bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk, Documents, and the Otc Market
Authors: Castagnino John-Peter
Published: November 2023

The OTC derivative market lacks the legislative foundation which underpins the exchange-based derivative market; under English law, the relevant legislative foundation is provided by Part VII of the CA 1989, which the previous chapter explores. The OTC market also generally lacks the involvement of a clearing and margining system. Therefore, a participant in the OTC market must rely on two measures to control its risks. One, it carries out its own extensive counterparty due diligence checks, under which it verifies the risk generally of doing business with a prospective counterparty. These checks include establishing that the counterparty has the legal power to transact the relevant business contemplated and establishing that the counterparty has sufficient creditworthiness to be able to make the payments contemplated. Two, it executes various agreements to document the entire trading relationship. These documents set out how risk is controlled, including through obtaining appropriate representations and warranties, the right to terminate early transactions in response to certain events and circumstances, the computation of a net amount payable by one party to the other following the termination of transactions, and perhaps, looking at the wider relationship between the parties, a right of set-off as against other debts between them. In addition, the various agreements may also legislate for both the provision of collateral, and the maintenance of collateral during the course of the trading relationship at acceptable levels. Finally, legal opinion letters might also be obtained to provide assurance that certain agreements constitute the valid, binding, and enforceable obligations of the parties to them under the relevant laws, and to provide assurance that certain legal devices such as netting are effective under the relevant laws.
Capital
Authors: Castagnino John-Peter
Published: November 2023

The regulations governing capital are voluminous and complex, containing intricate calculations, and this chapter can only indicate in general terms the various sources of these regulations and how these regulations are implemented in practice. Regulatory authorities around the world emphasize the importance of the maintenance by financial institutions, whether banks, investment firms, building societies and other types of savings institutions, or insurance companies, of adequate financial resources, that is, both adequate capital and adequate liquidity. No discussion of the derivative industry, or indeed any other facet of the financial services industry more widely, would be complete without some mention of this important and fascinating topic. Adequate financial resources enable a financial institution to absorb losses, which might arise from a variety of different risks, without jeopardizing the business itself, the assets of depositors or other persons for whom assets are being held, or indeed at a more intrinsic level the interests of investors in the business. Regulatory capital is the capital that a financial institution is required, by the regulations which apply to it, to hold in order to cushion it against certain risks.
Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics
Authors: Pottier No¨elle
Published: November 2023

While systems at equilibrium are treated in a unified manner through the partition function formalism, the statistical physics of out-of-equilibrium systems covers a large variety of situations that are often without apparent connection. This book proposes a unified perspective on the whole set of systems near equilibrium: it brings out the profound unity of the laws which govern them and gathers a large number of results usually fragmented in the literature. The reader will find in this book a pedagogical account of the fundamental results: physical origins of irreversibility, fluctuation-dissipation theorem, Boltzmann equation, linear response, Onsager relations, transport phenomena, Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations. The book's comprehensive organisation makes it valuable both as a textbook about irreversible phenomena and as a reference book for researchers.
Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero
Published: November 2023

This book provides the reader with a contemporary and comprehensive introduction to Quantum Mechanics. It is suitable for beginners as well as for more advanced university students. Quantum mechanics is presented in a pedagogical fashion, with a clear logical organization. The various concepts and methods are introduced first in elementary terms, and later developed into more precise formulations. Systematic studies of approximation methods and the discussion of a wide class of physical applications follow. Part I of the book, together with the opening sections of Part II, provide adequate material for an introductory course of one semester at most universities. The rest of the book might be used in an advanced course on Quantum Mechanics. The basic material is fairly standard, even though some discussions such as those on general systems with time-dependent Hamiltonians, on metastable systems, as well as the discussions in some of the Complement sections, may not be found in other textbooks. The book also contains many original observations or new ways of illustrating even well-known subjects. In fact, the authors wish to convey in this book the sense of wonder in the logical simplicity and at the same time the beauty of subtle and far-reaching consequences of Quantum Mechanics, to young physics students in particular. Problem sets are provided at the end of each chapter, to be solved either analytically or by numerical methods. The solutions to both types of problems are given as separate pdf files or as Mathematica notebooks (there are 88 of them), all together on a CD accompanying the textbook. The presence of such a collection of numerical analyses enriches the main text and is one of the characteristic features of the book. With the many interesting systems discussed, the book will also be a useful reference for researchers and teachers. It provides the reader with a unique, enjoyable and rather complete textbook of Quantum Mechanics, destined to set a new standard for many years to come.
Introduction
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero
Published: November 2023

Physical phenomena in the microscopic world are extraordinary and often appear even paradoxical from the viewpoint of our daily experiences. A closer look, however, shows that they possess a simple and elegant logic of their own. By way of introduction to this entire volume on quantum mechanics, let us discuss a few such features, taking the example of the electron. We then briefly review the historical development which led to the discovery of quantum mechanics.
Path integrals
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero
Published: November 2023

An elegant alternative formalism of quantum mechanics was given by R. P. Feynman in 1948. The importance of this formalism, known as the path integral, functional integral, etc. approach, first of all lies in its vivid, intuitive description of quantum fluctuations. At the same time, it provides us with a formidable tool of calculus, of both perturbative effects (Feynman diagrams) and non-perturbative effects (e.g., tunnel effects, instantons).
Mathematical appendices and tables
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero
Published: November 2023

We present here Laplace’s method for solving certain linear differential equations in a simple form. The method allows to write the solution in a form of a contour integral in the complex plane.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

Dumping as ‘price discrimination between national markets’ (Viner) is a phenomenon of international trade which has been the subject of legislation providing for counter-measures since the beginning of the twentieth century. The introduction of anti-dumping legislation resulted from the experience of a number of countries that their industries had suffered damage from foreign competition often selling at prices below cost of production. Dumping was considered a trade practice which left domestic producers defenceless and which could, ultimately, lead to the disappearance of domestic production of the merchandise concerned altogether. It was, therefore, qualified as being ‘unfair’ and actionable.
Article 3: Determination of Injury
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

The concept of injury is set out in Article 3 of Basic Regulation. It comprises three different types of injury, namely material injury, threat of material injury and material retardation of the establishment of a Community industry. A finding of injury cannot be based simultaneously on all three forms of injury, as such a finding would be ‘internally contradictory’.4An important aspect of injury is the qualification of the concept by the term ‘material’ which is not clearly defined in Article 3. Other important elements of the injury analysis are the notions of causation and cumulation. The term causation is used to describe the fact that one needs to establish a specific link between the dumped imports and the injury resulting from these imports.5 The second element, cumulation, plays a role when the dumped imports originate in several countries. The effect of imports originating in two or more countries on the Community industry may be assessed cumulatively if the conditions set out article 3(4) are met.
Article 6: The Investigation
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

Article 6(1) entrusts to the Commission the task of carrying out the investigation. The reference to ‘& acting in co-operation with Member States’ as contained in the first sentence of Article 6(1) denotes simply the possibility of the Member States participating in the investigation pursuant to Article 6(3), (4) and Article 16(4), although in practice Member States usually do not avail themselves of these rights The investigation concerning a new proceeding is usually divided into two phases, i.e. the phase up to the adoption of provisional measures and the ensuing phase up to the adoption of definitive measures. A non-co-operating party in the provisional phase is also excluded in the definitive phase since both phases relate to one and the same investigation. The investigation of dumping and injury must, in accordance with Article 6(1) of Basic Regulation 384/96 and Article 5.7 of the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement, be carried out simultaneously. In practice, anti-dumping investigations are carried out by Directorate H of the European Commission’s Directorate General Trade.
Article 15: Consultation
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

The provisions of Article 15 are essentially self-explanatory. The consultation provided for by Basic Regulation 384/96 constitutes an essential procedural requirement in anti-dumping proceedings. Consultation is required at each significant step of the proceeding The decision-making procedure established by Basic Regulation 384/94 does not fall under one of the procedures provided for in the Comitology Decision. The results of consultation do not bind the Commission. However, in cases where the Commission consults the Advisory Committee with a view to terminating a proceeding without imposition of measures or by accepting an undertaking, the result of the consultation determines whether or not it falls to the Council to decide on this matter. It may only decide in these two cases if an objection was raised by one or more Member States. Otherwise, the proceeding is automatically terminated or the undertaking accepted once the Commission adopts the corresponding decision.
Article 17: Sampling
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

From a practical point of view, sampling is a necessity in those anti-dumping proceedings in which a large number of parties, product types or transactions is involved. The purpose of the provisions as contained in Article 17 is to enable Community Institutions to conclude the investigation within a reasonable time. Sampling is all the more important in proceedings which are subject to strict time limits. Other provisions concerning sampling can be found in Articles 2(11), 9(6) and 11(4), (9). The WTO Anti-dumping Agreement contains provisions on sampling in its Articles 6.10, 9.4 as well as in its footnote 13.
Judicial Review: Admissibility
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor
Published: November 2023

The Court of First Instance (CFI) is competent to exercise jurisdiction at first instance over actions brought both by natural or legal persons and (as regards anti-dumping measures) Member States, pursuant to It is also competent to prescribe interim measures in cases falling within its jurisdiction, in accordance with Articles 242 and 243 EC.Requests for preliminary rulings pursuant to Article 234 EC remain within the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Appeals may be made against judgments of the CFI on a point of law to the ECJ. The Court’scase law concerning locus standi of private applicants to bring actions against measures in the anti-dumping field is quite complex.There are two principal reasons for this; (1) not all acts adopted by the Community Institutions in the course of an anti-dumping proceeding are reviewable acts under the Treaty, and (2) anti-dumping measures largely take the form of regulations or decisions sui generis which brings into play the interpretation of the concept of ‘direct and individual concern’ within the meaning of Article 230(4) EC, a provision that is interpreted quite strictly. Locus standi has therefore been a fundamental issue in much anti-dumping litigation, although in recent years the pattern of rules relating to admissibility has become more clearly resolved.
Innovation, technology, and the energy revolution
Authors: rodi Professor dr michael
Published: November 2023

In all likelihood, limiting climate change and its detrimental consequences (as well as realistically adapting to them) pose the largest challenge to governmental and international environmental policy to date. Regardless of which limitation and stabilization targets we favour, one thing seems beyond doubt: a fundamental reform of our approach to technology—essentially an ‘Energy Revolution’, is inevitable. This includes the mobilization of new energy sources, significant improvements of energy efficiency, and possibly also large-scale technological solutions and geo-engineering (which may include different technologies to sequester CO2, or initiatives to re?ect solar radiation). The sole alternative to all technology-based efficiency strategies are, broadly understood, sufficiency strategies, ie a choice to forego current levels of energy consumption and use. Such a choice would amount to a no less fundamental revolution, albeit more sociocultural in nature, and thus hardly seems feasible given current consumption patterns in industrialized countries, not to mention the developing world and its understandable desire to participate in the many amenities of modern technology.
Green, white, and brown certificates working together: the italian experience
Authors: Panella Giorgio , Zatti, Andrea , Carraro Fiorenza
Published: November 2023

Tradeable certificates systems have recently become quite a diffuse instrument in the energy and environmental agenda of European countries. Basically, they have been developed to foster energy efficiency (white certificates, WhC) to increase the attractiveness of renewable energy sources (green certificates, GC) and to promote the abatement of CO2 emissions (brown certificates, or emission permits).

The most extensive tradeable certificates scheme in operation is the European Emission Trading Scheme to reduce carbon dioxide emissions at EU level; it has been developed to serve as a trial in view of the future larger emission trading scheme established by the Kyoto protocol.
Towards An Environmental Tax On Motor Vehicles (A Proposal For A Community Directive And Its Incidence On Spanish Autonomous Communities)
Authors: Herrera Molina Pedro M , Maria Amparo Grau Ruiz , Pablo Chico Grau Ruiz , Camara de la
Published: November 2023

Taxation of passenger cars and other road vehicles does not include major environmental goals in many countries. However, it could be a powerful instrument, not only to reduce CO2 emissions, but also to cope with greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise levels, and traffic congestion. The issue is of vital interest because—as the European Commission has pointed out—’passenger cars are a major source of CO2 emissions and are, therefore, of particular relevance to the European Union’s environmental objective, namely to meet its environmental commitments under the Kyoto Protocol’.

The traditional circulation and registration taxes should be re-designed taking into account potential emissions, according to the available technologies, conditions, and uses of the vehicles. This re-orientation of car taxes faces some problems in federal states, where taxing powers on vehicles are allocated among several levels of government. In the Spanish model, the registration of cars is taxed at the national level, the consumption of fuel at both the national and regional level, and car ownership at the local level. Therefore, strong and efficient coordination is necessary in order to achieve the environmental goals.
Environmental Fiscal Reform In Italy: Something In The Way …
Authors: Douvan Aldo Ravazzi , , Claudia Cordié
Published: November 2023

An apparently favourable climate has been growing in the last 12 months and is likely to help to create the conditions for an environmental tax reform in Italy.

At the international level in the last year, we have witnessed:

the Stern Review (October 2006) on the economics of climate change —a report commissioned by the UK Government and led by an orthodox economist of the Bank of England tradition, recognizing and analysing costs and risks of climate change, and which might represent a milestone in the attitude and comprehension by the community of economists;
Energy Taxes In Europe—Lessons Learned With Relevance For Switzerland
Authors: Iten Rolf , Lückge, Helen , Peter Martin
Published: November 2023

The energy sector faces some major challenges, including the threats posed by climate change and shortfalls in the supply of fossil fuels and electricity. In order to overcome these challenges effectively, energy will have to be used more efficiently in all areas of daily life. For a number of years now, various academic and political players have been pointing to the opportunities provided by marketbased instruments, which can help to create the necessary structural change towards sustainable development in an efficient and socially acceptable manner.
From Simple Concept To Complex Reality: Us Tax Incentives To Reduce Household Use Of Fossil Fuels
Authors: Milne Professor Janet E
Published: November 2023

The United States’ Energy Policy Act of 2005 included a new array of federal tax expenditures intended to reduce households’ use of fossil fuels. The goal was justified. The 124 million residential units in the United States consume 21 per cent of the nation’s energy and generate 330 million metric tonnes of carbon equivalents annually. With this legislation, the United States built on its longstanding tradition of using tax expenditures to encourage the use of renewable energy, but significantly expanded its activity into the arena of energy efficiency.
Demanding More: The Role Of Demand Management And Improved End-Use Efficiency In Australian Electricity Markets
Authors: Cantley-Smith Rowena
Published: November 2023

Electricity generation in Australia is heavily biased towards the use of coal, giving the stationary energy sector the dubious title of the country’s single largest greenhouse gas emitter. While this situation is far from desirable, effecting reductions in stationary energy greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) is proving to be a difficult task. Despite a raft of initiatives directed towards reducing the footprint of the energy sector on the environment, the adverse impact of stationary energy production and consumption on the Australian environment is significant. In the face of rising demand, stationary energy emissions continue to grow. Recently, under new federal political leadership, Australia finally ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Consequently, discussions on the introduction of a national Emissions Trading System (ETS) have assumed a far more serious nature. In 2007, the Coalition of Australian Governments (COAG) established the Garnaut Climate Change Review to investigate, inter alia, climate change and GGEs abatement policy and market mechanisms. More recently, in its July 2008 Green Paper, the federal government included a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (an ETS) as part of its climate change strategy for achieving emission reductions of 60 per cent below 2000 levels by 2050. While an ETS is widely acknowledged as being of fundamental importance to Australia’s response to climate change and domestic GGE mitigation strategy, the exact nature, operative effect, and timely introduction of an Australian ETS has not, at this time, been resolved. Likewise, the extent to which the proposed ETS will interact with the myriad of existing federal-, state-, and territory-based measures requires further consideration and remains a source of ongoing debate. Perhaps more importantly, in its Green Paper the federal government has already acknowledged that its proposed ETS will have serious implications for the electricity sector. As a result of Australia’s heavy reliance on coal-fi red generators, the government has already indicated its commitment to provide fi nancial and other assistance to this sector of the energy market.
Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy Supply For The G-7 Countries, With Emphasis On Germany
Authors: , Jon Strand
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with issues at the intersection of climate and energy policy. A prominent issue in climate policy is to determine the balance or choice between policies that serve to limit the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes, and policies aiming to promote renewable alternatives to GHG emissions-generating energies.

The climate policy nexus involves two fundamental sets of externalities. The first, and best known, is that the global negative externalities caused by GHG emissions provide few immediate incentives for individual countries—let alone individual emitters—to reduce these, leading to excessive global emissions. The second, and often less focused, is that rents due to technological development of new (renewable) energies may be diffi cult to appropriate for individual inventors, leading to sub-optimal investments in such technologies.
Tax Incentives For Ocean Wave Energy Development
Authors: Sprohge Hans , Kreiser Larry , Sirisom, Julsuchada , Butcher Bill
Published: November 2023

Energy from ocean waves is a potentially inexhaustible and environmentally benign source of electricity, the development of which needs tax incentives to become commercially viable. Wave energy will last as long as the sun shines on the Earth. The sun transfers its energy to the surface of the Earth. The surface of the Earth then transfers energy to air by heating it, causing winds. The winds than transfer their energy to the oceans by creating waves. The ultimate source of the energy from a wave that knocks you down near the shoreline is the sun. The amount of energy available from ocean waves is enormous. Various technologies for harnessing this energy currently exist. Tapered channel, ? oat, and an oscillating water column are three basic systems for harnessing electricity from ocean waves. The main environmental benefi t from harnessing ocean wave energy is that the process does not create pollution. The negative impact on the environment from ocean wave energy can be reduced to a level of insignificance through proper planning.
Ethanol As Renewable Energy: A Quantitative Analysis Of Us Energy Policy Using Corn As An Alternative Fuel
Authors: Tavallali Rahmat , Lee, Paul , McClain Bruce
Published: November 2023

Due to growth of US gasoline consumption and as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, US Congress amended the Clean Air Act requiring refiners to double the amount of ethanol they blend into gasoline by 2012. As it turned out, ethanol production added substantially to the demand for corn and exceeded the renewable fuel standard mandate by Congress. As a result, American farmers rushed to plant more acres and increase the yield of corn per acre on the surging demand for ethanol. After hovering around US$2 a bushel for a decade, corn prices have more than doubled in the last year alone. As a result of soaring demand for ethanol plants, in 2006, American farmers harvested 10.5 billion bushels of corn after planting 78.3 million acres and are expected to increase this amount by 15 per cent more to 90.5 million acres in 2007. Of that, an estimated 3.2 billion bushels will go into ethanol, a 49 per cent increase from last year and nearly 300 per cent increase since 2000. According to the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), in 2007, US ethanol production averaged 423,000 barrels per day, an increase of more than 34 per cent over 2006 production, which is above the renewable fuel required by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
Transferable Conservation Easement Tax Credits … The Virginia Experience
Authors: Brown Eleanor Weston
Published: November 2023

In the United States, open lands and forests are disappearing at alarming rates. The use of tax instruments as an incentive to promote preservation and conservation of open space, farms, forests, and important ecosystems dates to the mid1980s. Conservation easements, negative easements granted in perpetuity to protect conservation values, are permitted income and estate tax benefits at the federal level. Despite those federal benefits, the conservation easement tool did not result in marked increases in land preservation. In addition to federal efforts, many states have articulated conservation goals and initiatives. A number have promulgated state tax credits which provide, in varying amounts, a credit against state income tax related to the value of the donation of a conservation easement.
An International Comparison Of Factors Influencing Modal Split: Implications For Environmental Taxation
Authors: Bruhová-Foltýnová Hana , Bruha Jan
Published: November 2023

In Europe, especially in the European Union (EU) new Member States, the past decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the motor vehicle stock and usage.

As Eurostat settles, in the past half century, the increasing demand for mobility has largely been satisfied by the increased use of private cars, which accounts today for the majority of trips. As Eurostat states:
The Hancocks of Marlborough
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

This book began with the aim of telling the almost forgotten story of Thomas Hancock, the rubber developer who in his own day was acknowledged as one of the great scientific pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. But as research progressed, it was clear that Thomas and his five brothers, the Hancocks of Marlborough, together constituted a unique family which made a tremendous yet virtually unknown contribution to nineteenth-century science and art. Walter designed and ran the first steam carriages to carry passengers on the common roads of England and so began the age of mechanized transport. Thomas founded the UK rubber industry when he discovered how to vulcanize rubber reliably; his company survived for some 120 years before being taken over. Charles was a well established painter who was also instrumental in the manufacture of gutta percha-coated undersea cables, used by the electric telegraph to begin the global information highway. Other brothers, John, James and William all made significant contributions to the development of Victorian science and culture. This book tells the story of the family and the remarkable people in it, from the Great Fire of Marlborough in 1653 to the present day, using the Hancock family archive of many unpublished and previously unknown documents.
The Hancocks Gather in London
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

When the eldest brother James left for London in about 1812 it was not surprising that he should still feel a spiritual affinity with Marlborough, where all his family still lived. When his first child died in 1814, he accompanied the little coffin on the coach back to the town so that she should be buried in the shadow of St Peter’s tower, next to his sisters and surrounded by his ancestors.
From Seawater to Steam
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

The arrangements ran smoothly enough to begin with but in 1823 Thomas patented a process for producing a rubberized anti-fouling paint for waterproofing the bottoms of ships and protecting them from the ravages of marine worms, a constant and serious problem in tropical waters. Because he had no time to develop it, he gave it to Walter and Charles. In the early stages, the process promised good commercial returns but that very promise was to bring about its downfall.
Life, Death, and Bankruptcy
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

We must now leave Walterߣs story for the moment and catch up with Charles.

Following the unfortunate debacle of the anti-fouling process, Charles returned straightaway to his painting. Taking rooms at Mrs Connings in the Market Place at Reading in June 1823, he advertised1 himself as ߢportrait and miniature painterߣ. As the months passed he added ߢlandscape and animal painter’ to his description, and by 1826 he had become a ‘Member of the Norwich Society of Artistsߣ. He was clearly working very hard at his easel, taking pupils one day a week and trying to sell his paintings from his lodgings. By 1826 he was also advertising2 that he offered for sale ߢHancockߣs scentless water coloursߣ:
The Family, the Law, and the End of a Dream
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

Thomas Hancock was now, in 1835, nearly 50 and a confirmed bachelor.His rebuilt works at Goswell Mews was running smoothly,now increasingly under the guiding hand of his nephew James Lyne Hancock, while Thomasߣ principal business interests lay in Manchester.He does not seem to have had many close friends save those in business,and the majority of those were now in either Scotland or Manchester. It is to the latter that we must now turn.
A Life of Ease(?)
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

Although humility is hardly a word one of Thomas’ business competitors might have chosen to associate with him, it is a word, together with self-eff acement, which truly describes his character when, for a few moments, he could escape from fi ghting for his rights and be among his friends and family.
Death and Dispositions
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

In the early months of 1865, when he was 79 years old, Thomas’ health suddenly deteriorated. For five or six weeks he struggled with increasing breathing diffculties, and a great terror of death.
The Hancock Legacy
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis
Published: November 2023

Although there were many firms manufacturing rubber products in the UK by the time of Thomasߣ death, a substantial number were only concerned with the manufacture of waterproof garments and could well have been buying in the treated fabric rather than making it themselves. the direct influence of Thomas was present on three of them: Charles Macintosh & C o. and James Lyne Hancock directly, and Stephen Moultonߣs factory in Bradford-on-Avon indirectly. Within a few years, however, as patents expired and entrepreneurs saw the demand for vulcanized rubber products grow beyond most peopleߣs expectation, new companies sprang up by the dozen and new patents were taken out daily. Life for the old companies entered a new phase.
Symbols of Israel
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée
Published: November 2023

There are two passages, one in the canonical book of Hosea and the other in the deuterocanonical 4 Ezra, in which symbols of Israel are embedded, few and less explicit in the Hosea passage, many and wholly explicit in 4 Ezra. They all occur, some more, some less explicitly, in the Song of Songs.

Both Hosea and 4 Ezra have been dated quite closely. H. W. Wolff writes: ‘Hosea’s initial activity coincides with the last two years of Jeroboam II, presumably at least five years before the king’s death (747–46 BCE) — 752 at the latest’, while M. E. Stone agrees with the view that 4 Ezra was ‘composed in the time of Domitian, 89–96 CE’.2 Somewhere in between comes the Song.
The Beloved
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée
Published: November 2023

Modern scholarship on the Song of Songs has been obliged, given the consensus on this biblical book, to treat the description of the male at 5: 10–16 as being that of a human figure. By a comparison with descriptions in other parts of the Bible and with pseudepigraphical literature, I hope to show that, far from being about a human lover, this passage is a metaphorical description of the divine kavod (‘the glory of God’) and, as such, anticipates a wealth of emerging theological speculation on the body of God (shiur koma), or his representative, which may go back to the Second Temple period, and at which we will look in a later section of this chapter. In the first section we will look at some biblical and pseudepigraphical parallels.
Environmental Taxation And Its Role In Singapore’S Approach Towards Environmental Sustainable Development
Authors: Liu Hern Kuan , Janjua Sumathi Saad
Published: November 2023

Environmental issues have taken centre stage at global forums in recent years, as the world’s attention shifts from merely stimulating economic growth to ensuring that countries are able to sustain economic development in the long run. Environmental concerns encompass issues such as climate change, air and water pollution, the depletion of natural resources, and the protection of the natural environment.
Environmental Taxes, Cumulative Pollution Loads, And Fiscal Balance
Authors: Thampapillai Dodo J , Wu Xun
Published: November 2023

The literature on environmental taxation is justifiably dominated by the search for effective means of taxation to safeguard environmental sinks. The criteria for effectiveness include: compliance with pre-specified environmental standards – pollution caps and discharge loads institutional capabilities—the efficacy of monitoring and enforcing the compliance
Managing the shift towards sustainable transportation in the southeast asian countries: do taxes and other market-based instruments play a role?
Authors: Ashiabor Hope , Rosiati Ramli
Published: November 2023

Over the past few decades, most countries in the Southeast Asia region have experienced high rates of economic growth as well as a rapid increase in vehicle ownership and use. In particular for this region, the explosive growth in the transport sector has presented formidable challenges for the development of sustainable transport and urban systems in this region. The ensuing growth in the transport sector in the region has generated negative environmental externalities including impacts on human health that are many and far-reaching.
Using Taxes And Charges To Reduce Transport Ghg Emissions In The Urban Environment: Proposals For Mega-Cities Based On The Spanish Experience
Authors: Yábar Ana , Herrera Pedro M , Chico, Pablo , Rosselló Carlos
Published: November 2023

Urban areas in industrialized and developed countries face serious environmental problems associated with growing road transport. Local governments face increasing pressure from citizens regarding key urban mobility challenges (congestion, accidents, noise, and atmospheric pollution). And a third factor has now come into play, namely the aim to reduce urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by motor vehicles.
Rebuilding Existing Environmentally Related Taxes And Transport Budget Structure In Japan
Authors: Toudou Fumiaki
Published: November 2023

Through its automobile-related tax system, Japan has an environmentally related tax system. Unfortunately, the system fails to promote environmental conservation or efficient public investment. The reasons for this are clear; the tax system’s revenues (including fuel and vehicle taxes) are mostly earmarked and used to build and improve roads. This is known as the Special Purpose Taxes for Road Improvement (SPTRI), and it inadvertently promotes automobile usage and fuel consumption, thereby contributing to air pollution and other environ- mental and social problems. Indeed, the massive road constructions funded by SPTRI led to urban sprawl everywhere except for mega-cities like Tokyo and Osaka. Dissipated development and increased automobile usage are a direct result of road constructions and this has resulted in (a) developmental inefficiency; (b) environmental degradation; and (c) right-to-transport-related humanitarian problems.
The Uk Construction Industry And Climate Change Initiatives
Authors: Hansford Ann , Marsh Sara , Woodward Thérèse
Published: November 2023

The construction industry is one of the United Kingdom’s leading industries, and it is thought to be in a position to lead the way in considering sustainable development. It has been noted that there are significant opportunities for improved energy efficiency in all parts of the construction sector and a recent survey concluded that it is ahead of other sectors in terms of anticipated changes and the way in which the environment and climate change feeds into business strategy. The UK government has signalled its intention to significantly reduce energy use in buildings as an important element in its Climate Change Strategy.7 This chapter considers the fast moving, dynamic environment of the UK construction industry and it reviews and assesses the current approaches.
The Impacts Of Carbon Pricing On Indigenous Communities: A Comparison Of New Zealand And Australia
Authors: Bubna-Litic Karen
Published: November 2023

There has been much research on the value of economic instruments to protect ecosystem services. Examples can be seen in relation to forestry, pollution, and water management. The latest environmental problem to attract the use of economic instruments is climate change. Putting a price on carbon has been seen as a necessary step to mitigate the effects of climate change. But in this process, little attention has been paid to the effect that these instruments may have on indigenous communities. New Zealand has introduced legislation for an emissions trading scheme (ETS) and Australia is in the process of doing so.
Understanding The Evolution Of Sulphur Dioxide Pollution Control Policy In China: The Role And Efficacy Of Market-Based Instruments In Chinese Environmental Protection
Authors: Chai Chunyan
Published: November 2023

China‘s efforts since 1978 to transform itself into a market economy have generated spectacular economic growth and lifted millions of people out of poverty. However, this soaring economic expansion has taken extraordinary tolls on the environment. For instance, two drivers of the economic development—energy production and energy consumption—have significantly contributed to severe local air pollution, massive regional acid deposition and global climate change. These detrimental air-pollution problems have resulted in substantial economic loss and the damage to human health. The worsening conditions of China‘s environment pose economic and political challenges to the governance of the Chinese Communist Party.
Consumer Perceptions, Practices, Willingness To Pay, And Analysis Of Existing Laws For Safe Drinking Water In Pakistan
Authors: Mustafa Usman , Haq Mirajul , Iftikhar Ahmad
Published: November 2023

Water is a basic necessity of life and accessibility to safe drinking water is the fundamental right of every human being. It is not only an essential component of primary health care but it also plays a vital role in poverty alleviation and national economic growth. There is a positive correlation between increased national income and the proportion of population with access to improved water supply.
Does a rebound effect exist in solid-waste management?
Authors: Usui Takehiro
Published: November 2023

The rebound effect comprises certain composite effects, in particular the over- compression of garbage bags when people dispose of waste, and the effect that arises when the city administration advertises a significant reduction in waste emission in the first year of the introduction of the pricing-by-the-bag policy. However, this effect appears to be decreasing every year. Moreover, previous works have not clarified this tentative theory; since these works employed cross- sectional data, it was difficult to detect the rebound effect. On the other hand, the rebound effect of pricing is relative to the time-series effect. However, a time-series analysis may not be useful in detecting the rebound effect because of the differences in the waste policies of various cities. The use of panel-data analysis is most appropriate in detecting the rebound effect because this estimation method combines both cross-sectional and time-series analyses. Linderhof et al employed the panel-data analysis, but they did not clarify the number of years that had passed since the introduction of the pricing policy.
The Efficacy Of Environmental Taxation As A Mechanism For Pollution Control In Kampala City
Authors: Mabasi Thadeus
Published: November 2023

The need to cope with pollution issues requires the development of new and effective policies in which economic instruments have an important role to play. Both the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 underscore the importance of economic instruments in pollution control. The Rio Declaration requires national authorities to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. While acknowledging that environmental law and regulation are important, Agenda 21 states by way of admonishment that such law and regulation cannot alone be expected to deal with the problems of environment and development and that governments should improve and/or reorient policies and create an inventory of effective uses of economic instruments and market mechanisms and increase understanding of their role.3 Similarly, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) which assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human wellbeing from 2001 to 2005 established that of the 24 ecosystems examined, 60 percent were mismanaged and degraded. It recommended economic instruments as one of the approaches for reversing environmental degradation.
To cap or to tax? An economic and legal argument in favour of carbon taxes over a cap on trade to combat climate change
Authors: Maker Abhinav
Published: November 2023

As European policymakers discuss proposals to enact more stringent norms in cutting down greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the year 2020, protests from Europe’s industries are becoming louder. European industrialists feel that if Europe was to fight the battle against global warming alone, its industries would be wiped out of the continent. Many businesses have started looking at the possibility of shifting to emerging countries like India, China, and Brazil. Conversely, policymakers feel that there are compelling reasons to pursue the policy of aggressively cutting down GHG emissions.
Greening Taxation System In China
Authors: Wang Xi , Zhou Yanfang
Published: November 2023

Even in November 2008, there is no independent environmental tax in China. There are, however, tax incentives for environment-friendly activities. At the same time, China has been levying pollutant-emission fees since 1982. Environment-related fees also involve water resources, mineral resources and other natural resources. According to the European Environmental Agency (EEA), environmental tax includes cost-recovering fees, incentive-providing taxes, and fiscal environmental tax. The first category includes ‘user pays’ fees and fees for designated usage, both of which exist in China. The second category refers to taxes designed to change behaviour rather than to increase fiscal income. This category accounts for most of China’s greened taxes. The third category refers to taxes aimed at increasing fiscal income as well as at changing behaviour. This includes solid-waste tax, waste-water tax, pesticide tax, fertilizer tax, sulphur tax, etc. China still lacks taxes in this category.
Hedging Against Wider Collapse: Lessons From The ‘Meltdowns’
Authors: Robinson Nicholas A
Published: November 2023

The year 2007 witnessed the beginning of the worst economic recession in 80 years. Exploring how government management of the economy slipped into economic hard times offer lessons for how governments can evaluate choices among the economic instruments available to address ecological threats, such as the gathering crisis of climate change. The urgency to scrub the atmosphere of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is evident in reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and other scientific investigations. Irreversible environmental changes to the biosphere of the Earth include the melt down of the cryosphere, already well advanced. Glaciers are disappearing and the polar ice caps shrink. Sea levels rise, threatening small island nations with extinction in our lifetimes. Concurrently, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has reported that 80 per cent of the ecosystems that sustain the human economy on Earth are impaired, and climate disruption will affect their capacity to continue to be of service to human society.
Privacy Rights
Authors: Greenleaf Graham
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines how jurisdictions in East and Southeast Asia protect various aspects of privacy through their constitutional regimes. It first surveys East Asian jurisdictions, starting with the jurisdictions that are most protective of privacy rights, then turns to Southeast Asia, again starting with the jurisdictions that are relatively more protective of privacy. Finally, this chapter identifies patterns and highlights from viewing constitutional privacy rights in East and Southeast Asian jurisdictions together as a region. Of the jurisdictions considered in this chapter, only Brunei and Laos do not provide any apparent constitutional protection of privacy, but constitutional protections are not justiciable in at least three others (China, North Korea, and Vietnam). Protections are of uncertain existence in Malaysia and Singapore, and untested in the courts in Timor Leste, Thailand, Cambodia, and Macau SAR. That leaves six East and Southeast Asian jurisdictions where constitutional privacy protections have been enforced by the courts (South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia, and the Philippines). Asian courts with the most developed privacy jurisprudence frequently use similar language to protect privacy. Courts have found privacy to be an implied right based on protections of dignity and autonomy interests, such as personality development and informational self-determination. In defining valid restrictions on the constitutional right of privacy, the courts have adopted strikingly similar legal tests. Despite there being a wealth of privacy jurisprudence from some Asian courts, there are no instances of these courts citing each other’s decisions as valuable sources of arguments about privacy.