bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the aerosol information content in multi-spectral reflectance measurements using a synergetic retrieval algorithm
Authors: Martynenko D. , Holzer-Popp T. , Elbern H. , Schroedter-Homscheidt M.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The multi-wavelength SYNergetic AErosol Retrieval algorithm SYNAER (Holzer-Popp et al., 2002) is used to retrieve aerosol parameters from the Advanced Along Tracking Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). An information content analysis (Holzer-Popp et al., 2008) was performed to quantify the number of independent pieces of information can be retrieved from the combined reflectance measurements of aerosols by both instruments. In particular, the capability of SYNAER to discern various aerosol types is assessed. The focus of this work is further placed on an information content analysis with emphasis to the aerosol type classification. This analysis is applied to synthetic reflectance measurements for 40 predefined aerosol mixtures of different basic components, given by sea salt, mineral dust, biomass burning and diesel aerosols, water soluble and water insoluble aerosols. The range of aerosol parameters considered through the 40 mixtures covers the natural variability of tropospheric aerosols. In this work the capability of the multi-wavelength algorithm to discern aerosol types is investigated. After the information content analysis performed in Holzer-Popp et al. (2008) there was a necessity to compare derived degrees of freedom with retrieved aerosol optical depth for different aerosol types, which is the main focus of this paper. This information content depends on the aerosol optical depth, the surface albedo spectrum and the observation geometry. This theoretical analysis is performed for a large number of scenarios with various geometries and surface albedo spectra for ocean, soil and vegetation. When the surface albedo spectrum and its accuracy is known under cloud-free conditions, reflectance measurements used in SYNAER is able to provide for 2 to 4 degrees of freedom that can be attributed to retrieval parameters: aerosol optical depth, aerosol type and surface albedo.
On the numerical resolution of the bottom layer in simulations of oceanic gravity currents
Authors: Laanaia N. , Wirth A. , Molines J. M. , Barnier B. , Verron J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. The role of an increased numerical vertical resolution, leading to an explicit resolution of the bottom Ekman layer dynamics, is investigated. Using the hydrostatic ocean model NEMO-OPA9, we demonstrate that the dynamics of an idealised gravity current (on an inclined plane), is well captured when a few (around five) sigma-coordinate levels are added near the ocean floor. Such resolution allows to considerably improve the representation of the descent and transport of the gravity current and the Ekman dynamics near the ocean floor, including the important effect of Ekman veering, which is usually neglected in today's simulations of the ocean dynamics. Results from high resolution simulations (with σ and z-coordinates) are compared to simulations with a vertical resolution commonly employed in today's ocean models. The latter show a downslope transport that is reduced by almost an order of magnitude and the decrease in the along slope transport is reduced six-fold. We strongly advocate for an increase of the numerical resolution at the ocean floor, similar to the way it is done at the ocean surface and at the lower boundary in atmospheric models.
Support for religio‐political aggression among teenaged boys in Gaza: Part I: psychological findings
Authors: Victoroff Jeff , Quota Samir , Adelman Janice R. , Celinska Barbara , Stern Naftali , Wilcox Rand , Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: June 2010

Politically aggressive militant groups usually rely on support from a larger community, although evidence suggests that only some members of that larger community support that aggression. A major subtype of political aggression is that associated with religious differences—or Religio‐Political Aggression (RPA). Little previous research has explored demographic or psychological factors that might distinguish supporters from non‐supporters of RPA. In an exploratory study, we investigated whether factors previously associated with aggression might correlate with support for RPA in the case of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. During the second intifada, fifty‐two 14‐year‐old Palestinian boys in Gaza completed self‐report measures of life events, emotional status, and political attitudes. Teenaged boys who reported family members having been wounded or killed by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) expressed greater support for RPA (t(50)=−2.30, P=.026). In addition, boys who felt their group was treated unjustly reported greater support for RPA compared with those who did not (t(50)=−2.273, P=.027). Implications of these preliminary data are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 36:219–231, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Aging on Interfacial Microstructure and Reliability Between SnAgCu Solder and FeNi/Cu UBM
Authors: Zhu Qing‐Sheng , Guo Jian‐Jun , Shang Pan‐Ju , Wang Zhong‐Guang , Shang Jian‐Ku
Published: June 2010

Effects of thermal aging on the interfacial microstructure and reliability of the SnAgCu/FeNi‐Cu joint are investigated. It is found that aging effects depends strongly on the temperature. Aging at low temperature, e.g., at 125 °C, a submicron meter thick FeSn2 IMC layer formed at the SnAgCu/FeNi‐Cu interface during reflowing grows at a rate twenty times slower than the growth rate of the IMC at the SnAgCu/Cu interface. At high temperature, e.g., at 180 °C, the Cu element is found to diffuse through FeNi layer to produce the (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMC and this IMC layer grows even faster than the IMC at the SnAgCu/Cu interface. Solder ball shear test results show that the SnAgCu/FeNi‐Cu joint has a comparable strength to the SnAgCu/Cu joint after reflowing, and the strength drop after aging at 125 °C is less than that of the SnAgCu/Cu joint. However, after aging at 180 °C, the strength of the SnAgCu/FeNi‐Cu joint is degraded to a low value, along with a shift in failure mode from the solder fracture to the brittle intermetallics fracture.
Investigations into the Sealing of Heat Damaged Areas by Applying Polymer Powders During Laser Cutting of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Jaeschke Peter , Herzog Dirk , Noelke Christian , Henning Bjoern , Haferkamp Heinz
Published: June 2010

Endless carbon fiber reinforced plastics are recognized as having the greatest lightweight construction potential of all materials. Fully automated process chains for the manufacturing of composite structures are needed in order to achieve production rates and cycle times required in many industrial sectors. In this paper, a new technique, based on the in situ sealing of the kerf during high power laser cutting by application of polymer powder is presented. The degree of sealing is analyzed as a function of powder mass flow as well as carrying gas flow and it is shown that moisture uptake can be reduced compared to unsealed laser cut specimens.
Optimization of Si NC/P3HT Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Chin‐Yi , Holman Zachary C. , Kortshagen Uwe R.
Published: June 2010

Silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) are shown to be an electron acceptor in hybrid solar cells combining Si NCs with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The effects of annealing and different metal electrodes on Si NC/P3HT hybrid solar cells are studied in this paper. After annealing at 150 °C, Si NC/P3HT solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies as high as 1.47%. The hole mobility in the P3HT phase extracted from space‐charge‐limited current measurements of hole‐only devices increases from 2.48 × 10−10 to 1.11 × 10−9 m2 V−1 s−1 after annealing, resulting in better transport in the solar cells. A quenching of the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current is observed when high work function metals are deposited as the cathode on Si NC/P3HT hybrid devices.
Making Patterns on Graphene
Authors: Zhou Yong , Loh Kian Ping
Published: June 2010

Graphene‐based nanostructures are considered as promising alternatives to silicon‐based mesostructures in future electronic nanodevices. The lithographical patterning of graphene, which are essential steps in any form of microelectronic processing, present interesting challenges because of the atomic layer thickness of graphene. Mesoscopic devices based on graphene require high spatial resolution patterning that will induce as little damage as possible. This research news highlights and evaluates recent developments in the nanostructuring and patterning of graphene.
Ditopic Cyclodextrin‐Based Receptors: New Perspectives in Aqueous Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Six Natacha , Menuel Stéphane , Bricout Hervé , Hapiot Frédéric , Monflier Eric
Published: June 2010

The mass transfer properties of mono‐ and ditopic β‐cyclodextrin‐based receptors have been evaluated in a biphasic palladium‐catalyzed Tsuji–Trost reaction and compared to one of the best mass‐transfer promoters, namely the randomly methylated β‐cyclodextrin. While monotopic receptors appeared to be poor mass‐transfer promoters of long alkyl chain allyl carbonates or urethanes, cooperative effects have been evidenced with ditopic cyclodextrin‐based receptors, opening new perspectives in aqueous organometallic catalysis.
Stabilized and Immobilized Bacillus subtilis Arginase for the Biobased Production of Nitrogen‐Containing Chemicals
Authors: Könst Paul M. , Turras Pedro M. C. C. D. , Franssen Maurice C. R. , Scott Elinor L. , Sanders Johan P. M.
Published: June 2010

L‐Ornithine could serve as an intermediate in the biobased production of 1,4‐diaminobutane from L‐arginine. Using the concept of biorefinery, L‐arginine could become widely available from biomass waste streams via the nitrogen storage polypeptide cyanophycin. Selective hydrolysis of L‐arginine to L‐ornithine is difficult to perform chemically, therefore the stabilization and immobilization of Bacillus subtilis arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) was studied in a continuously stirred membrane reactor system. Initial pH of the substrate solution, addition of L‐aspartic acid and reducing agents all appeared to have an effect on the operational stability of B. subtilis arginase. A remarkably good operational stability (total turnover number, TTN=1.13⋅108) at the pH of arginine free base (pH 11.0) was observed, which was further improved with the addition of sodium dithionite to the substrate solution (TTN>1⋅109). B. subtilis arginase was successfully immobilized on three commercially available epoxy‐activated supports. Immobilization on Sepabeads EC‐EP was most promising, resulting in a recovered activity of 75% and enhanced thermostability. In conclusion, the stabilization and immobilization of B. subtilis arginase has opened up possibilities for its application in the biobased production of nitrogen‐containing chemicals as an alternative to the petrochemical production.
One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Selectively Substituted Phenanthridines by Sequential Aryl‐Aryl and Heck Couplings, Aza‐Michael and Retro‐Mannich Reactions
Authors: Ca' Nicola Della , Motti Elena , Mega Antonio , Catellani Marta
Published: June 2010

A catalytic synthesis of selectively substituted phenanthridines is achieved through a reaction sequence involving palladium/norbornene‐catalyzed unsymmetrical aryl‐aryl and Heck couplings followed by aza‐Michael and retro‐Mannich reactions. In spite of the many steps involved the method is very simple and allows the formation of selectively substituted phenanthridines under mild conditions in a straightforward one‐pot reaction starting from readily available aryl iodides and bromides.
Modified non‐overt DIC diagnostic criteria predict the early phase of overt‐DIC
Authors: Wada Hideo , Hatada Tsuyoshi , Okamoto Kohji , Uchiyama Toshimasa , Kawasugi Kazuo , Mayumi Toshihiko , Gando Satoshi , Kushimoto Shigeki , Seki Yoshinobu , Madoiwa Seiji , Okamura Takashi , Toh Cheng Hock
Published: June 2010

Diagnostic criteria for non‐overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have been proposed by the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, but are not useful for the diagnosis of early phase of overt‐DIC (pre‐DIC). Therefore, in the current study the non‐overt DIC diagnostic criteria were modified using the global coagulation tests, the change rate in the global coagulation tests and molecular hemostatic markers to detect the pre‐DIC state and were prospectively evaluated in 613 patients with underlying DIC disease. The frequencies of patients with DIC (DIC positive), late onset DIC, and without DIC (DIC absent) were 29.5%, 7.2%, and 63.3%, respectively. The modified non‐overt‐DIC criteria can correctly predict 43/44 patients (97.7%) who were DIC absent at admission and became DIC positive, within a week (late onset DIC state). The mortality rate was higher in DIC positive compared with pre‐DIC (37.6% vs. 22.7%, P < 0.05) or DIC negative (37.6 vs. 13.7%, P < 0.01). It was also significantly higher in pre‐DIC compared with DIC negative (P < 0.05). Thus, these modified non‐overt DIC diagnostic criteria might therefore be useful for the diagnosis of early‐phase DIC. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Am. J. Hematol.
Reply to da Rocha and Rodrigues' comments on the orientation congruent algebra and twisted forms in electrodynamics
Authors: Demers D.G.
Published: June 2010

The recent claim by da Rocha and Rodrigues that the nonassociative orientation congruent algebra (𝒪𝒞 algebra) and native Clifford algebra are incompatible with the Clifford bundle approach is false. The new native Clifford bundle approach, in fact, subsumes the ordinary Clifford bundle one. Associativity is an unnecessarily too strong a requirement for physical applications. Consequently, we obtain a new principle of nonassociative irrelevance for physically meaningful formulas. In addition, the adoption of formalisms that respect the native representation of twisted (or odd) objects and physical quantities is required for the advancement of mathematics, physics, and engineering because they allow equations to be written in sign‐invariant form. This perspective simplifies the analysis of, resolves questions about, and ends needless controversies over the signs, orientations, and parities of physical quantities.
Mechanical and physical characteristics of cellulose‐fiber‐filled polyacetal composites
Authors: Kawaguchi Kuniaki , Mizuguchi Kazuhiro , Suzuki Katsutoshi , Sakamoto Hideaki , Oguni Toshio
Published: June 2010

We investigated the mechanical and physical characteristics of composites composed of polyacetal [alternatively called polyoxymethylene (POM)] and cellulose fiber (CelF) derived from wood pulp [10–52 wt % (9.3–50.1 vol %)] without any fiber surface treatment. The modulus, deflection temperature under load, and thermal conduction coefficient of the POM/CelF composites were effectively enhanced with increasing CelF content, and the composites had an advantage of specific modulus compared to glass fiber (GF)‐filled POM. The flexural modulus of POM/CelF 40 wt % (38.2 vol %) was measured to be about 6 GPa, which was comparable to that of POM/GF 20 wt % (12.1 vol %). In the composites, the CelFs were distributed randomly as monofilaments, and the debonding of the interface between the fibers and POM matrices in the fracture faces was confirmed as less by scanning electron microscopy observation. The POM/CelF composites possessed lower specific wear rates than the POM/GF composites, and they had damping behaviors near that of neat POM. No clear dependence of the melt flow index of the base POM on these characteristics was observed, except on Charpy impact strength. The composites studied here were unique in their performance and ability to be designed in accordance with specific demands, and they could be potential replacements for mineral‐filled and GF‐filled POM composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Dispersal ability determines the genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in three species of aquatic insect
Authors: Watanabe Kozo , Monaghan Michael T. , Takemon Yasuhiro , Omura Tatsuo
Published: June 2010

The dispersal ability of species and the geographic scale of habitat fragmentation both may influence the extent of gene flow between fragments, but their interactions have rarely been tested, particularly among co‐occurring species.

Population genetic structures of three species of aquatic insect were compared in streams fragmented by reservoirs and in unfragmented streams in north‐eastern Japan, using 52, 37, and 58 RAPD markers. The three species studied included a strong disperser Cincticostella elongatula (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), an intermediate disperser Stenopsyche marmorata (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae), and a weak disperser Hydropsyche orientalis (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae).

The patterns of genetic isolation by distance (IBD) supported a priori hypotheses of dispersal ability. The strong disperser (C. elongatula) exhibited significant IBD only at the largest spatial scale studied (among drainages, r=0.50, P<0.01). The intermediate disperser (S. marmorata) showed IBD both within (r=0.22, P<0.01) and among (r=0.45, P<0.01) drainages. The weak disperser (H. orientalis) did not exhibit significant IBD at any scale.

Pairwise genetic differentiation (θ) indicated that neither the weak disperser nor the strong disperser were genetically differentiated above and below reservoirs when compared with reference sites. This was in contrast to previous results for S. marmorata, for which subpopulations were genetically fragmented across larger (>4.1 km), but not smaller (<2.9 km) reservoirs.

We suggest that intermediate dispersers, i.e. those at equilibrium between migration and genetic drift within drainages, are more likely to be affected by fragmentation than either strong or weak dispersers. Intermediate dispersers could therefore be used as indicator species in studies aimed at detecting the effects of distance between habitat fragments (e.g. reservoir size) for conservation planning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cartilage degradation biomarkers predict efficacy of a novel, highly selective matrix metalloproteinase 13 inhibitor in a dog model of osteoarthritis: Confirmation by multivariate analysis that modulation of type ii collagen and aggrecan degradation peptides parallels pathologic changes
Authors: Settle Steven , Vickery Lillian , Nemirovskiy Olga , Vidmar Tom , Bendele Alison , Messing Dean , Ruminski Peter , Schnute Mark , Sunyer Teresa
Published: June 2010

Objective

To demonstrate that the novel highly selective matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) inhibitor PF152 reduces joint lesions in adult dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) and decreases biomarkers of cartilage degradation.

Methods

The potency and selectivity of PF152 were evaluated in vitro using 16 MMPs, TACE, and ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5, as well as ex vivo in human cartilage explants. In vivo effects were evaluated at 3 concentrations in mature beagles with partial medial meniscectomy. Gross and histologic changes in the femorotibial joints were evaluated using various measures of cartilage degeneration. Biomarkers of cartilage turnover were examined in serum, urine, or synovial fluid. Results were analyzed individually and in combination using multivariate analysis.

Results

The potent and selective MMP‐13 inhibitor PF152 decreased human cartilage degradation ex vivo in a dose‐dependent manner. PF152 treatment of dogs with OA reduced cartilage lesions and decreased biomarkers of type II collagen (type II collagen neoepitope) and aggrecan (peptides ending in ARGN or AGEG) degradation. The dose required for significant inhibition varied with the measure used, but multivariate analysis of 6 gross and histologic measures indicated that all doses differed significantly from vehicle but not from each other. Combined analysis of cartilage degradation markers showed similar results.

Conclusion

This highly selective MMP‐13 inhibitor exhibits chondroprotective effects in mature animals. Biomarkers of cartilage degradation, when evaluated in combination, parallel the joint structural changes induced by the MMP‐13 inhibitor. These data support the potential therapeutic value of selective MMP‐13 inhibitors and the use of a set of appropriate biomarkers to predict efficacy in OA clinical trials.
Increased prevalence of M694V in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: Additional evidence for a link with familial mediterranean fever
Authors: Akkoc Nurullah , Sari Ismail , Akar Servet , Binicier Omer , Thomas Mark G. , Weale Michael E. , Birlik Merih , Savran Yusuf , Onen Fatos , Bradman Neil , Plaster Christopher A.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To assess whether there is a statistically significant difference in the frequency of common MEFV allele variants in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as compared with control patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and with healthy control subjects.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients with AS, 50 healthy control subjects, and 46 patients with RA were assessed for the presence of MEFV variants. Exon 10 was analyzed by direct sequencing. E148Q was analyzed by restriction endonuclease enzyme digestion (REED) or by direct sequencing when REED analysis failed.

Results

The allele frequency of all MEFV variants in the AS group was significantly higher than that in the pooled control group of healthy subjects plus RA patients (15.3% versus 6.8%; P = 0.021). M694V was the only variant that was significantly more common in the AS group than in the combined or individual control groups (P = 0.026 for AS patients versus healthy controls, P = 0.046 for AS patients versus RA patient controls, and P = 0.008 for AS patients versus healthy and RA patient control groups). The carriage rate of M694V was also significantly higher in the AS patient group than in the combined control group (odds ratio 7.0, P = 0.014). Neither M694V nor any other MEFV variant showed a correlation with most of the disease‐related measures examined.

Conclusion

We found an increased frequency of MEFV variants in AS patients as compared with healthy controls and with RA patient controls. This was primarily due to the presence of M694V. The roles of other exon 10 variants, as well as the relationship between the variant status and the severity and clinical course of the disease, need to be explored in further studies that include sufficiently large sample sizes.
Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficult‐to‐treat gouty arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase II, dose‐ranging study
Authors: So Alexander , De Meulemeester Marc , Pikhlak Andrey , Yücel A. Eftal , Richard Dominik , Murphy Valda , Arulmani Udayasankar , Sallstig Peter , Schlesinger Naomi
Published: June 2010

Objective

To assess the efficacy and tolerability of canakinumab, a fully human anti–interleukin‐1β monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.

Methods

In this 8‐week, single‐blind, double‐dummy, dose‐ranging study, patients with acute gouty arthritis whose disease was refractory to or who had contraindications to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and/or colchicine were randomized to receive a single subcutaneous dose of canakinumab (10, 25, 50, 90, or 150 mg; n = 143) or an intramuscular dose of triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg; n = 57). Patients assessed pain using a 100‐mm visual analog scale.

Results

Seventy‐two hours after treatment, a statistically significant dose response was observed for canakinumab. All canakinumab doses were associated with numerically less pain than triamcinolone acetonide; thus, a dose with equivalent efficacy to triamcinolone acetonide 72 hours after treatment could not be determined. The reduction from baseline in pain intensity with canakinumab 150 mg was greater than with triamcinolone acetonide 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (differences of −11.5 mm [P = 0.04], −18.2 mm [P = 0.002], and −19.2 mm [P < 0.001], respectively), and 4, 5, and 7 days after treatment (all P < 0.05). Canakinumab significantly reduced the risk of recurrent flares versus triamcinolone acetonide (P ≤ 0.01 for all doses) (relative risk reduction 94% for canakinumab 150 mg versus triamcinolone acetonide). The overall incidence of adverse events was similar for canakinumab (41%) and triamcinolone acetonide (42%); most were mild or moderate in severity.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that canakinumab 150 mg provides rapid and sustained pain relief in patients with acute gouty arthritis, and significantly reduces the risk of recurrent flares compared with triamcinolone acetonide.
Evaluating an integrated system supporting multiple information‐seeking strategies
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun , Belkin Nicholas J.
Published: June 2010

Many studies have demonstrated that people engage in a variety of different information behaviors when engaging in information seeking. However, standard information retrieval systems such as Web search engines continue to be designed to support mainly one such behavior, specified searching. This situation has led to suggestions that people would be better served by information retrieval systems which support different kinds of information‐seeking strategies. This article reports on an experiment comparing the retrieval effectiveness of an integrated interactive information retrieval (IIR) system which adapts to support different information‐seeking strategies with that of a standard baseline IIR system. The experiment, with 32 participants each searching on eight different topics, indicates that using the integrated IIR system resulted in significantly better user satisfaction with search results, significantly more effective interaction, and significantly better usability than that using the baseline system.
LC‐MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang‐Min‐Ling‐Wan
Authors: Tong Ling , Wan Meixu , Zhou Dandan , Gao Jun , Zhu Yonghong , Bi Kaishun
Published: June 2010

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method (LC‐MS/MS) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma using geniposide as an internal standard. Plasma samples were extracted by solid‐phase extraction. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Zorbax SB‐C18 analytical column (150 × 2.1 mm × 5 µm) with 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. Detection was performed by multiple reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The total run time was 3.0 min between injections. The calibration curves were linear over a range of 1–1000 ng/mL for albiflorin and 2–2000 ng/mL for paeoniflorin. The overall precision and accuracy for all concentrations of quality controls and standards were better than 15%. Mean recovery was determined to be 87.7% for albiflorin and 88.8% for paeoniflorin. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang‐Min‐Ling‐Wan. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that albiflorin and paeoniflorin from Tang‐Min‐Ling‐Wan were absorbed more rapidly with higher concentrations in plasma than that from Radix Paeoniae Alba extract. The results provided a meaningful basis for evaluating the clinical applications of traditional Chinese medicine. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomical study and clinical significance of the rami communicantes between cervicothoracic ganglion and brachial plexus
Authors: Song Zhan‐Feng , Sun Mao‐Min , Wu Zhan‐Yong , Xia Chun‐Lin
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to provide a detailed characterization of the rami communicantes between the stellate (or cervicothoraic) ganglion (CTG) and brachial plexus (BP). Rami communicantes of 33 fixed adult cadavers were macroscopically observed, and connection between CTG and spinal nerves and branching was investigated. In all cases, except one, the hibateral medial rami communicantes was found to be positioned symmetrically between the CTG and C7, C8 spinal nerves. Gray rami communicantes arising from the CTG joined C8, C7, C6 nerve roots on 66, 63, and 6 sides, respectively, and branched from the rami communicantes to C7, C6, C5 nerve roots lying on 51, 41, and 2 sides, respectively. Forty‐five sides of the branches from rami communicantes derived from CTG to C8 were observed to ascend through the transverse foramina of the C7 nerve. The branches from rami communicantes derived from CTG to C7 to the C6 nerve were observed ascending through the foramen transversarium of the six cervical vertebrae along with the vertebral artery and joining the C6 spinal nerve in 41 sides. Knowledge about the general distribution and individual variations of the rami communicantes between CTG and BP will be useful toward studies involving the inference of sympathetic nerve stimulation of the upper limbs and could be important for surgeons who perform surgical procedures in the cervical region or medical blockade of nerve fibers. Clin. Anat. 23:811–814, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Novel Fluorescent Probe for Retaining Galactosyltransferases
Authors: Pesnot Thomas , Palcic Monica M. , Wagner Gerd K.
Published: June 2010

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are a large class of carbohydrate‐active enzymes that are involved, in both pro‐ and eukaryotic organisms, in numerous important biological processes, from cellular adhesion to carcinogenesis. GTs have enormous potential as molecular targets for chemical biology and drug discovery. For the full realisation of this potential, operationally simple and generally applicable GT bioassays, especially for inhibitor screening, are indispensable tools. In order to facilitate the development of GT high‐throughput screening assays for the identification of GT inhibitors, we have developed novel, fluorescent derivatives of UDP‐galactose (UDP‐Gal) that are recognised as donor analogues by several different retaining galactosyltransferases (GalTs). We demonstrate for one of these derivatives that fluorescence emission is quenched upon specific binding to individual GalTs, and that this effect can be used as the read‐out in ligand‐displacement experiments. The novel fluorophore acts as an excellent sensor for several different enzymes and is suitable for the development of a new type of GalT bioassay, whose modular nature and operational simplicity will significantly facilitate inhibitor screening. Importantly, the structural differences between the natural donor UDP‐Gal and the new fluorescent derivatives are minimal, and the general assay principle described herein may therefore also be applicable to other GalTs and/or proteins that use nucleotides or nucleotide conjugates as their cofactor.
Influence of the Linkage between Leaving Group and Nucleoside on Substrate Efficiency for Incorporation in DNA Catalyzed by Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Giraut Anne , Herdewijn Piet
Published: June 2010

An amino acid deoxyadenosine phosphoramidate and the corresponding phosphodiester congener have been synthesized and tested for primer extension by HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase. Replacement of the phosphoramidate linkage of L‐histidine–dAMP by a phosphodiester linkage was found to have a beneficial influence on the affinity of this substrate towards HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase and on the velocity of the nucleotide incorporation reaction. Modifications of the nature of the PX bond can be useful to fine‐tune the substrate properties of nucleoside triphosphate analogues. Our results also demonstrate that polymerization pausing observed during the incorporation of leaving group modified dNTPs is not caused by the nature of the linkage.
The psychiatric expert witness in the criminal justice system
Authors: Mullen Paul E.
Published: June 2010

This essay examines the nature of being an expert witness as a psychiatrist or a psychologist. The critiques of the psychiatrist as expert in the criminal justice systems produced by Michel Foucault, and Robert Musil provide a starting point for this study.

Today's mental health experts working in the criminal justice field have an increasing burden of responsibility as a result of their wider role, and potentially greater power to harm. This requires an awareness of the dangers of misusing that power in part from misunderstanding its source. The expert's legitimacy stems from the knowledge they mediate. In psychiatry, we have an important, but limited, body of relevant quantitative scientific data coupled to a mass of qualitative observations with which we fill the gaps and construct our professional narratives. Confusing the science with the poetry makes us foolish and even more open to manipulation by authorities pursuing legal, governmental and populist agenda. The choices that face us lie between being a ‘forensicist’, tied to the legal discourse, or a being a physician, committed to mediating medical science and clinical experience. The middle ground is a slippery slope in the direction of the power of the criminal justice system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Chromophores with Tröger’s Base Skeleton: Chiroptical, Linear, and Quadratic Nonlinear Optical Properties—A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Sergeyev Sergey , Didier Delphine , Boitsov Vitaly , Teshome Ayele , Asselberghs Inge , Clays Koen , Vande Velde Christophe M. L. , Plaquet Aurélie , Champagne Benoît
Published: June 2010

We report on the novel chiral push–pull chromophores derived from 6H,12H‐5,11‐methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine (Tröger’s base skeleton). The synthesis of symmetrical chromophores featuring two identical acceptors, as well as the synthesis of unsymmetrical chromophores featuring only one acceptor is given. Symmetrical chromophores were prepared in the enantiomerically pure form and their chiroptical properties were investigated. Second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of new chromophores were investigated with the aid of hyper‐Rayleigh scattering (HRS). The detailed theoretical analysis of the second‐order NLO properties of the chromophores was also undertaken. The joint theoretical and experimental studies of chromophores derived from Tröger’s base skeleton, in comparison with benchmark chromophores featuring a dimethylamino group as the donor, provided insight into the relationship between the structure of the new chromophores and their NLO properties.
Iridium‐Catalyzed CH Activation versus Directed ortho Metalation: Complementary Borylation of Aromatics and Heteroaromatics
Authors: Hurst Timothy E. , Macklin Todd K. , Becker Maike , Hartmann Eduard , Kügel Wolfgang , Parisienne‐La Salle Jean‐Christophe , Batsanov Andrei S. , Marder Todd B. , Snieckus Victor
Published: June 2010

Systematic studies are presented demonstrating the complementarity of directed ortho metalation (DoM) and Ir‐catalyzed strategies for the provision of borylated aromatics and their subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. A new concept, the use of the TMS group, readily introduced by DoM, as a latent regiodirective moiety to overcome the otherwise problematic production of isomeric borylated product mixtures is presented. Additional electrophile‐induced ipso‐deborylation and DoM reactions of the Bpin products are described.
Formation of the Distinct Redox‐Interrelated Forms of Nitric Oxide from Reaction of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes (DNICs) and Substitution Ligands
Authors: Lu Tsai‐Te , Chen Chih‐Hao , Liaw Wen‐Feng
Published: June 2010

Release of the distinct NO redox‐interrelated forms (NO+, .NO, and HNO/NO−), derived from reaction of the dinitrosyl iron complex (DNIC) [(NO)2Fe(C12H8N)2]− (1) (C12H8N=carbazolate) and the substitution ligands (S2CNMe2)2, [SC6H4‐o‐NHC(O)(C5H4N)]2 ((PyPepS)2), and P(C6H3‐3‐SiMe3‐2‐SH)3 ([P(SH)3]), respectively, was demonstrated. In contrast to the reaction of (PyPepS)2 and DNIC 1 in a 1:1 stoichiometry that induces the release of an NO radical and the formation of complex [PPN][Fe(PyPepS)2] (4), the incoming substitution ligand (S2CNMe2)2 triggered the transformation of DNIC 1 into complex [(NO)Fe(S2CNMe2)2] (2) along with N‐nitrosocarbazole (3). The subsequent nitrosation of N‐acetylpenicillamine (NAP) by N‐nitrosocarbazole (3) to produce S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) may signify the possible formation pathway of S‐nitrosothiols from DNICs by means of transnitrosation of N‐nitrosamines. Protonation of DNIC 1 by [P(SH)3] triggers the release of HNO and the generation of complex [PPN][Fe(NO)P(C6H3‐3‐SiMe3‐2‐S)3] (5). In a similar fashion, the nucleophilic attack of the chelating ligand P(C6H3‐3‐SiMe3‐2‐SNa)3 ([P(SNa)3]) on DNIC 1 resulted in the direct release of [NO]− captured by [(15NO)Fe(SPh)3]−, thus leading to [(15NO)(14NO)Fe(SPh)2]−. These results illustrate one aspect of how the incoming substitution ligands ((S2CNMe2)2 vs. (PyPepS)2 vs. [P(SH)3]/[P(SNa)3]) in cooperation with the carbazolate‐coordinated ligands of DNIC 1 function to control the release of NO+, .NO, or [NO]− from DNIC 1 upon reaction of complex 1 and the substitution ligands. Also, these results signify that DNICs may act as an intermediary of NO in the redox signaling processes by providing the distinct redox‐interrelated forms of NO to interact with different NO‐responsive targets in biological systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Ag7M6F31 (M: Zr, Hf, Ce).
Authors: Koller D. , Mueller B. G.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Ln2Al3Si2 and Ln2AlSi2 (Ln: Y, Tb—Lu).
Authors: Kranenberg C. , Mewis A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sol—Gel Preparation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Powders and Ceramics: Effect of Alkoxide Stabilizers and Lead Precursors.
Authors: Wu Aiying , Vilarinho Paula M. , Miranda Salvado Isabel M. , Baptista Joao L.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Vapor Transport of Intermetallic Systems. Part 10. Chemical Transport of Copper/Gallium and Silver/Gallium Phases.
Authors: Plaggenborg T. , Binnewies M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Transport of Solid Solutions: Transport Phenomena in the Co3O4/CoGa2O4 System.
Authors: Patzke Greta R. , Koepke Juergen , Binnewies Michael
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase and Solution Basicities of Some Alkyl 2,6‐Dialkylphenyl Ketones: A Comparative Analysis.
Authors: Dell'Erba Carlo , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Mugnoli Angelo , Noto Renato , Novi Marino , Occhiucci Giorgio , Petrillo Giovanni , Spinelli Domenico
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric and Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation: Kinetic Resolution of sec‐Alcohols.
Authors: Masutani Kouta , Uchida Tatsuya , Irie Ryo , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Salen as a Chiral Activator: anti versus syn Switchable Diastereoselection in the Enantioselective Addition of Crotyl Bromide to Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Bandini Marco , Cozzi Pier Giorgio , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Chemistry. Part 10. Addition of Acyclic and Cyclic Alkanes to Hexafluoropropene.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Fuss Robert W. , Spink Robert C. H. , Greenhall Martin P. , Kenwright Alan M. , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Chemistry. Part 11. Additions of Cyclic and Acyclic Alcohols and Diols to Hexafluoropropene.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Diter Patrick , Dunn Stephen N. , Farren Christopher , Sandford Graham , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies with Functionally Substituted Heteroaromatics: A New Route for Synthesis of Pyridazino[2,3‐a]quinazoline and Pyridazino‐6‐imine Derivatives.
Authors: Al‐Zaydi Khadijah M. , Hafez Ebtisam A. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross Condensation Reactions of Ethyl Cyanoacetate with Some Ketomethylene Compounds: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Z‐2‐(Cyanoethoxycarbonyl)methylene‐1,2‐dihydropyridine and Z‐2‐(Cyanoethoxycarbonyl)methylene‐2H‐pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Talapatra Sunil K. , Mandal Kabita , Biswas Kallolmay , Mandal Sudipta , Talapatra Bani
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Heating in Organic Synthesis: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives in Water.
Authors: Zara Cynthia Lynn , Jin Thomas , Giguere Raymond J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Halo Compounds from Propargylamines.
Authors: Turgunov E. , Sadikov M. K. , Nurnakhmedova T. , Sirlibaev T. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Hydride Catalyzed Radical Desulfurization of Thionoesters and Thionolactones.
Authors: Jang Doo Ok , Song Seong Ho
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Diphenylacetamides and Diphenylsulfonamides by the Goldberg Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Raposo M. Manuela M. , Pereira Alexandra M. B. , Oliveira‐Campos Ana M. F. , Shannon Patrick V. R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Novel and Practical One‐Pot Methodology for Conversion of Alcohols to Amines.
Authors: Vidya Sagar Reddy G. , Venkat Rao G. , Subramanyam R. V. K. , Iyengar D. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction Conditions Between ortho‐Substituted Aryl Iodides/Nonaflates and Alkylzinc Iodides in Solution and in the Solid‐Phase.
Authors: Jensen Anne Eeg , Dohle Wolfgang , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Method for the Deoxygenation of α,β‐Epoxyketones to Enones.
Authors: Rana Kalyan Kumar , Roy Subhas Chandra
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Scalable Procedure for Removing the Fmoc Group in Solution.
Authors: Sheppeck II James E. , Kar Heidi , Hong Hui
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.