bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reduced Model for Bioconcentration and Biotransformation of Neutral Organic Compounds in Midge
Authors: Kuo Dave T.F. , Chen Ciara C.
Published: October 2020

A bioconcentration factor (BCF) database and a toxicokinetic model considering only biota–water partitioning and biotransformation were constructed for neutral organic chemicals in midge. The database contained quality-reviewed BCF and toxicokinetic data with variability constrained to within 0.5 to 1 log unit. Diverse conditions in exposure duration, flow set-up, substrate presence, temperature, and taxonomic classification did not translate into substantial variability in BCF, uptake rate constant (k1), or depuration rate constant (kT), and no systematic bias was observed in BCFs derived in unlabeled versus radiolabeled studies. Substance-specific biotransformation rate constants kM were derived by difference between the calculated biota–water partitioning coefficient (KBW) and experimental BCF for developing a midge biotransformation model. Experimental midge BCF was modeled as BCF = KBW/(1 + kM/k2) with log kM (kM in h–1) = –0.37 log KOW – 0.06T (in K) + 18.87 (root mean square error [RMSE] = 0.60), log k1 (k1 in L kgwet.wt–1 h–1) = –0.0747 W (body weight in mgwet.wt) + 2.35 (RMSE = 0.48). The KBW value was estimated using midge biochemical composition and established polyparameter linear free energy relationships, and the diffusive elimination rate constant (k2) was computed as k2 = k1/KBW. The BCF model predicted >85% of BCFs that associated with neutral organic compounds (log KOW = 1.46 – 7.75) to within 1 log-unit error margin and had comparable accuracy similar to amphipod or fish models. A number of outliers and critical limitations of the kM model were identified and examined, and they largely reflected the inherent limitation of difference-derived kM, the lack of chemical diversity, and inadequate temperature variation in existing data. Future modeling efforts can benefit from more BCF and toxicokinetic observations of BCF on structurally diverse chemicals for model training, validation, and diagnosis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:57–71. © 2020 SETAC
Addition of Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride Increases the Working Lifetime of the Trout Liver S9 Substrate Depletion Assay, Resulting in Improved Detection of Low Intrinsic Clearance Rates
Authors: Nichols John W. , Hoffman Alex D. , Swintek Joe A. , Droge Steven T.J. , Fitzsimmons Patrick N.
Published: October 2020

The activity of a trout liver S9 substrate depletion assay has been shown to decline over time, presumably due to proteolytic degradation of biotransformation enzymes. To address this problem, assay performance was evaluated following the addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) or a general-purpose protease inhibitor cocktail to liver homogenization buffers and/or S9 reaction mixtures. Addition of PMSF to liver homogenization buffers and/or S9 reaction mixtures had little or no effect on clearance of phenanthrene, a model cytochrome P450 substrate, in short-term (25 or 30 min) depletion experiments but resulted in significant improvements in retention of this initial activity over time. The protease inhibitor cocktail strongly inhibited initial activity when added to homogenization buffers or reaction mixtures. Taking into consideration potential effects on liver carboxylesterases, the treatment approach determined to be optimal was addition of 10 µM PMSF to the S9 reaction mixture. Addition of 10 µM PMSF to the mixture resulted in significantly higher rates of phenanthrene clearance in 2-h incubations relative to those obtained in the absence of PMSF and a 6-fold increase in the working lifetime of the preparation. The results of a statistical power analysis suggest that by increasing the working lifetime of the assay, addition of PMSF to the reaction mixture could result in substantially improved detection of low in vitro clearance rates when compared to current practice. These findings demonstrate the value of adding PMSF to the trout S9 preparation and may have broad implications for use of this assay to support chemical bioaccumulation assessments for fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:148–161. © 2020 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Adsorption and Desorption of Triclosan on Biodegradable Polyhydroxybutyrate Microplastics
Authors: Tong Huiyan , Hu Xingshuai , Zhong Xiaocong , Jiang Qianyi
Published: October 2020

Biodegradable plastics have been increasingly used as a solution to the problem of plastic pollution in recent years. However, there are few studies on the negative effects of biodegradable microplastics. Triclosan, a widely used disinfectant, is a highly toxic substance. In the present study, the adsorption and desorption processes of triclosan on a type of biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), were investigated and also compared with one conventional plastic type, polyethylene. The adsorption equilibrium quantities of polyethylene and PHB were 3431.85 and 9442.27 μg/g, respectively. The adsorption rate and equilibrium adsorption capacity of triclosan on PHB are much higher than on polyethylene. Physical adsorption of triclosan on PHB and polyethylene microplastics may play a dominant role in this process. The desorption hysteresis indices are all less than zero; this indicates that triclosan is easily released from PHB and polyethylene microplastics under physiological conditions. Our results indicate that biodegradable PHB microplastics are stronger carriers for triclosan than the conventional polyethylene microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:72–78. © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Adsorption and desorption behaviors of TCS on biodegradable PHB microplastics and conventional PE microplastics were assessed. The adsorption rate and equilibrium adsorption capacity of triclosan on PHB are much higher than PE. Biodegradable microplastics such as PHB could also be a potential carrier for contaminations, and bring the potential risks of triclosan for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.
Comparative study of innovative blends prepared by fortification of date powder to alleviate child malnutrition
Authors: Raza Nighat , Arshad Muhammad Umair , Saeed Farhan , Farooq Umar , Naz Ambreen , Murtaza Mian Shamas , Badar Ul Ain Huma , Tufail Tabussam , Imran Muhammad , Anjum Faqir Muhammad
Published: October 2020

Child malnutrition is one of the biggest problems in developing countries with higher level of food insecurity. Pakistan is 5th largest producer of date fruit; therefore, its processing and products should be explored in various dimensions. Being rich source of minerals and sugars, it can contribute in weaning foods in a good manner. In current study, three blends were prepared with specific proportions of spray‐dried date powder and rich in specific proportions. They were compared with each other and control (free of date powder). The nutritional profile of the formulations revealed that 100 g of each formulation included all macronutrients in compliance with the requirements of Food and Agriculture Organization for weaning formulations; moreover, they are enriched with minerals due to presence of date powder. The iron contents reached up to 12.74 ± 0.16 mg/100 g. The phosphorus, zinc, and potassium contents also increased with the increase in date powder subsequently. Physicochemical properties exhibited in compliance with the requirement of the weaning foods. The protein quality was assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Amino acid profiling indicated that the limiting amino acid in F1 and control were lysine but in F2 and F3 were threonine. This is suggested that date powder might contain good quality protein that was further explained in biological studies, the formulations that contained higher amount of date powder reveled better PDCAAS score 86.76 ± 4.5, true digestibility 84 ± 4.36, biological value 69.45 ± 0.69, net protein utilization 73.82 ± 1.46, and protein efficiency score 1.18 ± 0.07. The sensory evaluation revealed that F2 showed better result in overall acceptability. Thus, date powder is suggested to be used as good constituent that can fortify mineral contents and sugar contents of the weaning foods.
Global Carbon, Natural Gas, and Some of the Alternatives
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: October 2020

In the response to the pretty horrendous evolution of climate change, in general every conversation begins with anthropogenic causes for the change. Are they the cause? And what can be done to mitigate the impacts? Accepting that carbon emissions, in the form of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane, are major incremental culprits, and that the role of the United States in addressing carbon emissions is important, it is worthwhile to examine at least one global case of what to expect in the interaction of US policy and the global problem, and what we can do about it. Multiple states and at least one national party are targeting either zero or very low—e.g., 80 percent reduced—levels of CO2 emissions by 2050, 30 years from now. In the last 30 years, the United States has experienced large increases in emissions up until 2005, when efforts to reduce those emissions through support for renewable sources and, more importantly, the simple economic victory that natural gas achieved over coal for power generation brought the United States back to 1990 levels—at least for power generation.
Early Mesozoic subduction of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean and its effect on the central Great Xing'an Range: Insights from the monzodiorite in the Erdaohe deposit
Authors: Yang Jun‐Sheng , Lü Xin‐Biao , Gun Min‐Shan , Chen Chao
Published: October 2020

Stuck in the middle of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean and the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean, the tectonic background of the Great Xing'an Range is ambiguous, especially with the tectonic transition in Early Mesozoic. Previous studies showed a major influence by the closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean and the onset of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean subduction on the southern and northern part of the Great Xing'an Range, respectively. However, the Early Mesozoic tectonic setting of the central Great Xing'an Range still needs further discussion. New zircon ages, whole‐rock geochemical data for monzodiorite in the Erdaohe deposit, central Great Xing'an Range, are presented. Zircon U–Pb dating yields a Triassic age of 226 Ma. Monzodiorite displays metaluminous and high‐K calc‐alkaline affinity evidenced by petrologic and geochemical studies. A mixed source of juvenile lower crust with mantle material of the monzodiorite is indicated by its high Mg# (44–61), low SiO2 (50–53 wt%) contents, depletion in Nb and Ta, positive εNd(t) (+2.5 ± 3.0) and zircon εHf(t) (+6.8 ± 8.9), and low ISr values (0.70322–0.70432). Our new geochronological and geochemical data with compiled data of previous research on magmatism from the Xing'an Block and adjacent areas indicate new insights into the Triassic tectonic evolution of the central Great Xing'an Range. The Triassic magmatism in this region is intimately associated with the flat‐slab subduction and slab break‐off of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean.
Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach vs conventional open thyroidectomy: Meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Yichao , Zhou Shengliang , Liu Xueting , Rui Shu , Li Zhihui , Zhu Jingqiang , Wei Tao
Published: October 2020

Background

To conduct a meta‐analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) with conventional open thyroidectomy (COT).

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library from January 2007 to March 2020 were searched to identify studies comparing TOETVA and COT.

Results

Six eligible nonrandomized studies involving 1151 patients were included. Meta‐analysis results revealed that TOETVA group had a significantly longer operative time (weighted mean difference [WMD], 66.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 35.22‐96.96; P < .0001) and larger amount of drainage (WMD, 98; 95% CI, 20.14‐175.86; P = .01). There were no significant differences in terms of postoperative outcomes.

Conclusion

TOETVA appears to be as feasible and safe as the COT for the treatment of patients with benign thyroid nodules and selected differential thyroid carcinomas.
Influence of timeliness and receipt of first treatment on geographic variation in non‐small cell lung cancer mortality
Authors: Wah Win , Stirling Rob G. , Ahern Susannah , Earnest Arul
Published: October 2020

Mortality from non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibits substantial geographical disparities. However, there is little evidence on whether this variation could be attributed to patients' clinical characteristics and/or socioeconomic inequalities. This study evaluated the independent and relative contribution of the individual‐ and area‐level risk factors on geographic variation in 2‐year all‐cause mortality among NSCLC patients. In the Hierarchical‐related regression approach, we used the Bayesian spatial multilevel logistic regression model to combine individual‐ and area‐level predictors with outcomes while accounting for geographically structured and unstructured correlation. Individual‐level data included 3330 NSCLC cases reported to the Victoria Lung Cancer Registry between 2011 and 2016. Area‐level data comprised socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness and pollution data at the postal area level in Victoria, Australia. With the inclusion of significant individual‐ and area‐level risk factors, timely (≤14 days) first definitive treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% credible interval [Crl] = 0.56‐0.94) and multidisciplinary meetings (MDM) (OR = 0.74, 95% Crl = 0.59‐0.93) showed an independent association with a lower likelihood of NSCLC 2‐year all‐cause mortality. Timely and delayed (>14 days) first nondefinitive treatment, no treatment, advanced clinical stage, smoking, poor performance status, public hospital insurance and area‐level deprivation were independently associated with a higher likelihood of 2‐ and 5‐year all‐cause mortality. NSCLC's 2‐year all‐cause mortality exhibited substantial geographic variation, mainly associated with timeliness and receipt of first definitive treatment, no treatment followed by patient prognostic factors with some contribution from area‐level deprivation, MDM and public hospital insurance. This study highlights NSCLC patients should receive the first definitive treatment within the recommended 14‐days from diagnosis.
Fuzzy inference based contextual dissimilarity histogram equalization algorithm for image enhancement
Authors: Li Songcheng , Lu Junyong , Cheng Long , Li Xiangping
Published: October 2020

In order to overcome the drawback of the existing image enhancement technologies and further consider the pixel intensity expression error caused by imaging, a novel fuzzy inference‐based contextual dissimilarity histogram equalization (FICDHE) algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm is composed of three modules. In the first module, according to the calculated probable intensity intervals, the membership functions of intensity are generated. In the second one, fuzzy inference systems are established and the contextual dissimilarity of each pixel is calculated. In the third module, the contextual dissimilarity histograms are clipped and equalized. The fuzzy system established in this paper not only fully considers the uncertainty source of pixel gray level expression, but also has adaptability. The parameter selection of fuzzy inference system membership function in this algorithm does not need human intervention, but is automatically obtained based on the statistical information of image pixel gray. Its adaptability makes the algorithm more widely used and convenient. Experiments are conducted using four typical medical images and 800 images from the KNIX dataset and BrainWeb dataset. The performance of the proposed method was compared to a series of enhancement algorithms based on both subjective judgment and image quality measurement indexes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a better contrast enhancement ability and yields better performance.
Monsters, Inc.: Curing Ethical Blindness in an Era of Test‐Based Accountability
Authors: Slomp David , Broad Bob
Published: October 2020

Discussions about literacy assessment can often be polarizing for teachers, school administrators, and other stakeholders. Given the diverse and often charged perspectives on assessment within both the profession and the broader public discourse, it can be difficult to engage in productive dialogue about the role that literacy assessment plays in promoting or inhibiting effective models of literacy education. This article provides perspectives, questions, and research that enables readers to better advocate for themselves and their students as they develop their own assessment programs and respond to assessment programs that are imposed on them.
“Hopefully This Motivates a Bout of Realization”: Spoken Word Poetry as Critical Literacy
Authors: Call-Cummings Meagan , Hauber-Özer Melissa , LePelch Vilma , DeSenti Kelly L. , Colandene Michele , Sultana Katelyn , Scicli Emily
Published: October 2020

The authors examined how youth from the Northern Virginia region communicated their thoughts on significant social issues, school‐level policies, and individual stresses through collaboratively authored spoken word poetry. This poetry was written during a day of out‐of‐school arts‐based inquiry workshops planned by an intergenerational youth participatory action research collective that works to foster connections and conversations about topics important to youth today. The findings highlight youth coresearchers’ words and analysis to enact youth participatory action research methodology as critical pedagogy and critical literacy. Analysis points to specific ways that school adults can help students’ voices be heard. The authors encourage other collectives and educators to consider using spoken word poetry as a tool to honor, amplify, and theorize youth knowledges so their calls for change can be heard.
Love as a Qualifier: Building Literacy Culture Across a School
Authors: Minor Kass , Harden Marcus
Published: October 2020

Becoming literate is emotional work. From the time we are born, we engage in multiple literacies, constructing new knowledge and powerful ideas that, together, bridge new understandings. With those new understandings, we are constantly being challenged and provoked with new information. The authors, two educators who have taught many students lifelong literacy skills and did not experience traditional teacher preparation in the teaching of reading or writing, ask, How do we build literacy culture centered in love within and across a school community? What is the emotive work, and how do we build it? Through unpacking the application and assessment of Gary Chapman's five love languages alongside collective, intraschool inquiry teams, loveful practices are parsed out, named, and demystified to build the kinds of relational trust that sustain adolescents’ lifelong love of literacy.
Engaging Gender, Race, and Culture Through Images and Words
Authors: Durand E. Sybil
Published: October 2020

This forum reviews youth literature from around the world to examine the diverse settings and social, historical, and political contexts that shape youth identities and experiences.
The cell and stress‐specific canonical and noncanonical tRNA cleavage
Authors: Rashad Sherif , Tominaga Teiji , Niizuma Kuniyasu
Published: October 2020

Following stress, transfer RNA (tRNA) is cleaved to generate tRNA halves (tiRNAs). These tiRNAs have been shown to repress protein translation. Angiogenin was considered the main enzyme that cleaves tRNA at its anticodon to generate 35–45 nucleotide long tiRNA halves, however, the recent reports indicate the presence of angiogenin‐independent cleavage. We previously observed tRNA cleavage pattern occurring away from the anticodon site. To explore this noncanonical cleavage, we analyze tRNA cleavage patterns in rat model of ischemia–reperfusion and in two rat cell lines. In vivo mitochondrial tRNAs were prone to this noncanonical cleavage pattern. In vitro, however, cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs could be cleaved noncanonically. Our results show an important regulatory role of mitochondrial stress in angiogenin‐mediated tRNA cleavage. Neither angiogenin nor RNH1 appear to regulate the noncanonical tRNA cleavage. Finally, we verified our previous findings of the role of Alkbh1 in regulating tRNA cleavage and its impact on noncanonical tRNA cleavage.
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Pexidartinib in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor or Other Solid Tumors
Authors: Yin Ophelia , Wagner Andrew J. , Kang Jia , Knebel William , Zahir Hamim , van de Sande Michiel , Tap William D. , Gelderblom Hans , Healey John H. , Shuster Dale , Stacchiotti Silvia
Published: October 2020

Pexidartinib is a kinase inhibitor that induces tumor response and improvements in symptoms and functional outcomes in adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT). A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for pexidartinib and its metabolite, ZAAD, was developed, and effects of demographic and clinical factors on the PK of pexidartinib and ZAAD were estimated. The analysis included pooled data from 7 studies in healthy volunteers (N = 159) and 2 studies in patients with TGCT or other solid tumors (N = 216). A structural 2‐compartment model with sequential zero‐ and first‐order absorption and lag time, and linear elimination from the central compartment adequately described pexidartinib and ZAAD PKs. Clearance of pexidartinib was estimated at 5.83 L/h in a typical patient with reference covariates (male, non‐Asian, weight = 80 kg, creatinine clearance ≥90 mL/min, aspartate aminotransferase ≤80 U/L, and total bilirubin ≤20.5 μmol/L). In the covariate analysis, Asians and healthy subjects had modestly lower pexidartinib exposure (21% decrease each) in terms of steady‐state area under the curve values from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0‐24,ss). Effects of body weight, sex, and hepatic function parameters on pexidartinib AUC0‐24,ss were generally <20%. Patients with TGCT with mild renal impairment were predicted to have approximately 23% higher AUC0‐24,ss than those with normal renal function. The effects of covariates on ZAAD exposure were similar to those on pexidartinib. These results indicate small and generally clinically nonmeaningful effects of patient demographic and clinical characteristics on pexidartinib and ZAAD PK profiles.
Thalamic Nuclei Volumes and Their Relationships to Neuroperformance in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross‐Sectional Structural MRI Study
Authors: Bergsland Niels , Benedict Ralph H.B. , Dwyer Michael G. , Fuchs Tom A. , Jakimovski Dejan , Schweser Ferdinand , Tavazzi Eleonora , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Zivadinov Robert
Published: October 2020

Background

Although reduced thalamic volume is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)‐related clinical impairment, the role of individual thalamic nuclei remains poorly understood.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To test whether individual thalamic nuclei volumes are more strongly associated with clinical disability than the whole thalamic volume.

Study Type

Retrospective analysis of a prospective dataset.

Subjects

A total of 108 MS patients and 48 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs)

Field Strength

3T.

Sequences

3D T1‐weighted inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo; 2D T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery spin echo; 2D dual‐echo proton density‐weighted/T2‐weighted spin echo.

Assessments

Clinical assessments included the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Nine‐Hole Peg Test (9HPT), Timed 25‐Foot Walk (T25FW), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised (BVMTR), and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT2). FreeSurfer provided anterior, intralaminar, lateral, medial, ventral, posterior, and total volumes.

Statistical Tests

False discovery rate‐corrected partial correlations (controlling for age, sex, and education) to assess the relationships between volumes and neuroperformance.

Results

Compared to HCs, MS patients presented with lower thalamic nuclei volumes (P < 0.05) except for the intralaminar nucleus (P = 0.279) and scored worse on all neuroperformance scales (P ≤ 0.05) except for CVLT2 (P = 0.151). All nuclei except intralaminar were associated with EDSS (correlation coefficient range: –0.233 to –0.395), SDMT (range: 0.247–0.423), and 9HPT (range: –0.232 to –0.303) (all P < 0.05). BVMTR was associated with anterior (r = 0.319), lateral (r = 0.31), and medial (r = 0.304) volumes (all P < 0.05). T25FW correlated with ventral (r = –0.392) and total (r = –0.309) volumes (both P < 0.05), with the latter being significantly greater (P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

Assessing individual nuclei volume can aid in unraveling the relationship between thalamic pathology and disparate aspects of MS‐related disability.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Impact of disease‐modifying drugs on the severity of COVID‐19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Rostami Mansoor Sahar , Ghasemi‐Kasman Maryam
Published: October 2020

Recent evidence suggested that neurological manifestations occur in patients with a severe form of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). On the basis of this issue, neurologists are very concerned about patients with neurological disorders, especially multiple sclerosis (MS), as consumers of immunosuppressive or immune‐modulating drugs. Therefore, the administration of proper disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs) in MS patients is critical during the pandemic status. On the one hand, both the autoimmune diseases and immunosuppressive drugs increase the risk of infection due to impairment in the immune system, and on the other hand, postponing of MS treatment has serious consequences on the central nervous system. In the present study, we discussed recent literature about the effect of DMTs administration on the severity of COVID‐19 in the MS patients. Overall, it seems that DMTs do not provoke the COVID‐19 infection in the MS patients by declining immune responses and cytokine storm. However, as a precaution, the supervision of a neurologist is highly recommended.
Superficial or partial superficial parotidectomy for the treatment of primary benign parotid tumors
Authors: Mlees Mohamed Ali , Elbarbary Ahmed Hussieny
Published: October 2020

Objective

The extent of surgery in benign superficial parotid tumors has no strong evidence‐based consensus. Partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) is a popular choice among surgeons. We retrospectively evaluated the hypothesis that it carries similar efficacy and greater safety than superficial parotidectomy (SP).

Patients and Methods

Between 2010 and 2016, 84 patients with benign superficial parotid tumors were enrolled in the study. Deep lobe and recurrent tumors were excluded. The patients were treated by SP; (40 patients) or PSP; (44 patients). The operative and postoperative morbidity, tumor recurrence, operative time, and length of hospitalization were analyzed.

Results

There was no significant difference regarding patients or tumors in baseline data. PSP showed significantly shorter operative time (P = .022), and hospital stay (P = .001), as well as significantly lower frequencies of postoperative transient facial nerve paralysis and Frey's syndrome, (P = .042 for each). Permanent facial dysfunction was nonsignificantly greater in SP. No tumor recurrence was detected in either group after a median follow‐up of 7 years.

Conclusions

PSP is a quicker and less extensive procedure. It was associated with a shorter hospital stay and fewer complications especially transient facial paralysis and Frey's syndrome with a recurrence rate comparable to that of SP.
Exposure‐Based Writing Therapies for Subthreshold and Clinical Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Dawson Rachelle L. , Calear Alison L. , McCallum Sonia M. , McKenna Sarah , Nixon Reginald D. V. , O'Kearney Richard
Published: October 2020

We undertook a systematic review to assess the efficacy of exposure‐based writing therapies (WTs) for trauma‐exposed adults with subthreshold or clinical levels of posttraumatic stress disorder. Four databases (PsycINFO, Medline, Wiley Online, PILOTS) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exposure‐based WTs. A total of 13 RCTs that reported on results from 17 WT versus control comparisons were included. The primary outcomes were posttraumatic stress symptom severity at posttreatment and/or clinical response. An overall unclear or high risk of bias was identified in 84.6% of studies. In comparison to both waitlist k = 3, Hedges’ g = −0.97, 95% CI [‐1.20, ‐0.73], and placebo writing conditions, k = 9, Hedges’ g = −0.48, 95% CI [‐0.87, ‐0.08], WTs were more beneficial to participants. There was no evidence of a difference between WTs that were longer in duration compared to other psychotherapy, k = 2; pooled OR = 1.42; 95% CI [0.83, 2.43]. These findings indicate that exposure‐based WTs are effective when compared to waitlist and placebo writing control conditions. The evidence needs to be considered in the context of the modest number of studies conducted to date, the high methodological heterogeneity between the studies, and the high or unclear risk of bias across many studies. Further research is needed to increase the evidence base regarding the efficacy of WTs for posttraumatic stress. Future research should also measure the mediators and predictors of outcomes to further develop protocols and understand which variants of WTs work for different populations or individuals.
Reinforced Supramolecular Hydrogels from Attapulgite and Cyclodextrin Pseudopolyrotaxane for Sustained Intra‐Articular Drug Delivery
Authors: Ha Wei , Wang Ze‐Hao , Zhao Xiao‐Bo , Shi Yan‐Ping
Published: October 2020

Injectable hydrogels for nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs’ (NSAIDs) delivery to minimize the side effects of NSAIDs and achieve long‐term sustained release at the targeted site of synovial joint are attractive for osteoarthritis therapy, but how to improve its mechanical strength remains a challenge. In this work, a kind of 1D natural clay mineral material, attapulgite (ATP), is introduced to a classical cyclodextrin pseudopolyrotaxane (PPR) system to form a reinforced supramolecular hydrogel for sustained release of diclofenac sodium (DS) due to its rigid, rod‐like morphology, and unique structure, which has great potential in tissue regeneration, repair, and engineering. Investigation on the interior morphology and rheological property of the obtained hydrogel points out that the ATP distributed in PPR hydrogel plays a role similar to the “reinforcement in concrete” and exhibits a positive effect on improving the mechanical properties of PPR hydrogel by regulating their interior morphology from a randomly distributed style to the well‐ordered porous frame structure. The hybrid hydrogels demonstrate good shear‐thinning and thixotropic properties, excellent biocompability, and sustained release behavior both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, preliminary in vivo treatment in an acute inflammatory rat model reveals that the ATP hybrid hydrogels present sustained anti‐inflammatory effect.
Designing Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)‐Based Bioinks for Visible Light Stereolithographic 3D Biofabrication
Authors: Kumar Hitendra , Sakthivel Kabilan , Mohamed Mohamed G. A. , Boras Emilie , Shin Su Ryon , Kim Keekyoung
Published: October 2020

Bioinks play a key role in determining the capability of the biofabricatoin processes and the resolution of the printed constructs. Excellent biocompatibility, tunable physical properties, and ease of chemical or biological modifications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) have made it an attractive choice as bioinks for biomanufacturing of various tissues or organs. However, the current preparation methods for GelMA‐based bioinks lack the ability to tailor their physical properties for desired bioprinting methods. Inherently, GelMA prepolymer solution exhibits a fast sol–gel transition at room temperature, which is a hurdle for its use in stereolithography (SLA) bioprinting. Here, synthesis parameters are optimized such as solvents, pH, and reaction time to develop GelMA bioinks which have a slow sol–gel transition at room temperature and visible light crosslinkable functions. A total of eight GelMA combinations are identified as suitable for digital light processing (DLP)‐based SLA (DLP‐SLA) bioprinting through systematic characterizations of their physical and rheological properties. Out of various types of GelMA, those synthesized in reverse osmosis (RO) purified water (referred to as RO‐GelMA) are regarded as most suitable to achieve high DLP‐SLA printing resolution. RO‐GelMA‐based bioinks are also found to be biocompatible showing high survival rates of encapsulated cells in the photocrosslinked gels. Additionally, the astrocytes and fibroblasts are observed to grow and integrate well within the bioprinted constructs. The bioink's superior physical and photocrosslinking properties offer pathways of tuning the scaffold microenvironment and highlight the applicability of developed GelMA bioinks in various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Effects of Low‐Load Boron/Silicon‐Based Graphene Oxide on Combustion and Thermal Degradation of Flame‐Retardant Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Authors: Li Junfei , Gao Ming , Zheng Yudong , Guan Yueping , Yi Deqi
Published: October 2020

A comparison of ammonium polyphosphate/montmorillonite nanocompound (AM) and a synergistic agent, boron/silicate‐based graphene oxide (B‐Si@GO), is performed in unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) on flammability and thermal properties. It is found that by the presence of 14.9 wt% AM and 0.1 wt% B‐Si@GO, the limiting oxygen indices value of 0.1 B‐Si@GO/flame‐retardant‐UPR (FRUPR) composites is increased to 28.5%, and the UL 94 rating of V‐0 is achieved. And, lower loading of B‐Si@GO is observed to improve char skeleton, resulting in better insulation of the char and decrease in heat release, and the synergism of AM and B‐Si@GO reduces the fire risk. Furthermore, by analyzing the pyrolysis behavior and mechanical properties of materials, B‐Si@GO significantly improves the effects of flame retardants on the thermal stability, decomposition activation energy, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of UPR. Finally, flame retardant mechanism and model are proposed on the basis of the analyses of thermal decomposition products and process, and residual char structural components. This work provides a solution to improve the flame retardancy of UPR without affecting its mechanical properties, and will be conducive to the development of its flame retardant mechanism.
What level do disadvantaged firms weight rivals' profits in relative performance evaluations under quantity competition?
Authors: Hamamura Jumpei
Published: October 2020

In the context of quantity competition in relative performance evaluation, this study explores the weight placed on rivals' profits through two asymmetry cases—the cost difference between firms and the sequential choice of weight placed on their rivals' profits. We identify high‐cost firms in the cost asymmetry, and followers in the sequential case of weight decisions are labeled “disadvantaged” firms. Whereas the classical literature demonstrates that the weight placed on a rival's profit is negative under quantity competition, we provide theoretical evidence that the disadvantaged firm assigns a positive weight to the rival's profit under asymmetric cases.
In‐silico and in‐vitro testing of an implantable superstrate loaded biocompatible antenna for MICS band applications
Authors: Singh Gurprince , Kaur Jaswinder
Published: October 2020

A superstrate loaded body implantable microstrip patch antenna working on Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) (402‐405 MHz) band for biotelemetry applications is proposed. A 0.64‐mm thick high‐dielectric material Rogers RO Duroid 3010 is used both as substrate and superstrate of dielectric constant 10.2. Shorting pin is used to make compact antenna with footprint of 13.3 × 14.6 mm2. Appreciable bandwidth of 40% is covered by antenna with return loss of −30.95. In‐silico testing inside skin, brain and three layered tissue models is done to test functionality of antenna in homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous tissue environment. For validation of results the fabricated antenna is successfully tested inside in‐vitro solution of homogeneous skin mimicking liquid.
Methocarbamol blocks muscular Nav1.4 channels and decreases isometric force of mouse muscles
Authors: Zhang Yaxin , Otto Philipp , Qin Lu , Eiber Nane , Hashemolhosseini Said , Kröger Stephan , Brinkmeier Heinrich
Published: October 2020

Background

The muscle relaxant methocarbamol is widely used for the treatment of muscle spasms and pain syndromes. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of its action, we studied its influence on neuromuscular transmission, on isometric muscle force, and on voltage‐gated Na+channels.

Methods

Neuromuscular transmission was investigated in murine diaphragm‐phrenic nerve preparations and muscle force studied on mouse soleus muscles. Nav1.4 channels and Nav1.7 channels were functionally expressed in eukaryotic cell lines.

Results

Methocarbamol, at 2 mM, decreased the decay of endplate currents, slowed the decay of endplate potentials and reduced tetanic force of soleus muscles. The drug reversibly inhibited current flow through muscular Nav1.4 channels, while neuronal Nav1.7 channels were unaffected.

Conclusions

The study provides evidence for peripheral actions of methocarbamol on skeletal muscle. Muscular Na+channels are a molecular target of methocarbamol. Since Nav1.7 currents were unaffected, methocarbamol is unlikely to exert its analgesic effect by directly blocking Nav1.7 channels.
Cardiac findings in pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy types 2 and 3
Authors: Djordjevic Stefan A. , Milic‐Rasic Vedrana , Brankovic Vesna , Kosac Ana , Vukomanovic Goran , Topalovic Mirko , Marinkovic Dejan , Mladenovic Jelena , Pavlovic Andrija S. , Bijelic Maja , Djukic Milan , Markovic‐Denic Ljiljana
Published: October 2020

Background

It is unclear whether the heart is affected in pediatric patients with milder forms of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Therefore, we aimed to determine the presence of any cardiac abnormalities in these patients.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of children and adolescents with SMA types 2 and 3 between July 2018 and July 2019. All patients underwent a comprehensive cardiac evaluation, including history‐taking, physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, measurement of cardiac biomarkers (cardiac troponin T [cTnT] and N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide [NT‐proBNP]), and 24‐hour Holter monitoring.

Results

In total, 42 patients were enrolled (27 and 15 with SMA type 2 and 3, respectively). No patient had structural heart disease, except for one with mitral valve prolapse. None had signs of ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography. Both cTnT and NT‐proBNP levels were normal in all patients. Electrocardiography showed sinus tachycardia in seven patients (16.7%), and prolonged P‐R interval in one (2.4%). Holter monitoring detected benign ventricular arrhythmias in two patients (4.8%), and rare supraventricular premature beats in one. The mean 24‐hour heart rate was elevated in six patients (14.3%), whereas both the minimum 24‐hour heart rate and the maximum R‐R interval were increased in 23 (54.8%).

Discussion

The prevalence of cardiac disease in pediatric patients with SMA types 2 and 3 is low; however, these patients may have increased resting heart rates. A complete cardiac history and physical examination are a useful screen. Additional cardiac investigations may be performed as needed.
The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for male lower urinary tract surgery
Authors: Abranches‐Monteiro Luis , Hamid Rizwan , D'Ancona Carlos , Alhasso Ammar , Dmochowski Roger , Ecclestone Hazel , Haylen Bernard , Mousa Riyad Al , Onur Rahmi , Shah Shahzad , Vasudeva Pawan , Oelke Matthias
Published: October 2020

Introduction

In the development of terminology of the lower urinary tract (LUT), due to its increasing complexity, the terminology for male LUT surgery needs to be updated using a male‐specific approach and via a clinically‐based consensus report.

Methods

This report combines the input of members of the Standardization Committee of the International Continence Society in a Working Group with recognized experts in the field, assisted by many external referees. Appropriate core clinical categories and a subclassification were developed to give a numeric coding to each definition. An extensive process of 14 rounds of internal and external review was developed to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision‐making by collective opinion (consensus).

Results

A Terminology Report for male LUT and pelvic floor surgery, encompassing 149 separate definitions/descriptors, has been developed. It is clinically‐based with the most common diagnoses defined. Clarity and user‐friendliness have been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in male LUT surgery. Figures have not been included to avoid any preference or bias towards a specific procedure.

Conclusions

A consensus‐based Terminology Report for male LUT surgery has been produced aimed at being a significant aid to clinical practice and a stimulus for research.
White Adipose Tissue Surface Expression of LDLR and CD36 is Associated with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Adults with Obesity
Authors: Cyr Yannick , Bissonnette Simon , Lamantia Valérie , Wassef Hanny , Loizon Emmanuelle , Ngo Sock Emilienne T. , Vidal Hubert , Mayer Gaétan , Chrétien Michel , Faraj May
Published: October 2020

Objective

Human conditions with upregulated receptor uptake of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) are associated with diabetes risk, the reasons for which remain unexplored. LDL induce metabolic dysfunction in murine adipocytes. Thus, it was hypothesized that white adipose tissue (WAT) surface expression of LDL receptor (LDLR) and/or CD36 is associated with WAT and systemic metabolic dysfunction. Whether WAT LDLR and CD36 expression is predicted by plasma lipoprotein‐related parameters was also explored.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional analysis of 31 nondiabetic adults (BMI > 25 kg/m2) assessed for WAT surface expression of LDLR and CD36 (immunohistochemistry), WAT function, WAT and systemic inflammation, postprandial fat metabolism, and insulin resistance (IR; hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp).

Results

Fasting WAT surface expression of LDLR and CD36 was negatively associated with WAT function (3H‐triglyceride storage, r = −0.45 and −0.66, respectively) and positively associated with plasma IL‐1 receptor antagonist (r = 0.64 and 0.43, respectively). Their expression was suppressed 4 hours postprandially, and reduced LDLR was further associated with IR (M/Iclamp, r = 0.61 women, r = 0.80 men). Plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB)‐to‐PCSK9 ratio predicted WAT surface expression of LDLR and CD36, WAT dysfunction, WAT NLRP3 inflammasome priming and disrupted cholesterol‐sensing genes, and systemic IR independent of sex and body composition.

Conclusions

Higher fasting and lower postprandial WAT surface expression of LDLR and CD36 is associated with WAT dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and IR in adults with overweight/obesity, anomalies that are predicted by higher plasma apoB‐to‐PCSK9 ratio.
The Impact of COVID‐19 Stay‐At‐Home Orders on Health Behaviors in Adults
Authors: Flanagan Emily W. , Beyl Robbie A. , Fearnbach S. Nicole , Altazan Abby D. , Martin Corby K. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Stay‐at‐home orders in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic have forced abrupt changes to daily routines. This study assessed lifestyle changes across different BMI classifications in response to the global pandemic.

Methods

The online survey targeting adults was distributed in April 2020 and collected information on dietary behaviors, physical activity, and mental health. All questions were presented as “before” and “since” the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

In total, 7,753 participants were included; 32.2% of the sample were individuals with normal weight, 32.1% had overweight, and 34.0% had obesity. During the pandemic, overall scores for healthy eating increased (P < 0.001), owing to less eating out and increased cooking (P < 0.001). Sedentary leisure behaviors increased, while time spent in physical activity (absolute time and intensity adjusted) declined (P < 0.001). Anxiety scores increased 8.78 ± 0.21 during the pandemic, and the magnitude of increase was significantly greater in people with obesity (P ≤ 0.01). Weight gain was reported in 27.5% of the total sample compared with 33.4% in participants with obesity.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic has produced significant health effects, well beyond the virus itself. Government mandates together with fear of contracting the virus have significantly impacted lifestyle behaviors alongside declines in mental health. These deleterious impacts have disproportionally affected individuals with obesity.
Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Metastatic Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Inpatient Setting
Authors: Durbin Sienna M. , Zubiri Leyre , Niemierko Andrzej , Bardia Aditya , Sullivan Ryan J. , McEwen Corey , Mulvey Therese M. , Allen Ian M. , Lawrence Donald P. , Cohen Justine V. , Hochberg Ephraim P. , Ryan David P. , Petrillo Laura A. , Reynolds Kerry L.
Published: October 2020

Background

As indications for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy have increased in recent years, so has the proportion of patients eligible for this type of therapy. However, a lack of data exists about the risks and benefits of ICI therapy in hospitalized patients, who tend to be frailer and sicker than patients enrolled in clinical trials.

Material and Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among hospitalized patients with metastatic solid tumors who received ICI therapy at a large academic cancer center over the course of 4 years. We analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of these patients and identified demographic and clinical factors that could be used to predict mortality.

Results

During the 4-year study period, 106 patients were treated with ICI therapy while admitted to the hospital; 70 (66%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status ≥2, which would have prevented them from enrolling in most clinical trials of ICIs. Fifty-two patients (49%) died either during admission or within 30 days of discharge; median overall survival was 1.0 month from discharge, and 16 patients (15%) were alive 6 months after discharge. Independent predictors of death following receipt of inpatient ICI included a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer relative to melanoma and prior treatment with two or more lines of therapy.

Conclusion

The poor overall outcomes observed in this study may give clinicians pause when considering ICI therapy for hospitalized patients, particularly those with characteristics that are associated with a greater risk of mortality.

Implications for Practice

Immunotherapy strategies for patients with cancer are rapidly evolving and their use is expanding, but not all patients will develop a response, and secondary toxicity can be significant and challenging. This is especially evident in hospitalized patients, where the economic cost derived from inpatient immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) administration is important and the clinical benefit is sometimes unclear. The poor overall outcomes evidenced in the ICI inpatient population in this study highlight the need to better identify the patients that will respond to these therapies, which will also help to decrease the financial burden imposed by these highly priced therapies.