bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsaturated C18 α‐hydroxy acids inSalvia nilotica
Authors: Bohannon M. B. , Kleiman R.
Published: November 2006

The oil ofSalvia nilotica Jacq. (Labiatae) seed contains 0.6% α‐hydroxyoleic, 4.2% α‐hydroxylinoleic, and 5.4% α‐hydroxylinolenic acids. The first two have not been found previously in seed oils. In addition to the common fatty acids, also identified were small amounts of three unsaturated C17 acids and one branched chain C17 acid. Methyl esters of the component fatty acids were fractionated by both column and thin‐layer chromatography. These esters were identified by combination of gas chromatography, GC‐mass spectrometry, ozonolysis‐GC, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Mass spectrometric analysis of the fatty acids and nonsaponifiable lipids ofEimeria tenella oocysts
Authors: Weppelman R. M. , Vandenheuvel W. J. A. , Wang C. C.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acids and nonsaponifiable lipids ofEimeria tenella oocysts were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The fatty acids detected were identified as C14∶0, C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1, and C18∶2. Though the wt of the fatty acid fraction decreased during sporulation from 91 μg per 106 oocysts to 47 μg per 106 oocysts, the relative amounts of these fatty acids did not change appreciably. The nonsaponifiable lipids ofE. tenella consisted of cholesterol and unbranched primary alcohols of 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32 carbons. Mass fragmentography demonstrated that each species of alcohol consisted of saturated and monounsaturated derivatives. Trimethylsilyl ethers of fatty alcohols were found to offer several important advantages over free alcohols for mass spectrometric characterization. Before sporulation, most fatty alcohols were in the oocyst wall. During sporulation, the wt of the nonsaponifiable lipids increased from 16 μg per 106 oocysts of 44 μg per 106 oocysts due largely to synthesis of C24 and C26 alcohols. The newly synthesized fatty alcohols were not deposited in the oocyst wall.
Relationship between desaturation and chain elongation of palmityl‐CoA in rat liver microsomes
Authors: Nakagawa M. , Kawashima Y. , Uchiyama M.
Published: November 2006

The relationship between desaturation and chain elongation of palmityl‐CoA was studied in rat liver microsomes. Enzyme activities for desaturation and chain elongation were stimulated by re‐feeding starved rats. The activities of desaturation and chain elongation in re‐fed rats were four‐ and twofold greater than those in normal rats, respectively. When a sonicated dispersion of lecithin was added to the incubation medium containing both reactions, chain elongation activity, especially formation of stearic acid, was stimulated and desaturation activity was apparently depressed.
trans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid in the spadefishChaetodipterus faber
Authors: Pearce Robert E. , Stillway Lewis W.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) liver oil and were analyzed by open tublar gas chromatography. The unusual fatty acidtrans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid was identified as a major monoenoic component by reductive ozonolysis and by mass spectrometry of the di‐trimethylsilyl ether. Very minor amounts of 7‐methyl‐7‐hexadecenoic acid were found.
Gemcadiol: A new antilipemic drug, a clinical trial
Authors: Blumenthal H. Peter , Ryan Jerome R. , Jain Adesh K. , McMahon F. Gilbert
Published: November 2006

Nineteen patients with Type II, III, IV, or V hyperlipoproteinemia received gemcadiol (2,2,9,9,‐tetramethyl‐1,10‐decanediol) in daily doses between 1.2 and 2 g. The patients were hospitalized for dose titration and then followed as outpatients on appropriate doses of gemcadiol. In Type II hyperlipoproteinemia, serum cholesterol was lowered by an average of 24%. The serum triglycerides in Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia decreased by an average of 51%. Serum uric acid was not altered. There were no changes of subjective feelings or of clinical or laboratory findings, including creatine phosphokinase. This study indicates that gemcadiol is an effective antilipemic agent that is very well tolerated.
2‐Aminoethylphosphonic acid metabolism in the rat
Authors: Curley‐Joseph Jean , Henderson Thomas O.
Published: November 2006

Time course studies of the incorporation of radioactive 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) into the tissues of rats demonstrated that maximum incorporation into the liver lipids occurred within 12 to 30 hr after injection, compared to 2 to 3 hr for the incorporation of phosphorylethanolamine. Little incorporation of AEP was observed in the other tissues investigated (heart, lung, spleen, adipose, kidney). The AEP was incorporated to the greatest extent into 1,2‐diacylglyceryl‐aminoethylphosphonate (diacylglyceryl‐AEP), the phosphonate analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, with some incorporation into the lyso derivative. Diacylglycerol‐AEP apparently was not further metabolized by the rat; no methylation of diacylglyceryl‐AEP to phosphonolecithin was observed. Subcellular fractionation was performed on the livers of rats who received3H‐AEP 12, 30, 36, and 48 hr prior to sacrifice. The greatest amount of radioactivity was recovered in the soluble fractions. Lipid extraction was performed on the subcellular fractions, and most of the radioactivity present in the lipids was found in the microsomal fraction, with the next highest recovery in the mitochondrial and nuclear fractions.
Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by the rat
Authors: Dillard Cora J. , Dumelin Erich E. , Tappel Al L.
Published: November 2006

An analytical method for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases in the breath of rats is described. The method was used to follow the expiration in rat breath of in vivo formed scission products of hydroperoxides. The major products are pentane from the linoleic acid family and ethane from the linolenic acid family. Rats were fed 0, 11 or 40 i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet for 7 wk starting at age 21 days. Data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of breath samples were analyzed by the Mann‐Whitney nonparametricU‐test. This statistical analysis showed that pentane evolved by the group of rats not supplemented with vitamin E was significantly higher during the period 1–7 wk than that evolved by either of the two supplemented groups of rats. Ethane from the nonsupplemented group was significantly higher than that from the group supplemented with 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg of diet by 5 wk, and significantly higher than both supplemented groups by 6 wk. By 7 wk, pentane production was tenfold greater in the nonsupplemented group than in either supplemented group, and ethane was about twofold greater. There was no significant difference between the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg diet for either ethane or pentane. This new technique, which measures scission products from in vivo lipid peroxidation, promises to be useful for application to many experimental areas where lipid peroxidation is expected or known to occur.
The effect of temperature on the fatty acid and phospholipid composition ofCephalosporium falciforme andCephalosporium kiliense
Authors: Sawicki Edward H. , Pisano Michael A.
Published: November 2006

The effect of temperature on the lipid composition ofCephalosporium falciforme andCephalosporium kiliense, causative agents of maduromycosis, was investigated. The fungi were grown at 28.5 C and 37 C in a chemically defined medium. The lipids were solvent extracted, purified on Sephadex, and separated into their component classes by silicic acid column chromatography. Five lipid classes were found: (a) sterol esters, (b) triacylglycerides, (c) free fatty acids, (d) sterols, and (e) phospholipids. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and phospholipids by thin layer chromatography. Temperature induced changes of varying degrees occurred in both the fatty acid phospholipid fractions of each organism.
Laboratory contaminants in lipid chemistry: Detection by thin‐layer chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry and some procedures minimizing their occurrence
Authors: Rouser George , Kritchevsky Gene , Whatley Mary , Baxter Claude F.
Published: November 2006

Many sources of contamination for lipid preparations exist in the laboratory. These contaminants can be detected using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and infrared spectroscopy. Numerous components that are potential contaminants and can lead to false analyses were demonstrated by TLC in laboratory soaps, cleaners, hand creams and lotions, hair tonics, laboratory greases, floor waxes, oil vapors, tobacco smoke, hydrocarbon phases for gas‐liquid chromatography, etc. Procedures preventing introduction of contaminants are presented including descriptions of equipment and precautions to eliminate or minimize contamination. These are useful in isolation of pure polar and nonpolar lipids.
The fatty acids of wax esters and sterol esters from vernix caseosa and from human skin surface lipid
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Fu Hwei C. , Ansari M. N. A. , Rice Gary R.
Published: November 2006

Separation of sterol esters from wax esters in the lipids of vernix caseosa and adult human skin surface was accomplished by column chromatography on MgO. The fatty acids of the sterol esters and wax esters of both samples were separated into saturates and monoenes, and examined in detail by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The saturated fatty acids of the wax esters of vernix caseosa and of adult human skin surface were remarkably similar. They ranged in chain length from at least C11 to C30, six skeletal types being present: straight even, straight odd, iso, anteiso, other monomethyl branched and dimethyl branched. A large number of patterns of monoenes were observed, each pattern consisting of desaturation of a specific chain at Δ6 or Δ9 plus its extension or degradation products. The mole per cent of the total Δ6 and Δ9 patterns of wax ester fatty acid monoenes of vernix caseosa were 87% and 12%, respectively, and 98% and 1%, respectively, for adult human skin surface lipid. The sterol ester fatty acids of vernix caseosa were much different from those of adult human skin surface: vernix caseosa saturates were largely branched and of lengths greater than C18, whereas the saturates of adult human surface lipid resembled the wax ester fatty acids. Of the vernix caseosa monoene patterns, the mole per cent was 30% Δ6 and 70% Δ9, whereas of the adult human skin surface sterol ester fatty acids 89% were Δ6 and 11% Δ9. Chain extension was particularly pronounced in the sterol ester fatty acid monoenes of vernix caseosa amounting to 7–8 C2 units in some cases. The fatty acids of the sterol esters of both vernix caseosa and adult human skin surface appear to be derived from the sebaceous gland and from the keratinizing epidermis, but those of the wax esters are from the sebaceous glands only.
The effect of two isomeric octadecenoic acids on alkyl diacyl glycerides and neutral glycosphingolipids of Novikoff hepatoma cells
Authors: Steele W. , Jenkin H. M.
Published: November 2006

The addition of 150 μg ofcis‐6‐octadecenoic acid (6–18∶1) per milliliter to the growth medium of Novikoff hepatoma cells reduced the rate of multiplication of these cells, whereas the same level ofcis‐9‐octadecenoic acid (9–18∶1) was without effect. The quantity of alkyl diacyl glycerols in cells grown in medium containing 100 μg/ml of either 6–18∶1 or 9–18∶1 was reduced to about 10% of that observed in cells grown in unsupplemented media. The presence of 6–18∶1 acid led to an increase in the concentration of the dihexosyl ceramide and a corresponding decrease in that of the monohexosyl ceramides of the cells; whereas the presence of 9–18∶1 resulted in an increase in the relative amount of tetraglycosyl ceramide and corresponding reductions in those of mono‐ and dihexosyl ceramide. Possible causes for these changes are discussed.
Dehydrogenation and dealkylation of various sterols byTetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Mallory Frank B. , Conner Robert L.
Published: November 2006

Sterols are not found inTetrahymena pyriformis when this protozoan is grown in a medium free from exogenous sterols; instead, the principal solid alcohol that can be isolated from the organism is tetrahymanol. a pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohol with an unusual structure. The biosynthesis of tetrahymanol has been shown by appropriate labeling studies to involve a direct, nonoxidative, proton‐initiated cyclization of squalene rather than the more commonly found type of mechanism involving squalene 2,3‐oxide as an intermediate. In contrast, whenT. pyriformis is incubated with any one of a wide variety of added sterols, the biosynthesis of tetrahymanol is inhibited and the added sterol is accumulated by the organism and, in most cases, is converted metabolically into one or more other sterols. Four different types of transformation have been observed: the introduction of Δ5, Δ7 and Δ22 double bonds, and the removal of ethyl groups, but not methyl groups, from C‐24.
Chemical reactions at lipid‐gas interfaces: II. Insolubilizing reactions induced by an electrical discharge
Authors: Johnson C. B. , Wilson A. T.
Published: November 2006

Reactions caused by corona discharges (passing through atmospheres of methane, hydrogen or argon) striking the surfaces of aqueous solutions containing long chain fatty acid salts resulted in the formation of solid and insoluble products. These results show that the fatty acid ions were oriented on the aqueous surfaces in such a way that the hydrocarbon chains projected out of the surfaces. Surface layers of long chain alcohols reacted similarly but short and branched chain compounds were not polymerized under the experimental conditions that were used. When methane or hydrogen was used as the discharge gas, reactions occurred along the hydrocarbon chains of the compounds so that the products consisted of networks of many short hydrocarbon chains. These reactions were probably caused by the penetration of hydrogen atoms into the surface layers. Joining of terminal methyl groups of the hydrocarbon chains was the main reaction observed when argon was used as the discharge gas.
Mono‐ and polyenoic acid distribution in plasma nonesterified fatty acids in Kwashiorkor
Authors: Hafiez A. A. , Khalifa K. , Soliman L. , Fayad I. , Fayek K. , Abdel‐Wahab F.
Published: November 2006

Plasma NEFA levels were determined in Kwashiorkor (17 cases) and normal infants (13 cases) by Dole's method. The distribution of mono‐ and polyenoic acids was investigated by Abdel‐Wahab's method. Plasma NEFA levels were found to be significantly lower in Kwashiorkor infants (445 μEq/L±32) than in normals (591 μEq/L±66). Plasma oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were detected in measurable amounts in both Kwashiorkor and normals, but were significantly higher in Kwashiorkor. Arachidonic acid was hardly detectable in either group. The high levels of mono‐ and polyenoic acids in Kwashiorkor can be attributed to demands on them for the synthesis of fat and/or preferential utilization of the unsaturated fatty acids in mobilization of other lipid components.
The fatty acid composition of depot fat in childhood: II. A comparison of superficial and deep fat
Authors: Birkbeck J. A.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of the triglycerides in samples of depot fat obtained from superficial abodominal wall and from deep properitoneal sites in children has been determined. Although no clear pattern was observed, differences in individual subjects could usually be demonstrated between composition at the two sites. Although the differences in most instances were relatively small, these findings provide further evidence aganist the concept of the uniform composition of human depot fat.
Lipids of some thermophilic fungi
Authors: Raju K. S. , Maheshwari R. , Sastry P. S.
Published: November 2006

Total lipid content in the thermophilic fungi—Thermoascus aurantiacus, Humicola lanuginosa, Malbranchea pulchella var.sulfurea, andAbsidia ramosa—varied from 5.3 to 19.1% of mycelial dry weight. The neutral and polar lipid fractions accounted for 56.4 to 80.2% and 19.8 to 43.6%, respectively. All the fungi contained monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and sterols in variable amounts. Sterol ester was detected only inA. ramosa. Phosphatide composition was: phosphatidyl choline (15.9–47%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (23.4–67%), phosphatidyl serine (9.3–17.6%), and phosphatidyl inositol (1.9–11.9%). Diphosphatidyl glycerol occurred in considerable quantity only inH. lanuginosa andM. pulchella var.sulfurea. Phosphatidic acid, detected as a minor component only inM. pulchella var.sulfurea andA. ramosa, does not appear to be a characteristic phosphatide of thermophilic fungi as suggested earlier. The 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, and 18∶2 acids were the main fatty acid components. In addition,A. ramosa contained 18∶3 acid. Total lipids contained an average of 0.93 double bonds per mole of fatty acids, and neutral lipids tend to be more unsaturated than phospholipids.
Fat metabolism in higher plants: LIII. Characterization of the product of the peanut α‐oxidation system
Authors: Markovetz A. J. , Stumpf P. K. , Hammarstrom S.
Published: November 2006

The α‐oxidation system of germinated peanut cotyledons was purified some 60‐fold. Throughout the purification procedure the two activities, namely the formation of 2‐hydroxypalmitate and the formation of CO2, remained with a single protein fraction. A hydrogen peroxide generating system was still required by the 60‐fold purified system. Unlike the pea leaf system, molecular oxygen was ineffective. D‐2‐Hydroxypalmitic acid accumulates in the reaction mixture as α‐oxidation proceeds while L‐2‐hydroxy‐palmitate does not accumulate. Competition studies with unlabeled L‐2‐hydroxy‐palmitate would suggest it as the intermediate substrate of further breakdown.
Metabolism of 12‐ketooctadecanoic acid byEscherichia coli K‐12 andCandida tropicalis
Authors: Mizugaki Michinao , Sato Masao , Uchiyama Mitsuru
Published: November 2006

The mode of degradation of long chain keto acids by two microorganisms was investigated.Escherichia coli K‐12 converted 12‐ketooctadecanoic acid to 4‐ketodecanoic acid, accumulating some amounts of intermediates, 10‐ketohexadecanoic, 8‐ketotetradecanoic and 6‐ketododecanoic acids. In contrast,Candida tropicalis completely metabolized the keto acid with transient accumulation of the metabolites mentioned above. The difference between the metabolism byE. coli of hydroxy acid and keto acid is that 12‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid is degraded as far as 6‐hydroxydodecanoic acid, while 12‐ketooctadecanoic acid can be degraded as far as 4‐ketodecanoic acid.
Biosynthesis of brain sphingolipids and myelin accumulation in the mouse
Authors: Costantino‐Ceccarini Elvira , Morell Pierre
Published: November 2006

Microsomal fractions were prepared from the brains of mice sacrificed at 13 are points between 5 and 48 days of age. Several enzymatic activities implicated in sphingolipid biosynthesis were assayed. The developmental pattern for the terminal step in galactosylceramide synthesis, transfer of galactose from UDP‐galactose to ceramide, peaked sharply at 17–19 days of age. Thus maximal activity for biosynthesis of this relatively myelin specific lipid appears slightly before the time period of maximal rate of accumulation of myelin (21–23 days). These latter data were obtained by isolating myelin from mice at 10 age points from 9 to 45 days of age. A control enzymatic activity, transfer of glucose from UDP‐glucose to ceramide to form glucosylceramide, was high at all age points with a broad peak between 20 and 35 days of age. Condensation of palmitoyl‐CoA and serine to form ketodihydrosphingosine, a common precursor to both glucosyl‐ and galactosylceramide also followed a developmental pattern of high activity at all age points, but peaked slightly at ca. 10–12 days of age.
Tetra‐acid triglycerides containing a new hydroxy eicosadienoyl moiety inLesquerella auriculata seed oil
Authors: Kleiman R. , Spencer G. F. , Earle F. R. , Nieschlag H. J. , Barclay A. S.
Published: November 2006

The seed oil ofLesquerella auriculata contains 32% of a previously unknown fatty acid, 14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11,cis‐17‐eicosadienoic acid; we propose for it the trivial name “auricolic acid.” In addition, the oil contains 2% densipolic (12‐hydroxy‐cis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoic) acid, 10% lesquerolic (14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic) acid and 5% ricinoleic acid. The oil ofL. auriculata is also unusual, because a large part of the total oil consists of triglycerides containing more than three acyl groups. These components were characterized by various chromatographic, spectroscopic and lipolytic techniques.
Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in developing gametophores and sporophytes of the moss,Mnium cuspidatum
Authors: Anderson Wayne H. , Gellerman Joanne L. , Schlenk H.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of different parts of the moss,Mnium cuspidatum, which contains up to 35% arachidonic acid in its lipids, was studied through the annual cycle and especially during the period of rapid development of the reproductive parts. The content of 20∶4ω6 was highest in summer and lowest in winter; but for 20∶5ω3, the reverse was found. Levels of the acids, 20∶5ω3, 18∶3ω3 and 16∶3ω3 showed parallel fluctuations through the seasons of the year, and functionally they may substitute for each other. In contrast, 20∶5ω6 is at a high level when 18∶2ω6 is low. The latter acid accumulates in storage or dormant tissue and may be a reserve to form arachidonic acid for specific requirements in cell membranes when rapid growth resumes.
Long chain hydrocarbon profiles of Duncan grapefruit, Dancy mandarin and their hybrids
Authors: Nagy Steven , Nordby Harold E.
Published: November 2006

Saturated and monounsaturated long chain hydrocarbons were determined in Duncan grapefruit, Dancy mandarin and their three hybrids: Seminole, Orlando and Minneola. The four most prominent hydrocarbons in the saturated group weren‐C23 and C25, and iso C23 and C25. In the monounsaturated group Duncan, Dancy and Seminole showed C29 as dominant, while C25 predominated in Orlando and Minneola. Seminole, Orlando and Minneola accumulated a noticeably higher percentage of branched chain monoenes than either of their parents. The saturated and monounsaturated hydrocarbon profiles of Orlando and Minneola were completely different from their parents.
The effect of dietary supplementation of cholesterol and its subsequent withdrawal on the liver lipids and serum lipoproteins of chickens
Authors: Kruski A. W. , Narayan K. Ananth
Published: November 2006

Two groups of male chickens were fed either a control diet (group N) containing a standard poultry ration admixed with 10% corn oil or a cholesterol diet (group C) in which the control diet was supplemented with 1% cholesterol. After 6 weeks on the diets, a negligible amount of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was found in the serum from control animals. On the other hand, the serum VLDL from the cholesterol‐fed birds was the predominant lipoprotein and carried 72% of the total serum lipids. Surprisingly this lipoprotein from cholesterol‐fed animals was very low in triglycrides (6%) and high in total cholesterol (77%). While the level of serum low density liporotein was unaffected by the ingestion of cholesterol, the concentration of total lipids and phospholipids in the high density lipoprotein decreased in cholesterol‐fed animals. The greatest change in liver lipids from animals fed cholesterol was found in the cholesterol esters, whereas the unesterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid varied slightly or remained constant. In normal animals the distribution of cholesterol between the liver and the serum was about equal, whereas in the cholesterol‐fed birds the liver accounted for 80% of the cholesterol found in the liver‐serum pool. In order to determine how the hypercholesterolemic bird responds to the withdrawal of cholesterol from the ration, a diet‐exchange experiment was conducted. In this study the birds that were originally fed the cholesterol diets (group C) for 6 weeks were placed on the control diet (group CN) and the birds fed the control diet (group N) for 6 weeks were given the cholesterol diet (group NC). At periodic intervals, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days following the change of diets, 3–5 animals from each group were sacrificed, and analyses performed on their serum lipoproteins and liver lipids. Within one day after the diet substitution, there was a 31‐fold increase and a 46% decrease, respectively, in the serum VLDL concentration in groups NC and CN as compared with their corresponding steady state values (groups N and group C, respectively). The liver cholesterol increased 4‐fold and decreased 40%, respectively, in the two groups NC and CN as compared with the values obtained before the diet substitution. It is suggested that the concentration of cholesterol in the liver is the principal factor controlling cholesterol metabolism in chickens fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.
Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acid in human serum
Authors: Makino Isao , Nakagawa Shoichi , Shinozaki Kenjiro , Mashimo Keimei
Published: November 2006

The presence of sulfated bile acid in serum of healthy persons and patients with hepatobiliary diseases was recognized by using an Amberlite XAD‐2 column for extraction of bile acid and utilizing a Sephadex LH‐20 column for separation of sulfated bile acid (sulfate of either taurine or glycine conjugate), and nonsulfated bile acid (taurine and glycine conjugate. The values of nonsulfate determined in this study were almost similar to the level of total serum bile acid reported by previous workers. A small amount of sulfated bile acid was found in normal serum, and the percentage of sulfated to total bile acid was ca. 10%. In patients with hepatobiliary diseases, both levels of sulfated and nonsulfated bile acid in serum rose, but sulfate did not increase in parallel to the level of nonsulfate. A remarkable increase of serum‐sulfated bile acid could be observed in patients with cholestasis, while a slight elevation was noted in patients with chronic hepatocellar insufficiency. The percentage of sulfated to total bile acid was from 1.8 to 21.2% in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Sulfated bile acid in serum consisted of only dihydroxycholanoic acid, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid. As no solvolysis was not carried out in previous works, bile acid sulfate in serum as described in this study was not determined at all.
The effect of methyl sterculate on oleic acid synthesis in the hen
Authors: Pearson Judith A. , Fogerty A. C. , Johnson A. R. , Shenstone F. S.
Published: November 2006

The enzymic desaturation of saturated fatty acids to monoenes in animals and plants is inhibited by cyclopropene fatty acids, such as sterculic acid. Labeled acetic and stearic acids were administered to laying hens which had received methyl sterculate in the diet for long periods, and the incorporation of the label in the eggs and liver was studied. The egg was used as a “biological trap” to study the metabolism of the hen in relation to its diet. Maximum incorporation of label was observed in the third or fourth egg laid after administration of the labeled compound. Dietary methyl sterculate reduced the incorporation of stearic acid into egg yolk lipids, but the incorporation of acetate was not affected. The formation of oleic acid was inhibited by methyl sterculate irrespective of whether the prescursor was acetate or stearate acid. In laying hens receiving methyl sterculate for long periods, no evidence could be obtained for the biosynthesis of oleic acid by an alternative pathway which did not involve the desaturation of stearic acid. The validity of comparing the ratio of the specific activities of stearic acid and oleic acid in control birds with the corresponding ratio obtained for birds receiving methyl sterculate is questioned, because the sizes of the metabolic pools of the product and precursors may be quite different for the two groups of birds.
Estimate of fatty acid turnover in porcine adipose tissue
Authors: Anderson D. B. , Kauffman R. G. , Benevenga N. J.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid turnover in the domestic pig was estimated by measuring the half‐life of linolenic acid depletion in adipose tissue depots which had been made abnormally high in linolenic acid by feeding large quantities of linseed oil. The measured half‐life of linolenate in 8‐ to 12‐month‐old pigs was 300 days. The apparent half‐life of linolenate in muscle lipids was less than that of subcutaneous backfat.
A comparative study of the lipids of chylomicron membrane and fat core and of the lymph serum of dogs
Authors: Huang T. C. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Thoracic lymph was collected from 13 dogs fed corn oil and butterfat. The chylomicrons were isolated by centrifugation. The lipid composition of the fat core and the membrane of the chylomicron was compared to that of the surrounding lymph serum. The fat cores contained 90–96% triglyceride, 0.7–1.9% free cholesterol, 0.2–0.5% steryl ester, 0.9–3.5% free fatty acid and 1.4–6.1% diglyceride, but no phospholipid. The lipids of the membranes contained 58–75% phospholipid, 20–35% triglyceride, 2–5% free cholesterol, 1–2% free fatty acid, and 2–3% diglyceride, but little or no steryl ester. The membrane phospholipids were made up of 70–90% lecithin, 5–20% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and 1–3% each of lysolecithin and sphingomyelin. The lymph serum contained 24–47% of total lipid as phospholipid, of which 70–92% was lecithin; the phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysolecithin and sphingomyelin also present contributed 1–10% each. The neutral lipids of the lymph serum contained 49–75% triglyceride, 2–15% free cholesterol, 6–23% esterified cholesterol, 10–33% free fatty acid and 1–6% diglyceride.

Alterations in dietary fat, or plant sterol supplementation led to lesser changes in the lipids of the chylomicron membranes than in the lipids of any other lymph fraction. The least variation was seen in the phospholipids.
The enzymic synthesis of ganglioside: I. Brain uridine diphopphate D‐galactose: N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyl‐galactosyl‐glucosyl‐ceramide galactosyl transferase
Authors: Yip Morris C. M. , Dain Joel A.
Published: November 2006

An enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP‐galactose to galNAc‐gal‐glc‐ceramide is described. The enzyme is found mainly in the nervous tissue of tadpole (Taylor and Kollros stage 17), adult frog, adult and 8 day old rat. The enzymic activity is localized in the 11,500 xg, 20,000 xg and 100,000 xg particles. The UDP‐galactose: galNAc‐gal‐glc‐ceramide from the particles by treatment with sodium desoxylcholate and Triton X‐100. The pH optimum for the solubilized enyme is between 6.8 and 7.0 in cacodylate buffer, and the Km is 4.25 ×10−5 M. The enzymic reaction is proportional to time for 4 hr and to the amount of protein added. The product of the transferase reaction, using galNAc‐gal‐glc‐ceramide. A pathway for the biosynthesis of brain gangliosides requiring UDP‐galactose: galNAc‐gal‐glc‐ceramide galactosyl transferase is proposed.
Gas chromatographic analysis of the dimethylhydrazones of long chain aldehydes
Authors: Johnson C. B. , Pearson A. M. , Dugan L. R.
Published: November 2006

Long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, prepared by the partial reduction of the corresponding fatty acid phenyl esters with lithium tri‐t‐butoxyhydroaluminate, were converted quantitatively to their dimethylhydrazones. Dimethyl acetals and 1,3‐dioxolanes were prepared from the dimethylhydrazones. The dimethylhydrazones were then separated from the corresponding aldehydes by gas liquid chromatography on a semipolar column. Fatty acids were readily separated quantitatively from fatty aldehydes by formation of dimethylhydrazones of the aldehydes followed by an alkaline extraction of the reaction mixture prior to gas chromatography. A method for analysis of fatty acids and aldehydes from plasmalogens is described.
Metabolism of 1‐14C‐methyl linoleate hydroperoxide in the rabbit
Authors: Findlay G. M. , Draper H. H. , Bergan J. G.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of 1‐14C‐methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (1‐14C‐MLHP) by the rabbit was investigated. Administration of 1.1–1.9 mg of 1‐14C‐MLHP by ear vein injection proved lethal to four of the nine experimental animals. After 2 hr the lungs and liver contained 3.3% and 7.2%, respectively, of the dose. This radioactivity was found to be associated primarily with intact 1‐14C‐MLHP. The triglycerides from these tissues also contained14C‐trienoic and14C‐dienoic fatty acids. Of the dose, 68% was recovered as14CO2 in 2 hr compared to 39% after 1‐14C‐methyl linoleate injection. The triglycerides from kidney adipose tissue contained a small amount of14C‐hydroxy fatty acid, providing confirmation of previous evidence for the presence of a fatty acid hydroperoxide reductase in animal tissues.
Effects of pH, concentration and aging on the malonaldehyde reaction with proteins
Authors: Shin Bak C. , Huggins John W. , Carraway Kermit L.
Published: November 2006

Malonaldehyde, a major product of unsaturated lipid oxidation, reacts with enzymes to cause inactivation, fluorescence production and crosslinking. The pH dependence for each of these reactions shows a different optimum. Investigation of the stability of malonaldehyde shows that it undergoes decomposition which is dependent on time, reagent concentration and pH. The products resulting from this decomposition are also capable of causing enzyme inactivation and fluorescence production.
Sulfatide biosynthesis by intact microsomes and triton extracts of normal and “Quaking” mouse brain
Authors: Kanfer Julian , Stein Marcia , Shriver Center E. K.
Published: November 2006

Microsomes from “Quaking” mice were unable to catalyze the transfer of35S from PAP35S to ceramide galactoside to form sulfatide. However Triton X‐100 extracts were found to possess this activity.
Circadian rhythm of fatty acid desaturation in mouse liver
Authors: Actis Dato Sara M. , Catala Angel , Brenner Rodolfo R.
Published: November 2006

A study was made of the diurnal changes in liver microsomal desaturation of labeled stearic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids to oleic, γ‐linolenic and octadeca‐6,9,12,15‐tetraenoic acids, respectively. C3H‐S mice were used and were exposed to light‐dark cycles. A circadian rhythm was observed for stearic acid desaturation, and a different one for linoleic acid. Linoleic and α‐linolenic desaturation had similar responses in the day cycle. This would indicate that different mechanisms control the oxidative desaturations of the fatty acids in the 9 and 6 carbons. The fatty acid composition of the whole liver and liver microsomes also showed variations. Remarkable oscillations were observed for stearic and oleic acids. Neither the total protein synthesis nor the free fatty acid concentration in the microsomes followed a rhythm parallel to the desaturation of the studied fatty acids. The injection of cycloheximide 4 hr before measuring the desaturation modified the circadian variation of both the 9 and 6 desaturations. The modification induced by cycloheximide was considered to indicate that both variations are related to the synthesis of specific proteins but not to that of a degradative or inhibitory protein.
Occurrence of ethanolamine‐ and choline‐containing plasmalogens in adipose tissue
Authors: Grigor M. R. , Moehl Anita , Snyder Fred
Published: November 2006

Analysis of phospholipids in porcine, bovine and rat adipose tissue revealed a relatively high level of plasmalogens (O‐alk‐1‐enyl lipids). About 50% of the ethanolamine phospholipids in the pig and beef samples consisted of alk‐1‐enylacylglycerophosphorylethanolamine, and the corresponding value for the rat sample was near 35%. In the ethanolamine and choline phospholipid fractions, theO‐alk‐1‐enyl moieties were almost exclusively 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1, whereas the acyl moieties had chain lengths ranging from 16 to 22 carbon atoms with a high degree of unsaturation.
Effect of dietary vitamin C on adrenal cholesteryl ester content in the guinea pig
Authors: Wilbur Valerie A. , Walker Brian L.
Published: November 2006

Male guinea pigs fed a vitamin C‐deficient diet for 3 weeks had lower concentrations of cholesteryl esters in their adrenals than did control animals fed the recommended intake of the vitamin. Not all esters were affected to the same degree, and the fatty acid profiles of the esters from control and deficient guinea pigs differed; there was proportionately more palmitic and linoleic acids and less docosatetraenoic acid [22∶4 (n−6)] in the deficient guinea pig adrenal esters. [Fatty acids are designated as X∶Y (n−Z), where X and Y are the numbers of carbon atoms and olefinic bonds in the acid and Z is the number of carbon atoms after the terminal olefinic bond.] A 100‐fold excess of vitamin C in the diet also resulted in lower concentrations of adrenal cholesteryl esters than did the control diet, but they were not as low as in the deficient animals. Fatty acid profiles were similar for esters from control and excessively supplemented guinea pigs. Vitamin C deficiency apparently imposes a long term stress which results in a depletion of adrenal cholesteryl esters, possibly specific esters, to meet the requirements for glucocorticoid synthesis.
Hydrolysis of biliary phospholipids in the upper small intestine of the chick
Authors: Sklan David , Budowski Pierre
Published: November 2006

Chick endogenous phospholipids were doubly labeled by an intravenous injection of [32P] phosphate and [1‐14C] oleic acid, and the free fatty acid and phospholipid fraction of gall bladder bile and in contents of upper small intestine were analyzed 4 days later. There was evidence of hydrolysis of biliary phosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidylcholine in the duodenum and jejunum, but this did not account for the pronounced increase in the14C radioactivity of the free fatty acids relative to the32P phospholipid radioactivity between bile and upper intestinal segments. It is suggested that phosphatidylcholine is largely absorbed in the duodenum of the chick while the remainder is progressively hydrolyzed and absorbed.
Arylsulfonate esters as hypocholesteremic agents: III. Mechanism of action studies
Authors: MacNintch J. E. , Harris R. A. , McLean Grogan W. , Villemez C. L. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: November 2006

The mechanism responsible for the hypocholestermic action of arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols has been studied with rats fed either normocholesteremic or hypercholesteremic (1% cholesterol plus 0.5% glycocholate) diets. Linoleyl tosylate is more effective in lowering plasma and liver cholesterol levels of rats on the hypercholesteremic diet than several other hypocholesteremic agents tested. Linoleyl tosylate does not redistribute cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues nor inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Linoleyl tosylate is not effective in counteracting Tritoninduced hypercholesteremia nor in lowering plasma cholesterol levels of the suckling rat. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal elimination of dietary [4‐14C] cholesterol and prevents its accumulation in blood and liver. Oleyl p‐(n‐decyl) benzene sulfonate also prevents the apparent absorption of [26‐14C] cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. Linoleyl tosylate increases the fecal excretion of neurtal sterols but not of bile acids. The results indicate that the arylsulfonate esters of long chain fatty alcohols lower body cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Exactly how absorption is inhibited is not clear, but linoleyl tosylate was found to stimulate the activity of cholesteryl esterase prepared from the intestinal mucosa.
The occurrence and distribution of furan fatty acids in spawning male freshwater fish
Authors: Glass Robert L. , Krick Thomas P. , Olson Daniel L. , Thorson Roxanne L.
Published: November 2006

Furan fatty acids (F acids) have been found in the livers and/or testes of 20 species, representing 9 families of male freshwater fish. In 9 species they are major components of the lipids while in the remaining 11 species they occur to a much lesser extent. The F acids in some species reach a maximum concentration in the testes lipids, and minimum liver lipid concentration, at spawning. In all species in the testes, the F acids are confined almost exclusively to the triglyceride fraction while, in the liver lipids, they are found, in order of decreasing concentration, in the cholesteryl esters, the triglycerides, and the phospholipids. In the lipids of many individuals F6 12,15‐epoxy‐13,14‐dimethyleicosa‐12,14‐dienoic acid, is the major fatty acid present. It is presumed that these acids perform some as yet unidentified metabolic function. Isolation technology and identification of F acids by a specific thin layer chromatographic spray reagent are discussed.
Studies on long chaincis‐ andTrans‐acyl‐CoA esters and acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria
Authors: Korsrud G. O. , Conacher H. B. S. , Jarvis G. A. , Beare‐Rogers J. L.
Published: November 2006

The β‐oxidation of long chain fatty acids was investigated in a preparation of rat heart mitochondria. The acyl‐CoA esters of thecisandtransisomers of Δ9‐hexadecenoic, Δ9‐octadecenoic, Δ11‐eicosenoic, and Δ13‐docosenoic acids were prepared. Rates of the acyl‐CoA reaction were determined with an extract from rat heart mitochondria. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were calculated for each substrate. In general, apparent Vmaxvalues decreased with increasing chain length of the monoenoic substrates. Reduced activity of acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase with long chain acyl‐CoA esters could have contributed to accumulation of lipids in hearts of rats fed diets containing long chain fatty acids.
Lipid metabolism in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue of rats with experimental chronic nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Morin Robert J. , Davidson Warren D. , Rorke S. Joan , Guo Luke S. S.
Published: November 2006

Plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipid composition and synthesis from [1‐14C] acetate were studied three months following induction of nephrotic syndrome in rats by injection of antiglomerular basement membrane protein. Plasma triglyceride concentrations and specific radioactivities were elevated, and the triglycerides contained increased proportions of oleic acid. Plasma cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations were also increased, but free fatty acid levels were not. Liver triglyceride concentrations were decreased and incorporation of [1‐14] acetate into liver triglycerides was also depressed below that of normal controls. Nephrotic rat liver triglycerides contained a higher proportion of oleic acid and lower arachidonic acid than did controls. Incorporation of [1‐14C] acetate into adipose tissue lipids of the nephrotic rats was increased, and the proportion of palmitic acid was decreased. In the chronic nephrotic rat, the major source of the increased plasma triglycerides may be fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue stores.
Preparation of fucosterol from giant kelp
Authors: Shimadate T. , Rosenstein F. U. , Kircher H. W.
Published: November 2006

Commercial extraction of alginic acid fromMacrocystis pyrifera leaves a residue that is a good source of fucosterol, 5,24(28)E‐stigmastadien‐3β‐ol. The isolation and purification of this sterol is described.
Pulmonary surfactant: Distribution of lipids, proteins and surface activity in ultracentrifugation of rabbit pulmonary washing and derived fractions
Authors: Colacicco Giuseppe , Ray Apurba K. , Buckellew A. R.
Published: November 2006

Lavage from normal adult rabbit lung and two known derived fractions, Fraction T and Fraction S, were subjected to either differential ultracentrifugation in 1.090 g/ml KBr or sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation; the surface activity of the lipid extract of selected fractions was measured. In differential ultracentrifugation, the three starting materials yielded a pellicle containing > 85% of the phospholipid with <1% protein. In sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation: pulmonary washing, containing about equal weights of phospholipid and protein (60% albumin, 20% sIgA, 10% IgG, 10% minor proteins), produced one single band at density 1.040, containing virtually one single protein, namely >80% of the total sIgA (protein T) and up to 60% of the total phospholipid, whereas all the albumin and IgG were found at very low densities, 1.010 and 1.025, respectively; Fraction T, having nearly equal weights of one signle protein, sIgA, and phospholipid, produced two contiguous bands at densities 1.059 and 1.078, totalling >85% of its phospholipid and <25% of its protein, the balance of which was found free of phospholipid at densities 1.020 to 1.050; comprising >80% of the phospholipid and <20% of the protein of pulmonary washing, Fraction S yielded two small bands at densities 1.028 and 1.044 and a major band at d=1.059. In surface activity measurements: when the total lipid extract of the bands from the sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was spread as a film, in spite of similarly high dipalmitoyl lecithin contents (about 70% palmitoyl lecithin contents (about 70% palmitoyl residue), the lipid of the band of Fraction T and that of the high density band of Fraction S were very active (γmin=0); whereas the lipid of the band of pulmonary washing and that of the lowest density band of Fraction S were not active,γmin being 18 dyne/cm and 21 dyne/cm, respectively. This wokk brings forth three major conclusions. First, under conditions which are used to isolate serum lipoproteins, no lipoprotein was obtained from either of the three surfactant fractions and most of the lipid was found virtually free of protein. Second, the isopicnic equilibrium of a given ultracentrifugation fraction varied with the molecular structure of its constituents and could not be accounted for by the latter's average densities; instead, major roles must be player by particle geometry and their water contents. Third, although the various lipid samples contained the same quantities of palmitoyl residues (70%), the surface activities varied with the physical state of the lipid, method of assay, and some other undefined factors.
Effects of ethionine and phenobarbital on the phosphatidylcholines of rat liver
Authors: Dyer R. A. , Klopfenstein W. E.
Published: November 2006

The diglyceride species of phosphatidylcholines from livers of male rats after treatment of the animals with ethionine (1 mg/g divided among 4 doses 2 hr apart), phenobarbital (80 mg/kg each day for 3 days), or a combination of the two drugs were determined using gas chromatography. Ethionine treatment greatly elevated the diene species (significant at the 0.005 level for 34∶2 and 0.001 level for 36∶2). Phenobarbital treatment had no significant effect on the quantity of 34∶2 but slightly increased that of 36∶2 (significant at the 0.05 level). Both drugs caused relative decreases in the quantities of 38∶4 (significant at the 0.001 level for ethionine and at the 0.01 level for phenobarbital). Ethionine decreased the content of 36∶4 (significant at the 0.01 level) while phenobarbital treatment did not produce a significant effect on this fraction. Thus, while ethionine produced marked effects on the quantities of the various molecular species, the effects of phenobarbital were less dramatic. Combined treatment with both drugs generally produced levels of species similar to those produced by ethionine alone.