bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silhouettes of War: Technologies of U.S. Soldiering and Surveillance
Authors: Behm Jessica J.
Published: March 2010

This paper forwards a theory of silhouetting in relation to technological augmentation in U.S. Military uniforms and suggests that the increasing utilization of metamaterials, nanotechnology, and surveillance technologies operates under a rhetoric of invisibility that complicates the technologies’ visible destruction. Methodologically, the paper attends to three general technological developments in the evolution of the U.S. Army uniform: the design of the new Army Combat Uniform (ACU); the technological advances in the uniform, including embedded wearables, biometric identification devices, and 3D combat enhancement systems; and the bio-networking, GPS, and digital communication arrays that physically link digital uniforms to a larger geopolitical network of U.S. military strategy and surveillance. Throughout, the work traces the aforementioned theory of silhouetting in relation to select sociopolitical consequences of linking digitally enhanced soldiers into a transnational grid of surveillance.
The Tampa “Smart CCTV” Experiment
Authors: Gates Kelly
Published: March 2010

In June 2001, a neighborhood in Tampa, Florida called Ybor City became the first urban area in the United States to be fitted with a “Smart CCTV” system. Visionics Corporation began a project with the Tampa Police Department to incorporate the company’s facial recognition technology (FRT), called FaceIt, into an existing 36-camera CCTV system covering several blocks along two of the main avenues. However, this “smart surveillance” experiment did not go as smoothly as its planners had hoped. After a two-year free trial period, the TPD abandoned the effort to integrate facial recognition with the CCTV system in August 2003, citing its failure to identify a single wanted individual. This essay chronicles the experiment with FRT in Ybor City and argues that the project’s failure should not be viewed as solely a technical one. Most significantly, the failure of the Ybor City “Smart CCTV” experiment reveals the extent to which new surveillance technologies represent sites of struggle over the extent and limits of police power in advanced liberal democracies.
Pre-Columbian Earthworks in Coastal Amazonia
Authors: Rostain Stéphen
Published: March 2010

As in other parts of Amazonia, pre-Columbian Indians have profoundly modified the coast of the Guianas. Between 650 and 1650 AD, Arauquinoid people occupied a territory that was approximately 600 km long and used the raised field technique intensively before the European conquest. They erected thousands of raised fields of various shapes, dug canals, ditches, and pathways, and built artificial mounds to establish their villages. All these earthworks changed forever the face of the coastal flooded savannas and their ecology. Such labor was probably organized under the leadership of a central authority: it seems that Arauquinoid societies were organized in a chiefdom system. Statistical calculations, based on the known surface area of raised fields and on their estimated productivity, suggest a population density of 50 to 100 inhabitants per km2. Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Guianas coast carefully organized, managed and “anthropisized” their territory following a specific pattern.
Degradation of Microcystin-LR and RR by a Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain EMS Isolated from Lake Taihu, China
Authors: Chen Jian , Hu Liang Bin , Zhou Wei , Yan Shao Hua , Yang Jing Dong , Xue Yan Feng , Shi Zhi Qi
Published: March 2010

A bacterial strain EMS with the capability of degrading microcystins (MCs) was isolated from Lake Taihu, China. The bacterium was tentatively identified as a Stenotrophomonas sp. The bacterium could completely consume MC-LR and MC-RR within 24 hours at a concentration of 0.7 µg/mL and 1.7 µg/mL, respectively. The degradation of MC-LR and MC-RR by EMS occurred preferentially in an alkaline environment. In addition, mlrA gene involved in the degradation of MC-LR and MC-RR was detected in EMS. Due to the limited literature this gene has rare homologues. Sequencing analysis of the translated protein from mlrA suggested that MlrA might be a transmembrane protein, which suggests a possible new protease family having unique function.
Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers for Egg White Lysozyme
Authors: Tran Dinh T. , Janssen Kris P. F. , Pollet Jeroen , Lammertyn Elke , Anné Jozef , Van Schepdael Ann , Lammertyn Jeroen
Published: March 2010

We have selected aptamers binding to lysozyme from a DNA library using capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. During the selection process the dissociation constant of the ssDNA pool decreased from the micromolar to the low nanomolar range within five rounds of selection. The final aptamer had a dissociation constant of 2.8 ± 0.3 nM, 6.1 ± 0.5 nM, and 52.9 ± 9.1 nM as determined by fluorescence anisotropy, surface plasmon resonance and affinity capillary electrophoresis respectively. The aptamers were successfully challenged for specificity against other egg white proteins. The high affinity aptamers open up possibilities for the development of aptamer based food and medical diagnostics.
Copper-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Amides Using (S)-N-Methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylate as the Ligand
Authors: Wang Chaoyu , Liu Lijuan , Wang Wei , Ma Dong-Sheng , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2010

(S)-N-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylate, a derivative of natural L-proline, was found to be an efficient ligand for the copper-catalyzed Goldberg-type N-arylation of amides with aryl halides under mild conditions. A variety of N-arylamides were synthesized in good to high yields.
Land-Cover Phenologies and Their Relation to Climatic Variables in an Anthropogenically Impacted Mediterranean Coastal Area
Authors: Melendez-Pastor Ignacio , Navarro-Pedreño Jose , Koch Magaly , Gómez Ignacio , Hernández Encarni I.
Published: March 2010

Mediterranean coastal areas are experiencing rapid land cover change caused by human-induced land degradation and extreme climatic events. Vegetation index time series provide a useful way to monitor vegetation phenological variations. This study quantitatively describes Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) temporal changes for Mediterranean land-covers from the perspective of vegetation phenology and its relation with climate. A time series from 2001 to 2007 of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index 16-day composite (MOD13Q1) was analyzed to extract anomalies (by calculating z-scores) and frequency domain components (by the Fourier Transform). Vegetation phenology analyses were developed for diverse land-covers for an area in south Alicante (Spain) providing a useful way to analyze and understand the phenology associated to those land-covers. Time series of climatic variables were also analyzed through anomaly detection techniques and the Fourier Transform. Correlations between EVI time series and climatic variables were computed. Temperature, rainfall and radiation were significantly correlated with almost all land-cover classes for the harmonic analysis amplitude term. However, vegetation phenology was not correlated with climatic variables for the harmonic analysis phase term suggesting a delay between climatic variations and vegetation response.
Microfabricated Reference Electrodes and their Biosensing Applications
Authors: Shinwari M. Waleed , Zhitomirsky David , Deen Imran A. , Selvaganapathy P. R. , Deen M. Jamal , Landheer D.
Published: March 2010

Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing trend towards miniaturization of both biological and chemical sensors and their integration with miniaturized sample pre-processing and analysis systems. These miniaturized lab-on-chip devices have several functional advantages including low cost, their ability to analyze smaller samples, faster analysis time, suitability for automation, and increased reliability and repeatability. Electrical based sensing methods that transduce biological or chemical signals into the electrical domain are a dominant part of the lab-on-chip devices. A vital part of any electrochemical sensing system is the reference electrode, which is a probe that is capable of measuring the potential on the solution side of an electrochemical interface. Research on miniaturization of this crucial component and analysis of the parameters that affect its performance, stability and lifetime, is sparse. In this paper, we present the basic electrochemistry and thermodynamics of these reference electrodes and illustrate the uses of reference electrodes in electrochemical and biological measurements. Different electrochemical systems that are used as reference electrodes will be presented, and an overview of some contemporary advances in electrode miniaturization and their performance will be provided.
Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Authors: Waechter Helen , Litman Jessica , Cheung Adrienne  H. , Barnes Jack  A. , Loock Hans-Peter
Published: March 2010

Waveguide-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRD) can be used for quantitative measurements of chemical concentrations in small amounts of liquid, in gases or in films. The change in ring-down time can be correlated to analyte concentration when using fiber optic sensing elements that change their attenuation in dependence of either sample absorption or refractive index. Two types of fiber cavities, i.e., fiber loops and fiber strands containing reflective elements, are distinguished. Both types of cavities were coupled to a variety of chemical sensor elements, which are discussed and compared.
Fused bicyclic piperidines and dihydropyridines by dearomatising cyclisation of the enolates of nicotinyl-substituted esters and ketones
Authors: Brice Heloise , Clayden Jonathan , Hamilton Stuart D
Published: March 2010

The silyl enol ether derivatives of ketones or esters tethered by a hydrocarbon or ether linkage to the 3-position of a pyridine ring undergo dearomatising nucleophilic attack on the ring once it is activated (as an acylpyridinium species) by the addition of methyl chloroformate. The bicyclic dihydropyridine products are in some cases unstable, but may be isolated after hydrogenation as fused bicyclic piperidines.
Inscriptions from Alchester: Vespasian's Base of the Second Augustan Legion(?)
Authors: Sauer Eberhard W.
Published: March 2010

Excavation at Alchester in 2003 revealed an almost complete tombstone of a veteran of the Second Augustan Legion. This provides the first known biography of any person living in pre-medieval Oxfordshire. He is arguably also the earliest legionary veteran attested in Britain. All other tombstones of legionary veterans in Britain come from the main base of their legion or a veterans' colony. Since there is nothing to suggest that Alchester ever became a colony, it must have been the main base of the legio II Augusta and thus Vespasian's base (a case supported by other indications, notably the fortress's foundation date of a.d. 43/44), unless it is the only known exception to the rule.
Roman Fort Environs in North-West Wales
Authors: Hopewell David
Published: March 2010

This paper presents the results of a series of geophysical surveys of Roman forts and their environs carried out by the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust. An almost complete plan of the early wooden fort at Llanfor has been produced. Its densely-packed interior demonstrates heavy garrisoning, probably during very early Flavian campaigning. The small square auxiliary fort of Caer Llugwy has been shown to be a contraction of a larger rectangular fort. Surveys at Pennal, Caer Gai, and Canovium revealed a wide range of extramural development including vici in the form of ribbon development.
The Deposition of Iron Objects in Britain During the Later Prehistoric and Roman Periods: Contextual Analysis and the Significance of Iron
Authors: Hingley Richard
Published: March 2010

Central to this paper is the meaning of the actions that lead to iron objects being found in archaeological contexts of later prehistoric and Roman date. It is argued that the placing of iron objects within the physical landscape reflects upon the changing nature of society at this time. In Iron Age studies, many deposits in rivers, bogs and in the pits, ditches and post-holes of settlements are now interpreted as ‘special’ material buried for significant reasons, through acts that are often called ‘structured deposition’. This approach has had a deep influence on the excavation and post-excavation of Iron Age settlements and is now coming to influence the study of the deposition of artefacts on Roman sites. This paper develops the idea that much of the later prehistoric and Roman ironwork found on settlements and elsewhere was deliberately deposited for what might loosely be called ‘ritual’ or ‘religious’ motives; for much of this period the proportion of the artefacts lost accidentally was possibly quite small. Artefacts in other materials also require comparable study, but, while work that integrates the examination of items made from different materials on individual sites is important, this paper focuses upon iron due to its potential significance as a highly symbolic medium.
Verulamium: Excavations within the Roman Town 1986–88
Authors: Niblett Rosalind , Manning William , Saunders Christopher
Published: March 2010

Excavations in Insulae II, III and XIII in the southern half of Verulamium demonstrated the absence of occupation prior to the late first century and the relatively late development of the street grid in this area. This forced a re-evaluation of the date of the 1955 ditch, suggesting it was not dug until the Flavian period. The excavations also demonstrated that Watling Street had never bisected Insula XIII on the south-eastern side of the Forum-Basilica, thus negating a major argument for the presence of a Claudian fort under the centre of the later town. A restricted excavation in the northern corner of Insula XIII revealed evidence for the location of the town’s baths, while excavation in Insula XIII revealed a long sequence of industrial and domestic occupation stretching from the late first to early fifth centuries. Evidence for continued occupation into the fifth century or beyond was recovered from Insula II, and to a lesser extent, in Insula XIII.
Wells and Bucket-Chains: Unforeseen Elements of Water Supply in Early Roman London
Authors: Blair Ian , Spain Robert , Swift Dan , Taylor Tony , Goodburn Damian
Published: March 2010

Excavations by MoLAS at 30 Gresham Street and 12 Arthur Street in the City of London in 2001 have led to a complete reassessment of the provision of Roman London’s water supply. Four massive first- and second-century wells contained remains of two types of mechanical water-lifting machines or bucket-chain systems. The discoveries allowed identification of a similar bucket-chain from the Cheapside Roman baths, found 50 years earlier by Ivor Noël Hume of the Guildhall Museum. Archaeological and engineering analysis has revealed the water-lifting capacity of the machines, which could have supplied a significant proportion of the town’s population with clean water.
New Light on Latin in Pre-Conquest Britain
Authors: Williams Jonathan
Published: March 2010

Recent developments in the reading of Iron Age British coin-legends have added considerably to our knowledge of Latin in pre-conquest Britain. The picture that is now emerging is of the nuanced and sophisticated use of Latin over quite a wide area of South-Eastern England from the late first century B.C. onwards. The question that then arises is what the implications of this material are for our understanding of key developments in the culture, politics and societies of South-Eastern England in the decades before the Roman invasion. This paper argues that they are really rather significant.
Inscriptions on Romano-British Mosaics and Wall-Paintings
Authors: Ling Roger
Published: March 2010

The article reviews the principal surviving examples of inscriptions on mosaic pavements and wall-paintings in Roman Britain. For some of these it makes tentative suggestions towards new readings or seeks to adjudicate between the conflicting readings of earlier commentators. The eleven inscriptions examined belong to different classes: signatures, dedications, good luck messages, labels, and literary or pseudo-literary glosses upon figure-scenes. The existence of the inscriptions implies that viewers were expected to be literate, or at least that being literate, if not actually well-educated, was socially important.
A. Plautius' Campaign in Britain: An Alternative Reading of the Narrative in Cassius Dio (60.19.5–21.2)
Authors: Hind J.G.F.
Published: March 2010

Three aspects of Cassius Dio's account of the Claudian invasion of Britain are discussed. First, the convention, by which ancient historians routinely introduced their detailed narrative of military campaigns with a summary, allows the two first battles in the sequence to be eliminated as separate events. Secondly, the kings, Togodumnus in Cassius Dio and Cogidumnus in Tacitus' Agricola, are taken to be the same individual, who after defeat was reconciled to be Claudius' client-ruler. Thirdly, the argument is restated that the invasion took place through the harbours of West Sussex on a route suggested by the description given by Dio and by the evidence of place-names, known from the Geography of Ptolemy and the Antonine Itinerary.
In piscibus diversis; the Bone Evidence for Fish Consumption in Roman Britain
Authors: Locker Alison
Published: March 2010

Fish bone assemblages from 109 sites were analysed for evidence of Roman influence on fish consumption. Temporal divisions within the period were not informative, but sites were divided by region. Secondary evidence, including amphorae and fishing tackle, was also considered. Eel was most common overall but some species were regionally important, e.g. salmon. Towns and villas showed the greatest range of fish, from freshwater and inland marine fisheries and also imported salted fish and fish-sauce. Native sites continued to show restricted fish consumption from very local sources, while Roman sites suggested an increase in variety and some evidence for status, which may result from cultural change in culinary practices.
Brooches and the Cult of Mercury
Authors: Crummy Nina
Published: March 2010

The attributes of Mercury include his purse and winged sandals and one of his animal companions is the cockerel. Purse brooches are few in number, but shoe sole and cockerel brooches occur at Temple 10 at Colchester, a centre of the god's cult, and at other temples, and both also occur in graves, reflecting Mercury's role as the guide of dead souls. Fly brooches have been found at both Temple 10 and Uley, also a centre for Mercury worship, and in a grave, and may be a fourth type associated with the god.
A Publication Policy for Chedworth
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: March 2010

A project-planning grant to the National Trust from the Heritage Lottery Fund provided the context for a review of what had and had not been published since the villa's discovery in 1864. An Archaeological Data Service website will make public as soon as possible the material currently available to the Trust – without prejudicing subsequent publication in other forms – and will be kept up to date. Arrangements are also being made to complete the post-excavation work on the investigations carried out between 1994 and 2006 and to publish them. Significant changes in knowledge arising from this latest phase are summarized.
Nero and Britain: the Palace of the Client King atCallevaand Imperial Policy towards the Province after Boudicca
Authors: Fulford Michael
Published: March 2010

The evidence for a major, post-Boudiccan Neronian building campaign in Calleva is set out and discussed and its wider context considered. It is suggested that there was deliberate investment in the civil development of the client kingdom south of the Thames in contrast to the re-establishment of direct military control to the north and in East Anglia where revival of the towns was slow to take off.
Roman Diet and Trade: Evidence from Organic Residues on Pottery Sherds Recovered at the Roman Town ofCalleva Atrebatum(Silchester, Hants.)
Authors: Marshall L.-J. , Cook S.R. , Almond M.J. , Fulford M.G.
Published: March 2010

The analysis of organic residues from pottery sherds using Gas-Chromatography with mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS) has revealed information about the variety of foods eaten and domestic routine at Silchester between the second and fourth–sixth centuries A.D. Two results are discussed in detail: those of a second-century Gauloise-type amphora and a fourth-century SE Dorset black-burnished ware (BB1) cooking pot, which reveal the use of pine pitch on the inner surface of the amphora and the use of animal fats (ruminant adipose fats) and leafy vegetables in cooking at the Roman town of Silchester, Hants.
A Newly Identified Roman Temporary Camp at Cow Close, near Bowes, Co. Durham
Authors: Gates Tim , Ainsworth Stewart
Published: March 2010

This note is concerned with the recognition of a previously unrecorded Roman temporary camp at Cow Close, near Bowes, in County Durham. Its possible significance as one of a chain of early Flavian camps linking York and Carlisle is also examined.
The Field Archaeology of the Romano-British Settlement at Charterhouse-on-Mendip
Authors: Fradley Michael
Published: March 2010

The Romano-British lead-mining complex at Charterhouse-on-Mendip has long been recognised as amongst the most important industrial sites within the British province. This paper brings together the results of the recent English Heritage earthwork survey of the site which has enabled for the frst time the full characterisation of the settlement and its relationship with the core mining zones of the Blackmoor and Velvet Bottom valleys. It has also allowed a reassessment of life within an industrial settlement such as Charterhouse which challenges many preconceived perceptions of these settlement forms.
The Drapers' Gardens Hoard: A Preliminary Account
Authors: Gerrard James
Published: March 2010

Recent excavations by Pre-Construct Archaeology in the City of London uncovered a large hoard of twenty bronze, pewter and iron vessels and other objects in the fill of a Late Roman well. The hoard is the largest group of such objects to be excavated under modern conditions and is exceptionally well dated. This paper provides an illustrated catalogue of the vessels, discusses their date, and suggests reasons for their deposition.
A Gilt-Bronze Arm from London
Authors: Bayley Justine , Croxford Ben , Henig Martin , Watson Bruce
Published: March 2010

The left hand and forearm from a slightly over life-size bronze or copper-alloy arm was excavated during 2001 at 20–30 Gresham Street, within the City of London. It was discarded in a quarry pit, which fooded with groundwater turning it into a pond and was subsequently backflled C.A.D. 60–70. The arm was presumably part of a public statue, perhaps of an emperor or god, which had been deliberately broken up. The Boudican revolt of A.D. 60/1 is one possible context for the destruction of Roman statuary in London, but the end of Nero's reign, some ten years later, is another period when any statues of this very unpopular emperor could have been broken up. The article includes a catalogue of previous fnds of bronze statuary from London (where more fragments of arms and hands have been recovered than anywhere else in Britain), the results of metallurgical examination of the arm, and a discussion of iconoclasm in Roman Britain.
Exercise in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Discrepancies Between Recommendations and Reality
Authors: PASSALENT LAURA A. , SOEVER LESLIE J. , O’SHEA FINBAR D. , INMAN ROBERT D.
Published: March 2010

Objective.

To determine the type and extent of exercise used by an ankylosing spondylitis (AS) cohort and to examine patients’ perceptions of exercise. Recommendations for the management of AS identify exercise as the cornerstone of comprehensive management.

Methods.

An exercise inventory questionnaire and the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS) were administered to patients attending the AS clinic of a large teaching hospital. Benefits and barriers subscales of the EBBS were analyzed to identify the perceived benefits of, and barriers to, exercise. Higher benefits scores (range 29–116) indicate a more positive perception of exercise. Higher barriers scores (range 14–56) indicate a greater perception of barriers to exercise.

Results.

Sixty-one patients with AS completed the questionnaires. Mean age was 38.0 years, and mean disease duration was 14.7 years. Walking (3 times/week) and stretching (3 times/week) were the most commonly reported types of exercise and were reported in 35.0% and 32.8%, respectively. The mean benefits EBBS score was 87.1 ± 12.5. The most frequently reported benefits of exercise were that it “increases my level of physical fitness” (96.4%) and “improves functioning of my cardiovascular system” (96.4%). The mean barriers EBBS score was 29.2 ± 5.3, and the most frequently reported barrier to exercise was that it “tires me” (71.4%).

Conclusion.

Patients with AS perceive the benefits of exercise, with average EBBS benefits scores comparable to historical controls with similar conditions. Despite positive perceptions, the majority of patients with AS did not report participating in exercise on a frequent basis.
Correlation Between Serum Anti-C1q Antibody Levels and Renal Pathological Characteristics and Prognostic Significance of Anti-C1q Antibody in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: CAI XIAOYAN , YANG XIUYAN , LIAN FAN , LIN XIAOJUN , LIANG MING , LI JIANWEN , CHEN XIAOHUI , LIANG LIUQING , QIN SHUGUANG , FU JUNZHOU
Published: March 2010

Objective.

To investigate the relationship between serum anti-C1q antibody levels and renal pathological characteristics in lupus nephritis as well as the prognostic significance of serum anti-C1q antibody.

Methods.

Seventy-three patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis were enrolled. Anti-C1q antibody was measured in serum samples taken within 7 days before renal biopsy and remeasured at the end of the first and the third month after treatment. All patients were followed at least once a month for 3 months. A cross-sectional study analyzed the relationship between serum anti-C1q antibody levels and renal histopathology and nephritic activity, while a longitudinal study evaluated the prognostic significance of anti-C1q antibody levels in lupus nephritis.

Results.

Fifty-eight of 73 patients (79.5%) were reported as having positive baseline serum anti-C1q antibody, with a mean level of 95.3 (± 55.2) U/ml. Significant differences were found in serum anti-C1q antibody levels between each World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lupus nephritis. The serum anti-C1q antibody level of WHO class IV was the highest. Serum anti-C1q antibody was positively correlated with the active and chronic indices in renal pathology. Patients with persistent high levels or increased titers of serum anti-C1q antibody tended to develop delayed remission in nephropathy. Serum anti-C1q antibody levels before and after treatment were relevant to renal remission, but serum anti-C1q antibody at the end of the third month after treatment was a stronger predictor for the prognosis after adjustment in the Cox’s proportional hazards regression model.

Conclusion.

Serum anti-C1q antibody is a valuable noninvasive biological marker for evaluation of renal involvement and lupus prognosis.
Environmental indigenous wisdom and the design of educational resources
Authors: Cebrián-de-la-Serna Manuel , Noguera-Valdemar Juan
Published: March 2010

The current essay presents the results of research into sustainable development and environmental education that was developed in the sub-region of Amazonia-Orinoquia (Amazonas State, Venezuela) from 2005 to 2008. This study was undertaken within a qualitative methodology framework where field trips and the collaboration of indigenous communities in particular were crucial. Unlike other projects currently taking place in the area, our investigation established a different connection with indigenous communities. The study considered indigenous peoples both as subjects and objects of the analysis, for which a written agreement was negotiated and signed at the beginning of the project about what to study and how to proceed with our research. Several data collection techniques were used: interviews with key informants, discussion groups and surveys. Two of the goals were: to analyse the knowledge that indigenous peoples have about the environment and sustainability, particularly regarding the cultural role of ethnicity; to design and elaborate educational materials that address issues about environmental education related to the cultural role that ethnic groups play in species preservation. These objectives were reached thanks to the response of 12 different indigenous peoples of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds after visiting 17 communities.

El presente artículo expone los resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre el desarrollo sostenido y educación ambiental desarrollado en la subregión Amazonia-Orinoquia (Estado de Amazonas, Venezuela) desde 2005 a 2008. La investigación se enmarca dentro de una metodología cualitativa, donde la colaboración de los pueblos indígenas y la visita en el terreno fueron cruciales. A diferencia de otros proyectos desarrollados en la zona, el trabajo estableció una relación diferente con las comunidades indígenas. En este proyecto se consideraba a los pueblos indígenas como objetos y sujetos de la investigación, recogiendo en una carta firmada los compromisos del proceso negociador realizado al inicio del proyecto sobre qué y cómo realizar la investigación. Se utilizaron diversas técnicas de recogida de datos: entrevistas a informantes clave, grupos de discusión y encuestas. Se describen solamente dos de los diversos objetivos y resultados del proyecto, a saber: 1) Analizar los conceptos que poseen los pueblos indígenas sobre el medio ambiente y la sostenibilidad, especialmente en su relación con el papel cultural de las etnias; 2) Diseñar y elaborar materiales didácticos en los que se trabajen los conceptos de educación ambiental relacionados con el papel cultural de las etnias en la conservación de las especies. Estos objetivos fueron alcanzados gracias a la respuesta de doce pueblos indígenas de lenguas y etnias diferentes tras la visita a diecisiete comunidades distintas.
Hydrolysis of coconut oil (Cocos nucífera L.) by specificity and no positional specificity enzimes.
Authors: Rodríguez R. , Sanhueza J. , Valenzuela A. , Nieto S.
Published: March 2010

The characteristic fatty acid composition of coconut oil provides mainly short- and medium- chain fatty acids when incorporated to the diet. These fatty acids have nutritional advantages because their metabolic disposition allows the rapid obtention of energy, mainly at the hepatic level. The obtention of short- and medium- chain fatty acids from coconut oil as substrate, may be of importance because the different nutritional, pharmacological, and technological uses of these fatty acids. In the present work, the effect of two type of lipases on the hydrolysis of coconut oil was studied; a lipase obtained from Candida cylindracea showing no positional specificity, and a lipase from Mucor miehei with sn-1',3' specificity in its free and immobilized form (Lipozyme IM-20). The lipase from Candida cylindracea allows the hydrolysis of 85%-90% of the triacylglycerols after 47-50 hours, the fatty acid composition of the hydrolyzate being similar to the composition of the oil. The remaining monoacylglycerols show a prevalent composition of short- (C6-C8) -and medium- chain (C10-C14) fatty acids. Lipase from Mucor miehei allows 65% of hydrolysis, which is obtained after 30 hours of incubation when the free form of the lipase is assayed, and after 10 hours for the immobilized form (Lipozyme IM-20). The fatty acid composition of the hydrolyzate is similar for the two enzymes and different to the composition of the oil, being C8-C14 the most prevalent fatty acids. The remaining monoacylglycerol, as product of the action of both forms of the enzyme, is almost enterely composed by lauric acid (C12:0), implicating that the sn-2' position is the most favoured for this fatty acid in the coconut oil triacylglycerols. The usefulness of lipases for the obtention of especific fractions of some fatty acids is discussed. The utility of the lipase from Mucor miehei for the obtention enriched fractions of lauric acid, which can be liberated after saponification, is also discussed.
Influence of fatty acid composition on the formation of polar glycerides and polar fatty acids in sunflower oils heated at frying temperatures.
Authors: Jorge N. , Guaraldo Gonçalves L. Ap. , Dobarganes M. C.
Published: March 2010

Conventional and high oleic sunflower oils as well as 50% mixture of both of them were heated at different temperatures under well-controlled conditions. Total polar compounds, the main groups of polar glycerides, total polar fatty acids, the main groups of polar fatty acids and the loss of initial fatty acids were quantitated. The most outstanding results demonstrated the primacy of the formation of glyceridic polymerization compounds during heating at high temperatures. After transesterification of the samples dimeric fatty acids was the most significant group of compounds obtained. As expected, linoleic acid was preferentially involved in the formation of polar fatty acids, although the participation of oleic acid became very important at low concentration of linoleic acid. Finally good statistical figures were obtained for the regression of polar fatty acids on polar compounds.
Evolution of the costs for the determination of the production capacity of a virgin olive oil factory.
Authors: Espínola Lozano F.
Published: March 2010

The article makes a comparative economic analysis of the extraction continuos systems of olive oil, in two and three phases. It also studies the most important parameters which can determine the production of the most suitable capacity of a virgin olive oil factory, with special attention to the process of extraction in two phases.
Fatty acid hydroperoxides pathways in plants. A review.
Authors: Fauconnier M. L. , Marlier M.
Published: March 2010

The present paper focusses on the fatty acid hydroperoxides pathways, mainly hydroperoxide lyase and hydroperoxide dehydrase. For each enzyme, the definition, occurrence and subcellular localization is presented. Particular attention is given to reaction mecanisms and to substrate specificity. Physiological roles of reaction products are also discussed.
Characterization of crude, neutro and blenched oil from pulp and peel of jungle fruit Paraqueiba sericea tulasne «Umarí».
Authors: Chasquibol Silva Nancy A.
Published: March 2010

Crude, neutro and blenched oil extracted from pulp and peel of jungle fruit Paraqueiba sericea tulasne «Umarí» were studied. The crude oil was extracted with hexane by the soxhlet method giving a 47.86% yield, a 31.72% yield in neutro oil and a 94.89% yield in blenched oil. Chemical and physical constants were determined. In addition, five methyl esters of fatty acids were quantitatively determined by GLC using DEGS as stationary phase. The results indicated that Umarí oil belongs to a not drying type with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids principaly oleic. The analytical values obtained confirm the convenience of using Umarí oil in food and cosmetic industries.
Irrigation effects on fatty acidic composition, organoleptic characteristics and other quality parameters of virgin olive oils.
Authors: Salas J. , Pastor M. , Castro J.
Published: March 2010

Fatty acidic composition, organoleptic characteristics and other quality parameters of virgin olive oils were evaluated in dry-farming and irrigated olive orchards. The acidic composition was affected by irrigation. The content in monoinsaturated and polunsaturated fatty acid was higher in the oils of the dry-farming olive orchard, while the relative content in saturated fatty acids was higher in the irrigated one. The insaturated/ saturated and oleic/linoleic relations distinguish the irrigated and non irrigated olive trees. The K225 values, the poliphenolic contents and the bitter taste were also correlated. The oils from non irrigated olive trees showed the higher bitter taste. Those three parameters discriminated the oils from irrigated and non irrigated trees. The bitter taste diminished when increasing the amount of water supplied with the irrigation.
Characterization of wheat germ oil extracted by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide.
Authors: Molero Gómez A. , Gordillo Romero M. D. , Martínez de la Ossa E.
Published: March 2010

In this work the quality of wheat germ oil obtained by extraction with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide was studied. At the optimum operating conditions, the yield of supercritical extraction is similar to the conventional extraction by organic solvent, but the quality of the wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide is higher. Furthermore, supercritical extraction could be more economical than organic extraction because the solvent removal by distillation is not necessary and several steps of the following oil refining process can be simplified.
Use of antifungal principles from garlic for the Inhibition of yeasts and moulds in fermenting green olives.
Authors: Asehraou A. , Mohieddine S. , Faid M.
Published: March 2010

Yeast contamination of fermented green olives was evaluated. Plate counts were determined during the fermentation process and strains were isolated, identified and characterized. Results showed that counts of yeasts reached a maximum when the acidity was rather high. Strain identification showed that: Pichia anomala, Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida versatilis and C. tropicalis were the most abundant species. Isolates of these species were used in the in-vitro inhibition assays using laboratory media with whole garlic, water extract and steam distilled oil to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). The effect of concentrations that inhibited yeasts and moulds were also studied on lactic acid bacteria which were not inhibited. The essential oil was the most active on growth of moulds and yeasts. The same concentrations of sorbic acid were used in olive preservation against yeasts and moulds during the fermentation and storage. A net decrease in yeast counts was observed.
Pharmacological activity of the fraction isolated from virgin olive oil containing the sterols and triterpenic alcohols
Authors: De la Puerta R. , Maestro Durán R. , Ruiz Gutiérrez V.
Published: March 2010

The fraction of sterols and triterpenic dialcohols from unsaponifiable of virgin olive oil has been tested for Its possible antiinflamatory activity. The topical administration of these products produced a potent antioedematous effect, in the auricular oedema induced by TPA (12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate) in experimental animals. This test has been widely used to determine the antiinflamatory action of phospholipase A2 inhibitors. The measure of myeloperoxidase, marker enzyme of the accumulation of neutrophils in the inflamed tissue, demonstrated a significant reduction of the cellular infiltration produced by assayed fraction.
Fatty acid composition of Achene oils from five Moroccan climatic cultivars of Cannabis.
Authors: Merzouki A. , Molero Mesa J.
Published: March 2010

The fatty acid composition of achene oil from five Cannabis climatic cultivars cultivated in the nort of Morrocco is determined. Linoleic acid predominated (40 to 45%), followed by linolenic (12 to 17%) and oleic (7 to 10%) acids. Differences in the fatty acid composition of oils are attributed to environmental factors.
Characterization of palm tree fruit oils from brazilian Amazonia region.
Authors: Mambrin M. C. , Barrera Arellano D.
Published: March 2010

The physicochemical characteristics, yield and fatty acid composition of pulp oils from bacaba (Oenocarpus distichus) pataua (Jessenia batana) and tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare) and kernel fats from tucuma and muru-muru (Astrocaryum murumuru), all obtained from palm tree fruits collected in the brazilian rain forest (Amazonia region), were determined. The pulp oils belong to the oleic group (> 57% oleic acid) and the kernel fats to the lauric group (> 77% lauric acid).
Obtention of highly purified fractions of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from sardine oil by silver-resin chromatography. A semipreparative procedure.
Authors: Nieto S. , Córdoba Ana M. , Sanhueza J. , Valenzuela A.
Published: March 2010

Pure fractions of eicosapentaenoic acid (ERA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were obtained from silver-resin column chromatography of ERA+DHA concentrates obtained from sardine oil. Two types of silver-impregnated resins were assayed; Amberlite IR-118H and Dowex 50 W-HCR-W2.The Amberlite-silver column allows the separation of almost pure fractions (98.5%) of ERA, being unable to separate DHA from other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Dowex-silver column does not separate the ERA from the concentrate but allows the isolation of a highly purified fraction of DHA. The chromatographic procedure described may provide pure forms of two important n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for nutritional or pharmacological research or as substrates for the obtention of structured lipids.
Paprika color quality inview of air and natural drying treatments.
Authors: Ibrahim Hayam M.A. , Ragab G. H. , Moharram H. A.
Published: March 2010

Color, browning compounds formation and total carotenoids as indicator of paprika quality were investigated under air and natural drying processes. The data resulted from air drying experiments showed an inversely relationship between the progress in temperature (40, 60 and 80° C) and the paprika quality. In natural dried samples, three different treatments were carried out (sun, dark drying and blanching + sun drying). The data revealed an irregular pattern characterized by two stages: 1 st one is biosynthetic and the second is degradative with more profound effect in light more than darkness. Multilinear regression data analysis was also employed to simulate the results especially the changes in total carotenoids as a function of time. Sensory evaluation for color of the samples indicated a large variation in responses of panelists. Low temperature treatment was recommended to favour the quality of paprika if the rate of forming browning compounds is reduced.
Extraction by SOXTEC® of the cotton fatty matter from different producing areas. Comparison of the dichloromethane or successive dichloromethane-methanol extractions.
Authors: Martínez Mª J. , Crespi M.
Published: March 2010

The paper compares the fatty matter recovered from cotton when applying one extraction with dichloromethane or two successive extractions (the first with dichloromethane and the second one with methanol, more polar) and the time required for the operation when using SOXTEC® System HT2 or the usual Soxhlet. Results showed that it is convenient to make successive extractions of 1 hr and 30 minutes, respectively, with SOXTEC®. The fatty matter extracted was homogeneous, with independence of its origin. Before the analysis of pesticides, samples should be purified by gas chromatography (ECD or MS).
A simple procedure to evaluate the performance of fats and oils at frying temperatures.
Authors: Barrera-Arellano D. , Márquez-Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. O.
Published: March 2010

A standard procedure is proposed to evaluate the performance of fats and oils at frying temperatures, taking the advantages provided by the Rancimat apparatus, i. e., standard vessels, temperature correction and temperature homogenity in all vessels resulting from the particular characteristics of the heating block. The results obtained in oil samples of 8 g heated at 180° C for 10 h in triplicate gave coefficients of variation lower than 6% for total polar compounds and polymers. In case of limited amount of oil, it is additionally proposed to use only 2 g of sample provided that a similar surface-to-oil volume ratio is maintained, and coefficients of variation of the same order than those for 8 g samples were thus obtained. Advantages of the procedure as well as potential applications for evaluation of frying fats and oils are Included. As an example, the effect of α-tocopherol on performance of sunflower oils was analyzed.
Compendio bibliográfico sobre cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia de lípidos: IV 1985-1994.
Authors: Graciani Constante E. , Janer del Valle Mª L. , Maestro Durán R.
Published: March 2010

The present summary, following the tradition begun by K. Aitzetmüller with the works published from 1961 and continued by the present authors from 1975, is a compilation of articles appearing between the years given in the title; the database used was primarily Chem. Abstr. The study indicates the most frequent topics of research and the more specialised journals. The total number of works reviewed is 1680,680 more than those appearing in the previous decade. Special emphasis is given to the reviews includes. (English).
Performance of polyunsaturated oils during frying of potatoes in fast food shops: Formation of new compounds and correlations between analytical methods.
Authors: Masson L. , Robert P. , Romero N. , Izaurieta M. , Valenzuela S. , Ortiz J. , Dobarganes M. C.
Published: March 2010

In this study, different analytical methods, i.e. polar compounds, polar compound distribution, free fatty acids, peroxide value, conjugated dienes and trienes, oxidized fatty acids, viscosity and oxifrit-test, are applied to samples of both initial polyunsaturated oils and their counterparts after being used in the frying of potatoes in fast food shops. Two main objectives were established: the study of formation of new compounds during the frying process and the evaluation of possibilities to substitute complex methodologies for simpler and more rapid techniques. Results indicated that, although new compounds comming from oxidation and polymerization stand out, 20% of the samples contained very high amounts of hydrolytic products i.e. diglycerides and fatty acids, whose formation is difficult to explain. From the analysis of correlation coefficients between analytical methods, the utility of free fatty acids and conjugated dienes (or viscosity) to predict the amount of the main groups of new compounds in used polyunsaturated frying oils, was deduced.
Thermodegradation of carotenoids in paprika.
Authors: Pérez Gálvez A. , Garrido Fernández J.
Published: March 2010

Commercial paprika is placed at different temperatures, from 30 up to 100°C in order to control the effect of heat in carotenoids of this spice. A degradation is found via cis-isomers, with a concentration increase at low temperature. There is, from 70°C, a great destruction in all pigments.
Volatile compounds of Domiati cheese made from buffaloe's milk with different fat content.
Authors: El-Mageed Magda A. Abd
Published: March 2010

Buffaloe's milk was manufactured to Domiati cheese with different fat content in the cheese milk (1%, 3.5% and 7%). Results obtained during the ripening period revealed that the low fat cheese (Karish) is not able to long period storage, while half cream cheese had a good quality and flavour along the ripening period. The full cream cheese did not exceed the first month of ripening, then it deteriorated. The main components found were acrolein (propenal), heptanal, acetone, butan-2 one, ethanol, butan-2 ol, 2-methylpropan- 1-ol, 3-methyl butan-1-ol, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, pentane and octane. Methyl mercaptan, methyl thiopropionate, and dimethyl trisulfide together with propyl butyrate, were existed in the samples which are characterized as bad cheese samples. Most of the previous compounds were developed after 1 month of ripening period.