bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empathy for the Persecuted or Polemical Posturing? The 1609 Spanish Expulsion of the Moriscos as Seen in English and Netherlandic Pamphlets
Authors: Waite Gary K.
Published: March 2013

Abstract

In April, 1609, King Philip III of Spain needed to reinforce his image as defender of the faith as he signed a peace treaty with the Dutch Protestant heretics. He therefore ordered at the same time that the Moriscos—Muslims who some decades earlier had been compelled to convert to Catholicism—be expelled from Valencia. A few of these Moriscos made their way to Holland, where they seem to have been welcomed, thereby contributing to the reputation of the Dutch that they would tolerate any religious position. Even so, very few publications have survived on the subject of the Morisco expulsion, whereas treatises on the Twelve Years’ Truce poured off Dutch and English presses. While few, the English and Dutch language pamphlets on the expulsion decree reveal something about what English and Dutch audiences were told on the subject. How then was the Morisco expulsion explained to, and regarded by, Catholic and Protestant Europeans outside of Spain? While two of the surviving newssheets were accurate translations of Spanish decrees, a third work printed in the Spanish Netherlands defended the expulsion by linking Morisco plots with demonic witchcraft. On the other hand, a few Protestant and Mennonite writers in the Dutch Republic expressed some sympathy for the plight of the Moriscos and conversos as fellow victims of the Spanish Inquisition. Even so, the propaganda over the Treaty of Antwerp of 1609 clearly overshadowed the few works condemning the Morisco expulsion, rewarding Philip III’s decision to release them at the same time.
“For the Sake of the Truth of History and of the Catholic Doctrines”: History, Documents, and Dogma in Cesare Baronio’s Annales Ecclesiastici
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: March 2013

Abstract

This article explores the relationship between theology and documentary criticism in Cesare Baronio’s Annales Ecclesiastici in their own historical and intellectual context. The first two sections of this article are devoted to analyzing two episodes in Baronio’s work, which most clearly show the role of erudition and historical criticism in articulating crucial and controversial political and theological positions in post-Reformation Rome. The third and final section assesses the significance of Baronio’s historical methodology in the context of post-Reformation Catholicism and its importance for our understanding of the relationship between post-Humanist historiography and post-Reformation apologetics and, more generally, for our understanding of the nature of ecclesiastical history.
Lessons on Access to Legal Entity Status for Religious Communities for Europe: Hungary’s New Religion Law Faces Repeated Challenges
Authors: Uitz Renata
Published: March 2013

Abstract

This article summarizes the most important features of the new Hungarian church recognition regime, its constitutional basis and legislative history, and the fundamental rights-oriented challenges mounted against it.
The Effects of Framing International Legal Norms as Rules or Exceptions: State Immunity from Civil Jurisdiction
Authors: Del Mar Katherine
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The finding by the International Court of Justice in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State that Italy violated its obligation to respect Germany’s immunity from civil jurisdiction comes as no surprise. The anticipated conclusion of the Court is the outcome of the powerful tradition of framing State immunity as a rule to which an exercise of jurisdiction by a domestic court is an exception expressly established under customary international law. As technically faultless as this finding may appear, it sits uncomfortably with deeper, structural developments in international law that challenge the very application of the ‘rule-exceptions’ framework of State immunity. This article questions the underlying assumption upon which the Court’s judgment is premised: that State immunity operates as a predominant rule, to which only exceptions that are established under customary law can apply, and it proposes an alternative understanding of the doctrine of State immunity.
So Close to Paradise (1999) and The Missing Gun (2002): Hollywood Models and the Production of Film Noir in Chinese Cinema at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Zeng Li
Published: March 2013

Film noir is new to the cinema of the People’s Republic of China. It was not easy for noir’s dark themes and nihilistic tone to get past the state’s strict censorship; however, at the turn of the twenty-first century, a few noir films were produced. Chinese noir has a strong affinity with American film noir in its representation of social and spatial transformation and exploration of critical issues under strict censorship. This essay presents a close analysis of So Close to Paradise (Wang Xiaoshuai, 1999) and The Missing Gun (Lu Chuan, 2002) and argues that Chinese noir is a creative and localized adaptation of a Hollywood genre. Innovative in their application of noir form and style, these films criticize corruption and class conflict in contemporary China and reflect ordinary people’s feelings of alienation and frustration provoked by the transformation of urban space. This essay also studies the strategies the two films employ, such as ambiguity and genre hybridity, to get past official censors while still maintaining their critical depth and subversive messages.
Oil For the Lamps of China: Alice Tisdale Hobart’s Dark Novel of American Capitalism and Chinese Revolution
Authors: Cochran Sherman
Published: March 2013

Among American works of fiction about China before World War II, Alice Tisdale Hobart’s Oil for the Lamps of China (1933) was second only to Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth (1931) in influence and sales. Hobart’s novel, evidently set during the Northern Expedition of 1926-28, also inspired a Warner Brothers film by the same name in 1935. Unlike the film, Hobart’s novel did not give a boosterish picture of American capitalism. In portraying the leading character, Steven Chase, a field agent for an American oil firm in China, Hobart drew on the experience of her husband, a field agent for Standard Oil Company. Her husband, like Chase, was callously fired after loyally serving the company and adapting to Chinese culture and protecting company property from anti-imperialist mobs. The novel is memorable for its vivid characterizations of Americans and Chinese working for an American corporation in China and for its dark view of American capitalism and Chinese revolution.
Caravaggio Four Centuries Later
Authors: Szajnberg Nathan M.
Published: March 2013

Rome celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of Michelangelo Marisi da Caravaggio’s death with an historical exhibition of his brief lifetime’s work. Yet psychoanalysis has not studied this work extensively, despite the artist’s compelling portrayal of a full range of human affects, including ambivalence. Psychoanalysis has studied artistic pioneers such as da Vinci (Freud 1910) and Michelangelo (Freud 1914), Giotto’s use of blue sky as psychologically innovative (Blatt 1994), and Magritte’s play with external reality (Spitz 1994). What can we learn about Caravaggio’s work—including innovative contributions such as visual representation of expressed emotions, particularly negative emotions, including ambivalence, and remarkably candid, even critical, self-representations—and how can this late-sixteenth-century artist teach us about the development of the concept of mind underlying psychoanalysis?
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms form a traumatic and non-traumatic stress response dimension
Authors: Mulder Roger , Fergusson David , Horwood John
Published: March 2013

Objective:

This study aims to determine whether symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) form a latent dimension reflecting responsivity to life events and whether PTSD symptoms are specific to traumatic life events.

Method:

A 30-year longitudinal study of a general population sample of 987 individuals were assessed for PTSD symptoms, exposure to adverse life events, and a variety of psychosocial measures. PTSD symptoms were tested using a confirmatory factor model and a range of fitted models were used to identify significant predictors of latent PTSD symptoms.

Results:

The rate of DSM IV PTSD was 1.9%. However, subjects reported high rates of at least one significant traumatic or negative life event and PTSD symptoms. The PTSD symptoms conformed well to a single latent factor. There were strong linear associations between severity of PTSD symptoms and exposure to traumatic and non-traumatic life events. Factors contributing to latent PTSD symptoms were gender, childhood anxiety, neuroticism, self-esteem, and quality of parental care.

Conclusion:

Criteria for PTSD form an underlying dimension reflecting the individual’s level of responsivity to traumatic and non-traumatic stressful life events. PTSD symptoms form a continuum of severity with minor stress symptoms at one end and severe PTSD at the other.
Awareness Is Not Enough
Authors: Coyne-Beasley Tamera , Reiter Paul L. , Liberty Abigail C. , Ford Carol A. , Miles Donna R. , Brewer Noel T.
Published: March 2013

Objective. Adolescent meningococcal vaccine uptake remains low. We examined vaccine awareness among parents of adolescents and uptake. Methods. Parents of adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (n = 1281) participated in a statewide survey. Logistic regression with weighted data provided population-based estimates. Results. In all, 65% had heard of meningococcal vaccine; parents more likely to report awareness had adolescents aged 16 to 17 years, in private school, or with health insurance. In total, 44% of aware parents reported vaccination; vaccinated teens were more likely to be black (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17), had a preventive checkup within 12 months (OR = 3.03), or resided with another child ≤18 years (OR = 1.83). Many parents of unvaccinated adolescents (38.5%) did not plan to vaccinate them within 12 months. The most common reasons for not vaccinating were providers not recommending it and believing adolescents did not need it. Conclusion. Many parents aware of meningococcal vaccine did not vaccinate their adolescents. Interventions that include increasing provider recommendation and annual visits may increase uptake.
Chronic Otitis Media in Children
Authors: Tsilis Nikolaos S. , Vlastarakos Petros V. , Chalkiadakis Vassilios F. , Kotzampasakis Dimitrios S. , Nikolopoulos Thomas P.
Published: March 2013

Aim: To provide an easy-to-follow evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for the management of chronic otitis media (COM) in children. Materials/Methods: Literature review and critical analysis of the available evidence in Medline and other scientific database sources. Data synthesis: Otorrhea and hearing loss are the cardinal symptoms of COM, while oto-microscopy and imaging techniques can confirm the diagnosis. Conservative treatment is acceptable to some extent (i.e. mild cases of COM without cholesteatoma). It involves topical drops (quinolones as first choice drugs- strength of recommendation B), as well as performing aural toilet (strength of recommendation B), and avoiding water ingress. Tympanoplasty without mastoidectomy is expected to improve hearing in cases of non-cholesteatomatous COM (strength of recommendation C), and positively affect the children’s quality of life (strength of recommendation B). Less experienced surgeons and inflamed, wet middle ear mucosa represent the two most important factors, which could lead to reperforations (strength of recommendation C). The surgical management of COM with cholesteatoma tends to employ the least invasive surgical technique, in order to obtain a small self-cleaning mastoid cavity, as well as good hearing results (strength of recommendation C). Conclusion: The treatment of choice in most cases of pediatric COM is surgery. Figure 1 proposes a detailed and easy-to-follow evidence-based algorithm with regard to the diagnosis and management of COM in children.
Parent Perspectives on Attrition From Tertiary Care Pediatric Weight Management Programs
Authors: Hampl Sarah , Demeule Michelle , Eneli Ihuoma , Frank Maura , Hawkins Mary Jane , Kirk Shelley , Morris Patricia , Sallinen Bethany J. , Santos Melissa , Ward Wendy L. , Rhodes Erinn
Published: March 2013

Objective. To describe parent/caregiver reasons for attrition from tertiary care weight management clinics/programs. Study design. A telephone survey was administered to 147 parents from weight management clinics/programs in the National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions’ (now Children’s Hospital Association’s) FOCUS on a Fitter Future II collaborative. Results. Scheduling, barriers to recommendation implementation, and transportation issues were endorsed by more than half of parents as having a moderate to high influence on their decision not to return. Family motivation and mismatched expectations between families and clinic/program staff were mentioned as influential by more than one-third. Only mismatched expectations correlated with patient demographics and referral patterns. Conclusions. Although limited by small sample size, the study found that parents who left geographically diverse weight management clinics/programs reported similar reasons for attrition. Future efforts should include offering alternative visit times, more treatment options, and financial and transportation assistance and exploring family expectations.
Neck Abscess due to Goose Feathers Leaked From a Down Comforter
Authors: Hendizadeh Leenoy , Zaghi Soroush , Yaphockun Karen , Molas-Torreblanca Kira , Don Debra
Published: March 2013

We present a 10-month-old baby girl who developed a neck abscess from the penetration of neck skin by 2 goose feathers that leaked from a down comforter. We review the risks of down and feather bedding and discuss consumer recommendations for parents and pediatricians.
A Pilot Study
Authors: Ludington-Hoe Susan M. , Gittner Lisaann S. , Haller Harold S.
Published: March 2013

Aim. To determine if growth patterns in healthy infants can identify associations with obesity at age 5 years. Method. Body mass index growth patterns from birth to 1 year were described for cohorts of children who were classified at 5 years as normal weight (n = 61), overweight (n = 47), obese (n = 41), and morbidly obese (n = 72). A longitudinal analysis of body mass index means based on the age postbirth was conducted and graphed. Results. Distinctions in growth patterns were evident before 1 year postbirth. Children who were normal weight at 5 years demonstrated a growth pattern in the first year that differed from children who were overweight, obese, or morbidly obese at 5 years. Conclusions. Obesity growth patterns were seen in infancy and are clinically important because identification of infants who do not fit a normal weight pattern can occur and thus guide individualized interventions in the first year postbirth while precursors of later health are still forming.
Usefulness of Urinary Immune Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Suguna Narasimhulu Sukumar , Hendricks-Muñoz Karen D. , Borkowsky William , Mally Pradeep
Published: March 2013

Objective. Our hypothesis is that specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory urinary cytokines are useful in the diagnostic evaluation of risk for sepsis in term neonates. We conducted a pilot, prospective hospital-based longitudinal observational study to test the urine of term neonates with a 13 biomarker panel of cytokines. Methods. Infants were divided into 2 groups: The control group (n = 15) consisted of infants admitted to newborn nursery, and the test group (n = 15) consisted of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for presumed sepsis. Bagged urine samples were collected from 30 term neonates for testing our hypothesis. Results. Urinary interleukin (IL)-8 ( P = .004*), inducible protein (IP)-10 ( P = .007*), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 ( P = .02) were significantly increased in the test group compared with the control group. Conclusions. Urinary IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1 are proinflammatory cytokines that are increased in the neonate during an infectious inflammatory process. These may be useful predictors as an adjunct to the current protocols to recognize neonatal sepsis.
Disaster Preparedness for Technology and Electricity-Dependent Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Sakashita Kazumi , Matthews Wallace J. , Yamamoto Loren G.
Published: March 2013

Background. Children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) are complex and often dependent on electrical devices (technoelectric dependent) for life support/maintenance. Because they are reliant on electricity and electricity failure is common, the purpose of this study was to survey their preparedness for electricity failure. Methods. Parents and caregivers of technoelectric CYSHCN were asked to complete a preparedness questionnaire. We collected a convenience sample of 50 patients. Results. These 50 patients utilized a total of 166 electrical devices. A home ventilator, oxygen concentrator, and a feeding pump were identified as the most important device for the children in 35 of the 50 patients, yet only 19 of the 35 patients could confirm that this device had a battery backup. Also, 22 of the 50 patients had a prolonged power failure preparedness plan. Conclusion. Technoelectric-dependent CYSHCN are poorly prepared for electrical power failure.
Home Nodes, Criminogenic Places, and Parolee Failure
Authors: Miller Joel , Caplan Joel M. , Ostermann Michael
Published: March 2013

This article examines whether potentially criminogenic places (including bars, liquor stores, restaurants, public transport hubs, drug markets, and more), located within a 1,240-feet radius of parolees’ residences (the home “node”), predict their rearrest or revocation. Taking these features into account, in addition to individual traits and behaviors, might pave the way for more accurate risk assessment that could help make supervision sensitive to place-based risks. However, multivariate survival analysis of 1,632 parolees released to Newark during July 2007 to June 2009 found little evidence that these factors increased the risk of failure. Successful operationalization of environmental risk will probably need to incorporate more detailed measures of parolees’ routine activities, including the settings and paths they frequent beyond their home environment.
Moving From the Neighborhood to the Cellblock
Authors: Boessen Adam , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

This study examines how prior neighborhood characteristics affect youth’s offending when youths move into an incarceration context. Neighborhood ethnic heterogeneity, residential stability, and disadvantage are often predictive of neighborhood crime, but it is unclear how these neighborhood constructs continue to affect youth’s behavior inside a secure facility. In a sample of recently incarcerated juvenile offenders ( N = 320), this study examined how prior neighborhood characteristics affect institutional offending over the first 8 weeks of incarceration. Although disadvantage did not relate to institutional offending, results indicate that youths from racially/ethnically homogenous communities are more likely to offend during the initial weeks of incarceration, whereas youths from residentially stable communities are more likely to offend in the latter weeks.
Understanding the Relation Between Attitude Involvement and Response Latitude Using Item Response Theory
Authors: Lake Christopher J. , Withrow Scott , Zickar Michael J. , Wood Nicole L. , Dalal Dev K. , Bochinski Joseph
Published: March 2013

Adapting the original latitude of acceptance concept to Likert-type surveys, response latitudes are defined as the range of graded response options a person is willing to endorse. Response latitudes were expected to relate to attitude involvement such that high involvement was linked to narrow latitudes (the result of selective, careful responding) and low involvement was linked to wide latitudes (the result of disinterested, careless responding). In an innovative application of item response theory, parameters from Samejima’s graded response model were used to examine response latitude width. Other item response theory–based tools (e.g., test characteristic curves, information functions) were used to examine the influence of response latitudes on the psychometric functioning of several attitude surveys. A mix of experimental and nonexperimental methods was employed to create groups of high and low involvement surveys. Comparisons of these surveys showed that high involvement was related to significantly narrower response latitudes than low involvement. Furthermore, wide response latitudes were related to unfavorable psychometric properties such as reduced survey discrimination and reduced internal validity relative to narrow latitudes. Comparisons of information functions in high and low involvement conditions, however, were less consistent. Implications of wide response latitudes are quite unfavorable for researchers and suggest that an element of error is present when respondents feel little involvement with an attitude topic.
Relative Position Vectors
Authors: Vuckovic Anita , Sanderson Penelope , Neal Andrew , Gaukrodger Stephen , Wong B. L. William
Published: March 2013

Objective:

We explore whether the visual presentation of relative position vectors (RPVs) improves conflict detection in conditions representing some aspects of future airspace concepts.

Background:

To help air traffic controllers manage increasing traffic, new tools and systems can automate more cognitively demanding processes, such as conflict detection. However, some studies reveal adverse effects of such tools, such as reduced situation awareness and increased workload. New displays are needed that help air traffic controllers handle increasing traffic loads.

Method:

A new display tool based on the display of RPVs, the Multi-Conflict Display (MCD), is evaluated in a series of simulated conflict detection tasks. The conflict detection performance of air traffic controllers with the MCD plus a conventional plan-view radar display is compared with their performance with a conventional plan-view radar display alone.

Results:

Performance with the MCD plus radar was better than with radar alone in complex scenarios requiring controllers to find all actual or potential conflicts, especially when the number of aircraft on the screen was large. However performance with radar alone was better for static scenarios in which conflicts for a target aircraft, or target pair of aircraft, were the focus.

Conclusion:

Complementing the conventional plan-view display with an RPV display may help controllers detect conflicts more accurately with extremely high aircraft counts.

Applications:

We provide an initial proof of concept that RPVs may be useful for supporting conflict detection in situations that are partially representative of conditions in which controllers will be working in the future.
Should We Be More on the Ball?
Authors: Jackson Jennie A. , Banerjee-Guénette Priyanka , Gregory Diane E. , Callaghan Jack P.
Published: March 2013

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 9-day accommodation protocol on reducing perceived discomfort while sitting on a stability ball (SB); trunk muscle activity levels and lumbar spinal postures were also considered.

Background:

Previous studies have compared SB sitting with office chair sitting with few observed differences in muscle activity or posture; however, greater discomfort during SB sitting has been reported. These findings may indicate an accommodation period is necessary to acclimate to SB sitting.

Method:

For this study, 6 males and 6 females completed two separate, 2-hr sitting sessions on an SB. Half the participants completed a 9-day accommodation period between the visits, whereas the other half did not use an SB during the time. On both occasions, self-reported perceived discomfort ratings were collected along with erector spinae and abdominal muscle activity and lumbar spinal postures.

Results:

Discomfort ratings were reduced in female participants following the accommodation; no effects on muscle activation or lumbar spine postures were observed.

Conclusion:

Accommodation training may reduce perceived low-back discomfort in females. Trunk muscle activity and lumbar spine postures during seated office work on an SB did not differ between groups; however, greater sample power was required to conclusively address these variables.

Application:

Regarding whether to use an SB in place of a standard office chair, this study indicates that females electing to use an SB can decrease discomfort by following an accommodation protocol; no evidence was found to indicate that SB chair use will improve trunk strength or posture, even following an accommodation period.
Financing Victory
Authors: Shea Patrick E.
Published: March 2013

With access to inexpensive credit, states can finance wars without overburdening their constituents, and face relatively small short-term costs compared to states with poor credit access. As a result of these economic benefits, states with lower credit costs will be more likely to win their wars, ceteris paribus. However, lower borrowing costs provide states domestic political benefits, which I argue are more important for democracies than nondemocracies. Since expensive credit forces states to rely on its citizens for revenue, governments that are more sensitive to their citizens’ preferences are at a disadvantage. In sum, I argue that democracies are more sensitive to credit costs than authoritarian regimes. To test this theory, this article analyzes a data set of wars using logistic regressions and matching techniques, and examines the case of the Chaco War. The results demonstrate that the costs of borrowing have a substantial effect on war outcomes, and that these costs are more important for democracies than nondemocracies.
Real-time pricing program in a smart grid environment
Authors: Monsef Hassan , Wu Bin
Published: March 2013

Improving system efficiency and reliability is motivating countries to design and execute different types of time of use demand response programs. However, certain deficiencies prevent these programs from reaching their goals. Smart meters as a mechanism could help the electric system to reach the highest demand-side management goals which are inaccessible through today’s methods. On the other hand, realization of smart meters in a system would be very costly. In this situation, identifying the most influential buses to implement the infrastructures of a smart grid is of highest importance. In this paper, after a short overview of demand response programs and problems facing them, a smart meter is introduced as a solution to these problems. As a test grid, the IEEE 57-bus network has been chosen to compare the results of the execution of a normal time of use program and real-time pricing program available in a smart grid. In order to execute the mentioned programs in this system, 10 buses have been selected as the most influential buses using a generation shift factor method. The execution of time of use and real-time pricing programs on the selected buses have been simulated using a demand response model. Finally, the time of use program and the real-time pricing program in a smart grid environment have been compared with respect to load shape modification, load factor, price curve, and ‘Expected Power Not Supplied’.
A framework of multilayer social networks for communication behavior with agent-based modeling
Authors: Ge Yuanzheng , Liu Liang , Qiu Xiaogang , Song Hongbin , Wang Yong , Huang Kedi
Published: March 2013

Agent-based modeling and simulation play an important role in sociological analysis for complex phenomena. The social communication behaviors can be reproduced by interactive agents, who can behave like human beings. In this paper, we propose a simulation framework of multilayer social networks to model high-resolution interaction between agents. The agent model contains three components: social networks, a demographic-based population and a schedule-based behavior. A common description of multilayer heterogeneous networks is presented. To evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, we reproduce the transmission of influenza H1N1 in an artificial classroom, and compare the simulation results with a real outbreak of influenza H1N1 at one university in Langfang, 2009. The simulation results show high correlation between social networks and the transmission of influenza, and demonstrate that individual-based social network models can well reproduce and analyze complex interacting behavior. Furthermore, experiments under controlled conditions are carried out to analyze the sensitivity of alternative parameters. The framework is able to model high-resolution, social communications from multiple aspects.
New Public Management
Authors: Siltala Juha
Published: March 2013

New public management (NPM) has fitted public services into quasimarket models and introduced punishments and rewards to produce better services with lesser staff. Instead of having freed energies and creativity of the employees formerly shackled by their bureaucratic turfs, NPM reforms have bound energies into theatrical audit performances at the cost of work and killed creativity in centralizing resources and hollowing out the professional autonomy. Neglecting basic work has affected the sense of self-efficacy of the employees, thus thwarting the main reward of public calling. It cannot be compensated by money (and more money is not available). Fundamental deprivation of the legitimacy of public employees and the inability of the result and quality measurements to cover the contents of their work have traumatized many most-committed employees and driven others toward a Soviet-type double standard. Mutual trust is undermined and Western societies are sliding toward the failed states of Third World in lacking predictability. This tendency may be stopped and win–win situation between public employers, employees, and clients created, if employees could concentrate on the contents of their work (producing happiness) instead of changing organizations and defending themselves by numbers (producing malignant stress).
An Improved Method for Collecting Breath From 3‐ to 7‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Wang Anthony A. , Paige Katie N. , Gaskins H. Rex , Teran‐Garcia Margarita
Published: March 2013

Breath sampling and analysis provide healthcare professionals with a practical, noninvasive diagnostic measurement for children with a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. New biomarkers found in human breath have been investigated and provide the opportunity to diagnose bacterial overgrowth and other underlying causes of GI dysfunction. Although several protocols have been described previously regarding breath sampling, few have demonstrated the feasibility of collection in young children. This communication introduces a simple game that allows for 3‐ to 7‐year‐old children to practice breath exhalation to give a proper breath sample in a relaxed and comfortable environment. The technique described offers clinicians a creative approach for obtaining breath samples from a child by reducing the apprehension and anxiety associated with the research and clinical environment.
The impact of audience age and familiarity on children’s drawings of themselves in contrasting affective states
Authors: Burkitt Esther , Watling Dawn
Published: March 2013

The present study was designed to investigate the impact of familiarity and audience age on children’s self-presentation in self-drawings of happy, sad and neutral figures. Two hundred children (100 girls and 100 boys) with the average age of 8 years 2 months, ranging from 6 years 3 months to 10 years 1 month, formed two age groups and five conditions ( n = 20). All children completed two counterbalanced sessions. Session 1 consisted of drawing a neutral figure followed by a sad and happy figure in counterbalanced order. The drawing instructions specified the age of the audience (adult vs. child) and familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) differently for each condition. Measures of colour preference were taken in session 2. Certain drawing strategies, such as waving and smiling, varied as a function of audience age and familiarity whilst others, such as colour use, did not. The results are discussed in terms of cue dependency and framework theories of children’s drawings and the need to be aware of specific characteristics of who children are drawing for.
Computer-Based Intervention to Enhance Self-Management of Calcium and Vitamin D Intake in Women
Authors: Ryan Polly , Maierle Denise , Csuka Mary Ellen , Thomson Alice , Szabo Aniko
Published: March 2013

Despite the growing prevalence of osteoporosis, many middle-age women do not engage in recommended bone health promotion behaviors. Based on the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change, an intervention was designed to increase the self-management behaviors of calcium and vitamin D intake by strengthening health beliefs and using self-regulation skills. In this repeated measures experimental study, a convenience sample of 148 healthy women between 40 and 60 were assigned to either the computer-based intervention group (CBIG) or usual care group (UCG). Measures of health beliefs and calcium and vitamin D intake were obtained at baseline, 8 and 14 weeks, and 6 months. An interaction effect was observed for self-efficacy and approached significance for goal congruence. The CBIG had higher level of calcium intake at 14 weeks than women in the UCG when analyzed using intention to treat. Self-efficacy predicted calcium intake.
David Ben-Gurion
Authors: Rosemarin Shoshana
Published: March 2013

David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), the first Prime Minister of Israel, is included in Pasternak’s (2001) list of the nine most memorable leaders of the twentieth century. All of them are remembered for the reforms they initiated. Roosevelt (USA), Stalin (Russia), Castro (Cuba), and Thatcher (England) focused on social–economical changes, whereas Gandhi (India), Abdullah (Jordan), Ben-Gurion, Begin and Rabin (Israel), Nasser (Egypt), and DeGaulle (France) achieved political changes. Moreover, Ben-Gurion was assigned two titles: “one of the greatest politicians” as well as “one of the greatest Jewish leaders” (Sheffer, 1997: 583).
Examining ECLS-B
Authors: Jeans Laurie M. , Santos Rosa Milagros , Laxman Daniel J. , McBride Brent A. , Dyer W. Justin
Published: March 2013

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a nationally representative data set, we examined the extent to which mothers of preschool children with and without the diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) reported stress and depressive symptoms prior to and following diagnosis of ASD. At 4 years, approximately 100 children were parent-identified as diagnosed with ASD. Mothers of children with ASD at 9 months and 4 years had significantly higher incidence of depressive symptoms and stress than mothers of typically developing children. Mothers of children with ASD experienced higher levels of depressive symptoms than mothers of children with disabilities, but the difference was not statistically significant. Using linear regression, a within-group comparison of depressive symptoms of mothers of children with ASD indicated no differences based on child gender, ethnicity, number of children in the family, or partnership status. Implications are presented.
A review of statin use in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Western and Japanese populations
Authors: Miyauchi Katsumi , Ray Kausik
Published: March 2013

Early high-dose statin therapy to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in Western patients with stable coronary heart disease or acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but many patients remain undertreated and do not attain LDL-C treatment goals. Early statin therapy has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes in Japanese patients with ACS, and pretreatment with high-dose statin prior to percutaneous coronary intervention has been shown to reduce cardiovascular events in these patients. As is the case in Western populations, many Japanese patients may be undertreated and a residual cardiovascular risk remains. While differences in treatment practice, dosing and genetic factors exist between Japan and Western countries, similarities are also evident when Japanese statin studies are compared with those performed in Western populations. With the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Japan, aggressive statin treatment may be beneficial in achieving optimal cardiovascular outcomes.
The psychological benefits of participating in group singing for members of the general public
Authors: Judd Marianne , Pooley Julie Ann
Published: March 2013

The last decade has produced a growing number of studies examining the potential psychological benefits of singing in a choir. Studies have tended to focus on the benefits for groups that might be described as marginalized or criminal. In contrast, the current study focused on members of the general public who regularly participate in choral singing. An in-depth qualitative design was utilized to explore the meaning and importance of group singing for 10 participants. Thematic analysis based on an interpretive approach was utilized to analyse the data. Psychological benefits emerged as two themes: individual and group. A third theme, mediating factors, impacted upon both individual and group outcomes. Eight sub-themes were identified and labelled: psychological, musical, physical, ethos, group dynamic, past experiences, type of choir and musical director. Results illustrate that group singing is a joyful activity that promotes wellbeing and is life enhancing for those involved. Future research directions are briefly discussed.
Managing Risk and Marginalizing Identities
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A.
Published: March 2013

This article develops the constitutive features of the society-of-captives thesis as suggested by Arrigo and Milovanovic, and Arrigo, Bersot, and Sellers. The relevance of this thesis is briefly explored in relation to the institutional and community-based treatment philosophies that currently inform the mental health and criminal justice systems. This exploration specifies how risk (being human and doing humanness differently) is managed symbolically, linguistically, materially, and culturally. The management of this risk extends to the kept as well as to their keepers, regulators, and watchers (i.e., the society of captives). This article calls for a new clinical praxis (being/doing a critical mindfulness) designed to overcome the totalizing madness (the harm of social dis-ease) that follows from managing risk fearfully and marginalizing identities desperately as reified recursively through society’s captivity. The ethical underpinnings of this clinical praxis represent an emergent direction for undertaking correctional policy reform.
The Relationship Between Academic Achievement and Likelihood of Police Arrest Among Delinquents
Authors: Yun Ilhong , Cheong Jinseong , Walsh Anthony
Published: March 2013

Drawing upon a recent study on the association between low self-control and differential responses from the criminal justice system, this study examined whether academic performance, a construct linked to self-control, was also associated with the probability of police arrest. The result indicated that academic performance did have a statistically significant inverse association with the likelihood of police arrest, net of low self-control and delinquency.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells From a Hypoxic Culture Improve and Engraft Achilles Tendon Repair
Authors: Huang Tung-Fu , Yew Tu-Lai , Chiang En-Rung , Ma Hsiao-Li , Hsu Chih-Yuan , Hsu Shan-Hui , Hsu Yuan-Tong , Hung Shih-Chieh
Published: March 2013

Background:

Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from humans cultured under hypoxic conditions increase bone healing capacity.

Hypothesis:

Rat MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions increase the tendon healing potential after transplantation into injured Achilles tendons.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Biomechanical testing, histological analysis, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling/collagen immunohistochemistry were performed to demonstrate that augmentation of an Achilles tendon rupture site with hypoxic MSCs increases healing capacity compared with normoxic MSCs and controls. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiments, with 2 rats as the source of bone marrow MSCs. The cut Achilles tendons in the rats were equally divided into 3 groups: hypoxic MSC, normoxic MSC, and nontreated (vehicle control). The uncut tendons served as normal uncut controls. Outcome measures included mechanical testing in 24 rats, histological analysis, and BrdU labeling/collagen immunohistochemistry in another 24 rats.

Results:

The ultimate failure load in the hypoxic MSC group was significantly greater than that in the nontreated or normoxic MSC group at 2 weeks after incision (2.1 N/mm2 vs 1.1 N/mm2 or 1.9 N/mm2, respectively) and at 4 weeks after incision (5.5 N/mm2 vs 1.7 N/mm2 or 2.7 N/mm2, respectively). The ultimate failure load in the hypoxic MSC group at 4 weeks after incision (5.5 N/mm2) was close to but still significantly less than that of the uncut tendon (7.2 N/mm2). Histological analysis as determined by the semiquantitative Bonar histopathological grading scale revealed that the hypoxic MSC group underwent a significant improvement in Achilles tendon healing both at 2 and 4 weeks when compared with the nontreated or normoxic MSC group via statistical analysis. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated that the hypoxic and normoxic MSC groups had stronger immunostaining for type I and type III collagen than did the nontreated group both at 2 and 4 weeks after incision. Moreover, BrdU labeling of MSCs before injection further determined the incorporation and retention of transplanted cells at the rupture site.

Conclusion:

Transplantation of hypoxic MSCs may be a better and more readily available treatment than normoxic MSCs for Achilles tendon ruptures.

Clinical Relevance:

The present study provides evidence that transplantation of hypoxic MSCs may be a promising therapy for the treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures.
Complications of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Young Patients
Authors: Parikh Shital N. , Nathan Senthil T. , Wall Eric J. , Eismann Emily A.
Published: March 2013

Background:

The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been recognized as the primary restraint to lateral subluxation of the patella. Reconstruction of the MPFL for patellar instability has demonstrated early clinical success, but postoperative complications have rarely been reported, especially in young patients.

Purpose:

To assess early complications (<3 years) of MPFL reconstruction in young patients.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

The charts and radiographs of all patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction between 2005 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed to identify postoperative complications. A complication was considered major if the patient required hospitalization or further surgery. Each complication was analyzed to identify the technical factors related to it.

Results:

A total of 179 knees underwent MPFL reconstruction during the study period. There were 38 complications in 29 knees (16.2%), with 34 major and 4 minor. Major complications included recurrent lateral patellar instability (8 patients), knee motion stiffness with flexion deficits (8 patients), patellar fractures (6 patients), and patellofemoral arthrosis/pain (5 patients). Eighteen of 38 (47%) complications were secondary to technical factors and were considered preventable. Female sex and bilateral MPFL reconstructions were risk factors associated with postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Complications occurred in 16.2% of MPFL reconstruction surgeries for patellar instability in young patients, with almost half resulting from technical problems. Patients should be counseled preoperatively on the risk of potential complications.
Can You Lend Me a Hand? Task-Role Alignment of Social Support for Aspiring Business Owners
Authors: Kim Phillip H. , Longest Kyle C. , Aldrich Howard E.
Published: March 2013

Previous research has emphasized the positive impact of supportive informal relations on workers in various occupational settings. Such support seems particularly important for workers who aspire to be self-employed, running their own businesses. Existing theory, however, offers little guidance regarding the mechanisms through which these supportive relationships operate. We argue that social support and role expectation theories address this conundrum. Our framework highlights the differences between instrumental and informational support types, the requirements involved in delivering such support, and the benefits of aligning role expectations with the type of support requested. Analyzing a representative sample of people attempting to create their own businesses in the United States, we find evidence consistent with our predictions: social support’s effect on people’s persistence depends on alignment between the tasks performed and the roles of support providers. To the extent that the support is task-role aligned, aspiring business owners receive the greatest benefits from high-commitment service and labor assistance provided by family and low-commitment informational assistance from friends but also suffer the most when such support is misaligned. These findings cast doubt on the prevailing assumption in the broader social support literature: that having more support always leads to better outcomes.
Transnational State Formation and the Global Politics of Austerity
Authors: Major Aaron
Published: March 2013

A perennial concern among scholars of globalization is the relationship between global social formations and national and subnational political and economic developments. While sociological understanding of “the global” has become increasingly rich, stressing the complex relationship between material and cultural pressures, an undertheorized nation state often sits on the receiving end of the sociologist’s model of globalization. The goal of this article is to help move the sociology of globalization out of the analytical trap of global-national dualism by developing an account of the transnationalization of political authority. Building on neo-Marxist and Weberian theories of the transnational, or global state, which explicate the macro-structural dynamics that have led to the transnationalization of the state as such, I look at the process of the transnationalization of political authority from an institutional perspective, one that focuses on processes of transnationalization within, and across, specific state agencies. These theoretical points are empirically motivated through an historical investigation of the transnationalization of monetary authority and its relationship to the international diffusion of policies of austerity from the era of the classical gold standard through the economic crisis of 2008.