bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eye remember you two: gaze direction modulates face recognition in a developmental study
Authors: Smith Alastair D. , Hood Bruce M. , Hector Karen
Published: August 2006

The effects of gaze direction on memory for faces were studied in children from three different age groups (6–7, 8–9, and 10–11 years old) using a computerized version of a task devised by Hood, Macrae, Cole‐Davies and Dias (2003). Participants were presented with a sequence of faces in an encoding phase, and were then required to judge which faces they had previously encountered in a surprise two‐alternative forced‐choice recognition test. In one condition, stimulus eye gaze was either direct or deviated at the viewing phase, and eyes were closed at the test phase. In another condition, stimulus eyes were closed at the viewing phase, with either direct or deviated gaze at the test phase. Modulation of gaze direction affected hit rates, with participants demonstrating greater accuracy for direct gaze targets compared to deviated gaze targets in both conditions. Reaction times (RT) to correctly recognized stimuli were faster for direct gaze stimuli at the viewing phase, but not at the test phase. The age group of participants differentially affected these measures: there was a greater hit rate advantage for direct gaze stimuli in older children, although RTs were less affected by age. These findings suggest that while the facilitation of face recognition by gaze direction is robust across encoding and recognition stages, the efficiency of the process is affected by the stage at which gaze is modulated.
A new method for calibrating perceptual salience across dimensions in infants: the case of color vs. luminance
Authors: Kaldy Zsuzsa , Blaser Erik A. , Leslie Alan M.
Published: August 2006

We report a new method for calibrating differences in perceptual salience across feature dimensions, in infants. The problem of inter‐dimensional salience arises in many areas of infant studies, but a general method for addressing the problem has not previously been described. Our method is based on a preferential looking paradigm, adapted to determine the relative salience of two stimuli. We report here on the case of stimuli differing in color and luminance, though the method has wider potential. We were able to determine on a psychophysical curve the point at which a color contrast was equally salient to infants as a given luminance contrast. We then used these calibrated, ‘iso‐salient’ stimuli in an object memory study. Results showed that 6.5‐month‐old infants noticed a color, but not a luminance, change while tracking an occluded object. Our method should have numerous applications in the study of bottom‐up effects on infant attention and visual working memory.
The development of change detection
Authors: Shore David I. , Burack Jacob A. , Miller Danny , Joseph Shari , Enns James T.
Published: August 2006

Changes to a scene often go unnoticed if the objects of the change are unattended, making change detection an index of where attention is focused during scene perception. We measured change detection in school‐age children and young adults by repeatedly alternating two versions of an image. To provide an age‐fair assessment we used a bimanual choice rather than open‐ended verbal responses. The difference in detection speed and accuracy between 50‐ms versus 250‐ms blank screens between views indexed change detection in short‐term visual memory independent of sensory and response processes. Younger children were significantly less efficient than older participants, especially when an object changed color or had a part deleted. Changes in object orientation were detected more readily. These results point to important differences in the perceptual reality of younger and older children.
A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of task persistence
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Petrill Stephen A. , Thompson Lee A. , DeThorne Laura S.
Published: August 2006

Change in task persistence was assessed in two annual assessments using teachers’, testers’, and observers’ ratings. Participants included 79 monozygotic and 116 same‐sex dizygotic twin pairs who were in Kindergarten or 1st grade (4.3 to 7.9 years old) at the initial assessment. Task persistence was widely distributed and higher among older children and girls. Overall, there was modest growth in persistence over time, and moderate stability of individual differences. Most of the stability was accounted for by genetic influences, whereas most of the change was accounted for by nonshared environment, including an association with observed differential maternal warm supportive behavior.
Interrupting infants’ persisting object representations: an object‐based limit?
Authors: Cheries Erik W. , Wynn Karen , Scholl Brian J.
Published: August 2006

Making sense of the visual world requires keeping track of objects as the same persisting individuals over time and occlusion. Here we implement a new paradigm using 10‐month‐old infants to explore the processes and representations that support this ability in two ways. First, we demonstrate that persisting object representations can be maintained over brief interruptions from additional independent events – just as a memory of a traffic scene may be maintained through a brief glance in the rearview mirror. Second, we demonstrate that this ability is nevertheless subject to an object‐based limit: if an interrupting event involves enough objects (carefully controlling for overall salience), then it will impair the maintenance of other persisting object representations even though it is an independent event. These experiments demonstrate how object representations can be studied via their ‘interruptibility’, and the results are consistent with the idea that infants’ persisting object representations are constructed and maintained by capacity‐limited mid‐level ‘object‐files’.
MICHELANGELO'S BACCHUS AND THE ART OF SELF‐FORMATION
Authors: KOCH LINDA A.
Published: August 2006

This article argues that Michelangelo's Bacchus was conceived as a sculptural essay in the art of self‐formation as the artist undertook to establish his reputation in Rome, and that the innovative sculpture continued to function ‘auto‐biographically’ in later decades as it stood in the sculpture garden of the Galli family. Both theological‐philosophical and poetic‐artistic dimensions of self‐formation or ‘metamorphosis’ are seen as integral to understanding the sculpture's role in Michelangelo's self‐imaging. The study proposes, moreover, that as Michelangelo engaged in moral, intellectual and artistic self‐creation in carving the Bacchus, he simultaneously challenged viewers of the work actively to engage in a dialectical process of self‐formation. The sculpture's unusual multiple‐view composition, with satyr, animal skin and tree trunk, and its rocky base are seen as central to a reading of the sculpture.
Dynamic Analysis of Recurrent Event Data with Missing Observations, with Application to Infant Diarrhoea in Brazil
Authors: BORGAN ØRNULF , FIACCONE ROSEMEIRE L. , HENDERSON ROBIN , BARRETO MAURICIO L.
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  This paper examines and applies methods for modelling longitudinal binary data subject to both intermittent missingness and dropout. The paper is based around the analysis of data from a study into the health impact of a sanitation programme carried out in Salvador, Brazil. Our objective was to investigate risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of diarrhoea in children aged up to 3 years old. In total, 926 children were followed up at home twice a week from October 2000 to January 2002 and for each child daily occurrence of diarrhoea was recorded. A challenging factor in analysing these data is the presence of between‐subject heterogeneity not explained by known risk factors, combined with significant loss of observed data through either intermittent missingness (average of 78 days per child) or dropout (21% of children). We discuss modelling strategies and show the advantages of taking an event history approach with an additive discrete time regression model.
A NONLINEAR BUSINESS CYCLE MODEL IN DISCRETE TIME
Authors: Sen Kunal
Published: August 2006

The paper develops a simple multiplier‐accelerator model of a market economy, where the strength of the accelerator relationship between current investment and past output depends on the state of the economy. It is found that the greater the values of the multiplier and the accelerator, the more persistent and aperiodic («chaotic») would be the cyclical behaviour of the economy.
Maximum Eigenvalue Test for Seasonal Cointegrating Ranks*
Authors: Seong Byeongchan , Cho Sinsup , Ahn Sung K.
Published: August 2006

The maximum eigenvalue (ME) test for seasonal cointegrating ranks is presented using the approach of Cubadda [Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics (2001), Vol. 63, pp. 497–511], which is computationally more efficient than that of Johansen and Schaumburg [Journal of Econometrics (1999), Vol. 88, pp. 301–339]. The asymptotic distributions of the ME test statistics are obtained for several cases that depend on the nature of deterministic terms. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to evaluate the relative performances of the proposed ME test and the trace test, and we illustrate these tests using a monthly time series.
Panel Unit‐root Tests for Cross‐sectionally Correlated Panels: A Monte Carlo Comparison*
Authors: Gutierrez Luciano
Published: August 2006

This paper deals with the finite‐sample performance of a set of unit‐root tests for cross‐correlated panels. Most of the available macroeconomic time series cover short time periods. The lack of information, in terms of time observations, implies that univariate tests are not powerful enough to reject the null of a unit‐root while panel tests, by exploiting the large number of cross‐sectional units, have been shown to be a promising way of increasing the power of unit‐root tests. We investigate the finite sample properties of recently proposed panel unit‐root tests for cross‐sectionally correlated panels. Specifically, the size and power of Choi's [Econometric Theory and Practice: Frontiers of Analysis and Applied Research: Essays in Honor of Peter C. B. Phillips, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)], Bai and Ng's [Econometrica (2004), Vol. 72, p. 1127], Moon and Perron's [Journal of Econometrics (2004), Vol. 122, p. 81], and Phillips and Sul's [Econometrics Journal (2003), Vol. 6, p. 217] tests are analysed by a Monte Carlo simulation study. In synthesis, Moon and Perron's tests show good size and power for different values of T and N, and model specifications. Focusing on Bai and Ng's procedure, the simulation study highlights that the pooled Dickey–Fuller generalized least squares test provides higher power than the pooled augmented Dickey–Fuller test for the analysis of non‐stationary properties of the idiosyncratic components. Choi's tests are strongly oversized when the common factor influences the cross‐sectional units heterogeneously.
Voluntary Environmental Disclosures by Large UK Companies
Authors: Brammer Stephen , Pavelin Stephen
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  This paper examines the patterns in voluntary environmental disclosures made by a sample of large UK companies. The analysis distinguishes between the decision to make a voluntary environmental disclosure and decisions concerning the quality of such disclosures and examines how each type of decision is determined by firm and industry characteristics. We find that larger, less indebted companies with dispersed ownership characteristics are significantly more likely to make voluntary environmental disclosures, and that the quality of disclosures is positively associated with firm size and corporate environmental impact. We find significant cross‐sector variation in the determinants of both the participation and quality decisions. Furthermore, the manner of this variation differs between the two.
‘Needs expressed’ and ‘offers of care’: an observational study of mothers with somatisation disorder and their children
Authors: Bialas Ivona , Craig Tom K.J.
Published: August 2006

Background:  The abnormal illness behaviours characterising somatisation disorder may be learnt responses acquired through exposure to parental illness and health anxiety in childhood. In this observational study we explore this hypothesis by examining patterns of interaction in mothers and their school age children.

Method:  A sample of 136 mother and child pairs in 3 groups (42 mothers with somatisation disorder, 44 organically ill mothers and 50 healthy mothers) completed a battery of self‐report and interview measures. Their interaction in semi‐structured play tasks and a meal was videotaped and later analysed for the presence of ‘needs’ and ‘offers of care’ by researchers who were blind to maternal group membership.

Results:  During play, a greater proportion of the children of somatising mothers expressed ‘health and safety’ needs than did children of other mothers. In contrast, during a meal, these children expressed fewer needs of all types. Children of somatising mothers were more likely than other children to ignore their mothers’ offers of care. The somatising mothers expressed more health and safety needs during the meal than did other mothers and were generally less responsive to all needs expressed by their children.

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that mothers with somatisation disorder and their children interact differently than other mother–child pairs. This finding supports the theory for environmental influences in the development of this disorder.
Which family factors predict children's externalizing behaviors following discharge from psychiatric inpatient treatment?
Authors: Blader Joseph C.
Published: August 2006

Objective:  Parents’ behavior management practices, parental stress, and family environment are highly pertinent to children's conduct problems. Preadolescents’ psychiatric hospitalization usually arises because of severe conduct problems, so the relationships of family‐related variables to postdischarge functioning warrant investigation. This study examined postdischarge clinical course and select family factors to model outcomes via a) predictors measured at admission, b) predictors measured concurrently with outcome, and c) changes in predictor values from admission through follow‐up.

Method:  In a prospective follow‐up of 107 child psychiatry inpatients, caregivers completed rating scales pertaining to their child's behavior, parenting practices, parenting stress, caregiver strain, and their own psychological distress at admission and three, six, and 12 months after discharge.

Results:  The magnitude of reductions in parenting stress between admission and follow‐up bore the strongest relationship to improvements in externalizing behavior. The largest and most sustained decreases in externalizing behavior arose among youngsters whose parents reported high parenting stress at admission and low parenting stress after discharge. By contrast, children whose parents reported low parenting stress at admission and follow‐up showed significantly less postdischarge improvement. Parenting stress changes were not attributable to changes in behavioral symptoms. Parenting stress eclipsed relationships between behavior management practices and child outcomes, suggesting that parenting stress might have a mediational role.

Conclusions:  High initial parenting stress disposed to better outcomes over the year of follow‐up. Consistently low stress predicted less improvement. Higher stress at admission may imply more advantageous parent–child relationships or motivation for subsequent persistence with treatment. Interventions that ameliorate high stress may warrant further study. Low parenting stress might signify disengagement, or, alternatively, that parents of some chronically impaired children become rather inured to fluctuations in behavioral problems. If confirmed, further examination of these and other accounts for a relationship between low parenting stress and suboptimal child outcome seems warranted.
Army ant prey availability and consumption by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) at Gashaka (Nigeria)
Authors: Schöning C. , Ellis D. , Fowler A. , Sommer V.
Published: August 2006

Army ant predation by chimpanzees has been studied as an intriguing example of tool use and a possible case of cultural variation. However, the importance of army ant prey in chimpanzee diet and feeding ecology is still only poorly understood. We studied the availability and consumption of army ants in a population of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes vellerosus in Nigeria. Army ants were collected from nests and trails (workers) and near artificial light sources (males). Three potential prey species were found: Dorylus rufescens, Dorylus gerstaeckeri and Dorylus kohli. Dorylus rufescens was by far more abundant than the other two species. Only remains from D. rufescens were present in chimpanzee faeces. This is the first report of consumption of this ant species by chimpanzees. However, because of the low availability of the other two species, it is unclear whether this pattern reflects a preference for D. rufescens. Although D. rufescens' availability varied with weather conditions, the occurrence as well as the absolute and relative numbers of Dorylus fragments in faeces did not. This finding, together with the considerable difficulties encountered by human observers in their efforts to locate nests by following trails, suggests that the chimpanzees in this population do not harvest army ants from trails and do not use trails to locate nests. The overall occurrence of army ant fragments in 42.3% of all faecal samples is the highest ever recorded in any chimpanzee population. This indicates that in this chimpanzee population, army ant prey is not a fallback during periods of sparse availability of plant food, but quantitatively important throughout the year. Future studies will be needed to clarify which cues and strategies chimpanzees use to locate army ant nests and to assess the role of myrmecophagy with respect to macro‐ or micronutrient demands.
An experimental approach to modeling the strength of canine teeth
Authors: Freeman P. W. , Lemen C.
Published: August 2006

The strength of canine teeth in several carnivores is found through direct fracture experiments. The average forces required to break the canines of adult animals are coyote 1170 N, red fox 533 N, bobcat 737 N and raccoon 512 N. Stresses created in teeth at the breaking load are predicted by finite‐element analysis and beam theory. The ultimate tensile stress sustainable in these teeth is 338 MPa in adult animals. The large pulp cavity in the canines of young animals significantly weakens the bases of their teeth (by about 25%), but as the animal ages the pulp cavity decreases and has little effect on overall tooth strength. The tooth material of young of the year is significantly weaker than that from older animals (by about 35%). With the experimentally derived ultimate tensile stress, finite‐element analysis can estimate the breaking load of canines for several carnivores. A significant allometric relationship exists between log of body weight and log of strength of tooth (slope=0.81).
Cardiovascular pharmacology and physiology of the isoprostanes
Authors: Cracowski Jean‐Luc , Durand Thierry
Published: August 2006

F2‐isoprostanes are a complex family of compounds produced from arachidonic acid via a free radical‐catalyzed mechanism. Their quantification as a pathophysiological biomarker provides a unique opportunity to investigate lipid peroxidation in vascular diseases. Their measurement also provides an interesting biomarker for the rational dose selection of antioxidants in vascular diseases where oxidative stress might be involved. In addition to their use as biomarkers, some isoprostanes possess a biological activity. The 15‐series F2‐ and E2‐isoprostanes mediate vasoconstriction in different vascular beds and species. In addition, 15‐F2t‐IsoP induces smooth muscle cells mitogenesis and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The data available supports but does not prove the hypothesis that isoprostanes are involved in vascular physiology and pathogenesis.
The effect of positive end‐expiratory pressure ventilation on propofol concentrations during general anesthesia in humans
Authors: Takizawa Eri , Ito Naomi , Ishizeki Junko , Goto Fumio , Hiraoka Haruhiko , Takizawa Daisuke
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated the effects of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) on propofol concentrations in humans. Eleven patients undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, then maintained using 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen, fentanyl 10–20 μg/kg and continuous infusion of propofol. Vecuronium was used to facilitate the artificial ventilation of the lungs. Propofol was administered to all subjects via target‐controlled infusion to achieve a propofol concentration of 6.0 μg/mL at intubation and 2.0 μg/mL after intubation. Before, during and after PEEP level of 10 cmH2O, cardiac output (CO) and effective liver blood flow (LBF) was measured using indocyanine green as an indicator and blood propofol concentration was determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Data are expressed as median and range. After PEEP of 10 cmH2O was applied, CO and effective LBF was significantly decreased from 5.5 (3.8–6.8) L/min to 4.5 (3.2–5.8) L/min (P < 0.05), 0.78 (0.65–1.21) L/min to 0.65 (0.50–0.89) L/min (P < 0.05), respectively. Propofol concentration was significantly increased from 2.21 (1.46–2.63) μg/mL to 2.45(1.79–2.89) μg/mL (P < 0.05). These data indicate that propofol concentrations can be increased by PEEP, suggesting the possibility of overdosing following PEEP.
Alveolar Hemorrhage: An Underdiagnosed Complication of Treatment with Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
Authors: ISKANDAR SAID B. , KASASBEH EHAB S. , MECHLEB BASSAM K. , GARCIA ISRAEL , JACKSON ANN , FAHRIG STEPHEN , ALBALBISSI KAISS , HENRY PHILLIP D.
Published: August 2006

Objective: Alveolar hemorrhage (AH) is a rare complication of treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Hemoptysis, a constant sign, lacks in specificity, and may occur in confounding syndromes such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary infarction, and pneumonia. Nonspecific symptoms and signs often delay the diagnosis, thereby allowing serious or even fatal disease progression. Here, we performed a large‐scale retrospective analysis to define the incidence and risk factors of AH in the setting of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors therapy.

Background: Randomized controlled trials demonstrate that treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) inhibitors may improve the outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and angioplastic procedures. However, this treatment may rarely lead to severe hemorrhagic complications, in particular AH. Unfortunately, the incidence and risk factors of AH remain poorly defined.

Methods: We reviewed for the period extending from August 1998 to January 2005 consecutive histories of AMI patients receiving coronary arteriography and treatment with either eptifibatide or abciximab. Concomitantly admitted AMI patients not treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were reviewed and served as a control group. The diagnosis of AH required the demonstration of typical symptoms and signs including dyspnea, hemoptysis, arterial hypoxemia, pulmonary radiographic changes, and, when available, bronchoscopic signs for AH. Potential covariates including pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, smoking, and use of other anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents were evaluated.

Results: Six of 1,810 patients (0.33%) receiving eptifibatide and five of 3,648 patients (0.14%) receiving abciximab exhibited typical symptoms and signs of AH. Contrarily, only one of 4,136 patients (0.025%) receiving no GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors presented with similar symptoms and signs. There was no fatal outcome, though two patients required blood transfusions. Statistically significant differences were found between control patients and patients receiving eptifibatide alone (P = 0.004). There was also a significant difference between untreated patients and those receiving eptifibatide and abciximab (P = 0.017). No differences were found between eptifibatide and abciximab‐treated patients (P = 0.19) or between abciximab and untreated control patients (P = 0.105).

Conclusions: AH is a rare complication of treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Its incidence ranged from 0.14% in patients treated with abciximab to 0.33% in those receiving eptifibatide. Compared to a control group, patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors had a statistically increased risk for AH.
Learning Styles of Mexican Food Science and Engineering Students
Authors: Palou Enrique
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT:  People have different learning styles that are reflected in different academic strengths, weaknesses, skills, and interests. Given the almost unlimited variety of job descriptions within food science and engineering, it is safe to say that students with every possible learning style have the potential to succeed as food scientists and engineers. They may not be equally likely to succeed in school, however, since they respond differently to different instructional approaches and the predominant mode of instruction favors some learning styles over others. The goals of the study were to test the degree to which student performance and attitudes were consistent with expectations based on learning style theory and prior studies. The Index of Learning Styles© (ILS) was administered to several groups of undergraduate and graduate food science and engineering students taking different courses at the Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. Those courses were taught in a manner that emphasized active and cooperative learning as well as inductive presentation of course material. Visual, sensing, and active learning styles were displayed by the majority of students. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between males and females for the Sensing/Intuiting and Sequential/ Global dimensions of the Felder‐Silverman model. Type differences in various academic performance measures and attitudes were noted as students progressed through the curriculum. Observations were generally consistent with predictions of type and learning style theories, and the instructional approach improved the performance of ILS types (actives and sensors) found in previous studies to be disadvantaged in the science and engineering curricula.
Stress Response of Escherichia coli
Authors: Chung H.J. , Bang W. , Drake M.A.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: 
Escherichia coli encounter numerous different stresses during their growth, survival, and infection. These stresses are relevant to survival in foods and food processing environments. E. coli and other bacteria respond to stress conditions by activating small or large groups of genes under the control of common regulator proteins. Stress conditions result in the accumulation of these regulator proteins and subsequent transcription of many genes allows cells to cope with specific stress situations, conferring stress tolerance and survival. In addition, induced stress tolerance of cells is attributed to enhanced virulence and enhanced tolerance to other stresses (cross‐protection). In this review, regulation of stress and the stress tolerance response of E. coli to heat, acid, starvation, and cold stresses that are commonly used in food preservation and food production will be addressed. The effect of different stress on survival, adaptation, and cross‐protection of E. coli studied using laboratory media, and real foods will be briefly summarized. Finally, the relationship of stress response and subsequent virulence and cross‐protection will also be discussed.
In Vitro Propagation of Two Perkinsus spp. Parasites from Japanese Manila Clams Venerupis philippinarum and Description of Perkinsus honshuensis n. sp.
Authors: DUNGAN CHRISTOPHER F. , REECE KIMBERLY S.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT. Perkinsus species are destructive parasites of commercial Manila clams, Venerupis philippinarum, in Japan, Korea, and Spain. However, in vitro parasite cultures from this important host clam are not available. Tissues of Manila clams collected during April 2002 in Gokasho Bay, Japan harbored Perkinsus sp. parasites at a 97% prevalence (28/29) of moderate‐ and high‐intensity infections. Perkinsus sp. cells in tissue samples were enlarged in alternative Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium, before propagation in DME:Ham's F‐12 Perkinsus sp. culture medium. Enlarged parasite hypnospores zoosporulated at high frequencies to release motile zoospores, which gave rise to continuous schizogonic cell lines that also zoosporulated continuously at low frequencies. Four Perkinsus sp. in vitro isolates comprising two distinct morphotypes were cryopreserved, cloned, and archived for public distribution. For three isolates of one morphotype, nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region, of the large subunit rRNA gene, and of actin genes, were consistent with those reported for P. olseni. Similar sequences from one morphologically unique isolate differed from those of all described Perkinsus species. These results show that at least two Perkinsus spp. infect Japanese Manila clams, and that one represents a new species, Perkinsus honshuensis n. sp.
High‐Temperature Hydroxylation and Surface Corrosion of 2/1‐Mullite Single Crystals in Water Vapor Environments
Authors: Eils Nadine , Rüscher Claus H. , Shimada Shiro , Schmücker Martin , Schneider Hartmut
Published: August 2006

2/1‐mullite single crystal (001) plates with thicknesses between 0.9 and 1.9 mm were exposed for 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 h at 1670°C to a slowly flowing (100 mL/min) water‐rich gas mixture (O2/H2O 80/20). Under the given experimental conditions, 2/1‐mullite yielded significant amounts of structurally bound OH groups across the bulk and decomposition of the crystal surface on a micrometer scale. Decomposition products are (i) sodium‐containing silicon‐rich alumino silicate glass formed from melt and (ii) α‐alumina, which crystallizes within melt cavities. The crystal plates that are free of any OH absorption before the corrosion experiments show a steep increase in OH absorption intensity up to 3 h of corrosion and a flattening toward longer times of exposure. The evaluation of OH intensity profiles implies an effective diffusion coefficient DH in the range between 1.5 and 2.5 × 10−7 cm2/s.
Liberating Behavior from Time‐Bound Control: Expanding the Present Through Hypnosis1
Authors: Zimbardo Philip G. , Marshall Gary , Maslach Christina
Published: August 2006

Temporal perspective was experimentally manipulated by verbal instructions to expand the present while minimizing the significance of past and future. The reactions of trained hypnotic subjects to this induction were compared with hynotic simulators and nonsimulating controls. In a fourth group, time sense was made salient but no suggestion given to alter it. Across a variety of tasks, self‐report measures, and behavioral observations, this modification of the boundaries between past, present, and future resulted in profound consequences among the hypnotic subjects.

Changes in affect, language, thought processes, sensory awareness, and susceptibility to social‐emotional contagion, accompanied an expanded present orientation. Nonreactive measures distinguished simulators from hypnotic subjects who apparently were better able than control subjects to incorporate the induced time distortion and perceive it as a viable alternative to their traditional time perspective. Some implications of time as a pervasive, non‐obvious, independent variable in the social control of cognition and behavior are outlined.
Help, Likability, and Social Influence1
Authors: Morse Stanley J.
Published: August 2006

What factors affect an aid‐giver's perceived helpfulness and likeability and the amount of positive and negative social influence he is able to exert? In experiment I, subjects performing a difficult task expected or did not expect to receive help which they subsequently received or did not receive. No significant differences were found in reactions to the aid‐giver in the two expectancy confirmation conditions. However, reactions were markedly different in the two disconfirmation conditions‐very positive when unexpected help was received and very negative when expected help was not received. The two hypothesized main effects were found (p < .05) on the negative social influence, or counter‐conformity, measure. In experiment II, the perceived nature of the task was varied. Subjects received or did not receive unexpected help on a relatively unimportant task which yielded only extrinsic rewards or on an intelligence test which yielded only intrinsic, ego‐rewards. This time, social influence and counter‐conformity measures both showed predicted interaction effects (p < .05), while attitudinal measures did not.
Response to Bill of Rights Paraphrases as Influenced by the Hip or Straight Attire of the Opinion Solicitor1
Authors: Samuel William
Published: August 2006

A sample of 375 white middle class residents of suburban Sacramento was randomly distributed among 3 experimental conditions of exposure to paraphrases of the Bill of Rights. The paraphrases were in the form of letters to the “Subcommittee on Crime and Disorder” of the California State Senate. A far greater proportion of subjects would endorse a “negative”, somewhat authoritarian version of the Bill of Rights than would sign either a “real” paraphrase of the original text or a rather equivocal “wishy‐washy” bill. A minority of those shown the “real” bill would sign it. Solicitors dressed as “straights” were more likely to elicit signatures from subjects than were “hips”. The latter effect was observable, however, only for subjects in the negative and to a lesser extent the wishy‐washy bill conditions. When the “real” bill was presented the attire of the solicitor made no difference. While an alternative interpretation was viable, the results were explained in terms of reactance (Brehm, 1966) and Rokeach's (Rokeach & Mezei, 1966) hypothesis that liking is mediated by inferred congruity of beliefs.
Toward an Understanding of Family Planning Behaviors: An Initial Investigation1
Authors: Jaccard James J. , Davidson Andrew R
Published: August 2006

Based on a theoretical model developed by Fishbein (1972), a questionnaire was administered to 73 female college students to test the hypotheses that (1) behavioral intention (BI) to use birth control pills is a function of (a) one's attitude toward the act (A‐act) of using birth control pills and/or (b) one's normative beliefs weighted by one's motivation to comply with those perceived norms (ΣNB(Mc)); and (2) A‐act of using birth control pills is a function of (or is highly correlated with) the sum of one's beliefs about the consequences of using birth control pills times the evaluation of those beliefs (ΣBiai). In support of the hypotheses, (1) the multiple correlation between the two components of the model and BI was significant (R= 335, p < .01); and (2) the correlation between XBiui and A‐act was significant (r= .792, p < .01).
Attitude Similarity, Attraction, and Physical Proximity In a Dynamic Space1
Authors: Tesch Frederick E. , Huston Ted L. , Indenbaum Eugene A.
Published: August 2006

Previous research on physical proximity as an index of attraction based on attitude similarity has been limited to semifixed feature spaces. The present study tested the similarity‐proximity relationship in a dynamic space. Female subjects' attraction to a female confederate was manipulated by means of false attitude information. The subjects then briefly interacted with the confederate in a dynamic space. Subjects' spatial behaviors were not directly related to attitude similarity‐dissimilarity or to attraction. The implications of these findings for the generality of the similarity‐proximity relationship and for research on nonverbal communication are discussed.
Effects of Undergoing Arbitrary Discrimination Upon Subsequent Attitudes Toward a Minority Group1
Authors: Weiner Michael Jay , Wright Frances E.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the experiment was to test the hypothesis that having been both the object of prejudice and discrimination and the discriminator, a child will be less likely to hold prejudiced beliefs and exhibit discriminatory behavior toward a minority group. A 3rd‐grade class was randomly divided into Orange and Green people. On Day I, Orange children were “superior” and Green children were “inferior”. On Day II, statuses were rcvcrsed. On Day III and again 2 weeks later, the experimental class was significantly more likely to desire a picnic with a group of Black children and held less‐prejudiced beliefs when compared to the Control. The manipulation did not affect performance on Days I and II.
Perceiving Social Injustice: Observations on the Relationship Between Liberal Attitudes and Proximity to Social Problems
Authors: Rothbakt Myron
Published: August 2006

It was proposed that social injustice is more easily perceived in situations distant from self than in situations proximate to self. A corollary of this proposition, the Liberal Distance Function (LDF), was explored in the present research. Formally stated, the LDF proposes that the degree of favorable support for a social reform will increase as the distance between the subject and the locus of reform increases. Attitudes toward (a) a prison reform program and (b) a proposed public housing project were sampled from groups living at various distances from these projects. Predictions generated by the LDF were generally confirmed, with the groups most distant from the reforms being the most favorable toward these reforms. The implications of the present findings for predicting public reactions to social reform were briefly discussed, and it was argued that public response to reform proposals can be accurately gauged only when respondents can weigh realistically the expected costs and benefits of those reforms.
Behavioral Changes Associated with the Menstrual Cycle: An Experimental Investigation1
Authors: Zimmerman Ellen , Parlee Mary Brown
Published: August 2006

Fourteen female subjects were tested during the menstrual (days 1–4), follicular (days 6–12), luteal (days 17–21), and premenstrual (days 23–27) phases of their menstrual cycles. Of the tests used (arm‐hand steadiness, galvanic skin response to an auditory stimulus, reaction time ‐ simple and choice, time estimation, and digit‐symbol substitution), only arm‐hand steadiness showed statistically significant fluctuations over the course of the cycle. Daily self‐ratings of various symptoms and moods showed no significant changes when the appropriate statistical techniques were used; parametric techniques suggested fluctuations in reports of pain, bloatedness, hunger, hours of sleep, and pressure of immediate academic work.
On the Resolution and Tolerance of Cognitive Inconsistency in Another Naturally Occurring Event: Attitudes and Beliefs Following the Senator Eagleton Incident1
Authors: MacDonald A. P. , Majumder Ranjit K.
Published: August 2006

A lack of congruence between results of laboratory experiments and naturalistic observations of attitude change has been noted. Silverman's study of the Senator Edward Kennedy incident, however, produced results supportive of cognitive‐consistency theory. The present study of another “real‐world” event viz., the Senator Eagleton incident) also yields results supportive of cognitive‐consistency theory, and adds to the validity of Silverman's results. The fact that the two studies yield strikingly similar results, though the incidents and study samples differ, further attests to the utility of this kind of research.
Effects of Acute Experimental Crowding1
Authors: Epstein Yakov M. , Karlin Robert A.
Published: August 2006

Recent concern with population growth has begun to stimulate interest in the effect of crowding on humans. This report presents a model of crowding based on the concept of normative expectations concerning appropriate interaction distances. A study of acute experimental crowding was then conducted. Contrary to findings of prior research, the present study found that crowding produced arousal. Subsequent social behavior, however, was mediated by different sex‐specific group processes. In general, crowded male groups displayed a competitive, fragmented orientation, whereas crowded women formed cohesive, cooperative groups. Contrary to preliminary expectations, subjects were differentially effected by crowding based on their seating position in the crowded room.
Explicit and Implicit Persuasive Communications over Time To Initiate and Maintain Behavior Change: New Perspective Utilizing a Real‐life Dental Hygiene Situation1,2
Authors: Evans Richard I. , Rozelle Richard M. , Noblitt Robert , Williams Don L
Published: August 2006

Reacting to the failure of most persuasive communications to maintain behavior changes once they are established, in the context of junior high school dental hygiene programs, the present investigation explores the effects of behavioral measurement itself (as an unplanned treatment effect) in maintaining a specific behavior once it is established. Using a modified time‐series extension of a basic pretest‐treatment‐posttest design with a variety of treatment conditions and a novel behavior measure as the dependent variable, it was established that the process of measuring behavior itself was possibly as effective as treatment conditions. All conditions effected behavior changes and maintained them for a 10‐week period.
Liberation or Poverty? An Indirect Assessment of the Impact of Potential Future Events on Society
Authors: Salancik J. R
Published: August 2006

A methodology is proposed and tested which suggests that one can evaluate the potential impact of future decisions or events on various societal groupings (poor vs. rich; black vs. white) by correlating the values promoted by the event or decision with the values desired by the societal groupings. It is assumed that the correlation represents the potential value satisfaction of the event for the societal grouping. Nine judges were asked to rate the contributions of two events to 18 social values. The values of six societal income groupings from “Under $4,000” to “Over $15,000” (Rokeach & Parker, 1970) were correlated with the values judged to be promoted by the two events. One event suggested that U.S. monies be shifted from military spending to urban aid; as expected, the values promoted by this event were more highly correlated with those of lower income groups than with those of higher income groups. The second event suggested that women have equal opportunities in professional and managerial jobs; as expected, the values of higher income groups would be served more by this event than would the values of lower income groups. This study substantiates that the assessment methodology proposed is feasible, meaningful, and that raters make consensual and reliable judgments that discriminate the events as predicted. It was also found that the value‐satisfaction index is correspondent with the public opinions of societal groupings toward events similar to those used in this study.
Aggression and Heat: The Mediating Role of Negative Affect1
Authors: Bell Paul A. , Baron Robert A.
Published: August 2006

Sixty‐four undergraduate males received either very postive or very negative personal evaluations from an attitudinally similar or dissimilar stranger, and were then given an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Half were exposed to these stimuli under comfortably cool environmental conditions, while half were so treated under uncomfortably hot conditions. It was predicted that aggression toward the victim would increase as the degree of negative affect induced among subjects by the experimental conditions increased up to moderate levels, but that beyond this point, further increments in negative affect would actually tend to inhibit such behavior. A significant (p < .007) curvilinear relationship between negative affect and aggression supported these predictions, and suggested that such affect mediates the influence of high ambient temperatures on human aggression.
Environmental Influences on Aggression: The Effects of Darkness and Proximity of Victim
Authors: Page Richard A. , Moss Martin K.
Published: August 2006

It was hypothesized that darkness acts as a disinhibitor, and that subjects would deliver higher intensity shocks to a victim in a dimly lit setting than in a brightly lit setting. It was also predicted that this effect would be greater when subject and victim were in close proximity than when they were isolated from each other. The results supported these predictions. It was suggested that lighting may have important effects on social behaviors, and that further research on the influences of lighting on human behavior is needed.
Communication Patterns in an International Student Dormitory: A Modification of the “Small World” Method1
Authors: BOCHNER STEPHEN , Buker Eloise A. , McLeod Beverly M.
Published: August 2006

Milgram's “small world” method was modified to trace communication patterns in an international student dormitory containing 500 residents from 38 different countries. Eighteen residents served as “starters” for chain‐booklets that circulated through the dormitory from friend to friend. Social networks were inferred from the circulation pattern of booklets. Sixteen chains progressed beyond their respective starters, and a total of 86 transactions were recorded. Four determinants of social relations were investigated: culture similarity, sex, organizational affiliation, and residential propinquity. The circulation pattern of the booklets showed that culture similarity was a major determinant of social interaction among the residents. The other main determinant was sex similarity. Organizational affiliation was less important, and proximity played only a minor role in determining communication patterns in the dormitory.
Individual and Group Decisions in Response to a Mock Trial: A Methodological Note1
Authors: McGuire Mary V. , Bermant Gordon
Published: August 2006

An audiovisual slide‐show presentation of a murder trial was used to examine the effects of group deliberations on juror's responses. Sex of defense attorney and race of defendant were systematically varied in the mock trial. Verdicts were assessed immediately following the trial presentation (before group deliberations) and immediately following group deliberations. Neither sex nor race significantly affected distributions of individual juror's predeliberation verdicts. Following group deliberations, however, an effect of attorney's sex emerged in both jury (group) verdicts and in individual, postdeliberation verdicts. Jurors in the male defense attorney conditions were more likely to vote not guilty following deliberations than were jurors in the female defense attorney conditions. This effect is discussed in terms of group shift.