bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Associated Factors Affecting Outcomes of Adult Patients with Cardiac Arrest Who Receive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Pradhan Alok , Shrestha Roshana , Shrestha Anmol Purna , Basnet Samjhana , Shrestha Sanu Krishna
Published: October 2024

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) aims at restoring spontaneous circulation in a victim of cardiac arrest. This study intends to find out the demographic information of cardiac arrest patients, their outcomes and the possible factors that could affect the outcomes.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital to investigate cardiac arrest outcomes among patients aged over 14 years who either presented with or developed cardiac arrest in the Emergency Department. Data were documented and, then entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical and continuous variables, while a Chi-square test (p < 0.05) assessed associations between selected variables and CPR outcomes.ResultsThe majority of patients were over 65 years old (31.9%), with the smallest group under 25 years (10.1%). Regarding gender distribution 34.8% were female. Trauma was present in 24.6% of cases, while 48.9% were witnessed by bystanders but none of them received CPR. Initial rhythm was predominantly asystole (87%). CPR lasted for 20-40 minutes in 47.8% of cases and over 40 minutes in 14.5%, averaging 24.1 minutes. 40.6% patients had ROSC after CPR while 59.4% had no Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC). Statistically significant associations with CPR outcomes were found for sex, site of cardiac arrest, trauma, witnessed events, CPR duration, and intubation (p-value <0.05).Conclusions Our hospital experiences a high prevalence of cardiac arrest and has comparable ROSC rate. Statistically significant variables associated with outcomes of CPR were, sex, site of cardiac arrest, Trauma, Witnessed event, Duration of CPR and Intubation.
Remittance and Inflation Nexus in Nepal: An ARDL Approach
Authors: Sapkota Pitambar , Joshi Bishnu
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the nexus between the inflow of remittances as a share of GDP and the inflation rate along with some control variables in the context of Nepal.Methods: The study used descriptive and causal research design. The collected data over the periods from 1990 to 2022 A.D. was analyzed by applying the ARDL model. The confirmation of model was conducted through ADF test, VAR lag length criteria. Similarly, post diagnostic check was conducted via LM test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey, Jarque-Bera, Ramsey RESET Test and KUSOM test.Results: This research work reveals that there is a significant long-run positive effect of remittance on inflation as well as a negative effect of the foreign exchange rate on the inflation rate in Nepal. The result of the error correction mechanism shows that any short-run disequilibrium among the variables tends to return to their long-run equilibrium with a speed of 1.05 percent in a year.
Conclusion: The remittance inflow as a share of the GDP of Nepal has a positive relation and effect with the inflation rate of Nepal. In this regard, it is necessary to implement policies effectively to utilize the remittance earnings in productive sectors to control inflation rather than consumption by offering attractive schemes.
An opinion survey of Delay in Road Construction in City Area and its effects
Authors: Nepal Pramshu
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the causes and effects of delays in road construction across various areas in Nepal. Its objective is to identify the key factors contributing to these delays and examine how they affect different stakeholders, including the general public, businesses, and the government.Method: This research used a mixed-method approach, combining a questionnaire survey with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to gather comprehensive data on road construction delays. Key stakeholders, particularly those impacted by road construction projects, were surveyed to collect their views on the causes of delays and the resulting consequences.Results: There is identified several major factors causing delays in road construction projects in Nepal including frequent government changes, alterations in project design, low labor productivity, inadequate planning, political interference and protection, and a shortage of resources. Conclusion: The study concludes that delays in road construction projects not only increase costs but also diminish public trust, growing public dissatisfaction. Stakeholders expressed frustration with the slow pace of construction, emphasizing its adverse effects on businesses, public health, and road safety.
Electric Vehicle in Kathmandu Valley: Understanding Public Perception and Adoption
Authors: Ale Dilip
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This research work aims to explore attitudes and beliefs toward electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Kathmandu Valley; identify the factors influencing these perceptions, and assess how socio-demographic factors and infrastructure availability impact willingness to adopt EVs.Methods: Descriptive and explanatory research design used incorportaing quantitative data. A sample of 500 individuals from Kathmandu Valley participated, during data collection focusing on their travel patterns, attitudes, and reasons for considering EV adoption.Results: Environmental concerns, cost savings, and financial incentives motivate for EV adoption. Most respondents exhibited positive or neutral attitudes, though some remained reluctant or neutral. Socio-demographic factors like gender, income, and education significantly influence pro-environmental behavior and attitudes toward EV adoption. Infrastructure availability is found to be less of a concern for most consumers.Conclusion: There is a need for increased public awareness and targeted education to promote greater EV adoption in Kathmandu Valley especially among people with neutral or negative attitudes. The environmental consciousness and financial incentives are more influential in shaping EV adoption attitudes than infrastructure availability.
Enterprise Risk Management and Performance of Insurance Companies
Authors: Gyawali Kamal , Pun Thapa Dhan Bahadur
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This research aims to investigate the impact of risk identification (RI), risk assessment (RA), risk mitigation (RM), and risk management (RMG) on institutional performance (IP). The objective is to analyze both individual and combined effects of these risk management practices on institutional outcomes.Methods: The study used descriptive and causal research design. The data were collected using structured questionnaire with five-point likert scale, targeting 151 managers, officers, and department heads from both life and non-life insurance sectors from Rupendehi district. The correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables and Stepwise regression analysis to explore the effect.Results: It reveals that RA, RM and RMG had significant positive effect on institutional performance at individual level. When they are analyzed in single model RA and RM were only found significant. RI, while consistently positive, was found to be statistically insignificant across all models. RA and RM are significant variables of institutional performance, while RI and RMG play lesser roles.Conclusion: it is necessary to acquire deeper understanding on how risk management practices enhance institutional outcomes.
Entrepreneurial Intention Among Management Students of Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City
Authors: Aryal Manmohan , Bhattarai Supuspa
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among management students in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, and explore key determinants such as personal attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and leadership capacity. Methods: Data were collected through surveys from 388 respondents out of 13093 management students analyzing their perceptions and intentions toward entrepreneurship through questionnaire methods using a five-point Likert scale method. The study used the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical framework. Results: The study reveals that positive personal attitudes and strong perceived behavioral control significantly enhance entrepreneurial intention while subjective norms and leadership capacity also play crucial roles. The study explores the importance of entrepreneurial education in shaping future entrepreneurs despite numerous challenges, including high interest rates and limited market opportunities. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need for understanding how management students in a Nepalese context perceive and intend to engage in entrepreneurial activities to cultivate entrepreneurial mindsets in emerging economies. The study highlights the need for the implementation of targeted policies and educational programs effectively to pave the way for creating conducive environment for entrepreneurship among students.
Effect of Capital Adequacy, Bank Size and Lending Interest Rate on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Rayamajhi Pramila , Bhandari Naba Raj
Published: October 2024

Purpose : This study aims to examine the effect of capital adequacy, bank size and lending interest rate on the profitability of commercial banks in Nepal.Methods: This research used a combination of descriptive and causal comparative research design using secondary source of data obtained from the annual report of corresponding commercial banks. A panel data from the fiscal year 2013/14 to 2022/23 were obtained from six randomly selected commercial banks. Results: The capital adequacy ratio exhibits a significant positive impact on ROA signifying that a robust capital base strengthens financial stability, lowers funding costs, and promotes profitable lending operations. The analysis reveals that bank size has negative effect on ROA but the effect is insignificant suggesting that variations in size do not substantially influence profitability, implying that other determinants are more critical in shaping financial performance. Furthermore, the results indicate a significant negative effect of lending interest rates on return on assets (ROA), which are attributed to factors such as increased borrower repayment capacity, reduced loan demand, higher non-performing loan risks, and elevated funding costs negatively impact overall bank profitability Conclusion: Capital adequacy ratio plays a critical role in increasing bank profitability. Other factors such as bank size and lending interest rates need to be managed to optimize financial performance. Future research is necessary to explore these relationships in more diverse banking environments and consider additional variables to further understand the drivers of bank profitability.
Mithila Women in the Past and Present: A Journey of Resilience and Transformation
Authors: Jha Bibha Kumari
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the multifaceted journey of Mithila women, tracing their evolution from historical to contemporary times. Situated in the culturally rich region of Mithila, spanning parts of Northern India and Nepal, these women have been the custodians of a profound heritage characterized by resilience and adaptability. The paper delves into their roles within traditional societal frameworks, where they have long been pivotal in maintaining cultural practices such as the renowned Madhubani art. Through examining historical texts, cultural studies, and contemporary research, this study highlights Mithila women's enduring strength and agency. Despite rigid patriarchal structures and socio-economic challenges, Mithila women have continually carved out spaces for self-expression and empowerment. The paper investigates the transformative impact of education, economic participation, and political involvement on their lives. It emphasises how access to education has not only enhanced their capacities but also contributed to the socio economic development of their communities. The rise of Mithila women in local governance and their increasing role in Panchayati Raj institutions signify a shift towards greater political empowerment and social change. Ultimately, this paper aims to contribute to the broader discourse on gender and development by offering insights into the unique experiences of Mithila women. It underscores their journey of resilience and transformation as a testament to their enduring spirit and as a critical aspect of the region's socio-cultural fabric. The study calls for sustained efforts to address the challenges faced by Mithila women and to support their ongoing journey towards equality and empowerment.
Impact Analysis of Inflation on Social & Psychological Aspects in Nepal
Authors: Khan Najia
Published: October 2024

This paper assesses the impact of inflation caused by the earthquake and the pandemic that took place in 2015 and 2019 respectively. Both of the natural disasters affected the economic health of Nepal adversely. The article has uncovered the repercussion of both the hazards in the social and psychological lives of Nepalese people. The major objective of the research has been to explore the implications of inflation in social and psychological aspects of the people in general and children in particular. The behaviors of children primarily in the downtrodden families have been found rude and anti-social because of their exposure to the hardships and challenges faced by their parents in the aftermath of the earthquake and the pandemic. The paper has been drafted based on the secondary resources. The method as used is the mixed research design as the article consists of both qualitative and quantitative data. The main finding of the research is that the government failed to do two things in the aftermath to address the social and psychological implications of the events. The first the government should have reformulated the policies to mitigate the inflation and the secondary it should have allocated a separate budget for the underprivileged communities so that they could come to normalcy in the aftermath.
Trends of Aged Population in Nepal
Authors: Bista Sarita
Published: October 2024

Population ageing is the dynamic process of demographic & socio-economic transformation which reflects the increase in the share of the elderly on the total population, which is considered as natural phenomenon. There are 2.97 million older people in Nepal as of the 2021 census older population reached 10.21 percent population of Nepal. Average growth rate is 0.92 percent and the older population growth rate is 3.29 percent per year. Nepal’s total fertility is 1 percent below replacement level, infant mortality is around 23 per thousand live births and average life expectancy is now around 71 years. These indicators show ageing is increasing rapidly and the care giving burden may increase rapidly in the future due to the tendency of migration of the young population to foreign countries. In this context, the Nepal government needs to focus on how to manage the ageing population and provide quality services and social security for the growing older people of Nepal.
Trump or Harris: No Difference for Moscow
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Political Theory, MGIMO University, Timofeev Ivan N. ,   Director General, Russian International Affairs Council
Published: October 2024

Trump will not be able to untie the Ukrainian knot absent the necessary conditions, such as the exhaustion of Western resources or Russia’s decisive victory. Trump’s return to power is unlikely to destabilize the American political system, and even if internal divisions deepen, they will not affect foreign policy. The U.S. presidential election is of secondary or even tertiary importance for Russia.
India’s South Asia Policy Revisited: A Role for Russia
Authors:   Research Fellow, International Laboratory on World Order Studies and the New Regionalism, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, National Research University-Higher School of Economics, Kapoor Nivedita
Published: October 2024

India’s policy towards South Asia has undergone a distinct shift in the 21st century: instead of seeking to constrain external powers’ increasing presence in its neighborhood, it has chosen to rely on the presence of other, friendly external actors. This choice is motivated by India’s limited capacity, China’s rising influence, and smaller South Asian states’ desire for enhanced leverage in the region. This article argues that Russia should respond to this shift, and identifies associated opportunities and challenges.
Evaluation of Quality of Life, Health Belief Model and Insomnia in Obese and Overweight Individuals: A Cross- Sectional Study
Authors: Davun Selin , Sezerol Mehmet Akif
Published: October 2024

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of life, insomnia severity and approaches according to the health belief model of obese and overweight individuals who applied to the dietician polyclinic of the district health directorate in a district of Istanbul.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2022 and March 2023 among 300 obese and overweight individuals aged above 18 who applied to the dietician polyclinic of the district health directorate in a district of Istanbul. In the survey, insomnia severity index, quality of life short form and health belief model scale were used. To compare variables, Chi-Square test, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis of the data. p
Krasheninnikov Caldera (Eastern Kamchatka): age and magnitude of eruption
Authors:   Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Ponomareva V.V. , Gorbach N.V. ,   Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Zelenin E.A. ,   Geological Institute RAS, Portnyagin M.V. ,   GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Rogozin A.N. ,   Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Dirksen O.V. ,   Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS
Published: October 2024

New data on the composition of the pyroclastic deposits of the Krasheninnikov caldera allowed us to correlate it to the previously studied tephra horizon Geys30, which until recently was erroneously attributed to an eruption within the Geysernaya caldera. Pyroclastic flow deposits from the eruption that led to the formation of the Krasheninnikov caldera were found on the southern shore of Kronotsky Lake, and its distal tephra was found in the sediments of the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) at a distance of up to 200 km from the source (from Milkovo to Kliuchi villages). The age of this tephra was previously estimated at ~30 ka, which now allows us to accept this estimate for the Krasheninnikov caldera. The identification of the tephra of the caldera-forming eruption in distal sections allows a minimum estimate of the erupted pyroclastic volume of ~13 km3 and the eruption magnitude of 6.1.
CORRELATION OF PEAT SECTIONS OF THE LOWER PRIAMURYE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF CALCULATION OF RELATIVE PALEOINTENSITY
Authors:   Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics FEB RAS, Peskov A.Yu. , Didenko A.N. ,   Geological Institute RAS, Klimin M.A. ,   Institute of Water and Ecological Problems FEB RAS, Tikhomirova A.I. ,   Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics FEB RAS, Arkhipov M.V. ,   Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics FEB RAS, Kozhemyako N.V. ,   Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics FEB RAS
Published: October 2024

The paper considers the possibility of determining the age and correlating peat sections by solving the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy based on the findings of comprehensive (palaeomagnetic, petromagnetic, microprobe, and radiocarbon) studies on peats of the «Tyapka» and «Chlya» peat sections in the Lower Amur region. For this purpose, we used the values of relative paleointensity calculated following the technique described by Bagina-Petrova. There is no difference in the rate of magnetization fixation among studied peat samples, and the age of magnetization is comparable to the age of the peat deposits itself. The solution of the inverse problem of magnetostratigraphy using the values of relative paleointensity can be used to correlate peat sections among themselves and to estimate the rate of peat accumulation in different periods of the Holocene, even in the absence of radiocarbon dating for one of the correlated sections.
The structure of the Central Part of the Paleoproterozoic Losev Terrane according to density modeling data
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Muravina O.M. , Glaznev V.N. ,   Geological Institute KSC RAS, Voronova T.A. ,   Voronezh State University, Terentiev R.A. ,   Voronezh State University
Published: October 2024

The results of detailed three-dimensional density modeling of the upper crust of the central part of the Losevsky terrane located in the northern part of the Voronezh crystal massif are considered. The distribution of absolute crustal density values of to a depth of 16 km was obtained as a result of the inversion of local anomalies of the gravitational field in the Bouguer reduction. The solution of the inverse problem of gravimetry was implemented within the framework of the initial model, which was formed using digital geological and geophysical data from the study area: the regional density model of the East European Platform lithosphere and its corresponding regional gravity field; the field of local gravity anomalies, representing the difference between the observed and regional fields of the lithosphere model; generalized information on the density of sedimentary cover rocks and the crystal basement; the thickness scheme of the «gravity-active» layer, obtained on the basis of statistical analysis of the anomalous field; geological and topographic information. Quantitative interpretation of the gravimetry data allowed us to obtain fundamentally new information about the geological structure of the upper crust of the study area. The reliability of the obtained results is confirmed by the consistency of a priori data and the correspondence of the total model (local plus regional) and observed gravitational fields.
Families of long-period earthquakes at the Young Shiveluch volcano (Russia) in 2022–2023
Authors:   Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shakirova А.А. , Chemaryov А.S. ,   Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2024

On April 10, 2023, the strongest eruption of the Young Shiveluch volcano ( Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula) in the last 60 years occurred. The eruption was preceded by a long seismic activity since the end of July 2022. Earthquakes during this period were mainly long-period, occurring in the area of the extruding extrusive dome. The paper describes the grouping of earthquakes into families according to the similarity of waveforms, and their comparison with the activity of the Young Shiveluch volcano. For the period of monotonic, with a constant rate, dome extrusion, when the pressure in the channel was constant, earthquakes were grouped into long-term families. The period before the culmination phase is characterized by a greater number of families, which is interpreted as an indicator of instability of the environment. Such an increase in the number of earthquake families allows us to predict more accurately the beginning of the culmintion phase of eruptions of andesitic Young Shiveluch volcano.
Morphology of the Reykjanes ridge junction with the rift zones of Iceland
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography,, Lukashov A.A. , Bogoliubskii V.A. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geology, Dubinin E.P. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, The Earth Science Museum
Published: October 2024

The joint zone between subaquatic Reykjanes Ridge and Icelandic rift zones known as Reykjanes Rift Zone is a unique transform zone formed in conditions of interaction between the mantle plume and the mid-oceanic ridge. Its morphostructures include a row of en-echelon volcanic systems with oblique extension. The modern tectonic and volcanic relief was formed almost completely during Holocene: the previous landforms were reworked or destroyed by erosion of the Late Pleistocene glaciation. Morphology of the Reykjanes Rift Zone is transitional between the Reykjanes Ridge and the adjacent Western Rift Zone from the northeast. Unlike the Reykjanes Ridge, volcanic activity is not concentrated with in axial volcanic ridges, but is confined by eruptive centers represented by fissure volcanoes. Central volcanoes, in contrast to the Western Rift Zone, are not expressed in topography. Oppositely, tectonic activity increases with distance from the Reykjanes Ridge. Fault scarps reach their largest size within the Western Rift Zone, where Thingvellir graben is located. At the same time, the tectonic and volcanic landforms of the Reykjanes rift zone are in paragenetic association, appearing sequentially during the episodes of riftogenesis.
TESTING OF MODELS OF BRIDGE DECKS WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE FIXED FORMWORK
Authors: Dmytro Kot  , Olena Kot
Published: October 2024

In Ukraine, in the second half of the 20th century, the vast majority of highway bridges span structures were built from precast concrete. This was due to the requirement of construction industrialization in the USSR, which required the maximum use of prefab structures. Therefore, the bridge deck slabs had a significant number of longitudinal joints. The experience of maintenance of bridges prefabricated reinforced concrete span structures has shown that a significant number of defects occur in their slabs due to the presence of joints.
Taking into account the above, the current state building regulations of Ukraine for bridge design indicate that in the case of using prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, their surface should be covered with a layer of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete with a thickness of at least 14 cm.
Taking these requirements into account, reinforced concrete span structures of highway bridges are arranged mainly precast and cast-in-situ: installing of precast beams, concreting of the cast-in-situ slab above them. This design requires using of formwork for the slab installation.
A promising direction in cast-in-situ bridge construction is using of various types of permanent formwork. However, their use has not been studied to date. Having studied the experience of using non-removable formwork, it is proposed to test series of samples to determine the suitability for further operation of one or another option, in addition to studying of the joint operation of non-removable formwork plates as part of the combined cross-section of the deck slab.
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES FOR THE DETECTION OF SUICIDAL TENDENCIES
Authors: Kazi Golam Rabbany  , Aisultan Shoiynbek  , Darkhan Kuanyshbay  , Assylbek Mukhametzhanov  , Akbayan Bekarystankyzy  , Temirlan Shoiynbek
Published: October 2024

With the increasing prevalence of mental health issues, particularly suicidal behaviors, the need for early and accurate detection has become critical. This paper explores the current landscape of machine learning approaches used for the detection of suicidal tendencies. It examines a wide range of machine learning techniques applied to various data sources, including social media, clinical records, psychological assessments, self-reported forms like PHQ-9, audio speech recordings, and multimodal data integrating speech and visual information. This comprehensive review aims to reveal the types of existing research based on these varied datasets, highlighting the nuances of data collection, significant features identified, and the results obtained by different studies. Additionally, the review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with these approaches, providing researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into the potential and pitfalls of machine learning applications in diagnosing individuals at risk of suicide. The goal is to inform future research and improve early detection methods to ultimately reduce suicide rates.
An Analysis of the Variables That Impact the Preparedness of Parents to Release Their Premature Babies from the Hospital
Authors: He Ting , Tang Li Hua , Sa’at Siti Fatimah
Published: October 2024

Background: The thorough preparation of preterm babies for release home is strongly linked to the decision-making process about their discharge and has a significant impact on their health outcomes. It is crucial in facilitating a seamless transition from the hospital to their home environment.
Methods: This paper examines the concept, research significance, assessment, and factors that affect the readiness of preterm infants to be discharged from the hospital. Specifically, we will focus on the impact of various factors, including the infants' characteristics, carers', hospital, and social factors. The goal is to provide a valuable reference for clinical practice.
Results: The factors influencing discharge family readiness can be divided into four areas, which are factors related to preterm infants, factors related to parents, factors related to the hospital, and issues related to the social environment.
Conclusion: Ensuring families receive adequate support and assessing their readiness for discharge is vital. Additionally, using personalized guidance techniques is also crucial for protecting the well-being of premature newborns and improving the overall health outcomes for their families.
Effect of Tualang Honey-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles on TNF-α level, Caspase-3 Activity and Hippocampal Morphology in Kainic Acid-Induced Neurodegeneration in Male Rats
Authors: Hasim Hidani , Kuttulebbai Naina Mohamed Salam Sirajudeen , Rao Pasupuleti Visweswara , Muthuraju Sangu , Che Jalil Nur Asyilla , Asari Mohd Asnizam
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION: Despite being common disorder, the curative treatment for degenerative diseases are not yet available. Although Tualang honey (TH) has been reported to protect against neurodegeneration, but the effect of TH-mediated silver nanoparticles (THSN) on neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Thus, we conducted this study aimed to determine the effects of THSN on the levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), caspase-3 activity, and hippocampal morphology in Kainic Acid (KA) induced neurodegeneration in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into six groups which were the control, THSN 10mg, THSN 50 mg, KA only, KA+THSN 10 mg, and KA+THSN 50 mg groups. Each group was pre-treated orally with either distilled water or THSN (10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg), according to their respective group. Following the last pre-treatment, each rat was injected with KA (15 mg/kg) or saline. After 24 h and 5 days of KA induction, all rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampus from each rat was harvested. Cresyl Violet and Fluoro Jade C staining were carried out to examine the number of viable cells and degenerating neurons. TNF-α level and caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS: Rats with KA-induced neurodegeneration demonstrated a significant increase (p<0.05) of TNF-α level and caspase-3 activity with a lower number of viable cells and increased number of degenerating neurons in the hippocampus. The pre-treatments of THSN groups improved these changes by lowering the TNF-α level and caspase-3 activity and decreasing the number of degenerating neurons. CONCLUSION: THSN could have potential neuroprotective effects in ameliorating TNF-α level, caspase-3 activity, and hippocampal damage in KA-induced male rats.
Outcome of Negative Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Management of Gastrointestinal Bleeding at a Tertiary Centre: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Che Ros Mohamad Izzat Arslan , Yaacob Nur Yazmin , Muhd Yazid Nurafiqah Farhana
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common gastrointestinal emergency. Only limited studies are available regarding the clinical outcomes after computed tomographic angiography (CTA) mesentery showed negative for active bleed. This study aims to determine the clinical outcome of negative mesentery CTA in patients with clinically active acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a universal sampling method was used. Patients who underwent CTA to detect gastrointestinal bleeding in the National University Hospital of Malaysia from December 2015 until March 2021 were retrospectively analysed. The outcome of each patient, risk of re-bleeding, and 30-days mortality rate were evaluated and assessed. RESULTS: In total, 280 CTAs were performed on 232 patients, with 186 of them showing negative results on their first initial CTA. 40.8% (76/186) of those with negative initial CTA had recurrent bleeding and 73.6% (56/76) of them required active intervention. We found that the risk of re-bleeding is lower in the upper gastrointestinal group compared to the lower gastrointestinal group (OR=1.5, 95% CI: 0.877- 2.852, p: 0.128). The overall 30 days mortality rate after the first negative CTA was 23.1% (43/186). Among those patients who experienced re-bleeding, 32.8% (25/76) died within 30 days, with 18.4% (14/76) succumbing to massive bleeding. CONCLUSION: From our analysis, it can be concluded that a clinically active GI bleeding with negative mesentery CTA has a 40.8% chance to re-bleed with 23.1% 30-day mortality rate. Close observation and follow-up
Parental Experience on Female Circumcision in East Coast of Malaysia
Authors: Suhaimi Nailil Hanani , Zakaria Rosnani , Muhamad Rosediani , Mohd Zulkifli Maryam
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION: Female circumcision (FC) is a deep-rooted tradition in Malaysia, influenced by religious, cultural, and health beliefs. However, it has drawn criticism for its similarities to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, particularly during the 2018 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR). Amidst this backdrop, this study aimed to investigate parents' perspectives and experiences concerning female circumcision, as well as the factors driving its persistence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study used phenomenological approach and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire until data saturation were reached. We employed convenience and snowball sampling methods. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. We used thematic analysis to identify key themes in the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) FC is a ‘fitrah’, (2) maintaining good health is the main influence; and (3) FC causing no harm. The main influences on this practice are religious, cultural, and health factors. Parents described the procedure as simple and harmless for the baby and themselves, both physically and emotionally. CONCLUSIONS: This research shown that FC in Malaysia is not solely religious but deeply embedded in culture. The blend of cultural and religious aspects makes it a crucial practice for some.
Реформирование системы законодательного регулирования деятельности частных агентств занятости в области трудового посредничества в Казахстане
Authors: Хасенов М.Х.
Published: October 2024

В статье приведены результаты исследования правовой основы деятельности частных агентств занятости (ЧАЗ) в Казахстане и ряде зарубежных государств. Цель — совершенствование регуляторной основы оказания услуг в области трудоустройства субъектами частного предпринимательства, с учетом прав и законных интересов граждан и мигрантов. На основе методов аналогии, правового моделирования, формально-юридического и сравнительно-правового методов научно обоснована необходимость реформирования системы регулирования трудового посредничества, осуществляемого ЧАЗ. Автором проанализированы статистические данные рынка услуг по трудоустройству в Казахстане, выявлены недостатки, связанные с отсутствием надлежащего уровня регулирования и контроля за деятельностью ЧАЗ. В Казахстане сложилась либеральная модель регулирования деятельности по оказанию услуг в области трудоустройства посредничества. Данная модель не соответствует международным трудовым стандартам и стандартам добросовестного найма персонала, порождает многочисленные риски, связанные с трудовой эксплуатацией и иными нарушениями прав человека. Кроме того, соответствующие нормы носят фрагментарный характер, отсутствует полноценная юридическая конструкция, определяющая порядок взаимодействия ЧАЗ с соискателями, государственными органами и работодателями. В этой связи обоснованы разработка и принятие Закона Республики Казахстан «О частных агентствах занятости». Пробелы в регуляторной политике обусловливают необходимость внедрения лицензионно-разрешительного порядка регулирования услуг по трудоустройству с обязательным наличием у ЧАЗ уставного капитала, квалифицированного персонала и материальных ресурсов для обеспечения исполнения обязательств перед соискателями работы.
Practical aspects of deferred payment of state duty in courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Mutubayeva D.М. , Ilyassova G.А.
Published: October 2024

The paper reveals the features of introducing a new institute of deferral of payment of the state duty on civil cases in the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These novelties are primarily aimed at ensuring access to justice for citizens and legal entities that find themselves in financial constraints. Granting a deferral allows even in case of temporary financial difficulties to realize the constitutional right to judicial protection, guaranteeing the opportunity to appeal to the court. This institution has been studied in the context of analyzing the judicial practice of considering the applications received for resolution, with the presentation of individual examples, including disputes arising from matrimonial and family relations. The normative basis of the study is the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget”, the Civil Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other laws. The authors have analyzed statistical data on the results of consideration of applications for deferral of state duty with the study of data available on the websites of judicial authorities and the algorithm developed by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan when considering applications for deferral of state duty in the courts. The study of this institute has shown the need to develop a uniform judicial practice in the consideration of relevant petitions, which will lead to the correct application of the norms of tax legislation on the issues of granting deferral of payment of state duty in the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The obtained results led to a rethinking of the process of improving the national legislation.
Pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings
Authors: Bekturganov M.Zh. , Maxatov N.R. , Moroz S.P.
Published: October 2024

The scientific article examines the legal nature of the pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings. The institution of judicial evidence was subject to change in connection with the latest reforms of the civil procedure legisla-tion. This has led to the emergence of new institutions and the pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings is such. Until 2022, the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter CPC RK) did not have di-rect legal regulation of this institution, and accordingly, no theoretical studies were conducted on this issue. In civil proceedings, the prototype of the institute of pre-trial protocol was a foreign legal institution, such as the disclosure of evidence and the exchange of arguments, characteristic of English and American procedural law. The practical necessity of many aspects of such a phenomenon as the pre-trial protocol, the incomplete-ness of theoretical developments and the need to improve legislation determined the relevance of the topic of the scientific article. It should be recognized that the mechanism for drawing up a pre-trial protocol, in fact, designed to ensure the implementation of the principles of competition and equality of the parties, was not sufficiently enshrined in the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, consistent legislative regulation of the activities of bodies for the disclosure of evidence in civil proceedings is required. The institution of pre-trial protocol in civil proceedings requires regulation and integration at the legislative level, since the mechanism of conclusion in the current CPC of the Republic of Kazakhstan has not been fully investigated.
Legal aspects of solid waste recycling and disposal in Kazakhstan: international standards and national regulation in the context of a circular economy
Authors: Nukusheva A.A. , Assanova S.E.
Published: October 2024

The Republic of Kazakhstan, possessing significant natural resources and a rapidly developing economy, is faced with growing volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW), which requires effective measures for their processing and disposal. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the legal aspects of solid waste management in Kazakhstan, assess the compliance of national legislation with international standards and explore the potential for integrating the principles of a circular economy. The study covers the current state of the legal regulation of solid household waste in Kazakhstan and identifies key problems. The use of methods of political and legal analysis, comparative legal approach and system analysis helps to assess how modern initiatives can contribute to improving solid waste management and maintaining environmental balance. The conclusions of the study indicate the need to improve the legislative framework of Kazakhstan for the management of solid household waste. The introduction of a new Ecological Code based on the European principles of waste management hierarchy and extended producer responsibility is an important step forward. However, further progress requires the adoption of the Law “On Waste”, which would specify the implementation of the principles of the circular economy. The importance of creating conditions for small and medium-sized businesses in the field of waste recycling and increasing environmental awareness of the population through informing and involving public organizations and the media is also emphasized.
In silico Design of a Quadruplex RNA Aptamer Against Carcinoembryonic Antigen, and Evaluating its Potential as a Drug Delivery Vehicle
Authors: Muhamad Alkriz Muhamad , Joujeh Dima
Published: October 2024

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) being a key biomarker for tumor prognostic assessment. This study focused on the in silico development of an RNA aptamer capable of efficiently targeting the CEA biomarker, and evaluating its potential to act as a drug delivery vehicle of chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs.
Methods: In this study, five G-quadruplex RNA aptamers were manually designed and docked with the CEA protein. The aptamer sequence with the best docking score was optimized through various mutations, and these mutant sequences underwent drug-aptamer docking using AutoDock vina, followed by further docking experiments with CEA, with and without the drug, using the Hdock server. The best aptamer-drug configuration and the entire (aptamers-drug)-CEA complex were then analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.
Results: Irinotecan exhibited the highest binding affinity with three mutant sequences compared to 5-FU and Raltitrexed, with the seq 3-5/Irinotecan complex showing the best configuration (score: -11.6). This complex also demonstrated a good binding affinity with the target CEA (HDOCK score: -393.07). Throughout 31.6 ns simulation, the RMSD plot of the (aptamer-drug)-CEA complex showed an average of 8.7 A°. The residues of interacting amino acids had lower RMSF than 1.4 Å, except for the ALA A0 (RMSF:1.74 Å). Rg plot showed minimal fluctuation, which were maintained between 19.2 Å and 20.2 Å. The mean SASA was in the range of 112.8–125.8 nm2. H-bonds were observed with an average of 7.3 hydrogen bonds. MD simulation results indicated that the (aptamers-drug)-CEA complex maintained a stable, low-flexibility, and relatively compact structure throughout the simulation.
Conclusion: The study concludes that the designed quadruplex RNA aptamer can potentially target the CEA biomarker with good binding affinity and serves as an effective carrier for Irinotecan. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary for further validation.
Effect of Mobile Phone Base Stations on Antioxidant and Oxidant Serum Levels: Possible Impact on Cancer Development
Authors: Ali Hadhod Sara , Noory Fajer Ali
Published: October 2024

Background: There have been claims of a potential link between radio frequency (RF) emissions from mobile phone stations and cancer. In addition, widespread public concern has been expressed about the placement of cell phone antennas due to concerns about the risk of cancer. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of mobile phone base stations on oxidant and antioxidant markers and to investigate its potential correlation with cancer progression.
Methods: The study involved three groups: cancer patients, healthy individuals residing near mobile phone base stations, and a control group living away from such base stations.
Results: The study revealed significant differences in most biochemical parameters among the groups, highlighting the impact of mobile phone base stations on health. Cancer patients residing near mobile phone base stations (Group 1) showed notable changes compared to healthy individuals living both near (Group 2) and far (Group 3, control group) from mobile phone base stations. Specifically, the harmful effects of mobile phone base stations were evident in the increased total oxidant status (TOS), decreased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and altered liver enzymatic activities (AST, ALP, ALT, LDH).
Conclusion: This study finding suggests that proximity to mobile phone base stations may negatively influence oxidative stress and liver function leading to cancer. Further research is necessary to fully understand these effects and develop appropriate public health strategies.
Targeted Oral Therapy: Utilization of Metal-Organic Frameworks
Authors: Shaji Alan , Saravanan A
Published: October 2024

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Oncological Outcome and Treatment Options of Medullary Thyroid Cancers: Experience at a Tertiary Cancer Centre
Authors: Nair Raveena R , Attakkil Anoop , Vijay Sandeep , Thomas Linu , Thavarool Sajith Babu
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer and the main treatment is surgery. The extent of surgery depends on the spread of tumour and often involves thyroidectomy and neck dissection. Recurrent or metastasis tumour can be detected with raising calcitoninand there are various options of treatment.
Methods: This was a retrospective study of MTC over seven years in a tertiary cancer centre which evaluated the treatment outcome and the non-surgical options available in recurrent and metastatic tumours.
Results: Among the 601 thyroid cancers, 34 patients (5.3%) were MTC, of which 29 were studied. Majority were women, below 60 years, were diagnosed with fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodule or nodes and had raised calcitonin value (Ctn). The value of Ctn was correlated with tumour burden rather than extent (p=0.7). Recurrence was seen in 35% and all patients with locoregional recurrence had curative surgery whereas metastatic patients were offered palliative treatment. Acceptance of palliative treatment was less due to financial burden. The five year overall survival for nonmetastatic disease was 89.4 % and for patients with metastatic disease at presentation was 54.7 %.
Conclusion: The incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma is low compared to the differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The main treatment is surgery and other treatment options are limited.