bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active recovery training does not affect the antioxidant response to soccer games in elite female players
Authors: Andersson Helena , Karlsen Anette , Blomhoff Rune , Raastad Truls , Kadi Fawzi
Published: July 2010

Changes in plasma endogenous and dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were studied following two 90 min elite female soccer games separated by 72 h of either active or passive recovery. The active recovery group (n8) trained for 1 h at 22 and 46 h after the first game (low-intensity cycling and resistance training), while the passive group rested (n8). Blood samples were taken before the games; immediately after the games; 21, 45 and 69 h after the first game; and immediately after the second game. The oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were not affected by active recovery. The oxidative stress marker GSSG increased by the same extent after both the games, while the lipid peroxidation marker diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite remained unchanged. The endogenous antioxidants total glutathione and uric acid and ferric reducing/antioxidant power increased immediately after both the games with the same amplitude, while increases in cysteine, cysteine–glycine and total thiols reached significant levels only after the second game. The changes in dietary antioxidants after the first game were either rapid and persistent (tocopherols and ascorbic acid (AA) increased; polyphenols decreased) or delayed (carotenoids). This resulted in high pre-second game levels of tocopherols, AA and carotenoids. Polyphenols returned to baseline at 69 h, and were not affected by the second game. In conclusion, the soccer-associated dietary antioxidant defence, but not the endogenous antioxidant defence, is persistent. Similar acute oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant responses and dissimilar dietary antioxidant reactions occur during two repeated female soccer games. Finally, the complex antioxidant response to soccer is not affected by active recovery training.
Cross-amplified microsatellites in the European cherry fly,Rhagoletis cerasi: medium polymorphic–highly informative markers
Authors: Augustinos A.A. , Asimakopoulou A.K. , Papadopoulos N.T. , Bourtzis K.
Published: July 2010

The European cherry fruit fly,Rhagoletis cerasi(Diptera: Tephritidae), is a major pest of cherries in Europe and parts of Asia. Despite its big economic significance, there is a lack of studies on the genetic structure of its natural populations. Knowledge about an insect pest on molecular, genetic and population levels facilitates the development of environmentally friendly control methods. In this study, we present the development of 13 microsatellite markers forR. cerasi, through cross-species amplification. These markers have been used for the genotyping of 130 individuals from five different sampling sites in Greece. Our results indicate that (i) cross-species amplification is a versatile and rapid tool for developing microsatellite markers inRhagoletisspp., (ii) the microsatellite markers presented here constitute an important tool for population studies on this pest, and (iii) there is clear structuring of natural European cherry fly populations.
Effect of adult chill treatments on recovery, longevity and flight ability of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Reynolds O.L. , Orchard B.A.
Published: July 2010

Control of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), populations or outbreaks may be achieved through the mass-rearing and inundative release of sterile B. tryoni. An alternative release method is to release chilled adult sterile fruit flies to decrease packaging and transport requirements and potentially improve release efficiencies. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of chilling on the performance of two separate batches of adult B. tryoni, fed either a protein and sucrose diet or sucrose only diet. The first trial compared chill times of 0, 0.5, 2 and 4 h; the second trial compared chill times of 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. Overall, there was little or no affect of chilling on the recovery, longevity and flight ability of B. tryoni chilled at 4°C. Recovery time can take up to 15 min for chilled adult flies. There was no effect of chill time on longevity although females generally had greater longevity on either diet compared with males. Propensity for flight was not adversely affected by chilling at the lower chill times in trial 1; however, in trial 2, adults fed on a protein and sucrose diet had a decreased tendency for flight as the chilling time increased. Fly body size did not affect recovery times although the smaller adult B. tryoni in trial 1 had significantly reduced longevity compared to the larger adults in trial 2. Implications of these findings for B. tryoni SIT are discussed.
Regressive voicing assimilation: Production and perception studies
Authors: Myers Scott
Published: July 2010

Many languages have a phonological pattern of regressive voicing assimilation, according to which an obstruent is required to match a following obstruent in voicing (e.g. Russian, Sanskrit). This restriction on the distribution of categories has parallels in the phonetic fact that an obstruent has a longer interval of glottal pulsing when it occurs before a voiced sound than when it occurs before a voiceless sound. It is proposed that the phonological pattern arises diachronically through a reanalysis of the phonetic pattern, beginning with a tendency for listeners to identify an obstruent before another obstruent as matching the latter in voicing. This paper reports on two experiments designed to test premises of this account. A production study explores how obstruent voicing in English is affected by voicing in a following segment. A perception study explores how the identification of voicing categories is impacted by the acoustic effects of following segment context. It is found that listeners tend to identify a fricative as voiceless if it is drawn from the position before a voiceless obstruent, but that a following voiced segment has no significant effect on voicing class identification. Implications for the diachronic account of regressive voicing assimilation are discussed.
The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant
Authors: Olson Kenneth S. , Mielke Jeff , Sanicas-Daguman Josephine , Pebley Carol Jean , Paterson Hugh J.
Published: July 2010

The (inter)dental approximant is a little-studied speech sound in the Philippines and Western Australia. In this paper, we document the articulation of the sound, providing acoustic and video data from Kagayanen and Limos Kalinga, respectively. The sound is attested in at least fifteen languages. It is contrastive in five Western Australian languages, while in the Philippines it generally patterns as an allophone of /l/ but has emerged recently as a separate phoneme due to contact. It arose independently in the two regions. The sound is easily describable in terms of values of phonological features or phonetic parameters. All of these factors argue for the inclusion of the sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Itunyoso Trique
Authors: DiCanio Christian T.
Published: July 2010

Itunyoso Trique /itunˈjoso ˈtɾiki/ is an Oto-Manguean language (Mixtecan branch) spoken in the town of San Martín Itunyoso, Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of three Trique languages, all of which are spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico. According to the 2005 census (INEGI 2005), there are 1,345 inhabitants in the town, virtually all of whom speak Itunyoso Trique as a native language. However, this number does not reflect the total number of speakers, as approximately 30%–50% of the population lives outside of San Martín Itunyoso at any given time. The population of the nearby town of Concepción Itunyoso, with a population of 261 (ibid.), is considered to speak the same dialect. The remaining populations of speakers are found in Oaxaca City, Mexico City, and the United States.
Varieties of cooperation: the domestic institutional roots of global governance
Authors: BACH DAVID
Published: July 2010

This article develops a domestic institutional explanation for the growing institutional diversity in global economic governance. Transgovernmental networks linking domestic regulatory agencies have emerged in a number of areas alongside more conventional cooperation based on international organisations and regimes. At the same time, the number and scope of private self-regulatory schemes at the international level has markedly increased. While rich literatures have developed around each of these three governance cluster, less attention has been paid to the critical questions why, where, and when we are most likely to see one type of governance as opposed to another. The article argues that broad observable patterns of global governance result from specific configurations of domestic institutional variables in leading markets against the backdrop of the dynamics of market globalisation. Empirical evidence from case studies of global governance in the fields of securities, Internet domain names, intellectual property, and hedge funds broadly support the argument.
The ethics of autoethnography
Authors: DAUPHINEE ELIZABETH
Published: July 2010

This article queries the place of autoethnography in the study of International Relations as it relates to questions of truth, power, and ethics. The traditional denial of the authorial presence of the self in IR scholarship has been increasingly challenged in recent years, and autoethnography is perhaps the most obvious example of this. This article utilises autoethnography to explore some of the pitfalls and dilemmas associated with the approach – particularly the dangers surrounding ‘standpoint’ epistemologies, and the need to continue to distinguish between scholarship and storytelling. The article does not dismiss these concerns, but seeks to illustrate the ways in which the discipline is already engaged in storytelling as it narrates its own history and development. At the same time, the article seeks to ‘guard against a generation of novelists’ whose training would inevitably devolve into a question of crafting the ‘prettiest sentence.’ Mindful of these concerns, the article nevertheless seeks to demonstrate the ethical value of autoethnography in its exploration of the limitations of academic voice and its impact on those we write, the truths we are able to recognise and transcribe, and the ways in which the academic voice silences the self, who is forced to hide or minimise the often very personal motivations for engaging in IR scholarship. It argues thatpurposefulautoethnography should have a place among the diverse approaches to IR.
The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism
Authors: LOMBAERDE PHILIPPE DE , SÖDERBAUM FREDRIK , VAN LANGENHOVE LUK , BAERT FRANCIS
Published: July 2010

There is virtually no systematic debate on the fundamentals of comparative research in the study of international regionalism. The field of research is very fragmented and there is a lack of interaction between EU studies and regionalism in the rest of the world. There is also a lack of communication between scholars from various theoretical standpoints and research traditions. Related to these two divides is the tension between idiographic and nomothetic methodologies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the largely neglected debate on how to conduct and address three interrelated problems: a conceptual, a theoretical and a methodological one. Our claim is that the future of comparative regionalism should be one where old divides are bridged. This requires a combination of conceptual rigor, theoretical eclecticism, and sounder empirical research methods.
State agency in the time of the global war on terror: India and the counter-terrorism regime
Authors: SASIKUMAR KARTHIKA
Published: July 2010

The evolving international counter-terrorism regime obliges and permits countries to make changes in their domestic and foreign policies. At the same time, policy-makers in national capitals respond creatively to the global regime. By examining India's response to the evolving international regime on terrorism, I will demonstrate the mechanism through which the regime is influencing Indian policy: by setting up an identity that the country can aspire to. Further, by highlighting the leveraging of regime norms by the Indian state to further its own projects, I will show that states are not restricted to either passively receiving and complying with international norms on the one hand, or rejecting them on the other.
European ‘models’ and their implications to China: internal and external perspectives
Authors: SONG XINNING
Published: July 2010

European Studies in China developed very rapidly in the last twenty years. The reasons for that are not only because of the smooth evolution of EU-China relations and wider and deeper economic interdependence between two economic giants, but also the relevance of the European models to China's domestic political and social development, as well as China's external relations. The article reviews the evolution of the European Studies in China and finds out that more and more research on European affairs relates to China's internal and external development. Two major aspects of the learning process are exploited further. Firstly, European models for China's domestic political and social development, including European party politics and Democratic Socialism, European social policy and social security systems, and European regional policies. Secondly, European models for China's foreign policy and external relations, including European neighbourhood policy, European concept of effective multilateralism, Europe as an example of peaceful rise, and functionalism as the way to East Asian regional integration. The EU or Europe has higher profile in China than any other Asia Pacific country. From the domestic political and social development and China's preference in international affairs we can see the silhouette of the European models. Chinese would like to learn more from Europe than the United States. It also shows clearly that the role of the EU as a social power.
Prelinguistic predictors of language development in children with autism spectrum disorders over four–five years
Authors: BOPP KAREN D. , MIRENDA PAT
Published: July 2010

This study examined relationships between prelinguistic variables from the MacArthur-Bates CDI and the development of language comprehension and production in children with autism. Forty-four children were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, 24, 33 and 53 months later. Growth Curve Modeling was used to examine the extent to which three composite CDI variables and three CDI item groupings predicted language development over 4–5 years. When examined individually, prespeech and early gestures were significant predictors of change for both comprehension and production, but late gestures were not. In addition, initiating joint attention and games and routines predicted comprehension and production over 4–5 years, and conventional gestures also predicted production. When all factors were considered simultaneously, children's ability to participate in games and routines was the only significant predictor of language production over time. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for understanding the complex factors that affect developmental outcomes.
The influence of part-word phonotactic probability/neighborhood density on word learning by preschool children varying in expressive vocabulary
Authors: STORKEL HOLLY L. , HOOVER JILL R.
Published: July 2010

The goal of this study was to examine the influence of part-word phonotactic probability/neighborhood density on word learning by preschool children with normal vocabularies that varied in size. Ninety-eight children (age 2 ; 11–6 ; 0) were taught consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonwords orthogonally varying in the probability/density of the CV (i.e. body) and VC (i.e. rhyme). Learning was measured via picture naming. Children with the lowest expressive vocabulary scores showed no effect of either CV or VC probability/density, although floor effects could not be ruled out. In contrast, children with low or high expressive vocabulary scores demonstrated sensitivity to part-word probability/density with the nature of the effect varying by group. Children with the highest expressive vocabulary scores displayed yet a third pattern of part-word probability/density effects. Taken together, word learning by preschool children was influenced by part-word probability/density but the nature of this influence appeared to depend on the size of the lexicon.
New Trends in Religious Liberty and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: July 2010

This article analyses recent trends in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights concerned with the right to freedom of thought, belief and religion (Article 9, European Convention on Human Rights) and the right of parents to respect by the state for their religious and philosophical views in the education of their children (Article 2, Protocol 1).1 These developments include notable decisions concerned with protection from religious persecution in Georgia, with religious education in Norway and Turkey and with the display of crucifixes in state schools in Italy. It is apparent that the European Convention religious liberty jurisprudence increasingly stresses the role of the state as a neutral protector of religious freedom. For individuals religious freedom is now also recognised to include not only the right to manifest their religious belief but also freedom from having to declare their religious affiliation. As the religious liberty jurisprudence comes of age, other significant developments, for example in relation to conscientious objection to military service, can be anticipated.
Anti-realist Semantics: the Role ofCriteria
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: July 2010

§I. Anti-realism of the sort which Michael Dummett has expounded takes issue with the traditional idea that an understanding of any statement (here, declarative sentence) is philosophically correctly analysed as involving grasp of conditions necessary and sufficient for its truth. Many kinds of statement to which, as we ordinarily think, we attach a clear sense would have to be represented, according to this tradition, as possessingverification-transcendenttruth-conditions; if true that is to say, they would be so in virtue of circumstances of a type transcending our range of possible awareness. Exactly where to draw the boundaries of our possible awareness might be controversial; but there is clearly no being aware, in the relevant sense, of the kind of state of affairs which would make true a generalization of theoretical physics, an assertion about James II weight on his twenty-eighth birthday, a claim about what would have happened if Edward Heath had not sought a fresh mandate during the miners' strike, or—from your point of view—the statement that my left ear aches. In each of these kinds of case the traditional view, while granting that we (or you) cannot experience the truth-conferring states of affairs as such, would nevertheless credit us with a clear conception of the type of thing they would be. To be sure, there is then no possibility of a straightforward construal of this conception as a recognitional capacity. But the traditional view tends to conceal from itself the problematic status which the alleged grasp of truth-conditions therefore assumes by working with the picture that the ‘conception’ isindirectlyrecognitional, that itissues ina cluster of unproblematic recognitional capacities; in particular, the ability to recognize what is or is not good evidence for the relevant statement and the ability to recognize its logical relations to other statements.
Cognitive reserve moderates decline in information processing speed in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: BENEDICT RALPH H.B. , MORROW SARAH A. , WEINSTOCK GUTTMAN BIANCA , COOKFAIR DIANE , SCHRETLEN DAVID J.
Published: July 2010

Cognitive reserve is widely recognized as a moderator of cognitive decline in patients with senile dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. The same effect may occur in multiple sclerosis (MS), an immunologic disorder affecting the central nervous system. While MS is traditionally considered an inflammatory, white matter disease, degeneration of gray matter is increasingly recognized as the primary contributor to progressive cognitive decline. Our aim was to determine if individual differences in estimated cognitive reserve protect against the progression of cognitive dysfunction in MS. Ninety-one patients assessed twice roughly 5 years apart were identified retrospectively. Cognitive testing emphasized mental processing speed. Cognitive reserve was estimated by years of education and by performance on the North American Adult Reading Test (NAART). After controlling for baseline characteristics, both years of education (p = .013) and NAART scores (p = .049) significantly improved regression models predicting cognitive decline. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performance showed no significant change in patients with > 14 years of education, whereas it declined significantly in patients with ≤ 14 years of education. We conclude that greater cognitive reserve as indexed by either higher premorbid intelligence or more years of education protects against the progression of cognitive dysfunction in MS. (JINS, 2010, 16, 829–835.)
Decision-directed phase noise compensation for millimeter-wave single carrier systems with iterative frequency-domain equalization
Authors: Suyama Satoshi , Onodera Junichi , Suzuki Hiroshi , Fukawa Kazuhiko
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a receiver that repeats iterative frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and decision-directed phase noise compensation (DD-PNC) to alleviate degradation due to the phase noise for millimeter-wave single carrier (SC) systems. High bit-rate SC-FDE transceivers based on the single-chip Si RF-CMOS IC technology in the 60-GHz millimeter-wave band have been extensively studied for wireless personal area network (WPAN) systems, and the relatively large phase noise in a phase-locked loop (PLL) synthesizer severely degrades transmission performance. In an initial processing of the proposed receiver, a cyclic prefix (CP)-based phase noise compensator (CP-PNC) removes the phase noise from a time-domain received signal by using CP, which is known to the receiver, and the channel is equalized by the iterative FDE using the conventional minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) weight. In an iterative processing, DD-PNC estimates the phase noise each symbol by exploiting an output of a channel decoder, and then compensates the time-domain received signal for the phase noise by using the estimate. In order to equalize the compensated received signal, the iterative FDE performs both the MMSE filtering and residual inter-symbol interference cancelation using the decoder output. Computer simulations following the 60-GHz WPAN standard demonstrate that in the 64QAM with the coding rate of 3/4, the proposed receiver with three iterations can drastically remove the phase noise of −85 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, and that it can achieve excellent transmission performance.
Effect of Physical Inactivity on Cognitive Performance after 2.5 Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Aichberger M.C. , Busch M.A. , Reischies F.M. , Ströhle A. , Heinz A. , Rapp M.A.
Published: July 2010

Objective: To examine the association between physical activity and cognitive performance in a longitudinal study. Methods: We analyzed data from 17.333 noninstitutionalized persons aged 50 years or older in 11 European countries who participated in Wave 1 (2004/2005) and Wave 2 (2006/2007) of the Survey of Heath, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Physical activity at baseline was measured as self-reported frequency of sports or activities requiring vigorous activity, and frequency of activities demanding a moderate level of activity. Cognitive function was measured at baseline and after a mean of 2.5 years of follow-up by delayed word recall and verbal fluency tests. The effects of physical activity at baseline on cognitive performance at follow-up were assessed in hierarchical multilevel random effects models adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, education), somatic comorbidities, functional impairment (basic and instrumental activities of daily living, maximum grip strength), depressive symptoms, and body mass index. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, we found physical inactivity (neither moderate nor vigorous) to be associated with a higher rate of cognitive decline over a mean follow-up of 2.5 years (β = –1.79 (SE = 0.17) for verbal fluency; β = –0.35 (SE = 0.04) for delayed word recall). Further analyses showed that vigorous activities more than once a week were especially related to change in cognition over time. Conclusion: Engagement in moderate and vigorous physical activities protects against cognitive decline in older age. Participation in physical activities may be of particular importance when other risk factors for cognitive decline are present.
Variance of transionospheric VLF wave power absorption
Authors: Tao X. , Bortnik J. , Friedrich M.
Published: July 2010

To investigate the effects of D‐region electron‐density variance on wave power absorption, we calculate the power reduction of very low frequency (VLF) waves propagating through the ionosphere with a full wave method using the standard ionospheric model IRI and in situ observational data. We first verify the classic absorption curves of Helliwell's using our full wave code. Then we show that the IRI model gives overall smaller wave absorption compared with Helliwell's. Using D‐region electron densities measured by rockets during the past 60 years, we demonstrate that the power absorption of VLF waves is subject to large variance, even though Helliwell's absorption curves are within ±1 standard deviation of absorption values calculated from data. Finally, we use a subset of the rocket data that are more representative of the D region of middle‐ and low‐latitude VLF wave transmitters and show that the average quiet time wave absorption is smaller than that of Helliwell's by up to 100 dB at 20 kHz and 60 dB at 2 kHz, which would make the model‐observation discrepancy shown by previous work even larger. This result suggests that additional processes may be needed to explain the discrepancy.
High‐resolution transition zone structures of the Gorda Slab beneath the western United States: Implication for deep water subduction
Authors: Cao Aimin , Levander Alan
Published: July 2010

The current data set from USArray provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate mantle transition zone structures beneath the western United States. We have made transition zone images with the Common Converted Point (CCP) stacking method. More than 9600 high quality receiver functions were stacked with reference to two different three‐dimensional tomography models and a one‐dimensional velocity model. Where the Gorda plate passes through the transition zone, the 410 discontinuity has been elevated ∼25 km and the 660 discontinuity has been depressed ∼35 km. We interpret the transition zone topography in terms of mineral physics results in several different ways, noting in particular that recent measurements on the Clapeyron slope for the ringwoodite‐to‐perovskite phase transition under dry conditions give a phase boundary slope of ∼−1.3 to −0.4 MPa/K. The ∼35 km deflection of the 660 discontinuity observed in the receiver functions seems to be the evidence that the subducted slab can carry abundant water from the surface to the transition zone, and in the transition zone the water in the slab may be fully saturated (e.g. the water content is ∼2.0 wt%). Analyses of the velocity perturbations in the tomography models and the transition zone thickness indicate that the deep water is likely well confined within the subducted slab. We infer that the presence of water in the subducted Gorda slab might have contributed ∼15 km and the thermal anomaly in the slab might have contributed ∼20 km to the depression of the 660 discontinuity.
Spatial distribution of nitrate sources of rivers in the Lake Biwa watershed, Japan: Controlling factors revealed by nitrogen and oxygen isotope values
Authors: Ohte Nobuhito , Tayasu Ichiro , Kohzu Ayato , Yoshimizu Chikage , Osaka Ken'ichi , Makabe Akiko , Koba Keisuke , Yoshida Naohiro , Nagata Toshi
Published: July 2010

To clarify the pathways and origins of dissolved nitrate (NO3−) in rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, Japan, three types of coordinated surveys of concentrations and isotope compositions of NO3− were conducted: (1) synoptic river sampling of 32 representative inflow rivers, (2) two rivers in catchments with different land uses, and (3) headwater catchment samplings. The data set used in this paper is the first comprehensive collection of isotopic composition of NO3− in rivers of a large‐scale basin in Asia. While the NO3− spatial concentration pattern showed significant seasonal variation, the spatial pattern of the δ15N of dissolved NO3− was more consistent throughout the year. The was significantly positively correlated with the population density of each catchment. A mass balance model assuming the and the flow rate of sewage effluent was developed. The model simulated the relationship between the population density and the reasonably well, suggesting that the dominant source contributing to the increase in was the sewage effluent. The spatiotemporal distribution of suggested the possibility of the addition of atmospherically derived NO3− through precipitation and was indicated by the hydrological pathways for NO3− exports in different land uses. In forest‐dominated catchments with natural drainage systems, a slightly elevated δ18ONO3 signal remained in the stream water even during base flow conditions. This study demonstrated that multiscale, multi‐isotopic investigation is a promising strategy for describing the spatial distribution of NO3− sources synoptically and is useful for evaluating the influences of land use change.
Cooling of the wintertime Arctic stratosphere induced by the western Pacific teleconnection pattern
Authors: Nishii Kazuaki , Nakamura Hisashi , Orsolini Yvan J.
Published: July 2010

A composite analysis for extreme positive events of the Western Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern with blocking flow configurations observed over the subpolar Far East shows that such an event in winter can trigger a persistent cold period in the polar stratosphere and, if it occurs in fall or early winter, it augments the possibility of the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. The stratospheric cooling occurs in conjunction with the weakening of upper‐tropospheric planetary waves and their upward propagation into the stratosphere soon after the peak time of the WP pattern. Synoptically, this weakening of the upper‐tropospheric planetary waves is manifested as westward evolution of a developing blocking high into the climatological‐mean pressure trough over the subpolar Far East. This study thus presents a unique case where a blocking high can induce cooling in the polar stratosphere rather than warming.
Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Yu Zicheng , Loisel Julie , Brosseau Daniel P. , Beilman David W. , Hunt Stephanie J.
Published: July 2010

Here we present a new data synthesis of global peatland ages, area changes, and carbon (C) pool changes since the Last Glacial Maximum, along with a new peatland map and total C pool estimates. The data show different controls of peatland expansion and C accumulation in different regions. We estimate that northern peatlands have accumulated 547 (473–621) GtC, showing maximum accumulation in the early Holocene in response to high summer insolation and strong summer – winter climate seasonality. Tropical peatlands have accumulated 50 (44–55) GtC, with rapid rates about 8000–4000 years ago affected by a high and more stable sea level, a strong summer monsoon, and before the intensification of El Niño. Southern peatlands, mostly in Patagonia, South America, have accumulated 15 (13–18) GtC, with rapid accumulation during the Antarctic Thermal Maximum in the late glacial, and during the mid‐Holocene thermal maximum. This is the first comparison of peatland dynamics among these global regions. Our analysis shows that a diversity of drivers at different times have significantly impacted the global C cycle, through the contribution of peatlands to atmospheric CH4 budgets and the history of peatland CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
Links between a stratospheric sudden warming and thermal structures and dynamics in the high‐latitude mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere
Authors: Kurihara J. , Ogawa Y. , Oyama S. , Nozawa S. , Tsutsumi M. , Hall C. M. , Tomikawa Y. , Fujii R.
Published: July 2010

We analyzed neutral winds, ambipolar diffusion coefficients, and neutral temperatures observed by the Nippon/Norway Tromsø Meteor Radar (NTMR) and ion temperatures observed by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromsø (69.6°N, 19.2°E), during a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) that occurred in January 2009. The zonal winds at 80–100 km height reversed approximately 10 days earlier than the zonal wind reversal in the stratosphere and the neutral temperature at 90 km decreased simultaneously with the zonal wind reversal at the same altitude. We found different variations between geomagnetically quiet nighttime ion temperatures at 101–110 km and 120–142 km for about 10 days around the SSW. Our results from the ground‐based observations agree well with the satellite observations shown in an accompanying paper. Thus, this study indicates that a SSW is strongly linked to thermal structure and dynamics in the high‐latitude mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere.
Synthetic aperture controlled source electromagnetics
Authors: Fan Y. , Snieder R. , Slob E. , Hunziker J. , Singer J. , Sheiman J. , Rosenquist M.
Published: July 2010

Controlled‐source electromagnetics (CSEM) has been used as a de‐risking tool in the hydrocarbon exploration industry. Although there have been successful applications of CSEM, this technique is still not widely used in the industry because the limited types of hydrocarbon reservoirs CSEM can detect. In this paper, we apply the concept of synthetic aperture to CSEM data. Synthetic aperture allows us to design sources with specific radiation patterns for different purposes. The ability to detect reservoirs is dramatically increased after forming an appropriate synthetic aperture antenna. Consequently, the types of hydrocarbon reservoirs that CSEM can detect are significantly extended. Because synthetic apertures are constructed as a data processing step, there is no additional cost for the CSEM acquisition. Synthetic aperture has potential for simplifying and reducing the cost of CSEM acquisition. We show a data example that illustrates the increased sensitivity obtained by applying synthetic aperture CSEM source.
Single-cell genomics reveals the lifestyle of Poribacteria, a candidate phylum symbiotically associated with marine sponges
Authors: Siegl Alexander , Kamke Janine , Hochmuth Thomas , Piel Jörn , Richter Michael , Liang Chunguang , Dandekar Thomas , Hentschel Ute
Published: July 2010

In this study, we present a single-cell genomics approach for the functional characterization of the candidate phylum Poribacteria, members of which are nearly exclusively found in marine sponges. The microbial consortia of the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina aerophoba were singularized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and individual microbial cells were subjected to phi29 polymerase-mediated ‘whole-genome amplification’. Pyrosequencing of a single amplified genome (SAG) derived from a member of the Poribacteria resulted in nearly 1.6 Mb of genomic information distributed among 554 contigs analyzed in this study. Approximately two-third of the poribacterial genome was sequenced. Our findings shed light on the functional properties and lifestyle of a possibly ancient bacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The Poribacteria are mixotrophic bacteria with autotrophic CO2-fixation capacities through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. The cell wall is of Gram-negative origin. The Poribacteria produce at least two polyketide synthases (PKSs), one of which is the sponge-specific Sup-type PKS. Several putative symbiosis factors such as adhesins (bacterial Ig-like domains, lamininin G domain proteins), adhesin-related proteins (ankyrin, fibronectin type III) and tetratrico peptide repeat domain-encoding proteins were identified, which might be involved in mediating sponge–microbe interactions. The discovery of genes coding for 24-isopropyl steroids implies that certain fossil biomarkers used to date the origins of metazoan life on earth may possibly be of poribacterial origin. Single-cell genomic approaches, such as those shown herein, contribute to a better understanding of beneficial microbial consortia, of which most members are, because of the lack of cultivation, inaccessible by conventional techniques.
Proteome insights into the symbiotic relationship between a captive colony of Nasutitermes corniger and its hindgut microbiome
Authors: Burnum Kristin E , Callister Stephen J , Nicora Carrie D , Purvine Samuel O , Hugenholtz Philip , Warnecke Falk , Scheffrahn Rudolf H , Smith Richard D , Lipton Mary S
Published: July 2010

We analyzed the metaproteome of the bacterial community resident in the hindgut paunch of the wood-feeding ‘higher’ termite (Nasutitermes) and identified 886 proteins, 197 of which have known enzymatic function. Using these enzymes, we reconstructed complete metabolic pathways revealing carbohydrate transport and metabolism, nitrogen fixation and assimilation, energy production, amino-acid synthesis and significant pyruvate ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase protein redundancy. Our results suggest that the activity associated with these enzymes may have more of a role in the symbiotic relationship between the hindgut microbial community and its termite host than activities related to cellulose degradation.
Mass Spectrometry for Food Analysis: The Example of Fat Soluble Vitamins A and K
Authors: Dolnikowski Gregory G.
Published: July 2010

In modern nutrition research, mass spectrometry has developed into a tool to assess health, sensory as well as quality and safety aspects of food. Two strategies are followed for nutrient and metabolite analysis either in foodstuffs or in biological fluids sampled from the food consumer:

The “traditional” targeted conception, which measures only selected compounds with pre-determined properties such as a given mass or structure as described later.The more recent non-targeted conception, which includes fingerprinting of samples and evaluating the unidentified signals with statistical methods (e.g., principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, discriminant function analysis etc.).

For nutrients and metabolite identification purposes, in addition to NMR, two major techniques are currently applied, namely tandem mass spectrometry and accurate mass measurements. Tandem mass spectrometry enables elucidation and confirmation of metabolite structures, while accurate mass measurements in combination with isotope pattern analysis provide elemental composition of the metabolite. Furthermore, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments are combined with mass spectrometry 1 to distinguish between isomeric structures of analytes. On the other hand, quantification of nutrients and metabolites is mostly achieved using the selected-reaction monitoring technique on quadrupole-based platforms. Quadrupole analyzers provide the best linear and dynamic range for biological samples, but application of high-resolution with time-of-flight or Orbitrap analyzers can also separate the signal of interest from interferences thereby enhancing detection limits.

In this chapter, we will focus on a brief description of each mass spectrometric technique applied to nutrition research, with a short emphasis on the working principle of each ionization, mass separation and ion detection method. We will also describe some specific technologies like those enabling detection of stable-isotope labelled macro- and micro-nutrients.
Mass Spectrometry in Protein, Peptide and Amino Acid Analysis
Authors: Corradini Claudio , Elviri Lisa , Cavazza Antonella
Published: July 2010

Proteins, peptides and amino acids contribute to physical properties, biological activities and sensory characteristics of foods. Proteins and peptides are widely used in formulated food due their high nutritional value and functional technological properties, such as emulsifying, gelation, foaming, and water binding. The present chapter will discuss the application of mass spectrometry-based techniques for identification and quantification of complex protein and peptide mixtures present in food matrices in order to assess food quality and safety, food authenticity, and functionality. Qualitative and quantitative MS analysis of complex food protein mixtures play a key role in understanding their nature, structure, functional and nutritional properties and impact on human health. Moreover, modern high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with bioinformatics offers new possibilities for protein characterization, including the post-translational modifications, protein conformations and protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions.
Addressing the Health Beneficial Aspects of Nutrition—The Example of the Obesity Epidemic
Authors: Lankinen Maria , Orešič Matej
Published: July 2010

We know for more than 2000 years that health and nutrition are intimately linked: Hippocrates recommended ca. 400 BC to “leave your drugs in the chemist's pot if you can heal the patient with food”. While modern nutrition focuses rather on prevention than cure (the latter being the classical pharmaceutical domain of care), Hippocrates' concept still holds very much true and it particularly applies to the interplay of nutrition with energy balance, cardiovascular health, immunity, and protein turnover, which are the four themes addressed in this “nutrition and health” section of the book. Introducing mass spectrometric impact on nutritionally actionable health aspects we focus first on the global health issue of obesity.
Nutrition and Immunity
Authors: Kussmann Martin
Published: July 2010

We know for more than 2'000 years that health and nutrition are intimately linked: Hippocrates recommended ca. 400 BC to “leave your drugs in the chemist's pot if you can heal the patient with food”. While modern nutrition focuses rather on prevention than cure (the latter being the classical pharmaceutical domain of care), Hippocrates' concept still holds very much true and it particularly applies to the interplay of nutrition and immunity1.

This chapter addresses the manifold interactions between nutritional status and immune health and how mass spectrometry and proteomics can elucidate this interplay, for example through revelation of immune biomarkers. Immunological conditions like inflammation and allergy are discussed and the particular susceptibility of the immune system to environmental, such as nutritional, influences early in life is reflected. Special sections are dedicated to human gut ecology its immunological impact as well as to the immune bioactives and health effects of human milk.
An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe
Authors: Fitter Alastair , Elmqvist Thomas , Haines-Young Roy , Potschin Marion , Rinaldo Andrea , Setälä Heikki , Stoll-Kleemann Susanna , Zobel Martin , Murlis John
Published: July 2010

Ecosystem services are the benefits humankind derives from the workings of the natural world. These include most obviously the supply of food, fuels and materials, but also more basic processes such as the formation of soils and the control and purification of water, and intangible ones such as amenity, recreation and aesthetics. Taken together, they are crucial to survival and the social and economic development of human societies. Though many are hidden, their workings are now a matter of clear scientific record. However, the integrity of the systems that deliver these benefits cannot be taken for granted, and the process of monitoring them and of ensuring that human activity does not place them at risk is an essential part of environmental governance, not solely at a global scale but also regionally and nationally.

In this chapter, we assess the importance of ecosystem services in a European context, highlighting those that have particular importance for Europe, and we set out what is known about the contribution biodiversity makes to each of them. We then consider pressures on European ecosystem services and the measures that might be taken to manage them.

One of the key insights from this work is that all ecosystems deliver a broad range of services, and that managing an ecosystem primarily to deliver one service will reduce its ability to provide others. A prominent current example of this is the use of land to produce biofuels. There is an urgent need to develop tools for the effective valuation of ecosystem services, to achieve sustainable management of the landscape to deliver multiple services.
Ecosystem Services and Policy: A Review of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services and an Efficiency-Based Framework for Implementing the Ecosystem Approach
Authors: White Piran C. L. , Godbold Jasmin A. , Solan Martin , Wiegand Jessica , Holt Alison R.
Published: July 2010

The Ecosystem Approach (EA) to environmental management aims to enhance human well-being within a linked social and ecological system, through protecting the delivery of benefits and services to society from ecosystems in the face of external pressures such as climate change. However, our lack of understanding of the linkages between the human and natural components of ecosystems inhibits the implementation of the EA for policy decision-making. Coastal wetland systems provide many benefits and ecosystem services to humans, including nutrient recycling, climate and water quality regulation, timber, fuel and fibre, but they are under considerable threat from population pressure and climate change. In this chapter, we review the ecosystem services provided by coastal wetlands, and the threats to these services. We then present a new integrative conceptual framework to underpin the EA. The framework is divided into three sub-systems: one relating to ecosystem functions, one to ecosystem services, and one to social development and well-being. The pathways linking these sub-systems represent transfers of state, for example, ecosystem functions being transferred into ecosystem services, or ecosystem services being transferred into benefits. The focus of our approach is on enhancing the magnitude and efficiency of these transfers, by introducing or making use of any existing catalysts and overcoming any constraints in the system. The framework represents a dynamic system for implementing the EA in which interventions can be planned and managed in an adaptive way.
The effect of interorganizational trust on make‐or‐cooperate decisions: Disentangling opportunism‐dependent and opportunism‐independent effects of trust
Authors: Hoffmann Werner H. , Neumann Kerstin , Speckbacher Gerhard
Published: July 2010

Abstract This paper seeks to analyze the effects of interorganizational trust on the decision to vertically integrate a strategically important activity (‘make’) or sign a long‐term agreement with an external exchange partner to perform such an activity in collaboration (‘cooperate’). On the basis of the literature available on interorganizational trust in economics and sociology, we aim at theoretically and empirically disentangling opportunism‐based and opportunism‐independent effects of trust on governance choices. We develop a set of hypotheses on the moderating and direct roles of trust, which are tested using a sample of integration/collaboration decisions made by Austrian and German automotive suppliers. The results confirm both an opportunism‐mitigating effect of trust that lowers the transaction costs of a collaborative exchange and an opportunism‐independent effect that increases the transaction value of a collaborative exchange and also encompasses non‐economic motives for collaboration.