bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pasta‐to‐Water Ratio, Hotplate Surface Temperature, and Beaker Material Affect Pasta Cooking Time and Cooked Quality
Authors: de la Peña Elena , Wiesenborn Dennis P. , Manthey Frank A.
Published: February 2014

Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of hotplate surface temperature (250, 300, 350, and 400°C), pasta‐to‐water ratio, and beaker material (glass versus stainless steel) on the final quality of cooked spaghetti. In all the experiments, 13, 20, 27, 33, and 48 g of pasta were cooked and its final quality measured as cooking loss, cooked weight, and cooked firmness. Cooking time was greater when cooked at 250 than 400°C, with 48 than 13 g of pasta, and with a glass than with a stainless steel vessel. Cooking loss, cooked weight, and cooked firmness were greater when cooked at 400 than 250°C, with 13 than 48 g of pasta, and with a stainless steel than with a glass vessel. Evidence of the effects of hotplate surface temperature, pasta‐to‐water ratio, and beaker material on pasta cooking time and cooked quality suggests that these parameters should be addressed in AACC International Approved Method 66‐50.01.
Diversity in the erg27 Gene of Botrytis cinerea Field Isolates from Strawberry Defines Different Levels of Resistance to the Hydroxyanilide Fenhexamid
Authors: Amiri Achour , Peres Natalia A.
Published: February 2014

The hydroxyanilide (Hyd) fenhexamid has played a major role in gray mold management in Florida strawberry fields since 2000. Recent monitoring of the sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to fenhexamid indicated that resistance has emerged. In this study, mutations in the target gene erg27 encoding the 3-keto reductase enzyme were investigated and the shift in fenhexamid sensitivity over time was evaluated in 630 isolates collected between 2005 and 2013 from locations sprayed with different spray programs. Overall, 227, 155, 48, and 200 isolates were sensitive (HydS), had reduced sensitivity (HydR2), or were moderately (HydR3−) and highly (HydR3+) resistant, respectively. Analysis of complete sequences of the erg27 gene from 70 isolates revealed seven and five mutations and one deletion in the HydR3− and HydR3+ isolates, respectively, at eight and five different codons, respectively. In addition to the three mutations (F412S, -I, and -V) reported previously at codon 412, two new mutations from glycine to arginine at codon 170 (G170R, two isolates) and from alanine to glycine at codon 210 (A210G, eight isolates) were detected for the first time in HydR3+ isolates from Florida. These isolates were not controlled on detached fruit sprayed with the recommended field rate of fenhexamid, whereas all HydS, HydR2, and HydR3− isolates were controlled on detached fruit. Overall, there was no clear correlation between the spray frequency of fenhexamid and the frequency of resistant phenotypes. This study provides an overview of the current distribution of erg27 genotypes in Florida and will serve as a baseline for future studies on shifts in population diversity and resistance. The frequency of fenhexamid-resistant populations has increased progressively in different strawberry fields but has not reached a plateau yet, indicating that the effective life of fenhexamid could be extended if appropriate rotation and management strategies are implemented. Sensitivity to other sterol biosynthesis inhibitors is discussed.
A Study of the Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Disease in Argentina
Authors: Bertani R. P. , Perera M. F. , Arias M. E. , Luque C. , Funes C. , González V. , Cuenya M. I. , Ploper L. D. , Welin B. , Castagnaro A. P.
Published: February 2014

Yellow leaf disease, caused by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), is widespread around the world but very little information is available on this viral disease in Argentina. Therefore, the aims of the study were to assess the presence of SCYLV, analyze its distribution in the main sugarcane production areas of Argentina, characterize the virus, and determine histological alterations caused by its presence. For this purpose, 148 sugarcane samples with and without symptoms were collected in 2011 and 2012 from the province of Tucumán. One additional sample was collected in Salta, a different geographical, agroecological, and producing region. Results showed that SCYLV is widely distributed in commercial varieties of sugarcane throughout Tucumán in both symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves. A low but statistically significant positive correlation with virus detection and disease symptoms was found. BRA-PER was the only genotype detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the SCYLV capsid protein gene. SCYLV-positive samples showed high starch levels in bundle sheath cells, whereas the asymptomatic ones, probably in an early stage of infection, were found to contain more chloroplasts. Symptomatic noninfected samples presented crystal formation probably associated with phytoplasma infection.
Root Cause Analysis of Ambulatory Adverse Drug Events That Present to the Emergency Department
Authors: Gertler Sarah A. , Coralic Zlatan , López Andrea , Stein John C. , Sarkar Urmimala
Published: February 2014

Background

Adverse drug events (ADEs) among patients self-administering medications in home/community settings are a common cause of emergency department (ED) visits, but the causes of these ambulatory ADEs remain unclear. Root cause analysis, rarely applied in outpatient settings, may reveal the underlying factors that contribute to adverse events.

Study Objectives

To elicit patient and provider perspectives on ambulatory ADEs and apply root cause analysis methodology to identify cross-cutting themes among these events.

Methods

Emergency department clinical pharmacists screened, identified, and enrolled a convenience sample of adult patients 18 years or older who presented to a single, urban, academic ED with symptoms or diagnoses consistent with suspected ADEs. Semistructured phone interviews were conducted with the patients and their providers. We conducted a qualitative analysis. We applied a prespecified version of the injury prevention framework (deductive coding), identifying themes relating to the agent (drug), host (patient), and environment (social and health systems). These themes were used to construct a root cause analysis for each ADE.

Results

From 18 interviews overall, we identified the following themes within the injury prevention framework. Agent factors included high-risk drugs, narrow therapeutic indices, and uncommon severe effects. Host factors included patient capacity or understanding of how to use medications, awareness of side effects, mistrust of the medical system, patients with multiple comorbidities, difficult risk-benefit assessments, and high health-care users. Environmental factors included lack of social support, and health systems issues included access to care, encompassing medication availability, access to specialists, and a lack of continuity and communication among prescribing physicians. Root cause analysis revealed multiple underlying factors relating to agent, host, and environment for each event.

Conclusion

Patient and physician perspectives can inform a root cause analysis of ambulatory ADEs. Such methodology may be applied to understand the factors that contribute to ambulatory ADEs and serve as the formative work for future interventions improving home/community medication use.
Rapid Learning of Adverse Medical Event Disclosure and Apology
Authors: Raemer Daniel B. , Locke Steven , Walzer Toni Beth , Gardner Roxane , Baer Lee , Simon Robert
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Despite published recommended best practices for full disclosure and apology to patients and families after adverse medical events, actual practice can be inadequate. The use of “cognitive aids” to help practitioners manage complex critical events has been successful in a variety of fields and healthcare. We wished to extend this concept to disclosure and apology events. The aim of this study was to test if a brief opportunity to review a best practice guideline for disclosure and apology would improve communication performance.

Methods

Thirty pairs of experienced obstetricians and labor nurses participated in a 3-part exercise with mixed-realism simulation. The first part used a standardized actor patient to meet the obstetrical team. The second part used a high-fidelity simulation leading to an adverse medical event (retained sponge), and the third part used standardized actors, patient, and husband, who systematically move through stages of grief response. The participants were randomized into 2 groups, one was provided with a cognitive aid in the form of a best practice guideline for disclosure and apology and the other was only given time to plan. Four blinded raters working in pairs scored subjects on a 7-point scale using a previously developed assessment instrument modified for this study.

Results

Pooled ratings of the disclosure and apology discussion for the intervention group (n = 167, mean = 4.9, SD = 0.92) were higher than those from the control group (n = 167, mean = 4.3, SD = 1.21) (P < 0.0001). One specific element was rated higher for the intervention group than the control group; posture toward the patient (n = 27, mean = 5.1, SD = 0.82 versus n = 28, mean = 4.3, SD = 1.33) (P = 0.020). The elements of dealing with anger, dealing with depression, dealing with denial, bargaining, and acceptance were not different.

Conclusions

Experienced practitioners performed better in a simulated disclosure and apology conversation after reviewing a cognitive aid in the form of a best practice guideline than a control group that was only given time to prepare.
Associations of Injurious Falls and Self-Reported Incapacities: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: French Dustin D. , Margo Curtis E. , Tanna Angelo P. , Volpe Nicholas J. , Rubenstein Laurence Z.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To determine the associative value of selected questions from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for screening adults older than 18 years at risk of injurious falls.

Methods

Data from adults 18 years of age and older were extracted from the NHIS for 2011 relevant to an injurious fall within the preceding year. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine associations of self-reported injurious falls with key social-demographic, health, and physical function variables. Outcomes were reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Self-reported injurious fall within the preceding year was associated with difficulty climbing 10 steps without special equipment (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.32–4.46), loss of dependence for an activity of daily living (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.17–2.91), pain in legs and below the knees (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.23–2.30), and moderate visual impairment (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18–2.15). Women were at greater risk than men and those aged 75 years and older (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.02–2.09).

Conclusions

A subset of the NHIS questions are positively associated with injurious falls in the previous 12 months and may be of use in identifying adults at greater risk of future falls. The NHIS questions may serve to identify persons in need of targeted preventive services.
Seonamhaeicola aphaedonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat sediment
Authors: Park Sooyeon , Won Sung-Min , Park Doo-Sang , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: February 2014

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, AH-M5T, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment at Aphae Island in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain AH-M5T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain AH-M5T clustered coherently with the type strains of

Mangrovimonas yunxiaonensis

and

Meridianimaribacter flavus

, showing 93.4–94.3 % sequence similarity. The novel strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of less than 93.4 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain AH-M5T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain AH-M5T containing phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid as major components was differentiated from those of the type strains of

Mangrovimonas yunxiaonensis

and

Meridianimaribacter flavus

. The DNA G+C content of strain AH-M5T was 34.8 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, demonstrated that strain AH-M5T is distinguished from

Mangrovimonas yunxiaonensis

and

Meridianimaribacter flavus

. On the basis of the data presented, strain AH-M5T is considered to represent a novel genus and species within the family

Flavobacteriaceae

, for which the name Seonamhaeicola aphaedonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is AH-M5T ( = KCTC 32578T = CECT 8487T).
On a solution of the biodiversity paradox and a competitive coexistence principle
Authors: Kalmykov Lev V. , Kalmykov Vyacheslav L.
Published: February 2014

The biodiversity paradox is the central problem in theoretical ecology. The paradox consists in the contradiction between the competitive exclusion principle and the observed biodiversity. This contradiction is the key subject of the long-standing and continuing biodiversity debates. The paradox impedes our insights into biodiversity conservation. Previously we proved that due to a soliton-like behaviour of population waves complete competitors can indefinitely coexist in one closed homogeneous habitat on one and the same limiting resource under constant conditions of environment, without any trade-offs and cooperations. As this fact violates the known formulations of the competitive exclusion principle we have reformulated the principle. Here we explain why this reformulation of the principle results in a solution of the biodiversity paradox. In addition, we generalize the competitive exclusion principle. Reasoning by contradiction, we formulate a generalized principle of competitive coexistence. These principles expand theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
Cyanobacterial Phytochrome2 Regulates the Heterotrophic Metabolism and Has a Function in the Heat and High-Light Stress Response
Authors: Schwarzkopf Manti , Yoo Yong Cheol , Hückelhoven Ralph , Park Young Mok , Proels Reinhard Korbinian
Published: February 2014

Cyanobacteria combine the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in one membrane system, the thylakoid membrane. This feature requires an elaborate regulation mechanism to maintain a certain redox status of the electron transport chain, hence allowing proper photosynthetic and respiratory energy metabolism. In this context, metabolic adaptations, as seen in the light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions, are particularly challenging. However, the molecular basis of the underlying regulatory mechanisms is not well-understood. Here, we describe a function of cyanobacterial phytochrome2 (Cph2), a phytochrome of the cyanobacterial model system Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, in regulation of the primary energy metabolism. When cells are shifted from photoautotrophic planktonic growth to light-activated heterotrophic growth and biofilm initiation, knockout of Cph2 results in impaired growth, a decrease in the activity of Glc-6-P dehydrogenase, a decrease of the transcript abundance/activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase, and slower phycocyanin degradation. Measurements of the plastoquinone reduction confirm an impaired heterotrophic metabolism in the cph2 knockout. When cells that were adapted to heterotrophic metabolism are shifted back to light conditions, the knockout of Cph2 results in an altered photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve, which is indicative of an impaired redox balance of the electron transport chain. Moreover, Cph2 plays a role in the heat and high-light stress response, particularly under photomixotrophic conditions. Our results show a function of Cph2 in the adaptation of the primary energy metabolism to changing trophic conditions. The physiological role of Cph2 in biofilm formation is discussed.
Stomatal Size, Speed, and Responsiveness Impact on Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency
Authors: Lawson Tracy , Blatt Michael R.
Published: February 2014

The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and bulk atmosphere by stomata governs CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration, determining plant productivity and water use efficiency. The balance between these two processes depends on stomatal responses to environmental and internal cues and the synchrony of stomatal behavior relative to mesophyll demands for CO2. Here we examine the rapidity of stomatal responses with attention to their relationship to photosynthetic CO2 uptake and the consequences for water use. We discuss the influence of anatomical characteristics on the velocity of changes in stomatal conductance and explore the potential for manipulating the physical as well as physiological characteristics of stomatal guard cells in order to accelerate stomatal movements in synchrony with mesophyll CO2 demand and to improve water use efficiency without substantial cost to photosynthetic carbon fixation. We conclude that manipulating guard cell transport and metabolism is just as, if not more likely to yield useful benefits as manipulations of their physical and anatomical characteristics. Achieving these benefits should be greatly facilitated by quantitative systems analysis that connects directly the molecular properties of the guard cells to their function in the field.
A tale of hydrogen abstraction, initially detectedviaX-ray diffraction
Authors: Hui Alice K. , Chen Chun-Hsing , Terwilliger Adam M. , Lord Richard L. , Caulton Kenneth G.
Published: February 2014

Reaction of a bis-tetrazinyl pyridine pincer ligand, btzp, with a vanadium(III) reagent gives not a simple adduct but dichlorido{3-methyl-6-[6-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl-κN2)pyridin-2-yl-κN]-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-1-yl-κN1}oxidovanadium(IV) acetonitrile 2.5-solvate, [V(C11H10N9)Cl2O]·2.5CH3CN, a species which X-ray diffraction reveals to have one H atom added to one of the two tetrazinyl rings. This H atom was first revealed by a short intermolecular N...Cl contact in the unit cell and subsequently established, from difference maps, to be associated with a hydrogen bond. One chloride ligand has also been replaced by an oxide ligand in this synthetic reaction. This formula for the complex, [V(Hbtzp)Cl2O], leaves open the question of both ligand oxidation state and spin state. A computational study of all isomeric locations of the H atom shows the similarity of their energies, which is subject to perturbation by intermolecular hydrogen bonding found in X-ray work on the solid state. These density functional calculations reveal that the isomer with the H atom located as found in the solid state contains a neutral radical Hbtzp ligand and tetravalentd1V center, but that these two unpaired electrons are more stable as an open-shell singlet and hence antiferromagnetically coupled.
A novel two-dimensional cobalt(II) complex composed of one-dimensional twisted pair-like chains: poly[[tetraaquabis(μ3-pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylato-κ4N,O2:O5:O5′)dicobalt(II)] dihydrate]
Authors: Hou Qing-Biao , Chen Li-Juan , Guo Jing , Lin Shen
Published: February 2014

A novel neutral polymer, {[Co2(C7H3NO4)2(H2O)4]·2H2O}n, was hydrothermally synthesized using pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (2,5-PDC2−) as the organic linker. It features a two-dimensional layer structure constructed from one-dimensional {[Co(2,5-PDC)2]2−}nchains interlinked by [Co(H2O)4]+units. The two CoIIcations occupy special positions, sitting on inversion centres. Each 2,5-PDC2−anion chelates to one CoIIcationviathe pyridine N atom and an O atom of the adjacent carboxylate group, and links to two other CoIIcations in a bridging modeviathe O atoms of the other carboxylate group. In this way, the 2,5-PDC2−ligand connects three neighbouring CoIIcentres to form a two-dimensional network. The two-dimensional undulating layers are linked by extensive hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular structure, with the uncoordinated solvent molecules occupying the interlamellar region.
The bimolecular structure of aquahexa-μ-chlorido-μ4-oxido-tris(tetrahydrofuran-κO)tetracopper(II)–hexa-μ-chlorido-μ4-oxido-tetrakis(tetrahydrofuran-κO)tetracopper(II)–tetrahydrofuran (2/1/4)
Authors: Wheeler Kraig A. , Helgren Travis R. , Clayton Thomas W.
Published: February 2014

The title bimolecular structure, [Cu4Cl6O(C4H8O)3(H2O)]2[Cu4Cl6O(C4H8O)4]·4C4H8O, at 100 K has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry. The structure contains nine symmetry-independent molecules expressed in simplest molecular form as 6[Cu4Cl6O(C4H8O)3(H2O)·2(C4H8O)]:3Cu4Cl6O(C4H8O)4. The compound exhibits a supercell (smaller than the unit cell based on weak reflections) structure due to pseudotranslational symmetry. The structure displays O—H...O hydrogen bonding between bound water ligands and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent molecules. The structure exhibits disorder for 12 of the THF molecules, of which seven are ligated to Cu and five are hydrogen bonded to H2O ligands.
The effects of labor and delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes in term twins: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wenckus DJ , Gao W , Kominiarek MA , Wilkins I
Published: February 2014

Objective

To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in twins undergoing a trial of labor versus pre‐labor caesarean.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

19 US hospitals from the Consortium on Safe Labor.

Population

Of 2225 twin sets ≥36 weeks' gestation.

Methods

Maternal (abruption, estimated blood loss, postpartum haemorrhage, transfusion, chorioamnionitis, hysterectomy, ICU admission, death) and neonatal outcomes (birth injury, 5‐minute Apgar <7, NICU admission, RDS, TTN, sepsis, asphyxia, NICU length of stay, death) were compared between the trial of labour and pre‐labour caesarean groups with univariate and multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses. Similar analyses were performed for actual delivery modes.

Main outcome measures

Maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Results

Among the 2225 twin sets, 1078 had a trial of labour, and 65.9% of those delivered vaginally. There was an increased risk for postpartum haemorrhage [OR 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.5] and blood transfusion (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.2–3.2) for the trial of labour compared with pre‐labour caesarean groups. Birth injury only occurred in the trial of labour group, 1% Twin A, 0.4% Twin B. Both twins had a higher risk of 5‐minute Apgar <7 with trial of labour compared to pre‐labour caesarean (A: OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.05–14.5; B: OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.3–12.3).

Conclusion

Term twins undergoing a trial of labour have increased maternal haemorrhage and transfusions along with neonatal birth trauma and lower Apgar scores, but these absolute neonatal occurrences were rare. Trial of labour in twins remains a safe and reasonable option in appropriately selected cases.
Survival of lung cancer patients in a resource‐limited country
Authors: How Soon Hin , Ng Teck Han , Kuan Yeh Chunn , Jamalludin Abdul Rahman , Fauzi Abdul Rani
Published: February 2014

Aim

Data on lung cancer survival are lacking in developing countries. Our objectives were to describe the survival of our lung cancer patients and to determine independent prognostic factors affecting survival.

Method

All patients diagnosed with lung cancer from August 2007 to August 2010 were recruited from a single referral hospital of the state of Pahang, Malaysia. Detailed demographic data, ECOG (Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group) performance status, stage of disease and treatment were recorded. The date of histology or cytology confirmation was used as the date of entry. Survival time was calculated from the date of entry to the date of death.

Results

One hundred forty‐nine patients were included for survival analysis. The median age was 62 years and patients were predominantly males (78%) and smokers (78%). The majority had non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (94%); only six patients (4%) had small cell lung cancer. All patients presented with stage 3 or stage 4 disease. Overall median survival was 18 weeks. “No definitive treatment” and “ECOG 3–4” were the significant independent predictors of death, with the hazard ratios of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 3.0) and 1.6 (95% CI 1.1, 2.3) times, respectively. Among NSCLC patients on treatment, 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 27% and 15%, respectively.

Conclusion

The majority of lung cancer patients in Pahang presented with advanced disease. No definitive treatment and ECOG 3–4 were independent poor prognostic factors.
Multiplexed immunoglobulin E sensitization in relation to exhaled nitric oxide in a population sample of children
Authors: Yao T.‐C. , Tsai H.‐J. , Tu Y.‐L. , Chang S.‐W. , Hua M.‐C. , Liao S.‐L. , Tsai M.‐H. , Chiu C.‐Y. , Lai S.‐H. , Yeh K.‐W. , Huang J.‐L. ,   the PATCH study group
Published: February 2014

This study investigated the relationship between the specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) profile for 40 allergens using a novel microarray technique (BioIC) and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in a population sample of 1321 children. Significant positive associations were found between FeNO and sensitization to mites (P < 0.001), animals (P = 0.001), cockroaches (P < 0.001), and foods (P = 0.042), and furthermore, between FeNO and the number of sensitizations (all P < 0.05) or the sum of specific IgE (all P ≤ 0.01) against the aforementioned allergen categories. Specifically, sensitization to the following allergens was significantly related to higher FeNO: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farina, Blomia tropicalis, cat, German cockroach, Oriental cockroach, codfish, crab, shrimp, and cheese (all P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, IgE sensitization to mites, pets, cockroaches, seafood, and cheese, respectively, is significantly associated with elevated FeNO levels in a dose‐dependent fashion in children. Our results provide new evidence that sensitization to certain food allergens may contribute to prompt inflammation in the airways.
A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Archaeometric Study of Pozzolanic Aggregate in Roman Mortars: The Case of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy)
Authors: Belfiore C. M. , Fichera G. V. , La Russa M. F. , Pezzino A. , Ruffolo S. A. , Galli G. , Barca D.
Published: February 2014

This contribution focuses on the study of historical mortars from a Roman archaeological site known as Villa dei Quintili, a monumental villa located in the south‐eastern part of Rome (Italy). The study was carried out on 38 mortar samples, collected from several edifices within the complex. A multi‐analytical approach, including polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive system and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was used to analyse the pozzolanic material used for the preparation of mortars. Data obtained on both major and trace elements were compared with the compositions of Pozzolana Rossa, Pozzolana Nera and Pozzolanella samples from the Alban Hills volcanic district, collected from a historic quarry nearby, as well as with literature data. The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to recognize the use of all three pozzolan types for the aggregate fraction of examined mortars from the Villa dei Quintili.
Children's racial bias in perceptions of others' pain
Authors: Dore Rebecca A. , Hoffman Kelly M. , Lillard Angeline S. , Trawalter Sophie
Published: February 2014

Previous research indicates that American adults, both Black and White, assume a priori that Black people feel less pain than do White people (Trawalter, Hoffman, & Waytz, 2012, PLoS One, 7[11], 1–8). The present work investigates when in development this bias emerges. Five‐, 7‐, and 10‐year‐olds first rated the amount of pain they themselves would feel in 10 situations such as biting their tongue or hitting their head. They then rated the amount of pain they believed two other children – a Black child and a White child, matched to the child's gender – would feel in response to the same events. We found that by age 7, children show a weak racial bias and that by age 10, they show a strong and reliable racial bias. Consistent with research on adults, this bias was not moderated by race‐related attitudes or interracial contact. This finding is important because knowing the age of emergence can inform the timing of interventions to prevent this bias.
Spatial and Cellular Characterization of mTORC1 Activation after Spinal Cord Injury Reveals Biphasic Increase Mainly Attributed to Microglia/Macrophages
Authors: Kjell Jacob , Codeluppi Simone , Josephson Anna , Abrams Mathew B.
Published: February 2014

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an intracellular kinase complex that regulates energy homeostasis and transcription. Modulation of mTORC1 has proven beneficial in experimental spinal cord injury, making this molecular target a candidate for therapeutic intervention in spinal cord injury. However, both inactivation and activation of mTORC1 have been reported beneficial for recovery. To obtain a more complete picture of mTORC1 activity, we aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal activation pattern of mTORC1 and identify activation in particular cell types after contusion spinal cord injury in rats. To be able to provide a spatial characterization of mTORC1 activation, we monitored activation of downstream target S6. We found robust mTORC1 activation both at the site of injury and in spinal segments rostral and caudal to the injury. There was constitutive mTORC1 activation in neurons that was biphasically reduced caudally after injury. We found biphasic mTORC1 activation in glial cells, primarily activated microglia/macrophages. Furthermore, we found mTORC1 activation in proliferating cells, suggesting this may be a function affected by mTORC1 modulation. Our results reveal potential windows of opportunity for therapeutic interference with mTORC1 signaling and immune cells as targets for inhibition of mTORC1 in spinal cord injury.
Taming the adolescent mind: a randomised controlled trial examining clinical efficacy of an adolescent mindfulness‐based group programme
Authors: Tan Lucy , Martin Graham
Published: February 2014

Background

Mindfulness interventions with adolescents are in the early stages of development. This study sought to establish efficacy of a mindfulness‐based group intervention for adolescents with mixed mental health disorders.

Method

One hundred and eight adolescents (ages 13–18) were recruited from community mental health clinics and randomised into two groups (control vs. treatment). All participants received treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) from clinic‐based therapists independent of the study. Adolescents in the treatment condition receivedTAUplus a 5‐week mindfulness‐training programme (TAU+Mi); adolescents in the control group received onlyTAU. Assessments including parent/carer reports were conducted at baseline, postintervention and 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

At postintervention, adolescents in the mindfulness condition experienced significant decrease in mental distress (measured with theDASS‐21) compared to the control group (Cohen'sd = 0.43), and these gains were enhanced at 3‐month follow‐up (Cohen'sd = 0.78). Overall outcomes at 3 months showed significant improvement for adolescents in the mindfulness condition; in self‐esteem, mindfulness, psychological inflexibility and mental health, but not resilience. Parents/carers also reported significant improvement in their adolescent's psychological functioning (using theCBCL). Mediation analyses concluded mindfulness mediated mental health outcomes.

Conclusions

Increase in mindful awareness after training leads to improvement in mental health and this is consistent with mindfulness theory. The mindfulness group programme appears to be a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach for clinic‐based adolescents with mental health problems.
Potential cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against clinically relevant mycobacteria
Authors: Flores-Moreno K , Celis-Meneses J S , Meneses-Ruiz D M , Castillo-Rodal A I , Orduña P , Montiel B A , López-Vidal Y
Published: February 2014

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTb). In 2011, global mortality due to tuberculosis was 1·4 million individuals. The only available vaccine is the attenuated M. bovis [bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)] strain, which confers variable protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. Some widely distributed non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), such as M. avium and M. arupense, are also potential pathogens for humans. This work aimed to produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies against the M. bovis BCG Mexico strain of the MTb, M. avium subs. hominissuis and the M. arupense strain from NTM. Hybridomas were produced from splenocytes of BALB/c female mice immunized with radiation-inactivated mycobacteria, and the immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a antibody-producing clones with the highest antigenic recognition were selected. The selected clones, Mbv 2A10 for M. bovis BCG Mexico, Mav 3H1 for M. avium and Mar 2D10 for M. arupense, were used in further studies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immune proteomics analyses characterized the clones as having the highest cross-reactivity with mycobacteria. Using mass spectrometry, a number of proteins recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) clones were identified. These proteins had roles in metabolic processes, hypoxia, cell cycle and dormancy. In addition, a Clustal W and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) in-silico analysis was performed in protein sequences that result in the conserved regions within probability epitopes that could be recognized for Mbv2A10 and Mav3H1 clones.
The Friend leukaemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) transcription factor affects lupus nephritis development by regulating inflammatory cell infiltration into the kidney
Authors: Sato S , Zhang X K
Published: February 2014

The transcription factor Friend leukaemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus in both human patients and murine models of lupus. Murphy Roths large (MRL)/lpr mice and New Zealand mixed (NZM)2410 mice, murine models of lupus, with decreased expression of Fli-1 had significantly prolonged survival and reduced nephritis. Lupus nephritis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients, and inflammatory cell infiltration plays a key role in the development of the disease. To study how the expression of Fli-1 affects the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the kidneys, we generated congenic enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic MRL/lpr mice. A significantly increased number of GFP-expressing inflammatory cells infiltrated the kidneys of wild-type MRL/lpr mice compared to Fli-1 heterozygous (Fli-1+/−) MRL/lpr mice after injection of GFP+ cells. Expression of inflammatory chemokine mRNA, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, was significantly lower in the kidneys from Fli-1+/−MRL/lpr mice compared to wild-type littermates. Numbers of infiltrated cells into the kidneys correlate with expression levels of CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5, but not the titres of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in these mice. Significantly increased inflammatory cells from wild-type MRL/lpr mice infiltrated into kidneys compared to the cells from Fli-1+/−MRL/lpr mice. The chemotaxis of inflammatory cells from Fli-1+/−MRL/lpr mice towards each chemokine was decreased significantly compared to inflammatory cells from wild-type MRL/lpr mice in the transwell migration assay in vitro. Our results indicate that Fli-1 affects lupus nephritis development by regulating the expression of chemokines in the kidney and the migration of inflammatory cells.
Desialylation of dying cells with catalytically active antibodies possessing sialidase activity facilitate their clearance by human macrophages
Authors: Tomin A , Dumych T , Tolstyak Y , Kril I , Mahorivska I , Bila E , Stoika R , Herrmann M , Kit Y , Bilyy R
Published: February 2014

Recently we reported the first known incidence of antibodies possessing catalytic sialidase activity (sialidase abzymes) in the serum of patients with multiple myeloma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These antibodies desialylate biomolecules, such as glycoproteins, gangliosides and red blood cells. Desialylation of dying cells was demonstrated to facilitate apoptotic cell clearance. In this study we assessed the possibility to facilitate dying cell clearance with the use of F(ab)2 fragments of sialidase abzymes. Two sources of sialidase abzymes were used: (i) those isolated from sera of patients with SLE after preliminary screening of a cohort of patients for sialidase activity; and (ii) by creating an induced sialidase abzyme through immunization of a rabbit with synthetic hapten consisting of a non-hydrolysable analogue of sialidase reaction conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Antibodies were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, protein-G affinity chromatography and size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC). Effect of desialylation on efferocytosis was studied using human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), both viable and aged, as prey, and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMa). Treatment of apoptotic and viable prey with both disease-associated (purified from blood serum of SLE patients) and immunization-induced (obtained by immunization of rabbits) sialidase abzymes, its F(ab)2 fragment and bacterial neuraminidase (as positive control) have significantly enhanced the clearance of prey by macrophages. We conclude that sialidase abzyme can serve as a protective agent in autoimmune patients and that artificial abzymes may be of potential therapeutic value.
Luteal phase dynamics of follicle‐stimulating and luteinizing hormones in obese and normal weight women
Authors: Roth Lauren W. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Bradshaw‐Pierce Erica L. , Lesh Jennifer , Chosich Justin , Kohrt Wendy , Bradford Andrew P. , Polotsky Alex J. , Santoro Nanette
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Female obesity is a state of relative hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The aim of this study is to examine gonadotrophin secretion and response to gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and to investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of endogenous and exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) in obese women.

Design

Participants underwent a luteal phase frequent blood sampling study. Endogenous LH pulsatility was observed, gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) was given in two weight‐based doses, and GnRH antagonist was administered followed by recombinant LH.

Patients

Regularly menstruating obese (n = 10) and normal weight (n = 10) women.

Measurements

Endogenous hypothalamic‐pituitary function (as measured by LH pulsatility), pituitary sensitivity (GnRH‐induced LH secretion), pharmacodynamics of endogenous LH and pharmacokinetics of exogenous LH were compared between the obese and normal weight groups.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in endogenous LH pulsatility or pituitary responses to two weight‐based doses of GnRH between the obese and normal weight women. There were no differences in the pharmacodynamics of endogenous LH or the pharmacokinetics of exogenous LH between the groups. FSH dynamics did not differ between the groups throughout the study.

Conclusions

The relative hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism of obesity cannot be explained by differences in LH and FSH luteal phase dynamics or differences in endogenous LH pharmacodynamics or exogenous LH pharmacokinetics.
Japanese guidelines for fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: Putting into practice
Authors: Matsui Makoto , Shimizu Yuko , Doi Hikaru , Tomioka Ryo , Nakashima Ichiro , Niino Masaaki , Kira Jun‐ichi
Published: February 2014

Fingolimod functions as a modulator of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptors expressed on the surface of T and B lymphocytes, leading to their internalization. Loss of S1P receptors results in sequestration of central memory T cells enriched by Th17 cells in lymph nodes. After successful treatment of an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), clinical trials of oral fingolimod in patients with relapsing‐remitting MS showed a 60% reduction in the annualized rate of relapse. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved fingolimod as a first‐line drug for MS treatment in 2010, and data have been accumulated thereafter. However, MS experts recommend that the drug should remain as a second‐line option, because the long‐term risks for infection and malignancy have not been fully elucidated. Also, because of different genetic backgrounds, Asian MS patients might require special attention regarding other infectious agents and secondary cancer as compared with those reported in Caucasian patients. Furthermore, some Japanese patients who developed severe symptoms were later shown to be positive for the anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody. In addition, reports of some Western MS patients have noted worsening after initiation, as well as discontinuation of fingolimod treatment. Finally, the optic spinal type of MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are more prevalent in Asian than Western countries. Thus, establishment of criteria for determining which Asian MS patients would benefit from fingolimod treatment is mandatory.
Clinical features of Japanese myasthenia gravis
Authors: Suzumura Akio
Published: February 2014

A nationwide multicenter analysis of Japanese patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) is reported in this issue by Murai et al. (Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2014; 5(1) 84–91. The study has revealed the characteristics of three subgroups of Japanese MG; early onset, late onset and thymoma‐associated MG.
Position and practical use of fingolimod in Europe
Authors: Comi Giancarlo
Published: February 2014

Approval of fingolimod in 2011 heralded the era of oral therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) in the European Union. Uptake of fingolimod across Europe was widespread, even though its indication was predominantly second‐line; that is, for patients with a lack of response to interferon beta or those with highly active relapsing–remittingMS(RRMS). Safety concerns raised with the European Medicines Agency culminated in the revision of the European Union labeling for first‐dose management in 2012. However, in addition to evidence from the pivotal clinical trials, cumulating real‐world fingolimod experience in Europe provides reassurance on its safety and efficacy. Studies show that switching to fingolimod from approved first‐line injectable therapies is beneficial for patients who might otherwise switch to another interferon beta or glatiramer acetate. Furthermore, in several recent European studies of patients who switched to fingolimod from natalizumab, disease control was improved compared with drug withdrawal and no immunomodulatory treatment, or withdrawal and first‐line treatment, including the Disease Control and Safety in Patients withRRMSSwitching from NatalizumabTO FINGOlimod (TOFINGO) study, which supported a shorter washout period before switching. The safety profile shown in clinical trials is supported by post‐marketing observations; any first‐dose effects on heart rate are managed easily, and severe complications as a result of herpes viral infections are rare. The use of newer oral drugs remains a key topic of discussion, in light of the recognized importance of an early shift of suboptimal responders to another therapy. The information on fingolimod summarized in the present review may contribute to define its role further in RRMS treatment in Europe.
Effects of sea surface warming on marine plankton
Authors: Lewandowska Aleksandra M. , Boyce Daniel G. , Hofmann Matthias , Matthiessen Birte , Sommer Ulrich , Worm Boris
Published: February 2014

Ocean warming has been implicated in the observed decline of oceanic phytoplankton biomass. Some studies suggest a physical pathway of warming via stratification and nutrient flux, and others a biological effect on plankton metabolic rates; yet the relative strength and possible interaction of these mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we implement projections from a global circulation model in a mesocosm experiment to examine both mechanisms in a multi‐trophic plankton community. Warming treatments had positive direct effects on phytoplankton biomass, but these were overcompensated by the negative effects of decreased nutrient flux. Zooplankton switched from phytoplankton to grazing on ciliates. These results contrast with previous experiments under nutrient‐replete conditions, where warming indirectly reduced phytoplankton biomass via increased zooplankton grazing. We conclude that the effect of ocean warming on marine plankton depends on the nutrient regime, and provide a mechanistic basis for understanding global change in marine ecosystems.
Stance phase kinematics and kinetics of horses trotting over poles
Authors: Clayton H. M. , Stubbs N. C. , Lavagnino M.
Published: February 2014

Reason for performing study

Trotting over poles is frequently used therapeutically to restore swing phase ranges of joint motion. It is not known whether ground reaction forces (GRFs) increase as the swing phase limbs are lifted higher to clear the poles. HigherGRFsmight be painful or jeopardise healing of musculoskeletal injuries.

Objectives

To measure stance phase kinematics andGRFsin the forelimbs and hindlimbs of horses trotting on level ground, over low poles and over high poles, and to test the hypothesis that trotting over poles is associated with increases in peakGRFsand impulses in the supporting hindlimb and forelimb compared with trotting over level ground.

Study design

Repeated measures experimental study on horses with normal gait.

Methods

Kinematic andGRFdata were collected from 8 horses trotting on level ground under 3 conditions performed in random order: no poles, low (11 cm) poles and high (20 cm) poles spaced 1.05 ± 0.05 m apart. Spatiotemporal and angular kinematic variables andGRFswere measured during stance. Comparisons among conditions were made using repeated measuresANOVA(P<0.05) with Bonferroni correction forpost hoctesting.

Results

The onlyGRFcomponent that increased when trotting over poles was peak forelimb brakingGRF. Forelimb vertical and braking impulses increased and the transverse impulse changed from medially to laterally directed. Extension of the metatarsophalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints did not change.

Conclusions

The fact that peak vertical forces and extension of the metatarsophalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints did not increase when trotting over poles suggests that loading of the musculoskeletal tissues is comparable with that associated with trotting on level ground in horses with symmetrical movement at trot. The findings support the use of trot poles during rehabilitation from lameness in horses that move symmetrically. The generation of laterally directed forelimb transverse forces suggests that trotting over poles may recruit the forelimb adductor musculature.