bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snags and Down Wood in Missouri Old-Growth and Mature Second-Growth Forests
Authors: Shifley Stephen R. , Brookshire Brian L. , Larsen David R. , Herbeck Laura A.
Published: August 2019

As forest managers in the Midwest focus more attention toward understanding and maintaining ecosystem processes, greater emphasis is being placed on the role of snags and down wood in providing wildlife habitat, cycling nutrients, and maintaining continuity in forest structure following harvest. We measured five remnant old-growth hardwood tracts and six mature, second-growth, hardwood tracts in Missouri and compared findings concerning (1) the volume of down wood and (2) the number and size distribution of snags (i.e., standing dead trees). Volume of down wood ≥ 10 cm in diameter averaged 36 m³/ha on the old-growth tracts, double the 18 m³/ha mean volume for the second-growth sites. This difference in volume was concentrated in pieces of down wood with diameters larger than 20 cm; below diameters of 20 cm the number of pieces of down wood by diameter class was similar for the old-growth and second-growth sites. On the old-growth sites, the mean basal area of snags ≥ 10 cm dbh was 1.9 m²/ha. This was approximately 1.5 times greater than the mean basal area of snags on the second-growth sites. The number of snags ≥ 10 cm dbh on the old growth sites was approximately 9% pf the number of live trees on those sites. The corresponding value for second-growth sites was 8%. On both the old-growth and second-growth sites, the number of snags and the number of live trees by dbh class followed a negative exponential (reverse-J) form. Frequency distributions for the number of snags by dbh class closely followed those for live trees on the same sites. These results provide managers with general guidelines for the quantity of down wood likely to be found in mature second-growth forests and old-growth forests. We also provide some provisional rules of thumb for estimating the density and size distribution of snags from values observed for live trees in the same stand. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):165-172.
From Timber to Forests and People: A View of Nonindustrial Private Forest Research
Authors: Egan Andrew F.
Published: August 2019

The published research on nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs) and their owners is substantial. Early works have focused on the role these lands may play in meeting predicted timber shortages. Later research on the NIPF situation appeared more motivated by private forest management than timber management, and more interested in the NIPF owner as a person than as a timber supplier. Correspondingly, much of the research on forestry assistance programs has been critical of their traditional timber-only approach. Many researchers have agreed that the success of such efforts hinges on their ability to address the diverse forestry objectives of private landowners rather than focusing narrowly on the advancement of timber management. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):189-193.
Determining Girard Form Class in Central Hardwoods
Authors: Rennie John C. , Leake Jack D.
Published: August 2019

Girard form class is widely used to describe tree form. Tree volume estimates change about 3% per unit change of Girard form class (Mesavage and Girard 1946). Hardwoods growing in close proximity have been observed to have a wide range in Girard form class. Accurate determination of Girard form class can therefore be important in getting accurate estimates of hardwood timber volume. However, the cost of estimating Girard form class for every tree being measured in the stand would be prohibitively expensive. Thus, estimation of average Girard form class for a stand is considered here.

Three instruments used to estimate Girard form class—a Wheeler pentaprism optical caliper, a wedge prism, and a Spiegel relaskop—were compared to direct measurement. Number of sample trees to achieve desired half-widths of the confidence interval of ±1 and ±1 1/2 units of Girard form class was calculated for each method.

Direct measurement requires the fewest trees to achieve the desired results. However, it requires considerably more time per tree than any of the instruments tested. The Wheeler pentaprism requires only a few more trees than direct measurement, and considerably fewer trees than either the wedge prism or the Spiegel relaskop. Use of all three instruments is hindered when understory vegetation obscures the top of the first log. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):202-206.
Improving Estimates of Acceptable Growing Stock in Young Upland Oak Forests in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Dey Daniel C. , Johnson Paul S. , Garrett H. E.
Published: August 2019

Estimates of regeneration or growing stock in young oak forests may be too high unless criteria are established that define explicitly acceptable growing stock. In young hardwood stands, crown class can be used to identify acceptable growing stock because it is related to the future growth and survival of reproduction. A method is presented for assigning crown class categories to hardwood stems based on their diameters (dbh). Young upland oak forests originating from clearcuts in the Missouri Ozarks were sampled to determine the relationship between dbh and crown class. Stands were 19 to 25 yr old. Threshold diameters (TD) separating one crown class category from another were determined using regression analyses. TD was not significantly affected by species group, and in some cases by aspect and slope position. Quadratic mean stand diameter (QMSD) was significantly related to TD. As QMSD increased so did TD. When QMSD equals 3 in., trees with dbh ≥ 3.9 in. are allocated to the codominant and dominant crown class category, and those ≥ 2.5 in. to the dominant, codominant, and intermediate category. TD can be used to assign a crown class category to individual trees, thereby improving estimations of acceptable growing stock. By this method, crown class can be used to define acceptable growing stock and evaluate stocking, yet it does not have to be measured in stand inventories. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):28-32.
Estimating White Trunk Rot in Aspen Stands
Authors: Jones Alan C. , Ostry Michael E.
Published: August 2019

Advanced decay caused by Phellinus tremulae was estimated in 295 trembling aspen on 30 plots in 2 Minnesota counties using existing inventory guides, and then measured by felling and sectioning the trees. In standing trees, decay volume was underestimated by 38% compared to measured decay volume in felled trees. The most reliable external indicator of decay was the presence of conks of the fungus. Results indicate that decay associated with conks in the first 16 ft of the trees accounted for nearly 70% of the total volume loss. Decay volume in trees with no conks averaged less than 2% compared to 14% in trees with conks. There was little merchantable volume lost from decay associated with poplar borer (Saperda calcarata) damage, closed wounds, and hypoxylon cankers. We recommend that inventory guides for estimating aspen decay in Minnesota be revised, and a suggested guide is provided. North. J. Appl. For. 15(1):33-36.
Adequacy of Natural Hardwood Regeneration on Forestlands in Northeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Fredericksen Todd S. , Ross Brad , Hoffman Wayne , Lester Mike , Beyea Jan , Morrison Michael L. , Johnson Bradley N.
Published: August 2019

The density of established and newly germinated commercial tree regeneration was assessed on 33 stands in northeastern Pennsylvania representing both northern hardwood and oak-hickory forest types. The purpose of the study was to determine the amount of regeneration on stands with differing amounts of residual basal area after harvest. Most stands were on nonindustrial private lands that had been harvested between 2-8 yr ago. The density of new germinants decreased while the density of seedling and sapling regeneration greater than 3 ft tall increased with increasing basal area removal. This result suggests that recruitment of taller seedlings and saplings improves with increasing intensity of harvests. Evidence of browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) was observed on nearly all species and was 50% or higher for seven species. High fern cover was most evident in heavily browsed areas. Neither slash cover nor height of slash was related to the density of any of the regeneration classes. This suggests that slash may not always afford adequate protection from deer. As in other parts of the state, a relative scarcity of sapling regeneration and high browsing incidence on many commercially valuable species indicates that problems with deer and competing species, like fern, need to be addressed in order to achieve sustainable forest management in northeastern Pennsylvania. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3):130-134.
Short-Term Flooding Effects on Root Suckering of Quaking Aspen
Authors: Bates P. C. , Sucoff E. , Blinn C. R.
Published: August 2019

Unexpectedly few root suckers may develop following summer clearcuts of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) on sites with fine-textured soils and level terrain. We hypothesized that the poor regeneration is partially a result of the flooded soil conditions that follow such harvests, and that the damage would increase with duration of flooding and temperature. Root segments from ca. 45-yr-old aspen trees were planted in saturated mixtures of O and A horizon soil material for 2, 6, 10, and 14 days at relatively warm and cool temperatures (12 hr day/night temperature regimes of 28/20°C and 20/12°C, respectively). The root segments were then transplanted into moist soil at ambient O2 for an additional 14 to 38 days. Suckering was significantly reduced by increased flooding duration and by flooding at warmer temperatures. The percentage of segments that suckered decreased exponentially with accumulated growing degree days during flooding. Saturated soil conditions can inhibit aspen suckering in controlled environments and may have the potential for precluding successful regeneration following clearcutting. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):169-173.
Assessment of Residual Stand Quality and Regeneration Following Shelterwood Cutting in Central Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Johnson James E. , Miller Gary W. , Baumgras John E. , West Cynthia D.
Published: August 2019

Partial cutting to develop two-age stands is a relatively new practice in the central Appalachian region, and forest managers need quantitative information in order to evaluate how well it meets management objectives. Typically, this practice leaves a residual overstory of 10 to 40 ft² per ac of basal area and leads to regeneration of desirable shade-intolerant species which comprise the second age class. In this study we evaluated residual tree quality and regeneration 2 to 5 yr after cutting in 20 stands on the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia. Tree grades were not significantly affected by the cutting. The largest grade reductions, due primarily to epicormic branching and logging wounds, occurred with large white oak sawtimber (11%) and white ash small sawtimber (10%). Epicormic branching following the cut was greatest for white oaks in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. Across all species, the trees in the lower crown classes produced the greatest number of epicormic branches. Overall, epicormic branching on the 16 ft butt logs of dominant and codominant trees was low. For white oak (Quercus alba), 64% of these trees produced no epicormic branches. But 75% of yellow-poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera), 82% of black cherries (Prunus serotina), 78% of northern red oaks (Quercus rubra), and 89% of white ashes (Fraxinus americana) produced no epicormic branches on butt logs. Logging wounds occurred on 45% of the residual trees across the 20 stands, but 21% had large wounds over 100 in². Regeneration of both shade-intolerant and tolerant species was prolific following the cutting. Total numbers of tree seedlings and sprouts ranged from 8,217 stems/ac in the mixed oak stands of the Ridge and Valley Province to 30,845 stems/ac in the beech-cherry-maple stands in the Allegheny Mountains. The birches, primarily sweet birch (Betula lenta), comprised the most abundant species across the study area, but species composition varied depending on forest cover type. Regeneration numbers were lowest in the mixed oak stands in the Ridge and Valley Province. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):203-210.
Comparing Grazed and Ungrazed Forests in Kansas
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L. , Hansen Mark H.
Published: August 2019

Differences between grazed and ungrazed forestlands in Kansas were investigated based on a statewide sample of all forestlands. Grazing forestlands was found to have a significant relationship to the quality and quantity of trees on forestlands, as seen in lower levels of total volume and growing-stock volume when compared to ungrazed forestlands. In addition, grazed forestlands showed lower average basal areas, younger average stand ages, lower potential productivities, and increased percentages of bare ground. Compared to forestlands without grazing, forestlands with grazing had higher levels of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) seedling regeneration and lower levels of preferred hardwood species regeneration in several forest type groups. Land managers can use these results in their decision-making process concerning whether to graze their deciduous forests. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):216-221.
Radial Growth Losses in Preferred and Avoided Tree Species During Gypsy Moth Outbreaks
Authors: Naidoo Robin , Lechowicz Martin J.
Published: August 2019

We investigated the effect of gypsy moth larval density on radial growth of preferred and avoided trees: northern red oak and white ash, respectively. Individual trees were censused for gypsy moth larvae from 1979 to 1992 at a site where several outbreaks occurred. Annual growth rings were measured from 1950 to 1992 on increment cores taken from these same trees, as well as from trees at a nearby site that had not experienced any outbreaks. Regression models of growth at the outbreak site on growth at the nonoutbreak site were developed to isolate the influence of gypsy moth defoliation from other factors such as climate. These were then used to generate expected values for radial growth in the absence of gypsy moth at the outbreak site. During the first year of the first gypsy moth outbreak, there was a mean reduction in radial growth of 46% in red oak, a loss similar to what has been reported in other studies. Growth of white ash was much higher than predicted in 2 yr during and subsequent to the first outbreak. Yearly larval counts from 1979 to 1992 on red oak at the outbreak site were negatively correlated with oak radial growth after correcting for climate, suggesting that nonoutbreak levels of gypsy moth may reduce radial growth more than has previously been thought. Larval counts on ash were uncorrelated with ash growth after correcting for climate. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):11-18.
Use of Vegetational Characteristics and Browsing Patterns to Predict Deer Damage in Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Plantations
Authors: Saunders Mike R. , Puettmann Klaus J.
Published: August 2019

Browsing of seedlings by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can make natural and artificial forest regeneration difficult. Few mathematical models predict deer browsing within and between sites, giving managers only landscape-level characteristics, such as deer population levels and yearly snowfall measurements, to determine where deer-protective measures should be installed. This study described browsing patterns and assessed influence of vegetational characteristics on browsing. Predictive models were developed using overstory and understory measurements, and browsing reconstructions of individual seedlings within eight eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) plantations in northern Minnesota. Results indicated that deer concentrate browsing on terminal leaders in shorter seedlings, shifting to laterals as seedlings approach browsing height limits (140 cm).Damage models were site-specific. The vertical and horizontal distribution of understory vegetation and the presence of alternative food sources influenced the probability of browsing. Future models should incorporate these measures as well as browse selection patterns, landscape-level characteristics,and past deer activity. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):96-102.
Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods in Harvested Openings with First-Order Lateral Root Differences, Root-Dipping, and Tree Shelters
Authors: Ponder Felix
Published: August 2019

Survival and height of four hardwood species—black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Q. alba L.), and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)—were evaluated 4 yr after the trees were outplanted in a recently harvested hardwood site. The study evaluated the influence of numbers of first-order lateral roots (FOLR); preplanting-root treatments (RT) that included both separate and combination treatments of a biostimulant, Roots®, a moisture loss retardant, SuperSorb-F® (SS), and a water control; and tree shelters (TS) on seedling performance.Except for black walnut, 4 yr survival was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher with tree shelters than without them. However, survival was not affected by FOLR or RT. The number of FOLR significantly affected the 4 yr height growth of northern red oak and black oak, but they did not affect the height growth of black walnut and white oak. Four-year height growth for black walnut and northern red oak was greater for unsheltered trees than for sheltered trees; the reverse was true for white oak and black oak. First-order lateral roots, root collar diameter (RCD), and TS were significantly correlated with first-year height and/or 4 yr height growth. Root treatments did not affect height growth. The overall good survival and limited treatment effect indicate that the number of FOLR was of limited importance on this site for these tree species. However, treatment effects may have been different on a more stressful site. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):45-50.
Managing Oak and Pine Stands on Outwash Sands: Protecting Plant Nutrients
Authors: Hallett R. A. , Hornbeck J. W.
Published: August 2019

In New England, red oak and white pine forests growing on sandy outwash sites are susceptible to nutrient losses due to inherently low nutrient capitals and/or nutrient depletion by past activities such as farming, fire, and intensive harvesting. Key nutrients such as calcium (Ca),magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) are removed with biomass during harvesting operations, and are lost to increased leaching and erosion during and immediately after logging. In these forests, the highest base saturation or concentration of plant-available Ca, Mg, and K(63 to 92%) is found in the O horizon. As a result, special precautions are needed during harvest to prevent damage and nutrient depletion of the upper soil horizons. To mitigate nutrient losses we recommend using low-impact logging techniques, winter harvesting, and managing for white pine on these sites. North.J. Appl. For. 17(2):57-61.
Bucket Mounding as a Mechanical Site Preparation Technique in Wetlands
Authors: Londo Andrew J. , Mroz Glenn D.
Published: August 2019

This article summarizes the information in the literature concerning site preparation in wetlands with special emphasis on bucket mounding. Mounding as a site preparation technique has been used since the 18th century for reestablishing tree species on wet sites, and it is commonly used in parts of Canada and Scandinavia. In the Lake States, a version of mounding called bucket mounding is coming into use for regenerating cutover wetland sites. Bucket mounding differs from other mounding operations in that it is used exclusively in wetlands and uses a tracked excavator to create the mounds, rather than equipment towed behind or attached to a skidder or bulldozer. In wet areas, bucket mounding creates a raised planting site, resulting in more aerated soil above the water table, warmer soil temperatures during the growing season, greater nutrient availability, and a small degree of vegetation control. Bucket mounding mimics the natural pit and mound microtopography that naturally occurs as a result of wind storms across the Great Lakes Region. This microtopography is important for natural regeneration establishment and growth. This article provides an overview of natural pit and mound formation, types of mounds, mounding equipment, the effects of mounding on the seedling environment, and planted species survival. Additional considerations for Lake States conditions are also discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 18(1):7–13.
Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia
Authors: Kochenderfer Jeffrey D. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Johnson James E. , Smith David Wm. , Miller Gary W.
Published: August 2019

Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled.After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of Appalachian hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):46–54.
Influence of Prior Growth Suppression and Soil on Red Spruce Site Index
Authors: Seymour Robert S. , Fajvan Mary Ann
Published: August 2019

Dominant trees of shade tolerant species are often unsuitable for estimating site index because episodes of growth suppression can mask influences of site. A large-scale study in eastern Maine, based on 698 red spruce (Picea rubens) trees sampled with increment cores, and 92 trees sampled by stem analysis, addressed two objectives: (1) Can spruce trees with histories of suppression be used to estimate site index if suppressed periods are converted to free-growth equivalents? and (2) Do important differences in soil physical properties based on drainage and profile characteristics correspond to meaningful differences in site index? Forty-two percent of the cored trees experienced some form of radial growth suppression. Several methods of adjusting for suppression history, using only periods of stand development when trees grew freely, produced site index estimates that did not differ statistically from those of trees on the same soil class that showed no prior suppression. Statistically significant, but practically small, differences in site index were found between good and poor soils; however, high variability in site index within soils suggests that accurate productivity classification requires stand-specific site index estimates. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):55–62.
Incidence of White Pine Blister Rust in a High-Hazard Region of Wisconsin
Authors: Dahir S.E. , Carlson J.E.Cummings
Published: August 2019

The incidence of white pine blister rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola, was recorded in 61 pole and small sawtimber stands in northern Wisconsin where the risk of infection has long been considered high. A minimum of three, randomly located, 10 basal area factor prism plots were established in each stand. Topographic position, aspect, slope, tree density, habitat type, and the presence or absence of bole cankers were recorded at each plot. The mean incidence of infection was 7.2% for all study sites and 5.9% excluding data from Bayfield Peninsula. Mean incidence of cankered trees at this site was 15.9%. The following site factors were significantly correlated with increased incidence of blister rust: increased latitude, higher topographic position, northern aspect, lower total tree density, and absence of a hardwood overstory. Incidence was almost three times higher on ridge tops and shoulders (12.3%) than on flat or bottomland (4.7%). Habitat type was correlated with disease incidence only at the Bayfield Peninsula site, and slope was not significantly correlated with rust levels on any of the plots. North. J. Appl. For. 18(3):81–86.
Damage to Appalachian Hardwoods from Diameter-Limit Harvesting and Shelterwood Establishment Cutting
Authors: Fajvan Mary Ann , Knipling Karl E. , Tift Brian D.
Published: August 2019

Residual stand damage was assessed in 10 ac stands harvested with either a 12 in. diameter-limit harvest, a 16 in. diameter-limit harvest or an establishment cut of the shelterwood method. Each stand was logged using manual felling and cable skidding; treatments were replicated four times. The 12 in. diameter-limit harvests had the lowest residual basal areas but residual stems had the highest percentage of damage and largest stem wounds. In all three treatments, as tree size (dbh) increased and distance to skid trail increased, the probability of individual tree damage decreased.
Biomass Estimation Errors Associated with the Use of Published Regression Equations of Paper Birch and Trembling Aspen
Authors: Wang J.R. , Zhong A.L. , Kimmins J.P.
Published: August 2019

Since forest biomass contributes a significant proportion of global carbon cycle, obtaining accurate estimate of forest biomass is important. The root mean squared error (RMSE), the percents of the mean observed values were used to compare the precision of local and published biomass equations for paper birch and trembling aspen. With the exception of stemwood biomass equations, the biomass equations for these two species tended to be stand specific. Measured as percent of mean observed values, the values of biomass/tree predicted from the published equations for paper birch varied from 49.9% to 140.2% for foliage and from 155% to 238.7% for live branches; the estimates for trembling aspen ranged from 71.8% to 81.3% for foliage and from 55.3% to 164.5% for live branches. There were large discrepancies between the measured data and the published equations in graphical form as well as biomass estimates, particularly for foliage, live branches, and stembark. Clearly, published regression equations should be checked for their applicability before they are used to estimate the biomass of particular stands.
Residual Tree Damage Along Forwarder Trails from Cut-to-Length Thinning in Maine Spruce Stands
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Grell Adrian G.
Published: August 2019

In Maine and adjacent eastern Canadian provinces, cut-to-length harvesting has emerged as an ecologically attractive method of thinning conifer plantations and natural stands. Yet regional information on the extent of residual stand damage associated with this system is lacking. Eight naturally regenerated red spruce (Picea rubens) stands in northern Maine were studied; all stands were thinned in 1997–1998 with a processor and forwarder combination. Field methods consisted of examining individual trees near forwarder trails for bole damage and measuring the size and aboveground height of individual wounds. The frequency of trees damaged in each stand ranged from 25–46%. The four sites with the highest pre- and post-cut tree densities generally had the greatest number of damaged trees. Trees located along forwarder trails were more frequently damaged than nontrailside trees. The average individual wound size ranged from 2.6–8.7 in.2; 82–98% of the wounds in each stand were less than or equal to 10 in.2 in size. Usually, wounds on trailside trees were not significantly larger than wounds on nontrailside trees. Regardless of tree location, most wounds were located 3–6 ft above ground level.
A GIS Based Approach to Map Wind Exposure for Windthrow Hazard Rating
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Mitchell Stephen J. , Dornier Michel
Published: August 2019

Wind exposure is one of the most important factors influencing the incidence of windthrow. A proper windthrow hazard management approach should include a method for assessing wind exposure as influenced by topography. This article discusses the design of a routine that enables the user to automatically map wind exposure over a landscape.The routine is written for ArcView and is based on the distance-limited topex developed by the British Forestry Commission. It can calculate wind exposure over management units based on digital terrain models. Validation with a wind tunnel study has shown that it provides realistic estimates of wind exposure that can be used at the forest management level.
Forest-Tree Value Growth Rates
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A.
Published: August 2019

Rates of growth in the value of standing timber can vary greatly from stand to stand and from tree to tree. Faced with this variation, forest managers need guidelines to help determine financial rates of return for their woodlots. In Pennsylvania, the average annual tree value growth rate between 1965 and 1978 was 1.6%. From analyses of the State's forest inventory data, we developed a general guide needing only a tree's commercial soundness (tree class), species, and diameter to assign average rates of value change ranging from -8.8 to 9.0%. The guide can be used to get a general indication of value growth potential for trees and woodlands. North J. Appl. For. 2:11-13, Mar. 1985.
Sequential Sampling for Assessment of Stocking Adequacy
Authors: Fairweather Stephen E.
Published: August 2019

Cutover sites can be accurately classified as adequately or inadequately stocked using the technique of sequential sampling. The manager needs to specify the levels of satisfactory and unsatisfactory stocking, and the acceptable probabilities of misclassifying a site. Previous concerns with knowing the spatial distribution of seedlings on the site seem to be of little consequence, as long as sample plots are tallied as either stocked or not stocked. Sequential sampling is most efficient when the stocking is either very high or very low. Data from cutover spruce-fir sites in northern Maine are used to illustrate the technique. Appropriate formulae are provided for the construction of sampling charts. North J. Appl. For. 2:5-8, Mar. 1985.
Reclamation of Iron Mine Waste in Minnesota with Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Alm Alvin A. , Cudworth Keith R. , Dickinson Sam K. , Olson Orlyn J.
Published: August 2019

Iron mine wastes provide a harsh environment for plant growth. Successful revegetation with trees and shrubs requires the use of different techniques on each type of mine waste. Revegetation of abandoned mine wastes by the Mineland Reclamation Division of the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board in Minnesota is described. Plantings with bareroot and containerized seedlings indicate that containers are a good alternative on the mine sites which are physically difficult to plant. General recommendations and considerations when reclaiming mining sites with trees are discussed These findings are most applicable to reclamation activities in Minnesota but may be applied in iron mine reclamation elsewhere.

North J. Appl. For. 2:47-50, June 1985
Board Foot and Residual Volume Equations for Black and Chestnut Oaks in New Jersey
Authors: Green Edwin J.
Published: August 2019

Equations, based on existing methodology, are presented for estimating the board foot and residual cubic foot volumes of black and chestnut oak trees. The equations are compatible in the sense that both use the same merchantable height. The equations are fitted to some preliminary data, and an example of their use is provided.

North J. Appl. For. 2:53-55, June 1985.
The United States Hardwood Log Export Market
Authors: McCurdy Dwight R. , Kung Fan H.
Published: August 2019

The volume and value of hardwood logs exported from the United States from 1978 through 1983 are described. In addition, the countries importing the greatest volume and the U.S. custom districts containing the most active ports of exit are discussed for each of the major hardwood log species. Finally, trends in hardwood log exports are analyzed. North J. Appl. For. 2:84-87, Sept 1985.
Logging Damage Using an Individual-Tree Selection Practice in Appalachian Hardwood Stands
Authors: Lamson Neil I. , Smith H. Clay , Miller Gary W.
Published: August 2019

Four West Virginia hardwood stands, managed using individual-tree selection for the past 30 years, were examined after the third and, in one instance, the fourth periodic harvest to determine the severity of logging damage. On existing skid roads, trees were removed with a rubber-tired skidder or a crawler tractor with a rubber-tired arch. Logging damage reduced residual stand basal area by 6%, a total of 6.1 ft² per acre. Damage was concentrated in the saplings—85% of the stems lost to logging damage were less than 5.0 in dbh. An adequate number of undamaged stems in all diameter classes remained after logging to achieve individual-tree selection stand structure goals. North. J. Appl. For. 2:117-120, Dec. 1985.
Predicting the Recovery of Red Pine Stump-Root Biomass
Authors: Johnson James E. , Haag Carl L.
Published: August 2019

A study was conducted to develop a prediction equation for harvestable stump and root biomass of red pine. Red pine stumps with attached root systems were harvested with an L. B. Foster VIBRO 50 stump puller attached to a Drott 50 loader. The stump-root systems were field dried, sectioned into system components, and weighed. Oven-dry weights for all stump and root fractions were determined. A curvilinear model was used to relate harvestable root biomass to dbh. In the plantation sampled, the harvestable stump-root system consisted of 20.0 metric tons/ha (8.9 tons/ac), which was 67% of the total stump-root system, and 11% of the total stand biomass. North. J. Appl. For. 2:132-134, Dec 1985.
Satisfaction with Recreational Leasing of Industrial Forestlands in the State of New York
Authors: Capozzi Sergio , Dawson Chad P. , Germain René
Published: August 2019

Recreational leasing of industrial forestlands has become a common practice in many areas of the country, although little is known about the satisfaction levels of the leaseholders involved in recreational lease programs. During the summer of 1999, surveys were mailed to New York industrial forest companies and their leaseholders to determine leaseholder satisfaction levels with recreational leasing and the ability of industrial forest managers to predict these levels. Thirteen companies were sent mail surveys, and 9 responded (response rate of 69%); 540 recreational leaseholders were sent surveys, and 362 responded (deliverable response rate of 68%). Leaseholder importance and satisfaction ratings for 14 lease attributes were analyzed. Most leaseholders rated their overall satisfaction with their recreation lease experience as satisfied (49%) or very satisfied (36%), and a smaller percentage of leaseholders indicated that they were neutral (8%), dissatisfied (4%), or very dissatisfied (3%) with their recreational lease experience. North. J. Appl. For.20(1):27–33.
Windthrow After Shelterwood Cutting in Balsam Fir Stands
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Raymond Patricia , Pineau Marius
Published: August 2019

The use of partial cutting in balsam fir stands has been greatly restricted by the fear of windthrow. This applies to shelterwood cutting, for which very little quantitative information on windthrow is available. This study was conducted in 50-yr-old balsam fir stands. The aim of the study was to quantify windthrow losses associated with three patterns of seed cuts. The study consists of five replicates of four treatments: uncut control, uniform shelterwood, group shelterwood, and strip shelterwood. Complete windthrow monitoring was performed at 2, 4, and 6 yr after cutting. The effect of treatment, wind exposure, and stand characteristics was assessed after 6 yr. A simulation with the ForestGales model was conducted to better understand the seed cut pattern effect in identical stands. Results showed that a shelterwood method involving a low intensity seed cut can be applied in relatively sheltered balsam fir stands. Topographic exposure and stand characteristics did not contribute to the amount of windthrow observed. The major factor explaining the amount of windthrow seems to be the presence of adjacent cuts that funneled wind into the plots. North J. Appl For.20(1):5–13.
Aspen Regeneration in Riparian Management Zones in Northern Minnesota: Effects of Residual Overstory and Harvest Method
Authors: Palik Brian , Cease Kory , Egeland Leanne , Blinn Charles
Published: August 2019

We examined aspen regeneration under different riparian management zone (RMZ) treatments in aspen forests in northern Minnesota. We also compared aspen regeneration in partially harvested RMZs to adjacent upland clearcuts. The four RMZ treatments included: (1) full control (no cutting in RMZ or upland; (2) riparian control (RMZ uncut; upland clearcut); and partially harvested RMZs cut to 54 ft2/ac, with upland clearcut using (3) cut-to-length (CTL), or (4) tree-length harvesting. Three years after harvest, aspen sucker densities in the tree-length and CTL treatments were significantly higher than the full control, but did not differ from each other or the riparian control. Mean individual sucker heights (63–73 in) and aboveground biomass (2.4–3.4 oz) varied among the riparian treatments, but not significantly. Sucker densities were 62% higher in the adjacent clearcuts than in the partially harvested RMZs. Mean suckers heights did not differ between the two locations (71 in.), but aboveground biomass of suckers did differ significantly, averaging 3.4 oz in the partially harvested RMZs and 4.5 oz in the clearcuts. Our results indicate that 60% removal of basal area within RMZs increases density and size of aspen regeneration significantly, compared to uncut forest, but stocking is still below what is considered adequate for 3-yr-old stands. Suckering responses were similar with cut-to-length and tree-length harvesting, suggesting that harvest system has little effect on sucker development. While aspen likely will be a component of partially harvested RMZs, density and biomass increment will be much lower than in single-cohort stands and lower than what is considered desirable for commercial production. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):79–84.
The Conversion of Even-Aged Stands to Uneven-Aged Structure in Southern New England
Authors: Kelty Matthew J. , Kittredge David B. , Kyker–Snowman Thom , Leighton Adrian D.
Published: August 2019

Partial cutting is common in mature even-aged stands in southern New England because the level of disturbance associated with even-aged regeneration methods is unacceptable to many private owners of small forest properties. This cutting often consists of high-grading, but foresters seeking an alternative generally turn to the selection method to begin the conversion of these stands to uneven-aged structure. However, the single-tree or small-group selection methods used may produce long-term results that are similar to high-grading in shifting stand composition toward shade tolerant species (many of which have low timber value). A review was made of the extensive research on the use of the selection method in northern New England and central Appalachian forest types, as well as of the limited research in the southern New England transition hardwood-white pine (Pinus strobus)-hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) type. Recent management experience in a Massachusetts public watershed forest was also reviewed. These provide general guidelines for using selection cutting in the region to regenerate species of a wide range in shade tolerance: (a) use patch selection (rather than single-tree or group selection) with a minimum patch size of 0.3 ac, and with understory as well as overstory trees removed in the patches; (b) use area control (proportion of stand to be harvested) rather than a target diameter distribution (q-value or other method) to regulate the stand cutting level. This approach is likely to be effective in meeting regeneration goals and in being logistically feasible, given the intensity of management possible on most of these properties. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):109–116.
Eutypella Canker Clustering and Volume Loss in the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Authors: Martinez Isabel , Pickens James B. , Richter Dana L. , Orr Blair D.
Published: August 2019

Trees with Eutypella canker in four stands were found to cluster near other infected trees. Volume losses due to the canker were minimal. Harvest time appears to influence the likelihood of infection.
Ten Years of Vegetation Succession Following Ground-Applied Release Treatments in Young Black Spruce Plantations
Authors: Pitt Douglas G. , Wagner Robert G. , Towill William D.
Published: August 2019

Responses of planted black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and associated vegetation were studied for 10 years after conifer release options on two northeastern Ontario sites. Six treatments were compared to untreated check plots, including directed foliar application of glyphosate herbicide, basal bark treatment with triclopyr herbicide, glyphosate capsule injection with the EZ-Ject system, spot-treatment with hexazinone herbicide, manual cutting with brushsaw, and five growing seasons of annual vegetation removal with repeat applications of glyphosate. Ten years after treatment, black spruce survival averaged 86% and varied little among treatments (P > 0.5). Annual vegetation removal treatments resulted in nearly complete domination by spruce, with treated trees exhibiting 16–55% gains in height and 112–476% gains in stem volume growth over untreated trees. Despite rigorous vegetation control on these plots, each of the vegetation groups studied were well represented at the end of the observation period, including deciduous trees, tall shrubs, low shrubs, forbs, ferns, and grasses/sedges. Directed foliar treatment provided good control of herbaceous and woody vegetation around individual crop trees, providing an 8–46% gain in height and a 43–246% gain in stem volume growth. Both spruce and hardwoods shared dominance on these plots. Spot treatments with hexazinone provided similar short-term reductions in herbaceous vegetation, but tended to release shrub species that had a negative net effect on spruce growth. The other release treatments provided only short-term reductions in woody vegetation, which ultimately led to young stands dominated by deciduous tree species. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):123–134.
Analysis of the Interaction Between Timber Markets and the Forest Resources of Maine
Authors: Luppold William G. , Sendak Paul E.
Published: August 2019

The abundant timber resources of Maine are critical to the State's timber economy; thus, when the 1995 forest inventory indicated a 20% decline in softwood growing stock, there was great concern by industry and government. Furthermore, declining near-term softwood growing stock levels were forecast. To better understand what was occurring in Maine's forest, we examined changes in composition and evaluated the relative impacts of harvesting versus growth and mortality. Much of the decline in spruce-fir inventory can be attributed to the budworm infestation of the 1970s and 1980s, although continued high utilization contributed to the decline. The high rate of softwood utilization was facilitated by low softwood timber prices due to increased supply from salvage cutting and high prices for softwood dimension lumber. The high price of dimension lumber also allowed the adoption of sawmill technology in Canada and Maine that used small-diameter logs, formerly consumed by the pulp industry, for lumber production. The increased demand for spruce-fir roundwood occurred during a period when changes in paper demand and pulping technology increased the demand for hardwood pulpwood. Unlike spruce-fir and hemlock, hardwood growing-stock volumes have increased steadily due to low utilization, high growth, and low mortality. Ample inventories of hardwoods have allowed increased volumes of these species to be used in the manufacture of pulp and engineered wood products. A recent partial forest survey of Maine indicated that spruce-fir growing stock inventory has stabilized as a result of regeneration of these species that began after the last spruce budworm infestation. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):135–143.
Thinning Red Pine Plantations and the Langsaeter Hypothesis: A Northern Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Gilmore Daniel W. , O'Brien Timothy C. , Hoganson Howard M.
Published: August 2019

The Langsaeter hypothesis states, “The total production of cubic volume by a stand of given age and composition on a given site is, for all practical purposes, constant and optimum for a wide range of density of stocking. It can be decreased, but not increased, by altering the amount of growing stock to levels outside this range.” We used a multistep approach to test this hypothesis in a 46-year-old red pine plantation growing on a site of moderate quality in northern Minnesota. First, we used stem analysis data to construct tree-level red pine volume equations and compared them to existing equations. We then calculated stand-level volume. Doing this allowed us to evaluate the performance of two stand-level volume prediction equations, a growth and yield spreadsheet package, and a computer simulation model using 10-year pre- and post-thinning measurements. Tree volume prediction equations were similar to existing equations. For 10-year projections, the stand-level volume prediction equations and growth projection models provided volume estimates within 10% of actual volumes on average. Ten-year post-thinning measurements showed that a geometric, strip thinning to 100 ft2 of basal area resulted in a 40% volume gain, a crown thinning to 125 ft2 of basal area a 35% volume gain, and a low thinning to 140 ft2 of basal area a 30% volume gain, while an unharvested control had a 22% gain in volume relative to residual stand volumes. Although we found the 10-year volume growth varied less than 1 cord ac−1 between residual growing stock volumes retained in this study, we do not have strong evidence to support the Langsaeter hypothesis for red pine. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):19–26.