bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Regional and Local Structure in a Late Ordovician (Edenian) Foreland Platform-to-Basin Succession Inboard of the Taconic Orogen, Central Canada
Authors: Gbadeyan Ruth , Dix George
Published: May 2013

The Upper Ordovician (Edenian) Lindsay Formation of the Ottawa Embayment represents the final stage of carbonate platform development in the Taconic foreland periphery inboard of the northern Appalachian orogen. The succession overlies a narrow (~60 km) axis of a Neoproterozoic Laurentian rift extending across the Grenville orogen. The Lindsay Formation consists of a lower heavily bioturbated skeletal limestone that represents a warm-water shoal facies following an underlying outer ramp stratigraphy, and an upper division of renewed deep-water deposition with organic-rich shale and fossiliferous lime mudstone. Pyritic deep-water black shale of the westerly advancing Taconic foreland basin disconformably overlies this platform succession. Stratigraphic correlation through the central embayment identifies likely synsedimentary faults and seaward-directed erosion bounding the Lindsay Formation in a region of older Ordovician faults and a change in the lithotectonic character of the crystalline basement. The Late Ordovician shallowing and localization of structural/erosional features are interpreted to record a structural hinge: a local accommodation to, first, foreland periphery uplift, then rapid subsidence related to westerly diachronous foreland subsidence through the platform interior. Spatial association of structures of differing ages suggests that reactivation of inherited weakened crust influenced Late Ordovician sedimentary patterns.
The Speculative Neuroscience of the Future Human Brain
Authors: Dielenberg Robert
Published: May 2013

The hallmark of our species is our ability to hybridize symbolic thinking with behavioral output. We began with the symmetrical hand axe around 1.7 mya and have progressed, slowly at first, then with greater rapidity, to producing increasingly more complex hybridized products. We now live in the age where our drive to hybridize has pushed us to the brink of a neuroscientific revolution, where for the first time we are in a position to willfully alter the brain and hence, our behavior and evolution. Nootropics, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and invasive brain mind interface (BMI) technology are allowing humans to treat previously inaccessible diseases as well as open up potential vistas for cognitive enhancement. In the future, the possibility exists for humans to hybridize with BMIs and mobile architectures. The notion of self is becoming increasingly extended. All of this to say: are we in control of our brains, or are they in control of us?
A Geospatial Cyberinfrastructure for Urban Economic Analysis and Spatial Decision-Making
Authors: Li Wenwen , Li Linna , Goodchild Michael , Anselin Luc
Published: May 2013

Urban economic modeling and effective spatial planning are critical tools towards achieving urban sustainability. However, in practice, many technical obstacles, such as information islands, poor documentation of data and lack of software platforms to facilitate virtual collaboration, are challenging the effectiveness of decision-making processes. In this paper, we report on our efforts to design and develop a geospatial cyberinfrastructure (GCI) for urban economic analysis and simulation. This GCI provides an operational graphic user interface, built upon a service-oriented architecture to allow (1) widespread sharing and seamless integration of distributed geospatial data; (2) an effective way to address the uncertainty and positional errors encountered in fusing data from diverse sources; (3) the decomposition of complex planning questions into atomic spatial analysis tasks and the generation of a web service chain to tackle such complex problems; and (4) capturing and representing provenance of geospatial data to trace its flow in the modeling task. The Greater Los Angeles Region serves as the test bed. We expect this work to contribute to effective spatial policy analysis and decision-making through the adoption of advanced GCI and to broaden the application coverage of GCI to include urban economic simulations.
Low Power Dendritic Computation for Wordspotting
Authors: George Suma , Hasler Jennifer , Koziol Scott , Nease Stephen , Ramakrishnan Shubha
Published: May 2013

In this paper, we demonstrate how a network of dendrites can be used to build the state decoding block of a wordspotter similar to a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classifier structure. We present simulation and experimental data for a single line dendrite and also experimental results for a dendrite-based classifier structure. This work builds on previously demonstrated building blocks of a neural network: the channel, synapses and dendrites using CMOS circuits. These structures can be used for speech and pattern recognition. The computational efficiency of such a system is >10 MMACs/μW as compared to Digital Systems which perform 10 MMACs/mW.
(R)-7-(Azepan-3-ylamino)-8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid Hydrochloride
Authors: Xia Zhengjun , Chen Zaixin , Yu Shuitao
Published: May 2013

In this paper (R)-7-(azepan-3-ylamino)-8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 1 was isolated and identified as the N-substituted regioisomer of besifloxacin, which has been synthesized from the reaction of 8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3 with (R)-tert-butyl 3-aminoazepane-1-carboxylate 2 in acetonitrile as solvent in 37% yield. The chemical structure of compound 1 was established on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry data and elemental analysis.
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation Is a Biomarker of Plitidepsin Activity
Authors: Muñoz-Alonso María , Álvarez Enrique , Guillén-Navarro María , Pollán Marina , Avilés Pablo , Galmarini Carlos , Muñoz Alberto
Published: May 2013

Plitidepsin is an antitumor drug of marine origin currently in Phase III clinical trials in multiple myeloma. In cultured cells, plitidepsin induces cell cycle arrest or an acute apoptotic process in which sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a crucial role. With a view to optimizing clinical use of plitidepsin, we have therefore evaluated the possibility of using JNK activation as an in vivo biomarker of response. In this study, we show that administration of a single plitidepsin dose to mice xenografted with human cancer cells does indeed lead to increased phosphorylation of JNK in tumors at 4 to 12 h. By contrast, no changes were found in other in vitro plitidepsin targets such as the levels of phosphorylated-ERK, -p38MAPK or the protein p27KIP1. Interestingly, plitidepsin also increased JNK phosphorylation in spleens from xenografted mice showing similar kinetics to those seen in tumors, thereby suggesting that normal tissues might be useful for predicting drug activity. Furthermore, plitidepsin administration to rats at plasma concentrations comparable to those achievable in patients also increased JNK phosphorylation in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. These findings suggest that changes in JNK activity provide a reliable biomarker for plitidepsin activity and this could be useful for designing clinical trials and maximizing the efficacy of plitidepsin.
Metabolites from Alternaria Fungi and Their Bioactivities
Authors: Lou Jingfeng , Fu Linyun , Peng Youliang , Zhou Ligang
Published: May 2013

Alternaria is a cosmopolitan fungal genus widely distributing in soil and organic matter. It includes saprophytic, endophytic and pathogenic species. At least 268 metabolites from Alternaria fungi have been reported in the past few decades. They mainly include nitrogen-containing metabolites, steroids, terpenoids, pyranones, quinones, and phenolics. This review aims to briefly summarize the structurally different metabolites produced by Alternaria fungi, as well as their occurrences, biological activities and functions. Some considerations related to synthesis, biosynthesis, production and applications of the metabolites from Alternaria fungi are also discussed.
Impact of Fruit Piece Structure in Yogurts on the Dynamics of Aroma Release and Sensory Perception
Authors: Mesurolle Joshua , Saint-Eve Anne , Déléris Isabelle , Souchon Isabelle
Published: May 2013

The aim of this work was to gain insight into the effect of food formulation on aroma release and perception, both of which playing an important role in food appreciation. The quality and quantity of retronasal aroma released during food consumption affect the exposure time of olfactory receptors to aroma stimuli, which can influence nutritional and hedonic characteristics, as well as consumption behaviors. In yogurts, fruit preparation formulation can be a key factor to modulate aroma stimulation. In this context, the impact of size and hardness of fruit pieces in fat-free pear yogurts was studied. Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used to allow sensitive and on-line monitoring of volatile odorous compound release in the breath during consumption. In parallel, a trained panel used sensory profile and Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) methods to characterize yogurt sensory properties and their dynamic changes during consumption. Results showed that the size of pear pieces had few effects on aroma release and perception of yogurts, whereas fruit hardness significantly influenced them. Despite the fact that yogurts presented short and similar residence times in the mouth, this study showed that fruit preparation could be an interesting formulation factor to enhance exposure time to stimuli and thus modify food consumption behaviors. These results could be taken into account to formulate new products that integrate both nutritional and sensory criteria.
Synthesis of Glycopolymer Architectures by Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ghadban Ali , Albertin Luca
Published: May 2013

This review summarizes the state of the art in the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers by Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) from its inception in 1998 until August 2012. Glycopolymers architectures have been successfully synthesized with four major RDRP techniques: Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP), cyanoxyl-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Over 140 publications were analyzed and their results summarized according to the technique used and the type of monomer(s) and carbohydrates involved. Particular emphasis was placed on the experimental conditions used, the structure obtained (comonomer distribution, topology), the degree of control achieved and the (potential) applications sought. A list of representative examples for each polymerization process can be found in tables placed at the beginning of each section covering a particular RDRP technique.
Evaluating Ecohydrological Impacts of Vegetation Activities on Climatological Perspectives Using MODIS Gross Primary Productivity and Evapotranspiration Products at Korean Regional Flux Network Site
Authors: Sur Chanyang , Choi Minha
Published: May 2013

Accurate assessments of spatio-temporal variations in gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) play a crucial role in the evaluation of carbon and water balance as well as have considerable effects on climate change. In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products were used to quantify the mean annual GPP and ET at Korean regional flux network site. We found that the seasonal mean values of WUE were 2.86 to 2.92 g∙C∙g∙H2O−1 in the dormant season and 1.81 to 1.88 g∙C∙g∙H2O−1 in the growing season during 2007 and 2008. The WUE was relatively stable during the growing season and tended to vary in the dormant season. Remote sensing data obtained by the MODIS satellite were appeared to be effective to improve our understanding of the spatio-temporal variation of ecohydrological parameters which have not yet been investigated in a number of previous articles. Based on the results of this study, we summarize the interactions between carbon and water circulation in terrestrial ecosystems and how their ecological procedures generated by the photosynthesis of vegetation influence in climatological perspectives.
A Deformed Shape Monitoring Model for Building Structures Based on a 2D Laser Scanner
Authors: Choi Se , Kim Bub , Lee Hong , Kim Yousok , Park Hyo
Published: May 2013

High-rise buildings subjected to lateral loads such as wind and earthquake loads must be checked not to exceed the limits on the maximum lateral displacement or the maximum inter-story drift ratios. In this paper, a sensing model for deformed shapes of a building structure in motion is presented. The deformed shape sensing model based on a 2D scanner consists of five modules: (1) module for acquiring coordinate information of a point in a building; (2) module for coordinate transformation and data arrangement for generation of time history of the point; (3) module for smoothing by adjacent averaging technique; (4) module for generation of the displacement history for each story and deformed shape of a building, and (5) module for evaluation of the serviceability of a building. The feasibility of the sensing model based on a 2D laser scanner is tested through free vibration tests of a three-story steel frame structure with a relatively high slenderness ratio of 5.0. Free vibration responses measured from both laser displacement sensors and a 2D laser scanner are compared. In the experimentation, the deformed shapes were obtained from three different methods: the model based on the 2D laser scanner, the direct measurement based on laser displacement sensors, and the numerical method using acceleration data and the displacements from GPS. As a result, it is confirmed that the deformed shape measurement model based on a 2D laser scanner can be a promising alternative for high-rise buildings where installation of laser displacement sensors is impossible.
Greening the Ivory Tower: A Review of Educational Research on Sustainability in Post-Secondary Education
Authors: Vaughter Philip , Wright Tarah , McKenzie Marcia , Lidstone Lauri
Published: May 2013

There is a deficit of multi-site studies examining the integration of sustainability in the policies and practices of post-secondary institutions. This paper reviews what comparative empirical research has been undertaken on sustainability in post-secondary education (PSE) within eight leading international journals publishing on sustainability and education. Three predominant themes of research on the topic are identified within the review: research comparing sustainability curricula across institutions (both within specific disciplines of study and across disciplines); research comparing campus operations policies and practice across multiple institutions; and research on how to best measure or audit approaches and outputs in sustainability in PSE. This review of the research literature supports the contention within the literature on sustainability in PSE that most research on the topic is focused on case studies rather than comparison of multiple institutions. The comparative research that is emerging from the field is concentrated on assessing measurable outputs for environmental externalities within institutional operations, with little examination of sustainability uptake and outcomes across broader institutional policies and practices.
Antiferromagnetic coupling of TbPc2 molecules to ultrathin Ni and Co films
Authors: Klar David , Klyatskaya Svetlana , Candini Andrea , Krumme Bernhard , Kummer Kurt , Ohresser Philippe , Corradini Valdis , de Renzi Valentina , Biagi Roberto , Joly Loic , Kappler Jean-Paul , del Pennino Umberto , Affronte Marco , Wende Heiko , Ruben Mario
Published: May 2013

The magnetic and electronic properties of single-molecule magnets are studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. We study the magnetic coupling of ultrathin Co and Ni films that are epitaxially grown onto a Cu(100) substrate, to an in situ deposited submonolayer of TbPc2 molecules. Because of the element specificity of the X-ray absorption spectroscopy we are able to individually determine the field dependence of the magnetization of the Tb ions and the Ni or Co film. On both substrates the TbPc2 molecules couple antiferromagnetically to the ferromagnetic films, which is possibly due to a superexchange interaction via the phthalocyanine ligand that contacts the magnetic surface.
URBANISTIKOS MOKSLO IR STUDIJŲ VIETOS LIETUVOS KLASIFIKATORIUOSE PARADOKSAI/PARADOXES OF POSITIONING URBAN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN THE LITHUANIAN CLASSIFICATORS
Authors: Daunora Zigmas J.
Published: May 2013

Urban Design and Planning, being a significant field of architect’s professional activity, science and education, in the Lithuanian classificators of science (1998) and education (2001) is replaced by Land Management which is concerned with another field closely related to engineering management of rural territories. The paper discusses diferences in the conception of these disciplines, and need of correcting the classificators is suggested with intention to create reasonable development conditions for the science and education of urban design and planning corresponding to those existing in the other EU countries. Some of the conceptions and incorrectly used concepts of the Law on Territory Planning requiring changes are indicated. It is stated that during 11–19 years an inadequate approach to a complex and socially urgent matter, related with culture, science and art, has brought the urban development of the country to a situation having evident attributes of chaos. Most damage is done to the architecture of towns, where the role of urban design activity, defining the conceptions of built-up morphostructure, urban complexes and the architecture of public spaces, is essential. Sustainable compositional development of a town defining its individual image and aesthetic attraction also depends on the qualification of a participating architect urbanist and his role in a team of planners. A model of positioning urban design and planning in the systematic conception of architect’s professional activity, science and education as well as possibilities of supplementing the classificators are proposed. Santrauka Lietuvoje priimtuose mokslo (1998 m.) ir studijų (2001 m.) klasifikatoriuose reikšmingos architekto profesinės veiklos, mokslo ir studijų kryptys – urbanistinis projektavimas ir planavimas (Town and Country Planning) – pakeistos į kraštotvarką (Land Management) – kitos srities dalyką, artimą inžinerinio kaimo teritorijų tvarkymo vadybai. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami šių disciplinų sampratos skirtumai ir iškeliama klasifikatorių tikslinimo reikmė, siekiant atkurti urbanistikos mokslui ir studijoms priimtinas plėtojimo sąlygas, adekvačias egzistuojančioms kitose ES šalyse. Nurodomos su tuo susijusios kai kurios keistinos Teritorijų planavimo įstatymo nuostatos, pateikiamas urbanistikos vietos architekto profesinės veiklos, mokslo bei studijų sisteminėje sampratoje modelis ir klasifikatorių papildymo galimybės.
VALSTYBĖ IR MIESTAS: URBANISTINĖ PLĖTRA GALIŲ PERSISKIRSTYMO APLINKOJE/THE STATE AND THE CITY: URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF CHANGING POWER RELATIONS
Authors: Rubavičius Vytautas
Published: May 2013

The paper examines the changing character of nation / state power and power relationships between state, regions and cities under the conditions of rapid grobalization and postfordist capitalism. European states, regions and cities sustain not only the pressure of globalizational factors and challenges, but they are the targets of Euro-integrational policy, especcially that of Euro-regionalization and urbanization. A part of state power is transmitted up to a supranational level and some part – down to regional and local levels, thus the authorities of a subnational level are empowered to act on their own account for good competitive positions in domestic and global markets. Some peculiarities of Lithuania‘s transition to a capitalist system are highlighted and landmarks of urbanization are concidered. Attention is paid to Vilnius urban development from the point of view of European regional and urban development policy trends.

Santrauka

Globalizacijos veiksniai menkina valstybės galią ir keičia jos pobūdį, o Europos Sąjungos plėtra, taip pat jos vykdoma eurointegracijos politika įtvirtina naują valstybės ir regionų bei miestų santykių konfigūraciją. Valstybėms narėms vis labiau susisaistant dalis valstybės galios perduodama į aukštesnį supranacionalinį lygmenį, o dalis į žemesnį subnacionalinį lygmenį. Miestai ir regionai įgauna vis daugiau savarankiškumo, jų valdymo srityje ryškus perėjimas nuo centralizuoto prie daugialygio ar tinklinio, nuo vadybinio prie antrepreneriško valdymo. ES plėtojama Europos regionalizavimo politika ne tik teikia galimybių megzti tiesioginius regionų bei miestų ryšius, bet ir skatina kurti naujus miestų valdymo modelius, kurie laiduotų valdžios, visuomenės ir verslo partnerystę ir padėtų urbanistiniams regionams tapti konkurencingiems globalinėse rinkose. Straipsnyje aptariami kai kurie valstybės ir miestų santykių, taip pat miestų valdymo kaitos aspektai, svarstoma, kaip Lietuvos ir Vilniaus urbanistinė plėtra siejasi su europinės euroregionizacijos politikos nustatomomis gairėmis ir tos politikos teikiamomis galimybėmis.
VIEŠOJO INTERESO APIBRĖŽIMO LIETUVOS URBANISTINĖJE PLĖTROJE KLAUSIMU/ON DEFINITION OF PUBLIC INTEREST IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIA
Authors: Staniūnas Eugenijus
Published: May 2013

The word “public“ has two meanings in the Lithuanian language. It means “useful for society“ and “overt“ (“nonsecret“). Double-edged meaning of the category is not acceptable in the sphere of practical urban development, where decisions mean the distribution of goods among individuals as well as the distribution of goods among individuals and overall. In general it is not clear whether the development of the city should be only overt or whether it has also something to do with the interest of society, with the interest of the entire population of the city. The language peculiarities require a special approach of the legal system to the term. The Lithuanian legal system makes not very much in this direction, may be rather on the contrary it makes the term “public interest“ even more misty. The Lithuanian Constitution mentions societal interest (requires to support useful for society economic activity), however, neither the Constitution nor the Law on Territory Planning describe what the category “society use“ (societal interest) means. The Law does not see the diference a person and the entirety of city population. It says that the term “public“ (“society“) means one as well as more natural or legal persons. This situation has many sequences: the main question of the social system of the state is not clear; the basis of the mission of urban planning is not clear too; the principle of distribution of goods in urban development is not declared; the question of a legal goods distribution can hardly even be raised. The idea of a more precise legal definition of the term “public interest“ is raised in the paper. The author thinks that the formula “public goods are goods that cannot be produced by an individual“ can be a good basis for elaborating a legal definition of the category “public interest“. It allows to divide clearly and logically overall and individual goods. It allows to see what concrete development proposals are useful for. It allows to show the logical place of urban planning in general: public interest in urban development should be the production of goods that cannot be produced by separate citizens; this production should also be accepted as the mission of urban planning. Santrauka Nagrinėjamas viešojo (visuomenės) intereso apibrėžimo ir jo sąsajų su teritorine plėtra klausimas. Apie visuomenės interesus užsiminta Lietuvos Konstitucijoje, tačiau kas tai yra konkrečiau, Lietuvos įstatymuose nepaaiškinta. Neapibrėžus šios kategorijos, praktiškai neįmanoma išspręsti esminio valstybei – jos socialinės sistemos klausimo, t. y. konkretizuoti visuomenės ir individo santykių principo (nors jis apytikriai ir paaiškintas pagrindiniame šalies įstatyme). Rezultatas yra tas, kad gyvenimo praktikoje (taip pat ir teritorinėje plėtroje) realizuojama galbūt nuo Konstitucijos atitrūkusi ir nežinia kokia valstybės idėja. Straipsnyje siūloma šią spragą užpildyti ir analizuojama, kaip tai būtų galima padaryti.
KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO, KAIP REKREACINĖS APLINKOS, PRIEINAMUMO REGLAMENTAVIMO LIETUVOJE IR UŽSIENIO VALSTYBĖSE ANALIZĖ
Authors: Dimindavičiūtė Dovilė
Published: May 2013

Public rights of access to engage in recreational activities in open non-urbanized countryside in Lithuania, Scandinavia and UK are analysed in this paper. Currently there is no universal public right of access in Lithuania. On the other hand, there is no strict prohibition to walk or stay in open countryside as well. But public rights of access to the Lithuanian countryside are more and more undermined as privatization of land, forests and water is going on and land owners try to fence their properties.

The present Lithuanian legal basis that regulates public access to countryside is evaluated. Foreign experience in this field is reviewed. Scandinavian countries and Scotland adopted universal everyman’s right. On the other side, public rights are very limited in England and Whales. Summarizing these different approaches and current situation in Lithuania proposals on implementing the public right of access in the Lithuanian legislature are presented.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos visuomenės teisės laisvai judėti ir užsiimti rekreacine veikla atvirame, neužstatytame kraštovaizdyje Lietuvoje ir užsienio valstybėse. Šiuo metu Lietuvoje tokios universalios teisės, įtvirtintos įstatymuose, nėra, nors kartu nėra ir giežtų draudimų būti ir judėti atvirame kraštovaizdyje. Tačiau žemės, miškų ir vandenų ūkio žemių privatizavimas ir savininkų noras kuo labiau apriboti savo žemes vis labiau mažina visuomenės teises į Lietuvos kraštovaizdį. Straipsnyje apibendrinama šiuo metu galiojanti teisinė bazė, reglamentuojanti Lietuvos visuomenės teises į atvirą kraštovaizdį. Pateikiama užsienio valstybių patirtis šioje srityje. Tai skandinaviškas ir škotiškas modelis, kur galioja universali prieigos teisė. Palyginimui kaip kontrastas pateikiamas Anglijos ir Velso modelis, kur visuomenės teisės į atvirą kraštovaizdį labai ribotos. Apibendrinus esamą situaciją Lietuvoje ir užsienio patirtį, straipsnyje siūloma ir Lietuvoje įstatymu užtikrinti visuomenei kraštovaizdžio prieinamumą.
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Inhaled Zanamivir: A Randomized Study Comparing Rotacap/Rotahaler and Rotadisk/Diskhaler in Healthy Adults
Authors: Weller Stephen , Jones Lori S , Lou Yu , Piscitelli Stephen , Peppercorn Amanda , Ng-Cashin Judith
Published: May 2013

Background

During a pandemic, the need for available anti-influenza medications increases. There has been extensive use of the approved zanamivir Rotadisk/Diskhaler but no clinical data are available for administration by an alternative Rotacap/Rotahaler presentation.

Methods

In this randomized three-way crossover study, each healthy adult received zanamivir 10 mg every 12 h for 5 days via Rotadisk/Diskhaler, via Rotacap/Rotahaler and placebo via Rotacap/Rotahaler, with a washout period between treatments. Safety assessments were conducted throughout the study and at follow-up. Serial blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected over a 12-h dose interval on day 5 of each treatment period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using a mixed-effects model.

Results

A total of 18 healthy adults were recruited and 17 subjects completed the study. A total of 20 adverse events (AEs) were reported (all grade 1) by nine subjects, with no AE reported ≥1x in any treatment group. Nasal congestion, reported by one subject in the zanamivir Rotadisk/Diskhaler group, was the only drug-related AE. No serious AEs or withdrawals due to AEs occurred during the study. There were no significant changes in clinical laboratory values, vital signs or spirometry. Serum zanamivir exposures were similar after administration via Rotacap/Rotahaler and Rotadisk/Diskhaler. Both oral inhalation presentations are likely to deliver similar zanamivir concentrations to sites of influenza infection in the respiratory tract.

Conclusions

The safety and pharmacokinetic results from this study support the use of the Rotacap/Rotahaler presentation, potentially allowing an increased number of zanamivir treatment courses to be supplied in the event of an influenza pandemic.
La Chine dans les négociations climatiques
Authors: Maréchal Jean-Paul
Published: May 2013

L’objet de cet article est double. Il est tout d’abord de faire le point sur le rôle que joue la Chine dans le réchauffement climatique actuel ainsi que celui qu’elle pourrait y jouer dans l’avenir. Il est ensuite d’analyser la position de Pékin dans les négociations climatiques et donc de mieux comprendre la difficulté à élaborer un régime climatique « post-Kyoto ».
La Libye nouvelle, les enjeux des prochaines échéances électorales
Authors: Gambotti Christian
Published: May 2013

Après la « révolution » de 2011, la Libye essaie de se reconstruire d’un point de vue politique, surtout, mais aussi économique. La révolution libyenne dans sa traduction électorale ne ressemble en rien à une révolution islamiste. S’agit-il, pour les partis islamistes, de prendre acte de la naissance d’une Libye nouvelle dont le symbole sera l’élection de Mohamed el-Megaryef à la présidence du Congrès national ? Le nouveau gouvernement libyen parviendra-t-il à reconstruire l’économie du pays ?
Temps, terreur, crime
Authors: Raufer Xavier
Published: May 2013

Depuis 2012, de nombreux articles sont parus dans les médias pour saluer une variété de « Data in the Sky » ou de « Crime predictors ». Ces techniques de politiques « prédictives » sont censées permettre une diminution de la criminalité dans le monde entier dans la prochaine décennie. Est-ce crédible ? ces techniques sont-elles efficaces ? Non, car elles utilisent les mêmes algorithmes que ceux utilisés par Wall Street pour les “Quants” (analyses quantitatives) dans les années 1990 pour protéger la Bourse de New York d’un krach - et qui ne permirent pas pour autant d’anticiper la crise des subprimes commencée la fin de 2007. Pour la première fois, cet essai démontre l’importance de la temporalité sur les questions de géopolitiques et de sécurité globale, tout en donnant les bases philosophiques appropriées pour de telles recherches.
France, l'horizon Pacifique
Authors: Berg Eugène
Published: May 2013

Au moment où la presse mondiale parle, avec son goût habituel de la dramatisation, de « la nouvelle guerre du Pacifique » lorsqu’elle évoque le contentieux territorial sino-japonais concernant les îles Senkaku/Diaoyu, il apparaît intéressant d’examiner le rôle et la place de la France dans cette vaste portion du territoire mondial. La France est le seul État de l’Union européenne à être activement présent dans le Pacifique avec une communauté française forte de 600 000 personnes et d’un réseau diplomatique fort de six ambassades dans la région. La France est reconnue comme un partenaire contribuant à l’équilibre politique et au développement économique de la région du fait des relations politiques bilatérales et multilatérales qu’elle conduit. Néanmoins, la France a-t-elle encore les moyens de maintenir une présence et une influence significatives dépassant son poids régional réel ?
La fonderie Favi, un leader mondial qui croit en l'homme
Authors: Zobrist Jean-François
Published: May 2013

Jean-François Zobrist a une idée fixe : faire confiance à ses salariés qui créent la richesse de l’entreprise. Une aventure hors norme fait de sa PME, depuis trente-cinq ans, un leader mondial, un innovateur permanent et un modèle de rentabilité.
Délinquance et action publique : les illusions d'un diagnostic
Authors: Robert Philippe , Zauberman Renée , Jouwahri Fadoua
Published: May 2013

Le débat sur la délinquance s’attarde sur les moyens, pas sur un diagnostic de ses évolutions. Sur ce dernier point, la doxa peut se résumer ainsi : « la violence croît tandis que les atteintes aux biens diminuent ». Une analyse détaillée des données disponibles sur le moyen terme permet de montrer qu’en rester là est trompeur et ne permet pas de sortir les politiques de sécurité de leurs impasses.
Centralized R&D Subsidy Policy in an NEGG Model: A Welfare Analysis
Authors: Montmartin Benjamin
Published: May 2013

Depuis l’agenda de Lisbonne (2000), les politiques européennes sont de plus en plus orientées vers le soutien à la R&D et à l’innovation. Dans ce contexte, cet article propose une analyse approfondie d’une politique centralisée de soutien à la R&D mise en place dans une zone économique composée de deux pays hétérogènes. Pour ce faire, nous développons un modèle de croissance spatialisée et explorons l’impact de la politique sur l’état d’équilibre et le bien-être. Si nos résultats montrent que cette politique permet d’augmenter le taux de croissance de la zone et d’y réduire les inégalités, l’analyse de bien-être apporte une vision plus contrastée des effets de la politique. En effet, même si cette dernière est en mesure d’éliminer certaines distorsions et d’améliorer le bien-être de la zone, elle conduit à un jeu à somme nulle au niveau national (la politique augmente le bien-être dans le petit pays mais réduit celui du grand pays) lorsque la diffusion des externalités de connaissances entre pays n’est pas très élevée. En conséquence, la mise en place d’une politique centralisée de soutien à la R&D dans une zone économique composée de deux pays hétérogènes ne sera bénéfique à l’ensemble de ses membres qu’à la faveur d’une diffusion spatiale très large des connaissances entre pays. Classification JEL : F43, H50, R12.
L'histoire oubliée des horaires individualisés : de la désynchronisation choisie à la flexibilité pour l'entreprise
Authors: Thoemmes Jens
Published: May 2013

Les horaires individualisés au choix du salarié ont été inventés dans les entreprises au cours des années 1960. Les raisons de leur introduction étaient liées au marché du travail, à la gestion du personnel et à la fluidification des trafics urbains. La désynchronisation des temporalités selon les individus n’a pas manqué d’interpeller les employeurs et les organisations syndicales, critiques à l’égard de cette mesure. Cette innovation sociale a suscité des débats entre les partisans et les opposants de l’individualisation. Elle a conduit à des innovations techniques sur la manière d’enregistrer le temps. La tendance de fond sur un demi-siècle a conduit à la généralisation d’une codétermination des horaires de travail par les salariés eux-mêmes, mais elle n’a pas empêché l’existence de désaccords majeurs sur leur mise en œuvre : la maîtrise de l’emploi du temps pour soi-même ou la flexibilité pour l’entreprise.
Sécurité des riches contre besoins des pauvres ? L'aide à la santé en Afrique
Authors: Barry Mamadou
Published: May 2013

Aujourd’hui, les acteurs du développement s’inquiètent de plus en plus de l’effet négatif que la crise économique qui sévit depuis 2008 peut avoir sur la mobilisation autour de la santé, notamment celle des plus pauvres. Dans ce papier, après avoir montré qu’a émergé à partir des années 2000 un nouveau régime d’aide à la santé, caractérisé par un accroissement spectaculaire des fonds alloués et une diversification des approches théoriques (développement socialement durable et sécurité), nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle la santé des pauvres n’est pas encore une priorité.
Le développement des pratiques d'encadrement de la relation d'emploi dites « responsables » : essai d'analyse critique
Authors: Dubrion Benjamin
Published: May 2013

Partant de la question du conflit d’intérêts entre employeur et employé, cet article propose un cadre d’analyse visant à clarifier le sens des pratiques d’encadrement de la relation d’emploi présentées comme « responsables » et qui se développent depuis quelques années avec l’essor de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise (RSE). À la lumière de développements économiques et gestionnaires mobilisés dans le champ de la théorie des organisations et de travaux empiriques menés ces dernières années sur ces pratiques, nous montrons en quoi celles-ci sont ambivalentes et peuvent ne pas toujours être porteuses de changements radicaux en matière de gestion des ressources humaines.
Application of Satellite Remote Sensing to find Soil Fertilization by using Soil Colour: study area Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Authors: Suresh Kumar N , Anouncia S. Margret , Prabu M.
Published: May 2013

Nowadays the usage of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are too vast and many Earth observations had been done by Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The innovation of this work is to use the LANDSAT image data and GIS Techniques to assess land information and soil classification in the most coming up area of Vellore district and propose the possible fertilization for this study area. Landsat image is classified by minimum distance classification algorithm and according to the reflectance characteristics of the surface material. From the classified data we can find out the best fertilization for the best soil using colour of the soil. It is proved that, within limitations the classification algorithms and threshold parameters have an important influence on the classification result
A Novel Wireless 3D Localization Method Supported by WSN
Authors: Liu Jianqi , Wang Qinruo , Chen Xiaohu , Huang Wanghua
Published: May 2013

In many applications, the location information should be necessary. This paper propose a cheap multi-plane 3D localization solution, which based on the existing 2D localization system, a perpendicular 2D plane is added to achieve 3D localization. The algorithm is intended for applications which require information of the height, but remain less sensitive to the location accuracy. At the same time, this paper also introduces symmetrical double-sided two-way ranging (SDS-TWR) and dynamic power consumption intensity searching algorithm into localization system, which can effectively lessen the influence of time synchronization and ease internet traffic congestion of wireless localization network.
Recursive ant colony optimization: a new technique for the estimation of function parameters from geophysical field data
Authors: Gupta Deepak K. , Gupta Jai P. , Arora Yogesh , Shankar Uma
Published: May 2013

We introduce Recursive Ant Colony Optimization (RACO), a new technique for the estimation of function parameters from field data obtained from various geophysical surveys. RACO is a modified form of the ant colony method (ACO) and can be used to determine the best solution for various geophysical problems. As RACO is an extension of ACO, it simulates the social behaviour of ants, optimizing their path from the nest to the food source. RACO applies ACO recursively, introducing an additional term ‘depth’ that decides the extent of the recursion. The results of each depth contribute towards the construction of models for the following depth and the range of values for each parameter is condensed around the actual solution. The algorithm is tested on a two parameter mathematical function and to further test its efficiency and stability on real world problems, we applied it on a few geophysical inversion problems. We show its application on synthetic data sets for the self‐potential anomaly (noise free and 10% noise) caused in the case of an inclined sheet like a body buried inside the earth, synthetic 1D vertical electrical sounding (VES) geo‐electric data sets for three‐layer and five‐layer earth models, a real 1D VES data set obtained from the Tangasol region, India and P‐wave logs for two sites located in the Krishna‐Godavari (KG) Basin, India. The results generated by RACO inversions are found to be in good agreement with previous studies conducted using these data sets.
Resistivity logging as a tool for identifying initial weathering in crystalline rocks
Authors: Danielsen Berit Ensted , Madsen Heine Buus
Published: May 2013

In rock engineering construction projects it is common to make core drillings to quantify rock quality using different classification systems such as weathering and rock quality designation. The classifications are done on a metre scale by a geologist on site. However this is a subjective assessment where the human factor comes into play. Important observations might be overlooked or interpreted incorrectly. Therefore a more objective method is needed. The scope of this paper is to show how even low degrees of weathering of rocks lowers the resistivity, an effect that otherwise might be overlooked by the geologist because the core appears unaltered and is thus not reflected in the standard rock quality measures. This was done by means of thin‐section microscopy, point counting and resistivity logging on gneisses and amphibolites from two drill cores done in connection with the construction of the Hallandsås Tunnel, Southern Sweden. The study showed that the resistivity logs can detect even low grades of weathering of amphibolites, which can be important in determining the mechanical properties of the rock. The result suggests that focusing on the transitions between different lithologies is important because the rocks at the lithological contacts are more susceptible to fracturing, water flooding and weathering. This might not be obvious from the regu‐lar geological core description but this is indicated by the resistivity logs.
Dynamics of Globalization
Authors: Sarıaslan Halil
Published: May 2013

In this chapter, developments of the last few decades and their effects on global financial systems are evaluated from the New World Order point of view.
After 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Short-Term Dynamics of CDS, Bond, and Stock Markets in South Eastern European Economies
Authors: Taylan Ali Sabri , Tatlidil Hüseyin
Published: May 2013

Credit risk pricing is perhaps an understudied topic in comparisons to its profound impact on the world’s financial markets and economies. This study uses established price discovery techniques to develop a method of price discovery for credit risk in three financial markets: equity, debt, and credit derivative. This chapter is motivated by the development of credit-related instruments and signals of stock price movements of South-Eastern European countries—Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Turkey—during the recent financial crisis. In this study, the authors evaluate the dynamics of fiscal risk or country risk measured by sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS), liquidity risk measured bond markets, and stock markets for the monthly based September 2008 – February 2011 period. The study examines monthly data observing 38 months and 8 countries. A panel vector autoregression model is proposed for changes in Long-Term Interest Rate (LTIR), changes in CDS spreads (CDS), and changes in stock index. In conclusion, CDS markets and stock markets are more significant than bond markets in explaining the post-crisis relationship among developing South-Eastern European countries. The analysis displays that long-term monetary policy did not affect CDS premium and stock index level. A strong relationship is found between the CDS spread and stock market. During financial crisis and after the crisis, the correlations among CDS, stock, and bond markets are collapsed by panicked investors’ rapid movement and wild speculators. This risk perception can explain the difference between the finance theory and practices in the market.
The Reflections of the Recent Global Economic Crisis on the Turkish Tourism Sector
Authors: Yilmaz Ali , Aktas Semra Gunay
Published: May 2013

In this chapter, the reflections of the recent global crisis on the tourism sector have been studied. In the first part of the chapter, the effects of the global crisis on the tourism sector in the world and Turkey are examined. The latter parts of the research constitute of the evaluations regarding the effects of the global crisis on the Fairy Chimneys Area in the Cappadocia Tourism Region, and the hotels, motels, and souvenir shops there. Cappadocia was chosen as the research area since it is an important tourism attraction at both national and international level. Therefore, a survey has been conducted at the work places in Avanos, Urgüp, Göreme, and Nevsehir City Center in Cappadocia Tourism Region. The data obtained through the survey has been analized by SPSS 17 programs. At the end of the research, it was determined that the effects causing concern in the tourism sector started to be seen on the tourism region as well, although the economic crisis started in the USA and the European Countries.
Law and Governance
Authors: Bourcier Danièle
Published: May 2013

The case of Creative Commons (CC) is a good example for describing how a new way to govern Commons has been invented. The Creative Commons (CC) Project was launched with no particular consideration of governance. Its primary aim was simply to share a common resource with common digital management. Several years on, the question of governance, as a logic of collective action, is coming to the fore. Between legicentrism and over-privatization, can both CC governance and governance by CC be seen as an alternative solution for managing future projects on common property in common?
Transformation of Proceduralism from Contextual to Comprehensive
Authors: Lavelle Sylvain , Rainey Stephen
Published: May 2013

Proceduralism has been a major philosophical stream that gathers some outstanding philosophers, such as John Rawls or Jürgen Habermas. The general idea of proceduralism, especially in the practical domains of morals, law and communication, comes from the need to provide some rational justifications to the rules, actions and decisions to be adopted or made by the society or the power in the context of highly ‘plural-complex-developed’ societies. It is particularly concerned with the governance of ethics, in other words, with the institutional and organisational conditions that the procedures of assessment must fulfil so that ethical questions can be addressed, especially in the domain of scientific and technical research and innovation. We show that classical proceduralism does not adequately address problems raised by an ethics of science and technology, and we take the context of Europe as a typical example of what a complex multicultural set of societies can be.
Image Compression Technique for Low Bit Rate Transmission
Authors: El-said Shaimaa A. , Hussein Khalid F. A. , Fouad Mohamed M.
Published: May 2013

A novel Adaptive Lossy Image Compression (ALIC) technique is proposed to achieve high compression ratio by reducing the number of source symbols through the application of an efficient technique. The proposed algorithm is based on processing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the image to extract the highest energy coefficients in addition to applying one of the novel quantization schemes proposed in the present work. This method is straightforward and simple. It does not need complicated calculation; therefore the hardware implementation is easy to attach. Experimental comparisons are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed technique with those of other standard techniques such as the JPEG. The experimental results show that the proposed compression technique achieves high compression ratio with higher peak signal to noise ratio than that of JPEG at low bit rate without the visual degradation that appears in case of JPEG.