bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Does Luxuria Mean?
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers a view on etymological and semantic issues concerning luxuria. This word is linked to the ideas of desire, excess, and deviation from a standard, and is strictly related to other passions, such as greed and ambition, and secondarily lust. The Roman narrative constructs luxuria as a vice coming from the East, as a consequence of military conquests, and describes it as a cause of fatal decline. This view can be traced back to Greek historiographical discussion of tryphe (in Thucydides, Herodotus, and Polybius) and to philosophical taxonomies of vices (in Plato and the Stoics). Geographically, luxuria’s preferred location switches from Sybaris in Greek authors to Capua and Baiae in Roman ones. Specific features of Roman luxuria are the spread of the concept through several literary genres, most of them in prose; the relevance of its social aspects; the focus on banquets, with particular attention related to fish dishes and tableware; and the diachronic shift of the concept from a mainly economical to an erotic meaning.
Field-Theoretic Simulations in Soft Matter and Quantum Fluids
Authors: Fredrickson Glenn H. , Delaney Kris T.
Published: March 2023

This monograph provides an introduction to field-theoretic simulations in classical soft matter, including polymers, and Bose quantum fluids. The method represents a new class of molecular simulation in which continuous fields are sampled and evolved, rather than particle coordinates. Field-theoretic simulations are computationally advantaged over particle methods for dense phases of high molecular weight polymers and can reach length scales of microns or more. The monograph details analytical methods for converting classical and quantum many-body problems to equilibrium field theory models with a molecular basis. Numerical methods are described that enable efficient, accurate, and scalable simulations of such models on modern computer hardware, including graphics processing units (GPUs). Extensions to non-equilibrium systems are discussed, along with an introduction to advanced field-theoretic simulation techniques including free energy estimation, alternative ensembles, coarse-graining, and variable cell methods.
Introduction
Authors: Delaney Fredrickson , Delaney Kris T.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 1 contains a summary of the basic mathematical constructs necessary to derive and manipulate field theory models, including functional representations, and derivatives and integrals of functionals. A distinction is made between phenomenological and molecularly-informed field theories; the latter the primary focus of the book. Examples are provided of field theory models for classical polymers and quantum bosons at thermal equilibrium. The computational advantage of the field-theoretic simulation approach is illustrated for a polymer model in which both particle and field representations are available.
Non-equilibrium Extensions
Authors: Delaney Fredrickson , Delaney Kris T.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 discusses the extension of field-theoretic representations, models, and numerical methods to treat the dynamical evolution of systems that are out of equilibrium. For Bose fluids and magnets, this entails the use of coherent state fields on complex contours with real and imaginary time segments. Complex Langevin sampling of such non-equilibrium field theories provides access to finite temperature dynamics with full quantum fluctuations, both near and far from equilibrium. For classical polymers, approximations are required to address chain entanglement and time-dependent couplings between chain conformations and collective field variables. Current approaches to mesoscopic field-based polymer dynamics are described, along with their numerical implementation.
Children of the Book
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: March 2023

Through discussions of G. Willow Wilson’s Alif the Unseen and Octavia E. Butler’s Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents, this chapter explores cosmopolitanism in the context of both reading and the Anthropocene. The chapter demonstrates how becoming a good reader—of self, community, and nation—fosters resistance to nationalism and xenophobia and thus enables a more cosmopolitan, nonhierarchical relationship to the planet. The chapter thus also engages with Ursula Heise’s idea of eco-cosmopolitanism, which addresses the importance of focusing on the “more-than-human world,” and the need to interrogate terms like “purity” or “authenticity,” which are at odds with cosmopolitan principles.
Conclusion
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: March 2023

The conclusion reiterates the overall premise of the book, which is that YA speculative fiction gives us the tools with which to imagine new possibilities and new ways of thinking—and yet it is work that does not often come into the conversations around climate change and climate crisis. YA literature demonstrates the importance of forging connections across difference that offer us imaginative realignments of our relationships to one another and to the planet. On a structural level, these novels remind us that becoming a good reader, one who is not afraid of ambiguity or complexity, is a necessity for anyone who hopes to navigate a changing world—or who wants to avoid being manipulated into violence. Reading beyond the seductive simplicity of a single story becomes the first step toward resisting fundamentalist attitudes toward both people and planet, while helping to dismantle the hierarchical structures that have enabled centuries of environmental destruction.
The Parliamentary Battle over Brexit
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

The Parliamentary Battle over Brexit elaborates on the bitter arguments over Brexit. It aims to provide a further understanding of the role parliament played throughout the process of enacting Brexit. Since the 2016 referendum, the Brexit issue raised fundamental questions surrounding the working of British democracy, especially the role of parliament in the UK constitution and the Brexit process. Even though the mandate was supposed to re-establish parliamentary sovereignty, Brexit caused significant damage to the reputation of parliament and the wider culture of UK democracy. The book also highlights the correlation of British politics to the culture of UK democracy and the challenges of populism and democratic backsliding.
The Emerging Deal and the Meaningful Vote
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter covers the agreement of Theresa May’s Brexit deal with the EU. Following pressures from parliament and Article 50, the outcome of Brexit was achieved through inserting the requirement for a so-called ‘meaningful vote' in the government’s EU (Withdrawal) Bill. The chapter highlights the role of the opposition in Westminster. It also provides an overview of the emerging tensions within the Conservative Party concerning the Chequers proposals and the subsequent deal reached with the EU. Once the Brexit deal was reached, the House of Commons initially rejected it by a huge margin, joined by a large number of Brexiteers. MPs stepped up their attempts to prevent a no-deal Brexit and find alternative solutions.
Language for recollection
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A.
Published: March 2023

This chapter approaches narrative as a distinct mode of thought and a use of language that is an early-acquired, universal, and basic human undertaking. Stories are characterized as displaying distinctive features of the narrative genre: they rely on different linguistic subsystems in relating to time (by past tense verbs), interconnecting events (by conjunctions), and identifying participants (by pronouns, lexical nouns); and they involve fleshing out a story by background description and interpretation, organizing its contents into a coherent whole, and conveying appropriate thematic content. We consider how stories are filtered by the structural and lexical repertoire provided by a particular language for verbalizing events. The chapter outlines the neural bases underpinning narratives that explain the cognitive processes in constructing stories and why listening to and telling them are such pleasurable and universal activities. It briefly reviews different research methods for eliciting narratives, which we characterize as developing from recounting two or three happenings to forming a narrative schema (a mental representation of a sequence of events with a beginning, middle, and ending), culminating in the ability to produce original and compelling stories. This general developmental trajectory applies across subgenres of narratives (recollecting personal experiences from the past, verbalizing the content of a picture-series, or recounting the contents of a pictured booklet), although with different timetables.
Language for reflection (on language)
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Berman Ruth A.
Published: March 2023

In this chapter we consider metalinguistic commentary about language. Compared to the referential-communicative uses of language dealt with in the preceding chapters, metalinguistic activities involve reflecting on language and linguistic forms as objects in themselves. We describe the increasingly conscious access to linguistic form culminating in the ability to provide explicit verbal explanations of what one knows of language, followed by a review of the neural underpinnings of such tricky notions as consciousness, and neural correlates of metalinguistic access to different systems of language structure. We next trace the developmental route of metalinguistic awareness in different linguistic domains (phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and pragmatics), as a move from early sensitivity to verbal input (children’s understanding of speech input and how they make self-repairs of their own output) via more mature reflective metalinguistic operations (judging whether a word exists in their language; if a given utterance is well-formed and if not, why this is so), on to giving verbal explanation for how and why a linguistic usage takes the form it does (hare and hair are two words that sound the same but have different spellings and mean different things, one is an animal the other is what grows on parts of our body). We conclude by noting the specialized metalanguage confined to experts like linguists, grammarians, language teachers, writers, and editors.
European Constitutional Imaginaries
Authors: Komárek Jan
Published: March 2023

This chapter acts as an introduction to the whole volume. It first defines the concept of constitutional imaginary and sets it in the wider context of political theory and philosophy. Next, it explains what is missing from a number of recent publications that deal with European constitutionalism at a more reflexive and theoretical level and how the approach taken in this volume can enrich our understanding of the EU’s present predicament. Two perspectives are particularly important: that of history and that of political economy. The conclusion presents the broader project of which this volume is part and gives a brief overview of each chapter’s contents.
From Constitutional Pyramid to Constitutional Pluralism
Authors: Canihac Hugo
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the recent history of the EU’s constitutional imaginary. It argues that the constitutional imaginary that had solidified during the early decades of European integration was deeply reconfigured in the early 1990s with the emergence and increasing popularity of constitutional pluralism, a theory forged by the legal philosopher Neil MacCormick. It has not only produced a new legal description of the EU but, though more discreetly, redefined its political horizon too. Combining ideational and sociological approaches, the chapter first reconstructs the original constitutional imaginary of the EEC. It then carefully contextualizes the emergence of constitutional pluralism with regard to the work of MacCormick and the legal and political situation of European integration at the time. Finally, it clarifies how these ideas contributed to redefining the European constitutional imaginary.
The European Public Good and European Public Goods
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: March 2023

Historically, the EU has focused more on discrete public goods—first peace and prosperity, then other material (eg environmental protection, health and safety) and social goods (eg non-discrimination, education)—than on the pursuit of a singular European public good—a shared commitment to the good of a self-recognized European public. Unlike the state, the EU has displayed the characteristics of ‘teleocracy’ (an association committed to specific ends) more than ‘nomocracy’ (an association committed to living in common). Various conceptions of law’s role in integration were predicated on the view that pursuit of discrete goods would nevertheless in time generate a holistic sense of the common public good. Indeed, this incrementalist expectation and projection has been an important aspect of the supranational constitutional imaginary. The chapter examines the successes and limitations of that approach, and analyses the ongoing difficulties of placing public goods and the public good in a productive relationship supranationally.
The Failure to Grapple with Racial Capitalism in European Constitutionalism
Authors: Miller Jeffrey , Nicola Fernanda G
Published: March 2023

This chapter grapples with the absence of the concept of racial capitalism in European constitutionalism in spite of centuries of racial subordination in European colonies abroad and discrimination towards ethnic minorities at home. The rise of the European Economic Community in the late 1950s is often portrayed by scholars as a means to correct the legacies of racial and gender subordination that culminated with the Holocaust and the Second World War. Purportedly, the European Community seized the opportunity to start anew with a modernist and quasi-federal constitutional project inspired by the United States and its progressive Warren Court. However, by bracketing the dark sides of US federalism and building bridges across the Atlantic to construct European constitutionalism, prominent scholars such as Eric Stein, Mauro Cappelletti, and Joseph H. Weiler dismissed how the jurisprudence of the US Supreme Court over time protected the legal entitlements of slaveowners, businesses, and states at the expense of slaves, workers, women, and children. This selective reception of US constitutionalism, which portrayed law only as a tool of emancipation rather than oppression, has obscured the embeddedness of racial capitalism in the European political economy.
AMBIGUITY
Authors: Francis Gavin
Published: March 2023

An exploration of Browne’s ease with ambiguity, on show throughout his works, with an introduction to some of the writers who have enjoyed Browne over the centuries, including Virginia Woolf, Samuel Johnson, and Alexander Whyte. Browne studied medicine in Padua, a city considered in the 1600s to be a centre of modern medical authority, and the author examines how this authority sat with Browne’s love of circumlocution, approximation, and seeking answers in the classical canon. Browne’s immense contribution to English vocabulary is touched on with examples of words he coined, showing that for all his love of ambiguity, the English language was insufficiently specific for his needs.
MISOGYNY
Authors: Francis Gavin
Published: March 2023

Evidence for misogyny in Browne’s work is considered in context with seventeenth-century norms, together with the surviving details about his marriage and his relationship with his daughters. Elizabethan and early Jacobean thought justified misogyny on the basis of biblical authority, but Browne, while insisting that women were less capable and more ‘crooked’ than men, is otherwise fair-minded. He made observations on spontaneous sex transition in animals, and wrote of his belief that the same is possible for human beings (an observation also made by Montaigne). His writings touch on disorders of sexual differentiation such as hermaphroditism. The distaste for sexual intercourse expressed in his first book Religio Medici has occasioned jokes among his biographers, given his apparently happy marriage and the births of his ten children. Finally, an exploration of one of the most notorious episodes in Browne’s biography, the evidence he gave at a witchcraft trial in 1682, is examined in context.
Artificial intelligence and nuclear weapons
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

This chapter establishes a technical baseline that informs the book’s theoretical framework for considering AI technology and nuclear risk. This chapter has two goals. First, it defines military-use AI (or “military AI”). It offers a nuanced overview of the current state of AI technology and the potential impact of dramatic advances in this technology (e.g., ML, computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous technology) on military systems. How, if at all, does AI differ from other emerging technology? How can we conceptualize AI and technological change in the context of nuclear weapons? Second, it highlights the developmental trajectory of AI technology and the associated risks of these trends as they relate to the nuclear enterprise.
AI-security dilemma
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

How might dual-use disruptive AI technology influence security dilemma dynamics? This chapter applies the classical “security dilemma” international relations (IR) theory to consider the impact of dual-use AI technology on the uncertainties (estimates of adversaries’ “intentions” and “motives”) and insecurities within competitive strategic dyads—especially US-China. The chapter argues that specific structural (dual-use technology, offense-defense balance, asymmetric distribution of power, and regime type) and non-structural (socially constructed dynamics and cognitive-psychological) traits of dual-use AI technology intersect with the security dilemma theory in ways that might intensify these dynamics in competitive dyads—or “AI-security dilemma dynamics.” Specifically, security dilemma dynamics will shape and inform how AI influences relations between strategic dyads.
Managing the AI-nuclear strategic nexus
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

The concluding chapter brings together the key arguments and findings from the book and considers possible nuclear risk reduction measures and policy recommendations for managing the intersection of AI technology with nuclear weapons. Going beyond these admonitions will not be easy. The chapter elucidates the essential dynamics (e.g., normative, behavioral, and broader stakeholder cooperation) and risk reduction mechanisms (e.g., arms control, verification, confidence building, and strategic dialogue) that decision-makers need to consider if we are to mitigate or prevent the worst-case scenario effects, dangers, and risks of our AI-nuclear future. That is, before the pace of technological change outpaces (or surpasses) strategic affairs.
Snapshots of (Ill)Health Around the World
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

Through four scenarios, this chapter provides an overall impression of the conditions and diseases that most commonly affect people globally, especially the global poor within and across countries. These health conditions interact within specific populations according to patterns of inequality deeply entrenched in our societies. The scenarios include global hunger, which in 2019 impacted 8.9% of the global population; non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which in 2019 accounted for 74% of all deaths worldwide; communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases (CMNN), which in 2019 accounted for 10.2 million deaths globally; and human-caused global warming, which has had a significant impact on the lives, health and livelihoods of the poorest and most vulnerable populations globally.
The Medical Contribution
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

The health systems of underdeveloped countries were shaped by their colonial roots, so that today the majority of the inadequate health care budgets are still spent on predominantly urban-based curative hospital services. Too often the poor have no or extremely limited access to health care services or are forced to deal with medical expenses that push them further into poverty and ill-health. The globalisation of health care has promoted the recruitment and migration of health care workers from underdeveloped to developed countries, exacerbating the health–human resources crisis in the underdeveloped world. The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978, with its goal of Health for All, urged governments, global health institutions and major funding agencies to work towards realising people’s right to health through a comprehensive approach to Primary Health Care (PHC). However, Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) was rapidly reinvented as Selective PHC (SPHC), stripped of most of its essential principles and reduced to selected high-priority technological interventions, determined not by communities but by international health professionals and experts. However, CPHC as envisaged under the Alma-Ata Declaration is still the most appropriate approach to achieve health for all, and its components still need to be implemented in all settings.
Deconstructing the Dimensions of Tax Crimes
Authors: Turksen U , Kreissl R , Vozza D , Rasmouki F
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the complexity of tax crimes in Europe. It discusses different national legal definitions and policy approaches to tax and tax crime in line with resources and institutional settings of prosecution. Tax crimes raised concern in all jurisdictions while also having an international dimension. The chapter then expounds on the broader historical, social, political, and cultural contexts of tax, policy, and law. It recognizes the role of the European Union (EU) in ensuring political, economic, societal, and security cohesion among its Member States, which could be undermined by tax fraud and tax evasion at national and across border levels.
The Legal and Institutional Analysis of Tax Crimes from EU and Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Reger F , Turksen U , Vozza D , Djakovic A , Abukari A , Rasmouki F , Jacsó J , Frendo D , MacGinty D , Paisuots P
Published: March 2023

The fight against tax crimes and other financial crimes such as corruption requires a combination of national and cross-border use of relevant laws and institutions. Nonetheless, it is necessary to address the deficiencies in individual and collaborative arrangements and find out if and what strengths therein can be exploited by the EU Member States. Using socio-legal and comparative research methodologies, this chapter addresses the above issues through exploring the relevant EU legal instruments as well as institutions that seek to counter crime against the financial interests of the EU and its Member States. A careful look at the EU’s counter financial crime ecosystem reveals that Directive (EU) 2017/1371 (PIF Directive) and Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 (the EPPO Directive) are part of a cocktail of progressive measures by the EU to tackle financial crime. Although most EU Member States have agreed to criminalize VAT fraud and related crimes, VAT against the financial interest of the EU is still pervasive. Also, a comparative study of the legal framework of the EU Member States involving definitions, prosecution routes, sanctions, and liability of both natural and legal entities for tax crimes shows not only the pervasiveness of tax crimes but also the disparities and similarities of approaches in countering these crimes. The chapter concludes that EU criminal policy on financial matters needs to be enhanced including the extension of the criminalization to VAT fraud under ten million euro and an active role of the EPPO with reference to these offences.
A Risk Assessment Methodology for Countering Tax Crime in the EU
Authors: Hall M
Published: March 2023

Risk assessment methodologies that are specific to tax crime are yet to be developed for the EU at a supranational level. The Horizon 2020 PROTAX project created a tool, based on detailed legal, institutional, and sociological work into the practices and structures of the tax crime enforcement ecosystem. The PROTAX risk assessment methodology (PRORAM) is a tool that is specific to tax crimes and aims to provide practitioners with a model of how to assess suspicious behaviours and warning signs indicating a tax crime, together with a practical model for tax authorities, policymakers, and other stakeholders to assess the risks to controlling tax crimes in their jurisdiction, and across the EU. This chapter sets out the concepts, methodology, and data used to create a risk methodology that is specific to tax crimes, and uses PRORAM as an example to highlight the way this can be done. This will aid in building knowledge on threats, vulnerabilities, and risks across the EU tax crime law enforcement ecosystem and demonstrate a way to work through the risks inherent to that environment. This chapter also details the risk assessment approach adopted by PROTAX and tested in nineteen European jurisdictions, justifies and explains the use of the risk assessment methodology chosen, provides examples of it working, and outlines use cases to understand how it can add value within and across the EU.
Heritage and War
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek
Published: March 2023

This introduction describes the overall aim of the collection and then gives short summaries of each of the papers. The starting point of the collection is a dissatisfaction with ‘the inseparability thesis’: namely, the view that the value of heritage and the value of persons is intertwined to the extent that a comparison between the two values does not (or cannot) arise. Chapters 1 to 7 of the collection directly or indirectly concern comparisons of value of this sort. The remaining four chapters consider consequences of the damage to heritage in war. The nature of such a loss is considered, as well as suitable ways in which to react to its loss.
Killing for Culture
Authors: Haydar Bashshar
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the moral permissibility of resorting to military action for the sake of protecting cultural heritage when such military action may inflict serious harm on humans. The chapter argues that the permissibility of inflicting harm on non-culpable civilians to protect cultural heritage, may be grounded on the moral permissibility of resorting to military action to prevent cultural cleansing, which can be seen as a form of ethnic cleansing. The chapter also argues that exposing combatants to serious harm, when engaged in the military effort to protect cultural heritage, may be grounded in the role-based duty these forces have to protect the rights of the citizens on whose behalf they act. It is more difficult, on the other hand, to justify exposing the intervening combatants to the risk of serious harm for the sake of protecting citizens of other countries from cultural cleansing.
The Battle over Erastian Episcopacy in Two British Kingdoms, 1588–1603
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

This chapter re-examines the campaign against English presbyterianism conducted by Elizabeth’s bishops and their supporters after 1588 by connecting it to contemporary ecclesiastical politics in Scotland. The bishops’ victory over presbyterianism remained vulnerable because it depended on royal support at a time when Elizabeth’s probable successor, James VI, appeared to be cultivating an alliance with presbyterian leaders of the Scottish Kirk. Realizing the threat that Scottish presbyterianism posed, bishop Richard Bancroft of London attacked it vigorously. But his attempts to win James’s approval in so doing, in part through communications with Patrick Adamson, failed completely. Instead James’s “alliance” with the Kirk’s leaders finally collapsed due to internal conflicts in Scotland that culminated in an Edinburgh riot known as the Tumult in December 1596. This brought James’s position into closer alignment with that of the English bishops although, as a concluding section argues, his political theology, as revealed by his famous tracts, Basilikon Doron and The True Law of Free Monarchies, continued to bear a distinctively Scottish Calvinist imprint.
Primitive Marriage
Authors: Psomiades Kathy Alexis
Published: March 2023

Marriage is the novel’s traditional subject matter. But what happens to the novel when another genre of writing lays claim to the novel’s traditional material? The book shows how the foundational ideas of the new discipline of anthropology gave late Victorian novelists and social scientists ways of rethinking heterosexual romance by referring to a new kind of history, one in which marriage systems, sexual behavior, and reproductive practices were temporalized and given historical agency. Temporalizing sexual relations, locating them in evolutionary and historical time, anthropologists and the novelists who wrote after them began to think modernity in sexual terms. This transformation of politics into sexual politics put sexuality and gender at the center of liberal stories of progress. The Victorian theorists responsible for this transformation—from well-known figures like Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud to lesser-known writers like John McLennan and Henry Maine—and the novelists who engaged them—Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Henry James, Sarah Grand, H. Rider Haggard, Thomas Hardy—not only helped produce sexually modern subjects, but also the theories about sexuality, time, and politics that we still draw upon to think modernity today.
Introduction
Authors: Psomiades Kathy Alexis
Published: March 2023

This Introduction argues for Victorian anthropology as a theory of sexual modernity. John McLennan’s Primitive Marriage imagined a now disproven universal period of marriage by capture, matrilineage, and exogamy. But it also retold the modernity stories of liberal economic and political theory in sexual terms. In so doing, it denaturalized gender and sexuality and placed them in history, an operation that made twentieth-century theories of gender and sexuality possible. This chapter shows how anthropology emerged out of Enlightenment discussions about marriage and social structure. It argues that novelists and anthropologists, participating in the same intellectual communities and writing about the same subject matter, influenced each other in the later part of the century. And it argues for reading novelistic marriage plots written in this period as drawing upon these same Victorian theoretical structures to think about economics and politics in sexual terms.
Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the basics of Hilbert spaces by using n-dimensional Euclidean space, he space of square-summable complex sequences, and the space of square-integrable, complex-valued Lebesgue-measurable function as examples. In addition, this chapter covers the Cauchy–Schwarz and triangle inequalities, orthonormal bases, and orthogonal projections. Since Banach spaces play a role in the subsequent chapters, this chapter also covers a few Banach-space basics.
Infinite Matrices
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter concerns operators on ℓ2 defined by infinite matrices (not necessarily diagonal). When are such operators well defined? Bounded? Compact? Schur’s test yields a tangible solution to some of these questions.
The Volterra Operator
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter covers the Volterra operator. This operator is compact and quasinilpotent with no eigenvalues. The Volterra operator makes deep connections with function theory, in particular, with the compression of the shift operator to a model space.
Multiplication Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

We discuss multiplication operators Mφf = φf on L2(μ), where μ is a finite positive Borel measure on a compact set in ℂ and φ is a μ-essentially bounded function. These operators represent normal operators on Hilbert spaces via the spectral theorem.
The Dirichlet Shift
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the operator-theoretic aspects of the shift operator (Mzf)(Z) = Zf(Z) on the Dirichlet space. In particular, we examine the 2-isometry property and discuss the invariant subspaces, cyclic vectors, and commutant of the Dirichlet shift.
Bishop Operators
Authors: Garcia Stephan Ramon , Mashreghi Javad , Ross William T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter covers Bishop operators (T α f)(x) = xf({x + α}) on L2[0, 1]. In the above, α ∈ [0, 1) and {t} denotes the fractional part of t ∈ ℝ. Interest in these operators comes from attempts to provide counterexamples to the invariant subspace problem. We begin with a short survey on the invariant subspace problem and universal operators.
Eyewitness Testimony and Epistemic Agency
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: March 2023

Eyewitness testimony is a powerful form of evidence, and this is especially true in the United States criminal legal system. At the same time, eyewitness misidentification is the greatest contributing factor to wrongful convictions proven by DNA testing. This chapter offers a close examination of this tension between the enormous epistemic weight that eyewitness testimony is afforded in criminal proceedings and the fact that there are important questions about its reliability as a source of evidence. It is argued that lineups and interrogations often function by way of extracting testimony from an eyewitness through practices that are manipulative, deceptive, or coercive. This chapter then shows that this extracted testimony is systematically afforded an unwarranted excess of credibility that leads to not only life-altering wrongs perpetrated against suspects and defendants, but also to the eyewitnesses themselves being victims of agential testimonial injustice.
Intercreditor Equity Rules Applicable to Debt Instruments Governed by Domestic Law
Authors: Iversen Astrid
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4 examines intercreditor equity rules in domestic law. It also discusses which sovereign debt instruments are governed by domestic laws and the types of creditors that can hold such debt instruments. Section 4.2 examines the content and effects of the so-called pari passu clause. Section 4.3 discusses collective action clauses and exit consent. It also touches on potential minimum protection of minority creditors in debt restructurings implemented by majority voting procedures. Section 4.4 analyses special national legislation in Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, and in the Euro area, with the common aim of curbing certain rights of creditors who allegedly seek to free-ride on their co-creditors and thereby constitute an obstacle to debt crisis resolution (vulture fund legislation).
Interconnected and Conflicting Rights
Authors: Iversen Astrid
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 discusses how intercreditor equity rules in international and domestic law are interrelated de jure and de facto, including which rights may collide and how these collisions may be solved. This is important in case of payment difficulties, and often in a debt restructuring, because a debtor state needs to prioritize between creditors who holds both debt instruments governed by domestic law and international law. The chapter examines how intercreditor equity rules in domestic law may interfere with intercreditor equity rules stemming from international law. Moreover, it discusses the reverse situation: how intercreditor equity rights stemming from international law may interfere with intercreditor equity rights stemming from domestic law. What will become clear is that not all conflicts between intercreditor equity rights and obligations can be solved. Both sovereign debtors and creditors may face situations where intercreditor equity obligations conflict de jure or de facto. In these cases, they may be forced to violate one obligation in order to be able to fulfil another. Not only can sovereign debtors be faced with conflicting intercreditor equity obligations, creditors too can end up in situations where they are subject to conflicting creditor obligations. One reason for this is that international law subjects who have rights and obligations under international law, such as states and international organizations, may purchase commercial debt instruments governed by domestic law.
Overpromising and Underdelivering
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

Scientists created the computer algorithms that defeated the best human players in checkers, chess, Go, and Jeopardy! and fueled the idea that the grand promises of AI were on the verge of being realized. Scientists also created the recurring cycle of ambitious predictions, disappointing results, and moving goalposts that continue to be the norm. False advertising ultimately undermines the credibility of the advertiser. The public has ample reasons for being disillusioned by the misleading claims that continue to be made for artificial intelligence. It’s a hop, skip, and a jump from disillusionment to distrust.
Irreproducible Research
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

It is natural to assume that peer review ensures that published research papers are of sufficiently high quality to have been certified by experts in the field. Unfortunately, peer review is no panacea. Science created the peer-review model to weed out unreliable research but when it is revealed that some published papers are based on tweaked or invented data, that some papers report incorrect calculations, that some papers are nonsense written by computers, that publishing can be gamed, it diminishes our faith in scientific research—and science.
Introduction
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

Starting off from an early reader of Shakespeare’s Venus and Adonis, whose thoughts are preserved in the margins of Englands Parnassus, the introduction lays out the book’s argument. It gives an overview of the five anthologies printed between 1599 and 1601 that featured Shakespeare’s work: The Passionate Pilgrim, Bel-vedére, Englands Parnassus, Englands Helicon, and Loves Martyr. It follows the floral metaphors in many of their titles to elucidate their connections to poetic anthologies and commonplace books, introducing the humanist theories of commonplacing behind them, and locating them within a sixteenth-century civic humanist project in England. Drawing on recent scholarship, it discusses Shakespeare’s literary ambitions and early writings, and clarifies the book’s relationship to the history of early modern reading, before giving an outline of following chapters.
A Man amongst Others … a Man above All
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: March 2023

Chapter 2 uncovers how, within two years of assuming power in 1987, Ben Ali established personal control of the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD), even though he lacked a background in the party. Theoretically, Ben Ali’s quick consolidation of power presents a puzzle: prevailing theories predict that, when a new leader has to bargain with a pre-existing ruling party, the advent of personal autocracy is unlikely. The book demonstrates how Ben Ali bolstered his power base through propagating a correctivist ideology, a key feature of which was the promise of a political opening, including inside the ruling party. He launched an ‘internal critique’ within the party: ostensibly aimed at addressing past wrongs, this in fact served Ben Ali’s own interests. Crucially, it allowed him to alter the RCD’s internal rules and procedures, including those pertaining to the election of the president, a process through which he established executive control.
Fortifying Carthage
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 investigates how, in the 1990s, Ben Ali enforced authoritarian stability, and even attracted substantial domestic and western support, despite halting his political opening and establishing personalist rule. It demonstrates that Ben Ali propped up his power base by creating new normative priorities —in particular, national security and economic growth—as opposed to democratic politics. As part of this strategy, officials propagated the idea that Tunisia faced a large-scale domestic terrorist threat; though fabricated, this notion was internalized by wide sections of the population, including many Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) activists. Importantly, these new security prerogatives allowed Ben Ali to bolster his power: he promoted the rise of ‘Lumpen activists’ within the party grassroots, a constituency notorious for monitoring and coercing dissidents. He also transferred resources from the party to the state, including to the Presidential Palace, a process through which he reinforced his grip on the RCD.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: March 2023

The conclusion revisits the main theoretical and empirical findings of the chapters and places them in comparative context. The book has explained why the politics of ideas is central to understanding trends of internecine contention, as well as authoritarian stability and collapse in hegemonic and dominant party regimes more generally. It concludes that ruling parties have often been inciters of internal dissent in other parts of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as beyond the region, sometimes contributing to the collapse of authoritarian regimes. Cases include the Chinese Communist Party, the communist parties of the Soviet Union (importantly, in Nicolae Ceausęscu’s Romania), Egypt’s National Democratic Party, and the Baath parties of Iraq and Syria.
Complex Functions as Transformations
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines complex functions as transformations. A complex function f is a rule that assigns to a complex number z an image complex number w = f(z). In order to investigate such functions, it is essential that one is able to visualize them. Several methods exist for doing this, but the chapter focuses almost exclusively on the method introduced in the previous chapter. This means viewing z and its image w as points in the complex plane, so that f becomes a transformation of the plane. The chapter begins by looking at polynomials, power series, the exponential function, and cosine and sine. It then considers multifunctions, the logarithm function, and the process of averaging over circles.
Möbius Transformations and Inversion
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter investigates Möbius transformations and inversions. Despite their apparent simplicity, Möbius transformations lie at the heart of several exciting areas of modern mathematical research. This is due in large part to their intimate connection with non-Euclidean geometries. Moreover, these transformations are also intimately connected with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Any result one establishes concerning Möbius transformations will immediately yield a corresponding result in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The chapter then looks at complex inversions and the Riemann sphere. Stereographic projection enables one to transfer the action of any complex function to the Riemann sphere. Transferring a complex function to the Riemann sphere then enables one to examine its behaviour “at infinity” exactly as one would at any other point.
Further Geometry of Differentiation
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter studies differentiation directly in the complex plane, primarily through the use of ultimate equality-the powerful geometrical tool that Newton unleashed in his great Principia of 1687. It begins with the rederivation of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, and the discovery of new forms that they can take on. These forms include the Cartesian form and the Polar form. The chapter then looks at the “rigidity” of analytic functions, which is a recurring theme in complex analysis. This means that their highly structured nature (everywhere locally an amplitwist) enables one to pin down their precise behaviour from very limited information. The chapter also considers the rules of differentiation; polynomials, power series, and rational functions; the visual differentiation of the power function; curvature; celestial mechanics; and analytical continuation.
Non-Euclidean Geometry*
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on the connections between non-Euclidean geometries and the complex numbers. Euclid began with just five axioms, the first four of which never aroused controversy. However, the status of the fifth axiom (the so-called parallel axiom) was less clear, and it became the subject of investigations that ultimately led to the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first person to ever conceive of the possibility that physical space might not be Euclidean. Quite correctly, Gauss did not conclude that physical space is definitely Euclidean in structure, but rather that if it is not Euclidean then its deviation from Euclidean geometry is extremely small. The chapter then looks at spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry. Of these two non-Euclidean geometries, hyperbolic geometry is by far the more intriguing and important: it is an essential tool in many areas of contemporary research.
Cauchy’s Formula and Its Applications
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter studies Cauchy’s Formula and its applications. Cauchy’s Formula says that the values of f on L rigidly determine its values everywhere inside L. The chapter offers two explanations, both of which are firmly rooted in Cauchy’s Theorem. It then looks at infinite differentiability and Taylor series. Returning to the case where L is a simple loop, the chapter shows that if f(z) is analytic inside L then so is f1(z). From this it will follow by induction that f(z) is infinitely differentiable. The chapter also considers the calculus of residues and the annular Laurent series, which is the natural generalization of the Taylor series when the centre of the expansion is a pole rather than a non-singular point.
Vector Fields: Physics and Topology
Authors: Needham Tristan
Published: March 2023

This chapter highlights vector fields. The vector field concept remedies a significant defect in the mapping point of view. Although one can learn a lot about a mapping by looking at the images of specific shapes, one does not get a feel for its overall behaviour. However, if one lets their one’s eyes roam over the vector field of a complex function they do get such a view, in much the same way as one can survey the behaviour of a real function by scanning its graph. Just as a complex mapping determines a vector field, so a vector field determines a mapping-the two concepts are equivalent. The chapter then looks at the connection between winding numbers and vector fields, before considering the Poincaré-Hopf Theorem.