bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Concentrations Correlate with the Presence of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases
Authors: Selander Katri S. , Brown David A. , Sequeiros Guillermo Blanco , Hunter Mark , Desmond Renee , Parpala Teija , Risteli Juha , Breit Samuel N. , Jukkola-Vuorinen Arja
Published: March 2007

Macrophage-inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. It is up-regulated by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is highly expressed in human prostate cancer leading to high serum MIC-1 concentrations with advanced disease. A role for MIC-1 has been implicated in the process of early bone formation, suggesting that it may also mediate sclerosis at the site of prostate cancer bone metastases. Consequently, the aim of this study was to retrospectively determine the relationship of serum MIC-1 concentration and other markers related to current and future prostate cancer bone metastasis in a cohort of 159 patients with prostate cancer. Serum markers included cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, prostate-specific antigen, and amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP). The mean values of all the biomarkers studied were significantly higher in patients with baseline bone metastases (BM+, n = 35), when compared with those without bone metastases (BM−, n = 124). In a multivariate logistic model, both MIC-1 and PINP independently predicted the presence of baseline bone metastasis. Based on receiver operator curve analysis, the best predictor for the presence of baseline bone metastasis was MIC-1, which was significantly better than carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, prostate-specific antigen, and PINP. Patients who experienced bone relapse had significantly higher levels of baseline MIC-1 compared with patients who did not (1476.7 versus 988.4; P = 0.03). Current use of acetylsalicylic acid did not influence serum MIC-1 levels in this cohort. Although requiring validation prospectively, these results suggest that serum MIC-1 determination may be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of current and future bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):532–7)
The Association between the Anti-inflammatory Protein CC10 and Smoking Status among Participants in a Chemoprevention Trial
Authors: Chen Jiping , Lam Stephen , Pilon Aprile , McWilliams Annette , Melby James , Szabo Eva
Published: March 2007

CC10, the secretory product of bronchiolar Clara cells, is infrequently expressed in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and its overexpression in NSCLC cell lines results in a less malignant phenotype. CC10 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and serum are significantly lower in current smokers than healthy nonsmokers, but the effect of long-term smoking cessation on CC10 is unknown. We measured CC10 in baseline BAL and plasma collected from current (n = 81) and former (n = 23) smokers participating in a chemoprevention trial. Former smokers had significantly higher plasma CC10 levels compared with current smokers [mean, 62.1 ng/mL (95% CI, 43.0-81.2); range, 23.0-175.0 ng/mL for former smokers; and mean, 37.1 ng/mL (95% CI, 29.8-44.4); range, 5.0-171.0 ng/mL for current smokers; P < 0.001]. BAL CC10 levels also trended in the same direction. A significant positive correlation was found between CC10 plasma and BAL levels. After adjustment for age, sex, and pack-years of cigarette consumption, former smokers had 1.70 (95% CI, 1.23-2.36) times higher plasma CC10 levels than current smokers (P < 0.01), whereas former smokers also had nonsignificantly higher baseline BAL CC10 levels compared with current smokers [adjusted mean ratio (95% CI), 1.60 (0.92-2.80), P = 0.094 and 1.35 (0.86-2.10), P = 0.193 for the absolute and normalized BAL CC10, respectively]. These results show that sustained smoking cessation is associated with higher plasma CC10 levels, suggesting that at least some of the damage associated with tobacco smoke may be repaired by long-term smoking cessation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):577–83)
Obesity, Diet and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Skibola Christine F.
Published: March 2007

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a group of heterogeneous diseases that significantly vary in their causes, molecular profiles, and natural progression. In 2007, there will be ∼59,000 newly diagnosed NHL cases in the United States and over 300,000 cases worldwide. Although new therapeutic regimens are minimizing the number of deaths related to NHL, causes for the majority of lymphomas remain undetermined. Recent studies suggest that dietary factors may contribute to the rising rates of NHL. This review will summarize epidemiologic reports that have studied the relationship between obesity, physical activity, and diet and risk of NHL. Based on a number of case-control and prospective cohort studies, overweight/obesity probably increases the risk of NHL, whereas moderate physical activity may reduce risk. Several studies support an inverse association between intakes of vegetables and NHL risk, particularly for the consumption of cruciferous vegetables. This may relate to the induction of apoptosis and growth arrest in preneoplastic and neoplastic cells, two important actions of isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables. Studies also suggest that fish intake may be inversely associated with risk of NHL, although findings have not been entirely consistent. This may relate to the high organochlorine content in some fish that could override a protective effect. High consumption of fats, meat, and dairy products also may increase lymphoma risk. The accumulated scientific evidence concerning the associations between obesity, diet, and NHL suggests several identified modifiable risk factors that might be recommended to decrease lymphoma risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):392–5)
Orchidectomy Increases β-Adrenoceptor Activation-Mediated Neuronal Nitric Oxide and Noradrenaline Release in Rat Mesenteric Artery
Authors: Blanco-Rivero J. , Aras-López R. , Del Campo L. , Sagredo A. , Balfagón G. , Ferrer M.
Published: March 2007

Background/Aims: A previous study has demonstrated that endogenous male sex hormones do not alter neuronal nitric oxide (NO) release in rat mesenteric artery. However, the regulatory role of endogenous male sex hormones on noradrenaline (NA) release in rat mesenteric artery is not known. The present study was designed to analyze whether endogenous male sex hormones influence the NA release induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), as well as the possible modification in NA and neuronal NO release by presynaptic β-adrenoceptor activation. Methods: For this purpose, mesenteric arteries from control and orchidectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Basal and EFS-induced neuronal NO and NA release, as well as the contractile effect induced by EFS, was measured. Results: Basal and EFS-induced neuronal NO and NA release were similar in arteries from control and orchidectomized rats. The β-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol did not modify EFS-induced neuronal NO and NA release in arteries from control rats. In contrast, in arteries from orchidectomized animals, clenbuterol increased both neuronal NO and NA release; this increase was prevented by incubation with the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. However, the contractile response elicited by EFS was not modified by clenbuterol in either group of rats. Conclusions: These results show that orchidectomy does not alter the EFS-induced NA release. What is more, activation of presynaptic β-adrenoceptors does not modify EFS-induced NA and neuronal NO release in arteries from control rats although it increases the release of both neurotransmitters in arteries from orchidectomized rats. Despite these modifications, the EFS-induced contractile response is preserved in arteries from orchidectomized rats.
Density of Muscle Spindles in Prosimian Shoulder Muscles Reflects Locomotor Adaptation
Authors: Higurashi Yasuo , Taniguchi Yuki , Kumakura Hiroo
Published: March 2007

We examined the correlation between the density of muscle spindles in shoulder muscles and the locomotor mode in three species of prosimian primates: the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), Garnett’s galago (Otolemur garnettii), and the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). The shoulder muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, and subscapularis) were embedded in celloidin and cut into transverse serial thin sections (40 µm); then, every tenth section was stained using the Azan staining technique. The relative muscle weights and the density of the muscle spindles were determined. The slow loris muscles were heavier and had sparser muscle spindles, as compared to Garnett’s galago. These features suggest that the shoulder muscles of the slow loris are more adapted to generating propulsive force and stabilizing the shoulder joint during locomotion and play a less controlling role in forelimb movements. In contrast, Garnett’s galago possessed smaller shoulder muscles with denser spindles that are suitable for the control of more rapid locomotor movements. The mean relative weight and the mean spindle density in the shoulder muscles of the ring-tailed lemur were between those of the other primates, suggesting that the spindle density is not simply a consequence of taxonomic status.
Persistence of Nuchal Edema and Distended Jugular Lymphatic Sacs in Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Bekker Mireille N. , Go Atti T.J.I. , van Vugt John M.G.
Published: March 2007

Objective: Noonan syndrome is one of the most common genetic syndromes manifesting at birth. Still, it is diagnosed late, often during infancy. Diagnosis is difficult because prenatal ultrasound findings are unspecific and the dysmorphias after birth can be subtle. Cases: Two women were referred to our university hospital because of an increased nuchal translucency in the first trimester of pregnancy. Further ultrasound examination showed the bilateral presence of distended jugular lymph sacs. Karyotyping revealed euploidy in both fetuses. The second trimester ultrasound scan showed a persistence of the jugular lymph sacs together with a nuchal fold, indicating a disturbed lymphatic development. There were no other anomalies. In 1 case the jugular lymph sacs containing newly formed lymph node tissue remained visible until 35 weeks’ gestation. Both newborns were diagnosed with Noonan syndrome after birth. Postnatal echocardiography revealed a mild pulmonary stenosis. Conclusion: Distension of the jugular lymph sacs is known to cause nuchal edema and normally resolves after the first trimester. In case of persistence of the jugular lymphatic sacs beyond the second trimester of pregnancy, the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome and subsequent DNA testing should be considered.
Prenatal Diagnosis of a Large Subchorionic Placental Cyst with Intracystic Hematomas
Authors: Hong Soon Cheol , Yoo Sang Wook , Kim Tak , Yeom Bom Woo , Kim Young Tae , Lee Kyu Wan , Kim Sun Haeng
Published: March 2007

A large intrauterine cyst containing a heterogenous mass was found by ultrasound in the placenta of a 35-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman. The cyst, measuring 10.9 × 10.1 cm with a heterogenous mass shadow, was attached near the placental cord insertion site. The woman delivered a healthy female baby weighing 3,330 g by cesarean section without complication. A histopathological examination revealed that the lesion was a subchorionic cyst and contained an internal hematoma. Large subchorionic cysts are extremely rare, and secondary hemorrhage within the cyst has not been reported. In this article, we report the case of a woman with a large subchorionic cyst complicated by an intracystic hematoma and review its clinical significance.
Can Cystatin C Replace Creatinine to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate? A Literature Review
Authors: Zahran Ahmed , El-Husseini Amr , Shoker Ahmed
Published: March 2007

Background: With the increasing knowledge that estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from serum creatinine (Scr) has limited value, researchers have developed new equations based on serum cystatin C (Cys C). Aim: To compare the performance of serum Cys C and Cys C-based GFR equations to Scr and Scr-based GFR equations. Methods: A Medline literature search for studies in English. Results: Fourteen studies in kidney transplant patients and 29 in patients with native kidney disease were identified. 70% of studies on transplants favored Cys C over Scr while 60% favored serum Cys C over Scr in patients with native kidney disease. Three studies in transplant patients and 6 in patients with native kidney disease compared the performances of Cys C- and Scr-based equations. 70% of the studies performed on transplantation favored Cys C, while 85% the studies performed in native kidney diseases showed superiority of Cys C-based equations. Conclusion: A large number of studies favor Cys C over Scr for the estimation of GFR. Still, many reports show no superiority of Cys C over Scr. Consistent with this, more studies are needed to study the performance of Cys C-based GFR equations.
Parotid Metastasis from a Gastroesophageal Carcinoma: Report of a Case
Authors: Schoneveld J.M. , Hesp W.L.E.M. , Teune T.M.
Published: March 2007

Carcinomas of the lower esophagus, gastroesophageal junction or stomach rarely metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Furthermore, the parotid gland is an even more unusual site of metastasis from a carcinoma located at these sites. We describe the case of a 45-year-old male patient who was diagnosed 2 months after transhiatal gastroesophagectomy for a primary gastric adenocarcinoma with metastasis in the left parotid gland. In the literature we have only found one other case report.
H
+
Ion Activation and Inactivation of the Ventricular Gap Junction
Authors: Swietach Pawel , Rossini Alessandra , Spitzer Kenneth W. , Vaughan-Jones Richard D.
Published: March 2007

H
+
ions are powerful modulators of cardiac function, liberated during metabolic activity. Among their physiological effects is a chemical gating of cell-to-cell communication, caused by H
+
-mediated closure of connexin (Cx) channels at gap junctions. This protects surrounding tissue from the damaging effects of local intracellular acidosis. Cx proteins (largely Cx-43 in ventricle) form multimeric pores between cells, permitting translocation of ions and other solutes up to ≈1 kDa. The channels are essential for electrical and metabolic coordination of a tissue. Here we demonstrate that, contrary to expectation, H
+
ions can induce an increase of gap-junctional permeability. This occurs during modest intracellular acid loads in myocyte pairs isolated from mammalian ventricle. We show that the increase in permeability allows a local rise of [H
+
]
i
to dissipate into neighboring myocytes, thereby providing a mechanism for spatially regulating intracellular pH (pH
i
). During larger acid loads, the increased permeability is overridden by a more familiar H
+
-dependent inhibition (H
+
inactivation). This restricts cell-to-cell H
+
movement, while allowing sarcolemmal H
+
transporters such as Na
+
/H
+
exchange, to extrude the acid from the cell. The H
+
sensitivity of Cx channels therefore defines whether junctional or sarcolemmal mechanisms are selected locally for the removal of an acid load. The bell-shaped pH dependence of permeability suggests that, in addition to H
+
inactivation, an H
+
activation process regulates the ensemble of Cx channels open at the junction. As well as promoting spatial pH
i
regulation, H
+
activation of junctional permeability may link increased metabolic activity to improved myocardial coupling, the better to meet mechanical demand.
CD36 Deficiency Rescues Lipotoxic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Yang John , Sambandam Nandakumar , Han Xianlin , Gross Richard W. , Courtois Michael , Kovacs Attila , Febbraio Maria , Finck Brian N. , Kelly Daniel P.
Published: March 2007

Obesity-related diabetes mellitus leads to increased myocardial uptake of fatty acids (FAs), resulting in a form of cardiac dysfunction referred to as lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. We have shown previously that chronic activation of the FA-activated nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), is sufficient to drive the metabolic and functional abnormalities of the diabetic heart. Mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of PPARα (myosin heavy chain [MHC]-PPARα) exhibit myocyte lipid accumulation and cardiac dysfunction. We sought to define the role of the long-chain FA transporter CD36 in the pathophysiology of lipotoxic forms of cardiomyopathy. MHC-PPARα mice were crossed with CD36-deficient mice (MHC-PPARα/CD36
−/−
mice). The absence of CD36 prevented myocyte triacylglyceride accumulation and cardiac dysfunction in the MHC-PPARα mice under basal conditions and following administration of high-fat diet. Surprisingly, the rescue of the MHC-PPARα phenotype by CD36 deficiency was associated with increased glucose uptake and oxidation rather than changes in FA utilization. As predicted by the metabolic changes, the activation of PPARα target genes involved in myocardial FA-oxidation pathways in the hearts of the MHC-PPARα mice was unchanged in the CD36-deficient background. However, PPARα-mediated suppression of genes involved in glucose uptake and oxidation was reversed in the MHC-PPARα/ CD36
−/−
mice. We conclude that CD36 is necessary for the development of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in MHC-PPARα mice and that novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing CD36-mediated FA uptake show promise for the prevention or treatment of cardiac dysfunction related to obesity and diabetes.
In Vivo Evidence for a Role of Adipose Tissue SR-BI in the Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Adiposity and Cholesterol Homeostasis
Authors: Yvan-Charvet Laurent , Bobard Alexandre , Bossard Pascale , Massiéra Florence , Rousset Xavier , Ailhaud Gérard , Teboul Michèle , Ferré Pascal , Dagher Georges , Quignard-Boulangé Annie
Published: March 2007

Objectives—

This study examines the role of insulin and angiotensin II in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism by focusing on the regulation and function of scavenger receptor type-BI (SR-BI) in adipose tissue.

Methods and Results—

Insulin or angiotensin II injection in wild-type mice induced a decrease in circulating HDL and it was associated with the translocation of SR-BI from intracellular sites to the plasma membrane of adipose tissue. Refeeding upregulated adipose HDL selective cholesteryl esters uptake and SR-BI proteins through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. This occurred along with a decrease in serum HDL and an increase in adipose cholesterol content. Similar results were obtained with transgenic mice overexpressing locally angiotensinogen in adipose tissue. In adipose 3T3-L1 cell line, HDL induced lipogenesis by increasing liver X receptor binding activity. This mechanism was dependent of insulin and angiotensin II.

Conclusions—

Our results raise the possibility that adipose tissue SR-BI translocation might be a link between adipose tissue lipid storage and HDL clearance.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1, and CXCR4 in Human Limb Muscle With Acute and Chronic Ischemia
Authors: van Weel Vincent , Seghers Leonard , de Vries Margreet R. , Kuiper Esther J. , Schlingemann Reinier O. , Bajema Ingeborg M. , Lindeman Jan H.N. , Delis-van Diemen Pien M. , van Hinsbergh Victor W.M. , van Bockel J. Hajo , Quax Paul H.A.
Published: March 2007

Objective—

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been implicated in angiogenesis in ischemic tissues by recruitment of CXCR4-positive bone marrow-derived circulating cells with paracrine functions in preclinical models. Here, evidence for this is provided in patients with peripheral artery disease.

Methods and Results—

Expression patterns of VEGF, SDF-1, and CXCR4 were studied in amputated limbs of 16 patients. VEGF-A was expressed in vascular structures and myofibers. SDF-1 was expressed in endothelial and subendothelial cells, whereas CXCR4 was expressed in proximity to capillaries. VEGF-A, SDF-1, and CXCR4 expressions were generally decreased in ischemic muscle as compared with nonischemic muscle in patients with chronic ischemia (0.41-fold, 0.97-fold, and 0.54-fold induction [medians], respectively), whereas substantially increased in 2 patients with acute-on-chronic ischemia (3.5- to 65.8-fold, 3.9- to 19.0-fold, and 4.1- to 30.6-fold induction, respectively). Furthermore, these gene expressions strongly correlated with capillary area. Only acute ischemic tissue displayed a high percentage of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α–positive nuclei.

Conclusions—

These data suggest that VEGF and SDF-1 function as pro-angiogenic factors in patients with ischemic disease by perivascular retention of CXCR4-positive cells. Furthermore, these genes are downregulated in chronic ischemia as opposed to upregulated in more acute ischemia. The VEGF-SDF-1-CXCR4 pathway is a promising target to treat chronic ischemic disease.
Role of Protease Activated Receptor 1 and 2 Signaling in Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis
Authors: Uusitalo-Jarvinen Hannele , Kurokawa Toru , Mueller Barbara M. , Andrade-Gordon Patricia , Friedlander Martin , Ruf Wolfram
Published: March 2007

Objective—Tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation and indirectly triggers thrombin-dependent protease activated receptor (PAR) signaling. The TF–VIIa complex also directly cleaves PAR2 and promotes angiogenesis in vitro in TF cytoplasmic domain-deleted (TFδCT) mice. Here we address the effect of PAR1 and PAR2 deficiency on angiogenesis in vivo.

Methods and Results—In hypoxia-driven angiogenesis of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR), wild-type, PAR1−/−, PAR2−/−, and TFδCTmice showed a comparable regression of the superficial vascular plexus during the initial exposure of mice to hyperoxia. However, TFδCTmice revascularized areas of central vaso-obliteration significantly faster than wild-type animals. Pharmacological inhibition of the TF–VIIa complex, but not of Xa, and blockade of tyrosine kinase receptor pathways with Gleevec reversed accelerated angiogenesis of TFδCTmice to revascularization rates observed in wild-type mice. Genetic deletion of PAR2, but not of PAR1, abolished enhanced revascularization of TFδCTmice. PAR1 knock-out animals were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in the model of retinal neoangiogenesis and angiogenesis-dependent subcutaneous tumor growth was unaltered in PAR1- and PAR2-deficient animals.

Conclusion—Loss of the TF cytoplasmic domain results in accelerated hypoxia-induced angiogenesis mediated by TF–VIIa signaling. PAR2 signaling is sufficient for this proangiogenic effect without apparent contributions of mouse host cell PAR1.
The Bitter End
Authors: Patterson Cam , Ike Christopher , Willis Park W. , Stouffer George A. , Willis Monte S.
Published: March 2007

Many elements contribute to congestive heart failure: changes in perfusion, hemodynamic stresses, alterations in calcium metabolism, and dysregulation of cell signaling pathways. Intervention in these processes forms the basis for current heart failure therapies. Nevertheless, heart failure is primarily a disease of wear and tear; despite everything we know about cardiac physiology and the clinical manifestations of heart failure, only in rare instances does therapy for heart failure normalize cardiac function. Proteins are especially prone to the forces of wear and tear in the heart because they are the primary mechanisms for stress sensing and force generation. Recent evidence supports a role for protein damage and impaired clearance of damaged proteins in the pathophysiology of human heart failure syndromes. The process of monitoring and protecting cardiac cells from accumulation of damaged proteins is known as protein quality control, and the molecular chaperone and ubiquitin-proteasome systems are the primary effectors of this process. Insights from protein quality-control strategies may lead to new concepts about prevention and treatment of human heart failure. This review provides a general overview of these pathways and their known and postulated roles in human heart failure syndromes, with a focus on providing a clinically oriented understanding of these fundamental mechanisms.
Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis and the Risk of New Vascular Events in Patients With Manifest Arterial Disease
Authors: Goessens Bertine M.B. , Visseren Frank L.J. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Algra Ale , van der Graaf Yolanda
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose—

The frequency of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) increases with age from 0.5% in individuals below 50 years of age to 5% to 10% in individuals over 65 years of age in the general population. Its prognostic value has been examined in the general population but less often in patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease other than retinal or cerebral ischemia. We examined the relationship between asymptomatic CAS and the risk of subsequent events in this specific group of patients.

Methods—

This study involved 2684 consecutive patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus, but without a history of cerebral ischemia, enrolled in the SMART study (Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease). The degree of asymptomatic CAS was assessed with Duplex scanning and defined on the basis of the blood flow velocity patterns at baseline in both carotid arteries. None of the patients underwent carotid endarterectomy or endovascular intervention. During the follow-up period, vascular events (vascular death, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction) were documented in detail. Data were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for age, gender, and classic vascular risk factors.

Results—

Asymptomatic CAS of 50% or greater was present in 221 (8%) patients. During a mean follow up of 3.6 years (SD=2.3), a first vascular event occurred in 253 patients (9%). The cumulative incidence rate for the composite of subsequent vascular events after 5 years was 12.3% (95% CI=10.7 to 13.9), for cerebral infarction 2.2% (95% CI=1.4 to 2.8), and for myocardial infarction 8.0% (95% CI=6.6 to 9.4). Adjusted for age and gender, asymptomatic CAS of 50% or greater was related to a higher risk of subsequent vascular events (hazard ratio=1.5, 95% CI=1.1 to 2.1), in particular of vascular death (hazard ratio=1.8, 95% CI=1.2 to 2.6). After additional adjustment for vascular risk factors, the hazard ratios remained essentially the same.

Conclusion—

Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is an independent predictor of vascular events, especially vascular death, in patients with clinical manifestations of arterial disease or type 2 diabetes but without a history of cerebral ischemia.
From Emerson to Edwards
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: March 2007

Recasting Perry Miller's classic “From Edwards to Emerson,” the essay relocates Emerson in the New England spiritual tradition from the Puritans to William James. Even as he dismissed the theological doctrines of Calvinism, Emerson increasingly came to understand himself as replicating many of the psychospiritual truths at its core.
The Human Being in Disasters: A Research Perspective
Authors: Fritz Charles E. , Williams Harry B.
Published: March 2007

Many groups and agencies have a vital need of accurate informa tion on how people behave during disasters. This article presents information which seems to have particular pertinence for disaster preparedness, control, and amelioration. Among the subjects discussed are the problem of how to make disaster warnings effective, behavior during disasters and in the subsequent emer gency period, the problem of people's flocking into the area, the need and diffi culties of co-ordination and control of rescue and relief activities, the traumatic effects of disaster on its victims, and the sources of possible conflicts between rescue and relief agencies and their clients.—Ed.
Public Health Problems in Major Disasters
Authors: Burney L.E.
Published: March 2007

It is impossible to predetermine rigidly the public health problems in major disasters or the official relief actions to be taken; each disaster presents its own characteristics. Good public health organization must, in such circum stances, be able to co-operate quickly with other relief agencies, identify and evaluate actual and potential public health hazards, mobilize existing health re sources, take emergency measures to control or eliminate hazards and restore public health facilities. The co-operative functioning of local, state, and federal health agencies is described by the author, and especially the organization and work of the federal Public Health Service in disaster operations. The author illustrates the functioning of the Service in connection with the outbreak in 1952 of mosquito-borne encephalitis in the Central Valley of California and the 1955 hurricane and floods in the northeastern states.—Ed.
Relief and Rehabilitation of Families and Individuals
Authors: Bondy Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Using the casework principle, the American Red Cross has developed an effective system of disaster rehabilitation. Relief available to families is, principally, food, clothing, housing and repair, furniture, medical aid, and occu pational equipment and supplies. Aid is rendered on a need basis and is limited to disaster areas and those immediately affected, supplementing local community efforts. Through sound personnel policies and modern techniques, the Red Cross has steadily improved its capacity to bring aid rapidly to stricken areas and to evolve long-range rehabilitation programs. Through its disaster relief, the Red Cross has also contributed to the social sciences by means of its community and casework studies and has brought about important improvements in national welfare.—Ed.
Collective Bargaining in Postwar France
Authors: Lorwin Val R.
Published: March 2007

The labor movement in France since 1944 has had a hectic his tory. The unions, especially those united in the General Confederation of La bor (CGT), played a strong role in the resistance movement and gained great political influence. By 1946, labor had won a place on the boards of directors of all the nationalized services and industries and had gained influence in other industries. After 1946, Communist politics split the CGT and in the process a considerable number of workers simply left organized labor. The author dis cusses the resultant disorganization and strife, the attempts of the state to regu late collective bargaining, the introduction of a new collective bargaining law in 1950, the initiative of some managements, public and private, in introducing plant bargaining rather than industry-wide or area-wide bargaining, and the forces making for change in industrial relations and those holding back change.—Ed.
Swedish Wages and Wage Policies
Authors: Rehn Gösta
Published: March 2007

A review of 1939-56 wage developments and policies shows the willingness of trade unions to exercise self-restraint. Inflationary pressures, however, caused an uncontrollable and distorting "wage drift." Wage-price ex plosions resulted: repeatedly it appeared necessary to reshape the wage structure on the basis of rank-and-file psychology and market developments as well as long-term principles ("solidaristic wage policy"). At times centralized master agreements were used. All this is the background of a recurrent discussion as to how to solve the dilemma of wage policy in full employment without de stroying the self-determination of the organizations. The institutional back ground is shown by implication.—Ed.
A Philosophy of Leisure
Authors: Sutherland Willard C.
Published: March 2007

The social meaning of work derives from the acts of creation it makes possible. The creative use of leisure suggests a philosophy which may be summarized under the ideas of integrity of purpose, liberty to choose goals, ob jectivity, equality in fellowship, common command of skills, growth, and inner joy. Since the average citizen is unable to invent new uses for his leisure, a professional elite shares a heavy responsibility for discovering criteria for ways of employing leisure and creating enthusiasms for common ends within the moral aims of the community.
Transportation
Authors: Owen Wilfred
Published: March 2007

Looking backward from the city of 1982 to the late 1950's, we are struck by the tremendous progress that has taken place in transportation. The most far-reaching changes have occurred in aviation, but equally important has been the changing urban environment which has provided a setting in which ease of movement has at last become a reality. It is this combination of better trans port and urban redevelopment and planning that has made urban life in 1982 so different from the blighted and congested city living in 1957.
Innovation and Evolution: Bridge to the Future Metropolis
Authors: Ylvisaker Paul N.
Published: March 2007

The metropolis of 1980, like the metropolis of 1957, is constantly in the process of becoming. Where the one leaves off and the other begins is a study in the continuous development of ideas and techniques—which is what the following projection attempts in the guise of retrospect. The tenses used are the simple present and past of an obscure future as a contemporary historian might one day write them.
Alcoholics Do Not Drink
Authors: Bacon Selden D.
Published: March 2007

No effective answers have been gained for the questions "why do alcoholics drink so much," "why can't they stop drinking" or "why can't they learn to drink moderately?" Formulators of such questions have failed to de fine the key word in these questions—drink. Drinking is defined according to a well-established system of knowledge. Then the actions of the alcoholic are compared to this defined behavior system. The two are discovered to be anti thetical rather than similar, or, as some insist, identical. Application of this knowledge to some typical problem situations is suggested.
Myth and Realities of International Migration into Latin America
Authors: Robbins Richard
Published: March 2007

Immigration into Latin America in the near future is not likely to exceed 300,000 annually; most of the migrants will go to Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela. Immigration, therefore, cannot decisively affect the rapid growth of population in most countries; natural increase is the more significant focus. Apart from the quantitative problem, however, immigration should aid those countries most involved in industrial and agricultural change by supplying com paratively small but vital groups of skilled workers and farmers. As for out- migration, only Puerto Rico can count on annual emigration large enough to play a part, with other processes, in relieving population pressure.
Asian Xenophobia Against the West
Authors: Fernando Chitra
Published: March 2007

Asian xenophobia against the West exists—fear and hatred of the stranger is a reality, and there are historical reasons for its being. The initial contacts between Easterners and Westerners were friendly ones; there was a feeling of mu tual respect and trust. But later things changed with the Westerners taking a posture of superiority. Fortresses gradu ally became more numerous than trading posts, and soldiers outnumbered merchants. Agreements were broken and sus picion and loss of friendships resulted. After the Indian Mu tiny or War of Independence, the British withdrew from the life of India and created their own superstructure. There was to be no more mixing with natives—it just was not done any more. This was the attitude of other imperial powers as well. Time then began to stand still for Asians with their culture and tradi tions pushed in the background. The ruling powers educated and trained a small group of "reliable natives" and gave them positions of trust in the government. There resulted a class which was neither Asian nor European. However, it was this very training in Western ways which fanned the flame of Asian nationalism. Asians then found that well being and progress did not necessarily go hand in hand with independence. Their countries had stood still for 400 years, and they blamed the West for this—and so this fear and hatred of the stranger who had been the ruler. Asian xenophobia of the West has taken three forms: political, religious, and cultural. The Asians are becoming aware that this attitude hurts them more than it does the West—moreover, it is a recent thing and alien to their thinking. And so there is hope that this xenophobia will eventually disappear.—Ed.
Automotive Transport in the United States
Authors: Owen Wilfred
Published: March 2007

The American economy has become geared to motor transport to a degree that has made the automotive in dustries the number one combination of economic acivities in the United States. Whether the measurement is production, em ployment, consumer outlays, tons of materials or miles of travel, the motor vehicle and its operation have assumed a commanding role in nearly everything we do: in the way we live and work and enjoy the fruits of our labors. Our mobility is the most obvious characteristic that distinguishes us from every other nation. In the next decade and a half we will be spending one trillion dollars for motor transport—two and a half times the entire gross national product of the United States for 1958. The magnitude of this outlay makes the importance of a continuing appraisal obvious. We need to weigh the cost and quality of this system of transport and its impact on the growth and sta bility of the economy, on the creation of economic opportuni ties, and on living conditions generally. In this way, it may be possible to make the periodic adjustments in emphasis and out lay that are necessary to assure the greatest mobility at the most reasonable cost.
Police, Prosecutors, and Judges
Authors: Kreml Franklin M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of traffic law enforcement—as with law enforcement generally—is to offset selfish motivation and condition community habits through conditioning the habits of individuals. In order to meet the problems of traffic congestion and traffic accidents, effective enforcement is necessary. Es sential here is an adequately manned, well-trained, and properly administered police force. Some of the more fundamental problems of the police service involve organization, administra tion, training, and recruitment. Reforms here will provide the nation with a professional police service of the first order—a service which will take the problems of law enforcement, includ ing traffic law, in its stride. But since citations and arrests are unproductive unless followed by appropriate court action, well- trained judges and prosecutors in permanent traffic courts are also essential. Certain important changes are needed in laws, court organization, and procedure. And a co-ordinated effort by engineers, police, driver-licensing personnel, educators, and city planners is necessary, not only to have effective traffic law enforcement for reducing accidents, improving street efficiency, and contributing to the general social and economic welfare, but also to develop a system which will play a vital part in winning and maintaining the individual citizen's respect for the law.
Increased Safety—By Design
Authors: Holmes Edward H.
Published: March 2007

The problem of highway safety involves the three related elements of the driver, the vehicle, and the road. Hu man nature being what it is, the first two seem less susceptible to improvement than the third. At present, therefore, the greatest potential for gain in safety seems to lie in better roads. Highway designers recognize that their objective is to provide for the movement of people and goods between origins and destinations of their own choice; that roads built now must carry traffic of today and of a reasonably distant tomorrow—swiftly, economically, comfortably, and safely. The accomplishment of these objectives lies in highway design, and this, in turn, must be based on human behavior and vehicle performance. If we are to build both adequate capacity and safety into our high ways, we must design them for the capabilities of the vehicles and the habits and wishes of the drivers as they exist, not as we might like them to be. Extensive observation and research over the years have produced the knowledge needed to develop such design, culminating in the standards for the Interstate System. Continued study should result in further refinement and improvement.
Leadership in the Chinese Communist Party
Authors: Kuo-Chün Chao
Published: March 2007

The central locus of political power in Communist China is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), now the largest single Communist organization in the world. Organizationally, the CCP is a pyramidal structure based on the National Party Congress which elects the Central Committee, which in turn elects the Political Bureau. The present Eighth Central Com mittee, elected in 1956 and expanded in May 1958, manifests both the stability of the party leadership and its adaptation to new circumstances. The core of decision-making power in the party structure is the Political Bureau and its seven-man Stand ing Committee. Analysis of the membership of the present Central Committee indicates that this elite group is relatively young, drawn largely from the interior provinces of China, well-educated by Chinese standards, and predominantly in digenous in background and training. Almost all have rela tively long party membership. Several aspects of the Chinese Communist Party leadership are striking. First, it has demon strated a higher level of political stability than that of any other major Communist party in the world. Second, it has developed notable organizational skills which greatly assist mobilization of the population and implementation of its major domestic pro grams. Third, it has demonstrated significant flexibility and realism in the handling of complex problems. Despite recur rent outside speculation about factionalism and schisms, the Chinese Communist Party leadership under Mao Tse-tung still appears to be both durable and determined.
The United Nations Expanded Program of Technical Assistance—A Multilateral Approach
Authors: Owen David
Published: March 2007

The United Nations and its family of agencies are only one of many sources of technical assistance in an era which has come to understand and to put into wide practice the concept of sharing economic skill and knowledge. In keep ing with the nature of the Organization, the United Nations has organized a Program that gives every country the oppor tunity of being a partner in economic development. The word "multilateral" has come into its own as a description of this new kind of assistance, but it cannot do justice to the unique blending of the experience of almost every country in the world. The United Nations Charter pledges that the Organi zation will "promote higher standards of living, full employ ment and conditions of economic and social progress and de velopment...." Through the Technical Assistance Program, the UN has come a long way towards fulfilling this mandate.
Sino-Soviet Bloc Technical Assistance—Another Bilateral Approach
Authors: Nielsen Waldemar A. , Hodjera Zoran S.
Published: March 2007

Beginning in 1953 after the death of Stalin, the Soviet bloc broke out of its economic isolationism and began a program of aid, trade, and technical assistance directed primarily at the less-developed countries on the periphery of the Communist bloc. This program is moving steadily for ward. The bloc technical assistance program is almost en tirely on a credit basis, is geographically concentrated in a few key countries, and is smaller in world-wide scale than that of the United States. The organizational and co-ordinating ar rangements seem adequate and effective. The methods used in negotiating with recipient governments are skillful and flexi ble. The bloc is also expanding its program of scholarships for students from non-Communist countries. The general eco nomic effects of bloc aid and technical assistance cannot yet be judged. The psychological effects are more apparent, and this aspect has clearly been give careful attention in the plan ning and administration of the whole program. The political effects, which are the real objective of the program, are mixed: Growing prestige of the Soviets in some areas, growing skepti cism about their purposes in others. But the long run politi cal benefits from a Soviet point of view may yet be considerable.
The Unification of Germany
Authors: Grewe Wilhelm G.
Published: March 2007

No fundamental change is expected in the Ger man foreign policy on the basic issue of the reunification of Germany. New aspects of the German problem are: the Soviet threat re Berlin, the Soviet proposal for a draft peace treaty for Germany, the May 1959 East-West conference of foreign ministers and conditional arrangement for a summit meeting. Although the Soviets have now defined their policy more clearly and frankly, the Western powers already knew that the two Germanies cannot "be reunited in freedom." There is no real support in Western Germany for the prolonged divi sion of the country. The Western Allies and the Federal Re public of Germany have declared that "an essential aim of their common policy [is] a peace settlement for the whole of Germany." Members of the Atlantic Alliance have also adopted this view. The presence of Western forces in Berlin is justified by the right of occupation of the belligerent powers, and new treaties concerning the city can only worsen the situa tion. The United Nations does not have the machinery to guarantee the security of Berlin. Recognition of the East German government is too high a price for a new treaty ar rangement. Soon other concessions would have to be made, and Berlin and the Western community may have to be sacri ficed. Peace and security in Europe cannot be had by appeas ing the Soviet Union since Communist expansion will surely thaw any "frozen" status quo.—Ed.
The Jury and the Court Delay
Authors: Zeisel Hans
Published: March 2007

To save court time, and thereby reduce court congestion, it has been suggested that the civil jury be abol ished. But the actual amount of time that could be saved is too small to warrant by itself such a move. So basic an herit age of our judicial system should be abolished only if we con sidered this to be an advisable step also in a nondelayed court system. Nor do the various proposals aimed at encouraging voluntary waiver of juries hold much promise. But while the number of jury trials should not be curtailed, much can be done to shorten them, through expeditious impaneling of jurors and especially through greater control of court proceedings by the judge. An innovation which promises considerable savings is to separate liability and damages in the jury trial and to try damages only if the jury finds liability. But whatever means are proposed to reduce court congestion and delay, none should be accepted unless it preserves the best in our legal system.—Ed.
Pakistan: Co-operative Ventures in Social Welfare
Authors: Carlson Victor D.
Published: March 2007

The creation of the state of Pakistan, following in the wake of the bloody partition, the mass migrations, as well as the resultant concentration of people, culminated in a situation where the human needs could only be fulfilled through organ ized and planned social welfare. Industrialization was the apparent need for a largely agricultural country. But the Muslim population with its inbred tradition of social justice and equality reinforced the stress on social welfare. There emerged, therefore, a policy that demanded a balance between economic and social planning. Social work begun by volunteers was shaped by government efforts. International assistance was requested and personnel was secured to institute the needy training of local persons. Among the varied projects which developed, perhaps the most noteworthy was the emergence of the Village-Aid Programs and the Urban Community Develop ment Programs. The simultaneous activity of the government and the voluntary agencies facilitated rapid and dramatic prog ress in the planning and organization of welfare services.—Ed.