bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyester‐based phase change materials with flexible poly(ethylene glycol) chains for thermal energy storage
Authors: Wu Bo , Liu Zhimeng , Xiao Yao , Wang Yi , Zhou Changlin , Zhang Xi , Lei Jingxin
Published: October 2018

Phase change materials are capable of storing renewable energy in an economical, feasible, and green way. Here, novel polyester‐based solid–solid phase change materials (PPCMs) are synthesized through solvent‐free crosslinking polymerization. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is used as the phase change ingredient, while crosslinked polyester acts as the supporting material. One chain end of PEG reliably bonds with the rigid skeleton, while another chain end is movable. The combination of reliable crosslinked structures with flexible PEG chains endows the PPCMs with good thermal storage capacity and outstanding thermal reliability simultaneously. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is adopted to confirm the chemical structures of PPCMs. Their excellent crystalline properties are confirmed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). Phase change properties are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and POM images. It is obvious in the DSC results that PPCMs have good thermal storage capacity in the range 18–63 °C with phase change enthalpy reaching 139.0 J/g. POM images vividly reveal the crystallization process of PPCMs. Additionally, thermal stability is studied using thermogravimetric analysis, and the results show that PPCMs are thermally stable up to 300 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47108.
Systematic investigation of mechanical properties and fracture toughness of epoxy networks: Role of the polyetheramine structural parameters
Authors: Abdollahi H. , Salimi A. , Barikani M. , Samadi A. , Hosseini Rad S. , Zanjanijam A. R.
Published: October 2018

Polyetheramine (PEA)‐modified epoxies with various types of PEAs were prepared and respective effects on characteristics of epoxy networks were studied. The used PEAs were polyethylene glycol diamine (PEG‐amine) and polypropylene glycol diamine (PPG‐amine) with two different molecular weights (i.e., 200 and 400 g mol−1). According to mechanical tests, the structural parameters of PEAs played an important role in final properties of epoxy/amine systems. PEG400‐amine and PPG200‐amine had the highest and lowest effects on the properties of epoxy networks, respectively. Whereas 10 phr PEG400‐amine increased critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and critical strain energy release rate (GIC) of the epoxy up to 82 and 294%, the same number of PPG200‐amine chains caused to increase the KIC and GIC up to 11 and 34%. This discrepancy could be assigned to higher flexibility index (φ = 26.22), longer chain length (~27 atoms), and higher secondary interactions [δ = 9.69 (cal cm−3)0.5] of PEG400‐amine in comparison with PPG200‐amine [with φ = 8.08, ~10 atoms in chain, and δ = 8.98 (cal cm−3)0.5]. Shear yielding as a toughening mechanism was proposed based on microscopy of the crack tips. These in‐depth studies could uncover underlying structure–property relationships in a relevant class of PEA‐like modifiers, shedding light on the future design of top‐performing homogeneous tough polymer networks. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47121.
Hemocompatibility of 2‐N‐3,6‐O‐sulfated chitosan films
Authors: Moraes A. F. , Moreira Filho R. N. F. , Passos C. C. O. , Cunha A. P. , Silva L. M. A e , Freitas L. B. N. , Vasconcelos N. F. , Ricardo N. M. P. S. , Canuto K. M. , Rosa M. F. , Leal L. K. A. M. , Vieira R. S.
Published: October 2018

Sulfated chitosan (SC) can be used for such coating because of its similarity with heparin. The position of sulfate group incorporation in the chitosan chain is important for the improvement of its biological mechanism. The substitution of each reactive group of chitosan is required to increase the electrostatic repulsion between the sulfated films and blood proteins or platelets, and, thereby, reduce the thrombus formation. Moreover, the polymeric hydroxyl groups can activate the complement system through the alternative pathway. In this study, we developed SC films, with larger distribution of sulfate groups by substitution of three reactive groups in the chitosan chain to improve its hemocompatibility. Successful chemical modification confirmed the partially 2‐N‐3,6‐O‐SC. The hemocompatibility results showed decrease in bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen adsorption, platelet adhesion and an increase in the intrinsic pathway anticoagulant activity. Based on these results, partially tri‐SC can be considered suitable candidate for coating blood‐contacting medical devices. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47128.
Preparation of breathable polyurethane membranes with quaternary ammonium salt diols providing durable antibacterial property
Authors: Aydin Ahmet , Demirci Fatma , Orhan Mehmet , Kocer Hasan B.
Published: October 2018

Aim of this study was to produce hydrophilic breathable polyurethane membranes providing antibacterial property permanently by incorporation of a quaternary ammonium salt diol (QAS). The study was carried out by synthesis of nine different polyurethanes by solution polymerization through variations of their QAS and isocyanate contents. Fully amorphous membranes at a thickness of ~30 μm were produced from the synthesized polymers and their thermal and morphological characteristics were determined. The effect of morphological structures on the membrane water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) and antibacterial properties were correlated. The WVTR increased with the increased temperature in all membranes over 10–40 °C, all produced membranes showed water resistance up to a pressure of 2100 cmH2O and WVTR values above 60 g/m2 h at 30 °C. The WVTR increased by increasing amount of QAS including cationic groups and decreased by increasing isocyanate amount reducing the molecular chain flexibility. In addition, while the unmodified membranes did not show any antibacterial activity, the QAS‐added membranes provided significant inactivation against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of about 104 CFU within 5 h of contact time. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47133.
Epoxidized castor oil‐based diglycidyl‐phthalate plasticizer: Synthesis and thermal stabilizing effects on poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Chen Jie , Liu Zengshe , Wang Kui , Huang Jinrui , Li Ke , Nie Xiaoan , Jiang Jianchun
Published: October 2018

Epoxidized castor oil‐based diglycidyl‐phthalate (ECODP) was synthesized and incorporated into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) for the first time. The chemical structure of the ECODP was confirmed. The plasticizing effects of ECODP as a replacement for commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were investigated. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVC films before and after aging were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA‐FTIR analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile tests. The results indicated that PVC films plasticized with ECODP significantly improved thermal stability, compatibility, and flexibility. When DOP was substituted with ECODP completely, the initial decomposition temperature, 5, 10, 50, and 70% mass loss temperatures (Ti,T5,T10,T50, andT70) increased by 24.7, 38.9, 32.0, 30.3, and 102.7 °C, respectively. The functional mechanism of the ECODP as a thermal stabilizing plasticizer and the plasticization mechanism of PVC composites were also investigated. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47142.
Hydrophobic, amorphous metal–organic network readily prepared by complexing the aluminum ion with a siloxane spaced dicarboxylic acid in aqueous medium
Authors: Cazacu M. , Turcan‐Trofin G.‐O. , Vlad A. , Bele A. , Shova S. , Nicolescu A. , Bargan A.
Published: October 2018

A less common dicarboxylic acid with siloxane spacer, 1,3‐bis(carboxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, whose structure is for the first time determined crystallographically, is used to coordinate aluminum through an environment‐friendly preparation process, resulting in a polymeric structure of amorphous metal–organic framework (aMOF) type. The high flexibility of the spacer induced by the siloxane bond gives the polymeric product a glass transition slightly below room temperature, while the long length of the former creates the premises for collapse of the network and consequently reduced porosity. At the same time, the high hydrophobicity of the tetramethyldisiloxane fragment and its low surface energy, which causes it to migrate to the air interface, gives the network low moisture sorption capacity guaranteeing the stability of its properties in a wet environment. The particulate complex, of the order of 1–200 nm, as generated by the synthesis, proves to be suitable as filler for silicone with outstanding reinforcement effect, without significantly affecting their transparency. The presence of the dimethylsiloxane units in the structure of both the matrix and the filler ensures good incorporation of the latter without the need for special compatibility treatments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47144.
Viscoelastic and acoustic characterization of polyurethane‐based acoustic absorber panels for underwater applications
Authors: Jayakumari V. G. , Shamsudeen R. K. , Rajeswari R. , Mukundan T.
Published: October 2018

Acoustic absorbers that can have applications in a desired frequency band are a challenge often encountered in underwater acoustic absorber panel design. Polyurethane‐based sound absorbing composite panels were designed with the help of finite element method (FEM) modeling using COMSOL for material formulations that can give optimum performance of echo reduction (ER) with minimum thickness. Polyurethanes of different compositions were evaluated for their acoustic performance using FEM modeling and experimental validation of the modeling results was done. The frequency‐dependent modulus and damping properties were generated using dynamic mechanical analyzer and time–temperature superposition were performed to generate the material properties in the high frequency range (up to 25 kHz), which are significant for underwater acoustic detection applications and these data were used as inputs for modeling studies. Acoustic properties of the samples were experimentally evaluated using a water‐filled pulse tube in 2–15 kHz frequency range as well as in an acoustic tank test facility for bigger dimension panels. These are nonresonant type absorbers capable to overcome limitations arising from environmental factors such as high hydrostatic pressures and also they are effective over a broad range of frequency (500 Hz–15 kHz) with ER > 15 dB. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47165.
Association of Blood Concentrations of Complement Split Product iC3b and Serum C3 With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity
Authors: Kim Alfred H. J. , Strand Vibeke , Sen Deepali P. , Fu Qiang , Mathis Nancy L. , Schmidt Martin J. , Bruchas Robin R. , Staten Nick R. , Olson Paul K. , Stiening Chad M. , Atkinson John P.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To examine correlations between blood levels of complement split product iC3b and serum component C3 with clinically meaningful changes in disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

A total of 159 consecutive patients with SLE, diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria, were enrolled in CASTLE (Complement Activation Signatures in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), a prospective observational study. Patients with 1–7 study visits were included in this longitudinal analysis. In addition, 48 healthy volunteers were enrolled to establish a normal reference value for the ratio of blood iC3b to serum C3 concentrations. Serum C3 and C4 levels were measured by nephelometry, and blood iC3b levels were measured by a lateral flow assay. SLE disease activity was monitored with the Responder Index 50 instrument of the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000.

Results

Relative changes in the iC3b:C3 ratio, levels of anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibodies, and use of a supraphysiologic dose of prednisone (>7.5 mg/day) each independently correlated with SLE disease activity, as determined in multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses. Only the iC3b:C3 ratio was significantly associated with clinically meaningful improvements in disease activity among patients with SLE who were receiving a supraphysiologic dose of prednisone. The iC3b:C3 ratio outperformed C3 and C4 levels with regard to discriminating active SLE from inactive SLE, and major flares from no disease activity. The iC3:C3 ratio, anti‐dsDNA antibody levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and use of a supraphysiologic prednisone dose were each independently associated with the presence of lupus nephritis, whereas none of these measures was associated with SLE rash. The association of the iC3b:C3 ratio with lupus nephritis was independent of other observed clinical manifestations.

Conclusion

The ratio of blood iC3b to serum C3 concentrations correlates with the extent of SLE disease activity and with clinically meaningful changes in disease activity in patients with SLE. Furthermore, the iC3b:C3 ratio may discriminate between active and inactive SLE, and between major flares and no active disease.
Central Sensitization in Knee Osteoarthritis: Relating Presurgical Brainstem Neuroimaging and PainDETECT‐Based Patient Stratification to Arthroplasty Outcome
Authors: Soni Anushka , Wanigasekera Vishvarani , Mezue Melvin , Cooper Cyrus , Javaid Muhammad K. , Price Andrew J. , Tracey Irene
Published: October 2018

Objective

The neural mechanisms of pain in knee osteoarthritis (OA) are not fully understood, and some patients have neuropathic‐like pain associated with central sensitization. To address this, we undertook the present study in order to identify central sensitization using neuroimaging and PainDETECT and to relate it to postarthroplasty outcome.

Methods

Patients awaiting arthroplasty underwent quantitative sensory testing, psychological assessment, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Neuroimaging (fMRI) was conducted during punctate stimulation (n = 24) and cold stimulation (n = 20) to the affected knee. The postoperative outcome was measured using the Oxford Knee Score, patient‐reported moderate‐to‐severe long‐term pain postarthroplasty, and a range of pain‐related questionnaires.

Results

Patients with neuropathic‐like pain presurgery (identified using PainDETECT; n = 14) reported significantly higher pain in response to punctate stimuli and cold stimuli near the affected joint (P < 0.05). Neural activity in these patients, compared to those without neuropathic‐like pain, was significantly lower in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (P < 0.05) and higher in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) during punctate stimulation (P < 0.05), with significant functional connectivity between these two areas (r = 0.49, P = 0.018). Preoperative neuropathic‐like pain and higher neural activity in the RVM were associated with moderate‐to‐severe long‐term pain after arthroplasty (P = 0.0356).

Conclusion

The psychophysical and neuroimaging data suggest that a subset of OA patients have centrally mediated pain sensitization. This was likely due to supraspinally mediated reductions in inhibition and increases in facilitation of nociceptive signaling, and was associated with a worse outcome following arthroplasty. The neurobiologic confirmation of central sensitization in patients with features of neuropathic pain, identified using PainDETECT, provides further support for the investigation of such bedside measures for patient stratification, to better predict postsurgical outcomes.
Energieverständnis im Biologieunterricht
Authors: Trauschke Mathias
Published: October 2018

Ohne Fleischerzeugung würde die verfügbare Ackerfläche für die Welternährung reichen. Ursächlich dafür sind Ineffizienzen in der Fleischproduktion wie energetische Analysen von Lebensmittelketten zeigen. Nutzte man stattdessen Ernteerzeugnisse direkt zur Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln, ließen sich weltweit Mangel‐ und Unterernährung eindämmen. Dieses gesellschaftlich relevante Thema ist auch für den Biologieunterricht interessant. Allerdings ist das Verständnis des Energiebegriffs im biologischen Kontext mit Schwierigkeiten behaftet, da Lernende Energie oftmals als eine substanzartige Entität (miss)verstehen und auch Schul‐ und Lehrbücher einen solchen unangemessenen Energiebegriff repräsentieren. Zur energetischen Analyse von Lebensmittelketten ist es hingegen notwendig, Energie als Bilanzierungsgröße zu verstehen. Flussdiagramme vom Sankey‐Typ bieten die Möglichkeit, den abstrakten Energiebegriff für Lernende verständlich zu repräsentieren und so den kognitiven Zugang zu bildungsrelevanten Aspekten globaler Nahrungsversorgung zu ermöglichen.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Specht Sabine
Published: October 2018

Wissenschaft & Gesellschaft

Tierversuche in der biomedizinischen Forschung

Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Genome Editing

Schulbiologie

Landesverbände

Baden‐Württemberg

NRW
Feasibility study of combined dynamic imaging and lymphaticovenous anastomosis surgery for breast cancer-related lymphoedema
Authors: Khan A A , Hernan I , Adamthwaite J A , Ramsey K W D
Published: October 2018

Background

Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) presents a significant healthcare burden and adversely affects quality of life of breast cancer survivors. A prospective feasibility study was performed on lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for the treatment of BCRL.

Methods

Patients with BCRL underwent near-infrared spectroscopy with indocyanine green lymphatic mapping to identify suitable lymphatic channels for LVA. End-to-end anastomoses to subdermal venules were performed and patients recommenced compression garment therapy (CGT) after surgery. Volumetric assessment of the affected limb was performed at regular intervals using infrared perometry to calculate the excess volume reduction.

Results

Over a 24-month interval, 27 patients with BCRL underwent LVA. The mean duration of lymphoedema was 3·5 (range 0·5–18) years, and the mean number of LVAs performed was 3 (range 2–5). Twenty-four of the 27 patients completed 12-month follow-up. Patients exhibited three patterns of volumetric response following LVA: sustained response (16 patients), transient response (5) or no response (6). Sustained responders showed an excess volume reduction of −33·2 per cent at 12 months, and this correlated positively with the number of LVAs performed (r = −0·56, P = 0·034). Overall, ten patients were able to downgrade CGT after surgery, and two patients were CGT-free at 12 months.

Conclusion

LVA resulted in a sustained volume reduction in selected patients and may offset the burden of CGT. Further work is required to identify biomarkers that predict a favourable response to LVA surgery.
Data‐driven multi‐objective optimization via grid compatible simplex technique and desirability approach for challenging high throughput chromatography applications
Authors: Konstantinidis Spyridon , Welsh John P. , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J. , Roush David J. , Velayudhan Ajoy
Published: October 2018

Recently, a grid compatible Simplex variant has been demonstrated to identify optima consistently and rapidly in challenging high throughput (HT) applications in early bioprocess development. Here, this method is extended by deploying it to multi‐objective optimization problems. Three HT chromatography case studies are presented, each posing challenging early development situations and including three responses which were amalgamated by the adoption of the desirability approach. The suitability of a design of experiments (DoE) methodology per case study, using regression analysis in addition to the desirability approach, was evaluated for a large number of weights and in the presence of stringent and lenient performance requirements. Despite the adoption of high‐order models, this approach had low success in identification of the optimal conditions. For the deployment of the Simplex approach, the deterministic specification of the weights of the merged responses was avoided by including them as inputs in the formulated multi‐objective optimization problem, facilitating this way the decision making process. This, and the ability of the Simplex method to locate optima, rendered the presented approach highly successful in delivering rapidly operating conditions, which belonged to the Pareto set and offered a superior and balanced performance across all outputs compared to alternatives. Moreover, its performance was relatively independent of the starting conditions and required sub‐minute computations despite its higher order mathematical functionality compared to DoE techniques. These evidences support the suitability of the grid compatible Simplex method for early bioprocess development studies involving complex data trends over multiple responses. © 2018 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1393–1406, 2018
A microfluidic chip with gravity‐induced unidirectional flow for perfusion cell culture
Authors: Lee Dong Wook , Choi Nakwon , Sung Jong Hwan
Published: October 2018

Perfusion flow is one of the essential elements and advantages of organ‐on‐a‐chip technology. For example, microfluidics have enabled implementation of perfusion flow and recapitulation of fluidic environment for vascular endothelial cells. The most prevalent method of implementing flow in a chip is to use a pump, which requires elaborate manipulation and complex connections, and accompanies a large amount of dead volume. Previously we devised a gravity‐induced flow system which does not require tubing connections, but this method results in bidirectional flow to enable recirculation, which is somewhat different from physiological blood flow. Here, we have developed a novel microfluidic chip that enables gravity‐induced, unidirectional flow by using a bypass channel with geometry different from the main channel. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured inside the chip and the effect of flow direction was examined. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2701, 2019
Lactic acid production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by Lactobacillus pentosus: Integrating xylose and glucose fermentation
Authors: Wischral Daiana , Arias Johanna Méndez , Modesto Luiz Felipe , de França Passos Douglas , Pereira Nei
Published: October 2018

Lactic acid, traditionally obtained through fermentation process, presents numerous applications in different industrial segments, including production of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Development of low cost substrate fermentations could improve economic viability of lactic acid production, through the use of agricultural residues as lignocellulosic biomass. Studies regarding the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus spp. are reported. First, five strains of Lactobacillus spp. were investigated for one that had the ability to consume xylose efficiently. Subsequently, biomass fractionation was performed by dilute acid and alkaline pretreatments, and the hemicellulose hydrolysate (HH) fermentability by the selected strain was carried out in bioreactor. Maximum lactic acid concentration and productivity achieved in HH batch were 42.5 g/L and 1.02 g/L h, respectively. Hydrolyses of partially delignified cellulignin (PDCL) by two different enzymatic cocktails were compared. Finally, fermentation of HH and PDCL hydrolysate together was carried out in bioreactor in a hybrid process: saccharification and co‐fermentation with an initial enzymatic hydrolysis. The high fermentability of these process herein developed was demonstrated by the total consumption of xylose and glucose by Lactobacillus pentosus, reaching at 65.0 g/L of lactic acid, 0.93 g/g of yield, and 1.01 g/L h of productivity. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2718, 2019
Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: Exploring immersive three‐dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education
Authors: Maresky H. S. , Oikonomou A. , Ali I. , Ditkofsky N. , Pakkal M. , Ballyk B.
Published: October 2018

Cardiac anatomy can be challenging to grasp because of its complex three‐dimensional nature and remains one of the most challenging topics to teach. In light of some exciting technological advances in the field of virtual reality (VR), we sought to test the viability and the assess efficacy of this computer‐generated model for the purposes of teaching cardiac anatomy. Before learning cardiac anatomy, first‐year undergraduate medical students participated in an anatomically correct VR simulation of the heart. Students were randomly distributed into control and variable groups. Each student completed a pre‐intervention quiz, consisting of 10 multiple choice questions with 5 conventional cardiac anatomy questions and 5 visual–spatial (VS) questions. The control group continued to independent study, whereas the variable group subjects were exposed to a 30‐min immersive cardiac VR experience. At the end of the intervention, both the groups underwent a separate post‐intervention 10‐question quiz. Forty‐two students participated in the cardiac VR experiment, separated into 14 control and 28 variable subjects. They scored 50.9% on average on the pre‐intervention quiz (SD = 16.5) and 70.2% on the post‐intervention quiz (SD = 18.7). Compared to the control group, the students exposed to VR scored 21.4% higher in conventional content (P = 0.004), 26.4% higher in VS content (P < 0.001), and 23.9% higher overall (P < 0.001). VR offers an anatomically correct and immersive VS environment that permits learner to interact three‐dimensionally with the heart's anatomy. This study demonstrates the viability and the effectiveness of VR in teaching cardiac anatomy. Clin. Anat. 32:238–243, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attitudes and Responses of Medical Students and Professional Anatomists to Dissecting Different Regions of the Body
Authors: Moxham Bernard John , Plaisant Odile , Lignier Baptiste , Morgan Susan
Published: October 2018

Although there have been many studies assessing emotional responses of medical students to the dissecting room experience, little is known about whether dissecting particular regions of the human body cause more concern than others. Furthermore, no studies have been conducted on the concerns of professional anatomists. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that medical students are more concerned about the dissection of the face, the perineum and the extremities of the limbs. We also hypothesized that there are gender differences. For the reactions of a group of professional anatomists from the United States and Europe we hypothesized that they were less concerned than the medical students and showed no differences across the regions of the body. The hypotheses were tested by means of questionnaires distributed to medical students at Cardiff University and at the Descartes Paris University who had recently completed their anatomy courses and to anatomists working at universities in Europe and the USA. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ethical committees at the Cardiff School of Biosciences and at Paris and all data was obtained by consent of the respondents and remained confidential. The findings were complex, although the level of concern was low overall. Some regional differences were discerned, particularly concerning the face, the perineum, the hand and the female chest. Anatomists were less concerned than the students and female students and female anatomists showed more concern than their male counterparts. Few differences were discerned however between student respondents who had positive and neutral attitudes to gender “politics” and those who espoused negative views. We recommend that, at the start of an anatomy dissection course, time is spent dealing with sensitive issues (including equality and diversity issues), emotional responses, and matters pertaining to mortality. However, we argue that this should not involve hiding regions of the body, nor overreacting to the natural anxiety of students, since doing either of these things could enhance negative reactions and stifle the progress of the student from being a layperson to a competent healthcare professional. Clin. Anat. 32:253–267, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapeutic change in young people—A qualitative investigation of client and therapist perspectives
Authors: Donald Ian N. , Carey Timothy A. , Rickwood Debra J.
Published: October 2018

Background

Young people's vulnerability to developing mental illness makes it important to understand therapeutic change, integrating the views of both young people and their therapists, to improve treatment effectiveness. To date, qualitative research aiming to triangulate experiences of therapeutic change in young people has not clearly differentiated the unique perspectives of clients and therapists. Instead both groups’ perspectives have been analysed together, which may be phenomenologically problematic considering clients are the site of change, while therapists observe it.

Aims

This study explored experiences of therapeutic change from the perspectives of young people and their therapists. Three clients aged 17–19 years, and their two therapists, participated in semi‐structured interviews post‐therapy.

Methods

Six themes were identified for clients: facing problems alone; how the therapeutic space was used; change characteristics; partial changes; the role of context in change; and growing into the new self. Four themes were identified for therapists: problematic experiences; change processes; therapist‐related change process; and change qualities.

Results

Six themes were identified for clients: facing problems alone; how the therapeutic space was used; change characteristics; partial changes; the role of context in change; and growing into the new self. Four themes were identified for therapists: problematic experiences; change processes; therapist‐related change process; and change qualities.

Conclusions

Congruent with adult research, common and specific factors was important to change. Contextual and relational factors were particularly important for young people, who described that isolation caused by their problems caused distress beyond the impact of symptoms. Therapeutic change was facilitated through responsive therapy practices that led to developmentally normal levels of activity and changes in selfhood. Participants accepted a good‐enough level of recovery which was anticipated to continue post‐therapy.
Biocatalytical Asymmetric Sulfoxidation by Identifying Cytochrome P450 from Parvibaculum Lavamentivorans DS‐1
Authors: Wu Kailin , Tang Linchao , Cui Haibo , Wan Nanwei , Liu Ziyan , Wang Zhongqiang , Zhang Shimin , Cui Baodong , Han Wenyong , Chen Yongzheng
Published: October 2018

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) catalyzed asymmetric sulfoxidation represents a green route for the synthesis of valuable enantiopure sulfoxides, which are potentially interesting synthons in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Here the potential P450 and redox partner genes from Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS‐1 are screened and co‐expressed in Escherichia coli host to construct twenty recombinant P450 strains. By testing the whole‐cell biooxidation of thioanisole, P450PL2 (CYP278A4) and P450PL7 (CYP108G3) are identified with excellent S enantioselectivity while P450PL1 (CYP111B1) and P450PL9 (CYP153A26) exhibit the complementary R enantioselectivity. Asymmetric sulfoxidation of sulfides 1 a–1 m is further investigated using the recombinant E. coli strain P450PL2‐2 based on the optimal conditions, producing the corresponding enantioenriched sulfoxides with up to 82 % isolated yield and 99 % ee.
Understanding Electrochemical Stability and Lithium Ion‐Dominant Transport in Concentrated Poly(ethylene carbonate) Electrolyte
Authors: Kimura Kento , Tominaga Yoichi
Published: October 2018

Ion‐conductive solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are important materials for implementing safer energy storage. In the present study we show that a concentrated SPE composed of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) has high oxidation tolerance and prevents aluminum corrosion. These properties enable cycling of a LiMn2O4 cell charged above 4 V. Battery operation above 4 V is difficult for conventional polyether electrolytes because of their poor electrochemical stability. Mechanistic studies imply that an aggregated solvation structure, in which a large portion of the carbonyl groups interact with Li ions, is correlated with the enhanced electrochemical stability. The studies suggest that relatively rigid structure of PEC induces an increase in conductivity with increasing salt concentration. The increase in conductivity enables concentrated electrolyte with reasonable conductivity and high Li transference number. The present study reveals the clear potential of concentrated SPEs based on unexplored polymers having relatively high glass transition temperature for use in high‐voltage Li batteries.
Designing a Copper‐ and Silver‐Sulfide Composite with Co3O4 for High‐Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Pawar Sachin A. , Patil Dipali S. , Shin Jae Cheol
Published: October 2018

Electronic devices have driven modern lifestyle demands for efficient and environmentally friendly energy storage appliances. This paper reports the simple design of an efficient, cost‐effective pseudocapacitor electrode based on copper sulfide (Cu2S) and silver sulfide (Ag2S) composites with cobalt oxide (Co3O4) for high‐performance energy storage devices. A simple one‐pot approach was used to synthesize hexagonal sheets of Co3O4 and a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method was exploited to coat these sheets with nanostructures of Cu2S and Ag2S. The resulting three‐dimensional (3D) Co3O4/Cu2S and Co3O4/Ag2S composite electrode contained a high loading of Cu2S and Ag2S nanoparticles (metal sulfides) on the hexagonal sheets of Co3O4 (metal oxide), which offers a highly conductive network assisting in rapid charge‐transfer reactions and reduces the internal resistance of the electrode. A symmetrical supercapacitor based on Co3O4/Cu2S//Co3O4/Cu2S showed a high areal capacitance of 1080 mF cm−2, which was significantly higher than that of the Co3O4/Ag2S//Co3O4/Ag2S symmetric supercapacitor (645 mF cm−2). These results show that the Co3O4/Cu2S composite heterostructure is a promising electrode architecture for high performance pseudocapacitors.
Bismuth Oxychloride Nanoplatelets by Breakdown Anodization
Authors: Sopha Hanna , Spotz Zdenek , Michalicka Jan , Hromadko Ludek , Bulanek Roman , Wagner Tomas , Macak Jan M.
Published: October 2018

Herein, the synthesis of BiOCl nanoplatelets of various dimensions is demonstrated. These materials were prepared by anodic oxidation of Bi ingots in diluted HCl under dielectric breakdown conditions, triggered by a sufficiently high anodic field. Additionally, it is shown that the use of several other common diluted acids (HNO3, H2SO4, lactic acid) resulted in the formation of various different nanostructures. The addition of NH4F to the acidic electrolytes accelerated the growth rate resulting in bismuth‐based nanostructures with comparably smaller dimensions and an enormous volume expansion observed during the growth. On the other hand, the addition of lactic acid to the acidic electrolytes decelerated the oxide growth rate. The resulting nanostructures were characterized using SEM, XRD and TEM. BiOCl nanoplatelets received by anodization in 1 M HCl were successfully employed for the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye and showed a superior performance compared to commercially available BiOCl powder with a similar crystalline structure, confirming its potential as a visible light photocatalyst.
Weight loss and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women
Authors: Chlebowski Rowan T. , Luo Juhua , Anderson Garnet L. , Barrington Wendy , Reding Kerryn , Simon Michael S. , Manson JoAnn E. , Rohan Thomas E. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Lane Dorothy , Strickler Howard , Mosaver‐Rahmani Yasmin , Freudenheim Jo L. , Saquib Nazmus , Stefanick Marcia L.
Published: October 2018

Background

Although obesity is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer, the results of weight loss and breast cancer studies are inconsistent. Therefore, we evaluated associations between weight change and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.

Methods

Postmenopausal women (n = 61,335) who had no prior breast cancer and a normal mammogram had body weight and height measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated at baseline and year 3. Weight change at year 3 was categorized as stable (<5%), loss (≥5%), or gain (≥5%) with further assessment of weight loss intentionality by self‐report. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate relationships between weight change and subsequent breast cancer incidence.

Results

During a mean follow‐up of 11.4 years with 3061 incident breast cancers, women with weight loss (n = 8175) had a significantly lower risk of breast cancer compared with women whose weight remained stable (n = 41,139) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78‐0.98; P = .02) with no interaction by BMI. Adjustment for mammography did not alter findings (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78‐0.99) with no significant difference by weight loss intentionality. Weight gain (≥5%) (n = 12,021) was not associated with breast cancer risk (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93‐1.11) but was associated with higher triple‐negative breast cancer incidence (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.16‐2.05).

Conclusions

Postmenopausal women who lose weight have lower breast cancer risk than those with stable weight. These findings suggest that postmenopausal women who lose weight may reduce their breast cancer risk.
Promoting effects of color‐text congruence in banner advertising
Authors: Zhang Tengxiao , Bao Chuting , Xiao Chunqu
Published: October 2018

Previous studies have found that the congruence among elements in an advertisement can enhance advertising efficiency. However, the influence of congruence between color and text, two important elements of ads, has not been directly investigated. The present study aims to investigate how color‐text congruence affects advertising effectiveness in capturing attention and generating favorable attitudes. A total of 94 students from a college in China participated in an experiment using a within‐subjects design. Participants were presented with ads either matched in color and text (congruent condition) or not (incongruent condition). Attention and attitudes were measured by eye‐tracking and subjective rating, respectively. The results demonstrated that participants paid more attention and gave more positive ratings to ads in the congruent condition than those in the incongruent condition. In addition, the present study separately investigates the concrete versus abstract meanings of colors. This distinction bridges complementary theories in contemporary color psychology.
Color pattern recognition for yarn‐dyed fabrics
Authors: Zheng Dejun , Wang Peng , Zhou Jian , Ho Kai‐chiu
Published: October 2018

In the process of designing and analyzing the yarn‐dyed fabric, the yarn color pattern has an important effect on the appearance of the fabric. An automatic color pattern recognition method for yarn‐dyed fabric is proposed in this study. The proposed method uses the fabric images obtained from a high‐resolution digital camera image acquisition system. The local statistical texture features are used for yarn texture segmentation. The yarn color classification problem is then formulated in a research framework of multiregion fuzzy segmentation, which can be added auxiliary variables and solved efficiently by the fast dual projection algorithm. The color values of the yarn crossing points are calculated by the yarn color classification results. The locations of the yarn crossing points are detected by a lightness gradient projection method. Different kinds of fabrics are tested in the experiments. Experiments on 14 actual fabrics show that the approach proposed in this study is effective for classifying yarn color and extracting the yarn color pattern in yarn‐dyed fabric.
Expanding Intake Assessment to Incorporate Spirituality Using Five Functional Tasks
Authors: Butts C. Missy , Gutierrez Daniel
Published: October 2018

Conducting an intake assessment that investigates a client's spiritual and religious domain is essential when integrating spirituality into counseling. However, there is a paucity of scholarly literature surrounding how to effectively incorporate spirituality and religion into the intake process. This article explores the nature of spiritual assessment through a synthesis of the relevant literature. The authors introduce 5 functional tasks that serve as a guide for the effective integration of spirituality and religion into the intake process.
A Counselor Education Case Study: The Counselor Values‐Based Conflict Model in Action
Authors: Grunhaus Colleen M. L. , Tuazon Victor E. , Gonzalez Edith , Wagner Nathaniel J.
Published: October 2018

This article is based on the 2nd‐place winning entry to the 2016–2017 American Counseling Association Graduate Student Ethics Competition and includes a fictional case study of a counselor trainee whose personal beliefs conflict with her client's goals, and of her doctoral supervisor who is reticent to seek consultation. The counselor values‐based conflict model (Kocet & Herlihy, ) is used to generate an ethical resolution for the dilemma. Implications for counselors, supervisors, and counselor educators are discussed.
What Shade of Spirituality? Exploring Spirituality, Religiosity, Meaning Making, and Thriving Among Latina/o Undergraduates
Authors: Morgan Consoli Melissa L. , Unzueta Emily G. , Delucio Kevin , Llamas Jasmin
Published: October 2018

There needs to be further understanding about how to help Latina/o college students succeed. Spirituality has been linked to thriving among this student population; however, less is known about what exactly spirituality entails. Analysis of the relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and meaning making with thriving in 84 (9 male, 74 female, 1 transgender) self‐identified, Latina/o college students indicated that spirituality and meaning making, but not religiosity, significantly predicted thriving. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Autofluorescence lifetime imaging of cellular metabolism: Sensitivity toward cell density, pH, intracellular, and intercellular heterogeneity
Authors: Chacko Jenu V. , Eliceiri Kevin W.
Published: October 2018

Autofluorescence imaging (AFI) has greatly accelerated in the last decade, way past its origins in detecting endogenous signals in biological tissues to identify differences between samples. There are many endogenous fluorescence sources of contrast but the most robust and widely utilized have been those associated with metabolism. The intrinsically fluorescent metabolic cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2) have been utilized in a number of AFI applications including basic research, clinical, and pharmaceutical studies. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has emerged as one of the more powerful AFI tools for NADH and FAD characterization due to its unique ability to noninvasively detect metabolite bound and free states and quantitate cellular redox ratio. However, despite this widespread biological use, many standardization methods are still needed to extend FLIM‐based AFI into a fully robust research and clinical diagnostic tools. FLIM is sensitive to a wide range of factors in the fluorophore microenvironment, and there are a number of analysis variables as well. To this end, there has been an emphasis on developing imaging standards and ways to make the image acquisition and analysis more consistent. However, biological conditions during FLIM‐based AFI imaging are rarely considered as key sources of FLIM variability. Here, we present several experimental factors with supporting data of the cellular microenvironment such as confluency, pH, inter‐/intracellular heterogeneity, and choice of cell line that need to be considered for accurate quantitative FLIM‐based AFI measurement of cellular metabolism. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Expression of neutrophil surface markers in icteric neonates before and after phototherapy
Authors: Faulhaber Fabrízia Rennó Sodero , Faulhaber Gustavo Adolpho Moreira , Marcondes Natália Aydos , Procianoy Renato Soibelmann , Silveira Rita C.
Published: October 2018

Background

Jaundice due to indirect hyperbilirubinemia affects more than 60% of neonates and phototherapy is the treatment for severe types. There are no previous studies evaluating the effect of phototherapy on the function of neonates neutrophils. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the function of neutrophils by measuring the expression of neutrophils main surface markers in icteric neonates before and after phototherapy.

Methods

Neonates at a gestational age ≥35 weeks and birth weight ≥2,000 g who met the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria for phototherapy were included. Flow cytometry evaluation of the mean fluorescence intensities of CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD62L, CD64, and CD66acde was performed before and 24 h after the initiation of phototherapy.

Results

Twenty‐five neonates at a mean age of 53 h of life were included in the study with a mean bilirubin level of 13.60 ± 2.85 mg/dL. There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD11b, CD15, CD18, CD62L, and CD64 or in the percentage of neutrophils before and after 24 h of phototherapy. There was an increase in the expression of CD10 and CD16 and a decrease in the expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 h of phototherapy.

Conclusions

Newborns submitted to phototherapy had an increase in the expression of CD10 and CD16 and a decreased in the expression of CD11c and CD66acde after 24 h of treatment, which may be related to an anti‐inflammatory effect of phototherapy. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society