bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Danger of a Single Story: A Case for (Re)Centering Black Women and HIV in Higher Education
Authors: Williams Brittany Marie
Published: November 2024

Although HIV rates are statistically stable, meaning the number of new acquisitions has remained relatively flat, the impact of the epidemic is uneven. Black women between the ages of 13 and 34 are more likely to acquire HIV, suggesting intervention during college is an ideal HIV mitigation strategy. Moreover, far too few Black women who could benefit from biomedical interventions have them or know about them. In this piece, I explore the current landscape and context of HIV and the college environment for Black women, revealing the social, cultural, and epistemic need to restory and better nuance the HIV crisis. I elucidate how and why the college context is a particularly vital space for HIV‐related health equity and the possibilities for transformation through teaching, research, practice, and policies around HIV and Black women.
Tumor‐derived lactic acid promotes acetylation of histone H3K27 and differentiation of IL‐10‐producing regulatory B cells through direct and indirect signaling pathways
Authors: Muraoka Satoshi , Baba Takashi , Akazawa Takashi , Katayama Kei‐ichi , Kusumoto Hiroki , Yamashita Shimpei , Kohjimoto Yasuo , Iwabuchi Sadahiro , Hashimoto Shinichi , Hara Isao , Inoue Norimitsu
Published: November 2024

Tumor cells are known to enhance glycolysis, even under normoxic conditions, via the Warburg effect, producing excess lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment. Lactic acid enhances the IL‐23/IL‐17 pathway and induces chronic inflammation. The acidic microenvironment formed by lactic acid suppresses immune cell proliferation and activation. In the present study, we clarified that lactic acid had two novel activities for immune cells. First, lactic acid specifically enhanced acetylation at lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27ac) in splenic B cells and monocytes/macrophages, and this epigenetically up‐regulates the expression of genes. Acetylation and methylation of other residues of histone H3 were rarely induced. Second, lactic acid induced a particularly‐marked enhancement of Il10 gene expression in B cells, leading to an increase in IL‐10‐producing regulatory B (Breg) cells. Furthermore, two pathways should be involved in both the enhancement of H3K27ac and the induction of Breg cells by lactic acid: a direct pathway that enhances the CD40 signal in B cells, and an indirect pathway that affects B cells by activating the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) 1/2 in non‐B cells. In tumor‐bearing mice, the levels of H3K27ac of tumor‐infiltrating B cells were significantly higher than splenic B cells and were suppressed by intraperitoneal injection of the EPAC1/2 inhibitor. In conclusion, tumor‐derived lactic acid increases H3K27ac and IL‐10‐producing Breg cells, causing the suppression of anti‐tumor immunity.
Patient experiences of cancer genetic testing by non‐genetics providers in the surgical setting
Authors: Fiallos Katie , Selznick Erica , Owczarzak Jill , Camp Melissa , Euhus David , Habibi Mehran , Jacobs Lisa , Johnson Angelisa , Klein Catherine , Lange Julie , Njoku Patricia , Visvanathan Kala
Published: November 2024

As indications for hereditary cancer genetic testing (GT) for patients with breast cancer (BC) expand, breast surgery teams offer GT to newly diagnosed patients to inform surgical plans. There is, however, limited data on the experiences of patients undergoing cancer GT by non‐genetic providers. This study used in‐depth interviews with 21 women recently diagnosed with BC at a large academic health system to capture their experiences. Post‐positivist codebook thematic analysis was used to identify major themes from the interviews. Participants reported an overall positive experience of this GT process, stating that they prefer GT at an existing appointment shortly after their diagnosis, even though they described the conversation as brief. Many participants indicated thinking about or desiring GT before the offer was made. Interestingly, most participants did not see surgical decision‐making as the main reason for GT and were instead motivated by concern for relatives and to have complete information. Interview data indicated areas for improvement in patient‐provider communication, and most participants agreed that additional reference information on GT in the form of written or video materials would be helpful. Offering GT at an initial breast surgery appointment is acceptable and desired by patients with a new BC diagnosis and should be considered as a way to increase access to GT for these patients. However, additional information for patients is needed to close gaps in communication and provide a trustworthy reference following a busy medical appointment.
Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Facilities and Economic Well‐Being: A Multilevel and Spatial Analysis in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Munawar , Iqbal Asim , Abbas Syed Jaffar
Published: November 2024

This study meticulously explores the intricate relationship between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities and economic well‐being in Punjab, employing a comprehensive approach that utilizes Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) data. Existing research lacks comprehensive multilevel and spatial analyses of the effect of WASH facilities on economic well‐being. Addressing a gap in existing research, this study employs both linear and multilevel regression models to analyse household and district‐level factors. The study finds significant associations between improved sanitation, hygiene practices and economic well‐being. A 1% increase in WASH facilities is associated with approximately a 0.52% increase in economic well‐being. Moreover, the enduring influence of parental education and the socio‐economic dynamics within households play pivotal roles. At the district level, factors such as healthcare institutions, a lower multidimensional poverty index and enhanced access to water and sanitation infrastructure emerge as crucial contributors to economic well‐being. The spatial analysis, utilizing Moran's I, further enriches the geographical understanding of these intricate connections. The results suggest a positive spatial correlation of WASH facilities within Punjab. This study attempts to unravel this complex relationship of WASH facilities with economic well‐being, which is very important for further understanding the broader dimensions of socio‐economic factors forming these dynamics. The insights gleaned from this research hold pivotal implications for policymaking, guiding interventions toward inclusive and sustainable socio‐economic well‐being.
Timing of cartilage articulation following impact injury affects the response of surface zone chondrocytes
Authors: Thompson Caroline L. , Bonassar Lawrence J.
Published: November 2024

Post‐traumatic osteoarthritis develops following an inciting injury to a joint and results in cartilage degeneration. Mechanical loading, including articulation, drives anabolic responses in cartilage clinically, in vivo, and in vitro. Tribological articulation, or sliding of cartilage on a glass counterface, has long been used as an in vitro tool to study cartilage tissue behavior. However, it is unclear if tribological articulation affects chondrocyte fate following injury, and if the timing of articulation impacts the resultant effect. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of tribological articulation on injured cartilage tissue at two time points: (i) performed immediately after injury and (ii) 24 h after injury. Neonatal bovine femoral cartilage explants were injured using a rapid spring‐loaded impactor and subsequently subjected to tribological articulation. Cell death due to impact injury was highest near the articular surface, suggesting a strain‐dependent mechanism. Immediate articulation following injury mitigated cell death compared to injury alone or delayed articulation; markers for both general cell death and early‐stage apoptosis were markedly decreased in the explants that were immediately slid. Interestingly, mitigation of cell death due to sliding was most predominant at the cartilage surface. Tribological articulation is known to create fluid flow within the tissue, predominantly at the articular surface, which could drive the protective response seen here. Altogether, this work shows that perturbations to the cellular environment immediately following cartilage injury significantly impact chondrocyte fate.
Postoperative Morbidity Outcomes Associated With Superficial Temporal Versus Cervical Vessels as Recipient Vessels in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jeong Woo Shik , Jeong Woonhyeok
Published: November 2024

Background

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to compare the surgical outcomes of head and neck reconstruction via free flap surgery, with neck vessels versus superficial temporal vessels as recipient vessels.

Methods

The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically searched via the following keywords: (“superficial temporal” OR “temporal”) AND (“free flap” OR “free tissue transfer”) AND (“head and neck” OR “face”). The following data were extracted: first author, publication year, flap type, reconstruction region, concordant vein graft, recipient vessel, and postoperative complications, including thrombosis, partial necrosis, and flap failure. The recipient vessels were divided into two groups: the superficial temporal artery (STA)/V group and the neck group.

Results

Six hundred and thirty‐five studies that met the inclusion criteria were included and reviewed systematically for a meta‐analysis. Compared with the neck vessel group, the STA/V vessel group had a significantly greater risk of flap failure (odds ratio: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.32–3.60; p = 0.002), with low heterogeneity (p = 0.84; I2 = 0%). However, there were no significant differences in the rates of thrombosis or partial necrosis.

Conclusions

Compared with the use of neck vessels, the use of STA/V vessels as recipient vessels for head and neck reconstruction could increase the risk of total flap necrosis. Considering these findings, surgeons should exercise caution when selecting the STV as the recipient site, and as some authors have suggested, proximal dissection may be necessary during surgery.
Investigations of all optical 2×4 decoder based on PhC structure and nonlinear ring resonators
Authors: Askarian Asghar , Parandin Fariborz
Published: November 2024

In this paper, all optical 2 × 4 decoder (AODEC) is provided using threshold switching method in 2D photonic crystal (PC) structures which has low optical loss and most widely used in photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The proposed optical decoder is designed using silicon pillars with a refractive index of 3.46 perforated in the air background in a cubic lattice with a lattice constant of 585 nm. The proposed structure is composed of seven optical waveguides and three nonlinear ring resonators. Plane wave expansion (PWE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods have been used to obtain and analyze the photonic band gap (PBG) range and performance of the designed AODEC, respectively. The proposed optical device achieves a contrast ratio (CR) of 8.98 dB, time delay of 2 ps and switching speed of 500 GHz at the optical wavelengths of 1550 nm. According to results, high data bit rate and contrast ratio, compactness, low power consumption and ultra‐fast operation are the main advantages of designed 2 × 4 AODEC compared with the previous structures.
Investigation of risk factors associated with the development of depressive symptoms in healthy subjects exposed to long‐term stress: A prospective study of the Japanese Antarctic research expedition wintering party
Authors: Fukunishi Takashi , Ono Miki , Kasuya Kazuhiko , Ishikawa Takashi , Honyashiki Mina , Masuya Jiro , Inoue Takeshi
Published: November 2024

Background

Stressors induce depression together with parenting experienced in childhood, personality traits, and sleep. In this study, we investigated factors associated with the development of depression in a long‐term stressful environment, namely, the Antarctic Research Expedition wintering party, by comparing 2 groups, the depression and nondepression groups.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire was used to survey 91 members of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition who spent winters in the Antarctic base. Psychological evaluations of depression, anxiety, and sleep were performed using a questionnaire every 3 months during the participants’ stay in Antarctica. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of minor or major depression, as evaluated by the PHQ‐9 score.

Results

Participants with a PHQ‐9 score of 5 or more during their stay in Antarctica were defined as the depression group (25 subjects), and participants with a PHQ score of 4 or less were defined as the nondepression group (43 subjects). Compared with the nondepression group, the depression group had significantly higher scores for predeparture PHQ‐9, state and trait anxiety, sleep disturbance, and neuroticism. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that higher predeparture scores of subthreshold depressive symptoms and neuroticism were found to be significant predictors of the occurrence of depression during their stay in Antarctica.

Conclusions

This study prospectively showed that subthreshold depressive symptoms and neuroticism, which were suggested as risk factors in previous studies, were confirmed to be risk factors for depression. The results of our study are expected to contribute to the understanding of depression in harsh environments.
An intelligent system for determining the degree of tree bark beetle damage based on the use of generative‐adversarial neural networks
Authors: Victor Sineglazov , Mykhailo Hordun , Samuli Junttila
Published: November 2024

The increasing prevalence of tree bark beetle infestations poses a significant threat to forest ecosystems, leading to detrimental impacts on biodiversity, carbon storage, and timber resources. This study addresses the pressing need for innovative solutions to enhance forest management practices through early detection and assessment of tree health. We developed an intelligent system leveraging multispectral images and generative‐adversarial networks (GANs) to accurately determine the extent of bark beetle damage. Recognizing the challenges posed by traditional neural networks, which require vast amounts of labeled training data, we proposed a novel approach that utilizes a GAN architecture. In this system, a discriminator functions as a classifier, effectively trained on both real and synthetically generated data. Our methodology not only reduces the dependency on extensive labeled datasets but also enhances the robustness of the classification process. The results indicate a classification accuracy of 87.5%, demonstrating significant promise for improving detection capabilities even with limited training resources. The implications of this research are profound, offering potential benefits for the forestry industry through optimized management strategies and economic gains. Furthermore, our findings contribute to the preservation of critical ecosystem services by providing a means to monitor forest health effectively. However, the responsible implementation of this technology is paramount. Continuous refinement of the model, integration with traditional ecological knowledge, and ensuring transparency and equitable access to the developed system are essential for maximizing societal benefits. Additionally, addressing risks such as misinterpretation of data, overreliance on technology, and privacy concerns is crucial to minimize unintended consequences. Overall, this research presents a significant advancement in the field of forest health monitoring and establishes a foundation for future developments in intelligent ecological management systems.
Cover Image, Volume 62, Issue 21
Authors: Tan Runcheng , Huang Guangqi , Wei Cong , He Zepeng , Zhao Tianyu , Shi Yi , Liu Zhijia , Chen Yongming
Published: November 2024

The cover image is based on the Article Influence of structural variations in polysarcosine functionalized lipids on lipid nanoparticle‐mediated mRNA delivery by Runcheng Tan et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20240154

image
SMC for Discrete 2‐D Markov Switching Systems: Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Li Shaowei , Qi Wenhai , Park Ju H. , Cheng Jun , Shi Kaibo
Published: November 2024

The sliding mode control (SMC) strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed for discrete two‐dimensional (2‐D) Markov switching systems with the Roesser model. By means of common 2‐D sliding surface, the 2‐D SMC law is designed for the underlying system. According to Lyapunov stability criteria, sufficient conditions are established for the asymptotic mean‐square stability of the underlying 2‐D Markov switching systems and the reachability of the sliding region is guaranteed. Utilizing an iteration optimizing algorithm, an effective SMC strategy under genetic algorithm is constructed to minimize the sliding region by searching an ideal sliding gain. Finally, the applicability of the proposed 2‐D SMC strategy is verified through an example.
Dealing with dissention in the ranks: A phylogenetic study of Odontadenieae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Morales J. Francisco , Endress Mary E.
Published: November 2024

The circumscription of Odontadenieae (Apocynaceae) and its constituent genera (including the infrageneric classifications for Odontadenia) are tested here based on the phylogenetic analyses of 33 nuclear and 164 chloroplast sequences from 33 species, 84 available for the first time. As currently circumscribed, Odontadenieae is monophyletic, with the genera divided into three main clades. However, Odontadenia and the subgenera and sections of its three earlier infrageneric classifications are all non‐monophyletic. Secondatia is nested within Odontadenia, and O. laxiflora is nested in Pentalinoninae. In order to achieve a monophyletic Odontadenia, we propose the recognition of Codonechites and its transfer to Pentalinoninae. Secondatia species are transferred to Odontadenia, and Angadenia is reduced to a synonym of Pentalinon. Our results support the inclusion of Elytropus in Mesechiteae and the recognition of three sections in Odontadenia. The status of O. sect. Anomalae cannot be evaluated at this time, and is treated as incertae sedis. Eight genera and 39 species are recognized in the tribe here. In addition to the previously published Pentalinoninae, two new subtribes, Cycladeniinae and Odontadeniinae, are published here to accommodate the taxa in the corresponding clades recovered in this study.
Growth velocity of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma as predictor of perinatal morbidity and mortality: multicenter study
Authors: Vinit N. , Benachi A. , Rosenblatt J. , Jouannic J.‐M. , Rousseau V. , Bonnard A. , Irtan S. , Fouquet V. , Ville Y. , Khen‐Dunlop N. , Lapillonne A. , Jais J.‐P. , Beaudoin S. , Salomon L. J. , Sarnacki S.
Published: November 2024

Objective

To identify prenatal predictors of poor perinatal outcome in fetuses with isolated sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT).

Methods

This was a retrospective study of fetuses with isolated (non‐syndromic) SCT managed at one of five pediatric surgery and/or fetal medicine centers between January 2007 and December 2017. The primary outcome was the occurrence of poor perinatal outcome, defined as prenatal death (including termination), or neonatal death or severe compromise (hemorrhagic shock). Data regarding prenatal diagnosis (sonographic features both at referral and at the last ultrasound examination before pregnancy outcome, assessment of SCT growth velocity), perinatal complications and outcome, and neonatal course were analyzed to determine prenatal SCT characteristics associated with adverse perinatal outcome.

Results

Fifty‐five fetuses were included, diagnosed with isolated SCT at a median gestational age of 22 (interquartile range, 18–23) weeks. There was a poor perinatal outcome in 31% (n = 17) of these cases, including intrauterine fetal demise (4%, n = 2), pregnancy termination (13%, n = 7) and neonatal severe compromise (15%, n = 8), leading to neonatal death in five cases. The overall survival rate after prenatal diagnosis of isolated SCT was 75% (n = 41 of 55). Earlier gestational age at diagnosis (P = 0.02), large tumor volume at referral (P < 0.001), presence of one or more hemodynamic complications (P = 0.02), fast tumor growth velocity (P < 0.001) and high tumor grade (highest tumor grade ≥ 3) (P = 0.049) were associated with poor perinatal outcome on univariate analysis. On stepwise logistic regression analysis, tumor growth velocity was the only remaining independent factor associated with poor perinatal outcome (odds ratio (OR) (per 1‐mm/week increase), 1.48 (95% CI, 1.22–1.97), P = 0.001). The best predictive cut‐off of tumor growth velocity for poor perinatal outcome was 7 mm/week (OR, 25.7 (95% CI, 5.6–191.3), P < 0.001), yielding a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 77%.

Conclusions

Approximately 30% of fetuses with a diagnosis of isolated SCT have poor perinatal outcome. Tumor growth velocity ≥ 7 mm/week appears to be an appropriate discriminative cut‐off for poor perinatal outcome. These results could help to inform prenatal management and counseling of parents with an affected pregnancy. © 2024 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Graeme Gordon Nicholson
Authors: Purvis Graham , Paul Robert
Published: November 2024

An inspirational, supportive, constructive leader and a true gentleman, he was a skilled and respected state veterinarian who enjoyed coaching athletics as a hobby.
Creating a buzz: Wooldridge Memorial Lecture 2024
Authors: Goulson Dave
Published: November 2024

The 57th annual Wooldridge Memorial Lecture at BVA Congress will be delivered by leading conservationist Dave Goulson, professor of biology at the University of Sussex.
Veterinary workplaces and climate change
Authors: Knowles‐Bacon Megan
Published: November 2024

BVA policy and public affairs manager Megan Knowles‐Bacon introduces BVA's latest report, which explores how vet teams can help tackle climate change.
Spatial variability of hydraulic parameters of a cropped soil using horizontal crosshole ground penetrating radar
Authors: Lärm Lena , Weihermüller Lutz , Rödder Jan , van der Kruk Jan , Vereecken Harry , Klotzsche Anja
Published: November 2024

Soil hydraulic parameters (SHP) play a crucial role controlling the spatiotemporal distribution of water in the soil–plant continuum and thus affect water availability for crops. To provide reliable information on the SHP at different scales, measurement techniques with a good spatial resolution and low labor costs are required. In this study, we used crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR)‐derived soil water contents (SWCs) measured along horizontal rhizotubes under a controlled experimental test site cropped with winter wheat to estimate the unimodal and dual‐porosity soil hydraulic characteristics with different soil layer setups. Therefore, sequential inversion of the GPR‐derived SWCs was performed using the hydrological model HYDRUS‐1D, whereby the SWC data were either averaged prior inversion or used in a spatially distributed way. To analyze if the time‐lapse gathered GPR data contain enough information to estimate the SHP, additional synthetic studies were performed increasing the data resolution to daily GPR measurements. The results showed that the time‐lapse data contained enough information to estimate the SHP accurately. Additionally, spatially distributed soil hydraulic characteristics differed from the one estimated based on averaged SWCs derived from spatially distributed GPR data. Finally, we derived spatially resolved SHP, which can be used for 3D process rhizosphere processes and root–soil interaction modeling.
Transcriptomic alterations in APP/PS1 mice astrocytes lead to early postnatal axon initial segment structural changes
Authors: Benitez María José , Retana Diana , Ordoñez-Gutiérrez Lara , Colmena Inés , Goméz María José , Álvarez Rebeca , Ciorraga María , Dopazo Ana , Wandosell Francisco , Garrido Juan José
Published: November 2024

Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal function loss and degeneration. The integrity of the axon initial segment (AIS) is essential to maintain neuronal function and output. AIS alterations are detected in human post-mortem AD brains and mice models, as well as, neurodevelopmental and mental disorders. However, the mechanisms leading to AIS deregulation in AD and the extrinsic glial origin are elusive. We studied early postnatal differences in AIS cellular/molecular mechanisms in wild-type or APP/PS1 mice and combined neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. We observed AIS integrity alterations, reduced ankyrinG expression and shortening, in APP/PS1 mice from P21 and loss of AIS integrity at 21 DIV in wild-type and APP/PS1 neurons in the presence of APP/PS1 astrocytes. AnkyrinG decrease is due to mRNAs and protein reduction of retinoic acid synthesis enzymes Rdh1 and Aldh1b1, as well as ADNP (Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein) in APP/PS1 astrocytes. This effect was mimicked by wild-type astrocytes expressing ADNP shRNA. In the presence of APP/PS1 astrocytes, wild-type neurons AIS is recovered by inhibition of retinoic acid degradation, and Adnp-derived NAP peptide (NAPVSIPQ) addition or P2X7 receptor inhibition, both regulated by retinoic acid levels. Moreover, P2X7 inhibitor treatment for 2 months impaired AIS disruption in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings extend current knowledge on AIS regulation, providing data to support the role of astrocytes in early postnatal AIS modulation. In conclusion, AD onset may be related to very early glial cell alterations that induce AIS and neuronal function changes, opening new therapeutic approaches to detect and avoid neuronal function loss.
Nakayama Algebras of Small Homological Dimension and Pattern Avoiding Permutations
Authors: Klász Viktória , Marczinzik René , Marquardt Judith
Published: November 2024

We give a combinatorial classification of Nakayama algebras of small homological dimension using the Krattenthaler bijection between Dyck paths and 132-avoiding permutations.
Fate of organic solvent-soluble extractives and arabinogalactan during brown rot degradation of siberian larch heartwood
Authors: Belt Tiina , Harju Anni , Venäläinen Martti , Kilpeläinen Petri
Published: November 2024

The decay resistance of durable heartwoods is primarily due to heartwood extractives, but some extractives have been found to be degradable by wood decaying fungi. We investigated the degradation of heartwood extractives in Siberian larch by the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta and found that neither fungus caused the degradation of flavonoids, the primary organic solvent-soluble extractives in the larch samples. However, both fungi caused the gradual depletion of arabinogalactan, the polysaccharide extractive found in larch heartwood.
Initial pH determines the morphological characteristics and secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus terreus and Streptomyces rimosus cocultures
Authors: Boruta Tomasz , Foryś Martyna , Pawlikowska Weronika , Englart Grzegorz , Bizukojć Marcin
Published: November 2024

The influence of the initial pH on the morphology and secondary metabolite production in cocultures and axenic cultures of Aspergillus terreus and Streptomyces rimosus was investigated. The detected secondary metabolites (6 of bacterial and 4 of fungal origin) were not found in the cultures initiated at pH values less than or equal to 4.0. The highest mean levels of oxytetracycline were recorded in S. rimosus axenic culture at pH 5.0. Initiating the axenic culture at pH 5.9 led to visibly lower product levels, yet the presence of A. terreus reduced the negative effect of non-optimal pH and led to higher oxytetracycline titer than in the corresponding S. rimosus axenic culture. The cocultivation initiated at pH 5.0 or 5.9 triggered the formation of oxidized rimocidin. The products of A. terreus were absent in the cocultures. At pH 4.0, the striking morphological differences between the coculture and the axenic cultures were recorded.
Enhancement of physiology via adaptive transcription
Authors: Lissek Thomas
Published: November 2024

The enhancement of complex physiological functions such as cognition and exercise performance in healthy individuals represents a challenging goal. Adaptive transcription programs that are naturally activated in animals to mediate cellular plasticity in response to stimulation can be leveraged to enhance physiological function above wild-type levels in young organisms and counteract complex functional decline in aging. In processes such as learning and memory and exercise-dependent muscle remodeling, a relatively small number of molecules such as certain stimulus-responsive transcription factors and immediate early genes coordinate widespread changes in cellular physiology. Adaptive transcription can be targeted by various methods including pharmaceutical compounds and gene transfer technologies. Important problems for leveraging adaptive transcription programs for physiological enhancement include a better understanding of their dynamical organization, more precise methods to influence the underlying molecular components, and the integration of adaptive transcription into multi-scale physiological enhancement concepts.
Timing of post-orogenic silicic volcanism in the eastern part of the European Variscides: constraints from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon study of the Permo-Carboniferous Góry Suche Rhyolitic Tuffs (the Intra-Sudetic Basin)
Authors: Awdankiewicz Marek , Pańczyk Magdalena , Ploch Izabela , Raczyński Paweł , Awdankiewicz Honorata , Górecka-Nowak Anna , Pawlak Wojciech , Peryt Tadeusz
Published: November 2024

The Góry Suche Rhyolitic Tuffs in the Intra-Sudetic Basin, in the eastern part of the Variscan Belt of Europe, represent a voluminous (ca. 100 km3), possibly caldera-related, ignimbrite-dominated complex and the Łomnica Rhyolites are associated, post-ignimbrite sills. Zircon separates from nine samples were dated using the U–Pb SHRIMP method. Well-defined concordia ages were determined in four ignimbrite samples (300.5 ± 2.0, 300.5 ± 1.4, 298.0 ± 1.6 and 297.2 ± 0.9 Ma) and in two rhyolite samples (298.4 ± 1.5 and 292.6 ± 1.9 Ma). Clustering of the ignimbrite sample ages between 300.5 ± 2.0 and 297.2 ± 0.9 Ma and geological evidence indicate the eruption and deposition of the tuffs close to the Carboniferous/Permian boundary, in a geologically rapid event at approximately 299 Ma. Zircon assemblages in three tuff specimens are strongly dominated by xenocrysts of various Palaeozoic and Precambrian ages that were incorporated during the eruption through the basin fill. The emplacement of the tuffs was followed (and partly overlapped?) by the emplacement of the Łomnica Rhyolites as sills in two episodes in the early Permian. The Góry Suche Rhyolitic Tuffs may be a few million years older than assumed so far, and this, as well as rather imprecise biostratigraphic constraints from the host sedimentary rocks, suggest a need for revision of the existing lithostratigraphic and evolutionary schemes for the Permo-Carboniferous of the Intra-Sudetic Basin. The studied tuffs and rhyolites together with coeval granitic plutons in vicinity can be linked to the onset of post-Carboniferous lithospheric thinning in Central Europe.

Graphical abstract
Altered serum metabolome is associated with disease activity and immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cai Xuanlin , Jin Jiayang , Ye Hua , Xiang Xiaohong , Luo Li , Li Jing
Published: November 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is widespread globally, with the emergence of metabolites derived from both the host and microbes playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. This study aims to elucidate the relationships between serum metabolites and the immunological and clinical features of RA. Serum samples were collected from 35 RA patients and 37 healthy controls (HC). Metabolite profiling was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Principal component analysis revealed a significant distinction between the RA and HC cohorts. Employing univariate statistical analysis, we identified 36 differential metabolites. Among these, 9 metabolites, including galactose and glucose, were found to be enriched, while the remaining metabolites, such as citric acid, fumaric acid, and inosine, were depleted in RA. These diverse metabolites encompassed various metabolic processes, including the biosynthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose. The enrichment of glucose and galactose in RA exhibited a substantial correlation with elevated IgG levels, as determined through correlation analysis. Conversely, the depletion of citric acid was correlated with elevated levels of C3 and CRP. Methionine, which also declined in RA patients, displayed a negative correlation with ESR. Furthermore, galactose and glucose exhibited significant positive correlations with naïve B cells, while the decreased eicosanoic acid level in RA was significantly associated with an increase in natural killer cells. Our findings suggest that the altered serum metabolite profile in RA is closely linked to disease severity and the dysregulated immune responses observed in RA patients.

Key Points

• Identified nine metabolites with upregulated expression and twenty-seven metabolites with downregulated expression.• Established a correlation between alterations in serum metabolite levels and inflammatory markers in RA patients.• Discovered a significant association between changes in serum metabolites and immune cell profiles in RA patients.
Frame-based stereotactic biopsies of brainstem lesions – Monocentric comparison of the transfrontal and the suboccipital-transcerebellar approach over a 16-year period
Authors: Kaes Manuel , Neumann Jan-Oliver , Beynon Christopher , Naser Paul V. , Kiening Karl , Krieg Sandro M. , Jakobs Martin
Published: November 2024

Both the transfrontal and the suboccipital-transcerebellar approach are frequently used trajectories for frame-based stereotactic biopsies of brainstem lesions. Nevertheless, it remains unclear which approach is more favorable in terms of complications, diagnostic success and outcome, especially considering the location of the lesion within the brainstem. This study compared the safety and diagnostic yield of these two approaches. Furthermore, a brainstem zone model was created to answer the question, whether there is a favorable approach depending on the location of the lesion in the brainstem. A retrospective analysis of 84 consecutive cases of frame-based stereotactic biopsies for brainstem lesions via either transfrontal or suboccipital-transcerebellar approaches over a 16-year period was performed. Clinical and surgical data regarding trajectories, histopathology, complications and outcome was collected. The brainstem was divided in anatomical zones to compare the use of the two approaches depending on the location of the lesions. A total of n = 84 cases of stereotactic biopsies for brainstem lesions were performed. In 36 cases the suboccipital-transcerebellar approach was used, while in 48 cases surgery was performed via the transfrontal approach. The patient’s demographic data were comparable between the two approaches. Overall diagnostic yield was 90.5% (93.8% transfrontal vs. 86.1% suboccipital, p = 0.21, Risk Difference (RD) 0.077, CI [-0.0550, 0.2090]). Complications occurred in 11 cases (total complication rate: 13.1%; 12.5% transfrontal vs. 13.9% suboccipital, p = 0.55, RD 0.014, CI [-0.1607, 0.1327]). The brainstem model showed a more frequent use of the suboccipital approach in lesions of the dorsal pons. The transfrontal approach was used more frequently in mesencephalic targets. No significant differences in terms of complications and diagnostic yield were observed, even though complications in medullary lesions appeared higher using the transfrontal approach. This study showed, that if the approaches are used for their intended target locations there are no significant differences between the transfrontal and the suboccipital-transcerebellar approach for frame-based stereotactic biopsies of brainstem lesions in terms of diagnostic yield and safety. Therefore, our data suggests that both approaches should be considered for stereotactic biopsy of brainstem lesions.
Black Body Cavity Apparatus for Measuring the Emissivity of Nickel-Titanium-Based Shape-Memory Alloys and Other Metals
Authors: Javed Muhammad Ali , Maaß Burkhard , Zipplies Daniel , Richter Markus
Published: November 2024

Nickel-titanium (NiTi)-based shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have various applications in biomedicine, actuators, aerospace technologies, and elastocaloric devices, due to their shape-memory and super-elastic effects. These effects are induced in SMAs by a reversible martensitic phase transformation. This transformation can be achieved by applying stress or temperature differences. It is extremely difficult to measure the temperature of NiTi elements with contact thermometers because they disturb the phase transformation phenomenon. An alternative approach is contactless infrared thermography for which accurate emissivity data are mandatory. To determine the temperature distribution in NiTi components with an infrared camera, a newly constructed apparatus is presented to measure the emissivity of metals. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art infrared camera was employed to analyze the emissivity behavior with temperature, especially during the phase transformation. The emissivity of the NiTi samples was systematically studied by comparing them with a reference-quality black body cavity (BBC) having an emissivity better than 0.995. Calibration measurements revealed that the maximum deviation of the BBC temperature measured with the infrared camera was only 0.15% (0.45 K) from its temperature measured with the built-in contact thermometers. The apparatus was validated by measuring the emissivity of a polished aluminum sample and found to be in good agreement with literature data, particularly for temperatures above 340 K. Finally, the emissivity of two rough and one polished NiTi samples was measured covering the temperature range from 313 K to 423 K with an expanded uncertainty of about 0.02 ($$k=2$$

k
=
2

). The studied NiTi samples have an atomic percent composition of $$\hbox {Ni}_{42.5}$$

Ni

42.5

$$\hbox {Ti}_{49.9}$$

Ti

49.9

$$\hbox {Cu}_{7.5}$$

Cu

7.5

$$\hbox {Cr}_{0.1}$$

Cr

0.1

. We observed that the emissivity of NiTi varies between 0.17 and 0.31 depending on temperature. As the temperature rises, the emissivity increases rapidly during the phase transformation, and it decreases gradually beyond the austenite finish temperature. In addition, the emissivity of NiTi depends on the microstructure of the martensite and austenite phases and the surface roughness of the samples.
Sleep Problems in Children with ADHD: Associations with Internalizing Symptoms and Physical Activity
Authors: Liang Xiao , Zhao Mengping , Su Li , Haegele Justin A. , Xu Richard H. , Li Jiayue , Guo Jinxian , Tse Andy Choi-Yeung , Li Shirley X. , Shum David H. K.
Published: November 2024

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience high rates of sleep problems and are at increased risk for developing internalizing problems. This study aimed to examine the association of sleep problems and physical activity with internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD. This cross-sectional study included 188 children with ADHD (M age = 8.60 ± 1.38, 78.7% boys). Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess sleep problems (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]) and internalizing symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 [DASS 21]). The presence of sleep problems was defined as a PSQI score > 5. Physical activity was recorded by an ActiGraph GT9X Link accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. In total, 111 children with ADHD presented with sleep problems (59%). Compared with their counterparts without sleep problems, children with sleep problems spent less time in daily moderator-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (F = 15.35, η2 = .079), had a lower proportion of meeting the WHO-recommended 60 min of daily MVPA guideline (F = 9.57, η2 = .050), and showed more internalizing symptoms: depression (F = 10.09, η2 = .053), anxiety (F = 15.84, η2 = .081), and stress (F = 6.98, η2 = .037). BMI, daytime dysfunction of PSQI, and MVPA guideline attainment were significantly associated with internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD. Daytime dysfunction of PSQI is associated with more severe internalizing symptoms, and MVPA guideline attainment may reduce the likelihood of developing depression and anxiety in children with ADHD. Future studies are needed to examine the long-term effects of sleep on internalizing symptoms and the effects of PA-based interventions on sleep and internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD, respectively.
Housing Australian Children: A Snapshot of Health Inequities in the First 2000 Days
Authors: Li Yuxi , Singh Ankur , Bentley Rebecca
Published: November 2024

Housing is a critical social determinant of children’s health. While individual pathways between housing and health are well evidenced, there has been less attention on the co-occurrence of housing disadvantages. We aim to identify typologies of children’s housing disadvantage and describe the health inequities they generate. A cross-sectional latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on 4355 Australian children aged 4 to 5 years who participated in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Nine binary indicators—dwelling tenure, external condition, affordability, stability, crowding, cleanliness, fuel poverty, and noise exposure—were used to generate latent housing typologies. Generalized linear models with robust standard errors described disparities in quality of life, injury, disability, and health service use across these housing typologies. Four distinct housing typologies were identified in this cohort: “good condition, affordable, and secure” (60%); “insecure” (11%); “crowded” (24%); and “unsuitable” (5%). Unsuitable housing, characterized by crowding, poor external conditions, and noise exposure, was more likely to be occupied by single-parent families, low-income households, and be headed by parents with low levels of education. Children in unsuitable housing lagged on quality of life indicators at preschool age (e.g., by 8.0 points on emotional functioning, 95% CI − 10.6, − 5.5), and underutilized primary healthcare services (e.g., prevalence ratio 0.76 for GP services, 95% CI 0.67, 0.87), compared to children in good quality housing. This finding supports the case for early intervention strategies that account for children’s housing circumstances.
Tailoring the Electrochemical Properties of ZnS Electrodes via Cobalt Doping for Improved Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Tom Emmanuel , Velluva Abhijai , Joseph Anit , Thomas Tiju , Sha Mizaj Shabil , Jithin P. V , Thomas Deepu , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Kurian Joji
Published: November 2024

For practical uses, there has been a lot of interest in simple, inexpensive, and efficient synthesis of materials for supercapacitor applications. Pure and cobalt-doped zinc sulfide (Co-doped ZnS) powder samples were synthesized in this study using a straightforward co-precipitation process, and their electrochemical performance was examined. It was observed that, at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, pure ZnS has a specific capacitance of only 460.7 F g−1; however, the Co-doping in ZnS increases it to 947.8 F g−1 for the 5% Co-doped sample, Co (0.05): ZnS. The results suggest that Co-doping in ZnS increases the kinetics and rate of redox processes. The increase in electrochemical active sites brought about by integrating Co into ZnS increases the surface area and results in the sample's capacity for storage. The encouraging findings increase the likelihood of elemental doping with other transition metal elements to increase the energy storage capability of earth-abundant ZnS samples.
Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Absorption Properties in Cartagena Bay’s Complex Waters
Authors: Eljaiek-Urzola Monica , Betancur-Turizo Stella Patricia , de Carvalho Lino Augusto Sander , Quiñones-Bolaños Edgar
Published: November 2024

Characterizing inherent optical properties (IOPs) of water constituents is crucial for remote sensing applications. Remote sensing in Cartagena Bay is particularly challenging due to significant variations in constituent concentrations caused by the seasonal and annual variability of discharges from the Canal del Dique. This article presents the variability in absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM), and non-algal particles (aNAP) in Cartagena Bay. Absorption coefficients were measured in the laboratory across multiple monitoring campaigns, with seasonal analyses conducted to establish relationships between absorption properties and biogeochemical parameters such as chlorophyll-a, salinity, and turbidity. Results indicate that at 440 nm, aCDOM and aNAP primarily dominate absorption during the rainy season, while aNAP dominates during the dry season. This variation is influenced by inflows from the Canal del Dique. Lower CDOM absorption in 440 nm (aCDOM440), and higher CDOM absorption slope (SCDOM275–295) and higher salinity values were observed during the dry season, which is consistent with the reduced fluvial influx. Spatial variability shows that higher CDOM values prevail in the river plume area during both seasons, with particularly higher values in the rainy season. Median values of aNAP were similar in both seasons, with a strong relationship found between all aNAP data and turbidity (rp = 0.785). Compared to other estuaries, Cartagena Bay exhibits optical characteristics typical of a coastal water body subjected to river discharges, including the elevated turbidity and the high dissolved organic matter influenced by significant inflow from the Canal del Dique. These features highlight the bay’s dynamic interactions with terrestrial inputs. This study provides invaluable information on the optical characteristics of Cartagena Bay, which is crucial for improving the accuracy and effectiveness of remote sensing models for optically active parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, CDOM, and chlorophyll-a.
Statistical study of mechanical responses of ordinary refractory ceramics under cold crushing condition with discrete element modelling
Authors: Du Wei-liang , Jin Sheng-li
Published: November 2024

Ordinary refractory ceramics are multi-phase materials, and their inhomogeneous microstructures induce the scatter of properties. The definition of a reasonable number of samples is important to obtain representative results from experiments and simulations, and this reasonable number might be property or microstructure relevant. Stochastic discrete element (DE) simulations of cold crushing tests with homogeneous interface properties were performed. Three minimum DE size ranges were used to represent matrix variation at different levels. Statistical methods, i.e., Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test, t-test, and correlation analysis, were utilized to study the influences of minimal number of samples on mechanical properties and crack density. It revealed that a relatively small number of samples are sufficient to obtain representative cold crushing strength (CCS) and Young’s modulus, whilst a large number of samples are favourable when the fracture energy and crack density under cold crushing conditions are of interest. The analysis also showed that the fracture energy under cold crushing condition generally correlates positively with CCS, and the static Young’s moduli determined from the stress–piston displacement curves with different definitions are divergent, caused by contact compliance and premature cracking. The data from the stress–strain curves recorded directly on the sample are required for the accurate static Young’s modulus calculation.