bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of a combined chlorhexidine and NaF mouthrinse: an in vivo human caries model study
Authors: Ullsfoss Berit Nina , Ögaard Björn , Arends Joop , Ruben Jan , Rölla Gunnar , Afseth John
Published: October 2007

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is probably the most widely used and the most potent chemical plaque inhibitory agent, whereas fluoride (F−) is the only truly accepted anticaries agent available at present. As they have discrete mechanisms of action, a combination effect of these agents on human dental caries may exist. The inhibitory effect of CHX on the formation of, and acid production in, plaque may reduce a relatively extreme cariogenic challenge sufficiently for it to be overcome by the local F− concentrations achieved by brushing or rinses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible caries inhibitory effect of combining 2.2 mM CHX mouthrinses used twice daily with daily 11.9 mM NaF rinses in an in vivo human caries model using plaque‐retaining bands on premolars scheduled for extraction. Nine subjects (a total of 28 teeth) were fitted with the bands for 4 wk. Saliva and plaque samples were collected before and after the study period for bacterial cultures, and the tooth surfaces were analyzed by microradiography after careful tooth extractions. The combination of CHX and F− rinses resulted in enamel mineral loss only slightly higher than that observed in “sound” enamel and clearly less than with F− rinses alone. Both total plaque bacteria and Streptococcus mutans were reduced by CHX rinses, confirming the discrete mechanisms of action.
Antimicrobial factors, sialic acid, and protein concentration in whole saliva of the elderly
Authors: Närhi Timo O. , Tenovuo Jorma , Ainamo Anja , Vilja Pekka
Published: October 2007

Concentrations of salivary antimicrobial factors are well documented in children and young adults, but little information is available on such defense factors in healthy elderly persons. We determined the levels of total IgA, total IgG, lysozyme, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, salivary peroxidase, amylase, sialic acid, and total protein in a group of 71 subjects aged 76, 81, and 86 yr, as well as their correlations to paraffin‐wax‐stimulated salivary flow rate. Participants were either unmedicated (n=67) or using medicines with no oral significance (n=4). Statistically significant negative correlations existed between flow rate and total IgA, Iysozyme, lactoferrin, sialic acid, and total protein. Concentrations of sialic acid and salivary peroxidase were highest in the oldest age group. Total IgA concentration was higher in women than in men, although men showed higher concentrations of sialic acid and higher sialic acid/total protein ratios. Subjects with poor gingival health had higher concentrations of total protein than did those with no need for periodontal treatment. Edentulous subjects with complete dentures showed significantly lower concentrations of IgG, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase than did dentate subjects. Our results suggest that, when compared with data from previous studies, concentrations of salivary antimicrobial agents do not decline with age in unmedicated elderly people. However, defense factors which are derived also from gingival crevicular fluid are decreased in the absence of teeth.
Closing of dentinal tubules by glutardialdehyde treatment, a scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Dijkman Gabriëlle E. H. M. , Jongebloed Willem L. , de Vries Joop , Ögaard Björn , Arends Joop
Published: October 2007

The properties of dentin are strongly influenced by the so‐called smear layer. This layer is always present on the dentin surface after cutting, drilling, sawing, etc. The smear layer can be removed by various chemical treatments, such as those of acid etching or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). These treatments remove the smear layer and open the tubules. In this paper, the effect on the smear layer of human dentin of treatment with a 2% glutardialdehyde (GDA) solution at pH 3.5 for 2 min and a 0.5‐M EDTA solution at pH 7.4 for 4 min was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The dentin samples were dried by air or critical‐point drying before SEM photography was employed. The number of open dentin tubules was quantified on micrographs of EDTA‐ and GDA+EDTA ‐treated dentin. The results show that the GDA treatment fixed part of the smear layer and the superficial dentin surface in such a way that at least 50% of the tubules remained closed after EDTA treatment. By closing the dentinal tubules, the GDA‐fixed layer might have a positive effect on dentin hypersensitivity, root caries, and bonding of composite to dentin.
Views of cardiac‐valve prosthesis patients and their dentists on anticoagulation therapy
Authors: Lippert Søren , Gutschik Ernö
Published: October 2007

By administering a questionnaire to 253 patients with cardiac‐valve prostheses (89.3% responding), and another to 136 of their attending dentists (79% responding), the level of knowledge among both groups of anticoagulant therapy in connection with dental treatment was investigated. The cardiothoracic department monitored all anticoagulation therapies. Of the anticoagulated patients, 96.6% were able to state their medication (94.1% received phenprocoumon); and of 86 dentists with patients on anticoagulation treatment, 94% were aware of their patients' medication. All 20 dentists stating that their patients did not receive anticoagulants were correct. The great majority (98%) of the dentists employed a special measure to reduce the risk of bleeding associated with invasive dental procedures, most commonly (86%) referring patients to their general practitioner or hospital department for adjustment of the anticoagulant therapy. Around 60% of the dentists considered extractions and operations to require measures to reduce the risk of bleeding complications. We recommend referral of patients to the attending physician for adjustment of anticoagulation to a target International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 4.0 or possibly 3.0 before undergoing dental procedures involving the risk of bleeding. Additional reduction of the bleeding risk can be obtained by local application of an inhibitor of fibrinolysis (tranexamic acid).
Occlusal adjustment and myoelectric activity of the jaw elevator muscles in patients with nocturnal bruxism and craniomandibular disorders
Authors: Holmgren Kurt , Sheikholeslam Akbar
Published: October 2007

The effects of occlusal adjustments on the myoelectric activity of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles, with the mandible at rest and during maximal clenching in the intercuspal position (ICP), were studied in 24 nocturnal bruxism patients. Before the occlusal adjustment, the patients were treated with a flat occlusal splint for chronic craniomandibular disorders. The results revealed that within the short term the occlusal adjustment, in terms of increased number of occlusal contacts and teeth in contact in ICP, did not change the postural activity, whereas, on average, the level of activation of the jaw elevators, in terms of normalized electromyogram, increased during maximal clenching in ICP. The increase of activity was more pronounced in the masseter muscle than in the anterior temporal muscle.
The retrocuspid papilla and factor Xllla: an epidemiologic and histomorphologic study
Authors: Hedin C. Anders , Gerner Lisbeth , Larsson Ake
Published: October 2007

The retrocuspid papilla (RCP) is a poorly recognized entity. In one part of our study, we found 10 cases of lesions clinically compatible with RCP in 1150 consecutively examined patients. In another part of the study, we found 15 cases of RCP in more than 2000 consecutive cases of oral mucosal hyperplasia submitted as surgical biopsies during 1989–92. The lesions were situated in the attached gingiva, lingual to the two mandibular canines, often bilaterally. They were covered by normal pink mucosa with a size and a height each of 2–3 mm. Histologically, the RCP was a broad‐based, often downfolded hyperplasia, covered with a parakeratinized epithelium of normal thickness. The rete pegs were often elongated and blunt, frequently bent inward toward the center. The lamina propria was mostly composed of a loosely arranged, delicate, fibrous connective tissue. The lesions could be classified into two groups by the presence or absence of stellate and occasionally multinucleated fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining with an FXIIIa antibody disclosed a population of reactive spindle‐shaped cells, mainly localized in the connective‐tissue papillae. These cells may be of pathogenetic importance.
The plasminogen‐activating system in gingival fluid from adults
Authors: Kinnby Bertil , Matsson Lars , Lecander Ingegerd
Published: October 2007

High concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) and placental type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI‐2) have previously been found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adults and children. In the present study, intra‐individual comparisons were made of the concentrations of t‐PA, urokinase type plasminogen activator (u‐PA), PAI‐1, and PAI‐2 in GCF from the same sites before and after periodontal treatment in eight healthy male volunteers aged 35–46 yr. The gingival state was assessed by exudate measurement, bleeding on standardized probing, and the gingival index of Löe & Silness 3 days before the start of the trial and on the day after completing a 21‐day preventive program consisting of instruction and professional cleaning once a week. Eight sites per subject were selected for enzyme analyses, all showing improvement in gingival state during the period. Sampling of GCF at the start and at the end of the trial was done with small disks of Millipore‐filter. t‐PA and PAI‐2 were analyzed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays with low method errors. The mean concentrations of t‐PA were 0.73 mg/1 before treatment and 0.49 mg/1 after treatment. The mean concentrations of u‐PA were 84.4 ug/1 before treatment and 101.6 μg/1 after treatment. PAI‐1 was found in three subjects at the detection level. The mean PAI‐2 concentrations were 2.19 mg/1 before and 1.13 mg/1 after treatment. The mean molar ratio PAs/PAI‐2 was 0.47 before and 0.48 after treatment. This insignificant change implies a maintained proteolytic balance and indicates that PAI‐2 is an important inhibitor of tissue proteolysis.
Change from mixed diet to lactovegetarian diet: influence on IgA levels in blood and saliva
Authors: Johansson Gunnar , Widerström Lena
Published: October 2007

IgA concentrations in human plasma, and whole and parotid saliva were measured before and 3 months after a shift to a lactovegetarian diet in 20 volunteers (four men and 16 women, mean age 44 yr, range 27–61). The major dietary trends observed were an increased intake of berries and other fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, and a decreased intake of fish, eggs, and meat; biscuits and buns; sweets; alcoholic beverages; coffee; and tea. The consumption of meat, fish, and eggs decreased to zero, showing that the participants had adopted a lactovegetarian diet. There was a decrease in fat, protein, sucrose, and alcohol intake and an increase in total carbohydrate and fiber intake. There was no significant change in energy, retinol equivalent, or zinc intake. Despite this change in diet, no significant changes were observed between the mixed diet period and the vegetarian diet period in IgA in plasma, 253±52 and 264±55; whole saliva, 2.5±0.4 and 2.4±0.4; or parotid saliva, 0.88±0.22 and 0.90±0.20 (mg/100 ml, mean values, 95% confidence interval). Moreover, the diet change did not after the secretion rate in whole and parotid saliva, the secretion rate of IgA in whole and parotid saliva, or the protein content of whole saliva. However, the protein content of parotid saliva increased significantly. Thus, this major diet change was apparently not drastic enough or sustained long enough to cause a change in IgA levels.
Miconazole lacquer compared with gel in treatment of denture stomatitis
Authors: Parvinen Tuija , Kokko Jarmo , Yli‐Urpo Antti
Published: October 2007

An open, randomized, controlled study with two parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single application of a miconazole 55 mg/g denture lacquer applied once on the mucosal denture surface, as comrared with those of a commercially available miconazole 2% gel applied four times daily for 2 wk, in the treatment of Candida‐associated denture stomatitis. The efficacy variables were Candida cultures on the Oricult plates taken from the palatal mucosa and the denture surface, erythema of the palatal mucosa, and smears for leukocyte migration into the palatal epithelium taken on entering the study and on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after commencement of therapy. On entering the study, all patients had positive cultures of yeast in the samples from the palatal mucosa. Within the first 3 days, all gel patients and 88% of the lacquer patients had fewer than 10 colonies. The gel was statistically significantly more efficient than the lacquer on days 7 and 14. In the samples from the denture surface, all patients had more than 100 yeast colonies at inclusion and, on day 3, approximately 80% in both treatment groups had fewer than 10 colonies. From day 7 onward, the gel was statistically significantly more efficient than the lacquer. The reddening of the palatal mucosa was not statistically significantly different in the treatment groups at any of the examinations, but smears for the determination of leukocyte migration indicated that the gel was statistically significantly more efficient than the lacquer on day 7. One patient in the gel group complained of gastrointestinal disturbance and stopped the treatment. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that a single application of the miconazole denture lacquer is safe and creates an immediate antimycotic effect. A repeated application of the lacquer is, however, needed to achieve a prolonged effect.
Effect of doxycycline on surgically induced osteoclast recruitment in the rat
Authors: Grevstad Hans Jacob , Bøe Olav Egil
Published: October 2007

The influence of systemic doxycycline on the number of surgically induced osteoclasts was studied in young albino rats. Forty Wistar rats, aged 50 d at the start of the experiments, were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group (20 animals) received 0.5 mg/ml doxycycline added to the drinking water. Mucoperiosteal flaps were raised on the palatal aspect of left maxillary molars in all animals. Two rats from each group were killed daily during a postoperative period of 10 d, and specimens were prepared for light microscopy. Cellular counts in serial sections of crestal bone indicated a delay of initial surface colonization of 2 d. Statistical analysis revealed a smaller number of osteoclasts in doxycyciine‐treated animals as compared to control rats. In conclusion, systemic doxycycline suppresses recruitment of osteoclasts following surgery.
The effects of low level laser treatment on recovery of nerve conduction and motor function after compression injury in the rat sciatic nerve
Authors: Khullar Shelley M. , Brodin Pål , Messelt Edward B. , Haanæs Hans R.
Published: October 2007

An animal study is presented examining the effect of low level laser (LLL) treatment on nerve regeneration following axonotmesis. Twenty animals received a standardised injury to the right sciatic nerve using a time, load and length sequence (10 min, 150 N. 5 mm) known to cause extensive axonal degeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. The LLL treatment was administered using a hand‐held laser probe in light contact with the skin on the dorsal aspect of the hind leg overlying the site of the axonotmesis injury to the sciatic nerve. A group of 10 animals were treated with 6J of LLL (GaAlAs 830 nm) daily for a period of 28 d. Ten more animals were treated daily with a sham exposure setting and served as controls. Nerve function was assessed by a recognised method of walking tract print analysis; the “Sciatic Functional Index” (SFI), and nerve regeneration was assessed by recording the evoked compound action potentials (cAP) in the common peroneal nerve. At 21 d post‐injury, the laser‐treated group had a significantly lower median SFI than the sham laser‐treated group, indicating that the real laser treatment had improved functional recovery in the nerve. However, no differences were found between the evoked cAP parameters that were measured in the laser‐treated and sham laser‐treated groups. Histological examination reiterated the lack of difference between the two groups. Consequently, the effects of LLL on recovery must have occurred more peripherally to the point measured.
Variations in crevicular fluid elastase levels in periodontitis patients on long‐term maintenance
Authors: Jin Li Jian , Söder Per‐Östen , Åsman Björn , Söder Birgitta , Purlene Alina , Bergström Kurt
Published: October 2007

Granulocyte elastase was determined in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of 18 periodontitis patients. They initially had similar severity of disease but had responded differently to 5‐yr maintenance, 13 responders and 5 non‐responders. A total of 102 sites were investigated and categorized as: i) consistently healthy, ii) healthy after treatment, iii) gingivitis, and iiii) periodontitis, according to clinical criteria. GCF elastase activity was determined with a granulocyte‐specific substrate. The sites from non‐responders had consistently higher elastase levels than the corresponding category of sites from responders, despite similar gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction, with the exception of consistently healthy sites. Within the non‐responders, the periodontitis sites had higher elastase levels than the gingivitis sites commensurate with probing depth, while no difference existed between gingivitis sites and sites healthy after treatment, despite a difference in probing depth. In contrast, in the responders similar elastase levels were found at the periodontitis sites and gingivitis sites despite difference in probing depth, while both diseased sites had higher elastase levels than the sites healthy after treatment, commensurate with probing depth. This study suggests that increased granulocyte‐specific elastase levels in GCF may serve as a diagnostic marker for refractory periodontitis patients.
Comparison of some salivary variables between vegetarians and omnivores
Authors: Johansson Gunnar , Ravald Nils
Published: October 2007

The aim of the study was to compare salivary variables in a group of vegetarians with a group of omnivores. Twenty‐nine vegetarians, 19 women and 10 men, mean age 35 yr, and 28 omnivores, 20 women and 8 men, mean age 35 yr, were compared in terms of salivary secretion rate, pH, buffer capacity, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. The vegetarians had a significantly higher secretion rate, but there were no other significant differences regarding the salivary variables. The difference in secretion rate may have been caused by some lifestyle factor(s) differing between vegetarians and omnivores which probably mainly include nutrient(s), texture and roughness of the food.
Uptake and release of fluoride from birch and lime toothpicks
Authors: Kashani Hossein , Birkhed Dowen , Petersson Lars G.
Published: October 2007

Birch and lime toothpicks were impregnated in a 4% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution for different periods of time, viz. 30 s, 30 min and 3 d. After impregnation for 30 min, an average of 4.1 mg NaF per birch toothpick was taken up. The corresponding value for lime toothpicks was 5.1 mg. About 60% of the fluoride (F) was released within 1 h in vitro when the toothpicks were kept in water. In vivo, the concentration of F was determined in whole saliva from five adults during 30 min after using birch toothpicks immersed in a 4% NaF solution. After 2 min, the mean salivary F concentration was 2.7 mM. Impregnation of birch toothpicks in 1, 2 or 3% NaF resulted in lower F concentrations both in vitro and in vivo, with a clear dose‐response effect. When comparing the use of a 4% NaF impregnated birch toothpick, a mouthrinse with 10 ml of 0.025% NaF, sucking on a F tablet containing 0.55 mg NaF, and toothbrushing with 1 g of an 0.068% F (as NaF) dentifrice – all procedures carried out in the mouth during 2 min – the highest concentration of F in saliva was obtained after using the fluoridated toothpick. Thus. NaF impregnated birch and lime toothpicks show a quick release of F in vitro as well as in vivo and may be suitable as home care products for prevention of dental caries.
Stereologic study of cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients
Authors: Wondimu Biniyam , Reinholt Finn P. , Modéer Thomas
Published: October 2007

Gingival biopsies were taken from 13 renal transplant patients (mean age 26.5 yr), 11 of whom exhibited cyclosporin A (CsA)‐inditced gingival overgrowth. Control material was obtained from seven volunteers (mean age 28 yr). Gingival tissue components were analyzed by quantitative microscopy (stereology) on 5‐(μm‐thick sections of interdental papillae. The volume density (Vv) of different tissue components and the surface density of epithelial ridges were calculated by conventional point and intersection counting. The study showed that the volume density of oral epithelium and the surface density of the epithelial ridges in the CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth were significantly increased compared to normal gingival tissue. The connective tissue of the lesion exhibited a significant increase in volume density of cells, blood vessels and non‐collagenous matrix with a corresponding decrease in the collagenous matrix. These results indicate that CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth represents a tissue with an altered composition characterized by increased thickness of oral epithelium and relatively‐increased amount of cells, vessels, non‐collagenous matrix and decreased collagenous matrix in the connective tissue.
Incremental lines in human dental cementum in relation to age
Authors: Kvaal S.I. , Solheim T.
Published: October 2007

Counting incremental lines in dental cementum is an accepted method for estimating age in many wild mammals., In human teeth such countings, have given variable results, and the aim of the present investigation was to find out if one incremental line is formed per year in human teeth as well. Canines and single‐rooted premolars were demineralized. paraffin wax‐embedded, sectioned and stained, and the sections were viewed in a fluorescence microscope. Non‐fluorescent lines, seen against a fluorescent background, were either counted directly or their number calculated by counting only some of them and computing this on the total width of the cementum. The correlation coefficient between tooth age and the number of lines for the whole material was =0,84 when counted and =0.73 when calculated. This coefficient was stronger in mandibular second premolars but lower in teeth extracted because of dental diseases. The coefficient was only significant in teeth from individuals below the age of 50 yr. The regression formula with tooth age as dependent variable indicated that only incremental lines formed in about every other year stained sufficiently to be counted.
Effect ofLactobacillus rhamnosusstrain GG (ATCC 53103) on the growth ofStreptococcus sobrinus in vitro
Authors: Meurman J.H. , Antila H. , Korhonen A. , Salminen S.
Published: October 2007

LactobacillusGG, a recently characterizedL. rhamnosusGG strain (ATCC 53103), has been shown to exert inhibitory activity against a variety of bacterial species, including streptococci. We isolated and studied the effect of the inhibitory substance ofLactobacillusGG on some oral streptococci. The inhibitory activity of the isolated substance was weak, but some growth inhibition was observed inStreptococcus sobrinuspretreated with the substance in comparison with untreated controls. Zones of growth inhibition on agar plates were apparent only at pH values below 5, indicating that the inhibitory activity was restricted to a low pH range. Growth curve experiments showed a statistically significant inhibition between series with and without the isolated substance (P<0.05). The infrastructure ofS. sobrinuswas not affected when treated with the inhibitory substance. TheLactobadllusGG itself did not ferment sucrose. Thex
The effects of a sodium hypochlorite treatment on demineralized root dentin
Authors: Inaba Daisuke , Duschner Heinz , Jongebloed Wim , Odelius Hans , Takagi Okiuji , Arends Joop
Published: October 2007

The effects of a 10% NaOCl treatment for 2 min on demineralized human root dentin were investigated by means of: microradiography (MR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). MR measurements revealed that NaOCl caused a tissue contraction not related to water loss but to removal of organic sub‐stance(s), resulting in reductions of the lesion depth and mineral loss values by 15% and 42%, respectively. CLSM observations on wet dentin showed that the dentinal tubules underneath the surface are clearly observable and not deformed substantially by the NaOCl, except near the outermost surface. This indicates the importance of wet as well as of dried (high vacuum) observations. SEM micrographs (high vacuum) showed definite changes in the outer dentin surface structure, 85% of the originally open dentinal tubules were closed after NaOCl treatment. No marked changes were observed in the dentin ultrastructure inside lesions, as shown by SEM on fractured surfaces. SIMS data, pertaining to samples in high vacuum, showed a remarkable increase of chlorine (Cl) content in the entire lesion due to the NaOCl, indicating deep penetration of the original OC1 ions. The results suggest that the 2‐min treatment of demineralized dentin by NaOCl solutions removes and/or changes part of the dentin matrix in nearly the whole lesion. As a consequence the mineral is somewhat redistributed, the outermost surface of a few μm is changed, but the main dentin structure and element composition are still intact. These findings indicate that NaOCl treatments are of interest in remineralization and hyperremineralization studies of dentin.
Autofluorescence of bulk sound and in vitro demineralized human root dentin
Authors: van der Veen Monique H. , ten Bosch Jaap J.
Published: October 2007

The aim of this paper is to report on the demineralization‐induced changes in dentin autofluorescence. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of in vitro demineralized root surfaces and sound controls on the same tooth roots were compared. When observed in CLSM images, demineralized dentin, excited at 488 nm. gave an increased emission at 529 nm compared to sound dentin. The difference in fluorescence decreased deeper into the root, as the sound dentin underneath the lesion was reached. In contrast, when using fluorescence spectrophotometry, excitation around 460 and 488 nm yielded a lower emission around 520 nm for demineralized dentin than for sound dentin, but in a more pronounced peak. From excitation spectra for emission around 520 nm. it could be seen that in demineralized dentin the contribution of excitation between 480 and 520 nm was more important than in sound dentin. The recorded fluorescence in CLSM images was not affected by demineralization‐caused changes in scattering and absorption properties, due to the small measurement volume. Thus, the increased fluorescence for demineralized dentin implies an increased quantum yield. In fluorescence spectrophotometry. where the measurement volume is large, changes in scattering and absorption do have an influence on the fluorescence signal. Then, increased absorption by non‐fluorescing chromophores and increased re‐absorption around the emission wavelength may compensate for the increase in quantum yield and absorption around the excitation wavelength by fluorophores.
Effect of titanium on selected oral bacterial species in vitro
Authors: Leonhardt Åsa , Dahlén Gunnar
Published: October 2007

Titanium granules were tested for their antibacterial effect on strains of Streptococcus sanguis. Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Haeinophilus parainfluenzae, Fusobacierium spp. and Prevotella intermedia in comparison with amalgam and two of its components, copper and tin. Glass beads were used as controls. The number of viable bacteria was estimated in samples exposed to the various materials for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h, respectively, and the viable counts were related to the baseline value. Titanium showed low antibacterial effect on the species tested. Copper and amalgam showed an expressed toxicity to all species and differed significantly from titanium and glass particles. Gram positive Streptococcus spp. and A. naeslundii showed a lower susceptibility to the metals than the Gram negative species, The antibacterial effect of copper and amalgam test particles on S. sanguis and P. intermedia was significantly decreased in the presence of serum. This study showed that some metals have a toxic effect in vitro on oral bacteria, a fact that may play a role in plaque formation when these materials are used for dental restorations. Titanium did not have a similar antibacterial effect.
Alcian blue. Now you see it, now you don't
Authors: Scott John E.
Published: October 2007

A brief outline of the history and chemistry of the copper pthalocyanin‐based Alcian blue dyes highlights the adverse effects of commercial secrecy and entrepreneurial dishonesty on the use of these valuable histochemical and biochemical reagents in the biological sciences. The acquisition of detailed and validated chemical structures required the avoidable expenditure of much time that otherwise would have been spent on new research. The combination of this chemical knowledge with experiments on isolated polyanions, using critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) techniques, established a molecular recognition paradigm of Alcian blue usage in histochemistry. New reagents (Cuprolinic and Cupromeronic blues) were synthesised to investigate and support the hypothesis that Alcian blue did not intercalate with DNA. They were made with the important additional aim of using them in electron microscopy of polynucleotides (in the case of Cuprolinic blue) and non‐nucleotide polyanions, such as sulphated proteoglycans in extracellular matrices (in the case of Cupromeronic blue). The cationic groups of Alcian blue are easily removed in very mild conditions, producing insoluble blue pigment in situ (ingrain dying). This reaction underlies its unique capability to stain in repeated cycles, thus greatly amplifying sensitivity of detection of substrates present in very small amounts in tissues and on electrophoretic strips etc.
Long‐term bone mass evaluation of mandible and lumbar spine in a group of women receiving hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Jacobs Reinhilde , Ghyselen Jenny , Koninckx Philippe , van Steenberghe Daniel
Published: October 2007

The overall aim of this study was to examine the relationship between bone mass of the jaw and the axial skeleton. Sixty‐nine subjects (age at entry: 32–64), who underwent hormone replacement therapy during the study period, participated. Bone mass of the lumbar spine was determined using dual photon absorptiometry. The jaw‐bone of the posterior region of the mandible was evaluated by means of standardized long‐cone radiography using individual bite‐blocks. A densitometric wedge in the film holder provided a reference to quantify bone mass. From both measurements, it appeared that the bone mass of the mandible and the lumbar spine showed a moderate relationship. The present results also confirmed that estrogen replacement therapy had a positive effect on the bone mass of the mandible and the lumbar spine. Different estrogen regimens resulted in different increases in bone mass during the observation period, which was on average 5 yr.
Bone tissue reactions to demineralized freeze‐dried bone in conjunction with e‐PTFE barrier membranes in man
Authors: Donath Karl , Piattelli A.
Published: October 2007

Demineralized freeze‐dried hone (DFDB) has been demonstrated to be osteoinductive in rodents, while no new bone formation has been reported at ectopic sites in goats, dogs and monkeys. In the present study, DFDB was used in connection with dental implant placement and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e‐PTFE) membranes. Histological examination showed that DFDB particles near the host bone underwent a partial remineralization, while DFDB distant from pre‐existing bone was slowly resorbed and showed no remineralization, no osteoinduction, and no osteoconduction. This could be due either to the fact that the response to osteoinductive stimuli is lower in higher species, or to the fact that large quantities of DFDB are required to provide sufficient quantities of bone morphogenetic protein.
Potential diagnostic value of sampling oral mucosal surfaces for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young adults*
Authors: Eger T. , Zöller L. , Müller H.‐P. , Hoffmann S. , Lobinsky D.
Published: October 2007

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of early onset and refractory adult periodontitis. Early diagnosis of colonization of the oral cavity might be of importance in order to initiate preventive measures. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential diagnostic value of oral mucosal and salivary tests to identify, among healthy young men with no or minor periodontal disease, individuals colonized by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Two hundred and one male recruits. 18–25 yr of age, took part in the present study. Mean values of periodontal parameters suggested only minor periodontal disease. Of the sites, 64.8±17.6% (mean ± SD) had a periodonta) probing depth (PPD) of 1 or 2 mm. only 1.6±2.9% deep sites of 5 mm were detected. More than 1000 subgingival and extracrevicular samples were selectively cultivated for A. actinomycetemcomitans. The organism was isolated in 55 subjects (21%). The odds for presence of at least 1 deep site of 5 mm was increased by a factor 1.99 if A. actinomycetemcomitans could be recovered. In identifying subjects colonized by A. actinomycetemcomitans. diagnostic test parameters sensitivity and predictive value for a negative test were 74.5±5.9% and 91.1±2.3%', respectively, for both saliva and dorsum of tongue samples. In contrast, pooled subgingival plaque from mesial surfaces of 1st molars was only 34.5±6.4% sensitive: the negative predictive value was 80.2±3.0%. The results point to a high diagnostic value of oral mucosal and especially saliva samples to identify young adult individuals colonized by A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Dental erosion. Definition, classification and links
Authors: Imfeld Thomas
Published: October 2007

An overview of tooth wear, i.e. of non‐carious destructive processes affecting the teeth including abrasion, demastication, attrition, abfraction, resorption and erosion is presented. The nomenclature and classification of dental erosion commonly used in the dental literature are summarized. They are based on etiology (extrinsic, intrinsic, idiopathic), on clinical severity (Classes I to III), on pathogenetic activity (manifest, latent) or on localization (perimolysis). Interactions between erosion and abrasion, demastication, attrition, and abfraction as well as caries and low salivary flow rate are highlighted.
Prevention of progression of dental erosion by professional and individual prophylactic measures
Authors: Imfeld Thomas
Published: October 2007

The key elements for the establishment of a preventive program for patients suffering from erosion are described on pathophysiologic grounds. These elements aim 1) to diminish frequency and severity of acid challenge, 2) enhance salivary flow, 3) to enhance acid resistance, remineralization and rehardening by fluoride application, 4) to offer chemical protection by buffering substances, 5) to minimize abrasion, 6) to offer mechanical protection. Recommendations for prophylactic measures are made as a conclusion and summarized in the form of check‐lists.
Restorative therapy for erosive lesions
Authors: Lambrechts P. , van Meerbeek B. , Perdigão J. , Gladys S. , Braem M. , Vanherle G.
Published: October 2007

More needs to be learned about the etiology of erosion lesions before they can be accurately diagnosed, confidently treated and. more importantly, prevented. The treatment is dependent on the location and the degree of erosion. The decision to treat an erosion lesion should be based on careful consideration of the etiology and progression of the condition. Reasons for restoring noncarious enamel/dentin lesions are discussed and various therapeutic measures are provided. Preventive and restorative therapeutic measures for noncarious abrasive/erosive lesions are proposed such as: a change of dietary or behavior patterns; application of desensitization products: intensive fluoride therapy with or without iontophoresis: brushing with desensitizing dentifrices; adhesive penetration with dentin bonding agents: glass ionomers and compomers: resin composites: composite or porcelain veneers; crown and bridge work; occlusal adjustments and nightguard fabrication if the abfraction factor coincides. The clinical durability of restorative therapy and important clinical factors related to the restoration of multifactorial defects are discussed.
A case of high mercury exposure from dental amalgam
Authors: Langworth Sven , Strömberg Rolf
Published: October 2007

This report describes a patient who suffered from several complaints, which by herself were attributed to her amalgam fillings. Analysis of mercury in plasma and urine showed unexpectedly high concentrations. 63 and 223 nmol/l. respectively. Following removal of the amalgam fillings, the urinary excretion of mercury became gradually normalized, and her symptoms declined.
Restoring oral health
Authors: Einarsdottir Kristin Gigja , Bratthall Douglas
Published: October 2007

During the last decade, a continuous decrease in dental caries has been observed among schoolchildren in Iceland. In this paper, various epidemiological studies have been reviewed and summarized to illustrate caries prevalence, and how it has changed during the last decades. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to describe some of the factors involved and their possible effects on caries disease. During this period, sugar consumption increased, especially in the form of sweets and soft drinks. At the same time, the import of toothpaste increased, and preventive measures such as fissure sealants and fluoride rinsing programs were intensified. Other factors likely to have had an impact were changes in treatment philosophy and increased personnel resources. There does not seem to be any single factor responsible for the onset of the caries decline. It rather looks as if this was a multifactorial effect due to a number of different preventive measures. During recent years, a change in treatment philosophy, the evident increase in fluoride toothpaste consumption, and possible changes in the oral microbial flora, together with the use of fluoride varnishes, sealants, and increased manpower, may explain the decline.
Changes in the prevalence of caries in children and adolescents in Sweden 1985–1994
Authors: Sundberg Hans
Published: October 2007

The prevalence of caries among 3‐. 6‐. 12‐ and 19‐year‐olds in Sweden was followed during the period 1985–1994 through county council reports to the National Board of Health and Welfare. Nearly all the county councils take part in this reporting, and the details for 1994 were based upon 74% of all the country's 12‐year‐olds and 81% of all the 19‐year‐olds. Particulars of caries are noted during the annual examination at national dental service clinics. Only manifest caries is recorded. For the age groups studied, the prevalence of caries diminished markedly during the period. The proportion of caries‐free 3‐ and 6‐year‐olds increased. In 1994. 91% of the 3‐year‐olds and 64% of the 6‐year‐olds were free of caries in the deciduous dentition. DFT for 12‐year‐olds sank from 3.1 to 1.5 during 1985–1994. For 19‐year‐olds, DFT changed from 8.5 to 5.2. while the proportion of individuals who were caries‐free on approxi‐mal surfaces increased from 36% to 58%. The change for DFS‐a (carious or filled approximal surface) was from 3.4 in 1985 to 1.6 in 1994. These changes in the mean values were accompanied by changes in the frequency distribution of the values for DFT and DFS‐a. The proportion of severely carious individuals decreased greatly during the 10‐year period studied. At the same time, the differences in caries prevalence among the 26 county councils evened out.
Dental caries: intervened – interrupted – interpreted
Authors: Bratthall Douglas
Published: October 2007

This paper comprizes a summarizing discussion for a set of 13 papers on the theme caries decline. The complexity of the issue is highlighted, and it is concluded that there is not one single factor explaining the changes observed. Actually, in one and the same population, different explanations may be relevant for different individuals, for different age groups, for different teeth and for different periods of time. A new model for understanding the interaction of various caries etiological factors is proposed. The model can illustrate how in one situation caries activity can increase (or decrease) due to one such factor, while in another situation different factors are more important. As it, in a graphic way, maps the interactions of relevant factors, the author has chosen to call it a cariogram, and the process of preparing such graphs, cartography.
The blocking effect of iontophoretic administration of lidocaine on neurogenic vascular reactions in rat dental pulp
Authors: Kostouros George D. , Olgart Leif , Edwall Lennart
Published: October 2007

The blocking effect of lidocaine on nerve‐induced vascular reactions was investigated in lower incisor teeth of anaesthetized rats. Pulpal blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. Monopolar electrical stimulation of the rat incisor evoked a biphasic vascular response: an initial vasoconstriction was followed by a long‐lasting vasodilation. Iontophoresis of lidocaine on a superficially exposed dentin surface with 60 μA of anodal direct current for 20 min blocked almost completely the stimulus‐induced blood flow increase for about 25 min without any systemic effects. Iontophoresis of lidocaine with 40 μA for 20 min was almost without effect. Topical application of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (25+25 mg/ml) in deep dentinal cavities was also without effect on the neurogenic reactions. Intravenous administration of lidocaine at 5 and 10 mg/kg in rats pretreated with phenoxybenzamine reduced the stimulus‐induced increase in blood flow by an average of 29% and 54%, respectively, whereas the remaining α‐adrenoceptor resistant vasoconstriction was not influenced. The present results show that iontophoresis of lidocaine on exposed dentin blocks nerve‐induced vascular responses without causing systemic effects.
Microanatomy of the moose temporomandibular joint (Alces alces; Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Ström Dan , Sato Hironobu , Magnusson Bengt
Published: October 2007

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) histology was investigated in 8 female Scandinavian moose. 5 were 1‐year‐old with a carcass weight (cw) of 125–140 kg, and 3 were 2‐years‐old (160–175 kg cw). The condylar articular surface consisted of a connective tissue lining with parallel collagen fibres. Numerous blood vessels were observed adjacent to the joint chamber. Below the fibrous layer, a proliferative cellular zone of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells was situated. These cells differentiated into chondroblasts and hypertrophied chondrocytes. Further down, an endochondral ossification process was initiated. Vertically directed invaginations were observed. A similar cellular organization was identified in the temporal component. However, the undifferentiated mesenchymal cell layer was discontinuous. The disc showed dense collagen bundles without main alignment. Vessels were identified throughout the entire disc. The results indicate that the cellular organization of the moose TMJ is similar to the TMJ histology found in other mammals but differences do occur.
Age‐dependent changes in insulin‐like immunoreactivity in rat submandibular salivary glands
Authors: de Périère Dominique Deville , Bombara Maria , Egea Jean‐Christophe , Novelli Michela , Ribes Gérard , Masiello Pellegrino
Published: October 2007

In recent years, a growing interest had arisen in hormonal factors in salivary glands. We have investigated the changes in the content of an insulin‐like immunoreactive (ILI) compound in the submandibular salivary glands of Sprague Dawley rats during physiological aging, in the range 15 days ‐27 months. The amount of ILI in the submandibular glands of young adult rats was found to be doubled in the post‐natal period until the age of puberty and was maintained in senescence. No significant correlation was found between age‐dependent variations in ILI levels of submandibular salivary glands and circulating insulin concentrations, further supporting previous indications that ILI is being synthesized in situ. It is possible that ILI could exert paracrine effects within the glands, as regards the development of other glandular structures during the first months of life, as well as the preservation of glandular function in senescent animals as well.
Bone Histomorphometry using interactive image analysis. A methodological study with application on the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Flygare Lennart , Hosoki Hidehiko , Rohlin Madeleine , Petersson Arne
Published: October 2007

The aim was to develop a reproducible method for bone histomorphometry with the aid of a computerized image analysis program, and to examine the variation when assessing the total and the trabecular bone volume. Histologic sections of 18 temporomandibular joint autopsy specimens were read interactively using a cursor. The two parameters total bone volume and trabecular bone volume, of the condyle and the temporal component respectively, were estimated 2 × by 1 observer using 3 different threshold settings: an automatic, a semiautomatic and a manual technique. The threshold was based on the gray‐scale distribution of the image. 2 observers read the same sections with the aid of the semi‐automatic technique. The intra‐observer variation expressed as coefficient of variation ranged between 1.9% and 7.1% for the different parameters, when the automatic threshold setting technique was employed, and between 2.8% and 8.7% with the semi‐automatic technique. The manual technique resulted in a high intra‐observer variation with a coefficient of variation between 5.2% and 19.9%. There was a systematic difference between the estimates of the 2 observers. In general, intra‐ and inter‐observer variation was higher in the temporal component than in the condyle. The inter‐section variation was moderate, the coefficient of variation ranging from 3.8% to 11.1%. The automatic and semi‐automatic techniques resulted in comparable intra‐observer variation, with a lower bias in the estimates of the semi‐automatic technique. By letting one observer apply the semi‐automatic technique, it was possible to achieve fast and reproducible analysis of the total and trabecular bone volume.