bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MORE SHOCK HORROR FOR EMPLOYEES
Authors: PAYNE JENNIFER
Published: July 2002

In Hunter v. British Coal Corporation [1998] 2 All E.R. 97 an employee, Mr. Hunter, hit a high pressure water hydrant with the vehicle he was driving at the time, fracturing the hydrant and thereby threatening to flood the mine. One of his fellow employees, Mr. Carter, attempted to help him shut off the valve. They did not succeed and Mr. Hunter went to fetch further assistance. When he was 30 yards away the hydrant exploded, killing Mr. Carter. Mr. Hunter initially assumed that Mr. Carter was unharmed, but when he was informed of the death 15 minutes later he blamed himself and suffered a shock which triggered a two-year depressive illness. The trial judge found as a fact that the accident (and the death) had been caused by the fault of the defendant employer, which had failed to observe the relevant regulations about the siting of the hydrant, and had not been caused or contributed to by Mr. Hunter in any way. Could Mr. Hunter recover damages from his employer for the shock which he suffered on hearing about a death which he did not witness but for which he felt himself to be responsible? The trial judge held not and the majority of the Court of Appeal agreed, but their reasoning demonstrates some of the confusion surrounding this topic. It was accepted by all members of the Court of Appeal that if Mr. Hunter was classified as a secondary victim he would fail in his claim for nervous shock since he lacked, amongst other things, the necessary physical proximity required by the House of Lords in Alcock: he had witnessed neither the accident itself nor its aftermath. The only way in which he could recover was if he could bring himself within some other category, either (i) because he could be regarded as a primary victim or (ii) purely on the basis of the contractual duty of care which the defendant owed him as his employer.
NAPOLEON, CHARLEMAGNE, AND LOTHARINGIA: ACCULTURATION AND THE BOUNDARIES OF NAPOLEONIC EUROPE
Authors: BROERS MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

This article attempts to redefine the parameters of Napoleonic hegemony by applying two models to the territories of the Napoleonic empire: one developed by Nathan Wachtel, predicated on levels of acculturation and assimilation to the imperial core ; the second, derived from the work of Braudel and Brunet, which detects a European core, based along the Rhine–Rhone axis, a macro-region with a long, if submerged, history. This study concludes that the acceptance of Napoleonic reforms was achieved only in a core region, already predisposed to them.
CONSERVATISM AND ITS COUSINS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICA
Authors: SHEPARD KRIS
Published: July 2002

The conservative tradition in America.
By Charles W. Dunn and J. David Woodard.
Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996. Pp. ix+199.

ISBN 0-8476-8167-X. $14.95.

Hoods and shirts: the extreme right in Pennsylvania, 1925–1950.

By Philip Jenkins. Chapel Hill,
NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. Pp. 343. ISBN 0-8078-2316-3.
$29.95.

From demagogue to Dixiecrat: Horace Wilkinson and the politics of
race.
By Glenn Feldman. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc., 1995.

Pp. xviii+311. ISBN 0-8191-9783-1. $32.50.

From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: race in the conservative
counterrevolution, 1963–1994. By
Dan T. Carter. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
Pp. xv+134.
ISBN 0-8071-2118-5. £21.95.

According to political scientists Charles W. Dunn and David Woodward in The conservative tradition in America, the dramatic Republican gains in the 1994 elections exemplified the eclilse of New Deal liberalism by a resurgent conservatism, a politcal shift that began in the late 1960s and which Ronald Reagan's victory in the 1980 fortified. In their short survey the authors investigate the intellectual roots of modern conservatism and attempt to define and explain the recent manifestation of this heritage. The three other recent works reviewed here provide a larger historical context, which Dunn and Woodward ignore, for understanding conservatism and right extremism in America.
BLITZKRIEG REVISITED: A NEW LOOK AT NAZI WAR AND EXTERMINATION PLANNING
Authors: JERSAK TOBIAS
Published: July 2002

Historians have generally accepted the notion that Hitler's war against France was
planned and conducted as a Blitzkrieg from the very beginning. Recent research, however, has shown
the fallacy of this assumption by firmly establishing that Hitler and his generals expected the war in
the West to become a re-enactment of the First World War. This review puts the new findings in
military history in the context of other recent studies on Nazi plans to ‘solve’ the ‘Jewish Question’
after the surprisingly fast victory over France. It links Nazi war and extermination planning with
Hitler's underlying ideology and strategy and looks more closely at the still controversial Madagascar
plan. One of the questions discussed is why there were no plans to ‘solve’ the ‘Jewish Question’ under
the cover of the war against France, a war expected to last for years.
ARNON SOFFER, Rivers of Fire: The Conflict over Water in the Middle East (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999). Pp. 311. $69.00 cloth, $34.95 paper.
Authors: Rouyer Alwyn R.
Published: July 2002

Arnon Soffer has written a comprehensive study covering the geo-politics of water conflict in the Middle East. Soffer's major contention is that the region is rapidly heading in the direction of environmental disaster because it is running out of water. Although he believes that regional cooperation, combined with the development of new water resources through nonconventional means—particularly desalination—is a possible solution to the problem, he is pessimistic about the likelihood of cooperation because of historical distrust among the nations involved in each basin conflict.
BIODEMOGRAPHY IN SIENA, ITALY
Authors: VIENNA A. , DE STEFANO G. F. , BASTIANINI A. , BIONDI G.
Published: July 2002

Data were obtained on surnames of the parents and places of birth of the parents and grandparents of children in Siena, Italy. Isonymy and total inbreeding coefficient, and their random and non-random components, are 0·005, 0·00125, 0·00019 and 0·00106, respectively. Isonymy and inbreeding figures are similar to those of other medium-sized Italian towns, while higher values have been reported for Italian villages and Italian ethnic minorities. City endogamy, and endogamy of Contrada for grandparents have the same values (44·1 and 44·8%, respectively), but for parents, endogamy of Contrada is lower than city endogamy (15·2 and 33·4%, respectively). The difference between the extent of Contrada endogamy expected at random and observed in the parents' generation does not seem to affect the genetic structure of the present population. However, the bulk of marriage migration (more than 70%) is short range, with people coming from Tuscany. There is no statistical difference in marital migration between males and females.
Liquid surface in regular N-pods
Authors: DE LAZZER A. , LANGBEIN D.
Published: July 2002

The shape of liquid surfaces in regular N-pods in the

absence of gravity is considered.
A liquid volume in the vertex of a regular N-pod wets the adjacent
faces if the sum
of the liquid's contact angle γ with the faces and half the

dihedral angle α between
adjacent faces is smaller than π/2. A suggestion for why the surface
shape in the
wedge approaches its cylindrical shape at infinity exponentially is given.
The range of
this exponential decrease is related to the curvature of the meniscus and
the angles α
and γ: The decrement of the decrease generally shows a
weak dependence on α+γ,
predominantly depending on the liquid volume. Extremely close to the wetting
limit,
when α+γ approaches π/2, the decrement vanishes.
The exponential meniscus shape
leads to a similarity relation and allows small relative liquid volumes
in polyhedrons
to be split up into partial volumes ascribed to the corners and others
ascribed to
the wedges. The respective relations among volume, curvature, contact angle
and
corner geometry are obtained by numerical simulation and the limits of
applicability
are discussed. This greatly simplifies the calculation of liquid surfaces
in the limit
of small liquid volumes. The results obtained apply to liquid surfaces
in a Space
environment, e.g. to metallic melts in crucibles and to propellants and
other technical
fluids in tanks and reservoirs, as well as to liquid surfaces on Earth,
e.g. to liquids
trapped in polyhedral pores and to liquid foams, provided their characteristic
length
is sufficiently small compared to the capillary length.
On the one-point probability density function for
the wind velocity in the neutral atmospheric surface layer
Authors: WENZEL A. , BALDAUF M.
Published: July 2002

The differential equation describing the one-point joint probability
density function
for the wind velocity given by Lundgren (1967) in neutral turbulent flows
is extended
by a term which also takes into consideration the pressure–mean strain
interaction.
For the new equation a solution is given describing the one-point probability
density
function for the wind velocity fluctuations if the profile of the mean
wind velocity is
logarithmic. The properties of this solution are discussed to identify
the differences
to a Gaussian having the same first and second moments.
Displacement of a two-dimensional
immiscible droplet adhering to a wall in shear
and pressure-driven flows
Authors: SCHLEIZER ANTHONY D. , BONNECAZE ROGER T.
Published: July 2002

The dynamic behaviour and stability of a two-dimensional immiscible
droplet subject
to shear or pressure-driven flow between parallel plates is studied under
conditions of
negligible inertial and gravitational forces. The droplet is attached to
the lower plate
and forms two contact lines that are either fixed or mobile. The boundary-integral

method is used to numerically determine the flow along and dynamics of
the free
surface. For surfactant-free interfaces with fixed contact lines, the deformation
of the
interface is determined for a range of capillary numbers, droplet to displacing
fluid
viscosity ratios, droplet sizes and flow type. It is shown that as the
capillary number
or viscosity ratio or size of the droplet increases, the deformation of
the interface
increases and above critical values of the capillary number no steady shape
exists.
For small droplets, and at low capillary numbers, shear and pressure-driven
flows
are shown to yield similar steady droplet shapes. The effect of surfactants
is studied
assuming a fixed amount of surfactant that is subject to convective–diffusive
transport
along the interface and no transport to or from the bulk fluids. Increasing
the surface
Péclet number, the ratio of convective to diffusive transport, leads
to an accumulation
of surfactant at the downstream end of the droplet and creates Marangoni
stresses
that immobilize the interface and reduce deformation. The no-slip boundary
condition
is then relaxed and an integral form of the Navier-slip model is used to
examine the
effects of allowing the droplet to slip along the solid surface in a pressure-driven

flow. For contact angles less than or equal to 90°, a stable droplet
spreads along the
wall until a steady shape is reached, when the droplet translates across
the wall at a
constant velocity. The critical capillary number is larger for these droplets
compared
to those with pinned contact lines. For contact angles greater than 90°,
the wetted
area between a stable droplet and the wall decreases until a steady shape
is reached.
The critical capillary number for these droplets is less than that for
pinned droplets.
Above the critical capillary number the droplet completely detaches for
a contact
angle of 120°, or part of it is pinched off leaving behind a smaller
attached droplet
for contact angles less than or equal to 90°.
On the boundary-layer structure of
patterns of convection in
rectangular-planform containers
Authors: DANIELS P. G. , LEE A. T.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the structure of steady-state solutions of the Swift–Hohenberg
equation describing convection in shallow rectangular-planform containers heated
from below. The lateral dimensions of the planform are assumed to be much larger
than the characteristic wavelength of convection. Results are restricted to patterns
composed of rolls orthogonal to the sides of the rectangle in which case convection
sets in at a critical value of the Rayleigh number in the form of rolls parallel to
the shorter sides. This primary bifurcation from the conductive state of no motion
produces a solution which subsequently undergoes a secondary bifurcation in which
the low-amplitude motion near the shorter sides is replaced locally by cross-rolls
perpendicular to the sides. This results in the formation of grain boundaries (or
domain boundaries) within the fluid which mark the division between the different
roll orientations.

With increasing Rayleigh number the grain boundaries approach the sides of the
rectangle and a boundary-layer structure is formed. In the present paper the method
of matched asymptotic expansions is used to determine this boundary-layer structure
and to predict the location of the grain boundaries. An interesting feature of the
solution is that the grain boundaries develop significant curvature and bend into the
corners of the rectangle, where the local solution is also determined.

The results are compared with numerical computations of the secondary solution
branch and with previous numerical and experimental work.
Determiner phrase in a language without determiners (with apologies to Jim Huang 1982)
Authors: PROGOVAC LJILJANA
Published: July 2002

Serbo-Croatian (SC) is a language without articles, probably the
only category of
speech that has uncontroversially and crosslinguistically been argued to
occupy the
head of the Determiner Phrase (DP). This paper argues that even SC, a language

without articles, projects a DP on top of NPs in argument positions. The
strongest
evidence comes from noun/pronoun asymmetries, where the pronouns precede,
and
nouns follow, certain intensifying adjectives. Assuming that these adjectives
occupy
a fixed syntactic position, the conclusion must be that pronouns occupy
a structurally
higher position than nouns. Since the evidence of such asymmetries is extremely

sparse in the data, the children presumably cannot rely on them to conclude
that there
is a DP in SC. Since there are also no articles in SC, children have virtually
no
evidence of the existence of a DP. It must be then that the projection
of DPs is a
universal property, independent of the presence of the lexical item which
solely
occupies the head of the projection. Morphological properties of SC pronouns
and
adjectives actually support the existence of more than just one functional
projection
in the noun phrase in SC. The paper derives Greenberg's universal
43, which states
that pronouns are more likely to have (gender) morphology than nouns, by
arguing
that pronouns move (overtly) through more functional projections than nouns,
and
ultimately land in D.
Effect of a stochastic electron background on low-m tearing
modes
Authors: PRASAD P. V. SIVA RAMA , TEWARI D. P.
Published: July 2002

The effect of a stochastic electron background on the stability
of
low-m tearing
modes is studied. The coherent direct interaction approximation is applied
to
the drift-kinetic equation in order to include the effects of current density
diffusion, electron density diffusion and magnetic field diffusion in the
tearing
mode equations. It is found that for the m=1 mode in the
collisionless regime
the magnetic field diffusion destabilizes the mode further, while in the
collisional regime these diffusions may not significantly affect the mode;
for the
m[ges ]2 modes in the collisional and semicollisional regimes the
electron density
diffusion stabilizes the modes, while in the collisionless regime the effects
of
current density diffusion and electron density diffusion may balance each
other
without significantly affecting the modes.
The place of articulation of the Korean plain affricate in intervocalic position: an articulatory and acoustic study
Authors: Kim Hyunsoon
Published: July 2002

The place of articulation of the Korean plain affricate /c/ and the obstruents /t, s/ is articulatorily and acoustically examined in the intervocalic positions /a―a, a―i, a―u/ taken from four subjects in three dialects. The articulatory data of direct palatograms and linguograms have shown that in these contexts, the plain affricate is not post-alveolar as usually assumed in the literature, but alveolar, just like the alveolar consonants /t, s/, despite some speaker variation regarding the active articulator (tip, blade, anterodorsum). The examination of LPC data has also shown that the affricate is alveolar, like the consonants /t, s/, both for its stop part and for its frication part. The phonetic results are then confirmed by the review of Skalicková's (1960) palatogram of the affricate, and the comparison of X-ray data of the affricate /c/ to those of the Korean obstruents /t, s/ (Skalicková 1960), the Korean vowel /i/ (Han 1978) and post-alveolars in other langauges such as Czech (Danes et al. 1954) and Polish (Wierzchowska 1980). Based on the present phonetic results, we propose that, following IPA usage, the Korean plain affricate is transcribed as /ts/.
Why does the introduced gastropod Crepidula fornicata fail to invade Arcachon Bay (France)?
Authors: de Montaudoüin X. , Labarraque D. , Giraud K. , Bachelet G.
Published: July 2002

Arcachon Bay was the last important shell culture area of the French Atlantic coast without a stock assessment of the accidentally introduced Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda). Following a stratified sampling strategy, 205 stations were sampled with a dredge. The total biomass of C. fornicata was estimated at 155 tn (confidence limits: 72 tn) scattered on 2·4 km2, i.e. about 5% of the infralittoral area. This biomass is very low compared to other exploited shellfish sites. Amongst mean environmental parameters (such as bathymetry, temperature, salinity, sediment grain-size, anthropic activity), the major keyfactors differentiating Arcachon Bay from other French sites were searched to explain the differences in C. fornicata colonization pattern. It seems that the low biomass of C. fornicata, 30 y after its occurrence was first recorded in the bay, could be correlated to: (1) the scarcity of subtidal muddy sediments which are suitable for C. fornicata settlement; (2) the presence of large Zostera spp. beds on both intertidal and subtidal areas; and (3) the absence of bottom trawl fishing.  Growth, production and productivity (P/B) ratios were compared between five stations characterized by different hydrological and sediment parameters. Growth and productivity (0·3 y−1) were not affected by mean biomass suggesting a lack of population regulation by intraspecific competition.
A Hindi Poet from Allahabad: Translating Harivansh Rai Bachchan's Autobiography
Authors: Snell Rupert
Published: July 2002

The poet known to the Hindi literary world as ‘Bachchan’ was born as ‘Harivansh Rai’ in 1907 to an Allahabad Kāyasth family. His given name derived from a prescribed recitation of the Harivamśa Purāna that had broken his parents' much-lamented childlessness; the pandit's honorarium for the recitation was 1001 rupees, paid off in monthly instalments over the first ten years of the boy's childhood. The roman spelling of the name varies, the Sanskritic ‘Harivansh’ standing in contrast to the form ‘Harbans’ with which the author's Ph.D. thesis is signed. Such a distinction is not without significance, for underlying the author's cosmopolitan exterior lies an intimately provincial Allahabadi character more fully caught by the ‘Harbans’ spelling than its somehow sanitized, all-India tatsama equivalent. It is a feature that one longs in vain to recapture in English translation many a time, for example to resonate with the semi-tatsama phrase pūrab-pacchim, for ‘East and West’, so much more redolent of the vernacular scene than its Sanskritic parent pūrva-paścim. But in English, East is ‘East’ and West is ‘West’.
Britain's Secret Intelligence Service in Asia During the Second World War
Authors: ALDRICH RICHARD J.
Published: July 2002

The past twenty years have seen the rapid growth of a new branch of international history, the serious academic study of secret services or ‘intelligence history’ with its attendant specialist conferences and journals. Two main causes for this development can be identified. The first was conceptual, namely the increasing recognition that the study of international history was greatly impoverished by the reluctance of academic historians to address a subject which appeared capable of shedding considerable light upon the conduct of international affairs. Two leading historians underlined this during 1982 in a path-breaking collection of essays on the subject, suggesting that intelligence was the ‘missing dimension’ of most international history. The second development was a more practical one, the introduction of the Thirty Year Rule during the 1970s, bringing with it an avalanche of new documentation, which, within a few years, was recognized as containing a great deal of intelligence material. In the 1980s historians had begun to turn their attention in increasing numbers to the intelligence history of the mid-twentieth century. They were further assisted in their endeavours by the appearance of the first volumes of the official history of British Intelligence in the Second World War.
Understanding Languages of Modernization: A Southeast Asian View
Authors: Rigg Jonathan , Allott Anna , Harrison Rachel , Kratz Ulrich
Published: July 2002

More than most of humanity, scholars are prone to sinking their feet into the quagmire of definition. Words are unpacked, nuances of meaning are debated, and discourses are interrogated. Post-developmentalists have been at the forefront of a re-examination of the languages of development and developmentalism. Arturo Escobar, for example, states that his desire is to analyze ‘regimes of discourse and representation’ (1995: 10). Jonathan Crush is similarly concerned with the so-styled discourse of development, and expresses the desire to make the ‘self-evident problematical’ (1995: 3). He highlights work in the humanities and social sciences which concerns itself with textual issues of writing and representation through which this discourse has been framed. Crush suggests that such textual analysis offers ‘new ways of understanding what development is and does, and why it seems so difficult to think beyond it’. He goes on to argue that ‘we need to not only understand why the language of development can be so evasive, even misleading, but also why so many people in so many parts of the world seem to need to believe it and have done so for so long’ (1995: 4).
ZUR GESCHICHTE DER SPRUCHQUELLE Q UND DER TRADENTEN DER SPRUCHÜBERLIEFERUNG. DAS SIEBENFACHE WEHE LK 11.37–54 PAR.
Authors: SCHMITHALS WALTER
Published: July 2002

Die Traditionsgeschichte der Spruchquelle Q ist nach wie vor ebenso umstritten wie die Frage nach ihrem Tradentenkreis. Der vorliegende Aufsatz versucht, am Beispiel der Wehesprüche sichtbar zu machen, daß es sinn-voll ist, die Frage nach den historischen Ereignissen, in denen sich die Tradenten von Q im 1. Jahrhundert notwendigerweise bewegten, mit der Frage nach der Traditionsgeschichte von Q zu verbinden, und daß es möglich ist, auf diesem Wege zu begründeten Feststellungen über die Geschichte der Spruchüberlieferung und über ihre Tradenten zu kommen.
Une
absence remplie de présences. Herméneutiques de
l'occultation chez les Shaykhiyya (Aspects de l'imamologie
duodécimaine VII)
Authors: AMIR-MOEZZI MOHAMMAD
ALI
Published: July 2002

This
study concerns the hermeneutics of the occultation of the twelfth
imam through the immense literature of the Shaykhiyya of Kirman
(Iran). Generally speaking, the different masters of the Order
used two main hermeneutical ‘axioms’: 1) all reality
is composed, at least, of two levels: the manifest/exoteric
and the hidden/esoteric; 2) the notion of the universe as
macrocosm, man as microcosm and the correspondence between them.
For this reason, the article is divided into two parts. First,
the esoteric aspect of ‘the Occultation in the world’
is an analysis of the principle of the Fourth Pillar (rukn
rābi) and its three fundamental components: the ‘invisible’
Friends of the hidden imam, Unicity of the Speaker and Alliance/Dissociation.
The second part concerns the esoteric meaning of ‘the
Occultation within man’ and examines symbolic and theological
hermeneutics, respectively through the work of Sayyid Kāzim
Rashtī, the second master of the Order (d. 1259/1843)
and the commentaries on the famous hadith ‘Who knows himself,
knows his Lord’.
Magnetoencephalographic recordings demonstrate attentional modulation of mismatch‐related neural activity in human auditory cortex
Authors: Woldorff Marty G. , Hillyard Steven A. , Gallen Chris C. , Hampson Scott R. , Bloom Floyd E.
Published: July 2002

It is widely agreed that the negative brain potential elicited at 150–200 ms by a deviant, less intense sound in a repetitive series can be modulated by attention. To investigate whether this modulation represents a genuine attention effect on the mismatch negativity (MMN) arising from auditory cortex or attention‐related activity from another brain region, we recorded both the MMN and the mismatch magnetic field (MMF) elicited by such deviants in a dichotic listening task. Deviant tones in the attended ear elicited a sizable MMF that was well modeled as a dipolar source in auditory cortex. Both the MMN and MMF to unattended‐ear deviants were highly attenuated. These findings support the view that the MMN/MMF elicited in auditory cortex by intensity deviants, and thus the underlying feature‐analysis and mismatch‐detection processes, are not strongly automatic but rather can be gated or suppressed if attention is strongly focused elsewhere.
LTP – A mechanism in search of a function
Authors: Jeffery Kathryn J.
Published: July 2002

Shors & Matzel (1997) suggest replacing the question “Is LTP a mechanism of learning?” with “Is LTP a mechanism of arousal and attention?” However, the failure of experiments to verify the LTP-learning hypothesis may arise not because it is untrue, but because in its current guise, it is not properly testable. If so, then the LTP-attention hypothesis is untestable, as well.
Neural networks for selection and the Luce choice rule
Authors: Bundesen Claus
Published: July 2002

Page proposes a simple, localist, lateral inhibitory network for implementing a selection process that approximately conforms to the Luce choice rule. I describe another localist neural mechanism for selection in accordance with the Luce choice rule. The mechanism implements an independent race model. It consists of parallel, independent nerve fibers connected to a winner-take-all cluster, which records the winner of the race.
Progress toward an understanding of cortical computation
Authors: Phillips W. A. , Singer W.
Published: July 2002

The additional data, perspectives, questions, and criticisms
contributed by the commentaries strengthen our view that local
cortical processors coordinate their activity with the context in
which it occurs using contextual fields and synchronized population
codes. We therefore predict that whereas the specialization of
function has been the keynote of this century the coordination of
function will be the keynote of the next.
Chorus of k prototypes or discord of contradictory representations?
Authors: Andresen David R. , Marsolek Chad J.
Published: July 2002

The human visual system is capable of learning both
abstract and specific mappings to underlie shape recognition.
How could dissimilar shapes be mapped to the same location in
visual representation space, yet similar shapes be mapped to
different locations? Without fundamental changes, Chorus, like
other single-system models, could not accomplish both mappings
in a manner that accounts for recent evidence.
Filling-in as the phenomenal side of binding
Authors: Arrington Karl Frederick
Published: July 2002

The question is broadened from isomorphism to invertible
transformation and optimal representation. Motivations are drawn
from image compression but with an emphasis on object segmentation.
Filling-in is considered as the phenomenal side of the binding
process with back-surface filling-in being important. Finally,
re-normalization of local filtering by globally integrated context
is emphasized.
Why is testosterone associated with divorce in men?
Authors: Cashdan Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

There is evidence that in women high levels of testosterone
are associated with more sexual partners and more permissive sexual
attitudes. If a similar relationship holds true for men, the higher
basal testosterone levels of divorced and unmarried men may be
caused by this relationship rather than by testosterone's effect
on dominance striving.
The development of new functional features by instruction: The case of medical education
Authors: Brooks Lee R.
Published: July 2002

Medical education provides many examples of the development of
functional features, but as a response to deliberate instruction.
These features require so much specificity and context sensitivity
that they seem likely to require the development of new categories of
appearances rather than just reweighting old features. A suggested
implication is that feature development may help to explain the
problematic noticing of features in diagnosis.
Activation/organization, masculinization/feminization: What are they and how are they distinguished?
Authors: Hines Melissa
Published: July 2002

The activational and organizational hormone effects as
originally defined do not conflict with activational influences on
brain structure. Ovarian hormonal influences on the rodent corpus
callosum could be activational rather than organizational. The
masculinization/feminization distinction in brain structure and
the timing of sex differences in visuo-spatial abilities need to
be clarified.
Seeing is not (necessarily) believing
Authors: Slaughter Virginia , Mealey Linda
Published: July 2002

We doubt that theory of mind can be sufficiently demonstrated
without reliance on verbal tests. Where language is the major tool of
social manipulation, an effective theory of mind must use language as
an input. We suspect, therefore, that in this context, prelinguistic
human and nonhuman minds are more alike than are human pre- and
postlinguistic minds.
What can we learn from the absence of evidence?
Authors: Zentall Thomas R.
Published: July 2002

Heyes discounts findings of imitation and self recognition in
nonhuman primates based on flimsy speculation and then indicates that
even positive findings would not provide evidence of theory of mind.
Her proposed experiment is unlikely to work, however, because, even if
the animals have a theory of mind, a number of assumptions, not
directly related to theory of mind, must be made about their reasoning
ability.
Patterns of evolution in human speech processing and animal communication
Authors: Ryan Michael J. , Kime Nicole M. , Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: July 2002

We consider Sussman et al.'s suggestion that auditory
biases for processing low-noise relationships among pairs of acoustic
variables is a preadaptation for human speech processing. Data from
other animal communication systems, especially those involving sexual
selection, also suggest that neural biases in the receiver system can
generate strong selection on the form of communication
signals.
Hippocampus, recognition, and recall: A new twist on some old data?
Authors: Foster Jonathan K.
Published: July 2002

This commentary attempts to reconcile the predictions of
Aggleton & Brown's theoretical framework with previous
findings obtained from experimental tests of laboratory animals with
selective hippocampal lesions. Adopting a convergent operations
approach, the predictions of the model are also related to human
neuroimaging data and to other complementary research perspectives
(cognitive, computational, psychopharmacological).
The cognitive impenetrability hypothesis: Doomsday for the unity of the cognitive neurosciences?
Authors: Dresp Birgitta
Published: July 2002

The heuristic value of Pylyshyn's cognitive
impenetrability theory is questioned in this commentary, mainly
because, as it stands, the key argument cannot be challenged
empirically. Pylyshyn requires unambiguous evidence for an effect of
cognitive states on early perceptual mechanisms, which is impossible
to provide because we can only infer what might happen at these
earlier levels of processing on the basis of evidence collected at the
post-perceptual stage. Furthermore, the theory that early visual
processes cannot be modified by cognitive states implies that it
is totally pointless to try to investigate interactions between
consciousness and neurosensory processes.
Implicit knowledge in engineering judgment and scientific reasoning
Authors: Gorman Michael E.
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner's theoretical framework should be
applicable to two related areas: technological innovation and the
psychology of scientific reasoning. For the former, this commentary
focuses on the example of nuclear weapon design, and on the decision
to launch the space shuttle Challenger. For the latter, this commentary
focuses on Klayman and Ha's positive test heuristic and the
invention of the telephone.
Truth and intra-personal concept stability
Authors: Siebel Mark
Published: July 2002

I criticize three claims concerning simulators: (1) That
a simulator provides the best-fitting simulation of the perceptual
impression one has of an object does not guarantee, pace Barsalou,
that the object belongs to the simulator's category. (2) The
people described by Barsalou do not acquire a concept of truth because
they are not sensitive about the potential inadequacy of their sense
impressions. (3) Simulator update prevents Barsalou's way of
individuating concepts (i.e., identifying them with simulators) from
solving the problem of intra-personal concept stability because to
update a simulator is to change its content, and concepts with
different contents are distinct.
Lacunary sections for locally compact groupoids
Authors: RAMSAY ARLAN
Published: July 2002

It is proved that every second
countable locally Hausdorff and locally compact
continuous groupoid has a Borel set of units that meets
every orbit and is what is called ‘lacunary’, a property
that implies that the intersection with every orbit is
countable.
Growing Taller, Living Longer?

Anthropometric History and the Future of Old Age
Authors: HARRIS BERNARD
Published: July 2002

In recent years, economic and social historians have made increasing
use of

anthropometric records (principally, records of human height and weight)
to

investigate changes in human health and well-being. This paper summarises

some of the main findings of this research and demonstrates the remarkable

increases in human height which have occurred during the course of the

present century. The paper also examines the relationship between changes
in

average height and changes in life expectancy. Although most of the evidence

assembled by anthropometric historians has been derived from records

relating to schoolchildren and young adults, their work has profound

implications for the study of health in old age. The concluding section

examines the relevance of this work to current debates on the decline of

mortality, the ‘compression of morbidity’ and the future of
social policy.
Sampling (hetero)sexuality: diva-ness and discipline in electronic dance music
Authors: Loza Susana
Published: July 2002

Cyborgs, fembots and posthumans: electronic dance music and the biopolitics of fucking machines

In the technophilic West, netizens, infomorphs and the audio digerati triumphantly-if-precociously herald this as the dawn of disembodiment. These reality hackers dream in binary code. They yearn to manufacture human-alien hybrids, ethical androids and genetically programmed clones. They already engineer digital soul divas, aural cyborgs, Nintendo's voluptuously overdrawn robo-bimbos, and the supernaturally and surgically perfect bodies purchased at Lasers R' US. They share the meat-hating philosophies of the cyber-protagonists of Neuromancer, Snow Crash and Software. They willingly computerise their passions via text sex, MUD-based gender masquerades, naughty newsgroups, techno-fetishistic video games, virtual reality-based erotic escapades, and pornosonic digital samples. Nonetheless, it seems that for the rest of us to join these intrepid cybernauts in their Age of immaterial Information, our too-solid bodies must first be anaesthetised with utopian visions and sounds of an incorporeal future. So electronic dance music, popular culture and modern science inject the flesh with fantasies of immortality, limitless pleasures, and unadulterated agency. With their tax-funded market research and their potent techno-imaginings, entertainment systems, netters, digital dance music producers, and radically hopeful scientists prepare human matter to be dematerialised and devoured byte by agonising byte. In other words, they passionately fabricate the human-machine hybrid also known as the cyborg, the fembot and the posthuman. These techno-organic entities traverse the space between desire and dread; their indeterminate forms simultaneously destabilise and reconfigure the dualistic limits of liberal humanist subjectivity. Each incarnation plots the feared consequences and perplexing possibilities of boundary transgressions between the human and the machine quite differently.
Popular music, gender and high school pupils in Japan: personal music in school and leisure sites
Authors: Koizumi Kyoko
Published: July 2002

There are few studies offering a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between popular music and youth cutting across both school and leisure sites. This article bridges missing links between girls and boys as performers and listeners of popular music in school and leisure sites. The aim is to investigate how high school pupils' discourses on popular music take place in different settings (i) with relation to gender, and (ii) with relation to the nature of musical practices. Through my ethnographic study conducted in Japan, pupils' techniques for employing popular music in various sites are clarified; firstly, in the formal site (classroom); secondly, in the semi-formal site (brass band club in school / high school band event); thirdly, in the informal site (boys as performers / visual band costume play gatherings). Three categorisations of popular music are theorised: ‘personal’, ‘common’ and ‘standard’. Boys' strategies for negotiation and differentiation, and girls' tactics for utilising common music in order to conceal their own personal music are found in each site.
Beginnings of robotics as a separate discipline of technical sciences
and some fundamental results - a personal view
Authors: Vukobratovic Miomir
Published: July 2002

Based on the author's knowledge the paper gives a brief account of some of the scientific achievements of robotics that were of crucial importance to its development.

In a rough chronological order these are: zero-moment concept and semi-inverse method;
recursive formulation of robot dynamics; computer-aided derivation of robot dynamics in symbolic form; dynamic approach to generation of trajectories of robotic manipulators; centralized feedforward control in robotics; robot dynamic control; decentralized control and observer applied to strongly coupled active mechanisms; force feedback in dynamic control of robots; decentralized control stability tests for robotic mechanisms; underactuated robotic systems; practical stability tests in robotics; unified approach to control laws synthesis for robot interacting with dynamic environment; modeling and control of multi-arm cooperating
robots interacting with environment; connectionist algorithms for advanced learning control
of robots interacting with dynamic environment; fuzzy logic robot control with model-based dynamic compensation, and internal redundancy – a new way to improve robot dynamic performance.
Minimum cost, fixed time trajectory planning in robot manipulators. A suboptimal solution
Authors: Duleba Ignacy
Published: July 2002

In this paper the minimum cost trajectory planning problem with
fixed time in robot manipulators is considered. The task is solved by
transforming the problem to a set of free right-end time optimal problems,
leading to a suboptimal solution. Each problem of the optimal cost trajectory
planning with a free time is effectively solved by the method of minimal
neighbourhood. An algorithm for the task of suboptimal cost trajectory
planning with fixed time is presented and applied to the model of a PUMA-like
robot. Results of the paper seem to be of particular relevance to the
optimization of multi-robot systems.
‘To say something that was me’: developing a personal voice through improvisation
Authors: McMillan Ros
Published: July 2002

The study and practice of improvisation in music departments of Australian colleges and universities tends to be dominated by jazz and other African-American styles. However, the School of Music of the Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne has developed a course of study with a different focus. While rooted in the fundamentals of jazz performance, the philosophy of the course is that students at the end of the twentieth century should endeavour to develop their own musical ‘voice’. An important means of assisting this development is the encouragement for students to compose their own music as the basis for improvisation. In many cases personal concerns and events form the basis for these original pieces and allow performers to develop their own compositional concepts. This is also a significant means of allowing the music to reflect the era and culture of the performers. This article outlines an investigation of ten students conducted over the three years of their degree studies. The investigation aimed to ascertain the conditions under which a personal voice might be acquired and the extent to which composition was employed in the participants' major performances.
Estimation of biomass in a neotropical forest of French Guiana: spatial and temporal variability
Authors: CHAVE JÉRÔME , RIÉRA BERNARD , DUBOIS MARC-A.
Published: July 2002

Biomass content and turnover rate were estimated for a lowland wet rain forest in French Guiana. A
regression model relating the biomass of a tree to its dbh (diameter at breast height) was deduced from previously
published data. A power-law allometric relationship of the form AGTB = aDb was used to estimate the tree biomass,
AGTB (Mg ha−1), from its dbh D (cm). Using direct measurements of tree biomass in the literature, the best-fit
allometric exponent b = 2.42 (SD = 0.02) was found. The logarithm of the coefficient a was normally distributed with
an average of −2.00 (SD = 0.27). This method was applied to two permanent research stations of the lowland tropical
rain forest of French Guiana: the Nouragues and Piste de Saint-Elie. At the Nouragues, the biomass was estimated
from trees 10 cm in diameter on two plots covering a total surface area of 22 ha and yielded an average biomass of
309 Mg ha−1 (± 32 Mg ha−1, 95% confidence interval). Spatial variability was also addressed at the Nouragues by
estimating the biomass of trees ≥ 30 cm dbh over a total surface area of 82 ha. For the wet tropical forest vegetation
type, an average of 284 Mg ha−1 was obtained (spatial variability ±55 Mg ha−1). Biomass turnover was evaluated
at Piste de Saint-Elie from two transects (0.78 and 1 ha) on which all trees ≥5 cm in diameter were recorded and
mapped twice in 10 y. Transect 1 showed a slight increase in biomass, from 245 to 260 Mg ha−1 (338 to 345 Mg
ha−1 for transect 2), corresponding to a net increase of 1.9 Mg ha−1 y−1 (0.7 Mg ha−1 y−1), and the biomass ingrowth
was 3.2 Mg ha−1 y−1 (2.8 Mg ha−1 y−1). These figures are discussed in the light of the natural recruitment dynamics
of tropical forests.
Combining diverse neural nets
Authors: SHARKEY AMANDA J. C. , SHARKEY NOEL E.
Published: July 2002

An appropriate use of neural computing techniques is to apply them to problems such as condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, control and sensing, where conventional solutions can be hard to obtain. However, when neural computing techniques are used, it is important that they are employed so as to maximise their performance, and improve their reliability. Their performance is typically assessed in terms of their ability to generalise to a previously unseen test set, although unless the training set is
very carefully chosen, 100% accuracy is rarely achieved. Improved performance can result when sets of neural nets are combined in ensembles and ensembles can be viewed as an example of the reliability through redundancy approach that is recommended
for conventional software and hardware in safety-critical or safety-related applications. Although there has been recent interest in the use of neural net ensembles, such techniques have yet to be applied to the tasks of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, we focus on the benefits of techniques which promote diversity amongst the members of an ensemble, such that there is a minimum number of coincident failures. The concept of ensemble diversity is considered in some detail,
and a hierarchy of four levels of diversity is presented. This hierarchy is then used in the description of the application of ensemble-based techniques to the case study of fault diagnosis of a diesel engine.
ERROR BOUNDS FOR OCCUPATION MEASURE OF SINGULARLY PERTURBED
MARKOV CHAINS INCLUDING TRANSIENT STATES
Authors: Yin G. , Zhang Q. , Liu Q. G.
Published: July 2002

Motivated by many applications in production planning,
system reliability, queueing networks, and wireless communication,
this work is devoted to singularly perturbed Markov chains
with finite states. Focusing on nonstationary processes
with the inclusion of transient states, asymptotic error
bounds of a sequence of suitably scaled occupation measures
are derived. The main tools used include martingales and
differential equations. The results are useful for analyzing
structural properties of the underlying Markov chains and
for designing nearly optimal and hierarchical controls
of large-scale and complex systems.
STRATEGIES IN LEARNING AND USING A SECOND LANGUAGE.Andrew D. Cohen. London: Longman, 1998. Pp. xi + 295. $19.57 paper.
Authors: Westhoff Gerard
Published: July 2002

Most of the contents of this book were published separately but have been substantially
revised and updated for this volume. Although the book is primarily intended for language
teachers and researchers, the publisher recommends it also to undergraduate and postgraduate
students. For that purpose, attractive and probably effective discussion questions and activities
have been added to each chapter.
DIALECTS IN SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITIES. Walt Wolfram,
Carolyn Temple Adger, and Donna Christian. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999. Pp. xi + 239.
$49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Jernudd Björn H.
Published: July 2002

Teachers will find this book useful both for self-study and teaching. The linguist-authors
introduce nonspecialist readers to the rich landscape of local and parochial ways of speaking that
still exist in the United States, despite the uniforming pressures from the language of the national
media and leveling effects on language of individual mobility. They account for linguistic facts
of differences between dialects (in chapters 1 and 2 and the appendix) and also between different
discourse styles (chapter 3). They do this with respect for differences between people. A major
purpose of the book is to counter misconceptions that dialect speakers are somehow deficient.
They are not, of course. They are anchored in the local community or group, and this local
grounding is socially-psychologically sound and represents a very positive value indeed; or from
another neutral perspective, they simply talk differently. Dialects are good or different, but never
bad, unless people think others are bad just because they talk differently. The book helps any
reader shed such groundless prejudice.