bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Nd3+ and Dy3+ from E-Waste Using Adsorbents from Spent Tyre Rubbers: Batch and Column Dynamic Assays
Authors: Nogueira Miguel , Matos Inês , Bernardo Maria , Pinto Filomena , Fonseca Isabel , Lapa Nuno
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the use of spent tyre rubber as a precursor for synthesising adsorbents to recover rare earth elements. Through pyrolysis and CO2 activation, tyre rubber is converted into porous carbonaceous materials with surface properties suited for rare earth element adsorption. The study also examines the efficiency of leaching rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets using optimised acid leaching methods, providing insights into recovery processes. The adsorption capacity of the materials was assessed through batch adsorption assays targeting neodymium (Nd3⁺) and dysprosium (Dy3⁺) ions. Results highlight the superior performance of activated carbon derived from tyre rubber following CO2 activation, with the best-performing adsorbent achieving maximum uptake capacities of 24.7 mg·g⁻1 for Nd3⁺ and 34.4 mg·g⁻1 for Dy3⁺. Column studies revealed efficient adsorption of Nd3⁺ and Dy3⁺ from synthetic and real magnet leachates with a maximum uptake capacity of 1.36 mg·g⁻1 for Nd3⁺ in real leachates and breakthrough times of 25 min. Bi-component assays showed no adverse effects when both ions were present, supporting their potential for simultaneous recovery. Furthermore, the adsorbents effectively recovered rare earth elements from e-waste magnet leachates, demonstrating practical applicability. This research underscores the potential of tyre rubber-derived adsorbents to enhance sustainability in critical raw material supply chains. By repurposing waste tyre rubber, these materials offer a sustainable solution for rare earth recovery, addressing resource scarcity while aligning with circular economy principles by diverting waste from landfills and creating value-added products.
Mechanochemical Functionalization of Oxidized Carbon Black with PLA
Authors: Kiani Aida , Naddeo Mattia , Santulli Federica , Volpe Valentina , Mazzeo Mina , Acocella Maria Rosaria
Published: January 2025

The functionalization of carbon black (CB) represents a promising strategy to enhance its compatibility with polymers while addressing sustainability concerns. In this study, a solvent-free mechanochemical approach (ball milling) is proposed for the functionalization of oxidized carbon black (oCB) with post-consumed polylactic acid (PLA), overcoming the environmental drawbacks of conventional methods that mostly rely on toxic solvents and catalysts. The functionalized carbon black (f-CB) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to confirm the successful modification. At the same time, the influence of f-CB as a nanofiller of residual PLA waste was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), demonstrating its stabilization effect during melt extrusion by preserving the molecular weight of the starting polymer. On the other hand, the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the addition of f-CB did not negatively affect the mechanical properties of the resulting composite. In conclusion, mechanochemistry was used as a sustainable and unique strategy for the upcycling of waste PLA into a PLA-based composite stabilized by CB functionalized with the waste PLA itself.
Conjugation of Triterpenic Acids with 3-Aminoquinuclidine Moiety: An Approach to Acetylcholinesterase Mixed or Uncompetitive Type Inhibitors
Authors: Petrova Anastasiya V. , Nguyen Ha T. T. , Zueva Irina V. , Petrov Konstantin A. , Lobov Alexander N. , Kazakova Oxana B.
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a significant public health issue. Despite the fact that today there are several methods of maintenance therapy, one of the most widely used methods is designed to correct the deficiency of acetylcholine. In the search for new potential inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, eight new derivatives of 3-oxo- or 2,3-indolo-triterpenic acid conjugated with amino-quinuclidine bicyclic cores were designed and synthesized. Then, the obtained compounds were screened in Ellman’s assays for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme, and for each of the active compounds, the type of inhibition was determined. The obtained results demonstrate the dependence of the activity on the triterpenoid structure and the type of substituents. The best activity for ursolic acid derivatives was observed for the 3-oxoamide 8, with an IC50 value of 0.43 µM, acting as a mixed-type inhibitor. In turn, for the oleanane type, the amide with an indole unit in the A ring 11 exhibited the best activity with an IC50 value of 0.47 µM (while the ursane-type analog was weakly active) and led to an uncompetitive type of inhibition. Thus, 3-amidoquinuclidine-triterpenoids conjugates could be considered novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase with a different mechanism of action.
Correction: Alamri et al. Enhancement of the Protective Activity of Vanillic Acid against Tetrachloro-Carbon (CCl4) Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats by the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). Molecules 2022, 27, 8308
Authors: Alamri Eman S. , El Rabey Haddad A. , Alzahrani Othman R. , Almutairi Fahad M. , Attia Eman S. , Bayomy Hala M. , Albalwi Renad A. , Rezk Samar M.
Published: January 2025

In the original publication [...]
Inverted Pyramid Nanostructures Coupled with a Sandwich Immunoassay for SERS Biomarker Detection
Authors: Chang Wen-Huei , Zhang Shao-Quan , Yang Zi-Yi , Lin Chun-Hung
Published: January 2025

Cancer diagnostics often faces challenges, such as invasiveness, high costs, and limited sensitivity for early detection, emphasizing the need for improved approaches. We present a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based platform leveraging inverted pyramid SU-8 nanostructured substrates fabricated via nanoimprint lithography. These substrates, characterized by sharp apices and edges, are further functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), enabling the uniform self-assembly of AuNPs to create a highly favorable configuration for enhanced SERS analysis. Performance testing of the substrates using malachite green (MG) as a model analyte demonstrated excellent detection capabilities, achieving a limit of detection as low as 10−12 M. Building on these results, the SERS platform was adapted for the sensitive and specific detection of hyaluronic acid (HA), a key biomarker associated with inflammation and cancer progression. The system employs a sandwich immunoassay configuration, with substrates functionalized with antibodies to capture HA molecules and 4-MBA-labeled SERS tags for detection. This setup achieved an ultra-sensitive detection limit of 10−11 g/mL for HA. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the uniformity and reproducibility of the SERS substrates, while validation in complex biological matrices demonstrated their robustness and reliability, highlighting their potential in cancer diagnostics and biomarker detection.
BMAL1 in Astrocytes: A Protective Role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Brash-Arias David , García Luis I. , Aranda-Abreu Gonzalo , Toledo-Cárdenas Rebeca , Pérez-Estudillo César , Chi-Castañeda Donaji
Published: January 2025

Astrocyte activation is a critical aspect of brain health and disease, and the central circadian clock protein BMAL1 has emerged as a regulator of astrogliosis and inflammatory gene expression. Bmal1 deletion in astrocytes reprograms endolysosomal transcriptional pathways, inducing endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, and autophagic activity. This regulation of proteostasis by BMAL1 implicates circadian clock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Studies suggest that astrocyte activation is a complex process with diverse phenotypes beyond classic markers such as GFAP, exhibiting neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. Deletion of Bmal1 in astrocytes has shown protective effects in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), influencing Aβ accumulation and α-syn pathology, respectively, through a state of protective astrocyte activation that mitigates tauopathy and α-syn pathology, possibly through the induction of the chaperone protein BAG3. These findings suggest that BMAL1 is crucial in regulating astrocytic function and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores the relationship between circadian dysfunction and the development/progression of AD and PD. Furthermore, it recapitulates the most recent findings on manipulating the clock protein BMAL1 and its potential protective effects in astrocytes.
Nelumbo nucifera Petals Ameliorate Depressive-like Symptom and Cognitive Deficit in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Mouse Model
Authors: Maneenet Juthamart , Chotritthirong Yutthana , Omar Ashraf M. , Choonong Rattanathorn , Daodee Supawadee , Monthakantirat Orawan , Khamphukdee Charinya , Pitiporn Supaporn , Awale Suresh , Matsumoto Kinzo , Chulikhit Yaowared
Published: January 2025

Background Chronic stress exposure has been widely recognized as a significant contributor to numerous central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to debilitating behavioral changes such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. The prolonged activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during chronic stress disrupts the neuroendocrine balance and has detrimental effects on neuronal function and survival. Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera) Gaertn., commonly known as the lotus flower, is a traditional medicinal plant consumed for its purported benefits on mental and physical well-being. Despite its traditional use, limited scientific evidence supports these claims. Methods The present study explores the effects of N. nucifera, commonly known as the lotus flower, on cognitive performance and stress resilience in a mouse model subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Results Daily treatment significantly improved cognitive performance, alleviated depressive-like behaviors, and normalized hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, as indicated by a 60.97% reduction in serum corticosterone. At the molecular level, N. nucifera petals also downregulated serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) mRNA expression while upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression and cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element-binding protein (CREB) mRNA expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. These normalizations are critical, as chronic stress dysregulates HPA axis function, exacerbating behavioral changes. Furthermore, a phytochemical analysis resulted in the isolation of five major compounds, kaempferol (1), trifolin (2), kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside (3), icariside D2 (4), and β-sitosterol (5), each demonstrating significant monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity. Conclusions These compelling findings suggest that N. nucifera petals not only alleviate stress-induced mood and cognitive deficits but also offer a promising avenue for modulating the HPA axis and promoting neuroprotection via essential neurotrophic factors and enzymatic pathways. We advocate for its potential as a complementary and alternative medicine for effective stress management. Future investigations should further explore its mechanisms of action and evaluate its clinical applicability in stress-related disorders.
Synergistic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Physical Activity on Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Aged Rats
Authors: Paduchová Zuzana , Gajdošová Lívia , Katrenčíková Barbora , Horváthová Martina , Országhová Zuzana , Andrezálová Lucia , Muchová Jana
Published: January 2025

Background: Aging induces degenerative processes in the body, contributing to the onset of various age-associated diseases that affect the population. Inadequate dietary habits and low physical activity are major contributors to increased morbidity during aging. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and physical activity on the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in aged male Wistar rats (23–24 months). Methods: The rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: a sedentary control (placebo, no exercise), a trained (placebo and moderate-intensity graded aerobic exercise; Ex), and two trained groups supplemented with low (160 mg/kg of body weight; O1 + Ex) and high (320 mg/kg of body weight; O2 + Ex) doses of omega-3 fatty acids. The biochemical and functional parameters related to sarcopenia and the markers of oxidative stress were measured in blood and gastrocnemius muscle. Results: The results demonstrated dose-dependent, synergistic effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and physical activity. The higher dose (320 mg/kg of body weight) improved plasma antioxidant capacity (TEAC, +21.01%, p < 0.01) and GPx activity (+78.05%, p < 0.05) while reducing CAT activity in erythrocytes (−19.92%, p < 0.05), likely as an adaptive stress response. Combined interventions also normalized cholesterol levels, improved the functional parameters of sarcopenia (stride length, +14.82%, p < 0.001), and enhanced antioxidant protection in aged rats. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of combining omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and physical activity to counteract aging-related degenerative changes. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the long-term benefits of these strategies in aging populations.
Effectiveness of Early Versus Late Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Physical Activity in Overweight or Obese Women
Authors: Miladi Sarra , Driss Tarak , Ameur Ranya , Miladi Sirine C. , Miladi Samar J. , Najjar Mohamed Fadhel , Neffati Fadoua , Hammouda Omar
Published: January 2025

Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a dual approach involving time-restricted eating (TRE) at different times of the day combined with physical activity (PA) on functional capacity and metabolic health in overweight or obese women. Methods: Random allocation of sixty-one participants into four groups: early time-restricted eating plus physical activity (ETRE-PA, n = 15, 31.8 ± 10.76 years, 89.68 ± 13.40 kg, 33.5 ± 5.53 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating with physical activity (LTRE-PA, n = 15, 30.60 ± 7.94 years, 94.45 ± 15.36 kg, 34.37 ± 7.09 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating only (LTRE, n = 15, 27.93 ± 9.79 years, 88.32 ± 10.36 kg, 32.71 ± 5.15 kg/m2) and a control group (CG, n = 15, 36.25 ± 11.52 years, 89.01 ± 11.68 kg, 33.66 ± 6.18 kg/m2). The intervention lasted for 12 weeks in all groups. Both the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups engaged in a rigorous combined aerobic and resistance-training program. Results: Significant reductions in body weight and body mass index were observed in the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups compared to the CG and LTRE groups post-intervention (p < 0.0005). Only the ETRE-PA group exhibited a significant decrease in fat mass (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01), and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002). Significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in the ETRE-PA (p = 0.004) and LTRE-PA (p = 0.02) groups. These two latter groups achieved higher performances in the 6-min walking test, bench press, 30-s squat, crunch test, vertical jump (p < 0.0005 for both), and leg extension (p < 0.02 for both) when compared to the LTRE and CG groups. Conclusion: The integration of TRE with PA leads to greater improvements in body composition, lipid profile, and physical performance, with no significant differences between the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA approaches. This combined strategy offers a promising solution for overweight and obese women.
Maternal Omega-6/Omega-3 Concentration Ratio During Pregnancy and Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study
Authors: Shahabi Behnaz , Hernández-Martínez Carmen , Jardí Cristina , Aparicio Estefanía , Arija Victoria
Published: January 2025

Background: The balance of omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) is crucial for proper brain function as they have opposite physiological roles. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal serum ratios of n-6/n-3 in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and the neurodevelopment of their children in the early days after birth in the population of Northern Spain’s Mediterranean region. Methods: Longitudinal study in which 336 mother–child pairs participated. Mother serum concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) were determined. Sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle habits, and obstetrical variables were collected. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) was used to assess infant neurodevelopment. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for confounding factors were performed. Results: In the third trimester, a higher maternal n-6/n-3 ratio was negatively associated with infant motor development (β = −0.124, p = 0.023). Similarly, higher ARA/DHA ratios were negatively associated with total motor (β = −2.005, p = 0.002) and fine motor development (β = −0.389, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed in the first trimester nor for the ARA/EPA ratio in the third trimester. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that an elevated n-6/n-3 ratio and ARA/DHA ratio in the third trimester of pregnancy are associated with poorer motor development outcomes in infants. These results highlight the importance of optimizing maternal fatty acid balance during pregnancy to support fetal neurodevelopment, suggesting a need for further research to verify these associations and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
Relationship Between Amino Acid Intake in Maternal Diet and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the BORN 2020 Pregnant Cohort in Northern Greece
Authors: Tranidou Antigoni , Siargkas Antonios , Magriplis Emmanuela , Tsakiridis Ioannis , Apostolopoulou Aikaterini , Chourdakis Michail , Dagklis Themistoklis
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Maternal amino acid intake and its biological value may influence glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity, impacting the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to evaluate the association between amino acid intake from maternal diet before and during pregnancy and the risk of GDM. Methods: This study is part of the ongoing BORN2020 epidemiological Greek cohort. A validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used. Amino acid intakes were quantified from the FFQ responses. A multinomial logistic regression model, with adjustments made for maternal characteristics, lifestyle habits, and pregnancy-specific factors, was used. Results: A total of 797 pregnant women were recruited, of which 14.7% developed GDM. Higher cysteine intake during pregnancy was associated with an increase in GDM risk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42–23.46), corresponding to a 476% increase in risk. Additionally, higher intakes of aspartic acid (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05–1.66), isoleucine (aOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03–2.14), phenylalanine (aOR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04–2.45), and threonine (aOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.0–2.43) during pregnancy were also associated with increased GDM risk. Furthermore, total essential amino acid (EAA) (aOR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.0–1.09) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) (aOR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.0–1.1) intakes during pregnancy were also linked to an increased risk of GDM. A secondary dose–response analysis affected by timing of assessment revealed that higher intake levels of specific amino acids showed a more pronounced risk. Conclusions: Optimizing the balance of certain amino acids during pregnancy may guide personalized nutritional interventions to mitigate GDM risk.
Reducing Agricultural Land Use Through Plant-Based Diets: A Case Study of Romania
Authors: Balan Ioana Mihaela , Trasca Teodor Ioan
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Agricultural systems face increasing global pressure to address sustainability challenges, particularly regarding land use and environmental protection. In Romania, where traditional diets are heavily dependent on animal-based products, optimizing land use is critical. This study investigates the potential of plant-based diets to reduce agricultural land use, examining scenarios of partial and complete replacement of animal protein with plant protein sources (soy, peas, and potatoes). Methods: The research modeled three dietary transition scenarios—replacing 33%, 50%, and 100% of animal protein with plant-based protein—using data from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, the FAO, and international sources. Land use was calculated for each scenario using formulas that take into account protein content and land use intensity for animal and plant protein sources. The simulations quantify the reduction in agricultural land use at the per capita and national levels. Results: The study reveals significant land-saving potential across all scenarios. At the national level, land use reductions ranged from 84,020 hectares (33% replacement) to 1,067,443 hectares (100% replacement). High-impact products such as beef and dairy continue to dominate land use, even in partial replacement scenarios. Conversely, replacing pork and chicken proteins shows substantial savings. The findings highlight the inefficiency of animal-based protein production and the ecological benefits of transitioning to plant-based diets. Conclusions: A dietary shift towards plant-based protein in Romania could achieve significant reductions in agricultural land use, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals. This transition not only supports environmental conservation and resource optimization, but also provides public health benefits by reducing consumption of red and processed meat. These results provide a basis for policies to promote sustainable and nutritionally balanced food systems
Environmental Fate, Ecotoxicity, and Remediation of Heterocyclic Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants: A Review of Long-Term Risks and Impacts
Authors: Baaloudj Oussama , Scrano Laura , Bufo Sabino Aurelio , Modley Lee-Ann Sade , Lelario Filomena , Zizzamia Angelica Rebecca , Emanuele Lucia , Brienza Monica
Published: January 2025

Heterocyclic pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants due to their toxic, carcinogenic nature and detrimental impact on the natural ecosystem. These compounds pose a significant environmental concern given their widespread use in medical therapy, constituting over 90% of new medications. Their unique chemical structure contributes to their persistence in various environmental matrices, necessitating urgent measures to mitigate their risks. This review comprehensively examines the sources, environmental fate, toxicity, and long-term risks associated with heterocyclic pharmaceuticals, proposing potential remediation strategies. The article commences with an overview of the diverse types of heterocyclic pharmaceuticals and their applications, focusing on compounds containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Subsequently, it explores the sources and pathways through which these pollutants enter the environment, including wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, improper disposal, resistance to biodegradation, and bioaccumulation. The toxic effects and long-term consequences of exposure to heterocyclic pharmaceuticals are then discussed, encompassing neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenesis, cardiovascular and metabolic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenesis. Additionally, this review summarizes various remediation strategies and treatment solutions aimed at reducing the environmental impact of these compounds, drawing insights from the literature. The research concludes by identifying critical areas for future research, emphasizing the urgent need for more effective remediation strategies to address the growing concern posed by these emerging contaminants.
Protolytic Equilibria of Cetirizine in the Presence of Micelle-Forming Surfactants
Authors: Popović-Nikolić Marija , Popović Gordana , Oljačić Slavica , Nikolić Katarina
Published: January 2025

The acid–base equilibria of cetirizine were investigated with and without the presence of differently charged micelle-forming surfactants (anionic, cationic, nonionic). The pKa values were potentiometrically determined at 25 °C and at a constant ionic strength (0.1 M NaCl). Experimental data were analyzed by applying the computer program Hyperquad 5.2.15. Based on a shift in the ionization constants (∆pKa) in micellar solutions against the pKa values determined in “pure” water under the same conditions, the effects of micelles on the protolytic equilibria of cetirizine were estimated. Applied micelles caused a shift in the protolytic equilibria of all cetirizine ionizable centers, with the piperazine function connected to aliphatic side moiety (∆pKa1 from −0.47 to +1.42), carboxyl group (∆pKa2 from −0.92 to +2.02), and piperazine nitrogen connected to phenyl rings (∆pKa3 from −2.01 to +2.19). Anionic SDS and nonionic Brij 35 micelles caused an increase in the pKa values of the ionizable centers of cetirizine, while a decrease in the pKa values was detected under the influence of cationic CTAB and nonionic TX-100 micelles. The change in the ionization pattern by micelles at pH values with biopharmaceutical significance provides indications of possible interactions of cetirizine with biomolecules of different charge and polarity under physiological conditions.
The Impact of Aquatic Exercise on Walking Ability, Quality of Life, and Enjoyment in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nakatani Miki , Kanejima Yuji , Ishihara Kodai , Koo Hanhwa , Izawa Kazuhiro P.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Aquatic exercise is attracting attention as a method of rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate whether aquatic exercise for children with CP improves their walking ability and quality of life (QOL) and is enjoyable for them. Methods: A literature search was conducted on 2 August 2024 using three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews. Studies included in the review focused on aquatic exercise interventions for children with CP, with outcomes related to walking ability, QOL, or enjoyment. Studies that did not isolate the effects of aquatic exercise (except when combined with conventional interventions) were excluded. Two reviewers independently conducted screening and risk of bias assessments. Results: Seven studies involving 94 participants in total were included in the review. Three of these studies had a control group. All four studies reported improvements in walking ability, including walking endurance and efficiency. One of two studies showed improvement in health-related QOL (HRQOL) compared to the control group, whereas the other did not show significant differences between groups. All three studies that assessed enjoyment reported high levels of enjoyment of aquatic exercise. However, all studies were at risk of bias. Conclusions: The reviewed studies suggest that aquatic exercise for children with CP may be enjoyable and may improve walking ability. Further research is needed to accurately assess the effects of aquatic exercise and compare it to other interventions.
Search of Reflectance Indices for Estimating Photosynthetic Activity of Wheat Plants Under Drought Stress
Authors: Abdullaev Firuz , Churikova Daria , Pirogova Polina , Lysov Maxim , Vodeneev Vladimir , Sherstneva Oksana
Published: January 2025

Global climate change and the associated increasing impact of droughts on crops challenges researchers to rapidly assess plant health on a large scale. Photosynthetic activity is one of the key physiological parameters related to future crop yield. The present study focuses on the search for reflectance parameters for rapid screening of wheat genotypes with respect to photosynthetic activity under drought conditions. The development of drought stress modelled in laboratory conditions by stopping irrigation caused changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that corresponded to a decrease in photosynthetic activity. In particular, a decrease in the photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), which characterizes the rate of linear electron transport in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and is one of the most sensitive parameters responding at the early stages of drought stress, was observed. Along with the measurement of the photosynthetic activity, spectral characteristics of wheat plants were recorded using hyperspectral imaging. Normalized difference indices (NDIs) were calculated using the reflectance intensity of wheat shoots in the range from 400 to 1000 nm. Four NDIs that showed a strong correlation with the level of photosynthetic activity estimated by ΦPSII were selected from different wavelength ranges (NDI610/450, NDI572/545, NDI740/700, and NDI820/630). The indices NDI572/545 and NDI820/630 showed the best combination of sensitivity to soil moisture deficit and strong relationship with photosynthetic activity under drought stress. Possible molecular and physiological causes of this relationship are discussed. The use of the proposed indices will allow to monitor in detail the specific features of wheat plant response and can serve as one of the criteria for selection of the most promising genotypes in breeding of drought-tolerant cultivars.
The Relative Contribution of Root Morphology and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization on Phosphorus Uptake in Rice/Soybean Intercropping Under Dry Cultivation
Authors: Ma Huimin , Zhang Hongcheng , Gao Qian , Li Shilin , Yu Yuanyuan , Ma Jiaying , Zheng Congcong , Cui Meng , Wu Zhihai , Zhang Hualiang
Published: January 2025

Intercropping has the potential to improve phosphorus (P) uptake and crop growth, but the potential benefits and relative contributions of root morphology and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization are largely unknown for the intercropping of rice and soybean under dry cultivation. Both field and pot experiments were conducted with dry-cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown alone or intercropped under two P levels. Two root separation modes between rice and soybean were employed to explore the contribution of AMF association and root plasticity on P uptake in intercrops. The results showed that rice/soybean intercropping resulted in a notable increase in the total biomass and yield compared to monoculture in the field. In the potted experiment, compared to the plastic root separation treatment (PS), the no root separation treatment (NS) increased the total biomass and P uptake by 9.4% and 19.9%, irrespective of the P levels. This was primarily attributable to a considerable enhancement in biomass and phosphorus uptake in soybean by 40.4% and 49.7%, which offset a slight decline in the rice of NS compared to PS by 26.8% and 18.0%, respectively. The results of random forest analysis indicate that the P uptake by the dominant species, soybean, was mainly contributed by root morphology, while rice was more dependent on AMF colonization in the intercropping system. Therefore, dry-cultivated rice/soybean intercropping enhances P uptake and productivity by leveraging complementary belowground strategies, with soybean benefiting primarily from root morphological adjustments and rice relying more on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization.
Combining Controlled-Release and Normal Urea Enhances Rice Grain Quality and Starch Properties by Improving Carbohydrate Supply and Grain Filling
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhou Tianyang , Xue Zhangyi , Wei Chenhua , Zhu Kuanyu , Ye Miao , Zhang Weiyang , Zhang Hao , Liu Lijun , Wang Zhiqin , Gu Junfei , Yang Jianchang
Published: January 2025

Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers are gaining popularity in rice (Oryza stavia L.) cultivation for their ability to increase yields while reducing environmental impact. Grain filling is essential for both the yield and quality of rice. However, the impact of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on grain-filling characteristics, as well as the relationship between these characteristics and rice quality, remains unclear. This study aimed to identify key grain-filling characteristics influencing rice milling quality, appearance, cooking and eating qualities, and physicochemical properties of starch. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted that included four nitrogen management practices: zero nitrogen input (CK), a local high-yield practice with split urea applications (100% urea, CU), a single basal application of 100% controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF), and a basal application blend of 70% controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with 30% urea (CRNF-CU). The results showed that a sufficient amount of carbohydrates for the rice grain-filling process, as indicated by a higher sugar–spikelet ratio, is essential for improving grain quality. An increased sugar–spikelet ratio enhances the grain-filling process, resulting in an elevated average grain-filling rate (Gmean) and the peak grain-filling rate (Gmax), while also reducing the overall time required for grain filling (D). Compared to CU, CRNF and CRNF-CU treatments did not significantly change milling qualities, but reduced the chalky kernel rate and chalkiness, thereby enhancing the appearance quality. These treatments increased the amylose and amylopectin contents while reducing protein content, though the proportion of protein constituents remained unchanged. These treatments led to larger starch granules with notably smoother surfaces. Additionally, CRNF and CRNF-CU reduced relative crystallinity and structural order, while increasing the amorphous structure in the outer region of starch granules, which lowered rice starch crystal stability. The treatments also increased viscosity and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch, resulting in enhanced eating and cooking quality of the rice. In conclusion, the CRNF-CU is the most effective strategy in this study to enhance both grain yield and quality. This practice ensures an adequate carbohydrate supply for grain filling, which is essential for efficient grain filling and improved overall quality.
Response of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) to Adverse Environmental Conditions in Genetic and Dendrochronological Studies
Authors: Krutovsky Konstantin V. , Popova Anna A. , Yakovlev Igor A. , Yanbaev Yulai A. , Matveev Sergey M.
Published: January 2025

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is widely distributed across Europe and serves critical ecological, economic, and recreational functions. Investigating its responses to stressors such as drought, extreme temperatures, pests, and pathogens provides valuable insights into its capacity to adapt to climate change. Genetic and dendrochronological studies offer complementary perspectives on this adaptability. Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology) reveals how Q. robur has historically responded to environmental stressors, linking growth patterns to specific conditions such as drought or temperature extremes. By examining tree-ring width, density, and dynamics, researchers can identify periods of growth suppression or enhancement and predict forest responses to future climatic events. Genetic studies further complement this by uncovering adaptive genetic diversity and inheritance patterns. Identifying genetic markers associated with stress tolerance enables forest managers to prioritize the conservation of populations with higher adaptive potential. These insights can guide reforestation efforts and support the development of climate-resilient oak populations. By integrating genetic and dendrochronological data, researchers gain a holistic understanding of Q. robur’s mechanisms of resilience. This knowledge is vital for adaptive forest management and sustainable planning in the face of environmental challenges, ultimately helping to ensure the long-term viability of oak populations and their ecosystems. The topics covered in this review are very broad. We tried to include the most relevant, important, and significant studies, but focused mainly on the relatively recent Eastern European studies because they include the most of the species’ area. However, although more than 270 published works have been cited in this review, we have, of course, missed some published studies. We apologize in advance to authors of those relevant works that have not been cited.
Optimisation of Dairy Soiled Water as a Novel Duckweed Growth Medium
Authors: Redmond Cian , Coughlan Neil E. , Purcell Aine , Jansen Marcel A. K.
Published: January 2025

As a result of intensive agriculture, large quantities of liquid wastewaters are produced. Dairy soiled water (DSW) is produced in large volumes during the milking process of cattle. It comprises essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The physicochemical properties of DSWs are highly variable as per individual farmer practices and seasonality. Currently, DSWs are disposed of primarily through land spreading, which frequently results in environmental pollution through land run-off. As a result of the large volumes produced coupled with the high variability, there are few alternative uses for DSWs, with presently little consideration of possible on-farm valorisation. Through a series of factorial experiments, the suitability of DSW as a novel duckweed (Lemna minor L.) cultivation medium is assessed. Different concentrations and pH values are assessed to determine the optimal conditions to support duckweed cultivation. Under the principles of circular economy, duckweed-based valorisation of DSWs can lead to the production of valuable, high-protein plant biomass that could be incorporated into animal feed to support livestock nutritional requirements. This study identifies the management of DSW’s pH as a key growth parameter in the successful cultivation of duckweed to underpin a circular economy approach for valorisation and improved environmental outcomes.
Functional Analysis of Durum Wheat GASA1 Protein as a Biotechnological Alternative Against Plant Fungal Pathogens and a Positive Regulator of Biotic Stress Defense
Authors: Bouteraa Mohamed Taieb , Ben Romdhane Walid , Wiszniewska Alina , Baazaoui Narjes , Alfaifi Mohammad Y. , Ben Hsouna Anis , Kačániová Miroslava , Garzoli Stefania , Ben Saad Rania
Published: January 2025

Plants are frequently challenged by a variety of microorganisms. To protect themselves against harmful invaders, they have evolved highly effective defense mechanisms, including the synthesis of numerous types of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Snakins are such compounds, encoded by the GASA (Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated Arabidopsis) gene family, and are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we examined the function of the newly identified TdGASA1 gene and its encoded protein in Triticum durum subjected to different biotic stress-related simulants, such as mechanical injury, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as infection with pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus niger. We found that in durum wheat, TdGASA1 transcripts were markedly increased in response to these stress simulants. Isolated and purified TdGASA1 protein exhibited significant antifungal activity in the growth inhibition test conducted on eight species of pathogenic fungi on solid and liquid media. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing TdGASA1 obtained in this study showed higher tolerance to detrimental effects of H2O2, MeJA, and ABA treatment. In addition, these lines exhibited resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus niger, which was linked to a marked increase in antioxidant activity in the leaves under stress conditions. This resistance was correlated with the upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes (AtPDF1.2a, AtERF1, AtVSP2, AtMYC2, AtPR1, AtACS6, AtETR1, and AtLOX2) in the transgenic lines. Overall, our results indicate that TdGASA1 gene and its encoded protein respond ubiquitously to a range of biotic stimuli and seem to be crucial for the basal resistance of plants against pathogenic fungi. This gene could therefore be a valuable target for genetic engineering to enhance wheat resistance to biotic stress.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy-Enabled Microfluidic Gel Chromatography for Revealing Real-Time Separation Dynamics of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Beom Byeongji , Jung Seung-Chan , Jang Wonjun , Won Jong-Keon , Jeong Jihoon , Choi Yu-Jeong , Moon Man-Ki , Han Jae-Hee
Published: January 2025

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) exhibit distinct electronic properties, categorized as metallic or semiconducting, determined by their chirality. The precise and selective separation of these electronic types is pivotal for advancing nanotechnology applications. While conventional gel chromatography has been widely employed for large-scale separations, its limitations in addressing microscale dynamics and electronic-type differentiation have persisted. Here, we present a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic gel chromatography platform, coupled with real-time in situ Raman spectroscopy, designed to achieve the high-resolution electronic-type separation of SWNTs. This platform systematically isolates metallic- and semiconducting-enriched fractions (M1–M3 and S1–S3) while quantitatively analyzing separation dynamics through G-band spectral shifts and G−/G+ intensity ratios. By normalizing the SDS concentration and calculating rate constants, we reveal the intrinsic elution kinetics of SWNTs, with metallic fractions exhibiting faster elution dynamics compared to their semiconducting counterparts. Our approach bridges the gap between microscale precision and industrial scalability, emphasizing the critical role of dispersant concentration in fine-tuning separation outcomes. This advancement not only resolves the challenges of electronic-type differentiation but also demonstrates the versatility of PDMS microfluidic systems in delivering real-time insights into nanomaterial purification processes. By integrating continuous dynamic analysis with gel chromatography, this study establishes a transformative framework for scaling nanomaterial separations and unlocking new potential in chirality-specific applications.
Comparison of the Influence of Polypropylene (PP) or Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)-Based Meltblown and Polyester/Polyamide-Based Hydroentangled Inner Layers on the Sound and Thermal Insulation Properties of Layered Nonwoven Composite Structures
Authors: Çinçik Emel , Kocatepe Süreyya , Aslan Eda
Published: January 2025

Thermal and sound insulation play a vital role in today’s world, and nonwoven composite structures including microfiber layers provide efficient solutions for addressing these demands. In this study, the sound and thermal insulation properties of nonwoven composite structures, including single-layer meltblown, multilayer meltblown, hydroentangled, and nanofiber nonwoven inner layers, were compared statistically by using Design Expert 13 software. The inner layer type and outer layer type of the composite structures were considered as independent variables, and thickness, bulk density, air permeability, sound absorption coefficient, and thermal resistance of composite structures were evaluated as dependent variables during statistical analyses. The effects of layer types on dependent variables were investigated comparatively, and the best inner and outer layers for high sound and thermal insulation were determined. It was concluded that the developed nonwoven composites including hydroentangled and three-layered meltblown layers demonstrated superior sound absorption properties at low (changing between 48% and 70%) and moderate (ranging between 77% and 96%) sound frequencies, respectively, when compared to composites and materials including single-layer meltblown or nanofiber nonwoven structures reported in prior studies. Additionally, it can be inferred that the composite structures obtained in this study exhibited thermal resistance properties (0.49 to 0.73 m2K/W) comparable to those of commercial thermal insulation materials.
Coating Extrusion Characteristics of Thin-Walled Tubes for Catheters Using Thermoplastic Elastomer
Authors: He You , Liu Huanlao , Wang Yulin , Hu Weikang
Published: January 2025

During the production of medical thin-walled tubes, a thin coating layer is required. This requirement reduces the cross-sectional clearance area of the straight section flow channel formed by the mandrel and the die, leading to excessive pressure of the polymer melt at the shaping section, elevated die pressure, and backflow of the material melt, all of which directly impact the quality of the coating layer. To address these issues, this study conducted a non-isothermal numerical simulation of coating models both with and without a shaping section. It analyzed the impact of the coating model without a shaping section on the coating layer’s thickness and the stability of the coating flow field under varying drag velocities, inlet flow rates, and die temperatures. Furthermore, it compared these results with those of coating extrusion using shaping section runners and investigates how different flow channel parameters affect the extrusion characteristics of the coating layer. The results showed that the setting of the shaping section could not eliminate the extrusion expansion in wrap extrusion. In comparison to coating extrusion utilizing a shaping section die, the process without a shaping section die reduced die pressure drop by 35% to 40%, decreased energy consumption, and enhanced the quality of the coating layer. Finally, an amorphous segment-coating extrusion die was designed based on the simulation results, and coating extrusion experiments were carried out using the designed and fabricated die.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption Capabilities of Polyureas Through Experiments and Molecular Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Yang Ke , Wang Shanda , Chen Yanru , Dong Hanhai , Wang Quanguo , Cheng Qingli
Published: January 2025

Polyurea (PUR) has been widely used as a protective coating in recent years. In order to complete the understanding of the relationship between PUR microstructure and its energy absorption capabilities, the mechanical and dynamic performance of PURs containing various macrodiol structural units were compared using material characterization techniques and molecular dynamic simulation. The results showed that the PUR polycarbonate diols formed as energy absorbing materials showed high tensile strength, high toughness, and excellent loss factor distribution based on the comparison of stress–strain tensile curves, glass transition temperatures, phase images, and dynamic storage loss modulus. External energy from simple shear deformation was absorbed to convert non-bond energy, in particular, based on fractional free volume, interaction energy, and total energy and hydrogen bond number change from the molecular dynamic simulation. Hydrogen bonds formed between soft segments and hard segments in the PURs have been proven to play a significant role in determining their mechanical and dynamic performance. The mechanical and dynamic properties of PURs characterized and tested using experimental techniques were quantified effectively using molecular dynamic simulation. This is believed to be an innovative theoretical guidance for the structural design of PURs at the molecular level for the optimization of energy absorption capabilities.