bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deltamethrin reduces survival of non-target small mammals
Authors: Goldberg Amanda R. , Biggins Dean E. , Ramakrishnan Shantini , Bowser Jonathan W. , Conway Courtney J. , Eads David A. , Wimsatt Jeffrey
Published: May 2022

Context Vector-borne diseases have caused global pandemics and were responsible for more human deaths than all other causes combined in prior centuries. In the past 60 years, prevention and control programs have helped reduce human mortality from vector-borne diseases, but impacts of those control programs on wildlife populations are not well documented. Insecticides are used to reduce vector-borne diseases in several critically endangered animal populations. Although insecticides are often effective at controlling targeted vectors, their effects on non-target species have rarely been examined. Aims To evaluate the impact of deltamethrin (an insecticide) on sympatric non-target species in areas affected by sylvatic plague, a lethal flea-borne zoonosis. Methods We compared flea control and the effect of deltamethrin application on survival of non-target small mammals (Peromyscus maniculatus, Chaetodipus hispidus, Microtus spp., and Reithrodontomys megalotis) at three study locations in South Dakota, Colorado, and Idaho, USA. Key results Deltamethrin treatments were more effective in reducing fleas on P. maniculatus and Microtus spp. than C. hispidus. Following burrow, nest, and bait-station applications of deltamethrin dust, apparent small mammal survival was greater for non-treatment animals than for flea-reduction animals. However, the magnitude of the difference between treated and non-treated animals differed among host species, study location, time interval, and treatment application method. Conclusions Our results suggest that considering the impact of deltamethrin on co-occurring non-target species before widespread application in future insecticide applications is warranted. Implications Insecticide application methods warrant consideration when designing plague management actions.
A review on diamond-like carbon-based films for space tribology
Authors: Shi Bang , Wu Yanxia , Liu Ying , Wang Limin , Gao Jie , Hei Hongjun , Zheng Ke , Yu Shengwang
Published: May 2022

Space solid lubricants should undergo serious tests, such as high pressure, high vacuum, strong radiations and so on. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films show potential applications in space because of low friction in vacuum. However, the short sliding lifetime should be a critical issue, and many methods are used to improve it. This paper highlights the development and broad potential of DLC films with special structures used in vacuum. The frictional behaviours of DLC-based films in other space conditions, such as radiation and extreme temperatures, are also addressed. Furthermore, the tribological performances and related mechanisms under different environments are discussed. Finally, some open issues concerning space applications are discussed.
Characterization of gravitational-wave detector noise with fractals
Authors: Cavaglià Marco
Published: May 2022

We present a new method, based on fractal analysis, to characterize the output of a physical detector that is in the form of a set of real-valued, discrete physical measurements. We apply the method to gravitational-wave data from the latest observing run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. We show that a measure of the fractal dimension of the main detector output (strain channel) can be used to determine the instrument status, test data stationarity, and identify non-astrophysical excess noise in low latency. When applied to instrument control and environmental data (auxiliary channels) the fractal dimension can be used to identify the origins of noise transients, non-linear couplings in the various detector subsystems, and provide a means to flag stretches of low-quality data.
Rubidium atom spectral lineshapes in high intensity light fields near an optical nanofibre
Authors: Gokhroo Vandna , Kien Fam Le , Nic Chormaic Síle
Published: May 2022

The integration of cold atomic systems with optical nanofibres (ONFs) is an increasingly important experimental platform. Here, we report on the spectra observed during a strongly driven, single-frequency, two-photon excitation of cold rubidium atoms near an ONF. At resonance, two competitive processes, namely a higher excitation rate and stronger pushing of atoms from the nanofibre due to resonance scattering, need to be considered. We discuss the processes that lead to the observed two-peak profile in the fluorescence spectrum as the excitation laser is scanned across the resonance, noting that the presence of the ONF dramatically changes the fluorescence signal. These observations are useful for experiments where high electric field intensities near an ONF are needed, for example when driving nonlinear processes.
Time-dependent quantum teleportation via a parametric converter
Authors: Qureshi Haleema Sadia , Ullah Shakir , Ghafoor Fazal
Published: May 2022

Quantum state teleportation is an important protocol that plays a pivotal role in various quantum information tasks. Here we theoretically investigate quantum state teleportation by exploiting a general two-mode Gaussian entangled state produced by a parametric converter when two single-mode Gaussian states (SMGSs) in terms of the non-classicality and purity are employed as inputs to the parametric converter. In particular, the time-dependent teleportation fidelity is analyzed with respect to the squeezing parameter and phase-space quadratures of the teleported squeezed coherent state. We show that the teleportation fidelity is maximal when ratio of the expectation values of photon number in the two modes of the evolved Gaussian entangled state is equal to 1. Quantum state teleportation in terms of the purity and non-classicality of the general two SMGSs seems to be a good choice for experimental realization of quantum communication and information processing.
Diffusion mechanism in a sodium superionic sulfide-based solid electrolyte: Na11Sn2AsS12
Authors: Tiwari Anurag , Singh Shishir K , Srivastava Nitin , Meghnani Dipika , Mishra Raghvendra , Tiwari Rupesh K , Patel Anupam , Gupta Himani , Tiwari Vimal K , Singh Rajendra K
Published: May 2022

Recently, in all solid-state batteries, sulfide-based solid electrolytes have received increased attention due to their high ionic conductivity, good mechanical features, and better chemical stability. Therefore, in the present study, we have synthesized a novel sodium superionic conducting sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte (Na11Sn2AsS12) using a solid-state reaction method. The prepared solid electrolyte (Na11Sn2AsS12) is characterized by different techniques such as x-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry to study its various properties such as structure, surface morphology, thermal stability, dielectric properties, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability window for sodium ion battery (SIB) applications. The XRD analysis confirms two coexisting phases—tetragonal and cubic, with phase fractions of 0.69 and 0.31, respectively. The SEM study reveals the irregular shape and dense morphology of the solid electrolyte. On the other hand, TGA shows that the prepared solid electrolyte is suitable for high temperature battery applications. The ionic and transport studies confirm that the synthesized Na11Sn2AsS12 is purely ionic in nature, with ionic conductivity found to be

1.14
×

10

−
4

S cm−1 and negligible electronic conductivity ∼

1.43
×

10

−
10

S cm−1 at room temperature. Furthermore, the detailed ionic conduction mechanism is studied using temperature and frequency-dependent AC impedance analysis. In addition, the synthesized solid electrolyte Na11Sn2AsS12 exhibits a wide electrochemical window (∼7.0 V) and a high diffusion coefficient (

1.3
×

10

−
7

cm2 s−1) showing suitable electrolyte properties for solid-state SIB applications.
Radiation pattern in a tunable plasma window antenna
Authors: Ye Xin , Wang Yongge , Yao Jingfeng , Yuan Chengxun , Zhou Zhongxiang , Astafiev Aleksandr M , Kudryavtsev Anatoly A
Published: May 2022

The work aims to theoretically and experimentally investigate the radiation characteristics of the plasma window antenna for beam-steering applications. The antenna system consists of a wire antenna in the center, surrounded by a circular array of 22 cylindrical plasma columns. The research reveals that the radiation pattern of the antenna system can be simply controlled by exploiting the variable parameters, such as working frequency, driving current, and plasma configurations. It implies that the beam narrows as the plasma antenna aperture decreases, implying a greater directivity. By electrically tuning the plasma, a maximum directivity of 9.09 dBi and a minimum half-power beam width of 35.86∘ emerged for a specific configuration. The results show that higher currents prevent radiation from escaping from the plasma shell, while higher frequency microwaves are more likely to penetrate the plasma blanket.
PtNi multi-branched nanostructures as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for fuel cell
Authors: Zhao Kai , Qian Tangjiang , Bai Xiaoyan , Feng Menglin , Gao Han , Xia Tianyu , Wang Ziyu , Guo Haizhong
Published: May 2022

Fuel cells are highly efficient conversion devices to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution, but still encounter technical challenges to further improve catalytic efficiency of Pt-based electrocatalysts. In this work, PtNi multi-branched nanostructures (PtNi MBNs) were successfully prepared by a simple and economical one-step solvothermal method. The average diameter of the branches is about 9 nm, with numerous atom steps and Pt-rich surface. The prepared electrocatalyst shows excellent bifunctionality in acidic electrolytes, catalyzing both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The half-wave potential of 0.966 V for ORR is much higher than that of commercial Pt/C (0.931 V), and only decreases 14 mV after 8000 cycles. For MOR, the specific activity of PtNi MBNs is 18.1 A

m

Pt

−
2

, better than that of commercial Pt/C (7.8 A

m

Pt

−
2

), indicating an optimal intrinsic activity. The remarkable bifunctionality of PtNi MBNs is attributed to the exposed electrochemical surface area, abundant atomic steps, and Pt-rich surface provided by the unique MBN. This facile preparation technique offers a promising application for designing high-performance electrocatalyst for acid direct methanol fuel cell in the future.
Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry for two-dimensional thin film thickness measurement using a digital light processing projector
Authors: Kim Min-gab
Published: May 2022

An improved version of spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry is described for accurate reconstruction of two-dimensional thin film thickness. A digital light processing projector enables a selected area of the back focal plane of the objective lens to be illuminated so that the angle of incidence and the polarization state of the light source vary depending on the area of the back focal plane being illuminated. By combining multiple images of the object plane obtained at different polarization states, every pixel in the field of view has its own ellipsometric parameters; therefore a reconstruction of two-dimensional thin film thickness is possible. Because the proposed ellipsometry system has a co-axial optical structure in which the objective lens is arranged in the normal direction to the measurement target, the spatial resolution is improved due to the application of a high-magnitude objective lens. In addition, spectroscopic analysis can be conducted using a number of band-pass filters which each have a central wavelength. The effect of the proposed method on thin film thickness measurement was evaluated by comparing the experimental results with a topographic profile obtained using a commercial atomic force microscope.
Improved integrated navigation method of micro position and orientation system based on installation error angle calibration
Authors: Qu Chunyu , Li Jianli , Zhang Wu
Published: May 2022

Micro position and orientation systems (POSs) are motion compensation equipment for airborne remote sensing systems, and are composed of an inertial navigation system (INS) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) with double antennas. INS/GNSS integrated navigation is a key technology to measure micro POS motion information. However, the installation error angle between the INS and dual antennas seriously reduces the navigation accuracy. To solve this problem, an improved integrated navigation method of micro POS based on installation error angle calibration is proposed. First, a calibration method for the installation error angle based on a high-precision POS and the dual antennas is presented. Then, an improved real-time navigation algorithm based on error angle compensation is established. Finally, the flight experiment results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the navigation accuracy compared to the uncalibrated method, especially the attitude and velocity accuracies, which are improved by 36% and 27%, respectively.
TransDose: a transformer-based UNet model for fast and accurate dose calculation for MR-LINACs
Authors: Xiao Fan , Cai Jiajun , Zhou Xuanru , Zhou Linghong , Song Ting , Li Yongbao
Published: May 2022

Objective. To present a transformer-based UNet model (TransDose) for fast and accurate dose calculation for magnetic resonance-linear accelerators (MR-LINACs). Approach. A 2D fluence map from each beam was first projected into a 3D fluence volume and then fed into the TransDose model together with patient density volume and output predicted beam dose. The proposed TransDose model combined a 3D residual UNet with a transformer encoder, where convolutional layers extracted the volumetric spatial features, and the transformer encoder processed the long-range dependencies in a global space. Ninety-eight cases with four tumor sites (brain, nasopharynx, lung, and rectum) treated with fixed-beam intensity-modulated radiotherapy were included in the dataset; 78 cases were used for model training and validation; and 20 cases were used for testing. The ground-truth beam doses were calculated with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations within 1% statistical uncertainty and magnetic field strength B = 1.5 T in the superior and inferior direction. Beam angles from the training and validation datasets were rotated 2–5 times, and doses were recalculated to augment the datasets. Results. The dose-volume histograms and indices between the predicted and MC doses showed good consistency. The average 3D γ-passing rates (3%/2 mm, for dose regions above 10% of maximum dose) were 99.13 ± 0.89% (brain), 98.31 ± 1.92% (nasopharynx), 98.74 ± 0.70% (lung), and 99.28 ± 0.25% (rectum). The average dose calculation time, which included the fluence projection and model prediction, was less than 310 ms for each beam. Significance. We successfully developed a transformer-based UNet dose calculation model—TransDose in magnetic fields. Its accuracy and efficiency indicated its potential for use in online adaptive plan optimization for MR-LINACs.
Physics of thermionic orificed hollow cathodes: II. Scaling laws and design rules
Authors: Taunay P-Y C R , Wordingham C J , Choueiri E Y
Published: May 2022

Scaling laws for the total pressure, electron temperature, and attachment length within orificed hollow cathodes are derived from a theoretical zero-dimensional model combined with a charge-exchange-limited ambipolar diffusion model. These quantities are critical as they control the operational life of thermionic hollow cathode inserts. The underlying models were delineated and evaluated experimentally in a companion paper (Part 1). In the present paper, scaling laws are derived from first principles for the total pressure, and from a semi-analytical approach for the electron temperature and attachment length. The total pressure is found to scale with the sum of the square of the mass flow rate multiplied by a weak function of discharge current, and with the square of the discharge current. This scaling can be physically interpreted as due to the relative importance of the Lorentz force density and the gasdynamic pressure. Both electron temperature and attachment length are found to vary inversely with the neutral gas pressure-cathode diameter product. The predicted emission length is found to be between 0.6–1.4 times the insert radius for the experimental data considered, to scale weakly with the pressure-diameter product for Pd ⩾ 2 Torr-cm, and to be nearly independent of the orifice diameter. The analysis suggests that the diffusion-dominated nature of the insert plasma can account for the scaling of the emission length. A general cathode design rule is formulated based on the results of the analysis: the insert diameter should be chosen such that the attachment length is similar to the insert length to minimize the emission current density.
A novel design of ultrasonic vibration system: asymmetric structure
Authors: Zhao Chongyang , Wang Zhenzhou , Wang Xiaobo , Zhao Bo
Published: May 2022

This paper designs an acoustic system of asymmetrical structure based on the theory of wave. Firstly, the frequency equation of asymmetric structural horn (ASH) was obtained by wave theory, the structural dimension of ASH was calculated based on frequency equation. Then, the influence law of different structural parameters on the resonance frequency and amplification coefficient of ASH was obtained. Simulation results demonstrated that the minimum error of the resonant frequency of the designed horn was 0.16%, and the maximum error was 7.57%. Effect of the change of the horn geometry on the acoustic parameters of the acoustic system was analyzed, and the results manifest that the order of influence on the resonance frequency was

l
2

>

l
1

>

r
2

>
θ

, the order of influence on the amplification coefficient was

l
1

>

r
2

>

l
2

>
θ

. Finally, the variable horn was processed in segmented and integral two processing methods, and its acoustic performance was tested. Results indicated that the vibration form of the horn output was the vertical vibration accompanied by the slightly curved vibration and the longitudinal vibration amplitude of ASH with resonant frequency of 30–35 kHz can reach 5

μ

m

. ASH meets the requirements of amplitude in ultrasonic assisted machining and can further expand the application field of ultrasonic machining.
Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run: 2. Measurement of shape
Authors: Kissinger Thomas , James Stephen W , Weber Simone , Mullaney Kevin , Chehura Edmond , H Pekmezci Huseyin , H Barrington James , E Staines Stephen , Charrett Thomas O H , J Lawson Nicholas , Lone Mudassir , Atack Richard , Tatam Ralph P
Published: May 2022

Optical fibre strain and shape measurement sensors were deployed on a rotor blade during a full-speed helicopter ground run, with real-time data wirelessly streamed from rotor hub-mounted sensor interrogators. In part 2 of a 2-part paper series, two-dimensional direct fibre-optic shape sensing (DFOSS), using fibre segment interferometry-based interrogation is investigated. The concept of blade shape change visualisation over one rotation period using rotation displacement surfaces is introduced and the usefulness of DFOSS data to gain additional insights by determining operational modal frequencies independently for both horizontal and vertical vibration directions of the blade is demonstrated.
Design, simulation, and motion characteristics of a novel impact piezoelectric actuator using double stators
Authors: Pan Qiaosheng , Zhao Mingfei , Wang Ya , Li Chen , Huang Qiangxian , Huang Bin , Li Ruijun
Published: May 2022

This study presents a novel impact piezoelectric motor that excites double stators through a sinusoidal signal. A sawtooth signal drives the traditional impact piezoelectric actuator, and its working frequency is limited by the resonant frequency. This study uses sine signals to drive the double stators to produce a sinusoidal vibration. The sinusoidal vibration of different frequencies and amplitudes are synthesised into a sawtooth vibration on the stage plate. The directional movement of the slider is realised using the vibration of the stage plate to drive the slider. This structure reduces the space required for the piezoelectric actuator to work. The working principle of the motor is discussed, and the structure is constructed. The dynamics model of the whole system is established on the based of the dynamics model of the actuator and the LuGre friction model. Moreover, the dynamics model was simulated and analysed through MATLAB/Simulink. The prototype is fabricated and tested. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of using sinusoidal signals to drive the piezoelectric actuator, and the motion process of the piezoelectric motor is consistent with the theoretical analysis. The maximum speed of the piezoelectric actuator is 5.54 mm s−1, and the resolution is 0.72 μm. This study provides an effective driving method for the quasi-static piezoelectric motor to improve the working frequency.
A self-powered deep-ultraviolet photodetector based on a hybrid organic-inorganic p-P3HT/n-Ga2O3 heterostructure
Authors: Qi Xiaohui , Ji Xueqiang , Yue Jianying , Li Lei , Wang Xia , Du Ling , Liu Zeng , Li Peigang , Guo Yufeng , Tang Weihua
Published: May 2022

A self-powered deep ultraviolet photodetector based on a hybrid Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/β-gallium oxide-(β-Ga2O3) heterojunction with planar structure is presented in this study. The P3HT precursor solution was spin-coating onto the Ga2O3 film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The prepared device demonstrates outstanding photoelectric performance with an ultra-low dark current of 0.18 pA, a high responsivity of 57.2 mA W−1, and a detectivity of 1.47 × 1017 Jones under 1 μW cm−2 at 0 V. Benefiting from the formation of the built-in electric field, the photocurrent and response speed have been improved. Furthermore, the physical mechanism of the device under self-powered mode was discussed through an energy band diagram. The device has good stability and repeatability under different light intensities and different voltages. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for designing self-powered ultraviolet photodetectors.
Non-local gravity in bouncing cosmology scenarios
Authors: Jackson D. , Bufalo R.
Published: May 2022

In this work, we analyzed the improved Deser-Woodard non-local gravity over the background of five different bouncing cosmologies, whose premise is avoid the initial singular state of the universe.
We developed the numerical solution for the non-local distortion function, which encompass the modifications to the Einstein-Hilbert action, using the reconstruction procedure and we have found that they have a viable cosmological solution.
Afterwards, we discussed the physical aspects and outcomes of the evolution of the distortion function throughout the bouncing point for these models, specifically: the symmetric bounce, oscillatory bounce, the matter bounce, finite time singularity model, and the pre-inflationary asymmetrical bounce.
Magnetic tuning in a novel half-metallic Ir2TeI2 monolayer
Authors: Zhao Didi , Zhang Chenggong , Zhang Changwen , Ji Weixiao , Li Shengshi , Wang Peiji
Published: May 2022

A two-dimensional (2D) high-temperature ferromagnetic half-metal whose magnetic and electronic properties can be flexibly tuned is required for the application of new spintronics devices. In this paper, we predict a stable Ir2TeI2 monolayer with half-metallicity by systematical first-principles calculations. Its ground state is found to exhibit inherent ferromagnetism and strong out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy of up to 1.024 meV per unit cell. The Curie temperature is estimated to be 293 K based on Monte Carlo simulation. Interestingly, a switch of magnetic axis between in-plane and out-of-plane is achievable under hole and electron doping, which allows for the effective control of spin injection/detection in such 2D systems. Furthermore, the employment of biaxial strain can realize the transition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states. These findings not only broaden the scope of 2D half-metal materials but they also provide an ideal platform for future applications of multifunctional spintronic devices.
Uniform, fast, and reliable CMOS compatible resistive switching memory
Authors: Hao Yunxia , Zhang Ying , Wu Zuheng , Zhang Xumeng , Shi Tuo , Wang Yongzhou , Zhu Jiaxue , Wang Rui , Wang Yan , Liu Qi
Published: May 2022

Resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) is considered as one of the potential candidates for next-generation memory. However, obtaining an RRAM device with comprehensively excellent performance, such as high retention and endurance, low variations, as well as CMOS compatibility, etc., is still an open question. In this work, we introduce an insert TaO
x
layer into HfO
x
-based RRAM to optimize the device performance. Attributing to robust filament formed in the TaO
x
layer by a forming operation, the local-field and thermal enhanced effect and interface modulation has been implemented simultaneously. Consequently, the RRAM device features large windows (> 103), fast switching speed (~ 10 ns), steady retention (> 72 h), high endurance (> 108 cycles), and excellent uniformity of both cycle-to-cycle and device-to-device. These results indicate that inserting the TaO
x
layer can significantly improve HfO
x
-based device performance, providing a constructive approach for the practical application of RRAM.
Metals in green mussels: is there any effect on their reproduction? A preliminary study of Muara Angke, Jakarta Bay
Authors: Koagouw W , Phadmacanty N L P R , Iskandar M R , Hindarti D , Arifin Z
Published: May 2022

Water pollution and its impacts on ecosystems in Jakarta Bay have been extensively studied over the years. Muara Angke is known anecdotally as one of the most heavily polluted parts of Jakarta Bay. In the context of the ongoing debate regarding contamination in the area, we present data on the concentration of metals in green mussels Perna viridis, one of the most popular edible commodities in Jakarta Bay. Histological examination of P. viridis gonads was also performed to demonstrate the direct effects of possible contamination on reproduction in this organism. The concentration of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) exceeded the upper limits of heavy metal contents in marine biota, whilst only As exceeded the maximum limits of heavy metal contents in processed food, both limits set by Indonesian government. Although the histological observation of gonad tissue after being stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed some pathologies, high contents of metals in mussels collected in Muara Angke seemed not to affect their reproduction. Ecologically, direct impacts on the tissue of P. viridis will provide vital information needed to predict the health of the species in Muara Angke and the sustainability of the population.
Analysis of Food Expenditures of Rice Farmers in Flooding Prone Region in South Lampung District, Lampung Province
Authors: Abidin Zainal , Nikmatullah Dewangga , Nugraha Adia , Saleh Yuliana
Published: May 2022

Flooding frequently happened in South Lampung District between January and February which caused loss of production significantly to rice farmers. This study aims at analysing model of food expenditures of paddy farmers using survey method. The study involved 120 farmers who were randomly selected from flooding prone area and was carried out in July-September 2020. Data were analysed using regression model where dependent variable is food expenditures, and independent variables include rice production, corn production, loss of production due to flooding, family income, number of owning livestock, price of rice, price of cassava, and number of family member. Before regression analysis was run, the study did standard test for ordinary least-squares (OLS) such as multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation tests. The data passed all the required tests. The study suggests that factors affecting food expenditures include rice production, corn production, family income, price of cassava, loss of production due to flooding, and price of rice. The model concludes R2 is 0.543 suggesting that there is still about 45% of other factors that were not included in the model. The t-test suggests that rice production, family income, and price of cassava have a highly significant influence in affecting the farmers’ food expenditure in South Lampung District.
Feasibility of rooftop solar PV program for 9 tourism villages towards green village development in Bali
Authors: Halim DK , Wahyuni AANS
Published: May 2022

Electricity in Bali majorly is supplied by power plants in Java which use fossil-fuelled. With petroleum and coal reserves to run out by 2025, Bali Government has issued Governor Ordinance No. 45/2019 concerning clean energy in encouraging Balinese to use rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV). As backboned tourism industry, Bali has drastically been declining due to COVID-19 causing most hotels and their supporting industries closed, the government then has changed the orientation from urban tourism to rural tourism. This paper proposes rooftop solar PV power plant program in the tourism village representing all 8 regencies and 1 municipality (Sudaji in Buleleng, Catur and others in Bangli, Tenganan in Karangasem, Kerta in Gianyar, Blimbingsari in Jembrana, Paksebali in Klungkung, Bongan in Tabanan, Bongkasa in Badung, and Sanur Kauh in Denpasar). Recent studies show huge potential for solar energy in Bali and the program is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (Bali SDGs). The study elaborates problems in implementing the program since solar PV is still new and traditions could hinder the people in the tourism village to utilize it. Behaviour approach must be explored to make the program can be successfully done.
The impact of optical system aberration and fiber positioning error on the FMF coupling efficiency of an FSO receiver under atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Bian Yiming , Li Yan , Li Wei , Hong Xiaobin , Qiu Jifang , Chen Erhu , Li Li , Wu Jian
Published: May 2022

Owing to the rapid development of coherent optical fiber communication, free-space optical communication systems typically have a fiber-based coupling structure. In such systems, the received light field is coupled to a single-mode fiber or a few-mode fiber (FMF). In this study, we respectively establish an expectation model of FMF coupling efficiency under optical system aberration (OSA) and fiber positioning error (FPE) conditions, based on the Kolmogorov power-law spectrum and plane wave. The performance of the FMF with different coupling geometry parameters is analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the impacts of OSA and FPE on the coupling efficiency of a FMF under different turbulence strengths and coupling geometry parameters have been analyzed.
Microbubble generation and large-scale assembly of colloidal particles by graphene oxide microstructures
Authors: Pinapati Praveenkumar , Puthenveetil Jostine Joby , Cherukulappurath Sudhir
Published: May 2022

The study of generation, growth and decay of microbubbles is interesting owing to its potential applications in imaging, trapping of colloidal particles and mass fluid flow. While there have been several reports on the generation of microbubbles using plasmonic nanostructure based substrates, they often are expensive and cumbersome to fabricate. In this study, we demonstrate a simple scheme for the generation of microbubbles using graphene oxide (GO) microstructures. Due to the excellent photothermal properties of this graphene-based 2D material, it is possible to generate and sustain microbubbles by laser illumination at low intensities of the order of few of μW μm−2. The size of the microbubbles can be tuned by changing the incident laser power. Furthermore, the generated microbubble acts as a concave wide-angle lens with variable focal length. We further utilised the fluid flow around the microbubble to generate large-scale assembly of silica beads and quantum dots using thermophoretic forces. This optically-assisted thermophoretic aggregation is rapid and reversible. Owing to the simple and cost-effective synthesis method of GO, this scheme is an excellent alternative to plasmonic heating based-methods for the generation of microbubbles .
Material flow analysis of China’s five commodity plastics urges radical waste infrastructure improvement
Authors: Jian Xiaomei , Wang Peng , Sun Ningning , Xu Wen , Liu Lingxuan , Ma Yichun , Chen Wei-Qiang
Published: May 2022

Plastic waste is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges. As the world’s largest plastic waste generator and importer, China has implemented various policies to promote sustainable plastic waste management. However, the quantitative understanding of China’s application-specific plastic waste recycling and its infrastructure development is still quite limited. Here, we build up a unified framework to investigate the recycling and the corresponding infrastructure status of five commodity plastics in China, which are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) from 2000–2019. We find that: (1) in total, China consumed around 981.4 million tons (Mt) of the five commodity plastics from 2000–2019, generating 590.4 Mt of plastic waste, only 27% of which was recycled, 34% was landfilled and 32% was incinerated; (2) PP (∼30%) and PE (∼28%) have the highest recycling rate in China, which is related to their huge consumption base, while PS and ABS have the lowest recycling rate at only ∼26%; (3) the waste recycling performance is determined by its applications, and the worst recycling rates (<20%) are the packaging and commodity sectors due to their poor collection, while higher recycling rates (⩾30%) are found in the building and construction, agriculture and transportation sectors due to the special waste collection systems in these sectors; (4) our further examination of the recycling potential reveals that around 56% of packaging waste can be recycled by adjusting waste management infrastructure (in the collection, pre- and end-processing). Our results can help bridge information gaps and support policymaking to improve sustainable plastic waste management.
Ludwig van Beethoven: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2022

Ludvig van Beethoven: A Very Short Introduction examines Beethoven’s consistent attitude towards his art which is remarkable considering the difficulties he faced in life. This inner consistency provides the key to understanding the composer’s life and works more than 250 years after his birth in 1770. Beethoven approached music as he approached life, weighing from a variety of perspectives whatever occupied him: a melodic idea, a musical genre, a word or phrase, a friend, a lover, a patron, money, politics, religion. His ability to recognize and unlock so many possibilities from each helps explain the emotional breadth and richness of his output as a whole. Beethoven’s works are a series of variations on his life. The iconic scowl so familiar from later images of the composer is but one of many attitudes he could assume and project through his music. The supposedly characteristic frown and furrowed brow, moreover, came only after his time.
Introduction
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2022

‘Introduction’ considers how to relate Beethoven to all of his music and not just some of it. So many myths and legends have grown up around Beethoven that separating fact from fiction is a major challenge for anyone who wants to come to grips with him and his music. Generations of critics have projected Beethoven’s life onto his works, treating his music as if it were the soundtrack to the life. The temptation is understandable, for his style did indeed change markedly over the course of his career. If we know anything about his life at all, it is difficult to hear the unconventional piano sonatas and string quartets of his last decade without imagining the sense of isolation his near-total deafness must have forced on him. Yet Beethoven was in many respects remarkably consistent in his attitude toward his art, and the story of his life does not always allow us to draw direct lines between the two.
The scowl
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2022

‘The scowl’ explains that while there are no right or wrong ways to listen to Beethoven’s music, some are more accommodating than others. The first thing to get past is the image of the ever-present scowl. The image of the frowning composer has unduly narrowed the way we hear his works. The scowl maps well onto some of them, like the Fifth Symphony and the “Moonlight” and “Appassionata” Sonatas, but it is difficult to reconcile with most of his output, including such openly humorous works as the Eighth Symphony and the Piano Sonata op. 79. Beethoven was in fact far more multi-faceted than the image of him that developed after his death: he operated more in the manner of playwrights like Shakespeare, equally adept at both tragedy and comedy, able to see any given object from multiple perspectives. Beethoven scowled but he also laughed, and to judge from contemporary reports, he did so often and quite heartily. Scowling or laughing, he was in any case able to distance himself from his own transitory emotions and create fictional worlds that we as listeners can inhabit at our pleasure.
Early—middle—late
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan
Published: May 2022

‘Early—middle—late’ divides Beethoven’s career into three periods: Early (through 1802), Middle (1803-15) and Late (1815-27). This delineation has inevitably shaped how we hear the music in ways that are sometimes helpful, sometimes not. The “early” works are often characterized as following in the tradition of Haydn and Mozart; this is true, provided we keep in mind that audiences of the time recognized Haydn and Mozart as brilliantly original and unpredictable, very much like Beethoven. The works of the “middle” period—sometimes called the “heroic” period—are often regarded as quintessentially Beethovenian, for they include many of his best-known compositions, including the Third and Fifth Symphonies, with their trajectories of struggle and triumph; but this perspective short-changes the many and no less remarkable “unheroic” works of this period. Finally, the works of the “late” period are often perceived to reflect Beethoven’s increasing isolation from society during the last decade of his life: critics hear a heightened degree of introspection in this music, particularly when compared against the “heroic” works of the previous decade. But this, too, paints with a brush that is rather too broad, failing to explain, for example, the Ninth Symphony with its triumphant message of universal brotherhood.
2. Sparta’s civic structure
Authors: Bayliss Andrew J.
Published: May 2022

‘Sparta’s civic structure’ explains that the Spartans called themselves Spartiates, but outsiders usually called them ‘Lacedaemonians’. This name reflects the fact that Sparta was not just a city, but what the Greeks called a polis (‘city-state’). Sparta was actually a rigidly hierarchical society, comprising: (1) the citizens (homoioi) who lived in the town of Sparta itself; (2) an intermediate class of subordinate peoples called perioikoi, who lived in the surrounding territory; (3) and their servile labourers called ‘helots’. Other subclasses include the ‘inferiors’ (hypomeiones), the ‘tremblers’ (tresantes), and the neodamodeis (freed helots). Sparta had what ancient Greek commentators called a ‘mixed’ constitution, which blended kingship, oligarchy, and democracy.
1. Life and times
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘Life and times’ provides an overview of Theodor Adorno's life, which spanned the major upheavals of the twentieth century, and shows the significance of his work for a contemporary audience. Adorno's major concern can be seen in terms of understanding a world whose history seemed to defy understanding. His importance does not depend on his immediate reactions to the political events of the Weimar Republic and beyond, but on his explorations of how these affect the arts, philosophy, and the social sciences. Adorno played an influential role in keeping the issue of the Nazi past alive, beginning with Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), and with his participation in the Berkeley Anti-Semitism project.
Metabolic pathways of cinnamic acid derivatives in Brazilian green propolis in rats
Authors: Yamaga Masayuki , Tani Hiroko , Murota Kaeko
Published: May 2022

Cinnamic acid derivatives, which are dietary phenolic compounds, are attracting attention for their health benefits. Artepillin C, drupanin, baccharin, and p-coumaric acid are major cinnamic acid derivatives in Brazilian green propolis (BGP) used as functional food materials. To investigate the metabolism of these cinnamic acid derivatives, each compound was administered to rats, and their metabolic profiles were compared with those administered BGP. Artepillin C metabolized to hydroxylated metabolites (capillartemisin A), as well as glucuronide. Drupanin sulfate, glucuronide, and hydroxylated form were detected in plasma both after ingestion of drupanin and its 3-phenylpropionic acid ester (baccharin). p-Coumaric acid underwent sulfation, but not glucuronidation. These results reveal that the metabolic pathways of cinnamic acid derivatives in rats comprise ester hydrolysis and hydroxylation, as well as phase-II conjugation. Our findings may provide significant information for estimating the potential activity of various cinnamic acid derivatives derived from functional food materials.
CFM-ID 4.0 – a web server for accurate MS-based metabolite identification
Authors: Wang Fei , Allen Dana , Tian Siyang , Oler Eponine , Gautam Vasuk , Greiner Russell , Metz Thomas O , Wishart David S
Published: May 2022

The CFM-ID 4.0 web server (https://cfmid.wishartlab.com) is an online tool for predicting, annotating and interpreting tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of small molecules. It is specifically designed to assist researchers pursuing studies in metabolomics, exposomics and analytical chemistry. More specifically, CFM-ID 4.0 supports the: 1) prediction of electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectra (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for small molecules over multiple collision energies (10 eV, 20 eV, and 40 eV); 2) annotation of ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectra given the structure of the compound; and 3) identification of a small molecule that generated a given ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectrum at one or more collision energies. The CFM-ID 4.0 web server makes use of a substantially improved MS fragmentation algorithm, a much larger database of experimental and in silico predicted MS/MS spectra and improved scoring methods to offer more accurate MS/MS spectral prediction and MS/MS-based compound identification. Compared to earlier versions of CFM-ID, this new version has an MS/MS spectral prediction performance that is ∼22% better and a compound identification accuracy that is ∼35% better on a standard (CASMI 2016) testing dataset. CFM-ID 4.0 also features a neutral loss function that allows users to identify similar or substituent compounds where no match can be found using CFM-ID’s regular MS/MS-to-compound identification utility. Finally, the CFM-ID 4.0 web server now offers a much more refined user interface that is easier to use, supports molecular formula identification (from MS/MS data), provides more interactively viewable data (including proposed fragment ion structures) and displays MS mirror plots for comparing predicted with observed MS/MS spectra. These improvements should make CFM-ID 4.0 much more useful to the community and should make small molecule identification much easier, faster, and more accurate.
Learning to Write with Emily Dickinson
Authors: Cohen Michael C.
Published: May 2022

Where did Emily Dickinson first discover poetry? Where might we locate the beginnings of her desire to write? This essay speculates upon such questions by placing Dickinson in the context of a flourishing antebellum culture of amateur writing that was rooted in the institution of the school. The antebellum period was the era of the “poetry of the portfolio,” in Emerson’s phrase, and the school was a major force behind the upsurge of poetry writing that Emerson noted. This essay juxtaposes Dickinson with other young women poets of the 1830s and 1840s, and it reads their adolescent experiences with poetry through the educational institutions, pedagogical theories and methods, and the manuscript genres and formats, such as the poetry album, that combined to create the first mass readership and mass writership for poems in mid-nineteenth-century America.
Writing for Posterity
Authors: Miller Cristanne
Published: May 2022

The evidence of Dickinson’s extant manuscripts and the apparent sequence in which she copied poems to retain or circulate indicate that Dickinson wrote poetry not primarily to communicate with particular individuals but for posterity—or because such copying satisfied both her need to write and a desire that her poems survive their immediate context. This essay bases its conclusions on an examination of the sequence of her composition, copying, and circulation of poems, to the extent that we can know it, and the misleading implications of Ralph W. Franklin’s choice always to print a poem as circulated before that poem’s retained version, when sequence is not clear. It also examines Dickinson’s changing use of the fascicle booklets to include alternatives and revisions as significant to understanding her composition process. Together, this evidence suggests that for the vast majority of her poems circulation is not an intermediary stage in her composition (before copying a poem to retain) or her primary impetus for writing. For Dickinson, writing poetry was essential to her thinking and living in a vibrantly interesting and conflict-riven world. The typical sequence of her recording and circulating poems indicates that her most important audiences for the poems generally (albeit not for every individual poem) are, first, herself and then the future “Hands she cannot see” addressed in her “letter to the World.”
“My Business is to Love”
Authors: Scholes Judith
Published: May 2022

Building on recent currents in Dickinson scholarship that investigate the relation between poetic and epistolary address in her letters, this essay documents Dickinson’s practice of sending poems to correspondents, exploring what their highly personal orientation can tell us about Dickinson’s understanding of her work and the intimacies it could foster. Using a survey of 679 poems Dickinson addressed to fifty-two recipients, the essay identifies three distinct modes of addressed poems: as letters, set in letters, and enclosed with letters. Examining the first two of these modes in detail, the essay explores how Dickinson used poetry to build and sustain interpersonal connection. From a riddling note she sent with a basket of apples to her sister-in-law, to lines of consolation embedded in a letter to a friend’s friend, Dickinson’s distinctive employment of poems in epistolary contexts reveals her faith in poetry’s ability to mobilize affect between people and bring them closer together. Moreover, it reveals Dickinson’s concern that a specific, personal—not unspecific, public—addressee was crucial for such affect, which may help to explain her larger turn away from conventional publication.