bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Major Themes in Mozambigan Foreign Relations, 1975–1977
Authors: Minter William
Published: May 2006

Mozambique “switched from a pro-Chinese to a pro-Soviet stance during the Angolan civil war,” writes a commentator in the influential U.S. quarterly Foreign Policy of Fall 1977. “Mozambique said to Cool on Soviets, Turn West,” headlines a Washington Post dispatch of December 15, 1977. The Economist’s Foreign Report claims in its advertising to have been the first to describe the ideological infighting within FRELIMO and the swing to Russia. The commentators seemed to have missed Mozambique’s 1977 trade fair in September, at which the People’s Republic of China won first prize for an exhibit corresponding to Mozambique’s needs, but if they had been there one might well have seen headlines proclaiming Mozambique’s shift back to China.
Education and Transformation in Tanzania
Authors: Samoff Joel
Published: May 2006

Note: Since this brief review of educational reform in Tanzania is intended to offer insight into a number of problems that confront those involved in transforming the recently independent societies of southern Africa, and since my research on these issues is still at a preliminary stage, I present my comments in schematic form. A brief note on resources and selected citations appear at the end.

At the end of colonial rule in Africa, almost everywhere the formal educational system was assigned major roles in the construction of the new society. Skilled personnel had to be trained to replace the departing Europeans. The vast expansion of social services required many new doctors, engineers, and architects. The increased responsibilities of the public sector required managers, accountants, and planners. And, of course, there had to be a rapid increase in the teaching corps, at all levels.
The Political Economy of Hunger in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe
Authors: Danaher Kevin
Published: May 2006

The first-time visitor to Salisbury cannot help but be impressed by the exceptionally clean and modern downtown area. The well-kept parks and spotless boulevards put any city in the United States to shame. Supermarket shelves are well stocked, and the near total absence of beggars makes one wonder if this is in fact part of the African continent. If one stays inside the downtown area and its rich suburbs, one can easily miss the ugly truth that millions of people in this relatively affluent nation are suffering from malnutrition and that whole communities have been destroyed by starvation.
Non-Formal Education in Zimbabwe: Its Impact on Economic Growth and Political Stability
Authors: King Maria
Published: May 2006

Non-Formal Education is an integrated approach to learning; it is a program designed to give youths and adults alternative approaches to formal education. The student can simultaneously realize self development and marketable skills while engaging in formal educational pursuits. Many students who have dropped out of school or have been deprived of schooling are thus offered a second chance, and through Non-Formal Education are given an opportunity to enroll in classes relevant to their needs and interests.
Two Views on the Riddell Commission: 1. Zimbabwe Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Incomes, Prices, and Conditions of Service, under the chairmanship of Roger C. Riddell, Salisbury, June 1981
Authors: Rebusoajoang
Published: May 2006

The Riddell report on incomes, prices, and conditions of service in Zimbabwe is a comprehensive analysis of the cost of basic necessities, salaries, and the working and living conditions of Zimbabwe’s labor force. This is a significant undertaking in a newly-liberated nation with a government committed to socialist principles. The commission was explicitly charged with examining the economic, social, and legal implications of increasing worker participation in the economy.
European Adjustment to Economic Reforms and Political Consolidation in Zambia
Authors: Scarritt James R.
Published: May 2006

Europeans came to the area that is now Zambia in small numbers during the first four decades of the twentieth century primarily as missionaries, administrators, farmers, or employees of the copper or lead and zinc mines. The most extensive period of European immigration, however, was the decade and a half following World War II. In 1946 there were 22,000 Europeans in the country, while in 1962 the European population reached a peak of 77,000. The overwhelming majority of Europeans came from South Africa, the Rhodesias (Zambia was then Northern Rhodesia), or Britain— in that order of frequency. Most of those born in the Rhodesias had British and/or South African ancestry. In the immediate preindependence period slightly more than a third of the Europeans were citizens of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, into which Northern Rhodesia was incorporated from 1953 to 1963; most of the rest were approximately evenly divided between British and South African citizenship.
Apartheid and the International Community
Authors: Reddy E. S.
Published: May 2006

Rarely has the policy of an individual government attracted as wide attention throughout the world as the racial policy of South Africa. It has been discussed in several organs of the United Nations, in specialized agencies of the United Nations, and in several other international and regional intergovernmental organizations; in the Parliament of many countries; and in numerous non-governmental organizations. A number of countries have broken diplomatic, consular and trade relations with South Africa or refrained from establishing such relations. Actions protesting apartheid have involved hundreds of thousands of people outside Africa. The publications and documents on apartheid fill a good-sized library.
Egypt and the United States After Sadat: Continuity and Constraints
Authors: Jackson Henry F.
Published: May 2006

When he signed the Camp David treaty with Israel, President Anwar Sadat promised the Egyptian people that this would bring peace and prosperity. He assured American policymakers that as a leader in the Arab world, he would be in an opportune position to play a role in the region as an intermediary between the U.S. and Egypt’s Arab-Moslem neighbors, and to act as a bridge for peace between Israel and its Arab adversaries. Among many of Egypt’s Arab sister states, however, Sadat became known as a traitor, and his country became profoundly alienated from them. Since Sadat’s assassination, this condition has not improved. In fact, in recent years Egypt seems to have lost influence and prestige in the international as well as the regional community, and domestic problems have mounted, adding to the growing crisis of legitimacy which surfaced around the time of Sadat’s death.
Press Freedom in West Africa: an Analysis of one Ramification of Human Rights
Authors: Ogbondah Chris W.
Published: May 2006

Human rights is an issue that is broader than ordinarily understood. Its ramifications cover political, economic, social and cultural rights. Almost every nation has made constitutional provisions guaranteeing these rights. The purpose of the constitutional provisions is to defend, by institutionalized means, the rights of human beings against abuses of power committed by the organs and agencies of the state. Notably enough, however, each nation emphasizes those human rights that it frequently respects and observes. Thus, the United States emphasizes, for example, freedom of the press, freedom of expression, freedom of religion as if those aspects that it emphasizes constitute the entire human rights.
Uganda: Hope Amidst Obstacles
Authors: Kyamureku Peace T.
Published: May 2006

The adoption of the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies at the Third World Conference on Women in 1985 provided a framework for action at all levels, to promote peace, equality and development opportunities for women, particularly those in the developing countries. Since then, these strategies have served as a basis for evaluating the actions of government and non-government organisations (NGOs) towards empowering women. In some respects, Uganda can be looked upon as a model African country where women have made remarkable progress. Women constitute more than half of the national population. Of the total population of about 19 million in 1996, 10 million were female, over 4 million who are over 18 years and eligible to vote. Uganda’s Affirmative Action policy has provided women with significant opportunity to participate in both the parliament and other decision making bodies.
Africa in U.S. and Soviet Policy; Change and Opportunity
Authors: Price Robert M.
Published: May 2006

Since the initial meeting of the U.S.-Soviet Symposium on Contemporary Problems of sub-Saharan Africa in 1982 considerable change has occurred in the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in regard to African issues, as well as in the relationship between the American and Soviet specialists on Africa. Apprehension was the quality that infused the initial meeting in November of 1982 of the first-ever formal exchange of views between Soviet and American Africanists. Both American and Soviet participants wondered whether the discussions would be substantive, scholarly, and constructive. Conversly, would their opposite numbers simply repeat official government positions, make debating points rather than engaging in discussion, and adopt an ideological and baiting posture? In other words, “would the Symposium simply turn into another forum for the exchange of “cold war rhetoric?
South Africa: Is a Political Settlement Possible?
Authors: Tikhomirov V.I.
Published: May 2006

Modification of the system of apartheid which started in the late 1970s initially in “pure economic” fields gradually led to the necessity of revising the very foundations of the political structure in the RSA. The reforms provided fresh impetus for the democratic movement in the country and, in the final analysis, it did not slow down, but, on the contrary, stepped up the decay of the system of apartheid. Demarcation of the interests of social groups of the white population and the government’s attempts to reform apartheid brought about the irreversible phenomena of crisis in the camp of supporters of the regime. Many white leaders are facing a dilemma: either bend further efforts to preserve the material well-being of their community at the price of the policy which has no future either socially or politically, or try to reach a peaceful settlement of the conflict at the price of their privileged position.
Reconstructionist Strategies in Mozambique
Authors: Glickman Harvey
Published: May 2006

Ironically, the present security and development crisis in Southern Africa presents an unusual opportunity for early progress toward stability and justice in the region via peaceful parallel action and co-operation between the USA and the USSR. By seizing the opportunity to co-operate in what is now a worst case emergency in Mozambique, the superpowers can lay the groundwork for a security system acceptable to their interests and to those of the Africans as well. Violence and hunger in Mozambique may be the worst in the world. Their basic linkage to the efforts of the present South African regime to de-stabilize the country is unquestionable.
Angola and Mozambique: Ways to Peace
Authors: Kokorev Vladimir B.
Published: May 2006

The situations in Angola and Mozambique are very much alike. How can one define them: civil war, foreign intervention, economic breakdown, or destabilization?

There is a grain of truth in each of these definitions. Still, none of them fully reflects the developments in these countries. What we find in Angola and Mozambique is a unique crisis which has hit weak, nationally disunited countries. (By contrast, Afghans are united by a religious culture, and Nicaraguans by national sentiments.)
“Cent Moutons Font Un Loup”
Authors: Rodegem F.
Published: May 2006

One of the most perplexing features of the welter of events that led to the slaughter of 1972 has to do with the emergence, or the resurgence, of intra-Tutsi rivalries. These were particularly noticeable in the months immediately preceding the holocaust and involved among other things a struggle for power between the so-called Tutsi-Hima and the Tutsi-Banyaruguru. The following passage is excerpted from Father Rodegem’s article “Burundi: La Face Cachée de la Rébellion” (Intermédiaire, 15 June 1973) in which the author emphasizes the historical dimensions of the Hima-Banyaruguru conflict. One may or may not agree with the facts and interpretations presented by the author; however, the article suggests at least one possible explanation for the scale of the massacre: by systematically killing all educated Hutu elements, the Hima elites also destroyed the basis for a potential alliance between Hutu intellectuals and Tutsi-Banyaruguru.

Father Rodegem spent many years in Burundi and is intimately acquainted with the traditional aspects of Rundi culture. He is the author of Sagesse Kirundi (Tervueren: 1961) and “Ainsi Parlait Samandari: Analyse ethnolinguistique d’un phénomène de déviance dans une société à caractère empirique” (Anthropos, Vol. 69, 1974). The latter is a pioneering effort to penetrate the political culture of Burundi through techniques of analysis borrowed from ethnolinguistics.
Economic Recovery in the Eastern States of Nigeria
Authors: Ukpong I. I.
Published: May 2006

Nigeria’s attainment of independence on 1 October 1960 was greeted with world-wide acclaim in the expectation that this new nation would eventually emerge as a model of unity and strength in a developing continent that was bristling with internal strife and local partisanship.

The events that followed proved this expectation to have been based on weak axioms. The political division of the country-first into three, and later into four regions—resulted in political, economic and social imbalances. Not only did such a structure favor the growth of tribalism with its attendant evils; it aided the emergence of a class sytem of “haves,” “have-mores,” “have-littles,” and “have-nots.”
Faculty and Directors’ Views of Outreach
Authors: Leary F. A.
Published: May 2006

Outreach. The term was first made known to many Africanists by the U.S. Office of Education (USOE) as a mandated responsibility of Title VI Language and Area Studies Centers and seemed to represent something Africanists at many institutions had probably been doing all along anyway without any specific person or any additional funds. Outreach in the mid-1970s seemed so appealing and harmless enough to the directors who submitted applications for their programs to be named Title VI centers that they deemed to insert the required 15 percent minimum budget for outreach activities and usually a request for the hiring of an outreach coordinator as a line item supported through soft money. By 1979 outreach had become so integral a part of center activities and outreach coordinators that the one African program not re-funded as a center was nevertheless able to continue its outreach program through university funds. By late 1979, however, some center directors were also expressing the view that outreach risked becoming the tail that wagged the dog, while others were beginning to realize that they might have lost control of these coordinators who were calling themselves directors! By late 1979, too, both the personae in USOE committed to outreach and the evaluation review sheets used by the expert panels for center and fellowship funding had been dramatically reduced, indicating a decline in O.E. emphasis on outreach but, in the African field, probably also an implicit recognition of the substantial commitment and achievements of the Africanist group.
Africana Librarians and Outreach
Authors: Nyquist Corinne
Published: May 2006

Librarians have always served a wider clientele than those we are expected to serve. In part this is due to our reluctance to question the status of individuals who come before us and in part it is due to the public service orientation of most librarians. In college and university libraries this wider clientele includes people of all ages from the community, former students, visiting scholars who come to the library and, through interlibrary loan, many others long distances away. Some librarians would say that “outreach” is what every good librarian does.
Criteria for Evaluating Precollegiate Teaching Materials on Africa
Authors: Schmidt Nancy
Published: May 2006

Since 1960 the United States has been emerging from a period of neglect of Africa and unsystematic collection of information about the continent to a period of increasing interest in Africa and an expanding collection of information about the continent. When the total range of information about Africa available to the average American citizen is taken into account, however, it must be recognized that the majority is biased, impressionistic, and inaccurate by the standards of Africans, scholars, and Africanists.
The Clinton Administration and the Promotion of Democracy: Practical Imperatives for Theoretical Exploration
Authors: Harbeson John W.
Published: May 2006

Since the end of the Cold War, support for democratization has become a central focus of U.S. foreign policy. Indeed, something bordering on a presumption of democracy’s and capitalism’s inevitable global reach swept up senior Clinton administration policymakers and stimulated a major rebirth of interest in democracy and democratization within the academy. In this context, fundamentally important questions about the interface between external support and domestic demand for democratization have continued to go largely unaddressed: (1) who should set the agenda; and (2) what role should external assistance play in African democratization processes. A key dimension of the thesis of this article is that failure of policymakers and academics alike to pay more attention to these questions has impeded the formation of viable processes of democratic transition and consolidation in Africa, and will continue to do so as long as they remain underaddressed. In fact, one of the crucial roles and responsibilities of those who would provide external assistance for democratization, in Africa and elsewhere, should be to encourage countries to consider seriously these agenda-setting issues in their democratization processes.
The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Adar Korwa G.
Published: May 2006

There is nothing more fundamental to Africans who are concerned with the future of the African continent than the issues of democracy, human rights, good governance, and the rule of law. These basic human liberties, among other concerns, constitute the central driving force behind what is often referred to as Africa’s “second liberation.” The primary purpose of this article is to assess the Clinton administration’s role in this second liberation, particularly in terms of its involvement in issues of democracy and human rights. This assessment is offered from the perspective of an individual who has been directly involved in the prodemocracy and human rights movement in Kenya. This article focuses on whether the Clinton administration’s policies are still heavily influenced by classic U.S. conceptions of realpolitik, or if enlightened leadership more in line with a neo-Wilsonian idealpolitik—as official rhetoric suggests—has permitted a fundamental departure in favor of a more coherent and tangible democracy and human rights foreign policy stance in the post-Cold War era.
Some Remarks on Cultural Exchange with South Africa
Authors: Munger Edwin S.
Published: May 2006

There are a number of intellectually and morally defensible approaches to cultural exchange with South Africa. A position from which I wish to disassociate myself is that cultural relationships with South Africa can be justified on grounds of the moral justness of its present society, or as a defense of “white Christian civilization,” or that South Africa, however wrong on some counts, represents a “bulwark against Communism.” Those who would advocate or defend cultural exchanges with South Africa primarily on these grounds will have to make their own brief. Indeed, I have long ago stated my conviction in writing that the very term “white Christian civilization,” as used by the late Prime Minister Strijdom of South Africa, is a contradiction in terms.
Cultural Relations and Exchanges Between South Africa and the United States
Authors: Rubin Leslie
Published: May 2006

Cultural exchange is a familiar commodity in the marketplace of international relations. But it is important to bear in mind that it comes in two brands—the authentic and the spurious.
Of Water Systems and Grain Mills: Observations of Felt Needs in Western Tanzania
Authors: Waters Tony
Published: May 2006

I would like to share an anomaly I observed in Kigoma Region of Tanzania. It is an anomaly because of its incompatibility with many of the decision-making models implicitly used to assess development aid programs. Such models are, of course, based primarily on the assumptions and observations made by economists, sociologists and anthropologists about the already developed countries. Implicitly, they assume a certain type of rationality which is taken for granted by both expatriate planners, and local planners trained in Western tradition. However, as I think that this example demonstrates, rational behavior in rural Third World communities may be predicated on assumptions outside the unspoken parameters of the social sciences.
Institutional Roles and the Brain Drain
Authors: Mutiso Gideon-Cyrus
Published: May 2006

Historically, the intelligentsia—originally the clergy and later men of letters—played a significant role in the development of the Western world. Their importance derived from their function as the critics of society and guardians of its conscience. Institutionally, the intelligentsia were found in the churches and on the margins of society. Later, they moved to schools and colleges that subsequently developed into universities as we know them today. As a class, bureaucrats and technocrats—engineers, doctors, etc.—evolved much later. Their institutional role in society was to implement the ideas of the intelligentsia, particularly those ideas relating to the solidification of the nation-state and the creation of the wealth of the nation. Thus, the bureaucrats and technocrats were much closer to the nation and its historical development than the intelligentsia proper.
Canadian Involvement in the Brain Drain from Africa: Opportunities for Action
Authors: Sinclair Michael
Published: May 2006

The phenomenon known as the “brain drain” refers to the permanent or long-term migration of educated or skilled individuals from one country to another, usually from a poor Third World nation to an industrialized Western country. However, it also describes the migration of such persons between developed countries, such as from Canada to the United States and within countries, notably from impoverished rural areas to urban areas.
International Law and Self-Determination: The Case of Eritrea
Authors: Serapiao Luis B.
Published: May 2006

Writing about the Eritrean conflict in the Horn of Africa is a difficult task, because it involves the issue of dismembership of a state. From the Greek Empire to the Roman, from the feudal era to the colonial times, and now in the post-colonial era, dismembership of the state has been a highly controversial and emotional issue. From the colonial era to decolonization, Africans did not have to face this problem. In fact, not only did they applaud the dismembership of the colonial empire, they worked hard to insure the disintegration of the colonies. In their optimism for the future of Africa, they developed a rhetoric that went beyond cooperation among future independent states to continental political unity. “Africa must unite” said the vibrant and dynamic leader of Ghana, Nkrumah.
The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation
Authors: Haile Semere
Published: May 2006

In the late 1970s, the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict and the Ethiopia-Somalia border war over the Ogaden region has centered world attention on Soviet-Cuban activities in the Horn of Africa. Although the Somali army was defeated by the combined powers of the Ethiopians and the Soviet-Cuban forces in mid-March 1978, the tension between the two countries was still high. Among the other problems facing the region is that of the Eritrean struggle for self-determination.
Development Politics and the Politics of Development in Zimbabwe and Ethiopia
Authors: Thomas Barbara P.
Published: May 2006

To the casual observer and the experienced scholar alike, the complexity of the African continent defies imagination. Two of the complicated-and troubled-areas are Southern Africa and the Horn. These two regions with their extraordinary mix of ethnic groups, races, political loyalties, new states, varying colonial experiences, economic concerns and environmental problems challenge the most astute analyst of African affairs. Recently, I had an opportunity to return to Zimbabwe and Ethiopia for a brief visit after a three-year absence. I was intrigued with the possibiltiy of looking more closely at some of the pieces of the Southern Africa and Horn puzzles. I wondered what changes there would be in these two countries since I had last visited them in the summer of 1982.
Socialist State Strategy and Arms in Southern Africa
Authors: Shepherd George
Published: May 2006

There are many prevailing notions and myths about the strategy and objectives of the Socialist powers and their associated socialist states in Southern Africa. A great deal of them are based upon the fears of rival powers and the propaganda of those ruling interests and minorities who suddenly now find themselves face to face, not with the in-effectual guerrilla movements they have discounted, but with real and basic international power.
If Africa had Ruled Europe
Authors: Hawk Beverly G.
Published: May 2006

To help European peoples begin to recognize the tremendous consequences of centuries of slavery and colonization for the world today, I offer this brief exercise. If Africans had colonized Europeans, what would be different?
Policy Reform in Africa: How Effective?
Authors: Lancaster Carol
Published: May 2006

The United Nations Special Session on the Critical Ecnomic Situation in Africa concluded in June 1986 with the Adoption of a Programme of Action which included an explicit recognition of African policy failures and the need for reform:

The endogenous aggravating factors include deficiencies in institutional and physical infrastructures, economic strategies and policies that have fallen short, in some cases, of achieving their objectives, disparities in urban and rural development and income distribution, insufficient managerial/administrative capacities, inadequate human resource development and lack of financial resources...Urgent, far reaching and imaginative economic policies are required to avert further deterioration in the economic conditions in Africa...
Ending Hunger in Africa
Authors: Hopkins Raymond F.
Published: May 2006

The African food crisis of 1983-85 galvanized political commitment both among African governments and in industrialized states to alleviate the chronic problem of hunger in Africa. One result is the 13th General Assembly Special Session on the economic crisis of Africa in May-June, 1986. This step, following considerable preparation, paralleled steps by African states to allocate greater resources to agriculture and food production and by the World Bank and other donors to help increase their assistance targeted toward the relief of hunger and the establishment of food security. After years of lip service about priorities to agriculture or the pursuit of agriculture development through investments that were biased toward both large-scale and production-oriented projects, African governments, in preparing for the 1986 Special Session of the UN that focused on Africa’s economic crisis, exhibited genuine shifts in their policies toward agriculture.
The Limits of Electoralism
Authors: Olufemi Kola
Published: May 2006

With the declaration of former military ruler, General Olusegun Obasanjo, as the president-elect, the long process of choosing Nigeria’s next civilian leadership finally brought to an end what had been a veritable “transition without end.” Although the elections have been successfully concluded, serious doubts remain concerning the survival and stability of the incoming civil order. It is one thing to hold elections, but establishing an enduring democratic order is a totally different and more challenging task.

On at least two grounds, the ongoing transition differed from earlier attempts. First, unlike General Ibrahim Babangida’s model of “guided transition”—in which the government formed the two political parties, wrote their manifestos, provided their funding, and appointed their officials—the current political parties were formed entirely by the political elite through the coalescence and structuring of the different political tendencies that survived General Sani Abacha’s reign of terror.
The Press and Democratic Transition in Nigeria: Comparative Notes on the Abacha and Abubakar Transition Programs
Authors: Obadare Ebenezer
Published: May 2006

In only four years, Nigeria has experienced two successive transition-to-civil-rule programs. The first, implemented with shocking inconsistency by the regime of General Sani Abacha, came to an abrupt anticlimax with the late despot’s unexpected death. The second appears to have been, judging by the country’s recent political history, unusually successful, culminating in the election of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) aspirant, General Olusegun Obasanjo, as presidentelect. While various reasons have been adduced for the apparent failure of one and the relative success of the other, political analysts in the country seem to agree that the main reason has to do with the fact that the programs differed profoundly in terms of motives, methodologies, and even ends.
Senegal: The Decade and its Consequences
Authors: Sow Fatou
Published: May 2006

The significance of the UN Decade for Women, in Africa as a whole and in Senegal in particular, must be assessed not only in terms of what was gained and what was not, but also in terms of where we started and the odds we were up against. For women in Africa, the decade meant the droit a la parole — the right to speak out, and the right be heard -- whether this right was won or granted, exercised spontaneously or in organized ways, and even if it was controlled or censored. Discourse by women on women was opened. Women seized the right to speak for themselves about themselves, sometimes freely, and sometimes cautiously within imposed limits.
American Economic Assistance to Africa Some Observations
Authors: Gappert Gary
Published: May 2006

Several years ago I testified before the House Foreign Affairs Committee about the insufficiency of American aid to Africa. I urged that foreign aid be increased because, in Africa, our foreign aid still had the opportunity of being genuine economic assistance and not something else. It was understood in my remarks that the genuine nature of economic assistance would become apparent as structural changes in African economies took place.
Notes on inscriptions from Antioch in Pisidia
Authors: Robinson David M.
Published: May 2006

In the article referred to above Sir William Ramsay has published with introductory remarks, but without photographs or measurements, several inscriptions from Pisidian Antioch which he copied in 1914, 1924 and 1925. Of most of these I also independently made copies, squeezes, and photographs in the summer of 1924. There are various points in regard to which I am able to supplement or to correct Sir William's account, as follows.
The Lex Pompeia and the Poena Cullei
Authors: Radin Max
Published: May 2006

When the South Sea Bubble burst, a passionate member of the British Parliament called for the application of the Lex Pompeia on Parricides to those who had defrauded the nation. Just as the Romans, he argued, face to face with a monstrous and unprecedented crime, devised for it a monstrous and unprecedented punishment, so the British were invited to tie the directors of the South Sea Company into sacks with a dog, a cock, a viper and an ape in each, and sink them in the Thames.
The Building of the Antonine Wall: a Fresh Study of the Inscriptions
Authors: Macdonald George
Published: May 2006

The series of Roman inscriptions with which the present paper is concerned belongs to a familiar and extensive class, examples of which will be found in any handbook of epigraphy—stones that were erected to commemorate the completion of some more or less important undertaking of a public character. But a peculiar, if not a unique, interest has always attached to this particular group because of its intimate association with one of the great historical monuments of the Empire. Ever since the dawn of the seventeenth century, when the foundations of our knowledge of Roman Britain were being laid, the fact of this association and its broad significance have been universally recognized.
Dediticii: the Source of Isidore (Etym. 9, 4, 49–50)
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: May 2006

A good many years ago Dircken wrote a short paper with the object of tracing the sources in those parts of the Etymologiae in which Isidore deals with laws or legal terms. He pointed out that, while it could be shown that the ultimate source of Isidore's information was the writings of Gaius, Ulpian or Julius Paulus, it could not be maintained that Isidore himself was directly acquainted with the great jurists of the second and third centuries.
An Early Graeco-Etruscan Fibula
Authors: Curtis C. Densmore
Published: May 2006

The gold fibula shown on plate I is at present in my collection in Boston. It is said to have come from near Cervetri, a statement which admits of little doubt when one considers that technically it resembles closely the gold objects found in the Regulini-Galassi tomb. The date is thus accurately determined as earlier than the middle of the seventh century B.C. How much earlier, it would be difficult to say. The fibula shows evident signs of wear, and could easily have been in use half a century before finding its final resting-place in the tomb of some Etruscan matron or maid. In point of style it is superior to any of the gold objects with animal representations hitherto found in Italy. This point will be discussed more fully in the course of this article.
The Problem of the Mithraic Grades
Authors: Phythian-Adams W. J.
Published: May 2006

A first examination of the evidence, literary, epigraphic, and archaeological, upon which our present knowledge of the Mithraic grades is based, is apt to leave us with an impression of finality. The facts themselves reveal hardly a trace of their underlying complexity; and of these facts modern authorities have unanimously propounded what appears to be the one and obvious interpretation. It is only when we realise that part of our evidence is conflicting and part apparently ignored, that we begin to experience doubt as to the successful solution of the problem.
Recent discoveries at Ostia
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: May 2006

The west coast of Italy between the gulf of Spezia, once the harbour of Luna, and the bay of Gaeta does not at the present day offer a single safe anchorage for ships of any size, and even in early days, when ships were smaller, its harbours and landing places must have seemed very deficient. The cities of south-western Etruria had indeed developed a flourishing seaborne trade by the seventh century B.C. when they were importing freely from Greece, but the ports of their two leading towns, Tarquinii and Caere, which seem to have been at Graviscae and Pyrgi, were merely roadsteads. Strabo, in his summary of the ports along this littoral, mentions none between Monte Argentario and Ostia, and none again between Ostia and the bay of Gaeta. Such ports as there ever were, are of later origin. Centumcellae, the modern Civitavecchia, is a foundation of Trajan; the harbour of Antium, such as it was, was due to Nero, and the port of Terracina is the work of Pius. Even Ostia itself was in Strabo's time deemed a bad harbour and the Tiber estuary hard to enter. Good or bad, however, it was the one approach to a natural harbour on all this coast.
Notes on the Roman Coast Defences of Britain, especially in Yorkshire
Authors: Haverfield F.
Published: May 2006

It is a commonplace that Britain is an island. The further truth, that it is an island which is very closely tied to the continent lying east of it, is a good deal less familiar. Geographical writers are apt, even for historical purposes, to emphasise instead those two features of the island which Mr. Mackinder in his admirable volume has called its insularity and its universality, its separation, that is, from Europe, and its central position in the world. I feel, however, that both students of ancient history, and also modern men at this particular moment, are more concerned with the peculiar relation of Britain to Europe. It is not the insularity of the island but its dependence on the continent which really matters. This dependence dates from days long before the first appearance of man; it is due, indeed, to the configuration of western Europe in remote geological periods. In those dateless days the seas which now divide our southern coast from France, and our eastern coast from the Low Countries and from Germany, were river valleys which took the drainage of a vast area extending from Wales and the Pennine hills on the north-west, to the Eifel, the Vosges and the Cevennes on the south-east. The rivers have long vanished, but their valleys, vast almost as the valley of a Missouri or a Mississippi, can still be traced in the configuration of the British and continental coasts. On each side of the sea the main rivers flow down to face each other, the main harbours of each land lie vis-à-vis and the natural entrances by which trader or soldier might wish to enter Britain open on to the main exits by which he might wish to start from the continent. Nor is it merely a matter of entrances or exits. That part of Britain which faces the continent is the lower-lying part of the great valley which I have mentioned. It is therefore fairly flat, and it offers no strategic obstacle to invaders. Its only features, its forests and its fens, are hardly large enough even to divert the march of armies and have been over-rated by writers like the late Dr. Guest and Mr. J. R. Green. The really difficult regions of Britain, the tangled uplands of Wales and west Yorkshire and the north, lie far away from the path of European aggressors. They might assist the rulers of Britain in checking an Irish invasion; they do not protect it from European influences. Britain is a land which was made to be invaded from the continent.
The Jugurthine War: was Marius or Metellus the real victor?
Authors: Holroyd M.
Published: May 2006

It is notoriously difficult, in all or nearly all military history, to disentangle the conscious purposes and previous plans of the commanders from the results of pure chance or the improvisation of the moment; probably few wars have ever worked out entirely according to plan, and even an accurate analysis of the chief factors in the success of any particular campaign would, to those who really knew the facts, appear as an over-simplified diagram. Yet there is a correct use of diagrams, and we need not be ashamed of trying to pick out the true strategical significance from even the most complex military events, provided we are honest with ourselves. In attempting such a task with regard to the Jugurthine War, we must take very special care to notice the limitations that surround us : our results can be, at best, hypothetically sound, since our authorities are neither complete nor notably trustworthy in such important matters as personal impartiality and chronological detail. We have no contemporary source. Sallust is notoriously partisan, on the political if not also on the military side; he is, moreover, open to the suspicion, to put it mildly, of choosing for detailed description the more picturesque rather than the more vitally important episodes; and comparison with Orosius (who almost certainly derives from Livy) suggests that one battle, if not more, may have been altogether misrepresented.
Rhine and Danube Legions under Domitian
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: May 2006

When literary records are few and faulty, the movements of legions win a certain importance as historical evidence, not least for the wars of Domitian. Whole legions were not displaced for purposes trivial or temporary; it might almost be said that in Flavian times, when a legion leaves a province, it leaves it for good. The aim of the present enquiry is, therefore, to narrow as far as may be the margin of dangerous error that fringes the subject and to propose a theory of the number and position of the permanent Danube garrisons in the interval of peace and stability that followed the wars of Domitian and preceded those of Trajan. The choice of the latter topic may be excused by the variety of the views expressed by historians, and by the fact that both the monumental work of Ritterling and a recent English book seem rather to have avoided the problem.
Sepulchral architecture as illustrated by the rock façades of Central Etruria
Authors: Rosi Gino
Published: May 2006

In cube tombs the mouldings which exhibit the greatest variation are the ‘lip’ and the ‘bell.’ It has been said above (J.R.S. XV, p. 22) that the ‘bell’ is the dynamic element of the upper part of the decorated façade.

Generally the depth of the ‘bell’ is equal to its height. When the former exceeds the latter, the crowning member naturally recedes, and the whole appearance of the upper decoration is less heavy. In the contrary case it becomes heavier. The large band is almost always somewhat high and is proportional to the height of the ‘bell.’
The Via Claudia Nova
Authors: Gardner Robert
Published: May 2006

At the period when, after a process of development extending over almost five centuries, the road-system of ancient Italy had attained to its maturity, we find that Rome was connected with the central and southern stretches of the Adriatic coast by four highways, the Via Appia, the Via Salaria, the Via Valeria and the Via Traiana. All of these roads were of republican origin, though the Via Claudia Valeria (the extension of the earlier Valeria to the Adriatic) and the Via Traiana did not become viae munitae until the first and second centuries of the empire respectively. It may be desirable to begin with a brief sketch of these roads, in order to make plain the part played by my proper subject, the Claudia Nova.
Italian “Sondergötter.”
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: May 2006

Since Usener put prominently forward the theory of Sondergötter, the idea has been subjected to trenchant negative criticism by two experts in the fields of Greek and Roman religion respectively, Farnell and Wissowa. The former protests, and rightly so, against the cheerful assumption that, whenever a deity has a name describing a function, “Saviour,” “Queen,” “Victory,” for example, we should regard him or her as a primitive Sondergott; since many examples teach us that such figures are often the products of a developed polytheism. He would suggest, as a better test than the name, the non-anthropomorphic conception of the god, or rather daimon, in the minds of his worshippers. Thus he clears the field of Greek religion of a great many heroes and daimones who, whatever their names may be, are too developed and too late to have any claim to represent primitive thought. Wissowa attacks the question from a somewhat different standpoint. He sees in the formidable list of Roman Sondergötter nothing more recondite than Varro's attempt to arrange all possible deities under “di certi,” or at most the artificial “indigitamenta” of the pontifices which, in accordance with “die peinliche Genauigkeit in der Aufstellung der römischen Gebetsformeln,” endeavoured to call upon whatever god was addressed under all the names which applied to the actual petition.
The Transpadane Question and the Alien Act of 65 or 64 B.C.
Authors: Hardy E. G.
Published: May 2006

In the course of an article in this Journal (vol. iii, part 1, pp. 70 and 86) I had occasion to criticise the interpretation given by Mr. J. M. Nap to an important passage of Dio Cassius (xxxvii, 9) in connexion with a dispute between the censors of 65 on the subject of the Transpadani, and a subsequent Alien Act passed by a tribune named Papius. Not having his own article, which is written in Dutch, accessible, I had gathered his views from the paper of a not unfriendly critic in a French review, and I only dealt with them incidentally as bearing upon the date assigned by him to the so-called lex Iulia Municipalis. Since then, Mr. Nap has pointed out to me that, at least in one particular, I had misapprehended his meaning; he has also very kindly sent me a copy of his article, and has developed and elucidated his views in several letters. I have in consequence carefully re-studied the statements of Dio and I propose to examine somewhat more in detail Nap's interpretation and hypotheses, and at the same time to set forth by their side my own reconstruction of the situation, as far as the Transpadani and the Alien Act are concerned.
Glevum and the Second Légion
Authors: Green Charles
Published: May 2006

The movements of the Second Legion (Legio II Augusta) in the first three decades of the Roman occupation of Britain have for long been a subject of speculation. In particular, the quest for the site of its first semi-permanent base, before the establishment of the fortress at Caerleon, has given rise to the conjecture that at Gloucester it would be found. The only evidence for this has been the size and shape of the Roman enceinte known to exist there and the general probability of the site, considered in relation to the Severn crossing. Other evidence adduced in the past by local antiquaries will not bear scrutiny in the light of modern knowledge.
Woodeaton Coins
Authors: Milne J. G.
Published: May 2006

The site on Middle Hill at Woodeaton, known as the ‘Roman field,’ has long been famous locally for the number of objects which have been picked up on its surface: and a detailed account of the chief finds, so far as they could be traced, was given by Miss Taylor in vol. vii of the Journal. In regard to coins, however, a good deal can now be added to her account from the collections that have come to the Ashmolean Museum since it was written: and it will be seen that there is some evidence to be derived from them as to the currency in use during the period when the place was a centre of activity.

It is not easy to say exactly what this activity was: though numerous coins and small articles, especially fibulae, have been found on the surface, there are hardly any traces of permanent buildings on the site. The Oxford University Archaeological Society, in the course of its trial excavations, came on some fragments of painted plaster which look as if they had belonged to a substantial erection, but there were no foundations of a corresponding character discovered. Potsherds are not uncommon, but are nearly all of late and rough ware, and seem to be distributed irregularly about the field. In fact, there is nothing to suggest that the place was continuously inhabited by a population of such importance as would be expected from the multitude of small finds.
Notes on the Cult of Hercules Victor in Tibur and its Neighbourhood
Authors: Hallam G. H.
Published: May 2006

I cannot send these notes to be printed without a few words in affectionate remembrance of Dr. Thomas Ashby, ὁ τριπόθατος without whose help and guidance they could never have been written. His premature death makes a void, of which others will speak, in the ranks of archaeologists, not in Rome and England only, and of the many friends by whom his memory will be cherished. Our deepest sympathy goes to Mrs. Ashby.