bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismicity around Parkfield correlates with static shear stress changes following the 2003 Mw6.5 San Simeon earthquake
Authors: Meng Xiaofeng , Peng Zhigang , Hardebeck Jeanne L.
Published: July 2013

Earthquakes trigger other earthquakes, but the physical mechanism of the triggering is currently debated. Most studies of earthquake triggering rely on earthquakes listed in catalogs, which are known to be incomplete around the origin times of large earthquakes and therefore missing potentially triggered events. Here we apply a waveform matched‐filter technique to systematically detect earthquakes along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault from 46 days before to 31 days after the nearby 2003 Mw6.5 San Simeon earthquake. After removing all possible false detections, we identify ~8 times more earthquakes than in the Northern California Seismic Network catalog. The newly identified events along the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault show a statistically significant decrease following the San Simeon main shock, which correlates well with the negative static stress changes (i.e., stress shadow) cast by the main shock. In comparison, the seismicity rate around Parkfield increased moderately where the static stress changes are positive. The seismicity rate changes correlate well with the static shear stress changes induced by the San Simeon main shock, suggesting a low friction in the seismogenic zone along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault.
Coastal Greenland air temperature extremes and trends 1890–2010: annual and monthly analysis
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Hanna Edward , Yde Jacob C. , Cappelen John , Malmros Jeppe K.
Published: July 2013

We use observed air temperature data series from 14 meteorological stations in coastal Greenland (located all around the Greenland Ice Sheet) for 1960–2010, where long‐term records for five of the stations extend back to 1890, to illustrate the annual and monthly temporal and spatial distribution of temperature extremes, with the main focus on the latest decade 2001–2010 (2000s). We find that the 2000s had the highest number of mean annual air temperature (MAAT) warm extremes, and the 1890s the highest number of cold extremes, and that a high (low) positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index equals a high number of cold (warm) extreme events. For the 2000s the number of warm extremes was significantly higher by around 50% than the number in the 1940s (the early twentieth century warm period): the latter being the decade with the second highest occurrence of MAAT warm extremes. Since 1960, based on MAAT the number of cold extremes has overall decreased on the decadal timescale, besides a peak in 1980s, while warm extremes have increased, leading to a higher occurrence of extremes (cold plus warm extremes): an almost similar pattern occurred for monthly mean temperatures and monthly mean daily maximum and minimum temperature datasets. Furthermore, a division of Greenland into east and west sectors shows that the occurrence of cold (warm) extremes was more pronounced in the East than in the West in the 1960s and 1970s (mid‐1980s to the 2000s).
Morbidity after thyroid surgery: Patient perspective
Authors: Grover Gagandeep , Sadler Gregory P. , Mihai Radu
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate patient perception of morbidity after thyroid surgery.

Study Design

Survey of consecutive patients (case series).

Methods

A standardized questionnaire was mailed to 312 patients who underwent thyroid surgery during a 3‐year period (January 2008 to December 2010).

Results

Replies were received from 202 (64%) patients (56 male, 166 female; age, 55 ± 16 years) at 6 to 39 months (median, 23 months) after lobectomy (n = 119) or total thyroidectomy (n = 76) for benign (n = 160) or malignant (n = 42) conditions. Subjective voice assessment using a visual analogue scale was normal in 111 patients, deteriorated in 80 patients, and improved in 21 patients. Voice handicap index scores were normal in 126 (62%) patients and increased in 76 (38%) patients to a median of 17 (range, 11–29). Voice‐related quality of life was excellent in 107 (53%) patients, fair to good in 66 patients, and poor to fair in 29 patients. Subjective assessment of swallowing was reported as normal in 84 patients, moderately affected in 56 patients (score, 11–15) and severely affected in 62 patients (score, 16–40; median, 23). Calcium supplements prescribed routinely after bilateral surgery were interrupted within 2 to 4 weeks in 56 patients and within 3 to 6 months in 18 patients. None of the respondents had persistent hypoparathyroidism. Appearance of the scar assessed using the Manchester score ranged from 5 to 16 (median, 7). Asked whether they would consider robotic thyroid surgery to avoid a cervical scar, only 38 patients said they were definitely interested.

Conclusions

A large proportion of patients report persistent moderate voice and swallowing problems after thyroid surgery. These findings are similar to a recent international multicenter survey of more than 2,000 patients with thyroid cancer. Hypocalcemia and cosmetic outcome raised no significant concerns.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2319–2323, 2013
One‐Component Intrinsic Self‐Healing Coatings Based on Reversible Crosslinking by Diels–Alder Cycloadditions
Authors: Kötteritzsch Julia , Stumpf Steffi , Hoeppener Stephanie , Vitz Juergen , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: July 2013

Terpolymers containing functional moieties for reversible crosslinking by DA reaction are synthesized for application as self‐healing coatings. The polymers are based on a methacrylate backbone containing furan as well as maleimide units in the side chains. No additional crosslinker is required to obtain a self‐healing polymeric material. After damage, the material can be heated to a temperature at which the retro‐DA reaction takes place. Subsequent cooling to room temperature leads to a healing of the scratch due to the coupling of the two reactive functional groups. This healing process can be repeated multiple times. The polymers are characterized by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, thermogravimentric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The self‐healing properties are studied using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation.

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Pad stress tests with increasing load for the diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Rimstad Liv , Larsen Elsa Skjønhaug , Schiøtz Hjalmar A. , Kulseng‐Hanssen Sigurd
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of the study was to test the ability of pad stress tests with increasing load (supine, jumping on the floor, and jumping on a trampoline) to document stress incontinence in subjectively stress incontinent women.

Methods

In this prospective study 147 subjectively stress and mixed incontinent women performed consecutively the three pad stress tests with a bladder volume of 300 ml. Nineteen women performed a second trampoline pad stress test to test repeatability of the test. Nine continent women performed a trampoline pad stress test in order to determine if subjectively continent women would leak during the test.

Results

Seventy‐two women (49%) leaked during the supine, 136 (93%) leaked during the jumping, and 146 (99%) leaked during the trampoline pad stress test. The differences between pad stress tests were significant with P < 0.005. Correlation between the two trampoline pad stress tests was high at 0.8. None of the nine continent women leaked during the trampoline pad stress test.

Conclusion

: The supine pad stress test has low sensitivity and is therefore often falsely negative. The jumping pad stress test is a simple test to perform and is satisfactory for everyday use. Subjectively stress incontinent women who do not leak during the jumping pad stress test may perform a trampoline pad stress test to document stress incontinence. The trampoline pad stress test is also simple to perform and detected leakage in 91% of the women who did not leak during the jumping pad stress test. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1135–1139, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A three‐stage procurement optimization problem under uncertainty
Authors: Prince Mike , Smith J. Cole , Geunes Joseph
Published: July 2013

This article examines a problem faced by a firm procuring a material input or good from a set of suppliers. The cost to procure the material from any given supplier is concave in the amount ordered from the supplier, up to a supplier‐specific capacity limit. This NP‐hard problem is further complicated by the observation that capacities are often uncertain in practice, due for instance to production shortages at the suppliers, or competition from other firms. We accommodate this uncertainty in a worst‐case (robust) fashion by modeling an adversarial entity (which we call the “follower”) with a limited procurement budget. The follower reduces supplier capacity to maximize the minimum cost required for our firm to procure its required goods. To guard against uncertainty, the firm can “protect” any supplier at a cost (e.g., by signing a contract with the supplier that guarantees supply availability, or investing in machine upgrades that guarantee the supplier's ability to produce goods at a desired level), ensuring that the anticipated capacity of that supplier will indeed be available. The problem we consider is thus a three‐stage game in which the firm first chooses which suppliers' capacities to protect, the follower acts next to reduce capacity from unprotected suppliers, and the firm then satisfies its demand using the remaining capacity. We formulate a three‐stage mixed‐integer program that is well‐suited to decomposition techniques and develop an effective cutting‐plane algorithm for its solution. The corresponding algorithmic approach solves a sequence of scaled and relaxed problem instances, which enables solving problems having much larger data values when compared to standard techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
First trimester detection of double aneuploidy involving autosomes and sex chromosomes using combined biochemical and ultrasound screening
Authors: Spencer Kevin
Published: July 2013

What's already known about this topic?

A few isolated reports of double trisomy involving chromosomes 21 or 18 and sex chromosomes have shown increased nuchal translucency.

What does this study add?

I outline two new additional cases involving chromosome 21 and a further two new additional cases involving chromosome 18.

In all four cases, nuchal translucency was increased and the first trimester biochemical patterns followed those seen in single autosomal triploidy involving chromosome 21 or 18.

Double trisomy can be identified through existing first trimester combined test screening algorithms.
Higher emotional distress in female partners of cancer patients: prevalence and patient–partner interdependencies in a 3‐year cohort
Authors: Moser Michael T. , Künzler Alfred , Nussbeck Fridtjof , Bargetzi Mario , Znoj Hans J.
Published: July 2013

Objective

Assessment and treatment of psychological distress in cancer patients was recognized as a major challenge. The role of spouses, caregivers, and significant others became of salient importance not only because of their supportive functions but also in respect to their own burden. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of distress in a mixed sample of cancer patients and their partners and to explore the dyadic interdependence.

Methods

An initial sample of 154 dyads was recruited, and distress questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist 9‐Item Short Version and 12‐Item Short Form Health Survey) were assessed over four time points. Linear mixed models and actor–partner interdependence models were applied.

Results

A significant proportion of patients and their partners (up to 40%) reported high levels of anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and low quality of life over the course of the investigation. Mixed model analyses revealed that higher risks for clinical relevant anxiety and depression in couples exist for female patients and especially for female partners. Although psychological strain decreased over time, the risk for elevated distress in female partners remained. Modeling patient–partner interdependence over time stratified by patients' gender revealed specific effects: a moderate correlation between distress in patients and partners, and a transmission of distress from male patients to their female partners.

Conclusions

Our findings provide empirical support for gender‐specific transmission of distress in dyads coping with cancer. This should be considered as an important starting point for planning systemic psycho‐oncological interventions and conceptualizing further research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Drying Conditions on the Particle Size, Dispersion State, and Mechanical Sensitivities of Nano HMX
Authors: Liu Jie , Jiang Wei , Li Fengsheng , Wang Longxiang , Zeng Jiangbao , Li Qing , Wang Yi , Yang Qing
Published: July 2013

Nano HMX was prepared using a bi‐directional rotation mill and dried in different liquids, at various temperatures, and under different conditions. It was revealed that the samples were caked seriously and the particles tend to aggregate with obviously increased size when dried through ordinary drying in different liquids at 70 °C, which also occurred after vacuum drying. The degree of caking and aggregation was enhanced with increasing temperature. The particles were prevented to grow and the samples were fluffy when supercritical drying, particularly freeze drying, was used. The mechanical sensitivities of the samples marked with I‐HMX, O‐HMX, and F‐HMX, which had average sizes of 120.36 μm, 1.18 μm, and 0.16 μm, respectively, were carried out. Compared with I‐HMX, the friction, impact, and shock sensitivities of O‐HMX were slightly lower, and a significant sensitivity decrease for F‐HMX happened with specific values of 28 %, 42.8 %, and 56.4 %, respectively, which demonstrated significant safety improvement.
Crossed graphene: Stability and electronic structure
Authors: Bahmann Silvia , Weißbach Torsten , Kortus Jens
Published: July 2013

Carbon has always attracted attention due to its rich chemistry and the almost complementary properties of the natural phases graphite and diamond. While graphite is a highly anisotropic semi‐metal, diamond shows high hardness and thermal conductivity and is a wide‐gap insulator. With the discovery of graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes which resemble properties of the two crystalline phases, research on those and novel carbon materials emerged. Since carbon is forming different covalent bonds, there is a multitude of possibilities to create new structures by just combining sp, sp2, and sp3 bonded carbon. Here we report on the discovery of a new sp2 and sp3 bonded carbon structure which can be seen as a crossed graphene structure providing hybrid properties of graphene and diamond by means of an evolutionary algorithm.

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(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetotransport and thermopower of single Bi0.92Sb0.08 nanowires
Authors: Heiderich Sonja , Toellner William , Boehnert Tim , Gluschke Jan Goeran , Zastrow Sebastian , Schumacher Christian , Pippel Eckhard , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: July 2013

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This Letter reports on temperature‐dependent electrical measurements of single Bi0.92Sb0.08 nanowires with diameters between 220 nm and 350 nm. The magnetoresistance effect under transverse magnetic fields of ±2 T and the Seebeck coefficient S are measured in the temperature range of 50–300 K. Additionally, the influence of an annealing step on the transport properties is investigated. The as‐prepared wires show heterogeneous temperature dependent behavior, whereas the annealed wires show semiconductive behavior. The room temperature value of the resistivity of the wires is between 2 × 10–6 Ωm and 1.4 × 10–5 Ωm. Magnetoresistance effects up to 15% at 50 K for the as‐prepared nanowires and up to 23% for the annealed wires are observed. The temperature dependent Seebeck coefficient of single wires is determined. The as‐prepared wires show a rise of the absolute value of S with temperature and it seems to saturate at room temperature. In contrast to this, the annealed wires show a linear increase of S. The room temperature values of S are –55 µV K–1 and –45 µV K–1, respectively. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analyzing Degradation by an Independent Increment Process
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Fu Huimin , Zhang Yongbo
Published: July 2013

There is no denying that degradation test is a widely used technique to assess the life‐time information for complex systems and highly reliable products. In this paper, motivated by laser degradation data, valve recession data and independent increment process theory, we propose an independent increment random process method, in which linear mean and standard deviation functions are used to describe the degradation procedure. A one‐stage maximum likelihood estimation of parameters is established. Product's mean‐time‐to‐failure and percentile of the failure time distribution are also derived. The proposed method is illustrated and verified in practice degradation analyzing for the two motivating data sets. It shows that the model can provide reasonable results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic evidence of limited exchange between Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic fin whales
Authors: Giménez Joan , Gómez‐Campos Encarna , Borrell Asunción , Cardona Luis , Aguilar Alex
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

The relationship between stocks of fin whales inhabiting the temperate eastern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea is subject to controversy. The use of chemical markers facilitates an alternative insight into population structure and potential borders between stocks because the two areas present dissimilar isotopic baselines.

METHODS

Baleen plates, composed of inert tissue that keeps a permanent chronological record of the isotopic value of body circulating fluids, were used to investigate connectivity and boundaries between the stocks. Values were determined by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Stable isotopes confirm that, while the two subpopulations generally forage in well‐differentiated grounds, some individuals with characteristic Atlantic values do penetrate into the Mediterranean Sea up to the northernmost latitudes of the region. As a consequence, the border between the two putative subpopulations may be not as definite as previous acoustic investigations suggested. The discriminant function obtained in this study may assist researchers to use baleen plate isotopic data to assign the origin of fin whales of uncertain provenance.

CONCLUSIONS

This study strengthens the stock subdivision currently accepted for management and conservation while recognizes a low level of exchange between the Mediterranean and temperate eastern North Atlantic subdivisions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Small and Lightweight Autonomous Laser Mapping System without GPS
Authors: Hu Shaoxing , Chen Chunpeng , Zhang Aiwu , Sun Weidong , Zhu Linlin
Published: July 2013

Autonomous mapping systems execute multiple tasks that include navigation, location, and map generation via the collaborative work of multiple sensors. They are the object of a substantial research focus in the fields of robotics and remote sensing. Although the state‐of‐the‐art mobile mapping systems typically found in ready‐made vehicles or robots are reliable, they are rather large and heavy, their cost is high, and they generally use GPS and an inertial measurement unit to position, so their working environments are limited. After reviewing the current state of autonomous mapping systems, we describe the design and development of a small and lightweight autonomous mapping system (ASQ‐6DMapSys) without GPS, which incorporates low‐cost sensors and components. We describe the layout and selection strategy for sensors and other components in detail, and we present the design methodology for each subsystem. The ASQ‐6DMapSys employs a two‐dimensional (2D) lidar, an inclinometer, and two wheel encoders, which constitute a pose subsystem that uses extended Kalman filtering and simultaneous localization and mapping techniques to compute the pose of the vehicle body. A low‐cost 3D lidar that we developed is also installed on the vehicle body, and the resultant data are aligned with the corresponding pose data of the vehicle body to build a 3D point cloud that describes the global geometry of the environment. We designed and developed every subsystem of the ASQ‐6DMapSys, including the robot vehicle, so it will be easy to expand its functions in the future. The ASQ‐6DMapSys performs well in indoor, outdoor, and tunnel environments, and the experiments in different environments show that the ASQ‐6DMapSys is an effective, small, and lightweight autonomous mapping system with a high performance/price ratio.
Hexokinase and not glycogen synthase controls the flux through the glycogen synthesis pathway in frog oocytes
Authors: Preller Ana , Wilson Christian A.M. , Quiroga-Roger Diego , Ureta Tito
Published: July 2013

Here we set out to evaluate the role of hexokinase and glycogen synthase in the control of glycogen synthesis in vivo. We used metabolic control analysis (MCA) to determine the flux control coefficient for each of the enzymes involved in the pathway. Acute microinjection experiments in frog oocytes were specifically designed to change the endogenous activities of the enzymes, either by directly injecting increasing amounts of a given enzyme (HK, PGM and UGPase) or by microinjection of a positive allosteric effector (glc‐6P for GS). Values of 0.61 ± 0.07, 0.19 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.03, and −0.06 ± 0.08 were obtained for the flux control coefficients of hexokinase EC 2.7.1.1 (HK), phosphoglucomutase EC 5.4.2.1 (PGM), UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase EC 2.7.7.9 (UGPase) and glycogen synthase EC 2.4.1.11 (GS), respectively. These values satisfy the summation theorem since the sum of the control coefficients for all the enzymes of the pathway is 0.87. The results show that, in frog oocytes, glycogen synthesis through the direct pathway is under the control of hexokinase. Phosphoglucomutase and UDPG‐pyrophosphorylase have a modest influence, while the control exerted by glycogen synthase is null.
La educación empresarial en instituciones de educación superior venezolanas
Authors: Borjas de Xena Leslie
Published: July 2013

El artículo describe el abordaje del proceso de la Educación Empresarial (EE) en los centros de Educación Superior de Venezuela en el periodo 2005-2010. La metodología siguió un enfoque complementario para la interpretación de los datos usando diferentes métodos: en la parte cuantitativa, la técnica del análisis estadístico descriptivo, y en lo cualitativo, el método de análisis del contenido (AC) generado de los documentos y de las entrevistas a los actores responsables del proceso de educación empresarial. Los resultados muestran la actividad en el marco institucional y la vinculación universidad-empresa a las exigencias del entorno y las perspectivas referidas en los procesos de creación de empresas, pymes y emprendimiento corporativo.
Gestión de riesgos financieros. Experiencia en un banco latinoamericano
Authors: Lizarzaburu Edmundo , Berggrun Luis , Quispe Julio
Published: July 2013

El presente documento busca presentar los principales conceptos de riesgos financieros presentes en la banca; en particular, se trabajará el caso de un banco peruano, considerando aspectos tales como la gestión de riesgos, Basilea III y la crisis económica internacional. El caso se desarrolla en el primer semestre del 2012 en el mercado peruano
Nonlinear temporal pulse cleaning techniques and application
Authors: Xu Yi , Wang Jianzhou , Huang Yansui , Li Yanyan , Lu Xiaomin , Leng Yuxin
Published: July 2013

Two different pulse cleaning techniques for ultra-high contrast laser systems are comparably analysed in this work. The first pulse cleaning technique is based on noncollinear femtosecond optical-parametric amplification (NOPA) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) processes. The other is based on cross-polarized wave (XPW) generation. With a double chirped pulse amplifier (double-CPA) scheme, although temporal contrast enhancement in a high-intensity femtosecond Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser system can be achieved based on both of the techniques, the two different pulse cleaning techniques still have their own advantages and are suitable for different contrast enhancement requirements of different laser systems.
What Is Making Vineyard Investment in Northwest Victoria, Australia, Slow to Adjust?
Authors: Seyoum-Tegegn Emayenesh , Chan Chris
Published: July 2013

This paper reports a use of the real-options valuation methodology to analyze wine grape vineyard investment under price and yield uncertainty. Threshold annual rates of revenue per hectare to trigger entry and exit, respectively, were calculated for three different sizes of wine grape vineyards in northwest Victoria, Australia. The modeling identified lower exit and higher entry triggers than would be indicated by a conventional approach that ignores the uncertainty underpinning adaptive investment decisions. Between these triggers is a relatively wide gap of estimated indeterminacy in vineyard investment that highlights the intertwined influence of numerous economic factors—cost structure, economies of scale, market volatility, transaction costs, and sunk and salvaged asset valuation. Drawing on these determinants of vineyard investment and disinvestment, the paper discusses the role of investment incentives in affecting industry transformation and the scope for policy intervention to assist structural adjustment of the wine grape sector. (JEL Classification: C61, G11, I25, Q12)
Disruption of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (α-CaMKII/BDNF) signalling is associated with zinc deficiency-induced impairments in cognitive and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Yu XiaoDan , Ren TianHong , Yu XiaoGang
Published: July 2013

Maternal dietary Zn deficiency during fetal development induces substantial cognitive dysfunctions in the resultant offspring. The mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. The present study evaluated whether the impairments caused by gestational and lactational Zn deficiency are mediated by the hippocampal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (α-CaMKII)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling pathway as well as whether they can be restored by postnatal Zn supplementation. Rats were randomly divided into four groups on the first day of pregnancy (n 12): control (CO) group; pair-fed (PF) group; Zn-deprived (ZD) group; orally Zn-supplemented group. The spatial memory of the offspring was tested at postnatal day 35 using the Morris water maze. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat hippocampal medial perforant path–dentate gyrus pathway was evaluated simultaneously, and α-CaMKII and BDNF protein levels were examined by Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the ZD group exhibited a significantly longer latency period in the Morris water maze as well as a significantly decreased LTP amplitude compared with the CO and PF groups. α-CaMKII and BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus was significantly reduced in the ZD group. Postnatal Zn supplementation restored the cognitive dysfunction induced by gestational Zn deficiency but could not completely reverse the decreased LTP and α-CaMKII/BDNF protein levels. Our findings suggest that the α-CaMKII/BDNF signalling pathway may be involved in Zn deficiency-induced cognitive and synaptic impairments.
Palaeoecology of the marine reptiles of the Redwater Shale Member of the Sundance Formation (Jurassic) of central Wyoming, USA
Authors: MASSARE JUDY A. , WAHL WILLIAM R. , ROSS MIKE , CONNELY MELISSA V.
Published: July 2013

The Redwater Shale Member (Oxfordian) of the Sundance Formation was deposited in the foreland basin of the Cordillera during the last and largest marine transgression of the Jurassic in North America. One ichthyosaur (Ophthalmosaurus natans), two cryptocleidoid plesiosaurs (Tatenectes laramiensis,Pantosaurus striatus) and one pliosauromorph (Megalneusaurus rex) are known from the Redwater Shale Member. Ichthyosaurs are much more abundant than plesiosaurs, making up almost 60% of the fauna. No actinopterygian fish have been found, although four species have been identified from the lower Sundance Formation. At least one hybodont shark and one neoselachian are known from rare isolated teeth. The main food source for the marine reptiles was belemnoids, as indicated by preserved gut contents for all four species. In comparison, the better known and slightly older Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation of England, has a much higher taxonomic and ecological diversity, especially in the plesiosaurs, marine crocodiles, and fish. The lower diversity in the Redwater Shale Member probably reflects a much lower primary productivity in the Sundance Sea, as well as restricted migration from the open ocean to the north.
Benthonic foraminifera in the Upper Miocene Cruse Formation at Quinam Bay, Trinidad, western tropical Atlantic Ocean, and their palaeoenvironmental significance
Authors: WILSON B. , VINCENT H.
Published: July 2013

The Upper Miocene Cruse Formation of Trinidad yields predominantly agglutinated foraminifera. The limited assemblage has previously hampered palaeoenvironmental interpretations. Twenty-two samples taken from a basal Cruse section at 0.5 m intervals from Quinam Bay (10°05′07.7″N, 61°45′04.7″W) yielded 2938 foraminifera in 33 species, almost all agglutinated. The absence of calcite-cemented agglutinants suggests post-mortem dissolution of calcareous specimens. DominantSpirosigmoilinella compressaindicates lower bathyal to abyssal palaeodepths, although the low values of the information function H are typical of shallower water. SubdominantHaplophragmoides carinatusandHaplophragmoidessp. 1 indicate low dissolved oxygen levels. Diversities measured using species richness S and H were especially low in the lowest 3.5 m of the section. The proportional abundance of the dominant species in each sample, max(pi), indicated three subsections, being low in the middle of the section but higher at the top and bottom. SHE analysis indicated six abundance biozones (ABs) containing one to seven samples each. Of the three ABs with more than three samples, two had Type 1 community structures and one had a Type 0 community structure. ABs with one or two samples indicate that environmental change at the top of the interval with low diversity is rapid. This is reflected in a change from abundant morphotype M3a (surficial epifauna flattened) at the base of the section to abundant M4a (shallow infauna planispiral) with M4b (deep infaunal) towards the top, which shows a downward shift in the position of the redox front part way through the section.
New Valuations in Greek Art
Authors: Barton J. E.
Published: July 2013

In Greek art we have a conspicuous example of a twofold character that belongs only to the greater types of creative expression. This character is both permanent and fluid. On the one hand, it can never go out of fashion, because it embodies principles of life that respond to the aspirations, if not the capacities, of intelligent humanity in every age. On the other hand, being far too vital to be merely static, it continually allows of fresh and powerful re-interpretation, so that natural lovers of art can always see and enjoy it at first hand through the aesthetic consciousness of their own time.
The Games of the Greek Boy
Authors: Hett Walter S.
Published: July 2013

If, in two thousand years time, any research student is sufficiently interested in the life of twentieth-century Britain, he may read The Times History of the War, as we read Thucydides; he may dig up London and try to reconstruct Westminster Abbey, as the Athenians are now rebuilding the Parthenon. But if our student wants to know how the ordinary Englishman lived, and what were his amusements, he will have to read the modern novel, if indeed any have survived so long. Now the Greek had no novel. The fifth-century Athenian found living far too exciting to waste any of a short life either in reading or in writing novels, even if he had spent sufficient time indoors to cultivate a taste for either; while the Spartan would have suppressed any such attempt, and its author, with ruthless energy. Consequently we cannot turn to any such source to find out what games the Greek boy or man played. No doubt there are allusions scattered throughout Greek literature, especially in the Comedies of Aristophanes, but to give his allusions their true significance is as difficult a task as our student two thousand years hence will find it to reconstruct any phase of modern society from the pages of Punch.
Attic Vase Painting During The Persian Wars
Authors: Webster T. B. L.
Published: July 2013

The Persian wars is a vague term. I use it to cover the A period between the battle of Marathon (490 B.c.) and the peace of Callias (448 B.c.): I use it merely as a label, and do not wish to imply that the Persian wars were the cause of the change which takes place in Greek art during that period. This change can be seen in all the arts: in sculpture the landmarks are the west pediment of the temple of Aphaia at Aegina, the east pediment of the same temple, the west pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, and the east pediment of the same temple: in literature the change is perhaps more easily traced in the works of Pindar than elsewhere. In the early odes, e.g. Pythian X (498 B.c.), the connexion of the myth with the rest is purely external, for it is linked on by the one word ΥΠερβορέων, in the later odes the whole is often subordinated to the moral which Pindar wishes to point: in Pythian IV (462 B.c.) the moral is ‘Do not banish good men’, and the myth of Pelias and Jason gives a disastrous instance. The earlier ode is composed of beautiful parts loosely joined together, the later is an organic unity with a moral purpose running through the whole. This same change can be traced in Greek vases. Here we have a large number of works of art which can be dated with considerable accuracy and assigned to particular painters. The criteria for dating need not be considered here: the attribution to painters is largely the work of J. D. Beazley and rests ultimately on stylistic grounds. In some cases we have signatures and can call the painter by his name, e.g. Euphronios, Euthymides, but more often none of the vases are signed and the names are conventional, e.g. Berlin painter, Niobid painter. I shall consider in turn subjects, composition of the whole picture, and composition of the single figure,2 during two periods, the ‘ripe archaic’ and the ‘early classical’, which are bounded on the one side by the ‘early ripe archaic’, on the other by the ‘classical’: the late works of Euphronios and Euthymides (early ripe archaic) with the early works of the Berlin painter and his fellows (ripe archaic) are to be dated in the decade 500–490 B.c., the ripe works of the Berlin painter and his fellows from 490 to 480 B.c., the late works of these painters 480 to 470: then come the ‘early classical’ painters, the Penthesilea painter, the Niobid painter, &c., till 450; with the Achilles painter the other boundary is crossed into the ‘classical’ period.1
On Excavating
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: July 2013

Mycenae, Knossos, Ur of the Chaldees—Schliemann, Arthur Evans, Woolley—these are names which leap to the mind at any mention of excavation, names glamorous with the romance of discovering by some magic of Prospero's new civilizations old beyond the historian's dreams. But excavating is not all romance, not all the discovery of the undreamed of. Much good work without any glamour has been done by adding one small fact here to another small fact there. And as for the magician's wand the true magic lies in the faith and imagination of those great diggers.
Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: July 2013

On a hill-side rising above the sheltered waters of Suda Bay, on the north coast of western Crete, lie the scattered remains of the ancient city of Aptera or, as it was locally called, Aptara. Near the summit of this hill stood until recently a wall, constructed at a late period of limestone blocks, several of which were inscribed, taken from some earlier building. This wall has now disappeared, and its component stones have been scattered or broken. The left-hand portion of one of them has, however, lately come to light in a neighbouring field, bearing the following text engraved in letters characteristic of the Hellenistic period.
Latin By the Direct Method
Authors: Dale F. R.
Published: July 2013

In September 1913 some two hundred teachers of Latin assembled at Cambridge to study the Direct Method. There was much demonstration, experiment, and discussion: there was great enthusiasm. I best remember one thing. W. L. Paine had brought a class of about a dozen Whitgift boys who had one year's Latin behind them. I was interested in their keen enjoyment of the work, their eagerness to speak and answer. But what surprised me was their accuracy. A boy was called out at the end of the lesson to write up on the board the story which, mainly by question and answer, had been put before the class: he did it with almost no mistakes, and quite quickly. Any such blunder as the confusion of nominative and accusative had met, as the lesson proceeded, with a chorus of immediate correction: but I was still surprised at the final proof of a far higher degree of accuracy at that stage than I had ever seen or believed to be possible. This shows that Dr. Rouse was not a lone magician, of infinite resource and sagacity, who had invented an instrument which only he could use. The Whitgift boys were quite as good as the Perse boys. Paine was a scholar, but of nothing like Dr. Rouse's quality in scholarship. He was a well-qualified Latin master, who had taught on old lines at Oundle and found the whole business abominably dull. After experimenting with oral work in a less degree, he was encouraged at Whitgift to adopt the Direct Method: there he found himself.
School Excavations of Romano-British Sites
Authors: Corder Philip
Published: July 2013

There probably has never been a time when as much interest was shown in archaeology, and in excavation in particular, as at the present day. The thousands who yearly visit Housesteads, and the widespread popular outcry, echoed in the syndicated press, when Hadrian's Wall was threatened by quarrying operations, reflect the new spirit.
Archaeological Travel in Anatolia
Authors: Guthrie W. K. C.
Published: July 2013

The results of epigraphy are not so immediately attractive to the eye as those of most other branches of archaeology. Certainly the fascination of extracting the tale of history from contemporary records on stone, and the wealth and variety of the material available from this source, are coming to be more and more generally recognized. The fact remains that a collection of inscriptions published in the modern manner, consisting of little more than a list of dimensions and a series of battered-looking texts, cannot invite attention in the compelling way of a bronze, a vase, or some everyday implement of ancient life.
Philodemus and Poetry
Authors: Wilkinson L. P.
Published: July 2013

The town of Gadara, on the eastern shores of Galilee, was as famous in the Hellenistic Age for its culture as it afterwards became for its swine. Among its sons were Menippus the Cynic, hero of Lucian and model of Petronius, Meleager, also a satirist but better known as the charming weaver of the Garland, Theodorus, the candid tutor of Tiberius, and lastly, Philodemus. If these four have any quality in common, it is nothing oriental, but rather a certain realism and common sense—Cynicism purged of Cynic squalor by contact with the Seleucid courts.
The Successors of Augustus
Authors: Balsdon J. P. V. D.
Published: July 2013

JuliusCaesar was murdered not because he abused his autocratic powers but because the Roman nobility was not prepared to stomach an autocrat at all. Octavian, therefore, made fair profession of restoring the Republic and watched over the establishment of a new constitution in which the functions of government were divided between the Princeps, First Citizen of Rome, and the Senate, a constitution in which, in the last resort, although the fact was ingeniously concealed, supreme power lay with the Princeps. When, towards the end of his life, Augustus wrote: ‘Of power I had no more than my colleagues in each several magistracy’, he expressed no more than an ingenious half-truth. The Senate might console itself with the reflection that it voted the Emperor his imperium for limited periods of five or ten years, and that it reserved the right to refuse to extend this imperium or, after the death of Augustus, to elect a successor to him. These were vain thoughts, but they were entertained none the less. In the background was the army, strong enough and ready enough to see that the empire which had been established by the legions should not be destroyed by the politicians.
Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: July 2013

The inscriptions to which I have called attention in previous issues of this journal have all been ‘historical’ in the sense that they relate to men whose names are well known to us from the literary records of Greece and Rome. But it must constantly be borne in mind that, of the many services rendered by inscriptions to classical studies, not the least is that of illuminating certain obscure tracts of ancient life, on which the extant literature sheds little or no light, and of recalling to our minds some of its aspects which we are in danger of overlooking. For historical literature tends to concentrate our thought upon the city rather than upon the countryside, upon rulers and governments to the neglect of the common people, upon wars and abnormal occurrences to the exclusion of the everyday occupations and interests of the average citizen. And so no apology is, I hope, needed if, out of the mass of recent epigraphical discoveries, I select one which, at first sight, can claim but little importance, one which, found in an obscure sanctuary, records the concerns not of a people but of a parish, and affords a glimpse of a local temple, priest and festival, suggesting the opportunities of ambition and distinction open to men who, maybe, rarely attended the meetings of the Athenian ecclesia and played little or no part in the public life of the State.
Aeneas and the Stoic Ideal
Authors: Bowra C. M.
Published: July 2013

In an age like the present which is sceptical of untutored inspiration and sets a high value on style, it is not surprising that the Aeneid should have regained some of the prestige it held in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The hostility which the nineteenth century felt for its deliberate and self-conscious progress has abated, and Virgil is again regarded as the poet of unfaltering taste in emotions as in words. But the reviving admiration for the Aeneid has no word of praise for Aeneas. He is either neglected or dismissed with a few disparaging sentences. Even so generous a critic as Professor Garrod calls him ‘the wrong man in the wrong place’, and the hero of the Aeneid seems relegated to that undistinguished limbo which contains so many heroes of great epics. It seems that he is no better and no worse than Tennyson's King Arthur or Milton's Jehovah or the indistinguishable heroes of the different books of The Faerie Queene. He is as lifeless as they are, and for the same reason. His appeal is not to the imagination, but to the conscience, and the conscience has changed its ideals and left him and them behind. Perhaps to the Romans he was a symbol of much inspiring morality, but he means nothing to us. So far as he has any personality, he is a prig and a bore.
An Introduction to the Roman Land Frontier in Germany
Authors: Brogan Olwen
Published: July 2013

Many a traveller sailing up the Rhine gorge must have wondered what lies beyond the noble cliffs on either hand. Not all perhaps have realized that if they could scale the heights on their left, leave the ruined castles and flourishing vineyards behind them, and walk some ten or fifteen miles to the north-east, they would cross the great earthen mound and ditch which still remain to mark the boudary of the Roman Empire. This barrier, part of a system more than three hundred miles in length, stretching from Rhine to Danube, is well worth the attention of those who are interested in the British frontier walls.
How the Greeks and Romans Regarded History
Authors: Johnston E. I.
Published: July 2013

Greek history began with the epic and genealogical writers like Homer and Hesiod; Herodotus followed with his prose epic of the Persian Wars. Greek history became scientific and critical with Thucydides but did not remain so after him: from Xenophon onwards it lapsed into rhetoric and romance. Roman historians followed Greek principles and methods, and the earliest wrote in Greek. Polybius alone cared much for scientific criticism in his work; the rest held, with Cicero, that history is a branch of the art of rhetoric. Livy and Tacitus produced works of great literary merit at the expense of historical accuracy. Julius Caesar's account of his conquest of Gaul was the military report of a general written to the people who had given him his commission, to justify his unconstitutional action in conquering Gaul without instructions. These are only the foremost names, but of all Greek and Roman historians only Thucydides and Polybius used in writing the scientific and critical standards of modern historians. The others wrote to please the public taste for rhetoric, to grind some axe, to edify their readers, to relate anecdotes, to praise or blame, to express personal opinions, to display their literary powers, to make digressions, and not many were saved by literary skill from the mediocrity to which their critical weakness doomed them.
Greek Fables and Babrius
Authors: Oldaker W. H.
Published: July 2013

The fable as a form of story is characteristically Greek. It is true that fables are also found in early Oriental literature; but these are either imitations (and very feeble imitations) or parallel growths, which never reached the fine flower of the Greek versions. And from the earliest times fables have been associated with the name of one man: Aesop the slave.
Evidence for Greek Pronunciation
Authors: Woodward Avery
Published: July 2013

In 1844 G. J. Pennington, in An Essay on the Pronunciation of the Greek Language, wrote: ‘And this is the great difficulty which I have always found in discussing the point with my own countrymen, that they are prejudiced, not by theory, for that may be stated and refuted, but by a matter of taste, though mistaken taste, from which it is not easy to obtain a fair hearing.’
Disiecta Membra: Being some thoughts on the teaching of Latin
Authors: Trayes F. E. A.
Published: July 2013

The following paper (based on a lecture given fairly recently to the members of one of the Board of Education's ‘Short Courses’ for teachers in secondary schools) is largely the result of some twenty-five years' experience as an inspector. If in places it seems to be elaborating the obvious, I can only plead for forgiveness. So much by way of preface.
Heresies II.—‘Don't do It’
Authors: Witton W. F.
Published: July 2013

If one may judge by the numerous ‘First Latin Courses’ that have appeared in the last twenty years, it is still the belief of many teachers of Latin that if you wish to render in Latin ‘Don't do it’, you may say either Noli facere, or, at the risk of seeming familiar, Ne feceris; but that the corresponding formula, Ne facias, though good enough for the old comedians, is to be avoided entirely, as conveying merely a ‘general’ prohibition—presumably of the type ‘Do not walk on the grass’—and not a ‘particular’ one.