bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER, WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS EXISTING AMONG CERTAIN STRAINS
Authors: Andrewes Christopher H. , Derick Clifford L. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Thirteen strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from patients with acute rheumatic fever did not show any evidence of being related serologically.

2. Strains of hemolytic streptococci exist which, although identical by the agglutination test, do not show complete reciprocal agglutinin absorption. Sera prepared from such related strains may show some protective power in mice against another member of the group.

3. Some strains of hemolytic streptococci may absorb agglutinins from a serum prepared against another strain, and yet may fail to be agglutinated by that serum.

4. None of 20 strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated in New York City in 1924, and 1925, corresponded serologically with Dochez, Avery, and Lancefield's 4 type strains or with Gordon's Type I strain.
THE PRODUCTION OF ALBUMINURIA BY RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION IN ANIMALS AND IN MAN
Authors: Starr Isaac
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that:

1. Transient albuminuria follows the infusion of small doses of adrenalin into rabbits, if prolonged over several minutes.

2. Agents causing renal vasoconstriction also cause transient albuminuria in anesthetized, eviscerated dogs.

3. Cats eliminate albumin after having been frightened or enraged.

4. The drug ephedrine, which commonly causes renal vasoconstriction in animals, has been tested in man. Transient albuminuria
CONCERNING THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN PREGNANT ANIMALS
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. The acid-base equilibrium of the blood as indicated by determinations of the reserve alkali of the blood remains constant in non-pregnant animals at different age periods. This statement does not imply that the acid-base balance of such animals at different age periods is a stable balance.

2. In pregnant animals of the same age periods as the control animals there may develop an instability of this equilibrium which is either associated with the occurrence of a renal injury and which may be looked upon as a retention phenomenon, or arises independently of such an injury. In this latter group of animals the disturbance in the equilibrium increases in frequency and is earlier in its appearance in the gestation period as the age of the organism increases.

3. In old and in senile pregnant animals some physiological mechanism other than that of the kidney becomes unable to stabilize the acid-base equilibrium of the blood with the result that as the pregnancy advances this physiological state of the organism (gestation) becomes pathological.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

Addition of neutral salts to the lytic filtrate results in an increased rate of inactivation of the latter when alcohol is added to it. This effect of salts is the more marked the higher the valency of the cation. Conversely, removal by dialysis of salts originally present in the lytic filtrate tends to render lytic agent less sensitive to alcohol. Restitution of the original salt content to the dialyzed filtrate tends to bring the sensitiveness to alcohol in the dialyzed filtrate to the level of the non-dialyzed control.

It appears, therefore, that inactivation of the lytic agent by alcohol depends directly on the rate of precipitation of the coagulable constituents of the medium, and is not the result of a direct toxic action of alcohol on "bacteriophagum intestinale." Considered in association with our earlier findings, these results speak in favor of the chemical nature of the agent of transmissible lysis.
THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. , Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus extracts have been shown to be capable of producing hemorrhagic purpura in white mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs.

2. The purpura-producing principle resists heating to 100°C. for 10 minutes; it resists oxidation; it is filter-passing; its activity is destroyed by digestion with trypsin; it is obtained from pneumococcus extracts by full saturation with (NH4)2SO4, after the acetic acid-precipitable substances have been removed from the extracts.

3. The purpura-producing principle is common to all four types of pneumococcus and apparently bears no relation to virulence.

4. The purpura-producing principle is probably a degradation product of pneumococcus.

5. This principle is not associated with the hemotoxin of pneumococcus, since the hemolytic activity of an extract may be destroyed without effect on the ability to cause purpura.
THE RELATION OF LEUKOSIS TO SARCOMA OF CHICKENS
Authors: Furth J.
Published: June 2004

Osteochondrosarcoma developed in a chicken inoculated with leukosis of Strain 2. In successive passages made by intramuscular implantation of tumor tissue deriving from this chicken there occurred (a) osteochondrosarcoma free from leukosis, or (b) leukosis free from osteochondrosarcoma, or (c) osteochondrosarcoma in association with leukosis. The malignant sarcoma cells of this strain have the morphological characteristics of osteoblasts.

Implantation of tumor tissue from chickens with lesions (a) and (c) yielded both osteochondrosarcoma and leukosis. Successive passages made by intravenous and intramuscular injections with blood from chickens with leukosis yielded leukosis only. Hence it is very probable that Strain 12 consists of a mixture of an osteochondrosarcoma-producing agent and the agent of leukosis of Strain 2.

Strain 12 is readily transmitted by material containing the living malignant osteoblasts but transmission is seldom successful with virus freed from living cells. This virus produces neoplasms only when brought in contact with bone or cartilage.
THE RELATION OF LEUKOSIS TO SARCOMA OF CHICKENS
Authors: Furth J.
Published: June 2004

Two transmissible sarcomata (Nos. 15 and 11) are described. Strain 15 originated in a chicken injected with neurolymphomatosis of Strain 5. Its virus produces sarcoma characterized by peculiar giant cells, different from those of the other known chicken sarcomata. It does not produce neurolymphomatosis or leukosis.

Strain 11 is morphologically similar to the spindle cell sarcoma of Rous and of other workers. It occurred in an uninjected control chicken and its virus produces sarcoma unassociated with leukosis.

Both Strains 11 and 15 can be readily transmitted with material free from viable cells and their virus can be preserved by drying in the frozen state.

The viruses of leukosis of Strain 1 and sarcoma of Strain 11 when injected into the same bird retain their identity and can be readily reisolated.
A CHANGE IN RABBIT FIBROMA VIRUS SUGGESTING MUTATION
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

A change in the type of lesion produced by the fibroma virus has been observed. At about its 18th serial transfer in domestic rabbits the virus lost its ability to induce fibromas when administered subcutaneously. Instead, lesions developing in either the subcutaneous tissue or in the testicle were predominantly inflammatory in character and partly composed of lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells in place of fibroblast-like cells. Andrewes, working with the same virus in England, has observed a somewhat similar change. Passage of my changed virus through cottontail rabbits results in a transient recovery of the capacity to produce fibromata, while similar passage of Andrewes' inflammatory virus is without effect.
PATHOGENESIS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS IN MICE
Authors: Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

Unprepared mice given intranasal inoculations of certain strains of pneumococci develop pneumonia. The proportion of inoculated mice which will show the pneumonia at autopsy is dependent upon the strain and type of organism and the breed of mice used. It has been shown that, with the technique employed, the pneumococci reach the lower respiratory tract and alveoli almost immediately; moreover, that an invasion of the blood stream occurs very rapidly and can be demonstrated in a third of mice during the first 10 minutes. There is some evidence that invasion of the tissues and the blood stream may occur both through the upper respiratory tract, probably the nasal mucosa, and through the alveolar walls.

It is uncertain which route of invasion, if either, is of the most importance. It has been possible to produce pneumonia by direct intravenous inoculation of pneumococci. It may be that the pneumonia is favored by a reaction at the point of invasion through the alveolar walls in the intranasally inoculated mice, but the results of the intravenous inoculation make it clear that such a local lesion is unnecessary for the production of pneumonia in mice.
THE VISCERAL LESIONS PRODUCED IN MICE BY THE SALIVARY GLAND VIRUS OF MICE
Authors: McCordock Howard A. , Smith Margaret G.
Published: June 2004

Extensive visceral lesions containing intranuclear inclusions have been produced in mice by intraperitoneal and intracerebral inoculations of the homologous salivary gland virus. Rarely small pancreatic lesions containing inclusions have been encountered 2 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation.

Many of the animals injected intraperitoneally died between the 4th and 7th day after inoculation.

In spite of the extensive lesions produced in the liver and spleen, the virus could not be transferred with an emulsion of these organs.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX
Authors: Pearce Louise , Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei
Published: June 2004

The white mouse, the guinea pig, the calf, and probably the rat, were found to be susceptible to infection with the virus of rabbit pox.

Serial transmission of the virus in mice by brain to brain passage was characterized by a fatal outcome usually on the 5th or 6th day after inoculation.

Infection of the guinea pig was accomplished by intratesticular injection and the virus was continued to the 2nd passage in this species. Guinea pigs developed a well marked cutaneous reaction from the intradermal injection of both rabbit and guinea pig tissue virus.

Active virus was demonstrated in the testicles of rats 8 days after intratesticular injection by rabbit subinoculation.

In the calf inoculation of the scarified skin was followed by the development of large papular lesions with marked hemorrhage and necrosis.

The results of the investigations on the etiology of rabbit pox and of the experimentally induced infection reported in this and the four preceding papers (1–4) are discussed with special reference to the relation of pox virus to other viruses and of rabbit pox to other pock diseases.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Scherp Henry W. , Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

Type I antimeningococcal horse sera have been standardized by the quantitative determination of their type-specific precipitin content. By a method involving dialysis and precipitation by treatment with carbon dioxide, the antibody in such sera has been purified tenfold with respect to the nitrogen content.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Mills K. C. , Kneeland Yale
Published: June 2004

1. Evidence is presented indicating the presence of a filtrable virus in the nasopharyngeal secretions of individuals suffering from influenza.

2. An attempt to transfer influenza from one human being to another by means of filtered nasopharyngeal washings resulted in the production in the inoculated volunteer of a common cold.

3. A filtrable agent has been cultivated in tissue medium from the filtered nasopharyngeal washings of patients with influenza.

4. Inoculation of the cultivated virus into human volunteers results for the most part in the production of a severe common cold with a tendency to pronounced constitutional reaction.

5. In one instance following inoculation of culture virus an infection clinically resembling influenza has been produced.

6. The more closely the source of the virus approached the type of epidemic influenza, the more likely the virus was to provoke constitutional symptoms.

7. The presence of certain pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of inoculated individuals was not observed to modify the course or character of the experimental infection.

8. On prolonged cultivation the virus loses the capacity to infect human volunteers.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION WITH DIAZO COMPOUNDS ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Eagle Harry , Smith Dorothea E. , Vickers Percy
Published: June 2004

Sufficient coupling with any of five different diazo compounds eventually destroyed the reactivity of all the antisera here studied. The rates of inactivation varied considerably among the several antisera. By stopping the reaction at intervals, it was possible to prepare partially inactivated antibodies of peculiarly modified reactivity.

Thus, the flocculating activity of diphtheria antitoxin with toxin was completely destroyed long before there was any demonstrable impairment of its protective titer in vivo. The first change induced in antipneumococcus horse sera was the apparently complete loss of reactivity with the capsular carbohydrate at a time when the agglutinating, animal-protecting and complement-fixing activity of the sera were only slightly affected. On further coupling, the sera no longer caused visible agglutination; but aggregation of the serum-treated bacteria could be induced by centrifugation. Still further coupling destroyed all antibody activity.

Rabbit antisera to egg albumen and horse serum no longer precipitated the homologous antigen after treatment with diazo compounds, probably due to their failure to combine with the antigen. The hemolytic, complement-fixing and lipoid-flocculating activity of coupled rabbit antisera to sheep red blood cells fell off in parallel; the hemagglutinin seemed somewhat more resistant. The reagin of syphilitic serum was destroyed almost instantaneously by comparatively small amounts of diazo compounds. Finally, in the case of antityphoid agglutinin, the isoelectric point of the coupled antibody, measured on the surface of specifically sensitized bacteria, was found to shift from an original value of pH 4.7 to one of less than pH 2.7 as progressively more sulfanilic acid radicals added on to the antibody molecule.

The groups in protein which participate in its reaction with diazo compounds probably include aliphatic amines, the imidazole ring of histidine, the indole group of tryptophane, the NH of proline and hydroxyproline and the phenyl group of tyrosine. Although it has been possible to modify antibodies chemically so that they combine with the corresponding antigens without causing their aggregation, the experiments here described furnish no indication as to which of these groups in antibody protein are primarily concerned in the antigen-antibody reaction, and which are responsible for the secondary flocculation. Such localization awaits the development of a technic for attacking individual groups in the protein molecule.
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS WITH SERA OF CONVALESCENT OR IMMUNIZED ANIMALS AND THE VIRUSES OF SWINE AND HUMAN INFLUENZA
Authors: Francis Thomas , Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Human and swine influenza viruses were regularly neutralized by their homologous immune sera. However, the sera of animals convalescent from infection with either the swine or human influenza virus possessed little, if any, neutralizing capacity for the heterologous virus. Hyperimmunization of animals against swine influenza virus tended to increase the neutralizing capacity of their sera for human influenza virus, but in an inconstant fashion, whereas repeated inoculations with human influenza virus frequently resulted in sera with strong neutralizing activities against swine influenza virus. These observations serve to emphasize both the immunological distinctiveness and the interrelationships of swine and human influenza viruses.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOR HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN THE SERUM OF HUMAN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P.
Published: June 2004

The results of mouse protection tests with 136 human sera and a strain of human influenza virus are described. After the 1st year of life, the sera of approximately half the individuals tested contained sufficient antibody to furnish complete protection to mice. A much higher percentage of the sera obtained from individuals recently convalescent from influenza exerted a completely protective effect. On the other hand, certain sera protected only partially under the conditions of the tests.

The results have been compared with those obtained by Shope in tests done with the same sera against swine influenza virus. The possible epidemiological significance of the results is discussed.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS IN THE SERA OF HUMAN BEINGS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Sera from a very high proportion of the human adults and new-born infants studied neutralized swine influenza virus; sera from children below the age of 12 years seldom exerted such an effect. The results of neutralization experiments with human sera and the virus of swine influenza have been compared with the outcome of similar tests with the virus of human influenza, and it seems evident that the presence of antibodies neutralizing swine influenza virus cannot be deemed the result of repeated exposures to the current human type of virus. From the known history of swine influenza and the similarity of its etiologic virus to that obtained from man it seems likely that the virus of swine influenza is the surviving prototype of the agent primarily responsible for the great human pandemic of 1918, as Laidlaw has already suggested. The presence in human sera of antibodies neutralizing swine influenza virus is believed to indicate a previous immunizing exposure to, or infection with, an influenza virus of the 1918 type.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF FOWLS USING THE DEVELOPING EGG TECHNIQUE
Authors: Burnet F. M.
Published: June 2004

(1) The technique of chorioallantoic membrane inoculation has been applied to the study of the virus of infectious laryngotracheitis as it occurs amongst Australian poultry.

(2) When suitably diluted suspensions of virus are inoculated, isolated foci or pocks appear whose macroscopic form and histological structure is characteristic. The numbers of these foci may be used as a measure of the amount of virus present.

(3) Two distinct types of focus are produced by laryngotracheitis strains, one being characteristic of epizootic strains from New South Wales and from America, the other of a Victorian strain which is of very low virulence for fowls.

(4) No qualitative antigenic differences can be detected amongst these strains but the epizootic strains are more readily neutralised by immune serum than the enzootic Victorian strain.

(5) A study of the inactivation of the virus by immune serum shows that (a) the process of inactivation requires time for its completion in vitro; (b) the proportionate reduction in titre produced by a given concentration of antiserum is independent of the initial virus concentration; (c) reactivation by dilution is readily demonstrable; (d) virus in the presence of small concentrations of immune serum producing only a slight inactivating effect is rendered incapable of passing a gradocol membrane normally permeable to it; (e) the foci produced from partially neutralised virus suspensions are smaller than normal, suggesting delay in the initiation of foci.

(6) These findings bring the neutralisation of a typical virus by immune serum completely into line with the phage-antiphage reaction as described by Andrewes and Elford.
STUDIES IN SYNERGY
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Schultz Mark P.
Published: June 2004

1. The relative synergic stimulating influence of anti-horse serum sensitivity, non-hemolytic streptococcal hyperergy and staphylotoxin intoxication have been determined in connection with rabbits' reaction to simultaneous injections of lens extracts. These three synergic states are increasingly active in the order named.

2. Heterologous lens extract is a much more powerful antigen than is homologous lens, even under conditions where the reactivity of the immunized animal has been much enhanced.
INFECTION AND INTOXICATION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Infection in human cases is often believed to be responsible for anemia. It is generally believed that lack of absorption and definite blood destruction are responsible for the anemia.

Accelerated metabolism due to thyroid or dinitrophenol does not modify hemoglobin production in these standard anemic dogs.

Endometritis lasting over many weeks will profoundly reduce the production of hemoglobin in the standard anemic dog.

A sterile abscessalso will diminish the production of new hemoglobin in the anemic dog when liver is being fed but particularly during fasting periods when the usual abundant production of new hemoglobin is reduced to zero.

Impaired absorption can be excluded as a factor of any significance in certain experiments given above.

Destruction of red cells can likewise be excluded as of any significance in certain experiments given above.

These experiments point to a disturbance of internal metabolism related to hemoglobin building in the body as responsible for the inhibition of hemoglobin production under these conditions. We believe this same factor is often of importance in human disease.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED APPLICATION OF LARGE DOSES OF FOLLICULAR HORMONE ON THE UTERUS OF RABBITS
Authors: Zondek Bernhard
Published: June 2004

Follicular hormone under physiological conditions produced hyperplasia of the muscular wall and proliferation of the mucous membrane of the uterus of rabbits.

The following pathological changes were brought about by prolonged application of large doses of the hormone: (a) hyperaemia of the myometrium and the endometrium, with occasional scanty extravasal haemorrhages; (b) glandular-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium; (c) infarct-like necrosis of the myometrium; (d) aseptic suppuration in the uterine cavity.

These four processes can sometimes be found simultaneously in the same uterus, but they occur more frequently in sequence. While follicular hormone, applied in physiological doses, has a stimulating effect, prolonged application of large doses destroys the uterus.

The effects described above were only to be observed in the rabbit, not in the rat. This illustrates the fact that hormone reactions may vary in different species.
PROTHROMBIN DEFICIENCY THE CAUSE OF BLEEDING IN BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Brinkhous K. M.
Published: June 2004

The bleeding tendency that develops in bile fistula dogs, completely or partially deprived of bile, is due to a prothrombin deficiency of the blood plasma. However, a relatively low prothrombin level may exist in these animals without the occurrence of spontaneous hemorrhage. The prothrombin level may remain within the limits of normal if sufficient bile has been fed. In these cases no disturbance in blood clotting occurs.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF NASALLY INSTILLED IMMUNE SERUM AGAINST INFECTION WITH CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES BY WAY OF THE NOSE
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

1. Immune serum instilled intranasally in guinea pigs has protected them from infection with lethal amounts of pseudorabies virus by the nasal route. The same effect was obtained in mice with immune serum against the virus of equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern strain).

2. The protective effect of the immune serum in the nose begins at the time of instillation, is still evident 5 hours later, and usually has disappeared by the end of 24 hours.

3. Attempts to prolong the local effectiveness of immune serum by means of several devices were unsuccessful.

4. The action of the immune serum appears to be a local one in the nose, in view of the fact that the administration of even larger amounts of it intramuscularly failed to protect guinea pigs against infection with pseudorabies by the nasal route.
SOME EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINING REPRODUCTIVE POWERS IN MICE
Authors: Murray William S.
Published: June 2004

Cessation of breeding and castration of female mice approaching the period of declining reproductive power have at least two effects upon the subsequent life history of these animals.

1. The average expectation of life is appreciably increased.

2. The incidence of tumor is markedly decreased, especially in the older age groups.
ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

1. There is an extracellular factor which inhibits the growth of tubercle bacilli in immunized rabbits.

2. Extracellular factors localize carbon particles, trypan blue and tubercle bacilli at the site of introduction to a greater extent in the immunized than in the normal animal.

3. This greater fixation is brought about by an increase in the density and extent of the fibrin barrier formed about the focus of the immunized animal. The more pronounced in vivo agglutination of tubercle bacilli and carbon particles in the vaccinated or tuberculous rabbit also tends to immobilize them in the tissues.

4. The growth inhibitory and localizing agents are effective in the fixation of small doses on reinfection at the portal of entry.

5. With large doses on reinfection, the increased lymph flow resulting from the intensified inflammation in the immunized animal brings about a more rapid dissemination of the bacilli to the draining lymph nodes than in the normal animal.

6. The most significant factor in immunity is the increased capacity of the rapidly mobilized mononuclear phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli. The impotent polymorphonuclear leukocytes quickly disappear from the site of reinfection.

7. The invading bacilli that reach the draining lymph nodes of the immunized animal are retarded in multiplication or destroyed by these phagocytes.

8. Vaccination of rabbits with BCG brings into play the factors tending to immobilize the bacilli of reinfection, inhibit their growth and destroy them with a resulting significant immunity.

9. A virulent primary infection affords a greater immunity than one of low virulence and the host reactions are expressed by a quantitative increase in those immunity factors which operate in a vaccinated animal.
THE EFFECT OF AVITAMINOSIS-A ON THE PROSTATE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Mark Jerome
Published: June 2004

1. Vitamin A deficiency alone in the white rat is associated with atrophy of the testis and accessory sexual glands. This would appear to be indicative of some disturbance in the hypophyseal-gonadalprostatic hormonal relationships. All of the known vitamins necessary for the rat, except vitamin A, were present in the diet fed the animals studied.

2. Vitamin A deficiency in the rat is associated with foci of inflammation and epithelial metaplasia in the prostatic acini and vesicular ducts entirely similar to that reported in other organs.

3. Focal metaplasia and inflammation is occasionally encountered in the prostate of patients with extreme inanition associated with stenosis of the esophagus. It seems probable that this lesion is due to vitamin A deficiency.
THE FATE OF A VIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED RABBITS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. Hemolytic streptococci, highly virulent for rabbits, when injected into the skin of normal animals increased greatly in number at the site of injection during the first 12 hours, diminished somewhat after 24 hours but still persisted after 21 days. They produced large abscesses within 24 hours, there was ulceration, and healing occurred after about 5 weeks. Histological observations confirmed the bacteriological evidence that the streptococci underwent great multiplication at the site of their injection.

2. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits appeared in small numbers within 1 hour in the lymph nodes. As multiplication proceeded in the skin, hemolytic streptococci were found in large numbers from 1 hour to 7 days after inoculation in the inguinal lymph nodes.

3. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from deeper lymph nodes, that is, from the iliac nodes, but only in animals of which the inguinal lymph nodes contained bacteria in relatively large numbers.

4. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits in some instances entered the blood stream in considerable number, and occasionally caused death with bacteremia. Streptococci were recovered more frequently from the spleen and were present in this organ only when they had been recovered from the deep (iliac) lymph nodes.

5. When virulent hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of immunized rabbits, in a few instances they increased in number for a short time, but usually diminished rapidly and had entirely disappeared in 48 hours. The gross lesions were smaller than in normal rabbits. There was more phagocytosis, and redness and edema had disappeared after 48 hours.

6. When virulent streptococci were injected into the skin of immune rabbits they passed to the regional lymph nodes in relatively smaller numbers than in the previously normal controls and appeared in these nodes in considerable numbers only in animals in which there had been conspicuous multiplication at the site of inoculation. No streptococci could be found in the iliac lymph node, blood or spleen.

7. Virulent streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals multiply actively, resist phagocytosis, invade the tissues widely, enter adjacent and distant lymph nodes and in some instances are distributed by the blood stream to internal organs. After immunization associated with some sensitization, virulent streptococci are more readily ingested by phagocytes, remain sharply localized, are rapidly destroyed, fail to pass the nearest lymph nodes and do not enter the blood stream.
AN AIR-DRIVEN ULTRACENTRIFUGE FOR MOLECULAR SEDIMENTATION
Authors: Biscoe J. , Pickels E. G. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: June 2004

Details of construction are given for an air-driven ultracentrifuge for molecular sedimentation. This instrument, like the standard oil-driven machine of Svedberg, uses rotors giving a 6.50 cm. radius of rotation and has cameras of great depth of focus.
IMMUNIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. Swine influenza virus obtained from the lungs of infected ferrets or mice, when administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, immunizes swine to swine influenza.

2. Ferrets, which have received subcutaneous injections of swine influenza virus obtained from the lungs of infected ferrets, are immune to intranasal infection with this virus. Similar injections with virus from the lungs of infected mice or swine do not immunize.

3. Mice can be immunized to intranasal infection with swine influenza virus by the subcutaneous injection of virus obtained from the lungs of infected mice, but not by similar injection with virus from the lungs of infected ferrets or swine. Repeated injections induce greater immunity than a single one.

4. Intraperitoneal inoculation of both mice and ferrets with swine influenza virus immunizes them to intranasal infection and it appears to make little or no difference whether the virus used as vaccine is obtained from the lungs of infected mice, ferrets, or swine.

5. Field experiments in which swine influenza followed the intramuscular administration of virus are cited as examples of the hazard involved in the use of this means of immunization in a densely crowded susceptible population.
STUDIES ON NATURAL IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III
Authors: Enders John F. , Shaffer Morris F.
Published: June 2004

1. A correlation appears to exist between the failure of certain strains of Pneumococcus Type III to grow at 41°C. and their lack of virulence for rabbits.

2. It is likely that the capacity to grow at 41°C.—an attribute constantly but not exclusively associated with strains of Pneumococcus Type III virulent for rabbits—is a prerequisite, but not the sole factor, in determining their virulence for these animals.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN WHITE MICE
Authors: Traub Erich
Published: June 2004

In a mouse colony in which lymphocytic choriomeningitis is endemic infection takes place either in utero or shortly after birth. Virus is discharged from infected mice with the nasal secretions and urine. In some mice the infection lasts for several months, and such carriers can transmit the disease to healthy mice by contact. The portal of entry appears to be the nasal mucosa rather than the gastrointestinal tract. Mice infected by contact show no definite symptoms while those infected in utero often do. The disease has persisted in the colony for at least 15 months without change in its character. Mouse stocks differ in their susceptibility to contact infection and the findings given in the paper could be reproduced only with a very susceptible stock. Wild mice (Mus musculus) can be infected by contact, although less easily than our white mice.

The source of the infection in the colony has not been determined. The fact that the serum of the caretaker neutralizes the virus indicates that he has been infected. It seems likely that the virus went from him to the mice rather than vice versa. Other possible sources of infection are considered.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Nicholson William M. , Strauss Margaret
Published: June 2004

1. The withdrawal of maintenance injections of the cortical hormone from the suprarenalectomized dog during balance experiments, in which a constant meat diet is given, with constant fluid and salt intake, is followed by increased urinary loss of sodium and chloride, and by retention of potassium and nitrogen.

2. Where the water intake is low, a definite diuresis usually accompanies this excretion of sodium and chloride, but where fluids are forced, no diuresis may be observed.

3. The reinjection of the cortical hormone in suprarenal insufficiency causes an active renal excretion of potassium which is greatly in excess of the probable extra accumulation of this component in the extracellular fluids during the period when insufficiency is developing. This potassium excretion is surmised to be sufficient to account for such an accumulation, if diffusible potassium is present in like concentration equally throughout all of the body water, intracellular as well as extracellular. The excretion of potassium is accompanied by a. corresponding excretion of phosphate and of nitrogen.

4. The excretion of electrolytes which is associated with withdrawal and with subsequent reinjection of suprarenal cortical hormone differs from the effects produced with various diuretic agents regarding which data are available. The effects produced by injection of the cortical hormone during suprarenal insufficiency, however, do resemble those produced with pituitrin, particularly in the greatly increased excretion of potassium relative to sodium, and in the coincidental dilution of the circulating blood. They suggest the possibility that the two similar effects may be ascribable to a common cause.
AN INCREASE IN RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN OUTLYING BONE MARROW CONSEQUENT UPON A LOCAL INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
Authors: Huggins Charles , Noonan W. J.
Published: June 2004

In adult mammals and birds there is a great quantitative difference in the reticulo-endothelial system content of the bone marrow of central bones as compared with distal outlying bones.

Experimental procedures reported in the accompanying communication effecting development and increase of hemopoiesis in inactive yellow marrow also effect a reticulo-endothelial cell increase.
AN UNSATURATED FATTY ACID FRACTION OF PIG PANCREAS WHICH INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF CHICKEN SARCOMA
Authors: Helmer O. M.
Published: June 2004

The inhibiting action of pancreatic tissue was found to be associated with the unsaturated fatty acid fraction. As small an amount of fatty acid as 0.1 mg. inhibited the chicken sarcoma agent contained in 0.2 cc. of a 1:60 aqueous extract of Chicken Tumor I. The unsaturated fatty acid had an acid number and an iodine number similar to those for oleic acid. Commercial oleic acid also was found to inhibit the growth of the chicken sarcoma in comparable quantities.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Moen Johannes K. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. A high degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin toxicity was demonstrated when explants from tuberculous animals were grown in media containing that substance.

2. Similar degrees of sensitivity were noted in cells derived from animals infected with either virulent or relatively lowly virulent strains of tubercle bacilli.

3. The specificity of the tuberculin cytotoxicity was proven by testing with other bacterial cytotoxic materials.

4. Tuberculin sensitive cells grown in vitro in normal media showed, when tested with tuberculin, persistence of this cellular sensitivity through several transplantations during which time many new generations of cells developed.

5. There was a depression of the initial growth energy of explants from animals during the toxic phase of the disease. During the healing stage the initial growth energy returned to normal although marked sensitivity to tuberculin persisted.

6. The degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin in vitro did no parallel the acuity of the infectious process but represented a more or less permanent acquired characteristic impressed on the cell as a result of the infection.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

1. Type I antipneumococcus horse serum, in amounts exceeding a characteristic optimum, fails to protect mice against infection with the homologous type pneumococci. This failure is due to a marked inhibition of the phagocytic mechanism in the earlier stages of the infectious process. On the other hand, antipneumococcus rabbit serum in similar quantities does not inhibit phagocytosis, nor does it block the protection.

2. The experimental evidence suggests that the prozoning action of immune horse serum is due primarily to some characteristic property of the specific antibody and secondarily to an heterologous component of the serum, ineffective in itself but acting through the mediation of the antigen-antibody combination. This secondary factor may be a lipid.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING RABBIT PAPILLOMAS TO THE CANCERS DERIVING THEREFROM
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W. , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

The papillomas caused by the Shope virus sometimes grow down spontaneously into the subcutaneous tissue and extend along the lymphatics in the same way as do many cancers of the human breast. They may even invade the voluntary muscle under such circumstances, taking on an aspect suggestive of squamous cell carcinomatosis, but ultimately they differentiate in the way characteristic of the papilloma. Slight operative interferences with papillomas may be followed by a development of secondary nodules in the lungs. These result from cell emboli, and the same local conditions determine their fate as are effective in the case of emboli composed of human cancer cells. The virus-induced papilloma is not only a neoplasm in its immediate aspect and habit but sometimes one that verges upon malignancy. The tumors, including the cancers, which eventually derive from it in favorable hosts, are representative of more than a mere enhancement of the activity of the growth. They develop within a relatively brief period of time but only after the papilloma has grown for a long while; and they are morphologically various whereas the parent tumor is remarkably constant in its form. Some of the new growths differ but little from the papilloma, however, even when possessed of the ability to metastasize, and many continue to be influenced by the virus.

The Shope virus is heavily conditioned in its carcinogenic activity, yet it is the nearest cause for cancer now known.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Various types of inflammatory exudates have been obtained either by the introduction into normal tissues of a chemical irritant, or by a burn, or by bacteria in either dogs or rabbits. A study has also been made on an exudate of human origin.

These exudates have all been found to contain a factor which induces prompt increase in the permeability of normal skin capillaries, demonstrable by the almost immediate accumulation from the circulation of trypan blue into areas of skin injected with the cell-free exudate.

The active factor may be carried down with the precipitate resulting from the interaction of the exudate with either saturated ammonium sulfate or 20 per cent sodium sulfate.

The active factor passes through a dialyzing membrane. It can be recovered from the dialysate as a protein-free crystalline material.

The active factor manifests no property in common with histamine or presumably with the hypothetical H substance assumed to be closed related to histamine.

This is indicated by the following considerations: (a) difference between the tissue staining pattern of the exudate or of its active fraction and that of histamine; (b) opposite effects by histamine and the active factor found in exudates on the tonicity of the isolated strip of guinea pig intestine.

The observations presented in this report do not substantiate Lewis' hypothesis of histamine or of its closely related H substance as the primary cause of increased capillary permeability in inflammation.

The present studies are being continued in an endeavor to free of its impurities and to identify the active crystalline-like material isolated from an inflammatory exudate. The details of this investigation will form the subject of a separate future communication.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPES I, II, AND III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. , Scherp Henry W.
Published: June 2004

1. The thermolability of the specific polysaccharides of Types I, II, and III pneumococcus has been shown by three independent methods: (a) diminution of the viscosity of solutions on heating; (b) decrease in the amount of antibody precipitated from homologous rabbit antisera; and (c) increased tendency (S III) to pass through a collodion membrane.

2. These effects may be explained most simply as a partial depolymerization under the influence of heat. In air, particularly in the presence of broth, oxidation also appears to be involved.

3. Improved and simpler methods of preparation based on these findings, are given for S I, S II, and S III. The resulting products precipitate more anti-S from homologous rabbit antisera than do the earlier preparations.

4. The methyl glycoside of methyl galacturonate has been isolated from the hydrolytic products of S I, and evidence of the ultimate structural unit obtained.
SPOTTED FEVER
Authors: Hass George M. , Pinkerton Henry
Published: June 2004

Several methods for the experimental study of the rickettsial diseases have been applied to fièvre boutonneuse. An analysis of the results has indicated that fièvre boutonneuse is a variety of spotted fever and that the etiologic agent is a rickettsia which belongs to the genus Dermacentroxenus and to the species rickettsi (Wolbach (6)). The distinctive morphology of the organism and its characteristic intranuclear clustering in ticks and in tissue cultures are the important criteria upon which this conclusion is based. Immunological, histological, and cytological observations of a confirmatory nature are also reported.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

The intradermal inoculation of Mexican typhus virus into immune guinea pigs produces a local reaction which is similar in its appearance to the lesion observed in the skin of normal animals submitted to the same treatment. The reaction in the immune animal appears earlier and fades sooner than the lesion in the normal guinea pig.

The inoculation of heat-killed or formalin-killed Rickettsiae produces no significant reactions at the site of the intradermal injection in typhus immune guinea pigs.

The virus, inoculated intradermally, has been recovered from the local lesion 72 hours after the injection into typhus immune guinea pigs.

Normal guinea pigs and persons without a history of typhus fever present a congestion and some swelling of the skin at the site of the intradermal injection of formalinized Mexican Rickettsiae. The reaction appears 24 hours after the inoculation and fades within 48 hours. Heating the formalinized Rickettsia suspensions at 70°C. for 30 minutes renders them inactive in normal men and guinea pigs.

From the experiments reported in this paper it seems that the reactions observed in typhus immune guinea pigs submitted to a second inoculation of typhus virus, belong to the group of reactions presented by tuberculous animals (Koch's phenomenon) and the accelerated takes shown by immune persons submitted to revaccination with vaccinia virus.

A heat labile substance has been demonstrated in the formalinized Rickettsia bodies, which produces a reaction in the skin of normal men and guinea pigs.
STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Craigie James , Wishart F. O.
Published: June 2004

1. Thermolabile (L) and thermostable (S) antigens occur in solution in suspensions of vaccine pulp.

2. These antigens are also present on the elementary bodies of vaccinia and participate in the agglutination of these bodies by antivaccinia serum.
STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Wishart F. O. , Craigie James
Published: June 2004

Observations on antibody production in the rabbit in response to the injection of the LS antigen of vaccinia have shown that this antigen retains its ability to stimulate the production of L and S antibodies, not only when it is in a state of solution as found in lapine Seitz filtrates, but also after it has been partially purified. As reported in previous papers, both the L and S antibodies participate (a) in the true agglutination of washed elementary bodies, (b) in the precipitation of the soluble LS antigen found in fresh vaccine suspensions or dissociated in vitro from washed elementary bodies. The difference in the thermostability of the L and S components of the LS antigen as far as their reactivity in vitro is concerned, holds in respect of their capacity to stimulate antibody production. Heating at 70°C. invariably abolishes the antigenicity of the L component while the S component remains antigenic after being heated to 90°C.