bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Because we are Deportable People’
Authors: Tuck Hallam
Published: December 2022

In 1999, amidst a racialised panic over so-called ‘criminal aliens’, the US Federal Bureau of Prisons announced the creation of the first Criminal Alien Requirement (CAR) prisons. This system of privately operated facilities was designed specifically to hold immigrant men convicted of federal crimes and facilitate their deportation. Under Bureau of Prisons policy, CAR prisons do not provide the same rehabilitative services offered to US citizen prisoners. Notably, these prisons disproportionately incarcerate Latino men in general, and Mexican men in particular. While there is a wealth of scholarship on privatisation (Dolovich 2009) race (Walker 2016) and citizenship (Eagly and Shafer 2020) in prisons, few scholars (although see Martin 2020; Kaufman 2019) have attempted to make sense of the connections between outsourced incarceration, citizenship, and racial difference. Tracing the crisis of ‘criminal aliens’ in concert with the Clinton administration’s drive to privatise the Federal Government, this chapter argues that outsourced, all-foreign prisons appealed to federal policymakers, who were keen to target non-citizens, but were constrained by an overcrowded prison system and public opposition to increased spending on incarceration. Through analysis of CAR prison contracts, archival government sources, and the testimonies of incarcerated men, the chapter shows how ‘criminal aliens’ have become the default subjects of a racialised regime of public–private incarceration premised on extracting financial value from incarcerated life. Overall, the chapter argues that by tying eligibility for outsourced incarceration to deportability, the CAR prison system works to define and reinforce the boundaries of citizenship and racial difference through deprivation and exclusion.
The Privatisation of Border Controls and the Limits of State Sovereignty
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: December 2022

This afterword outlines the complexities that the privatisation of border controls poses in relation to state sovereignty, as richly developed throughout this book, and reflects on how studying such processes of privatisation might shed new light on our understanding of the nature of contemporary state sovereignty and governance. In charting and subjecting to critical scrutiny the many practices through which state power is outsourced, shared, and abdicated, this volume sheds as much light on the plurality of actors involved in the exercise of state power as on the state itself. The relationship between privatisation and state sovereignty is made much more complex when the question of border controls is added to the mix, because this exposes the distinct moral, political, and legal dilemmas of state power in a transnational world order. Privatisation has been interpreted as an irregularity and a deviation from a normative idea of the state as the main provider of security. Such analytical frames, this chapter suggests, have stymied theories and concepts that better reflect contemporary dynamics and flows of power, and have often served imperialist projects. Examining these practices in all their complexities and diversity, and laying them open to empirical and normative scrutiny, is essential for rethinking the place and function of the state in society.
Intellectualism and the Method of Hypothesis in Plato’s Early Dialogues
Authors: Barney Rachel
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a reading of Plato’s early dialogues as organized around the hypothesis that virtue consists in a kind of technê, craft. That ‘intellectualist’ hypothesis is sophistic in origin, and neither Plato nor his Socrates is committed to it: the purpose of the early dialogues is to subject it to philosophical scrutiny, using the method of hypothesis outlined in the Meno and Phaedo. Recurrent questions such as whether virtue can be taught and what knowledge it might consist in emerge on this reading as ‘consequences’ of the hypothesis by which it can be tested. That desire is for the good stands to the hypothesis as a ‘higher hypothesis’, and complicates the inquiry by generating further consequences of its own. The thesis of the paper is that this hypothetical reading gives an account of the method and spirit of the early dialogues which better captures the evidence than the standard reading, on which intellectualism is a doctrinal commitment of Plato’s Socrates himself.
Comments on Matthew Evans, ‘The Blind Desires of Republic IV’ and Jessica Moss, ‘Against Bare Urges and Good-Independent Desires
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret
Published: December 2022

Plato’s Republic presents the soul as complex; Jessica Moss and Matt Evans seek to explain that complexity by focussing on how desire (the appetitive part of the soul) works. The argument to divide the soul claims that the soul may have conflicting attitudes to some object, and that the conflict is resolved by positing different soul parts: what is it for the desiring part to have such attitudes? Both agree the ‘basic thesis’: all human motivation is fundamentally linked to the good, but they explain this fundamental link differently. For Jessica, desires are capable of elaborate content, but that content need not specify the good, so that explicit conflict is possible. For Matt, the desires are blind (they do not desire things as good, nor have elaborate content); but the specification of the good marks whether a desire is successful. In accounting for how desire sees its objects, this chapter argues that attention should be paid to the central role of development towards virtue in the Republic’s moral psychology: desire must be such as to accommodate, not just repression or even contradiction by reason, but development in the light of the good.
Self-organization of Protein Patterns
Authors: Frey Erwin , Brauns Fridtjof
Published: December 2022

One of the most striking manifestations of biological self-organisation is the spatial organisation of cells. Key cellular and intracellular processes, like cell division and migration, positioning of organelles, as well as differentiation and proliferation, depend on a cell’s ability to dynamically organise its intracellular space. A prerequisite for all of these processes is a non-uniform spatial distribution of proteins, which acts as an organising template for downstream processes. In this chapter, we discuss the principles underlying self-organisation in the reaction-diffusion processes that result in diverse protein patterns. Building on a nonlinear-dynamics approach, with a particular emphasis on the role of mass conservation, we offer a fresh perspective on the pattern formation process leading to the non-uniform spatial distribution of proteins within the cell by formulating their spatiotemporal dynamics in terms of geometric concepts in phase space.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Malley Seamus
Published: December 2022

This volume concludes with some remarks on populism in contemporary Ireland and how it compares to global manifestations. Populism was a spent force after Éamon de Valera, serving only as mainstream campaign strategies. While we might expect populism to have driven the response to the 2008 crash, this has not been the case, and this conclusion examines some theories as to why. In any case, we should ask why so much of the world experiences conditions that resemble Ireland’s formative years. The period of Irish culture examined in this volume offers lessons for deciphering a populist landscape.
Fiscal Unions
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

Building on recent research comparing the EU and the USA and drawing on Riker’s theory of federalism, this book explores the origins of fiscal unions. It investigates early American history to argue that an internal threat—e.g. a sovereign debt crisis leading to social unrest—triggers the emergence of federal taxing powers—i.e. a federal fiscal union. It concludes with four insights for the EU. First, fiscalization tends to be proceeded by an internal threat. Second, fiscalization can trigger the democratization of central institutions. Third, any proposed federal fiscal union to be successful should be proceeded by a wide debate. Finally, the main opponents of fiscalization should be offered clear benefits that will result from giving up some of their tax power in order for fiscalization to be successful. This is a first monograph to compare the American and European models of fiscal integration, offering two original contributions. It introduces the concept of fiscalization, which defines the emergence of a federal fiscal union. Then, by analysing the USA’s Confederation period and applying Riker’s theory using mainly unexplored primary sources, this book adds to the USA–EU comparative federalism literature. This research introduces the reader to the similarities and differences between the pre-Constitution USA and the contemporary EU with regards to their fiscal arrangements; a comparison of the arguments that were used while debating those arrangements; and finally the conditions under which the central level of government in systems of multilevel government is likely to acquire a power to tax.
General Introduction
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This brief chapter discusses the general purpose of statistics as a tool for data analysis. It then introduces the two theoretical frameworks that currently coexist in statistics, frequentist and Bayesian, giving a brief overview of the duality. It also describes the general organization of the book, and provides suggestions on how to approach it, including which chapters to consider for particular applications. Pointers are given to existing literature and the companion website for information about the installation and use of the R programming environment.
Estimating Parameters
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

The chapter provides a very short introduction to parameter estimation with least squares. It then introduces the method of maximum likelihood, focusing on its conceptual basis and use in hypothesis testing, and illustrates it with examples involving analytical and numerical methods. It introduces Bayes’ theorem and the intuitive understanding of “inverse probability.” It shows the use of Bayes’ theorem in the context of parameter estimation, and discusses its main features: the posterior distribution, likelihood, and prior distribution. It illustrates the main algorithmic solution in Bayesian estimation involving the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, and discusses the main features of quality control of the algorithms in the Bayesian framework: criteria for chain convergence, stationarity of the posterior distribution, and assessment of the autocorrelation of parameter estimates.
The Generalized Linear Model
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the three components of a generalized linear model (GLM): the linear predictor, the link function, and the probability function. It discusses the exponential dispersion family as a generator model for GLMs in a large sense. It sketches the fitting of a GLM with the iteratively weighted least squares algorithm for maximum likelihood in the frequentist framework. It introduces the main methods for assessing the effects of explanatory variables in frequentist GLMs (the Wald and likelihood ratio tests), the use of deviance as a measure of lack of model fit in GLMs, and the main types of residuals (Pearson, deviance, and randomized quantile) used in GLM model validation. It also discusses Bayesian fitting of GLMs, and some issues involved in defining priors for the GLM parameters.
Closeted Irish
Authors: Burke Mary M.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 argues that Henry James’s Irishness, like his sexuality, was closeted, as the opening reading of Colm Tóibín’s fictionalized James suggests. James’s own work is fuelled by anxiety linked to the vexed issue of his paternal Scots-Irish ancestry, as well as to his mother’s distinct and uninvestigated Irish ethnic roots. In James’s lifetime, Emerson influentially represented the ‘Saxon race’ as the origin from which ‘superior’ American whites descended, a taxonomy that enfolded the Scots-Irish most but not all of the time. The chapter probes the submerged concern in James’s novella Daisy Miller and in his ‘Irish marriage plot’ story, ‘The Modern Warning’, that non-Gaelic, non-Catholic Irishness, originally the most common Irish ancestry in America, might be mistaken for what it is not: poor, Catholic, Gaelic, and post-1845 Famine. James’s racio-ethnic anxieties are further examined through his depiction of both working-class and elite Italians in ‘The Last of the Valerii’ and ‘The Real Thing’, who stand in for differing relations to whiteness of diverse Irish identities in nineteenth-century America, from Hiberno-Norman and Jacobite peer, to Scots-Irish and Gael. The coda pivots to the impact of pro-slavery Irish nationalist John Mitchel and his namesake mayor grandson on the New York of James’s lifetime.
Introduction
Authors: Friedlander Ari
Published: December 2022

The Introduction presents the concepts of rogue sexuality and socio-sexual identity and explains the implications of employing socioeconomic status as a decisive category for the study of early modern sexuality. It draws upon Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s theorization of sexual identities to argue that rogue sexuality offers a deconstructive and historicist path to understanding the instability of early modern social discourses. This argument lays the groundwork for the chapters that follow, which contend that the very indeterminacy between orderly and disorderly socio-sexual identities is paradoxically the ground from which they spring. Foucault’s theory of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century biopolitics is then used to illuminate the relationship between early modern rogue sexuality, reproduction, and early modern proto-demography, setting the stage for the subsequent analysis of rogues as an early modern “subpopulation.” Finally, the Introduction turns to theories of metafiction and metatheater to demonstrate how rogue sexuality produces rogue desire and the desire for rogues. To exemplify this connection, it concludes with an extended reading of the identificatory and biopolitical logics of rogue sexuality in Thomas Dekker and Thomas Middleton’s The Roaring Girl (1611), a popular play about the London criminal underworld.
Gender, Mastery, and Sexual Cozening in the Rogue Querelle des Femmes and Ben Jonson’s Epicoene
Authors: Friedlander Ari
Published: December 2022

This chapter interprets Jonson’s depictions of elite London society through the lens of Robert Greene’s popular tales of urban con artists and seductresses. I show that Sir Dauphine Eugenie and Mistress Epicoene’s efforts to fleece Dauphine’s rich uncle have surprising affinities with a sexual extortion scheme, called “cross-biting,” which sometimes was thought to involve boy actors. Cross-biting injects their partnership with the sexual energy and economic competitiveness characteristic of partnerships between pimps and their whores and ingles, or female and male prostitutes. The scheme turns the play into a contest between emergent models of urban masculinity and femininity, one that can be resolved only by revealing that Epicoene is a loyal, cross-dressed boy servant. The play’s concluding metatheatrical flourish, in which Epicoene’s newly revealed male gender and the apprentice actor’s supposedly real masculine gender are conflated, transforms the sex/gender codes of the debased criminal underclass, allowing them to participate in the contemporary cultural construction of new forms of elite masculinity and social capital.
Roguery, Bastardy, and Biopolitics in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale
Authors: Friedlander Ari
Published: December 2022

This chapter demonstrates how Shakespeare appropriates rogue biopolitics to stage and critique the production and reproduction of the English social hierarchy. It locates two overlooked contexts for the expulsion of Perdita and prosecution of Hermione, the poor laws and ecclesiastical court, both of which relied upon communal sexual regulation. These biopolitical institutions animate the representation of Perdita’s sexuality in the Bohemian countryside and the public acceptance of her royal and sexual purity upon her return to Sicilia. The conclusion of The Winter’s Tale, in which two pairs of royal lovers unite despite all odds, has often been read as a capitulation to a naturalizing ideology that links noble birth to sexual purity. Yet, it is argued, the play’s metatheatrically charged penultimate scene suggests that the discursive production of elite sexual and gender superiority is very much a communal affair. Rather than resolve the difficult questions it poses regarding elite socio-sexual identity, the play concludes by metatheatrically enjoining the audience to decide whether and how to untangle the imbrication of elite and rogue sexualities, an uncertain conclusion that reflects the aleatory nature of biopolitical contingency.
Rogue Methodology
Authors: Friedlander Ari
Published: December 2022

This coda uses Portia’s brief comments in The Merchant of Venice on the specter of the “lewd interpreter” to draw together the methodological implications of my study. Arguing that rogue sexuality is only visible by focusing on the lewd, in the social and sexual sense of that word, the coda asserts that doing the history of sexuality from below offers a number of critical advantages. By focusing on overlooked socio-sexual connections, it shows the ways in which sexuality acts as an agent in historical processes, helping us revise the relationship between identity, historicism, and queer theory. In the process, it reveals a new history of biopolitics that reformulates this theoretical touchstone for students of both premodern and modern history. Rogue sexuality thus tells a story in which the early modern intersection of status and sexuality shapes modern society from the individual person to the aggregate population.
‘Not Never Again, but Next Time’
Authors: Newton Chris
Published: December 2022

Opening with background on the history of mass starvation in South Sudan and pre-conflict vulnerabilities, this chapter documents the starvation crimes that occurred within the period 2013–2019 within the civil war. The chapter demonstrates crucial insights about starvation by focusing on how directly impacted people experience and articulate it. This localized context provides the grounds for analysing conflict actors’ strategic and tactical choices, including the intersection with the political economy and gendered aspects of starvation crimes. Focusing on two regions of particular concern: Unity State and the Greater Baggari area of Western Bahr al-Ghazal State, with comparisons from elsewhere, the chapter provides detailed examination of how conflict actors’ strategies and tactical choices produced starvation.
Environmental policy in india
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses environmental policy in India. To attain policy goals in India, it is imperative for a policy to be backed by statute. Implementation of a policy also depends on funding of the implementing agency, the zeal and imagination of officials, and the political resolve of the minister to attain the policy goal. When judges decide environmental cases they are primarily concerned with applying the relevant provisions of the law to the facts before them. The chapter then anchors the readings to a constitutional policy: the trust principle that is fundamental to democratic governance. After surveying environmental policy developments, including the National Environment Policy of 2006, it focuses on the evolution of forest policy. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act of 2006 (FRA) is a transformative law that upended forest governance structures. The chapter also examines the contests over forest resources both before and after the law was passed.
That One Word
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

This chapter sets the stage for those to come by re-evaluating some puzzling lines by Symonds’s distant kinsman (and important influence), Lord Byron. Describing, in verse, a storm over Lake Geneva in the summer of 1816, Byron laments his inability to achieve similarly lightning-like expression of his desires, longing for “that one word” that will provide release. The recent reader who knows something of Byron’s sex life inevitably wonders if this a frustrated “coming-out” scene. But there may be better questions to ask than how Byron might have gone about expressing himself, had he only had access to words yet to be coined (such as “homosexual,” later introduced into English print by Symonds). Whatever Byron’s desires were, the self-expression of Symonds and others would occupy precisely the kind of space carved out by those verses in Geneva: that of a self so deep and intense that its expression would have the sublimity of lightning.
Electric Blue
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

After briefly considering Symonds’s death in Rome, this chapter looks back at his time in and writings about the Italian city that most captured his imagination: Venice. It is there, it is argued, that the blend of the aesthetic and the erotic that had long characterized his work found its finest expression. Particular attention is paid to his meditations on the nature and language of color, including in the title essay of his late collection, In the Key of Blue. In Venice and on its lagoon, the queer intersubjectivity that Symonds sought to explain and enact reaches even beyond the human, toward the material and the environmental, a move that resembles but arguably surpasses analogous ones by Walt Whitman. Consideration of the “death drive” in Freud and Lacan leads to the book’s conclusion, in which it is argued that Symonds corrects psychoanalysis by offering a robust account of contact.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

The introduction outlines and defines the book’s guiding methodologies and its understanding of misanthropy. By reflecting on certain problems—both issues of definition and internal ambiguities and paradoxes inherent to misanthropy—it clarifies the project’s working definition of misanthropy against a broader conceptual backdrop. Above all, it explores potential ambiguities inherent in the etymological definition of misanthropy as ‘a hatred of people’. After considering misanthropic hatred alongside a range of different negative emotional and intellectual responses (critical judgement, contempt, pity, and disdain), it also reflects on the potential range of objects that misanthropy can take (individual humans, humanity, human nature, human civilization, men in particular). It ends by outlining the key shifts misanthropy undergoes as a term, concept, and literary theme across the early modern period.
Philosophy of Devotion
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

Why do people persist in commitments that threaten their happiness, security, and comfort? Why do some of our most central, identity-defining commitments resist the effects of reasoning and critical reflection? Drawing on real-life examples, empirical psychology, and philosophical reflection, this book argues that these commitments involve an ethical stance called devotion, which plays a pervasive—but often hidden—role in human life. Devotion typically involves sacralizing certain values, goals, or relationships. To sacralize a value is to treat it as inviolable (trade-offs with ordinary values are forbidden), incontestable (even contemplating such trade-offs is prohibited), and dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt the agent’s commitment to the value). Philosophy of Devotion offers a detailed philosophical account and defense of these features. Devotion and the sacralization of values can be reasonable; indeed, a life involving meaningful, sustained commitment depends on these stances. Without devotion, we risk an existential condition called normative dissipation, in which all of our commitments become etiolated. Yet devotion can easily go wrong, deforming into the individual and group fanaticism that have become pervasive features of modern social life. The book provides an alternative to fanaticism, investigating the way in which we can express non-pathological forms of devotion. We can be devoted through affirmation and through what is termed the deepening move, which treats the agent’s central commitments as systematically inchoate. Each stance enables a wholehearted form of devotion that nevertheless preserves flexibility and openness, avoiding the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other.
The Nature of Sacred Values
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter offers a unified account of sacred values by drawing on empirical psychology and philosophical work. While different research programs have analyzed sacred values in varying and sometimes conflicting ways, this chapter argues that sacred values have three core features. In contrast to ordinary values, sacred values are treated as inviolable (tradeoffs with ordinary values are forbidden); incontestable (even contemplating such tradeoffs is prohibited); and dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt the agent’s commitment to the value). The chapter analyzes these features and reviews several other factors that are characteristically associated with sacred values, including particular emotions (such as reverence and awe); a sense of subjective import or meaning; and inarticulacy about one’s sacred values.
Devotion and Dialectical Invulnerability
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the distinctive way in which sacred values are insulated from the effects of justificatory reflection. It introduces the concept of devotion. An agent is devoted to a person, state of affairs, value, or goal iff she is committed to engaging in the relevant ways with it; this commitment is dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt it); and she is disposed to maintain the dialectical invulnerability of the commitment. The chapter argues that it can be rational to manifest devotion, for devotion is a precondition for the preservation of important features of ethical life. If it can be rational to devote oneself to things, and if doing so requires treating one’s commitment to these things as dialectically invulnerable, then it can be rational to render certain commitments dialectically invulnerable.
The Enlightenment Account of Fanaticism
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines individual fanaticism. Several philosophers in the early modern period, including Shaftesbury, Locke, and Kant, argue that fanaticism consists in a certain type of dogmatism. A person takes herself to have an incontrovertible justification for some ideal, and she insists that this justification—being based on personal experiences of divine communication, insight into the nature of reality, or some such—outstrips ordinary rational standards. The chapter explores this Enlightenment account of fanaticism and argues that it is inadequate. While the Enlightenment account does identify one type of epistemic failing, this failing is not correlated with fanaticism. Therefore, we need a new account of fanaticism.
Fanaticism as Individual Pathology
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter offers a new account of fanaticism. It argues that fanaticism is based upon a constellation of psychological traits including personal fragility, a belief in the precariousness of certain values, and a form of group orientation. The fanatic is distinguished by four features: the adoption of one or more sacred values; the need to treat these values as unconditional in order to preserve her identity; the sense that the status of these values is threatened by lack of widespread acceptance; and the identification with a group, where the group is defined by shared commitment to the sacred value. The chapter explains how these features are mutually reinforcing, and it argues that these features dispose the agent towards the types of violent intolerance that we typically associate with fanaticism.
Irony, Affirmation, and the Appeal of Inarticulacy
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers possible ways of manifesting devotion without risking fanaticism. Previous chapters have shown that devotion plays an important role in ethical life; that devotion involves accepting sacred values, which are inviolable, incontestable, and dialectically invulnerable; that close examination reveals the pervasiveness of sacred values; and that sacred values stave off normative dissipation. More worryingly, these chapters have shown that the person who holds sacred values risks meeting the Enlightenment conditions for fanaticism; that when this person displays certain additional features, he does indeed become fanatical; and that fanatical groups encourage individuals to display these additional features, fueling both individual and group fanaticism. So we now need to ask: is there a way of holding sacred values in a non-pathological way? This chapter suggests that there are ways of rendering values dialectically invulnerable—thereby enabling devotion—without lapsing into fanaticism. Non-fanatical ways of expressing devotion differ from fanaticism in that they enable the agent to recognize a form of contingency, optionality, or revisability in her basic commitments. The chapter investigates whether we can be devoted through irony, through affirmation, or through what is termed the deepening move. Each stance enables a wholehearted form of devotion that nevertheless preserves flexibility and openness, avoiding the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: December 2022

This concluding chapter considers what lesson we should draw from the reflections in previous chapters. The ultimate recommendation is to maintain devotion and perhaps sacred values through affirmation and the deepening move. By doing so, we avoid the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other. But this is inevitably a fragile and precarious state: affirmation can slide into a focus on rejecting what isn’t affirmed, and the deepening move can ossify into rigidity. Only the perpetual quest to maintain a form of existential flexibility, which may require oscillation between deepening and affirmation, can stave off these dangers.
Exploitation and International Relations
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

This chapter extends the account of exploitation already developed to international relations. If the argument of the foregoing chapters is sound, then exploitation is a form of domination—the activation of the extractive dispositions of the powerful. And if states can exploit states, then states can dominate states. The domination of one political community by another is called imperialism. This chapter argues for the cogency of that notion and applies it to capitalist globalization. It shows that there is a useful and defensible distinction between colonial and liberal imperialism and argues that resistance to imperialism does not, in general, entail a right to national self-determination. Such a right, it turns out, draws its justification from a broader internationalist commitment to resisting domination.
Mysterious Connections
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

This chapter reads Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Legends of the Province House (1838) in conjunction with a series of letters that his later wife Sophia Peabody wrote during her residence as a health tourist on a Cuban plantation during the early 1830s. While Legends has been read primarily through the lens of New England history, Sophia’s reflections on the Cuban scene indirectly informed Hawthorne’s story cycle. Hawthorne’s thematization of the smallpox epidemic of the 1720s resonates with the cholera pandemic of the early 1830s as described by Sophia. The trajectory of the cholera outbreak during the 1830s challenged the assumed tropical origins of this disease and thus upended established etiologies based on climate. The chapter shows how the stories register this transition from climate-based to vector-based etiologies of epidemic diseases and more generally the turn toward a more global and disembodied climate imaginary.
The Ends of Climate
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

The coda sketches out relevant semantic shifts in climate discourse after 1860. It argues that an increasingly deterritorialized version of the tropics continues to haunt the current understanding of climate as a global, temporalized system, as shown, for instance, in the geographical school of environmental determinism and its various offshoots. The coda further comments on recent debates on the Anthropocene and global climate change, insisting that current conceptualizations of climate as a singular, future-oriented entity are profoundly political and ideological by virtue of their reliance on a logic of temporal acceleration and a generalized crisis mood. The coda concludes with some reflections on the aesthetics of global warming, which is now predominantly represented in terms of sublime collapse to the exclusion of other aesthetic registers. Re-activating now largely dormant aesthetic doctrines, such as the picturesque, might allow us to make tangible the timescales of the Anthropocene without reproducing the logic of acceleration embedded in the modern timescape.
Communication 2
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Published research output is only part of the process of communication. Gaining recognition in a research career, both personally and for your findings and theories, has historically involved a mixture of hard work and luck, although knowledge does tend to advance under its own momentum and may be less dependent on individuals and their discoveries than is sometimes implied. This chapter covers wider opportunities for academic writing, including reviews and opinion pieces, which merge into journalism. Networking is also an important element of dissemination, and the practicalities of academic conferences and presentations are discussed before considering opportunities and challenges of wider public engagement.
A Revealing Correspondence
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 develops the following argument for phenomenalism: there is an exceptionless correlation between physical things and certain possibilities of sensation; the best explanation for this correlation is that physical things just are such possibiities; so, physical things are possibilities of sensation.
A Phenomenalist Theory of Perception
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 9 defends a phenomenalist theory of perception, according to which to perceive something is to have one of the experiences for which the thing is a possibility. This solution compares favorably to currently popular representationalist and direct realist theories of perception.
The Art of Learning
Authors: Konek Jason
Published: December 2022

Confirmational holism is at odds with Jeffrey conditioning—the orthodox Bayesian policy for accommodating uncertain learning experiences. Two of the great insights of holist epistemology are that (i) the effects of experience ought to be mediated by one’s background beliefs, and (ii) the support provided by one’s learning experience can and often is undercut by subsequent learning. Jeffrey conditioning fails to vindicate either of these insights. My aim is to describe and defend a new updating policy that does better. In addition to showing that this new policy is more holism-friendly than Jeffrey conditioning, I will also show that it has an accuracy-centred justification.
Science, Legitimacy, and the Judicial Function
Authors: Sulyok Katalin
Published: December 2022

This chapter comparatively assesses the various standards of review major international courts and tribunals set in science-intensive environmental litigation. The overview of case law suggests that relevant fora have become gradually more inclined to apply more intrusive standards to assess the science-based positions of the parties. The reasonableness assessment of the International Court of Justice, the coherence review of the World Trade Organization, and the consistency test of the judiciary of the European Union will be evaluated more closely in this chapter. It will be argued that these standards of review are structurally similar and share important epistemic characteristics, the analysis of which will lie at the center of this chapter. This contribution will challenge the view that international judges ought to grant wide measure of deference to states in making scientific claims by proposing normative justifications for intrusive and science-intensive standards of review from the perspective of epistemic legitimacy.
Depolluting the Doctrine on Causation in International Investment Law
Authors: Jarrett Martin
Published: December 2022

For any investment-treaty arbitration that reaches the merits phase, the following question will invariably arise: “Did the state’s conduct cause the investor’s loss?” This is the causation question. If the investor proves the causal link, it takes a significant step towards ultimate success, whereas failure delivers a terminal blow. To determine this question, arbitral tribunals have adopted a two-tiered test consisting of “factual causation” and “legal causation.” Because the same test has been endorsed by the International Law Commission in the commentary attaching to the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), they appear to be right in this adoption. But they are wrong. Testing for legal causation has no place in investment-treaty arbitration. For one, testing for legal causation is such an imprecise process that it usually makes arbitral tribunals’ legal reasoning on questions of causation obscure. Second, the purpose that testing for legal causation serves in domestic law, where it was developed, is not a purpose that international investment law is concerned with. In domestic law cases, legal causation is a tool to place losses arising from unavoidable accidents where adjudicators think that they most fairly fall. By contrast, investor-state disputes do not involve unavoidable losses. The fear will be that without legal causation, states face indeterminate legal responsibility for investment losses. For various reasons, however, this fear is unfounded.
State Acquiescence or Connivance in the Wrongful Conduct of Third Parties in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Milanovic Marko
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with regard to the acquiescence or connivance of states parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the wrongful conduct of third states (which themselves may or may not be parties to the ECHR) or non-state actors. It discusses the origins of the acquiescence or connivance test in the ECtHR’s case law, which is idiosyncratic and does not stem from general international law. The chapter also discusses the test’s legal nature, arguing that its conceptual basis remains unclear, and that the current state of the case law could support two theories. The test could be conceptualized either as an ECHR-specific rule of attribution or (the position to be preferred) as an ECHR-specific theory of state complicity.
A Comparison of the Rules of Attribution in the Law of State Responsibility, State Immunity, and Custom
Authors: Binder Christina , Wittich Stephan
Published: December 2022

This chapter compares the rules of attribution in the law of state responsibility, state immunity, and customary international law. It will examine the commonalities as well as the distinctions between the different rules of attribution in these three fields. While it seems tempting to use the same, or at least, similar rules of attribution across the board, a more detailed analysis reveals that the different nature and rationale of attributive rules in each field under scrutiny have a varying impact on their scope and application. Unsurprisingly, structural and functional elements of attribution are similar in their application to state responsibility, state immunity, and customary law, whereas the differences are palpable in the context of more specific aspects, such as attribution of conduct of private persons or entities, the attributability of ultra vires acts, or the categorization of presumably attributive acts as either acta iure imperii or acta iure gestionis.
Untangling the Relationship Between Attribution and Due Diligence in International Investment Law and Beyond
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: December 2022

In international investment law, states have an obligation to protect foreign investors against certain interferences of their own organs as well as private actors. In the first case, state responsibility emerges from breach of the obligation to refrain from a wrongful activity and is attached to the state through the attribution of the acts of its organs. In contrast, when the harm is caused by non-state actors, a state can incur responsibility if it fails to exercise due diligence in protecting investors. Can a due diligence standard be utilized also to determine state responsibility when the injury was not caused at the hands of private actors? Departing from doctrine, this chapter argues that it can, articulating legal, policy, and theoretical justifications, relying in particular on the concept of risk. It shows how this approach converges with other areas of international law, especially international humanitarian law and international human rights law.
Fragmentation of Attribution in International Law
Authors: Kajtár Gábor
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the practice of international courts and tribunals and contends that adjudicators, consciously or unconsciously, use the notion of attribution in a narrow and in a broad sense, without however properly distinguishing between nuanced attribution standards. Attribution tests in the narrow sense are drawn from the International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) and are applied in the context of establishing the international responsibility of states. Whereas broad sense attribution concepts serve a variety of other legal purposes. This phenomenon will be termed as the fragmentation of attribution. The chapter will map various attribution concepts used in the field of jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and international investment law. It concludes by raising awareness about the doctrinal inconsistencies that arise from the judicial use of different attribution tests in an interchangeable way and about a corresponding need for doctrinal scrutiny and methodological consistency in dealing with secondary rules of international law.
Multiple Generality in Scholastic Logic
Authors: Schuman Boaz Faraday
Published: December 2022

Multiple generality has long been known to cause confusion. For example, “Everyone has a donkey that is running” has two readings: either (i) there is a donkey, owned by everyone, and it is running; or (ii) everyone owns some donkey or other, and all such donkeys run. Medieval logicians were acutely aware of such ambiguities, and the logical problems they pose, and sought to sort them out. One of the most ambitious undertakings in this regard is a pair of massive diagrams (magnae figurae) which map out the logical interrelations of two sets of doubly-general forms. These appear in a fourteenth-century MS of John Buridan’s Summulae de Propositionibus. In this paper, I present these diagrams, and determine the truth conditions of their different forms. To that end, I have developed a bespoke system of diagrams to display their truth conditions. As we will see, such forms present significant difficulties for an all-encompassing account of the role form plays in logic. Accordingly, they can tell us important things about the role logical form plays in Buridan’s account of logical foundations.
A Dance with the Rebel Angels
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja
Published: December 2022

In this new book, Tobias Hoffmann offers a compact overview of the free will debate and some of its most important developments from 1220 to 1320. The choice of this period is justified by the fact that medieval authors in this period developed new theories on the basis of the reception of Aristotle’s works in psychology and action theory. Hoffmann speaks of a “psychological turn” that consists in the fact that the discussion moved from a narrow, theologically motivated discussion of free will as a requirement of moral responsibility implied by the Christian notion of sin to a more philosophically driven debate: Against the backdrop of Aristotelian psychology and theory of action, philosophers started to systematically reflect upon the psychological parameters and general conditions of free will. What distinguishes this book from other works on medieval debates over free will is that it relates the general issue of free will (and the relation to moral responsibility as its prerequisite) to the more specific and less widely discussed aspect of the problem of angelic sin.
Women Philosophers in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: December 2022

Many women wrote philosophy in nineteenth-century Britain, and they wrote across the full range of philosophical topics. Yet these important women thinkers have been left out of the philosophical canon and many of them are barely known today. This book puts them back on the map. The book introduces twelve women philosophers: Mary Shepherd, Harriet Martineau, Ada Lovelace, George Eliot, Frances Power Cobbe, Helena Blavatsky, Julia Wedgwood, Victoria Welby, Arabella Buckley, Annie Besant, Vernon Lee, and Constance Naden. The book examines their views on naturalism, philosophy of mind, the meaning of evolution, morality and religion, and progress in history. The book shows how these women interacted and developed their philosophical views in conversation with one another, not only with their male contemporaries. The rich print and periodical culture enabled these women to publish philosophy in forms accessible to a general readership, despite the restrictions women faced, such as having limited or no access to university education. The book explains how these women became excluded from the history of philosophy because, at the end of the nineteenth century, there was a change towards specialized forms of philosophical writing which depended on academic credentials that were still largely unavailable to women.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: December 2022

The Introduction explains that the book is about twelve nineteenth-century women philosophers who wrote in the British context: Mary Shepherd, Harriet Martineau, Ada Lovelace, George Eliot, Frances Power Cobbe, Helena Blavatsky, Julia Wedgwood, Victoria Welby, Arabella Buckley, Annie Besant, Vernon Lee, and Constance Naden. Drawing on feminist views of the history of philosophy as a conversation, the chapter explains the author’s methodology and approach for reconstructing the intellectual conversations amongst these women, which is to use published and unpublished correspondence, historical, biographical, and autobiographical evidence, and textual analysis. The Introduction then outlines the book chapters, which cover: the social context and print culture in which these women published; naturalism; philosophy of mind; the meaning of evolution; religion and morality; and progress in history. Finally, the Introduction clarifies some initial features of these women’s social and historical context.