bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The United States and the International Control of AIDS
Authors: McTIGUE JAMES F.
Published: March 2007

Before the end of 1988, 300,000 cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are expected to have been reported worldwide since 1981. Three epidemiological patterns have emerged. One, in the Americas and Europe, is where transmission is primarily among homosexual men and intravenous drug users. In Africa, the virus primarily is spread heterosexually. A third pattern, in Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe, is manifested by low prevalence but transmission through homosexual and heterosexual contact and contaminated needles. AIDS cases will increase in number dramatically over the next three years, with devastating social and economic consequences. Health-care systems and economic resources in large cities in the United States will be severely strained. African countries will lose many educated and economic leaders. Many Third World countries will have lower productivity and economic output. A global strategy is emerging to understand and control the spread of AIDS. To provide the commitment and leadership necessary to control AIDS in the rest of the world, the United States must first demonstrate a stronger moral conviction and societal will to control the disease in this country.
Sense of Control: Potentials for Intervention
Authors: RODIN JUDITH
Published: March 2007

A substantial amount of research has demonstrated that the sense of control is associated with numerous positive outcomes, including good health. Many aspects of the personal and social conditions of old age influence the control-health relationship. Environmental events associated with old age often place limits on the range of outcomes that are attainable by older people. Moreover, the association between control and indicators of health status may be altered by old age. Finally, old age may influence the relationship between control and various health maintenance behaviors. Aspects of the sense of control can be altered with small interventions that can enhance health specifically and the quality of aging in general. Given the relationship between control and health in old age, several possible factors may help explain or mediate this relationship including mechanisms of behavioral and cognitive change, and physiological adaptations. Despite the largely positive outcomes associated with increased sense of control, negative outcomes are also possible, especially when control is not desired or entails too much responsibility or other demands.
After Reagan: New Party Attitudes toward Gender
Authors: COSTAIN ANNE N.
Published: March 2007

From the suffrage period until the 1960s, the Democratic and Republican parties were split over women's issues. The Republican Party advocated equal rights for women, while the Democrats preferred protective legislation to shield women from social and economic competition. In the 1960s the parties began a process of convergence. By the close of the Johnson administration there was a virtual consensus that legal equality should be extended to women. Yet, in the early 1970s, the Republican Party began a historic role reversal, backing away from legal equality as well as acceptance of the Supreme Court's stance on abortion rights. Although these issues did not create a gender gap in the electorate, they, along with statements by party leaders, created the perception that Democrats were reaching out to women as constituents while Republicans were retreating. As a result, women's issues are strategically placed to be advanced or defeated in each partisan electoral contest.
U.S. Military Power and Alliance Relations
Authors: YOST DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

In view of the collapse of Communist governments in much of Eastern Europe and related developments since 1989, forward-deployed U.S. forces will probably be reduced substantially in the coming decade. Other components of U.S. military power will, however, remain significant in alliance relations: general-purpose conventional forces, nuclear deterrence forces, global surveillance and communications capabilities, and military research and development. Burden sharing and decision making will become more challenging alliance problems in an increasingly multipolar and fluid international context. Five factors deserve particular attention, especially with regard to the future of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: the conduct and aftermath of the Persian Gulf war; German political and security choices; West European political and economic integration; the internal evolution of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; and intra-Western political differences. During a time of unpredictable flux in international politics, the most prudent course for the United States is to retain the alliance ties established and maintained at great cost in the past and to adapt them to new requirements.
Enhancing Total Combat Power with Fewer Forces
Authors: JOSEPHSON EDWARD H. , MACEDONIA RAYMOND M.
Published: March 2007

The United States is about to reduce its military forces to levels not seen since before World War II. Even with the demise of the Warsaw Pact and improvements in relationships with the Soviet Union, however, the world remains an uncertain and often hostile place. The United States needs the means to minimize the risks to its security that could arise as forces are reduced. This can best be done by exploiting its technological advantages. Sensor-fuzed munition technology stands apart from other alternatives because it provides enormous gains in total combat capabilities without attendant liabilities. The marriage of sensor-fuzed munition technology with modern target acquisition and delivery systems will revolutionize conventional warfare just as the nuclear intercontinental ballistic missile revolutionized strategic warfare. Such a revolutionary change has major policy implications.
Universal Adult Literacy: Policy Myths and Realities
Authors: HEYNEMAN STEPHEN P.
Published: March 2007

There is not the slightest doubt that literacy is good and its effects significant, but the virtues of literacy have occasionally been promoted in isolation from competing social objectives. This article notes three past mistakes in advocating literacy programs and suggests that future arguments would be more effective if past mistakes were taken into account.
The Methods of Futures Research
Authors: GORDON THEODORE JAY
Published: March 2007

In this article, the principal methods used in exploratory forecasting are described. These descriptions should serve two purposes. First, for someone who intends to make an exploratory forecast, they will provide information about the strengths and useful range of each technique. Second, they will also illustrate, directly and by implication, the frailties and limitations of the techniques so that forecasts, and plans based on them, can be better assessed.
Aging America
Authors: HAHN WALTER A.
Published: March 2007

Aging is among the more powerful and ubiquitous structural trends occurring in the United States. An increasingly large proportion of the population is middle-aged, young old, or old old. Dual views of aging from the inside and as generations moving through time are offered. The persistent and popular myth is that elders—persons 65-85 years old—are mostly old fogies, forgetful, sick or of limited ability, and generally out of it. While this indeed may describe some seniors, the reality is that almost the reverse is true for most. This article includes four sample “future history” scenarios from the viewpoint of elders for four time periods: Toward 1999, 2001+, 2020, and 2040. An example of a number of issues acting in concert is also presented. Last is a do-it-yourself futures exercise for the reader that may be both helpful and fun.
Citizen Movements and Technological Policymaking in Germany
Authors: HAGER CAROL
Published: March 2007

In Germany, the mobilization of grass-roots citizen groups in the past two decades has posed a fundamental challenge to institutional politics. One important aspect of this challenge, which is often overlooked, is the relationship of democratizing movements to technology. Grass-roots protest arose mainly in reaction to large, state-sponsored technological projects. Citizen movements reopened the question of the citizen's proper role in technological decision making, which had long been part of theoretical discourse. Grassroots activists challenged not only policy decisions but also the legitimacy of the bureaucratic institutions that produced those decisions. Informed political participation has raised the technical competence of policy in Germany while eroding the legitimacy of traditional policymaking institutions. Citizen groups have since directed their efforts toward developing alternative political forms that will reconcile technical competence and participatory democracy. The theories of Claus Offe and Jürgen Habermas illuminate the legitimation problems that lead to citizen protest. A comparative analysis of grass-roots movements in several issue areas explores the various forms of citizen activism and their impact on German politics.
Multicommunity Networks: A Rural Transition
Authors: BRADSHAW TED K.
Published: March 2007

Rural America is in a difficult transition due not just to the economy but to the changing relations between cities and towns in the rural-urban continuum. Small-scale places are no longer isolated and simple but are part of a global interdependence that redefines cities and suburbs and creates rural regions. In the new rural region. traditional rural problems of poverty and lagging social services persist, but in addition a whole new set of problems and opportunities that originate outside the community affect a whole rural region. Rural development efforts, in response to the new small-community interdependence, are harder and more complex. Instead of the trend toward narrower, single-purpose programs, the rural development paradigm for the 1990s should be one of multijurisdictional networks for the development of rural regions. Coalitions of small communities can solve many problems that individual communities working alone cannot tackle. Solutions come from leadership, strategic planning, and mobilizing local resources.
Voluntary Immigration and Continuing Encounters between Blacks: The Post-Quincentenary Challenge
Authors: BRYCE-LAPORTE ROY SIMÓN
Published: March 2007

The quincentenary of Columbus's 1492 visit to America provided opportunities for scholars to engage in critical observation and observance of the event. The visit began the unended stream of voluntary crossings to the hemisphere and especially the United States. Similar crossings by blacks have been downplayed in American history; they have been located within the context of the slave trade, imposed segregation, and restricted movement. Even though, after emancipation, increasing numbers of persons immigrated to the United States from countries with predominantly black or racially mixed populations, their presence was less visible due to their relatively small numbers and their resemblance to and close association with the more numerous native-born black people. Since 1965, liberal legislation has led to increasing entry and heightened visibility of black immigrants, especially in urban and industrial centers of the country. There they bring greater ethnic diversification to the U.S. black population. These developmens challenge sociology to begin to address a complex future with expanding bases of ethnic encounters and differentiation and new possibilities for inter- and intragroup relations.
The Formulation of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Caribbean
Authors: TULCHIN JOSEPH S.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that U.S. policy toward the Caribbean Basin is dominated by domestic political forces and by the history of our nation's involvement in the internal affairs of the nations in the region to such a degree as to make our relations with the region fundamentally different from our relations with the rest of Latin America. It opens with a brief history of the evolution of U.S. geopolitical schemes concerning Latin America to indicate that there are idealist and realist traditions that agree on U.S. exceptionalism and on the importance of the region for our nation's strategic interests. This brief history also indicates the significance of past episodes of intervention both for local politics in the region and for the nature of domestic political debate in the United States. The remainder of the article explains how domestic political forces are linked to foreign policy toward the region and then uses four case studies—Nicaragua, El Salvador, Haiti, and Cuba—to explain how domestic political forces become involved in foreign policymaking and how they influence the contours of crises in the region and the U.S. response to crisis management.
Justice at Work: An International Comparison
Authors: WHEELER HOYT N. , KLAAS BRIAN S. , ROJOT JACQUES
Published: March 2007

National systems of workplace justice contain bodies of principles that set out the obligations of employees, the behaviors that violate those obligations, and the penalties that employers may assess for those violations. These principles establish the standards for determining just cause for discipline and termination of employment. This study is an international comparison of the laws that establish these principles and their application in practice. It finds a broad commonality but some interesting differences.
Legislating Just Cause, 1980-92
Authors: HENRY STUART
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the concept of just cause that appears in the arbitration literature and in common law, and it goes on to examine the extent and nature of just cause in state legislative proposals for employment-termination law. The research summarizes the results of a survey of the fifty states between 1980 and 1993 to establish the extent to which bills on employment termination for employees of privately owned, nonunionized firms incorporate the just-cause standard. This article provides evidence on the extent to which state bills adopt the form of just cause stipulated in the Uniform Law Commissioners' Model Employment Termination Act, analyzes the content of just-cause proposals, and evaluates the content of current proposals against established just-cause standards.
Local Politics in Border Regions in Central Europe
Authors: BÖHM ANTAL
Published: March 2007

A major problem in Europe, and especially Central Europe, is border regions dissected by national boundaries. These regions contain ethnically mixed populations. They now are expected to develop a viable democratic politics at the local level. Many have not yet even established their autonomy as legal entities; in most cases, local political parties do not exist there; and the regions have to address the problem of ethnic and language differences. Many of them were closed to their neighbors until the recent democratic transformation. The borders are now open. Although the prosperity of the border regions is dependent on the country of which they are a part, they are underdeveloped economically and socially by almost any standard, certainly a European one. The consequences of closure are several, but the peripheral status of these regions both within their own countries and in Europe is demonstrated by some basic indicators of the quality of life, including electricity, water supply, and health services.
The Myth of Political Apathy in Hong Kong
Authors: DEGOLYER MICHAEL E. , SCOTT JANET LEE
Published: March 2007

While Hong Kong people are often characterized as politically apathetic, closer study indicates that such descriptions need to be reconsidered in light of Hong Kong's particular, and peculiar, history and future. The restraints of proximity to a soon-to-be-sovereign China and its position as a listening post, capitalist enclave, and refuge imposed psychological (internalized) and security-based (external) limits on formal democratic political development. Although there have been, and remain, vigorous structures of Chinese political influence and activity, with Chinese Communist Party and Nationalist China partisans estimated at some 60,000 in the early 1980s, political participation in colonial politics remained limited except for the village-based politics of Heung Yee Kuk. In a process beginning in the early 1970s, however, territorywide political structures were erected that encouraged the grassroots activities that laid a foundation for rapid political development in the 1980s and 1990s.
Circles of Hell: Jewish and Non-Jewish Victims of the Nazis
Authors: JOHNSON MARY , RITTNER CAROL
Published: March 2007

Some scholars refer to the relationship between the Jewish and the non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust as “the many circles of hell in Dante's Inferno.” The Jews occupy the center, with the other victims extending outward in concentric rings. Michael Berenbaum has argued that in order to comprehend the Jewish center, one must “fully probe the ripple effects as well as the indisputable core.” This article proposes a framework for teaching about the “mosaic of victims” in the Third Reich. It also suggests study questions and activities to help students think about how issues of the Nazi era have relevance today.
Public Participation in Cooperative Planning: A Local Tax Issue in Nagykanizsa, Hungary
Authors: PÁLVÖLGYI RITA , HERBAI ISTVÁN
Published: March 2007

This article presents, in the context of public participation, a case of cooperative planning, a practice that is still rather rare in Hungary. The Partners-Hungary Foundation arranged cooperative planning concerning a local tax issue in a medium-sized city in Hungary. The authors describe the program, the essence of the conflict, and the stakeholders. The foundation provided a training program to develop skills in cooperation. The article examines the course of the training, the process of the cooperative planning, and the proposals of the participants to resolve the conflict. The article reviews which proposals were adopted by the local government, how they were adopted, and the other outcomes of the cooperative planning session.
Reinventing NGOs and Rethinking Alternatives in the Andes
Authors: BEBBINGTON ANTHONY J.
Published: March 2007

Many Latin American nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) emerged as part of a movement committed to the idea of an alternative development that would differ from the dominant exclusionary, top-down, and often repressive forms of development. Yet today, after two or three decades of work in rural development, NGO activities appear to have had relatively little impact on dominant conceptions of development. Indeed, in the current economic and policy context, many of their alternatives appear impractical or simply obsolescent, challenging them to rethink their ideas of viable forms of alternative development, and their roles in development. In addition, their own institutional crises require them to rethink the way in which they relate to other actors and the ways in which they finance themselves. This article considers how conceptions of alternative development might be refashioned and how NGOs are beginning to reinvent themselves in order to carry forward new notions of development alternatives. It closes with a discussion of the implications for foreign aid.
Labor, Markets, and Educational Restructuring
Authors: ZEMSKY ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Using a theoretical framework developed by Professor Akira Arimoto to describe recent changes in the Japanese system of higher education, Robert Zemsky discusses what happens when higher education becomes the norm in a society and when this massification of a higher education system gives way to post-massification. Zemsky demonstrates how, in the current era of post-massification, American higher education is a system under duress, at a time when the economy, shifting demographics, and political lassitude have forced a restructuring of the enterprise. He examines trends such as the price-income squeeze, where the economic returns to college have fallen while the cost has risen; the bifurcation of institutions into outlets and medallions; the reduced demand for young workers; and the dynamics of local labor and education markets. Zemsky concludes that, once the market for college graduates becomes saturated in a locality, the boundary between massification and post-massification is crossed, leading to a restratification of both educational attainment and economic advantage.
What is a Narrative Fact?
Authors: BRUNER JEROME
Published: March 2007

This article explores the manner in which culturally prevalent narratives lead us not only to interpret facts in a particular way but also to generate those very facts through the acts we perform in consonance with these narratives.
The will to Truth: A Reply to Novick
Authors: LICHTENBERG JUDITH
Published: March 2007

This article challenges Peter Novick's claims that truth and objectivity are not proper goals for historians to strive after. The author argues that, on the contrary, these ideals are morally and intellectually indispensable. The argument consists of an attack on several fundamental claims Novick makes: that history and fiction are barely distinguishable; that although there are such things as facts, it is easy to get them right and it is possible to construct whatever theory one likes around them; that historians should be honest not in the sense of being faithful to the truth (which, he believes, does not exist) but only in the sense of admitting that what they do is make up stories.
2. What is Meant by "Politically Impossible"?
Authors: Friedrich C.J.
Published: March 2007

The perennial question of what can be changed in the polit ical world is reformulated Logically and philosophically. Dan gers of claiming "political impossibility" are described. Risk iness of many dogmas of "human nature" are cited.
5. Some Unexplored Avenues in French Political Behavior
Authors: Wright Gordon
Published: March 2007

The writer suggests comparative studies of France and oth er countries on socialist parties, the upper bureaucracy, the church in politics, community political structures, and youth. Several needed researches on French cabinets, local party units, progressive and static districts, and the influence of teachers' colleges are also recommended.
11. Predispositions toward Voting Decisions
Authors: Milbrath Lester W.
Published: March 2007

A method of measuring voting predispositions is described. "Voters" cast 72 ballots on paired candidates exposing combina tions of 9 traits. The results permit knowledge of "voters"' values in election situations. Refinements for understanding conflicts of values can be used.
The Brookings Center for Research and Advanced Study
Authors: Calkins Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The Brookings Institute now ventures into a new phase of its history, in a new physical setting. Public officials, scholars, and civic leaders are to be brought together in a public affairs program. Executive Development and fellowship programs will be extended. The already considerable num ber of research activities will be increased.
Means/Ends Analysis in Policy Science
Authors: Hyneman Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Political writers, whether concerned with descriptions of single entities, comparative study, or variable analysis, have been policy scientists. Their chief problem is not misorientation but improvement of quality of inquiry. This article will be part of the author's The Study of Politics: The Present State of Political Science in the United States, copyrighted and to be pub lished by the University of Illinois Press later this year.
Kindaika in Japanese Urban-Rural Relations
Authors: Totten George O.
Published: March 2007

Reports on a conference at Stanford on urban-rural relations in Japan, and summarizes a number of papers by an inter-cultural, inter-disciplinary group of scholars. (Cf. A. W. Burks' "'Kindaika," PROD, May 1959).
Apportionment by Computer
Authors: Forrest Edward
Published: March 2007

Edward Forrest, of Computer Applications, Inc., describes a versatile computer program which is able to incorporate several "political" con siderations in its creation of equal-population legislative districts.
"Becoming a World-Saver" Revisited
Authors: Lofland John
Published: March 2007

Lofland's earlier work, widely assumed to have been done on the beginnings in this country of the Unification Church of Reverend Moon, resulted in development of the most widely cited conversion model in the literature of sociology. Here he updates and extends this previous work, based on a follow-up study of the same group studied earlier.
National Health Systems Throughout the World
Authors: ROEMER MILTON I.
Published: March 2007

This article provides essential tools for reforming the U.S. health system. It describes the component elements of health systems and discusses the U.S. entrepreneurial health system. Several welfare-oriented examples are presented from which U.S. policymakers might draw, Germany being one case. Also explained are comprehensive health systems such as Great Britain's. The article also notes that even some developing countries, such as Sri Lanka, have managed to provide near 100% of their populations with complete health services. One cannot help but ask, why not in the United States? The socialist model is reviewed, and some general trends are sketched out.
Institutions and Human Relations
Authors: JOHNSON NEVIL
Published: March 2007

Recent emphasis on performance and output measures in public sector reform in the United Kingdom rests on assumptions of purposeful rationality and a view of man as essentially goal seeking. Geoffrey Vickers's conception of public institutions as concerned with the regulation of relationships rather than the pursuit of goals challenges the implicit down-grading of the qualitative aspects of institutions that is associated with this approach to reform. There is a need to qualify individualism by acknowledging dependence on the social context of regulation.
Predicting Public Support for Electronic House Arrest
Authors: ELROD PRESTON , BROWN MICHAEL P.
Published: March 2007

This article builds upon an earlier effort to examine citizens' overall support for electronic house arrest (EHA). It explores a variety of demographic and attitudinal factors measured in a survey of residents in Oneida County, New York, and identifies predictors of support for EHA when used with “minor” and “serious” offenders. Survey findings indicate that those who favor the use of EHA with minor offenders have limited faith in the ability of incarceration to reduce crime and view EHA as a cost-effective way of punishing offenders. Those who favor its use with serious offenders tend to be non-White and older and believe that incarceration leads to recidivism. Nevertheless, both groups feel that EHA should also be rehabilitative. The article concludes by discussing the policy implications of this research; particularly the need for correctional decision makers to examine public perceptions when considering the implementation of community corrections programs.
Is Current Drug Abuse Prevention Programming Generalizable Across Ethnic Groups?
Authors: DENT CLYDE W. , SUSSMAN STEVE , ELLICKSON PHYLLIS , BROWN PERRY , RICHARDSON JEAN
Published: March 2007

Considerable progress has been made over the past two decades in identifying effective drug abuse prevention strategies. In particular, much support has been obtained for the effectiveness of a comprehensive social influences approach to drug abuse prevention. Given the inclusion of fundamental social psychological principles in comprehensive programs, it is possible that currently developed drug abuse prevention programming is generalizable to different ethnic groups. However, the empirical and theoretical evidence is equivocal regarding the extent to which this is true. In this article, the authors present arguments for and against the need to develop drug abuse prevention programs specifically for minority ethnic groups.
Mexican and Latino Media Behavior in Los Angeles
Authors: TURNER LESLIE JACKSON , ALLEN CHRIS W.
Published: March 2007

The news coverage in the daily Latino and mainstream newspapers in Los Angeles, the top U.S. Latino market, was intense for 3 days immediately following the 1996 U.S. presidential election. Points of study in this article include (a) an exploratory content analysis of the front-page news articles in each paper, (b) a framing analysis of the election news for the 3 days after the election, and (c) how the newspaper addressed the growing importance of the Latino vote in U.S. national elections. As the Hispanic media expand in the United States, the study of the attitudes adopted by Mexican-American journalists assumes greater importance.
Hope Springs Eternal
Authors: NOVAK JANET
Published: March 2007

This study examines the narrative strategies used by Bill Clinton in his 1992 and 1996 campaign biography videos. Both videos address similar themes, utilize similar aesthetic strategies, and even repeat key rhetorical structures. In 1996, Clinton substitutes America for Hope as the key organizing symbol of his biography, thereby undermining the liberal Democratic perspective central to The Man From Hope. Instead he offers an image of America that foregrounds traditional Republican values and only makes oblique references to values typically held by Democrats. In doing so, the video biography re-presents Clinton as a moderate, in a creatively ambiguous treatment of the president that seems designed to appeal to a politically diverse America.
Affirmative Action and Liberal Capitulation
Authors: STEINBERG STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

This article examines and responds to arguments advanced by leading liberals who contend that affirmative action (AA) has been both ineffectual and counterproductive, triggering a backlash that defeats the liberal agenda. Contrary to the general assumption that AA failed as policy, it is argued that AA has been a dramatic success, resulting in significant desegregation of both blue-collar and white-collar occupations. In response to the claim that AA should be based on class rather than race, it is argued that AA was designed to address inequalities of caste, not class. Insofar as AA enhances democracy and erodes racism, liberals who oppose AA contradict their own political credo. On the other hand, the gutting of AA imperils many of the gains of the post-civil rights era.
One Sphere or Two?
Authors: NELSON JULIE A.
Published: March 2007

Is money something used by people, or by “the economy,” where the economy is conceived of as a supra-human and supra-social realm? If in fact money is created and used by people in all our complicated glory, then markets and money are within the realm of the social. Economists and sociologists are really operating in the same territory.
Organizational Diversity and the Production of Social Capital
Authors: EASTIS CARLA M.
Published: March 2007

Much of the latest debate about the relationship between social capital and civil society has focused on the importance of voluntary associations as settings for the production of social capital. This article develops an analytical framework that incorporates organizational diversity and the multidimensionality of social capital. The author then applies this framework to an ethnographic account of membership in two choral groups. Even in these ostensibly similar groups, the relationships and processes out of which networks, norms, and collective facilities are produced vary, being strongly influenced by organizational characteristics.
Negotiation
Authors: RUBIN JEFFREY Z.
Published: March 2007

Social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse. Based on a growing body of psychological research, it is possible to identify several major themes and issues that bear upon effective negotiation.
After the Break-up
Authors: LUONG PAULINE JONES
Published: March 2007

This article integrates historical and rational choice approaches to institutional origin and change to explain the establishment of electoral systems in three former Soviet Central Asian republics—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. It argues that institutions designed under transitional circumstances are products of the interaction between the preceding historical and institutional setting and the dynamic uncertainty that surrounds them. Strategic actors engaged in the process of institutional design use both contexts in order to assess the degree to and direction in which their relative power is changing. They then negotiate accordingly so as to attain their preferred institutional outcomes. Central Asia's electoral systems in particular can be best understood as the product of very similar and long-standing regional power struggles being played out under varying dynamic and uncertain conditions.
The Bargaining System and Performance
Authors: TRAXLER FRANZ , KITTEL BERNHARD
Published: March 2007

Theoretical reasoning disagrees about what type of bargaining system performs best. The authors have tested the explanatory power of three competing hypotheses: neoliberalism, corporatism, and the hump-shape hypothesis. All of these hypotheses lack empirical support due to two main shortcomings. First, they ignore that wage restraint raises three distinct types of collective-action problems. Second, they do not consider qualitative differences among the national bargaining systems (particularly the role of the state) that do not allow analysis to construct such ordinal rankings of bargaining coordination as adopted by all previous empirical studies. Proceeding from a revised hypothesis and new measures of national bargaining systems, the authors have found a nonlinear relationship between the bargaining system and economic performance in a way that economy-wide wage coordination is superior only when the bargaining system is able to make local bargaining comply with coordination activities.
Political Culture and Legislative Gridlock
Authors: MO JONGRYN
Published: March 2007

This article argues that political gridlock in Korea was responsible for the defeat of many economic reform efforts before the economic crisis. Successful and timely economic reforms would have made the Korean economy less vulnerable to the economic crisis. The persistence of political gridlock can be attributed to the immature or unconsolidated nature of Korean democracy, including weak democratic institutions and traditional political values and practices. With a model of policy gridlock in the context of the Korean decision-making process, the article attempts to link Korean political culture and institutions to the occurrence of policy gridlock.
Partisan Attitudes and the Vote
Authors: FELDMAN STANLEY , ZUCKERMAN ALAN S.
Published: March 2007

The study of voting has been dominated by several major research traditions—social class and social structure, party identification, and rational choice—each of which has been subject to major criticism. In this article, we develop an alternative approach to the study of electoral behavior. We view vote choice as a decisional process, and the assumptions of our model are in line with available knowledge of simple human decision making and with related theoretical approaches to the subject. In addition to accounting for vote choices in Britain in 1970 and 1974, our argument rests on relatively few and simple assumptions and provides hypotheses that account for stability and change in the votes cast by individuals and by the electorate taken as an aggregate. It also provides a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the concept of party identification. The result is an alternative to more widely used explanations of electoral behavior.
New Perspectives on Value Change
Authors: INGLEHART RONALD
Published: March 2007

This article responds to two central questions about value change that are raised by other articles in this volume: (1) Are political cleavages in Western society gradually being transformed from the traditional pattern based on social class and religion, toward one that increasingly reflects the polarization between materialist and postmaterialist goals? (2) Has an intergenerational value shift been taking place in recent decades—or do the observed differences between the priorities of old and young simply reflect an unchanging life cycle pattern? Cohort analysis based on more than 140,000 interviews carried out at numerous time points from 1970 through 1984 demonstrates that a long-term process of intergenerational value change was taking place, based on strong intercohort differences that persisted throughout the tumultous economic ups and downs of the past 14 years. Additional evidence indicates that this process has had a major impact on political cleavages, changing the political meaning of left and right, and the issues and social groups associated with these terms.
Youth and the State
Authors: KAMENS DAVID H.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the nation-building process in the post-World War II era often results in changes in the definitions of adolescence and in the status of youth. This happens because both nation building and economic development have become the responsibilities of modern states. Using the work of John Meyer and his students (1978, 1979), I argue that these state-sponsored activities are guided by institutional “recipes” for development that are embodied in world system ideology. A key component of this ideology is the idea that rational action results from the activities of appropriately socialized individuals. As a result, harnessing the motivation of individuals to collective goals becomes a central concern of modern states. Efforts to do so have produced a number of institutional forms that have diffused rapidly throughout the periphery, for example, educational expansion. The adoption of other institutional devices to link individuals to the state depends on the internal characteristics of national societies. We focus on one such process and develop an index to measure it: the political incorporation of youth in the state.
Periphery Revolutions in World-System Perspective, 1821-1985
Authors: KOWALEWSKI DAVID
Published: March 2007

Periphery revolutions from 1821 to 1985 are surveyed in light of the world-system perspective. Theoretical propositions regarding secular trends and cycles are tested for revolutionary activity and success. Revolution is shown to vary with the trends as well as the rhythms—world-leadership cycle and Kondratieff longwaves—of the world system. Although an upward trend in revolutionary activity is observable, no such growth of revolutionary success is evidenced. Revolutionary activity increases during Kondratieff upswings; revolutionary success is more common during the deconcentration phase of the world-leadership cycle. The implications of the findings for world-system stability are discussed.
Bourgeois Revolutions?
Authors: PIERSON PAUL , SMITH MIRIAM
Published: March 2007

Much of the literature on reform politics has focused on social democratic governments. This article reexamines the dynamics of reform by concentrating on conservative governments in four advanced industrial democracies during the 1980s: Britain, Canada, the United States, and West Germany. Conservative governments have attempted to dismantle well-institutionalized systems of government intervention in market economies. The authors argue that the structure of national political institutions is of central importance in explaining variation across these cases in government goals, strategies, and success rates. This article also stresses the need to consider the distinctive characteristics of different policy arenas. Governments found market-oriented reforms considerably easier to implement in some policy arenas than in others.
Privatization/Commercialization of State-Owned Enterprises in Nigeria
Authors: UGORJI EBENEZER C.
Published: March 2007

Nigeria's economic crisis of the 1980s called into question two major aspects of its political economy: its mixed economy development model and state-operated enterprises (SOEs) seen as the embodiment of the distortions and inconsistencies of the model. Compelled by deepening economic crisis and pressure from its international creditors, the Babangida administration in 1987 introduced economic reform measures that included privatization and commercialization of SOEs. This article examines Nigeria's experience with the privatization/commercialization program. It focuses on the development and performance of Nigeria's public enterprises, the nature and objectives of the program, its theoretical framework, and some concerns that the program generates.
A Comparative Perspective on the Leninist Legacy in Eastern Europe
Authors: GEDDES BARBARA
Published: March 2007

This study begins with a comparison between post-Communist and other postauthoritarian party systems, demonstrating the greater importance of new parties in the formerly Leninist systems. It then discusses the effect on new parties of the weakness of prior interest group organization and sudden, as opposed to incremental, increases in political participation. The third section focuses on the institutional consequences of the differences noted in the first and second sections. It demonstrates the strong relationship between the interests of leaders of new parties and the kinds of democratic institutions created during transitions from authoritarianism. The study concludes with some speculations about the probable longer term effects of the distinctive features of the Leninist legacy.
The Leninist Legacy and Institutional Change
Authors: HANSON STEPHEN E.
Published: March 2007

Analysts of democratization and marketization in post-Communist societies have tended to treat the countries of the former Soviet bloc as an undifferentiated whole, hindering successful theorizing about the sources of institutional change in particular cases. In this light, Ken Jowitt's insightful argument about the deleterious effects of the Leninist legacy in Eastern Europe must be refined in two ways. First, the degree of proximity of different post-Communist societies to established capitalist markets should be taken into account. Second, the Leninist legacy itself must be broken down into ideological, political, socioeconomic, and cultural components.
Continuity and Change in the Chilean Party System
Authors: SIAVELIS PETER
Published: March 2007

The party system consequences of Chile's “binomial” (two-member-district) legislative electoral formula have been the subject of much debate. For some analysts, the binomial system limits party system fractionalization and encourages centripetal competition, enhancing the prospects for democratic stability. Others emphasize elements of continuity within the country's historic multiparty system and contend that the electoral formula may prove destabilizing. This article, arguing that limited electoral reform has limited party system consequences, provides comparative empirical measures showing that neither the degree of party system fractionalization nor the competitive dynamic of the party system has been substantially transformed. However, the binomial formula does increase the incentives for coalition formation and maintenance. The article concludes that the ultimate consequences of electoral reform depend on whether these new incentives for coalition formation can overcome the elements of continuity within the party system in the long term.
Strategic Voting in Conditions of Political Instability
Authors: WANTCHEKON LEONARD
Published: March 2007

This article presents a game theoretic model to explain the broad electoral support for the extreme right-wing party, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), in the 1994 elections in El Salvador. Making use of poll data, the author shows that the deciding factor in this electoral outcome was not the procedural defects, the apathy of the electorate, or the disorganization of the opposition parties but, instead, uncertainty about the peace process. The model helps to explain why during the political campaign, ARENA played the “fear card” and why the peasants voted in such great numbers for a party opposed to the land reform that would greatly benefit them. The author argues that the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) participated in the election not just to win but more to provide legitimacy for the new democratic process. The article concludes by discussing implications of the findings for the prospects for democratic consolidation in El Salvador.
Three Views of the Latin American Debt Crisis
Authors: KATZ CLAUDIO J. , MAHLER VINCENT A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the Latin American debt crisis from the perspective of three major participants: private and official creditors, the debtors themselves and the US government. Wide differences in the views of these participants on the origins and current status of the crisis help to explain its intractability. The intention of the paper is to offer an account of the broader economic and political context from which the three perspectives arise and to explore areas of agreement that might become the basis of a possible resolution of the problem.
State Characteristics and Foreign Policy:
Authors: BILLING PETER , KITTEL GABRIELE , RITTBERGER VOLKER , SCHIMMELFENNIG FRANK
Published: March 2007

In the UNESCO crisis the industrialized countries were confronted with the Third World's claim for a New World Information and Communication Order. To this challenge they reacted in many ways, ranging from support of Third World demands to withdrawal from UNESCO. In order to explain this variety, the policies of the United States, the Soviet Union, France and West Germany at the height of the crisis in 1983/84 are compared. Three competing approaches of foreign policy analysis are tested: foreign policy as `interest-oriented behaviour', `behavioural style', or `emergent behaviour'. On the whole, `interest-oriented behaviour' proves to be the most adequate model because the conflict behaviours of the four countries can be systematically related to their different interests. Only US and West German behaviours differed to a much greater extent than their interests. In a basic first cut the variety of UNESCO policies is therefore explained by variables assumed to influence foreign policy interests: the media systems, and the societal values they represent, as well as the positions in the overall international power structure. In a second cut this explanation is refined by looking at factors which might account for differences in US and West German foreign policy styles. In this respect, the differences in behaviours seemed above all to reflect differences in the belief systems of the German and American foreign policy elites.
The Fruitfulness of Various Models in the Study of International Environmental Politics
Authors: SKJÆRSETH JON BIRGER
Published: March 2007

The unitary rational actor (URA) model enjoys a strong position in the study of international politics. I argue that it is far from obvious that the URA model is the most fruitful point of departure in the study of international environmental politics compared to more complex models of bureaucratic politics and the role of interest groups. The argument is based on a brief description of international environmental problems and politics and various criteria of fruitfulness. Particular attention is devoted to the principle of methodological individualism as one criterion of fruitfulness. The discussion is illustrated by applying the models to explain the development of EU climate policy.