bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Do IOs Encourage the Participation of Small States?
Authors: Corbett Jack , Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: May 2022

Chapter Two tells the story from the IOs perspective. We first outline how the widening participation of members in processes and practices have led IOs to pursue throughputs as a means of enhancing their legitimacy. We then discuss the different features of throughput legitimacy as applied to the participation of SIDS in IOs: promoting norms and principles; upholding rules and traditions; and facilitating mutual assistance and cooperation.
Why Do Small States Engage with IOs?
Authors: Corbett Jack , Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: May 2022

In Chapter Three we distinguish between different motivations for why small states participate in IOs: sovereign recognition; resource extraction; and the maintenance of a permissive liberal order. We then outline how the competent performance of vulnerability enables them to achieve these goals, albeit recognising that participation is always dynamic: different states, and different representatives of states, place different emphasis on each and are constantly revising their approach based on perceived successes and failures.
Setting Out
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

The conceptualisation of academic activism is the focus of the first chapter. Calls for academics to become more involved with social movements usually operate on the assumption that academics are too involved in thinking and not enough on doing. This chapter critically assesses the association of academia with theory and activism with practice. An ethnographic study of a feminist anti-violence collective is introduced and situated as the catalyst of a reimagination of academic activism.
Outside of Ourselves
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

Chapter three begins with a discussion of the (disputed) decline of activism within the community sector in favour of more ‘gloves on’ approaches which work inside institutions for change. This story of decline often hinges on neoliberalism, told as either a tale of submission or resistance to neoliberal ideology. To explore how else community organisations work for social change, this chapter focuses on the connection between emotion and alternative organising. Drawing on Sara Ahmed, emotion is understood as part of ‘world-making’ and as a possible way to increase institutional responsibility for victims of violence or inequality.
Passionate, Sad, Angry People
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

This chapter illustrates how a focus on emotions as world-making can offer novel ways of approaching social justice work. In the collective, the emotions of passion, grief, and anger were fundamental to form and maintain connections to victims of violence. Strong emotion was also intertwined with how the collective organised in ways that resisted sexist, racist, colonial, and hierarchical practices and fostered different, more equitable practices. The chapter closes by suggesting how the practices of the collective could help us reimagine the connections between emotion, alternative practices, activism, and academia.
An Account of Ourselves
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

Feminist anti-violence activism can never be understood as a singular emancipatory project. Activists face multiple, often conflicting, accountabilities between victims, communities, funders, and institutions. At the same time, activists are compelled to give an account of their politics within the movement. This chapter (re)tells the stories of six members of the collective with an emphasis on how they thought about themselves as feminists (or not) and as activists (or not) and how these accounts were fundamental to anti-violence work. These accounts are situated within the ever-shifting context of the community sector and the multiple lines of identity which shape our sense of self. Together, these stories create a rich tapestry of the experience of anti-violence work and the threads of power which shape our sense of self.
Designing Futures
Authors: Schwittay Anke
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the role of design in the challenge-focused social sciences. It opens with a general introduction to what design is and what its methods can offer the social sciences, then investigates the relationship between design and educational futures. Concepts such as design thinking and wicked problems introduce students to open-ended and iterative modes of inquiry appropriate for understanding complex challenges, while orientations of becoming comfortable with ambiguity and acting with humility help them to imagine responses to them. By analyzing the role of space and materials in a design-inspired education, this chapter connects resource politics to specific university contexts and funding model. It ultimately discusses two teaching activities: in the first, students imagine and build scenarios of urban futures, while the second is an individual student's experiments around future food systems.
Philosophy and Nostalgia: ‘Rooting’ within the Nostalgic Condition
Authors: Bovassi Giulia
Published: May 2022

Nostalgia, as a peculiar expression of philosophy, is much more than an object of investigation. This chapter aims to extract nostalgia from reductionisms that tend to define it according to negative visions, almost as if it was a stagnant feeling, showing instead how, both nostalgia and philosophy, respond to the human need for meaning. In order to understand the reasons for the link between nostalgic condition and philosophical exercise, it is necessary to understand why knowledge is a mechanism that takes place by bringing thought back to memory. Michel Foucault calls it a ‘return effect of truth’ that the individual experiences. This corresponds to the very nature of the nostalgic condition, where there is an attractive tension towards the past (memory), the lived time (present) and the not-yet (future). Time and identity (on which most of the philosophical literature on the theme of nostalgia focuses) are two fundamental arguments for understanding the meaning of ‘rooting’ proposed by Simone Weil, which expresses the human need to have roots, a common heritage and a history preserved in memory. Forms of identification that appear to be incompatible with postmodern stress oriented to what Günther Anders and Gilles Lipovetsky call ‘accelerated obsolescence’, where the fluid paradigm (uprooting) dominates.
Political Theory and Nostalgia: The Power of the Past in the History of Political Thought
Authors: Murphy Andrew R.
Published: May 2022

Political theorists have long reflected on the past in framing their critiques of the present and their visions for the future. In this chapter, I explore a number of examples of nostalgic and Golden Age thinking – the valorization of a past one claims to have personally experienced, and the celebration of a historically more distant era – in the history of political thought. I begin by offering some general remarks on nostalgia as a psychological and political phenomenon, and then elaborate the distinction between nostalgic and Golden Age politics. I then consider several key exemplars of these two phenomena: Thucydides, St. Augustine and Niccolò Machiavelli in the classical tradition, and, in the modern era, Edmund Burke and his interlocutors, as well as the American jeremiad tradition. The chapter concludes by considering the resurgent political force of the Christian Right in American politics since the 1980s – a political re-emergence powered by a powerful nostalgic jeremiad of American decline – and briefly outlines the robust influence that it continues to exercise into the Trump era.
Literature and Nostalgia: Vestiges of Paradise
Authors: Salmose Niklas , Sandberg Eric
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the close relationship between nostalgia and literature, surveying the history of literature through a selection of its most prominent engagements with nostalgia, and delineating the mechanics of a nostalgic literary aesthetics. The first part of the chapter engages with a selection of pre-Johannes Hofer literary texts from a variety of literary cultures, which nonetheless exhibit clear markers of the condition he labelled nostalgia. It also examines the appearance of nostalgic patterns in various genres of 20th and 21st century literature. The second section surveys a range of important theoretical approaches to literary nostalgia and examines a number of significant instances of the nostalgic analysis of literary works. The third and final section delves into the poetics of literary nostalgia, discussing the nostalgic nature of the medium itself, the significant distinction between nostalgic literature and literature about nostalgia, and a variety of aesthetic strategies that have been used to trigger nostalgic literary experiences. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future role of literary nostalgia in areas such as migratory and posthuman literature.
Architecture and Nostalgia: The End of History, the End of the Future and the Prospect of Nostalgia
Authors: Quesada Fernando , Carretero Andrés
Published: May 2022

Our time is openly nostalgic because the idea of ​​progress for a better future has been in a systemic crisis for several decades. Despite constant technological innovations in communication, digitization and automation, our values, civil institutions and governance systems are progressively losing all credibility. This situation produces a slippery nostalgia without ideology of an ephemeral, consumerist and objectified nature, which contrasts with other moments in history in which nostalgia had clear disruptive purposes aimed to the renewal of social praxis. Architecture has experienced this phenomenon in a special way since, being a material discipline, architecture has great capacities for transforming the scenarios of social life. This chapter proposes a narration of this phenomenon in reverse, from today-to-yesterday, to conclude with a proposal for the practice of memory without nostalgia. In this story, we will give preponderance to three very specific historical moments of epistemological rupture rather than a panorama of continuity: the present historicist postmodernism, 19th century eclecticism, and the Renaissance as key moments in the problematic relationship between architecture and nostalgia.
Postscript: On Nostalgia of the Future and the Future of Nostalgia – Some Scattered Concluding Observations
Authors: Jacobsen Michael Hviid
Published: May 2022

In this postscript, the editor reflects on and draws on insights from the book’s preceding chapters on the status, development and future of nostalgia within the social sciences and humanities as well as within society in general. The postscript also discusses the notion of ‘the nostalgia for the future’ by claiming that there is no necessary or inherent opposition between nostalgia and the aspiration and determination to confront present or future challenges. Towards the end of the postscript, the editor speculates about the future of nostalgia by proposing different paths and avenues ahead for nostalgia. The postscript thus serves as a way to draw some general conclusions from the foregoing chapters of the book.
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugee Women as a Continuum of Violence
Authors: Mouriki Dimitra
Published: May 2022

Ongoing conflicts in Africa and the Middle East, and the restriction of channels of migration from East to Europe have forced numerous people to flee. While most refugees are men, increasing numbers of women have fled to Europe either alone or with families. Fleeing from conflicts does not mean the end of violence for these women, as often refugee journeys and encampment encompass many hidden forms of Sexual and Gender-based Violence (SGBV). Research on refugee studies tends to explore experiences of SGBV in isolation from previous experienced forms of violence, focusing either on the exit from the origin country or in the encampment. However, my research demonstrates that participants’ reports of SGBV were not limited to the refugee journey and life in the camp; they also focused on the violence they experienced in pre-journey life. Based on fieldwork conducted in a refugee camp in Greece, the chapter explores refugee women’s experiences of violence and the views of professionals who worked directly with these women. The aim is to ‘connect the dots’ between the different forms of violence that women have experienced during three stages: pre-refugee life, during the journey and life in the camp.
An Autobiographical Account of Desistance and Recovery
Authors: Leonard James
Published: May 2022

Weaver and Weaver (2013:273) have argued that unbroken autobiographical narratives of desistence can ‘inform’ the desistence literature, especially when connected to existing theory and research. In keeping with ‘nothing about us without us’, these analysed autobiographical narratives provide knowledge of use to policymakers and practitioners (Weaver and Weaver, 2013). The first half of this chapter will present my own experiences of childhood, offending, drug use, desistance, and recovery. The second half of the chapter uses criminological theories to explore my experiences. The chapter concludes with four lessons for policy and practice.
Care versus Crime: Safe Injecting Facilities as a Legal Crossroads in Ireland
Authors: Gatto Marcus , O’Sullivan Sarah Bryan
Published: May 2022

This paper serves to examine the history of Irish drug policy, specifically in terms of persons who inject drugs (PID). The first section survey of Irish drug policy over a number of decades to reveal a gradual acceptance of a public health approach towards PIDs, as opposed to the strict and exclusive operation of the criminal law in this area. While, at the macro level, political commitment to a public heath approach is important, individual communities equally must commit to these strategies. One example of this, which the present paper explores, is the objections to the Merchants Quay safe injecting facility (SIF) and the difficulties encountered in obtaining planning permission; the contentious issue of planning permission for a SIF in Merchants Quay reveals deep-seated anxieties on the part of local communities concerning the placement of these facilities. Ethical considerations are also examined to frame the political debate regarding the facility, as a tension between strong paternalism and the autonomy of PIDs. In conclusion, the authors consider that SIFs adequately balance the need for the control of drugs in the interests of the community with the human rights of vulnerable PIDs.
Ideas and the Use of Force in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

The decision to mount an armed foreign intervention is one of the most consequential that a US president can take. This book sets out to explain why and when presidents choose to use force. The book examines decisions to use force throughout the post-Cold War period, via flashpoints including the Balkans, the ‘War on Terror’ and the Middle East. It develops new explanations for variation in the use of force in US foreign policy by theorizing and demonstrating the effects of the displacement and repression of ideas within and across different US presidential administrations, from George H.W. Bush to Donald Trump. For students, scholars and anyone with an interest in international relations and global security, this book is an original perspective on a defining issue of recent decades.
Ideas and the Use of Force in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter acknowledges the variations in the use of force in American foreign policy. It underscores that inconsistency has been prevalent not just between administrations, but also within the same one across key cases of humanitarian crises, and responses to the threat of terrorism. The chapter also gives weight to the different types and forms of ideas that shape and influence interpretations of foreign policy interests and how it leads to variation in decisions around when and how to use force. Decision makers react differently to information and ideas based on how they are presented. Furthermore, the chapter emphasizes that foreign policy decision-making is an iterative process. A given set of conditions does not necessarily mean that agents will pursue preconceived interests they have formulated. The pursuit of national interest is complex because even though they may not change profoundly, interpretations of how best to achieve them do. The chapter explains the ‘nuts and bolts’ approach employed to scrutinize the foreign policy decisions on the use of force across five post-Cold War US presidencies in key cases of humanitarian atrocity and terrorism.
‘America Is Under Attack’: From the War on Terror to Iraq
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how the 9/11 attacks served to bring the threat of terrorism to the centre of public attention and see foreign policy agents view terrorism as the number-one threat to the national security of the US. These attacks have resulted in normative displacement as state interests underwent a principled reinterpretation. The images of the attacks made the costs of insufficient action clear and prefigured a dramatic shift in interpretations of interests, lowering the acceptable threshold of risk prior to utilizing military force. The Bush administration shifted from a restrained, realist-style foreign policy towards principled crusading as Bush declared a ‘War on Terror’, which laid the foundations for the administration's subsequent launch of a war in Iraq.
‘This Is Like Rwanda’: How the Road to Libya Ran Through Rwanda
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains President Barack Obama's decision to intervene in Libya in 2011 and to actively suggest that there could be no future for Libya with Muammar Gaddafi in power. It outlines the professed foreign policy set forth by Obama's incoming administration — throughout the 2008 presidential campaign, he had been a fierce critic of President George H.W. Bush's declaration of a War on Terror. Then the chapter shows how Obama succumbed to principled types of ideas when faced with the prospect of mass atrocity, becoming drawn into the conflict in Libya in 2011. Secretary of Defence Robert Gates advanced more cognitive ideas, arguing that Libya was of ‘no strategic interest’, but the principled interpretations advanced by Samantha Power, Susan Rice, and Hillary Clinton prevailed. The chapter discusses how Obama pursued a decisive action in the Security Council and pushed for a resolution for the protection of Libyan civilians ‘by all necessary measures’.
Energy Securitization in the Land of Fire
Authors: Ganz Aurora
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Azerbaijan's national security discourse and argues that it securitizes energy by conflating it with the state's security and merging it with the country's nation-building process. Its section put forward three main arguments: first, in the national security discourse, energy security is constructed as a function of state security and emphasizes the physical protection of energy infrastructure as a symbol of the country's history, territory and sovereignty; second, it signals that the construction of energy security and the fabrication of national identity are co-constituted in an ontological but also political way; third, energy securitization validates processes of militarisation and power centralization that legitimize the Aliyev family's regime and instil a political culture of obedience.
Everyday Practices of Energy Security in Azerbaijan
Authors: Ganz Aurora
Published: May 2022

This chapter pays attention to the national security professionals that secure energy in Azerbaijan and analyses their practices. The empirical analysis shows that the prioritization of energy security and the corollary enlargement of the military and paramilitary machine have provided the elites with abundant financial resources, more extensive mandates, increased responsibilities, and greater political power. In its central argument, this chapter explains how energy securitization interlaces with Azerbaijan's process of state-building.
Beyond the National Borders: NATO and Energy Security in Azerbaijan
Authors: Ganz Aurora
Published: May 2022

This chapter accounts for the global dimension of energy securitization through the case study of NATO's energy security interventions in Azerbaijan. It analyses the global ontology of energy securitization and the forms of global governance it creates. Through its empirical analysis, this chapter demonstrates that NATO energy security discourse and practices securitize energy by insisting on the exceptional, critical, global and novel character of its threats. This section shows that under the rubric of interoperability, cooperation, alignment, and integration, NATO's energy securitization in Azerbaijan concurs to (re)producing and cementing liberal norms and values as the only possibility for and pathway towards global energy security.
The Crisis of Finance
Authors: Davis Mark , Davis Bruce
Published: May 2022

Chapter one sets the scene of the present crisis of finance and lays the foundations for how we are using the idea of democracy throughout the book. We introduce three models of democracy to reveal important criteria for assessing crowdfunding as a form of democratic finance, and begin to explore who really controls your money.
The Destination of Money
Authors: Davis Mark , Davis Bruce
Published: May 2022

Chapter four reflects upon all of these issues by raising the importance of the destination of money. We are less concerned with the relatively abstract study of what money is, and draw instead upon ideas from sociology and anthropology to point to the significance of understanding what money does. We show how these insights help to form the basis of a more democratic and ultimately sustainable financial system, which we see embodied in the principles and practice of crowdfunding.
The Change in Your Pocket
Authors: Davis Mark , Davis Bruce
Published: May 2022

We close the book by bringing the various threads of our argument together, assessing crowdfunding against our three models of democracy outlined in the first chapter, and invite the reader to reflect upon their own understanding and use of money in the hope they may recognise the change in their pocket and act to alter its destination.
Too Big to Be Local: Local and National Elite Complicity in the Narrative of English Council Mergers
Authors: Copus Colin , Jones Alistair , Wall Rachel
Published: May 2022

As a creature of Statute, English local government is subject to change imposed by central government, much of which comes from the need to respond to two competing factors: technocracy and democracy. In all major re-organisations of local government attempts to find a structural fit between these two mutually antagonistic factors have seen the latter lose out to the former. But to be able to merge councils with relative ease the government needs to frame an argument that expresses a logic for amalgamations. That narrative, which is being performed by the government during a current proposed local government reorganisation, is also reflected among some councillors and local political elites who by adopting the narrative and objectives of the centre are complicit in the ever-increasing size of English local government. The paper explores that narrative and the consequences of the framing of the debate for English local government.
Municipal Size and the Nationalization of Local Party Systems: The Nationalized, Localized and Regionalized Local Party Systems of Denmark, Poland and Belgium
Authors: Gendźwiłł Adam , Kjaer Ulrik , Steyvers Kristof
Published: May 2022

Local party systems vary profoundly both between and within countries. The type and the number of parties running and getting elected in local governments differ, and the local party systems resemble the national party system to different degrees. This chapter examines the nationalization of local party systems in three European countries with the institutional settings favouring nationalized (Denmark), regionalized (Belgium), and localized (Poland) local party systems. The empirical analyses clearly demonstrate that the municipal size fairy well explains the level of local party systems’ nationalization in all three countries. Yet, it is evident that the national context should be also taken into account as a necessary supplement of the common structural explanation. The chapter develops hypotheses for further studies and discusses some normative implications.
Democratic Functions of Local Budgets
Authors: Bartkowski Jerzy
Published: May 2022

This chapter reflects upon the interesting, but underdeveloped question of the democratic functions of local budgets with respect to local citizenship. We examine democratic decision-making through the lens of the budgetary process. The budget can be seen as a financial representation of the most important local decisions. Economic efficiency, in turn, can be seen as a political postulate that reflects the proper execution of the mandate given by voters, and the renewal of their support. However, making decisions requires setting priorities, which should express the shared values ​of the community, ​and compromises that are reached among the main political forces. The budget also raises the issue of continuity. One of its functions is to connect the present with the future. Solving these problems requires skills and knowledge that extend the ability of local communities to shape both their present and their future.
Does Urban Sprawl Pay Off for the Suburban Municipal Budget in Poland?
Authors: Łukomska Julita , Neneman Jarosław
Published: May 2022

The literature stresses the negative environmental, economic, and social consequences of urban sprawl. The dynamics of this process is high, as beneficiaries of it are against any attempts to reduce or control this phenomenon. In Poland, suburban municipalities usually base their development strategies on increasing the number of inhabitants, that is they consider urban sprawl as a blessing. We would like to look closer at municipal finances to verify if this might be true. We do not attempt to assess the full costs and benefits of urban sprawl – we will focus only on financial aspects of this phenomenon from the perspective of municipal revenues and expenditures. We use quasi-experimental design comparing a treatment group (suburban municipalities) and a control group (other municipalities similar to suburban units) in the period 2004–18 using data from the Polish Ministry of Finance. On the revenue side of the suburban municipalities, we can observe a greater increase of both, total and per capita revenues, compared to the control group. Suburbanization also affects expenditures, but due to the economies of scale, the relative increase in current expenditures is lower than the increase in the number of inhabitants. Generally, the current operational surplus grows faster in suburban municipalities, but also varies in time. From the perspective of financial standing of the suburban municipality urban sprawl can be regarded as a positive phenomenon at least in the short and medium run.
Land of Promise
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at the mismatch between land and production in Britain: lots of farmed land, a low level of crop production for human consumption, and too many acres devoted to growing livestock feed. The chapter emphasizes that if people accept that shared interests transcend territorial boundaries in Britain, surely, one key objective overrides national, or territorial, loyalties to England, Scotland, and Wales: namely, food and where it's grown. The chapter explains that the twin pressures of leaving the EU and finally emerging from a devastating COVID-19 pandemic should present unparalleled opportunities to renew land, rework the countryside and address the climate emergency for the benefit of all.
Small is Beautiful: The New Revolutionaries
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter dives into a discussion on the need to increase the agricultural population to achieve a resilient food system. It highlights that this goal is not easy when the divide between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have nots’ has widened: the comfortably middle-aged at one end and the assetless, with aspirations to work the land — and unable to find affordable housing — at the other. The chapter tackles the unique situation in the UK where houses in the countryside are more expensive than those in the cities. Furthermore, the chapter explores how the COVID-19 pandemic drove consumers to turn to small-scale producers and farm shops when supermarket shelves emptied. The chapter stresses the necessity of workable land and the need to ensure that potential new entrants to agriculture and horticulture can gain a first step on the farming ladder. Moreover, it acknowledges an inspirational movement created by local growers and producers who are creating short, field-to-fork supply chains around Britain.
Feeding Britain
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at research, science, and technology as transformative factors in reworking the land to achieve the goal of greater self-sufficiency in food. It also tackles the urgency of relocating agriculture from parts of flood-prone East Anglia to safer areas, considering rising sea levels and insufficient investment in flood protection. Global heating is also bearing down on agriculture in southern Europe's food-producing areas, on which Britain depends for further vegetables and salad crops. The discussion also covers the tenants' woes, one of which is the lack of capital to modernize and diversify because, as tenants, they have no land to offer as security for a bank loan in an industry that is already heavily indebted. Furthermore, the chapter scrutinizes the government's commitment to seriously ramp up domestic food supplies.
The Climate Challenge: Land versus Water
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the situation of the Fens, a plain in England that was drained from the early 17th to the mid-19th centuries to turn into the country's best arable acres. Today, these flatlands — a food bowl for Britain — are degrading as the ground sinks. The chapter also highlights that Great Britain is an island nation vulnerable to rising sea levels as climate change undermines an already low, and falling, self-sufficiency in food. On Britain's fast-eroding coastline, land is disappearing by four metres a year in some areas, particularly in the east of England. As a result, England, Scotland and Wales face two challenges: reinforcing sea defences where practical and, elsewhere where it's impractical, preparing to relocate residents and businesses.
Rewilding: Rich Persons’ Plaything or Real Hope for People?
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter tackles the efforts to renew the hills and uplands to help nature's recovery. It highlights how restoring peatlands or ‘rewilding’ represents one of the greatest climate challenges in the UK, while also presenting cash-generating opportunities for those living near them. The overriding objective of returning these to a near-natural state was to lock carbon in the ground rather than letting it leach into the atmosphere. These peatlands, then, store enormous wealth: carbon, paving the way to a new economy: carbon trading, perhaps involving large companies buying credits from restored peatlands — big retailers and transport concerns, for instance. Might cash for carbon prove a potential saviour for countless upland communities in return for their labours in renewing land where sheep numbers will be drastically reduced?
Land Renewing: Reworking for All?
Authors: Hetherington Peter
Published: May 2022

What keeps people working the land: growing crops, raising and trading livestock, enriching the countryside, and nurturing nature? How does one assess the cost of renewing the most basic resource — land? This chapter acknowledges that the government's development of an integrated land use strategy in England — by learning from the more coordinated approaches of Scotland and Wales — are among the range of factors where the answer to the second question would depend on. It points out the colliding proposals between different government departments in England that are operating at cross-purposes with little coordination. The discussion underscores the importance of policy coherence, in light of the challenges faced by farmers. It also views that life outside the EU's Common Agricultural Policy regime presents a heaven-sent opportunity to renew and rework the countryside for the benefit of everyone with the most profound changes in the management of wide-open spaces in generations.
Managing Cities at Night
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

As lights come on in the streets and darkness descends on cities, most ‘call it a day’. The night is rarely a popular issue for news headlines, local governments or urban researchers. Yet what in our cities happens afterhours, and how city leaders manage it, is far from inconsequential. Managing Cities at Night intervenes in this landscape with an accessible, evidence-based and internationally minded volume capable of inspiring a greater appreciation of the night-time economy in research and practice. It offers a useful guide to urban governance after hours with a unique stock-take of this reality with an eye at questions of urban equality, not least by taking into account the momentous impact of COVID-19 on night-time activity. The book presents an updated review of night-time governance across five continents, with insights from realities as different as London, New York, Valparaiso, Sydney, Tokyo, Berlin, Bogota and Melbourne. It does so to explicitly broaden the imagination of what it means to manage cities ‘after hours’, as an explicitly ‘scholarly’ guide for practitioners and novices of the night-time economy. It presents a distinctive focus on night governance, the role of night mayors and night commissions, and does so in an informative case-based way that sketches one of the widest variety of vignettes and case studies currently available on night-time economies of cities the world over.
Into the Night
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

The book’s introduction takes cue from an emerging, and exciting we would argue, interdisciplinary crowd of “night studies” that has in the last few years expanded as a collaboration between night-time practitioners and scholars, and we step in with an intervention aimed at offering an accessible introduction as to why, and how, our cities’ night-time should be governed. The chapter highlights this growing night studies call to put the ‘afterhours’ in the spotlight, and we make a case for both the importance of governing the night-time and the necessity to do so in way that recognises the value of the many international experiences out there setting night-time governance as a trend, rather than a passing fad. We introduce here some of the grounding stances of this primer, as well as some of the core ideas emerging from the book and this mounting practice.
Night-Time Governance Trajectories: A Public–Private Affair?
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

This chapter aims to underline the importance of the urban policy context, its history and trajectory when considering night-time governance cases from around the planet. In order to think through the evolution of the governance of the night in cities with a deeper sense of context, our goal in this first of two in-depth comparative case studies chapters is to stress the value and he institutional positioning of the urban night and the underpinning economic imperatives that drive it in one or another direction. This chapter offers more information on the cases of London, Sydney, Melbourne and New York building on our own work in several of these contexts.
The Night-Time and the Pandemic
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

The global crisis ushered by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 hit hard cities the world over. Even harder hit, through lockdowns but also stretched essential services, has been the world of night-time economy and management. Yet at the same time the movement to institutionalise and discuss and campaign for the night in cities (depicted in the previous chapters) also laid some important ground for tackling this, and night-time recovery movements are already afoot. Drawing from media reports, current research, events and direct experiences by the authors, this chapter analyses how these night-time governance structures have responded to COVID-19 and shares some insights on how this crisis might reshape the way night scenes are managed around the world. The goal of the chapter is to contextualise the ‘primer’ introduction of the previous sections in the wake of one of the deepest disruptions of our century.
We Have Always Been Cyborgs
Authors: Sorgner Stefan Lorenz
Published: May 2022

The concept of transhumanism emerged in the middle of the 20th century and has influenced discussions around artificial intelligence, brain–computer interfaces, genetic technologies and life extension. Despite its enduring influence in the public imagination, a fully developed philosophy of transhumanism has not yet been presented. This book explores the critical issues that link transhumanism with digitalization, gene technologies, and ethics. It examines the history and meaning of transhumanism and asks bold questions about human perfection, cyborgs, genetically enhanced entities, and uploaded minds. Offering insightful reflections on values, norms, and utopia, this will be an important guide for readers interested in contemporary digital culture, gene ethics, and policy making.
Transhumanism: In a Nutshell 1
Authors: Sorgner Stefan Lorenz
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a general introduction to transhumanism. Transhumanism is a cultural movement which affirms the use of techniques to increase the likelihood that human beings manage to transcend the boundaries of their current existence. The chapter asserts that it is in our interest to take evolution into our own hands. Thereby, we will increase the likelihood of our living a good life as well as that of not becoming extinct. The main aspect of the concept of the good which is shared among many transhumanists is the prolongation of the human health span. The chapter also explains why transhumanism can be seen as a nihilistic, positive pessimism, and what the underlying lines of thought for affirming such an approach are.
A Fictive Ethics
Authors: Sorgner Stefan Lorenz
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses the most important ethical issues concerning transhumanism. It shows that all the widely used ways of demonstrating transhumanism in the public media are implausible. The chapter also considers the question of what counts as morally right from a transhumanist perspective. From there, it further clarifies many widely shared misunderstandings concerning transhumanism, as it needs to be noted that there is an enormous diversity of different approaches within this cultural movement. Finally, the chapter takes a look at some wider-ranging issues of transhumanism, and the question concerning the meaning of life. It debunks many widely shared prejudices concerning transhumanism.
The Urban Zemiology of Carnival Row
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: May 2022

This chapter evaluates Prime Video's Carnival Row (2019). In order to articulate Carnival Row's unique contribution to zemiology, one must move beyond its representational capacity, approaching the series as an act rather than an object. The narrative event is an allegorical staging of the complexity of social reality that discloses the relationships among the harms of racism, alienation, and decivilisation by the combination of character, setting, and action. Carnival Row acts to destabilise confidence in the transparency and accountability of democracy as the culmination of political progress by drawing attention to the vulnerability of the system to resolute and unprincipled individuals. The urban revanchism depicted is explained as a complex combination of racism, alienation, and decivilisation in which there is a reciprocal relationship between cause and effect in the personal and the public spheres.
Critical Criminological Methodology
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a methodology for critical criminology. It begins by arguing that Vidmar Jovanović's theory of literary philosophy is convincing and that it establishes the criteria by which allegories can be said to be criminological and thus provide an alternative to more traditional sources of data on the causes of harm. The chapter then notes that the way in which the epistemic criterion is met was controversial and suggests the value of Jovanović's conception of fictional narratives as a particular type of testimony to critical criminology. Fictional testimony — or fiction as testimony — makes a more robust case for some allegories meeting the epistemic criterion and makes a more direct link between representation and reality. The allegory as testimony draws attention to its extra-representational dimension, which is produced by the interaction of the four levels of meaning that constitute its representational dimension.
Building That Matters to People
Authors: Imrie Rob
Published: May 2022

While building cultures are pre-disposed towards creating systems that enable basic human needs to be met, such as enabling water to enter and exit a building, they are less attuned to constructing spaces that respond to people’s diverse psychological and physiological needs. This is the theme of chapter 8, which develops the proposition that the processes by which building actors design and construct a place, and the methods they deploy to understand how objects and people interact, are estranged from, and insensitive to, the human context, or fail to consider the relationships between spaces and the functioning of the human body. Construction practices are disembodied insofar as practitioners rarely relate their work to human scale, or the manifold complexities of the body. As a consequence, what we build is implicated in the (re) production of debilitating spaces, or environs that degrade, and undermine, the body’s capacities to work well within the built environment.
Field correlations of partially coherent optical beams in underwater turbulence
Authors: Baykal Yahya , Gerçekcioğlu Hamza
Published: May 2022

Field correlations of partially coherent optical beams at the receiver plane are formulated and evaluated in underwater turbulence. Variations of the field correlations are examined against changes in the degree of source coherence, diagonal length from the receiver point, receiver point, propagation distance, source size, ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid. Under any underwater turbulence and link conditions, it is found that field correlations at the receiver plane reduce when the optical source becomes less coherent.
Modeling the partially coherent behavior of few-mode far-infrared grating spectrometers
Authors: Lap B. N. R. , Withington S. , Jellema W. , Naylor D. A.
Published: May 2022

Modeling ultra-low-noise far-infrared grating spectrometers has become crucial for the next generation of far-infrared space observatories. Conventional techniques are awkward to apply because of the partially coherent form of the incident spectral field, and the few-mode response of the optics and detectors. We present a modal technique for modeling the behavior of spectrometers that allows for the propagation and detection of partially coherent fields, and the inclusion of straylight radiated by warm internal surfaces. We illustrate the technique by modeling the behavior of the long wavelength band of the proposed SAFARI instrument on the well-studied SPICA mission.
Terahertz passive amplification via temporal Talbot effect in metamaterial-based Bragg fibers
Authors: Pepino Vinicius M. , da Mota Achiles F. , Borges Ben-Hur V. , Teixeira Fernando L.
Published: May 2022

A fully passive terahertz (THz) pulse amplification device is proposed based on leveraging the temporal Talbot effect (TTE) on a highly dispersive silicon-based metamaterial Bragg fiber. To maximize the TTE passive gain, we introduce and explore three different strategies, denoted as coherent pulse addition (CPA), forward Talbot illuminator (FTAI), and backward Talbot illuminator (BTAI). The BTAI strategy allows additional degrees of freedom for controlling the output pulse shape. Moreover, by using a continuous phase profile, we overcome the hurdle of implementing discrete phase gratings in limited time response phase modulators. We explore different pulse shapes and chirped pulses with CPA, and different gain factors with both BTAI and FTAI. Numerical simulation results show a 5.8 dB gain for a 9.8 cm long fiber with the CPA method, a 9.9 dB gain with FTAI (1.37 cm long), and a 8.8 dB gain with BTAI (1.25 cm long). These results indicate the potential of the approaches presented here, which can be used as a springboard for further developments toward high gain passive amplification THz devices.
FBG pressure sensor in pressure distribution monitoring of ship
Authors: Xu Gang , He Bo , Li Hongli , Gui Xin , Li Zhengying
Published: May 2022

In order to realize the multi-point load measurement of ship hull during wave experiments, an FBG pressure sensor was developed to monitor ship bottom liquid level. The principle is to measure the responses of optical fiber sensing units caused by hydraulic pressure. By utilizing a designed steel diamond structure and reasonable selected material, the sensor realized the temperature self-compensation function of a single FBG. The theoretical models and experimental methods are analyzed in detail. Lots of sensing tests showed that, the sensor had a sensitivity of 58.94 pm/kPa and a precision of 1.7 Pa. The temperature sensitivity was only 2.7 pm/°C, which basically achieved the effect of temperature self-compensated. Finally, 15 sensors were installed at the bottom of the hull and a series of wave load experiments were carried out, which further showed that the pressure sensor had good measuring ability and wide application prospect.
High-speed and high-power germanium photodetector based on a trapezoidal absorber
Authors: Zhu Yupeng , Liu Zhi , Niu Chaoqun , Pang Yaqing , Zhang Diandian , Liu Xiangquan , Zheng Jun , Zuo Yuhua , Xue Haiyun , Cheng Buwen
Published: May 2022

A compact high-power germanium photodetector (Ge PD) is experimentally demonstrated by re-engineering light distribution in the absorber. Compared with a conventional Ge PD, the proposed structure shows a DC saturation photocurrent improved by 28.9% and 3 dB bandwidth as high as 49.5 GHz at 0.1 mA. Under the same photocurrent of 10.5 mA, the proposed Ge PD shows a 3 dB bandwidth of 11.1 GHz, which is almost double the conventional Ge PD (5.6 GHz). The 25 Gb/s eye-diagram measurement verifies the improved power handling capability. The compact size and manufacturing simplicity of this structure will enable new applications for integrated silicon photonics.