bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of a Good-Enough Strategy to Reduce Costs of Development of Deep Offshore Brown-Field Marginal Infill Reservoir
Authors: Shukla Shashank
Published: April 2016

Girassol Miocene M14 project, a Brown Field subsea tie-back to Girassol FPSO on Block17 in Angola, was suspended after pre-project/FEED studies to give priority to more profitable developments. In a permanent attempt to develop the upside reserves of TOTAL Angola portfolio at the best costs, an alternative development scenario was envisaged early 2015 considering the use of stock drilling tubular, completion equipment as well as SPS equipment, the reuse of existing XTs recovered from depleted Girassol wells, the selection of minimum functionalities system.

This paper presents how a "good-enough" strategy has been used to generate real cost savings and schedule optimization for the project. All together, this is a first-of-a-kind for deepwater fields in TOTAL.
Lessons Learned from HPHT Equipment Verification and Validation Process
Authors: Patel Harish N. , Ji Jing , Lin Jessie , Raghunathan Varun
Published: April 2016

The industry is looking to drill in reservoirs exceeding the current limitations of associated equipment with pressures greater than 15,000 psi and/or temperatures greater than 350°F. This paper will discuss the design verification and validation efforts, integration assessment, and safety analysis for equipment with increased boundary limits to be utilized for High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) applications. It will also address the general areas of concern during prototype testing. The test procedures developed from the design validation process will incorporate the suggestions, recommendations, and optimizations from the design verification efforts. The created testing procedures will then assist in validating the design of the increased limits of components of drilling equipment for HPHT environments. The on-going projects that ABS is working on will be used in development of HPHT equipment design, production, and testing requirements. This paper will summarize the challenges in validation and verification that HPHT technology faces at the early stages of development and provide lessons learned for future projects and new technologies.

This paper will discuss in detail the obstacles experienced during design verification, material selection, risk study, and validation programs that have been set up to perform technology qualification and satisfy newly developed regulatory requirements. Discussion about material qualification testing, prototype testing, and findings based on experienced gained on the project will be presented. The lessons learned during this project will help to establish a baseline for standardizing the certification process of HPHT drilling equipment and new technology systems for global applications. The knowledge gained also will be instrumental for the development of various codes and standards associated for HPHT technology. Class and certification can provide greater confidence to offshore operators in order to commission drilling equipment and systems capable of delivering safer, more dependably drilled wells, some of which may be considered un-drillable with the limitations of existing equipment.
Lessons Learned During Manufacture, Installation, Deployment and Operation of a Managed Pressure Drilling System on Classed Drilling Units in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Bruton Jay , Patel Harish N. , Mohammed Sohail , Lin Jessie
Published: April 2016

Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) has been used on land and offshore units with surface blowout preventers (BOP). More Deepwater projects around the world are adopting this innovative technique due to the advantages offered by this technology. The industry is facing several challenges, such as reliability, barriers, offshore environments, limited space, riser gas management (RGM), general riser interface issues, training and regulatory requirements. The primary focus of this paper will be on the system that utilizes a Rotating Control Device (RCD) and surface choke system equipment. The objective of this paper is to discuss and address lessons learned and challenges faced during the classification of the first MPD System deployment in Gulf of Mexico (GOM) on Deepwater drilling units and based on ABS experience gained from past and on-going various MPD projects.

Details on key focus areas, obstacles, and areas of improvements faced during the design review, risk assessment, testing, installation, and integration and commissioning of an MPD system in GOM for Deepwater operation will be provided. Lessons learned from under performance, failures, unplanned issues, and mitigation measures taken during project execution will be discussed. Key findings from the various risk studies that assisted in improving system safety will be discussed.

Based on past project experiences, ABS has determined that additional improvements are needed to most effectively meet class and regulatory requirements. This paper summarizes major concerns to be addressed and provides necessary mitigation measures to eliminate unscheduled events, and help minimize delay in classification. These efforts establish a baseline for classification of MPD drilling equipment and system for operations in Gulf of Mexico by providing major steps in achieving Classification along with providing information on the regulatory involvement in MPD Operations in Gulf of Mexico.
Seismic Assessments for Offshore Shallow Foundations in Carbonate Sediments
Authors: O'Driscoll D. , Yamamoto N. , Amodio A. , Bransby M. F. , Erbrich C. T. , Westgate Z. J.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a methodology for the cost-effective seismic geotechnical design of shallow foundations for typical subsea structures in carbonate sediments. This methodology is focused on the particular design issues experienced in these soils and so the methodology includes the calculation of: (i) seismic shear stress and excess pore pressures induced in the soil column during a seismic event; (ii) post-seismic foundation settlement, which can be a governing design criterion in carbonate sediments due to their compressibility; (iii) bearing capacity during the seismic event allowing for appropriate strength degradation under the cyclic seismic load. Finally, the paper discusses conditions where the underlying 1-D shaking assumption of the simplified approach is not appropriate, with an example of a high aspect ratio subsea structure where 2-D and 3-D dynamic analyses were performed.
Remote Real-Time Subsea Monitoring Systems
Authors: Manalang Dana , Cram Geoff , Harrington Michael , Tilley James , McRae Eric , Harkins Gary , McGinnis Tim , Milcic Matthew , Delaney John , Kelley Deborah , Feldman Ken
Published: April 2016

In Oct, 2014, installation of the largest North American scientific cabled observatory was completed. The Cabled Array portion of the Ocean Observatories Initiative, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and implemented by the University of Washington, consists of over 850 km of fiber optic and electrical cables, 7 primary nodes, 18 seafloor junction boxes, 3 mooring-mounted winched profiling systems, 3 rechargeable wire-crawling profiler systems and 140 science instruments. The primary nodes and backbone cables, installed using standard telecommunications industry practices and designed to last a quarter century, bring unprecedented power and bandwidth to remote seafloor locations. Meanwhile, the modular, ROV-serviceable secondary infrastructure branches power and communications in support of instrumentation throughout the water column. The modular design of the secondary infrastructure provides the capacity to expand the cabled network well beyond its initial footprint. To facilitate full shore-based operations, a suite of management software was developed for network configuration, power control, port monitoring, system condition monitoring, configuring alarms, and troubleshooting. These systems are part of a growing new trend of real-time remote ocean monitoring, or interactive observatory-class, systems.

The purpose-built observatory-class systems for the OOI Cabled Array's long-term sub-sea monitoring operations provide a modular framework capable of adapting to many applications and scales. All secondary infrastructure equipment, including cables up to 5 km, were deployed by a work class ROV and configured to fit multiple site geometries and environments, from soft sediments to volcanic crust. Seafloor nodes, or junction boxes, deliver up to 200 Watts to each of 8 instrument ports, and can be daisy-chained for expansion. Real-time controllable winched profilers routinely perform multiple 200 m vertical profiles daily, and can be docked as needed to accommodate operations in the water column above. A 3500-meter rated wire-crawling profiler samples the entire water column and recharges at a cabled seafloor docking station. While each system is tailored to its specific mission, all components of the secondary infrastructure: 1) enable remote shore-based operation of deployed equipment, 2) allow for real or near-real time data collection and system control, and 3) are synchronized to a GPS-based clock. These key attributes of interactive observatory-class systems unlock several possibilities for subsea systems, including immediate responses to detected events, accurate time-based comparisons of spatially-varying data sets, synchronized operations over an extended area, and shore-based control of remote resident infrastructure.
The Study of Gas Hydrate Formation and Particle Transportability Using A High Pressure Flowloop
Authors: AA-Majid Ahmad , Lee Wonhee , Srivastava Vishal , Chen Litao , Grasso Giovanny , Vijayamohan Prithvi , Chaudhari Piyush , Sloan E Dendy , Koh Carolyn A , Zerpa Luis
Published: April 2016

As oil and gas industry strive for better gas hydrate management methods, there is the need for better understanding of hydrate formation and plugging tendency in a multiphase flow. In this work, an industrial-scale high pressure flowloop was used to investigate gas hydrate formation and hydrate slurry conditions at different flow conditions; fully dispersed and partially dispersed systems. It has been shown that hydrate formation in partially dispersed system can be more problematic as compared to fully dispersed system. For hydrate formation in partially dispersed system, it was observed that there is rapid hydrate growth and rapid increase in pressure drop upon hydrate formation. This is in-contrast to fully dispersed system in which there is gradual increase in the pressure drop of the system. Further, for partially dispersed system, studies have shown that there is hydrate film growth at the pipe wall. This film growth increases the probability of hydrate particle agglomeration and bedding phenomenon, which that lead to flowline plugging. As there is different hydrate formation and plugging mechanism for fully and partially dispersed system, it is thus necessary to investigate and compare systematically the mechanism for both systems. In this project, all experiments were specifically designed to mimic the flow systems that can be found in actual oil and gas pipelines (full and partial dispersion) and understand the transportability of hydrate particles in both systems. Two variables were investigated in this work; amount of water (water cut, WC) and pump speed (fluid mixture velocity). Three different water cuts were investigated; 30, 50 and 90 vol.% water cut. Similarly, three different pump speeds were investigated; 0.91, 1.89, 2.99 m/s. The results from these meausrements were analyzed in terms of relative pressure drop (?Prel) and hydrate volume fraction (fhyd). It was observed that for all water cuts investigated in this work, the ?Prel decreases with increasing pump speed, at a similar hydrate volume fraction. Flowloop plugging occurred for tests with 50 vol.% water cut and pump speeds lower than 1.89 m/s, and for tests with 90 vol.% water cut at a pump speed of 0.91 m/s. Additionally, in all 90 vol.% water cut tests, emulsion breaking where the two phases (oil and aqueous water) separated was observed upon hydrate formation.
Implementation and Challenges of a SIL 3 Subsea HIPPS
Authors: Hernandez Robert , Patel Rahul , Attaway Timothy , Shah Vinanti , Asi Suresh
Published: April 2016

A subsea HIPPS (High Integrity Pressure Protection System) is an effective tool to reduce the overall CAPEX of a system by limiting the pressure downstream equipment may experience. While there are challenges associated with implementing this system, proper HIPPS design focuses on the safety and reliability of the entire system from reservoir to topsides. A HIPPS can allow the integration of high pressure wells into low pressure systems, thus expanding the capabilities and life of equipment that may already exist. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of the HIPPS, rigorous testing and compliance with regulatory bodies are necessary.

This paper presents a summary of the design criteria of a subsea HIPPS, the benefits of proper HIPPS implementation, and the challenges that must be met. Despite these challenges, it is both plausible and feasible to integrate future high-pressure systems into low-pressure systems by implementing a HIPPS to protect against the overpressure of low-pressure equipment.
Pipeline Walking Mitigation by Anchor In-Line Structures With the Use of a Hybrid Subsea Foundation
Authors: Demel Jasmina , Wallerand Regis , Rebours Nicolas , Cafi Mersina , Grelon Florent , Mencarelli Guy , Gioielli Paulo , Olayera Olanrewaju
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a novel, flexible, and economic solution used to mitigate anticipated pipeline walking of a flowline on a deepwater development, offshore West Africa, in about 1000 m of water depth. Aspects from conceptual, design, fabrication and installation are presented for this recently used anchoring solution.

The most common way to mitigate pipeline walking in the Deepwater offshore industry has been holding the flowline from the end opposite to the displacement, which, given the magnitude of the forces involved, can lead to unpractical and noneconomic anchoring solutions.

An alternative, developed for this Project, has been to identify midline positions to anchor the flowline and let the ends free to expand. This has the beneficial effect of considerably reducing the forces involved and thus allows the use of a more efficient anchoring structure with a Hybrid Foundation.

A Hybrid Foundation is the combination of a skirted shallow foundation (so called mudmat) and pin-piles added at each corner of the mudmat. The adjunction of pin-piles increases the holding capacity of the single skirted mudmat by a factor of about 3, which falls then within the range of the anchoring forces required at midline positions along the flowline.

These anchoring structures are installed simultaneously in-line by the pipelay vessel. Pin-piles can be separately installed by a light construction vessel with the assistance of simple clump-weights. This has a major benefit on the installation sequence and the overall schedule.

The present paper focuses on the selection of the mitigation concept, on geotechnical and structural analyses of the Hybrid Subsea Foundation (HSF), and provides feedback from the recent installation campaign.
New Marine Seismic Refraction Technology and Survey Techniques: From Concept to Completion Offshore Mozambique, East Africa, 2015
Authors: Hawkins Lisa , Dunn Shane , Hermosilha Helder
Published: April 2016

The discovery of natural gas offshore Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique, East Africa has garnered much attention. The block's operators are looking to transport the natural gas ashore via pipeline to what is expected to be among the world's largest LNG parks. The presence of sub-marine canyons including a carbonate escarpment make the geologic conditions complex.

To assess the feasibility of contouring or excavating the edge of the undersea cliffs, a seismic refraction survey was required to determine the P wave velocity structure of the escarpment. These measurements are critical for determining equipment and methods for excavating and dredging work. Nearly all dredging surveys and operations are carried out in water depths of less than 50 meters. As a result, refraction equipment and professional expertise is limited to shallow water surveys.

In order to obtain velocity information at greater depths, new technology and survey techniques were developed.

Surface-towed seismic arrays were not an option due to offset requirements necessary to achieve critical refraction in deeper water. Furthermore, a surface-towed refraction array would be unlikely to resolve thin sediment layers overlying the escarpment's limestone. The logical option was to design a refraction spread capable of being towed near the seabed and able to resolve layering at the meter scale. The result was the development and implementation of a deep-tow sparker source and hybrid hydrophone streamer and bottom tow cable array.

The key aspect of the equipment's design was a decision to depart from pneumatic sound sources. Airguns were deemed unacceptable for a number of reasons: –Airgun performance concerns at >100m depths.–Concerns regarding the impact of the hydrostatic pressure on source characteristics and what affect the bubble pulse would have in the data.–Concerns regarding air-hose lengths needed to deployed to >100m depths.–A larger vessel would be required since a shot interval of 3m would tax air production.–Our commitment to minimize impacts on the environment and wildlife.

A specially designed sparker as the source was deployed from a small vessel of opportunity. This eliminated the need for compressors, air-hoses, etc. A new streamer design and towing was also developed. During refraction surveying hydrophone streamers are frequently towed very near the seafloor. This introduces substantial noise into the data and can only be done safely on smooth, sandy/muddy substrates. The escarpment's surface was highly irregular with boulders and ledges. Thus, a cable design was employed where the active hydrophone was suspended just above the seafloor. This reduced noise associated with cable drag.

In 2015, the newly developed kit successfully acquired refraction data across the escarpment with excellent environmental and operational performance. The tomography-software processed data produced useful models of the escarpment's P wave velocity structure.
Early detection of communication delays with the PEDS tools in at-risk South African infants
Authors: Van der Linde Jeannie , Swanepoel De Wet , Hanekom Linique , Lemmer Tasha , Schoeman Karla , Glascoe Frances P. , Vinck Bart
Published: April 2016

Background: Prevalence of communication delays or disorders is increasing, possibly because of various environmental risk factors. Selection and implementation of effective screening tools are important to detect at-risk infants as early as possible. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), PEDS-Developmental Milestones and PEDS tools to detect communication delays in infants (6–12 months) in a South African primary healthcare context.Method: A comparative study design evaluated the accuracy of the PEDS tools to detect communication delays, using an internationally accepted diagnostic assessment tool, the Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale (RITLS). A convenience sample of 201 infants was selected at primary healthcare clinics.Results: Expressive and receptive language sensitivity scores were low across all three screens(ranging between 14% and 44%). The PEDS tools had high sensitivity (71%) and specificity (73%) ratings for the receptive and expressive language and socio-emotional domain in combination. Conclusion: In the sample population, the PEDS tools did not accurately detect receptive and expressive language delays; however, communication delays in general were identified. Future research determining accuracy of the PEDS, PEDS-Developmental Milestones and PEDS tools for children aged 2–5 years in detecting communication delays should be prioritised.
Climate change in semi-arid Malawi: Perceptions, adaptation strategies and water governance
Authors: Joshua Miriam K. , Ngongondo Cosmo , Chipungu Fellistus , Monjerezi Maurice , Liwenga Emma , Majule Amos , Stathers Tanya , Lamboll Richard
Published: April 2016

Climate change and variability are a threat to sustainable agricultural production in semi-arid areas of Malawi. Overdependence on subsistence rain-fed agriculture in these areas calls for the identification of sustainable adaptation strategies. A study was therefore conducted in Chikwawa, a semi-arid district in southern Malawi, to: (1) assess community’s perception of a changing climate against empirical evidence, (2) determine their local adaptive measures, (3) evaluate the potential of irrigated agriculture as an adaptive measure in household food security and (4) challenges over access to available water resources. The study employed focus group discussions and key informant interviews to assess people’s perceptions of climate change and variability and their desired interventions. To validate the people’s perceptions, rainfall and temperature data for the period 1960–2010 were analysed. A participatory complete randomised experimental design in both rain-fed and dry season–irrigated conditions was conducted to assess a maize cropping system that would improve adaptation. The study established persistent declining yields from rain-fed production in part because of perennial rainfall failure. In response, the community has shifted its focus to irrigation as an adaptation strategy, which has in turn triggered water conflicts in the community over the control of the resource. Water legislation however fails to adequately provide for rules governing sharing of water resources between various stakeholders. This article therefore recommends development of an appropriate institutional framework that forms a strong basis for equitable distribution of water for irrigation in areas most vulnerable to extreme climate events – including droughts and floods.Keywords: Food Security; Climate Change and Variability; Rainfall Variability; Irrigation; Water Resources; Governance Crisis
Effects of Choline on DNA Methylation and Macronutrient Metabolic Gene Expression in in Vitro Models of Hyperglycemia
Authors: Jiang Xinyin , Greenwald Esther , Jack-Roberts Chauntelle
Published: April 2016

Choline is an essential nutrient that plays an important role in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Studies in rodents suggest that choline may adversely affect glycemic control, yet studies in humans are lacking. Using the human hepatic and placental cells, HepG2 and BeWo, respectively, we examined the interaction between choline and glucose treatments. In HepG2 cells, choline supplementation (1 mM) increased global DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase expression in both low-glucose (5 mM) and high-glucose (35 mM) conditions. Choline supplementation increased the expression of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 ( ACOX1), which mediates fatty acid β-oxidation, especially in the high-glucose condition. High-glucose exposure increased the transcription of the gluconeogenic gene phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ( PEPCK), while choline supplementation mitigated such increase. Compared to HepG2 cells, the placenta-derived BeWo cells were relatively unresponsive to either high-glucose or -choline treatment. In conclusion, choline and glucose interacted to affect macronutrient metabolic genes, yet there was no indication that choline may worsen glycemic control in these in vitro human cell culture models.
Macroeconomic effects of household debt: an empirical analysis
Authors: Kim Yun K.
Published: April 2016

Multi-equation econometric frameworks are used to investigate the impact of household debt on GDP in the US. In the vector autoregression analysis capturing the transitory feedback effects, we observe a bidirectional positive feedback process between aggregate income and debt. According to the estimation of vector error correction models, there are negative long-run relationships between household debt and output. These empirical results provide a support for the view of the debt-driven business cycles.
A useful framework for linking labor and goods markets: Okun's law and its stability revisited
Authors: Ismihan Mustafa
Published: April 2016

This paper introduces a useful framework for linking labor and goods markets. This framework enables us to provide a reasonable theoretical background to Okun's law and hence facilitates the decomposition of Okun's coefficient into several quantifiable and interpretable components that incorporate the main insights of Arthur Okun's original analysis and the traditional Keynesian view. The empirical decomposition exercise indicates that Okun's law has an inherent tendency to vary substantially over time and this provides a potential explanation to the empirical studies that have shed doubt on the stability of Okun's law.
Inconsistency and over-determination in balance-of-payments-constrained growth models: a note*
Authors: Oreiro José Luis
Published: April 2016

The objective of this short note is to re-evaluate the solution given by Palley (2002) for the inconsistency problem in BoP-constrained growth models. I show that once we distinguish the concepts of natural and warranted rates of growth that over-determination problem appears again, requiring the introduction of the level of real exchange rate in the formal structure of BoP models in order to be solved.
Zit je te denken of ben je aan het piekeren?
Authors: Lemmens Maarten
Published: April 2016

Persistence in the synchronic use of prepositional and postural progressive constructions in Dutch

This article presents a corpus-based comparison of the two most frequent progressive constructions in Dutch: the prepositional construction aan het INF zijn ‘be at the INF’ (PREP-progressive) and the posture verb construction liggen/zitten/staan te INF ‘lie/sit/stand to INF’ (POS-progressive). Both constructions have in common that they cannot occur with stative verbs, both are grammaticalised constructions with locative origins, and both can often occur with the same verbs. However, we argue that each construction has its own semantic profile: the PREP-progressive has a processual profile, zooming in on the ongoing process itself, whereas the POS-progressive has a situational profile, typically locating the ongoing process in a well-described spatio-temporal frame. This profile is in fact a relic from their original postural use; as such, the POS-progressive provides a good illustration of Hopper’s (1991) persistence principle.
Emancipatie van affixen en affixoïden
Authors: Norde Muriel , Van Goethem Kristel
Published: April 2016

Emancipation of affixes and affixoids: degrammaticalization or lexicalization?

Dutch is particularly rich in derivational morphology. It features a range of productive affixes and affixoids (morphemes which have a specialized meaning when used in compounds). In this paper we review different processes of emancipation (debonding) of both affixes and affixoids. Using a predefined set of criteria, based in part on Lehmann’s parameters of grammaticalization, we outline morphological, syntactic and semantic characteristics of different affixes and affixoids that have undergone varying degrees of emancipation. The analysis shows that these parameters may be set differently in different morphological constructions, and also that they interact with one another in intricate ways. Some bound morphemes can only take scope over a phrase, whereas others come to be used as a free morpheme, which implies morphosyntactic changes as well as a change in semantics, e.g. hyperonymy or specialization. From the qualitative analysis based on our criteria it emerges that debonding of derivational affixes and affixoids is neither degrammaticalization nor lexicalization, but rather a process sui generis.
Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particle Measurements at a Tropical High Altitude Site in Southern India during Southwest Monsoon Season
Authors: Valsan A. E. , Ravikrishna R. , Biju C. V. , Pöhlker C. , Després V. R. , Huffman J. A. , Pöschl U. , Gunthe S. S.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs) like fungal spores, bacteria, pollen, etc. are reported to constitute large fraction of the atmospheric aerosols. They are responsible for the spread of organisms and diseases throughout the biosphere and may impact atmospheric processes and the hydrological cycle by acting as ice nuclei (IN) and giant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Despite their importance in the biosphere and climate, continuous measurements of PBAPs in high time and size resolutions are not available for the Indian subcontinent. Here we report the first measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAPs) in India. The measurements were carried out using an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) in Munnar, a high altitude tropical site in southern India. The study was conducted for three consecutive months during the Southwest monsoon season (1.June.2014–21.August.2014), which is marked by heavy and persistent rainfall and strong Westerly/Southwesterly clean winds. Averaged over the entire campaign arithmetic mean number and mass concentrations of coarse-mode FBAP (> 1 μm) were 0.02 cm−3 and 0.24 µg−3, respectively, which corresponded to ~ 2 and 6 % of total aerosol loading, respectively. Average FBAP number size distribution exhibited a peak at ~ 3 μm, which was most likely contributed by fungal spores, as supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, and the results are consistent with previous studies made for FBAP. During eleven weeks of measurements the corresponding total (TAP) coarse mode particle number concentration was highly variable in contrast to the variability observed in FBAP number concentration. Averaged over the entire campaign the TAP number and mass concentrations were 1.8 cm−3 and 7.0 µg m−3. The TAP and FBAP number concentrations measured at this site were strongly dependent on changes in wind direction and rainfall. During the period of continuous and persistent rainfalls the TAP and FBAP concentration exhibited very low concentration levels (1.3 cm−3 and 0.005 cm−3, respectively) with no observed diurnal variations. Averaged over the entire campaign FBAP exhibited a moderately diurnal variation with highest concentration during early morning hours (~ 06:00–08:00 hrs). The campaign averaged FBAP number concentrations were shown to correlate with daily patterns of meteorological parameters and were positively correlated with relative humidity (RH; R2 = 0.58), and negatively with temperature (R2 = 0.60) and wind speed (R2 = 0.60). We did not observe any significant positive correlation with precipitation as reported by previous researchers from selected areas. These measurement results confirms the fact that fraction of PBAPs to TAP is strongly dependent on size and location and thus may constitute significant proportion of total aerosol particles.
Environmental control on the occurrence of high-coercivity magnetic minerals and formation of iron sulfides in a 640 ka sediment sequence from Lake Ohrid (Balkans)
Authors: Just Janna , Nowaczyk Norbert R. , Sagnotti Leonardo , Francke Alexander , Vogel Hendrik , Lacey Jack H. , Wagner Bernd
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The bulk magnetic mineral record from Lake Ohrid, spanning the past 637 kyr, reflects large-scale shifts in hydrological conditions, and, superimposed, a strong signal of environmental conditions on glacial–interglacial and millennial timescales. A shift in the formation of early diagenetic ferrimagnetic iron sulfides to siderites is observed around 320 ka. This change is probably associated with variable availability of sulfide in the pore water. We propose that sulfate concentrations were significantly higher before  ∼  320 ka, due to either a higher sulfate flux or lower dilution of lake sulfate due to a smaller water volume. Diagenetic iron minerals appear more abundant during glacials, which are generally characterized by higher Fe / Ca ratios in the sediments. While in the lower part of the core the ferrimagnetic sulfide signal overprints the primary detrital magnetic signal, the upper part of the core is dominated by variable proportions of high- to low-coercivity iron oxides. Glacial sediments are characterized by high concentration of high-coercivity magnetic minerals (hematite, goethite), which relate to enhanced erosion of soils that had formed during preceding interglacials. Superimposed on the glacial–interglacial behavior are millennial-scale oscillations in the magnetic mineral composition that parallel variations in summer insolation. Like the processes on glacial–interglacial timescales, low summer insolation and a retreat in vegetation resulted in enhanced erosion of soil material. Our study highlights that rock-magnetic studies, in concert with geochemical and sedimentological investigations, provide a multi-level contribution to environmental reconstructions, since the magnetic properties can mirror both environmental conditions on land and intra-lake processes.
DO ARQUIVO ESCOLAR À ESCRITA DA HISTÓRIA DA INSTITUIÇÃO EDUCATIVA CONFESSIONAL CATÓLICA FEMININA DO INTERIOR PAULISTA (1918-1961)
Authors: Furtado Alessandra Cristina
Published: April 2016

Os arquivos escolares e seus documentos têm alcançado importância e visibilidade na pesquisa sobre a história das instituições educativas. O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir as possibilidades e os limites que os documentos do arquivo do Colégio Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora, de Ribeirão Preto, oferecem para a escrita da história desta instituição feminina católica, no período de 1918 a 1961. O recorte temporal corresponde a momentos significativos da história do Colégio, da História da Educação e da Política Educacional Brasileira. Este trabalho orienta-se na perspectiva de análise da Nova História Cultural que, como vertente interpretativa, vem marcando a produção historiográfica educacional contemporânea. A metodologia utilizada é caracterizada como uma pesquisa documental, uma vez que, na investigação empreendida no arquivo do colégio, foi possível localizar uma documentação importante para o estudo da história desta instituição e de sua cultura escolar. Apesar de a documentação desse arquivo fornecer elementos importantes para esta pesquisa, ela apresenta limites para a organização e construção dessa história institucional.
ACERVOS DIGITAIS E PRESERVAÇÃO DE FONTES PARA A HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO RURAL NO BRASIL
Authors: Souza Rosa Fátima de
Published: April 2016

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar o trabalho de reunião e organização de fontes de pesquisa para o estudo da educação rural que vem sendo realizado no âmbito do projeto temático “História da Escola Primária Rural no Estado de São Paulo (1931 – 1968): circulação de referenciais estrangeiros, iniciativas do Poder Público e cultura escolar”, financiado pela FAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. O acervo digital de fontes tem sido constituído por meio da identificação de documentos em arquivos escolares e órgãos da administração do ensino público de cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo. Mobilizando o diálogo entre o campo do patrimônio educativo, do patrimônio cultural e das ciências da informação, este texto ressalta os desafios de constituição do acervo digital em seus aspectos técnicos e informacionais, a relevância das fontes reunidas para a história da educação rural e problematiza o lugar dessas iniciativas nas políticas de preservação do patrimônio educativo.
A EXPANSÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR NA ORGANIZAÇÃO DA FEDERAÇÃO BRASILEIRA: ESCOLAS NORMAIS EM MINAS GERAIS NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA
Authors: Veiga Cynthia Greive
Published: April 2016

Este artigo discute a organização da escola normal nas primeiras décadas republicanas, no contexto de demandas por reformas educacionais concernentes às necessidades de formação do cidadão, de expansão do ensino primário, de organização da república brasileira e de definição da cidadania republicana. Estes temas são analisados levando em consideração a estrutura federalista das reformas educacionais, com destaque para Minas Gerais, salientando a dimensão das politicas locais na execução das reformas. Para a investigação utilizou-se da legislação e impressos. Constatou-se que apesar das demandas por reformas no ensino se pautarem na necessidade de homogeneização cultural, este objetivo não se realizou, seja pela ausência de um projeto nacional seja pelas deficiências das políticas locais, o que pode ser observado na oferta escolar desigual pelos tipos de escola primária e de níveis de formação docente.
20 ANOS DEPOIS DE SALAMANCA... ONDE ESTAMOS E PARA ONDE VAMOS?
Authors: Ferreira Windyz Brazão
Published: April 2016

Este artigo tem como foco o cenário da educação das pessoas com deficiência, 20anos depois de a Declaração de Salamanca da UNESCO ter lançado, em 1994, o princípio dainclusão e o movimento da educação inclusiva. Meu objetivo, neste ensaio, é o de discutirsobre o atual momento da política de inclusão escolar - Onde estamos? - e o que o futuroreserva educacionalmente para esse grupo social - Para onde vamos? - Para tanto, primeiro,trato da inclusão do estudante com deficiência na escola regular brasileira, por meio de umbreve panorama internacional do movimento da educação inclusiva pós-Salamanca. Segundo,discuto sobre o impacto dessa política educacional no sistema educacional brasileiro e comoela vem criando espaços excludentes nas escolas, apesar do discurso oficial pró-inclusão.Terceiro, com base nesse panorama, apresento minha visão acerca do futuro para estudantescom deficiência e apresento cinco fatores que demandam aprofundamento e reflexão críticapara qualificar politicamente o debate na área. Finalmente, apresento as considerações finaisdessa reflexão sobre a política de inclusão do governo federal, procurando evidenciar adesigualdade que é marca histórica do sistema educacional brasileiro.
FORMAÇÂO DO PROFESSOR DE ARTE, ESTUDO CULTURAL E EDUCAÇÂO INCLUSIVA
Authors: Batista Floida Moura Rocha , Oliveira Jáima Pinheiro de , Deliberato Débora
Published: April 2016

O presente trabalho problematiza alguns dos percursos de formação deprofessores de arte tendo como base os estudos culturais e a educação inclusiva. Ao refletirsobre a formação do professor de arte sob estes focos, há uma preocupação com acompreensão de quem somos no mundo social. Isto parece ser uma das questões que maisatrai tanto a mídia como o mundo acadêmico da contemporaneidade. O mesmo interesse nãose atém somente à área de arte, mas perpassa as várias áreas do conhecimento e parece serjustificado, entre outras razões, pelas mudanças bruscas que enfrentamos neste início demilênio, notadamente, o acesso aos meios eletrônicos de comunicação, que torna possível,tanto nas telas da televisão como nas dos computadores, uma exposição constante e imediataà multiplicidade de discursos sobre quem somos ou uma visão da vida humana como múltiplae plural e ao mesmo tempo fragmentada. Esses encaminhamentos metodológicos constituemum conjunto de ideias e de teorias educativas em arte transformadas em opções e atos que sãoconcretizadas em projetos ou no próprio desenvolvimento das aulas de arte. Conduzem paraideias e teorias, ou posições a respeito de como devem ou deveriam ser as práticas educativasem arte baseadas ao mesmo tempo em propostas de estudiosos da área e nas práticas escolaresem arte e que se cristalizam nas propostas e aulas. É na cultura que se produzem e circulamsignificados que, ao nos interpelarem, requerem de nós uma posição de sujeito que é ocupadapor nós na medida em que nos aproximamos ou não do que está sendo dito. No processo derenovação de temas, objetos de estudo e influências teóricas, fica muito claro que apredominância de preocupações com a cultura e com novas teorizações (pós-modernismo,pós-estruturalismo, estudos culturais, pós-colonialismos e outros) se estabelecem nopanorama da contemporaneidade.
NOTAS SOBRE A (TRANS)FORMAÇÃO HUMANA, NA FILOSOFIA DE NIETZSCHE
Authors: Silva Adriana Maria da
Published: April 2016

Como a sentença nietzscheana como alguém se torna o que é pode nos ajudar a pensar uma educação que exceda ao sentido de transmissão, modelação, conformação e adequação humanas, vinculado aos processos formativos e desenvolvido ao longo da tradição educativa ocidental? Por meio dessas reflexões, entendemos como evidenciada a atualidade da filosofia nietzscheana que nos dirige a uma (trans)formação humana. A defesa de uma cultura e de uma educação afinadas à vida mostra-se capaz de acolher os desafios elucidados nas análises contemporâneas da Filosofia da Educação, em torno da formação humana e dos novos rumos na construção do sujeito humano, enquanto um ser em devir. Por conseguinte, o sentido da formação humana se afastará das apropriações metafísicas e teleológicas, alcançando uma acepção diferenciada
Acuerdos de Paz de Esquipulas: La construcción de paz en Centroamérica
Authors: Chamorro Soren
Published: April 2016

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad realizar una mirada general al proceso de Paz de Centroamérica, después de una de las etapas más conflictivas de su historia. Se repasan algunas de las características particulares que llevaron a cada uno de estos países a tomar las armas, pero así también, aquellas medidas de solidaridad internacionales y nacionales que contribuyeron con la firma de los Acuerdos de Esquipulas y los posteriores acuerdos para recuperar y consolidar la paz a lo interno de cada uno de los países centroamericanos.
Mariposas de Rossi López o como atrapar el vuelo de la belleza en vidrio
Authors: Lovo Anastasio
Published: April 2016

Palabras ofrecidas por el Poeta Anastasio Lovo en la exposición de vitrales titulada “Butterflies” de la Maestra Rossi López Huelva, realizada por el Instituto “Martin Luther King” en el marco de la celebración del 48 aniversario de fundación de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua (UPOLI).
"Como la novia de Tola"
Authors: Aguirre Julie
Published: April 2016

Obra presentada en la "Exposición colectiva de pequeños formatos", realizada en saludo al día de los "Agüizotes" (Mitos y leyendas del pueblo nicaragüense) en Galería Praxis en el mes de octubre, 2015.
Widespread Development of Silcrete in the Cretaceous and Evolution of the Poaceae Family of Grass Plants
Authors: Bata Timothy P
Published: April 2016

The Cretaceous period, which is considered one of the most remarkable periods in Earth’s history, saw episodes of abrupt greenhouse warming and cooling. The Cretaceous was also exceptional in that it was associated with the widespread occurrence of silcrete. To demonstrate this, the present study collated records of silcrete occurrences from the Jurassic to the present and compared them with records of variation in palaeotemperature and atmospheric CO2 levels. Quartz solubility, which is one of the key factors that controls the rate of silcrete development, was also calculated over the same period. The results demonstrate that a marked increase (approximately 100%) in quartz solubility occurred during the Cretaceous. This was found to be a direct consequence of the extreme global warmth witnessed at that time. Furthermore, this study shows that silcrete occurrences are consistent with records of palaeotemperature and that silcretes have formed mostly in regions that have experienced warm climatic conditions, with no instances found in polar regions. The Poaceae family of grass plants are known to have evolved and diversified during the Cretaceous, which coincide with the period when silica was readily available. X-ray spectra and backscattered images from SEM examination of the internal structure of a modern wild grass (which belongs to the Poaceae family of grass plants) reveals that silica is an important constituent of the grass. This suggest a possible link between evolution of the Poaceae family in the Cretaceous and the high availability of silica during the Cretaceous.
Faculty Perception on International Students in Turkey: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Acar Erkan
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to examine faculty perceptions on international students with respect to benefits and challenges of having them in a liberal arts university located in Istanbul, Turkey. The research data were collected through evaluation of pertinent documents of the school and interviews with sixteen faculty members and one administrative staff member. Revealed themes for the benefits of having international students within the institution included: (1) escalading the overall academic and disciplinary success of the school, (2) creating diversity in learning environment and (3) generating competitive learning environment. Themes that are revealed for the challenges of having international students included: (1) adaptation to a new educational system, (2) language accents, (3) time management issues, and (4) isolation and grouping.
Estimation for Wrapped Zero Inflated Poisson and Wrapped Poisson Distributions
Authors: Thavaneswaran Aerambamoorthy , Mandal Saumen , Pathmanathan Dharini
Published: April 2016

There has been a growing interest in discrete circular models such as wrapped zero inflated Poisson and wrapped Poisson distributions and the trigonometric moments (see Brobbey et al., 2016 and Girija et al., 2014). Also, characteristic functions of stable processes have been used to study the estimation of the model parameters using estimating function approach (see Thavaneswaran et al., 2013). One difficulty in estimating the circular mean and the resultant mean length parameter of wrapped Poisson (WP) or wrapped zero inflated Poisson (WZIP) is that neither the likelihood of WP/WZIP random variable nor the score function is available in closed form, which leads one to use either trigonometric method of moment estimation (TMME) or an estimating function approach. In this paper, we study the estimation of WZIP distribution and WP distribution using estimating functions and obtain the closed form expression of the information matrix. We also derive the asymptotic distribution of the tangent of the mean direction for both the WZIP and WP distributions.
New Flexible Regression Models Generated by Gamma Random Variables with Censored Data
Authors: M. Hashimoto Elizabeth , Cordeiro Gauss M. , Ortega Edwin M.M. , Hamedani G.G.
Published: April 2016

We propose and study a new log-gamma Weibull regression model. We obtain explicit expressions for the raw and incomplete moments, quantile and generating functions and mean deviations of the log-gamma Weibull distribution. We demonstrate that the new regression model can be applied to censored data since it represents a parametric family of models which includes as sub-models several widely-known regression models and therefore can be used more effectively in the analysis of survival data. We obtain the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters by considering censored data and evaluate local influence on the estimates of the parameters by taking different perturbation schemes. Some global-influence measurements are also investigated. Further, for different parameter settings, sample sizes and censoring percentages, various simulations are performed. In addition, the empirical distribution of some modified residuals are displayed and compared with the standard normal distribution. These studies suggest that the residual analysis usually performed in normal linear regression models can be extended to a modified deviance residual in the proposed regression model applied to censored data. We demonstrate that our extended regression model is very useful to the analysis of real data and may give more realistic fits than other special regression models.