bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption in Postcommunist Countries
Authors: Fehérváry Krisztina
Published: March 2015

This entry focuses on those countries that were once characterized by centrallyplanned economic systems whose twin goals were modernization and the equitable distribution of national wealth across the population. Thus, “postcommunist” refers to places where communist rule collapsed (as in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1989–91). It also refers to places where the communist party continues to hold political power but has embraced market reforms and opened up the nation's economy to global forms of commerce (as in China, Cuba, and Vietnam). Since the bulk of scholarship on postcommunist consumption has focused on the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, this entry relies heavily on that research; at the same time, it draws on the rapidly growing scholarship on consumer culture in China, as well as some from smaller non‐European countries.
Consumption and Sport
Authors: Andrews David L. , Clift Bryan C.
Published: March 2015

Since the end of World War
II
broader enmeshed economic, social, cultural, and technological transformations have drastically reshaped the sporting landscape according to the dictates of a seemingly unrelenting, corporate‐led culture of consumption. The incorporation of sport into the consumerist order, which is defined and dominated by corporate and media interests, has transformed it into a multifaceted and intertextual amalgam that can experienced, and thereby consumed, in myriad forms. This entry examines the expressions and contradictions of contemporary sport consumption.
Housing/Housing Markets
Authors: Clarke Hannah , Zavisca Jane
Published: March 2015

Housing is among the most durable and costly of consumer possessions. A consumer commodity in itself, housing is also the staging ground for many types of consumption – of things such as furniture and appliances, and of activities such as meal preparation and entertaining. These consumption practices transform a dwelling into the cultural embodiment of a home, which embodies an extension of the self, signals social status, and provides a sense of ontological security. Home ownership intensifies the significance of housing for consumers, but also increases indebtedness and risk. Historically, home mortgages have been justified as a productive investment rather than a consumer expenditure, as mortgages were thought to enforce savings for a financially secure future. However, real estate has not consistently retained its value, and flexible mortgages allow housing wealth to be spent instead of saved. Recent changes in housing finance contribute to the financialization of daily life and further blur the boundaries between investment and consumption of the home.
Shopping
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2015

Shopping, at a minimum, is the activity of pursuing specific goods and services for either individual or collective use, which is expected to result in an economic transaction between buyers and sellers. The objects of shopping range from the everyday – a loaf of bread or cell phone service plan – to multimillion‐dollar houses and works of art. But making a purchase is not the only consequence of shopping. Instead, purchase is the necessary condition which enables, and indeed encourages, a wide array of activities and mediations. Because it historically began with a face‐to‐face meeting between buyers and sellers where buyers evaluate the quality of the goods on offer and negotiate the price, shopping became a major public face of consumption. Today, it both embodies a frequent form of social interaction in public spaces and represents a principle of selection which is emblematic of affluent societies.
Occupy Movement
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien
Published: March 2015

In the fall of 2011, the occupy movement occupied the headlines for weeks. Photos showed activists, or Occupiers, and their tents on squares in major cities like New York, London, and Amsterdam. What makes this movement so newsworthy? This entry explains what the occupy movement stands for, who the Occupiers are, and what strategies and tactics they use.
Cationic Polymer Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted siRNA Delivery to HER2+ Breast Cancer
Authors: Ngamcherdtrakul Worapol , Morry Jingga , Gu Shenda , Castro David J. , Goodyear Shaun M. , Sangvanich Thanapon , Reda Moataz M. , Lee Richard , Mihelic Samuel A. , Beckman Brandon L. , Hu Zhi , Gray Joe W. , Yantasee Wassana
Published: March 2015

In vivo delivery of siRNAs designed to inhibit genes important in cancer and other diseases continues to be an important biomedical goal. A new nanoparticle construct that is engineered for efficient delivery of siRNA to tumors is now described. The construct comprises a 47‐nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle core coated with a crosslinked polyethyleneimine–polyethyleneglycol copolymer, carrying siRNA against the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) oncogene, and coupled to the anti‐HER2 monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab). The construct is engineered to increase siRNA blood half‐life, enhance tumor‐specific cellular uptake, and maximize siRNA knockdown efficacy. The optimized anti‐HER2 nanoparticles produce apoptotic death in HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer cells grown in vitro, but not in HER2 negative (HER2−) cells. One dose of the siHER2–nanoparticles reduces HER2 protein levels by 60% in trastuzumab‐resistant HCC1954 xenografts. Administration of multiple intravenous doses over 3 weeks significantly inhibits tumor growth (p < 0.004). The siHER2‐nanoparticles have an excellent safety profile in terms of blood compatibility and low cytokine induction, when exposed to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The construct can be produced with high batch‐to‐batch reproducibility and the production methods are suitable for large‐scale production. These results suggest that this siHER2‐nanoparticle is ready for clinical evaluation.
Molecularly Engineered Biodegradable Polymer Networks with a Wide Range of Stiffness for Bone and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Wang Shanfeng , Kempen Diederik H. R. , de Ruiter Godard C. W. , Cai Lei , Spinner Robert J. , Windebank Anthony J. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Lu Lichun
Published: March 2015

To satisfy different mechanical requirements in hard and soft tissue replacements, a series of biodegradable and crosslinkable copolymers of poly(propylene fumarate)‐co‐polycaprolactone (PPF‐co‐PCL) are synthesized and employed to fabricate 2D disks and 3D scaffolds via photocrosslinking. Thermal properties such as the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of the PPF‐co‐PCL networks can be controlled efficiently by varying the PCL composition (φPCL). As a result, their mechanical properties vary significantly from hard and stiff materials to soft and flexible ones with increasing φPCL, making them attractive candidate materials for bone and peripheral nerve regeneration, respectively. Several PPF‐co‐PCL formulations are selected to perform in vitro cell studies using mouse pre‐osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1, rat Schwann cell precursor line (SPL201), and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, and in vivo animal testing in the rat femur bone defect model and in the rat sciatic nerve transection model. The formation of new bone in the porous bone scaffolds with a low φPCL and guided axon growth through the nerve conduits with a higher φPCL suggest that crosslinked PPF‐co‐PCLs have appropriate compatibility and functionality. Furthermore, the role of surface stiffness in modulating cellular behavior and functions is verified on the crosslinked PPF‐co‐PCL surfaces without any pretreatments.
Self‐Powered Electronics by Integration of Flexible Solid‐State Graphene‐Based Supercapacitors with High Performance Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Du Pengcheng , Hu Xiaowen , Yi Chao , Liu Huckleberry C. , Liu Peng , Zhang Hao‐Li , Gong Xiong
Published: March 2015

To develop high‐capacitance flexible solid‐state supercapacitors and explore its application in self‐powered electronics is one of ongoing research topics. In this study, self‐stacked solvated graphene (SSG) films are reported that have been prepared by a facile vacuum filtration method as the free‐standing electrode for flexible solid‐state supercapacitors. The highly hydrated SSG films have low mass loading, high flexibility, and high electrical conductivity. The flexible solid‐state supercapacitors based on SSG films exhibit excellent capacitive characteristics with a high gravimetric specific capacitance of 245 F g−1 and good cycling stability of 10 000 cycles. Furthermore, the flexible solid‐state supercapacitors are integrated with high performance perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero‐HSCs) to build self‐powered electronics. It is found that the solid‐state supercapacitors can be charged by pero‐HSCs and discharged from 0.75 V. These results demonstrate that the self‐powered electronics by integration of the flexible solid‐state supercapacitors with pero‐HSCs have great potential applications in storage of solar energy and in flexible electronics, such as portable and wearable personal devices.
Strong Surface‐Termination Effect on Electroresistance in Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Tsurumaki‐Fukuchi Atsushi , Kobayashi Masaki , Nagai Takuro , Toyosaki Yoshikiyo , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Sawa Akihito
Published: March 2015

Tunnel electroresistance in ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) has attracted considerable interest, because of a promising application to nonvolatile memories. Development of ferroelectric thin‐film devices requires atomic‐scale band‐structure engineering based on depolarization‐field effects at interfaces. By using FTJs consisting of ultrathin layers of the prototypical ferroelectric BaTiO3, it is demonstrated that the surface termination of the ferroelectric in contact with a simple‐metal electrode critically affects properties of electroresistance. BaTiO3 barrier‐layers with TiO2 or BaO terminations show opposing relationships between the polarization direction and the resistance state. The resistance‐switching ratio in the junctions can be remarkably enhanced up to 105% at room temperature, by artificially controlling the fraction of BaO termination. These results are explained in terms of the termination dependence of the depolarization field that is generated by a dead layer and imperfect charge screening. The findings on the mechanism of tunnel electroresistance should lead to performance improvements in the devices based on nanoscale ferroelectrics.
Liquid–Liquid Diffusion‐Assisted Crystallization: A Fast and Versatile Approach Toward High Quality Mixed Quantum Dot‐Salt Crystals
Authors: Adam Marcus , Wang Zhiyu , Dubavik Aliaksei , Stachowski Gordon M. , Meerbach Christian , Soran‐Erdem Zeliha , Rengers Christin , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: March 2015

Here, a new, fast, and versatile method for the incorporation of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) into ionic matrices enabled by liquid–liquid diffusion is demonstrated. QDs bear a huge potential for numerous applications thanks to their unique chemical and physical properties. However, stability and processability are essential for their successful use in these applications. Incorporating QDs into a tight and chemically robust ionic matrix is one possible approach to increase both their stability and processability. With the proposed liquid–liquid diffusion‐assisted crystallization (LLDC), substantially accelerated ionic crystallization of the QDs is shown, reducing the crystallization time needed by one order of magnitude. This fast process allows to incorporate even the less stable colloids including initially oil‐based ligand‐exchanged QDs into salt matrices. Furthermore, in a modified two‐step approach, the seed‐mediated LLDC provides the ability to incorporate oil‐based QDs directly into ionic matrices without a prior phase transfer. Finally, making use of their processability, a proof‐of‐concept white light emitting diode with LLDC‐based mixed QD‐salt films as an excellent color‐conversion layer is demonstrated. These findings suggest that the LLDC offers a robust, adaptable, and rapid technique for obtaining high quality QD‐salts.
Graphene Single Crystals: Size and Morphology Engineering
Authors: Geng Dechao , Wang Huaping , Yu Gui
Published: March 2015

Recently developed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is considered as an effective way to large‐area and high‐quality graphene preparation due to its ultra‐low cost, high controllability, and high scalability. However, CVD‐grown graphene film is polycrystalline, and composed of numerous grains separated by grain boundaries, which are detrimental to graphene‐based electronics. Intensive investigations have been inspired on the controlled growth of graphene single crystals with the absence of intrinsic defects. As the two most concerned parameters, the size and morphology serve critical roles in affecting properties and understanding the growth mechanism of graphene crystals. Therefore, a precise tuning of the size and morphology will be of great significance in scale‐up graphene production and wide applications. Here, recent advances in the synthesis of graphene single crystals on both metals and dielectric substrates by the CVD method are discussed. The review mainly covers the size and morphology engineering of graphene single crystals. Furthermore, recent progress in the growth mechanism and device applications of graphene single crystals are presented. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are discussed.
Rationally Designed Energy Transfer in Upconverting Nanoparticles
Authors: Chan Emory M. , Levy Elizabeth S. , Cohen Bruce E.
Published: March 2015

Significant advances in the analysis and theoretical modeling of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are beginning to reveal the complex details of their energy transfer (ET) pathways. UCNPs combine multiple NIR photons to emit at higher energies in the NIR or visible, and are an ideal system for the rational design and precise engineering of optical processes. The ET pathways that drive photon upconversion can be tuned by varying the combination of lanthanide co‐dopants, their concentrations, and their spatial distribution within the nanocrystal. Here, recent work is reviewed on the development of complex UCNP architectures that segregate lanthanides across multiple domains in a heterostructure or within the unit cell of the host lattice. These designs direct ET in UCNPs to enhance their brightness, to maximize desired emission wavelengths, to suppress undesirable electronic transitions, and to sensitize absorption of light at different wavelengths. The development of holistic computational models for ET in UCNPs is yielding novel nanocrystal designs with unexpected properties, such as UCNPs with exceptional brightness at single molecule imaging powers. These rational approaches for engineering ET will accelerate the development of UCNPs tailored to specific nanophotonic applications that require the efficient and directed flow of energy.
Numerical study of laminar core‐annular flow in a torus and in a 90° pipe bend
Authors: Ooms Gijs , Pourquie Mathieu J. B. M. , Westerweel Jerry
Published: March 2015

A numerical study has been made of laminar core‐annular through a torus. It is a follow‐up of the study by Picardo and Pushpavanam, AIChE J. 2013;59(12):4871–4886, who obtained an analytical solution for the case that the core is concentric and circular. In our study, we investigated the possibility of eccentric core‐annular flow and the deformation of the core‐annular interface. We found that a stable eccentric core position is possible, which is shifted in the direction of the inner or outer side of the torus depending on the balance of the normal stresses at the core‐annular interface. When these stresses are too far off from those for concentric and circular core‐annular flow, fouling of the wall occurs. We compared the results of core‐annular flow in a torus with those for a 90° pipe bend and found that the flow pattern in the torus is representative for the flow pattern in the bend. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2319–2328, 2015
A consecutive microreactor system for the synthesis of caprolactam with high selectivity
Authors: Wang Kai , Zhang Jisong , Zheng Chen , Dong Chen , Lu Yangcheng , Luo Guangsheng
Published: March 2015

A microreactor system containing two consecutive microreactors and a stirred vessel was developed for the improvement of selectivity of caprolactam (CPL) synthesis. The first microreactor was used to conduct the reaction of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and oleum, and 97% selectivity for the intermediate product, named mixed anhydride, was obtained. The mixed anhydride then quickly reacted with nitroso‐sulfuric acid in the second microreactor, and the reaction was completed in the vessel, where CPL selectivity reached 93.9%, a much higher value than that achieved either in a control experiment with a batch reactor or in industrial process. The advantage of microreactors is that they can provide high‐quality mixed anhydride and can mix it quickly with the nitroso‐sulfuric acid prior to reaction in the vessel reactor, which, from an engineering standpoint, gives better performance than the traditional syringe‐fed method that is common in chemical synthesis. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1959–1967, 2015
Modeling the permittivity of electrolyte solutions
Authors: Mollerup Jørgen M. , Breil Martin P.
Published: March 2015

Solution of a strong electrolyte in a high‐density polar fluid gives rise to a dielectric saturation that decreases the orientation polarizability of the solvent molecules in close proximity to the ions wherefore the relative permittivity in this region is determined solely by the atomic and electronic polarization. This causes a substantial decrease in the static permittivity of the solution. By considering the dielectric saturation, a model for the permittivity of an electrolyte solution have been developed and the parameters, the relative permittivities at dielectric saturation in close proximity to the ions, for 17 ions in water at 298.15 K were determined. By scaling these relative permittivities in proportion to the permittivity of the solvent, the model could be extended to calculate the permittivity of solutions of electrolytes in methanol and admixtures of water and ethanol. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2854–2860, 2015
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: March 2015

Disease Overview: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity.

Diagnosis: Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients.

Risk Stratification: Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy: Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection.

Management of Refractory Disease: Bortezomib, thalidomide, everolimus, ibrutinib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 90:347–354, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of heparin‐Induced thrombocytopenia: A 6‐year experience from a reference laboratory
Authors: Nazi Ishac , Arnold Donald M. , Moore Jane C. , Smith James W. , Ivetic Nikola , Horsewood Peter , Warkentin Theodore E. , Kelton John G.
Published: March 2015

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by platelet‐activating antibodies against complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. The diagnosis of HIT is contingent on accurate and timely laboratory testing. Recently, alternative anticoagulants for the treatment of HIT have been introduced along with algorithms for better HIT diagnosis. However, the increased reliance on immunoassays for the diagnosis of HIT may have harmful consequences due to the high rate of false positive results. To compare trends and implications of current HIT testing approaches, we analyzed results over a six‐year period from the McMaster University Platelet Immunology Reference Laboratory. From 2008 to 2013, 8,546 samples were investigated for HIT using both an in‐house IgG‐specific anti‐PF4/heparin enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the serotonin‐release assay (SRA). Of 8,546 samples tested, 13.4% were true‐positives (positive in both assays); 65.6% were true‐negatives (negative in both assays); 20.9% were presumed false positive for HIT (EIA‐positive/SRA‐negative); and 0.2% were EIA‐negative/SRA‐positive. The frequency of EIA‐positive/SRA‐negative results increased over time (from 12.9% in 2008 to 22.9% in 2013). We found that the number of SRA‐negative samples was reduced from referring centers that used an immunoassay as an initial screen; however, 41% of those samples tested negative in the immunoassay and in the SRA at the reference laboratory. The suspicion of HIT continues at a high rate and the agreement between the EIA and SRA test results remains problematic. Am. J. Hematol. 90:629–633, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delay in two families with overlapping 22q12.1 microdeletions involving the MN1 gene
Authors: Beck Megan , Peterson Jess F. , McConnell Juliann , McGuire Marianne , Asato Miya , Losee Joseph E. , Surti Urvashi , Madan‐Khetarpal Suneeta , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Yatsenko Svetlana A.
Published: March 2015

Deletions spanning the MN1 gene (22q12.1) have recently been proposed as playing a role in craniofacial abnormalities that include cleft palate, as mouse studies have demonstrated that Mn1 haploinsufficiency results in skull abnormalities and secondary cleft palate. We report on four patients (two families) with craniofacial abnormalities and intellectual disability with overlapping microdeletions that span the MN1 gene. Comparative genomic hybridization microarray analysis revealed a 2.76 Mb deletion in the 22q12.1 region, in three family members (Family 1), that contains the MN1 gene. In addition, a complex 22q12 rearrangement, including a 1.61 Mb deletion containing the MN1 gene and a 2.28 Mb deletion encompassing the NF2 gene, has been identified in another unrelated patient (Family 2). Based upon genotype‐phenotype correlation among our patients and those previously reported with overlapping 22q12 deletions, we identified a 560 kb critical region containing the MN1 gene that is implicated in human cleft palate formation. Importantly, NF2 was also found within the 22q12 deletion region in several patients which enabled specific clinical management for neurofibromatosis 2. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐ray and neutron scattering on disordered nanosize clusters: a case study of lead‐zirconate‐titanate solid solutions
Authors: Frantti Johannes , Fujioka Yukari
Published: March 2015

Defects and frequently used defect models of solids are reviewed. Signatures for identifying the disorder from x‐ray and neutron scattering data are given. To give illustrative examples how technologically important defects contribute to x‐ray and neutron scattering numerical method able to treat non‐periodical solids possessing several simultaneous defect types is given for simulating scattering in nanosize disordered clusters. The approach takes particle size, shape, and defects into account and isolates element specific signals. As a case study a statistical approximation model for lead‐zirconate titanate [Pb(ZrxTi)O3, PZT] is introduced. PZT is a material possessing several defect types, including substitutional, displacement and surface defects. Spatial composition variation is taken into account by introducing a model in which the edge lengths of each cell depend on the distribution of Zr and Ti ions in the cluster. Spatially varying edge lengths and angles is referred to as microstrain. The model is applied to compute the scattering from ellipsoid shaped PZT clusters and to simulate the structural changes as a function of average composition. Two‐phase co‐existence range, the so called morphotropic phase boundary composition is given correctly. The composition at which the rhombohedral and tetragonal cells are equally abundant was. Selected x‐ray and neutron Bragg reflection intensities and line shapes were simulated. Examples of the effect of size and shape of the scattering clusters on diffraction patterns are given and the particle dimensions, computed through Scherrer equation, are compared with the exact cluster dimensions. Scattering from two types of 180° domains in spherical particles, one type assigned to Ti‐rich PZT and the second to the MPB and Zr‐rich PZT, is computed. We show how the method can be used for modelling polarization reversal.

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A Signal‐Passing DNA‐Strand‐Exchange Mechanism for Active Self‐Assembly of DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Padilla Jennifer E. , Sha Ruojie , Kristiansen Martin , Chen Junghuei , Jonoska Natasha , Seeman Nadrian C.
Published: March 2015

DNA nanostructured tiles play an active role in their own self‐assembly in the system described herein whereby they initiate a binding event that produces a cascading assembly process. We present DNA tiles that have a simple but powerful property: they respond to a binding event at one end of the tile by passing a signal across the tile to activate a binding site at the other end. This action allows sequential, virtually irreversible self‐assembly of tiles and enables local communication during the self‐assembly process. This localized signal‐passing mechanism provides a new element of control for autonomous self‐assembly of DNA nanostructures.
Palladium(II)/Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidative Carbocyclization–Borylation of Enallenes
Authors: Jiang Tuo , Bartholomeyzik Teresa , Mazuela Javier , Willersinn Jochen , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: March 2015

An enantioselective oxidative carbocyclization–borylation of enallenes that is catalyzed by palladium(II) and a Brønsted acid was developed. Biphenol‐type chiral phosphoric acids were superior co‐catalysts for inducing the enantioselective cyclization. A number of chiral borylated carbocycles were synthesized in high enantiomeric excess.
Origin of Extraordinary Stability of Square‐Planar Carbon Atoms in Surface Carbides of Cobalt and Nickel
Authors: Nandula Anjan , Trinh Quang Thang , Saeys Mark , Alexandrova Anastassia N.
Published: March 2015

Surface carbides of cobalt and nickel are exceptionally stable, having stabilities competitive with those of graphitic C on these surfaces. The unusual structure of these carbides has attracted much attention: C assumes a tetracoordinate square‐planar arrangement, in‐plane with the metal surface, and its binding favors a spontaneous p4g clock surface reconstruction. A chemical bonding model for these systems is presented and explains the unusual structure, special stability, and the reconstruction. C promotes local two‐dimensional aromaticity on the surface and the aromatic arrangement is so powerful that the required number of electrons is taken from the void M4 squares, thus leading to Peierls instability. Moreover, this model predicts a series of new transition‐metal and main‐group‐element surface alloys: carbides, borides, and nitrides, which feature high stability, square‐planar coordination, aromaticity, and a predictable degree of surface reconstruction.
Synthesis of 4‐silaspiro[3.4]octa‐1,5‐diene derivatives: hybrid spiro compounds
Authors: Khan Ezzat , Wrackmeyer Bernd , Kempe Rhett , Glatz Germund
Published: March 2015

Trialkynyl(vinyl)silanes CH2CHSi(CCR)3 (R = Bu, Ph, p‐tolyl) were prepared and treated with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN). Consecutive 1,2‐hydroboration and intramolecular 1,1‐carboboration reactions (each requires different reaction conditions) were studied. 1,2‐Hydroboration of the Sivinyl group takes place at ambient temperature (23°C in tetrahydrofuran), followed by intramolecular 1,1‐vinylboration to give 1‐silacyclopent‐2‐ene derivatives, bearing still two alkynyl functions at the silicon atom. Further treatment with a second equivalent of 9‐BBN affords 1‐alkenyl‐1‐(alkynyl)‐1‐silacyclopent‐2‐ene derivatives. These undergo intramolecular 1,1‐vinylboration to give 4‐silaspiro[3.4]octa‐1,5‐dienes bearing the boryl groups at 2 and 6 positions. Protodeborylation of all new compounds (intermediates and final products) using acetic acid in slight excess afforded corresponding silanes including spirosilanes. All compounds were characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, 29Si) in solution state. Solid‐state structures for one of the trialkynyl(vinyl)silanes (R = p‐tolyl) and one of the 1‐silacyclopent‐2‐ene derivatives (R = Ph) were confirmed using X‐ray diffraction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative homocoupling of arylboronic acids catalyzed by a 4‐aminoantipyrine–Pd(II)complex
Authors: Contreras‐Celedón Claudia Araceli , Rincón‐Medina José Arturo , Mendoza‐Rayo Darío , Chacón‐García Luis
Published: March 2015

A one‐step synthesis of symmetric biaryls is reported under very mild conditions via the homocoupling reaction of substituted arylboronic acids using an air‐ and moisture‐stable 4‐aminoantipyrine–Pd(II) complex as catalyst. The reaction is conducted at a low catalyst loading of 0.1 mol% at room temperature in methanol in the presence of K2CO3 as the base and KMnO4 as the oxidant. The catalytic methodology is shown to be compatible with diverse functional groups and affords the desired biphenyls in good to excellent yields. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein‐imprinted polyurethane‐grafted calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres
Authors: Li Lingxie , Ying Xiaoguang , Liu Jiangquan , Li Xiao , Zhang Weiying
Published: March 2015

Protein‐imprinted polyurethane‐grafted calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres were prepared and characterized. The samples were investigated with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 13C‐NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We proved that polyurethane side chains were successfully grafted, and this led to a relatively rough and dense surface. The samples exhibited better swelling durability when applied in specific adsorption tests. The adsorption kinetic and recognition properties indicated that the imprinted modified microspheres had excellent rebinding affinity toward the target proteins. Moreover, the influence of the preassembly pH, rebinding pH, and grafting ratio on the adsorption capacity and imprinting efficiency (IE) were systematically investigated. The study results suggest that the modified samples possessed a higher IE toward the target protein under the optimum pH and grafting ratio. Upon polyurethane grafting modification, the alginate hydrogel microspheres showed improved mechanical stability and recognition specificity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42140.
Joining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates by a novel partial cross‐linking process
Authors: Moosburger‐Will Judith , Sause Markus G. R. , Horny Robert , Horn Siegfried , Scholler Jochen , Llopard Prieto Llorenç
Published: March 2015

Direct joining of partially cross‐linked and freshly infiltrated carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin plates made from HTA/RTM6 is investigated as function of the partial curing degree. Partial cross‐linking maintains a certain chemical reactivity of the thermosetting resin which can be used for bonding to a second, freshly infiltrated resin part. A final curing cycle guarantees complete cross‐linking of the joined component. The bonding behavior and the interface morphology of the joined plates are analyzed by mechanical testing, acoustic emission analysis and microscopy. A significant dependence of the bonding and interfacial properties on the partial curing degree is found. Very low and very high partial curing degrees (below 70% and above 80%) result in low fracture toughness and discontinuous crack propagation. Intermediate curing degrees between 70% and 80% mainly show high fracture toughness, stable crack propagation and a ripple like interface morphology. The latter is created by the surface morphology of the partially cross‐linked plate with the typical peel‐ply imprint and results in a high contact surface and mechanical interlocking. The combination of chemical reactivity and high contact surface seems to be advantageous for the enhanced fracture toughness and the improved failure mode of samples with intermediate partial curing degree. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42159.
The design and formative evaluation of nonspeech auditory feedback for an information system
Authors: Absar Rafa , Guastavino Catherine
Published: March 2015

This research describes a user‐centered design method for creating nonspeech auditory feedback to enhance information interactions with a visual information system. It involves 2 studies. In the first, a user‐centered sound design method is used, based on one originally applied for visually impaired users. Three panels of end users are employed to collaboratively and iteratively design the required nonspeech sounds. The method ensures that the sounds designed are not based on designers' personal or ad hoc choices and instead exploits the creativity of a user group as an application of participatory sound design. Based on the results of this study, recommendations are made for extending the sound design method to novel interfaces and sighted users. A second study involves a formative evaluation of the information system integrated with the designed auditory feedback. This evaluation confirms that the user‐centered sound design method leads to the creation of auditory feedback which conveys meaningful information to users.
A knowledge‐based approach to Information Extraction for semantic interoperability in the archaeology domain
Authors: Vlachidis Andreas , Tudhope Douglas
Published: March 2015

The article presents a method for automatic semantic indexing of archaeological grey‐literature reports using empirical (rule‐based) Information Extraction techniques in combination with domain‐specific knowledge organization systems. The semantic annotation system (OPTIMA) performs the tasks of Named Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, Negation Detection, and Word‐Sense Disambiguation using hand‐crafted rules and terminological resources for associating contextual abstractions with classes of the standard ontology CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) for cultural heritage and its archaeological extension, CRM‐EH.

Relation Extraction (RE) performance benefits from a syntactic‐based definition of RE patterns derived from domain oriented corpus analysis. The evaluation also shows clear benefit in the use of assistive natural language processing (NLP) modules relating to Word‐Sense Disambiguation, Negation Detection, and Noun Phrase Validation, together with controlled thesaurus expansion.

The semantic indexing results demonstrate the capacity of rule‐based Information Extraction techniques to deliver interoperable semantic abstractions (semantic annotations) with respect to the CIDOC CRM and archaeological thesauri. Major contributions include recognition of relevant entities using shallow parsing NLP techniques driven by a complimentary use of ontological and terminological domain resources and empirical derivation of context‐driven RE rules for the recognition of semantic relationships from phrases of unstructured text.
A critical analysis of thermochemical cellulosic biorefinery capital cost estimates
Authors: Brown Tristan R.
Published: March 2015

This analysis quantifies the impact of capital cost estimation methodologies and probability distributions on the 20‐year net present values (NPV) of six thermochemical cellulosic biofuel pathways. It reviews the methodologies and distributions employed in the open literature, and compares the latter with those reported for existing energy projects. A sensitivity analysis calculates the impact of methodology choice on the NPV of each pathway scenario and an uncertainty analysis calculates the impact of probability distribution choice on the same. The sensitivity analysis finds that the choice of pessimistic or optimistic estimation methodology changes NPV by up to $300 million. The uncertainty analysis finds that the representation of capital cost by asymmetrical probability distributions increases the standard deviations of the 20‐year NPV cumulative distribution functions by up to 35% relative to symmetrical distributions. Finally, recommendations are given to improve capital cost calculations in cellulosic biofuel techno‐economic analyses. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Investigation of maximum local specific absorption rate in 7 T magnetic resonance with respect to load size by use of electromagnetic simulations
Authors: Tiberi Gianluigi , Fontana Nunzia , Costagli Mauro , Stara Riccardo , Biagi Laura , Symms Mark Roger , Monorchio Agostino , Retico Alessandra , Cosottini Mirco , Tosetti Michela
Published: March 2015

Local specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation in ultra high field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) systems is a major concern. In fact, at UHF, radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneity generates hot‐spots that could cause localized tissue heating. Unfortunately, local SAR measurements are not available in present MR systems; thus, electromagnetic simulations must be performed for RF fields and SAR analysis. In this study, we used three‐dimensional full‐wave numerical electromagnetic simulations to investigate the dependence of local SAR at 7.0 T with respect to subject size in two different scenarios: surface coil loaded by adult and child calves and quadrature volume coil loaded by adult and child heads. In the surface coil scenario, maximum local SAR decreased with decreasing load size, provided that the RF magnetic fields for the different load sizes were scaled to achieve the same slice average value. On the contrary, in the volume coil scenario, maximum local SAR was up to 15% higher in children than in adults. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:358–366, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘Elite’ career‐changers in the teaching profession
Authors: Wilkins Chris , Comber Chris
Published: March 2015

Evidence linking teacher quality and the ‘performance’ of education systems has led to a widespread emphasis on improving the quality of entrants to teaching. In theUSAandUKparticularly, policymakers have encouraged entrants who have been highly successful in other careers to switch to teaching, on the assumption that they bring distinctive attributes/competences that will not only enable them to become successful teachers, but to improve leadership and management cultures in schools. This study analyses the numbers of ‘elite’ career‐changers entering initial teacher education (ITE) in England, and compares their completion rates with those of first‐career entrants. In addition, through semi‐structured interviews, it examines the experiences of career transition of 24 ‘elite career‐changers’. Theoretically underpinned by notions of motivation, self‐efficacy, and professional identity development, the findings suggest that career‐changers are primarily influenced by altruistic and intrinsic motivations, and consider previously acquired attributes to be significant positive influences on their self‐efficacy. While they report high levels of resilience in adapting to contrasting professional cultures and to the demands of teaching, they also report significant levels of frustration with a perceived lack of acknowledgement from colleagues and school leaders of the potential ‘added value’ contribution they could make at a wider institutional level. These findings are discussed in the context of the presumed system‐wide benefits of attracting elite career‐changers into teaching, arguing that while previously acquired attributes are enabling them to become successful classroom practitioners, the schools may not be capitalising on potential contributions at a leadership and management level.
Infrared and visible emissions of rare‐earth‐doped CeO2 phosphor
Authors: Chandrakar D. , Kaur J. , Dubey V. , Suryanarayana N. S. , Parganiha Y.
Published: March 2015

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of Er3+‐doped CeO2 phosphor with variable concentrations of erbium. The sample was synthesized using a solid‐state reaction method, which is useful for the large‐scale production of phosphors and is also eco‐friendly. The prepared sample was characterized using an X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The XRD pattern confirmed that sample has the pure cubic fluorite crystal structure of CeO2. The crystallite size of the prepared phosphor was determined by Scherer's formula and the crystallite size giving an intense XRD peak is 40.06 nm. The surface morphology of the phosphor was determined by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM). From the FEGSEM image, good surface morphology with some agglomerates was found. The functional group in the prepared sample was analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All samples prepared with variable concentrations of Er3+ (0.1–2 mol%) were studied by photoluminescence analysis and it was found that the excitation spectra of the prepared phosphor shows broad excitation centred at 251 nm. Emission spectra at different concentrations of Er3+ show strong peaks at 413 and 470 nm and a weaker peak at 594 nm. The dominant peaks at 413 and 470 nm are caused by the allowed electronic transition 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and the weaker transition at 594 nm is due to the transition 4 F9/2 → 4I15/2. Spectrophotometric determinations of peaks were evaluated using the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) technique. The emission spectra were also observed using an infrared (IR) laser 980 nm source, and three distinct peaks were found in the IR region at 848, 870 and 980 nm. The prepared phosphor has utility for application in display devices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐soluble polymeric chemosensor for selective detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution using rhodamine‐based modified poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid)
Authors: Geng Tong‐Mou , Wu Da‐Yu
Published: March 2015

We report the fabrication of a novel easily available turn‐on fluorescent water‐soluble polymeric chemosensor for Hg2+ ions that was simply prepared by micellar free radical polymerization of a water‐insoluble organic rhodamine‐based Hg2+‐recognizing monomer (GR6GH), with hydrophilic monomers acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA). The chemical structure of the polymeric sensor was characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The apparent viscosity average molecular weight Mη of poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid) [poly(AM–NaAA)] and the water‐soluble polymeric chemosensor poly(AM–NaAA–GR6GH) were 1.76 × 106 and 6.84 × 104 g/mol, respectively. Because of its amphiphilic property, the water‐soluble polymeric chemosensor can be used as a chemosensor in aqueous media. Upon addition of Hg2+ ions to an aqueous solution of poly(AM–NaAA–GR6GH), fluorescence enhancements were observed instantly. Moreover, other metal ions did not induce obvious changes to the fluorescence spectra. This approach may provide an easily measurable and inherently sensitive method for Hg2+ ion detection in environmental and biological applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the role of hnRNP‐C and FMRP in the cAMP‐induced APP metabolism
Authors: Rivera D. , Fedele E. , Marinari U.M. , Pronzato M.A. , Ricciarelli R.
Published: March 2015

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulates synaptic plasticity and memory and manipulation of the cAMP/protein kinase A/cAMP responsive element binding protein pathway significantly affects cognitive functions. Notably, cAMP can increase the expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose proteolytic processing gives rise to amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Despite playing a pathogenic role in Alzheimer's disease, physiological concentrations of Aβ are necessary for the cAMP‐mediated regulation of long‐term potentiation, supporting the existence of a novel cAMP/APP/Aβ cascade with a crucial role in memory formation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cAMP stimulates APP expression and Aβ production remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether hnRNP‐C and FMRP, two RNA‐binding proteins largely involved in the expression of APP, are the cAMP effectors inducing the protein synthesis of APP. Using RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA‐silencing approaches, we found that neither hnRNP‐C nor FMRP is required for cAMP to stimulate APP and Aβ production. © 2015 BioFactors, 41(2):121–126, 2015
Review lipopeptides biosurfactants: Mean classes and new insights for industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications
Authors: Mnif Inès , Ghribi Dhouha
Published: March 2015

Lipopeptides are microbial surface active compounds produced by a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. They are characterized by high structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface, respectively. Surfactin, iturin, and fengycin of Bacillus subtilis are among the most popular lipopeptides. Lipopepetides can be applied in diverse domains as food and cosmetic industries for their emulsification/de‐emulsification capacity, dispersing, foaming, moisturizing, and dispersing properties. Also, they are qualified as viscosity reducers, hydrocarbon solubilizing and mobilizing agents, and metal sequestering candidates for application in environment and bioremediation. Moreover, their ability to form pores and destabilize biological membrane permits their use as antimicrobial, hemolytic, antiviral, antitumor, and insecticide agents. Furthermore, lipopeptides can act at the surface and can modulate enzymes activity permitting the enhancement of the activity of certain enzymes ameliorating microbial process or the inhibition of certain other enzymes permitting their use as antifungal agents. This article will present a detailed classification of lipopeptides biosurfactant along with their producing strain and biological activities and will discuss their functional properties and related applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 129–147, 2015.