bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The phenomena of power and freedom in the political worldview of A. S. Pushkin
Authors: Shirokova Marina
Published: November 2018

The article discusses the place and role of A. S. Pushkin in the history of Russian culture and political thought. Such a feature of the Russian picture of the world as “literary-centrism”, which is the primacy of the word, confidence in the word. Like other Russian writers, Pushkin’s works present a moral ideal, but he does not try to teach something, does not construct an ideal model, but simply shows an ideal in the unity of form and content. Further, the article traces the main stages of the evolution of the great poet’s political views: the Lyceum-Petersburg period; the period of the southern exile; the period of exile in Mikhailovsky; and the period of creative maturity in the last decade of his life. The ideological evolution of Pushkin is a transition from liberalism and revolutionism to conservatism and monarchism, combined with the idea of personal freedom. The author concludes that the political worldview of Pushkin organically combined the phenomena of power and freedom. The poet managed to “remove” the dialectical contradiction between them, which later became one of the main problems of Russian literature and philosophy.
Lemmatization with reversed dictionary and fuzzy sets
Authors: Gashkov Alexander , Eltsova Mariia
Published: November 2018

This paper deals with the problem of lemmatization of unknown words in Russian and German. For this purpose, the improved analogy method is used. The analogy method being built around reverse dictionary is very efficient and simple to realize. Adopting fuzzy sets for improving the analogy method is described in this paper. The fuzzy set is a good tool for modelling continual properties of a natural language. It can be implemented for lemmatization as a convenient tool to summarize information that is obtained from different sources. The paper contributes to solving the problem of increasing the accuracy of unknown words analysis.
Features of representing the subjunctive mood in natural languages (on the example of the translation of short stories by S. Zweig)
Authors: Emets Tatiana , Emets Angelina , Potrikeeva Elena
Published: November 2018

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the representation of the subjunctive mood in the literary texts of natural languages (German and Russian). The subject of the study is the sentences with a subjunctive mood in German and Russian. The relevance of the study is due to difficulties in translating sentences with a subjunctive inclination from German to Russian. These difficulties are associated with a large formal discrepancy between the Russian subjunctive mood and the German, as well as the richness of the values of temporal forms in the German language. Research in this area will make it possible to achieve a more holistic view of the subjunctive mood in natural language (German and Russian) in translation and grammatical aspects. On the basis of the linguistic analysis, the authors explain how the artistic sublanguage texts represent the subjunctive mood and consider linguistic translation strategies in the Russian-language texts. The article contains examples from the artistic text in German and their translations into Russian, being accompanied by comments and conclusions, presented in the corresponding diagrams. The material of the study was the original novels of Austrian writer S. Zweig in German and their official translations into Russian. The results of the analysis can serve as a contribution to the theory and methodology of teaching the translation, to the practice of teaching the translation of German texts into Russian, and also in the process of studying the features of S. Zweig’s language and style and compiling machine translation programs for literary texts.
Poetic cosmogony in poems of Russian poets of the 18th – early 19th century
Authors: Petrov Alexej , Dubskikh Angelina , Soldatchenko Aleksandr
Published: November 2018

The research is significant due to the undiminishing interest shown by philosophers, philologists and culture experts to an eternal question of all times – the creation of the world by God. This aspect demands special consideration. That is why, the article aims to define the cosmogony as a part of the historiosophy, more precisely, the poetic cosmogony as a part of the artistic historiosophy. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to answer the following questions: 1) what is the fundamental principle of the world (universe), and is the poet focused on this particular problem? 2) what does this fundamental principle consist of? what are the constituents of the world? 3) how does it show itself? where is it situated? where does it exist? how did the world come into existence? The answers to these questions can be provided not only by religion and theology but also by science, philosophy and mythology. The analysis is carried out on the material of cosmogonical poems of four Russian 18th–19th century poets: “World’s Creation. Panegyric Song” (1779–1782) by А. N. Radishchev, “Reflection on World’s Creation Based on the First Chapter of Genesis” (1784, 1804) and “The Fate of the Ancient World or the Flood” (1789, 1804) by S. S. Bobrov, “Matter” (1796) by P. А. Slovtsov, “Song to the Creator” (“Pesn’ Sotvorivshemu vsja”) (1817) by S. А. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov. The conducted research found out, that all authors of the above writings put into verse versions of the so-called cosmogonic myths reputable for them, which describe how the universe originated, more or less. Four poets rely in their cosmogenesis reflections on some myth invariants to be found in the Old Testament [6], but these are the variants, and sometimes even concepts, alternating to the Bible determine an individual diversity of historiosophical constructs of our “metaphysical” poets. The material from this article can be used in teaching the following disciplines: history, 18th-century Russian literature and philosophy.
The German literature in American exile – great writers and their wives: perspectives from Russian scholars
Authors: Averkina Svetlana , Kalinina Angelika , Suchareva Tatiana
Published: November 2018

The article focuses on the life and art of the famous Germane writers, namely Thomas Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, and Franz Werfel. After the outbreak of WWII, when the Nazi forces invaded these lands, a lot of emigres managed to leave for the USA. For many of them, the escape route was extremely turbulent. The German writers in the USA settled closely together in California, forming a tight community. The famous Germane writers had to decide upon two principal questions: what they could do for the culture of their home country while staying in exile, and how to interact with the culture of the country where they live. In this connection, it is of great importance to analyze not their works, but the books of their wives. They took care of the house and children on a daily basis, as well as became secretaries, councilors, and closest associates of their great husbands. The authors also propose the main perspectives on a future research on this topic, focusing on the social and political phenomenon of “the community of German writers in American exile”, analyzing how the intellectual community was formed, discussing the documents of this age, studying the memories about their time in America in the context of the contemporary gender theory.
The historical analysis of the dynamics in the development of the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Olesov Nikolai P. , Gogolev Nikolai E.
Published: November 2018

The article examines the features and results of the introduction of the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The research shows that the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is at the forefront of the introduction and development of the RLD complex among the population, which is additionally supported by the research in this area.
Perceptions of transformational leadership (TFL) style: A study on Malaysian cooperative board of directors
Authors: Hashim Hezlina binti Mohd , Latiff Ahmed Razman bin Abdul
Published: November 2018

This paper is a pilot study that examines the perceptions of transformational leadership among cooperative movements’ boards. Past studies have shown that transformational leadership is a strong predictor of firm performance (effectiveness). This study aims to examine on the perceptions of transformational leadership style among Malaysian cooperatives board of directors. Among the major problems faced by Malaysian cooperatives are the lack of board of directors’ commitments, directors failed to perform their duties effectively and weak leadership from Board of Directors which affected the board effectiveness and performance.
The DART Perspective on Value Co-Creation between Frontline Employees and Internal Service Providers
Authors: Nagarethenam Raymond , Shamim Amjad , Ghazali Zulkipli
Published: November 2018

This article studies the DART model and its importance in developing actors value co-creation attitude and behavior within the firms’ micro-level ecosystem. Fifteen propositions are proposed based on the literature from service-dominant logic perspective. Two major contributions are made. First, the article provides the importance and need of co-creation between the actors such as frontline employees with internal service providers in firms’ micro-level ecosystem. Second, it highlights the dialogue, access, risk and transparency as important factors that can develop actors’ attitude towards engagement in co-creation which subsequently lead to actors’ actual engagement in co-creation. The article is conceptual and needs empirical validation.
Consumers’ Perception of Barriers Effecting Green Purchase Behavior: Instrument Assessment
Authors: Hasan Azhan , Irfan Rabia , Shaari Zullina H. , Sharif Md. Akhir M
Published: November 2018

With the emergence of green consumerism, the trend of “going green” has now prolonged to the Asian region, including Malaysia. Despite most of Malaysians have shown great concern for environmental issues; however, the green buying behavior among Malaysians is not encouraging. The study focuses on the barriers that trigger the green purchasing gap and; identify which barriers are perceived as the most relevant in acquiring eco-friendly home appliances. The paper examines the measurement instrument (questionnaire) for validity and reliability, for the purpose of data analysis. Statistical techniques used for validity and reliability were Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed on individual dimension for the purpose of explaining variation among items and their reduction to form a meaningful construct.
Financial Crises and Key Economic Sectors of China and India: A Comparative Review of 1991-2010
Authors: Draz Muhammad Umar , Ahmad Fayyaz
Published: November 2018

Economic growth of emerging Asian economies like China and India has been a topic of interest for researchers. However, most of the existing studies have focused on economic growth trends of China and India. The aim of this paper is to identify the core sectors of both economies and analyse the impact of the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the global financial crisis of 2008 on the performance of those sectors. We also intend to explore the impact of the aforementioned financial crises on the overall economic growth of both nations. Our review consists of five years’ average and critical analysis of the existing studies to identify the key sectors of economy and to analyse the impact of financial crises. The results indicate that industry and service sectors are the highest contributors in the GDP of China and India respectively. We also found heterogeneous impact of financial crises on the key sectors of both nations’ economy.
Supply chain resilience and measurement dimensions: The case of halal pharmaceuticals in Malaysia
Authors: Aigbogun Osaro , Ghazali Zulkipli , Razali Radzuan
Published: November 2018

Resilience is the vital feature of supply chains that confers the ability to withstand the adverse effects of disruptive events. Most of the previous studies have been conceptual, theoretical, normative, or at best qualitative in approach, concentrating on identifying the elements of resilience. In spite of the proliferation of studies, an empirically validated quantitative study on justifying the measurement dimensions of supply chain resilience is rare, thus the need for further quantitative empirical studies. The context of the present study is the manufacturing supply chain of halal pharmaceuticals in Malaysia. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied by means of self-administered structured questionnaire survey, using the Supply Chain Resilience Assessment and Management instrument (SCRAM© 2.0). The survey yielded usable responses from 106 manufacturing companies engaged in the production of halal pharmaceuticals in Malaysia. Descriptive statistics as well as partial least square-based structural equation modelling was used to analyze the survey data. This was facilitated by IBM SPSS statistics software (version 21.0), and Smart PLS 3.2.4 respectively. The results suggest that the psychometric properties of the supply chain resilience dimensions (vulnerabilities and capabilities) in the context of the present study are reliable and valid.
Eco-Innovation and Industry 4.0: A Big Data Usage conceptual model
Authors: Munodawafa Russell Tatenda , Johl Satirenjit Kaur
Published: November 2018

Driven by Cyber Physical Systems, Big Data Analytics, Internet of Things and Automation, Industry 4.0 is expected to revolutionize the world. A new era beckons for enterprises of all sizes, markets, governments, and the world at large as the digital economy fully takes off under Industry 4.0. The United Nations has also expressed its desire to usher in a new era for humanity with the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDG’s) replacing the Millennial Development Goals (MDG’s). Critical to the achievement of both of the above-mentioned ambitions is the efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. Big Data Analytics, an important arm of Industry 4.0, gives organizations the ability to eco-innovate from a resource perspective. This paper conducts an analysis of previously published research literature and contributes to this emerging research area looking at Big Data Usage from a strategic and organizational perspective. A conceptual framework that can be utilized in future research is developed from the literature. Also discussed is the expected impact of Big Data Usage towards firm performance, particularly as the world becomes more concerned about the environment. Data driven eco-innovation should be in full motion if organizations are to remain relevant in tomorrow’s potentially ultra-competitive digital economy.
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon Utilization in Insulin-Treated Diabetic
Patients
Authors: Vilovic Marino , Kurir Tina Ticinovic , Novak Anela , Krnic Mladen , Borovac Josip Andelo , Lizatovic Ivan-Kresimir , Kokic Visnja , Bozic Josko
Published: November 2018

Background First choice of therapy for severe hypoglycemia outside
hospital environment is glucagon injection, an undertaught and underused
remedy. Aim of this study was to investigate knowledge about glucagon
therapy, possession rate and usage rate in insulin-treated diabetic
patients, with special emphasis on history of hypoglycemia and severe
hypoglycemia episodes.

Methods In this cross-sectional study, 300 insulin-treated diabetic
patients (146 males and 154 females, mean age 61.1±16.4 years) were
recruited from comprehensive Diabetes Center in Croatia. Specialized
self-administered, 13-item questionnaire regarding glucagon therapy and
history of hypoglycemia was obtained from each patient, as well as data
collected from medical history documentation.

Results Experience of hypoglycemic episode was reported by 233
(77.7%), and severe hypoglycemia by 73 (24.3%) patients.
Participants with experience of hypoglycemia have significantly longer
diabetes duration (17.2±11.2 vs. 11.9±8.5 years,
P<0.001) and lower BMI values (26.38±3.97 vs.
31.11±7.17 kg/m2, P<0.001).
Knowledge about glucagon therapy had 55.3% patients, 44.7%
obtained it from the pharmacy, while glucagon was used in 35.6%
cases of severe hypoglycemia. Glucagon knowledge was better in patients that
attended at least one diabetes lecture (P=0.038), while educational
level showed no statistical significance (P=0.286). Main significant
positive predictor of glucagon knowledge was history of severe hypoglycemia
(OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.38 – 16.02, P=0.013).

Conclusions Glucagon therapy was underused in treating severe
hypoglycemia. It is highly important to emphasize value of quality education
as one of the fundamentals of good diabetes management.
Treatment of Refractory Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Thalidomide: Analysis of 27 Patients from the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours Registry
Authors: Kroiss Matthias , Deutschbein Timo , Schlötelburg Wiebke , Ronchi Cristina Lucia , Hescot Ségolène , Körbl Daniela , Megerle Felix , Beuschlein Felix , Neu Bruno , Quinkler Marcus , Baudin Eric , Hahner Stefanie , Heidemeier Anke , Fassnacht Martin
Published: November 2018

Objective Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. In advanced stages, tumour control by mitotane and cytotoxic chemotherapy is often temporary and salvage treatments are warranted.

Methods Retrospective cohort study of participants in the prospective European Networks for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) registry. Main outcome measures were best response during treatment, progression-free survival (PFS), both measured according to RECIST 1.1 by two blinded radiologists, and overall survival (OS).

Results Twenty-seven patients (13 males; median age 44.1 years) progressing after mitotane and a median of 4 further systemic treatments were included. Thalidomide was administered as tolerated with a starting dose of 50 mg and target dose of 200 mg /d. The median interval between treatment initiation and first imaging was 10.5 (4.4-17.5) weeks. The best response to treatment was stable disease (SD, n=2) and progressive disease (n=25), with a median PFS of 11.2 weeks and a median OS of 36.4 weeks. The first patient with SD discontinued treatment due to mild epistaxis and diarrhea after 22.3 weeks. The second patient had SD at the second treatment evaluation after 25.2 weeks and continued thalidomide but then had clinical progression and deceased after 54.3 weeks. In general, thalidomide induced only mild or moderate adverse effects (mainly fatigue and gastrointestinal complaints).

Conclusion Thalidomide was overall well tolerated but resulted in disease control in only 2/27 (7.4%) patients. In the absence of predictive response markers, thalidomide should only be considered in exceptional cases as a salvage therapy in ACC.
A Novel One-Pot, Two-Step Reaction for the Synthesis of Indenopyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinone Derivatives with a Recyclable Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Furen , Li Chunmei , Qi Chenze
Published: November 2018

An efficient strategy was developed for the synthesis of indenopyrrolopyridinone derivatives from 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one, an amine, and 2,2-dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione by a one-pot, two-step, four-component process. The one-pot reaction gives various substituted indenopyrrolopyridinones in good yields and uses a solid acid as a recyclable catalyst in water. This procedure has the advantages of inexpensive substrates, a reusable solid-supported catalyst, and a convenient one-pot operation.
Manganese-Catalyzed Direct Olefination via an Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of Methyl Heteroarenes with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Maji Biplab , Barman Milan , Waiba Satyadeep
Published: November 2018

Synthesis of olefins utilizing different catalytic strategies is an emerging topic in organic chemistry. However, despite of tremendous progress in the field the direct olefination of C(sp3)–H bonds using primary alcohols via an acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) is not developed. Such an ADC reaction is highly environmentally benign as it produces dihydrogen and water as the sole byproducts. The liberated dihydrogen can potentially be used as an energy source. In this Synpact article, we present the recent development of ADC reaction as a tool to make unsaturated molecules and a summary of our recently developed synthetic procedure for the preparation of olefins employing an ADC reaction of methyl heteroarenes with alcohols. The catalyst development using an earth’s abundant metal manganese and the scope of such reaction is discussed.

1 Introduction

2 The Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling as a Tool to Make Unsaturated Molecules

3 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Coupling of Alcohols with Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes

4 Development of the Manganese Catalyst for the Olefination of Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes

5 Scope and Limitation of the Manganese-Catalyzed Direct Olefination of Methyl-Substituted Heteroarenes

6 Mechanistic Studies and Proposed Mechanism

7 Conclusion
Base-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization: Diastereoselective Access to the 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-one Core
Authors: Meshram Harshadas , Kumbhare Ravindra , Shirsat Prashishkumar , Khomane Navnath , Meshram Sneha , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: November 2018

A novel, one-pot reaction for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives is developed via a base-mediated three-component reaction of ninhydrin, aniline and acetylenic esters. This diastereoselective reaction takes place in methanol at 70 °C under transition-metal-free conditions, and direct construction of the C–N and C–C bonds is readily achieved via tandem cyclization. These cyclic frameworks are resourceful small molecular keys to many natural products.
First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Anti-Inflammatory Metabolite­ Penicillinolide A
Authors: Krishna Palakodety , Reddy Mopuri , Manikanta Gembali
Published: November 2018

The first asymmetric total synthesis of penicillinolide A is described. Key steps of the synthesis involve Jacobsen’s hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR), chelation controlled allylation, Brown’s asymmetric allylation, hydroboration, and Yamaguchi lactonization.
Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scanning for Dynamic Wrist Disorders: Prospective Analysis and Recommendations for Clinical Utility
Authors: Carr Renee , MacLean Simon , Slavotinek John , Bain Gregory
Published: November 2018

Background Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) is a rapidly developing diagnostic tool in the assessment of dynamic upper limb disorders. Functional wrist anatomy is incompletely understood, and traditional imaging methods are often insufficient in the diagnosis of dynamic disorders.

Technique This study has developed a protocol for 4D CT of the wrist, with the aim of reviewing the clinical utility of this technology in surgical assessment. A Toshiba Aquilion One Vision scanner was used in the protocol, in which two- and three-dimensional “static” images, as well as 4D “dynamic” images were produced and assessed in the clinical context of each patient. These consisted of a series of multiple 7-second movement clips exploring the nature and range of joint motion.

Patients and Methods Nineteen patients with symptoms of dynamic instability were included in the study. Patients were assessed clinically by two orthopaedic surgeons, and qualitative data were obtained from radiological interpretation.

Results The study demonstrated varied abnormalities of joint movement attributed to a range of wrist pathology, including degenerative arthritis, ligamentous injuries, Kienbock's disease, and pain following previous surgical reconstructive procedures. Interpretation of the 4D CT scan changed the clinical diagnosis in 13 cases (68.4%), including the primary (15.8%) or secondary diagnosis (52.6%). In all cases, the assessment of the dynamic wrist motion assisted in understanding the clinical problem and led to a change in management in 11 cases (57.9%). The mean effective radiation dose for the scan was calculated at 0.26 mSv.

Conclusion We have found that the clinical utility of 4D CT lies in its ability to provide detailed information about dynamic joint pathology not seen in traditional imaging, targeting surgical treatment. Limitations to the use of 4D CT scan include lack of availability of the technology, potential radiation dose, and radiographer training requirements, as well as limited understanding of the nature of normal motion.
Assessment of Sensitivity and Specificity of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta
Authors: Lopes Elisa Santos , Feitosa Francisco Edson de Lucena , Brazil Antonio Viana , de Castro José Daniel Vieira , da Costa Jesus Irajacy Fernandes , Araujo Júnior Edward , Peixoto Alberto Borges , Carvalho Francisco Herlânio Costa
Published: November 2018

Objective To assess and compare the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta in patients with placenta previa.

Methods This retrospective cohort study included 37 women, and was conducted between January 2013 and October 2015; 16 out of the 37 women suffered from placenta accreta. Histopathology was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of placenta accreta; in its absence, a description of the intraoperative findings was used. The associations among the variables were investigated using the Pearson chi-squared test and the Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results The mean age of the patients was 31.8 ± 7.3 years, the mean number of pregnancies was 2.8 ± 1.1, the mean number of births was 1.4 ± 0.7, and the mean number of previous cesarean sections was 1.2 ± 0.8. Patients with placenta accreta had a higher frequency of history of cesarean section than those without it (63.6% versus 36.4% respectively; p < 0.001). The mean gestational age at birth among women diagnosed with placenta previa accreta was 35.4 ± 1.1 weeks. The mean birth weight was 2,635.9 ± 374.1 g. The sensitivity of the ultrasound was 87.5%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 65.1%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 75.0%. The sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was 92.9%, with a PPV of 76.5%, and a NPV of 75.0%. The kappa coefficient of agreement between the 2 tests was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: (0.26–1.00).

Conclusion The ultrasound and the magnetic resonance imaging showed similar sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta.
Use of a Fibrin Sealant Patch at Cesarean for Conservative Management of Morbidly Adherent Placenta
Authors: Greenberg James , Robinson Julian , Carabuena Jean , Farber Michaela , Carusi Daniela
Published: November 2018

Background Morbidly adherent placenta represents a surgical challenge and source of maternal morbidity and mortality. We report the use of a fibrin sealant patch to address hemorrhage associated with a morbidly adherent placenta during cesarean delivery.

Case A patient underwent repeat cesarean delivery with complete anterior placenta previa and anticipated morbidly adherent placenta. Bleeding persisted following delivery and removal of the placenta, despite uterine artery embolization. A fibrin sealant patch was applied as an adjuvant intervention to the placental bed and hemostasis was achieved without resorting to a hysterectomy.

Conclusion Postpartum hemorrhage is an ongoing leading source of maternal morbidity and mortality. A case is presented in which a fibrin sealant patch provided control of focal placental bed bleeding, allowing removal of a focal morbidly adherent placenta and avoidance of hysterectomy.
High efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells using SnO2/graphene electron selective layer and silver nanowires electrode
Authors: Liu Xiangyang , Yang Xiaodu , Liu Xinsheng , Zhao Yanan , Chen Jiayi , Gu Yuzong
Published: November 2018

Ultrafine silver (Ag) nanowires dispersed in a mixed solution of EMIMBF4 and water were spin-coated onto polyethylene terephthalate as the flexible electrode of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The weakly oxidized graphene nanosheets (GNs) were incorporated into SnO2 (SnO2/GNs) to enhance the electron mobility and flexibility of the electron selective layer (ESL). The deposited C60-self-assembled monolayer (C60-SAM) between the ESL and the perovskite can inhibit charge recombination. Herein, the improved surface photovoltage responses can be attributed to the synergistic effect of C60-SAM and SnO2/GN ESL under zero and applied electric field. The best-performing PVSC has achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.36%, a Voc of 1.10 V, a Jsc of 18.39 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.66 under a reverse voltage scan (the corresponding PCE of 12.81%, Voc of 1.10 V, Jsc of 18.19 mA cm−2, and FF of 0.64 under a forward voltage scan), indicating a negligible hysteresis. The EMIMBF4 can improve the dispersivity and intrinsic contacts between Ag nanowires. The C60-SAM will passivate the charge trap states of the perovskite, and the SnO2/GNs can promote electron transport. The PVSC from a low-temperature solution process is compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing, and the intrinsic charge dynamics was also explored.
Hollow-cathode glow discharge in a trigger unit of pseudospark switch
Authors: Korolev Y. D. , Landl N. V. , Geyman V. G. , Frants O. B. , Argunov G. A.
Published: November 2018

This paper deals with the investigation of the sealed-off cold-cathode thyratron (pseudospark switch) with a trigger unit that uses a low-current auxiliary glow discharge. As distinct from the commercially produced thyratron TPI1-10k/50, the trigger system of the device under investigation is modernized so that it is able to operate in the absence of the so-called high-emissivity tablet. The data on the principal features of the discharge sustainment in the novel trigger system are obtained. The interpretation of the data is carried out based on the model of the discharge with a hollow cathode, which has been developed as applied to the conditions of the low current densities. It is shown that the regimes of the auxiliary discharge have an impact on the trigger characteristics of the switch. The ability of the switch operation with nanosecond stability with respect to a trigger pulse at high anode voltages is demonstrated.
Effect of material optical properties on thermo-plasmonics of heat-assisted magnetic recording devices
Authors: Wang Shengxi , Komvopoulos Kyriakos
Published: November 2018

Plasmonics enables unparalleled focus of optical energy well beyond the diffraction limit of light. The coupling of light with the electrons of a metal produces a surface wave known as surface plasmon. Surface plasmons exhibit unique characteristics, including strongly enhanced local fields, high sensitivity to changes in the local environment, and energy localization to extremely small volumes not restricted by the wavelength of exciting light. However, a significant fraction of optical energy of surface plasmons is dissipated as heat. A novel application of loss-enabled plasmonics is heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), in which a plasmonic near-field transducer (NFT) is used to heat a sub-diffraction-limit region of the magnetic medium of the hard disk to lower its coercivity and enable the write pole of the magnetic head to write data in closely packed magnetic bits. The NFT must deliver a sufficient fraction of the incident laser power to the magnetic medium to increase the temperature of the heated magnetic bit above its Curie temperature, without causing excessive self-heating that could limit the lifetime of the plasmonic transducer. This investigation was focused on the development of an electromagnetic-thermal model of a typical HAMR head stack that can yield simulation results illustrating the effect of material optical properties of various stack layers on thermo-plasmonic performance. The hybrid analytical/numerical approach derived in this study provides an effective means of tuning the optical properties of stacking layers in HAMR devices to optimize the thermal performance and forms a general computational framework for selecting optimum optical properties for other plasmonic devices.
An ultra-compact low temperature scanning probe microscope for magnetic fields above 30 T
Authors: Rossi L. , Gerritsen J. W. , Nelemans L. , Khajetoorians A. A. , Bryant B.
Published: November 2018

We present the design of a highly compact high field scanning probe microscope (HF-SPM) for operation at cryogenic temperatures in an extremely high magnetic field, provided by a water-cooled Bitter magnet able to reach 38 T. The HF-SPM is 14 mm in diameter: an Attocube nano-positioner controls the coarse approach of a piezoresistive atomic force microscopy cantilever to a scanned sample. The Bitter magnet constitutes an extreme environment for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) due to the high level of vibrational noise; the Bitter magnet noise at frequencies up to 300 kHz is characterized, and noise mitigation methods are described. The performance of the HF-SPM is demonstrated by topographic imaging and noise measurements at up to 30 T. Additionally, the use of the SPM as a three-dimensional dilatometer for magnetostriction measurements is demonstrated via measurements on a magnetically frustrated spinel sample.
High-power terahertz emission from a plasma penetrated by counterstreaming different-size electron beams
Authors: Annenkov V. V. , Berendeev E. A. , Timofeev I. V. , Volchok E. P.
Published: November 2018

It is found that multi-cycle pulses of high-power coherent terahertz radiation can be efficiently generated in a plasma by counterstreaming long-pulse electron beams driving potential plasma waves via the two-stream instability. Instead of the well-known three-wave interaction processes between oblique beam-driven modes, we propose to generate electromagnetic radiation near the doubled plasma frequency due to the novel and much more efficient mechanism based on the head-on collision of longitudinal plasma waves with mismatching potential profiles. It is shown that this radiation mechanism can be implemented experimentally either by the collision of low-density electron beams with different transverse sizes or by the counter injection of denser equal-size beams unstable against filamentation perturbations. Particle-in-cell simulations for kiloampere electron beams capable of focusing into millimeter-scale sizes demonstrate the possibility to reach the high efficiency of beams-to-THz power conversion (3%–7%), which opens the path to gigawatt-class THz sources with a narrow spectral line.
A high numerical aperture, polarization-insensitive metalens for long-wavelength infrared imaging
Authors: Fan Qingbin , Liu Mingze , Yang Cheng , Yu Le , Yan Feng , Xu Ting
Published: November 2018

In contrast to conventional bulk optical components, metasurface-based flat optical devices have shown excellent superiorities on manipulating polarization, phase, and amplitude of incident light. Specifically, flat metalenses play an essential role for applications in imaging and optoelectronic integration. Several metalenses operating at visible or near-infrared wavelengths have been recently demonstrated. However, flat optics for the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) has received relatively less attention. Here, we demonstrate a polarization-insensitive, all-dielectric metalens operating at LWIR. The metalens has a numerical aperture of 0.6 at the wavelength λ = 10.6 μm. It can focus incident light down to a spot as small as ∼1.08λ and exhibits high-resolution imaging performance. In addition, because the metalens is fabricated by single step photolithography and CMOS-compatible processes, it is easy to realize high-throughput manufacture, which provides an efficient way for the development of compact optical devices for LWIR technology.
A cryogenic linear ion trap beamline for providing keV ion bunches
Authors: Menk S. , Bertier P. , Enomoto Y. , Masunaga T. , Majima T. , Nakano Y. , Azuma T.
Published: November 2018

A new cryogenic linear ion trap beamline has been constructed and commissioned, which serves to inject cold molecular and cluster ions into the RIKEN cryogenic electrostatic ring (RICE). Ions are created with an electrospray ion source, and a quadrupole mass filter is used for mass-selection prior to trap injection. The radio frequency octupole ion trap can be continuously loaded with ions and features a fast ion extraction mode to create short ion bunches with tens of μs duration. We report here on the simulations and development of the ion trap beamline and validate performance with the moderately heavy molecular cation methylene blue. Characterization of the novel trap design with additional wedge-shaped electrodes was carried out, which includes the determination of the temporal and spatial shape of the ion bunch and the total number of ions after extraction. Finally, these ion bunches are synchronized with the switching of a pulsed high-voltage acceleration device downstream of the trap, where the ions obtain a kinetic energy of up to 20 keV. The preparation and control of the keV ion beam are demonstrated for the ion injection into RICE.
Strength and toughness anisotropy in hexagonal boron nitride: An atomistic picture
Authors: Ahmed Tousif , Zhang Zhaocheng , McDermitt Colin , Hossain Zubaer M.
Published: November 2018

Strength and toughness are two crucial mechanical properties of a solid that determine its ability to function reliably without undergoing failure in extreme conditions. While hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is known to be elastically isotropic in the linear regime of mechanical deformation, its directional response to extreme mechanical loading remains less understood. Here, using a combination of density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that strength and crack nucleation toughness of pristine hBN are strongly anisotropic and chirality dependent. They vary nonlinearly with the chirality of the lattice under symmetry breaking deformation, and the anisotropic behavior is retained over a large temperature range with a decreasing trend at higher temperatures. An atomistic analysis reveals that bond deformation and associated distortion of electron density are nonuniform in the nonlinear regime of mechanical deformation, irrespective of the loading direction. This nonuniformity forms the physical basis for the observed anisotropy under static conditions, whereas reduction in nonuniformity and thermal softening reduce anisotropy at higher temperatures. The chirality-dependent anisotropic effects are well predicted by inverse cubic polynomials.
Stress control of tensile-strained In1−xGaxP nanomechanical string resonators
Authors: Bückle Maximilian , Hauber Valentin C. , Cole Garrett D. , Gärtner Claus , Zeimer Ute , Grenzer Jörg , Weig Eva M.
Published: November 2018

We investigate the mechanical properties of freely suspended nanostrings fabricated from tensile-stressed, crystalline In1−xGaxP. The intrinsic strain arises during epitaxial growth as a consequence of the lattice mismatch between the thin film and the substrate, and is confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements. The flexural eigenfrequencies of the nanomechanical string resonators reveal an orientation dependent stress with a maximum value of 650 MPa. The angular dependence is explained by a combination of anisotropic Young's modulus and a change of elastic properties caused by defects. As a function of the crystal orientation, a stress variation of up to 50% is observed. This enables fine tuning of the tensile stress for any given Ga content x, which implies interesting prospects for the study of high Q nanomechanical systems.
Graphene induced sensitivity enhancement of thin-film coated long period fiber grating
Authors: Yu Zhuying , Yan Boteng , Li Zhihong , Ruan Xiukai , Zhang Yaoju , Dai Yuxing
Published: November 2018

In this work, the tuning property and sensitivity enhancement of the long period fiber grating (LPFG) coated with the higher refractive index film are demonstrated theoretically by integrating a monolayer graphene. The general variation rule of the mode characteristics and the resonance with the chemical potential of the graphene are explored. The polarization-independent transmission and sensing characteristics are obtained even though the optical property of the graphene is polarization-dependent. The results reveal that the sensing characteristics are significantly dependent on the tunable state of the graphene, which can be used to greatly optimize the sensing performance. By this approach, an ultrahigh sensitivity up to 28 337.5 nm/RIU is achieved, which is 2.57 times higher than that of the conventional LPFG without graphene. The sensitivity can be further optimized by integrating few-layer graphene. This tunable property at a wide range makes the graphene integrated LPFG devices without destroying the fiber integrity ideal for wide applications, such as biochemical sensing and optical modulation.
Ultra-thin low frequency perfect sound absorber with high ratio of active area
Authors: Aurégan Yves
Published: November 2018

A concept of an ultra-thin low frequency perfect sound absorber is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. To minimize non-linear effects, a high ratio of the active area to the total area is used to avoid large localized amplitudes. The absorber consists of three elements: a mass supported by a very flexible membrane, a cavity, and a resistive layer. The resonance frequency of the sound absorber can be easily adjusted just by changing the mass or thickness of the cavity. A very large ratio between the wavelength and the material thickness is measured for a manufactured perfect absorber (ratio = 201). It is shown that this high sub-wavelength ratio is associated with narrowband effects and that the increase in the sub-wavelength ratio is limited by the damping in the system.
Site occupancy calibration of taxane pharmacology in live cells and tissues
Authors: Pineda Javier J. , Miller Miles A. , Song Yuyu , Kuhn Hallie , Mikula Hannes , Tallapragada Naren , Weissleder Ralph , Mitchison Timothy J.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Taxanes are important for treating cancer and as tools in mitosis research, but mechanistic understanding has been limited by their complex pharmacology. They cause multiple biological actions, and it has been unclear how much drug bound to microtubules is needed for each action. We developed microscopy-based assays for measuring the fraction of specific binding sites occupied by taxanes in living cells as a function of drug concentration, and, in parallel, the different biological activities they cause. These assays will be useful for new drug development and suggest that the most important anticancer action of taxanes is postmitotic micronucleation.
Epithelial Cell Chirality Revealed by Three-Dimensional Spontaneous Rotation
Authors: Chin Amanda S. , Worley Kathryn E. , Ray Poulomi , Kaur Gurleen , Fan Jie , Wan Leo Q.
Published: November 2018

Significance

The handedness of cells, also known as cell chirality, has become widely accepted with the determination of cell chirality using micropatterning techniques. While reliable, this system only works with the cells that can attach, subsequently polarize, and migrate on a 2D protein-coated substrate, which does not necessarily recapitulate the 3D cellular environment. With a unique biomaterial-based approach, we now can determine the chirality of less adhesive and/or less polarized cells in a 3D setting. Thus, it becomes much easier for researchers from various backgrounds, including embryogenesis, epithelial biology, and cancer biophysics, to study chirality. Our discovery will boost a fast-growing field of research: cell chirality in development and disease.
Dynamic interactions of type I cohesin modules fine-tune the structure of the cellulosome of
Clostridium thermocellum
Authors: Barth Anders , Hendrix Jelle , Fried Daniel , Barak Yoav , Bayer Edward A. , Lamb Don C.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Cellulosomes are large, multienzyme complexes that efficiently degrade plant cell walls. Their central building blocks are cohesin modules that serve as attachment sites for enzymes. We study the dynamic structural organization by investigating a dyad of cohesin modules connected by a flexible linker using a combination of single-molecule FRET experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that cohesin modules engage in intermodular interactions on the submillisecond timescale, which persist in the presence of the catalytic modules of the cellulosome. We propose that cohesin–cohesin interactions are important for the fine-tuning of the structure of cellulosomes for precise positioning of the catalytic enzymes, while their structural flexibility is facilitated by the flexible linkers.
Grassland fire ecology has roots in the late Miocene
Authors: Karp Allison T. , Behrensmeyer Anna K. , Freeman Katherine H.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Fire is crucial to maintaining modern subtropical grasslands, yet the geologic and ecological history of this association is not well constrained. Here, we test the role of fire during the expansion of C
4
grassland ecosystems in the Mio-Pliocene through innovative molecular proxies from ancient soils in Pakistan. We produce a synoptic terrestrial record of fire and vegetation change in this region, which indicates that increased fire occurrence accompanied two stages of landscape opening. Proxy data confirm that a pronounced fire–grassland feedback was a critical component of grassland ecosystems since their origination and fostered the rise of C
4
-dominated grasslands. The approach presented here can be used to examine landscape-scale interactions between paleofire and vegetation for other geographic regions and climatic transitions.
Intracellular transport is accelerated in early apoptotic cells
Authors: Li Bo , Dou Shuo-Xing , Yuan Jing-Wen , Liu Yu-Ru , Li Wei , Ye Fangfu , Wang Peng-Ye , Li Hui
Published: November 2018

Significance

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death and critical to embryonic development, organism homeostasis, and even cancer. Although the biological aspects of apoptosis such as the molecular signaling pathway and cellular structure transformation have been intensively studied over the past 40 years, studies of the physical aspects such as intracellular dynamics are still lacking. We report that the intracellular transport with both directed and nondirected motions is accelerated in early apoptotic cells, and this results from an elevated cytosolic ATP level. Furthermore, we find that, by regulating the accelerated intracellular transport back to the normal level, the apoptotic progress is significantly delayed. This study, from the physical perspective, highlights the critical importance of intracellular transport dynamics in apoptosis.
DksA–DnaJ redox interactions provide a signal for the activation of bacterial RNA polymerase
Authors: Kim Ju-Sim , Liu Lin , Fitzsimmons Liam F. , Wang Yang , Crawford Matthew A. , Mastrogiovanni Mauricio , Trujillo Madia , Till James Karl A. , Radi Rafael , Dai Shaodong , Vázquez-Torres Andrés
Published: November 2018

Significance

Transcription in Gram-negative bacteria is greatly influenced by the synergistic interactions of DksA and the nucleotide alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate. Our investigations reveal a unique, previously unknown layer of transcriptional regulation that depends on redox-based protein–protein interactions between DksA and the molecular chaperone DnaJ. Tripartite connections between DksA, DnaJ, and guanosine tetraphosphate afford a dynamic range of transcriptional responses to H
2
O
2
concentrations associated with redox signaling or oxidative stress. The redox-based gene regulation dependent on the combined actions of DksA, DnaJ, and guanosine tetraphosphate confers resistance of
Salmonella
to the antimicrobial activity of the NADPH phagocyte oxidase.