bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Degradation/ Mitigation of Li-ion Batteries for High Rate Discharge Applications
Authors: Thampan Tony , Ding Yi , Toomey Laurence
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army has been pursuing vehicle electrification to achieve increased
combat effectiveness and new capabilities, potentially requiring high power
pulse duty cycles. However as Energy Storage System (ESS) pulse power discharge
rates (> 40 C rate) increase, there is a significantly lower ESS lifetimes.
Results of high power pulse duty cycles on lithium iron phosphate cell lifetime
performance show a dramatic loss. For 2s and 3s, 120 A pulse tests, the observed
degradation after 80 hours cycling is 22 % and 32 % respectively, significantly
higher than previously reported values at lower discharge rates, but similar
temperatures. A 7 year calendar aged cell was also tested with a 2s pulse and
showed severe degradation (53% loss after 40 hours cycling). The decreased
lifetime of the high pulse duty cycling aged cells is a result of the increased
strain / heating at high currents, and subsequent SEI fracture, and thermally
accelerated SEI formation. This mechanism leads to lithium consumption at the
anode, and eventual capacity loss. To mitigate the pulsing induced thermal
degradation, the use of different thermal management systems based on immersion
cooling is proposed based on simulation results.

Citation: T. Thampan, Y. Ding, L.Toomey, A. Hundich, V. Babu,
“Accelerated degradation of Li-ion Batteries for High Rate
Discharge Applications”, In Proceedings of the
Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
Demystifying Cyber Systems Engineering
Authors: Lofy Cheri , Vriesenga Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As the United States’ (US) Department of Defense (DoD) works to maintain
our battlefield superiority in the ground domain, we rapidly integrate new
electronic capabilities into vehicles that communicate and cooperate over
vehicle-to-infrastructure networks. These new capabilities contribute to
increasing the potential attack surface, as described in the 2018 Government
Accountability Office (GAO) report on Weapon System Cyber Security [1]. To understand the increasingly complex
attack surface and to reduce ground platform exposures through cyberspace, we
need new engineering analysis and design techniques.

Today, most engineering methodologies treat cybersecurity as an add-on to
traditional process flows. For example, until recently, the International
Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) gave little attention to cybersecurity
in their industry definition of the Vee-Model used widely in defense
contracting. We argue that until we give cybersecurity first-class status and
give it equal importance to the functional requirements, the products and
services delivered may have sub-optimal defensive and resilience properties,
making them vulnerable to attack through cyberspace.

This paper introduces BAE Systems’ approach to making cybersecurity and
resiliency first-class system properties in the engineering process. Our
approach, called Cyber Systems Engineering (CSE), combines best practices from
Risk Management Framework (RMF) for defensive design and supplementing methods
derived from the application of ‘offensive thinking to solve defensive
problems.’ We improve cyber readiness and survivability by combining
offensive and defensive techniques throughout the engineering lifecycle. We have
already applied CSE (in whole and part) on over 50 DoD programs; our combined
approach using defensive and offensive skills strengthen as we identify best
practices for DoD programs.
BALANCING BETWEEN COMPUTER AND MACHINE VISION - A DESCRIPTION OF AN
IMAGERY TOOLCHAIN FOR COMPLEX SOLUTIONS
Authors: Skentzos Paul , Pizzo Stephen
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and computational
photography (CP) are pushing the boundaries of how electro-optical (EO) and
infra-red (IR) sensors are being used. Especially within military environments,
users are asking much more from EO and IR sensor suites. While hardware
capability continues to advance the state of the art, software has become the
true differentiator for how well these sensor platforms perform for the
warfighter. This paper presents work that Consolidated Resource Imaging (CRI)
has been developing in the areas of machine learning and computational
photography. In this effort, we will discuss two areas of understanding: imagery
meant for machine vision and imagery meant for human consumption. We will show
how the intersection of machine learning and computational photography allow the
symbiotic relationship between the human and the computer.

Citation: A. Paul Skentzos, B. Stephen Pizzo, “Balancing
Between Computer and Machine Vision – A Description of an Imagery
Toolchain for Complex Solutions”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
APPLYING OPEN STANDARDS ELECTRONICS ARCHITECTURES FOR GROUND
VEHICLES
Authors: Jedynak David , Sealander Jacob , DeChiaro Jason , Kawasaki Charlie , McElligott Tim , Ormsby John
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Open Standard are useful for designing and instantiating specific electronics
architectures on vehicles. Successfully designing them requires understanding
all the factors that impact their usefulness. These factors and associated
trade-offs for intended vehicle types include quantitative factors such as
operating environments, thermal management techniques, size, weight, and power,
and acquisition cost. Additionally, integration challenges, acquisition models,
and industrial base collaboration add additional layers of complexity. All of
these need to be considered for successful application for ground vehicles.
Modernizing Legacy Defense Systems to be Compliant with Open
Architecture Standards
Authors: Alec Kwapis , David Barnett , Kyle Grager , David Johnson , Stewart Hildebrand
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the complications and developmental strategy and approaches
for updating legacy systems to MOSA standards. The Department of Defense has
adopted Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) standards because it lowers risk
and accelerates innovation by enabling interoperability between software
components. The problem is many existing systems were developed and certified
before the MOSA standard was implemented. A solution developed by DornerWorks
and Tencate to bring a legacy system up to the MAPS standard is discussed to
illustrate this. Tencate the developers of an active blast mitigation system
(TenCate ABDSTM) which effectively mitigates launch acceleration,
jump height, flight duration and slam-down, caused by IED and mine blast to
increase the protection of the vehicle’s occupants. The ABDS was
developed to be compliant to the latest DoD standards at the time. Fast forward
a couple years and the development of the MOSA based Modular Active Protection
System (MAPS) has caused Tencate to adapt their product to a MOSA standard to
become MAPS compliant.

Citation: A. Kwapis, D. Barnett, K. Grager, D. Johnson, S.
Hildebrand, “Modernizing Legacy Defense Systems to be Compliant with
Open Architecture Standards”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
HIGH PERFORMANCE HYBRIDSIL SEAT CUSHIONS FOR NEXT-GENERATION ARMY
SEAT SYSTEMS
Authors: Baranauskas Vince , Hutchinson McKenzie , Litrichin Gale
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Through Army SBIR funding, NanoSonic has created and empirically optimized
viscoelastic HybridSil polyurethane siloxane seat cushions that provide improved
pressure distribution and Multi-Axial Simulation Table (MAST) vibration
dampening over currently employed Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) seat cushions.
The foundation of this effort was the synthesis of novel polyurethane siloxane
foams and the correlation of their copolymer composition and crosslinking
density with vibrational damping, pressure distribution mapping, and mechanical
properties. ASTM D 3574 mechanical testing indicates HybridSil seat cushions
maintain dimensional stability after extended fatigue testing. H-point testing
completed in accordance with FMVSS-202A indicates NanoSonic’s seat
cushions afford comparable positional values to the current employed seat
cushions and thus have direct integration potential.

Citation: V. Baranauskas, H. Hutchinson, G. Litrichin, “High
Performance Hybridsil Seat Cushions for Next-Generation Army Seat
Systems”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
10-12, 2021.
USING RUT DEPTH SENSING TO CALCULATE SOIL STRENGTH FOR COMPARING ACCURACY TO GEOWATCH AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Fischell Jason N. , Hansen Bradley S. , Jackson J. Rebekah , Eylander John B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ground vehicle soft soil mobility has been studied for decades. Standard
measurements, such as cone penetrometer, determine soil strength which helps
analyze vehicle mobility. These methods are only available where data can be
collected. As off-road vehicles transition to autonomous and semi-autonomous,
real time in-situ analysis of soil strength is becoming a necessity. Databases
such as GeoWATCH provide coarse (30-90m geospatial resolution) mobility
parameter estimates. Hydrologic events can cause rapid changes in mobility which
may not be effectively captured by these databases. In order to make real time
predictions for autonomous vehicles, it is necessary to develop a method to
determine mobility parameters without operator intervention. A system using rut
depth measurements (collected via optical and ultrasonic sensors) and vehicle
parameters was developed from established methods to estimate soil strength. The
results were compared to corresponding physical measurements and raw GeoWATCH
data.

Citation: J.N. Fischell, B.S. Hansen, J.R. Jackson, and J.B.
Eylander, “Increasing Geospatial Resolution of GeoWATCH with Rut Depth
Sensing for Determining Underlying Soil Strength”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
SIMULATION STUDY OF LIGHT-WEIGHTING EFFECTS ON RIDE QUALITY AND
MOBILITY
Authors: Jelinek Bohumir , Salmon Ethan , Mason George , Gibson Michael , Hannis Tyler , Pachel Nathan , Jarrell Walker , Towne Brent
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

We compared performance of a lightweighted and baseline vehicle and demonstrated
how performance is affected by adjusting the spring and shocks using 2-D and 3-D
simulations. 2-D lump-parameter model was constructed from physical vehicle
parameters by transforming displacements and loads from the springs and dampers
into wheel motion and spindle forces. For the 3-D model, a detailed model for
each suspension was used including rotational inertia of moving parts. Ride
quality was assessed for 16 ride-courses with varying RMS terrain roughness by
finding maximum speed at which average absorbed power at the driver seat is
lower than 6 W. Shock performance was evaluated by finding maximum speed for the
driver not to exceed 2.5-G acceleration when riding over varying-size half-round
obstacles. The forces on wheel axes and accelerations were measured for the
vehicle dropped from the height of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. Maximum longitudinal
slope climbing capability was estimated on hard and soft soils. The spring rates
and shock resistance were varied for the ride, shock, and the drop test to see
how these variations affect test results.

Citation: B. Jelinek, E. Salmon, G. Mason, M. Gibson, T. Hannis, N.
Pachel, B. Towne, “Simulation Study of Light-Weighting Effects on Ride
Quality and Mobility”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
LABORATORY TESTING OF TRACKED VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Allen Samuel , Ostberg David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A unique laboratory suspension testing capability has been developed which, for
the first time, enables rapid evaluation of tracked vehicle suspension
components. The testing capability was stood up in the Durability Test Lab (DTL)
in conjunction with the materials division, both organizations within GVSC.
Testing has been ongoing, and the results of that testing are presented, current
to the time of publication. Historically, laboratory component testing has been
very limited due to the lack of a capability to provide relevant loading
conditions. Previous testing capabilities not only were deficient in their
vertical speed capability, but more importantly, lacked the ability to apply the
corning forces. Further reasoning and details associated with the development of
this test system are presented. This capability was developed as part of an
ongoing campaign in the materials division of GVSC. The purpose of this campaign
is to demonstrate and establish design standards, and develop an optimization
process for vehicle components for future vehicles as well as improvements to
the current fleet. The goal of this paper is to inform the military community of
the existence, progress, and possibilities of this novel testing capability.

Citation: S. Allen, D. Ostberg, “Laboratory Testing of
Tracked Vehicle Suspensions”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
10-12, 2021.
Program Overview: Extra-Large, Metal Additive Manufacturing System,
Targeted Towards Army Ground Vehicle Systems
Authors: Rodriguez Ricardo X. , Wells Corrine , Carter Robert H. , LaLonde Aaron D. , Goffinski Curtis W. , Cox Chase D. , Bell Tim S. , Kott Norbert J. , Gorey Jason S. , Czech Peter A. , Hoffmann Klaus , Holmes Larry (LJ) R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Applied Science and Technology Research Organization of America (ASTRO
America), Ingersoll Machine Tool (Ingersoll), MELD Manufacturing (MELD), Siemens
Digital Industries (Siemens), The American Lightweight Materials Manufacturing
Innovation Institute (ALMII), and the US Army CCDC-GVSC have partnered to show
the feasibility of fabricating very large metal parts using a combination of
additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies. The Army seeks new
manufacturing technology to support supply chain strategy objectives to replace
costly inventories and reduce lead times. While additive manufacturing (AM) has
demonstrated production of metallic parts for military applications, the scale
of these demonstrations is much smaller than required for large vehicle
components and/or complete vehicle hull structures. Leveraging AM for large
scale applications requires enhancements in the size, speed, and precision of
the current commercially available state-of-the-art equipment. This program
requires new AM system capabilities that can address large scale metallic
components and performance requirements to create joint-free hulls for tanks and
automotive requirements, such as the next generation combat vehicles (NGCV).
Under the program, two machine tools will be discussed for their use in the
development and fabrication of prototype components that will be comparatively
tested against conventionally built subsystems. This program’s success
will be measured by the AM system’s capabilities to enable and produce
innovative performance enhancing part designs, the resulting parts’
performance, as well as the time and cost required for part production. When
considering very large scale (i.e. > 1m3) metallic components, the
full production life cycle has to be accounted for; namely heat treatment and
dimensional machining present two obstacles for producing desired parts rapidly.
In anticipation of these challenges, the novel system is being built around
MELD’s patented solid-state processing technology, which processes
material at lower thermal histories. This paper will provide a general overview
of the large scale system being developed, as well as some preliminary material
analysis of aluminum alloys deposited from the MELD system. Future, development
directions are also discussed at the conclusion.

Citation: Rodriguez, R.X., et al, “Program Overview:
Extra-Large, Metal Additive Manufacturing System, Targeted Towards Army Ground
Vehicle Systems”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
Collaborative Migration of an Autonomous Ground Vehicle Software
System to ROS 2
Authors: Boulet Michael , DelGizzi Ryan , Lathrop Scott , Leahy Brendan , Montez Jake , Rucinski Gary , Spinola Matthew , Thomasmeyer William , Towler Jerry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Robotic Technology Kernel (RTK) is a government-owned library of reusable
software modules based on the first generation Robotic Operating System
(“ROS 1”) that can be formed into “autonomy
stacks” for integration onto defense robotic platforms. RTK has been
used to demonstrate autonomous ground vehicle capabilities spanning many
programs and mission scenarios over the past five years. Future use of RTK is
dependent, however, on migrating it to be compatible with the 2nd generation of
ROS middleware (“ROS 2”) scheduled to replace ROS 1 in May,
2025.

This paper summarizes the methodologies, systems, results, and lessons learned
thus far from a project to migrate RTK to ROS 2 for the purpose of informing
similar ongoing or future large software-centric activities within the ROS and
defense robotics communities. A key conclusion is that a well-defined set of
organizational practices and technical guidance can enable a large,
heterogeneous team of developers from multiple industry, non-profit, and FFRDC
organizations to successfully execute a complex DoD software task.

Citation: M. Boulet, R. DelGizzi, S. Lathrop, B. Leahy, J. Montez,
G. Rucinski, M. Spinola, W. Thomasmeyer, J. Towler, “Collaborative
Migration of an Autonomous Ground Vehicle Software System to ROS 2”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12, 2021.
Topography Dependent Path Planning using Deep
Q-Learning
Authors: Martinson Eric , Purman Ben , Dallas Andy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Future autonomous combat vehicles will need to travel off-road through poorly
mapped environments. Three-dimensional topography may be known only to a limited
extent (e.g. coarse height), but this will likely be noisy and of limited
resolution. For ground vehicles, 3D topography will impact how far ahead the
vehicle can “see”. Higher vantage points and clear views provide
much more useful path planning data than lower vantage points and occluded views
from trees and structures. The challenge is incorporating this knowledge into a
path planning solution. When should the robot climb higher to get a better view
or else continue moving along the shortest path predicted by current
information? We investigated the use of Deep Q-Networks (DQN) to reason over
this decision space, comparing performance to conventional methods. In the
presence of significant sensor noise, the DQN was more successful in finding a
path to the target than A* for all but one type of terrain.

Citation:

E. Martinson, B. Purman, A. Dallas, “Topography Dependent Path
Planning”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 10-12,
2021.
PUSHING THE LIMITS WITH A FULLY GEARED, HIGH EFFICIENCY 1000HP TRANSMISSION FOR TRACKED VEHICLES
Authors: Brown Mike , Marquardt Brent , McLeod Adam , Moore Harold , Szkilnyk Greg
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ker-Train Research Inc. has designed, manufactured and tested the Innovative
Combat Transmission (ICT), a 1000hp, 32-speed Binary Logic Transmission for
tracked vehicles. The ICT was originally intended to replace the HMPT in the
Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) but, with the latest upgrades and improvements,
also finds itself a suitable candidate for higher powered tracked vehicle
applications such as the Advanced Power Demonstrator (APD) and other future
vehicle programs.

Citation: Brown, M., Marquardt, B., McLeod, A., Moore, H., Szkilnyk,
G., “Pushing The Limits With a Fully Geared, High Efficiency 1000hp
Transmission For Tracked Vehicles,” In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
THE ARMY GENERIC HULL AS A VITAL DEVELOPMENTAL TOOL FOR UNDERBODY BLAST APPLICATIONS
Authors: Kulkarni Kumar , Kankanalapalli Sanjay , Babu Venkatesh , Ramalingam Jai , Thyagarajan Ravi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the Army Generic Hull [1-5] as a vital developmental
tool for underbody blast modeling and simulation applications. Since 2010, it
has been used extensively to help calibrate and validate various numerical
software codes and methodologies. These are being used extensively today in the
development of underbody armor, as well as mine blast subsystems such as seats,
to protect both military vehicles and their occupants. In the absence of easily
shareable information in this domain due to data classification, this specially
formulated product is a valuable part of any toolset for underbody blast
development and product design.

Citation: K. Kulkarni, S. Kankanalapalli, V. Babu, J. Ramalingam, R.
Thyagarajan, “The Army Generic Hull As A Vital Developmental Tool For
Underbody Blast Applications,” In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
Real-time, Closed-Loop and Physics-based Modeling and Simulation
System for Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Unstructured Terrain
Environments
Authors: Misko Samuel , Free Arnold , Sivashankar Shiva , Kluge Torsten , Vantsevich Vladimir , Hirshkorn Martin , Morales Andres , Brascome James Michael , Rose Shayla , Bowen Nic , Zhang Siyan , Ghasemi Masood , Gardner Steven , Fiorini Pierre , Maddela Madhurima , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Gorsich David , Manning Chris , Thurau Matthias , Rueddenklau Nico , Zachariah Gibin , Dennis Eva , Costello Ian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

To realize the full potential of simulation-based evaluation and validation of
autonomous ground vehicle systems, the next generation of modeling and
simulation (M&S) solutions must provide real-time closed-loop environments
that feature the latest physics-based modeling approaches and simulation
solvers. Real-time capabilities enable seamless integration of
human-in/on-the-loop training and hardware-in-the-loop evaluation and validation
studies. Using an open modular architecture to close the loop between the
physics-based solvers and autonomy stack components allows for full simulation
of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for comprehensive development, training, and
testing of artificial intelligence vehicle-based agents and their human team
members.

This paper presents an introduction to a Proof of Concept for such a UGV M&S
solution for severe terrain environments with a discussion of simulation results
and future research directions. This conceptual approach features: 1) richly
detailed severe terrain environments, 2) vehicle systems with multi-body
dynamics, 3) Terramechanics-based tire-terrain interactions, 4) physics-based
exteroceptive sensor models, 5) modular ROS autonomy components, 6) vehicle
energy management and electric motor models, and 7) a user configurable
dashboard for co-simulation coordination and model parameterization for
automated M&S testing.

Citation: S.Misko, A. Free, S. Sivashankar, T. Kluge, V. Vantsevich,
et al. “Real-time, Closed-Loop and Physics-based Modeling and Simulation
System for Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Unstructured Terrain
Environments,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
QUANTIFYING HUMAN SYSTEMS INTEGRATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR NOVEL HELMET
MOUNTED DISPLAY (HMD) DEPLOYMENT
Authors: Michelson Stuart , Ray Jerry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As U.S. Army leadership continues to invest in novel technological systems to
give warfighters a decisive edge for mounted and dismounted operations, the
Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) and other similar systems are in
the spotlight. Continuing to put capable systems that integrate fighting,
rehearsing, and training operations into the hands of warfighters will be a key
delineator for the future force to achieve and maintain overmatch in an
all-domain operational environment populated by near-peer threats. The utility
and effectiveness of these new systems will depend on the degree to which the
capabilities and limitations of humans are considered in context during
development and testing. This manuscript will survey how formal and informal
Human Systems Integration planning can positively impact system development and
will describe a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) case study.
MODEL-BASED ACQUISITION: INCREASING CLARITY, COMPLIANCE AND
UNDERSTANDING IN PRODUCT ACQUISITION
Authors: Hause Matthew C , Hart Laura E
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The DoD Digital Engineering Strategy [1]
released in June 2018 outlined the DoD’s strategic goals which
“promote the use of digital artifacts as a technical means of
communication across a diverse set of stakeholders” In addition to
build, test, field and sustainment of defense systems, emphasis was placed on
the acquisition and procurement of systems and the importance of digital
engineering. This was further reinforced in the Feb 2022 release of the
Engineering of Defense Systems Guidebook [2] which contains Digital Engineering sections in each chapter. The
norm for Systems Engineering has become Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)
in which models are used at all phases of development. To complete the digital
thread from concept to disposal, models will be required for the acquisition
phase. This paper will describe Model-Based Acquisition (MBAcq), and how it can
be used to increase clarity compliance and understanding in Capability Systems
and Software Acquisition for ground vehicles.

Citation: M. Hause, L. Hart “Model-Based Acquisition:
Increasing Clarity, Compliance and Understanding In Product Acquisition”
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRY CHANGES ON A VEHICLE’S MILITARY LOAD CLASS
Authors: Sia Bernard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A study was performed to assess the effect of changes to the geometry of the
Abrams Tank and Stryker on its Military Load Class (MLC). Using methodology
defined per a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) document, a series of
MLC calculations were performed for both vehicles at various weights, using base
dimensions as well as modified dimensions, with changes made to either the
vehicle’s length or width. The calculated MLC and associated Width
Correction Factor was recorded at each weight, and the results were analyzed to
assess how changes to vehicle length and width affect its MLC. Analysis results
are presented in this paper, along with conclusions drawn from the results of
this study.

Citation: Sia, B., “A Study on The Effect of Geometry
Changes on A Vehicle’s Military Load Class,” In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
Containerization in Embedded Trusted Computing
Authors: Prins Taylor , VanVossen Robert , Barnett Tom , Elliott Leonard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Interest in application containerization has been on the rise in recent years
within the embedded and secure computing communities. Containerization within
embedded systems is still relatively new and thus the question of its practical
use in secure environments is still unanswered. By using proven kernels and
virtual machines, containerization can help play a key role in application
development and ease of deployment within trusted computing environments.

Containerization can bring many benefits to the development and deployment of
secure applications. These benefits range between ease of development and
deployment through use of unified environments to security benefits of
namespaces and network isolation. When combined with the seL4 microkernel and
DornerWorks use of the VM Composer toolset, mixed criticality systems
incorporating containerization can be rapidly and easily developed and deployed
to embedded hardware. This paper describes the various advantages, use-cases,
and challenges associated with containerization and its use on the
mathematically proven seL4 microkernel.

Citation: T. Prins, “Containerization in Trusted
Computing,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
RPV DETERMINATION FOR HEAVY TRUCK PLATOONING APPLICATIONS USING IR AND RGB MONOCULAR CAMERA
Authors: Flegel Tyler , Chen Howard , Bevly David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Many significant advances have been made in autonomous vehicle technology over
the recent decades. This includes platooning of heavy trucks. As such, many
institutions have created their own version of the basic platooning platform.
This includes the California PATH program [1], Japan’s “Energy ITS” project [2], and Auburn University’sCACC
Platform [3]. One thing these platforms
have in common is a strong dependence on GPS based localization solutions.
Issues arise when the platoon navigates into challenging environments, including
rural areas with foliage which might block receptions, or more populated areas
which might present urban canyon effects. Recent research focus has shifted to
handling these situations through the use of alternative sensors, including
cameras. The perception method proposed in this paper utilizes the You Only Look
Once (YOLO) real-time object detection algorithm in order to bound the lead
vehicle using both RGB and IR cameras. Range and bearing are determined using
various methods. The methods are then tested on real world data.

Citation: T. Flegel, H. Chen, D. Bevly, “RPV Determination
for Heavy Truck Platooning Applications Using IR and RGB Monocular
Camera,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
PATH-FREE ESTIMATION OF NAVIGATION DISTANCE USING OBSTACLE SHAPE STATISTICS AND DENSITY
Authors: Harnett Stephen J. , Brennan Sean , Reichard Karl , Pentzer Jesse , Tau Seth , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In the field of ground robotics, the problems of global path planning and local
obstacle avoidance are often treated separately but both are assessed in terms
of a cost related to navigating through a given environment. Traversal cost is
typically defined in terms of the required fuel [1], required travel time [2],
and imparted mechanical wear [3] to guide
route selection. Prior work [4] has shown
that obstacle field complexity and navigation cost can be abstracted into
quantitative dimensionless parameters. But determining the cost parameters and
their relationship to field complexity requires running repeated path planning
simulations [4]. This work presents a
method for estimating navigation cost solely from geometric obstacle field
complexity measures, namely the statistical properties of an obstacle’s
shape and the density of obstacles within an environment, eliminating the
requirement to run a path planner in a simulation environment.

Citation: S. J. Harnett, S. Brennan, K. Reichard, J. Pentzer, S. A.
Tau, D. Gorsich, “Path-free Estimation of Navigation Distance Using
Obstacle Shape Statistics and Density,” In Proceedings of the
Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022.
Using FACETM Technical Standard Features to Address
Interoperability Between Ground Vehicle Domain Open Standards
Authors: Snyder Mark , Allport Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper offers a technical strategy to use Future Airborne Capability
Environment™ (FACE Data Modeling and Transport Services Segment (TSS)
mechanisms to address interoperability concerns between multiple open standards.
It discusses features of the FACE Technical Standard that facilitate
interoperability including data modeling constructs to address various common
digital schema technologies, TSS capability approaches to allow flexible
interoperability, and open standards that can be addressed with the
approach.

Citation: M. Snyder, C. Allport “Using FACETM
Technical Standard Features to Address Interoperability Between Ground Vehicle
Domain Open Standards,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 16-18, 2023.
VIABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN VEHICLE
SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kern Maxwell C. , Cengic Arif
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, the life cycle management of military vehicle fleets is a lengthy
and costly process involving maintenance crews completing numerous and
oftentimes unnecessary inspections and diagnostics tests. Recent technological
advances have allowed for the automation of life cycle management processes of
complex systems. In this paper, we present our process for applying artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the life cycle management of
military vehicle fleets, using a Ground Vehicle fleet. We outline the data
processing and data mapping methodologies needed for generating AI/ML model
training data. We then use AI and ML methods to refine our training sets and
labels. Finally, we outline a Random Forest classification model for identifying
system failures and associated root causes. Our evaluation of the Random Forest
model results show that our approach can predict system failures and associated
root causes with 96% accuracy.
DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF DRIVING ROBOTS FOR CONDUCTING UNMANNED TESTS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES
Authors: Heydinger Gary , Zagorski Scott , Andreatta Dale , Bartholomew Meredith
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper contains descriptions and demonstrations of automated test drivers
(ATDs) for several different style off-road vehicles. These robotic ATDs can be
used without a human operator, to drive vehicles in scenarios that are unsafe
for human drivers. Full-scale vehicle tests including rollovers, pitchovers, and
crashes involving Recreational Off-Highway Vehicles (ROVs), All-Terrain Vehicles
(ATVs), and Zero-Turn Riding Mowers (ZTMs) are included in the paper. The
mechanical actuators used to control steering, throttle, and braking differ for
the different ATDs. However, they use similar control strategies, network
architecture, and electronics. Using these similar items as a starting point
would be beneficial for developing ATDs for different styles of military
vehicles.

Citation: G. Heydinger, S. Zagorski, D. Andreatta, M. Bartholomew,
“Development and Use of Driving Robots for Conducting Unmanned Tests of
Off-Road Vehicles,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
15-17, 2023.
Do we need to revisit the methods used to measure and understand
noise and vibration on military tracked vehicles?
Authors: O’Shea Ciarán
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

When we assess compliance of crew exposure to vibration within a military tracked
vehicle we use international standards, these are ISO 2631 and BS 6841. Within
these standards, weighting factors based on research carried out 40 years ago
are applied to the measured vibration. These weighing filters attenuate and
remove vibration above 80Hz. After conducting tests for over 30 years, it is the
author’s intention to prove that these filters are no longer fit for
purpose and the standards need revisiting.
Designing an Interactive Mixed Reality Cockpit for Enhanced
Soldier-Vehicle Interaction
Authors: Hansberger Jeffrey T. , Wood Ryan , Conner Ty , Hansen Jayse , Nix Jacob , Torres Marco
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the design and implementation of an interactive mixed
reality cockpit that enhances Soldier-vehicle interaction by providing a
360-degree situational awareness system. The cockpit uses indirect vision, where
cameras outside the vehicle provide a video feed of the surroundings to the
cockpit. The cockpit also includes a virtual information dashboard that displays
real-time information about the vehicle, mission, and crew status. The
visualization of the dashboard is based on past research in information
visualization, allowing Soldiers to quickly assess their operational state. The
paper presents the results of a usability study on the effectiveness of the
mixed reality cockpit, which compared the Vitreous interface, a Soldier-centered
mixed reality head-mounted display, with two other interface and display
technologies. The study found that the Vitreous UI resulted in better driving
performance and better subjective evaluation of the ability to actively monitor
the environment compared to the other interface and display technologies.
Soldiers also reported that the Vitreous interface allowed them to maintain the
highest level of situational awareness.

Citation: J. Hansberger, R. Wood, T. Conner, J. Hansen, J. Nix, M.
Torres, “Designing an Interactive Mixed Reality Cockpit for Enhanced
Soldier-Vehicle Interaction,” In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2023.
Deterministic & Modular Architecture for Embedded Vehicle
Systems
Authors: Doran Michael , Russell Mark , Elliott Leonard
Published: November 2024

The next generation of Army ground vehicle systems aim to provide the warfighter
with advanced capabilities while ensuring cyber resiliency. One key technology,
Ethernet, has enabled the modernization of military ground vehicles by providing
a broad range of beneficial features. The scalability and high bandwidth of an
Ethernet based system provides the ability to process large volumes of sensor
data with low latency, however its inherent lack of determinism represents a
significant disadvantage. A deterministic network requires that communication
assurance is provided through bounded message latency, and this is required for
many ground vehicle weapon and crew stations functions. Traditional Ethernet
based networks are unable to satisfy the strict safety and functional
requirements for Army vehicle systems due to this lack of determinism. Modular
Open System Approach (MOSA) initiatives such as the Ground Combat System Common
Infrastructure Architecture (GCIA) seek to leverage open-standards such as
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) to achieve real-time, deterministic
communication over Ethernet. TSN provides enhancements to regular Ethernet which
enable logical segmentation of deterministic and traditional best-effort network
traffic while simultaneously be transmitted on the same physical media.

This paper presents a reference architecture which incorporates key elements from
GCIA, including TSN, and complements them with embedded virtualization
technologies to enhance the safety and security of the system. The seL4
microkernel is used to deploy virtualized guests and containers on a target
representative of an embedded platform for ground vehicle electronics, the
ARMv8. By utilizing seL4 and virtualized guests a system designer can now
combine the isolation provided by hypervisors with the logical segmentation
provided by TSN to create a partitioned architecture that increases system
assurance. Aspects of this architectural approach and technology have already
been adapted across multiple programs within DEVCOM-GVSC.

Citation: Michael Doran, Mark Russell, Leonard Elliott,
“Deterministic & Modular Architecture for Embedded Vehicle
Systems” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2023.
SECURE UPDATE PROCESS FOR ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS
SYSTEMS
Authors: Pereira Sabrina , Mott Cameron , Mikulski Dariusz
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The importance of hardening robotic and autonomous systems (RAS) considered for
field deployment against cyber threats has been recognized by organizations
across the Department of Defense (DoD). Among these needs is the ability to
securely provide these modern military vehicles with software updates containing
critical new functionality and security improvements. A secure update process
and system for military RAS has been implemented building on a framework
designed for the automotive industry. Demonstrations of the capabilities and
mitigations against possible attacks on the update process will be performed on
a RAS MRZR in a mock field environment.

Citation: S. Pereira, C. Mott, D. Mikulski, “Secure Update
Process For Robotic And Autonomous Systems,” In Proceedings of
the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.
Design of a Modular Open System Approach for Ground Vehicle Paired
Unmanned Aircraft Systems for the U.S. Army Robotic and Autonomous
System’s Ground Interoperability Profile
Authors: Watza Spencer , Cooper Neil
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Multiple Soldier Virtual and Operational Experiments have shown that Ground
Vehicle Paired Unmanned Aircraft Systems are transformative for future Army
Operations. Previous prototyping exercises have demonstrated that existing
Department of Defense and industry standards are insufficient in supporting the
Army’s desired interoperability and capability needs. The U.S. Army
chartered an effort to develop a Modular Open System Approach for Ground Vehicle
Paired UAS which is still being developed. The history of the task and an
outline of the architecture is presented along with lessons learned regarding
MOSA initiatives and design processes which may help future MOSA efforts.

Citation: S. Watza, N. Cooper, “Design of a Ground Vehicle
Paired Unmanned Aircraft System Modular Open System Approach for the U.S. Army
Robotic and Autonomous System’s Ground Interoperability
Profile,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
16-18, 2022.
Application of the Autonomous Ground Vehicle Reference Architecture
to MBSE
Authors: Cheung Calvin , Griffith Shannon , Wells Larisa , Gregory Douglas , Moore Michael , Johannes Mark , Hetherington David , Walters Joshua , Kang Sean
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The utilization of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is a key enabler for
high quality system design and application of Modular Open Systems Approach
(MOSA) principles. The Autonomous Ground Vehicle Reference Architecture (AGVRA)
provides meta-models, architectural guidelines, best practices, and a library of
reusable model content for the Army Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS)
community to facilitate the MBSE development of autonomous systems. This paper
provides a summary of AGVRA’s models, detailing the categories of model
elements along with their overall utility, and describes key applications of
AGVRA currently being utilized across the DoD. The applications of the AGVRA
MBSE work products are contributing to high quality outcomes in RAS systems,
providing new and improved functional and operational autonomous ground vehicle
capability.

Citation: C. Cheung, S. Griffith, L. Wells, D. Gregory, M. Moore, M.
Johannes, D. Hetherington, J. Walters, S. Kang, “Application of the
Autonomous Ground Vehicle Reference Architecture to MBSE,” In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED TERRAIN RECONSTRUCTION FOR OFF-ROAD AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES USING LIDAR
Authors: Sutavani Sarang , Zheng Andrew , Joglekar Ajinkya , Smereka Jonathon , Gorsich David , Krovi Venkat , Vaidya Umesh
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Accurate terrain mapping is of paramount importance for motion planning and safe
navigation in unstructured terrain. LIDAR sensors provide a modality, in the
form of a 3D point cloud, that can be used to estimate the elevation map of the
surrounding environment. But, working with the 3D point cloud data turns out to
be challenging. This is primarily due to the unstructured nature of the point
clouds, relative sparsity of the data points, occlusions due to negative slopes
and obstacles, and the high computational burden of traditional point cloud
algorithms. We tackle these problems with the help of a learning-based,
efficient data processing approach for vehicle-centric terrain reconstruction
using a 3D LIDAR. The 3D LIDAR point cloud is projected on the ground plane,
which is processed by a generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture in the
form of an image to fill in the missing parts of the terrain heightmap. We train
the GAN model on artificially generated datasets and show the method’s
effectiveness by means of the reconstructed terrains.

Citation: S. Sutavani, A. Zheng, A. Joglekar, J. Smereka., D.
Gorsich, V. Krovi, U. Vaidya, “Artificial Neural Network based Terrain
Reconstruction for Off-road Autonomous Vehicles using LIDAR,” In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 15-17, 2023.
The etymology of the Turkic ev, eb, üj etc. ‘house’
Authors: Łukasik Jakub
Published: November 2024

This paper collates and reviews previously proposed etymologies of the Turkic word ev, eb, üj etc. ‘house’. Moreover, as the etymology of this lexeme is still uncertain, it aims to once again analyze the available material and attempts to establish a convincing etymology. Another important aim of the paper is to clearly demonstrate which issues connected with the topic can be considered established and which require further study.
Bede’s Cædmon: A bilingual scop from the cosmopolitan court of Oswiu?
Authors: Sayers William
Published: November 2024

In a revisionist reading of Bede’s account of the miraculous transformation of the lay brother Cædmon into a skilled poet in the Anglo-Saxon vernacular, this essay proposes that his bicultural origins (British, Anglo-Saxon) and poetic skill won him patronage in the retinue of King Oswiu of Northumbria, promoter of the Christian mission of conversion and Hiberno-Latin learning, and founder of the Abbey of Whitby, to which his elderly retainer would have been retired. The adjustments to the story found in Bede, most importantly the omission of Cædmon’s early secular career, enhance his framing story of divine intervention in the birthing of a vernacular poet through a sequence of architectural contexts that are reflected on the greater scale in Cædmon’s own creation poem. Bede’s account of the poet and the chapters that bracket it in the Historia illustrate his overriding concern for Church reform.
Ethics in Management Research and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Salvioni Daniela M. , Almici Alex
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most important and transformative technologies of our time, with potential applications in the field of scientific research. The advancement of management studies can benefit from the adoption of tools and methodologies based on AI. In this article, we argue that the use of AI-based tools for the development of scientific contributions in the field of management studies entails opportunities but also risks in the absence of an ethical approach, closely related to the intention to offer effective contributions to scientific advancement.
The Primacy of Management Schools in a New Perspective of Scientific Research
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: November 2024

Since the 1980s, globalization has profoundly changed the social life of nations & has marked the decline of schools of management in the progress of managerial sciences. In the following decades, due to the serious European publishing crisis, major international publishers have developed M&A processes, offering growing paid subscriptions to universities and research centres. The publishing industry is now global with a growing number of editorial products, less and less differentiated & commercially oriented, that marginalize the scientific production of management schools. And now? today a new global perspective in management research is needed. A new global perspective in management research must be focused in schools of management, universities, academies and most authoritative global journals.