bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of an epithermal neutron velocity selection system for the Penn State Breazeale Reactor
Authors: Grenci N. , Cortes D. , Flaska M.
Published: June 2023

A series of mechanical neutron choppers to operate as a
velocity selection system have been developed for the Pennsylvania
State Breazeal Reactor (PSBR). This chopper system will provide
pulsed epithermal neutrons in the energy range of 0.5–40 eV with
2% or better energy resolution, and with a transmission of
1E-6 or better. Four different chopper geometries
have been evaluated for their utility as mechanical neutron
choppers. Specifically, Fermi, ring, piston, and disc choppers have
been evaluated to assess their potential neutronics performance and
mechanical constructability. A series of high-speed disc choppers
were selected for the final design, and optimization work was
performed to maximize the neutron pulse intensity. It is estimated
that the optimized system will produce an epithermal neutron
intensity of approximately 96 n/s. This system can also be operated
in a time of flight (TOF) configuration such that the neutrons
arriving at the source have a white spectrum. This operation can be
accomplished by leaving the second stage of choppers in the open
position, or by removing it from the beam completely. Such unique
source of epithermal neutrons produced by this chopper system will
have applications in both prompt and delayed epithermal neutron
activation analysis (ENAA), as well as in neutron resonance
transmission analysis (NRTA).
Efforts to enhance quality cocoa production in North Luwu Regency
Authors: Safaruddin  , Arsyad Muhammad , Salman Darmawan , Iswoyo Hari
Published: June 2023

This study aims to analyze government policies in an effort to enhance quality cocoa production as a source of income in North Luwu Regency. The data used in this research is secondary data and analyzed using a system dynamics approach. The results of the analysis show that the North Luwu Regency government’s policy on cocoa development is quite large which is implemented through several steps: 1) making cocoa a top priority in agricultural development programs, 2) Budgeting policies that favor cocoa farmers both in providing seeds, production facilities and developing infrastructure to access production pockets, 3) building cocoa entress gardens in Batu Alang Village and Marobo Village, 4) building cocoa mother gardens as a source of rootstock seeds in Bakka Village, 5) establishing partnerships with empowerment organizations cocoa in empowering farmer groups, 6) rejuvenating cocoa plants since 2017 until now, 7) supporting the Rural Empowerment and Agricultural Development Scalling Up Initiative (READ-SI) program in empowering farmers starting in 2019-2025, 8) supporting a sustainable agricultural system program in the Asian Tropical Landscape (SFITAL) as well as sector transformation cocoa in Indonesia through adding value to smallholder farmers (TRAKSI) 2020-2025.
Utilization of methyl eugenol bait traps on fruit flies (Bactrocera spp) (Diptera: Tephritidae) caught at dusung of fruits in Ambon Island
Authors: Sahetapy B , Leatemia JA , Masauna ED , Goo N , Lumbantoruan T J K
Published: June 2023

Fruit fly (Bactrocera sp) is one of the most harmful pests in fruit cultivation. This pest is detrimental because it directly attacks agricultural products, namely fruit produced by plants. Methyl eugenol is an insect-attractant compound, especially for male fruit flies. This study was carried out from May to October 2022 to determine the number of fruit flies caught using methyl eugenol bait traps at dusung of fruits in four villages namely Allang, Suli, Hutumuri, and Soya in Ambon Island. In each village, 1 dusung was chosen and 5 observation plots measuring 10 m × 20 m each were put diagonally. A bait trap using methyl eugenol on cotton was placed in a 600 ml mineral water bottle. Two bait traps were placed in each observation plot. Totally, there were 825 individuals of fruit flies belonging to three species, namely Bactrocera carambolae B. dorsalis and B. umbrosa caught during the study. The highest number of individuals was caught in Suli village, while the lowest was caught in Soya village. Based on species of fruit flies, B. carambolae had the highest number of individuals, followed by B. dorsalis and then B. umbrosa.
Application of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculant, organic and NPK fertilizers on the growth and yields of maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Prabawardani S , Djuuna I A F , Kambu L , Mawikere N L.
Published: June 2023

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculant, NPK fertilizer, and organic fertilizers (chicken manure) on maize growth and yield. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 8 fertilizer treatments, namely (1) control or without any fertilizer, (2) inoculation of AMF, (3) NPK fertilizer, (4) chicken manure (CM), (5) FMA + NPK, (6) FMA + CM, (7) NPK + CM and (8) FMA + NPK + CM. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results indicated that the fertilization treatment showed a significant and very significant effect for all variables, namely plant height, leaf number, fresh leaf weight, plant fresh weight per plant and per plot, ear diameter with and without husks, cob number per plot, ear weight per plant and per plot and ear weight without husk per plant and per plot, and ears number per plant. The application of AMF + NPK + CM and NPK + CM fertilizers produced the highest maize growth and yields, while each of the AMF and control treatments produced the lowest growth and yield components.
Coastline change at Manokwari coastal, West Papua Indonesia during two decades (1999-2020)
Authors: Purba G Y S , Eramuri Y I , Loinenak F A , Matulessi M , Manumpil A W
Published: June 2023

Since the city of Manokwari was made the capital of West Papua Province, the population and intensity of development in the coastal area have rapidly increased. Seeing this condition, research on shoreline changes in this area needs to be done. This study aimed to determine oceanography dynamics and identify shoreline changes and its rate in 1999, 2014, and 2020 in the Manokwari Coastal. The method used in this research is by utilizing satellite image data from Landsat 7 ETM, Landsat 8 OLI images, and AVISO. This study indicates a significant change in the coastline, both abrasion, and accretion. The range of abrasion from 1999 to 2014 was 56.55 m with a rate of 3.77 m/year, and from 2014 to 2020, the abrasion was 22.98 with a rate of 3.21 m/year. The accretion ranges from 1999 to 2014 was 10.20 m with a rate of 0.68 m/year, and from 2014 to 2020, the accretion was 22.98 m with a rate of 3.83 m/year. Total coastline overlapping from 1999 to 2020 changes in this area show abrasion of 75.81 m with a rate of 3.61 m/year and accretion of 33.18 m with a rate of 1.58 m/year.
Reducing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions of organic waste by utilizing banana stems as starter local pig feed
Authors: Ullo N Z A , Yoku O , Monim H , Widayati T W , Kayadoe M
Published: June 2023

In Tanah Papua, banana stems have been used as feed by local pig farmers but with a very simple processing method so that has not had a significant impact on the economic traits local pig production. The research aim is to determine an appropriate level of FBSs as a complete feed for local pig’s starters. A total of 12 local piglets aged about 6-12 weeks were given feed treatment using FBSs at levels of 0, 5,10 and 15%. The variables studied were the level of ration consumption (dry matter consumption, crude protein consumption, crude fiber consumption), daily again, and feed efficiency. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with SPSS version 24 program, then the results of ANOVA gave a significant effect followed by the Tukey test. The results showed that the complete feed treatment of FBS was quite good for local pigs starter because the pigs showed good performance. The FBS complete feed produced crude protein (CP) and metabolic energy (ME) relatively higher than the recommended Indonesian national standard (SNI) for pig starter feed. Feed treatment at 10% FBS was considered quite good based on the average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE).
The acclimatization compartment and growth hormone impact on the life percentage of endangered Hopea gregaria tree species.
Authors: Tuheteru F D , Arif A , Husna  , Albasri  , Andriyani S , Prameswari D
Published: June 2023

In Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia there is an endemic tree species with the scientific name of Hopea gregaria Slooten belonging to Dipterocarpaceae family. The wildings of this species, named pooti locally, were available abundantly at Nipa-Nipa Grand Forest Park. These wildings may be collected for plant procurement programs. Unsustainable forest exploitation management in the past and also forest fire, have caused this species is classified as an endangered forest tree species in Indonesia and this tree species really needs to be sustained. This study was carried out at the glasshouse of the Association of Indonesian Mycorrhizae in the Southeast Sulawesi branch for three months. A factorial completely randomized design was used, consisting of 2 factors namely provision of acclimatization compartment, without and with cover, and Rootone-F concentration of 0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm. An analysis of variance (F-test) was used, if the result was significant, further analyses using Duncan Multiple Range Test will be done. Results revealed that the acclimatization compartment and Rootone-F interaction had no effect on all variables. However, acclimatization can increase the life percentage of shoots, wildings’ height, and number and leaf length. In the beginning, natural wildings rely on acclimatization while Rootone-F increases wildings’ height.
iEnhance: a multi-scale spatial projection encoding network for enhancing chromatin interaction data resolution
Authors: Li Kai , Zhang Ping , Wang Zilin , Shen Wei , Sun Weicheng , Xu Jinsheng , Wen Zi , Li Li
Published: June 2023

Although sequencing-based high-throughput chromatin interaction data are widely used to uncover genome-wide three-dimensional chromatin architecture, their sparseness and high signal-noise-ratio greatly restrict the precision of the obtained structural elements. To improve data quality, we here present iEnhance (chromatin interaction data resolution enhancement), a multi-scale spatial projection and encoding network, to predict high-resolution chromatin interaction matrices from low-resolution and noisy input data. Specifically, iEnhance projects the input data into matrix spaces to extract multi-scale global and local feature sets, then hierarchically fused these features by attention mechanism. After that, dense channel encoding and residual channel decoding are used to effectively infer robust chromatin interaction maps. iEnhance outperforms state-of-the-art Hi-C resolution enhancement tools in both visual and quantitative evaluation. Comprehensive analysis shows that unlike other tools, iEnhance can recover both short-range structural elements and long-range interaction patterns precisely. More importantly, iEnhance can be transferred to data enhancement of other tissues or cell lines of unknown resolution. Furthermore, iEnhance performs robustly in enhancement of diverse chromatin interaction data including those from single-cell Hi-C and Micro-C experiments.
O005 Evaluation of occludin, a tight junction transmembrane protein in human lung cancer and its potential role in metastatic disease
Authors: Poobalan N , Jiang WG , Martin TA
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Tight junctions (TJs) maintain cell adhesion. Modulation can promote cell dissociation/motility/ metastasis. Occludin is a transmembrane protein within TJs and may play a role in TJ modulation. The aim of this research was to identify the expression of Occludin in human lung cancer and its effect in cell motility/dissociation.

Methods

qPCR was used to quantify Occludin transcripts in a human lung cancer cohort (n=80) (Peking University Cancer Hospital Research Ethics Committee). In vitro experiments on A549/COR-L23 lung cancer cell lines included immunofluorescence staining, cell attachment/migration using ECIS Z-Theta. Cells were treated with Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF, 50ng/μl) and/or cell migration inhibitors N-WASPi (Wiskostatin) and ROCKi (Y-27632).

Results

qPCR analysis revealed reduced expression of Occludin in patients with metastasis (no bone mets 21.7+/- 12 v bone mets 3.23+/- 3 (p=0.42) v boneActv 0.263+/-0.096 (p=0.077). A549 cells showed a similar cell migration pattern with HGF, ROCKi/HGF+ROCKi. In COR-L23, HGF increased cell migration; ROCKi/HGF+ROCKi showed suppression. N-WASPi/HGF+N-WASPi prevented all cell migration. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that HGF caused loss of Occludin from cell-to-cell membranes with single cells and increased pseudopodia in COR-L23 and A549.

Conclusion

This preliminary study suggests an association between Occludin and bone metastasis in lung cancer. HGF promoted Occludin loss from cell membranes, cell dissociation and increased pseudopodia/increased cell motility. This suggests that loss of Occludin from cell membranes is linked to reduced TJ function leading to cell dissociation/increased motility. NWASPi may provide pharmacological value in future lung carcinoma treatment.
O010 The impact of intravenous iron on physical activity levels and quality of life in advanced cancer: results from the ICARUS randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dickson EA , Ng O , Keeler B , Wilcock A , Brookes M , Acheson AG
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Anaemia and fatigue are highly prevalent in advanced cancer. Intravenous iron (IVI) has shown promise as an effective treatment for anaemia across a number of conditions. For the first time, we explore the impact of IVI on physical activity and quality of life (QoL) in advanced, inoperable cancer.

Methods

We randomised anaemic, fatigued patients with advanced solid cancers to receive either IVI (iron isomaltoside) or placebo (0.9% NaCl) in a double-blind design. Activity was assessed using a pedometer (Fitbit Flex 2) for 8 days pre- infusion and at 4 and 8 weeks post-infusion. The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was defined as 600 daily steps. Three validated QoL questionnaires were completed at the same timepoints.

Results

34 patients were recruited over 15 months (17 IVI, 17 placebo). Haemoglobin was higher with IVI at 4 weeks (MD 7.3g/L, P=0.047) and 8 weeks (MD 4.3g/L, P=0.13). At 8 weeks the mean difference in daily steps was 1707 (1142) steps (IVI +318 [1195] from baseline; placebo -1658 [2846]). On QoL measures global health (MD 15.8, P=0.027) and social functioning (MD 14.9, P=0.019) improved with IVI at 4 weeks. Fatigue scores exceeded the intergroup MCID for IVI at both follow up timepoints (week 4 MD 3.38 [-14.94–8.18], P=0.548], week 8 MD 3.49 [-17.52–10.53], P=0.609).

Conclusion

IVI maintained physical activity and improved fatigue specific QoL. Placebo was associated with a significant decline activity and fatigue specific QoL. IVI may delay the functional decline experienced with advanced cancer.

Take-home message

Intravenous iron led to clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life and physical activity in anaemic patients with advanced cancer.
TU1.4 Adequacy of endoscopic photo-documentation in an OGD: Closing the loop!
Authors: Fatima Iayla , Sadoon Adham , Mehmood Umer
Published: June 2023

Aims

The technical competence of Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) is rapidly acquired but to support the practice of complete examination, the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS) recommend documentation of 8 anatomical stations. Photo-documentation ensures a complete examination, gives an opportunity to inspect area of interest and serves as legal record of an adequate procedure. Our Aim was to assess the hospitals practice of photo-documentation against the BSG and AUGIS guidelines and to improve practice by conducting teaching sessions and designing a poster for the endoscopy rooms.

Methods

1st Cycle: 100 OGD reports were randomly selected from 1/1/2018 to 31/3/2020 and were reviewed on the hospitals electronic reporting system (Endorad). Data on patients demographics, speciality of Endoscopist and the documented stations was collected. Data was presented at the departments meeting and a simultaneous teaching session was conducted. A poster was designed and displayed outside the endoscopy rooms.

2nd Cycle: 100 OGD reports were selected from 1st January to 30th June 2021 and re audited.

Results

66% of the OGD reports had photo-documentation of all 8 stations and 81% of reports had 7 documented stations which was a significant improvement in practice as the first audit had no report with photographic documentation of all the stations. The highest number of stations documented in the first audit were 5 and that too in only 40% of the cases.

Conclusions

The audit cycle showed significant improvement in photo-documentation of all the stations, highlighting the benefit of the process.
What is central to renal nutrition: protein or sodium intake?
Authors: Wang Angela Yee-Moon , Mallamaci Francesca , Zoccali Carmine
Published: June 2023

Historically, nutrition intervention has been primarily focused on limiting kidney injury, reducing generation of uraemic metabolites, as well as maintaining nutrition status and preventing protein-energy wasting in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This forms an important rationale for prescribing restricted protein diet and restricted salt diet in patients with CKD. However, evidence supporting a specific protein intake threshold or salt intake threshold remains far from compelling. Some international or national guidelines organizations have provided strong or ‘level 1’ recommendations for restricted protein diet and restricted salt diet in CKD. However, it is uncertain whether salt or protein restriction plays a more central role in renal nutrition management. A key challenge in successful implementation or wide acceptance of a restricted protein diet and a restricted salt diet is patients’ long-term dietary adherence. These challenges also explain the practical difficulties in conducting randomized trials that evaluate the impact of dietary therapy on patients’ outcomes. It is increasingly recognized that successful implementation of a restricted dietary prescription or nutrition intervention requires a highly personalized, holistic care approach with support and input from a dedicated multidisciplinary team that provides regular support, counselling and close monitoring of patients. With the advent of novel drug therapies for CKD management such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors or non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, it is uncertain whether restricted protein diet and restricted salt diet may still be necessary and have incremental benefits. Powered randomized controlled trials with novel design are clearly indicated to inform clinical practice on recommended dietary protein and salt intake threshold for CKD in this new era.
Bow hunter syndrome due to severe stenosis of the left subclavian artery with a thoracic aortic aneurysm
Authors: Komaki Hisaaki , Minatoguchi Shinya
Published: June 2023

Bow hunter syndrome is a rare condition characterized by repetitive syncope, which is reflected in brain stem ischaemia due to vertebral compression induced by head rotation. We herein report a rare presentation of bow hunter syndrome due to severe stenosis of the left subclavian artery with a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Disease, hypoplasia of the vertebral artery, or degenerative bone disease as well as congenital foraminal narrowing can be causative. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report describing bow hunter syndrome due to severe stenosis of the left subclavian artery. Computed tomography angiography performed with the symptom induced by head rotation demonstrated obstruction of vertebral arteries. The patient underwent successful open-chest surgery and subclavian artery construction, and postural dizziness was resolved. This report may be helpful when treating similar cases.
smalldisco, a pipeline for siRNA discovery and 3′ tail identification
Authors: Caldas Ian V , Kelley Leanne H , Ahmed-Braimah Yasir H , Maine Eleanor M
Published: June 2023

Capturing and sequencing small RNAs is standard practice; however, identification of a group of these small RNAs—small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)—has been more difficult. We present smalldisco, a command-line tool for small interfering RNA discovery and annotation from small RNA-seq datasets. smalldisco can distinguish short reads that map antisense to an annotated genomic feature (e.g. exons or mRNAs), annotate these siRNAs, and quantify their abundance. smalldisco also uses the program Tailor to quantify 3′ nontemplated nucleotides of siRNAs or any small RNA species. smalldisco and supporting documentation are available for download from GitHub (https://github.com/ianvcaldas/smalldisco) and archived in Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7799621).
A comprehensive in vivo screen of yeast farnesyltransferase activity reveals broad reactivity across a majority of CXXX sequences
Authors: Kim June H , Hildebrandt Emily R , Sarkar Anushka , Yeung Wayland , Waldon La Ryel A , Kannan Natarajan , Schmidt Walter K
Published: June 2023

The current understanding of farnesyltransferase (FTase) specificity was pioneered through investigations of reporters like Ras and Ras-related proteins that possess a C-terminal CaaX motif that consists of 4 amino acid residues: cysteine–aliphatic1–aliphatic2–variable (X). These studies led to the finding that proteins with the CaaX motif are subject to a 3-step post-translational modification pathway involving farnesylation, proteolysis, and carboxylmethylation. Emerging evidence indicates, however, that FTase can farnesylate sequences outside the CaaX motif and that these sequences do not undergo the canonical 3-step pathway. In this work, we report a comprehensive evaluation of all possible CXXX sequences as FTase targets using the reporter Ydj1, an Hsp40 chaperone that only requires farnesylation for its activity. Our genetic and high-throughput sequencing approach reveals an unprecedented profile of sequences that yeast FTase can recognize in vivo, which effectively expands the potential target space of FTase within the yeast proteome. We also document that yeast FTase specificity is majorly influenced by restrictive amino acids at a2 and X positions as opposed to the resemblance of CaaX motif as previously regarded. This first complete evaluation of CXXX space expands the complexity of protein isoprenylation and marks a key step forward in understanding the potential scope of targets for this isoprenylation pathway.
Changes in the expression pattern of OsWUS negatively regulate plant stature and panicle development in rice
Authors: Tang Huiwu , Fan Jinlan , Wang Ru , Zhu Jiahui , Xiang Xinzhu , Dong Jingfang , Zhou Lingyan , Wang Limin
Published: June 2023

WUSCHEL (WUS) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) encode transcription factors and play important roles in regulating the formation and maintenance of shoot and floral meristems. OsWUS have distinct functions in meristem development with slightly tuned expression. However, the mechanisms regulating the specific expression of OsWUS need to be further explored. In this study, an abnormal expression mutant of OsWUS, called Dwarf and aberrant panicle 1 (Dap1) was used. In order to identify the causal gene in Dap1, high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced (hiTAIL)-PCR and co-segregation analysis were performed. We surveyed the growth and yield traits in Dap1 and wild type. Changes in gene expression between Dap1 and wild type were determined by RNA-seq. The Dap1 mutant is due to the T-DNA inserted at 3,628-bp upstream of the translation start codon of OsWUS. Plant height, tiller numbers, panicle length, the number of grains per main panicle, and the number of secondary branches was significantly reduced in the Dap1 mutant. The expression of OsWUS was markedly increased in Dap1 mutant plants compared to the wild type, which might be due to a disruption in the genomic sequence integrity. Simultaneously, the expression levels of gibberellic acid-related genes and genes involved in panicle development were significantly changed in the Dap1 mutant. Our results suggest that OsWUS is a precise regulatory element, its specific spatio-temporal expression pattern is critical for its function, and both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations lead to abnormal plant growth.
Evaluation of MIC distribution and establishment of epidemiological cut-off values for Streptococcus parauberis isolated from aquatic animals
Authors: Woo Soo Ji , Kim Myoung Sug , Do Mi Young , Kim Na Young , Joo Min Soo
Published: June 2023

Aims

Streptococcus parauberis is responsible for the development of streptococcosis in marine fish. The aim of the current study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of aquatic Strep. parauberis strains, thus establishing laboratory-specific epidemiological cut-off (COWT) values to distinguish wild-type (WT) and nonwild-type (NWT) strains.

Methods and results

Using 220 Strep. parauberis isolates obtained from diseased Paralichthys olivaceus, Platichthys stellatus, and Sebastes schlegelii over 6 years from seven different locations in Korea, we established COWT values for eight common antimicrobial agents using the standard broth microdilution method. The COWT values calculated using MIC distribution with the NRI and ECOFFinder methods were the same or within one dilution step for the eight antimicrobials tested. Nine NWT isolates with decreased susceptibility to at least two antimicrobials and one of these isolates exhibited decreased susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents were identified using COWT values based on NRI.

Conclusions

Interpretive criteria for Strep. parauberis have not yet been established, and the findings of this study provide putative COWT values for eight antimicrobial agents frequently used in aquaculture in Korea.
Building relational confidence in remote and hybrid work arrangements: novel ways to use digital technologies to foster knowledge sharing
Authors: Keppler Samantha M , Leonardi Paul M
Published: June 2023

Remote and hybrid workers know fewer of their colleagues and have fewer strong workplace relationships. If strong relationships support knowledge sharing, workers will have a harder time getting knowledge they need. Prior research shows that digital communication technologies increase workers’ network-level knowledge of “who knows what” and “who knows who.” Yet, knowledge seekers may be hesitant to ask for knowledge, particularly when they have concerns that their relationship with a knowledge source is too distant. We conduct a dyad-level study of 141 instances of knowledge seeking among employees of a South American telecommunications company employing a hybrid work arrangement and using an enterprise social media called Chatter. We find that specific uses of the technology help develop what we call “relational confidence,” or the confidence that one has a close enough relationship to a colleague to ask and get needed knowledge. With greater relational confidence, knowledge sharing is more successful.
The hematopoietic microenvironment: a network of niches for the development of all blood cell lineages
Authors: Hernández-Barrientos Daniel , Pelayo Rosana , Mayani Hector
Published: June 2023

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) takes place mainly in the bone marrow, within the hematopoietic microenvironment, composed of a number of different cell types and their molecular products that together shape spatially organized and highly specialized microstructures called hematopoietic niches. From the earliest developmental stages and throughout the myeloid and lymphoid lineage differentiation pathways, hematopoietic niches play a crucial role in the preservation of cellular integrity and the regulation of proliferation and differentiation rates. Current evidence suggests that each blood cell lineage develops under specific, discrete niches that support committed progenitor and precursor cells and potentially cooperate with transcriptional programs determining the gradual lineage commitment and specification. This review aims to discuss recent advances on the cellular identity and structural organization of lymphoid, granulocytic, monocytic, megakaryocytic, and erythroid niches throughout the hematopoietic microenvironment and the mechanisms by which they interconnect and regulate viability, maintenance, maturation, and function of the developing blood cells.
Article 17.6(ii) of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement: Waiting for Chekhov’s Gun to Go Off
Authors: Rovnov Yury
Published: June 2023

Article 17.6(ii) of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement is a one-of-a-kind treaty norm that sets out a deferential standard of review for issues of law by requiring panels to accept any ‘permissible’ interpretation. The Appellate Body’s approach to analysis under Article 17.6(ii), which precluded a finding of two competing interpretations being permissible, has long remained a point of criticism by the USA, a frequent respondent in anti-dumping disputes. In the wake of the first arbitration award under the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Aarrangement (MPIA), which seeks to give more effect to the deferential standard of review, this article emphasizes the unprecedented character of Article 17.6(ii) in international law, argues that expectations of how it would operate arose from a misapprehension of Chevron deference in US law and that the whole issue may be another reason for having a separate dispute settlement track for trade remedies.
Tunneled Trial of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Authors: Pritzlaff Scott G. , Kreis Paul G. , Fishman Scott M.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the tunneled trial of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). It highlights the importance of the trial being performed in an operating room (OR). Tunneled trials are often the preferred approach for post-laminectomy patients with extensive fusion who are not candidates for traditional percutaneous trials. Surgeons often perform a laminotomy and place a paddle lead in the dorsal epidural space along the anatomic midline. Then, the midline incision and pocket can be created before the placement of leads. The chapter also discusses the conditions, advantages, and disadvantages of placing one or two leads. It recognizes lead migration as the most common cause of mechanical SCS failure.
Basic Surgical Skills for the Operating Room
Authors: Kreis Paul G. , Ebinu Julius O. , Kim Kee D. , Klineberg Eric O.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explains the needed basic surgical skills to perform permanent spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the operating room (OR). Conducting permanent SCS and managing patients postoperatively require surgical skills and knowledge of wound care. Proper surgical technique is critical to optimize the outcome, minimize risk, and ensure proper wound healing. Incising instruments, retractors, grounding pads, and electrosurgical equipment are some of the surgical instruments frequently used in performing permanent SCS procedures. The chapter also discusses the methods of surgeon’s knot, instrument tie, surgical tie, and square knot that conclude procedures. Thus, care should be taken to minimize tissue trauma.
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
Authors: Pritzlaff Scott G. , Hills Ammon A. , Jung Michael J. , DeMesa Charles J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which is an integral part of pain signal transmission and modulation. It highlights the DRG’s critical role in the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation at the DRG may result in the decline of cell hyperexcitability, which then modulates the sensation of chronic pain. Patient selection and contraindications for DRG stimulation are similar to spinal cord stimulation (SCS), wherein patients should have a defined pathology, addressed medical or psychiatric conditions, and proper treatment education. This chapter also provides the guidelines for patient position and needle placement. Additionally, DRG stimulation is one of the considerations in treating focal neuropathic pain syndromes.
Star cluster formation and feedback in different environments of a Milky Way-like galaxy
Authors: Ali Ahmad A , Dobbs Clare L , Bending Thomas J R , Buckner Anne S M , Pettitt Alex R
Published: June 2023

It remains unclear how galactic environment affects star formation and stellar cluster properties. This is difficult to address in Milky Way-mass galaxy simulations because of limited resolution and less accurate feedback compared to cloud-scale models. We carry out zoom-in simulations to re-simulate 100–$300 \,\rm {pc}$ regions of a Milky Way-like galaxy using smoothed particle hydrodynamics, including finer resolution ($0.4 \,\rm {M_{\odot }{}}$ per particle), cluster-sink particles, ray-traced photoionization from O stars, H2/CO chemistry, and interstellar medium heating/cooling. We select ∼$10^{6} \,\rm {M_{\odot }{}}$ cloud complexes from a galactic bar, inner spiral arm, outer arm, and inter-arm region (in order of galactocentric radius), retaining the original galactic potentials. The surface densities of star formation rate and neutral gas follow $\Sigma _\mathrm{SFR}\propto \Sigma _\mathrm{gas}^{1.3}$, with the bar lying higher up the relation than the other regions. However, the inter-arm region forms stars two to three times less efficiently than the arm models at the same Σgas. The bar produces the most massive cluster, the inner arm the second, and the inter-arm the third. Almost all clusters in the bar and inner arm are small (radii <5 pc), while 30–50 per cent of clusters in the outer arm and inter-arm have larger radii more like associations. Bar and inner arm clusters rotate at least twice as fast, on average, than clusters in the outer arm and inter-arm regions. The degree of spatial clustering also decreases from bar to inter-arm. Our results indicate that young massive clusters, potentially progenitors of globular clusters, may preferentially form near the bar/inner arm compared to outer arm/inter-arm regions.
Nature of striation in 21 cm channel Maps: velocity caustics
Authors: Hu Yue , Lazarian A , Alina D , Pogosyan D , Ho Ka Wai
Published: June 2023

The alignment of striated intensity structures in thin neutral hydrogen (H i) spectroscopic channels with Galactic magnetic fields has been observed. However, the origin and nature of these striations are still debatable. Some studies suggest that the striations result solely from real cold-density filaments without considering the role of turbulent velocity fields in shaping the channel’s intensity distribution. To determine the relative contribution of density and velocity in forming the striations in channel maps, we analyse synthetic observations of channel maps obtained from realistic magnetized multiphase H i simulations with thermal broadening included. We vary the thickness of the channel maps and apply the Velocity Decomposition Algorithm to separate the velocity and density contributions. In parallel, we analyse GALFA-H i observations and compare the results. Our analysis shows that the thin channels are dominated by velocity contribution, and velocity caustics mainly generate the H i striations. We show that velocity caustics can cause a correlation between unsharp-masked H i structures and far-infrared emission. We demonstrate that the linear H i fibers revealed by the Rolling Hough Transform (RHT) in thin velocity channels originate from velocity caustics. As the thickness of channel maps increases, the relative contribution of density fluctuations in channel maps increases and more RHT-detected fibers tend to be perpendicular to the magnetic field. Conversely, the alignment with the magnetic field is the most prominent in thin channels. We conclude that similar to the velocity channel gradients (VChGs) approach, RHT traces magnetic fields through the analysis of velocity caustics in thin channel maps.
Stellar-mass black holes in the Hyades star cluster?
Authors: Torniamenti S , Gieles M , Penoyre Z , Jerabkova T , Wang L , Anders F
Published: June 2023

Astrophysical models of binary-black hole mergers in the universe require a significant fraction of stellar-mass black holes (BHs) to receive negligible natal kicks to explain the gravitational wave detections. This implies that BHs should be retained even in open clusters with low escape velocities (≲1 km s−1). We search for signatures of the presence of BHs in the nearest open cluster to the Sun – the Hyades – by comparing density profiles of direct N-body models to data from Gaia. The observations are best reproduced by models with 2–3 BHs at present. Models that never possessed BHs have an half-mass radius $\sim 30~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ smaller than the observed value, while those where the last BHs were ejected recently (≲150 Myr ago) can still reproduce the density profile. In 50  per cent of the models hosting BHs, we find BHs with stellar companion(s). Their period distribution peaks at ∼103 yr, making them unlikely to be found through velocity variations. We look for potential BH companions through large Gaia astrometric and spectroscopic errors, identifying 56 binary candidates – none of which is consistent with a massive compact companion. Models with 2–3 BHs have an elevated central velocity dispersion, but observations cannot yet discriminate. We conclude that the present-day structure of the Hyades requires a significant fraction of BHs to receive natal kicks smaller than the escape velocity of $\sim 3 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1}}$ at the time of BH formation and that the nearest BHs to the Sun are in, or near, Hyades.
Applying wavelet analysis to the X-ray light curves of active galactic nuclei and quasi-periodic eruptions
Authors: Ghosh Akshay , Gallo L C , Gonzalez A G
Published: June 2023

In this work, we examine the application of the wavelet transform to the X-ray timing analyses of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasi-periodic eruption sources (QPEs). Several scenarios are simulated to test the effectiveness of the wavelet analysis to stationary and non-stationary data. We find that the power spectral density (PSD) slope and the nature of the periodic signal can influence the ability to identify important features in the wavelet power spectrum. In general, weak and transient features can be discerned, which make the wavelet spectrum an important tool in examining AGN light curves. We carried out a wavelet analysis to four unique objects: Ark 120, IRAS 13224-3809, RE J1034+396, and the QPE GSN 069. The well-known quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in RE J1034 + 396 is significantly detected in the wavelet power spectrum. In IRAS 13224-3809, significant transient features appear during a flare at frequencies coincident with previously detected reverberation signals. Finally, the wavelet power spectrum of the QPE GSN 069 significantly reveals four persistent signals that exhibit a 3:2 ratio in oscillation frequencies, consistent with high-frequency QPOs in stellar mass X-ray binaries, but we cannot rule out the possibility this is an artefact of the calculation.
X-ray polarimetry of X-ray pulsar X Persei: another orthogonal rotator?
Authors: Mushtukov A A , Tsygankov S S , Poutanen J , Doroshenko V , Salganik A , Costa E , Marco A Di , Heyl J , Monaca F La , Lutovinov A A , Mereminsky I A , Papitto A , Semena A N , Shtykovsky A E , Suleimanov V F , Forsblom S V , González-Caniulef D , Malacaria C , Sunyaev R A , Agudo I , Antonelli L A , Bachetti M , Baldini L , Baumgartner W H , Bellazzini R , Bianchi S , Bongiorno S D , Bonino R , Brez A , Bucciantini N , Capitanio F , Castellano S , Cavazzuti E , Chen C-T , Ciprini S , De Rosa A , Del Monte E , Gesu L Di , Lalla N Di , Donnarumma I , Dovčiak M , Ehlert S R , Enoto T , Evangelista Y , Fabiani S , Ferrazzoli R , Garcia J A , Gunji S , Hayashida K , Iwakiri W , Jorstad S G , Kaaret P , Karas V , Kislat F , Kitaguchi T , Kolodziejczak J J , Krawczynski H , Latronico L , Liodakis I , Maldera S , Manfreda A , Marin F , Marscher A P , Marshall H L , Massaro F , Matt G , Mitsuishi I , Mizuno T , Muleri F , Negro M , Ng C-Y , O’Dell S L , Omodei N , Oppedisano C , Pavlov G G , Peirson A L , Perri M , Pesce-Rollins M , Petrucci P-O , Pilia M , Possenti A , Puccetti S , Ramsey B D , Rankin J , Ratheesh A , Roberts O J , Romani R W , Sgrò C , Slane P , Soffitta P , Spandre G , Swartz D A , Tamagawa T , Tavecchio F , Taverna R , Tawara Y , Tennant A F , Thomas N E , Tombesi F , Trois A , Turolla R , Vink J , Weisskopf M C , Wu K , Xie F , Zane S
Published: June 2023

X Persei is a persistent low-luminosity X-ray pulsar of period of ≈ 835 s in a Be binary system. The field strength at the neutron star surface is not known precisely, but indirect signs indicate a magnetic field above 1013 G, which makes the object one of the most magnetized known X-ray pulsars. Here we present the results of observations X Persei performed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The X-ray polarization signal was found to be strongly dependent on the spin phase of the pulsar. The energy-averaged polarization degree in 3–8 keV band varied from several to ∼20 per cent over the pulse with a phase dependence resembling the pulse profile. The polarization angle shows significant variation and makes two complete revolutions during the pulse period, resulting in nearly nil pulse-phase averaged polarization. Applying the rotating vector model to the IXPE data we obtain the estimates for the rotation axis inclination and its position angle on the sky, as well as for the magnetic obliquity. The derived inclination is close to the orbital inclination, reported earlier for X Persei. The polarimetric data imply a large angle between the rotation and magnetic dipole axes, which is similar to the result reported recently for the X-ray pulsar GRO J1008−57. After eliminating the effect of polarization angle rotation over the pulsar phase using the best-fitting rotating vector model, the strong dependence of the polarization degree with energy was discovered, with its value increasing from 0 at ∼2 keV to 30per cent at 8 keV.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Ceftazidime/Avibactam-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections: A Retrospective, Observational, 2-Center Clinical Study
Authors: Oliva Alessandra , Campogiani Laura , Savelloni Giulia , Vitale Pietro , Lodi Alessandra , Sacco Frederica , Imeneo Alessandra , Volpicelli Lorenzo , Polani Riccardo , Raponi Giammarco , Sarmati Loredana , Venditti Mario
Published: June 2023

Background

Recently, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) with resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA-R) has been described, including KPC variants that restore carbapenem susceptibility. The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of infections caused by CZA-R KPC-Kp.

Methods

From 2019 to 2021, a retrospective 2-center study including patients with infections due to CZA-R KPC-Kp hospitalized at 2 academic hospitals in Rome was conducted. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Principal outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses were performed with Stata-IC17 software.

Results

Overall, 59 patients were included (mean age, 64.4 ± 14.6 years; mean Charlson comorbidity index score, 4.5 ± 2.7). Thirty-four patients (57.6%) had infections caused by CZA-R and meropenem (MEM)–susceptible strains. A previous CZA therapy was observed in 40 patients (67.8%), mostly in patients with MEM-susceptible KPC variant (79.4% vs 52%, P = .026). Primary bacteremia was observed in 28.8%, followed by urinary tract infections and pneumonia. At infection onset, septic shock was present in 15 subjects (25.4%). After adjustment for confounders, only the presence of septic shock was independently associated with mortality (P = .006).

Conclusions

Infections due to CZA-R KPC-Kp often occur in patients who had previously received CZA, especially in the presence of strains susceptible to MEM. Nevertheless, one-third of patients had never received CZA before KPC-Kp CZA-R. Since the major driver for mortality was infection severity, understanding the optimal therapy in patients with KPC-Kp CZA-R infections is of crucial importance.
Understanding the policing practices associated with civil preventive orders and notices in England and Wales to regulate the conduct of society’s perceived deviant others: A systematic review
Authors: Rodgers Zoe
Published: June 2023

This article aims to present the first systematic review of the current state of knowledge regarding the policing practices associated with civil preventive orders and notices within England and Wales to address sub-criminal and criminal behaviour. The updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting criteria are used to report the process transparently. Despite 24 powers considered for inclusion, this review found limited literature, including only 13 pieces of original empirical research. These studies found significant variations in policing practice concerning the issuing process, evidential thresholds required to issue, use of informal alternatives, training provided, and breach procedures. As a result, this article offers thirteen policy, practice, and research recommendations to support the creation of best practices.
Transdiagnostic Predictors of Everyday Functioning: Examining the Relationships of Depression and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Dalloul Nada , Moran Erin K , Gold James M , Carter Cameron S , MacDonald Angus W , Ragland J Daniel , Silverstein Steven M , Luck Steven J , Barch Deanna M
Published: June 2023

Background and Hypothesis

Impairments in function (ie, the ability to independently accomplish daily tasks) have been established in psychotic disorders. Identifying factors that contribute to these deficits is essential to developing effective interventions. The current study had several goals: examine potential differential relationships across domains of neurocognition, assess whether reinforcement learning is related to function, identify if predictors of function are transdiagnostic, determine whether depression and positive symptoms contribute to function, and to explore whether the modality of assessment impacts observed relationships.

Study Design

Data from 274 participants were examined with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ; n = 195) and bipolar disorder (BD; n = 79). To reduce dimensionality, a PCA was completed on neurocognitive tasks which resulted in 3 components. These components and clinical interview data were used to investigate predictors of functional domains across measures of function (self- and informant-report SLOF and UPSA).

Results

Two components, working memory/processing speed/episodic memory (βs = 0.18–0.42), and negative/positive reinforcement learning (β = −0.04), predicted different functional domains. Predictors of function were largely transdiagnostic with two exceptions: reinforcement learning had a positive association with self-reported interpersonal relationships for SZ and a negative association for BD (β = 0.34), and the negative association between positive symptoms and self-reported social acceptability was stronger for BD than for SZ (β = 0.93). Depression robustly predicted self-reported but not informant-reported function, and anhedonia predicted all domains of informant-reported function.

Conclusions

These findings imply that reinforcement learning may differentially relate to function across disorders, traditional domains of neurocognition can be effective transdiagnostic targets for interventions, and positive symptoms and depression play a critical role in self-perceived functional impairments.