bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetation cover composition and seed bank study of beach sand dunes in Karkurah coastal area, east of Libya.
Authors: Alteerah Munay Abdulqadir
Published: August 2024

The present work was carried out in the coastal sand dunes along the beach of Karkurah area, about 100 km south west of Benghazi, during (January to August 2008), in order to study the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors. Vegetation and soil were sampled in 40 quadrats representing the physiographic variation and different habitat types in the study area. The chemical and physical characteristics of soils were determined for 8 samples and there were significant differences in soil variables like pH, Mg, Na, k, soil texture. Density, constancy and mean cover for each 26 perennial species were calculated. 75 plant species identified, belonging to 34 families, and 68 genera, and deposited at Botany department herbarium, Faculty of science, University of Benghazi. The constancy of perennial species showed the dominance for Retama raetam, Nitraria retusa, Ammophila australis,Lycium schweinfurtii,Ononis natrix. The life form determined, and the most common Therophytes constituted (48%), Chamaephytes (29.3%), Phanerophytes (13.3%) and Cryptophytes (9.3%).Species richness was calculated as average number of species per number of quadrats, and the value was (1733/40) = (43.3), The Simpson index value was (0.85). Total numberof seeds in all quadrats was (5536 seeds/m²), the highest number was (323 seeds/m²) in the quadrat which was located on stabilized sand dunes, while the lowest number of seeds was (53 seeds/m²) quadrat was located on dunes facing the sea. The enhanced anthropogenic pressure was in form of quarrying activities , collection of medicinal plants, agriculture, and over grazing are imposing a serious threat to the diversity in the area in the near future.
Urban biodiversity conservation a basic concept of sustainable urbanism: a systematic review.
Authors: Barhadiya Gaurav , Ghosh Chirashree
Published: August 2024

Delhi is a highly urbanized city in India. The rapid increase in population and unplanned development of infrastructure within the built-up environment is continuously damaging the urban and peri-urban green spaces of Delhi. Our modern indoor bound lifestyle is distancing us from the natural world. Through this paper, we have tried to review the possible contributions of both blue and greeninfrastructure on the urban environment and also on the wellbeing of the urban dweller. In continuation, this review article provides an interdisciplinary overview of the scientifically grounded knowledge on urban biodiversity and conservation, how it benefits urban ecosystems through their services, and finally integration of urban biodiversity into urban planning. At the outcome, knowledge gaps and opportunities for future research under the theme “Green Urbanism” has been critically reviewed.
Role of nano scale zero valent NZVI nano-particles in removing heavy metal pollution from soil.
Authors: Parrey Imtiyaz Rasool , Akhter Tanveera
Published: August 2024

Heavy means a sequence of metals or metalloids that are present in small concentrations can be toxic for plants and animals.Soil contamination and degradation are serious environmental problems that pose a great challenge to agricultural productivity and food security. Numerous studies on the Contamination of soil by means of heavy metal pollution were Investigated. An emerging technology called nanotechnology has gained an interest in solving this problem. Many of the nanomaterials were prepared and they are effective in removing the heavy metal pollution in the soil. In this review, we studied the application of Nano scale zero valent nZVI. The Nano scale nZVI finds a versatile application in removing the heavy metal pollution on the soil. In this work, we had discussed about Nano scale zero-valent metal nanomaterials, and Nano composites in detail. The application and observations of this nanomaterial metal and its composite are fully explained and summarized in details . This nanomaterial’s exhibit great advantages as adsorbents towards heavy metals.
Participation and Role of Women in Dairy Farming, Jaipur district, Rajasthan.
Authors: Yadav Savitri , Manju Mrs.
Published: August 2024

Woman has always been the strength of agriculture and other related activities such as dairy farming, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc. but hercontrol over agriculture resources, livestock and its products is minimal. A survey study was conducted to find out the participation and decision making of women in dairy farming inChomu Tehsilof Jaipur district of Rajasthan. 100 farm women were selected from a total of 200 families, which owned more than five milk producinganimals,by simple random sampling. Data were collected through personal interview technique where astructured interview schedulewas used.Dairy farming activities were divided in three categories: Animal care, Management of Animals,and Processing andMarketing of Milk Products. Majority ofthe women (45%),involved in dairy farming were in the age group of 25-35 years,and most of them (87%) were from OBC category. 67percent ofthe women lived in joint families and 40% women had medium land holding. Women’s participation was mainly (73%) in daily animal care activities such as feeding & watering, storage of feed and fodder, taking animals for grazing, cleaning the animal sheds and milking. They were also doing some management related activities like maintaining farm and dairy records (76%),but participation and involvement in decision making was found very low in processing and marketing of dairy farm product especially in products, which required greatertechnical skills and are to be sold in the outside market i.e. Paneer, Rasgulla and Gulabjamun. Dairy products like Ghee and Mawawhichneed less technical skilland can be sold locally;women were actively involved in processing and marketing. Women of younger age hadsignificant role in decision making regarding animal care and management related activities but their participation and domination wasalsoless in activities of economic nature. The study concluded that dairy farm women need to strengthen more through extension work and better information flow to empower them,and make dairy farming a sustainable enterprise.
Adding value to Kashmir saffron: could ingredient branding be a solution?
Authors: Saqib Natasha
Published: August 2024

The world is dominated by brands. The majority of food products are branded. However, the farmer does not sell the majority of farm commodities as branded products. The promotion of brands for domestic agricultural commodities can be interpreted as a necessity for agribusiness commodities to be differentiated. Differentiation is accomplished through the use of branding strategies. Agribusiness commodities, which have historically lacked incentives to differentiate themselves, must develop branding strategies in order to establish a prominent consumer position. Additionally, ingredient branding is a strategy for differentiation. Saffron from Kashmir is currently under threat of adulteration by unscrupulous elements and increased competition from cheaper Irani saffron. In such a situation, bringing Kashmir saffron under geographical indication can serve as a branding tool for the spice, and branding strategies such as ingredient branding appear to be a rational response.
An appraisal of the pollution status for drinking and irrigation purposes: Case study Anya River, Ikwuano, Abia State in South-eastern, Nigeria
Authors: Nnanna Odo Sabastine , Magareth Kelechi Odo  , Okechukwu Akaamu Valentine  , Ogochuwu Helen Oluka  , Precious Ihuoma Ikechukwu  , Abdualkarim Hashimm
Published: August 2024

Sixteen physico-chemical parameters of were investigated and used to estimate water pollution status. The River was sampled for seven months (February –August, 2019) and analysed following standard procedures and protocols. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among all the investigated physico-chemical parameters across stations. Mean values of all the investigated physico-chemical parameters were within the Federal ministry of environment FMEnv.) set standard except, dissolved oxygen and pH and chemical oxygen demand. Most of the investigated parameters were higher during rainy season with exception of water temperature, pH, dissolve oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) were higher during dry season months. The values of each phyisco-chemical parameters were used for estimation of water pollution index. All the water quality indices both for drinking and irrigation were also favourable and within their respective acceptable limits; except comprehensive pollution indices for drinking water
Climate change and adaptive strategies in Sikkim Himalaya, India.
Authors: Upadhyay Aakash
Published: August 2024

The 6th IPCC Report highlights the warming of the climate system unequivocally, attributed mainly to anthropogenic activities including the Indian Himalayas. Reports and studies suggest climatic variations were and are impacting biodiversity and the people of the entire Himalayan region, including Sikkim Himalaya. The indigenous people are impacted to a great extent, leading them to change their way of life vis-à-vis adapting to climate realities. Still, there is a dearth of information on the impacts or the response of the communities, who have a wealth of information in the form of indigenous local knowledge based on their observations, perceptions, experience and practices for ages. This present study would look into the primary challenges of farmers for ensuing adaptive capacity and achieving resilience for future vulnerabilities. A household survey was conducted from 2017 to 2019 of 110 respondents above 40 years of age from various pockets of Rangit Basin. It provided numerous insights into local concerns and challenges. It was found that the region is experiencing climate change, with signs of impacts on forested areas nearby, water bodies and the agricultural eco-system. The agrarian system is facing challenges of declining yield, water scarcity and climate-induced migration. They have been adapting to the change and are still in the process based on their traditional knowledge. It was found that indigenous communities had much to offer on the discourse on and actions combating climate change. It was suggested that to overcome climatic challenges and local perceptions, adaptive strategies must be documented which is inclusive of the local practices for ages along with culture and beliefs to combat climate change.
Effects of plant extracts and auxins on sprouting and rooting of stem cuttings of Spondiathus preussii Engl Var
Authors: Alex Aminimim , Akinyele, A. O.
Published: August 2024

The study assesses the influence of Growth Regulators on Stem Cuttings of Spondiathus Preussii. Synthetic auxin and plant extracts at 150mgL-1, 250mgL-1, and 500mgL-1and 30%, 50%, and 70% were evaluated with a view to promoting its conservation. Cuttings of three physiological ages (apical, middle and basal) were set in two growth medium (Sharp River sandand well decomposed sawdust). Cuttings were assigned to Indole Butyric Acid, Naphthalene Acetic Acid, Coconut milk extracts, Pawpaw seeds extract and Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract. Percentage Sprouting, shoot numbers, leaf number, were monitored for 8 weeks, rooting parameters of cuttings and callus formation were also recorded. Data were analyzed usingANOVA at (α 0.05). PSE 70% gave the highest sprout (11.26), followed by NAA 500mgL-1 having the least (0.00). PSE 70% had highest shoot and leaf numbers (15.7) and (62.71). IBA 250mgL-1 had the highest rooted stem cuttings and number of (0.22 and (0.33). Similarly, PSE 30% had the highest callus formations (1.89). The results of this study shows that stem cuttingsand plant extracts has significant implication and is a potential, viable and economical method of improving sprouting of S. preussii.
Phycocyanin from a cyanobacterium of Sundarbans
Authors: HAZRA PINAKI , GHOSH SAHANA , Saha Kesh Gargi
Published: August 2024

Cyanobacteria comprise of a varied bacterial phylum that are responsible for the oxygenation of the environment. Cyanobacteria perform 10 to 25 % of total photosynthesis. The main photosynthetic accessory pigments in cyanobacteria are phycobiliproteins. One of the different types of phycobiliprotein is Phycocyanin (λmaxat 620 nm). Cyanobacteria possess not only antioxidant protection, but it has been seen to be responsible for anti-inflammatory activities. World’s one of the biggest mangrove forests is Sundarbans in the Bay of Bengal. We have isolated phycocyanin from a cyanobacteria strain, AP9F (GenBank accession number FJ847844). Ammonium sulphate was used for sequential precipitation of crude extract. Increased purity ratio of phycocyanin was achieved through dialysis of the protein sample, anion exchange chromatography using a DE 52 column and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The protein consists of two subunits of ɑ (20 kDa) and β (25 kDa) each in (ɑβ) 2 dimer association. The molecular weight of purified PC was found to be 90 kDa. Antioxidant activity was shown by the purified CPC. Increase in PC concentration decreased the rate of haemolysis. We hereby suggest that the phycocyanin isolated is quite similar other phycocyanin from various freshwater as well as marine cyanobacteria.
Nationally determined contribution (NDCs) and green finance in India: an overview.
Authors: Hazra Nanda Dulal
Published: August 2024

Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) and Green Finance in India: An Overview*
Abstract:  To achieve India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, India need approximately Rs. 162.5 lakh crores( USD 2.5 trillion) from 2015 to 2030 or approximately 11 lakh crores (USD 170 billion ) per year. To bridge the gap between the requirement of funds and availability of fund to achieve the India’s NDCs, concept of Climate finance or Green finance developed. In a broader term ‘Green Finance’ can be defined as funding for the environmental friendly technologies, product, services, industries, businesses and for environmental friendly initiatives. Green finance includes all the actions and initiatives such as developing, implementing and promoting projects that have sustainable impacts. Considering the importance of ‘Green Finance’ in the light of India’s NDCs, it is important to study the a) India’s journey towards the fulfilment of India’s NDCs by 2030 b) benefits and challenges of Green Finance and c) current status of Green Finance flows in India. From the study it is found that India is taking the issue of climate change very seriously from long past and there is a huge gap between the requirement of funds and availability of the fund to achieve India’s NDCs. Green finance in India is mostly (about 85 %) supplied domestically and again in domestic fund (about 60%) are supplied by the private players.  If we look into the growth of total global climate finance, growth of climate finance from private sources and growth of climate finance from public sources during the period 2011-12 to 2019-20, we will find a CAGR of 11.67%, 8.84% and 14.87 % respectively.  There are different advantages of green finance such as leading to low carbon economy, sustainable environment and sustainable development, ultimate better human life without destroying nature. It has also some challenges such as high borrowing cost of green bond in comparison to other corporate and Government bonds in India, false claims of environmental compliance made by the different corporates and government agencies.
Key Words: Green Finance, Climate finance, Sustainable finance, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Panchamrita, Green Bonds, Green Mortgage etc.
*Dr. Nand Dulal Hazra, Assistant Professor of Commerce, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India, e-mail-nanda.hazra@tmv.ac.in
Potential health benefits of Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma) as Prebiotics
Authors: Mansi Paliwal  , Swati Nakhale  , Tewari Souvik
Published: August 2024

The human gut microbiota is involved in a cascade of activities needed for body health. Their imbalance can cause serious metabolic anomalies and a wide range of illnesses. Prebiotics have become a popular non-pharmacological strategy for restoring intestinal symbiosis and enhancing wellbeing. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibres that provide sustenance to the intestinal bacteria. This review summarizes the potential health benefits of Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma) as prebiotics. Researchers have been reported that Garlic has traditionally been known to provide a variety of health benefits, including the avoidance of gastrointestinal illnesses. Studies on the prebiotic effects of garlic fructan (GF) on the microbiota of the human stomach were conducted. In addition to their antimicrobial, cell-reinforcing, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-asthmatic, immunomodulatory, and prebiotic properties, onion extracts have been shown to be effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disease due to their hypocholesterolaemia, hypolipidaemia, against hypertensive, hostile to diabetic, antithrombotic, and against hyperhomocysteinemia impacts. Turmeric Extract's high phenolic and carbohydrate content, as well as its resistance to gastrointestinal enzymes, have led some researchers to believe that it could be used as a prebiotic in real food. The current review work is a complete and up-to-date compilation of the existing works on prebiotic properties of Onion, Garlic, and Turmeric.
Impact of industrialization on heavy metals contamination in agricultural soils of Sonepat, a satellite township of New Delhi, India.
Authors: Rani Jyoti , Chaudhary Sudesh , Agarwal Tripti
Published: August 2024

Present study was conducted to assess the impact of industrialization on heavy metals contamination in agricultural soils of Sonepatin the state of Haryana and a satellite township of New Delhi. A total of 23 agricultural soil samples,collected from different locations inthe study area were analyzed for pH, total organic carbon(TOC), and heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, and Fe). Soil samples had an average pH of 7.81±0.25 with TOC values of0.59±0.12 percent. Average metal concentrations followed theorder asFe>Mn> Zn> Ni> Cr> Cu>Pb> Co> Cd with concentration values (mg/kg) as 17977> 325> 91> 52> 44> 34> 32> 2> 1.The contamination factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that the agricultural soils were contaminated with Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn. A moderate potential ecological risk was found in most of the soil samples due to the presence of Cd. Interpretation of enrichment factors(EFs) showed that Cd, Mn, and Zn were mainly anthropogenic in origin while Ni and Pb were having both anthropogenic and crustal origin. The health risk index on inhabitants due to exposure to heavy metals in agricultural soils was calculated for oral, dermal, and inhalation pathways and the values obtained were below 1, showing no significant health effects due to direct exposure
Scourge of high fluoride in groundwater; its implication on human health and mitigation strategies: a case study of Sikar district, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Yadav Subhash Chandra
Published: August 2024

Water is a crucial natural resource for sustaining life and the environment but over the last few decades, the water quality is deteriorating due to its overexploitation. Fluoride is one of the critical chemical parameters, which impacts the quality of groundwater. Excess ingestion of fluoride (F) through drinking water causes ‘Fluorosis’ on human beings in many states of India, including Rajasthan. Sikar district in Rajasthan is also sucha region where a high concentration of fluoride is present in groundwater. Due to the unavailability of surface water in Sikar district, groundwater plays an important role for all uses particularly as a drinking water source. The study was carried out toassess the fluoride contamination status and to understand its spatial variation. The fluoride concentration in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 9.94mg/l. Physicochemical settings like decomposition, dissociation and subsequent dissolution with long residence time are responsible for leaching of fluoride into the groundwater. Artificial recharge structures are proposed to minimize the stress on groundwater extraction from deeper aquifers that are discharging fluoride in the area. There is an instant need to take urgent steps in this region to prevent the population from fluorosis
Effect of organic manures on degrading soil due to brick manufacture industry at Changunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur district, Nepal
Authors: Raut Sabina , Shrestha Santosh , Koirala Saroj
Published: August 2024

A lab experiment was conducted to analyze the degraded land reclamation potential by the use of organic manure (OM) in the soil collected from Changunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur District, Nepal. Benchmark nutrient test was performed to the different soil sample collected from three land types i.e., brick kiln premises, excavated land and arable land. Further lab test was carried out by adding 2% and 4% OM by weight on 100g of each soil samples, replicating each for three. The samples were incubated at 32oC for 45 days and the soil chemical properties; N, P2O5, K2O, pH and soil organic matter were analyzed. It was revealed that with the application of 4% OM by weight in all soil samples collected, there was increased in chemical parameters analyzed, followed by 2% OM by weight. The total soil nitrogen content and soil organic matter content was found significant (P<0.05) with different treatment of OM. Significant change was seen in the phosphorus content in the soil from brick kiln premises with the application of 4% OM. Slight increase was seen in the potassium content with the application of different treatments in the soils. With the application of 2% and 4% OM, pH was found to be increased significantly in the soil from brick kiln premises. Thus, from this study, it is revealed that the use of 4% OM by weight might be optimal to improve the land degraded by the brick kilns and excavation to some extent but at 4-10 times higher economic cost than usual farming management practices of organic manure.
Solitary, irregular and focused wave impact on coastal bridge deck for different airgaps
Authors: Moideen Rameeza
Published: August 2024

Coastal bridgedecks are subjected to wave impact due to the action of extreme wave events like tsunami and storm surges. These events are more frequent in recent years and cause deck upliftmentand destruction. Past studies mainly considered regular wave types to represent extreme wave events and the impact force is calculated. The main aim of the present study isto generate a focused wave to simulate an extreme wave condition in the numerical wave tank and to study the impact force on coastal bridge deck. Focused wave and irregular wave of same significant wave height and peak period are generated and comparison is done with solitary wave of same crest height tostudy the effects of different wave types on impact force. Focused wave height is giving higher impact force when comparing the irregular and solitary waveof same crest height.
Experimental investigation on fly ash based self-compactingconcrete with metakaolin.
Authors: Nazrin Fathima Fazil M. , Chithra C.J
Published: August 2024

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a fresh concrete which is highly flowable, and it can flow readily into place, fill the formwork without any compaction and without undergoing any significant segregation. It is used in the construction where it is hard to use vibrators for consolidation of concrete. High amount of cement and chemical admixtures used in SCC reduces its wide scale usage. Metakaolin can be used as a better substitute to cement due to its cementitious properties. Metakaolin combines with Ca(OH)2produces additional cementation compounds and makes concretestrengthen. This study aims toexperimentallyinvestigate the fresh and strength properties offlyash based self-compacting concrete with different percentage replacement levels of metakaolin with cement.To obtain the optimum percentage of metakaolin in flyash based SCCin which metakaolin is partially replacing cementat 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement.M40 grade equivalent flyashbased SCC wasestablished based on fresh propertiessuch as flowability and passing abilityand strength parameterslike compressive strength, spilt tensile strength and flexural strength.The results showed that fresh properties decreased as the metakaolin content increased. The strength parameters increased about 15.2%, 12.82%and 14.1% for 15% metakaolin.
Impact of pandemic crisis of COVID-19 on construction industry in India.
Authors: Likitha K.N. , Kundhena Srinivas , Gurudev S.C. , Rajasekaran C. , Nischith G.D.
Published: August 2024

The outbreak of COVID-19 has impacted whole world in a huge way which forever buzzed with activities has fallen silent and all the resources are diverted to meeting the never-experienced-before crisis. Today the construction sector is predicted to face simultaneous reduction in both supply and demand on account of this pandemic. This study aims to research the effect of COVID 19 on the construction industry's survival.This study adopted two methods to collect the data. The first method is quantitative data by associating construction practitioners to assess the level of impact using a five Likert scale and Descriptive Analysis was adapted to conduct analysis with MS Excel to find the quantity of impact certain factors display. A total of 30 respondents participated in answering the questionnaire survey. The second method is by conducting an exploratory interview with some experts from the construction industry sectors to share and express experiences and problems they faced and opinion on the condition of the construction industry during and after pandemic. The study found the most prominent impacts of COVID 19 are the suspension of projects, labour impact and job loss, time overrun, cost overrun, and financial implications. The findings also help project stakeholders to realize the sequences of the sudden epidemic and prepare for the worst-case scenario during the planning stage of the construction projects.
Climate change induced farmers suicides in Vidarbha and Marathwada Regions of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Tikadar Mr Kumaresh , Kamble Rahul
Published: August 2024

Global climate change has substantial modifications in environmental conditions. This results in an adverse impact on various aspects. Of the various aspects, the impact on agriculture is pronounced. The impact on agriculture will be varied due to the vulnerability of different farmers' groups owing to their agricultural land size, economic and social background. Indian farmers/cultivators and agricultural labourers are committing suicide since 1995. Of the various reasons for their suicides climate change is also one of them. This study was carried out in the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra state of India where the maximum number of farmers are committing suicides. A purposive random sampling was carried out in eight districts to identify the sample population (n=230) of marginalized farmers (<1.00 ha. agricultural land). A specially designed and developed interview schedule was prepared to elicit the primary information. In addition, the National Sample Survey’s ‘Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019’ was also referred to identify climate change-induced factors for farmers' suicides. The results revealed high seed cost, late or no seed germination, less or no irrigation facility, new insect/pest attack, high fertilizer, insecticide, and pesticide cost, less crop yield, crop failure, no farmers/crop insurance, and not getting minimum support price are some of the other major causes which result into taking a loan from a moneylender with a high-interest rate (60-120% p.a.) results into high debt (average amount of outstanding loan per agricultural household in Maharashtra was Rs. 82,085/-, US $994.24 [54.0%], and all India Rs. 74,121/-, US $897.78 [50.2%]). These causes result in a vicious cycle in which farmers got entrapped for several years as a result of which they had a mental or emotional disorder and under its influence they commit suicide. Climate change-induced debt is identified as the cause of farmers’ suicide in India. The cotton belt is identified as a suicide belt in India. The central and state government have to understand this issue from this dimension also and need to take proactive action suitably to break this vicious cycle and free the farmers from the trap to transform them from subsistence farming to sustainable farming and leverage their life to lead a dignified life and pave a way for a sustainable society and sustainable development at large.
Evaluation of heavy metal pollution status of Anambra River basin using different indices
Authors: Nnanna Odo Sabastine , Odo Magareth Kelechi , Francis Amaechi Odoabuchi
Published: August 2024

Eighty-one (81) water samples were collected to investigate the concentrations of heavy metal and pollution status using synthetic pollution index (SPI), Comprehensive pollution index (CPI), Heavy metal evaluation index (HMEI) and Heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Eight (8) heavy metals, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) were analysed following standard procedure and protocols. The results of analysis showed that Fe fluctuated between 1.32 and 4.10 mg/l, Mn between 0.51 and 2.04 mg/l, Zn between 0.81 and 3.20 mg/l, Cu between 0.43 and 1.92 mg/l, Cr fluctuated between 0.26 and 1.02 mg/l, Cd between 0.15 and 1.13 mg/l, Ni between 0.12 and 0.70 mg/l, and Pb fluctuated between 0.22 and 1.24 mg/l. Through results, it was also found that the mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb exceeded their permissible values for drinking water (SON, 2015) whereas Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn levels exceeded their permissible values for health aquatic environment (FMEnv., 2011). The order of heavy metal concentration in the river basin were: Fe > Zn >Mn > Cu >Cr > Pb > Cd > Ni. The results of computed pollution indices revealed that most of pollution indices values were exceeded their highest classification values; SPI values were greater than 3, CPI > 2.0, HMEI >20 and HPI >1000, thus indicating that water from the river basin is unfit for drinking. In conclusion, water from Anambra River Basin pose a threat of heavy metals-related diseases to users/communities, thus, needs urgent attention for treatments by appropriated authorities.
Study the Sustainability and challenges of farm to fork restaurants in Metropolitan city of Maharashtra.
Authors: Darekar Shailendra , Jadhav Sonali
Published: August 2024

Farm to fork concept is established in metropolis cities. The data was collected from 31 farms to fork restaurants to understand the operationout of 48 restaurants. The concept still not getting the amount of sustainable business in the Indian market. Research suggests that there is good protection to successfully run the concept restaurant as the city market demands. The study analyses the challenges faced by the restaurant owners, where creating consistent supply chain management of raw fresh food, control on food cost affects the business sustainability. The study will make understand the new business owners for farm to fork restaurant start-up in India. They will understand the challenges and how to survive in a current market environment.
Ethno-medicinal importance and ecological impact of invasive plant species of Durg District of Chhattisgarh
Authors: Devi Sharma Sangita , Sahu Kaushilya
Published: August 2024

Abstract: Invasive vegetation means vegetation that don’t stand up clearly in a region but they proliferate within side the area wherein they have been delivered and reason several risky influences in the ones new habitats. The resent take a look at gives with the survey of ethomedicinal importance of this invasive vegetation which expands along Durg District of Chhattisgarh (India). The aim of the present paper is to end up aware about and facts the ethnomedicinal importance of these invasive plants. Total 25 invasive vegetation belonging to 13 families i.e. Asteraceae (6), Fabaceae (4), Convolvulaceae (1), Lamiaceae (1), Martyniaceae (1), Asclapidaceae (2), Cleomaceae (1), Euphorbiaceae (2), Verbenaceae (1), Malvaceae (2), Solanaceae (1), Poaceae (1) and Amaranthaceae (1) have been determined abundantly with inside the take a look at site. It is useful that photochemical investigations of these vegetation are important to discover the feasible beneficiary capsules and their authentication for the ethno medicinal claims.
Demand and supply projection of cereals: consequence to food security in India and Nigeria
Authors: Sanusi Sanusi
Published: August 2024

The paper presents demand and supply projection of major cereals for the year 2030, 2040 and 2050 for both India and Nigeria and the implication on food security challenge. The demand projections were computed using simple growth rate model under the assumptions of 6, 7 and 8 per cent GDP growth rate representing low-, moderate- and high-income growth. Results indicated that in both India and Nigeria increase in income do not cause any significant increase in the demand for cereals.  It is concluded that India would be a self-sufficient in rice, wheat and maize with deficit in sorghum for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 respectively. On the other hand, Nigeria would be plunging into a huge deficit in rice, wheat and a marginal surplus in maize and sorghum for the year 2030 with deteriorating deficits in the years 2040 and 2050 in rice, wheat, maize and sorghum respectively. In the study period, there would be surplus of cereals in the India with exception of sorghum; these prospects need to be strengthened and expand to sorghum through vigorous expansionary production programs as well ensure more availability, accessibility and affordability of cereal among poor families of India.  For Nigeria to meet the future food requirements, the country shall have to either increase agricultural production, or depend on imports. As such, the paper suggests that the policy focus needs to be lunched, towards massive production, productivity enhancement in agriculture, through public investment in irrigation, credit facilities, research and extension.
A review on concept of potentization in homoeopathy with physiochemical properties and other molecular structure’
Authors: Singh Bhadoria Dr. Suraj , Patel Dr. Sweta , Poorav Desai Dr. Zanhana , Desai Dr. Poorav
Published: August 2024

Objectives: Through this review assessing the physiochemical properties of potentised homoeopathic medicines by use of certain equipment’s and basic theories by various literature sources.
Methods: Summarized the results from the various experimental areas previously introduced, extracting the general findings and trends and also summarized the results in terms of specific research topics: aging, medium used for potentization, sample volume, temperature, material of potentization vessel, and, finally, the use of molecules to probe homeopathic samples.
Results: There are number of variations has been recorded in the physiochemical properties of homoeopathic medicines by the application of various equipment’s and laboratory tools in terms of potentization.
Conclusions: The field requires further targeted experimentation to validate past findings reporting differences between homeopathic dilutions and controls, and to expand these findings by specifically testing the three main working hypotheses that are currently at hand.
Keywords: Physiochemical, potentization, dilutions, nanoparticles
Fish processing methods practiced by the people living in and around the Loktak Lake, Manipur, India.
Authors: Laishram Dr. Jogesh
Published: August 2024

The people living in and around the Loktak lake, Manipur, India depended on the natural resources of the lake like fishes, prawn, mollusca, mussel, vegetable items, fodder, fuelwood, thatch grasses, medicinal plants and handicrafts materials for livelihood and income generation. In the present study household survey was conducted by selecting 50 fish processors living in and around the Loktak lake as respondents. It was found that illiteracy was high among the respondents and fishing and agriculture were the main occupation of the respondents. The respondents were poor with 50% of them earning in lower income range of Rs. 10,001 to 20,000/- . The people living in and around the Loktak lake used to catch high quantity of fishes from the lake and practiced different traditional fish processing methods. The present study tried to document the traditional fish processing methods used by the people living in and around the Loktak lake. Result found that a total of 20 species of fishes were found to be processed by the people using 6 methods i.e. Roasting (Arouba/Ayaiba), Fermentation (Ngari/Utong ngari), Fish paste (Hentak), Drying in sun (Yaiphou/Phabou), Roasting and Smoking after splitting (Ngaphak) and Smoking (Leirou). These fishes were processed to preserve them for longer time or to sell the processed fishes or used for consumption purposes. Decline in the fish processing methods because of degradation of the lake is observed. Conservation and sustainable management of the resources of the Loktak lake is highly suggested.
Active components of tea (camellia sinensis) extracts and their beneficial application on human health
Authors: Mandal Dr. Subhra Kanti , Dr. Piya Seth
Published: August 2024

Tea is one of the most frequently consumed beverages across the world and is popular for its classic brew, flavour and wide range of health benefits. The variation in aroma, taste and colour of different kind of teas are caused by the manufacturing process popularly known as fermentation and essentially determine the quality and acceptance of tea flushes. A variety of volatile components such as terpenoids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, etc. are reported to contribute to the signature tea aromas whereas the non-volatile polyphenolic components (mainly catechins, flavonols, theaflavins, thearubigins), amino acids and xanthines are responsible for the characteristic taste and colour of tea infusions. The nutritional value of tea is mostly gained from the tea polyphenols and amino acids that are reported to possess a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including anti-oxidant properties, reduction of various cancers, inhibition of inflammation and protective effects against diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity. Global tea research has generated much in vitro and in vivo data rationally correlating tea polyphenols with their preventive and therapeutic properties against human diseases like cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases etc. Recently, number of studies also suggests that tea polyphenols have the potential to treat or prevent COVID-19 disease. In the current review, we focus on the chemistry behind the signature fragrance, taste and colour of variety of tea and their beneficial account as antioxidant and therapeutic effectiveness against many diseases such as lowering of blood pressure, diabetes, inflammation, anticancer properties and most interestingly against COVID-19 pandemic.
Fungal organisms associated with common tropical weeds in Choba Rivers State Nigeria
Authors: Jane Echendu, Monday Godwin-Egein  , Udensi Ekea Udensi  , Kuromiayebaye Digitemie  , Okereke Victor
Published: August 2024

The research was conducted to investigate fungal species associated with common tropical weeds in Choba, Rivers State of Southern Nigeria. Weed samples were collected from plots previously cropped with maize, soybean, cassava, aerial yam and plantain at the University of Port Harcourt, Teaching and Research Farm, Choba, Nigeria. The samples were chopped into pieces (5 mm), sterilized in 2% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 2 mins, rinsed in three changes of sterile distilled water andthereafter placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28 ± 2°C in complete darkness for 5 days. Repeated sub-culturing was done to get pure cultures. These were identified microscopically and morphologically in line with standard techniques. A total of thirty-five weeds species, comprising of twenty-seven broadleaves, five grasses and three sedges were collected from the plots. Three fungal pathogens namely; Aspergillus spp, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp known to produce toxins (aflatoxin, fumonisin and patulin, respectively), were isolated from the weed samples. Common weeds such as Cyperus esculentus, Phyllanthus amarus var niruri and Panicum maximum were all associated with the commonly isolated fungal pathogens. These weeds were well distributed across plots and therefore could serve as alternate host in the field and also pose serious risk on crop production and quality.
Cellular communication during apoptosis
Authors: Halder Kalpataru , Sengupta Angana
Published: August 2024

Apoptosis is a biological process to destroy cells. It is very much necessary for the normal growth and function of multicellular organisms. If there is any abnormality in controlling the death of cell, it can lead to a range of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, or degenerative disorders. Apoptosis is triggered by a number of different signalling pathways each of which is activated by the actions inside or outside the cell. But all apoptosis signalling pathways congregate on the same system of cell dismantling process that is triggered by caspases (a family of cysteine-aspartate proteases) which slice proteins where aspartate residues are found in a particular sequence.  Destruction and elimination of predestined cells is proficiently done by degrading of essential proteins of cell, degradation of DNA, and phagocytosis by other adjacent cells.
A Concise review on management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Homoeopathic drugs
Authors: Punitha A  , Mrinal A. Nerlekar
Published: August 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. As a result of this trend, it is fast becoming an epidemic in some countries of the world with the number of people affected expected to double in the next decade due to increase in ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially in poorly developed countries. This review is based on a search of Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment. Only articles in English were included. Screening and diagnosis is still based on World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria which include both clinical and laboratory parameters. No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients.
Purification and characterization of a highly glucose tolerant β-glucosidase isozyme from Paecilomyces variotiiMG3
Authors: Job Joseph , Abraham Amith , Jayachandran K
Published: August 2024

Isolation and purification of a highly glucose tolerant β -glucosidase by a novel isolatePaecilomyces variotii MG3was achieved through a threestepspurification strategy. The purification steps used were ammonium sulphate fractionation, column chromatography using Sephacryl S 300 HR and anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose.The fungus produced two isozymes of β –glucosidase. Vmax values of isozyme I and II were 0.2497U/ml and 0.3519U/ml respectively. The Km value of isozyme I was 0.08839mM and that of isozyme II was 0.2710mM. Isozyme I exhibited a Ki of 901.6mM and was found to be insensitive to glucose concentration as high as 2M. The isozymes were tolerant to ethyl alcohol concentration up to 30% and displayed synergism with commercially available cellulase in cellulose degradation.
Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides on nontarget pollinator-honey bee.
Authors: Benjamin Siny G , Nandini N J
Published: August 2024

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that disturb the endocrine system's normal function,potentiallycausingsicknessordeformitiesinorganismsandtheirprogeny.Pesticidesarecommonlyemployedtodestroyundesiredorganismsincrops,publicplaces,houses,andgardens,aswellastotreatparasitesmedicinally.ManyhavebeenidentifiedasEndocrine disruptors (EDs)oraresuspectedofbeingEDs.Pesticidesappliedtoagriculturalorhorticultural land crops lll l were the predominant, if not exclusive, source of pesticide exposure for honey bees and the source ofhive product contamination until the early 1980s. Pollinators, such as honey bees, are responsible for thesuccessful reproduction of over 87 percent of flowering plant species, making them critical to ecosystem healthand agricultural productivity.
Rethinking indigenous and ecological building materials through the means ofadditive manufacturing
Authors: Datta Ipsita
Published: August 2024

Additive manufacturing or 3D printing can be a feasible strategy that can significantly reduce the time and manual laborrequiredand translateinto skilled laborand reduce the wastage of material required during construction. The process in all would also be cost-effective (van Woenselet al. 2018). The challenge posed is theproper implementation of additive manufacturing for full-scale clay-basedbuilding materials.Clay-based architecture or mud architecture has been prevalent in India for centuries. Mud construction techniques have been utilized in various climatic zones based on the context and cultures. The versatility of the material allows it to be used as small modules like mud bricks and tiles to grandiose rammed earth walls. It is a highly adaptable material that can change its function as per the strategies used. Another important aspect is the skilled labor that is required to achieve clay architecture techniques (Salas, L. 2022). The rise of cement construction has affected skilled labor, forcing people to migrate to the cement construction sector. The essence and knowledge of these vernacular construction strategies are thus slowly disappearing.This study will bea significant part ofrealizingthe usage of local material to develop futurehabitable spaces. Thehelp of innovative material systems and 3D printing will help incorporatetraditional materialsand translatethem into solving dwelling problems.