bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Zeolite, Poultry Manure and Mineral Fertilizers in Availability of NPK in Calcareous Soil
Authors: Saleh Qays Obaid , Al Bahrani Iman Q. M.
Published: December 2023

This experiment was conducted in one of fields belong to College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad–Station Research (F) in Jadriya. To find out effect of natural zeolite, organic fertilizer (poultry manure) and mineral fertilizers and their interactions on some soil characteristics in “Dounia” cabbage, a field experiment was carried out in fall season 2021. Treatments were replicated three times at factorial design in a RCBD. Factors of study experiment included addition of three levels of natural zeolite (without addition (Z0), 5 μg.ha-1 (Z5), and 10 μg.ha-1 (Z10), while poultry manure was added with three levels; without addition (O0), 5 μg.ha-1 (O5), and 10 μg.ha-1 (O10), As for mineral fertilizer treatments, they were added in three levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of complete fertilizer recommendation), which were 100 kg H-1 N, 150 kg H-1 P, and 150 kg H-1 K, which are denoted by symbols M50, M75, and M100, respectively. The experimental results showed that natural zeolite at 10 μg.ha-1 (Z10) significantly increased in in N, P, and K in soil after plant harvesting crop, which amounted to 42.72 mg N kg-1 soil, 20.23 mg P kg-1 soil, and 201.05 mg K kg-1 soil, respectively. Results also shows that poultry manure at 10 μg.ha-1 (O10) superiority of control treatment and gave highest N, P, and K in soil after plant harvesting, which amounted to 44.77 mg N kg-1 soil, 21.66 mg P kg-1 soil, and 207.38 mg K kg-1 soil, respectively. As for addition of mineral fertilizers, addition at 100% of complete fertilizer recommendation (M100) superiority of M50 and gave highest N, P, and K in soil after plant harvesting, which amounted to 38.96 mg N kg-1 soil, 18.88 mg P kg-1 soil, and 191.57 mg K kg-1 soil, respectively. Twice and triple interactions between the study factors significantly affected in availability of nitrogen, phosphor and potassium.
Role of Clay Minerals on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Different Region of Iraq
Authors: Mahdee Hanan Salah , Ati Alaa Salih , Rahim Bayan Rashid
Published: December 2023

This study aims to found out the effect of exchangeable sodium percentage and salinity on saturated hydraulic conductivity, from the effect of swelling and dispersion process on aggregates of soil. Eleven pedons were selected for this study; two pedons were selected from Salah Al-Deen governate, while in Baghdad governate pedons were four, three pedons from Wasit governate and two pedons from Basra governate. Measured some chemical, physical and mineralogical properties on these samples were taken from the surface and subsurface horizons of each pedon. The results showed that the clay has effect on physiochemical process, especially with high content of ESP, which effecting negative in soil properties (bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity). Whereas, the highest value of bulk density (1.47 – 1.66 Mg.m-3) which caused decreased in Ksat
(1.22-2.03 cm.h-1) for P3, P4, P5, P7, P11, P8C1, P10C1, where showed high interaction between ESP and clay in case montmorillonite domance. The domance of chlorite mineral in P8AP, P9AP, P9C1 caused to increase Ksat
value (4.02–5.90 cm.h-1) while the bulk density was decreased (1.33–1.38 Mg.m-3). Decreasing of ESP (9.19-12.04 %) and domance of chlorite and mica mineral in P6C1, P10AP, caused to increase Ksat
value (8.17-10.90 cm.h-1).
Effect of Foliar Application with Sulfur Element and Amino Acid Selenocysteine on Maize (Zea mays L.) Exposed to Stress with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Mohamed Shams El Din , Mohamed Hussein A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season (2022) in the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala in order to demonstrate the effect of foliar Application with sulfur element and the amino acid Selenocysteine on maize (Zea mays.L) subjected to hydrogen peroxide stress and its effect on plant height, leaf area, proline and catalase enzyme, the experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), a regular global experiment with three replications, and the experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of spraying acid with hydrogen peroxide (0, 5, 10) mg. L-1 and three levels of spraying with the amino acid Selenocysteine (0, 50, 100) mg.L-1, two concentrations of liquid sulfur Zolfast (0, 2.5) g. L-1 and H2O2 was sprayed first, then the two experimental factors were sprayed later. The yellow corn crop was cultivated and the results showed that the values of plant height, leaf area, rollin and catalyse enzyme have increased with significant differences with increasing levels of sulfur spraying (S), and these values increased significantly with increasing spray concentrations of amino acid (Sec), while the studied characteristics decreased when spraying with hydrogen peroxide at a high concentration (H10), and the bilateral interference between the study factors gave a significant increase in the studied characteristics, The triple interference between the three study factors (H2O2 + Sec + S) showed that it treated hydrogen peroxide damage through an increase in all studied characteristics when spraying the plant with homocysteine and sulfur (H10, Sec100, S2.5) and a decrease in the characteristis when not sprayed (H10, Sec0, S0).
Optimization of Ceramic Filter for Greywater Treatment by using Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland
Authors: Aylan Rana A. , Al-Abbawy Dunya A.H. , Yaseen Dina A.
Published: December 2023

Wetland technology is an effective and sustainable treatment process that relies on a combination of components. Media components, which vary based on the material used, play an important role in this technology. Ceramic-based filters are a natural and versatile water filtration method that can be used in combination with wetland systems to create a simple, low-cost, and efficient wastewater treatment technology. The aim of this study was to assess the performance and efficiency of two experimental scale horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HFCW) as a secondary stage for the treatment of household greywater. This was achieved by examining the untreated and treated greywater characteristics; evaluating the effectiveness of planted wetlands with ceramic addition in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms from the greywater; and monitoring the adaptation and growth of Bacopa monnieri L. in the treatment systems. The results showed that both treatment systems significantly improved all the greywater characteristics. The use of ceramic, gravel, and plants in wetlands enhanced the removal efficiency of Mg+2, TDS, and total hardness (TH). A higher treatment efficiency was observed in the ceramic-gravel bed than in the gravel bed.
The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Chemical Properties of Clay Loam Soil and Sandy Loam Soil
Authors: Faleh Shaima Tariq , Fahmi Alaa Hasan , Abood Mohammed Ali
Published: December 2023

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources / College of Agriculture - the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors were the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol It has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the electrical conductivity in the two soils when using the two percentages of biochar in the two soils, while the electrical conductivity values decreased with the use of the two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Less, and the two biochar treatments increased the organic matter values in the two soils, while the organic matter values decreased in the two soils when using the two percentages of perlite. The values of nitrogen extracted from the soil, as well as the case with the use of two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Higher with the use of two percentages of biochar in the two soils.
Sustainability of Agricultural Productivity and Water Requirement of Sorghum Crop Under Deficient Irrigation
Authors: Ibrahim Wallada Muammer , Ati Alaa Salih , Majeesd Shatha Salim
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya (Station F), to study the effect of deficit irrigation on the water requirement of Sorghum bicolor L, using surface drip irrigation system, during the spring season 2022 in a clay loam soil, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment included 6 irrigation treatments levels: complete irrigation treatment, 100% irrigation, (at 50% of the available water depleted), and compensated by the American evaporation basin index, Class A, and deficit irrigation applying 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40% of the 1st complete irrigation. Deficit irrigation applied at (vegetative growth, flowering and grains maturity stages for Sorghum crop. Sorghum seeds were sown on 13. Mar 2022 and harvested on 15. Jul 2022. The results indicated that water requirement for sorghum, it’s the highest value in the full irrigation treatment was 487.25 mm season-1, then it decreased to 413.87, 377.19, 340.50, 303.81, and 267.12 mm season-1 for above treatments respectively.
Effect of Zeolite and Silica Gel in Regulating the Water Requirement of Cabbage and Their Effect on some Physical Properties of the Soil
Authors: Alwan Youssif Alaa Hussein , Abbood Mohammed Ali , Mohammed Hussein Abbas
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m. Above sea level. The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in regulating the water requirement of the cabbage and some physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, The first to occupy the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second agent is silica gel (S) with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g For each plant S1, add 20 gm of the plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 square meters) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The treatment W1Z2S3 recorded the highest value for the total porosity of the soil and the average weighted diameter and the lowest for the bulk density and soil resistance to penetration, and the values were 57.98%, 1.710 mm, 1.113 μg m-3, 0.900 kg cm-2, respectively, while the treatment W1Z0S0 recorded the highest value for the bulk density, which amounted to 1.380 Mgm-3, as for the soil penetration resistance, it reached its maximum in treatment W2Z0S0 and was 4.166 kg cm-2.
Rationalization of the Water Requirement of the Cabbage Crop by Using Zeolite and Silica Gel and Their Effect on some Water Parameters of the Leaves of the Cabbage Crop
Authors: Alwan Youssif Alaa Hussein , Abbood Mohammed Ali , Mohammed Hussein Abbas
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of the city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m above. Sea level The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in rationing the water requirement of the cabbage and some of the physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage plant. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first Which occupied the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second factor is silica gel (S) and with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g to each plant S1, adding 20 gm plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 m2) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The highest value of relative water content % and the ability to bind water % and the ability to absorb water in treatment W1Z2S2 reached 87.96%, 10.733%, 6.123%, respectively. The lowest value of relative saturation deficit in treatment W1Z2S2 was 12.03%.. The interaction treatment between water requirement, zeolite and silica gel recorded a significant effect when treating W2Z2S2 in the ability to absorb water, as it recorded the highest value of 79.29% compared to the treatment W1Z0S0, which had the lowest value of 23.39%.
Employing Remote Sensing Technologies and Geographic Information in the Hydrological Analysis of the Hilla River Valley in Babylon Governorate
Authors: Hameed Iman A. , Rahman Haleema Abdul Jabbar Abdul , Anmar Alsaadi
Published: December 2023

The study aims to employ geospatial technologies in the Hydrological Analysis of water basins and their importance in (Arid and Semi-arid regions). The analysis was conducted to extract the characteristics of the Terrain surface such as Degree of Slope, Direction of Flow, Accumulation of Flow, Physiographic units, water basins and other characteristics using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which is one of the basic components of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), which is based on the extraction of terrain surface characteristics.
Tolerance of Two Sorghum Varieties to Salinity Using Different Nutritional Practices and Two Leaching Requirements
Authors: Hameed Marwan A. , Ali Nooruldeen S. , Karim Hadi M.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Ministry of Agriculture research station in Abu Ghraib district to investigate the role of using different nutritional practices and two leaching requirements on the tolerance of two sorghum varieties to salt stress during the spring season of 2022. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design “RCBD” with a split-plot arrangement and three replicates. The treatments included Two Sorghum verities (Al-Khair synthetic variety (C1) and Rabeh synthetic variety (C2), Two leaching requirements (normal leaching requirements (L1) and doubled leaching requirements (L2) and 7 fertilizer treatments (Control, NPK, NPKS, NPKS+ micronutrients, NPKS+ micronutrients+ Nano silicon, NPKS+ micronutrients + Nano silicon + calcium and magnesium nitrate, NPKS + micronutrients + Nano silicon + potassium Humates), symbolized as (F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6), respectively. Results showed that applications of fertilizer treatments F5 and F6 had a significant impact on the growth indicators of the plant, where the highest average of plant height was 1.11 m and the highest average of leaf area was 0.48 m2 for treatment F5. The highest chlorophyll content was 85.43 (SPAD), the highest biological yield was 11373.6 kg ha−1, and the highest grain yield 5191.6 kg ha-1 was with treatment F6. Doubled leaching requirements (L2) exceeded the normal leaching requirements (L1) in some parameters, which led to an increase in the height and biological yield of the plant. The results showed a significant superiority of the sorghum variety (C2) over (C1) in the leaf area of 0.45 m2, as well as the biological yield of 11235.5 kg ha-1. The dual interactions have a significant effect on increasing plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll, biological yield, and grain yield. Triple interactions had a significant effect in increasing the height and grain yield of the plant. These results clearly showed that the proper management practices could be used to improve soil properties and increase the availability of nutrients and improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress such as soil salinity.
Effect of Adding Potassium and Selenium on the Concentration of Nutrients in Climbing Bean Plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) Affected by Humidity Stress
Authors: Hashim Bakr A. , Mohammed Hussein A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the University of Diyala - College of Agriculture - site of graduate students’ research projects during the spring season 2022, to study the effect of spraying the elements selenium and potassium on the climbing bean plant in addressing the harmful effect of water stress and its impact on nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and selenium For bean plants, the experiment was designed according to the strip split plot design, as the design included complete randomized plots (RCBD), a factorial experiment with three factors, and the experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of water stress according to field capacity (20%, 40% %, 60%) symbolized by (W1, W2, W3) and three levels of spraying with potassium (0, 500, 1000) mg.L-1, symbolized by (K0, K1, K2) and three levels of spraying with selenium (0, 5, 10)) mg.L-1 is symbolized by the symbol (Se0, Se1, Se2), The climbing bean plant was cultivated, and the results showed that water stress at (60%) of the field capacity led to a decrease in the studied characteristics. The triple interference between the three factors of the study treated the damage of water stress through the presence of an increase in the percentage of all studied vegetative characteristics when spraying with potassium and selenium.
Effect of Adding Chelated Zinc and Vermicompost on Some Indicators of Maize Growth
Authors: Yassin Fatima Bassem , Aliwi Mohammad Salal , Mahmood Saad Shakir
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for the fall season 2022 to grow a crop of yellow corn, zea mzys, class F1, in the Kala Agriculture field of the University of Babylon, in silt clay. The study included an investigation of the effect of adding chelated zinc and Vermicompost and the interaction between them on the growth indicators of maize, Where it included three levels of chelated zinc fertilizer (0, 5, 10) kg.H-1 and symbolized by symbols (Zn0, Zn1, Zn2) respectively for the first factor, while the second factor was the addition of Vermicompost with three levels (0, 10, 20) ton.H-1 and symbolized by the symbols (F0, F1, F2), respectively, and thus the number of transactions became 9 by 3 replications, so the number of experimental units became 27 experimental units. The experiment was carried out according to the RCBD random sectors design. The addition of chelated zinc to the Zn2 treatment gave the highest increase in the vegetative growth characteristics of plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and dry weight of the vegetative total, as the values reached 189.60 cm, 53.92 Spad unit, 56.53 dm2, and 4.86 tons H-1 for each respectively. The addition of Vermicompost to treatment F2 gave the highest increase in vegetative growth indicators for each of the plant height 186.39 cm, chlorophyll index 50.75 spad unit, leaf area 52.87 dm2, and dry weight of the vegetative total 4.88 tons H-1. The dual interaction of chelated zinc and Vermicompost for Zn2F2 treatment gave the highest increase in the growth indicators of yellow corn represented by plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, shoot dry weight.
The Relationship of CLWC and Rainfall to the Synoptic Cases of Two Case Studies Over Iraq
Authors: Deagan Eptehaal M. , Al-Jiboori Monim H.
Published: December 2023

Climate change and the improvement of the environment is one of the most important topics that preoccupied the world, and the main factor for it is precipitation. To understand how to improve the environment, precipitation must be increased by understanding the mechanisms of cloud formation and benefiting from the water content of the liquid cloud, which is the basic building block of precipitation. There is no precipitation without liquid water content. This study examined the effect of depressions on rain and liquid cloud water content, in addition to studying the relationship of liquid water content and precipitation, and classifying clouds according to liquid water content over Iraq. We found that the liquid water content and the amount of precipitation are affected by depressions. Hourly data has been taken cloud liquid water content were used for four primary times, (00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC), at all pressure levels from (1000 to 175 hpa) for the study Selected days in Winter 2019 Taken from the generation of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) from ERA5 it is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate covering the period from January 1950 to present. ERA5 is produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service at ECMWF, sea level pressure maps and geopotential height maps were taken from ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis. And low, medium, and high clouds and the amount of precipitation were taken from the (Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismic Monitoring). Two programs (Matlab) and (Origin) were used to analyze and plot the data.
The Effect of Biofertilizers, Phosphorus Sources and Vermicompost on the Preparation of Bacterial and Fungal Cells for the Two Phases of Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Potato Plants
Authors: Jaber Zeina Kareem , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for potato plants in the field of Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Al-Muradiyya of the Directorate of Agriculture of Babylon - Babylon Governorate for the agricultural season 2022 to study the effect of adding bacterial fertilizer, phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate and phosphate rock) and vermicompost and the interaction between them in cell preparation Bacterial and fungal phases of potato plant vegetative growth and blooming according to RCBD design. The experiment included three factors: the addition of the bacterial biofertilizer Bacillus megaterium (with or without addition), phosphorus sources at three levels (0, triple superphosphate at 100 kg ha-1, phosphate rock at 200 kg ha-1), and vermicompost at three levels. Levels (0, 8, 12) ton ha-1, with three replications, yielded 54 experimental units. Burin cultivar potato tubers were planted, and the results were: The addition of bacterial bio fertilizer to treatment B1 produced the highest numbers of bacterial cells for the two stages of vegetative growth and flowering of potato plants: 4.73×106 and 6.73×106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil × 106) in sequence, and 5.93 × 103 and 12.15 × 103 for fungal cells. g-1 dry soil × 103, sequentially. During potato plant vegetative growth and flowering, the P22 treatment had the most bacterial and fungal cells, at 5.31 × 106 and 7.56 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106), respectively. sequentially (g-1 dry soil) 103. Treatment F2 with vermicompost added had the largest counts of bacterial and fungal cells during the vegetative growth and blooming phases of potato plants at 6.22 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106) and 10.08 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 103), respectively. B1P2F3 had the greatest bacterial cell counts at 8.25 and 13.55 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106).
Evaluation of Land Degradation using some Spectral Indices and Geospatial Technologies in the Western AlJadwal District in the Holy Karbala
Authors: Jabbar Rania Hassan , Jubier Amal Radhi
Published: December 2023

The study area was chosen in the western Al Jadwal district of the Holy Karbala Governorate, and satellite visuals were used for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 in order to determine deterioration indicators, including the salinity index SI, the barren soil index BSI, and the land degradation index LDl, as the results showed an increase in the values of these indices in the year 2020 And its decrease in the years 2010 and 2000, due to its lack of cultivation, as the salinity index for the highly saline land ranged between 10.01 - 16.59, as it occupied the largest area in the year 2020, which amounted to 1600 ha, by 9.9% ha, with a rate of 32.1%. The severely degraded land category agreed with these two indicators, as it occupied the largest area in the year 2020, amounting to 2900, with a rate of 13.9%, as it ranged between 0.11 - 0.39, and this confirms that cultivating and managing lands correctly leads to their non-degradation, as poor management, leaving land without cultivation and scarcity of water are factors that lead to land degradation
A Study of the Effect of Chemical Properties and Their Spatial Distribution in the Soils of the Western Jadwal District in Karbala Governorate
Authors: Jabbar Rania Hassan , Jubier Amal Radhi
Published: December 2023

The study area was chosen in the western Jadwal district of Karbala Governorate, which is located in the area confined between longitudes 44010′30" to 4403′30" east and latitudes N 32029′20" to 32037′20" north, in order to study the chemical properties of the soil and its impact and distribution in the soil, as soil samples were obtained From surface depth 0 – 30 cm 62 samples were obtained using the auger drilling machine (auger), and the coordinates were determined by the GPS device, then they were saved and transferred to the laboratory, and the necessary chemical laboratory measurements were carried out on them, as the results showed that the electrical conductivity ECe in all the soils of the study was low, values of soil sites ranged surface between 2.18 - 6.08 dSm-1, and the degree of reaction of pH was neutral to basic, ranged between 7.0 - 8.0. with a lower percentage Organic matter of organic matter in the surface soils ranged between 0.52 - 1.43%, and the high content of carbonate minerals, the percentage of carbonate minerals in the surface soils ranged between 15.82 - 25.24%.
Field and Student Evaluation of Green Spaces (Gardens) for Al-Mustaqbal University College \ Hilla – Babylon Province
Authors: Al-Sharifat Najah Jabir Muhan , Selim Mahmood Haider
Published: December 2023

Al-Mustaqbal University’s gardens were assessed in 2022. The study had two phases: the field evaluation phase, which surveyed and analyzed green areas’ natural and material components. Student evaluation (questionnaire) is the second part. Green and their development goals. Field evaluation findings: 1-The absence of a clear design for the gardens, as it is a green area surrounded by trees and shrubs 2-The absence of a well-thought-out botanical design, where trees are planted at close distances without taking into account their future size. 3-Not allocating places for various activities such as isolated places for reading and relaxation, gathering gardens, and various student sports, recreational and social activities. 4-Dividing the large area into small gardens with spaces that are not suitable for any activity conducted by students, except for the garden of the College of Pharmacy and the College of Physical Education. 5-Walkways are designed with a width outside the design standards for pedestrians, and it may reach (8) m, which is the width of a street. 6-The lack of points of interest and interest such as statues, fountains, water bodies...etc. According to the student evaluation (questionnaire), (50.3%) thought the gardens were medium, (46.6%) preferred green spaces for their preferred plants, (68.4%) preferred wide gardens with all activities, and (49.2%) thought maintenance was moderate. Gardens and maintaining them, and (63.7%) desire to expand green areas and gardens since the present ones were insufficient. (62.1%) of students like natural aspects, (83.7%) like modern garden designs, and (45.3%) are near the department building’s garden. Medical, one of the university’s most important gardens, and (76.3%) wish to engage and express their opinion if any gardens are rebuilt.
Evaluation of Inoculation with Two Strains of Rhizobium Bacteria on some Growth and Yield Traits of Cowpea Plant in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Altai Salahaldeen H. , Muhee Heba A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season on 3/25/2022 in the fields of Tikrit University / College of Agriculture located in the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, with the aim of studying the effect of inoculation with Rhizobia bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of cowpea in gypsiferous soil. It was conducted with a completely random block design R. C. B. D With three replicates, the experiment included two main factors: inoculation with rhizobium bacteria, and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. The inoculation factor was three levels (A0 = non inoculation, A1 = inoculation with the first strain, Bradyrhizobium manausense, and A2 = inoculation with the second strain, Bradyrhizobium vignae), and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. With three levels N0 and N1 = 40 kg / ha and N2 = 80 kg / ha, the results showed the excelled of the inoculation treatment with root nodules Bradyrhizobium vignae on the control treatment and even the second strain Bradyrhizobium manausense in all studied traits of cowpea plant, and the percentage increase of the inoculation treatment was Bradyrhizobium vignae with 40 kg nitrogen fertilizer over the comparison treatment in the number of root nodes and their wet weight (1474.87, 267.101)%, while the dry weight of the root and vegetative total, plant length and roots, the increase was (44.347, 79.283, 12.771, 21.233)%, respectively, and the number of pods of the early yield And the total (120.925, 4.303)%, and the plant yield of straw (46.054), respectively.
The Effect of Adding a Gypsum-CKD Mixture on some Physical and Chemical Properties of Sand Dunes
Authors: Abojazra Mohammed Ali Watheq Mirdan , Al-Kelabi Hissein Ghetheith Abed
Published: December 2023

Cement kiln dust and gypsum, and to assess the suitability of this mixture as a 1 cm thick layer on a dense surface in resisting external conditions and air pressure, experimental programs were conducted in the laboratory. The results indicated that cement kiln dust contributed to improving the cohesion of the sand dunes and reducing their percentage. It also increased the porosity to reach 57.5%, along with a decrease in the values of water conductivity and permeability compared to untreated soil. Furthermore, the pH and EC values showed a noticeable decrease over a period of fourteen months. On the other hand, an experiment was conducted to wash the cement kiln dust and evaluate its effect on EC values. It was found that the cement kiln dust contained easily washable salts when the washing process was repeated seven times consecutively over seven days.
Effect of Drip Irrigation Manners and Perlite Application on Water Consumption and Water Use Efficiency for Potato Crop
Authors: Al-Obaidi Fatima A. O. , Al-Mehmdy Shuker Mahmood Hassan
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated to the College of Agriculture, located in Al-Buetha area, Al-Ramadi district, central Anbar province, Iraq. (33°26′40" N latitude and 48°10′43" E longitude). The study was carried out during the autumn season in 2022 in a sedimentary soil with a sandy clay loam texture. The study aimed to investigate the role of surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods, along with the perlite addition, in terms of water consumption and water use efficiency for potato crop. The study included two main factors. The first factor was the irrigation system, which consisted of two methods: surface drip irrigation (SD) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSD). The second factor was the perlite application, which had three levels: without perlite (control treatment, P0), addition of half the calculated amount of perlite at a depth of 0.20m from the soil surface (Ph), and addition the full calculated amount of perlite at the same depth (Pf). The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD). potato tubers (variety of EL BEIDA) were planted on September 27, 2022. Irrigation was scheduled when 50% of the available water was depleted, based on evaporation pan Class A. The results of the study showed that the best water consumption value for the potato crop was achieved under subsurface drip irrigation with the addition of both full and half amounts of perlite, with a value of 290.40 mm per season. Subsurface drip irrigation method significantly superior to surface drip irrigation in terms of water use efficiency, especially when full and half amounts of perlite were added, with values of 252.28 and 218.70 kg m-3, respectively.
Pollution Effect of Used Engine Oil on Chemical Properties and some Heavy Metals of Sandy Soil
Authors: Mohsen Russell Khaled , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz
Published: December 2023

Used engine oil pollution is a serious multidimensional problem affecting all aspects of the environment leads to changes the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil and this leads to the accumulation of nutrient and heavy metals in the soil and eventually transfers to plant. This research was carried out to study the effect of used engine oil pollution and incubation period on some chemical properties and heavy metals of the soil. Sandy soil contaminated with used engine oil levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5, 15, 30 and 60 ml. kg-. Soil samples were incubated for two and four weeks with the pollutant. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the two incubation periods and the levels of the pollutant in reducing the pH values in all samples. An effect of the incubation period and oil level factors in increasing the values of organic matter and cation exchange capacity factor was observed in the studied samples, and the effect was evident in the second incubation period. It was noted that there was a fluctuation in the concentrations of the studied heavy elements between significant and non-significant increases as a result of adding different levels of used engine oil.
The Effect of Addition Humic and Fulvic Acid on the Adsorption of Copper in Gypsum Soils
Authors: Al-Janabi Yasir Hmood Ijresh , Al-Mudalalawi Ibrahim Jadallh Ali
Published: December 2023

In order to study the interaction between humic acids and gypsum levels and their effect on the adsorption of copper in soil, three soil levels with gypsum content were chosen and prepared in the laboratory. They were treated with three levels of humic acids: (H0) with no addition (0%), (H1) with an addition of (1%), and (H2) with an addition of (2%). Copper ions were measured for the adsorption experiment. The data were treated using Langmuir and Freundlich equations to describe the adsorption nature. The results were as follows: both soils had high values for both Freundlich (82%) and Langmuir (92%) equations. Thus, the second equation outperformed the first equation by a difference of 10%. The adsorption values using the Langmuir equation ranged from (2500-588), while for the Freundlich equation, the sorption capacity values ranged from (186.98-47.53). Only the Langmuir equation recorded values for binding energy, which ranged from (53.76-1.059), and the highest binding energy values were associated with humic acid additions compared to untreated soil.
Adsorption Reaction and Kinetics of Zn on Zeolite Mineral Compared with Two Calcareous Soil
Authors: Al-Mashhdany Maysam A. R. , Al-Hadethi Akram A. H.
Published: December 2023

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the adsorption of zinc element in eight concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg L-1) from its source ZnSO4.7H2O. Two repetitions were performed for each concentration, where 20 mL of zinc solution was added to 1 gram of natural zeolite, synthetic zeolite, soil 1, and soil 2. The Langmuir equation was used to describe the relationship between the adsorbed zinc and its concentration. Additionally, the Freundlich equation was used to describe the adsorption of ions. The Freundlich equation was found to be more important than the Langmuir equation, as the values of k and b in the Freundlich equation and the R2 values for natural and synthetic zeolites were higher in both soils. The second experiment involved kinetics. Samples of natural zeolite, synthetic zeolite, soil 1, and soil 2 were taken, weighing 40 grams, to which zinc with a concentration of (100, 1000 mgL-1) prepared from ZnSO4.7H2O was added. They were placed in plastic containers for periods of (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 days). The zeolite and soil were kept moist at field capacity throughout the incubation period. Zinc was extracted using DTPA after each incubation period, with two replications, to study the rate of zinc release from zeolite and soil over time and its concentration in the solution. The results showed a decrease in the availability of added zinc with increasing incubation time. The highest concentration of available zinc was found when zinc was added to synthetic zeolite, reaching 346 micrograms Zn+2ml-1 at the end of the incubation period. The second-order equation was the most effective in describing the behavior of zinc and its reaction rate during the incubation period, representing the period of crop growth.
The Effect of the Type of Tillage and Soil Mulching on some Physical Soil and the Sustainability of its Aggregate on Broccoli
Authors: Al-Falahy F. M. , Al-Nuaymy W. S. S.
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam soil at the research station of the College of Agriculture - Anbar University to study the effect of the type of tillage and soil mulching on some physical soil characteristics and the aggregates sustainable and broccoli yield, this experiment was designed according to the design of splinter panels with three repeaters consisting of two factors: the first tillage with three levels (zero tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage) and the second mulching with three levels (without mulching, polyethylene and reed). Broccoli seedlings were planted on 14/10/2022, and service operations were conducted for the crop, and the experiment continued until the plant extraction on 1/3/2023, the change in the soil bulk density, mean weight diameter, slaking value and infiltration, green plant yield and flower yield were measured, and it was noted that the soil bulk density increased at the end of the season compared to its beginning, as the soil bulk density increased by tillage and linear mulching with the progress of the season. The results showed that soil tillage significantly affected the mean weight diameter, as it increased by 8.69 and 73.91% for minimum tillage and conventional tillage respectively, while soil mulching did not affect the mean weight diameter by fast and slow wetting methods, and both tillage and soil mulching did not show any significant effect of the slaking value, but in the overlap it gave the highest value when tillage at the minimum with all types of mulching, as it reached a fixed value of 0.30 mm, and the results showed that the varieties of Aggregates Sustainable, The soil depending on the mean weight diameter by rapid wetting was within unsustainable, either slow wetting it ranged between sustainable and sustainable with another use, and sustainability was classified depending on the slaking value, as unsustainable for all treatments, and gave the highest cumulative infiltration when treating the second level of mulching and tillage, as its value was 30.6 cm min-1, and conventional tillage gave the highest moisture weight to the plant, with a value of 278.2 g plant-1, while the mulching was the highest value in polyethylene, as it reached 2207.8 g plant-1 and conventional tillage also affected significantly the flower yield as its value reached 1159 g plant-1, and the mulching affected significantly in the flower yield with a value of 1392, 1156 g plant-1 when mulched with reed and polyethylene.
A study of the Effect of Electric Power Stations on Vegetative Growth of Schanginia Aegyptiaca from some Heavy Elements (Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Fe)
Authors: Saloumi Yasser Jassim Hamza , Alabadi Luma Abdalalah Sagban
Published: December 2023

In order to evaluate the state of pollution in the plant and study the behaviour of heavy elements, our current study aimed to choose some plants that grow naturally and do not constitute a food source for humans and animals and to demonstrate their ability to treat soils affected and contaminated with heavy elements. The province of (Babylon, Qadisiyah, Karbala and Najaf) affected by the fumes resulting from the combustion of fuel for some electric power stations, where the results showed a significant increase in the concentrations of iron, manganese and lead, which were high in the affected location of the two electric power stations, Abu Gharq and Al-Khairat, only within the root system of the plant. schanginia aegyptiaca, which grows naturally in those location, and that it has exceeded the permissible limits according to the World Health Organization. Through our study of plant pollution standards, the results showed that all BCF values for all plant samples did not exceed the value of one except for copper, where it was higher than one in all locations except for the soil of the Abu Gharq power station, and this indicates the inefficiency of the schanginia aegyptiaca plant. to extract all the studied elements from the soil to the root system, except for copper. The results also showed that all the values of the BAF bioaccumulation factor did not exceed the values of one, and thus we find that the schanginia aegyptiaca plant does not have the ability in biological treatment because the values for all the elements of the study did not exceed the values of one, which indicates the non-movement of the elements in the root system to the vegetative growth and its accumulation in Cautions, except for zinc and copper. We also notice that all the values of the transfer coefficient TF of the studied elements of the sapiens plant exceeded the value of one, which indicates the ability of the plant to transfer the elements of the study from the root system to the vegetative growth of Schanginia aegyptiaca, whether the elements were slow or easy to move.
Performance Evaluation of an Imported Machine for Corn Threshing
Authors: Al-Shamiry Ismail A. , Abbas Muna
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of an imported threshing machine and modified locally under different speeds for the threshing cylinder (1416, 1814) RPM, using two cultivars of corn: the first (KN-30) and the second (S6668), and three feed rates (1, 2, 3) kg. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design according to the randomized complete block design, with three replications. Some indicators were studied, including the required specific energy, Percentage of damaged grains, threshing efficiency, productivity, and electrical energy consumption. The results showed that the rotational speed of 1814 RPM had a significant effect on specific energy, electrical energy consumption, threshing efficiency, and productivity. The third feed rate (3 kg) had a significant effect on specific energy and productivity. while for the second cultivar of corn (S6668), it had a significant effect on specific energy, Percentage of damaged grains, and productivity.
Assessment of the Performance Efficiency of Eight-Purpose Compound Equipment in One
Authors: Karim Aslam M. H. , Jasim Abdul razzak A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to assess the performance of a locally developed and assembled eight-purpose compound equipment and determine its effect on some physical soil properties in a silty clay loam soil in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Jadriyah for the growing season 2022-2023. The experiment used two tractors, the (MF-650) MASSEY FERGUSON and the (MF-5640) MASSEY FERGUSON. The study included two factors: the first factor had three seed rates (3, 4, and 5 kg/donum), and the second factor had three tillage depths (15, 20, and 25 cm). Some performance indicators of the machinery unit were studied, including pulling force, fuel consumption, slippage percentage, and bulk density of the soil. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plot arrangement and three replications. Seed rates allocated to the main plot, while the tillage depth treatments allocated to the sub-plot. The least significant difference (LSD) at a significance level of 0.05 was used to compare the means of the variables. The results showed significant differences in the performance indicators of the machinery unit due to the tillage depth and seed rate. The depth of 15 cm showed the lowest pulling force, which was 5 kilo Newtons, the lowest slippage percentage of 4.26%, and the lowest fuel consumption of 42.58 L ha-1. The results also confirmed the absence of significant differences in the performance indicators of the machinery unit due to the seed rate and the absence of significant differences in the performance indicators due to the interaction between tillage depth and seed rate.
The Effect of Tillage Depth on some Machinery Unit Performance Indicators, Soil Physical Properties and Germination Percentage using Combine Equipment
Authors: Kareem Aslam M. H. , Jasim Abdul Razzak A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the locally manufactured agricultural machine on some performance indicators of the mechanical unit and some physical soil properties in a silty clay loamy soil texture in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad/Al-Jadriya for the spring season of 2023. The experiment used a tractor type (MF-650), and the study included one factor, the plowing depths, with three levels: 15, 20, and 25 cm. The study examined some performance indicators of the mechanical unit, including: pulling force, fuel consumption, slippage percentage, soil bulk density, soil moisture content, total soil porosity, germination percentage, number of dropped seeds, and the percentage of broken or damaged dropped seeds. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, and the least significant difference (LSD) test was used at a significance level of 0.05 to compare the means of the variables. The results indicated that increasing the plowing depth from 15 to 20 and then to 25 cm led to a significant increase in the percentage of slippage, which increased from 4.37% to 7.37% and then to 14.33%, respectively. The pulling force also increased from 5.33 to 9.67 and then to 14.44 kilonewtons, respectively. The fuel consumption increased from 43.32 to 56.84 and then to 66.67 liters per hectare, respectively. The bulk density of the soil increased from 1.06 to 1.08 and then to 1.15 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. There was an increase in soil moisture content from 14.11 to 15.19 and then to 16.63%, respectively. There was no significant effect of plowing depth on the percentage of germination, the number of dropped seeds, and the percentage of broken seeds.