bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The in vitro effect of 5-FU and Tamoxifen Chemotherapeutics on penthose phosphate pathway enzymes
Authors: TEMEL Yusuf
Published: June 2021

The pentose phosphate pathway is the metabolic pathway where NADPH, the reducing force in metabolism, and ribose 5-phosphate, the building block of DNA and RNA, are produced. In this study, the in vitro effects of 5-fluorouracil and Tamoxifen chemotherapeutic agents on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), which are key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, were investigated. In the first stage of the study, G6PD and 6PGD enzymes were purified from rat erythrocytes using 2ʹ, 5ʹ-ADP Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography. The control of enzyme activities was determined spectrophotometrically at 340 nm wavelength according to the Beutler method. Then, the in vitro effects of 5-FU and Tamoxifen agents, which are widely used in chemotherapy, on enzyme activities were investigated. The results of the study showed that 5-FU increased the activity of both G6PD and 6PGD enzymes in the concentration range of 0.19-1.9 mM and Tamoxifen in the concentration range of 26-260 µM.
Examination of 99mTc-mdp radioactivity after ınjection according to time and distance
Authors: GÖKBULUT Melek
Published: June 2021

In nuclear medicine, the imaging process used to diagnose diseases and to examine the functions of organs is carried out with radiopharmaceuticals containing radioisotope. In this study, the amount of external radiation emitted from bone scintigraphy patients who were given 99mTc-MDP kit was examined. The measurements have been performed using FLUKE Victoreen ASM 990 portable detector at Nuclear Medicine Department Medicine Faculty in Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University. The external dose rate values have been measured at 0.50 m, 1.0 m, 2.0 m and 3.0 m away from the patient considered as the source of radiation. All measurements have been taken within approximately one hour and 10 minutes at 10 minutes intervals after injection of the pharmaceutical. In this study, the highest external dose rate value is measured 13.81 μSv h-1 from 0.50 m distance after 30 minutes from the radiopharmaceutical injection and the lowest external dose rate value 1.53 μSv h-1 is obtained from 3.0 m distance after 60 minutes. Then, dose rate values per unit activity were calculated and the highest value was found as 20.57 μSv h-1 GBq-1 30 minutes after injection at 0.50 m. The results obtained were compared with other studies in the literature.
Velocity-dependent potential effects on two interacting electrons in Cornell quantum dot planted in plasma medium
Authors: BAHAR Mustafa Kemal
Published: June 2021

In this study, the energy levels of two-electron Cornell quantum dot (TECQD) immersed in Debye and quantum plasma mediums are probed. To model plasma mediums, the more general exponential cosine screened Coulomb (MGECSC) is suggested. The presence of TECQD in plasma environment and velocity-dependent potential (VDP) effect in the system render very difficult to solve the relevant wave equation. Since the analytical solution of the relevant wave equation is very difficult, the numerical asymptotic iteration method (AIM) is used. As well as the effects of the encompassing parameters on the energy levels and possible radiations of TECQD, the effects of VDP and quantum (and Debye) plasma medium are also presented in detail. In addition, the alternativeness of VDP, quantum (and Debye) plasma and encompassing parameters to each other on these effects are also discussed.
Analysis and calculations of decentration amount and prism in eyeglass lenses
Authors: KURU MUTLU Hülya
Published: June 2021

The error of refraction is a very common eye disorder. Untreated vision problems put a lot of burden on the global economy annually. One of the most important parameters in the correct treatment of visual defects is the correct assembly of the focal point of the glass. The study was carried out to reveal the decentration differences and the analysis of prism formation after glass assembly according to the prescriptions of 150 customers who came to an optical shop in Eskisehir on Saturdays, 2015-2016. A digital lensmeter was used for the measurement of glasses, and a digital and photographic pupilmeter was used to measure pupillary distances. Chi-square test was used in the frequency study, and differences in glass numbers were used the Marginal Homogeneity Test was used in the analysis of the accuracy of the data. Glass assemblies without decentration were achieved at a rate of 94.66% in distance glasses and 93.33 % in near glasses. When the errors made in applied physics are analyzed, the amount of decentration in the assembly of the glasses that are frequently used in daily life draws attention. In this case, it caused unwanted prism formation.
Environmental risk assessment of commonly used anti-cancer drugs
Authors: MIHÇIOKUR Hamdi
Published: June 2021

This study has been focused on the commonly used anti-cancer drugs (ACDs) in Turkey in terms of environmental toxicity, behaviors in sewage treatment plants (STPs), biodegradability and physicochemical properties. For this purpose, EPI Suite, estimation programme, has been used by employing BCFWIN, KOWWIN, KOCWIN, HENRYWIN, AEROWIN, ECOSAR, BIOWIN, STPWIN suites. Among 13 selected ACDs, Tamoxifen has been found as the most risky pharmaceutical due to its high Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) / Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) value (2.96350). Even if the total removal efficiency of Tamoxifen is rather high (97.24%), the considerable portion (71.50%) has been retained on the treatment sludge leading to compose hazardous waste. Additionally, physicochemical parameters, log Kow (6.30), Kd (62230 L/g), log Koc (4.400) and BCF (6689 L/kg), calculated for Tamoxifen indicate that Tamoxifen has the highest sorption potential and tends to bioaccumulate in organisms, respectively.
Institute of the high commissioner for human rights in the Russian Federation in the context of public request for social justice
Authors: Chechelnitsky I. V.
Published: June 2021

The results of the latest sociological studies indicate a sharp increase in the demand for justice and an emerging tendency for citizens to understand the category of justice in a human rights context. Based on the analysis of the work of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, approaches to the implementation of the principle of justice through the restoration of violated rights, lawmaking in the field of human and civil rights, international cooperation in the field of human rights and legal education on human rights and freedoms, forms and methods of their protection are revealed. The proposals on the need to improve legislation and law enforcement practice are substantiated.
El aura y las formas de pensamiento en la pintura abstracta de las Primeras Vanguardias
Authors: Sarriugarte Gómez Iñigo
Published: June 2021

Resumen
La publicación de una serie de manuales teosóficos a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX sobre cuestiones tan novedosas como la tipología de las formas del pensamiento y lo referente a la composición cromática del concepto del aura, supuso para numerosos creadores vanguardistas la apertura de nuevas posibilidades experimentales. En este sentido, algunas de las propuestas pictóricas de Wassily Kandinsky, Theo van Doesburg y František Kupka, entre otros, se podrían interpretar como permutaciones cromáticas a partir de la estipulación teórica que generaron especialmente los teósofos C.W. Leadbeater y Annie Besant. Sin realizar una traslación mimética de las diferentes conjeturas planteadas en las creencias de esta escuela de pensamiento hermético, dichos artistas se embarcaron en la proyección de nuevas oportunidades experimentales a la vez que se sustentaban en la validación de un corpus teórico que justificaba la práctica abstracta en relación con un entramado de mayor acercamiento espiritual.
Vicisitudes de la iglesia mozárabe de San Marcos de Toledo
Authors: Santos Vaquero Ángel
Published: June 2021

Aunque en el siglo XI el papado intentó unificar la liturgia en toda la cristiandad, en Toledo quedaron seis parroquias denominadas mozárabes, después de ser conquistada por los cristianos. Una de ellas es la de san Marcos, la cual sufrió durante su existencia una serie de sucesos (ruina, incendio, reparaciones, unificaciones y traslados). En este artículo señalamos, ante todo, la reparación efectuada a comienzos del siglo XVIII y tratamos de que no sea confundida con la iglesia de San Marcos, que fue de los Trinitarios, y en la que fue acomodada la citada parroquia.
Análisis tipológico del llagar tradicional de sidra en Asturias: aproximación desde la representación gráﬁca
Authors: Fernández-Cid Fernández-Viña Estefanía
Published: June 2021

El objeto de estudio es la deﬁnición del llagar tradicional de sidra en el Principado de Asturias como tipo arquitectónico. El método de investigación se apoya en la aproximación directa y ma-terial al bien analizado, para lo que ha sido esencial la herramienta manual del dibujo y el estudio de la representación gráﬁca de otros autores. Se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva territorial, funcional y constructiva apoyada en la exposición de los invariantes que caracterizan el tipo y sus adaptaciones. Se realiza, en deﬁnitiva, un aporte original de conocimiento en defensa de la conser-vación y divulgación de estas arquitecturas que están en un claro periodo de obsolescencia por la falta de uso y mantenimiento.
Cuando los abrazos no sean extraños
Authors: Puerto José Ramón
Published: June 2021

El texto sirvió como prólogo del catálogo de la exposición “El Arte construye”, comisariada por el profesor de la Escuela de Arte de Oviedo, Santiago Martínez, y que estuvo abierta en la sede de Oviedo del Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Asturias entre el 3 de octubre de 2020 y el 31 de enero de 2021. Se leyó el día de la inauguración de la muestra como uno de los actos englobados dentro de las actividades culturales de la Noche Blanca de Oviedo.
El storytelling digital en el aula de inglés para fines específicos: ¿una nueva alfabetización en la formación híbrida en lenguas?
Authors: Alcalde Peñalver Elena , Santamaría Urbieta Alexandra
Published: June 2021

Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar el uso del storytelling digital como una forma de mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas de los estudiantes en inglés con fines específicos (ESP), particularmente en el caso del inglés del ámbito de los negocios, y desarrollar nuevas alfabetizaciones que podrían aplicarse en su futuro profesional. Para ello, en el marco teórico revisaremos la literatura relacionada con las competencias y habilidades que los estudiantes necesitan en la actualidad, la evolución del uso del storytelling en el aula física hasta su formato digital en entornos de enseñanza online, y su aplicación en el aula de ESP. Posteriormente, analizaremos los resultados obtenidos de una encuesta en la que los participantes aportaron información sobre sus percepciones tras completar una actividad de storytelling digital. Estos datos nos permitirán responder a las preguntas de investigación de nuestro estudio. En las conclusiones reflexionaremos sobre la importancia de realizar este tipo de estudios como forma de adecuar la formación a las competencias y habilidades que los estudiantes necesitan desarrollar en el siglo XXI.
Functional caption literacy development through intra-formal L2 viewing
Authors: Alm Antonie , Watanabe Yuki
Published: June 2021

Drawing on the digital literacies framework developed by Pegrum et al. (2018), this article proposes that caption literacy, a form of multimodal literacy, enhances the learning experiences of language learners who engage in self-directed second-language viewing. It presents a pedagogical approach referred to as intra-formal learning, which enables students in educational settings to build on previous digital learning experiences, such as watching Netflix TV series in a foreign language. Prior knowledge is extended through guided exploration of learning options (including caption use) and interaction between students who are encouraged to reflect on and share their learning experiences. This study investigates the developmental processes during the seven-week-long intervention. The development of functional caption literacy, going beyond the mechanical ability of operating subtitles, represents a critical ability for learner-viewers as it enables them to optimise viewing options in accordance with their processing capacities and preferences within their social context.
Apología de la caoba o la Cómoda cubana
Authors: Martín Brito Lilia
Published: June 2021

Las cómodas habaneras, clasificadas por la mayoría de los estudiosos como “cómodas de sacristía”, por su perfección y calidad, constituyen testimonio irrefutable de los valores alcanzados por el mueble cubano. Son representativas de los más significativos paradigmas de la cultura material cubana en particular y de la historia del arte cubano en general. El empleo de la caoba cubana en su elaboración, constituye la principal motivación en cuanto a la alta calidad de sus tallas y de su particular belleza. Fueron empleados otros materiales como la plata y el bronce para sus tiradores y bocallaves, así como el cedro en algunos interiores de sus cajones o gavetas. Clasificar estas cómodas a través de las comparaciones establecidas a partir de varios de los ejemplares estudiados y arrojar nuevas luces acerca de su alcance no sólo estético, sino también histórico dentro de la cultura cubana, es el principal objetivo de este trabajo.
Patricia Anastassiadis, muebles e interiores entre dicotomías: local-global, artesanía-industria, exclusividad-sostenibilidad.
Authors: Ribeiro Dos Santos Renata
Published: June 2021

El acercamiento al diseño de muebles y a las obras de interiorismo hotelero de la arquitecta y diseñadora brasileña Patricia Anastassiadis permite vislumbrar en su producción determinadas dicotomías —local-global, artesanía-industria y exclusividad-sostenibilidad— que, fusionadas, orientan sus creaciones. Este escrito pretende analizar cómo la fusión de estos conceptos, aparentemente contrapuestos, otorga singularidad y contemporaneidad a los objetos y proyectos creados por Anastassiadis, que le permiten acceder a un espacio en el concurrido mundo del diseño actual. Para respaldar esta hipótesis se han seleccionado piezas de mobiliario creadas en colaboración con las industrias Ornare y Artefacto donde, la tensión entre autóctono e internacional, la relación de los procesos artesanales con la tecnología industrial y la apuesta por la sostenibilidad, ocurren de manera constante. Todos estos elementos se traducen en una personal forma de exclusividad y lujo, subrayada en el interiorismo del Hotel Palacio Tangará y Hotel Hilton Barra Rio de Janeiro.
Near-Real-Time Damage Estimation for Buildings Based on Strong-Motion Recordings: An Application to Target Areas in Northeastern Italy
Authors: Scaini Chiara , Petrovic Bojana , Tamaro Alberto , Moratto Luca , Parolai Stefano
Published: June 2021

The rapid estimation of expected impacts in case of an earthquake is extremely important for emergency managers and first responders. Current near-real-time damage assessment methods rely on ground-motion estimates and exposure or fragility datasets, in some cases integrating the shaking recorded at the site (e.g., from strong-motion monitoring networks). We propose a method that estimates the expected damages on buildings based on strong-motion recordings of a seismic event. The damage assessment is based on the maximum drift (interstory) or the displacement, which is estimated by considering in a first approximation the behavior of a specific building typology as a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The oscillator is characterized based on the analysis of the building stock and a large number of ambient vibration measurements performed in buildings. A specific damage state occurs when the interstory drift or displacement limits available in the literature for the specific building typology are exceeded. The method, here applied to a case study in northeastern Italy, can be applied to other seismic areas worldwide to provide quick, first-level estimates of expected damages.
A MERMAID Miscellany: Seismoacoustic Signals beyond thePWave
Authors: Simon Joel D. , Simons Frederik J. , Irving Jessica C. E.
Published: June 2021

Mobile Earthquake Recorder in Marine Areas by Independent Divers (MERMAID) is a passively drifting oceanic diving float that transmits acoustic pressure records from global earthquakes within hours or days of their rupture. The onboard algorithm used for the detection and identification of signals from the hydrophone prioritizes the recovery of ∼1 Hz teleseismic P waves, which are useful for seismic imaging of Earth’s mantle. Two years into a mission that launched 50 MERMAIDs to map 3D mantle wavespeed anomalies with high resolution under the Pacific in French Polynesia, it is clear that the data returned contain much information beyond the first-arriving seismic P phases. These include acoustic conversions from S waves, surface waves, T waves, and inner- and outer-core phases, generated by earthquakes heard across the globe—and sounds from otherwise unidentified events occurring in remote and uninstrumented parts of the world’s oceans. Our growing database of automatically accumulating ∼240 s long-triggered segments contains a treasure trove for geophysicists interested in seismology beyond P-wave tomography. Furthermore, equipped with two-way communication capabilities, MERMAID can entertain requests to deliver data from its 1 yr buffer. In this article, we highlight the data classes and categories in MERMAID’s “extended-utility” catalog.
Contamination of Frequency–Magnitude Slope (b-Value) by Quarry Blasts: An Example for Italy
Authors: Gulia Laura , Gasperini Paolo
Published: June 2021

Artifacts often affect seismic catalogs. Among them, the presence of man-made contaminations such as quarry blasts and explosions is a well-known problem. Using a contaminated dataset reduces the statistical significance of results and can lead to erroneous conclusions, thus the removal of such nonnatural events should be the first step for a data analyst. Blasts misclassified as natural earthquakes, indeed, may artificially alter the seismicity rates and then the b-value of the Gutenberg and Richter relationship, an essential ingredient of several forecasting models.

At present, datasets collect useful information beyond the parameters to locate the earthquakes in space and time, allowing the users to discriminate between natural and nonnatural events. However, selecting them from webservices queries is neither easy nor clear, and part of such supplementary but fundamental information can be lost during downloading. As a consequence, most of statistical seismologists ignore the presence in seismic catalog of explosions and quarry blasts and assume that they were not located by seismic networks or in case they were eliminated.

We here show the example of the Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database. What happens when artificial seismicity is mixed with natural one?
Hybrid ray-mode formulation ofSHmotion in a two-layer half-space
Authors: Kamel A. , Felsen L. B.
Published: June 2021

A hybrid ray-mode formulation is presented as an attractive alternative to the generalized ray formulation or normal mode formulation for the construction of synthetic seismograms. By the hybrid method, the motion is expressed as a combination of ray fields, modal fields, and a remainder. The number of retained ray fields can be chosen at will, and the required number of modes is thereby determined. Thus, the hybrid method quantifies the truncation effect of a ray series in terms of a certain number of modes, plus a remainder, and vice versa. The remainder field provides the fine tuning that ensures continuity of the total motion; its effect is greatest near the arrival time of the last retained ray and diminishes soon thereafter. The hybrid scheme incorporates within a single concise framework the advantages of a ray description for early observation times and of a modal description for later observation times. Therefore, over a prolonged range of observation times, it is numerically more efficient and physically more appealing than either the pure ray or pure mode formulations. These aspects are demonstrated on the simple example of a two-layer (sediment atop bedrock) half-space excited by a line source of SH waves in the semi-infinite bedrock. Numerical results are presented for parameters employed in a similar calculation by Heaton and Helmberger and by Swanger and Boore.
The correlation of peak ground horizontal acceleration with magnitude, distance, and seismic intensity for Friuli and Ancona, Italy, and the Alpide Belt
Authors: Chiaruttini C. , Siro L.
Published: June 2021

A new sample of strong-motion data has been analyzed in this paper: namely 120 records from the 1976 Friuli earthquake, 40 from the 1972 Ancona swarm, and 64 from different Alpide Belt shocks. The sample is the result of the selection of peak recorded horizontal acceleration of every three-component record greater than 0.015 g. Linear regressions were applied to the data with the purpose of understanding the geography and the site-dependence. Separate analyses have been carried out, firstly taking into account acceleration (a), magnitude (ML), and distance (d), then computing a - IMM relationships and comparing the respective standard errors of the estimates. Finally, a - ML - d - IMM regressions for the total sample from Friuli, Ancona, and the Alpide Belt have been computed.

The main result are

The Friuli data are 70 per cent lower than those of the Alpide Belt and Ancona. The Ancona set of data is closely related to the Alpidic set, at a magnitude level of 4.0. The expected accelerations in Friuli are close to the average values recorded in the Circumpacific Belt region (intermediate earthquakes excluded), while the Alpide Belt accelerations are close to the Circumpacific maxima. Site-dependence between data recorded in Friuli on thick consolidated alluvium (ThA) and on rock-like (RI) is not statistically significative. Friuli sites with thin alluvium (thA) exhibit stronger average accelerations and a significant difference in the ML coefficient (which is 0.47, with a standard error of 0.05) as regards the RI + ThA category (which has a value of 0.35, with a standard error of 0.04). The standard errors of the estimates of the regressions a - IMM in the case of Friuli and the Alpide Belt are close to the corresponding standard errors of the regressions a - ML - d. It may be concluded that a - IMM correlations are, in some cases, a valuable tool for seismic risk estimations, especially for being able to use the historical information.
Rayleigh wave synthetic seismograms from multi-dimensional simulations of underground explosions
Authors: Bache Thomas C. , Day Steven M. , Swanger Henry J.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A general method is presented for coupling the near-source wave fields, obtained from time-stepping numerical calculations, with analytically formulated methods for continuing the wave field to larger ranges. The source calculation may include a free surface and other material boundaries as well as arbitrary material behavior, as long as it is carried into a region where the material response is linearly elastic. The method, which is based on an elastodynamic representation theorem, is worked out in detail for the Rayleigh wave modes for an axisymmetric source in a plane-layered earth model and is demonstrated by a sample calculation for which the exact solution is known.

Two realistic, axisymmetric simulations of nuclear explosions (20 and 150 kt at 1-km depth) are studied to estimate the effect of nonlinear interactions with the free surface on the far-field Rayleigh waves. The importance of these two-dimensional phenomena is quantified by comparing far-field Rayleigh waves computed from these simulations with Rayleigh waves computed from analogous one-dimensional (spherically symmetric) simulations. While the two-dimensional simulations exhibit substantial spallation associated with the free surface, the predicted effect on the Rayleigh wave peak amplitudes is negligible. Two-dimensional effects also alter the waveform very little, apart from some enhancement of very short-period components for the larger explosion.
Dynamic faulting studied by a finite difference method
Authors: Virieux Jean , Madariaga Raul
Published: June 2021

We have developed a finite difference method that is especially adapted to the study of dynamic shear cracks. We studied a number of simple earthquake source models in two and three dimensions with special emphasis on the modeling of the stress field. We compared our numerical results for semi-infinite and self-similar shear cracks with the few exact solutions that are available in the literature. We then studied spontaneous rupture propagation with the help of a maximum stress criterion. From dimensional arguments and a few simple examples, we showed that the maximum stress criterion depended on the physical dimensions of the fault. For a given maximum stress intensity, the finer the numerical mesh, the higher the maximum stress that had to be adopted. A study of in-plane cracks showed that at high rupture velocities, the numerical results did not resolve the stress concentration due to the rupture front from the stress peak associated with the shear wave propagating in front of the crack. We suggest that this is the reason why transonic rupture velocities are found in the numerical solutions of in-plane faulting when the rupture resistance is rather low. Finally, we studied the spontaneous propagation of an initially circular rupture. Two distinct modes of nucleation of the rupture were studied. In the first, a plane circular shear crack was formed instantaneously in a uniformly prestressed medium. After a while, once stress concentrations had developed around the crack edge, the rupture started to grow. In the second type of nucleation, a preexisting circular crack became unstable at time t = 0 and started to grow. The latter model appeared to us as a more realistic simulation of earthquake triggering. In this case, the initial stress was nonuniform and was the static field of the preexisting fault.
Statistical examination of reservoir-induced seismicity
Authors: Baecher Gregory B. , Keeney Ralph L.
Published: June 2021

The two purposes of this work are to better understand the correlates of reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) and to develop a model for predicting RIS from reservoir characteristics. Data from 29 reservoirs associated with RIS and 205 reservoirs not associated are analyzed using statistical discriminant analysis. These analyses show significant correlations between RIS and reservoir depth and between RIS and reservoir volume, but lesser correlations of RIS with stress and with geology. Data on fault activity are too few to allow inferences of correlation.

A prediction model based on discriminant analysis and calibrated by the data provides a rough estimate of the probability of RIS for specific sites. This model does not allow precise estimates, but it does distinguish between probabilities of RIS in the range of, say 30 per cent from those of 5 per cent. The base-rate frequency of RIS, knowing nothing more than that reservoir depth exceeds 92 m (deep and very deep reservoirs), is about 14 per cent. Given the most favorable set of reservoir attributes, the present model would reduce this probability to about 3 per cent. Given the least favorable, the model would increase this probability to almost 70 per cent. The standard deviation of the larger estimates is on the order of 12 per cent (absolute).
Simulating and analyzing artificial nonstationary earthquake ground motions
Authors: Nau Robert F. , Oliver Robert M. , Pister Karl S.
Published: June 2021

This paper describes models used to simulate earthquake accelerograms and analyses of these artificial accelerogram records for use in structural response studies. The artificial accelerogram records are generated by a class of linear linear difference equations which have been previously identified as suitable for describing ground motions.

The major contributions of the paper are the use of Kalman filters for estimating time-varying model parameters, and the development of an effective nonparametric method for estimating the variance envelopes of the accelerogram records.
Crust and upper mantle structure in the northwest Basin and Range province
Authors: Priestley Keith F. , Ryall Alan S. , Fezie Glenn S.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Seismic waves from nuclear explosions and from well-located local earthquakes have been recorded along several profiles through western Nevada, southeast Oregon, and eastern California. Pn delay times from these data and from additional travel times of NTS explosions recorded across the western Nevada seismic network have been interpreted in terms of varying crustal thickness of the western Great Basin. Our interpretation of these data implies that the crust thins from greater than 32 km thick in the vicinity of Mono Lake to 20 to 22 km thick over a broad region in northwest Nevada. The Pn headwave propagates to a distance of about 550 km with a velocity of 7.8 km/sec. At distances greater than 600 km a low velocity (7.44 km/sec), larger amplitude phase is observed. This phase may result from long-period energy diffracting into a shadow zone. A prominent, high-velocity second arrival following Pn by 1 to 2 sec in the distance range 340 to 475 km, is interpreted as a reflection from the base of the lithosphere at 60 to 70-km depth.
On the generalized exponential distribution of earthquake intensity and magnitude
Authors: Makjanić Berislav
Published: June 2021

abstract

In continuation of a previous paper, a procedure to obtain the maximum likelihood values of the parameters for a generalized exponential distribution is described. The formula for the limits of confidence is also given. As an example, the maximum likelihood values of parameters for the initial and extremal distributions of Zagreb earthquakes and the limits of confidence for the largest possible intensity are presented.
Teleseismic analysis of the 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence
Authors: Given Jeffrey W. , Wallace Terry C. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: June 2021

abstract

The source mechanisms of the three largest events of the 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence have been determined using surface waves recorded on the global digital seismograph network and the long-period body waves recorded on the WWSSN network. Although the fault-plane solutions from local data (Cramer and Toppozada, 1980; Ryall and Ryall, 1981) suggest nearly pure left-lateral strike-slip on north-south planes, the teleseismic waveforms require a mechanism with oblique slip. The first event (25 May 1980, 16h 33m 44s) has a mechanism with a strike of N12°E, dip of 50°E, and a rake of −35°. The second event (27 May 19h 44m 51s) has a mechanism with a strike of N15°E, dip of 50°, and a slip of −11°. The third event (27 May, 14h 50m 57s) has a mechanism with a strike of N22°E, dip of 50°, and a rake of −28°. The first event is the largest and has a moment of 2.9 × 1025 dyne-cm. The second and third events have moments of 1.3 and 1.1 × 1025 dyne-cm, respectively. The body- and surface-wave moments for the first and third events agree closely while for the second event the body-wave moment (approximately 0.6 × 1025 dyne-cm) is almost a factor of 3 smaller than the surface-wave moment. The principal axes of extension of all three events is in the approximate direction of N65°E which agrees with the structural trends apparent along the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada.
Reservoir conditions related to induced seismicity at the Geysers steam reservoir, northern California
Authors: Denlinger Roger P. , Bufe Charles G.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Seismicity at The Geysers appears to be induced by steam production, in which water boils to steam within a pervasively fractured reservoir subject to high levels of tectonic shear stresses and strains.

The steam reservoir is composed of fractured Franciscan graywacke with a very heterogeneous, multiple permeability and porosity distribution. Permeability is controlled by the larger fracture systems of the reservoir, which act as a very permeable conduit to less permeable rock containing liquid water. The reservoir fluid remains close to the liquidus conditions during production, implying both a temperature and pressure decline in the rock matrix bounding the fracture systems as the reservoir is depleted.

Reservoir earthquake focal mechanisms are nearly aligned with the regional tectonic strain field, and reservoir earthquakes are indistinguishable from tectonic earthquakes elsewhere in the region. Within the reservoir, the volume defined by the earthquakes has not changed within the resolution of the seismic network from 1975 to 1979. The log moment per earthquake also has not changed, suggesting a steady-state process of stress buildup and release. Added to the zero correlation of the fluid injection history with the earthquake activity, the above observations suggest that elevated pore pressures and fluid injection are not likely causes for The Geysers induced seismicity.

Instead, all available evidence points to the association of induced seismicity with pore pressure and temperature declines. The two most likely mechanisms are either an increase in local shear stress levels with fissure deflation, or a transition from stable to unstable sliding (“stick-slip”). No other documented mechanism for induced seismicity are consistent with in situ reservoir conditions at The Geysers.
Dynamic loads in the interior of a layered stratum: An explicit solution
Authors: Kausel Eduardo , Peek Ralf
Published: June 2021

abstract

This paper presents an explicit, closed-form solution for the Green functions (displacements due to unit loads) corresponding to dynamic loads acting on (or within) layered strata. These functions embody all the essential mechanical properties of the medium and can be used to derive solutions to problems of elastodynamics, such as scattering of waves by rigid inclusions, soil-structure interaction, seismic sources, etc. The solution is based on a discretization of the medium in the direction of layering, which results in a formulation yielding algebraic expressions whose integral transforms can readily be evaluated. The advantages of the procedure are: (a) the speed and accuracy with which the functions can be evaluated (no numerical integration necessary); (b) the potential application to problems of elastodynamics solved by the boundary integral method; and (c) the possibility of comparing and verifying numerical integral solutions implemented in computer codes.
fmax
Authors: Hanks Thomas C.
Published: June 2021

abstract

The title of this contribution refers to the high-frequency band-limitation of the radiated field of earthquakes. For close recording distances of ≃10 km, fmax for California earthquakes is generally found within the very narrow band 10 ≲ fmax ≲ 20 Hz, without regard to source strength or tectonic setting. Direct evidence for fmax (in the form of shear-wave acceleration spectral amplitudes) and indirect evidence as well (in the form of limiting spectral corner frequencies) have often been taken as manifestations of source properties, barrier end-zones, for example. This study concludes that fmax as actually observed is more likely to be a property of local site conditions, although this does not preclude source-controlled band-limitations at still higher frequencies. Observations of fmax for a single Oroville aftershock show a small but significant site-to-site variation that correlates well with gross surface geology; this variation is “normalized” with a demonstration that fmax for seven of the principal aftershocks (4.0 ≦ ML ≦ 4.9) at a single station has a distinctly smaller variation. Moreover, there seems to be nothing fundamental about the range 10 ≲ fmax ≲ 20 Hz so typical for California earthquakes; spectral shear-wave corner frequencies observed at very close distances (≲5 km) and for especially competent propagation paths are known to occupy the band 20 ≦ fo(S) ≦ 200 Hz.
Spectral attenuation ofSHwaves along the Imperial fault
Authors: Singh S. K. , Apsel R. J. , Fried J. , Brune J. N.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Spectral attenuation of SH waves has been studied to infer Q along the Imperial fault. The data set consists of six aftershocks of the Imperial Valley earthquake (15 October 1979, ML = 6.6) digitally recorded up to a distance of 51 km. Although there is large variance inQ−1 due to scatter in the data, Q below 3.75 km appears to be a function of frequency (increasing from about 60 at 3 Hz to 500 at 25 Hz). High Q values obtained at high frequencies strongly suggest that scattering has not removed a significant amount of energy from the signals and thus, the observed result, Q varying with frequency, is not due to scattering. For sources below 4 km the observed average SH-wave spectral amplitudes, A(f, R) along the fault can be fit by A ( f , R ) = S ( f ) R e − π f t * e − π f t / Q ( f ) where f is frequency, R is hypocentral distance, S(f) is source factor, Q(f) is quality factor below about 3.75 km, and t is travel time up to 3.75 km below the surface. The value of t* for the upper 3.75 km is probably between 0.027 and 0.047 (average Q between 100 and 60) depending upon the falloff of S(f) with f(f−3 or f−2) beyond the corner frequency.
A study of variations in the horizontal to verticalLgamplitude ratio in the Eastern United States
Authors: Gupta I. N. , von Seggern D. H. , Wagner R. A.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Three-component, short-period data on Lg in the Eastern United States show unusually large regional variations in the average value of the ratio of the largest horizontal (H) to the largest vertical (Z) component of ground motion. This ratio is found to have a value of about 3 or larger for most sites in the central platform and the coastal plains regions and less than 2 for the hard-rock sites in the Appalachian Mountains region. Large values of H/Z in the region of coastal plains sediments can be explained as being due to the presence of low-velocity overburden but such an explanation is probably not valid for sites in the central platform region. Large variations in H/Z from one site to another are of special importance in earthquake engineering since most damage to structures is generally caused by the horizontal components of ground motion.
New attenuation relations for peak and expected accelerations of strong ground motion
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. , Abrahamson N. A.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Two proposals are presented on the estimation of maximum accelerations of strong ground motion near the causative fault. First, the crucial selection of the form fitted to observed accelerations as a function of distance from the source is discussed. In particular, evidence is given that the attenuation form adopted by Joyner et al. (1981) constrains the attenuation parameters so that inferences on near-fault motion and magnitude dependence are questionable. An alternative attenuation form is proposed which decouples far-field variations from near-field variations. Nonlinear least-squares regression to the same data set confirms the flattening of attenuation curves near to the source (<10 km) in the magnitude range 5.0 < M < 7.0 and shows no indication (from the small amount of data available) of any additional increase in acceleration for M > 7 earthquakes.

For 6.0 ≦ M ≦ 7.7, the regression yields

y = 1.6 { ( x + 8.5 ) 2 + 1 } − 0.19 exp { − 0.026 ( x + 8.5 ) }

where y is the peak horizontal acceleration in g, and x (km) is the closest distance to the surface projection of the rupture.

Second, a robust and easily computed parameter is defined for significant peak acceleration that meets many engineering requirements. This “effective” peak acceleration is obtained by developing histograms for the number of peaks and troughs on the observed record and by choosing the acceleration value at about the 90 percentile level. This truncation excludes scattered outliers of high-amplitude peaks not representative of the general distribution of the ground motion amplitudes. Corresponding values for “effective peak acceleration” are tabulated for part of the basic data set, and it is demonstrated that the scatter about the attenuation regression line is reduced using the proposed parameter.
PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH DI ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0
Authors: Agung Dewa Agung Gede
Published: June 2021

Industrial Revolution 4.0 influences historical learning both in substance and in the learning process. This development starts from materials, methods, media, innovative learning models, and especially substances that often cause controversy. The development of technology causes a variety of historical information easily obtained. History lessons should follow these developments, although not all of them have a positive impact on students, history teachers, and historians. They must be able to be selective in responding to various developments in the availability of historical information. Collaboration and elaboration between history and other fields of science are necessary to see various changes and developments in society.  History needs to be viewed in a multiperspective manner rather than a mono perspective. Thus, the learning history will provide comprehensive and integrated information that produces the total history. Therefore, this paper provides an alternative way of learning history in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0.
La falsa relación entre inclusión financiera y el microcrédito: el papel del marketing financiero en México
Authors: Soto Esquivel Roberto
Published: June 2021

El marketing financiero, impulsado por los organismos financieros internacionales, sostiene que existe una relación positiva entre microcrédito e inclusión financiera, beneficiando a los usuarios (mujeres) financieros. Sin embargo, mediante el análisis estadístico descriptivo y cualitativo se concluye que: el alto costo del financiamiento y el nivel de riesgo de los prestamistas generan impactos negativos en la economía. El objetivo es explicar las consecuencias de la inclusión financiera mediante el microcrédito que es impulsado mediante el marketing financiero. La relevancia de este trabajo se centra en un estudio mixto (micro y macro) los cuales exponen que la industria genera efectos contrarios a los planteados por sus promotores. Su aporte evidencia las principales consecuencias del microcrédito como son el financiamiento tipo ponzi y la apropiación del ingreso de las mujeres por parte de las instituciones.
El impacto de la prensa en el marketing de destino: el anuncio del Bienio Santo
Authors: Mosquera Leal María , Galindo  Arranz Fermín
Published: June 2021

El virus Covid-19 puso en jaque al mundo durante 2019, 2020 y 2021. El Año Santo 21, uno de los grandes eventos del destino turístico Camino de Santiago, se vio gravemente amenazado por la imposibilidad de viajar y las restricciones a la capacidad de reunión de los ciudadanos. La Iglesia y las administraciones públicas debían buscar una solución para salvar la celebración de uno de los mayores peregrinajes en el mundo. Así, tras unos meses de debate, el Papa Francisco autorizaba la extensión del jubileo doce meses más. En esta investigación se analiza el caso y se realiza una prospección cuantitativa del impacto en prensa del anuncio de la prórroga del Año Santo que, contra todo pronóstico, logra a partir de una simple decisión una enorme repercusión: ser la protagonista de última hora en la prensa española.
EFFECT OF SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE CULTIVARS OF MUSKMELONS (Cucumis melo)
Authors:   Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10, Phu Thuong, Phu Vang, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Oanh , Nguyen Thi Diem ,   Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10, Phu Thuong, Phu Vang, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, Truong Hai Thi Hong ,   Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10, Phu Thuong, Phu Vang, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, Hang La Thi Thu ,   Agronomy Faculty, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, 102 Phung Hung, Thuan Thanh, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Kim Cuc ,   Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Road 10, Phu Thuong, Phu Vang, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
Published: June 2021

Muskmelons are currently grown in several areas of Vietnam for domestic and international consumer markets. The fruit grows well in greenhouses in soil or soilless substrate such as coconut peat. Researchers in Vietnam are investigating the growth of muskmelons in a range of organic by-products. In this study, spent mushroom substrate was recycled for use as an organic substrate and to evaluate the growth, quality, and yield of three muskmelon varieties including RZ F1, PN 128, and TL3 in greenhouses over three months. The substrate was incubated for one month before use and contained 45% spent mushroom substrate, 30% manure, 7.7% rice husks, 1.5% phosphorus, 0.2% commercial Trichoderma (Tribac), 0.1% rice bran, 15% sand, and 0.5% micronutrients and water. Following incubation, the substrate had optimal pH for the growth of muskmelon and the concentration of nutrients and beneficial microorganisms had increased significantly. The growth of RZ F1 and TL3 cultivars was significantly better than PN 128 in terms of growth, fruit quality, and yield. Specifically, RZ F1 and TL3 species took 78 days and 75 days to complete their life cycle produced 1.76 kg and 1.62 kg of fruit, had a pericarp thickness of 4.0 cm, and possessed 14.20o Brix and 14.88o Brix of soluble solid content, respectively. These findings suggest that agricultural by-products, such as spent mushroom substrate, could be a valuable resource for the culture of muskmelons in Vietnam.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL PERTURBATIONS IN Caenorhabditis elegans EXPOSED TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES
Authors:   Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh Agra-282005, India, Jain Rajul , Gautam Priyanka ,   Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh Agra-282005, India
Published: June 2021

The ubiquitous use of pesticides all over the world leads to adverse effects on both targets as well as non-target species. The extensive and uncontrolled use of organophosphates (OPs), a large group of pesticidal compounds in agricultural and household products are resulting in high exposure to humans. This research has been carried out to study the adverse effect of OPs i.e., chlorpyrifos, trichlorfon, and disulfoton on model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate their behavioural as well as developmental toxicity at different time intervals i.e., 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours (hrs) of exposure. A significant difference was observed in all the behavioural endpoints like locomotion, egg-laying, offspring count, and learning along with developmental parameters like mortality, paralysis, and growth rendering from moderate to high toxic effects. Based on the above screening, trichlorfon resulted in glutamatergic and cholinergic neurodegeneration along with elevated autofluorescence. Loss in Yellow fluorescent Protein (YFP) and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) was recorded by 57.96% and 30.52% using transgenic strains OH11124 (otIs388 [eat-4(fosmid)::SL2::YFP::H2B + (pBX)pha-1(+)] III) and OH13083 (otIs576 [unc-17(fosmid)::GFP + lin-44::YFP]). These results have shown the biological potency of toxicants in C. elegans and pave the way forward to provide insight into various neurogenerative diseases in humans.