bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Obesity Effects of Adzuki Bean Saponins in Improving Lipid Metabolism Through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Alleviating Mitochondrial Abnormality by Activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Luo Jinhai , Luo Jincan , Wu Yingzi , Fu Yu , Fang Zhonghao , Han Bincheng , Du Bin , Yang Zifeng , Xu Baojun
Published: November 2024

Obesity is a chronic and complex disease defined by the excessive deposition of fat and is highly associated with oxidative stress. Adzuki bean saponins (ABS) showed anti-obesity activity in our previous in vivo study; however, the active saponins of adzuki beans and potential mechanisms are still unclear. This research aims to elucidate the anti-obesity effects of ABS in improving lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, exploring the effective ingredients and potential molecular mechanisms through UHPLC-QE-MS analysis, network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and in vitro experiments both in the 3T3-L1 cell line and HepG2 cell line. The results indicate that ABS can improve intracellular lipid accumulation, adipogenesis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage caused by lipid accumulation including ROS generation, abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP disorder. Fifteen saponin components were identified with the UHPLC-QE-MS analysis. The network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses indicated that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is associated with the bioactive effect of ABS. Through Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis, the anti-obesity effect of ABS is achieved through regulation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway and activation of downstream transcription factor c-Myc in the lipid accumulation cell model, and regulation of β-catenin signaling and inhibition of downstream transcription factor C/EBPα in the adipocyte cell model. These results illustrate the biological activity of ABS in improving fat metabolism and oxidative stress by restoring mitochondrial function through β-catenin signaling, the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, laying the foundation for its further development.
Two-Dimensional Differential Positioning with Global Navigation Satellite System Signal Frequency Division Relay Forwarding to Parallel Leaky Coaxial Cables in Tunnel
Authors: Jiao Keyuan , Song Maozhong , Tang Xiaolong , Dong Shimao , Xiong Shenkai
Published: November 2024

To address the issue of GNSS receivers being unable to function properly in tunnels due to the loss of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, this paper proposes a two-dimensional differential positioning system for tunnel environments based on dual leaky coaxial (LCX) cables with GNSS signal frequency relay forwarding. The system receives mixed GNSS signals from open environments and utilizes the frequency selection capabilities of the MAX2769E chip to separate and generate radio frequency signals at different frequencies corresponding to GPS, BDS, and GLONASS. These signals are then used to drive three ports of the LCX cables, which are laid in parallel within the tunnel. By leveraging the uniform radiation characteristics of the LCX cables, stable GNSS signal coverage is achieved throughout the tunnel. On the receiving end, the GNSS receiver achieves two-dimensional positioning by utilizing inter-satellite pseudorange differences and reference point error correction. The simulation results indicate that the dual T-shaped radiating LCX cables configuration offers excellent positioning accuracy and noise resistance, achieving meter-level positioning accuracy in tunnel environments.
Data Reconciliation for Assessing Compliance of Physicochemical Properties of Petroleum Products in Commercial Transactions
Authors: Moreira Rosana Medeiros , Silva Rocha Ariadne Mayra , de Oliveira Elcio Cruz
Published: November 2024

The physicochemical properties of petroleum products in commercial transactions are crucial for quality control in the oil and gas industry. However, different laboratories often produce slightly different measurement results. These variations can be significant when approving or rejecting properties based on regulatory agency and environmental body specifications. A simple arithmetic average is typically used to determine the most probable value in disputes. This study proposed using a Data Reconciliation approach to address the disparity between the projected model and empirical data. An objective function was employed to optimize and evaluate parameters using maximum likelihood estimation, considering the experimental uncertainty values. This study found that the flash point of jet fuel, as determined by the Tag Closed Cup Tester, was within the specified range (maximum of 40 °C). The application of this tool resolved a dispute between a supplier and a customer, as the reconciled value with minimized uncertainty was determined to be 37.5 ± 2.0 °C. Additionally, the study utilized experimental results from 12 accredited laboratories to determine a single reconciled value for the final boiling point of gasoline. Despite the varying experimental uncertainties ranging from 6.0 °C to 13 °C, the reconciled uncertainty was minimized to 2.6 °C. The last case study identified that ASTM D4294 was incompatible with other test methods for evaluating the mass fraction in diesel oil. In this manner, Data Reconciliation enhanced the accuracy and effectively reduced measurement uncertainties, rendering it a potent tool for resolving legal disputes when evaluating the compliance of the physicochemical properties of petroleum products in commercial transactions.
Corner Reflector Plasmonic Nanoantennas for Enhanced Single-Photon Emission
Authors: Chamorro-Posada Pedro
Published: November 2024

The emission rate of atom-like photon sources can be significantly improved by coupling them to plasmonic resonant nanostructures. These arrangements function as nanoantennas, serving the dual purpose of enhancing light–matter interactions and decoupling the emitted photons. However, there is a contradiction between the requirements for these two tasks. A small resonator volume is necessary for maximizing interaction efficiency, while a large antenna mode volume is essential to achieve high emission directivity. In this work, we analyze a hybrid structure composed of a noble metal plasmonic resonant nanoparticle coupled to the atom-like emitter, which is designed to enhance the emission rate, alongside a corner reflector aimed at optimizing the angular distribution of the emitted photons. A comprehensive numerical study of silver and gold corner reflector nanoantennas, employing the finite difference time domain method, is presented. The results demonstrate that a well-designed corner reflector can significantly enhance photon emission directivity while also substantially boosting the emission rate.
Quality Assessment of Edible Plant-Based Fixed Oils Using Different Analytical Techniques and Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Strati Irini F. , Tsiantas Konstantinos , Psouni Angeliki , Ladika Georgia , Cavouras Dionisis , Sinanoglou Vassilia J.
Published: November 2024

Plant-based carrier oils are constantly gaining popularity for their beneficial health effects on human organisms, thus shifting consumers’ preferences to alternative options in the oil market. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of twenty-six edible plant-based fixed oils via chromatographic, chromatic, and spectroscopic techniques, suggesting their potential use as complementary edible oil sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and a-linolenic acids were found in considerable proportions, whereas the majority of oils possessed unsaturated (UFA)/saturated (SFA) fatty acid ratio greater than 1.6, suggesting their function in lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease. Linseed, chia seed, macadamia, and canola oils provide a balanced intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within the range of 1:1 to 5:1. Oxidative stability was inversely related to oils’ PUFA content, with linseed, chia seed, pine cone, and walnut oils being the least stable oils against oxidation. Chlorophyll content in all oils was below the limit (50 mg/kg), preventing oxidation in the presence of light, whereas the highest values of b-carotene were noticed in soybean, linseed, and canola oils (61.18, 60.42, and 60.12 ppm, respectively). The application of machine learning algorithms for analyzing ATR-FTIR band intensities and FA proportions via discriminant analysis succeeded in discriminating pulp from seed oils, with a classification accuracy of 96.0% and 88.0%, respectively.
A Low-Cost Remotely Configurable Electronic Trap for Insect Pest Dataset Generation
Authors: León-García Fernando , Palomares Jose M. , Yousef-Yousef Meelad , Quesada-Moraga Enrique , Martínez-Ruedas Cristina
Published: November 2024

The precise monitoring of insect pest populations is the foundation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for pests of plants, humans, and animals. Digital technologies can be employed to address one of the main challenges, such as reducing the IPM workload and enhancing decision-making accuracy. In this study, digital technologies are used to deploy an automated trap for capturing images of insects and generating centralized repositories on a server. Subsequently, advanced computational models can be applied to analyze the collected data. The study provides a detailed description of the prototype, designed with a particular focus on its remote reconfigurability to optimize repository quality; and the server, accessible via an API interface to enhance system interoperability and scalability. Quality metrics are presented through an experimental study conducted on the constructed demonstrator, emphasizing trap reliability, stability, performance, and energy consumption, along with an objective analysis of image quality using metrics such as RMS contrast, Image Entropy, Image sharpness metric, Natural Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE), and Modulation Transfer Function (MFT). This study contributes to the optimization of the current knowledge regarding automated insect pest monitoring techniques and offers advanced solutions for the current systems.
Effect of Thick–Hard Main Roof Fracturing on the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Overburden Fractures
Authors: Ju Jinfeng , Qi Chengen , Li Zhu
Published: November 2024

Gas gushing and the co-mining of coal and gas outbursts are common disasters in coal mines. The weakening of thick–hard main roof fracturing can effectively alleviate the gas overrun in the initial mining stage. Four numerical simulation schemes were designed to determine the optimal fracturing treatment scheme for the gas overrun problem in the initial mining stage of the 6505# working face in the Huanghou Coal Mine. Compared with the scheme of the non-fracturing main roof, the weakening of the main roof fracturing could alleviate the concentration of advanced abutment stress. The fissure ratio of the overburden was solved by the binary method, and the dominant channels of gas migration and their morphological evolution under different fracturing schemes were obtained. On this basis, the permeability model of “permeability–fissure ratio–fractal dimension” was established. The results show that the overburden fracture network of the horizontal fracturing scheme has a larger fractal dimension, indicating that the overburden fracture under the scheme is more fully developed and more conducive to gas migration. The research results provide valuable reference for the design of the gas extraction scheme.
Hybrid Sampling-Based Path Planning for Mobile Manipulators Performing Pick and Place Tasks in Narrow Spaces
Authors: Chen Hanlin , Zang Xizhe , Zhu Yanhe , Zhao Jie
Published: November 2024

A mobile manipulator is capable of traversing a vast area while performing manipulation tasks in confined spaces. However, the high degree of freedom presents a challenge for path planning. In this paper, a hybrid sampling-based path planning method is proposed for mobile manipulators performing pick and place tasks in confined spaces. This method employs a random sampling approach, yet differs from the traditional RRT method. Firstly, a sampling-based configuration generation method for mobile manipulators is proposed, with the objective of generating a valid, collision-free configuration with the end-effector at the desired pose. A path for the end-effector corresponding to the goal configuration is then planned using the RRT method. Secondly, an area-restricted approach that samples in the vicinity of the previous configuration is introduced to generate the next valid configuration. Subsequently, a cost computation rule is devised to identify the optimal subsequent configuration utilizing the trajectory of the end-effector as a guiding principle. Finally, the obtained path is smoothed. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed hybrid sample-based method is an effective solution to the path planning problem for mobile manipulators performing pick and place tasks in narrow spaces.
Light Clenching Differentially Affects Balance Ability According to Occlusal Contact Stability
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu , Fukui Takuya , Sugita Masaaki
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of occlusal contacts based on the left–right distribution of the occlusal contact area, divide participants into well-balanced and unbalanced groups, and clarify the effect of light clenching on the balance ability. Methods: Forty-one healthy men completed occlusal contact examinations with pressure-sensitive films, and the participants were allocated to the balanced occlusal contact (BOC) group or the unbalanced occlusal contact (UOC) group. The balance ability was measured using a center of gravity sway meter. The static balance in standing and dynamic balance using the cross test were assessed. Measurements were performed in the mandibular rest position (RP) or with light clenching (LC). Differences in the balance ability between the participant groups due to clenching and correlations between the static and dynamic balance were analyzed. Results: Differences in the balance ability due to clenching were observed only in the BOC group, with the static balance higher with LC, and the dynamic balance higher in the RP condition (p < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed between the static and dynamic balance except for the UOC group with LC (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that occlusion affects the postural control when occlusal contact is stable but does not affect the postural control when occlusal contact is unstable.
A Machine Learning Approach for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction in Digital Mammography
Authors: Angelone Francesca , Ponsiglione Alfonso Maria , Ricciardi Carlo , Belfiore Maria Paola , Gatta Gianluca , Grassi Roberto , Amato Francesco , Sansone Mario
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer is among the most prevalent cancers in the female population globally. Therefore, screening campaigns as well as approaches to identify patients at risk are particularly important for the early detection of suspect lesions. This study aims to propose a workflow for the automatic classification of patients based on one of the most relevant risk factors in breast cancer, which is represented by breast density. The proposed classification methodology takes advantage of the features automatically extracted from mammographic images, as digital mammography represents the major screening tool in women. Textural features were extracted from the breast parenchyma through a radiomics approach, and they were used to train different machine learning algorithms and neural network models to classify the breast density according to the standard Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) guidelines. Both binary and multiclass tasks have been carried out and compared in terms of performance metrics. Preliminary results show interesting classification accuracy (93.55% for the binary task and 82.14% for the multiclass task), which are promising compared to the current literature. As the proposed workflow relies on straightforward and computationally efficient algorithms, it could serve as a basis for a fast-track protocol for the screening of mammograms to reduce the radiologists’ workload.
Beyond Binary Dialogues: Research and Development of a Linguistically Nuanced Conversation Design for Social Robots in Group–Robot Interactions
Authors: Bensch Christoph , Müller Ana , Chojnowski Oliver , Richert Anja
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we detail the technical development of a conversation design that is sensitive to group dynamics and adaptable, taking into account the subtleties of linguistic variations between dyadic (i.e., one human and one agent) and group interactions in human–robot interaction (HRI) using the German language as a case study. The paper details the implementation of robust person and group detection with YOLOv5m and the expansion of knowledge databases using large language models (LLMs) to create adaptive multi-party interactions (MPIs) (i.e., group–robot interactions (GRIs)). We describe the use of LLMs to generate training data for socially interactive agents including social robots, as well as a self-developed synthesis tool, knowledge expander, to accurately map the diverse needs of different users in public spaces. We also outline the integration of a LLM as a fallback for open-ended questions not covered by our knowledge database, ensuring it can effectively respond to both individuals and groups within the MPI framework.
Dual Control Strategy for Non-Minimum Phase Behavior Mitigation in DC-DC Boost Converters Using Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control and Proportional–Integral Controllers
Authors: Marmol Alejandra , Zamiri Elyas , Purraji Marziye , Murillo Duberney , Díaz Jairo Tuñón , Vazquez Aitor , de Castro Angel
Published: November 2024

Model Predictive Control (MPC) has emerged as a promising alternative for controlling power converters, offering benefits such as flexibility, simplicity, and rapid control response, particularly when short-horizon algorithms are employed. This paper introduces a system using a short-horizon Finite Control Set MPC (FCS-MPC) strategy to specifically address the challenge of non-minimum phase behavior in boost converters. The non-minimum phase issue, which complicates the control process by introducing an initial inverse response, is effectively mitigated by the proposed method. A Proportional–Integral (PI) controller is integrated to dynamically adjust the reference current based on the output voltage error, thereby enhancing overall system stability and performance. Unlike conventional PI-MPC methods, where the PI controller has an influence on the system dynamics, the PI controller in this approach is solely used for tuning the reference current needed for the FCS-MPC controller. The PI controller addresses small deviations in output voltage, primarily due to model prediction inaccuracies, ensuring steady-state accuracy, while the FCS-MPC handles fast dynamic responses to adapt the controller’s behavior based on load conditions. This dual control strategy effectively balances the need for precise voltage regulation and rapid adaptation to varying load conditions. The proposed method’s effectiveness is validated through a multi-stage simulation test, demonstrating significant improvements in response time and stability compared to traditional control methods. Hardware-in-the-loop testing further confirms the system’s robustness and potential for real-time applications in power electronics.
Analysis of SiNx Waveguide-Integrated Liquid Crystal Platform for Wideband Optical Phase Shifters and Modulators
Authors: Jaturaphagorn Pawaphat , Chattham Nattaporn , Traiwattanapong Worawat , Chaisakul Papichaya
Published: November 2024

In this study, the potential of employing SiNx (silicon nitride) waveguide platforms to enable the use of liquid-crystal-based phase shifters for on-chip optical modulators was thoroughly investigated using 3D-FDTD (3D finite-difference time-domain) simulations. The entire structure of liquid-crystal-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) optical modulators, consisting of multi-mode interferometer splitters, different tapering sections, and liquid-crystal-based phase shifters, was systematically and holistically investigated with a view to developing a compact, wideband, and CMOS-compatible (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) bias voltage optical modulator with competitive modulation efficiency, good fabrication tolerance, and single-mode operation using the same SiNx waveguide layer for the entire device. The trade-off between several important parameters is critically discussed in order to reach a conclusion on the possible optimized parameter sets. Contrary to previous demonstrations, this investigation focused on the potential of achieving such an optical device using the same SiNx waveguide layer for the entire device, including both the passive and active regions. Significantly, we show that it is necessary to carefully select the phase shifter length of the LC-based (liquid crystal) MZI optical modulator, as the phase shifter length required to obtain a π phase shift could be as low as a few tens of microns; therefore, a phase shifter length that is too long can contradictorily worsen the optical modulation.
Studies on Submersible Short-Circuit Blowing Based on Orthogonal Experiments, Back Propagation Neural Network Prediction, and Pearson Correlation Analysis
Authors: He Xiguang , Huang Bin , Peng Likun , Chen Jia
Published: November 2024

Short-circuit blowing is a crucial technical approach for ensuring the rapid surfacing of submersibles. In order to investigate the law, L18(37) orthogonal experiments based on a proportional short-circuit blowing model test bench were conducted. Subsequently, a Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to train the experimental data; further examination of the correlation between individual factors and blowing served as an enhancement to the orthogonal experiments. It has been proved that both multi-factor combinations and personal factors, including blowing duration, sea tank back pressure, gas blowing pressure from the cylinder group, and sea valve flowing area, exert significant influence with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.6535, 0.8105, 0.5569, and 0.5373, respectively. Notably, the F-ratio for blowing duration exceeds the critical value of 3.24. The statistical evaluation metrics for the BPNN ranged from 10−1 to 10−12, with relative errors below 3%, and achieving a prediction accuracy rate of 100%. Based on these findings, a robust predictive methodology for submersible short-circuit blowing has been established along with recommendations for engineering design and operational strategies that highlight its advantages as well as its initial condition settings.
Automated Assessment of Reporting Completeness in Orthodontic Research Using LLMs: An Observational Study
Authors: Alharbi Fahad , Asiri Saeed
Published: November 2024

This study evaluated the usability of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically ChatGPT, in assessing the completeness of reporting in orthodontic research abstracts. We focused on two key areas: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, using the CONSORT-A and PRISMA guidelines for evaluation. Twenty RCTs and twenty systematic reviews published between 2018 and 2022 in leading orthodontic journals were analyzed. The results indicated that ChatGPT achieved perfect agreement with human reviewers on several fundamental reporting items; however, significant discrepancies were noted in more complex areas, such as randomization and eligibility criteria. These findings suggest that while LLMs can enhance the efficiency of literature appraisal, they should be used in conjunction with human expertise to ensure a comprehensive evaluation. This study underscores the need for further refinement of LLMs to improve their performance in assessing research quality in orthodontics and other fields.
Modified REL-Based Piecewise Path Loss Modeling Approach for Shore-to-Ship Communication at 5.6 GHz
Authors: Eyuboglu Ekrem , Hasirci Tugcu Zeynep , Kuzulugil Kenan , Cavdar Ismail Hakki
Published: November 2024

The need for reliable and uninterrupted communication systems in the marine environment has become critically important with increasing maritime activities, environmental monitoring, and the spread of autonomous systems. However, the complex structure of electromagnetic wave propagation in a sea environment limits the accuracy of the existing propagation models. Thus, the Modified Round Earth Loss (REL) model was first developed in this study to estimate the path loss more accurately in shore-to-ship communication. Subsequently, a piecewise modeling approach based on the principle of two-segment data modeling was proposed. In the Modified REL model, unlike the traditional REL model, the paths and gains of the direct and reflected waves were not considered equal in the calculations. Moreover, unlike in the classical approach, the receiver height was not taken as a fixed value; the estimated best receiver height value for each measurement was included in the calculations as a representation of the effect of roughness in the sea environment. Thus, the model is better adapted to various environmental conditions. In addition, the proposed piecewise model divides the propagation medium into two regions using a break point calculated by Fresnel zone theory. The Modified REL model was used for the first region and the log-distance model was used for the second region. This method allows for more accurate modeling of signal behaviors, especially at different distances. Experimental measurements and performance evaluations conducted using four different shore-to-ship communication scenarios show that the Modified REL model shows an average improvement of up to 3% in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values compared to the classical REL model. Additionally, the proposed piecewise model improves the fitting error of the Modified REL model, which models the data as a single whole, by an average of 22.25%. These findings emphasize the necessity of propagation models that are sensitive and adaptable to environmental changes for maritime communication.
A Correlation Relating the Residual Strength Parameters to the Proportions of Clay Fractions and Plasticity Characteristics of Overburden Sediments from the Open-Pit Mine Drmno
Authors: Ćorluka Stevan , Rakić Dragoslav , Živanović Nikola , Djoković Ksenija , Đurić Tina
Published: November 2024

One of the prerequisites for the safe exploitation of surface mines is the stability of the working and final slopes of the mine. In order to ensure this, it is necessary to carry out detailed field and laboratory geomechanical tests of the soil and, based on the obtained results, make calculations related to stability analyses. The results obtained in this way are used for dimensioning the slope of exploitation slopes (excavation). Landslides occur when the ultimate shear strength is reached, and therefore, the adequate definition of shear strength parameters is one of the essential prerequisites for successfully solving the stability problem. Unlike earlier tests in Serbia, when the residual shear strength parameters were determined based on the usual conventional methods (direct shear apparatus, triaxial apparatus), this time, in addition to the direct shear apparatus, a ring shear apparatus was also chosen for testing. The paper shows the method of determining the residual shear strength parameters of high plasticity gray clays and siltstones of roof sediments from open pit mine Drmno, using direct and ring shear apparatus. The results show that the residual angle of internal friction for gray clays obtained with the ring shear apparatus is 9.9–10.8°, and for the siltstone, it is 11.8–12.9°, both of which are lower than the values obtained with the direct shear apparatus. In addition, correlations between the residual parameters of soil shear resistance and some physical indicators (plasticity index, clay content) are provided, showing high correlation coefficients. The proposed correlations should be used only when time and financial constraints prevent the execution of actual tests to determine residual shear strength, as concrete experimental procedures provide a much more reliable assessment of the residual strength properties of the soil.
Enhancing Acceleration Capabilities in Professional Women’s Football Players: A Comparative Analysis of Game-Based Versus Resisted Sprint Trainings
Authors: Castaño-Zambudio Adrián , Repullo Carmen , Jiménez-Reyes Pedro
Published: November 2024

The recognition of high-speed demands in football has led elite academies to prioritize acceleration capabilities for player selection and promotion, particularly given their fundamental role in the motor skills of professional players and their impact on goal-related opportunities. This study explored the effectiveness of game-based versus resisted sprint training methods in enhancing the acceleration abilities of professional women’s football players. Over the entire competitive period, the training load of 26 athletes (24.2 ± 3.7 years) was assessed using GPS devices, and sprint capabilities were evaluated through four 30-m acceleration tests spaced six weeks apart. Linear mixed models (LMMs) analyzed physical load parameters, including distance covered at high speeds, speed events, and maximum speed, with periods and players as fixed and random effects, respectively. Significant sprint performance improvements were observed across all intervals, particularly when high-intensity distance volumes were combined with resisted sprint training. Conversely, high-intensity running without additional stimuli also led to performance gains, albeit to a lesser extent. Both game-based and resisted sprint training methods were effective in enhancing acceleration capabilities, while the absence of specific sprint focus did not significantly alter sprint performance. These findings support the inclusion of tailored sprint training in athletic programs to optimize acceleration in women’s football players.
Synergistic Effect of Influence Factors on Ammonia Volatilization in Fertilizer Solution: A Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Xie Jie , Chen Yuanhua , Yang Tao , Li Jianguo , Xu Changxu , Dong Aiqin
Published: November 2024

Ammonia volatilization, which is one of the main ways that nitrogen gas is released from farmland, restricts promotion of the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and contains some potential environmental risks. To investigate the general pattern of ammonia volatilization under actual paddy field conditions, we designed an indoor simulated system to measure the amount of ammonia volatilized within a single time period by controlling the pH and concentration of NH4+ (c(NH4+)) in the solution, the gas–liquid interfacial gas velocity, and the ambient temperature. In this paper, the influence of these factors, the synergistic effect on ammonia volatilization, and their quantitative relationship are discussed. We used solutions of ammonium bicarbonate (SAB) and diammonium phosphate (SDP) for the simulation experiments, and the results showed that there is a significant linear relationship between the amount of ammonia volatilization and c(NH4+). The correlation coefficients were between 0.9214 to 0.9897 and 0.8932 to 0.9904 for SAB and SDP, respectively. The quantitative relationship between temperature and pH and the influence factor (CIF) and the initial ammonia volatilization fluxes (IAVFs) was analyzed by the least-squares method, and the degrees of polynomial were one and two, respectively. The regression equations of the SAB and SDP among the amount of ammonia volatilization with the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, the temperature, and the pH were calculated by using MATLAB. Considering the effects of temperature and pH on the CIF and IAVFs under individual conditions, we used a binary cubic model to fit the relationship between temperature and pH to the CIF and IAVFs. The simulation results showed that the correlation coefficients between the CIF and IAVFs for SAB were 0.9980 and 0.9680, respectively, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9946 and 0.9708 for SDP, respectively. The quantitative equation took into account the coefficient of determination and degrees of polynomial, and the ammonia volatilization fluxes can be calculated by using these equations.
Attention-Based Hydrogen Refueling Imputation Model for Efficient Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Authors: Ko Keunsoo , Kim Changgyun
Published: November 2024

During hydrogen refueling, the data values determining the state of charge (SoC) of a vehicle can be missing due to internal and external factors. This causes inaccurate SoC estimation, resulting in oversupply or undersupply. To overcome this issue, an attention-based hydrogen refueling imputation (AHRI) model, which restores missing values, is proposed in this paper. In particular, considering that data variables can vary depending on the environmental conditions and equipment in a hydrogen refueling station (HRS), we use the attention mechanism. It determines the primary features, which improves the predictive performance and helps adapt to new conditions. Using the observed data during hydrogen refueling, we train the proposed AHRI model and verify its efficacy. Experimental results show that the proposed AHRI model outperforms existing imputation models significantly. Here, AHRI achieves 0.95 and 0.82 in terms of R2 when 20% and 40% of the values are missing, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed model can be used to solve the data missing problems in HSRs.
Nonlinear Dynamics of an Electromagnetically Actuated Cantilever Beam Under Harmonic External Excitation
Authors: Herisanu Nicolae , Marinca Bogdan , Marinca Vasile
Published: November 2024

The present work is devoted to the study of nonlinear vibrations of an electromagnetically actuated cantilever beam subject to harmonic external excitation. The soft actuator that controls the vibratory motion of such components of a robotic structure led to a strongly nonlinear governing differential equation, which was solved in this work by using a highly accurate technique, namely the Optimal Auxiliary Functions Method. Comparisons between the results obtained using our original approach with those of numerical integration show the efficiency and reliability of our procedure, which can be applied to give an explicit analytical approximate solution in two cases: the nonresonant case and the nearly primary resonance. Our technique is effective, simple, easy to use, and very accurate by means of only the first iteration. On the other hand, we present an analysis of the local stability of the model using Routh–Hurwitz criteria and the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. Global stability is analyzed by means of Lyapunov’s direct method and LaSalle’s invariance principle. For the first time, the Lyapunov function depends on the approximate solution obtained using OAFM. Also, Pontryagin’s principle with respect to the control variable is applied in the construction of the Lyapunov function.
Robust Static Output Feedback Control of a Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension Based on Magnetorheological Dampers
Authors: Viadero-Monasterio Fernando , Meléndez-Useros Miguel , Jiménez-Salas Manuel , Boada Beatriz López
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a novel design method for a magnetorheological (MR) damper-based semi-active suspension system. An improved MR damper model that accurately describes the hysteretic nature and effect of the applied current is presented. Given the unfeasibility of installing sensors for all vehicle states, an MR damper current controller that only considers the suspension deflection and deflection rate is proposed. A linear matrix inequality problem is formulated to design the current controller, with the objective of enhancing ride safety and comfort while guaranteeing vehicle stability and robustness against any road disturbance. A series of experiments demonstrates the enhanced performance of the proposed MR damper model, which exhibits greater accuracy than other state-of-the-art damper models, such as Bingham or bi-viscous. An evaluation of the vehicle behavior under two simulated road scenarios has been conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed output feedback MR damper-based semi-active suspension system.
A Systematic Review of Accessibility Techniques for Online Platforms: Current Trends and Challenges
Authors: Bercaru Valentin , Popescu Nirvana
Published: November 2024

Accessibility in online platforms is a critical concern in our increasingly digital world, where information and services are predominantly accessed through the Internet. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in online accessibility technologies, and it is focused on key tools such as sign language recognition, speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and voice recognition. Despite advancements in digital inclusivity, numerous technical limitations persist, which limit the accessibility of online content for individuals with disabilities. Our findings indicate that while speech and voice technologies have achieved good accuracies and low word error rates, further research is needed to improve the accuracy and usability of sign language recognition systems, especially for continuous sign language recognition, as they have low accuracy. In this review, we analyzed research articles and publications from well-known databases, including Google Scholar, Elsevier, IEEE Xplore, and Springer. In order to ensure a high standard of quality, we applied the PRISMA 2020 and PEDro methodologies to quantitatively and qualitatively filter the thousands of articles provided by these databases, and we selected only studies that were related to our study. Key areas of investigation included the performance and accuracy of sign language interfaces, speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and speech recognition applications and the compatibility of these technologies with different platforms and devices. This review also explores the role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in enhancing accessibility and personalizing user experiences. Through a critical analysis of current solutions and a discussion of existing gaps, this paper offers insights into potential improvements and future directions for creating more accessible online environments. The findings might be valuable to researchers and developers dedicated to promoting digital inclusivity and equality.
The Concept and Measurements of an Adjustable Holder for Large Magnets Applicable for a THz Undulator Working in Superradiant Emission
Authors: Romanowicz Paweł J. , Wiechecki Jarosław , Ziemiański Daniel , Nietubyć Robert , Krawczyk Paweł
Published: November 2024

The main aim of this study is the concept of the magnet holder for the THz undulator utilized in the PolFEL superradiant light source. To achieve maximum flux at high K values (radiation frequencies ranging from 0.5 THz to 5 THz, and K values exceeding 3), it is necessary to use large permanent magnets with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 39.9 mm. For the above assumptions and parameters and specific requirements for magnet positioning, existing design solutions in the literature were found to be insufficient. The main challenges in the design of this holder included the following: (a) the unusually large size of the magnets, (b) requirements of wide-range calibration, and (c) large magnetic forces acting on each magnet, which can approach almost 4 kN. Taking into consideration these challenges, the prototype of the magnet holder was developed and manufactured. The paper presents the findings from both numerical and experimental studies aimed at validating the mechanical behavior and deformation of the proposed magnet holder. The measurements were conducted using two methods—traditional with the use of dial indicators and a novel approach based on the application of the Digital Image Correlation. The results from these numerical and experimental studies indicate that all specified requirements have been satisfactorily met. The study confirms the capability for accurate magnet positioning, demonstrating stable deformation of the holder under a magnetic load. Additionally, it was proved that the positioning of the magnets is both linear and repeatable, with calibration achievable within a range of at least ±0.25 mm.
Automated Vertebral Bone Quality Determination from T1-Weighted Lumbar Spine MRI Data Using a Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Transformer Neural Network
Authors: Stojšić Kristian , Miletić Rigo Dina , Jurković Slaven
Published: November 2024

Vertebral bone quality (VBQ) is a promising new method that can improve screening for osteoporosis. The drawback of the current method is that it requires manual determination of the regions of interest (ROIs) of vertebrae and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a radiologist. In this work, an automatic method for determining the VBQ is proposed, in which the ROIs are obtained using a trained neural network model. A large, publicly available dataset of sagittal lumbar spine MRI images with ground truth segmentations was used to train a BRAU-Net++ hybrid CNN–transformer neural network. The performance of the trained model was evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), accuracy, precision, recall and intersection-over-union (IoU) metrics. The trained model performed similarly to state-of-the-art lumbar spine segmentation models, with an average DSC value of 0.914 ± 0.007 for the vertebrae and 0.902 for the spinal canal. Four different methods of VBQ determination with automatic segmentation are presented and compared with one-way ANOVA. These methods use different algorithms for CSF extraction from the segmentation of the spinal canal using T1- and T2-weighted image data and applying erosion to the vertebral ROI to avoid a sharp change in SI at the edge of the vertebral body.
Developing a Technology for Driving Mine Workings with Combined Support and Friction Anchors in Ore Mines
Authors: Demin Vladimir , Kalinin Alexey , Baimuldin Murat , Tomilov Aleksandr , Smagulova Assemgul , Mutovina Natalya , Shokarev Denis , Aliev Samat , Akpanbayeva Assem , Demina Tatiana
Published: November 2024

This study summarizes the experience of conducting and maintaining mining operations in unstable zones in mines in Kazakhstan, assessing the mining and geological technical conditions of their operation under difficult mining and geological conditions. A field study and analytical modeling with an assessment of the stability of the boundary mass using the Barton mining method enabled the development of a technology for sinking mining operations with combined fasteners and friction anchors in ore mines.
Software Development Process Considerations in GNSS-Denied Navigation Project for Drones
Authors: Rutkowski Sebastian , Szczepański Cezary
Published: November 2024

This article will discuss the software development process utilised in the GNSS-denied navigation project targeted for drones. The process was implemented in an environment where software developers were oriented to developing a source code only and who showed great reluctance to follow any formal process. The mentioned process was a lightweight AGILE-based process that, by assumption, minimised developers’ engagement in activities other than those related to the source code development. The process described in this paper was designed to support and reflect product quality characteristics like functional completeness and correctness, time behaviour, resource utilisation, analysability, modifiability and testability in an “implicit” way. It allowed the developers to achieve those characteristics in an “invisible” manner. This allowed us to achieve acceptable product quality without needing to engage experienced architects. The described process needs improvements and extensions to satisfy certification needs. However, for the prototyping or research phases, it may be a perfect solution for facilitating future product modifications and saving costs. The process improves product quality by underlying the value of transparency, performing specific actions and incorporating specific attributes related to team tasks. This research also focused on finding a metric related to process acceptance in a given environment, resulting in a three-degree scale showing whether the process needed improvements or was accepted by the environment. Such a metric is a new finding and the metric implies that there are some factors that stand behind any process, which determine whether it will be friendly to the environment (people with their habits, work style, personal traits, etc.) or not. However, investigating factors that determine the process acceptance and that are connected to the environment traits were beyond the scope of this research and will be considered in the future.
Mitigating Pass Gate Effect in Buried Channel Array Transistors Through Buried Oxide Integration: Addressing Interference Phenomenon Between Word Lines
Authors: Cho Yeongmyeong , Kim Yeon-Seok , Kwon Min-Woo
Published: November 2024

As semiconductor devices become smaller, their performance and integration density improve, but new negative effects emerge due to the reduced distance between structures. In DRAM, these effects can lead to data loss or require additional refresh cycles, causing performance degradation. Specifically, in the 6F2 DRAM structure, activating a word line (WL) lowers the energy barrier of adjacent WLs, leading to the Pass Gate Effect (PGE). This study investigates the use of buried oxide beneath the WL to mitigate the PGE through simulation. Using SILVACO TCAD, we analyzed the impact of varying the size and position of the buried oxide on the PGE. The results showed that increasing the oxide size or reducing the distance to the WL effectively reduced the PGE. However, the presence of interface traps, which increase with the addition of buried oxide, was found to exacerbate the PGE, indicating that minimizing interface traps is crucial when incorporating buried oxide.
A Methodological Approach to the Study of Retroreflective Pavements
Authors: López-Montero Teresa , Martínez Adriana H. , Miró i Rovira Albert , Villar Méndez Robert , Miró Rodrigo , Pérez-Cabré Elisabet , Millán María Sagrario
Published: November 2024

Climate change, principally driven by human activities, has led to an increase in global temperature, which is predicted to continue rising in the coming years. This temperature increase is even more pronounced in urban areas due to the heat island effect. This phenomenon is highly influenced by the presence of paved streets made with bituminous mixtures, which are characterised by their high solar radiation absorption capacity. Bituminous mixtures retain and re-emit a large amount of heat that intensifies the urban heat island effect. The novelty of this work is to measure retroreflective properties of bituminous mixtures that present a highly textured surface. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the retroreflectance of different bituminous mixtures for use as pavement surfaces, focusing on the influence of colour and different types of aggregates. For this, total and directional reflectance measurements were conducted to determine the retroreflectance of these mixtures, with the purpose of mitigating the heat island effect in urban environments without affecting users through reflected solar radiation. The results show the retroreflective capacity of the designed mixtures within the visible spectrum, especially those manufactured with light-coloured aggregates and synthetic binders pigmented with titanium dioxide. Thus, the retroreflectance of the lighter mixtures range from 37.9% at a 0° entrance angle to 68.9% at 60°, while the black mixtures exhibit values between 5.1% and 8.4%.