bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLANT REGENERATION IN VITRO FROM THE EMBRYONIC AXIS OF COMMON AND TEPARY BEANS
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed F. , Read P. E. , Coyne D. P.
Published: February 2019

Regeneration in vitro from the embryonic axis in Phaseolus sp. has not been reported. Two embryo sizes, 0.3-0.4 mm and 0.6-0.7 mm long at 10-12 and 21 days after pollination, respectively, were excised from 4 P. vulgaris (P.v.) and 2 P. acutifolius (P.a.) genotypes. The embryonic leaves and radicale were removed, and 0.1-0.2 mm of the embryonic axis was cultured on Gamborg's B5 medium with 0, 5, 10 and 20μ MBA. The cultures were incubated in the dark at 25°C for 2 weeks followed by 1 week in continuous cool white light (25μ MS-1m2) before transferring to the second medium (0, 2μ MBA and 2μ MBA + 4μ MGA3). The tissues from the larger embryos initiated a single shoot without PGR in 30% of 1 P.v. explants and 30-60% in 2 P.a. The other 3 P.v. formed roots only. Multiple shoots were initiated in all P.v. (15-60%) and in 2 P.a. (60 and 70%) with 5 or 10μ MBA. The tissues from the smaller embryos had single shoots for all genotypes (30-60%) without PGR. Multiple shoots were initiated in 50-80% and 75-90% of the explants from P.v. and P.a., respectively, with 5 or 10μ MBA. Excess callus formed with 20μ MBA and regeneration decreased. After 3 weeks on the second medium, 6-8 shoot s/P. v. and up to 15-20 shoots/Pa. explants were observed.
GENOTYPE EFFECT ON THE SHOOT-FORMING CAPACITY OF TOMATO AND INCIDENCE OF SOMACLONAL VARIANTS IN HETEROZYGOUS REGENERANTS
Authors: Ferreira Francisco A. , Oh Dae-Geun , Tigchelaar Edward C.
Published: February 2019

Six F1's involving 6 multiple genetic marker stocks and a common inbred parent (PU812) were cultured to study the genotypic effect on regeneration ability and frequency of somaclonal variation in R0 for the known heterozygous marker genes. Leaf discs 7 mm in diameter were excised from young fully expanded leaves of 6-7 week old plants, and cultured on MS medium supplemented with cytokinins (Kinetin, Benzyladenine) and IAA. With few exceptions, the parents and F1's responded similarly to different hormone combinations. The beat hormone combinations for shoot formation were 4 mg/l Kinetin + 0.5 mg/l IAA and 2.3 mg/l BA + 0-0.18 mg/l IAA.

Only 2 of the 6 multiple marker stocks and the common inbred parent (PU812) were successfully regenerated. Four of the six hybrids between PU812 and the multiple markers were readily regenerated, whereas 2 hybrids failed to regenerate with several different hormonal combinations. No mutations have been observed for the known heterozygous markers in 76 R0 tissue culture regenerants.
EVALUATION OF MENTOR POLLINATION FOR BLUEBERRY BREEDING
Authors: Wenslaff Timothy F. , Lyrene Paul M.
Published: February 2019

Two clones of anthocyanin-deficient (AD) Vaccinium elliottii (2×, homozygous recessive, yy) were used as seed parents in experiments combining normal and AD pollen. AD gives a seedling marker to distinguish the pollen parent. In the first experiment, flowers were pollinated daily for one, two, three or four days. AD and normal V. elliottii pollen were applied on separate days. The last day of each treatment received the opposite genotype from the previous day(s). The first pollination gave as many, or more, seedlings as later applications but the number of seeds per fruit was higher with multiple pollen applications. The second experiment used pollen from normal V. corymbosum (4×) alone or mixed with AD pollen from the 2× clones. Results depended on the seed-parent genotype. There was no difference between treatments in the number of hybrids produced by W81-1, which tends to set fruit even with only one seed per berry. Only mixed pollen yielded hybrids from clone FL83-139, which was never observed to produce berries with only one seed; apparently the mentor AD pollen helps to set the fruit, thereby allowing the rare hybrid seeds to develop.
GROWTH HABIT TRAIT NOMENCLATURE IN ALMOND AND PEACH PHENOTYPES.
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Gradziel Thos.
Published: February 2019

Almond (Prunus dulcis MIll) and peach (Prunus persica L.) are closely related species with many genetic traits in common. Variation in growth habit shows a consistent pattern among populations of peach, almond and their hybrid offspring. From this material a system of growth habit traits has been identified based upon genetically controlled processes of vegetative shoot elongation and flower bud initiation. All flowers are produced from lateral buds. The classification proposed for their characterization includes:

Class I. Growth from terminal buds on one year old shoots (six morphological groups),

Class II. Growth produced from lateral buds on 1-year old shoots (three morphological groups),

Class III. Combinations of Class I and II These classes cover the entire range of peach and almond phenotypes and probably all Prunus. Class I is precocious and produces flowers by the second year from growth initiation. Class II plants do not produce flowers until the third year. Expression is enhanced by increase in vigor.
RESPONSE OF IN VITRO PROPAGATED PEACHES IN VITRO AND IN MICROPLOTS TO MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNIT A
Authors: Hammerschlag F.A. , Huettel R.N.
Published: February 2019

Five in vitro propagated peach scion cultivars (Suncrest, Rio Oso Gem, Compact Redhaven, Redhaven, Jerseyqueen) and two rootstock (Nemaguard and Lovell) were screened in vitro and in microplots for their susceptibility to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Evaluations in tissue culture for galling were conducted at 5 wk. Trees in microplots were evaluated for 3 years for nematode populations, trunk diameter, and yield. Comparative results indicated that the number and size of galls observed at 5 wk in vitro is indicative of the response of peaches to nematodes under field conditions after three years. Cultivar Compact Redhaven was significantly more tolerant to root-knot than `Lovell' the most widely used peach rootstock. These results suggest that Compact Redhaven might be potentially useful as a rootstock in the Southeast where Nemaguard is used sparingly because of its lack of cold tolerance. In addition, these results indicate that in vitro screening holds promise as a rapid technique for evaluating root-knot nematode resistance.
TALSTAR INSECTICIDE/MITICIDE FORMULATIONS: A REVIEW OF EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY IN ORNAMENTAL USE
Authors: Knabke J. J. , Hancock H. G.
Published: February 2019

Talstar 10WP insecticide/Miticide (bifenthrin) is used for the control of a broad spectrum of economic pests on ornamentals. Over 100 species of greenhouse and field–grown plants, trees and shrubs have been shown to exhibit no phytotoxic response to the wettable powder formulation. Research efforts with alternative bifenthrin, formulations, which exhibit equivalent pest efficacy and lack of phytotoxicity, may also provide unique application opportunities.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON SEED TRACE DEVELOPMENT AND GERMINATION OF FOUR STENOSPERMIC GRAPE CULTIVARS
Authors: Bordelon Bruce P. , Moore J.N.
Published: February 2019

Various plant growth regulators were used to stimulate endosperm and embryo development in four stenospermic grape cultivars. Five antigibberellins were applied to clusters at 1000 and 100 ppm two weeks prior to bloom. Two cytokinins were applied at 1000, 500, and 250 ppm 20 days after bloom. Combinations of the treatments were also made. Data collected included: 1) cluster weight, 2) berry weight, 3) number of `sinker' and `floater' seed traces, 4) `sinker' weight and 5) percent germination. Significant differences were found among treatments for some of the variables. Differences also occurred among cultivars. Percent germination was greater for cultivars with large seed traces. The technique appears to have promise as an alternative to ovule culture/embryo rescue for intercrossing stenospermic grapes.
ROOT GROWTH OF MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA HORT, `ST, MARY AFTER EXPOSURE TO ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: February 2019

Root growth of Magnolia grandiflora Hort. `St. Mary' was studied for 16 wk after an 8-wk exposure period to 30°, 34°, 38°, or 42°±0.8°C root-zone temperature (RZT) treatments applied 6 hr daily, Immediately after the RZT treatment period, total root length was similar for trees exposed to 30°, 34°, and 38°C and was reduced 45% at 42° compared to 38°C. For weeks eight and 18 of the post-treatment period, response of total root length to RZT was linear. Total root length of trees exposed to 28°C was 247% and 225% greater than those exposed to 42°C RZT at week eight and 16, respectively. Root dry weight from the 42°C RZT treatment was 29% and 48% less than 38° and 34°C RZT treatment, respectively, at week eight. By week 16, root dry weight as a function of RZT had changed such that the 42°C RZT was 43% and 47% less than 38° and 34°C RZT, respectively. Differences in root growth patterns between weeks eight and 16 suggest that trees were able to overcome the detrimental effects of the 38°C treatment whereas growth suppression by the 42°C treatment was still evident after 16 wk. Previous exposure of tree roots to supraoptimal RZT regimens may have long-term implications for suppressing growth and lengthening the establishment period of trees in the landscape,
PLANTLET REGENERATION FROM ACIFLUORFEN-TOLERANT CELL LINES OF SOLANUM PTYCANTHUM AND LYCOPERSICON PERUVIANUM.
Authors: Yu Chang-Yeon , Masiunas John
Published: February 2019

Friable callus of Solanum ptycanthum and L. peruvianum PI199380 clone 149 were subcultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog salts and Gamborg Vitamin medium with 2,4-D (1mg/l) until a fine suspension of cells was obtained. The suspension cultured cells were then plated on selection medium. Twenty-five acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines of Solanum ptycanthum and fourteen tolerant Lycopersicon peruvianum cell lines were obtained by a stepwise increase in concentration of acifluorfen. Acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines were transferred on to regeneration media with the herbicide. Shoot regeneration differed depending on the cell line and acifluorfen concentration, ranging from 0 to 37 plants per calli. As acifluorfen concentration increased in the regeneration media, the number of shoots and shoot height decreased. There was a wide range of variation in shoot morphology, which depended on the cell line.
GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MAGNOLIA GRANDFLORA HORT. `ST, MARY' IN RESPONSE TO CONTAINER VOLUME AND SHIFTING TREATMENTS
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ingram Dewayne L , Nell Terril A.
Published: February 2019

Trees were grown for 2 years as a function of three container volumes (10, 27, and 57 liter) the first year and six shifting treatments (10 liter both years, 10 to 27 liter, 10 to 57 liter, 27 liter both years, 27 to 57 liter, or 57 liter both years) the second year when containers were spaced 120 cm on center, Height and caliper were greatest for magnolias grown in 27- or 57-liter containers both years. Caliper was greater for trees shifted from 10-liter containers to the larger container volumes compared to trees grown in 10-liter containers both years, Trees grown in 10-liter containers both years tended to have few roots growing in the outer 4 cm at the eastern, southern, and western exposures in the grow medium, During the second year, high air and growth medium temperatures may have been primary limiting factors to carbon assimilation during June and August. Using large container volumes to increase carbon assimilation and tree growth may be even more important when daily maximum air temperatures are lower during late spring or early fall compared to midsummer.
THE EFFECT OF CHILLING TIME AND PHOTOPERIOD ON FLOWERING OF STANDARD DWARF BEARDED IRIS.
Authors: Anjichi Victoria E. , Holcomb Edmund J.
Published: February 2019

The flowering of Dwarf Bearded Iris as a potted plant requires knowledge of the effect of chilling time and photoperiod on the plant. An experiment was conducted to determine what combination of these two factors would lead to flowering. The treatments were chilling time (0,4, and 8 weeks) and irradiance treatment (short day, long day, and HID lighting). Iris rhizomes were potted into 6 inch pots, kept moist and placed in a 4°C cooler for the various lengths of time. These were then transferred to the different irradiance levels and allowed to flower in the greenhouse.

The plants that received 8 weeks of chilling flowered earliest, followed by those that received 4 weeks of chilling. The plants that were placed under HID lighting flowered earlier than those that were placed under long day light treatment. The plants that received short day light treatment did not flower except for those that received-8 weeks of chilling.
MICROSOMAL MEMBRANE CHANGES IN IRRADIATED CAULIFLOWER DURING STORAGE
Authors: Voisine Richard , Willemot Claude , Vézina Louis
Published: February 2019

Cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea) were irradiated at 0, 2, and 4 kGy and stored 8 days at 13°C. Development of yellow color and browning of the in florescence, increase in membrane electrolyte leakage and reduction of protein recovery in microsomal membranes were observed over the storage period. Changes in membrane free fatty acids, lipid phosphorus content, peroxydation level, and fatty acid composition of polar lipids also occurred. These results indicate an important modification of cellular membranes. The direct effect of gamma rays on membrane lipids via free radical production and subsequent destabilization of the lipid bilayer during storage could be responsable for earlier onset of senescence.
THE EFFECTS OF FILM-FORMING ANTITRANSPIRANTS ON LEAF WATER RELATIONS OF BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: McKenney Cynthia B. , Kamp-Glass Marihelen
Published: February 2019

The effectiveness of antitranspirant type and concentration on the leaf water relations of Saliva splendens F. `Firebird and Petunia × hybrida Juss. `Comanche'. Two film-forming antitranspirants, Cloud Cover and Folicote, were tested at three different concentrations in two different environments. The leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and relative water content were evaluated. Transpiration per unit vapor pressure deficit and stomatal conductance for both crops decrease slightly but there was no trend with respect to the film type, environment or concentration rate. The leaf water potentials and relative water content did not show significant difference after antitranspirant application. In order for antitranspirant application to be of benefit to the growth of herbaceous plants, a more durable coating that remains semipermeable would have to be utilized.
TEMPERATURE DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS PLANT MORPHOLOGY OF BEGONIA × HIEMALIS
Authors: Karlsson M. G. , Werner J. W. , McIntyre H.C.H.
Published: February 2019

The effect of temperature during the initial long day period on morphology and plant dry weight was determined for Begonia × hiemalis `Hilda'. Multistem cuttings were planted in 10 cm pots and grown at 13°, 16°, 19°, 22°, 25° or 28°C. The day length was 16 hours at an irradiance level of 280 ± 20 μmol·m-2s-1. After 21 days, the plants were moved to a greenhouse maintained at 20° ± 2°C and short days of 10 hours at 125 ± 20 μmol·m-2s-1. The plants were grown under short days for 14 days and then moved to a day length of 16 hours. At data collection 21 days later (56 days from planting), plant height averaged 185 mm for plants initially grown at 13°, 16°, 19° or 22°C while pants originally grown at 25° and 28°C were 40 and 78 mm shorter than plants started at lower temperatures. The mean number of shoots was 4 on plants exposed to 16°, 19°, 22° or 25°C during early development and decrease to 3 shoots for plants grown initially at 13° or 28°C. The average flower number on the main shoot was similar for plants first exposed to low and intermediate temperatures but decreased rapidly to 0 for plants with early exposure to 28°C. Plants in treatments with early temperatures of 19° or 22°C had the largest above ground dry weight at an average 460 mg.
IMPROVEMENT IN SEED GERMINATION IN PURPLE CONEFLOWER (ECHINACEA PURPUREA) AFTER COLD STRATIFICATION OR OSMOTIC PRIMING.
Authors: Wartidiningsih N. , Geneve Robert L.
Published: February 2019

Germination was evaluated in six seed lots of purple coneflower purchased from four different seed companies. Standard germination percent ranged from 28% to 90% depending on the seed lot. For seed collected in 1989, seed size and stage of development of the seed at harvest could not account for the wide variability in seed germination observed in the purchased seed lots. preconditioning the seed with either cold stratification (10°C for 10 days) or osmotic priming (PEG or salt solution at -5 bars for 5 days) increased the rate of germination and the overall percent germination for all seed lots and dramatically improved germination in the poor germinating seed lots. Preconditioning appears to overcome either a shallow physiological dormancy or compensates for seeds with poor vigor or quality. In either case, seed preconditioning drastically improved seed germination (rate and percent) in greenhouse and field tests for purple coneflower.
EFFECT OF UNICONIZOLE AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON WATER USE AND GROWTH OF ASIATIC JASMINE (TRACHELOSPERMUM × ASIATICUM) AND VINCA (VINCA × MAJOR)
Authors: Poff Kimberly A. , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Uniconizole has great potential for use in both the landscape and nursery industry for improved plant quality, more efficient maintenance techniques, and increased water conservation. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of uniconizole and methods of application on growth, development, and water use of asiatic jasmine and vinca. Treatments consisted of 1.25 mg A.I., 2.5 mg A.I., or 5 mg A.I. applied in a 25 ml spray or 25 ml soil drench. Another study was conducted to determine if the growth regulation effects could be overcome by direct application of GA. GA3 and GA4+7 were applied at rates of 2.5 mg A.I., 12.5 mg A.I., or 25 mg A.I. in a 25 ml solution after growth reduction had occurred. The 5 mg A.I. uniconizole spray and drench treatments were most effective in reducing growth and whole plant transpiration for asiatic jasmine and vinca respectively. Transpiration per unit leaf area was not reduced for any treatment except for asiatic jasmine at the highest drench rate.
ROLE OF SYMPATHY FLOWERS IN FUNERAL RITUALS
Authors: Shoemaker Candice A. , Relf P. Diane , Bryant Clifton D.
Published: February 2019

An important sector of florists' business is sympathy flowers. Although flowers are still a component of the funeral, florists are seeing a decline in their sympathy sales. Do flowers serve a role in the funeral ritual? Surveys of funeral directors, grief therapists, and the recently bereaved were conducted to answer this question.

Survey results show that sympathy flowers serve two very different roles in the bereavement process - an emotional role and a functional role. In the emotional role, flowers at the funeral symbolize the care and sympathy people feel towards the survivors. The flowers provide comfort to both the sender and the receiver. Flowers also serve a more functional role, that is, the flowers are noticed in very tangible ways. During the visitation or funeral service the flowers are looked at, touched, smelled, or talked about. The flowers provide a diversion or a starting point for conversation.

A better understanding of the role of sympathy flowers in funeral rituals can help florists, funeral directors, and grief therapists better serve their customers or clients.
THE EFFECTS OF BA + GA4+7 AND DIKEGULAC-SODIUM GA4+7 ON INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE SHOOTS OF AZALEA.
Authors: Bell Michelle L. , Larson Roy A. , Bailey Douglas A.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were designed to determine if the combination of 6-benzyl adenine + gibberellic acid 4+7 can promote increased lateral shoots of desirable number and length on azaleas (Rhododendron simsii Planch.). The use of dikegulac-sodium with the addition of GA4+7 was also investigated to determine if GA4+7 could overcome decreased plant height and diameter caused by dikegulac application. Treatments were applied by spraying 204 ml·m-2 to pinched plants of mean diameter and mean height of 16 and 13 cm, respectively, potted in 1.3 liter plastic containers. Shoot number, plant height and plant diameter were measured 9 weeks after application for the commercially prominent cvs. `Gloria' and `Prize'. Preliminary results indicate that 2100 mg·l-1 ai BA + 2100 mg·l-1 ai GA4+7 increases number of lateral shoots. Initial results suggest the addition of 2100 mg·l-1 ai GA4+7 to 3900 mg·l-1 ai dikegulac overcomes inhibition of internodal elongation induced by dikegulac alone. Further studies will determine the effectiveness of Promalin (N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine + GA4+7, 1:1) as a pinching agent on azaleas.
WATER REQUIREMENTS OF GROUNDCOVER SPECIES IN CENTRAL ARIZONA
Authors: Feldman William R. , Niemiera Alex X.
Published: February 2019

Determination of water needed for good function of established groundcovers in the Southwest is important in creating well-adapted, sustainable urban landscapes in this semi-arid region. Myoporum parvifolium from Australia and Dalea greggi from the Chihuahua Desert were tested at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of evaporation from an adjacent class A pan. Myoporum grew most at the higher irrigation regimes, but actually performed best at the lowest irrigation level, growing less than those given more water, but showing better color and vigor. Infrared leaf temperature data showed that lowest irrigation regime plants still transpired actively and had cool leaves. With Dalea, growth was directly related to water applied, with the most growth at the 100% treatment. All plants survived, but the lowest irrigation regime plants were sparse and showed definite signs of water stress. Infrared temperature measurements indicated increasing water stress as water applied decreased. At treatment onset, the Dalea had not completely covered the soil surface, so 75% of pan evaporation can be considered adequate for establishment of Dalea.
POLYAMINES REDUCE CHILLING INJURY IN MCINTOSH APPLES AND ZUCCHINI SQUASH
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Kramer G. F.
Published: February 2019

Postharvest applications of polyamines reduced chilling injury of McIntosh apples and zucchini squash. McIntosh apples developed brown core, a symptom of chilling injury, after 5 months of storage at 0°C. However, this disorder was absent in fruit infiltrated with putrescine, spermidine, or spermine. Polyamine treatments also reduced softening of fruit tissue. Pressure infiltration of zucchini squash with spermine immediately after harvest reduced the severity of surface pitting during subsequent storage at 2.5°C. The elevation of spermidine and spermine levels and the augmentation of S-denosyl-methionine decarboxylase activity in squash by temperature preconditioning was also correlated with increased resistance of the squash to chilling injury.
COMMERCIAL MICROPROPAGATION OF Syringa SPECIES AND HYBRIDS
Authors: Caton Lynne Edick , McCulloch Steve
Published: February 2019

Briggs Nursery has micropropagated lilacs commercially since 1982. Presently we are producing more than 30 species and hybrids and have observed that media requirements vary significantly. In this study 5 lilacs representing a range of germtypic and phenotypic differences were examined to optimize cytokinin concentrations for shoot growth in vitro. Lilacs were grown on MS salts with BA, 2iP, and zeatin used individually and in combination. Plants were subculture 3 times, at 6 week intervals, at the conclusion of which quantitative data was taken with respect to shoot multiplication, elongation, and quality. These factors help determine the commercial practicality of producing lilacs through tissue culture.
THE TOLERANCE OF MANGO TO INSECTICIDAL OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Tiznado M. , Yahia E.M. , Vazquez-Moreno L.
Published: February 2019

Mango fruits (cv Keitt) were exposed to a continuous flow of low O2 atmosphere of 0.1 to 0.2% (balance is N2) for 0 to 5 days at 20°C. Fruits were evaluated every day after exposure to low O2 atmosphere, and again after 5 days in air at 20°C. A sensory evaluation test was conducted after 15 days from the initiation of the experiment. The low O2 atmosphere reduced the activity of the enzymes malic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase but did not affect the activity of α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. However, there was no indication of any fruit injury nor any detrimental organoleptic changes due to the low O2 atmosphere. These results suggest the possibility of the application of very low O2 atmosphere for postharvest insect control in mango.
RESPONSES OF “KEITT” MANGO TO SHORT TERM INSECTICIDAL O2 AND CO2 ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Medina F. , Yahia E.M. , Vazquez L. , Calderón A.M.
Published: February 2019

The tolerance of “Keitt” mango to a modified atmosphere (MA) of < 0.5% O2 + 70-80% CO2 for 0 to 4 days and a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 50% CO2 for 0 to 5 days was evaluated. MA and CA delayed the respiratory climacteric of the fruit. There was no significant fruit injury due to the low O2 or high CO2 atmosphere, Sensory evaluation tests did not indicate the presence of any off-flavors. Both CA and MA increased the activity of the enzyme ATP: Phosphofructokinase, did not effect the activity of pyruvate kinase, and MA reduced the activity of PPi: phosphofructokinase. MA reduced the levels of frutose 6-phosphate, while phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvic acid were not effected by both atmosphere treatments Although insecticidal O2 and CO2 atmosphere resulted in changes in the glycolitic activity, there was no indication of any injury and fruits were ripened normally, This work indicates the potential of the application of M/CA for postharvest insect control in mango.
USE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE IN VIVO SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSES IN DETERMINING LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS AND LIGHT ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BEDDING PLANTS GROWN WITH DIFFERENT N SOURCE
Authors: Jeong Byoung Ryong , Lee Chi Won , Daley Larry S.
Published: February 2019

A non-destructive in vivo spectroscopic method for leaf chlorophyll (Chl) measurement was developed. Spectroscopic analyses of intact leaves of ageratum, petunia and salvia showed strong correlations between leaf light absorption at 723 nm and Chl-a contents. NH4+ increased Chl contents in both ageratum and petunia whereas NO3- increased Chl contents in salvia. Plants fed with NH4+ + NO3- also contained higher Chl. Chl-a/-b ratio in salvia was lowered by NO3-. Ageratum, petunia and salvia grown with either NH4+, NO3-, or NH4+ + NO3- were also examined for their light absorption characteristics. Light absorption at 705 nm by ageratum and petunia leaves was increased by NH4+ treatment. NH4+ is believed to have changed the structure of photosystem I in both ageratum and petunia but not in salvia. This result explain reasons for salvia's sensitivity to NH4+ fed as a sole N source.
EFFECTS OF ATRINAL SPRAY ON BRANCHING AND GROWTH OF CHRYSANTHEMUM `FORTUNE'.
Authors: Al-Juboory Hurriah H.
Published: February 2019

Three node stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum `Fortune' were sprayed with Atrinal, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, to incipient runoff under greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated that with higher levels of Atrinal, branch number, branch length, plant height, and flower number decreased in both unpinched and pinched plants. At the same time, the dry weight of both pinched and unpinched plants increased. Applications of Atrinal, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm, lengthened the number of days to flower by 40 days.
MICROPROPAGATION OF THE HAZELNUT, CORYLUS AVELLANA
Authors: Bassil Nahla V. , Rebhuhn B.J. , Mok David W.S. , Mok Machteld C.
Published: February 2019

Development of optimum protocols for micropropagation of C. avellana is particularly important due to the threat of Eastern Filbert Blight and the need for rapid increase of resistant varieties and advanced selections. Therefore, efforts were directed at in vitro establishment, multiplication and rooting, starting with buds from mature trees. The frequency of shoot formation from buds was highest in August but varied with the genotype. Medium containing high Ca levels was more effective in preventing bud necrosis than MS medium. Multiplication rates of 4-7 new shoots/propagule were obtained over a 6-week culture period. Rooting of some genotypes could be accomplished by inclusion of 1 or 3 μM β- indolebutyric acid (IBA) in the medium. Other genotypes responded better to a dip of shoot bases in 1-10 mM IBA for 10 sec., followed by a passage on auxin-free medium. Large numbers of healthy plantlets have been produced for transfer to soil.
ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF TRICKLE AND FLOOD-IRRIGATED GRAPEFRUIT
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz
Published: February 2019

Root distribution of trickle–and flood-irrigated 4-year-old `Ray Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock was studied utilizing a trench method. Irrigation treatments were: flooding at 50% soil water depletion, trickle irrigation (2 drippers per tree) at 0.5 Class A Pan evaporation or at 0.02 MPa soil tension. Two trees from each treatment were studied. Five 2.5 m deep trenches positioned perpendicular or parallel to the tree row at 0.6, 2.1, or 4.3 m from the tree trunks were dug per tree. After washing off a 0.5 cm thick layer of soil from the trench wall, 0.5 cm long root sections were marked on a transparent plastic film attached to the wall. Many roots of trickle-irrigated trees grew past the trickle wetted zone and extended beyond 2.1 but not 4.3 m of the trunk. However, the roots of flood-irrigated trees were present at all distances from the trunk. From 26 to 51% of the roots of trickle–irrigated trees were found 90-230 cm deep, despite the clayey texture of the top 1 m of soil which was underlaid by a sandy clay loam. The root systems-of flood-irrigated trees were shallower and in most cases confined to the top 90 cm soil layer.
AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS).
Authors: Bower Marsha A. , Quinn L. Michele , Brown John M.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of biological control measures to control Western Flower Thrips. Thrips population and preferred trap color were examined using sticky trap tapes in 5 fluorescent colors, orange, yellow, green, blue and pink. Results indicated that pink is more effective in attracting thrips than the traditional yellow or the newly acclaimed blue sticky traps on the market now. Studies were also conducted to determine if the entomogenous nematode (Steinernema feltiae) could invade and parasitize Western Flower Thrips, and which stage of the thrips life cycle was most susceptible to parasitization. Thrips were dissected and checked for nematode invasion at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. S. feltiae was found to invade the body cavity after 24 hours in the larval stage of Western Flower Thrips resulting in death.
HORTICULTURE INTERACTIVE VIDEO PROGRAMS IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Ness Carol , Bloom Leslye , Relf P. Diane , Miller Mary
Published: February 2019

Horticulture information is being placed at the fingertips of Virginia citizens through the use of Public Information Interactive Video Systems. A personal computer (with a touch-screen monitor) and laserdisc player work together to offer a multi-media delivery system. The user moves through programs by simply touching the screen to browse, skip ahead, back up, look up specific information, and print out needed information. A program on household plants contains photographs and information on 131 popular cut flowers and houseplants. A program on selecting landscape plants includes short video segments on the plant selection process, a plant sorter, picture album, and information on the 141 trees, shrubs, vines, and ground covers. Horticulture questions are among those answered in a section on questions most often asked of extension agents. This horticulture information program is one of the top two programs used in the Public Information Interactive Video System in Virginia.
ESTABLISHING AN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TEAM TO ADDRESS HUMAN ISSUES IN HORTICULTURE
Authors: Relf P. Diane , Madsen R. Peter
Published: February 2019

Developing the Interdisciplinary Research Team of the Office of Consumer Horticulture has proven to be very effective at Virginia Tech. Established with the support of the Director of the Agricultural Research Station and the Dean of Research, the initial team was gathered based on their diverse fields and a common “interest” in plants. This core group consisted of three horticulturists, a landscape architect, a psychologist, a sociologist, and an Extension administrator. A campus-wide promotional mailing brought several new members. Members were also invited to join based on their human-factors research activities as reported in campus media. There are currently 19 members; they have actively pursued cooperative research projects to keep costs at a minimum. Members have conducted a 100-participant campus workshop as well as the national symposium, “The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development,” and are currently working on ten research projects which will help develop methods and data valuable for learning about the effects of horticulture on human life quality.
DESCRIPTION OF FLORAL AND FRUIT MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE-STERILE15 (MS-15) MUTANT AND ITS ALLELES (MS-1526, MS-1547, AND ISRAELI-MS) IN TOMATO
Authors: Kanagy Jon M.
Published: February 2019

Many genes conditioning male sterility have been reported in the tomato. This study describes the male sterile gene ms-15 and three independently reported alleles (ms-1526, ms-1547, and Israelims). All alleles at the ms-15 locus differ phenotypically from normal fertile flowers primarily in stamen structure. Stamens of the mutant plants were reduced in size, twisted, seldom connate, and often adnate to the pistil. Further, stamens often bore external ovules and flap-like structures on the adaxial surface. Variation in these abnormalities between the alleles of ms-15 will be discussed.

Fruit “zippering” and catfacing is commonly observed in fruit which results from manual pollination of male sterile flowers. The extent of these abnormalities varies with male sterile genotype and is not observed in the resulting F1 hybrids. It is suggested that these abnormalities result from adnation of the stamens to the ovary.
PROMOTING AWARENESS OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE LANDSCAPE
Authors: Shuping Deborah M. , Zahner Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2019

Water conservation is making journal headlines nationwide because of drought, contamination, pollution, and over development. While the idea of xeriscaping began in the Western United States where landscapes can be truly dry, many water-saving principles apply to the Southeast, where home moisture problems and pest problems associated with moisture are a major problem. A year of drought maybe followed by three years of plentiful rainfall, and conditions are significantly different from the semi-arid regions of the country to which most of the present literature on water conservation is directed.

The purpose of this project was to provide information on water conservation to designers, landscape industry personnel, and homeowners in the Southeast. This was done by compiling recommendations based on research being conducted by professionals in building science, forestry, horticulture, entomology and landscape architecture.

An educational tool addressing the pressing national problem of water conservation with a regional emphasis, this project was designed to help readers increase landscape water efficiency by 30 to 50% while lowering maintenance costs and insuring greater survivability of landscape plants in times of water shortage. Through careful planning and design, economically attractive and aesthetically sound water conserving landscapes can be created.
THE EFFECT OF CUPULE REMOVAL AND SEED HYDRATION ON THE GERMINATION OF TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES SEEDS
Authors: Heisinger Jennifer , Savage Rick , Marsh Dyremple , Hassien Fred
Published: February 2019

The germination percentage of eastern gamagrass under normal field conditions ranges from 5 to 10%. These rates are considered low and methods to improve stand establishment in this species are necessary, Studies were initiated to determine if cupule removal and seed hydration were effective in improving the germination percentage of eastern gamagrass. Seeds from which the cupules were removed were incubated for 30 days at 5° C in 100% ethylene glycol (EG). Control were seeds incubated in distilled water. At 12, 18, 24 and 30 days after the start of incubation, seeds from each group were removed and subjected to rapid warming at 25 - 27° C. Cupule removal significantly increased seed germination by as much as 55% over the control. Seeds with cupule removed and incubated in EG had a 65% germination rate,
PURE STANDS OF CUCUMBER CULTIGENS IMPROVE YIELD OVER MIXTURES
Authors: Schutheis Jonathan R. , Wehner Todd C.
Published: February 2019

Mixtures of different cucumber cultivars or breeding lines (collectively called cultigens) has been used commercially in some parts of the U.S. The objective of this study was to determine whether mixtures of cultigens produce higher yields than pure stands. Three cultigen pairs: Gy 14A+ M 21, Gy 4 + WI 2757 and Regal+ Carolina (higher yielding cultigen listed first) were blended at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, and sown in a spring and summer planting in 1989. Fruit were harvested 6 times in each study and graded according to N. C. standards. Data were collected on yield, earliness, vine size, sex expression and disease resistance. Yields from the spring planting were superior to those from the summer, For maximum fruit weight (Mg/ha), a mixture consisting of 25% of the lower yielding cultigen of each pair should be grown. However, for maximum fruit value ($/ha), the higher yielding cultigen of each pair should be grown in pure stand. We concluded that arbitrary mixtures of cultivars offer no advantage in most cases, although superior mixtures might be produced by evaluating cultigen pairs for complementation.
THE USE OF ETHEPHON AND NAA AS A HARVEST AID ON PECANS (Carya illinoensis Koch.) IN MEXICO
Authors: Miguel Martinez T. , Miguel Duarte U.
Published: February 2019

Ethephon and NAA in 2 combinations were applied to 17 year old “Western” pecan trees near the coast of Hermosillo, in Sonora, Mexico. The treatments were: a) 300 ppm NAA plus 800 ppm Ethephon; b) 300 ppm NAA plus 500 ppm Ethephon. These treatments were applied at three different times: first, when nut physiological maturity was reached, second, 10 days after nut physiological maturity and third, 21 days after physiological maturity was reached. The best treatment was the combination of 300 ppm NAA plus 800 ppm Ethephon applied 10 days after physiological maturity. This treatment resulted in 100% shuck dehiscence, 10% leaf abscission, 2 weeks advance in harvest and the best kernel color when compared to control.
POSTHARVEST QUALITY CHANGES IN RADICCHIO
Authors: Perkins-Veazie P.M. , Russo V. , Collins J.K.
Published: February 2019

Radicchio, also known as red-leaved chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), is a high value vegetable crop. Few postharvest characteristics have been described for this crop. Five cultivars of radicchio were held at 1 and 10C in plastic boxes or shrink-wrap bags to determine postharvest quality changes. Weight loss was similar at both temperatures for all cultivars. Major quality losses of radicchio held in shrink-wrap or plastic boxes at 1C were caused by leaf browning. Shrink-wrapping prevented leaf shrinkage and bleaching, but enhanced decay at 10C. The respiration rate of radicchio heads held at 1C was initially 7.4 ml· CO2 kg-1 · h-1, then fell to 3 ml CO2 ·k g-1 · h-1 after 7 days of storage at 1C. Respiration at 10C was maintained near 19 ml·k g-1· h-1 through the duration of the experiment. Shrink-wrapped radicchio held at 1C had marketable quality for 5 weeks.
SOIL TYPE AND POTTING MEDIUM INFLUENCE ON RUST PUSTULE GRADE (SIZE) ON DRY BEAN LEAVES (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
Authors: Zaiter Haytham Z. , Coyne Dermot P. , Clark Ralph B. , Steadman James R.
Published: February 2019

Nine bean cultivars/lines were grown in a Tripp sandy-clay loam (high pH), a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (neutral pH), and a potting mix (equal volume of sand, soil [Sharpsburg silty clay loam], vermiculite and moss pest) (low pH) in greenhouse (one experiment), growth chamber (two experiments), and field (two experiments) in Lincoln, NE, in order to evaluate the leaf reaction of the plants to a Nebraska rust (Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus) isolate US85-NP-10-1. A factorial arrangement of soil media and cultivars/lines in a randomized complete block design was used in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments, while a split-plot design (soil media as main plots and cultivars/lines as sub-plots) was used in the field experiments. Significant differences were observed for rust pustule size of cultivars/lines grown on the three different soil media. Plants grown on potting mix medium showed significant Increases in rust pustule size compared with Tripp (high pH) or Sharpsburg silty clay loam soils (neutral pH). A significant interaction occurred between soil media and cultivars/lines for the rust reaction. A positive correlation (R= +0.5) was observed between the increased concentration of C1 and Mn,, and a negative correlation for lower K (R+ -0.44) and soil pH in the potting mix and larger rust pustule size of leaves. These results have implications for plant breeders and pathologists involved in evaluating bean progenies and lines for rust resistance.
GROWING DEGREE DAYS AS A METHOD FOR DETERMINING CARROT SEED HARVEST
Authors: Simmons Gil , Dean Bill B.
Published: February 2019

Carrot (Daucus carota) L.) seed quality is affected by the environment in which it matures. Substantial differences in germination from year to year and from field to field have been recognized for many years for umbelliferae seed. Part of the explanation for low germination appears to be the harvest of immature seed. Data was collected for two years, from fields of the cultivars Chantenay and Nantes. Approximately 550 growing degree days were accumulated from anthesis until maturity for seed from the primary umbel. Growing degree days were calculated using a 10°C base temperature and without truncating for temperatures in excess of 35°C. Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary umbel seed maturity sequentially followed primary umbel seed. Secondary and tertiary umbels produced approximately 80 percent of the total seed yield while the primary and quaternary umbels produced approximately 20 percent. Seed maturity was determined by measuring the germination rate. Immature seed germinate at a slower rate than mature seed. The implications of these results for obtaining high quality carrot seed will be discussed.
ORCHARD DESIGN OF SOUR CHERRY IS YIELD RELATED TO LIGHT INTERCEPTION?
Authors: Flore J.A. , Layne D.R.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this experiment was to design orchard systems and tree shapes that optimize production based upon light interception. `Montmoreney' on `Mahaleb' rootstock was established at the Clarksville Horticultural Research Station in 1982. The following factors were investigated: a) tree shape; free form, Δ triangle and • rectangle, b) tree height to clear alleyway width ratios; 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5, and c) tree density 3.0×4.5 m, 3.0×6.0 m. Tree shape was established beginning in the 3rd leaf by summer hedging on an annual basis at the end of stage II of fruit growth. Beginning with the 4th leaf, light interception in each system was estimated by measuring the light interception below the canopy at hourly intervals after full canopy development. In 1989, yields ranged from 14,000 to 22,000 Kg ha-1. Ripening was delayed for rectangle shaped trees, with a height to clear alleyway, width ratio of 1.5, spaced 3.0×4.5 m, likely because hedging reduced leaf to fruit ratios. Within a tree form, yield was linearly related to % light interception, however rectangular trees were more productive than triangle shaped trees. The relevance of this study to orchard design will be discussed.
ROOT HARDINESS OF GRAPE CULTIVARS
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Rom C. R.
Published: February 2019

Roots of one year old grape cvs. Concord, White Riesling, Grenache and Semillon were frozen to 0, -5, -10, -15 and -20°C in a programmable freezer. The tops were protected from cold by insulating them. For survival test, 4 plants of each cv. were planted in the greenhouse and their growth observed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), using a computer attached to a programmable freezer was performed on roots. To aid in the interpretation of DTA, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was performed. Hardiness determinations were based on DTA, TTC and the survival tests. DTA patterns representing exothermic response showed an exotherm associated with extracellular free water in tissue which appeared at about the same temperature range for all cvs. This is not associated with hardiness. Additional minor exotherms related to hardiness appeared at lower temperatures than the extracellular water exotherm. Their location differed from one cv. to another. Based on these tests, Concord roots appear to be hardier than other cvs. with important but minor differences in the hardiness of other cvs.
THE EFFECTS OF ABSCISIC ACID ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF STAGE III ROOTING ARONIA ARBUTIFOLIA (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Colon Wilfredo , Kane Mike , Ingram Dewayne , Biggs Hilton
Published: February 2019

Stage 2 micropropagules were transferred into woody plant medium supplemented with either 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/L ABA (Abscisic acid) and with or without 1 mg/L IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid), Significant decreases in total dry weight and shoot length were observed at 1, 10 and 100 mg/L of ABA regardless of IBA concentration, Leaf area was significantly reduced in all treatments by increasing ABA levels. In the absence of IBA no callus formed but lateral roots developed. Another experiment using ABA levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 0, 1 mg/L IBA was conducted. Total number of roots decreased with increasing ABA levels. Adventitious roots which formed on the stem and roots originating from root primordia were observed in all ABA levels with IBA, Callus did not form in the treatments lacking IBA. Scanning electron microscopy was used to document morphological differences due to ABA, Abscisic acid levels in leaf tissue were assayed using immunological techniques.
TISSUE CULTURE PRODUCED STRAWBERRY PLANTS ARE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISIC ACID (ABA).
Authors: Mohamed Fouad , Swartz Harry Jan , Buta George
Published: February 2019

In previous abstracts (HortScience 23:707;24:121), ABA when added throughout the in vitro production cycle, reversed the tissue culture-induced rejuvenation of the day neutral strawberry `Fern'. Compared to benzyl adenine (BA) proliferated plants, ABA treated tissue culture-produced plants flowered earlier and had more adult leaf patterns. In the present study, we analysed endogenous ABA concentrations in the apices and unexpanded leaves of BA treated tissue culture-propagated plants, selved seedlings and propagated adult runner tip plants at 3, 7 and 15 weeks ex vitro, after germination or after runner tip propagation. Using pentadeuterated standards and single ion monitoring, ABA concentrations in tissue culture produced and juvenile seedling plants were significantly lower than adult plants at 3 and 7 weeks. By 7 weeks, only the adult plants were flowering. At 15 weeks, no differences in ABA concentration were significant and all three types flowered.