bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural evaluation of 3-story dormitory reinforced concrete building considering soil liquefaction potential
Authors: Fauzan  , Milla Hanifah Nadia , Peratundhika E Willy , Putri Monika Mutia , Al Jauhari Zev
Published: August 2021

The liquefaction phenomenon is the increase in water pressure in the soil, which will reduce the soil strength in supporting the load and loss of binding power between its grains. Soil liquefaction usually occurs when there is a seismic movement in the soil layer due to seismic (earthquakes) loads. Therefore, the building constructed in the soil liquefaction prone area should be designed according to the standard code. However, many design consultants do not pay attention to this condition and the building still was designed as usual even the building is located on soil liquefaction prone area. In 2018, a 3-story dormitory building structure of Hamka’s boarding school was constructed on soil liquefaction prone area in Padang city. After reviewing the design document, it was found that the consultant did not consider the soil liquefaction in its structural analysis. In this study, an evaluation of the building structure was carried out to investigate the capacity of the building in resisting the loads. From the soil evaluation using the soil Cone Penetration Test (CPT) result, it was found that the location of the dormitory building has a liquefaction potential at a depth of 1.2 - 8 meters. Considering the soil liquefaction potential in the building, the structural analysis results show that the capacity of the dormitory building, especially column, beam and foundation were not strong enough to resist the combination loads acting on the structures. Therefore, the building structure should be strengthened to face the further big earthquake that will cause the soil liquefaction.
Repair and retrofitting of buildings post earthquake
Authors: Zaidir
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the damage types, repair methods and retrofitting of buildings post an earthquake. Data were taken by conducting surveys and assessment of buildings directly, both engineered and non-engineered buildings affected by the West Sumatra earthquake in 2009. Some causes of damage, among them is the detailing of reinforcement that do not follow the existing standard, soft-story effect, foundation failure, low material quality and does not meet the requirements, design and implementation of the construction do not follow the rules and technical provisions of the building earthquake resistant. Improvement and buildings retrofitting can be done after the buildings damage types or its components/parts and the quality of the building materials used were known. The structural analysis was done in order to know the cause of the building elements damaged and if the results of analysis with the latest regulations earthquake load, the building structures is able to withstand the earthquake loads and a repair is not required, but if not, the retrofitting is required.
Using CMS Open Data in research – challenges and directions
Authors: Lassila-Perini Kati , Lange Clemens , Carrera Jarrin Edgar , Bellis Matthew
Published: August 2021

The CMS experiment at CERN has released research-quality data from particle collisions at the LHC since 2014. Almost all data from the first LHC run in 2010–2012 with the corresponding simulated samples are now in the public domain, and several scientific studies have been performed using these data. This paper summarizes the available data and tools, reviews the challenges in using them in research, and discusses measures to improve their usability.
Archival, anonymization and presentation of HTCondor logs with GlideinMonitor
Authors: Mambelli Marco , Yancey Mirica , Hein Thomas
Published: August 2021

GlideinWMS is a pilot framework to provide uniform and reliable HTCondor clusters using heterogeneous resources. The Glideins are pilot jobs that are sent to the selected nodes, test them, set them up as desired by the user jobs, and ultimately start an HTCondor schedd to join an elastic pool. These Glideins collect information that is very useful to evaluate the health and efficiency of the worker nodes and invaluable to troubleshoot when something goes wrong. This data, including local stats, the results of all the tests, and the HTCondor log files, is packed and sent to the GlideinWMS Factory. To access this information, developers and troubleshooters must exchange emails with Factory operators and dig manually into files. Furthermore, these files contain also information like email and IP addresses, and user IDs, that we want to protect and limit access to. GlideinMonitor is a Web application to make these logs more accessible and useful: it organizes the logs in an efficient compressed archive; it allows to search, unpack, and inspect them, all in a convenient and secure Web interface; via plugins like the log anonymizer, it can redact protected information preserving the parts useful for troubleshooting.
Improving Performance of Tape Restore Request Scheduling in the Storage System dCache
Authors: Morschel Lea , Chitrapu Krishnaveni , Garonne Vincent , Litvintsev Dmitry , Meyer Svenja , Millar Paul , Mkrtchyan Tigran , Rossi Albert , Sahakyan Marina
Published: August 2021

Given the anticipated increase in the amount of scientific data, it is widely accepted that primarily disk based storage will become prohibitively expensive. Tape based storage, on the other hand, provides a viable and affordable solution for the ever increasing demand for storage space. Coupled with a disk caching layer that temporarily holds a small fraction of the total data volume to allow for low latency access, it turns tape based systems into active archival storage (write once, read many) that imposes additional demands on data flow optimization compared to traditional backup setups (write once, read never). In order to preserve the lifetime of tapes and minimize the inherently higher access latency, different tape usage strategies are being evaluated. As an important disk storage system for scientific data that transparently handles tape access, dCache is making efforts to evaluate its recall optimization potential and is introducing a proof-of-concept, high-level stage request scheduling component within its SRM implementation.
Containerization in ATLAS Software Development and Data Production
Authors: Ozturk Nurcan , Undrus Alex , Vogel Marcelo , Forti Alessandra
Published: August 2021

The ATLAS experiment’s software production and distribution on the grid benefits from a semi-automated infrastructure that provides up-to-date information about software usability and availability through the CVMFS distribution service for all relevant systems. The software development process uses a Continuous Integration pipeline involving testing, validation, packaging and installation steps. For opportunistic sites that can not access CVMFS, containerized releases are needed. These standalone containers are currently created manually to support Monte-Carlo data production at such sites. In this paper we will describe an automated procedure for the containerization of ATLAS software releases in the existing software development infrastructure, its motivation, integration and testing in the distributed computing system.
Exploitation of network-segregated CPU resources in CMS
Authors: Acosta-Silva C. , Delgado Peris A. , Flix J. , Frey J. , Hernández J.M. , Yzquierdo A. Pérez-Calero , Tannenbaum T.
Published: August 2021

CMS is tackling the exploitation of CPU resources at HPC centers where compute nodes do not have network connectivity to the Internet. Pilot agents and payload jobs need to interact with external services from the compute nodes: access to the application software (CernVM-FS) and conditions data (Frontier), management of input and output data files (data management services), and job management (HTCondor). Finding an alternative route to these services is challenging. Seamless integration in the CMS production system without causing any operational overhead is a key goal. The case of the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), in Spain, is particularly challenging, due to its especially restrictive network setup. We describe in this paper the solutions developed within CMS to overcome these restrictions, and integrate this resource in production. Singularity containers with application software releases are built and pre-placed in the HPC facility shared file system, together with conditions data files. HTCondor has been extended to relay communications between running pilot jobs and HTCondor daemons through the HPC shared file system. This operation mode also allows piping input and output data files through the HPC file system. Results, issues encountered during the integration process, and remaining concerns are discussed.
Accounting in the CloudVeneto private cloud
Authors: Andreetto Paolo , Costa Fulvia , Crescente Alberto , Fantinel Sergio , Fanzago Federica , Lazzaro Loris , Mazzon Paolo Emilio , Menguzzato Matteo , Sella Gianpietro , Sgaravatto Massimo , Traldi Sergio , Verlato Marco , Zangrando Lisa
Published: August 2021

CloudVeneto is a private cloud implemented as the result of merging two existing cloud infrastructures: the INFN Cloud Area Padovana, and a private cloud owned by 10 departments of University of Padova. This infrastructure is a full production facility, in continuous growth, both in terms of users, and in terms of computing and storage resources.

Even if the usage of CloudVeneto is not regulated by a strict pay-per-use model, the availability of accounting information for such infrastructure is a requirement, to detect if the resources allocated to the user communities are effciently used, and to perform an effective capacity planning.

We present in this paper how the accounting system used in CloudVeneto evolved over time, focusing on the accounting framework being used now, implemented by integrating existing components.
LHC Data Storage: Preparing for the Challenges of Run-3
Authors: Arsuaga-Rios Maria , Bahyl Vladimír , Batalha Manuel , Caffy Cédric , Cano Eric , Capitoni Niccolo , Contescu Cristian , Davis Michael , Fernandez Alvarez David , Guenther Jaroslav , Karavakis Edouardos , Keeble Oliver , Leduc Julien , Luchetti Fabio , Mascetti Luca , Murray Steven , Patrascoiu Mihai , Peters Andreas , Kamil Simon Michal , Sindrilaru Elvin , Toebbicke Rainer
Published: August 2021

The CERN IT Storage Group ensures the symbiotic development and operations of storage and data transfer services for all CERN physics data, in particular the data generated by the four LHC experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb).

In order to accomplish the objectives of the next run of the LHC (Run-3), the Storage Group has undertaken a thorough analysis of the experiments’ requirements, matching them to the appropriate storage and data transfer solutions, and undergoing a rigorous programme of testing to identify and solve any issues before the start of Run-3.

In this paper, we present the main challenges presented by each of the four LHC experiments. We describe their workflows, in particular how they communicate with and use the key components provided by the Storage Group: the EOS disk storage system; its archival back-end, the CERN Tape Archive (CTA); and the File Transfer Service (FTS). We also describe the validation and commissioning tests that have been undertaken and challenges overcome: the ATLAS stress tests to push their DAQ system to its limits; the CMS migration from PhEDEx to Rucio, followed by large-scale tests between EOS and CTA with the new FTS “archive monitoring” feature; the LHCb Tier-0 to Tier-1 staging tests and XRootD Third Party Copy (TPC) validation; and the erasure coding performance in ALICE.
The Rucio File Catalog in DIRAC implemented for Belle II
Authors: Serfon Cédric , De Stefano John Steven , Hernández Villanueva Michel , Ito Hironori , Kato Yuji , Laycock Paul , Mashinistov Ruslan , Miyake Hideki , Ueda Ikuo
Published: August 2021

DIRAC and Rucio are two standard pieces of software widely used in the HEP domain. DIRAC provides Workload and Data Management functionalities, among other things, while Rucio is a dedicated, advanced Distributed Data Management system. Many communities that already use DIRAC have expressed their interest in using DIRAC for Workload Management in combination with Rucio for Data Management. In this paper, we describe the integration of the Rucio File Catalog into DIRAC that was initially developed for the Belle II collaboration.
CERN Tape Archive: a distributed, reliable and scalable scheduling system
Authors: Cano Eric , Bahyl Vladimír , Caffy Cédric , Cancio Germán , Davis Michael , Keeble Oliver , Kotlyar Viktor , Leduc Julien , Murray Steven
Published: August 2021

The CERN Tape Archive (CTA) provides a tape backend to disk systems and, in conjunction with EOS, is managing the data of the LHC experiments at CERN.

Magnetic tape storage offers the lowest cost per unit volume today, followed by hard disks and flash. In addition, current tape drives deliver a solid bandwidth (typically 360MB/s per device), but at the cost of high latencies, both for mounting a tape in the drive and for positioning when accessing non-adjacent files. As a consequence, the transfer scheduler should queue transfer requests before the volume warranting a tape mount is reached. In spite of these transfer latencies, user-interactive operations should have a low latency.

The scheduling system for CTA was built from the experience gained with CASTOR. Its implementation ensures reliability and predictable performance, while simplifying development and deployment. As CTA is expected to be used for a long time, lock-in to vendors or technologies was minimized.

Finally, quality assurance systems were put in place to validate reliability and performance while allowing fast and safe development turnaround.
First experiences with a portable analysis infrastructure for LHC at INFN
Authors: Ciangottini Diego , Boccali Tommaso , Ceccanti Andrea , Spiga Daniele , Salomoni Davide , Tedeschi Tommaso , Tracolli Mirco
Published: August 2021

The challenges proposed by the HL-LHC era are not limited to the sheer amount of data to be processed: the capability of optimizing the analyser's experience will also bring important benefits for the LHC communities, in terms of total resource needs, user satisfaction and in the reduction of end time to publication. At the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) a portable software stack for analysis has been proposed, based on cloud-native tools and capable of providing users with a fully integrated analysis environment for the CMS experiment. The main characterizing traits of the solution consist in the user-driven design and the portability to any cloud resource provider. All this is made possible via an evolution towards a “python-based” framework, that enables the usage of a set of open-source technologies largely adopted in both cloud-native and data-science environments. In addition, a “single sign on”-like experience is available thanks to the standards-based integration of INDIGO-IAM with all the tools. The integration of compute resources is done through the customization of a JupyterHUB solution, able to spawn identity-aware user instances ready to access data with no further setup actions. The integration with GPU resources is also available, designed to sustain more and more widespread ML based workflow. Seamless connections between the user UI and batch/big data processing framework (Spark, HTCondor) are possible. Eventually, the experiment data access latency is reduced thanks to the integrated deployment of a scalable set of caches, as developed in the context of ESCAPE project, and as such compatible with the future scenarios where a data-lake will be available for the research community.

The outcome of the evaluation of such a solution in action is presented, showing how a real CMS analysis workflow can make use of the infrastructure to achieve its results.
The first disk-based custodial storage for the ALICE experiment
Authors: Ahn Sang Un , Kim Jeongheon , Han Heejune , Lee Seung Hee , Yoon Heejun
Published: August 2021

We proposed a disk-based custodial storage as an alternative to tape for the ALICE experiment at CERN to preserve its raw data. The proposed storage system relies on Redundant Array of Independent Nodes (RAIN) layout – the implementation of erasure coding in the EOS storage suite, which is developed by CERN – for data protection and takes full advantage of high-density Just-Bunch-Of-Disks (JBOD) enclosures to maximize storage capacity as well as to achieve cost-effectiveness comparable to tape. The system we present provides 18 PB of total raw capacity from the 18 set of high-density JBOD enclosures attached to 9 EOS front-end servers. In order to balance between usable space and data protection, the system will stripe a file into 16 chunks on the 4-parity enabled RAIN layout configured on top of 18 containerized EOS FSTs. Although the reduction rate of available space increases up to 33:3% with this layout, the estimated annual data loss rate drops down to 8:6 × 10−5%. In this paper, we discuss the system architecture of the disk-based custodial storage, 4-parity RAIN layout, deployment automation, and the integration to the ALICE experiment in detail.
Opportunistic transparent extension of a WLCG Tier 2 center using HPC resources
Authors: von Cube R. Florian , Caspart René , Fischer Max , Giffels Manuel , Kuehn Eileen , Quast Günter , Schnepf Matthias J.
Published: August 2021

Computing resource needs are expected to increase drastically in the future. The HEP experiments ATLAS and CMS foresee an increase of a factor of 5-10 in the volume of recorded data in the upcoming years. The current infrastructure, namely the WLCG, is not sufficient to meet the demands in terms of computing and storage resources.

The usage of non HEP specific resources is one way to reduce this shortage. However, using them comes at a cost: First, with multiple of such resources at hand, it gets more and more diffcult for the single user, as each resource normally requires its own authentication and has its own way of accessing it. Second, as they are not specifically designed for HEP workflows, they might lack dedicated software or other necessary services.

Allocating the resources at the different providers can be done by COBalD/TARDIS, developed at KIT. The resource manager integrates resources on demand into one overlay batch system, providing the user with a single point of entry. The software and services, needed for the communities workflows, are transparently served through containers.

With this, an HPC cluster at RWTH Aachen University is dynamically and transparently integrated into a Tier 2 WLCG resource, virtually doubling its computing capacities.
Addressing a billion-entries multi-petabyte distributed file system backup problem with cback: from files to objects
Authors: Valverde Cameselle Roberto , Gonzalez Labrador Hugo
Published: August 2021

CERNBox is the cloud collaboration hub at CERN. The service has more than 37,000 user accounts. The backup of user and project spaces data is critical for the service. The underlying storage system hosts over a billion files which amount to 12PB of storage distributed over thousands of disks with a tworeplica layout. Performing a backup operation over this vast amount of data and number of files is a non-trivial task. The original CERNBox backup system (an in-house event-driven file-level system) has been reconsidered and replaced by a new distributed and scalable backup infrastructure based on the open source tool RESTIC. The new system, codenamed cback, provides features needed in the HEP community to guarantee data safety and smooth operation from the system administrators. Daily snapshot-based backups of all our user and project areas along with automatic verification and restores are possible with this the new development. The backup data is also de-duplicated in blocks and stored as objects in a disk-based S3 cluster in another geographical location on the CERN campus, reducing storage costs and protecting critical data from major catastrophic events. We report on the design and operational experience of running the system and future improvement possibilities.
Studies of GEANT4 performance for different ATLAS detector geometries and code compilation methods
Authors: Marcon Caterina , Elén Einar , Madeira Jessica Rebecca , Morgan Benjamin , Smirnova Oxana , Smith David
Published: August 2021

Full detector simulation is known to consume a large proportion of computing resources available to the LHC experiments, and reducing time consumed by simulation will allow for more profound physics studies. There are many avenues to exploit, and in this work we investigate those that do not require changes in the GEANT4 simulation suite. In this study, several factors affecting the full GEANT4 simulation execution time are investigated. A broad range of configurations has been tested to ensure consistency of physical results. The effect of a single dynamic library GEANT4 build type has been investigated and the impact of different primary particles at different energies has been evaluated using GDML and GeoModel geometries. Some configurations have an impact on the physics results and are, therefore, excluded from further analysis. Usage of the single dynamic library is shown to increase execution time and does not represent a viable option for optimization. Lastly, the static build type is confirmed as the most effective method to reduce the simulation execution time.
CAD support and new developments in DD4hep
Authors: Frank Markus , Gaede Frank , Petrič Marko , Sailer André
Published: August 2021

Consistent detector description is an integral part of all modern experiments and also the main motivation behind the creation of DD4hep, which tries to address detector description in a broad sense including for, example, geometry and the materials used in the device, additional parameters describing e.g. the detection techniques, constants required for alignment and calibration, description of the readout structures and conditions data. A central component of DD4hep is DDG4 which is a mechanism that converts arbitrary DD4hep detector geometries to Geant4 and provides access to all Geant4 action stages. In addition to that DDG4 also offers a comprehensive plugins suite that includes handling of different IO formats, Monte Carlo truth linking and a large set of segmentation and sensitive detector classes, allowing the simulation of a wide variety of detector technologies. One of the last remaining open issues of detector description was support for drawings from civil engineers for passive detector components. In this proceedings we highlight recent developments in DD4hep/DDG4 that enable support for CAD drawings and generic tessellated shapes and through the help of the library assimp enable the import of a wide variety of CAD formats, thus eliminating the need for writing complex re-implementations of CAD drawings in source code. In addition, we present other developments such as support for a new output format called EDM4hep and developments for a more unified and easier handling of units.
Fast simulation of Time-of-Flight detectors at the LHC
Authors: Rousselle Olivier , Sykora Tom
Published: August 2021

The modelling of Cherenkov based detectors is traditionally done using Geant4 toolkit. In this work, we present another method based on Python programming language and Numba high performance compiler to speed up the simulation. As an example we take one of the Forward Proton Detectors at the CERN LHC - ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) Time-of-Flight, which is used to reduce the background from multiple proton-proton collisions in soft and hard diffiractive events. We describe the technical details of the fast Cherenkov model of photon generation and transportation through the optical part of the ToF detector. The fast simulation is revealed to be about 200 times faster than the corresponding Geant4 simulation, and provides similar results concerning length and time distributions of photons. The study is meant as the first step in a construction of a building kit allowing creation of a fast simulation of an arbitrary shaped optical part of detectors.
Counter-based pseudorandom number generators for CORSIKA 8
Authors: Alves A. Augusto , Poctarev Anton , Ulrich Ralf
Published: August 2021

This document is devoted to the description of advances in the generation of high-quality random numbers for CORSIKA 8, which is being developed in modern C++17 and is designed to run on modern multi-thread processors and accelerators. CORSIKA 8 is a Monte Carlo simulation framework to model ultra-high energy secondary particle cascades in astroparticle physics. The aspects associated with the generation of high-quality random numbers on massively parallel platforms, like multi-core CPUs and GPUs, are reviewed and the deployment of counter-based engines using an innovative and multi-thread friendly API are described. The API is based on iterators providing a very well known access mechanism in C++, and also supports lazy evaluation. Moreover, an upgraded version of the Squares algorithm with highly efficient internal 128 as well as 256 bit counters is presented in this context. Performance measurements are provided, as well as comparisons with conventional designs are given. Finally, the integration into CORSIKA 8 is commented.
C++ Code Generation for Fast Inference of Deep Learning Models in ROOT/TMVA
Authors: An Sitong , Moneta Lorenzo
Published: August 2021

We report the latest development in ROOT/TMVA, a new system that takes trained ONNX deep learning models and emits C++ code that can be easily included and invoked for fast inference of the model, with minimal dependency. We present an overview of the current solutions for conducting inference in C++ production environment, discuss the technical details and examples of the generated code, and demonstrates its development status with a preliminary benchmark against popular tools.
Monitoring reconstruction software in LHCb
Authors: Hou Ying-Rui , Klaver Suzanne , Malde Sneha , Matev Rosen , Popov Dmitry , Saur Miroslav
Published: August 2021

The LHCb detector at the LHC is currently undergoing a major upgrade to increase its full detector read-out rate to 30 MHz. In addition to the detector hardware modernisation, the new trigger system will be software-only. The code base of the new trigger system must be thoroughly tested for data flow, functionality and physics performance. Currently, the testing procedure is based on a system of nightly builds and continuous integration tests of each new code development. The continuous integration tests are now extended to test and evaluate high-level quantities related to LHCb’s physics program, such as track reconstruction and particle identification, which is described in this paper. Before each merge request, the differences after the change in code are shown and automatically compared using an interactive visualisation tool, allowing easy verification of all relevant quantities. This approach gives an extensive control over the physics performance of the new code resulting into better preparation for data taking with the upgraded LHCb detector at Run 3.
Graph Neural Network for Object Reconstruction in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers
Authors: Hewes Jeremy , Aurisano Adam , Cerati Giuseppe , Kowalkowski Jim , Lee Claire , Liao Wei-keng , Day Alexandra , Agrawal Ankit , Spiropulu Maria , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Gray Lindsey , Klijnsma Thomas , Calafiura Paolo , Conlon Sean , Farrell Steve , Ju Xiangyang , Murnane Daniel
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a graph neural network (GNN) technique for low-level reconstruction of neutrino interactions in a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC). GNNs are still a relatively novel technique, and have shown great promise for similar reconstruction tasks in the LHC. In this paper, a multihead attention message passing network is used to classify the relationship between detector hits by labelling graph edges, determining whether hits were produced by the same underlying particle, and if so, the particle type. The trained model is 84% accurate overall, and performs best on the EM shower and muon track classes. The model’s strengths and weaknesses are discussed, and plans for developing this technique further are summarised.
Building and steering binned template fits with cabinetry
Authors: Cranmer Kyle , Held Alexander
Published: August 2021

The cabinetry library provides a Python-based solution for building and steering binned template fits. It tightly integrates with the pythonic High Energy Physics ecosystem, and in particular with pyhf for statistical inference. cabinetry uses a declarative approach for building statistical models, with a JSON schema describing possible configuration choices. Model building instructions can additionally be provided via custom code, which is automatically executed when applicable at key steps of the workflow. The library implements interfaces for performing maximum likelihood fitting, upper parameter limit determination, and discovery significance calculation. cabinetry also provides a range of utilities to study and disseminate fit results. These include visualizations of the fit model and data, visualizations of template histograms and fit results, ranking of nuisance parameters by their impact, a goodness-of-fit calculation, and likelihood scans. The library takes a modular approach, allowing users to include some or all of its functionality in their workflow.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Tracking Algorithm Parameter Optimization
Authors: Chatain Peter , Garg Rocky , Tompkins Lauren
Published: August 2021

The reconstruction of charged particle trajectories, known as tracking, is one of the most complex and CPU consuming parts of event processing in high energy particle physics experiments. The most widely used and best performing tracking algorithms require significant geometry-specific tuning of the algorithm parameters to achieve best results. In this paper, we demonstrate the usage of machine learning techniques, particularly evolutionary algorithms, to find high performing configurations for the first step of tracking, called track seeding. We use a track seeding algorithm from the software framework A Common Tracking Software (ACTS). ACTS aims to provide an experimentindependent and framework-independent tracking software designed for modern computing architectures. We show that our optimization algorithms find highly performing configurations in ACTS without hand-tuning. These techniques can be applied to other reconstruction tasks, improving performance and reducing the need for laborious hand-tuning of parameters.
Track Finding for the PANDA Detector Based on Hough Transformations
Authors: Alicke Anna , Stockmanns Tobias , Ritman James
Published: August 2021

The PANDA experiment at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) in Darmstadt is currently under construction. In order to reduce the amount of data collected during operation, it is essential to find as many true tracks as possible and to be able to distinguish them from false tracks. Part of the preparation for the experiment is the development of a fast online track finder. This work presents an online track finding algorithm based on Hough transformations, which is comparable in quality and performance to the currently best offline track finder in PANDA. In contrast to most track finders the algorithm can handle the challenge of extended hits delivered by PANDA’s central Straw Tube Tracker and thus benefit from its precise spatial resolution. Furthermore, optimization methods are presented that improved the ghost ratio as well as the speed of the algorithm by 70 %. Due to further development potential in terms of track finding for secondary particles and speed optimization on GPUs, this algorithm promises to exceed the quality and speed of other track finders developed for PANDA.
Understanding ATLAS infrastructure behaviour with an Expert System
Authors: Asensi Ignacio , Rummler André , Solans Carlos , Andres Uribe Gustavo , Torres Jose
Published: August 2021

The ATLAS detector requires a huge infrastructure consisting of numerous interconnected systems forming a complex mesh which undergoes constant maintenance and upgrades. The ATLAS Technical Coordination Expert System provides, by the means of a user interface, a quick and deep understanding of the infrastructure, which helps to plan interventions by foreseeing unexpected consequences, and to understand complex events when time is crucial in the ATLAS control room. It is an object-oriented expert system based on the knowledge composed of inference rules and information from diverse domains such as detector control and safety systems, gas, water, cooling, ventilation, cryogenics, and electricity distribution.

This paper discusses the latest developments in the inference engine and the implementation of the most probable cause algorithm based on them. One example from the annual maintenance of the 15°C water circuit chillers is discussed.
AI Enabled Data Quality Monitoring with Hydra
Authors: Britton Thomas , Lawrence David , Rajput Kishansingh
Published: August 2021

Data quality monitoring is critical to all experiments impacting the quality of any physics results. Traditionally, this is done through an alarm system, which detects low level faults, leaving higher level monitoring to human crews. Artificial Intelligence is beginning to find its way into scientific applications, but comes with difficulties, relying on the acquisition of new skill sets, either through education or acquisition, in data science. This paper will discuss the development and deployment of the Hydra monitoring system in production at Gluex. It will show how “off-the-shelf” technologies can be rapidly developed, as well as discuss what sociological hurdles must be overcome to successfully deploy such a system. Early results from production running of Hydra will also be shared as well as a future outlook for development of Hydra.
Evaluation of a high-performance storage buffer with 3D XPoint devices for the DUNE data acquisition system
Authors: Abed Abud Adam , Biery Kurt , Chavez Carlos , Ding Pengfei , Flumerfelt Eric , Freeman John , Lehmann Miotto Giovanna , Roda Marco , Rodrigues Philip , Sipos Roland , Thea Alessandro , Viren Brett
Published: August 2021

The DUNE detector is a neutrino physics experiment that is expected to take data starting from 2028. The data acquisition (DAQ) system of the experiment is designed to sustain several TB/s of incoming data which will be temporarily buffered while being processed by a software based data selection system. In DUNE, some rare physics processes (e.g. Supernovae Burst events) require storing the full complement of data produced over 1-2 minute window. These are recognised by the data selection system which fires a specific trigger decision. Upon reception of this decision data are moved from the temporary buffers to local, high performance, persistent storage devices. In this paper we characterize the performance of novel 3DXPoint SSD devices under different workloads suitable for high-performance storage applications. We then illustrate how such devices may be applied to the DUNE use-case: to store, upon a specific signal, 100 seconds of incoming data at 1.5 TB/s distributed among 150 identical units each operating at approximately 10GB/s.
Development of FPGA-based neural network regression models for the ATLAS Phase-II barrel muon trigger upgrade
Authors: Ospanov Rustem , Feng Changqing , Dong Wenhao , Feng Wenhao , Yang Shining
Published: August 2021

Effective selection of muon candidates is the cornerstone of the LHC physics programme. The ATLAS experiment uses a two-level trigger system for real-time selection of interesting collision events. The first-level hardware trigger system uses the Resistive Plate Chamber detector (RPC) for selecting muon candidates in the central (barrel) region of the detector. With the planned upgrades, the entirely new FPGA-based muon trigger system will be installed in 2025-2026. In this paper, neural network regression models are studied for potential applications in the new RPC trigger system. A simple simulation model of the current detector is developed for training and testing neural network regression models. Effects from additional cluster hits and noise hits are evaluated. Efficiency of selecting muon candidates is estimated as a function of the transverse muon momentum. Several models are evaluated and their performance is compared to that of the current detector, showing promising potential to improve on current algorithms for the ATLAS Phase-II barrel muon trigger upgrade.
Particle identification with an electromagnetic calorimeter using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Rua Herrera Alex , Calvo Gómez Míriam , Vilasís Cardona Xavier
Published: August 2021

The LHCb’s Electromagentic Calorimeter (ECAL) measures the energy that any particle leaves behind when it travels through its sensors. However, with the current granularity, it is not possible to exploit the shape of the shower produced by the particle when it interacts with the ECAL, which is an information that could be enough to conclude what particle is being detected. In an attempt to find out whether it would be possible to classify them in future runs of the LHC, simulated data is generated with Geant4, giving an idea of what SPACAL, an updated version of the current calorimeter with better resolution, is capable of. Convolutional Neural Networks are applied so that the algorithm can understand the shapes and energy deposits produced by each kind of particle. Results obtained demonstrate that bigger resolution in ECAL allows over 95% precision in some classifications such as photons against neutrons.
INVESTIGATION OF THE PHASE TRANSITION IN PHTHALOCYANINE USING THE MÖSSBAUER EFFECT
Authors: DUDREVA Dr. B. , PIRINTCHIEVA Dr. R. , GRANDE Dr. S.
Published: August 2021

The Mössbauer effect has been used for investigation of the phase-transition in the region of the room temperature in a solid solution of metal-free H2Pc and iron phthalocyanine FePc : 9 H2Pc-1 FePc, showing properties, similar to the ferroelectric phase transitions. The temperature dependences of the parameters of the Mössbauer spectrum in the range - 160-+ 160 °C are given as well. The results from the investigation were discussed and compared with the data from γ-resonance in FePc.
MÖSSBAUER SPECTRA IN THE PRESENCE OF A FLUCTUATING ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT
Authors: GERARD A. , GRANDJEAN F.
Published: August 2021

On the basis of the work of Tjon and Blume [1, 2], a model for calculating Mössbauer spectra in the presence of a fluctuating electric field gradient is developed. It is shown that spectra with one doublet or with two doublets may be obtained depending on the rate of fluctuation. The model is successfully applied to the cases of FeSb2, FeSi and Fe3Se4, where electrons are progressively delocalized when the temperature is increased.
Should a supplier engage in the marketplace? an equilibrium analysis in a hybrid-format supply chain
Authors: Zhao You , Hou Rui
Published: August 2021

Recently, e-commerce platforms have been acting as both a reseller and a marketplace to serve consumers. This study considers a hybrid-format supply chain that consists of a supplier who sells a product through an intermediary by a wholesale price contract. In addition, the supplier can decide whether to accept the intermediary’s offer to engage in the marketplace (if the supplier accepts, then the agency fee should be paid to the intermediary). We develop a game-theoretic model to investigate the impact of supplier encroachment on the supply chain members. Then, we extend our basic model to check the robustness of our main results. Our results show that the supplier prefers to engage in the marketplace if the agency fee is low and the order fulfillment cost is relatively low, the intermediary benefits from the supplier encroachment if the agency fee is relatively low, and consumers always benefit from encroachment. Interestingly, we show that an increase in channel substitutability leads to raising the supplier’s willingness to adopt an encroachment strategy. Our findings contribute to the online marketplace literature by providing valuable insights into the operation management of online marketplaces.
Dichotomy of principles and rules in R. Alexy’s dual theory of law
Authors: Sattorov Shakhboz Shavkatovich
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is a comparative legal analysis of approaches to principles and rules in R. Alexy’s dual theory of law. The methodological basis of the study are the following fundamental methods of scientific knowledge: general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), as well as special methods (comparative-legal and formal-legal). The application of these methods allowed to subject R. Alexy’s theory of law to an in-depth comparative legal study and to reveal the dichotomy of the principles and rules operating in it. The result of the study was the author’s conclusion that weighing formal and material principles is not only possible, but also a necessary process. In addition, it should be mentioned that the dictate of optimization always requires the implementation of a weighing procedure, and that principles in theory are always implemented indirectly through rules. The principles themselves are the subject of optimization, and the dictate of optimization is the rule. Thus, principles are the basis of rules, and rules are the product of principles. The novelty of the study lies in the author’s approach to the analysis of the dichotomy of principles and rules in the dual theory of law of R. Alexy, as well as the application of mathematical apparatus to substantiate the findings.
The problem of the absorption of national legal cultures by the emerging national legal anti-culture
Authors: Afanasyev Anatoly Nikolaevich , Samoilov Aleksey Vyacheslavovich , Pashkova Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Sarukhanov Izmir Kerimkhanovich , Ufimtseva Victoria Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the research is to show the organizational and legal mechanism of new United States’ not powerful approach to the implementation and simultaneous convergence of its legal culture at the global level. General, general scientific and special methods were used in the research. Theoretical basis of the research are the basic laws of states, international universal and regional treaties, doctrinal works revealing the concept of legal culture, scientific articles of Russian and foreign scholars dealing with the content, preservation and transformation of legal cultures. The result of the research was a comparative presentation of the basic values of national legal cultures and global legal anti-culture; ways of “de-substantiation” of national legal cultures; ways of absorption of national legal cultures by global legal anti-culture. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the article for the first time shows the organizational and legal mechanism of the not powerful way of replacing the global legal anti-culture with national legal cultures. For this purpose, traditional national legal cultures, as well as the global legal anti-culture, are considered in terms of their basic value content; shows ways to absorb global legal anti-culture through “de-substantiation” collective (public) and individual (personal) identities; highlights the organizational mechanism of global legal anti-culture takeover. This research contributes to the comprehension of the content, processes, and ways of forming a global legal anti-culture, as well as to the convergence of states in the vision of this problem and the search for answers to emerging challenges.
Administrative oversight: improving compliance practices
Authors: Varygin Aleksander Nikolaevich , Efremova Irina Alekseevna , Gromov Vladimir Gennadievich , Matushkin Pavel Anatolievich , Shuvalova Anastasia Mikhailovna
Published: August 2021

The main purpose of the research is to determine the goals, objectives and functions of administrative supervision and develop proposals for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating issues related to the implementation of administrative supervision. Research methods: general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, logical methods) and private scientific methods of cognition (formally-legally, specifically-sociological etc.). Outcome: the author’s version of the administrative supervision goals and objectives set out in the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation is proposed: 1. Administrative supervision is established to prevent the commission of crimes and other offences by persons. 2. The administrative supervision focuses on implementation by the internal affairs bodies of supervision over the observance by supervised persons of temporary restrictions on their rights and freedoms, as well as over the fulfillment of their duties stipulated by the related federal law; identification of violations by those under the supervision and taking measures in accordance with the law; individual preventive treatment of such persons. The novelty of the study is due to an integrated approach to the research into the goals, objectives and functions of administrative supervision and the developed proposals for improving the Russian legislation regulating issues in that area.
Correlation of branches of law in environmental and legal support of the development of the Arctic region
Authors: Abanina Elena Nikolaevna , Makhonko Nikolay Ivanovich , Plotnikova Yulia Anatolievna , Tarasova Elena Anatolievna , Shvetsova Irina Vasilievna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the study is to analyze individual independent branches of law included in environmental law and their variability in determining special approaches to the development of the Arctic in modern geopolitical conditions. The methodological basis of the research includes the general scientific method and special methods of cognition, such as comparative legal, environmental legal, statistical and empirical. The results of the study are the conclusions from the analysis of the main program and legal documents regulating the development and development of the territories of the Arctic states. Moreover, the attempts to create an adequate system of convergence of national and international legal regulation in order to determine the modern legal regime of the Arctic are discussed herein. The study of international and domestic experience has shown the need for a correlation of individual branches of law (international, administrative, criminal, informational) with the environmental law to provide comprehensive environmental and legal support for the development of the Arctic region. The authors also draw attention to the fact that environmental and legal problems of the development of the Arctic region require a systematic approach. The novelty of the study lies in the conclusion that, despite the fact that each state of the Arctic region has a national strategy for the development of its Arctic territory, on most topical issues these strategies are of a similar nature and have common approaches: scientifically based methods of managing the natural resources of the Arctic region; special methods of socio-economic development; preservation of vulnerable Arctic ecological systems and scientific activities in the field of climate change.