bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O Rei Pasmado e a Rainha Nua: o cinema como fonte para a história da educação
Authors: Itoda Érica Myeko Ohara , Periotto Marcília Rosa
Published: January 2017

O estudo traz uma análise histórica e filosófica do filme O Rei Pasmado e a Rainha Nua (1991), cujo enredo se baseia no livro Crónica del Rey Pasmado, do escritor espanhol Gonzalo Torrente Ballester. O propósito da análise justifica-se com a narrativa do filme encadeado às questões históricas do século XVII, época em que se ambienta a trama. Tais aspectos direcionam as ações e a compreensão de mundo das personagens, colocando em relevo a conexão que mantém com a história da educação na medida em que a nova época produzia os conteúdos educativos necessários ao processo transformador em curso. Os diálogos e ações das personagens são explicados pelos argumentos da patrística e pelo pensamento filosófico universal, presente nos  séculos XVI e XVII. As concepções de mundo e o embate que o processo histórico e científico percorreu para o desenvolvimento das ciências naturais e, por conseguinte, estabelecimento da prática capitalista, se evidencia como uma discussão que se efetivou não apenas pelos intelectuais da época, mas também na prática diária, íntima e geral, da nobreza, do clero e do povo em geral. Por conta disso, as transformações se referem à forma educativa da sociedade em questão, fato contributivo à História da Educação.
A política educacional nos governos do PT: continuidades ou descontinuidades em relação aos do PSDB?
Authors: Davies Nicholas
Published: January 2017

Este texto pretende examinar semelhanças e diferenças das políticas educacionais dos governos federais do PT de 2003 a 2014 e do PSDB de 1995 a 2002 e conclui que são muito similares. Uma semelhança ocorre no ensino superior, com o incentivo à privatização por meio de programas como o FIES, o PROUNI e a conversão de dívidas de instituições privadas em bolsas, porém uma diferença é a política de cotas, adotada pelos governos do PT. Outro ponto em comum foi a virtual monopolização pelo governo federal de medidas que afetaram a educação nos Estados e prefeituras, que não foram sequer consultados. Outra semelhança foi a adoção de políticas de avaliação em larga escala com o objetivo declarado de contribuir para a melhoria de um tipo limitado de qualidade, cujo efeito tem sido responsabilizar quase exclusivamente as escolas e os professores e eximir os governantes pela qualidade do ensino. Uma diferença significativa foi a regulamentação do piso salarial nacional para profissionais do magistério.
Cultura escolar e cultura urbana na Salvador do pós-abolição, 1888-1906.
Authors: Cavalcante Ian Andrade
Published: January 2017

Este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir com reflexões acerca da relação entre a cultura escolar e a cultura urbana, na cidade do Salvador no período em destaque. É fruto de pesquisas voltadas para a produção da dissertação de mestrado em Educação, intitulada: “Pela instrucção dos filhos do povo”: escolarização e cultura escolar na Salvador do pós-abolição. Por meio de uma gama diversificada de fontes, incluindo bibliografia especializada, dados censitários, legislação do período, periódicos e jornais, começamos por analisar a cultura urbana na Salvador de fins do século XIX e começo do século XX. Procuramos ressaltar a cena urbana da cidade do Salvador e sua relação com a instrução pública, priorizando a questão racial e a agência dos sujeitos sociais históricos que conquistaram sua emancipação no ano de 1888. Por último demos destaque às diferentes versões sobre a escolarização durante os anos de 1888 e 1906, analisando os interesses e conflitos entre os diferentes agentes históricos envolvidos nesse processo histórico. Procuramos dar voz à professores, inspetores de ensino, delegados escolares, e cruzar esta à legislação do período e aos embates e ajustes entre a cultura escolar e a cultura urbana da capital baiana.
Intelectuais, memória e política
Authors: Saviani Dermeval
Published: January 2017

Este artigo aborda a relação entre intelectuais, memória e política começando pelo esclarecimento do conceito de intelectual em sentido amplo e, traçando um esboço histórico da emergência da função intelectual, esclarece o sentido estrito do conceito de intelectual. A partir daí caracteriza o significado político e a condição histórico-social dos intelectuais, mostra a relação entre intelectuais e memória coletiva encaminhando, por fim, a questão da criação de intelectuais orgânicos de um novo tipo.
História da educação na Bahia: notas preliminares para a compreensão do tradicionalismo na educação brasileira
Authors: Casimiro Ana Palmira Bittencourt Santos , Ferreira Paula Ruas , Santos Daniella Miranda , Silveira Camila Nunes Duarte , Almeida Maria Cleidiana Oliveira de
Published: January 2017

O presente estudo aponta acontecimentos referentes à expansão do Império Português, à sua situação econômica, administrativa, e situação política frente a outros países da Europa e, neste âmbito, também, acontecimentos pedagógicos e educativos, levando em conta que o que acontecia na Bahia, capital da Colônia, acontecia, também, em menor escala, no âmbito do território brasileiro, colonizado pelos portugueses. Sob uma perspectiva histórica e dialética, continuamos pesquisas anteriores acrescentamos novos dados em torno da educação brasileira, categorizando varias faces da educação no Brasil Colônia.  Mediante uma coleta conjunta de um grupo de pesquisa, transitamos por quase três séculos de educação, considerando o início da História da Educação Colonial com a chegada dos primeiros jesuítas, junto com a expedição de Tomé de Sousa, em 1549, e o final com a chegada de D. João VI, em 1808. Do início da colonização até a consolidação do Brasil como nação, período que compreende os séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, a história nos aponta modelos diferenciados de educação, segundo os agentes envolvidos, segundo o lugar social de cada educando, enfim, segundo as circunstâncias. A educação, mais intencional, se dava nos colégios e nas missões. Acontecia também, de modo mais informal, nas senzalas, nas casas das famílias e em alguns organismos sociais, como irmandades, ordens terceiras paróquias e corporações de ofício. Finalizamos, reafirmando que, para conhecer a educação daquela época, envolvida em tantas facetas, carece conhecer um pouco mais os aspectos econômicos, políticos, administrativos, sociais, culturais, religiosos, o pensamento pedagógico e a ação educativa do Brasil colonial.
A educação na Bahia: percurso histórico da educação na Região Cacaueira
Authors: Assis Raimunda Alves Moreira de
Published: January 2017

O texto aborda o debate ocorrido em uma Mesa Redonda sobre a “História da Educação na Bahia, promovido pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas “História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil” (HISTEDBR), Secção-BA, na X Jornada Nacional, intitulada “História da Educação: intelectuais, memória e política”, ocorrido na Universidade  Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, Campus  de Vitória da Conquista, entre os dias 26 e 29 de  julho  de 2011. O estudo apresenta apontamentos sobre variados aspectos que caracterizaram a organização e funcionamento do ensino na região. O caminho investigativo para a reflexão é respaldado numa análise de  bases sócio-histórica e, como metodologia recorreu a pesquisa bibliográfica e  análise documental de fontes primárias, por meio de leituras de jornais e atas do Conselho Municipal no período de 1906 a 1945, sob a guarda do Arquivo Publico Municipal de Itabuna. A presente investigação demonstrou que a educação da região, no período em estudo, destinava-se a pequena parcela da população, os filhos dos coronéis, que detinha alto poder aquisitivo. E as crianças  das classes populares ficavam sem estudar porque dependiam de algumas Instituições da sociedade civil como Rotary Clube, Maçonaria que passaram a construir escolas, assumindo o papel do Estado.
História e historiografia da educação – a Bahia e suas conexões com os estudos regionais e nacionais
Authors: Menezes Jaci Maria Ferraz de
Published: January 2017

Este texto busca discutir o tema História e historiografia da Educação no Brasil e na Bahia. Tomamos como questão principal a seguinte: Teriam os estudos sobre História da Educação começado, no Brasil, com a implantação da pós-graduação?   Ficariam de fora de nosso esforço de análise a produção de pesquisadores e organismos de pesquisa públicos e privados, tais como o INEP, o  Centro Brasileira de Pesquisas Educacionais, com sua rede de Centros Regionais que a ele eram ligados, o IPEA, a Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Ciência na Bahia (FDCBa), a Fundação CPE e o Instituto Anísio Teixeira, entre tantos outros? Fizemos anteriormente esta reflexão sobre História e Historiografia da Educação em momentos anteriores;  tanto no Encontro de Pesquisa em Educação das regiões Norte Nordeste de 2007 em Salvador como no III Encontro Norte Nordeste de História da Educação, realizado em 2010 em Salvador. Nestes dois momentos, nos debruçamos sobre a relação entre questões de pesquisa e metodologias utilizadas para enfrentá-las; e no segundo, a reflexão sobre o nosso fazer, no Grupo Memória e na  REDEMEMO, para enfrentar a questão do trato de uma documentação de referência sobre Educação na Bahia. Concluímos que nosso entendimento de que a pesquisa sobre História da Educação na Bahia – e no Brasil – não começa nem se esgota com as Universidades e seus Programas de pós-Graduação.  Centros diversos de pesquisa e pesquisadores diversos produziram e ajudaram a construir este conhecimento.
Currículo de história: experiência, concepções e prática docente
Authors: Tavares Eleuza Diana Almeida , Pina Maria Cristina Dantas
Published: January 2017

Este texto analisa as concepções de professores de história sobre seu ofício, particularmente suas ideias sobre história, conhecimento escolar e currículo, com objetivo de entender as conexões entre essas concepções e sua prática em sala de aula. Colocando em diálogo, a partir das falas dos professores, as relações entre as regulações ordenadoras do currículo e o ensino para o gerenciamento da vida. A escolha desses três conceitos deve-se a sua intrínseca relação quando se perscruta sobre o ensino de história e o currículo prescrito, uma vez que a concepção sobre o conceito de história, conhecimento escolar e currículo embasam e filtram a recepção que fazem os professores das ordenações curriculares resultados da intervenção do Estado, na construção de sua prática docente.
Editorial
Authors: Pina Maria Cristina Dantas , Santos Wilson da Silva
Published: January 2017

A Revista HISTEDBR online apresenta neste número, na parte inicial, um conjunto de artigos que abordam vários temas, entre eles: história da educação brasileira; mudança na universidade; comercialização da ciência; políticas educacionais; educação popular; pedagogia histórico-crítica; Igreja Católica; cultura escolar; docência; memória; identidade.A segunda parte apresenta um dossiê com textos resultantes da X Jornada do HISTEDBR "História da Educação: intelectuais, memória e política” realizada na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia - UESB, entre os dias 26 e 29 de julho de 2011, com apoio do Grupo de estudos e pesquisas História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil-HISTEDBR - UNICAMP, Museu Pedagógico - UESB, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC, Universidade do Estado da Bahia – UNEB, Universidade Federal da Bahia – UFBA.
Assessment Results and Reflections of Some Eggplant Breeding Projects Performed in Turkey
Authors: Boyaci H. Filiz , Gumrukcu Emine , Unlu Abdullah , Ellialtioglu S. Sebnem , Abak Kazım
Published: January 2017

Eggplant is a widely grown species among the Solanaceous crops in both greenhouses and the open field, consumed throughout all the year, it is very popular in Turkey. Eggplant breeding programs were carried out for improving open pollinated varieties launched for the public sector in the earlier 1960’s. Many important open pollinated varieties which still maintains its importance today by the growers were developed. Hybrid eggplant breeding studies were first conducted at the Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) with the breeding project given support by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Breeding studies focused on yield, fruit quality, and the development of long F1 hybrid varieties suitable for growing protected cultivation, parthenocarpy, and biotic (Fusarium and Verticillium) stress resistance/tolerance. Resistance sources of Fusarium ox. sp. melongenae and its inheritance against had been investigated and a genetic linkage map has been constructed. Several projects, supported by both public and private sectors, have been carried out for twenty years. As an outline of the projects, four F1 hybrids were developed and about 300 disease resistant inbred lines were transferred to special seed companies supporting the project financially. Additionally, a study was performed on morphologic and molecular characterization, and phylogenetic relationship of local genotypes. Also, considerable scientific publications were produced from these studies and shared by both scientists and breeders.
Promoting Self-Learning in Developing Communication Skills of Technical Students
Authors: Pratibha M.
Published: January 2017

The importance of communication skills and its research is recognized throughout the world. Self learning is one such option to improve communication skills. The goal of the present study is discussing the significance of self learning and some of its tools in developing communication skills of technical students. At present self-learning is limited to which activities and skills and where and how can we extend and promote self learning in technical colleges is mentioned. These self learning tools include: reading, note taking, note making, conversation, watching educational videos, video recording, MALL, CALL, and socialization. The relevant literature support and researcher’s personal experience in different technical colleges is added.
Energy Consumption with Fountain Codes and Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Survey & Analysis‎
Authors: Belabed Fatma , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: January 2017

Energy is the most important and crucial issue in the wireless sensor networks since the entire sensor nodes are battery powered devices. As a result, energy efficiency and prolonging network lifetime are a challenge. In order to increase the lifetime of the battery-based sensing nodes, it is essential to minimize the consumed energy in the sensing process. With this objective, specific erasure codes called fountain codes are introduced. Fountain codes' performances can be further improved if they are merged with the strategy of grouping sensor nodes into clusters. In order to reach the energy minimization and network lifetime prolonging, the first step, is to completely know the sources of energy consumption. In this paper, sources of energy consumption with various techniques used have been studied and investigated. Furthermore, a survey has been provided for the energy consumption model by using these two techniques. 
Current Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter Baumannii from Intensive Care Units of Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Ali Ishrat Irfan , Khan Irfan Ali , Munir Muhammad Kashif , Rasool Sheikh Ajaz
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Purpose:  To determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from ICU’s of tertiary care hospital in Karachi.

Study Design:  A case control study.

Methods:  Three hundred and fifteen clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii collected from different ICUs were evaluated during 1 year period. The isolates were identified by morphology, growth and biochemical characteristics, susceptibility to a panel of anti-microbial agents in disc diffusion assay and molecular characterization by PCR using glt A and gyr B genes.

Results:  94% of Acinetobacter spp were detected as multi drug resistant (MDR) and sensitive to Polymixin B only. About 6% Acinetobacter spp were also MDR but sensitive to Polymixin B, Meropenem and Salbactum + Cefoperazone. All tested isolates exhibited differing resistance representation, as establish by medium incorporation – replica method, against different tested antibiotics, as follows: Amoxicillin – Cal-vulanic acid, Tazobactam, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Meropenem, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Chlo-ramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole, Tobramycin, Salbactam, Cefoperazone, Gentamicin and Amikacin. All the isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were PCR positive for glt A and gyr B.

Conclusions:  Acinetobacter baumannii is the most frequently isolated and alarming pathogen in the health care system specifically for the patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Its survival in hospital environment is because of tolerance the antibiotics and antiseptic pressures. Multi drug resistance made this pathogen the lethal pathogen of this century to infect debilitated patients. There is a strict need to monitor the surveillance of global clones at institutional and or intra-institutional level for accurate treatment, precise prevention and batter control.
Comparison of Treatment with Titanium Elastic Nail Versus AO – Dynamic Compression Plate for Femoral Shaft Fractures in Children
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Khalid Omer , Haq Usman -ul- , Siddiq Abu Baker
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background:  Femur fractures are among the commonest pediatric injuries. Until recent past, traction and hip spica were the standard treatment for all femoral shaft fractures which required long duration of hospitalization. The management of femoral shaft fractures in children above the age of six years has evolved more towards operative approaches in the last two decades to minimize the post plaster complications i.e. decrease in incidence of malunion, short hospital stay, better nursing care and early ambulation. Recently, a variety of therapeutic alternatives such as intramedullary nailing and dynamic compression plating have become available to decrease impairment, increase convenience and decrease cost of care.

Objective:  To compare the results of fracture shaft of femur in children (6 to 12 years of age) treated with Titanium Elastic Nail vs. AO – Dynamic Compression Plate fixation.

Methods:  This prospective, comparative and interventional study was carried out in the department of orthopedic surgery, PGMI Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. A total of 64 patients were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into 2 groups of 32 patients each. In Group-A patients were treated with Titanium Elastic Nail and in Group – B patients were treated with AO – Dynamic Compression Plate fixation. Sample selection was done by using a pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables of interest were duration of operation, Infection, Limb Length discrepancy, Angulation, Time of union and implant failure. Patients were followed up from 2nd week till 24th week respectively. SPSS was used for data entry and analysis.

Results:  Age range of patients was 6 – 12 years. Male patients were 51 and 13 patients were female. Eleven patients had Proximal 1/3, 45 mid shaft fracture and 8 distal 1/3 fracture. Mean operative time for DCP was 53.28 minutes and for elastic intramedullary nailing was 29.91 minutes. None of the patients in both treatment groups had limb length discrepancy. Infection and implant failure rate were the same in both treatment groups. Union was rapid till 8th week in Group-A patients after 8th week both treatment groups had equal union rate.

Conclusion:  Union was achieved in all cases in both groups. Angulation, Infection and implant failure was not seen in any of the patients in both treatment gro-ups. An earlier union of bone was earlier in Group-A (Elastic Intramedullay Nail) patients as compared to Group-B (DCP).
Key Words:  AO – DCP, Titanium Elastic Nail, Pediatric Mid Shaft Femur, Infection, Union.
Punjab Healthcare Commission’s Regulation of General Practitioners of Allopathic Medicine
Authors: Momina Ain -ul- , Anwar Sumair , Tarin Ehsanullah
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background:  Ever since inception, allopathic medicine has increasingly been practiced all over the world including Pakistan. However, a significant proportion of practitioners are unqualified quacks. In order to curb quackery and assure the provision of quality healthcare by clinics and other healthcare establishments the Punjab Government established Punjab Healthcare Commission. How far this body has achieved its objectives?

Methods:  A qualitative study was conducted for responding to the research question. Participants were drawn purposefully representing stakeholders, including general practitioners of allopathic medicine, association of general practitioners, academy of family physicians, and Punjab Healthcare Commission. Inter-views held were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, followed by coding and generation of themes.

Results:  The study yielded themes: protection of the rights of patients and practitioners; vague registration process; stakeholders’ (mis) understanding that PHC was using registration and licensing as a mean for revenue generation; regulating general practitioners of allopathic medicine was promoting quackery; and that under the circumstances achieving quality in health-care was a farfetched idea.

Conclusion:  It is early to gauge the impact of PHC, which has a gigantic agenda. Yet, while there are signs it is achieving objectives, there is a need for PHC to improve its communication strategy and broaden stakeholders’ base. Furthermore, while defining regulatory strategies, socioeconomic inequalities should be factored in. Since, without this being considered, no systemic level reform will be sustainable, yielding optimum results and paying dividends for a longer timeframe.

Key Words:  General Practitioners, Regulation, Litigation, Quality of Care. Health Service Delivery.
Gene Xpert MTB / RIF – Diagnostic Role in Tuberculous Pleurisy
Authors: Ch Muhammad Khalid , Saeed Muhammad Saqib , Iqbal Rizwan , Ali Akhtar
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background:  Tuberculous pleurisy is a common extrapulmonary manifestation and is second to tuberculous lymphadenitis. Due to its paucibacillary in origin, its diagnosis is a challenge. Furthermore, it is also complicated by the emergence of MDR. Gene Xpert MTB/RIF is a new rapid promising innovation for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and its resistance to Rifampicin, giving result within two hours.

Objective:  To evaluate the diagnostic role of Gene Xpert MTB/RIF in suspected cases of tuberculous pleurisy.

Study Design:  Cross sectional study.

Study Setting:  Institute of Chest Medicine Mayo Hospital – a Tertiary Care Hospital affiliated with King Edward Medical University, Lahore.

Methodology:  The study group, one hundred (M-60 and F-40) cases having exudative, predominantly lymphocytic pleural effusion with strong suspicion of tuberculous in origin were enrolled randomly for Gene Xpert MTB / RIF.

Results:  Among one hundred study cases, Gene Xpert detected mycobacterium tuberculosis in 12(12%) cases [M-8 (13.3%) and F-4 (10%)]. Resistance to Rifampacin was detected in 6 (6%) cases [M-2 (3.3%) and F-4 (10%)].

Conclusion:  Gene Xpert MTB/RIF is a useful new rapid promising technique to diagnose tuberculous pleurisy. Although at present it has limited availability and utility.

Key Words:  Gene Xpert. MTB – Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RIF – Rifampacin. TB – Tuberculosis. MDR – Multidrug resistance.
Association of Hyperglycemia with In-Hospital Mortality in Septicemia
Authors: Afzal Muhammad Naeem , Khan Asim , Ali Syed Waqas , Ahmad Nisar , Sohail Muhammad Sajid , Ali Waqar , Qureshi Irshad Hussain
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Objective:Â Â ToÂ documentÂ associationÂ ofÂ hyper-glycemiaÂ withÂ mortalityÂ inÂ septicemicÂ patients.

Methods:Â Â AfterÂ approvalÂ fromÂ departmentalÂ reviewÂ committee,Â thisÂ retrospectiveÂ comparativeÂ studyÂ wasÂ conductedÂ fromÂ theÂ chartÂ reviewÂ ofÂ 197Â medicalÂ filesÂ ofÂ patientsÂ withÂ primaryÂ diagnosisÂ ofÂ bacterialÂ sepsisÂ admittedÂ inÂ aÂ medicalÂ unitÂ ofÂ departmentÂ ofÂ InternalÂ Medicine,Â KingÂ EdwardÂ MedicalÂ UniversityÂ LahoreÂ fromÂ OctoberÂ 2012Â toÂ SeptfemberÂ 2013.Â SepsisÂ wasÂ definedÂ asÂ byÂ internationalÂ sepsisÂ definitionsÂ conferenceÂ criteriaÂ 2001.Â â€œDiabeticsâ€Â wereÂ evidentÂ fromÂ history;Â theÂ termÂ nondiabeticÂ wasÂ usedÂ forÂ theÂ rest.Â HighestÂ bloodÂ sugarÂ valueÂ recordedÂ duringÂ admissionÂ withÂ OptiumÂ XceedÂ glucometerÂ wasÂ usedÂ forÂ analysis.Â MeanÂ bloodÂ sugarÂ ofÂ dischargedÂ andÂ deceasedÂ patienswereÂ comparedÂ (t-test),Â mortalityÂ ofÂ diabeticÂ andÂ non-diabeticÂ patientsÂ wasÂ comparedÂ byÂ frequencyÂ ofÂ hyper-glycemiaÂ (â‰¥Â 200Â mg/dl)Â byÂ chi-squareÂ test.Â SSPSÂ vers-ionÂ 20Â wasÂ used.Â AÂ p-valueÂ <Â 0.05Â wasÂ consideredÂ significant.

Results:Â Â MeanÂ ageÂ ofÂ patientsÂ wasÂ 59.8Â years,Â 92Â (46.7%)Â males,Â andÂ 105Â (53.3%)Â wereÂ females.Â MeanÂ bloodÂ sugarÂ wasÂ highÂ inÂ knownÂ diabeticsÂ (314Â Â±Â 129Â mg/dl),Â andÂ non-diabeticsÂ (210Â Â±Â 109Â mg/dl).Â HigherÂ meanÂ bloodÂ sugarÂ wasÂ significantlyÂ associatedÂ withÂ mortalityÂ inÂ femalesÂ (pÂ =Â 0.032);Â trendÂ towardssignificanceÂ wasÂ foundÂ inÂ non-diabeticÂ femalesÂ (pÂ =Â 0.065).Â AssociationÂ ofÂ mortalityÂ inÂ relationÂ toÂ hyperglycemiaÂ (BloodÂ sugarÂ â‰¥Â 200Â mg/dl),Â wasÂ foundÂ significantÂ inÂ wholeÂ studyÂ groupÂ (pÂ =Â 0.038);Â sub-analysisÂ revealedÂ prominentÂ associationÂ inÂ non-diabeticsÂ (pÂ =Â 0.027),Â andÂ femalesÂ (pÂ =Â 0.04).

Conclusion:Â Â DespiteÂ certainÂ limitationsÂ ofÂ thisÂ study,Â hyperglycemiaÂ (bloodÂ sugarÂ >200Â mg/dl)Â mayÂ beÂ aÂ badÂ prognosticÂ markerÂ inÂ septicemicnondiabeticÂ femaleÂ population;Â theyÂ needÂ specialÂ attentionÂ forÂ earlierÂ andÂ aggressiveÂ treatment.
Knowledge and Perception of Hand Hygiene among House Officers in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Afzal Muhammad Faheem , Shafiq Amna , Afzal Muhammad Naeem , Chishti Akmal Laeeq , Hanif Asif
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background:Â Â HandÂ hygieneÂ isÂ oneÂ ofÂ theÂ primaryÂ measuresÂ toÂ reduceÂ healthÂ careÂ associatedÂ infectionsÂ (HCAIs).Â ThereÂ isÂ aÂ needÂ toÂ exploreÂ theÂ conceptÂ ofÂ handÂ hygieneÂ amongÂ theÂ medicalÂ graduates.

Objective:Â Â ToÂ assessÂ theÂ knowledgeÂ andÂ perceptionÂ ofÂ handÂ hygieneÂ amongÂ houseÂ officersÂ inÂ aÂ tertiaryÂ healthÂ careÂ centre.

PatientsÂ andÂ Methods:Â Â ThisÂ crossÂ sectionalÂ surveyÂ wasÂ conductedÂ inÂ theÂ departmentsÂ ofÂ Paediatrics,Â InternalÂ Medicine,Â SurgeryÂ andÂ ObstetricsÂ /Â Gynaecology,Â inÂ affiliatedÂ hospitalsÂ ofÂ KingÂ EdwardÂ MedicalÂ UniversityÂ /Â MayoÂ Hospital,Â LahoreÂ fromÂ OctoberÂ toÂ DecemberÂ 2015.Â WorldÂ HealthÂ Organizationâ€™sÂ validatedÂ handÂ hygieneÂ knowledgeÂ andÂ perceptionÂ questionnaireÂ wasÂ used.Â AÂ totalÂ ofÂ 100Â freshÂ medicalÂ graduates,Â whoÂ passedÂ theirÂ MBBSÂ inÂ MarchÂ â€“Â AprilÂ 2015,Â workingÂ asÂ houseÂ officersÂ wereÂ includedÂ inÂ theÂ studyÂ byÂ non-probabilityÂ convenientÂ sampling.Â TheÂ dataÂ wereÂ enteredÂ inÂ SPSSÂ 20Â forÂ statisticalÂ analysis.Â ChiÂ squareÂ testÂ wasÂ usedÂ forÂ comparison.

Results:Â Â OfÂ 100Â houseÂ officersÂ approached,Â 67Â participatedÂ inÂ thisÂ study.Â OnlyÂ 20Â (29%)Â hadÂ receivedÂ formalÂ trainingÂ inÂ handÂ hygieneÂ andÂ 40Â (59%)Â practicedÂ routineÂ useÂ ofÂ alcoholÂ handÂ rub.Â TheÂ studyÂ didÂ notÂ documentÂ satisfactoryÂ levelÂ ofÂ knowledgeÂ regardingÂ handÂ hygiene.Â Overall,Â 27Â (40.3%)Â houseÂ officersÂ hadÂ correctÂ knowledgeÂ ofÂ mainÂ routeÂ ofÂ transmissionÂ ofÂ potentialÂ harmfulÂ germs,Â whileÂ 23Â (34.3%)Â houseÂ officersÂ hadÂ correctÂ knowledgeÂ ofÂ mainÂ sourceÂ ofÂ germsÂ inÂ HCAI.Â Only,Â 41Â (61.2%)Â houseÂ officersÂ correctlyÂ knewÂ ofÂ 20Â secondsÂ asÂ theÂ minimumÂ timeÂ requiredÂ forÂ effectiveÂ alcohol-basedÂ handÂ rub.Â TheÂ houseÂ officersÂ wereÂ ofÂ theÂ opinionÂ thatÂ alcoholÂ â€“Â basedÂ handÂ rubÂ mustÂ beÂ availableÂ atÂ healthÂ â€“Â careÂ facilityÂ atÂ eachÂ pointÂ ofÂ careÂ andÂ awarenessÂ postersÂ shouldÂ beÂ displayedÂ atÂ sameÂ pointsÂ asÂ reminders.Â ActionsÂ takenÂ byÂ leadersÂ andÂ managersÂ regardingÂ effectiveÂ measuresÂ towardsÂ handÂ hygieneÂ wereÂ consideredÂ effectiveÂ inÂ improvingÂ theÂ handÂ hygieneÂ practices.

Conclusion:Â Â TheÂ unsatisfactoryÂ levelÂ ofÂ knowledgeÂ regardingÂ handÂ hygieneÂ indicatesÂ thatÂ theÂ houseÂ officersÂ requireÂ increasedÂ emphasisÂ onÂ handÂ hygieneÂ educationÂ andÂ improvementÂ inÂ theirÂ currentÂ primaryÂ trainingÂ asÂ wellÂ asÂ undergraduateÂ curricula.

Â 
Effects of Conventional Physical Therapy with or without Strain Counterstrain in Patients with Trigger Points of Upper Trapezius; a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Javaid Hafiz Muhammad Waseem , Ahmad Ashfaq , Ajmad Fareeha , Liaqat Sidrah , Tahir Saba
Published: January 2017

Background:Â Â Non-specific neck pain has potential contributing factors. One of the factors being emphasized in the modern era is the Myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle. These could be treated by strain counterstrain method whose effectiveness needs to be evaluated. Hence, the objective of the study was to compare the effects of conventional Physical therapy with or without strain counterstrain in patients with trigger points of upper trapezius muscle.

Â Patients and Methods

It is randomized controlled clinical trial.

48 patients with treatment group A (24 patients) and control group B (24 patients).

48 patients with treatment group A (24 patients) and control group B (24 patients).

Patients with non-specific neck pain, having active myofascial trigger points in upper trapezius muscle presented to physical therapy department. Effects of interventions were recorded on neck disability index, visual analogue scale and cervical range of motion goniometer.

Results of this study using repeated measure ANOVA demonstrated that within group from day 1 to 7, there was mean reduction of pain by 32.13 (26.99, 37.27) in conventional physical therapy group with Strain counterstrain group (group A) and conventional physical therapy only group (group B) by 12.62 (8.28, 16.96). Less significant improvement was seen within groups for day 1, 4 and 7 in cervical range of motion. There was significant improvement seen in pain, neck disability index and neck range of motions on day 7 between group A and B measured by independent sample t test.

Conclusion:Â Â Conventional physical therapy with strain counterstrain was found effective in reducing pain, functional disability and improving range of motion at cervical region.
Canulated Screw Fixation for Tibial Plateau Fracture in Adults
Authors: Memon Faheem Ahmed , Memon Abbas , Pirwani Mehtab
Published: January 2017

Objective:Â Â To determine percutaneous screw fixation (PSF) as fair treatment option for Schatzker type I, closed tibial plateau fracture in adults.

Patients and Methods:Â Â 30 male and female adults between the ages of 20 and 40 were included. Only displaced Schatzkar type I closed tibial plateau fractures without any associated injury or complication were included. Type II, III, IV, V and VI, fractures with infection, patients with other severe injuries and neurovascular compromise fractures were excluded. Patients were followed weekly for one month, every alternate week for four months, thereafter monthly for up to six months to assess range of motion, deformity, union or any other complication.

Results:Â Â Mean healing was 11.6 weeks. Mean hospital stay was 8.4 days. The overall clinical results were excellent in 20 (66.6%), good in 8 (26.6%), fair in 2 (6.6%) cases.

Conclusion:Â Â Percutaneous screw fixation provided

better results in close displaced type I Schatzker tibial plateau fracture in adults. It is minimally invasive and achieved articular anatomical reduction, rigid fixation and early mobilization.
Beta Cell Function: A Useful Measure of Insulin Resistance in Adolescent with Polycystic Ovarian Disease
Authors: Irum Reema , Qureshi Ghazala , Dilawar Alia , Khurshid Rukhshan , Khawar Shirin
Published: January 2017

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the universal endocrine disarray in premenopausal women, These women are prone to insulin resistance as well as altered beta cell function. Study was designed to find out the relationship of insulin resistance and betacell function in adolescent with PCOS.

Material and Methods:Â Â Study included 50 female patients, aged range 16-20 years from Obstetrics and Gynaecology department in Lahore. All subjects were already diagnosed and documented as patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome on the basis of pelvic ultrasonic findings. Level of serum insulin was estimated by ELISA technique using standard kit. Level of fasting glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase method. The value of insulin resistance, glucose: insulin ratio and Beta cell function were calculated.

Results:Â Â Mean age of subjects with PCOS and control was 18.9 and 18.6 year respectively. Fasting glucose of PCOS subject was non-significantly decreased when compared to their controls. Serum level of insulin was significantly (P < 0.001) increased in patients compared to their controls. Glucose insulin (GIR) ratio was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) when compared to their controls. Insulin resistance was non-significantly increased in subjects as compared to their controls. Increased function of beta cell was found in PCOS subjects as compared to their controls. The Pearsonâ€™s correlation showed a positive significant correlation between HOMA-IR and fasting insulin. A significant correlation was observed between level of insulin and insulin resistance. Weak correlation was observed between level of insulin and beta cell function.

Conclusion:Â Â It is the concluded that function of beta cell failure to compensate insulin resistance increases the risk of diabetes in adolescent with PCOS. More research is needed to define the degree of beta cell effect.
Usage of Unreamed Interlocking Nails for the Management of Gustilo Anderson Grade 2 and 3 Open Fractures of Shaft of Tibia â€“ A Prospective Study
Authors: Zaman Tariq , Farooq Omer Khalid , Hussain Faisal Nazeer
Published: January 2017

Long bones fractures are the main emergency procedures in most trauma centers. Tibial fractures are commonly open as described by the Gustilo classification. Grade III fractures of the tibia (diaphysis) are very challenging injuries. Intramedullary nailing is one of the best known treatments for tibial fractures. Itâ€™s still being debated which is the most appropriate surgical approach to treat such fractures especially the choice between reamed vs. unreamed nails. This study was designed to determine the outcome of unreamed interlocking nail in open type II and IIIA tibial shaft fractures in terms of infection, bone union, delayed union and nonunion.

Patients and Methods:Â Â It was a prospective, quasi â€“ experimental study, conducted at Department of Orthopedics, Lahore General Hospital/PGMI Lahore upon sixty patients. All subjects with Grade II and III open fractures of shaft of tibia were operated using the unreamed nails. They were followed regularly on 3rd then 10th, 20th, 30th post-op days. Later a monthly OPD follow up for 9 months was maintained. Records were maintained and analyzed using SPSS 20. Modified Anderson criteria was used to segregate results from poor to excellent.

Results:Â Â Mean age of all patients was 32.82 Â± 8.87 years. Fracture geometry shows that 9 patients had transverse, 27 had oblique, 18 had spiral and 6 patients had comminuted fracture. According to the Gustilo â€“ Anderson Classification 43 fractures were Type II and 17 fractures were Type IIIA. Only 9 patients developed infection. Union was seen in 51 (85%) patients and delayed union was observed in 7 (11.66%) subjects. Two patients (3.34%) had nonunion. According to the Modified Anderson grading 47 (78.34%) patients had excellent, 7 (11.66%) patients had good and 6 (10%) patients had poor results.

Conclusion:Â Â On the basis of the results obtained, it was shown that unreamed interlocking nail for treating type II and III A fractures of tibial shaft shows promising and effective results in terms of low rate of infection and bone union. Overall excellent results were seen in 47 (78.34%) patients according to the modified Anderson criteria.
Phototherapy in Hyperbilirubinemic Neonates; Does it Affect Platelet Count?
Authors: Sajid Aisha , Mahmood Tahir , Riaz Sohaib , Nabi Saba Ghulam
Published: January 2017

Objective:Â Â To determine the effect of phototherapy on platelet count in neonates having unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

Patients and Methods:Â Â This cross sectional study was conducted in the Neonatology unit of a Hospital, Faisalabad during a period of nine months i.e., January to September 2015. All the neonates having unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and requiring phototherapy with normal initial platelet count were included in the study. Platelet count was evaluated before the start of phototherapy and then during phototherapy at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs interval. Platelet counts were compared after 24, 48 and 72 hours of phototherapy. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:Â Â Total 150 newborns having unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were included with mean age of 3.95 Â± 1.71days. After 24 hours of phototherapy, about 8.1% of the patients were having severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 50 Ã—109/L); this percentage rose to 18.4% after 48 hours and 33.3% after 72 hours of phototherapy. None of the patients developed clinical manifestation of bleeding. The number of patients with normal platelet count (1,50 Ã— 109/L â€“ 400 Ã— 109/L) after 24 hours of continuous phototherapy was 50%, gradually reducing Â to 38% after 48 hours and only 33% after 72 hours of completion of phototherapy(p value < 0.05).

Conclusion:Â Â Hyperbilirubinemic neonates undergoing phototherapy had a fall in platelet count without any clinical manifestation of bleeding.

Â 
Effect of Hydrotubation in Unexplained Infertility â€“ A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Saaqib Shazia , Chohan Muhammad Arshad , Ashraf Misbah , Mumtaz Ammara
Published: January 2017

Unexplained infertility is a major gynecological problem with complex etiolgy. Partial tubal blockage with inflammatory reaction and thick mucus plugs in fallopian tubes and cervix is one of the likely causes in such cases. This study is based on the hypothesis that women having unexplained infertility could be helped by transcervical flushing of fluid through the fallopian tubes which would remove reversible blocking factors and help in achieving pregnancy.

Objective:Â Â To compare the outcome of hydrotubation
 in unexplained infertility in clomiphene citrate stimulated cycles with control group (no Hydrotubation).

Setting:Â Â Infertility Centre of a Public Sector Hospital.

Study Design:Â Â A two years Prospective randomized controlled trial from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015.

Method:Â Â 128 women participated in the study. Participants were divided into study and control group with 64 members in each group. Ovulation induction was done with clomiphene citrate in all the participants and confirmed by ovulation detection strips and follicular tracking on Ultrasonography. 50 cc cocktail of inject-ion (inj.) kanamycin 1 gm, inj. hydrocortisone and normal saline was injected transcervically in study group for three consecutive days from the next day after end of menstruation. No hydrotubation was done in control group. Main outcome measures were number of conceptions within next 3 cycles and complications of hydrotubation.

Results:Â Â In hydrotubation group, 20 women conceived. Out of these, 14 women conceived in the same cycle in which hydrotubation was done while 6 pregnancies occurred in subsequent cycle. 4 pregnancies occurred in the control group. Complications of hydrotubation were mild abdominal pain (59 women), vomiting (49 women) and Per vaginum bleeding (18 women). There were significantly more pregnancies in women who experienced right shoulder tip pain after the procedure.

Conclusion:Â Â In women with unexplained infertility, tubal hydration can increase conception rate and decrease the time to achieve pregnancy.

Â 
Comparative Evaluation of Grahamâ€™s Omentopexy Versus Modified Grahamâ€™s Omentopexy in Perforated Duodenal Ulcers
Authors: Jat Muhammad Ayub
Published: January 2017

Perforated peptic ulcer is a serious and the most frequent complication of peptic ulcer disease which demands urgent diagnostic procedure, reanimation and surgical intervention.

Objective:Â Â To compare Graham's omentopexy versus modified Grahamâ€™s omentopexy in perforation of duodenum due to peptic ulcer disease in terms of post- operative complications and better outcome.

Patients and Methods:Â Â This randomized control trial study had included 84 cases of perforation of duodenum due to peptic ulcer disease which were randomized by using random number table into two groups Grahamâ€™s Omentopexy 42 casesÂ  group A and modified Grahamâ€™s Omentopexy 42 cases group B. The Patients with gastric perforation or other parts of the bowel were excluded. The present study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, at Ghulam Muham-mad Mahar Medical College Sukkur from May 2009 to April 2012. All patients were post operatively followed-up for the period of 12 months at outpatients department.

Results:Â Â Out of 84 patients, 76 {90.5%} were males and 8 {9.5%} were females with M: F ratio 9.5:1. The peak age of patients at presentation was between 30 â€“ 49 years (61.8%). In group A Graham's omentopexyÂ  there was Â wound infection in 13 cases {30%} biliary leakage in 2 cases (4.6%} ,intra-abdominal abscess in 2 cases (4.6%} and 4 patients died (9.5%} but in group BÂ  modified Graham'â€™ omentopexy, wound infection was noted in 9 cases (21.3 %) but there was no biliary leakage and intra-abdominal abscess .There was three mortalities (7.1%} in group B. The average in- patients hospital stay in group A Grahamâ€™s omentopexy Â was 11.5 days and in group B modified Grahamâ€™s omentopexy 10.0 days.

Conclusion:Â Â Patients undergoing modified Graham's omentopexy in perforated duodenal ulcer had lesser post-operative complications and a shorter hospital stay with better outcome than Graham's omentopexy.

Â 
Role of Computed Tomography in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and its Correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale at Presentation
Authors: Imran Ahmad , Qureshi Abid Ali , Tariq Amna
Published: January 2017

The study was aimed at documenting the relationship between Glasgow coma score with imaging findings on computed tomography in children with traumatic brain injury. Un-necessary radiation exposure can be detrimental in pediatric age group and can lead to an increased risk of radiation induced malignancies.

Patients and Methods:Â Â This retrospective study was conducted in Department of Radiology Lahore from 15.8.11 to 15.11.11. It included 48 children who presented in emergency department with history of fall or trauma to head. These patients underwent computed tomography using standard imaging protocols. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS version 17.

Results:Â Â A total of 48 patients from 6 months to 15 years of age with history of fall or trauma to head who underwent CT scan were included in study. 20 (42%) patients revealed normal study. Extra/intra axial bleed is noted in 11 (23%), evidence of cerebral edema was

noted in 4 (8%) patients. 9 (19%) patients had fracture of skull bones and cephalhematoma was noted among 4 (8%) patients. Imaging findings were seen in majority of the patients with GCS less than 13/15.

Conclusion:Â Â Neuroimaging can serve as a useful guide regarding management of traumatic brain injury however un-necessary radiation exposure is detrimental in pediatric age group. A correlation between GCS and decision regarding imaging can serve as an effective approach to decrease rates of neuro imaging after pediatric head trauma.
Awareness Regarding Emergency Contraception
Authors: Anjum Farhan , Jabeen Asma , Sanjrani Hamlata
Published: January 2017

Objective:Â Â To know the awareness of emergency contraception (EC) among our population.

Patients and Methods:Â Â Women were asked about their age, education, socioeconomic condition and parity.

Results:Â Â Total 400 women were interviewed in the cross â€“ sectional survey. Out of these, only 193 had heard about EC and they were further asked about knowledge relating to EC utilization. 132 (68.39%) answered incorrectly about emergency contraception. While only 31 (16%) women had knowledge of its correct utilization. Only 19 (9.84%) women knew that OCPS can be used as EC while 151 (78.23%) answered incorrectly that it can be used on regular basis. Out of 193 women, 53 (27.46%) women practiced EC while 140 (72.53%) had never used EC.

Conclusion:Â Â Our study showed limited knowledge of women concerning EC. Media should be used to disseminate the awareness of women about safety, use

and effectiveness of EC. Also it is responsibility of health care providers that they should give information of EC to every sexually active woman visiting their clinics.
In the Land of Pain
Authors: Latif Asnia , Malik M Faisal Amir , Hashmi Ali Madeeh
Published: January 2017

(Authors' Note: Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897) was a nineteenth century French novelist. A contemporary of Gustave Flaubert, Edmond de Goncourt and Emile Zola, among others, he achieved much fame and renown in his life time. He contracted syphilis sometimes in his twenties. In the last ten years of his life, he suffered from the effects of neurosyphilis. â€œIn the Land of Painâ€ is a personal account of his struggle with the illness which eventually took his life).

Â Â Â Â Â  In the early nineteenth century, the tertiary form of syphilis began to be recognized. After lurking in the victimâ€™s blood for several years, syphilis attacked the central nervous system. The resulting condition, called neurosyphilis, was invariably fatal. It usually manifested in two major forms: Locomotor ataxia (also called tabesdorsalis) or general paresis (also called general paresis of the insane).
Frequency of Cervical Pre-Malignancy in Pregnant Women
Authors: Rasheed Imrana , Waheed Khadija , Ejaz Sara , Mushtaq Javeria
Published: January 2017

Abstract

The abnormal growth of precancerous cells on the surface of the cervix is cervical intraepithelial neo-plasia (CIN). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is classified according to extent of the abnormal cell growth and is classified as low grade and high grade. Human papilloma virus, a sexually transmitted virus is commonly associated with CIN. A regular Pap smear test can detect CIN at early stages and this helps in treating disease at early stage and protection against human papilloma virus can be provided with vaccine.

Objective:  To find the frequency of cervical pre-malignancy in pregnant women.

Patients and Methods:  This cross – sectional study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gyna-ecology, Lahore. A total of 260 patients were included in this study. Pap smear samples were collected and fixed in 95% alcohol solution. Smears were sent with a histopathology form for reporting.

Results:  Mean age of the patients was 27.32 ± 5.12 years. Mean gestational age was 29.60 ± 6.36 weeks. Cervical pre-malignancy on pap smear was observed in 8 patients (3.01%). All of them were CIN – I. Stratification with regard to history of smoking, history of oral contraception, low socioeconomic status, multiple marriages and early marriage was done.

Conclusion:  Women having history of low socio-economic status and oral contraceptive were more prevalent in developing CIN. It is recommended that cervical cancer screening by pap smear is for all women who are sexually active.

 

 