bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of autogenous fat implants in the frontal sinuses of cats
Authors: Bright Ronald M. , Thacker H. Leon , Brunner R. David
Published: February 2025

Cats (n = 4) were subjected to a bilateral osteotomy overlying the frontal sinuses. The right sinus of each cat served as a control, and the left sinus was filled with autogenous fat harvested from the subcutaneous region of the ventral part of the abdomen. All 4 cats were euthanatized at 200 days. The experiment was designed to determine whether satisfactory obliteration of the left frontal sinus could be accomplished without the benefit of intraoperative magnification. Grossly, obliteration of all 4 sinuses was accomplished in 3 of 4 cats. Light microscopy revealed fluid and/or regrowth of mucous membrane, both considered to be unfavorable sequelae. Although some fat retained viability in the sinus (50% in one cat, 40% in another), most of the obliteration was from mixed fibrous-adipose tissue or bony ingrowth. The clinical significance of this study was not determined, since all 4 cats were free of sinusitis before adipose tissue implantation.
Evaluation of the microimmunodiffusion test for the detection of antibody to pseudorabies virus
Authors: Johnson Michael E. , Thawley David G. , Solorzano Robert F. , Wright James C.
Published: February 2025

The project was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the microimmunodiffusion test (midt) for the detection of antibodies to pseudorabies virus (prv) in porcine serum. Serum samples from sows and their offspring were tested for the presence of antibodies to prv, using both the midt and the prv serum-neutralization test. Overall sensitivity and specificity of the midt, using serum samples from the sows, were 69% and 98.34%, respectively. When used for the detection of passively transferred antibodies in young pigs, sensitivity and specificity were 34.75% and 99.68%, respectively. The midt was found to be more sensitive (97.26%) for the detection of antibodies produced after inoculation of sows with a field strain of prv than it was after vaccination (26.04%). The difference in sensitivity was observed at titer levels less than 1:32 when these tests were used to detect either actively produced or passively transferred antibodies. The midt was markedly sensitive (100%) when used on serum samples with serum-neutralization titers of 1:4 or above from sows that carried antibodies to field virus. When the midt is used, it must be recognized that many pigs carrying antibodies which have been produced in response to vaccination, and many pigs with low (1:2) serum-neutralization titers following infection will be misclassified.

The high sensitivity and specificity of the midt for the detection of field virus antibodies make the test highly suitable for the serologic screening of swine herds and for use as a backup to other prv serologic tests.
Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of caffeine in horses
Authors: Greene Eugenie W. , Woods William E. , Tobin Thomas
Published: February 2025

Caffeine (4 mg/kg) was given by rapid iv injection to 4 horses. Plasma concentrations of the drug peaked at 10 μg/ml and decreased rapidly at first, and then more slowly, with an apparent β-phase half-life of 18.2 hours. Urinary concentrations of caffeine were remarkably consistent at about 3 times plasma values of the drug. Caffeine was detectable in both plasma and urine of the horses for up to 9 days after dosing.

After oral administration, caffeine was absorbed poorly with an apparent bioavailability of 39%. Although blood concentrations of caffeine peaked rapidly after oral administration, its apparent plasma half-life by this route was about 42 hours. These observations identify the possible existence of a slowly absorbed pool of caffeine in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration.

When caffeine-treated horses were given fentanyl, the locomotor response to fentanyl was enhanced. This potentiation of the fentanyl response peaked at between 0 and 4 hours after dosing and was gone by 72 hours after caffeine dosing. The data indicate that the probability of behavioral stimulation due to caffeine by 72 hours after dosing may be small.
Vaccination of cattle with binary ethylenimine-treated bovine leukemia virus
Authors: Miller J. M. , Van Der Maaten M. J. , Schmerr M. J. F.
Published: February 2025

Eighteen adult cattle were vaccinated 3 times, at 2-week intervals, with bovine leukemia virus (blv) antigen that had been treated with binary ethylenimine. Two weeks after the last vaccination, 14 vaccinated and 8 nonvaccinated cattle were inoculated (challenge-exposed) with blv-infected lymphocytes. The serologic and virologic responses of all cattle were monitored for 1 year. Serologic examinations included a virus-neutralization test and an agar-gel immunodiffusion test for antibody to the glycoprotein antigen of blv. Of the 3 virologic examinations conducted on isolated blood lymphocytes, 2 detected infective blv—namely, a syncytium-induction assay (sia) and a sheep bioassay. The 3rd examination was a competition radioimmunoassay (cria) for the viral p24 antigen.

All of the 8 nonvaccinated cattle became seropositive within 4 weeks after challenge exposure and they remained positive thereafter. At the time of challenge exposure, the 18 vaccinated cattle had blv-specific antibody. Twelve of the 14 challenge-exposed vaccinated cattle and 1 of the 4 nonchallenge-exposed vaccinated cattle remained seropositive throughout the experiment.

The results of virologic examinations indicated that the 8 nonvaccinated cattle, 12 of the 14 challenge-exposed vaccinated cattle, and 1 of the 4 nonchallenge-exposed vaccinated cattle became infected with blv. Sheep bioassay was the most sensitive indicator of infection. In the in vitro assays, there were fewer positive results in vaccinated than in nonvaccinated cattle. In the sia, 21.8% of the samples from challenge-exposed vaccinated cattle were positive, whereas 87.5% of the samples from nonvaccinated cattle were positive. In the cria, samples from 38.5% of the challenge-exposed vaccinated cattle were positive as compared with those from 75% of the nonvaccinated cattle. All sia and cria tests on nonchallenge-exposed vaccinated cattle gave negative results.
Effects of cyclocryosurgery on the clinically normal canine eye
Authors: Vestre William A. , Brightman Allan H.
Published: February 2025

Four cyclocryosurgical procedures were compared for effects on normal canine eyes. All procedures produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in intraocular pressure, a marked uveitis, ciliary epithelial cell loss, edema and engorgement of the ciliary processes, iris necrosis, protein effusion, chemosis, and mild discomfort, as indicated by mild blepharospasm and slight epiphora.

The histopathologic changes were evaluated at 5 minutes, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery. The ciliary epithelium was normal in appearance and intraocular pressure had returned to the normal range at 6 months after surgery.

The adverse reactions to the cyclocryosurgical procedures included retinal detachments, chemosis, conjunctivitis, transient increased intraocular pressure, uveitis, iris depigmentation, and corneal granulation tissue.
Identification of bovine lymphocyte subpopulations by a combined bacterial adherence and fluorescent antibody technique
Authors: Canning Peter C. , Kramer Theodore T. , Kaberle Merlin L.
Published: February 2025

It is known that certain strains of bacteria bind selectively to subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have developed a technique which used the specificity of bacterial binding concurrently with fluorescent antibody staining methods to identify 5 B-cell and 5 T-cell subpopulations of bovine lymphocytes. In addition, greater than 95% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes could be positively identified as being either T-cells or B cells. Using ethidium bromide-stained bacteria and lymphocytes in combination with fluorescent antibody staining to detect surface immunoglobulins or T-cell antigens, the method provided a simple yet highly specific technique for the enumeration of both B and T cells in 1 preparation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The use of bacterial rosetting with fluorescent antibody staining was found to be easier and more reliable than the methods currently used to identify bovine B- and T-lymphocyte subpopulations.
Numbers of gastrointestinal helminth eggs of Wyoming cattle in two surveys: 1957 to 1961 and 1973 to 1977
Authors: Werner B. A. , Bergstrom R. C.
Published: February 2025

From 1973 to 1977, a survey of internal parasites in Wyoming cattle was conducted via fecal analyses of 1,490 beef cattle. Sugar flotation techniques were used, with a factor of 2 times the actual egg counts. The prevalence of internal parasites of beef cattle in this survey was compared with that in a previous survey conducted on Wyoming beef cattle from 1957 to 1961.

Results of analyses indicated no true change in mean eggs per gram of feces (epg) as follows: calves, 14 epg in 1961 and 20 epg in 1977; yearlings, 29 epg in 1961 and 19 epg in 1977; and adults, 22 epg in 1961 and 21 epg in 1977.
Detection of brucella antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes in cow milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Thoen Charles O. , Bruner Judy A. , Luchsinger Donald W. , Pietz Donald E.
Published: February 2025

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted on milk of cows from which Brucella abortus was isolated and that of noninfected controls. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit antibovine immunoglobulins IgG, IgG1, and IgA were used as conjugates. A heat-killed whole-cell suspension of B abortus strain 19 was used as the antigen. Differences in antibody profiles were observed in milk of cows from which B abortus was isolated and in milk of noninfected cows. Antibody profiles were similar in milk of cows infected with B abortus and that of cows from which B abortus strain 19 was isolated.
Caprine mycoplasmosis: Widespread infection in goats with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (large-colony type)
Authors: DaMassa A. J. , Brooks D. L. , Adler H. E.
Published: February 2025

A mycoplasma survey of goats with a history of mastitis, polyarthritis, and pneumonia revealed a high incidence of Mycoplasma mycoides suhsp mycoides (large-colony type). During the early winter kidding season of 1979-1980, kid morbidity in a large commercial dairy herd, evidenced by hyperthermia, polyarthritis, and pneumonia, exceeded 90%. In excess of 200 kids died. Colostral cultures of the parent does yielded 157 isolations from 605 goats (26%). Additional isolations were made from goats with polyarthritis, peritonitis, cns disorders, and pneumonia; these animals represented 6 California counties and the states of Arizona and Idaho. Identification was accomplished by growth inhibition and immunofluorescent studies. Titers in the colostrum, although variable, were as high as 1 × 1010 viable organisms/ml and remained virtually undiminished after storage at 5 C for periods of ≥ 4 weeks. The experimental inoculation of the organism into normal goats 1 week to 2 years of age resulted in the death of most animals between the 4th and 14th day after inoculation, whether the organism was administered intraperitoneally, im, into the teat canal, or orally to young animals. The primary lesions were a fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, fibrinous pleuritis, and pneumonia. It appears that goats can acquire the infection through ingestion, and the organism seems to be widespread in the United States.
Quantitative index for diagnostic surveillance of neoplasms in dogs
Authors: Bender Alan P. , Dorn C. Richard , Schneider Robert
Published: February 2025

The probability of detecting a neoplasm in dogs with a previous or concurrent tumor may not be the same as the probability of observing a first neoplasm in the general canine population. A population-based index was developed to quantitate the diagnostic surveillance of tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing dogs. The index was derived from each dog's excess submissions defined as the difference between the number of tissues submitted for microscopic examination during a dog's registration and the number of confirmed neoplasms derived from the submissions. Based on this index, 14.2% of additional tumors diagnosed in dogs already bearing at least one tumor could be attributed to a difference in the excess submission measure of diagnostic surveillance. This difference in diagnostic surveillance was constant over breed, sex, and tumor type.
Cortical averaged evoked potentials produced by pudendal nerve stimulation in dogs
Authors: Purinton P. T. , Oliver J. E. , Kornegay J. N. , Bradley W. E.
Published: February 2025

Averaged evoked potentials were recorded from the scalp of 22 dogs after repetitive stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Four experimental procedures were used: (1) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with xylazine; (2) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs tranquilized with acepromazine; (3) percutaneous needle-stimulating electrodes with dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose; and (4) Sherrington type stimulating electrodes applied directly to nerves with dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose. The average evoked potentials were similar with all treatments. Three peaks (N1 P1, and N2) with consistent latency and amplitude were generally present, followed by additional peaks with variable latencies and amplitudes. The mean latency for N1 after direct stimulation was significantly longer than the mean latency for N1 in the 3 other groups (95% confidence intervals). There were no other significant differences in mean latencies among groups for any of the peaks.
Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on vascular damage and myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries subjected to chronic injury by Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Schaub Robert G. , Keith James C. , Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

The effect of aspirin (asa) on pulmonary artery response to chronic injury induced by Dirofiliaria immitis was assessed in the dog. Eight dogs were studied for 30 days after adult heartworms were transplanted into the pulmonary arteries. Four dogs were treated with asa (325 mg/day given orally) starting 3 days before the transplantation was done. Evan's blue dye was used to locate areas of vascular damage. Vascular morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.

According to results of the morphologic studies, nontreated dogs had extensive endothelial damage and significant adhesion of leukocytes and blood platelets. Blood vessels of asa-treated dogs had less endothelial damage. Platelet adhesion on areas of vascular damage was less than that observed in nontreated dogs. Myointimal proliferative lesions were observed in both nontreated and asa-treated dogs. However, the lesions in nontreated dogs were larger (x 68 ± 7 mm2) and more complex than those in asa-treated dogs (x 20 ± 1 mm2). The results indicated that aspirin may protect against development of myointimal proliferation resulting from chronic vascular injury. The mechanism of the asa protection may result from a combination of antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as a direct protective effect on vascular endothelium.
Comparative evaluation of commercial latex agglutination and coagglutination reagents for groups B, C, and D mastitis streptococci
Authors: Poutrel B.
Published: February 2025

A total of 144 strains of mastitis streptococci (groups B, C, and D) were grouped by conventional technique (Lancefield precipitin test) latex agglutination (la), and coagglutination (ca). The la correctly grouped 98% and the ca grouped 100% of strains on the test when the instructions of the manufacturers were followed. Sensitivity of both tests was improved for strains belonging to group D when extracts from colonies grown on sheep blood agar plates were used for grouping. Nonspecific reactions between groups C and B were observed only with one kit of la reagents, whereas cross-reactions were recorded with all groups when ca reagents were used.
Reliability of single-sample phosphorus fractional excretion determination as a measure of daily phosphorus renal clearance in equids
Authors: Lane V. M. , Merritt A. M.
Published: February 2025

In 4 healthy horses and 1 Welsh pony, fractional renal excretions of phosphorus (FEp) determined from 9 hourly time collections taken over a 24-hour period were compared to assess whether a single-sample collection would be an accurate indicator of the daily FEp. The mean FEp for each animal varied from 0.115% to 0.302%; the 2 animals with the highest values were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the 3 with the lowest values. Individual variation within animals was not great, however, because it was calculated that the 24-hour FEp value could be found within ± 0.087% of the single sample value 95% of the time in a given animal.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Response test in healthy horses, and effect of phenylbutazone on equine thyroid hormones
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Garcia Marolo
Published: February 2025

Adult horses showed a mild diurnal variation in equine plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations, but not triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma T4 concentrations tended to be higher between 5 pm and 8 pm than at 8 am. Increases in plasma T4 and T3 were similar in adult healthy horses given 5, 10, or 20 IU of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh). The T4 peaked at approximately twice (2.0 ± 0.4 times) as high as the base line at 6 to 12 hours after the tsh was given. The greatest change from base line T3 occurred at 1 to 3 hours after the tsh was given, but the magnitude of increase was widely variable (4.36 ± 2.49 times as high as base line). The following method for doing the equine tsh-response test was suggested: (i) prepare plasma or serum sample for determining base line T4 and T3, (ii) inject 5 IU of tsh im, (iii) prepare plasma or serum samples at 3 and 6 hours after the tsh was injected, and (iv) freeze samples at -20 C until T4 and T3 determination by radioimmunoassay.

Treatment of horses with phenylbutazone for 5 days caused a significant decrease in base line T4 and T3 in horses (P < 0.05). However, phenylbutazone-treated horses responded to the injection of tsh, and the increase in T4 at 6 hours was greater than in the controls (not given phenylbutazone) (P < 0.02).
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the horse: Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intravenous administration
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Stover Susan M. , Gronwall Ronald
Published: February 2025

Six healthy adult mares were given a single iv injection of trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfadiazine (sdz) at a dosage rate of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of sdz/kg. Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine tmp-sdz concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The highest measured mean concentrations of tmp and sdz were found in the first (0.5 hour) sample of serum, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. The mean peak concentrations of tmp and sdz averaged 4.37 μg/ml and 21.81 μg/ml for serum, 2.95 μg/ml and 15.31 μg/ml for synovial fluid, and 3.88 μg/ml and 19.52 μg/ml for peritoneal fluid, respectively. Urine concentrations of the drugs were relatively high and peaked early. The elimination rate for tmp and sdz averaged 0.41 and 0.26 hour-1, while the elimination half-life was 1.91 and 2.71 hours, respectively, and the volume of distribution averaged 0.59 and 0.52 L/kg, respectively.
Hematologic values in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves
Authors: Olson D. P. , South P. J. , Hendrix K.
Published: February 2025

Hematologic values were determined in cold-stressed and rewarmed 1- to 7-day-old Holstein bull calves. The animals were anesthetized and then cold-stressed by immersion in water until their core body temperature (colonic) had decreased by 10 C. They were kept at the hypothermic state for an additional 1 hour and then were rewarmed by 1 of 3 external rewarming methods or by natural (unassisted) recovery.

Changes observed in the hematologic values of the cold-stressed calves during cooling represented a trend, rather than a direct effect of cold exposure because the values did not differ (P > 0.05) from those obtained from the noncold-stressed animals. Nevertheless, a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in the total number of leukocytes was observed in the cold-stressed calves during cooling when compared with preimmersion values. The leukopenia resulted primarily from a neutropenia (P < 0.05) and secondarily from decreases in the number of other leukocytes. Minor increases were noticed in the total number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, and pcv, whereas mean corpuscular values generally remained unchanged during cooling. A rapid and linear increase in the total number of leukocytes was noticed in all cold-stressed calves during recovery. The increase in total leukocytes occurred in all types of leukocytes and particularly in segmented and nonsegmented neutrophils.
Pharmacokinetics of [3H]levamisole in pigs after oral and intramuscular administration
Authors: Galtier P. , Escoula L. , Alvinerie M.
Published: February 2025

A single oral (10 mg/kg of body weight) or im (7.5 mg/kg) dose of [3H]levamisole was administered to pigs. Liquid scintillation counting and high performance liquid chromatography were used to determine total radioactivity and drug levels in plasma, duodenal and cecal contents, bile, and urine for 24 and 72 hours after dosing. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1-compartment open model with higher plasma bioavailability of levamisole after im injection. Biological half-lives for elimination of the drug were 9.3 and 6.9 hours after oral and im administration, respectively.

Anthelmintic concentrations were higher in intestinal contents after oral gavage than after im injection. The drug appeared extensively metabolized in all body fluids and particularly in bile, regardless of the route of administration. Biliary excretion of radioactivity and unchanged levamisole represented only slight percentages of the administered dose (approx 0.4% and 4.2%, respectively, in 72 hours). In contrast, about 60% and 20% of the dose were eliminated via urine as tritiated materials and unchanged drug. The choice of the most efficacious route of administration is discussed in regard to localization of helminthic disease.
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): Hematologic, erythrocyte biochemical, and iron metabolic aspects
Authors: Anosa Victor O. , Kaneko J. J.
Published: February 2025

Trypanosoma brucei EATRO 110 infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) produced anemia in 15 of 42 mice between postinoculation days 14 and 70. The infected anemic (la) mice had significantly higher reticulocyte counts (P < 0.025), spleen (P < 0.001) and liver (P < 0.005) weights, and higher parasitemia than did infected nonanemic (ina) mice. γ-Globulin concentrations of infected mice were markedly increased, and values for ina mice were 10% higher than values for ia mice.

Erythrocyte hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate kinase activities were increased in infected mice, whereas phosphofructokinase was only slightly decreased in infected mice. Seemingly, development of anemia was not related to defects in erythrocyte metabolism.

Serum iron values of infected mice were similar to those of controls. Storage iron (hemosiderin and ferritin) concentrations were increased in the spleen and to a lesser extent in the liver. The activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that favors conversion of easily mobilizable soluble ferritin to poorly mobilizable insoluble hemosiderin, was decreased per unit weight of the enlarged spleen, although total activity was increased. The superoxide dismutase activity per unit weight of liver was not altered in infected mice although total liver activities were increased. These findings, as well as the marked reticulocytosis, indicate that lack of iron supply does not have a part in precipitating the anemia of T brucei infection.

Leukocytosis was present in infected animals and was associated with lymphocytosis, eosinopenia, basophilia, and monocytosis; these changes were more marked in ia that in ina mice.
Changes of serum enzyme activities in cows with milk fat depression
Authors: van Dijk S. , Wensing Th. , van Beukelen P. , Breukink H. J.
Published: February 2025

Serum activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (γ-gt), and alkaline phosphatase (alp) were measured before, during, and after milk fat depression in 9 cows fed a high-concentrate ration during 2 experiments. In 7 of the 9 cows, increases in serum sdh and ldh activities were observed during milk fat depression. The γ-gt activity showed only moderate changes, whereas the alp activity remained unchanged. During recovery from milk fat depression, decreases of sdh, ldh, and γ-gt activities were found in nearly all cows. Association of this phenomenon with changes found in beef cattle, such as ruminal lesions and liver abscesses, are discussed.
Influence of the estrous cycle on selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk of cows with subclinical mastitis
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Smith A. R. , Spahr S. L. , Gustafsson B. K. , Hixon J. E. , Weston P. G. , Jaster E. H. , Shanks R. D. , Whitmore H. L.
Published: February 2025

The purpose in this experiment was to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis and the estrous cycle. Subclinical mastitis was defined as a quarter in which milk had a somatic cell concentration > 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-positive on 2 consecutive examinations. Normal quarters were defined as quarters from which milk had a somatic cell concentration < 500,000/ml and was bacteriologic culture-negative on 2 consecutive examinations. Selected biochemical and cytologic characteristics of milk from 10 cows with subclinical mastitis were measured at 5-day intervals during the estrous cycle. Milk and blood progesterone concentrations were determined. Analysis of variance of dependent variables was performed, using a model with the following factors: cows, treatments, days of estrous cycle, and interaction of treatment with day of the estrous cycle. Treatment consisted of comparison of normal and subclinically mastitic quarters.

Clinical signs of mastitis tended to occur more often during estrus (days 0 and 20) than during diestrus (day 10). Day of the estrous cycle was a significant source of variation for bovine serum albumin concentrations in milk. Somatic cell concentrations, electrical conductivity, milk bacterial concentrations, and log10 milk bacterial concentrations did not vary significantly during days of the estrous cycle.

A significant treatment-by-day interaction occurred for milk progesterone concentrations; blood progesterone concentrations were not similarly affected. Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic and normal quarters were similar at estrus (days 0 and 20) and metestrus (day 5). Milk progesterone concentrations for mastitic quarters were significantly decreased on day 15 of the estrous cycle, compared with values from normal quarters.
Measurement of caprine plasma β-mannosidase with a p-nitrophenyl substrate
Authors: Cavanagh Kevin , Dunstan Robert W. , Jones Margaret Z.
Published: February 2025

Experimental conditions for measuring caprine plasma β-d-mannosidase activity are described with p-nitrophenyl-β-d-mannopyranoside as a substrate. The plasma enzyme was stable for 3 months at -20 C or 1 week at 4 C. The optimal pH for activity was 5.0 in citrate-phosphate or acetate buffer. Enzyme activity was linear with time up to 24 hours at 37 C, but incubation of plasma at 56 C for 5 minutes resulted in loss of all activity. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for the plasma enzyme was 10.0 mM. Plasma β-mannosidase from clinically normal and β-mannosidosis carrier goats did not differ with respect to pH optimum, heat stability, or Km. The coefficient of variation for the assay, determined by assaying a plasma pool over a 3-month period, was 10.7% (mean: 115 nmole of p-nitrophenol formed/hour/ml of plasma). The assay described can be used to evaluate plasma β-mannosidase measurements as a test for detecting carriers of caprine β-mannosidosis, a newly described lysosomal storage disease.
Interaction between caprine macrophages and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: An electron microscopic study
Authors: Tashjian J. J. , Campbell S. G.
Published: February 2025

Caprine mammary gland macrophages were infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and the results were observed, using the electron microscope. Fusion of macrophage lysosomes occurred with phagosomes containing bacteria. Despite this, the C pseudotuberculosis survived within the phagolysosome and the macrophages did not survive. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the lipid coat of C pseudotuberculosis allows it to survive the killing and degradative mechanisms of caprine macrophages.
Effect of intravenous administration of T-2 toxin on blood coagulation in calves
Authors: Gentry P. A. , Cooper M. L.
Published: February 2025

The single iv administration of T-2 toxin to calves at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg of body weight produced statistically significant decreases in plasma activity of factors VII, IX, X, and XI and in fibrinogen values (P < 0.05). Similar changes in the coagulation factors were observed after the single iv administration of T-2 toxin to calves which were given vitamin K (25 mg daily) for 5 days before and after dosing with T-2 toxin. The procoagulant activity of factor VIII was unaffected by T-2 toxin administration to calves.
Changes of complement values in calves during the first month of life
Authors: Mueller R. , Boothby J. T. , Carroll E. J. , Panico L.
Published: February 2025

Hemolytic complement activity and the 3rd component of complement (C3) concentrations were measured in the blood sera of 8 dams before, at, and after parturition, and in the sera of their calves before and after feeding colostrum and at fixed intervals up to 1 month of life. The mean hemolytic titer in the dams, as measured by incubating guinea pig rbc sensitized with bovine natural antibodies in serially diluted serum, was slightly < 200 and was not influenced by parturition and onset of lactation.

The titers in the sera of the calves immediately after birth ranged from 63 to 149 with a mean of 99. One day later, values in all calves had dropped markedly to a mean of 39. During the following month, the titers increased and reached the precolostral levels after about 4 weeks; however, these titers were still far below the titers measured in adult cows. A similar pattern was seen in the C3 concentration. The mean value at birth was 28% of the values measured in adult cows. Values decreased to 18% one day later and increased during the following month to 43% of the adult C3 concentration.
Distribution of oxytetracycline in the healthy and diseased postpartum genital tract of cows
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Ott R. S. , Koritz G. D. , Bevill R. F. , Gustafsson B. K. , Davis L. E.
Published: February 2025

Previously determined pharmacokinetic parameters of the disposition of oxytetracycline (otc) in cows were used to predict an iv priming dose and a rate of constant iv infusion of otc sufficient to approach steady-state equilibrium of the drug between plasma and genital tissue concentrations in healthy postpartum cows and postpartum cows with endometritis. After 8 hours’ constant iv infusion at rates calculated to maintain a plasma concentration of approximately 5 μg/ml, the mean concentrations of otc in plasma (μg/ml) and tissues (μg/g) of healthy and infected postpartum cows, respectively, were: plasma, 4.95 and 5.23; uterine tissue, 3.65 and 4.18; and ovarian tissue, 4.57 and 4.53. The mean plasma to genital tissue ratios for healthy and infected postpartum cows, respectively, were 1.38 and 1.31 for uterine tissue and 1.09 and 1.16 for ovarian tissue. There were no significant differences (P > 0.28) between healthy and infected postpartum cows in any of the parameters investigated. However, plasma-to-genital tissue ratios of concentrations of otc in postpartum cows as a group were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.03) than those previously determined in cycling cows. Computer-simulated uterine tissue concentrations of otc, after twice daily iv doses of 11 mg of otc/kg of body weight, indicated that this dosage regimen would provide postpartum uterine tissue concentrations > 5 μg/g during most of the dosage interval.
Life span and tissue distribution of 111indium-labeled blood platelets in hypomagnesemic lambs
Authors: Schneider M. D. , Miller J. K. , White P. K. , Ramsey N.
Published: February 2025

Circulating platelets may be activated by exposed triple-helical collagen in atherosclerotic lesions in Mg-deficient ruminants. Autologous platelets, labeled in vitro with 111In and determined to be active, were injected into 5 hypomagnesemic and 3 control lambs fed semipurified diets with 100 or 2,000 mg of Mg/kg of feed for 3 months. During the first 68 hours, 111In concentrations were 11 times higher in packed cells than in plasma. Packed-cell 111In increased 60% during the first 2 hours, probably due to initial tissue sequestration and later release of labeled platelets. Thereafter, platelet half-life span averaged 60 and 63 hours for hypomagnesemic and control lambs. After 68 hours, lambs were injected with native vascular collagen fibrils at 500 μg/kg of body weight to initiate reversible platelet aggregation. Within 1 minute, 83% of packed-cell 111In disappeared from circulation. Thirty minutes later, the lambs were euthanatized and necropsied and in the lungs, liver, and spleen, 111In averaged 24%, 19%, and 9%, respectively, of 111In injected 68 hours earlier. Organ deposits were not affected by Mg intake, but 111In in the lungs was somewhat lower in 2 lambs injected with inactivated collagen. Pathologic changes induced by reversible platelet aggregation were compatible with right ventricular failure complicated by pulmonary edema, similar to changes in hypomagnesemic lambs that died spontaneously. Platelets in blood exposed to vascular lesions in hypomagnesemic ruminants could be a major mortality risk factor in grass tetany disease.
Prevalence of mycoplasmas and immune responses to Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot calves
Authors: Boothby J. T. , Jasper D. E. , Zinkl J. G. , Thomas C. B. , Dellinger J. D.
Published: February 2025

Microbiological cultural, cytologic, and immunologic observations were made on 30 calves. The eyes, nares, and bronchioalveolar region were subjected to microbiological cultural examination for mycoplasmas. Four of the examinations of 30 eyes, 15 of those of 30 nasal tissues, and 25 of those of the 30 bronchioalveolar regions from the 30 calves were positive for mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis and M bovirhinis were the most prevalent species. Cytologic examinations of peripheral blood and bronchioalveolar washes did not show pathologic changes. Results of indirect hemagglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lymphocyte-stimulation tests on peripheral blood cells, and skin testing demonstrated only a low prevalence of immune recognition of M bovis. Infection and immune response were studied in 3 calves for 10 weeks before, and for 4 weeks after, intratracheal administration of live M bovis.
Influence of a second Anaplasma exposure on the success of treatment to eliminate Anaplasma carrier infections in cattle
Authors: Kuttler K. L.
Published: February 2025

Treatment of adult Anaplasma carrier cows, with long-acting oxytetracycline at dosage levels generally successful in eliminating infection, was unsuccessful when the treatment was preceded or accompanied by a 2nd exposure to A marginale on days 0, 7, or 14 before treatment. Noninfected calves exposed to A marginale 7 days before a similar treatment developed anaplasmosis and became carriers of infection.
Respiratory tract lesions in weanling outbred rats infected with Sendai virus
Authors: Castleman William L.
Published: February 2025

Weanling male outbred rats, Crl:CD(SD)BR, were inoculated intranasally with parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus to characterize the disease occurring with this respiratory tract infection in rats. Respiratory tract tissues were studied in rats killed sequentially from postinoculation day (pid) 1 to 30, using virologic and histologic techniques. Clinical signs of mild respiratory tract disease including increased respiratory rate, lowered activity, and increased nasal sounds with low mortality occurred from pid 3 to 7. A significant (P < 0.05) depression in body growth was measured at pid 7. Virus was recovered from the lungs of rats killed from pid 1 to 12, and complement-fixing antibody was detected in serum beginning at pid 6. Necrosis of nasal epithelium associated with infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells was seen in rats killed at pid 2. Extensive degeneration of tracheal and terminal bronchiolar epithelium, as well as mild coagulative necrosis of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, was detected histologically in rats killed at pid 3. In rats killed at pid 5, there was widespread necrosis of respiratory tract mucosal epithelium in the nasal cavity and sinuses, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles associated with inflammatory cell infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Desquamated epithelial cells and inflammatory cells often obstructed terminal bronchioles. There were also areas of epithelial hyperplasia in the bronchioles. Bronchiolitis was associated with focal-to-diffuse interstitial pneumonia, as well as pulmonary arteritis and phlebitis. The severity of the inflammatory cell response decreased in rats killed at pid 7, and histologic lesions were largely resolved in rats killed at pid 17, except around terminal bronchioles and associated alveolar parenchyma. Lesions that persisted in rats killed at pid 30 included: mild multifocal fibrosis and distortion of terminal bronchiolar and alveolar duct walls and associated interalveolar septa; multifocal aggregates of macrophages in alveoli; and small collections of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas of the lungs, as well as in nasal, tracheal, and bronchial submucosa.
Ferret as a potential reservoir for human campylobacteriosis
Authors: Fox James G. , Ackerman Joel I. , Newcomer Christian E.
Published: February 2025

A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni in feces of ferrets purchased for use in biomedical research. Over a 12-month period, 168 ferrets from 2 commercial breeders were examined by bacteriologic cultural procedures for Campylobacter spp; 61% were culturally positive for C fetus subsp jejuni. In a therapeutic trial with 16 ferrets shedding C fetus subsp jejuni in feces, erythromycin given orally failed to eliminate intestinal carriage of the organism in 15 of the animals.
Failure in passive transfer of immunoglobulin G1 to lambs: Measurement of immunoglobulin G1 in ewe colostrums
Authors: McGuire Travis C. , Regnier Jeffery , Kellom Tom , Gates Norman L.
Published: February 2025

Concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 were measured in 590 sera from 24- to 36-hour-old lambs, and failure in passive transfer (fpt), < 6 mg/ml, occurred in 20 lambs. Of the 20 fpt lambs, 45% died before 3 weeks of age, whereas only 5% of the 570 lambs with adequate passive transfer died before 3 weeks of age. The low percentage of fpt was attributed to management practices ensuring suckling by the lambs and possibly to influences from several years of selecting ewes on the basis of weaned lamb production. The correlation between the concentration of IgG1 in 257 postpartum, presuckle ewe colostrum samples and the IgGl concentrations in 362 lamb sera from those ewes was low (r = 0.32). However, the mean serum IgG1 concentration in 20 lambs from ewes with the lowest postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 concentrations (< 30 mg/ml) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than mean serum IgG1 concentration in 24 lambs from ewes with the highest postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 concentrations (> 110 mg/ml). Postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 was measured in 7 ewes whose lambs had fpt, and the IgG1 values varied throughout the colostrum IgG1 range. Colostrum IgG1 concentrations could not be used to explain fpt or to identify ewes likely to have lambs with fpt.
Efficacy of ivermectin against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilarial dermatitis in horses
Authors: Herd R. P. , Donham J. C.
Published: February 2025

Forty horses having microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in association with dermatitis, alopecia, and pruritus on the ventral midline were given a single im injection of 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (|June to August 1981). Microfilarial counts in the 40 horses ranged from 18 to 42,446 microfilariae/skin snip on the day of treatment, and histopathologic examination of these skin sections indicated a chronic eosinophilic dermatitis. Numerous microfilariae were in the dermis, but there was no consistent relationship between the presence of microfilariae and the severity of the inflammatory reaction. In all 40 horses, skin snips taken 4 to 33 days after treatment were negative for microfilariae, and a marked clinical improvement occurred 2 to 3 weeks after treatment, when the lesion was replaced by healthy skin and new hair.

Twenty-four hours after treatment, an edematous reaction occurred on the lower portion of the abdomen of 4 (10%) horses and within the area of the lesion in 6 (15% horses). The reactions disappeared within 24 to 72 hours, irrespective of whether horses were treated with corticosteroids. When further skin samples were taken from 15 horses 4 to 9 months later, 9 of them were free of microfilariae and the 6 others had only low counts (17 to 97).

An additional 7 infected horses, treated when there was little chance of reinfection (November to December 1981), were all free of microfilariae at 6 to 10 days and 4 to 5 months after treatment. The marked clinical improvement in all horses after disappearance of microfilariae from the dermis indicates that microfilariae are involved in the cause and pathogenesis of the dermatitis.
α-Adrenoreceptor stimulation of the systemic circulation in dogs
Authors: Sheldon Murray I. , Breznock Eugene M. , Green Jerry F. , Strack Dennis
Published: February 2025

The influence of phenylephrine (an α-adrenoreceptor agonist) on the arterial and venous systems of the systemic circulation was studied in 10 anesthetized dogs during a right ventricular bypass procedure. Phenylephrine (1 μg·kg-1 of body weight·min-1) produced a significant (P < 0.001) increase in arterial resistance, no change in venous resistance, and a mild decrease in venous compliance. Seemingly in the clinically normal dog, a dose of phenylephrine sufficient to double total peripheral resistance will redistribute a small amount of blood volume from the venous to arterial systems with a slight decrease in venous return and concomitant attentuation of cardiac output.
Occurrence of an accessory pancreatic duct in the sheep
Authors: Abdalla Osman , Sack W. O.
Published: February 2025

An accessory pancreatic duct was studied in 10 Dorset male sheep (5 to 12 months old) and in 7 sheep fetuses (crown-rump length, 63 to 200 mm). The duct was present in 9 of the 10 adult sheep examined. It could not be seen grossly, but in serial sections, an accessory duct with some pancreatic tissue was seen to pass distally from the main pancreatic mass ahead of the bile duct, enter the wall of the duodenum at the beginning of its descending portion, pass distally in the submucosa for about 10 mm, and then approach the mucosa, The wall of the duct acquired tubular mucous glands and was supported by muscle bundles during its intramural course. The sections from the sheep fetuses confirmed the presence of a patent accessory duct until it united with the duodenal mucosa. In the adult, the accessory duct and the accompanying pancreatic tissue and glands appeared functional. It could not be determined how much of the pancreas may be drained by the accessory duct.
Enterotoxigenicity of bovine and porcine Escherichia coli of O groups 8, 9, 20, 64, 101, and X46
Authors: Harnett N. M. , Gyles C. L.
Published: February 2025

Among porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strains, those which induce fluid secretion in the intestines of pigs < 2 weeks of age, but not in older pigs, are designated class 2 etec, whereas those strains which induce fluid secretion in the intestines of older pigs are class 1 etec. Enterotoxigenic E coli also is characterized by their somatic, capsular, and pilus antigens, as well as by the enterotoxins they produce. The etec of bovine origin and the limited number of porcine class 2 etec which have been studied appear to be similar. Study was made of the relationships between serogroups, types of enterotoxin produced, and class of etec among certain types of porcine and bovine E coli.

Strains of E coli of serogroup organisms characteristic of porcine class 2 etec that were isolated from pigs or calves were compared on the basis of enterotoxigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Among 34 porcine isolates of O groups 9, 20, 64, 101, and X46, 26 were etec and 8 were nonenterotoxigenic. Twelve of the etec elicited a fluid response in the intestines of 6-week-old pigs and 14 induced fluid accumulation in the intestines of pigs < 2 weeks of age, but not in pigs 6 weeks of age. Typically, those etec which were positive in the ligated intestine test in 6-week-old pigs produced both heat-stable enterotoxins STa and STb, and those which were negative produced STa only. One strain of etec which reacted in the 6-week-old pigs produced heat-labile enterotoxin and STb. Eight bovine isolates that were tested behaved as porcine class 2 etec in all tests. All etec strains caused fluid accumulation in the ligated intestines of neonatal calves.
Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on the stomach of dogs: Clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic evaluations
Authors: Sorjonen D. C. , Dillon A. R. , Powers R. D. , Spano J. S.
Published: February 2025

Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on the gastric mucosa of 15 dogs was evaluated by clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic studies. Dexamethasone produced acute reddening of the gastric mucosa with frank hemorrhage, digested blood, and possible gastric erosions, whereas dogs treated by surgical hypotension did not have marked changes in the gastric mucosa. Gastrointestinal disease observed in dogs with spontaneous spinal cord injury that were given dexamethasone and decompressive spinal surgery was not produced. The role of corticosteroids and surgical hypotension in the pathogenesis of gastric lesions and the potential for spinal cord injury to produce gastrointestinal disease is discussed.