bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’enfer est pavé de bonnes intentions : la régulation environnementale et sociale de l’or au Sénégal oriental
Authors: Lamine Diallo Mouhamadou , Magrin Géraud
Published: May 2022

La mine d’or de Sabodala, au Sénégal, s’inscrit dans le regain minier observé en Afrique de l’Ouest durant la décennie 2000. Situé à l’extrême sud-est du pays, dans une région pauvre et enclavée, le projet de Sabodala a soulevé un certain nombre de problèmes environnementaux et sociaux. L’entreprise canadienne impliquée, Teranga Gold Corporation, qui mène au Sénégal sa première expérience, s’est engagée dans une politique d’autorégulation environnementale en s’inspirant des directives de la Société financière internationale (SFI) et des meilleures pratiques internationales de gestion environnementale et sociale. Le bilan de cette politique est mitigé, à cause de l’écart entre les engagements affichés de la société et ses réalisations sur le terrain. Le bilan du projet en termes de Responsabilité sociale et environnementale (RSE) de l’entreprise a été d’autant plus contesté que la faiblesse des institutions publiques n’a pas permis un contrôle effectif de l’impact des activités minières sur le milieu d’accueil.
Sur le front de la métropole
Authors: Le Goix Renaud
Published: May 2022

Sur le front des métropoles américaines, une formidable recomposition s’est opérée : les marges métropolitaines sont devenues le lieu privilégié de l’intégration sociale. Le discours dominant sur les suburbs des États-Unis fait néanmoins la part belle aux « lotissements à l’américaine » comme lieux de l’entre-soi, à l’hyper-ségrégation de périphéries opposées au centre, et à la monotonie d’espaces sans qualités. Pourtant, ces territoires sont construits, habités, pratiqués… Cet ouvrage analyse la production de la morphologie spatiale, fonctionnelle et sociale des espaces suburbains en Californie du Sud, sur les marges de la région urbaine de Los Angeles. L’offre, les acteurs de la construction et les dynamiques de ce marché sont analysés au prisme d’une double mutation : celle, d’une part, de la maturation et la diversification du modèle suburbain ; celle, plus brutale, de son modèle économique, révélé par l’ampleur de la crise des subprimes.L’évolution de ces territoires révèle les transformations d’une métropole étalée et fragmentée, où s’entremêlent logiques de la privatisation urbaine (les lotissements en copropriété, les gated communities), rouages de la finance et politiques publiques de maîtrise de la croissance et de la densification. Les logiques du changement métropolitain sont multiples : la production de l’espace bâti et les trajectoires des suburbs se tissent par la combinaison des cycles d’urbanisation (suburbs matures, suburbs récentes, exurbs), des cycles économiques et des évolutions socio-démographiques. L’ouvrage dresse ainsi le portrait d’une suburbia en crise(s), fragmentée, mais aussi mixte, dynamique et en profond renouvellement, tant d’un point de vue socio-économique que des groupes et appartenances communautaires.
Voyage en Afrique rentière
Authors: Magrin Géraud
Published: May 2022

Ce livre n’est pas un nouveau précis d’économie sur la rente : il utilise cette notion pour étudier les trajectoires africaines de développement et sonder leurs possibilités de changement. Les rentes sont ici définies comme des flux de ressources déconnectées des activités productives. Elles reflètent l’histoire tragique de la connexion de l’Afrique au système mondial : de la traite esclavagiste aux ressources extractives, qui fondent la croyance en une « malédiction des ressources naturelles », en passant par l’aide extérieure ou les remises migratoires, les systèmes économiques rentiers scellent les relations asymétriques entre territoires africains et acteurs extérieurs autant que le divorce entre intérêt des élites et population. Enracinés dans l’histoire, ils se sont étoffés et diversifiés depuis la fin du xxe siècle, au point d’apparaître comme un fait de structure, le nœud gordien du sous-développement. La géographie des rentes est une géographie politique.

Par ce « voyage » à travers des situations rentières aux implications différentes. qui conduit le lecteur le plus souvent en Afrique de l’Ouest et du centre, l’auteur interroge les espaces de bifurcation associés à une double révolution, où réside l’essentiel du potentiel d’émergence africain, la première est démographique et urbaine, liée à l’explosion de la population et des villes, qui crée des conditions favorables à l’essor de marchés intérieurs, la seconde est polilico-économique ; elle tient à lu négociation progressive de nouvelles conditions de production et d’investissement des rentes, notamment extractives. Sa valorisation suppose l’invention de modèles de gouvernance plus efficaces et démocratique.
STUDY ON RESISTANCE OF THE ANTITUBERCULOUS DRUGS RESISTANT TUBERCLE BACILLl OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS V. Experiments on Virulence of Drug-resistant Tubercle Bacilli.
Authors: Soo Kyung
Published: May 2022

In order to establish a correlation of virulence between the drug-resistant and sensitive strains in experimental animals. The survival duration of animal, microscope lesions in organs and the degree of isolation of bacilli from the lesions of organs were observed in inoculated mice and rabbits. Inoculated into the vein of the mice and rabbits were Ravenal strain resistant to 100 r per ml of SM and PAS respectively and also those resistant to 10r of INHThe SM and PAS-resistant tubercle bacilli were strongly virulent to the animals more than the original sensitive strains, while INH-resistant strains were weaker in virulence than the original strain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TUBERCULlN ALLERGY AND THE LOCAL REACTION AFTER B.C.G. VACCINATION
Authors: Lee Sung Kwan , Lee Young Joo , Lee Won Ki
Published: May 2022

Ulcer formation of local tissue which proceed quite a period of time after B.C.G. vaccination is not only a painful experience for children but also a deteriorating factor for B.C.G. vaccination program which has been an important measure of T.B. control in Korea. Results are presented of the relationship between tuberculin allergy and local reaction after B.C.G. vaccination. 1. The group vaccinated with the standard dose of B.C.G. shown the scar formation on the vaccinated six without exception whereas the scar was noted only in 50 percent of group vaccinated with highly diluted dose(1:50) of B.C.G. 2. The relationship between tuberculin allergy and scar formation of B.C.G. vaccinated sith showed that, amongst scar-formed children, 90 percent was positive in tuberculin reaction after two months of inoculation whereas exclusively negative in the non-scar formed. Tuberculosis immunity conferred by B.C.G. vaccination. therefore, has a close relationship with the formation of scar on the vaccinated site.
EFFECT OF KANAMYCIN ON HEARING ABILlTY
Authors: Yoo Kwang Hyun
Published: May 2022

Since kanamycin(KM) treatment is known to cause auditory disturbances as in streptomycin(SM) treatment, the power of hearing was investigated in TB patients, who had either SM or KM treatment of varying duration, and the results may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The effect of the KM 2gm twice weekly on the power of hearing was similar to SM 1gm twice weekly in causing slight deafness. 2. The auditory impairment due to the KM was directly related to the length of treatment. The administration of KM 2gm twice weekly for more than 6 months resulted in a decrease in hearing of more than 15db at 8,000 cps on the audiogram, while little adverse effect was recorded KM treatment it was administered for less than 6 months.
EXPERIMENTAL RE-EVALUATION STUDIES ON ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE lN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Ⅰ. In vitro Inhibitory Effects of Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) Against Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Kim Yong Hyun , Kim Sung Chin
Published: May 2022

Of course, it is importanat to discover new antituberculous drugs, but it is also very important to know how present anti-tuberculous drugs should be used for tuberculosis control. It is well known that isonicotinic acid hydrazide(INH) is the most widely used effective drug in chemotherapy of tuberculosis. It seems that a new drug more effective than INH will not be discovered in the near future. From this view point, many investigators are still continuing their efforts to know the best way of using INH, part icularly in optimal dose and mode of administration. In Korea, much of the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis depends on the use of INH alone, therefore suitable therapeutic methods using INH for control of tuberculosis in this country are urgently required. Under the above mentioned circumstances the authors have made a series of experimental studies on re-evaluation of INH in vitro and in vivo. Two human strains, H37Rv and Kurono, and one bovine strain, Ravenel, were used. Ten day old cultures from Ogawa media were used as inocula throughout the experiments. Proskauer-Beck medium with the addition of 10 percent horse serum was used for determination of inhibitory effects of INH against the above three strains. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Non-contaminated INH solution was obtained by using ten fold dilution or twice dilution methods with sterilized distilled water or Proskauer-Beck medium without autoclaving or Seitz-filtration. 2. Minimum completely inhibitory concentration o INH to human H37Rv strain and Kurono strain was between 0.02mcg per ml. and 0.04 mcg per ml. but to bovine Ravenel strain was around 0.04 mcg per ml. 3. Slide culture method with petroleum ether suspension of the tubercle bacilli is a rapid quantitative method for measuring inhibitory effect of INH against the tubercle bacilli. 4. Under the constant conditions, minimum completely inhibitory concentration of INH against the same strain of tubercle bacilli is always constant. The deep cultures should be observed at least within one week. 5. Microscopic examination of stained slides by slide culture method should be made at three or four days cultivation, because INH activity begins to decrease.
A COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON POTENCY OF DANISH PURIFIED TUBERCULIN RT 23, WITH JAPANESE AND KOREAN OLD TUBERCULIN.
Authors: Chun Nam Ho , Yun Sang Oh , Lee Sung Kwan
Published: May 2022

The tuberculin test is the simplest and best method for determining whether a host has been infected with tubercle bacilli. However, it is well known that the tuberculin allergy does not directly mean an immunity against tuberculosis but, we can estimate this allergy as a short indicator to Immunity, because tuberculin allergy runs parallel with immunity against tuberculosis up to a certain degree. In this investigation, a comparative study of potency were conducted between P.P.D.RT 23(prepared by Statens Serum Institue, Denmark), Japanese old tuberculin(Prepared by National Institute of Helath, Japan) and Korean old tuberculin(Prepared by the National Institute of Health, Korea) experimentally comparing in calves, rabbits, guinea pigs, tuberculosis patients, naturally infected and B.C.G. vaccinated persons. comparison of the total nitrogen and absorption test between P.P.D.RT and Korean old tuberculin was also observed. The results observed the comparative studies were as follows: 1. Korean O.T. showed higher nitrogen quantity than P.P.D.RT 23 in chemical analysis and animal experiments. 2. Korean O.T. was found as strong as the standard O.T. A 1:2000 dilution of Japanese O.T. was weaker than 1:2000 dilution of Korean O.T., 1 Tu of Tween 80 P.P.D.RT 23 was much weaker than Japanese O.T. on the T.B. patients, the naturally infected and the B.C.G. vaccinated persons. 3. It was confirmed that the minimum tuberculin-positive units in the experimental animal were 1:100 of Korean O.T. or 20 Tu of Tween 80 P.P.D.RT 23 on rabbits, 1:2,875 of Korean O.T. or 20 Tu of Tween 80 P.PD.RT 23 on guinea pigs; 100% original Korean O.T. or 100 Tu of Tween 80 P.P.D.RT 23 on calves. 4. Through the comparison of P.P.D.RT23 and Korean O.T., it was confirmed that 1:2000 dilution of Korean O.T. had an equivalent otency of between 2 Tu-3Tu(0.04γ-0.06γ) of Tween 80 P.P.D.RT 23.
Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Lee Chan sae
Published: May 2022

No abstract available
STUDY ON TUBERCLE BACILLI FROM STREET SPUTIUM
Authors: Kim Sung Chin
Published: May 2022

1967 sputum specimens collected on the streets in Seoul City during 1962 - 1963 were examined for tubercle bacilli and acid-fast bacilli. Season-area. time collected and specimen's shape were recorded, Specimens were collected with sterile cotton-tipped applicators and placed in test tube. Specimens were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen’s method and inoculated on 3% KH2P04 Ogawa after completion of digestion in 1 ml of 4 % NaoH solutions. Identified strains were tested for sensitivity test to INH, PAS and SM.summarized results: 1. The total positive rate of tubercle bacilli was 3.3 %.2. 2.1 % from direct smear examination and 2.4 % from culture were positive.3. Culture negative from D.S. positive was 45 %; which is higher than sputum collected patients. 4. Culture positive from D.S. positive was 12 %; which is lower than sputum collected patients. 5. No remarkable differences season, area, spot and its condition. time of day or shape of Sputum were observed.6. 60 % to INH, 31% to PAS, and 33 % to SM showed positive susceptibility test on 48 strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis from identified culture.7. Anverage of 17 %; 22 % from soil and 14 % from asphalt. was appearance rate of anonymous mycobacterium.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LUNG CANCER (1960~1964)
Authors: Kim Young Wook , Park Chung Kun
Published: May 2022

The epidemiological study is to observed and analyse 368 cases of lung cancer, which had been diagnosed with X-ray at general hospitals in Korea from 1960 through 1964, to discover the tendency of the lung cancer by year, age, seex, occupation, duration of clinical symptoms before diagnosis, site of cancer in lung, size of cancer, therapeutic method, smoking and drinking as follows. 1. Recently, the lung cancer has been gradually increased in Korea. 2. The peak incidence of lung cancer were 50 years old age group and the youngest patient was 14 years old and the oldest patient was 76 years of age. 3. the males were affected four times higher than the females. 4. The average duration symptoms from onset to diagnosis were 9.4 months, most of all lung cancer patients were consulted within one year after onset. 5. The lung cancers were affected more right side than left side of lung. Particularly, the most of all cancers were affected in the upper lobes of lung. 6. The diameter of tumor was average 5.2cm×6.3cm. However, out of 368 lung cancers, two(2) of the largest tumors were 10.0cm×15.0cm. 7. In the viewpoint of pathological classification, out of 283 cases, 260 cases occurred as primary lung cancer and 24 cases occurred as secondary lung cancer. 8. Out of 368 cases, 289 cases of lung cancer had not have treatment, 43 cases had been treated by Tele radiotherapy, 27 cases had been treated by operation, and 9 cases had been treated by X-ray. 9. the cigarette was one of the causative agents of lung cancer, but there was no significant differentiation by means of the amount of smoking was observed. 10. the persons with drinking habit were found meta in the cases of lung cancer, but there was no remarkable differentiation by means of the amount of drinking was observed.
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATOR AS A TREATMENT OF TOTAL PULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Ki Pyoung , Hee Jung
Published: May 2022

1) AGA respirator was applied on 3 total Pulmonary insufficiency cases with life-saving effect.2) In pulmonary insufficiency the increased pCO2 was most prominent but hypoxia was also prominent with pulmonary insufficiency than in cardiac insufficiency.3) The routine treatment for cor pulmonale was not quite effective for the condition of pulmonary insufficiency but sufficient ventilation by artificial respirator was the only and most important treatment.4) The control of artificial respirator should be based on the finding of blood gas. particularly of pCO2.
COMPARISON OF SINGLE AND THREE DIVIDED DOSAGE OF PAS AND lNH COMBINED THERAPY lN ACTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSlS
Authors: LEE SANG KAY , LEE JONG YONG , KWAK DONG SOO , MIN BAEK KI , RHIM BYONG WOO , HWANG BIN
Published: May 2022

302 patients were randomly selected among the cases of active Pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to the 36th Army Hospital during the period from March 1963 to November 1965. INH 300mg plus PAS 9gm were given daily for six months in two groups, they are: 1) 175 cases of once daily administration. 2) 127 cases of three divided daily administration of above regimens. The writers followed up Roentgenological changes, bacteriological conversion and untoward reactions. The results are summarized as follows 1) Roentgenological study revealed the sum of marked and moderate improvement in the single dose group were 69.2%, and in the t.i.d. group 65.5%. Slightly improved in 21.1% of the single dose group and 27.6% in the divided dose group. No changes stayed in similar rate in both groups: former 6.4% and latter 6.2%. In both groups, no significant difference was indicated for the improvement rate seen totally. Cavity closure revealed 30.3% in the single dose group, and 16.7% in the divided dose group. 2) The criteria for bacteriological conversion used for this study, were three consecutive negative smears and cultures, obtained within a period of three months. Bacteriological conversion rate was 66.2% in the single dose group and 58.1% in the divided dose group. 3) In both group, there was no significant difference in untoward effects.
STUDIES ON SOIL ACID-FAST BACILLI Part 1. The Distribution and the Biological Charadcristies of Soil Acid-Fast Bacilli.
Authors: Lee Sang Jun
Published: May 2022

In order to observe the distribution of the unclassified mycobacteria in the soil, various origins of soil sample were cultured for the detection of mycobacteria and the isolated strains were studied as follows: 1. Among 210 soil samples, 45 strains(21.4%) were isolated by direct method, and 88 strains(41.9%) by indirect method respectively. 2. No remarkable difference was noted in isolation ratio according to the source of soil samples. 3. According to Runyon's schema, 133 isolated strains were classified as follows: photochromogen 1(0.75%) scotochromogen 26(19.5%) non-photochromogen 12(9.0%) rapid grower 94(70.7%) 4. Out of the 133 isolated strains, 47 were pigmented strain and among the pigmented strains 37 were slow grower. 5. All of the isolated strains exhibited strong positive catalase reaction and the growth characteristics on various media were diverse patterns, however, non-pigmented rapid grower were usually more active grower on the media tested. 6. The range of growth temperature of the slow grower was between 22℃ to 37℃, whereas, the range of rapid grower was up to 42℃ or above. 7. Acid fastness of the pigmented strains were generally stronger than rapid grower but weaker than tubercle bacilli. 8. Among the pigmented strains, five strains formed cord. Five strains were neutral red test positive and three strains were niacin test positive. 9. pigmented strains were generally more sensitive to tuberculous agents than non-pigmented ones.
THE MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHIONAMIDE AND CYCLOSERINE TO
THE TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Song Ho Sung , Hong Young Pyo , Jung In Sung , Cho Jae Sung
Published: May 2022

The minimal inhibitory concentration of ethionamide and cycloserine to H37RV strain and wild strains in Youman's media are increasing stepwise as the incubation time pass. One of the causes of this phenomenon might be owing to the progressive decrease of effective drug concentrations contained in the media. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of ethionamide and cycloserine in H37RV strain are 0.8mcg/ml and 6 mcg/ml respectively. In wide strains, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of ethionamide are ranged from 0.4 mcg/ml to 2.9 mcg/ml in 85 strains, and that of cycloserine are from below 5 mcg/ml to 10 mcg/ml in 106 strains by Youman's media at 10th incubation day. On 4th incubation day microscopy is done, the evidence of growing of cells are judged by cord formed and increased tubercle bacilli, when inocula are made with individually separated cells, As comparing with the turbidity on 10th day, above mentioned microscopic findings are identical, the early detection of resistance to these two drugs seems feasible and practicable.
STUDIES ON THE VARIATION OF DEGREES OF RESISTANCE IN ISONIAZID-RESISTANT TUBERCLE BACILLI
1. Variation of INH-resistant Tubercle Bacilli in the Body of Animal. 2. Variation of INH-resistant Tubercle Bacilli by Serial Animal Passage.
Authors: Kim Jong Koo
Published: May 2022

Isoniazid resistance in the tubercle bacillus remains a matter of moment to the public health, so research in the behavior of the affected organism concern all who deal with the prevention and care of the still most important communicable disease in Korea. Although many a study disclosed the mystery and potential threat of drug resistance of isoniazid, still conflicting evidence has accumulated in the literature concerning the significance of INH-resistant tubercle bacilli. Several reported studies have shown that isoniazid-resistant mutants of tubercle bacilli may be fully pathogenic for guinea pigs, though these retain all or nearly all of their pathogenicity for white mice(Middiebrook, Morse, 1954). Middlebrook also has shown that isoniazid-resistant mutants of tubercle bacilli recovered in vitro are deficient in endogenous catalase activity and that it is possible to isolate isoniazid-resistant mutants which differ in their magnitude of catalase activity. Therefore there is considerable evidence that tubercle bacilli which are highly resistant to isoniazid have diminution or even virtual loss of pathogenicity for guinea pigs, a property hitherto considered virtually synonymous with pathogenicity for humans(Cohn. Peizer, 1953), Were these highly resistant strains to approve of diminished virulence for humans, it would obviously desirable to attempt to achieve in patients a state of high resistance.
Thiacdazone Trial for Its Toxicity and Acceptability by Patients on Domiciliary Basis in Korea
Authors: Park Sung Uee , Lee Hyo Keun
Published: May 2022

1. Forty- six Korean patients have been treated with thiacetazone 150 mg and isoniazid 300 mg daily and another 45patients with isoniazid alone 300mg daily on an ambulatory basis. They were observed for more than 3 months.2. allergic reaction which had to stop treatment temporarily occurred in 5 cases (10. 9% )and an elevated SGOT in 3 cases (6.5%) in the thiacetazone group. There was also one case of significant fall of hemoglobinand white count. None of such case was found in INH group.3. Therapeutic effects of thiacetazonc were favorable, At 3 months of treatment sputum conversion and roentgenographic improvement occurred in 19.6%. 30.4% respectively in thiacetazone group as compared with only 6.7 %. 4.4%in INH group.4. Thiacetazone can be used successfully to certain patients at well equipped and supervised clinics. More experience is needed before advocating its widespread use.
A cross-sectional study to determine the psychological distress among pulmonary tuberculosis patients during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mandal Ankita , Verma Ajay Kumar , Verma Sanjeev Kumar , Kar Sujit Kumar , Bajpai Jyoti , Kant Surya , Kumar Santosh , Kushwaha Ram Avadh Singh , Garg Rajiv , Srivastava Anand , Bajaj Darshan Kumar , Chaudhary Shyam Chand
Published: May 2022

COVID-19 pandemic had adversely affected the services of the National Tuberculosis (TB) Elimination Programme, resulting in psychological distress among pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB). This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 361 PTB patients. Three pre-defined questionnaires were used for the analysis, a questionnaire to evaluate anxiety related to COVID-19, a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression, and a fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) questionnaire. Among 361 PTB patients, 13% (n=47) had COVID-19 infection. Out of the total patients, 69% (n=250) were DR-TB (drug resistance-tuberculosis) cases. Proportion of anxiety, fear and depression due to COVID-19 was found in 49% (n=177), 23% (n=83), 67% (n=247) respectively. Delay in the initiation of anti-tubercular treatment was found in 58% (n=210) of the cases, among which the majority, i.e., 69% (n=172, p=0.011), were DR-TB. This pandemic has led to a sudden step-down of PTB. Trend analysis of the psychological distress showed a peak following the COVID-19 pandemic. Most DR-TB patients had delayed initiation of the anti-tubercular treatment during the pandemic. The preponderance of the younger age group was seen in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and a majority of them had DR-TB. Depression was the predominant psychological distress among the study subjects during the pandemic.
Video laryngoscope versus USB borescope-aided endotracheal intubation in adults with anticipated difficult airway: a prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Elshazly Mohamed , Medhat Mark , Marzouk Sahar , Samir Enas M.
Published: May 2022

Background: Video laryngoscopes are approved equipment for difficult airway intubations. The borescope, which was introduced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, is placed over a direct laryngoscope blade to provide an economical video laryngoscope. In the current study, we investigated the use of an endotracheal tube mounted over a USB borescope versus a video laryngoscope in patients with suspected difficult airways.Methods: After obtaining informed consent, 120 adult patients with suspected difficult airways undergoing elective surgery were included in this study. Patients were randomized into the USB borescope and video laryngoscope groups. The primary outcome was time to successful intubation. The secondary outcomes included hemodynamic changes, anesthetist’s satisfaction, and the incidence of complications.Results: Intubation time was comparable between the two groups (video laryngoscope: 30.63 s and borescope: 28.35 s; P = 0.166). However, the view was clearer (P = 0.026) and the incidence of fogging was lower (P = 0.015) with the video laryngoscope compared to the borescope. Conversely, anesthetist’s satisfaction frequency was higher with the borescope than with the video laryngoscope (P < 0.001).Conclusions: The video laryngoscope provided a better view and less fogging with an intubation time that was comparable to that of the borescope; however, the higher cost of the video laryngoscope limits its availability. Therefore, the borescope is a low-cost, readily available device that can be used for intubating patients with potentially difficult airways.
Empowering the caregivers of persons with schizophrenia – A psychosocial approach
Authors: Shetty Kannappa V , Janardhana Navaneetham , Math Suresh Bada , Marimuthu P. , Rajkumar Ravi Philip
Published: May 2022

Background:

Caregivers are generally the main support system for people with schizophrenia in India.

Materials and Methods:

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of psychosocial intervention (PSI) of knowledge about schizophrenia among the caregivers of persons with schizophrenia (PWS). Eighty caregivers of PWS were categorized into two groups: one group received routine care and the other group received additional PSI. The PSI program consisted of ten sessions with separate methodology and techniques. The Knowledge about Schizophrenia Interview, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0, and sociodemographic interview schedule were used.

Results:

There was a significant change in pre- and postscores of the intervention group (PSI) on caregivers' knowledge (t = [FIGURE DASH]16.64; P = 0.000) about schizophrenia.

Conclusion:

Study results indicate that caregivers in the experimental group (PSI) were having better knowledge about the illness than those in the control group (treatment as usual). PSI intervention was found to be effective in increasing caregivers' scientific knowledge on the illness.
Evaluation of plasma protein C and antithrombin levels in patients with tuberculosis
Authors: Shahin Hagar G. , Fouad Dina A. , Alfeky Mervat A.A.
Published: May 2022

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem and thromboembolic complications, when occurring, are often fatal, with no proven markers to predict. The most common type is latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI); however, patients can develop active TB disease and become infectious. Managing LTBI properly can prevent active disease evolution, and exclusion of active TB is the main primary question in LTBI management. Protein C (PC) and antithrombin (AT) are natural anticoagulants with anti-inflammatory properties, so they are suggested to have a role in hypercoagulability due to inflammatory processes.

Aim

To correlate PC and AT levels in TB patients with patients’ coagulable and clinical state.

Patients and methods

Sixty patients (20 pretreatment, 20 posttreatment active TB, and 20 LTBI) and 20 normal-controls were included. Activity levels of PC and AT were measured and correlated to patients’ coagulable and clinical states, and routine laboratory results.

Results

Activity levels of PC and AT are significantly low in active TB, increasing with treatment, and normal in LTBI. No thromboembolic events were detected in all patients included, so correlation with PC and AT could not be verified.

Conclusion

Active TB is associated with hypercoagulable state, with low activity levels of PC and AT. Both proteins are suggested to be used as adjuvant markers of activation of LTBI and during their pretreatment assessment, together with monitoring therapeutic response in patients with active TB.
Effectiveness of Social Media Based Oral Health Promotion Programme Among 18-20 Year Old City College Students - A Comparative Study
Authors: Subburaman Nivedha , Parangimalai Diwakar Madankumar , Iyer Kiran , Sukumaran Aparna
Published: May 2022

Background:

Communication plays a vital role in breaking down barriers between the patient and dental health professional, thereby strengthening treatment alliance. The proliferation of modes, speed of communication and reflexivity of knowledge have implications for health promotion.

Aim:

To evaluate the effect of social media-based oral health promotion programme in improving oral health among 18-20-year-old college students in Chennai city.

Material and Methods:

The interventional study consisted of college students between 18-20 years in Chennai city. A total of 140 participants with an allocation ratio of 1:1 were randomly assigned to the intervention and control group. Oral health education was provided to all the students using various oral health education aids. Status of participants for WhatsApp addiction, oral health Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) and oral health status (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index [OHI-S] and Modified Gingival Index [MGI]) were assessed. The intervention was given to the interventional group through WhatsApp using pictures, videos and text messages at first, second and third months. Follow up examinations were carried out for both the groups at the first, third and sixth month. Independent sample t-test to compare the mean values and Chi-Square to compare proportions between groups were used.

Results:

Statistically significant difference was seen in OHI-S [Mean- 2.52 (T0) to 0.77 (T3) P 0.001] and MGI [Mean- 1.58 (T0) to 0.58 (T3) P 0.001] scores among the intervention group. The percentage change in the KAP score from baseline to sixth month was comparatively higher among the intervention group.

Conclusions:

The intervention given through the WhatsApp application significantly improved the oral health status and KAP among its users.
Assessing the Risk Factors for Injuries to Maxillary Permanent Incisors and Soft Tissues Among School Children – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Challa Ramasubbareddy , Nirmala S.V.S.G. , Alahari Swetha , Nuvvula Sivakumar
Published: May 2022

Aim:

The present study aimed to determine the risk factors related to permanent maxillary incisors and soft tissue injuries along with providing information about the age distribution of trauma, overjet, lip competence and physical activity.

Methods and Materials:

The sample consisted of 2100 school children aged 8–14 years from 15 schools in the Nellore district. The sample was selected adopting a stratified random sampling method and screened applying WHO criteria for the oral examination. The screening was done in classrooms to obtain demographic data, including name, age, gender and children's experience to the maxillary incisor and soft tissue injuries. The injuries were categorized according to Andreasen classification. Overjet and lip competences were recorded, and physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire (PAQ-C).

Results:

Of the 2100 children, 228 (10.8%) had suffered traumatic injuries. Boys were 1.6 fold more prone to trauma than girls. Enamel fractures were a common type of trauma, and the commonly involved were maxillary central incisors. The relative risk for trauma is 1.215 times higher in increased overjet when compared to normal overjet. Incompetent lips showed 1.189 times greater risk of trauma. The high physical activity showed 1.692 times higher risk for trauma when compared to low physical activity.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries among 8-14 year children was 10.8%. Boys were more commonly injured than girls. Increased overjet incompetent lips and high physical activities are risk factors for trauma. Enamel fracture was the most common type, and maxillary central incisors were the most common teeth having traumatic injuries.
Effects of Exposure Parameters on Detecting Clear and Unclear Mandibular Canals Using Two Digital Intra-Oral Sensors – An Experimental Study
Authors: Jasa-Andrade Gainer R. , Castillo Aron Aliaga-Del , Arriola-Guillén Luis E.
Published: May 2022

Aim:

To evaluate the effects of exposure parameters (tube current and voltage) to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs) using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or photo-stimulable phosphor plate (PSP) sensors.

Methods:

A total of 24 dry half-mandibles were divided into two groups with clear (n = 16) and unclear (n = 8) MCs. The retro-alveolar parallel technique was performed in the six-molar region of the mandibles using direct and indirect digital intra-oral sensors. Six combinations of tube voltage (kV) (60 kV, 66 kV, and 70 kV) and tube current (mA) (2 mA, 5 mA, and 8 mA) were applied, and 144 images of each group were obtained with each CMOS and PSP sensor. Images were processed using Image J software. To evaluate diagnostic accuracy, two square images of the first-molar region were obtained from each image, one with the MC inside and the other without the MC (a total of 576 images were observed). Three radiologists diagnosed the presence or absence of MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of each exposure parameter was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis.

Results:

The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences when the tube current was modified. For unclear MCs, the Az increased when higher tube voltages were used, showing a significant difference using the PSP sensor (P = 0.004). There was no significant difference for clear MCs.

Conclusions:

Lower exposure parameters should be used for clear MCs, while higher tube voltage values should be used for unclear MCs.
A comparative study of students' perception of flipped classroom teaching and traditional classroom teaching among final-year medical students
Authors: Balasubramanian Kavitha , Sethuraman Vinoth Kumar , Ramachandran Balasubramanian
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Recently, flipped classrooms (FCs) have emerged as a new pedagogical method in which students are given study resource material to develop a basic understanding of the topic before class, and in-class precious time is used for learner-centric activities. Accordingly, the study objective was to determine the student's perception of flipped and traditional teaching methods.

Materials and Methods:

In this analytical cross-sectional study, students attending medicine clinics were divided into two groups of roughly forty students each. One group received FC teaching and the other traditional lecture on hypo- and hyperthyroidism topics. A structured questionnaire on students' perception of FC teaching and traditional teaching technique was used for both groups. Different parameters related to the learning process about hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were considered as primary outcome variables. Coguide software was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

The students' age range was between 21 and 23 years. The majority were males (>55%). Among the students who attended FCs, the majority (>60%) agreed to follow the same method in future. Majority (>75%) of the students agreed that the reading materials were useful. Overall, a positive perception was observed in the FCs compared to that of the traditional classroom method.

Conclusion:

FC compared with traditional teaching methods had a good response from the medical students. Students' perception of FC method was positive.
Kidney biopsy in elderly patients
Authors: Vakrani Girish P. , Tanuja Nambakam
Published: May 2022

Background

Although there is progressive loss of renal mass and function as age progresses, still newer kidney diseases occur. Kidney diseases in the elderly are different compared with younger population. This is because of more commoner occurrence of secondary kidney diseases than primary kidney diseases compared with younger. There is a paucity of Indian literature regarding kidney biopsy in the elderly. The reasons could be fear of increased risk of complications in the elderly, or attributing all kidney diseases to common comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, malignancy, intake of potential nephrotoxic medications, and not subjecting them to kidney biopsy. Thus, performing kidney biopsies and analyzing the biopsy findings is not only important for diagnosis of potentially curable kidney diseases, but also guides the therapy.

Patients and methods

It was a retrospective observational study conducted to assess the clinical profile and histopathological spectrum in elderly patients who underwent kidney biopsies.

Results

The most common indication of kidney biopsy was nephrotic syndrome. The commonest histological finding was membranous nephropathy. Compared with the elderly group, the frequency of lupus nephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, IgA nephropathy, and acute tubular necrosis was significantly more in younger age.

Conclusions

The most common indication for kidney biopsy in the elderly was nephrotic syndrome. Membranous nephropathy was the commonest histologic finding. The results obtained in this study could add to previous studies to give valuable information of kidney diseases in the elderly. Kidney biopsy is useful in diagnosing many treatable kidney diseases in the elderly and prevents unwanted exposure to empirical immunosuppression.
The effect of intradialytic aerobic training on physical performance and quality of life among hemodialysis patients
Authors: Elghoneimy Hesham A. , El-Deeb Ahmed E. , Younis Gihan Abd El-Latif , Abd El-Kader Mohamed M. , El-Wakil Hala S.
Published: May 2022

Background

Patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease have reduced physical performance and impaired quality of life. The aim of this work is to study the effect of intradialytic aerobic training using a pedal on physical performance and quality of life among hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Patients and methods

This experimental study was conducted on 30 adult patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance HD for more than 3 months. Mentally or physically unfit patients, patients with overt ischemic heart disease or cardiac decompensation, severe anemic patients (hemoglobin≤8 g/dl), patients with advanced chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder, patients with advanced lower limbs joints disease, and those with amputation of the lower limb were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups; each group consisted of 15 patients. Group A performed intradialytic aerobic exercise for 30 min three times/week for 8 weeks. Group B was a control group.

Results

There was significant improvement in the distance walked in 6-min walk test in the exercise group (P=0.04). Moreover, there was significant improvement in the main scales of kidney disease quality-of-life short form, version 1.3, Arabic version (Kidney Disease Component Summary, Physical Composite Scale, and Mental Composite Scale) (P<0.001, P=0.018, and P=0.037, respectively).

Conclusion

Exercise has a beneficial effect on the physical performance and quality of life in HD patients.
Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Marouf Razan Salman , Mbarga Joseph Arsene M. , Ermolaev Andrey V. , Podoprigora Irina V. , Smirnova Irina P. , Yashina Natalia V. , Zhigunova Anna V. , Martynenkova Aliya V.
Published: May 2022

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) being the most prevalent causative agent in both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Antibiotic resistance among UPEC has been already demonstrated against a wide variety of antibiotics and the situation is continuing to deteriorate increasing the rate of recurrence and the difficulty of treatment and prophylaxis. Recently, a big attention has been paid to non-antibiotic approaches as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Among many strategies, phytotherapy has gained a special attention worldwide. Herbal remedies have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times and they are well known for their effectiveness in treating many health conditions including UTIs. Researches are conducted continuously to validate the use of many medicinal plants against UPEC, investigate their mechanisms of action, and determine their active constituents. Our extensive review of the recent literature revealed that many phytochemicals are shown to target and inhibit a wide variety of bioprocesses in UPEC, such as adhesion, motility, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. Such natural approaches are very promising in confronting the antibiotic resistance of UPEC and can be further used to develop plant-based strategies and pharmaceutical products to treat and prevent UTIs caused by UPEC.
Teaching Pharmacovigilance to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Alshakka Mohammed , Badullah Wafa , AL-Dhuraibi Abdullah , Alshagga Sara , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed
Published: May 2022

Using medicines associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) might cause serious health complications. The pharmacist plays a unique role in monitoring ADRs, either by themselves or with the assistance of other health-care professionals, to diminish the hazards of ADRs by distinguishing, reporting, and evaluating any proposed ADRs. To train future pharmacists who have adequate knowledge of ADRs and related aspects, it is highly recommended to introduce the WHO-ISoP pharmacovigilance (PV) in the core curriculum. In this article, we shared the suggested curriculum in Aden University. It is based on comprehensive outlines and reference books that offer a broad view of all aspects related to PV. A brief student course evaluation was carried out. Fifty students participated in the survey. Students expressed the importance of the course and indicated that they wanted to know more about the types of ADRs and common medication errors. Some of them lacked an understanding of the causal relationship between ADRs and risk assessment and not familiar with the reporting forms. They suggested for PV awareness programs for health-care staff and public. The curriculum should be tailored according to the country's needs because each country has its own medication safety issues and PV program. To reach the ultimate objective, this article reports the initiative to develop PV proficiencies in a university setting.
Incidence and association of ocular manifestations with the disease severity in COVID-19 patients of northern region of India
Authors: Kumar Aalok , Anuranjani Lavanya
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE:

Our study aims to find the incidence of ocular manifestations and to investigate the relation of ocular manifestations with the disease severity among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Our study is a cross-sectional study done between May 15, 2020, and April 15, 2021, at Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. All COVID-19 patients who got admitted to our center between May 15, 2020, and April 15, 2021, were included in our study. We included 261 patients in our study. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was made by testing the nasal and pharyngeal swabs by (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]). An RT-PCR test positive was the criteria for admission in the COVID ward. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

We included 261 patients in our study. Out of 261 patients, ocular manifestations were found in 43 (16.4%) patients. The patients with ocular manifestations had higher neutrophil counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer values (P < 0.001). Patients with ocular manifestations were relatively more symptomatic concerning fever and myalgia.

CONCLUSION:

The incidence of ocular manifestations in COVID-19 patients was 16.4%. Ocular manifestation was significantly associated with raised neutrophil counts, CRP, ESR, PCT, and D-dimer values. Ocular manifestation was also significantly associated with higher body temperature and higher mean age. The findings of the study are suggestive of more severe disease in patients of COVID-19 with ocular manifestations.
Temporal and double inverted internal limiting membrane flap for bilateral choroidal ruptures complicated by bilateral macular holes
Authors: Huang Li-Ying , Lin Chun-Ju , Lai Chun-Ting , Hsia Ning-Yi , Bair Henry , Tien Peng-Tai , Chen Wen-Lu , Lin Jane-Ming , Chiang Chun-Chi , Tsai Yi-Yu
Published: May 2022

Choroidal ruptures occur in 5% to 10% closed-globe injuries with wide variation in visual prognosis, which depending on the visual acuity at presentation, the location of the rupture, and other associated ocular injuries. We reported a case of bilateral traumatic choroidal rupture with a large macular hole. We performed surgery in the right eye of microincisional vitrectomy, temporally inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap, and C3F8 tamponade; then microincisional vitrectomy, fibrotic scar removal, double inverted ILM flap, and C3F8 tamponade in the left eye. After surgery, she achieved both good anatomical and visual acuity improvement in the right eye, but limited visual acuity improvement in the left eye due to subfoveal choroidal scar formation.
zbMATH Open: Towards standardized machine interfaces to expose bibliographic metadata
Authors: Schubotz Moritz , Teschke Olaf
Published: May 2022

In this article, we give motivation for the need for standardized
machine interfaces to zbMATH open data, outline the target audience,
describe our preliminary strategy to develop API interfaces,
and report on the details of the first interface we implemented
The geometric structure of interfaces and free boundaries
Authors: Serra Joaquim
Published: May 2022

Interfaces are surfaces that separate two regions of space with
different physical properties: molecule A/molecule B, ice/water,
charges/void, etc. The understanding of their geometric structure
has boosted the development of Nonlinear Elliptic PDEs during
the second half of the 20th century, and continues to do so at the
beginning of the 21st.
Building virtual bridges everywhere: A report on the 2020 and 2021 Bridges online conferences
Authors: Torrence Eve
Published: May 2022

The international Bridges Conference is the world’s largest conference
on mathematical connections in art, music, architecture,
and culture. Since 1998, Bridges has traveled to North America,
Europe, and Asia, and has attracted participants from over thirty
countries.