bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimisation model for online generators when a new generator is about to get started during power system restoration process
Authors: Liu Chongru , Wu Minhao , Xu Wei , Qian Feng , Luo Gang , Duan Qingang , Hu Haiyang , Wang Jiayu
Published: September 2016

Rapid restoration of power systems is vitally important following an outage; however, existing optimal objectives and models to start up all the generators may cause problems where by some generators are ramping while others are waiting shown in the calculation results. To address this problem considering the generator regulation characteristics, a variable‐constrained maximum‐value minimisation model is proposed in this study to describe the practical problem. By introducing the time variable t, the variable‐constrained optimisation problem is converted to a constrained optimal power flow problem, which can be solved using common optimisation approaches. Applying the proposed model and method, the optimisation method is discussed considering the characteristics of generators during power system black start. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective and can significantly reduce the restoration time. The algorithm described here is applied to the Guangdong power grid self‐healing decision‐making system.
Strategies to improve the voltage quality in active low‐voltage distribution networks using DSO's assets
Authors: Armendariz Mikel , Babazadeh Davood , Brodén Daniel , Nordström Lars
Published: September 2016

This study addresses the problem of voltage variations in active low‐voltage distribution networks caused by distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation. Three strategies based on model predictive control (MPC) are introduced to flatten the voltage profile in a cost‐optimal way. The compared strategies are the business as usual approach that manipulates a controllable on‐load tap changer at the primary substation, the problematic feeder control strategy (CS) that adds an additional degree of freedom by controlling the critical secondary substations (SSs), and finally the compensation strategy, which controls the primary substation and compensates the non‐critical SSs. A sensitivity analysis on the CSs has been conducted comparing the voltage variation reduction and the asset utilization with regard to the accuracy of the prediction models and the forecasted disturbance data. The results show that better (and more costly) characterisation of these parameters only provide a marginal improvement in the reduction of the voltage variations due to the restriction caused by the heavy tap change penalisation. Moreover, the tested case‐study shows that the problematic feeder CS outperforms the compensation strategy in terms of larger voltage variation reduction for similar asset utilisation.
Approach of hybrid PBIL control in distributed generation parameters for IEEE and real time Indian utility system
Authors: Nayanatara Chandrasekaran , Baskaran Jeevarathinam , Kothari Dwarkadas Pralhaddas
Published: September 2016

This study presents a method for regulation parameters of a distributed generation (DG) system by means of a hybrid optimisation algorithm. This aims in increasing the stability and reducing the losses and the cost of generation. The hybrid algorithm which includes probability based incremental learning and micro genetic algorithm are tested among other computational intelligence techniques to validate the efficiency of the method by maximising the total social welfare and minimising the network congestion. Simultaneous optimisation of DG parameters which includes DG size, location and type is explored using generation rescheduling and with load curtailment which is vindicated on a modified IEEE distribution system and in a real time Indian utility system. Results show us that the proposed method presents advantages of low computational complexity.
Distributed multi‐sensor fusion using generalised multi‐Bernoulli densities
Authors: Yi Wei , Jiang Meng , Hoseinnezhad Reza , Wang Bailu
Published: September 2016

A new method for distributed multi‐target tracking with multistatic radar systems is presented.The proposed method is based on using generalised covariance intersection (GCI) of multi‐object densities for fusion of the posteriors within a multi‐object Bayesian filtering scheme. The presented solution is particularly formulated for sensor fusion with posterior densities that are parameterised as generalised multi‐Bernoulli (GMB) distributions which are the unlabelled version of VoCVo densities by discarding the labels. To obtain a closed‐form solution for fusing GMB densities, the authors use an efficient approximation to the densities. The approximated density is another GMB density that preserves both the first‐order moment (intensity or PHD) and the cardinality distribution of the original density. As such, it is called the second‐order approximation of the GMB (SO‐GMB) density. The resulting explicit expressions for the GCI fusion using SO‐GMB approximations allow distributed sensor fusion, not only with VoCVo filters, but also with M‐generalised labelled multi‐Bernoulli and labelled multi‐Bernoulli filters being in place as local filters in the multistatic radar system. In two challenging multi‐target tracking scenarios, the tracking performance of the proposed method is shown to outperform the state of art.
Synthesis of hierarchical three‐dimensional CuO spindles for highly sensitive glucose determination
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhao Qian , Ding Jieting , Wang Hui , Ma Yuanyuan , Lv Weizhong , Ji Shan , Li Shunxi , Wang Rongfang
Published: September 2016

Hierarchical three‐dimensional copper oxide (CuO) spindles were prepared via a hydrothermal process. The as‐prepared CuO spindles assembled from nanoslices were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained hierarchical structure exhibited numerous particle boundaries acting as active sites for glucose oxidation in an alkaline solution. Chronomaperometric studies showed that under an optimal applied potential of +0.5 V versus Ag/AgCl, the as‐prepared CuO electrode exhibited a broad detection range from 0.001 to 3.0 mM with a sensitivity of ca. 3000 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.3 μM. The CuO spindle electrode also demonstrated excellent selectivity to glucose oxidation in the presence of several electro‐active species.
Zeit für Veränderung – Was wir für die hausärztliche Versorgung älterer depressiver Menschen von den USA lernen können
Authors: Bjerregaard F. , Hüll M. , Stieglitz R.-D. , Hölzel L.
Published: September 2016

Depression ist eine der häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen im höheren Lebensalter. Oft geht sie mit komorbiden somatischen Erkrankungen einher und Betroffene werden zu Vielnutzern des Gesundheitssystems. Aufgrund der nicht nur individuellen, sondern auch gesellschaftlichen Relevanz, ist ein Blick auf die aktuelle Versorgung und Optimierungsmöglichkeiten von älteren Menschen mit Depression wichtig und notwendig. Der Hausarzt stellt meist nicht nur die erste Anlaufstelle dar, sondern übernimmt oft die gesamte Depressionsbehandlung. Aufgrund limitierter Möglichkeiten in der hausärztlichen Versorgung, gibt es in den USA schon seit einigen Jahren kollaborative Programme, die eine optimierte Vernetzung und Zusammenarbeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Behandlern vorsieht und speziell geschulte Case Manager einsetzt, um die übliche hausärztliche Behandlung mit kurzen verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionen zu unterstützen. In Deutschland gibt es ebenfalls bereits neue Ansätze und Modelle um die Versorgung älterer depressiver Menschen zu verbessern, die aber noch weiterer Überprüfungen bedürfen.
Diffusion quantum Monte Carlo study of martensitic phase transition energetics: The case of phosphorene
Authors: Reeves Kyle G. , Yao Yi , Kanai Yosuke
Published: September 2016

Recent technical advances in dealing with finite-size errors make quantum Monte Carlo methods quite appealing for treating extended systems in electronic structure calculations, especially when commonly used density functional theory (DFT) methods might not be satisfactory. We present a theoretical study of martensitic phase transition energetics of a two-dimensional phosphorene by employing diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) approach. The DMC calculation supports DFT prediction of having a rather diffusive barrier that is characterized by having two transition states, in addition to confirming that the so-called black and blue phases of phosphorene are essentially degenerate. At the same time, the DFT calculations do not provide the quantitative accuracy in describing the energy changes for the martensitic phase transition even when hybrid exchange-correlation functional is employed. We also discuss how mechanical strain influences the stabilities of the two phases of phosphorene.
Torsion and vibration-torsion levels of the S1 and ground cation electronic states of para-fluorotoluene
Authors: Gardner Adrian M. , Tuttle William D. , Whalley Laura , Claydon Andrew , Carter Joseph H. , Wright Timothy G.
Published: September 2016

We investigate the low-energy transitions (0–570 cm−1) of the S1 state of para-fluorotoluene (pFT) using a combination of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and zero-kinetic-energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. By using various S1 states as intermediate levels, we obtain ZEKE spectra. The differing activity observed allows detailed assignments to be made of both the cation and S1 low-energy levels. The assignments are in line with the recently published work on toluene from the Lawrance group [J. R. Gascooke et al., J. Chem. Phys. 143, 044313 (2015)], which considered vibration-torsion coupling in depth for the S1 state of toluene. In addition, we investigate whether two bands that occur in the range 390–420 cm−1 are the result of a Fermi resonance; we present evidence for weak coupling between various vibrations and torsions that contribute to this region. This work has led to the identification of a number of misassignments in the literature, and these are corrected.
Ab initio study of thermodynamically consistent equation of state of warm dense aluminum plasma
Authors: Gao Xiang , Chen Liang , Valencia Ramón , Xia Weiyi , Gao Weiwei , Han Xiao-Ying , Li Jia-Ming , Zhang Peihong
Published: September 2016

Thermodynamically consistent equation of state (EOS) of two-temperature aluminum across a wide range of parameter space (compression ratio ratios V0/V up to 4, electronic temperatures Te up to 1 500 000 K, and ionic temperature Tion up to 10 000 000 K for Te up to 40 000 K) is investigated from the free energy calculations using density functional theory (DFT) based first-principles electronic structure methods. Our results can serve as a stringent benchmark for the present EOS model and database, where various approximations are adopted, used in hydrodynamic simulations as well as developing new EOS models. We find that the Thomas-Fermi model for the electronic pressure overestimates the EOS within the present parameter space, whereas the Thomas-Fermi model with exchange corrections are in good agreement with our results for Te greater than 600 000 K. The ionic pressure for a given ionic temperature Tion is found to be nearly independent of the electronic temperature at high temperatures, which can be modeled with kinetic theory for Tion larger than 1 000 000 K for various Te. The asymptotic behavior of the electronic contributions to the plasma pressure is further analyzed and casted into a compact analytical form with a few fitting parameters. This analytical form is physically well motivated and reproduces the desired asymptotic behaviors of the EOS within the interested parameter space. Therefore, our results can be conveniently used for modeling important properties and processes of high energy density systems.
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of methyl isocyanate, methyl cyanate, methyl fulminate, and acetonitrile N-oxide using highly correlated ab initio methods
Authors: Dalbouha S. , Senent M. L. , Komiha N. , Domínguez-Gómez R.
Published: September 2016

Various astrophysical relevant molecules obeying the empirical formula C2H3NO are characterized using explicitly correlated coupled cluster methods (CCSD(T)-F12). Rotational and rovibrational parameters are provided for four isomers: methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO), methyl cyanate (CH3OCN), methyl fulminate (CH3ONC), and acetonitrile N-oxide (CH3CNO). A CH3CON transition state is inspected. A variational procedure is employed to explore the far infrared region because some species present non-rigidity. Second order perturbation theory is used for the determination of anharmonic frequencies, rovibrational constants, and to predict Fermi resonances. Three species, methyl cyanate, methyl fulminate, and CH3CON, show a unique methyl torsion hindered by energy barriers. In methyl isocyanate, the methyl group barrier is so low that the internal top can be considered a free rotor. On the other hand, acetonitrile N-oxide presents a linear skeleton, C3v symmetry, and free internal rotation. Its equilibrium geometry depends strongly on electron correlation. The remaining isomers present a bend skeleton. Divergences between theoretical rotational constants and previous parameters fitted from observed lines for methyl isocyanate are discussed on the basis of the relevant rovibrational interaction and the quasi-linearity of the molecular skeleton.
Multi-train elasto-inertial particle focusing in straight microfluidic channels
Authors: Xiang Nan , Dai Qing , Ni Zhonghua
Published: September 2016

Herein, we reported a multi-train focusing in viscoelastic flows where the fluid inertia effect is comparable with the elastic effect. Different from their behaviors in inertia- or elasticity-dominating flows, particles in the current elasto-inertial flow were found to equilibrate at two symmetrical positions in the vertical center plane under the balance of the shear-induced inertial lift force and the elastic force. With further increasing flow rate, a third focusing position was observed at the channel center due to the fast-increasing elastic force. Based on these findings, we experimentally explored the particle focusing behaviors over various influential factors to better understand the underlying mechanics. The sheathless and high-throughput focusing of particles into multiplex deterministic trains at the same plane provides a potential method for image-based particle/cell detection.
Stretching the threshold of reversible dynamics in silicon clusters: A case of carbon alloyed Si6
Authors: Nazrulla Mohammed Azeezulla , Krishnamurty Sailaja
Published: September 2016

Silicon clusters with 3-50 atoms undergo isomerization/reversible dynamics or structural deformation at significantly lower temperatures of 350 K–500 K. Through Born Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamical (BOMD) simulations, the current study demonstrates that carbon alloying enhances the thermal stability of a silicon cluster. The study is carried out on a Si6 cluster which has been recently reported to undergo reversible dynamical movements using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Present BOMD simulations validate the experimentally observed reversible atomic displacements (reversible dynamical movements) at finite temperatures which are seen to persist nearly up to 2000 K. Carbon alloying of Si6 is seen to stretch the threshold of reversible dynamics from 200 K to 600 K depending upon the alloying concentration of carbon in the cluster.
10 nm gap bowtie plasmonic apertures fabricated by modified lift-off process
Authors: Huang I-Chun , Holzgrafe Jeffrey , Jensen Russell A. , Choy Jennifer T. , Bawendi Moungi G. , Lončar Marko
Published: September 2016

Bowtie plasmonic apertures, with gap sizes down to 11 nm and silver film thickness of up to 150 nm (aspect ratio ∼14:1), were fabricated on a silicon nitride membrane. Transmission spectra feature the aperture resonances ranging from 470 to 687 nm, with quality factors around 10. The mode area of the smallest gap aperture is estimated to be as small as 0.002 (λ/n)2 using numerical modeling. Importantly, our fabrication technique, based on an e-beam lithography and a lift-off process, is scalable which allows fabrication of many devices in parallel over a relatively large area. We believe that the devices demonstrated in this work will find application in studying and engineering light-matter interactions.
Compression of Hamiltonian matrix: Application to spin-1/2 Heisenberg square lattice
Authors: Choi Seongsoo , Kim Woohyun , Kim Jongho
Published: September 2016

We introduce a simple algorithm providing a compressed representation (∈ℝNorbits×Norbits×ℕNorbits) of an irreducible Hamiltonian matrix (number of magnons M constrained, dimension: Nspins!M!(Nspins−M)!>Norbits) of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the L×L non-periodic lattice, not looking for a good basis. As L increases, the ratio of the matrix dimension to Norbits converges to 8 (order of the symmetry group of square) for the exact ground state computation. The sparsity of the Hamiltonian is retained in the compressed representation. Thus, the computational time and memory consumptions are reduced in proportion to the ratio.
‘Yarn with me’: applying clinical yarning to improve clinician–patient communication in Aboriginal health care
Authors: Lin Ivan , Green Charmaine , Bessarab Dawn
Published: September 2016

Although successful communication is at the heart of the clinical consultation, communication between Aboriginal patients and practitioners such as doctors, nurses and allied health professionals, continues to be problematic and is arguably the biggest barrier to the delivery of successful health care to Aboriginal people. This paper presents an overarching framework for practitioners to help them reorientate their communication with Aboriginal patients using ‘clinical yarning’. Clinical yarning is a patient-centred approach that marries Aboriginal cultural communication preferences with biomedical understandings of health and disease. Clinical yarning consists of three interrelated areas: the social yarn, in which the practitioner aims to find common ground and develop the interpersonal relationship; the diagnostic yarn, in which the practitioner facilitates the patient’s health story while interpreting it through a biomedical or scientific lens; and the management yarn, that employs stories and metaphors as tools for patients to help them understand a health issue so a collaborative management approach can be adopted. There is cultural and research evidence that supports this approach. Clinical yarning has the potential to improve outcomes for patients and practitioners.
Effects of land use and topography on spatial variety of soil organic carbon density in a hilly, subtropical catchment of China
Authors: Liu Huanyao , Zhou Jiaogen , Feng Qingyu , Li Yuyuan , Li Yong , Wu Jinshui
Published: September 2016

A good understanding the effects of environmental factors on the spatial variety of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) helps achieve a relatively accurate estimation of the soil organic carbon stock of terrestrial ecosystems. The present study analysed the SOCD of 1033 top soil samples (0–20cm) from the Jinjing catchment located in subtropical China. Spatial variability of SOCD was estimated using a geostatistics method and a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, and the major environmental factors affecting SOCD were also explored. In the present study, SOCD had a moderate spatial dependence and the best-fitting model was exponential with a nugget-to-sill ratio of 60.72% and a range of 182m. Land use types (woodlands, paddy fields and tea fields) and topography (elevation, slope, topographic wetness index (TWI)) affected the spatial variation of SOCD. Mean SOCD in the paddy fields was higher than in woodland and tea fields (3.50 vs 3.24 and 2.81kgCm–2 respectively; P<0.05). In addition, SOCD was generally higher in the valleys of paddy fields (with low slope and high TWI) and the hills of woodland (with high elevation and increased slope). GWR generated the spatial distribution of SOCD more accurately than ordinary kriging, inverse distance weighted, multiple linear regression model, and linear mixed-effects model. The results of the present study could enhance our understanding of the effects of land use and topography on SOCD, and improve the accuracy in predicting SOCD by GWR in small catchments of complex land use and topography.
B7-H1 shapes T-cell–mediated brain endothelial cell dysfunction and regional encephalitogenicity in spontaneous CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Klotz Luisa , Kuzmanov Ivan , Hucke Stephanie , Gross Catharina C. , Posevitz Vilmos , Dreykluft Angela , Schulte-Mecklenbeck Andreas , Janoschka Claudia , Lindner Maren , Herold Martin , Schwab Nicholas , Ludwig-Portugall Isis , Kurts Christian , Meuth Sven G. , Kuhlmann Tanja , Wiendl Heinz
Published: September 2016

Significance

A crucial step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), is transmigration of pathogenic T cells across the blood–brain barrier. These T cells mediate inflammation and subsequent lesion formation in the CNS. However, molecular mechanisms underlying lesion distribution and formation are not well understood. We here show that genetic ablation of a single immunoregulatory molecule on T cells, B7-homolog 1 (B7-H1), causes local endothelial dysfunction and determines lesion topography in a spontaneous mouse model of CNS autoimmunity. These findings can lead to new therapeutic approaches in targeting pathogenic T cell responses in MS.
The pressure of coherence and the diachronic reconfigurations of metaphorical discourse
Authors: Shogimen Takashi
Published: September 2016

The metaphor of the body politic is diverse in the history of European political discourse yet it remains unclear why such diachronic variations occurred. Drawing on Zoltán Kövecses’s idea of “the pressure of coherence,” the present paper argues that diachronic reconfigurations of metaphorical discourses occur due to differential contextual experiences; more specifically, metaphorical discourses on the body politic, which consist of mapping between the domain of the POLITICAL COMMUNITY and that of natural BODY, are reconfigured diachronically in accordance with not only the ideological but also the medical context. In order to demonstrate this, the paper examines the texts of three key medieval political thinkers — John of Salisbury, Marsilius of Padua and Nicholas of Cusa — and the medical knowledge that was influential in their respective era. Thus this paper constitutes a contribution to the historical cognitive linguistic study of metaphorical discourse.
Reference point constructions in the meaning construal of Hungarian folksongs
Authors: Baranyiné Kóczy Judit
Published: September 2016

The present paper aims at showing that ‘cognitive reference points’ (CRPs, see Rosch [1975] and Langacker [1999]) have a crucial role in construing the meaning of a significant group of Hungarian folksongs. In line with the dynamic view on construal, according to which conceptualization unfolds through processing time, the paper argues that building up conceptions via CRPs and their larger configurations outline a mental path, representing a metaphorical emotional approach. The development of the physical route as mental route evolves in a gradual transfer from Perceptual space to Non-actual space, where a salient entity has a ‘gate’ function between mental spaces. Some notions such as ‘mental simulation’ (Langacker 1999), ‘abstract motion’ (Matlock 2010), ‘fictive motion’ (Talmy 2000), or ‘subjective motion’ (Langacker 1987; Matsumoto 1996; Brandt 2009) apply to this specific pattern of construal, namely, motion or change experienced by the conceptualizer along his attention path, which manifests here in different forms of subjectivity. The ordering and directionality of CRPs, along with the metaphorical implications of each entity serving as reference points, thus have important semantic relevance and forms an essential component of meaning construal in this lyrical text type.
An algebraic perspective on implicit and explicit knowledge
Authors: Khatin Zadeh Omid , Vahdat Sedigheh , Fazlabadi Babak Yazdani
Published: September 2016

The isomorphic relationship between an infinite number of concrete algebraic groups and the existence of a single abstract group that underlies all these concrete groups is one of the most fundamental subjects in Abstract Algebra. Looking at the process of explicit learning from a mathematical perspective, this article suggests that explicit knowledge of a certain concrete structure can be viewed as consciousness of an abstract algebraic structure that underlies that structure. On the other hand, implicit knowledge can be regarded as knowing something without being conscious of the abstract structure that underlies that knowledge. Explicit knowledge enables the learner to know what features are shared by these concrete groups or structures. These shared features are the defining elements of underlying abstract structure. The abstract structure is constructed in the mind by the suppression of irrelevant data. Therefore, it is suggested that while implicit learning is a receiving-oriented mode of learning, explicit learning is a suppression-oriented one. The sub-process of suppression enables the cognitive system to focus on abstract structure and its defining features, making the process of explicit learning deeper.
On the reliability of unreliable information
Authors: Mitchell Dominic , Bryson Joanna J. , Rauwolf Paul , Ingram Gordon P.D.
Published: September 2016

When individuals learn from what others tell them, the information is subject to transmission error that does not arise in learning from direct experience. Yet evidence shows that humans consistently prefer this apparently more unreliable source of information. We examine the effect this preference has in cases where the information concerns a judgment on others’ behaviour and is used to establish cooperation in a society. We present a spatial model confirming that cooperation can be sustained by gossip containing a high degree of uncertainty. Accuracy alone does not predict the value of information in evolutionary terms; relevance, the impact of information on behavioural outcomes, must also be considered. We then show that once relevance is incorporated as a criterion, second-hand information can no longer be discounted on the basis of its poor fidelity alone. Finally we show that the relative importance of accuracy and relevance depends on factors of life history and demography.
Children’s referent selection and word learning
Authors: Twomey Katherine E. , Morse Anthony F. , Cangelosi Angelo , Horst Jessica S.
Published: September 2016

It is well-established that toddlers can correctly select a novel referent from an ambiguous array in response to a novel label. There is also a growing consensus that robust word learning requires repeated label-object encounters. However, the effect of the context in which a novel object is encountered is less well-understood. We present two embodied neural network replications of recent empirical tasks, which demonstrated that the context in which a target object is encountered is fundamental to referent selection and word learning. Our model offers an explicit account of the bottom-up associative and embodied mechanisms which could support children’s early word learning and emphasises the importance of viewing behaviour as the interaction of learning at multiple timescales.
The thirteenth-century runic revival in Denmark and Iceland
Authors: Wills Tarrin
Published: September 2016

While in the High Middle Ages runic literacy appears to have been very much alive in urban centres such as Bergen, interest in runes appears to have been of a different nature in learned circles and in other parts of the Scandinavian world which had adopted widespread textual production of the Latin alphabet. This paper examines a number of runic phenomenon from the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in Denmark and Iceland to argue that they belong to a cultural revival movement rather than forming part of a continuous runic tradition stretching back into the early Middle Ages. Some of these runic texts show some connection with the Danish royal court, and should rather be seen as forming part of the changes in literary culture emanating from continental Europe from the late twelfth century and onwards: they all show a combined interest in Latin learning and vernacular literary forms.
No need for mead
Authors: Wellendorf Jonas
Published: September 2016

This paper will see Bjarni Kolbeinsson as a representative of the new kind of skaldic poetry that had developed around the turn of the thirteenth century. By then, formal skaldic poetry had become an art form cultivated by men who had received schooling and clerical ordination. Skalds such as Bjarni had turned their attention from the praise of kings of the present or the near past towards subjects of the more distant past and religious themes. In Jómsvíkingadrápa, Bjarni brushed aside the Odinic mead hailed by former skalds and preferred to apply techniques of poetic composition that he had learned through the formal study of Latin poetry. A tongue-in-cheek rejection of the traditional exordial topoi and a sensibility for love poetry allowed him to compose a poem that not only rejected the past but also pointed towards the future.
Propositional attitudes towards presuppositions
Authors: Domaneschi Filippo , Carrea Elena , Greco Alberto , Penco Carlo
Published: September 2016

According to the Common Ground account proposed by Stalnaker (2002, 2009), speakers involved in a verbal interaction have different propositional attitudes towards presuppositions. In this paper we propose an experimental study aimed at estimating the psychological plausibility of the Stalnakerian model. In particular, the goal of our experiment is to evaluate variations in accepting as appropriate a sentence that triggers a presupposition, where different attitudes are taken towards the presupposition required. The study conducted suggests that if a speaker has the attitude of belief towards the content of a presupposition, she may evaluate an utterance as more appropriate in a shorter time than in cases where she holds an attitude of presumption or of assumption. Therefore, data collected support the psychological soundness of what might be considered the main, but also most debated, theory of presupposition on the market.
An exploration of the interrelationships among EFL learners’ English self-efficacy, metacognitive awareness, and their test performance
Authors: Goudarzi Elahe , Ghonsooly Behzad , Pishghadam Reza
Published: September 2016

This study examined the interrelationships among selected cognitive characteristics of Iranian EFL learners including English self-efficacy, metacognitive awareness, and their test performance. For this purpose, a model was proposed based on empirical studies and was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Following this, two questionnaires were administrated to 200 Iranian EFL learners of two language institutes in Mashhad, Iran. Results of this study indicated that Iranian EFL learners perceived themselves self-efficacious. They were also metacognitively aware of their learning process. Correlation analysis results showed that metacognitive awareness statistically correlated with English self-efficacy and foreign language test performance. It was found that English self-efficacy significantly correlated with foreign language test performance as well. The proposed SEM model adequately fitted the data. Results of the SEM indicated that self-efficacy was the strongest direct predictor of learners’ test performance. Metacognitive awareness directly affected learners’ English self-efficacy. It also indirectly affected test performance through affecting English self-efficacy.
On the relationship between speech acts and psychological states
Authors: Park Seungbae
Published: September 2016

This paper defends a theory of speech act that I call concurrentism. It receives support from a psychological study and goes well with evolutionary theory. It sheds light on what the hearer believes when he hears an indicative sentence, what the speaker believes when he says an indicative sentence, what the speaker does after he says an indicative sentence contrary to what he believes, why Moore’s paradox occurs, why it is puzzling to say some variants of Moorean sentences, and why it is not absurd to say other variants of Moorean sentences. It will become clear that other things being equal, we believe that other people speak as they believe, and we speak in accordance with what we believe. It will also become clear that after we speak contrary to what we believe, we keep to ourselves the discrepancy between what we speak and what we believe, ceteris paribus.
Searle vs. Searle on language, speech, and thought
Authors: Goldberg Sanford , Yang Guiming
Published: September 2016

Searle’s (1963/1991) account of the communicative intentions in speech acts purports to be an advance over that of Grice (1957), in acknowledging the ineliminable role of the linguistic (usage) rules in enabling the hearer to recognize the speaker’s communicative intentions. In this paper we argue that, given some plausible assumptions about ordinary speech exchanges, Searle’s insight on this score is incompatible with his (1983) commitment to internalism in the philosophy of mind. As a result, Searle cannot have it both ways: either he must give up his core insight regarding the ineliminable role of linguistic (usage) rules in the hearer’s recognition of a speaker’s communicative intentions, or he must give up his commitment to internalism the philosophy of mind. We conclude by arguing that this lesson is generic: the forced choice is one thatalltheorists must face, insofar as we theorize about the role of language in the communication of thought through speech.
Frankfurt and Cohen on bullshit, bullshiting, deception, lying, and concern with the truth of what one says
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: September 2016

This paper addresses the following three claims that Frankfurt makes about the concept of bullshit:

1. Bullshit requires the intention to deceive others.

2. Bullshit does not constitute lying (bullshit is “short of lying”).

3. The essence of bullshit is lack of concern with the truth of what one says.

I offer counterexamples to all three claims. By way of defending my counterexamples, I examine Cohen’s distinction between bullshiting and bullshit and argue that my examples are indeed cases of bullshiting that Frankfurt’s analysis is intended to cover. My examples of bullshitters who are very concerned to say only things that are true show that Frankfurt is mistaken in claiming that the “essence” of bullshit is lack of concern with the truth of what one says.
Aspects of a theory of bullshit
Authors: Meibauer Jörg
Published: September 2016

This paper addresses the question whetherbullshitis a reasonable pragmatic category. In the first part of the paper, drawing on the insights of Harry Frankfurt’s seminal essay, bullshit is defined as an act of insincere asserting where the speaker shows (a) a loose concern for the truth, and (b) does not want the addressee to become aware of condition (a). The author adds to this definition the condition (c) requiring that the bullshitter expresses morecertaintythan is adequate with respect to condition (a). In the second part of the paper, it is discussed whether the above definition can cope with special types of bullshit considered to be a challenge to Frankfurt’s definition. These areevasive bullshitting,bullshit lies, andbald-faced bullshitting. It is shown that there is hope for establishing a reasonable pragmatic category of bullshitting if it is related to certain levels of pragmatic description, e.g. conversational implicatures, that can explain the putative challenges.
Propositional attitude, affective attitude and irony comprehension
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: September 2016

According to relevance theory, irony comprehension invariably entails the identification of some opinion or thought (echo) and the identification of the speaker’s dissociative attitude. In this paper, it is argued that it is also essential for hearers to identify not only that propositional attitude, but also the affective attitude that the speaker holds towards the source of this echo so that an optimally relevant interpretive outcome is achieved. This notion comprises feelings and emotions of a non-propositional quality which affect the propositional effects obtained in ironical communication. The paper further argues for the need to incorporate non-propositional effects into the traditional propositional object of pragmatic research.
On the relation of irony, understatement, and litotes
Authors: Neuhaus Laura
Published: September 2016

The aim of this paper is to clarify the distinctive and the shared features of the three phenomena: irony, understatement, and litotes. These rhetorical figures have been defined as synonymous, distinct or overlapping in various accounts. This indicates an interrelation but also a need for clearer definitions. Here, each of these rhetorical figures is defined via two jointly necessary conditions. This approach sharpens the categories, enables clear-cut distinctions and helps to explain cases of overlap. German corpus data and examples from the literature as a basis, allow differentiating between cases of understatement as a means of irony, and cases of litotes as a means of understatement. Beyond that, litotes and understatement allow for non-ironic uses. Interestingly, litotic irony is built on litotic understatement. This is due to the overt contrast necessary for both understatement and irony.
The ironist’s intentions
Authors: Kapogianni Eleni
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the ironic speaker’s intentions, drawing distinctions on the basis of two criteria: communicative priority (primary — secondary communicative intentions) and manifestness (overt — subtle — mixed — covert). It is argued that these provide useful insights into the widely discussed categories of speaker’s intentions (e.g. a priori versus post facto intentions, private i-intentions versus shared we-intentions). First of all, “ironic meaning” is viewed as comprising a set of different types of meaning, including a bundle of implicatures that can be hierarchically ranked in terms of both communicative priority and inferential priority. Secondly, examples of different degrees of manifestness of the ironist’s intentions are discussed in light of the communicative complexities of irony, which is viewed as a higher-order phenomenon. The final discussion attempts to bring together the analyses of the speaker’s and the hearer’s perspectives, contributing to a dynamic model of ironic discourse.
Interrupted therapeutic process of a patient with borderline personality disorder / Proceso terapéutico interrumpido con un paciente con trastorno de personalidad borderline
Authors: von Mengden-Campezatto Paula , Barcelos-Serralta Fernanda , Habigzang Luísa-Fernanda
Published: September 2016

Aim: to describe and understand an interrupted psychotherapy of a patient with Borderline Personality Disorder. Method: systematic, naturalistic and exploratory case study of the therapeutic dyad. The Therapeutic Cycles Model (TCM) and the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) were the instruments used. Results: according to TCM, the case can be divided into two stages: one with cycles of change and one without cycles of change. According to the PQS, the themes addressed by the dyad were relevant to psychotherapy and related to patient diagnosis. However, the patient seemed to be uncommitted to the therapeutic process and did not rely on the therapist to solve her problems. The therapist’s attitudes were adequate but technical interventions were not prominent. The combination of patient and therapist data assisted in understanding why the psychotherapy was abandoned.
Eutectic alloys based on the Al–Zn–Mg–Ca system: Microstructure, phase composition and hardening
Authors: Belov N. , Naumova E. , Akopyan T.
Published: September 2016

The experimental study of aluminium alloys based on the Al–Ca–Zn–Mg system (3.5% Mg and 2.5% Mg, 0–10% Ca, 0–14% Zn (wt-%)) was combined with Thermo-Calc simulations for the optimisation of the alloy composition. Zinc is distributed between aluminium solid solution and phase (Al,Zn)4Ca. Magnesium was not observed in the intermetallic phase. The eutectic (Al,Zn)4Ca had fine structure and particles of (Al,Zn)4Ca were capable of spheroidisation during the heat treatment at 520°С. The maximum level of hardness observed in calcium-containing alloys was higher than 200 HB, suggesting good strength properties. With an example of the Al–Zn(9%)–Mg(3.5%)–Ca(3%) alloy, the possibility of manufacturing thin rolled sheets based on the (Al)–Ca eutectic was demonstrated.

This article is part of a Themed Issue on Aluminium-based materials: processing, microstructure, properties, and recycling.
Educational expansion without equalization: a reappraisal of the ‘Effectively Maintained Inequality’ hypothesis in children's choice of the upper secondary track
Authors: Guetto Raffaele , Vergolini Loris
Published: September 2016

Previous studies of trends in social inequalities in upper secondary track choices in Italy found evidence that, in the period of highest educational expansion, horizontal inequalities increased, consistently with the Effectively Maintained Inequality thesis (EMI). Our paper, focusing on the youngest birth cohorts (1958–1989), documents that enrolments at upper secondary schools have become almost universal and have been followed by a huge expansion of the academic track. Although the latter has also involved children from the lowest social strata, our evidence suggests that their relative disadvantage to attend the academic track, compared to the most privileged social groups, has diminished only slightly. When distinguishing between different curricula within the academic track, we found evidence supporting the EMI hypothesis also among recent cohorts: the expansion of the academic track has gone hand-in-hand with increasing social inequalities in the chances to attend more prestigious curricula. Finally, social class inequalities in the chances of enrolling at the academic track are stronger at high levels of parental education, while they are largely muted among low-educated parents. We suggest the latter as a possible mechanism to explain why educational expansion may not produce a decline in the association between social origins and educational attainment.
Psoriatic T cells recognize neolipid antigens generated by mast cell phospholipase delivered by exosomes and presented by CD1a
Authors: Cheung Ka Lun , Jarrett Rachael , Subramaniam Sumithra , Salimi Maryam , Gutowska-Owsiak Danuta , Chen Yi-Ling , Hardman Clare , Xue Luzheng , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Ogg Graham
Published: September 2016

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with a T helper 17 response. Yet, it has proved challenging to identify relevant peptide-based T cell antigens. Antigen-presenting Langerhans cells show a differential migration phenotype in psoriatic lesions and express constitutively high levels of CD1a, which presents lipid antigens to T cells. In addition, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is highly expressed in psoriatic lesions and is known to generate neolipid skin antigens for recognition by CD1a-reactive T cells. In this study, we observed expression of a cytoplasmic PLA2 (PLA2G4D) in psoriatic mast cells but, unexpectedly, also found PLA2G4D activity to be extracellular. This was explained by IFN-α–induced mast cell release of exosomes, which transferred cytoplasmic PLA2 activity to neighboring CD1a-expressing cells. This led to the generation of neolipid antigens and subsequent recognition by lipid-specific CD1a-reactive T cells inducing production of IL-22 and IL-17A. Circulating and skin-derived T cells from patients with psoriasis showed elevated PLA2G4D responsiveness compared with healthy controls. Overall, these data present an alternative model of psoriasis pathogenesis in which lipid-specific CD1a-reactive T cells contribute to psoriatic inflammation. The findings suggest that PLA2 inhibition or CD1a blockade may have therapeutic potential for psoriasis.
Structure of anthrax lethal toxin prepore complex suggests a pathway for efficient cell entry
Authors: Fabre Lucien , Santelli Eugenio , Mountassif Driss , Donoghue Annemarie , Biswas Aviroop , Blunck Rikard , Hanein Dorit , Volkmann Niels , Liddington Robert , Rouiller Isabelle
Published: September 2016

Anthrax toxin comprises three soluble proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). PA must be cleaved by host proteases before it oligomerizes and forms a prepore, to which LF and EF bind. After endocytosis of this tripartite complex, the prepore transforms into a narrow transmembrane pore that delivers unfolded LF and EF into the host cytosol. Here, we find that translocation of multiple 90-kD LF molecules is rapid and efficient. To probe the molecular basis of this translocation, we calculated a three-dimensional map of the fully loaded (PA63)7–(LF)3 prepore complex by cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The map shows three LFs bound in a similar way to one another, via their N-terminal domains, to the surface of the PA heptamer. The model also reveals contacts between the N- and C-terminal domains of adjacent LF molecules. We propose that this molecular arrangement plays an important role in the maintenance of translocation efficiency through the narrow PA pore.
LAMSA: fast split read alignment with long approximate matches
Authors: Liu Bo , Gao Yan , Wang Yadong
Published: September 2016

Motivation

Read length is continuously increasing with the development of novel high-throughput sequencing technologies, which has enormous potentials on cutting-edge genomic studies. However, longer reads could more frequently span the breakpoints of structural variants (SVs) than that of shorter reads. This may greatly influence read alignment, since most state-of-the-art aligners are designed for handling relatively small variants in a co-linear alignment framework. Meanwhile, long read alignment is still not as efficient as that of short reads, which could be also a bottleneck for the upcoming wide application.

Results

We propose long approximate matches-based split aligner (LAMSA), a novel split read alignment approach. It takes the advantage of the rareness of SVs to implement a specifically designed two-step strategy. That is, LAMSA initially splits the read into relatively long fragments and co-linearly align them to solve the small variations or sequencing errors, and mitigate the effect of repeats. The alignments of the fragments are then used for implementing a sparse dynamic programming-based split alignment approach to handle the large or non-co-linear variants. We benchmarked LAMSA with simulated and real datasets having various read lengths and sequencing error rates, the results demonstrate that it is substantially faster than the state-of-the-art long read aligners; meanwhile, it also has good ability to handle various categories of SVs.

Availability and Implementation

LAMSA is available at https://github.com/hitbc/LAMSA

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.