bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real Estate
Authors: Bardhan Ashok Deo , Jaffee Dwight
Published: July 2008

The real estate industry has been an active and early adopter of the Internet. The Internet has been used by the industry as a marketing tool, a communication medium, and as a platform for collaborative activity. In the process, new kinds of firms have been established, providing new forms of value creation. Reductions in transaction costs have impacted the form and structure of markets, as well as the location decision in real estate. Technical characteristics of the Internet and the accompanying network externalities and economies of scale have affected real estate activity. The specific nature of the Internet and e‐commerce has also resulted in extending the geographical reach and reducing the locational specificity of real estate markets. While e‐commerce has made real estate markets somewhat more competitive, its impact on traditional intermediation and demand for real estate by type are still unclear.
Return on Investment Analysis for E‐business Projects
Authors: Jeffery Mark
Published: July 2008

Return on investment (ROI) analysis is often an essential component of a management decision to invest in an Internet, e‐business, or any other information technology project. This chapter reviews the basic concepts necessary for calculating ROI and applies these concepts to an e‐business project. Research on ROI for corporate investments in information technology (IT) is also reviewed. A case example illustrates how a project's cash flows, combined with the initial investment, can be used to calculate the return on investment. The challenge in practice is to quantify the costs and benefits of an e‐business project. In addition, risk plays a significant role, because poor estimates and risk events are most often the drivers of poor ROI when IT projects are put into practice. Methods of incorporating uncertainty in assumptions and risk into an ROI analysis are described. Finally, for the executive manager, important questions to ask when reviewing ROI analysis are discussed, as well as how ROI analysis is one component of synchronizing IT investments with corporate strategy. For investment‐strategy synchronization, information technology portfolio management is reviewed.
Risk Management in Internet‐Based Software Projects
Authors: Schmidt Roy C.
Published: July 2008

Internet‐based projects are those that are managed through the Internet. By using the Internet as the channel of communication, project managers can pull together teams that are dispersed geographically and temporally. New software and new services are reaching the market to support Internet‐based project management. It is anticipated that improved communications and better workflow management software will reduce threats to the successful completion of projects. Nonetheless, the new approaches and software introduce new complexity and possibly new risks to Internet‐based projects. This chapter is an introduction to project risk and the management of project risk in Internet‐based software projects. Potential risks arising from Internet‐based project management, as opposed to traditional project management, are discussed. Then approaches to the management of risk are compared. An integrated approach to risk assessment and management is advocated.
Rule‐Based and Expert Systems
Authors: Schalkoff Robert J.
Published: July 2008

This section considers the concepts of production and rule‐based systems as they apply to expert systems and intelligent agents. Some Internet applications may be partially or totally based on these concepts. Benefits include enhanced functionality, increased productivity, better performance, and more useful and user‐friendly Web interfaces. Some of the mathematical and computational underpinnings of these systems are shown, and selected Internet‐related examples are provided.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Authors: Boncella Robert J.
Published: July 2008

In an e‐commerce transaction both the user and the provider of the service have expectations regarding the security of the transaction. These are authentication of those involved in the communication; confidentiality of the information exchanged in the communication; and integrity of the information exchanged in the communication. A secure communication channel will meet these expectations. This chapter provides an understanding of how the Secure Sockets Layer Protocol (SSL) and its variation Transport Layer Security Protocol (TLS) can be used to set up, maintain, and use a secure channel. This secure channel may be used for e‐commerce as well as secure communication. In addition, a discussion of SSL's strengths and weakness is presented and alternatives are suggested.
Software Piracy
Authors: Moniot Robert K.
Published: July 2008

Software piracy is the copying of software by those who are not legally authorized to do so, whether for sale or for their own use. The economic impact of piracy is difficult to quantify exactly, but there is no question that it denies the software industry billions of dollars in sales annually. The rise of the Internet as a medium for exchange of digital goods and services has made software piracy much easier to commit and harder to combat. Technical copy protection measures are of limited effectiveness in preventing piracy. Enforcement efforts directed against corporate softloading have had considerable success, but efforts directed at individual softlifters face many practical obstacles and have had much less impact. Globally, piracy rates can be expected to decline where countries improve their enforcement of intellectual property laws in order to participate in the global economy.
Storage Area Networks (
SAN
s)
Authors: Riabov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2008

This chapter identifies characteristics, architectural concepts, technologies, applications, and marketplace of storage area networks (SANs). The author reviews the fibre channel interconnect technology, hardware and software components that are necessary for building a storage network. The chapter contains a detailed description of recent innovations in IP‐based SANs: IP storage technologies, SANs over IP, fibre channel over IP, Internet fibre channel protocol, Internet SCSI, storage over IP, fabric shortest path first protocol, storage resource management, and adaptive network storage architecture. The review describes methods of storing large amounts of information, backing up data in e‐commerce, online transaction processing, electronic vaulting, data warehousing, data mining, multimedia Internet/intranet browsing, multimedia audio/video editing, HDTV streaming, and enterprise database managing applications.
Strategic Alliances
Authors: Adams Patricia
Published: July 2008

Independence, for many years, has been stressed as a means to success, personally, and in business, even as in a nation like the United States. “Always have a back‐up plan,” “never depend on anyone but you,” and “familiarity breeds contempt” are phrases once thought necessary to consider in forming new relationships. As the quality of our lives and business survival is the result of maneuvering and planning, learning to create long‐term strategic alliances has never been so important. At one time, bartering was widely used as a common practice, allowing a person or family to build “strategic alliances” necessary to sustain life. Now, once again, a business's ability to stay agile, to embrace change, and to stay on top of the daily roller coaster in the worldwide market is often a direct reflection of the many good relationships they have been able to establish and maintain. The term “strategic alliances” as a form of partnerships became widely used as an Internet term due to the need for urgency and dependencies necessary as market complexities grew. No longer is a partnership easy to dissolve. A true interdependence has forced individuals, businesses, and nations to create a tight bond of mutual trust, alignment, and long‐term development, necessary for the success of all in a strategic alliance relationship.

This chapter will give some development history and evolvement of strategic alliances used in business strategies today and will explore the importance of developing business partnerships as strategic alliances, particularly with regard to e‐commerce. Although almost imperative with regard to e‐commerce, using strategic alliances and creating partnerships is the current business model for the Information Age, regardless of whether the business is an e‐commerce business.
Supply Chain Management and the Internet
Authors: Lairson Thomas D.
Published: July 2008

The Internet increases the quantity and expands the richness of information in real time to many more participants in the supply chain and raises the importance and value of information in supply chain management. The ability to create supply chain visibility, that is, to “see across the supply chain,” extends the scope of management options across all firms in the supply chain, and contributes to reductions in costs and improvements in service. Firms are now able to integrate this information to mitigate the bullwhip effect, increase the speed of operations, and improve service. Firms must adopt new collaborative business models—based on creating an extended, real‐time enterprise—to achieve these efficiency gains. This requires that managers learn how to operate in a collaborative environment with an abundance of shared information, and this means resolving problems among supply chain partners that impede successful collaboration. Detailed case studies of Nortel, Cisco, Dell, and NMS illustrate these ideas.
Supply Chain Management Technologies
Authors: Smith Mark
Published: July 2008

Supply chain management (SCM) is concerned with the goal of delivering products and services from the point of origin to the point of consumption in the least amount of time and at the least cost_“getting the right product to the right place at the right time.” It often involves multiple levels of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. Managing the supply chain effectively enables businesses to serve their customers better and increase their own profitability. Supply chain management abounds with opportunities for information technology to be used for competitive advantage. By using tools such as the Internet, advanced planning software, and optimization techniques, companies can reduce costs and cycle times, improve customer satisfaction, and produce higher profits.
Supply Networks: Developing and Maintaining Relationships and Strategies
Authors: Lowson Robert H.
Published: July 2008

In this paper we explore the need for supply network relationships. We do so against a backdrop of increasing demand complexity and dynamism. However, we posit that these relationships cannot be understood in isolation; they form an integral part of a broader network operations strategy. The work examines the character of changing demand and offers an evolution model of supply systems as well as a future response scenario. The nature of supply network relationships is then described as a precursor to an examination of their role as part of a supply network operations strategy. The paper concludes with a description of the generic “building blocks” of such a strategy and the novel ways in which they might be customized to different types of demand behavior, as part of an endeavor to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
TCP
/
IP
Suite
Authors: Mateti Prabhaker
Published: July 2008

The Internet and the World Wide Web are based on TCP/IP. The term ”TCP/IP” refers to not only the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol), but also includes other protocols, applications, and even the network medium. These protocols include UDP, ARP, and ICMP. These applications include telnet, FTP, Secure Shell, NFS, Web browsers and servers, and the many items collectively called the Web services. This chapter is an encyclopedic survey of these topics starting from the seven‐layer OSI model to recent developments that improve security and privacy such as IPv6, improvements in the implementations of the protocol stack, and firewalls.
Travel and Tourism
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R. , Gretzel Ulrike , Hwang Yeong‐Hyeon , Wang Youcheng
Published: July 2008

Information technology has played and continues to play a central role in the growth and development of the travel and tourism industry. This chapter provides a brief synopsis of the structure of the industry and the role of Internet technologies in the delivery and consumption of tourism products and services. More specifically, it presents an overview of many of the uses of the Internet by travelers and the firms and organizations that compose the travel and tourism industry. Further, it identifies five global technology‐related trends affecting the future role of the Internet within the context of travel and tourism.
Unix Operating System
Authors: Shacklette Mark
Published: July 2008

The Unix operating system has had more of a fundamental impact on operating system design over the past 30 years than any other operating system in history. It provided the world's first widely distributed multiuser, multitasking operating environment, and it has spawned dozens of versions over the years. It is responsible for generating several significant movements in computer science, not least of which is the Open Source Movement. In this chapter, the history of Unix is detailed to provide a framework for discussing the features of the operating system. Next, the core components of Unix are covered, including the major editors and user shells. Next, the operating system structure is described, including the kernel, the file system, and security. Finally, the Unix Philosophy—what makes Unix Unix—is discussed.
Usability Testing: An Evaluation Process for Internet Communications
Authors: Zimmerman Donald E. , Akerelrea Carol A.
Published: July 2008

This chapter defines usability testing, reviews its foundations, suggests when to use the methods, and provides resources for further guidance. Specifically, the discussion provides an overview of usability methodologies; discusses theoretical foundations for usability testing reviews; elaborates on card sorting, heuristic (expert reviews) evaluations, and verbal protocol analyses; highlights ethical and legal considerations; elaborates on an iterative process of integrating usability testing into Web site and other communication development; and finally suggests strategies for reporting the results.
Video Compression
Authors: Freedman Immanuel
Published: July 2008

Digital video compression facilitates commerce by providing a significant component of infrastructure for visual electronic communications. Discussion of the principles on which representation and compression of digital video signals are based is followed by review of currently applicable video compression standards. Consideration of solutions relevant to a number of business and technology applications leads to a presentation of sample business models illustrating the rich opportunities in video‐enabled commerce.
Virtual Enterprises
Authors: Cecil J.
Published: July 2008

The Internet has fueled the creation and deployment of virtual organizations and enterprises. This chapter provides a discussion of issues, approaches, and technologies related to Internet‐based virtual enterprises (VEs). The major focus is on the technologies used to seamlessly exchange information across the Internet by distributed VE partners. The computer architectures available for adoption by VEs to communicate via the Internet is also elaborated with emphasis on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture, the Distributed Common Object Model, and Java/Jini technology. An outline of several government, industry, and university initiatives related to VE subject domain is also provided. A synopsis of the key phases involved in the creation of VEs is provided along with a discussion on the vital role played by information‐oriented enterprise models in the deployment of VEs.
Virtual Teams
Authors: Switzer Jamie S.
Published: July 2008

The modern world now lives and works in cyberspace. Geographic borders and time zones are irrelevant. To effectively conduct continuous business on a global scale, organizations utilize virtual teams. Virtual teams are groups of people working together to achieve a common goal but who are geographically dispersed. They would not be possible without advances in new communication technologies, particularly the Internet. Virtual teams have certain characteristics that distinguish them from traditional, colocated teams. There are additional considerations when a virtual team is created, necessitating careful execution of the five tasks that must be accomplished at the beginning of the process. A strong technological infrastructure is critical to the success of a virtual team and to keep it operating effectively and efficiently. The use of virtual teams provides many advantages to organizations, but it can present some challenges as well.
Visual Basic Scripting Edition (
VBS
cript)
Authors: Cole Timothy W.
Published: July 2008

Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is important both as a language for the development of applications for the World Wide Web and as a scripting language for the Windows operating system itself. In the context of the Web, it is one of the most important scripting languages used for server‐side applications. For client‐side Web applications it is secondary to JavaScript and is limited to intranets relying exclusively on the Microsoft Internet Explorer Web browser. This chapter describes the history and use of VBScript through version 5.6. Essential elements of the language are summarized and its object‐oriented programming aspects are briefly described. A few of its most important advanced features are then discussed. The chapter closes with an overview of the migration of VBScript applications to the new .NET framework. The bringing together of the previously distinct languages of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications, and VBScript under Visual Basic.NET may in the future obviate the need for VBScript as a separate language.
Visual C++ (Microsoft)
Authors: Mayfield Blayne E.
Published: July 2008

Microsoft Visual C++ continues to evolve as an excellent application development suite. The chapter begins with an overview of the basic components of Visual C++: the interactive development environment, debugger, AppWizard, ClassWizard, and MFC. Most of the remainder of the chapter is devoted to aspects of Visual C++ related specifically to the development of Internet‐aware applications. WinSock is discussed, both with and without MFC, and an example MFC WinSock client–server application is presented. Related topics, such as WinInet and COM, are discussed. Finally, some significant enhancements in Visual C++.NET are listed.
Webcasting
Authors: Ha Louisa
Published: July 2008

Webcasting is the delivery of media contents and any digital information in various formats such as texts, graphics, and audio and video files on the World Wide Web to Internet users. There are three main types of webcasting technologies: (1) push, (2) on‐demand, (3) and live streaming. Webcasting provides services not only to general consumers but also for business in‐house and business‐to‐business uses. Currently, several organizations are providing standards and protocols for webcasting. Radio webcast is more commonly used because it has less bandwidth requirement than video webcast. The major issues in the webcasting industry are the copyright and license fee of media content in digital forms, the competition of audience with offline media, and the requirement of broadband access for consumers to fully enjoy the efficiency of webcasting. The United States is taking the lead in the webcasting market development by promoting private investment for universal Internet access. Europe is lagging behind in webcasting market development because of the charge per use rate structure of local phone service and the high price of leased lines and dedicated circuits.
Web Hosting
Authors: Kaye Doug
Published: July 2008

The range of Web hosting costs—five orders of magnitude—is perhaps broader than that of any other industry. The industry includes more than 10,000 vendors ranging from one‐person operations to major divisions of multibillion dollar companies. This chapter segments the Web‐hosting vendor landscape and explores in detail the services provided by low‐end shared and dedicated Web‐hosting vendors, bare‐bones colocation, and all the way to fully managed services.
Web Quality of Service
Authors: Abdelzaher Tarek
Published: July 2008

The commercialization of the Internet has made this medium a prime venue for conducting business and selling a myriad of priced services. The World Wide Web provides a uniform and widely accepted application interface used by these services to reach multitudes of clients. These changes place the Web infrastructure at the center of a new marketplace with increasing requirements for service quality, predictability, and reliability in an unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. This chapter describes policies and mechanisms for meeting these requirements in contemporary Web services. It surveys the state of the art in quality of service provisioning, describes the most important open challenges, and concludes with an outlook on some emerging directions and novel foundations for providing software performance guarantees on the Web.
Web Services
Authors: Sahai Akhil , Graupner Sven , Kim Wooyoung
Published: July 2008

The past decade has seen the unfolding of the Web services paradigm as a logical extension to the distributed system approach of the Internet and the increasingly popular “software as a service” approach. In this chapter, we discuss the genesis of Web services, the state of the art, and the promises that the Web services paradigm holds.
Web Site Design
Authors: Irie Robert E.
Published: July 2008

Web site development is a rapidly changing field that requires a mixture of design and software implementation skills. For a web site to be successful it must provide not only functionality, but a user interface that is consistent, clear, and concise. This chapter will characterize the common web site types and architectures and suggest guidelines for designing web sites that are useful and usable. A key concept is the separation of the three components of a web site: the content, its presentation, and the underlying programming logic.
Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks
Authors: DeNoia Lynn A.
Published: July 2008

Metropolitan area and wide area networks are built to connect sites not located on a single property, across distances typically greater than can be covered by local area network technologies. When the media over which such connections run cross public property (e.g., telephone wires) or are considered to belong to the public (e.g., portions of the radio spectrum), they are typically installed or used only by license or under the oversight of a governmental regulatory group (e.g., U.S. Federal Communications Commission, state Public Utility Commission, or a Postal, Telegraphy and Telephony authority). The licensed organization then builds appropriate infrastructure to offer services to the public. This chapter surveys the variety of technologies developed to carry different types of traffic over such facilities and the mechanisms for their effective use.
XBRL
(Extensible Business Reporting Language): Business Reporting with
XML
Authors: Boritz J. Efrim , No Won Gyun
Published: July 2008

Accounting was developed in response to the demands of business and other organizations and users for relevant and reliable information for decision making. Currently, many companies are providing users with financial information via the Internet. However, often such information must be reentered or cut and pasted by users seeking to analyze it because, as yet, there are no common, generally accepted formats for presenting business information. XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) is currently being developed to overcome this limitation. XBRL provides financial information preparers, analysts, and other users with a standardized method to prepare, publish, and exchange financial information to enhance decision effectiveness and efficiency. This paper traces the development of XBRL, tracing its conceptual roots from SGML and XML, providing examples of its application to financial information, and summarizing its benefits and limitations. An appendix provides a detailed illustration of the steps involved in creating an XBRL document.
Strong, Tailored, Biocompatible Shape‐Memory Polymer Networks
Authors: Yakacki Christopher M. , Shandas Robin , Safranski David , Ortega Alicia M. , Sassaman Katie , Gall Ken
Published: July 2008

Shape‐memory polymers are a class of smart materials that have recently been used in intelligent biomedical devices and industrial applications for their ability to change shape under a predetermined stimulus. In this study, photopolymerized thermoset shape‐memory networks with tailored thermomechanics are evaluated to link polymer structure to recovery behavior. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) are copolymerized to create networks with independently adjusted glass transition temperatures (Tg) and rubbery modulus values ranging from 56 to 92 °C and 9.3 to 23.0 MPa, respectively. Free‐strain recovery under isothermal and transient temperature conditions is highly influenced by the Tg of the networks, while the rubbery moduli of the networks has a negligible effect on this response. The magnitude of stress generation of fixed‐strain recovery correlates with network rubbery moduli, while fixed‐strain recovery under isothermal conditions shows a complex evolution for varying Tg. The results are intended to help aid in future shape‐memory device design and the MMA‐co‐PEGDMA network is presented as a possible high strength shape‐memory biomaterial.
Rhodium Nanoparticle Encapsulated in a Porous Carbon Shell as an Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Aromatic Hydrogenation
Authors: Harada Takashi , Ikeda Shigeru , Ng Yun Hau , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Torimoto Tsukasa , Matsumura Michio
Published: July 2008

Rhodium (Rh) nanoparticle (core)–carbon (shell) powder was prepared by double‐layer coating of a silica layer and a mesoporous silica/carbon layer on an Rh nanoparticle followed by chemical etching with aqueous hydrofluoric acid to remove siliceous components. The use of various techniques for characterization of the structure showed that the powder thus‐obtained had a rattle‐like structure: Rh nanoparticles were encapsulated in the hollow carbon‐shell having well‐developed porosity. The porous wall structure of the lateral carbon shell provides channels and hydrophobic void spaces that allow efficient penetration and absorption of organic species present in aqueous media. This offers a microenvironment with a high concentration of organic substrates inside the shell. Moreover, the surfaces of medial Rh nanoparticles were free from any ligands, i.e., the active surface site(s) was exposed to induce organic transformations. These unique properties, which cannot be achieved by conventional Rh nanoparticles stabilized with organic agents, led to excellent catalytic activity for hydrogenation of various aromatic and heterocyclic rings in water.
Transparent Thin Films of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Self‐Assembled on Polyamide 11 Nanofibers
Authors: Havel Mickael , Behler Kristopher , Korneva Guzeliya , Gogotsi Yury
Published: July 2008

Electrospun polyamide 11 (PA11) nanofiber films are used as a guide for the deposition of two‐dimensional networks of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This method allows for the manufacturing of transparent and electrically conductive thin films. It is demonstrated that the sheet resistance (Rs) and transmittance (T) decrease, as the films become thicker due to longer electrospinning times or larger fibers. The transmittance could be improved by fusing (melting) the fibers at moderate temperatures or impregnating the film with a resin, showing that light scattering rather than absorption by the MWNTs or the polymer was responsible for a low transmittance. As the number of MWNT deposition cycles increases, the Rs decreases with a constant transmittance. A fused 100 nm film obtained after 10 min of electrospinning of the 2 wt % PA11 solution shows Rs = 154 kΩ sq−1 and T = 83% after ten MWNT deposition cycles. A 95% transmittance was achieved after removing the polymer fibers by heating the glass plate in air (Rs = 440 kΩ sq−1 after five MWNT deposition cycles).
Tin Dioxide Microspheres as a Promising Material for Phosphopeptide Enrichment Prior to Liquid Chromatography‐(Tandem) Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Authors: Sturm Martin , Leitner Alexander , Smått Jan‐Henrik , Lindén Mika , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: July 2008

Functional materials are frequently used to identify and characterize proteins and their modifications in complex biological samples throughout the analytical workflow. Protein phosphorylation is a highly important post‐translational modification that is being examined with the help of diverse materials that exhibit affinity towards the phosphate group of phosphoamino acids. Titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide particles are increasingly used to enrich phosphopeptides from proteolytic digests of protein mixtures, although specificity and recovery still leave room for improvement. Here, we present tin dioxide (SnO2, stannia) microspheres as a new type of metal oxide material for phosphopeptide enrichment. The microspheres are produced by a nanocasting process, starting from silica particles as a template, which allows the tuning of material properties such as particle diameter and porosity of the microspheres in a straightforward manner. For the first time, we are able to show that tin dioxide can be used to enrich phosphopeptides from mixtures such as enzymatic digests of proteins, followed by analysis by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). For optimization of the enrichment protocol, we use synthetic phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides, and test different solvent compositions for loading and washing steps to enhance the selectivity of the material without compromising phosphopeptide recovery. Furthermore, the selectivity and phosphopeptide binding properties of tin dioxide are compared to the established metal oxide materials, titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide, using mixtures of model proteins. Even without the use of additional additives such as α‐hydroxy acids, which have been used to enhance the specificity of TiO2‐based enrichment, we show that a comparably good performance can be achieved for the SnO2 spheres.
Identification of chromosome abnormalities in subtelomeric regions by microarray analysis: A study of 5,380 cases
Authors: Shao Lina , Shaw Chad A. , Lu Xin‐Yan , Sahoo Trilochan , Bacino Carlos A. , Lalani Seema R. , Stankiewicz Pawel , Yatsenko Svetlana A. , Li Yinfeng , Neill Sarah , Pursley Amber N. , Chinault A. Craig , Patel Ankita , Beaudet Arthur L. , Lupski James R. , Cheung Sau W.
Published: July 2008

Subtelomeric imbalances are a significant cause of congenital disorders. Screening for these abnormalities has traditionally utilized GTG‐banding analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) is a relatively new technology that can identify microscopic and submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances. It has been proposed that an array with extended coverage at subtelomeric regions could characterize subtelomeric aberrations more efficiently in a single experiment. The targeted arrays for chromosome microarray analysis (CMA), developed by Baylor College of Medicine, have on average 12 BAC/PAC clones covering 10 Mb of each of the 41 subtelomeric regions. We screened 5,380 consecutive clinical patients using CMA. The most common reasons for referral included developmental delay (DD), and/or mental retardation (MR), dysmorphic features (DF), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), seizure disorders (SD), and autistic, or other behavioral abnormalities. We found pathogenic rearrangements at subtelomeric regions in 236 patients (4.4%). Among these patients, 103 had a deletion, 58 had a duplication, 44 had an unbalanced translocation, and 31 had a complex rearrangement. The detection rates varied among patients with a normal karyotype analysis (2.98%), with an abnormal karyotype analysis (43.4%), and with an unavailable or no karyotype analysis (3.16%). Six patients out of 278 with a prior normal subtelomere‐FISH analysis showed an abnormality including an interstitial deletion, two terminal deletions, two interstitial duplications, and a terminal duplication. In conclusion, genomic imbalances at subtelomeric regions contribute significantly to congenital disorders. Targeted array‐CGH with extended coverage (up to 10 Mb) of subtelomeric regions will enhance the detection of subtelomeric imbalances, especially for submicroscopic imbalances. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐random error in genotype calling procedures: Implications for family‐based and case–control genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Anney Richard J.L. , Kenny Elaine , O'Dushlaine Colm T. , Lasky‐Su Jessica , Franke Barbara , Morris Derek W. , Neale Benjamin M. , Asherson Philip , Faraone Stephen V. , Gill Michael
Published: July 2008

The considerable data‐handling requirements for genome wide association studies (GWAS) prohibit individual calling of genotypes and create a reliance on sophisticated “genotype‐calling algorithms.” Despite their obvious utility, the current genotyping platforms and calling‐algorithms used are not without their limitations. Specifically, some genotypes are not called due to the ambiguity of the data. Any bias in the missing data could create spurious results. Using data from the Genetic Analysis Information Network (GAIN) we observed that missing genotypes are not randomly distributed throughout the homozygous and heterozygous groups. Using simulation, we examined whether the level and type of missingness observed might influence deviation from the null‐hypothesis under common case–control and family‐based statistical approaches. Under a case–control model, where missingness is present in a case group but not the controls, we observed bias giving rise to genome‐wide significant type‐I error for missingness as low as 3%. The family‐based association simulations show close to nominal type‐I error at 4% genotype missingness. These findings have important implications to study design, quality‐control procedures and reporting of findings in GWAS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biarylphosphanliganden in der palladiumkatalysierten Aminierung
Authors: Surry David S. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: July 2008

In den vergangenen 12 Jahren erfuhr die palladiumkatalysierte Aminierung von Arylhalogeniden eine rasche Entwicklung, die durch die Einführung neuer Ligandenklassen vorangetrieben wurde. Biarylphosphane liefern in diesem Zusammenhang besonders reaktive Katalysatoren. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt Anwendungen solcher Katalysatoren zur C‐N‐Kreuzkupplung in der Synthese von Heterocyclen und Pharmazeutika, in den Materialwissenschaften und in der Naturstoffsynthese.
Effect of coagulation bath temperature on formation mechanism of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane
Authors: Wang Xuyun , Zhang Lin , Sun Dahai , An Quanfu , Chen Huanlin
Published: July 2008

Effects of coagulation bath temperature on the membrane formation mechanism and the morphologies of the formed membranes were studied. The binodal and spinodal lines in the phase diagrams of water/DMAc/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were calculated based on the thermodynamics equations of membrane formation, and the gel phase boundaries of the systems at 25°C and 60°C were determined via cloud point measurement. The obtained ternary phase diagrams of water/DMAc/PVDF contain three regions: the one‐phase region, the liquid–liquid two‐phase region, and the gel region. In the phase diagrams, the liquid–liquid demixing line (binodal) is located inside the gelation line. At low temperature, there exists a wide region between gelation line and binodal line. Gelation could occur in the absence of liquid–liquid demixing, and becomes the dominant membrane formation mechanism. At high temperatures (60°C), however, the gelation line approaches the binodal line, which results in a much smaller gelation zone. The kinetics of the solvent out‐flux and water influx were enhanced, liquid–liquid demixing is the dominant mechanism. The membrane formation mechanisms at different temperature were confirmed by the light transmission measurements during membrane forming process and the morphologies of the membranes examined by SEM imaging. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.
Studies on thermoplastic polyurethanes based on new diphenylethane‐derivative diols. III. The effect of molecular weight and structure of soft segment on some properties of segmented polyurethanes
Authors: Rogulska Magdalena , Kultys Anna , Pikus Stanisław
Published: July 2008

Two series of poly(ether urethane)s and one series of poly(ester urethane)s were synthesized, containing, respectively, poly(oxytetramethylene) diol (PTMO) of Mn = 1000 and 2000 and poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol of Mn = 2000 as soft segments. In each series the same hard segment, i.e., 4,4′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(benzenethiohexanol)/hexane‐1,6‐diyl diisocyanate, with different content (∼ 14–72 wt %) was used. The polymers were prepared by a one‐step melt polymerization in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, at the molar ratio of NCO/OH = 1 (in the case of the polymers from PTMO of Mn = 1000 also at 1.05). For all polymers structures (by FTIR and X‐ray diffraction analysis) and physicochemical, thermal (by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), and tensile properties as well as Shore A/D hardness were determined. The resulting polymers were thermoplastic materials with partially crystalline structures (except the polymer with the highest content of PTMO of Mn = 2000). It was found that the poly(ether urethane)s showed lower crystallinity, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), and hardness as well as better thermal stability than the poly(ester urethane)s. Poly(ether urethane)s also exhibited higher tensile strength (up to 23.5 MPa vs. 20.3 MPa) and elongation at break (up to ∼ 1950% vs. 1200%) in comparison with the corresponding poly(ester urethane)s. Among the poly(ether urethane)s an increase in soft‐segment length was accompanied by an increase in thermal stability, tensile strength, and elongation at break, as well as a decrease in Tg, crystallinity, and hardness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mechanical properties and antibacterial activity of peroxide‐cured silicone rubber foams
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo
Published: July 2008

Silicone rubber (SR) foams were prepared by the peroxide curing of a silicone compound with 2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl peroxide (DCBP), di‐t‐butyl peroxide (DTBP), or 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(t‐butylperoxy) hexane (DBPH) in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a blowing agent. The cells were formed in the foam as a result of nitrogen produced by the decomposition of AIBN during the foaming process. The cell size, hardness, and tensile properties of the SR foams were examined as a function of the peroxide concentration. When the peroxide concentration increased, the hardness and tensile strength of the SR foams increased, whereas the cell size and elongation at break decreased. The antibacterial activity of the prepared foams was also evaluated via their effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The peroxide‐cured SR foams had antibacterial activity because a toxic residue was generated by the peroxide decomposition. The foam prepared by the AIBN/DCBP system showed more antibacterial activity than the AIBN/DBPH and AIBN/DTBP ones. However, after postcuring at 250°C for 2 h, the antibacterial activity of the SR foams significantly decreased. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Fluorene‐ring‐containing diamine and resultant soluble thermally stable polyamides
Authors: Ghaemy M. , Barghamadi M.
Published: July 2008

A new fluorene‐ring‐containing diamine, N′‐[7‐(acetyl‐4‐aminoanilino)‐9,9‐dioctylflouren‐2‐yl]‐N′‐4‐aminophenyl)acetamide, was prepared through the reaction of 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene with 4‐aminoacetanilide in the presence of 10 mol % CuI, 20 mol % N,N′‐dimethyl ethylene diamine as a catalyst, and K2CO3 as a base. A series of novel polyamides were prepared by the direct polycondensation of the new diamine with various commercially available aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids. The novel diamine and the obtained polyamides were characterized with conventional methods (Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy) and elemental analysis. All the synthesized polyamides showed good solubility in various solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, hexamethylene phosphoramide, and pyridine and exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.44–0.55 dL/g. According to the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the glass‐transition temperatures of the polyamides were in the range of 85–196°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polyamides indicated a 10% weight loss in the temperature range of 344–417°C in an N2 atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polyvalency: A promising strategy for drug design
Authors: Vance David , Shah Mrinal , Joshi Amit , Kane Ravi S.
Published: July 2008

The simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on one entity to multiple receptors on another can result in an affinity that is significantly greater than that for the binding of a single ligand to a single receptor. This concept of “polyvalency” can be used to design molecules that are potent inhibitors of toxins and pathogens. We describe the design of potent polyvalent inhibitors that neutralize anthrax toxin in vivo as well as our attempts to elucidate the relationship between inhibitor structure and activity. We also highlight promising future avenues for research in polyvalent drug design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 429–434. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrachain Electron and Energy Transfer in Conjugated Organometallic Oligomers and Polymers
Authors: Aly Shawkat Mohammed , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Fortin Daniel , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Harvey Pierre D.
Published: July 2008

The synthesis of polymers of the type (‐Cz‐CC‐PtL2‐CC‐Cz‐X‐)n along with the corresponding model compounds (Ph‐PtL′2‐CC‐Cz)2‐X‐, where Cz=3,3′‐carbazole, X=nothing, Cz, or F (2,2′‐fluorene), L=PBu3, and L′=PEt3 are reported. The electronic spectra (absorption, excitation, emission, and ns‐transient spectra) and the photophysics of these species in 2‐methyltetrahyrofuran (2MeTHF) at 298 and 77 K are presented. Evidence for singlet electron and triplet energy transfer from the Cz chromophore to the F moiety are provided and discussed in detail. The rate for electron transfer is very fast (>4×1011 s−1), whereas that for triplet–triplet energy transfer is much slower (≈103 s−1). This work represents a very rare example of studies that address electronic communication in the backbone of a conjugated organometallic polymer.
T‐Shaped Platinum Boryl Complexes: Synthesis and Structure
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Radacki Krzysztof , Uttinger Katharina
Published: July 2008

A series of cationic T‐shaped 14‐electron boryl complexes of the type trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt{B(X)X′}]+ (X=Br; X′=ortho‐tolyl, tBu, NMe2, piperidyl, Br; XX′=(NMe2)2, catecholato) were synthesized by halide abstraction from trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(Br){B(X)X′}] (Cy=cyclohexyl) with Na[BArf4] (Arf=3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3), K[B(C6F5)4], or Na[BPh4]. X‐ray diffraction studies were performed on all compounds, revealing a subtle correlation between the trans‐influence of the boryl moiety and the PtH and PtC separations. However, no notable agostic CH interaction with the platinum center was detected. trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(BCat)]+ (Cat=catecholato), the complex with the shortest PtH and PtC distances, was treated with Lewis bases (L), forming compounds of the type trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(L)(BCat)]+, thus proving a decisive influence of the degree of trans‐influence exerted by the boryl ligands on the chemical reactivity of the title complexes. Another point that was investigated and clarified is the different behavior of trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(Br){B(Br)Mes}] (Mes=mesityl) towards K[B(C6F5)4] with formation of the borylene species trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(Br)(BMes)]+.
Tunneling Splittings in the S0 and S1 States of the Benzoic Acid Dimer Determined by High‐Resolution UV Spectroscopy
Authors: Kalkman Ivo , Vu Chau , Schmitt Michael , Meerts W. Leo
Published: July 2008

Five different isotopologues of the benzoic acid dimer and a vibronic band located 57 cm−1 above the electronic origin, which is assigned to the out‐of‐plane butterfly motion, are studied by rotationally resolved UV spectroscopy. From these measurements a ground‐state structure with C2h symmetry is deduced, whereas the symmetry is lowered to Cs in the S1 state. The increase in the center‐of‐mass distance between the two monomers that is found on electronic excitation indicates a decrease in hydrogen‐bond strength. The tunneling splittings in the S0 and S1 states are 1385.2±0.7 and 271.2±0.7 MHz, respectively, corresponding to an increase in barrier height by 7.2 % on electronic excitation.
Numerical models and ductile ultimate deformation response of post‐tensioned self‐centering moment connections
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Joon , Christopoulos Constantin
Published: July 2008

New steel moment‐resisting connections that incorporate post‐tensioning elements to provide a self‐centering capacity and devices to dissipate seismic input energy have recently been proposed and experimentally validated. Experimental studies have confirmed that these connections are capable of undergoing large lateral deformations with negligible residual drifts. To facilitate their implementation, accurate modeling of the behavior of systems incorporating post‐tensioned connections must be readily available to designers and researchers. A number of simplified models have been suggested in the literature by researchers trying to capture experimental results at the beam–column connections and thereby to predict the global response of structures incorporating such connections. To provide a clear set of guidelines for the modeling of post‐tensioned steel frames, for practicing engineers as well as researchers, in this paper three types of numerical models of increasing complexity are presented: (i) a sectional analysis procedure, (ii) a lumped plasticity spring frame leveled approach and (iii) a non‐linear solid finite element analysis to predict the response at ultimate deformation levels. The analytical results obtained from the numerical models predict well the structural behavior of these connections when compared with available experimental data. Even at the ultimate deformation level, analytical results are in good agreement with test results. Furthermore, detailing requirements are proposed to assure that flexural hinges form in the beams in order to improve the cyclic response of steel self‐centering connections when drifts exceeding the design drifts are imposed to the system. Experimental and analytical studies demonstrate that steel post‐tensioned self‐centering connections incorporating the proposed detailing in the beams develop an increased deformation capacity and thereby exhibit a ductile response while avoiding a sudden loss of their strength and stiffness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.