bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silencing of PhLA, a CIN-TCP gene, causes defected petal conical epidermal cell formation and results in reflexed corolla lobes in petunia
Authors: Chen Hsiao-Wei , Lee Po-Lun , Wang Chun-Neng , Hsu Hui-Ju , Chen Jen-Chih
Published: September 2020

Background

TCP-domain proteins, plant specific transcription factors, play important roles in various developmental processes. CIN-TCPs control leaf curvature in simple leaf species while regulate leaf complexity in compound leaf species. However, the knowledge was largely based on findings in few model species. To extend our knowledge on this group of proteins in Solanaceae species, we identified a CIN-TCP gene from petunia, and studied its functions using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS).

Results

Consistently, silencing of CIN-TCPs increases complexity of tomato leaves, and enhances leaf curvature in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, in petunia (Petunia hybrida), silencing of petunia LA, a CIN-TCP, through VIGS did not obviously affect leaf shape. The silencing, however, enhanced petal curvature. The event was associated with petal expansion at the distal portion where epidermal cell size along the midribs was also increased. The enlarged epidermal cells became flattened. Although shapes of PhLA-silenced flowers largely resemble phmyb1 mutant phenotype, PhMYB1 expression was not affected when PhLA was specifically silenced. Therefore, both PhLA and PhMYB1 are required to regulate flower morphology. In corolla, PhLA and miR319 deferentially express in different regions with strong expressions in limb and tube region respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, unlike LA-like genes in tomato and N. benthamiana, PhLA plays a more defined role in flower morphogenesis, including petal curvature and epidermal cell differentiation.
A novel press-fit minimally-invasive symphysiodesis technique
Authors: Hopp Sascha J. , Pizanis Antonius , Briem Jeremy , Hahner Jill , Mettelsiefen Laura , Herath Steven C. , Histing Tina , Pohlemann Tim , Fritz Tobias
Published: September 2020

Objective

Instability of the pubic symphysis often results in a poor outcome and reduced mobility of the patient. In some cases, an arthrodesis of the pubic symphysis is required. Until today, there is no data published how many of these procedures are performed annually and there is also no data about the outcome after this extensive surgery.

Methods

We developed a novel surgical technique to address the arthrodesis of the pubic symphysis in a minimally invasive approach. Therefore, we used for this purpose modified instruments and performed the transplantation of a cylindrical bone substitute into the pubic symphysis, without an extensive approach or dissecting the anterior or posterior symphyseal ligaments.

Results

Using this novel technique, a minimally invasive symphysiodesis was achieved in radiological findings, after the procedure.

Conclusion

Thus, this actually minimally invasive surgical technique seems to be a promising advancement for the arthrodesis of the pubic symphysis.
Two-stepped majority voting for efficient EEG-based emotion classification
Authors: Ismael Aras M. , Alçin Ömer F. , Abdalla Karmand Hussein , Şengür Abdulkadir
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a novel approach that is based on two-stepped majority voting is proposed for efficient EEG-based emotion classification. Emotion recognition is important for human–machine interactions. Facial features- and body gestures-based approaches have been generally proposed for emotion recognition. Recently, EEG-based approaches become more popular in emotion recognition. In the proposed approach, the raw EEG signals are initially low-pass filtered for noise removal and band-pass filters are used for rhythms extraction. For each rhythm, the best performed EEG channels are determined based on wavelet-based entropy features and fractal dimension-based features. The k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier is used in classification. The best five EEG channels are used in majority voting for getting the final predictions for each EEG rhythm. In the second majority voting step, the predictions from all rhythms are used to get a final prediction. The DEAP dataset is used in experiments and classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity are used for performance evaluation metrics. The experiments are carried out to classify the emotions into two binary classes such as high valence (HV) vs low valence (LV) and high arousal (HA) vs low arousal (LA). The experiments show that 86.3% HV vs LV discrimination accuracy and 85.0% HA vs LA discrimination accuracy is obtained. The obtained results are also compared with some of the existing methods. The comparisons show that the proposed method has potential in the use of EEG-based emotion classification.
A new approach to social inequality: inequality of income and wealth in South Korea
Authors: Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: September 2020

This paper attempts to provide a new approach to social inequality, focusing on income and wealth inequality and the relationship between income inequality and wealth inequality. With an analysis of the data linking survey data with administrative data in South Korea, this paper reports that wealth, employment status, family size, and education are significant contributors to income inequality. However, income and loans are the two most significant factors contributing to wealth inequality. Income derived from economic activity and loans based on the leverage in the financial market have exacerbated wealth inequality as higher income groups tend to utilize more loans in the financialized economy, widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Wealth inequality has different dynamics from income inequality, mediated through leverage in South Korea.
UK psychiatrists’ experience of withdrawal of antipsychotics prescribed for challenging behaviours in adults with intellectual disabilities and/or autism
Authors: Deb Shoumitro , Nancarrow Tom , Limbu Bharati , Sheehan Rory , Wilcock Mike , Branford David , Courtenay Ken , Perera Bhathika , Shankar Rohit
Published: September 2020

Background

A high proportion of adults with intellectual disabilities are prescribed off-licence antipsychotics in the absence of a psychiatric illness. The National Health Service in England launched an initiative in 2016, ‘Stopping over-medication of people with a learning disability [intellectual disability], autism or both’ (STOMP), to address this major public health concern.

Aims

To gain understanding from UK psychiatrists working with adults with intellectual disabilities on the successes and challenges of withdrawing antipsychotics for challenging behaviours.

Method

An online questionnaire was sent to all UK psychiatrists working in the field of intellectual disability (estimated 225).

Results

Half of the 88 respondents stated that they started withdrawing antipsychotics over 5 years ago and 52.3% stated that they are less likely to initiate an antipsychotic since the launch of STOMP. However, since then, 46.6% are prescribing other classes of psychotropic medication instead of antipsychotics for challenging behaviours, most frequently the antidepressants. Complete antipsychotic discontinuation in over 50% of patients treated with antipsychotics was achieved by only 4.5% of respondents (n = 4); 11.4% reported deterioration in challenging behaviours in over 50% of patients on withdrawal and the same proportion (11.4%) reported no deterioration. Only 32% of respondents made the diagnosis of psychiatric illness in all their patients themselves. Family and paid carers’ concern, lack of multi-agency and multidisciplinary input and unavailability of non-medical psychosocial intervention are key reported factors hampering the withdrawal attempt.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need to develop national guidelines to provide a framework for systematic psychotropic drug reviews and withdrawal where possible.
The Manifold Partisan
Authors: Scalia Antonino
Published: September 2020

This article examines how the Italian Communist Party and the Italian revolutionary Left connected internationalism to anti-fascism in the main internationalist campaigns that marked the high point of internationalist mobilizations between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s, and considers to what extent this tradition is still relevant today. In particular, this article focuses on the movements of solidarity with the Vietnamese and Palestinian national liberation struggles and against the Greek and Chilean dictatorships. At various moments in time and depending on the particular campaign, multiple leftist actors bridged the gaps between anti-fascism and anti-imperialism in a variety of ways by relying on their peculiar relationships with the anti-fascist tradition. Furthermore, the actions of international and foreign individuals and organizations, the activities of anti-fascist veterans and neofascists, and the specific context of Italian and international political conjunctures influenced the nature of such “bridging” and the resonance between these frames of anti-fascism and anti-imperialism.
Comparison of radiographical characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of intraosseous jaw lesions on panoramic radiographs and CBCT
Authors: Mao Wei-yu , Lei Jie , Lim Li Zhen , Gao Yan , Tyndall Donald A , Fu Kaiyuan
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To investigate the differences in imaging characteristics and the diagnostic accuracy of 225 intraosseous jaw lesions on panoramic radiographs (PAN) versus cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods:

225 sets of PAN and CBCT images with biopsy-proven histopathological diagnoses were retrospectively compared in terms of radiographic features and diagnostic accuracy. The imaging characteristics of PAN and CBCT were independently evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists who were required to answer 12 questions and provided up to three differential diagnoses with their confidence scores.

Results:

Odds ratios (ORs) were statistically significant for border cortication (OR = 1.521; p = .003) and border continuity (OR = 0.421; p = .001), involvement on neurovascular canals (OR = 2.424; p < .001), expansion (OR = 7.948; p < .001), cortical thinning (OR = 20.480; p < .001) as well as its destruction (OR = 25.022; p < .001) and root resorption (OR = 2.477; p < .001). Furthermore, imaging features in the posterior and mandibular regions showed better agreement than those in the anterior and maxillary regions, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the first differential diagnosis was higher on CBCT than on PAN (Observer 1:78.7 vs 64.4%; Observer 2: 78.7 vs 70.2% (p < .001)). The observers’ confidence scores were also higher at CBCT interpretation compared with PAN.

Conclusions:

CBCT demonstrated a greater number of imaging characteristics of intraosseous jaw lesions compared with PAN, especially in the anterior regions of both jaws and in the maxilla. Diagnostic accuracy is improved with CBCT compared to PAN, especially for lesions in the maxilla. Radiologists have greater confidence when using CBCT.
Alcohol consumption patterns among men who have sex with men in major cities of Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Htut Kyaw-Min , Areesantichai Chitlada , Mon Myo-Myo
Published: September 2020

Background: Alcohol consumption patterns vary widely across the regions of the world. Although previous studies have focused on the sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM), studies regarding binge alcohol drinking among MSM in Myanmar are scarce.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the alcohol consumption patterns among MSM aged over 18 years in two major cities of Myanmar where the MSM population is higher than other regions. Purposive sampling was applied and sampling was made through Myanmar MSM network. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire. Patterns of alcohol consumption were described as frequency/percentage and mean/median as appropriate. Bivariate analysis was also done to find out the association between types of MSM and binge drinking.

Results: A total of 256 MSM included in the study (mean age, 27.33±7.7 years). Of 256 participants, 225 MSM had the experience of alcohol consumption in their lifetime (225/256, 87.9%). Among ever drinkers, 152 MSM consumed alcohol within three months (152/225, 67.6%). Regarding beer consumption, the highest proportions of MSM from both groups (42.8%, 36.8%) consumed 1-3 times per week. Overall, 57.2% of young MSM and 41.2% of adult MSM consumed beer together with their friends. Nearly 34% of young MSM and nearly 38% of adult MMS consumed beer at gatherings of friends. At different time periods, higher proportions of Thange (partners of MSM) had experienced of binge drinking than apwint (open) and apone (hidden) (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The current study identified the alcohol consumption patterns in terms of type, amount, frequency at different time periods among MSM in major cities of Myanmar. It is suggested to develop and implement alcohol control policy for MSM since the proportion of current drinkers as well as binge drinking higher among these groups.
How to tell time: advances in decoding circadian phase from omics snapshots
Authors: Talamanca Lorenzo , Naef Felix
Published: September 2020

The ability of organisms to keep track of external time, by means of the circadian clock interacting with the environment, is essential for health. The focus of this review is recent methods to detect the internal circadian time of an omics sample. Before reaching our main topic, we introduce the circadian clock, its hierarchical structure, and its main functions; we will also explain the notion of internal time, or circadian phase, and how it differs from the geophysical time. We then focus on the role played by the clock in the maintenance of human heath, in particular in the context of cancer. Thereafter, we analyze an important methodological question: how to infer the circadian phase of unlabeled omics snapshot measurements. Answering this question could both significantly increase our understanding of the circadian clock and allow the use of this knowledge in biomedical applications. We review existing methods, focusing on the more recent ones, following a historical trajectory. We explain the basic concepts underlying the methods, as well as some crucial technical aspects of each. We conclude by reporting how some of these methods have, more or less effectively, enabled furthering our understanding of the clock and given insights regarding potential biomedical applications.
Regional Personnel Policy in the Field of Labor Market Regulation
Authors: Nikulina Yu. , Grishina D.
Published: September 2020

In modern conditions, more and more attention of regional authorities is focused on the effective use of methods and tools for regulating the labor market. The article considers the features of the formation and implementation of personnel policy at the Federal and regional levels. The authors determine the relationship between the directions of regional personnel policy implementation and factors of labor market development in the region. Special attention is paid to the study of regional labor market problems, analysis of the situation on the labor market of the Orenburg region, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of a number of regional measures in the field of labor market regulation. In conclusion, priority directions for the implementation of regional human resources policy aimed at the formation and development of the region's human resources potential are formulated.
Possibilities of Applying Information and Communication Technologies in Teaching Foreign Languages at Universities
Authors: Rolgayzer Anastasiya , Demidenko Ksenia , Kadnikova Anastasiya
Published: September 2020

The ubiquitous introduction of digital technology leads to changes in state educational standards. This happens due to the society’s need for forming new level competencies as well as rethinking the roles of teachers and students, which leads to reorganization and modernization of educational space. The urgency of this research is conditioned by the forced appliance of distance learning caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires active inclusion of Information and Communication Technologies in all activities of the state and society. The article deals with implementing the state program of education digitalization, using innovative information technologies, distance learning among other things, within teaching foreign languages at universities. The authors consider learning management system Moodle applicable for classroom, self-, individual and additional students’ studies. The methodology of organizing and monitoring students’ knowledge with the help of ICT has been introduced and is currently being applied at the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Kemerovo branch) for the subject of "Foreign language".
Last-Mile Shared Delivery: A Discrete Sequential Packing Approach
Authors: Cao Junyu , Olvera-Cravioto Mariana , Shen Zuo-Jun (Max)
Published: September 2020

We propose a model for optimizing the last-mile delivery of n packages from a distribution center to their final recipients, using a strategy that combines the use of ride-sharing platforms (e.g., Uber or Lyft) with traditional in-house van delivery systems. The main objective is to compute the optimal reward offered to private drivers for each of the n packages such that the total expected cost of delivering all packages is minimized. Our technical approach is based on the formulation of a discrete sequential packing problem, in which bundles of packages are picked up from the warehouse at random times during the interval [Formula: see text]. Our theoretical results include both exact and asymptotic (as [Formula: see text]) expressions for the expected number of packages that are picked up by time T. They are closely related to the classical Rényi’s parking/packing problem. Our proposed framework is scalable with the number of packages.
Online Learning over a Finite Action Set with Limited Switching
Authors: Altschuler Jason M. , Talwar Kunal
Published: September 2020

This paper studies the value of switching actions in the Prediction From Experts problem (PFE) and Adversarial Multiarmed Bandits problem (MAB). First, we revisit the well-studied and practically motivated setting of PFE with switching costs. Many algorithms achieve the minimax optimal order for both regret and switches in expectation; however, high probability guarantees are an open problem. We present the first algorithms that achieve this optimal order for both quantities with high probability. This also implies the first high probability guarantees for several other problems, and, in particular, is efficiently adaptable to online combinatorial optimization with limited switching. Next, to investigate the value of switching actions more granularly, we introduce the switching budget setting, which limits algorithms to a fixed number of (costless) switches. Using this result and several reductions, we unify previous work and completely characterize the complexity of this switching budget setting up to small polylogarithmic factors: for both PFE and MAB, for all switching budgets, and for both expectation and high probability guarantees. Interestingly, as the switching budget decreases, the minimax regret rate admits a phase transition for PFE but not for MAB. These results recover and generalize the known minimax rates for the (arbitrary) switching cost setting.
Socialização étnico-racial de crianças na creche de uma comunidade remanescente de quilombolas
Authors: Oliveira de Aquino Pedro Neto , Vieira Cruz Silvia Helena
Published: September 2020

A presente pesquisa analisou se e como o pertencimento étnico-racial de crianças negras bem pequenas remanescentes de quilombolas que frequentam creche na própria comunidade implica nas interações vividas entre elas no contexto da creche. O procedimento utilizado para a construção dos dados foi a observação participante. A análise indica que as interações entre as crianças não se pautavam no pertencimento étnico-racial nem manifestavam indícios de orgulho racial e étnico do grupo negro, o que parece decorrer das experiências que elas viveram até então, tanto na instituição educativa que frequentavam como, provavelmente, nas suas famílias. Aparentemente, o pertencimento delas ao grupo étnico-racial negro sequer se constituía como um fator que lhes mobilizava a atenção.
Encruzilhada de Saberes em tempos de cólera: currículo dEcolonial e pedagogias da escrevivência
Authors: Peixoto Fabiana De Lima
Published: September 2020

Com a entrada de novos sujeitos do conhecimento na universidade pública brasileira, por meio de políticas de cotas, foram exigidas reformas paradigmáticas na organização e no currículo do ensino superior, a partir de perspectivas epistemológicas pluriversais. Assim, dialogando com perspectivas teórico-metodológicas que estabelecem diálogo entre decolonialidade e educação, o objetivo principal deste artigo é a reflexão crítica sobre cursos de formação docente em universidade pública da Bahia que apostam na pluriversalidade epistêmica, no ensino interprofissional e na interdisciplinaridade, abrindo trincheira para experimentação de pedagogias decoloniais. A arquitetura curricular da UF constituiu-se, entre 2015 e 2019, em uma perspectiva integradora de saberes, práticas e segmentos do ensino superior (graduação e pós-graduação), organizados por sistema de ciclos, compostos por fases sucessivas e articuladas de formação, responsáveis por intensa flexibilidade na trajetória curricular do estudante de graduação.
Best Beginnings: Investing in the early years
Authors: Hancock David
Published: September 2020

This summer, the Children's Commissioner for England produced a comprehensive early years report with a proposal for a new guarantee to give all children in England the best start in life. David Hancock provides a summary of the recommendations
Jewish Christianity, Pauline Christianity, and the Critical Study of the New Testament: Thomas Morgan and F. C. Baur
Authors: Jackson-Mccabe Matt
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the development of an occlusionistic model of Jewish Christianity, and its relationship to the rise of critical New Testament scholarship, in the works of English Deist Thomas Morgan and German theologian Ferdinand Christian Baur. Morgan and Baur did not abandon John Toland's humanistic retelling of Christian myth so much as simply reconfigure the role of Jewish Christianity within it. The apostles no longer stood alongside Jesus as examples of an authoritative incarnation of transcendent Christianity in Jewish cultural forms. Now they represented the first occlusion of transcendent Christianity by those Jewish forms. The normative authority traditionally ascribed to the apostles and their purported writings, accordingly, was effectively reduced to the singular apostle Paul and his letters. The commingling of the latter with the former in the New Testament was explained in terms of a pervasive and multifaceted miscoloration of transcendent Christianity by its first, Jewish receptacle during the apostolic and postapostolic eras. Thus, Morgan and, more consequentially, Baur both called for a systematic and thoroughly critical study of the New Testament itself, precisely to distill from all its Jewish trappings the true, transcendent Christianity they assumed it concealed.
On the Concept of Freedom in the West
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Western concept of freedom. It links this concept to human rights and expounds on its history in the West. Here, the origin of the various declarations of human rights is associated with the historical rise of the bourgeoisie and, fundamentally, with the struggle that took place between the new class of merchants and industry leaders on the one hand and the kings, feudal lords, and the church on the other. In fact, the chapter argues that to conceive of the free agent as a person without any outside pressure underlines a negative and mechanical definition of individual freedoms. It asserts that the balance of powers—political power, domination, and wealth—are the true determining factors of rights and freedoms in the West. Despite these, the chapter stresses that the development of human rights is indeed significant; it is only that such a legacy fails to shine through from within Western political and economic structures as well as the international arena.
The Yellow Demon of Fever
Authors: Barcia Manuel
Published: September 2020

The Yellow Demon of Fever unravels the story of the uninterrupted Atlantic struggle between humans and often terrifying and puzzling diseases, a struggle that generated a vast amount of information at a time when transatlantic means of communication were significantly enhanced. It seeks to demonstrate that while the enforcement of abolitionist policies in the Atlantic contributed to the eventual ending of the transatlantic slave trade, it also led to an increase in the suffering of those who were enslaved and sent into the transatlantic slave trade.
The book also argues that slave traders’ worries about the health of their human cargoes, as well as anti–slave trade patrol officers’ concerns about the health of their prizes—both related to the maximization of profits—generated transatlantic discussions and dialogues about the diseases they encountered and the best ways to fight them.
The Yellow Demon of Fever exhaustively examines the personal experiences of ordinary Atlantic people who were daily exposed to deadly and debilitating diseases and illnesses, and who were forced to resist and fight them as best they could, often sharing old and new knowledge on the characteristics of these deadly enemies and on how to confront them. Ultimately, it argues that the ways in which these historical actors dealt with and fought against a bewildering array of diseases were central elements in the transformations of medical cultures that took place in the illegal period throughout the Atlantic world.
The Third Walpurgis Night
Authors: Kraus Karl , Perloff Marjorie
Published: September 2020

Now available in English for the first time, this book was written in immediate response to the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 but withheld from publication for fear of reprisals against Jews trapped in Germany. Acclaimed when finally published by Kösel Verlag in 1952, it is a devastatingly prescient exposure, giving special attention to the regime's corruption of language as masterminded by Joseph Goebbels. Bertolt Brecht wrote to the author that, in his indictment of Nazism, “You have disclosed the atrocities of intonation and created an ethics of language.” This masterful translation aims for clarity where the author had good reason to be cautious and obscure.
Muslims and Citizens
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

From the beginning, French revolutionaries imagined their transformation as a universal one that must include Muslims, Europe's most immediate neighbors. They believed in a world in which Muslims could and would be French citizens, but they disagreed violently about how to implement their visions of universalism and accommodate religious and social difference. Muslims, too, saw an opportunity, particularly as European powers turned against the new French Republic, leaving the Muslim polities of the Middle East and North Africa as France's only friends in the region. This book examines how Muslims came to participate in the political struggles of the revolution and how revolutionaries used Muslims in France and beyond as a test case for their ideals. The final chapter reveals how the French Revolution's fascination with the Muslim world paved the way to Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Egypt in 1798.
Introduction
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Despite much emphasis on mental illness in later life, limited work has focused on mental health. This book aims to address this deficit by exploring, and explaining, mental health outcomes in later life through the lens of critical social gerontology and via the conduit of life course analysis. It adopts an approach underpinned by a commitment to understanding, and making visible, the role of lifecourse, and age related inequalities in creating or amplifying risks to mental health, as well as exploring those issues that afford protection. It aims to offer a critical review of existing discourse and disrupt the ‘taken for granted’ paradigm, including in the dementia arena. This approach not only recognises that mental health in later life is a complex multi-dimensional issue that cuts across time, cohort, social categories and individual experiences but that it is affected by a wide range of lifecourse and age related issues. It also encourages the development of understanding that adopts a wide lens of analysis and of policy and service related responses that reduce risks to mental health during the lifecourse and in later life itself. Further, it engages with the potential to learn from older people’s perspectives and lives.
Reconsidering policy – our agenda
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Policy studies are in a rut. Just as politics in both the global and domestic spheres have been taking more partisan forms, policy studies itself has become more inward looking, and less interested in politics and practice than in the past. The authors suggest that making public policy relevant again, requires an understanding, not just of policy development and selected policy-related themes, but a broader engagement with structure, process and system: as a way of depicting not just the formation of policy, but also its modes of action in the world. Doing this involves building on earlier iterations of policy thought and relating them, not only to the complexity of current policy problems, but also to the immense technological and political changes that have occurred in the twenty-first century.
Reconsidering institutions
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Although institutions are central to the study of public policy, the focus upon them has shifted over time. This chapter is concerned with the role of institutions in problem solving and the utility of an evolving institutional theory that has significantly fragmented. It argues that the rise of new institutionalism in particular is symptomatic of the growing complexity in problems and policy making. We review the complex landscape of institutional theory, we reconsider institutions in the context of emergent networks and systems in the governance era, and we reflect upon institutions and the notion of policy shaping in contemporary times. We find that network institutionalism, which draws upon policy network and community approaches, has a particular utility for depicting and explaining complex policy.
Reconsidering the state
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

State-centred and society-centred explanations in comparative public policy analysis disagree markedly on the extent to which the state has autonomy or is essentially a clearing-house for outside forces. In this chapter, we reconsider the position of the state in policy studies by investigating the interactions and inter-dependency between the state and society rather than making a binary choice between state-centred and society-centred perspectives on governance. The core argument is that policy studies can improve its ability to apprehend the position of the state in dilemmas of contemporary policy-making by acknowledging that the state is, at once, both critical to collective action and reliant on crucial elements of societal support for its policy effectiveness. In such terms, governance is a useful label for the variety of ways in which society is not simply acted upon by the state, but actively shapes the actions of and outcomes of state activity.
Reconsidering implementation
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Scholarly interest in implementation theory has waxed and waned despite enduring concerns with practitioner competences and the causes of policy failure or policy success. Attention to understanding and improving policy implementation needs to build on previous attempts to identify and absorb the lessons already known. Implementation processes often encounter governance challenges that were unforeseen, arising from difficulties in coordination of partnerships or from rapid changes in external events. This chapter reconsiders the role of implementation analysis in the era of governance, which sees implementation as joined-up networked practices discounts the significance of state capacity and centrality. The chapter recounts the manner in which implementation theory has evolved, from early instrumental accounts, to top-down, bottom-up and synthesised analysis, to current interest in the utility of implementation theory in addressing complexity of policy problems. It argues that, despite the shift in emphasis to governance-based and interpretive accounts, implementation as a structural and process challenge in government policy practice remains a vital concern. So do the problems of failure and success, learning and capacity, monitoring and evaluation that implementation theory has highlighted. Policy change agendas are foreshadowed, for further analysis in the following chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the book by looking at how children view poverty and asking (and answering) why we should care about child poverty. It then defines what child poverty is, i.e. what makes it different to adult poverty, and discusses the different components we can use to explore it. How child poverty is understood is crucial to the steps that are taken to prevent, mitigate and alleviate it. This chapter also looks briefly at the causes of child poverty and discusses the consequences of misunderstanding or misrepresenting poverty in the lives of children.
Breaking the back of love: attachment goes neuro-molecular
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how attachment theory is increasingly going ‘under the skin’, looking for fundamental biological mechanisms to explain behaviours and consequences. Attachment scholars and researchers have sought new alignments with developments in evolutionary biology and developmental neuroscience. All these domains — despite inconsistent findings, thorny issues relating to extrapolations from animal work, and problems with replication — are purported to provide further support for attachment theory's veracity. In addition, they dangle the tantalising prospects of better targeting of interventions and more efficacious clinical approaches to fixing the effects of disrupted attachments, including some normative and sensitive matters such as the onset of puberty, and what are somewhat euphemistically called ‘reproductive strategies’, often meaning girls having babies too early. This ‘new generation’ of biological reasoning looks to the molecular level to explain health inequalities, with the prevention of adverse childhood experiences on the ‘to do’ list for public health policy makers. This has profound potential implications for child welfare practices.
Social exclusion and food assistance in Germany
Authors: Kessl Fabian , Lorenz Stephan , Schoneville Holger
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for Germany. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Germany:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in Germany and the implications of this.
The prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work: a comparison of Denmark, the Netherlands and the UK
Authors: Eleveld Anja , Harris Neville , Schøler Christian H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter uses the six legal safeguards, identified in chapter 4, that concretise the proportionality test under the prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work to evaluate the national social assistance legislation in Denmark, the Netherlands and the UK. The analysis shows that none of the national legislation complies with all six safeguards. The Dutch legislation stands out for its lack of legal regulation with respect to the duty to participate in work programmes. In addition, a comparison between the Danish and the British WTW law shows that, while the Danish legal provisions aim at a collaboration between the recipient of social assistance benefits and the authorities, the British provisions reflect the aim of the national authorities to control the recipient.
Questions of conduct and social justice: the ethics of welfare conditionality within UK social security
Authors: Dwyer Peter
Published: September 2020

A principle of welfare conditionality asserts that eligibility to basic, publicly provided, welfare benefits and services should be dependent on an individual first agreeing to meet particular compulsory responsibilities or patterns of behaviour. Drawing on data generated in 55 semi structured interviews, this chapter explores the competing normative/ethical frameworks that policy stakeholders use to justify their support for, or opposition to, the welfare conditionality that is now embedded in UK social benefit policy. Despite certain reservations about its ongoing, many policy stakeholders routinely support conditionality within social security systems through a combination of contractual and paternalistic ethical frameworks. The relative lack of narratives which assert entitlement to social security based on human rights or citizenship status is striking. It is concluded that the highly conditional, contractual/paternalistic vision of social security endorsed by the majority of policy stakeholders interviewed is incompatible with the Republican theories of non-domination.
A framework to identify precarity in the social sciences: insights from qualitative research
Authors: Portacolone Elena
Published: September 2020

This chapter proposes a framework for identifying and recognising precarity based on qualitative research. It begins with a discussion of the context for precarity from the vantage point of the author’s background and broader theoretical influences. Next, challenges associated with recognizing and measuring precarity are presented. The chapter then turns to the methods used to detect precarity in two research studies, with a focus on four markers of precarity: uncertainty; limited access to appropriate services; the importance of maintaining independence, and; cumulative pressures. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contribution made from the research studies as a means to inform future research.
Rising beyond museological practice and use: a model for community and museum partnerships working towards modern curatorship in this day and age
Authors: Mutibwa Daniel H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses effective ways to develop relationships between communities and museums around shared cultural agendas, practice, and knowledge exchange. Through the lens of an eight-month pilot that emerged from the Pararchive project and was partnered by the National Media Museum (NMeM), Bradford, the chapter addresses what it means to access a dormant but invaluable national archive and associative collections from the position of differently situated community groups. It highlights how the Pararchive–National Media Museum partnership (PNMeM) promoted opportunities for community groups to select, document, and creatively exploit archival resources in ways in which conventional museological practice and use do not allow. The chapter also outlines the key challenges encountered. In doing so, this chapter draws on detailed notes generated through participant observation, on the study of relevant documents and artefacts, and on important insights gained from audio recordings of relevant project meetings and an evaluative end-of-project workshop.
Silver hair, silver tongues, silver screen: recollection, reflection and representation through digital storytelling with older people
Authors: Jenkins Tricia , Hardy Pip
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the use of Digital Storytelling (DS) with older people. It looks at the benefits of participation in the DS process before considering how these self-representations — organised, selected and told by individuals and shared on their terms — can break down traditional bureaucratic power structures represented by the notion of ‘archive’. The chapter presents two case studies. The first is from Patient Voices, which curates and archives digital stories made under its auspices with the intention of transforming health and social care by conveying the voices of those not usually heard to a worldwide audience. The second is from DigiTales's work with older people through the transnational action research project Silver Stories, which generated an archive of over 160 stories by older people and those who care for them, from five European countries. It shows how DS creates new possibilities for participatory and collaborative approaches to discovering and developing new knowledge, re-positioning participants as co-producers of knowledge and, potentially, as co-researchers.
‘Wibbly-wobbly timey-wimey’ LGBT histories: community archives as boundary objects
Authors: Moore Niamh
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers a ‘wibbly-wobbly’ account of a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual (LGBT) community history and archiving project, How We Got Here. The project was initiated by The Proud Trust (TPT), ‘home of LGBT+ youth’, a regional network of LGBT youth groups across Manchester and North West England, who partnered with a number of organisations, including Schools OUT UK. The project traced three interrelated threads of LGBT activism that were particularly focused on Manchester and the north-west of England, but both the project and the original activism also paid attention to how the city and region are inevitably enmeshed in national and global politics. The three strands of activism are centred on: the establishment of the first purpose-built gay centre in Europe, in Manchester in 1988, now managed by TPT; work in schools, supporting teachers and pupils, including the setting up and campaigning of Schools OUT UK (formerly called the Gay Teachers' Group); and histories of LGBT youth work in Manchester. Thus, the project also centred on histories of LGBT activism that rarely receive attention — including the campaigning of teachers and youth workers in schools and youth clubs and beyond.
Archive utopias: linking collaborative histories to local democracy
Authors: Brigham Lianne , Brigham Richard , Graham Helen , Hoyle Victoria
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how York's city archives can be used to open up different kinds of democratic relationships. It focuses on archival collections relating to Hungate, an area of York that was designated a ‘slum’ and demolished by the council during the 1930s. The chapter looks at health inspection records, explores maps and the 1911 census, and reads angry letters from people whose lives were being affected by local government decisions. Seeing the breakdown in relationships between local people and local government — and the way in which this is reflected in cynicism towards the council today — has led to the development of a conceptual intervention this chapter dubs the ‘Utopian Council’. The Utopian Council seeks to imagine and stage a more positive and reciprocal relationship between the council and local people.
Economic development
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers economic development, growth, and human development. Development is not just a matter of resources; it is a complex process, or set of processes, which have a profound effect on social, economic and political relationships. It follows that development, too, is a relational concept, and that it is intimately linked to the relationships of poverty.
Poverty and rights
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

Another developing relational discourse has been the increasing emphasis, especially in the international organisations, on rights. Poverty is about relationships, and rights are rules that govern such relationships; Sen links the idea of poverty directly to entitlements. Discussions of citizenship, legal rights, collective and human rights have become part of the armoury of anti-poverty campaigns.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Peter , Koglin Till
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the topic of this volume and the issues touched upon in the different chapters. It explains today’s situation for cycling and the wider context of cycling infrastructure. Moreover, it also shows how this volume was put together and why there is a need for this book. Furthermore, it places the book in context to existing literature and shows what gaps exists in this literature and why this volume is an important contribution to the current publications on cycling and infrastructure. Additionally, this chapter gives an overview of the content of this volume, introduces briefly each chapter and explains the structure of this volume. In the end of this chapter, a note on language explains the terms used in this volume for different parts of cycling infrastructure.
The cultural politics of infrastructure: the case of Louis Botha Avenue in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Morgan Njogu
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the cultural politics of bicycle infrastructure through an examination of attempts to build cycling lanes in Johannesburg, South Africa in the 1930s. In the 1930s in Johannesburg, with increasing rates of automobile use planners were grappling with road safety, congestion and rules. At the time, bicycles were still an important mode of transport. Vehicle licensing data from Johannesburg shows that up to 1935, more bicycles were registered than automobiles. In an effort to reduce growing conflicts between bicycles and motorists, the Johannesburg city council turned to the concept of separating traffic modes. I draw on data from archives, newspaper material, municipal reports and other published material. By showing how decisions on building of bicycle lanes and the expected conduct of the users and motorists were intrinsically shaped by prevailing social relations, circulation of ideas and practices between the United Kingdom and South Africa, it highlights the extent to which bicycle infrastructures are not neutral objects. They are socio-technical assemblages inextricable from place. As such this historical account foregrounds the importance of the contexts within which transitions occur. This is especially relevant in the contemporary moment of the return to the bicycle characterised by policy borrowing.