bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriophages in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Wagner Patrick L , Waldor Matthew K
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophages contribute to the virulence of many bacterial pathogens, largely by encoding the structural genes for virulence factors. The most widely recognized phage-encoded virulence factors are bacterial exotoxins, which account for the characteristic clinical manifestations of a number of human diseases caused by bacterial infections. The previous edition of this chapter focused primarily on phage-encoded toxins, but in the intervening years two themes have emerged (169). First, phages are increasingly recognized for encoding genes that contribute to other aspects of bacterial pathogenesis in addition to toxin production. In fact, phage-encoded gene products contribute to virtually every facet of bacterial pathogenicity, from attachment and invasion to immune evasion and transmission among humans. Second, while phages are like other mobile genetic elements in that they disseminate virulence genes among bacterial populations, phages have unique properties that enable them to contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by mechanisms other than transduction as well. For example, virion particles may themselves contain pathogenic components (12, 13); and prophage induction, through gene amplification, transcriptional upregulation, and phage-mediated lysis, can contribute to production and release of virulence factors from bacterial cells (167, 168). Owing to these developments, the contribution of bacteriophages to bacterial pathogenesis can no longer be conceived of simply as transduction of toxin genes that are regulated by the host bacterium. This chapter presents a summary of bacteriophage involvement in bacterial pathogenesis, in which we consider (i) the nature of the bacterial virulence properties altered by phages, (ii) the basic mechanisms by which phages alter these properties, and (iii) the regulation of the phage-related virulence property by the phage and/or its host bacterium.
October 26 The Full Monty
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Since the mid-199os, we have been reading continually about Broadway’s four promising young composers: Adam Guettel, Jason Robert Brown, Michael John LaChiusa, and Ricky Ian Gordon. Audra McDonald-the top new Broadway singer of her generation-made it official, in a way, by devoting her smashing 1998 debut album, Way Back to Paradise, solely to their work. The unquestioned promise of these fellows-all four of them-became so generally accepted that they were constantly hailed, in one breath, as the great hope of the American musical. Brown was the first to reach Broadway. Parade (1998), from Lincoln Center Theater, was a serious, tragic musical that failed to enthuse critics or theatregoers; it quickly closed. LaChiusa soon followed, with two Broadway musicals within twenty weeks. Marie Christine (1999), from Lincoln Center Theater, was a serious, tragic musical that failed to enthuse critics or theatregoers; it quickly closed. The Wild Party, from the New York Shakespeare Festival, was a serious, tragic musical that-well, you get the idea.
November 2 The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Two weeks after the opening of the new Neil Simon play came a new Neil Simon play. Well, really, more like a new, o/,d Neil Simon play. The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife, it was called, and it was written not by old Doc Simon but by a fellow named Charles Busch. One might well refer to The Allergist’s Wife as an old Neil Simon play, as it was as funny as Simon’s plays of the 1960s. Rip-roaring laughter, cascading from the stage for two hours: big laughs, little laughs, belly laughs, time-delayed laughs. I suppose that a theatregoer seeing the two shows in two days without a Playbill in hand might well have wondered just which one was written by the real Simon. The Allergist devolved into a problematic and un-Simon-like sex play, yes; but The Dinner Party-with sexual degradation at its center-was even stranger.
November 16 The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The phone rang on January 1, 1999. Lily had been approached to do a nationwide tour of auditoriums and large arenas. Would I help figure it out? Thus began an adventure that wound up, twenty-one months later, at the Booth Theatre on Shubert Alley, by which time I was no longer involved with the project. Given the situation, it seems unsuitable to discuss The Search in the same precise manner as I do the other shows in this book. But I can think of a thing or two to say. Back in the late twentieth century, I spent about fifteen years as a company manager and six years as a general manager-producer. One of the shows I coproduced turned out to be a big enough hit-and, due to some of the people involved, an unpleasant enough experience-that I was able to, and impelled to, leave theatrical management altogether.
November 30 Seussical
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Seussical, the big new musical “based on the works of Dr. Seuss,” received raves from hard-boiled.Broadway insiders invited to attend run-throughs of the developmental reading held in Toronto in August 1999. The tuneful, imaginative new musical was clearly destined to be a major hit. The only question was: Would it merely be a lucrative hit (like Beauty and the Beast) or a groundbreaking Broadway legend (like The Lion King)? Things went downhill from there. The idea of creating a musical peopled with characters created by the good Dr. originated with Garth Drabinsky, at that time still the chairman of what used to be Livent. The Seussical, as it was then called, was announced in April 1997 as a collaboration between songwriters Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens (ofLivent’s Ragtime) and playwright Ken Ludwig (of Crazy for You). By June 1998, Ludwig had been replaced by Eric Idle (of Monty Python).
December 10 Jane Eyre
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

If the Broadway-bound Seussical led a charmed existenceuntil it hit a paying audience, anyway-poor Jane Eyre was forced to endure a tempest-tossed route to opening night. The musicalization of Charlotte Bronte’s 184 7 novel had one “star” name attached, the man who codirected the fabled Adventures of Nicholas Nickelby and the record-breaking box office hit Les Miserables. No, not Trevor Nunn; the other one. John Caird is his name, and his involvement with t,hose two shows is indicative of his talent. But Nunn has the name and acclaim. Caird’s pedigree no doubt helped get]ane Eyre her two full-scale pre-New York tryouts, but his name apparently meant nothing in the Broadway booking wars.
April 5 Follies
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

All right. Thirty years ago, Ben was dating Phyllis. Ben was sleeping with Phyllis’s roommate, Sally. Ben loved Sally. (This last is hazy, as love to Ben is a four-letter word). Ben married Phyllis. Sally, on the rebound, married Ben’s buddy, Buddy. Thirty years later, they are all unhappily married. Meeting once more, Sally still wants Ben. Ben still wants Sally. (This is hazy, too.) Buddy is fed up with Sally; he knows she has always been in love with Ben. Phyllis is just plain fed up. Ben and Sally plan to run off together, but before they can get out the door, Ben has the mental breakdown he’s been heading toward all evening.
April 8 One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Steppenwolf and Gary Sinise and Terry Kinney and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. What a perfect combination! After a three-month engagement in April 2000 atSteppenwolf’s Chicago home, they paid a two-week London visit in July 2000. Advance reports confirmed that this Cuckoo’s Nest was an electric evening of theatre. So why did it fizzle on Broadway? “Fizzle” is not the word, perhaps. The reaction was wildly mixed and highly unusual. The Critical Scorecard on page 178 shows that four of the tabulated critics loved it (praising the theatricality and the performances) and five of them hated it (ruing the dramaturgy and the misogyny). Little middle ground, here. Business was reasonably good, but not quite good enough to recover the production costs (although income from postBroadway engagements should allow the producers to tum a profit).
April 12 Bells Are Ringing
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The idea of producing Broadway revivals of Broadway musicals didn’t come up much in the fifties or sixties. The potential Broadway audience was smaller in those days, when a two-year run was exceptional. How many people were likely to pay good money to see a show they had already seen? It was also problematic financially. The original producers and investors shared in a full slate of subsidiary rights, including motion picture rights and stock and amateur licensing; few of these income sources were available to backers of a revival. And then there was the theatre situation. With as many as fifteen new musicals on the boards in any given season, not to mention holdovers, theatre owners had their pick of n,ew potential hits.
April 17 Blast
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

You could say that Blast, the self-described “explosive musical celebration;’ hit Broadway with a blast when it came to town for a ten-week engagement in mid-April. You could also say, though, that it was blasted by half the critics. Two of the four major New York dailies loved it, while the others positively excoriated it. Consider this: “Exhilarating! Extraordinary!”-Howard Kissel in the Daily News. “Beguiling!” “Blissed-out”-Clive Barnes in the Post. “An unrelenting, amazingly whitebread amateur show”-Linda Winer in Newsday. And from Bruce Weber, the second-string critic of the allimportant Times: “Blast bored me cross-eyed.” Not what we call a money review.
April 19 The Producers
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

In retrospect, The Producers sounded like a surefire can’tmiss crowd-pleaser. Start with that brilliant, comic gem of a film; put the whole thing in the hands of comic genius Mel Brooks; and cast expert farceurs Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick in the leading roles. What could possibly have gone wrong? Plenty. The first rule of adaptations is-or should be-if you can’t enhance the experience of the original, don’t do it. As, for instance, the 1966 musical Breakfast at Tiffany’s. This highly anticipated blockbuster garnered a massive million-dollar advance (at an $11.90 top), thanks to the popularity of the 1961 film and the musical’s stars Mary Tyler Moore and Richard Chamberlain.
May 3 Hair
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The trouble with the Encores! concert version of Hair can I be boiled down to one word: “choreography:’ Not the choreography per se, by former Encores! artistic director Kathleen Marshall; but the concept of choreography itself. The world of Hair, the self-described American Tribal Love-Rock Musical, existed on the streets of the East (and West) Village back in the Vietnam War years. The authors called their cast of characters not a chorus nor an ensemble but a tribe. A tribe of hippies, of dropouts, of highly individual individuals united by certain passions (peace, flowers, freedom, happiness) and certain hates (war and any sort of authority figures). While this tribe does many things together in the course of the evening, the one thing that the tribe members do not do-and cannot do-are synchronized dance steps.
Honorable Mention
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

There follows a highly personal list of people whose contributions, one way or another, made the season of theatregoing brighter.
Tony Wrap-Up (and Other Awards)
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The 2000-2001 season’s Tony Award nominations are listed below, with asterisks denoting the winners. Overlooked people who— for various reasons—might have been expected to receive nominations are also mentioned. Proof seemed the obvious winner- especially with its Pulitzer Prize in hand- until The Invention of Love took the Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. (As a consolation, the Drama Critics gave Proof the award for Best American Play.) The Tony voters favored Proof over Invention of Love (as did I), with neither Hedle y nor Allergist having a chance.
Holdovers
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Musical. Opened March 23, 2000, at the Palace. Music by Elton John; lyrics by Tim Rice; book by Linda Woolverton and Robert Falls & David Henry Hwang; directed by Robert Falls; choreographed by Wayne Cilento. 2000 Tony Awards: Score; Leading Actress (Heather Headley); Scenic Design (Bob Crowley); Lighting Design (Natasha Katz). Still playing May 28, 2oor. To date: 492 performances (and 27 previews). Profit/loss: to be determined.
Shows That Never Reached Town
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Every season, numerous productions are announced for Broadway that for any number of reasons never arrive. Many of these are typically more wishful than realistic; others succumb to financial woes or tryout blues. The following shows were announced to arrive on Broadway during the 2000-2001 season. Some, though not all, are still likely prospects.
“Ballet Attitudes”: Nabokov’s Lolita and Petipa’s The Sleeping Beauty
Authors: Sweeney Susan Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Nabokov’s novel alludes to various modes of theatrical production, from pantomime, puppetry, commedia dell’arte, opera, and cinema to the embedded text of Clare Quilty’s play The Enchanted Hunters. Lolita refers to dance, in particular, as a form of dramatic expression.
Lolita and the Poetry of Advertising
Authors: Bowlby Rachel
Published: November 2023

But the scandalous accompaniments are not confined to later additions and editions. Lolita also has its spoof foreword purportedly written by one John Ray, Jr., Ph.D., both defending the book’s artistic qualities and placing them in the context of worthy moral deterrence: we can be “entranced with the book while abhorring its author” (7). Ray’s concluding paragraph decisively categorizes the work as a “case history” capable of wide and socially beneficial influence : “‘Lolita’ should make all of us-parents, social workers, educators-apply ourselves with still greater vigilance and vision to the task of bringing up a better generation in a safer world” (7).
Interview with Vladimir Nabokov
Authors: Gold Herbert
Published: November 2023

Nabokov arises early in the morning and works. He does his writing on filing cards, which are gradually copied, expanded, and rearranged until they become his novels. During the warm season in Montreux he likes to take the sun and swim at a pool in a garden near the hotel. His appearance at sixty-eight is heavy, slow, and powerful. He is easily turned to both amusement and annoyance, but prefers the former. His wife, an unequivocally devoted collaborator, is vigilant over him, writing his letters, taking care of business, occasionally even interrupting him when she feels he is saying the wrong thing. She is an exceptionally good-looking, trim, and sober-eyed woman. The Nabokovs still go off on frequent butterfly hunting trips, though the distances they travel are limited by the fact that they dislike flying.
Actinomycetes and Antibiotics
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

At the start of the 20th century, medical bacteriology was a thriving study, after Louis Pasteur in France and Robert Koch in Germany had pioneered the germ theory of infectious disease in the preceding decades. Medical bacteriologists had clear objectives: to identify pathogenic bacteria and bring the diseases they caused under control. By comparison, soil bacteriology was a fragmented and unfashionable pursuit. It was against this background that Selman Waksman began his career, investigating the biochemical capabilities of a previously obscure and poorly understood group of soil microbes and their contributions to agricultural fertility. As others had done before him, he grappled with the classification of this collection of apparently diverse organisms, described piecemeal from the 1870s onward. Halfway through Waksman’s career came his discovery that these organisms, the actinomycetes, are nature’s most prolific producers of antibiotics. One, streptomycin, was found to cure perhaps the most feared human disease, tuberculosis (TB), caused by the tubercle bacillus that Robert Koch had identified in 1882. As a result, the actinomycetes were to become some of the most important players in applied microbiology as the basis, along with the molds that make penicillin and related compounds, of a multibillion dollar antibiotics industry.
The Switch to Antibiotic Production
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

From a human perspective, the most important biochemical feature of the streptomycetes is their capacity to make antibiotics. From the organism’s point of view, this is an adaptation to competition in the soil, with its teaming populations of microbes and small invertebrates of all kinds. The regulation of antibiotic production is a very sophisticated process, optimized over eons of natural selection to maximize the selective advantage of the organism.
Prologue to George Eliot’s Crimes
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

Taking up the distinction between law and morals in The Concept of the Law, H. L. A. Hart explains:

The most famous attempt to convey in summary fashion their essential difference is the theory which asserts that, while legal rules only require “external” behavior and are indifferent to the motives, intentions, or other “internal” accompaniments of conduct, morals on the other hand do not require any specific external actions but only a good will or proper intentions or motive. This really amounts to the surprising assertion that legal and moral rules properly understood could not ever have the same content; and though it does contain a hint of truth it is, as it stands, profoundly misleading.... None the less there is something of importance caricatured in this confused argument; the vague sense that the difference between law and morals is connected with the contrast between the “internality” of the one and the “externality” of the other is too recurrent a theme in speculation about law and morals to be altogether baseless.
“To Fix Our Minds on That Certainty”
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

Consequences”: “a round game, in which a narrative of the meeting of a lady and gentleman, their conversation, and the ensuing ‘consequences’ is concocted by the contribution of a name or fact by each of the players, in ignorance of what has been contributed by others” (OED). Adam Bede is no game, but Eliot’s narrative of the meeting of Hetty Sorrel and Arthur Donnithorne is importantly a narrative of consequences, and it is a narrative in which ignorance (sometimes willful) produces not amusement, or even ridicule, but catastrophe. It is the romance between Hetty Sorrel, the vain and naive milkmaid, and Arthur Donnithorne, young squire and grandson of the landlord, that brings forth such consequences. The result of their secret union is a pregnancy that leads to the great tragedy of the book.
James Fitzjames Stephen and the Responsibilities of Narrative
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

Writing to his friend Lord Lytton in September 1884, Fitzjames Stephen described his current enterprise, a book on one of the best-known stories of English imperialistic tyranny in the eighteenth century. What was absorbing Stephen were the events surrounding the execution of the Maharajah Nuncomar on August 5, 1775, and the participation in those events of Warren Hastings, the then governor-general of Bengal for the East India Company (he presided from 1772 to 1781), and Sir Elijah Impey, the first chief justice of the newly formed Supreme Court of Calcutta and chief justice at the trial of Nun-comar. Here is how Stephen reports those events to Lytton:

It is a most curious story with some of the characteristics of a legal novel about it. First Nuncomar accuses Hastings of bribery, then Hastings accuses Nuncomar of conspiracy. Then a native, one Mohun Persaud, accuses Nuncomar of forgery who is hanged on this accusation and acquitted on the one charge by Hastings. Then Impey is accused of judicial murder before the House of Commons, which after hearing evidence throws out the bills against him. By arrangement I hope to make the whole thing as clear as glass, and in particular to throw light on [illegible] false and ignorant accusations.
Phenomenal Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

The first real dimension of harmonic rhythm returns to fundamental assumptions. Harmonic rhythm in general is that perception of rhythm arising from changes in aspects of harmony. Harmony is simply a simultaneous sounding of different pitches; this creates the harmonic phenomenon or chord. So at its most fundamental, harmonic rhythm occurs whenever the pitch collection of any chord changes to create a new chord: this is phenomenal harmonic rhythm.
Bass Pitch Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

Tthe allegro middle section of Corelli’s Adagio movement from his “Christmas” Concerto (ex. 4-1) would seem to offer a textbook demonstration of how Walter Piston distinguished harmonic rhythm from melodic rhythm. The first violin flashes with rapid sixteenths, and the other melodies drive with constant eighths, but the triadic motion that most interested Piston is at the half note, much slower. It is very easy to hear the two kinds of motion, since the contrast is great and both motions are consistent. But not perfectly consistent.
Rhythm of Harmonic Functions
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

When a folksinger strums a guitar accompaniment, voice-leading rarely comes into play, not even unconsciously. The chords are virtually pure harmonic structures; one cannot speak of inner melodic voices, often not even of a bass. Yet the progression harmonizing the vocal melody makes sense in a way that goes beyond simply being consonant with it. The chords themselves have a coherence, an order whose justification is independent of the singer’s melody and certainly independent of the voice-leading conventions associated with contrapuntal harmonic languages. This order, this purely harmonic syntax, is, of course, the hallmark of the so-called common practice period of Western art music.1 The elements of that syntax are harmonic functions.
Rhythms of Non-Functional Harmony
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

The harmony of musical languages prevalent in the twentieth century, most of the Renaissance, the Middle Ages, and non-Western traditions is likely to be non-functional. “Nonfunctional” is a somewhat catchall term that covers music whose stable chords either are not triads at all or, if they are, do not have the syntactic relations of tonic, dominant, and subdominant that we hear in Bach, Mozart, and Chopin. Listeners therefore do not sense one chord leading to another in the same way as with the functional languages of the “common practice” period that concerned Walter Piston in his Harmony. Listeners may be entirely unable to predict the next harmonic event in a progression or have little in the way of expectation about it. If they can predict, they predict according to different rules of syntax.
The Human Mind and “Gland H”: Cartesian Models of Mind, Brain, and Nerves
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

Descartes and other educated people in the 1500s and early 1600s who wanted to learn about the brain would have encountered two different types of images depending on whether an early modern author approached the body primarily from a philosophical or a medical point of view. Brain illustrations from books emphasizing natural philosophy usually showed a line drawing of a man’s head in profile with three more or less circular areas in its upper half. The illustration from Gregor Reisch’s (1467-1525) popular Margarita Philosophica (Pearl of Philosophy) of 1503 is typical (Fig. 3.1). At first glance such images may look silly to modern eyes, but they seem less strange when one recalls that humoral physiology was about fluids, some of them ethereal, and their interactions with their containers, not about the agency of the body’s solid tissues. Such accounts were widely available in natural philosophy as taught in the schools and universities.
Toward a New Physiology of Human Conduct
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

What do Euripides’ Medea and the Virgin Mary have in common? Or, to minimize gender considerations, Odysseus, Medea, and the Virgin Mary? Separated by time and culture, not to mention behavior, they form an incongruous trio, to put it mildly. And yet, in terms of causal explanations their contemporaries might have advanced for crucial moments in their respective lives, they share an important dimension. Specifically, the timing of Odysseus’ homecoming rout of his enemies, Medea’s revengeful slaughter of her children, and Mary’s conception of Jesus, so unlike each other in moral content, nonetheless depended more or less on their respective responses to spirit-like factors existing within them as well as outside of them. Medea and the Virgin Mary acceded to these forces; Odysseus did not. According to Homer, Odysseus finally arrived home in darkness only to observe unruly suitors seeking the hand and fortune of his presumptive widow, Penelope. Initially planning to wait until dawn for his attack, Odysseus almost succumbed to the desire for instant revenge. To quiet his rage and regain reason: “He smote his breast, and thus reproached his heart, Endure my heart; far worse hast thou endured.”
Mind without Brain: John Locke, Thomassydenham, and The Constitutional Body of the British Enlightenment
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

What is out there? What does it mean? And how far should one go in explaining the mysterious? People in diverse places and times have been asking these questions for as long as human culture has existed. But in cultures experiencing consensus concerning the grounds of knowledge, perhaps not with any urgency. The questions would occur, but the culture would handle them through its existing codes of signification. In early modern Europe, however, the facts were often not “just the facts,” especially from the mid sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth, heydays of the Scientific Revolution and Protestant and Catholic reformations. Then, prominent natural philosophers, theologians, politicians, and ordinary people debated, often acrimoniously, appropriate ways of interpreting the Book of Nature and the Book of God, to use their terms. Consider the following. Sometime in 1650 Anne Greene, a young servant woman who lived near Oxford, became pregnant by the son of her employer. She carried the pregnancy to term and delivered a live infant whom someone else found dead shortly thereafter. In 1651 an Oxford court found her guilty of infanticide and its judge sentenced her to death by hanging. Thomas Willis, surgeon William Day, and their friend William Petty, who then practiced anatomy and later organized a detailed census of Ireland, attended the execution with the intention of dissecting Greene’s corpse.
The Changing Modern Woman
Authors: Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

In a Peanuts cartoon Lucy asks Charlie Brown, “Do you think people really change?” He says, “Sure, I feel I’ve changed a lot this past year.” To this Lucy responds, “I meant for the better!”

Women are changing for the better! Nowhere can society claim that women have achieved equity with men, but in many countries they are gaining a more equal role, greater opportunity to fulfill their hopes and aspirations, and autonomy in decisions concerning their own fertility.

The worldwide decline in total fertility rate (TFR), the number of children a woman has in her lifetime, is based on an average calculated country-by-country, but the real significance of the decline is how it affects the individual woman. Does having fewer children make a difference in her personal life, her family life, or in her community role?Does it make a difference to her biologically?
Population and the Changing Burden of Illness
Authors: Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

The burden of illness is changing as the age structure of the world’s population changes. The average age is increasing as health improves for a greater proportion of people. The shifting composition of the less developed countries, where most of the world’s people live, will account for most of the changing age structure over the coming decade, but the shift will be particularly prominent in the industrialized nations. By 2010, nearly 1 out of 4 people in Japan will be over 65. The countries of Western Europe will have 20% over 65, and in the United States, the proportion will be almost 15%. This means that health care needs will be gradually shifting into the circumstances of aging—more women in the postmenopausal years, more men with prostate disease, and for men and women a greater incidence of heart disease.

Age distribution is contributory, but the variables that most affect the disease status of people are population-related factors such as urbanization, slum dwelling, and air or environmental pollution.
Repetition and Revenge
Authors: Irwin John T
Published: November 2023

In the story o f t he sutpens , the threat of miscegenation between Bon and Judith is also a threat of brother-sister incest, and it is another brother, Henry, who acts to stop these threats. This archetype of the brother who must kill to protect or avenge the honor of his sister pervades Absalom, Absalom! It occurs, first of all, in the very title of the novel. In the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13), Absalom, one of David’s sons, kills his brother Amnon for raping their sister Tamar. The archetype presents itself again in Quentin Compson, the principal narrator of Absalom, Absalom! From The Sound and the Fury we know that Quentin is in love with his own sister Candace and that he is tormented by his inability to play the role of the avenging brother and kill her seducer. Of the many levels of meaning in Absalom, Absalom! the deepest level is to be found in the symbolic identification of incest and miscegenation and in the relationship of this symbolic identification both to Quentin Compson’s personal history in The Sound and the Fury and to the story that Quentin narrates in Absalom, Absalom!
The Silencing of Rosa Coldfield
Authors: Gwin Minrose
Published: November 2023

We cannot s ay madness ; madness instead says us. For to interrogate madness—to ask it what it is—is to affirm reason, and thereby to defer the question of madness in the very process of articulating it. Rosa Coldfield shows us just how slippery that very question is—and how dangerous—particularly for the woman whose narrative desire to speak the madness of patriarchy, to say what it is, may lead her to become the spoken. In short, to become herself mad. On the other hand, as Shoshana Felman points out, madness, in its very inexplicability, makes literature what it is “by virtue of the dynamic resistance to interpretation in the literary thing” (Writing and Madness 254).
Allergens Related To Urushiol
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Literally thousands of plant constituents affect the skin in some way, from simple irritation to full-blown allergy. Most allergy sufferers are well acquainted with the effects of urushiols and laccols from poison oak, poison ivy, and their toxic relatives, so this chapter will focus on the underlying chemical characteristics of the substances and their occurrence in the plant world (table 5.1).
Prevention And Treatment
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

This is the shortest chapter of the book, perhaps reflecting Kligman’s view. However, there has been considerable progress since 1958: barrier lotions that minimize the contact of dermatotoxic substances with skin, measures to alleviate symptoms, and promising new treatments that could forestall the effects in the first place.
An Argument for Skepticism
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

I mean to offer a positive argument for skepticism about knowledge; I do not mean just to raise some doubts, however general, about statements to the effect that people know. The argument to be offered has as its conclusion the universal form of the skeptical thesis, that is, the proposition that nobody ever knows anything to be so. If this argument is sound, as I am inclined to think, then it will follow in particular that nobody ever knows anything about the past or future or even the present, about others or even about himself, about external objects or even about his own experiences, about complicated contingencies or even the simplest mathematical necessities. This, then, is an argument for an extremely strong and sweeping conclusion indeed.
The Causal Theory of Reference
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

There are two primary aims of this paper, both negative: a wider aim and a narrower one. My narrower aim is to argue against the causal theory of reference. My wider aim is to argue against the approach to philosophic examples that is characteristic of contemporary analytic philosophy. As will become clear, these aims are closely related.
Minimizing Arbitrariness: Toward a Metaphysics of Infinitely Many Isolated Concrete Worlds
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

A particular fact or event often appears arbitrary and puzzling, until it is exhibited as the outcome of certain causal processes. Usually, though not always, such a causal explanation helps to relieve the feeling of arbitariness, at least for a while. But it is easy and natural for our feeling to reassert itself: We are moved to ask why just those causal processes governed the situation of that fact or event, rather than some others. To deal with this further, larger question, often we can exhibit those causal processes as being, themselves, the results of, or certain specific instances of, prior or more general causalities. Or, much the same, we can redescribe the initial particular fact, and perhaps the cited cause as well, and display the items thus described as an instance of some very general, fundamental law or phenomenon.1
The Cone Model of Knowledge
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Over the last twenty years and more, there have been offeredan increasing variety of analyses of knowledge, roughly, of what it is for some one to know that something is so. Generally, these have taken the form of a list of conditions: Each condition in the list must hold true if the person is to know the thing, so each condition is logically necessary. And at least some of the conditions in the list are logically independent of some of the others. But unless all in the list hold true together the person won’t know the thing, so there are at least some conditions that are not logically sufficient. When all the conditions together hold true the person will know, so jointly the conditions in the list are logically sufficient for his knowledge.
Reconciliation Ecology
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

Today’s dominant strategy of conservation biology is reservation ecology: save the Earth’s natural habitats. However, in many environments, we have already saved about as much natural habitat as we can. A secondary conservation strategy, restoration ecology, supplements reservation ecology. Restoration ecology tries to return some developed places to a more natural status. But the truth is that even less land remains available for restoration than for reservation. The shortage of land turns out to be a critical problem. Because of it, most species, even those apparently now succeeding in our reserves, will eventually vanish. So we cannot rely on the current balance of conservation efforts. Conservation biology must develop a new strategy if it is going to extend and preserve its successes.
Making Money
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

Will reconciliation cost money or make money? If I can show that it would make money, no doubt I would need to say little else to make it a wild success. Yet I have to begin the money chapter by insisting that this question must never be allowed to belittle people and their dreams. Yes, the money question is important. But I am certain that we worry about diversity for the best reasons: Aesthetics and Ethics. We think Nature is truly, stunningly beautiful; and we think it is our duty to care for her creatures. Disinterested yet passionate stewardship of the environment and its creatures may not be a religion. Nevertheless it invests human life with a sense of holiness. It declares with the unanswerable logic of beauty, that man counts in the universe.2 Some of us forget that, and peddle diversity as a cure for cancer.
Families
Authors: Black Ira B
Published: November 2023

Dr. Rudick had a precise, antiseptic bearing. Unlike Dr. Finelli, the warm, slightly rotund, avuncular internist, the neurologist, Dr. Rudick, was of a different world. His wire-rimmed glasses and hatpins sticking out of his lapels, his breast pocket ophthalmoscope, and his hip pocket reflex hammer were unsettling, quite unlike the familiar, antique stethoscope that was Dr. Finelli’s concession to medical technology.
Growth that Kills
Authors: Black Ira B
Published: November 2023

Sally squinted at the clock but couldn’t make out the time in the night light they now kept for Enoch. She pulled the clock closer: 3 A.M. As her heart slowed, the dream faded and the day’s memories rushed back. “Oh my God, Dr. Rudick.” It can’t be real. She must be misremembering. Sally became nauseated. Now, she could not avoid remembering the visit to the office.
Organization of the Neurologic Critical Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

The essence of neurologic critical care lies in the acute decision making and management of emergency neurologic conditions. Surely, new skills, support structures, and attitudes are necessary to practice neurologic critical care—or acute neurology, for that matter. Avatars in critical care medicine contend that you need driven, primed neurologists, a team, and colleagues who understand the distinctive features of neurologic critical illness and belaud the presence of a service and a location. At the risk of oversimplification, the neurologic critical care unit is a better place from the perspective of the patient and is the locus in quo of critical care neurologists.
General Perspectives on Care
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Amid the multiple neurologic and medical complexities of care, neurologists may perhaps tend to take general daily matters of care for granted. Attending physicians in the NICU should be anticipatory to the many vexing needs of the critically ill neurologic patient. It is conventional wisdom that the daily care of patients with acute neurologic disorders is multifaceted. Its scope includes nursing care, physical therapy, infection precautions, and other prophylactic measures. Inattention to any of these may potentially result in a less favorable outcome. This chapter reviews the principles of nursing care and physical therapy. Communication with family members receives special attention because one should be prepared to engage with intricate sentimentalities.
Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Common diagnostic tests in the NICU are transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), electrodiagnostic tests (such as electroencephalography, continuous electroencephalographic and video monitoring, and evoked potentials), and CSF examination. Neurologists who care for patients with a critical neurologic illness commonly perform or interpret neuroimaging studies (particularly CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], magnetic reso-nance angiography, and cerebral angiography), and expert interpretation is necessary to minimize erroneous clinical decisions. The most pertinent neuroradiologic features in acute neurologic conditions are discussed and illustrated in the chapters of Part III of this book.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

The critical steps in management of SAH are to surgically clip the aneurysm or occlude the sac by inserting platinum coils, to treat clinical neurologic deterioration early, and to manage major systemic complications. The patient with SAH most likely to benefit from early aggressive surgery or coiling is a formerly healthy person with a normal level of consciousness. Admission to the NICU is indicated for any patient with aneurysmal SAH. Admission to the ward (e.g., for patients in very good clinical condition) should be strongly discouraged, even when beds in the NICU are in short supply. The opportunities for rapid, successful resuscitation may not be optimal. Patients with SAH who are in excellent clinical condition face the risk of catastrophic rebleeding, rapidly developing hydrocephalus, and potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias that can be better monitored in an NICU.
Cerebellum and Brain Stem Hemorrhages
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Parenchymal hemorrhage in brain structures that make up the posterior fossa poses a unique circumstance. The small confines of this compartment surrounded by a taut tentorium border leave little room for a cerebellar hemor-rhage. Interruption of cerebrospinal fluid circulation quickly follows. Hemorrhages into the cerebellum and brain stem are by all means critical neurologic disorders that require immediate action. In fact, hemorrhage into the cerebellum is a neurosurgical emergency. Deterioration can be rapid in many of these wakeful patients. The decision is often either to evacuate the clot or, alternatively, to place a ventricular drain to manage acute hydrocephalus.
Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Patients with acute occlusion of the basilar artery may have rapid deterioration to coma and then often need to be intubated. The need for mechanical ventilation in this disorder marks a very poor prognosis, and if no endovascular intervention is available or considered, death from propagating clot may follow. In other patients, progression of brain stem dysfunction has not yet occurred or the neurologic deficit is limited. Patients in both categories are admitted with some frequency to the NICU. When they arrive early, management ranges from blood pressure augmentation to lysis or fragmentation of the thrombus by advancement of an intra-arterial catheter.
Acute Viral Encephalitis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

One of the most challenging admissions to the NICU is the patient with clinical characteristics of rapidly progressive encephalitis but no inkling of its source. Neurologists are adept at recognizing the emerging clinical picture, but a critically important part in the care of these patients is to identify pathogens that may radically change specific therapy. For example, the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis has simplified evaluation in these patients and, most importantly, often obviated stereotactic brain biopsy.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Assault or accidental trauma to the brain merits stabilization in the emergency department and, as a matter of course, admission to a NICU or trauma unit for expeditious management. Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of disability in young persons and leads to the expenditure of billions of dollars. Epidemiologic surveys have estimated that the number of new disabled survivors of traumatic brain injury in the United States each year is nearly 80,000, labeled a “silent epidemic.” One of the most tragic, and often entirely avoidable, events is admission to the NICU of an inebriated teenager extracted from a rolled-over motor vehicle, resulting in an empty and unfulfilled life.
Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Among the disorders associated with neuro-muscular respiratory failure, myasthenia gravis is common. Many large institutions have specialized clinics dedicated to the care of patients with severe myasthenia gravis, and this concentration may also increase the annual number of hospital admissions in times of crisis. Serious exacerbation of myasthenia gravis can be encountered in two clinical situations. First, a myasthenic crisis can cause imminent respiratory failure or impairment of swallowing. Important triggers for myasthenic crisis are a viral upper respiratory infection and, less com-mon, recent use of medication that exacerbates the disease.
Cardiac Complications
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

The patterns of myocardial injury are diverse in acute disorders of the central nervous system. It can result in cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and hard-to-manage hemodynamic instability. Cardiac abnormalities can be grouped into three categories. First, left ventricular dysfunction occurs in many patients with terminal acute central nervous system catastrophes and may imply a phenomenon called stunning. Second, cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent. The most common causes are underlying structural heart disease, associated drug therapy, left ventricular strain, pulmonary embolism, fever, and anemia.
Brain Death and Organ Procurement
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

There are limits beyond which treatment of catastrophic brain injury cannot go, leaving an irrecoverable condition and persistent coma. A clear dividing line exists between severe brain damage and complete loss of brain and brain stem function. Brain death is synonymous with total loss of brain function in a nondrugged, normothermic, apneic comatose patient with-out a major confounding acute systemic or metabolic derangement. We are dead when our brains are dead. Brain death means life has come to an end and the person has passed away. Life support is briefly continued to make organ donation possible.
A Dozen Problems in the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to introduce the reader to the philosophy of mind. I have three objectives. First, the reader should get an understanding of the most important contemporary issues and discussions in this field, and also get some understanding of their historical background. Second, I want to make clear what I think is the correct way to approach these problems, and I even hope to provide answers to many of the questions I pose. And third, most important of all, I would like the reader to be able to think about these issues for himself or herself after reading the book. I can state all of these aims at once by saying that I am trying to write the book that I wish I had read when I first began to think about these questions. I write out of the conviction that the philosophy of mind is the most important subject in contemporary philosophy and that the standard views—dualism, materialism, behaviorism, functionalism, computationalism, eliminativism, epiphenomenalism—are false.
Consciousness Part I Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

We ended the last chapter with an apparent contradiction of the sort that is typical in philosophy. On the one hand we accept a view that seems overwhelmingly convincing—the universe is material—but that seems inconsistent with another view that we cannot give up—minds exist. This pattern occurs over and over in philosophy. We will see in chapter 7 that the free-will problem exhibits the same sort of conflict or contradiction: we think all events must be causally determined, but we experience freedom. In other branches of philosophy, similar inconsistencies arise. In ethics we feel there must be an objective moral truth but at the same time we feel there cannot be that kind of objectivity in morals. Some people find these contradictions in philosophy exasperating. Others, like me, find them fun and challenging.