bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MTF DETERMINATION OF SENTINEL-4 DETECTOR ARRAYS
Authors: Reulke R. , Sebastian I. , Williges C. , Hohn R.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The Institute for Optical Sensor Systems was involved in many international space projects in recent years. These include, for example, the fokal plane array (FPA) of the hyperspectral sensors ENMAP or Sentinel-4, but also the FPA for the high resolution FPA for Kompsat-3. An important requirement of the customer is the measurement of the detector MTF for different wavelengths. A measuring station under clean room conditions and evaluation algorithms was developed for these measurements. The measurement setup consist of a collimator with slit target in focus for illumination at infinity, a gimbal mounted detector facing an auxiliary lens in front, a halogen lamp with monochromator or filter, as well as optical and electrical ground support equipment. Different targets and therefore also different measurement and data evaluation opportunities are possible with this setup. Examples are slit, edge, pin hole but also a Siemens star. The article describes the measurement setup, the different measuring and evaluation procedures and exemplary results for Sentinel-4 detector.
SAR AND OBLIQUE AERIAL OPTICAL IMAGE FUSION FOR URBAN AREA IMAGE
SEGMENTATION
Authors: Fagir J. , Schubert A. , Frioud M. , Henke D.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical data is a dynamic research area, but image segmentation is rarely treated. While a few studies use low-resolution nadir-view optical images, we approached the segmentation of SAR and optical images acquired from the same airborne platform – leading to an oblique view with high resolution and thus increased complexity. To overcome the geometric differences, we generated a digital surface model (DSM) from adjacent optical images and used it to project both the DSM and SAR data into the optical camera frame, followed by segmentation with each channel. The fused segmentation algorithm was found to out-perform the single-channel version.
COMPACT AND HYBRID FEATURE DESCRIPTION FOR BUILDING EXTRACTION
Authors: Li Z. , Liu Y. , Hu Y. , Li P. , Ding Y.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Building extraction in aerial orthophotos is crucial for various applications. Currently, deep learning has been shown to be successful in addressing building extraction with high accuracy and high robustness. However, quite a large number of samples is required in training a classifier when using deep learning model. In order to realize accurate and semi-interactive labelling, the performance of feature description is crucial, as it has significant effect on the accuracy of classification. In this paper, we bring forward a compact and hybrid feature description method, in order to guarantees desirable classification accuracy of the corners on the building roof contours. The proposed descriptor is a hybrid description of an image patch constructed from 4 sets of binary intensity tests. Experiments show that benefiting from binary description and making full use of color channels, this descriptor is not only computationally frugal, but also accurate than SURF for building extraction.
ROOF TYPE SELECTION BASED ON PATCH-BASED CLASSIFICATION USING DEEP LEARNING FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY
Authors: Partovi T. , Fraundorfer F. , Azimi S. , Marmanis D. , Reinartz P.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. 3D building reconstruction from remote sensing image data from satellites is still an active research topic and very valuable for 3D city modelling. The roof model is the most important component to reconstruct the Level of Details 2 (LoD2) for a building in 3D modelling. While the general solution for roof modelling relies on the detailed cues (such as lines, corners and planes) extracted from a Digital Surface Model (DSM), the correct detection of the roof type and its modelling can fail due to low quality of the DSM generated by dense stereo matching. To reduce dependencies of roof modelling on DSMs, the pansharpened satellite images as a rich resource of information are used in addition. In this paper, two strategies are employed for roof type classification. In the first one, building roof types are classified in a state-of-the-art supervised pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) framework. In the second strategy, deep features from deep layers of different pre-trained CNN model are extracted and then an RBF kernel using SVM is employed to classify the building roof type. Based on roof complexity of the scene, a roof library including seven types of roofs is defined. A new semi-automatic method is proposed to generate training and test patches of each roof type in the library. Using the pre-trained CNN model does not only decrease the computation time for training significantly but also increases the classification accuracy.
Vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes using wave propagation approach
Authors: Hussain Muzamal , Naeem Muhammad Nawaz
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In this paper, influence of boundary conditions on free vibrations of single- walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is examined. The Flügge's shell dynamical equations are utilized for governing vibrations for carbon nanotubes. The wave propagation approach (WPA) is engaged to determine vibration frequency equation in standard eigenvalue form. The axial modal dependence is measured by the complex exponential functions implicating the axial modal numbers. These numbers are associated with boundary conditions specified at edges of a carbon nanotube. Computer programming is performed to obtain solutions of vibration frequency equation. In our new investigation, the vibration frequency spectra are obtained and analyzed for various physical parameters e.g., length and thickness-to-radius ratio. A number of results are presented to influence of different boundary conditions on SWCNTs. They are shown graphically and have been compared with those available in the literature.
Detection of Nonexudative Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Angioid Streaks Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Andreanos Konstantinos D. , Rotsos Tryfon , Koutsandrea Chryssanthi , Kymionis Georgios D. , Georgalas Ilias , Ladas Ioannis D.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To present a case of nonexudative choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The lesion was monitored over an 8-month period with the use of optical coherence tomography angiography.

Methods

Case report.

Results

The neovascular tissue area increased by 0.160 mm2 over a period of 8 months without any sign of exudation seen on optical coherence tomography or fluorescein angiography.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nonexudative choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks. Given that once a patient with angioid streaks develops choroidal neovascularization in one eye there is a high risk of bilateral involvement within a short amount of time, optical coherence tomography angiography can prove a useful tool for monitoring such lesions over time.
A Microscopic View of Gaseous Microbubbles Passing a Filter Screen
Authors: Johagen Daniel , Svenmarker Pontus , Jonsson Per , Svenmarker Staffan
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the filtration efficacy of a 38-μm 1-layer screen filter based on Doppler registrations and video recordings of gaseous microbubbles (GME) observed in a microscope. Methods: The relative filtration efficacy (RFE) was calculated from 20 (n = 20) sequential bursts of air introduced into the Plasmodex® primed test circuit.

Results

The main findings indicate that the RFE decreased (p = 0.00), with increasing flow rates (100–300 mL/ min) through the filter screen. This reaction was most accentuated for GME below the size of 100 μm, where counts of GME paradoxically increased after filtration, indicating GME fragmentation. For GME sized between 100–250 μm, the RFE was constantly >60%, independently of the flow rate level. The video recording documenting the GME interactions with the screen filter confirmed the experimental findings.

Conclusions

The 38-μm 1-layer screen filter investigated in this experimental setup was unable to trap gaseous microbubbles effectively, especially for GME below 100 μm in size and in conjunction with high flow rates.
A Clinician's Artificial Organ? Instant Messaging Applications in Medical Care
Authors: Tazegul Gokhan , Bozoglan Humeyra , Ogut Tahir S. , Balci Mustafa K.
Published: June 2017

After the development of the first phone at the end of 19th century, communication technologies took a great leap forward in the 20th century. With the birth of the “smartphone” in the 21st century, communication technologies exponentially evolved and became an important part of our daily routine. Effective communications between clinicians is critical in medical care and miscommunications are a source of errors. Although telecommunication technologies have proliferated dramatically in the last decade, there is scarce evidence-based information on the use of this technology in medical care. For the purposes of medical communication, we can now consult each other about patients individually and within a group via instant messaging applications by using text messages, photos, audio messages and even videos. In this review, we examine the uses and drawbacks of instant messaging applications in medical communications.
Epidemiology-Based Assessment of Tumor Marker Overordering in Breast Cancer: An Algorithm to Examine Different Disease Conditions
Authors: Trevisiol Chiara , Gion Massimo , Dittadi Ruggero , Zappa Marco , Fabricio Aline S.C.
Published: June 2017

Laboratory tests are frequently overused and have elevated inappropriateness rates. We previously developed a model to investigate the rate of utilization of tumor markers (TMs) in outpatients as an indirect indicator of inappropriateness. The model was based on the comparison between the number of actually ordered and expected tests, with the latter estimated on the basis of both epidemiological data and recommendations of available clinical practice guidelines.

In this paper we propose an algorithm to distinguish prevalent cases without evidence of disease from those with metastatic spread, on the basis of both epidemiological and clinical information. The algorithm allows for a more precise prediction of the expected TM requests per year, to be compared with the actual number of requested TMs in order to assess possibly inappropriate overordering rates. Moreover, the implementation of the algorithm renders the epidemiologically based model more flexible to develop accurate indicators for appropriateness in the use of TMs in different stages of disease and for different clinical questions. A practical application with CA15.3 requests in breast cancer is presented.
In Vitro Degradation of Polydimethylsiloxanes in Breast Implant Applications
Authors: Ramião Nilza G. , Martins Pedro S. , Barroso Maria L. , Santos Diana C. , Fernandes Antonio A.
Published: June 2017

Background

The durability of breast implant material is associated with failure probability, increasing with time from implantation. The current study avoided the bias introduced by biological factors, to systematically investigate the degradation over time of shell materials. The same fundamental physical and chemical conditions were maintained (temperature and pH) throughout the study, to decouple biological aspects from the degradation process.

Methods

Six virgin implants of 2 brands were submitted to the in vitro degradation process, mechanical testing of shell materials, surface change analysis (via scanning electron microscopy [SEM]) and chemical composition analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Results

FTIR results showed that the principal chemical bonds of the material remained intact after 12 weeks of degradation. Apparently the implants’ shell structures remained unchanged. Despite this observation, there were statistically significant differences between strain at failure at different time points for the shells of both brands, translated into a stiffening of the material over time.

Conclusions

Material stiffening is reported as an indicator of material degradation. This altered mechanical behavior, added to the mechanical friction from tissue–tissue and tissue–implant contact and to the external mechanical loading (physical activity), may alter the material performance in women's bodies. Ultimately these changes may affect the implants’ durability. Further work is needed to understand the biological aspects of the degradation process and their impact on implant durability.
Pregnancy after Orthotopic Ovarian Tissue Transplantation Using N-hexyl-2-cyanoacrylate
Authors: Fabregues Francisco , Calafell Josep Maria , Manau Dolors , Borras Aina , Peñarrubia Joana , Casals Gemma , Peralta Sara , Creus Montserrat , Iglesias Sara , Yaghi Samer , Carmona Francisco
Published: June 2017

Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue in advance of cytotoxic therapies and later transplantation of the tissue is being performed increasingly often, and the total success rates in terms of pregnancy and delivery have been described in case series. Most pregnancies were achieved after orthotopic transplantation of tissue (in the peritoneum or the remaining ovary); however, treatment of the transplantation site during surgery is controversial. In this observational case-series study, we include four patients who underwent ovarian tissue transplantation between 2012 and 2016 by laparoscopy. Previously ovarian tissue was cryopreserved with slow freezing protocol prior to chemo- and/or radiotherapy. After cancer remission, the cryopreserved ovarian tissues were orthotopically re-transplanted in the ovarian medulla by laparoscopy, using N-hexyl-2-cyanoacrylate as an absorbable adhesion barrier. All patients regained ovarian function between 8 and 24 weeks after transplantation, as shown by follicle development and estrogen production. In patients 1 and 2 the ovarian function ended one year after transplantation. Patient 3 has regular menstrual cycles 2 years after the transplant and patient 4 currently has an ongoing spontaneous pregnancy.

The use of N-hexyl-2 cyanoacrylate can facilitate the placement of ovarian pieces in orthotopic transplantation by laparoscopy without affecting the restoration and duration of ovarian activity.
The Mighty Fibroblast and Its Utility in Scleroderma Research
Authors: Garrett Sara M. , Baker Frost DeAnna , Feghali-Bostwick Carol
Published: June 2017

Fibroblasts are the effector cells of fibrosis characteristic of systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) and other fibrosing conditions. The excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is the hallmark of fibrosis in different organs, such as skin and lung. Experiments designed to assess the pro-fibrotic capacity of factors, their signaling pathways, and potential inhibitors of their effects that are conducted in fibroblasts have paved the way for planning clinical trials in SSc. As such, fibroblasts have proven to be valuable tools in the search for effective anti-fibrotic therapies for fibrosis. Herein we highlight the characteristics of fibroblasts, their role in the etiology of fibrosis, utility in experimental assays, and contribution to drug development and clinical trials in SSc.
Surprising Complete Response of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Metastasis from Breast Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Aiello Dario , Mazzola Rosario , Gregucci Fabiana , Ricchetti Francesco , Levra Niccolò Giaj , Romano Luigi , Carbognin Giovanni , Salgarello Matteo , Beltramello Alberto , Alongi Filippo
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) are considered rare but their incidence is rising. Most ISCM cases are recognized to occur in patients with stage IV lung cancer or breast cancer (BC).

Methods

We report a rare case of cervical BC-ISCM in 60-year-old woman, documented by magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography–computed tomography and treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy with daily image-guided radiation therapy (VMAT/IGRT).

Results

An unexpected clinical and radiologic complete response in absence of neurologic side effects was recorded 4 months after VMAT/IGRT.

Conclusions

The present case report shows the feasibility of advanced RT and its optimal response in a case of ISCM from BC. Despite the short follow-up, in comparison with available literature data concerning the management of BC-ISCM, we found an early complete response, in contrast with other reported experiences.
Human Epididymis: Structural Pattern, Total Length and Inner Surface Area
Authors: Skandhan Kalanghot P. , Soni Ashutosh , Joshi Anantkumar , Avni Kalanghot P.S. , Gupta Bansi Dhar
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The organ epididymis is secured the name considering it functioned as an appendix to the testis; earlier testis was called as didymi. Regarding the length of human epididymis, several values are attributed by different authors. The present study was aimed to find out the pattern, total length and inner surface area of human epididymis.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted by employing microsurgical procedures on five testes from unclaimed human dead bodies.

Results

Caput was formed by few tubes interconnecting at three levels. These tubes led to corpus, which in turn was having more number of tubes interconnecting at different levels. Tubules were many looking like a mesh. United tubes of corpus form the single tube to form cauda. Epididymis length was 30.48 cm. Inner surface area was 818.16 mm2.

Conclusions

Reported values of others seem to be a modified version from that of animals. Authors believe that organic revolutionary changes in man led to a reduction in the length of epididymis.
Nostoi and Nostalgia in Heartbreak House
Authors: Slater Niall W.
Published: June 2017

While Shaw called Heartbreak House his King Lear, highlighting the play's Shakespearean connections, a number of classical literary sources also inform the play's structure. His master metaphor of England as a ship draws deeply on the classical trope of the ship of state, which originated in Greek lyric (Alcaeus, Theognis, but also Aeschylus) and was most notably instantiated in Plato's Republic 6.488a–489c. Into this seafaring design he has woven much epic, particularly through multiple avatars of Odysseus: Captain Shotover escaped from a Circe-like wife and returned home, Hector Hushabye with Iliadic name but Odyssean talent for lying and self-fabrication, even Boss Mangan and Billy Dunn as manqué storytellers. Further entangling the plot are the multiple nostoi (returns home) of Shotover, Ariadne, and Billy, along with the metaphorical nostos of Ellie—and the nostalgia for a lost England.
Factors Motivating Medical Students in Selecting a Career Specialty: Relevance for a Robust Orthopaedic Pipeline
Authors: Rao Raj D. , Khatib Omar N. , Agarwal Arnav
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Selection of a career specialty by medical students is a complex and individualized decision. Our goals were to understand the factors that influenced medical students in selecting their career specialty, identify the stage at which this decision was made, and understand the role of demographics, mentors, and curricula in this process.

Methods:

Medical students from 10 institutions participated in a web-based survey. Results were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and level of interest in orthopaedic surgery.

Results:

A total of 657 students responded to the survey. Specialty content (mean rating, 8.4/10) and quality of life/lifestyle/stress level (7.5/10) were the primary motivating factors in selecting a specialty. Interest in orthopaedic surgery was lower in women than in men (2.7 versus 3.9; P < 0.01) and was equivalent among race/ethnicity groups. Although 27% of students reported moderate or extensive medical school curriculum exposure to orthopaedics, this education did not sway them toward the specialty.

Conclusions:

Levels of interest in orthopaedics among medical students may be lower than generally assumed. Increasing the attractiveness of the specialty will require a multifaceted approach, including recognition of lifestyle factors, adjustments in the orthopaedic clerkship to make the specialty more appealing, mentorship by orthopaedic faculty, and conversion of high levels of interest in the specialty among minority medical students into successful residency applications.

Level of Evidence:

IV
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2
Authors: Ding Alice
Published: June 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2017.
Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 3
Authors: Xu Diana
Published: June 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2017.
Position of Commercial Arbitration in Resolving Disputes among Customers and Banks in Iran
Authors: Abad Shahpori Saeid Eshragh , Porkhaghan Shahrezaei Zeynab
Published: June 2017

In today’s business environment and financial markets, banks are responsible for financial intermediaries and their relationships with customers are established in form of signed contracts. We are witnessing disputes in monetary transactions; thus, parties tend to resolve their conflicts outside the framework of court due to continue cooperation in the future and preserve the value of money and the principle of confidentiality. This research has been conducted to determine the position of commercial arbitration in resolving disputes among banks and customers. Research method is descriptive-analytical and its practical aspects can be used in the banking system. Data has been gathered from theoretical library discussions, the ideas of legal experts, the principles finance and banking sciences, and banking conventions. The results indicate that banks do not like to refer files to arbitration and monetary market has no arbitration committee to resolve disputes. Therefore, banks have used alternative methods such as negotiation and referral to banking expert; in some cases, the role of expert is close to arbitrator. In other cases, resolving the dispute does not arbitration with respect to social order and legislation. Based on findings, main banking services are provided in the form of a contract written by banks in the framework of the Article 10 of the civil law. This contract contains terms. Customers have to accept the terms and sign the contract; otherwise, banks will not provide the considered services.
The Promotion and Protection Human Rights under Vietnam’s Civil Law
Authors: Hoa Duong Quynh
Published: June 2017

This article analyzes and assesses Vietnam’s civil law for the promotion and protection human rights, the successes and limitations of their implementation in practice. The research findings show that over the past years, the Civil Code has laid a firm ground for remarkable successes in the promotion and protection human rights, especially, not only of Vietnamese but also foreigners living and working in Vietnam. The code is deemed compliant with international human rights conventions, laws and practices. In the Civil Code, however, there remain some certain limitations. For example a number of provisions of the current Civil Code fail to meet the human rights legislation or do not really create favourable conditions for the promotion and protection human rights in the economic and social domains. Our objective aims to outline the theoretical bases and analyze, assess regulations on human rights provided for in the Civil Code of Vietnam at present, thence proposing some solutions for improving legal regulations and contributing to ensure human rights in the legal system of Vietnam in general and in the Civil Code in particular.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 3
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: June 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2017.
Characterization of Croatian Rape (Brassica sp.) Honey by Pollen Spectrum, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Multielement analysis by ICP-OES
Authors: Rajs Blanka Bilić , Flanjak Ivana , Mutić Jelena , Vukojević Vesna , Đurđić Slađana , Primorac Ljiljana
Published: June 2017

Rape (Brassica sp.) unifloral honey from Croatia was characterized by certain physicochemical parameters, micro- and macroelement content, and pollen spectrum, as determined in 21 honey samples. The Brassica sp. pollen type was predominant in the analyzed samples and ranged between 60 and 98%, with Trifolium spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosaceae, Helianthus annuus, Salix spp., and Taraxacum officinale as the main accompanying pollen types. The electrical conductivity mean value was 0.22 ± 0.05 mS/cm and the glucose/fructose ratio mean value was 1.1 ± 0.07, whereas sucrose was absent in the samples. The most abundant macroelement was potassium (K) (268.49 mg/kg), followed by phosphorus (P) (60.23 mg/kg), calcium (Ca) (54.02 mg/kg), sodium (Na) (22.52 mg/kg), sulfur (S) (15.79 mg/kg), and magnesium (Mg) (12.58 mg/kg). Toxic elements were mainly bellow the LODs; only arsenic (As) concentration was detectable in higher amount (0.233 mg/kg), which may be related to the high arsenic concentration in the soil and groundwater of eastern Croatia. The differences between the two harvesting seasons observed in a large number of elements could be related to climatic and soil conditions and different nectar yields originating from the associated plant species.
A fórmula cromática no Teste das Pirâmides Coloridas de Pfister em diferentes faixas etárias.
Authors: Villemor-Amaral Anna Elisa , Biasi Fabiola Cristina , Pardini Pavan Pâmela Malio , Tavella Raquel Rossi , Cardoso Lucila Moraes
Published: June 2017

O Pfister é uma técnica expressiva que auxilia na compreensão de aspectos emocionaise cognitivos. Alguns estudos sugerem que a fórmula cromática reflete a maturidade emocional da pessoa. Por isso, buscou-se evidências de validade desse indicador por meio da comparação do desempenho de pessoas em diferentes faixas etárias. Foram extraídos do banco de dados os protocolos de 39 crianças de 6 anos, 47 jovens de 12 anos e 73 universitários. Observou-se que a frequência de crianças que apresentaram fórmulas amplas foi significativamente maior que dos demais grupos(x2=23,418, p<0,001) e que a amplitude moderada foi mais frequente no grupo de universitários (x2=17,712, p<0,001).Em relação a estabilidade nas escolhas, notou-se que fórmula cromática estávelfoi mais frequente nas crianças (x2=17,152,p=0,001) e que a instável foi significativamente mais frequente nos universitários (x2=11,652,p=0,001). Atentou-se que o Pfister contribui para diferenciar níveis de maturidade de acordo com as faixas etárias.
Encontros e desencontros nas perspectivas existenciais em psicologia
Authors: Feijoo Ana Maria Lopez Calvo , Mattar Cristine Monteiro
Published: June 2017

Muito se tem confundido, nos meios leigos e acadêmicos, a Psicologia
humanista com a Psicologia fenomenológico-existencial. Estudantes, autores
e profissionais da área de Psicologia, bem como aqueles que procuram ajuda
clínica, acreditam tratar-se de idênticas perspectivas, com variações apenas
na titulação. Neste artigo, pretendemos colocar em análise essa forma de
compreensão, apresentando suas origens histórico-filosóficas, influências e,
consequentemente, suas diferenças e singularidades. Embora ambas possam
ser chamadas de perspectivas existenciais, diferenciando-se das perspectivas
comportamentais e psicodinâmicas, em razão de romperem com qualquer
determinismo, guardam diversidades e discordâncias importantes que
precisam ser lembradas e resguardadas a fim de que se amplie o conhecimento
em Psicologia com maior rigor. Por fim, marcando a diferença essencial entre
as perspectivas humanista-existenciais e as fenomenológico-existenciais,
retomaremos a afirmativa de Heidegger de que todo o humanismo recai em
uma metafísica.
Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Molecular Features, and Management of Lobular Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast With a Discussion of Morphologic Variants
Authors: Ginter Paula S. , D'Alfonso Timothy M.
Published: June 2017

Context.—

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) refers to a neoplastic proliferation of cells that characteristically shows loss of E-cadherin expression and has long been regarded as a risk factor for invasive breast cancer. Long-term outcome studies and molecular data have also implicated LCIS as a nonobligate precursor to invasive carcinoma. In the past few decades, pleomorphic and florid LCIS have been recognized as morphologic variants of LCIS with more-aggressive histopathologic features, less-favorable biomarker profiles, and more-complex molecular features compared with classic LCIS. There is still a lack of consensus regarding certain aspects of managing patients with LCIS.

Objectives.—

To review recently published literature on LCIS and to provide an overview of the current morphologic classification of LCIS, recent molecular advances, and trends in patient management.

Data Sources.—

Sources included peer-reviewed, published journal articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and published guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania).

Conclusions.—

Lobular carcinoma in situ represents a marker for increased risk of breast cancer, as well as a nonobligate precursor to invasive carcinoma. Morphologic variants of LCIS—florid and pleomorphic LCIS—are genetically more-complex lesions and are more likely to be associated with invasive carcinoma. Further investigation into which molecular alterations in LCIS are associated with progression to invasive carcinoma is needed to help guide medical and surgical management.
Magnetic signature of the 22June 1932 tsunami deposits (Jalisco,MexicanPacific coast)
Authors: Bógalo M. F. , Ramírez‐Herrera M.‐T. , Goguitchaichvili A. , Rey D. , Mohamed K. J. , Calvo‐Rathert M. , Corona N.
Published: June 2017

Recent studies have demonstrated that rock‐magnetic analysis may provide additional information to distinguish and characterize extreme marine inundation events such as tsunamis. Rock‐magnetic proxies reinforce and improve the environmental evidences supplied by other methods, adding some decisive clues for the interpretation of the origin and genesis of the sedimentary deposits. Here we report rock‐magnetic, XRD, and SEM microscopy results obtained in the Palo Verde estuary (Colima Pacific coast, Mexico) in order to enhance the tools for identification and reconstruction of two tsunami‐induced deposits. The sedimentary sequence includes two sand units, a tsunami deposit (PV1) associated with the 22 June 1932 tsunami and a deeper sandy layer (PV2) related to a possible paleotsunami that occurred around 1300 C.E. Both sandy units are topped by finer grained units. Magnetic properties exhibit a significant correlation with the stratigraphy. High susceptibility (χ) and high saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM) values typical of high concentrations of (titano)magnetite are a distinctive feature of the most recent sandy tsunamigenic unit PV1 and the overlaying soil. The lower sandy tsunamigenic unit PV2 shows significantly lower χ and SIRM values, indicating lower concentration of (titano)magnetite in this unit and the overlaying clayey‐silt unit. The latter also shows a higher coercivity component associated with (titano)hematite. Magnetic grain‐size differences are also observed between PV1 and PV2 suggesting differences in hydraulic conditions at the time of deposition. The bulk mineralogical composition and sediment texture of these units also support the hypothesis of different provenances for each tsunamigenic unit as inferred from magnetic properties.
The role of the meridional sea surface temperature gradient in controlling the Caribbean low‐level jet
Authors: Maldonado Tito , Rutgersson Anna , Caballero Rodrigo , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Alfaro Eric , Amador Jorge
Published: May 2017

The Caribbean low‐level jet (CLLJ) is an important modulator of regional climate, especially precipitation, in the Caribbean and Central America. Previous work has inferred, due to their semiannual cycle, an association between CLLJ strength and meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the Caribbean Sea, suggesting that the SST gradients may control the intensity and vertical shear of the CLLJ. In addition, both the horizontal and vertical structure of the jet have been related to topographic effects via interaction with the mountains in Northern South America (NSA), including funneling effects and changes in the meridional geopotential gradient. Here we test these hypotheses, using an atmospheric general circulation model to perform a set of sensitivity experiments to examine the impact of both SST gradients and topography on the CLLJ. In one sensitivity experiment, we remove the meridional SST gradient over the Caribbean Sea and in the other, we flatten the mountains over NSA. Our results show that the SST gradient and topography have little or no impact on the jet intensity, vertical, and horizontal wind shears, contrary to previous works. However, our findings do not discount a possible one‐way coupling between the SST and the wind over the Caribbean Sea through friction force. We also examined an alternative approach based on barotropic instability to understand the CLLJ intensity, vertical, and horizontal wind shears. Our results show that the current hypothesis about the CLLJ must be reviewed in order to fully understand the atmospheric dynamics governing the Caribbean region.
A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective
Authors: Marx A. , Dusek J. , Jankovec J. , Sanda M. , Vogel T. , van Geldern R. , Hartmann J. , Barth J. A. C.
Published: May 2017

Terrestrial carbon export via inland aquatic systems is a key process in the global carbon cycle. It includes loss of carbon to the atmosphere via outgassing from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs and carbon fixation in the water column as well as in sediments. This review focuses on headwater streams that are important because their stream biogeochemistry directly reflects carbon input from soils and groundwaters. Major drivers of carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) in streams and mechanisms of terrestrial dissolved inorganic, organic and particulate organic carbon (DIC, DOC, and POC) influxes are summarized in this work. Our analysis indicates that the global river average pCO2 of 3100 ppmV is more often exceeded by contributions from small streams when compared to rivers with larger catchments (> 500 km2). Because of their large proportion in global river networks (> 96% of the total number of streams), headwaters contribute large—but still poorly quantified—amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere. Conservative estimates imply that globally 36% (i.e., 0.93 Pg C yr−1) of total CO2 outgassing from rivers and streams originate from headwaters. We also discuss challenges in determination of CO2 sources, concentrations, and fluxes. To overcome uncertainties of CO2 sources and its outgassing from headwater streams on the global scale, new investigations are needed that should include groundwater data. Such studies would also benefit from applications of integral CO2 outgassing isotope approaches and multiscale geophysical imaging techniques.
Confounding factors in determining causal soil moisture‐precipitation feedback
Authors: Tuttle Samuel E. , Salvucci Guido D.
Published: June 2017

Identification of causal links in the land‐atmosphere system is important for construction and testing of land surface and general circulation models. However, the land and atmosphere are highly coupled and linked by a vast number of complex, interdependent processes. Statistical methods, such as Granger causality, can help to identify feedbacks from observational data, independent of the different parameterizations of physical processes and spatiotemporal resolution effects that influence feedbacks in models. However, statistical causal identification methods can easily be misapplied, leading to erroneous conclusions about feedback strength and sign. Here, we discuss three factors that must be accounted for in determination of causal soil moisture‐precipitation feedback in observations and model output: seasonal and interannual variability, precipitation persistence, and endogeneity. The effect of neglecting these factors is demonstrated in simulated and observational data. The results show that long‐timescale variability and precipitation persistence can have a substantial effect on detected soil moisture‐precipitation feedback strength, while endogeneity has a smaller effect that is often masked by measurement error and thus is more likely to be an issue when analyzing model data or highly accurate observational data.
Automated determination of magnitude and source length of large earthquakes using backprojection andPwave amplitudes
Authors: Wang Dun , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Zhuang Jiancang , Mori Jim , Maeda Takuto , Tsuruoka Hiroshi , Zhao Xu
Published: May 2017

Fast estimates of magnitude and source extent of large earthquakes are fundamental for disaster mitigation. However, resolving these estimates within 10–20 min after origin time remains challenging. Here we propose a robust algorithm to resolve magnitude and source length of large earthquakes using seismic data recorded by regional arrays and global stations. We estimate source length and source duration by backprojecting seismic array data. Then the source duration and the maximum amplitude of the teleseismicPwave displacement waveforms are used jointly to estimate magnitude. We apply this method to 74 shallow earthquakes that occurred within epicentral distances of 30–85° to Hi‐net (2004–2014). The estimated magnitudes are similar to moment magnitudes estimated from W‐phase inversions (U.S. Geological Survey), with standard deviations of 0.14–0.19 depending on the global station distributions. Application of this method to multiple regional seismic arrays could benefit tsunami warning systems and emergency response to large global earthquakes.
Relationship between aerodynamic roughness length and bulk sedge leaf area index in a mixed‐species boreal mire complex
Authors: Alekseychik P. K. , Korrensalo A. , Mammarella I. , Vesala T. , Tuittila E.‐S.
Published: May 2017

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter in natural ecosystems, representing the seasonal development of vegetation and photosynthetic potential. However, direct measurement techniques require labor‐intensive field campaigns that are usually limited in time, while remote sensing approaches often do not yield reliable estimates. Here we propose that the bulk LAI of sedges (LAIs) can be estimated alternatively from a micrometeorological parameter, the aerodynamic roughness length for momentum (z0). z0 can be readily calculated from high‐response turbulence and other meteorological data, typically measured continuously and routinely available at ecosystem research sites. The regressions of LAI versus z0 were obtained using the data from two Finnish natural sites representative of boreal fen and bog ecosystems. LAIs was found to be well correlated with z0 and sedge canopy height. Superior method performance was demonstrated in the fen ecosystem where the sedges make a bigger contribution to overall surface roughness than in bogs.
Growth and nonlinear saturation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in multi‐ion species magnetospheric plasma
Authors: Ofman L. , Denton R. E. , Bortnik J. , An X. , Glocer A. , Komar C.
Published: May 2017

The growth and saturation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is essential to the magnetospheric dynamics. Determining and isolating the effects of multiple ion parameters such as temperatures, anisotropies, and relative abundances is important for quantifying these processes in the magnetospheric plasma. In order to study these process, we utilize a 2.5‐D hybrid model (where ions are modeled with the particle‐in‐cell (PIC) method, and electrons are modeled as background neutralizing fluid) to study the nonlinear electromagnetic wave‐particle interactions of hot H+, cold H+, cold He+, and cold or hot O+ ions for a broad range of typical magnetospheric parameters. The excitation of EMIC waves is driven by the temperature anisotropy of hot H+ in our model. As a result, we quantify the parametric dependence of the linear growth, the nonlinear saturation level of perpendicular magnetic fluctuations, and the temporal evolution of the ion temperature anisotropies. We establish the relation between key plasma parameters and the saturated EMIC wave power, using either power law fits or a nonlinear regression method. We construct the dispersion relation of the waves using the results of the model and investigate the energy content in the various branches of the dispersion (k∥−ω space), showing that the different modes can generate wave power in different regions of k space. We find that large O+ concentration reduces the growth and saturated amplitude of the waves; but the waves are less sensitive to the temperature of the O+ in the temperature range relevant to the magnetosphere.
Have Chinese water pricing reforms reduced urban residential water demand?
Authors: Zhang B. , Fang K. H. , Baerenklau K. A.
Published: June 2017

China continues to deal with severe levels of water scarcity and water pollution. To help address this situation, the Chinese central government initiated urban water pricing reforms in 2002 that emphasized the adoption of increasing block rate (IBR) price structures in place of existing uniform rate structures. By combining urban water use records with microlevel data from the Chinese Urban Household Survey, this research investigates the effectiveness of this national policy reform. Specifically, we compare household water consumption in 28 cities that adopted IBR pricing structures during 2002–2009, with that of 110 cities that had not yet done so. Based on difference‐in‐differences models, our results show that the policy reform reduced annual residential water demand by 3–4% in the short run and 5% in the longer run. These relatively modest reductions are consistent with the generous nature of the IBR pricing structures that Chinese cities have typically chosen to implement. Our results imply that more efforts are needed to address China's persistent urban water scarcity challenges.
Trimethylpentan (alle Isomere) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trimethylpentane (all isomers) [
564‐02‐3
,
540‐84‐1
,
560‐21‐4
,
565‐75‐3
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail.

The re‐examination determined that it is difficult to draw final conclusions from a carcinogenicity study of a mixture of 542 hydrocarbons and from mechanistical studies with some of their single components. Thus, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3 A has been withdrawn. The critical effect is the acute effect on the central nervous system in rats. The NOAEC after 60 min inhalation is 500 ml 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane/m
3
. Experimental data from structurally analogous n‐alkanes and iso‐alkanes lead to the assumption that the concentration of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane in the brain after 8 hours will be about twice as high as after one hour. The short half‐life in the brain, estimated to be about one hour, does not predict an accumulation during the work week. The same assumptions are made for the other trimethylpentane isomers. Thus, taking into consideration uncertainties in the extrapolation of animal to human data, a MAK value of 100 ml/m
3
(470 mg/m
3
) is set for all trimethylpentane isomers. As the critical effect is systemic, trimethylpentane isomers are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. The excursion factor of 2 is set as the estimated half‐life in the brain is one hour. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies with trimethylpentane isomers are not available. For structurally analogous C8‐isoalkanes the NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is more than 1200 ml/m
3
. Acute neurotoxicity is critical, but the consequences of acute neurotoxic effects on in‐utero development of the nervous system are not known and studies on developmental neurotoxicity of C8‐alkanes are not available. Thus, trimethylpentane isomers are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no clinical data and no data in animals concerning the sensitizing potential of trimethylpentane isomers. In analogy to n‐heptane, skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
3‐(3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐N′‐[3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]propanhydrazid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐N′‐[3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]‐propanehydrazide [
32687‐78‐8
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. The substance has a low toxicity after repeated oral administration to rats. It is not irritating to skin or eyes. The oral absorption is not known, but is assumed to be significantly less than 100% due to the high molecular mass; however, a MAK value could not be calculated from the oral studies. Therefore, the substance is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values. No developmental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose of 3000 mg/kg body weight and day in rats. The substance is not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo. Carcinogenicity studies are not available. There are no clinical results on contact sensitization in humans and the substance is not sensitizing in two sensitization test in guinea pigs. Skin absorption was calculated to be so low that it will not contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity.