bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Und am Ende kümmerten sie sich um das Wissenschaftsmuseum…
Authors: Dommann Monika
Published: December 2018

And at the End They Took Care of the Science Museum… This is the story of history of science, and why in the twenty‐first century it ended up curating the legacy of science, as we knew it. Once upon a time, history of science lived quietly and studious next to the Natural and the Medical Sciences and their wax models, their herbaria, the geological collections, and all the scientific instruments that once had been modern. Suddenly, around 1980, new interests in Philosophy, Sociology and Cultural Studies arose. Provocative research questions as for example the history of rationality, the history of the subaltern technicians in the laboratory, and the ontology and epistemology of the hybrids between nature and culture inspired the intellectual discussions. Although the field flourished, received an abundance of funding and could even build up its own research institutes, after the Millennium, its very existence became gradually jeopardized. Science as we knew it since the Enlightenment lost grounds. The New Economy and not the state anymore provided the funding for research. History of science didn't succeed to survive as expert for data, blind spots, fakes, misinformation, lies, conspiracy theories, and historical thinking in times of scientific accelerations. It began with the loss of reputation, followed by the loss of the job. At the end, history of science lived, not unhappily, ever after as curators of the legacy of Science as we knew it.
Wissenschaftsgeschichte in der Geschichtswissenschaft
Authors: Ash Mitchell G.
Published: December 2018

History of Science in History. This position paper discusses the position of history of science within the field of history and presents arguments for maintaining and expanding that position in future.
Die Quadratur des Bermudadreiecks
Authors: Müggenburg Jan , Vehlken Sebastian
Published: December 2018

The Squaring of the Bermuda Triangle. In the course of the great success of theory programs and the funding of young researchers within media studies and the history of science over the past 15 years, a generation of scholars has emerged (including the authors of this article) who have been genuinely trained in approaching interdisciplinary problems and objects. However, in view of a recently increasing renaissance of scientific ‘disciplines’, this raises the question of how to deal with such an innate lack of discipline in the future. We respond here with two personal scenes that are by no means intended as a self‐adulation of our own research approaches, but as pleas for a continued multi‐voicedness between the history of science, media studies, the history of technology, and other interdisciplinary (non‐)disciplines.
Ligand Migration from Cluster to Support: A Crucial Factor for Catalysis by Thiolate‐protected Gold Clusters
Authors: Zhang Bei , Sels Annelies , Salassa Giovanni , Pollitt Stephan , Truttmann Vera , Rameshan Christoph , Llorca Jordi , Olszewski Wojciech , Rupprechter Günther , Bürgi Thomas , Barrabés Noelia
Published: December 2018

The front cover artwork for issue 23/2018 is provided by an international group of scientists from the University of Geneva (Switzerland), the Technical University of Vienna (Austria), the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility (Spain), and the University of Bialystok (Poland). The image shows the thiol ligand migration from the gold nanocluster to the surface once it has been supported, forming sulfur oxide species. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801474.
The pivotal role of fairness: Which consumers like annuities?
Authors: Shu Suzanne B. , Zeithammer Robert , Payne John W.
Published: December 2018

Decumulation of wealth in retirement is a difficult task, requiring tradeoffs between longevity risks and immediate consumption needs. Economists have long argued that life annuities can be a valuable part of decumulation and that most retirees should annuitize, and yet actual market demand is quite low–the so‐called “annuity puzzle.” We analyze data from two studies to understand how measurable individual differences predict interest in annuities. In our data, a relatively high percentage of respondents dislike all annuities; demographic measures are not predictive of which individuals never choose annuities, and individual factors (such as beneficiaries) favored by economic models have small or even opposite effects. We find that the strongest individual differences predictive of liking of annuities are the respondent's perception of product fairness. We discuss implications of our findings for financial planners hoping to help customers with their decumulation challenges.
Monitoring gradient formation in a jet aerated bioreactor
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Schaepe Sebastian , Freyer Stephan , Kopf Michael‐Helmut , Dietzsch Christian
Published: December 2018

Jet aerated loop reactors (JLRs) provide high mass transfer coefficients (kLa) and can be used for the intensification of mass transfer limited reactions. The jet loop reactor achieves higher kLa values than a stirred tank reactor (STR). The improvement relies on significantly higher local power inputs (∼104) than those obtainable with the STR. Operation at high local turnover rates requires efficient macromixing, otherwise reactor inhomogeneities might occur. If sufficient homogenization is not achieved, the selectivity of the reaction and the respective yields are decreased. Therefore, the balance between mixing and mass transfer in jet loop reactors is a critical design aspect. Monitoring the dissolved oxygen levels during the turnover of a steady sodium sulfite feed implied the abundance of gradients in the JLR. Prolonged mixing times at identical power input and aeration rates (∼100%) were identified for the JLR in comparison to the STR. The insertion of a draft tube to the JLR led to a more homogenous dissolved oxygen distribution, but unfortunately a reduction of mixing time was not achieved. In case of increased medium viscosities as they may arise in high cell density cultivations, no gradient formation was detected. However, differences in medium viscosity significantly altered the mass transfer and mixing performance of the JLR.
Bortezomib retreatment for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma in real‐world clinical practice
Authors: Hulin Cyrille , de la Rubia Javier , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Terpos Evangelos , Katodritou Eirini , Hungria Vania , De Samblanx Hadewijch , Stoppa Anne‐Marie , Aagesen Jesper , Sargin Deniz , Sioni Anastasia , Belch Andrew , Diels Joris , Olie Robert A. , Robinson Don , Potamianou Anna , van de Velde Helgi , Delforge Michel
Published: December 2018

Aims

Studies have shown that bortezomib retreatment is effective in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). The observational, prospective electronic VELCADE® OBservational Study (eVOBS) study assessed bortezomib‐based therapies for patients with MM in everyday practice. Here, we report on those patients receiving retreatment with bortezomib.

Methods

Consenting adults scheduled to receive bortezomib for MM were enrolled at 162 sites across Europe, Canada, Brazil, Russia, and Turkey between 2006 and 2010. Retrospective data on prior therapies and prospective observational data after bortezomib initiation were captured electronically at baseline, after every bortezomib cycle, and every 12 weeks after discontinuation or progression. Investigator‐assessed responses and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated.

Results

Ninety‐six of 873 patients enrolled to eVOBS received bortezomib as first retreatment for progressive disease during the prospective observation period. Median age was 62 years, 53% were male, and median number of prior therapies at retreatment was 4. Overall, 41% of patients initiated bortezomib retreatment in combination with dexamethasone, 16% in combination with lenalidomide, and 21% received monotherapy. Rate of partial response or better (≥PR) was 75% at initial bortezomib therapy, including 44% complete response (CR)/near CR (nCR); at retreatment, ≥PR rate was 46%, including 15% CR/nCR. Median progression‐free survival was 11.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.1‐12.7) from start of initial bortezomib treatment and 6.4 months (95% CI: 4.4‐7.2) from start of retreatment. Median overall survival from start of retreatment was 17.6 months (95% CI: 14.4‐23.5). Of the 96 patients retreated with bortezomib, 77% reported an AE. Peripheral neuropathy during bortezomib retreatment occurred in 49% of patients, including 10% grade 3/4.

Conclusion

These data suggest that retreatment with bortezomib is a feasible option for patients with relapsed/refractory MM.
The current trends of Mg alloys in biomedical applications—A review
Authors: Riaz Usman , Shabib Ishraq , Haider Waseem
Published: December 2018

Magnesium (Mg) has emerged as an ideal alternative to the permanent implant materials owing to its enhanced properties such as biodegradation, better mechanical strengths than polymeric biodegradable materials and biocompatibility. It has been under investigation as an implant material both in cardiovascular and orthopedic applications. The use of Mg as an implant material reduces the risk of long‐term incompatible interaction of implant with tissues and eliminates the second surgical procedure to remove the implant, thus minimizes the complications. The hurdle in the extensive use of Mg implants is its fast degradation rate, which consequently reduces the mechanical strength to support the implant site. Alloy development, surface treatment, and design modification of implants are the routes that can lead to the improved corrosion resistance of Mg implants and extensive research is going on in all three directions. In this review, the recent trends in the alloying and surface treatment of Mg have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the recent progress in the use of computational models to analyze Mg bioimplants has been given special consideration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1970–1996, 2019.
Dual Targeting of Bile Acid Receptor-1 (TGR5) and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Prevents Estrogen-Dependent Bone Loss in Mice
Authors: Li Zhenxi , Huang Jinping , Wang Fanhua , Li Wenjun , Wu Xian , Zhao Chenglong , Zhao Jian , Wei Haifeng , Wu Zhipeng , Qian Ming , Sun Peng , He Liang , Jin Yunyun , Tang Jie , Qiu Wenwei , Siwko Stefan , Liu Mingyao , Luo Jian , Xiao Jianru
Published: December 2018

Osteoporosis is a global bone disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fractures. The risk of developing osteoporosis increases with aging, especially after menopause in women. Discovering the signaling pathways that play a significant role in aging- and menopause-induced osteoporosis should accelerate osteoporosis drug discovery. In this study, we found that bile acid membrane receptor Tgr5 knockout C57BL/6J mice had similar bone mass as wild-type mice during early and middle-age (before 4 months old) bone remodeling; however, Tgr5-/- markedly decreased bone mass in aged (more than 7 months old) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, Tgr5 knockout strongly induced osteoclast differentiation but had no effect on osteoblast activity. Treatment with different TGR5 agonists consistently inhibited osteoclast differentiation. Importantly, our results showed that Tgr5 regulates osteoclastogenesis by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, which is a central metabolic pathway involved in the pathophysiology of aging and age-related diseases. The bile acid nuclear receptor FXR is an established regulator of bone metabolism. We screened the derivatives of betulinic acid (BA), a known TGR5 agonist, to identify novel dual agonists of FXR and TGR5. The derivative SH-479, a pentacyclic triterpene acid, could activate both TGR5 and FXR, with a better inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis compared with agonists solely activating FXR or TGR5 and additionally enhanced osteoblastogenesis. Furthermore, SH-479 therapeutically abrogated bone loss in C57BL/6J mice through the bone remodeling pathways. Together, our results demonstrate that dual targeting the bile acid membrane receptor TGR5 and nuclear receptor FXR is a promising strategy for osteoporosis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Usefulness of lead repositioning from left to right sternal border for a patient with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator showing high defibrillation threshold
Authors: Wakabayashi Yasushi , Mitsuhashi Takeshi , Fujita Hideo , Momomura Shin‐ichi
Published: December 2018

A 62‐year‐old man with Brugada syndrome underwent subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. The lead was positioned along the left sternal border and defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing was performed. However, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was not terminated with 65 J and 80 J shocks. Shock impedance was 82 ohms. We repositioned the lead to the right sternal border and performed DFT testing again, followed by the VF termination with a 65 J shock. Shock impedance was 59 ohms. The positional relationship among the lead, generator, and heart was changed by lead repositioning, which may have contributed to improved shock impedance and DFT.
Assessing integration of black cockatoos using behavioral change point analysis
Authors: Rycken Sam , Warren Kristin S. , Yeap Lian , Jackson Bethany , Riley Karen , Page Manda , Dawson Rick , Smith Karen , Mawson Peter R. , Shephard Jill M.
Published: December 2018

Establishing integration of an individual bird into a wild flock is particularly important in species that are highly gregarious and are reliant on the flock to increase their likelihood of survivorship. When individuals, rehabilitated and reintroduced to wild flocks, are tracked through satellite or global positioning system (GPS) telemetry, it is of further significance to establish integration to assess rehabilitation success and whether the individual can serve as a marker of the flock. To date, for black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.) this has been achieved through visual observations, which requires field‐based observations that may not be possible because of inaccessible terrain, or may be untenable because the tagged individual can move quickly or is cryptic within a given land cover type. To establish whether an individual had joined a flock, we proposed the use of behavioral change point analysis. Our analyses showed that for GPS data of 6 individuals of the 3 black cockatoo species endemic to Western Australia we could demonstrate behavioral differences in their movement paths that were either individual or flocked (integrated) behavior. We undertook field observations to validate integration into wild flocks. We characterized flocked behavior as a constant, repeated pattern at variable levels of velocity. Individual behavior manifested in 2 different forms: resident and exploratory behavior. The analysis showed that all birds had integrated into a wild flock within a month of release. Behavioral change point analysis is a useful method to characterize movement behavior in black cockatoos and to confirm their membership within a flock. Furthermore, confirmation of flock membership makes it possible to use the data from 1 tagged bird to indicate movement behavior at the flock level. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Mountain sheep management must use representative data: A reply to Festa‐Bianchet (2019)
Authors: Boyce Mark S. , Coulson Tim , Heffelfinger James R. , Krausman Paul R.
Published: December 2018

We respond to Festa‐Bianchet (2019) and caution against using interpretations from the unique Ram Mountain history to justify management of mountain sheep throughout their range. Because harvest management at Ram Mountain is atypical, it is not useful in informing the management of most mountain sheep herds.
Kinetics of hydroformylation of 1‐decene using carbon‐supported ossified HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3 catalyst
Authors: Pagar Nitin S. , Deshpande Raj M.
Published: December 2018

The kinetics of hydroformylation of 1‐decene has been investigated using a carbon‐supported ossified HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3/Ba catalyst in a temperature range of 343–363 K. The effect of concentration of 1‐decene, catalyst loading, partial pressure of H2 and CO, and stirring speed on the reaction rate has been investigated. A first‐order dependence was observed for catalyst concentration and hydrogen partial pressure. The rate showed a typical case of substrate inhibition for high 1‐decene concentration. The rate varied with a linear dependence on PCO up to a CO partial pressure of 5–6 MPa in contrast to the general trends; for most of the rhodium‐phosphine catalyzed hydroformylation reactions, severe inhibition of rate is observed with an increase in CO pressure. A rate equation has been proposed, which was found to be in good agreement with the observed rate data within the limit of experimental errors. The kinetic parameters and activation energy values have been reported.
Biological transformation of Arctic dissolved organic matter in a NE Greenland fjord
Authors: Lund Paulsen Maria , Müller Oliver , Larsen Aud , Møller Eva Friis , Middelboe Mathias , Sejr Mikael K. , Stedmon Colin
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Arctic waters are often enriched with terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterized by having elevated visible wavelength fluorescence (commonly termed humic‐like). Here, we have identified the sources of fluorescent DOM (FDOM) in a high Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland) influenced by glacial meltwater. The biological transformation of FDOM was further investigated using plankton community size‐fractionation experiments. The intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence (commonly termed amino acid‐like) was highly variable and positively correlated to bacterial production and mesozooplankton grazing. The overall distribution of visible FDOM in the fjord was hydrographically driven by the high‐signal intrusion of Arctic terrestrial DOM from shelf waters and dilution with glacial runoff in the surface waters. However, the high‐intensity visible FDOM that accumulated in subsurface waters in summer was not solely linked to allochthonous sources. Our data indicate that microbial activity, in particular, protist bacterivory, to be a source. A decrease in visible FDOM in subsurface waters was concurrent with an increase in bacterial abundance, indicating an active bacterial uptake or modification of this DOM fraction. This was confirmed by net‐loss of visible FDOM in experiments during summer when bacterial activity was high. The degradation of visible FDOM appeared to be associated with bacteria belonging to the order Alteromonadales mainly the genus Glaciecola and the SAR92 clade. The findings provide new insight into the character of Arctic terrestrial DOM and the biological production and degradation of both visible and UV wavelength organic matter in the coastal Arctic.
Differential stimulation and suppression of phytoplankton growth by ammonium enrichment in eutrophic hardwater lakes over 16 years
Authors: Swarbrick Vanessa J. , Simpson Gavin L. , Glibert Patricia M. , Leavitt Peter R.
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Previous research suggests that fertilization of surface waters with chemically reduced nitrogen (N), including ammonium (NH4+), may either enhance or suppress phytoplankton growth. To identify the factors influencing the net effect of NH4+, we fertilized natural phytoplankton assemblages from two eutrophic hardwater lakes with growth‐saturating concentrations of NH4Cl in 241 incubation experiments conducted biweekly May–August during 1996–2011. Phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll a) was significantly (p < 0.05) altered in fertilized trials relative to controls after 72 h in 44.8% of experiments, with a marked rise in both spring suppression and summer stimulation of assemblages over 16 yr, as revealed by generalized additive models (GAMs). Binomial GAMs were used to compare contemporaneous changes in physico‐chemical (temperature, Secchi depth, pH, nutrients; 19.5% deviance explained) and biological parameters (phytoplankton community composition; 40.0% deviance explained) to results from fertilization experiments. Models revealed that that the likelihood of growth suppression by NH4+ increased with abundance of diatoms, cryptophytes, and unicellular cyanobacteria, particularly when water temperatures and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were low. In contrast, phytoplankton was often stimulated by NH4+ when chlorophytes and non‐N2‐fixing cyanobacteria were abundant, and temperatures and SRP concentrations were high. Progressive intensification of NH4+ effects over 16 yr reflects changes in both spring (cooler water, increased diatoms and cryptophytes) and summer lake conditions (more chlorophytes, earlier cyanobacteria blooms), suggesting that the seasonal effects of NH4+ will vary with future climate change and modes of N enrichment.
SIRT3 Deficiency Promotes High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Correlation with Impaired Intestinal Permeability through Gut Microbial Dysbiosis
Authors: Chen Mengting , Hui Suocheng , Lang Hedong , Zhou Min , Zhang Yong , Kang Chao , Zeng Xianglong , Zhang Qianyong , Yi Long , Mi Mantian
Published: December 2018

Scope

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) plays a protective role against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by improving hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. Gut microbiota imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, yet the underlying mechanism linking SIRT3 with gut microbiota in NAFLD progression remains obscure.

Methods and results

Wild‐type 129 mice and SIRT3 knockout (SIRT3KO) mice are placed under a chow diet or high‐fat diet (HFD) treatment for 18 weeks. HFD resulted in a significantly increased hepatic steatosis and inflammation, which are exacerbated in SIRT3KO mice. The gut microbiota by 16s rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of unobserved states analysis are characterized. Lack of SIRT3 facilitates gut microbial dysbiosis in mice following HFD, with increased Desulfovibrio, Oscillibacter, and decreased Alloprevotella. SIRT3 deficiency resulted in an impaired intestinal permeability and inflammation in HFD‐fed mice, which can be attenuated by sodium butyrate (NaB). SIRT3KO HFD‐fed mice is followed by an increased lipopolysaccharide into the circulation and dysregulated expressions of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 in colon and liver, which are significantly associated with the alterations of intestinal microbiota.

Conclusions

SIRT3 deficiency promotes NAFLD progression in correlation with impaired intestinal permeability through gut microbiota dysbiosis.
The design of optically controlled phase shifter based on silicon photosensitivity
Authors: Meng Ru , Xia Yulong , Li Yongguang , Zhu Qi
Published: December 2018

Based on the photosensitivity of silicon, a novel optically controlled microwave phase shifter is proposed, which consists of a Xenon lamp and a rectangular waveguide inserted with a silicon slice. By altering the intensity of illumination, the presented structure can change the phase of transmission coefficient efficiently. The performance of the phase shifter is theoretically analyzed and simulated. Experiments are conducted at X band, and the results show that a phase shift of 44° can be obtained, and the insertion loss is 5.8 dB. Especially, the power capacity of the presented structure reaches to 460 MW under vacuum state according to the simulation, which is far greater than traditional microwave phase shifters. This novel structure is attractive for high power microwave (HPM) applications.
Broken Bodies, Broken Spirits: How Poor Health Contributes to A Cynical Worldview
Authors: Stavrova Olga , Ehlebracht Daniel
Published: December 2018

Cynical hostility (or cynicism) is often considered as a major factor leading to bad health outcomes. The present research proposes that poor health might represent both a consequence and a source of cynicism. Using cross–lagged path analyses, we documented bidirectional associations between health and cynicism in a nationally representative sample of Germans (Study 1) and a large sample of the American elderly (Study 2): cynical individuals were more likely to develop health problems, and poor health promoted the development of a cynical worldview over time. These results were obtained using different indicators of health status, including both self–reported and interviewer–administered physical measures. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed perceived constraints to mediate the effect of poor health on cynicism. This effect remained robust even when adding an alternative mediator—depressive symptoms. Additional analyses showed that any particular health limitation was prospectively related to cynicism to the degree to which this limitation was associated with an increased sense of constraints in individuals’ life. © 2018 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology
Energy yield of all thin‐film perovskite/CIGS tandem solar modules
Authors: Langenhorst Malte , Sautter Benjamin , Schmager Raphael , Lehr Jonathan , Ahlswede Erik , Powalla Michael , Lemmer Uli , Richards Bryce S. , Paetzold Ulrich W.
Published: December 2018

Perovskite/CuIn1 − xGaxSe2 (CIGS) tandem photovoltaics (PV) promises high power conversion efficiencies in combination with the advantages of a light weight and an all thin‐film PV technology. However, the complexity of perovskite/CIGS tandem solar module architectures requires careful optimization of the layer stack under realistic solar irradiation conditions. Here, we provide a systematic numerical study on the energy yield (EY) of perovskite/CIGS tandem solar modules, optimizing the device architecture with regard to irradiance in various climate zones. In particular, variations of the spectral irradiation and the average photon energy are of decisive importance for the location‐specific optimization of the device architecture. Compared with the reference single‐junction CIGS thin‐film PV technology, we demonstrate a strong improvement in EY (>30%) in perovskite/CIGS thin‐film PV for perovskites of a wide range of bandgaps (1.55 ‐ 2.0 eV), reaching up to 52% improvement in EY for the optimal bandgap (around 1.8 eV). Of the two most favored architectures, the two‐terminal and four‐terminal devices, perovskite/CIGS tandem solar modules with low bandgap (∼1.55 eV) perovskite absorbers in the four‐terminal architecture outperform those in the two‐terminal architecture in average by 3.5% relative. However, for wide perovskite bandgaps ranging from 1.75 eV to 1.85 eV, both architectures perform comparably. The improvements in EY for perovskite/CIGS tandem solar modules highlight the potential of this technology but also the vital need for light management in tandem photovoltaics.
A nationwide survey on tracheostomy for very‐low‐birth‐weight infants in Japan
Authors: Kurata Hiroaki , Ochiai Masayuki , Inoue Hirosuke , Ichiyama Masako , Yasuoka Kazuaki , Fujiyoshi Junko , Matsushita Yuki , Honjo Satoshi , Sakai Yasunari , Ohga Shouichi ,   on behalf of the Neonatal Research Network of Japan
Published: December 2018

Objectives

Tracheostomy is indicated for very‐low‐birth‐weight infants (VLBWIs) with prolonged respiratory problems during the perinatal period. The objective of this study is to clarify the epidemiology and risk factors in VLBWIs with tracheostomy after birth in Japan.

Methods

A total of 40 806 VLBWIs were registered in the Neonatal Research Network of Japan database from 2003 to 2012. Among them, 34 674 infants (85%) survived over 28 days after birth and were subjected to this study. The clinical variables at birth, outcomes at hospital discharge and associated factors for tracheostomy were examined.

Results

The proportion of VLBWIs with tracheostomy did not increase during the study period (mean 36 cases per year, 0.93%). The rate of in‐hospital death over 28 days after birth did not differ between tracheostomized and non‐tracheostomized infants (2/324, 0.6% vs 314/34 350, 0.9%). Tracheostomized infants more frequently had severe or moderate bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (75.5% vs 26.0%, P < 0.01) and longer hospitalization (229 days vs 83 days, P < 0.01) than non‐tracheostomized infants. Tracheostomized patients showed higher comorbidities with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (odds ratio [OR] 10.98, P < 0.01), muscular disease (OR 10.95, P < 0.01), severe or moderate BPD (OR 7.79, P < 0.01), chromosomal abnormality (OR 4.43, P < 0.01) or sepsis (OR 1.78, P < 0.05) at hospital discharge than non‐tracheostomized patients.

Conclusion

We demonstrated the non‐increasing rate in tracheostomy for VLBWIs and such cases were associated with an excellent survival in Japan. These data provide evidence that more attentive care must be practiced in order to reduce the pulmonary and neuromuscular burdens of VLBWIs at birth.
Contributions of dsRNases to differential RNAi efficiencies between the injection and oral delivery of dsRNA in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Song Huifang , Fan Yunhe , Zhang Jianqin , Cooper Anastasia MW , Silver Kristopher , Li Daqi , Li Tao , Ma Enbo , Zhu Kun Yan , Zhang Jianzhen
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

The efficiency of RNA interference (RNAi) varies considerably among different insect species, and there is growing evidence to suggest that degradation of double‐stranded (dsRNA) prior to uptake is an important factor that limits the efficiency of RNAi in insects. In Locusta migratoria, RNAi is highly efficient when dsRNA is delivered by injection, but not by feeding. However, detailed mechanisms causing such differential RNAi efficiency are still elusive.

RESULTS

We identified and characterized the full‐length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of two new dsRNA nuclease (dsRNase) genes from L. migratoria, which were named LmdsRNase1 and LmdsRNase4. Transcript analyses revealed that LmdsRNase1 and LmdsRNase4 were highly expressed in hemolymph with relatively lower expression in other tested tissues. Our study using heterologously expressed LmdsRNase1 and LmdsRNase4 fusion proteins showed that LmdsRNase1 can degrade dsRNA rapidly at an optimal pH of 5, whereas LmdsRNase4 had no activity at any of the pH values examined. In comparing the substrate specificity of the four LmdsRNases, we found that only LmdsRNase1 and LmdsRNase2 digested dsRNA; however, our experiments suggested that the physiological pH of hemolymph (7.0) suppresses LmdsRNase1 activity permitting significant dsRNA stability in this tissue. Conversely, the physiological pH of midgut juice (6.8) is ideal for LmdsRNase2 activity, resulting in degradation of dsRNA in midgut.

CONCLUSION

The physiological pH of different insect tissues or compartments can significantly alter the stability of dsRNA by influencing LmdsRNase activity in L. migratoria. Thus, new strategies to overcome such obstacles are expected to help implement RNAi‐based technologies for insect pest management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Stress tensor eigenvector following with next‐generation quantum theory of atoms in molecules
Authors: Li Jia Hui , Huang Wei Jie , Xu Tianlv , Kirk Steven R. , Jenkins Samantha
Published: December 2018

The eigenvectors of the electronic stress tensor have been identified as useful for the prediction of chemical reactivity because they determine the most preferred directions to move the bonds. A new 3–D vector based interpretation of the chemical bond that we refer to as the bond‐path framework set B provides a version of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) beyond the minimum definition for bonding that is particularly suitable for understanding changes in molecular electronic structure that occur during reactions. We demonstrate that the most preferred direction for bond motion using the stress tensor corresponds to the most compressible direction and not to the least compressible direction as previously reported. We show the necessity for a directional approach constructed using the eigenvectors along the entire bond‐length and demonstrate the insufficiency of scalar measures for capturing the nature of the stress tensor within the QTAIM partitioning.
A theoretical study of the photoelectron spectra of dichloroketene with accurate computation of ionization energies via complete basis set limit extrapolation
Authors: Chang Jia‐Lin , Hsieh Jung‐Hang , Huang Yun‐Jhu , Chen Chiing‐Chang , Chang Mu‐Fong
Published: December 2018

We calculated the equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the ground state and five cationic states of dichloroketene using (TD‐)B3LYP, PBE0, and M06/M06‐2X approaches. The photoelectron spectra of dichloroketene were simulated by computing Franck‐Condon factors. The ionization energies were computed using the CCSD(T) approach with extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. We propose two new CBS energy formulas (E = ECBS + Aexp(‐x) + B/(x−1)
n, n = 2 or 3) and compare the performance of different CBS approaches. A new ionic state of dichloroketene belonging to the Cs point group is reported. This state is identified as the first excited state of Cl2CCO+ having a double‐well potential‐energy curve along the CCO bending mode with a barrier height of 1.335 eV. The simulated photoelectron spectra are in agreement with the experiment. The vertical ionization energies calculated via spectral simulation are more accurate compared with those obtained at the ground‐state structure. Among the CBS formulas used, the proposed ansatz with n = 2 performs best, with a mean absolute error of 0.021 and 0.012 eV for the adiabatic and vertical ionization energies, respectively.
Voice and the digital assistant
Authors: Huisman Dirk , Huisman Joris
Published: December 2018

A wake‐up call for marketing and research
Twenty Years of Digital Qual: A View From the Frontier
Authors: Caux Sarah De
Published: December 2018

Making sense of the data is still the challenge
Surface functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles via palladium‐catalyzed Diels‐Alder approach
Authors: Maleki Ali , Taheri‐Ledari Reza , Soroushnejad Mahya
Published: December 2018

Metal nanoparticles are currently being used as substantial catalysts for a number of classical chemical transformations. In contrast, performing novel biochemical reactions with the help of nano‐organocatalysts is highly underdeveloped area in chemical synthesis. In order to prepare an efficient nano‐organocatalyst, facilitated stable covalent bonding would be achieved by using Diels‐Alder reactions on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. Herein, we report the synthesis of magnetic nano‐organocatalysts by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle coated by SiO2 network and functionalized with vinylsilane, as dienophile moiety of Diels‐Alder reactions. In this work, palladium(II) is used as an instrumental catalyst for Diels‐Alder reaction, as well.
Phosphine‐Promoted Amide Bond Formation Reactions from Carboxylic Acids and Tetraalkylthiuram Disulfides
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Cheng Chuance , Tang Xiangting , Liu Shi , Xi Gaolei , Zhao Mingqin , Liu Pengfei
Published: December 2018

An efficient protocol for the straightforward synthesis of amides from readily available carboxylic acids and tetraalkylthiuram disulfides is presented. The reaction proceeds through direct cross‐coupling reactions promoted by catalytic amount of PPh3 in DMSO. This protocol is compatible with a wide variety of electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing acids, which shows its practical synthetic value in organic synthesis.
First monodontid cetacean (Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the early Pliocene of the north‐western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Ichishima Hiroto , Furusawa Hitoshi , Tachibana Makino , Kimura Masaichi
Published: December 2018

Monodontids are among the most enigmatic cetaceans due to their scarcity in the fossil record. Previously, except for fragmentary materials, only three skulls were known from the pre‐Pleistocene; these came from the east coast of the Pacific and both east and west coasts of the Atlantic.Haborodelphis japonicus, a new early Pliocene monodontid cetacean from the north‐west Pacific, significantly expands the palaeobiogeographical extent of the ancestral monodontids. The new taxon differs from all other monodontids in the following character states: the robust postorbital process for the skull size; the short rostrum relative to the whole skull length; the anterior dorsal infraorbital foramina posterior to the level of the antorbital notch; the premaxillary foramen on the level of the antorbital notch; the dorsally gently convex premaxillary sac fossa; the palatines wedged into the maxillae anteriorly on the midline; and the presence of the clearly excavated posteromedial sulcus. Monodontids were almost certainly adapted to warmer waters than their living counterpartsDelphinapterus leucasandMonodon monoceros, both of which are confined to the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. However, closer inspection (based mainly on fossil invertebrates) of the palaeoenvironments from which the monodontid fossils were produced, reveals that they may have preferred cooler conditions than previously thought. Due to the short climatic fluctuation cycles during the Pliocene in the northern hemisphere, and the increase of heterogeneity and regionality of the coastal environments, the dating of layers within a formation is critical for understanding palaeoenvironment in terms of the sea surface temperatures.
Radlastinduzierte Ermüdung bei Kranbahnträgern schwerer Hüttenkrane
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Citarelli Sandro
Published: December 2018

Im Vergleich zu früheren Normen gelten in DIN EN 1993 für hochbeanspruchte Kranbahnträger wesentlich schärfere Kerbfallklassifizierungen, insbesondere im Bereich der Radlasteinleitung. Dies hat überaus starke wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen. So können die Änderungen nun bis zu einer Verdoppelung der Querschnittsdicken führen, z. B. Stegblechdicken von bis zu 80 mm oder darüber hinaus, deren K‐Nahtanschlüsse an den Flansch fertigungs‐ und überwachungstechnisch sehr aufwendig werden. Aufgrund der Massenzunahme ist häufig auch eine Verstärkung der Unterkonstruktion notwendig.

Angeregt durch die Hüttenindustrie wurde daher angestrebt, Ergänzungen und Modifikationen der zugehörigen Kerbfälle im Eurocode 3 zu gestalten. Grundlage der Untersuchungen sind zahlreiche Kranbahnträger deutscher Stahlwerke, deren K‐Nähte am Steg‐Flanschanschluss nach jahrzehntelangem Betrieb intensiv schadensinspiziert wurden. Bei ausreichender Rückverfolgbarkeit der Lastgeschichte können die Träger als „Versuche im Bauwerk” interpretiert und ausgewertet werden.

Die Untersuchungen, die von numerischen Simulationen begleitet wurden, zeigen, dass auch weit jenseits der Ausnutzbarkeit des Details „Radlasteinleitung” nach Eurocode 3 keine Ermüdungsschäden auftreten. Dies bestätigt die alten Regeln nach DIN 4132. Die Ergebnisse schließen somit eine Versuchslücke, die in früheren Normen durch Erfahrungswerte und Interpretation von Einzelergebnissen überbrückt wurde und rechtfertigen eine Änderung der Regeln in EC 3‐1‐9 Tabelle 8.10.
Das Netzquartier: die neue Zentrale des Netzbetreibers 50Hertz Transmission GmbH in Berlin
Authors: Fourmont Marcus , Prüfer Ralph , Meyer Dirk
Published: December 2018

Mit der Europacity wird im Herzen Berlins auf dem Gelände eines ehemaligen Bahnhofs ein neuer Stadtteil erschlossen. Gegenüber des Berliner Hauptbahnhofs entstehen Flächen für Wohnungen, Büro, Kunst und Einzelhandel. Für den Stromnetzbetreiber 50Hertz Transmission GmbH ist in der Europacity gegenüber des Total‐Towers die neue Firmenzentrale, das sogenannte Netzquartier, errichtet worden. Das Bürogebäude für ca. 650 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter ist das Deutschlandhauptquartier des Konzerns und integriert die TCC‐Ersatzleitwarte. Das Gesamtvorhaben wurde von DGNB und LEED als führende Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungssysteme jeweils in Gold ausgezeichnet. Zudem erhielt das 50Hertz Netzquartier als erstes Gebäude weltweit die Auszeichnung DGNB Diamant. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf die Besonderheiten eingegangen, die sich in Bezug auf die Berechnungen und Nachweise aus dem außergewöhnlichen Tragwerk ergeben. Weiterhin werden die besonderen Einflüsse aus dem lokalen Umfeld sowie die wesentlichen Aspekte der Herstellungstechnologie aufgezeichnet.
Rheinbrücke Wesel – Konstruktion und statische Berechnung
Authors: Anistoroaiei Christian , Eilzer Wolfgang , Jung Rolf , Romberg Martin , Sagner Erik , Walser Peter
Published: December 2018

Faksimile aus „Stahlbau 77 (2008), H. 7, S. 473–488”
Seismic collapse analysis of high‐rise reinforced concrete frames under long‐period ground motions
Authors: Bai Yongtao , Guan Shaoyu , Lin Xuchuan , Mou Ben
Published: December 2018

Structural damages associated with buckling of longitudinal reinforcing steel and crushing of concrete induce strength and stiffness degradation in reinforced concrete (RC) beams and columns. This paper presents a numerical investigation on earthquake‐induced damages and collapse of typical high‐rise RC buildings model incorporating strength degradation (SD) effects. In a simple finite‐element analysis program with the generalized stress fiber discretization, hysteretic constitutive models primarily dominate the inelastic behavior. Buckling of reinforcing steel and crushing of confined concrete are taken into accounted to the stress–strain relationship of fiber elements. The SD effect in components with small hoop ratio tends to amplify the seismic responses high‐rise RC moment‐resisting frames when the intensity of ground motions exceeds the design level. Buckling of steel rebar and crushing of concrete should be fully considered together with the P‐Δ effect for collapse simulations.
A comparison of the effectiveness of voltage stability indices in an optimal power flow
Authors: Khunkitti Sirote , Premrudeepreechacharn Suttichai , Chatthaworn Rongrit , Thasnas Natakorn , Khunkitti Pirat , Siritaratiwat Apirat , Watson Neville Robert
Published: December 2018

Voltage stability is very important, as without it voltage collapse will occur. There is therefore a need to incorporate the consideration of voltage stability into the optimal power flow (OPF). This paper presents a comparison of the effectiveness of five voltage stability indices (VSIs) when incorporated in an OPF. The improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm is used to solve the OPF problem. The five VSIs investigated are the L‐index, fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability index (Lmn), online voltage stability index (LVSI), and voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI). The effectiveness of each VSI is considered in the terms of the generation cost, emission, transmission loss, and voltage stability. The IEEE standard 14‐, 30‐, 57‐, and 118‐bus test systems are used for the comparison. It is found that considering each voltage stability index as part of the objective function for the OPF provided different values of generation cost, emission, transmission loss, and maximum loadability. The results suggest that FVSI and Lmn provide the minimum generation cost values for all test systems, while VCPI and LVSI provide lower emission values for most systems. VCPI gives the lowest transmission losses for all systems, and the L‐index provides the maximum loadability for most systems. Incorporation of these indices into the OPF can provide the optimal values in different terms, and the most suitable voltage stability index will depend on the situation and size of the system, which needs to be judiciously chosen. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Performance evaluation of lighting fixtures and installations for renewable energy applications
Authors: Akinradewo Oriola Emmanuel , Obiyemi Obiseye Oluwaniyi , Oyelami Seun
Published: December 2018

Energy efficiency has been viewed as the most accessible and cost‐effective form of alternative energy. While lighting occupies only a small percentage in the total electric loads in homes, technological advances in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming more convincing in their power consumption and lumens output. This article evaluates the percentage that lighting occupied in the total load spectrum in the two main buildings at Osun State University and verifies the light level in the library reading rooms—places where adequate lighting is imperative—with recommended standards and a comparison between the output of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and the LEDs. The walk‐through energy audit approach was used to evaluate the percentage of energy that lighting consumes in these buildings. This approach involved identifying and grouping all of the electrical loads with their respective power ratings in Watts. Similarly, an illumination level verification campaign was conducted with the use of a digital light meter (a sensor‐based device) connected to a personal computer to log illumination levels in real time along the library's aisles and in the reading cubicles. The same light meter was used for comparing the output of installed CFL and proposed LEDs in an office space. Results indicate that lighting fixtures consume 12.2% of the load spectrum. The lighting installations also do not conform to global illumination standards for the assessed facilities, while the output of the LEDs that were tested was still low compared to the output of the CFLs. It is therefore recommended that better LED light sources be considered for efficient energy, reduction in environmental pollution associated with power generation, reduction in the power needed to maintain a cooling effect, and cost economy.
ACT‐R: A cognitive architecture for modeling cognition
Authors: Ritter Frank E. , Tehranchi Farnaz , Oury Jacob D.
Published: December 2018

ACT‐R is a hybrid cognitive architecture. It is comprised of a set of programmable information processing mechanisms that can be used to predict and explain human behavior including cognition and interaction with the environment. We start by reviewing its history, which shapes its current form, contrasts and relates it to other architectures, and helps readers to anticipate where it is going. Based on this history, we then describe it as a theory of cognition that is realized as a computer program. After this, we briefly discuss tools for working with ACT‐R, and also note several major accomplishments that have been gained by working with ACT‐R in both basic and applied science, including summarizing some of the insights about human behavior. We conclude by discussing its future, which we believe will include adding emotions and physiology, increasing usability, and the use of nongenerative models.

This article is categorized under:

Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making

Psychology > Theory and Methods
D‐lactate‐selective amperometric biosensor based on the mitochondrial fraction of Ogataea polymorpha recombinant cells
Authors: Smutok Oleh , Karkovska Maria , Prokopiv Tetiana , Kavetskyy Taras , Sibirnyj Wladimir , Gonchar Mykhailo
Published: December 2018

During the recent decades, a lot of data about the significance of D‐lactate determination in food technology and quality control have been accumulated. Nowadays, the development of new methods for the determination of D‐lactate is very relevant, especially with regard to biosensors. To construct a D‐lactate‐selective biosensor, we suggest using the mitochondria of recombinant yeast cells of Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha “tr6” (gcr1 catX/Δcyb2, prAOX_DLDH) overproducing D‐lactate: cytochrome c‐oxidoreductase (DLDH, EC 1.1.2.4) and lacking an L‐lactate‐specific enzyme (flavocytochrome b2, E.C. 1.1.2.3). The usage of the pure enzyme is problematic due to the complexity of its isolation and stabilization because of the intramembranous localization of DLDH. The enzyme catalyzes D‐lactate oxidation to pyruvate coupled with ferricytochrome c reduction to ferrocytochrome c.

The constructed biosensor is characterized by high sensitivity (18.5 А·М−1·m−2), a low detection limit (3 μM of D‐lactate), wide linear ranges, good selectivity, and sufficient stability. The real samples' analysis of D‐lactate in dairy products was performed, and high correlation of the obtained results with the reference approach (0.7 < r < 1) and literature data was demonstrated.