bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infantile osteopetrosis: a case report on dental findings
Authors: Droz‐Desprez D. , Azou C. , Bordigoni P. , Bonnaure‐Mallet M.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we have described the case of a 7‐yr‐old Moroccan osteopetrotic boy, who had received a bone marrow transplant (BMT). He was transplanted from his older brother and, despite immunosuppressive therapy, developed chronic graft‐versus‐host disease and was placed on corticotherapy. Seven months after the bone marrow transplant, graft versus host disease (GVHD) was stabilized, but corticotherapy had inhibited growth. There was evidence of normalizing bone, his hearing was better but he had not recovered vision. Dental findings before the bone marrow transplant revealed some missing teeth, failure of teeth to erupt and decayed teeth but no enamel hypoplasia. The patient had developed one carious lesion on one unerupted tooth: bacteria seem to have found a way through the gubernaculum dentale. The scanning electronmicrographs showed decayed tooth and tissues fitted into each other. Since the bone marrow transplant, no tooth has erupted. We think that, in this case, failure of tooth eruption would be the sign of osteopetrosis.
Variants of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor with a note on tumor origin
Authors: Philipsen H. P. , Samman N. , Ormiston I. W. , Wu P. C. , Reichart P. A.
Published: April 2006

Three rare variants of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) are described. A follicular AOT associated with an impacted and displaced 28, an extra‐follicular variant mimicking a radicular cyst around the apex of 23 and a peripheral (epulis‐like) variant exhibiting a periodontal bone defect palatal to 21. On reappraisal of the origin and pathogenesis of the AOT, it would seem that this tumor or hamartomatous lesion is derived from odontogenic epithelium of the dental lamina complex or its remnants.
Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo‐controlled double‐blind crossover study
Authors: Aagaard A. , Godiksen S. , Teglers P. T. , Schiodt M. , Glenert U.
Published: April 2006

Two new saliva stimulants: V6 and a mucin containing chewing gum were tested in this placebo‐controlled double‐blind crossover study. Forty‐three patients (mean age 63 yr) complaining of dry mouth participated. The products were administered in a randomized order, and used for 2 wk each. The effect was evaluated by interviews and by determining changes in stimulated and unstimulated saliva flow rates. A positive effect was reported by 64%, 44%, and 26% of the patients using the mucin chewing gum, V6, and the placebo, respectively. More than 2/3 of the patients found the mucin chewing gum efficient at various times and situations. Sixty‐one percent of the patients preferred the mucin chewing gum, 21% V6, and 5% the placebo product. Fifty percent of the patients had an increase in unstimulated salivary secretion rate from all products after 14 days regular use indicating a long‐term effect.
Three‐dimensional representations of lingual cortical defects (Stafne's) using silicone impressions
Authors: Mann Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Lingual cortical defects of the mandible are common radiographic entities found predominately in adult males. Due to the benign nature of these defects and infrequent need for exploratory surgery, few paleopathologistS and clinicians have had the opportunity to examine their contents. The present study, using silicone impressions, provides three–dimensional representations reflecting the size and shape of soft–tissue masses once filling 10 unusually large lingual defects. The 10 specimens were chosen from an international sample of 6.330 dry mandibles. 115 of which had lingual cortical defects.
Microradiography and light microscopy of mineralization in the pulp of undemineralized human primary molars
Authors: Arys A. , Philippart C. , Dourov N.
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, location and histologic features of the different types of mineralization observed in the pulp of human primary molars. Microradiography and light microscopy of undemineralized material disclosed that 95% of primary molars contain pulp calcifications. Histologically, their structure may be classified into four different types: (1) pulp stones, (2) diffuse calcifications, (3) eburnoid tissue and (4) spherulitic calcifications.
Aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase in saliva of diabetic patients
Authors: Musumeci V. , Cherubim P. , Zuppi C. , Zappacosta B. , Ghirlanda G. , Di Salvo S.
Published: April 2006

Although inflammatory or degenerative changes in salivary glands have been demonstrated in genetic animal models of diabetes mellilus and in experimental diabetes, no information is available in diabetics on the possible leakage in saliva of cytosolic enzymes as markers of salivary cell injury. Aspartate (GOT) and alanine (GPT) aminotransferases and lactale dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in saliva samples collected by the Salivette method from well‐controlled insulin‐dependent (IDDM n= 11) and non‐insulin‐dependent (NIDDM n= 18) diabetic patients and from age‐cross‐matched healthy subjects (n = 33). In IDDM salivary concentrations of GOT (I 12.55 ± 23.94 UI/L) and LDH (1120.27±168.31 UI/L) were similar to those found in the NIDDM (90.94±19.64, and 1255.43±221.40 UI/L respectively), but higher (p<0.05) than those observed in normal subjects (33.09±3.71, and 423.58 ± 39.94. Ul/L respectively). GPT was higher in NIDDM than IDDM, which in turn was higher than in normal subjects (42.78±14.72. 16.45±3.74 and 6.85±1.52 UI/L respectively). Salivary and serum values of GOT. GPT and LDH were not correlated. Determination of cytosolic enzymes in saliva may be useful for monitoring the diabetic involvement of salivary glands.
Nucleolar organiser region (NOR) distribution as a diagnostic marker in oral keratosis, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Johnson N. W.
Published: April 2006

Nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) were quantified from a range of oral mucosal biopsies (n=40) consisting of benign, reactive, dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions, using silver (Ag) staining, to see if AgNOR counts were helpful in distinguishing them. Mean counts were greater in carcinomas (8.37±6.11) compared to epithelial dysplasias (5.61±4.63) or benign keratoses (4.51±2.57). Although these differences were significant, counts in each diagnostic group overlapped so much that they were of no practical value in distinguishing between individual lesions. However, the higher counts found in many carcinomas were due to dispersion of AgNORs within the nucleoplasm, so that the AgNOR type is helpful in making such a distinction. Whether those dysplastic lesions with higher and more dispersed counts represent those at greater risk of malignant transformation awaits longitudinal study.
Oral manifestations of HIV infection: a Panamerican perspective
Authors: Gillespie George M. , Mariño Rodrigo
Published: April 2006

This paper presents a preliminary approach to the study of the oral manifestations of HIV infections in the region of the Americas. A general description of the lesions encountered is provided together with a review of the prevalence of the different manifestations in some countries of the Americas. Oral candidiasis was the most common oral lesion identified. Among oral candidiasis lesions differences were noted in relation to the frequency of the clinical forms seen. Hairy leukoplakia was the second most frequent lesion in almost all studies, with the exception the Peruvian study, where the most prevalent oral condition was xerostomia. The numbers of cases of HIV‐gingivitis and HIV‐periodontitis found in the countries of the Americas were lower than the cases in USA. Other oral manifestations of HIV infections seen were: Kaposi's sarcoma, oral erythema, labial herpetic infection. It is concluded that still more studies are needed, oral health professionals need additional training in the detection and treatment of lesions, and information needs to be systematized and standardized such that it is possible to make accurate comparisons among regions and countries. Recommendations are included to improve this situation.
Histological re‐evaluation of 101 intraoral salivary gland tumors by an EORTC‐study group
Authors: van der Wal J. E. , Carter R. L. , Klijanienko J. , Micheau C. , Rilke F. , Seifert G. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

Tumors of the salivary glands constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions of great morphologic variation and for this reason present many difficulties in histologic classification. The histologic slides of 10l consecutive intraoral salivary gland tumors of the Department of Oral Pathology of the Free University in Amsterdam were reviewed, retrospectively, by an EORTC‐study group on salivary gland tumors. Complete concurrence of diagnosis was reached in 54 cases. In 33 cases there were minor disagreements, mostly related to subclassification. Major disagreements, relating to benign versus malignant, occurred in eight cases (7.9 per cent).
Peripheral nerves and mast cells in normal buccal mucosa
Authors: Ruokonen Hellevi , Hietanen Jarkko , Malmström Maria , Sane Juha , Häyrinen‐Immonen Ritva , Hukkanen Mika , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: April 2006

The topographical distribution and relation to mast cells of PGP 9.5 (protein gene product 9.5. a major cytoplasmic neuron‐specific protein with ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase activity) and neurofilament (intermediate neuron‐specific cytoskeletal filaments) in normal human buccal mucosa was studied in five healthy volunteers. Morphometric analysis disclosed the densest innervation to be in the middle layers of the lamina propria, with a mean number of 5.9–6.1 PGP 9.5 and/or neurofilament‐immunoreactive nerve fiber profiles per one mm2. In contrast, the mean mast cell number decreased from 110/mm2 to 46/mm2 from superficial to deep lamina propria, being 69–72/mm2 in the most densely innervated middle layers. Only 16–17% of all fiber profiles contained substance P and 51–54% calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). Finally, analysis of the spatial relationship between nerve fiber profiles and mast cells in a double staining procedure disclosed no preferential neuron‐effector associations. All these findings suggest that such a relationship does not exist between peripheral nerves and mast cells in normal buccal mucosa.
Jaw cysts with orthokeratinization: analysis of 12 cases
Authors: Vuhahula Edda , Nikai Hiromasa , Ijuhin Naokuni , Ogawa Ikuko , Takata Takashi , Koseki Takakazu , Tanimoto Keiji
Published: April 2006

The clinico‐pathologic, immunohistochemical and radiological features of 12 jaw cysts with a prominent orthokeratinized epithelial lining were studied and compared with those of typical odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts. They differed significantly from odontogenic keratocysts in terms of biologic behavior and histopathologic findings. Although immunohistochemical staining of the epithelial linings for cytokeratins. EMA, CEA and involucrin has not shed any light on the histogenesis of these lesions, staining patterns for these markers were significantly different from those of odontogenic keratocysts and non‐keratinized dentigerous cysts. Radiologically, nine cases appeared as dentigerous cysts; two cases, one with sebaceous differentiation, as non‐dentigerous unilocular cysts, and the remaining one was exceptional as it showed multiple epidermal cysts with prominent dermal appendages histologically. It is suggested that most of the orthokeratinized jaw cysts may belong to ctinko‐pathological entities different from odontogenic keralocysts with the majority representing dentigerous cysts with orthokeratinization. The possibility of the existence of rare central dermoid or epidermoid cysts is also to be considered.
Distribution of tenascin in healing incision, excision and laser wounds
Authors: Luomanen Marita , Virtanen Ismo
Published: April 2006

The distribution of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein, tenascin, was studied in normal mucosa and during healing of scalpel incised or excised and CO, laser‐wounded rat tongue dorsal mucosa in 51 male Sprague‐Dawley rats over a period of 21 days. A polyclonal antibody specific for tenascin was applied in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In normal mucosa tenascin was sparsely distributed in a discontinuous manner at the tips of the connective tissue papillae in association with the basement membrane (BM) and in the walls of the capillaries. In all the healing wounds there was a marked increase in the distribution of tenascin, particularly close to the BMs at the wound edges beneath the proliferating and migrating epithelium, and later on during healing in the regenerating connective tissue (CT) area. This expression subsided later on during healing. Laser surgery did not alter the ability of fibroblasts to synthesize tenascin. The transient expression of tenascin in the BMs and CT of the healing wounds suggests that this protein could play an important role in providing ideal conditions for cell movement, and in the deposition and organization of other extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins during tissue repair.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the proliterative capacity of duct and acinar cells during ligation‐induced atrophy and subsequent regeneration of rat parotid gland
Authors: Burford‐Mason Aileen P. , Cummins Michelle M. , Brown Dale H. , MacKay Allison J. , Dardick Irving
Published: April 2006

To study the proliferative capacity of salivary gland, an animal model of regeneration was developed. A clamp, which induced atrophy in parotid gland by obstructing the main excretory duct but allowed restoration of duct patency following removal, was implanted in a series of rats. When it was removed (Day 7), the weight of the glands was reduced by 50% and acinar cells had decreased from 93.8% to 8.2% of total cell population. Regeneration occurred rapidly following removal of the clamp. The number and location of cycling intercalated, striated, and excretory duct cells and acinar cells were monitored using an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). All cell types were induced to cycle but the predominant cell to cycle was the acinar cell. During regeneration the number of PCNA+ acinar cells increased 38.7–fold from steady‐state values. Results demonstrate that acinar cells have a significant potential for cycling, contrary to current histogenetic theories of salivary gland tumourigenesis which exclude acinar cells as potential progenitor cells on the grounds of their putative limited cycling capacity.
Proliferative activity of salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas and myoepitheliomas as evaluated by the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index (LI)
Authors: Ogawa I. , Miyauchi M. , Takata T. , Vuhahula E. , Ijuhin N. , Nikar H.
Published: April 2006

Thirteen examples of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and 4 of myoepithelioma (Me, 2 plasmacytoid cell type, 2 mixed cell type) were examined with respect to their proliferative activity on the basis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. In PA, PCNA labeling index (LI) in tubular/trabecular/solid areas was significantly higher than that in myxomatous or chondroid areas. Although the mean value of LI in PA and Me was not statistically different (PA; 3.02±1.03%, Me; 3.19±1.76%), the Me of mixed cell type composed of epithelial, spindle or clear neoplastic myoepithelial cells had significantly higher LI, indicating the possibility of more rapid growth than PA. The small difference in the mean value of PCNA LI between PA and the mixed cell type of Me, however, suggests that enucleation with a margin of normal uninvolved tissue remains the recommended treatment for Me, as well as for PA.
Immunohistochemical distribution of collagens type I, III, IV and VI, of undulin and of tenascin in oral fibrous hyperplasia
Authors: Becker J. , Schuppan D. , Müller S.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of collagens type I, IV and VI, of procollagen type III, of undulin and of tenascin was studied in 10 lesions which were clinically and histologically diagnosed as localized oral fibrous hyperplasias. The immunohistochemical distribution of these proteins was similar to that observed for normal oral mucosa. Undulin showed a pattern of parallel fibers throughout. Collagen type VI was pronounced in the subepithelial connective tissue, whereas the collagen fiber bundles were equally reactive for collagens type I and III. Tenascin was observed close to the subepithelial basement membrane and in proximity to collagen fiber bundles in the upper connective tissue. The present findings indicate that oral fibrous hyperplasias that are probably caused by inflammation or chronic irritation show the differentiated and ordered pattern of extracellular matrix proteins characteristic of normal oral mucosa.
Inhibition of human oral squamous carcinoma cell (SCC‐25) proliferation by prostaglandin E2 and vitamin E succinate
Authors: ElAttar T. M. A. , Lin H. S.
Published: April 2006

The primary objective of this investigation was to study the effect of D‐alpha‐tocopherol acid succinate (vitamin E succinate) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), individually and in combination, on the proliferation of human tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC‐25) in vitro. Test compounds in varying concentrations were incubated with cells in serum‐free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium‐Ham's F‐12 Medium (50:50), supplemented with 0.1% albumin for sixteen hours. Cell proliferation was measured by the incorporation of [3H] thymidine in acid‐insoluble material (i.e. DNA). Prostaglandin E2 and vitamin E succinate, individually at 10−9 10−6 M, caused significant dose‐dependent inhibition in DNA synthesis. A combined dose of each compound at 10−5 M resulted in significant additive inhibition which averaged 43.53% (p < 0.005). Addition of indomethacin (INDO) to cell cultures induced significant dose‐dependent stimulation in DNA synthesis. Hence, we might suggest that the overall potential of vitamin E in controlling malignant cell proliferation in vivo could be due to its own effect combined with that of endogenous PGs which are normally produced in excessive amounts by malignant cells.
Morphological changes of the nucleolar organizer regions induced by 7,12‐ dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in the hamster cheek pouch
Authors: Yoshimi Naoki , Gimenez‐Conti Irma B. , Slaga Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

The staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which equate to rDNA transcription, was applied to chemically induced‐lesions of the hamster cheek pouch. The check pouches of 16 male golden Syrian hamsters were treated three times a week with 0.5% 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in mineral oil for 16 weeks. The percentage of gathered‐type NORs with high activity nucleoli increased in the pouch epithelium during DMBA treatment and reached the highest values in malignant tumors. The percentage of disperscd‐type NORs also increased in the malignant lesions. However, the absolute number of NORs was not affected by DMBA treatment. These results suggest that DMBA induces modification of NOR activity at the early stages of carcinogenesis and shows the potential of this model for studying NOR alterations in neoplasia.
Analysis of human papillomavirus DNA in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Woods Kendra V. , Shillitoe Edward J. , Spitz Margaret R. , Schantz Stimson P. , Adler‐Storthz Karen
Published: April 2006

Evidence from several laboratories suggests that HPV plays a role in the etiology of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. A rnultifactorial risk factor profile for the development of oral cancer may include HPV in addition to well‐established risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. The prevalence of oral carcinomas repotted to be associated with HPV has varied widely due to differences in the sensitivity of the assay used for HPV detection. The aims of this study were: (1) to ascertain the prevalence of HPV DNA in oral squamous cell carcinomas using the most sensitive technique available, the polymerase chain reaction; (2) to determine the type of HPV in the tumors; and 3) to correlate the virologic data with other risk factor data obtained from patients’ records. Fourteen (78%) of 18 primary tumors, 6 (67%) of 9 normal epithelial tissues from the patients and 5 (100%) of 5 neck metastases were HPV DNA‐positive. Of the 14 HPV DNA‐positive primary tumors, specific typing revealed HPV 16 in 2, HPV 18 in 2, HPV 16 and IS in 5, HPV 6/11, 16 and 18 in 4, and HPV 6/11 in 1. HPV types in the normal or metaslatic tissue were usually the same as those in the respective primary tumor. There was no significant association between HPV presence and any of 12 factors or patient characteristics studied.
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in an ameloblastoma using the in situ hybridization technique
Authors: van Heerden W. F. P. , van Rensburg E. J. , Raubenheimer E. J. , Venter E. H.
Published: April 2006

HPV type 18 DNA was identified in an intrabony ameloblastoma using radio‐labelled in situ hybridization. The viral DNA was found in a verrucous lesion in a cystic area of the tumor. The absence of HPV DNA in other epithelial areas of the ameloblastoma is suggestive of a secondary infection. HPV is not considered to be an etiological factor in the pathogenesis of this ameloblastoma.
Leukocyte dysfunction in oral mucous membrane diseases
Authors: Ueta Eisaku , Umazume Makoto , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Osaki Tokio
Published: April 2006

Leukocyte functions were investigated in patients with oral candidiasis (OC), recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and oral lichen planus (OLP). Blastogenesis and lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) activity were decreased in RAU and OLP compared with healthy controls, and lymphocytes from patients with OC exhibited the lowest blastogenesis and LAK activity. Neutrophit supcroxide (O2) generation showed the following relationship: healthy controls > RAU ⋍ OLP > OC patients. No great differences in phagocytosis or natural killer (NK) activity were observed among patients and healthy controls, although NK activity in controls was slightly higher than in patients. In OC, all suppressed leukocyte functions improved with the disappearance of the clinical manifestations. However, in RAU there were no significant differences before and after treatment except for O2 generation. These results indicate that OC tends to occur in individuals predisposed to fungal infections and that the pathophysiology of both RAU and OLP is associated with leukocyte suppression.
Role of thermal trauma in experimental oral mucosal Candida infections in rats
Authors: O'Grady John F. , Reade Peter C.
Published: April 2006

A model of candidosis in experimental rats was used to study the role of trauma in the aetiology of oral mucosal infections caused by Candida albicans. Standardised thermal trauma was delivered to the dorsum of the tongue of Sprague‐Dawley rats and experimental candidosis was induced. Histologically. the site of trauma was invaded by hyphae earlier and more extensively than in control animals, leading to the conclusion that trauma facilitated the establishment of the C. alhicana infections.
Legume‐associated residual cyst
Authors: Marcussen Lillian N. , Peters Edmund , Carmel Dennis , Mickleborough M. , Robinson C.
Published: April 2006

This report describes three unique cases of residual cyst (RC) which were characterized by large legume implants. To determine whether these represented a distinctive RC subset or if implanted materials have general importance in RC pathogenesis, a retrospective comparison of these cases and 37 further RCs with 40 control periapical cysts was performed. The frequency of foreign material implantation and the associated histopathologic features were assessed. No significant differences were noted suggesting that foreign implantations do not have an etiologically significant association with RCs and that the legume‐associated RCs represent a unique subgroup. The relationship of the legume‐associated RCs to the category of lesions variously termed giant cell hyaline angiopathy, oral pulse granuloma or hyaline ring granuloma is discussed.
Pathological mineralization in a serially passaged cell line from rat pulp
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihiko , Imai Megumi , Goto Yasuharu , Murakami Nobushige
Published: April 2006

The ultrastructure of crystal formation in association with dental pulp cells isolated from rat incisor was studied in vitro. A clone, RPC‐K, was obtained and incubated with Na‐β‐glycerophosphate (BGP). Growing pulp cells showed low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which began to increase with cell proliferation. Pulp cells formed cell multilayers after day 14 of culture. Mineralized tissues were observed within cell multilayers on day 28 of culture. Vesicular structures were found around degenerate and necrotic cells. Some of these vesicles contained needle‐like crystals. Organic structures appeared at the periphery of mineralized tissues with a post‐embedding demineralization and staining method. Electron diffraction patterns of the newly formed crystals revealed a pattern consistent with hydroxyapatite (HAP). These findings suggest that the RPC‐K cell line might be useful for a model system to investigate pathological mineralization.
Expression of keratin 14 and 19 mRNA and protein in normal oral epithelia, hairy leukoplakia, tongue biting and white sponge nevus
Authors: Su Lan , Morgan P. R. , Thomas J. A. , Lane E. B.
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to analyze keratin gene expression at both the mRNA and protein level in oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). Comparisons were made with normal lingual epithelium from a similar site, tongue biting, normal buccal mucosa and another condition which disturbs oral epithelial differentiation, white sponge nevus. Combined immnunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies for keratins 14 and 19 were carried out on 2 specimens of OHL from HIV‐positive males and one sample each of the other cases. Keratin 14 protein expression was uniform throughout all the epithelia. In normal epithelia and in lesions other than OHL, keratin 14 mRNA was most strongly expressed in basal cells with weaker but still significant amounts in the spinous cell layer. In both cases of OHL there was weaker basal cell expression of keratin 14 mRNA and frequent absence in koilocytoid cells. Keratin 19 protein expression was heterogeneous in the basal layer ol all specimens with suprabasal staining of occasional groups of cells. Its mRNA was uniformly distributed in all cases. The findings indicate that keratin mRNA expression does not always parallel that of protein and that, in the case of keratin 14, expression may be influenced by the presence of EBV.
Recrudescence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in latently infected rats after trauma to oral tissues
Authors: Hedner E. , Vahlne A. , Bergström T. , Hirsch J.‐M.
Published: April 2006

Tooth extraction in rats was used to trigger a latent HSV‐1 infection. HSV‐1 was inoculated unilaterally in the rat palates, tight weeks later two molars were removed bilaterally. The trigeminal ganglia were co‐cultivated and HSV‐1 was isolated from 63% of the ganglia on the infected sides hut from only 11% on control sides. The immune response pattern was analysed by immunoblotting of rat serum, and strong reactivity to HSV‐1 specific cell polypeptides and glycoprotems (ICP6, gC, pgC, gD) was seen after reactivation. The extraction sockets were histopathologically evaluated and showed healing on the infected side in 26%, compared to 63% in contralateral control sockets. The effect of acyclovir (ACV) treatment was elucidated and was found to influence the subsequent development of antibodies and to promote healing of the sockets. Vesiculation in intra‐ and subepithelial tissue was present on the infected side in 58% but in only 12% of ACV‐treated animals. The present study in rats has shown that a latent HSV‐1 infection can be established and reactivated by tooth extraction. Reactivation resulted in delayed healing of sockets on the latently infected side but not on the Contralateral control side. HSV‐1 reactivation was demonstrated serologically by immunoblotting. Healing was significantly promoted by administration of ACV. which also supports the contention that HSV‐1 interferes with the healing process.
Immunocytochemical localization of inflammatory cytokines and vascular adhesion receptors in radicular cysts
Authors: Bando Y. , Henderson B. , Meghji S. , Poole S. , Harris M.
Published: April 2006

Odontogenic cysts are one of the commonest bone destroying lesions of the maxillofacial skeleton, with the inflammatory radicular cyst being the commonest jaw cyst. Explains of radicular cysts produce an interleukin‐1‐like activity which could explain the osteolysis seen with these tumours though the cellular source of this osteolytic activity is unknown. In the present study, cytokines with known inflammatory and osteolytic activity: interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), inlerleukin‐6 (IL‐6). and the chemotactic cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) have been localized immunocytochemically in radicular cysts. The cellular adhesion receptors ICAM‐1 and ELAM‐1 have also been immunolocalized. All specimens showed positive staining for IL‐1 (alpha and beta) and IL‐6, with these cytokines being located in epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. Only two specimens demonstrated TNF and IL‐8 staining, which was located in macrophages. All specimens demonstrated ELAM‐1 staining in endothelium and ICAM‐1 staining in epithelium, endothelium and mononuclear cells. These findings show that radicular cysts contain two bone‐modulating cytokines. IL‐1 and IL‐6, and that these appear to be synthesized mainly by the epithelial cells. Cysts also contain a proportion of activated blood vessels whose endothelial cells express the cellular adhesion receptors ICAM‐1 and ELAM‐1.
Orofacial manifestations in primary immunodeficiencies: T lymphocyte defects
Authors: Porter Stephen R. , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

The orofacial manifestations of 10 non‐HIV‐infected children with primary defects of cell mediated immunity are reported. Oral candidiasis was observed in 80% of patients, with oral ulceration present in 50%. Other oral manifestations included enamel hypoplasia, angular stomatitis, oral purpura and recurrent herpetic infection.
Differentiation of sugar assimilation characteristics and colony phenotypes in pathogenic and commensal oral candidal isolates
Authors: Hellstein J. H. , Fotos P. G. , Law S. S. , Kovacevic M. , Carriere K. C.
Published: April 2006

A comparison of sugar assimilation patterns has been made using 72 oral candidal isolates recovered from diseased and non‐diseased patients. Significant differences were demonstrated between isolates recovered from diseased versus healthy mouths. In addition, significant changes in colony phenotype (switch frequency and morphologic predominance) were found to relate to predictive data generated from carbon source utilization data. These results suggest that biochemical properties and colony phenotypic characteristics may hold promise in predicting the behavior of oral candidal isolates in disease.
Low‐grade adenocarcinoma of the oral cavity: polymorphous or papillary?
Authors: Slootweg Pieter J.
Published: April 2006

Polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinomas are low‐grade malignant salivary‐gland neoplasms with a broad variety of architectural patterns. Whether papillary structures fall within this spectrum or whether they should lead to a diagnosis of papillary low‐grade adenocarcinoma is a subject of debate. This problem was investigated by analyzing a series of 22 salivary gland neoplasms. It was concluded that papillary structures form part of the histologic spectrum of polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma but that there are also tumors with papillary structures as a single component. In most instances these are more properly classified as papillary cystadenocarcinomas. As the designation papillary low‐grade adenocarcinoma has been used for polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinomas with papillary structures as well as for papillary cystadenocarcinoma, it is advocated that the diagnosis of papillary low‐grade adenocarcinoma should be discontinued.
Soft tissue chondroma of the cheek
Authors: Blum M. R. , Danford M. , Speight P. M.
Published: April 2006

Soft tissue chondromas are rare benign tumours unrelated to bone that arise primarily in the distal extremities. Lesions in the soft tissues of the oral cavity are extremely rare although several condromatous lesions have been reported in the tongue. A case is presented of a chondroma arising in the buccal mucosa. It was composed of a lobulated mass of myxoid tissue showing central areas of chondroid differentiation. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the lesion to be mesenchymal and not epithelial in origin. In the differential diagnosis it is important to exclude chondromatous change in a pleomorphic adenoma and also the possibility of a metastasis from an osseous chondrosarcoma.
Discrimination of parakeratinised odontogenic keratocysts from other odontogenic and non‐odontogenic cyst types by expression of a 38kd cell‐surface glycoprotein
Authors: High A. S. , Robinson P. A. , Klein C. E.
Published: April 2006

We have identified strong expression of a 38‐kD cell surface glycoprotein (gp38), a marker of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), in basal and suprabasal epithelial cell membranes of parakeratinised odontogenic keratocysts. In contrast, orthokeratinised cysts and most other odontogenic cyst types, ameloblastomas, normal stratified oral epithelium, cell rests of Malassez and glands of Serres, all proved negative. To our knowledge this is the first histochemical marker to distinguish between these major cyst types. It has obvious uses in the diagnosis of inflamed keratocysts and the separation of ameloblastomas from BCCs and may find a role in studies of the developmental biology of other odontogenic structures.
Canalicular adenoma: report of five cases with ultrastructural observations
Authors: McMillan M. D. , Smith C. J. , Smillie A. C.
Published: April 2006

Canalicular adenomas from five patients were examined by light and electron microscopy. All patients were over 50 years of age; 4 of the lesions were from the upper lip, 4 were cystic, 2 showed capsular invasion and 1 was multifocal. Histopathologically there were epithelial duct‐like or Canalicular structures cut at various angles and epithelial islands surrounded by hyalinized and mucinous connective tissue that contained little collagen. Ultrastructurally the epithelial islands contained many small lumina and connective tissue islands. The characteristic epithelial cell was columnar or cuboidal, extended from the lumina to the connective tissue, had almost straight lateral cell boundaries with desmosomes that predominated near the lumina, and possessed gap junctions and a small number of tight junctions. Their main cytoplasmic constituents were ribosomes, mitochondria, rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and microfilaments. These findings show that canalicular adenomas are truly monomorphic and support the concept that they are derived from the cells of excretory ducts.
Patterns of oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Macfarlane Gary J. , McCredie Margaret , Coates Marylon
Published: April 2006

Incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancers have been reported to be increasing in Europe and the United States, with particularly large increases in mortality in central and eastern Europe. Such increases have been noted to be birth cohort‐based, primarily affecting young and middle‐aged men. In this report oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence data from New South Wales, Australia has been analysed for the period 1972–90. Although an increase in the incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer occurred during the mid‐1970s and early 1980s, it did not continue. This pattern is consistent with Australian trends in per capita consumption of tobacco, alcohol, fruit and vegetables. Individual regions within metropolitan Sydney showed substantial geographical variation with age‐specific rates of oral and pharyngeal cancers (combined) in middle‐aged men being at least three times higher in the city of Sydney than in New South Wales as a whole. Given the preventable nature of the disease, such high rates need not occur.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions
Authors: Jayaram G. , Verma A. K. , Sood N. , Khurana N.
Published: April 2006

247 salivary gland lesions were subjected to fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology; 179 were designated as neoplastic lesions and 68 as non‐neoplastic. Based on cytomorphologic features, the neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions were subcategorised. All but 36 of the neoplastic lesions were subjected to histopathologic study. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology for neoplastic lesions was 91%. The sensitivity rate for detecting malignant tumours was 87.8% and the specificity 98.0%. There was 100% sensitivity for cytodiagnosis of benign tumours. The high sensitivity and specificity of cytodiagnosis makes FNA cytology a valuable diagnostic modality in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions.
VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 are expressed by Langerhans cells, macrophages and endothelial cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Walton L J. , Thornhill M. H. , Farthing P. M.
Published: April 2006

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAAM‐1, CD54) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐l, CD106) was examined in oral lichen planus (OLP) and normal oral mucosa (NOM). Immunoperoxidase staining showed ICAM‐1 expression by vascular endothelium in all biopsies of OLP and NOM whereas endothelial VCAM‐l staining was found in 2/7 NOM and 8/9 OLP. In the lamina propria of NOM occasional cells were ICAM‐1 or VCAM‐l positive, and virtually no staining of intraepilhelial dendritic cells was seen for either marker. Intraepithelial dendritic cells stained for ICAM‐1 in 7/9 and VCAM‐1 in 4/9 OLP biopsies. Double immunofluorescence showed dual labelling of Langerhans cells (LC) with CD1a and VCAM‐l in a further 5/12 cases of OLP, but there was no such staining in four NOM. This is the first report of LC staining with VCAAM‐l. Induction of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐l on LC and macrophages in OLP suggests these cells are activated and may contribute to the pathogenesis of OLP by presenting antigen to infiltrating lymphocytes.
Effect of tetracyclines on collagenase activity in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers
Authors: Häyrinen‐Immonen Ritva , Sorsa Timo , Pettilä Juha , Konttinen Yrjö T. , Teronen Olli , Malmstrom Maria
Published: April 2006

Human neutrophil‐type (MMP‐8) and fibroblast‐type (MMP‐1) interstitial collagenase, and their inhibition by tetracyclines in saliva from patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or aphthae, were studied by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and enzymological analyses. In the salivary specimens obtained from patients with aphthae, collagenase was found in endogenously active form and was predominantly of MMP‐8 type. Topical rinsing treatment with chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®) alleviated the discomfort caused by the lesions but did not reduce salivary collagenase amounts; however in vitro, doxycycline inhibited salivary collagenase totally.
Oro‐dental self‐mutilation in familial dysautonomia
Authors: Mass Eliyahu , Gadoth Natan
Published: April 2006

Orodental self‐mutilation (ODSM) has not gained sufficient recognition in familial dysautonomia (FD). Among 38 patients with FD, ODSM was found in 14 (36.8%). ODSM may be due to peripheral neuropathy with insensibility to pain, which is characteristic of FD. Elimination of the sharp edges of teeth was found to be helpful.
Parotid function and composition of parotid saliva among elderly edentulous African – American diabetics
Authors: Streckfus Charles F. , Marcus Stephen , Welsh Sharon , Brown Ronald H. , Cherry‐Peppers Gail
Published: April 2006

This study examined parotid salivary flow rate and composition in three groups of differently treated diabetics and a control group of non‐diabetics. The study population was composed of edentulous African‐Americans at least 65 years of age. Group A was the control, Group B insulin‐dependent (Regular Iletin, U‐100 qd.). Group C controlled by oral medication (Tolbutamide, 500 mg qd.), and Group D was diet controlled. All diabetic patients had serum glucose values under 250 mg/dl. Salivary flow rates, secretory IgA. electrolytes (Na+, C1‐, K+, Ca++) and total protein concentrations were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences between groups with respect to salivary flow rates, electrolytes and IgA concentrations. Additionally, all diabetic groups demonstrated a significantly lower salivary total protein concentration when compared to the controls. There appears to be no evident decrease in salivary flow rate in these three differently controlled diabetic groups compared with healthy non‐diabetics.
Stimulated parotid salivary flow rates in normotensive, hypertensive, and hydrochlorothiazide‐medicated African‐Americans
Authors: Streckfus Charles F. , Wu Ava J. , Ship Jonathan A. , Brown L. Jackson
Published: April 2006

Stimulated parotid salivary flow rates were compared in elderly normotensive, hypertensive, and controlled hypertensive African–Americans, the latter group taking hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The normotensive group consisted of 15 healthy unmedicated subjects with systolic blood pressures of less than 150 mm Hg and diastolic pressures less than 90 mm Hg. The hypertensive group consisted of 10 unmedicated subjects with systolic pressures greater than 160 mm Hg and diastolic pressures greater than 100 mm Hg. The controlled hypertensive group consisted of 20 subjects taking HCTZ (50 mg, daily) with controlled blood pressures similar to the normotensive control group. Stimulated parotid salivary samples were collected from each subject. A 2% citrate solution applied to the dorsum of the tongue was used for stimulation. The results showed no significant differences in stimulated parotid flow rates between normotensive and uncontrolled hypertensive subjects. However, the medicated, controlled hypertensive subjects had a significant reduction of stimulated parotid salivary flow rates compared to both the normotensive and hypertensive groups.
Cytokine production by keratinocytes and mononuclear infiltrates in oral lichen planus
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Osaki Tokio , Yoneda Kazunori , Ueta Eisaku
Published: April 2006

Cytokine generation by tissue‐infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMC) and by keratinocytes (KC) was investigated in material obtained from the oral mucosal tissues of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and chronically inflamed and noninflamed gingival KC (CIG‐KC, NOR‐KC, respectively) were used as the controls. Compared to NOR‐KC and CIG‐KC, KC from OLP patients (OLP‐KC) produced much more interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The OLP‐KC superiority in the production of these cytokines was more prominent when the KC were cultured in the presence of interleukin‐l beta (IL‐1β), lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate. OLP‐KC also produced more monocyte‐chemotactic factor(s) which were not inactivated by the antibodies against GM‐CSF, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. TIMC in OLP tissues (OLP‐TIMC) were superior to PBMC in the generation of IL‐6 and GM‐CSF. OLP‐TIMC were stimulated to produce more TNF‐a by IL‐1β, IL‐6 and GM‐CSF, more IL‐6 by IL‐1β and GM‐CSF, and more GM‐CSF by IL‐1β and IL‐6 than PBMC. When compared to cytokine generation in TIMC from the chronically inflamed gingivae, more interferon‐gamma, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were generated by OLP‐TIMC. These results indicate that KC play a critical role in OLP, producing cytokines including monocyte‐chemotactic factor(s), and that the cytokines produced by TIMC and OLP‐KC through autocrine and paracrine processes enhance the local inflammatory response.
Biological and morphological characteristics of a transplanted cartilaginous tumor derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma
Authors: Sakamaki Hideaki , Kimura Yoshitaka , Nagumo Masao
Published: April 2006

A cartilaginous tumor derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible has been maintained by serial passage to nude mice. Tumor growth was multi‐lobular. Radiopaque spots were seen scattered throughout the tumor at three months after transplantation. Both light and electron microscopic examination at three months revealed that the tumor contained cartilaginous cells at various stages of differentiation. There was metachromasia throughout tumor lobules except in the marginal region. Von Kossa staining was positive in the central region. Ultrastructural study identified four subtypes of chondrocytic cells of a neoplastic nature. In the extracellular matrix around hypertrophic cells, matrix vesicles were observed with mineral deposits. Alkaline phosphatase was found on the plasma membrane and Golgi complexes of hypertrophic cells, and on matrix vesicles. Thus cell lineage and the manner of calcification of the transplanted tumor were similar to those of epiphyseal growth cartilage.
Oral post‐radiation malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a clinicopathological study
Authors: Lin Sze‐Kwan , How Shu‐Wen , Wang Jeng‐Tzung , Liu Bu‐Yuan , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: April 2006

Five cases of oral malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in patients who had previously received radiotherapy in the head or neck region were included in this study. There were 3 men and 2 women. Four patients had been irradiated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the other for a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the tongue and mouth floor. The MFH developed 2.5–11 years after the initial radiotherapy. Two cases of MFH occurred in the maxilla, two in the mandible, and the remaining one in the tongue, floor of mouth and mandible. Clinically, the oral post‐radiation MFH presented as tender, reddish, elastic, lobulated masses with surface ulceration. Radiographic examination of the involved jaws revealed a poorly defined radiolucent lesion without any periosteal or endosteal reaction. The prognosis of these tumors was very poor. Although aggressive multimodality treatment had been applied, 3 of 5 patients eventually died of the disease, with a mean survival time of 17 months after establishing the diagnosis of MFH. In order to ensure the early diagnosis and treatment of this radiation‐induced second malignancy, close oral follow‐up is mandatory for patients who have received radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies.
Epidermoid carcinoma arising in Warthin's tumour: a case study
Authors: Skálová Alena , Michal Michal , Nathanský Zdeněk
Published: April 2006

We present a case of epidermoid carcinoma arising in Warthin's tumour of parotid gland in an 80–year‐old woman. Light microscopy revealed small foci typical of benign Warthin's tumour with transition to epidermoid carcinoma. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations confirmed the epidermoid features of the malignant cells. The differential diagnosis of a metastasis from an epidermoid carcinoma to the stroma of Warthin's tumour and also of the so‐called metaplastic variant of Warthin's tumour is discussed.
Inverted ductal papilloma of minor salivary glands
Authors: Hegarty D. J. , Hopper C. , Speight P. M.
Published: April 2006

Inverted ductal papillomas are rare tumours of minor salivary glands. A case is reported on the lower lip of a 50–year‐old man. The tumour showed a characteristic endophytic growth pattern and was composed of bulbous papillary projections of basaloid cells dilating and filling the superficial portion of the excretory duct. Histologically, inverted ductal papillomas resemble the inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses, but are completely benign and are not associated with malignant change.