bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Detonation Properties Research on TKX‐50 in High Explosives
Authors: Xing Xiaoling , Zhao Shengxiang , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhang Weipeng , Diao Xiaoqiang , Fang Wei , Li W. X.
Published: February 2019

The mechanical sensitivity of TKX‐50 under different preparation conditions and its preparation process to explosive samples were examined. The detonation properties of TKX‐50 based samples were determined. The results show that the column density can reach 1.80‐1.81 g cm−3 under the specific pressure of 3000. Different column diameters with different detonation velocities show the obvious scale effect of TKX‐50 based explosives. The critical initiation pressure of TKX‐50 based explosives is much higher than HMX and CL‐20 based explosives, which means a much lower shock sensitivity. The determined explosion heat value of TKX‐50 based explosiveis 4650 J g−1, which is also much lower than HMX and CL‐20 based explosives.
Genome‐wide gene expression profiling reveals that cuticle alterations and P450 detoxification are associated with deltamethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles arabiensis populations from Ethiopia
Authors: Simma Eba A , Dermauw Wannes , Balabanidou Vasileia , Snoeck Simon , Bryon Astrid , Clark Richard M , Yewhalaw Delenasaw , Vontas John , Duchateau Luc , Van Leeuwen Thomas
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Vector control is the main intervention in malaria control and elimination strategies. However, the development of insecticide resistance is one of the major challenges for controlling malaria vectors. Anopheles arabiensis populations in Ethiopia showed resistance against both DDT and the pyrethroid deltamethrin. Although an L1014F target‐site resistance mutation was present in the voltage gated sodium channel of investigated populations, the levels of resistance indicated the presence of additional resistance mechanisms. In this study, we used genome‐wide transcriptome profiling by RNAseq to assess differentially expressed genes between three deltamethrin and DDT resistant An. arabiensis field populations – Asendabo, Chewaka and Tolay – and two susceptible strains – Sekoru and Mozambique.

RESULTS

Both RNAseq analysis and RT‐qPCR showed that a glutathione‐S‐transferase, gstd3, and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, cyp6p4, were significantly overexpressed in the group of resistant populations compared to the susceptible strains, suggesting that the enzymes they encode play a key role in metabolic resistance against deltamethrin or DDT. Furthermore, a gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that expression changes of cuticle related genes were strongly associated with insecticide resistance. Although this did not translate in increased thickness of the procuticle, a higher cuticular hydrocarbon content was observed in a resistant population.

CONCLUSION

Our transcriptome sequencing of deltamethrin and DDT resistant An. arabiensis populations from Ethiopia suggests non‐target site resistance mechanisms and paves the way for further investigation of the role of cuticle composition in insecticide resistance of malaria vectors. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of σ‐hole and π‐hole tetrel bonds in complexes of borazine with TH3F and F2TO/H2TO (T = C, Si, Ge)
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Hu Qingze , Li Qingzhong , Scheiner Steve , Liu Shufeng
Published: February 2019

The complexes between borazine and TH3F/F2TO/H2TO (T = C, Si, Ge) are investigated with high‐level quantum chemical calculations. Borazine has three sites of negative electrostatic potential: the N atom, the ring center, and the H atom of the BH bond, whereas TH3F and F2TO/H2TO provide the σ‐hole and π‐hole, respectively, for the tetrel bond. The N atom of borazine is the favored site for both the σ and π‐hole tetrel bonds. Less‐stable dimers include a σ‐tetrel bond to the borazine ring center and to the BH proton. The π‐hole tetrel‐bonded complexes are more strongly bound than are their σ‐hole counterparts. Due to the coexistence of both T···N tetrel and B···O triel bonding, the complexes of borazine with F2TO/H2TO (T = Si and Ge) are very stable, with interaction energies up to −108 kcal/mol. The strongly bonded complexes are accompanied by substantial net charge transfer from F2TO/H2TO to borazine.
Robust regression for optimal individualized treatment rules
Authors: Xiao W. , Zhang H. H. , Lu W.
Published: February 2019

Because different patients may respond quite differently to the same drug or treatment, there is an increasing interest in discovering individualized treatment rules. In particular, there is an emerging need to find optimal individualized treatment rules, which would lead to the “best” clinical outcome. In this paper, we propose a new class of loss functions and estimators based on robust regression to estimate the optimal individualized treatment rules. Compared to existing estimation methods in the literature, the new estimators are novel and advantageous in the following aspects. First, they are robust against skewed, heterogeneous, heavy‐tailed errors or outliers in data. Second, they are robust against a misspecification of the baseline function. Third, under some general situations, the new estimator coupled with the pinball loss approximately maximizes the outcome's conditional quantile instead of the conditional mean, which leads to a more robust optimal individualized treatment rule than the traditional mean‐based estimators. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators are established. Their empirical performance is demonstrated via extensive simulation studies and an analysis of an AIDS data set.
Electrochemical Synthesis of TiO2 under Pulse Alternating Current: Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Ulyankina Anna , Avramenko Marina , Kusnetsov Denis , Firestein Konstantin , Zhigunov Denis , Smirnova Nina
Published: February 2019

The current work aimed to study the effect of thermal treatment on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a novel large‐scale electrochemical method using pulse alternating current (PAC). The obtained titania was characterized via XRD, TEM, XPS, UV‐Vis DRS, PL, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The as‐prepared TiO2 was found to be poorly crystallized and partly amorphous. Following thermal annealing, the anatase structure is developed at temperatures of 400–600 °C. The photoreactivity of the TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamin B (RhB) dyes under UVA irradiation. As shown, the adsorption properties and photocatalytic activity of the as‐prepared TiO2 strongly depend on the chemical nature of the dye. The enhanced photocatalytic performance for the MB and RhB degradation was observed for the sample annealed at 400 °C, which coincides with a balance between the degree of crystallinity, specific surface area, optical properties and efficiency of electron‐hole pair separation.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Polyvinylbutyral‐silica Composites for Mercury Removal Application
Authors: Khan Nida , Kumar Deepak , Kumar Pramendra
Published: February 2019

Novel polyvinylbutyral‐silica composite was synthesized via sol‐gel route under microwave conditions for removal of mercury metal from its synthetic aqueous solution. Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) was used as silica precursor for in situ synthesis of silica onto polyvinylbutyral (PVB) which acted as template as well as capping agent. The synthesized composites were further treated thermally at various stages of elevated temperature in presence of air in a muffle furnace. The synthetic parameters optimized for better mercury removal ability and further characterized using X‐rays diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and thermal analytical methods. The mercury adsorption was studied at various adsorption parameters such as pH, dose, contact time, temperature, mercury concentration etc., to achieve the maximum mercury adsorption. The equilibrium was achieved at 24 h with approximately 95% mercury removal at pH value 8 and 40 °C temperature. The adsorption isotherm as well as adsorption kinetic studies also performed to understand the pattern of adsorption.
Facile and Room Temperature Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Fe3O4/C Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of Pb(II) From Aqueous Solution
Authors: Sayed M. , Abbas Mohamed , Abdel Moniem Shimaa M. , Ali M. E. M. , Naga S. M.
Published: February 2019

In this work, superparamagnetic Fe3O4/C core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a room‐temperature and green route combining co‐precipitation method, followed by hydrothermal process. The prepared nanoparticle was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb+2 ions from a wastewater. The effect of various parameters; such as pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time and concentration of lead ions on the adsorption capacity were examined in details. The adsorption capacity (qm) of Fe3O4/C NPs was estimated from the Langmuir isotherm curve and was found to be 244 mgg−1. Interestingly, the produced Fe3O4/C NPs exhibited a rapid removal of toxic lead metal ions from wastewater effluents and the adsorption kinetics is well described by pseudo‐second‐order model. Furthermore, the data of Pb2+ adsorption is best fit for the Langmuir model. Moreover, the Fe3O4/C core/shell NPs were recycled and reused for at least five times without a significant loss of adsorption efficiency.
Tin(II) triflate Catalysed Synthesis of 3‐Methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones
Authors: Sharma Simmi , Nayal Onkar S. , Sharma Arti , Rana Rohit , Maurya Sushil K.
Published: February 2019

We delineate a simple and straightforward tin(II) triflate catalyzed facile protocol for the synthesis of 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones that applied to broad range of substrates, which simultaneously offers the functional group tolerance of the reaction and the stability of these scaffolds to the reaction conditions. In addition, in situ reduction of the exocyclic double bond in 3‐methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones using PMHS is also reported.
Raumhaltiger Kranträger
Authors: Teutsch Uwe , Steiner Fredy
Published: February 2019

Mit dem Umbau einer Werkhalle soll ein Schulungs‐, ein Aufenthalts‐ und ein Garderobenraum für die Mitarbeiter einer Firma im Fahrleitungssektor geschaffen werden. Da eine Erweiterung der Halle auf dem freien Gelände des Firmenareals den Werkverkehr zu stark beeinträchtigen würde, kam nur eine Ergänzung im Inneren der Halle infrage. Um die Verkehrsflächen in der Halle nicht zu stark zu reduzieren, wurden die Räume aufeinandergestapelt und zwischen die bestehenden Kranbahnen der südwestlichen Ecke der dreischiffigen Stahlhalle gehängt. Durch das Eliminieren des Krangewichts in diesem Bereich konnte das frei werdende statische Potenzial (die Laufkatzen der beiden Krane trugen bis zu 20 t schwere Lasten) des bestehenden Stahltragwerks der Halle genutzt werden. Die beiden aufgehängten Obergeschosse der Sozialräume sind als leichte, hybride Konstruktion aus Stahl und Hohlkastenelementen aus Holz (18 t Stahl und 25 t Ausbaulasten) ausgebildet und anstelle des Krans in die Kranbahnen eingehängt. Die Position der Aufhängung ist so gewählt, dass alle Mehrlasten über die bestehende Tragkonstruktion der Halle abgeleitet werden können, ohne das Tragwerk und die Fundation verstärken zu müssen. Lediglich die fassadenseitige Kranbahn ist partiell mit dünnen aufgeschweißten Blechen an den Flanschen verstärkt worden, sowie die vier nächstgelegenen Kranbahnkonsolen.
Netzwerkbogenbrücken mit Hängern aus Carbon
Authors: Haspel Lorenz
Published: February 2019

Die Verwendung von eingeschweißten Stahlprofilen als Netzwerkhänger in Kombination mit den auf Schwingbreiten und Vermeidung von Hängerausfall optimierten Netzwerklayouts führt zu technischen Herausforderungen, welche in der jüngeren Vergangenheit nicht immer befriedigend gelöst werden konnten [1]. Insbesondere bei langen, flach geneigten Hängern treten Schwierigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Durchbiegung infolge Eigengewicht und Veränderung der Durchbiegung infolge Normalkraftamplituden sowie Zusatzbeanspruchungen aus winderregten Schwingungen auf [1, 2].

Durch die Verwendung von Zugstangen aus CFK (im Weiteren „Carbon“) als Hänger ändern sich die Randbedingungen für die Gestaltung der Hängeranordnung grundlegend, was Auswirkungen auf das gesamte Tragverhalten des Netzwerkbogens hat: Aufgrund des hohen Ermüdungswiderstands von Carbonbauteilen können die Hänger ohne Rücksicht auf begrenzte Schwingbreiten rein unter dem Aspekt der Ausnutzung auf Zug angeordnet werden. Der hierfür erforderliche Querschnitt beträgt bei der Verwendung von Carbonhängern weniger als ein Viertel des erforderlichen Stahlquerschnitts. Dies in Kombination mit einem geringen E‐Modul bei CFK führt zu deutlich größeren Dehnwegen in den Hängern, womit die Problematik ausfallender Hänger entfällt. Gleichzeitig verlagern sich die Eigenfrequenzen der Carbonhänger aufgrund der geringen Masse und der höheren möglichen Vorspannung.

Durch die Verwendung von Carbonzuggliedern als Hänger lassen sich ästhetisch hochwertige und gleichzeitig sehr effiziente Hängeranordnungen mit vergleichsweise steilen Hängern ohne Hängerausfall und ohne Beeinträchtigung der Lebensdauer infolge winderregter Schwingungen realisieren. Der wirtschaftlich sinnvolle Anwendungsbereich für Netzwerkbogenbrücken kann damit deutlich über 300 m Spannweite ausgedehnt werden.
Im Wandel: Korrosionsschutz für Eisenbahnbrücken aus Stahl
Authors: Pflugfelder Joachim
Published: February 2019

Die Deutsche Bahn AG (DB) setzt derzeit das größte Programm zur Modernisierung ihrer Infrastruktur um. Zum Streckennetz gehören auch Tausende von Stahlbrücken. Eine Sanierung unter Berücksichtigung der Erneuerung des Korrosionsschutzes ist nicht nur wirtschaftlich nachhaltig, sondern sichert bei historischen Brückenbauwerken auch kulturelles Erbe. Moderner Korrosionsschutz von Eisenbahnbrücken aus Stahl ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe und unterliegt den Anforderungen des Marktes. Hersteller von Beschichtungsstoffen und Verarbeiter müssen zahlreiche Regelwerke beachten, die aktuell unter Berücksichtigung des technischen Fortschritts überarbeitet werden.
Einsatz dicker Grobbleche im Brückenbau
Authors: Lehnert Tobias , Kühn Bertram , Krieglstein Tim
Published: February 2019

Moderne Stahl‐ bzw. Stahlverbundbrücken benötigen moderne Stahllösungen: Häufig spielen Dickbleche hier eine tragende Rolle, sei es im Einsatz als Gurtblech von schweren Brückenträgern oder als dickes Fahrbahnblech in einer Dickblechtrogbrücke. Je nach Einsatz erlauben Dickbleche eine effizientere Fertigung bzw. erhöhen die Nachhaltigkeit von Brückenbauwerken. Da heutzutage gerade Fertigungseffizienz und Dauerhaftigkeit zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen, führt dies bei Brücken zu einem Anstieg im Einsatz von Grobblechen mit größeren Blechdicken. Häufig jedoch stößt der Designer in der Planungsphase mit dicken Grobblechen an technische bzw. regulatorische Grenzen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz wird einige Lösungen für bestehende Hemmnisse im Einsatz dicker Grobbleche für den Brückenbau darstellen, z. B. verbesserte Machbarkeit dicker thermomechanisch gewalzter Stähle oder Erweiterung des vereinfachten Sprödbruchnachweises nach Tabelle 2.1 der DIN EN 1993‐1‐10. Die konsequente Ausnutzung dieser Möglichkeiten eröffnet eine Vielfalt neuer vorteilhafter Optionen in der Konstruktion von Straßen‐ und Eisenbahnbrücken.
Variantenvergleiche von Eisenbahntrogbrücken zur Entscheidungsunterstützung in den Planungsphasen 2–4
Authors: Zinke Tim , Breunig Stephanie , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: February 2019

Brücken mit kleiner und mittlerer Spannweite besitzen im deutschen Eisenbahnnetz eine wichtige Bedeutung. Aufgrund ihrer großen Anzahl ist es erforderlich, für die anstehenden Instandsetzungs‐ und Erneuerungsaufgaben Brückenlösungen zu finden, die zum einen wirtschaftlich vorteilhaft sind und sich zum anderen durch eine geringe Beeinträchtigung des Eisenbahnbetriebs auszeichnen. Dickblech‐Trogbrücken weisen dabei in einem Spannweitenbereich bis zu 20 m viele Vorteile auf, die sich vor allem in sehr hohen Vorfertigungsgraden und den daraus resultierenden kurzen Bauzeiten manifestieren. Neben wirtschaftlichen Aspekten spielt das Verständnis des Tragverhaltens eine ebenso wichtige Rolle. Ermüdungsversuche an Groß‐ und Kleinbauteilen, kombiniert mit numerischen Untersuchungen, ermöglichen es, das Verständnis des Tragverhaltens deutlich zu verbessern und Planern zu helfen, wirtschaftliche und dauerhafte Konstruktionen zu entwerfen.
Entwicklung eines neuen Lagertyps für den Eisenbahnbrückenbau
Authors: Bewersdorff Stefan , Kina Jens , Liebelt Michael , Porsch Markus , Schackenberg Rolf
Published: February 2019

Die Müngstener Brücke wird derzeit für eine weitere, langfristige Nutzung für die Streckenklasse CM 2 grundinstand gesetzt, maßgeblich verstärkt und in wesentlichen Teilen erneuert. Einen Großteil dieser Maßnahme stellte die zwischenzeitlich abgeschlossene Erneuerung der Fahrbahnbrücke mit der zugehörigen Auflagerung auf den darunterliegenden Gerüstbrücken dar. Die ursprünglich im Entwurf vorgesehene Lagerung musste während der Ausführungsplanung verworfen werden, da die Verdrehungen und Verschiebungen aus Eisenbahnbetrieb konstruktionsbedingt zu erheblichen, nicht nachweisbaren Zwangs‐ und Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen geführt hätten. Da die Lager auch nennenswerte Zugkräfte übertragen müssen, konnten die in Deutschland im Eisenbahnbrückenbau üblicherweise zum Einsatz kommenden Elastomer‐ und Kalottenlager nach DIN EN 1337 nicht zur Ausführung kommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund musste ein neuartiges Lager (ein sogenanntes Kompensationslager) entwickelt werden, welches in der Lage ist, unter Beachtung der hohen Steifigkeitsanforderungen und der beengten Platzverhältnisse die zyklischen Einwirkungen aus Eisenbahnverkehr bei Erfüllung aller kinematischen Randbedingungen dauerhaft zwängungsarm zu übertragen. Bei der Lösung wurde die Idee einer Bolzenverbindung aufgegriffen, bei der die unmittelbaren Verbindungen zwischen den Augenblechen und dem Bolzen durch standardisierte Maschinenelemente ausgeführt werden. Aufgrund der damit verbundenen Regelwerksabweichungen unterlag der neu entwickelte Lagertyp einer unternehmensinternen Genehmigung der DB Netz AG (UiG) und einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) durch das Eisenbahn‐Bundesamt. Insgesamt wurden 126 Lager dieses Typs eingebaut, die seit Dezember 2014 im Betrieb sind.
Taxonomy versus evolution
Authors: Podani János
Published: February 2019

Four major taxonomical issues are commented briefly in view of evolutionary biology: classification, hierarchy, trees and nomenclature. It is argued that distinction between diachronous and synchronous classification schemes is of primary importance in taxonomy. The currently adopted classification of life is meant to be diachronous and Linnaean at the same time. This is problematic, because morphological and genetic gaps between higher taxa are the result of evolution; they are apparent only at a horizontal cross section of the phylogenetic tree and cannot be observed in time along the spatio­temporal continuum of populations. On the other hand, synchronous classifications would be consistent with the sharp boundaries necessary to set up a meaningful Linnaean hierarchy. Distinguishing Darwinian phylogenetic trees from Hennigian cladograms is just as well important. Monophyly­paraphyly­polyphyly concern the status of a group in a diachronous classification with respect to the phylogenetic tree, while cladograms can be logically contrasted with synchronous classifications. This necessitates introduction of new terms, monoclady, paraclady and polyclady, all referring to the respective conditions of groups of organisms in a cladogram. The existence of different and independent nomenclatural codes conserves an exceedingly obsolete view on the living world—harmonization of the codes with one another as well as with evolutionary theory is inevitable.
Boechera or not? Phylogeny and phylogeography of eastern North American Boechera species (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Kiefer Christiane , Dobeš Christoph , Koch Marcus A.
Published: February 2019

The North American genus Boechera comprises according to current taxonomic classification 110 species. Most of them are centered in western North America, with some species extending from the west into eastern North America and seven exclusively occurring in eastern North America. Past phylogenetic studies placed some eastern species as sister to western North American Boechera. Our analysis of cpDNA markers (trnL intron, trnLF IGS) and nrDNA ITS1 and ITS2 shows that eastern North American Boechera represent two evolutionary lineages within Boechera (cpDNA) or tribe Boechereae (nrDNA). Based on our data we suggest retaining the eastern North American species within Boechera rather than transferring them into a new genus. A possible migration scenario of Boechera into eastern North America is given. The Siberian Boechera falcata, the Siberian genus Borodinia, and the genus Nevada are shown to be members of a broader defined genus Boechera.
Population genetic structure, phylogeography, and demographic history ofPlatycrater arguta(Hydrangeaceae) endemic to East China and South Japan, inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence variation
Authors: Iu Ying-Xiong Q , Qi Xin-Shuai , Jin Xiao-Feng , Tao Xiao-Yu , Fu Cheng-Xing , Naiki Akiyo , Comes Hans Peter
Published: February 2019

Platycrater arguta(Hydrangeaceae) is a small deciduous shrub of the Sino­Japanese floristic region, where it occurs in montane sites mostly covered with warm­temperate deciduous forest. This sole representative of its genus contains two varieties disjunctly distributed between East China (var.sinensis) and South Japan (var.arguta). To illuminate the biogeographic and demographic history of this rare species, we conducted a survey of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variation (trnD­trnE, trnH­psbA) within and among twelve populations (four from China, eight from Japan, 129 individuals in total) representing the overall distributional range of the species. Based on a total of 19 haplotypes identified,P. argutawas found to harbor surprisingly high levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity (hT=0.882;T= 0.00475), possibly associated with its long evolutionary history. Spatial analysis of molecular variance found two regional phylogroups, corresponding to var.sinensisand var.arguta, and supported by genealogical (unrooted network) analysis of haplotypes. Using a coalescent­based model of 'divergence by isolation with migration', the likely vicariant origin of these varieties was dated to the mid­Pleistocene (ca. 0.89 mya). Very similar haplotype mismatch distributions indicate that var.sinensisand var.argutaunderwent past demographic growth almost simultaneously (dated to ca. 0.43 and 0.45 mya, respectively), suggesting climate­induced expansion. However, var.sinensislikely experienced a mere demographic expansion in a narrowly circumscribed mountain range, while var.argutaunderwent a spatial northward expansion that might have consisted of a series of bottlenecks, leading to genetically impoverished populations that most likely derived from initial population(s) in southern Kyushu. Our results endorse the recognition of two 'evolutionarily significant units' withinP. arguta, corresponding to var.sinensisfrom East China and var.argutafrom South Japan.
Systematics and evolutionary history of the circum­Mediterranean genus Anagyris L. (Fabaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Ortega-Olivencia Ana , Catalán Pilar
Published: February 2019

A taxonomic survey of the relict and poorly known circum­Mediterranean Anagyris (Fabaceae) was conducted using a total evidence principle approach based on morphological and molecular data. Statistical analysis of both qualitative and quantitative morphological and chemically­derived traits allowed us to separate the Mediterranean A. foetida and the Canarian A. latifolia as independent species. Newly analyzed traits relating to the odour of leaves, number of inflorescences per branch, colour of fresh calyx, and degree of corolla opening, were diagnostic for identifying these two previously almost indistinguishable taxa. Significant differences in quantitative morphometric traits indicate that vegetative and floral characters are overall larger in A. latifolia than in A. foetida, supporting the hypothesis of increased size and woodiness of Macaronesian endemic plants compared to the reduced sizes of their continental counterparts adapted to the more xeric Mediterranean climate. Combined plastid trnLF and nuclear ribosomal ITS data recovered a monophyletic origin of Anagyris within the central­western Eurasian Thermopsideae clade and its split into two lineages. The dated divergences of the Anagyris lineages, calculated by Bayesian relaxed­clock methods with the combined sequence data, showed that Anagyris diverged in the late Miocene (8.2 ± 4.5 Ma), and that the origin of A. foetida (3.6 ± 3.2 Ma) pre­dated that of A. latifolia (1.9 ± 2.1 Ma).
Phylogeny, karyotype evolution and taxonomy of Cerinthe L. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Selvi Federico , Cecchi Lorenzo , Coppi Andrea
Published: February 2019

A phylogenetic and karyological analysis of the small and poorly known genus Cerinthe L. (Boraginaceae­Lithospermeae) was performed using ITS sequences and standard chromosomal techniques. All taxa are diploid with 2 n = 16 or 2 n = 18 and show a variable degree of infraspecific variation, in particular in the polymorphic C. major and C. minor. Change in base number is associated with an early split between the two well­supported clades of C. major, corresponding to Cerinthe sect. Cerinthe, and that of all other taxa belonging to C. sect. Ceranthe, with the base x = 8 found only in the strictly annual C. major group, and x = 9 in the other five species of the genus: C. minor, C. glabra, C. tenuiflora, C. retorta and C. palaestina . The latter section is subdivided into the E Mediterranean, annual lineage of C. palaestina – C. retorta and the mainly continental, perennial group of C. minor–C. glabra, the sister of which is the Corsican endemic C. tenuiflora. The hypothesis that x = 9 represents the primary haploid number and x = 8 is derived through descending aneuploidy, is discussed. A taxonomic revision of the genus is provided and the following formal taxonomic changes are proposed: C. major L. subsp. oranensis (Batt.) Selvi & Cecchi, stat. nov.; C. major L. subsp. purpurascens (Boiss.) Selvi & Cecchi, stat. nov.; C. minor L. subsp. cleiostoma (Boiss. & Sprun.) Selvi & Cecchi, stat. nov. Cerinthe tenuiflora, C. retorta and the poorly known C. palaestina are well­defined species with little internal variation.
Nomenclature of Salix fragilis L. and a new species, S. euxina (Salicaceae)
Authors: Belyaeva Irina
Published: February 2019

Salix × fragilis L. is lectotypified and S. ×rubens Schrank, S. decipiens Hoffm. and S. fragilis L. var. decipiens W.D.J. Koch are confirmed as synonyms of S. ×fragilis. A new species, S. euxina I.V. Belyaeva, is described.
Houlbert's types for fossil wood: lectotypification and taxonomic reappraisal of Abietoxylon, Ambaroxylon and Taxoxylon
Authors: Hilippe Marc , Bamford Marion P K.
Published: February 2019

In 1910 Houlbert validly published five names for wood morphogenera: Abietoxylon, Ambaroxylon, Cupressoxylon, Juniperoxylon and Taxoxylon. The material on which these five names were based has never been reviewed and was considered as lost. We located the repository of Houlbert's material, and had the opportunity to study original slides. However slides are lacking for two of these five morphogenera (Cupressoxylon, Juniperoxylon). We were able to determine which slides were used for the original illustrations for the remaining three genera and to choose lectotypes. Only short descriptiones generico-specifica were given by Houlbert for these names, without any details of characteristic features. Taxonomic reappraisal of the material on which the names are based provided evidence that their systematic relationships are dubious since sample preservation is poor and Houlbert misinterpreted some crystallographic features as features of the wood structure. We therefore advise against the use of the names Abietoxylon, Ambaroxylon and Taxoxylon. From our observations and the original descriptions Houlbert's type samples for Abietoxylon, Cupressoxylon, Juniperoxylon and Taxoxylon very probably belong to a single morphogenus.
Evolution of Tidestromia (Amaranthaceae) in the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico
Authors: Sánchez-del Pino Ivonne , Motley Timothy J.
Published: February 2019

Tidestromia (Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae) is a monophyletic genus restricted to deserts of North America with the highest levels of endemism centered in the Chihuahuan desert. Tidestromia is morphologically distinct from related genera which caused researchers difficulty in identifying its phylogenetic affinities. Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that a monophyletic Tidestromia is related to Alternanthera and Pedersenia in a well‐supported linage referred to as the Alternantheroid clade. Preliminary species circumscription of Tidestromia suggested six species, two subspecies and two varieties. However, this study revealed problems in the current infraspecific classification based on morphology. The current study aims at testing the phylogenetic relationships within the genus using nuclear (ITS), chloroplast (rpl16, trnL‐F), and morphological data and examine the role that soils, climate, and habitat have had on speciation in the genus. Earlier researchers hypothesized these environmental features were reproductive barriers driving speciation; however, incongruency between the chloroplast and nuclear datasets with additional support from previous cytogenetic data suggests that hybrid speciation has played a larger role. The total evidence results in a fully resolved ingroup and suggests that all infraspecific taxa are distinct species requiring nomenclatural taxonomic changes. Contrary to previous findings, the annual habit has evolved twice in the genus.
Eggplant origins: Out of Africa, into the Orient
Authors: Weese Terri L. , Bohs Lynn
Published: February 2019

The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), also known as aubergine or brinjal, has been cultivated for centuries in the Old World and is currently a crop species of global importance. Despite this, hypotheses of eggplant evolution have been fraught with controversy. Previous conclusions have relied solely on morphological characters or have been based on insufficient taxonomic sampling, leading to conflicting opinions of the number of species, phylogenetic relationships, and patterns of domestication in a group of related taxa termed the S. melongena complex. The S. melongena complex shows a series of morphological intermediates from small‐fruited spiny plants to large‐fruited non‐spiny plants. We use DNA sequence data to show that eggplants arose in Africa and were dispersed throughout the Middle East to Asia. Solanum linnaeanum, a wild species not previously associated with eggplant evolution, is a member of the S. melongena complex. These data provide the most comprehensive evidence to date for the evolution of the cultivated eggplant.
The Afro‐Madagascan genusWarneckea(Melastomataceae): Molecular systematics and revised infrageneric classification
Authors: Stone Robert Douglas , Andreasen Katarina
Published: February 2019

Warneckeaconsists of shrubs and small trees endemic to tropical forests in Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ETS, ITS) indicate thatW. sect.CarnosaJacq.‐Fél. (1 sp., East Africa and Madagascar) is a divergent element that is best treated at subgeneric level. The analyses recovered three major lineages inW. subg.Warneckea, together forming a basal trichotomy. The three lineages representW. sect.Strychnoidea(western and central Africa), sect.Warneckea(East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius), and a third group with three West African species (W. fascicularis,W. guineensis,W. mangrovensis) comprising the newly proposedW. sect.Guineensea.
The phylogeny of Mallotus s.str. (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from DNA sequence and morphological data
Authors: Sierra Soraya E.C. , Kulju Kristo K.M. , Fišer Živa , Aparicio Marcela , van Welzen Peter C.
Published: February 2019

Mallotus s.str. is a monophyletic, large, palaeotropical genus in the family Euphorbiaceae. We investigated the phylogeny of the genus in order to (1) determine the evolutionary relationships within the Mallotus s.str. clade; (2) assess whether the six sections as circumscribed in the traditional classification reflect clades and evaluate the characters used in the classification; and (3) determine what are additional new clades and their supporting morphological characters. For this purpose we assembled different datasets: plastid (matK) and nuclear (gpd) DNA sequences, macromorphological features and leaf anatomical data. We found that Mallotus sect. Mallotus, sect. Polyadenii and sect. Stylanthus are monophyletic, M. sect. Axenfeldia and sect. Rottleropsis are polyphyletic, and M. sect. Philippinenses is paraphyletic. Six additional clades with morphological synapomorphies were also identified. An analysis of quantitative morphological data, in combination with qualitative morphological and molecular datasets resulted in almost completely resolved phylogenies and increased support values. However, the higher‐level relationships between the clades are not supported in our analyses and the position of many taxa is still ambiguous.
Cardamine maritima group (Brassicaceae) in the amphi‐Adriatic area: A hotspot of species diversity revealed by DNA sequences and morphological variation
Authors: Kučera Jaromír , Marhold Karol , Lihová Judita
Published: February 2019

The western Balkans, characterized by high rates of endemism, are recognized as one of the most diverse and species‐rich areas of Europe. The present study focuses on diploid speciation in a poorly explored ancestral group of the genus Cardamine that is distributed in the amphi‐Adriatic territory. Morphological data and DNA sequences (plastid trnL intron and trnL‐trnF spacer, ITS of nrDNA, and single‐copy nuclear gene CHS) were used to address taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary questions. Recognition of several previously described, but recently not accepted narrow endemics is supported (C. fialae, C. rupestris, C. serbica). Cardamine maritima s.str. is segregated into three distinct entities, which were given species rank. A new taxonomic concept of the group is proposed, including identification key, synonymy, typifications, C. montenegrina sp. nov. and C. adriatica nom. nov. Chloroplast data indicate radiation of the ancestral lineage into a series of distinct endemic species; lack of resolution at internal nodes and incongruence with nuclear phylogenies suggest that this radiation occurred rapidly. Nuclear data indicate more recent hybridization events. It is assumed that glacial‐induced local‐scale and altitudinal migrations along the Balkan coastline and in adjacent massifs caused contacts between previously isolated populations, resulting in occasional interspecific gene‐flow. Trans‐Adriatic contacts and gene exchange are also suggested.
Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions
Authors: Prenner Gerhard , Bateman Richard M. , Rudall Paula J.
Published: February 2019

Building on two centuries of history, we advocate an expanded and maximally informative format for floral formulae to describe angiosperm flowers in formal taxonomic descriptions. Using standard typeface and Unicode character codes, the format can summarise a wide range of features, including: acropetal sequence of organ initiation, number and symmetry of each whorl of floral organs (bracts, sepals, petals [or tepals], androecium, gynoecium, ovules), position of the organs relative to each other, partial and/or complete fusion of organs, resupination, organ loss and suppression, and deviations from standard bisexuality. We use several complex flowers to demonstrate our view that all known flower morphs can be accurately represented by the updated format, and show how use of floral formulae can outline some unanswered questions regarding the floral organisation of the model organism Arabidopsis. Possible uses of floral formulae extend beyond static description of mature morphology into the comparative realm. When combined with phylogenies, they help to elucidate generalised groundplans, plesiomorphic architecture, and the location and polarity of particular character‐state transitions. They can usefully be applied within as well as between species, to compare wildtype versus mutant morphs and different ontogenetic stages. Perhaps their greatest strengths are that they (1) require only a universally available typescript, and (2) bring a comprehensive uniformity to the description of flowers, acting as a checklist of features to be examined. We recommend that floral formulae become a routine component of diagnoses in protologues and other formal taxonomic (re)descriptions, functioning as a logical phenotypic counterpart to the DNA barcode.
DNA barcoding of African Podostemaceae (river‐weeds): A test of proposed barcode regions
Authors: Kelly Laura J. , Ameka Gabriel K. , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2019

DNA barcoding has the possibility for application in many fields, ranging from biological inventory and species discovery to forensics and quality control. Barcoding could have great utility within the aquatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae, as these plants can be extremely difficult to identify on the basis of morphological characters alone, but are important components of tropical rivers and face threats from increased water pollution. Several potential barcodes for land plants have been suggested, including two 3‐locus combinations proposed by the Plant Working Group of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. These loci, matK, rpoB, rpoC1, and trnH‐psbA, were tested for their potential utility in African members of the Podostemaceae. Our results show that although the rpoC1 region performs best in terms of universality of amplification and sequencing, the superior resolving power of matK makes it the most promising of the regions for use in barcoding. In the light of these results, we discuss the potential to apply barcoding to Podostemaceae of Africa and make suggestions for the directions of future work to exploit the full potential of this new technology in this group of plants.
Back to types! Towards stability of names in Indian Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Leong-Škorničková Jana , Šída Otakar , Marhold Karol
Published: February 2019

The existence of the type material indicated in the protologues of all Indian Curcuma species names is confirmed or excluded following visits to numerous herbaria. Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated for previously untypified names or names for which the holotype is missing. Earlier ineffective or superfluous typifications are discussed, several new synonyms are recognised and notes on critical taxa are provided.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 15
Authors: Norvell Lorelei L.
Published: February 2019

The following names are recommended for conservation: Pseudocercospora against Stigmina and Phaeoisariopsis; Boletus applanatus against B. lipsiensis; Lyophyllum with L. semitale as conserved type; Roccellina against Roccellaria; Psilocybe with P. semilanceata as conserved type; Calvatia nom. cons. against Lanopila; and Phaeographis against Cre‐ographa, Ectographis, Flegographa, Hymenodecton, Platygramma, and Pyrographa and with P. dendritica as conserved type. As a result of reference under Art. 32.4, the Committee recommends that the descriptive statement accompanying publication of Ascomycota Cavalier‐Smith be considered adequate for valid publication but recommends that that for Blasto‐cladiomycota Doweld should not.
Paraphyly and the origin and classification of angiosperms
Authors: Stuessy Tod F.
Published: February 2019

The recent classification of angiosperms by Chase and Reveal, based on APG III and emphasizing holophyletic concepts, results in a system of 16 coordinate superorders. Some of these contain very little diversity, such as Amborellanae or Ceratophyllanae, and others are extremely rich, such as Lilianae (monocots) or Rosanae. It is argued that the very diverse basal angiosperm group may represent ancient early lines of evolution (early evolutionary experiments) that have come from different seed fern ancestors. A reasonable approach to the classification of this mixed group is to regard them as a paraphyletic class of angiosperms (Archaeangiospermae). This allows the eudicots and monocots to be treated, as often in the past, as class Dicotyledonae and class Monocotyledonae.
The origins of Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) and the status of Websteria, Egleria, and Chillania
Authors: Hinchliff Cody E. , Lliully A. Ariel Ernesto , Carey Timothy , Roalson Eric H.
Published: February 2019

Eleocharis R. Br. is an ecologically and economically important genus that contains about 250 species of annual and perennial sedges, with centers of diversity in seasonally wet tropical to subtropical regions. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus are poorly understood, particularly in relation to three monotypic genera—Egleria L.T. Eiten, Chillania Roivainen, and Websteria (Poir.) S. Hooper—which have been variously included or excluded from Eleocharis in different classifications. These genera, while morphologically distinct, show characteristics that fall within the range of variation seen in Eleocharis. The relationship between the clade containing Eleocharis and these segregate genera (i.e., Eleocharideae) and the rest of Cyperaceae has also been difficult to determine from previous studies, and numerous conflicting hypotheses have been suggested. To address these uncertainties, we sequenced cpDNA from the ndhF and psbB-psbH marker regions and used it to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of Eleocharis and a broad sample of other Cyperaceae. We found that Egleria and Websteria are derived from within Eleocharis, and that this clade, representing the Eleocharideae, is sister to the Abildgaardieae. Chillania could not be included in the molecular dataset, but its morphology suggests it should be included in Eleocharis. New nomenclature is suggested to place the species of Chillania, Egleria, and Websteria in Eleocharis. Our phylogenetic reconstructions also indicate several other instances of generic paraphyly in other Cyperaceae lineages.
A molecular phylogeny of Solanum sect. Pteroidea (Solanaceae) and the utility of COSII markers in resolving relationships among closely related species
Authors: Tepe Eric J. , Bohs Lynn
Published: February 2019

Solanum sect. Pteroidea is a lineage of ten species of neotropical herbs and vines with a center of distribution in the eastern Andean slopes. It is a member of the Potato clade of Solanum, a group that includes the potato (S. tuberosum) and tomato (S. lycopersicum). Members of S. sect. Pteroidea are characterized by inflorescences that emerge from the leaf axils and rugose, sharply pointed fruits in most species. The aim of this study is to infer phylogenetic relationships among sixteen species of Solanum, including all ten species of S. sect. Pteroidea, using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast trnT-trnF and five nuclear regions: ITS, the granule bound starch synthase gene (GBSSI or waxy), and three Conserved Orthologous Set II (COSII) markers. Results provide strong support for the monophyly of S. sect. Pteroidea and for its sister group relationship to S. sect. Herpystichum. Solanum mite, one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species in the section, is not monophyletic. Bayesian analyses using a total evidence concatenated approach and a coalescent approach implemented in BEST produced largely congruent topologies. The total evidence trees, however, were much more highly supported than the BEST trees. Although not useful individually in S. sect. Pteroidea, the three COSII markers were easy to amplify, provided clean sequences, and were tremendously useful in increasing resolution and support among the closely related species of S. sect. Pteroidea in combined analyses.
Systematics and character evolution of Tabernaemontaneae (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) based on molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: Simões André O. , Endress Mary E. , Conti Elena
Published: February 2019

Tabernaemontaneae (Rauvolfioideae, Apocynaceae) are small trees with mainly animal–dispersed fleshy fruits and arillate seeds represented in the tropics of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and America. The tribe is characterized by complex indole alkaloids, thus its species play a prominent role in traditional medicine. Taxonomically, the Tabernaemontaneae have a convoluted history fraught with contention as to tribal, subtribal, generic and sectional delimitation, with some authors recognizing Ambelanieae and Macoubeeae as separate tribes and others including them in an expanded Tabernaemontaneae s.l. In the species–rich pantropical genusTabernaemontana, seven sections and up to 30 segregate genera have been described during the past 100 years, giving it the dubious distinction of being the most disputed genus in Apocynaceae s.str. Here 420 new chloroplast DNA sequences from 104 species, including representatives of all satellite genera ever recognized in the Tabernaemontaneae, were analyzed phylogenetically to evaluate previous circumscriptions of Tabernaemontaneae and test the sectional treatment ofTabernaemontana. The Tabernaemontaneae s.l. as currently circumscribed was shown to be monophyletic. Of the 19 genera recognized in the most recent classification, 15 are maintained. The generaBonafousia, Stemmadenia, StenosolenandWoytokowskiaare nested withinTabernaemontana. Of the seven current sections ofTabernaemontana, the four that included taxa from more than one continent were found to be para– or polyphyletic. All natural groups recovered withinTabernaemontanawere found to correspond to geographic areas. Mapping of 29 selected morphological characters onto the molecular tree recovered recurrent suites of co–occurring character states and identified three synapomorphies characterizing the Tabernaemontaneae s.l.: (1) specialized anthers with massive lignified guide–rails; and a differentiated style–head with (2) a five–lobed upper crest and (3) a thickened basal flange. A new combination for the subtribe Ambelaniinae and the necessary new combinations resulting from mergingStemmadeniaintoTabernaemontanaare made.
Geometric morphometrics: A powerful tool for the study of shape evolution in Menispermaceae endocarps
Authors: Jacques Frédéric M.B. , Zhou Zhekun
Published: February 2019

Within Menispermaceae, endocarp shape is highly variable and often characteristic. This study applied geometric morphometrics to the investigation of horseshoe–shaped endocarps that characterized the former Menispermeae tribe. The shape of 823 endocarp specimens, representing 66 species and 16 genera, were described on the lateral face by the means of 4 landmarks and 18 semilandmarks. The general Procrustes analysis was used to remove size and orientation of the specimens. Using thin–plate splines, we were able to visualize and describe the variation in shape for each genus and/or species. The main differences concern the symmetry/asymmetry of endocarp, the relative size of condyle, the relative length of ventral face and the concavity of ventral face. The results of a PCA reveal that for all genera exceptDiploclisia, generic variability is explained by a continuum in intra– and interspecific variability. Endocarp shape differed significantly between genera, demonstrating the potential for geometric morphometrics in fossil identification. Allometry explained only a small part of shape variation. Phylogenetic content is evaluated by comparing the results of cluster analysis with recent molecular phylogenies. Endocarp shape affinities appear to be quite different from phylogenetic relationships, demonstrating the low phylogenetic signal in endocarp shape at the family level. However, stronger variation is found in the lineages leading to modern genera. With a known phylogeny, geometric morphometrics is a good tool to understand shape evolution.