bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The function of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) is impaired in senescent mice
Authors: Frenkel-Denkberg Galit , Gershon David , Levy Andrew P.
Published: July 2002

Senescent organisms respond poorly to hypoxic stress. The transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) plays a critical role in the coordinated genetic program that is induced in all tissues to adapt to hypoxic stress by binding to a specific DNA hypoxia‐responsive recognition element (HRE). This study was designed to address whether aging is associated with an alteration in HIF‐1 production and function. Young and old mice were exposed to hypoxia for various lengths of time. We found a severe impairment in the capacity of the old animals to form a HIF‐1‐HRE complex. This attenuation in the capacity to form HIF‐1‐HRE complexes in senescent tissues may explain the decreased ability of such tissues to respond to hypoxic stress.
On the merits and pitfalls of critical chain scheduling
Authors: Herroelen Willy , Leus Roel
Published: July 2002

The direct application of the Theory of Constraints (TOC) to project management, known as Critical Chain Scheduling and Buffer Management (CC/BM), has recently emerged as one of the most popular approaches to project management. It is the objective of this paper to highlight the merits and pitfalls of the CC/BM scheduling approach. Following a short overview of the fundamentals of CC/BM, the strengths and weaknesses of the approach are put into perspective, based on a critical analysis of the literature as well as our own experimentation with commercial CC/BM software. The CC/BM scheduling mechanism is tested in a full factorial experiment performed on a set of benchmark problems. It appears that the 50% rule for buffer sizing may lead to a serious overestimation of the required buffer protection. Regularly updating the baseline schedule and the critical chain provides the best intermediate estimates of the final project duration and yields the smallest final project duration. Using clever project scheduling and rescheduling mechanisms such as branch‐and‐bound, has a beneficiary effect on the final makespan.
A comparative study of the distribution of α‐ and γ‐enolase subunits in cultured rat neural cells and fibroblasts
Authors: Deloulme J.C. , Helies A. , Ledig M. , Lucas M. , Sensenbrenner M.
Published: July 2002

we report the presence and distribution of α (ubiquitous) and γ (neuron‐specific) subunits of the dimeric glycolytic enzyme enolase (2‐phospho‐D‐glycerate hydrolase) in cultured neural cells. The γγ enolase is found in vivo at high levels only in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuronal cells in culture also contain relatively high levels of αγ and γγ enolase. Here we show, by enzymatic and immunological techniques, that the γ subunit also is expressed in cultured rat astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts and, as we previously reported, in oligodendrocytes. Both neuron‐specific isoforms αγ and γγ are expressed in all these cells, but the αα isoform accounts for the major part of total enolase activity. The sum of αγ and γγ enolase activities increases with time in culture, i.e. maturation processes, reaching the highest level in oligodendrocytes (40% of total enolase activity) and 15 and 10% of total enzymatic activity in astrocytes and fibroblasts, respectively. The γ enolase transcripts were found not only in cultured neuronal cells but also in cultured oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and meningeal fibroblasts. Our data indicate that neuron‐specific enolase should be used with caution as a specific marker for neuronal cell differentiation.
Pre‐ and postnatal expression of glycoconjugates (3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine and HNK‐1 epitopes) in the mouse inner ear
Authors: Gottesberge A.M.Meyer Zum , Mai J.K.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of two glycoconjugates 3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine (CD15) and HNK‐1 epitope (CD57) in the inner ear of the NMRI mouse was analysed from the eighth day of gestation to the 16th day after birth. CD15 epitope distribution is developmentally regulated. The up‐ and down‐regulation of expression, the change in the number of cells which are positive, the ingrowth of CD15‐positive cells and their distribution, intracellular and/or cell‐surface‐associated expression, all assume a characteristic appearance at each developmental stage. Distribution of CD57 documented the nerve outgrowth and formation of the innervation of the vestibular apparatus and cochlear duct. Correlation between CD15 and CD57 expression patterns revealed differences in the interaction of the ingrowing fibres and epithelial tissue between the vestibular organ and the cochlea and differences in the development of the cristae and maculae.
Achieving appropriate endpoints in heart failure trials: the PRIME‐II protocol
Authors: Hampton J.R. , Van Veldhuisen D.J. , Cowley A.J. , Kleber F.X. , Charlesworth A.
Published: July 2002

Many clinical trials unintentionally include patients with a low risk of the trial endpoints. PRIME II (The Second Perspective Randomised study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy) was a large international randomised double blind trial comparing the addition of ibopamine or placebo to the therapy of patients with advanced heart failure. The trial was stopped prematurely because ibopamine was associated with an increased fatality rate, but the protocol achieved its objective of including high‐risk patients. Here we describe the protocol details that enabled patients with the desired degree of risk to be included. We also amplify our definition of mode of death. The PRIME II protocol was designed with the intention that patients in the placebo group would have an annual fatality rate of 20%. Since the study was to be conducted in some 200 centres in 13 European countries, the inclusion criteria had to be simple and flexible, allowing for different clinical practice. The inclusion criteria, together with the use of simple investigations (which did not have to include angiographic or radionuclide ventriculography) are described. The annual fatality rate in the placebo group was just over 20%. Six categories of mode of death were used, but while they were reasonably easy to apply they did not reveal the reason for the unexpected adverse effect of ibopamine. The inclusion and exclusion criteria used for PRIME II, and the definitions of mode of death, were effective. The PRIME II protocol can be used as a model for future heart failure studies.
Amlodipine reduces myocardial ischaemia during exercise without compromising left ventricular function in patients with silent ischaemia: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Bech Jan , Madsen Jan Kyst , Kelbæk Henning
Published: July 2002

Background:

Left ventricular systolic function is reduced during episodes of silent ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In most normal subjects left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increases at least 5% during exercise whereas LVEF often remains unchanged or decreases in patients with CAD. The anti‐ischaemic effect of calcium antagonists is well documented including a capability to reduce exercise‐induced electrocardiographic ST‐depressions, whereas the effect of these drugs on LV volume changes during exercise in patients with silent ischaemia is unknown.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of amlodipine on rest and exercise LVEF in patients with silent ischaemia.

Methods:

Twenty‐one patients completed a double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Conventional exercise test and radionuclide cardiographies during exercise were used for determining haemodynamic parameters.

Results:

Exercise‐induced electrocardiographic ST‐depressions were reduced in 83% of the patients having ST‐deviations during placebo even though 10 patients were already treated with a beta‐blocker. Amlodipine did not affect left ventricular systolic function compared to placebo, neither at rest nor during exercise.

Conclusion:

The results indicated that amlodipine is a safe anti‐ischaemic drug in patients with silent ischaemia concerning cardiac function.
Antithrombotic therapy in heart failure: a randomized comparison of warfarin vs. aspirin (HELAS)
Authors: Cokkinos Dennis V. , Toutouzas Pavlos K.
Published: July 2002

It is uncertain whether anti‐thrombotic treatment reduces the incidence of thrombo‐embolism in patients with heart failure, so there is a need for a large scale controlled study to assess the effects of anti‐thrombotic therapy in this setting. We report the design of a randomized controlled multicenter double blind trial examining the effects of aspirin, warfarin and placebo in patients with heart failure on the risk of thrombo‐embolism. We planned to recruit 6000 patients with heart failure without contraindications to anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents and to follow them for a mean time of 2 years following randomization. The study was planned to determine the rate of thrombo‐embolic and haemorrhagic events and death among patients randomized to aspirin, warfarin and placebo, stratified according to the presence or absence of underlying coronary disease. Ancillary studies parallel to the main study will attempt to identify clinical and echocardiographic risk factors for thrombo‐embolism and will also examine whether hemostatic or neurohormonal mechanisms contribute to an increase in the risk of thrombo‐embolism in patients with heart failure. We hoped that the results of the study would improve the clinical management and cost‐effectiveness of treatment for patients with heart failure. However, the recruitment of patients proved more difficult than expected and a number of centers decided not to participate. To avoid a great delay it was decided by the principal investigators and submitted to the executive committee to terminate enrolment in this study when 300 patients had been enrolled, and accept that this is a pilot study.
Supporting the Employed Breastfeeding Mother
Authors: Zinn Beverley
Published: July 2002

The number of women in the workforce is continuing to increase and surveys suggest that one‐fourth of employed women with a child less than 1 year of age will be concurrently breastfeeding and working for at least 1 month. Combining breastfeeding and employment is a complex process in American society. Women will be seeking practical, sound advice on how to be successful in this combination. This article offers suggestions for promoting its success, describes the preplanning that needs to occur, and provides current lactation recommendations and resources. It also offers information about working with employers, the importance of a support network, decisions that each family must make, the use of breast pumps, milk storage, lactation enhancement including the use of herbs, and practical tips for the mother's working day.
The sugar absorption test in the evaluation of the gastrointestinal intolerance to bisphosphonates: Studies with oral pamidronate
Authors: Twiss Irene M. , Burggraaf Jacobus , Schoemaker Rick C. , van Elburg Ruurd M. , den Hartigh Jan , Cohen A. F. , Vermeij Pieter
Published: July 2002

Rationale and Aim

Some bisphosphonates induce gastrointestinal side effects, but the localization in the gastrointestinal tract and the underlying mechanism are unknown. The feasibility of the sugar absorption test was investigated to assess the gastrointestinal effects of oral enteric‐coated pamidronate. The sugar absorption test measures the urinary excretion of lactulose, mannitol, and sucrose after oral intake. Increases in the lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucrose excretion indicate increased small intestinal permeability and gastroduodenal disease, respectively.

Subjects and Methods

Twelve volunteers (5 women and 7 men) participated in a randomized, double‐blind, 4‐way crossover study. The sugar absorption test was performed 2 hours after the final drug intake following a 3‐day course of enteric‐coated pamidronate (300 mg daily), placebo, or acetylsalicylic acid (3 g daily). The lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucrose excretion were measured in urine collected for 5 hours after ingestion of the solution. The fourth treatment consisted of intravenous administration of pamidronate. Treatment comparison was with paired t tests after log‐transformation.

Results

The lactulose/mannitol ratio after pamidronate and acetylsalicylic acid administration was 54% and 118% higher than that after placebo (95% confidence intervals [CI], +8%, +119%, and +69%, +182%). The lactulose/mannitol ratio after pamidronate administration was 29% lower (95% CI, −54%, +3%) than that after acetylsalicylic acid. Compared with placebo the sucrose excretion was 290% higher after acetylsalicylic acid (95% CI, +46%, +518%) but only 8% higher after pamidronate (95% CI, −41%, +97%). The absorption of pamidronate was below 1%, and there was no relationship with the increased lactulose/mannitol ratio.

Conclusion

Oral enteric‐coated pamidronate increases intestinal but not gastroduodenal permeability. There was no relationship between intestinal permeability and absorption of pamidronate. It appears that the sugar absorption test is an appropriate, noninvasive method for evaluation of gastrointestinal effects of bisphosphonates in humans.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 431–437; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.115724
WBP2 promotes BTRC mRNA stability to drive migration and invasion in triple‐negative breast cancer via NF‐κB activation
Authors: Lim Yvonne Xinyi , Lin Hexian , Chu Tinghine , Lim Yoon Pin
Published: July 2021

WW‐domain‐binding protein 2 (WBP2) is an oncogene that drives breast carcinogenesis through regulating Wnt, estrogen receptor (ER), and Hippo signaling. Recent studies have identified neoteric modes of action of WBP2 other than its widely recognized function as a transcriptional coactivator. Here, we identified a previously unexplored role of WBP2 in inflammatory signaling in breast cancer via an integrated proteogenomic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Invasive Carcinoma (TCGA BRCA) dataset. WBP2 was shown to enhance the migration and invasion in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells especially under tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) stimulation. Molecularly, WBP2 potentiates TNF‐α‐induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) transcriptional activity and nuclear localization through aggrandizing ubiquitin‐mediated proteasomal degradation of its upstream inhibitor, NF‐κB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA; also known as IκBα). We further demonstrate that WBP2 induces mRNA stability of beta‐transducin repeat‐containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (BTRC), which targets IκBα for ubiquitination and degradation. Disruption of IκBα rescued the impaired migratory and invasive phenotypes in WBP2‐silenced cells, while loss of BTRC ameliorated WBP2‐driven migration and invasion. Clinically, the WBP2‐BTRC‐IκBα signaling axis correlates with poorer prognosis in breast cancer patients. Our findings reveal a pivotal mechanism of WBP2 in modulating BTRC‐IκBα‐NF‐κB pathway to promote TNBC aggressiveness.
PRRX1 induced by BMP signaling decreases tumorigenesis by epigenetically regulating glioma‐initiating cell properties via DNA methyltransferase 3A
Authors: Tanabe Ryo , Miyazono Kohei , Todo Tomoki , Saito Nobuhito , Iwata Caname , Komuro Akiyoshi , Sakai Satoshi , Raja Erna , Koinuma Daizo , Morikawa Masato , Westermark Bengt , Heldin Carl‐Henrik
Published: July 2021

Glioma‐initiating cells (GICs), a major source of glioblastoma recurrence, are characterized by the expression of neural stem cell markers and the ability to grow by forming nonadherent spheres under serum‐free conditions. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor‐β family, induce differentiation of GICs and suppress their tumorigenicity. However, the mechanisms underlying the BMP‐induced loss of GIC stemness have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) induced by BMPs decreases the CD133‐positive GIC population and inhibits tumorigenic activity of GICs in vivo. Of the two splice isoforms of PRRX1, the longer isoform, pmx‐1b, but not the shorter isoform, pmx‐1a, induces GIC differentiation. Upon BMP stimulation, pmx‐1b interacts with the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A and induces promoter methylation of the PROM1 gene encoding CD133. Silencing DNMT3A maintains PROM1 expression and increases the CD133‐positive GIC population. Thus, pmx‐1b promotes loss of stem cell‐like properties of GICs through region‐specific epigenetic regulation of CD133 expression by recruiting DNMT3A, which is associated with decreased tumorigenicity of GICs.
Operation of air‐conditioning and sanitary equipment for SARS‐CoV‐2 infectious disease control
Authors: Kurabuchi Takashi , Yanagi U. , Ogata Masayuki , Otsuka Masayuki , Kagi Naoki , Yamamoto Yoshihide , Hayashi Motoya , Tanabe Shinichi
Published: July 2021

It is still undetermined if the main infection route of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus that leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), is infection through droplet, contact, or airborne transmission. However, confined spaces with poor ventilation are cited as a risk factor for group outbreaks, and there is growing interest in the effects of intervention through the appropriate operation of air‐conditioning and sanitary equipment to reduce the risk of airborne transmission. This study first offers an outline of the characteristics of the novel coronavirus disease and the cluster outbreak case reports that have been clarified until now. Subsequently, we describe the appropriate operating conditions for building equipment that are effective in reducing the risk of infection and also highlight specificities for each building use based on the guidance provided by healthcare institutions and with reference to the standard recommendations by Western academic societies related to building equipment.
Associations of Comorbid Conditions and Transitions Across States of Knee Osteoarthritis in a Community‐Based Cohort
Authors: Golightly Yvonne M. , Alvarez Carolina , Arbeeva Liubov S. , Cleveland Rebecca J. , Schwartz Todd A. , Renner Jordan B. , Murphy Louise B. , Callahan Leigh F. , Jordan Joanne M. , Nelson Amanda E.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To examine relationships between knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

Associations of time‐dependent obesity, DM, and CVD with KOA transition states over approximately 18 years were examined among 4093 participants from a community‐based cohort. Transition states were 1) no knee symptoms and no radiographic KOA (rKOA; Kellgren‐Lawrence grade ≥2 in at least one knee), 2) asymptomatic rKOA, 3) knee symptoms only, 4) symptomatic rKOA (sxKOA; rKOA and symptoms in same knee). Markov multistate models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between comorbid conditions and transitions across states, adjusting for baseline age, sex, race, education, enrollment cohort, birth year, and time‐dependent knee injury history.

Results

At baseline, 40% of participants had obesity, 13% had DM, and 22% had CVD (mean age = 61 years; 34% Black; 37% male). Compared with those without obesity, those with obesity had a higher hazard of worsening from no rKOA/no symptoms to asymptomatic rKOA (aHR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.3‐2.2) and from knee symptoms to sxKOA (aHR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.3‐2.3), as well as a lower hazard of symptom resolution from sxKOA to asymptomatic rKOA (aHR = 0.5 [95% = CI 0.4‐0.7]). Compared with those without CVD, those with CVD had a higher hazard of worsening from no rKOA/symptoms to knee symptoms (aHR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1‐2.1). DM was not associated with transitions of rKOA.

Conclusion

Prevention of obesity and CVD may limit the development or worsening of rKOA and symptoms.
Comparative Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Biologic or Targeted Synthetic Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Authors: Pawar Ajinkya , Desai Rishi J. , He Mengdong , Bessette Lily , Kim Seoyoung C.
Published: July 2021

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate of nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures (NVFs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) initiating one of the nine biologic or targeted synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs).

Methods

We analyzed claims data from Optum (2008 to March 2019), Medicare, and MarketScan (2008‐2017) to identify adults with RA who newly initiated b/tsDMARDs. Adalimumab was the most frequently used and was thus selected as a reference. The primary outcome was a composite of incident NVFs, including hip, humerus, pelvis, and wrist fractures, based on validated algorithms. We adjusted for greater than 70 potential confounders in each database through propensity score–based inverse probability treatment weighting. Follow‐up time started the day after cohort entry until the first occurrence of one of the following: outcome, treatment discontinuation, switching, nursing home admission, death, disenrollment, or end of study period. For each drug comparison, weighted Cox proportional hazards models estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Secondary analyses were conducted in patients switching from a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor to a different b/tsDMARD.

Results

A total of 134,693 b/tsDMARD initiators were identified across three databases. The adjusted HRs showed similar risk of composite NVFs in all b/tsDMARD exposures compared with adalimumab: abatacept, HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.82‐1.30); certolizumab, HR 1.08 (95% CI 0.79‐1.49); etanercept, HR 1.12 (95% CI 0.89‐1.40); golimumab, HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.59‐1.39); infliximab, HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.84‐1.28); rituximab, HR 1.07 (95% CI 0.74‐1.55); tocilizumab, HR 1.24 (95% CI 0.71‐2.17); and tofacitinib, HR 1.07 (95% CI 0.69‐1.64). Secondary analyses showed similar results.

Conclusion

This multidatabase cohort study found no differences in the risk of NVFs across individual b/tsDMARDs for RA, which provides reassurance to physicians prescribing b/tsDMARDs, especially to patients at high risk of developing NVFs.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–Er–Cu/Ni/Zn Alloys with Long Period Stacking Ordered Phases
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Shuaijie , Ouyang Kangxin , Zhou Yihuan , Huang H. , Xu Pian
Published: July 2021

The microstructure and mechanical properties of as‐cast Mg96Er3Cu1, Mg96Er3Ni1, and Mg96Er3Zn1 alloys prepared by conventional ingot metallurgy are investigated. Results show that the bulk 18R long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases in all three as‐cast alloys solidify directly from the melt. The grain size of the Mg96Er3Zn1 alloy is the smallest; the volume fraction of the LPSO phase in the Mg96Er3Ni1 alloy is the highest in all three alloys due to negligible Ni solid solubility in α‐Mg. The thermal stability of the 18R LPSO phase in the as‐cast Mg96Er3Ni1 alloy is much higher than in the other two alloys. Tensile tests indicate that the as‐cast Mg96Er3Zn1 alloy shows the best ductility; the as‐cast Mg96Er3Ni1 alloy possesses the highest tensile strength, and the ultimate tensile strength and yield tensile strength are 245 and 149 MPa, respectively, accompanied by a good elongation of 7.1%.
A Novel Ti–6Al–4V–xSi Coating with Superior Wear and Oxidation Behavior
Authors: Liu Shaopeng , Tang Yongbai , Xia Jing , Zhang Bing , Chen Yungui
Published: July 2021

Via adding a certain amount of Si on the surface of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy, a novel Ti–6Al–4V–xSi coating is prepared by powder metallurgy method. The results show that an 80 μm thick transition layer is formed between the Ti–6Al–4V–xSi coating and the matrix, and the addition of Si reduces the thickness of α lamellae. Numerous nanosized Ti5Si3 particles can be detected on the interface of the α/β phase, with a size of about 100 nm and approximately spherical. The main wear mechanisms are adhesive wear and abrasive wear, the average friction coefficients, and mass loss of the sample, as well as the width, depth, and area of wear tracks, decrease with the addition of Si. This is because the dispersed Ti5Si3 particles can effectively improve the plastic deformation resistance, cutting resistance, adhesion resistance, and crack propagation resistance of the Ti–6Al–4V–xSi coating. The thermal expansion coefficient of Ti5Si3 is close to that of rutile‐TiO2 and Al2O3, which reduces the internal stress between the oxide film and the Ti–6Al–4V–xSi coating, and ultimately reduces the cracking tendency of the oxide film. Therefore, the preparation of Ti–6Al–4V–xSi coating can significantly improve the wear resistance and oxidation resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy.
PdBi Single‐Atom Alloy Aerogels for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Wang Hengjia , Jiao Lei , Zheng Lirong , Fang Qie , Qin Ying , Luo Xin , Wei Xiaoqian , Hu Liuyong , Gu Wenling , Wen Jing , Zhu Chengzhou
Published: July 2021

Single‐atom alloys (SAAs) have ignited a surge of unprecedented interest as the advanced nanomaterials and opened many opportunities for wide applications. Herein, 3D porous aerogels comprising ionic liquid (IL) functionalized PdBi SAA building blocks with atomically dispersed Bi on Pd nanowires (IL/Pd50Bi1) are synthesized with accelerated gelation kinetics, which could serve as high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Benefiting from the unique structures of aerogels including synergistic effects of PdBi SAA nanowire networks and interface engineering, the optimized IL/Pd50Bi1 aerogels display a nearly fourfold enhancement in mass activity and boosted stability for EOR compared to commercial Pd/C. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that isolated Bi atoms on Pd nanowire networks decrease the energy barrier of the rate‐determining step, resulting in excellent electrocatalytic activity for EOR. This work provides a promising method for developing efficient SAA catalysts for fuel electrooxidation.
Quantitative Tissue Pharmacokinetics and EPR Effect of AGuIX Nanoparticles: A Multimodal Imaging Study in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Rat Model and Healthy Macaque
Authors: Tran Vu‐Long , Lux François , Tournier Nicolas , Jego Benoit , Maître Xavier , Anisorac Maria , Comtat Claude , Jan Sébastien , Selmeczi Katalin , Evans Michael J. , Tillement Olivier , Kuhnast Bertrand , Truillet Charles
Published: July 2021

AGuIX are emerging radiosensitizing nanoparticles (NPs) for precision radiotherapy (RT) under clinical evaluation (Phase 2). Despite being accompanied by MRI thanks to the presence of gadolinium (Gd) at its surface, more sensitive and quantifiable imaging technique should further leverage the full potential of this technology. In this study, it is shown that 89Zr can be labeled on such NPs directly for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a simple and scalable method. The stability of such complexes is remarkable in vitro and in vivo. Using a glioblastoma orthotopic rat model, it is shown that injected 89Zr‐AGuIX is detectable inside the tumor for at least 1 week. Interestingly, the particles seem to efficiently infiltrate the tumor even in necrotic areas, which places great hope for the treatment of radioresistant tumor. Lastly, the first PET/MR whole‐body imaging is performed in non‐human primate (NHP), which further demonstrates the translational potential of these bimodal NP.
Inkjet Printed Textile Force Sensitive Resistors for Wearable and Healthcare Devices
Authors: Ju Beomjun , Kim Inhwan , Li Braden M. , Knowles Caitlin G. , Mills Amanda , Grace Landon , Jur Jesse S.
Published: July 2021

Pressure sensors for wearable healthcare devices, particularly force sensitive resistors (FSRs) are widely used to monitor physiological signals and human motions. However, current FSRs are not suitable for integration into wearable platforms. This work presents a novel technique for developing textile FSRs (TFSRs) using a combination of inkjet printing of metal‐organic decomposition silver inks and heat pressing for facile integration into textiles. The insulating void by a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane between the top and bottom textile electrodes creates an architectured piezoresistive structure. The structure functions as a simple logic switch where under a threshold pressure the electrodes make contact to create conductive paths (on‐state) and without pressure return to the prior insulated condition (off‐state). The TFSR can be controlled by arranging the number of layers and hole diameters of the TPU spacer to specify a wide range of activation pressures from 4.9 kPa to 7.1 MPa. For a use‐case scenario in wearable healthcare technologies, the TFSR connected with a readout circuit and a mobile app shows highly stable signal acquisition from finger movement. According to the on/off state of the TFSR with LED bulbs by different weights, it can be utilized as a textile switch showing tactile feedback.
Optical Multiparameter Detection System Based on a Broadband Achromatic Metalens Array
Authors: Feng Xing , Wang Yuxi , Wei Yunxuan , Hu Tie , Xiao Shunyuan , He Guangqiang , Zhao Ming , Xia Jinsong , Yang Zhenyu
Published: July 2021

Metalenses, known as flat metasurface lenses based on subwavelength phase modulations, have been widely applied to compact and multifunctional optical devices due to their high flexibility in controlling light. However, most metalenses only operate at single wavelength, limiting their practical applications. In this paper, an achromatic metalens array (AMLA)‐based optical multiparameter detection system, for a near‐infrared spectrum from 1310 to 1550 nm, is reported. Such system can simultaneously detect the spatially varying polarization and phase gradient of the broadband beam. Its performance is experimentally characterized at wavelengths of 1310, 1430, and 1550 nm. Average errors of 18 selected polarization states are respectively 6.40%, 6.74%, and 6.02%. Average errors of phase gradients of seven different incident light are 8.93%, 7.44%, and 5.68%. This system can find applications in structured light detection, quantum optics, and polarization imaging.
A Perovskite‐Based Photodetector with Enhanced Light Absorption, Heat Dissipation, and Humidity Stability
Authors: Deng Wen , Zhou Yihao , Tat Trinny , Xu Shumao , Jin Huaimin , Li Wen , Chun Fengjun , Yan Cheng , Yang Weiqing , Chen Jun
Published: July 2021

The manipulation of microstructure from the growth stage is desired in perovskite materials to improve the environmental stability and enhance the perovskite‐based device performance. Herein, the traditional challenges of self‐assembly of multifunctional perovskite nano/microwires (MWs) are overcome by developing a new nanocrystal strategy to intelligently build self‐inlaid jagged CsPbBr3 MWs for photodetectors (PDs) with a combination of improved light‐harvesting capability, heat dissipation, and humidity stability. With a collection of compelling features, the as‐constructed PDs deliver an ultralow dark current of 10−12 A, excellent response speed of 26 ms, superior detectivity (D*) of 1.9 × 1012 Jones, and peak external quantum efficiency of 939%. Furthermore, attributing to the interlocking–protecting effect of the self‐inlaid monocrystalline CsPbBr3 nanostructure, the CsPbBr3 MW PDs display improved stability against heat and humidity with promoted heat dissipation ability at 60 °C and 97% photocurrent retention under 80% humidity treatment for 200 min, respectively. This work represents a significant advancement in developing high‐performance and environmentally stable PDs.
Mn2+‐Doped CsPbI3 Nanocrystals for Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with High Luminance and Improved Device Stability
Authors: Liu Menglong , Jiang Naizhong , Wang Zhibin , Zheng Yongping , Hong Jinquan , Du Shaowu , Chen Daqin
Published: July 2021

Cubic α‐CsPbI3 has promising applications in the optoelectronic field for its excellent properties. However, α‐CsPbI3 black phase is instable at room temperature and easily converts into nonluminescent yellow orthorhombic phase (δ‐CsPbI3). Herein, the stability of α‐CsPbI3 is significantly improved by incorporating Mn2+ dopants into the perovskite lattice. Mn2+: CsPbI3 has essentially the same crystal structure as the parent α‐CsPbI3, and Mn2+ doping can promote photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 55% to 93%. Importantly, Mn2+: CsPbI3 can maintain 60% PLQY after exposing in air for 45 days, whereas the undoped CsPbI3 completely loses its luminescence in 10 days. First‐principles calculations testify that improved stability and optical properties of Mn2+: CsPbI3 are primarily attributed to the increased formation energy and tolerance factor. Accordingly, the luminance, external quantum efficiency (EQE), and T
50 lifetime of Mn2+: CsPbI3 perovskite light‐emitting diode (PeLED) reach 1066 cd m−2, 1.8%, and 2500 s, whereas the values for the undoped counterpart are only 415 cd m−2, 0.6%, and 140 s, respectively. In addition, it is evidenced that introducing a LiF buffer layer between hole transport layer and perovskite emissive layer can further boost the device performance, particularly, the luminance and T
50 lifetime achieve 1394 cd m−2 and 225 min at 140 cd m−2.
Suction Cups‐Inspired Adhesive Patch with Tailorable Patterns for Versatile Wound Healing
Authors: Huang Rongkang , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Li Wenzhao , Shang Luoran , Wang Hui , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: July 2021

Medical patches play an important role in wound healing because of their tissue conformality, drug release capacity, and convenient operation. Great efforts have been devoted to developing new‐generation patches with distinctive features promoting wound healing. Here, inspired by the structure of octopus suction cups and the component of natural tissue, a biocompatible wound patch with selective adhesiveness and individualized design using a combined strategy of template‐replication and mask‐guided lithography is presented. Such patches are based on Ecoflex film with suction‐cup‐mimicking microstructures to adhere to normal skin and with biocompatible gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to contact wounded areas. An ultraviolet mask with a tailorable pattern is employed to shape the GelMA hydrogel into customized geometry replicating individual wound areas, and thus both adhesion and antiadhesion properties are integrated into the same patch. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor is loaded to accelerate the healing process. Based on these advantages, the authors demonstrate that the present patches not only adhere to different skin surfaces, but also promote the treatment of a rat cutaneous wound model. Thus, it is believed that this versatile patch can break through the limitation of traditional patches and be ideal candidates for wound healing and related biomedical applications.
Multimodal Imaging with NanoGd Reveals Spatiotemporal Features of Neuroinflammation after Experimental Stroke
Authors: Hubert Violaine , Hristovska Ines , Karpati Szilvia , Benkeder Sarah , Dey Arindam , Dumot Chloé , Amaz Camille , Chounlamountri Naura , Watrin Chantal , Comte Jean‐Christophe , Chauveau Fabien , Brun Emmanuel , Marche Patrice , Lerouge Fréderic , Parola Stéphane , Berthezène Yves , Vorup‐Jensen Thomas , Pascual Olivier , Wiart Marlène
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to propose and validate a preclinical in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tool to monitor neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke, based on injection of a novel multimodal nanoprobe, NanoGd, specifically designed for internalization by phagocytic cells. First, it is verified that NanoGd is efficiently internalized by microglia in vitro. In vivo MRI coupled with intravenous injection of NanoGd in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model results in hypointense signals in the ischemic lesion. In these mice, longitudinal two‐photon intravital microscopy shows NanoGd internalization by activated CX3CR1‐GFP/+ cells. Ex vivo analysis, including phase contrast imaging with synchrotron X‐ray, histochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy corroborate NanoGd accumulation within the ischemic lesion and uptake by immune phagocytic cells. Taken together, these results confirm the potential of NanoGd‐enhanced MRI as an imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation at the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. As far as it is known, this work is the first to decipher the working mechanism of MR signals induced by a nanoparticle passively targeted at phagocytic cells by performing intravital microscopy back‐to‐back with MRI. Furthermore, using a gadolinium‐based rather than an iron‐based contrast agent raises future perspectives for the development of molecular imaging with emerging computed tomography technologies.
1D Metal Oxide Semiconductor Materials for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors: A Review
Authors: Yang Bingxin , Myung Nosang V. , Tran Thien‐Toan
Published: July 2021

While numerous types of gas sensors have been developed for various industries and applications such as the automotive industry, environmental monitoring, and personal safety, nanoscale chemiresistive gas sensors have gained significant research interest due to several advantages such as high sensitivity, low power consumption, and portability. An essential component of these gas sensors is the sensing material where metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) materials are the most prevalent sensing material. Since the adoption of nanoscale synthesis methods for sensing materials development, such as electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis, many novel 1D MOS‐based nanostructured sensing materials have been demonstrated to enhance gas sensing performance. Overall, nanoengineering approaches and mechanisms for enhancement of gas sensing performance of 1D metal oxide‐based sensing materials are systematically discussed and categorized into several overarching strategies, such as tuning of materials dimension, morphology, and composition. Furthermore, integration of 1D sensing nanomaterials into sensor devices are discussed from the perspective of different chemiresistive sensor architectures and device fabrication methods. Finally, this review also discusses use of 1D MOS materials for emerging and novel electronic nose applications.
A Robust Solid–Solid Interface Using Sodium–Tin Alloy Modified Metallic Sodium Anode Paving Way for All‐Solid‐State Battery
Authors: Oh Jin An Sam , Sun Jianguo , Goh Minhao , Chua Bengwah , Zeng Kaiyang , Lu Li
Published: July 2021

All‐solid‐state alkaline metal batteries are perceived as the “holy‐grail” high energy density storage system. A robust physical contact between the anode and the solid‐state electrolyte is paramount for a stable cycling. However, the sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetic in the metallic sodium results in loss of physical contact during desodiation and promotes rapid sodium penetration. Herein, instead of applying high stacking pressure, a composite anode consisting of Na and Na15Sn4 is proposed to be the anode utilized with sodium superionic conductor solid‐state electrolyte. The addition of Na15Sn4 in the Na matrix increases the Na+ diffusivity in the anode layer that reduces the tendency to form pores at the interface. As a result, the symmetrical composite anode cell shows a high critical current density of 2.5 mA cm−2 and a stable galvanostatic cycling for more than 500 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2. According to the operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, an analytical diffusion model has been proposed to describe the diffusion mechanism in the anode during desodiation. This work shows that the electrode needs high Na+ diffusion kinetics to integrate with the solid‐state electrolyte to achieve a robust physical interface.
Interfacing or Doping? Role of Ce in Highly Promoted Water Oxidation of NiFe‐Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Liu Mengjie , Min Kyung‐Ah , Han Byungchan , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk
Published: July 2021

Surface engineering of transition metal layered double hydroxides (LDHs) provides an efficient way of enhancing their catalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the underlying mechanism of atomistic doping or heterogeneous interface with foreign atom is still ambiguous. Herein, a case study of NiFe‐LDHs that are homogeneously doped with Ce (CeNiFe‐LDH) and interfaced with Ce(OH)3 (Ce@NiFe‐LDH), which elucidates their electronic modulation, in situ evolution of active site, and catalytic reaction mechanisms by using X‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy, and first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, is reported. The results indicate that Ce and Fe atoms serve as the electron acceptors and facilitate the coupled oxidation of Ni3+/4+ in NiFe‐LDH, and the activated oxyhydroxide phase of the catalysts exhibits superior catalytic activity for water oxidation. Especially, Ce@NiFe‐LDH shows a stronger electron transfer between the loaded Ce(OH)3 and the matrix, which leads to a better catalytic activity than CeNiFe‐LDH. DFT calculations provide a clear picture with atomistic resolution for charge redistribution in the NiFe‐LDH surface induced by Ce, which eventually leads to the optimal free energy landscape for the enhanced OER catalytic activity.
Lithium Argyrodite as Solid Electrolyte and Cathode Precursor for Solid‐State Batteries with Long Cycle Life
Authors: Wang Shuo , Tang Mingxue , Zhang Qinghua , Li Baohua , Ohno Saneyuki , Walther Felix , Pan Ruijun , Xu Xiaofu , Xin Chengzhou , Zhang Wenbo , Li Liangliang , Shen Yang , Richter Felix H. , Janek Jürgen , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: July 2021

All‐solid‐state batteries with conversion‐type cathodes promise to exceed the performance of lithium‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific energy and potential safety. However, the reported performance of solid‐state batteries is still unsatisfactory due to poor electronic and ionic conduction in the composite cathodes. Here, in situ formation of active material as well as highly effective ion‐ and electron‐conducting paths via electrochemical decomposition of Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 (LPSCB)/multiwalled carbon nanotube mixtures during cycling is reported. Effectively, the LPSCB electrolyte forms a multiphase conversion‐type cathode by partial decomposition during the first discharge. Comprehensive characterization, especially operando pressure monitoring, reveals a co‐redox process of two redox‐active elements during cycling. The monolithic LPSCB‐based cell shows stable cycling over 1000 cycles with a very high capacity retention of 94% at high current density (0.885 mA cm−2, ≈0.7 C) at room temperature and a high areal capacity of 12.56 mAh cm−2 is achieved.
Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for elderly with thyroid diseases in China (2021)
Authors: Liu Youshuo , Shan Zhongyan ,   Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society,   Thyroid Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology, Chinese Medical Association
Published: July 2021

In order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of senile thyroid diseases in China and to promote healthy aging, the Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, and the Thyroid Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology jointly drafted the “Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for Chinese elderly with thyroid diseases” (referred to as consensus). The Consensus consists of five parts that set 40 recommendations on main clinical issues. The consensus emphasizes clinical focus on the age‐related changes of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid axis in the elderly, and it recommends application of comprehensive geriatric assessment to thoroughly evaluate the impact of thyroid diseases and relevant intervention on overall health condition. Meanwhile, it recommends generalization of screening for hypothyroidism during admission to nursing institution or hospital, and routine health check‐ups. Furthermore, it develops individualized stratified management on hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the elderly distinguished from the youngers, including treatment regimen, control ranges, and flowcharts for diagnosis and treatment. The Consensus will provide the basis for clinical decisions and health management of thyroid diseases in the elderly by geriatrician, endocrinologist, and general practitioners.
Memristive Crossbar Arrays for Storage and Computing Applications
Authors: Li Huihan , Wang Shaocong , Zhang Xumeng , Wang Wei , Yang Rui , Sun Zhong , Feng Wanxiang , Lin Peng , Wang Zhongrui , Sun Linfeng , Yao Yugui
Published: July 2021

The emergence of memristors with potential applications in data storage and artificial intelligence has attracted wide attentions. Memristors are assembled in crossbar arrays with data bits encoded by the resistance of individual cells. Despite the proposed high density and excellent scalability, the sneak‐path current causing cross interference impedes their practical applications. Therefore, developing novel architectures to mitigate sneak‐path current and improve efficiency, reliability, and stability may benefit next‐generation storage‐class memory (SCM). Moreover, conventional digital computers face the von‐Neumann bottleneck and the slowdown of transistors’ scaling, imposing a big challenge to hardware artificial intelligence. Memristive crossbar features colocation of memory and processing units, as well as superior scalability, making it a promising candidate for hardware accelerating machine learning and neuromorphic computing. Herein, first, crossbar architecture is introduced. Then, for storage, the origin of sneak‐path current is reviewed and techniques to mitigate this issue from the angle of materials and circuits are discussed. Computing wise, the applications of memristive crossbars in both machine learning and neuromorphic computing are surveyed, focusing on the structure of unit cells, the network topology, and the learning types. Finally, a perspective on future engineering and applications of memristive crossbars is discussed.
Opportunity Reboot: A Community‐Based Evaluation Focused on Opportunity Youth
Authors: Syvertsen Amy K. , Wu Chen‐Yu , Boat Ashley , Roskopf Justin
Published: July 2021

The number of young people living in the margins of society reflects one of the most pressing social inequities of our time. Opportunity youth often face many complex challenges perpetrated by a range of systemic issues. These trajectories can be positively disrupted by surrounding youth with a cohesive web of relational and instrumental supports and spaces where their strengths and potential are seen. Opportunity Reboot, a technical assistance and program enhancement model, was developed to leverage the existing capacity and strengths of community programs to more effectively create pathways to school, career, and life success for opportunity youth. The impact of Opportunity Reboot was tested using a single‐group, non‐experimental design and a quasi‐experimental design with propensity score matching. Findings established associations between opportunity youths’ experiences of three core Opportunity Reboot features and growth in select positive identity, social–emotional competencies, and skills for systems navigation outcomes. Opportunity Reboot youth were also more likely, on average, than comparison youth to be employed in the four quarters after endline data collection; this finding was even stronger when comparing youth of color in the Opportunity Reboot and comparison groups. This evaluation strengthens the evidence that program enhancement models like Opportunity Reboot hold promise for positively disrupting the lives of opportunity youth.