bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double-Blind, Randomized Study Evaluating the Glycemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Subcutaneous LY2189102, a Neutralizing IL-1β Antibody, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sloan-Lancaster Joanne , Abu-Raddad Eyas , Polzer John , Miller Jeffrey W. , Scherer Joel C. , De Gaetano Andrea , Berg Jolene K. , Landschulz William H.
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation is associated with pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and reduced insulin sensitivity. Literature suggests that interleukin (IL)-1β may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of LY2189102, a neutralizing IL-1β antibody, in T2DM patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Phase II, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study of subcutaneous LY2189102 (0.6, 18, and 180 mg) administered weekly for 12 weeks in T2DM patients on diet and exercise, with or without approved antidiabetic medications.

RESULTS

LY2189102 reduced HbA1c at 12 weeks (adjusted mean differences versus placebo: −0.27, −0.38 and −0.25% for 0.6, 18 and 180 mg doses, respectively), and fasting glucose at multiple time points compared with placebo. LY2189102 also reduced postprandial glycemia, and inflammatory biomarkers, including hs-CRP and IL-6. LY2189102 was generally well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS

Weekly subcutaneous LY2189102 for 12 weeks was well tolerated, modestly reduced HbA1c and fasting glucose, and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in T2DM patients. Neutralizing IL-1β holds promise as a convenient adjuvant treatment for T2DM.
Type 2 Diabetes and 10-Year Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Mexican Americans
Authors: Mayeda Elizabeth R. , Haan Mary N. , Kanaya Alka M. , Yaffe Kristine , Neuhaus John
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes has been linked with increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment among older adults and with premature mortality in young and middle-aged adults. No studies have evaluated the association between diabetes and dementia among Mexican Americans, a population with a high burden of diabetes. We evaluated the association of diabetes with incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) among older Mexican Americans while accounting for competing risk from death.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study included 1,617 participants 60–98 years of age from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging followed up to 10 years from 1998. We evaluated the association between diabetes and dementia/CIND with competing risk regression models.

RESULTS

Participants free of dementia/CIND at baseline (n = 1,617) were followed annually up to 10 years. There were 677 (41.9%) participants with diabetes, 159 (9.8%) incident dementia/CIND cases, and 361 (22.3%) deaths. Treated and untreated diabetes (hazard ratio 2.12 [95% CI 1.65–2.73] and 2.15 [1.58–2.95]) and dementia/CIND (2.48 [1.75–3.51]) were associated with an increased risk of death. In models adjusted for competing risk of death, those with treated and untreated diabetes had an increased risk of dementia/CIND (2.05 [1.41–2.97] and 1.55 [0.93–2.58]) compared with those without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings provide evidence that the association between type 2 diabetes and dementia/CIND among Mexican Americans remains strong after accounting for competing risk of mortality. Treatments that modify risk of death among those with diabetes may change future dementia risk.
Baseline Markers of Inflammation Are Associated With Progression to Macroalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Lopes-Virella Maria F. , Baker Nathaniel L. , Hunt Kelly J. , Cleary Patricia A. , Klein Richard , Virella Gabriel ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE

The current study aimed to determine in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort whether or not abnormal levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction measured in samples collected at DCCT baseline were able to predict the development of macroalbuminuria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Levels of inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction biomarkers were measured in 1,237 of 1,441 patients enrolled in the DCCT study who were both free of albuminuria and cardiovascular disease at baseline. To test the association of log-transformed biomarkers with albuminuria, generalized logistic regression models were used to quantify the association of increased levels of biomarkers and development of abnormal albuminuria. Normal, micro-, and macroalbuminuria were the outcomes of interest.

RESULTS

In the logistic regression models adjusted by DCCT treatment assignment, baseline albumin excretion rate, and use of ACE/angiotensin receptor blocker drugs, one unit increase in the standardized levels of soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) was associated with an 87% increase in the odds to develop macroalbuminuria and one unit increase in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1; total and active), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR)-1 and -2 lead to a 30–50% increase in the odds to develop macroalbuminuria. Following adjustment for DCCT baseline retinopathy status, age, sex, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes, significant associations remained for sE-selectin and TNFR-1 and -2 but not for IL-6 or PAI-1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that high levels of inflammatory markers, mainly E-selectin and sTNRF-1 and -2, are important predictors of macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Evaluation of fiber concentration in dry and canned commercial diets formulated for adult maintenance or all life stages of dogs by use of crude fiber and total dietary fiber methods
Authors: Farcas Amy K. , Larsen Jennifer A. , Fascetti Andrea J.
Published: March 2013

Objective—To assess differences among reported maximum crude fiber (CF), measured CF, and measured total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations, and determine fiber composition in dry and canned nontherapeutic diets formulated for adult maintenance or all life stages of dogs.

Design—Prospective cross-sectional study.

Sample—Dry (n = 20) and canned (20) nontherapeutic canine diets.

Procedures—Reported maximum CF concentrations were obtained from product labels. Concentrations of CF and TDF were measured in samples of the diets for comparison. For each diet, percentages of TDF represented by insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were determined.

Results—For dry or canned diets, the median reported maximum CF concentration was significantly greater than the median measured value. Measured CF concentration was significantly lower than measured TDF concentration for all diets. Median percentage of TDF (dry-matter basis) in dry and canned diets was 10.3% and 6.5%, respectively (overall range, 3.9% to 25.8%). Fiber composition in dry and canned diets differed; median percentage of TDF provided by IDF (dry-matter basis) was 83.4% in dry diets and 63.6% in canned diets.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among the evaluated diets, measured CF concentration underrepresented measured TDF concentration. Diets provided a wide range of TDF concentration, and proportions of IDF and SDF were variable. In the absence of information regarding TDF concentration, neither reported maximum nor measured CF concentration appears to be a particularly reliable indicator of fiber concentration and composition of a given canine diet.
Spatial and temporal patterns of Leptospira infection in dogs from northern California: 67 cases (2001–2010)
Authors: Hennebelle Janemarie H. , Sykes Jane E. , Carpenter Tim E. , Foley Janet
Published: March 2013

Objective—To conduct an epidemiological analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of canine leptospirosis cases in northern California and detect spatial clustering in any region.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—67 dogs with leptospirosis and 271 control dogs.

Procedures—Medical records of case and control dogs were reviewed. Spatial coordinates of home addresses of the study population were analyzed visually and statistically via a Cuzick-Edwards test and spatial, temporal, and space-time permutation scan statistics.

Results—Cases were distributed around the San Francisco Bay region as well as in the Sierra Nevada foothills near Sacramento, Calif, whereas controls were principally distributed along route I-80 between San Francisco and Sacramento, Calif. Clustering was found for the second through sixth nearest neighboring cases via the global spatial cluster test. A local spatial cluster of 30 cases was identified in San Francisco (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 7.0), and a temporal cluster of 18 cases was identified from May 2003 through May 2004 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 6.5). No significant space-time cluster was identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of geographic information systems provided a visual representation of the results of statistical analysis for the location and time at which leptospirosis cases occurred. This useful tool can be used to educate veterinary practitioners and the public about a potentially fatal zoonotic disease and direct vaccination strategies to help prevent disease occurrence.
Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008)
Authors: Forsee Kara M. , Davis Garrett J. , Mouat Emily E. , Salmeri Katharine R. , Bastian Richard P.
Published: March 2013

Objective—To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs and categorize affected dogs by age at time of ovariohysterectomy, number of litters prior to ovariohysterectomy, body weight, treatment of affected dogs, and severity of incontinence and to determine associations among these variables.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—566 ovariohysterectomized dogs.

Procedures—An attempt was made to contact owners of 912 dogs ovariohysterectomized between January 2003 and January 2008 to discuss presence or absence of urinary incontinence. The actual number of responders was 566. Those owners with incontinent pets received a questionnaire further assessing degree of incontinence, diagnostic testing, treatment, and history.

Results—The prevalence of acquired urinary incontinence was determined to be 5.12% (29/566 dogs) on the basis of results of phone surveys and questionnaires. There was no significant difference in the age at time of ovariohysterectomy between incontinent and continent groups. A significant association was found between body weight and incontinence, with incontinence rates higher among larger (≥ 15 kg [33.1 lb]) dogs. Larger dogs were approximately 7 times as likely (OR, 7.2 [95% confidence interval, 2.5 to 21.1]) to develop acquired urinary incontinence, compared with small dogs (< 15 kg).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although acquired urinary incontinence in female dogs is known to be associated with ovariohysterectomy, the prevalence in this study was low.
Equity or Marginalization?
Authors: Shifrer Dara , Callahan Rebecca M. , Muller Chandra
Published: March 2013

Placement of some students into the courses needed only for high school graduation and others into those that prepare them for college constitutes academic stratification. This study uses data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 to investigate whether students labeled with learning disabilities complete fewer academic courses by the end of high school compared to their peers who are not labeled. Results indicate large disparities in completion of college preparatory coursework, especially in math, science, and foreign language, even net of students’ academic preparation for high school and their cognitive and noncognitive skills. The evidence supports the possibility that school processes contribute to the poorer course-taking outcomes of students labeled with learning disabilities.
L'influence du contexte économique et idéologique sur la conception de l'être humain par le droit et le juge constitutionnels: les cas canadien, indien et sud-africain
Authors: Robitaille David
Published: March 2013

Contrairement à ce qui prévaut dans le contexte des chartes canadienne et québécoise, les juges constitutionnels indiens et sud-africains ont clairement reconnu la justiciabilité et l'opposabilité des droits économiques et sociaux. Pour expliquer ce phénomène normatif, nous avancerons l'hypothèse selon laquelle les conditions socioéconomiques, le niveau de développement d'un pays et le contexte idéologique dans lequel a été adoptée et est interprétée la norme constitutionnelle constituent des facteurs qui influencent nécessairement l'interprète et la conception qu'il se fait de l'être humain. Nous mettrons ainsi en lumière la conception formelle de la personne que se fait généralement le juge constitutionnel canadien en survalorisant l'autonomie individuelle dans l'interprétation des articles 7 et 15 de laCharte canadienne. Nous constaterons ensuite que, dans des pays marqués par une grande pauvreté, la jurisprudence en matière socioéconomique est plus florissante, les constitutions et les cours suprêmes indiennes et sud-africaines reconnaissant la personne humaine dans l'intégralité de ses dimensions.
Exception and Deputization under Today's NDP: Neo-liberalism, the Third Way, and Crime Control in Manitoba
Authors: Woolford Andrew , Thomas Jasmine
Published: March 2013

This article examines the discourses of crime and safety mobilized by Gary Doer's provincial NDP government in Manitoba between 1999 and 2009. Through a Foucaultian discourse analysis of statements made by Manitoba NDP members in the Legislative Assembly—in particular, the language and preconceptions drawn on by government members when speaking about matters of crime and safety—the authors assess the role of Third Way and neo-liberal rationalities of crime governance in a provincial crime-control assemblage that seeks to foster “security” beyond the limits of federally defined criminal law. Based on this analysis, the authors discuss how the Manitoba NDP is engaged in a process of “deputizing” public service and communities for purposes of crime control.
What Legal Culture for the Twenty-First Century?
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy , Kasirer Nicholas
Published: March 2013

L'histoire des idées juridiques de la dernière génération au Canada devra faire une place importante au pluralisme juridique. Il existe un genre québécois dans la littérature juridique sur le pluralisme qui est, pour des raisons que l'on peut soupçonner, moins bien connu à l'extérieur du pays. Les travaux du professeur Jean-Guy Belley, un des maîtres dans la matière, méritent une meilleure diffusion auprès des non francophones. On offre ici une traduction d'un de ses grands textes, publié à un momentclé dans son développement personnel comme chercheur, en vue de présenter ses idées à un nouveau lectorat.
Les multiples vertus d'une ouverture pluraliste en théorie du droit: l'exemple de l'analyse du phénomène decause lawyering
Authors: Lemay Violaine , Law Alexandra Juliane
Published: March 2013

Le présent article propose une réflexion sur les effets théoriques méconnus d'une prégnance moniste en les opposant aux avantages d'une approche ouverte aux différentes formes du pluralisme juridique, dont celles fortement présentes dans la pensée de Jean-Guy Belley. À l'occasion du phénomène croissant des pratiques decause lawyering, les auteures illustrent comment le thème de l'engagement politique en droit, fortement présent à l'intérieur du phénomèned'advocacieset discrètement directeur chez Belley, profite d'une pensée généralement émancipée des formes monistes qui constellent encore, de multiples façons, la pensée juridique contemporaine et les réflexes dominants de sa communauté épistémique.
Le droit est aussi une question de visibilité: l'occupation des espaces publics et les parcours judiciaires des personnes itinérantes à Montréal et à Ottawa
Authors: Sylvestre Marie-Eve , Bellot Céline , Ménard Philippe Antoine Couture , Tremblay Alexandra Caroline
Published: March 2013

En se fondant sur une enquête de terrain effectuée à Montréal et à Ottawa de 2005 à 2009 auprès de personnes itinérantes judiciarisées et d'acteurs œuvrant à différents niveaux dans le processus de pénalisation et de judiciarisation, cet article propose une analyse des stratégies de contrôle dont les personnes itinérantes font l'objet, ainsi que de leurs parcours judiciaires pour des infractions pénales liées à leur utilisation des espaces publics. Les auteurs suggèrent que la question de la visibilité ou de l'invisibilité des personnes itinérantes est au cœur des tensions que vivent les personnes itinérantes dans leur rapport au système pénal. Alors que leur visibilité dans les espaces publics contribue à leur identification et à leur profilage sur la base de caractéristiques sociales, lorsqu'elles se retrouvent prises en charge par le système judiciaire, c'est plutôt leur invisibilité qui porte atteinte à leurs droits les plus fondamentaux et entrave leur accès à la justice.
Getting at the Live Archive: On Access to Information Research in Canada
Authors: Walby Kevin , Larsen Mike
Published: March 2013

Most of the draft documents, memoranda, communications, and other textual materials amassed by government agencies do not become public record unless efforts are taken to obtain their release. One mechanism for doing so is “access to information” (ATI) or “freedom of information” (FOI) law. Individuals and organizations in Canada have a quasi-constitutional right to request information from federal, provincial, and municipal levels of government. A layer of bureaucracy has been created to handle these requests and manage the disclosure of information, with many organizations having special divisions, coordinators, and associated personnel for this purpose. The vast majority of public organizations are subject to the federal Access to Information Act (ATIA) or the provincial and municipal equivalents.

We have been using ATI requests to get at spectrum of internal government texts. At one end of the spectrum, we are seeking what Gary Marx calls “dirty data” produced by policing, national security, and intelligence agencies. Dirty data represent “information which [are] kept secret and whose revelation would be discrediting or costly in terms of various types of sanctioning.” This material can take the form of the quintessential “smoking gun” document, or, more often, a seemingly innocuous trail of records that, upon analysis, can be illuminating. Dirty data are often kept from the public record. At the other end of the disclosure spectrum are those front-stage texts that represent “official discourse,” which are carefully crafted and released to the public according to government messaging campaigns.
Whitewashing Criminal Justice in Canada: Preventing Research through Data Suppression
Authors: Millar Paul , Owusu-Bempah Akwasi
Published: March 2013

Race and racism have long played an important role in Canadian law and continue to do so. However, conducting research on race and criminal justice in Canada is difficult given the lack of readily available data that include information about race. We show that data on the race of victims and accused persons are being suppressed by police organizations in Canada and argue that suppression of race prevents quantitative anti-racism research while not preventing the use of these data by the police for racial profiling. We also argue that when powerful institutions, such as the police, have knowledge that they keep secret or refuse to discover, it serves the interests of those institutions at the expense of the public. Fears that reporting of racial data will result in racial profiling or the stigmatization of racialized communities are not assuaged by the repression of this information. Stigmatization may still occur, and racial profiling can continue to happen, but without public knowledge. Quantitative anti-racist research requires consistent, institutionalized reporting of race data through all aspects of Canadian justice. We outline what data are available, what data are needed, and where consistency is lacking. It is argued that institutional preferences for white-washed data, with race and ethnicity removed, should be subrogated to transparency.
Who? What? Where? When? And with What Consequences? An Analysis of Criminal Cases of HIV Non-disclosure in Canada
Authors: Mykhalovskiy Eric , Betteridge Glenn
Published: March 2013

The use of criminal-law powers to respond to people with HIV who place others at risk of HIV infection has emerged as a focal point of AIDS advocacy at global, national, and local levels. In the Canadian context, reform efforts that address the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure have been hampered by the absence of data on the contours, scale, and outcomes of criminalization. This article responds to that gap in knowledge with the first comprehensive analysis of the temporal trends, demographic patterns, and aggregate outcomes of Canadian criminal cases of HIV non-disclosure. The authors draw on insights into the role that rendering social phenomena in numerical terms plays for the governance of social life in order to make criminalization “visible” in ways that might contribute to activist responses. The article examines temporal trends, demographic patterns, and outcomes separately. In each instance, the pattern or trend identified is described, potential explanations for findings are offered, and an account is given of how the data have informed efforts to reform criminal law. Particular attention is paid to the following key findings: a sharp increase in criminal cases that began in 2004; the large proportion of recent criminal cases involving defendants who are heterosexual Black, African, and Caribbean men; and the high proportion of criminal cases resulting in conviction. The article closes with suggestions for future research.
Looking Forward, Looking Back: The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry
Authors: Stanton Kim
Published: March 2013

When we talk about truth and reconciliation commissions, we are accustomed to speaking of “transitional justice” mechanisms used in emerging democracies addressing histories of grave injustices. Public inquiries are usually the state response to past injustice in the Canadian context. The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is the result of a legal settlement agreement involving the government, representatives of indigenous peoples who attended residential schools for a period lasting more than a century, and the churches that operated those schools. Residential schools have been addressed in a series of public inquiries in Canada, culminating in the TRC. I argue that some of Canada's previous public inquiries, particularly with respect to indigenous issues, have strongly resembled truth commissions, yet this is the first time that an established democracy has called a body investigating past human-rights violations a “truth commission.” This article considers some of the reasons for seeking a truth commission in an established democracy and looks to a previous public inquiry led by Thomas Berger, the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, for some useful strategies for the TRC as it pursues its mandate. In particular, I suggest that a commission can perform a social function by using its process to educate the broader public about the issue before it.
The New Precariousness: Temporary Migrants and the Law in Canada
Authors: Marsden Sarah
Published: March 2013

In this article, I argue that precarious migration status can be used as an organizing concept for an analysis of (im)migration law in Canada. After situating the regulation of precarious migrants in the historical context of the liberal/neo-liberal shift of the 1970s, I argue that the increase in migrant precariousness over the past few years is likely to increase as a result of recent legislative changes in both refugee and migrant-worker law. Finally, I offer a critique of the traditional liberal argument for migrant rights, inviting an alternative approach to establish migrant rights on the basis of economic participation.
Fiction
Authors: Craig  , Heffernan Teresa , Goldman Marlene
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1995.
Translations
Authors: Koustas Jane
Published: March 2013

Reviews of literary translations published in Canada in 1995.
Production of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Genotypes with Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
Authors: Jorge-Mustonen Pedro , Oelbermann Maren , Kass Donald
Published: March 2013

Adding mulch biomass prior to crop seeding may improve production of tropical soil. We evaluated the response of four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to the addition of mulch biomass from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray and Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. The addition of mulch did not result in significant differences (p < 0.05) in soil characteristics when compared to a control (no mulch addition) except for soil potassium (K), which was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment. Bean yield and shoot biomass were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the mulch biomass treatments compared to the control (no biomass added). In these treatments, Phosphorus (P)-efficient bean genotypes had a significantly greater (p < 0.05) yield and shoot biomass. Bean shoot nutrient concentrations were significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes (P, K and magnesium (Mg) only). Phosphorus utilization and uptake efficiencies were significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes. Bean root biomass was not significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments, but was significantly different (p < 0.05) between bean genotypes. The number of root nodules was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment and was significantly different between bean genotypes.
Nanomaterials and Autophagy: New Insights in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Panzarini Elisa , Inguscio Valentina , Tenuzzo Bernardetta , Carata Elisabetta , Dini Luciana
Published: March 2013

Autophagy represents a cell’s response to stress. It is an evolutionarily conserved process with diversified roles. Indeed, it controls intracellular homeostasis by degradation and/or recycling intracellular metabolic material, supplies energy, provides nutrients, eliminates cytotoxic materials and damaged proteins and organelles. Moreover, autophagy is involved in several diseases. Recent evidences support a relationship between several classes of nanomaterials and autophagy perturbation, both induction and blockade, in many biological models. In fact, the autophagic mechanism represents a common cellular response to nanomaterials. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of autophagy in cancer biology is an intriguing approach for cancer therapeutics, since during tumour development and therapy, autophagy has been reported to trigger both an early cell survival and a late cell death. The use of nanomaterials in cancer treatment to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs and target tumours is well known. Recently, autophagy modulation mediated by nanomaterials has become an appealing notion in nanomedicine therapeutics, since it can be exploited as adjuvant in chemotherapy or in the development of cancer vaccines or as a potential anti-cancer agent. Herein, we summarize the effects of nanomaterials on autophagic processes in cancer, also considering the therapeutic outcome of synergism between nanomaterials and autophagy to improve existing cancer therapies.
Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene over Rh/Nano-Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Kontkanen Maija-Liisa , Tuikka Matti , Kinnunen Niko , Suvanto Sari , Haukka Matti
Published: March 2013

The effect of nanostructured supports on the activity of Rh catalysts was studied by comparing the catalytic performance of nano- and bulk-oxide supported Rh/ZnO, Rh/SiO2 and Rh/TiO2 systems in 1-hexene hydroformylation. The highest activity with 100% total conversion and 96% yield of aldehydes was obtained with the Rh/nano-ZnO catalyst. The Rh/nano-ZnO catalyst was found to be more stable and active than the corresponding rhodium catalyst supported on bulk ZnO. The favorable morphology of Rh/nano-ZnO particles led to an increased metal content and an increased number of weak acid sites compared to the bulk ZnO supported catalysts. Both these factors favored the improved catalytic performance. Improvements of catalytic properties were obtained also with the nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 supports in comparison with the bulk supports. All of the catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), BET, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and NH3- temperature-programmed desorption (TPD).
The Influence of Surface Alumina and Silica on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Egerton Terry
Published: March 2013

Practical photocatalysis for degradation of organic pollutants must take into account the influence of other chemicals. Significant Al deposition on titania can occur at naturally occurring concentrations of dissolved Al. This paper reviews the author’s work on the influence of deliberately deposited hydrous oxides of aluminium on the behavior of a ~130 m2 g−1 rutile TiO2, and then compares the behavior of deposited alumina with that of deposited silica. On rutile some adsorbed nitrogen is infrared-active. Alumina and silica deposited on the rutile reduce, and ultimately eliminate, this infrared-active species. They also reduce photocatalytic oxidation of both propan-2-ol and dichloroacetate ion and the photocatalytic reduction of diphenyl picryl hydrazine. The surface oxides suppress charge transfer and may also reduce reactant adsorption. Quantitative measurement of TiO2 photogreying shows that the adsorbed inorganics also reduce photogreying, attributed to the capture of photogenerated conduction band electrons by Ti4+ to form Ti3+. The influence of adsorbed phosphate on photocatalysis is briefly considered, since phosphate reduces photocatalytic disinfection. In the context of classical colloid studies, it is concluded that inorganic species in water can significantly reduce photoactivity from the levels that measured in pure water.
Correction: Kate Hawkey, History and Super Diversity. Education Sciences 2012, 2, 165-179
Authors: Hawkey Kate
Published: March 2013

In the article detailed above figure 1 on page 174 in [1] is incorrect. [...]
Production of Bioethanol from Carrot Pomace Using the Thermotolerant Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Yu Chi-Yang , Jiang Bo-Hong , Duan Kow-Jen
Published: March 2013

Carrot pomace, a major agricultural waste from the juice industry, was used as a feedstock for bioethanol production by fermentation with the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. Treatment of the carrot pomace with AccelleraseTM 1000 and pectinase at 50 °C for 84 h, resulted in conversion of 42% of its mass to fermentable sugars, mainly glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at 42 °C was performed on 10% (w/v) carrot pomace; the concentration of ethanol reached 18 g/L and the yield of ethanol from carrot pomace was 0.18 g/g. The highest ethanol concentration of 37 g/L was observed with an additional charge of 10% supplemented to the original 10% of carrot pomace after 12 h; the corresponding yield was 0.185 g/g. Our results clearly demonstrated the potential of combining a SSF process with thermotolerant yeast for the production of bioethanol using carrot pomace as a feedstock.
Stories of Snow and Fire: The Importance of Narrative to a Critically Pluralistic Environmental Aesthetic
Authors: Ryan John
Published: March 2013

Written narratives enable humans to appreciate the natural world in aesthetic terms. Firstly, narratives can galvanize for the reader a sense for another person’s experience of nature through the aesthetic representation of that experience in language. Secondly, narratives can encode and document for the human appreciator as writer an experience of nature in aesthetic terms. Through different narrative lenses, the compelling qualities of environments can be crystallized for both the reader (who vicariously experiences nature through language) and the human appreciator (who directly experiences nature through the senses). However, according to philosopher Allen Carlson’s “natural environmental model” of landscape aesthetics, science provides the definitive narrative that represents nature on its own terms and catalyzes appropriate appreciation. In this article, I examine Carlson’s claim and argue for an environmental aesthetic philosophy of narrative multiplicity. Such a model would draw from scientific, indigenous, and journalistic narrative modes toward a critically pluralistic environmental aesthetic of the natural world. The ethical framework I propose—the function of which I characterize simply as narrative “cross-checking”—acknowledges the value of narrative heterogeneity in expressing and generating aesthetic experience of environments. This article’s thesis is forwarded through extensive treatment of these three narratives expressed within two examples, one of geographical place and one of environmental practice. As I will suggest, Denali, the prominent Alaskan mountain, can be aesthetically appreciated through the diverse narratives enumerated above. As a second case study, the traditional burning regimes of indigenous peoples reveal collectively how a critically pluralistic environmental aesthetic of narratives can be applied to—and identified to exist within—ecocultural practices, such as firing the landscape.
UPR Signal Activation by Luminal Sensor Domains
Authors: Carrara Marta , Prischi Filippo , Ali Maruf
Published: March 2013

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cell-signaling system that detects the accumulation of unfolded protein within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and initiates a number of cellular responses to restore ER homeostasis. The presence of unfolded protein is detected by the ER-luminal sensor domains of the three UPR-transducer proteins IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, which then propagate the signal to the cytosol. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms of action that have been proposed on how the sensor domains detect the presence of unfolded protein to activate downstream UPR signaling.
Applications of Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Xiong Zhili , Yun Young , Jin Hyoung-Joon
Published: March 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have displayed great potential as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their unique structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. The measured reversible lithium ion capacities of CNT-based anodes are considerably improved compared to the conventional graphite-based anodes. Additionally, the opened structure and enriched chirality of CNTs can help to improve the capacity and electrical transport in CNT-based LIBs. Therefore, the modification of CNTs and design of CNT structure provide strategies for improving the performance of CNT-based anodes. CNTs could also be assembled into free-standing electrodes without any binder or current collector, which will lead to increased specific energy density for the overall battery design. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of lithium ion intercalation and diffusion in CNTs, and the influence of different structures and morphologies on their performance as anode materials for LIBs.
Efficient Synthesis and Anti-Fungal Activity of Oleanolic Acid Oxime Esters
Authors: Zhao Hanqing , Zhou Minjie , Duan Lifeng , Wang Wei , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Daoquan , Liang Xiaomei
Published: March 2013

In order to develop potential glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibitors and anti-fungal agents, twenty five oleanolic acid oxime esters were synthesized in an efficient way. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by MS, HRMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Preliminary studies based on means of the Elson-Morgan method indicated that many compounds exhibited some inhibitory activity of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS), and the original fungicidal activities results showed that some of the compounds exhibited good fungicidal activities towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Botrytis cinerea Pers at the concentration of 50 µg/mL. These compounds would thus merit further study and development as antifungal agents.
Characterization of N-Linked Glycosylation in a Monoclonal Antibody Produced in NS0 Cells Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Hamm Melissa , Wang Yang , Rustandi Richard
Published: March 2013

The N-linked glycosylation in recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb) occurs at Asn297 on the Fc region in the CH2 domain. Glycosylation heterogeneities have been well documented to affect biological activities such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) through their interaction with Fc-receptors. Hence, it is critical to monitor and characterize the N-linked glycosylation profile in a therapeutic protein such as a mAb for product consistency. In one approach, the glycans are first released from the mAb using an enzyme specific digestion, such as Protein N-Glycosidase F (PNGase) and subsequently they are labeled using a fluorophore, for example, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) . Here we have applied this approach and used Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) to analyze a recombinant mAb produced in murine myeloma (NS0) cells. The technique provides short analysis times, efficient separations, and high sensitivity. CE-LIF peak identification was done by a combination of glycan standards and treatment with various exoglycosidases. Furthermore, the APTS-labeled glycans were also analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to aid identification of minor peaks by sample collection and off-line mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.
Global Latitudinal-Asymmetric Vegetation Growth Trends and Their Driving Mechanisms: 1982–2009
Authors: Mao Jiafu , Shi Xiaoying , Thornton Peter , Hoffman Forrest , Zhu Zaichun , Myneni Ranga
Published: March 2013

Using a recent Leaf Area Index (LAI) dataset and the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), we investigated percent changes and controlling factors of global vegetation growth for the period 1982 to 2009. Over that 28-year period, both the remote-sensing estimate and model simulation show a significant increasing trend in annual vegetation growth. Latitudinal asymmetry appeared in both products, with small increases in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and larger increases at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The south-to-north asymmetric land surface warming was assessed to be the principal driver of this latitudinal asymmetry of LAI trend. Heterogeneous precipitation functioned to decrease this latitudinal LAI gradient, and considerably regulated the local LAI change. A series of factorial experiments were specially-designed to isolate and quantify contributions to LAI trend from different external forcings such as climate variation, CO2, nitrogen deposition and land use and land cover change. The climate-only simulation confirms that climate change, particularly the asymmetry of land temperature variation, can explain the latitudinal pattern of LAI change. CO2 fertilization during the last three decades was simulated to be the dominant cause for the enhanced vegetation growth. Our study, though limited by observational and modeling uncertainties, adds further insight into vegetation growth trends and environmental correlations. These validation exercises also provide new quantitative and objective metrics for evaluation of land ecosystem process models at multiple spatio-temporal scales.
Lost in Transcription: Molecular Mechanisms that Control HIV Latency
Authors: Taube Ran , Peterlin Matija
Published: March 2013

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has limited the replication and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, despite treatment, HIV infection persists in latently infected reservoirs, and once therapy is interrupted, viral replication rebounds quickly. Extensive efforts are being directed at eliminating these cell reservoirs. This feat can be achieved by reactivating latent HIV while administering drugs that prevent new rounds of infection and allow the immune system to clear the virus. However, current approaches to HIV eradication have not been effective. Moreover, as HIV latency is multifactorial, the significance of each of its molecular mechanisms is still under debate. Among these, transcriptional repression as a result of reduced levels and activity of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb: CDK9/cyclin T) plays a significant role. Therefore, increasing levels of P-TEFb expression and activity is an excellent strategy to stimulate viral gene expression. This review summarizes the multiple steps that cause HIV to enter into latency. It positions the interplay between transcriptionally active and inactive host transcriptional activators and their viral partner Tat as valid targets for the development of new strategies to reactivate latent viral gene expression and eradicate HIV.
Protective Effect of Surfactant Protein D in Pulmonary Vaccinia Virus Infection: Implication of A27 Viral Protein
Authors: Perino Julien , Thielens Nicole , Crouch Erika , Spehner Danièle , Crance Jean-Marc , Favier Anne-Laure
Published: March 2013

Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as a surrogate of variola virus (VARV) (genus Orthopoxvirus), the causative agent of smallpox, to study Orthopoxvirus infection. VARV is principally transmitted between humans by aerosol droplets. Once inhaled, VARV first infects the respiratory tract where it could encounter surfactant components, such as soluble pattern recognition receptors. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), constitutively present in the lining fluids of the respiratory tract, plays important roles in innate host defense against virus infection. We investigated the role of SP-D in VACV infection and studied the A27 viral protein involvement in the interaction with SP-D. Interaction between SP-D and VACV caused viral inhibition in a lung cell model. Interaction of SP-D with VACV was mediated by the A27 viral protein. Binding required Ca2+ and interactions were blocked in the presence of excess of SP-D saccharide ligands. A27, which lacks glycosylation, directly interacted with SP-D. The interaction between SP-D and the viral particle was also observed using electron microscopy. Infection of mice lacking SP-D (SP-D-/-) resulted in increased mortality compared to SP-D+/+ mice. Altogether, our data show that SP-D participates in host defense against the vaccinia virus infection and that the interaction occurs with the viral surface protein A27.
Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunctions
Authors: Brault Charlène , Levy Pierre , Bartosch Birke
Published: March 2013

Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by metabolic disorders and a microenvironment in the liver dominated by oxidative stress, inflammation and regeneration processes that lead in the long term to hepatocellular carcinoma. Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunctions, including modification of metabolic fluxes, generation and elimination of oxidative stress, Ca2+ signaling and apoptosis, play a central role in these processes. However, how these dysfunctions are induced by the virus and whether they play a role in disease progression and neoplastic transformation remains to be determined. Most in vitro studies performed so far have shown that several of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins localize to mitochondria, but the consequences of these interactions on mitochondrial functions remain contradictory, probably due to the use of artificial expression and replication systems. In vivo studies are hampered by the fact that innate and adaptive immune responses will overlay mitochondrial dysfunctions induced directly in the hepatocyte by HCV. Thus, the molecular aspects underlying HCV-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and their roles in viral replication and the associated pathology need yet to be confirmed in the context of productively replicating virus and physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo model systems.
Peut-on décrocher de l'université ?
Authors: Sarfati François
Published: March 2013

Sur l’agenda des politiques à destination de la jeunesse, la question du « décrochage » à l’université occupe dorénavant une place importante. Fondé sur deux enquêtes et un suivi longitudinal, cet article montre que l’utilisation de la catégorie « décrocheur » relève plus de l’emprunt métaphorique à une expression construite dans l’enseignement secondaire que d’une manière d’expliquer les difficultés ressenties par nombre de jeunes à poursuivre des études, et que l’usage du terme « décrochage » permet de faire porter la responsabilité autant sur les individus supposés décrocheurs que sur l’université plutôt que sur le système d’enseignement supérieur dans son ensemble.
Processus de décohabitation en milieux populaires
Authors: Mortain Blandine , Vignal Cécile
Published: March 2013

Fondé sur une enquête qualitative menée auprès de jeunes décohabitants de milieux populaires, cet article analyse le rôle de la famille dans les processus de décohabitation. On repère trois modèles d’insertion professionnelle et sociale, auxquels correspondent des processus de décohabitation spécifiques. Ceux-ci sont souvent orientés par des « rôles familiaux de substitution » tenus par les jeunes et dont l’article propose une définition. Essentiellement occupés par des jeunes femmes, ces rôles familiaux de substitution circonscrivent leur décohabitation au territoire de la parenté et s’avèrent faiblement émancipateurs.
Les Tchadiens et les activités informelles à Yaoundé
Authors: Todjimbe Raphaël , Ntsama Serge Sabine
Published: March 2013

Depuis son accession à l’indépendance en 1960, le Tchad a généralement été en conflit. Une situation qui a contribué à entraver les efforts du développement. Au-delà de la matérialisation de la guerre sur le terrain, un important flux migratoire a pris le chemin des pays voisins retenant à la fois l’attention de la presse et de nombreux témoins. Voilà pourquoi on note depuis une cinquantaine d’années, un afflux sans précédent, des mouvements de déplacés et/ou immigrés tchadiens au Cameroun. La description des fugitifs au cours d’une guerre évoque des déplacements des personnes fuyant des horreurs inhérentes à la guerre. Ces personnes passent du statut de réfugiés à migrants et s’intègrent dans la société et parviennent à gagner leur pain. Cet article permet de connaître les stratégies utilisées pour vivre en s’insérant dans les activités socio économiques notamment les petits métiers. L’article apporte aussi une réponse à la question de l’intégration régionale en Afrique centrale.
Travail collaboratif et mémoire transactive : revue critique et perspectives de recherche
Authors: Michinov Estelle , Michinov Nicolas
Published: March 2013

Résumé Cet article propose une recension des travaux sur un des processus reconnus comme ayant une influence déterminante sur les performances des groupes : la mémoire transactive. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit de procéder à une délimitation notionnelle de la mémoire transactive en discutant les relations qu’elle entretient avec des concepts voisins et les méthodes utilisées pour mesurer cette forme de mémoire. Dans un second temps, les travaux de recherches réalisés avec des binômes, groupes ou équipes de travail dans différents contextes sont exposés et analysés afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la mémoire transactive et ses facteurs de développement. Pour finir, une mise en perspective critique des travaux réalisés dans ce domaine est proposée afin d’envisager des perspectives de recherches futures. Certaines implications pratiques de ces travaux sont également envisagées.