bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas Bubbles as Oceanographic Tracers
Authors: Baschek Burkard , Farmer David M.
Published: August 2009

Air bubbles can be used as oceanographic tracers that indicate the strength of a downwelling current by which they are subducted. In a tidal front in the Fraser Estuary, British Columbia, Canada, vertical currents of up to 0.70 m s−1 subduct bubbles to depths of more than 160 m. Echo sounder measurements are compared with simultaneous ADCP current measurements and are interpreted with a bubble model by S. A. Thorpe, yielding an estimate of the vertical current that carries the bubbles to the depth of measurement.
Multi-Family Group Intervention in a Programme for Patients With First-Episode Psychosis: a Brazilian Experience
Authors: Fabri Cabral Rita Regina , Chaves Ana Cristina
Published: August 2009

Background: Patients’ relatives are considered crucial for treatment and recovery in psychosis but family intervention studies have shown contradictory results in firstepisode psychosis. The aims of this study were to survey caregivers’ satisfaction with the multi-family intervention delivered by our programme and to verify if knowledge acquisition about illness and treatment provided by the family intervention was considered enough and understandable.

Methods: Sixty five family members of 46 first-episode patients were invited to answer a satisfaction questionnaire about the intervention.

Results: Forty individuals returned the questionnaire: 31 women (77.5%) and nine men (22.5%). Most (82.5%) had daily contact with the patient and 19 (47.5%) were mothers. Regarding knowledge acquisition, approximately one third did not improve their understanding of the illness. Nonetheless, 90% of the participants believed the meetings helped them to cope with their ill relative and 95% approved the multi-family format.

Conclusions: Non-specific aspects of the intervention were seen as the most useful part of the programme. An important target of treatment would be to improve the way in which the specific psychoeducational components are delivered to individuals with low formal education.
Microcellular Foaming of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Jiang Xiu-Lei , Bao Jin-Biao , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling , Xu Zhi-Mei , Yuan Wei-Kang
Published: August 2009

The solid-state foaming of two series of polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites based on two different types of organoclays were studied. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction results showed that a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) saturation process could lead to the further exfoliation of clay when the initial interlayer spacing was larger enough. It was found that the incorporation of clays exerted significant impacts on cell nucleation and growth and the effect of clays was determined by their dispersion state. However, the influence of clay on the foaming of the PP/clay nanocomposites became marginal at a higher saturation pressure and a lower foaming temperature.
Microcellular Structure of PP/Waste Rubber Powder Blends with Supercritical CO2 by Foam Extrusion Process
Authors: Xin Zhen Xiang , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Pal Kaushik , Kim Kwang-Jea , Kang Dong Jin , Kim Jin Kuk , Bang Dae-Suk
Published: August 2009

A new approach towards the recycling of waste ground rubber tire (WGRT) powder was demonstrated in this study by introducing the polypropylene/ waste ground rubber tire (PP/WGRT) foaming method by using CO2 as the foaming agent in an extrusion foaming process. The regression models were constructed to study the relationships between the foam structure (i.e., void fraction, average cell size, and cell density) of foamed PP/WGRT blends, the processing parameters (extruder’s die temperature and CO2 concentration), and WGRT content by applying a three-factor central composite design (CCD) statistical approach. The response surface plots generated using the regression models allow the rapid selection of the proper process parameters to obtain microcellular PP/WGRT blends with the desired density and morphology.
From Page-Poet to Recording Artist: Mutabaruka interviewed by Eric Doumerc
Authors: Doumerc Eric
Published: August 2009

Mutabaruka is a dub poet who has been performing in Jamaica and all over the world since the 1970s. Over the years he has made his mark both as a page-poet and as a dynamic performer and he has reached his audience through sound recordings and books. In this interview he discusses the reasons that initially led him to write, the development of dub poetry as opposed to deejay music, the relationship between his poetry and traditional English poetry, the importance of religion in Jamaica and his work as a radio host (for his show “The Cutting Edge”) and record producer. Well-known poems by Mutabaruka, including “Revolutionary Poets”, “Dis Poem” and “The People’s Court” are also discussed, providing some insight into their composition.
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Colonial Girl: Emily Carr and Judith Wright
Authors: Collett Anne , Jones Dorothy
Published: August 2009

In their autobiographical writing, painter Emily Carr and poet Judith Wright record a remarkably similar experience of how growing up in colonial/postcolonial Canada and Australia shaped them as artists. Although each identified strongly with the region of her birth, and felt a deep love of its landscape, issues of belonging preoccupied both women from childhood on as they negotiated their place within the family, the immediate society and the nation. Neither could fully conform to family expectations, nor comply with the restrictions society sought to impose on them as artists and each actively sought, or else found herself cast in, an outsider role. Carr and Wright’s self portraits each have something in common with James Joyce’s representation of Stephen Dedalus in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as an insider/outsider figure who seeks to escape the confining networks of nation and society, only to find himself thoroughly entangled in them.
Women of Affairs: Contrasting Images of Empire in Paul Scott’s The Raj Quartet
Authors: Banerjee Jacqueline
Published: August 2009

Critics still find an element of “Raj nostalgia” in Paul Scott’s Raj Quartet. Yet right from the start he uses an old engraving of Queen Victoria to expose the false and damaging premises on which the Raj was built. Dwindling on its journey through the Quartet, this picture is at length discarded. In contrast, Scott’s “primary” image (which also harks back to the Victorian period) is that of a girl running, at first in the shadow cast by old atrocities, but eventually into a greater freedom, a new “wholeness”. The historical sweep of the Quartet, and its analysis of the political issues involved in the disintegration of the Raj, should not obscure Scott’s fundamental purpose here: to tackle the “many-headed dragon” of prejudice by rejecting the system that promoted it; and to encourage instead, particularly through his independently-minded and stout-hearted women characters, a commitment to a postcolonial and post-racial society.
The Nightingale’s Wanderings: Sarojini Naidu in North America
Authors: Arora Anupama
Published: August 2009

This essay examines the letters that the prominent Indian poet and nationalist leader Sarojini Naidu wrote to Gandhi and her daughters during her 1928—1929 tour of North America. These letters record her impressions of the “New World”, of her reception and of the sentiments these perceptions and reception evoked in her. In her epistolary reflections and public lectures, Naidu presents herself as a self-confident cosmopolitan Indian woman, a poet and writer, and a female nationalist with her own mind. Naidu’s performance of modern Indian womanhood during her tour allowed her to craft a self to gain legitimacy within the assumptions and demands made of her both within America and by Indian (male) nationalists. Her travel letters — implicated in multiple conversations regarding nationalism, gender and inter-imperial connections — engage the intertwined histories of India, England and North America in the first half of the twentieth century.
Betrayal of Form: The “Teeming” Narrative and the Allegorical Impulse in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children
Authors: Chen Chun-yen
Published: August 2009

There has been a tendency among postcolonial critics to naturalize the proximity of the postcolonial literary imagination and allegory, with Rushdie’s work and even his career being seen as prominent instances of this proximity. Most such readings view allegory as a straightforward mode of literary expression in which the “message” of the allegorical sign is granted singular importance, while its formal features often go unheeded. Coterminous with such a conception of allegory is the assumption that it is supposed to function at a “critical distance” from the subject-matter in question. This article argues that Rushdie’s allegorical practice works differently. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s theory of allegory, I read the allegorical images in Midnight’s Children as emblematic of a particular symptom of postcoloniality, the impossibility of the postcolonial subject’s breaking free from the colonial legacy, on the one hand, and from the hegemonic nationalist discourse of the postcolonial condition, on the other. Yet it is precisely when the postcolonial subject is overpowered by the hegemonic discourse’s demands that s/he makes sense of the historical condition that the nonsensicality of the hegemony is exposed. I also suggest that a Benjaminian reading helps put in perspective those discussions of Rushdie’s position, which suggest his putative “complicity” with hegemony.
Development, Dielectric, and Thermal Studies on HAF Carbon-filled Polyester Gradient Composites
Authors: Chand Navin , Nigrawal Archana
Published: August 2009

In this study, high abrasion furnace carbon having particle size 28—36 nm has been incorporated in unsaturated polyester resin to develop gradient composites. Dielectric measurements have been conducted on the graded composites by using a LCR meter. Effect of temperature and frequency variation on dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and on a. c. conductivity (σa.c.) of the samples have been determined. Dielectric measurements have been performed in the temperature range from 30°C to 150°C and in the frequency range 1—10 kHz. Dielectric constant increases gradually with the increase of filler content in the direction of centrifugal force, which shows the existence of gradient structure in the composite. This is confirmed based on the microstructures observed at different positions in the graded composites. On increase of frequency, reduction in dielectric constant in carbon-filled polyester composites has been formed. Dielectric constant and a.c. conductivity increased with increase in temperature. ε′ variation with temperature shows a plateau which shifts from 145°C to 125°C on increase of carbon content. Linear dependence of ln σ0 on Ea follows the compensation law for HAF carbon-filled polyester gradient composite, which is similar to semi conducting composite behavior. Tg obtained by DSC plots for samples 1—4 are higher as compared to polyester resin.
Mechanical Assessment of Non-metallic Composite Clamps Designed for Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Kotela I. , Chlopek J. , Rosol P. , Blazewicz M.
Published: August 2009

Clamps have recently gained interest due to possibility of their use in low-invasiveness operations. The work presents the mechanical tests made on connecting clamps manufactured from carbon fiber—epoxy resin composite (CF/Epoxy). The CF/Epoxy unidirectional composites were prepared with the use of different carbon fiber amount and their elasticity was analyzed. Mechanical characteristics of composite clamps was compared to typical metallic clamps. Stress relaxation tests were made on the composite clamps in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C to determine their mechanical stability. It was shown that the mechanical strength of composite clamps is similar to that of metallic clamps, whereas their stiffness is comparable to bone tissue. The average variations of mechanical stability of the composite clamps kept in SBF under a constant strain were not significant at the end of 6 months aging.
Time-domain Analyses and Correlations of Lamb Wave Signals for Damage Detection in a Composite Panel of Multiple Stiffeners
Authors: Lu Ye , Ye Lin , Wang Dong , Zhong Zhaorui
Published: August 2009

The propagation characteristics of Lamb waves activated and collected by an active piezoelectric sensor network in a carbon fibre (CF)/epoxy (EP) composite panel of five stiffeners were investigated. In particular, attenuation and dispersion of Lamb waves induced by reinforced stiffeners were evaluated, and angular dependence of propagating velocity of Lamb waves in the composite structure was studied. The interaction between Lamb wave modes and damage (a through-thickness hole) was subsequently examined. An inverse algorithm based on correlations between the digital damage fingerprints (DDFs) of wave signals in the benchmark and damaged structures was developed for damage identification. DDFs extracted from the captured wave signals were used to achieve efficient data compression for the calculation of correlation coefficients. Different combinations of actuator—sensor paths were used to estimate the location of damage. The results confirm that the proposed algorithm is able to identify damage in such a complex composite structure.
Effects of Carbon Fillers on Rheology of Polypropylene-based Resins
Authors: King Julia A. , Via Michael D. , Keith Jason M. , Morrison Faith A.
Published: August 2009

Varying amounts of three different carbons (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon nanotubes) are added to polypropylene and the resulting single filler composites are tested for viscosity. In addition, the effects of single fillers and combinations of different carbon fillers are studied via a factorial design. Each single filler and all the combinations of different fillers cause a statistically significant increase in composite viscosity. For synthetic graphite/polypropylene composites, the viscosity increase is due to a volume filling effect. Composites containing carbon black and/or carbon nanotubes show viscosity increases above those containing only synthetic graphite.
A Simplified Empirical Model for Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Random Short Fiber/Vinylester Composites
Authors: Epaarachchi J. , Ku H. , Gohel K.
Published: August 2009

This article discusses a simplified approach to analyze mechanical properties of randomly distributed short fiber composites. Mechanical properties of three different randomly oriented short fiber composites, cotton, nylon, and aluminium with vinylester resins, were experimentally investigated. The analytical results were compared with experimental results and a very good correlation was found. Further, the experimental results and the predictions showed that the strength of the composites is less than the strength of the matrix material, for all three composites tested.
Study on the Principle of Yarn Formation of Murata Vortex Spinning Using Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zeguang Pei  , Chongwen Yu
Published: August 2009

In Murata vortex spinning (MVS), the principle of yarn formation is closely related to the flow field inside the nozzle. This paper presents a numerical simulation of the flow characteristics inside the nozzle of the MVS machine. A three-dimensional grid and the realizable k-ε turbulence model are used in this simulation. The numerical results of pressure distribution and velocity vectors inside the nozzle are shown. A streamline starting from the nozzle inlet is also acquired. Based on the simulation, the principle of yarn formation of MVS is discussed. It is shown that a negative pressure zone exists in the center of the twisting chamber. The collision between the air currents entering the twisting chamber through the nozzle inlet and the yarn passage of the hollow spindle occurs in the vicinity of the spindle inlet, resulting in a reverse flow and a vortex. The disturbance of the flow helps to separate fibers. In addition, the simulation results have well supported the principle of yarn formation of MVS claimed by the spinner makers.
Utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy Stereoscopy to Explain the Wear Behavior of Latch Needles
Authors: Çukul Dilek , Candan Cevza , Turan Servet
Published: August 2009

Knitting needles are the main elements for the knitting process and they are continuously in contact with fibers, yarns and contaminants existing in the structure of the yarns. In this study, the wear occurring inside latch needle hooks was examined empirically to explain how it is affected by the type of yarn and the machine parameters. The wear of the needle hook was represented numerically based on the technique of the comparison of local surface heights. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) stereoscopy was used for the evaluation of the hook surfaces. The average surface roughness parameter (Ra) was utilized for evaluating the wear inside the needle hooks, depending on various machine parameters such as yarn tension, knitting speed, etc., and on various yarn properties such as fiber type and yarn type. The results of this study showed that SEM stereoscopy can be used to understand the wear mechanism of the surfaces of needles. Both the statistical analysis of Ra measurements and SEM images supported the results.
The Socratic Narrative: A Democratic Reading of Plato’s Dialogues
Authors: Saxonhouse Arlene W.
Published: August 2009

Plato wrote dialogues. While there has been attention to the dramatic elements of Plato’s dialogues by a number of scholars, there has been much less attention to the narrative style of the dialogues. I argue that we should consider whether the dialogues are recited or presented like dramatic works with each character speaking his own words—or as a mixture of these narrative forms. By employing this interpretive tool to read the Republic, I illustrate how paying attention to the narrative style enables us to see a democratic Socrates who undermines readings of the Republic famously offered by Karl Popper and Leo Strauss. Plato appears then as neither a defender of the “closed society” nor an advocate of the elite rule of the wise over the many.
Superintendents’ Perceptions of the Principal Shortage
Authors: Pijanowski John C. , Hewitt Paul M. , Brady Kevin P.
Published: August 2009

The research literature on the principal shortage is inconsistent regarding the actual scope of the shortage and a clear articulation of factors contributing to the successful recruitment and retention of today’s school leaders. Often, critical data related to the principal shortage are ignored, including the number of younger principals overlooked in a candidate job search or the number of credentialed principal candidates who ultimately withdraw from a search. This study is based on a survey of 197 superintendents concerning their views on the principal shortage and factors associated with influencing the recruitment and retention of school leaders. Some major findings are that superintendents often underestimate the principal candidate applicant pool in their own districts, compensation continues to be the primary method of attracting qualified principal applicants, and rural schools are at a distinct disadvantage compared with urban and suburban schools in their search for new school principals.
Advertising Education in Australia
Authors: Kerr Gayle F. , Waller David , Patti Charles
Published: August 2009

In Australia, advertising is a $13 billion industry that needs a supply of suitably skilled employees. Over the years, advertising education has developed from vocational-based courses to degree courses across the country. This study uses diffusion theory and various secondary sources and interviews to observe the development of advertising education in Australia from its early past to its current-day tertiary offerings, to discussing the issues that are arising in the near future. Six critical issues are identified, along with observations about the challenges and opportunities within Australian advertising education. By looking back to the future, it is hoped that this historical review provides lessons for other countries of similar educational structure or background, or even other marketing communication disciplines on a similar evolutionary path.
Modeling the Constructs Contributing to the Effectiveness of Marketing Lecturers
Authors: Sweeney Arthur D. P. , Morrison Mark D. , Jarratt Denise , Heffernan Troy
Published: August 2009

Student evaluation of teaching has been examined in higher education research for over 70 years but there are gaps in our knowledge about the contribution, and relationships between, the relevant constructs. Recent literature encourages researchers to test multivariate models of Teaching Effectiveness. Seven main constructs known to influence Teaching Effectiveness have been variously selected for inclusion in previous literature; however, previous multivariate studies have examined only a subset of these constructs, with the majority considering four or fewer constructs. The comprehensive model of Teaching Effectiveness developed in this study examines the main and mediated influence of all seven constructs on Teaching Effectiveness. Data have been collected from undergraduate marketing students. Three constructs (Clear Communication, Delivery Dynamism, and Assessment Fairness) contribute directly to Teaching Effectiveness. Real-World Knowledge, Rapport, Subject Organization, and Subject Difficulty contribute indirectly to Teaching Effectiveness. Consistent with previous research, these findings highlight the importance of personal attributes (communication, delivery, real-world knowledge, and rapport) on Teaching Effectiveness.
One-to-one tuition in a conservatoire: the perceptions of instrumental and vocal students
Authors: Gaunt Helena
Published: August 2009

This paper analyses the perceptions of 20 students in a conservatoire in the UK about one-to-one tuition, and forms part of research also investigating the perceptions of the students’ teachers. Findings suggested that these students had significantly different experiences of one-to-one tuition in terms of frequency and length of lessons. Nevertheless all were enthusiastic about their relationship with their current teacher(s), and the individual attention which one-to-one tuition offered. Tension emerged between trust in a single teacher and ways in which having several teachers encouraged students to become more responsible for their own learning. Furthermore, the dynamics of power in this relationship, though rarely discussed, seemed to have considerable impact on the students, at times hampering their development. Those who had experienced difficulties in the past with teachers also expressed anxiety about personal and professional repercussions. Although students had clear aspirations, for example to be professional performers, these were not usually translating into focused strategic efforts to develop work. This was surprising particularly as their teachers were themselves usually active in the music profession. It was clear that the development of planning and reflective strategies relating to either learning processes or career development were rarely prioritized.
The world was never flat: early global encounters and the messiness of empire
Authors: Domosh Mona
Published: August 2009

Thomas Friedman’s 2005 book The world is flat was meant as a wake-up call to those in the United States who direct its corporate boardrooms and govern its political/economic state, a warning that globalization has brought about a level economic ‘playing field’ in which the United States might be losing the game. As rhetoric, the title certainly works well to raise fears about North America’s future economic role. It also works in concretizing a popular view of globalization, a view that obscures its uneven, discordant, and decidedly unflat processes and practices. In this paper I help deconstruct this view by fleshing out the everyday ways through which United States expanded economically in its early (1890—1927) global empire. Based on archival work in Argentina, Russia, Scotland, and the United States, I provide a historical look at encounters between North American business men and women and their foreign customers, students, and workers. Focusing on the diverse practices and personal encounters that were critical to the early global efforts of select United States-based corporations, I expose the uneven, contested, and messy ways in which economic expansion works. By analyzing early global encounters when the economic dominance of the United States was just becoming apparent, I am able to highlight the sheer complexity and truly relational nature of United States’ expansion in the early twentieth century.
Mapping and monitoring intertidal benthic habitats: a review of techniques and a proposal for a new visual methodology for the European coasts
Authors: Godet Laurent , Fournier Jérôme , Toupoint Nicolas , Olivier Frédéric
Published: August 2009

Mapping seafloors is a fundamental step for managing and preserving coastal zones. Moreover, in a context of current global environmental changes, new methods allowing long-term monitoring are increasingly required. Various methods have been used to map seafloors, primarily benthic macrofauna and sediment sampling along regular grids or transects, and remote sensing methods. These methods map very different things, do not have the same accuracy levels, and have different costs in time and money. Furthermore, such methods often require the competencies of highly skilled scientists and exclude non-specialists otherwise best placed to perform them. In this paper, we test a method based on Direct Field Observations (‘DFO method’), which can be used by non-specialists, and assess if it is sufficient for mapping and monitoring intertidal habitats. We further compare this method with other conventional ones. The results show that such a simple method is relatively rapid and inexpensive given the results obtained. Moreover, it is particularly suitable for highly fragmented intertidal landscapes where other methods are often very limited. In consequence, in areas such as the European coasts, it can be used by non-specialists, such as protected-area managers, and because it is an inexpensive and quick method long-term monitoring is also possible.
Applying multi-criteria decision-making to improve the waste reduction policy in Taiwan
Authors: Su Jun-Pin , Hung Ming-Lung , Chao Chia-Wei , Ma Hwong-wen
Published: August 2009

Over the past two decades, the waste reduction problem has been a major issue in environmental protection. Both recycling and waste reduction policies have become increasingly important. As the complexity of decision-making has increased, it has become evident that more factors must be considered in the development and implementation of policies aimed at resource recycling and waste reduction. There are many studies focused on waste management excluding waste reduction. This study paid more attention to waste reduction. Social, economic, and management aspects of waste treatment policies were considered in this study. Further, a life-cycle assessment model was applied as an evaluation system for the environmental aspect. Results of both quantitative and qualitative analyses on the social, economic, and management aspects were integrated via the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method into the comprehensive decision-making support system of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). A case study evaluating the waste reduction policy in Taoyuan County is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this model. In the case study, reinforcement of MSW sorting was shown to be the best practice. The model in this study can be applied to other cities faced with the waste reduction problems.
Improving rubber concrete by waste organic sulfur compounds
Authors: Chou Liang-Hisng , Lin Chun-Nan , Lu Chun-Ku , Lee Cheng-Haw , Lee Maw-Tien
Published: August 2009

In this study, the use of crumb tyres as additives to concrete was investigated. For some time, researchers have been studying the physical properties of concrete to determine why the inclusion of rubber particles causes the concrete to degrade. Several methods have been developed to improve the bonding between rubber particles and cement hydration products (C—S—H) with the hope of creating a product with an improvement in mechanical strength. In this study, the crumb tyres were treated with waste organic sulfur compounds from a petroleum refining factory in order to modify their surface properties. Organic sulfur compounds with amphiphilic properties can enhance the hydrophilic properties of the rubber and increase the intermolecular interaction forces between rubber and C—S—H. In the present study, a colloid probe of C—S—H was prepared to measure these intermolecular interaction forces by utilizing an atomic force microscope. Experimental results showed that rubber particles treated with waste organic sulfur compounds became more hydrophilic. In addition, the intermolecular interaction forces increased with the adsorption of waste organic sulfur compounds on the surface of the rubber particles. The compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete samples that included rubber particles treated with organic sulfur compound also increased significantly.
Analysis of odorous compounds at municipal landfill sites
Authors: Sadowska-Rociek Anna , Kurdziel Magdalena , Szczepaniec-Cięciak Elżbieta , Riesenmey Caroline , Vaillant Hervé , Batton-Hubert Mireille , Piejko Krzysztof
Published: August 2009

The aim of this investigation was to determine odorous compounds in the air over the landfill sites in France and Poland. Air samples were collected by passive and dynamic methods of preconcentration analytes and analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The coupling µTD-µGC-MS was also used for on-site analysis of odorous compounds. The achieved results indicated that the concentrations of odorants in the air varied and strongly depended on the sampling site. The highest concentrations were observed at the points situated near biogas wells and above the fresh waste layer. The concentrations were influenced by landfill activities such as failures of the landfill gas collection system, heavy truck traffic, machinery operations and compacting fresh waste.
Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan
Authors: Young Chea-Yuan , Ni Shih-Piao , Fan Kuo-Shuh
Published: August 2009

It is essential to the achievement of zero waste that emphasis is concentrated on front-end preventions rather than end-of-pipe (EOP) treatment. Zero waste is primarily based on cleaner production, waste management, the reduction of unnecessary consumption and the effective utilization of waste materials. The aim of this study was to briefly review the tasks undertaken and future plans for achieving zero waste in Taiwan. Waste prevention, source reduction, waste to product, waste to energy, EOP treatment, and adequate disposal are the sequential principal procedures to achieve the goal of zero waste. Six strategies have been adopted to implement the zero waste policy in Taiwan. These are regulatory amendments, consumption education, financial incentives, technical support, public awareness, and tracking and reporting. Stepwise targets have been set for 2005, 2007, 2011, and 2020 for both the municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial waste to reach the goal of zero waste. The eventual aim is to achieve 70% MSW minimization and 85% industrial waste minimization by 2020. Although tools and measures have been established, some key programmes have higher priority. These include the establishment of a waste recycling programme, promotion of cleaner production, a green procurement programme, and promotion of public awareness. Since the implementation of the zero waste policy started in 2003, the volume of MSW for landfill and incineration has declined dramatically. The recycling and/or minimization of MSW quantity in 2007 was 37%, which is much higher than the goal of 25%. Industrial waste reached almost 76% minimization by the end of 2006, which is 1 year before the target year.
Co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste with primary sludge at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Turkey
Authors: Dereli Recep Kaan , Ersahin Mustafa Evren , Gomec Cigdem Yangin , Ozturk Izzet , Ozdemir Ozgur
Published: August 2009

Co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge may be an attractive alternative for sustainable management of two separate waste streams produced in large amounts in all countries. This study evaluates calculation-based results of an anaerobic co-digestion process for primary sludge (PS) together with the OFMSW. The calculations were carried out for the anaerobic digester of Kayseri municipal wastewater treatment plant (in Turkey) presently digesting only PS. Two alternatives were proposed using different solid waste contents in co-digesters. For achieving the optimal solids content, some treated wastewater should be recycled to the inlet of the digesters. The municipal solid waste collection method characterized as mechanically sorted (MS-OFMSW; Option 1) is evaluated as well as a source sorted (SS-OFMSW) alternative (Option 2). Utilizing the energy produced by the existing sludge digester, only 30% of the internal energy demand at the wastewater treatment plant can be covered. The aim of this study is to evaluate how energy production would be increased by co-digestion of OFMSW and PS. The best operational condition considering organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time and energy generation could be attained at 10% digester solids content for both options. According to Option 1, almost 77% of the energy demand could be covered by co-digestion of MS-OFMSW and PS. Results indicated that almost 100% energy coverage can be obtained when co-digestion (Option 2) was performed according to SS-OFMSW and PS.
The chemical and oxidation characteristics of semi-dry flue gas desulfurization ash from a steel factory
Authors: Liu Ren-ping , Bin Guo  , Ailing Ren  , Bian Jing-feng
Published: August 2009

Some samples of semi-dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) ash were taken from sinter gas of a steel factory. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to identify the samples in order to investigate their physical and chemical characteristics. The results show that semi-dry FGD ash from a steel factory is stable under atmospheric conditions. It has irregular shape, a smooth surface and loose construction. The size of FGD ash particles is around 0.5—25 µm, the average size is about 5 µm and the median diameter is 4.18 µm. Semi-dry FGD ash from a steel factory consists of CaSO3, CaSO4, CaCO3, some amorphous vitreous material and unburned carbon. An experimental method was found to study the oxidation characteristics of ash. A prediction model of the oxidation efficiency was obtained based on response surface methodology. The results show that not only the temperature, but also gas:solid ratio, play an important role in influencing the oxidation efficiency. The interactions of the gas:solid ratio with temperature play an essential role. An improved response surface model was obtained which can be helpful to describe the degree of oxidation efficiency of semi-dry FGD ash.
Recycling of glass: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions
Authors: Larsen Anna W. , Merrild Hanna , Christensen Thomas H.
Published: August 2009

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to recycling of glass waste were assessed from a waste management perspective. Focus was on the material recovery facility (MRF) where the initial sorting of glass waste takes place. The MRF delivers products like cullet and whole bottles to other industries. Two possible uses of reprocessed glass waste were considered: (i) remelting of cullet added to glass production; and (ii) re-use of whole bottles. The GHG emission accounting included indirect upstream emissions (provision of energy, fuels and auxiliaries), direct activities at the MRF and bottle-wash facility (combustion of fuels) as well as indirect downstream activities in terms of using the recovered glass waste in other industries and, thereby, avoiding emissions from conventional production. The GHG accounting was presented as aggregated global warming factors (GWFs) for the direct and indirect upstream and downstream processes, respectively. The range of GWFs was estimated to 0—70 kg CO2eq. tonne —1 of glass waste for the upstream activities and the direct emissions from the waste management system. The GWF for the downstream effect showed some significant variation between the two cases. It was estimated to approximately —500 kg CO2-eq. tonne— 1 of glass waste for the remelting technology and —1500 to —600 kg CO2-eq. tonne—1 of glass waste for bottle re-use. Including the downstream process, large savings of GHG emissions can be attributed to the waste management system. The results showed that, in GHG emission accounting, attention should be drawn to thorough analysis of energy sources, especially electricity, and the downstream savings caused by material substitution.
Opportunities and constraints for developing a sustainable E-waste management system at local government level in Australia
Authors: Davis Georgina , Herat S.
Published: August 2009

E-waste refers to both electronic and electrical waste materials; namely any items which rely on an electric current or electromagnetic fields in order to operate, and contain a hard-drive or significant electronic components and/or a printed circuit board. E-waste is outstripping the general growth of the municipal waste stream. Increasingly, smaller and cheaper electronic items are being disposed of in municipal waste systems and this, coupled with an increase in the number of, and turnover of manufacturers and suppliers, may see local councils assuming a key role in future e-waste management. A survey of local councils across Australia was undertaken to determine the current level of understanding and action on e-waste, and to solicit key responses regarding the identification of areas where improvements could be made. The survey achieved an overall response rate of 35%. Survey results identified key barriers experienced by councils regarding the collection and treatment of e-wastes, such as access to reprocessing facilities and the limited or complete unawareness by the public of the issues. With regards to who should pay for e-waste disposal at end-of-life, consumers and producers were most commonly cited, depending on the state with the preferred funding mechanisms being ‘advanced recycling fee’ and Expanded Producer Responsibility. Overwhelmingly, 88% of respondents believed that federal legislation was required to manage e-waste. Overall, the results did not indicate differences in views between states for most questions.
Assessing Factors Associated With Listing a Historic Resource in the National Register of Historic Places
Authors: Maskey Vishakha , Brown Cheryl , Lin Ge
Published: August 2009

Previous research reveals various economic and social impacts in the community from listing historic resources in the National Register of Historic Places; however, information on underlying community factors that influence these listings has not been examined and could be useful for policy makers. The current study examines the socioeconomic, institutional, and location factors influencing the listing of historic resources in the National Register in the Appalachian state of West Virginia.Two separate models of total historic listings and rate of historic house listings in the National Register identify the following: number of higher education institutions and older houses, rural area, more than one historic preservation organization, proportion of females, and the share of income in the service economy. Age, poverty rate, and the Gini coefficient of income inequality have an inverse relationship with listing.
Ethnicity Effects on the Family Business Entrepreneurial Process
Authors: Harris Ira C.
Published: August 2009

This commentary adopts a cross-disciplinary framework to discuss possible influences of both family and ethnicity on business performance in the marketplace. Both family and ethnicity are viewed as “upstream factors” that may help a business gain a favorable identity with potential stakeholders. Family businesses that have an ethnic background in common with customers, employees, and suppliers may receive preferential treatment. Communities may patronize a business simply because of an associated group identity. Thus, ethnic collectivism may alter some assumptions about family businesses and how they compete.
Some aspects of a medical anthropology: pathic existence and causality in Viktor von Weizsäcker
Authors: Wiedebach Hartwig
Published: August 2009

‘Life is not only an “event” that happens — but also something that is suffered’; this is the core principle of what Viktor von Weizsäcker (1886—1957), the German physician and founder of a ‘Medical Anthropology’, called the ‘pathic’ dimension. The personal voice of the human being himself becomes a constitutive principle within the medium of science. Concepts of cause and effect are no longer applicable in the customary functional sense of aetiology. Even the intellect or spirit (Geist ) can no longer be regarded as unscathed. In order to handle pathic ‘causality’ Weizsäcker introduced his ‘pathic pentagram’. The interplay of five modalities — must / may / want / should / can — creates a ground or reason of psychological and/or somatic explanation. Necessity and freedom of a person appear interwoven in a constitutive manner.
The historical roots of Theory of Mind: the work of James Mark Baldwin
Authors: Obiols Jordi E. , Berrios German E.
Published: August 2009

The historical development of the concepts underpinning what is currently called ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM) has received little attention. This paper deals with the contribution of James Mark Baldwin (1861—1934) whose work on such concepts was original and profound. Embedding his version of ToM into a coherent developmental theory of human cognition, and suggesting novel methods of observation, Baldwin also proposed new conceptual tools and proto-concepts such as the ‘ejective-self’. Baldwin also wrote on the distinction between the mental and the non-mental, and on play and imitation. His influence on Jean Piaget, another important figure in the development of ToM, is briefly touched upon here, as are possible explanations for Baldwin’s woeful absence from the 20th-century ToM hagiography.
Foucault and the ‘Anti-Oedipus movement’: psychoanalysis as disciplinary power
Authors: Basaure Mauro
Published: August 2009

What psychiatry was for the anti-psychiatry movement, psychoanalysis was for the French ‘Anti-Oedipus movement’ represented by Robert Castel, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Until now, the contribution of Foucault to this critical movement has been little known. In this paper I reconstruct in a systematic and exhaustive way Foucault’s critique of psychoanalysis and, in particular, of the Oedipus-complex theory. I demonstrate that this critique presupposes a very specific epistemology and social theory. On an epistemological level, Foucault focuses on the power effects of psychoanalysis as a discourse of subjectivity. On a social-theoretical level, Foucault assumes a functionalist conception of society. These two aspects of Foucault’s critique of psychoanalysis have not been adequately recognized in the discussion about his relationship to psychoanalysis (Derrida, Miller, Whitebook, among others). I argue that a fruitful dialogue between a Foucault-inspired critical social theory and psychoanalysis can take place only if these two distinct aspects are taken into account.
Kant on mental disorder. Part 1: An overview
Authors: Frierson Patrick
Published: August 2009

This paper sets out Kant’s anthropological account of mental disorder. I begin with a discussion of the nature of Kant’s ‘pragmatic anthropology’ and the implications of the fact that his discussion of mental disorder takes place in that context. I then set out Kant’s taxonomy of the mind and discuss the various disorders affecting the cognitive faculty and the faculties of feeling and desire. I end with a brief discussion of Kant’s views on the causes, preventions, and treatments of mental disorder.
Kant on mental disorder. Part 2: Philosophical implications of Kant’s account
Authors: Frierson Patrick
Published: August 2009

This paper considers various philosophical problems arising from Kant’s account of mental disorder. Starting with the reasons why Kant considered his theory of mental disorder important, I then turn to the implications of this theory of Kant’s metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. Given Kant’s account of insanity as ‘a totally different standpoint ... from which one sees all objects differently’ (7: 216), the Critique of Pure Reason should be read as offering a more social epistemology than typically recognized. Also, mental disorders that seem to undermine human freedom and rationality raise problems for Kant’s moral philosophy that his pragmatic anthropology helps to mitigate. Finally, I propose some implications of Kant’s account of mental disorder for contemporary work on mental illness.
Classic Text No. 79
Authors: Berrios G.E.
Published: August 2009

The history of the philosophies of psychiatry is yet to be written. Insight into material essential to this endeavour is provided by Classic Text No. 79 which translates an excerpt from the work of Prosper Despine (1812—92), one of the most distinguished alienist-philosophers of the second half of the 19th century. In his De la Folie …, Despine discusses, inter alia , issues concerning the referent, definition and aetiology of ‘madness’. His arguments are that putative brain lesions cannot act as a referent for ‘madness’ for they correlate poorly with mad behaviour; instead, the referent should be provided by a definition worked out by the science of psychology. Lest one commits a categorical fallacy, this association should not be taken as evidence that the brain lesions are the disease because they can be present without madness; and because the latter can develop without brain lesions. Despine seems to suggest that non-organic aetiologies such as psychogenicity should be taken into account.
A Test for Evaluating the Effects of Stress-States on Damage Evolution with Specific Application to the Hot Rolling of Free-Cutting Steels
Authors: Foster A.D. , Lin J. , Farrugia D.C.J. , Dean T.A.
Published: August 2009

A new conical splay test is developed to assess the mechanisms of damage evolution in a range of stress states representative of hot rolling. The test consists of a bulk forming operation between open dies, during which plastic deformation occurs across a gradient of stress states from near-uniaxial tension to highly compressive. The transition between tensile and compressive stress state allows the microstructure to be accurately linked to the corresponding stress state. FE simulation of the new test is used to analyze the stress-state history during deformation. A low-carbon free-cutting steel, which is prone to edge cracking during hot rolling, is studied and the modes of damage evolution are discussed.
An Experimental Approach to Evaluate the Critical Damage
Authors: Amiri M. , Naderi M. , Khonsari M.M.
Published: August 2009

An experimental study has been carried out to determine the critical damage parameter based on the concept of entropy flow. The fatigue damage is either a cumulative process that progresses toward a maximum tolerable damage, or is an irreversible progression of cyclic plastic strain energy that reaches its critical value at the onset of fracture. In the present study, irreversible heat dissipation in terms of entropy is utilized to experimentally determine the degradation of different specimens subjected to low cyclic bending fatigue. An experimental correlation between entropy and damage is proposed. It is shown that the cyclic energy dissipation in the form of thermodynamic entropy can be effectively utilized to determine the critical damage value.