bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Влияние человеческого фактора при создании авиационных двигателей
Authors: Кокотина Виктория Викторовна , Лесная Лариса Анатольевна , Харченко Виталий Григорьевич
Published: August 2021

Ensuring the safety of the civil aviation system is the main goal of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) activities and the "human factor" was define as a priority in the field of flight safety. Given the variety of factors potentially affecting human performance, it is not surprising, that human error has been recognized as a major causative factor in virtually all air crashes and accidents since the inception of aviation. The reliability and safety of flights are influenced by: the quality of preparation of aviation equipment for flight, the quality of manufacture, assembly, acceptance, and pre-flight tests, the quality of design of aircraft and engines. The quality of workmanship is confirmed by the execution of control at each stage of manufacture. In any activity, the "human factor" is manifested by mistakes, oversights, and omissions, or miscalculations that a person makes when doing his job under certain conditions. The theory of the occurrence and prevention of errors associated with human physiology and the environment were described by H. Heinrich's "domino theory". Human errors form sequences in which the first error causes a chain of subsequent ones, keeping one of the dominoes standing behind each other, it is possible to prevent the consequences of an accident in the form of material damage or an accident. Human physiological features such as vision can be one of the dominoes and lead to erroneous actions. In the modern world, non-destructive testing methods are relevant and the role of a defectoscopistꞌs in determining the nature of a defect is quite large. Regular monitoring of vision (prophylactic examination) allows you to identify potential vision problems with a specialist, which can lead to erroneous actions. Human factors research is fundamental to understanding the context in which normal, healthy, skilled, well-equipped and reasonably motivated personnel make mistakes, some of which are fatal and, if the causes of human error are correctly understood, it will be possible to develop more effective prevention strategies errors, their control, and safe elimination.
Моделювання течії в дворядному вентиляторі турбореактивного двоконтурного двигуна
Authors: Балалаев Антон Валерьевич , Балалаева Екатерина Викторовна , Терещенко Юрий Юрьевич
Published: August 2021

Modern trends in the global aircraft industry are prompting aircraft engine engineers to create and develop various methods to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of turbomachines. The urgent need to improve the efficiency of new generation engines leads to a rapid increase in the bypass ratio of engines, which requires the development of fans with large diametrical dimensions and high aerodynamic perfection. Boundary layer control in turbomachines using tandem blade rows is one of the most promising ways to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft engine fans with a high bypass ratio. The work aims to evaluate the aerodynamic characteristics of a fan with a tandem impeller for a turbofan engine. Two fan impellers were investigated: a single-row and an equivalent tandem-row (the equivalence was ensured by the equality of the structural angles of the flow inlet and outlet and the equality of the chord of the profiles). The blade row consisted of 33 blades, the tip diameter at the inlet to the impeller was 2.37 m, the hub diameter was 0.652 m. The flow was simulated in the range of axial velocity at the inlet from 80 to 200 m/s at a relative rotor speed of 0.65, 0.85, and 0.9. For the investigated tandem fan impeller, the chord of the first row was 60% of the total chord of the profile, the length of the slotted channel was 10% of the total chord. The flow was simulated using a numerical experiment. When closing the system of Navier-Stokes equations, Menter's SST turbulence model was used. The computational grid is unstructured, with an adaptation of the boundary layer. The work shows that the use of a tandem impeller will improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the fan. As a result of the study, it was found that the pressure ratio in a fan with tandem impeller increases from 0.32 to 20% for an operating mode at a relative rotor speed of n=0.65, n=0.85, and n=0.9 in the range of values of the gas-dynamic flow rate function q (λ)=0.4...1. The greatest growth is observed on the left branches of the pressure lines. The obtained data on the efficiency of a fan with a tandem impeller showed that in the range of values of the gas-dynamic flow rate function q(λ)=0.4...0.6 and q(λ)=0.76...0.98 a tandem impeller is higher than the efficiency of a fan with a single-row impeller, for values of the gas-dynamic flow function q(λ)=0.64...0.76 - the efficiency of a fan with a tandem impeller is 4% less than the efficiency of a fan with a single-row impeller.
Дослідження напруженого стану міжпазових виступів диска робочого колеса компресора з урахуванням впливу відцентрових сил та розладу частот коливань лопаток
Authors: Зіньковський Анатолій Павлович , Меркулов Вячеслав Михайлович , Деркач Олег Леонідович , Токар Іван Гордійович , Савченко Кирило Валентинович
Published: August 2021

The authors present the results of the numerical experiments on the determination of the effect of compressor blade mistuning on the stress state of a blade-disk joint under the action of the centrifugal forces and their comparison with results of full-scale experiments. The analysis of the results of the previously performed experimental and numerical experiments on the determination of the possible sources of blade-disk joints failure shows their stress state strongly depends on the disk rim thickness and the blade vibration mode and their mistuning. It indicates the need for further studies to determine the causes of cracks and possible fracture of blade-disk joints in the compressor of a gas-turbine engine. The task is solved in the variation of the dovetail-rim region thickness of the disk of the 1st stage of the low-pressure compressor of the gas-turbine engine D-36, which has blades without shrouds. The finite element models of the blade assembly, are used to perform the investigation. Obtained results of the vibration stress analysis of blade-disk joints in the compressor both modifications under the action of the centrifugal forces have good agreement with the data of full-scale experiments and numerical data using rod models. The presented results of the numerical experiments indicate the possibility of reducing vibration stresses by analyzing and choosing parameters that affect the rigidity of the coupling of the blades, which is of practical importance for increasing the vibration reliability of the compressors of gas-turbine engines.
Моделирование динамического воздействия авиационного двигателя на крыло самолета при отрыве лопатки вентилятора
Authors: Филипковский Сергей Владимирович , Чигрин Валентин Семёнович , Соболев Александр Александрович , Филипковская Лариса Алексеевна
Published: August 2021

One of the requirements for a projected aircraft is the ability to continue flying and land in the event of a breakdown of one of the engines. One of the calculated cases of engine breakdown is a fan blade breakaway. This phenomenon causes large vibrations of both the engine itself and the aircraft structure.Design model and method for studying engine vibrations with damage in the form of blade breakaway have been developed; numerical studies of unsteady vibrations of an engine suspended on a pylon have been carried out. Herewith, the following load options are considered: engine operation with fan imbalance before shutdown, which is performed by the pilot; sharp braking and jamming of the fan rotor as a result of breakage of the front elastic support of the rotor, which can occur when the blade breaks off; braking the rotor after turning off the engine.The front bearing of the rotor is ball the bearing installed in elastic elements "squirrel wheel". The ball bearing is modeled as a rigid joint. Outside the elastic element, there are two thin-walled shells, which are intermediate load-bearing elements. With an increase in the imbalance of the fan rotor, the gap in the oil damper closes, the damper housing sits on the shells, switching on their rigidity to work. Thus, the stiffness characteristic of the support is bilinear. The stiffness coefficients of the elastic element "squirrel wheel" and the front support shells are determined by the method of numerical simulation. The fan rotor is modeled as a solid body on bearing supports. The stator of the engine is modeled by a rigid body on an elastic suspension. The pylon and the elastic engine mount elements are modeled by beams of variable cross-section operating simultaneously in tension, torsion and bending.A numerical analysis of the transient vibration processes of the D-436-148FM engine on the pylon of the An-178 airplane is carried out. The most dangerous case of damage as the breakdown of the bearing support after the fan blade breakaway is investigated. The results of the calculations are the graphs of the forces in the bearing arrangements and in the hinges of the engine mounting depended on time.
Экспериментально-расчетное определение механических свойств материала рабочих лопаток ГТД
Authors: Ткач Михаил Романович , Кулишов Сергей Борисович , Полищук Виталий Анатольевич , Ключник Владимир Сергеевич , Золотой Юрий Григорьевич , Жук Ирина Юрьевна , Проскурин Аркадий Юрьевич , Галынкин Юрий Николаевич
Published: August 2021

A schematic description of a stand based on a digital speckle interferometer with a diffuse reference wave is given, which makes it possible to determine the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the blades in real-time. In the frequency range of 100 ... 3000 Hz, an experimental study of the vibration characteristics of a turbine rotor blade of a gas turbine engine was carried out, under free boundary conditions, which were achieved by placing the blade on soft silicone racks. Blade dimensions: height along the trailing edge - 288 mm, a chord in the middle section - 88.5 mm. 7 modes of vibrations have been identified. The technology of creating a solid-state geometric model of a rotor blade based on a faceted body obtained by 3D scanning with an accuracy of 0.01 mm is presented. The finite element method, using the Lagrange variation principle, is used to calculate the values of natural frequencies and vibration modes of a blade based on the developed geometric model. Concerning the frequency range 100 ... 3000 Hz, using the Ansys Workbench software package, a series of calculations of the resonant frequencies of the blade, by the finite element method, in the range of variation of the values of mechanical properties was carried out: Young's modulus E = 200 ... 230 GPa; Poisson's ratio μ = 0.26 ... 0.3. The density of the material: ρ = 7830 kg / m³, determined experimentally, by the method of hydrostatic weighing. The final element used in the calculation is (tetrahedron) SOLID 187; the minimum element size is 0.6 mm. The total number of elements is about 1.5 ∙ 10⁶. Based on the two-dimensional spline interpolation of the calculated data, the dependence of the standard deviation of the calculated and experimental values on the adopted mechanical properties of the material of the rotor blade is built. In the range of values E = 215 ... 217 GPa and μ = 0.295 ... 0.3, the minimum standard deviation of the calculated frequencies from their experimental values is 0.73%. Provided the value of the standard deviation of frequencies is 1%, the range of values of mechanical properties will be: E = 211 ... 220 GPa and μ = 0.26 ... 0.3. It is shown that narrowing the studied range of values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio does not significantly affect the results obtained.
Вплив діаметру частинок порошку нікелю на їх швидкість і температуру при холодному газодинамічному напилюванні
Authors: Шорінов Олександр Володимирович , Поливяний Сергій Олександрович
Published: August 2021

To deposit coatings in cold gas-dynamic spraying (CS), a high-speed gas flow is used to accelerate and heat particles. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to consider the general laws of the gas flow and the movement of particles in the flow, as well as its interaction with the substrate. Due to the CS process depends primarily on the particle velocity, it is important to understand the effect of the process parameters (pressure and temperature at the nozzle inlet), the characteristics of the powder particles (material density, shape, and size), and the geometry of the nozzle. The gas velocity limits the particle velocity that can be achieved with the CS process. Utilization of high gas pressure, long nozzles, and small particles lead to the fact that the particles move at a velocity close to the velocity of the gas, which can be increased by using gases with low molecular weight, as well as heating it. As a result of the analysis of theoretical and experimental methods for studying the cold spraying process, it was found that for coating formation velocity of powder particles needs to obtain a certain value (critical velocity), which depends on particle temperature at the impact, and density of the particle material. Numerical simulation of gas dynamics of a two-phase flow in CS nozzle and at the outlet from it for the range of air temperatures from 573 K to 873 K and constant pressure of 1,0 MPa has been carried out. The influence of the diameter of nickel powder particles on their temperature and velocity at impact was investigated. Numerical simulations were performed for a range of particle diameters from 5 to 30 μm. In the future, the results obtained can be used to find the optimal size of the powder particles under certain spraying conditions, to calculate the critical particle velocity, and also to develop the window of deposition. This will make it possible to select the optimal parameters of the gas flow at the nozzle inlet (pressure and temperature), which are guaranteed to ensure the adhesion of particles to the substrate and the formation of coatings. Also, the results obtained can be used to predict the properties of coatings, as well as to achieve maximum deposition efficiency of the CS process.
Вплив промислових очищувальних рідин на анодно-окисне захисно-декоративне покриття отримане у розчині хромового ангідриду
Authors: Попов Олексій Денисович , Долматов Анатолій Іванович , Сорокін Володимир Федорович
Published: August 2021

The subject of research in this article is the anode-oxide coating of aluminum parts of the hull type of aircraft engine units and aircraft units under the influence of cleaning fluids of different nature and chemical compositions. The purpose of this work is to experimentally test, the effect of different cleaning fluids, under different operating conditions and on different equipment for the stability of the anode-oxide protective coating. Many experiments have been performed on three types of washing machines: jet and immersion washing machine, which works on all types of water-soluble detergents, washing machine cleaning in vacuum or low-pressure environment, uses modified alcohols or hydrocarbon solvents as a washing liquid, and specialized stand for cleaning parts with aviation kerosene, aviation fuel TS-1 or jet A-1. Flushing modes were, covered throughout the range of operation of this equipment. The operating conditions of engines and units and the need to use an anode-oxide coating of parts are determined. The main types of liquids for washing parts are considered. For each of the experiments a special technology of these studies was determined, as technological parameters, parameters that can change and affect the stability of the coating, were set the following temperature, detergent concentration, operating time, operating pressure in the detergent supply system. The change of each of these parameters was, carried out with the fixation of other technological parameters to determine the direct indicators of the impact of each of the parameters and to establish the growth of their impact on the anode-oxide coating. The conditions under which the coating is destroyed and the percentage of its damage from the total surface of the part are determined, and the quality of cleaning the part by particle size distribution and visual method was, also determined. It is determined that the greatest negative effects on the anodic oxide coating in the solution of chromic anhydride are acidic and alkaline water-soluble pore cleaning liquids, so they have the best quality of cleaning from contaminants, for which a range of indicators is determined at which the coating does not deteriorate.
Влияние микролегирования иттрием и гафнием на прочностные характеристики и морфологию карбидной фазы сплава ЖС3ДК-ВИ при замедленной кристаллизации
Authors: Тихомирова Татьяна Владимировна , Гордиенко Елена Ивановна , Бехтер Руслан Васильевич , Подобный Александр Витальевич
Published: August 2021

There are analyzed the melts of the ZhS3DK-VI alloy with different levels of strength characteristics and the factors influencing their reduction, differences in the macro and microstructure of the alloy, the effect of the crystallization rate when pouring the melt into hot and cold ceramic molds are determined. Since when casting parts, the level of properties is determined on separately cast samples, in the technology of manufacturing samples, the casting parameters of the corresponding part must be observed, and when increasing the strength characteristics due to changing technological parameters, it is imperative to consider the possibility of changing the technology of casting parts. However, for parts of complex configuration, cast from heat-resistant nickel alloys, it is often impossible to change the technology, therefore the only way to influence the properties of the material is to use microalloying with rare earth elements, for example, yttrium and hafnium. The introduction of these alloying elements in small amounts has a positive effect on factors that reduce the properties of the ZhS3DK-VI alloy, such as the unfavorable shape and topography of the carbide phase, or even slightly change the chemical composition of carbides. The article analyzes the effect of microalloying with hafnium and yttrium on the morphology and topography of the carbide phase; positive changes in the microstructure and strength characteristics at room temperature of the heat-resistant nickel alloy ZhS3DK-VI are noted. The technology of microalloying the melt has been developed to obtain satisfactory valuesof strength characteristics in tensile tests and impact toughness at room temperature. Microalloying the ZhS3DK-VI alloy with hafnium in a concentration of 0.15...0.25 % made it possible to increase the strength characteristics on samples for mechanical tests by 10…15 %, provided that the melt was drained into hot ceramic molds and slowed down. Higher concentrations of hafnium during slow crystallization lead to the formation of eutectic phases uncharacteristic for the ZhS3DK-VI alloy, requiring a decrease in the heat treatment temperature, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in the level of long-term strength at 850 °C.
Алгоритм классификации технического состояния топливного регулятора в пространстве параметров рабочего процесса
Authors: Оганян Игорь Валериевич , Епифанов Сергей Валериевич
Published: August 2021

This article solves the problem of constructing an algorithm for classifying the technical state of the fuel regulator of a turboshaft engine of a helicopter in the parameter space of the regulator's working process and obtaining estimates of the state of the investigated product. In the introduction to this work, the main methods of classifying the technical state are considered, and a brief justification for the choice of the method for classifying the state of the product in the space of measured parameters used to construct the algorithm is considered in this article, is given. The criteria for the presence of a malfunction in the investigated controller are determined and the basic requirements for the classification algorithm are formed. To simplify the problem being solved, many assumptions about the diagnosed defects were made. The article provides descriptions of all components of the classification algorithm. A brief description of the mathematical model of the fuel regulator is given. The operating mode of the regulator for analysis is selected, and the list of state parameters required for diagnostics and the list of diagnostic parameters of the working process is given. The technique of linearization of the mathematical model of the controller and the technique of constructing the matrix of influence coefficients, which is the basic element of the entire algorithm, is described. The probabilistic characteristic of the credibility of the classification algorithm is determined, and the derivation of the formula for its calculation, based on the Bayes theorem, is also given. To assess the quality of the classification by the diagnostic algorithm, a test sample of workflow parameters was formed. The methodology for constructing a test sample is described and its size is determined. After the product condition estimates are obtained according to the test sample data by the classification algorithm, such a quality criterion as the recall is calculated. As a result of assessing the recall, a table was formed with the values of this criterion for each class. The recall of the algorithm on average for all defects was 89 %. The conclusions indicate possible methods for improving the quality of diagnosis by the algorithm.
Applications of neural networks for crack initiation and propagation monitoring in aircraft structures
Authors: Бурау Надія Іванівна , Юцкевич Святослав Сергійович , Компанець Андрій Ігорович
Published: August 2021

Timely detection of fatigue cracks on aircraft structural elements is the main task in damage tolerance principle approach. In this regard, much attention in aviation is paid to the methods of non-destructive testing which requires special equipment with the involvement of highly qualified personnel. Nowadays we can see that technologies that can learn to identify defects are preferred to simplify the gap process and minimize human factor errors. A self-learning technology is incorporated in the crack detection program. This makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of defects in the mode of the used technically false equipment. Unlike the detection methods of other machine learning detection systems, the system developed in this paper can also measure the cracks without the use of sophisticated sensors. However, the proposed system requires a photo-capturing device. Compared to similar visual systems, the developed system can work with very noisy images and detect cracks up to 0.3 mm. To do this, the webcam from the mid-range segment with 1920×1080 resolutions is used, that makes such technology easy to access. All modifications in the design of the camera scheme were associated with a change in the focal length, implemented by shifting the lens relative to the matrix. It allows the camera to focus on close distance less than 50 cm. For the fatigue tests compact specimens of duralumin alloy D16T with edge stress concentrator were used. The specimens were cycle tested by cantilever banding with stress ratio R=-1. Loading bogie apply force to specimens in direction normal to specimen surface. A loading value depends on the length of the loading crank and can be adjusted if needed.  To measure cracks in the processed images, a visual control program on a convolutional neural network and a sliding window algorithm were used. About 4,000 images were used to train the algorithm. The sliding window algorithm analyzes small images sequentially. One by one, image regions were selected and monitored for cracks using a convolutional neural network. Areas with detected cracks are memorized by the sliding window algorithm.
Educação e currículo: Como atender a demanda no contexto social atual
Authors: Rocha Antônio Carlos da
Published: August 2021

O presente artigo busca promover reflexão acerca da Educação e Currículo, por essa razão, o tema proposto acima. Espera-se que a educação desperte para a urgente exigência do pragmatismo dos últimos tempos que, evidentemente, continuarão a ampliar no futuro. É necessária e urgente a adequação de um currículo que venha a atender a demanda social desta era globalizada. A humanidade, criativa, capaz de inovar a cada dia “transforma” o contexto social e as transformações geram efeitos positivos, inovadores, mas o risco do oposto, também é evidente. Em função do advento das TDIC[2] da era globalizada a educação está sujeita a fazer ajustes em seu currículo, e, também, em sua didática de ensino. Percebe-se que a atual conjuntura instiga a reflexão, tanto nos procedimentos didáticos, quanto na estrutura curricular. Por essa razão, busca-se refletir sobre três assuntos básicos: a família, a educação e o currículo, com o intuito de dar sustentação à pesquisa. Espera-se que este artigo, estudo bibliográfico, possa fomentar o debate que parece ser urgente, mas ainda tímido na educação.
El proyecto transregional de la administración Trump y la competencia por la integración económica en el Pacífico
Authors:   El Colegio de México, Ramírez Bonilla Juan José
Published: August 2021

En este texto se propone una lectura particular del proyecto transregional Asia del Pacífico-América del Norte-Europa (diseñado y puesto en práctica parcialmente por los asesores comerciales de Donald Trump) y de las condiciones en que enfrenta la competencia política del Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP, encabezado por el Gobierno japonés) y del Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP, liderado por el Gobierno chino). En ese marco, el artículo destaca los alcances de cada una de esas iniciativas en materia de regulación comercial, y, recurriendo al ejemplo de Japón, muestra cómo cada gobierno está dispuesto a hacer concesiones comerciales a sus contrapartes, en función de cada socio y de cada acuerdo comercial. En el trabajo se propone que los asesores de la administración Trump marcaron un giro al abandonar la formación de capital, para adoptar el consumo de las familias y del Gobierno, como la principal ventaja comparativa de la economía estadounidense; en ese nuevo contexto, el acceso a los mercados estadounidense y/o norteamericano, bajo condiciones privilegiadas, tiene como costo aceptar y cumplir las regulaciones de los acuerdos bilaterales con Estados Unidos y/o del United States-Canada-Mexico Agreement (USMCA). El autor concluye que las contrapartes asiáticas y norteamericana del Gobierno estadounidense necesitan revisar las relaciones comerciales entre ellos para cerrar el círculo de los acuerdos bilaterales y beneficiarse de la iniciativa estadounidense.
Impact of Technological Changes on the Social Relations of Production. Steel and Automotive Industries
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, Hernández Calvario Lourdes Carolina
Published: August 2021

This article aims to analyze the development of the productive forces as a central element to understand the modifications generated in the social relations of production, as shown by the technological changes incorporated into the production process in the automotive and steel industries in Mexico. This work was based on the most recent technological revolutions and the productive reconfiguration that results from them. In a second moment, the impact of technological advances on the social relations of production upon the aforementioned industries was analyzed. Through the dialectical method, elements were proposed to suggest that the technological development achieved in these cases has led to a production process that functions as a global chain of social events, which generate social products, where the trend in innovation is to implement cooperative practices of international partnership.
Proposal for a smart city index for municipalities in Argentina
Authors:   Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina, Alderete María Verónica
Published: August 2021

The development of smart cities has yielded into a desirable objective among many cities around the world. International indexes of smart cities focus on large urban cities without interest on intermediate cities of developing countries. This paper pretends to fill this gap by proposing a smart city index for the capital cities in Argentina, together with Buenos Aires City and Bahia Blanca. The index is compound of four dimensions: Environment, Governance, Society and ICT, and Mobility and Transport which are based on a set of indicators. Data emerges from official websites and national statistics. In the case of Bahia Blanca, a wider smart city index with subjective indicators from an online survey is built. Alternative versions of the index, weighted (according to the vision of citizens, enterprises and politicians) and non-weighted are provided. Results show that the cities of Bahia Blanca, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires and Cordoba are the third smartest cities in Argentina.
Apps as a tool against food loss and waste. Technical implications and implementation complications
Authors:   Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, México, Ochoa Mendoza Álvaro Antonio
Published: August 2021

The study of environmental crisis that affects the world in contemporary times involves the analysis of different factors which contribute to a bigger problem. One of these factors is food loss and waste. This issue originates as well from different factors that can be approached from different strategies. This article analyses the use of smartphone apps as a tool to fight food loss and waste. Theoretical bases that support the use of these tools as a viable option to mitigate environmental problems and the different implications of food loss and waste. It is then analyzed the technical requirements of apps and considered their economic viability from the software developer and entrepreneur respectively. Finally, it is exemplified with a case study of a failed anti-food waste app launch in Guadalajara. Results show that these apps design is a development that requires of many resources compared to a slow return on investment that will hardly ensure the app sustainability. Potential reaches of the app are high, but hard to accomplish without a solid structure behind and, ideally, support from government or private institutions that are more interested in environmental impact than financial profit.
PENEBANGAN POHON DALAM PEMBANGUNAN JALAN, BUKAN HANYA SEKEDAR TENTANG TATA KELOLA KOTA
Authors: Saras Desmara
Published: August 2021

Pembangunan yang dilakukan haruslah memperhatikan adanya tata kelola kota yang baik. Pemerintah melakukan pembangunan dimaksudkan untuk mencapai kota yang baik, maju dan seimbang. Tata kelola kota selain mengenai bagaimana membangun dan menempatkan kota pada posisi yang benar seharusnya juga ikut andil dalam memikirkan kelestarian lingkungan alam. Dalam penelitian Penebangan Pohon Dalam Pembangunan Jalan, Bukan Hanya Tentang Tata Kelola Kota menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode kualitatif deskriptif adalah sebuah prosedur yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data – data dari orang – orang dan perilaku yang dapat diamati untuk meneliti objek, dengan mendeskripsikan perilaku atau perbuatan orang, peristiwa yang terjadi, serta kegiatan – kegiatan lainnya yang dijelaskan secara terperinci dan mendalam. Ketika perbaikan dan pembangunan jalan dilakukan, banyak yang harus melakukan penebangan pohon. Penebangan pohon pada sisi jalan dengan jumlah banyak mengakibatkan berbagai dampak seperti polusi karbon meningkat, dan perubahan suhu secara drastis. Pembangunan jalan memang proses dari adanya tata kelola kota, tetapi disamping itu seharusnya pemerintah harus memikirkan keseimbangan lingkungan alam tentunya. Jika memang dirasa tidak perlu menebang pohon, jangnlah dilakukan. Namun jika harus menebang pohon, pemerintah juga harus mengantinya dengan menanam pohon kembali bahkan dengan jumlah yang banyak baik pada sisi jalan lagi maupun pada tempat lain.
ELEMEN DEKORASI ARSITEKTUR MASJID SEBAGAI KOMPONEN DAYA TARIK PADA WISATA RELIGI
Authors: Zuhri Syaifuddin , Ghozali Imam
Published: August 2021

Saat ini, bangunan masjid dapat menjadi daya tarik bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan wisata religi. Banyak unsur dalam arsitektur Islam yang mempengaruhi bentuk arsitektur masjid yang banyak unsur-unsur dekorasi sehingga masjid menjadi daya tarik tersendiri. Pola-pola dekoratif banyak muncul pada beberapa komponen bangunan masjid, seperti mihrab, dinding kiblat, kolom dan lainlain.Dan seberapa jauh pengaruh tersebut muncul dalam arsitektur masjid. Oleh karena itu makalah ini akan menyajikan tinjauan literatur dan lapangan tentang ornamentasi yang muncul dalam beberapa masjid. Makalah ini akan membahas beberapa tampilan ornamentasi dan pola dekoratif pada bangunan masjid.
PENYISIHAN LINEAR ALKLYBENZENE SULFONATE (LAS) DAN TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (TDS) MENGGUNAKAN PROSES FOTOKATALIS DENGAN KOMBINASI KATALIS TiO2 - ZnO
Authors: Agung Tuhu , Darmawan Muhammad Doddy
Published: August 2021

Air limbah dari proses laundry yang mengandung polutan organik yang sukar terurai salah satunya Linear Aklybenzene Sulfonat dan TDS . Limbah air yang mengandung LAS dan TDS tersebut akan menyebabkan masalah terhadap lingkungan jika dibuang langsung ke badan air. Penanganan polutan ini dapat dilakukan dengan fotokatalis dengan kombinasi katalis TiO2 - ZnO. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi pengolahan limbah laundry dengan metode fotokatalis berdasarkan waktu paparan dan ratio doisis katalis. Pada penelitian ini, parameter yang diamati meliputi LAS, dan TDS. Pada penelitian batch yang dilakukan dengan 17 liter air limbah ditetapkan variabel waktu paparan dengan variasi 60, 120, 180, 240, dan 300 menit dan variabel ratio perbandingan dosis katalis dengan variasi 1:0, 1:0,5, 1:1, 0,5:1, 0:1. Selain secara batch, penelitian ini juga dilakukan percobaan fotokatalis secara kontinu dengan variabel terbaik dari proses batch. Berdasarkan penelitian, efisiensi pengolahan LAS, dan TDS pada limbah menggunakan proses fotokatalis dengan kombinasi katalis TiO2 - ZnO masing-masing sebesar 92,70%, dan 45,81% pada waktu paparan 300 menit dengan perbandingan katalis TiO2 – ZnO yaitu 1:1
PENGARUH JENIS ELEKTRODA TERHADAP POWER DENSITY PADA MICROBIAL FUEL CELL DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: Safitri Vidia Wahyu Meidy , Rachmanto Tuhu Agung
Published: August 2021

ABSTRAK

Limbah cair tahu mengandung kandungan organik tinggi dengan konsentrasi COD 1408 mg/l, TSS 191 mg/l dan pH 4,46.  Salah satu penelitian dengan pemanfaatan limbah dan energi yaitu Microbial Fuel cell (MFC). Energi Kimia senyawa organik dari mikroorganisme akan dirubah menjadi energi listrik dengan reaksi katalik dari mikroorganisme dalam keadaan anaerob merupakan proses microbial fuel cells. Salah satu tantangan untuk mengembangkan sistem MFC adalah dengan memilih elektroda yang tepat. Elektroda yang digunakan harus memiliki daya konduktifitas listrik tinggi, pemukaan yang luas, non korosif, biokompatibel, stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memgetahui jenis elektroda optimum dalam menghasilkan power density dengan variasi elektroda karbon grafit, seng dan tembaga, variasi waktu 0, 48, 96, 144, dan 192 jam. Dilakukan pre-treatment koagulasi flokulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MFC dengan elektroda karbon grafit dan karbon grafit menghaslikan power density sebesar 2292,994 mW/m2. MFC juga menurunkan konsentrasi COD hingga 88%. Waktu pengolahan dapat mempengaruhi efisiensi penyisihan COD.

 

Kata kunci: limbah tahu, microbial fuel cell, power density

 

ABSTRACT

 

Tofu liquid waste contains high organic content with a COD concentration of 1408 mg / l, TSS 191 mg / l and pH 4.46. One of the researches related to waste and energy utilization is Microbial Fuel cell (MFC). Chemical energy organic compounds from microorganism will be converted into electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganism in anaerobic conditions is a process of microbial fuel cells. One of the challenges to developing an MFC system is to choose the right electrodes. The electrodes used must have high electrical conductivity, a wide surface, non-corrosive, biocompatible, stable. This study aims to find out the most optimum type of electrode in producing power density with variations of carbon graphite, zinc and copper, variations of 0, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours. The pre-treatment are Coagulation-flocculation. The results showed that MFC with carbon graphite and carbon graphite electrodes produced a power density of 2292,994 mW/m2. MFC also reduces COD concentrations up to 88%. Processing time can affect the efficiency of COD removal.

 

Keywords: Tofu Liquid Waste, Microbial Fuel Cells, power density
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN IMPELLER PADA FASE AEROBIK TERHADAP EFISIENSI KINERJA SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU
Authors: Yadaturrahmah Irma Ilham , Hendrasarie Novirina
Published: August 2021

Saat ini usaha industri tahu sedang berkembang. Limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri tahu akan menjadi suatu permasalahan bagi lingkungan. Pengolahan air limbah industri tahu dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengolahan biologis karena dapat menurunkan kandungan organik pada air limbah tahu.  Salah satu teknologi pengolahan limbah yang efektif dan efisien adalah Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR).  Prinsip operasi SBR adalah mengisi dan menarik (fill and draw), yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu pengisian (fill), reaksi (reaction), pengendapan (settle), pembuangan air olahan (decand) dan pembuangan lumpur (idle). SBR dioperasikan dengan waktu retensi hidrolik (HRT) dan kecepatan pengadukan yang bervariasi, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 24, 36 jam dan 48 jam serta kecepatan pengadukan sebesar 50, 100 dan 150 rpm. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan HRT dan kecepatan pengadukan optimum, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 48 jam dan 150 rpm. Dengan efisiensi penyisihan BOD, PO4 dan N Total yang dihasilkan, masing-masing sebesar 93,33%, 90,97% dan 93,73%.
STUDI KELAYAKAN DAN ANALISIS RISIKO PENERAPAN SISTEM PENYEDIAAN AIR SIAP MINUM PDAM KOTA SURABAYA DI APARTEMEN
Authors: Taufan Annas , Yuniarto Adhi
Published: August 2021

Kota Surabaya sebagai pusat pemerintahan dan bisnis di Jawa Timur telah menjadikan Kota Surabaya mengalami pesatnya pertumbuhan properti di segala jenis termasuk pertumbuhan apartemen. Tingginya pertumbuhan unit apartemen di Surabaya baik sudah terbangun, sedang atau direncanakan pembangunannya akan selaras dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang semakin meningkat di Kota Surabaya. Hal ini akan diiringi oleh peningkatan kebutuhan air minum di apartemen itu sendiri. Harga pembelian air PDAM khusus apartemen yang lebih mahal dari tarif rumah tapak juga membebani penghuni apartemen. Oleh karena itu diperlukan inisiatif dan upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air yang telah siap minum untuk apartemen. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis kelayakan teknis, finansial serta analisis risiko terhadap penerapan aplikasi sistem penyediaan air siap minum di apartemen sehingga dapat menjadi bahan acuan atau bahan kajian akademik selanjutnya. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, penerapan sistem penyediaan air siap minum di apartemen dinyatakan layak secara teknis dan finansial. Mitigasi risiko terkait penerapan sistem penyediaan air siap minum di apartemen dilakukan dengan mengalokasikan risiko kepada pihak yang relatif mampu mengelolanya atau disebabkan memiliki biaya terendah untuk menyerap risiko tersebut.
EFEKTIVITAS TERAPI WATER BASED EXERCISE TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK PADA PASIEN PASCA STROKE
Authors: Riandini Shabrina
Published: August 2021

Stroke selama 15 tahun terakhir menjadi penyebab kematian terbanyak di dunia, selain itu stroke juga merupakan penyebab disabilitas fisik pada lansia dan usia produktif. Faktor risiko terjadinya stroke dibagi menjadi faktor yang dapat dimodifikasi dan tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Faktor yang paling sering menjadi pemicu terjadinya stroke adalah hipertensi. Stroke memiliki berbagai gejala tergantung dari bagian otak mana yang mengalami gangguan. Akibat stroke yang paling banyak dialami pasien diantaranya hemiparesis dan tidak mampu berjalan tanpa bantuan orang lain. Sehingga tatalaksana yang komprehensif perlu melibatkan rehabilitasi medik dengan tujuan mengembalikan kemampuan pasien dalam mengurus dirinya sendiri dan melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari tanpa bantuan orang lain. Rehabilitasi medis untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motorik dibagi menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu water based exercise dan land based exercise. Pasien yang menjalani terapi water based exercise memiliki peningkatan kemampuan berjalan serta keseimbangan yang lebih baik dibandingkan pasien yang hanya menjalani land based exercise. Dengan menggabungkan water based exercise dan land based exercise mampu meningkatkan kekuatan otot, kualitas hidup, serta keberlanjutan terapi pasien karena lebih menyenangkan.
PERUBAHAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN ENZIMATIK ENDOGEN YANG TERJADI AKIBAT KONSUMSI MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT (MSG) BERDASARKAN DOSIS, WAKTU PAJANAN, DAN DAERAH DI JARINGAN OTAK
Authors: Putri Ni Sayu Putu Desya Laksmi
Published: August 2021

Monosodium glutamat telah digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan makanan yang digunakan secara luas di Indonesia. MSG dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada neuron dan fungsi otak, serta dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif yang meningkat melebihi batas aman. Superoksida dismutase (SOD), katalase (CAT), dan glutation peroksidase (GPx) merupakan antioksidan enzimatik endogen yang mampu diproduksi tubuh. Ketidakseimbangan jumlah radikal bebas dengan jumlah antioksidan endogen yang dihasilkan tubuh disebut stres oksidatif. Penurunan aktivitas antioksidan dapat digunakan sebagai parameter peningkatan ROS (spesies oksigen reaktif). Dosis dan waktu pajanan MSG meningkatkan progresifitas penurunan antioksidan enzimatik jaringan otak pada hewan coba. Semakin besar dosis yang diberikan, semakin tinggi perubahan aktivitas antioksidan dan semakin lama penurunan yang diberikan akan semakin meningkat perubahan aktivitas antioksidan. Secara keseluruhan, daerah di otak yang membatasi efek antioksidan terletak di semua daerah termasuk otak besar, otak kecil, batang otak, dan diensefalon. Dengan dosis rendah dimulai pada dosis 20mg/kgBB telah menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD) dan katalase, dan dimulai dengan presentasi MSG hanya 6-7 hari, telah dapat terbukti mampu mencegah aktivitas antioksidan aktif selama 14 hari ke depan tanpa perubahan.
PERAN PEER ASSISTED LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PRAKTIKUM ANATOMI DI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ABULYATAMA
Authors: Zulvia Nana Trebna , Andrianty Syarifah Nora , Rahmayanti Yuni
Published: August 2021

Metode pembelajaran di fakultas kedokteran bermacam-macam, salah satunya yaitu Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) yang digunakan pada praktikum anatomi. Peer Assisted Learning merupakan pendekatan pembelajaran yang menggunakan peer tutor sebagai pengajar. Sampai sekarang belum ada keseragaman secara nasional dalam kurikulum materi dan model pembelajaran anatomi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan Clinical Teaching Preference Questionnaires (CTPQ). Berdasarkan analisis data diperoleh hasil 1. Peran peer mentor dibagi menjadi lima kategori yaitu rendah 6.9%, sedang 23%, tinggi 51.7% dan sangat tinggi 18.4%. Hasil ujian pratikum anatami didapatkan mahasiswa yang ujian praktikum anatomi sebanyak lulus 31% dan tidak lulus (69%). Dilakukan uji chi-square didapatkan nilai (P value =0.775) yang berarti tidak terdapat hubungan antara peran peer assisted learning dengan nilai ujian.
STUDI LITERATUR PENGARUH KONDISI RUMAH YANG KUMUH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PENDERITA TUBERKULOSIS (TB) PARU
Authors: Rahmah Clarisa
Published: August 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan peringkat kedua kasus penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) Paru tertinggi di dunia. TB merupakan masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat yang dengan jumlah pasien TB di Indonesia merupakan kedua terbanyak setelah India menyusul China, Philipina, dan Pakistan. Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit radang parenkim paru yang bersifat menular disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri TB yaitu Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gejala penyakit TB yang paling sering yaitu batuk berdahak yang berlangsung selama lebih dari dua minggu, nyeri dada, sesak nafas disertai gejala sistemik (demam, malaise, keringat malam, dan anoreksia). TB menyebar melalui droplet nuclei penderita, sehingga setiap orang yang kontak dengan penderita TB memiliki risiko untuk terinfeksi, terutama kontak serumah penderita TB paru. Kondisi lingkungan dalam rumah yang tidak memenuhi syarat menjadi media penularan penyakit TB paru. Faktor lingkungan dalam rumah yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit TB paru adalah ventilasi kamar, kelembaban kamar, sinar matahari, dan kepadatan hunian kamar. Lingkungan yang kumuh dan padat akan membuat penularan TB berlangsung cepat. Penyakit TB dapat dicegah dengan memutuskan rantai penularan yaitu dengan mengobati penderita TB sampai benar-benar sembuh serta dengan melaksanakan pola hidup bersih dan sehat. Lingkungan yang sehat serta menjaga kebersihan dengan tidak meludah di sembarang tempat, menggunakan tempat yang tertutup untuk menampung dahak, tidak membuang dahak di sembarang tempat, dan menerapkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan dalam mencegah penularan penyakit TB.
STUDI LITERATUR EFEK MODIFIKASI GAYA HIDUP SECARA INTENSIF PADA PREDIABETES
Authors: Meilawati Serra
Published: August 2021

Prediabetes adalah kondisi sebelum terjadinya diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) dan Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) merupakan kondisi prediabetes. Prevalensi diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang terus meningkat disebabkan karena setiap tahunnya 4-9% orang dengan prediabetes akan berkembang menjadi diabetes. IGT mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi untuk berkembang menjadi diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Sehingga upaya pencegahan agar tidak berkembangnya prediabetes menjadi diabetes mellitus tipe 2 menjadi sangat penting. Modifikasi gaya hidup secara intensif merupakan upaya yang dapat dilakukan pada prediabetes. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) di Amerika Serikat dan Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) melakukan uji klinis yang menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi gaya hidup efektif dalam mengurangi atau menunda onset diabetes mellitus tipe 2 sebesar 4058% pada individu yang mempunyai risiko tinggi. Adapun modifikasi gaya hidup yang dapat dilakukan seperti, penurunan berat badan pada prediabetes dianjurkan sebesar 5-10% dari berat badan awal, perubahan pola makan dengan mengurangi konsumsi karbohidrat sederhana dan memperbanyak konsumsi serat, dan aktivitas fisik dilakukan selama 30-60 menit setiap hari. Modifikasi gaya hidup secara intensif pada prediabetes mempunyai efektivitas yang bagus.