bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication Dynamics in Therapy: a Linguistic Study From a Nursing Hone for the Elderly
Authors: Måttsson J. , den Haring M.J.
Published: March 2003

The vital importance of communication in therapy is widely recognized. This study focuses on the dynamics of face‐to‐face communication between patients and their caregivers during sessions of occupational therapy at a nursing home for the elderly. Communication is believed to be influenced by the social activities that are pursued during therapy. A stepwise linguistic method is developed to record, analyse and interpret transcriptions of verbal and non‐verbal behaviour by means of audio and video recordings. Utterances have been coded with regard to their function and content and are organized in a so‐called molecular coding scheme. This scheme models the dynamic interplay between communicators and makes it possible to analyse contextual influences on communication. It is believed that the approach advocated here could be of use to managers of healthcare operations where communication is paramount for the effectiveness of care.
Societal reactions to sexually abusive adolescents: a Swedish perspective
Authors: Långström N. , Lindblad F.
Published: March 2003

It is urgent to detect and appropriately treat young sex offenders (YSOs) to prevent continued sexual offending into adulthood. We studied the presence of two significant factors in YSO treatment, i.e. interagency cooperation and specific focus on offending behaviours among social services, mental health, and law enforcement professionals involved with identified YSOs. The sample consisted of a subset of all 56 YSOs subjected to forensic psychiatric assessment (FPA) in Sweden between 1988 and 1995. These sixteen individuals were known by the authorities for sexually abusive behaviours already before committing the sex offence leading to FPA. Both interagency cooperation and professional focus on offending behaviours per se were rare. Thus existing interventions for YSOs in a well‐developed social welfare state failed to prevent further sexual offending. We suggest that empirically based individual‐oriented models for the prevention of criminal recidivism among YSOs should supplement general social welfare policies and non‐specific interventions.
Beyond benevolence – solidarity and welfare state transition in Sweden
Authors: Bergmark Å. , Thorslund M. , Lindberg E.
Published: March 2003

For many decades the Swedish welfare system has served as an archetype of the modern comprehensive welfare state. When economic recession hit Sweden in the beginning of the 1990s, a period of half a century of continuous expansion and reforms in the welfare sector came to an end. The economic downturn enforced rationing measures in most welfare programs and was accompanied by a move towards privatisation of local welfare services and an endeavour to initiate market incentives in the care‐giving systems. The focus was increasingly directed on welfare as a financial burden, and the issue of how diminishing resources should be allocated ranked high on the political agenda. In this article we depart from the concept of solidarity and discuss the development of Swedish welfare and welfare opinion. First, we articulate various representations of the concept of solidarity – societal cohesion, individual support for comprehensive welfare and the amount of universality in the provision of care. Second, we describe some fundamental traits in the route taken by Swedish welfare during the 1990s, focusing especially on care of elderly and the demographic challenge of an ageing population. Third, we summarise the evolution of public opinion regarding welfare provision and discuss the determinants of its variations. The article concludes with a discussion of how the (once salient) features of universalism have been affected by the development during the past decade, and the role of popular support in the route ahead for Swedish welfare.
Medicine on the line? Computer‐mediated social support and advice for people with diabetes
Authors: Loader Brian D. , Muncer Steve , Burrows Roger , Pleace Nicholas , Nettleton Sara
Published: March 2003

The advent of thousands of Usenet groups on the Internet, covering a vast range of medical and welfare issues and ostensibly devoted to the mutual social support of participating members, has raised the potential for the development of new forms of ‘virtual’ health care. This article critically analyses the use by people with diabetes of one such Usenet group. It seeks to establish, first, the extent to which such a site provides some demonstrable measure of social support to its participants. This is approached by undertaking a structural analysis of the site to identify the extent of usage, and the nature of supporting interventions using a fivefold classification (instrumental, informational, esteem and social companionship and other). Second, the article attempts to identify any disparity between the lay health‐knowledge in evidence and biomedical opinions proffered by the use of a panel of consultant diabetiologists. The results of the analysis suggest that the diabetes newsgroup provides an example of an active forum for largely well‐informed participants who routinely use the media as an aid to the reflexive management of their medical condition. It also raises the prospect of a renegotiated relationship between medical knowledge and lay experience based upon shared learning
Empathy and professional attitude in social workers and non‐trained aides
Authors: Holm Ulla
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate empathic communication and professional attitude in vocational groups representing different levels of professional training. A further aim was to elucidate some aspects of the impact of the clients. Four groups of professionals participated, three with degrees as social workers and one with only short professional training. Three groups worked with committed drug addicts, one group with somatically ill patients. The 110 subjects were tested with a video‐test of professional attitude and empathic communication. Different response patterns were found in the different groups. The group with short training had the highest proportion of unprofessional responses. The group of social workers working with somatically ill patients showed the highest amount of empathic communication. Furthermore, there was a distinction among the kind of unprofessional responses used by the different groups. Hypotheses on the causes of these differences and implications for future research are discussed.
British Ethnic Minorities and Employment Training: Redressing or Extending Disadvantage?
Authors: Ogbonna Emmanuel
Published: March 2003

The reasons which have been offered to explain the low labour market success encountered by ethnic minorities in Britain include their possible lack of motivation, lack of qualification and training opportunities, and discrimination in the labour market. Whilst discrimination as a contributory factor to labour market exclusion has been widely discussed in the literature, the efficacy of Government sponsored training schemes designed to equip ethnic minorities with skills which may improve their competitiveness and reduce their disadvantage has been subjected to less scrutiny. This article provides an evaluation of the role of Government sponsored employment training programmes in reducing ethnic minorities’ disadvantaged position in the labour market. It argues that training programmes designed to improve employment opportunities are failing members of the ethnic minority communities and are in some cases helping to extend their disadvantage. It identifies the reasons for the failure as (1) the constant changes in Government policies with the development of sometimes contradictory policies, and (2) the inefficiency and prejudice of the training and employing organisations which are involved in the process. The article concludes with an assessment of the consequences of continuing discrimination against ethnic minority communities.
Employers’ perceptions and implementation of S/NVQs in Britain: a critical overview
Authors: Matlay Harry
Published: March 2003

This article outlines the preliminary results of a longitudinal research study undertaken over a 12‐year period (1986–97). It charts the evolution of S/NVQs in terms of both achievements and failures. On close scrutiny, it appears that the S/NVQ system has had a limited impact upon the competitiveness of the British economy. Its value and significance to the skill base of the economy remain unproven.
Skill Formation Of Engineers In Large Korean Firms: An Analysis From A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Jeong Jooyeon
Published: March 2003

On the basis of firm‐level case studies, this paper examines the actual performance of university education and in‐firm training for engineers in large Korean manufacturing firms. University education fails to meet the actual demands for skills at the firm level, while in‐firm training fails to devote sufficient resources to the continuous, lifetime skill formation of engineers. The poor performance of this education is explained by the rigid university administration system in Korea, and worsened by exclusive government intervention. The limitations of in‐firm training are accounted for by several features of corporate management, including the prevail‐ing production strategies and top‐down governance structures inside firms as well as the distinct occupational culture popular among young engineers.
Stakeholder involvement in strategic HRD aligning: the impact on HRD effectiveness
Authors: Wognum Ida , Fond Lam Jo
Published: March 2003

The study reported here focusses on the question to what extent stakeholder involvement in HRD policymaking (here referred to as strategic HRD aligning) predicts effective HRD programmes. The study involved 44 large companies in the industrial, financial and commercial services sectors. The findings indicate that involvement of stakeholders in the strategic HRD aligning process, and their opinions on the quality of this aligning process in particular, have a positive effect on perceived HRD effectiveness. The perceived effectiveness is even more positive when the mean company score on the quality of strategic aligning is higher.
Training evaluation: perspectives and evidence from Canada
Authors: Blanchard P. Nick , Thacker James W. , Way Sean A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the issue of training evaluation in Can‐ada; the difference between what academics have suggested should be done, and what practitioners are actually doing. This article first presents the academic perspective of training evaluation. Then, through a survey, determines how Canadian organisations are evaluating their training programmes, at both the management and non‐management level. The practitioner perspective is presented as a supporting rationale for the survey results. The article provides insight as to how a dialogue between practitioners and academics could lead to more effective and meaningful research and practice.
The relationship between learner utility reactions and predicted learning transfer among trainees
Authors: E. A. Ruona Wendy , Leimbach Michael , F. Holton III Elwood , Bates Reid
Published: March 2003

Although learner reaction measures are increasingly shown to be insufficient indicators of training effectiveness and impact, they are still highly over–used in practice. New research on transfer of learning is contributing to a better understanding of how reaction measures may relate to important HRD outcomes. This study explored the relationship between learner utility reactions and predictors of learning transfer as operationalised in the Learning Transfer System Inventory. A limited correlation between participant reaction measures and predictors of learning transfer was found. However, the results of this study continue to raise questions about the role and value of reaction measures.
The Division of Labour, Capitalism and Socialism: An Alternative to Sayer
Authors: Gough Jamie , Eisenschitz Aram
Published: March 2003

Sayer (1995) has argued that the division of labour has a structure that is distinct from capitalist relations of production, and, following Hayek, that it is determined most strongly by the use of knowledge by enterprises. Conscious coordination or alteration of the division of labour therefore usually result in reduced efficiency and in an authoritarian suppression of difference. In this article we argue that the division of labour in capitalism is strongly determined by conflict within and between classes, and that in the short term socialist policy can and should aim to alter it. A model of socialist economic coordination is presented which is feasible and ameliorates many of the problems of the capitalist division of labour. This model would enable the development rather than suppression of positive differences.
Space Traders: Reregulation, Property Companies and Auckland's Office Market, 1975–94
Authors: Moricz Zoltan , Murphy Laurence
Published: March 2003

The global property boom of the 1980s and its aftermath has prompted considerable debate among academics. For the most part research has been directed toward the global cities of London, New York and Tokyo. Notwithstanding the significance of property processes within these global cities, metropolitan areas outside of the core financial centres have also experienced major transformations in their property markets. This paper examines the character of Auckland's speculative office property boom of the 1980s which resulted in a level of output comparable to global cities such as Paris and Frankfurt. We argue that the wholesale reregulation of the New Zealand economy in the 1980s, and in particular the liberalization of financial markets and the share market, provided a context in which the structure of agents associated with the provision of office space was radically altered. The rise of property companies, and their dominance of the development process throughout the boom and subsequent crash, is detailed. Whilst Auckland's property boom conforms to the global experience, we argue that the specific character and intensity of the development process in Auckland highlights the need to appreciate the ‘particularity of place’.
The Emergence of Post‐Suburban Landscapes on the North Coast of New South Wales: A Case Study of Contested Space
Authors: Essex Stephen J. , Brown Graham P.
Published: March 2003

Since 1980, population trends in Australia have indicated new patterns of urbanization involving substantial growth not only in the dominant conurbations, but also in suburban areas and in an extensive coastal zone (Paris, 1994). Comparisons can be made with the emergence of post‐suburban forms and processes in other parts of the world (Kling et. al., 1991). The principal aim of this paper is to present an analysis of some of the major local development conflicts and planning and environmental protection issues that are being faced by developers, planners and local communities as the urban restructuring of Australia takes place. The paper draws on evidence of urbanization on the upper North Coast of New South Wales and provides a detailed examination of two shires in the region — Ballina and Byron — where a study was carried out by the authors in 1994 and 1995. Previous research on the population and development trends in Australia is reviewed to provide a context within which the patterns in New South Wales and its North Coast may be placed, and a discussion is presented of the implications of new development with reference to Ballina Shire and Byron Shire. The usefulness of the postfordist model as an explanatory framework for examining these post‐suburban landscapes and contested space issues on the North Coast of NSW is also explored.
Privatizing the commons: reforming the ejido and urban development in Mexico
Authors: Jones Gareth A. , Ward Peter M.
Published: March 2003

Few studies worldwide have analysed how to manage equitably the process whereby ‘customary’ or ‘common’ land can be incorporated into future urban development, particularly in so far as this might be achieved through privatization and deregulation. This paper focuses upon Mexico and the 1991–2 reforms of Article 27 which dramatically changed the tenure codes and political relations covering the widespread customary land sector — called ejidos. It is argued that, in effect, the reforms constitute deregulation of former tenure relations rather than outright privatization, and that rather than being radical in content, the reforms are subtle redefinitions of past practices in which the balance of administrative power over ejidal land has shifted significantly, away from the Agrarian Reform Ministry towards the Social Development Ministry and local (city) government. Deregulation appears to offer three principal scenarios for public and private sector ejido land development: Urban Development Companies, Joint Ventures and Extension to the ‘Urban Zone’, yet to date there is little evidence that any one has proven sufficiently attractive to be pursued intensively, and the paper suggests that illegal alienation of ejido land is likely to continue and may get worse. However, the latest Urban Development Program 1995–2000 identifies ejido land deregulation and urban development as one of its principal strategies, tied to President Zedillo’s New Federalism project, which seeks to strengthen municipal and state government capacity and effectiveness. This profound shift in the structure of political managerial authority and responsibility offers the increased likelihood that land regularization practices and urban planning of the now deregulated ejidos will become more significant in the future.
Symbolic Use of Globalization in Urban Politics in Tokyo
Authors: Machimura Takashi
Published: March 2003

Since the 1980s, more complicatedly interwoven forces of globalized capital, central and local states, and growth‐oriented local actors have produced not a single form but variations of global city formation. In the reconstruction process of postindustrial cities, the concept of globalization does not necessarily provide a dominating and self‐sufficient story, but actually acts as a symbolic catalyst which stimulates them to establish a new urban regime on the basis of more exclusive political powers. This article investigates why Tokyo, though lacking in consensus about such a change, once succeeded and then failed in establishing a political coalition for urban restructuring. For newly‐emergent global cities such as Tokyo, ‘globalization’ had two different local impacts on urban restructuring: a substantial one derived from the economic interests of globalized capital; and a symbolic one manipulated by local dominating political actors. Globalization as a political symbol took on an ideological role by both masking pre‐modern traits behind the coalition and giving postmodern appearances to it. But, concurrently with this, as a social cleavage has developed from an influx of foreign workers, the meaning of globalization has shifted to a more conflicting one.

Depuis les années quatre‐vingt, les forces du capital globalisé, des états centraux et locaux, et des participants locaux orientés vers l'expansion, entremêlées de fa??on plus complexe, ont produit non pas une seule forme mais des variations de la formation de la ville globale. Dans le processus de reconstruction des villes post‐industrielles, le concept de globalisation ne fournit pas nécessairement un narratif dominant et suffisant, mais agit en fait comme un catalyseur symbolique qui les encourage àétablir un nouveau régime urbain basé sur des pouvoirs politiques plus exclusifs. Cet article examine pourquoi Tokyo, qui n'a pas de consensus pour un tel changement, réussit d'abord àétablir une coalition politique pour la restructuration urbaine, et puis y échoua. Pour les villes globales naissantes comme Tokyo, la ‘globalisation’ a deux effets locaux différents sur la restructuration urbaine: un effet substantiel provenant des intérêts économiques du capital globalisé, et un effet symbolique manipulé par les participants politiques locaux dominants. La globalisation comme symbole politique a pris un rôle idéologique en masquant les traits pré‐modernes de la coalition et en lui donnant des apparences post‐modernes. Mais, simultanément, alors qu'une division sociale provenant d'un afflux de travailleurs étrangers se développe, la signification de la globalisation est devenue plus contradictoire.
Environment‐Related Litigation in Rio de Janeiro: Shaping Frames for a New Social Problem
Authors: Fuks Mario
Published: March 2003

This article aims to contribute to an understanding of how the environment is constituted as a social problem in Rio de Janeiro. In order to account for the local contours of this global phenomenon, it considers contextual aspects that frame environmental conflicts in Rio de Janeiro and examines certain relevant cultural resources. An analysis of the accounts of two actors involved in environmental litigation serves as the point of departure for an inventory of the versions of environment available for public debate.

Le but de cet article est d’aider à mieux comprendre comment l’environnement en vient àêtre construit comme un problème social à Rio de Janeiro. Afin d’expliquer les profils locaux de ce phénomène global, cet article considère les aspects contextuels qui structurent les conflits de l’environnement à Rio de Janeiro et examine certaines ressources culturelles pertinentes. L’analyse des compte‐rendus de deux participants impliqués dans les litiges de l’environnement sert de point de départ à un inventaire des différentes versions de l’environnement utilisées pour les débats publics.
The Political Economy of Urban Land Reforms in a Post‐Colonial State
Authors: Njoh Ambe J.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the rationale for land law reforms as well as their implications for different societal groups in Cameroon. It is revealed that the rationale — that is, to place as much land as possible in state hands — has remained unchanged since the colonial era. The study further shows that the land law reforms have always been skewed in favour of political and bureaucratic elites, entrepreneurs and the salariat at the expense of women in the informal sector, ethnic minorities and the poor. Thus, a potent consequence of land law reforms in Cameroon is that they have effectively accentuated socio‐economic inequities characteristic of the country. To remedy these problems, it is recommended that authorities seek to create some fit between the ‘modern’ land tenure system and the traditions, culture and beliefs of the Cameroonian society. Additionally, it is recommended that serious efforts be made to institute programmes designed to redistribute income and improve the performance of the bureaucratic machinery, particularly the institutional framework for land policy administration.

Cet article explore la raison d’être des réformes de la loi agraire ainsi que leurs implications pour différents groupes sociaux au Cameroun. Je révèle que la raison d’être —à savoir, mettre le maximum de terres dans les mains de l’état — n’a pas changé depuis l’époque coloniale. Cete étude montre aussi que les réformes de la loi agraire ont toujours été biaisées en favour des élites politiques et bureaucratiques, des entrepreneurs et des cadres au détriment des femmes du secteur officieux, des minorités ethniques et des pauvres. Une conséquence importante des réformes de la loi agraire au Cameroun est donc que les inégalités socio‐économiques caractéristiques du pays ont effectivement été accentuées. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, cet article recommande que les autorités essaient d’ajuster le système ‘moderne’ d’occupation des terres et la culture et croyances traditionnelles de la société camerounaise. De sérieux efforts pour introduire des programmes de redistribution des revenus et pour améliorer la performance de l’appareil bureaucratique, en particulier le modèle institutionnel pour l’administration de la politique agraire, sont aussi recommandés.
Esfahan’s gardens and mosques: on the instrumentality of symbols as a means of retaining urban identity
Authors: Shahshahani Soheila
Published: March 2003

The word paradise is of Iranian origin and refers to an enclosed garden space. In the Koran it is the permanent abode of the righteous. Its form, with flowing water, shade and fruits, is physically reproduced in gardens, mosques and carpets. The best examples of such reproduction were found in the sixteenth century, in the city of Esfahan. Today these structures still exist. How have they changed and what has remained intact? After a synopsis of Iranian history with our topic of paradise in mind, we investigate these two periods and present descriptive analyses. The objectification of the idea of ‘paradise’ is seen in the street names, and their perseverance to the present day shows the continuity of this symbol ever since the first written documents in Iran.

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Le mot paradis est d’origine iranienne et se rapporte à l’espace clos d’un jardin. Dans le Coran c’est la demeure permanente des vertueux. Sa forme, avec de l’eau qui coule, de l’ombre et des fruits, est physiquement reproduite dans les jardins, dans les mosquées et sur les tapis. Les meilleurs exemples de telles reproductions furent trouvés au seizième siècle dans la ville d’Esfahan. Ces structures existent encore de nos jours. Ont‐elles changé et qu’est‐ce qui est resté intact? Après un résumé d’histoire iranienne dans lequel le sujet de paradis est central, nous examinons ces deux époques et présentons des analyses descriptives. L’objectification de l’idée de paradis est visible dans les noms de rues, et leur persévérance jusqu’à nos jours démontre la continuité de ce symbole depuis les premiers documents écrits en Iran.
State‐society relations and national development: a comparison of Argentina and Taiwan in the 1990s
Authors: Bosco Fernando Javier
Published: March 2003

Research on national development in developing and newly industrializing countries (NICs) has focused on issues of economic growth and social change independent of each other, without paying much attention to the way the two elements relate to each other and to the conditions that could lead to their simultaneous occurrence. This paper argues that explanations of how economic growth with — or without —‘positive social change’ can occur require attention to changing state‐society relations. This research investigates the cases of Argentina and Taiwan, where economic growth in the 1990s has not translated into positive social change. By analyzing changing state‐society relations, this research shows that relations of power within societies have a clear effect on national development; it also reveals how different social actors may be able to influence a state’s developmental strategies. This paper re‐evaluates traditional views of the state and society in Argentina and Taiwan by examining the fluctuating composition of the societal base of the state and the changing relations between the state and its societal coalition. The analysis reveals the processes under which economic growth without social change is occurring in both countries, and provides general insights into the way dynamic state‐society relations can influence national development in other contexts.

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La recherche sur le développement national des pays en voie de développement et les pays nouvellement industrialisés a exploré les questions de croissance économique et de changement social séparément, sans s’occuper du rapport entre les deux et des conditions qui pourraiemt mener à leur occurrence simultanée. Cet article soutient qu’une explication de la croissance industrielle, avec ou sans ‘changements sociaux positifs’, demande que l’on prête attention aux relations changeantes entre l’état et la société. Cet article examine les cas d’étude de l’Argentine et de Taïıwan, où la croissance économique n’a pas apporté de changements sociaux positifs. En analysant les relations changeantes de l’état et de la société, cette étude démontre que les relations de pouvoir à l’intérieur des sociétés ont un effet manifeste sur le développement national; elle révèle aussi comment les différents participants sociaux peuvent influencer les stratégies de développement de l’état. Cet article ré‐évalue les vues traditionnelles de l’état et de la société en Argentine et à Taïrsquo;ıwan en examinant les compositions changeantes de la base sociale de l’état et les relations variables entre l’état et sa coalition sociale. L’analyse révèle les processus par lesquels la croissance économique survient sans changement social dans les deux pays et offre un aperçu général de la façon dont les relations dynamiques entre l’état et la société peuvent influencer le développement national dans d’autres contextes.
The Significance of Borders in the East European Transition
Authors: Wallace Claire , Shmulyar Oksana , Bedsir Vasil
Published: March 2003

The growth of small‐scale trading in Central Europe is fostered by the uneven development among post‐communist countries. This has encouraged small‐scale informal traders to cross the borders between these countries in order to buy and sell goods to supplement their incomes. This paper is based upon a study of these traders, involving qualitative interviews with 129 traders and observation of markets in Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The paper argues that in a risky environment, where trading is either illegal or only semi legal, small‐scale traders try to minimize risk by building up different kinds of relationships with customers, representatives of the law and partners in trade. In the absence or inadequacy of formal institutional regulation, informal regulation through social capital becomes important. The paper considers the way in which social capital is created and cemented in these conditions through family, ethnic and social ties which can be ‘strong’ or ‘weak’ in character.

La croissance du commerce de petite échelle en Europe centrale est favorisé par le développement inégal entre les pays post‐communistes. Ceci a encouragé les petits commerçants illegaux à traverser les frontières entre ces pays pour acheter et vendre des biens afin d’augmenter leurs revenus. Cet article s’appuie sur une étude de ces commerçants qui comprend des entretiens qualitatifs avec 129 commerçants et l’observation de marchés en Pologne, en Hongrie, dans la République Tchèque et en Slovaquie. Dans un environnement hasardeux où le commerce est soit illégal soit semi‐légal les petits commerçants essaient de réduire les risques en construisant des relations diverses avec les consommateurs, les représentants de la loi et les partenaires commerciaux. La réglementation en dehors des statuts par le capital social devient importante à cause de l’absence ou de l’imperfection des institutions formelles de rtéglementation. Cet article montre comment le capital social est cr éé et cimenté dans ces conditions à travers les liens familiaux, ethniques et sociaux qui peuvent avoir un caractère ‘fort’ ou ‘faible’.
Business Networks and New Distribution Methods: The Spread of Franchises in Spain
Authors: Gámir Augustín , Méndez Ricardo
Published: March 2003

Over the last few years, the phenomenon of the franchise as a new way of doing business has been undergoing a notable increase in Spain, with year on year growth rates of around 40%. As a result, Spain's retail trade is suffering considerable transformations and growing ever closer to a profile similar to that dominant in other countries of the EU. This phenomenon of franchises in Spain, however, goes far beyond a mere modification of business manners, as it can only be correctly understood if it is placed in a framework of other processes with much wider dimensions linking the economies, and even the societies, of the developed world: economic globalization, management innovations, the creation of network organizations or the progress towards standardization, among others. Behind this conceptual structure, the authors attempt to demonstrate how the franchise networks are being implemented in Spain, what their main features are and what behaviour they follow as regards distribution of franchises throughout the territory and within the major cities of Spain. Finally, after pointing out the potential impacts of the franchise system on Spain's business fabric, some research lines are indicated for further analysis.

Au cours de ces toutes dernières années, le phénomène du franchisage comme nouvelle organisation commerciale a connu un développement remarquable en Espagne, présentant d'année en année des taux de progression d'environ 40%. En conséquence, le petit commerce subit actuellement des transformations considérables en se rapprochant d'un profil similaire à celui qui domine les autres pays de l'UE. Toutefois, en Espagne, ce phénomène dépasse largement un simple changement dans la manière de commercer; pour bien le comprendre, il suffit de le placer dans le cadre d'autres processus aux dimensions beaucoup plus vastes qui relient les économies, voire les sociétés, du monde développé: mondialisation économique, innovations de gestion, création d'organisations en réseau ou progression vers une normalisation, pour n'en citer que quelques‐uns. Compte tenu de cette structure conceptuelle, les auteurs tentent de déterminer les modes d'implantation des réseaux franchisés en Espagne, leurs principales caractéristiques, ainsi que leur comportement quant à la répartition des concessions sur le territoire et dans les grandes villes du pays. Enfin, après avoir signalé les incidences potentielles du système des franchises sur le tissu commercial espagnol, les auteurs indiquent quelques axes de recherches à approfondir.
Going for Gold: Atlanta's Bid for Fame
Authors: Whitelegg Drew
Published: March 2003

This article explores the importance of image to the Atlanta Olympic Games of 1996. It suggests that the event must be seen as an example of the use of the propagation of selected images designed to boost the standing of the city in an increasingly competitive interurban environment. The intersection of major sporting spectacles, big business and vastly increased television coverage provides an important new medium through which boosterists can put their city on the world map. However, as the Atlanta case reveals, the ‘semiotics of the successful city‘ involves a highly ideological construction which often presents urban areas as conflict‐free zones. In Atlanta, potentially negative images were removed both physically and symbolically from the urban landscape, while the actual experience of the Games suggested that the city had some way to go in material terms to match its often hyperbolic self‐promotion. The article suggests that the staging of events such as the Olympics is a necessarily high‐risk venture for cities, one that, as in the case of Atlanta, may not have been ultimately worth the effort.

Cet article examine l'importance de l'image dans le cadre des Jeux Olympiques d'Atlanta de 1996. Il propose de considérer l'événement comme un exemple de la diffusion d'images sélectionnées, conçues et utilisées afin de promouvoir la réputation de la ville dans un contexte interurbain de plus en plus concurrentiel. L'intersection entre des spectacles sportifs exceptionnels, de grandes entreprises et une couverture télévisuelle considérablement étendue constitue un moyen novateur grâce auquel les promoteurs de cette dynamique peuvent positionner leur ville sur la carte du monde. Cependant, comme le montre le cas d'Atlanta, la ‘sémiotique d'une ville gagnante’ implique une construction idéologique très forte qui présente souvent les zones urbaines comme des espaces non conflictuels. À Atlanta, les images à potentiel négatif ont étééliminées à la fois physiquement et symboliquement du paysage urbain, tandis que les Jeux eux‐mêmes laissaient à penser que la ville devait progresser sur le plan matériel si elle voulait correspondre à son auto‐promotion souvent hyperbolique. L'article suggère que la mise en scène d'événements tels que les Jeux Olympiques est une opération nécessairement très risquée pour des villes, opération qui, à l'instar de l'expérience d'Atlanta, peut finalement ne pas justifier les efforts réalisés.
The Atlanta Experience Re‐examined: The Link Between Agenda and Regime Change
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, Atlanta appears unable to move from diffuse problem recognition to the framing of a broad program of action, despite major problems associated with a high level of poverty. With its exceptionally fragmented structure of local government, a tradition of business wariness of a strong governmental sector, and continued reliance on personal and informal collaboration, the city has failed to put together a plan to address the city's social‐investment needs. Atlanta's once‐vaunted biracial coalition shows signs of a declining ability to adapt to emergent issues and frame purposes accordingly.

Récemment, Atlanta s'est révélée incapable de passer de la reconnaissance d'un problème plus ou moins identifiéà la conception d'un programme d'action d'envergure, malgré d'énormes difficultés liées à un niveau de pauvretéélevé. Compte tenu de la structure exceptionnellement fragmentée de son autorité locale, d'une tradition de défiance des milieux d'affaires à l'égard d'un puissant secteur public local, ainsi que d'une confiance persistante dans une collaboration personnelle informelle, la ville n'a pas réussi à mettre sur pied un plan capable de répondre aux besoins locaux en matière d'investissement social. La coalition biraciale d'Atlanta, autrefois si célèbre, montre des signes de défaillance quand il s'agit de s'adapter aux problèmes émergents et de définir des objectifs en conséquence.
Coming to Terms with London: Middle‐class Communities in a Global City
Authors: Robson Garry , Butler Tim
Published: March 2003

In this article we contrast the experience of middle‐class life in two areas of South London. We hypothesize that different sections of the middle class will live in different areas. Whilst these differences partly reflect economic capabilities and occupational divisions (such as public versus private employment sector, professionals versus managers), we suggest these divisions are becoming more complex. We develop a threefold model based on the work of Savage et al. (1992) and hypothesize that each group will tend to live in different and distinct areas of the city. In our comparison of two areas in which we have completed fieldwork (Telegraph Hill and Brixton), we are able to show very different accommodations to metropolitan life which provides initial support for our hypothesis. We characterize middle‐class life in Brixton as being essentially unstable, which is largely compensated for by the frisson of living in a cosmopolitan and mixed area. Telegraph Hill is a more stable area, with residents building a long‐term relationship with the area and forming substantial social networks with other residents; it, however, lacks the cultural infrastructure of Brixton. We argue that ‘circuits of education’ are of prime importance for middle‐class families living in London: in comparison to Brixton, our respondents in Telegraph Hill have developed sophisticated educational strategies which have enabled them to come to terms with living in London.

Cet article compare la vie des classes moyennes dans deux quartiers du sud de Londres. Par hypothèse, il considère qu'au sein de ces classes, des catégories différentes vivront dans des quartiers différents. Si ces divergences traduisent en partie des capacités financières et des disparités professionnelles (ex.: entre secteur public et secteur privé, professions libérales et cadres), elles se font aussi plus complexes. L'article présente un modèle en trois parties basé sur le travail de Savage et al. (1992), en présumant que chaque groupe aura tendance à vivre dans un quartier spécifique de la ville. En opposant deux zones où le travail sur le terrain est terminé (Telegraph Hill et Brixton), il est possible de montrer des adaptations très variées à la vie métropolitaine, celles‐ci offrant une première contribution à l'hypothèse de l'étude. La vie des classes moyennes à Brixton peut se définir comme étant essentiellement instable, caractéristique largement compensée par le frisson d'une existence dans un quartier hétéroclite et cosmopolite. Telegraph Hill est une zone plus stable, les résidents établissant un lien durable avec le quartier et constituant entre eux de solides réseaux sociaux; il lui manque toutefois l'infrastructure culturelle de Brixton. L'article expose que les ‘circuits éducatifs’ sont primordiaux pour les familles des classes moyennes vivant à Londres: par comparaison à Brixton, les résidents de Telegraph Hill ont mis au point des stratégies d'éducation élaborées qui leur ont permis de s'accommoder de la vie londonienne.
Estate Agents as Interpreters of Economic and Cultural Capital: The Gentrification Premium in the Sydney Housing Market
Authors: Bridge Gary
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the role of real estate agents as interpreters of the relationship between housing aesthetics (taste) and price. The research includes an analysis of housing advertisements, observation of housing auctions, and interviews with real estate agents in the gentrified inner western suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Adapting the work of Pierre Bourdieu on social class, the article argues that the relationship between housing taste and price captures the interaction of cultural and economic capital and that the intermediary role of the estate agent can be used to explore this. It concludes that the gentrification aesthetic is dynamic and increasingly demands economic capital at the expense of cultural capital (a gentrification premium) to maintain class distinction.

Cet article traite du rôle des agents immobiliers en tant qu'interprètes du lien entre l'esthétique (goût) et le prix d'un logement. L'étude couvre une analyse des annonces, une observation des ventes aux enchères, ainsi que des entretiens avec des agents immobiliers dans des banlieues embourgeoisées situées directement à la périphérie ouest de Sydney (Australie). En adaptant les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sur les classes sociales, l'article établit que la relation goût‐prix du logement accapare l'interaction du capital culturel et économique, le rôle intermédiaire de l'agent immobilier permettant d'explorer celle‐ci. La conclusion démontre que l'esthétique de l'embourgeoisement est dynamique et exige un capital financier croissant au détriment du capital culturel (bonus de la réhabilitation) afin de préserver une distinction de classe.
Forms of Proximity, Local Governance and the Dynamics of Local Economic Spaces: The Case of Industrial Conversion Processes
Authors: Gilly Jean‐Pierre , Wallet Frédéric
Published: March 2003

Starting from an approach that mobilizes a plural definition of proximity – institutional, organizational and geographical – in the aim of endogenizing the space in economic analysis, this article seeks to understand the dynamics of local economic spaces through a re‐reading of the concept of local governance. Thus, it stresses the importance of institutional compromise‐building processes in explaining the trajectories and the diversity of spatialized forms of economic coordination, and it tackles these by giving an operational definition to the concept of local governance. More precisely, it considers the mechanisms that explain the dynamics of local governance through the distinction between endogenous and exogenous dynamics, a distinction that accounts for the linkages between local governance and macro‐economic regulation. Then, in the second part, these theoretical and methodological principles are tested in an analysis of the evolution of local governance in relation to the process of industrial conversion in the aerospace‐defence industrial centre located in the Bordeaux conurbation.

A partir d'une approche mobilisant une définition plurielle – institutionnelle, organisationnelle et géographique – de la proximité visant à endogénéiser l'espace dans l'analyse économique, cet article cherche à appréhender la dynamique des espaces économiques locaux à travers une relecture de la notion de gouvernance locale. Les auteurs insistent ainsi sur l'importance des processus de construction des compromis institutionnels pour expliquer les trajectoires et la diversité des coordinations économiques spatialisées, abordées en donnant une définition opérationnelle à la notion de gouvernance locale. Plus précisément, ils considérent les mécanismes explicatifs de la dynamique de la gouvernance locale à travers la distinction entre dynamiques endogène et exogène qui rend compte de l'articulation entre gouvernance locale et régulation macro‐économique. Puis, dans une seconde partie, ces principes théoriques et méthodologiques sont mis à l'épreuve pour analyser l'évolution de la gouvernance locale liée au processus de reconversion industrielle du pôle armement‐spatial‐défense de l'agglomération bordelaise.
The Political Management of Change in Urban Retailing
Authors: Péron René
Published: March 2003

This article deals with changing relations between retailing and the town. It focuses on the implications of changes that have arisen over the last thirty years and on the processes that have generated such transformations – or, to be more precise, on the role that policies may have played in the way change is conducted. The analysis examines the trend towards homogenization, on the world scale, of the way towns are being reconfigured: the development that locates large stores in distended, mono‐functional, off‐centre zones; the reshaping of neighbourhoods, which now tend to be defined solely by the notion of accessibility; town‐centre crisis and the selective rehabilitation of some town centres; and the decay of public spaces. It goes on to express reservations about the use of the term ‘Americanization’ to describe this movement, and then attempts to evaluate how far national laws and local administrations are likely to produce significant spatial, social and cultural differences. To achieve these aims, it adopts an approach that compares situations and practices from one country to another (in Europe and in North America), as well as from one town to another.