bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐efficient equitable water distribution in Algeria: a bicriteria fair division problem with network constraints
Authors: Udías Angel , Insua David Ríos , Cano Javier , Fellag Hocine
Published: April 2012

We deal with a complex water distribution problem through a bicriteria fair division model over time with network constraints: we aim at distributing water fairly in a cost‐efficient manner. The problem is illustrated for the region of Kabylia, Algeria. It involves the optimization of pump operational schedules as well as strategic planning issues. Complex rules establish energy tariffs depending on the time of day and the contractual issues of the pump facilities. We discuss the relevance and implementation of different solution concepts, showing various alternatives that improve upon current management procedures.
Corpses, dead body politics and agency in human geography: following the corpse of Dr Petru Groza
Authors: Young Craig , Light Duncan
Published: April 2012

This paper follows the mobilities between 1958 and 1990 of the dead body of Dr Petru Groza (1884–1958), a significant political figure in post‐World War II socialist Romania, to explore the implications for human geography of engaging with the dead. Although there has been a considerable interest in ‘geographies of the body’ and ‘deathscapes’, human geography has had relatively little to say about dead bodies. The paper draws on literatures from death studies and dead body politics, as well as research in memory studies, history, anthropology and law, to develop an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the corpse in society, and argues that human geography should do more to consider how dead bodies contribute to the formation of contemporary geographies. To illustrate these points the analysis first explores how the treatment of Groza’s corpse and the ‘deathwork’ associated with it is an example of ‘dead body politics’. Second, the analysis draws out the agency of the corpse and its role in a variety of ‘deathscapes’. The conclusion considers the implications for human geography of engaging with ‘corpse geographies’ more generally.
Towards geographies of speech: proverbial utterances of home in contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Brickell Katherine
Published: April 2012

Whilst social life is discursively constituted, produced and reproduced through situated acts of speaking, this paper contends that geographers have failed to devote sustained attention to speech as a practice that provokes meanings in, and of, different spaces. Despite calls to human geographers 20 years ago by Yi‐Fu Tuan to take speech seriously the paper demonstrates how geographers could benefit from greater engagement in practice; what disposes people to speak in the way they do, how and when they do, and how lived experiences and inherited knowledges are interwoven into these active moments. Interrogating spatial ontologies of speech revealed through research conducted in contemporary Vietnam, the paper reveals the repeated utterances of the proverb ‘men build the house, women build the home’ and the differentiated interpretations and etiological tales that arose in relation. The findings on normative and then transgressive usages and significations of these utterances shows how a greater sensory holism could, in part, be achieved by bringing the discipline into more committed conversation with geographies of speech both in and between the Global South and Global North. The paper signals a much broader agenda in geographical research that takes fuller heed of the spatial imaginings and meanings embedded in, and uttered through, oral cultures, folklore and speech.
Insights into mechanisms of corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor signal transduction
Authors: Grammatopoulos Dimitris K
Published: April 2012

During evolution, mammals have developed remarkably similar molecular mechanisms to respond to external challenges and maintain survival. Critical regulators of these mechanisms are the family of ‘stress’‐peptides that consists of the corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and urocortins (Ucns). These neuropeptides ‘fine‐tune’ integration of an intricate series of physiological responses involving the autonomic, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular and reproductive systems, which induce a spectrum of behavioural and homeostatic changes. CRH and Ucns exert their actions by activating two types of CRH receptors (CRH‐R), CRH‐R1 and CRH‐R2, which belong to the class‐B1 family of GPCRs. The CRH‐Rs exhibit signalling promiscuity facilitated by their ability to couple to multiple G‐proteins and regulate diverse intracellular networks that involve intracellular effectors such as cAMP and an array of PKs in an agonist and tissue‐specific manner, a property that allows them to exert unique roles in the integration of homeostatic mechanisms. We only now begin to unravel the plethora of CRH‐R biological actions and the transcriptional and post‐translational mechanisms such as alternative mRNA splicing or phosphorylation‐mediated desensitization developed to tightly control CRH‐Rs biological activity and regulate their physiological actions. This review summarizes the current understanding of CRH‐R signalling complexity and regulatory mechanisms that underpin cellular responses to CRH and Ucns.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Secretin Family (Class B) G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐1
Targeting a family B GPCR/RAMP receptor complex: CGRP receptor antagonists and migraine
Authors: Moore Eric L , Salvatore Christopher A
Published: April 2012

The clinical effectiveness of antagonizing the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor for relief of migraine pain has been clearly demonstrated, but the road to the development of these small molecule antagonists has been daunting. The key hurdle that needed to be overcome was the CGRP receptor itself. The vast majority of the current antagonists recognize similar epitopes on the calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity‐modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). RAMP1 is a relatively small, single, transmembrane‐spanning protein and along with the G‐protein‐coupled receptor CLR comprise a functional CGRP receptor. The tri‐helical extracellular domain of RAMP1 plays a key role in the high affinity binding of CGRP receptor antagonists and drives their species‐selective pharmacology. Over the years, a significant amount of mutagenesis data has been generated to identify specific amino acids or regions within CLR and RAMP1 that are critical to antagonist binding and has directed attention to the CLR/RAMP1 extracellular domain (ECD) complex. Recently, the crystal structure of the CGRP receptor ECD has been elucidated and not only reinforces the early mutagenesis data, but provides critical insight into the molecular mechanism of CGRP receptor antagonism. This review will highlight the drug design hurdles that must be overcome to meet the desired potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile while retaining drug‐like properties. Although the development of these antagonists has proved challenging, blocking the CGRP receptor may one day represent a new way to manage migraine and offer hope to migraine sufferers.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Secretin Family (Class B) G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐1
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors mediate the effects of corticotropin‐releasing factor on the reinstatement of cocaine seeking and expression of cocaine‐induced behavioural sensitization
Authors: Kupferschmidt DA , Klas PG , Erb S
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The endocannabinoid and corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) systems have been implicated in several long‐lasting behavioural effects of prior cocaine experience. The present experiments were designed to probe functional interactions between endocannabinoids and CRF by testing the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in cocaine‐related behaviours induced or mediated by CRF.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

In Experiment 1, rats trained to self‐administer cocaine were pretreated with the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 (0, 10, 100 or 200 µg, i.c.v.), before tests for reinstatement in response to CRF (0, 0.5 µg, i.c.v.), intermittent footshock stress (0, 0.9 mA) or cocaine (0, 10 mg·kg−1, i.p.). In Experiment 2, rats pre‐exposed to cocaine (15–30 mg·kg−1, i.p.) or saline for 7 days were pretreated with AM251 (0, 10 or 100 µg, i.c.v.) before tests for locomotion in response to CRF (0.5 µg, i.c.v.), cocaine (15 mg·kg−1, i.p.) or saline (i.c.v.).

KEY RESULTS

Pretreatment with AM251 selectively interfered with CRF‐, but not footshock‐ or cocaine‐induced reinstatement. AM251 blocked the expression of behavioural sensitization induced by challenge injections of both CRF and cocaine.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These findings reveal a mediating role for CB1 receptor transmission in the effects of CRF on cocaine‐related behaviours.
Quality Assessment Of Geometric Façade Models Reconstructed From TLS Data
Authors: Landes Tania , Boulaassal Hakim , Grussenmeyer Pierre
Published: April 2012

Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data plays an important role in 3D modelling of urban scenes. Much research is carried out in the fields of pre‐processing, segmentation and geometric reconstruction of laser data of building faÇades. However, the quality of 3D models obtained from this data is rarely assessed. This paper proposes a qualitative and quantitative assessment approach to evaluate the quality of 3D models of faÇades constructed with TLS data. Only segmentation and reconstruction operations are considered in this paper, because they cover the main steps in the 3D modelling process. Since every processing step produces an intermediate result, each one must be analysed and compared with an appropriate reference model. A new approach has been conceived to evaluate the precision of the segmentation results. It is based on the calculation of Boolean operators enabling the comparison of planar clusters produced by the segmentation. To evaluate the vector models resulting from the reconstruction step, a method based on quality indices is proposed. It is adapted not only for precision but also for accuracy calculations. The results show that the quality assessment approach is coherent and, moreover, easy to apply.
Numerical Optimization Studies of Cardiovascular–Rotary Blood Pump Interaction
Authors: Lim Einly , Dokos Socrates , Salamonsen Robert F. , Rosenfeldt Franklin L. , Ayre Peter J. , Lovell Nigel H.
Published: April 2012

A heart–pump interaction model has been developed based on animal experimental measurements obtained with a rotary blood pump in situ. Five canine experiments were performed to investigate the interaction between the cardiovascular system and the implantable rotary blood pump over a wide range of operating conditions, including variations in cardiac contractility and heart rate, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and total blood volume (Vtotal). It was observed in our experiments that SVR decreased with increasing mean pump speed under the healthy condition, but was relatively constant during the speed ramp study under reduced cardiac contractility conditions. Furthermore, we also found a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance with increasing mean pump speed and decreasing total blood volume, despite a relatively constant SVR. Least squares parameter estimation methods were utilized to fit a subset of model parameters in order to achieve better agreement with the experimental data and to evaluate the robustness and validity of the model under various operating conditions. The fitted model produced reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, both in terms of mean values and steady‐state waveforms. In addition, all the optimized parameters were within physiological limits.
Confronting Deep Uncertainties in Risk Analysis
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: April 2012

How can risk analysts help to improve policy and decision making when the correct probabilistic relation between alternative acts and their probable consequences is unknown? This practical challenge of risk management with model uncertainty arises in problems from preparing for climate change to managing emerging diseases to operating complex and hazardous facilities safely. We review constructive methods for robust and adaptive risk analysis under deep uncertainty. These methods are not yet as familiar to many risk analysts as older statistical and model‐based methods, such as the paradigm of identifying a single “best‐fitting” model and performing sensitivity analyses for its conclusions. They provide genuine breakthroughs for improving predictions and decisions when the correct model is highly uncertain. We demonstrate their potential by summarizing a variety of practical risk management applications.
The Interplay Between Knowledge, Perceived Efficacy, and Concern About Global Warming and Climate Change: A One‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Milfont Taciano L.
Published: April 2012

If the long‐term goal of limiting warming to less than 2°C is to be achieved, rapid and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are required. These reductions will demand political leadership and widespread public support for action on global warming and climate change. Public knowledge, level of concern, and perceived personal efficacy, in positively affecting these issues are key variables in understanding public support for mitigation action. Previous research has documented some contradictory associations between knowledge, personal efficacy, and concern about global warming and climate change, but these cross‐sectional findings limit inferences about temporal stability and direction of influence. This study examines the relationships between these three variables over a one‐year period and three waves with national data from New Zealand. Results showed a positive association between the variables, and the pattern of findings was stable and consistent across the three data points. More importantly, results indicate that concern mediates the influence of knowledge on personal efficacy. Knowing more about global warming and climate change increases overall concern about the risks of these issues, and this increased concern leads to greater perceived efficacy and responsibility to help solving them. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
Improvement of Morphology and Luminescence Properties of Powellite Type Red Phosphors CaGd1−xNbMoO8: xEu3+ Synthesized via Citrate Gel Route
Authors: Thomas Mariyam , Prabhakar Rao Padala , Mahesh Sundaresan Pillai Kamalam , Reshmi Vijaya Ravindran , Linda Francis Thekkudan , Koshy Peter
Published: April 2012

Powellite type molybdate‐based red phosphors CaGd1−xNbMoO8: xEu3+ (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30) were synthesized by a solid‐state reaction (SSR) route, and a citrate gel (CG) route. The crystalline structure, morphology, absorbance, and luminescent properties of these phosphors were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV visible absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The solid solution formation of the phosphor effectively takes place at a lower temperature by the CG route than the SSR route. Particle morphology of the phosphors prepared by the CG route reveals that they are less agglomerated, more spherical, and homogenous in nature with uniform particle size. Investigations on photoluminescence properties show that these phosphors emit strong red light (614 nm) under both near UV (395 nm), and blue (465 nm) excitations. The morphological variation of the developed phosphors with respect to synthesis method and heat treatment played an important role in their luminescence enhancement. The red phosphors prepared via CG route were characterized by enhanced and sharper red emission with longer life time compared to that of phosphors synthesized via SSR route. The CIE color coordinates of the developed red phosphors are (0.65, 0.34) that are closer to NTSC standard red phosphor. Thus, these phosphors could be a promising red candidate for the phosphor converted white light emitting diode applications.
Effects of Water Content and Chemical Composition on Structural Properties of Alkaline Activated Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymers
Authors: Lizcano Maricela , Gonzalez Andres , Basu Sandip , Lozano Karen , Radovic Miladin
Published: April 2012

In this study, we evaluate the effects of chemistry and curing and aging conditions on water loss kinetics, porosity, and the structure of geopolymers. Geopolymer samples were prepared by mixing metakaolin precursor with K or Na silicate solutions having SiO2/A2O3 molar ratios from 2.5 to 4 and H2O/(SiO2 + Al2O3) molar ratios from 2 to 4. The samples were cured in sealed and unsealed molds at 60°C for 24 h and then aged at room temperature in open containers. The weight changes were monitored during curing and aging until a steady‐state weight was observed. This study shows conclusively that the amount of water [H2O/(SiO2 + Al2O3)] in the initial geopolymer mixture is the most dominant factor affecting density and open porosity of geopolymers after curing and extended aging. The results also indicate that regardless of the amount of water in the initial mixture and curing conditions (i.e., in sealed or unsealed molds), ~6–10 wt% of all K‐activated samples after aging for 21 days is water whereas in the case of all Na‐activated samples that amount ranges between ~15 and 20 wt%. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio does not have a direct effect on density and open porosity of geopolymers.
Response of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata to host and host‐habitat volatile cues
Authors: Segura Diego F. , Viscarret Mariana M. , Ovruski Sergio M. , Cladera Jorge L.
Published: April 2012

Chemical information is crucial to insect parasitoids for successful host location. Here, we evaluated the innate response of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a fruit fly larval parasitoid, to cues from host and host habitat (i.e., fruit infested with host larvae). We first assessed the preference of female parasitoids between oranges infested with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and non‐infested fruit. Females were highly attracted towards infested oranges on the basis of volatile chemical cues. After this initial experiment, we aimed at revealing the potential sources of volatile cues present in an infested fruit. To this end, we considered five potential sources: (1) punctured fruit; (2) fly feeding, frass, or host‐marking pheromone deposited on the orange surface; (3) larval activity inside the fruit; (4) the larvae themselves; and (5) fungi associated with infestation of oranges. Habitat cues associated with host activity and those produced by rotten oranges or oranges colonized by fungi were highly attractive for female wasps, whereas odours associated with the activity of the adults on the surface of the fruit, and those released by the fruit after being damaged (as happens during fruit fly egg‐laying) were not used as cues by female parasitoids. Once the female had landed on the fruit, direct cues associated with larval activity became important although some indirect signals (e.g., products derived from larval activity inside the fruit) also increased host searching activity. Our findings indicate that naïve D. longicaudata uses chemical cues during host habitat searching and that these cues are produced both by the habitat and by the host larvae.
Demonstration of long‐term memory in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis
Authors: Schurmann Daria , Sommer Carolin , Schinko Alexander P. B. , Greschista Monika , Smid Hans , Steidle Johannes L. M.
Published: April 2012

We studied the formation of protein synthesis‐dependent long‐term memory (LTM) in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of fly pupae. Female wasps were trained in one of five different training procedures in the presence of hosts and the odour cinnamon. Six days later the reaction of the wasps towards the odour was tested in a static four‐chamber olfactometer. When wasps were trained by a single drilling experience we could not find any reaction to cinnamon after 6 days. In contrast, when wasps were trained either via drilling plus host feeding, three drilling events (spaced training), 1 h training, or 24 h training including oviposition, they significantly preferred cinnamon 6 days later. Wasps which were injected the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D after a 1‐h training to block protein synthesis showed normal memory retention up to 3 days, but did not react to cinnamon after 4 and 6 days. Control experiments showed no influence of actinomycin D on the natural behaviour and the general odour discrimination ability of N. vitripennis. This demonstrates that protein synthesis‐dependent LTM has been formed. To our knowledge this is the first time that LTM formation after drilling plus host feeding but without oviposition is demonstrated in a parasitic wasp. These results were combined with additional findings about anaesthesia‐sensitive memory, anaesthesia‐resistant memory, and intermediate memory to develop a multiphase model of memory dynamics in N. vitripennis and to discuss ecological adaptations of memory formation in N. vitripennis and other parasitic wasp species.
Interaction between crystalline proteins of two Bacillus thuringiensis strains against Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Konecka Edyta , Baranek Jakub , Kaznowski Adam , Ziemnicka Jadwiga , Ziemnicki Kazimierz
Published: April 2012

The aim of the present article was to evaluate potential synergism between crystalline proteins produced by two Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strains, MPU B6 and MPU B9, against beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Protein inclusions of bacterial strains were isolated from a spore‐crystal mixture. We estimated the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of crystals for S. exigua larvae. Insecticidal activity of MPU B6 and MPU B9 individual crystal preparations against caterpillars were determined and compared with the commercial pesticide Foray. Protein crystals of MPU B9 had the highest toxicity against S. exigua. The proteins were approximately 25× more toxic than Foray. Insecticidal activity of protein crystals of MPU B6 isolate was approximately 2.5× higher than that of Foray. A mixture of crystals suspensions of both isolates MPU B6/MPU B9 had an additive effect on S. exigua caterpillars. The high insecticidal potency of B. thuringiensis MPU B9 crystals against S. exigua predisposes the strain for additional studies on production of a new effective preparation against pest insects.
Oslo and Its Aftermath: Lessons Learned from Track Two Diplomacy
Authors: Çuhadar Esra , Dayton Bruce W.
Published: April 2012

Since the collapse of the Oslo peace process and the violence that followed, many scholars have reflected upon the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Most of this analysis has focused on official negotiations without considering the substantial role that unofficial peace efforts have played in peacebuilding, both prior to and after Oslo. This article, in contrast, seeks to better understand the application of “track two” diplomacy to the Israeli–Palestinian case. It reports on a self‐reflection effort by numerous Israeli–Palestinian peace practitioners to better understand what has worked, what has not, and how new initiatives could be more effectively organized and carried out in the future. The research presented is based on an inventory of seventy‐nine track two projects that occurred between Israelis and Palestinians between 1992 and 2004, personal interviews with many of those who organized and oversaw these projects, and two focus group meetings that brought together a total of forty practitioners.

In this article, we seek to better understand two issues: (1) how track two initiatives have changed in scope, organization, and intent; and (2) how track two practitioners have sought to disseminate their work beyond the participants of those initiatives. Our findings present an overall picture of the Israeli–Palestinian second track practice and identify a number of trends and common types of practice.

Among the trends we have identified are the following: during the peace process years, more track two initiatives were undertaken with elite/professional participants than with representatives of the grassroots, but in the subsequent decade‐and‐a‐half, Israeli–Palestinian grassroots, track two initiatives gradually replaced senior‐level track two exchanges; most of the grassroots initiatives we studied were relationship focused, whereas those involving elite participants are outcome focused; the track two community subscribes to a set of theoretical propositions about which conditions and contexts facilitate the transmission of track two insights and ideas to the political process, but these propositions have yet to be validated; and track two specialists do little strategic planning about ways to most effectively transfer track two insights and ideas to the political process. Our research also identified four distinct, but not mutually exclusive, approaches to practice: the psychological, the constructivist, the capacity building, and the realistic interest.
Hydric balance and locomotor performance of an anuran (Rhinella marina) invading the Australian arid zone
Authors: Tingley R. , Greenlees M. J. , Shine R.
Published: April 2012

Invasive species often encounter environmental conditions well outside those found in their native geographic ranges, and thus provide ideal model systems with which to explore responses to novel abiotic challenges. Within Australia, the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina has colonized areas that are considerably more arid than those found within its native range. Has the colonization of these novel environments been accompanied by shifts in physiology and/or locomotor performance? We measured rates of evaporative water loss, water gain, and effects of desiccation on locomotor performance of cane toads from two invasion fronts: one mesic (the wet‐dry tropics) and one arid (the semi‐desert). The two populations diverged substantially. Contrary to intuition (but consistent with intra‐specific comparisons between other toad populations from mesic vs arid areas), rates of evaporative water loss were lower (not higher) in toads from the mesic population. However, arid‐zone toads gained water more rapidly through their ventral surfaces, and rates of water loss and gain were highly correlated within individual toads from the arid‐zone population. Rates of water exchange in laboratory‐acclimated toads from the semi‐arid zone did not differ from those of free‐ranging conspecifics from the same population, suggesting that divergences between mesic and semi‐arid toads reflect genetic changes that have occurred during the species’ Australian invasion. Mesic and semi‐arid toads showed similar locomotor performance (endurance, distance per hop) when fully hydrated, but locomotor performance declined much more rapidly with desiccation in the mesic toads. Thus, within the short (decades‐long) timespan of the cane toad's Australian invasion, there has been substantial population divergence in the ability to withstand desiccating conditions. If we are to accurately predict the distributions (and hence impacts) of invading organisms, we will need to include adaptation potential in risk assessment schemes.
Contact allergy to dental materials
Authors: Raap Ulrike , Stiesch Meike , Kapp Alexander
Published: April 2012

The oral mucosa is constantly exposed to a large number of potentially irritating and sensitizing dental materials. Dental materials used for fillings and fixed or removable replacements must have a good biocompatibility. Metals including palladium are used in alloys for the production of the core of crowns, onto which porcelain is bonded for the generation of an artificial tooth to which the patient can develop an allergic contact dermatitis. The clinical manifestations of contact allergy to dental materials are not uniform. Objective symptoms of a contact allergy include a stomatitis and lichenoid reactions. However, patients may present with more subjective affections of the oral mucosa including burning, pain and dryness which need to be differentiated from a real contact allergic reaction. In this article we focus on the management of contact allergy to dental materials.
Mapping invasive woody species in coastal dunes in the Netherlands: a remote sensing approach using LIDAR and high‐resolution aerial photographs
Authors: Hantson Wouter , Kooistra Lammert , Slim Pieter A.
Published: April 2012

Questions

Does remote sensing improve classification of invasive woody species in dunes, useful for shrub management? Does additional height information and an object‐based classifier increase woody species classification accuracy?

Location

The dunes of Vlieland, one of the Wadden Sea Islands, the Netherlands.

Methods

Extensive monitoring using optical remote sensing and LIDAR deliver large amounts of high‐quality data to observe and manage coastal dunes as a defence against the sea in the Netherlands. Using these additional data could increase the accuracy of vegetation mapping and monitoring in coastal areas. In this study, a remote sensing approach has been developed to deliver detailed and standardized maps of (invasive) woody species in the dunes of Vlieland using multispectral aerial photographs and vegetation height derived from LIDAR. Three classification methods were used: maximum likelihood (ML) classification using aerial photographs, ML classification combined with vegetation heights derived from LIDAR (ML+) and object‐based (OB) classification.

Results

The use of vegetation height from the LIDAR data increased the overall classification accuracy from 39% to 50%, but particularly improved classification of the taller woody species. The object‐based classification increased the overall accuracy of the ML+ from 50% to 60%. The object‐based results are comparable to human visual analysis while offering automated analysis.

Conclusions

Overall, the object‐based classification delivers detailed maps of the woody species that are useful for management and evaluation of alien and invasive species in dune ecosystems.
Short‐term side effects of 0.2% alcohol‐free chlorhexidine mouthrinse in geriatric patients: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: López‐Jornet Pia , Plana‐Ramon Emilia , Leston Juan Seoane , Pons‐Fuster Alvaro
Published: April 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00671.x

Short‐term side effects of 0.2% alcohol‐free chlorhexidine mouthrinse in geriatric patients: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study

Objective:  To determine the effects of a 0.2% alcohol‐free chlorhexidine mouthwash applied twice a day during 30 days in patients over 65 years of age.

Materials and methods:  A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was made of 70 denture wearers over 65 years of age. The study subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (chlorhexidine or placebo). The patients were instructed to complete a first whitening phase with a duration of 1 week, followed by a 30‐day treatment period. The following data were collected: Silness and Löe plaque index, gingival index, the number of colony‐forming units of Candida albicans at the start and end of treatment and the possible adverse effects of chlorhexidine.

Results:  Significant differences were observed in the evolution of the Silness and Löe plaque index and gingival index in the two groups, as well as in the number of colony‐forming units of C. albicans between the start and end of treatment.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the clinical benefits of antiplaque, antigingivitis mouthrinses in both study groups.
Effect of Online Journal Club on Evidence‐Based Practice Knowledge, Intent, and Utilization in School Nurses
Authors: Sortedahl Charlotte
Published: April 2012

Background: In the United States, an estimated 73,697 school nurses provide leadership in the provision of health care in the school setting. School nurses face challenges, such as providing quality health care in an educational setting and working in isolation. Journal clubs are one strategy to help incorporate evidence into practice.

Aim: An online school nurse journal club for school nurses was conducted as a pilot project to determine feasibility for replication and potential expansion.

Objectives: To determine if an online journal club changed knowledge of, and intent to use evidence. To determine if school nurses used the evidence in practice and felt more connected to colleagues.

Methods: Three synchronous online journal club sessions were conducted for school nurses across three states. Thirty‐five registered nurses enrolled and participation varied by session. Self‐report surveys were used.

Results: Participants increased their knowledge of evidence‐based practice and shared evidence with stakeholders. Participants intended to and did use evidence in practice, including prioritizing based on evidence. Collegial connections increased. One of the most successful features was connecting authors of the articles directly to participants.

Conclusions: A school nurse online journal club is one strategy to bring evidence to practitioners. Technology exists for nurses experiencing practice isolation to connect through online avenues. Nursing researchers, educators, and administrators seeking to disseminate research to school nurses or other clinical specialties could replicate or expand this project. Expanding online journal clubs would allow busy clinicians to connect with colleagues and researchers to integrate evidence into practice.
High-intensity Erotic Visual Stimuli De-activate the Primary Visual Cortex in Women
Authors: Huynh Hieu K. , Beers Caroline , Willemsen Antoon , Lont Erna , Laan Ellen , Dierckx Rudi , Jansen Monique , Sand Michael , Weijmar Schultz Willibrord , Holstege Gert
Published: April 2012

Introduction

The primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area (BA 17), plays a vital role in basic survival mechanisms in humans. In most neuro-imaging studies in which the volunteers have to watch pictures or movies, the primary visual cortex is similarly activated independent of the content of the pictures or movies. However, in case the volunteers perform demanding non-visual tasks, the primary visual cortex becomes de-activated, although the amount of incoming visual sensory information is the same.

Aim

Do low- and high-intensity erotic movies, compared to neutral movies, produce similar de-activation of the primary visual cortex?

Methods

Brain activation/de-activation was studied by Positron Emission Tomography scanning of the brains of 12 healthy heterosexual premenopausal women, aged 18–47, who watched neutral, low- and high-intensity erotic film segments.

Main Outcome Measures

We measured differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the primary visual cortex during watching neutral, low-intensity erotic, and high-intensity erotic film segments.

Results

Watching high-intensity erotic, but not low-intensity erotic movies, compared to neutral movies resulted in strong de-activation of the primary (BA 17) and adjoining parts of the secondary visual cortex.

Conclusions

The strong de-activation during watching high-intensity erotic film might represent compensation for the increased blood supply in the brain regions involved in sexual arousal, also because high-intensity erotic movies do not require precise scanning of the visual field, because the impact is clear to the observer.
Role of Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Radiation-Induced Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Kimura Masaki , Rabbani Zahid N. , Zodda Andrew R. , Yan Hui , Jackson Isabel L. , Polascik Thomas J. , Donatucci Craig F. , Moul Judd W. , Vujaskovic Zeljko , Koontz Bridget F.
Published: April 2012

Introduction

Chronic oxidative stress is one of the major factors playing an important role in radiation-induced normal tissue injury. However, the role of oxidative stress in radiation-induced erectile dysfunction (ED) has not been fully investigated.

Aims

To investigate role of oxidative stress after prostate-confined irradiation in a rat model of radiation-induced ED.

Methods

Fifty-four young adult male rats (10–12 weeks of age) were divided into age-matched sham radiotherapy (RT) and RT groups. Irradiated animals received prostate-confined radiation in a single 20 Gy fraction.

Main Outcome Measures

Intracavernous pressure (ICP) measurements with cavernous nerve electrical stimulation were conducted at 2, 4, and 9 weeks following RT. The protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits (Nox4 and gp91phox), markers of oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]), lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal [4HNE]), and inflammatory response including inducible nitric oxide synthase, macrophage activation (ED-1), and nitrotyrosine, and endogenous antioxidant defense by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) were evaluated in irradiated prostate tissue and corpora cavernosa (CC). In addition, we investigated the relationships between results of ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratios and expression level of oxidative stress markers.

Results

In the RT group, hemodynamic functional studies demonstrated a significant time-dependent decrease in ICP. Increased expression of Nox4, gp91phox, 8-OHdG, and 4HNE were observed in the prostate and CC after RT. Similarly, expressions of inflammatory markers were significantly increased. There was a trend for increased Nrf2 after 4 weeks. ICP/MAP ratio negatively correlated with higher expression level of oxidative markers.

Conclusions

NADPH oxidase activation and chronic oxidative stress were observed in irradiated prostate tissue and CC, which correlated with lower ICP/MAP ratio. Persistent inflammatory responses were also found in both tissues after RT. These findings suggest that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of radiation-induced ED.
Plasma‐Sprayed Ceramic Coatings for Osseointegration
Authors: Cao Huiliang , Liu Xuanyong
Published: April 2012

Osseointegration of an orthopedic implant involves a cascade of cellular and extracellular biological events that take place at bone/implant interface. The process can be enhanced by coating implants with materials of various compositions, chemistry, topographies. The aim of this article was to review the literatures on development and application of numerous plasma‐sprayed ceramic coatings (including hydroxyapatite, wollastonite, dicalcium silicate, titanium oxide, and zirconia coatings) for establishing and maintaining the osseointegration based on some major biological requirements, such as good cytocompatibility, advantageous cell response, superior tissue response, effective anti‐infection activities.
Synthesis of Alkali Aluminosilicates — Materials for Alkali Contaminated Environments at High Temperatures
Authors: Brachhold Nora , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: April 2012

Alkali corrosion has become a problem in industrial furnaces especially because of the increasing use of secondary fuels. In the corroded lining material alkali aluminosilicates such as kalsilite, leucite or nepheline could be identified. According to ternary phase diagrams these substances have very high melting points which would make them suitable for high temperature applications in alkali corrosive environments. This study presents systematic synthesis experiments to produce alkali aluminosilicates by thermal (800°C, 1000°C, 1200°C) and hydrothermal (200°C) treatment starting from the nominal compositions of KAlSi2O6, KAlSiO4, and NaAlSiO4., KOH NaOH, quartz powder, and Al(OH)3 were used as raw materials. The phase composition was analyzed by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The alkali corrosion was tested using alkali salts as corrosive substances. The synthesis experiments resulted in multiphase reaction products. The hydrothermal method yielded only for the initial composition according to the stoichiometry of KAlSiO4 crystalline phases of the same composition. The thermal method produced for all sets of synthesizing parameters mixtures of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric alkali aluminosilicates. In the corrosion test, material of the nominal composition of KAlSiO4 showed the best results. The material was corrosion resistant independently from the initially applied synthesizing parameters.
Bonding and Integration of Titanium to Graphitic Foams for Thermal Management Applications
Authors: Singh Mrityunjay , Asthana Rajiv , Gyekenyesi Andrew L. , Smith Craig E.
Published: April 2012

Light‐weight, high‐conductivity graphite foams comprised of open cellular structure and dense graphitic matrix are attractive materials for thermal management applications in avionic heat sinks and heat exchangers. Integrating foam in such systems requires robust and thermally conductive joints between the foam and metals such as Ti. Graphite foams with different densities were vacuum brazed to titanium using a Ag‐Cu‐Ti active braze alloy, Cusil‐ABA. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to evaluate joint integrity, interface microstructure, and elemental composition. The joints were defect‐free and well‐bonded, and the carbon/braze interfaces were enriched in Ti indicating chemical bonding. The low‐density foams exhibited significant braze penetration with the penetration distance increasing with decreasing foam density. The room‐temperature tension test on brazed foam/Ti joints revealed that the joints were stronger than the foam, so failure occurred within the foam. The thermal resistance of foam/Ti joints, estimated using 1‐D, steady‐state heat conduction analysis for a planar configuration, revealed a marginal effect of braze saturated foam on joint conductivity for the practical range of values of foam and metal conductivities, penetration depth, and metal‐to‐foam thickness ratio.
Toggle rod stabilisation of coxofemoral luxation in 14 cats
Authors: Pratesi A. , Grierson J. , Moores A. P.
Published: April 2012

Objectives: To describe the surgical technique and to report outcomes in cats with coxofemoral luxation treated with open reduction and toggle rod stabilisation.

Methods: Retrospective study of cats with coxofemoral luxation stabilised via the toggle rod method. Short‐term follow‐up included clinical examination and radiographs. Long‐term follow‐up was via owner questionnaire.

Results: Fourteen cats were included. All of the cats had reported unilateral craniodorsal hip luxation. Nine cats (64·3%) had additional orthopaedic injuries. Luxations were stabilised with a 3·2‐mm toggle rod (2·7‐mm toggle rod in one cat) and two loops of four‐metric polydioxanone (five‐metric polydioxanone in one cat and three loops of four‐metric polydioxanone in two cats). Success rate, in terms of maintenance of reduction, was 86%. Reluxation occurred in two cats (14%), both of which had multiple limb injuries. Eleven owner questionnaires (mean follow‐up time 15·5 months) reported a functional outcome of “very good” to “excellent”. Although the diameter of the pelvic canal was reduced by the presence of the toggle rod (mean narrowing 16.2%), none of the cats had defaecatory issues.

ClinicalSignificance: Toggle rod stabilisation is an effective method for the treatment of coxofemoral luxation in cats. Injuries to multiple limbs may be a risk factor for reluxation.
Clinicopathological study of canine transmissible venereal tumour in leishmaniotic dogs
Authors: Marino G. , Gaglio G. , Zanghì A.
Published: April 2012

Introduction: Canine transmissible venereal tumour is occasionally observed in leishmaniotic dogs, and Leishmania amastigotes can be harboured in canine transmissible venereal tumour cells.

Objectives: The aim of this paper was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of the association of both diseases.

Methods: Nineteen dogs affected by canine transmissible venereal tumour and canine leishmaniasis were studied retrospectively.

Results: In these dogs, the tumour manifested a large size and often aggressive behaviour (42%) and no predictive sign of spontaneous regression was observed. Sporadic Leishmania amastigotes were found within the canine transmissible venereal tumour in three cases, probably transported by infected macrophages often infiltrating the tumour. A high Leishmania parasitisation of canine transmissible venereal tumour was observed in two other cases and verified by immunohistochemistry.

Clinical Significance: Canine transmissible venereal tumour is a tumour of the dog able to harbour a large number of Leishmania parasites. Alternatively, the systemic disease (canine leishmaniasis) may lower the immune defence against malignancy (canine transmissible venereal tumour).
Effect of body size on energy reserves in Culex pipiens pallens females (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: SHIN Sun‐Mi , AKRAM Waseem , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: April 2012

We examined the relationship between body size and energy reserves of female Culex pipiens pallens under laboratory conditions. Small and large‐sized adult mosquitoes were obtained from larvae reared at different densities. There was a significantly positive relationship between pupal body weight and adult wing length depending on body sizes. Studies showed large females contained significantly higher contents of glycogen and lipid but lower protein stores in comparison to small females. Large sized mosquitoes accumulated higher percentages of glycogen (21.2% vs 15.9%) and lipid (45.8% vs 30.7%) but lower levels of protein (33.0% vs 53.4%) than small females. This result suggests that larval‐derived glycogen and lipid stores may be important in determining the body size of female Cx. pipiens pallens.
Taxonomic review of the genus Asthena Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: April 2012

The larentiine genus, Asthena Hübner of Korea, is reviewed. Six species of Asthena are recognized from Korea: Asthena amurensis (Staudinger), Asthena nymphaeata (Staudinger), Asthena anseraria corculina Butler, Asthena ochrifasciaria Leech, Asthena octomacularia Leech and Asthena undulata (Wileman). Among them, Asthena octomacularia Leech is reported for the first time in Korea. A key for the genus is provided with descriptions of adults, male and female genitalia.
Effect of Radio Frequency Postdrying of Partially Baked Cookies on Acrylamide Content, Texture, and Color of the Final Product
Authors: Koray Palazoğlu T. , Coşkun Yunus , Kocadağlı Tolga , Gökmen Vural
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Effect of radio frequency (RF) postdrying of partially baked cookies on acrylamide content, texture, and color of the final product was investigated in this study. Control cookies were prepared by baking in a conventional oven at 205 °C for 11 min. Cookies partially baked for 8 and 9 min were postdried in a 27.12 MHz RF tunnel oven until attainment of the moisture content of control cookies. Internal temperature of cookies was monitored during the experiments to better explain the results. Cookies were analyzed for acrylamide content using a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) method. Texture measurements were performed using a Texture Analyzer, while digital image analysis was used for color measurement. The results showed that RF postdrying of partially baked cookies resulted in lower acrylamide levels (107.3 ng/g for control cookies, 74.6 ng/g upon RF postdrying of cookies partially baked for 9 min, 51.1 ng/g upon RF postdrying of cookies partially baked for 8 min). Instrumental texture analysis showed no significant difference among the texture of cookies, whereas RF postdried samples had a lower degree of browning. According to sensory evaluation results, control had a more crumbly texture, and RF postdried sample that was conventionally baked for 8 min had a slightly uncooked flavor.

Practical Application:  Combining radio frequency and conventional baking may provide cookie manufacturers with ability to make cookies with lower levels of acrylamide.