bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The weight of school grades: Evidence of biased teachers’ evaluations against overweight students in Germany
Authors: Dian Mona , Triventi Moris
Published: February 2021

Discrimination and prejudice against overweight people is common in Western societies. In this article we aim to understand whether these attitudes reverberate into the school setting, by investigating whether teachers grade overweight students more severely than comparable normal weight students. By relying on the Attribution-Value Model of Prejudice (AVMP) and previous studies, we test a series of hypotheses using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS SC3) on a sample of students enrolled in the 7thgrade (lower secondary education). We used hierarchical ordered logit regression to assess whether overweight and obese students receive systematically lower grades by their teachers in German and mathematics, adjusting for subject-specific competences measured with a standardized test, and a rich set of socio-demographic and socio-psychological students’ characteristics (e.g. the “big five”). Results suggested that overweight and obese students were more severely graded in both subjects. The penalty for overweight students, and especially for obese students, was slightly larger in German and in the lowest part of the grade distribution. There was also indication of heterogeneous penalties by gender, with overweight male students being especially penalized in math. Possible ways to help teachers in assigning grades in a fairer way are discussed at the end.
Land suitability assessment for supporting transport planning based on carrying capacity and construction demand
Authors: Li Long , Zhu Gaoru , Wu Dafang , Xu Honglei , Ma Peifang , Liu Jie , Li Zhaocheng , He Yinjie , Li Chenghui , Wu Pan
Published: February 2021

With the rapid global urbanization, the unlimited increasing transportation infrastructure has met the needs of urban expansion, but it has caused a series of ecological problems lacking consideration of ecological conservation. The land suitability assessment for supporting transport planning based on carrying capacity and demand for construction is an effective way to promote urban socioeconomic development and ecological conservation. Therefore, we constructed a logical framework of resources and environment supporting, traffic construction demand driving, and ecological protection red line and basic farmland constraining, and applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), GIS, three-dimensional magic cube method, and gravity model to evaluate the suitability of expressway development in Sichuan Province, China. The results showed that the spatial difference in the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the demand for expressway construction was relatively high in Sichuan, and those in eastern cities were even higher. The land suitability for supporting transport planning was relatively high, and the suitable areas with a grade from 8 to 10, accounted for 20.77% of the total study area, which could almost meet the demand for transportation infrastructure construction. The land suitability performed a circle structure with Chengdu as the core and gradually decreasing to the periphery. Overall, this study adds new insights to transport planning reform in other similar regions around the world and can provide important references for regional development planning and environmental protection.
An economic analysis of the health-related benefits associated with bicycle infrastructure investment in three Canadian cities
Authors: Whitehurst David G. T. , DeVries Danielle N. , Fuller Daniel , Winters Meghan
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Decision-makers are increasingly requesting economic analyses on transportation-related interventions, but health is often excluded as a determinant of value. We assess the health-related economic impact of bicycle infrastructure investments in three Canadian cities (Victoria, Kelowna and Halifax), comparing a baseline reference year (2016) with the future infrastructure build-out (2020).

Methods

The World Health Organization’s Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT; version 4.2) was used to quantify the economic value of health benefits associated with increased bicycling, using a 10-year time horizon. Outputs comprise premature deaths prevented, carbon emissions avoided, and a benefit:cost ratio. For 2016–2020, we derived cost estimates for bicycle infrastructure investments (including verification from city partners) and modelled three scenarios for changes in bicycling mode share: ‘no change’, ‘moderate change’ (a 2% increase), and ‘major change’ (a 5% increase). Further sensitivity analyses (32 per city) examined how robust the moderate scenario findings were to variation in parameter inputs.

Results

Planned bicycle infrastructure investments between 2016 and 2020 ranged from $28–69 million (CAD; in 2016 prices). The moderate scenario benefit:cost ratios were between 1.7:1 (Victoria) and 2.1:1 (Halifax), with the benefit estimate incorporating 9–18 premature deaths prevented and a reduction of 87–142 thousand tonnes of carbon over the 10-year time horizon. The major scenario benefit:cost ratios were between 3.9:1 (Victoria) and 4.9:1 (Halifax), with 19–43 premature deaths prevented and 209–349 thousand tonnes of carbon averted. Sensitivity analyses showed the ratio estimates to be sensitive to the time horizon, investment cost and value of a statistical life inputs.

Conclusion

Within the assessment framework permitted by HEAT, the dollar value of health-related benefits exceeded the cost of planned infrastructure investments in bicycling in the three study cities. Depending on the decision problem, complementary analyses may be required to address broader questions relevant to decision makers in the public sector.
Rapid transition to distance learning due to COVID-19: Perceptions of postgraduate dental learners and instructors
Authors: Rad Fatemeh Amir , Otaki Farah , Baqain Zaid , Zary Nabil , Al-Halabi Manal
Published: February 2021

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) necessitated an abrupt transition from on campus, face-to-face sessions to online, distance learning in higher education institutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of postgraduate dental learners and instructors about the transition to distance learning, including the changes to the learning and teaching and its efficaciousness. A convergent mixed methods approach to research was utilized. All the instructors and postgraduate learners in a dental college were invited to participate in an online survey. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses on SPSS for Windows version 25.0, and for the responses to the open-ended questions, multi-staged thematic analysis was utilized. Both groups of stakeholders: learners and instructors, were satisfied with the rapid transition to distance learning due to COVID-19. Instructors were significantly more satisfied than the learners. The stakeholders adapted well to the change. The perception of the stakeholders regarding the case-based scenarios significantly influenced their level of satisfaction. As perceived by the stakeholders, the transition to distance learning entailed advantages and challenges. Going through the experience enabled the stakeholders to develop informed opinions of how best to sustain learning and teaching irrespective of how matters unfold in relation to the pandemic. In conclusion, the worldwide dental education community faced unprecedented challenges due to the onset of COVID-19. From a macro perspective, decision-makers must not miss out on the valuable opportunities, inherent in the experience, to reinforce curriculums, and maximize learning and teaching.
Newly-found channels in the interatrial septum of the heart by dissection, histologic evaluation, and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography
Authors: Hur Mi-Sun , Lee Seunggyu , Oh Chang-Seok , Choe Yeon Hyeon
Published: February 2021

A minute thrombus can pass through a small type of interatrial communication, which can result in a stroke or transient ischemic attack and several associated symptoms. This study sought to investigate a new type of interatrial communication. Thirty-one hearts from embalmed adult cadavers were investigated. Each interatrial channels (IACs) was classified as either an open or obstructed channel according to the connection of each hole on the right and left surfaces of the interatrial septum. Open channels were found in two specimens (6.5%). Both open and obstructed IACs followed tortuous courses through the interatrial septum. On the right surface of the interatrial septum, the hole was usually found adjacent to the left border of the interatrial septum between the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium and the superior margin of the fossa ovalis. Conversely, holes on the left surface of the interatrial septum were usually found in the upper and middle parts adjacent to the left border of the interatrial septum. This novel finding is expected to support our understanding of the onset of possible symptoms such as stroke in the absence of classical atrial septal defects.
Performance measures of racially underrepresented Ph.D. students in biomedical sciences: The UAMS IMSD Program Outcomes
Authors: Williams Tremaine B. , Prince Latrina Y. , Allen Antiño R. , Sterba Kristen M. , Thomas Billy R. , McGehee Robert E.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify performance measures of racially underrepresented minority (RUM) Ph.D. trainees who needed additional training initiatives to assist with completing the UAMS biomedical science degree. A sample of 37 trainees in the 10-year NIH-NIGMS funded Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD) program at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) were examined. Descriptive statistics and correlations examined process measures (GRE scores, GPAs, etc.) and outcome measures (time-to-degree, publications, post-doctoral fellowship, etc.) While differences were found, there were no statistically significant differences between how these two groups (Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Predominately White Institutions (PWIs)) of students performed over time as Ph.D. students. Graduates who scored lower on the verbal section of the GRE also had a higher final graduate school grade point average in graduates who received their undergraduate training from HBCUs. Of the graduates who received their undergraduate training from PWIs, graduates who scored lower on the quantitative section of the GRE had higher numbers of publications. These findings stimulate the need to 1) reduce reliance on the use of the GRE in admission committee decisions, 2) identify psychometrically valid indicators that tailored to assess outcome variables that are relevant to the careers of biomedical scientists, and 3) ensure the effective use of the tools in making admission decisions.
Regional assessment of human-caused ecological risk in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone using production–living–ecology analysis
Authors: Wang Hui
Published: February 2021

In this study, based on the regional land-use risk space division (regional ecological risk source/receptor space identification) using production–living–ecology analysis, three spatial function indexes, i.e., production, living, and ecology function indexes, were proposed for regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) with respect to human disturbance. The first two indexes can be regarded as regional ecological risk source indexes, whereas the final index can be regarded as a regional ecological risk receptor index. Using an artificial assignment method based on the land-use types and Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light intensity data, these three spatial function indexes were effectively manifested. By incorporating these indexes with eco-environmental vulnerability proxies, an RERA framework was established and applied in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone (PLEZ), which is an ecological-protection and economic-development coordination-oriented region in China. The results suggest that (1) the DMSP/OLS nighttime light intensity data correlated well with the spatial distribution of regional urban/town areas; consequently, it was reasonable to use this dataset for representing regional production-living function space (urban/town area). (2) Overall, the forestlands and winter waterbodies of Poyang Lake were in the high-risk grade, and so did the Nanchang City construction land area; in contrast, the final risk levels of winter wetlands and croplands were relatively low. (3) Owing to the highest human disturbance (including both production and consumption human activities) and eco-environmental vulnerability level, urban/town areas such as Nanchang City had the highest final risk grade. (4) The low, medium, high, and very high-risk grades accounted for 21.22%, 39.53%, 36.31%, and 2.94% of the region, respectively. I believe that the proposed land use function indexes will be helpful in conducting human-caused RERA research in the future. Furthermore, the assessment results can provide a scientific basis for regional ecological risk management within the PLEZ.
Theoretical properties of distance distributions and novel metrics for nearest-neighbor feature selection
Authors: Dawkins Bryan A. , Le Trang T. , McKinney Brett A.
Published: February 2021

The performance of nearest-neighbor feature selection and prediction methods depends on the metric for computing neighborhoods and the distribution properties of the underlying data. Recent work to improve nearest-neighbor feature selection algorithms has focused on new neighborhood estimation methods and distance metrics. However, little attention has been given to the distributional properties of pairwise distances as a function of the metric or data type. Thus, we derive general analytical expressions for the mean and variance of pairwise distances forLqmetrics for normal and uniform random data withpattributes andminstances. The distribution moment formulas and detailed derivations provide a resource for understanding the distance properties for metrics and data types commonly used with nearest-neighbor methods, and the derivations provide the starting point for the following novel results. We use extreme value theory to derive the mean and variance for metrics that are normalized by the range of each attribute (difference of max and min). We derive analytical formulas for a new metric for genetic variants, which are categorical variables that occur in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The genetic distance distributions account for minor allele frequency and the transition/transversion ratio. We introduce a new metric for resting-state functional MRI data (rs-fMRI) and derive its distance distribution properties. This metric is applicable to correlation-based predictors derived from time-series data. The analytical means and variances are in strong agreement with simulation results. We also use simulations to explore the sensitivity of the expected means and variances in the presence of correlation and interactions in the data. These analytical results and new metrics can be used to inform the optimization of nearest neighbor methods for a broad range of studies, including gene expression, GWAS, and fMRI data.
Diverging patterns of introgression from Schistosoma bovis across S. haematobium African lineages
Authors: Rey Olivier , Toulza Eve , Chaparro Cristian , Allienne Jean-François , Kincaid-Smith Julien , Mathieu-Begné Eglantine , Allan Fiona , Rollinson David , Webster Bonnie L. , Boissier Jérôme
Published: February 2021

Hybridization is a fascinating evolutionary phenomenon that raises the question of how species maintain their integrity. Inter-species hybridization occurs between certain Schistosoma species that can cause important public health and veterinary issues. In particular hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis associated with humans and animals respectively are frequently identified in Africa. Recent genomic evidence indicates that some S. haematobium populations show signatures of genomic introgression from S. bovis. Here, we conducted a genomic comparative study and investigated the genomic relationships between S. haematobium, S. bovis and their hybrids using 19 isolates originating from a wide geographical range over Africa, including samples initially classified as S. haematobium (n = 11), S. bovis (n = 6) and S. haematobium x S. bovis hybrids (n = 2). Based on a whole genomic sequencing approach, we developed 56,181 SNPs that allowed a clear differentiation of S. bovis isolates from a genomic cluster including all S. haematobium isolates and a natural S. haematobium-bovis hybrid. All the isolates from the S. haematobium cluster except the isolate from Madagascar harbored signatures of genomic introgression from S. bovis. Isolates from Corsica, Mali and Egypt harbored the S. bovis-like Invadolysin gene, an introgressed tract that has been previously detected in some introgressed S. haematobium populations from Niger. Together our results highlight the fact that introgression from S. bovis is widespread across S. haematobium and that the observed introgression is unidirectional.
Immigration in Italy between First and Second Republic. From the Reception Policies to the “Emergency” Management of Migrations (1980-2018)
Authors: Chiara Luigi , Frisone Francesca
Published: February 2021

Este artículo analiza las políticas migratorias italianas de los últimos treinta años utilizando datos estadísticos, con el fin de señalar cómo estas políticas no están relacionadas con la realidad de las llegadas y cómo los gobiernos italianos han considerado este fenómeno, sobre todo, una amenaza para el orden público. Es posible indicar una primera fase (1980-1990) en la que los actos administrativos gestionan la llegada de los extranjeros y su regularización, respecto a las exigencias del mercado laboral; una segunda (1990-2001), con un marco más sistemático para la gestión de la inmigración; una tercera (2002-2011), en la que las leyes fueron modificadas en un sentido más restrictivo. Desde 2011 la rapidez de los cambios en Oriente Medio y en el mundo árabe provocaron nuevas llegadas en todo el Mediterráneo, y el gobierno populista elegido en 2018 puso en marcha un nuevo decreto que limita las posibilidades de aceptar solicitantes de asilo.
¿Violencia política o delincuencia común? Los sucesos de Jerez y Arcos de principios de 1936.
Authors: Caro Cancela Diego , Ortega Castillo Antonio
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se cuestionan los datos que algunos historiadores han dado sobre la supuesta elevada violencia política que se produce en España desde principios de 1936 y hasta el triunfo del Frente Popular. Se considera que se mezclan incidentes de variopintas motivaciones, algunos de las cuales nada tienen que ver con política. Partiendo del análisis detallado de un caso concreto –la actuación de un grupo de pistoleros que en dos días provocan cuatro muertes- se plantea la tesis de que estas acciones tenían más que ver con la delincuencia común que con cualquier tipo de planteamiento político o social.
Mediación digital y memoria histórica: una mirada desde Navarra
Authors: Baraibar Álvaro
Published: February 2021

El presente artículo pretende acercarse al papel que la mediación digital y las Humanidades Digitales tienen en la gestión del patrimonio de la memoria histórica en sus diferentes expresiones. La mirada parte de Navarra, territorio objeto de una importante represión en los meses y años inmediatos al golpe militar de 1936, y dialoga con otras experiencias internacionales. El trabajo pretende, además, una reflexión sobre la oportunidad de estos nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos teniendo presente el objetivo de reconocimiento y reparación de las víctimas, así como la visibilización y preservación de su memoria en una sociedad post-conflicto como la navarra, pero extrapolable a otros contextos geográficos y cronológicos.
Fisher ellátásilánc-menedzsment elméletének tesztelése és kiegészítése magyar vállalati minta segítségével
Authors: Nagy Judit
Published: February 2021

A bemutatásra kerülő kutatás célja az volt, hogy egy, a Vezetéstudomány hasábjain is megjelent ellátásiláncmenedzsment elmélet (Vezetéstudomány, 34. évf., 7–8. szám, p. 24–34.) empirikus tesztelését mutassa be. Az elmélet Fisher (1997) nevéhez fűződik, és egy racionális magyarázatot kínál arra, hogy a vállalatok által működtetett ellátási láncok miért különböznek egymástól. Véleménye szerint az ellátási lánc típusa attól függ, a lánc milyen típusú terméket visz piacra: funkcionális, mindennapi terméket vagy innovatív jellegűt. Az elméletet, bár nagyon híres az ellátásilánc-szakirodalomban, eddig nem sikerült igazolni. Jelen kutatás célja az volt, hogy tegyen egy újabb kísérletet a verifikálásra magyar vállalati minta statisztikai elemzése révén, valamint feltárja annak okait, ha ez az illeszkedés a termék típusa és az ellátási lánc típusa között nem jön létre. Ez utóbbival még egyetlen korábbi kutatás sem foglalkozott.
Growth and nutritional diagnosis of Rosemary plants submitted to nitrogen and sulfate fertilization
Authors: Souza Aline dos Anjos , Dos Santos Anacleto Ranulfo , De Souza Girlene Santos , De Jesus Railda Santos , Lima Janderson do Carmo , Oliveira Uasley Caldas de
Published: February 2021

Studies on the cultivation of medicinal plants are of relevance to the population since they are primary sources of medication. Among these plants stands out the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) for having diverse therapeutic properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial growth and nutritional status of rosemary plants grown with different co’ncentrations of nitrogen and sulfur. The treatments were distributed in a 4x2 factorial scheme with four nitrogen doses: 105, 210, 315, and 420 mg L-1 of nitrogen combined with two sulfur doses: 32 and 64 mg L-1 with seven replications totaling 56 experimental units. The seedlings were obtained through asexual propagation (cuttings), originating from parent plants. The experimental units were arranged in a completely randomized design. Growth evaluations were carried out at 120 days of cultivation, using: plant height (HT) stem diameter (DS), root dry matter mass (RDM), stem dry matter mass (SDM), mass leaf dry matter (LDM), total dry matter (TDM), shoot dry matter mass (SDMS). The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and depending on the level of significance in the F test, the study was carried out using the means test (Tukey 5%). The agronomic characteristics (HT), (DS), (RDM) and (MDMAP) were significant for N. Only (RDM) showed significant interaction for the doses of N and S. The dose 420 mg L-1 promoted the highest concentrations in the components leaf and stem. The lowest dose 105 mg L-1, N promoted the highest concentrations of S in the leaf and stem. The assimilation of S by the rosemary plants was dependent on the doses of N.
A Survey of Agile and Traditional Requirements Engineering
Authors: Elshandidy Heba , Mazen Sherif
Published: February 2021

In the past few years, there has been an increasing awareness of the important role of requirements engineering (RE) in a project’s success, in both research and industry. Developing consistent requirements specifications that meet the customers’ needs, in traditional development, is likely to be infeasible. For one reason, customers do not usually have a clear picture of what they really want. Secondly, the business domain could be changing quickly, especially if it heavily depends on technologies. Agile software development (ASD), on the other hand, supports iterative and incremental development and emphasises customers’ involvement in the development process. We argue that adopting ASD in RE overcomes the limitations of the traditional development. ASD, however, is no silver bullet and its adoption comes at a price. This paper helps the reader to: (1) get a quick yet a comprehensive grasp of RE in traditional and ASD; (2) understand the synergies/commonalities between the two approaches in handling RE; (3) recognise the associated challenges of adopting ASD; and (4) identify the current prominent agile RE research areas.
Coprological Examination of Ovine Fasciolosis in Horro District Community Based Sheep Breeding Program, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia
Authors: Bimirew Fanta Lule , Cherinnat Tesfaye Mersha
Published: February 2021

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 to determine the prevalence of ovine fasciolosis in the Community Based Horro Sheep Breeding site at Horro district, Horro Guduru Wollega zone, Ethiopia. Coprological examination was performed on a total of 390 sheep at the study area. Age, sex, body condition score and peasant association were taken into consideration as rik factors. An overall prevalence of fasciolosis 45.4% 95% CI (40.41 50.36 was found on the basis of coprological examinations. The prevalence of fasciolosis findings according to PAs were (41.5%) in Laku Ingu and (48.2%) in Gitilo Dole. Statistical analysis of the prevalence among study site (PAs) showed insignificant difference P=0.102 (P>0.05), but significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between animal age groups (P=0.032, with a prevalence of 37.2% in young and 49.8% in adult) and body condition scores (P=0.001, with a prevalence of 57.9%, 43.5% and 29.9% in sheep with poor, medium and good body condition score, respectively. There was insignificance difference (P>0.05) in sex group of study animals in which the prevalence was 47.6% in female and 38.8% in male. Therefore further studies on the epidemiology, seasonal dynamic of the disease, the snail intermediate host and impacts of the infection in animal production with implementations of strategic intervention is necessary.
Outcomes of Sequential Therapy With Tenofovir Alafenamide After Long-term Entecavir
Authors: Nguyen Mindie H. , Atsukawa Masanori , Ishikawa Toru , Yasuda Satoshi , Yokohama Keisuke , Trinh Huy N. , Arai Taeang , Fukunishi Shinya , Ogawa Eiichi , Hsu Yao-Chun , Maeda Mayumi , Dang Hansen , Tseng Cheng-Hao , Takahashi Hirokazu , Jun Dae Won , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Chuma Makoto , Nozaki Akito , Kawada Norifumi , Cheung Ramsey , Enomoto Masaru , Takaguchi Koichi , Toyoda Hidenori
Published: February 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) are both first-line hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies, but ETV-to-TAF switch outcome data are limited. We aimed to assess outcomes up to 96 weeks after ETV-to-TAF switch.

METHODS:

ETV-treated (≥12 months) chronic hepatitis B patients switched to TAF in routine practice at 15 centers (United States, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan) were included. Primary outcome was complete viral suppression (CVS) rate (HBV DNA <20 IU/mL).

RESULTS:

We analyzed 425 eligible patients (mean age 60.7 ± 13.2 years, 60% men, 90.8% Asian, 20.7% with diabetes, 27% with hypertension, 14.8% with cirrhosis, 8.3% with hepatocellular carcinoma, and mean ETV duration before switch 6.16 ± 3.17 years). The mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 89 ± 19 (chronic kidney disease [CKD] stages: 55.6% stage 1, 35.7% stage 2, and 8.8% stages 3–5). CVS rate increased from 91.90% at switch (from 90.46% 24 weeks before switch) to 95.57% and 97.21% at 48 and 96 weeks after (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Over the 96 weeks after switch, mean HBV DNA (P < 0.001) but not alanine aminotransferase or CKD stage decreased. Between switch and 96-week follow-up, 11% (26/235) of CKD stage 1 patients migrated to stage 2 and 8% (12/151) of stage 2 patients to stages 3–5, whereas 18% (27/151) from stage 2 to 1, and 19% (7/37) from stages 3–5 to 2. On multivariable generalized estimated equation analysis adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and cirrhosis, baseline eGFR, age (P < 0.001), and CKD stages 2 and 3–5 (vs 1) (both P < 0.001) were associated with lower follow-up eGFR.

DISCUSSION:

After an average of 6 years on ETV, CVS increased from 91.9% at TAF switch to 97.2% at 96 weeks later.
Variability in Practices of Compounding Budesonide for Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Joshi Sagar , Rubenstein Joel H. , Dellon Evan S. , Worthing Nathan , Stefanadis Zoe , Chang Joy W.
Published: February 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Little is known about the use of compounded steroids for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

METHODS:

We conducted a telephone survey of all compounding pharmacies in Michigan and queried about practices and costs of compounded budesonide for EoE.

RESULTS:

Of 68 Michigan pharmacies, 93% responded, and 20 (29%) offer compounded budesonide suspension for EoE. Formulations, dose, and instructions for use varied across pharmacies. The mean cost for a 30-day supply was $74.50.

DISCUSSION:

Although few compounding pharmacies offer budesonide suspension and there are substantial variations in formulations, this may be a significantly more affordable treatment option for many.
ÁREAS VERDES URBANAS:
Authors: Guilherme Fabiano Pina de Souza , Reolon Cleverson Alexsander
Published: February 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo a realização de uma análise comparativa da cobertura vegetal do Parque Municipal do Cinturão Verde e de outros bosques urbanos do centro de Cianorte, localizada no norte do Paraná. Para tanto, investiga-se como estão distribuídas espacialmente as áreas verdes, tendo em vista os índices de ocupação da população de diversos setores urbanos selecionados. O Índice de Áreas Verdes (IAV) foi utilizado para sintetizar as análises. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que Cianorte possui um índice de cobertura vegetal por habitante maior do que o sugerido pela Sociedade Brasileiras de Arborização Urbana (SBAU), todavia, essa cobertura vegetal não está homogeneamente distribuída pela cidade.
Beware of the existence of a big bath with asset impairment after pandemic covid-19!
Authors: Kustono Alwan Sri , Agustini Aisa Tri , Dermawan Scherrgyo Agung Rhyo
Published: February 2021

This study attempts to investigate the relationship between big bath accounting and asset impairment. It used the sample consisting of 231 firm-year observations from 33 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2012 to 2018 period. Logistic regression has been used to analyze a big bath accounting on assets impairment. The results provide evidence that companies that tend to do a big bath accounting will recognize a loss of asset value. A big bath accounting is done because managers assume that investors will respond when the company suffered large losses or small losses. The manager acknowledges the costs of future periods and current period losses when unfortunate unavoidable circumstances in the current period. It will consequently make a profit higher than expected in the next year. In the next period, the companyâ€™s performance will look better so that managers can maximize utility in the form of compensation for the targets that have been achieved.
KAJIAN ARSITEKTUR ETNIK PADA BANGUNAN PASAR TRADISIONAL (STUDI KASUS: PASAR BADUNG DI BALI)
Authors: Chandra Aulia Widya , Hantono Dedi
Published: February 2021

Keberagaman suku bangsa yang dimiliki oleh setiap negara khususnya negara Indonesia merupakan suatu aset berharga yang harus dijaga dan dilestarikan oleh bangsa Indonesia. Setiap suku bangsa memiliki tradisi kebudayaan yang berbeda sesuai dengan daerahnya masing-masing. Namun, seiring berkembangnya zaman, nilai lokal yang terkandung dalam kebudayaan tradisional tersebut perlahan mulai luntur. Agar ciri khas kebudayaan tradisional di suatu daerah tidak hilang, maka hadirnya konsep Arsitektur Etnik ini dapat dijadikan sebagai alat untuk melestarikan kebudayaan suatu bangsa. Salah satu bangunan yang menerapkan konsep Arsitektur Etnik yaitu Pasar Badung yang ada di Bali. Pembangunan pasar ini mencerminkan kebudayaan Etnik Bali yang sangat ekspresif dan mengedepankan aspek religi (agama hindu). Pengekspresian tersebut dapat dilihat melalui interaksi masyarakat Bali dengan lingkungannya yang terkandung dalam konsep Tri Hita Karana. Penataan ruang pada Pasar Badung memiliki nilai filosofi yang tinggi. Begitu pun dengan bentuk bangunan serta penerapan ornamen bangunannya. Penggunaan unsur tradisional seperti kori pada Pasar Badung membuat bangunan ini semakin menunjukan karakternya sebagai bangunan asli Etnik Bali. Penggunaan ornamen dengan unsur hindu yang kental dan permainan warna yang kontras serta penggunaan tekstur material lokal seperti batu bata juga dapat menonjolkan karakter dari Arsitektur Etnik Bali yang kuat. Dengan menerapkan unsur tradisional yang terkandung dalam kebudayaan Bali, bangunan pasar ini telah menunjukan identitasnya sebagai Etnik Bali yang diwujudkan dalam desain bangunan Pasar Badung. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mendeskripsikan serta mengetahui penerapan konsep Arsitektur Etnik pada bangunan Pasar Badung. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif pada studi kasus.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND COMPANY VALUE OF SHARIAH BANKING IN INDONESIA
Authors: Murni Sri
Published: February 2021

This research aims to understand the influence of CAR, FDR, NPF, and ROA to the Company Value of Shariah Banking in Indonesia. The study is done at the Indonesian Stock Exchange and Shariah Banking in Indonesia. The research object on the company financial report shariah banks in the form of financial reports the period of 2014 – 2019 is loaded in the Indonesian Capital Markets Directory as well as data originating from IDX, ICMD, and annual report. To test the hypotheses of variable X and variable Y simultaneously using the F, while based on partial use t. The data used was secondary data. In this research used time series data and cross section (pooling data), and based on the criteria, the number of sample which satisfies the criteria of as many as 8 shariah banks of 12 shariah banking as the population.

The result showed that simultaneously CAR, FDR, NPF and ROA have significant impact on the company value. In partial CAR and ROA on this fact have a positive and significant on the company value, NPF have a negative and significant on the company value, and FDR have an insignificant for the company value. The result is expected to be a valuable input especially for investors as consideration in decision making of investing; also for the company management is expected to be a consideration in this matter, in addition, the result of this research can be an important reference to the similar research for the benefit of applied and science development
The “As If” Business Internship: An Instructional Response to Extenuating Circumstances
Authors: Wilson Asa , Chowdhury Sabit , Nowak Albert
Published: February 2021

An internship, especially in applied business disciplines, is an important experiential learning bridge from the academy to further training and/or a career threshold. The Covid-19 outbreak frustrated student placement opportunities in settings with a high exposure risk. The pandemic also disrupted degree progress and graduation targets for many. A case example of an alternative to an on-site internship is described that is a response to Covid-19 limitations. This alternative is defined as the “As-If” internship because it captures several learning outcomes of a facility placement. On-site internship success factors and benefits are discussed as a benchmark for demonstrating how the “As-If” experience fulfills on-site learning objectives. The alternative is further discussed as an approach for other extenuating circumstances.
An Analysis of Household Consumption of Dairy Products
Authors: Kapaj Ilir , Kapaj Ana Mane
Published: February 2021

Household consumption of dairy products is one the major component in the total sales of the Albanian dairy industry. Therefore, understanding the factors which may significantly influence household consumption is important in the planning of farmers, processors and manufacturers. Consumers' responses to changes in price and non-price factors are basic to an economic analysis of almost all the policy decisions related to industry or government programs. Forecasting the future direction of household consumption, and how that direction might be modified through industry efforts or by national programs and policies, requires information on the relationships among prices, incomes, household characteristics and consumer demand. This study focuses on households as consuming units, explains and analyzes their purchasing behavior for dairy products. As milk is a very important component of the Albanians diet, this study explores consumer preferences for milk in Albania and also tries to determine consumers profiles based on their preferences and socio-demographic factors. To reach these objectives, this research designed a conjoint choice experiment survey and collected primary data in the most populated cities of Albania. This study provides useful information to different stakeholders including milk producers and importers. The milk industry and its marketers may benefit from this information by using it to strategically market their milk to different groups.
Land Tenure Regimes and Women’s Land Rights in Uganda; Legality and the Land Legal Framework.
Authors: Kemigisha Prudence
Published: February 2021

A review on the implications of land tenure regimes on women’s land rights is relevant in the Ugandan context and other countries in Africa due to the fact that land is in many ways the most important productive resource to possess or have access to. Rights over land are associated with social identity and help to regulate what people do with that land as a source of livelihood.  Despite the critical contribution of land resource, it is not equitably distributed. The position of women in land accessibility, control and ownership is still precarious under the different tenure regimes in Uganda. A literature review was conducted to assess the implications of the tenure regimes on women land rights in Uganda, with specific reference to the land legality and the legal framework. From the literature reviewed, the study indicates that women’s right to land under the land holding systems are largely limited to access rights but not ownership rights. Ugandan women face significant challenges accessing justice when their rights are violated. The lack of clear distinction between legitimacy and legality of land rights makes it difficult to attain effective women’s rights to land. A combination of contemporary and customary law still restricts land rights of women in that the statutory instruments in place have failed to grant women the right to land. The study recommends that the necessary change required to narrow the gender gap in land rights necessitates simultaneous struggles over the norms and legal structures governing women’s land rights.
Comprehensive Project Risk Management Methodology
Authors: Copertari Luis F.
Published: February 2021

The objective of this paper is to introduce and discuss the basics of a methodology called the Probabilistic Critical Path Method (PCPM) for managing the previously identified risks (uncertainty) of the three project management dimensions: time, cost and return (performance). An interactive Graphic User Interface (GUI) has been designed for visualizing the tradeoffs among these three dimensions as well as their uncertainties on a flat computer screen. The user can choose to visualize the probability of failure (exceeding some user given due date, budget or not exceeding a given Minimally Attractive Rate of Return – MARR) or the probability of success (not exceeding the due date and the budget and exceeding the MARR). PCPM allows for comprehensive project risk management and it constitutes a new integrative project risk management framework. This paper shows that it is possible to integrate all three project management dimensions (time, cost and return) and show their known risks as well as determining the optimal cost and the associated time and return for such optimal cost. Finally, it is possible to interactively show all this multidimensional information on a flat computer screen.
Adolescents Develop Their Identities Amidst Adversities
Authors: Idrus Faizah , Nik Abdul Rahman Nik Suryani , Hussein Suhailah , Rais Haniza
Published: February 2021

Adolescence is a somewhat turbulent phase of life to many. This paper explores the challenges of 6 Malaysian adolescents aged between 13 and 17 from low socioeconomic background in developing their identities. In depth semi-structured interviews were carried out. Family problems, peer pressure, and learning difficulties were among the main issues encountered. This study revealed that although the respondents’ families’ socio-economic status had affected them, it is not the determinant to their success nor failure. This study also suggests that a sound identity development and academic outcome could be achieved with relatively good parental involvement, well perceived expectations, fitting in with group of friends as well as a healthy surrounding
Effect of water flow and depth on fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400
Authors: Surojo E. , Anindito J. , Paundra F. , Prabowo A. R. , Budiana E. P. , Muhayat N. , Badaruddin M. , Triyono
Published: February 2021

Underwater wet welding (UWW) is widely used in repair of offshore constructions and underwater pipelines by the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method. They are subjected the dynamic load due to sea water flow. In this condition, they can experience the fatigue failure. This study was aimed to determine the effect of water flow speed (0 m/s, 1 m/s, and 2 m/s) and water depth (2.5 m and 5 m) on the crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400. Underwater wet welding processes were conducted using E6013 electrode (RB26) with a diameter of 4 mm, type of negative electrode polarity and constant electric current and welding speed of 90 A and 1.5 mm/s respectively. In air welding process was also conducted for comparison. Compared to in air welded joint, underwater wet welded joints have more weld defects including porosity, incomplete penetration and irregular surface. Fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded joints will decrease as water depth increases and water flow rate decreases. It is represented by Paris's constant, where specimens in air welding, 2.5 m and 5 m water depth have average Paris's constant of 8.16, 7.54 and 5.56 respectively. The increasing water depth will cause the formation of Acicular Ferrite structure which has high fatigue crack resistance. The higher the water flow rate, the higher the welding defects, thereby reducing the fatigue crack resistance.
Narrative instabilities
Authors: Pier John
Published: February 2021

Taking Nabokov’sPale Fireas its tutor text, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that narrative functions as a complex or dynamic system. Due to the novel’s nonlinear and multiply configured format, a series of dissipative structures is provoked whereby states near equilibrium, on reaching states far from equilibrium under the weight of multiple causality, putting the system “beyond the threshold of stability” and “at the edge of chaos,” perpetually self-organize. Taking a cue from nonequilibrium thermodynamics, instabilities, it is argued, are inherent to narrative discourse. This calls into question the pertinence of the logic of linearity (“event A causes event B”) as well as the scope of such postulates as the isomorphic relation between sequence and narrative as a whole, a postulate that frames narrative as a closed system following the principle of conservation of energy in classical mechanics. As the poem “Pale Fire” in Nabokov’s novel advances linearly, it is constantly disrupted by the “Commentary” which is related to the poem only tangentially, each text fragmenting the other and self-organizing into new meanings. The effect is to render salient in narrative discourse the complexity science principles (in addition to those mentioned above) of irreversibility (the “arrow of time”) vs. reversibility, sensitivity to initial conditions, negative vs. positive feedback and the symmetry-breaking effects of bifurcation. The manifestation of these principles in Nabokov’s novel raises fundamental questions about the structuring of narrative, but also about the conceptual framework through which narrative at large might be approached.
Re-living the city: The urban time-loop of Russian Doll
Authors: Posner Orin
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the first season of the television series Russian Doll (2019–), analyzing its time-loop structure through a narratological lens with focus on the significance of its setting to the narrative’s overall message on social connection in the city. The narrative’s chronotope of urban space and repetitive temporality works to reflect the internal struggles of its two protagonists (Natasha Lyonne and Charlie Barnett), but also a contemporary collective trauma and inability to imagine a different future – a narrative mode that Gomel and Karti Shemtov (2018) term “limbotopia”. However, Russian Doll is ultimately optimistic, allowing its protagonists to break out of their limbotopic time loops and move towards a transformative conclusion of regained hope for the future. The narrative device of the time loop pushes the characters to immerse themselves in their space: joining other people in the city and creating a community.
COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System: How the First PostModern Pandemic ‘Weakened’ our Hearts
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Towhid Syeda Tasneem , Rakhi Nadira Naznin ,   Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh, Arefin ASM Shamsul ,   Department of Biomedical Physics and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, Saha Otun ,   Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, Mamun Sumaiya ,   Institute of food and Nutrition, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh, Moniruzzaman Mohammad ,   Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburgh, VA 24060, USA, Rahaman Md. Mizanur ,   Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Published: February 2021

The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 with its diverse signs and symptoms manifested in COVID-19 patients across different age groups and geographic locations perplexed the clinicians and public health experts. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 through continuous mutation with a limited arsenal of treatment made the study of viral pathogenesis and factors associated with disease outcomes in a holistic approach inevitable, among which pre-existing cardiovascular complications were found to be significantly associated with adverse outcome of COVID-19. In addition, COVID-19 has already been reported to cause cardiac injury and different cardiovascular complications in patients irrespective of preexisting cardiovascular complications, which highlights the importance of recognizing the complications at the onset, although these arising complications might be an indirect effect of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm or hypoxia rather the virus itself. Also, the drugs used for the clinical management of the patients may have an impact on the induced cardiac complications. Thus, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiovascular system needs to be investigated in order to predict the clinical outcome and to devise a proper treatment strategy. Besides, the interaction of vaccines or therapeutics to be approved with the cardiovascular system needs to be evaluated to avoid confounding effects leading to cardiovascular complications followed by post-approval retraction. However, potential biomarkers (eg. troponin, D-dimers, fibrin) associated with cardiac injury may be potentially useful in predicting life-threatening conditions early enough to save lives. In conclusion, this review summarizes the molecular pathogenesis of cardiovascular damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients, as well as prescribed treatment and preventative measures.