bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When big data meets dataveillance: the hidden side of analytics
Authors: Degli Esposti Sara
Published: July 2018

Among the numerous implications of digitalization, the debate about ‘big data’ has gained momentum. The central idea capturing attention is that digital data represents the newest key asset organizations should use to gain a competitive edge. Data can be sold, matched with other data, mined, and used to make inferences about anything, from people’s behavior to weather conditions. Particularly, what is known as ‘big data analytics’ — i.e. the modeling and analysis of big data — has become the capability which differentiates, from the rest of the market, the most successful companies. An entire business ecosystem has emerged around the digital data asset, and new types of companies, such as analytical competitors and analytical deputies, are proliferating as a result of the analysis of digital data. However, virtually absent from the big data debate is any mention of one of its constitutive mechanisms — that is, dataveillance. Dataveillance — which refers to the systematic monitoring of people or groups, by means of personal data systems in order to regulate or govern their behavior — sets the stage and reinforces the development of the data economy celebrated in the big data debate. This article aims to make visible the interdependence between dataveillance, big data and analytics by providing real examples of how companies collect, process, analyze and use data to achieve their business objectives.
Games of Drones: The Uneasy Future of the Soldier-Hero in Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Authors: Andersen Carrie Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

In this article, I argue that the first-person shooter video game, Call of Duty: Black Ops II, reflects the U.S. military‟s transition as it reimagines the soldier‟s role in war. In the age of drone technology, this role shifts from a position of strength to one of relative weakness. Although video games that feature future combat often “function as virtual enactments and endorsements for developing military technologies,” Black Ops II offers a surprisingly complex vision of the future of drones and U.S. soldiers (Smicker 2009: 107). To explore how the game reflects a contemporary vision of the U.S. military, I weave together a close textual reading of two levels in Black Ops II with actual accounts from drone pilots and politicians that illuminate the nature of drone combat. Although there are moments in Black Ops II in which avatars combat enemies with first-hand firepower, the experience of heroic diegetic violence is superseded by a combat experience defined by powerlessness, boredom, and ambiguous pleasure. The shift of the soldier from imposing hero to a banal figure experiences its logical conclusion in Unmanned, an independent video game that foregrounds the mundane, nonviolent nature of drone piloting. Instead of training soldiers to withstand emotionally devastating experiences of death and violence first-hand (or to physically enact such violence), games like Black Ops II and Unmanned train actual and potential soldiers to tolerate monotony and disempowerment.
Surveillance and Community: Language Policing and Empowerment in a World of Warcraft Guild
Authors: Collister Lauren B.
Published: July 2018

A case study of a World of Warcraft guild explores the relationship between participatory surveillance, public discipline, empowerment, and fun. The guild under investigation in this paper is a self-labeled "safe space" guild for female, LGBT, and other minority members of the gaming population. To promote the safe space environment, the guild's members actively enforce prohibitions against offensive language. A comparison is made between the participatory surveillance model employed by the members of the guild and the top-down policies and discipline enacted by the parent company, Blizzard Entertainment; this comparison demonstrates the effects of co-existing models of surveillance in the game community. Furthermore, the effects of the guild's practice of public discipline of rule breakers are analyzed as a method of shaming that enhances the effects of the guild's rules. Finally, by examining reactions from members of the guild, personal and community empowerment are the outcomes of participation in the system. Recommendations are made to incorporate elements of participatory surveillance into games in conjunction with unilateral surveillance typically employed by game developers.
“...when no one is hearing them swear” - Youth Safety and the Pedagogy of Surveillance
Authors: Fisk Nathan
Published: July 2018

In this piece I examine the production and proliferation of adult surveillance practices online through Internet safety discourses. Specifically, through an analysis of youth Internet safety curricula provided to adults, along with interviews with parents, law enforcement officers and school officials, I describe the mechanisms by which adults are positioned as agents of surveillance relative to social networks and youth Internet practice. As I argue, youth Internet safety discourses represent what can be conceptualized as a pedagogy of surveillance – reconfiguring both adult and youth conceptions of online practice in ways which establish “trusted adults” as final arbiters of risk and appropriateness, while casting suspicion on the everyday social practices of youth. Through the pedagogy of surveillance provided by youth Internet safety materials, parents and guardians are encouraged to conceptualize social networking sites and other information technologies used by youth as surveillance tools, rather than as social spaces. Additionally, these materials provide adults with a particular conceptual frame through which to make sense of youth sociality online, commonly interpreting everyday communication and actions from the standpoint of an imagined “21st Century” employer.
Exploring Terra Incognita: Mapping Surveillance Studies from the Perspective of Media and Communication Research
Authors: Mehrabov Ilkin
Published: July 2018

This article attempts to map surveillance studies from the perspective of the academic field of media and communication studies; and to seek out boundaries, limitations, strengths and weaknesses of current research. To map out the territory and mark important points within the landscape, Surveillance & Society, a premier interdisciplinary and peer-reviewed journal in the field of surveillance, is used as a point of departure. Analysis of topics within the surveillance studies field is conducted based on 296 articles from 40 issues published between 2002 and 2013.
Policing the Imperial Periphery: The Philippine-American War and the Origins of U.S. Global Surveillance
Authors: McCoy Alfred William
Published: July 2018

Using a methodology that inserts the current controversy over NSA surveillance into its historical context, this essay traces the origins of U.S. internal security back to America’s emergence as a global power circa 1898. In the succeeding century, Washington’s information infrastructure advanced through three technological regimes: first, the manual during the Philippine War (1898–1907); next, the computerized in the Vietnam War (1963–75); and, recently, the robotic in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001–14). While these military missions have skirted defeat if not disaster, the information infrastructure, as if driven by some in-built engineering, has advanced to higher levels of data management and coercive capacity. With costs for conventional military occupations now becoming prohibitive, the U.S. will likely deploy, circa 2020, its evolving robotic regime—with a triple-canopy aerospace shield, advanced cyberwarfare, and digital surveillance—to envelop the earth in an electronic grid capable of blinding entire armies on the battlefield or atomizing a single insurgent in field or favela.
Patterns of Surveillance Legitimization. The German Discourse on the NSA Scandal
Authors: Schulze Matthias
Published: July 2018

This paper conceptualizes scandals as a special type of discourse in which the legitimacy of institutions or practices like surveillance is in question. This forces surveillance advocates to engage in legitimacy management (Suchmann 1995). They therefore adopt legitimization strategies that can be observed. This paper presents a framework for the study of surveillance legitimizing strategies in scandal discourses that can be used for future cross-case comparisons. The aim is to analyze how the legitimacy of surveillance practices is maintained or repaired by surveillance advocates when it is contested in times of a scandal. The research questions are, what rhetorical strategies are used to legitimize surveillance and to prevent the scandal from escalating? The case that is studied is the reaction by the German federal Government between June and October 2013. Because of the Federal Election in September that year and the strong notions about privacy and data protection within Germany, this discourse is especially relevant. The surveillance legitimizing practices follow an escalation logic: from denial of knowledge, denial of participation, acknowledging of limited participation to complaining about the monitoring of Angela Merkel’s cellphone.
Surveillance, Criminal Law and Sovereignty
Authors: Warren Ian
Published: July 2018

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Law, Surveillance, and Financial Markets
Authors: Williams James W.
Published: July 2018

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Surveillance cultures, chains and holes in street level networking: dealing with drug users in Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Porto Alegre (Brazil)
Authors: Rigoni Rafaela
Published: July 2018

If surveillance is understood as a complex multi-dimensional process, then collaboration between health, social and law enforcement sectors can be viewed as a part of the surveillance culture of particular societies and urban settings. Policies towards illicit drugs usually build on a two-track approach—public health and public order—with different objectives that have to be negotiated daily by street level workers in the light of their differing beliefs on drug use. This paper brings examples of collaboration and non-collaboration among workers from social, health and law enforcement agencies in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Porto Alegre, Brazil in their daily interactions with drug users, to analyze the types of surveillance arising from these negotiations. The study utilizes results from 80 in-depth interviews with street level workers and 800 hours of participant observation carried out from February 2010 until March 2011, equally divided between the two cities. Different cultures of surveillance produce diverse state-citizen approaches in terms of coercion, care, and rights. In Amsterdam, close collaboration and information exchange among workers produce a ‘chain’ surveillance culture: an intensive screening allows drug users to have more access to care, yet, at the same time this can produce excessive control over users’ lives. In Porto Alegre, by contrast, insufficient collaboration produces a surveillance culture of ‘holes’: less systematic screening and lack of information sharing allows users to slip out of care, and of workers’ surveillance sight. Historically, though coming from apparently opposite extremes in terms of drug surveillance (respectively permissive and controlling), both Amsterdam and Porto Alegre in practice show surveillance cultures which combine care and order. Combinations, however, vary according to different assemblages between actors concerned with transforming drug users’ lives.
Integrating subjects: Linking surveillance experiences to social patterns using Ethno‐Epistemic Assemblages
Authors: Lee Ashlin James
Published: July 2018

Surveillance can be experienced in a variety of ways, but how these experiences might be linked to broader social patterns is currently underdeveloped. There is a growing body of research exploring the surveillance subject and how individuals may (dis)engage with surveillance practices. This includes (but is not limited to) surveillance as a bargaining process (Pallitto 2013), counter surveillance activities such as sousveillance (Mann, Nolan and Wellman 2003), and surveillance as a process of exposing subjects (Ball 2009). But while shedding light on the experiences of surveillance subjects, how these experiences might be placed in relation to broader social and surveillance structures is not always automatically evident. This paper presents an initial engagement with this topic, and suggests that a possible angle for linking surveillance subjects to broader social patterns may be achieved through concepts from science and technology studies, specifically Irwin and Michael’s (2003) concept of the ethno-epistemic assemblage (EEA). The EEA is a theoretical heuristic originally envisioned to help understand the blurred relationships between science and society, emphasising the heterogeneous composition and relationship of technoscience and society. The EEA specifically links an individual’s contexts (ethnos), and the forms of knowledge relevant to their contexts (episteme), into assemblages, highlighting the interwoven, dynamic, and fluid nature of ethno-epistemes against and in conjunction with other EEAs, and other social narratives. A brief exploration of the marginal positioning of surveillance subjectivities is presented, followed by a detailed description of the EEA, and how it may contribute to structuring and placing the complexities of surveillance subjects in society.
The Rise and Risks of Police Body-Worn Cameras in Canada
Authors: Bud Thomas K.
Published: July 2018

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The Mythical Properties of Police Body-Worn Cameras: A Solution in the Search of a Problem
Authors: Palmer Darren
Published: July 2018

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A Vernacular of Surveillance: Taylor Swift and Miley Cyrus Perform White Authenticity
Authors: Dubrofsky Rachel E
Published: July 2018

This article looks at popular visual media in the context of the larger surveillance society in which it occurs. Bringing into conversation scholarship in feminist media studies, surveillance, performance, and critical race studies, the article offers another way to explore race in popular media and consider the implications of surveillance. The work examines how principles from contexts of surveillance carry over into contexts not under surveillance. The article explores the vernacularization—the process of making things mundane, everyday, unremarkable—of ideas about authenticity and performing, and the implications when it comes to race issues, which are animated in contexts of surveillance, but exceed these and are apparent in contexts not under surveillance. Through a critical examination of Taylor Swift’s video “Shake it off,” and Miley Cyrus’s video “We Can’t Stop,” the author argues self-reflexivity marks their performing behavior as distinct from their authentic self, reassuring audiences there is an authentic (white) self under the performance. This authentic self is presented as stable, a core identity most naturally enacted by white bodies, brought into relief by performing otherness.
International Cross-Surveillance: Global IT Surveillance Arbitrage and the Principle of Proportionality as a Counterargument
Authors: Staben Julian , Leisterer Hannfried
Published: July 2018

In the course of the revelations about both U.S. and European national surveillance programmes, remarkable constellations have come to light. Most national programmes are focused on the surveillance of IT-based communication among foreigners and between citizens and foreigners. This fact has often been employed as a mitigating argument within the national legal and policy discourses. This paper examines some of the possible loopholes and “dents” in the law that enable intelligence agencies to engage in international IT surveillance arbitrage. Fundamental rights currently do not protect against this practice. It leads to the factual circumvention of constitutional standards by permitting wider indirect access to domestic communication through processes of information sharing.We briefly assess possible legal answers to this phenomenon from the fields of public international law and global constitutionalism. Since international human rights law is merely territorial in focus it is incapable of constraining the above mentioned arbitrage practices. Territorial concepts of human rights protection are outdated with regards to international communication networks and ineffective for the legal regulation of state surveillance of these networks. We identify the universal legal principle of proportionality as the most promising starting point to structure and rationalise the legal debate on how to constrain international IT cross-surveillance.
The Making of a Totalitarian Surveillance Machine: Surveillance in Turkey Under AKP Rule
Authors: Topak Ozgun
Published: July 2018

This article examines surveillance initiatives under the AKP rule in Turkey (2002-present). The AKP had first tested and perfected surveillance methods, including wiretapping, internet surveillance and surveillance by collaborator-informant networks, over its key opponents and dissidents to capture the state apparatus and later applied similar methods to govern the entire society. In the aftermath of the 2013 Gezi protests, surveillance began to have a mass character, even though targeted surveillance practices continued. Fearful of another popular public revolt, the AKP established a mass surveillance mechanism and empowered it by new amendments to security and communication laws, to pre-empt and suppress public dissent. The recent state of emergency measures following the failed coup attempt in July 2016 represented a further drift towards totalitarian surveillance. The personal liberties were suspended and the state of exception became a permanent condition.
Security First: The New Right-Wing Government in Poland and its Policy towards Immigrants and Refugees
Authors: Klaus Witold
Published: July 2018

The so called refugee crisis in 2015 coincided with the Polish parliamentary electoral campaign. The effect of it was – for the first time in Poland – the introduction of migration policy to the political agenda of the right-wing and populist political parties on a massive scale. They presented migration as an issue of security – both national and cultural, direct and symbolic. The new government, acting since the end of 2015, included immigration and asylum issues into their political programme as a key element of national security. Their discourse about refugees is usually based on the differentiation: us and them. And “them” are pictured as evil, dangerous, Muslim terrorists.

The new government and its authoritarian style of governing has introduced a number of initiatives designed to deprive individuals of immigrant rights (like in the new so-called Antiterrorist Act from the mid of 2016, based on which every foreign citizen could be put under surveillance without any court control) or to stop refugee influx on the Polish territory in any way – directly from their country of origin (new amendments to asylum law are trying to introduce border and accelerated procedures) or under the UE resettlement and relocation programme (Poland is one of 3 EU Member States – along Hungary and Austria – that hasn’t relocated anyone).

In this paper I will present in more detail the legal changes described above, their consequences and the so-called rationalities presented by the government.
The Reform of China’s Household Registration System: Authoritarianism with Liberal Characteristics
Authors: Siqueira Cassiano Marcella
Published: July 2018

Under China’s legacy high-socialism and planned economy, the Household Registration System endures as a coercive institutional mechanism that collects information on Chinese citizens for six decades. But, today’s hukou is markedly different from that of previous decades. Contemporary hukou practices have shifted to accommodate freedom of choice and the opportunity to deal with the risks and responsibilities associated with this right. This shift points to the decoupling of some state-planned practices and to more liberal practices related to the treatment of surveillance as a matter of population welfare.
Explaining the Data Double: Confessions and Self-Examinations in Job Recruitments
Authors: Hedenus Anna , Backman Christel
Published: July 2018

The practice of cybervetting—i.e., online background checks of a jobseeker’s ‘data double’—is considered to be a valuable tool in the recruitment process by an increasing amount of employers. As a consequence, jobseekers lose some control over what aspects of their past, personal interests or private life they will share with the employer. Moreover, jobseekers are expected to confess, explain and contextualize unfavorable information about them if they want to be perceived as employable. This study aims to show how cybervetting recruiters encourage and anticipate such confessions, and use the outcomes to evaluate jobseekers’ honesty and capacity for self-reflection. The analysis is based on qualitative interviews with 36 Swedish human resource professionals, hiring managers and employers, and guided by Foucault’s theoretical work on self-examinations, along with the confessional culture and its related concepts. We argue that confessions about information found on the internet are an important factor of what we label ‘online employability’: jobseekers’ capability to sanitize, keep track of and explain their data doubles. Hence, as the recruiter can examine a jobseeker’s private spheres, cybervetting is a surveillance practice with direct consequences on recruitment as well as clear effects on jobseekers’ self-examinations and interactions with human resources personnel.
The All-Seeing Eye of State Surveillance in the Italian Football (Soccer) Terraces: The Case Study of the Football Fan Card
Authors: Testa Alberto
Published: July 2018

The football (soccer) stadium in Italy has been, since its origin, not only a ludic space but also a symbolic setting that has often reflected national socio-political issues such as the country’s north/south economic and political divide, the existence of organized crime, the promotion of radical political ideologies, and, concomitantly, racism and homophobia. In such a milieu, the spectacle of football can suddenly shift to symbolic and factual violence. One of the main tools of the complex Italian counter hooliganism model (CHM) is the Tessera del tifoso, a compulsory fan ID scheme adopted in 2009 to curb football spectator violence. This paper attempts to systematically evaluate this scheme for the first time, adopting as its conceptual frame Giorgio Agamben’s concepts of the state of exception, bare life, the (concentration) camp, and dispositivo (apparatus). It is argued that the Tessera del tifoso serves as a most prominent example of a CHM based on a permanent state of exception manifested by an increase in State surveillance, control, and regulation of fans’ lives with potential implications for their civil liberties and freedom.
Hair testing: just how accurate is it?
Authors: Ditton Jason
Published: July 2018

Extensive forensic examination of the hair of 209 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) users demonstrated virtually no correlation between self-reported tablet use, and traces of MDMA in the hair of users. Why should this be so? Three answers are possible, and all true. First, self-report is fallible; second, tablet strength varies enormously; and third, forensic analysis is of unknown accuracy. The first two are well known. Forensic analysis, however, typically presents itself as impeccably precise. The article demonstrates that not only is this claim spectacularly untrue, but also that validation of forensic analysis (and, thus, indirectly, self-report) lies in the very blind intra- and inter- laboratory comparisons that are never undertaken.
The Labours of Surveillance
Authors: Ball Kirstie
Published: July 2018

Surveillance and work is examined as the central theme of the issue. Two interpretations of the phrase are made – first, surveillance of work, and second surveillance as work. After a focus on the second, a review of recently published work which informs this perspective is undertaken, and then two issues for future research are discussed. These issues concern how the surveilled subject might come to be understood, and how connectivity between different surveillance locales may be examined. It is concluded that examining surveillance as work renders new types of occupational category and organizational activity significant, as well as the labours involved in the social processes of identity work and representation management.
Drug Testing in the Australian Mining Industry
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: July 2018

Alcohol and illicit substance abuse in the workplace is increasingly becoming a major human resource and employee relations issue. Whilst more sophisticated measures have been developed to test and monitor drug use in the workplace, and despite tacit union support on the grounds of occupational health and safety, the implementation of drug testing procedures remains a contentious issue. This paper examines the issue through a case study in the Australian mining industry where the introduction of the drug-testing resulted in a major industrial disputation.
Workplace Surveillance ‘is’ Unethical and Unfair
Authors: Introna Lucas D.
Published: July 2018

This piece argues that workplace surveillance is unethical and unfair using the work of Emmanuel Levinas. Such a move is indeed necessary for the possibility of ethics to happen when we monitor and surveil, rather than merely being considered when we talk about, or judge, monitoring and surveillance practices.
Organizational Justice in E-recruiting: issues and controversies
Authors: Searle Rosalind H.
Published: July 2018

The recruitment situation has high stakes both for the potential new employer and candidates. This article highlights the technology-led transformation occurring in organization’s recruitment processes and argues that more attention is needed to assess how far these systems actually widen the applicant pool, or whether they mask the replication of previous discriminatory practices. It raises questions about the transparency of the process, and the accountability of recruiters to applicants noting the procedural and distributive justice implications of these changes.
Foucault and Panopticism Revisited.
Authors: Wood David
Published: July 2018

This editorial introduces this issue in the context of the progress of the Surveillance and Society project. It discusses the theme of this issue, the importance of Michel Foucault’s work for Surveillance Studies, briefly summarises the contributions of the authors, and also considers what comes next.
The Diffusion, Regulation and Governance of Closed-Circuit Television in the UK
Authors: Webster William R.
Published: July 2018

This article explores the introduction and diffusion of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance systems in public places across the UK. In particular, it seeks to examine the diffusion of CCTV alongside the emergence of regulation and governance structures associated with its provision. By doing so, it is argued here, that the processes of diffusion, regulation and governance are inherently intertwined, that they have evolved together over time, and that we must place CCTV within its institutional and policy setting in order to have a good understanding of the reasons for its diffusion. Initially, it appears that the CCTV policy arena is relatively unregulated. This is surprising given the nature of the technology and its potential to be used as a tool for surveillance and control. However, a closer examination of its diffusion points to a variety of regulatory mechanisms emerging from within the CCTV policy environment and evolving alongside the development of policy networks. It is argued here, that whilst it may appear that regulation has emerged from within these networks, government, despite limited legislative intervention, remains the dominant actor in the policy process through its ability to shape and influence networks.
Targeting the Unwanted: Video Surveillance and Categorical Exclusion in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Lomell Heidi Mork
Published: July 2018

The rise of video surveillance in the United Kingdom, in the form of the public installation of closed circuit television (CCTV), has been seen by several scholars as a contributing factor to the increasing exclusion of unwanted categories of people from city centers, a development often referred to as the 'commercialization' or 'purification' of the city. Drawing from field observations over three years in control rooms in Oslo, Norway, this article discusses whether CCTV systems in Oslo contribute to a similar process of exclusion. To do so, I compare the open street video surveillance system with two other CCTV systems - a shopping mall and a major transport center. The introduction of open street CCTV in Oslo in 1999 did not create social exclusion, but recent developments show the possibility remains. Although drug addicts and young people were the primary targets of surveillance in all three sites studied, ejections varied considerably from site to site. The shopping mall system had a higher ejection rate than the open street system, and was therefore the system with the clearest exclusionary effects. Reasons for the different ejection rates are discussed, in particular the social structure of the site under surveillance and the organizational relationships of CCTV operators to the policing agents connected to the surveillance system.
Controlling CCTV in Public Spaces: Is Privacy the (Only) Issue? Reflections on Norwegian and Danish Observations
Authors: Saetnan Ann Rudinow , Lomell Heidi Mork , Wiecek Carsten
Published: July 2018

This paper examines data from an observation study of four CCTV control rooms in Norway and Denmark. The paper asks whether issues other than privacy might be at stake when public spaces are placed under video surveillance. Starting with a discussion of what values public spaces produce for society and for citizens and then examining CCTV practices in terms of those values, we find that video surveillance might have both positive and negative effects on key 'products' of public spaces. We are especially concerned with potential effects on social cohesion. If CCTV encourages broad participation and interaction in public spaces, for instance by increasing citizens' sense of safety, then CCTV may enhance social cohesion. But the discriminatory practices we observed may have the opposite effect by excluding whole categories of the populace from public spaces, thus ghettoizing those spaces and hampering social interactions. Though tentative due to limited data, our analysis indicates that structural properties of CCTV operations may affect the extent of discriminatory practices that occur. We suggest that these properties may therefore present 'handles' by which CCTV practices can be regulated to avoid negative effects on social cohesion.
Administrative surveillance of alcohol consumption in Ontario, Canada: pre electronic technologies of control
Authors: Genosko Gary , Thompson Scott
Published: July 2018

This paper describes the development of a vast bureaucracy of surveillance by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO), Canada, and the categories employed in a vast social sorting operation of drinkers undertaken from 1927 into the 1960s. The paper deals fundamentally with list-making and its social consequences. These social sorts could transform the most private interests into public matters, recategorizing individuals and redefining their material possessions and property. However the Ontario "drunk list" was also known as the "Indian list" and the story of the LCBO is also the story of how the politics of race become diabolical. This paper thus exposes the georacial profiling of First Nations populations of the northern region and the bureaucratic reinscription of identity by means of then new technologies that enabled specific forms of social sorting: the folding together of lists, supported by inter-institutional cooperation through data provision across sectors, toward the pre-elimination of populations from the ranks enjoying legal access to alcoholic products.
Surveillance and exclusion practices in the governance of access to shopping centres on periphery estates in the UK
Authors: Flint John
Published: July 2018

The UK government has renewed its focus upon retail crime in deprived neighbourhoods. This paper discusses the roles of cities as sites of consumption and places the growth of surveillance and techniques of exclusion in shopping centres within wider trends towards the privatisation of public space. The paper seeks to explore the spatial, social and political relations revealed through studies of the surveillance and exclusionary mechanisms, including banning orders, deployed in shopping centres located on periphery estates in two Scottish cities. It identifies the tensions and synergies arising from the dualities of these centres as sites of consumption and civic engagement, examines the specific dynamics arising from the particular community contexts of the centres and explores how practices of surveillance impact on various dimensions of social exclusion.
In the eye of the beholder? Representations of video surveillance in German public television
Authors: Hempel Leon
Published: July 2018

This article is based upon an analysis of the commonalities between CCTV and television. Although this article is not meant to contribute to media studies as a science, it will nonetheless use empirical data from diverse TV shows, time periods and regions to show the decisive role television plays in public acceptance and implementation of public surveillance technology, as well as in the construction of suspicion. Additionally, this article considers the technological similarities of CCTV and television by using TV data as a source of ethnographic material to understand the discriminating nature of visual surveillance technologies.
Crime, Maps and Meaning: Views from a Survey on Safety and CCTV in Germany
Authors: Zurawski Nils , Czerwinski Stefan
Published: July 2018

In researching CCTV, it must be examined how people assess CCTV measures against the background of their individual knowledge about the technology in question. Research on visual surveillance needs to ask how they sense and perceive cameras. As cameras impact on spatial images and social perceptions, such as security, people's confidence will not be explained solely by showing that cameras do or do not work in reducing crime. For that it is necessary to look at what expectations people have regarding CCTV and its possible shortcomings. These assumptions provided the research frame for a qualitative study that focused on the assessment of visual surveillance in an urban environment. The study examined what knowledge people actually had about the technology and what meaning was ascribed to the cameras themselves. It seems that knowledge does not inform the meaning, but that the ascribed meaning is generated independently of this knowledge or the lack thereof. The results permit the conclusion that forms of spatial perception that socially produce 'dangerous spaces' have gained prominence. Hazard is then directly ascribed to the spatial context itself. Thus, CCTV seems to be a suitable measure for safeguarding these 'crime hot spots' and is being used as a projection screen for fears and felt insecurities. Although an expansion of CCTV is mostly rejected in our study, CCTV measurement is seen as a suitable means to counter crime in particular spatial settings. The study indeed revealed many contradictions in the individual assessment of cameras in relation to actual knowledge and the meaning of these in relation to personal safety and spatial perception.
Re-Thinking Citizenship: (Un)Healthy Bodies and the Canadian Borde
Authors: Wiebe Sarah
Published: July 2018

The Canadian state screens potential citizens based on their physical and mental health in order to assess individuals' likelihood of becoming contributive and productive members of Canadian society. Immigrants are not only screened as potential security risks in a traditional sense, but appear in Canadian discourse as threats to economic stability. These potential citizens are consequently screened and surveilled for health concerns. This essay examines these screening practices from a critical political science approach using Foucault's theory of biopolitics to evaluate the correlation between biopolitics – the governance of life – and immigration by focusing on Citizenship and Immigration (CIC) Canada's policy and legislative discourse. This essay argues that Canadian modern political subjectivity is predicated on the notion that citizens must be healthy in order to be truly political and to have political voice and agency. Finally, the essay calls for a re-conceptualization of the category of "citizen" in the modern Canadian state.
Surveillance is Sexy
Authors: Bell David
Published: July 2018

This paper considers sexualization of surveillance as a mode of resistance. It explores various modes of sexualized surveillance, from ‘reality porn’ to webcam footage, and focuses on the ways in which voyeurism and exhibitionism are mobilized within an emerging ‘surveillance aesthetic’ across these forms. Building on work that considers ‘playful’ engagements with surveillance, and discussions of forms of counter-surveillance, the paper attempts to locate ‘sexy surveillance’ within this body of critical engagement that seeks not to hide from surveillance, but to confront its logics head on. In exploring how the omnipresence of surveillance shifts experiences of voyeurism and exhibitionism into new contexts, the paper argues that sexualization is one possible response for the ‘surveillance-savvy’ subject to utilize.
Control Over Personal Information in the Database Era
Authors: Andrejevic Mark
Published: July 2018

In February 2009 the House of Lords Constitutional Committee in the United Kingdom published the report Surveillance: Citizens and the State. Some have hailed this as a landmark document. The following is one of four commentaries that the editors of Surveillance & Society solicited in response to the report.
From the Beginning: Children as Subjects and Agents of Surveillance
Authors: Marx Gary , Steeves Valerie
Published: July 2018

This article examines the claims made by surveillance entrepreneurs selling surveillance to parents and government agencies responsible for children.  Technologies examined include pre-natal testing, baby monitors and nanny cams, RFID-enabled clothing, GPS tracking devices, cell phones, home drug and semen tests, and surveillance toys.  We argue that governments, both in the contest of health care and education, use surveillance to identify and “manage” genetic or behavioural deviations from the norm.  Parents, on the other hand, are encouraged to buy surveillance technologies to keep the child “safe”.  Although there is a secondary emphasis on parental convenience and freedom, surveillance is predominately offered as a necessary tool of responsible and loving parenting.  Entrepreneurs also claim that parents cannot trust their children to behave in pro-social ways, and must resort to spying to overcome children’s tendency to lie and hide their bad behaviour.  We conclude by offering some ideas to rein in the variety and complexity of the issues raised and to help order controversies in this domain.
Kids R Us: Online Social Networking and the Potential for Empowerment
Authors: Regan Priscilla M , Steeves Valerie
Published: July 2018

Our paper examines the dynamic of surveillance and empowerment from a theoretical perspective, identifies illustrative empirical examples, and perhaps most importantly investigates the practices that maximize the empowerment potential and minimize threats to that potential.In particular, we seek to understand the ways in which young people have adopted or adapted online media in order to deepen their social experiences, build community, and resist measures that seek to limit their online speech and access to information.We posit that there are four different models of the relationship between surveillance and empowerment in the context of young people on social networking sites (SNS).We introduce each of these with a discussion of the dynamic between surveillance and empowerment in each model and some representative examples.Finally, we explore whether there are particular conditions which permit empowerment to emerge in a surveillance environment.
A Response to Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'
Authors: Gilliom John
Published: July 2018

A response to Colin Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'
Autonomy beyond Privacy? A Rejoinder to Colin Bennett
Authors: Stalder Felix
Published: July 2018

A response to Colin Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'
Living Behind Glass Facades: Surveillance Culture and New Architecture
Authors: Steiner Henriette , Veel Kristin
Published: July 2018

Transparent glass facades dominate much contemporary high– to mid–rise urban residential architecture. This article takes a closer look at life behind glass facades in contemporary surveillance culture. The aim is to illuminate how the material culture of contemporary architecture together with surveillance practices and technologies contribute to a remodelling our notions of the visible and the invisible. Whereas the architecture is determined by conditions and possibilities of what it means to be living behind glass facades, the novel Die 120 Tage von Berlin by the German author Lukas Hammerstein explores the complexities that this mode of living cause on a socio–psychological level. Through this dual track analytical strategy a complex set of connotations governing our understanding of visibility and invisibility will be uncovered.
ID Scanning, The Media and the Politics of Urban Surveillance in an Australian Regional City
Authors: Palmer Darren , Warren Ian , Miller Peter
Published: July 2018

Computerised ID scanning technologies have permeated many urban night-time economies in Australia, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. This paper documents how one media organisation’s overt and tacit approval of ID scanners helped to normalise this form of surveillance as a precondition of entry into ten licensed venues in the Australian city of Geelong. After outlining how processes of governance “from above” and “from below” interweave to generate distinct political and media reactions to the prevention of localised crime problems, a chronological reconstruction of media reports over a three-and-a half year period demonstrates how ID scanning became the centrepiece of a holistic reform strategy to combat alcohol-related violence in the Geelong nightclub precinct. Several discursive techniques helped to normalise this “technological fix”, while suppressing critical discussion of viable concerns over information privacy, data security and system networking. These included pairing reports of an initial “signal crime” with examples of “virtual victimhood” to depict a crisis of violence to validate a radical surveillance-based response and publishing anecdotal statements from key “primary definers” highlighting the success of this initiative in targeting a wider population of antisocial “others”. The implications of these reporting practices are discussed in light of the media’s central role in reforming the Geelong night-time economy and broader trends associated with using novel surveillance technologies to combat urban crime problems at the expense of alternative measures that protect individual liberty.
Second Life Surveillance: Power to the People or Virtual Surveillance Society?
Authors: Martin Jennifer
Published: July 2018

In the virtual world of Second Life, almost all content is user-generated and users retain a significant amount of autonomy. Given this freedom, participants are able to create, acquire, and use their own forms of surveillance. With accessible, affordable, and easy to use options, ordinary participants regularly deploy surveillance to protect themselves and their interests, businesses, and property. This paper examines the applications, awareness, and climate of surveillance within the virtual world. It argues that the socio-technical environment of Second Life facilitates problematic covert surveillance, but also makes possible forms of resistance. Examples of surveillance technologies and applications reveal the ways in which the virtual world supports and obscures surveillance, making these practices challenging for participants to detect, analyze, and respond to. However, the recent controversial case of RedZone not only highlights some of the most pressing issues with Second Life surveillance, but also the ways in which participants are able to respond to perceived threats. Although ostensibly intended to track Internet protocol (IP) addresses in order to prevent in-world harassment and theft, participants expressed widespread concern at the program’s potential for associating online and offline information and for linking together different avatars. In doing so, awareness was raised, protests were made, and counter-technologies were developed. These responses point to the ways in which the virtual world makes possible resistance to surveillance practices, especially when they are seen as a threat or intrusion.
Infeções do Trato Urinário da Comunidade da Ilha do Faial, Determinadas no Hospital da Horta EPER - 2016
Authors: Borges de Sousa Rui Pedro
Published: July 2018

Introdução: A infeção do trato urinário (ITU) é uma das infeções mais frequentes a nível comunitário, apresentando custos mais elevados para a sociedade e para o sistema de saúde. A publicação de estudos de avaliação epidemiológica dos agentes etiológicos responsáveis pela ITU e o seu perfil de resistências antimicrobianas constitui uma mais-valia para a elaboração de critérios de decisão para antibiótico-terapia empírica, bem como para alertar os responsáveis na área da saúde no que respeita aos benefícios de uma prescrição correta dos antimicrobianos.

Material e Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal, baseado nas uroculturas realizadas aos utentes externos do serviço de Patologia Clínica do Hospital da Horta EPER no ano de 2016. Sobre as uroculturas consideradas positivas foram analisados parâmetros como a idade, sexo, tipo de bactéria e perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram excluídos do estudo todos os registos com dados insuficientes para análise, bem como todos os pedidos de uroculturas em duplicado e do mesmo paciente num prazo inferior a 7 dias. Todos os dados utilizados foram disponibilizados pelo Serviço de Patologia Clínica do Hospital da Horta EPER.

Resultados: Maior prevalência de uroculturas positivas nas mulheres comparativamente com os homens. Nas mulheres tendência bi-modal com primeiro pico a ocorrer na faixa etária dos 30 aos 39 anos, o segundo pico (mais elevado) na faixa dos 70 aos 79 anos. Nos homens, a tendência de aumento ocorre a partir da faixa etária dos 50 aos 59; a frequência das bactérias isoladas entre sexos é diferente. Predomínio da Escherichia coli como principal causadora de ITU, na mulher é mais alta do que no homem. A segunda e terceira bactéria mais frequentes foram a Klebsiella p. pneumoniae e Proteus mirabilis respetivamente, com maior frequência no homem do que na mulher em ambos os casos; maior frequência de beta lactamases de espectro estendido ocorre no homem; o estudo do perfil antimicrobiano nas estirpes de Escherichia coli apresentou elevada sensibilidade à fosfomicina (> 95%) e nitrofurantoína (> 95%). O timetroprim/sulfametoxazol e as fluoroquinolonas apresentaram resistências elevadas, (próxima dos 20%). A amoxicilina e amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico com resistências muito mais elevadas quando comparadas com a fosfomicina e nitrofurantoína. Excluindo a cefalotina, no grupo das cefalosporinas existe alguma heterogeneidade, mas com sensibilidades sempre superiores a 80%.

Conclusão: Este tipo de estudos permite ajudar a determinar as linhas orientadoras para uma elaboração de antibiótico-terapia empírica.