bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triglyceride Uptake in Muscles in Rats
Authors: Li Min , Björntorp Per
Published: September 2012

Exogenous lipid is assimilated with different priorities in adipose tissue regions and varies in the fasting and fed conditions. The quantitative role of uptake of lipid in muscle has not been evaluated. In order to examine the uptake in other than adipose tissues, U14C‐oleic acid in sesame oil was administered orally to conscious rats, and lipid label measured after different times in serum, heart, liver, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, inguinal and epididymal fat pads, as well as in red and white parts of gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. Lipid uptake in total adipose tissue was calculated from dissected adipose tissues plus lipids extracted from the eviscerated, skinned carcass. Lipid uptake in total muscle tissue was estimated from label in dissected muscles plus that in the carcass, assuming similar intracellular lipid contents and radioactivity as that averaged from dissected muscles. Lipid uptake in the liver was calculated from directly extracted lipid.

Four hours after lipid administration to fed rats lipid radioactivity in heart and serum was minimal and had essentially disappeared at 8 hours. Liver label declined rapidly from peak values at or before 4 hours. Adipose tissue radioactivity increased gradually up to 16 hours and then decreased. Label in muscles was highest at 4 hours in the red gastrocnemius, and then decreased, while the other muscles showed a constant radioactivity over the observation period (24 hours). Radioactivity expressed per unit muscle mass seemed to be proportional to the oxidative capacity of muscles.

In comparisons between fed and fasted rats at 16 hours, when adipose tissue label peaked, liver, individual muscles and carcass did not show any significant differences while adipose tissue label was fivefold higher in fed than fasted rats. The distribution of total measured lipid radioactivity between total adipose tissue, total muscle tissue and liver in fed rats at this time‐point was 76. 8, 14. 4 and 8. 8% respectively, and in the fasted state 26. 4, 51. 6 and 22. 0%. These estimations suggest that lipid uptake in the fed state is dominated by adipose tissue, while in the fasted state the lipid uptake is higher in muscles than adipose tissues.

It was concluded that uptake of absorbed, exogenous triglyceride in muscle is of significance, particularly in the fasted state. This lipid has a half life of several days. It is suggested that this lipid is oxidized in situ, contributing with a hidden fraction to lipid energy needs, or partially transferred to adipose tissue. Lipid uptake in muscle probably constitutes a significant fraction of assimilated exogenous lipid, particularly in the fasting state.
Effects of Obesity and Gender on Insulin Receptor Expression in Liver of SHHF/Mcc‐FACP Rats
Authors: Meier Daniel A. , Hennes Magda M. I. , McCune Sylvia A. , Kissebah Ahmed H.
Published: September 2012

In SHHF/Mcc‐FAcp rats (formerly SHR/Mcc‐cp), obesity and male gender synergistically modulate hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and predisposition to diabetes. Our previous studies showed gender and obesity modulate hepatic cell surface insulin binding and insulin clearance additively. Hepatic insulin receptors (IR) bind insulin as a first step in insulin clearance through internalization and degradation. We hypothesize that the synergistic effects of obesity and gender on hepatic insulin binding and clearance result from interaction of these two factors on hepatic IR expression. To address IR expression in SHHF/Mcc‐FAcp rats, we quantitated IR protein levels in detergent‐solubilized liver homogenates by Western blotting and IR mRNA levels by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay. Obesity reduced total hepatic IR content in males and females, 50% and 68% respectively. Male gender reduced IR protein content 24% in lean, but had no effect on IR protein content in obese rats. Neither gender nor obesity affected hepatic IR mRNA content. Thus, obesity appears to affect hepatic IR protein content and cell surface binding through post‐transcriptional mechanisms; similarly, male gender in lean rats reduces IR protein levels and cell surfac binding through mechanisms not involving changi in mRNA levels. In obese rats, the synergistic effec of male gender appears to involve changes in IR tra ticking and consequently cell surface insulin bindin and processing.
Self‐Esteem and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review
Authors: French Simone A. , Story Mary , Perry Cheryl L.
Published: September 2012

The relationship between self‐esteem and obesity has not received a great deal of empirical evaluation using strong research methodologies. Thus, it is not clear whether self‐esteem is consistently related to obesity, whether the relationship is global or specific to physical appearance, whether the relationship differs by demographic variables such as age, gender or race/ethnicity, or whether self‐esteem moderates weight changes during weight loss treatment programs. This review examines these questions using empirical evidence from 35 studies on the relationship between self‐esteem and obesity in children and adolescents. Thirteen of 25 cross sectional studies clearly showed lower self‐esteem in obese adolescents and children. Five of the six cross‐sectional studies that included a measure of body esteem found lower body esteem in obese compared to normal weight children and adolescents. Results from two prospective studies examining initial self‐esteem and later obesity were inconsistent. Results from six of eight treatment studies showed that weight loss treatment programs appear to improve self‐esteem. However, it is unclear whether increases in self‐esteem are related to enhanced weight loss. Many studies were methodologically weak primarily due to small and select samples and lack of appropriate comparison groups. Implications for prevention and treatment of childhood obesity are discussed.
Cross‐Validation of Fat‐Free Mass Estimated From Body Density Against Bioelectrical Resistance: Effects of Obesity and Gender
Authors: Goran Michael I. , Khaled M. Abu
Published: September 2012

GORAN, MICHAEL I AND M ABU KHALED. Cross‐validation of fat‐free mass estimated from body density against bioelectrical resistance: effects of obesity and gender. Obes Res.

The major purpose of this study was to examine whether estimates of body composition from bioelectrical resistance were systematically biased by obesity and/or gender (using hydrodensitometry as a comparison method). We compared fat‐free mass (FFM) by bioelectrical resistance (BR) using 5 equations (Lukaski, Kushner, Rising, Khaled, and Segal) to FFM by hydrodensitometry (HD) in 20 lean men, 30 lean women, 33 obese men and 22 obese women. None of the BR equations was successfully cross‐validated against FFM by HD in all 4 sub‐groups. The Lukaski equation significantly underestimated FFM in all 4 groups by 2.7 to 4.7 kg; the Kushner equation significantly underestimated FFM by 2.0 to 2.9 kg except in obese women; the Rising equation significantly overestimated FFM in obese women (5.3 kg) and men (2.9 kg); the Khaled equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except obese men; and the Segal equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except lean men. In some groups, a portion of the discrepancy could be explained by bias originating from body fat. Analysis of our data by forward regression analysis demonstrated that height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness provide the most accurate estimates of FFM (R2=0.92; SEE = 3.58kg) that are free of bias originating from gender and body fat. We conclude that the estimation of fat‐free mass by BR is significantly influenced by gender and obesity. An alternative equation is proposed for estimating fat‐free mass based on measurement of height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness.
Lipase Inhibition and Hormonal Status, Body Composition and Gastrointestinal Processing of a Liquid High‐Fat Mixed Meal in Moderately Obese Subjects
Authors: Drent Madeleine L. , Popp‐Snijders Corrie , Adér Herman J. , Jansen Jan B.M.J. , van der Veen Eduard A.
Published: September 2012

DRENT, MADELEINE L, CORRIE POPP‐SNIJDERS, HERMAN J ADER, JAN BMJ JANSEN AND EDUARD A VAN DER VEEN. Lipase inhibition and hormonal status, body composition and gastrointestinal processing of a liquid high‐fat mixed meal in moderately obese subjects. Obes Res.

The effect of Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor used in the treatment of obesity was studied on gastrointestinal transit time, on body composition and on hormones known to be influenced by the degree of hydrolysis of nutritional triglycerides or by reduced nutrient intake and absorption. After a placebo run‐in period 14 patients were randomized to a 12‐week treatment period on Orlistat 360 mg per day (mean body weight 93.1 ± 9.8 kg) or placebo (mean body weight 90.7 ± 10.5 kg). At randomization and after 12 weeks body weight, body composition, thyroid hormones, catecholamines, insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding protein 3 were measured. During 4 hours after consumption of a liquid fat‐rich mixed meal containing study medication, 15 g lactulose and 25 g xylose, blood levels of glucose, insulin, c‐peptide, glucagon, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholecys‐tokinin, pancreatic polypeptide and xylose and expiration air levels of hydrogen were measured.

Weight loss was 4.2 ± 3.5 kg in the Orlistat group versus 3.0 ± 1.9 kg in the placebo group. Fat mass decreased to an equal degree, whereas lean body mass remained stable. No differences were found for thyroid hormones, catecholamines, IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels. By comparing the areas under the curve (AUC) and the peak levels at randomization (acute effects) of insulin and c‐peptide a tendency was found to be increased in the Orlistat group, whereas those of xylose were increased significantly, suggesting faster gastric empyting after Orlistat. No differences were found in the other parameters. By comparing the changes in responses (longer term effects) no significant differences were found.

In conclusion, the presence in the gut of undigested and unabsorbed fat does not seem to have a relevant influence on hormonal status and body composition in a small group of moderately obese patients.
Efficacy and Safety of Long‐Term Fluoxetine Treatment of Obesity ‐ Maximizing Success
Authors: Goldstein David J. , Rampey Alvin H. , Roback Paul J. , Wilson Michael G. , Hamilton Susan H. , Sayler Mary E. , Tollefson Gary D.
Published: September 2012

Obesity is a major health care concern because of its associated medical complications and increased mortality. Despite a myriad of short‐term weight loss strategies and the motivation of improving health, patients have difficulty maintaining reduced weight. Pharmacologic agents, such as fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, have been investigated as adjunctive therapy to standard weight management programs.

Extended therapy with fluoxetine has demonstrated clinically meaningful benefits on weight loss and obesity‐associated medical conditions in double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies. However, the magnitude of these benefits for individuals vary. Such findings are consistent with the belief that the obesity syndrome has differing etiologies. Accordingly not all patients are likely to benefit from a particular therapy. Studies should identify patient subgroups that are more likely to respond to a specific therapy. In this study of 719 fluoxetine‐treated and 722 placebo treated patients in four multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, long‐term clinical trials, we investigated possible predictors of a beneficial long‐term outcome from fluoxetine therapy.

Patients' age, current smoking activity, and baseline uric acid concentration were predictors of a meaningful long‐term treatment effect. Further review of the weight loss patterns of patients achieving long‐term success provided the basis for a treatment monitor. Use of the predictors and the treatment monitor are strategies to maximize the benefits of therapy through improved patient selection and monitoring during a therapeutic program.
Clinical Studies with Dexfenfluramine: From Past to Future
Authors: Guy‐Grand Bernard
Published: September 2012

d Fenfluramine (dF) (15 mg twice daily) has been studied in controlled trials in human obesity. It has been shown to increase adherence to weight lowering programs, to double the number of patients losing 10 kg or more when compared with a fairly efficient placebo plus dietary counselling, and to prevent weight regain when continued over a 1 year period. Weight loss after 1 month and 4 months is likely to predict subsequent outcome. Also, significant improvement in metabolic risk factors and blood pressure were clearly demonstrated, even more markedly in some obesity‐associated diseases, when body weight is maintained at a lower level. Even moderate but sustained weight loss of some 10 % of starting weight or less has been confirmed to be of medical value. Tolerance and safety of dF can be considered acceptable, even if longer term follow‐up is clearly needed.

These studies support the concept that long‐term pharmacotherapy with this serotoninergic drug might help achieve better outcome in the management of many obese patients, particularly in preventing relapse. The long‐term managerial strategies to be developed for each patient might thus include dF together with dietary advice, behavioral modification and physical exercise, either simultaneously or sequentially.
Histamine Receptor and its Regulation of Energy Metabolism
Authors: Sakata Toshiie
Published: September 2012

In a series of studies on brain functions of histamine, probes to manipulate activities of histaminergic neuronal systems were applied to assess histaminergic function in non‐obese normal, and lean and obese Zucker rats. Food intake was suppressed by both activation of H1‐receptors and inhibition of H3‐receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and the paraventricular nucleus, each of which is a satiety center. Feeding circadian rhythm was decreased in its amplitude through histaminergic modulation in the hypothalamus. Histamine neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) were involved in regulation of masticatory functions, particularly eating speed, while histamine‐containing neurons in the VMH controlled intake volume of meals. Energy deficiency in the brain enhanced satiation through histaminergic activation of VMH neurons, which in turn produced glycogenolysis in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostatic control of glucose supply. A very‐low‐calorie conventional Japanese diet, which is a fiber rich and low energy food source, enhanced satiation by increased mastication and because of the low energy supply of the diet. Hypothalamic histamine neurons were activated by high ambient temperature and also by interleukin‐1β, an endogenous pyrogen, to maintain homeostatic thermoregulation. Behavioral and metabolic abnormalities of Zucker obese rats were mediated by a deficit in hypothalamic neuronal histamine, and the Zucker rat was evaluated as an animal model of histamine deficiency. Transplantation of the lean fetal hypothalamus into the third cerebroventricle of host obese Zuckers attenuated the abnormalities.
Sibutramine: A Novel New Agent for Obesity Treatment
Authors: Ryan Donna H. , Kaiser Pam , Bray George A.
Published: September 2012

Sibutramine is a novel new pharmacologic agent which is a specific reuptake inhibitor for norepinephrine and serotonin. Preclinical data show that sibutramine and its two metabolites reduce food intake of animals eating either high or low carbohydrate diets and of obese Zucker rats. An 8‐week clinical trial showed a dose‐dependent decrease on body weight. Sibutramine, 5 and 20 mg/day, produced a dose‐related weight loss in obese subjects compared to placebo in an 8‐week trial. In doses varying from 1 to 30 mg, sibutramine also produced a dose‐dependent decrease in weight in the healthy obese population when used in 6‐,8‐,12–24‐ and 52‐week trials. Although the majority of the weight loss occurred during the first 12 weeks of treatment, weight loss had not plateaued in by 24 weeks in the higher doses. Side effects were mild. This drug shows promise as an antiobesity drug.
Nutrient Intake is Modulated By Peripheral Peptide Administration
Authors: Bray George A.
Published: September 2012

Many peptides have been shown to modulate nutrient intake. In most cases, these peptides decrease food intake, but in a few cases they have been demonstrated to stimulate feeding. Infusion of insulin peripherally will decrease food intake unless hypoglycemia occurs where the reduced glucose is a stimulus to feeding. Other pancreatic hormones including glucagon, amylin, pancreatic polypeptide, and enterostatin reduce food intake. Of the gastrointestinal hormones, cholecystokinin has been the most widely studied and reduces food intake in a number of species, including human beings. Gastrin‐releasing peptide and its relative bombesin have been shown to decrease food intake in experimental animals and man. Somatostatin reduces food intake in experimental animals, but no clinical studies are available. Four pituitary peptides also modify food intake. Vasopressin decreases feeding. In contrast, injections of desacetyl melanocyte stimulating hormone (dMSH), growth hormone, and prolactin are associated with increased food intake. Finally, there are a group of miscellaneous peptides which modulate feeding. β‐casomorphin, a hepta peptide produced during the hydrolysis of casein, stimulates food intake in experimental animals. In contrast, the other pep tides in this group including calcitonin, apolipoprotein A‐IV, the cyclized form of histidyl‐proline, several cytokines, and thyrotropin‐releasing hormone decrease food intake. Many of these peptides act on gastrointestinal or hepatic receptors which relay messages to the brain via the afferent vagus nerve. As a group they provide a number of leads for potential drug development.
Testosterone and Regional Fat Distribution
Authors: Mårin Per
Published: September 2012

The effects of testosterone treatment of abdominally obese men have been assessed by evaluating the following parameters: The metabolic activity of different adipose tissue regions in vivo (using lipid label as a tracer) and in vitro (measuring lipoprotein lipase(LPL) activity), the total and visceral adipose tissue mass, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure as well as prostate volume.

Middle‐aged men with abdominal obesity were treated with transdermal administration of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or placebo (P) during 9 months. The study was double‐blind.

Treatment with T was followed by an inhibited uptake of lipid label in adipose tissue triglycerides, a decreased LPL‐activity and an increased turn‐over rate of lipid label in the abdominal adipose tissue region in comparisons with the DHT and P groups. These effects on adipose tissue metabolism were not detected in the femoral adipose tissue region in any of the groups.

T treatment was also followed by a specific decrease of visceral fat mass (measured by CT‐scan), by increased insulin sensitivity (measured with the euglycemic glucose clamp), by a decrease in fasting blood glucose, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides as well as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. In the DHT group an increased visceral mass was detected. No other changes in these variables were found in the DHT and P groups.

There were no detectable changes in prostate volume (measured by ultra‐sound), prostate specific antigen concentration, genito‐urinary history or urinary flow measurements in any of the groups.

It is suggested that T substitution to a selected group of men results in general metabolic and circulatory improvements. The prostate area needs further careful attention.
Self‐Reported Substantial 1‐Year Weight Change Among Men and Women in the United States
Authors: Meltzer Arthur A. , Everhart James E.
Published: September 2012

Population‐based data have not been readily available on relatively short‐term changes in weight. Therefore, we sought to determine the nature of self‐reported substantial (> 10%) weight change over one year in a representative sample of the US population which participated in the 1989 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Across all ages, a larger proportion of women than men reported both weight loss as well as weight gain of any amount (18.9% vs. 16.1% for weight loss and 20.0% vs. 16.1% for weight gain). In sex‐specific logistic regression analyses, significant risk factors common to both sexes for substantial weight loss included divorced/separated marital status, smoking, increased number of blood pressure checks, increased BMI (body mass index) and increased number of bed days. Black race reduced the risk of weight loss for both men and women. Sex‐specific risk factors for weight loss in men only were widowhood or never married marital status, while increasing age was a protective factor in women only. Concerning weight gain > 10% over the past year, increased number of blood pressure checks and having one or more diabetic parents were significant risk factors among both men and women; while never being married, increased age, BMI, and education exerted a protective effect in both sexes. For women only, risk factors for weight gain included black race, increased number of contacts with a health professional, and being unemployed. Intention to lose weight was associated with both weight gain and weight loss in both sexes, although it did not serve as a confounder in any of these relationships. A greater likelihood of substantial weight loss among women relative to men was diminished for persons with higher BMI, higher number of blood pressure checks, being widowed, divorced or separated, and intention to lose weight. A greater likelihood of substantial weight gain among women relative to men was diminished for persons with low BMI. The results of this cross‐sectional study of weight change, involving a one‐year follow‐up period, generally correspond with the results obtained by longitudinal studies involving a longer follow‐up.
A Review of Dietary and Environmental Correlates of Obesity with Emphasis on Developing Countries
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Paeratakul Sahasporn , Zhai Fengying , Ge Keyou
Published: September 2012

The relationships between dietary and environmental factors and obesity are reviewed. Findings from selected population studies of diet and body weight are presented. In general, the results from population studies of diet and obesity have been inconsistent and marked with methodological weaknesses, especially the use of cross‐sectional study design. Apart from the diet, several social and economic factors appear to be important correlates of obesity in the population. However, most studies have focused on the socioeconomic status as abroad, composite measure. The relationships between income, education, occupation, place of residence, and obesity are reviewed here, with emphasis on the developing countries. In many developing countries, the changing dietary pattern, along with rising life expectancy and changing socioeconomic environment, has contributed to the increasing problems of obesity and other diet‐related chronic diseases that will have an enormous impact on the health and health care resource of these countries in the near future.
Prevention of Obesity in Middle‐Aged Monkeys: Food Intake During Body Weight Clamp
Authors: Hansen Barbara C. , Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Bodkin Noni L.
Published: September 2012

Prevention of obesity and increase in longevity in obesity‐prone rodents can be achieved by long‐term moderate dietary restriction. In order to examine the likelihood that caloric restriction could have similar salutary effects in humans, rhesus monkeys, after reaching mature adult stature, were placed on a protocol to clamp or stabilize body weight by weekly caloric adjustment Further weight gain was prevented by this caloric titration procedure, and thus middle‐age onset obesity, which is very common in this species, was prevented. The present study analyzed daily food intake for six weight‐clamped monkeys and six ad libitum fed age‐matched animals over a 3‐ year period, ages 18.5 to 21.5 years. After approximately 9 years of caloric restriction the daily calorie load to maintain stable adult body weight proved to be 40% less than the amount ingested by ad libitum fed animals. Calories per kg body weight did not differ significantly between the groups although the ad libitum fed animals were significantly fatter than the weight‐clamped group. Prevention of obesity using this weight clamp protocol has also maintained lower insulin levels and higher glucose tolerance in the restricted animals.
Differential Impact of Obesity in Related Populations
Authors: Valdez Rodolfo , González‐Villalpando Clicerio , Mitchell Braxton D. , Haffner Steven M. , Stern Michael P.
Published: September 2012

To search for genetic and environmental determinants of obesity, we compared the prevalences and the impact of obesity in three populations from two cities: Mexican Amcricans (n=820) and non‐Hispanic whites (n=1112)from San Antonio, Texas, and Mexicans from Mexico City (n= 1878). In the age range examined, 35–64 years, only Mexican men and women showed a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity with age. On the other hand, genetic ancestry, especially in women, made significant differences in the rates of obesity. Mexican Americans showed relatively high, and non‐Hispanic whites low, rates of obesity. To discriminate between genetic and environmental influences mediating the impact of obesity on a set of hemodynamic and metabolic variables, we compared this impact between Mexican Americans and both non‐Hispanic whites (same macro‐environment, different gene pools), and Mexicans (same gene pool, different environments). We found that obesity always worsens the hemodynamic and metabolic profiles of individuals, but the magnitude of the effects may be variable. We showed that the levels of insulin concentrations for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexicans and Mexican Americans, suggesting that genetic influences predominate in determining insulin levels; the levels of triglycerides and HDL for a given level of obesity were similar in Mexican Americans and non‐Hispanic whites, suggesting predominant environmental influences on lipid levels. On the other hand, the levels of glucose and systolic blood pressure for a given level of obesity were usually different between Mexican Americans and either of the other two populations, suggesting that these levels may result from genotype‐by‐environment interactions.
Changing Diet and Exercise Behaviors in Individuals at Risk for Weight Gain
Authors: Wing Rena R.
Published: September 2012

To date, there have been very few studies on the primary prevention of obesity and/or weight gain. This paper identifies three time periods that might be appropriate for such efforts at weight gain prevention‐the 25 to 35 year age window, the perimeno pausal period, and the year following successful weight loss. Research is encouraged that compares these three time periods and various intervention strategies. Several different approaches to primary prevention are identified, including group treatment pro grams with weekly meetings vs. less intensive, community‐ based interventions; focusing on those who are currently at ideal body weight vs. including those who are over weight as well; and targeting weight gain prevention per se vs. attempting to produce modest weight losses and/or modify cardiovascular risk factors. This paper suggests that primary prevention efforts should include exercise, changes in quality and quantity of food consumed, behavior modification, and some degree of therapist contact, but the manner in which these changes should be implemented to produce long‐term habit change remains unclear.
2‐Deoxy‐D‐Glucose but not 2‐Mercaptoacetate Increases Fos‐Like Immunoreactivity in Adrenal Medulla and Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
Authors: Ritter Sue , Scheurink Anton , Singer Lori K.
Published: September 2012

2‐Deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) and 2‐mercaptoacetate (MA) are drugs that competetively inhibit metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, respectively. Both 2DG and MA stimulate food intake. In addition, 2DG‐induced glucoprivation is a known stimulus for adrenomedullary secretion. However, very little is known about the effects of MA on the sympathoadrenal system. In the present study, we examined effects of 2DG and MA on the activity of preganglionic neurons and the adrenal medulla, as indicated by expression of Fos‐like immunoreactivity (Fos‐li). 2DG, MA, or saline was administered using a stress‐attenuated paradigm incorporating remote drug infusion. Expression of Fos‐like immunoreactivity (Fos‐li) was subsequently examined in the adrenal medulla and in preganglionic sympathetic neurons throughout the intermediolateral column (IML) of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. We found that 2DG increased Fos‐li in the adrenal medulla and in the IML primarily at spinal cord segments T7‐T10, where adrenomedullary preganglionic neurons reside. In contrast, MA did not induce Fos‐li either in the adrenal medulla or in sympathetic preganglionic neurons at any cord level. Results support the hypothesis that decreased fatty acid oxidation is not a stimulus for adrenal medullary secretion and provide evidence for a highly selective stimulation of adrenal medullary preganglionic neurons by 2DG.
Optimization of Hemodynamic Energy Expenditure in the Arterial System
Authors: Monos Emil , Szücs Béla
Published: September 2012

Experimental evaluations and comparisons of the passive and active biomechanical properties of isolated blood vessels from different species (dog, pig, calf, human), as well as the nature of different arterial pressure oscillations, reveal that: 1) Characteristic impedance of middle‐size and large arteries changes with intraluminal mean pressure usually resulting in a U‐shaped function with a minimum value around the normal physiological 100 mmHg pressure; 2) Similarly, pressure dependent adrenergic diameter responses (active strain) of different large arteries also exhibit parabolic shape with an extreme (maximum) value at 50–100 mmHg intraluminal pressure, suggesting that biomechanical characteristics of the vessel wall may define an optimum for hemodynamic operations; 3) Changes in the arterial smooth muscle tone shift the characteristic impedance curve along the pressure axis and alter the slopes of the parabola; 4) There are significant interactions between the fast 1st‐order (pulsatile) and the slow 3rd‐order arterial pressure wave components. These and some other characteristics of the circulatory system suggest the existence of an “extremal” forced oscillation blood pressure control mechanism in the body, optimizing the afterload of heart and the blood perfusion of systemic microvessels by minimizing the pulsatile energy expenditure at the physiological mean pressure operation level. A versatile mathematical model of this hypothetical mechanism was developed by us on an IBM PC using Pascal and 8086 Assembly languages. Simulation experiments show that such a physiological adaptive system could control arterial pressure effectively. The computer model is available on a PC disc.
Birth Weight and Its Relationship to Size Attained and Relative Fat Distribution at 7 to 12 Years of Age
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Beunen Gaston
Published: September 2012

The relationship between birth weight and relative subcutaneous fat distribution at school age was considered in 131 boys and 106 girls 7 to 12 years of age. Relative fat distribution at school age was estimated with the ratio of the subscapular to triceps skinfolds (S/T) for the total sample, and with the ratio of the sum of two trunk (subscapular, midaxillary) to the sum of two extremity (triceps, medial calf) skinfolds (T/E) for subsamples of 102 boys and 63 girls. There were no sex differences in the S/T ratio (mm/mm), boys 0.62 ± 0.15, girls 0.63 ± 0.18; T/E ratio (mm/mm), boys 0.58 ± 0.13, girls 0.59 ± 0.16; and BMI (kg/m2), boys 17.1 ± 2.4, girls 16.9 ± 2.2. Second order partial correlations, controlling for age and the BMI or age and sum of skinfolds, between birth weight and the skinfold ratios are, respectively, −0.22 and −0.20 (p<0.01) for S/T and −0.29 and −032 (p<0.01) for T/E in girls, and −0.18 and −0.17 (p<0.05) for S/T and −0.06 and −0.6 for T/E in boys. Though low, the correlations suggest that as birth weight decreases proportionally more subcutaneous fat is accumulated on the trunk than on the extremities, more so in females than in males. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicate that birth weight accounts for from 2% to 8% of the variance in relative subcutaneous fat distribution at school age.
Behavioral Control of Overeating
Authors: Stuart Richard B.
Published: September 2012

Summary— A behavioral treatment for overeating, utilizing operant and respondent conditioning techniques is described. To date, all eight patients with whom this treatment has been employed have been successfully treated and no negative secondary reactions have been observed.
Effects of a Personal Trainer and Financial Incentives on Exercise Adherence in Overweight Women in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program
Authors: Wing Rena R. , Jeffery Robert W. , Pronk Nicolaas , Hellerstedt Wendy L.
Published: September 2012

Exercise is important for long‐term weight loss, but few studies have examined ways to improve exercise adherence in overweight subjects participating in a behavioral weight loss program. This paper presents two studies, one conducted at the University of Pittsburgh and one at the University of Minnesota, that sought to improve exercise adherence by exerting more direct control over the environmental antecedents and consequences controlling exercise. Study 1 investigated the use of a personal trainer who called participants regularly and met them at their home or office at scheduled times for a walk. Study 2 investigated the effect of a lottery incentive for exercise adherence. In both studies, the effect of these manipulations was examined in the context of a 24‐week standard behavioral weight control program with three supervised exercise sessions per week. Neither intervention achieved statistically significant improvements in exercise adherence compared to control conditions, perhaps due in part to the limited statistical power of the studies. Future studies should focus on better understanding the barriers to exercise and designing behavioral interventions that address these barriers.
Education, Health Behaviors, and the Black‐White Difference in Waist‐to‐Hip Ratio
Authors: Croft Janet B. , Freedman David S. , Keenan Nora L. , Sheridan David P. , Macera Caroline A. , Wheeler Fran C.
Published: September 2012

Few epidemiologic studies have investigated the impact of body mass index, low educational attainment, cigarette smoking, and physical activity on the considerable black‐white difference in waist‐to‐hip ratio. These relationships were assessed with multi‐variable linear regression among 3,094 adults (24% black) who were examined in 1987 in South Carolina. The unadjusted mean waist‐to‐hip ratio was lower for black men than for white men (‐0.03 units) and higher for black women than for white women (+0.03 units). After adjustment for age, body mass index, education, smoking, and physical activity, the black‐white difference in mean waist‐to‐hip ratio was −0.02 units (p<0.001) among men and +0.01 units (p<0.01) among women. Although differing distributions of age, body mass index, and educational attainment accounted for a 59% reduction in the black‐white difference among women, these factors did not explain the difference among men. Thus, these results suggest that other environmental or biologic factors may also play an important role in the marked variation in body fat distribution between the two ethnic groups. The results also support the importance of the prevention of cigarette smoking and overweight in potentially preventing abdominal obesity in both black adults and white adults.
Current Status of the Human Obesity Gene Map
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Pérusse Louis
Published: September 2012

An overview of the status of the human obesity gene map up to October 1995 is presented. The evidence is drawn from several lines of clinical and experimental research. First, 12 loci linked to Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as one clinical feature are reviewed. Second, six loci causing obesity in rodent models of the disease are considered. Third, eight chromosomal regions where quantitative trait loci, identified by crossbreeding experiments with informative strains of mice, are defined. Fourth, 10 candidate genes exhibiting a statistical association with BMI or body fat are introduced. Fifth, nine loci found to be linked to a relevant phenotype are listed and the four cases for which the evidence for linkage is strongest are emphasized. The latter are mapped to 2p25, 6p21.3, 7q33 and 20q12‐13.11. Finally, the studies that have concluded that there was no association or linkage with a marker or gene are also reviewed. It is recommended that a system be developed by the obesity research community to ensure that an accurate and easily accessible computerized version of the human obesity gene map becomes available in the near future.
Quantitation and Localization of Regional Body Fat Distribution ‐ A Comparison Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Somatometry
Authors: Sharma Ramesh C. , Kramsch Dieter M. , Lee Paul L. , Colletti Patrick , Jiao Qun
Published: September 2012

The emerging concept that various fat compartments are metabolically active and play separate and decisive roles in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and stroke, has given obesity research a new direction. Of particular interest is the relative amount of intra‐abdominal fat thought to be responsible for the metabolic complications. We studied the precise fat distribution and its correlations with the metabolic parameters in 44 non‐human primates (Macaca fascicularis). Intra‐abdominal, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat (IAF, SAF, TAF) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and somatometry. Quantitative computer analyses of abdominal MRI scans revealed predominant IAF distribution. Box plot analysis of IAF and SAF revealed wide diversity in the amounts of fat, especially in monkeys with body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m2. Primates with similar BMI in each quartile revealed an extensive heterogeneity in IAF as well as SAF. Numerous significant correlations within site‐specific somatometric measurements as well as within the MRI determinants of abdominal fat were seen. However, only body weight correlated with IAF and skinfolds could predict SAF. After adjusting for body weight, partial correlation analysis showed a significant correlation (P<0.05) between total cholesterol and IAF. Conclusion: MRI revealed considerable heterogeneity of IAF, SAF and TAF in a cohort of primates believed to be homogeneous by somatometric definition. Male cynomolgus monkeys appear to be a valuable model for a systematic evaluation of fat. Individuals with identical body weight and height may show a diverse pattern of fat distribution.
Changes in Self‐Efficacy Following Obesity Treatment
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Cargill Byron R. , Medeiros Meredith L. , Pera Vincent
Published: September 2012

Self‐efficacy is an important component in the treatment of obesity. However, there is limited research examining changes in self‐efficacy following obesity treatment. In this quasi‐experimental study, 26 obese subjects demonstrated significant improvement on the Weight Efficacy Life‐Style Questionnaire (WEL) following participation in a 26‐week multidisciplinary VLCD program. Subjects demonstrated significant improvement from pre‐ to post‐treatment on total WEL scores and on all five of the situational factors: Negative Emotions, Availability, Social Pressure, Physical Discomfort and Positive Activities. These results provide further construct validity for the WEL and offer guidelines for the amount of change that subjects may demonstrate on the WEL following obesity treatment.
Changes in Sleeping and Basal Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation Induced by Short Term Thyroxin Administration in Man
Authors: Bracco David , Morin Odette , Liang Hong , Jéquier Eric , Burger Albert G. , Schutz Yves
Published: September 2012

The present study was designed to explore the thermogenic effect of thyroid hormone administration and the resulting changes in nitrogen homeostasis. Normal male volunteers (n=7) received thyroxin during 6 weeks. The first 3‐week period served to suppress endogenous thyroid secretion (180μg T4/day). This dose was doubled for the next 3 weeks. Sleeping energy expenditure (respiratory chamber) and BMR (hood) were measured by indirect calorimetry, under standardized conditions. Sleeping heart rate was continuously recorded and urine was collected during this 12‐hour period to assess nitrogen excretion. The changes in energy expenditure, heart rate and nitrogen balance were then related to the excess thyroxin administered.

After 3 weeks of treatment, serum TSH level fell to 0.15 mU/L, indicating an almost complete inhibition of the pituitary‐thyroid axis. During this phase of treatment there was an increase in sleeping EE and sleeping heart rate, which increased further by doubling the T4 dose (ΔEE: +8.5 ± 2.3%, Δ heart rate +16.1 ± 2.2%). The T4 dose, which is currently used as a substitutive dose, lead to a borderline hyperthyroid state, with an increase in EE and heart rate. Exogenous T4 administration provoked a significant increase in urinary nitrogen excretion averaging 40%. It is concluded that T4 provokes an important stimulation of EE, which is mostly mediated by an excess protein oxidation.
Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Attenuate Obesity and Promote Physical and Metabolic Fitness in Elementary School Children
Authors: Donnelly Joseph E. , Jacobsen Dennis J. , Whatley Janet E. , Hill James O. , Swift Larry L. , Cherrington Alan , Polk Brent , Tran Zung V. , Reed George
Published: September 2012

Obesity and low levels of physical and metabolic fitness are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The purpose of this investigation was to attenuate obesity and improve physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Schools have the opportunity, mechanisms, and personnel in place to deliver nutrition education, fitness activities, and a school food service that is nutritious and healthy. Cohorts from grades 3 to 5 in two school districts in rural Nebraska (Intervention/Control) participated in a 2‐year study of physical activity and modified school lunch program. Data collection for aerobic capacity, body composition, blood chemistry, nutrition knowledge, energy intake, and physical activity was at the beginning and end of each year. Int received enhanced physical activity, grade specific nutrition education, and a lower fat and sodium school lunch program. Con continued with a regular school lunch and team sports activity program. At year 2, Int lunches had significantly less energy (9%), fat (25%), sodium (21%), and more fiber (17%). However, measures of 24‐hour energy intake for Int and Con showed significant differences for sodium only. Physical activity in the classroom was 6% greater for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05) but physical activity outside of school was −16 % less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). Body weight and body fat were not different between schools for normal weight or obese children. No differences were found for cholesterol, insulin, and glucose; however, HDL cholesterol was significantly greater and cholesterol/HDL was significantly less for Int compared to Con (p < 0.05). It appears that compensation in both energy intake and physical activity outside of school may be responsible for the lack of differences between Int and Con.
Abdominal Visceral Fat is Associated with a BclI Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism at the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Locus
Authors: Buemann Benjamin , Vohl Marie‐Claude , Chagnon Monique , Chagnon Yvon C. , Gagnon Jacques , Pérusse Louis , Dionne France , Després Jean‐Pierre , Tremblay Angelo , Nadeau André , Bouchard Claude
Published: September 2012

Several investigations have suggested that body fat distribution is influenced by nonpathologic variations in the responsiveness to Cortisol. Genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) could therefore potentially have an impact on the level of abdominal fat. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) has previously been detected with the BelI restriction enzyme in the GRL gene identifying two alleles with fragment lengths of 4.5 and 2.3 kb. This study investigates whether abdominal fat areas measured by computerized tomography (CT) are associated with this polymorphism in 152 middle‐aged men and women. The less frequent 4.5‐kb allele was found to be associated with a higher abdominal visceral fat (A VF) area independently of total body fat mass (4.5/4.5 vs. 2.3/2.3 kb genotype; men: 190.7 ± 30.1 vs. 150.7 ± 33.3 cm2, p=0.04; women: 132.7 ± 37.3 vs. 101.3 ± 34.5 cm2, p=0.06). However, the association with AVF was seen only in subjects of the lower tertile of the percent body fat level. In these subjects, the polymorphism was found to account for 41% (p=0.003) and 35% (p=0.007), in men and women, respectively, of the total variance in AVF area. The consistent association between the GRL polymorphism detected with BelI and AVF area suggests that this gene or a locus in linkage disequilibrium with the BelI restriction site may contribute to the accumulation of AVF.
Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Juvenile Obesity: Long‐Term Effect of Behavioral and Public Health Models
Authors: Johnson William G. , Hinkle Linda K. , Carr Rebecca E. , Anderson Drew A. , Lemmon Christian R. , Engler Linda B. , Bergeron Kimberly C.
Published: September 2012

We investigated the influence of nutrition and exercise interventions within cognitive/behavioral and public health formats on weight and blood lipid profiles in obese children. Compliance was also examined as well as the relationship of the compliance measures with clinical outcome variables. Three conditions were compared over 16 sessions: nutrition and eating‐habit change followed by exercise (NE), exercise followed by nutrition and eating‐habit change (EN), and an information control (INFO). NE and EN were presented in a cognitive/ behavioral framework which focused on the development of self‐regulation whereas the INFO condition received the same material in a public health/educational model. NE and EN participants evidenced modest, yet significant, reductions in weight and blood lipids, and the impact of these two interventions endured at a five‐year follow‐up. In contrast, INFO participants displayed stable weight and blood lipids during the course of the program, and most remained morbidly obese at follow‐up. Improved nutrition, increased physical activity and fitness were significantly correlated with weight and lipid reductions.