bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of vacuum tumbling and red beetroot juice incorporation on quality characteristics of marinated chicken breast and leg meats
Authors: Singh Prashant , Yadav Sanjay , Pathera Ashok , Sharma Diwakar
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vacuum tumbling and red beetroot juice (RBJ) incorporation on quality characteristics of marinated chicken breast and leg meat cuts.

Design/methodology/approach

Vacuum tumbling of breast and leg meat cuts was carried for a duration of 2 h and compared with control (0 h tumbling) and traditionally marinated (6 h) meat cuts. Vacuum-tumbled treatments were also marinated using RBJ in place of water to assess the combined effect of RBJ and vacuum tumbling. All the cuts were cooked in an oven at 170°C for 40 min. Quality characteristics of fresh and refrigerated products were analysed.

Findings

Vacuum tumbling for 2 h resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in marinade pickup, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield, moisture and ash content and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hardness, gumminess, chewiness and shear press values in both types of meat. Breast meat treatments had significantly (p < 0.05) higher WHC, moisture, protein, cohesiveness and gumminess and significantly lower fat content, hardness and shear press values than leg meat treatments. Control breast and leg meats had marinade pickup of 9.19 and 9.31 per cent and cooking yield of 69.08 and 68.31 per cent, respectively, whereas corresponding values for treated breast and leg meats varied from 11.28 to 11.98 per cent and 73.32 to 74.94 per cent, respectively. Sensory scores declined significantly (p < 0.05) during refrigerated storage. On the 12th day of storage, control breast and leg meat cuts had acceptability scores of around 5.0, whereas all other treatments had acceptability scores between 6.0 and 7.0 on an eight-point scale, with RBJ-treated products having the highest acceptability. All the products were also microbiologically safe up to the 12th day of refrigerated storage.

Originality/value

The research is valuable to meat processors because vacuum tumbling for 2 h using RBJ as marinade can be used in place of 6 h of traditional marination for developing marinated chicken breast and leg meat products.
Understanding the Flash Crash – state of the art
Authors: Virgilio Gianluca Piero Maria
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide the current state of knowledge about the Flash Crash. It has been one of the remarkable events of the decade and its causes are still a matter of debate.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviews the literature since the early days to most recent findings, and critically compares the most important hypotheses about the possible causes of the crisis.

Findings

Among the causes of the Flash Crash, the literature has propsed the following: a large selling program triggering the sales wave, small but not negligible delays suffered by the exchange computers, the micro-structure of the financial markets, the price fall leading to margin cover and forced sales, some types of feedback loops leading to downward price spiral, stop-loss orders coupled with scarce liquidity that triggered price reduction. On its turn leading to further stop-loss activation, the use of Intermarket Sweep Orders, that is, orders that sacrificed search for the best price to speed of execution, and dumb algorithms.

Originality/value

The results of the previous section are condensed in a set of policy implications and recommendations.
Fiscal sustainability in India: evidence from Markov switching and threshold regression models
Authors: Akram Vaseem , Rath Badri Narayan
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the fiscal sustainability issue by dividing the fiscal deficit into high and low regimes using the quarterly data from 1997: Q1 to 2013: Q3. Further, we obtain the optimum level of public debt at which fiscal sustainability can be achieved.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses the Markov Switching-Vector Error Correction Model (MS-VECM) for examining fiscal sustainability and threshold regression model to obtain the optimum level of debt.

Findings

The results derived from MS-VECM reveal the evidence in favor of fiscal sustainability during low fiscal deficit periods. Similarly, using a threshold regression model, the optimum public debt as a percentage to GDP seems to be around 21 per cent on a quarterly basis, beyond this level, public debt hurts economic growth.

Practical implications

From the policy front, the government of India should cut down the fiscal deficit only if debt reaches beyond a threshold level.

Originality/value

Noting that the vast literature has focused on examining the fiscal sustainability in India, the novelty of this study is to examine the fiscal sustainability by considering high and low deficits regimes using a non-linear approach.
Selection of dietary fibres for sucrose replacement in functional Chhana‐murki (Indian Cottage cheese‐based dessert) and their effect on sensory, physical and instrumental texture parameters
Authors: Gurditta Harsh , Patel Ashok A , Arora Shalini
Published: July 2019

With a wide range of beneficial effects on human health, various dietary fibres such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), inulin, oat fibre and wheat fibre were screened based on their bulking ability in the functional Chhana‐murki (FCM) with respect to sensory and physical properties. Sensory scores were maximum for MCC at 7.5% having optimum moisture content and water activity and minimum hardness, whereas oat and wheat fibres increased the hardness of the product while decreasing the moisture content and water activity thus lowering the sensory scores. Further, replacement of MCC with inulin in 1:1 ratio improved the product characteristics.
Functional stability of goats' milk yoghurt supplemented with Pistacia atlantica resin extracts and Saccharomyces boulardii
Authors: Hadjimbei Elena , Botsaris George , Goulas Vlasios , Alexandri Eleni , Gekas Vassilis , Gerothanassis Ioannis P
Published: July 2019

The present study describes the development of a functional goats' milk yoghurt, using Pistacia atlantica resin extracts and Saccharomyces boulardii, in an attempt to combine the beneficial effects of the milk, extract and probiotic microorganisms. Results demonstrated that Pistacia extracts promoted the survival of lactic acid bacteria and NMR spectra additionally revealed that the functional fatty acids can be retained during the shelf life of yoghurts, alongside with the other bioactive compounds. The organoleptic assessment revealed that there were no significant differences in flavour, body, texture and appearance between the different yoghurts.
An introduction to the theory of sociocultural models
Authors: Chirkov Valery
Published: July 2019

This article introduces the theory of sociocultural models (TSCM) along with its propositions, historical and conceptual foundations, ontology, and the methodology for its applications in sociocultural research. Sociocultural models (SCMs) are a structured set of prescriptions for people to interpret the world, communities, other people, and themselves; they are a set of scripts for acting in accord with these interpretations. These models are developed by people's cultural communities, and they are learned and internalized by their members as validated recipes for their lives and actions. Members of communities continuously co‐construct theirSCMs by enacting them through their everyday interactions. Culture is described as a distributed network of specializedSCMs that guides community members’ lives in different domains. According to theTSCM, to fully understand the nature of people’ actions and experiences, researchers first must examine the system ofSCMs that these people were born into—the public aspects ofSCMs. Subsequently, researchers must investigate how these people act, experience, and live through these models—the internalized aspects ofSCMs—and determine what roles their autonomous agency and self‐determination play in their existence. To studySCMs, researchers use methods such as person‐centered ethnography, interviews, and experiments.
Laparoscopic stapled resection/plication of left hemi‐diaphragmatic eventration in an adult
Authors: Premchandani Dhiraj , Chitnis Akshay , Katara Avinash , Bhandarkar Deepraj
Published: July 2019

We report a 59‐year‐old man who presented with progressive dyspnea of 30 years. His pulmonary function tests showed reduced forced expiratory volume in the first second and forced vital capacity and computed tomography of the chest showed eventration of the left hemi‐diaphragm. He underwent successful laparoscopic stapled resection / plication of the lax hemi‐diaphragm. He was discharged on the fourth postoperative day with the intercostal drain in situ and this was removed 5 days later at follow up. Postoperatively the pulmonary function showed significant improvement and he remains well 2 years after surgery.
Beyond stereotypes of cerebral palsy: Exploring the lived experiences of young Canadians
Authors: Hanes Julia E. , Hlyva Oksana , Rosenbaum Peter , Freeman Matthew , Nguyen Tram , Palisano Robert J. , Gorter Jan Willem
Published: July 2019

Background

Health for people with cerebral palsy (CP) must extend beyond physical impairments to include social, environmental, and psychological factors that are rarely captured by quantitative research alone. This qualitative study sought to explore the lived experience of young people with CP with their physical, mental, and emotional health in the context of a larger longitudinal Canadian study focusing on brain function, physical and mental health, and well‐being.

Methods

An integrated research team (including people with CP or other impairments, clinicians, and researchers) was formed to study participant‐identified research needs. A purposive sample of 16 people with CP (seven female), aged 17–29, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–V, participated in three focus groups that were conceptualized and analysed using interpretive description methodology.

Results

This study reports the experiences of people with CP across GMFCS levels and identifies some consequences of growing up with the condition: physical and mental health issues, importance of meaningful participation, impact of the environment, and identity formation. Participants shared challenges related to accessibility, healthcare, social/environmental supports, relationships, and sustainable employment.

Discussion

Body structure and function challenges impact participation in activities of daily living, threatening participants' ability to form positive identities and live meaningful lives. People with CP desire to work but may require additional training, accommodation, and support to do so. Environmental conditions, including relationships, supportive people, and accessibility, shape participants' health, well‐being, and social/civic engagement. This study confirms the need for improved care for adults with CP, including multidisciplinary adult health team(s) and community services.
Laparo‐endoscopic rendezvous using a single balloon endoscope for cholecysto‐choledocholithiasis in a patient with roux‐en Y
Authors: Iwaya Hiromichi , Hashimoto Shinichi , Ido Akio
Published: July 2019

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Treatment patterns and associated factors in 14 668 people with type 2 diabetes initiating a second‐line therapy: Results from the global DISCOVER study programme
Authors: Nicolucci Antonio , Charbonnel Bernard , Gomes Marília B. , Khunti Kamlesh , Kosiborod Mikhail , Shestakova Marina V. , Shimomura Iichiro , Watada Hirotaka , Chen Hungta , Cid‐Ruzafa Javier , Fenici Peter , Hammar Niklas , Surmont Filip , Tang Fengming , Pocock Stuart
Published: July 2019

Aim

To evaluate treatment data from DISCOVER (NCT02322762 and NCT02226822), a global, prospective, observational study programme of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating a second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected using a standardized case report form. First‐ and second‐line treatments were assessed in 14 668 patients from 37 countries across six regions. Among patients prescribed first‐line metformin monotherapy, Firth logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with second‐line treatment choices.

Results

The most common first‐line therapies were metformin monotherapy (57.9%) and combinations of metformin with a sulphonylurea (14.6%). The most common second‐line therapies were combinations of metformin with other agents (72.2%), including dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors (25.1%) or sulphonylureas (21.3%). Among patients prescribed first‐line metformin monotherapy, the most common second‐line therapies were combinations of metformin with a DPP‐4 inhibitor [32.8%; across‐region range (ARR): 2.4%‐51.3%] or a sulphonylurea (30.0%; ARR: 18.3%‐63.6%); only a few patients received combinations of metformin with sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (6.7%; ARR: 0.0%‐10.8%) or glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (1.9%; ARR: 0.1%‐4.5%). Both clinical and non‐medical factors were associated with choice of second‐line therapy after metformin monotherapy.

Conclusions

Fewer patients than expected received metformin monotherapy at first line, and the use of newer therapies at second line was uncommon in some regions of the world. Patients' socioeconomic status was associated with treatment patterns, suggesting that therapy choices are influenced by cost and access.
Renal hyperfiltration defined by high estimated glomerular filtration rate: A risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality
Authors: Kanbay Mehmet , Ertuglu Lale A. , Afsar Baris , Ozdogan Elif , Kucuksumer Zeynep S. , Ortiz Alberto , Covic Adrian , Kuwabara Masanari , Cherney David Z. I. , van Raalte Daniel H. , de Zeeuw Dick
Published: July 2019

Renal hyperfiltration, defined as an increased glomerular filtration rate above normal values, is associated with early phases of kidney disease in the setting of various conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Although it is recognized that glomerular hyperfiltration, that is, increased filtration per nephron unit (usually studied at low glomerular filtration levels and often referred to as single nephron hyperfiltration), is a risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease, the implications of having renal hyperfiltration for cardiovascular disease and mortality risk are incompletely understood. Recent evidence from diverse populations, including healthy individuals and patients with diabetes or established cardiovascular disease, suggests that renal hyperfiltration is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. In this review, we critically summarize the existing studies, discuss possible mechanisms, and describe the remaining gaps in our knowledge regarding the association of renal hyperfiltration with cardiovascular disease and mortality risk.
Treatment strategies for polycythemia vera: Observations in a Dutch “real‐world” cohort study
Authors: van de Ree‐Pellikaan Claire , de Kreuk Arne , Schaar Cees G. , Beeker Aart , Dompeling Ellen C. , Gerrits Cees J. H. , van Houten Anja A. , Schipperus Martin R. , Strobbe Leonie , Posthuma Eduardus F. M. , Klauke Karin , Westerweel Peter E.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Assessment of “real‐world” treatment strategies and outcome in Dutch polycythemia vera (PV) patients.

Methods

Retrospective chart review in 150 patients with PV (WHO 2008 diagnostic criteria) from 10 major non‐academic hospitals in the Netherlands.

Results

Patients (median age 64 years, 49% male) frequently had cardiovascular risk factors (56%) and prior vascular events (31%). About 70% of patients were high‐risk, based on ELN criteria. However, the majority of patients were treated with phlebotomies alone (55%). Cytoreduction with hydroxyurea (HU) was received by 44% as part of their initial therapy, with or without phlebotomies. The time to achieve the 45% hematocrit target was shortest in patients treated with phlebotomies with or without HU (125 ± 99 and 197 ± 249 days, respectively) compared to patients treated with only HU (232 ± 216 days). Leukocyte and platelet levels were lower in HU‐treated patients, and ELN response targets were more often reached. During the median follow‐up period of 4.1 years, 14 patients (9%) suffered a thrombotic vascular event.

Conclusions

In Dutch clinical practice, there is major clinical variation in treatment strategies for PV. Phlebotomizing patients shorten the time to achieve hematocrit control, while HU better controls platelet and leukocyte levels. The thrombotic vascular event rate remains clinically significant.
Construct Equivalence of PISA Reading Comprehension Measured With Paper‐Based and Computer‐Based Assessments
Authors: Kroehne Ulf , Buerger Sarah , Hahnel Carolin , Goldhammer Frank
Published: July 2019

For many years, reading comprehension in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) was measured via paper‐based assessment (PBA). In the 2015 cycle, computer‐based assessment (CBA) was introduced, raising the question of whether central equivalence criteria required for a valid interpretation of the results are fulfilled. As an extension of the PISA 2012 main study in Germany, a random subsample of two intact PISA reading clusters, either computerized or paper‐based, was assessed using a random group design with an additional within‐subject variation. The results are in line with the hypothesis of construct equivalence. That is, the latent cross‐mode correlation of PISA reading comprehension was not significantly different from the expected correlation between the two clusters. Significant mode effects on item difficulties were observed for a small number of items only. Interindividual differences found in mode effects were negatively correlated with reading comprehension, but were not predicted by basic computer skills or gender. Further differences between modes were found with respect to the number of missing values.
Rapid improvement of muscle weakness post‐thymectomy indicates good long‐term neurological outcome in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis
Authors: Geng Y. , Dong J. , Zhou Q.
Published: July 2019

Background and purpose

This study was conducted to evaluate whether post‐thymectomy rapid remission of ocular myasthenia gravis (oMG) is a prognostic indicator of good long‐term neurological outcome.

Methods

Eighty‐four oMG patients who underwent thymectomy at our institute were enrolled. The incidence of 5‐year complete stable remission (CSR) was compared between patients with rapid remission of MG status (<1 month after surgery) and those with non‐rapid remission.

Results

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that the incidence of CSR was higher in oMG patients with rapid remission than in those without rapid remission (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that rapid remission (odds ratio 16.34, 95% confidence interval 3.58–74.60, P < 0.001) is an independent prognostic factor for CSR.

Conclusion

Postoperative rapid remission of MG status predicts a higher likelihood of complete remission in patients with oMG.
Preferential helping to relatives: A potential mechanism responsible for lower yield of crop variety mixtures?
Authors: Fréville Hélène , Roumet Pierre , Rode Nicolas Olivier , Rocher Aline , Latreille Muriel , Muller Marie‐Hélène , David Jacques
Published: July 2019

Variety mixtures, the cultivation of different genotypes within a field, have been proposed as a way to increase within‐crop diversity, allowing the development of more sustainable agricultural systems with reduced environmental costs. Although mixtures have often been shown to over‐yield the average of component varieties in pure stands, decreased yields in mixtures have also been documented. Kin selection may explain such pattern, whenever plants direct helping behaviors preferentially toward relatives and thus experience stronger competition when grown with less related neighbors, lowering seed production of mixtures. Using varieties of durum wheat originating from traditional Moroccan agrosystems, we designed a greenhouse experiment to address whether plants reduced competition for light by limiting stem elongation when growing with kin and whether such phenotypic response resulted in higher yield of kin groups. Seeds were sown in groups of siblings and nonkin, each group containing a focal plant surrounded by four neighbors. At the group level, mean plant height and yield did not depend upon relatedness among competing plants. At the individual level, plant height was not affected by genetic relatedness to neighbors, after accounting for direct genetic effects that might induce among‐genotype differences in the ability to capture resources that do not depend on relatedness. Moreover, in contrast to our predictions, shorter plants had lower inclusive fitness. Phenotypic plasticity in height was very limited in response to neighbor genotypes. This suggests that human selection in crops may have attenuated shade‐avoidance responses to competition for light. Future research on preferential helping to relatives in crops might thus target social traits that drive competition for other resources than light. Overall, our study illustrates the relevance of tackling agricultural issues from an evolutionary standpoint and calls for extending such approaches to a larger set of crop species.
Student resistance in the classroom—Functional‐instrumentalist, critical‐emancipatory and critical‐functional conceptualisations
Authors: Winkler Ingo , Rybnikova Irma
Published: July 2019

The paper provides a systemic literature review and a typology of texts that discuss student resistance in the classroom in Higher Education. Analysing 134 empirical and conceptual studies published between 1988 and 2018 for how student resistance is conceptualised, this review identifies three approaches: functional‐instrumentalist, critical‐emancipatory and critical‐functional. Presenting the three approaches in more depth, the article points to the main tenets, like supposed reasons for and suggested ways of handling student resistance. In the final part of the analysis, the paper discusses the typology in light of the current institutional background of Higher Education, including the managerial university and ambivalences of critical education. Finally, the article offers future research directions.
Conservation philosophy and activities of the International Elephant Foundation
Authors: Conley S.
Published: July 2019

Founded in 1998, the International Elephant Foundation (IEF) is dedicated to securing a future where elephants thrive. Through funding conservation projects spanning the globe, collaborating with range‐country partners, lending expertise, facilitating idea exchange and backing innovation, IEF is making a positive impact on the future prospects for the Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus and Vulnerable African elephant Loxodonta africana. In 2018, IEF supported 26 projects in 14 countries.
Site occupancy and enhanced luminescence of broadband NIR gallogermanate phosphors by energy transfer
Authors: Gao Tongyu , Zhuang Weidong , Liu Ronghui , Liu Yuanhong , Yan Chunpei , Tian Junhang , Chen Guantong , Chen Xiaoxia , Zheng Yaling , Wang Ligen
Published: July 2019

Super broadband near‐infrared (NIR) La3Ga5GeO14(LGGO): Cr3+ phosphor is in urgent needs for food testing. Unfortunately, it suffers from poor luminescence intensity in applications. Herein, the enhanced NIR luminescence performance can be realized in LGGO: Pr3+, Cr3+. The preferential crystallographic site of Cr3+ is validated on the basis of EPR spectrum, Rietveld refinement, and the first‐principles DFT calculations. It is of great importance that the as‐prepared phosphors can be excited by blue light (460 nm), which is beneficial to the application of blue‐pumped LEDs. The critical distance of Pr3+ in LGGO host has been calculated by concentration‐quenching method. For co‐doped sample, it is observed that Cr3+ luminescence intensity enhancement by a factor of 3 can be achieved by doping Pr3+ owing to the energy transfer from Pr3+ to Cr3+. In addition, the introduction of Pr3+ can also improve the Cr3+ luminescence intensity at elevated temperature. Furthermore, using the optimized phosphor, a blue‐based NIR phosphor‐converted LEDs (NIR pc‐ LEDs) is fabricated, the forward voltage and the intensity of LED hardly change after thermal aging for 500 hours under high temperature/ high humidity condition, indicating its great reliability for NIR pc‐LEDs. Therefore, LGGO:Pr3+, Cr3+ has great potential to serve as an attractive candidate in the application of blue light‐excited NIR pc‐LEDs in view of its capability for blue to enhanced broadband NIR conversion.
Dead People and the All‐Affected Principle
Authors: Bengtson Andreas
Published: July 2019

Discussions of the all‐affected principle as a solution to the boundary problem – how do we specify the group making democratic decisions? – have focused extensively on future people. We have yet to focus on dead people, however. This article tries to bridge this gap by arguing that the all‐affected principle – i.e. the all actually affected interests principle – entails inclusion of dead people. This is true because dead people can be harmed or legally affected, and this is sufficient for having a claim to democratic inclusion. The last part of the article discusses where this leaves the all‐affected principle in the quest for the proper boundary principle, including a discussion of possible institutional solutions to the enfranchisement of dead people.
Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 by lnc000908 to promote the endothelial‐mesenchymal transition participation in cardiac remodelling
Authors: Chen Xingxing , Ge Wenhua , Hu Jie , Dong Tiancheng , Yao Hui , Chen Lingzhi , Geng Bin , Zhou Hao
Published: July 2019

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potent regulators of cardiac disease; however, the role of lncRNA in cardiac fibrosis remains partially understood. In this study, we identified a cardiac endothelial‐enriched lncRNA‐lnc000908, which was markedly up‐regulated in rats with cardiac fibrosis. In addition, the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) was decreased in cardiac fibrosis. In vivo lnc000908 silencing by lentivirus increased the EP4 level, decreased endothelial‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and improved cardiac fibrosis and cardiac function. Consistently, the lnc000908 knockdown also up‐regulated EP4 and suppressed transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β)‐induced EndMT in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. In contrast, the lnc000908 overexpression by lentivirus decreased the EP4 level and induced EndMT. Of note, these pro‐ or anti‐EndMT effects were reversed by the EP4 overexpression or the EP4 antagonist AH‐23848, respectively. This study demonstrates that lnc000908 is a novel regulator of cardiac fibrosis by modulating the EP4 expression and EndMT.
Storage of garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.): A review
Authors: Madhu Bogala , Mudgal Vishvambhar D. , Champawat Padam S.
Published: July 2019

Storage of garlic for extended availability during lean season of bulbs of satisfactory quality is a multidimensional issue, which comprises various pre‐ and post‐harvest parameters. The main aims of storage bulb crops are to sustain the “quality capital” present at harvest and to fulfill consumer demand for extended accessibility of adequate quality of bulbs. Hence, increasing garlic yield and improving bulb quality are the specified characteristics for garlic farmers, sellers, and consumers. Proper pre‐ and post‐harvest management is essential to maintain the quality characteristics like the content of dry matter, pungency, total soluble solids, sugars, skin color, and integrity. Timely irrigation and appropriate fertilization are important preharvest parameters whereas proper curing and storage parameters viz., temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, packaging material, and processing treatments are postharvest factors. In this article, a review has been made to describe the conventional and improved structures for storage and the influence of storage practices on quality parameters of garlic bulbs, so as to reduce the postharvest losses through proper storage methods and further valorize garlic bulbs.

Practical Applications

The storage losses of the garlic are very high due to the lack of proper storage structures. The physiological weight losses and losses due to diseases are the main storage losses in garlic. The postharvest losses during storage are up to 40% under ambient conditions causing the increase of the market price at a microlevel and decrease availability at the macrolevel. Thus, the promotion and encouragement for eco‐friendly effective storage technologies to overcome these storage losses is aimed to accomplish the need of the ever‐growing population.
Trajectories of poverty and economic hardship among American families supporting a child with a neurodisability
Authors: Rothwell D. W. , Gariépy G. , Elgar F. J. , Lach L. M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Caring for a child with a neurodisability (ND) impacts the financial decisions, relationships and well‐being of family members, but evidence on the economic trajectories of families throughout the life course is missing.

Methods

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we tracked the families of 3317 children starting 5 years before childbirth until the child reached 20 years of age. We used regression and latent growth curve modelling to estimate trajectories of poverty and economic hardship over time.

Results

Families with a child with an ND had higher rates of poverty and economic hardship prior to childbirth and persistently over time. Analysis uncovered five latent trajectories for each indicator. After controlling for family and caregiver characteristics that preceded the birth of the child, raising a child with an ND was not associated with a unique trajectory of poverty. Families raising a child with an ND were however more likely to experience persistent economic hardship.

Conclusions

The study establishes descriptive evidence for how having a child with an ND relates to changes in family economic conditions. The social and economic conditions that precede the child's birth seem to be driving the economic inequalities observed later throughout the life course.
Words Speak Louder without Actions
Authors: LEVIT DORON
Published: July 2019

Information and control rights are central aspects of leadership, management, and corporate governance. This paper studies a principal‐agent model that features both communication and intervention as alternative means to exert influence. The main result shows that a principal's power to intervene in an agent's decision limits the ability of the principal to effectively communicate her private information. The perverse effect of intervention on communication can harm the principal, especially when the cost of intervention is low or the underlying agency problem is severe. These novel results are applied to managerial leadership, corporate boards, private equity, and shareholder activism.
Informal caregivers of people undergoing haemodialysis: Associations between activities and burden
Authors: Hoang Van Lan , Green Theresa , Bonner Ann
Published: July 2019

Background

Recent studies indicate that informal caregivers provide support to family members who are undergoing haemodialysis although the amount and type of activities provided and the burden of this is not well‐known.

Objectives

To analyse the burden and support activities of informal caregivers caring for adults receiving haemodialysis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study recruited 178 adult informal caregivers (family members or close friends) of patients who had been undergoing haemodialysis for more than three months. Caregiver burden was measured by the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS). Difficulty and time‐spent on caring tasks were assessed using the Oberst Caregiver Burden Scale (OCBS). Demographic characteristics were also collected.

Results

Most informal caregivers were female (55.6%) between 30 and 60 years of age (66%) and were a spouse of the person receiving haemodialysis. Overall, informal caregivers reported a high level of burden in caring (M = 40.15, standard deviation [SD] = 10.46) with 80.9% identifying the level as severe. However, the caring activities were perceived as slightly difficult (M = 24.5, SD = 8.81) and not requiring much time (M = 29.47, SD = 8.75). Predictors of greater informal caregiver burden were having their own health problems, greater time required to provide care, and doing more difficult tasks (R2 = 0.43, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

While the caregiving activities were not reported to take much time, there was a high level of burden on informal caregivers. Renal nurses are ideally placed to assess for caregiver burden and to provide education and support to them.
On the limit theory of the Gaussian SQMLE in the EGARCH(1,1) model
Authors: Arvanitis Stelios , Anyfantaki Sofia
Published: July 2019

We derive the limit theory of the Gaussian stable quasi maximum likelihood estimator for the stationary EGARCH(1,1) model when the squared innovation process has marginals with regularly varying tails. We derive regularly varying rates and limiting stable distributions. We perform Monte Carlo experiments to assess the extent of the parameter space corresponding to the invertibility condition, and the quality of the asymptotic approximation.
Validation of a real‐time bladder sensation meter during oral hydration in healthy adults: Repeatability and effects of fill rate and ultrasound probe pressure
Authors: Sheen Derek , Kolli Hiren , Nagle Anna S. , Cullingsworth Zachary , Vinod Naomi N. , Naimi Hameeda A. , De Wachter Stefan G. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Stothers Lynn , Speich John E. , Klausner Adam P.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

A non‐invasive protocol was previously developed using three‐dimensional ultrasound and a sensation meter to characterize real‐time bladder sensation. This study the protocol by measuring the effects of fill rateand ultrasound probe pressure during oral hydration.

Methods

Healthy volunteers with no urinary symptoms (based on International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire on Overactive Bladder surveys) were recruited into an oral hydration study. Throughout two complete fill–void cycles, participants drank 2 L Gatorade G2 (The Gatorade Company, Inc., Chicago, Illinois) and used a touch‐screen sensation meter to record real‐time bladder sensation (0%‐100%). The study was repeated three times, once per week (Visits A, B, and C). In Visits A and B, ultrasound was used to measure bladder volume every 5 minutes. Ultrasound was not used in Visit C except at 100% capacity. Volume data from Visit B were used to estimate volumes throughout the fills in Visit C. Sensation–capacity curves were generated for each fill for comparative analysis.

Results

Ten participants completed three visits (60 total fills). Increased fill rate led to decreased sensation throughout filling, andultrasound probe pressure led to increased sensation. Participants reported higher sensation at low volumes during Fill 1 of Visit A before training with the sensation meter. Sensation curves with intermittent ultrasound showed repeatability for Fill 2 in Visits A and B. Fill rate and ultrasound probe pressure affect real‐time bladder sensation during oral hydration.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated repeatability of real‐time bladder sensation during a two‐fill oral hydration protocol with ultrasound.
Formula supplementation remains a risk for cow's milk allergy in breast‐fed infants
Authors: Kelly Eimear , DunnGalvin Gillian , Murphy Brendan P. , O’B Hourihane Jonathan
Published: July 2019

Background

Many breastfed babies in Ireland receive formula supplementation within 24 hours of birth. We explored (a) impact of formula supplementation on the likelihood of developing cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and (b) current practice of formula supplementation (<24 hours) among mothers intending to breastfeed.

Method

Fifty‐five CMPA‐diagnosed children, fed at <24 hours of age (breast only, formula only or breast with formula supplementation), were recruited, and 55 milk‐tolerant age‐ and sex‐matched controls were identified retrospectively in Cork University Maternity Hospital. Two logistic regressions (LoR) examined neonatal feed types on likelihood of developing CMPA while controlling for parental atopy and infant sex. Formula supplementation was then prospectively measured among a separate group of 179 breastfeeding mothers. Linear regression (LiR) analysis was used to examine the subjective and objective reasons for formula supplementation, in addition to examining pre‐existing factors.

Results

Two LoR examined the infant groups: exclusively breastfed, exclusively formula‐fed or breastfed with formula supplementation. The first LoR model which showed only formula supplementation was significant in prediction of development of CMPA (χ2 (3) = 25.74, P < .05), with 74% diagnostic accuracy when parental atopy and infant sex were controlled for. Breastfed infants given formula supplements were 7.03 (95% CI, 1.82‐27.25) times more likely to exhibit CMPA than those who were exclusively breastfed. Formula supplementation was significant (OR 16.62, 95% CI 3.89‐71.11), indicating that breastfed infants who were given formula supplements were 16 times more likely to exhibit CMPA than those who were exclusively bottle‐fed. Exclusively formula‐fed infants (odds ratio 0.42, 95% CI, 0.16‐1.07) were not significantly more likely to exhibit CMPA than those who were exclusively breastfed in either model (P > .05).

About 45.8% of breastfed infants (<24 hours) received supplemental formula. LiR investigated importance of the subjective and objective reasons, in predicting formula supplementation. This model was significant F(8,170) = 66.95, P < .05) explaining 75% of total variance. The subjective factors ‘no latch’ and ‘mum unwell’ were the strongest predictors (β > .45). Objective factors and pre‐existing factors had lower ß values with only mode of delivery and infant hypoglycaemia being significant.

Conclusion

Breastfed babies are still being put at significantly increased risk of CMPA by receiving supplemental formula in the first 24 hours of life, despite the major predictors of supplementation being subjective and remediable in other ways. Mothers and healthcare providers should be better educated on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and resourced adequately to avoid unnecessary formula supplementation to reduce risk of development of CMPA.
Is there an ethical obligation to split every donor liver? Scarce resources, medical factors, and ethical reasoning
Authors: Bobbert Monika , Primc Nadia , Schäfer Rebecca N.
Published: July 2019

SLT has the potential to counter the worldwide shortage of donor organs. Although the preferred recipients of SLT are usually pediatric patients, a more stringent ethical argument than the fundamental prioritization of children is to demonstrate that SLT of deceased donor organs could increase access to this potentially lifesaving resource for all patients, including children. Several empirical studies show that SLT also makes it possible to achieve similar outcomes to WLT in adults if several factors are observed. In general, it can be regarded as ethically permissible to insist on splitting a donor liver if, in an individual case, SLT is expected to have a similar outcome to that of WLT. The question is therefore no longer whether, but under what conditions SLT is able to achieve similar results to WLT. One of the main challenges of the current debate is the restricted comparability of the available data. We therefore have an ethical obligation to improve the available empirical data by implementing prospective clinical studies, SLT programs, and national registries. The introduction of 2 modes of allocation—one for patients willing to accept both SLT and WLT, and a second for patients only willing to accept WLT—would help to resolve the issue of patient autonomy in the case of mandatory splitting policy.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell and liver transplantation in a young girl with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 protein deficiency
Authors: Kuloglu Zarife , Balcı Deniz , Haskoloğlu Zehra Şule , Kendirli Tanıl , Bingöl‐Koloğlu Meltem , Tuna‐Kırsaçlıoğlu Ceyda , Bal Sevgi , Selbuz Suna , Kırımker Onur , Savaş Berna , Altuntaş Cansu , Güner Şükrü Nail , Can Özlem Selvi , Karayalçın Kaan , Doğu Figen , Kansu Tanca Aydan , İkincioğulları Aydan
Published: July 2019

DOCK8 deficiency is a rare inherited combined immunodeficiency, caused by mutations in the DOCK8 gene. We describe a case with DOCK8 deficiency associated with severe CLD in whom orthotopic LT was performed successfully after allogeneic HSCT. A 5 year‐old girl with DOCK8 deficiency presented with mild direct hyperbilirubinemia and abnormal GGT level and without a previous history of jaundice. She had severe growth retardation, hepatosplenomegaly and generalized eczema. Progressive worsening of CLD was observed within 4 months. Investigations for etiology of liver disease were negative. Liver biopsy showed bridging necrosis, cholestasis and, cirrhosis. Recurrent immune hemolytic crisis and several viral infections developed in follow‐up. She underwent whole cadaveric LT for end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) 1 year after allogenic HSCT from a full matched related donor. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient is alive with normal liver function and moderate skin graft versus host disease for 36 months after LT. In conclusion DOCK8 deficiency can be associated with severe CLD. Successful LT following HSCT is possible in patients with ESLD in DOCK8 deficiency. The timing of LT is challenging in patients requiring both HSCT and LT since conditioning regimens for HSCT can be highly hepatotoxic and the patients with suboptimal liver function can become decompensated during HSCT.
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplants for Pediatric Severe Aplastic Anemia: Real‐world Data comparing Matched Related and Unrelated Donors in a Developing Country. Retrospective study on behalf of the Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Working Group of the Brazilian Bone Marrow Transplantation Society (SBTMO) and the Brazil‐Seattle Consortium (Gedeco)
Authors: Darrigo Jr Luiz Guilherme , Colturato Vergilio , de Souza Mair Pedro , Loth Gisele , Calixto Rodolfo , Seber Adriana , Zecchin Victor Gottardello , Esteves Daudt Liane , Tavares Rita Barbosa , Arcuri Leonardo , de Macedo Antonio Vaz , Vieira Ana Karine , Kuwahara Cilmara , Ribeiro Lisandro , Fernandes Juliana Folloni , Flowers Mary E. , Pasquini Ricardo , Bonfim Carmem
Published: July 2019

In this study, we report on major MRD or URD BMT outcomes in pediatric patients with SAA in Brazil. This was a retrospective study, which included 106 patients ≤18 years old who received a first BMT for SAA. All patients received bone marrow as graft source from an MRD (n = 69) or a URD (n = 37). Conditioning regimen was non‐myeloablative in 73.6% of cases, and GVHD prophylaxis comprised a calcineurin inhibitor plus methotrexate in 89.6% of patients. After a median follow‐up of 4.5 years after BMT, 81 patients are alive, with a 4‐year OS of 77% and no statistically significant difference between the MRD and URD groups (82% vs. 69%, respectively; P = .08). Grade III‐IV aGVHD at 6 months and cGVHD at 2 years were observed in 8% and 14% of cases, respectively, and were not statistically different between the groups. Twenty‐five (23%) patients died at a median of 2.9 months after BMT. Our study showed that 4‐year OS after BMT was not statistically different between MRD and URD recipients. This study shows that the outcomes of pediatric patients transplanted for SAA with a URD in Brazil are approaching those of MRD transplants. In contrast, OS after MRD BMT was lower than we would expect based on previous reports. The wide range of preparatory regimens used by the study centers highlights the need for standardized protocols for these children. Our findings provide a benchmark for future studies focused on improving BMT outcomes in this setting in Brazil.
A primer on choosing goals and indicators to evaluate ecological restoration success
Authors: Prach Karel , Durigan Giselda , Fennessy Siobhan , Overbeck Gerhard E. , Torezan José Marcelo , Murphy Stephen D.
Published: July 2019

We discuss aspects of one of the most important issues in ecological restoration: how to evaluate restoration success. This first requires clearly stated and justified restoration goals and targets; this may seem “obvious” but in our experience, this step is often elided. Indicators or proxy variables are the typical vehicle for monitoring; these must be justified in the context of goals and targets and ultimately compared against those to allow for an evaluation of outcome (e.g. success or failure). The monitoring phase is critical in that a project must consider how the monitoring frequency and overall design will allow the postrestoration trajectories of indicators to be analyzed. This allows for real‐time management adjustments—adaptive management (sensu lato)—to be implemented if the trajectories are diverging from the targets. However, as there may be large variation in early postrestoration stages or complicated (nonlinear) trajectory, caution is needed before committing to management adjustments. Ideally, there is not only a goal and target but also a model of the expected trajectory—that only can occur if there are sufficient data and enough knowledge about the ecosystem or site being restored. With so many possible decision points, we focus readers' attention on one critical step—how to choose indicators. We distinguish generalizable and specific indicators which can be qualitative, semiquantitative, or quantitative. The generalizable indicators can be used for meta‐analyses. There are many options of indicators but making them more uniform would help mutual comparisons among restoration projects.
Early menarche is associated with lower adult lung function: A longitudinal cohort study from the first to sixth decade of life
Authors: Campbell Brittany , Simpson Julie A. , Bui Dinh S. , Lodge Caroline J. , Lowe Adrian J. , Matheson Melanie C. , Bowatte Gayan , Burgess John A. , Hamilton Garun S. , Leynaert Benedicte , Gómez Real Francisco , Thomas Paul S. , Giles Graham G. , Frith Peter A. , Johns David P. , Mishra Gita , Garcia‐Aymerich Judith , Jarvis Debbie , Abramson Michael J. , Walters E. Haydn , Perret Jennifer L. , Dharmage Shyamali C.
Published: July 2019

Background and objective

Early menarche is increasing in prevalence worldwide, prompting clinical and public health interest on its links with pulmonary function. We aimed to investigate the relationship between early menarche and lung function in middle age.

Methods

The population‐based Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (born 1961; n = 8583), was initiated in 1968. The 5th Decade follow‐up data (mean age: 45 years) included age at menarche and complex lung function testing. The 6th Decade follow‐up (age: 53 years) repeated spirometry and gas transfer factor. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were performed to determine the association between age at menarche and adult lung function and investigate biological pathways, including the proportion mediated by adult‐attained height.

Results

Girls reporting an early menarche (<12 years) were measured to be taller with greater lung function at age 7 years compared with those reporting menarche ≥12 years. By 45 years of age, they were shorter and had lower post‐bronchodilator (BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (adjusted mean difference: −133 mL; 95% CI: −233, −33), forced vital capacity (−183 mL; 95% CI: −300, −65) and functional residual capacity (−168 mL; 95% CI: −315, −21). Magnitudes of spirometric deficits were similar at age 53 years. Forty percent of these total effects were mediated through adult‐attained height.

Conclusion

Early menarche was associated with reduced adult lung function. This is the first study to investigate post‐BD outcomes and quantify the partial role of adult height in this association.