bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid versatile method for state estimation and feature extraction from the trajectory of animal behavior
Authors: Yamazaki Shuhei J. , Ohara Kazuya , Ito Kentaro , Kokubun Nobuo , Kitanishi Takuma , Takaichi Daisuke , Yamada Yasufumi , Ikejiri Yosuke , Hiramatsu Fumie , Fujita Kosuke , Tanimoto Yuki , Yamazoe-Umemoto Akiko , Hashimoto Koichi , Sato Katsufumi , Yoda Ken , Takahashi Akinori , Ishikawa Yuki , Kamikouchi Azusa , Hiryu Shizuko , Maekawa Takuya , Kimura Koutarou D.
Published: October 2017

Animal behavior is the final and integrated output of the brain activity. Thus, recording and analyzing behavior is critical to understand the underlying brain function. While recording animal behavior has become easier than ever with the development of compact and inexpensive devices, detailed behavioral data analysis requires sufficient previous knowledge and/or high content data such as video images of animal postures, which makes it difficult for most of the animal behavioral data to be efficiently analyzed to understand brain function. Here, we report a versatile method using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised machine learning approach to efficiently estimate behavioral states and to extract important behavioral features only from low-content animal trajectory data. As proof of principle experiments, we analyzed trajectory data of worms, fruit flies, rats, and bats in the laboratories, and penguins and flying seabirds in the wild, which were recorded with various methods and span a wide range of spatiotemporal scales—from mm to 1000 km in space and from sub-seconds to days in time. We estimated several states during behavior and comprehensively extracted characteristic features from a behavioral state and/or a specific experimental condition. Physiological and genetic experiments in worms revealed that the extracted behavioral features reflected specific neural or gene activities. Thus, our method provides a versatile and unbiased way to extract behavioral features from simple trajectory data to understand brain function.
NAC-NORmutations in tomato Penjar accessions attenuate multiple metabolic processes and prolong the fruit shelf life
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Tamboli Vajir , Sharma Rameshwar , Sreelakshmi Yellamaraju
Published: October 2017

Several Penjar accessions of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), widely grown in the Mediterranean region, exhibit prolonged shelf life, and harboralcobacamutation with valine-106-aspartic acid substitution in the NAC-NOR protein. To uncover the metabolic basis underlying the prolonged shelf life, we compared four Penjar accessions to Ailsa Craig (AC). Three accessions borealcobacamutation, whereas fourth was a novelNAC-NORallele with only six amino acids in the encoded protein. The cuticle composition among Penjars varied widely during the progression of fruit ripening. All Penjars exhibited delayed ripening, prolonged on-vine and off-vine shelf life, low ethylene emission and carotenoid levels albeit with accession-specific differences. Metabolic profiling revealed shifts in Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, and β-aminobutyric acid levels indicating the attenuation of respiration in Penjars during post-harvest storage. The prolonged shelf life of Penjar fruits was associated with a concerted downregulation of a number of cell-wall modifying genes and cell-wall-related metabolites. The accumulation of higher ABA and sucrose levels at the onset of senescence in Penjar fruits likely contribute to reduced water loss. Our analyses reveal that in addition to specialized cuticle composition, the attenuation of various metabolic processes byNAC-NORmutation likely prolongs the shelf life of Penjar fruits.

Highlight

The prolonged shelf life of tomato Penjar accessions bearing mutations in NAC-NOR transcription factor appears to be regulated by a combined effect of attenuation of respiration, altered cuticle composition, enhanced ABA and sucrose levels in fruits and downregulation of cell wall modification
Hippocampus, retrosplenial and parahippocampal cortices encode multi-compartment 3D space in a hierarchical manner
Authors: Kim Misun , Maguire Eleanor A.
Published: October 2017

Humans commonly operate within 3D environments such as multi-floor buildings and yet there is a surprising dearth of studies that have examined how these spaces are represented in the brain. Here we had participants learn the locations of paintings within a virtual multi-level gallery building and then used behavioural tests and fMRI repetition suppression analyses to investigate how this 3D multi-compartment space was represented, and whether there was a bias in encoding vertical and horizontal information. We found faster response times for within-room egocentric spatial judgments and behavioural priming effects of visiting the same room, providing evidence for a compartmentalised representation of space. At the neural level, we observed a hierarchical encoding of 3D spatial information, with left anterior hippocampus representing local information within a room, while retrosplenial cortex, parahippocampal cortex and posterior hippocampus represented room information within the wider building. Of note, both our behavioural and neural findings showed that vertical and horizontal location information was similarly encoded, suggesting an isotropic representation of 3D space even in the context of a multi-compartment environment. These findings provide much-needed information about how the human brain supports spatial memory and navigation in buildings with numerous levels and rooms.
High-Precision Automated Reconstruction of Neurons with Flood-filling Networks
Authors: Januszewski Michał , Kornfeld Jörgen , Li Peter H. , Pope Art , Blakely Tim , Lindsey Larry , Maitin-Shepard Jeremy , Tyka Mike , Denk Winfried , Jain Viren
Published: October 2017

Reconstruction of neural circuits from volume electron microscopy data requires the tracing of complete cells including all their neurites. Automated approaches have been developed to perform the tracing, but without costly human proofreading their error rates are too high to obtain reliable circuit diagrams. We present a method for automated segmentation that, like the majority of previous efforts, employs convolutional neural networks, but contains in addition a recurrent pathway that allows the iterative optimization and extension of the reconstructed shape of individual neural processes. We used this technique, which we call flood-filling networks, to trace neurons in a data set obtained by serial block-face electron microscopy from a male zebra finch brain. Our method achieved a mean error-free neurite path length of 1.1 mm, an order of magnitude better than previously published approaches applied to the same dataset. Only 4 mergers were observed in a neurite test set of 97 mm path length.
Fuzzy logic algorithm of hovering control for the quadrotor unmanned aerial system
Authors: Yu Lie , Chen Jia , Tian Yukang , Sun Yunzhou , Ding Lei
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a control strategy which uses two independent PID controllers to realize the hovering control for unmanned aerial systems (UASs). In addition, the aim of using two PID controller is to achieve the position control and velocity control simultaneously.

Design/methodology/approach

The dynamic of the UASs is mathematically modeled. One PID controller is used for position tracking control, while the other is selected for the vertical component of velocity tracking control. Meanwhile, fuzzy logic algorithm is presented to use the actual horizontal component of velocity to compute the desired position.

Findings

Based on this fuzzy logic algorithm, the control error of the horizontal component of velocity tracking control is narrowed gradually to be zero. The results show that the fuzzy logic algorithm can make the UASs hover still in the air and vertical to the ground.

Social implications

The acquired results are based on simulation not experiment.

Originality/value

This is the first study to use two independent PID controllers to realize stable hovering control for UAS. It is also the first to use the velocity of the UAS to calculate the desired position.
The anti-periodic oscillations of shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with time-varying delays and continuously distributed delays
Authors: Xu Changjin , Li Peiluan
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the existence and exponential stability of anti-periodic solutions of a class of shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks (SICNNs) with time-varying delays and continuously distributed delays.

Design/methodology/approach

The inequality technique and Lyapunov functional method are applied.

Findings

Sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure that all solutions of the networks converge exponentially to the anti-periodic solution, which are new and complement previously known results.

Originality/value

There are few papers that deal with the anti-periodic solutions of delayed SICNNs with the form negative feedback – aij(t)αij(xij(t)).
Making it real or sustaining a fantasy? Personal budgets for older people
Authors: West Karen , Needham Catherine
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current policy of extending personal budgets to older people.

Design/methodology/approach

In developing this explanation, the paper draws upon a species of de-centred, post-foundationalist theory which draws attention to the way in which certain narratives can sustain a longing for the implementation of policies that are ultimately unachievable. The paper also draws upon original data from an evaluation of a national ageing charity’s project to increase take-up of personal budgets.

Findings

The paper draws attention to, and seeks to explain, the paradoxical discursive positioning of older adults as “the unexceptional exception” within the general narrative of universal personalisation.

Research limitations/implications

This analytical approach can secure a different vantage point in this debate by paying closer attention to the ideological and ethical dimensions of personalisation than has been the case until now.

Practical implications

The paper contributes to the critical interrogation of the personalisation agenda, in which debate (both in academic and practitioner circles) has become highly polarised.

Social implications

The paper contributes to discussions in critical social gerontology which point to a bifurcation of later life into, on the one hand, an ageless third age and a frailed fourth age, on the other.

Originality/value

The paper makes clear that the discursive positioning of older people as “the unexceptional exception” risks an inadvertent ageism.
Designing a model for Web 2.0 technologies application in academic library websites
Authors: Moradi Shima , Tayefeh Bagher Delbar , Mirhosseini Zohreh
Published: October 2017

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the application of Web 2.0 technologies in the libraries of the top 100 universities in the world to provide a model for Web 2.0 application in academic library websites.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from the universities’ library websites for three months based on a Web 2.0 checklist. The list of universities was extracted from Webometrics Ranking of World Universities in 2015.

Findings

The research shows the priorities of these universities in their use of Web 2.0 tools include social networks and mashups at the most (94.5 per cent), followed by RSS (91.2 per cent) and social tagging (82.4 per cent) and other tools with lower priorities. Moreover, it revealed the most common applications of these tools in the mentioned websites followed by their objective evidences in different libraries. The results indicate that the total Web 2.0 application in the libraries of the top 100 universities was below average (40.23 per cent). Finally, the model for Web 2.0 application in academic library websites was designed.

Originality/value

The focus of this study is on the value and application of each tool in the websites and demonstrate a clear model to apply in other library websites. The model for Web 2.0 technologies application in academic library websites has not been designed and pictured before.
The challenges of scientific journalism according to Mexican university professors, newspaper directors and heads of research
Authors: Cordero-Hidalgo Aixchel , Tarango Javier , Contreras Claudia-Patricia , Romo-González José Refugio
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the challenges of scientific literacy that scientific journalism can promote or suppress as a scientific dissemination activity. To ensure that universities transfer knowledge to society, this vital activity is studied from the perspectives of their stakeholders: professors, researchers, newspaper directors and heads of research areas of two Mexican universities.

Design/methodology/approach

From a participatory action research perspective that consisted in applying semi-structured interviews, this study was conducted in two public universities in Chihuahua, Mexico. The group of participants constituted of a random sample of 90 Mexican professors, taken from a population of 246 subjects with the status of national researchers (confidence level = 95 per cent; margin of error = 5 per cent; P/Q correlation = 90 / 10 per cent), in addition to six local newspaper executives and eight research managers at participating universities.

Findings

Evidence suggests that scientific dissemination has a low social impact, its recognition by universities and scientific evaluation institutions is limited, and the act of making scientific content accessible to the general public is highly complex, especially when it comes to content related to the exact sciences. These results are predictable under the complex models that evaluate scientific production, because the measurement indicators that define scientific competitiveness levels prioritize specific scientific products other than dissemination products such as newspaper articles.

Research limitations/implications

Data were collected from two Mexican public universities under the implication that the behavior identified through data analysis can occur in other similar environments. Although a participatory action research perspective was assumed, and because this research of a projective nature can be a part of a larger research, no particular actions or interventions were planned or executed, apart from the interviews that aimed to collect data that emerged from participants’ own practice and experiences on the issues studied. Further research can consist of developing forward-looking actions that can contribute to the development of scientific literacy, as well as to the exploration and solution of the issues identified through participants’ own practice.

Originality/value

One of the social roles of universities is to ensure that scientific knowledge reaches all citizens. However, there are not sufficient studies regarding scientific dissemination, especially from the perspective of professors as generators of scientific knowledge, newspaper directors and heads of research areas.
Developing academic librarians’ skills in e-book services through Participatory Action Research
Authors: Gamboni Valentina
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand how to improve librarians’ skills, using an active and reflective participative process, to develop a university e-book service. This research involved librarians who could not participate in a formal learning course and explored the possibility of improving their skills with e-books by means of informal and non-formal learning.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a qualitative methodology framework, the research was a participatory action research (PAR) study, utilizing a recurrent five-phase cycle – analysis, plan, action, evaluation, reflection/sharing – that joins research and reflective practice in action. Each phase has been discussed by categories defined from the gathered data, highlighting the evidence of participants’ contributions, to analyse the situation, plan and carry out interventions, and evaluate outcomes. Participants suggested and put into action informal and non-formal methods of learning to develop e-book skills that they named and included in broader categories such as technical, content selection, purchase and management and use.

Findings

Participants increased their awareness of the topic, and the PAR process also contributed to their personal development. PAR is recommended as a research process that fosters learning outcomes, as well as personal and professional development.

Originality/value

PAR has been applied in the Italian academic setting to understand how librarians can develop skills in e-book services through informal and non-formal learning methods.
Library training to promote electronic resource usage
Authors: Frandsen Tove Faber , Tibyampansha Dativa , Ibrahim Glory R. , von Isenburg Megan
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper in information literacy assessment is to explore how library training can promote electronic resource usage. Increasing the usage of electronic resources is an issue of concern for many libraries all over the world. Several studies stress the importance of information literacy and instruction to increase the usage.

Design/methodology/approach

The present article presents the results of implementing training programmes to increase the use of the e-library.

Findings

Training sessions increase the usage of library e-resources significantly; however, the effect seems to be short-lived and training sessions alone may not increase the overall long-term usage.

Originality/value

The present paper presents a study of training sessions as means to increase awareness and usage of library e-resources. Implications for the planning of training are discussed.
Shifting boundaries in telecare – the nurse-doctor relationship
Authors: Nickelsen Niels Christian Mossfeldt , Elkjaer Bente
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Telecare is a growing practice defined as diagnosis, treatment and monitoring among doctors, nurses and patients, which is mediated through ICT and without face-to-face interaction. The purpose of this study is to provide empirically based knowledge about the organization of the use of ICT and dilemmas of this increasingly common practice in healthcare.

Design/methodology/approach

The study draws on observations, interviews and desk research in relation to a large €4.5m pilot project at four hospitals in Copenhagen regarding care of 120 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). The empirical study was carried out over four months. Online video consultations were observed alongside workshops focusing on nurses’ photo elucidation of the telecare practice. The analytical ambition was to start the study in the middle of things and explore the emergent design of telecare.

Findings

Telecare not only embraces new standards and possibilities for professional responsibility and accountability for nurses but also alters the relationship between doctors and nurses. This leads to a dilemma we characterize as “paradoxical accountability”.

Originality/value

The study draws on Star’s notion of “infrastructure”. In this perspective, infrastructure comprises human and non-human conduct embedded in organizational conventions, relations and sites. The analysis demonstrates that nurses are not only exposed to a new responsibility as all-round case managers but they also have less access to clinical decision makers. The notion of “paradoxical accountability” is developed to account for this dilemma.
Learning academic work practices in discipline, department and university
Authors: Zukas Miriam , Malcolm Janice
Published: October 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the everyday practices of academic work in social science to understand better academics’ learning. It also asks how academic work is enacted in relation to the discipline, department and university, taking temporality as its starting point.

Design/methodology/approach

The study sought to trace academic activities in practice. Within three universities, 14 academics were work-shadowed; social, material, technological, pedagogic and symbolic actors were observed and where possible connections and interactions were traced (including beyond the institution). This paper reports on a subset of the study: the academic practices of four early-career academics in one discipline are analysed.

Findings

Email emerges as a core academic practice and an important pedagogic actor for early career academics in relation to the department and university. Much academic work is “work about the work”, both in and outside official work time. Other pedagogic actors include conferences, networks and external Web identities. Disciplinary work happens outside official work time for the most part and requires time to be available. Disciplinary learning is therefore only afforded to some, resulting in structural disadvantage.

Originality/value

By tracing non-human and human actors, it has emerged that the department and university, rather than the discipline, are most important in composing everyday work practices. A sociomaterial approach enables researchers to better understand the “black box” of everyday academic practice. Such an approach holds the promise of better support for academics in negotiating the demands of discipline, department and university without overwork and systemic exploitation.
Learning in home care: a digital artifact as a designated boundary object-in-use
Authors: Islind Anna Sigridur , Lundh Snis Ulrika
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to understand how the role of an mHealth artifact plays out in home care settings. An mHealth artifact, in terms of a mobile app, was tested to see how the quality of home care work practice was enhanced and changed. The research question is: In what ways does an mHealth artifact re-shape a home care practice and how does this affect the interaction between caregivers and the elderly and learning opportunities for the caregivers?

Design/methodology/approach

An action research approach was taken and the study was conducted in a home care organization in a Swedish municipality. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations that were conducted during home visits. Concepts of learning and boundary objects were used to analyze and distinguish interactions and conversations with the mHealth artifact.

Findings

The study shows how an mHealth artifact is re-shaping a home care practice and how this affects interactions and identifies learning opportunities. Views on the mHealth artifact as a designated boundary object as well as a boundary object-in-use must co-exist.

Originality/value

The study provides qualitative descriptions from using an mHealth artifact for home care, which is an emerging area of concern for both research and practice. It focuses on the interactional and organizational values generated from the actual use of the designed mobile application.
Records in contexts: the road of archives to semantic interoperability
Authors: Llanes-Padrón Dunia , Pastor-Sánchez Juan-Antonio
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Records in Contexts proposal of a conceptual model (RiC-CM) from the International Council on Archives’ (ICA) archival description and to propose an OWL ontology for its implementation in the semantic web.

Design/methodology/approach

The various elements of the model are studied and are related to earlier norms in order to understand their structure and the modeling of the ontology.

Findings

The analysis reveals the integrating nature of RiC-CM and the possibilities it offers for greater interoperability of data from archival descriptions. Two versions of an OWL ontology were developed to represent the conceptual model. The first makes a direct transposition of the conceptual model; the second optimizes the properties and relations in order to simplify the use and maintenance of the ontology.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed ontology will follow the considerations of the final version of the ICA’s RiC-CM.

Practical implications

The analysis affords an understanding of the role of RiC-CM in publishing online archival data sets, while the ontology is an initial approach to the semantic web technologies involved.

Originality/value

This paper offers an overview of Records in Contexts with respect to the advantages in the field of semantic interoperability, and supposes the first proposal of an ontology based on the conceptual model.
Do consumer ethics and consumer religiousness evolve across time? Insights from Millennials in Indonesia
Authors: Arli Denni , Tjiptono Fandy , Lasmono Hari , Anandya Dudi
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The Millennial generation accounts for 27 per cent of the world’s population. These numbers highlight the current and future impact of Millennials on world economies, and they are arguably the most powerful consumer group. Interestingly, Millennials are also the least religious generation. Hence, there is a need to investigate further how they view the world from an ethical and religious perspective and whether their beliefs evolve over time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is, first, to compare and contrast any changes in ethical beliefs across time. Second, the study will compare and contrast any changes in religiousness across time, and finally, it explores the effects of consumers’ religiousness on ethical beliefs across time.

Design/methodology/approach

Using paper-based survey, the data collection took place in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016, resulting in 1,702 young respondents in total.

Findings

The results show that consumer ethics remain constant across time. Therefore, without intervention, individuals’ ethical behavior will remain unchanged. The results also indicate that Millennials understand the boundary between legal and illegal behavior. However, when the boundary becomes unclear, such as in situations in which they see no harm, downloading pirated software and recycling, Millennials were unsure and their religiousness affected their subsequent behavior. The study makes several contributions to consumer ethics and the impact of religiousness on ethical beliefs.

Originality/value

This study makes several contributions to consumer ethics research, especially whether young consumers’ ethical beliefs change or remain constant across time.
Active mediation of television, internet and mobile advertising
Authors: Shin Wonsun
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purposes of this study are to examine how parents implement discussion-based parental mediation (i.e. active mediation) to influence the way children understand advertising on television, computers and smartphones and to investigate factors associated with parental mediation practices.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted with parents in Singapore whose children were watching television, using computers with internet access and using smartphones.

Findings

The degree to which parents engage in active mediation of advertising is similar across different media. Active mediation of advertising is more a function of parents’ attitudes toward advertising directed to children, parents’ concerns about media influence on their children and parental self-efficacy rather than the age of their children.

Research limitations/implications

The survey was conducted in a single country and did not examine the consequences of parental mediation of advertising. Future research should consider cross-cultural perspectives and investigate the outcomes of parental mediation.

Practical implications

For advertising practitioners, this study argues that it is important to understand how parents view different forms of advertising. For media educators and policy makers, this study suggests that various parental factors should be considered to develop effective guidelines for parents.

Originality/value

This study adds novel insights to the literature on consumer socialization by investigating how parents – the primary socialization agents in children’s development of consumption-related behaviors – help children understand advertising across different media.
Janzen–Connell patterns can be induced by fungal‐driven decomposition and offset by ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated under a closely related canopy
Authors: Deniau Maud , Jung Vincent , Le Lann Cécile , Kellner Harald , Béchade Benoît , Morra Thibault , Prinzing Andreas
Published: October 2017

Seedlings near a conspecific adult might suffer increased mortality due to pressure from enemies such as below‐ground pathogenic fungi (Janzen–Connell hypothesis), however, variation exists among taxa such that some experience low levels of mortality. We hypothesized that seedlings close to adults might profit, rather than suffer, from below‐ground fungi, notably from mycorrhiza or decomposers, in particular near large adult trees and under a closely related canopy.

We planted oak seedlings in a temperate forest at different distances from adults and followed seedling mortality, budburst (early budburst permitting photosynthesis during the best light conditions) and leaf herbivory. We applied fungicide on half of the seedlings for 2 years to identify the net effect of below‐ground fungi on seedlings. We quantified seedling mycorrhization and fungal‐driven decomposition of a neighbourhood‐specific and an unspecific substrate, local oak leaves and cellulose respectively. Finally, we related mycorrhization and decomposition to seedling performance.

We found that, in seedlings planted close to conspecific adults, below‐ground fungi had a negative net effect on seedlings: elimination of fungi, surprisingly, decreased herbivory. This effect could be due to oak leaf decomposition, which was related to increased seedling herbivory and was higher near a conspecific adult. Under a closely related canopy, however, the net effect of below‐ground fungi on nearby seedlings became positive: elimination of fungi delayed budburst. This effect could be due to colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius sp., which related to accelerated budburst and was higher near a conspecific under a closely related canopy. Effects of below‐ground fungi on nearby seedlings were not dependent on the size of the conspecific and were species but not lineage specific.

Overall, our results suggest that a Janzen–Connell‐like pattern, that is, increased mortality of seedlings near conspecific adult, can be (1) induced by specialist decomposers increasing the nutritional quality of conspecific seedlings to herbivores, and (2) offset by ectomycorrhizal fungal mutualists under a closely related canopy. Coexistence among closely related adult trees appears to change interactions between adults and nearby conspecific seedlings from conspecific inhibition to conspecific facilitation.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
The future of Jungian analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (‘SWOT’)
Authors: Samuels Andrew
Published: October 2017

Using a methodology derived from management and organizational studies, the author reviews the future of Jungian analysis. The methodology is termed SWOT – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats. A selected list in each of these categories is presented. The author is transparent in allowing for the fact that the paper not only derives from a public lecture on the topic, but also retains the immediacy and the contrarian and opinionated style of such a lecture.
The wrong side of history
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: October 2017

Psychoanalysis (including analytical psychology), once a pioneering and forward‐looking movement of the early 20th century has now become a conservative backward‐looking ‘tradition’. After considering some of the internal problems associated with this historical change such as idealization and tribalism, some ways forward are suggested – a focus on clinical excellence as practical craft, openness to the unknown and engagement with others beyond the confines of private practice.
Transgenderism and transformation: an attempt at a Jungian understanding
Authors: Marsman Michael A.
Published: October 2017

While transgenderism as a cultural phenomenon seems to be based on a collective taste for the sensational, its emergence represents a collective shift towards a new or more differentiated way of experiencing and expressing sex and gender, a movement of world soul. This paper attempts to explore that emergence from a Jungian perspective. The paper utilizes clinical examples which illustrate how dissociated aspects of the personality are seeking assimilation and expression in order to move the personality towards greater wholeness. In that sense, it attempts to understand the teleology of transgenderism on an individual and collective level.

The paper is intended as a starting‐off point for discussion and explores gender as fantasy, anima/animus dynamics, the psyche/soma relationship, the role of hormones/biochemistry in our experience of ourselves and what transgender people carry and suffer for our culture.
Chilled to the bone: embodied countertransference and unspoken traumatic memories
Authors: Zoppi Luisa
Published: October 2017

Starting from a deeply challenging experience of early embodied countertransference in a first encounter with a new patient, the author explores the issues it raised. Such moments highlight projective identification as well as what Stone (2006) has described as ‘embodied resonance in the countertransference’. In these powerful experiences linear time and subject boundaries are altered, and this leads to central questions about analytic work. As well as discussing the uncanny experience at the very beginning of an analytic encounter and its challenges for the analytic field, the author considers ‘the time horizon of analytic process’ (Hogenson ), the relationship between ‘moments of complexity and analytic boundaries’ (Cambray ) and the role of mirror neurons in intersubjective experience.
Age‐associated dysregulation of protein metabolism in the mammalian oocyte
Authors: Duncan Francesca E. , Jasti Susmita , Paulson Ariel , Kelsh John M. , Fegley Barbara , Gerton Jennifer L.
Published: October 2017

Reproductive aging is characterized by a marked decline in oocyte quality that contributes to infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects. This decline is multifactorial, and the underlying mechanisms are under active investigation. Here, we performed RNA‐Seq on individual growing follicles from reproductively young and old mice to identify age‐dependent functions in oocytes. This unbiased approach revealed genes involved in cellular processes known to change with age, including mitochondrial function and meiotic chromosome segregation, but also uncovered previously unappreciated categories of genes related to proteostasis and organelles required for protein metabolism. We further validated our RNA‐Seq data by comparing nucleolar structure and function in oocytes from reproductively young and old mice, as this organelle is central for protein production. We examined key nucleolar markers, including upstream binding transcription factor (UBTF), an RNA polymerase I cofactor, and fibrillarin, an rRNA methyltransferase. In oocytes from mice of advanced reproductive age, UBTF was primarily expressed in giant fibrillar centers (GFCs), structures associated with high levels of rDNA transcription, and fibrillarin expression was increased ~2‐fold. At the ultrastructural level, oocyte nucleoli from reproductively old mice had correspondingly more prominent fibrillar centers and dense fibrillar centers relative to young controls and more ribosomes were found in the cytoplasm. Taken together, our findings are significant because the growing oocyte is one of the most translationally active cells in the body and must accumulate high‐quality maternally derived proteins to support subsequent embryo development. Thus, perturbations in protein metabolism are likely to have a profound impact on gamete health.
Natural history of endoscopically detected hiatus herniae at late follow‐up
Authors: Ahmed Syeda Khadijah , Bright Tim , Watson David I.
Published: October 2017

Background

Hiatus herniae are commonly seen at endoscopy. Many patients with a large hiatus hernia are endoscoped for symptoms associated with the hernia and many of these will progress to surgical treatment. However, little is known about the natural history of small to medium size hiatus herniae, and their risk of progressing to a larger hernia requiring surgery. This study aims to determine the need for subsequent surgery in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective audit of the endoscopy database at Flinders Medical Centre and the Repatriation General Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia for the 2‐year period 2002–2003 was performed to identify all patients with a hiatus hernia. Patients under the age of 65 and with a sliding hiatus hernia <5 cm in length were selected for this study, and sent a questionnaire which determines the long‐term (>10 years) outcome of these herniae.

Results

Small‐ to medium‐sized hiatus herniae (<5 cm length) were found at 10% of endoscopies performed. In this group, 38% had reflux as the indication for endoscopy. 1.5% subsequently progressed to anti‐reflux surgery or hiatus hernia repair. Thirty‐nine percent reported being on proton pump inhibitors for symptom control. No patients required emergency surgical repair of their hiatus hernia.

Conclusion

While patients with small‐ to medium‐sized sliding hiatus hernia commonly have symptomatic reflux, an acute problem requiring emergency surgery is unlikely over long‐term follow‐up.
Clinician’s guide to genes associated with Rett‐like phenotypes—Investigation of a Danish cohort and review of the literature
Authors: Schönewolf‐Greulich B. , Bisgaard A‐M. , Møller R.S. , Dunø M. , Brøndum‐Nielsen K. , Kaur S. , Van Bergen N.J. , Lunke S. , Eggers S. , Jespersgaard C. , Christodoulou J. , Tümer Z.
Published: October 2017

The differential diagnostics in Rett syndrome has evolved with the development of next generation sequencing‐based techniques and many patients have been diagnosed with other syndromes or variants in newly described genes where the associated phenotype(s) is yet to be fully explored. The term Rett‐like refers to phenotypes with distinct overlapping features of Rett syndrome where the clinical criteria are not completely fulfilled. In this study we have combined a review of Rett‐like disorders with data from a Danish cohort of 35 patients with Rett‐like phenotypes emphasizing the diagnostic overlap with Pitt‐Hopkins syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome with SMC1A variants, and epileptic encephalopathies, for example, due to STXBP1 variants. We also found a patient with a pathogenic variant in KCNB1, which has not been previously linked to a Rett‐like phenotype. This study underlines the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of a Rett syndrome spectrum, and provides an overview of the Rett syndrome‐related genes described to date, and hence serves as a guide for diagnosing patients with Rett‐like phenotypes.
LincRNA‐p21 suppresses development of human prostate cancer through inhibition of PKM2
Authors: Wang Xiaohai , Xu Yongzhi , Wang Xingjie , Jiang Chenyi , Han Sha , Dong Kai , Shen Mengjun , Xu Dongliang
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Previously, we found that long intergenic non‐coding RNA‐p21 (lincRNA‐p21) inhibited the development of human prostate cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we attempted to investigate the downstream targets of lincRNA‐p21 in prostate cancer.

Materials and methods

Expression of lincRNA‐p21 and PKM2 was determined by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. Lentivirus expressing shPKM2 or shCtrl was used to explore the role of PKM2 on the enhanced cell proliferation and glycolysis of lincRNA‐p21‐silenced prostate cancer cells. A xenograft mouse model was performed to investigate the effect of PKM2 suppression, glycolytic or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor on the tumorigenic capacity of lincRNA‐p21‐silenced prostate cancer cells.

Results

We revealed that lincRNA‐p21 silencing in DU145 and LNCaP cells induced up‐regulation of PKM2 and activation of glycolysis, which could be reversed by PKM2 knockdown or rapamycin treatment. We also found that the proliferation and tumorigenesis of lincRNA‐p21‐silenced prostate cancer cells were significantly inhibited after knocking down PKM2. 3‐bromopyruvate (3‐Brpa) or rapamycin treatment largely decreased the tumour burden. Importantly, PKM2 expression was inversely correlated with the lincRNA‐p21 level and the survival of prostate cancer patients.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that lincRNA‐p21 blunted the prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenic capacity through down‐regulation of PKM2. Therefore, targeting PKM2 or glycolysis might be a therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer patients with lowly expressed lincRNA‐p21.
Measuring child development and learning
Authors: Raikes Abbie
Published: October 2017

The Sustainable Development Goal's ‘Education 2030’ agenda includes an explicit focus on early childhood development. Target 4.2 states that all children are ‘developmentally on track’ at the start of school. What does it mean for a child to be developmentally on track, and how should it be measured, especially in an international context? In this article, principles of child development with implications for measurement are described, together with issues in accurately capturing the complex nature of early development with feasible, cost‐effective measures. Three measures are described, with an emphasis on identifying the policy relevance, feasibility, and methodologies that influence their potential usefulness for measuring progress towards global education goals. Directions for measuring early childhood development and learning are outlined.
Rates and predictors of success and failure in repeat epilepsy surgery: A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Krucoff Max O. , Chan Alvin Y. , Harward Stephen C. , Rahimpour Shervin , Rolston John D. , Muh Carrie , Englot Dario J.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Medically refractory epilepsy is a debilitating disorder that is particularly challenging to treat in patients who have already failed a surgical resection. Evidence regarding outcomes of further epilepsy surgery is limited to small case series and reviews. Therefore, our group performed the first quantitative meta‐analysis of the literature from the past 30 years to assess for rates and predictors of successful reoperations.

Methods

A PubMed search was conducted for studies reporting outcomes of repeat epilepsy surgery. Studies were excluded if they reported fewer than five eligible patients or had average follow‐ups < 1 year, and patients were excluded from analysis if they received a nonresective intervention. Outcomes were stratified by each variable of interest, and quantitative meta‐analysis was performed to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Seven hundred eighty‐two patients who received repeat resective epilepsy surgery from 36 studies were included. Engel I outcome was observed in 47% (n = 369) of patients. Significant predictors of seizure freedom included congruent over noncongruent electrophysiology data (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.6–8.2), lesional over nonlesional epilepsy (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9–5.3), and surgical limitations over disease‐related factors associated with failure of the first surgery (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3–5.3). Among patients with at least one of these predictors, seizure freedom was achieved in 58%. Conversely, the use of invasive monitoring was associated with worse outcome (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.9). Temporal lobe over extratemporal/multilobe resection (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.8–3.0) and abnormal over normal preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.6–5.4) showed nonsignificant trends toward seizure freedom.

Significance

This analysis supports considering further resection in patients with intractable epilepsy who continue to have debilitating seizures after an initial surgery, especially in the context of factors predictive of a favorable outcome.
Why decadal to century timescale palaeoclimate data are needed to explain present‐day patterns of biological diversity and change
Authors: Fordham Damien A. , Saltré Frédérik , Brown Stuart C. , Mellin Camille , Wigley Tom M. L.
Published: October 2017

The current distribution of species, environmental conditions and their interactions represent only one snapshot of a planet that is continuously changing, in part due to human influences. To distinguish human impacts from natural factors, the magnitude and pace of climate shifts, since the Last Glacial Maximum, are often used to determine whether patterns of diversity today are artefacts of past climate change. In the absence of high‐temporal resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions, this is generally done by assuming that past climate change occurred at a linear pace between widely spaced (usually, ≥1,000 years) climate snapshots. We show here that this is a flawed assumption because regional climates have changed significantly across decades and centuries during glacial–interglacial cycles, likely causing rapid regional replacement of biota. We demonstrate how recent atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations of the climate of the past 21,000 years can provide credible estimates of the details of climate change on decadal to centennial timescales, showing that these details differ radically from what might be inferred from longer timescale information. High‐temporal resolution information can provide more meaningful estimates of the magnitude and pace of climate shifts, the location and timing of drivers of physiological stress, and the extent of novel climates. They also produce new opportunities to directly investigate whether short‐term climate variability is more important in shaping biodiversity patterns rather than gradual changes in long‐term climatic means. Together, these more accurate measures of past climate instability are likely to bring about a better understanding of the role of palaeoclimatic change and variability in shaping current macroecological patterns in many regions of the world.