surface and the work-hardening leads to accelerated corrosion. The microstructure was transformed from amorphous to a mixture of amorphous and multiple crystal phases. With the observation of an eroded surface of the Ni-W-P coating, the fracture of the cracking lips was aggregated by the interaction between impacts of sand particles and corrosion pitting of Cl− solution. The total mass-loss rate of amorphous Ni-W-P coating was increased obviously with the increase of impact velocity and could be evaluated with kV2.9, which was approximately 10 mg h−1 at the impact velocity of 8.37 m s−1. Compared with Ni-P coating, the enhancement of hardness and corrosion current density of Ni-W-P coating is benefit to its lower synergism rate and higher relative wear resistance.
Influence of biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions on ozone, carbon monoxide and black carbon at the Mt. Cimone GAW-WMO global station (Italy, 2165 m a.s.l.)
Authors: Cristofanelli P. , Fierli F. , Marinoni A. , Calzolari F. , Duchi R. , Burkhart J. , Stohl A. , Maione M. , Arduini J. , Bonasoni P.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. This work investigates the variability of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and equivalent black carbon (BC) at the Italian Climate Observatory "O. Vittori" (ICO-OV), part of the Mt. Cimone global GAW-WMO station (Italy). For this purpose, ICO-OV observations carried out in the period January 2007–June 2009, have been analyzed and correlated with the outputs of the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model to specifically evaluate the influence of biomass burning (BB) and anthropogenic emissions younger than 20 days. During the investigation period, the average O3, CO and BC at ICO-OV were 54 ± 3 ppb, 122 ± 7 ppb and 213 ± 34 ng m−3 (mean ± expanded uncertainty with p < 95%), with clear seasonal cycles characterized by summer maxima and winter minima for O3 and BC and spring maximum and summer minimum for CO. According to FLEXPART outputs, BB impact is maximized during the warm months from July to September but appeared to have a significant contribution to the observed tracers only during specific transport events. We characterised in detail five "representative" events with respect to transport scales (i.e. global, regional and local), source regions and O3, CO and BC variations. For these events, very large variability of enhancement ratios O3/CO (from −0.22 to 0.71) and BC/CO (from 2.69 to 29.83 ng m−3 ppb−1) were observed. CO contributions related with anthropogenic emissions (COant) contributed to 17.4% of the mean CO value observed at ICO-OV, with the warm months appearing particularly affected by transport events of air-masses rich in anthropogenic pollution. The proportion of tracer variability that is described by FLEXPART COant peaked to 37% (in May–September) for CO, 19% (in May–September) for O3 and 32% (in January–April) for BC. During May–September, the analysis of the correlation among CO, O3 and BC as a function of the COant indicated that ICO-OV was influenced by air-masses rich in anthropogenic pollution transported from the regional to the global scale. On the other side, CO and O3 were negatively correlated during October–December, when FLEXPART does not show significant presence of recent anthropogenic emissions and only a few observations are characterized by enhanced BC. Such behaviour may be attributed to an ensemble of processes concurrent in enhancing O3 with low CO (upper troposphere/lower stratosphere intrusions) and to O3 titration by NO in polluted air-masses along with lower photochemical activity. An intermediate situation occurs in January–April when CO and O3 were almost uncorrelated and BC enhancements were associated to relatively old (10 days) anthropogenic emissions.
Rethinking Modernity and the Question of Future Development
Authors: Wiryomartono Bagoes
Published: January 2013

Transformations and disasters in our global environment are indivisible from the consequences of modern civilization. This essay argues that future development on our planet demands not new theories but, rather, a rethinking of modernity. The purpose of this study is to regain and recover the path of thinking that enables us to preserve, conserve, and sustain our global environment. This essay is an attempt to explore the foundation of environmental ethics based on ecological and social responsibility.
Inside out: Avatars as an indirect measure of ideal body self-presentation in females
Authors: Thomas Andrew G. , Johansen Mark K.
Published: January 2013

Prior research has shown that individuals engage in impression management online, both in a social networking context and when using avatars. However, avatar creation research often directly asks participants about their creation motivations or primes a specific social context. Such direct methodologies potentially lead to biases which may give a distorted picture of how ideal characteristics are reflected in avatars. Our research used a less explicit measure to test for the expression of ideal body image during avatar creation. Female participants created two avatars in the virtual world of Second Life. For the first, participants were instructed to design an avatar that looked like themselves. For the second, participants were given no design restrictions and could design any avatar they wanted to. This first avatar acted as a baseline, to identify which attributes were the focus of change in the second. Avatar creation order was counterbalanced across participants. When given no design restrictions, participants who showed a desire to be thinner created avatars which had a lower body mass. This desire was measured after avatar creation using a standard body image scale. The generalizability of the results is discussed in the context of suggestions for future research utilising this paradigm.
Chinaâ€™s heparin revisited: What went wrong and has anything changed?
Authors: Mintz Clifford S , Liu John
Published: January 2013

China is the worldâ€™s largest producer of crude heparin. In 2007, tainted Chinese crude heparin made its way into the global finished heparin supply chain killing 149 persons in 11 different countries including 81 deaths in the US. While China never formally admitted that it was the source of the tainted heparin, US and European regulatory officials determined that adulterated crude heparin was intentionally introduced (for economic gain) into the Chinese heparin supply and subsequently shipped to other countries for final pharmaceutical formulation. After China was implicated as the source, tainted heparin disappeared from the global heparin supply chain.Â  This paper reviews the social and economic factors that were likely responsible for the Chinese incident and whether or not another economically-motivated case of crude heparin adulteration is possible in China.
The Sociopolitical Turn in Mathematics Education
Authors: Gutiérrez Rochelle
Published: January 2013

Over the past decade, the mathematics education research community has incorporated more sociocultural perspectives into its ways of understanding and examining teaching and learning. However, researchers who have a long history of addressing anti-racism and social justice issues in mathematics have moved beyond this sociocultural view to espouse sociopolitical concepts and theories, highlighting identity and power at play. This article highlights some promising conceptual tools from critical theory (including critical race theory/Latcrit theory) and post-structuralism and makes an argument for why taking the sociopolitical turn is important for both researchers and practitioners. Potential benefits and challenges of this turn are also discussed.
Post-structuralism and Ethical Practical Action: Issues of Identity and Power
Authors: Walshaw Margaret
Published: January 2013

In an era when familiar categories of identity are breaking down, an argument is made for using post-structuralist vocabulary to talk about ethical practical action in mathematics education. Using aspects of Foucault's post-structuralism, an explanation is offered of how mathematical identifications are tied to the social organization of power. An analysis of 2 everyday instances is provided to capture the oppressive conditions in which ordinary people involved in mathematics are engaged. Describing how systemic constraints become lived as individual dilemmas offers a way of understanding what we might do to effect change, and what we might do to produce tangible results.