bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guidelines to facilitate acceptance of student accoucheurs in clinical practice at the Free State maternal healthcare institutions
Authors:   , Madlala Siphiwe Themba
Published: October 2021

Background In South Africa, the South African Nursing Council (SANC) introduced a four-year comprehensive programme leading to registration as a Nurse (General, Psychiatric and Community) and Midwife, Regulation R425 of 22 February 1985 as amended. This regulation requires student nurses to be trained in all disciplines irrespective of their gender. Student accoucheurs studying at the Free State School of Nursing are faced with resistance, discrimination, rejection and unacceptability by pregnant women during their clinical placement at the Free State maternal health care institutions. Considerable studies have been conducted on males in nursing, but no guidelines have been developed to facilitate student accoucheurs’ acceptance in maternal health care. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to explore and describe the views of student accoucheurs and women regarding the maternal health care services rendered by student accoucheurs, and ultimately to develop guidelines to facilitate acceptance of student accoucheurs in clinical practice at the Free State maternal health care institutions. Methodology An explorative, descriptive, and qualitative research design was employed to conduct the study. The views of student accoucheurs and women, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for purposeful sampling, were explored and described. Two data collection sets were used to collect data, namely: individual face to face semi- structured interviews with pregnant women and focus groups with student accoucheurs. Data were analysed thematically, and the findings were triangulated with the integration of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations as a theoretical framework guiding the study to enable drawing of commonalities regarding the phenomena. ii Findings The findings revealed that women in the Free State Province are culturally and religiously diverse and have different beliefs, values and practices regarding the presence of student accoucheurs in maternal health care institutions. There were a number of contributing factors to resistance, including embarrassment, fear of being seen naked by other men, lack of career knowledge about nursing, age of student accoucheurs and non-exposure to maternal health care services rendered by accoucheurs. The findings of the research study led to the development of guidelines and recommendations for their implementation by stakeholders involved in student accoucheurs’ training in the Free State Province.
Clinical instructor's experiences of clinical education at a chiropractic teaching clinic in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors:   , Vogl Enya Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

INTRODUCTION: This dissertation provides insight into the status of the clinical instructor’s experience of clinical education at a chiropractic teaching clinic in KwaZulu-Natal and aims to equip the profession to understand better how clinical instructors perceive their role in the clinical education of chiropractic students. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of the clinical instructors at the Durban University of Technology (DUT) Chiropractic Day Clinic (CDC) as perceived by themselves. This study contributes to knowledge of the clinical education experience of clinical instructors at the DUT CDC. This information can assist the institution to better equip the clinical instructors for clinical learning, thus improving the educational experience of the students, and accomplishing the departmental and institutional vision and mission. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study was conducted within a constructivist paradigm using a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design to explore the experiences of clinical instructors at the DUT CDC with regards to the clinical education setting. The constructivist paradigm as an epistemological position takes the view that knowledge of how things are is a product of how we come to understand them. This design concentrates on understanding and exploring meaning and the way people make meaning rather than proving a theory. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with chiropractic clinical instructors so as to explore their clinical education experience within the DUT CDC, until saturation was met. A total of 14 interviews were conducted and analysed. The data was transcribed and coded by the researcher as well as the research supervisor. Content was analysed using the Graneheim and Lundman (2004) framework. RESULTS: The research question was answered and three primary themes that encompassed the experience of the chiropractic clinical instructors were identified. These were: clinical instruction and the role of the clinical instructor; interpersonal relationships in the clinical education setting; and the clinical education environment experience.
Experiences of returning patients at a Homoeopathic community clinic
Authors:   , Ngobese Vimbulaka Nhlakanipho Brian
Published: October 2021

Introduction Abstract South Africa has a dual healthcare system which comprises of a public and private healthcare sector. The public sector is state controlled and provides allopathic medicinal care only, whilst the private healthcare sector is flexible. This means that the population has the choice of the medicinal therapy such as allopathic medicine or complementary medicine. Homeopathy is one of the complementary medicine with major growth and it has been in existence for so long in South Africa. However, a large proportion of the South African public is unclear with regards to homoeopathic understanding. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of returning patients at Ukuba Nesibindi Homoeopathic Community Clinic and the study was guided by the grand tour question that is: What are the experiences as a returning patient, at UNHCC with regard to the care they had received? Methodology A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was employed. Holloway and Wheeler (2010) suggest that a qualitative research in the field of healthcare is used to establish how people think of the experiences and their suffering and further explore their perspective on the care and treatment they received within the healthcare system. Purposive sampling was used to recruit a minimum of 12 participants who had visited the clinic four times or more. The data was collected and analysed using Tesch’s eight-step procedure. Results The results showed that although majority of the participant had vague understanding of homoeopathy, participants acknowledged that the quality of help received at the homeopathic clinic were highly beneficial. Furthermore, thematic analysis showed that participant ware dissatisfied with other streams of healthcare and contented with homoeopathic treatment. However, participants highlighted that the infrastructure at UNHCC needs improvement in terms of space. Conclusion The salient themes of this study strongly suggest that homeopathic medicine and practices was widely accepted by the participant. It also emerged that participant had trust and expressed confidence in homoeopaths at UNHCC. Based on these findings, the researcher highly recommends the need for the integration of homoeopathic practice and medicine into the South Africa Primary health care. Importantly, the integration of homoeopathic medicine as a primary health care provider will help provide an alternati ve platform to ease the load on conventional allopathic medical clinics.
Ecotoxicological assessment of the impact of pavement material on roadside soil pollution
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: October 2021

The ecological safety of the use of nepheline sludge in the construction of the lower foundations of pavements is shown. Using electron microscopy and chemical analysis, the area of influence of nepheline sludge used in the construction of road pavements on the roadside soil, which is limited by a distance of 10 m, was determined. Studies have been carried out on ecotoxicity using monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and soil infusories of the genus Colpoda steinii. results, which confirmed the possibility of using nepheline sludge as a component of pavement in the form of nepheline-crushed stone mixture. Keywords: NEPHELINE SLAM, PAVEMENT MATERIAL, ECOLOGY, TOXICITY, ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS SUBTEMA INTRODUCE MYSELF MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK TALK WRITE SISWA KELAS VII B SMPN 1 SUMOWONO SEMESTER 1 TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: KUSTININGSIH SOFIA
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses dan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII B SMPN 1 Sumowono Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019 pada pembelajaran bahasa Inggris subtema Introduce Myself setelah siswa mengikuti pembelajaran dengan model pembelajaran TTW (Think Talk Write). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan secara kolaboratif antara peneliti sebagai guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris dan wali kelas VII B. Tindakan dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus dengan masing-masing siklus terdiri dari 2 pertemuan. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII B SMPN 1 Sumowono Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019 dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 31 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tes, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Validasi data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keaktifan belajar meningkat dari angka 45,16% atau 14 siswa pada studi awal menjadi 74,19% atau 23 siswa pada siklus I, meningkat menjadi 93,55% atau 29 siswa pada akhir siklus II. Adapun penjelasan nilai rata-rata hasil dan ketuntasan belajar yang terus meningkat pada studi awal hanya 63,55 naik menjadi 72,90 pada siklus I, dan 80,32 pada siklus II. Nilai rata-rata pada siklus kedua tersebut sudah memenuhi standar Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum (KKM) yaitu 75. Ketuntasan belajar sebanyak 8 siswa atau 25,81% pada studi awal, 48,39% atau 15 siswa pada siklus I, 28 siswa atau 90,32% pada siklus II. Ketuntasan belajar sudah mencapai 85% dari jumlah seluruh siswa sesuai dengan indikator dan kriteria keberhasilan yang telah ditentukan. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran TTW (Think Talk Write), efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII B SMPN 1 Sumowono Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019 pada pembelajaran bahasa Inggris subtema Introduce Myself.
New particle formation in coastal New Zealand with a focus on open ocean air masses
Authors: Peltola Maija , Rose Clémence , Trueblood Jonathan V. , Gray Sally , Harvey Mike , Sellegri Karine
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Even though oceans cover the majority of the Earth, most aerosol measurements are from continental sites. We measured aerosol particle number size distribution at Baring Head, in coastal New Zealand, over a total period of 10 months to study aerosol properties and new particle formation, with a special focus on aerosol formation in open ocean air masses. Particle concentrations were higher in land-influenced air compared to clean marine air in all size classes from sub-10 nm to cloud condensation nuclei sizes. When classifying the particle number size distributions with traditional methods designed for continental sites, new particle formation was observed at the station throughout the year with an average event frequency of 23 %. While most of these traditional event days had some land-influence, we also observed particle growth starting from nucleation mode during 16 % of the data in clean marine air and at least part of this growth was connected to nucleation in the marine boundary layer. Sub-10 nm particles accounted for 29 % of the total aerosol number concentration of particles larger than 1 nm in marine air during the spring. This shows that nucleation in marine air is frequent enough to influence the total particle concentration. Particle formation in land-influenced air was more intense and had on average higher growth rates than what was found for marine air. Particle formation and primary emissions increased particle number concentrations as a function of time spent over land during the first 1–2 days spent over land. After this, nucleation seems to start getting suppressed by the pre-existing particle population, but accumulation mode particle concentration keeps increasing, likely due to primary particle emissions. Further work showed that traditional NPF events were favoured by sunny conditions with low relative humidity and wind speeds. In marine air, formation of sub-10 nm particles was favoured by low temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speeds and could happen even during the night. Our future work will study the mechanisms responsible for particle formation at Baring Head with a focus on different chemical precursor species. This study sheds light on both new particle formation in open ocean air masses coming from the Southern Ocean and local aerosol properties in New Zealand.
Depth to water table correction for initial carbon-14 activities in groundwater mean residence time estimation
Authors: Irvine Dylan J. , Wood Cameron , Cartwright Ian , Oliver Tanya
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Carbon-14 (14C) is routinely used to determine mean
residence times (MRTs) of groundwater. 14C-based MRT calculations
typically assume that the unsaturated zone is in equilibrium with the
atmosphere, controlling the input 14C activity. However, multiple
studies have shown that unsaturated zone 14C activities are lower than
atmospheric values. Despite the availability of unsaturated zone 14C
data, no attempt has been made to generalise initial 14C activities
with depth to the water table. We utilise measurements of unsaturated zone
14C activities from 13 studies to produce a 14C–depth relationship to estimate initial 14C activities. The technique only requires the
depth to the water table at the time of sampling or an estimate of depth to water in the recharge zone to determine the input 14C activity, making
it straightforward to apply. Applying this new relationship to two
Australian datasets (113 14C measurements in groundwater) shows that
MRT estimates were up to 9250 years younger when the 14C–depth correction was applied relative to conventional MRTs. These findings may
have important implications for groundwater samples that suggest the mixing
of young and old waters and the determination of the relative proportions of
young and waters, whereby the estimated fraction of older water may be much
younger than previously assumed. Owing to the simplicity of the application
of the technique, this approach can be easily incorporated into existing
correction schemes to assess the sensitivity of unsaturated zone 14C to
MRTs derived from 14C data.
Effects of environmental factors and soil properties on soil organic carbon stock in a natural dry tropical area of Cameroon
Authors: Tsozué Désiré , Noubissie Nérine Mabelle Moudjie , Mamdem Estelle Lionelle Tamto , Basga Simon Djakba , Oyono Dieudonne Lucien Bitom
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Research carried out on soil organic carbon stock (SOCS)
in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Cameroon is very rare. The few existing
studies are mostly available in reports and concern in most cases carbon
stocks in plant biomass. In order to contribute to the documentation on
soils in this part of the country, the present work was designed to evaluate
the SOCS in the main soil types and the influence of environmental factors
and soil properties on these stocks under the natural dry tropical area of
the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon. The study was undertaken in four
sites, including three natural forest reserves (Laf, Zamai, Kosohon) and one
national park (Mozogo), located at different latitudes. Three replicates
were collected at each site, giving rise to three sampling points chosen per
site, from 0 to 75 cm depth, for the determination of SOCS. At each sampling
point, soils were sampled using depth increments of 25 cm from the surface.
The studied area is covered by Haplic Vertisols, Dystric Arenosols, Dystric
Leptosols and Dystric Planosols. Total SOCS (T-SOCS) content, which refers
to a depth of 75 cm, decreases with increasing latitude, with 249±26.26 Mg ha−1 in Vertisols at Laf forest reserve most southerly
located, 199±8.00 Mg ha−1 in Arenosols at Zamai forest reserve,
166±16.63 Mg ha−1 in Leptosols at Kosohon forest reserve and
161±8.88 Mg ha−1 in Planosols at Mozogo national park most
northerly located, regardless of the altitude. No significant correlation
was noted between T-SOCS and the altitude. A good correlation was noted
between precipitation which decreases with increasing latitude and T-SOCS,
indicating the importance of climate in the distribution of T-SOCS in the
study area, which directly influences the productivity of the vegetation.
More than 60 % of the SOCS was stored below the first 25 cm from the soil
surface, a peculiarity of SOCS in drylands. The SOCS in the
Sudano-Sahelian area of Cameroon is mainly influenced by climate and
vegetation.
Orígenes y evolución del libro-álbum en Occidente. Una revisión entre el siglo XVII y el siglo XX
Authors: Larragueta Arribas Marta
Published: October 2021

En los últimos años el álbum ilustrado se ha convertido en uno de los principales productos editoriales de la literatura infantil y su presencia en bibliotecas, espacios escolares y librerías es cada vez mayor. Este género está caracterizado por la interacción de una serie de lenguajes que se entrelazan para fabricar el significado: texto, imágenes, formato y paratextos combinan sus mensajes y contribuyen a la creación de la obra. En esta publicación se realiza un recorrido histórico a través de los antecedentes del álbum y de su evolución posterior gracias al desarrollo de diversas técnicas de impresión y a la experimentación en el terreno del diseño y la ilustración. Se identifican cuatro aspectos fundamentales en el desarrollo del libro-álbum: los formatos grandes, donde también se tiene en cuenta la materialidad del producto, el rol decisivo de las ilustraciones, el establecimiento de la doble-página como unidad de significado y la interrelación compleja entre texto e imagen. Resulta de gran importancia que docentes y mediadores conozcan los orígenes de este género, así como su desarrollo a lo largo del tiempo, con el fin de que puedan fomentar un acercamiento crítico a la interpretación del lenguaje formal y de diseño.
CUSTOMER & CORE TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS: SOME UPSTREAM SUPPLY CHAIN EVIDENCES FROM CONSUMER ELECTRONICS & DURABLE INDUSTRY IN OMAN
Authors: Khare Ambuj , Saxena Anurag , Tewari Peeyush
Published: October 2021

The paper intends to find the specific factors about the supplier/manufacturer’s that are of concern to the customer in the wider supply chain network. It will also study how these factors affect the sales of CED products. This paper portrays the beliefs of customer about the upstream supplier/ manufacturer and its influence on the sale of white goods and consumer electronics in Oman by using a questionnaire containing questions about the supplier/ manufacturer. Discriminant analysis has been used for predicting a function that throws light on the likely sales. The model was successful in finding a discriminating function that throws light on the effect of supplier/ manufacturer’s profile on the sales of CED products in Oman region. It was able to predict the effect of the specific factors about the supplier/manufacturer’s on the prospective sales of CED products. The sample survey had been administered to 120 customers chosen randomly, 60 from Hyper Markets and 60 from specialized stores in Oman dealing with CED products. Many researchers have dealt with the supply chain problems pertaining to transportation and inventory for the upstream activities. Procurement problems are also taken up but from the perspective of manufacturer. This paper is an attempt to deal with procurement issues from the perspective of the customer.
The influence of size on the photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Jalolov R.R. , Rustamova B.N. , Urolov Sh.Z. , Shaymardanov Z.Sh.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes methods for synthesizing different nanostructures of ZnO in aqueous solutions at low temperatures and examines the effect of the size of the synthesized samples on the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. As the diameters of the nanostructures increased, a decrease in the ratio of the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation band to the intensity of the yellow radiation band in the PL spectrum observed. It is found that changing the diameters of nanostructures from 15 nm to 1000 nm leads to a decrease in their bandgap energy (Eg) from 3.28 to 3.21 eV. When the diameters of the nanostructures were less than ~400 nm, it was found that the energy of the band gap was strongly depend on the size of the nanostructure, and that the bond was weaker as the size of the nanostructures exceeded 400 nm.
Relationships between the Growth of Ethnic Groups and Socioeconomic Conditions in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Park ChiHyoung
Published: October 2021

Growth of the three largest US ethnic minorities (Hispanics, blacks, and Asians) is compared against three socioeconomic conditions—income, poverty, and employment—in US metropolitan statistical areas. The literature on the geography of ethnicity, particularly its social and economic findings, needed additional data collection and analysis. Findings from this research demonstrate that the social and economic characteristics of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians differed between central and suburban cities, and were more important descriptors and explanatory factors for socioeconomic changes in central cities than in suburban cities between 1990 and 2000. Growth among blacks and Hispanics, but not Asians, affected socioeconomic changes in those groups in central cities and suburban cities in U.S. metropolitan areas. These findings support the perception of overall improved socioeconomic status in these central and suburban cities for black and Hispanic growth.
Strengthening Network Ties through Mentoring of Alienated Personnel*
Authors: Ryu Sangyub , Lee Soo-Young
Published: October 2021

This study examines the social network aspects of mentoring in order to suggest ways to manage alienated public employees. It also explores the impact of mentoring that requires closer relationships between mentors and mentees to develop network ties. Networks of trust, respect, and friendship among soldiers in four barracks of the Republic of Korea Army (two experimental groups and two control groups) were measured using a social network survey. Alienated soldiers in the experimental groups were mentored by fellow soldiers with stronger ties, while no such mentoring was conducted in the control groups. After three months of mentoring, changes in network strengths were found among alienated soldiers in the experimental groups, while no significant changes were found among alienated soldiers in the control groups. This study is expected to contribute to human resource management by suggesting ways to strengthen the network ties of alienated personnel through mentoring.
Transition from the Developmental State: The Deliberative Policy Process of Civil Service Pension Reform in Korea*
Authors: Kwon Huck-ju , Kim Eunju
Published: October 2021

This paper examines three recent efforts to reform Korea’s Civil Service Pension Program, in order to trace the changing policy process in Korea, where the policy regime of the developmental state used to be predominant. It has been argued that the government no longer has overwhelming influence over the policy-making process, while social actors are not able to compromise on social issues. This paper aims to test the hypotheses of the decline of government influence and the inability to reach social compromise, focusing on stakeholders’ interactions at the micro level. It argues that a new deliberative policy process has emerged that engages a range of stakeholders, such as trade unions and policy experts, and in which different government ministries compete against each other. The paradox of the new policy process is that despite its deliberative nature, the government’s strategic influence continues to be strong.
Interest Groups, Public Expenditure, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Kim Eunji , Kim Sangheon
Published: October 2021

Although many studies have dealt with the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth, none has been able to pinpoint its exact nature. Recently, however, new efforts have been made to find new factors or variables that moderate the relationship. This paper investigates a new moderating variable, interest group activity, as suggested by Kim (forthcoming). According to cross-country data analysis, the interaction term between government expenditure and interest group activity plays a significant role. Government expenditure has been estimated to have a positive effect on economic growth when interest groups are inactive, and a negative impact on growth when interest groups are active.
Transaction Behavior in Nonmarket Settings: Revisiting Transaction Cost Economics Theory
Authors: Seo JungWook , Ryu Seeun
Published: October 2021

This study focuses on changes in transaction costs over time in nonmarket settings. Traditional Williamsonian transaction cost economics theory shows little concern with time. However, this study reveals that time is a crucial factor in the fluctuation of transaction costs in nonmarket settings: Transaction costs increase in the initial and middle phases of a transaction. But in the long term, they may increase or decrease and are affected considerably by whether the rules, procedures, and protocols governing the transaction are effective (“green tape”) or ineffective (“red tape”). In contrast, traditional transaction cost economics assumes a gradual decrease in transaction costs over time. The passage of time and the “red tape” or “green tape” governing the transaction influence stakeholders’ transaction behavior in nonmarket settings.
Management of Emergent Networks during Disasters: A Meta-synthesis
Authors: Boo Hyeong-Wook , Dudley Larkin S.
Published: October 2021

Meta-synthesis is an approach to reviewing qualitative research results. Many research results dealing with improvements to emergency management can be integrated into strategies for network management in emergencies. This meta-synthesis used a keyword search and survey of experts to identify representative studies of emergency response. It then used the reciprocal translation approach to synthesizing the studies. The synthesis is captured in a two-by-two matrix, one axis distinguishing between activity- and network-level interventions and the other between planning and improvisation strategies.
Consolidating Public Sector Reform through Policy Transfer in Korea: Global Diffusion and Local Control*
Authors: Park Sauk-Hee
Published: October 2021

In Korea, demands for economic and social democratization increased after 2000, as the country dealt with economic recession after the 1997 Asian financial crisis and with other problems resulting from mismanaged domestic policies. In response, the Korean state carried out unprecedented reform of the public sector to address these problems by streamlining state capacity. The primary objectives of this article are to understand Korean public sector reform together with its domestic political factors from a policy transfer perspective, and to suggest an alternate model for the reforms. The reforms, which took place during the Kim Dae-Jung and the Roh Mu-Hyun administrations, were consolidated through proactive policy transfer by politico-bureaucratic decisions in order to establish a new statecraft despite the global diffusion of policy trends. Investigation of its domestic political circumstances and historical context reveals that the reforms were not direct emulations of global norms, but rather an attempt to use a mixture of models to raise the quality of government.
The Institutionalization of the Presidential Secretariat in Korea, 1948-2011*
Authors: Jung Yong-duck , Lee Yoon-ho , Yoo Hyun-Jong
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the institutionalization of the presidential secretariat (PS) in Korea from 1948 to the present. The PS was poorly institutionalized from the 1940s to the 1960s, but it has rapidly expanded and differentiated since 1968. Although presidents since the democratic transition in 1987 have effectively controlled any expansion of the number of senior secretaries, the PS’s total size has continued to increase, especially during the latter part of each administration. It has undergone institutional experiments responding to changing environmental challenges. The PS has become a core institution for executive and economic policy functions since 1968, at which time its expenditures began to increase steadily, enhancing its autonomy. And, socio-cultural, welfare, and education affairs have been a particular focus of institutionalization since 1987. The PS has been highly professionalized, staffed mainly with public servants and experts rather than politicians. This has caused it to be oriented toward the long term and consistency rather than the short term and flexibility.
Comparison of Civil Service Reform in the United States and Korea: Central Personnel Agencies and Senior Civil Service Systems*
Authors: Choi Soonyoung
Published: October 2021

Recent changes to the Korean civil service system, such as the introduction of the Senior Civil Service system in 2006 and the elimination of the Civil Service Commission in 2008, superficially resemble changes introduced by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 in the United States. This study compares the structures and characteristics of the two countries’ civil service systems, their reforms, and the political context and processes by which reform legislation came to pass. Based on this comparison, policy implications are drawn for improving the Korean civil service system.
The Effects of State Smart Growth Management and Local Contexts on Local Open Space Preservation
Authors: Lee Se Jin
Published: October 2021

This study explores the effects of state smart growth management and local contextual factors—in particular, aspects of hierarchical governance and the political market framework—on local open space preservation. It takes into account state intervention in local affairs, including state requirements for local planning practices in general and for open space preservation in particular. It also tests local contextual factors such as political and informal institutions, interest groups, and community and physical characteristics, using hierarchical linear modeling. The findings suggest that counties are more likely to preserve open space when the state government strongly intervenes in local planning practices. The county manager form of government and high population density are negatively associated with open space preservation, while high demands for growth control and the presence of active environmental interest groups are positively associated with it.
Tonic or Toxin? The State, Neopatrimonialism, and Anticorruption Efforts in Nigeria
Authors: Oarhe Osumah
Published: October 2021

Nigeria is mired in corruption although it has many anticorruption laws, commissions, and agencies. This article, based on secondary data sources, examines the effect of the state and neopatrimonialism on anticorruption efforts in Nigeria. It argues that the contradictions in the character of the Nigerian state and the logic of neopatrimonialism hinder Nigeria’s anticorruption efforts, and recommends a redesigning of the state and reorientation of the mindsets of Nigerians to better enable anticorruption efforts to succeed.
Should I Stay or Should I Go: The Impact of Public Duty Motivation on Turnover Intentions*
Authors: Jeon So Hee , Robertson Peter J.
Published: October 2021

Despite the expansion of public service motivation (PSM) research in recent years, only a few studies have linked PSM with public employees’ turnover, and they have typically understood turnover as a dichotomous decision of staying versus leaving. Unlike previous research, we explore the relationship by taking into account various exit options. Utilizing data from the 2005 Merit Principles Survey, we classify public employees’ exit strategies into four types—not leaving, retiring, moving to another federal agency, and resigning from federal service—and examine how an indirect measure of PSM influences which of these exit strategies they intend to follow. We employ the indirect measure due to data availability; following previous research, we name this measure public duty motivation. Our findings suggest that the impact of public duty motivation varies across intended exit strategies: it decreases the likelihood of public employees intending to retire, while it leads them to be more likely to intend to move to another job within the federal government. In contrast, it is not a significant predictor of public employees’ intention to resign from federal service.
Business Incentive Controls and Political Bargaining: Performance Agreements and Clawback Clauses in American Cities*
Authors: Ha Hyunsang
Published: October 2021

This study examines factors that influence the use of performance agreements with clawback clauses as a means of controlling economic development incentives. The author advances a bargaining model based on networks as a lens for understanding development subsidies and controls. While a financially weak local government and local governments that primarily interact with private organizations tend to more loosely implement performance agreements and clawback clauses, local governments in areas with a business sector dominated by large companies and local governments that interact with public organizations tend to more strictly apply them. Another interesting finding is that bargaining conditions based on network relationships play an important role in the decision to always implement performance agreements with clawback clauses and that poor bargaining conditions result in local governments negotiating less binding arrangements. The results verify the utility of a bargaining approach and suggest that local governments can help to encourage more accountable and cost-efficient economic development by carefully managing bargaining conditions and networks.
From Alms to Arms: The Almajiri Phenomenon and Internal Security in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Aghedo Iro , Eke Surulola James
Published: October 2021

State and multinational efforts aimed at containing jihadist terrorism in northern Nigeria have only yielded modest results despite the repressive nature of these efforts. The ranks of the foot soldiers of Boko Haram and Ansaru fundamentalist Islamic sects continue to swell even in the face of the ferocious onslaught on their membership by state troops. In contrast to mainstream analyses that highlight the salience of radical Islamism in coming to terms with insurgent proliferation, this article demonstrates that jihadist insurgency in northern Nigeria is better understood as a consequence of youth bulge syndrome, particularly the low-cost availability of foot soldiers from the almajiri demographic cohort. Abandoned by parents and the state, the itinerant Quranic pupils resort to street, begging for alms and survival. And “street life” exposes the urchins to abuse, criminalization and subsequent mobilization for violent causes including terrorism. It is argued that until the practices of rampant child abuse and state neglect of the almajirai and other vulnerable groups are addressed through better education, employment opportunities and poverty reduction, northern Nigeria is likely to remain a breeding ground of violent conflicts.
Utilization of Maternal Health Services: An Experience from Squatter Settlement in Nepal
Authors: Ranabhat Sharmila , Baskota Suman , Thapa Rama
Published: October 2021

Maternal health care services should be accessible to all women during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. The majority of maternal deaths can be prevented if women utilize maternal health care services appropriately. This study aimed to assess the utilization of maternal health services and explore the barriers in accessing maternal health care services. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 48 mothers over the age of 18 with one or more children. The data was obtained by interview and focus group discussion using the structured questionnaires and checklists, which included socio-demographic characteristics, and utilization of antenatal care, delivery practice, and postnatal care services. Among 48 mothers, only 35.41% used complete antenatal care services, 66.66% received TT vaccine during pregnancy, 54.16% delivered their last child at the hospital, and only 27.08% received postnatal services as recommended by the World Health Organization. The antenatal care services and delivery services were utilized suboptimally, and postnatal care visits were significantly lower. Socio-economic factors such as family income and education of women correlated considerably with maternal health care utilization. Women with higher education levels and higher family income were more likely to go for frequent antenatal check-ups, have TT vaccinations, deliver in hospitals, and visit more postnatal check-ups than women with lower education levels and lower family income. The findings indicate that there are unmet needs of maternal health care access to women living in the squatters of Nepal. It is therefore important to implement targeted incentive programs and maternal health awareness campaigns to increase the utilization of maternal health services among women living in squatter settlements in Nepal.

Key words: Antenatal, Delivery, Postnatal, Maternal health services, Squatter.
Fast Foods, Snacks and Non-Alcoholic Beverages Intake among School Children and Baseline Body Mass Index in an Urban Government School, Nepal
Authors: Shakya Vivechana , Maharjan Susan
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a screening tool that indicates whether a person is underweight, healthy weight or obesity. Fast foods are commercial, ready-to-eat meals with high fat, little fiber, and minimal vitamins or calcium. This study intended to identify baseline BMI and fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverages intake and expenditure on those foods among school children in an urban government school.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 463 students, studying in grade 8-12 of Tri-Padma Vidyashram Secondary School during 21/02/2021 – 12/04/2021. Non probability convenience sampling and self developed structured questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS 16 was used for analysis. BMI, frequency and amount of fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverages consumption and their monthly expenditure on those foods were measured using descriptive statistics.
Results: The study shows that 382(82.5%) had normal BMI, 38(8.2%) overweight, 10(2.2%) obese, 28(6.0%) were in moderate malnutrition and 5(1.1%) were in severe malnutrition; therefore, the baseline BMI is ≥-2 to ≤ + 1 SD. 458(98.92%) respondents consume fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverage. Instant noodles (chowmein and packaged chow-chow) are the highly consumed fast foods 412(89.95%), followed by panipuri 394(86.02%) and samosa 386(84.27%). 263(57.42%) students/participants frequently consume fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverage. The mean expenditure on fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverage (Mean ± SD) is Rs.2676.82 ± 1363.43.
Conclusion: Majority of the respondents have normal BMI. More than half respondents frequently consume fast foods, snacks and non-alcoholic beverage and expense much money though they study in government school.

Key words: Body Mass Index (BMI), Fast foods, Non-alcoholic beverages, School children, Snacks.
Апробация микросателлитных маркеров для генотипирования различных видов дуба: Quercus robur L., Q. rubra L. и Q. mongolica Fisch.
Authors: Ржевский Станислав Геннадьевич , Кондратьева Анна Михайловна
Published: October 2021

В современном лесном хозяйстве широко применяется анализ генетического разнообразия на основе микросателлитных маркеров. Многие из разработанных для отдельных видов генетические маркеры в настоящее время ожидают проверки видовой специфичности. Целью данного исследования является апробация праймеров для микросателлитных участков на трех различных видах дуба (Quercus robur Linnaeus, 1753; Q. rubra Linnaeus, 1753; Q. mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour, 1850) для определения их специфичности. Исследование проводилось методом ПЦР-амплификации с применением SSR-маркеров. Протестировано шесть пар праймеров к микросателлитным локусам для видов рода Quercus (Q. robur и Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblein, 1784), а также одна пара праймеров для рода Fagus (F. sylvatica Linnaeus, 1753 и F. orientalis Lipsky, 1898). Результат анализа показал, что представленный набор микросателлитных маркеров пригоден для генотипирования дуба черешчатого, красного и монгольского, а также позволяет выявлять межвидовые различия. Апробированные маркеры в дальнейшем могут применяться для генетической паспортизации представителей данных видов.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND QUALITIES OF FUTURE NURSES DURING THEIR PRE-GRADUATION TRAINEESHIP
Authors:   Department of Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria., Dragusheva Snezhana , Petleshkova Penka ,   Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria., Kasnakova Petya ,   Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria., Stoeva Teodora ,   Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Published: October 2021

The choice of an occupation is an important step in everyone's life. The greatest risk that a wrong choice entails is for the person to be forced to do a job he/she does not enjoy. So careers advice is a vital prerequisite for a successful career. Experience shows that an effective career is directly dependent on the successful choice of an occupation. The performance of various tasks during the pre-graduation traineeship of future nurses will make them feel satisfied with the profession they have chosen and will act as a stimulus for them to practice the said profession. Aim: This study aims to verify the formation and improvement of professional skills and qualities of the nurses-to-be during their pre-graduation traineeship. Material and methods: We have surveyed the opinions of trainee nurses, students majoring in 'Nursing', as well as those of their mentors in the university hospitals and clinics. Results and discussion: It is a positive fact that for the surveyed students, the most important is the moral qualities that correspond to the moral values in the nursing profession. The fact that the respondents' rate as most significant moral qualities, such as honesty, integrity, responsibility, responsiveness and empathy, can serve as grounds for positive forecasts concerning the future development of the students, provided their further development is organized correctly. Conclusion: We have established that professional skills and qualities are developed and improved during the pre-graduation traineeship of the future nurses.
Bending Behavior of Concrete Beams Using Geotextiles in Tensile Areas
Authors: Ponny Sri , Tanijaya Jonie , Tonapa Suryanti Rapang
Published: October 2021

Geotextile is made of permeable geosynthetic. Geotextile s are formed from synthetic fibers based on polymers that have high mechanical properties in tensile strength, trapezoidal tearing strength, and puncture resistance. Therefore, researchers want to increase the use of Geotextile as an added material in the tensile area of concrete blocks. The test objects used are 9 pieces of 150mm×150mm×600mm beams. The results of the research were that the addition of woven Geotextile s and non-woven Geotextile s on concrete blocks increased, for woven Geotextile s by 21.593% of beams without using Geotextile s and non-woven Geotextile s of 17.058% of beams without using Geotextile s. So the use of Geotextile s on concrete blocks can improve quality because the value of the flexural strength of beams using Geotextile s is greater than beams without using Geotextiles.
“You don't have to do this”: Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men and the Courage to Be
Authors: Favero Douglas
Published: October 2021

This article engages debate on how Cormac McCarthy's novel No Country for Old Men (2005) grapples with what it means to live a life of courage in the face of existential threats by exploring the motives behind key moral choices made by main characters Anton Chigurh and Ed Tom Bell. With support from Paul Tillich's 1952 book The Courage to Be, the article finds that the primary intention behind these characters' choices is to protect themselves against the existential anxiety of self-condemnation. This reading contests notions that Chigurh either has no sense of moral responsibility or aims to evade it, and that Bell's story is one of moral cowardice to the end, concluding that the author's vision meets challenges presented by overwhelming external forces rather than resigning to them. These results may serve future research about self-affirmation in McCarthy's work.
COVID-19 and the mental health of professionals in the health sector in the UAE: An analytical study
Authors: Kooli Chokri
Published: October 2021

As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, the public health interventions reported that many individuals during this pandemic situation experience different circumstances that lead to their poor mental health performance, such as isolation stress, anxiety, depression, anger, confusion, and unemployment. The aim of this study is to examine the existing literature in a comprehensive manner and to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of UAE health workers. This study also examined the psychological factors that influence workers’ mental health due to the pandemic of COVID-19. An online questionnaire was administered to answer the research question. The results proved that the pandemic has affected both physical and mental health of UAE health workers. Consequently, the adoption of preventive actions at the governmental, organizational, and individual levels is highly recommended. In this research, the implementation of effective communication and the application of adequate psychological services have been suggested. To this end, the role of policy makers to be involved in placing governmental initiatives that prevent the spread of the virus and protect the mental health of workers has been highlighted.