bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fournier Gangrene: Case Report & Litarature Review
Authors: Selokar Ankit , Kolhekar Sonali , Lokhande Shalini , Ghugare Suwarna , Ankar Ruchira , Dhengare Archana , Mahakalkar Manjusha , Moon Shalini
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal and vaginal region is a symptom of Fournier's gangrene, which is caused by a synergistic polymicrobic infection. The clinical presentation varies depending on the original aetiology, ranging from anorectal or vaginal pain with limited evidence of cutaneous necrosis to a rapidly spreading necrosis of the skin and soft tissue, to systemic sepsis without any obvious signs or symptoms.

Case history: A 65-year-old male who was admitted in hospital with the chief complaint of Scrotal enlargement, discomfort, hyperemia, pruritus, crepitus, and fever. There may also be a foul-smelling discharge. Symptoms usually appear during a two- to seven-day period. Soft-tissue gas may be present before clinical crepitus is detected. The patient with Fournier gangrene frequently seems poorly on physical examination, with prodromal signs of fever and lethargy lasting 2-7 days. Edema of the overlaying skin is usually present, as is acute pain and tenderness in the genitalia; pruritus may also be present.Skin may show evidence of trauma, surgery, insect or human bites or injection sites, In Respiratory system, B/L Air entry present. In cardiovascular system, S1 and S2 sound heard and Patient get conscious and well oriented to time, place, and person. Then, as quickly as possible, treatment was began; he did not improve after treatment, and treatment would continue till the conclusion of my care.

Conclusion: We focus on professional management and superior nursing care in this study so that we may provide the complete treatment that Fournier Gangrene requires while also effectively managing the complex case. After a full recovery, the patient's comprehensive health care team collaborates to help the patient regain his or her previous level of independence and happiness.
Osmotic Activity of Drugs is an Important Factor of Their Local Action at the Injection Site: What We Don't Use to Prevent Post-Injection Abscesses
Authors: Urakov Aleksandr , Urakova Natalya
Published: January 2022

It is established that very few modern high-quality drugs in the dosage form "Solution for injection" have isoosmotic activity in the range of 280-300 mosmol/l of water. The main part of solutions for injection is hypotonic or hypertonic solutions, which can have osmotic activity in the range of 0 - 4000 mosmol/l of water. The reason for this was that the osmotic activity of drugs is not included in the list of controlled indicators of drugs quality, so it is not subject to control. It is shown that the osmotic activity of drug solutions increases with an increase in the total concentration of all dissolved ingredients present in the solution.  It was found that an excessively high concentration of the drug in the solution gives it an excessively large hyperosmotic activity, which can cause a local irritant and cauterizing effect at the injection sites due to dehydration of the cells. Therefore, to exclude post-injection abscesses, it is proposed to dilute the hypertonic drug with water for injection until it is given isotonic activity.
Arthroscopic Management of Synovial Chondromatosis of the Knee Joint
Authors: Gowtham V. S. , Mervinrosario . , Bhat Vaishak
Published: January 2022

Synovial Chondromatosis is a rare and it is a benign condition characterized by multiple cartilaginous nodules in synovial facet spaces. Synovial Chondromatosis affects most commonly the knee joint. This is a case report of a 30-year-old male patient presented with pain and swelling over the left knee joint. On evaluation MRI shows loose bodies, for which he underwent, arthroscopic exploration. Viscous fluid and loose bodies were identified and showed synovial hyperemia. Synovial debridement was done and loose bodies were removed and sent to histopathological examination. The result signify that arthroscopy is efficient method both in diagnostic as well as therapeutic management of synovial chondromatosis.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Itraconazole Loaded Invasomes Hydrogel
Authors: Singh Yogesh , Bhardwaj Anjana
Published: January 2022

Topical drug administration is a localized drug delivery system anywhere in the body through ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin as topical routes. Skin is one of the most readily accessible organs on human body for topical administration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. There are various skin infections caused by fungus. An antifungal medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat mycoses such as athlete’s foot ringworm, candidiasis. Antifungal works by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism without dangerous effect on host. Itraconazole (ITZ) is commonly used in the treatment of fungal infections. It has low bioavailability (55%) because of low aqueous solubility and first pass effect. Hence we attempted to develop Itraconazole-loaded invasomes hydrogel. ITZ-loaded invasomes were prepared by conventional thin layer evaporation technique using Phospholipon 90H, terpene (Limonene) and ethanol. The optimized ITZ-loaded invasomes was incorporated into carbopol 934p (0.5 to 2%) solution to get a hydrogel for improving convenience in superficial application. FT-IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and excipients. The formulated hydrogel formulation was evaluated with parameter pH, viscosity, gel strength, drug content, spread ability, in-vitro release test, wash ability, extrudability study and stability studies. The formulation OIGF4 showed a drug content of 99.12% and drug release of 99.78% in 72 hrs, which contains carbopol 934p concentration 2%w/w. The present work also focuses on making the formulation more pharmaceutically acceptable.
Acute Polyarticular Gout due to Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Natarajan K. Arvind , Saravanan P.
Published: January 2022

Gout is a crystal deposition disorder that typically presents as an acute flare of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint of the great toe. Rarely gout can present as an acute poly-articular disease with involvement of multiple joints. Evaluation of patients with poly-articular arthropathy with appropriate investigations like uric acid levels, renal function tests and synovial fluid analysis helps in the early diagnosis of poly-articular gout. Immediate treatment with urate lowering agents during the acute flare provides immediate pain relief and prevents progression of disease & bone destruction.
Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Thyroid Disorders among Population in Taif City, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Issa Lotfi Fahmi , Alotbi Moayyad Fateh , Algethami Rami Faleh , Alharthi Abdulrahman Awadh , Algarni Faisal Abdullah , Alharthi Khalid Awwadh , Alosaimi Majed Adel , Algarni Sultan Abdullah , AlGarni Sawsan Abdullah Awadh
Published: January 2022

Background: Thyroid disorders are among the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide. Attention on people's knowledge and awareness about thyroid diseases is very important in helping for early diagnosis and early treatment of these disorders. The aim of this study to assess the degree of knowledge and attitude of thyroid gland and their disordersamong general population in Taif City, KSA.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 600 Saudi adults of Taif general population. A pre-designed online questionnaire was used for data collection which consists of sociodemographic data, questions regarding knowledge and awareness of thyroid disorders. All data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS program version 22.

Results: A total of 600 participants responded to the online questionnaire. Majority of respondents were aged between 18 to 32 years and males’ subjects were higher compared to the male counterparts (50.8%). Mean knowledge score of participants was 36.12. Participants who scored higher were 46.3% and considered as good knowledge level. 53.7% had bad knowledge level as they scored lower than mean score knowledge.

Conclusion: Our study population show relatively good knowledge level compared to previous literature. Knowledge score was significantly associated with gender, educational level, working status and family income per month.
A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Potential on Euphorbia hirta Lin
Authors: Kalode Vaishnavi , Gagarani Manish , Awari Devyani , Mankar Swapnali , Armarkar Ashwini , Gawali Rahul , Jirvankar Pranita
Published: January 2022

Euphorbia hirta Linn, a representative of the Euphorbiaceae family, is a widespread annual herb found in wastelands in humid conditions. The plant is high in phytochemicals such as tannin, quercetin, and phytosterol, however there are few phytopharmacological investigations on it. Plant components are normally employed in traditional medicine to treat respiratory problems, gastrointestinal issues, wound healing, and other ailments. The steroid of E. hirta was found to have CNS depressive and muscle relaxant effects, as well as a sub-maximal anti-stress and anxiolytic impact.
Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Hand Hygiene among Health Care Workers in Eradah Complex in Jeddah
Authors: Khodary Emad Farouq , Altamimi Abdalrhman Saleh , Alghamdi Haifaa Hassan , Alshehri Maryam Mohammad , Almehmadi Saud Jabr , Harazi Nouran , Alhazmi Meshal Ghazi , Alajmi Maha Mohammed
Published: January 2022

Background: Most of the persons thought that nosocomial infection is spread from the hands of health care workers. The main aim of hand washing is to be aware for all to know that this is a myth that nosocomial infection is spread from hand. 

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Eradah Complex in Jeddah. The Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) has accredited Eradah Complex for Mental Health- Jeddah, as a training center for addiction medicine fellowship program. An observation is done by providing a Google form to the health care workers of the Eradah complex in Jeddah.  This is to observe the views of the health care workers on the issue of practices of hand hygiene.

Results: There were a total of 178 study participants (111 male and 67 participants). Age groups demonstrate that 34.27% of participants belong to the age group of 36 to 45 years. 32.02% of the participants belong to the age group of 26 to 35 years of age group. Moreover, the graph has shown that 14.04% of participants belong to the age group of 18 to 25 years. It has been seen that the number of female workers bearing the position of Nurse is less than those of males. It is important to have more respondents being nurses as the nurses usually communicate directly with the patients. There is a doctor too, but they are less interaction directly with the patient. Therefore, overall graph shows that only 6.18% participants prefer other professions whereas among other percentages, 7.30% participants are pharmacists, 25.28% people are nurses, and 18.54% participants are doctors.

Conclusion: The present study has discussed that maintenance of hand hygiene in the hospitals and clinics are of sheer importance. The research methodology that is incorporated in the present study has been helpful for the researchers in understanding the perception of the healthcare workers what they think about the aspect of washing hands primarily after the pandemic. Therefore, it has been seen that most of the participative healthcare workers primarily males do not find the aspect hand hygiene much important and so they rarely use soap for hand wash. On the contrary, the female workers understand the importance of hand wash more and thus, they support the thought of hand hygiene at the workplace.
Validity and Reliability of Four Parent/Patient–Reported Outcome Measures for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Remote Monitoring
Authors: van Dijkhuizen E. H. Pieter , Ridella Francesca , Naddei Roberta , Trincianti Chiara , Avrusin Ilia , Mazzoni Marta , Sutera Diana , Ayaz Nuray Aktay , Penades Inmaculada Calvo , Constantin Tamas , Herlin Troels , Oliveira Sheila K. , Rygg Marite , Sanner Helga , Susic Gordana , Sztajnbok Flavio , Varbanova Boriana , Ruperto Nicolino , Ravelli Angelo , Consolaro Alessandro ,   for the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO)
Published: January 2022

Objective

The aim of this work was to provide evidence of validity and reliability for 4 parent/child–reported outcome measures included in the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology juvenile idiopathic arthritis core domain set: the evaluation of the child's pain and level of disease activity, the assessment of morning stiffness duration, and an active joint count for proxy/self‐assessment.

Methods

Patients were included in the multinational study Epidemiology Treatment and Outcome of Childhood Arthritis. Criterion validity was assessed by examining the correlation of the 4 tested measures with physician measures and the clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in 10 joints (cJADAS10) in the whole sample and after grouping patients by International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) category, geographic area, and education level. Reliability was assessed comparing 2 visits 7–14 days apart with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Results

A total of 8,643 parents and 6,060 patients had all the evaluations available. Correlations of tested measures were moderate (0.4–0.7) with physician‐reported measures. The level of correlation with the cJADAS10 remained stable after grouping patients by ILAR category, geographic areas, and level of education of the parent filling the questionnaire. In 442 parents and 344 children, ICCs ranged between 0.79 and 0.87 for parents and 0.81 and 0.88 for children.

Conclusion

The 4 tested parent/child–reported outcomes showed good criterion validity and excellent reliability. These tools can be considered for remote patient assessment, when in‐person evaluation might not be possible.
In Situ Synthesized 2D Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets Induce Growth of High‐Quality Perovskite Film for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: He Jun , Liu Hongli , Zhang Fei , Li Xianggao , Wang Shirong
Published: January 2022

Poor crystallinity of perovskite and extensive defects around grain boundaries are the acknowledged hindrances to obtaining high efficiency and long‐term stability for organic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a 2D covalent organic framework (2D COF) nanosheets, [(TPA)1(TPhT)1]CN, is first in situ synthesized in a PbI2 layer with a highly crystalline structure to precisely regulate the crystallization process of perovskite in the sequential deposition method. The existence of 2D COF nanosheets can decelerate intermolecular interdiffusion and induce perovskite crystals to grow along (110) planes with enlarged grain size. Meanwhile, 2D COF nanosheets distributed around the grain boundaries reduce the defect density and promote carriers transporting in the perovskite film. The superior properties of the perovskite film afford the champion PSC device with a power conversion efficiency of 22.04%, which is over 10% higher than the control device. Moreover, the target PSC also demonstrates outstanding long‐term stability. It can maintain over 90% of its initial value after 90 days storage in ambient conditions for unencapsulated devices. This work paves a new path for regulating the crystallization process of perovskites via 2D crystalline materials.
Magnetically Responsive Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Microdroplet Manipulation
Authors: Zhan Yanlong , Yu Sirong , Amirfazli Alidad , Siddiqui Abdul Rahim , Li Wen
Published: January 2022

Magnetically responsive surfaces have received increasing attention because of their convenience, immediate response, remote controllability, and well biocompatibility. A facile way is designed to prepare magnetically responsive superhydrophobic surfaces by one‐step spray coating coupled with magnetic induction. These surfaces with responsive properties can find applications in liquids manipulation. The influences of different Fe3O4 content on the surface morphology and wettability are investigated. The unidirectional, bidirectional, random‐path, and inclined surfaces microdroplet manipulation in an active, noncontact, and fast manner is demonstrated on the prepared surfaces. The model of microdroplet manipulation is established, and its mechanism is explained. Moreover, manipulation of different volumes and different types of microdroplets including water droplets and normal saline is realized. Such magnetically responsive superhydrophobic surfaces not only provide new approach for low‐loss droplet manipulation and transportation but also develop new ways for the realization of programmable and intelligent microfluidic systems.
Edge‐Rich Multidimensional Frame Carbon as High‐Performance Electrode Material for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Deng Qi , HuangYang Xiao‐Yi , Zhang Xin , Xiao Zhi‐Hong , Zhou Wei‐Bin , Wang Hong‐Rui , Liu Hong‐Yi , Zhang Feng , Li Chang‐Zhu , Wu Xiong‐Wei , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: January 2022

The low electrocatalytic activity of pristine graphite felt (GF) electrodes toward V(II)/V(III) and V(IV)/V(V) redox couples is a major concern in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). For overcoming this challenge, herein a novel composite electrode is proposed comprising of two components: multidimensional frame carbon (MFC) derived from edge‐rich carbon and GF that serves as the frame for the in situ growth of MFC. The high electrocatalytic activity, rapid charge migration, and reduced local current emanating from the 0D, 2D, and 3D coexistent structures of the MFC material, respectively, enhance the performance of the GF. Consequently, the battery assembled using the MFC GF electrode achieves a maximum current density of 500 mA cm−2, along with high stability and preeminent energy efficiency at a current density of 200 mA cm−2 for over 400 cycles. For the first time via density functional theory analysis on VRFBs, this study reveals that the edge‐rich carbon atoms possess higher electrocatalytic activity in both positive and negative electrolytes than the plane carbon atoms and heteroatoms. Therefore, this study is of immense significance in guiding and promoting the application of edge‐rich carbon in the battery‐based energy storage industry.
How optimizing application of coated controlled‐release urea affects crop yield in China
Authors: Zou Hongtao , Ba Chuang , Hou Zhanhan , Guo Ningxi , Yang Ming , Sun Di
Published: January 2022

Application of coated controlled‐release urea (CRU) has been widely recognized as an effective measure to improve crop yield while alleviating N fertilizer–induced environmental consequences. However, the overall effect of CRU on crop yield across field sites remains uncertain, especially for CRU applied at a reduced rate and frequency or blended with urea. Here, we applied a meta‐analysis approach to address these issues. Our results indicated that applying CRU at an equal N rate significantly increased crop yield by 9.2% compared with conventional urea. The increase in crop yield was positively correlated with soil organic matter content and with the N release period of CRU but negatively correlated with mean annual temperature. However, reducing CRU application times brought a smaller yield increase (7.0%), although it could save labor and mechanical cost. Moreover, lowering CRU‐N application rate had no significant effect on crop yield, mainly due to the reduced application frequency. This effect can be further weakened with the decreasing CRU‐N application rate. In contrast, one‐time application of a CRU‐urea blend still exhibited superior efficiency, with a 9.8% increase in crop yield. Our findings showed that there existed a trade‐off between the saving of CRU input cost and crop yield gain. However, a win‐win scenario that attains more yield increase while saving input cost can be achieved through one‐time application of a CRU‐urea blend.
Mixing characteristics for the single and air‐water two‐phase flows in miniaturized parallel multichannel‐based devices
Authors: Mondal Somen , Majumder Subrata Kumar
Published: January 2022

Investigation on the miniaturized parallel multichannel‐based devices packed with glass beads to improve the mass exchange execution is the critical focal point of the current study. One of the essential parameters to specify the miniaturized devices' flow distribution is the residence time distribution (RTD). In the present context, the RTDs of a liquid tracer were investigated for the air‐water multiphase flows (concurrent) across the multichannel‐based miniaturized devices (comprising of 11 similar dimensional parallel channels). The devices were variable in height and packed with glass beads. The conductivity estimations generated the RTD curves and were addressed by the axial dispersion model (ADM). The fluid‐flow rates differed within the range of 5–23 ml min−1. The axial dispersion coefficients and the rate of the specific energy dispersion were investigated. The effects of pressure difference and geometry on the hydrodynamic attributes and mixing properties were well‐illustrated, and the new correlations were suggested.
Rheokinematics for product development—Formulation screening in rotational rheometers
Authors: Brito Margarida S. C. A. , Matos Joana , Torres Marina V. L. , Fonte Claudio P. , Dias Madalena M. , Lopes José Carlos B. , Santos Ricardo J.
Published: January 2022

Product formulations for industrial processes are typically developed at laboratory scale. However, the mixing conditions are not easily mimicked in the laboratory. A rotational device is proposed in this study as a fast laboratory‐scale formulation development, which enables mimicking the mixing conditions in the industrial process. The geometrical configurations of the rotational device are from rheometry devices (plate‐plate and cone‐plate). The main advantages of this method are the small amounts of raw materials and shorter testing times. This methodology is applied to an industrial case study, the reaction injection molding (RIM) process. The mixing length scales evolution in the rotational rheometer were matched to those in RIM machines. The main novelty of this study is the introduction of a protocol that bridges the processing conditions at laboratory using small amounts of raw materials to high throughput continuous flow reactors.
Growth charts for Mexican children with Down syndrome
Authors: Flores Arizmendi Karla Adney , García De La Puente Silvestre , González Navarro Mauricio , Bonillo Suarez Lelia , De León Becerra Ana Gabriela , Valderrama Hernández Alejandro , Santos Ríos Rubi , Altamirano Bustamante Nelly
Published: January 2022

We present the results of a prospective, observational, descriptive, cross‐sectional study performed on a Mexican population of 1867 children, aged 0–18 years, with Down syndrome (DS), observed between 2013 and 2019. A total of 9968 measurements of height, weight, and head circumference, as well as calculation of body mass index (BMI) were used to create growth charts and tables of percentiles. Growth curves were elaborated using Cole's LMS method. The mean weight and length at birth did not differ by sex: the weight was 2750 g for boys and 2710 g for girls (p > 0.05), and the length was 48.2 cm for boys and 47.9 cm for girls (p > 0.05). The mean final height at 18 years was different by sex: 149.6 cm for boys and 141.2 cm for girls. The average BMI at 18 years was 24.2 kg/m2 for boys and 21.9 kg/m2 for girls. In a comparison with U.S. growth charts, we find that the Mexican population has lower height and weight. These are the first growth curves for the Mexican population with DS. They can be used by health care providers to optimize preventive care by monitoring children with DS for the early identification of factors that affect individual growth.
Development of an elastomeric resin for digital light processing printing
Authors: Drury Ryan , Sencadas Vitor , Alici Gursel
Published: January 2022

Soft pneumatic actuators are ideal for soft robotic applications due to their innate compliance and high power‐weight ratios, but their design is limited by the lack of suitable stretchable materials. In this study, a new highly elastic resin for digital light projection 3D printers, designated ElastAMBER, is prepared from a di‐functional polyether urethane acrylate oligomer, and a blend of two different diluent monomers. ElastAMBER exhibits a viscosity of 1000 mPa s at 40°C, outperforming previously synthesized elastic resins and allowing easy printing at near room temperatures. The 3D‐printed components present an elastomeric behavior with a maximum extension ratio (λ) of 4.02 ± 0.06, ultimate tensile strength of 1.23 ± 0.09 MPa, low hysteresis, and negligible viscoelastic relaxation. Its application in linear soft pneumatic actuators has been demonstrated using a bellows‐like construction. ElastAMBER shows promise for creating intrinsically capacitive sensing actuators, displaying a strong correlation between actuator displacement and capacitance. The developed 3D printable ElastAMBER can find potential applications in sensors and actuators for many soft robotic and human‐machine interface applications.
Real‐time data‐driven PID controller for multivariable process employing deep neural network
Authors: Jeyaraj Pandia Rajan , Nadar Edward Rajan Samuel
Published: January 2022

The complex industrial processes exhibiting nonstationary and multivariable with time‐varying dynamics result in low accuracy. Also, stability compensation is difficult to be obtained by a conventional PID controller. Hence, a deep learning‐based data‐driven PID controller is designed for unmodeled dynamics compensation for complex industrial processes. In this research work, a nonlinear PID controller is designed with a deep neural network (DNN) model from unmodeled dynamics of the complex industrial processes. To validate the performance, results from stability compensation and convergence of the model parameters for closed‐loop systems were obtained. When tested on a real‐time twin tank system, it achieved an accurate output flowrate with 97.65% accuracy and 1.89% peak overshoot compared with conventional PID controller. Both simulated and experimental results validate that proposed controller has improved stability and uniform convergence of system variables. The proposed deep learning‐based PID controller was employed on a twin tank control system. This confirms the feasibility and practical application of a real‐time complex process.
A prediction for the 25th solar cycle maximum amplitude
Authors: Brajša Roman , Verbanac Giuli , Bandić Mario , Hanslmeier Arnold , Skokić Ivica , Sudar Davor
Published: January 2022

The minimum–maximum method, belonging to the precursor class of the solar activity forecasting methods, is based on a linear relationship between relative sunspot number in the minimum and maximum epochs of solar cycles. In the present analysis, we apply a modified version of this method using data not only from the minimum year, but also from a couple of years before and after the minimum. The revised 13‐month smoothed monthly total sunspot number data set from Sunspot Index and Long‐term Solar Observations/SIDC is used. Using data for solar cycle nos. 1–24 the largest correlation coefficient () is obtained when correlating activity level 3 years before solar cycle minimum with the subsequent maximum (), independent of inclusion or exclusion of the solar cycle no. 19. For the next solar maximum of the cycle no. 25, we predict: . Our results indicate that the next solar maximum (of the cycle no. 25) will be of the similar amplitude as the previous one, or even something lower. This is in accordance with the general middle‐term lowering of the solar activity after the secular maximum in the 20th century and consistent with the Gleissberg period of the solar activity. The reliability of the “3 years before the minimum” predictor is experimentally justified by the largest CC and verified with the Student t‐test. It is satisfactorily explained with the two empirical well‐known findings: the extended solar cycle and the Waldmeier effect. Finally, we successfully reproduced the maxima of the last four solar cycles, nos. 21–25, using the 3 years before the minimum method.
Treatments for automatically reinforced vocal stereotypy for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A literature and meta‐analytic review
Authors: Mantzoros Theoni , McCoy Ashley R. , Lee David L.
Published: January 2022

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder may engage in repetitive vocal behaviors which interfere with a structured environment and social inclusion. If untreated, these vocal behaviors maintain into adulthood potentially impeding gainful employment and independent living. This analysis specifically focused on treatments available for presumed or functionally determined automatically reinforced repetitive vocal behaviors, also known as vocal stereotypy. For this review, a systematic keyword search of the literature identified 66 articles and a Tau‐U measure of effect size was calculated for 34 eligible studies in order to determine impact of interventions on vocal stereotypy. Of the single‐component interventions assessed, three interventions demonstrated a very large effect: interactive activity (0.94), self‐management (0.89), and response interruption and redirection (interrupted measurement, 0.86). Additionally, 92% of treatment packages reached a very large effect (0.85–1.00), all of which included stimulus control and/or response cost intervention components. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed, as well as implications for future research.
Determination of seed content in red pepper powders by 1H NMR and second‐derivative FT‐IR spectroscopy combined with statistical analyses
Authors: Choi Yuri , Hong Junyoung , Kim Byung Hee , Ahn Sangdoo
Published: January 2022

This study focuses on discriminating the seed content in red pepper powders using 1H NMR and second‐derivative FT‐IR Spectroscopy with canonical discriminant and multiple linear regression analyses. We used 165 test samples prepared by varying the seed content for spectroscopic analyses. The canonical discriminant functions derived from 21 peak variables were used to properly discriminate the red pepper powder samples based on their seed content with a 97.6% hit ratio. Additionally, we observed an average error of 7.0% while discriminating 42 blind samples. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to directly determine the seed content of new samples without running a statistical program. The best regression model constructed with only two variables showed an average error of 6.2% when applied to the blind samples. These results verify the feasibility of using 1H NMR and FT‐IR Spectroscopy with statistical analyses to determine the seed content in red pepper powders.
The origin of fast‐charging lithium iron phosphate for batteries
Authors: Hadouchi Mohammed , Koketsu Toshinari , Hu Zhiwei , Ma Jiwei
Published: January 2022

Since the report of electrochemical activity of LiFePO4 from Goodenough's group in 1997, it has attracted considerable attention as cathode material of choice for lithium‐ion batteries. It shows excellent performance such as the high‐rate capability, long cyclability, and improved safety. Furthermore, the raw materials cost of LiFePO4 are lower and abundant compared with conventional Li‐ion battery oxides compounds. The lithium extraction from LiFePO4 operates as biphase mechanism accompanied by a relatively large volume change of ∼6.8%, even though, nanosized LiFePO4 shows exceptionally high‐rate capability during cycling. In the aim to explain this remarkable feature, recent reports using cutting‐edge techniques, such as in situ high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, explained that the origin of the observed high‐rate performance in nanosized LiFePO4 is the absence of phase separation during battery operation at high current densities. In this review, the importance of understanding lithium insertion mechanisms towards explaining the significantly fast‐charging performance of LiFePO4 electrode is highlighted. In particular, phase separation mechanisms, are unclear and deserve considerable attention. Several proposed models for Li diffusion and phase separation in LiFePO4 are summarized. In addition, the crystallographic aspects, defect structures of LiFePO4 are also reviewed. Finally, the status of development of other olivine‐type LiMPO4 (M = Co, Mn, and Ni) are summarized.
A few FERPA training perspectives: Unexpected questions, Part 2
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: January 2022

In a recent column, we began looking at unanticipated questions you might receive from Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act training participants on topics you hadn't covered in your FERPA training. Or these questions may come out of the blue via an email, phone call, letter, or face‐to‐face conversation. An alumni director had numerous questions, and I answered three of them already in a previous column but she had one last question that I didn't have space to cover. And it applies to more than just the alumni office.
Giant congenital melanocytic nevus in an Afghan child
Authors: Raufi Nahid , Nemat Arash
Published: January 2022

We report an 8‐year‐old Afghan female with giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) which covered the entire back. The GCMN extended to anterolateral parts of the trunk surrounded by multiple satellite melanocytic nevi.
Successful one‐stage operation for type B acute intramural hematoma with descending aortic rupture
Authors: Furuta Akihisa , Morimoto Hironobu , Mukai Shogo , Futagami Daisuke , Kitaura Junya
Published: January 2022

A 76‐year‐old man who complained of back pain was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography revealed an intramural hematoma with a descending aortic rupture. Total arch replacement with the frozen elephant trunk technique and thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed emergently in one stage. The patient was discharged without symptoms.
Mechanically strong and folding‐endurance Ti3C2Tx MXene/PBO nanofiber films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Zhonglei , Zhang Yali , Qiu Hua , Ruan Kunpeng , Gu Junwei
Published: January 2022

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with excellent flexibility and mechanical properties and outstanding thermal conductivity have become a hot topic of research in functional composites. In this study, the “sol–gel‐film conversion technique” is used to assemble polyetherimide‐functionalized Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (f‐Ti3C2Tx) with poly(p‐phenylene‐2,6‐benzobisoxazole) (PBO) nanofibers (PNFs), followed by dialysis and vacuum drying to prepare f‐Ti3C2Tx/PNF films with lamellar structures. When the loading of f‐Ti3C2Tx is 70 wt%, the f‐Ti3C2Tx/PNF film presents optimal comprehensive properties, with an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 35 dB and a specific SE/thickness ((SSE, SE/density)/t) of 8211 dB cm2/g, a tensile strength of 125.1 MPa, an in‐plane thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) of 5.82 W/(m K), and electrical conductivity of 1943 S/m. After repeated folding for 10,000 cycles, the EMI SE and the tensile strength of f‐Ti3C2Tx/PNFs films still remain 33.4 dB and 116.1 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the f‐Ti3C2Tx/PNF film also shows excellent thermal stability, flame retardancy, and structural stability. This would provide a novel method for the design and fabrication of multifunctional composite films and considerably expand the applications of MXene‐ and PNF‐based composites in the fields of EMI shielding and thermal management.
Vibrational circular dichroism enantiomeric similarity index improvement for absolute configuration discrimination using individual infrared scaling factors
Authors: Muñoz Marcelo A. , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro
Published: January 2022

The use of IR individual scaling factors (ISF) for the correction of DFT‐calculated frequencies, and its effect on IR and VCD similarity functions, has been evaluated using (+)‐(R)‐3‐methylcyclopentanone as a probe molecule. Contrary to using a single scaling factor to improve spectra matching, this approach sequentially searches for the optimal scaling factor for each calculated transition using a computational search algorithm to maximize the overlap of the calculated and observed IR spectra expressed as the IR similarity (SIR) function. The obtained ISFs are then applied to the calculated frequencies, which are used to produce a scaled VCD spectrum for comparison with the observed trace, thereby yielding enantiomeric similarity index (ESI) values as a similarity measure. This procedure provides a significant improvement of the SIR and ESI values when compared with the use of a single scale factor, showing 15.1% and 34.1% in average increments, respectively, and values as high as 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. When a set of manually found ISFs is used, most differences in SIR and ESI performance disappear, and nearly perfect spectra matches are found throughout the levels of theory tested. This suggests that the observed differences in computed IR/VCD spectra with commonly used levels of theory are related to differences in frequency rather than to intensity accuracy. Finally, the use of ISFs is expected to enhance the ability to aide stereochemical assignments, particularly in cases where sufficiently accurate frequencies are difficult to obtain due to the system size or complexity.
COVID‐19 pandemic impact on cytopathology practice in the post‐lockdown period: An international, multicenter study
Authors: Vigliar Elena , Pisapia Pasquale , Dello Iacovo Filippo , Alcaraz‐Mateos Eduardo , Alì Greta , Ali Syed Z. , Baloch Zubair W. , Bellevicine Claudio , Bongiovanni Massimo , Botsun Pavlina , Bruzzese Dario , Bubendorf Lukas , Büttner Reinhard , Canberk Sule , Capitanio Arrigo , Casadio Chiara , Cazacu Eugeniu , Cochand‐Priollet Beatrix , D’Amuri Alessandro , Davis Katelynn , Eloy Catarina , Engels Marianne , Fadda Guido , Fontanini Gabriella , Fulciniti Franco , Hofman Paul , Iaccarino Antonino , Ieni Antonio , Jiang Xiaoyin Sara , Kakudo Kennichi , Kern Izidor , Kholova Ivana , Linton McDermott Kathryn M. , Liu Chinhua , Lobo Anandi , Lozano Maria D. , Malapelle Umberto , Maleki Zahra , Michelow Pamela , Mikula Michael W. , Musayev Jamal , Özgün Gonca , Oznur Meltem , Peiró Marqués Francisca Maria , Poller David , Pyzlak Michal , Robinson Betsy , Rossi Esther Diana , Roy‐Chowdhuri Sinchita , Saieg Mauro , Savic Prince Spasenija , Schmitt Fernando C. , Seguí Iváñez Francisco Javier , Štoos‐Veić Tajana , Sulaieva Oksana , Sweeney Brenda J. , Tuccari Giovanni , van Velthuysen Marie‐Louise , VanderLaan Paul A. , Vielh Philippe , Viola Patrizia , Voorham Quirinus J. M. , Weynand Birgit , Zeppa Pio , Faquin William C. , Pitman Martha Bishop , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: January 2022

Background

In a previous worldwide survey, the authors showed a drastic reduction in the number of cytological specimens processed during the coronavirus disease 2019 “lockdown” period along with an increase in malignancy rates. To assess the continued impact of the pandemic on cytological practices around the world, they undertook a second follow‐up worldwide survey collecting data from the post‐lockdown period (2020).

Methods

Participants were asked to provide data regarding their cytopathology activity during the first 12 weeks of their respective national post‐lockdown period (2020), which ranged from April 4 to October 31. Differences between the post‐lockdown period and the corresponding 2019 period were evaluated, and the authors specifically focused on rates of malignant diagnoses.

Results

A total of 29 respondents from 17 countries worldwide joined the survey. Overall, a lower number of cytological specimens (n = 236,352) were processed in comparison with the same period in 2019 (n = 321,466) for a relative reduction of 26.5%. The overall malignancy rate showed a statistically significant increase (12,442 [5.26%] vs 12,882 [4.01%]; P < .001) during the same time period. Similar results were obtained if both malignancy and suspicious for malignancy rates were considered together (15,759 [6.58%] vs 16,011 [4.98%]; P < .001).

Conclusions

The data showed a persistent reduction in the cytological specimen volume during the post‐lockdown period (2020). However, the relative increase in the cytological workload in the late part of the post‐lockdown is a promising finding of a slow return to normality.
Convolutional neural network model for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems
Authors: El‐Shafai Walid , Fawzi Ahmed , Sedik Ahmed , Zekry Abdelhalim , El‐Banby Ghada M. , Khalaf Ashraf A. M. , Abd El‐Samie Fathi E. , Abd‐Elnaby Mohammed
Published: January 2022

Cognitive radio (CR) has become an interesting research field that attracts researchers due to its increasing spectrum efficiency. Therefore, spectrum sensing (SS) is the essential function of cognitive radio systems. This paper presents an efficient SS model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We use the spectrogram images of the received signals as the input to the CNN and use various images for signal and noise at different low primary‐user (PU) signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) to train the network model. The model extracts the main features from the spectrogram images to represent signals and noise. Hence, this model can efficiently discriminate between signal and noise at different SNRs. The detection performance of the suggested model is compared with those of the traditional one‐stage, two‐stage SS methods, and different previous CNN models. The obtained outcomes demonstrate that the suggested model increases the detection accuracy more than those of the previous one‐stage SS methods by 17% at low SNRs of −20 dB and more than the previous two‐stage SS methods by 8% at low SNRs of −20 dB. In addition, it is demonstrated that the suggested model offers shorter sensing times than those of the two‐stage and one‐stage SS methods in the orders of 16.3, 16.6, 1.1, and 1.5 ms at SNRs of −20, −15, −10 and −5 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed model improves the detection accuracy better than the different previously compared CNN models by 28% and 19% at low SNRs of −20 and −15 dB, respectively.
New principles and new paths needed for online research in mental health: Commentary on Burnette et al. (2021)
Authors: Donegan Kelly R. , Gillan Claire M.
Published: January 2022

Online methods have become a powerful research tool, allowing us to conduct well‐powered studies, to explore and replicate effects, and to recruit often rare and diverse samples. However, concerns about the validity and reliability of the data collected from some platforms have reached crescendo. In this issue, Burnette et al. (2021) describe how commonly employed protective measures such as captchas, response consistency requirements, and attention checks may no longer be sufficient to ensure high‐quality data in survey‐based studies on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. We echo and elaborate on these concerns, but believe that although imperfect, online research will continue to be incredibly important in driving progress in mental health science. Not all platforms or populations are well suited to every research question and so we posit that the future of online research will be much more varied, and in no small part supported by citizen scientists and those with lived experience. Whatever the medium, researchers cannot stand still; we must continuously reflect and adapt to technological advances, demographics, and motivational shifts of our participants. Online research is difficult but worthwhile.
Health insurance, medical debt, and financial well‐being
Authors: Batty Michael , Gibbs Christa , Ippolito Benedic
Published: January 2022

We study the financial protection provided by health insurance through two natural experiments—the Affordable Care Act's under 26 provision and Medicare eligibility. In both cases, the coverage expansion sharply reduces medical debt in collections for consumers within the affected ages but does not systematically improve credit outcomes not directly related to medical care. This is consistent with the infrequent repayment rate and lack of persistence on credit reports that we document for medical collections, which mute a key channel through which reductions in medical collections could directly affect the other financial outcomes studied here. These results help clarify the role of health insurance in broader financial health and suggest that, at least among the populations studied here, medical debts in collection may often be a symptom rather than a cause of wider financial distress as measured on credit reports.
Family planning campaigns on television and contraceptive use in India
Authors: Pakrashi Debayan , Maiti Surya Nath , Gautam Abhishek , Nanda Priya , Borkotoky Kakoli , Datta Nitin
Published: January 2022

Objective

The paper examines the association between viewing family planning campaigns on television and being aware, improved intention to use, and current usage of modern contraceptives in India.

Data

The study uses detailed data of the currently married women from the current round of the National Family Health Survey.

Methods

We use the instrumental variable approach, propensity score matching method, besides the ordinary least square regression technique to estimate the association between viewing family planning campaigns on television and knowledge, intention to use, and current usage among the currently married women.

Conclusion

The overall results suggest that currently married women who have seen family planning campaigns on television in the last few months are more likely to know, have a higher intention to use and use modern family planning methods. The effectiveness gets amplified when exposure to such campaigns is complemented with motivation provided by frontline health workers.
Clinical value of routine [18F]2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography scans as a decision tool for early immunotherapy discontinuation in advanced melanoma
Authors: Ellebaek Eva , Schina Aimilia , Andersen Rikke , Hendel Helle Westergren , Svane Inge Marie , Donia Marco
Published: January 2022

Routine [18F]2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) may help predict clinical outcomes after response to immunotherapy. With a European Medicines Agency‐recommended treatment length until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, the optimal duration of immunotherapy remains to be defined. In a retrospective study, we retrieved from the Danish Metastatic Melanoma Database (DAMMED), all patients that were annotated as a partial or complete response based on the computed tomography (CT) of serial FDG‐PET‐CT scans. Patients treated with an anti‐Programmed Death (PD)‐1‐containing regimen for <18 months, and ≥4 months without disease progression after halting anti‐PD‐1 were included. Cases were divided into an “elective” and a “toxicity” group based on the reason for treatment discontinuation. A total of 140 patients were included. At 29.3 months of median follow‐up, a higher proportion of patients remained alive in the “elective” group (93% vs 75%, P = .0031) with an improved melanoma‐specific (HR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02‐0.32, P = .0041) survival (MSS). Patients without FDG‐avid lesions at the time of treatment discontinuation had an improved MSS (HR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01‐0.17, P = .0002), and the absence of FDG‐avid lesions was the only independent predictive feature of improved MSS in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, patients with metastatic melanoma who obtain an early response and early discontinue immunotherapy have an excellent prognosis, especially in the absence of FDG‐PET avid lesions when discontinuing treatment. These data support the option of early discontinuation, limiting possible overtreatment and thereby toxicity, health and economic expenses and improving logistics.