bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
People’s perception and behaviour towards reuse of wastewater in Dhulikhel, Nepal
Authors: Dahal Padam Kanta
Published: June 2014

Wastewater may be chemically polluted and / or biologically contaminated. Haphazard disposal of untreated from households as well as institutions and industry is causing severe deterioration of water bodies in many urban areas in the developing world. Most cities do not have adequate systems for the collection and treatment of and this is usually not considered to be a priority for investment. Wastewater treatment and its proper utilization is one of the main targets of the latest context. The main objective of the study was to assess the perception and behavior of the farmer towards use of treated water, in their farmlands, from the Dhulikhel Hospital wastewater treatment plant. This was a cross sectional descriptive study. The people residing on the peripheral site of the treatment plant were purposively taken as the sample population. Considering the confounding and allowable error, the sample size was calculated by using the formula n = Z2PQ/E2. In order to gather the information, semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the total 107 respondents. The collected data were coded and entered in EPI-Info, edited in excel and analyzed in SPSS software version 16. Three villages (Chaukot, Kharpur and Vendole) of the Dhulikhel Municipality were selected purposively for the study. Among 107 respondents, 47.6% were from the Chaukot, 35.50% from Kharpur and 16.80% from Vendole. The mean age of the respondents was 44 years. Among the respondent 27% were literate and 73% illiterate. Most of the respondents were Hindu. Along with the water from the treatment plant other sources such as supply line (92.5%), ponds (6.5%) were used by the respondents and remaining 1% purchases it. People’s perception regarding the reuse of water was not found satisfactory as they consider that the water from treatment plant was detrimental to health and also believe that it decreases the agricultural production. Skin disease and typhoid fever were the most prevalent water related problem faced by the respondents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10524 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 137-142
Recycling edible vegetable oils by using various types of alkali with alcohol to produce biodiesel and study its optical and physical properties
Authors: Elbadawi AA , Suliman SA , Elkhair HM , Abuelhassan HH , Sabahelkhier MK
Published: June 2014

In the present study, recycling edible oils which have been used in frying purposes of taamia, fish, potatoes, etc. are used to produce biodiesel in order to help in solving the fuel shortages and to share in the energy conservation efforts. Four types of biodiesels were prepared by treated the waste edible oil, firstly NaOH with methanol, secondly NaOH with ethanol, thirdly KOH with methanol, and fourthly KOH with ethanol. One liter of the cheapest and available used vegetable oils, 4gm of Alkali and 250ml of Alcohol was used for producing biodiesel. Optical tests for their absorption, density, viscosity and refractive index of the four produced biodiesels were compared with the fossil diesel (control biodiesel). The findings were showed that the properties of the prepared biodiesel samples are similar to the fossil diesel. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10525 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 143-149
Environmental conditions of Borra Cave, Visakhapattanam, India
Authors: Bairagya Haraprasad
Published: June 2014

Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Borra of Eastern Ghats and ranked as the second largest cave of India just after Belum Caves situated in the same state Andhrapradesh, India. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist?s destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists in the Eastern Ghats. The cave is located in the Ananthagiri hills of the Eastern Ghats region near Visakhapattanam and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the sub-equatorial region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this cave. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Various viruses and bacteria are in the cave interior along with different other creatures. The Borra cave helps the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, India, to earn huge economic benefits for the sake of tourism industry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10526 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 150-166
Regularities of La distribution in humic psammozem profile of Transbaikalia and soil-root layer microzones of maize during the vegetation period
Authors: Afanasyeva Larisa , Kozhevnikova Nina
Published: June 2014

In Transbaikalia information about accumulation, distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in soils, their transportation from soil to plants is very rare. The aim of this study was to assess the migration of lanthanum in a soil profile and soil-root layer microzones of maize during the vegetation period. The study is based on a field approach in non-polluted natural sites. Concentration of total content La and its mobile form (acid-soluble, exchangeable and water-soluble) in the soil and soil root layer of maize was determined using method of selective extraction Gobran and Glegg. Maximum concentration total La was founded in the upper part of the soil (0 to 15 cm depth). The content of the La mobile forms is 6.9-11.2% from the total amount. The distribution of the element mobile forms within the profile is relatively even. Results indicated that concentration La mobile forms changed in accordance with the phase of maize development. The higher concentration of mobile forms (17-120% from germination period) was founded in soil-root layer microzones in the blossom period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10527 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 213-220
Associative dependence among plankton and macrophytes as pollution markers at tropical lentic environ, Gujarat, India
Authors: Soni Hiren B , Thomas Sheju
Published: June 2014

The present research was undertaken at three sampling stations of Gomti catchment, Central Gujarat, India, to study dominance, interaction, and interdependence among biotic components (phytoplankton, zooplankton and aquatic macrophytes). The phytoplankton population was represented by 39 genera and 48 species belongs to family Bacillariophyceae (21 species), followed by Cyanophyceae (7), Cholorophyceae (18), and Euglenophyceae (2). In total, seven classes of zooplankton were represented by 36 genera and 39 species. Zooplankton dominance was reflected by class Ciliophora (16 species), followed by Zooflagellata, Rhizopoda and Rotifera (6 each), and Cladocera (3),and least by Copepoda and Ostracoda (1 species each). Of 16 species of aquatic macrophytes, 3 (18.75%) were abundant, 4 (25%) common, and 9 (56.25%) were rare. The indices (Palmer, Nygaard’s, and Macrophyte index) were determined to delineate the interdependent relationship among studied biotic components. Strong association was observed between Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, Ostracods and Ciliophorans, and Cladocerans and Bacillariophyceans. The detailed results of indices and interdependent associations among biotic components are discussed. The information provided herewith makes an insight for better understanding of the environmental aspects to be addressed effectively for the better protection, conservation, and management of Gomti reservoir, Gujarat, India. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10528 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 175-191
Effects of agricultural credit facility on the agricultural production and rural development
Authors: Ekwere GE , Edem ID
Published: June 2014

Lack of capital has been identified as one of the constraints that faced by small scale farmers. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of agricultural credit on the agriculture production, and calculate the inputs and outputs among small scale farmers. Structured questionnaires were distributed to 136 farmers, who had been selected using the stratified random sampling technique, and the data obtained were summarized into percentages. Regression analysis was adopted to assess the impacts of socio-economic factors on loan size among farmers, while Cobb-Douglas Production Function Analysis (CDPFA) was used to test the relationship between key independent variables such as loan amount, farm size, inputs and farm output as dependent variable. The analysis revealed a significantly high value of coefficient of determination (R2= 0.922) that reflected a high relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables; gender, age, education, family size, farm size, farming experience. The Adjusted (R2) coefficient (R2 = 0.918) revealed that 91.8 % of variation in loam size explained by the changes in variables. The results showed a significance in F-test in size of loan. The hypothesis two, exhibited that the independent variables; loan size, farm size, and inputs explained the variation in the total value of farmers output. The study therefore showed that to achieve the positive agricultural credit impacts on agricultural production, The Government and the private sector should regularly and timely facilitate the credit to the small scale farmers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10529 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 192-204
Energy efficient refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects: a case for Coimbatore
Authors: Kimambo Offor N , Subramanian P
Published: June 2014

In this paper production of energy efficient Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste rejects was carried out during August 2012 – April 2013 in Coimbatore City India. Municipal Solid wastes rejects (paper, plastics with exception of polyvinyl chloride, textiles) were collected from waste dump yard of Coimbatore City. Sawdust, coir dust, water hyacinth and rice husk were mixed with the collected wastes at a fixed amount of 20 percent. After grinding, cassava starch was used as a binder to produce RDF briquettes with the help of uniaxial piston briquettes making machine. Physical, chemical and thermal characteristics of the RDF were studied to assess their potential use as energy efficient material. The analyses were divided into three categories namely, physical, proximate and ultimate analyses. Results indicated that, under physical and proximate analyses; impact resistance index (IRI) for all the RDF samples were 200, density were less than 1 kg cm-3, moisture were less than 10 % wt, ash content varied from 2.8 to 9.2 % wt, whilst volatile mater had mean value of 83.1 % wt and fixed carbon which is by subtraction ranged from 1.4 to 9.2 % wt. With respect to Ultimate analysis, Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen varied from 27.01 to 39.78 % wt, 44.8 to59.7 % wt, 5.9 to 8.1 % wt respectively. On the other hand nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine ranged from 0.18 to 0.87 % wt, 0.27 to 0.71 % wt and 0.339 to0.521 % wt respectively. Calorific values (high heating values) ranged from 5085 to 6474.9 kcal kg-1. The results were compared with Energy research Centre for the Netherland database and noted that with exception to moisture, fixed carbon and hydrogen other parameters had a significant lower or higher differences. From the study, RDF from municipal solid wastes rejects along with the additives produced high energy efficient materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10530 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 205-215
Histopathological alterations in small intestine of rabbit fish (Siganus rivulatus) infected by helminth parasite (Sclerocollum sp.), Red Sea Coast, Sudan
Authors: Eldeen YMH Salah , Idris Omer F , Sabahelkhier Murwan K , Abdelhaleem Mohamed I
Published: June 2014

Wild rabbit fish(Siganus rivulatus)Forsskål (Teleostei, Siganidae), a herbivorous fish were caught from Suakin near Sudanese Red Sea during February 2010 - January 2011, which were examined for histo-pathological alterations in small intestine infected by a helminthes parasite (Sclerocollum sp.). Sclerocollum sp. was reported for the first time from Suakin near Sudanese Red Sea. Effect of a parasite included: abundance of lymphocytes cell, eosinphils, red blood cells and goblet cells in parasitized intestine; which were significantly more than intestine devoid of infection. The histopathologicaly study indebted that the worms damaged the architecture of intestinal tissues besides hemorrhage, hyperplasia in mucosa and submucosa, melanomacrophage aggregation and necrosis of mucosa and sub-mucosal layer. The 237 fishes (Siganus rivulatus) caught for investigation the helminthes parasite. The condition factor of healthy fishes was 2.94±0.03, which was highly significantly different value (p< 0.02) compared to helminthes fish (2.81±0.04). The prevalence of infection was observed in 38% of fishes. A direct damage by Sclerocollum sp in the form of destruction of villi, hemorrhage, fibrotic capsule round proboscis, erosion of submucosa along parasites capsule, and separation of submucosa from mucosa, was observed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10531 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 216-228
Remediation of cadmium by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) from cadmium contaminated soil: a phytoextraction study
Authors: Bhadkariya Rajeev Kumar , Jain VK , Chak GPS , Gupta SK
Published: June 2014

Cadmium is a toxic metal for living organisms and an environmental contaminant. Soils in many parts of the world are slightly too moderately contaminated by Cd due to long term use and disposal of Cd-contaminated wastes. Cost effective technologies are needed to remove cadmium from the contaminated sites. Soil phytoextraction is engineering based, low cost and socially accepted developing technology that uses plants to clean up contaminants in soils. This technology can be adopted as a remediation of cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils with the help of Brassica juncea plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) accumulate and the tolerance of Brassica juncea. The Cd accumulates in all parts of plants (roots, stems and leaves). It was found that accumulating efficiency increased with the increase in the concentration of applied cadmium metal solution. Maximum accumulation of cadmium was found in roots than stem and leaves. Phytoextraction coefficient and translocation factor were highest to show the validity of the Brassica juncea species for hyperaccumulation of the Cd metal. These results suggested that Brassica juncea has a high ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd, so it might be a promising plant to be used for phytoextraction of Cd contaminated soil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10533 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 229-237
Effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) as growth regulator along with chelated zinc and iron on the availability of manganese, zinc, copper and iron in Mentha piperita Linn cultivar Kukrail
Authors: Prasad FM , Prakash Veeru , Jilani AA , Prasad S , Thomas MR , Arnold R , Robert KS , Prasad VK
Published: June 2014

A field experiment was displayed at the research plot of chemistry Department of Allahabad Agricultural Institute Deemed University, Allahabad to study the effect of NAA along with chelated Zinc and Iron on the availability of micronutrients of Mentha piperrita cultivar Kukrail during winter season. It is quite obvious that Mn was influenced significantly by application of NAA and Zn/Fe EDTA through foliar spray. The concentration of Mn increased with increasing levels of NAA with or without application of Zn/Fe EDTA and markedly higher in Mentha plants at 60 ppm NAA with 10ppm Zn/Fe EDTA. The higher concentration of NAA suppressed the uptake of nutrients above 60 ppm. However, the intake of Mn, Zn and Cu was much higher in second year trial with NAA and Zn while Fe obtained higher uptake in first year than that of second year experiment. The application of NAA was found to increase the Cu uptake with increasing doses till 60ppm with or without the incorporation of Zn/Fe and then gradually a fall at higher concentrations. The second cutting value in second year trial was higher than the corresponding year cutting affected by NAA with Zn. The result was found significant over control due to foliar application of NAA and Fe separately in second year experiment. Fe uptake in mint plants grown with different doses of NAA and Fe in second year trial was greater than first year trial. The Fe uptake in menta piperita plants in both trials were found higher over control. But the Fe uptake in mint plants narrowed down above 60ppm of NAA application with or without Zn/Fe EDTA spray.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10636 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 238-245
Some aspects of the ecology of freshwater algae in the Densu River and two tributaries in Southern Ghana
Authors: Annang Ted Y , Yirenya-Tawiah RD , Clerk GC , Smith Thomas
Published: June 2014

Studies on the composition and abundance of the phytoplankton in River Densu and two of its tributaries, Rivers Adeiso and Nsakir were carried out at ten sampling sites, including seven from different regions of the river basin namely Afuaman, Akwadum, Densuso, Manhean, Machigeni, Nsawam and Weija, as well as Adeisoand Pokuase. Sampling was done monthly at each sampling site from January to December, 2006. Physical and chemical parameters of river water were studied. The parameters of the river water varied with the sampling sites and the time of the year. Water samples for phytoplankton identification and enumeration were collected at each sampling site. Physico-chemical conditions of the river were assessed during sample collection or in the laboratory. Correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between algal genera and the measured physical and chemical parameters of the river water. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10637 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 246-257
Toxicological effects of a herbicide – Pendinmethalin: a case study of Kenana Sugar Industry, White Nile Province, Sudan
Authors: Abdelgadir Muawia IA , Sabahelkhier Murwan K , Adris Mohamed A , Idris Omer F , Adam Shama IY , Sulafa HN
Published: June 2014

The aim of this experiment is to know the toxicity of high uses of pendimethalin as herbicide used in Kenana Sugar Industry, period of experiment is 30 days. The results were reveal that there was significantly effect of high doses of pendimethalin on the liver of Wistar rats, because increase in the dose of the pendimethalin reflected by increasing the alkaline phosphatase enzyme during increase the period of time. In addition there were histopathological medical in cells of the liver of Wistar rats, which lead to impaired function of the liver, so it is very clear observed in water collected from Kenana Sugar Industry plate two, and 375 and 750 (plate three and four) compared with plate one( free from pendimethalin treatment. This experiment indicated that high dose of pendimethalin causes toxicity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10638 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 258-262
Morphotaxonomy of three rare Terricolous taxa of Jungermanniales occurring in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats) India
Authors: Alam Afroz
Published: June 2014

Nilgiri hills being a part of biodiversity hot spot, is a home of colossal life forms including bryophytes. Bryophytes have a great diversity in Nilgiri hills which includes both terricolous and corticolous forms. This study deals with morphotaxonomy of three extremely infrequent terricolous taxa of order Jungermanniales, viz., Gottschelia schizopleura (Spruce) Grolle, Lethocolea javanica (Schiffn.) Grolle and Jackiella javanica var. cordifolia Schiffn, occurring in Nilgiri hills. These taxa were located to a few restricted pockets and facing high risk of habitat loss which need urgent/immediate conservation management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10640 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 263-275
Evaluate of head loss, sediment value and copper removal in sand media (rapid sand filter)
Authors: Navab Daneshi , Hossein Banejad , Reza Pirtag Hamedany , Vahab Daneshi , Maedeh Farokhi
Published: June 2014

Along with the technology development and increasing consumption of water resources, we are experiencing low qualities in the mentioned resources. Copper brings about serious environment al pollution, threatening human health and ecosystem. This metal found variously in water resources and industrial activities. Therefore, it needs to treat the water resources from these excessive amounts. Different methods have used for this reason but the most used method during recent years has been the absorption by economic absorbers such as sand. Rapid sand filters usually used in water and wastewater treatment plants for water clarification. In this research, a single layer gravity rapid sand filter has used to reduce different concentrations of copper. sediment value and head loss arising in filter media is simulated by using combination of Carman-Kozeny, Rose and Gregory models in different discharges of rapid sand filter. Results have shown that with increasing in discharge and decreasing in input copper concentration, arriving time to given head loss, is increasing. In addition, results demonstrated that with increasing in copper concentration in influent, removal efficiency is decreasing somewhat. Results of this research can applied in an appropriate design of rapid sand filter to copper removal, a prediction of rapid sand filter ability to copper removal and an estimation of arising head loss during filter work thus evaluating of time interval backwash. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10641 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 276-286
Correlating bark thickness and girth of some medicinal trees
Authors: Fasola Taiye R , Olagunju BO , Robert ABC
Published: June 2014

Tree barks are continually used and sold for medicinal purposes in Nigerian markets. Incessant debarking of trees, particularly the young trees by bark harvesters poses danger on the growth and survival of the plants. As it cannot be ascertained if the harvested tree barks marketed in large numbers are from older or younger trees, the study aimed at providing solution to this problem. As Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) usually reflects the age of a tree, correlation between bark thickness and DBH was attempted with their various uses. Measurements of bark thickness at breast height and DBH of 69 medicinal tree species belonging to nineteen different families were carried out in various locations in the University of Ibadan campus, Ibadan, Nigeria. The findings subjected to correlation analysis had a positive correlation between the thickness of tree barks and tree girth at breast height. The confirmed knowledge of a positive correlation between tree bark thickness and girth of tree plant is necessary to determine if the barks sold in major markets for ethnomedicinal purposes are harvested from older or younger trees. The medicinal values of the tree barks as antimarial, purgative, haematinic and antimicrobial among other uses were discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10642 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 287-301
Mixing height observations over Nagothane Village, Raigad District, Western India
Authors: Kamble RK
Published: June 2014

Mixing height observations were recorded in Nagothane village of Raigad district of Western India by using minisonde technique in winter season (December 2003-February 2004) at an interval of 3 hours so as to have a clear idea of diurnal variation of mixing heights. The results depicts that maximum mixing height from the study area was 903 m above ground level in afternoon (2.30 pm), while diurnal variation indicated ground based inversions up to a height of about 500 m above ground level, that is nil mixing height during late night (11.30 pm and 2.30 am) and early morning (5.30 am) hours. The diurnal variation of mixing height was in accordance with incoming solar radiation, as the day progresses so the mixing height and vice versa. The maximum mixing height of 903 m above ground level indicated the volume available for dilution, dispersion and transportation of air pollutants in the troposphere which are being emitted by anthropogenic and industrial activities, thus reducing the chances of air pollution episodes in the study area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10643 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 302-310
Plant taxonomy and biodiversity researches in Bangladesh: trends and opportunities
Authors: Rahman M Atiqur
Published: June 2014

The progress, problems and prospects of biodiversity and plant taxonomic researches conducted in Bangladesh during the last two decades have been analyzed. The inventory of the flora, threatened taxa and family wise itemization in all groups of plants are progressing at a very slow rate. Only 11.6% of the estimated species (c.5000) were inventoried and only 6.2% of the threatened taxa were listed for conservation management. National Conservation Strategies could not be framed and implemented duly for environmental management. Results of the survey of floristic diversity, inventory of threatened taxa for Red Data Book and discovery of new taxa are discussed and up to date data are presented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10645 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 324-344
An academic review of the first two volumes of the International Journal of Environment (IJE)
Authors: Boolaky Mehraz , Sunkavalli Surya P
Published: June 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10646 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 345-353
Synthesis of Novel 1,2-Diphenylpyrrole Derivatives Using Organophosphorus Reagents and Their Antitumour Activities
Authors: Ewies Ewies F. , Elsayed Naglaa F. , Boulos Leila S. , Soliman Abdel-Mohsen M.
Published: June 2014

The reactions are reported of 4-(furan-3-ylcarbonyl)-1,5-diphenylpyrrolidine-2,3-dione with six classes of organophosphorus reagents: carboalkoxymethylene triphenylphosphoranes, triphenyl (phenylimino)-λ5-phosphane, trialkylphosphonoacetates, trialkylphosphites, tris (dialkylamino)phosphines, and Lawesson's reagent. Several of the products showed antitumour activity.
Synthesis of Some Novel Benzoxazolinonylcarboxamides as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Messaoud Liacha , Wassila Yahia , Khemissi Seddiki , Yasmina Adjeroud , Hanane Chabane
Published: June 2014

The synthesis of new 2(3 H)-benzoxazolinonylcarboxamides starting from 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine and 2(3 H)-benzoxazolone which were designed as anti-inflammatory agents is described. These derivatives were synthesised from 2(3 H)-(benzoxazolinon-6-yl)carboxylic acids, which were obtained by Friedel–Crafts acylation of 2(3 H)-benzoxazolone derivatives with oxalyl chloride and acetylchloride in the presence of the AlCl3–DMF complex. The constitution of the products was supported by elemental analysis IR and 1H NMR spectral data.
Efficient Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-1H-Quinoxalin-2-ones and 1H-Quinolin-2-Ones and Evaluation of Their Anti-Bacterial Activity
Authors: Zarenezhad Elham , Mosslemin Mohammad Hossein , Alborzi Alireaza , Anaraki-Ardakani Hossein , Shams Nasim , Khoshnood Mehdi Mard , Zarenezhad Ali
Published: June 2014

Economical and environmentally friendly syntheses of three 3,4-dihydro-1 H-quinoxalin-2-ones and six 1 H-quinolin-2-ones have been developed by a 1: 1 reaction of o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates under solvent-free conditions. Some of the products were antibacterial towards both Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms.
Preparation and Odour Properties of (S)-3-Mercapto-1-Heptyl Acetate
Authors: Liang Sen , Sun Baoguo , Yang Shaoxiang , Liu Yongguo , Tian Hongyu , Liu Yuping , Chen Haitao
Published: June 2014

Synthesis of ( S)-3-mercapto-1-heptyl acetate was achieved in four steps. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of ( E)-2-heptenol yielded (2 R,3 R)-2,3-epoxy-1-heptanol, which was treated with thiourea in the presence of Ti(OPri)4 to give (2 S,3 S)-2,3-epithio-1-heptanol, reduction of which followed by acetylation afforded ( S)-3-mercapto-1-heptyl acetate in 91% ee. The optically active product possessed a tropical fruit aroma reminiscent of mango and passion fruit, with berry, ester-like, sweet, and pepper-like aspects.
An Efficient Synthesis of 1,3-Dialkylimidazole-2-Selenones
Authors: Tian Fengshou , Chen Yahong , Wu Lan , Li Peng , Lu Shiwei
Published: June 2014

An efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3-dialkylimidazole-2-selenones involves the reaction of 1,3-dialkylimidazole salts with selenium in the presence of potassium carbonate in ethanol or acetone under refluxing conditions to afford the products in good to excellent yields.
Acceleration of the Dakin Reaction by Trifluoroacetic Acid
Authors: Natu Arun D. , Burde Ameya S. , Limaye Rohan A. , Paradkar Madhusudan V.
Published: June 2014

An acceleration of the Dakin reaction caused by addition of trifluoroacetic acid is described. The modified protocol converts aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding phenols within 4 hours at room temperature by means of hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium. This acceleration is attributed to the stability of hydrogen peroxide in an acidic medium. This modified protocol provides alternative and easy access to important phenolic precursors that have been used in the synthesis of various natural products.
1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-Triazacyclononane as a Low-Loading Catalyst: CuBr–tmtacn Catalysed Glaser reaction of Acetylenes
Authors: Sun Jian , Zhang Hua-He , Wang Jian-Qiang , Li Jing-Hua
Published: June 2014

1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tmtacn, a cyclic trident-ligand) has been developed as a facile and efficient catalyst for Cu-catalysed homocoupling of terminal alkynes at room temperature. A variety of 1,3-diynes have been synthesised in excellent yields with a catalyst loading on a scale of 0.1–0.5 mol% CuBr–tmtacn.
Accords environnementaux
Authors: Martimort David , Sand-Zantman Wilfried
Published: June 2014

Cet article offre une perspective nouvelle sur les accords environnementaux, perspective basée sur la théorie des mécanismes incitatifs. Nous montrons l’existence d’un arbitrage fondamental entre incitations et participation et présentons une condition qui doit être nécessairement satisfaite pour implémenter les efforts de premier rang. Nous discutons ensuite les difficultés à satisfaire cette condition selon que l’option de statu quo qui prévaut lorsque la négociation collective échoue est un scénario non coopératif ou une configuration basée sur les droits acquis. Nous montrons qu’un marché de droits permet d’atteindre des niveaux d’effort efficaces si cette condition est satisfaite. Nous discutons enfin quelques propriétés des mécanismes de second rang qui émergent dans le cas contraire.
Les effets de la congestion sur la ségrégation dans les modèles de formation endogène de juridictions
Authors: Oddou Rémy
Published: June 2014

Cet article étudie les propriétés ségrégatives de la production de biens publics locaux en présence d’effets de congestion. Les ménages vivant au même endroit forment une juridiction dont le but est de produire un bien public local, dont le financement est assuré grâce à une taxe proportionnelle au revenu. Le taux de la taxe est déterminé grâce à un vote majoritaire. Les ménages peuvent quitter leur juridiction pour une autre, afin d’augmenter leur utilité. En partant des résultats obtenus par Gravel et Thoron, nous examinerons les effets de la congestion qui, bien que semblant accroître les propriétés ségrégatives de la formation endogène de juridictions, ne modifient pas la condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que toute structure de juridiction stable soit également stratifiée, à condition du moins que la congestion ne soit pas trop forte.
Stratégie familiale de gestion des chocs
Authors: Martinoty Laurine
Published: June 2014

Cet article a pour objectif d’étudier le rôle de la famille comme mécanisme d’assurance lorsqu’un choc touche le revenu du travail du pourvoyeur principal du ménage. En incertitude, le modèle du cycle de vie prédit qu’un tel choc a un impact positif sur l’offre de travail de son conjoint. Données de panel à l’appui, nous testons l’existence de cet « effet travailleur additionnel » ( eta ) lors de la récession argentine par différence de différence avec appariement. Le motif stratégique rend compte de 12,5 % de l’augmentation totale de la participation féminine. Une femme a 13 points de pourcentage de chance supplémentaire d’entrer sur le marché du travail si son conjoint perd son emploi. À la marge intensive, la participation reste inchangée.
Économie urbaine et comportement du consommateur face au climat
Authors: Cavailhès Jean , Joly Daniel , Hilal Mohamed , Brossard Thierry , Wavresky Pierre
Published: June 2014

Nous présentons un modèle théorique dans lequel des ménages consomment une aménité climatique, où le climat modifie leur goût pour un mode de vie extérieur (effet barbecue) et où le prix unitaire des migrations alternantes dépend du climat (effet verglas). Des prédictions théoriques sont tirées de ce modèle sur le gradient de rente foncière et sur l’étalement des villes. Elles sont testées par des modèles économétriques qui prennent en compte un biais de sélection et l’endogénéité de régresseurs, à partir des enquêtes Logement de l’Insee. Les résultats montrent que la température a un prix hédoniste positif, que là où le climat est plus chaud les aires urbaines sont plus étendues et que les gradients de rente foncière sont plus plats. Par conséquent, dans le cas d’un pays tempéré comme la France, l’étalement urbain et le réchauffement climatique se renforcent mutuellement, dans un cercle vicieux pour l’environnement.
L'activité réduite des demandeurs d'emploi
Authors: Fontaine Maëlle , Rochut Julie
Published: June 2014

En France, depuis 1998, entre un quart et un tiers des demandeurs d’emploi exercent une activité tout en recherchant activement un autre emploi : ils pratiquent alors une activité dite réduite. Nous évaluons ici l’impact de la pratique d’une activité réduite sur le retour à l’emploi et sa qualité. L’étude est réalisée à partir d’un appariement original entre les données administratives de Pôle emploi et les déclarations annuelles des données sociales. Les techniques de matching dynamique mises en œuvre permettent d’isoler un effet positif de l’activité réduite sur le taux de retour à l’emploi à douze mois (de l’ordre de 10 points) et ce quel que soit le timing d’entrée en activité réduite. La qualité de l’emploi retrouvé, mesurée à partir du salaire en emploi et du nombre d’heures travaillées, n’est cependant pas significativement améliorée par la pratique d’une activité réduite.
Dimension et autonomisation psycho-affectives dans deux dispositifs hybrides – Études de cas en master 2
Authors: Chaplier Claire , Crosnier Élisabeth
Published: June 2014

Actuellement, dans les formations universitaires Lansad-sciences (langues pour spécialistes d'autres disciplines), les enseignants-chercheurs doivent repenser l'enseignement de l'anglais en raison des contraintes institutionnelles. Dans cet article, nous décrivons l'expérience que nous avons menée auprès d'étudiants en 2ème année de master (M2) à travers deux dispositifs hybrides. Nous émettons l'hypothèse qu'un module d'anglais dans lequel la dimension psycho-affective est au centre de la mise en place d'un dispositif est susceptible, d'une part, de provoquer un changement d'attitude des apprenants face à leur apprentissage et, d'autre part, d'améliorer leurs compétences langagières et leur autonomie.Certaines formations hybrides favorisent l'autonomie dans les domaines technique, méthodologique, social et langagier ; en revanche, l'autonomie psycho-affective, cognitive et métacognitive n'est pas intégrée dans toutes les formations (Nissen, 2007). On peut définir l'autonomie psycho-affective comme étant la capacité de chaque individu à se connaître afin de réguler ses émotions dans son apprentissage et assumer la responsabilité de ses choix (Nissen, 2007 : 133 ; 136-137). Suite à nos lectures et notre expérience, nous avons choisi de centrer notre étude sur la dimension psycho-affective pouvant conduire à l'autonomie affective et sur son rôle dans l'apprentissage de la langue. Après avoir décrit nos deux dispositifs, nous montrerons comment ils s'intègrent dans le processus d'autonomisation. Nous mettrons l'accent sur l'importance des moyens mis en œuvre susceptibles d'initier et d'accélérer le développement de l'autonomie psycho-affective dans notre étude de cas. Nous évoquerons également le rôle de l'enseignant, lequel est alors modifié.
La tentation dorienne : Montherlant, jeune romancier
Authors: Cappelle Philippe
Published: June 2014

Quel rôle joue, dans le premier roman de Montherlant, l’hellénisme conventionnel que d’aucuns lui reprochèrent sans ménagement ? Un rôle plus subtil qu’il n’y paraît : structure « virile » dans une éthique et un ordre du monde hautement affirmés, l’imaginaire « dorien » du jeune écrivain est également l’occasion de multiples jeux de distanciation et de décalage, et où se découvre une identité plus ambiguë et ondoyante.
Montherlant ou l’effort de fidélité au songe de la guerre
Authors: Godo Emmanuel
Published: June 2014

Comme l’écrit Montherlant dans Chant funèbre pour les morts de Verdun, paru en 1925, la guerre a démontré que l’homme est un animal poétique et spirituel et que c’est bien l’imagination et non la raison qui mène son monde. Les soldats de 14 ne sont pas morts pour rien mais ils ne sont pas morts non plus pour des idéaux qu’il faudrait sacraliser en tant que tels. Patrie, nation, civilisation n’ont aucun caractère d’absoluité. Ce sont des folies provisoires que les hommes se donnent pour donner à leurs vies leur éclat le plus grand. La guerre devrait apprendre à ceux qui ont dû la faire la lucidité face à ces grands objets idéels pour lesquels ils se sont battus en reconnaissant à la fois leur nécessité et leur relativité, drapeaux aussi essentiels qu’éphémères.
Les « hauts états de la non-croyance » : « le langage de la religion » dans les essais de Montherlant (1925-1935)
Authors: Domenget Jean-François
Published: June 2014

Montherlant, dans ses essais, pour exposer une morale qui n’a rien de chrétien, mais qui cherche des « motifs d’élévation », utilise « le langage de la religion » : lexique, allusions, citations. Montherlant a parfois regretté les ambiguïtés d’une telle pratique, mais il la cultive : les religions l’exaltent et surtout il a été éduqué dans le catholicisme ; il en retient les préceptes qui s’accordent avec ceux de la sagesse à l’antique dont il se réclame. Dans ses essais, il décrit « un bel exemplaire humain », qu’incarnent par ailleurs ses personnages de roman ou de théâtre : un passionné qui se concentre dans ce qui est pour lui l’essentiel, un athée animé d’une exigence quasi religieuse, un chercheur d’absolu qui demeure « humain au possible », car, comme le montre son commentaire d’une toile du Greco, il n’y a pas chez Montherlant de rupture entre « l’humain » et « le surhumain », mais un mouvement de l’un à l’autre.
Le Foyer d’infection ou Les leçons de la vie nomade
Authors: Duroisin Pierre
Published: June 2014

Ébauche d’un article qui resta inédit, Le Foyer d’infection est un texte où Montherlant tire la leçon de ses années d’errance pour en faire profiter tout un chacun. On l’y découvre appliquant dans le concret le principe qu’il énoncera dans l’Avant-propos de Service inutile en mars 1935 : « La non-possession des objets et des biens est […] le B A ba de la liberté spirituelle. »
Le Fichier parisien de Montherlant : déambulation urbaine et exploration intérieure
Authors: Guichard Sylvie
Published: June 2014

Le Fichier parisien engage la découverte d’une discontinuité et d’une apparente désinvolture qui piquent la curiosité. Au hasard des promenades, surgit une forme d’autoportrait instable et incertain : la figure en majesté du « gisant solitaire », seul contre tous voire contre lui-même, acquiesce au néant de plus en plus proche, sans jamais cesser de jouer avec l’identité et le désir, d’où le perpétuel inachèvement du texte.
Vie et mort légendaire d’Inès de Castro
Authors: Frenzel-Philippe Anne
Published: June 2014

La légende qui auréole la vie et la mort d’Inès de Castro questionne avec force non seulement la véritable personnalité de la défunte, mais également celle du roi à l’origine de sa disparition violente et prématurée. Le mythe de cette mort magnifiée se révèle plus faible que la réalité constatée, et c’est pourquoi la mort tragique d’Inès de Castro suscita une multitude d’œuvres qui relèvent toutes de la passion. Passion qu’Inès de Castro reine morte à Coimbra fit naître de son vivant, passion qu’Inès de Castro engendra après sa mort. Une mort érigée en un mythe qui vint défier la réalité ; récit légendaire qui vint buter et s’inscrire dans une variation dont les transformations initient au-delà de l’enjeu littéraire, une inscription dans le temps qui vise à la conquête d’une vérité. Cette recherche insatiable qui s’établit dans un désir d’exalter le mythe initial pour parler de ce qui fut et renvoyer à ce qui aurait pu être, inscrit cette quête dans une démarche exigeante des possibles qui s’emparent d’un symbole et qui l’arrachant au passé, l’érigent dans un présent reconstitué, revivifié et cependant insaisissable.
Mémoire : plaidoyer et réquisitoire d’un auteur moraliste
Authors: Vezzoso Adrien
Published: June 2014

Dans Mémoire, Montherlant se défend des accusations portées contre lui pendant l’Occupation. Ce texte écrit à la Libération ne sera publié qu’en 1976, après la mort de l’auteur.
Squares, jardins et parcs chez Montherlant
Authors: Domenget Jean-François
Published: June 2014

On imagine trop Montherlant sous les traits d’un Romain, d’un condottiere ou d’un rude castillan. Pour donner de lui un portrait qui séduise davantage, délaissons l’âpre beauté des plateaux de Castille pour des paysages plus doux : les squares, les jardins et les parcs de Paris, d’Andalousie et d’Afrique du Nord. Michèle Monballin a noté la récurrence de ce motif dans les romans et les essais de Montherlant1, mais il vaut la peine d’y revenir, ne serait-ce que pour marquer que Montherlant fut moins un « penseur » qu’un poète – « Je suis poète, je ne suis même que cela », écrit-il dans Aux Fontaines du Désir2 – pour qui le monde extérieur a fortement existé.1 Michèle Monballin, dans son beau travail, Le Décor dans l’œuvre romanesque d’Henry de Montherlant (p. 119-125), consacre quelques pages à ce motif. Il y a peu de squares, de jardins et de parcs dans le théâtre : La Reine morte, I, 4, se passe dans « une pièce donnant sur un jardin » (Théâtre, p. 117) ; Inès fait la connaissance de Pedro « dans les jardins de Montemor » (ibid., p. 122) ; le monastère de Port-Royal possède, naturellement, des jardins (ibid., p. 872, 879, 888, 898) ; près de chez Mademoiselle Andriot, il y a aussi un jardin (ibid., p. 645).2 Essais, p. 241.
Le Chaos et la nuit : une poétique originale
Authors: Baladier Louis
Published: June 2014

Lorsque paraît en 1963 Le Chaos et la nuit, la mode est au Nouveau Roman et ce retour de Montherlant au genre du roman qu’il a abandonné depuis vingt-cinq ans, s’il est un succès, paraît se produire avec une œuvre « classique » et c’est du reste sous cette étiquette de « classique » ou « traditionnel » que la critique présente en général cet écrivain. Or, dans ses ouvrages narratifs, Montherlant est aussi un remarquable inventeur de formes et l’objet de notre article est de montrer l’originalité esthétique du Chaos et la nuit, sa structure dialectique du récit où chaque motif figuratif (l’image de l’Espagne, la figure de l’exilé, la corrida, etc.) et chaque thème (la guerre civile, la peur, la conviction politique, etc.) s’inverse en un curieux effet de miroir déformant où toute la représentation se subvertit. Allégorisation du rituel de la corrida pour créer une identification de l’homme au taureau. Extraordinaire scène d’agonie en focalisation interne. Cette magistrale réécriture de Don Quichotte, caractérisée par le refus de la fixation et une spécularité instable est un grand roman baroque et tragique.
Claude Simon pour tout vestige
Authors: Allemand Roger-Michel
Published: June 2014

L’œuvre romanesque de Claude Simon participe d’une remise en cause des valeurs humanistes idéalistes, partagée par d’autres écrivains ou plasticiens de son temps, après les traumatismes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ses fictions sont inscription de l’Histoire dans la désagrégation des certitudes passées, elles procèdent des ruines en même temps qu’elles ressortissent à une esthétique du fragment. Des cendres de la désillusion, la création jaillit cependant telle un élan vital, faisant naître la beauté à partir d’un indicible censément mortifère. Les poussières en suspension de la composition littéraire laissent alors entrevoir les origines en partie autobiographiques de l’imagination poétique, masquant et révélant tout à la fois une blessure plus ancienne, plus intime et sans doute fondatrice de l’inspiration, en ce qu’elle gît aux tréfonds du sol mental de l’auteur : la disparition en bas-âge de son frère aîné, homonyme inconnu et double spectral dont la mémoire hante ses récits.
La Parole sur le fil
Authors: Derive Jean
Published: June 2014

Cet article analyse les enjeux d’une performance réalisée en 1977 par un artiste spécialisé dans l’exécution d’un genre dénommé bàra, spécifique à la communauté des Dioula de Kong (Côte d’Ivoire) et dont l’avènement, sous la forme qu’il connaît à l’époque, remonte à une cinquantaine d’années environ. Le bàra (ou bàla) est une danse connue dans toute l’aire culturelle mandingue, mais il n’y a qu’à Kong qu’elle prend ainsi la forme d’un spectacle exécuté par un spécialiste. Ce spectacle se présente comme un pot-pourri des principaux genres du patrimoine littéraire oral dioula : chants divers, contes, proverbes, apologues… le tout entrecoupé de commentaires personnels et didactiques de l’artiste. Il s’agit d’une parole périlleuse, car elle met en question les frontières canoniques de la littérature orale dans cette société qui, traditionnellement, sépare nettement la littérature sérieuse (religieuse, sapientiale) dont les notables, hommes libres de naissance (horon) ont le monopole, de la littérature ludique et notamment paillarde et scatologique habituellement aux mains des captifs domestiques (woloso). En mêlant volontairement dans un seul et même genre les deux registres et en défendant la pertinence de cette promiscuité sacrilège dans ses commentaires personnels où il opère de subtils glissements, l’artiste, qui appartient au groupe des hommes libres de naissance, apparaît à la fois comme un provocateur et comme le militant d’une nouvelle forme de production littéraire qui remet en question les frontières traditionnelles de l’appropriation de la parole patrimoniale.
Pipi, caca : comment en parle-t-on chez les Gbaya ?
Authors: Roulon-Doko Paulette
Published: June 2014

Ayant présenté tout d’abord les termes gbaya à la disposition des locuteurs et leurs emplois courants dans la vie quotidienne, j’étudie la conception gbaya de ce domaine par l’étude des représentations qu’ils en ont, recourant pour cela à l’examen des devinettes, des proverbes puis des contes. Il ressort que ce sujet est traité en gbaya avec un vocabulaire unique, le plus souvent non spécifique, qui échappe à la hiérarchisation qui s’impose en français entre scientifique, médical, familier ou vulgaire voire grossier.