bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of Wind Conditions for Roof-Mounted Wind Turbines: Effects of Wind Direction and Horizontal Aspect Ratio of a High-Rise Cuboid Building
Authors: Kono Takaaki , Kogaki Tetsuya , Kiwata Takahiro
Published: November 2016

From the viewpoint of installing small wind turbines (SWTs) on rooftops, this study investigated the effects of wind direction and horizontal aspect ratio (HAR = width/length) of a high-rise cuboid building on wind conditions above the roof by conducting large eddy simulations (LESs). The LES results confirmed that as HAR decreases (i.e., as the building width decreases), the variation in wind velocity over the roof tends to decrease. This tendency is more prominent as the angle between the wind direction and the normal vector of the building’s leeward face with longer roof edge increases. Moreover, at windward corners of the roof, wind conditions are generally favorable at relatively low heights. In contrast, at the midpoint of the roof's windward edge, wind conditions are generally not favorable at relatively low heights. At leeward representative locations of the roof, the bottoms of the height range of favorable wind conditions are typically higher than those at the windward representative locations, but the favorable wind conditions are much better at the leeward representative locations. When there is no prevailing wind direction, the center of the roof is more favorable for installing SWTs than the corners or the edge midpoints of the roof.
A New Prospect Projection Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method for Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers
Authors: Gao Jianwei , Liu Huihui
Published: November 2016

To depict the influence of decision makers’ risk psychology on the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making process, this paper proposes a new method based on prospect theory. Considering the risk attitude of the decision maker, we transform interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers into real numbers via a prospect value function and consequently derive the prospect decision matrices. Regarding the criteria weights that are incompletely known or completely unknown, a new nonlinear optimization model is developed to determine the criteria weights by considering the subjective and objective factors. Furthermore, we calculate the prospect projection of each alternative for the ideal solution and rank all the alternatives according to the prospect projection values. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the application of the developed approach.
Smart Shipboard Power System Operation and Management
Authors: Kanellos Fotis , Anvari-Moghaddam Amjad , Guerrero Josep
Published: November 2016

During recent years, optimal electrification of isolated offshore systems has become increasingly important and received extensive attention from the maritime industry. Especially with the introduction of electric propulsion, which has led to a total electrification of shipboard power systems known as all-electric ships (AESs), the need for more cost-effective and emission-aware solutions is augmented. Such onboard systems are prone to sudden load variations due to the changing weather conditions as well as mission profile, thus they require effective power management systems (PMSs) to operate optimally under different working conditions. In this paper, coordinated optimal power management at the supply/demand side of a given AES is studied with regard to different objectives and related technical/environmental constraints. The optimal power management problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model and is solved using a metaheuristic algorithm. To show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed PMS, several test scenarios are implemented and related simulation results are analyzed and compared to those from conventional methods.
Water Droplet Erosion Performance of Laser Shock Peened Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Gujba Abdullahi , Hackel Lloyd , Medraj Mamoun
Published: November 2016

The water droplet erosion (WDE) performance of laser shock peened (LSP) Ti-6Al-4V was investigated. LSP condition using two or three peening impacts per unit area induced compressive residual stresses. However, LSP treatment showed a mild increase in microhardness and no observable changes in the microstructure. The effect of LSP and its associated attributes on the WDE performance was studied according to the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard (ASTM G73). Influence of the impact speed between 150 and 350 m/s on the WDE performance was explored. Two sample geometries, T-shaped flat and airfoil, were used for the WDE tests. For the flat samples, LSP showed little or no beneficial effect in enhancing the WDE performances at all tested speeds. The peened and unpeened flat samples showed similar erosion initiation and maximum erosion rate (ERmax). The LSP airfoil samples showed mild improvement in the WDE performance at 300 m/s during the advanced erosion stage compared to the as-machined (As-M) condition. However, at 350 m/s, no improved WDE performance was observed for the LSP airfoil condition at all stages of the erosion. It was concluded that compressive residual stresses alone are not enough to mitigate WDE. Hence, the notion that the fatigue mechanism is dominating in WDE damage is unlikely.
In Vitro Photodynamic Effect of Phycocyanin against Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Bharathiraja Subramaniyan , Seo Hansu , Manivasagan Panchanathan , Santha Moorthy Madhappan , Park Suhyun , Oh Jungwan
Published: November 2016

C-phycocyanin, a natural blue-colored pigment-protein complex was explored as a novel photosensitizer for use in low-level laser therapy under 625-nm laser illumination. C-phycocyanin produced singlet oxygen radicals and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were raised in extended time of treatment. It did not exhibit any visible toxic effect in the absence of light. Under 625-nm laser irradiation, c-phycocyanin generated cytotoxic stress through ROS induction, which killed MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells depending on concentrations. Different fluorescent staining of laser-treated cells explored apoptotic cell death characteristics like the shrinking of cells, cytoplasmic condensation, nuclei cleavage, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. In conclusion, phycocyanin is a non-toxic fluorescent pigment that can be used in low-level light therapy.
Influences of Alkyl and Aryl Substituents on Iminopyridine Fe(II)- and Co(II)-Catalyzed Isoprene Polymerization
Authors: Guo Lihua , Jing Xinyu , Xiong Shuoyan , Liu Wenjing , Liu Yanlan , Liu Zhe , Chen Changle
Published: November 2016

A series of alkyl- and aryl-substituted iminopyridine Fe(II) complexes 1a–7a and Co(II) complexes 2b, 3b, 5b, and 6b were synthesized. The activator effect, influence of temperature, and, particularly, the alkyl and aryl substituents’ effect on catalytic activity, polymer molecular weight, and regio-/stereoselectivity were investigated when these complexes were applied in isoprene polymerization. All of the Fe(II) complexes afforded polyisoprene with high molecular weight and moderate cis-1,4 selectivity. In contrast, the Co(II) complexes produced polymers with low molecular weight and relatively high cis-1,4 selectivity. In the iminopyridine Fe(II) system, the alkyl and aryl substituents’ effect exhibits significant variation on the isoprene polymerization. In the iminopyridine Co(II) system, there is little influence observed on isoprene polymerization by alkyl and aryl substituents.
Multi-Instrument Inter-Calibration (MIIC) System
Authors: Currey Chris , Bartle Aron , Lukashin Constantine , Roithmayr Carlos , Gallagher James
Published: November 2016

In order to have confidence in the long-term records of atmospheric and surface properties derived from satellite measurements it is important to know the stability and accuracy of the actual radiance or reflectance measurements. Climate quality measurements require accurate calibration of space-borne instruments. Inter-calibration is the process that ties the calibration of a target instrument to a more accurate, preferably SI-traceable, reference instrument by matching measurements in time, space, wavelength, and view angles. A major challenge for any inter-calibration study is to find and acquire matched samples from within the large data volumes distributed across Earth science data centers. Typically less than 0.1% of the instrument data are required for inter-calibration analysis. Software tools and networking middleware are necessary for intelligent selection and retrieval of matched samples from multiple instruments on separate spacecraft. This paper discusses the Multi-Instrument Inter-Calibration (MIIC) system, a web-based software framework used by the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder mission to simplify the data management mechanics of inter-calibration. MIIC provides three main services: (1) inter-calibration event prediction; (2) data acquisition; and (3) data analysis. The combination of event prediction and powerful server-side functions reduces the data volume required for inter-calibration studies by several orders of magnitude, dramatically reducing network bandwidth and disk storage needs. MIIC provides generic retrospective analysis services capable of sifting through large data volumes of existing instrument data. The MIIC tiered design deployed at large institutional data centers can help international organizations, such as Global Space Based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS), more efficiently acquire matched data from multiple data centers. In this paper we describe the MIIC architecture and services.
Assessment of Mining Extent and Expansion in Myanmar Based on Freely-Available Satellite Imagery
Authors: LaJeunesse Connette Katherine , Connette Grant , Bernd Asja , Phyo Paing , Aung Kyaw , Tun Ye , Thein Zaw , Horning Ned , Leimgruber Peter , Songer Melissa
Published: November 2016

Using freely-available data and open-source software, we developed a remote sensing methodology to identify mining areas and assess recent mining expansion in Myanmar. Our country-wide analysis used Landsat 8 satellite data from a select number of mining areas to create a raster layer of potential mining areas. We used this layer to guide a systematic scan of freely-available fine-resolution imagery, such as Google Earth, in order to digitize likely mining areas. During this process, each mining area was assigned a ranking indicating our certainty in correct identification of the mining land use. Finally, we identified areas of recent mining expansion based on the change in albedo, or brightness, between Landsat images from 2002 and 2015. We identified 90,041 ha of potential mining areas in Myanmar, of which 58% (52,312 ha) was assigned high certainty, 29% (26,251 ha) medium certainty, and 13% (11,478 ha) low certainty. Of the high-certainty mining areas, 62% of bare ground was disturbed (had a large increase in albedo) since 2002. This four-month project provides the first publicly-available database of mining areas in Myanmar, and it demonstrates an approach for large-scale assessment of mining extent and expansion based on freely-available data.
Wearable IMU for Shoulder Injury Prevention in Overhead Sports
Authors: Rawashdeh Samir , Rafeldt Derek , Uhl Timothy
Published: November 2016

Body-worn inertial sensors have enabled motion capture outside of the laboratory setting. In this work, an inertial measurement unit was attached to the upper arm to track and discriminate between shoulder motion gestures in order to help prevent shoulder over-use injuries in athletics through real-time preventative feedback. We present a detection and classification approach that can be used to count the number of times certain motion gestures occur. The application presented involves tracking baseball throws and volleyball serves, which are common overhead movements that can lead to shoulder and elbow overuse injuries. Eleven subjects are recruited to collect training, testing, and randomized validation data, which include throws, serves, and seven other exercises that serve as a large null class of similar movements, which is analogous to a realistic usage scenario and requires a robust estimator.
International Comparison of Total Factor Ecology Efficiency: Focused on G20 from 1999–2013
Authors: Yue Shujing , Yang Yang , Shao Jun , Zhu Yuting
Published: November 2016

Little attention has been paid to international ecological efficiency, especially taking ecological footprint (EF), labor, and capital into account as multi-inputs to produce GDP in the total-factor framework. This study evaluates the total-factor ecological efficiency (TFEcE) of G20 during the period of 1999–2013 by employing slack-based measure (SBM) with EF as the index of comprehensive ecological inputs. Findings show that the average level of TFEcE of G20 from 1999 to 2013 is at a low level of about 0.54, which means there is a large space for the improvement of TFEcE. Furthermore, TFEcE of G20 is very imbalanced and there is a big gap between developed countries and developing countries in the G20. For the developing countries and developed countries in the G20, the analysis of factors that affect national TFEcE shows different statistical significance in the truncated regression model.
Is There Still Room for Cancer Vaccines at the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Karaki Soumaya , Anson Marie , Tran Thi , Giusti Delphine , Blanc Charlotte , Oudard Stephane , Tartour Eric
Published: November 2016

Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) blockade is considered to be a revolution in cancer therapy, although most patients (70%–80%) remain resistant to this therapy. It has been hypothesized that only tumors with high mutation rates generate a natural antitumor T cell response, which could be revigorated by this therapy. In patients with no pre-existing antitumor T cells, a vaccine-induced T cell response is a rational option to counteract clinical resistance. This hypothesis has been validated in preclinical models using various cancer vaccines combined with inhibitory pathway blockade (PD-1-PDL1-2, CTLA-4-CD80-CD86). Enhanced T cell infiltration of various tumors has been demonstrated following this combination therapy. The timing of this combination appears to be critical to the success of this therapy and multiple combinations of immunomodulating antibodies (CPI antagonists or costimulatory pathway agonists) have reinforced the synergy with cancer vaccines. Only limited results are available in humans and this combined approach has yet to be validated. Comprehensive monitoring of the regulation of CPI and costimulatory molecules after administration of immunomodulatory antibodies (anti-PD1/PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-OX40, etc.) and cancer vaccines should help to guide the selection of the best combination and timing of this therapy.
Microsatellite primers for the rare sedge Lepidosperma bungalbin (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Nevill Paul G. , Wardell‐Johnson Grant
Published: November 2016

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite markers were developed for the rare sedge Lepidosperma bungalbin (Cyperaceae) to assess genetic variation and its spatial structuring.

Methods and Results:

We conducted shotgun sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq and produced 6,215,872 sequence reads. The QDD pipeline was used to design 60 primer pairs that were screened using PCR. We developed 17 loci, of which 12 loci were identified that were polymorphic, amplified reliably, and could be consistently scored. We then screened these loci for variation in individuals from three populations. The number of alleles observed for these 12 loci across the three populations ranged from nine to 19 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.41 to 0.89.

Conclusions:

These markers will enable the quantification of the potential impact of mining on genetic variation within L. bungalbin and establish a baseline for future management of genetic variation of the rare sedge.
Microsatellite primers for the rare shrub Acacia adinophylla (Fabaceae)
Authors: Nevill Paul G. , Wardell‐Johnson Grant
Published: November 2016

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite primers were developed for the rare shrub Acacia adinophylla (Fabaceae) to assess genetic diversity and its spatial structuring.

Methods and Results:

Shotgun sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq produced 6,372,575 reads. Using the QDD pipeline, we designed 60 primer pairs, which were screened using PCR. Seventeen loci were developed, of which 12 loci were identified that were polymorphic, amplified reliably, and could be consistently scored. These loci were then screened for variation in individuals from three populations. The number of alleles observed for these 12 loci ranged from three to 18 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.13 to 0.85.

Conclusions:

These markers will enable the quantification of genetic impact of proposed mining activities on the short‐range endemic Acacia adinophylla.
NATURE OF THE SOFT ULX IN NGC 247: SUPER-EDDINGTON OUTFLOW AND TRANSITION BETWEEN THE SUPERSOFT AND SOFT ULTRALUMINOUS REGIMES
Authors: Feng Hua , Tao Lian , Kaaret Philip , Grisé Fabien
Published: November 2016

We report on XMM-Newton/Chandra/Swift/Hubble Space Telescope observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in NGC 247, which is found to make transitions between the supersoft ultraluminous (SSUL) regime with a spectrum dominated by a cool (∼0.1 keV) blackbody component and the soft ultraluminous (SUL) regime with comparable luminosities shared by the blackbody and power-law components. Multi-epoch observations revealed an anti-correlation between the blackbody radius and temperature,

, ruling out a standard accretion disk as the origin of the soft X-ray emission. The soft X-ray emission is much more variable on both short and long timescales in the SSUL regime than in the SUL regime. We suggest that the SSUL regime may be an extension of the ultraluminous state toward the high accretion end, being an extreme case of the SUL regime, with the blackbody emission arising from the photosphere of thick outflows and the hard X-rays being emission leaked from the embedded accretion disk via the central low-density funnel or advected through the wind. However, the scenario that the supersoft ULXs are standard ULXs viewed nearly edge-on cannot be ruled out. Flux dips on a timescale of 200 s were observed. The dips cannot be explained by an increase of absorption, but could be due to the change of accretion rate or related to thermal fluctuations in the wind or disk. The optical emission of NGC 247 ULX exhibits a blackbody spectrum at a temperature of 19,000 K with a radius of 20

, likely arising from an OB supergiant companion star.
COLLIDING-WIND BINARIES WITH STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: Kissmann R. , Reitberger K. , Reimer O. , Reimer A. , Grimaldo E.
Published: November 2016

The dynamics of colliding-wind binary (CWB) systems and conditions for efficient particle acceleration therein have attracted multiple numerical studies in recent years. These numerical models seek an explanation of the thermal and nonthermal emission of these systems as seen by observations. In the nonthermal regime, radio and X-ray emission is observed for several of these CWBs, while gamma-ray emission has so far only been found in η Carinae and possibly in WR 11. Energetic electrons are deemed responsible for a large fraction of the observed high-energy photons in these systems. Only in the gamma-ray regime might there be, depending on the properties of the stars, a significant contribution of emission from neutral pion decay. Thus, studying the emission from CWBs requires detailed models of the acceleration and propagation of energetic electrons. This in turn requires a detailed understanding of the magnetic field, which will affect not only the energy losses of the electrons but also, in the case of synchrotron emission, the directional dependence of the emissivity. In this study we investigate magnetohydrodynamic simulations of different CWB systems with magnetic fields that are strong enough to have a significant effect on the winds. Such strong fields require a detailed treatment of the near-star wind acceleration zone. We show the implementation of such simulations and discuss results that demonstrate the effect of the magnetic field on the structure of the wind collision region.
MATERIAL SUPPLY AND MAGNETIC CONFIGURATION OF AN ACTIVE REGION FILAMENT
Authors: Zou P. , Fang C. , Chen P. F. , Yang K. , Hao Q. , Cao Wenda
Published: November 2016

It is important to study the fine structures of solar filaments with high-resolution observations, since it can help us understand the magnetic and thermal structures of the filaments and their dynamics. In this paper, we study a newly formed filament located inside the active region NOAA 11762, which was observed by the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory from 16:40:19 UT to 17:07:58 UT on 2013 June 5. As revealed by the Hα filtergrams, cool material is seen to be injected into the filament spine with a speed of 5–10 km s−1. At the source of the injection, brightenings are identified in the chromosphere, which are accompanied by magnetic cancellation in the photosphere, implying the importance of magnetic reconnection in replenishing the filament with plasmas from the lower atmosphere. Counter-streamings are detected near one endpoint of the filament, with the plane-of-the-sky speed being 7–9 km s−1 in the Hα red-wing filtergrams and 9–25 km s−1 in the blue-wing filtergrams. The observations are indicative that this active region filament is supported by a sheared arcade without magnetic dips, and the counter-streamings are due to unidirectional flows with alternative directions, rather than due to the longitudinal oscillations of filament threads as in many other filaments.
DEPENDENCE OF OCCURRENCE RATES OF SOLAR FLARES AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS ON THE SOLAR CYCLE PHASE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF LARGE-SCALE CONNECTIVITY
Authors: Lee Kangjin , Moon Y.-J. , Nakariakov V. M.
Published: November 2016

We investigate the dependence of the occurrence rates of major solar flares (M- and X-class) and front-side halo coronal mass ejections (FHCMEs), observed from 1996 to 2013, on the solar cycle (SC) phase for six active McIntosh sunspot group classes: Fkc, Ekc, Dkc, Fki, Eki, and Dki. We classify SC phases as follows: (1) ascending phase of SC 23 (1996–1999), (2) maximum phase of SC 23 (2000–2002), (3) descending phase of SC 23 (2003–2008), and (4) ascending phase of SC 24 (2009–2013). We find that the occurrence rates of major flares and FHCMEs during the descending phase are noticeably higher than those during the other phases for most sunspot group classes. For the most active sunspot group class, Fkc, the occurrence rate of FHCMEs during the descending phase of SC 23 is three times as high as that during the ascending phase of SC 23. The potential of each McIntosh sunspot group class to produce major flares or FHCMEs is found to depend on the SC phase. The occurrence rates (R) of major flares and FHCMEs are strongly anti-correlated with the annual average latitude of the sunspot groups (L):

for major flares and

for FHCMEs. This finding indicates the possible role of large-scale coronal connectivity, e.g., trans-equatorial loops, in powerful energy releases. Interestingly, this relationship is very similar to that between the volumetric coronal heating rate and X-ray loop lengths, indicating common energy release mechanisms.
UNIFICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE AND SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLE MASSES
Authors: Bosch Remco C. E. van den
Published: November 2016

According to the virial theorem, all gravitational systems in equilibrium sit on a plane in the three-dimensional parameter space defined by their mass, size, and second moment of the velocity tensor. While these quantities cannot be directly observed, there are suitable proxies: the luminosity L

k
, half-light radius R

e
, and dispersion

. These proxies indeed lie on a very tight fundamental plane (FP). How do the black holes (BHs) in the centers of galaxies relate to the FP? Their masses are known to exhibit no strong correlation with total galaxy mass, but they do correlate weakly with bulge mass (when present), and extremely well with the velocity dispersion through the

relation. These facts together imply that a tight plane must also exist defined by BH mass, total galaxy mass, and size. Here, I show that this is indeed the case using a heterogeneous set of 230 BHs. The sample includes BHs from zero to 10 billion solar masses and host galaxies ranging from low surface brightness dwarfs, through bulgeless disks, to brightest cluster galaxies. The resulting BH–size–luminosity relation

has the same amount of scatter as the M
•–σ relation and is aligned with the galaxy FP, such that it is just a reprojection of

. The inferred BH–size–mass relation is

. These relationships are universal and extend to galaxies without bulges. This implies that the BH is primarily correlated with its global velocity dispersion and not with the properties of the bulge. I show that the classical bulge–mass relation is a projection of the M
•–σ relation. When the velocity dispersion cannot be measured (at high z or low dispersions), the BH–size–mass relation should be used as a proxy for BH mass in favor of just galaxy or bulge mass.
CHANDRA VIEW OF MAGNETICALLY CONFINED WIND IN HD 191612: THEORY VERSUS OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Nazé Yaël , ud-Doula Asif , Zhekov Svetozar A.
Published: November 2016

High-resolution spectra of the magnetic star HD 191612 were acquired using the Chandra X-ray Observatory at both maximum and minimum emission phases. We confirm the flux and hardness variations previously reported with XMM-Newton, demonstrating the high repeatability of the behavior of HD 191612 over a decade. The line profiles appear typical for magnetic massive stars: no significant line shift, relatively narrow lines for high-Z elements, and formation radius at about

. Line ratios confirm the softening of the X-ray spectrum at the minimum emission phase. Shift or width variations appear of limited amplitude at most (slightly lower velocity and slightly increased broadening at minimum emission phase, but within 1–2σ of values at maximum). In addition, a fully self-consistent 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the confined wind in HD 191612 was performed. The simulation results were directly fitted to the data, leading to a remarkable agreement overall between them.
KMOS3D: DYNAMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE MASS BUDGET IN EARLY STAR-FORMING DISKS*
Authors: Wuyts Stijn , Schreiber Natascha M. Förster , Wisnioski Emily , Genzel Reinhard , Burkert Andreas , Bandara Kaushala , Beifiori Alessandra , Belli Sirio , Bender Ralf , Brammer Gabriel B. , Chan Jeffrey , Davies Ric , Fossati Matteo , Galametz Audrey , Kulkarni Sandesh K. , Lang Philipp , Lutz Dieter , Mendel J. Trevor , Momcheva Ivelina G. , Naab Thorsten , Nelson Erica J. , Saglia Roberto P. , Seitz Stella , Tacconi Linda J. , Tadaki Ken-ichi , Übler Hannah , Dokkum Pieter G. van , Wilman David J. , Wuyts Eva
Published: November 2016

We exploit deep integral-field spectroscopic observations with KMOS/Very Large Telescope of 240 star-forming disks at

to dynamically constrain their mass budget. Our sample consists of massive (

) galaxies with sizes

. By contrasting the observed velocity and dispersion profiles with dynamical models, we find that on average the stellar content contributes

of the total dynamical mass, with a significant spread among galaxies (68th percentile range

). Including molecular gas as inferred from CO- and dust-based scaling relations, the estimated baryonic mass adds up to

of the total for the typical galaxy in our sample, reaching

at

. We conclude that baryons make up most of the mass within the disk regions of high-redshift star-forming disk galaxies, with typical disks at

being strongly baryon-dominated within R

e
. Substantial object-to-object variations in both stellar and baryonic mass fractions are observed among the galaxies in our sample, larger than what can be accounted for by the formal uncertainties in their respective measurements. In both cases, the mass fractions correlate most strongly with measures of surface density. High-

galaxies feature stellar mass fractions closer to unity, and systems with high inferred gas or baryonic surface densities leave less room for additional mass components other than stars and molecular gas. Our findings can be interpreted as more extended disks probing further (and more compact disks probing less far) into the dark matter halos that host them.
Gene Expression Profiling in Blood and Affected Muscle Tissues Reveals Differential Activation Pathways in Patients with New-onset Juvenile and Adult Dermatomyositis
Authors: López De Padilla Consuelo M. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Hein Molly S. , Pendegraft Richard S. , Strausbauch Michael A. , Niewold Timothy B. , Ernste Floranne C. , Peterson Erik , Baechler Emily C. , Reed Ann M.
Published: November 2016

Objective.

To identify shared and differential molecular pathways in blood and affected muscle between adult dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile DM, and their association with clinical disease activity measures.

Methods.

Gene expression of transcription factors and cytokines involved in differentiation and effector function of T cell subsets, regulatory T cells and follicular Th cells, were analyzed in the blood from 21 newly diagnosed adult and 26 juvenile DM subjects and in 15 muscle specimens (7 adult and 8 juvenile DM) using a custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Disease activity was determined and measured by established disease activity tools.

Results.

The most prominent finding was the higher blood expression of Th17-related cytokines [retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γ, interferon regulatory factor 4, interleukin (IL)-23A, IL-6, IL-17F, and IL-21] in juvenile DM at baseline. In contrast, adult patients with DM showed increased blood levels of STAT3 and BCL6 compared with juvenile DM. In muscle, GATA3, IL-13, and STAT5B were found at higher levels in juvenile patients with DM compared with adult DM. Among 25 patients (11 adult and 14 juvenile DM) who had blood samples at baseline and at 6 months, increased expression ofIL-1β, STAT3, STAT6, STAT5B, andBCL6was associated with an improvement in global extramuscular disease activity.

Conclusion.

We observed differences in gene expression profiling in blood and muscle between new-onset adult and juvenile DM. Cytokine expression in the blood of juvenile patients with new-onset DM was dominated by Th17-related cytokines compared with adult patients with DM. This may reflect the activation of different Th pathways between muscle and blood.
Conservatisme et choix de l’objet
Authors: Erdem Atak Irem
Published: November 2016

Le conservatisme est précisément une démarche de restauration. Authentique, il ne renonce jamais à ses propres valeurs avec un minimum d’intervention possible pour protéger, sans être dévastateur... C’est renoncer à l’histoire et au savoir-faire de la tradition dans l’élaboration de la structure sociale. Les nouveaux nés ne peuvent subvenir à leurs besoins, donc ils ont besoin de soins et sont dépendants de leur environnement pour survivre et assurer leur ascendance ou la continuité de l’espèce. La nécessité de l’objet commence depuis le début. Que l’être humain n’est pas parfait et considère que l’intelligence de ce dernier est limitée, en conséquence, cela exige une vie sociale. Freud (1914) prétend que le premier état mental du bébé est un état de narcissisme primaire qui ne produit aucune différence et dont le bébé forme un ensemble avec le monde et toute l’énergie libidinale est en lui. La transition vers les relations avec la réalité et les objets n’est possible qu’en s’éloignant de l’uniformité après l’illusion de l’omnipotence vécue grâce aux fonctions d’harmonie d’une mère suffisamment positive ou bénéfique. Les objets peuvent changer de place entre eux, et ils seront investis pour être ou ne pas être une chose déterminée. L’individu a le choix soit de maintenir une relation avec le premier objet en s’investissant dans des relations similaires qu’il entretient avec l’objet qui l’assouvit et l’entretient par l’intermédiaire du choix de l’objet analytique ; soit de maintenir le narcissisme primaire en s’investissant sur l’objet qu’il considère comme faisant partie de sa personnalité, qui était comme lui dans le passé et comme il souhaitait devenir en choisissant un objet narcissique. La continuité des objets et le développement des relations de l’objet peuvent être considérées dans le conservatisme comme une proportion directe de l’effort pour harmoniser le développement et la continuité.
L’affaire Dreyfus : la patrie française contre les droits de l’homme
Authors: Demeure Brigitte
Published: November 2016

En 1898, l’Affaire Dreyfus cristallise l’opposition entre les nationalistes et les tenants des droits de l’homme. La patrie ouverte des droits de l’homme se voit confrontée à une nouvelle patrie, nationaliste et fermée, dont Maurice Barrès est le porte-parole ; elle correspond à une représentation maternelle, archaïque et toute-puissante, qui exige la soumission, et dont l’individu « jouit par symbiose », pour reprendre l’expression de Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor. Mais est-ce que les arguments rationnels de F. de Pressensé et de J. Jaurès suffisent dans le combat contre la diffusion de cette notion ?
Jehanne ou l’anticonformisme au féminin
Authors: Hedjem Louisa
Published: November 2016

La trajectoire de Jeanne d’Arc appelée Jeanne la Pucelle en son temps médiéval met en tension la problématique du conformisme et de l’anticonformisme au féminin en Occident. Son sexe de naissance la destine à la tyrannie de l’anatomie et à un conformisme éducatif qui vise la transmission de l’identité féminine par la mère – identité qui se confond avec le conjugalisme et la maternité par introjection de l’autorité masculine et de la position de sujet de la femme. La mère s’affirme vecteur et support identificatoires en vue de la reproduction mimétique. Mais en un temps où l’expression de soi n’est pas de mise, surtout pour une fille, l’originalité de Jeanne est de multiplier les recours à l’acte désignant en terme freudien les actes transgressifs et de créer un soi nouveau anticonformiste qui dépasse la limite interne-externe. Introjectant l’identification à la piété maternelle et projetant l’identification à l’idéal de justice du père, elle crée un mix hybride synthétisant la valence féminine (attribut narcissique de la virginité de corps et d’esprit) et la valence masculine (attributs phalliques, guerrière, parole subversive) et conquiert une existence visible dans l’espace public interdit aux femmes. Jeanne anticonformiste ne respecte pas la position asymétrique du féminin-masculin, de jeune/adulte, de l’analphabète/érudit et bafoue tous les préjugés d’ordre sexuel, social et culturel des hommes de son temps. Cette vierge de référence crée son propre personnage suffisamment flexible et protéiforme pour servir de base à des identifications et des idéaux nombreux et divers en fonction des orientations politiques ou sociales.
Réflexions autour de certains détournements du langage
Authors: Sibony-Malpertu Yaelle
Published: November 2016

Cet article part de l’impossibilité de la culture à éviter de produire ou d’être vulnérable au fanatisme. Il décrit certaines failles de notre société dans lesquelles ce dernier peut s’engouffrer, à commencer par ce que Hannah Arendt nomme le « refus de juger », souvent confondu avec une position d’ouverture à l’autre. Il approfondit ensuite à différents niveaux les détournements et torsions opérés par un usage pervers du langage. Ces derniers attaquent la liberté de pensée d’un individu et insinue dans son esprit des termes qui induisent une conformité à une certaine censure totalitaire. Enfin, il rappelle que la psychanalyse, tout comme elle est régulièrement confrontée aux mécanismes pervers, peut se saisir de certains repères cliniques pour aider à réagir à cette utilisation totalitaire du langage.
Fetal Abduction: Comparison of Two Cases
Authors: Burgess Ann W. , Dillon Maeghan A. , Chiou Kellie Y. , Hulsopple Savannah B.
Published: November 2016

The current article compares two cases involving the murders of two pregnant mothers for the kidnapping of their fetuses. The structure of the crimes includes seven steps. Both mothers were befriended by their killers (one before and one on the day of the murder and abduction), rendered unconscious by blunt force trauma, and then killed (one by strangulation and one by gunshot). Both bodies were moved after the murders and hidden, and later discovered by the circumstances of the babies' births: crude cesarean section operations. One killer, Winifred Ransom, was diagnosed in 1975 with schizophrenia, acquitted as insane, sentenced to Byberry State Hospital and, on appeal, was released as “cured” 20 months later. The other killer, Julie Corey, was found guilty in 2014 and sentenced to life in prison. The cases illustrate two different eras in psychiatric nursing. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54
(11), 37–43.]
How Middle School Principals of Small Rural Schools Address Cyberbullying
Authors: Force Christina M.
Published: November 2016

Cyberbullying affects almost half of the teenagers in America (National Crime Prevention Council [NCPC], 2010). The effects of cyberbullying can be detrimental to teens and may include withdrawal from school activities, illness, depression, eating disorders, or suicidal ideations (Dehue, Bolman, & Vollink, 2008; Mason, 2008). In order to effectively deal with this issue, it is imperative that front-line middle school principals are prepared to address this growing problem. The purpose of this study was to examine how middle school principals of small rural schools address cyberbullying and their beliefs on its effect on the school climate and students. This study examined what middle school principals have experienced with regard to cyberbullying and the ways in which principals have responded to incidences of cyberbullying. A qualitative design using an exploratory multiple case study approach was utilized for this study. The results of this study describe how middle school principals in a small rural setting address cyberbullying and its impact on the school environment.
The Roles of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity in Cyberbullying
Authors: Wright Michelle F.
Published: November 2016

Children and adolescents have become active users of electronic technologies, with many of them blogging, watching videos, and chatting via instant messenger and social networking sites. Many of these activities have become a typical part of their lives. Electronic technologies have brought many conveniences to the lives of children and adolescents. Along with the opportunities associated with these technologies, children and adolescents are also susceptible to risks, including cyberbullying. Therefore, many researchers have become concerned with identifying which factors might predict children's and adolescents' involvement in these behaviors. Some predictors that researchers have focused on include age, gender, and ethnicity, but the findings were mixed. This chapter draws on research to review studies on the relationship of age, gender, and ethnicity to children's and adolescents' cyberbullying involvement and concludes with solutions and recommendations as well as future directions for research focused on these predictors and cyberbullying.
Using Mixed Methods to Understand the Positive Correlation between Fear of Cyberbullying and Online Interaction
Authors: Yu Szde
Published: November 2016

This study examines the relationship between online interaction and fear of cyberbullying. A mixed method approach is adopted to explore not only the statistical correlation between them, but also the qualitative meaning behind this correlation. The quantitative analysis reveals a positive correlation between these two constructs, suggesting a higher level of fear of cyberbullying is associated with more frequent online interactions. Although seemingly fear of cyberbullying does not reduce online interaction, the qualitative analysis reveals how fear of cyberbullying might still impact online interaction.
Answering the New Realities of Stalking
Authors: Alonso de Escamilla Avelina
Published: November 2016

This chapter aims mainly to carry out a study of a new type of harassment named stalking. After the study of its contents through the opinions of the most recognized specialist on it, the chapter defines the crime based on the expert's opinion. A study of comparative law is done, and this study focuses on the different ways stalking happens. This chapter offers a critical study of the inclusion of stalking as a felony in the criminal amendment Organic Criminal Law 10/1995 of 23 November, Criminal Law Code. To finish, this chapter proposes some improvements to that regulation and focuses on the new realities that bring about cyber stalking.
Cyber-Stalking or Just Plain Talking?
Authors: Beech Mark , Bishop Jonathan
Published: November 2016

In the United Kingdom there were a number of rape threats made to prominent public figures who identify feminists. It led to three people being jailed, namely Isabella Sorley, John Nimmo and Peter Nunn. This was at a time when the UK police had identified around 50,000 online sex offenders but said they could not all be prosecuted. This study investigates the use of rape threats and other threatening language based on those tweeted by these people to see the contexts in which they are used. The study finds that most rape and other threats made are done as a joke and not with any real malicious intent. The chapter recommends on the basis of the evidence necessary for the authorities to use the judgement in DPP v Chambers, which would mean the context of an alleged abusive message would be considered.
Reparations for Children and Youth
Authors: Escolar Sinthya Rubio
Published: November 2016

Violence against children and youth in war causes severe damage to individuals, communities and societies. This chapter aims to demonstrate the importance of reparations for children and youth as a peacebuilding mechanism in the context of transitional justice. On one hand, the chapter seeks to address reparations for children and youth understood as a political project, with a transformative and participatory potential for rebuilding societies and healing the wounds of those who have been affected by armed conflict. On the other hand, the paper attempts to overcome the conception of children and youth as passive victims, providing them with agency to become engaged political members in building peaceful societies. Thus, reparations should position them as subjects of rights, giving them voice as contributors in peacebuilding processes.
Peace Education in Pakistan
Authors: Hoti Amineh Ahmed , Ahmed Zahid Shahab
Published: November 2016

Context last year brought deep sadness and great grief to many people - including and especially the students, parents and staff in schools across Pakistan and across the world in response to children being massacred brutally at a school in KPK, Pakistan. Schools, colleges, and universities, as a result, have been converted into fortresses and a thriving business for security-wallas. A case study of this program will be prepared through both qualitative and quantitative data examining the impact of FCCU's peace education program. We are hoping that this work would initiate the process of introducing peace education interventions in Pakistan at regional and global levels. This chapter will also help other peace education programs to learn from FCCU's approach of peacebuilding.
The Mirror Has Two Faces
Authors: Virkar Shefali
Published: November 2016

The Information Revolution has greatly impacted how nation-states and societies relate to one another; particularly wherein new, or hitherto less powerful, actors have emerged to bypass and influence established channels of power, altering the manner in which nation-states define their interests, power bases, security, and increasingly, their innate ability to govern and control flows of information. This book chapter investigates the ‘winner-takes-all' hypothesis relative to how the Internet, its associated platforms, and technologies have been harnessed to enhance the activities of both transnational terrorist networks and the organisations, clusters, and individuals dedicated to researching and combating them. The issues covered by this research raise important questions about the nature and the use of technology by state and non-state actors in an asymmetric ‘information war'; of how ideas of terrorism, surveillance, and censorship are conceptualised, and manner in which the role of the nation-state in countering and pre-empting threats to national security has been redefined.
First Responder Psychological Recovery Following a Mass Casualty Event
Authors: Garrido Sara , Nicoletti John
Published: November 2016

Mass Casualty Events (MCE) have an extraordinary impact on an entire community. The impact on victims' families, survivors, and community members is often the subject of significant attention; however, rarely does the impact on first responders (law enforcement officers, firefighters, dispatchers, crime scene investigators/photographers, etc.) garner the same coverage. Additionally, agencies can quickly become overwhelmed by the magnitude of the response causing them to overlook the psychological impact of these incidents on their personnel. Serving as specialists in police and public safety psychology, crisis intervention, and trauma recovery, the authors reflect on lessons learned from their response to multiple MCEs, including the 1999 Columbine High School shooting and the 2012 Aurora Century 16 Theater shooting, and offer recommendations to agencies regarding crisis response and trauma recovery.
Cape Town Gangs
Authors: Pinnock Don
Published: November 2016

Almost all gang studies throughout the 20th century and most in the 21st locate the reasons for both gang membership and a tendency to violence in the environments within which young people are raised: family, neighbourhood, school, poverty, access to drugs and general deprivation. In Cape Town all these were present under apartheid and still persist 20 years after the country became a democracy. The reasons for this persistence have to do with global and local economics, skills shortages, corruption, political mismanagement and neglect of certain neighbourhoods and are beyond the scope of this chapter. Rather, acknowledging these influences, this study looks at how gangs are defined and examines them from a more finely grained perspective.
Youth Gangs and Youth Violence in Australia
Authors: White Rob
Published: November 2016

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of issues pertaining to youth gangs and youth violence in Australia. The first part features the voices of young people from around Australia describing their experiences of youth gang violence. The second part provides a broad overview of biological, psychological and social factors that together shape the propensities for young people, and young men in particular, to join gangs and to engage in youth violence. The final part of the chapter provides more detailed exposition of two gang members, 'Mohammad' and 'Tan', and the everyday complexities of their lives. The chapter concludes by noting that the gang does not have to be seen as an overwhelming influence in the lives of young people, and that their activities and behaviours are more diverse, and include positive elements, than generally given credit in mainstream youth gangs research and analysis.