bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for lenvatinib‐induced hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study
Authors: Uekusa Shusuke , Nakashin Misaki , Hanai Yuki , Nemoto Maho , Yanagino Sachiko , Arita Yoshiki , Matsumoto Takahiro , Wakui Noritaka , Nagai Hidenari , Higai Koji , Matsuo Kazuhiro
Published: November 2024

Aims

Lenvatinib mesylate (LEN) is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LEN therapy for HCC is associated with a high incidence of adverse events, including hypertension (HTN). However, the risk factors associated with LEN therapy remain unclear. This study investigated the incidence of LEN‐induced HTN (LENiHTN), and the relationship between HTN incidence and patient demographics in patients with HCC receiving LEN therapy.

Methods

This was a single‐centre, retrospective study of patients with HCC who received LEN therapy between 19 April 2018 and 30 September 2020. The observation period was from 1 week before the start to 1 month after the end of LEN administration.

Results

Seventy‐five patients with HCC were enrolled. Any grade LENiHTN was found in 74.7% of patients. Among patients with LENiHTN, the use of 2 or more antihypertensive agents before starting LEN was less common (P = .007); serum potassium (K) and albumin–bilirubin score (ALBI) were lower (P = .013 and 0.038, respectively); and albumin (Alb) was higher (P = .025). The cut‐off values of K, Alb and ALBI for HTN were estimated at 4.1 mEq L−1, 3.1 g dL−1 and −1.736, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, low K (adjusted HR: 2.078) and low ALBI (adjusted HR: 2.845) were independent risk factors for LENiHTN.

Conclusion

Low K, high Alb and low ALBI were independent risk factors for LENiHTN. Systematic evaluation of HTN risk and early intervention for HTN prevention among high‐risk patients can markedly enhance LEN therapy efficacy and use.
CD71+ erythroid cells promote multiple myeloma progression and impair anti‐bacterial immune response
Authors: Czubak K. , Grzywa T. M. , Sidor‐Dzitkowska K. , Pilch Z. , Bielak K. , Hoser G. , Gewartowska O. , Malecka‐Gieldowska M. , Barankiewicz J. , Garbicz F. , Ciepiela O. , Juszczynski P. , Owczarek A. , Wegrzynowicz M. , Skirecki T. , Golab J. , Nowis D.
Published: November 2024

Multiple myeloma (MM), one of the most frequent haematological malignancies, significantly increases the risk of bacterial infections due to treatment‐related side effects, comorbidities and cancer‐induced immune deficiencies. Recently, CD71+ erythroid cells (CECs) have been identified as key immunomodulators in neonates and cancer patients, but their role in MM progression remains unclear. Using a murine MM model, closely resembling human disease, we observed that MM progression is associated with anaemia and an increase in immature CECs, which are characterized by elevated arginase 2 (ARG2) expression. These MM‐associated CECs suppress T‐cell proliferation, contributing to impaired immune responses. Notably, ARG2 deficiency in mice led to slower MM progression and improved survival. Furthermore, MM‐bearing mice exhibited higher susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infections, mirroring the increased infection risk in MM patients. Our findings suggest that ARG2‐expressing CECs play a critical role in MM‐associated immune suppression and infection susceptibility, pointing out ARG2 as a potential therapeutic target to enhance immune function and reduce infection risks in MM patients.
Forecasting Türkiye Local Inflation With Global Factors
Authors: Cepni Oguzhan , Kazdal Abdullah , Olgun Muhammed Enes , Yilmaz Muhammed Hasan
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates whether inflation forecasting in emerging economies can be improved with the inclusion of a global inflation component. Focusing on the headline inflation rate of Türkiye, we implement a forecasting exercise using a large dataset describing domestic macroeconomic as well as global inflation dynamics. Our factor‐augmented predictive regression results show that incorporating global inflation factors derived from other emerging markets' inflation rates enhances forecasting accuracy of the local headline inflation rate. The results are robust to using alternative dimension‐reduction methods, including the elastic net technique. Our findings contribute to the current methodological toolkit available to policymakers for predicting inflation in an emerging market context.
Bacterial information in serum extracellular vesicles reflects the inflammation of adherent perinephric fat
Authors: Uemura Toshihiro , Kawashima Atsunari , Jingushi Kentaro , Motooka Daisuke , Saito Takuro , Sassi Nesrine , Horibe Yuki , Yamamoto Akinaru , Liu Yutong , Tani Masaru , Yoshimura Akihiro , Oka Toshiki , Okuda Yohei , Yamamichi Gaku , Ishizuya Yu , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kato Taigo , Hatano Koji , Tsujikawa Kazutake , Wada Hisashi , Nonomura Norio
Published: November 2024

Adipose tissue and bacterial flora are involved in metabolism in the human body. However, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Recently, the presence of circulating bacterial DNAs has been reported. We previously reported the utility of bacterial DNA in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) for diagnosing patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we aimed to assess whether there is a correlation between bacterial DNA in serum EVs and inflammation in adipose tissue. We undertook 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA in serum EVs from 77 patients with RCC (the derivation cohort). We discovered that DNAs from Enterobacteriaceae, Polaromonas, and Coxiellaceae were highly expressed in patients with low Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) scores. A lower MAP score reflects a reduced risk of dense adipose tissue and adhesions. Additionally, we combined these bacterial DNAs to create the EPC (Enterobacteriaceae, Polaromonas, Coxiellaceae) index that predicts a MAP score of 0. Subsequently, we undertook 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of bacterial DNA in serum EVs from 32 patients with RCC (the validation cohort). The EPC index could distinguish patients with low MAP scores from those with high MAP scores in the derivation (area under the curve [AUC], 0.76; sensitivity, 56%; specificity, 85%) and validation (AUC, 0.81; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 62%) cohorts. These results suggest that bacterial DNA in serum EVs could reflect the inflammation of adherent perinephric fat around the kidney.
Innovative Photoprotection Strategy: Development of 2‐(Benzoxazol‐2‐Yl)[(2‐Hydroxynaphthyl)Diazenyl] Phenol Derivatives for Comprehensive Absorption of UVB, UVA, and Blue Light
Authors: Sousa Karen , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento , da Silva Gabriela Rodrigues , Solka Larissa da Cunha , de Oliveira Iuri Marques , Henriques João Antonio Pêgas , Campo Leandra Franciscato , Corrêa Dione Silva
Published: November 2024

Overexposure to blue light due to the excessive use of electronic devices has been implicated in premature skin aging and eye damage, among other injuries to health. This study aimed to synthesize two azo derivatives of the 2‐(amino‐2′‐hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole and explore their potential as UV and blue light filters, proposing a new spectral profile. The synthesis of the heterocyclic compounds involved condensation reactions and diazotation. The derivatives 2‐(benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐[(2‐hydroxynaphthyl)diazenyl]phenol and 2‐(benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐[(2‐hydroxynaphthyl)diazenyl]phenol were synthesized with a yield greater than 70%. Solubility was evaluated in seven different solvents. The maximum absorption wavelengths (λmax) were determined using UV–Vis scanning spectrophotometry in the range of 200–600 nm. Photostability was assessed using a solar simulator and the Sun protection factor (SPF) was determined using in vitro methodology. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay in V79 cells. These compounds were able to absorb UVA, UVB, and blue light, with λmax ranging from 300 to 500 nm and demonstrated photostability after 3 h of exposure to solar simulator with an SPF higher than 45. The compounds exhibited solubility in all lipophilic solvents tested. Regarding cytotoxicity, IC50 values were comparable to other filters. These findings indicate that both compounds hold promise as potential organic filters.
The prognostic impact of the Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio on End‐Stage Renal Disease among patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Zou Yutong , Yang Qing , Lang Yanlin , Liu Ke , Yuan Jiamin , Yang Jia , Chai Zhonglin , Cooper Mark E. , Liu Fang
Published: November 2024

Background

The Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio (SHR), a new biomarker calculated from glucose and HbA1c levels, has been linked to significant clinical outcomes in diabetes. This study investigates the potential of the SHR to predict End‐Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) among patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD).

Methods

We included 316 participants from the West China Hospital T2DM‐DKD cohort (January 2008–September 2020), divided into three SHR tertiles: T1 (SHR <0.7), T2 (SHR ≥0.7 to <0.94) and T3 (SHR ≥0.94). A second retrospective cohort of 625 DKD patients was recruited from Sichuan University Hospital (January 2019–May 2022), with similar inclusion criteria. SHR was analysed using Restricted Cubic Spline, Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Key confounders such as eGFR, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and glucose‐lowering medications were adjusted for in the analysis.

Results

In Cohort 1 (median follow‐up 42 months), 38.6% developed ESRD. Kaplan–Meier curves showed a higher incidence of ESRD in the lowest and highest SHR tertiles compared to the middle group (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed that SHR <0.7 (HR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.01–2.90) and SHR ≥0.94 (HR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.16–3.20) were significantly associated with ESRD. In Cohort 2 (median follow‐up 18.6 months), patients with SHR <0.7 and ≥0.94 had significantly higher risks of ≥30% eGFR decline or ESRD, with adjusted HRs of 2.18 (95% CI: 1.15–4.11) and 2.68 (95% CI: 1.38–5.23), respectively.

Conclusion

This study observed a U‐shaped relationship between SHR and ESRD in patients with DKD. Both very high and very low SHR values correlate with increased risks, highlighting the critical importance of glucose management in chronic diabetes care.
Christian Platonism, Transvalued: Rethinking Anselm's Formula
Authors: Goodchild Philip
Published: November 2024

Anselm's Proslogion developed its famous argument through meditation on a single formula: ‘Now we believe that You are something than which nothing greater can be thought’. This article aims to re‐enact such a meditation under changed conditions, bringing out a different sense of metaphysical dependence. That which cannot be thought without existing can now be located in (a) what really matters, (b) what is truly sincere, and (c) what is ultimately trustworthy. Once conceived as metaphysical problems, these offer a fresh route into comprehending a metaphysical God who truly exists: a Christian Platonism, transvalued. The purpose of this article is introductory: to offer a route into this renewed way of thinking, rather than a comprehensive elaboration or a scholarly assessment of Anselm.
Comparing short‐term mortality between people with and without HIV admitted to the intensive care unit: A single‐centre matched cohort study (2000–2019)
Authors: Bakewell N. , Kanitkar T. , Dissanayake O. , Symonds M. , Rimmer S. , Adlakha A. , Lipman M. C. , Bhagani S. , Agarwal B. , Miller R. F. , Sabin C. A.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The survival rate of people with HIV admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) is approaching that of people without HIV. We conducted a matched‐cohort study of people with and without HIV admitted to ICU at a large hospital to compare short‐term mortality, during 2000–2019.

Methods

People with HIV were matched to people without HIV (1:2) on age, sex, admission year and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)‐II score. Applying logistic regression models fitted using independence estimating equations, we describe population‐averaged associations of HIV with short‐term (in‐ICU, in‐hospital) mortality during a patient's first admission to ICU, and explore whether these varied by year.

Results

A total of 177 people with HIV were matched to 354 people without HIV (71.2% vs. 71.2% male; median age: 47 vs. 48 years, median APACHE‐II: 18 vs. 17, median admission year: 2013 vs. 2013). Among people with HIV, 73.4% were on antiretroviral therapy, 51.2% had HIV‐RNA ≤50 copies/mL and median CD4 T‐cell count was 132 cells/L. People with HIV had higher in‐ICU (24.3% vs. 15.3%) and in‐hospital (31.6% vs. 20.1%) mortality. People with HIV had 1.69‐fold higher odds (95% confidence interval: 1.03–2.76) of in‐ICU mortality and 1.86 (1.19–2.91) higher odds of in‐hospital mortality than people without HIV, adjusted for age, sex, year and APACHE‐II. There was no evidence that these associations varied by year (p‐interaction‐in‐ICU = 0.90; p‐interaction‐in‐hospital = 0.46).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that although outcomes have improved over time, people with HIV continue to have higher short‐term in‐ICU and in‐hospital mortality following ICU admission compared with people without HIV with similar characteristics.
Temperature sensitivity of breeding phenology and reproductive output of the Common Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus)
Authors: Lonero Ilaria , Eddowes Mark J. , Burgess Malcolm D. , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Phillimore Albert B.
Published: November 2024

Over the past four decades, rising temperatures have impacted the breeding phenology of many bird species, in some cases with consequences for their reproductive success. Migratory birds face particular challenges in shifting breeding phenology to track warmer springs, and understanding the impacts of rising spring temperatures on migratory birds' breeding is urgent. Here, we use over 4000 UK observations of Common Redstart nests, and spring temperature data from 1974 to 2020, to examine the effect of spring temperatures on laying date, clutch size and brood size. We use a sliding window approach to detect periods over which traits are most sensitive to temperature, and compare phenotypic responses to temperature over space and time with the aim of identifying causal effects of temperature and inferring the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation. We found that redstart laying date was sensitive to spring temperature from mid‐April to late May, with a relatively shallow response of 1–2 days/°C that was similar across space and time, but shallower than the phenological response of many of the resource species. Over the study period, laying date has advanced by more than 11 days, which is substantially more than can be explained based on the temperature plasticity estimates we obtained. Spring temperature had a weak, but positive, impact on clutch size, but with no evidence of an effect of spatial variation in temperature. The rate of brood size reduction from hatching to fledging became more negative at higher temperatures, but after taking into account a non‐significant but positive effect of temperature on brood size at hatching, there was no net effect of temperature on fledging success. Taken together, we found little evidence that higher temperatures in the UK lead to lower reproductive output.
Relationship between psychological capital and nursing burnout: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Orgambídez Alejandro , Borrego Yolanda , Cantero‐Sánchez Francisco J. , León‐Pérez Jose M.
Published: November 2024

Aim

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to analyze studies that examined the relationship between psychological capital and burnout in registered nurses.

Background and introduction

Registered nurses are subject to high rates of burnout, with negative consequences on health, well‐being, and quality of care. Psychological capital could be an important element in preventing or reducing this condition.

Methods

This research is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Guidelines and Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis. A total of 180 studies on psychological capital and burnout were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and PsycINFO. The articles were written in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Then, 23 studies were included in several meta‐analyses (random‐effects models) performed with the R statistical program.

Results

Analysis of the 23 studies revealed that psychological capital and burnout are significantly correlated. The Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were the most used scales to measure psychological capital and burnout, respectively. The meta‐analyses showed an inverse correlation between psychological capital and burnout (r = −0.44, 95% CI [−0.51, −0.36], n = 6092), and emotional exhaustion (r = −0.32, 95% CI [−0.42, −0.21], n = 3349).

Conclusion

This review provides evidence of the negative relationship between psychological capital and burnout in registered nurses. Therefore, enhancing psychological capital is an effective strategy to prevent and reduce burnout in nurses.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Psychological capital is a personal resource open to development over time and susceptible to interventions aimed at promoting optimism, efficacy, hope, and resilience. In that sense, training aimed at improving psychological capital, as a protective mechanism to prevent and reduce burnout and emotional exhaustion, should be considered together with organizational measures to promote nurses' health and well‐being.
Associations of genetic variation and mRNA expression of PDGF/PDGFRB pathway genes with coronary artery disease in the Chinese population
Authors: Wei Pengfei , Xie Hankun , Sun Junxiang , Zhuang Qian , Xie Jichao , Yin Yunjie , Liu Fangyuan , Li Wen , Chen Changying , Wang Feifan , Han Xu , Xu Liang , Zhao Xianghai , Chen Yanchun , Yang Song , Shen Chong
Published: November 2024

Platelet‐derived growth factors (PDGFs) and receptors (PDGFR) play a key role in the process of coronary atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the association of genetic variations and mRNA expressions of PDGF/PDGFRB pathway genes with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this case–control study (3139 CAD vs. 3270 controls), 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at five pathway genes were genotyped and combined to construct a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS). Three hundred and six pairs of cases and controls were selected for mRNA quantification. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were conducted for the dose–response relationship between wGRS, mRNAs and CAD. Area under the curve (AUC) was estimated to evaluate the discrimination of wGRS, mRNAs, and traditional risk factors (TRF) for CAD. The wGRS exhibited a positive linear relationship with CAD (p for linearity <0.001), and the medium and high wGRS had 37% and 50% increased risk of CAD compared to the low wGRS group (p = 1.5 × 10−4; p = 5.7 × 10−5). mRNA expression levels of five genes in peripheral blood leukocytes were all lower among patients at admission than controls (p < 0.001). The PDGF/PDGFRB mRNA expressions had significant non‐linear correlations with AMI, with “U”‐shaped trend for PDGFA, PDGFB and “L”‐shaped trend for PDGFC, PDGFD and PDGFRB. Adding wGRS and mRNAs to the TRF model significantly improved the discrimination for CAD with an AUC of 0.921 (95% CI, 0.898–0.943). Genetic variations in the PDGF/PDGFRB pathway contribute to CAD susceptibility with a significantly joint effect. The down‐regulated PDGF/PDGFRB mRNAs in peripheral leukocytes have the potential as blood‐based biomarkers for CAD with high discriminative value.
Bowel Colonization With Carbapenem‐Resistant Bacteria Is Associated With Short‐Term Outcomes in Patients With Acute‐On‐Chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Singh Satender Pal , Bhatia Vikram , Kale Pratibha , Kumar Guresh , Khillan Vikas , Vijayaraghavan Rajan
Published: November 2024

Background

Bowel colonization with antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria has been associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with cirrhosis; however, it has not been studied in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). We evaluated whether fecal isolation of carbapenem‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria (CR‐GNB) among patients with ACLF affects short‐term outcomes.

Methods

Patients of APASL‐ACLF (n = 339) were screened between June 2020 and December 2021, and 150 were included. Stool cultures were carried out at baseline and every 5 days thereafter until discharge or death. All surviving patients were followed until 60 days after discharge.

Results

Mean age was 44.8 (8.8) years, with 86% males and alcohol as etiology in 66%. CR‐GNB organisms were isolated from stool in 42% of hospitalized ACLF patients, with E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as the most common species. Patients with CR‐GNB fecal carriage were associated with higher CTP, MELD, and DF scores but not with recent antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lactulose use. Extraintestinal infections developed in 59.3% overall, most commonly UTI, pneumonia, and SBP. Infectious complications developed in 57.3% and 19.7% with and without CR‐GNB in the stool (RR: 5.5; p < 0.001). Peripheral cultures were positive in 60.7% with infections, with species concordant with the fecal isolates found in 90.7%. Isolation of CR‐GNB from stool and high bilirubin were independently associated with both in‐hospital mortality and 60‐day mortality (p = 0.05).

Conclusions

Hospitalized ACLF patients with CR‐GNB in the stool have a significantly higher risk of extraintestinal infections, in‐hospital mortality, and short‐term mortality up to 60 days.

Trial Number

[NCT04383106].
Transcriptome Analysis of HNSCC by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Ha Jae Yeong , Choi Song‐Yi , Kim Suk‐Jeong , Seog Kristen Jin , Hong Su‐Hyung , Lee Heon‐Jin
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), also known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), secreted by oral bacteria in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), is largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the influence of bacterial EVs, specifically those derived from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), on the progression of HNSCC.

Materials and Methods

FaDu and UMSCC1 cell lines were treated with Aa‐derived EVs, and oncogenic activities were assessed. Comprehensive cellular and RNA‐sequencing transcriptome analyses were conducted to assess the impact of these EVs on cell cycle progression and gene expression.

Results

Our findings reveal that Aa‐derived EVs accelerate cell cycle progression through the S and G2 phases and enhance invasion in HNSCC cell lines. RNA‐sequencing analysis showed that Aa‐derived EVs exert a more significant effect on general transcript expression than on microRNA profiles, except for miR‐146a, which is recognized as a key factor in both carcinogenesis and immune modulation.

Conclusions

Bacterial EVs, particularly from periodontal pathogens like Aa, are significant modulators within the oral cancer environment, potentially affecting cellular behavior and gene expression profiles. This study highlights the complex relationship between periodontal health and oral carcinogenesis, emphasizing the significant role of bacterial EVs in HNSCC progression.
High‐frequency spinal cord stimulation in treatment of phantom lower limb pain following spinal cord injury: A case report
Authors: Park Rachel J. , Boesel Tillman W. , Di Ieva Antonio
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Pain management in patients with complete spinal cord injury is complex.

Case Report

We report a successful case of managing neuropathic, phantom limb, and back pain below the level of spinal cord injury (T5 American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] A) using a 10 kHz high‐frequency spinal cord stimulator (SCS) over a 6‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of this approach may be attributed to its ability to modulate supraspinal pain processing, allowing for targeted relief of various pain mechanisms below the level of injury.
Infections and treatment modalities in pediatric victims of the Kahramanmaraş/Türkiye earthquake
Authors: Aykac Kubra , Uzumcugil Akin , Ustun Galip Gencay , Ilbay Sare , Ertekin Erdem , Tuncdemir Perihan , Anac Emine Gulfem , Hazirolan Gulsen , Yilmaz Guney , Aksoy Mehmet Cemalettin , Saricaoglu Fatma , Ozgur Fatma Figen , Cengiz Ali Bulent , Ozsurekci Yasemin
Published: November 2024

Background

Data on infections in children are scarce in the context of earthquakes. Here, we describe our clinical experiences regarding infections in pediatric victims after the earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş/Türkiye.

Methods

Trauma patients after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, aged under 18 years and admitted to our hospital, were evaluated retrospectively. The patients’ demographic data, pathogen distribution, drug resistance, and antibiotic treatments were analyzed.

Results

Thirty pediatric patients were admitted to our hospital from disaster areas. The median duration under the rubble of patients was 24 h (range: 0.3–120 h). The median time for these patients to arrive our hospital was 5 days (range: 2–18 h). All of them had wound infections, 3.3% of patients had both wound infection and urinary tract infection, and 13.3% had both a bloodstream infection and a wound infection. Seventy‐nine positive cultures were detected in repeated samples of 19 patients, of which polymicrobial infections accounted for 50.6% and monomicrobial infections constituted 49.4%. Of these, 107 were Gram‐negative bacilli (79.9%), and 27 were Gram‐positive cocci (20.1%). Pan‐drug‐resistant (PDR) and extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) possible PDR bacteria constituted 73.6% of total Gram‐negative bacteria. Carbapenem‐based treatments (n = 14, 46.7%) were the commonly preferred antimicrobial regimen. Fasciotomy was performed in 53.3% of the patients (n = 16) and amputation in 30% of the patients (n= 9). All of our patients survived.

Conclusion

Factors that reduced mortality and morbidity in the earthquake victims were broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy targeting highly resistant bacteria, and complementary surgical management. In other words, the multidisciplinary approaches of pediatricians and surgical departments were life saving after the earthquake.
Aesthetic Benevolence
Authors: Telech Daniel
Published: November 2024

While non‐moral varieties of goodness (e.g., aesthetic, epistemic and prudential) are readily recognised by philosophers and non‐philosophers alike, the philosophical literature generally suggests that benevolence is a uniquely moral phenomenon. I argue, however, that our interpersonal practices display a range of instances of aesthetic benevolence, and that this observation stands to enrich our understanding of the relation between moral psychology, aesthetic experience and aesthetic community. I illustrate this point via discussion of the evaluative attitude that is the fitting response to being the target of another's manifestation of aesthetic benevolence, namely aesthetic gratitude.
JointLIME: An interpretation method for machine learning survival models with endogenous time‐varying covariates in credit scoring
Authors: Chen Yujia , Calabrese Raffaella , Martin‐Barragan Belen
Published: November 2024

In this work, we introduce JointLIME, a novel interpretation method for explaining black‐box survival (BBS) models with endogenous time‐varying covariates (TVCs). Existing interpretation methods, like SurvLIME, are limited to BBS models only with time‐invariant covariates. To fill this gap, JointLIME leverages the Local Interpretable Model‐agnostic Explanations (LIME) framework to apply the joint model to approximate the survival functions predicted by the BBS model in a local area around a new individual. To achieve this, JointLIME minimizes the distances between survival functions predicted by the black‐box survival model and those derived from the joint model. The outputs of this minimization problem are the coefficient values of each covariate in the joint model, serving as explanations to quantify their impact on survival predictions. JointLIME uniquely incorporates endogenous TVCs using a spline‐based model coupled with the Monte Carlo method for precise estimations within any specified prediction period. These estimations are then integrated to formulate the joint model in the optimization problem. We illustrate the explanation results of JointLIME using a US mortgage data set and compare them with those of SurvLIME.
Volunteerism, redistribution and gender
Authors: Sessions John G. , Zangelidis Alexandros
Published: November 2024

We explore whether, and to what extent, individuals respond to increased transitory or permanent inequality in regional income by offering more unpaid voluntary work. We find strong evidence that women, but not men, are more likely to supply such work, both at the extensive and intensive margin, if they live in areas that experience persistently high‐income inequality. Our analysis might be interpreted as suggesting that women are intrinsically inequality averse, and may regard voluntary work as a way of achieving a more equitable income distribution.
Synergistic Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training on Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Multivariate and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Zhen , Qi Yuqing , Chen Xiaoke , Li Jian , Zhang Jinxi , Li Peiyuan , Zhou Zhixiong
Published: November 2024

The decline in fitness levels among children and adolescents underscores the urgent need for effective exercise interventions. Aerobic endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) are vital for physical development in this demographic. This study employs multivariate and network meta‐analysis (NMA) to assess the impact of concurrent training (CT), which integrates both ET and RT, on youth physical fitness. The objective is to identify the distinct advantages of CT over either ET or RT alone, emphasizing demographic and training‐specific variables. A systematic literature review of publications from 1980 onward was conducted through ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases, adhering to the PICOS criteria for study selection. Data were analyzed using univariate, multivariate, and network meta‐analyses in Stata 17.0, focusing on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the PEDro scale and Egger's test, along with sensitivity analyses and meta‐regression to explore heterogeneity and publication bias. This analysis included 36 studies with 2658 participants (mean age: 14.32 ± 2.29 years) from an initial 11 074 publications, indicating low bias risk (PEDro scores ≥ 6). Univariate meta‐analysis showed no significant differences in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) between CT and ET (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.23 to 0.25; p = 0.93). In contrast, CT significantly improved countermovement jump (CMJ) compared to RT alone (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.01–0.36; p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis confirmed notable enhancements in endurance and explosiveness for CT compared to ET or RT. NMA indicated significant improvements in lower limb strength, CMJ, and VO2max across interventions compared to controls, with the consecutive resistance training followed by ET (CRE) group yielding the most significant CMJ improvement (SMD = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07–0.47). Isolated RT showed the highest lower limb strength improvement (SUCRA score 80.1%), while CRE excelled in CMJ advancements (SUCRA score 93.4%), and the CRED group (alternating ET and RT) led in VO2max improvements (SUCRA score 81.6%). Furthermore, high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly enhanced VO2max compared to team sports. This meta‐analysis emphasizes the effectiveness of CT in improving muscle power and VO2max in children and adolescents, surpassing isolated ET or RT, and advocates for integrating ET and RT to optimize physical performance. Future research should explore the mechanisms underlying these enhancements.

Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42022368452
Evaluation of a direct lymphocyte proliferation test for the diagnosis of canine food allergies with delayed reactions after oral food challenge
Authors: Fernandez‐Lozano Carlos , Mas‐Fontao Ana , Auxilia Silvia T. , Welters Marie , Olivri¯ Alla , Mueller Ralf S. , Olivry Thierry
Published: November 2024

Background

In humans, food allergies (FAs) are divided into those with immunoglobulin (Ig) E‐mediated (immediate FA), cell‐mediated (delayed FA) or both mechanisms (mixed FA). In dogs, lymphocyte stimulation tests have the highest concordance with oral food challenges (OFCs).

Objectives

To report the evaluation of a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) in dogs with FA and delayed reactions (≥6 h) after OFC.

Animals

Thirty‐five healthy and 28 dogs with delayed FA.

Materials and Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and automatically counted before and after a 5‐day culture with food allergens. Stimulation indices (SIs) were then calculated. Food allergen‐specific IgE was quantified using the Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX).

Results

None of the 10 healthy laboratory beagles and 25 healthy pet dogs had an SI greater than the 3.0 cut‐off, indicating a specificity of 100%. All 28 dogs with delayed FA had at least one positive stimulation to a food item that induced delayed flares after OFC; the sensitivity of this LPT for the identification of delayed canine FA was 100%. The LPT correctly identified 57 of 68 food items causing delayed flares after OFC (84%). The PAX was negative for food‐specific IgE in 18 of the 28 dogs (64%), as expected for delayed FA. In three dogs (11%), PAX results overlapped with those of the LPT, suggesting a mixed FA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Food allergies with delayed reactions after OFC—those suspected of having a cell‐mediated mechanism—seemed to be the most common type of FA in the studied dogs. The LPT was helpful in identifying such cases.
Species boundaries and phylogenetics of Aelia stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China, with notes on mito‐nuclear discordance
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhu Xiuxiu , Dong Xue , Wang Kaibin , Yang Ruijuan , Zheng Chenguang , Bu Wenjun
Published: November 2024

Five stink bugs, Aelia acuminata, A. fieberi, A. furcula, A. klugii and A. sibirica, are found in China and have similar morphologies. Due to the lack of molecular data, the species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among these five species remain uncertain. In this study, we integrated mitochondrial DNA and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD‐seq) to perform species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses of the five Aelia species. Most species delimitation analyses based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, mitochondrial genomes and nuclear SNPs yielded five molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), which correspond well to the five Aelia species identified based on morphological characters. We obtained a clear mito‐nuclear discordance between the tree topologies based on mitochondrial genome and genome‐wide SNP data. The D‐statistic and TreeMix analysis suggested that introgression is the most likely cause of mito‐nuclear discordance in Aelia species, which requires confirmation through more extensive sampling and comprehensive data. This study provides the first molecular evidence of the species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships of these five Aelia stink bugs, which is crucial to our understanding of the biodiversity and evolution of Aelia species.
Adaptive Thermal History De-Identification for Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing of Directed Energy Deposition Processes
Authors: Bappy Mahathir Mohammad , Fullington Durant , Bian Linkan , Tian Wenmeng
Published: November 2024

In collaborative additive manufacturing (AM), sharing process data across multiple users can provide small- to medium-sized manufacturers (SMMs) with enlarged training data for part certification, facilitating accelerated adoption of metal-based AM technologies. The aggregated data can be used to develop a process-defect model that is more precise, reliable, and adaptable. However, the AM process data often contains printing path trajectory information that can significantly jeopardize intellectual property (IP) protection when shared among different users. In this study, a new adaptive AM data de-identification method is proposed that aims to mask the printing trajectory information in the AM process data in the form of melt pool images. This approach integrates stochastic image augmentation (SIA) and adaptive surrogate image generation (ASIG) via tracking melt pool geometric changes to achieve a trade-off between AM process data privacy and utility. As a result, surrogate melt pool images are generated with perturbed printing directions. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier is used to evaluate the proposed method regarding privacy gain (i.e., changes in the accuracy of identifying printing orientations) and utility loss (i.e., changes in the ability to detect process anomalies). The proposed method is validated using data collected from two cylindrical specimens using the directed energy deposition (DED) process. The case study results show that the de-identified dataset significantly improved privacy preservation while sacrificing little data utility, once shared on the cloud-based AM system for collaborative process-defect modeling.
Singularity Analysis Method of Multi-Loop Coupling Mechanism Using Geometric Algebra
Authors: Xiao Yu , Xu Lingmin , Zheng Guochang , Li Qinchuan , Chai Xinxue
Published: November 2024

Multi-loop coupling mechanisms (MCMs) have been widely used in aerospace engineering, architectural design, and outdoor activities. This paper proposes a general method for analyzing the singularities of MCMs using geometric algebra. The limbs of MCM can be divided into basic limbs and coupling limbs. For independent basic limbs, constraint space can be obtained directly by outer product and dual operator. For basic limbs coupled with closed-loops in an MCM, the modified constraint space can be obtained by analyzing each coupled single closed-loop. The singular polynomial of the MCM is obtained from the join of all the basic limb constraint space, which can be calculated by the outer operator. The singular polynomial is analyzed to obtain all singular configurations in the global coordinate system. The proposed method has the advantages of simple computation and clear physical significance. Furthermore, three MCM examples of different couple types are used to demonstrate the correctness of this method.
Design Optimization of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Based on Variable Baffle Cuts and Sizing
Authors: Tayyab Muhammad , Awan Daniyal Ahsen , Shah Ajmal
Published: November 2024

This article investigates the optimization of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger design through the optimization of baffle spacing and cut. This study focuses on the impact of baffle spacing (20–35%) and baffle cut percentage (20–35%) on heat transfer performance while considering the effect of the presence or the absence of seals. This study aims to optimize the heat exchanger design by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to reduce the pressure drop and increase the heat transfer. Studying the flow in heat exchangers is challenging due to its complex physics, especially in nonstandard geometries or novel fluid systems, which makes traditional methods relatively less accurate compared to modern approaches. The following fluid is so far uninvestigated for CFD analysis of heat exchangers: a mixture of 80% ethanol and 20% water is used as the tube-side fluid and water is used as the shell-side fluid. The Bell–Delaware method is employed for initial thermal analysis, followed by CFD simulations using ansys fluent to assess the influence of design modifications on heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop. The presence of seals is shown to improve the heat transfer efficiency by about 10.9% compared to the case when seals are absent, while optimal baffle spacing and baffle cuts are able to increase the efficiency of the heat exchanger by about 110% not inclusive of the effect of seals. Our findings show that the performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is improved dramatically by the addition of seals and optimal selection of baffle cut and spacing.
Direct and Refined Characterization of Rebound for Irregularly Shaped, High-Speed Particles Incident on Aerospace Grade Titanium
Authors: Weindorf Brandon J. , Ehlers Alix , Todd Lowe K. , Ng Wing , Caddick Mark , Loebig Jim , Morrison Matthew
Published: November 2024

The observed stochasticity in rebounding trajectories for particle-surface interactions in turbomachinery is often attributed to irregularities in particle shape. However, at higher speeds, plastic deformation of the surface can significantly influence the rebounding particle trajectory. This work explores the interaction between particle shape and surface plastic deformation at high speeds and the effect that it has on the observed spread in rebounding trajectories. Two parameters often used to characterize particle-surface interactions in turbomachinery are the coefficient of restitution (COR) and rebounding angle. A fully time-resolved two-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry (2DPTV) system is employed on a high-speed free jet rig to study particle-surface interactions for 150μm−250μm crushed quartz incident on Grade 4 (Commercial) Titanium. Particle speeds range between 50m/s and 130m/s and nominal incidence angles of 30∘ and 90∘ are studied. In this work, a novel approach that couples the study of both the particle and particle-surface interactions is discussed. In addition to a full description of the experimental procedure, a source of random uncertainty stemming from particle shape coupled with rotation and inter-pixel effects is presented for both velocity and rebounding angle measurements. Moreover, the sensitivity of particle rebounding trajectories to particle shape is explored. A model from the literature is modified to include the effects that particle shape has on the normal coefficient of restitution. The sensitivity study of particle shape is then expanded to total COR and rebounding angle. It is shown that increases in plastic deformation decrease the sensitivity of the COR (both total and normal) to particle shape, reducing the spread of COR values. In contrast, the spread in rebounding angles is dominated by particle shape irregularities and incidence angle with little dependence on plastic deformation.
Why is there no Poisson spot in a solar eclipse?
Authors: Kinnunen Jami J.
Published: November 2024

The Poisson spot is a fascinating lecture demonstration. Its simple explanation can lead to further questions, not only the one posed in the title, but also questions such as why the simple model that considers only light passing just outside the spherical object is successful. The Huygens–Fresnel diffraction model is applied to answer these questions.
Completeness of energy eigenfunctions for the reflectionless potential in quantum mechanics
Authors: Erman Fatih , Turgut O. Teoman
Published: November 2024

There are a few exactly solvable potentials in quantum mechanics for which the completeness relation of the energy eigenstates can be explicitly verified. In this article, we give an elementary proof that the set of bound (discrete) states together with the scattering (continuum) states of the reflectionless potential form a complete set. We also review a direct and elegant derivation of the energy eigenstates with proper normalization by introducing an analog of the creation and annihilation operators of the harmonic oscillator problem. We further show that, in the case of a single bound state, the corresponding wave function can be found from the knowledge of continuum eigenstates of the system. Finally, completeness is shown by using the even/odd parity eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, which provides another explicit demonstration of a fundamental property of quantum mechanical Hamiltonians.
2024 David Halliday and Robert Resnick Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Physics Teaching Lecture: It's not business, it's personal. Teaching large classes, one student at a time
Authors: Erukhimova Tatiana
Published: November 2024

“I can't help but see physics everywhere I go now.” This quotation from students' evaluations summarizes what I consider to be the most important learning outcome. I will discuss our efforts to make introductory physics a meaningful and enjoyable journey rather than a survival experience in weed-out classes. There is no single recipe to achieve that, but I'll share some ideas and resources that we have created. Additionally, I will discuss several new outreach programs that we introduced with the help of our students. Outreach is not just a service that we provide for the benefit of the public; it is an integral part of the learning experience for the students.
Platelet factor 4–induced T
H
1-T
reg
polarization suppresses antitumor immunity
Authors: Kuratani Ayumi , Okamoto Masaaki , Kishida Kazuki , Okuzaki Daisuke , Sasai Miwa , Sakaguchi Shimon , Arase Hisashi , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: November 2024

The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains a number of immune-suppressive cells such as T helper 1–polarized regulatory T cells (T
H
1-T
reg
cells). However, little is known about the mechanism behind the abundant presence of T
H
1-T
reg
cells in the TME. We demonstrate that selective depletion of arginase I (Arg1)–expressing tumor-associated macrophages (Arg1
+
TAMs) inhibits tumor growth and concurrently reduces the ratio of T
H
1-T
reg
cells in the TME. Arg1
+
TAMs secrete the chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4), which reinforces interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–induced T
reg
cell polarization into T
H
1-T
reg
cells in a manner dependent on CXCR3 and the IFN-γ receptor. Both genetic PF4 inactivation and PF4 neutralization hinder T
H
1-T
reg
cell accumulation in the TME and reduce tumor growth. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of Arg1
+
TAM–produced PF4 for high T
H
1-T
reg
cell levels in the TME to suppress antitumor immunity.
Mechanically strong yet metabolizable supramolecular plastics by desalting upon phase separation
Authors: Cheng Yiren , Hirano Eiji , Wang Hao , Kuwayama Motonobu , Meijer E. W. , Huang Hubiao , Aida Takuzo
Published: November 2024

Plastics that can metabolize in oceans are highly sought for a sustainable future. In this work, we report the noncovalent synthesis of unprecedented plastics that are mechanically strong yet metabolizable under biologically relevant conditions owing to their dissociative nature with electrolytes. Salt-bridging sodium hexametaphosphate with di- or tritopic guanidinium sulfate in water forms a cross-linked supramolecular network, which is stable unless electrolytes are resupplied. This unusual stability is caused by a liquid-liquid phase separation that expels sodium sulfate, generated upon salt bridging, into a water-rich phase. Drying the remaining condensed liquid phase yields glassy plastics that are thermally reshapable, such as thermoplastics, and usable even in aqueous media with hydrophobic parylene C coating. This approach can be extended to polysaccharide-based supramolecular plastics that are applicable for three-dimensional printing.