bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression profiles of gonadotropins and their receptors during 17α‐methyltestosterone implantation‐induced sex change in the orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)
Authors: Hu Xuesong , Liu Xiaochun , Zhang Haifa , Zhang Yong , Li Shuisheng , Sang Qing , Wang Qian , Luo Wenna , Liu Qizhi , Lu Danqi , Meng Zining , Lin Haoran
Published: April 2011

It is known that the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis participates in the sex change of hermaphrodite teleosts, and gonadal steroid hormones mediate this physiological process. The secretion of gonadal steroids is directly regulated by signaling pathways involving gonadotropins (GtHs) and gonadotropin receptors (GtHRs) in teleosts. To gain insight into the involvement of GtH/GtHR systems in the sex change process, cDNAs encoding follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) were firstly isolated from gonads of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), a protogynous hermaphrodite fish. Reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) analysis demonstrated that the expression of the FSHR was confined to the brain, pituitary gland, ovary, and testis, while the LHR was expressed only in the brain, ovary, and testis. Furthermore, the expression profiles of GtH subunits (FSHβ and LHβ) and their receptors were analyzed in parallel with the serum levels of estradiol‐17β (E2), testosterone (T), and 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) during 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT)‐induced sex change. Quantitative real‐time PCR determined that the abundances of FSHβ and FSHR were significantly inhibited after MT treatment for 2 and 4 weeks, but subsequently returned to the control level after 6 weeks. In contrast, the mRNA levels of LHβ and LHR were significantly elevated throughout the sex change process. During MT‐induced sex change, serum concentrations of E2 remained constant while T and 11‐KT levels were significantly increased. Taken together, our results suggest that GtH/GtHR systems are involved in MT‐induced sex change, and two signaling pathways may have distinct roles in modulating the variations of the corresponding steroid hormones in the orange‐spotted grouper. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:376–390, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex flow patterns in a real‐size intracranial aneurysm phantom: phase contrast MRI compared with particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: van Ooij P. , Guédon A. , Poelma C. , Schneiders J. , Rutten M. C. M. , Marquering H. A. , Majoie C. B. , vanBavel E. , Nederveen A. J.
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to validate the flow patterns measured by high‐resolution, time‐resolved, three‐dimensional phase contrast MRI in a real‐size intracranial aneurysm phantom. Retrospectively gated three‐dimensional phase contrast MRI was performed in an intracranial aneurysm phantom at a resolution of 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.3 mm3 in a solenoid rat coil. Both steady and pulsatile flows were applied. The phase contrast MRI measurements were compared with particle image velocimetry measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations. A quantitative comparison was performed by calculating the differences between the magnitude of the velocity vectors and angles between the velocity vectors in corresponding voxels. Qualitative analysis of the results was executed by visual inspection and comparison of the flow patterns. The root‐mean‐square errors of the velocity magnitude in the comparison between phase contrast MRI and computational fluid dynamics were 5% and 4% of the maximum phase contrast MRI velocity, and the medians of the angle distribution between corresponding velocity vectors were 16° and 14° for the steady and pulsatile measurements, respectively. In the phase contrast MRI and particle image velocimetry comparison, the root‐mean‐square errors were 12% and 10% of the maximum phase contrast MRI velocity, and the medians of the angle distribution between corresponding velocity vectors were 19° and 15° for the steady and pulsatile measurements, respectively. Good agreement was found in the qualitative comparison of flow patterns between the phase contrast MRI measurements and both particle image velocimetry measurements and computational fluid dynamics simulations. High‐resolution, time‐resolved, three‐dimensional phase contrast MRI can accurately measure complex flow patterns in an intracranial aneurysm phantom. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone mineral density is normal in children with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Rose Susan R. , Rutter Meilan M. , Mueller Robin , Harris Michelle , Hamon Beth , Bulluck Arin Fletcher , Smith Franklin O.
Published: April 2011

Background

Conflicting data exist regarding whether low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with Fanconi anemia (FA). The current study identified the frequency of low BMD in FA, expecting low BMD even in childhood and before HCT.

Procedure

Thirty‐seven FA patients (18 prior HCT, 19 no prior HCT), participating in an IRB‐approved database, had clinical assessment of DXA of lumbar spine BMD. Four had used androgens, one later underwent HCT. Most had used glucocorticoids after HCT (prolonged in five), and one more with no HCT. BMD [in standard deviation units from mean for age (SD), gender, and ethnicity (BMD Z‐score)] was then adjusted for height age, and separately for bone maturation (BA). Data were collected for height SD, pubertal stage, and duration since HCT.

Results

BMD Z‐score (without adjustment) was <−1 SD in half of FA children. BA‐adjusted BMD Z‐score was similar. (BA was not usually delayed, although most patients were short.) In contrast, height age‐adjusted BMD Z‐score was normal in most with FA (only below −2.0 in one child after prolonged glucocorticoids). Mean duration after HCT until DXA test was 6.2 years (median 4.2 years, range 1–18 years).

Conclusions

Children and adolescents with FA have normal BMD prior to and after HCT, when DXA results are adjusted for bone size/height age. In contrast, BA‐adjustment of BMD was not useful in this population. Individual BMD results may be influenced by gonadal function, transplantation status, and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1034–1038. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual collapse of highly hydrated polyelectrolyte multilayers with the ionic strength
Authors: Ramos J. J. Iturri , Llarena I. , Moya S. E.
Published: April 2011

Highly hydrated polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were fabricated by “layer by layer” (LBL) assembly of poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly (sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate) (PSS) in 0.5 M NaCl. Both thickness and hydration of the film were determined in situ as the multilayer was assembled by means of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and the Spectroscopic Ellipsometry techniques combined in a single device. For PEMs of 17 total layers in water, a final thickness of up to 300 nm and a hydration of 69% were measured. The response towards the ionic strength was then studied by means of QCM‐D. PEMs of 17 layers, with PDADMAC as last layer, shrunk dramatically and lost water when exposed to aqueous NaCl solutions of increasing concentration. Indeed, a thickness variation up to 100 nm and reduction in the 50% of the water content were observed when the PEM was exposed to 1 M NaCl. On the contrary, PEMs where PSS appears on top showed no measurable change upon the variation in the ionic strength. This brings the possibility to control the responsive character of the PEMs simply by selecting the last polyelectrolyte layer (PDADMAC or PSS) deposited. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Effect of particle agglomeration and interphase on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Qiao Rui , Deng Hua , Putz Karl W. , Brinson L. Catherine
Published: April 2011

In this article, we utilize finite element modeling to investigate the effect of nanoparticle agglomeration on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites. The case of an attractive interaction between polymer and nanofiller is considered for which an interphase domain of gradient properties is developed. This model utilizes representative volume elements that are created and analyzed with varying degrees of nanoparticle clustering and length scale of interphase domain. The viscoelastic properties of the composites are studied using a statistical approach to account for variations due to the random nature of the microstructure. Results show that a monotonic increase in nanofiller clustering not only results in the loss of interphase volume but also obstructs the formation of a percolating interphase network in the nanocomposite. The combined impacts lead to a remarkable decrease of Tg enhancement of clustering nanofillers in comparison with a well‐dispersed configuration. Our simulation results provide qualitative support for experimental observations that clustering observed at high nanofiller concentrations negatively impacts the effects of the nanofiller on overall properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Nationwide trends in the medical care costs of privately insured patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 2001–2007
Authors: Briesacher Becky A. , Quittner Alexandra L. , Fouayzi Hassan , Zhang Jie , Swensen Andrine
Published: April 2011

Background

Longer survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been linked to initiation of national newborn screening, new therapies that prevent and treat pulmonary exacerbations, and closer monitoring of health outcomes. However, few studies have examined the economic impact of these medical advances on costs, and none have examined these costs longitudinally.

Methods

We used a nationwide database of the healthcare claims of privately insured individuals with CF between 2001 and 2007. Study subjects had at least two claims with diagnoses of CF (ICD‐277.xx). We extracted inpatient admissions, outpatient visits, prescribed therapies, and screening procedures and then calculated all‐cause medical utilization and annual medical costs, adjusted for inflation. We adjusted for comorbidity burden and tested longitudinal time trends using regression models.

Results

We identified 3,273 individuals with CF. Overall, the costs of prescription drugs, outpatient visits, and durable medical equipment increased by 59% during the 7‐year period ($18,715 in 2001 vs. $29,718 in 2007, P < 0.001). The proportion of individuals hospitalized increased from 24.0% to 38.9%, P < 0.001. Annual testing of pulmonary function increased 53% (49.9% in 2001 to 76.3% in 2007, P < 0.001) and respiratory cultures more than doubled (27.9–67.5%, P < 0.001). Use of CF‐related therapies also significantly increased (dornase alfa, 32.1–52.4%, P < 0.001; oral antibiotics, 54.1–71.8%, P = 0.007). Analyses by age showed the largest increases in total medical care costs occurred for the oldest CF patients (aged >30; $20,536 in 2001 to $56,116 in 2007, P < 0.001) and the youngest (aged <11; $3,060 in 2001 to $31,723 in 2007, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Although improvements in diagnosis and treatment have yielded substantial benefits, they have come at considerable cost, both in terms of treatment burden and healthcare dollars. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:770–776. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approach to treating cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations varies widely across us CF care centers
Authors: Kraynack Nathan C. , Gothard M. David , Falletta Lynn M. , McBride John T.
Published: April 2011

There is no standard definition of a CF pulmonary exacerbation universally accepted by clinicians. We aimed to investigate the variability of clinical practice among US CF clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of exacerbations. Using clinical vignettes, we examined if variation in the identification and treatment of CF exacerbations is common, if practice patterns differ between CF care centers and what clinical factors determine treatment.

Twenty‐eight clinical cases were developed by varying five clinical factors. Participants were given four options for treatment of the patient described in each vignette. Cases were sent via email to a convenience sample of 112 CF clinicians from 13 US CF centers, with 109 clinicians participating (97.3%). 2,792 of the 3,052 cases received a response (91.5%). ANOVA demonstrated variation in rater scores was explained by case scenario and by care center (P < 0.0001). Examining the frequency of each treatment strategy demonstrated no absolute treatment consensus for any given scenario and variability within and between care centers. Direct logistic regression revealed that systemic symptoms (OR = 5.95), decreased O2 saturation (OR = 4.99) and decreased FEV1 (OR = 3.78) had a greater effects on the decision to treat a case with IV antibiotics than increased cough/sputum (OR = 2.19) and crackles present on physical examination (OR = 2.10). Similar findings were demonstrated with a cluster analysis.

There was surprising variation in the identification and treatment of pulmonary exacerbations by CF clinicians. Variation was present between CF Centers, within each CF center and at the individual clinician level. This study provides additional evidence for the need of a standard definition for a CF pulmonary exacerbation. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:870–881. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobile mating disruption of light‐brown apple moths using pheromone‐treated sterile Mediterranean fruit flies
Authors: Suckling David M , Woods Bill , Mitchell Vanessa J , Twidle Andrew , Lacey Ian , Jang Eric B , Wallace Andrew R
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Public opposition to aerial application of sex pheromone for mating disruption of light‐brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.), in California stopped its further use in the ca $ 74 million eradication programme in 2008, underscoring the need for other eradication tactics. It is demonstrated that pheromone‐treated sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (medflies), Ceratitis capitata Wied., can disrupt communication in male moths.

RESULTS: Medflies topically dosed with moth pheromone (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate showed a no observed effect level (NOEL) of ∼10 µg fly−1, with increasing toxicity from 30 to 100 µg fly−1. Greater potency and longevity of attraction and lower mortality were achieved using microencapsulated pheromone. Releases of 1000 pheromone‐treated medflies ha−1 prevented male moth catch to synthetic lures in treated 4 ha plots for 1 day in suburban Perth, Australia. Releases of ca 3000 pheromone‐treated medflies ha−1 disrupted catch to single female moths in delta traps, and to synthetic pheromone lures. Percentage disruption on the first four nights was 95, 91, 82 and 85%.

CONCLUSIONS: Disruption of moth catch using pheromone‐treated medflies is a novel development that, with future improvement, might provide a socially acceptable approach for application of the insect mating disruption technique to control invasive insects in urban environments. Adequacy of payload and other issues require resolution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Alum‐type Adjuvant Effect of Non‐haemolytic Saponins Purified from Ilex and Passiflora spp.
Authors: Silveira F. , Rossi S. , Fernández C. , Gosmann G. , Schenkel E. , Ferreira F.
Published: April 2011

Five saponins purified from the leaves of three Ilex species (saponins 1 and 2 from I. dumosa; saponin 3 from I. argentina; saponin 4 from I. paraguariensis) and from Passiflora alata (saponin 5) were evaluated for their in vitro haemolytic activity and in vivo immunostimulatory ability in a mouse model using tetanus toxoid (TT) as a model antigen.

The assayed saponins showed very weak or no haemolytic activity over the tested concentration range. Mice were immunized twice with TT formulated with pure saponins 1–5 , or with a mixture of saponins from Quillaja saponaria, aluminum hydroxide gel or saline, which were used as controls. The elicited humoral response was evaluated by means of the time course of specific serum antibody levels up to day 131 post‐priming (total IgG and isotypes); the cellular response was tested through a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay. The assayed saponins, in particular saponins 3 and 5, showed an adjuvant effect similar to that of alum for all tested parameters. The immunostimulating potential of these compounds deserves further investigation, especially taking into account that some Ilex spp. and Passiflora alata are native crops of widespread use and economical importance in Latin America. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seven Quassinoids from Fructus Bruceae with Cytotoxic Effects on Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Zhao M. , Lau S. T. , Leung P. S. , Che C. T. , Lin Z. X.
Published: April 2011

Our previous studies showed that the alcohol extract of the fruit of Brucea javanica (Fructus Bruceae) possessed significant cytotoxicity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. A bioassay‐guided fractionation and purification resulted in the isolation and characterization of seven quassinoids including brusatol, bruceine D, bruceine H, yadanzioside A, yadanzioside G, javanicoside C and bruceantinoside A. Among them, brusatol exhibited the most potent in vitro antipancreatic cancer action, with IC50 values of 0.36 µm and 0.10 µm on PANC‐1 and SW1990 cell lines, respectively. This is the first report on the antipancreatic adenocarcinoma activity of brusatol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic analysis of the localization spread and polarizability of 1‐D noninteracting electrons
Authors: Bendazzoli Gian Luigi , Evangelisti Stefano , Monari Antonio
Published: April 2011

According to the modern Theory of the Insulating State [Resta, J Chem Phys 2006, 124, 104104], the metallic behavior of a N‐electron system with open boundary conditions is characterized by a localization spread λβγ diverging in the thermodynamic limit. This quantity, which is the second‐moment cumulant of the position operator (per electron), cannot in general be evaluated in closed form but for simple model systems. In this article, we perform an asymptotic analysis of λβγ for a gas of N non‐interacting electrons in a 1‐Dimensional box and a Hückel chain of N equivalent sites. The asymptotic behavior of the closely related polarizability tensor is also investigated for these exactly solvable models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
UPPER HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY (USA) FLOODPLAIN CHANGE OVER THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Collins M. J. , Miller D.
Published: April 2011

Detailed surveys of the upper Hudson River Estuary and its floodplain from the early 1900s and digital mapping of the same areas today provide an opportunity to evaluate changes over the 20th century. This study uses a geographic information system to quantitatively compare water areas and islands mapped by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1907 and 1911 along an approximately 60‐km reach from Athens to Troy, NY, with the same features mapped in the late 20th century. The comparison shows a substantial decrease in total water area approximately 30% less than the 1907–1911 quantity, with secondary channels disproportionally affected (~70% less). The number and total area of islands has also dramatically decreased by approximately 65% and 85%, respectively. These changes primarily reflect the success of navigation improvement projects undertaken since the 19th century that transformed a shallow, island‐braided river in the study reach to one characterized by a deeper, single‐thread channel. Dredge spoils from the main channel were used to fill secondary channels and other backwater areas, a practice with implications for reproduction, growth and/or survival of native plants and animals. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Typology to Categorize the Ideologies of Actors in the Sustainable Development Debate
Authors: Davidson Kathryn
Published: April 2011

Attempts to categorize the different interpretations of sustainability have evolved mainly in the form of mapping the terrain or providing typologies. However, mapping approaches tend to be simplistic and therefore incapable of capturing the complexity of the debate. Typologies of sustainability typically lack epistemological consistency, or logical arguments to order the categorization process. This paper proposes a new typology that might capture the diversity of the arguments over sustainability in a form that remains sufficiently clear to make sense of the debate. A typology is offered that is ordered by the ideologies of actors in the debate over sustainability, which might be usefully applied to unpack the ideological alignment of policy actors. This typology offers an overview of the debate, separates out the ideologies of actors and offers a means to compare and reflect on the relative merits of each approach and the solutions that are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Supplemental Postoperative Oxygen in the Prevention of Surgical Wound Infection after Lower Limb Vascular Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Turtiainen Johanna , Saimanen Eija I. T. , Partio Teemu J. , Mäkinen Kimmo T. , Reinikainen Matti T. , Virkkunen Jyrki J. , Vuorio Kari S. , Hakala Tapio
Published: April 2011

Background

Surgical wound infection (SWI) is a common complication after peripheral vascular surgery. Infections increase morbidity and costs of treatment. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that supplemental postoperative oxygen decreases the incidence of SWI after lower limb revascularization.

Methods

This prospective, randomized, multicenter, single‐blinded trial was conducted between May 2009 and February 2010 in six secondary referral hospitals in Finland. We randomly allocated 274 patients undergoing surgery for lower limb revascularization to the study group (n = 137) or a control group (n = 137). The study group received supplemental inspired oxygen for the first 2 days after surgery. The main outcome was SWI. Patients were followed up for 30 days or until the SWI was healed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of supplemental oxygen on the incidence of SWI.

Results

Altogether 63 (23%) patients developed SWI; 47 (75%) of the infections were superficial. There were two vascular graft infections. SWI occurred in 25 patients (18.2%) in the study group and in 38 patients (27.7%) in the control group [odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–1.04; P = 0.07]. In isolated groin incisions, 3 patients of 52 (5.8%) in the study group and 12 patients of 51 (23.5%) in the control group developed SWI; OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.04–0.95; P = 0.04.

Conclusions

There was an indication that supplemental inspired oxygen tended to decrease the incidence of SWI after lower limb vascular surgery. In isolated groin incisions, the decrease of SWI incidence in the supplemental oxygen group was significant.
The Use of Anabolic Steroids as a Strategy in Reversing Denervation Atrophy after Delayed Nerve Repair
Authors: Isaacs Jonathan , Loveland Kerry , Mallu Satya , Adams Scott , Wodicka Ross
Published: April 2011

Background

Denervation atrophy is one factor contributing to suboptimal motor recovery following major nerve repair. The hypertrophic effects of anabolic steroids may have a potential role in improving reinnervated muscle strength after delayed repair.

Methods

Forty-five immature female Sprague–Dawley rats underwent three surgeries and final testing. The tibial nerve was transected in the hind limb of the experimental ( n=13) and control ( n=14) animals and exposed, but not transected in the sham ( n=15) group animals. Three months later, once denervation atrophy was established, all transected nerves underwent repair using an autograft from the contralateral limb. After waiting an additional month to allow axonal regeneration to the gastrocnemius muscles, the rodents were implanted with a subcutaneous infusion pump. For the experimental group, nandrolone was administered over the next 30 days via this pump, while the control and sham group pumps were filled with carrier only.

Results

Final testing, 6 weeks later, showed improved muscle contraction strength in the steroid-treated animals (72% of sham group strength) compared to control animals (57% of sham group strength, p<0.5). A trend towards increased weight and muscle belly diameter in the steroid-treated group was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

These findings support the potential role of anabolic steroids in improving recovery of atrophic muscle after delayed reinnervation.
Women, Gender, and Church History
Authors: Wiesner-Hanks Merry E.
Published: April 2011

As befits an article encouraging reflection, I would like to start with a personal anecdote. I recently heard a paper by a prominent literary scholar, which I thought would be an analysis of his encounter with a text. (I am familiar enough with current literary analysis to know that it would certainly not be an analysis of a text.) It turned out instead to be purely autobiographical. In talking about this later with a friend of mine from the Italian department, he told me that this was a new trend. As he put it: “We used to do Dante's life and works, then with New Criticism we did ‘the work,’ then with New Historicism we did Dante's works in their historical location, then with post-structuralism we did Dante and me, and now we just do me.’
Supremum and infimum of subharmonic functions of order between 1 and 2
Authors: Fenton P. C.
Published: April 2011

For functions u, subharmonic in the plane, let

and let N(r,u) be the integrated counting function. Suppose that $\mathcal{N}\colon[0,\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is a non-negative non-decreasing convex function of log r for which $\mathcal{N}(r)=0$ for all small r and $\limsup_{r\to\infty}\log\mathcal{N}(r)/\4\log r=\rho$, where 1 < ρ < 2, and define

A sharp upper bound is obtained for $\liminf_{r\to\infty}\mathcal{B}(r,\mathcal{N})/\mathcal{N}(r)$ and a sharp lower bound is obtained for $\limsup_{r\to\infty}\mathcal{A}(r,\mathcal{N})/\mathcal{N}(r)$.
INCREASES IN SEED DENSITY CAN IMPROVE PLANT STAND AND INCREASE SEEDLING VIGOUR FROM SMALL SEEDS OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM)
Authors: BALL B. , MEHARRY D. , ACUÑA T. L. BOTWRIGHT , SHARMA D. L. , HAMZA M. , WADE L. J.
Published: April 2011

Early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an important physiological trait to improve water-use efficiency and grain yield, especially on light soils in Mediterranean-type climates. Potential interactions for plant stand and seedling vigour between seed density and various seed quality treatments were examined for wheat grown in two experiments, conducted under controlled and field environments in Western Australia. Seed lots were graded into seed size classes and seed density fractions using saturated solutions of ammonium sulphate or sodium polytungstate. Dense seed improved plant stands or produced seedlings with greater early seedling vigour than their low-density counterparts in all three field environments. Artificial ageing reduced germination and emergence in the controlled environment. When grown in the field at Merredin, Western Australia, on the sandy soil, plant development was delayed with aged seed, and total leaf area and dry weight of plants were reduced. Fungicide application diminished total plant dry weight in sandy soils, but had a much larger detrimental effect when applied to aged and low-density seeds than normal seeds, retarding development, total leaf area and total plant dry weight. Our results indicate that an increase in seed density, particularly in small seed, can potentially improve plant stand and seedling vigour independently of seed size, and may be especially important for wheat grown on sandy soils of poor fertility and low water-holding capacity. The results also suggest consistency in seedling vigour may benefit from combined screening against small seed size and low seed density, which may also reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions to seed-applied fungicides. More attention should be paid to seed density as a valuable trait for improved reliability in plant stand and seedling vigour.
Women, Children, and Celibate Men in theSerekhTexts
Authors: Taylor Joan E.
Published: April 2011

TheSerekhor “Community Rule” (in all its variant manuscript forms) is one of the most famous of all the Dead Sea scrolls. It is commonplace to see it as referring to a sect of celibate men; the assumption is that it “contains no allusions to the presence of women in the group which it regulates.”1However, in an important study, Eyal Regev has recently challenged the notion that celibate men are the focus of theSerekhtexts, or of any manuscript in the scrolls corpus, by stressing that there are no explicit statements that deal with the issue of sexual asceticism, unlike what is found in monastic rules, or among the Shakers. Rather, otheryaḥaddocuments (e.g., 4Q502 Ritual of Marriage or 1QSa Rule of the Congregation) refer to marriage, reproduction, and children.2If this is so, why assume that theSerekhcan only refer to a group of celibate men, even without explicit mention of women and children? Regev's view has essentially been the position of Lawrence Schiffman for many years, given the numerous references to issues of women and family in the halakhic texts of the scrolls corpus.3
Surveying the Revolutionary Arc
Authors: Laron Guy
Published: April 2011

In the last decade, influenced by current economic trends, Cold War historians have made an effort to de-center the story of the Cold War. They have shifted their gaze from the center of the conflict—the face-offs in Europe between the Soviet Union and the United States—and cast an observing eye on the Third World. Unlike many Middle East historians who seek to understand the Middle East in terms of its unique cultures, languages, and religions, Cold War historians treat that area as part of a revolutionary arc that stretched from the jungles of Latin America to the jungles of Vietnam. Rather than emphasizing the region's singularity, they focus on the themes that united guerilla fighters in the West Bank and the Makong Delta as well as leaders from Havana to Damascus: anticolonial and anti-imperial struggles, the yearning for self-definition, and the fight against what Third World revolutionaries perceived as economic exploitation. The sudden interest in what was considered, until recently, the periphery of the Cold War has undoubtedly been fueled by the zeitgeist of a new century in which the so-called peripheral regions are set to become more dominant economically. Southeast and Southwest Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have a surplus of young skilled workers who are increasingly in demand by the global economy as the growth of world population slows and more prosperous countries in West Europe and North America are graying fast. The Third World consists today of the very regions where most of the economic growth in coming decades will take place. Dependency theory has gone topsy-turvy: leading economists now look with hope at countries such as China, India, Turkey, and Egypt and expect them to become the new engines of global growth. It is not surprising, then, that historians are now taking a stronger interest in the tangled history of the Cold War in the Third World and discovering the agency that these countries always had.
Economic Problems of the Church: Why the Reformation Failed in Ireland
Authors: Ellis Steven G.
Published: April 2011

The present paper is intended as a contribution to the recent debate on the failure of the Irish Reformation. It commences with a critical summary of the modern historiography of the subject which serves also to highlight a potentially significant imbalance between the early and later Reformation periods in the identification and exploitation of relevant source material by historians. Arguably, the nature of the evidence hitherto deployed goes far towards explaining the dimensions of the present controversy. The paper addresses this controversy mainly in two ways. First, it aims to draw attention to, and analyse, a neglected source compilation which is of central importance in assessing the reasons for the failure of the Irish Reformation. Second, and partly in order to.establish the full significance of this evidence, it seeks to develop a wider perspective from which to assess the potential for, and chronology of, religious change in Ireland.
Violence in the Medieval Cloister
Authors: Sayers Jane
Published: April 2011

On 25 April 1244 Pope Innocent iv granted Henry III's petition for absolution from any sentence of excommunication he might incur for violence against clerks. At first sight it might seem unlikely that the king of England would get involved in scuffles with clerks. He was in his thirty-seventh year and has been described by Sir Maurice Powiek? as devout, if not spiritually minded. He was of a fiery temperament, however, and may have been aware of the opinion of some canonists as to the culpability of those who instructed or ordered others to violence.
Endogenous Labor/Leisure/Investment Choice under Time Constraints
Authors: Ahn Dong-Hyun , Yoon Sun-Joong
Published: April 2011

We posit the opportunity cost of time required to manage risky investments, including conducting research and performance monitoring, as a potential explanation for the equity premium puzzle. An economic agent, who should allocate a limited amount of time to labor, leisure, and risky investment, is subject to the opportunity time cost of investment activity, which is foregone labor or leisure. Our model envisages its impact on equity premium and volatility in the presence of such a time constraint, in particular, with closed-form solutions to the risky asset returns, volatility, and risk-free rate in a simple equilibrium framework wherein agents have log utility. The model is shown to yield excess return and volatility consistent with historical values observed in the U.S. stock market, even with a small amount of time cost. In addition, the model enables us to sort out the impact of endogenous labor/leisure choice on return dynamics by comparing it with the exogenous labor income case.
The British “Pacification” of Burma: Order Without Meaning
Authors: Aung-Thwin Michael
Published: April 2011

One of the most frequently made remarks concerning British colonialism, both in print and in informal settings, has been the British role in bringing “law and order” to the colonies. Although serious scholarship has successfully questioned this assertion for some areas of the world, particularly India, for Burma, very little has been done. The reasons for proposing that Britain brought law, and especially order to Burma seem to stem from at least two factors. First, the study of Burmese law in the West is at best in its infancy, despite recent efforts by Burmese historians. Second, and more importantly, historians by and large have tended to ignore Burmese criteria for defining order, and have therefore misinterpreted as simple lawlessness what were on many important occasions traditional forms of expressing dissent and symptoms of social dysfunction, as well as cultural and psychological ambivalence of identity, especially amongst certain new classes created by colonialism itself. Thus what often appeared on the surface as order after so-called “pacification” and in general throughout the colonial period is an incomplete picture, for it was almost certainly as well, if not more so, the political, military, and psychological inability of the Burmese to present a united front against a technologically superior power. But because the entire colonial period cannot be dealt with here—although I suspect it would only further support the major thesis of this essay—and because the British concept of “pacification” (and as a result the literature on the subject) had established the intellectual framework and parameters for evaluating the subsequent colonial and post-independence periods, I feel it is adequate to have centered my arguments around the so-called period of “pacification” only. I intend to approach this topic by first describing briefly what we might call indigenous methods of pacification, contrast it to the general pacification policies and methods pursued by the British, observe the significance of the differences, and then conclude by showing how the coup of 1962 could be interpreted more as a resurrection than a true revolution.
The “Lastposten”: Eastern Kalimantan and the Dutch in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Black Ian
Published: April 2011

Until 1900 Dutch rule in eastern Kalimantan was little more than nominal. In January of that year, as if to indicate the rapid changes which the new century would bring to this as to other areas of the Outer Islands till then ignored, the Dutch Cabinet gave approval for the Netherlands East Indies government to intervene decisively in the affairs of the states constituting the region. During the year new contracts were signed with the rulers of these states which transferred to Dutch control the external trade upon which the states depended for much of their income. Henceforth Dutch officials would supervise the harbours and levy customs and excise; control of the salt and opium monopolies also passed to the Dutch, and, in some cases, of pawnbroking and gambling. Annual pensions were arranged for the former holders of these rights.
The Development and Spread of Metallurgy in Southeast Asia: A Review of the Present Evidence
Authors: Loofs-Wissowa H.H.E.
Published: April 2011

Insignificant as it may seem, not only to the layman but also to professional scholars dealing with Southeast Asian affairs such as political scientists, economists, sociologists, and even historians, the Metal Age of Southeast Asia clearly is a force to reckon with, in the sense that it now seems to occupy everyone's mind in the various countries of the region just as much as contemporary issues do. The Metal Age, in other words, is linked with the present in Southeast Asia as nowhere else in the world, and has become a “contemporary issue” too.
National Language Ability: A Sociolinguistic Survey in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Rafferty Ellen
Published: April 2011

The development of the Indonesian national language has been exemplary. Unlike the creation of a national language in other developing countries, as in Malaysia, the Philippines, and India, the choice has not become a political issue. In Indonesia, no sector of society has sought to promote other local or foreign languages as the national language. In 1962, Takdir Alisjahbana outlined the initial development of Indonesian from Malay, the trade language of the archipelago from the first century AD. and the language of the Sriwijaya Empire (A.D. 700–1200) through the period of rising nationalism to independence. A few of the important steps in this process were: the declaration of Indonesian as the national language by the National Youth Congress in 1928; the flourishing of a national and a Chinese press from the 1920s onward, both of which used the Malay language; the promotion of literary works by the monthly journal, Pudjangga Baru, from 1933 onward; and the standardizing effect of the Indonesian Language Commission established in 1942. These events successfully established the first stage or emergence of the national language.
“Ends that we cannot foresee”: Malay Reservations in British Malaya
Authors: Kratoska Paul H.
Published: April 2011

Malaya at the start of the twentieth century, in common with much of the non-European world, had a peasant economy upon which a highly capitalized export economy was being grafted. The main export in the 19th century was tin, but tin took second place to rubber by 1916. There was, as is characteristic of export economies, a great disparity between the resources, particularly capital, available to the indigenous peasant population and those available to the export sector. There were, however, distinctive features to the Malayan situation, the most important being that the capitalist export economy did not draw on the subsistence sector for produce, labour, or food; food was imported, as was the labour used in mining and on estates. The output from rubber and coconut smallholdings, many of which were Malay owned, augmented Malaya's exports, particularly after 1910, but mines and estates operated independently from the indigenous rural population. There was a high level of coincidence between ethnic groupings and occupational specializations, and the economic division between peasant cultivation and the export sector also marked the ethnic division between Malays and non-Malays. Because the colonial administration nominally held power on behalf of the Malay population, the question of the welfare and economic role of the Malays had political implications disproportionate to its economic importance.
Slave Markets and Exchange in the Malay World: The Sulu Sultanate, 1770–1878
Authors: Warren James F.
Published: April 2011

The impact of the West's commercial intrusion in China towards the end of the eighteenth century had significant bearing on the growth of the slave trade in Southeast Asia. It led to the crystallization of a permanent slave traffic around organized markets and depots in the Sulu Archipelago. Jolo Island, as the centre of a redistributive network encompassing the Sulu zone, became the most important slave centre by 1800. This had not always been the case. Most accounts of the Sulu Sultanate written before 1780 indicate that the internal demand for slaves at Jolo was on a much smaller scale than it was destined to become in the nineteenth century. These early writers reported that it was often more profitable for the Taosug, the dominant ethnic group in the Sulu Archipelago, to deliver slaves to the Magindanao and Bugis merchants of Cotabato (Mindanao) and Pasir (Borneo) for trans-shipment to Makassar and Batavia, than employ them in their own settlements.
Urbanization of the Malays since Independence: Evidence from West Malaysia, 1957 and 1970
Authors: Rimmer Peter J. , Cho George C. H.
Published: April 2011

A major intent of Malaysia's New Economic Policy, given expression in the Second Malaysia Plan (1971–75) and Third Malaysia Plan (1976–80) is “to diminish the concentration of employment among the Malays … in traditional agriculture while increasing their presence in the relatively more affluent urban sector”.
Networks and Synchronisms in Southeast Asian History
Authors: Lombard Denys
Published: April 2011

It is truly not easy to write a “well integrated” history of Southeast Asia. If today, anybody feels such a necessity, the procedure is far from obvious, and thus the utility of using a special issue such as the present one to take stock of the situation is quite evident. The main difficulty is in fact to transcend the heaviness of regional, colonial and then nationalistic histories which have strongly partitioned off the historical space.
The Contribution of Weberian Sociology to Studies of Southeast Asia
Authors: Wertheim Wim F.
Published: April 2011

Earlier than in the Anglo-Saxon world, Weber's sociological studies attracted attention among social scientists in the Netherlands. It was particularly in connection with the Southeast A sian world that parallels were suggested with the rise of capitalism in the West.
Indigenous Urbanism: Class, City and Society in Southeast Asia
Authors: O'connor Richard A.
Published: April 2011

While Southeast Asia revolves around its cities, scholarship spins off into disciplines that ignore this fact. In a region that has known cities for two millennia, where even remote peoples have shaped themselves to or against urban rule, research goes on as if the city were an alien entity, easily factored out and best forgotten. So village studies represent these city-centred nations, and few wonder if the entrepreneurs and middle class who now explain so much might themselves be explained as urban. Our disciplines divide so deeply that no one addresses how the city organizes society and shapes the region.
Believing Is Seeing: Perspectives on Political Power and Economic Activity in the Malay World 1700–1940
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: April 2011

Western historiography assumes a chronological linear unfolding of progress, and early Western commentators on Asian societies tended to see them as stagnant variants of earlier phases in European history, as feudal despotisms and passive, unchanging village communities. In assessing levels of “development” or “progress” such observers looked for recognizable specialist institutions in politics and the economy; finding few such institutions, they saw only “backwardness”. To most Europeans, trying to make sense of unknown societies and cultures, the alien could only be made comprehensible by identifying it with the familiar. It was then all too easy to proceed as if the unknown was simply a mutant or primitive version of the known. Ideas, social relationships and values which were literally beyond their ken, were often simply not seen at all. In their observations of both political and economic systems, they saw decline, corruption and confusion because they failed to recognize the patterns which structured society. So it seemed natural that the West should dominate such societies and guide them on the correct path.
Economic Challenges Facing the Philippines
Authors: Golay Frank H.
Published: April 2011

The Philippine society confronts formidable longer-term economic problems. The exhaustion of the land frontier suitable for production of present crops under existing techniques, which is compounded by degradation of the environment by wasteful harvesting of forestry resources and over-exploitation of inshore fisheries is an obvious problem. A comparable problem arises in the inertia built into the age structure of the Philippine population. In 1970, those under 15 years of age accounted for 45.6 per cent of all Filipinos and estimated population growth in the 1970s was 2.7 per cent, a rate more than double the “zero-growth rate”. If the growth rate should fall to the “zero-growth rate” tomorrow, the Philippine population would continue to grow for the better part of a century and would virtually double as cohorts of Filipinos entering the reproductive age group would continue to increase for many years.
Recent Economic Trends in Sri Lanka
Authors: Hooley Richard
Published: April 2011

While Sri Lanka is geographically closer to India, there are greater similarities in economic structure with many Southeast Asian countries. Sri Lanka is a small open economy. Foreign trade has always played a pivotal role in the functioning of the economy. Politically the country has exhibited a preference for democratic parliamentary forms of government, which are compatible with an underlying cultural individualism. There are important differences, however, in both the tempo and direction of economic growth over the past two decades, and these differences, along with the underlying policy strategies that produced them, are potentially instructive in any consideration of economic performance in the region.
The Social and Ideological Origins of the Malayan Chinese Association
Authors: Koon Heng Pek
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the role of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in the evolution of organisation modes developed by the Chinese community in Malaya to regulate its social, economic, and political affairs. It advances two assertions: firstly, that the MCA was the vehicle that bridged the divide between traditional and modern modes of community regulation, and secondly, that the MCA linked the political concerns of the Chinese community, which hitherto had been largely China-orientated, with the mainstream development of Malayan nationalism and the emerging Malayan nation state during the years 1949–57.