bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Daily Discrimination on Sleep/Wake Problem Trajectories Among Diverse Adolescents
Authors: Xie Mingjun , Yip Tiffany , Cham Heining , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: June 2021

This study examines how everyday discrimination is associated with 6‐day trajectories of sleep/wake problems, operationalized as sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction, among 350 diverse adolescents (Mage = 14.27, SD = 0.61, 69% female; 22% African American, 41% Asian American, 37% Latinx; 24% multiethnic/racial; across participating schools, 72% of students eligible for free/reduced price lunch) in the Northeastern United States. Adolescents encountering discrimination experienced changes in sleep/wake problem trajectories (i.e., significant increases in same‐day sleep/wake problems), whereas adolescents reporting no discrimination experienced no changes in trajectories (Cohen’s ds = .51–.55). Multiethnic/racial (compared to monoethnic/racial) adolescents experiencing everyday discrimination reported greater same‐day sleep/wake problems, yet steeper decreases in sleep/wake problems suggesting stronger impact coupled with faster return to baseline levels.
Head and neck cancer in Cali, Colombia: Population‐based study
Authors: Aragón Natalia , Ordoñez Dora , Urrea María Fernanda , Holguín Jorge , Collazos Paola , García Luz Stella , Osorio María C. , Barreto José M. , Bravo Luis Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common type of cancer in the world. In Latin America, data on HCN are limited by the scarcity of population‐based cancer registries.

Objective

To describe survival and changes in the time trends of incidence and mortality rates of HCN with data from the Cali Cancer Population Registry (Colombia) during 1962‐2018.

Method

Males and females of any age residing in Cali were included. The trends in incidence rates (1962‐2016) and mortality (1984‐2018) were analysed by calculating the mean annual percentage change (APC). Five‐year net survival was estimated for the four 5‐year periods of 1996‐2015 using the Pohar‐Perme method.

Results

During 1962‐2015, 5,110 new cases of HNC were recorded: 1,506 in the larynx, 1,377 in the oral cavity, 487 in the nose and paranasal sinuses, 643 in the oropharynx, 603 in the salivary glands and 360 in Naso‐Hypopharynx region. The incidence rates of HNC decreased significantly at all subsites, except in those associated with the human papillomavirus. Between 1984 and 2018, there were 1,941 deaths attributed to HNC, and the mortality rate decreased significantly. The 5‐year age‐standardized net survival was 43.2% in 1996‐2000, remained stable during the following decade, and for 2011‐2015 it was 50.9%.

Conclusion

The incidence and mortality of HNC in Cali decreased significantly during the study period in both sexes.
Maxillary horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation using computer guided ridge splitting with simultaneous implant placement versus conventional technique: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hamzah Basel , Mounir Ragia , Ali Sherif , Mounir Mohamed
Published: June 2021

Background

Ridge splitting technique is considered one of the successful horizontal bone augmentation procedures especially for the maxillary bone, the aim of this study was to compare marginal bone loss using a novel ridge splitting protocol versus the conventional technique.

Material & Methods

This was a randomized clinical trial including 20 patients who were randomly assigned to ridge splitting with simultaneous implant placement at the anterior maxillary aesthetic zone (10 patients, 29 dental implant) using patient specific guides (PSGs) or conventional technique (10 patients, 29 dental implant). In the control group free hand ridge splitting was done, while in the study group all the splitting and drilling procedures were done through specific slits and sleeves at the patient specific guides. Radiographic Assessment included measurements of linear changes in the vertical dimensions of the labial plate of bone on cross sectional cuts of computed tomography (CBCT) using mimics software.

Results

Wound healing was uneventful for all the patients except one patient in the control group that showed bad split and another showed buccal fenestration. The study group showed lower bone loss (1.38 ± 0.61 mm) compared to the control group (2.42 ± 0.63 mm), with statistical significance difference (P value = 0.001). The loss percentage also was higher in the study group (10.99 ± 4.76%) compared to the control group (19.12 ± 4.53%), and there was statistical significance difference between the two groups (P value = 0.001).

Conclusion

Ridge splitting using PSGs appear to be efficient and promising than the free hand technique.
Dermal papilla cells and melanocytes response to physiological oxygen levels depends on their interactions
Authors: Abreu Carla M. , Reis Rui L. , Marques Alexandra P.
Published: June 2021

Background

Human dermal papilla (DP) cells and melanocytes (hMel) are central players in hair growth and pigmentation, respectively. In hair follicles (HFs), oxygen (O2) levels average 5%, being coupled with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), necessary to promote hair growth.

Materials and Methods

DP cell and hMel proliferation and phenotype were studied under physiological (5%O2, physoxia) or atmospheric (21%O2, normoxia) oxygen levels. hMel‐DP cells interactions were studied in indirect co‐culture or by directly co‐culturing hMel with DP spheroids, to test whether their interaction affected the response to physoxia.

Results

Physoxia decreased DP cell senescence and improved their secretome and phenotype, as well as hMel proliferation, migration, and tyrosinase activity. In indirect co‐cultures, physoxia affected DP cells’ alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity but their signalling did not influence hMel proliferation or tyrosinase activity. Additionally, ROS production was higher than in monocultures but a direct correlation between ROS generation and ALP activity in DP cells was not observed. In the 3D aggregates, where hMel are organized around the DP, both hMel tyrosinase and DP cells ALP activities, their main functional indicators, plus ROS production were higher in physoxia than normoxia.

Conclusions

Overall, we showed that the response to physoxia differs according to hMel‐DP cells interactions and that the microenvironment recreated when in direct contact favours their functions, which can be relevant for hair regeneration purposes.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of endoscopic resection for colorectal laterally spreading tumors: Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection
Authors: Sekiguchi Masau , Igarashi Ataru , Mizuguchi Yasuhiko , Takamaru Hiroyuki , Yamada Masayoshi , Sakamoto Taku , Maltzman Henrik , Falkén Ylva , Esaki Minoru , Matsuda Takahisa , Saito Yutaka
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The cost‐effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (pEMR) for colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) remains unclear. We examined the cost‐effectiveness of these procedures for cases of colon/rectal LST‐non‐granular‐type ≥2 cm and LST‐granular‐mixed‐type ≥3 cm.

Methods

We performed a simulation model analysis using parameters based on clinical data from the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and previous literature. The number of recurrences and surgeries and the required costs for 5 years following ESD and pEMR were assessed. Japanese cost data were used in the base‐case analysis, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was performed. The Swedish cost data were used in the scenario analysis.

Results

Endoscopic submucosal dissection yielded a considerably lower number of recurrences and surgeries but required a higher cost than pEMR. The recurrence rates following ESD and pEMR were 0.9–1.3% and 21.1–25.9%, respectively. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios for an avoided recurrence and surgery for ESD against pEMR were 376,796–476,496 JPY (3575–4521 USD) and 7,335,436–8,187,476 JPY (69,604–77,689 USD), respectively. PSA demonstrated that the probability of ESD being chosen as a more cost‐effective option than pEMR was >50% at willingness‐to‐pay values of ≥400,000–500,000 JPY (3795–4744 USD) for avoiding a recurrence and ≥9,500,000–10,500,000 JPY (90,143–99,631 USD) for avoiding a surgery. In the scenario analysis, the required cost was also lower for ESD.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest potentially favorable cost‐effectiveness of ESD, depending on cost settings and the willingness‐to‐pay value for avoiding recurrence/surgery.
Assessing a novel problem‐based learning approach with game elements in a business analytics course
Authors: Bayley Tiffany , Wheatley David , Hurst Ada
Published: June 2021

Business education has traditionally relied on case‐based learning as its main form of active learning. However, this method is not always appropriate in introductory undergraduate business analytics courses, which require students to first master analytical techniques, best taught through examples of numerical problems. Building on established problem‐based learning (PBL) pedagogy, we propose a new approach in which students solve well‐structured problems in a gamified environment. The learner is challenged to solve a series of numerical problems at their own pace in a self‐directed manner. The series of problems are designed such that the student must find the correct solution to the first problem to unlock and progress to the next problem, and so on.

To assess our method, both student outcomes and experience were evaluated in a controlled study that compared it to traditional lecturing. While student outcomes were similar, students perceived traditional lectures as more effective. Our results indicate that the game elements in our approach did not sufficiently increase student engagement to counteract negative student perceptions of PBL, which are well‐documented in the literature. We conclude with a discussion of advantages and drawbacks of this new approach, considerations for adapting it to virtual settings, and opportunities for expanding game elements to increase student engagement.
Roma university students in Spain and Central and Eastern Europe: Exploring participation and identity in contrasting international contexts
Authors: Hinton‐Smith Tamsin , Padilla‐Carmona Maria Teresa
Published: June 2021

Roma are Europe's largest, most marginalised minority, with a long history of racism and exclusion informing complex inequalities. Roma higher education participation remains under addressed, and paucity of research hinders understanding. While there is variation between countries, the proportion of Roma accessing higher education compared to the general population is extremely small in all countries. Spain has the largest Roma population outside Central and Eastern Europe, and relatively high levels of Roma participation in higher education. As part of an international project on Internalisation and Mobility, here we discuss insights from eleven qualitative interviews carried out with Roma students and recent graduates in Central and Eastern Europe and Spain. Findings from a thematic analysis of interviews highlight identity and inclusion and how experience intersects with distinct national approaches. We focus in particular on competing pulls of ethnic invisibility versus coming out, and related onus on a responsibility to give back. The participation of Roma in higher education remains an important social justice issue in Europe. Our research shows that proactive efforts by higher education institutions in Europe are needed to challenge persistent assumptions that fail to value the contribution and potential of Roma students within higher education.
Strategies to improve the accuracy and reduce costs of genomic prediction in aquaculture species
Authors: Song Hailiang , Hu Hongxia
Published: June 2021

Genomic selection (GS) has great potential to increase genetic gain in aquaculture breeding; however, its implementation is hindered owing to high genotyping cost and the large number of individuals to genotype. This study investigated the efficiency of genomic prediction in four aquaculture species. In total, 749 to 1481 individuals with records for disease resistance and growth traits were genotyped using SNP arrays ranging from 12K to 40K. We compared the prediction accuracies and bias of breeding values obtained from BLUP, genomic BLUP (GBLUP), Bayesian mixture (BayesR), weighted GBLUP (WGBLUP), and genomic feature BLUP (GFBLUP). For GFBLUP, the genomic feature matrix was constructed based on prior information from genome‐wide association studies. Fivefold cross‐validation was performed with 20 replicates. Moreover, to reduce the cost of GS, we reduced the SNP density based on linkage disequilibrium as well as the reference population size. The results showed that the methods with marker information produced more accurate predictions than the pedigree‐based BLUP method. For the genomic model, BayesR performed prediction with a similar or higher accuracy compared to GBLUP. For the four traits, WGBLUP yielded an average of 1.5% higher accuracy than GBLUP. However, the accuracy of genomic prediction decreased by an average of 6.2% for GFBLUP compared to GBLUP. When the density of SNP panels was reduced to 3K, which was sufficient to obtain accuracies similar to those using the whole dataset in the four species, the cost of GS was estimated to be 50% lower than that of genotyping all animals with high‐density panels. In addition, when the reference population size was reduced by 10%, evenly from full‐sib family, the accuracy of genomic prediction was almost unchanged, and the cost reduction was 8% in the four populations. Our results have important implications for translating the benefits of GS to most aquaculture species.
Meta‐analysis: Congruence of genomic and phenotypic differentiation across diverse natural study systems
Authors: Wood Zachary T. , Wiegardt Andrew K. , Barton Kayla L. , Clark Jonathan D. , Homola Jared J. , Olsen Brian J. , King Benjamin L. , Kovach Adrienne I. , Kinnison Michael T.
Published: June 2021

Linking genotype to phenotype is a primary goal for understanding the genomic underpinnings of evolution. However, little work has explored whether patterns of linked genomic and phenotypic differentiation are congruent across natural study systems and traits. Here, we investigate such patterns with a meta‐analysis of studies examining population‐level differentiation at subsets of loci and traits putatively responding to divergent selection. We show that across the 31 studies (88 natural population‐level comparisons) we examined, there was a moderate (R2 = 0.39) relationship between genomic differentiation (FST) and phenotypic differentiation (PST) for loci and traits putatively under selection. This quantitative relationship between PST and FST for loci under selection in diverse taxa provides broad context and cross‐system predictions for genomic and phenotypic adaptation by natural selection in natural populations. This context may eventually allow for more precise ideas of what constitutes “strong” differentiation, predictions about the effect size of loci, comparisons of taxa evolving in nonparallel ways, and more. On the other hand, links between PST and FST within studies were very weak, suggesting that much work remains in linking genomic differentiation to phenotypic differentiation at specific phenotypes. We suggest that linking genotypes to specific phenotypes can be improved by correlating genomic and phenotypic differentiation across a spectrum of diverging populations within a taxon and including wide coverage of both genomes and phenomes.
Equine parvovirus hepatitis
Authors: Ramsauer Anna Sophie , Badenhorst Marcha , Cavalleri Jessika‐M. V.
Published: June 2021

Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV‐H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine‐origin biological product. The virus has since been frequently identified in serum and liver tissue of horses affected by Theiler's disease—an acute, severe hepatitis characterised by fulminant hepatic necrosis with a fatal outcome in most cases. EqPV‐H is hepatotropic, appears to be associated with subclinical to severe hepatitis in horses, and is a likely cause of Theiler's disease. Although this disease is most frequently reported following the administration of equine‐origin biological products, it can also occur among in‐contact horses. Horizontal transmission may be iatrogenic, via contaminated equine‐origin biological products such as equine serum, botulism or tetanus antitoxin, and mesenchymal stem cells or by means of the oral route of infection. Other horizontal transmission routes, for example, arthropod vectors, warrant further investigation. A worldwide prevalence of EqPV‐H antibodies and DNA has been reported in asymptomatic horses. EqPV‐H‐positive horses suffering from acute, severe hepatitis have reportedly developed clinical signs including icterus, lethargy, inappetence, and neurological abnormalities and have had increased liver‐associated biochemistry parameters recorded. The most common histopathological abnormalities of the liver have been hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. Most horses infected experimentally with EqPV‐H have developed subclinical hepatitis, and close temporal associations between peak viraemia, seroconversion, and the onset of hepatitis have been observed. Based on strong evidence indicating that EqPV‐H causes hepatitis in horses, veterinarians should consider this virus an important differential diagnosis in such cases. Potential risks associated with the administration of equine‐origin biological products must be emphasised.
Business analytics in Industry 4.0: A systematic review
Authors: Silva António João , Cortez Paulo , Pereira Carlos , Pilastri André
Published: June 2021

Recently, the term “Industry 4.0” has emerged to characterize several Information Technology and Communication (ICT) adoptions in production processes (e.g., Internet‐of‐Things, implementation of digital production support information technologies). Business Analytics is often used within the Industry 4.0, thus incorporating its data intelligence (e.g., statistical analysis, predictive modelling, optimization) expert system component. In this paper, we perform a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the usage of Business Analytics within the Industry 4.0 concept, covering a selection of 169 papers obtained from six major scientific publication sources from 2010 to March 2020. The selected papers were first classified in three major types, namely, Practical Application, Reviews and Framework Proposal. Then, we analysed with more detail the practical application studies which were further divided into three main categories of the Gartner analytical maturity model, Descriptive Analytics, Predictive Analytics and Prescriptive Analytics. In particular, we characterized the distinct analytics studies in terms of the industry application and data context used, impact (in terms of their Technology Readiness Level) and selected data modelling method. Our SLR analysis provides a mapping of how data‐based Industry 4.0 expert systems are currently used, disclosing also research gaps and future research opportunities.
Deep ensemble learning approach for lower extremity activities recognition using wearable sensors
Authors: Jain Rahul , Semwal Vijay Bhaskar , Kaushik Praveen
Published: June 2021

Human walking is a very challenging task and always requires rigorous practice. It is a learning process that involves the complex coordination of the brain and lower limbs. The bipedal robots that mimic the human morphological structure to produce human similar walking, are not capable of producing an efficient walk. Due to walking challenges and structural differences, a robot cannot walk like a human being. In this research, to achieve the aforementioned objective to produce a human similar walk, human lower extremity activities are considered to understand walking behaviour. The experiment involves different walking styles on different terrains. To capture the learning process of bipedal robot locomotion, a deep learning‐based ensemble classifier is introduced for human lower activities recognition. To understand the learning process seven different walking activities are considered for analysis purposes. An Inertial measurement unit (IMU) is used as a wearable device due to its small form factor and unobtrusive nature to capture the walking movement of different lower limbs joints. Three public datasets viz. mHealth, OU‐ISIR similar action and HAPT inertial sensor data sets are considered for this study. To classify the activities, 2 different deep learning models namely convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short‐term memory (LSTM) are used. To generalize the results, an ensemble of different classifiers is implemented. The Classifier has reported accuracy of 99.25%, 88.48% and 97.44%, respectively, on the aforementioned data sets. This work can be utilized for elderly subjects' postural stability, rehabilitation of patients post‐stroke and trauma, generation of robot walk trajectories in cluttered environment and reconstruction of impaired walking.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 mediates ribosomal RNA transcription by cleaving nucleolar histones
Authors: Ali Mohammad A. M. , Garcia‐Vilas Javier A. , Cromwell Christopher R. , Hubbard Basil P. , Hendzel Michael J. , Schulz Richard
Published: June 2021

Cell proliferation and survival require continuous ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Genes encoding ribosomal RNA are physically located in a specialized substructure within the nucleus known as the nucleolus, which has a central role in the biogenesis of ribosomes. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 was previously detected in the nucleus, however, its role there is elusive. Herein we report that matrix metalloproteinase‐2 resides within the nucleolus to regulate ribosomal RNA transcription. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 is enriched at the promoter region of ribosomal RNA gene repeats, and its inhibition downregulates preribosomal RNA transcription. The N‐terminal tail of histone H3 is clipped by matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in the nucleolus, which is associated with increased ribosomal RNA transcription. Knocking down/out matrix metalloproteinase‐2, or inhibiting its activity, prevents histone H3 cleavage and reduces both ribosomal RNA transcription and cell proliferation. In addition to the known extracellular roles of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in tumor growth, our data reveal an epigenetic mechanism whereby intranucleolar matrix metalloproteinase‐2 regulates cell proliferation through histone clipping and facilitation of ribosomal RNA transcription.
Crystal structure of Escherichia coli class II hybrid cluster protein, HCP, reveals a [4Fe‐4S] cluster at the N‐terminal protrusion
Authors: Fujishiro Takashi , Ooi Miho , Takaoka Kyosei
Published: June 2021

Hybrid cluster protein (HCP) is a unique Fe‐S‐O‐type metallocluster‐containing enzyme present in many anaerobic organisms and is categorized into three distinct classes (I, II, and III). The class II HCP uniquely utilizes hybrid cluster protein reductase (HCR), unlike the other classes of HCPs. To gain structural insights into the electron transfer system between the class II HCP and HCR, we elucidated the X‐ray crystal structure of Escherichia coli HCP (Ec HCP), representing the first report of a class II HCP structure. Surprisingly, Ec HCP was found to harbor a [4Fe‐4S] cluster rather than a [2Fe‐2S] cluster at the N‐terminal Cys‐rich region, similar to class I HCPs. It was also found that the Cys‐rich motif forms a unique protrusion and that the surrounding charge distributions on the surface of class II Ec HCP are distinct from those of class I HCPs. The functional significance of the Cys‐rich region was investigated using an Ec HCP variant (chimeric HCP) containing a class I HCP Cys‐rich motif from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The biochemical analyses showed that the chimeric HCP lacks the hybrid cluster and the electron‐accepting function from HCR despite the formation of the chimeric HCP‐HCR complex. Furthermore, HCP‐HCR molecular docking analysis suggested that the protrusion area serves as an HCR‐binding region. Therefore, the protrusion of the unique Cys‐rich motif and the surrounding area of class II HCP are likely important for maturation of Ec HCP and orienting HCR onto the surface of HCP to facilitate electron transfer in the HCP‐HCR complex.
Evolution and connectivity influence the persistence and recovery of coral reefs under climate change in the Caribbean, Southwest Pacific, and Coral Triangle
Authors: McManus Lisa C. , Forrest Daniel L. , Tekwa Edward W. , Schindler Daniel E. , Colton Madhavi A. , Webster Michael M. , Essington Timothy E. , Palumbi Stephen R. , Mumby Peter J. , Pinsky Malin L.
Published: June 2021

Corals are experiencing unprecedented decline from climate change‐induced mass bleaching events. Dispersal not only contributes to coral reef persistence through demographic rescue but can also hinder or facilitate evolutionary adaptation. Locations of reefs that are likely to survive future warming therefore remain largely unknown, particularly within the context of both ecological and evolutionary processes across complex seascapes that differ in temperature range, strength of connectivity, network size, and other characteristics. Here, we used eco‐evolutionary simulations to examine coral adaptation to warming across reef networks in the Caribbean, the Southwest Pacific, and the Coral Triangle. We assessed the factors associated with coral persistence in multiple reef systems to understand which results are general and which are sensitive to particular geographic contexts. We found that evolution can be critical in preventing extinction and facilitating the long‐term recovery of coral communities in all regions. Furthermore, the strength of immigration to a reef (destination strength) and current sea surface temperature robustly predicted reef persistence across all reef networks and across temperature projections. However, we found higher initial coral cover, slower recovery, and more evolutionary lag in the Coral Triangle, which has a greater number of reefs and more larval settlement than the other regions. We also found the lowest projected future coral cover in the Caribbean. These findings suggest that coral reef persistence depends on ecology, evolution, and habitat network characteristics, and that, under an emissions stabilization scenario (RCP 4.5), recovery may be possible over multiple centuries.
Spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil carbon and nitrogen: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Jinquan , Pei Junmin , Liu Jiajia , Wu Jihua , Li Bo , Fang Changming , Nie Ming
Published: June 2021

A consensus about the fire‐related soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) impacts that determine soil health and ecosystem services at the global scale remains elusive. Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis of 3173 observations with 1444, 1334, 228, and 167 observations for soil C, N, pyrogenic C (PyC), and the percent of PyC to total organic C (PyC/TOC) from 296 field studies. Results showed that fire significantly decreased soil C (−15.2%) and N (−14.6%) but increased soil PyC (40.6%) and PyC/TOC (30.3%). Stronger negative fire impacts on soil C and N were found in tropical and temperate climates than in Mediterranean and subtropical climates; stronger effects were found in forest ecosystems than in non‐forest ecosystems. Wildfire and high‐severity fire led to greater soil C and N losses than prescribed and low‐severity fires, respectively, while they promoted greater increases in soil PyC and PyC/TOC than prescribed and low‐severity fires, respectively. However, soil C and N recovered to control levels approximately 10 years after fire, which is a shorter period than previously determined. These results suggest that fire‐induced PyC production should be accounted for in the C budget under global change. These results will improve our knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil C and N storage and have implications for fire management and ecosystem recovery.
Biologically meaningful distribution models highlight the benefits of the Paris Agreement for demersal fishing targets in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ramos Martins Manuel , Assis Jorge , Abecasis David
Published: June 2021

Aim

With climate change challenging marine biodiversity and resource management, it is crucial to anticipate future latitudinal and depth shifts under contrasting global change scenarios to support policy‐relevant biodiversity impact assessments [e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]. We aim to demonstrate the benefits of complying with the Paris Agreement (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and limiting environmental changes, by assessing future distributional shifts of 10 commercially important demersal fish species.

Location

Northern Atlantic Ocean.

Time period

Analyses of distributional shifts compared near present‐day conditions (2000–2017) with two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios of future climate changes (2090–2100): one following the Paris Agreement climate forcing (RCP2.6) and another without stringent mitigation measures (RCP8.5).

Major taxa studied

Demersal fish.

Methods

We use machine learning distribution models coupled with biologically meaningful predictors to project future latitudinal and depth shifts. Structuring projections with information beyond temperature‐based predictors allowed us to encompass the physiological limitations of species better.

Results

Our models highlighted the additional roles of temperature, primary productivity and dissolved oxygen in shaping fish distributions (average relative contribution to the models of 32.12 ± 10.24, 15.6 ± 7.5 and 12.1 ± 6.1%, respectively). We anticipated a generalized trend of poleward shifts in both future scenarios, with aggravated changes in suitable area with RCP8.5 (average area loss with RCP2.6 = 13.3 ± 4.1%; RCP8.5 = 40.9 ± 13.3%). Shifts to deeper waters were also predicted to be of greater magnitude with RCP8.5 (average depth gain = 25.4 ± 21.5 m) than with RCP2.6 (average depth gain = 10.4 ± 7.9 m). Habitat losses were projected mostly in the Mediterranean, Celtic and Irish Seas, the southern areas of the North Sea and along the NE coast of North America.

Main conclusions

Inclusion of biologically meaningful predictors beyond temperature in species distribution modelling can improve predictive performances. Limiting future climate changes by complying with the Paris Agreement can translate into reduced distributional shifts, supporting biodiversity conservation and resource management.
Asymmetric responses of terrestrial C:N:P stoichiometry to precipitation change
Authors: Sun Yuan , Wang Cuiting , Chen Han Y. H. , Luo Xuesong , Qiu Nianwei , Ruan Honghua
Published: June 2021

Aim

The aim was to test whether the responses of C:N:P stoichiometry in plant–soil–microorganism systems to precipitation changes support the prediction of the double asymmetry model, which predicts ecological processes (i.e. aboveground productivity, soil microbial community, and soil respiration) are more sensitive to increased precipitation (R+) than decreased precipitation (R−) under normal precipitation changes, whereas more sensitive to R− than R+ under extreme precipitation changes.

Location

Global.

Time period

1999–2020.

Major taxa studied

Plants, soils, and soil microorganisms.

Methods

We performed a global meta‐analysis of 848 observations (587 R− and 261 R+ manipulations) from 160 studies, which tested the effects of precipitation changes on C:N:P across plants, soils, and soil microorganisms. The data encompassed broad variations in ecosystems, climate, precipitation intensity, and experimental duration.

Results

We revealed that the C:N and C:P ratios of different ecosystem compartments were more sensitive to moderate R+ rather than moderate R−, whereas they exhibited a higher response to extreme R− rather than extreme R+, which supported the prediction of the double asymmetry model. Moreover, such responses were more pronounced under higher precipitation intensities and longer experimental duration. The effects of precipitation changes on the C:N:P stoichiometry of plants, soils, and soil microorganisms were consistent across ecosystem types (i.e. forests and grasslands) and associated background climates (i.e. mean annual temperature and precipitation).

Main conclusions

Our findings provide the first evidence of the asymmetric responses of C:N:P stoichiometry in above‐ and belowground systems to precipitation change. These results extend the double asymmetric model and improve our understanding of C and N cycling, as well as facilitate the prediction of ecosystem responses to precipitation changes.
The Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm and their Medieval Background
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: June 2021

It has long been accepted that fairy tales somehow trace their roots in pre‐modern culture and folklore. But we are rather unclear about what would constitute the historical dimension in those tales. Leaving psychological or gender‐oriented methodologies aside, this article takes a fresh look at the fairy tales by the Grimms and examines critically to what extent they contain more or less authentic material connecting them specifically with the Middle Ages and our understanding of that age today. There are many elements in the tales predicated on medieval culture and social‐political conditions, such as kingship, castles, princesses and princes, knights, etc. But then there are also many mysterious and magical creatures and objects that have appealed to audiences young and old, whether they are direct borrowings from the pre‐modern world or not. Some of those, along with many motifs, were obviously directly borrowed from medieval literature.
Fairy‐Tale Fan Fiction and Questions of Women's Consent
Authors: Roots Jaime W.
Published: June 2021

Often the silent prize for adventurers, female characters in traditional fairy‐tale versions are reduced to the role of waiting to be rescued. Yet within modern revisions, women writers have worked to refocus the fairy tale. With changes and developments in technology, the fairy tale has developed and even flourished online: notably in fan fiction. This paper explores the “Grimms Märchen” fandom on FanFiktion.de and its metanarrative engagement with the fairy‐tale genre as a site of resistance to patriarchal norms in traditional fairy‐tale versions. The essay looks specifically at how women re‐imagine traditional fairy‐tale versions to foreground the often‐problematic treatment of feminine consent (or lack thereof) to male advances. It likewise highlights the relevance of fan fiction to the study of fairy tales and folklore today as a space for the fairy tale to adapt and evolve in a medium which thrives on reinterpretation and revision.
Indomethacin‐responsive headaches—A narrative review
Authors: Villar‐Martínez Maria Dolores , Moreno‐Ajona David , Chan Calvin , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: June 2021

Background

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug whose mechanism of action in certain types of headache disorders remains unknown. The so‐called indomethacin‐responsive headache disorders consist of a group of conditions with a very different presentation that have a particularly good response to indomethacin. The response is so distinct as to be used in the definition of two: hemicrania continua and paroxysmal hemicrania.

Methods

This is a narrative literature review. PubMed and the Cochrane databases were used for the literature search.

Results

We review the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of indomethacin useful for daily practice. The proposed mechanisms of action of indomethacin in the responsive headache disorders, including its effect on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure, with special attention to nitrergic mechanisms, are covered. The current evidence for its use in primary headache disorders, such as some trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, cough, hypnic, exertional or sexual headache, and migraine will be covered, as well as its indication for secondary headaches, such as those of posttraumatic origin.

Conclusion

Increasing understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of indomethacin will enhance our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that might be shared by indomethacin‐sensitive headache disorders.
Awareness of diagnosis, treatment and risk of late effects in Chinese survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong
Authors: Yang Lok Sum , Ma Chung Tin , Chan Chun Him , Luk Mei Shum , Woo Hoi Kei , Lee Vivian Wai‐yan , Leung Alex Wing Kwan , Lee Samantha Lai‐ka , Yeung Nelson Chun‐yiu , Li Chi‐kong , Cheung Yin Ting
Published: June 2021

Background

For survivors of childhood cancer, awareness of personal health risks is a critical component of long‐term health management.

Objective

To evaluate the awareness of the diagnosis, treatment and risk of late effects among survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong.

Methods

Between June 2019 and March 2020, this cross‐sectional study recruited 155 adult survivors (mean age = 26.9, standard deviation [SD] = 6.4 years) and 45 parents of paediatric survivors (mean age = 11.1, SD = 3.6 years) from a long‐term follow‐up clinic. At >10 years post‐treatment (mean = 13.4, SD = 7.6 years), they completed a structured questionnaire to report their cancer‐specific knowledge. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify clinical, socioeconomic and behavioural factors associated with poor awareness.

Results

The majority of participants accurately recalled their diagnoses (73.5%) and major treatment modalities (chemotherapy 92.4%, radiation 82.9% and surgery 88.2%). However, less than half (45%) of the participants recognized more than 25% of the total late effects for which they were at risk. The highest levels of awareness were reported for endocrine problems (49%), neurocognitive impairment (44%) and secondary cancers (43%), and the lowest for peripheral neuropathy (21%) and vision problems (23%). Compared with survivors of haematological malignancies, those of central nervous system (CNS) tumours (standardized estimate [B] = −9.33, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: −13.41 to −5.26) and non‐CNS solid tumours (B = −8.47, 95% CI: −12.39 to −4.94) had less knowledge about their diagnosis. Retaining medical records (P < .0001) and better medical information‐seeking habits (P = .048) were associated with better awareness.

Conclusions

Survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong have deficient awareness of their personal health risks. They may benefit from the provision of a survivorship care plan and personalized education regarding treatment‐related late effects.

Patient Contribution

Patients contributed in designing the study tools. Results were presented at a non‐governmental organization.
Prioritizing Chinese medicine clinical research questions in cancer palliative care from patient and caregiver perspectives
Authors: Wong Charlene H. L. , Wong Wendy , Lin Wai Ling , Au David K. Y. , Wu Justin C. Y. , Leung Ting Hung , Wu Irene X. Y. , Chung Vincent C. H.
Published: June 2021

Background

Chinese medicine (CM) modalities, including acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), are popular palliative interventions among patients with cancer, but further clinical research is required to assess their effectiveness and safety.

Objective

To prioritize top ten important CM clinical research questions from patients with cancer, cancer survivors and caregivers’ perspectives via a face‐to‐face prioritization workshop in Hong Kong.

Methods

A list of 25 CM clinical research questions for cancer palliative care, which were identified from existing systematic reviews (SRs) and overview of SRs, was presented to 17 participants (patients with cancer [n = 5], cancer survivors [n = 6] and caregivers [n = 6]). The participants were then invited to establish consensus on prioritizing top ten research questions.

Results

Among the top ten priorities, five (50%) focused on acupuncture and related therapies, while five (50%) were on CHM. The three most important research priorities were (i) manual acupuncture plus opioids for relieving pain; (ii) CHM for improving quality of life among patients receiving chemotherapy; and (iii) concurrent use of CHM plus loperamide for reducing stomatitis.

Conclusion

The top ten participant‐endorsed CM clinical research priorities for cancer palliative care can guide local researchers on future direction. They can also inform local research funders on patient‐centred allocation of limited funding. Under limited research funding, the most important co‐prioritized research question from professional and patient perspectives may be addressed first.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients with cancer, cancer survivors and caregivers participated in conduct of the study to prioritize CM clinical research questions.
“STARING INTO THE SINGULARITY” AND OTHER POSTHUMAN TALES: TRANSHUMANIST STORIES OF FUTURE CHANGE
Authors: TAILLANDIER APOLLINE
Published: June 2021

In this article, I conduct a contextual analysis of transhumanist conceptions of posthuman futures. Focusing on cryonics, nanotechnology, and artificial superintelligence technological projects through a study of primarily American sources from the 1960s onward, I identify three distinct conceptualizations of the posthuman future: Promethean, spontaneous, and scalar. I argue that transhumanists envision posthumanity as resulting from a transition that involves both continuity and radical change. Although these three posthuman futures appear to share an interest in predicting a superior “cosmic” realization of human destiny, they involve distinct “liberal” conceptions of historical agency. These include the unlimited individual liberty of the technologized self, the knowledge‐ordering properties of the market, and the rational aggregation of individual interests over the long term. I locate these heterogeneous and partly conflicting conceptions of historical agency in the context of the postwar crisis and remaking of liberalism's future. I argue that transhumanist ideas about the transition toward a more‐than‐human or beyond‐human future are best understood as manifesting a wide range of attempts at thinking about horizons of unprecedented change within the terms of postwar liberal projects. Ultimately, transhumanist futures shed light on the multiplicity of political temporalities that are required for thinking and writing stories about unprecedented futures.
3. LAW AND THE TIME OF ANGELS: INTERNATIONAL LAW'S METHOD WARS AND THE AFFECTIVE LIFE OF DISCIPLINES
Authors: WHEATLEY NATASHA
Published: June 2021

Recent method wars in international legal scholarship turn on the problem of law in time. Rejecting historians' focus on context and their “policing of anachronism,” prominent legal scholars like Anne Orford and Martti Koskenniemi have argued that the workings of modern law are not governed by the narrow strictures of sequential chronology and that legal scholars require alternate methods that reflect law's transfer of meaning through time. Contextualism, in this reckoning, represents a misguided methodological straightjacket that stifles critique by quarantining meaning and power in discrete historical silos; the embrace of anachronism, conversely, would foster a revitalized history of international law intimately connected with the political imperatives of the present. This essay uses the debate as an opening into a fuller exploration of law in history and in time. In considering the idiosyncratic way law frames time, sequence, and duration, it explores the connection between law's transtemporal transfers and its very mode of reproduction. To speak of law's capacity to escape context and travel through time is another way of describing its normativity: the laws of the past that survive to exert a normative force in the present are not, in their law‐ness, past—they are simply present law. The essay suggests some ways to make that temporality itself the object of analysis (rather than naturalizing and affirming it, as Orford has, or, conversely, dismissing it as bad history, as some historians have). It draws on the history of science to generate an account of law's temporal habitus as a disciplinary knowledge tool, a kind of epistemic virtue that is intimately involved in law's internal criteria for truth and falsity.
Species traits influence the process of biodiversity inventorying: a case study using the British butterfly database
Authors: Lobo Jorge M. , Gutiérrez‐Cánovas Cayetano , Fox Richard , Dennis Roger L. H. , Sánchez‐Fernández David
Published: June 2021

The description of how biological information is compiled over time is essential to detect temporal biases in biodiversity data that could directly influence the utility, comparability, and reliability of ecological and biogeographical studies.

We explore trends in species recording over time using one of the most spatially and temporally comprehensive country‐level databases for any group of insects in the world – the database of butterfly occurrences from Great Britain.

Firstly, we used two crucial milestones (the year in which the taxonomic inventory is complete, i.e., when the last species was recorded, the year in which all species are recorded together for the first time) to delimit three main phases in the process of biodiversity recording (taxonomic, faunistic and exhaustive phases). Secondly, we aimed to quantify how far species features (attractiveness and detectability) influence the process of recording through time.

During the first stage of biodiversity compilation, when the main aim is to complete the taxonomic inventory (taxonomic period), entomologists tend to record attractive species more frequently. However, once the inventory is complete, particularly in the period during which more spatially and temporally comprehensive information about species distribution is amassed (the exhaustive period), the recording pattern clearly changes to more detectable species.

Common, highly detectable species are undersampled in the first phase of biodiversity data compilation and oversampled in the final stages. Awareness of such temporal patterns in recording is necessary in order to correctly interpret and address bias in insect biodiversity trends.
Self‐care activities among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tang Jiao , Wu Tingting , Hu Xiling , Gao Lingling
Published: June 2021

Aims

This study investigated self‐care activities and identified their related factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Guangzhou, China, between September 2016 and February 2017, involving 202 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measures included the Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities Questionnaire and Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire.

Results

Self‐care activities in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were suboptimal overall. Foot care and blood sugar testing were the self‐care activities that were performed the least. One fifth of patients smoked. Some subscales of illness perceptions, receiving health education on diabetes, employment status, education level, body mass index, age and time since type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, were related to self‐care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

Health‐care providers and nurses should encourage greater engagement in self‐care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially foot care and blood sugar testing. Illness perceptions may be used as a framework to guide interventions.