bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Losing the Battle for Balanced Bilingualism
Authors: Schiffman Harold
Published: December 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der verlorene Kampf um zweisprachiges Gleichgewicht bei den Deutschen in Amerika
Diese Studie vergleicht die sprachliche Assimilierung von zwei verschiedenen Konfessionen deutsch-amerikanischer Kirchen, der Evangelischen Synode des Westens (später Teil der Evangelisch-Reformierten Kirche) und der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode von Missouri und anderen Staaten, heute allgemein bekannt als die "Missouri Lutheran Church."
Trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen theologischen Ausrichtungen hatten diese beiden Körperschaften zunächst der Anglisierung gegenüber eine åhnliche Sprachhaltung eingenommen, im Laufe der Zeit war es jedoch die LCMS (Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod), die der Anglisierung aufgrund ihrer Betonung der theologischen Unverfälschtheit stärker widerstand. Doch nach 1882, als die deutsche Einwanderung das Hoch überschritten hatte und der Zustrom neuer Mitglieder abzunehmen begann, stellten beide Kirchen fest, daB ihre jüngeren, in Amerika geborenen Mitglieder allmählich anglisiert wurden, sodaB die Forderung nach englischsprachigen Gottesdiensten sich deutlicher bemerkbar machte. Beide Konfessionen unterhielten deutschsprachige Gemeindeschulen. Als Folge einer Fehlauffassung vom Wesen der Zweisprachigkeit glaubten sie jedoch, daB der Gebrauch von Englisch als Unterrichtssprache in den Säkularfachern der Erhaltung der deutschen Sprache so lange nicht abträglich sein würde, wie "religiose" Fächer weiter auf Deutsch unterrichtet würden.
Die Sprachpolitik dieser Kirchen und dabei ihrer Schulen war versteckt auf Angleichung ausgerichtet, indem die Säkularfacher auf Englisch angeboten wurden und folglich Kinder daraus hervorgingen, die nicht mehr zweisprachig waren mit deutscher Sprachdominanz, sondern bei denen Englisch jetzt sprachdominant wurde.
RESUMO
La malvenka batalo por dulingva ekvilibro ce la germanaj usonanoj
La anglalingvigo de du gravaj uson-germanaj protestantismaj konfesioj interese kontrastas. Malgraü siaj teologiaj malsimiloj, la du eklezioj komence sekvis similajn politikojn pri la angla lingvo, sed poste la Missouri-eklezio, pro sia teologia puremo, pli forte ol la Evangelia Sinodo rezistis la anglalingvigon. Post 1882, tamen, kiam la germana migrado al Usono preterpasis sian pinton kaj la enfluo de novaj anoj ekfalis, ambaü eklezioj rimarkis kreskantajn anglalingvigon ce siaj usone naskitaj anoj kaj postulojn je anglalingvaj ritoj. Ambaü eklezioj funkciigis germanlingvajn lernejojn, sed miskredis ke tiuj lernejoj povas instrui la "laikajn" fakojn anglalingve (kaj nur la "religiajn" fakojn germane) sen dangero al la plua vigleco de la germana. Tiu instrua praktiko estis, tamen, kasa relingvigilo: gi produktis ne germanpreferajn sed anglapreferajn kaj nur provizorajn dulingvulojn.
Language Policy and Language Power
Authors: Rogers Rosemarie
Published: December 2010

Lingua politiko kaj lingua potenco: Publikigajoj en Souet-Unio
Malgraŭ lingva diversegeco kaj aliaj kondiĉoj malhelpaj al la egaleco de lingvoj, la politiko de Sovet-Unio oficiale egalecas. Ĉu tiu politiko vere celas aŭ povas egaligi ciujn lingvojn estas tamen disputaĵo. Mi analizas unu atestajon pri la principoj kaj rezultoj de la lingva politiko: librojn, ĵurnalojn kaj gazetojn publikigitajn en la sovetaj lingvoj inter 1959 kaj la 1980oj. Mi hipotezas ke la lingvoj publikigaĵe mal egalas; ke lingvaj, politikaj kaj ekonomiaj malsamoj inter la lingvoj kaj inter ties uzantoj klarigas grandparte la malegalojn; kaj ke la malegaleco kreskas. Mi provas tiujn hipotezojn per sovetaj publikigaĵaj kaj demografiaj statistikoj.
Oni uzas pli ol 70 (t.e. preskaŭ ĉiujn skribeblajn) sovetajn lingvojn ĉe libra, libreta, jurnala kaj gazeta publikigado. Malmultaj lingvoj havas gazetojn sen havi jurnalojn kaj neniu havas jurnalojn sen havi librojn. Laŭ statistika analizo, ju pli altrangas politike (t.e., teritori-administre) nacia grupo, des pli oni publikigas per ĝia lingvo. Tio validas por publikigajaj speeoj, por la elektebleco de publikigaĵoj (la kiomo de titoloj) kaj por la kvanto de publikigaĵoj (la hompoa kiomo de ekzempleroj). Laŭ ĉiuj tiuj mezuroj la rusa lingvo unike fortas kaj la dek-kvar aliaj lingvoj de la uniaj respublikoj multe superas la ceterajn. Tiuj malsamecoj kreskas. Laŭ multopa regresanalizo, se oni konstantigas la politikan rangon ankaû la grandeco de la lingvanaro grave helpas prognozi la uzatecon de lingvoĉe publikigaĵoj. Kromaj prognoziloj por la malplej uzataj lingvoj estas la edukitecoj kaj la ruslingvaj sciantecoj de la respektivaj lingvanaroj. Tiuj fenomenoj influas la postulatecojn de diverslingvaj publikigaĵoj, pro kio iuj lingvoj servas pli ekonomie ol aliaj kiel publikigiloj. La soveta lingva politiko ne nuligas la rezultajn malegalecojn.
One Nation, Four Hundred Languages
Authors: Akinnaso F. Niyi
Published: December 2010

SOMMAIRE
Une nation, quatre-cents idiomes: Unité et diversité dans la politique linguistique du Nigéria
Cet article traite des politiques linguistiques du Nigéria, de leurs objectifs contradic-toires, de leurs motivations et de leurs orientations idéologiques. Ces conflits s'expliquent en fonction du deVeloppement socio-historique de la nation, de son paysage ethnolinguis-tique complexe et de l'incompatibilité des exigences "nationalistes" et "nationistes," le pays essayant de maintenir un pluralisme linguistique et culturel tout en préconisant l'unification linguistique et l'intégration nationale. On indique que les constatations faites au Nigéria révèlent certaines tendances qui se répètent de facon identique dans d'autres pays du Tiers Monde.
À RÒKO YÍ NÍ SÒKÍ
OrÍlè èdè kan, irinwo èdè: lrépo ati aìsepò tí 6 wa nínu ìlana èdè lilò ní orílè èdè Naìjíría
Aroko yí ni abayorí ìwaadí lorí ìlana tí ìjoba orílè èdè Naìjíría gbe kalè lorí èlò oníruuru èdè tí ó wa ní ìgbèríko rè. A rí ì wípe òtòòtò ní ìpínlèsè awon ìlana naa; won kò sì korí sí ibìkan naa rara. Iwaadí tun fi í han wípé ìkòyìnsíra awon ìlana wonyíí kò saì ní í se pèlu ìtan ìdagbasókè orílè èdè Naìjíría, oníruuru èdè tí ó wa nínu orílè èdè naa, ati ìyanju tí ìjoba ngba lati so orílè èdè naa pò labé èdè kan bí ó ti nse akitiyan láti fúun awon orísirísi èdè tí 6 wa ní ètó ati ìtóju tí ò ye. Ìsòro míran tun wa pèlú: òtò ni èdè tiwa-n-tiwa, òtò ni èdè tí 6 wúlò gidi fun akóso orílè èdè ati èkó kíkó ní ilé ìwé. Ní ìparí, ìwaadí yí fí ye wa wípe ohun tí 6 nselè ní orílè èdè Naìjíríà k6 yatò pupò sí ìrírí awon orílè èdè tí 6 sèsè ndagba s'ókè.
RESUMO
Unu nacio, kvarcent lingvoj: Unueco kaj diverseco en la lingvopolitiko de Nigerio
La artikolo ekzamenas la lingvajn politikojn de Nigerio laǔ iliaj kontraǔaj celoj, ideolo-gial motivigoj kaj orientiĝoj. Gi klarigas iliajn kontraǔdirojn en la kunteksto de la soci-historia evoluo de la nacio, ĝia komplika etnolingva pejzaĝo, la konfliktaj postuloj de "naciismo" kaj "nacio-ismo" kaj la klopodo konservi lingvan kaj kulturan pluralismon dum oni samtempe apogas lingvan unuiĝon kaj nacian integriĝon. La aǔtoro argumentas, ke la konkludoj el Nigerio malkasas certajn tendencojn, kiuj reaperas en aliaj Triamondaj landoj.
Tracing Mexican Spanish /s/:
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: December 2010

RESUMEN
Orígenes de la /s/ del Español Mexicano. Una Sección Transversal de la Historia
Una de las características más notables del espanol mexicano contemporáneo es la extraordinaria resistencia de la /s/ final de sílaba y palabra a los procesos de reducción fonética. En los estudios dialectológicos, esta pronunciación se atribuye comúnmente a los efectos lingüísticos conservadores de la capital virreinal; la retención de la /s/ tambén se atribuye a una emigración peninsular en la que los nativos de Castilla gozaban de una prominencia demográfica. Tampoco se excluye la contribución de las lenguas indígenas; la teoría más conocida postula que el substrato náhuatl reemplazba toda /s/ del español por la sibilante africada /ts/. El presente trabajo postula una trayectoria algo diferente, al detectar indicios de una /s/ reducida repartidos por toda la extension territorial mexicana, en las areas rurales entre los sociolectos inferiores. En efecto, se plantea la hipotésis de que la /s/ final en México de las áreas urbanas, y sobre todo de la zona capitalina, haya sufrido dos efectos que atrasaban o bien invertían la erosión fonética tan repartida en Hispanoamérica. El primero es la reacción conservadora que provenía de la Ciudad de México, convertida desde muy temprano en la concentración urbana más grande e imponente en toda América Latina. Al mismo tiempo, se reconoce una participación de la población bilingüe náhuatl-español, mediante la reintroducción, al léxico español, de préstamos anteriores que ya retenían una [s] sibilante.
RESUMO
La origino de /s/ en la meksika hispana: transversa sekco de la historio
Evidenta trajto de la meksika hispana lingvo estas la nepra konservo de /s/ fine de silabo aŭ vorto, kontraste al la malforta aŭ malaperinta prononco observebla en la kariba kaj aliaj latinamerikaj regionoj samkiel en suda Hispanio. Oni ofte supozas la kaŭzon en kombino de fonetika konservemo spronita de la proksimeco al la vicreĝa ĉefurbo kaj superrego de enmigrintoj el /s/-konservaj regionoj de Hispanio. Kelkfoje oni proponis influon de la nahuatla lingvo, tiel ke la nahuatla anstataŭigis la fruan hispanan /s/ per afrikata /tV. Ci tiu artikolo studas faktojn el la malcentraj regionoj de Meksikio kaj sugestas, ke la nuntempa konservo de la fina /s/ estas tipa nur por la urboj, de kie gi iom post iom disvastiĝis al la kamparo kaj al malpli altaj sociolektoj. Gi hipotezas, ke la hispana fina /s/ iam estis multe pli malfortigita en tuta Meksikio. En Meksikurbo, konservema malprogreso subtenis la partan reinstalon de la sibla [s]. Estas ankaú tezate pri nerekta nahuatla influo, nome en fruaj hispanaj pruntvortoj, kiuj konservis la siblan [s]. Kiam la kontakto inter la nahuatla kaj la hispana plivastigis, tiuj fruaj pruntaĵoj estis repruntitaj en la regionajn variaĵojn de la hispana, subtenante kaj eĉ refortigante la siblan prononcon.
Afro-Mestizo Speech from Costa Chica, Guerrero
Authors: Althoff Daniel
Published: December 2010

RESUMEN
El espanol afromestizo de Costa Chica, Guerrero: De Cuaji a Cuijla
La presencia africana en México se remonta al inicio de la conquista espanola, aunque anos más tarde los esclavos africanos llegaron a ser importados en numerosas cantidades para servir en distintas actividades y regiones del país. Mientras que la mayoría de los descendientes se asimiló a la población mexicana mayoritaria, algunos mantienen todavía su comunidad en el municipio de Cuajinicuilapa y la Costa Chica del estado de Guerrero. Este artículo trata del origen de los afromexicanos de Costa Chica. Compara además los elementos del habla regional recogidos por Aguirre Beltrán en su obra de 1958 titulada Cuijla con datos recogidos in situ en 1991-1992. Se presenta un análisis de los rasgos más sobresalientes de la comunidad y se anotan semejanzas, actualmente decadentes, con el habla africanoide atestiguada histôricamente en México y todavia corriente en otros países hispanohablantes. Se concluye que la introducciôn exitosa de la education pública acoplada con la ubicuidad de los medios masivos de comunicaciôn han reducido o eliminado las características del habla más distintivamente regionales. Se concluye que el pueblo guerrerense de casi 25,000 habitantes muestra una marcada tendencia a la nivelaciôn lingüística que se observa en comunidades de mayor tamano, aunque se documentan numerosos casos de ultracorrecciôn. Se recogen también impresiones personales y actitudes linguisticas de los sujetos informates. Del habla africanoide original solamente quedan vestigios y memorias que estân destinados a desaparecer.
RESUMO
La lingvaĵo de la afrikanidoj en Costa Chica en Guerrero: de Cuaji al Cuijla
Afrikanoj alvenis al Meksikio per la hispana konkero kaj estis de tiam alportitaj grandnombre por labori kiel sklavoj en diversaj partoj de la lando. Dum la plej multaj el iliaj idoj sorbigis en la generalan meksikan logantaron, en la distrikto Cuajinicuilapa kaj la Costa Chica en Guerrero, iuj ankoraû estas facile identigeblaj kiel aparta etno. Ci tiu artikoio priskribas la historion de la afrikanoj en Meksikio kaj la Costa Chica kaj komparas trajtojn de la regiona lingvajo priskribitajn'en la libro Cuijla de Aguirre Beltrán de 1958 kun faktoj observitaj surloke en 1991-1992. Estas notitaj la nuntempe forfadantaj similecoj kun historie dokumentita afrikecigita lingvajo en Meksikio, kiuj parte ankoraû ekzistas en aliaj hispanlingvaj landoj. Konklude la aûtoro konstatas, ke la sukcesa enkonduko de publika edukado kune kun la ciea ceesto de la amaskomunikiloj reduktis au forigis la pli evidentajn regionajn trajtojn de la lingvajo.
Chloride currents from the transverse tubular system in adult mammalian skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: DiFranco Marino , Herrera Alvaro , Vergara Julio L.
Published: December 2010

Chloride fluxes are the main contributors to the resting conductance of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. ClC-1, the most abundant chloride channel isoform in this preparation, is believed to be responsible for this conductance. However, the actual distribution of ClC-1 channels between the surface and transverse tubular system (TTS) membranes has not been assessed in intact muscle fibers. To investigate this issue, we voltageclamped enzymatically dissociated short fibers using a two-microelectrode configuration and simultaneously recorded chloride currents (ICl) and di-8-ANEPPS fluorescence signals to assess membrane potential changes in the TTS. Experiments were conducted in conditions that blocked all but the chloride conductance. Fibers were equilibrated with 40 or 70 mM intracellular chloride to enhance the magnitude of inward ICl, and the specific ClC-1 blocker 9-ACA was used to eliminate these currents whenever necessary. Voltage-dependent di-8-ANEPPS signals and ICl acquired before (control) and after the addition of 9-ACA were comparatively assessed. Early after the onset of stimulus pulses, di-8-ANEPPS signals under control conditions were smaller than those recorded in the presence of 9-ACA. We defined as attenuation the normalized time-dependent difference between these signals. Attenuation was discovered to be ICl dependent since its magnitude varied in close correlation with the amplitude and time course of ICl. While the properties of ICl, and those of the attenuation seen in optical records, could be simultaneously predicted by model simulations when the chloride permeability (PCl) at the surface and TTS membranes were approximately equal, the model failed to explain the optical data if PCl was precluded from the TTS membranes. Since the ratio between the areas of TTS membranes and the sarcolemma is large in mammalian muscle fibers, our results demonstrate that a significant fraction of the experimentally recorded ICl arises from TTS contributions.
Specificity of cholesterol and analogs to modulate BK channels points to direct sterol–channel protein interactions
Authors: Bukiya Anna N. , Belani Jitendra D. , Rychnovsky Scott , Dopico Alex M.
Published: December 2010

The activity (Po) of large-conductance voltage/Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels is blunted by cholesterol levels within the range found in natural membranes. We probed BK channel–forming α (cbv1) subunits in phospholipid bilayers with cholesterol and related monohydroxysterols and performed computational dynamics to pinpoint the structural requirements for monohydroxysterols to reduce BK Po and obtain insights into cholesterol’s mechanism of action. Cholesterol, cholestanol, and coprostanol reduced Po by shortening mean open and lengthening mean closed times, whereas epicholesterol, epicholestanol, epicoprostanol, and cholesterol trisnorcholenic acid were ineffective. Thus, channel inhibition by monohydroxysterols requires the β configuration of the C3 hydroxyl and is favored by the hydrophobic nature of the side chain, while having lax requirements on the sterol A/B ring fusion. Destabilization of BK channel open state(s) has been previously interpreted as reflecting increased bilayer lateral stress by cholesterol. Lateral stress is controlled by the sterol molecular area and lipid monolayer lateral tension, the latter being related to the sterol ability to adopt a planar conformation in lipid media. However, we found that the differential efficacies of monohydroxysterols to reduce Po (cholesterol≥coprostanol≥cholestanol>>>epicholesterol) did not follow molecular area rank (coprostanol>>epicholesterol>cholesterol>cholestanol). In addition, computationally predicted energies for cholesterol (effective BK inhibitor) and epicholesterol (ineffective) to adopt a planar conformation were similar. Finally, cholesterol and coprostanol reduced Po, yet these sterols have opposite effects on tight lipid packing and, likely, on lateral stress. Collectively, these findings suggest that an increase in bilayer lateral stress is unlikely to underlie the differential ability of cholesterol and related steroids to inhibit BK channels. Remarkably, ent-cholesterol (cholesterol mirror image) failed to reduce Po, indicating that cholesterol efficacy requires sterol stereospecific recognition by a protein surface. The BK channel phenotype resembled that of α homotetramers. Thus, we hypothesize that a cholesterol-recognizing protein surface resides at the BK α subunit itself.
Proteomic analysis of myocardial tissue from the border zone during early stage post‐infarct remodelling in rats
Authors: Xiang Fei , Shi Zhonghua , Guo Xuejiang , Qiu Zhibing , Chen Xujun , Huang Fuhua , Sha Jiahao , Chen Xin
Published: December 2010

Aims

Long‐term outcome of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) largely depends on the extent of post‐infarct remodelling. To explore the molecular mechanism of remodelling, comparative proteomic analysis was undertaken to identify differential myocardial proteome profiles expressed in the border zone of the post‐MI heart.

Methods and results

Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry were used to identify the differential protein profiles expressed in the border zone at specific time points (Days 0, 1, 4, and 10 post‐infarction) in a permanent rat MI model. We identified 96 differential protein spots, corresponding to 69 proteins. Cluster analysis exhibited five main temporal expression patterns corresponding to the three phases of early stage remodelling. The alteration in expression was supported by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis of three selected proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the proteins in each pattern were functionally related to specific cell processes in remodelling, such as ischaemia, inflammation, and proliferation.

Conclusion

A differential myocardial proteome profile was identified in the border zone during early stage post‐infarct remodelling. Bioinformatics analysis indicated a possible role of these proteins in remodelling. Proteomics data provided the basis for further functional study of these proteins and for identifying potential molecular targets with therapeutic anti‐remodelling effects.
Trophic ecology of elasmobranchs caught off Gujarat, India, as inferred from stable isotopes
Authors: Borrell Asunción , Cardona Luis , Kumarran Ramanathan P. , Aguilar Alejandro
Published: December 2010

Borrell, A., Cardona, L., Kumarran, R. P., and Aguilar, A. 2011. Trophic ecology of elasmobranchs caught off Gujarat, India, as inferred from stable isotopes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Habitat use and trophic levels were investigated in 13 species of elasmobranch caught off Gujarat, India, through their isotopic composition. Most of the animals were fished commercially and were immature, suggesting that fisheries operate in nursery habitats. All of the sharks analysed except Rhincodon typus had a higher estimated trophic level (>3.8) than rays and guitarfish (<3.8), suggesting a diet of bony fish and cephalopods. The trophic level of Sphyrna lewini and R. typus increased with total length, indicating ontogenetic dietary shifts, but the other species did not follow this trend. According to their δ13C values, R. typus, Mobula diabolus, and, surprisingly, Rhina ancylostoma appeared to be the most pelagic species. In comparison, Stegostoma fasciatum, Pristis pectinata, Rhinobatos granulatus, and Aetomylaeus maculatus appeared to be the most demersal, inshore species, and their δ13C signatures were significantly different from those of the three aforementioned species.
First Report of Puccinia thaliae Rust on Canna Lily in Louisiana
Authors: Kaur R. , Rush T. A. , Ferrin D. M. , Aime M. C.
Published: December 2010

Canna lily is a monocot, herbaceous perennial ornamental plant in the Cannaceae that is native to tropical South America and cultivated throughout the southern United States. Canna lily is a popular garden and landscaping plant and a large horticultural industry depends on this plant. In September 2008 and again in November 2009, two species of Canna lily (Canna × generalis L.H. Bailey and C. indica L.) were found to be severely infected with rust disease in three garden locations in southern Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish, Lafayette Parish, and Orleans Parish). Diseased samples from both host species and all locations exhibited similar symptoms of numerous, yellowish brown, subepidermal, erumpent, and irregular-shaped uredinia on both leaf surfaces. Initially, sori were scattered, later covering the entire leaf with coalescing pustules. Urediniospores were subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measured 25.74 to 37.18 (–38.61) × 17.16 to 27.17 (–28.6) μm, with thickened apical walls, 1.3 to 1.6 μm, and one to two equatorial germ pores. Telia and teliospores were not observed on any of the collected samples. Pathogen identity was confirmed as Puccinia thaliae Dietel by nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) DNA sequencing with rust-specific primers (1). The sequence (deposited in GenBank as No. HQ434482), when blasted, was found to match sequence No. EU851154 of P. thaliae from C. indica with 98% identity (719 of 730 bp), the differences being attributed to a single insertion at bp 423 to 436 of sequence No. EU851154. The sequences of P. thaliae obtained from two different samples from Louisiana were identical and did not match any other sequence in GenBank. In North America P. thaliae is reported to cause rust on C. indica L. in Florida and C. × generalis in Texas, as well as on two members of the Marantaceae (Maranta arundinacea L. and Thalia geniculata L.) in Florida and M. arundinaceae in Mexico (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. thaliae in Louisiana on Canna lily. Voucher materials (C. × generalis = LSU00123378 and C. indica = LSU00123384) have been deposited in the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium (LSUM).

References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) D. F. Farr and A.Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 12 February from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 2010.
Rhizobium pusense sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Panday Digvijay , Schumann Peter , Das Subrata K.
Published: December 2010

A novel bacterial strain, designated NRCPB10T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Pusa, New Delhi, India. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NRCPB10T showed highest similarity (98.9 %) to that of Rhizobium radiobacter NCPPB 2437T, followed by Rhizobium larrymoorei AF3-10T (97.7 %) and Rhizobium rubi IFO 13261T (97.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis of strain NRCPB10T based on the housekeeping genes recA and atpD confirmed its position as distinct from recognized Rhizobium species. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain NRCPB10T and R. radiobacter ICMP 5785T, R. larrymoorei LMG 21410T and R. rubi ICMP 6428T were 51.0, 32.6 and 27.3 %, respectively. Cellular fatty acids of strain NRCPB10T were C18 : 1ω7c (58.9 %), C16 : 0 (15.5 %), C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (11.5 %), iso-C16 : 1 (5.8 %), C16 : 0 3-OH (4.5 %), C16 : 1ω7c (2.1 %) and C18 : 0 (1.3 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain NRCPB10T was 59.0 mol%. Strain NRCPB10T did not nodulate chickpea plants or induce tumours in tobacco plants. Phenotypic and physiological properties along with SDS-PAGE of whole-cell soluble proteins differentiated strain NRCPB10T from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of data from the present polyphasic taxonomic study, strain NRCPB10T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium pusense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NRCPB10T ( = LMG 25623T = JCM 16209T = NCIMB 14639T).
The Arabidopsis U12-Type Spliceosomal Protein U11/U12-31K Is Involved in U12 Intron Splicing via RNA Chaperone Activity and Affects Plant Development
Authors: Kim Won Yong , Jung Hyun Ju , Kwak Kyung Jin , Kim Min Kyung , Oh Seung Han , Han Yeon Soo , Kang Hunseung
Published: December 2010

U12 introns are removed from precursor-mRNA by a U12 intron-specific spliceosome that contains U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Although several proteins unique to the U12-type spliceosome have been identified, the manner by which they affect U12-dependent intron splicing as well as plant growth and development remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the role of U11/U12-31K, a U12-type spliceosomal protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA–tagged homozygote lines for U11/U12-31K could not be obtained, and heterozygote mutants were defective for seed maturation, indicating that U11/U12-31K is essential for the normal development of Arabidopsis. Knockdown of U11/U12-31K by artificial microRNA caused a defect in proper U12 intron splicing, resulting in abnormal stem growth and development of Arabidopsis. This defect in proper splicing was not restricted to specific U12-type introns, but most U12 intron splicing was influenced by U11/U12-31K. The stunted inflorescence stem growth was recovered by exogenously applied gibberellic acid (GA), but not by cytokinin, auxin, or brassinosteroid. GA metabolism-related genes were highly downregulated in U11/U12-31K knockdown plants. Importantly, U11/U12-31K was determined to harbor RNA chaperone activity. We propose that U11/U12-31K is an RNA chapereone that is indispensible for proper U12 intron splicing and for normal growth and development of plants.
Broad spectrum and potent antitumor activities of YM155, a novel small‐molecule survivin suppressant, in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models
Authors: Nakahara Takahito , Kita Aya , Yamanaka Kentaro , Mori Masamichi , Amino Nobuaki , Takeuchi Masahiro , Tominaga Fumiko , Kinoyama Isao , Matsuhisa Akira , Kudou Masafumi , Sasamata Masao
Published: December 2010

Antitumor activities of YM155, a novel small‐molecule survivin suppressant, were investigated in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and xenograft models. YM155 inhibited the growth of 119 human cancer cell lines, with the greatest activity in lines derived from non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma, hormone‐refractory prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, non‐small‐cell lung cancer, breast cancer, leukemia and melanoma. The mean log growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) value was 15 nM. The mean GI50 values of YM155 were 11 nM for p53 mut/null cell lines and 16 nM for p53 WT cell lines, suggesting that YM155 inhibits the growth of human tumor cell lines regardless of their p53 status. In non‐small‐cell lung cancer (Calu 6, NCI‐H358), melanoma (A375), breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐231) and bladder cancer (UM‐UC‐3) xenograft models, 3‐ or 7‐day continuous infusions of YM155 (1–10 mg/kg) demonstrated significant antitumor activity without showing significant bodyweight loss. Tumor regressions induced by YM155 were associated with reduced intratumoral survivin expression levels, increased apoptosis and decreased mitotic indices. The broad and potent antitumor activity presented in the present study is indicative of the therapeutic potential of YM155 in the clinical setting. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 614–621)
mll ortholog containing functional domains of human MLL is expressed throughout the zebrafish lifespan and in haematopoietic tissues
Authors: Robinson Blaine W. , Germano Giuseppe , Song Yuanquan , Abrams Joshua , Scott Marion , Guariento Ilaria , Tiso Natascia , Argenton Francesco , Basso Giuseppe , Rhodes Jennifer , Kanki John P. , Look A. Thomas , Balice‐Gordon Rita J. , Felix Carolyn A.
Published: December 2010

Infant leukaemia is an embryonal disease in which the underlying MLL translocations initiate in utero. Zebrafish offer unique potential to understand how MLL impacts haematopoiesis from the earliest embryonic timepoints and how translocations cause leukaemia as an embryonal process. In this study, a zebrafish mll cDNA syntenic to human MLL spanning the 5′ to 3′ UTRs, was cloned from embryos, and mll expression was characterized over the zebrafish lifespan. The protein encoded by the 35‐exon ORF exhibited 46·4% overall identity to human MLL and 68–100% conservation in functional domains (AT‐hooks, SNL, CXXC, PHD, bromodomain, FYRN, taspase1 sites, FYRC, SET). Maternally supplied transcripts were detected at 0–2 hpf. Strong ubiquitous early zygotic expression progressed to a cephalo‐caudal gradient during later embryogenesis. mll was expressed in the intermediate cell mass (ICM) where primitive erythrocytes are produced and in the kidney where definitive haematopoiesis occurs in adults. mll exhibits high cross species conservation, is developmentally regulated in haematopoietic and other tissues and is expressed from the earliest embryonic timepoints throughout the zebrafish lifespan. Haematopoietic tissue expression validates using zebrafish for MLL haematopoiesis and leukaemia models.
Comparison of the in vitro effects of the anti‐CD20 antibodies rituximab and GA101 on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells
Authors: Patz Michaela , Isaeva Polina , Forcob Nche , Müller Bianka , Frenzel Lukas P. , Wendtner Clemens‐Martin , Klein Christian , Umana Pablo , Hallek Michael , Krause Günter
Published: December 2010

The effects of two CD20 antibodies, namely rituximab, the current standard for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in combination with chemotherapy, and GA101, a glyco‐engineered type II antibody were compared on CLL cells ex vivo. Antibody‐induced phosphatidylserine exposure was examined in isolated CLL cells. For a more comprehensive assessment of antibody‐mediated cell killing including Fc‐mediated mechanisms, B cell depletion from whole blood samples was monitored. Treatment with rituximab or GA101 reduced the average viability of isolated CLL cells by 6% or 11%, and the ratio of B to T cells in whole blood samples by 12% or 33%, respectively. Combination with GA101 enhanced the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent chlorambucil on isolated CLL cells. CD20 surface expression on CLL cells correlated with GA101‐induced B cell depletion, but not with direct cell death induction. Treatment of whole blood samples from CLL patients with a CpG‐containing oligonucleotide increased CD20 expression on CLL cells and GA101‐dependent B cell depletion. Despite the variable responses of individual CLL samples, the CLL cell depletion from whole blood by GA101 was consistently much stronger than by rituximab, which argues for clinical investigation of GA101 in CLL patients.
Pollutants affect development in nestling starlings Sturnus vulgaris
Authors: Markman Shai , Müller Carsten T. , Pascoe David , Dawson Alistair , Buchanan Katherine L.
Published: December 2010

1. Pollutants as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of worldwide concern, due to their detrimental effects on the physiology and behaviour of wildlife. One major source of EDCs is sewage treatment works which serve as foraging grounds for many bird species. However, the risks of consuming EDCs to wild birds at these sites have been largely overlooked.

2. We have previously quantified contamination levels of invertebrates from within filter beds of sewage treatment works and the intake rates of these invertebrates by wild European starlings feeding at these sites. Our work to date has shown that environmentally‐relevant EDC exposure results in reduced immunocompetence, increased song behaviour and neural development in adult starlings.

3. In the present study, we hypothesized that nestling starlings exposed to similar EDC levels from contaminated prey, from parental feeding at sewage treatment works, would show altered growth and physiology.

4. Our findings show that EDC exposure results in reduced growth and immunocompetence in nestling birds. However, there was no effect on corticosterone or haematocrit levels. As growth rates and immunocompetence are likely to be related to survival rates, we suggest that these exposure levels are likely to adversely affect recruitment into the adult population.

5. Synthesis and applications. These results highlight the potential transfer of EDCs between semi‐aquatic or aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms up the food chain at sites of sewage treatment works, broadening the scope of potential routes of exposure. Our findings suggest that birds foraging in these sites are at risk of physiological manipulation from EDCs and reduced body condition as a result. We advocate further work to evaluate the potential for EDCs from sewage treatment works to bioaccumulate and modulate the condition of wild organisms feeding on contaminated prey. Our results suggest that changes in management practices of sewage treatment works are required. We support measures to reduce EDC levels in sewage treatment works and that these sites should be designed to exclude or deter wildlife from foraging on contaminated prey. The management implications of such policy – oriented steps will ensure the health of wildlife foraging at sewage treatment works.
Representation of people with intellectual disabilities in randomised controlled trials on antipsychotic treatment for behavioural problems
Authors: Scheifes A. , Stolker J. J. , Egberts A. C. G. , Nijman H. L. I. , Heerdink E. R.
Published: December 2010

Background  Behavioural problems are common in people with intellectual disability (ID) and are often treated with antipsychotics.

Aim  To establish the frequency and characteristics of people with ID included in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on antipsychotic treatment for behavioural problems, and to investigate the quality of these RCTs.

Methods  A literature search in EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane was performed and reviewed.

Results  People with ID participated in 27 of the 100 included RCTs. The RCTs were of good quality but smaller compared with trials in patients with dementia or schizophrenia (average sample sizes = 55, 124 and 374). In 13/27 trials no clear definition of ID was given. Over 25 different outcome measures were used to assess behavioural problems.

Conclusions  Studies in which people with ID are included are of a sufficient quality, but of a small size. The heterogeneity in the characteristics of the ID population included as well as in the applied assessment instruments makes performing meta‐analyses unfeasible.
Repression of ergosterol biosynthesis is essential for stress resistance and is mediated by the Hog1 MAP kinase and the Mot3 and Rox1 transcription factors
Authors: Montañés Fernando Martínez , Pascual‐Ahuir Amparo , Proft Markus
Published: December 2010

Hyperosmotic stress triggers a complex adaptive response that is dominantly regulated by the Hog1 MAP kinase in yeast. Here we characterize a novel physiological determinant of osmostress tolerance, which involves the Hog1‐dependent transcriptional downregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes (ERG). Yeast cells considerably lower their sterol content in response to high osmolarity. The transcriptional repressors Mot3 and Rox1 are essential for this response. Both factors together with Hog1 are required to rapidly and transiently shut down transcription of ERG2 and ERG11 upon osmoshock. Mot3 abundance and its binding to the ERG2 promoter is stimulated by osmostress in a Hog1‐dependent manner. As an additional layer of control, the expression of the main transcriptional activator of ERG gene expression, Ecm22, is negatively regulated by Hog1 and Mot3/Rox1 upon salt shock. Oxidative stress also triggers repression of ERG2, 11 transcription and a profound decrease in total sterol levels. However, this response was only partially dependent on Mot3/Rox1 and Hog1. Finally, we show that the upc2‐1 mutation confers stress insensitive hyperaccumulation of ergosterol, overexpression of ERG2, 11 and severe sensitivity to salt and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that transcriptional control of ergosterol biosynthesis is an important physiological target of stress signalling.
Functional dissection of the three‐domain SepJ protein joining the cells in cyanobacterial trichomes
Authors: Mariscal Vicente , Herrero Antonia , Nenninger Anja , Mullineaux Conrad W. , Flores Enrique
Published: December 2010

Heterocyst‐forming cyanobacteria grow as filaments of cells (trichomes) in which, under nitrogen limitation, two interdependent cell types, the vegetative cells performing oxygenic photosynthesis and the nitrogen‐fixing heterocysts, exchange metabolites and regulatory compounds. SepJ is a protein conspicuously located at the cell poles in the intercellular septa of the filaments that has three well‐defined domains: an N‐terminal coiled‐coil domain, a central linker and a C‐terminal permease domain. Mutants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 carrying SepJ proteins with specific deletions showed that, whereas the linker domain is dispensable, the coiled‐coil domain is required for polar localization of SepJ, filament integrity, normal intercellular transfer of small fluorescent tracers and diazotrophy. An Anabaena strain carrying the SepJ protein from the filamentous, non‐heterocyst‐forming cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, which lacks the linker domain, made long filaments in the presence of combined nitrogen but fragmented extensively under nitrogen deprivation and did not grow diazotrophically. In contrast, a chimera made of the Trichodesmium coiled‐coil domain and the Anabaena permease allowed heterocyst differentiation and diazotrophic growth. Thus, SepJ provides filamentous cyanobacteria with a cell–cell anchoring function, but the permease domain has evolved in heterocyst formers to provide intercellular molecular exchange functions required for diazotrophy.
Centrally located adenocarcinoma with endobronchial polypoid growth: Clinicopathological analysis of five cases
Authors: Hishida Tomoyuki , Ishii Genichiro , Kodama Tetsuro , Tsuta Koji , Nara Michiya , Yoshida Junji , Nishimura Mitsuyo , Nagai Kanji , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: December 2010

Lung adenocarcinomas that exhibit endobronchial polypoid growth and arise from the central portion of the respiratory tree are extremely rare and their clinicopathological features are not well understood. We report the clinicopathological characteristics of five cases of centrally located adenocarcinomas. Histologically, in three cases (cases 1, 2, and 3) the tumor had a papillary, acinar, and solid structure. In the other two cases (cases 4 and 5) histological examination revealed a mucin‐filled glandular and cystic structure resembling mucoepidermoid carcinoma, although the lesions lacked a squamoid cell component. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells in all five cases were positive for MUC1 and Cytokeratin 7. The tumor cells in cases 4 and 5 were positive for MUC5AC and MUC6, and the expression pattern in these two cases was similar to that of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung. Our findings allowed us to identify two distinct subtypes of centrally located adenocarcinomas with distinct morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics; these should provide new insight into the pathogenesis of central adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Neonatal transfusion review
Authors: Sloan Steven R.
Published: December 2010

In addition to the issues concerning blood transfusions in general, special considerations apply to transfusing neonates. Young infants’ plasma may contain maternal antibodies to ABO blood group antigens instead of the naturally occurring anti‐ABO antibodies normally present in older patients. This facilitates the transplant of hearts across ABO boundaries but complicates blood bank testing and selection of appropriate blood components for transfusion. Conversely, blood bank testing is simplified by the fact that neonates do not make antibodies to minor erythrocyte antigens. Cellular blood components may be irradiated to prevent transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease, a syndrome that can affect immunocompromised patients such as premature infants. However, irradiation accelerates the leakage of potassium out of stored red blood cells (RBCs), increasing the risk or transfusion‐induced arrhythmias from hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia. Two other risks of transfusing neonates RBCs include dilutional coagulopathy and potential toxicities from additives used to preserve the stored RBC units.
The ‘dark’ side of sedation: 12 years of office‐based pediatric deep sedation for electroretinography in the dark
Authors: Lalwani Kirk , Tompkins Brian D. , Burnes Kevin , Krahmer Melissa R. , Pennesi Mark E. , Weleber Richard G.
Published: December 2010

Objectives:  Analyze pediatric ERG data for adverse events, interventions, and outcomes of propofol sedations performed in near‐complete darkness.

Aim:  To demonstrate that deep sedation with propofol for ERG can be performed efficiently and safely in children in near‐total darkness.

Background:  Full‐field electroretinography (ERG) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of vision loss in children. The ERG measures the electrical activity of the retina. In children, ERG quality significantly improves with deep sedation by allowing easier eye electrode placement and decreasing motion artifacts. As this procedure must be performed in darkness, administering sedation imposes unique challenges.

Methods and materials:  ERGs are performed outside of the operating room in our hospital’s electrophysiology suite. IVs are placed, and patients are allowed to adapt to complete darkness. An anesthesiologist then administers propofol sedation in the dark with the aid of a red‐filter light source and monitor light shields. Data were collected on 379 patients (411 ERGs) performed from 1996 to 2008. These records were reviewed and analyzed for demographic, medical, and anesthetic data.

Results:  Propofol sedation resulted in an ERG completion rate of 99.5%. During sedation, 8.5% (35) of patients experienced minor respiratory complications such as airway obstruction that resulted in an oxygen saturation <90%. A total of 9.7% (40) of patients required minor airway interventions such as a chin lift.

Conclusions:  We demonstrated that pediatric sedation is a safe, efficient, and a cost‐effective method for measuring ERGs in a challenging environment. The incidence of minor complications is low and appears similar to other studies of propofol sedation.
Blood transfusion risks and alternative strategies in pediatric patients
Authors: Lavoie Josée
Published: December 2010

Although the safety of the blood supply has been greatly improved, there still remain both infectious and noninfectious risks to the patient. The incidence of noninfectious transfusion reactions is greater than that of infectious complications. Furthermore, the mortality associated with noninfectious risks is significantly higher. In fact, noninfectious risks account for 87–100% of fatal complications of transfusions. It is concerning to note that the majority of pediatric reports relate to human error such as overtransfusion and lack of knowledge of special requirements in the neonatal age group. The second most frequent category is acute transfusion reactions, majority of which are allergic in nature. It is estimated that the incidence of adverse outcome is 18:100 000 red blood cells issued for children aged less than 18 years and 37:100 000 for infants. The comparable adult incidence is 13:100 000. In order to decrease the risks associated with transfusion of blood products, various blood‐conservation strategies can be utilized. Modalities such as acute normovolemic hemodilution, hypervolemic hemodilution, deliberate hypotension, antifibrinolytics, intraoperative blood salvage, and autologous blood donation are discussed and the pediatric literature is reviewed. A discussion of transfusion triggers, and algorithms as well as current research into alternatives to blood transfusions concludes this review.
Rethinking Britain's Role in the World for a New Decade: The Limits of Discursive Therapy and the Promise of Field Theory
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: December 2010

Debate over the future of British foreign policy will doubtless invoke Britain's ‘role in the world’, but the interconnection between Britain's role as an analytical concept within the academic field and as a category within the political field renders this starting point problematic. It underpins a tendency to take descriptive statements for objective analysis, leaving the language of British foreign policy saturated with clichés and tropes—like the ‘special relationship’—that constitute rather than describe Britain in the world. Given this, the present article assesses two theoretical approaches to UK foreign policy: discursive ‘therapy’, which denaturalises this language, and is both necessary but limited in its impact; and field theory, which enables a move beyond the level of discourse to the structure of British foreign policy knowledge and expertise creation. The latter approach is particularly promising for the attempt to say something new about Britain in world politics for the 2010s.
Labour Market Penalties of New Immigrants in New and Old Receiving West European Countries
Authors: Reyneri Emilio , Fullin Giovanna
Published: December 2010

Over the past two decades, all European societies have experienced continued and increasing migrations, albeit with very different intensities and characteristics. Our focus is on new immigrants ‐‐ those who have come from abroad in the past 15 years ‐‐ in both old and new receiving West European countries. Comparative analyses on this issue are rather weak as the literature on immigrant integration in the labour market is well‐established in the old receiving countries, but is just beginning to be developed in the newer receiving ones. The article aims at introducing the articles collected in this special issue, which present the results of a research project that concerns six European countries ‐‐ Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. Our focus is on inequalities between immigrants and natives with respect to the risk of unemployment and to the access to highly qualified occupations. After having highlighted similarities and differences across those countries, we tried to draw some general conclusions concerning the main factors that may have shaped new immigrants’ incorporation into West European labour markets. In particular, the role played by the nature of immigration and by the labour demand seems to be crucial.
New Immigrants ― Old Disadvantage Patterns? Labour Market Integration of Recent Immigrants into Germany
Authors: Kogan Irena
Published: December 2010

This paper examines the labour market integration of immigrants who have entered Germany since 1990, and compares their situation with that of their predecessors. The analyses based on the cumulative micro‐census data reveal that recent immigrants into Germany are on average better‐educated than their earlier counterparts, and some ethnic groups are even better‐ educated than the national average. Despite their high levels of formal education, these immigrants coming mostly from Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East face severe integration problems in the German labour market. Thus, after taking into account the value of human capital represented by these immigrants, their ethnic disadvantages appear to increase. This stands in sharp contrast with the disadvantages faced by “classic” immigrants who arrived in Germany during the 1960s and 1970s, for whom lack of human capital had been identified as the main obstacle to labour market integration.