bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Architectural Dynamics of Encapsulated Botnet Detection (EDM)
Authors: Osagie Maxwell Scale Uwadia , Osagie Amenze Joy
Published: March 2019

Botnet is one of the numerous attacks ravaging the networking environment. Its approach is said to be brutal and dangerous to network infrastructures as well as client systems. Since the introduction of botnet, different design methods have been employed to solve the divergent approach but the method of taking over servers and client systems is unabated. To solve this, we first identify Mpack, ICEpack and Fiesta as enhanced IRC tool. The analysis of its role in data exchange using OSI model was carried out. This further gave the needed proposal to the development of a High level architecture representing the structural mechanism and the defensive mechanism within network server so as to control the botnet trend. Finally, the architecture was designed to respond in a proactive state when scanning and synergizing the double data verification modules in an encapsulation manner within server system.
Artificial Soft Cilia with Asymmetric Beating Patterns for Biomimetic Low‐Reynolds‐Number Fluid Propulsion
Authors: Milana Edoardo , Gorissen Benjamin , Peerlinck Sam , De Volder Michael , Reynaerts Dominiek
Published: March 2019

In nature, liquid propulsion in low‐Reynolds‐number regimes is often achieved by arrays of beating cilia with various forms of motion asymmetry. In particular, spatial asymmetry, where the cilia follow a different trajectory in their effective and recovery strokes, is an efficient way of generating flow in low Reynolds regimes. However, this type of asymmetry is difficult to mimic and control artificially. In this paper, an artificial soft cilium that comprises two pneumatic actuators that can be controlled individually is developed. These two independent degrees of freedom allow for the first time adjustment and study of spatial asymmetry in the cilium's beating pattern. Using low‐Reynolds‐number flow measurements, it is confirmed that spatial asymmetry allows for the generation of fluid propulsion. These two‐degree‐of‐freedom soft cilia provide a platform to study ciliary fluid transport mechanisms and to mimic biologic viscous propulsion.
Acid Activation and Chemical Oxidation in the Synthesis of meso‐Tetraphenylporphyrin using a Mixed‐Solvent System
Authors: Sun Zhicheng , Jiao Shouzheng , Li Furong , Wen Jinyue , Yu Yanmin , Liu Yuanyuan , Cao Meijuan , Li Luhai , Zhou Yang , She Yuanbin
Published: March 2019

The specific roles of solvents in the synthesis of meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) using a classical mixed‐solvent of acetic acid, propionic acid, and nitrobenzene are unclear to date. In this work, we explored the acid‐activation process between benzaldehyde and pyrrole using DFT calculations. The catalytic role of carboxylic acids was proven by the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Moreover, the oxidation behavior of nitrobenzene or its analogs was studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In particular, the formation of the corresponding amides derived from the reduction of nitrobenzene and its analogs directly confirmed their oxidation behaviors. Specifically, yields of up to 38% of TPP can be obtained from nominally pure to quite pure using the mixed‐solvent method with meta‐nitrotoluene as the oxidant.
Structural Transformation in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Reversible Binding of Oxygen
Authors: Zeng Jin‐Yue , Wang Xiao‐Shuang , Qi Yong‐Dan , Yu Yun , Zeng Xuan , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: March 2019

Polycyclic aromatic derivatives can trap1O2to form endoperoxides (EPOs) for O2storage and as sources of reactive oxygen species. However, these materials suffer from structural amorphism, which limit both practical applications and fundamental studies on their structural optimization for O2capture and release. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer advantages in O2binding, such as clear structure–performance relationships and precise controllability. Herein, we report the reversible binding of O2is realized via the chemical transformation between anthracene‐based and the corresponding EPO‐based MOF. It is shown that anthracene‐based MOF, the framework featuring linkers with polycyclic aromatic structure, can rapidly trap1O2to form EPOs and can be restored upon UV irradiation or heating to release O2. Furthermore, we confirm that photosensitizer‐incorporated anthracene‐based MOF are promising candidates for reversible O2carriers controlled by switching Vis/UV irradiation.
Evolving the Promiscuity of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Oleate Hydratase for the Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydration of Oleic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Engleder Matthias , Strohmeier Gernot A. , Weber Hansjörg , Steinkellner Georg , Leitner Erich , Müller Monika , Mink Daniel , Schürmann Martin , Gruber Karl , Pichler Harald
Published: March 2019

The addition of water to non‐activated carbon–carbon double bonds catalyzed by fatty acid hydratases (FAHYs) allows for highly regio‐ and stereoselective oxyfunctionalization of renewable oil feedstock. So far, the applicability of FAHYs has been limited to free fatty acids, mainly owing to the requirement of a carboxylate function for substrate recognition and binding. Herein, we describe for the first time the hydration of oleic acid (OA) derivatives lacking this free carboxylate by the oleate hydratase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (OhyA). Molecular docking of OA to the OhyA 3D‐structure and a sequence alignment uncovered conserved amino acid residues at the entrance of the substrate channel as target positions for enzyme engineering. Exchange of selected amino acids gave rise to OhyA variants which showed up to an 18‐fold improved conversion of OA derivatives, while retaining the excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity in the olefin hydration reaction.
Fabrication of superhydrophobic electrospun polyimide nanofibers modified with polydopamine and polytetrafluoroethylene nanoparticles for oil–water separation
Authors: Liu Zhongche , Ma Wenjing , Zhang Mengjie , Zhang Qilu , Xiong Ranhua , Huang Chaobo
Published: March 2019

The oil–water separation technologies of removing oil pollutants from water in an efficient and economical way is a challenge. The current methods used for oil–water separation suffer many shortcomings, including a low separation efficiency, complex separation equipment, high operation costs, and secondary pollution. In this study, we fabricated a highly flexible, high‐intensity, quite stable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic polyimide (PI) nanofibrous membranes, which are much more efficient and cost efficient for oil–water separation by modifying the membranes with a polydopamine (PDA) solution and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion. The fabricated membrane (PDA–PTFE–PI) possesses both the high tensile stress of PI and the superhydrophobic and superlipophilic properties of the PDA–PTFE coating. The modified membrane could separate various oil–water mixtures efficiently at a high flux (6000 L·m−2·h−1) and an extremely high efficiency (>99%). Furthermore, even when the membrane was under an extremely hostile environment (with an ultrahigh temperature, strong acidity, or strong basicity), it still remained quickly stable with a good separation efficiency and recyclability after 10 cycles. We anticipate that our study will provide a new technology for the highly efficient mass production of oil–water mixture management. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47638.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography of the Head, Neck, and Chest for Giant Cell Arteritis: A Prospective, Double‐Blind, Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Sammel Anthony M. , Hsiao Edward , Schembri Geoffrey , Nguyen Katherine , Brewer Janice , Schrieber Leslie , Janssen Beatrice , Youssef Peter , Fraser Clare L. , Bailey Elizabeth , Bailey Dale L. , Roach Paul , Laurent Rodger
Published: March 2019

Objective

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has not been well studied as a first‐line test for giant cell arteritis (GCA), due, in part, to historical limitations in visualizing the cranial arteries. The Giant Cell Arteritis and PET Scan (GAPS) study was therefore carried out to assess the accuracy of a newer generation PET/CT of the head, neck, and chest for determining a diagnosis of GCA.

Methods

In the GAPS study cohort, 64 patients with newly suspected GCA underwent time‐of‐flight PET/CT (1‐mm slice thickness from the vertex to diaphragm) within 72 hours of starting glucocorticoids and before undergoing temporal artery biopsy (TAB). Two physicians with experience in PET reviewed the patients’ scans in a blinded manner and reported the scans as globally positive or negative for GCA. Tracer uptake was graded across 18 artery segments. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed at 6 months’ follow‐up.

Results

In total, 58 of 64 patients underwent TAB, and 12 (21%) of the biopsies were considered positive for GCA. Twenty‐one patients had a clinical diagnosis of GCA. Compared to TAB, the sensitivity of PET/CT for a diagnosis of GCA was 92% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 62–100%) and specificity was 85% (95% CI 71–94%). The negative predictive value (NPV) was 98% (95% CI 87–100%). Compared to clinical diagnosis, PET/CT had a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI 48–89%) and specificity of 91% (95% CI 78–97%). Interobserver reliability was moderate (κ = 0.65). Among the enrolled patients, 20% had a clinically relevant incidental finding, including 7 with an infection and 5 with a malignancy. Furthermore, 5 (42%) of 12 TAB‐positive GCA patients had moderate or marked aortitis.

Conclusion

The high diagnostic accuracy of this PET/CT protocol would support its use as a first‐line test for GCA. The NPV of 98% indicates the particular utility of this test in ruling out the condition in patients considered to be at lower risk of GCA. PET/CT had benefit over TAB in detecting vasculitis mimics and aortitis.
Body Donation after Medically Assisted Death: An Emerging Consideration for Donor Programs
Authors: Wainman Bruce C. , Cornwall Jon
Published: March 2019

Around the world, the recent introduction of assisted death laws has meant that undertaking medical assistance in dying (MAID) is now an option for some persons wishing to end their life. Some of these people donate their bodies to medical science, and by doing so have created a new route from which donor programs can now receive bodies. Such donations have also illuminated a myriad of novel ethical questions. This article considers the emotive and controversial topic of MAID in relation to body donation, describing the experiences of McMaster University, Canada, where several MAID body donors have been received by the anatomical donor program. It provides background on the development and implementation of MAID in Canada, and describes the experience of staff and students at McMaster to MAID donations. It also explores the relevance of MAID to body donation programs, and discusses several of the ethical challenges facing body donation programs who may encounter MAID body donors. These include the appropriateness of accepting MAID donors, issues with informed consent, the effect of personal engagement with MAID donors, information sharing around MAID donations, governance issues, and negative historical parallels between MAID and euthanasia. Suggestions on how to manage MAID body donation focus on how issues affecting institutions, faculty, and students may be approached utilizing appropriate transparency and communication, some of which may facilitate student professional development around the topic of MAID. It is also suggested that the development of ethically appropriate guidelines on MAID body donations may positively guide the anatomical community.
Development and evaluation of the evidence‐based practice classroom observation measure (EBP‐COM)
Authors: Paff Madison L. , Trump Cary E. , Wunderlich Kara L. , Harrison Ashley J. , Ayres Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

Due to the increased emphasis on evidence‐based practices (EBPs) in recent education initiatives, classroom observers need an objective way to measure teacher use of EBPs. Although some measures for this purpose exist, these measures are limited by their reliance on self‐report. Therefore, we created a direct observation tool titled the Evidence‐Based Practice Classroom Observation Measure (EBP‐COM) for observers to assess the use of EBPs by teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We evaluated reliability and validity of the EBP‐COM, as well as whether the assessment tool could detect change in teacher behavior. A measurement refinement process involving six raters collecting 65 data points revealed the EPB‐COM to have sound psychometric properties. With this tool, researchers can conduct comprehensive and objective assessments of teacher EBP use.
Efficacy of functional analysis for informing behavioral treatment of inappropriate mealtime behavior: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Saini Valdeep , Jessel Joshua , Iannaccone Julia A. , Agnew Charlene
Published: March 2019

Children diagnosed with a feeding disorder often exhibit inappropriate mealtime behavior such as throwing or swiping food, which can exacerbate feeding difficulties during treatment. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 86 behavioral treatments for inappropriate mealtime behavior from 23 studies to assess the extent to which treatments based on a pretreatment functional analysis were more efficacious than those treatments not based on a functional analysis. Procedural escape extinction and attention extinction for inappropriate mealtime behavior, as well as differential reinforcement for food acceptance or consumption, represented the most common treatments independent of whether a functional analysis was conducted. No difference was detected between treatments that were and were not based on a functional analysis, and mean effect size across measures was identical (79%). The requirement of a pretreatment functional analysis for inappropriate mealtime behavior is equivocal given that standard care often includes efficacious treatment components that are not informed by a functional analysis.
Jaw pain and myocardial ischemia: A review of potential neuroanatomical pathways
Authors: Kikuta Shogo , Dalip Dominic , Loukas Marios , Iwanaga Joe , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: March 2019

Cardiac pain is usually manifested as a crushing, squeezing, or sensation of pressure in the center of the chest. The pain can be referred to the left shoulder, neck, jaw, and epigastric region as well as the temporomandibular region, paranasal sinuses, and head in general. Although not well understood, during myocardial ischemia, the process of cardiac referred pain to craniofacial structures can be explained by the convergence of visceral and somatic relays at the trigeminal nucleus in the brain stem. The goal of this article is to review the possible pathways for referred jaw pain due to myocardial ischemia. Clin. Anat. 32:476–479, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Did defamation claim survive challenge on the pleadings?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: March 2019

The plaintiff, a Wichita State University vice president, was told in January 2015 that he would be terminated at the end of June.
A genetic variant in miR‐100 is a protective factor of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Xue Yao , Yang Xiaoyun , Hu Shaoyan , Kang Meiyun , Chen Jing , Fang Yongjun
Published: March 2019

Background

In the past decade, miR‐100, miR‐146a, and miR‐210 were reported to be dysregulated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, effects of genetic variants in these three microRNAs have not been investigated in Chinese population.

Methods

In this study, we conducted a case‐control study to evaluate the relationship between genetic variants in miR‐100, miR‐146a, and miR‐210 and the risk of childhood ALL in Chinese population. Subsequently, plasma expression level of miR‐100 was also detected.

Result

We found that subjects carrying mutant homozygous TT genotype of miR‐100 rs543412 had a statistically significantly decreased risk of childhood ALL (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55‐0.97, P = 0.029). This protective effect was also observed among subjects whose parents were ever drinkers (adjusted OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.29‐0.94), or whose living house were ever painted (adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34‐0.94). Besides, rs543412 variant homozygous TT had a significantly protective role in patients with childhood B‐ALL. Finally, we found that expression level of miR‐100 in plasma of childhood ALL cases was significantly higher than that of noncancer controls.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that there was significant association between the polymorphisms in miR‐100 (rs543412) and decreased susceptibility to childhood ALL.
Cyclase‐associated protein 1 is a key negative regulator of milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Yuan Xiaohan , Zhen Zhen , Zhang Minghui , Yu Yanbo , Gao Xuejun , Ao Jin‐xia
Published: March 2019

Adenylyl cyclase‐associated protein (CAP) is a highly conserved protein. Previous reports have suggested that CAP1 may be a negative regulator of cellular proliferation, migration, and adhesion and the development of cell carcinomas. The molecular mechanism of CAP1 regulation of downstream pathways, as well as how CAP1 is regulated by environmental stimuli and upstream signalling, is not well understood. In this present study, we assessed the role of CAP1 in milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Using gene overexpression and silencing methods, CAP1 was found to negatively regulate milk synthesis and proliferation of cells via the PI3K‐mTOR/SREBP‐1c/Cyclin D1 signalling pathway. Hormones, such as prolactin and oestrogen, and amino acids, such as methionine and leucine, stimulate MMP9 expression and trigger CAP1 degradation, and thus, abrogate its inhibition of synthesis of milk protein, fat, and lactose by and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. The results of our study help deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying milk synthesis and aid in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of CAP1.

Previous reports have suggested that CAP1 is a negative regulator of cellular proliferation and anabolism, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this present study, we identified CAP1 as a negative regulator of milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Our results will deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying milk synthesis and aid in exploring the molecular mechanisms of CAP1.
Cellular Biocatalysts Using Synthetic Genetic Circuits for Prolonged and Durable Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Ahan Recep Erdem , Saltepe Behide , Apaydin Onur , Seker Urartu Ozgur Safak
Published: March 2019

Cellular biocatalysts hold great promise for the synthesis of difficult to achieve compounds, such as complex active molecules. Whole‐cell biocatalysts can be programmed through genetic circuits to be more efficient, but they suffer from low stability. The catalytic activity of whole cells decays under stressful conditions, such as prolonged incubation times or high temperatures. In nature, microbial communities cope with these conditions by forming biofilm structures. In this study, it is shown that the use of biofilm structures can enhance the stability of whole‐cell biocatalysts. We employed two different strategies to increase the stability of whole‐cell catalysts and decrease their susceptibility to high temperature. In the first approach, the formation of a biofilm structure is induced by controlling the expression of one of the curli component, CsgA. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme was used to monitor the catalytic activity of cells in the biofilm structure. In the second approach, the ALP enzyme was fused to the CsgA curli fiber subunit to utilize the protective properties of the biofilm on enzyme biofilms. Furthermore, an AND logic gate is introduced between the expression of CsgA and ALP by toehold RNA switches and recombinases to enable logical programming of the whole‐cell catalyst for biofilm formation and catalytic action with different tools. The study presents viable approaches to engineer a platform for biocatalysis processes.
The Structure and Measurement of Career Indecision: A Critical Review
Authors: Xu Hui , Bhang Cecile H.
Published: March 2019

This article presents a comprehensive review of literature published between 2000 and 2017 relating to the theoretical and empirical progress of indecision structural models and assessment. Because career indecision remains a central topic for counseling, it is important for the field to achieve an updated understanding of relevant models and measurement. Based on their review, the authors found that factors of career indecision can be reliably and validly measured by three instruments: the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire, the Emotional and Personality Career Difficulties scale, and the Career Indecision Profile. Drawing from these results, the authors developed an integrative model of career indecision consisting of five factors: neuroticism/negative affectivity, choice/commitment anxiety, need for information, lack of readiness, and interpersonal conflicts. Implications and recommendations for practice and research are discussed in a global context.
Multicultural Training Resistances: Critical Incidents for Students of Color
Authors: Seward Derek X.
Published: March 2019

Thirty‐two master’s students of color reported critical incidents of multicultural learning resistances. Qualitative findings suggest that students attributed resistances to limited program diversity and attention to cultural dynamics. Quantitative analyses indicate a racial difference in how students’ perceptions of peers influenced resistances. Recommendations include increasing educator cultural dialogue facilitation skills.
Sub‐nanometer, Ultrafine α‐Fe2O3 Sheets Realized by Controlled Crystallization Kinetics for Stable, High‐Performance Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Cancan , Zhang Long , Li Mengxiong , Zhang Jiajia , Chen Yufei , Sun Minqiang , Dong Lei , Lu Hongbin
Published: March 2019

The development of energy devices based on iron oxides/hydroxides is largely hindered by their poor conductivity and large volume changes, especially with regard to specific capacitance and cycle stability. Herein, superior capacitance (1575 F g−1 at 1.25 A g−1) and high rate performance (955 F g−1 at 25 A g−1) were realized by synthesizing sub‐nanometer, ultrafine α‐Fe2O3 sheets loaded on graphene (SU‐Fe2O3‐rGO). An assembled asymmetric supercapacitor showed outstanding cycle stability (106 % retention after 30 000 cycles). This excellent performance arises from the unique structural characteristics of the α‐Fe2O3 sheets, which not only enrich electrochemically reactive sites, but also largely eliminate the volume changes after long‐term charge/discharge cycling. The synthesis of SU‐Fe2O3‐rGO critically depends on control of the crystallization kinetics during growth. A controlled heterogeneous nucleation mechanism results in the formation of atomically thin α‐Fe2O3 sheets on graphene rather than large particles in solvent, as clarified by theoretical calculations. This strategy paves a new way to synthesizing atomically thin transition metal oxide sheets and low‐cost, eco‐friendly iron‐based energy storage.
Pluripotent Features of Doubly Thiophene‐Fused Benzodiphospholes as Organic Functional Materials
Authors: Higashino Tomohiro , Ishida Keiichi , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Seki Shu , Konishi Tatsuki , Kamada Kenji , Kamada Kenji , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

Linear ladder‐type π‐conjugated molecules have attracted much interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. To modulate their electronic structures, an effective strategy is to incorporate main‐group elements into ladder‐type π‐conjugated molecules. In line with this strategy, a variety of ladder‐type π‐conjugated molecules with main‐group elements have been synthesized to explore their potential utility as organic functional materials. In this context, phosphole‐based π‐conjugated molecules are highly attractive, owing to their unique optical and electrochemical properties, which arise from the phosphorus atom. Herein, the synthesis and physicochemical properties of doubly thiophene‐fused benzodiphospholes, as a new class of phosphole‐based ladder‐type π‐conjugated molecule, are reported. Systematic investigations into the physicochemical properties of doubly thiophene‐fused benzodiphospholes revealed their pluripotent features: intense near‐infrared fluorescence, excellent two‐photon absorption property, and remarkably high electron‐transporting ability. This study demonstrates the potential utility of doubly thiophene‐fused benzodiphospholes as organic functional materials for biological imaging, nonlinear optics, organic transistors, and organic photovoltaics.
Gad1‐promotor‐driven GFP expression in non‐GABAergic neurons of the nucleus endopiriformis in a transgenic mouse line
Authors: Riedemann Sophie , Sutor Bernd , Bergami Matteo , Riedemann Therese
Published: March 2019

Transgenic animals have become a widely used model to identify and study specific cell types in whole organs. Promotor‐driven reporter gene labeling of the cells under investigation has promoted experimental efficacy to a large degree. However, rigorous assessment of transgene expression specificity in these animal models is highly recommended to validate cellular identity and to isolate potentially mislabeled cell populations. Here, we report on one such mislabeled neuron population in a widely used transgenic mouse line in which GABAergic somatostatin‐expressing interneurons (SOMposINs) are labeled by eGFP (so‐called GIN mouse, FVB‐Tg(GadGFP)45704Swn/J). These neurons represent a subpopulation of all SOMposINs. However, we report here on GFP labeling of non‐GABAergic neurons in the nucleus endopiriformis of this mouse line.
Improved cuckoo search load distribution (ICS‐LD) and attack detection in cloud environment
Authors: Peter Soosai Anandaraj A. , Indumathi G.
Published: March 2019

For the purpose of obtaining an answer to a spoofing IP issue and related problems in the cloud computing (CC) environment, a novel path identifier is recommended, in which a new packet approach with a new identifier (ID) is produced to every user or client system. For the purpose of identification of the spoofing attack, any watermark image pattern is introduced. Following this, the hypervisor is employed to ascertain plausible trust relationships among the VMs by considering personal sources that can be trusted along with utilizing empirical Bayesian inference (EBI) for the purpose of combining the VMs. With a restricted budget of resources for the maximized detection of attacks, an optimal detection load distribution strategy by improved cuckoo search (ICS) over VMs can be used, which thus provides the intended solution to the hypervisor. The ICS algorithm directs a hypervisor so as to assert among the VMs the optimal load distribution, taking into consideration real time, which causes maximization of the DDoS attacks and detection of transmission control protocol (TCP) flood attacks. Lastly, a fuzzy extreme learning machine (FELM) classifier is proposed in order to detect the attacks.
The contrasting hidden consequences of parasitism: Effects of a hematophagous nematode (Uncinaria sp.) in the development of a marine mammal swimming behavior
Authors: Montalva Felipe , Pérez‐Venegas Diego , Gutiérrez Josefina , Seguel Mauricio
Published: March 2019

Parasites are an important part of ecosystems, playing a critical role in their equilibrium. However, the consequences of parasitism beyond the direct effects associated with disease and mortality are not completely understood. This gap in knowledge is in part due to the difficulties to isolate the effect of single parasite species on physiological and behavioral traits in natural systems.

The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis)–hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) interaction offers an ideal system to overcome these difficulties and study the behavioral and physiological effects of parasites in their hosts.

Hookworms cause stunted growth and anemia in pinniped pups, which could affect early life active behaviors such as swimming. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hookworms (Uncinaria sp.) on the development of swimming capabilities in A. australis through physiological and ethological analyses.

Higher parasite burden was associated with reduced growth rates and lower blood hemoglobin concentrations, whereas scaled body mass and blood hemoglobin levels had an important positive effect on the water activity of the pups. However, antihookworm treatment did not affect the level of water activity of the pups, and pups with high hookworm burden increased their time budget in water. This was probably related to lower maternal attendance in heavily parasitized pups, leaving these pups more time to perform water activities. Therefore, pups with heavy hookworm burden, despite having decreased growth rates and blood hemoglobin concentrations, compensated for their handicap in physiological traits related to swimming by spending more time in the water.

This work offers new insights to understand the contrasting effects of parasites on aquatic organisms, and the compensatory mechanisms employed by infected animals to avoid the worst consequences of parasitism.
Is the incidence of survival in interior Pleistocene refugia (nunataks) underestimated? Phylogeography of the high mountain plant Androsace alpina (Primulaceae) in the European Alps revisited
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Schneeweiss Gerald M.
Published: March 2019

Temperate mountain ranges such as the European Alps have been strongly affected by the Pleistocene glaciations. Glacial advances forced biota into refugia, which were situated either at the periphery of mountain ranges or in their interior. Whereas in the Alps peripheral refugia have been repeatedly and congruently identified, support for the latter scenario, termed “nunatak hypothesis,” is still limited and no general pattern is recognizable yet. Here, we test the hypothesis of nunatak survival for species growing in the high alpine to subnival zones on siliceous substrate using the cushion plant Androsace alpina (Primulaceae), endemic to the European Alps, as our model species. To this end, we analyzed AFLP and plastid DNA sequence data obtained from a dense and range‐wide sampling. Both AFLPs and plastid sequence data identified the southwestern‐most population as the most divergent one. AFLP data did not allow for discrimination of interior and peripheral populations, but rather identified two to three longitudinally separated major gene pools. In contrast, in the eastern half of the Alps several plastid haplotypes of regional or local distribution in interior ranges—the Alpine periphery mostly harbored a widespread haplotype—were indicative for the presence of interior refugia. Together with evidence from other Alpine plant species, this study shows that in the eastern Alps silicicolous species of open habitats in the alpine and subnival zone survived, also or exclusively so, in interior refugia. As the corresponding genetic structure may be lost in mostly nuclear‐derived, rapidly homogenizing marker systems such as AFLPs or RAD sequencing tags, markers not prone to homogenization, as is the case for plastid sequences (Sanger‐sequenced or extracted from an NGS data set) will continue to be important for detecting older, biogeographically relevant patterns.
High‐stability optical frequency transfer with all‐fiber architecture for optical lattice clocks
Authors: Ohmae Noriaki , Sakama Shunsuke , Katori Hidetoshi
Published: March 2019

We have developed a laser distributor for highly accurate optical frequency transfer of optical lattice clocks. Each output has a phase stabilizer based on a Michelson interferometer with all‐fiber architecture. Varying the optical path length in the residual uncontrolled optical path to introduce phase noises between output branches, we found the residual frequency transfer instability to be much smaller than the frequency instability of current optical lattice clocks. All fiber configuration provides robustness, which allows optical lattice clocks to be used in wide range of applications not only in a laboratory, but also outside laboratory, for example, geodetic applications.
A morphological database for Colombian anuran species from conservation‐priority ecosystems
Authors: Mendoza‐Henao Angela M. , Cortes‐Gomez Ángela M. , Gonzalez Mailyn A. , Hernandez‐Córdoba Oscar Dario , Acosta‐Galvis Andres R. , Castro‐Herrera Fernando , Daza Juan M. , Hoyos Julio Mario , Ramirez‐Pinilla Martha Patricia , Urbina‐Cardona Nicolás , Salgado‐Negret Beatriz
Published: March 2019

Species traits provide a strong link between an organism's fitness and processes at community and ecosystem levels. However, such data remain scarce for amphibians in the Neotropics. Colombia is the country with the highest number of threatened amphibians and the second greatest number of amphibian species worldwide. We present a data set containing eight morphological traits for 4,623 museum specimens of the seven largest collections in the country corresponding to 293 species of 14 families. The number of measured specimens per species ranged from 1 to 118 individuals with a median of 8 individuals per species. Overall, this database gathered morphological information for 37.6% of Colombian anuran diversity. Species measured were mainly distributed in the high Andean forest, the páramo, and wetland ecosystems, and was part of a national initiative led by the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. The morphological traits were selected on the basis of their role in species’ responses to environmental variability and their contributions to ecosystem processes. These traits were related to habitat use, (forearm length, tibia length, femur length, foot length, and foot webbing), predation and food chains (head width and mouth width), and nutrient recycling (snout–vent length). We expect this data set will be used in studies on functional diversity in amphibians and the development of conservation planning for these taxa. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper.
Reactivity of Monomeric N→Ge Coordinated Germanium(II) Hydrides
Authors: Tremmel Jakub , Erben Milan , Dostál Libor , Růžičková Zdenka , Turek Jan , Jambor Roman
Published: March 2019

Monomeric organogermanium(II) hydrides {(LGeH)M(CO)5} (M = Cr (1), W (2), L = [2‐(CH2NEt2)‐4,6‐tBu2‐C6H2]–) were treated with ortho‐quinones and terminal alkyne HC≡CCO2Me to give {[(LH)Ge(κ2‐O2‐3,5‐tBu2C6H2)]M(CO)5} (M = Cr (3), W (4)), {[(LH)Ge(κ2‐O2‐3,4,5,6‐Cl4C6)]M(CO)5} (M = Cr (5), W (6)) and {[LGeCH=CH(COOMe)]Cr(CO)5} (11). These reactions proceeded as catalyst‐free reductions of C=O and C≡C bonds. Experimental data demonstrated zwitterionic character of Ge(II) complexes 3–6, where the 1,3,2‐benzodioxagermylenolato anion involving the GeO2C2 five membered ring coordinates the M(CO)5 fragment. This anionic part is compensated by the NHEt2 counter cation that is part of ligand L. Reactions of 1 and 2 differ mutually in the case of reduction of HC≡CCO2Me. The experimental and theoretical data suggest that compound 1 reacts with HC≡CCO2Me to give vinyl germylene 11 as the product of the anti‐Markovnikov cis‐1,2‐addition, while complex 2 is inactive. These results thus suggest that the reactivity of the terminal GeH bond may be tuned by its coordination to various transition metals.
Does my pain affect your disgust? Cross‐modal influence of first‐hand aversive experiences in the appraisal of others’ facial expressions
Authors: Antico Lia , Cataldo Eugénie , Corradi‐Dell’Acqua Corrado
Published: March 2019

Background

Embodied models of social cognition argue that others’ affective states are processed by re‐enacting a sensory‐specific representation of the same state in the observer. However, neuroimaging studies suggest that a reliable part of the representation shared between self and others is supramodal and relates to dimensions such as Unpleasantness or arousal, common to qualitatively different experiences. Here we investigated whether representations of first‐hand pain and disgust influenced the subsequent evaluation of facial expressions in Modality‐specific fashion, or in terms of Unpleasantness or arousal.

Methods

Thirty volunteers were subjected to thermal painful and olfactory disgusting events, and subsequently were asked to classify computer‐generated faces expressing pain (characterized by high Unpleasantness and arousal), disgust (high Unpleasantness and low arousal), surprise (low Unpleasantness and high arousal) and hybrid combinations thereof.

Results

Thermal and olfactory events were associated with comparable Unpleasantness ratings and heart rate (but stronger galvanic response was found for painful temperatures). Furthermore, we found that the appraisal of facial expressions was biased by the prior stimulus, with more frequent pain classifications following thermal stimuli, and more frequent disgust classifications following olfactory stimuli. Critically, this modulation was cross‐modal in nature, as each first‐hand stimulation influenced in comparable fashion facial traits diagnostic of both pain and disgust, without instead generalizing to features of surprise.

Conclusion

Overall, these data support the presence of shared coding between one's aversive experiences and the appraisal of others’ facial responses, which is best describable as supramodal representation of the Unpleasantness of the experience.

Significance

These results extend previous findings about common representational coding between the experience of first‐hand and others’ pain. In particular, they highlight that reliable part of the information shared is supramodal in nature and relates to a broad dimension of Unpleasantness common also to painless aversive states such as disgust.
Strength matters: Resisting erosion across upland landscapes
Authors: Heimsath Arjun M. , Whipple Kelin X.
Published: March 2019

Soil‐covered upland landscapes comprise a critical part of the habitable world and our understanding of their evolution as a function of different climatic, tectonic, and geologic regimes is important across a wide range of disciplines. Soil production and transport play essential roles in controlling the spatial variation of soil depth and therefore hillslope hydrological processes, distribution of vegetation, and soil biological activity. Field‐based confirmation of the hypothesized relationship between soil thickness and soil production is relatively recent, however, and here we quantify a direct, material strength‐based influence on variable soil production across landscapes. We report clear empirical linkages between the shear strength of the parent material (its erodibility) and the overlying soil thickness. Specifically, we use a cone penetrometer and a shear vane to determine saprolite resistance to shear. We find that saprolite shear strength increases systematically with overlying soil thickness across three very different field sites where we previously quantified soil production rates. At these sites, soil production rates, determined from in situ produced beryllium‐10 (10Be) and aluminum‐26 (26Al), decrease with overlying soil thickness and we therefore infer that the efficiency of soil production must decrease with increasing parent material shear strength. We use our field‐based data to help explain the linkages between biogenic processes, chemical weathering, hillslope hydrology, and the evolution of the Earth's surface. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transannular Hydrogen Bonding in Planar‐Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Bisamides
Authors: Henderson Will R. , Fagnani Danielle E. , Grolms Jonathan , Abboud Khalil A. , Castellano Ronald K.
Published: March 2019

A series of [2.2]paracyclophane‐bisamide regioisomers and alkylated comparators were designed, synthesized, and characterized in order to better understand the transannular hydrogen bonding of [2.2]paracyclophane‐based molecular recognition units. X‐Ray crystallography shows that transannular hydrogen bonding is maintained in the solid‐state, but no stereospecific self‐recognition is observed. The assignment of both transannularly and intermolecularly hydrogen bonded N−H stretches could be made by infrared spectroscopy, and the effect of transannular hydrogen bonding on amide bond rotation dynamics is observed by 1H‐NMR in nonpolar solvents. The consequences of transannular hydrogen bonding on the optical properties of [2.2]paracyclophane is observed by comparing alkylated and non‐alkylated pseudo‐ortho 4,12‐[2.2]paracyclophane‐bisamides. Finally, optical resolution of 4‐mono‐[2.2]paracyclophane and pseudo‐ortho 4,12‐[2.2]paracyclophane‐bisamides was achieved through the corresponding sulfinyl diastereoisomers for circular dichroism studies. Transannular hydrogen bonding in [2.2]paracyclophane‐amides allows preorganization for self‐complementary intermolecular assembly, but is weak enough to allow rapid rotation of the amides even in nonpolar solvents.
A case report of systemic mastocytosis associated with multiple hematologic non–mast cell lineage diseases
Authors: Grifoni Federica Irene , Sciumè Mariarita , Pravettoni Valerio , Ulivieri Fabio Massimo , Muratori Simona , Fracchiolla Nicola Stefano , Tagliaferri Elena , Gianelli Umberto , Migliorini Anna Chiara , Cro Lilla , Pacilli Annalisa , Mannelli Francesco , Baldini Luca
Published: March 2019

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by extracutaneous infiltration by atypical mast cells. Together with indolent SM, aggressive SM, and mast cell leukemia, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes another major disease subgroup: SM with an associated hematological neoplasm, which is characterized by the presence of a concurrent neoplasm, more commonly, a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. While KIT D816V is commonly regarded as the driver mutation, the clinical presentation of SM is extremely varied. Treatment of SM might not be simple, but now more specific therapies tailored toward prognostic subgroups of patients have been developed. Here, we report a detailed description of clinical management and biological features of a systemic mastocytocis case associated with multiple hematologic non–mast cell lineage diseases.
Hydrological impact of a reservoir network in the upper Gan River Basin, China
Authors: Dong Ningpeng , Yu Zhongbo , Yang Chuanguo , Yang Mingxiang , Wang Wenzhuo
Published: March 2019

A few relatively large reservoirs, hundreds of small reservoirs, and numerous farm dams were built in the upper Gan River Basin, China. The operation of such a reservoir network can serve as a significant source of variability in the local hydrological regime and should be included in research to better understand the interaction between multiple hydrological processes and watershed management. In this study, a reservoir network module that included reservoirs of multiple sizes was developed and fully integrated into the coupled land surface and distributed hydrologic model system (CLHMS), for a detailed description of the hydrological impact of a reservoir network. A generalized release scheme was employed to determine the outflow of both large and small reservoirs. The integrated model was then evaluated against observations and reanalysis data, which indicate that the model can reasonably reconstruct the reservoir operation, streamflow, and other hydrological variables. Results quantitatively demonstrate that a reservoir network can result in an increased streamflow in dry seasons, a decreased streamflow in wet seasons, a generally larger groundwater discharge, higher groundwater level, a slightly damper soil condition, and a larger amount of evapotranspiration at the basin level. With the integrated model, it is feasible to achieve more sustainable watershed planning and management.
Does global inflation help forecast inflation in industrialized countries?
Authors: Gillitzer Christian , McCarthy Martin
Published: March 2019

Ciccarelli and Mojon (CM; Review of Economics and Statistics, 2010, 92(3), 524–535) propose an inflation forecasting model incorporating a global inflation factor and show that it consistently beats several standard forecasting benchmarks. We show that CM's global inflation model does not improve upon the Atkeson and Ohanian (AO; Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 2001, 25(1), 2–11) naive benchmark. However, we find that augmenting the AO model with a global inflation factor improves forecast accuracy at longer horizons, supporting CM's claim about the usefulness of global inflation.
Raman ChemLighter: Fiber optic Raman probe imaging in combination with augmented chemical reality
Authors: Yang Wei , Mondol Abdullah S. , Stiebing Clara , Marcu Laura , Popp Jürgen , Schie Iwan W.
Published: March 2019

Raman spectroscopy using fiber optic probe combines non‐contacted and label‐free molecular fingerprinting with high mechanical flexibility for biomedical, clinical and industrial applications. Inherently, fiber optic Raman probes provide information from a single point only, and the acquisition of images is not straightforward. For many applications, it is highly crucial to determine the molecular distribution and provide imaging information of the sample. Here, we propose an approach for Raman imaging using a handheld fiber optic probe, which is built around computer vision–based assessment of positional information and simultaneous acquisition of spectroscopic information. By combining this implementation with real‐time data processing and analysis, it is possible to create not only fiber‐based Raman imaging but also an augmented chemical reality image of the molecular distribution of the sample surface in real‐time. We experimentally demonstrated that using our approach, it is possible to determine and to distinguish borders of different bimolecular compounds in a short time. Because the method can be transferred to other optical probes and other spectroscopic techniques, it is expected that the implementation will have a large impact for clinical, biomedical and industrial applications.
Aluminum alkoxy‐catalyzed biomass conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural: Mechanistic study of the cooperative bifunctional catalysis
Authors: Wang Qing , Fu Mingxing , Li Xiaojun , Huang Runfeng , Glaser Rainer E. , Zhao Lili
Published: March 2019

Density functional theory calculations were performed to understand the detailed reaction mechanism of aluminum alkoxy‐catalyzed conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using Al(OMe)3 as catalyst. Potential energy surfaces were studied for aggregates formed between the organic compounds and Al(OMe)3 and effects of the medium were considered via continuum solvent models. The reaction takes place via two stages: isomerization from glucose to fructose (stage I) and transformation of fructose to HMF (stage II). Stage II includes three successive dehydrations, which begins with a 1,2‐elimination to form an enolate (i.e., B), continues with the formation of the acrolein moiety (i.e., D), and ends with the formation of the furan ring (i.e., HMF). All of these steps are facilitated by aluminum alkoxy catalysis. The highest barriers for stage I and stage II are 23.9 and 31.2 kcal/mol, respectively, and the overall catalytic reaction is highly exothermic. The energetic and geometric results indicate that the catalyzed reaction path has feasible kinetics and thermodynamics and is consistent with the experimental process under high temperature (i.e., 120 °C). Remarkably, the released water molecules in stage II act as the product, reactant, proton shuttle, as well as stabilizer in the conversion of fructose to HMF. The metal–ligand functionality of the Al(OMe)3 catalyst, which combines cooperative Lewis acid and Lewis base properties and thereby enables proton shuttling, plays a crucial role in the overall catalysis and is responsible for the high reactivity. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.