bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

At the time of her death at age sixty-one in 1880, George Eliot was mourned by her admirers, who compared her accomplishments to those of Sophocles, Dante, and Goethe. Justin McCarthy, a contemporary Irish journalist, described the veneration of Eliot by much of the liberal reading public as “a kind of cult, a kind of worship.”1 Lord Acton, one of the most respected historians of the period, pronounced her “the greatest genius among women known to history.” In his classic portrait of Victorian England, written more than a half century later, the historian G. M. Young observed that in carrying to an agnostic age “the Evangelical faith in duty and renunciation,” George Eliot had fixed her place “in the history of ideas.” Young added that she had been chief among those who “transposed [ethics] from a Christian to a Stoic key’’ and had thereby almost single handedly “saved us from the moral catastrophe which might have been expected to follow upon the waning of religious conviction.” The reverence for Eliot as a writer spanned nearly a generation during her lifetime. Very soon after her death, however, her literary reputation went into rapid decline. In the past thirty years the critical view of her works has once again become favorable-almost worshipful in some quarters-in part because of the women’s movement, which applauded Eliot’s achievement and her defiance of sexual conventions while regretting her failure to take a more feminist position.
The Disinherited Races
Authors: Semmel Bernard
Published: October 2023

InMiddlemarch Eliot depicted the sixteenth-century Spanish Saint Theresa going to her martyrdom at the hands of the Moors with a heart “already beating to the national idea” (“Prelude”). For Eliot, as for many of the European writers of the nineteenth century, the national idea possessed a new significance. In Germany, Herder had written extensively on its im portance in the lives of the people, and Hegel had described the national spirit, the Volksgeist, as the guiding motif of historical development. Hegel had even argued that individuals wishing to realize themselves fully must identify with the national idea and work out its implications in the shaping of their own lives. In England not only social conservatives like Coleridge but “many-sided” liberals like Mill had stressed the critical role of the national tradition and heritage. In the 1840s, as we shall see, Disraeli wrote of these matters in terms that originally repelled Eliot, though later she embraced many of his ideas. We know that the German writer Riehl addressed these questions in the 1850s in terms that gained Eliot’s sympathy and contributed to the shaping of her politics of national inheritance. In the nineteenth century nationalism seemed to be the most vital motive in European life. Groups previously content to be obedient subjects of continental Europe’s dynastic monarchies, and willing to accede to the dynasty’s state language and uphold its culture in order to participate in political and intellectual life, began to insist on their separate identities and dialects and thereby laid the groundwork for establishing their own distinctive national literatures and cultures; folktales and folk music were recovered by means of the previously neglected study of peasant lore.
The OCF Scenario
Authors: Lange Fayeduchin Glenn-Marie
Published: October 2023

The content of the OCF scenano was developed in the course of carrying out ten case studies that provide the bulk of the data for this project. In order to examine likely future changes in emissions of carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, we focused on the most energy-intensive sectors. The technologies of greatest interest to us would promote development by their efficient use of energy and materials and their potential for low pollution and commercial implementation on a significant scale. Data collection for a case study covers one or several related sectors (e.g., iron and steel) and requires identifying the technological choices faced both in producing the output (in the iron and steel sector itself) and in using it (in the metal-fabricating sectors). The description of each technological alternative (e.g., electric arc technology) involves quantifying the major inputs per unit of output.
Household Energy Conservation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie
Published: October 2023

Future energy use by households will depend on the level and specific mix of energy services that are utilized and on the energy required to deliver those services in the future. For most developed regions, where the population is growing very slowly and a relatively high standard of living has already been achieved, we assume relatively little change in per capita energy services; the change in energy requirements will reflect primarily the changing energy needed to deliver these services. In developing regions, by contrast, average per capita energy services will increase substantially, although these increases will be to some extent offset by expected gains in energy efficiency. New technologies in developed regions, and factors affecting energy use in developing regions, are discussed below and are the basis for new projections of fossil fuel and electricity input coefficients to consumption. Because the household consumption vector includes petroleum used for private transportation, this chapter draws on work reported in Chapter 13 to project future oil input coefficients.
The Origins of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “Court-packing” Plan
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

No event of twentieth-century constitutional history is better remembered than Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ill-fated “Court-packing” scheme of 1937; yet the origins of the plan remain obscure and are often misstated. The proposal has been variously attributed to Felix Frankfurter, who had nothing at all to do with it; to “two brilliant young brain-trusters,” Benjamin Cohen and Thomas Corcoran, who favored a different remedy and had almost no hand in shaping this one; and to Samuel I. Rosenman, who played only a minor role after the decision had already been made. Among those who have been said to have helped frame the plan were James M. Landis, who had heard only rumors of it before it was announced, and Robert H. Jackson, who first learned of the legislation when he read about FDR’s message of February 5 in a Philadelphia newspaper. The project has been described either as an impulsive act born of the bubris created by FDR’s landslide victory in 1936 or as a calculated plot hatched many months before in angry resentment at the Schechter decision striking down the National Industrial Recovery Act. A widely circulated columnist wrote that the scheme resulted from the influence on the President of a “junta” of radicals, some of them “sympathetic to theories from Russia.” Roosevelt himself never said anything to clear up the confusion. Three weeks after the President launched the proposal, Senator Hiram Johnson of California wrote a friend: “He has been beaten from pillar to post upon when he conceived the brilliant idea, and how he conceived it.”
A Klansman Joins the Court
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

On August 12, 1937, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, rebounding from the worst setback of his long Presidency, took the first of a series of steps toward creating what historians would one day call “the Roosevelt Court.” Galling defeat had come less than a month before when the Senate had killed his “Court-packing” scheme, amid loud rejoicing from his opponents. The President was not finished yet, however, for one legacy of the protracted struggle was the creation of a vacancy on the Supreme Court, and it was FDR’s prerogative to nominate a successor. The choice he finally made would trigger an acrimonious controversy and would have a momentous impact on the disposition of the Court. The vacancy may have resulted from FDR’s Court-packing plan. Roosevelt had advanced his bold proposal in February because he was frustrated by the performance of the Supreme Court, particularly the “Four Horsemen,” Willis Van Devanter, Pierce Butler, James McReynolds, and George Sutherland. In May, during the heated Congressional battle, Van Devanter had announced his retirement in what some thought was a well-timed move to dispose of the plan, though his action may instead have come in response to more favorable retirement legislation or other considerations.
Japan: Development and Structural Change of the Financial System
Authors: Teranisid Juro
Published: October 2023

In the first three decades after World War II Japan can be regarded as a developing economy that, starting as a middle-income economy with chronic balance of payment pressures and Lewisian surplus labor, accomplished a successful transformation into a highly industrialized economy. This chapter examines the interaction between this development and the financial system. A brief summary of Japan’s macroeconomic performance between 1955 and 1990 forms the first section. The second section discusses the formation of the basic framework of the financial system of the high-growth period (1956 - 70) with special reference to the economic problems and financial conditions of the early 1950s. It also explores how and why the need to fill the gap between the demand and the supply of long-term funds, as well as for information, resulted in a highly regulated financial system based on indirect finance instead of a system of competitive money and capital markets.
Japan: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kurosawa Yoshitaka
Published: October 2023

Maximization of capital investment was a goal shared by all three major groups of players in Japan-large industrial corporations, banks, and the central government-during the 1950s and 1960s as the nation sought to rebuild in the wake of World War II (see Nakamura 1980). Big businesses and major banks were closely tied by means of a main bank and cross-shareholding relationships. The corporate sector was able to borrow at relatively low interest rates from the banking sector, while small business paid much higher interest rates. There was little left in the way of loanable funds for households that wanted to engage in housing investment or consumer finance.
Korea: Development and Structural Change of the Financial System
Authors: Park Yung Chol
Published: October 2023

After almost 15 years of uninterrupted rapid growth fueled by export expansion, Korea was running into an economic crisis of major proportions late in the 1970s. The crisis was precipitated by unfavorable external developments, but was certainly exacerbated by domestic economic mismanagement by an interventionist government that exercised tight control over the financial regime. The sheer size and growing complexity of the economy unquestionably reduced the government’s ability to administer a system of rigid controls. Skepticism toward interventionist government grew deeper because of the massive investment in the heavy and chemical industries between 1975 and 1979 (which resulted in huge idle capacity in some of the targeted industries), accelerating inflation, and a growing current account deficit. In retrospect, it appears these macroeconomic developments, more than anything else, gave impetus to a surge of economic liberalism that culminated in a major stabilization program and in 1980-81 set in motion an attempt at economic liberalization.
Korea: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Park Yung Chol , Kim Dong Won
Published: October 2023

Commercial banks are business firms engaged in the production and supply of intermediation services between savings-surplus units and spending-deficit units by combining labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. As financial intermediaries, they transform assets and serve as brokers of information. Like their counterparts in advanced economies, Korean commercial banks have undergone financial innovation and structural change in the process of deregulation. They have been transformed into multifaceted institutions supplementing their traditional role with securities business and a variety of fee-based activities considered outside the purview of commercial banking only a few years earlier.
Watching Ourselves: The Thomas Hearings and National Character
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: October 2023

For three days in October 1991, millions of Americans watched in appalled fascination as the Senate Judiciary Committee considered Anita Hill's charges against Clarence Thomas. Given the mystifying nature of the confrontation between two apparently honest, capable individuals and given the public's normal interest in all things sexual, widespread attention to the televised hearings was to be expected. But our absorption had qualities of intensity and seriousness that suggest a deeper explanation. Certainly many viewers thought that they saw in the hearings a drama conveying something significant about our moral circumstances and political institutions. Thus, citizens across the country discussed the disturbing symbolism of fourteen white male senators sitting in judgment on a black man and a black woman. Many women found common ground in the angry thought that ‘they just don't get it.’ For their part, incredulous men for the first time began to take seriously the claim that coping with vulgar sexual advances is a pervasive problem for working women.
Double Bind Number Three: Sameness/Difference
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

If everyone everywhere woke up tomorrow assuming that men and women ought to be treated in the same way in the same situations, a lot would change. Teachers would call on girls as often as boys. Women would earn the same salaries as men with comparable degrees. Ken would have joined Barbie in claiming that “math is tough”-or neither would have uttered the phrase. Women would be licensed to leer at the anatomy of men or no longer be subject to similar scrutiny. A First Gentleman would be as likely to be found at the side of the president as a First Lady. And 60-year-old women would be cast in the role of lovers in Oscar-winning fihns as often as 60- year-old men. Fathers would be found in the laundry as frequently as mothers. Fathers and mothers would not assume that sons are born with a carburetor gene and daughters with a chromosomal disposition to bake cakes.
Newsbinds
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Dubbed the “czarina,” Helen Kushnick reigned over Hollywood as Jay Leno’s manager and executive producer of his late-night show. Then the woman widely considered the most important female in the entertainment industry was deposed, dethroned by a double standard holding that locking Tonight Show guests out of the competition was ruthless-even though ruthlessness was business as usual for others booking shows. A male competitor practicing the Kushnick technique had a firm hand; Kushnick had a strong arm. So the woman who guided Leno’s career for eighteen years and had positioned him to assume the Tonight Show mantle was fired by NBC.
Introduction
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

Few periods in the history of the international monetary system evoke such positive sentiments among economic historians as the classical gold standard (1880-1914). At the same time, perhaps few periods have been as misunderstood or, until recently, neglected. It was an epoch which was not just acknowledged for a set of favorable monetary developments at both the international and domestic levels, but often venerated as a crowning achievement in monetary relations. Strange (1988, p. 97) states that “never since then has there been so long a period of financial stability, both in the credit system and in the relations of major trading currencies.” Cleveland (1976, pp. 26, 27) notes, “No monetary system is likely again to prove its equal in satisfying the criterion of international monetary order.” Interwar attempts to resuscitate the prewar system treated the gold standard more as an act of faith than a discretionary act of policy. Even more recently, the current problems of the international monetary “non-system” have generated a renewed interest in the study of the gold standard.
Cooperation under the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

How much were both the origins and stability of the gold standard a product of cooperation? What form did cooperation take? Did the cooperation take place between central banks or was it diplomatic in nature (i.e., between nations themselves)? These questions have yet to be adequately answered as an integrated set. In other words, there has yet to be a detailed analysis of cooperation under the gold standard that encompasses all the possible forms of cooperation. Events and historiography on the period lead us to wonder about the role of cooperation. First, the International Monetary Conference of 1867, called originally by the French to consider the extension of the Latin Monetary Union into a global bimetallist regime, actually turned into a discussion on creating a monetary union based on a gold standard and the French franc. The conference ended with a unanimous call, among the twenty most industrially advanced nations in the world, for a gold union based on French currency. The conference adjourned with the delegates bringing an international consensus to their legislatures to institute an international monetary union based on gold.
The Gold Standard and Regime Theory
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

In returning to the distinction made in Chapter 1 with respect to the typology of regime origin and stability (hegemonic, cooperative, and diffuse regimes), we find that the classical gold standard showed elements of all three, but not in the way that has normally been espoused in the historical work on the period and the general literature on international relations. The origin and stability of the gold standard carry implications for the study of international order under all three regime structures. The first section considers the implications of the regime dynamics of the gold standard with respect to hegemonic regimes, the second section considers the implications with respect to cooperative regimes, and the last considers the implications with respect to diffuse regimes.
Engineering Consideration
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

In 1869 an engineer made recommendations for the construction and arrangement of a wood-working establishment. The building, constructed of stone, brick, iron, and slate, had to be strong and should contain no wood so it would be fireproof. The three- or four-story structure, with brick walls at least 18 inches thick, was to have door and window openings as large as possible without compromising the strength of the walls. The first floor, where the heaviest machinery would be placed, should be flush with the ground.
The Chamel House
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Callousness, not paternalist benevolence, was the hallmark of many American masters’ relation to their slaves. Edwin Epps, a small Louisiana cotton farmer in 1850, brutally flogged a helpless slave woman Patsey of whom he was sexually jealous, and stabbed the unoffending elderly slave Abram during one of Epps’s regular drunken fits. The rich and genteel Louisiana planter Bennet Barrow and his neighbor Ruffin exhibited their own heartlessness in pursuing Ruffin’s fugitive slave with dogs, twice ordering the beasts to chew the black man when they caught him. When the dogs had tracked the fugitive, they soon “had him up & a going, And never in my life did I ever see as excited beings as R[uffin] and myself, ran 1/2 miles & caught him. Dogs soon tore him naked, took him Home Before the other negro[es] at dark & made the dogs give him another over hauling.”1 The savagery of an Epps or a Barrow was not uncommon in the burgeoning Southwest, where the mid-nineteenth-century cotton boom impelled masters to push their slaves ruthlessly. But well-bred planters on the long-settled Atlantic coast could have been expected to display a more benevolent spirit than those of the South-west. The Atlantic coast was the stronghold of paternalist ideology, and one might have supposed that the masters’ conduct there would reflect their paternalist rhetoric.
Unhappy Families
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Slavery, scholars once supposed, largely destroyed nuclear family structures among its victims. Opinion later swung to an opposite extreme. The bondsmen and women, heroically resisting the destructive tendencies of slavery, were now seen as active shapers of their own destinies, forging resilient family institutions which continued effectively to serve black people well into the twentieth century. But a more realistic reassessment of the slaves’ family lives may be under way. Certainly the Manigault records lend little support to an optimistic view of the bondsmen and women’s family circumstances. So much is known about those sixty-one slaves living at Gowrie late in 1848 that one can reconstruct their family histories perhaps more completely than at any other plantation in America.1 The annual slave lists, and the overseers’ letters to their employers, present an appalling picture of family hardship. And the masters’ policy-far from strengthening the slaves’ family institutions through paternalistic benevolence-surely weakened them. Nearly all of these sixty-one slaves were members of six extended families. Three were already at Gowrie when Manigault bought it in 1833; a fourth comprised the “Savage gang” (Georgia slaves whom Manigault purchased from the William Savage estate in 1839); and two came from Silk Hope, Manigault’s principal South Carolina plantation, whence he had deported them to supply Gowrie’s voracious appetite for new slaves.
Degradation
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

The masters’ indifference toward the health of black women and their children was one strand in a more general pattern of dishonoring slaves. At first sight the motives for this degradation might appear straightforward. If an overseer forced sex upon a slave woman, his purpose was apparent. Similarly, whipping a slave was obviously aimed at impelling harder work. And money saved on furnishing the slaves’ infirmary might pay for the master’s expensive medieval ball costume. Yet the degradation of slaves served other functions beyond these uncomplicated ones. When a master had the power to act contemptuously toward a slave, might there not sometimes be satisfaction in doing so? And if black people could be made to feel their degradation, might they not become easier to govern? Kemble’s long stay at the Butler estate offered her more opportunities to observe this dishonoring of slaves than were afforded to transient visitors like Sir Charles Lyell or even Frederick Olmsted. She learned something of miscegenation, much about discipline, and even more about the whole system of degrading the slaves.
Privileged Slaves
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

There was more to managing his laborers, in Allston’s view, than imposing firm discipline, hiring an overseer who had eyes at the back of his head, reducing the turnover among overseers, and giving an overseer “backing” if he threatened to be not quite severe enough. Order having been established, the next step was to temper despotism. This might be achieved by extending certain privileges to all of the slaves; by devising-in the absence of cash wages-alternative incentives for good work; and by trying to win over exceptional slaves by giving them special privileges. All such extensions of privilege offered the master substantial returns, and these returns were not solely economic. The pleasures of exercising dominion-of bestowing favor upon sycophantic menials-were intense. And the philanthropic sense of elevating the condition of deserving underlings was balm to a master’s soul.
The Rights Revolution
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

The most dramatic change in American society in the last forty years has been the explosive growth of personal rights, a veritable "rights revolution" that is perceived by both conservatives and liberals as a threat to traditional values and our sense of community. Is it possible that our pursuit of personal rights is driving our country toward moral collapse? In The Rights Revolution, Samuel Walker answers this question with an emphatic no. The "rights revolution," says Walker, is the embodiment of the American ideals of morality and community. He argues that the critics of personal rights--from conservatives such as Robert Bork to liberals such as Michael Sandel--often forget the blatant injustices perpetrated against minorities such as women, homosexuals, African-Americans, and mentally handicapped citizens before the civil ights movement. They attack "identity politics" policies such as affirmative action, but fail to offer any reasonable solution to the dilemma of how to overcome exclusion in a society with such a powerful legacy of discrimination. Communitarians, who offer the most comprehensive alternative to a rights-oriented society, rarely define what they mean by community. What happens when conflicts arise between different notions of community? Walker concedes that the expansion of individual rights does present problems, but insists that the gains far outweigh the losses. And he reminds us that the absolute protection of our individual rights is our best defense against discrimination and injustice. The Rights Revolution is an impassioned call to honor the personal rights of all American citizens, and to embrace an enriched sense of democracy, tolerance, and community in our nation.
Introduction: Rethinking “Rethinking Religious Liberty”
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Although the need for “ rethinking’’ something or other is a perennial theme in legal literature, calls for ( and attempts at) rethinking religious liberty seem to have proliferated of late. This development may or may not be wholesome, but it is hardly surprising. By the late 1980s it may have seemed that the constructions given by the Supreme Court to the religion clauses - to the clauses of the First Amendment which provide that “ Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ...”-had stabilized, for better or worse. Then, in 1990, the Court’s decision in the “peyote case” upset what had been taken to be settled free exercise clause doctrine; in doing so, the decision also upset scores of commentators. Two years later, the Court’s decision in Lee v. Weisman, the graduation prayer case, left it unclear whether the Court’s establishment clause doctrine, or the so-called Lemon test, still enjoyed the support of a majority of the justices. Doctrinal changes seem in the offing, and such changes naturally provoke pleas for “ rethinking.”These pleas would likely be forthcoming, however, even if the doctrine were more secure. In fact, even when the verbal formulations themselves seemed stable, the Court’s religion clause doctrines seemed next to useless anyway. Douglas Lay cock had described the Court’s establishment clause formula as “so elastic in its application that it means everything and nothing.” John Mansfield’s view was probably representative: The Court’s religion clause decisions refleeted “the incantation of verbal formulae devoid of explanatory value.”
The Jurisdictional Character Of The Religion Clauses
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I will argue that an originalist approach to the religion clauses tells us nothing about the substantive meaning of religious freedom. My argument does not rely on standard objections to originalist interpretation that emphasize the indeterminacy of the constitutional text or the conundrums that plague the concept of “ framers’ intent.” The reason why the originalist approach provides no assistance with respect to the legal content of religious freedom, I will argue, is not that we cannot ascertain the original meaning of the religion clauses. On the contrary, we can discern what was probably their essential meaning, and when we do so we discover that the religion clauses were purely jurisdictional in nature; they did not adopt any substantive right or principle of religious freedom. This conclusion is not based on any newly discovered historical evidence or on any novel method of textual interpretation. Rather, the conclusion results from working out the implications of historical facts that are already familiar to and widely accepted by scholars interested in this area. I emphasize that I will not rely, in the next few chapters, on any evidence that is not well known, and indeed readily accessible not only in primary sources but also in a number of secondary works to be found in most academic libraries. My purpose is simply to face up more fully than most judges and scholars have done to the implications of that evidence implications that I believe are plausible and even compelling once we clear away the misformulated inquiries that have caused us to overlook, or at least fail to appreciate, the obvious.
The Nullification Of Original Meaning
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Modern legal scholarship considering the historical meaning of the religion clauses presents a spectacle of frustration. Some of that scholarship is sloppy and tendentious - “ law office” history1 -while some is searching and careful. But even the most careful efforts seem to have brought us no closer to any consensus or any demonstrably correct construction regarding the religion clauses. The foregoing discussion suggests that this failure was foreordained in the questions that modern judges and scholars have asked. In addition, the misconceived focus of the modern inquiry means that even when scholars admit defeat in the originalist quest, they do so for the wrong reasons, and they mistake the consequences of giving up on original meaning. At the first stage of this process, judges and scholars have found ample material to work on. The enactors of the religion clauses may not have said much of substance in debating those clauses, but in other contexts many of them and their contemporaries expressed themselves voluminously on issues of religious freedom. Hence, judges and scholars have found a wealth of indirect evidence from which to fashion an interpretation-or, rather, a multitude of conflicting interpretations.
The Theory Project
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

We cannot determine which among the numerous principles of religious freedom is “ the Constitution’s principle” by looking to the original meaning of the religion clauses. But if originalism cannot tell us what religious freedom means under the Constitution, what alternative is left us? To many legal scholars, the answer may seem evident: If text and history cannot determine what religious freedom means under the Constitution, then we must undertake a theoretical assessment of the various versions of religious freedom to determine which of those versions is the most plausible, or the most theoretically attractive. Much modern legal scholarship is devoted to just this task that is, articulating a theoretical defense and elaboration of one or another principle prescribing the appropriate relationship between government and religion. The next several chapters assess that theoretical enterprise. Before considering specific theoretical approaches and problems, however, it is helpful to reflect briefly on the nature of this project. What is it that prompts lawyers and judges to seek refuge in “ theory”? What do they hope to achieve, and are those hopes realistic? Is theorizing inevitable, or are there alternatives?
A Secular Theory Of Religious Freedom?
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

A possible response to the preceding discussion would be to concede the basic point and then simply forge ahead. Perhaps the attempt to equate secularism with neutrality is implausible, and “preferred position” theorizing is the only kind of theorizing there is. Why not just drop the pretense of neutrality, openly proclaim that the preferred position is a secular one, and then proceed to construct a theory of religious freedom on the basis of avowedly secular premises? The theory could be neutrally applied, perhaps; if it is not neutral in its selection of background beliefs or premises, it could hardly be condemned for that reason, since neutrality at that level is impossible in any event. The foregoing chapters already suggest threshold objections to this proposal. First, an openly non neutral theory is not what judges and legal scholars have aspired to provide. More important, there is good reason for their loftier aspirations: As discussed in chapter 6, even if a theory can be constructed on the basis of non neutral secular premises (or, for that matter, non neutral religious premises), it is doubtful whether this could aptly be described as a theory of “religious freedom.”
The CUP, Other Opposition Forces, and the Sultan
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Historians of the age of Abdülhamid II have tended to lump together all opposition to the Hamidian state under the rubric of Young Turk opposition. This usage, however, has created confusion. The CUP, which initiated the era of Young Turk rule in 1908, was by no means the sole opposition to Sultan Abdülhamid II between 1876 and 1908. A careful examination of the evidence shows that the CUP did not become a prominent actor until 1894-1895, and its prior activities were quite insignificant. More important in these first phases were the Freemasons and such lesser-known organizations as Le Parti Constitutionnel en Turquie, Le Comite Turco-Syrien, and the Cemiyet-i İ lmiye, the society of the ulema. Also deserving of mention are the activities of high-ranking government officials, governors, and palace officials.In the late Ottoman Empire, during the period 1876-1908, the Freemasons were undoubtedly among the most active opposition organizations. Although this group has been the subject of several articles and has been discussed at some length in a book, none of these works has paid much attention to its activities before 1902.1 Instead, the focus has been on its relations with the Osmanh Hurriyet Cemiyeti (The Ottoman Freedom Society founded in 1906) and its impact on the political life of the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
Petty Intrigue and Conspiracy: The CUP, 1898-1900
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Although the Young Turks viewed the Contrexeville agreement an “armistice” and a “change in opposition style,” outside observers saw the movement as terminating except for the work of Ahmed Riza and his comrades in Paris. Salim Faris tried to exploit the situation and to dominate the movement by claiming that his “was the only opposition journal in Europe published in Turkish.” To destroy the Young Turk movement in England, the palace launched a campaign against the opposition groups in London, resulting in negotiations that effected withdrawal of Salim Faris from the movement and the closure of Hürriyet.Under these conditions Ahmed Riza decided to revitalize the movement. His friends sent letters to French newspapers refuting claims reported in those dailies that Murad Bey and his associates were the legitimate representatives of the Young Turk movement. Ahmed Riza also published an open letter to French deputies and senators to promote the aims of the movement. The stalwartness of his views earned him wide support among the Young Turks, even among members of Murad Bey’s faction who had decided to return to the country. Some members wrote that in their eyes “there is no difference whether one uses the years 108, 1312, or 1896.
The Short History of an Idea
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

When President Gerald Ford addressed Yale University Law School’s Sesquicentennial Convocation Dinner in April 1975, he devoted most of his speech to the crime problem. ‘The core” of the problem, he said, consisted of “relatively few persistent criminals ... a very small percentage of the whole population.” The solution to the problem, he suggested, was “to get them off the street.”
From Production to Reproduction: The Population Principle
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

In 1788 abolitionism burst into British politics on a wave of popular petitions. In their preliminary tracts, abolitionist writers did not hesitate to invoke Adam Smith’s principle of the superiority of free labor. James Ramsay, the first polemicist against Caribbean slavery in the 1780s, casually invoked the free labor ideology against the West India interest. Humanity could anticipate emancipation without qualms because “he who can procure a freeman to work for him, will never employ a slave.” By a reckoning that was to be commonplace during the age of abolition, a free laborer doubled the output of a slave. Moreover, when a freeman died, his place was supplied by “natural” generation, not at “enormous expense” from the slave market. Thomas Clarkson, the abolitionist movement’s first national canvasser, boasted that sugar was already being raised by freemen in Cochin, China, at one-seventh the cost of British Caribbean production.
Introduction
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: October 2023

We risk distortion and inaccuracy when we pick out one moment in time, whether a century or a decade, as a crucial point of change. We are, nevertheless, tempted to do it because it is a convenient way to give focus to a process. We like to conceive of a line; on one side we see the old way, and on the other side we see the old transformed into something new. So it has been with the Harlem Renaissance, both for those who were a part of it as well as for us who look to it as the point of change in Afro-American culture. For it appears that in the decade of the 1920s, the Afro-American came of age; he became self-assertive and racially conscious as if for the first time. He proclaimed himself to be a man and deserving of respect, not a ward of society, nor a creature to be helped, pitied, or explained away. Those Afro-Americans who were part of that decade of change-roughly between World War I and the Great Depression-saw themselves as principals in that moment of transformation from the old to the new. Thus, for them, the expression “New Negro” told the world of their self-concept. They characterized this “New Negro,” this new man, as having shed the costume of the shuffling darky, the uncle and aunty, the subservient and docile retainer, the clown. He was, rather, a man and a citizen in his own right intelligent, articulate, self-assured. The “New Negro” was telling all Americans that it was a new ballgame, and that he was a revived and inspired competitor. No longer could he be dismissed by contempt, pity, or terror. He would insist upon his rights and, if necessary, return violence, blow for blow. It was all suggestive of the shift in sentiment from the leadership of Booker T. Washington to that of W. E. B. DuBois.
Identities: Doctor, Judge, Vagabond
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

Writers Joris Karl Huysmans and Max Nordau were not the only ones to talk about the “fin de siecle” in the 1890s. Joseph Vacher also used the term on his way to the guillotine. The sensational and grisly case of Vacher as revealed by Emile Fourquet, a juge d’instruction at Belley, and the medical-legalist Alexandre Lassacagne implicated the “King of Assassins” in a series of brutal and violent murders of ten adolescents four male and six female-and one older woman over a period of four years. Fourquet called Vacher a “criminal vagabond,” a fascinating designation in which the definition of vagabondage (vagrancy) itself was part of the crime. The particularity of the Vacher case rested in the extreme difficulty the investigators faced in tracking down the murderer, then retracing, reconstructing, and linking his crimes together. Vacher’s relentless wanderings, his movements, his “rapid movements and counter-movements” were, according to Fourquet, “a splendid demonstration of the extreme elusiveness of vagabond criminals.” The Vacher case was a search not just for a killer, but a killer who incarnated relentless movement.
The Peripheral Vascular Integrator
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

A brief account of the main cell types in the vascular wall and their sympathetic innervation is followed by discussion of myogenic and metabolic regulation and how they are affected by EH. In the intact organism, the vascular tone of a given bed depends on interactions between local and neurohumoral factors. The vascular endothelium is the source of additional modulators of vascular tone, including nitric oxide (NO) and other autacoids. These too are affected by EH and, in conjunction with the structural changes in resistance vessels and conduit arteries, make a substantial contribution to the progressive rise in BP and the long-term deterioration of vital organ function.
Female Sensibility
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

In the end, it was Rousseau’s concept of the moral sex that came to set the terms for the late-Enlightenment querelle des femmes. Almost all texts on woman written in Rousseau’s wake testify to the broad dissemination of Emile and La Nouvelle Héloïse in the second half of the eighteenth century. The striking effect this image of woman had cannot be explained solely by social historical arguments, let alone reduced to a patriarchal power game. Rather, Rousseau’s model succeeded in responding to particular deficiencies of the nascent new society. In a world increasingly organized along utilitarian principles, the persistence of compassion became more problematic. It is precisely this aspect that contemporary “popular” texts on the woman question took up. Discussions of woman’s sensibility replaced the rationalist debates about her intellect. I would like to begin in this context by returning to Thomas, whose Essai is typical of the reception of Rousseau’s image of woman by an “enlightened” public.
Introduction: Sex In Public
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Penis. Challenging the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the United States Supreme Court on grounds of sexual harassment, star witness Anita Hill’s advisors couldn’t decide whether she should say “penis” in the ,United States Senate. Hill advisor Lloyd Cutler, white-haired and gravel-voiced Washington power broker, thought “penis” would offend the delicate decorum of the highest legislative body in the United States. Susan Deller Ross, feminist litigator, thought that if Anita Hill was going to accuse Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas of penis talk, the senators should hear it too. Ross prevailed.
Rediscovering Early World
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Every story of western culture starts somewhere in the ancient Near East: in Ath­ ens,Jerusalem, and the Roman Empire, pagan or Christian. Nowhere is this more real than in political thought, where every major theme—the state, personhood, citizenship, democracy-eventually can be traced to antiquity. Each ancient cul­ ture left behind a fragmented record of how law and custom governed sex between males and females, and it is from these fragments that the legal, religious, and philosophical underpinnings of contemporary society grew. Classical Greek and Roman society organized itself around natural hierarchies, of which the sexual preeminence of men over women was fundamental. For elite men of the citizenry, sexual relations had political dimensions, and it was accepted that a good society should be organized to provide the sexual liberty, variety, and sociability necessary for their human flourishing. By contrast, for those cast as natural subordinates such as women, children, and slaves, the principal sexual as well as political virtue was fidelity. Biblical and rabbinic Jewish writings reflect an effort to set Jews apart from pagans by expecting greater sexual discipline of the covenant people, yet Jews shared with their neighbors both a regard for the earthly joys of sex and a firm commitment to gender hierarchy. Later, the strands of earthy physicality inJudaism would come to distinguish it from Christianity.
American Beginnings
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Colonial America was a far more varied world than the familiar image of Pilgrims landing at Plymouth Rock. Even if we focus only on the European colonizers of the continent who would eventually found the United States, a comprehensive account of their American beginnings would include not only the Puritans of New England, but also English seekers ofland and profit in Virginia, Spanish settlements in those parts of Mexico that are now California, Texas, and the American Southwest, Quakers in Pennsylvania, and Dutch communities in New York.
Equal Freedom Versus Equal Commitment
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

“Victorianism”is more a symbol than a word. It serves as shorthand for a familiar description of an era, and also an unquestioned judgment of it. To invoke “Victorianism” is to speak the vocabulary of a libertine culture, part of the language we use to explain ourselves to ourselves. But like most symbols, “Victorian” simplifies the complicated history of nineteenth-century sexual politics, focusing on the movement known as “social purity” and, as we will see, not doing justice even to that piece of the story.
The Libertine Regime
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

By the 1970s, libertinism had evolved from an outlaw philosophy to a norm. After the Kinsey Report, the Model Penal Code, and the Supreme Court’s constitutional imprimatur, libertine sexual deregulation became the conventional wisdom with which any alternative would have to contend. As a regime of sexual governance, libertinism is answerable, like each of the prior regimes we have considered, to political judgment.
The Rules Of The Game
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Unsolved problems of a decaying paradigm often illuminate the way to the new. We argued in Chapter 11 that none of the contenders to replace the libertine regime satisfies the claims to autonomy and equality for at least half of the population. The contenders see deeply into the failings of the present order, yet remain selectively blind to defects in their own positions. Virtue revivalists see the perils of freedom but not the injustice of sexual dominance and subordination.Libertarians ignore the effects of unequal initial positions within their model of private ordering and unfettered freedom. Sociobiologists offer a disrespectful vision of sexual harmony that calls for females to be natural slaves. Liberals maintain an unstable and incoherent compromise oflibertinism in private and statism in public.