bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Semi-Starvation on the Total Body Composition and Absorptive Function of the Small Intestine of the Young Adult Female Rat
Authors: Williams VJ , Senior W , Sippel JilI
Published: July 2016

Sixteen female rats aged about 80 days and with a mean body weight of 175 g were fed 40 % of their ad libitum intake of a laboratory chow. They were killed and analysed for water, protein, lipid and ash after 9, 21� 5, 30� 2 and 38�8 % of body weight had been lost. Compared to a control group of four animals, the 38�8 % group lost 13 g or 34 % of their protein. The animals in the 21 . 5, 30� 2 and 38 . 8 % groups lost 7� 5 g or 87 % of their lipid leaving only 1 �1 g of lipid. The percentage protein in the body was little affected by body weight loss but lipid decreased from 5 to 1 %. In another experiment with 26 rats of 205 g mean body weight and aged about 115 days, absorption rates by the small intestine were measured in vivo after variable weight losses between 0 and 39 %. o( + )-Glucose uptake was increased by about 70 % in those animals which had lost only 5 % of body weight and this increased uptake was retained in those rats which had lost up to 39 % of body weight. The absorption of L-leucine was not affected by the decline in body weight compared to the controls but relative to body weight, the ability of the intestine to absorb increased. In the same animals, the wet and dry weights of the small intestine declined slightly faster than body weight and the length of the small intestine tended to decrease slightly with increasing loss of body weight.
Biochemical Differences Between Alcohol Debydrogenases of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Oakeshott JG
Published: July 2016

This paper describes substrate specificities, developmental changes in activity, pH profiles, and heat stabilities of isozymes produced by four Adh genotypes in D. melanogaster. No differences are found in the substrate specificities of isozymes from the different genotypes but studies of the other three properties reveal significant differences between the isozymes. Thus relatively low activities are found among extracts of AdhF Adhn2 larvae and among extracts of AdhF AdhF adults aged 44 days. Also AdhF Adhs and Adhs Adhs extracts have relatively high activities at pH 6� 5, and AdhF Adhn2 extracts have relatively low activities at pH values above 10�0. Finally, extracts of AdhF AdhF and AdhF Adhs are more stable at 40�C than are those of Adhs Adhs and AdhF Adhn2 ?
Location of a High-sulphur Protein in Developing Wool Follicles Using Peroxidase-Labelled Antibody
Authors: Frater R
Published: July 2016

Antiserum to a high-sulphur protein (SCMK -B2) from wool was purified to obtain the immunoglobin G fraction, and this was labelled with horse-radish peroxidase. The labelled antibody was then applied to sections of sheep skin embedded in glycol methacrylate in order to locate the distribution of high-sulphur protein within the lower hair shaft. Regions containing the highest concentration of high-sulphur protein were the cuticle of the hair shaft and the keratogenous zone of the cortex.
The Proteins of the Keratin Component of Bird?s Beaks
Authors: Frenkel MJ , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

Birds' beaks have an outer shell of hard keratin which consists almost entirely of proteins which are very rich in glycine [about 30 residues per 100 residues (residues %)], contain moderate levels of tyrosine and serine (each about 8 residues %), and which have relatively low contents of cystine (about 2�5 residues %), lysine, histidine, isoleucine and methionine. Major protein fractions in the S-carboxymethyl form isolated from the beaks of 'six different orders of birds have similar amino acid compositions, isoelectric points (pH 4�2-4�9) and molecular weights (13 000--14 500). Detailed chromatographic electrophoretic and compositional studies of the proteins of kookaburra beak reveal them to be a family of closely related proteins with only limited heterogeneity, in contrast to mammalian keratin systems. The major kookaburra beak fraction is similar in overall composition and molecular weight to fowl epidermal scale, kookaburra claw and turtle scute proteins and shows some resemblance to reptile claw protein. Beaks also contain small amounts of protein which are distinctly different from the major fraction but which resemble feather keratin proteins in composition and size.
Sedimentation Equilibrium Studies on Protein From Kookaburra Beak
Authors: Woods EF
Published: July 2016

Fractionated samples of the soluble S-carboxymethyl proteins from kookaburra beak (Frenkel and Gillespie 1976) were examined by equilibrium sedimentation. The molecular weight was found to be 11 300 when the photoelectric scanning absorption optical system was employed and 13 700 when Rayleigh interference optics were used. Possible explanations for this difference are considered and it is concluded that it must arise from heterogeneity of the protein. Optical rotatory dispersion measurements indicate that the proteins probably exist as random coils in dilute aqueous buffer.
Boophilus microplus: Characterization of Enzymes Introduced Into the Host
Authors: Schleger AV , Lincoln DT
Published: July 2016

A number of enzymes, presumably secreted by larvae of B. micro plus under natural feeding conditions, have been investigated in the skin of previously unexposed calves 4 h after infestation at the attachment site. Carboxylic ester hydrolase activity was demonstrated in the dermis, immediately adjacent to the mouthparts, or in the attachment cone, depending on substrate and reaction pH. The carboxylic ester hydrolase acting on naphthol AS-D acetate (2-acetoxy-3-naphthoic-O-toluidide) at pH 7�1 was characteristically found in the dermis and not in the attachment cone. The use of specific inhibitors showed that this enzyme was primarily a B-esterase or carboxylesterase with possibly a small portion of C-esterase or acetylesterase. It is postulated that carboxylic ester hydrolase could contribute to the dilation observed in the subepidermal capillaries adjacent to the attachment sites of unexposed animals, through the formation of plasma kinins.
Boophilus microplus : Cellular Responses to Larval Attachment and Their Relationship to Host Resistance
Authors: Schleger AV , Lincoln DT , McKenna RV , Kemp DH , Roberts JA
Published: July 2016

The histology of early feeding lesions of the cattle tick B. microp/us has been studied using 32p labelled larvae to standardize the duration of attachment. Critical studies were made on 3-h lesions in six separate experiments on different groups of British breed animals. Each group consisted of three animals-one previously unexposed to ticks, one of high resistance and one of low resistance. The degree of mast cell disruption, eosinophil concentration and degranulation, and the extent of epidermal vesiculation were all significantly greater at the site of attachment on highly resistant hosts. In previously unexposed animals there was no mobilization of eosinophils nor mast cell breakdown and no epidermal vesiculation. Possible immune mechanisms producing mast cell disruption and the infiltration and concentration of eosinophils are suggested, and the effect of eosinophil degranulation on larval attachment and feeding is discussed.
Effects of Progesterone and Oestradiol on RNA and Protein Metabolism in the Genital Tract and on Survival of Embryos in the Ovariectomized Ewe
Authors: Miller BG , Moore NW
Published: July 2016

The hormonal regulation of metabolism in the genital tract and the development of embryos during early pregnancy in the ewe have been examined. Ovariectomized ewes received injections of main� tenance progesterone, oestrous oestradiol and priming progesterone according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion during early pregnancy, around the time of oestrus and during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle immediately preceding oestrus. The survival and development of embryos was dependent upon the dose of maintenance progesterone and the duration of treatment at the time of transfer, but changes in progesterone dose did not change endometrial protein or RNA metabolism on particular days. Both priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol were required for normal embryo development. Priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol each increased endometrial RNA/DNA ratios during early pregnancy. There were no interactions between priming progesterone and oestrous oestradiol, their effects being simply additive. Neither maintenance nor priming progesterone had any effect on protein and RNA metabolism in the oviduct. It is suggested that in the intact ewe oestrogen secreted at oestrus and progesterone secreted prior to oestrus play important roles in the establishment of a uterine environment suitable for the subsequent normal development of embryos.
Oestradiol and Progesterone: Soluble Receptor Levels and Metabolism in the Uterus of the Ovariectomized Ewe
Authors: Murphy Leigh , Stone GM , Miller G , Moore NW
Published: July 2016

Ovariectomized ewes received injections designed to mimic to some extent oestradiol and progesterone secretion during early pregnancy (maintenance progesterone), during oestrus (oestrous oestradiol) and during the luteal phase of the previous cycle (priming progesterone). The animals were killed at times equivalent to 1, 4 or 7 days after oestrus in those animals which had received oestrous oestradiol. The level of soluble oestradiol and progesterone receptors in whole uterus, and [3Hloestradiol and [3Hlprogesterone metabolism by uterus minces were measured.
Analysis of Ovulation-Oviposition Patterns in the Domestic Fowl by Telemetry Measurement of Deep Body Temperature
Authors: Wanda Bobr L , Sheldon BL
Published: July 2016

Continuous temperature records in relation to time of oviposition and behaviour associated with it are summarized for 13 laying strain pullets with a regular pattern of oviposition and for a further 10 pullets which were either 'internal layers' , or natural or induced layers of membranous-shell eggs. The records of five pullets, in which the most recently ruptured follicle was excised within 2-5 h after ovulation, and of four control pullets are also included.
A Comparative Study of the NAH and TOL Catabolic Plasmids in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Austen RA , Dunn NW
Published: July 2016

A comparative study of the NAH and TOL catabolic plasmids was carried out to provide information for future genetic manipulation experiments involving these two plasmids. The plasmids were studied in a strain of P. putida and its mutant derivatives.
Morphological and Protein Synthesis Changes in Skin during Wool Follicle Regeneration after Plucking and Mimosine Administration
Authors: Ward KA
Published: July 2016

The regeneration of wool follicles after plucking of the wool fibres is compared with the regeneration which occurs after treatment of sheep with the DNA synthesis inhibitor mimosine. The process has been examined by labelling skin proteins in vitro with [3Hlleucine, separating them electrophoretically and measuring the radioactivity of the various proteins. The results show that keratin biosynthesis is not detectable during the early stages of follicle regeneration, and that the pattern of protein synthesis changes is similar whether regeneration follows plucking or mimosine treatment.
Milk Carbohydrates of Marsupials I. Partial Separation and Characterization of Neutral Milk Oligosaccharides of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo
Authors: Messer M , Mossop GS
Published: July 2016

The carbohydrate fractions of two samples of milk from the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus, were each separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G25 into 10 peaks of neutral saccharides, plus between two and four peaks which contained sialyl saccharides and neutral polysaccharides.
The Keratin Proteins of Wool, Horn and Hoof from Sheep
Authors: C Marshall Robert , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

This paper compares the constituent low-sulphur and high-sulphur proteins isolated from the three hard keratins-wool, horn and hoof-produced by the sheep, In general the low-sulphur protein fractions from the three keratins are similar in composition and range of molecular sizes. The same can be said for the high-sulphur protein fractions. However the relative proportions of the component proteins within each fraction vary from keratin to keratin, Hom and hoof are more similar to each other than they are to wool and, compared to wool, they contain less total high-sulphur protein and a smaller proportion of those high-sulphur protein fractions of highest sulphur content. There is a changed distribution of protein components in the low-sulphur protein fractions, and one of the wool components is apparently missing from horn and hoof.
A Chymotrypsin Inhibitor From the Parasitic Nematode, Oesophagostomum radiatum
Authors: Willadsen Peter
Published: July 2016

An inhibitor of oc-chymotrypsin was isolated from O. radiatum by affinity chromatography, as well as by ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. The inhibitor was associated with the cuticle or musculature of the parasite. It completely inhibited the esterolytic activity of chymotrypsin. Molecular sieve chromatography gave an apparent molecular weight of 9700 for the inhibitor alone and 32000 for the complex with chymotrypsin. This suggests reaction in a 1: 1 molar ratio. The inhibitor reacted with diisopropyl phosphoryl-chymotrypsin weakly, if at all.
Fusion and Hybridization of Marsupial and Eutherian Cells I. Growth of Marsupial Cells and Co-cultivation with Eutherian Cells
Authors: A MarshalI Graves Jennifer , M Hope Rory
Published: July 2016

The usefulness of marsupial x eutherian somatic cell hybrids for studies of mammalian genetics and cell biology is discussed, and the problems encountered in obtaining such hybrids are outlined. In an initial investigation into these problems, the growth of marsupial cells in culture, and thegrowth and distribution of marsupial and eutherian cells in mixed culture were studied. Optimal conditions for mass and clonal growth of marsupial cells are reported. In mixed mass cultures, cell sorting occurred, but little inhibition of growth of either cell type was observed except in cultures which were nearly confluent. Colony formation by either cell type was greatly enhanced by growth on a feeder layer of marsupial or eutherian cells. Marsupial x eutherian hybrid cells are expected to grow successfully in the presence of excess parental cells.
Haemoglobins of the Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni III. Amino Acid Sequence of the ß -Chain
Authors: Fisher WK , Nash AR , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of the �-chain of the principal haemoglobin from the shark H. portusjacksoni has been determined. The chain has 141 residues, the same as that of mammalian IX-chains and less than the 146 residues of mammalian �-chains or the 148 residues of the IX-chain from the tetrameric shark haemoglobin. The sequence was deduced from the sequences of peptides obtained by digestion of the globin or its cyanogen bromide fragments with trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin and papain.
Stability of Segments of Rabbit a-Tropomyosin
Authors: Woods EF
Published: July 2016

Rabbit IX-tropomyosin was cleaved into two pieces at the cysteine residue of each chain. The products were separated by chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis, molecular weight determination in benign and denaturing solvents, optical rotation and circular dichroism. When the cleavage reaction was carried out under mild conditions which preserve the two-chain structure there was considerable loss of IX-helix in each segment.
Metabolism of D- and L-Lactate by Pseudomonas putida
Authors: O'Brien RW
Published: July 2016

Pseudomonas putida grew at the same rate with the same molar growth yield on D-, L, or DL-Iactate as the sole source of carbon for growth. D- and L- lactate were utilized simultaneously and at the same rate when the organism was grown on DL-Iactate (ratio of D isomer to L isomer of 1: 1). Growth on either isomer alone, or in combination, caused the induction of both a D-lactate, and an L-Iactate dehydrogenase. Both enzymes were particulate and used dichlorophenolindophenol, or oxygen, but not NAD, as electron acceptor, and were inhibited by cyanide when oxygen was the electron acceptor. The pH optimum for the D-lactate dehydrogenase was about 6�5, and for the L-Iactate dehydrogenase was about 8� O. The D-lactate dehydrogenase was more heat-sensitive than the L-Iactate dehydrogenase. The stoichiometry of both enzyme reactions was the same with 2 mol of lactate being oxidized by 1 mol of oxygen to form 2 mol of pyruvate. No lactate racemase was detected in the cell extracts.
Isolation of Mutants with Altered Metabolic Control of the NAH Plasmid-encoded Catechol Meta-cleavage Pathway
Authors: Austen RA , Dunn NW
Published: July 2016

Two types of mutants which displayed altered regulation of the NAH catabolic plasmid-encoded catechol meta-cleavage pathway were isolated in Pseudomonas putida. Altered metabolic control was indicated by assay of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. In one type of mutant the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase was synthesized constitutively. In the other type the range of carbon sources which induce the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase was increased.
Mammary Glucose Uptake in the Lactating Ewe and the Use of Methionine Arterio-Venous Difference for the Calculation of Mammary Blood Flow
Authors: Davis SR , Bickerstaffe R
Published: July 2016

(1) The validity of using the arterio-venous concentration difference of methionine to calculate mammary blood flow in the ewe, on the basis of the Fick principle, is discussed.
The Effect of 2-Deoxy-N-Glucose on Ovarian Function of Cattle
Authors: McClure TJ , Nancarrow CD , Radford HM
Published: July 2016

The administration of the metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxY-D-glucose (2DG), to four well fed heifers just before and during the time of expected oestrus, and to another heifer following the removal of the corpus luteum, prevented both the occurrence of oestrus and the formation of corpora lutea in all animals. Plasma progesterone concentrations remained low for at least 10--21 days after the last dose of 2DG. The results suggest that the inhibition of glycolysis is associated with the failure of both oestrus and formation of functional corpora lutea, and� they support the hypothesis that hypoglycaemia is the primary biochemical change responsible for infertility induced by acute energy deficiency in lactating cattle.
Isolation, Characterization and Pathology of the Toxin From a Microcystis Aeruginosa (= Anacystis Cyanea) Bloom
Authors: Elleman TC , Falconer IR , Jackson ARB , Runnegar MT
Published: July 2016

The nature of the toxicity of a bloom of blue-green alga, M. aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea), that occurred in a man-made lake was investigated. Crude algal bloom extracts were toxic to laboratory mice when injected intraperitoneaIIy. The lethal dose (LDlOO) of these extracts was 15-30 mg of lyophilized algal bloom per kilogram body weight. The toxin was purified by a procedure that included ammonium sulphate fractionation, solvent extraction, acid precipitation, Sephadex G25 and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 6�5. The preparation gave a single spot on high-voltage electrophoresis at pH 9�0, had no free amino group, and was characterized by a simple amino acid composition of equimolar quantities of L-methionine, L-tyrosine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, erythro fi-methyl aspartic acid and methylamine.
An Electron Microscope Study of Fibril : Matrix Arrangements in High- and Low-Crimp Wool Fibres
Authors: J Kaplin Ian , J Whiteley Kenneth
Published: July 2016

The crimped structure of wool fibres is generally associated with a bilateral arrangement of orthoand paracortical cells. The most obvious difference between these cell types is in the arrangement and relative proportions of microfibril and matrix proteins that constitute the fibre cortex.
Enzyme Activities and Protein and Carbohydrate Concentrations in Cervical Secretions at Dioestrus in Normal Ewes and Ewes With Permanent Phytooestrogenic Infertility
Authors: Tang BY , Adams NR
Published: July 2016

Cervical secretions of clover-affected and control ewes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle were obtained by flushing the anterior vagina. The flushings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and enzyme activities, and were found to be similar to the secretions of the normal ovine uterus. There was significantly more protein, carbohydrate and acid-soluble glycoprotein but less alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglycosidases (EC 3.2.1.30 and 3.2.1.53) and ribonuclease I in the vaginal flushings of clover-affected ewes.
Male Recombination in Dysgenic Hybrids of Drosophila Melanogaster: Chromosome Breakage or Mitotic Crossing-Over?
Authors: Sved JA
Published: July 2016

Recombinant second chromosomes from dysgenic male hybrids of D. melanogaster have been made homozygous using a Curly balancer chromosome technique. Most of the chromosome homozygotes produced have apparently normal viability. The incidence of newly produced lethals, while as high as 5-10%, is not significantly higher than in non-recombinant chromosomes. Thus male recombination and mutation appear to occur independently of each other, rather than in the same gametes as would be expected if both were simultaneously produced by chromosome breakage and reunion. Furthermore, a summary of recombination clusters over a large series of experiments suggests that reciprocal and non-reciprocal clusters occur with approximately equal frequency. This is in agreement with predictions from a four-strand mitotic recombination model.
A Correction and Extension of the Acetylated Amino Terminal Sequence of Ovalbumin
Authors: Thompson EOP , Fisher WK
Published: July 2016

The acetylpeptides derived from S-carboxyn1ethylovalbumin by cyanogen bromide and chymotrypsin have been isolated and shown by enzyme digestion and the dansyl-Edman method to fit the sequence acetyl-Gly-Ser-Ile-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu-Phe. This corrects the order of the third and fourth residues in the five-residue sequence given by Narita and Ishii [J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 1962, 52, 367-73].
Uptake of N-(9-Anthroyloxy) Fatty Acid Fluorescent Probes Into Lipid Bilayers
Authors: A Haigh Elizabeth , R Thulborn Keith , W Nichol Lawrence , H Sawyer William
Published: July 2016

A description in thermodynamic terms is given of ligand-membrane interaction which may occur by either or both a binding and a partition process. Results obtained by fluorescence enhancement and polarization techniques on the uptake of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids by phospholipid bilayers are analysed to show that binding rather than partition effects primarily determine the extent of probe uptake. Liposome concentration-dependence effects are also reported which required that binding results obtained with different probes be compared at fixed lipid concentrations. On this basis it is concluded that as the separation of the anthracene and carboxyl groups within the fatty acid molecule is increased, and hence as the anthracene group moves deeper into the bilayer, the fluorescent probe is bound to the bilayer with greater affinity but is accepted by fewer binding sites within the membrane. Studies on probe uptake at high ionic strength and into negatively charged bilayers indicate that hydrophobic rather than electrostatic interactions make the dominant contribution to the free energy of binding.
An Investigation of the Allergens of Ascaris lumbricoides Using a Radioallergosorbent Test (Rast) and Sera of Naturally Infected Humans: Comparison With an Allergen for Mice Identified by a Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Test
Authors: O'Donnell IJ , Mitchell GF
Published: July 2016

The identification of those components of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum) body fluid (ABF) which are IgE-inducing antigens (allergens) was found to depend on the type of assay used. By use of the radioallergosorbent test and sera from humans naturally infected with A. lumbricoides, it was found that ABF contains a range of allergens with a variety of isoelectric points and molecular weights. Some cross-reactions were demonstrated between the allergens of A. lumbricoides and Toxocara canis. On the other hand, when a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay was used with sera from mice sensitized by nasal inhalation of ABF plus Bordetella pertussis vaccine, it was found that only one relatively pure fraction of ABF was involved. This consisted of some of the largest protein molecules in ABF: it had a molecular weight of approximately 360000 (subunits 140000 and 220000), an isoelectric region of 8�0-8�4, and was clearly very different from the allergens isolated from ABF by other workers.
Ultrastructural Development of Adipose Tissue in Foetal Sheep
Authors: Gemmell RT , Alexander G
Published: July 2016

The development of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue in foetal sheep of 40-150 days conceptual age was examined using electromicroscopy. Adipose tissue from both sites developed from pre-adipose cells of similar appearance, with few mitochondria, and commenced accumulating lipid on about day 70 of gestation. In the perirenal fat there was marked proliferation of mitochondria between days 80 and 90 and the tissue developed into-brown fat, cell profiles being characterized by many mitochondria with numerous distinct cristae, whereas in the subcutaneous cells which developed into white adipose tissue few mitochondria with fewer cristae were observed. Multilocular and unilocular cells occurred in both tissues near term. Nerves were first seen between brown adipose cells in a 130-day-old foetus and were frequently seen in older foetuses, but very few nerves were seen in the white adipose tissue.
Iodination of Calsequestrin in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle: A Re-Examination
Authors: K Tume Ronald
Published: July 2016

The exposed proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles from skeletal muscle were iodinated with the use of Sepharose 4B-bound lactoperoxidase, so that the location of the proteins in the membrane could be determined. It was found that the pattern of protein labelling could be modified simply by changing the constituents of the incubation media. This implies that the position or configuration of a particular protein in the membrane can be altered by the local environment. When the reaction was performed in the presence of 25 mM tris-maleate, pH 7 �0, alone, the Ca2+ pump ATPase (molecular weight 105000) and calsequestrin (47000) were both heavily labelled, suggesting they are at least partially exposed on the outer surface of the membrane. By contrast the high affinity calcium-binding protein (55000) was not labelled. However, when the vesicles were iodinated under conditions that were suitable for ATPase activity and Ca2+ accumulation, namely in the presence of 25 mM tris-maleate, pH 7 �0, 5 mM ATP, 5 mM Mg2+ and 0�05 mM Ca2+, a different pattern of labelling was obtained. No labelling of calsequestrin was observed whereas the extent of labelling of the Ca2+ pump ATPase remained about the same. The inclusion of anyone of the additives mentioned was effective in inhibiting the iodination of calsequestrin in the SR vesicle. When added alone, Ca2+ was more effective than Mg2+ in preventing labelling of calsequestrin. Half-maximal inhibition was observed at concentrations of approximately 0�05 mM Ca 2+ and 0�2-0�3 mM Mg2+ . Although much reduced, significant labelling of calsequestrin was observed even in the presence of 5 mM ATP. Investigations with partially purified calsequestrin revealed that the iodination of calsequestrin was the same in both the presence and absence of 1 mM Ca2 +. Therefore the reduction in label observed in intact SR vesicles probably represents a change in the location of calsequestrin within the membrane, rather than inhibition by Ca2+ of the iodination sites of the protein itself.
Studies on Polydisperse Systems Using an Air-Driven Ultracentrifuge: Application to Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles
Authors: Clarke RG , Eagle GR , Howlett GJ
Published: July 2016

A high-speed air-driven ultracentrifuge (Airfuge) has been used to determine the molecular weight and effective specific volume of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The method used to determine the effective specific volume involved varying the solution density until zero sedimentation of the vesicles occurred. The value obtained for the effective specific volume of 0�9885 mlJg agrees well with previously reported values. The determination of the molecular weight of the vesicles is based on a method in which the fraction of vesicles remaining in an upper fraction of the solution column is compared with the values obtained using standard proteins. The values obtained for the molecular weight of the vesicles range from 1� 7 x 106 to 2�3 X 106 and are in good agreement with results obtained using the analytical ultracentrifuge and with previously reported results. Possible effects due to the polydispersity of the solute are assessed using theoretical calculations and the possibility of using the Airfuge for the study of other polydisperse systems is discussed.
Glucagon Responses to Exercise in Sheep
Authors: P Brockman Ronald
Published: July 2016

Sheep were subjected to moderate (5 km/h) and strenuous (7 km/h) exercise on a treadmill for 45 min. After training, the sheep were again exercised. Glucagon concentrations in plasma increased in all sheep after commencement of exercise. These increases were related directly to the severity of exercise. The glucagon response also was dependent upon training with a lesser increase in trained animals than in untrained animals running at the same speed. Insulin concentrations in plasma decreased significantly only during strenuous exercise in untrained sheep. [Other keywords: glucose, lactate.]
Influence of Haemoglobin Type and Selenium Status on Peripheral Plasma Progesterone and Corticosteroid Concentration in Ewes Grazing Oestrogenic Pastures
Authors: Walker SK , Obst JM , Smith DH , Hall GP , Flavel PF
Published: July 2016

Peripheral plasma progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations were studied in ewes grazing oestrogenic pastures during oestrus, pregnancy and parturition in 1974 and during pregnancy in 1975. Haemoglobin (Hb) type A ewes had significantly higher mean corticosteroid concentrations than HbB ewes in both years. In 1974 the concentration of progesterone did not differ significantly between Hb types whilst in 1975 the concentration was significantly (P < 0�001) higher in HbA ewes.
Effect of Rec-2+ on the Formation of Double Mutant Recombinants in Neurospora Crassa
Authors: Catcheside DEA
Published: July 2016

In crosses between his-3(K874) and ad-3A(K118), the presence of rec-2+ reduces the frequency of formation of both prototrophic recombinants (his-3+ ad-3A +) and double mutant recombinants (his-3 ad-3A) to a similar degree. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the product of the rec-2+ gene acts to block the initiation of recombination events and indicates that rec-2+ does not determine the frequency of formation of prototrophic recombinants by influencing the type of recombination product which predominates.
Mechanical Transmission of Galinsoga Mosaic Virus in Soil
Authors: Shukla DD , Shanks GJ , Teakle S , Behncken GM
Published: July 2016

Galinsoga mosaic virus (GMV) was isolated from Galinsoga parviflora plants growing near Gympie in south-eastern Queensland. Although the virus was always recovered from the roots of naturally infected G. parviflora plants, the tops sometimes contained no detectable virus. When soil collected near naturally infected plilnts was kept moist in a glasshouse for 15 months and periodically planted with seed or seedlings of G. parviflora, the plants continued to become infected. Addition of captafol or ethazol fungicides to the soil had no effect on transmission of GMV in a glasshouse. Air-drying the soil for 20 days abolished its infectivity to G. parvi/lora plants and also decreased the amount of virus directly extractable from it.
Variations in Plasma Thyroxine Concentrations Throughout One Year in Penned Sheep on a Uniform Feed Intake
Authors: Wallace ALC
Published: July 2016

Plasma total thyroxine (T 4) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay throughout one year in 10 sheep maintained indoors under natural light and consuming a constant amount of feed. Plasma T4 concentrations varied throughout the year, the highest and lowest values occurring in the spring and autumn months respectively. The mean of all observations was 5 �4�0�1 ,ug/dl. The changes observed did not appear to correlate with changes in ambient temperature, day length or with reported changes in wool growth.
Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes. IX. Sex Chromosomes of the Greater Glider (Marsupialia : Petauridae)
Authors: Murray JD , McKay GM , Sharman GB
Published: July 2016

The greater glider, currently but incorrectly known as Schoinobates vo/ans, is widely distributed in forested regions in eastern Australia. All animals studied from six different localities had 20 autosomes but there were four chromosomally distinct populations. At Royal National Park, N.S.W., all female greater gliders studied had 22 chromosomes including two large submetacentric X chromosomes with subterminal secondary constrictions in their longer arms. This form of X chromosome occurred also at Bondo State Forest, Myall Lakes and Coff's Harbour, N.S.W., and at Eidsvold, Qld. At Coomooboolaroo, Qld, the X chromosome was also a large submetacentric but a secondary constriction occurred in the shorter arm. Two chromosomally distinct types apparently occur in Royal National Park, one with XY m,ales as in all other populations, and one with XY1Y2 males. Y or Yb but not Y 2, chromosomes were eliminated from the bone marrow in all populations but were present in spermatogonia, primary sperrnatocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Animals from Bondo State Forest had three or more acrocentric or metacentric supernumerary chromosomes. [Other keywords: C-banding, eytotaxonomy, multiple sex chromosomes, XY bivalent.]
Cereal Chlorotic Mottle Virus?Purification, Serology and Electron Microscopy in Plant and Insect Tissues
Authors: Greber RS , Gowanfock DH
Published: July 2016

Cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) was shown to accumulate in the perinuclear space and cytoplasmic vesicles of infected plant cells. The virus was present in both vascular and mesophyll tissues. In infected leafhoppers Nesoclutha pa zlida (Evans) the virus particles had a similar appearance and intracellular location but sometimes appeared to be in a granular matrix and were dispersed throughout some degenerated nucleii.
Pressure-Induced Changes in Myofibrillar Proteins
Authors: O' Shea JM , Tume RK
Published: July 2016

Natural actomyosin, synthetic actomyosin, myosin and F-actinwere subjected to lactoperoxidasecatalysed iodination with 1251 before and after exposure to a pressure of 150 MNm-2 ? After iodination myosin was split into its subfragments, light and heavy meromyosin, and the actomyosins were separated into their component proteins
Ethanol Extraction of Basic Proteins From Ejaculated Human Spermatozoa
Authors: French Peter
Published: July 2016

A method for the extraction of basic proteins from human ejaculated spermatozoa has been developed It relies on the previously unreported observation that such basic protein is soluble in a solution containing 60% (v/v) ethanol. This unconventional method yields a high percentage of arginine-rich basic protein which is then able to be characterized on the basis of its amino acid composition. This method also allows comparisons to be made between single ejaculates by the banding pattern each displays when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Bacterial and Bacteroid Properties of Mutants of Rhizobium Trifolii Strain T1 Uncoupled in Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: L Skotnicki Mary , G Rolfe Barry
Published: July 2016

Using the neomycin-resistance selection technique, mutants uncoupled in oxidative phosphorylation were isolated in R. tri/olii strain Tl. These mutants had no detectable ATP-synthesizing activity and between 8 and 20% of the ATP-degrading activity of their parent strain in the bacterial form. The mutants formed nitrogen-fixing nodules on red, white, and subterranean clovers, and bacteroids isolated from white clover nodules had a high level of ATPase activity of about 70% of that found in bacteroids of their parental strain. The possibility that a new ATPase complex is synthesized when the bacteria differentiate to form bacteroids within the nodule is discussed.
Milk Carbohydrates of Marsupials II. Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in MiIk Carbohydrates During Lactation in the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus Eugenii)
Authors: Messer M , Green B
Published: July 2016

Milk was collected at various stages of lactation from a group of tammar wallabies, M. eugenii, in which parturition had been synchronized.
Effect of Intravenously Infused Dexamethasone on Collagen Metabolism in Skin of Merino Sheep
Authors: Leish Z , Panaretto BA
Published: July 2016

The effects of an 8-day intravenous infusion of dexamethasone (7�6 mg kg-o.75 body weight) on collagen biosynthes's and wool growth in skin were examined in four Merino wethers.
Sex Chromosome Mosaicism in Liver, Thymus, Spleen and Regenerating Liver of Perameles Nasuta and Isoodon Macrourus
Authors: Close RL
Published: July 2016

An X chromosome disappears from female cells and the Y chromosome disappears from male cells during development in some somatic tissues of the bandicoots P. nasuta and l. macrourus leaving the cells with a 2n = 13 (Le. XO) chromosome complement. In order to determine time of disappearance of the relevant sex chromosome, counts were made from dividing cells in liver, thymus and spleen of both species at various stages of development. Histological studies of liver and thymus were made at the same developmental stages. Frequencies of 2n = 14 cells (Le. those containing both sex chromosomes) were high in the liver and thymus of animals 1-4 days old but were low at 15 days of age when haematopoietic cells predominated. While most cells of thymus and spleen remained 2n = 13, the frequency of 2n = 14 cells rose again in the liver of animals aged over 20 days at which time blood-forming activity was considerably diminished. It is suggested that blood-forming cells of both species of bandicoot discard a sex chromosome at an early stage of differentiation.
Salivary Electrolyte Concentrations and Electrical Potential Difference Across the Parotid Salivary Duct of Anaesthetized Sodium-Replete Sheep
Authors: Beal AM
Published: July 2016

Salivary flow rate and the concentrations of electrolytes in parotid saliva and arterial plasma from anaesthetized sodium-replete sheep were measured before, during and after ipsilateral intracarotid infusion of acetylcholine at 10 nmol min -1 to ascertain whether anaesthesia altered the relation between salivary flow and sodium concentration. The potential difference (PO) between the lumen of the parotid duct and the vascular system was also measured. Concentrations of salivary sodium and phosphate were decreased and potassium concentration and total CO2 content were increased when rate of salivary flow was increased by acetylcholine infusion. Salivary chloride concentration was reduced in five experiments and increased in three experiments when flow rate was elevated. Thus the flow-composition relations of parotid saliva from anaesthetized sheep were essentially the same as those for saliva from conscious animals. The PO between the lumen of the parotid duct and blood at resting flow rates was 9�4� 1�07 mY, lumen negative. At high flow rates, stimulated by acetylcholine infusion, the PO increased to 21� 9 � 2� 20 mY, lumen negative. This increase in PO of the duct epithelium appeared to depend on changes in the composition of saliva arriving at the site of potential measurement.
Variation in Glutenin Protein Subunits of Wheat
Authors: Lawrence GJ , Shepherd KW
Published: July 2016

The high molecular weight glutenin protein subunits (those with apparent molecular weight in the range 80000 to 140000) of 98 wheat cultivars have been examined using a discontinuous gel-electrophoresis system. The number of bands present in each cultivar ranged from three to five and at least 34 different band patterns were observed. Examination of these patterns revealed that some bands, or band combinations, are mutually exclusive and that they can be assigned to three groups. In one group, two pairs of bands occur as alternatives and these bands are controlled by genes on chromosome 1D of wheat. In the second group, three possibilities occur with cultivars possessing either one of two single bands or neither band. These patterns are controlled by a gene or genes on chromosome 1A. In the third group nine patterns occur, four consisting of single bands and five consisting of a pair of bands. Four of these nine patterns have been shown to be controlled by genes on chromosome 1B. The variation detected in the glutenin subunits is useful for cultivar identification, has a bearing on our understanding of wheat evolution, and raises questions concerning the nature of this variation.
Peaton Virus: a New Simbu Group Arbovirus Isolated From Cattle and Culicoides Hrevitarsis in Australia
Authors: D St George T , Standfast HA , Cybinski DH , Filippich CheryI , Carley JG
Published: July 2016

A new member of the Simbu group of arboviruses, for which the name Peaton virus is proposed, has been isolated from midges and cattle in Australia. Nine isolates were obtained from 101 pools of the biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis collected at Peachester, Qld, (26�51 oS., 152�53 �E.) between 30 November and 8 December 1976. Three isolations of the same virus were made from the blood of sentinel cattle collected at Grafton and Tamworth, N.S.W., on 20 January and 13 April 1977, respectively. Peaton virus was shown to be a member of the Simbu group of arboviruses by complement- fixation tests using antisera prepared against Australian strains of Akabane and Aino viruses. It was readily distinguishable from these viruses in cross-neutralization tests in tissue cultures and mice. A serological survey of sentinel cattle showed that neutralizing antibody was detectable only in cattle within the recorded limits of the suspected vector C. brevifarsis. Neutralizing antibody in blood serum was detected in 22 of 157 sheep, 21 of 137 horses, 7 of 18 buffaloes, 7 of 20 goats and 3 of 62 pigs, but not in 22 camels, 34 dogs, 3 cats, 76 human beings, 240 marsupials, 19 reptiles or 31 wild birds. The pathogenicity of Peaton virus has yet to be determined. The Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and the Center for Disease Control, Fort Collins, U.S.A., found that Peaton virus was distinguishable from all other Simbu group viruses and thus is a new virus.
Position of the Disulfide Bond in Ovalbumins of Differing Heat Stability. Elimination of Thiol-Disulfide Interchange as a Mechanism for the Formation of the Ovalbumins
Authors: Webster DM , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Peptides containing the four cysteine and two half-cystine residues labelled with [2-14C]iodoacetic acid were isolated from thermolytic digests of reduced and S-carboxymethylated ovalbumin by paper ionophoresis, pH 6�4, descending paper chromatography and another ionophoresis at pH 1�9. These peptides were analysed for amino acids and the peptides identified with their position in the known linear sequence of the molecule.
Complete Amino Acid Sequence of the N-Terminal Cyanogen Bromide Fragment CNBr-3 From a Microfibrillar Protein From Wool
Authors: H Gough Keith , S Inglis Adam
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of a 59-residue 'non-helical tail' from a low-sulfur microfibrillar protein (component 8c-I) from wool is reported. The amino acid composition shows relatively high contents of serine (17 %), half-cystine (14 %), proline (8 %), glycine (8 %) compared to the helical areas of component 8c-I. Although the composition of the cyanogen bromide fragment CNBr-3 resembles the compositions of the high-sulfur proteins extracted from wool there are no obvious sequence homologies present. The Edman degradation yields at an aspartyl-glycyl bond decreased so much that difficulties were encountered in determining the subsequent sequence.
Circulating Levels of Melatonin following Its Oral Administration or Subcutaneous Injection in Sheep and Goats
Authors: Kennaway DJ , Seamark RF
Published: July 2016

The effect of differing doses and routes of administration of melatonin on plasma melatonin levels in sheep and goats has been examined. Melatonin injected subcutaneously in a saline or oil vehicle caused high transitory peaks in plasma melatonin whereas oral administration, in either saline solution or adsorbed onto peJleted foodstuff, resulted in sustained elevated blood levels for periods exceeding 7 h. Oral dosages of about 2 mg proved adequate to raise the normal daytime plasma levels in both sheep and goats to levels within the normal night-time range.
Functional Relationships of the Mammalian Testis and Epididymis
Authors: MH Waites G
Published: July 2016

The development of knowledge in four areas of research in male reproductive physiology of particular interest is reviewed. The concept of the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which arose following dye exclusion from the seminiferous tubules, has now been established as the differential transfer from interstitial fluid to tubular and rete testis fluids of molecules of physiological importance. The composition of fluid collected mostly from the rete testis of several species, not only reflects the nature of the barrier, but also the secretory capacity of the Sertoli cell. The functional significance of the transfer of molecules into testicular fluid and the composition of the fluid flowing into the epididymis are discussed. Sertoli cells establish the structural basis of the BTB during puberty and divide the seminiferous epithelium into basal and adluminal compartments. The Sertoli cell is the prime target for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The responses evoked by FSH are discussed, including special mention of androgen binding protein (ABP) and the protein hormone, 'inhibin', with FSH-suppressing properties. The control of FSH in the lamb is mentioned including new evidence to support a tubular source of a feedback agent with significance during the impuberal stage. Finally, some of the biochemical properties of the epididymis and its fluid contents are reviewed and the epididymal sperm are identified as the site of the antifertility action of the 6-chloro-6-deoxy sugars.
Ecological Genetics of the Wild Rabbit in Australia. III. Comparison of the Microgeographical Distribution of Alleles in Two Different Environments
Authors: Richardson BJ
Published: July 2016

The differences in distribution of gene frequencies at three polymorphic loci (adenosine deaminase, carboxylesterase-1 and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were determined for rabbit populations living in two markedly different environments. One, a highland population from Snowy Plains N.S.W., has low productivity and high survival rates, and the second, a dry plains population from Urana, N.S.W., has high productivity and low survival rates. The amount of sub population differentiation at each locus was distinctive, and was different in the two environments with significant differentiation occurring for phosphogluconate dehydrogenase at both areas, for carboxylesterase-1 at Snowy Plains and for adenosine deaminase at Urana. The general significance of these results was demonstrated by determining the distribution of the variation in a third population. This population was subject to the same historical climatic events as the Urana population and showed a similar pattern of variation. Various explanations of the data are considered and a combination of chance and selection, rather than either alone, seems to offer the most satisfactory explanation. The demographic differences between the populations seemed to play no part in explaining the patterns observed.