bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior of queen bumblebee pollinators on Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae) in response to different patch sizes and spacing
Authors: ISHIHAMA FUMIKO , WASHITANI IZUMI
Published: November 2007

Pollinator visitation patterns are strongly affected by the spatial structure of a plant population. We assessed the effects of the size and spacing of patches on the foraging behavior of queens of Bombus diversus tersatus on a heterostylous perennial species, Primula sieboldii, using an experimental population. We compared Akaike's information criterion (AIC) among candidate statistical models, and models with patch size had the lowest AIC in various aspects of visitation behavior. Visitation frequency per patch increased with increasing patch size, but the proportion of visited flowers decreased. As a result of this combination of visitation patterns, visitation frequency per flower was only slightly affected by patch size. This result indicates that the bumblebees came close to an ideal free distribution for the use of resources in terms of the patch size within a population. From the plant's point of view, increasing the number, but decreasing the proportion, of flowers visited in larger patches would maximize reproductive success by minimizing inbreeding. Although patch size strongly affected visitation frequencies, patch spacing had a moderate effect only on the visitation frequency per patch. Visitation frequency per patch was higher with closer spacing between patches. No evidence for an interaction between patch size and spacing was detected.
Floral sex allocation in a hermaphrodite herb with 1‐day flowers, Hosta rectifolia (Liliaceae)
Authors: CAO GUO‐XING , KUDO GAKU , IDA TAKASHI Y.
Published: November 2007

The size‐dependent sex allocation theory predicts that a female‐based sex allocation is accelerated with increasing resource status in insect‐pollinated hermaphrodite plants. However, variations in the mating environment among flowers, which are caused by pollinator movements and temporal fluctuation in the floral sex ratio, may cause diverse patterns in sex allocation among flowers within inflorescences. We examined the floral sex allocation among plants and among flowers within inflorescences in a perennial hermaphrodite species with 1‐day flowers, Hosta rectifolia Nakai. Flowering progresses sequentially from basal to distal positions within an inflorescence with little flowering overlap among flowers. At the plant level, both pollen and ovule production per flower increased with plant size. Within inflorescences, both ovule and pollen production per flower declined from basal to distal positions, indicating decreasing resource availability per flower. The probability of fruit‐set success under natural conditions also decreased from basal to distal positioned flowers within inflorescences. However, the pollen to ovule ratio of individual flowers remained constant, regardless of floral position and plant size. Constant sex allocation at the flower level is consistent with the prediction of the mating environment theory; every positioned flower seemed to have a similar potential of pollination success because there was no geitonogamous pollination.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 9: Helonias orientalis (Thunb.) N. Tanaka (Liliaceae)
Authors: KAWANO SHOICHI , MASUDA JUNZO , UTECH FREDERICK H.
Published: November 2007

The life‐history characteristics of Helonias orientalis (Liliaceae) are described. The genus Helonias (Liliaceae), which includes Heloniopsis and Ypsilandra, is one of the representative members of the so‐called Arcto‐Tertiary Geoflora, with typical disjunct geographical ranges in eastern North America and eastern Asia, including the Japanese Islands to inland China and the Himalayan Mountains. The seasonal growth patterns of this evergreen perennial are most unique, showing different replacement patterns in foliage leaves, which are formed during two different seasons, once in late spring and again in late summer to autumn. Flowering occurs at different times of the year in populations that are located at different elevations. Lowland populations flower in late March to early April, whereas montane and subalpine–alpine populations bear flowers in early to mid‐summer, June to August. Another outstanding feature of this species is that it produces tiny plantlets at the tips of the oldest (3‐year‐old) foliage leaves just before decaying. Survival rates of plantlets (ramets) are obviously much higher than that of the exceedingly minute seedlings (gamets), especially on the dark shady forest floor. Thus, populations in closed woodland habitats are primarily maintained by plantlets, that is, vegetative plantlet formation. The cost of seed production is dramatically higher in the subalpine–alpine populations compared with those of the lowland populations.
Correction of the Everted Punctum by Medial Canthoplasty
Authors: English Frank P.
Published: November 2007

Summary

A useful technique for correction of eversion of the punctum is medial blepharoplasty where an intermarginal adhesion is produced between the lid margin nasal to the puncta. This procedure combined with advancement of a canthal skin flap restores the punctum to its correct position.
Anterior Chamber Depth of Eyes of Full Blood Aborigines at a Reserve in Sooth Australia
Authors: Murchland J. B. , Edwards F. M.
Published: November 2007

Summary

Interest has been focused on the variable incidence of acute angle closure glaucoma in different races and geographic areas around the world for the better understanding of the disease. It has not been described in the Australian aborigine. Considering its important role as a precursor to the disease the anterior‐chamber depth has been measured in 358 aboriginal eyes by pachometry. The range of values has been found to be similar to an Australian European group (Lowe, 1970) and 4% were less than 2–5 mm., considered “at risk” of developing angle closure glaucoma. The depth of the anterior chamber decreased with age, more so in the male than in the female. The younger male has a deeper AC depth, which becomes more shallow with age, so that after 60 years, it is less than the AC depth of the female.
10–0 SUTURES—THEIR STEREOSCAN CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Maclean Hector , Carroll Nanette
Published: November 2007

The Scanning Electron Microscope has been used to examine a number of different sutures used in ocular microsurgery. The appearances seen in several different 10–0 materials are illustrated.
HERPETIC KERATITIS: PRESENT MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: O'Day Denis M.
Published: November 2007

Herpes simplex keratitis remains a challenging and difficult problem. In this review the rationale for current and experimental antiviral therapy is discussed. The perplexing problem posed by the need to treat herpetic stromal keratitis with corticosteroid is approached through a review of known immunopathologic mechanisms, as well as the hazards and complications of steroid therapy.
TOXOCARIASIS — SUMMARY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: B.V.Sc. Douglas H. Slatter.
Published: November 2007

Although human infection with Toxocara cams is a recently recognized disease (25 years) it is apparently widespread. Control methods and public awareness can reduce the potential of infection with this parasite. Newer cytologic and enzyme tests combined with modifications of older serologic methods may assist in the differential diagnosis of toxocariasis.
DRUSEN PATTERNS PREDISPOSING TO GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Authors: SARKS SHIRLEY H.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

This report discusses the recognition of drusen referred to as “hard” which appear to predispose the eye to the development of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. When numerous, small hard drusen tend to become arranged in clusters. On the temporal side in particular, this grouping may be so close as to resemble larger confluent drusen within which the small drusen can only be distinguished by fluorescein angiography.

The approximate interval before geographic atrophy involves the fovea can be estimated by noting the distribution of drusen and the state of the pigment epithelium between the drusen. A stage of incipient atrophy can be recognised as an area of diffuse hyperfluorescence in which pigment clumping or reticular pigment figures and fading of drusen occur.
THE INTRACAPSULAR‐EXTRACAPSULAR CONTROVERSY
Authors: JAFFE NORMAN S.
Published: November 2007

There has been a trend toward increasing popularity of the extracapsular method of cataract extraction. The advantages of this method over the intracapsular technique center around protection of the cornea and retina. A cornea‐retina syndrome following intracapsular cataract extraction appears to be due to the greater endophthalmodonesis compared to the extracapsular method. The alleged advantages of the extracapular method are discussed. Some appear valid while others are theoretical at this time. A personal angiographic cystoid macular edema study heavily favours the extracapsular method over the intracapsular. Four groups of patients, were studied: 1. Intracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst ‐loop lens. Intracapsular cataract extraction with no lens implant. Extracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst lens; all with intact posterior capsules. 4. Extracapsular cataract extraction with a posterior chamber lens; all with primary posterior capsulotomy.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EP1RETINAL MACULAR MEMBRANES
Authors: CAIRNS JAMES D.
Published: November 2007

Eleven cases of epiretinal macular membrane formation were treated with vitrectomy and membrane peeling microsurgery. This paper discusses the indications, surgical technique and results. Vfsion was benefitted in the majority of cases selected for treatment.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Playfaii Justin
Published: November 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

PSEUDOPHAKIA – Current trends and concepts.

SELF‐ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

CURRENT CONCEPTS IN CATARACT SURGERY

VITREOUS SURGERY

Edited by Marvin L. Kwito, M.D., Donald L. Praeger, M.D. Published by Williams & Wilkins (Baltimore) 1980.

Second edition. T. V. Scott and S. J. Weiss, pp 215. Published by Medical Examination Publishing Co. Inc. $24.15.

Selected Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Cataract Surgical Congress. Edited by: Jared M. Emery, Adrienne C. Jacohson. Published by the CV Moshv Company, St Louis, Toronto, London, 1980.

Ronald G. Michels. Illustrations by Timothy C. Hengs and Gary P. Lees, 1981. The CV Mosby Company St Louis, pp. 462.
COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS IN VISUALLY COMPROMISED SUBJECTS
Authors: FREWIN DEREK B. , CHRYSSIDIS ELIZABETH , HOWARD ANNETTE F.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The compliance with prescribed medications has been assessed in a group of 65 patients with compromised vision. It was found that the mean level of compliance in this group with respect to all medications was 64.2+2.1 %, and that this level was significantly lower than that obtained for a group of 40 normally sighted individuals of comparable age. Itis recommended that medication routines should be kept as simple as possible in patients with visual loss, and that suitable pill dispensers be used to enhance compliance where appropriate. Counselling and family support may additionally encourage adherence to drug regimens.
A SYNDROME INVOLVING CONGENITAL CATARACTS OF UNUSUAL MORPHOLOGY, MICROCORNEA, ABNORMAL IRIDES, NYSTAGMUS AND CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA, INHERITED AS AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TRAIT
Authors: CEBON LEON , WEST ROBERT H.
Published: November 2007

Summary

A family of three generations is described. They suffer from a syndrome consisting of cataract, microcornea, abnormal irides, nystagmus, and congenital glaucoma inherited as an autosomal dominant trait Both the morphology of the cataracts and the particular combination of findings do not appear to have been described previously.
TREATMENT OF PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENTS IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: BIRD A. C.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

A controlled trial of argon laser photocoagulation of retinal pigment epithelial detachments showed that no benefit was conferred on visual prognosis in the following two years. Not all untreated cases progress to damaging disciform degeneration, and treatment can adversely affect the fovea, especially by causing thinning of the neuroretina or by tearing the detached pigment epithelium.
OCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN HAEMODIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
Authors: HILTON A. F. , HARRISON J. D. , LAMB A. M. , PETRIE J. J. B. , HARDIE I.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

115 patients on haemodialysis and 160 renal transplant patients were examined over an eight year period. A high percentage in both groups were found to have ocular complications. These included disorders of the cornea, lens, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. In contrast to other studies on renal transplant patients a relatively large number had symptoms and even required surgery for cataract removal. 65 (40. 7%) had posterior sub‐capsular cataracts. It is likely that nearly all were caused by the use of prednisone for immunosuppression. Of this number 25 (38.5%) had symptoms and 12 (18.5%) required cataract extraction. Pigmentary disturbances of the retinal pigment epithelium, together with vascular changes in the choroid were found in some. The implication of these relatively unknown complications, together with their possible aetiology, is discussed. The study emphasises the fact that all haemodialysis ana renal transplant patients should be monitored for ocular complications.
THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF CLINICAL SPECULAR MICROSCOPY
Authors: FRACO LAWRENCE W. HIRST , MS RAY STERNER , BS A. J. PATEL , MS GREGORY DUNKELBERGER
Published: November 2007

Since the introduction of specular microscopy into the field of clinical ophthalmology in 7975,1 many technological and methodological advances have been made. These have for the most part eliminated the previously discussed objections to the use of specular microscopy as a clinical tool. 2 With the advent of new instrumentation, a number ol specular microscopes are now available. The advantages and disadvantages of these clinical specular microscopes, current clinical practice with small‐field and wide‐field specular microscopy, and description of problems and possible future developments of specular microscopy are discussed.
TISSUE ADHESIVE THERAPY FOR CORNEAL PERFORATIONS
Authors: FRACO LAWRENCE W. HIRST , BA WILLIAM E. SMIDDY , MD EUGENE DE JUAN
Published: November 2007

The current indications for and method of application of tissue adhesive are described. A method for an expanded utilisation of tissue adhesive is discussed. To study the effect of the introduction of tissue adhesive to The Wilmer Institute in 1974, the records of 104 consecutive non‐traumatic corneal perforations or descemetoceles admitted to The Wilmer Institute from 1960 to 1980 were assessed retrospectively with follow‐up being obtained from records or from referral physicians for 87 of these perforations. Forty‐nine percent of the cases were caused by bacterial corneal ulcers, 13% by exposure, 12% by chemical burns, 6% by fungal keratitis, 5% by herpes simplex keratitis, and 15% were undiagnosed. Since the introduction of tissue adhesive in 1974, there has been an apparent trend towards a lower enucleation rate (6%) in the tissue adhesive treated group compared with 19% in perforations treated by other therapies.
CYSTICERCOSIS OF THE SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE
Authors: MB ANNE M. V. BROOKS , MB W. BRIAN ESSEX , FRACO ROBERT H. WEST
Published: November 2007

A 39‐year‐old Vietnamese refugee with upper eyelid swelling followed by vertical diplopia and mild proptosis was shown by computerised tomography to have a localised lesion in the region of the right superior oblique muscle. At operation, this was a cyst and histology confirmed the larval form of Taenia solium (cysticercosis).
THE CONJOINT LIBRARIES OF THE ROYAL VICTORIAN EYE AND EAR HOSPITAL AND THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS*
Authors: MD RONALD F. LOWE
Published: November 2007

Following their amalgamation in 1953, the Conjoint Libraries developed rapidly and played an essential part in the expansion and growth in stature of Australian ophthalmology. However, at this time of economic recession and cessation of funds for hospital expansion, apprehension is felt for the future. At the same time, publication costs are soaring, new electronic methods of communication are increasing and the conduct of libraries is on the threshold of computer technology.
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE IMMUNOREACTIVE NERVE FIBRES IN THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: MILLER A. S. , FRACO D. J. COSTER , COSTA Laurea M. , MSC J. B. FURNESS
Published: November 2007

Immunohistochemistry applied to whole‐mount preparations was used to investigate the presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive nerves in the non‐retinal part of the human eye. The choroid has a dense perivascular supply of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres, and some free nerve endings within the stroma. These nerves enter the choroid in ciliary nerves and also as perivascular networks around the ciliary arteries. Occasional choroidal VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies are seen. The ciliary body stroma, close to the iris root has a dense circumferential plexus of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres that occur both singly and in bundles. The iris root has a circumferential arrangement of bundles from which VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres travel radially in the stroma. They supply the pupillary region with numerous free nerve endings: the sphincter pupillae is not supplied by these nerves. The cornea is devoid of VIP immunoreactive nerves. These findings, together with existing knowledge of the physiological actions of VIP, indicate that VIP immunoreactive nerves are likely to be involved in the functioning of several ocular tissues.
MANAGEMENT OF QUININE TOXICITY
Authors: MB P. DICKINSON , FRACP J. SABTO , FRACO R. H. WEST
Published: November 2007

The clinical findings, investigations, and course of three patients who ingested quinine sulphate or bisulphate tablets and suffered severe visual loss are described. Methods and control of treatment for these patients are discussed, and the asessment of the effectiveness of treatment, and its relationship to the visual outcome are considered.
REFRACTIVE CORNEAL SURGERY: THE USE OF IMPLANTABLE ALLOPLASTIC LENS MATERIAL
Authors: MD THEODORE P. WERBLIN , MD J. ELLIOTT BLAYDES , MD ANDREW FRYCZKOWSKI , DVM ROBERT PEIFFER
Published: November 2007

A basic problem encountered in all forms of lamellar retractive surgery has been the predictability of the optical corrections. Corneal tissue used in refractive surgery behaves in a variable fashion because its shape is determined in vivo by the process of healing and graft repopulation. Therefore no preoperative measure of the ultimate power of the lathed corneal lens can be made. Another drawback is the limited supply of donor corneal tissue. In an effort to overcome these problems, we have used alloplastic materials in conjunction with lamellar refractive surgery to improve the predictability of the result. The use of this material would also allow accurate preoperative determination of lens power. Intralamellar implants appeared to heal quite rapidly after surgery. Their optical clarity was excellent and the corneal surface appeared stable. Further research into long‐term stability and predictability are currently underway.
THE DISPOSABLE MODIFIED FORNIX FLAP FOR CATARACT SURGERY*
Authors: FRACO IAN C. FRANCIS , FRACO M. B. KAPPAGODA
Published: November 2007

Thirty cataract operations were performed in 28 patients using the disposable modified fornix flap technique described by Quinn and Ewald. Vision was 6/12 or better in 26 of 30 eyes with a mean follow‐up period of seven months. Vision was corrected in 11 patients with intraocular lens implants, in 10 patients with aphakic spectacles and in seven patients with contact lenses. Four of the seven contact lens wearers had ocular irritation related to contact lens wear. The technique appears to work satisfactorily for intracapsular or extracapsular cataract surgery and for intraocular lens implantation.
BIMANUAL PHACOEMULSIFICATION*
Authors: MD HENRY M. CLAYMAN
Published: November 2007

Phacoemulsification is widely used in the USA for cataract extraction. The surgeon's ability has been enhanced by improved instrumentation and evolution of techniques which make the surgery less challenging. Such a technique is bimanual phacoemulsification, which is described in this paper.
VITRECTOMY AND PHOTOCOAGULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SEROUS DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH OPTIC NERVE PITS
Authors: MD T. A. ALEXANDER , FRACO F. A. BILLSON
Published: November 2007

Two cases of serous detachment of the retina associated with congenital pits of the optic nerve were successfully treated with photocoagulation, vitrectomy and gas tamponade. The rationale of management and the results are discussed. It is suggested that this treatment deserves further study to see if early intervention will favourably affect the return of macular function, particularly in cases of optic nerve pits where the serous detachment is of short duration and fixed structural changes at the macula have not occurred.
DO ANY FACTORS PREDICT A FAVOURABLE RESPONSE TO LASER TRABECULOPLASTY?
Authors: FRACO ANNE M. V. BROOKS , FRACO W. E. GILLIES
Published: November 2007

One hundred and thirty‐three eyes with raised intraocular pressure treated by argon laser trabeculoplasty were studied to determine the factors predicting a fall in pressure with treatment. The two main predictive factors were: (i) initial pressure—a higher initial pressure was associated with a greater fall in pressure (p < 0.001); and (ii) diagnosis (type of glaucoma)—pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXFG) and chronic open‐angle glaucoma (COAG) had the greatest fall (p < 0.05). Aphakic glaucoma was associated with the worst results. Of the other factors studied, only the degree of pigmentation of the angle was a significant predictor: the greatest fall in pressure occurred in eyes with moderately pigmented angles (p = 0.05). Complications of treatment were pigment scatter in the angle with depigmentation (41% of eyes), peripheral anterior synechiae (7.5%), immediate postoperative rise in pressure of 10 mmHg or more (7%), moderately severe iritis (3%) and hyphaema (2%). Medication was able to be ceased in only five patients after laser trabeculoplasty; even if a small fall in pressure is achieved, a large fall to the bottom of the normal range is unlikely.
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE SURGERY
Authors: HARCOURT B.
Published: November 2007

The anatomy and actions of the superior oblique muscle are discussed as a basis for logical surgical procedures.

Weakening procedures are indicated for overaction or for a short superior oblique tendon. Tenectomy is performed nasal to the superior rectus while selective tenotomies for bilateral overaction are performed temporal to the superior rectus. Recession of the whole tendon on an adjustable suture is preferred for unilateral superior oblique overaction.

Tendon tucking for unilateral superior oblique palsy is performed temporal to the superior rectus and inevitably causes a degree of pseudo‐Brown's syndrome. Tucks may be used bilaterally in bilateral cases. Alternatively, anterior tendon advancement corrects tensional symptoms. It may be graded from a maximum advancement to the upper border of the lateral rectus to suit the degree of tension. Adjustable sutures may be used.

Superior oblique tendon transfer for long‐standing third nerve palsies may produce paradoxical eye movements in the long‐term due to scarring.
ANIRIDIA RESULTING FROM CHROMOSOME 11p13 DELETION (MILLER'S SYNDROME): REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: FRACO M. P. FLAHERTY , PHD L. BOUSFIELD , MD D.O. SILLENCE
Published: November 2007

The association of aniridia with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 11, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation (AGR triad or Miller's syndrome) has been recognized only in recent years.

A 15‐year‐old boy with aniridia and Miller's syndrome is reported with deletion involving the sub‐band 11p13 of the short arm of chromosome 11. Literature review draws attention to the pleiotropic effects of deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11, and the increased risk of development of Wilms' tumour or other embryonal tumours in these children.
“ONE INCREASING PURPOSE”: THE SURGEONS OF SYDNEY EYE HOSPITAL: A CENTURY OF SERVICE (1882–1982)
Authors: PRICE LENNOX
Published: November 2007

The surgeons who served the Sydney Eye Hospital during its first century were a well‐trained and dedicated group of consultants, who created a fine institution with a sphere of influence which has extended beyond Australia to other Asian‐Pacific countries. A description is given of the characteristics and personal qualities of the surgeons, with many of whom the author has been personally acquainted.
KERATOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS
Authors: FRACS C. GREGORY KEITH
Published: November 2007

An eleven‐year‐old boy with Addison's disease, mucocutaneous candidiasis and hypoparathyroidism had moderately severe keratoconjunctivitis with pannus formation. This is a recognized part of the syndrome which is termed Type 1 polyendocrine autoimmune disease, or autoimmune polyendocrine candidiasis syndrome (APECS). It is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The case was unusual in that the Addison's disease and keratopathy preceded the hypoparathyroidism.
EYE SURGERY IN TAXILLA, PAKISTAN
Authors: SLADE J: H.
Published: November 2007

Large numbers of patients are operated on in the Christian Hospital, Taxilla, Pakistan. The Hospital is organized in such a way as to provide very high quality care to large numbers of people at low cost. Key words: cataract surgery, Pakistan, complications, cost‐effective.
PATTERNS OF SUPERFICIAL KERATOPATHY
Authors: ROUSSEL THOMAS , GRUTZMACHER RICHARD , COSTER DOUGLAS
Published: November 2007

Corneal surface abnormalities are commonly encountered in ophthalmology and are manifestations of a wide range of underlying disease processes. The diversity of both clinical presentation and morphological appearance requires a systematic approach to the identification and management of these superficial corneal changes.

Accurate diagnosis of superficial keratopathy requires skilful observation to seek the most characteristic clinical sign, a deductive thought process based on a knowledge of disease patterns, and occasionally the use of laboratory procedures to confirm the working diagnosis.

We have classified changes of the corneal surface into five categories based on the clinical pattern (punctate, dendritic, plaque, vortex, and linear). We show how pattern recognition, with the aid of clinical presentation, history, and appropriate investigations, can lead to accurate diagnosis and initiation of proper management.
CATECHOLAMINES IN AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
Authors: COOPER R. L. , CONSTABLE I. J. , DAVIDSON LISA
Published: November 2007

Aqueous humour catecholamine concentrations were assayed in open angle glaucoma, and cataract patients during surgery, under general anaesthesia. Plasma catecholamines were measured at the same time. Aqueous humour noradrenaline is apparently reduced by pretreatment with adrenaline, timolol and pilocarpine. (Noradrenaline concentrations were 0.599 ± 0.239 ng/ml in glaucoma, and 0.970 ± 0.445 ng/ml in cataract patients.) Dopamine was found in two of six cataract patients (0.123 and 0.318 ng/ml), and in all the glaucoma group (0.221 ± 0.170 ng/ml). Plasma noradrenaline concentration was probably increase in glaucoma, when compared to the cataract patients.

These results confirm our findings in the non‐human primate, and suggest that adrenaline may act, at least in part, by causing denervation or inhibition of noradrenaline release in the anterior segment of the eye, and probably by release of dopamine into the aqueous humour. The unexplained and new finding of dopamine in the aqueous humour may have some bearing on the action of dopaminergic drugs for the treatment of glaucoma. Future treatment of ocular hypertension may rely more on sympathetic denervation than on conventional adrenergic therapy.
SOLITARY SILENT VENOUS PAPILLARY LOOPS AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: WEST R. H. , CEBON L. , GRANT G. , GILLIES W. E.
Published: November 2007

A series of 24 eyes in 23 patients is described showing solitary silent venous papillary loops. These loops are usually associated with a considerable degree of ocular hypertension, presenting when this hypertension is being investigated. They are silent, usually with no previous ocular history, single with a large diameter, affecting veins at the optic disc and not extending into the vitreous. The optic disc is cupped, but usually not more than 0.6 disc diameter, there is good central vision and either a full visual field or only early field loss. Fluorescein angiography shows the loops to be competent with no evidence of any other retinal vascular abnormality. Rarely loss of central vision may occur due to progression to advanced glaucoma.

The condition is distinct from prepapillary vascular arterial papillary loops, neovascularization at the optic disc and optociliary shunt vessels. It is also distinct from the venous collateral vessels which develop at the optic disc after acute central or branch retinal vein occlusion. These collaterals are usually multiple, the accompanying ocular hypertension is of lesser degree, cupping of the disc and field loss are usually much more advanced and, while visual acuity may be normal, it is often grossly reduced. On fluorescein angiography all these cases of venous collaterals after retinal vein occlusion showed evidence of other retinal vascular dysfunction.

Solitary silent venous papillary loops appear to develop from venules on the optic disc as a bypass to a low grade venous occlusion which is seldom clinically manifest. They form a distinct entity with a good prognosis if the accompanying ocular hypertension is carefully controlled.
PATTERN FORMATION IN THE RETINAL GANGLION CELL LAYER AND VISUAL BRAIN CENTRES
Authors: BEAZLEY L. D.
Published: November 2007

Development of adult patterns of cell distribution in the retinal ganglion cell layer from an approximately even initial topography are described for frogs and mammals. An area centralis and visual streak form in the frog only after metamorphosis, probably by the greater addition of cells to the ciliary margin nasally and temporally than dorsally and ventrally. By contrast, in mammals all cells destined to occupy the ganglion cell layer are generated before the area centralis and visual streak are formed. Patterns of cell death seem unlikely to explain changing cell distributions within the ganglion cell population and we are currently documenting patterns of cell migration to address this issue.

The formation of specific connections between retinal ganglion cells and their partner cells in the brains of lower vertebrates is also discussed. At stages before optic axon outgrowth the eye already contains positional information to determine formation of appropriate central connections. Optic nerve regeneration studies in frogs indicate that positional cues are available in visual centres. However, interactions between fibres can overwhelm any such cues, allowing an orderly shift in connections to accomodate changes in the relative numbers of ganglion cells and their partner cells in the brain. Thus in the frog, retinotopicity is maintained during the postmetamorphic increase in ganglion cell number associated with area centralis and visual streak formation, despite an absence of central cell division. Similarly, an entire visual field in time becomes represented in an orderly fashion within the remaining portion of a partially ablated mature visual centre. Interactions between fibres are also considered responsible for the formation of ocular dominance columns, such as those found in binocular regions of the mammalian visual cortex. The role of visual experience is usually to refine and maintain the precise patterns of connectivity established by ontogenetic mechanisms.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTIC NERVE IN RODENTS
Authors: SEFTON ANN JERVIE , HORSBURGH GWYNN M. , LAM KIT
Published: November 2007

In mammals, normal visual function depends upon both the retinotopic organization of visual nuclei and their interconnections. We have investigated in rodents some developmental mechanisms contributing to this organization.

On embryonic day 14, in the rat, retinal ganglion cells first project axons through glial channels on the retinal surface before reaching the optic stalk. We suggest that the sequence in which axons enter the stalk (central before peripheral) and their prominent fasciculation impose some retinotopic order amongst the emerging optic nerve fibres.

At birth (embryonic day 21) there are over 240 000 axons in the optic nerve, all non‐myelinated. However, within one week, the number falls to the adult value (100 000) and myelination, complete in the adult, commences. Axons lost include some which misproject–to the opposite eye or to inappropriate parts of central visual regions. The number of surviving retinal ganglion cells depends on the amount of appropriate target tissue available.

It is well established that removal of one eye early in development increases the survival of axons in the remaining optic nerve. However, in a group of adult mice with congenital unilateral anophthalmia, we counted only 21 000 optic axons in the remaining nerve compared with the 31 000 in normal mice of the same strain. Degenerating axons were observed, suggesting that the defect is not a simple developmental failure, but is associated with active degenerative processes throughout life.
VARIATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF ADNEXAL TUMOURS
Authors: LEW HENRY R. , SHEPPARD COLIN L.
Published: November 2007

Three interesting cases in which unconventional treatment has been very successful are presented. The first was a fibrous histiocytoma of the conjunctiva which recurred twice after apparently complete surgical excision, but which responded to immunotherapy using dinitrochlorobenzene. The second was a squamous cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid treated by total surgical excision of the lid; the wound was allowed to heal by granulation with an excellent cosmetic result. The third was a squamous cell carcinoma of the limbus treated by lamellar excision with the Crock Contact‐lens Corneal Cutter; the wound was allowed to granulate, and in so doing, caused negligible astigmatism.
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY AND THE OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMAS
Authors: GOLDBERG IVAN
Published: November 2007

Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) was used to treat 237 eyes of 156 presurgicalpatients with various open‐angle glaucomas. Patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma formed the largest group; intraocular pressure (IOP) control judged clinically to be adequate was achieved in 77.3% of eyes. Eyes with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma demonstrated the greatest IOP reduction achieving control in 90.7%. Eyes with combined‐mechanism glaucoma underwent argon laser iridectomy prior to ALT. One month after ALT the IOP was considered adequate in 70% of eyes. ALT may benefit eyes with low‐tension glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and aphakic open‐angle glaucoma. Treatment failures were frequent in eyes with angle recession and uveitis. Complications included IOP elevation (7.8%) and mild iritis; technique modifications minimized their frequency and intensity. ALT demonstrated an excellent benefit‐to‐risk ratio. Its effect additive to medications, ALT often permitted a reduction in the medical regimen, but rarely cessation of drug therapy. ALT is recommended as an alternative to drainage surgery.
ROD‐CONE INTERACTION: MECHANISM AND SIGNIFICANCE IN INVESTIGATING RETINAL DISEASE
Authors: ARDEN G. B.
Published: November 2007

We are all accustomed to the eye becoming more sensitive when we go into darkness. The subject of this paper is a condition where exactly the reverse occurs, which is of interest, partly because of its paradoxical nature, and partly because of the implications for investigation of retinal disease. The work was done in collaboration with Mr C. H. Hogg of Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Professor T E. Frumkes, of the Department of Psychology, CUNY.
HUMAN EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOMYIASIS CAUSED BY THE HORSE BOT FLY LARVA (Gasterophilus spp.)
Authors: MEDOWNICK MARK , LAZARUS MARK , FINKELSTEIN ERNEST , WEINER JOHN M.
Published: November 2007

We report the case of a 20‐year‐old woman who presented with a subconjunctival maggot. The maggot was removed and identified as the larval form of the horse bot fly (Gasterophilus spp J The patient had been grooming infected horses in a stable prior to presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first well documented case in the ophthalmic literature of external ophthalmomyiasis caused by Gasterophilus spp.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES IN SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL KERATOPATHY
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , GILLIES WILLIAM E.
Published: November 2007

A series of five cases is described in which superficial punctate keratopathy was associated with endothelial cell changes. The most striking change was the presence of dark areas or blebs, usually two to four cell diameters in extent. There was also distortion and crumpling of the corneal endothelium, mild pleomorphism and polymegathism of the endothelial cells, with a reduced cell count in some cases. These blebs have previously been reported in hard and soft contact lens wearers and are due to intercellular oedema with separation of endothelial cells from Descemet's membrane. Anoxia and interference with osmosis have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the production of these blebs, but our cases demonstrate that fine disruption of the corneal epithelium can affect the integrity of the corneal endothelium and may lead to significant damage over a Ion period of time.
DEEP CORNEAL STROMAL OPACITIES WITH CONTACT LENSES
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , WESTMORE RODNEY , ROBERTSON IAN F.
Published: November 2007

Two patients with deep corneal stromal opacities occurring after prolonged contact lens wear are described. The opacities were associated with folds or striae in Descemet's membrane which they overlay. Development of the opacities was associated with ocular discomfort, photophobia, reduced vision and a history of prolonged daily wearing times. Although the corneal endothelial cell counts were within the normal range, the count was reduced in the affected eye in the patient with the unilateral deep stromal opacity and there was mild polymegathism of the endothelial cells. It is possible that the long‐term effects of subtle endothelial cell changes may cause a keratopathy with later scarring and opacification. Poor oxygen trans‐missibility, carbon dioxide build‐up, or suction effects by the lens may all be aetiological factors. Early recognition and treatment, particularly with a better fitting lens of high oxygen transmissibility is important, as once developed the opacities regress only slowly and may result in permanent visual impairment.
BILATERAL DIFFUSE MELANOCYTIC UVEAL TUMOURS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
Authors: FILIPIC M. , AMBLER J. S.
Published: November 2007

A case of bilateral diffuse melanocytic uveal tumours /n a 34‐year‐old male in association with a systemic carcinoma is described clinically, by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy Although the reports of such cases are extremely rare, they do not necessarily represent a new syndrome.
THE VICRYL TIE TECHNIQUE FOR INSERTING A DRAINING IMPLANT IN THE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
Authors: MOLTENO A. C. B. , POLKINGHORNE P. J. , BOWBYES J. A.
Published: November 2007

We have reviously described surgical techniues for draining severe cases of secondary glaucoma by means of an artificial implant. Wherever possible these implants have been inserted in two stages The technique involved suturing the episcleral plates of the implant to the sclera without connecting them to the chamber as the first procedure Following this procedure the presence of the plates cause the surrounding tissue to form a thin fibrous envelope called a preformed bleb cavity After a suitable interval of between six and eight weeks the connecting tube of the implant was inserted into the anterio chamber so as to drain aqueous into this preformed bleb cavity This manoeuvre drastically reduced the incidence of postoperative hypotony and has proved a safe and effective technique

This communication reports an improvement on this technique in which the connecting tube of the implant is occluded by a ligature of 5–0 vicryl before inserting the tube into the anterior chamber through a fine needle puncture, at the same time as the episcleral plates of the implant are sutured to the sclera The effect of this procedure is thus to prevent any drainage of aqueous until three to five weeks after operation when the vicryl suture material dissolves, allowing aqueous to drain into the preformed bleb system lined by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue. This technique provides the advantages of the previous two‐stage technique without the need for a second operation.

The surgical technique is described together with the results of treating a series of 20 eyes with severe secondary glaucoma
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE INFERIOR RECTUS MUSCLE
Authors: INGHAM PETER N. , McGOVERN STEPHEN T. , CROMPTON JOHN L.
Published: November 2007

A case of unilateral congenital absence of the inferior rectus muscle is presented. Absences of extraocular muscles, either singly or in combination, are rare, but isolated reports have been published. The abnormalities have been reported as occurring with increased frequency in craniofacial dysostoses, notably Crouzon's disease.

In the case reported here, the abnormality was discovered during planned vertical muscle surgery for a large left hypertropia. lnfraplacement of the horizontal recti was performed at a later date. Computerised axial tomography (CAT) scanning confirmed the absence of the inferior rectus. The embryogenesis of the extraocular muscles is briefly discussed.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF BULL GORE INJURY
Authors: SINGH RAJA IVAN , THOMAS RAVl , ALEXANDER T. A.
Published: November 2007

An unusual and hitherto unreported presentation of a bull gore injury sustained during harvest festival celebrations is described. The patient was seen with the metal horn cover complete with decorative ribbons impacted in his orbit. The injury had caused a blowout fracture of the orbital floor, and at surgery the globe was retrieved from the maxillary antrum. The development of optic atrophy precluded useful vision in the injured eye.
INTRAVITREAL ANGIOSTRONGYLlASlS
Authors: SINGALAVANIJA APICHART , WANGSPA SAIRUNG , TESCHAREON SONGWUTI
Published: November 2007

A case of intravitreal angiostrongyliasis is reported /n a Thai female who had eaten raw snails After immobilising the worm by use of an intravitreal cryoprobe it was successfully removed via the pars plana with vitreous foreign body forceps.
INDICATIONS FOR PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY: A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL REVIEW OF 511 CORNEAL SPECIMENS
Authors: M. v. Brooks ANNE , M. Weiner JOHN
Published: November 2007

During the four‐and‐a‐half year period from January 1982 to June 1986, 511 penetrating keratoplasty specimens were submitted to the Pathology Department of The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Seventy per cent were from patients of the RMEH and the remainder were submitted from outside the Hospital

The cases were classified both clinically and pathologically The most frequent diagnosis was keratoconus, followed by scarring, regrafts, bullous keratopathy, acute or chronic ulceration, corneal dystrophies and a small miscellaneous group

Post‐herpetic scarring was the most common cause of scarring Bullous keratopathy was usually aphakic in origin in 1982, but after 1983 pseudophakc bullous keratopathy (PBK) was the most common cause of bullous keratopathy Acute ulceration was usually bacterial in origin, not infrequently with hypopyon
ETHMOID OSTEOMA, ORBITAL CELLULITIS AND ORBITAL EMPHYSEMA
Authors: CECIRE A. , HARRISON H. C. , P. NG FRACS, FRCS(Ed)
Published: November 2007

A possibly unique association of an osteoma of the ethmoid sinus with orbital emphysema and orbital cellulitis is described. The osteoma, which had eroded through the orbital periosteum, was removed; the orbital periosteum was grafted with fascia lata and a partial external ethmoidectomy performed.
AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS
Authors: SOMMER ALFRED
Published: November 2007

The vast majority of the world's 42 million blind are needlessly impaired. Epidemiologic studies are providing important insights into the cause of cataracts and provision of surgical services; ecologic approaches to the control of trachomatous corneal scarring; treatment and prevention of onchocerciasis; and early diagnosis and treatment of xerophthalmia among others. Continued research and application of existing knowledge can have a dramatic impact on the sight and lives of millions of people.
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SCLERITIS
Authors: McCLUSKEY PETER , WAKEFIELD DENIS
Published: November 2007

Scleritis is an important, severely destructive, chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the eye wall. It presents a difficult management problem, often requiring high‐dose systemic corticosteroid therapy or other immunosuppressive regimens to control the inflammatory response. A quantitative scleritis scoring system has been developed and its application to the assessment and management of scleral disease is discussed. This paper reviews current concepts in the management of scleral disease with emphasis on newer treatment modalities, such as pulse therapy with intravenously administered methylprednisolone or cyclophosphamide, and the use of orally administered cyclosporin.
A MODERN APPROACH TO LACRIMAL SURGERY
Authors: MORLET GEOFFREY C.
Published: November 2007

In this series of 129 lacrimal operations over a ten‐year period the techniques of simple and complex lacrimal surgery are discussed. Preoperative investigations included dye tests and radiological studies which determined the type of surgical procedure required. Meticulous haemostasis and identification of the surgical anatomy reduced the incidence of operative and postoperative complications. Where failures occurred re‐operation was performed with satisfactory results in all except one case. Lester Jones Pyrex tube techniques are described using a flow system of instrumentation designed to facilitate primary and secondary tube insertion and also tube replacement.
EYELID RECONSTRUCTION USING A MONOPEDICLE FLAP AND BUCCAL MUCOSA: REPORT OF 15 CASES
Authors: WHITEHOUSE GEOFFREY M. , FRANCIS IAN C.
Published: November 2007

A method is described for eyelid reconstruction to close a large defect involving the lid margin using a myocutaneous flap over a free buccal mucosal graft. The procedure was performed on 15 patients over a three‐year period. Thirteen patients had loss of lower lid tissue alone. One included the lateral canthus and one over 50% of both upper and lower lids. Results were good in all patients except the one with extensive reconstruction of both lids. Advantages over other techniques of lid reconstruction include ease of surgery, adaptability of the technique to any eyelid site, good tissue match and the need for only a one‐stage procedure.
INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION: A MODEL FOR THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: BRIAN GARRY , HOLLOWS FRED , BEAUMONT JOHN , HOLT PETER
Published: November 2007

Intracapsular cataract extraction has long been thought of as the appropriate technique to deal with the backlog of Third World cataract blindness. However, this operation may not be as sight effective as many believe. The authors offer their experience of intraocular lens implantation in the Torres Strait as a model for a more visually appropriate surgical cure for Third World cataract.