bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From evidence to policy: Findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study
Authors: Fergusson David M , Boden Joseph M , Horwood L John
Published: August 2015

The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children who were born in Christchurch New Zealand in 1977. This cohort has now been studied from birth to the age of 35. This article examines a series of findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study that address a range of issues relating to the measurement, explanation and prevention of crime and antisocial behaviour. These issues include:

• The measurement of antisocial behaviour in middle childhood;

• The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on later criminal offending;

• The long-term consequences of conduct problems, self-control and attention deficits for later crime and delinquency;

• The role of the marker for the monoamine oxidase (MAOA) genotype in moderating the associations between crime and life course predictors of crime;

• The development of trajectory models of crime;

• The use of fixed effects regression in longitudinal analyses to control non-observed sources of confounding;

• Findings from evaluations of home visiting and parent behaviour management programmes.

In general, the findings of the Christchurch Health and Development Study suggest that: (a) conduct problems in childhood and adolescence are a strong and consistent predictor of adult crime; (b) maternal smoking may be an important factor in the development of crime and antisocial behaviour; (c) individuals with the low activity variant of the marker for the MAOA genotype may be at particular risk of criminal offending in adulthood if exposed to environmental risks; (d) the linkages between alcohol misuse and criminal offending are specific to more impulsive kinds of crime such as assault and vandalism; and (e) that home visitation and parent behaviour management programmes may be effective in reducing both child abuse and childhood behaviour problems, amongst other beneficial effects.

Two general themes unite this diverse portfolio of findings. The first has been the commitment of the Christchurch Health and Development Study research team to develop, pioneer and apply statistical methods for addressing long-standing issues relating to measurement and causal analysis in developmental data. The second has been the commitment of the group to translating research findings to develop well-evaluated evidence-based programmes.
Within-individual versus between-individual predictors of antisocial behaviour: A longitudinal study of young people in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Hemphill Sheryl A , Heerde Jessica A , Herrenkohl Todd I , Farrington David P
Published: August 2015

In an influential 2002 paper, Farrington and colleagues argued that to understand ‘causes’ of delinquency, within-individual analyses of longitudinal data are required (compared to the vast majority of analyses that have focused on between-individual differences). The current paper aimed to complete similar analyses to those conducted by Farrington and colleagues by focusing on the developmental correlates and risk factors for antisocial behaviour and by comparing within-individual and between-individual predictors of antisocial behaviour using data from the youngest Victorian cohort of the International Youth Development Study, a state-wide representative sample of 927 students from Victoria, Australia. Data analysed in the current paper are from participants in Year 6 (age 11–12 years) in 2003 to Year 11 (age 16–17 years) in 2008 ( N = 791; 85% retention) with data collected almost annually. Participants completed a self-report survey of risk and protective factors and antisocial behaviour. Complete data were available for 563 participants. The results of this study showed all but one of the forward- (family conflict) and backward-lagged (low attachment to parents) correlations were statistically significant for the within-individual analyses compared with all analyses being statistically significant for the between-individual analyses. In general, between-individual correlations were greater in magnitude than within-individual correlations. Given that forward-lagged within-individual correlations provide more salient measures of causes of delinquency, it is important that longitudinal studies with multi-wave data analyse and report their data using both between-individual and within-individual correlations to inform current prevention and early intervention programs seeking to reduce rates of antisocial behaviour.
Administrative data linkage as a tool for developmental and life-course criminology: The Queensland Linkage Project
Authors: Stewart Anna , Dennison Susan , Allard Troy , Thompson Carleen , Broidy Lisa , Chrzanowski April
Published: August 2015

A fundamental challenge to developmental and life-course (DLC) criminology research is access to appropriate longitudinal data to examine hypotheses concerning causal risk factors for offending and within-individual change over time, and to empirically test DLC theories. In this paper we present a powerful method for collecting appropriate data – linked administrative data. The Queensland Linkage Project includes three population-based longitudinal linked administrative databases – the Queensland Longitudinal Data (QLD) – QLD 83, QLD 84 and QLD 90. We describe the methodology of linking administrative data, the establishment of the QLD datasets and a selection of the work facilitated by these data. This work addresses issues raised by the editors including the effects of life events and the timing of risk factors (child maltreatment) on further offending, the monetary costs of offending across the life-course and the development of adult-onset offending. We finish by describing current work on the Queensland Linkage Project where mental health system data are being integrated with justice system data.
Advancing knowledge about developmental and life-course criminology
Authors: McGee Tara Renae , Farrington David P , Homel Ross , Piquero Alex R
Published: August 2015

Developmental and life-course criminology is concerned mainly with three topics: (1) the development of offending and antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood; (2) risk and protective factors for offending and antisocial behavior; and (3) the effect of life events on the course of development. The main aim is to study changes within individuals over time in risk factors and life events, and to relate them to later changes in offending. This special issue of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology brings together a range of papers focused around this aim.
Prospective longitudinal research on the development of offending
Authors: Farrington David P
Published: August 2015

This article reviews prospective longitudinal surveys of offending and their advantages and problems. It summarizes knowledge about criminal careers based on official records and self-reports. It documents major individual, family, socio-economic and neighbourhood risk factors, and reviews knowledge about intergenerational transmission, cross-national comparisons and protective factors. It also discusses research on the effects of life events on the course of development of offending. New prospective longitudinal surveys are recommended, with frequent assessments, and comparisons of criminal career features according to official records and self-reports. These surveys would make it possible to compare changes within individuals in risk factors and life events with later changes within individuals in offending.
“By its very presence”: Conventionality and commonality in Shashi Deshpande’s realism
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: August 2015

Shashi Deshpande’s persistent realism has gone largely unmarked in the scholarship on her work and yet provides an important example of the ways in which the Indian novel in English has continued to rewrite, rework, and yet ultimately keep up a dominant realist capacity. Reading her 1996 novel, A Matter of Time, I argue that Deshpande explicitly rejects a modernist and postcolonial aesthetic in favour of a pedestrian and decidedly conventional realism. In so doing, Deshpande favours the social over the metaphysical as the location of meaning, reanimating realism as an internal communal process of social and cultural inquiry. Reality, the novel seems to offer through its realism, is found not by a search for absent meaning or metaphysical depth, but by recognizing it in its shared social surface and conventional presence.
Economic Sanctions and Demand for Protection
Authors: Pond Amy
Published: August 2015

How do the distributional consequences of economic sanctions impact future trade policy? Regardless of whether sanctions are effective in achieving concessions, sanctions restrict international trade flows, creating rents for import-competing producers, who are protected from international competition. These rents can then be used to pressure the government to implement protectionist policies. Thus, while the lifting of sanctions directly facilitates some international transactions, sanctions also have an indirect effect. They create powerful domestic interest groups in the sanctioned country who seek market protection. I use multiple estimators to evaluate the effect of trade sanctions on tariff rates. The evidence is consistent with the argument that sanctions increase market protection in both the short and long run.
Osteoclast Deficiency Contributes to Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosed Bone Mass Formation
Authors: He L.H. , Xiao E. , Duan D.H. , Gan Y.H. , Zhang Y.
Published: August 2015

Ankylosed bone mass in temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is an important factor affecting mouth-opening limitation. However, the mechanism underlying the occurrence of ankylosed bone mass remains unknown. Research has shown that osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintain balance in bone remodeling. Thus, we hypothesized that aberrant osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis may be involved in the occurrence of ankylosed bone mass in TMJA. In this study, we characterized the osteogenesis of bone marrow stem cells and the osteoclastogenesis of myelomonocyte in clinical specimens of TMJA and normal controls. Results showed that, compared with control bone marrow stem cells, TMJA bone marrow stem cells had lower proliferative and osteogenic capacities. The number of osteoclasts in the ankylosed bone mass group dramatically decreased, and myelomonocyte osteoclastogenic potential was impaired. The RANKL/OPG ratio of the ankylosed bone mass group was lower than that of the control group. Thus, our study suggests that osteoclast deficiency may be an important factor affecting bone mass ankylosis.
Expanding the Field of View: The Role of Agricultural Employers in Street-Level Immigration Policy Implementation
Authors: Nisbet Elizabeth
Published: August 2015

More than half the U.S. farm labor force is undocumented, and thousands of U.S. employers hire farmworkers through the short-term H-2A visa program. Immigration enforcement and H-2A policy thus have an important role in farm labor markets, but its nature depends on street-level policy implementation dynamics. An interview-based case study in New York State extended literature on street-level bureaucrats by broadening the focus to actors outside government in the context of labor markets. The research specifies employer roles in policy implementation as beneficiaries of policy, de facto policy implementers, and citizens reacting to or attempting to influence policy.
Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption in relation to daily energy and nutrient intakes among US adult cancer survivors, 2003–2012
Authors: An Ruopeng , Liu Junyi
Published: August 2015

Background:

Healthy diet is an essential component in cancer survivorship care planning. Cancer survivors should be particularly prudent regarding their daily food choices, with an aim of ensuring safe consumption, reducing risk of recurrence or other comorbidity, and improving quality of life.

Objective:

We aimed to examine the impacts of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on daily energy and nutrient intakes among US adult cancer survivors.

Methods:

Nationally representative data of 1308 adult cancer survivors came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012 waves. First-difference estimator was adopted to address confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables like personal food/beverage preferences by using within-individual variations in diet and restaurant consumption status between two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls.

Results:

Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with an increase in daily total energy intake by 125.97 and 152.26 kcal and sodium intake by 312.47 and 373.75 mg. Fast-food consumption was significantly associated with a decrease in daily vitamin A intake by 119.88 µg and vitamin K intake by 30.48 µg, whereas full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in daily fat intake by 8.99 g and omega-6 fatty acid intake by 3.85 g, and a decrease in vitamin D intake by 0.93 µg. Compared with fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption at home, consumption away from home led to further reduced diet quality.

Conclusions:

Individualized nutrition counseling and food assistance programs should address cancer survivors’ overall dining-out behavior rather than fast-food consumption alone.
Kinematic gait synthesis for snake robots
Authors: Gong Chaohui , Travers Matthew J. , Astley Henry C. , Li Lu , Mendelson Joseph R. , Goldman Daniel I. , Choset Howie
Published: August 2015

Snake robots are highly articulated mechanisms that can perform a variety of motions that conventional robots cannot. Despite many demonstrated successes of snake robots, these mechanisms have not been able to achieve the agility displayed by their biological counterparts. We suggest that studying how biological snakes coordinate whole-body motion to achieve agile behaviors can help improve the performance of snake robots. The foundation of this work is based on the hypothesis that, for snake locomotion that is approximately kinematic, replaying parameterized shape trajectory data collected from biological snakes can generate equivalent motions in snake robots. To test this hypothesis, we collected shape trajectory data from sidewinder rattlesnakes executing a variety of different behaviors. We then analyze the shape trajectory data in a concise and meaningful way by using a new algorithm, called conditioned basis array factorization, which projects high-dimensional data arrays onto a low-dimensional representation. The low-dimensional representation of the recorded snake motion is able to reproduce the essential features of the recorded biological snake motion on a snake robot, leading to improved agility and maneuverability, confirming our hypothesis. This parameterized representation allows us to search the low-dimensional parameter space to generate behaviors that further improve the performance of snake robots.
Health anxiety and depression in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Uçar Mehmet , Sarp Ümit , Karaaslan Özgül , Gül Ali Irfan , Tanik Nermin , Arik Hasan Onur
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To investigate health anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).

Methods

Patients with FMS and healthy control subjects were recruited. All participants completed the Health Anxiety Inventory Short Form (HAI-SF) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Pain was assessed in patients with FMS using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Results

This study involved 95 patients with FMS (15 male) and 95 healthy controls (17 male). Mean ± SD HAI-SF and BDI scores were significantly higher in patients with FMS = than in controls=. HAI-SF scores were 23.50 ± 10.78 and 9.38 ± 4.24 respectively; BDI scores were 18.64 ± 10.11 and 6.21 ± 4.05 respectively. There were highly significant correlations between FIQ and HAI-SF, FIQ and BDI, and HAI-SF and BDI.

Conclusions

Patients with FMS had significantly higher HAI-SF and BDI scores than healthy controls. Psychiatric support is essential for patients with FMS. Treatment should include biological, psychological and social approaches.
Polymorphism rs4263535 in GABRA1 intron 4 was related to deeper sedation by intravenous midazolam
Authors: Choi Yoon-Ji , Lee Shin Yuong , Yang Kyung-Sook , Park Ji-Young , Yoon Seung Zhoo , Yoon Suk Min
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate whether polymorphisms in the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor α1 subunit ( GABRA1) gene influence sleep induction time, bispectral index score (BIS) during sleep induction and the total dose of midazolam required to reach a Ramsay Sedation Assessment Scale (RSAS) score of 4.

Methods

Patients scheduled for elective orthopaedic surgery were enrolled. All patients received initial doses of 0.02 mg/kg intravenous midazolam. If the RSAS score did not reach 4, an additional 1-mg dose of midazolam was administered. Results were compared among groups of patients with five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GABRA1: rs4263535, rs980791, rs6556562, rs998754 and rs2279020.

Results

A total of 104 patients were evaluated. Polymorphism rs4263535 was associated with the lowest BIS during sedation induction. Multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrated that polymorphism rs4263535 was significantly associated with the total dose of midazolam required for sedation induction.

Conclusions

Polymorphism rs4263535 in GABRA1 intron 4 was associated with deeper sedation by intravenous midazolam. Patients with the A/A rs4263535 genotype required a smaller dose of midazolam.
Preparation, microstructures, and properties of long-glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites based on polycarbonate/poly(butylene terephthalate) alloys
Authors: Tan Yahui , Wang Xiaodong , Wu Dezhen
Published: August 2015

This article investigated the preparation, microstructures, and performance of long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polycarbonate/poly(butylene terephthalate) alloys through the joint processing of melt blending followed with a melt pultrusion. The mechanical evaluation demonstrated that the resulting composites achieved significant improvements in tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus, and notched impact strength. Such a prominent reinforcement effect is attributed to the feature that the residual fiber length within the injection-molded long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite specimens is much longer than that of the short-fiber-reinforced ones. This takes full advantage of the strength of the reinforcing fibers themselves. The improvement in impact toughness is due to the energy dissipation by both the fiber pullout and fiber fracture as a result of the long-fiber-reinforcing effectiveness. The scanning electron microscopy investigation confirmed that the fiber pullout and fiber breakage concurred on the impact and tensile fracture surfaces, and the former was more significant than the latter. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscopy observation also indicated a good interfacial adhesion between the thermoplastic matrix and fibers, which results in the subsidiary enhancement of mechanical properties. The study of dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polycarbonate/poly(butylene terephthalate) composites achieved a remarkable increase in storage modulus but presented a considerable decrease in loss-factor magnitude compared to the pristine alloys. The thermal stabilities of the composites were also slightly improved in the presence of long glass fibers according to the results of thermogravimetric analysis.
Chitosan crosslinked microparticles with encapsulated polyphenols: Water sorption and release properties
Authors: Trifković Kata , Milašinović Nikola , Djordjević Verica , Zdunić Gordana , Kalagasidis Krušić Melina , Knežević-Jugović Zorica , Šavikin Katarina , Nedović Viktor , Bugarski Branko
Published: August 2015

Chitosan–glutaraldehyde microparticles were produced by emulsion crosslinking method to be used as drug delivery system for polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum L. aqueous extract. The effect of preparation conditions, chitosan concentration (1.5–3% w/v), and glutaraldehyde/chitosan (GA/Ch) mass ratio (0.15–1.20) on water and polyphenols transport properties was investigated. Swelling ratio of dry particles (68–230 µm) in water ranged from 280% to 530%, depending on the formulation. The decrease in swelling was observed with increased GA/Ch mass ratio (i.e. crosslinking degree) at the same chitosan concentration, or with increased chitosan concentration at the same GA/Ch mass ratio. The increase in GA/Ch mass ratio was also manifested by increased particle compactness i.e. decreased size and reduced surface roughness. The sorption capacity for polyphenols seems to be a complex interplay of swelling behaviour and interactions chitosan–glutaraldehyde–polyphenols identified by Fourier transmission infrared analysis. An increase in crystallinity of chitosan was observed upon crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and encapsulation of polyphenols, as observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results obtained from release kinetics of selected polyphenolic compounds (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, total flavonoids, and total phenol content) showed that polyphenols were released at a lower amount (2–4 times) in water, but more rapidly (45–120 min) in comparison with the release in gastric followed by intestinal simulated fluid (SGF-SIF) (120–240 min). The experimental results of the time-dependent swelling in water and polyphenols release in both, water and SGF-SIF, were analyzed with several mathematical models. The results depicted Fickian diffusion as the water transport mechanism. In the case of polyphenols, only empirical Weibull model could be suggested for describing release kinetics.
A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Authors: Cozens Paul , Love Terence
Published: August 2015

This article reviews the current status of the concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It provides an overview of its history and origins and defines how it is commonly understood and conceptualized. Globally, CPTED is an increasingly popular crime prevention strategy supported by governments all over Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as in Asia and South Africa. This review inspects some of the evidence associated with CPTED and provides a detailed overview of the main criticisms facing this field.
Strengths and Limitations of the MoCA for Assessing Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Coen Robert F. , Robertson Deirdre A. , Kenny Rose Anne , King-Kallimanis Bellinda L.
Published: August 2015

Background:

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a very widely used test for mild cognitive impairment. Differing recommendations have been made regarding its utility in providing a profile of performance across several cognitive domains.

Objectives:

To examine the factor structure of the MoCA in a nationally representative population study of older Irish adults and evaluate its utility in providing domain-specific information.

Methods:

A cross-sectional analysis of wave 1 data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing was undertaken. Data from a subset of 2342 participants assessed using the MoCA were analyzed using both confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) and exploratory factor analytic (EFA) methods.

Results:

Mean age was 72.64 (range 65 to 98), 53% female. The CFA provided evidence of adequate overall model fit for a previously proposed 6-factor model. In contrast, EFA yielded a 3-factor solution and test items cross-loaded onto a number of factors with no clear pattern of underlying cognitive domains. Using EFA to explore the 6-factor model yielded good fit, but again test items cross-loaded onto a number of factors with no clear pattern evident.

Conclusion:

Lack of concordance between the CFA and EFA findings demonstrates that the correspondence between individual tests and their assumed cognitive domains is not robust, reflecting at least in part a current lack of consensus on how core cognitive constructs are defined and on what subcomponents can be subsumed under different cognitive domains. The MoCA should not be viewed as a substitute for more in-depth neuropsychological assessment when domain-specific information is required.
Initial properties and ageing behaviour of pineapple leaf and palm fibre as reinforcement for polypropylene
Authors: Chollakup Rungsima , Askanian Haroutioun , Delor-Jestin Florence
Published: August 2015

In the furniture, automotive and contruction industries, there is increased demand for cost-effective and lightweight biocomposites. The objective of this work was to develop new natural fibre-based composites with specific properties. Palm and pineapple leaf fibres were chosen in association with polypropylene (PP). The first step was to investigate the effect of these natural fibres as reinforcement for PP. The evolution of chemical structure and crystallinity was proposed with infrared spectroscopy measurements and differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, respectively. The assessments of mechanical properties with tensile tests and melt viscoelastic behaviour were also investigated. The study enabled to distinguish the influence of fibre content. The second step in our work was to assess the composite durability after ultraviolet exposure or thermal ageing. The oxidation level was calculated. The long-term evolution of thermal and mechanical properties was also proposed. As a result, the PP/pineapple leaf composite revealed a promising biocomposite.
Experimental investigations on the failures of woven textile sandwich panels
Authors: Hu Yang , Li Wanxin , Fan Hualin , Sun Fangfang , Ouyang Jianfeng , Qu Zhanxin , Kuang Ning
Published: August 2015

To reveal the deformation, strength, and failure modes of woven textile sandwich composites (WTSCs), test methods suggested by national standards were referenced and discussed to carry out flatwise and edgewise compression experiments, uniaxial stretching experiments, and three-point bending experiments according to the structural characteristics of WTSC. Strength and failure modes of WTSCs in flatwise compression and uniaxial tension were acquired. Anisotropy and size dependency of strength and failure modes of WTSC panels in edgewise compression were revealed. Strength of weft-compressed panels has few variations when the length is smaller than 60 mm and then decreases obviously when the length is over 60 mm, accompanying with the failure modes turning from crushing, fracture to buckling. Progressive crushing and bending fracture are two observed post-failure modes. Two competing shear failure modes and facesheet failure were observed in three-point bending experiments. Shear strength of the woven core of WTSC was deduced by beam flexure. To acquire facesheet failure mode by long beam flexure, the span should be above 36 times the thickness of the panel.
Fabrication of high-density polyethylene/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites via submerged friction stir processing
Authors: Gao Jicheng , Shen Yifu , Li Chao
Published: August 2015

The focus of this work was to study the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites. MWCNTs/HDPE nanocomposites were prepared using submerged friction stir processing (SFSP) technique. The pristine MWCNTs without any pretreatment were blended with HDPE at a fixed traverse speed of 30 mm min−1 and various rotational speeds ranging from 1200 r min−1 to 2100 r min−1. The effect of rotational speed on MWCNTs dispersion in HDPE matrix was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed the rotational speed affected the disperision of the MWCNTs. The mechanical properties of the composites were measured, and the results indicated that the tensile strength increased at first and then decreased with the increase of the rotation speed. The thermal properties of MWCNTs-filled HDPE nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, and the crystalline content of the prepared composites by the SFSP technology was increased. From the experimental research, it was found that the SFSP technique was a practical way to fabricate polymeric composites.
Analysis of the damage mechanisms in mixed-mode delamination of laminated composites using acoustic emission data clustering
Authors: Fotouhi Mohamad , Sadeghi Seyedali , Jalalvand Meisam , Ahmadi Mehdi
Published: August 2015

In this study, acoustic emission (AE) technique is used to investigate different time-to-failure mechanisms of delamination in glass/epoxy composite laminates. Woven and unidirectional layups were subjected to the double cantilever beam, end notch flexure, and mixed-mode bending tests and the generated AE signals were captured. Discrimination of the AE events, caused by different types of the damage mechanisms, was performed using wavelet packet transform (WPT) and fuzzy clustering method (FCM) associated with a principal component analysis (PCA). The FCM and WPT analyses identified three dominant damage mechanisms. Furthermore, different interface layups and different GII/GT modal ratio values (ratio of mode II strain energy release rate per total strain energy release rate) indicated different time-to-failure mechanisms incidence. Additionally, the damaged mechanisms were observed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the dominant damage mechanisms in all the specimens are matrix cracking and fiber–matrix debonding. Besides, some fiber breakage appeared during the tests, and the percentage of this damage mechanism in the unidirectional specimens and mode I condition was higher than those in the woven specimens and mode II. SEM observations were also in good agreement with the obtained results. It was found that the presented methods can be utilized to improve the characterization and discrimination of damage mechanisms in the actual occurring modes of delamination in composite structures.
Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling of the Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Career Maturity
Authors: Heo Gyun , Kim Taesung
Published: August 2015

The purpose of the current research was to examine the reciprocal relationship among early adolescents between self-esteem and career maturity from the developmental/longitudinal perspective. Data from 1 to 4 (Grades 4–7) survey waves of the Korea Youth Panel Study, a longitudinal study of Korean youth organized by the National Youth Policy Institute and funded by the government of South Korea, were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) modeling. The results indicated (a) a positive autoregressive longitudinal relationship between career maturity and self-esteem over time, (b) no cross-lagged longitudinal relationship from career maturity to self-esteem over time, but a cross-lagged longitudinal relationship from self-esteem to career maturity over time, and (c) no gender difference in the ARCL model with self-esteem and career maturity. Findings hold implications for research and practice.
The long journey toward a higher level of automation in ATM as safety critical, sociotechnical and multi-Agent system
Authors: Sáez Nieto Francisco Javier
Published: August 2015

The main objective of this paper is to present our vision of the role of automation in future air traffic management (ATM) system. It also includes an analysis and state of the art on ATM and automation. The content is based on HALA! position paper, that looks beyond the framework defined by SESAR and NextGen for the near future, and analyses the feasibility of higher levels of automation in ATM in the far future, taking into account the relationship between humans, organizations, and machines and scoping the allocation of functions, roles, and tasks between them.

Taking into consideration the proposed SESAR&NextGen paradigm shift (trajectory-based operations; proactive, more distributed and autonomous system) and studies developed in ATM automation in the past years, the vision goes toward a more ATM automation system operation questioning even the possibility of fully automated ATM system. The understanding of higher levels of automation in ATM considers the “overall system performance” as main driver for the resulting “optimal” ATM level of automation.

Implementation of above programs will change the human role in the future ATM system. In this regard, the vision considers ATM as sociotechnical system and orchestrated organization, overcoming the former consequences of automation, where some “human errors” caused from automation were found, to this new vision where human motivation for their engagement in the ATM activities, will be promoted.

New roles between humans, organizations, and between them and machines will be derived by considering ATM as a complex sociotechnical multi-agent system. Under this assumption, it will be essential: to maintain a high degree of autonomy among different ATM agents and, simultaneously, an optimized level of orchestration among them.

Three interdependent criteria to support the always controversial decision about where to dynamically allocate the ATM essential functions/tasks are proposed; when is the “best time” to take an operational action, where is the “best place” having the best picture to take it and, finally, who will be the “best player” to implement the associated tasks.

As a result, the paper advocates for a different role of automation devoted to support a temporal, institutional, and physical distributed ATM system.

It is also pointed out that research in ATM automation should always take under consideration the adequate level of automation in the far future ATM system and should always ensure the safety and reliability of a highly automated ATM system.

Finally considers the need to align the research efforts into two different main activities of improvement, devoted to: aircraft trajectory hierarchal, spatial, and temporal cohesion and trajectory management.
German wine in an American bottle: the spread of modern psychiatry in China, 1898–1949
Authors: Li Wenjing , Schmiedebach Heinz-Peter
Published: August 2015

Modern psychiatry was first introduced to mainland China around 1900 by Western missionaries. By 1949 the field had developed gradually as a result of contact with Western psychiatry and especially its American practitioners. This paper analyses the role played by key individuals and events in this process in the years prior to 1949. It argues that modern psychiatry was introduced to China through a process of cultural adaptation in which the USA served as a bridge for German thought.
L’affaire Galmot: Colonialism on trial in 1931
Authors: Marsh Kate
Published: August 2015

Between 9 March and 21 March 1931 12 men and two women, all French citizens from French Guiana, were put on trial at an extraordinary session of the cour d’assises in Nantes. All were accused of looting and murder during riots which had taken place on 6 and 7 August 1928 in Cayenne; all were acquitted. Despite being one of the biggest trials of the interwar period in France, the event was largely forgotten until a major exhibition staged in Nantes in 2011. Examining the public reaction to the trial in 1931, this article has two key aims. First, it will explore attitudes towards colonialism and republicanism in the provinces and metropolitan France. Second, it will use the exhibition of 2011 as a means of addressing the memorial debate to show how such recoveries of forgotten events, however laudable and necessary, risk perpetuating an image of an idealised republicanism based upon universalism.
The red and the black: Marie-Noëlle Thibault and the novels of Dominique Manotti
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: August 2015

Dominique Manotti’s novels are informed by her experiences before she adopted this pen name and began writing fiction. As an instructor at Vincennes, a union leader and a militant with Les Cahiers de mai, Marie-Noëlle Thibault practised forms of political action aimed at empowering students and workers. She saw the possibilities for social change these promoted lost with the transformation of France during the presidency of François Mitterrand. Though Manotti continues to use methods she learned in Les Cahiers de mai and related projects, she adopted the roman noir to depict the self-reproducing nature of contemporary society which has displaced the world of participatory democracy to which she had devoted herself. Aware of France’s troubled recent past, she is less confident than Didier Daeninckx that revelation of it will weaken the powers that be.
Genre, gender and the Republic: Televising the annual charity concert Les Enfoirés
Authors: Tinker Chris
Published: August 2015

Les Enfoirés, the long-running televised benefit concert in aid of the Restos du Cœur charity, has been an annual fixture in the French schedules since 1992. Existing academic accounts of the concert have highlighted the diversity of its performers and a sense of solidarity, unanimity and consensus. Drawing on archive research carried out at the French broadcasting archives (Inathèque, Paris), this article shows how television coverage of the Enfoirés concerts over the last 25 years has reinforced and problematised the television variety genre, gender identities and the French Republican model.
‘On n’est pas condamné à l’échec’: Hip-hop and the banlieue narrative
Authors: Dotson-Renta Lara
Published: August 2015

A number of contemporary French rappers such as Kery James, Médine and Youssoupha have reconfigured the artistic and societal image of the banlieue space and racial and religious otherness as ‘also French’ by undertaking a deconstruction of French identity and historical narratives. These musical artists, also predominantly Muslim, posit that the French model of cultural and religious assimilation actually precludes full societal integration: ‘Mon respect s’fait violer au pays dit des droits de l’Homme / Difficile de se sentir français / Sans le syndrome de Stockholm’ (Kery James, ‘Lettre à la République’). Through lyrics that acknowledge marginalisation while also staking a claim to French identity, these artists displace concepts of centre and periphery by speaking to and about the nation from a space that is both within and outside the French national project. By challenging la laïcité as the only legitimate avenue to ‘Frenchness’ and insisting upon the quotidian urban banlieue narrative as that which also constitutes a genuinely ‘French’ experience, French Muslim rap artists have constructed an alternative discourse in which elements of society viewed as ‘an/other’ within France are reimagined as simultaneously disruptive and fundamentally constitutive of French national identity.
How do women manage the spoiled identity of a ‘pregnant smoker’? An analysis of discursive silencing in women's accounts
Authors: Wigginton Britta , Lafrance Michelle N
Published: August 2015

Drawing on public and private accounts of smoking during pregnancy (interviews, survey responses, and a public media article), we examine how women discursively manage the ‘spoiled’ identity associated with inhabiting the body of a ‘pregnant smoker’. We focus on two salient identities ‘the silenced smoker’ and ‘the bad mother’ and explore the discursive and material consequences of these identities. We found that references to smoker and maternal identities were largely absent in women's accounts, and discuss how these absences enabled women to evade stigma and the rhetorical harm of these identities. Further, we discuss the material consequences of stigma including women's need to conceal their ‘pregnant smoker’ body in the face of heightened surveillance. We propose ‘discursive silencing’ to explain how dominant motherhood and anti-smoking discourses serve to render women's experiences as ‘untellable’ and therefore reduce women's capacity to seek help or support to quit smoking.
Whose business is it to employ Indigenous workers?
Authors: Hunter Boyd
Published: August 2015

Research about the demand for Indigenous labour and the relationship of Indigenous workers to their employers is relatively scarce. Even less is known about Indigenous businesses. Supply Nation defines an Indigenous business as those where Indigenous stakeholders hold majority equity, but some researchers have argued that this definition could be relaxed to include businesses in which Indigenous people hold only half the equity in the enterprise. This article uses data from the Industry Capability Network Queensland, which has collected basic business information on a large number of businesses operating in Queensland. The findings reveal that Indigenous businesses have substantially better outcomes for Indigenous employment than non-Indigenous businesses – a result that holds even when the definition of Indigenous business is relaxed. The article also documents how Indigenous employment is concentrated in larger businesses, in particular industry sectors. Non-Indigenous micro-businesses employ relatively few Indigenous workers, and future research can usefully explore why this is the case. To understand the issues involved, it will be necessary to collect multi-level data that link detailed information on employers and employees (including a substantial sample of Indigenous workers).
Affect Dysregulation in Older Foster Youth
Authors: Narendorf Sarah Carter , McMillen J. Curtis , Matta Oshima Karen
Published: August 2015

Affect dysregulation (AD) is characterized by heightened reactivity to strong emotions, difficulty calming down when upset, and mood instability. This phenomenon has not been widely examined in older foster youth, yet it may be an avenue to improve behavior and functioning in young adulthood. This study examines two dimensions of AD—affect skills deficits and affect instability—in a sample of 17-year-old foster youth, assessing the relationship of each dimension to risk factors and behavioral health service use at age 17, and as predictors of functional outcomes at age 19. We found that the level of AD among older foster youth was similar to a clinical sample and was associated with a history of physical abuse, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and disruptive behavioral disorders. Higher levels of affect skills deficits were associated with use of intensive types of services such as psychiatric hospitalization, residential treatment, and psychiatric medications but affect instability was not. Higher levels of affect skills deficits were negatively related to graduating from high school and positively related to being arrested. AD, especially affect skills deficits, are a promising target for inclusion in interventions to support older foster youth with mental health problems.
The Influence of Family and Teacher Factors on Early Disruptive School Behaviors
Authors: Racz Sarah J. , O’Brennan Lindsey M. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Leaf Philip J.
Published: August 2015

The kindergarten year plays an important role in establishing children’s academic, social, and behavioral adjustment. Early identification of children who experience difficulties with the kindergarten transition is crucial to prevent continued behavioral and emotional problems. Family and school predictors of these early behavioral patterns can suggest important targets for preventive interventions. The current study examined heterogeneity in 2,814 children’s disruptive behaviors over the course of the kindergarten school year using latent profile and transition analyses. We further investigated the degree to which changes in these behavioral patterns varied as a function of family and teacher factors. Results provided evidence of three distinct profiles of disruptive behavior exhibited by kindergarteners (well-adapted, concentration problems, and at-risk), which were relatively stable over the course of the kindergarten school year. These behavioral patterns were associated with family (i.e., family problems, family involvement) but not teacher (i.e., efficacy and burnout) factors. Findings have important implications for the early identification of children at-risk for behavioral problems.
Defining the local nerve blocks for feline distal thoracic limb surgery: a cadaveric study
Authors: Enomoto Masataka , Lascelles B Duncan X , Gerard Mathew P
Published: August 2015

Objectives

Though controversial, onychectomy remains a commonly performed distal thoracic limb surgical procedure in cats. Peripheral nerve block techniques have been proposed in cats undergoing onychectomy but evidence of efficacy is lacking. Preliminary tests of the described technique using cadavers resulted in incomplete staining of nerves. The aim of this study was to develop nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and test these methods with cadaveric dye injections.

Methods

Ten pairs of feline thoracic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and superficial branches of the radial nerve (RSbr nn.), median nerve (M n.), dorsal branch of ulnar nerve (UDbr n.), superficial branch of palmar branch of ulnar nerve (UPbrS n.) and deep branch of palmar branch of ulnar nerve (UPbrDp n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a four-point block was developed and tested using dye injections in another six pairs of feline thoracic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.07 ml/kg methylene blue was injected at the site of the RSbr nn., 0.04 ml/kg at the injection site of the UDbr n., 0.08 ml/kg at the injection site of the M n. and UPbrS n., and 0.01 ml/kg at the injection site of the UPbrDp n. The length and circumference of each nerve that was stained was measured.

Results

Positive staining of all nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for RSbr nn., M n., UDbr n., UPbrS n. and UPbrDp n. were 34.9 ± 5.3, 26.4 ± 4.8, 29.2 ± 4.0, 39.1 ± 4.3 and 17.5 ± 3.3 mm, respectively. The nerve circumferences stained were 93.8 ± 15.5, 95.8 ± 9.7, 100 ± 0.0, 100 ± 0.0 and 93.8 ± 15.5%, respectively.

Conclusions and relevance

This described four-point injection method may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal thoracic limb procedures.