bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances and Strategies towards Synthesis of Indolyl and Tryptophan‐C‐Glycoside Scaffolds
Authors: Sangwan Rekha , Azeem Zanjila , Kumar Mandal Pintu
Published: February 2024

Recently, C‐glycosidic bonds have emerged as pivotal elementary units present in many naturally occurring alkaloids as well as in pharmaceutically active molecules. Because of the stability and great utility of C‐glycosides, synthetic approaches en route to the C−C bond formation have gradually become a center of attraction in carbohydrate chemistry. Towards these researches, C‐glycosylation with heteroaryl moieties like indole, and tryptophan can remarkably expand the functional and structural evolution, which has great value for medicinal chemists and chemical biologists. The indolyl and tryptophan‐C‐glycosides have unique structures and biological activities that have attracted a number of synthetic studies. Therefore, these motifs have possessed an extensive interest in the direction of efficient synthesis. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the classical approaches to C‐heteroaryl glycosides mainly focusing on indole and tryptophan synthesis. Furthermore, highlighted the recently developed metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization and photoinduced cross‐coupling strategies that aim to control the regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the reaction in carbohydrate chemistry. In view of reaction type, mechanism, and status, this review will cover the synthesis of indole and tryptophan C‐heteroaryl glycosides with diverse regio‐ and diastereoselectivity from four perspectives which include a) conventional approach, b) heterocyclization and C‐glycosylation sequence, c) metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization, and d) photoinduced cross‐coupling. 1. Introduction 2. Strategies for the synthesis of indolyl and tryptophan‐C‐glycosides 2.1. Conventional approach 2.2. Heterocyclization and C‐glycosylation sequence 2.3. Metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization 2.4. Photoinduced cross‐coupling 3. Summary and Outlook
Adapting the USDA Food Security Survey Module for use with college students: Can we improve model fit?
Authors: Ellison Brenna , Nguyen Cassandra J. , Rabbitt Matthew P. , French Brian , Bruening Meg
Published: February 2024

The USDA Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) is the gold standard for measuring food security; however, research suggests that college students may respond to FSSM items differently than the general population. Students may have a varied portfolio of food and financial resources (thus, complicating interpretations of “money”) to acquire food. We conducted a randomized control trial to test whether a preamble to address this issue improves model fit. Results indicated the preamble did not improve model fit, and students' responses deviated from expected patterns. More research could help understand these deviations and their implications for measuring FI on college campuses.
Entorhinal‐based path integration selectively predicts midlife risk of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Newton Coco , Pope Marianna , Rua Catarina , Henson Richard , Ji Zilong , Burgess Neil , Rodgers Christopher T. , Stangl Matthias , Dounavi Maria‐Eleni , Castegnaro Andrea , Koychev Ivan , Malhotra Paresh , Wolbers Thomas , Ritchie Karen , Ritchie Craig W. , O'Brien John , Su Li , Chan Dennis ,   for the PREVENT Dementia Research Programme
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

Entorhinal cortex (EC) is the first cortical region to exhibit neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with EC grid cell dysfunction. Given the role of grid cells in path integration (PI)–based spatial behaviors, we predicted that PI impairment would represent the first behavioral change in adults at risk of AD.

METHODS

We compared immersive virtual reality (VR) PI ability to other cognitive domains in 100 asymptomatic midlife adults stratified by hereditary and physiological AD risk factors. In some participants, behavioral data were compared to 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain structure and function.

RESULTS

Midlife PI impairments predicted both hereditary and physiological AD risk, with no corresponding multi‐risk impairment in episodic memory or other spatial behaviors. Impairments associated with altered functional MRI signal in the posterior‐medial EC.

DISCUSSION

Altered PI may represent the transition point from at‐risk state to disease manifestation in AD, prior to impairment in other cognitive domains.
A Novel Homoconjugated Propellane Triimide: Synthesis, Structural Analyses, and Gas Separation
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhao Yongting , Zhao Yubo , Chen Xiangping , Liu Xinyue , Li Lin , Cao Dapeng , Wang Shitao , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2024

Rigid three‐dimensional (3D) polycyclic propellanes have garnered interest due to their unique conformational spaces, which display great potential use in selectivity, separation and as models to study through‐space electronic interactions. Herein we report the synthesis of a novel rigid propellane, trinaphtho[3.3.3]propellane triimide, which comprises three imide groups embedded on a trinaphtho[3.3.3]propellane. This propellane triimide exhibits large bathochromic shift, amplified molar absorptivity, enhanced fluorescence, and lower reduction potential when compared to the subunits. Computational and experimental studies reveal that the effective through‐space π‐orbitals interacting (homoconjugation) occurs between the subunits. Single‐crystal XRD analysis reveals that the propellane triimide has a highly quasi‐D3h symmetric skeleton and readily crystallizes into different superstructures by changing alkyl chains at the imide positions. In particular, the porous 3D superstructure with S‐shaped channels is promising for taking up ethane (C2H6) with very good selectivity over ethylene (C2H4), which can purify C2H4 from C2H6/C2H4 in a single separation step. This work showcases a new class of rare 3D polycyclic propellane with intriguing electronic and supramolecular properties.
Oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s: Shape‐Tunable Building Blocks for Supramolecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Fernández Zulema , Sánchez Luis , Santhosh Babu Sukumaran , Fernández Gustavo
Published: February 2024

Oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s (OPEs) have attracted widespread attention due to their remarkable (opto)electronic and photophysical properties, which have enabled numerous applications. The versatile functionalization possibilities of OPEs make them unique candidates to form various shape‐persistent geometries, including linear, triangular, rectangular, hexagonal and macrocyclic. However, as a result of this structural variety, it is oftentimes challenging to correlate molecular design with self‐assembly properties. In this minireview, we have classified OPEs based on their molecular shapes and correlated them with their self‐assembly behavior in solution. Particularly, we provide important insights into the aggregation propensity of the different molecular shapes and how to tune the association strength using various non‐covalent interactions. Our classification will enable a better understanding of the structure‐property correlation in OPEs, which is key to develop supramolecular functional materials.
Photocatalytic O‐ to S‐Rearrangement of Tertiary Cyclopropanols
Authors: Monteith John J. , Pearson James W. , Rousseaux Sophie A. L.
Published: February 2024

Despite the importance of heteroatom‐substituted cyclopropane derivatives in drug design and organic synthesis, cyclopropanethiols remain critically underexplored. Inspired by the wide use of the Newman‐Kwart rearrangement to access valuable thiophenols from phenol feedstocks, we report the development of a photocatalytic approach for efficient ambient temperature aliphatic O‐ to S‐rearrangement on tertiary cyclopropanol derivatives. After demonstrating that a range of cyclopropanethiols—that are difficult to access by other methods—can be obtained with this strategy, we show that these rearranged products can be easily hydrolyzed and further derivatized. We conclude this study with mechanistic findings that enabled an initial extension of this approach toward other classes of aliphatic alcohols.
On‐Water Surface Synthesis of Vinylene‐Linked Cationic Two‐Dimensional Polymer Films as the Anion‐Selective Electrode Coating
Authors: Yang Ye , Sabaghi Davood , Liu Chang , Dianat Arezoo , Mücke David , Qi Haoyuan , Liu Yannan , Hambsch Mike , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Yu Minghao , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Kaiser Ute , Dong Renhao , Wang Zhiyong , Feng Xinliang
Published: February 2024

Vinylene‐linked two‐dimensional polymers (V‐2DPs) and their layer‐stacked covalent organic frameworks (V‐2D COFs) featuring high in‐plane π‐conjugation and robust frameworks have emerged as promising candidates for energy‐related applications. However, current synthetic approaches are restricted to producing V‐2D COF powders that lack processability, impeding their integration into devices, particularly within membrane technologies reliant upon thin films. Herein, we report the novel on‐water surface synthesis of vinylene‐linked cationic 2DPs films (V‐C2DP‐1 and V‐C2DP‐2) via Knoevenagel polycondensation, which serve as the anion‐selective electrode coating for highly‐reversible and durable zinc‐based dual‐ion batteries (ZDIBs). Model reactions and theoretical modeling revealed the enhanced reactivity and reversibility of the Knoevenagel reaction on the water surface. On this basis, we demonstrated the on‐water surface 2D polycondensation towards V‐C2DPs films that show large lateral size, tunable thickness, and high chemical stability. Representatively, V‐C2DP‐1 presents as a fully crystalline and face‐on oriented film with in‐plane lattice parameters of a=b≈43.3 Å. Profiting from its well‐defined cationic sites, oriented 1D channels, and stable frameworks, V‐C2DP‐1 film possesses superior bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI−)‐transport selectivity (transference, t_=0.85) for graphite cathode in high‐voltage ZDIBs, thus triggering additional TFSI−‐intercalation stage and promoting its specific capacity (from ~83 to 124 mAh g−1) and cycling life (>1000 cycles, 95 % capacity retention).
Bio‐based pH‐responsive nanofibrous membranes for controlled release of tetracycline hydrochloride
Authors: Zhu Miaomiao , Xu Wenxuan , Wu Duo , Liu Zhuangcheng , Song Yuanyuan , Zhou Aying , Xiong Ranhua , Huang Chaobo
Published: February 2024

Design and fabrication of pH‐responsive nanofibrous membranes by biomaterials is a key step for drug delivery systems. Currently, there is an increasing attention on design of biocompatible nanofibrous drug delivery systems. Here, a bio‐based pH‐responsive nanofibrous membranes loaded with antibiotic were fabricated for the controlled release of tetracycline hydrochloride (TH). The in vitro drug release behavior of varied pH‐responsive nanofibrous with different mass ratios of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) was investigated to clarify the release mechanism. TH initial burst release within 20 mins was large than 97.5% for PLA/CAP/TH NFM under alkaline conditions (pH = 8). The antioxidant activity of TH loaded PLA/CAP NFMs are all higher than 55% after 30 mins. The prepared fibrous membranes possess sufficient antibacterial activity against both to Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. At the same time, it also has good biocompatibility. Therefore, the fabricated nanofibrous membranes was demonstrated to be a pH‐responsive nanoplatform for drug delivery.
Preparation and characterization of multipurpose polypropylene composite with outstanding flame retardancy and antistatic property
Authors: Zhan Zhaoshun , Shen Jinfeng , Du Chao , Shi Qixing , Bao Tianyou , Weng Shihan , Li Lilin
Published: February 2024

To enhance the safety grade and broaden the application scope of polypropylene in coal mines, the calcium alginate@ammonium polyphosphate@graphite microsheet (CA@APP@GM) had been synthesized and introduced into the polypropylene (PP) material to endow excellent flame retardancy, antistatic characteristics, thermostability, combustion behavior, and mechanical performance. Physical characterizations on the chemical composition and microstructure of both the gaseous and condensed phase products indicated that the phosphorus‐containing compounds were found in the char residue which were beneficial to accelerate the charring reaction to terminate the mass and heat transfer process. Hence, the CA@APP@GM executed the condensed‐phase flame‐retardant mechanism to enhance the fire resistance of PP matrix. Consequently, it is believed that the CA@APP@GM, with its remarkable flame retardancy and antistatic properties, has the potential to significantly expand the range of applications for PP materials in coal mines.
Role of HFSCARC in hair follicle stem cell proliferation and differentiation in cashmere goat
Authors: Wang Niu , Zhang Weidong , Guo Yi , Zhang Fan , Zhang Tongtong , Wang Xin
Published: February 2024

As a model of regenerative medicine, hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) plays a determining role in the hair cycle. Emerging evidences showed that long noncoding RNAs regulated the biological function of HFSC. In this current study, we found that lncRNA‐000552, standing for “goat secondary HFSC Associated SYNE3 Regulator of HF Cycle” (HFSCARC) expressed higher in anagen than that in telogen of cashmere goat. Through experiments involving nucleocytoplasmic separation and RNA‐FISH, we determined that HFSCARC was primarily located in the nucleus of HFSC. To understand the function of HFSCARC, the study performed various assays, including crystal violet staining, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, EdU, and flow cytometry analysis, which collectively revealed that HFSCARC inhibited HFSC proliferation. Additionally, HFSCARC promoted the differentiation of HFSC by investigating the expression of marker genes specific to stem cells and keratinocytes. RNA sequencing analysis was conducted to investigate the global gene expression changes associated with HFSCARC expression. The results showed that HFSCARC altered the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, hair follicle development, and regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling. Furthermore, the study revealed that HFSCARC activated the BMP signaling pathway. Intriguingly, the study found a decreased expression of SYNE3, which was a neighboring gene of HFSCARC. The altered expression of genes associated with transmethylase and demethylase further suggested that HFSCARC might play an important role in regulating the SYNE3 expression. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the regulatory role of HFSCARC in the biological function of HFSC. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of hair cycle.
A new injection method for identifying the subpopliteal recess of the knee
Authors: Tabira Yoko , Yamashita Akihiro , Kikuchi Keishiro , Han Aya , Shimizu Keigo , Harano Tatsuya , Haikata Yuto , Inoue Eiko , Nooma Kunimitsu , Iwanaga Joe , Saga Tsuyoshi , Watanabe Koichi
Published: February 2024

The posterolateral region of the knee has a complex and diverse anatomy. Hydrarthrosis of the knee can potentially communicate with other parts of the joint space. The joint fluid distribution reflects anatomical communications between synovial spaces. To observe the continuity between the knee joint cavity and the surrounding bursa, we devised a dissection method with a new injection agent, an eosin‐containing congealed liquid that spreads uniformly over the entire space. The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed examination of the subpopliteal recess (SPR) where a bursa connects to the knee joint capsule. We also reported the advantages of this new injection agent compared with conventional materials (latex and epoxy resin). Twenty‐two formalin‐fixed cadavers (34 knees), two N‐vinyl‐pyrrolidone (NVP)‐fixed cadavers (4 knees), and two cadavers (3 knees) fixed by Thiel's method were used. After filling the knee joint space and SPR with eosin congealed liquid, the specimens were dissected to investigate the morphology of the SPR. In addition, three different types of injection agents were assessed. The SPR extended distally along the popliteus tendon. The SPR length was 22.64 ± 11.38 mm from the upper end of the lateral tibial condyle to the lower end of the depression. The existence of a fabellofibular ligament made the SPR significantly longer, but abrasion of the femoral articular cartilage did not affect the SPR. Furthermore, the relationship between the popliteus muscle and the SPR was classified into three types (types 1–3). Types 2 and 3 in which the SPR extended to the proximal tibiofibular joint may cause instability of the knee joint. The eosin congealed liquid was highly useful in many aspects, such as fluidity and injection workability. The new dissection method with eosin congealed liquid provides insights into the anatomy of the posterior lateral knee, which are useful for radiological diagnoses and clinical treatments.
Effect of Strong CYP3A4 Inhibition, CYP3A4 Induction, and OATP1B1/3 Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Sotorasib
Authors: Cardona Panli , Dutta Sandeep , Houk Brett
Published: February 2024

Sotorasib is a small molecule that irreversibly inhibits the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) protein with a G12C amino acid substitution mutant protein. The impact of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibition and induction on sotorasib pharmacokinetics (PKs) was evaluated in 2 separate studies in healthy volunteers (N = 14/study). The impact of CYP3A4 inhibition was interrogated utilizing repeat doses of 200 mg of itraconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on 360 mg of sotorasib PKs. The impact of CYP3A4 induction was interrogated utilizing multiple doses of 600 mg of rifampin, a strong CYP3A4 inducer. Additionally, the impact of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/3 inhibition on 960 mg of sotorasib PKs was interrogated after a single dose of 600 mg of rifampin. CYP3A4 inhibition did not significantly impact sotorasib Cmax but did lead to a 26% increase in sotorasib AUCinf. CYP3A4 induction decreased sotorasib Cmax by 35% and AUCinf by 51%. OATP1B1/3 inhibition decreased sotorasib Cmax and AUCinf by 16% and 23%, respectively. These results support that sotorasib can be given together with strong CYP3A4 and OATP1B1/3 inhibitors but the co‐administration of sotorasib and strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided.
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound induces proliferation of human neural stem cells
Authors: Al‐Maswary Arwa A. , Walmsley A. Damien , Cooper Paul R. , Scheven Ben A.
Published: February 2024

Background

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been highlighted as a potential therapy for tissue repair and regeneration. However, little is known about LIPUS effects on neuromodulation. This research was conducted to study LIPUS effect on the proliferation of human neural stem cells.

Materials and methods

The human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was used as a neural stem cell model. The well‐documented SH‐SY5Y neurogenic protocol, which involves treatment with all trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) for 5 days and then brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 7 days, was used to synchronise the growth cell cycle to G1 phase of the cell cycle before proliferation testing. Subsequently, the neural stem cells were then treated with single or triple 20‐min LIPUS exposures (Intensity ISATA: 60 mW/cm2, frequency: 1.5 MHz, pulse repetition: 100 Hz, and duty cycle: 20%). Cell proliferation was analysed using cell counting of β‐tubulin and neurofilament medium‐positive neural stem cells, Ki67‐cell proliferation marker and metabolic‐based assays (cell counting kit‐8 and alamarBlue). The involvement of ERK signalling was investigated by quantification of phospho‐ERK1/2 levels and cell proliferation with and without MEK/ERK inhibitor (U0126).

Results

The results show that LIPUS exposure(s) induced cell proliferation, as evidenced by an increase in the numbers of neural stem cells. ERK signalling is involved in LIPUS‐induced neural stem cell proliferation, as evidenced by concurrent inhibition of LIPUS‐induced phospho‐ERK levels and cell proliferation in the presence of the MEK/ERK inhibitor.

Conclusion

This study provides original evidence that LIPUS can stimulate neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation. LIPUS may be suggested as a sole or an adjunct therapeutic application to promote the neural stem cell pool in stem cell therapies and tissue engineering approaches for nerve repair and regeneration for the management of traumatic nerve injuries and regenerative endodontic treatment.
Passive reputation method with hybrid optimized deep model for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network based on blockchain
Authors: Dewangan Neelam , Kumar Arun , Patel Ram Narayan
Published: February 2024

The discovery of malevolent users in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is done by using blockchain‐based technique. For diagnosing the availability of frequency resources, the spectrum sensing (SS) plays an essential role in CRN. It is critical to enable cognitive radio (CR) technology in wireless communication systems for the next generation. Due to the increasing demand of the users, some bands are overloaded and others become underutilized. The CR applied models for vigorously assigning unlicensed users. The missed detection problem occurs in the conventional spectrum sensing schemes, which hampers the proper utilization of the spectrum. These motivated the development of a newly devised passive reputation method with an optimized deep model for spectrum sensing in CRN‐based blockchain. The sensing spectrum in CRN is designed using the cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm. The spectrum sensing is done with the decision made using AlexNet where the weights of AlexNet are trained with a hybrid optimization algorithm, named Honey Badger Remora Optimization (HBRO) algorithm. Thus, the output attained from the Alexnet_HBRO algorithm is considered. Meanwhile, the data are recorded in the blockchain, and then, the passive reputation is performed, and the determined output is considered. At last, the spectrum sensing is carried out by fusing AlexNet and passive reputation output where weights are optimally generated using the proposed Snake Honey Badger Remora Optimization (SHBRO) algorithm. The proposed SHBRO offered a high detection probability of 1, false alarm probability of 0.003, sensing time of 551.567s, and computation time of 210.102s.
Cp2Fe‐Mediated Electrochemical Synthesis of Functionalized Compounds: Recent Advances
Authors: Zhu Ranran R. , Ma Dumei M. , Zhao Yufen F. , Wu Ju
Published: February 2024

Unlike traditional organic methods, electrosynthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to generate a series of functionalized compounds. In this process, the traceless electron serves as the redox agent, eliminating the need for stoichiometric oxidants or reductants. In contrast to direct electrolysis, redox‐mediated electrolysis has the ability to overcome kinetic inhibitions and achieve diverse selectivity under mild conditions. This has garnered increasing attention from the synthetic community, especially in the past few years. This review will focus on Cp2Fe‐mediated electrosynthesis of diversified functionalized compounds through C−N, C−C, C−P and C−O bond formation over the past decade.
Determining sediment deposition dynamics influenced by check dams in a semi‐arid mountainous watershed
Authors: Polyakov Viktor , Nichols Mary , Cavanaugh Michelle
Published: February 2024

Semi‐arid environments are characterized by infrequent large magnitude rainfalls that produce flash flood events with high sediment concentration. Control structures such as check dams are widely used in this environment for mitigation. However, their impact on the overall sediment balance of watersheds, particularly those severely affected by anthropogenic activity, is sparsely documented. This study used topographic measurements, sediment analysis, and fallout isotope techniques to assess the effectiveness and service life of 18 rock and masonry check dams that were constructed in the 1930s for controlling sediment fluxes in an 11 ha mountainous watershed in southern Arizona. All of the dams are currently filled with sediment resulting in reduction of local channel gradients by 35 to 71% to between 0.04 and 0.28 depending on location within the reach. Sedimentation occurred over multiple decades at a relatively slow average rate of 0.59 t ha−1 y−1 indicating low instantaneous retention efficiency. The smaller headwater dams were filled soon after construction; however, their share of the overall storage capacity was minor. Although evaluation of 137Cs was an effective method for dating sediment, the 210Pb dating method was not satisfactory because of sediment sorting effects and complex deposition patterns. The abundance of similar control structures in the region points to the opportunity to better understand the process impacts of check dams over multiple decades to inform planning and design of their use in future mitigation projects.
Does one size fit all? The role of job characteristics in cultivating work passion across knowledge, blue‐collar, nonprofit, and managerial work
Authors: Astakhova Marina N. , McKay Alexander S. , Doty D. Harold , Wooldridge Barbara R.
Published: February 2024

We integrate the job characteristics and dual work passion models to explore the indirect (via work meaningfulness) effects of job characteristics (i.e., job autonomy, task identity, skill variety, task significance, feedback from the job and feedback from others) on two types of work passion, harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP). We first advance occupation‐specific predictions for job characteristics‐to‐work passion relationships and then explore differences in those relationships between HP and OP across four occupational sectors: knowledge work (n = 201), blue‐collar work (n = 148), nonprofit work (n = 141), and managerial work (n = 133). Our findings demonstrate that job characteristics are important drivers of work passion. However, our key discovery is that the motivational impact of the job characteristics is not universally applicable but rather depends on the specific occupational context and whether passion is harmonious or obsessive. We therefore conclude that when it comes to translating job characteristics into work passion, the one‐size‐fits‐all approach is not appropriate.
Effects of presidential elections on accounting conservatism: Evidence from South Korea
Authors: Kim Sang Ho , An Yohan
Published: February 2024

This study examines the effects of presidential elections (PEs) on firms’ accounting conservatism in Korea. The Korean president exerts great influence on the government's financial, monetary, subsidiary, and regulatory policies. At the same time, however, the Korean constitution prohibits the re‐election of the incumbent president. This simultaneously strong and fragile presidential system creates unique political uncertainty, which deteriorates the information gap between firms’ insiders and outsiders. According to the efficient contracting channel, accounting conservatism is expected to relieve information asymmetry by recognizing the economic losses faster than economic gains. But we posit that the effectiveness of accounting conservatism depends on the information environment within which they operate. If the information environment facilitates a compensation system for an increase in accounting conservatism under high uncertainty, managers may prefer to expand conservative accounting practices. However, if there is no such incentive mechanism, managers may opt to suspend accounting conservatism because the cost of revealing bad news increases during periods of uncertainty. Test results show that PEs encourage managers to delay rather than expedite the timely recognition of economic losses. This negative effect becomes more pronounced in firms with higher reliance on government contracts than firms with lower such reliance. We also find that Korean chaebol‐affiliated firms are likely to increase accounting conservatism during PEs. In general, US‐based studies support the positive relationship between information asymmetry and accounting conservatism, while this study demonstrates that this relationship can be reverse depending on the institutional environment.
How early environment influences the developing brain and long‐term mental health
Authors: Sprooten Emma
Published: February 2024

The March 2024 issue of JCPP Advances features two neuroimaging studies that investigate links between early environmental risk factors for mental health problems, brain development and psychopathology in children and young adults. The papers provide new insights into how adverse environments and negative experiences in childhood increase risk for depression and mental health problems, and how this may or may not be mediated, or moderated, by individual differences in the brain.
A review of the development and implementation of the critical source area concept: A reflection of Andrew Sharpley's role in improving water quality
Authors: McDowell Richard , Kleinman Peter J. A. , Haygarth Philip , McGrath Joshua M. , Smith Douglas , Heathwaite Louise , Iho Antti , Schoumans Oscar , Nash David
Published: February 2024

Critical source areas (CSAs) are small areas of a field, farm, or catchment that account for most contaminant loss by having both a high contaminant availability and transport potential. Most work on CSAs has focused on phosphorus (P), largely through the work in the 1990s initiated by Dr. Sharpley and colleagues who recognized the value in targeting mitigation efforts. The CSA concept has been readily grasped by scientists, farmers, and policymakers across the globe. However, experiences and success have been mixed, often caused by the variation in where and how CSAs are defined. For instance, analysis of studies from 1990 to 2023 shows that the proportion of the annual contaminant load coming from a CSA decreases from field to farm to catchment scale. This finding is consistent with increased buffering of CSAs and greater contribution of other sources with scale, or variation in the definition of CSAs. We therefore argue that the best application of CSAs to target mitigation actions should be at small areas that truly account for most contaminant loss. This article sheds light on the development and utilization of CSAs, paying tribute to Dr. Sharpley's remarkable contributions to the improvement of water quality, and reflecting upon where the CSA concept has succeeded or not in reducing contaminant (largely P) loss.
Postoperative intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia improves pain management after subcutaneous implantable defibrillator implantation
Authors: Tsutsui Kenta , Terazaki Yoshitaka , Kanai Risa , Ishii Masako , Ohno Seika , Sasaki Yoko , Kitamura Akira , Kudo Daisuke , Sasaki Wataru , Tanaka Naomichi , Narita Masataka , Matsumoto Kazuhisa , Mori Hitoshi , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Arai Takahide , Nakano Shintaro , Kato Ritsushi
Published: February 2024

Objective

Postoperative pain is a major issue with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S‐ICD). In 2020, we introduced intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (IV‐PCA) in addition to the conventional, request‐based analgesia for postoperative pain control in S‐ICD. To determine the effect and safety, we quantitatively assessed the effect of IV‐PCA after S‐ICD surgery over conventional methods.

Methods

During the study period, a total of 113 consecutive patients (age, 50.1 ± 15.5 years: males, 101) underwent a de novo S‐ICD implantation under general anesthesia. While the postoperative pain was addressed with either request‐based analgesia (by nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drugs, N = 68, dubbed as “PCA absent”) or fentanyl‐based IV‐PCA in addition to the standard care (N = 45, dubbed as “PCA present”). The degree of postoperative pain from immediately after surgery to 1 week were retrospectively investigated by the numerical rating scale (NRS) divided into four groups at rest and during activity (0: no pain, 1–3: mild pain, 4–6: moderate pain, 7–10: severe pain).

Results

Although IV‐PCA was removed on Day 1, it was associated with continued better pain control compared to PCA absent group. At rest, the proportion of patients expressing pain (mild or more) was significantly lower in the PCA present group from Day 0 to Day 4. In contrast to at rest, a better pain control continued through the entire study period of 7 days. No serious adverse events were observed. A few patients experienced nausea in both groups and the inter‐group difference was not found significant.

Conclusion

IV‐PCA suppresses postoperative pain in S‐ICD without major safety concerns.
Essential norm of linear operators from general weighted‐type spaces to Banach spaces and some applications
Authors: Stević Stevo
Published: February 2024

We present a result concerning the essential norm of linear operators mapping some general weighted‐type spaces of holomorphic functions on the open unit ball in to Banach spaces. As some applications, we compare essential norms of a product‐type operator of integral type and a weighted composition operator between some of the general weighted‐type spaces.
Wideband filtering power dividers with/without notch band
Authors: Gorur Ali Kursad , Dogan Engin , Karpuz Ceyhun , Gorur Adnan
Published: February 2024

Low loss and compact wideband filtering power dividers (WB‐FPDs) with/without notch band are proposed. The WB‐FPDs are designed using wideband bandpass filter based on asymmetric stepped‐impedance resonator (SIR). Parallel coupled microstrip lines are used to create both wideband filtering characteristic and two additional transmission poles. A notch band can be generated at upper passband edge by using open‐circuited stubs on the SIRs. The WB‐FPDs with/without notch band are successfully designed, fabricated, and tested. The wide passband is centered at 4 GHz with the fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 51.1%, while the notch band is at 5.56 GHz with the FBW of 3.1%. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is observed.
Synthesis of gadolinium‐enhanced glioma images on multisequence magnetic resonance images using contrastive learning
Authors: Xie Qian , Lin Yusong , Wang Meiyun , Wu Yaping
Published: February 2024

Background

Gadolinium‐based contrast agents are commonly used in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, they cannot be used by patients with allergic reactions or poor renal function. For long‐term follow‐up patients, gadolinium deposition in the body can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and other potential risks.

Purpose

Developing a new method of enhanced image synthesis based on the advantages of multisequence MRI has important clinical value for these patients. In this paper, an end‐to‐end synthesis model structure similarity index measure (SSIM)‐based Dual Constrastive Learning with Attention (SDACL) based on contrastive learning is proposed to synthesize contrast‐enhanced T1 (T1ce) using three unenhanced MRI images of T1, T2, and Flair in patients with glioma.

Methods

The model uses the attention–dilation generator to enlarge the receptive field by expanding the residual blocks and to strengthen the feature representation and context learning of multisequence MRI. To enhance the detail and texture performance of the imaged tumor area, a comprehensive loss function combining patch‐level contrast loss and structural similarity loss is created, which can effectively suppress noise and ensure the consistency of synthesized images and real images.

Results

The normalized root‐mean‐square error (NRMSE), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), and SSIM of the model on the independent test set are 0.307  0.12, 23.337  3.21, and 0.881  0.05, respectively.

Conclusions

Results show this method can be used for the multisequence synthesis of T1ce images, which can provide valuable information for clinical diagnosis.
Abfallwirtschaft: Linear, zirkulär, spiralig
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: February 2024

Kreislaufwirtschaft ist nicht nur Abfallbehandlung inklusive Recycling, sondern sie bedarf auch neuer Geschäftsmodelle.
Forschung verbreiten in Schule und Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Banerji Amitabh , Halbrügge Lena
Published: February 2024

Welchen Wert hat Wissenschaft für die Gesellschaft? Einen großen, wenn sie allgemeinverständlich präsentiert wird – das zeigt sich seit Beginn der Coronapandemie. Einen Einblick zu dem Thema gibt nun ein Dissertationsprojekt, das sich der Wissenschaftskommunikation im naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsverbund Modulation of Intersystem Crossing gewidmet hat.
Radiochemie: von Np zu Np
Authors: Strub Erik
Published: February 2024

Auf der Jagd nach im Periodensystem fehlenden Elementen gab es einige Irrungen und Wirrungen – selbst Nobelpreisträger lagen falsch. Und auch, wenn das von den Entdeckern vorgeschlagene Kürzel dasselbe ist: Np sollte ursprünglich Nipponium heißen, nicht Neptunium.
Umweltchemikalien: Die Suche nach der Achillesferse
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: February 2024

Per‐ und polyfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe widerstehen Temperaturen über 1000 °C kaum. Auch Elektrooxidation und Plasmaverfahren zerstören die Stoffe teilweise. Forscher versuchen zudem, sie mit Bornitrid oder superkritischem Wasser zu eliminieren. Weitere Ansatzpunkte dafür sind die nicht fluorierten sauerstoff‐ oder schwefelhaltigen Reste dieser Substanzen.
Blickpunkt Synthese: Nitroarene oxidieren Alkene
Authors: Walker Johannes C. L.
Published: February 2024

Indem sie Alkene in Carbonyle und Diole umsetzen, könnten nitrofunktionalisierte Aromaten gängige Oxidationsmittel ersetzen. Die Reaktionen laufen photochemisch bei niedriger Temperatur – und mechanistisch teils anders als die klassischen Varianten.
Nachruf: Herbert Knauer (1931 – 2024)
Authors: Engewald Werner
Published: February 2024

Herbert Knauer war Tüftler, Erfinder und Unternehmer. Bekannt ist er als ein Pionier der Gerätetechnik für die High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Nachruf: Hans‐Günther Däßler (1925 – 2023)
Authors: Wienhaus Otto
Published: February 2024

Am 5.12.2023 starb Hans‐Günther Däßler. Er war ein herausragender Wissenschaftler der TH/TU Dresden, der sein berufliches Wirken der Pflanzenchemie und dem Umweltschutz widmete.
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth volunteering behaviors: Evidence from Northern Ireland
Authors: Van Matre Joseph Charles
Published: February 2024

Youth volunteering is associated with a host of individual benefits, in addition to the service provided to organizations and communities. However, little is known about the volunteering behaviors of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) youth. This is a large and growing lacuna in the literature, as recent demographic surveys show that younger people are far more likely to identify as LGBTQ than those in older generations across many countries. Using Hustinx et al.'s Inequality in Volunteering model as a theoretical lens and analyzing survey data from 16‐year‐olds in Northern Ireland, this research explores whether LGB youth experience inequalities in volunteering activities relative to their non‐LGB peers. Measures of volunteering activities include propensity to volunteer in formal and informal settings, motivations, location for formal volunteering, and experiences while volunteering. Findings indicate that LGB youth are less likely to volunteer in sports or religiously oriented organizations, more likely to volunteer in order to expand social networks, and less likely to report feeling appreciated by the organizations they volunteer with. I discuss implications for philanthropic organizations wanting to move towards creating inclusive environments for LGBTQ youth volunteers and call for increased investment in data collection within gender and sexual minority populations.
Phantosmia during proton radiation and differences in frequency of phantosmia rates based on proton craniospinal irradiation technique for pediatric brain tumor patients
Authors: Ioakeim‐Ioannidou Myrsini , Daartz Juliane , Erfani Parsa , Urell Tobias , Lalonde Arthur , Berv Julia , Leahy Shannon , Fullerton Barbara , Bolton Rachel , Yock Torunn , Tarbell Nancy , Yeap Beow , MacDonald Shannon M
Published: February 2024

Background

Unusual olfactory perception, often referred to as “phantosmia” or “cacosmia” has been reported during brain radiotherapy (RT), but is infrequent and does not typically interfere with the ability to deliver treatment. We seek to determine the rate of phantosmia for patients treated with proton craniospinal irradiation (CSI) and identify any potential clinical or treatment‐related associations.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 127 pediatric patients treated with CSI, followed by a boost to the brain for primary brain tumors in a single institution between 2016 and 2021. Proton CSI was delivered with passive scattering (PS) proton technique (n = 53) or pencil beam scanning technique (PBS) (n = 74). Within the PBS group, treatment delivery to the CSI utilized a single posterior (PA) field (n = 24) or two posterior oblique fields (n = 50). We collected data on phantom smell, nausea/vomiting, and the use of medical intervention.

Results

Our cohort included 80 males and 47 females. The median age of patients was 10 years (range: 3–21). Seventy‐one patients (56%) received concurrent chemotherapy. During RT, 104 patients (82%) developed worsening nausea, while 63 patients (50%) reported episodes of emesis. Of those patients who were awake during CSI (n = 59), 17 (29%) reported phantosmia. In the non‐sedated group, we found a higher rate of phantosmia in patients treated with PBS (n = 16, 42%) than PS (n = 1, 4.7%) (p = .002). Seventy‐eight patients (61%) required medical intervention after developing nausea/vomiting or phantosmia during RT. Two patients required sedation due to the malodorous smell during CSI. We did not find any significant difference in nausea/vomiting based on treatment technique.

Conclusion

Proton technique significantly influenced olfactory perception with greater rates of phantosmia with PBS compared to PS. Prospective studies should be performed to determine the cause of these findings and determine techniques to minimize phantosmia during radiation therapy.
A rapid method for the determination of stable hydrogen isotope ratios of acetic acid in vinegar
Authors: Feng Di , Wang Daobing , Zhong Qiding , Wu Zhuying , Yue Hongwei , Liu Yang , Zhang Luoqi
Published: February 2024

Rationale

Vinegar is an everyday condiment made from fermented grains or fruits. It contains acetic acid which is the main organic material produced by fermentation. Vinegar suffers from the authenticity problem of exogenous adulteration due to the indistinguishability of low‐cost chemical sources of synthetic acetic acid from acetic acid produced by fermentation. It is necessary to establish a simple and rapid measurement technique.

Methods

Determination was according to the total acid content of vinegar diluted with acetone to a certain concentration. Online separation and determination of acetic acid δD in vinegar were carried out using gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Results

An HP‐Plot/U column was selected for online separation of acetic acid and water with molecular sieve characteristics. At the same time, combined with the instrument blowback function to remove water. Dilute solvent acetone was treated with a molecular sieve to remove trace water. The reproducibility of this method is less than 3‰. The long‐term stability is within a reasonable error range. The accuracy correlation coefficient is greater than 0.99. The δD values of acetic acid in vinegar (−264.5 ± 20.3‰) and from chemical sources (−30.5 ± 90.8‰) were obtained.

Conclusions

A rapid method was developed for identification of different sources of acetic acid. These different sources of acetic acid exhibited significant hydrogen isotope distribution characteristics. Additionally, it was observed that the carboxyl hydrogen of acetic acid exhibited facile exchange with water. In future investigations, we aim to mitigate this interference.
Red Fluorescence Enhancement and Optical Communication Performance of CuI Crystals Grown in HI Solution
Authors: Ling Qilong , Yang Hongyu , Liu Ping , Lv Yanfei , Li Jingzhou , Xi Junhua , Fu Li , Chen Fei , Zhang Rui , Zhao Shichao
Published: February 2024

The photoluminescence (PL) of cuprous iodide (CuI) has drawn significant attention in the scientific community. In order to investigate the growth methods and environmental conditions on the fluorescence, we first prepared CuI via immersion of copper in hydroiodic acid. This method is beneficial for the growth of large grains (> 20 μm) with intensive red fluorescence emission at 708 nm. The fluorescence has a high quantum yield (34 %), and superior stability. Then we studied the fluorescence behaviors in water. We observed fluorescence quenching, which is due to the energy transfer. Additionally, we studied the effect of temperature on the fluorescence. We found that the fluorescence intensity increased initially then decreased as the temperature increased. The underlying mechanism was analyzed in terms of fluorescence quencher (water) removal and thermal quenching. By controlling heating, we successfully obtained intensive and pure red fluorescence. Finally, we explored the potential application of the red fluorescent of CuI in optical communication. The results demonstrate bit error rates within permissible range of forward error correction, highlighting the superior performance of CuI in optical communication systems.
Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Activity of N‐1 Terminal Segment of α‐(2, 5,7‐Tri‐tert‐butylindol‐3‐yl)alanine‐Incorporated Short Peptides
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Rajavenkatesh , Singh Meenakshi , Anaikutti Parthiban , Pavar Mahesh Chand , Selvaraj Esthar , Rajagopal Saravanakumar , Vignesh Rajendran Babhu
Published: February 2024

Using a minimallised approach,we designed and synthesized N‐terminal modified peptides W‐KRGNKWLA‐CONH2 (P1) and W‐ARGDGGNGRGA‐CONH2 (P2) using Fmoc‐Chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis protocol. High‐performance liquid chromatograms and mass spectrometry (LCMS and analytical HPLC) were employed to determine the purity and molecular weight of the peptide. Surface tension measurements are used to evaluate peptide surface activity. The primary structure of the peptideis anlaysed by NMR spectroscopy. Circular dichroism studies demonstrate that the secondary structure of the peptide changes minimally when it attached to anionic lipid bilayers (POPC : POPG). According to a steady‐state fluorescence experiment, peptides P1 and P2 preferentially interact with anionic (POPC : POPG) lipid bilayers rather than zwitterionic (POPC) lipid bilayers. The peptide P2 interacts preferentially with anionic lipid membranes and has an anticancer effect due to RGD and NGR binding motifs. The cytotoxicity of the MTT experiment demonstrated that both normal and cancerous cells could lower peptide concentrations below their IC50 levels. Molecular docking also supports in‐vitro anticancer research. Both peptides P1 and P2 were non‐toxic to vero cells and appeared to be more promising as it demonstrated wide spectrum anticancer activity.