bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Healthy life expectancy vs health expenditure by sullivan method in Malaysia
Authors: Omar Muhammad Hakeem , Asmuni Nurin Haniah , Shima Sharifah Nazatul
Published: April 2019

The improvement of mortality rates in many countries over the world has a major impact on cost associated with living longer due to mortality and morbidity risk. In particular, the trend in life expectancy of Malaysian population has steadily increased for many years where in 2017, Malaysian are expected to live up to 74.8 years compared to 74.3 years in 2011. Life expectancy can be defined as the average period of a person may expect to live, while the definition of disability-free life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live without health disability.  If a person takes a good care and services through the advancement of medical technology, it may expend the period of life expectancy for a person. Thus, longevity may have a positive relationship with health expenditure. United State for instance spends more on health across years, however United State becomes the outlier as compared to other countries with higher percentage of increase in life expectancy per dollar spent on health expenditure. Disability or disability-free life expectancy can rise at certain degree among Malaysian. The general public do not know whether longevity will expose a person to a greater period spend in disability state or not. Therefore, this paper presents healthy life expectancy vs. health expenditure by Sullivan method in Malaysia to provide further understanding of morbidity rate for Malaysian population due to longevity. This paper calculates the disability-free life expectancy for Malaysian population which then will be used in country comparison. Relationship between disability-free life expectancy and health expenditure will be studied. Sullivan method will be applied in the calculation by using a period life table based on age and gender groups.
Linearity improvement of differential CMOS low noise amplifier
Authors: Muhamad Maizan , Soin Norhayati , Ramiah Harikrishnan
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the linearity improvement of differential CMOS low noise amplifier integrated circuit using 0.13um CMOS technology. In this study, inductively degenerated common source topology is adopted for wireless LAN application. The linearity of the single-ended LNA was improved by using differential structures with optimum biasing technique. This technique achieved better LNA and linearity performance compare with single-ended structure. Simulation was made by using the cadence spectre RF tool. Consuming 5.8mA current at 1.2V supply voltage, the designed LNA exhibits S21 gain of 18.56 dB, noise figure (NF) of 1.85 dB, S11 of −27.63 dB, S22 of -34.33 dB, S12 of −37.09 dB and IIP3 of -7.79 dBm.
Emotional augmented reality-based mobile learning design elements: a kansei engineering approach
Authors: Redzuan Fauziah , Khairuddin An-Nur Atiqah , Daud Nor Aziah
Published: April 2019

In recent times, various studies have shown that Augmented Reality (AR) will be the next wave of online learning. This is because of the advent of powerful smartphones that has changed user experiences, thereby able to increase the capability of AR. There has been much concentration in previous studies on cognition towards the use of AR in education, in which little consideration has been given to emotions which is also an important aspect in learning. Based on this, the present research aims to identify salient connections between emotions and design elements of AR-based mobile learning material through the application of the Kansei Engineering (KE) approach. In order to achieve this study objective, the use of a human heart in relation to the mobile AR application of the KE approach was adopted in this research as a case study, in which seven specimens of the mobile AR application were evaluated including 55 emotions of Kansei Words (KW). Additionally, the kansei evaluation experiment of this study was carried out by 28 students from one of the public universities, after which the data were analysed using Factor and Principal Component Analysis. The results of this study show the important pillars of emotions or Kansei semantic space of emotions for AR-based mobile learning materials. Based on Factor Analysis, it revealed four main pillars; professional-motivated, confused, wandering-thrilled, challenging and one additional pillar; trustable. Besides that, this research also described design elements of AR-based mobile learning material that might evoke specific emotions based on the identified pillars. Finally, the findings of this research are hoped to be applicable as a guide in design during preparation of AR-based mobile learning materials with affective elements in the future.
Effect of SVC installation on loss and voltage in power system congestion management
Authors: Mohd Ali Nur Zahirah , Musirin Ismail , Mohamad Hasmaini
Published: April 2019

In this paper, a new hybrid optimization technique is proposed namely Adaptive Embedded Clonal Evolutionary Programming (AECEP). This idea comes from the combination part of the clone in an Artificial Immune System (AIS) and then combined with Evolutionary Programming (EP). This technique was implemented to determine the optimal sizing of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. This study focused on the ability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) is used for the optimal operation of the power system as well as in reducing congestion in power system. In order to determine the location of SVC, the previous study has been done using pre-developed voltage stability index, Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI). Congested lines or buses will be identified based on the highest FVSI value for the purpose of SVC placement. The optimizations were conducted for the SVC sizing under single contingency, where SVC was modeled in steady state analysis. The objective function of this study is to minimize the power loss and improve the voltage profile along with the reduction of congestion with the SVC installation in the system. Validation on the IEEE 30 Bus RTS and IEEE 118 Bus RTS revealed that the proposed technique managed to reduce congestion in power system.
Interface design features of mobile application for senior citizens
Authors: Abdullah Natrah , Abdul Hamid Nur Farahin binti
Published: April 2019

Reading Al-Quran is one of spiritual activities and as for Muslims, and they believed God would reward those who read and practice it. In order to dedicate remaining years of their life to God and to bring peace of mind, most of the senior citizens are spending their time doing spiritual activities such as reciting Al-Quran. With the advancement of technology, the sources of Al-Quran are also changing. There are many Al-Quran application being developed in the market and can be download and install easily in mobile devices such as smartphone. However, the application that have been developed often ignored needs and limitation of senior users, that causing them to feel unease to use the mobile application. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the user interface design principles of mobile Al-Quran application for senior citizens. For this purpose, the study has conducted a literature review, interview session usability study, the user interface design principles were identified. Using the principles, this study proposed a mobile application and an observation has been conducted with the senior citizens as a validation of the principles. Validation is based on usability evaluation on effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. The results show that the application is satisfactory and usable for the users. In future, the same research interest researcher can explore the audio and navigating in the interface by audio commands. The prototype could be extended to meet the needs of senior citizens that having the problem such as Parkinson and Alzheimer disease.
Design and implementation of a smart monitoring system for water quality of fish farms
Authors: Salih Nahla Abdul Jalil , Hasan Ihsan Jabbar , Abdulkhaleq Nadhir Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

Fish farms are one of the most important sources of profitability for farmers. Therefore, these farms must be cared for and monitored continuously. the paper discuss  a smart system monitoring in a new way that we designed to monitor the quality and temperature of the fish pond’s water. This system has been designed and implemented to measure and monitor the pH and the temperature value of the fish pond’s water in real time. The system is divided into a measuring and monitoring part. The measuring part uses Arduino UNO as a microcontroller to measure the pH and temperature from the sensors. The data is then sent to the second part by Bluetooth. The second part (the monitoring part), is a new  application for smartphone  designed by ‘MIT App Inventor 2’, which monitors the status of the full system. The ‘MIT App Inventor 2’ is a google software (opensource) that enables you to easily build an Android application. The main advantage of this system is its ability to monitor the fish farms from long distances, with low cost and high reliability.
Effective XQuery keyword using XML query processing
Authors: Seshatheri E. , Bhuvaneswari T.
Published: April 2019

The data has structured is determined using the standard is known as XML whereaslarge amount of data has consumed through internet consist of the both structural data format as well as semi structural data format which gets stored and processed whereas XML allow the data of semi-structured and hierarchical data representation not only consist of concept with individual items from various kind of database but also have relationship among data items. The utilized knowledge bed is provided with concise ideas for both structured and semi structured data files, XML document contents and rapid with exact solutions for the queries required at any time. The user can search their resources with the help of queries. Searching the resources with the help of queries is not a simple task, where inaccurate result and complexity would occur. Hence it is not a better way for searching the resources. This paper proposes the query answering system of Linear search usingwild card searchfor extracting the frequent pattern to maximize your search results in library database on XML document to extract the most relevant feeds from the large file directly. It will help the user to find his resources completely.
Wireless sensor data mining for e-commerce applications
Authors: Sridevi T. , Mallikarjuna Rao P. , Ramaraju P.V
Published: April 2019

Information hiding is the most important criteria today in several sectors, due to security issues. Mostly for the security applications used in Finance & banking sectors, hiding the information about users and their transactions are necessary at present from the hackers in all high security zones. In this consequence biometrics is progressively considered as foundation component for an extensive array of personal authentication solutions, both at the national level (E.g. India UIDAI) and the smaller-scale (E.g. banking ATMs, school lunch payment systems). Biometric fraud is also an area of increasing concern, as the number of deployed biometric systems increases and fraudsters become aware of the potential to compromise them. Organizations are increasingly deploying process and technology solutions to stay one step ahead. At present Bankers are using different single Biometric Modalities for different services. All Biometric features are not suitable, for all services because of various artifacts while extracting features from the sensors due to background noise, lighting conditions, ease of access etc. This paper proposes a multi model system that will show a onetime single solution to meet all their security problems. This paper particularly handles how to incorporate cryptography and steganography in biometric applications.
A computer vision based image processing system for depression detection among students for counseling
Authors: Namboodiri Sandhya Parameswaran , D Venkataraman
Published: April 2019

Psychological problems in college students like depression, pessimism, eccentricity, anxiety etc. are caused principally due to the neglect of continuous monitoring of students’ psychological well-being. Identification of depression at college level is desirable so that it can be controlled by giving better counseling at the starting stage itself. The disturbed mental state of a student suffering from depression would be clearly evident in the student’s facial expressions.Identification of depression in large group of college students becomes a tedious task for an individual. But advances in the Image-Processing field have led to the development of effective systems, which prove capable of detecting emotions from facial images, in a much simpler way. Thus, we need an automated system that captures facial images of students and analyze them, for effective detection of depression. In the proposed system, an attempt is being made to make use of the Image processing techniques, to study the frontal face features of college students and predict depression. This automated system will be trained with facial features of positive and negative facial emotions. To predict depression, a video of the student is captured, from which the face of the student is extracted. Then using Gabor filters, the facial features are extracted. Classification of these facial features is done using SVM classifier. The level of depression is identified by calculating the amount of negative emotions present in the entire video. Based on the level of depression, notification is send to the class advisor, department counselor or university counselor, indicating the student’s disturbed mental state. The present system works with an accuracy of 64.38%. The paper concludes with the description of an extended architecture for depression detection as future work.
Improving spectrogram correlation filters with time-frequency reassignment for bio-acoustic signal classification
Authors: Samad Salina Abdul , Baseri Huddin Aqilah
Published: April 2019

Spectrogram features have been used to automatically classify animals based on their vocalization. Usually, features are extracted and used as inputs to classifiers to distinguish between species. In this paper, a classifier based on Correlation Filters (CFs) is employed where the input features are the spectrogram image themselves.  Spectrogram parameters are carefully selected based on the target dataset in order to obtain clear distinguishing images termed as call-prints. An even better representation of the call-prints is obtained using spectrogram Time-Frequency (TF) reassignment. To demonstrate the application of the proposed technique, two species of frogs are classified based on their vocalization spectrograms where for each species a correlation filter template is constructed from multiple call-prints using the Maximum Margin Correlation Filter (MMCF). The improved accuracy rate obtained with TF reassignment demonstrates that this is a viable method for bio-acoustic signal classification.
Enhancement of data transmission using optimized multi-cell approach in 5G backhaul wireless mesh network
Authors: Benni Nirmalkumar S , Manvi Sunilkumar S
Published: April 2019

The millimeter wave (mmWave) band and its usage has taken an attention in this 5G creation as its implementation can provide ultra-high speed data transmission in wireless network. This is much better than the centimeter wave-band as it has limitations on the bandwidth usage. While considering the 5G networking with the backhaul-topologies, the network and user-equipment performance depends on the selection of serving receiving nodes (RNs) of the user-equipment (UE). Therefore, the algorithms that reduces the complexity of the UE association and the backhaul traffic-routing must be chosen, which thereby maximizes the efficiency of the spectrum and energy of network. The modifications are done to the Multicellular local solution (McLS)approach, which leads to our proposed algorithm that is, improved against the channel information estimation-errors. The optimized multi-cell approach (OMcA) is formed by combining the improved-parameter, the pre-coder, mean square error (MSE) weighted-variable and receive filter. The proposed OMcA is compared with some other existing technique in order to evaluate the performance in terms of sum rate (SR).
BER analysis of concatenated levels of encoding in GFDM system using labview
Authors: Telagam Nagarjuna , Lakshmi S , Nehru K
Published: April 2019

All the devices are interconnected each other in digital form, for different applications the input data is encoded for error correcting and detecting purpose. The paper describes the transmission of QAM signals with two level encoded stages, i.e. convolutional and hamming coded GFDM system with 256-point IFFT at transmitter and FFT at the receiver using LABVIEW software. GFDM is a non-orthogonal, digital multicarrier transmission scheme which digitally implements the classical filter bank approach. GFDM transmits a block of frame composed by M time slots with K subcarriers. The higher order QAM is used because of transmitting more data but is less reliable when compared to lower order QAM. Based on GFDM specifications for the IEEE 802.11, latest 5G physical layer standards, the coding is provided by ½ rate encoder at the input side, and Maximum Likelihood decoder at the receiver side is used. The standard convolution code (7, [171, 133]), is used as encoder for the GFDM system. The GFDM complex values are displayed in the front panel, along with FFT and power spectrum is plotted for GFDM signal. The array of input bits and output bits are shown with green colour LED’s. The van de Beek algorithm is used at the receiver for maximum likelihood detection acts as convolutional decoder of GFDM signal. Next the signal is subjected to remove cyclic prefix and zero padding and applied to channel estimation algorithm. The un-equalized data and equalized data graph is shown in the front panel, before and after channel estimation VI. With BER VI available in the LABVIEW the data is normalized and its response is plotted with respect to SNR. BER values for different levels of encoders have shown in table for SNR values. This paper concludes the 32.91% improvement in BER for two levels of concatenated codes.Thus the GFDM signal outperforms the OFDM signal interms of BER for series levels of coding using labVIEW software.
Diabetic analytics: proposed conceptual data mining approaches in type 2 diabetes dataset
Authors: Diwan Alalwan Sinan Adnan
Published: April 2019

Diabetes is a fast spreading illness, which makes to worry millions of people around the globe. The people affected by type-2 diabetes are rapidly increasing and there are no effective diagnostic systems to control the diabetics. As per global health statistics, in western countries, population effected by type 2 diabetics are higher in rate and cost factor for treatment is increasing. There are no effective methods to eradicate the diabetes and it leads to carry out an investigative study on this disease. In existing reviews, researchers are using data analysis approaches to link the cause for diabetes with the patients based on the diet, life style, inheritance details, age factor, medical history, etc. to identify the root cause of the problem. By having multiple key factors and historical datasets, there are some data mining tools were developed, to generate new rules on the root cause of the disease and discover new knowledge from the past data’s, but the accuracy was not promising. The main objective of this paper is to carry out a detail literature review and design a conceptual data mining method at initial stage and implement it to improve the result accuracy compared to other classifiers.
 In this research, two data-mining algorithm were proposed at conceptual level: Self Organizing Map (SOM) and Random Forest Algorithm, which is applied on adult population datasets. The data set used for this research are from UCI machine Learning Repository: Diabetes Dataset. In this paper,
 data mining algorithms were discussed and implementation results were evaluated. Based on the result performance evaluation, Self-organizing maps have performed better compared to the Random Forest and other data mining algorithms such as naïve Bayes, decision tree, SVM and MLP for diagnosing the diabetes with better accuracy. In future, once system is implemented,
 it can be integrated with diabetic detector device for faster diagnosis of TYPE 2 diabetes disease.
A passive islanding detection method for hybrid distributed generation system under balanced islanding
Authors: Chilakala Ramireddy , Suresh K , Anusha P , Najma Sk , Rajkumar B. I. , Lakshmi B. Prasanna
Published: April 2019

To solve the energy consumption demand of the world and environmental problems in the future the distributed generation is considered an alternative approach. In this paper a new passive islanding detection technique was proposed for the Hybrid distributed generation (HDG) system based on changes in negative sequence voltage (NSV) and currents during an unintentional islanding. Islanding is caused in the distributed generation system due to failures in the power grid. As per distribution energy resources interconnection standards, it should be detected within 2 sec with the equipments connected to it. It is difficult to detect islanding during zero power imbalance condition. Sequence analyzer will separate the positive, negative and zero sequence components of voltages and currents from the voltages and currents obtained at the point of common coupling (PCC). During a wide range of power imbalance conditions the change in negative sequence voltage and currents are examined for islanding detection. The simulation shows that this method is free from Non detection zone, even at zero power imbalances between load and distribution generation. The computer simulations made in Matlab/ Simulink laboratory show the effectiveness of this method
A data mining process using classification techniques for employability prediction
Authors: Mohamed Saouabi , Ezzati Abdellah
Published: April 2019

The use of the data mining has become wider today; it can be applied in several fields like marketing, customer relationship management, medicine, engineering, etc. It can be used also in employability, the use of data mining in this field will give opportunities and solution for decision makers in this field in order to improve the employability and propose solutions. In this paper, we propose a data mining process for employability data using classification techniques, presenting in details all the phases in the process and what should be done in every phase. We used Rapid Miner Studio Educational Version 8.1.000, using an employability dataset.
Energy efficient clustereing method for wireless sensor network
Authors: HV Chaitra , G.K Dr. Ravikumar
Published: April 2019

Wireless sensor has attained wide interest across various industries due to availability of low cost sensor device. Preserving battery/energy of these sensor device is most desired. Recently, many approaches has been presented to improve lifetime of sensor network adopting clustering technique. Cluster head selection play an important factor in improving lifetime of cluster based network. For improving cluster head selection multi-objective function are presented in recent time by adopting evolutionary computing and metaheuristic algorithm. However, the existing model incurs computation overhead due to NP-Hard problem and connectivity issues is not considered. Thus affecting network performance. To address the research issues, this work present a novel Multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm (MOICA) for cluster head selection and routing optimization. Experiment are conducted to evaluate the performance of MOICA over LEACH in term of lifetime performance considering first sensor node death and 75% sensor node death. The outcome shows MOICA achieves significance improvement over LEACH based protocols. 
Implementation of a camera system using nios II on the altera DE2-70 board
Authors: Cheng Chan Boon , Jambek Asral Bahari
Published: April 2019

The implementation of a camera system with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an important step within research towards constructing a video processing architecture design based on FPGA. This paper presents the design and implementation of a camera system using the Nios II soft-core embedded processor from Altera. The proposed camera system is a flexible platform for the implementation of other systems such as image processing and video processing. The system architecture is designed using the Quartus II SOPC Builder System and implemented on an Altera DE2-70 development platform. The image or video is captured using a Terasic TRDB-D5M camera and stored into two different synchronous dynamic random access memories (SDRAM) using an SDRAM Controller. The specifications of the Terasic TRDB-D5M and SDRAM are examined to confirm that the recorded and stored data match. The results of this experiment show that the system is able to record and store data correctly into SDRAM. The data in the SDRAM correctly displays the recorded image on a VGA monitor.
Highly sensitive frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring system
Authors: Suhaimi S. A. , Azemi S. N. , Soh P. J. , Rashidi C.B.M. , Al-Hadi A Abdullah
Published: April 2019

This paper is introduced a passive sensor to detect the performance of the structure using three-dimensional (3D) Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS). The proposed 3D Circular FSS results are proved behave as passive sensor with changing of sensitivity incident angles to be apply in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Moreover, this 3D Circular FSS capable to operate without stand to any (DC/AC) power and very low cost in term of installation and maintenance.
Analysis and design of directive antenna using frequency selective surface superstrate
Authors: Rohani Tajuddin Siti , Azemi S. N. , Soh P. J. , Rashidi C.B.M. , Al-Hadi A Abdullah
Published: April 2019

The design of directive antenna using Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) superstrate is proposed in this project. The suitable design FSS as superstrate layer is very important to enhance the high directivity and narrow bandwidth on the antenna. By using the FSS layer to design the superstrate layer, there are able to determine the reflection coefficient accordingly to the desired frequency.
FSS on energy saving glass for rf communication enhancement in modern building
Authors: Zakaria Najihah , Azemi S. N. , Soh P. J. , Rashidi C.B.M. , Al-Hadi A Abdullah
Published: April 2019

The use of energy saving glass has become very popular in the modern day building design. This energy saving property is achieved by applying a very thin tin oxide (SnO2) coating on one side of the glass. This coating can provide good thermal insulation to the buildings by blocking infrared rays while being transparent to visible part of the spectrum. Drawbacks of these energy saving windows is that it also attenuates the transmission of useful microwave signals through them. These signals fall within the frequency band of 0.8GHz to 2.2GHz. In order to pass these signals through the coated glass, the use of aperture type frequency selective surface (FSS) has being proposed. In the present work, SnO2 thin film with FSS structure was fabricated. Microwave transmission through SnO2 coated glass with FSS structure was also analyzed using network analyzer. The result of computer simulation was confirmed and consistent with the network analyzer results that showed the improvement of SnO2 coated glass with the FSS structure.
Analysis using multiple free space optic channel with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation
Authors: Anis A.A. , Rashidi C.B.M. , Aljunid S.A.
Published: April 2019

Weather severity has unfavorable effect on FSO transmission performance. The impact could result in poor quality of transmission and communication failure. This paper presents the analysis using multiple free space optic channels with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation. The visibility is progressively reduced due to the attenuation effects, causing the bit error rate to increase. Three designs of FSO system are proposed in this research as they are simulated and analysed thoroughly using Optisys software. The achieved result shows improved performance for Design 3, as the minimum BER achieved is 10-127 when the power received is -26 dBm, and maximum Q-factor of 23.6 at the aperture diameter of 40 cm. It is proved to improve the system efficiently in low visibility condition compared to Design 1 and Design 2. It clearly has shown the superior capabilities of Design 3 to intercept and mitigate the atmospheric attenuation in haze condition as the power loss during transmission also reduced significantly.
Comparative high-k material gate spacer impact in DG-FinFET parameter variations between two structures
Authors: F. Roslan Ameer , Salehuddin F. , M. Zain A.S. , Kaharudin K.E. , Ahmad I. , Hazura H. , Hanim A.R. , Idris S.K.
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates the impact of the high-K material gate spacer on short channel effects (SCEs) for the 16 nm double-gate FinFET (DG-FinFET), where depletion-layer widths of the source-drain corresponds to the channel length. Virtual fabrication process along with design modification throughout the study and its electrical characterization is implemented and significant improvement is shown towards the altered structure design whereby in terms of the ratio of drive current against the leakage current (ION/IOFF ratio), all three materials tested being S3N4, HfO2 and TiO2 increases from the respective 60.90, 80.70 and 84.77 to 84.77, 91.54 and 92.69. That being said, the incremental in ratio has satisfied the incremental on the drive current as well as decreases the leakage current. Threshold voltage (VTH) for all dielectric materials have also satisfy the minimum requirement predicted by the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS) 2013 for which is at 0.461±12.7% V. Based on the results obtained, the high-K materials have shown a significant improvement, specifically after the modifications towards the Source/Drain. Compared to the initial design made, TiO2 has improved by 12.94% after the alteration made in terms of the overall ION and IOFF performances through the ION/IOFF ratio value obtained, as well as meeting the required value for VTH obtained at 0.464V. The ION from high-K materials has proved to meet the minimum requirement by ITRS 2013 for low performance Multi-Gate technology.
Investigation of lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups
Authors: Abdul Malik N. , Wahid Z. , F. Zulkipili A. , Noorjannah Ibrahim S. , S. Gunawan T. , Khan Sheroz
Published: April 2019

Muscles play an important role in the movement of limbs. They undergo contraction to straighten or to bend a joint for the limbs to move. There are many factors that can affect muscle activity. Age could be one of the possible factors affecting muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups. The lower limb’s muscles investigated were Gastrocnemius (GAS), Biceps Femoris (BF), Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Rectus Femoris (RF). The postures involve are standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. The electromyography (EMG) signals of the muscles were measured using the technique of surface EMG (sEMG). The signals were acquired by using Delsys Bagnoli™ Desktop sEMG system and EMGworks®. Ten healthy subjects from two age groups were recruited in this study. The first group consists of five males aged between 20 to 29 while the second group consists of five males aged above 40. The raw EMG signals acquired were analyzed and the EMG envelopes were developed using MATLAB. The averaged RMS values of EMG for each muscle were also calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the EMGs was obtained by using F-test. Further investigation of the variance was performed by using Tukey comparison. From the results, the most active muscle during the performance of salat is BF while the less active muscle is GAS for both age groups. The statistical result show that there is no difference in the muscle activity pattern between the two age groups but there is significant difference among the muscles investigated.
The effect of insulator geometrical profile on electric field distributions
Authors: A. Salem Ali , Abd-Rahman R. , S. Kamarudin M. , Ahmed H. , M. Jamail N.A. , A. Othman N. , M. Yousof M.F. , T. Ishak M. , Al-Ameri S.
Published: April 2019

In recent years, silicone rubber (SIR) insulators are use widely on high voltage transmission lines, particularly in heavy polluted environment. The performance of SIR in highly dependent on electric field profile that may lead to other serious problem such as ageing and flashover phenomenon. In this paper, electric field and potential distribution around insulator profile were computed using finite element method approach. Insulator geometrical profile i.e. shed radius, inclination angle, width and length has been varied and analyzed. Simulation results reveal that electric field is greatest at area near to the ground and high voltage terminal. Several recommendations have been proposed on insulator profile in achieving optimized electrical performance of the insulator.
Timing violation reduction in the FPGA prototyped design using failed path fixes and time borrowing techniques
Authors: Savugathali Salahuddin , Mustapa Muslim , Sharazel Razali Mohammed , Faiz Zakaria Fazrul
Published: April 2019

A fascinating property of a latch-based design is that the combinational path delay is allowed to be longer than the clock cycle as it can borrow time from the shorter paths in the subsequent logic states. Time borrowing technique is a common method used to satisfy timing violation in an FPGA prototyped design. The purpose of this paper is to review the current methodology involved in SoC design prototyping using a Synopsys Protocompiler and HAPS-80 platform and propose an approach by fixing the failed path in a latch due to the gated clock conversion (GCC) process during the synthesis stage which could lead to the timing violation. Two techniques are applied in this paper namely time borrowing technique and our proposed technique, Failed Path Fixes to reduce the timing violation in the FPGA prototyped design. The result shows that the applied techniques are able to close the timing violation in the design with an average of 90% improvement.
Enhancement of optical code division multiple access system based on 2D ZCC/MD spectral/spatial code
Authors: Matem Rima , A. Aljunid S. , N Junita M. , M Rashidi C. B. , Shihab Aqrab Israa
Published: April 2019

The combination of 1D zero cross correlation (ZCC) and 1D Multi Diagonal (MD) results a new two dimensional hybrid called 2D ZCC/MD code for spectral/spatial OCDMA system. The proposed code aims to enhance the functional qualities of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) and to overcome the limitations of one dimensional codes. In this paper,   2D ZCC/MD is evaluated at data rate; 622Mbps.  A comparison of the proposed 2D ZCC/MD code to 1D Random Diagonal (RD) and 1D Modified Double Weight (MDW) highlight that 2D ZCC/MD  can support  a large number of active  users even at the higher user bit rate. Furthermore, in term of effective power 2D ZCC/MD can achieve lower effective power.
Performance evaluation of optical attocells configuration in an indoor visible light communication
Authors: M. Gismalla M.S. , L. Abdullah M.F.
Published: April 2019

Visible light communication VLC is deemed as futuristic technology applied for both illumination and data communication due to the low-cost energy consumption, long life expectancy, huge bandwidth, and high security compared to radio frequency RF. Uncovered area, minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and received power results from the non-uniform distribution of small base stations (i.e. Optical attocells) in the room. In this paper, the researchers propose a new LEDs distribution of five optical attocells configuration model in order to optimize the received power distribution and SNR at the center of the room for indoor VLC system. The optical attocells configuration in terms of received power to fill the uncovered area at the center of the room has been investigated. The simulation results showed that the proposed attocells configuration saved 24.9% of the transmitted power. Besides that, the whole room was covered uniformly.  As a result, the received power and SNR are improved.
An enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol using sliding mode control for wireless sensor and actuator network
Authors: Chin Koo Yeong , Nasiruddin Mahyuddin Muhammad
Published: April 2019

Time synchronization is very important in a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) as it provides a common time notation to the WSAN. To handle the time synchronization issue, this paper presented an enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks, named Time Synchronization using Distributed Observer algorithm with Sliding mode control element (TSDOS). In this protocol, an augmented sliding mode control element is used for robustification purpose.  From the theoretical convergence analysis and simulation results presented in this paper, it proved that the proposed TSDOS is the best if compared to another two algorithms from the literature in terms of cumulative integral absolute error.
An architecture of 5G based on SDN NV wireless network
Authors: Z. Ibrahim Abeer .A. , Hashim Fazirulhisyam
Published: April 2019

The unexpected increase demand growth of broadband traffic, rapid advancement in networking and internet technology led to the growth in Internet-connected devices to sensor networks, and machine type communication devices. These increases bring more challenges in network capacity and connectivity. The use of the new 5G technology continues to address these challenges by providing high data rates, low latency, and more mobility with highly and densified HetNe deploment. This densified network brings new challenges to service provisioning in future networks based on the recent network paradigm innovations, Network Virtualization and Software Defined Networking to cope with massive broadband connectivity and enhancement of capacity, flexibility, and scalability. This study sets out to present the key features and requirements for 5G HetNet, SDN and NFV.  The results of this study generally justify the challenges and how to integrate them into future wireless networks through a proposed 5G-based SDN-NV wireless network architecture to enable best network performance and resource management.
Passive sensor frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring
Authors: Mustafa F.H.W. , Azemi S.N. , Jamlos M.F. , Al-Hadi A.A. , Soh P.J.
Published: April 2019

Structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies have attained attention to monitor civil structures. SHM sensor systems have been used in various civil structures such as bridges, buildings, tunnels and so on. However the previous sensor for SHM is wired and encounter with problem to cover large areas. Therefore, wireless sensor was introduced for SHM to reduce network connecting problem. Wireless sensors for Structural Health monitoring are new technology and have many advantages to overcome the drawback of conventional and wired sensor. This project proposed passive wireless SHM sensor using frequency selective surface (FSS) as an alternative to conventional sensors. The electromagnetic wave characteristic of FSS will change by geometrical changes of FSS due to mechanical strain or structural failure. The changes feature is used as a sensing function without any connecting wires. Two type of design which are circular ring and square loop along with the transmission and reflection characteristics of SHM using FSS were discussed in this project. A simulation process has shown that incident angle characteristics can be use as a data for SHM application.
Optimum reactive power to improve power factor in industry using genetic algortihm
Authors: Yani Ahmad , Junaidi Junaidi , Irwanto M. , Haziah A. H.
Published: April 2019

Capacitor bank is a collection of power tools in the form of a capacitor that serves as a tool that can reduce or improve reactive power into the power grid. The load on the electricity network in general is an inductive load. If the average power factor (cos ϴ) is less than 0.85, the State Electricity Company will provide the reactive power in KVAR fines usage charges on customers. An effort should be done to reduce the reactive power. An installation of bank capacitor is suitable to be implemented in an industry AC loads. It will reduce the reactive power and improve the power factor. In the case of 380 V, 50 Hz, 500 kW AC loads are improved the power factor from 0.7 to 0.93 using genetic algorithm, thus the AC loads current and reactive power will be decreased. It is suitable that the AC loads current is inversely proportional to the power factor, and the reactive power is proportional to the AC loads current.
Designing cantilever dimension for low power wireless applications
Authors: Awal Md Rabiul , Jusoh Muzammil , Ahmad R. Badlishah , Sabapathy Thennarasan , Yasin M. Najib M. , Mat Mohd Hafizuddin
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the effect of cantilever width on the displacement pattern for low power acoustic energy propagation. A single layer cantilever configuration is used to design the harvester with Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-5H). The device is designed with 10×(1 to 10)×0.62 mm dimension. The displacements of the cantilever are obtained through the simulation analysis. The maximum displacements are found of 9.80E-28 mm with the smallest width while minimum displacement is found from 5 mm width. From the results, it is obvious that, smaller width can result larger displacements, however, rectangular and square cantilever shape can be advantageous for low power applications.
Optimization of high-k composite dielectric materials of variable oxide thickness tunnel barrier for nonvolatile memory
Authors: A.Hamid Farah , Hamzah Afiq , Alias N. Ezaila , Ismail Razali
Published: April 2019

Downscaling the tunnel oxide thickness has become one of the innovative solutions to minimize the operational voltage with better the programming/erasing (P/E) operation time. However, the downscaling technique faces several challenges where the conventional SiO2 tunnel layer has reached its limit. But a practical alternative has been introduced; Variable Oxide Thickness (VARIOT) technology in flash memory has been promising. VARIOT is one of tunnel barrier engineering technology for incorporating the high-k dielectric materials as a composite tunnel barrier. This paper presents the VARIOT concept to determine the optimum set of combination, the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) and the low-k oxide thickness (Tox) for alternate high-k materials. Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling coefficients are also extracted for various combinations of VARIOT, where in this work ZrO2, HfO2, Al2O3, La2O3, and Y2O3 are used. The VARIOT optimization is conducted using 3-Dimensional (3D) Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect-Transistor (SiNWFET) device structure and simulated in TCAD Simulation tools. From the simulation results, it has found out that the high-k materials of La2O3 asymmetric stack is the excellent dielectric material among four (4) other dielectric materials; ZrO2, HfO2, Al2O3 and Y2O3 for EOT=4nm and Tox=1nm. 
Directional cloverleaf antenna for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application
Authors: Safaron M.S. , Majid H.A. , Esmail B.A.F. , Ghafar A.S.Ab. , Safarudin F.A. , Ismail M.F. , Zubir F. , Abdullah M.A.
Published: April 2019

3-blade and 4-blade cloverleaf antennas operating at 2.45 GHz have been proposed. In order to achieve directional radiation pattern and high gain, reflector is incorporated to the proposed antennas. The proposed antennas have an average gain of 2.37 dBi while the proposed antennas with reflector have an average gain of 6.38 dBi. The dimension of the proposed antenna is compact enough to be mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Simulated and measured results are used to demonstrate the performance of the antenna. The simulated and measured return losses, together with the simulated radiation patterns, are presented and compared.
Design and implementation of AMBA bridge protocol in system on chip design
Authors: Hang Suan Wang , Bahari Jambek Asral , Bin Md Isa Mohd Nazrin , Bin Harun Azizi , Bin Mohyar Shaiful Nizam , Bin Abd. Aziz Zulfiqar Ali
Published: April 2019

The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is widely used in modern technology device. The design of bridge in the system is due to increase demand of power consumption and functionality. The bridge help to reduce power by separate the system into high bandwidth and low bandwidth. The goal of this paper is to design and implement the AMBA bridge into a SoC design which consists of a processor, RAM, ROM, watchdog and LED module. These peripherals are connected separately based on different bandwidth with a bridge as the medium. The result shown the bridge transfer a correct data from the ROM into the RAM. The experiment was carry out using Synopsys 2017 and Keil uVision.
Design and analysis of dedicated real-time clock for customized microcontroller unit
Authors: A.M. Alias M.N. , N. Mohyar S. , N. Isa M. , Harun A. , B. Jambek A. , Z. Murad S.A.
Published: April 2019

In this paper, a Real Time Clock (RTC) system for a dedicated microcontroller is proposed to provide the customized microcontroller its own time and date system. The RTC is developed using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and simulated using Synopsys software. This RTC is developed with standard Advance Peripheral Bus (APB) to be interfacing with the microcontroller through Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). This RTC will be used as an on-chip RTC in the microcontroller system to provide precise time and date which can be used for various applications. The basic architecture of RTC, APB standard for interfacing the RTC with AMBA bus, and the result in term of RTL, waveform, and layout will be discussed in this documentation. For this research, the part covered is on the logic part of the RTC that is bus interface, register, frequency divider and counter.
Performances analysis of reducing router in ring and mesh topology for network-on-chip (NoC) architecture
Authors: Phing Ng Yen , Warip M.N.Mohd , Ehkan Phaklen , Ahmad R Badlishah , Zulkefli F.W.
Published: April 2019

The size of the transistor has reached physical processor limitation in particular for traditional bus-based and point-to-point architecture in system-on-chip (SoC). Therefore, network-on-chip (NoC) was proposed as a solution. The performances required for the optimization of the NoC are low network latency, low power consumption, small area, and high throughput. However, recently the size of the NoC architecture has increased and the communication between cores to core become complicated. To overcome this disadvantages, topology plays an important role. In this paper, we reduce the number of the router in the 16 cores and 64 cores ring and mesh topologies by connected more numbers of node in each router. Result shows that reducing the number of the router in 64 cores ring topology outperforms the conventional topologies in term of area, power consumption, latency, and accepted packet rate. Reducing router in 64 cores ring topology decrease the average area, power consumption, latency, and increase the average accepted packet rate by 160.45%, 23.88%, 54.76%, and 223.88% over the 64 cores mesh, reducing router in mesh, ring, and cross-link mesh topologies.