bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Onychopathy Induced by Temsirolimus, a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor
Authors: Peuvrel L. , Quéreux G. , Brocard A. , Saint-Jean M. , Dréno B.
Published: May 2012

Temsirolimus belongs to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, targeted therapies for which indications are booming in oncology. While their tolerance is usually good, mucocutaneous toxicity is the most common, including stomatitis, rashes, edemas, pruritus, dry skin and nail disorders. The latter are common in clinical practice but have not yet been well characterized. We report 2 cases of patients who developed, after 6–7 months with temsirolimus, a dystrophy of the 20 nails with fragility, distal onycholysis, yellow discoloration, associated in 1 case with painful paronychia. Topical steroids improved the paronychia, without changing the nail dystrophy. To our knowledge, the occurrence of yellow nail discoloration with temsirolimus has never been reported before. We review the cutaneous and mucosal toxicities induced by temsirolimus and everolimus, two mTOR inhibitors used as anticancer agents and by their parent molecule sirolimus.
Have Elephant Seals Refuted Aristotle?  Nature, Function, and Moral Goodness
Authors: Lott Micah
Published: May 2012

An influential strand of neo-Aristotelianism, represented by writers such as Philippa Foot, holds that moral virtue is a form of natural goodness in human beings, analogous to deep roots in oak trees or keen vision in hawks. Critics, however, have argued that such a view cannot get off the ground, because the neo-Aristotelian account of natural normativity is untenable in light of a Darwinian account of living things. This criticism has been developed most fully by William Fitzpatrick in his book Teleology and the Norms of Nature. In this paper, I defend the neo-Aristotelian account of natural normativity, focusing on Fitzpatrick’s arguments. I argue that a natural goodness view is not impugned by an evolutionary account. Nor can neo-Aristotelian life form judgments be replaced by an evolutionary view of living things.
Wind Field Climatology, Changes, and Extremes in the Chukchi–Beaufort Seas and Alaska North Slope during 1979–2009
Authors: Stegall Steve T. , Zhang Jing
Published: May 2012

Wind field climatology, changes, and extremes at ~32-km resolution were analyzed for the Chukchi–Beaufort Seas and Alaska North Slope region using 3-hourly North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) from 1979 to 2009. The monthly average wind speeds show a clear seasonal cycle with a minimum of 2–4 m s−1 in May and a maximum up to 9 m s−1 in October. The 95th percentile winds show a similar seasonality with a maximum up to 15 m s−1 in October. The 31-yr domain averaged 3-hourly wind speeds display a clear diurnal cycle over land and sea ice areas during the warm seasons. Weaker radiation during winter and larger heat capacity over open water reduce the diurnal signal in the wind field diurnal variations. There were increasing trends of areal averaged monthly mean and 95th percentile wind speeds for July through November. The strongest increase in the areal averaged 95th percentile wind speeds occurred in October from 7 m s−1 in 1979 to 10.5 m s−1 in 2009. The frequency of extreme wind events (speed above the 95th percentile winds) shows an increasing trend in all months, with the greatest increase occurring in October, showing 8% more extreme wind events in 2009 comparing to 1979. The prevailing wind direction was northeast with a frequency of 40%–60% for most of the year. The frequency for southwest and northwest winds was small (<20%) except for two anomalous areas along the Brooks Range in Alaska and the Chukotka Mountains in easternmost Russia where the frequency has increased to 35%–50% during the cold season months.
The Surface Downwelling Solar Radiation Surplus over the Southern Ocean in the Met Office Model: The Role of Midlatitude Cyclone Clouds
Authors: Bodas-Salcedo A. , Williams K. D. , Field P. R. , Lock A. P.
Published: May 2012

The authors study the role of clouds in the persistent bias of surface downwelling shortwave radiation (SDSR) in the Southern Ocean in the atmosphere-only version of the Met Office model. The reduction of this bias in the atmosphere-only version is important to minimize sea surface temperature biases when the atmosphere model is coupled to a dynamic ocean. The authors use cloud properties and radiative fluxes estimates from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and apply a clustering technique to classify clouds into different regimes over the Southern Ocean. Then, they composite the cloud regimes around cyclone centers, which allows them to study the role of each cloud regime in a mean composite cyclone. Low- and midlevel clouds in the cold-air sector of the cyclones are responsible for most of the bias. Based on this analysis, the authors develop and test a new diagnosis of shear-dominated boundary layers. This change improves the simulation of the SDSR through a better simulation of the frequency of occurrence of the cloud regimes in the cyclone composite. Substantial biases in the radiative properties of the midtop and stratocumulus regimes are still present, which suggests the need to increase the optical depth of the low-level cloud with moderate optical depth and cloud with tops at midlevels.
Effects of the 18.6-yr Modulation of Tidal Mixing on the North Pacific Bidecadal Climate Variability in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Yasuda Ichiro , Hasumi Hiroyasu , Tatebe Hiroaki , Osafune Satoshi
Published: May 2012

Diapycnal mixing induced by tide–topography interaction, one of the essential factors maintaining the global ocean circulation and hence the global climate, is modulated by the 18.6-yr period oscillation of the lunar orbital inclination, and has therefore been hypothesized to influence bidecadal climate variability. In this study, the spatial distribution of diapycnal diffusivity together with its 18.6-yr oscillation estimated from a global tide model is incorporated into a state-of-the-art numerical coupled climate model to investigate its effects on climate variability over the North Pacific and to understand the underlying physical mechanism. It is shown that a significant sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly with a period of 18.6 years appears in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension region; a positive (negative) SST anomaly tends to occur during strong (weak) tidal mixing. This is first induced by anomalous horizontal circulation localized around the Kuril Straits, where enhanced modulation of tidal mixing exists, and then amplified through a positive feedback due to midlatitude air–sea interactions. The resulting SST and sea level pressure variability patterns are reminiscent of those associated with one of the most prominent modes of climate variability in the North Pacific known as the Pacific decadal oscillation, suggesting the potential for improving climate predictability by taking into account the 18.6-yr modulation of tidal mixing.
Managed Diversity
Authors: Perkiss Abigail
Published: May 2012

In the early 1950s, as neighborhoods around the country experienced widespread racial antagonism and white flight, Philadelphia’s West Mount Airy bucked powerful legal and cultural trends to create an institutional mandate toward racial integration. But even as those efforts brought together black and white community leaders under a common goal, there quickly emerged a fundamental disconnect among residents over the meaning of integration; whereas white home owners saw living in an integrated community as a way of legitimizing their identities as liberal, urban Americans, black residents overwhelmingly viewed integration as a means toward achieving a set of very tangible material conditions. At first, this distinction was benign; within two decades, however, the ideological disconnect gave way to a heated battle over the daily experience of integrated living. In the mid-1970s, the growing crisis of crime became the terrain on which battles over local control and racial representation were fought in West Mount Airy.
No Longer Male: Masculinity Struggles Behind Galatians 3.28?
Authors: Kahl Brigitte
Published: May 2012

Overcoming the hierarchical dichotomy of male and female according to Gal. 3.26-28 is an essential element of the baptismal oneness in Christ. This article tries to show that the gender-related part of the baptismal formula is not merely a side-quotation in Paul's overall Galatian argument about the unity of Jews and Gentiles; rather the re-conceptualization of masculinity (and femininity, as a consequence) is at the heart of his wrestling with circumcision, foreskin, and a messianic redefinition of Abraham's seed. In a radical subversion of father-based genealogical and social patterns Paul de-centers physical maleness (Gal. 3-4) and develops an ethics of mutuality (Gal. 5-6) which might have confronted the Galatian men with specific problems concerning their gender identity and status, thus explaining in part their desire to take over the dominant Jewish practice of male circumcision.
Disrupting the Normal Reality of Slavery: a Feminist Reading of the Letter to Philemon
Authors: Bieberstein Sabine
Published: May 2012

The letter to Philemon shows the struggle of communities of believers in Christ to find areas in which they could act within the dominating system of the Pax Romana. The enslavement of human beings was one of the supports of this system, and the 'case' of the slave Onesimus brings about a rupture in the normality of slavery, making clear the discrepancy between slavery and the liberating message of the gospel. The letter creates a critical public which becomes the guarantee of a new mutual relationship between slaves and free persons. Our concern today must be to use such individual cases to unmask systems that show contempt for human beings, and to tell the story of the victims.
The Origin and Intention of the Household Code in the Letter to the Colossians
Authors: Standhartinger Angela
Published: May 2012

Thanks to its unambiguously oppressive ethics, Col. 3.18-4.1 is one of the most provocative New Testament texts. The origin and intention of this text have not yet been explained, despite important form- and tradition-critical studies of the household codes in the past hundred years. This essay suggests that the closest parallels in genre to Col. 4.18-4.1 are popular-philosophical collections of laws transmitted under the names of Charondas and Zaleukos, as well as the inscription SIG 985 from Philadelphia, texts that include a list of individual exhortations to specific societal groups related to one another around the classical oikos. The Sitz im Leben of these law-codes remains mysterious, but the inscription gives information to outsiders about the maintenance of social order in the cult, an intention which can also be presumed to lie behind the household code in Colossians. One may assume—given that the household code is not integrated into the context of the letter, as well as the contradiction to Col. 3.11 and three concepts in the code which are completely unsuited in the context of oikonomia—that the authors intend to challenge the community to read the household code against the grain.
Why Did the Pure Bride of Christ (2 Cor. 11.2) Become a Wedded Wife (Eph. 5.22-33)? Theses About the Intertextual Transformation of an Ecclesiological Metaphor
Authors: Merz Annette
Published: May 2012

This essay intends to show that the paraenesis on marriage in the letter to the Ephesians (5.22-33) has an anti-ascetic motivation. When hierarchically structured marriage is presented as the image of that relationship between Christ and the church which is established in creation (Gen. 2.24) and redemption, it appears as the normative lifestyle. At the same time, the pseudo-Pauline author deprives of its raison d'être an analogous christological-ecclesiological justification of a lifestyle free of marriage, which had appealed to Paul. The author does this by modifying the statements of 2 Cor. 11.2 and 1 Cor. 6.15-17, inter alia with the aid of 'fictitious self-references'. Thus Eph. 5.22-33 is an attempt to help stabilize patriarchal marriage against competing receptions of Paul, by making the apostle's view on this topic unambiguous.
From Green to Gold in Municipal Facilities
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon , O’Leary Shawn , Fullingim James
Published: May 2012

The experience of Norman, Oklahoma, demonstrates success in sustainability efforts when local leaders focus on incorporating green initiatives into the “ordinary things” of municipal facilities. Two projects highlight Norman's efforts: LEED-certified fire stations and a CNG (compressed natural gas) fueling facility to help transition the city fleet to cleaner burning alternative fuels. The city overcame the initial funding challenges in two ways. A dedicated sales tax for new public safety facilities provided the necessary funding for the fire stations, and a combination of intergovernmental grants financed the CNG facility. Both projects already show important reductions in environmental impacts and savings in energy costs.
Managing Multiplexity
Authors: Bae Jungah , Feiock Richard C.
Published: May 2012

Metropolitan areas are characterized by policy and service fragmentation, not just jurisdictional fragmentation. Studies of vertical and horizontal coordination in metropolitan regions tend to focus on individual services, making them somewhat unrealistic and limiting their ability to capture overall regional governance in a metropolitan world, where individual jurisdictions engage in multiple policy relationships simultaneously. Scholars must address multiplex relationships between governments exchanging and impacted by multiple services in order to provide realistic advice and insights for managers and policy makers. This essay explores the challenges of regional collaboration by examining trends and identifying problems and opportunities that arise from service mutiplexity.
Government Contracts for Legal Services: Does a Previous Contracting Relationship Alter Accountability?
Authors: Malatesta Deanna , Smith Craig R.
Published: May 2012

This research examines 130 government contracts for legal services, specifically focusing on how decisions to include various accountability clauses are influenced by previous relationships between the government and its private sector contractors. Overall, the findings illustrate that prior positive contract experiences decrease the use of clauses that facilitate disclosure of information but increase the use of contract details. The evidence suggests an important role for relationships in new governance: contracting with familiar contractors may reduce the cost and use of some forms of accountability but not necessarily reduce overall accountability.
Sport, media and the Gaelic Athletic Association: the quest for the ‘youth’ of Ireland
Authors: Connolly John , Dolan Paddy
Published: May 2012

Social developments and related dynamic relationships connected with the sports–media complex is a recurrent focus of sociological investigation. However, in explaining developments in the relationship between sports associations and media organizations the specific structure of power relations between them and other related organizations is often given primacy. We argue that this negates how changes in people’s social habitus – how people think feel and act – are interconnected with and critical to such explanations. Consequently, in this article we apply the theoretical frame of figurational sociology to demonstrate how the gradual development and expansion of specialist communications and media functions in a national sports organization were impelled by several intertwined social processes, including changes in people’s social habitus. Our empirical case study is based on one of the largest sporting and cultural organizations in Ireland, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). We explain how the GAA felt compelled to increasingly deploy a range of communications, media and marketing specialists in the struggle for media space and as a means to engage, understand and connect with the more nuanced tastes of Irish ‘youth’.
The interaction between mass media and the internet in non-democratic states: The case of China
Authors: Tang Lijun , Sampson Helen
Published: May 2012

The internet is widely seen to have facilitated social movement organizations (SMOs) by providing them with alternative media. In the western context, some authors suggest that additionally SMOs use the internet tactically as a tool to gain access to traditional news media. This usage is seen to reaffirm and reinforce the centrality of print and electronic news media. This article shifts the focus to China and examines the interaction between the internet and the traditional mass media in the unfolding of three internet incidents. It reveals that via the expression of public opinion on the internet ordinary people are able to collectively shape and even direct conventional news agendas. In China, where the role of the media is to ‘direct’ public opinion rather than to reflect it, this suggests that the interaction between the two forms of communication serves to challenge state control over the traditional media.
Sexy Sammy and Red Rosie? From Burning Books to the War on Terror
Authors: Hutnyk John
Published: May 2012

Writing within the sonic register of a soundtrack that plundered the diasporic mind-set of a certain “London” massive, Hanif Kureishi was widely criticized for his contribution as writer to two films in the 1980s: My Beautiful Laundrette (1985) and Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (1987). Less lyrically perhaps—and less filmic—Salman Rushdie’s book The Satanic Verses was famously set on fire in Bradford in 1989. Antiracist sexualities, street riots, and book burnings were taken to mark the mobilization of a diverse and complicated British Asian presence on the streets of the United Kingdom. The point that interests the author here is the reconfiguration of the streetscape of diaspora and terror in the years since these films and the burning of the book. Burning streets and books (not particularly good in themselves) are replaced with a more virulent racial profiling in contemporary times—a constant anxiety about and accusations againstMuslims (and by extension all British Asians), who are made uncomfortable at best, bombed into democracy elsewhere.
l-Carnitine plus cilostazol versus cilostazol alone for the treatment of claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Goldenberg Neil A , Krantz Mori J , Hiatt William R
Published: May 2012

Intermittent claudication (IC) is the predominant symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), and is associated with reduced exercise capacity. The pathophysiology of IC is related to reduced blood flow and impaired skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism; however, the efficacy of metabolic therapies is not well established. We evaluated the effect of cilostazol plus l-carnitine versus cilostazol alone on exercise performance, quality of life (QOL), and safety. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, PAD patients with stable IC were randomized to either l-carnitine 1 g or matching placebo twice-daily, on a background of cilostazol. Treadmill and QOL assessments were performed at baseline, 90, and 180 days. The primary endpoint was the difference between groups in the natural-log-transformed ( ln) ratio in peak walking time (PWT) between baseline and 180 days. The combination of cilostazol and l-carnitine was well tolerated. In the modified intent-to-treat population ( n = 145), the mean ln ratio in PWT was 0.241 for cilostazol/l-carnitine versus 0.134 for cilostazol/placebo ( p = 0.076), corresponding to mean increases of 1.99 and 1.36 minutes, respectively. In the per-protocol population ( n = 120), the mean ln ratio in PWT was 0.267 for cilostazol/l-carnitine versus 0.145 for cilostazol/placebo ( p = 0.048). QOL measures were also improved in the cilostazol/l-carnitine group. These findings support larger trials of l-carnitine in combination with cilostazol in the treatment of IC. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00822172
Animism and Green River persistent places: A dwelling perspective of the Shell Mound Archaic
Authors: Moore Christopher R. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2012

A nuanced understanding of the western Kentucky Green River Archaic requires reconciling the region’s rich archaeological record with the growing literature pertaining to how hunter-gatherers perceive their worlds. A dwelling perspective of the Green River Archaic involves interpreting the region’s large middens as components of animated lifeworlds saturated with meaning and composed of numerous constantly maintained relationships among people and between people and various other beings. This article explores how Green River Archaic hunter-gatherers constructed the middens through daily practices and periodic emotionally charged mortuary rites, thereby giving them meaning as persistent places and contributing to an ever-evolving, historically constituted landscape.
Time and empire in the Roman world
Authors: Gardner Andrew
Published: May 2012

My aim in this article is to investigate the relationships between time-experience and imperialism in the Roman world. The archaeological exploration of past time-concepts has developed significantly over the last two or three decades, moving us beyond the old dichotomy of linear/abstract and cyclical/substantial times. However, there is much still to do, especially to link ideas about temporality with issues of agency and power. The Roman empire is a fruitful context in which to explore this connection, as there is sufficient evidence from a range of sources to illuminate the ways in which some time-experiences changed with Roman conquest of a region, while others persisted. Using insights derived from the work of pragmatist philosopher G.H. Mead, I argue that there is a fundamental linkage between temporality and agency, which takes on a particular significance in culture-contact situations, and I illustrate this with a detailed case study of the changing rhythms of rural life in Roman Britain.
Research methods in visual and comparative analysis: transportation and sociability in Saint-Henri, Quebec and Lowell, Massachusetts, 1905–45
Authors: Lord Kathleen
Published: May 2012

This article argues that photographs can make a particular and independent contribution to historical research, but that their value is limited unless contextualized and verified using other sources. A comparative study of Saint-Henri, Quebec and Lowell, Massachusetts employs historical photo-analysis to discern shifting patterns in transportation and sociability on early 20th- century North American city streets. Specific class and gender transformations were tied to the advent of the department store and to the introduction of municipal policies restricting commercial and ‘inappropriate’ activities in the first decade, to a significant rise in tram use after World War I, and to restricted automobile travel in the interwar period. The comparative and visual methodology reveals a gradual decline accompanied by increasing segregation in the social usage of commercial and residential streets during this period.
Bonding between aluminium and copper in cold spraying: Story of asymmetry
Authors: Hussain T , McCartney D G , Shipway P H
Published: May 2012

The bonding mechanism in cold spraying is still a matter of some debate, which requires further investigation. In the present work, aluminium powder was cold sprayed onto a copper substrate and copper powder was cold sprayed onto an aluminium substrate using the same process gas and spray parameters. Separate experiments were performed to produce thick (∼400 μm) coatings and isolated particle impacts. Deposits were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. The coating–substrate interfacial bonding was assessed via a method in which, following a short heat treatment at 400°C, intermetallics grow at the interface where metal to metal contact has been established. In addition, the bond strength values of deposits were determined using a standard pull-off test. It was found that the copper particles deposited onto an aluminium substrate resulted in significant substrate deformation, whereas aluminium particles caused minimal deformation of the copper substrate. Furthermore, the former displayed a higher degree of metallurgical bonding at the coating/substrate interface in comparison with the latter. These results suggest that the removal of oxide films from the surfaces was greater when copper was the material being sprayed rather than aluminium. The impact behaviour of the two materials and the removal of oxide due to deformation at high strain rate are discussed with the aid of the Johnson–Cook plasticity model.
Annealing effect on mechanical properties of Ta–Mo sputtered coatings
Authors: Ji X , Mi Y M , Zhou X Y , Zhang C M , Wang F X
Published: May 2012

The annealing parameters play a vital role in determining and understanding the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ta–Mo nanostructured coatings in the annealing processes. This investigation aims at finding the best annealing parameters and predicting the behaviour of the annealing parameters during the preparation of Ta–Mo coatings by cosputtering deposition. This study reveals that phase transformation and grain growth of the coatings were strongly dependent on the annealing processes. Low temperature annealing process within 600°C can increase the hardness H and elastic modulus E due to the increased grain size and decreased crystal defect. However, severe oxidation occurred in the coatings by the high temperature annealing process that exceeded 700°C. Finally, a three stage model related to the low and high temperature annealing mechanisms of Ta–Mo coating was proposed.
Annealing temperature effects on structural and magnetic properties of Ga1−xMnxN films
Authors: Hu B , Man B Y , Liu M , Chen C S , Gao X G , Xu S C , Wang C C
Published: May 2012

Amorphous gallium nitride doped with Mn thin films was deposited on sapphire (0001) substrates by laser molecular beam epitaxy. After simple processing of annealing at different temperatures for 30 min in ammonia atmosphere, good quality Ga1−xMnxN films were obtained. In order to investigate the influence of annealing temperature on the crystalline quality and structural and magnetic properties, the films are analysed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and alternating gradient magnetic field meter. The results show that the annealing can improve the quality of Ga1−xMnxN films, and the optimum annealing temperature is 1050°C; moreover, there is no second phase forming. Through magnetic analysis, we obtained the annealed samples of room temperature ferromagnetic property and paramagnetism of the as grown film and obtained the way of changing the paramagnetism into ferromagnetism using the simple method.
Improvement to corrosion resistance of Ni–P coating on MAO magnesium alloy by BTESPT
Authors: Chen M-A , Cheng N , Li J-M , Liu S-Y
Published: May 2012

A layer of nickel–phosphorus alloy was electroless plated on the surface of microarc oxidised AZ31 magnesium alloy first, and then sealing treatment was performed on the electroless nickel plated coating using bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphide silane. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersed X-ray spectroscope analyses, electrochemical techniques and immersion test were used for the analyses of surface morphology and structure and corrosion resistance of electroless nickel plated samples before and after sealing treatment. The results showed that the silane film by sealing treatment improves its corrosion resistance significantly.
Expression levels of HMGA2 and CD9 and its clinicopathological significances in the benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder
Authors: Zou Qiong , Xiong Li , Yang Zhulin , Lv Fang , Yang Leping , Miao Xiongying
Published: May 2012

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate CD9 and HMGA2 expression and its clinicopathological significance in benign and malignant lesion tissues of the gallbladder.

Methods

The resected specimens of 108 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 46 cases of adjacent tissue, 15 cases of polyps and 35 cases of chronic cholecystitis were made into conventional paraffin-embedded sections, using the method of EnVision immunohistochemistry to stain HMGA2 and CD9.

Results

HMGA2 expression of gallbladder adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that of adenocarcinoma adjacent tissues (= 16.13, P <0.01), polyps (= 8.19, P <0.01) and chronic cholecystitis (= 21.41, P <0.01); but CD9 expression was the opposite (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The positive rate of HMGA2 expression from the cases that had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter <2 cm, and without lymph node metastasis, and that did not invade the surrounding tissue was significantly lower than that of HMGA2 expression from the cases that had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter ≥2 cm, lymph node metastasis, and that invaded the surrounding tissues (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The positive rate of CD9 expression from the cases that had well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter <2 cm, and without lymph node metastasis, and that did not invade the surrounding tissue was significantly higher than that of CD9 expression from the cases that had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with the largest tumor diameter ≥2 cm, lymph node metastasis, and which invaded the surrounding tissues (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that after surgery, the survival period of HMGA2 expression-positive cases was significantly lower than that of HMGA2 expression- negative cases (P = 0.020), but the survival period of CD9 expression-positive cases was significantly higher than that of cases with CD9 expression-negative (P = 0.019). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that the HMGA2 positive expression and/or CD9 negative expression was an important indicator reflecting the poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer.

Conclusion

The expression of HMGA2 and/or CD9 might be closely related to the carcinogenesis, clinical biological behaviors and prognosis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Susceptibility and lack of evidence for a viremic state of rabies in the night owl monkey, Aotus nancymaae
Authors: Reaves Erik J , Salmón-Mulanovich Gabriela , Guevara Carolina , Kochel Tadeusz J , Steinbach Thomas J , Bentzel David E , Montgomery Joel M
Published: May 2012

Background

Rabies causes an acute fatal encephalomyelitis in most mammals following infection with rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus. Little is known about rabies virus infection in species of New World non-human Primates (NHP). To investigate the suitability of the owl monkey Aotus nancymaae asissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies a viable animal model for rabies virus candidate vaccine testing, we used clinical presentation, serology, viral isolation, and PCR to evaluate the incubation period, immunity, and pathogenesis of infected animals. We tested the hypothesis that no viremic state exists for rabies virus.

Methods

Eight monkeys divided into two equal groups were inoculated intramuscularly either in the neck or footpad with 105 pfu of rabies virus (Pasteur/V-13R) and observed for >130 days. Oral and blood samples were collected and analyzed.

Results

Two monkeys inoculated in the neck displayed classic paralytic rabies. The mean incubation period was 11.5 days. The average maximum IgG response (antibody titer >0.200 O.D.) was achieved at day 10.0 and 62.3 in the clinical rabies and non-clinical rabies cases, respectively (p = 0.0429). No difference in IgM or IgG time to seroconversion or average maximum IgM level was observed between neck versus footpad inoculation groups. No viremia or viral shedding was detected by PCR or viral isolation during the observation period, including within the two symptomatic animals three days after disease onset. Tissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies within the asymptomatic animal. Similarly none of the brain sections exhibited immunoreactivity for rabies virus antibody.

Discussion

This study demonstrates there is no difference in time to immune response between inoculation sites and distance to the brain; however, immune response tends to be more rapid in cases of clinically apparent disease and prolonged in cases infected at sites further from the brain.

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that a viremic state for rabies does not exist in the New World Monkey, Aotus nancymaae, and it appears that this species may be refractory to infection. The species does provide a suitable model to assess post infection immune responses. Additional studies that address the limitations of sample size, length of observation, and lack of measurable infection should be conducted.
A concept to transfer a therapeutic splint position into permanent occlusion with a customized lingual appliance
Authors: Sachse Tina , Schwestka-Polly Rainer , Flieger Stefanie , Wiechmann Dirk
Published: May 2012

Introduction

The role of occlusion concerning temporomandibular disorder is still unclear but seems to be the only component of the stomathognathic system dentists are able to change morphologically. The aim of the paper is to describe the orthodontist’s approach for transferring and maintaining a therapeutic splint position into permanent occlusion using a fully customized lingual appliance.

Methods

Fixed acrylic bite planes on lower molars were used to maintain a symptom-free condyle position prior to orthodontic treatment. Silicone impressions of the arches including the fixed bite planes were used for the Incognito laboratory procedure. Two digital setups were made. One setup represents the target occlusion. A second setup including the bite planes was used to fabricate an additional set of lower molar brackets. In the leveling stage all teeth except the lower molars were settled to maintain the therapeutic condyle position. Finally, the fixed bite planes were stepwise removed and molar brackets were replaced to establish the permanent occlusion planned with the first setup.

Results and discussion

The advantage of an individual lingual appliance consists in the high level of congruence between the fabricated setups and the final clinical result. Both the individual scope for design and the precision of the appliance were vitally important in the treatment of a patient with a functional disorder of the masticatory system.
The Safe-Asset Share
Authors: Gorton Gary , Lewellen Stefan , Metrick Andrew
Published: May 2012

We document that the percentage of all U.S. assets that are “safe” has remained stable at about 33 percent since 1952. This stable ratio is a rare example of calm in a rapidly changing financial world. Over the same time period, the ratio of U.S. assets to GDP has increased by a factor of 2.5, and the main supplier of safe financial debt has shifted from commercial banks to the “shadow banking system.” We analyze this pattern of stylized facts and offer some tentative conclusions about the composition of the safe-asset share and its role within the overall economy.
Three Principles for Market-Based Credit Regulation
Authors: Mehrling Perry
Published: May 2012

A key lesson of the financial crisis 2007-09 is that the Bagehot Rule, “lend freely but at a high rate,” needs to be updated for the emerging market-based credit system. A modern rule is suggested: Markets, not Banks; Outside spread, not Inside spread; Core, not Periphery.
Monetary-Fiscal Policy Interactions and Indeterminacy in Postwar US Data
Authors: Bhattarai Saroj , Lee Jae Won , Park Woong Yong
Published: May 2012

Using a micro-founded model and a likelihood-based inference method, we show that while a passive monetary and passive fiscal policy regime prevailed in the U.S. before Paul Volcker's chairmanship at the Federal Reserve, an active monetary and passive fiscal policy regime prevailed after his appointment. Since both monetary and fiscal policies were passive pre-Volcker, equilibrium indeterminacy was a feature of the economy. Finally, pre-Volcker, the effects of unanticipated policy shifts were substantially different from those predicted by conventional monetary models: unanticipated increases in interest rates increased inflation and output, while unanticipated increases in lump-sum taxes decreased inflation and output.
Real Exchange Rate Adjustment in and out of the Eurozone
Authors: Berka Martin , Devereux Michael B , Engel Charles
Published: May 2012

It is often suggested that currency unions unduly inhibit the efficient adjustment of real exchange rates. Recently, this has been seen as a key failure of the Eurozone. This paper presents evidence that throws doubt on this conclusion. Our evidence suggests that real exchange rate movement within the Eurozone was at least as compatible with efficient adjustment as the behavior of real exchange rates for the floating rate countries outside the Eurozone. This interpretation is consistent with a model in which nominal exchange rate movements give rise to persistent deviations from the law of one price in traded goods.
Managing Currency Pegs
Authors: Schmitt-Grohé Stephanie , Uribe Martín
Published: May 2012

The combination of a fixed exchange rate and downward nominal wage rigidity creates a real rigidity. In turn, this real rigidity makes the economy prone to involuntary unemployment during external crises. This paper presents a graphical analysis of alternative policy strategies aimed at mitigating this source of inefficiency. First- and second-best monetary and fiscal solutions are analyzed. Second-best solutions are prudential, whereas first-best solutions are not.
Follow the Money: Quantifying Domestic Effects of Foreign Bank Shocks in the Great Recession
Authors: Cetorelli Nicola , Goldberg Linda S
Published: May 2012

Foreign banks pulled significant funding from their US branches during the Great Recession. We estimate that the average-sized branch experienced a twelve percent net internal fund “withdrawal,” with the fund transfer disproportionately bigger for larger branches. This internal shock to the balance sheet of US branches of foreign banks had sizable effects on their lending. On average, for each dollar of funds transferred internally to the parent, branches decreased lending supply by about forty to fifty cents. However, the extent of the lending effects was very different across branches depending on their pre-crisis modes of operation in the United States.
Moving to Higher Ground: Migration Response to Natural Disasters in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt , Kahn Matthew E , Rhode Paul W
Published: May 2012

Areas differ in their propensity to experience natural disasters. Exposure to disaster risks can be reduced either through migration (i.e., self-protection) or through public infrastructure investment (e.g., building seawalls). Using migration data from the 1920s and 1930s, this paper studies how the population responded to disaster shocks in an era of minimal public investment. We find that, on net, young men move away from areas hit by tornados but are attracted to areas experiencing floods. Early efforts to protect against future flooding, especially during the New Deal era of the late 1930s, may have counteracted an individual migration response.
Simple Market Equilibria with Rationally Inattentive Consumers
Authors: Matějka Filip , McKay Alisdair
Published: May 2012

We study a market with rationally inattentive consumers who are unsure of the terms of the offers made by firms, but can acquire information about the terms at a cost. In a symmetric equilibrium, the price set by firms is continuously increasing in the cost of information for consumers and decreasing in the number of firms operating. In addition, favorable a priori information about a firm leads it to set a higher price, and a new entrant can increase demand for incumbents. When consumers have heterogeneous costs of information, firms selling low-quality products may choose to set the highest prices.
Nature versus Nurture: The Environment's Persistent Influence through the Modernization of American Agriculture
Authors: Hornbeck Richard
Published: May 2012

Technological innovation in agriculture was substantial during the 20th century. Is “modern” technological control of the environment replacing a “primitive” dependency on natural advantages and disadvantages, or has agricultural production remained persistently dependent on the environment? This paper estimates how the 20th century modernization of United States Plains' agriculture changed the impact of environmental characteristics on agricultural land values. Despite substantial technological innovation and rising land values from 1945 to 2002, counties' environmental characteristics largely maintained influence on land values. Environmental change has become no less costly, as technological innovation has not reduced the importance of natural advantages or disadvantages.
Race and Gender Differences Under Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Sorensen Todd , Sarnikar Supriya , Oaxaca Ronald L
Published: May 2012

Using data from the United States Sentencing Commission, we examine how judicial biases may have influenced sentences during the era of the Federal criminal sentencing guidelines. Our utility maximization model of judicial sentencing preferences leads to a partially censored ordered probit model that accounts for mass points in the sentencing distribution that occur at the upper and lower guideline limits and at sentences involving no prison time. Our results indicate that racial- and gender-based discrepancies exist, even after controlling for circumstances such as the severity of the offense and past criminal history.
The Nonlinear Relationship between Terrorism and Poverty
Authors: Enders Walter , Hoover Gary A
Published: May 2012

In spite of the common wisdom that poverty breeds terrorism, econometric tests usually find that terrorism is influenced by population and various measures of democratic freedom, but not per capita GDP. Unlike previous studies, we use a data set containing separate measures of domestic and transnational terrorism and estimate models allowing for a nonlinear relationship between terrorism and poverty. When we account for the nonlinearities in the data and distinguish between the two types of terrorist events, we find that poverty has as a very strong influence on domestic terrorism and a small, but significant, effect on transnational terrorism.
Financial Knowledge and Financial Literacy at the Household Level
Authors: Gustman Alan L , Steinmeier Thomas L , Tabatabai Nahid
Published: May 2012

There is evidence of a relation between numeracy and wealth held outside of pensions and Social Security. With pensions and Social Security accounting for half of wealth at retirement, and evidence that those with pensions save more in other forms, one would expect to find knowledge of pensions and Social Security influencing retirement saving. Yet we find no evidence that knowledge of pensions and Social Security is related to nonpension, non-Social Security wealth, to numeracy, or that it plays an intermediate role in the numeracy-wealth relation. Our findings raise questions about policies that would enhance numeracy to increase retirement saving.
Approximation in Mechanism Design
Authors: Hartline Jason D
Published: May 2012

This paper considers three challenge areas for mechanism design and describes the role approximation plays in resolving them. Challenge 1: optimal mechanisms are finely tuned to precise details of the distribution on agent preferences. Challenge 2: in environments with multi-dimensional agent preferences economic analysis has failed to provide general characterizations optimal mechanisms. Challenge 3: optimal mechanisms are parameterized by unrealistic knowledge of the distribution of agents' private preferences. This paper surveys positive resolutions to these challenges with emphasis on basic techniques and their relevance to theory and practice.
Holdout in the Assembly of Complements: A Problem for Market Design
Authors: Kominers Scott Duke , Weyl E. Glen
Published: May 2012

Holdout problems prevent private (voluntary and self-financing) assembly of complementary goods—such as land or dispersed spectrum—from many self-interested sellers. While mechanisms that fully respect sellers' property rights cannot alleviate these holdout problems, traditional solutions, such as the use of coercive government powers of “eminent domain” to expropriate property, can encourage wasteful and unfair assemblies.

We discuss the problems holdout creates for the efficient operation of markets and how previous approaches have used regulated coercion to address these challenges. We then investigate when encouraging competition can partially or fully substitute for coercion, focusing particularly on questions of spectrum allocation.
Stability and Strategy-Proofness for Matching with Constraints: A Problem in the Japanese Medical Match and Its Solution
Authors: Kamada Yuichiro , Kojima Fuhito
Published: May 2012

Real matching markets are subject to constraints. For example, the Japanese government introduced a new medical matching system in 2009 that imposes a “regional cap” in each of its 47 prefectures, which regulates the total number of medical residents who can be employed in each region. Based on Kamada and Kojima (2011), this paper studies matching markets with such constraints by examining in great detail the Japanese medical matching market. Specifically, we show that the new system introduced in 2009 has problems in terms of stability and strategy-proofness, and provide an alternative mechanism that does better.
Understanding Price Controls and Nonprice Competition with Matching Theory
Authors: Hatfield John William , Plott Charles R , Tanaka Tomomi
Published: May 2012

We develop a quality competition model to understand how price controls affect market outcomes in buyer-seller markets with discrete goods of varying quality. While competitive equilibria do not necessarily exist in such markets when price controls are imposed, we show that stable outcomes do exist and characterize the set of stable outcomes in the presence of price restrictions. In particular, we show that price controls induce non-price competition: price floors induce the trade of inefficiently high quality goods, while price ceilings induce the trade of inefficiently low quality goods.
Measuring the Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows
Authors: Antràs Pol , Chor Davin , Fally Thibault , Hillberry Russell
Published: May 2012

We propose two distinct approaches to the measurement of industry upstreamness (or average distance from final use) and show that they yield an equivalent measure. Furthermore, we provide two additional interpretations of this measure, one of them related to the concept of forward linkages. We construct this measure for 426 industries using the 2002 US input-output Tables. We also construct our measure using data from selected countries in the OECD STAN database. Finally, we present an application of our measure that explores the determinants of the average upstreamness of exports at the country level using trade flows for 2002.
Innovation in Space
Authors: Desmet Klaus , Rossi-Hansberg Esteban
Published: May 2012

This paper shows how competition for land may lead firms to optimally innovate in spite of the market being perfectly competitive. When bidding for a location, firms can enhance their bid by investing in innovations that make the land more valuable. Firms are willing to innovate because the non-replicability of land implies that they will not be undercut by some other producer leading to losses as in the standard theory. In the absence of spillovers over space and over time, firms will optimally innovate. Empirical evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas supports the predictions of the theory.