bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaying techniques for enhancing the physical layer secrecy in cooperative networks with multiple eavesdroppers
Authors: Al‐nahari Azzam Y. , Krikidis Ioannis , Ibrahim Ahmed S. , Dessouky Moawad I. , Abd El‐Samie Fathi E.
Published: November 2012

Physical layer security has recently attracted considerable attention in the context of information‐theoretic point of view. In this paper, we investigate relay selection schemes for security‐constrained half‐duplex cooperative wireless networks with multiple eavesdroppers, which have the ability to cooperate to overhear the source transmission. The proposed techniques select a trusted decode‐and‐forward relay to assist the source transmission and maximize the achievable secure rate for different eavesdropper policies (cooperation or not); for the two cases, we assume that the channel is always available. In addition, a jamming method that selects two relay nodes to create an intentional interference at both phases of the decode‐and‐forward protocol to confound the eavesdropper nodes is also considered. Both the source–destination and source–eavesdroppers links are taken into account in the proposed analysis. Secrecy rate and secrecy outage probability are the two performance metrics that are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes while asymptotic approximations of the secrecy outage probability are also derived. Simulation and analytical results demonstrate the performance improvement of the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the Genetic Architecture of Circulating 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Hiraki Linda T. , Major Jacqueline M. , Chen Constance , Cornelis Marilyn C. , Hunter David J. , Rimm Eric B. , Simon Kelly C. , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Purdue Mark P. , Yu Kai , Albanes Demetrius , Kraft Peter
Published: November 2012

The primary circulating form of vitamin D is 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), a modifiable trait linked with a growing number of chronic diseases. In addition to environmental determinants of 25(OH)D, including dietary sources and skin ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, twin‐ and family‐based studies suggest that genetics contribute substantially to vitamin D variability with heritability estimates ranging from 43% to 80%. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in four gene regions associated with 25(OH)D. These SNPs collectively explain only a fraction of the heritability in 25(OH)D estimated by twin‐ and family‐based studies. Using 25(OH)D concentrations and GWAS data on 5,575 subjects drawn from five cohorts, we hypothesized that genome‐wide data, in the form of (1) a polygenic score comprised of hundreds or thousands of SNPs that do not individually reach GWAS significance, or (2) a linear mixed model for genome‐wide complex trait analysis, would explain variance in measured circulating 25(OH)D beyond that explained by known genome‐wide significant 25(OH)D‐associated SNPs. GWAS identified SNPs explained 5.2% of the variation in circulating 25(OH)D in these samples and there was little evidence additional markers significantly improved predictive ability. On average, a polygenic score comprised of GWAS‐identified SNPs explained a larger proportion of variation in circulating 25(OH)D than scores comprised of thousands of SNPs that were on average, nonsignificant. Employing a linear mixed model for genome‐wide complex trait analysis explained little additional variability (range 0–22%). The absence of a significant polygenic effect in this relatively large sample suggests an oligogenetic architecture for 25(OH)D.
Wall–bounded flow and heat transfer around a circular cylinder at low Reynolds and Hartmann numbers
Authors: Chatterjee Dipankar , Chatterjee Kanchan
Published: November 2012

A two–dimensional numerical simulation is performed following a finite volume approach to analyze the forced convection heat transfer for the hydromagnetic flow around a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. The cylinder is placed within a rectangular channel subjected to externally applied magnetic fields and acted upon by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a viscous incompressible and electrically conductive fluid. The magnetic field is applied either along the streamwise or transverse directions. The simulation is carried out for the range of Reynolds number 10 ≤ Re ≤ 80 with Hartmann number 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 10 and for different Prandtl numbers, Pr = 0.02 (liquid metal), 0.71 (air), and 7 (water) for a blockage ratio β = 0.25. The flow is steady for the above range of conditions. Apart from the channel wall, the magnetic field provides additional stability to the flow as a result of which the recirculation region behind the obstacle reduces with increasing magnetic field strength for a particular Reynolds number. The rate of heat transfer is found almost invariant at low Re whereas it increases slightly for higher Re with the applied magnetic field. The heat transfer increases as usual with the Reynolds number for all Hartmann numbers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21025
Numerical investigation on the flow field of an axial flow fan in a direct air‐cooled condenser for a large power plant
Authors: Zhao Wanli , Qu Qiulin , Li Qiuyan
Published: November 2012

The flow field of an axial fan in a direct air‐cooled condenser for a large power plant is modeled numerically. In order to improve the efficiency of heat exchange of the air‐cooled condenser, methods of increasing the rotational velocity of the fan and laying out the guide blade at the outlet of the fan are adopted. Results show that increasing the rotational velocity of the fan can effectively increase the flux of the fan, and can improve the efficiency of an air‐cooled condenser; laying out the guide blade at the fan outlet can ameliorate the flow field in an A‐flame. This causes the rotational kinetic energy to change into static pressure at the fan outlet, so the ability of the heat exchange of the air‐cooled condenser is improved. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21027
A study on heat transfer in a second‐grade fluid through a porous medium with the modified differential transform method
Authors: Rashidi M.M. , Hayat T. , Keimanesh T. , Yousefian H.
Published: November 2012

This study investigates the boundary‐layer flow and heat transfer characteristics in a second‐grade fluid through a porous medium. The similarity transformation for the governing equations gives a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which are analytically solved by the differential transform method (DTM) and the DTM‐Padé. The DTM‐Padé is a combination of the DTM and the Padé approximant. The convergence analysis elucidates that the DTM does not give accurate results for large values of independent variables. Hence the DTM is not applicable for the solution of boundary‐layer flow problems having boundary conditions at infinity. Comparison between the solutions obtained by the DTM and the DTM‐Padé with numerical solution (fourth‐order Runge–Kutta with shooting method) illustrates that the DTM‐Padé is the most effective method for solving the problems that have boundary conditions at infinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21030
Near‐infrared imaging of breast cancer using optical contrast agents
Authors: Poellinger Alexander
Published: November 2012

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. On the basis of three studies performed by our group, this article reviews the current status of optical breast imaging using extrinsic contrast agents. To date, only two contrast agents have been applied in human studies, indocyanine green (ICG) and omocianine. Both contrast media were used for absorption and fluorescence imaging. Generally speaking, malignant breast lesions exhibited higher absorption contrast as well as higher fluorescence contrast compared to benign lesions or non‐diseased breast tissue. Some groups consider early enhancement characteristics helpful for differentiation between malignant and benign lesions. Late fluorescence ICG imaging – capitalizing on the extravasation of the dye through the wall of tumorous vessels – seems to be a promising technique to distinguish malignant from benign breast lesions. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructure and biocompatibility of composite biomaterials fabricated from titanium and tricalcium phosphate by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Mondal Dibakar , Nguyen Linh , Oh Ik‐Hyun , Lee Byong‐Taek
Published: November 2012

Important issues in developing hydroxyapatite (HAp)‐ and titanium (Ti)‐based composite biomaterials for orthopedic or dental devices include the dissociation of HAp during fabrication and its influences in the microstructure and biocompatibility of the final composite. During the densification by sintering of HAp/Ti composites, Ti reacts with OH freed from HAp to form TiO2 thus dissociated HAp into Ca3(PO4)2, CaO, CaTiO3, TiP, and so forth. To inhibit this reaction, composites were fabricated with Ti and 30, 50, and 70 vol % β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) instead of HAp by spark plasma sintering at 1200°C. It has been observed that after sintering at 1200°C, Ti also reacted with TCP, but unlike HAp/Ti composites, the final TCP/Ti composites contained significant amounts of unreacted TCP and Ti phases. The initial 70 vol % TCP/Ti composite showed compressive strength of 388.5 MPa, Young's modulus of 3.23 GPa, and Vickers hardness of 361.9 HV after sintering. The in vitro cytotoxicity and proliferation of osteoblast cells on the composites surfaces showed that the addition of a higher amount of TCP with Ti was beneficial by increasing cell viability, cell–composite attachment and proliferation. Osteopontin and collagen type II protein expression from osteoblasts cultured onto the 70% TCP–Ti composite was also higher than other composites and pure Ti. In vivo study verified that within 3 months of implantation in an animal body, 70% TCP–Ti had an excellent bone–implant interface compared with a pure Ti metal implant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
MRT Letter: Application of novel “in vivo cryotechnique” in living animal kidneys
Authors: LI Zilong , Li Kai , Wang Juan , Zhai Xiaoyue , Wang Lining , Ohno Nobuhiko , Ohno Shinichi
Published: November 2012

Aim:

To compare the influence of different fixation procedures on morphologic studies in living mice, and to identify the advantages of the “in vivo cryotechnique” (IVCT).

Methods:

We prepared mouse kidneys using four different fixation methods: conventional immersion‐fixation, quick‐freezing following resection of the kidney, quick‐freezing following perfusion‐fixation, and IVCT.

Results:

Kidney glomeruli were noticeably contracted after conventional immersion‐fixation or quick‐freezing following resection compared to glomeruli from tissues preserved by the IVCT. With the IVCT, both albumin and IgG were colocalized exclusively along or within the glomerular capillary loops; however, immunoreactivity of these proteins in the other three methods was clearly detected in the Bowman's space and apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubules. With the IVCT, immunoreactivity of collagen type IV was very weak at the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) until microwave treatment, which increased its immunoreactivity. In contrast, the immunoreactivity was clearly detected at the GBM with or without microwave treatment with quick‐freezing following perfusion‐fixation. With quick‐freezing following perfusion‐fixation, aquaporin‐1 (AQP‐1) was irregularly distributed in a disorganized manner on the brush border and apical cell membrane along the proximal tubules. But AQP‐1 was labeled intensely and regularly along the brush border and apical cell membrane andonly weakly along the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules with the IVCT.

Conclusion:

The IVCT may reliably maintain soluble serum proteins and renal intrinsic proteins such as AQP‐1 in situ and capture transient structures and functional changes in vivo. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiolabeling of two 11C‐labeled formylating agents and their application in the preparation of [11C]benzimidazole
Authors: Schou Magnus , Halldin Christer
Published: November 2012

The radiolabeling of formyl groups with carbon‐11 has so far been awarded little attention in the literature. We report here the preparation of the methyl and trifluoroethyl esters of [11C]formic acid and their use as 11C‐formylating agents in the preparation of [11C]benzimidazole. Methyl‐ethyl and trifluoroethyl [11C]formates were obtained in 36–45% radiochemical yield using a two‐step two‐pot process starting from [11C]carbon dioxide. The analytical radiochemical yield of [11C]benzimidazole using each of these two 11C‐formylating agents exceeded 96%. Given the high yields of the 11C‐formylating agents as well as the high yield of [11C]benzimidazole following their application, we expect these agents to find utility for a wider range of substrates.
Rapid and simple immunochemical screening combined with hand‐shaking extraction for thiamethoxam residue in agricultural products
Authors: Watanabe Eiki , Kobara Yuso , Miyake Shiro
Published: November 2012

Background

With the aim of expanding the applicability of a kit‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, the ELISA was newly applied to three kinds of agricultural samples (green pepper, eggplant and spinach). To offer the ELISA as a screening analysis for thiamethoxam residues, a rapid and simple method of extraction by hand‐shaking was used, and speed‐up and simplification of the sample treatment before the ELISA analysis were examined. Finally, the validity of the ELISA combined with the proposed extraction method was verified against a reference high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using real‐world agricultural samples.

Results

There were no marked matrix effects derived from green pepper and eggplant extracts. On the other hand, although the effect due to a pigment in spinach extract on the assay performance was significant, it was effectively avoided by increasing the dilution level of the spinach extract. For thiamethoxam‐spiked samples, acceptable recoveries of 97.9–109.1% and coefficients of variation of 0.3–11.5% were obtained. Inspection of the validity of the ELISA by comparison with the reference HPLC method showed that the two analytical results were very similar, and a high correlation was found between them (r > 0.997).

Conclusion

The evaluated ELISA combined with hand‐shaking extraction provided a rapid and simple screening analysis that was quantitative and reliable for the detection of thiamethoxam in complex agricultural products.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, and perfluorooctanoic acid in small household electronics appliances of “Prohibition on Certain Hazardous Substances in Consumer Products” instruction using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry with accelerated solvent extraction
Authors: Guo Qiaozhen , Du Zhenxia , Zhang Yun , Lu Xiaoyu , Wang Jinhua , Yu Wenlian
Published: November 2012

Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, and perfluorooctanoic acid in small household electronics appliances by accelerated solvent extraction‐ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry was established. Samples, heated for 5 min, were extracted by toluene/methanol (10:1, v/v) under the pressure 1500 psi at 100°C, and were extracted 3 static cycles with 20 min per cycle. And then 15 mL extractant solvent was used to wash the samples, and at last the sample was purged by nitrogen for 100 s. The partial extractant (10 mL) was concentrated by nitrogen and re‐dissolved with 1 mL methanol/water (1:1, v/v). The three compounds were separated by BEH C18 column effectively in 3 min and detected by electrospray ionization mode mass spectrometry. The linear ranges for bisphenol A, perfluorooctanoic acid, and tetrabromobisphenol A were 1–100, 10–1000 ng/mL, and 0.1–10 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.996. The LOD and limit of quantitation for three compounds were 0.1, 10, 1 ng/mL, and 0.5, 50, 5 ng/mL, respectively. And the recoveries were 84–92, 76–82, and 72–74%, respectively, with RSD < 5%. The method was successfully used in determining the real samples. The method and the result were confirmed by liquid chromatography‐ion trap‐time of flight mass spectrometry.
Host–guest complexes between cryptophane‐C and chloromethanes revisited
Authors: Takacs Z. , Soltesova M. , Kowalewski J. , Lang J. , Brotin T. , Dutasta J.‐P.
Published: November 2012

Cryptophane‐C is composed of two nonequivalent cyclotribenzylene caps, one of which contains methoxy group substituents on the phenyl rings. The two caps are connected by three OCH2CH2O linkers in an anti arrangement. Host–guest complexes of cryptophane‐C with dichloromethane and chloroform in solution were investigated in detail by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Variable temperature proton and carbon‐13 spectra show a variety of dynamic processes, such as guest exchange and host conformational transitions. The guest exchange was studied quantitatively by exchange spectroscopy measurements or by line‐shape analysis. The conformational preferences of the guest‐containing host were interpreted through cross‐relaxation measurements, providing evidence of the gauche+2 and gauche−2 conformations of the linkers. In addition, the mobility of the chloroform guest inside the cavity was studied by carbon‐13 relaxation experiments. Combining different types of evidence led to a detailed picture of molecular recognition, interpreted in terms of conformational selection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of repeat skeletal muscle biopsy: How useful is it?
Authors: Goutman Stephen A. , Prayson Richard A.
Published: November 2012

Introduction: The role of skeletal muscle biopsy is established; however, to our knowledge, no study has systematically evaluated the utility of a repeat biopsy. Methods: This study was a retrospective clinicopathologic review of 66 patients (mean age 38.1 years, 39 men) with at least 1 repeat muscle biopsy obtained between February 1992 and November 2011. Clinical data determined how results of the subsequent biopsy impacted patient management. Results: Repeat biopsy yielded a definitive diagnosis in 16 of 66 patients (24%). In the remaining patients, a repeat study provided clinically useful information or directly answered the clinical question (n = 30, 45%) by excluding a differential consideration (n = 19), supporting treatment continuation (n = 8), prompting treatment change (n = 1), confirming the original diagnosis (n = 1), or establishing a likely diagnosis (n = 1). Conclusion: Repeat muscle biopsy plays a role in the evaluation of patients with suspected myopathy in certain clinical circumstances. Muscle Nerve 47: 835–839, 2013
Sternocleidomastoid ultrasonography data for muscular torticollis in infants
Authors: Hong Bo Young , Ko Young Jin , Kim Joon Sung , Ok Eun Jae , Hwang Youngdeok , Kim Hye Won
Published: November 2012

Introduction: This study was performed to obtain normative ultrasonographic data of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle in infants and to describe an ultrasound method for evaluating muscular torticollis. Methods: The thickness and cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the sternal and clavicular heads of the SCM in 84 subjects were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnostic performance of ultrasonography (US) was estimated using receiver‐operating characteristic analysis. Results: Muscle thickness increased with age until 10 months. There were no significant differences in thickness or CSA between the right and left sides (P > 0.05) in normal subjects. A ratio of the thickness of the affected side to the unaffected side for the sternal head of the SCM muscle of >1.19 showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.9% and specificity of 96.4%. Conclusions: Distinguishing the heads of the SCM muscle and comparing the thickness of the same head on both sides using US may be helpful for evaluating torticollis in infants. Muscle Nerve 000: 000–000, 2013
Nav1.4 slow‐inactivation: Is it a player in the warm‐up phenomenon of myotonic disorders?
Authors: Lossin Christoph
Published: November 2012

Myotonia is a heritable disorder in which patients are unable to willfully relax their muscles. The physiological basis for myotonia lies in well‐established deficiencies of skeletal muscle chloride and sodium conductances. What is unclear is how normal muscle function can temporarily return with repeated movement, the so‐called “warm‐up” phenomenon. Electrophysiological analyses of the skeletal muscle voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.4 (gene name SCN4A), a key player in myotonia, have revealed several parallels between the Nav1.4 biophysical signature, specifically slow‐inactivation, and myotonic warm‐up, which suggest that Nav1.4 is critical not only in producing the myotonic reaction, but also in mediating the warm‐up. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Accuracy assessment of detection performance for sidescan sonars
Authors: Nguyen Paul , Murdoch Duncan
Published: November 2012

Sidescan sonars are used in detecting hostile targets on the seabed. An accurate representation of the sensor performance is required to carefully plan and execute searches. We studied several confidence interval methods for assessing the accuracy of detection performance as a function of range from hostile targets. Using simulation, we determined that the best approach for modeling sensor data was piecewise logistic regression with cubic B‐splines at carefully selected knots. This method was demonstrated on real data collected from the CITADEL sea trial. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012
Stein–Chen approximation and error bounds for order fill rates in assemble‐to‐order systems
Authors: Zhou Wenhui , Chao Xiuli
Published: November 2012

Assemble‐to‐order (ATO) is an important operational strategy for manufacturing firms to achieve quick response to customer orders while keeping low finished good inventories. This strategy has been successfully used not only by manufacturers (e.g., Dell, IBM) but also by retailers (e.g., Amazon.com). The evaluation of order‐based performance is known to be an important but difficult task, and the existing literature has been mainly focused on stochastic comparison to obtain performance bounds. In this article, we develop an extremely simple Stein–Chen approximation as well as its error‐bound for order‐based fill rate for a multiproduct multicomponent ATO system with random leadtimes to replenish components. This approximation gives an expression for order‐based fill rate in terms of component‐based fill rates. The approximation has the property that the higher the component replenishment leadtime variability, the smaller the error bound. The result allows an operations manager to analyze the improvement in order‐based fill rates when the base‐stock level for any component changes. Numerical studies demonstrate that the approximation performs well, especially when the demand processes of different components are highly correlated; when the components have high base‐stock levels; or when the component replenishment leadtimes have high variability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012
The Current Status of Graduate Training in Suicide Risk Assessment
Authors: Liebling‐Boccio Dana E. , Jennings Heather R.
Published: November 2012

Directors and coordinators (n = 75) of graduate programs in school psychology approved by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) were surveyed regarding their training practices in suicide risk assessment. Respondents viewed the assessment of suicide risk as an important part of graduate instruction, and most believed that students completing training at their institutions would be adequately prepared to perform this task. Almost all directors indicated that a portion of class lectures was dedicated to addressing child/adolescent suicide risk assessment, and students were reportedly exposed to this topic in multiple courses, particularly those associated with practicum and internship. Students in doctoral and nondoctoral programs received comparable training and were judged to be equally prepared to perform suicide‐related professional activities in the schools. Gaps in training were revealed involving instruction in the use of quantitative measures of risk, large‐scale suicide prevention efforts, interventions with suicidal youth, and postvention activities.
Predictors of anxiety and depression in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients during protective isolation
Authors: Tecchio Cristina , Bonetto Chiara , Bertani Mariaelena , Cristofalo Doriana , Lasalvia Antonio , Nichele Ilaria , Bonani Anna , Andreini Angelo , Benedetti Fabio , Ruggeri Mirella , Pizzolo Giovanni
Published: November 2012

Objective

To examine in a sample of hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients assessed throughout protective isolation (i) levels of anxiety and depression and (ii) pre‐isolation factors (socio‐demographics, biomedical variables and personality traits), which might predict higher levels of anxiety and depression during isolation.

Methods

The study used a longitudinal prospective design. Anxiety and depression were assessed in 107 participants by the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and Self‐rating Depression Scale at admission and weekly at fixed time points throughout isolation. Among pre‐isolation factors, patients' psychological status was evaluated by the Cognitive Behavioral Assessment (2.0). Predictors were explored by random‐effects models.

Results

One‐tenth of the patients suffered from clinically significant anxiety and depressive symptoms at admission. Although the percentage of depressed patients increased more than twofold after 2 weeks of isolation, that of anxious patients did not significantly change over time. Female gender, higher anxiety and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, intratensive personality traits and lower performance status predicted higher depression during isolation.

Conclusions

Anxiety and depression represent a relevant problem for hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients during isolation. Early detection of predictors, such as anxiety levels, obsessive–compulsive symptoms and performance status, could help prevent depression via targeted psychological intervention. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body image in recently diagnosed young women with early breast cancer
Authors: Rosenberg Shoshana M. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Gelber Shari , Ruddy Kathryn J. , Kereakoglow Sandra , Borges Virginia F. , Come Steven E. , Schapira Lidia , Winer Eric P. , Partridge Ann H.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To assess body image concerns among young women following a breast cancer diagnosis.

Methods

A total of 419 women with recently diagnosed stage 0–III breast cancer were surveyed following enrollment as part of a prospective cohort study of women age 40 or younger at diagnosis. Body image was assessed using three items from the psycho‐social scale of the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System (CARES). CARES scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicative of greater image concerns. Mean CARES scores were calculated and compared between treatment groups using t‐tests and analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression models were fit to evaluate the relationship between physical and psychological factors and body image.

Results

Mean time from diagnosis to completion of the baseline survey was 5.2 months. The mean CARES score for all women was 1.28. Mean CARES scores in the mastectomy‐only group (1.87) and in the mastectomy with reconstruction group (1.52) were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) compared with the scores in the lumpectomy group (0.85), indicating that radical surgery was associated with more body image concerns. Radiation (p = 0.01), anxiety (p = 0.0001), depression (p < 0.0001), fatigue (p = 0.04), musculoskeletal pain symptoms (p < 0.0001), weight gain (p = 0.01), and weight loss (p = 0.02), in addition to surgery type (p < 0.0001), were all associated with more body image concerns in the multi‐variable analysis.

Conclusion

This analysis highlights the impact of treatment, along with physical and psychological factors, on body image early in the survivorship period. Our findings provide targets for potential future intervention and may aid young women in the surgical decision‐making process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elaborate Design Strategies Toward Novel Microcarriers for Controlled Encapsulation and Release
Authors: Shim Tae Soup , Kim Shin‐Hyun , Yang Seung‐Man
Published: November 2012

Microencapsulation and the controlled release of bioactive agents have long been investigated and exploited to both improve the fundamental understanding of cell functionality and to develop efficient delivery vehicles for drugs, nutrients, and cosmetics. Conventional approaches to the synthesis of particles and capsules for practical applications have achieved only limited control over particle size, shape, functionality, and encapsulation efficiency. To overcome such limitations, a variety of approaches have been developed. Recent advances in microfluidics and other techniques have inspired the design of new microcarriers that efficiently encapsulate bioactive agents to enable the on‐demand release or functionalization of encapsulants. Here, the current state of the art in the area of elaborate design strategies for microcarriers that enable efficient encapsulation and controlled release for biological applications is described. This is discussed in three sections, which are categorized by microcarrier type: particle‐type carriers, capsule‐type carriers, and foldable microcarriers. In each section, new routes to fabricating microcarriers are discussed together with their functionalities; techniques based on droplet microfluidics, lithography, micromolding, and imprinting are covered. In addition, the synthetic routes and the microcarriers are evaluated by comparison with alternative routes. Finally, future perspectives for these new strategies are outlined briefly.
Selection of a fungal isolate for the control of the pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Authors: Ibarra‐Cortés Karla H , Guzmán‐Franco Ariel W , González‐Hernández Héctor , Suarez‐Espinosa Javier , Baverstock Jason
Published: November 2012

Background

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green is a widely distributed pest of numerous crops. Although synthetic pesticides are used to control this pest, entomopathogenic fungi may provide an alternative control mechanism. Three experiments were carried out to select a fungal isolate with the potential to be used as a microbial control agent. The in vitro growth of five isolates of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato (Bals.) Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metschn.) Sorokín, along with three isolates of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W. Gams and Isaria fumosoroseus (Wize), was assessed at four temperatures. The in vivo sporulation of eight selected isolates was then evaluated, followed by the susceptibility of third‐instar M. hirsutus to a single dose (1 × 108 conidia mL−1) of each of these isolates.

Results

Growth was greatest by isolates of I. fumosoroseus and L. lecanii at 15 and 20 °C and by isolates of M. anisopliae at 25 and 30 °C. In vivo conidium production was greatest when infected with B. bassiana isolate GHA and M. anisopliae isolate Ma65. Mortality was greatest when inoculated with M. anisopliae isolates Ma65 and Ma129.

Conclusion

Isolate Ma65 shows the best potential to be developed as a microbial control agent for M. hirsutus.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Stanford R. Ovshinsky (1922–2012)
Authors: Kolobov Alexander V.
Published: November 2012

The October 2012 issue of physica status solidi (b) was dedicated to the 90th birthday of Stanford Robert Ovshinsky. After the publication of the online version of the special issue , sad news came: on 17 October 2012, Stan Ovshinsky passed away, a month short of his 90th anniversary.
Emerging viral diseases in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Moal Valérie , Zandotti Christine , Colson Philippe
Published: November 2012

Viruses are the most important cause of infections and a major source of mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients (KTRs). These patients may acquire viral infections through exogenous routes including community exposure, donor organs, and blood products or by endogenous reactivation of latent viruses. Beside major opportunistic infections due to CMV and EBV and viral hepatitis B and C, several viral diseases have recently emerged in KTRs. New medical practices or technologies, implementation of new diagnostic tools, and improved medical information have contributed to the emergence of these viral diseases in this special population.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on emerging viral diseases and newly discovered viruses in KTRs over the last two decades. We identified viruses in the field of KT that had shown the greatest increase in numbers of citations in the NCBI PubMed database. BKV was the most cited in the literature and linked to an emerging disease that represents a great clinical concern in KTRs. HHV‐8, PVB19, WNV, JCV, H1N1 influenza virus A, HEV, and GB virus were the main other emerging viruses. Excluding HHV8, newly discovered viruses have been infrequently linked to clinical diseases in KTRs. Nonetheless, pathogenicity can emerge long after the discovery of the causative agent, as has been the case for BKV. Overall, antiviral treatments are very limited, and reducing immunosuppressive therapy remains the cornerstone of management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a surrogate marker: validity and efficiency
Authors: Qu Yongming
Published: November 2012

Statistical validation of a surrogate endpoint or surrogate marker has been studied for three decades. However, there is still no consensus on how to evaluate surrogate endpoints or surrogate markers. There is much confusion on which method should be used for the evaluation of a surrogate endpoint or surrogate marker. In this article, we clarify the statistical definitions of the surrogate endpoint and surrogate marker and introduce the concept of the validity and efficiency of a surrogate marker. We suggest the proportion of information gain can be used to evaluate the validity of a surrogate marker. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Promote Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells via Up‐Regulation of the Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Meng Li , Chen Rui , Jiang Aihua , Wang Liming , Wang Peng , Li Chen‐zhong , Bai Ru , Zhao Yuliang , Autrup Herman , Chen Chunying
Published: November 2012

Numerous unique properties of carbon nanotubes make them attractive for applications in neurobiology such as drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and as scaffolds for neuronal growth. In this study, the critical roles of the length of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a neuronal‐like model cell line PC12 cells are investiaged. Incubation of PC12 cells with carboxylated MWCNTs did not significantly affect cellular morphology and viability at lower concentrations. Short MWCNTs show higher cellular uptake and more obvious removal compared to longer ones, which can result in higher ability to promote PC12 cell differentiation. Pre‐incubation of short MWCNTs can up‐regulate the expression of neurotrophin signaling pathway‐associated TrkA/p75 receptors and Pincher/Gap43/TH proteins, which might be the underlying mechanism for the improved differentiation in PC12 cells. The current results provide insight for future applications of MWCNTs in neuron drug delivery and neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Tie2+ Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells Regulate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Regeneration Following Radiation Injury
Authors: Doan Phuong L. , Russell J. Lauren , Himburg Heather A. , Helms Katherine , Harris Jeffrey R. , Lucas Joseph , Holshausen Kirsten C. , Meadows Sarah K. , Daher Pamela , Jeffords Laura B. , Chao Nelson J. , Kirsch David G. , Chute John P.
Published: November 2012

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in proximity to bone marrow endothelial cells (BM ECs) and maintenance of the HSC pool is dependent upon EC-mediated c-kit signaling. Here, we used genetic models to determine whether radioprotection of BM ECs could facilitate hematopoietic regeneration following radiation-induced myelosuppression. We developed mice bearing deletion of the proapoptotic proteins, BAK and BAX, in Tie2+ ECs and HSCs (Tie2Bak/BaxFl/− mice) and compared their hematopoietic recovery following total body irradiation (TBI) with mice which retained Bax in Tie2+ cells. Mice bearing deletion of Bak and Bax in Tie2+ cells demonstrated protection of BM HSCs, preserved BM vasculature, and 100% survival following lethal dose TBI. In contrast, mice that retained Bax expression in Tie2+ cells demonstrated depletion of BM HSCs, disrupted BM vasculature, and 10% survival post-TBI. In a complementary study, VEcadherinBak/BaxFl/− mice, which lack Bak and Bax in VEcadherin+ ECs, also demonstrated increased recovery of BM stem/progenitor cells following TBI compared to mice which retained Bax in VEcadherin+ ECs. Importantly, chimeric mice that lacked Bak and Bax in HSCs but retained Bak and Bax in BM ECs displayed significantly decreased HSC content and survival following TBI compared to mice lacking Bak and Bax in both HSCs and BM ECs. These data suggest that the hematopoietic response to ionizing radiation is dependent upon HSC-autonomous responses but is regulated by BM EC-mediated mechanisms. Therefore, BM ECs may be therapeutically targeted as a means to augment hematopoietic reconstitution following myelosuppression.
Electrical properties of hydrocarbon‐derived electrolytes for supercapacitors
Authors: Noorden Zulkarnain A. , Sugawara Sougoro , Matsumoto Satoshi
Published: November 2012

The paper evaluates the essential electrical properties—capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR)—of hydrocarbon‐derived electrolytes for supercapacitors using galvanostatic, constant resistance charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and AC impedance measurements. The electrolytes were systematically prepared from six hydrocarbon‐derived compounds, which have different carbon chains and functional groups, with the treatment of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Both electrical properties seem to be in conformity throughout these measurements, with the longer main carbon chain compounds giving higher capacitance and lower ESR values. Comparison between these electrolytes and the typically used aqueous solutions in supercapacitor research—1M H2SO4, 5M potassium hydroxide, and 5M sodium hydroxide—showed that the produced electrolytes give the highest capacitance value up to 30 times more than that of typical aqueous solutions. It is believed that with further treatment these hydrocarbon‐derived electrolytes can potentially be used in supercapacitors as better performing electrolytes than aqueous solutions and at a relatively low cost compared to organic solutions. IEEJ Trans 2011 DOI: 10.1002/tee.21802
Recognizing the ID of modulated LED tube lights by using camera motion blur
Authors: Li Chang , Iwai Daisuke , Sato Kosuke
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we present an image‐based ID recognition method for ID‐modulated light‐emitting diode (LED) tube lights by using the motion blur captured by a moving camera. This method is applied to a novel camera‐based indoor positioning system, which can provide exact location for mobile users. In this system, high‐intensity LED tubes are used concurrently as the illumination devices and optical markers. The flashing of each LED lamp is modulated, and the entire tube expresses an ID message, which can be captured by a normal camera installed in a mobile terminal. The flashing occurs at a high frequency and without degrading the illumination function. However, when the exposure time of the camera is longer than the flicker period of the LED lamps, it is difficult to capture the ID pattern. We propose a method that uses motion blur to overcome this limitation. During the period of exposure, if the user manually shakes the camera in the proper direction, a streaked pattern is developed on the captured image frame, which can be used for retrieving an ID number. Moreover, we can also obtain position estimation of the terminal from motion‐blurred images. Experimental results show that with careful operation it is feasible to recognize the ID of LED tubes successfully. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A starting method of the harmonic current compensator using a hybrid active filter for wind power generation systems with soft starters
Authors: Yamada Hiroaki , Hiraki Eiji , Tanaka Toshihiko
Published: November 2012

This paper proposes a starting method of the harmonic current compensator using a hybrid active filter for wind power generation systems. The active filter (AF) in the proposed method of the hybrid power filter behaves as a resistor and reactive power compensator to suppress the inrush current and leading currents for the passive filter (PF) under the starting condition. The basic principle of the proposed starting method is discussed, and then confirmed by digital computer simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed starting method can overcome the inrush and leading currents for the PF, building up the DC capacitor voltage of the AF. IEEJ Trans 2011 DOI: 10.1002/tee.21815
Experience With Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in a Developing Country: Impact of Tracheostomy
Authors: Orji Foster Tochukwu , Okorafor Ijeoma A. , Akpeh James O.
Published: November 2012

Background

The frequent relapses of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) sometimes demand repeated surgical excision with tracheostomy. This situation plays a vital role in the management of RRP in developing countries such as ours because of late presentation. This study was conducted to evaluate our experience with RRP and to determine the incidence and impact of tracheostomy in the overall management and outcomes of our patients.

Methods

The records of 59 patients with histologically confirmed RRP treated between 1994 and 2008 at our tertiary institution were reviewed. We collected data such as age at onset, tracheostomy frequency and duration, number of required surgical excisions, papilloma spread to the lower airways. Patients’ characteristics and the course of the disease were compared between a juvenile‐onset papillomatosis (JoRRP) group and an adult‐onset group (AdRRP).

Results

Overall, 68 % of our patients were in the JoRRP group (ages 2–11 years, mean 6 years). The other 32 % were 22–58 years of age (AdRRP group). Two cases of JoRRP continued into adult life. Multiple RRP dominated in the JoRRP group (93 %), whereas solitary papillomas predominated in the AdRRP group (63 %). Tracheostomy was performed because of upper airway obstruction in 42 % of our patients, with children accounting for 72 %. The mean duration of tracheostomy was 3.5 months, with 80 % lasting <4 months. Significantly more JoRRP patients had severe upper airway obstruction, required tracheostomy, and underwent multiple surgical excisions (p = 0.04, 0.02, and 0.009, respectively). Tracheobronchial spread occurred in a patient with prolonged tracheostomy.

Conclusions

Multiple laryngeal papillomatosis clearly followed a more severe and less predictable course than the solitary type in both groups. Although there was a high incidence of tracheostomy in this study, short‐duration tracheostomies accounted for the low incidence of extralaryngeal spread.
A Novel Gaussian Extrapolation Approach for 2D Gel Electrophoresis Saturated Protein Spots
Authors: Natale Massimo , Caiazzo Alfonso , Bucci Enrico M. , Ficarra Elisa
Published: November 2012

Analysis of images obtained from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) is a topic of utmost importance in bioinformatics research, since commercial and academic software available currently has proven to be neither completely effective nor fully automatic, often requiring manual revision and refinement of computer generated matches. In this work, we present an effective technique for the detection and the reconstruction of over-saturated protein spots. Firstly, the algorithm reveals overexposed areas, where spots may be truncated, and plateau regions caused by smeared and overlapping spots. Next, it reconstructs the correct distribution of pixel values in these overexposed areas and plateau regions, using a two-dimensional least-squares fitting based on a generalized Gaussian distribution. Pixel correction in saturated and smeared spots allows more accurate quantification, providing more reliable image analysis results. The method is validated for processing highly exposed 2D-GE images, comparing reconstructed spots with the corresponding non-saturated image, demonstrating that the algorithm enables correct spot quantification.
Are all experiences of fit created equal? Two paths to persuasion
Authors: Avnet Tamar , Laufer Daniel , Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2012

Regulatory fit influences the effectiveness of persuasion through two paths: 1) a “feeling right” as “feeling good about the target” effect where feeling right is a positive feeling that transfers positivity directly to the target, similar to “feelings as information” or fluency effects, and 2) a “feeling right” as “feeling confident about the evaluation” effect where feeling right is feeling confident about one's evaluative judgments of the target that increases reliance on those evaluations. We propose that the involvement with an attitude‐related issue in a persuasion message is one key factor that determines when each effect will occur. Five studies demonstrate that under high involvement, fit increased reliance on evaluative reactions to the target, making a target of a positive advocacy message evaluated as more positive and a target of a negative advocacy message evaluated as more negative; and under low involvement, fit increased the positivity of feelings toward the target regardless of the valence of the message advocacy, making the evaluation of the target more positive for either a positive or negative advocacy message.
Malleable conjoint partworths: How the breadth of response scales alters price sensitivity
Authors: Chakravarti Amitav , Grenville Andrew , Morwitz Vicki G. , Tang Jane , Ülkümen Gülden
Published: November 2012

In one laboratory study and one field study conducted with a large, representative sample of respondents, we show that seemingly innocuous questions that precede a conjoint task, such as demographic and usage‐related screening questions can alter the price sensitivities recovered from the main conjoint task. The findings demonstrate that whether these prior questions use broad response categories (i.e., few scale points) or narrow response categories (i.e., many scale points) systematically influences consumers' price sensitivity in a CBC (Choice Based Conjoint) study. We suggest that this may occur because the narrow (vs. broad) response categories in the prior questions lead to consideration of a greater (vs. fewer) number of attributes during the key conjoint task. Since both groups of consumers readily consider the naturally salient price attribute, responding to previous questions with narrow (vs. broad) response categories leads to a greater (vs. fewer) number of non‐price attributes being considered, and consequently, decrease the weight afforded to price and reduce price sensitivity.