bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACL Injury Mechanism in Alpine Skiing: Analysis of an Accidental ACL Rupture
Authors: Barone M , Senner V , Schaff P
Published: March 2009

Knee injuries in alpine skiing, especially the rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), are still the leading indication for surgical treatment. The boot-induced anterior drawer (BIAD) caused by the backward fall is one of the possible injury mechanisms.

We investigated the landing of approximately 250 jumps to collect data for a computer model of the BIAD. During our experiments one test subject suffered an ACL rupture of his right knee. This accidental event was recorded on video for later 2D motion analysis. Furthermore, the muscle activity of four muscles (vastus medialis and lateralis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus) was registered for both lower extremities during this event. Seven more subjects were analyzed under identical experimental conditions, thus representing an adequate reference group.

The results of the 2D motion analysis will be presented and compared to the results of the reference group. Further, the registered EMG signal of the injured subject will be illustrated and discussed in relation to a reference subject.

Our observations allow the conclusion that during landing situations different kinematics besides those described for the BIAD, in combination with certain muscular conditions, may lead to an ACL rupture.
Clean Engineered Steels - Progress at the End of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Eckel JA , Glaws PC , Wolfe JO , Zorc BJ
Published: March 2009

The Timken Company, a manufacturer of alloy steel and bearings, has developed a 15 MHz ultrasonic inspection method that correlates steel cleanness to bearing fatigue performance. It is used to qualify worldwide bearing steel suppliers for cleanness requirements, to monitor their compliance and qualify process changes. This method has permitted the appropriate steel cleanness to be selected for bearing applications. Through Continuous Improvement (CI) methodology, steelmaking productivity advancements have occurred along with advancement in steel cleanness. These efforts have led to 4 orders of magnitude steel cleanness improvement, and nearly 20 times bearing performance improvement over the past 15 years.
A Review and Update of Advancements in Clean Cast Steel Technology
Authors: Blair M , Monroe RW , Griffin JA
Published: March 2009

The Steel Founders' Society of America Quality Assurance Task Force identified oxide macroinclusions as a universal problem experienced by users of steel castings. SFSA along with the Department of Commerce and the Department of Energy have sponsored research directed at reducing the occurrence of macroinclusions in steel castings. The Clean Cast Steel Technology program has investigated melting practice, pouring practice, gating practice, ladle treatment, and special devices such as filtration and analog simulation of mold pouring and filling.

In-plant trials have demonstrated a dramatic improvement in casting quality with submerged pouring of steel castings. Research is currently underway in optimizing foundry melting practice to reduce macroinclusions. A 30–50% reduction in macroinclusion occurrence has been observed in production castings at the foundries participating in the trials. Analog simulation and in-plant trials of pouring practices have demonstrated that poor gating practice can increase air entrainment and oxide inclusions. Ladle treatments such as calcium wire injection has been demonstrated in plant trials to significantly reduce oxide defects in steel castings. Experiments have been conducted at participating foundries to examine the benefits of filtration on casting quality. Filtration has been shown to reduce rework and scrap by 70% in some cases.
Cyclic Cabinet Corrosion Testing
Authors: Haynes GS
Published: March 2009

Description

Provides essential information on corrosion mechanisms in accelerated tests and service environments, and guidance on determining acceleration factors with the appropriate corrosion mechanisms. The unifying theme throughout is the use of cyclic cabinet corrosion tests for determining the comparative corrosion resistance of various materials.

Ten peer-reviewed papers cover:

• Mechanisms of corrosion in cyclic cabinet tests

• Fundamental testing principles related to these mechanisms

• An AISI and SAE study for ranking the cosmetic corrosion resistance of automotive steel sheet products

• Detailed statistical analysis of the results for ten different materials in cyclic cabinet tests, ground tests, outdoor exposure, and on-vehicle exposure

• Performance of coated and uncoated aluminum alloys for heat exchanger applications.

• Also clearly documents the failure of the widely-used salt spray test to predict actual service in a number of environments. Alternative test procedures are described and correlated with service performance.
Airflow Performance of Building Envelopes, Components, and Systems
Authors: Modera MP , Persily AK
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the latest research on building air tightness from the foremost authorities in the field. 17 peer-reviewed papers divided into the following comprehensive categories:

Air Movement, Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality -- Building air flows under complex circumstances, primarily larger buildings with multiple zones, and the challenge of pollutant entry from soil gases are presented in five papers.

Window Air Leakage -- Four papers address the air tightness of various window systems. A new ASTM standard for measuring air leakage at different pressures and temperatures is described in this section.

Envelope Heat and Mass Transfer -- Two papers deal with air flow and moisture in manufactured housing envelopes, and two papers discuss the interactions between conduction heat flows and air flows in the building envelope.

Envelope and Distribution System Leakage -- Assorted measurement techniques are analyzed in three papers and one paper focuses on field measurement results.
Volatile Organic Compounds in the Environment
Authors: Wang W , Schnoor JL , Doi J
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind to feature comprehensive information on the regulation, measurement, and control and remediation of VOCs in the soil, groundwater and air. 21 peer-reviewed papers from an international array of scientific, legal and environmental experts in the field.

Key topics addressed include: A multimedia perspective on VOCs in the environment • Challenges involved with the regulation and assessment of VOCs • The impact of VOCS on air quality • Methods to ascertain the environmental fate of VOCs • Environmental measurement and monitoring techniques Innovative approaches to control and remediate VOCs.

Invaluable resource for the complete spectrum of environmental professionals: engineers, chemists, scientists, regulators and remediation specialists and program managers, as well as federal and state agency environmental personnel and university libraries.
Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies: Second Volume
Authors: Hoddinott K
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the latest state-of-the-art research on soil risk assessment methodology. 12 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers are presented in the following four categories:

• Background Determination

• Data Collection Validation

• Exposure Assessment

• and Ecological Assessment.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Tenth Volume
Authors: Mote CD , Johnson RJ , Hauser W , Schaff PS
Published: March 2009

Description

Discusses the biomechanics of skiing and skiing injuries; the relationship of skies, ski boots, and ski release bindings to injuries; cross-country skiing injuries; epidemiology of alpine skin injuries; cold injuries; injury treatment; rescue and first aid practices and equipment; and standards for safety.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 15th Volume
Authors: Collins HM , Hall FR , Hopkinson M
Published: March 2009

Description

Improved delivery systems that will produce effective pest control and also safeguard the environment and reduce exposure to both humans and animals is the emphasis of this volume.

18 peer-reviewed papers feature up-to-date information on formulation and application technologies leading to safe and effective use of pesticides. Papers in 4 categories: Pesticide Atomization; • Pesticide Application; • Formulation Technology; and • Formulation Modifications.
Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS): Materials, Properties, and Performance
Authors: Nelson PE , Kroll RE
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1269 is the first publication of its kind featuring extensive information on the components, characteristics and effectiveness of EIFS. 14 peer reviewed papers cover the following key categories:

Performance of EIF System--4 papers examine Canadian field performance, why EIFS systems succeed and fail, an extensive look at U.S. Army Facilities and fire resistance

Evaluation of Surface Coating--Such topics as water resistance, and exterior crack-bridging prediction are discussed in 4 papers

Evaluation of Joints, Flashing and Rainscreen Technolog--Issues including alternatives in sealant systems, water penetration and resistance and various performance test methods are explored in five papers

Costs--A comprehensive paper delves into cost forecasting methods for an exterior insulation and finish system
Remote Sensing and GIS for Site Characterization: Applications and Standards
Authors: Singhroy VH , Nebert DD , Johnson AI
Published: March 2009

Description

The latest practical uses for remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for definitive site evaluation. This comprehensive publication also features 35 state-of-the-art color graphics.

17 peer-reviewed papers from an international team of scientists and engineers are divided into 5 areas:

Two keynote papers discuss remote sensing and GIS guidelines for geological and environmental site characterization, environmental monitoring and management.

Remote Sensing Applications -- Alternative systems and image processing as well as geological mapping and environmental monitoring data integration techniques are addressed in three papers. Case studies are included.

An extensive Geographic Information System section features six papers on such issues as environmental restoration strategies, ground water exploration and management, and urban growth monitoring in developing countries.

Site characterization and the use of innovative geomatic techniques are explored in three papers.

A final section addresses developing standards and their uses in three papers and includes comprehensive appendices on glossary terms, additional readings, and current specific standards for remote sensing, geographic information systems and site characterization.

An invaluable resource for remote sensing specialists and GIS experts, engineers and scientists involved in site characterization and planning, environmental scientists and consultants in superfund cleanup.
Glassy Alloys as Potential Bearing Surfaces for Orthopaedic Implants
Authors: Tesk JA , Johnson CE
Published: March 2009

Glassy (amorphous) metals have some unique properties that may render them attractive candidates for the coating of metal-implant bearing surfaces. Metastable glasses of metal alloys, with uniform compositions and homogeneous structures that are not attainable under usual quasi-equilibrium processing conditions, can often be made to produce alloys with exceptional corrosion resistance and high hardness. The absence of secondary phases argues for resistance to abrasive and asperity-initiated wear. One method of producing glassy alloys is electrodeposition. Glassy coatings from nanometers to millimeters thick can be produced. Unique compositions, such as single-phase, amorphous, cobalt-phosphorus alloys [3,9] or glass-like coatings of cobalt-chromium-carbon [6,7] alloys (those referred to by this name throughout the text have layers of amorphous chromium and cobalt that are known to have carbon dispersed throughout the chromium), can be made.
Tribological Investigations of Cobalt-Based Alloys in Metal-on-Metal Contacts Using a Reciprocating Cylinder-on-Flat Apparatus with Bovine Serum Lubricants
Authors: Cipera WM , Medley JB
Published: March 2009

Retrieval studies have shown higher wear of metal-on-metal hip implants, on average, than found in simulator testing. The investigation of a simplified metal-on- metal contact under conditions of boundary lubrication might provide some insight into this behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to perform exploratory tribological investigations using a linear reciprocating cylinder-on-flat apparatus under such conditions. Wrought cobalt-based alloys of high and low carbon content were tested in four lubricants, most containing bovine serum, for 3600 or 36000 cycles. The motion was sinusoidal with a stroke length of 13 mm. The load per cylinder was 50.5 N giving an average contact stress similar to metal-metal hip implants in simulators and in vivo. Some elementary analyses of lubrication conditions and the influence of mechanical vibrations caused by the tangential dynamics of the apparatus were presented. The main results consisted of friction and wear measurements. In the limited number of experiments performed, it was observed that alloy carbon content did not influence friction or wear for up to 36000 cycles, nor did additives in the bovine serum lubricant designed to discourage calcium-type deposits on the surfaces. Wear factors were calculated and provided an approximate prediction of some simulator wear in the initial period. Increasing the bovine serum content of the lubricant caused the friction to rise significantly thus suggesting a role of serum elements in metal-on-metal tribology. As a consequence of the work reported here, the application of cobalt-based alloys with low carbon content was encouraged and the use of the additives to suppress surface deposits was recommended in simulator testing.
Characterization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Peek Composite for Use as a Bearing Material in Total Hip Replacements
Authors: Polineni VK , Wang A , Essner A , Lin R , Chopra A , Stark C , Dumbleton JH
Published: March 2009

A carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite acetabular cup was fabricated by injection molding. An extensive hip joint simulator test was conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of this CF-PEEK composite cup as a potential orthopaedic bearing surface. Hip joint simulator testing up to 10 million cycles showed that the wear of the composite cups is about 1% that of the UHMWPE cups. Hertzian contact stress analysis indicated that the CF-PEEK material had a lower maximum contact stress/yield strength ratio compared to air-irradiated UHMWPE acetabular cups. With prudent application of composite design principles, it is possible to engineer a composite insert that shows promise as an orthopaedic implant bearing surface in total hip replacements.
Effect of Traffic Load on Pavement Serviceability
Authors: Mikhail MY , Mamlouk MS
Published: March 2009

Since much of the required infrastructure in the U.S. is already in place, the emphasis has been shifting to maintaining and rehabilitating existing roads. An important prerequisite for a proper maintenance and rehabilitation strategy is the knowledge of how traffic loads affect the pavement condition at different ages and under different vehicular and environmental conditions. Traditionally, empirical relations have been used to estimate the performance of various maintenance and rehabilitation treatments for the purpose of allocating funds. The present paper provides a rational technique to estimate the change in pavement serviceability caused by traffic loads under different pavement roughness and vehicle conditions. Once the condition is known at different times throughout the life of the pavement, a proper maintenance and rehabilitation strategy can be established.

In this study the vehicle dynamic model, COMPAS, was used to estimate the dynamic wheel forces applied on the pavement surface under different roughness levels, vehicle types, vehicle speeds, and suspension types. The dynamic response of the pavement and the permanent deformation accumulated on the pavement surface were calculated at small intervals after different load repetitions using the three-dimensional finite element program ABAQUS. Starting with a new pavement, the pavement profile and serviceability after different load repetitions were determined. Mechanistic-based pavement performance models were developed for typical pavement sections. The developed performance models can be used to estimate the number of load repetitions that cause the pavement to reach specific conditions throughout its service life. This information is essential for developing rational maintenance and rehabilitation strategies at the network level.
Effects of Geogrid in Enhancing the Resistance of Asphalt Concrete to Reflection Cracks
Authors: Chang DT-T , Lai R-Q , Chang J-Y , Wang Y-H
Published: March 2009

The formation and development of reflection cracks in asphalt concrete beams has been extensively studied. Among these studies, however, very few focused on the effects of geogrid in enhancing the resistance of asphalt concrete to reflection cracks. In addition, the nominal maximum particle size of the aggregate used in these studies is smaller than that of the dense graded asphaltic concrete required by the Construction Specifications commonly applied by the Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau (TANFB). As a results the findings and/or conclusions of those studies cannot be effectively applied to most situations in Taiwan. It is therefore necessary to study the formation and development of reflection cracks in overlaid dense graded asphalt concrete. The geogrids used in this study were made of glass fiber, with strengths of 100 kN/m and 200 kN/m. A series of testing for a beam reinforced with geogrid of 100 kN/m strength showed a fatigue life 1.5 to 2.5 times that of the non-reinforced beam and for a beam reinforced with 200 kN/m geogrid, the fatigue life was 5 to 9 times longer. In addition, the modified asphalt appeared to perform nearly as well as the 200 kN/m grid. Findings indicate that the use of geogrid significantly enhances the resistance of asphalt concrete to the formation and development of reflection cracks.
Construction and Performance Using Cold In-Situ Recycling in New Mexico
Authors: McKeen RG , Hanson DI , Stokes JH
Published: March 2009

Results of a comprehensive evaluation of performance and costs of cold vin-situ recycling are reported. The process uses an equipment train to mill, screen, crush, mix with new binder, and place the material as a base for subsequent overlay. The equipment train occupies one lane of the roadway. New Mexico has completed over 120 projects using this approach since 1984. Condition surveys indicate these pavements will exceed the 10 year life assumed in design, with a few exceptions having specific deficiencies. Costs were evaluated in comparison to a mill and overlay rehabilitation method with an equal structural number on the basis of construction costs and estimated maintenance costs. Average savings were $7074 per lane-km ($11384 per lane-mi.) or $1.90 per m2 (1.59 per yd.2) in construction costs. Including maintenance costs the estimated savings were $7524 per lane-km ($12109 per lane-mi.) or $2.05 per m2 ($1.72 per yd.2).
Evaluation of Hot Lime Slurry in Cold In-Place Recycling
Authors: Cross SA , Du J-C
Published: March 2009

The use of asphalt emulsion with hot lime slurry in cold in-place recycled (CIR) mixtures was evaluated as an alternative to the use of conventional asphalt emulsions (AE) or class C fly ash. Reclaimed asphalt pavement was mixed with 1.5% AE, 8% and 12% class C fly ash, 1.5% AE with 1.5% hydrated lime, and 1.5% AE with 1.14% CaO introduced as hot lime slurry. The samples were evaluated in the laboratory for indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and moisture sensitivity using AASHTO T283. Samples were tested in the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer for ratting resistance and moisture damage.

The results indicated CIR mixtures with AE and hot lime slurry performed better than either the AE or the AE with hydrated lime samples in tensile strength, rutting resistance and moisture damage. It is recommended that CIR mixtures with hot lime slurry be considered as an alternative to CIR with class C fly ash.
Design and Construction of Chip Seals for High Traffic Volume
Authors: Shuler S
Published: March 2009

Chip seal construction is avoided on high traffic volume pavements because of: • Vehicle Damage • Short Life Expectancy • Noise/Roughness

This paper describes methods of effectively constructing chip seals on high traffic volume pavements (greater than 7500 vehicles per day per lane on four lanes, or approximately 30,000 ADT) and avoiding the problems indicated above.

Much of the research described in this paper culminated in the construction and performance evaluation of four experimental pavements designed to demonstrate effectiveness of chip seal applications on high traffic volume asphalt concrete pavements. Over twenty different experimental test sections were constructed as part of this study.

Performance of one of the pavements over the past seven years suggests that initial aggregate embedment must be higher than for chip seals carrying conventional traffic to resist aggregate loss within the first 24 hours of trafficking. Further, to avoid flushing due to the higher initial aggregate embedment, stiffening of the emulsion residues through modification appears necessary.
Pavement Preventive Maintenance: Description, Effectiveness, and Treatments
Authors: Mamlouk MS , Zaniewski JP
Published: March 2009

The level of funding by various highway agencies is inadequate to keep roads at the current condition if current maintenance and rehabilitation policies are continued. Through a preventive maintenance program, pavements can be maintained in a cost-effective manner leading to a better pavement quality at lower total costs. Preventive maintenance is a program strategy that can arrest light deterioration, retard progressive failures, and reduce the need for routine maintenance activities. The objective of such a program strategy is to extend the functional life of the pavement by applying treatments before the pavement deteriorates to a condition that requires a corrective treatment, such as a structural overlay. An effective strategy would feature a combination of different treatments, such as periodic crack treatment followed by chip sealing. A number of highway agencies have used preventive maintenance strategies for both low and high volume roads and found them to be successful. Preventive maintenance treatments for flexible pavements include fog seal, chip seal, slurry seal, micro-surfacing, crack treatment, and thin hot-mix dense, open and gap graded overlays. The selection of a preventive maintenance treatment should be based on the condition of the existing pavement, traffic volume, and environmental conditions. Other factors include experience, budget constraints, and political reality.
Effectiveness of Highway Maintenance Treatments Used in Texas
Authors: Syed IM , Freeman TJ , Smith RE
Published: March 2009

The Supplemental Maintenance Effectiveness Research Program (SMERP) was designed to study more closely the types of maintenance treatments typically used in Texas, and it allowed the contractor to use local materials if desired. The treatments constructed in the SMERP study were asphalt rubber chip seal, polymer modified emulsion chip seal, latex-modified asphalt chip seal, conventional asphalt chip seal, and a micro-surfacing treatment. The goal for the SMERP experiment is to establish the cost effectiveness of typical and promising maintenance treatments used in Texas to prolong the life of asphalt pavements. The data collected were converted into the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and performance curves were developed. This paper discusses the development of these performance curves.
Effectiveness of Seal Coat Interlayers in Maintenance Overlays
Authors: Hossain MS , Parker F
Published: March 2009

During 1992, three one-mile (1.6 km) long test sections were constructed on each of fourteen maintenance overlay projects in Alabama. A mile-long control section represented the usual construction practice of asphalt concrete overlay with a seal coat interlayer. Two experimental sections had a same and a thicker overlay without seal coat interlayers. Milled and unmilled projects were included. Cracking (alligator, transverse, and longitudinal), rutting and an overall pavement condition rating were considered to evaluate the effectiveness of seal coat interlayers.

Seal coat interlayers reduced transverse reflection cracking, but milling was more effective. Milling increased alligator cracking, but reduced rutting. Overall, neither seal coat interlayers nor milling improved overlay performance. Cost wise, seal coat interlayers and milling adds approximately $0.40 and $0.33 per m2, respectively, to overlay costs.
Subsurface Fluid-Flow (Ground-Water and Vadose Zone) Modeling
Authors: Ritchey JD , Rumbaugh JO
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1288 is the first publication of its kind featuring newly developed techniques and guidance for simulating water, air and contaminant movement in subsurface water resources.

Papers are presented in an order consistent with the procedures for conducting a model application, making this volume easy to use. A comprehensive glossary of ground-water modeling terminology is included.

24 peer-reviewed papers cover the following comprehensive topics:

Evaluation of Modeling -- Four papers explore a full range of concerns from the difficulty of ground-water modeling, to recommendations for future standards rectification and model codes for general use.

Conceptualization -- Successful problem solving techniques for subsurface flow problems in various hydrologic and geologic settings are explored in four papers.

Code Selection/Validation -- Four papers address alternative model codes and how to best fit objectives with the conceptual model chosen.

Model Design and Construction -- The diversity of codes and applications, and how best to establish the model grid, boundary conditions and conduct sufficient simulations are addressed in six papers.

Calibration -- Two papers examine how to adjust uncertain model input parameters to account for the difference between measured versus observed input.

Application Verification/Uncertainty -- Innovative techniques for verifying differing model applications are discussed in three papers.

Post Audit -- An extensive paper examines how the investigation of one site resulted in design remediation.
Fiber, Matrix, and Interface Properties
Authors: Spragg CJ , Drzal LT
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the latest information on the role of fibers, matrices and their interface/interphase in composite performance. The country'sleading researchers in the field have presented 13 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers covering innovative approaches to interfacial test methods in composite materials development.

Topics explored include:

• Dynamic mechanical evaluation techniques for interfacial properties in high-volume fraction composites

• Fatigue life and damage accumulation of short-fiber reinforced polymer composites

• Alternate approaches for high-performance composite testing

• Fiber matrix adhesion evaluation

• Voltage contrast XPS assessment

• Debonding in fiber pull-out specimens

• An innovative technique for studying interfacial strength and transverse cracking.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 27th Volume
Authors: Piascik RS , Newman JC , Dowling NE
Published: March 2009

Description

Compiled by an international group of experts in their field, STP 1296 features the latest information on fatigue and fracture mechanics research. In addition to addressing important fatigue and fracture issues relating to life prediction, this volume contains 33 peer-reviewed papers that focus on the following four categories: Elastic-Plastic Fracture; • Fatigue; • Advanced Materials and Application; • and Analytical Methods.
Elevated Temperature Effects on Fatigue and Fracture
Authors: Piascik RS , Gangloff RP , Saxena A
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1297 is the first publication of its kind to explore how increased heat impacts the fatigue and fracture behavior of advanced metals. 12 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers cover the following key topics:

• Integration of damage evolution, from the most general distributed form to the slightest crack tip

• High-resolution experimental exploration of the fatigue and fracture processes

• Thoroughly tested, high quality quantitative prediction models

• Next-generation structural metal performance and component life prediction.

A critical resource for metallurgists, mechanical engineers in aerospace, researchers involved with military and primary metals production technologies and power generation specialists.
High Temperature and Environmental Effects on Polymeric Composites: 2nd Volume
Authors: Gates TS , Zureick A-H
Published: March 2009

Description

State-of-the-art research on the advancement of polymeric composite durability from experts in materials science and the mechanics of materials. 15 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers examine such topics as:

• Analytical models that predict long-term performance

• Thermomechanical procedures to improve mechanical performance

• The development of a methodology to predict remaining strength and life in polymeric composites

• The impact of moisture in elevated temperature environments

• The interaction between creep and fatigue at elevated temperatures

• How crack propagation rates correlated with the stress intensity factor effect materials

• Experimental and analytical techniques for assessing long-term performance and durability.
Test Methods for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM): Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Hitch JL
Published: March 2009

Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) encompasses a variety of fill materials that are primarily used as replacements for compacted backfill. The history of CLSM tracing back to its inception as K-Krete® provides a basis for how test methods came into existence. The American Concrete Institute's (ACI) work assimilating all of the knowledge gained throughout history, including a working definition of CLSM, resulted in a state-of-the-art report which brought this new fill technology to the construction industry. It was ACI who originally recognized the need for test methods to be developed specifically for CLSM.

The testing of CLSM became important, and the role that ASTM Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization with Admixtures played in creating standardized test methods is discussed. Background into how these test methods came into existence stems from experiences at the Bureau of Reclamation, the Ohio Ready Mixed Concrete Association, and Pozzolanic Northwest. The history of the current standard test methods for CLSM is rather short but quite important. Five ASTM standards currently exist specifically for CLSM which is just the beginning. Possibilities for additional test methods are explored.
Design and Testing Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM) Using Clean Coal Ash
Authors: Naik TR , Kraus RN , Sturzl RF , Ramme BW
Published: March 2009

The major objective of this project was to develop mixture proportions for controlled low-strength material (CLSM) using clean coal ash obtained from atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC). A clean coal ash is defined as the ash derived from SOx and NOx control technologies. The specific ashes used for this project were: (1) circulating fluidized bed boiler fly ash and bottom ash and (2) stoker - type boiler fly ash and bottom ash. These two coal ash samples were characterized for physical and chemical properties. Chemical properties and water leaching tests were also performed on the hardened CLSM. Many initial CLSM mixtures were developed by blending the two types of ash.

Tests conducted on the final three selected CLSM mixtures included compressive strength, bleeding, setting and hardening, settlement, length change of hardened CLSM, permeability, mineralogy, and chemical water leach testing. Results show that acceptable CLSM material can be developed by blending the fluidized bed boiler ash with the stoker boiler ash. Recommendations for a pilot scale manufacturing application of the three CLSM mixtures were made based upon the lab test results.
Use of High-Fines Limestone Screenings as Aggregate for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM)
Authors: Crouch LK , Gamble R , Brogdon JF , Tucker CJ
Published: March 2009

Before the development of performance-enhancing admixtures, flowable fill mixes bled off excess mix water to consolidate after placement. The presence of significant amounts of material finer than 0.075 mm in the aggregate impeded bleeding, and therefore, most specifying agencies limited the percentage allowed to less than ten. New performance-enhancing admixtures limit strength, prevent segregation, and enhance workability by entraining large percentages of stable air bubbles in flowable fill mixtures. Flowable fill mixtures containing these admixtures do not bleed and, therefore, could possibly use aggregates containing greater than 10% finer than 0.075 mm. It was determined that aggregate containing up to 21% finer than 0.075 mm could be used to produce a flowable fill mix meeting National Ready Mixed Concrete Association performance recommendations.
Engineering Properties of Air-Modified Controlled Low-Strength Material
Authors: Hoopes RJ
Published: March 2009

The engineering and material properties of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) can be altered through the use of air-modifying additives, thereby broadening potential end-uses for CLSM. Air-modified low-water content CLSM retains the compressibility, shear, load-bearing, and flowability characteristics of non-air- modified CLSM, while improving permeability, subsidence, bleeding, and freeze-thaw properties. This paper details test procedures and results of several soil and other applicable backfill tests including compressive strength, direct shear, California bearing ratio (CBR), modified (cyclic loading) CBR, triaxial shear, incremental consolidation, thermal conductivity, water permeability, air permeability, freeze-thaw, and bleeding.
Long Term Strength Gain of Controlled Low-Strength Materials
Authors: Mullarky JI
Published: March 2009

Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is commonly used as a backfill in utility trenches and other applications. The fill must gain sufficient strength to allow for early repaying and support traffic loads. However, the ultimate strength of the fill material must not exceed 50 to 200 psi (0.344 to 1.38 MPa) to allow for re-excavation of the trench should repairs be necessary. Concern over the long term strength gain of CLSM has prompted the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association to initiate a 2 year cooperative study that will investigate mix parameters that control long term strength. Comparisons of standard strength tests with removeability of the in-place fill will be made. The study will also evaluate ASTM provisional test methods for CLSM. Preliminary results are reported in this paper.
Innovative uses of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) in Colorado
Authors: Hook W , Clem DA
Published: March 2009

The use of controlled low strength material (CLSM), also known as flowable fill, has dramatically increased throughout the State of Colorado over the last eight years. This paper will outline the various uses of CLSM, mix designs, construction procedures, and problems encountered. Some specific uses that will be included are the filling below abandoned bridges in-place, filling an abandoned pipeline under Interstate Highway 70, backfill against a foundation of a large commercial warehouse, and other interesting uses.
Developing Controlled Low-Strength Materials to Meet Industry and Construction Needs
Authors: Gardner MR
Published: March 2009

A ready mix supplier in the Seattle marketplace took the initiative to develop and market controlled low strength material (CLSM). Seven CLSM projects over the past eight years are reviewed showing several examples of how the owner and contractor saved money by reducing both time and risk to employees. Aggregate options other than those used in conventional fill or concrete production were used.

Quality control of CLSM began with the ready-mix supplier providing all of the testing, and using the information internally. Testing laboratories are now testing CLSM and evaluating it as if it were concrete, this has driven the need for new ASTM standards specifically for CLSM.
Flowable Fill Backfill for Use in Sequential Excavations in Contaminated Soil
Authors: Walker MP , Ash JR
Published: March 2009

The use of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) or flowable fill for backfill of pipelines and adjacent to structures has become common practice because of ease of placement, lack of need for compaction, and relatively fast set time of the material. These properties are also ideal for backfill placed underwater or fill placed to allow sequential excavation.

CLSM was used to backfill excavations conducted to remove oil contaminated soil adjacent to foundations of existing structures and under standing water. The contaminated soil was sequentially excavated in narrow trenches and backfilled with CLSM, allowing excavation of subsequent adjacent trenches while minimizing soil movement into the open excavation. This sequential excavation would not have been possible with conventional compacted backfill. CLSM backfill was successfully placed underwater using tremie methods.
Flowable Fill Promotes Trench Safety and Supports Drainage Pipe Buried 60 ft (18.3 M) Under New Runway
Authors: Hegarty JR , Eaton SJ
Published: March 2009

In 1995, Kent County International Airport began building a new crosswind runway. The new runway traversed a 66-ft (20.1-m) deep ravine and a stream. Designers chose to enclose the stream in a 60-in (1500-mm) inside diameter reinforced concrete pipe before building the runway embankment. To minimize earth loads on the rigid concrete pipe, a narrow 10-ft (3-m) trench was specified. Safety authorities demanded a wider trench, however, in spite of vertical clay trench walls. Because a wider trench would place unacceptable earth loads on the pipe, designers proposed a modified narrow trench and backfilling the pipe with flowable fill. Flowable fill was placed to the springline; then granular soil was compacted to 12 in (30 cm) above the crown of the pipe before a clay embankment was placed over it to the final grade. The culvert pipe has been inspected three times since installation and is performing well.
Frost Penetration in Flowable Fill Used in Pipe Trench Backfill
Authors: Baker THW
Published: March 2009

Flowable fill is being used in Canadian municipalities as a select trench backfill under urban streets subjected to heavy traffic loads. The flowable fill mixture being sold by the Canadian ready mixed concrete industry for backfilling utility trenches has been found to be a good structural fill in supporting the overlying pavement and, in some cases, has been used to physically support buried utilities. The high thermal conductivity of this material has been found by some municipalities to contribute to a deeper frost penetration when used as a trench backfill. This deeper frost penetration has caused hydrant laterals and water service lines to freeze as well as differential frost heave of the asphalt surface surrounding the trench. This paper discusses these problem, presents some results from a full-scale experiment in Edmonton, Alberta, and suggests some potential solutions.
Heat of Neutralization Test to Determine Cement Content of Soil-Cement or Roller-Compacted Concrete
Authors: Scavuzzo R , Kunzer BA
Published: March 2009

A construction control field test method for determining the cement content of freshly mixed soil-cement or roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is discussed. Typical Bureau of Reclamation practice is to establish the most economical mix design requiring the lowest possible cement content that meets both strength and durability specification criteria. Gradation characteristics of available borrow material can dictate mix designs having a significant percentage of plus 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve-size particles. The ability to determine quickly and accurately the cement content of soil-cement or RCC as it is being placed is critical to help ensure that specification strength and durability requirements are being met. The heat of neutralization test method presented (as modified by the Bureau of Reclamation) has been found to be accurate to within ± 1 % of actual cement content for mix designs having cement contents of 3 to 16 % and up to 50 % plus 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve-size particles; does not require the separation of plus 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve-size material; and cement content determinations can be made using durable field equipment within 15 to 20 min. Precision and bias statements have been established for the test method in accordance with the ASTM Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials (C 802) and the ASTM Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials (C 670) and are presented.
Thermal and Mechanical Test Methods and Behavior of Continuous-Fiber Ceramic Composites
Authors: Jenkins MG , Lara-Curzio E , Gonczy ST , Ashbaugh NE , Zawada LP
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1309 gives you access to the latest research data, technical advances, and novel experimental techniques for the evaluation of continuous-fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs).

This new volume also introduces the first published reports of applications of recently approved ASTM test methods for CFCCs, and contains significant information for many engineering applications where materials may be exposed to service cycles in various aggressive environments.Types of CFCCs examined include those processed with chemically infiltrated, polymer-impregnated, sintered, melt-infiltrated, or viscous glass-infiltrated matrices.

19 peer-reviewed papers focus on the following five categories:

• Room-Temperature Test Results/Methods;

• High-Temperature Test Results/Methods;

• Nondestructive Characterization;

• Modeling and Processing;

• and Testing of Tubes.
Applications of Continuum Damage Mechanics to Fatigue and Fracture
Authors: McDowell DL
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind to introduce state-of-the-art applications of damage mechanics to fatigue and fracture issues in broad classes of materials.

13 peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading researchers in the field cover the following comprehensive areas:

Damage Mechanics of Composites -- 6 papers deal with varying aspects of modeling damage in composite materials.

Distribution Effects and Homogenization -- Issues related to the scaling of effects of distributed damage on behavior at a higher length scale are explored in 3 papers.

Local Approaches to Fatigue and Fracture -- 4 papers present application examples of Continuum Damage Mechanics, including impact damage, particle erosion damage, and fracture of weldments.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Eighth Volume
Authors: Chou TC , Royals WT , Steinberg TA
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1319 features cutting edge information on oxygen compatibility, safe systems designs, and modeling metallic and non metallic ignition and combustion processes. In addition to a major key note address on the need for safety codes in oxygen system piping, 34 comprehensive papers cover the following key areas:

Failure Analysis and Safety-- papers highlight the importance of safety in oxygen systems, including two incident investigations

Component Design and Development or Evaluation of Test Methods--Such issues as design methods to avoid hazards, and variables that impact the accurate replication of test results are explored in four papers.

Ignition and Combustion of Metals--12 papers focus on areas including modeling aspects of the ignition and combustion process for metals in oxygen, characteristics of various alloys in oxygen, and reduced gravity tests for nine different metallic materials.

Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals--The compatibility of various polymers/elastomers in oxygen environments, new rail transport carriage material flammability studies and the results of a dynamic O-ring seal tester are among the concerns explored in 7 papers.

A final miscellaneous section contains 5 papers ranging from the ignitibility of composites in liquid and gaseous oxygen to the development of data management systems for metallic and nonmetallic materials’ compatibility in oxygen-enriched environments.
Progress of Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement): Evaluation and Implementation
Authors: Jester RN
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind to present leading edge research on the use and applicability of this innovative form of asphalt pavement.

14 peer-reviewed papers cover topics including:

• Oregon's Superpave implementation

• The evaluation of five test projects in Arizona

• Field and laboratory evaluation of Superpave level one mix design in California

• How long-term asphalt mixture oven aging impacts Superpave thermal cracking performance predictions

• Designing recycled hot mix asphalt mixtures using Superpave technology

• Inservice asphalt evaluation after eight years

• Comparisons between the aging processes for asphalt mixtures and asphalt binders

• Construction consideration in field applications of the Superpavemix design system.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 18th International Symposium
Authors: Nanstad RK , Hamilton ML , Garner FA , Kumar AE
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the most current research from an international body of leading experts on how radiation impacts the microstructure and mechanical properties of a wide range of metals.

This comprehensive publication includes 71 peer-reviewed papers organized into the following key areas:

• radiation damage mechanisms and modeling in reactor pressure vessel steels

• relevant mechanical properties and test techniques for pressure vessel steels

• grain boundary segregation studies

• microstructural aspects of annealing; recovery of properties by thermal annealing

• embrittlement correlations

• damage characterization using nondestructive techniques

• segregation and properties of austenitic alloys

• irradiation creep and swelling in structural and austenitic alloys

• microstructural studies and mechanical properties experiments on ferritic and ferritic-martensitic alloys

• and experiments using copper and copper alloys, vanadium alloys and other materials including aluminum, beryllium, zirconium and sapphire.
Overview of Biaxial Test Results for Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Swanson SR
Published: March 2009

Biaxial tests to determine stiffness and strength properties have been carried out on carbon/epoxy material systems using tubular specimens. The tests have included AS4, IM7, and T800 carbon fibers in a variety of layups that include fibers in [0/ ±60] layups, [0/ ±45/ 90] in quasi-isotropic layups, and layups with extra fibers in the loading or off-axis directions, as well as layups in which the loading directions were at an angle with respect to the fiber directions, and specimens with 2-D triaxial braids. Loadings included biaxial tension, biaxial compression, mixed tension and compression, and compression under superposed pressure. The tests show a number of features that can be interpreted on both a macroscopic and a micromechanics level. The results for specific layups and materials show that ultimate laminate failure can be accurately correlated by means of a critical fiber direction strain. However, relating the laminate failure values to the properties of the fiber and matrix requires a more detailed examination at the micromechanics level. Ultimate fiber direction tensile strain values apparently depend on the details of the interaction of matrix cracking and fiber-matrix inter phase strength, and thus in situ fiber strength in a laminate differs from that in a tow test.