bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lignin/Xylan‐Based Phase Selective Powder Gelator for Eco‐Friendly Oil Spill Treatment
Authors: Wang Hairong , Li Nan , Jia Siyu , Bian Jing , Hao Xiang , Peng Feng
Published: October 2021

Despite rapid development, oil spill agents still suffer from limitations of high cost, low adsorption ability, and non‐degradability. Herein, the alkaline lignin (AL) and hemicelluloses (xylan, Xyl) are transferred into low‐cost, green, and eco‐friendly powder gelators, featuring congealing oil ability, easy collection, and oil spill recovery. The AL and Xyl can form gels in the presence of excessive epichlorohydrin (ECH)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and subsequently self‐collapse into brittle solid when rinsed in water. After silylation treatment, the resultant powder exhibits high efficiency to congeal, a series of floating oils, as well as the great oil recovery ability. The easy availability of pulping byproducts, scalable preparation method, and excellent spill oil treatment ability hold promise for developing new bio‐based oil spill agents.
Biopolymer‐Nanocomposite Hybrid Materials as Potential Strategy to Remove Pesticides in Water: Occurrence and Perspectives
Authors: Baigorria Estefanía , Fraceto Leonardo F.
Published: October 2021

During the last three decades, the use of pesticides to increase agricultural yields has grown exponentially and excessively. These agricultural practices, in conjunction with various natural factors, have led to the contamination of water bodies. Preserving contamination‐free hydrographic basins is a challenge and a priority of the community. This article first presents a classification of the various pesticides, the existing regulations concerning their use, and their influence on the aquatic environment. Several methodologies for the removal of pesticides from aqueous media are presented, with emphasis on adsorption techniques. In addition, a discussion is provided for materials with nanoscale characteristics as promising adsorbents of pesticides present in water. A focus on research regarding nanostructured hybrid biopolymeric materials is proposed, with critical appraisal and future perspectives. Factors such as the ability to recover, regenerate, and reuse these hybrids, together with their environmentally friendly characteristics, make them highly attractive options for the proposed purpose. However, their current application in the treatment of pesticide‐contaminated water remains low. This new generation of biopolymeric nanocomposite hybrid materials emerges as a viable, cost‐effective, and eco‐friendly option for use in the provision of safe water to society.
An Efficient Symmetric Electrolyzer Based On Bifunctional Perovskite Catalyst for Ammonia Electrolysis
Authors: Zhang Mengfei , Li Hao , Duan Xiuyun , Zou Peimiao , Jeerh Georgina , Sun Boyao , Chen Shigang , Humphreys John , Walker Marc , Xie Kui , Tao Shanwen
Published: October 2021

Ammonia is a natural pollutant in wastewater and removal technique such as ammonia electro‐oxidation is of paramount importance. The development of highly efficient and low‐costing electrocatalysts for the ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) associated with ammonia removal is subsequently crucial. In this study, for the first time, the authors demonstrate that a perovskite oxide LaNi0.5Cu0.5O3‐δ after being annealed in Ar (LNCO55‐Ar), is an excellent non‐noble bifunctional catalyst towards both AOR and HER, making it suitable as a symmetric ammonia electrolyser (SAE) in alkaline medium. In contrast, the LNCO55 sample fired in air (LNCO55‐Air) is inactive towards AOR and shows very poor HER activity. Through combined experimental results and theoretical calculations, it is found that the superior AOR and HER activities are attributed to the increased active sites, the introduction of oxygen vacancies, the synergistic effect of B‐site cations and the different active sites in LNCO55‐Ar. At 1.23 V, the assembled SAE demonstrates ≈100% removal efficiency in 2210 ppm ammonia solution and >70% in real landfill leachate. This work opens the door for developments towards bifunctional catalysts, and also takes a profound step towards the development of low‐costing and simple device configuration for ammonia electrolysers.
Harnessing Phase Transitions in Antiferroelectric ZrO2Using the Size Effect
Authors: Lomenzo Patrick D. , Materano Monica , Mittmann Terence , Buragohain Pratyush , Gruverman Alexei , Kiguchi Takanori , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe
Published: October 2021

The unique nonlinear dielectric properties of antiferroelectric (AFE) oxides are promising for advancements in solid state supercapacitor, actuator, and memory technologies. AFE behavior in high‐k ZrO2is of particular technological interest, but the origin of antiferroelectricity in ZrO2remains questionable. The theory of reversible electric field‐induced phase transitions between the nonpolar P42/nmc tetragonal phase and the polarPca21orthorhombic phase is experimentally tested with local structural and electromechanical characterization of AFE ZrO2thin films. Piezoresponse force microscopy identifies signature evidence of a field‐induced phase transition. A significant size effect in AFE ZrO2is experimentally observed as film thickness is scaled down from 14.7 to 4.3 nm. The size effect is explained by modifications to the phase transition energy barrier heights ranging from 0.6 to 7.6 meV f.u−1depending on crystallite size and in‐plane compressive strain with decreasing ZrO2film thickness. Using the size effect, it is possible to double the energy storage density in ZrO2from 20 J cm−3to greater than 40 J cm−3, thus highlighting a feasible route for superior performance in AFE fluorite supercapacitors.
Energetic Couplings in Ferroics
Authors: Zhao Hong Jian , Chen Peng , Prosandeev Sergey , Paillard Charles , Patel Kinnary , Íñiguez Jorge , Bellaiche Laurent
Published: October 2021

Ferroics include diverse degrees of freedom (such as structural distortions and magnetic moments) among which cross couplings occur, rendering a large variety of interesting phenomena. Determining such couplings, based on symmetry analysis, is not only important to interpret observed phenomena but can also result in novel predictions to be then experimentally checked. Often, such energetic couplings are difficult to construct without a deep knowledge of group theoretical symmetry principles. In the present review, a crash course toward the derivation of energetic couplings, without using much group theoretical language, is provided. Rather, the present approach relies on a graphical technique and suitable symbolic language, which naturally yields some known couplings (resulting in, e.g., spin/dipole canting, magnetically driven polarization, and antipolar/antiferroelectric states). This review also reports and discusses other symmetry‐allowed energetic terms, including some leading to the occurrence of an electric polarization in a variety of materials, and “exotic” ones that generate complex phases and phenomena in, for example, nanostructures and heterostructures.
Hypercrosslinked Polymerization Enabled N‐Doped Carbon Confined Fe2O3 Facilitating Li Polysulfides Interface Conversion for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Lu Yun , Qin Jin‐Lei , Shen Tao , Yu Yu‐Feng , Chen Ke , Hu Ye‐Zhou , Liang Jia‐Ning , Gong Ming‐Xing , Zhang Jing‐Jing , Wang De‐Li
Published: October 2021

Facilitating phase conversion efficiency of Li polysulfides to Li2S and restraining the dissolution of Li polysulfides are critical for stable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, an in situ formed sulfiphilic superfine Fe2O3 nanocrystals confined in lithiophilic N‐doped microporous carbon (Fe2O3/N‐MC) is derived from one‐step hypercrosslinked polymerization. Uniquely, the dual active sites (Fe2O3 and N) in Fe2O3/N‐MC tend to form “FeS, LiO or LiN” bonding, and then synchronically enhancing the chemisorption and interface conversion ability of Li polysulfides. As a result, 80 wt% S is loaded on Fe2O3/N‐MC and the hybrid cathode delivers high mass capacity (730 mA h g‐1) and excellent cycling stability (87.1% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 5.0 C). Especially, the cathode also exhibits a high reversible areal capacity of 3.69 mA h cm‐2 at a high areal loading (5.1 mg cm‐2) and a lean electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio (7.5 µL mg‐1) over 500 cycles. This work is anticipated to deepen the comprehension of complex Li polysulfides interphase conversion processes and afford new thoughts for designing new host materials.
Upscaling Solution‐Processed Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Yang Fu , Jang Dongju , Dong Lirong , Qiu Shudi , Distler Andreas , Li Ning , Brabec Christoph J. , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2021

The performance of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells has reached a certified efficiency of 25.5% over the past decade, which has attracted significant attention as a promising candidate for photovoltaic (PV) applications. However, the most efficient perovskite solar cells were produced by the technique of spin coating, which is extremely limited in terms of upscaling production for the commercialization of the technology. Furthermore, the efficiencies of large‐area perovskite modules are still significantly lower than those of lab size solar cells. Thus, there are still some challenges that need to be overcome to bridge the efficiency gap between small‐area perovskite solar cells and large‐area perovskite devices. The first challenge lies in preparing high‐quality perovskite layers by low‐cost and scalable techniques with high reproducibility. Second, selecting and depositing charge extraction layers as well as bottom and top electrodes by scalable and low‐cost techniques are essential tasks. In this review, recent progress and challenges of scalable technologies for solution‐based coating and printing of perovskite PVs are summarized and analyzed. Based on the analysis, strategies and opportunities are proposed to promote the development of stable and efficient large‐area perovskite PV toward commercialization.
Co/CoP Heterojunction on Hierarchically Ordered Porous Carbon as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Jing , Guo Peifang , Li Haozhe , Fei Ben , Guo Yanhui , Pan Hongge , Sun Dalin , Fang Fang , Wu Renbing
Published: October 2021

Designing non‐precious electrocatalysts to synergistically achieve a facilitated mass/electron transfer and exposure of abundant active sites is highly desired but remains a significant challenge. Herein, a composite electrocatalyst consisting of highly dispersed Co/CoP heterojunction embedded within a hierarchically ordered macroporous‐mesoporous‐microporous carbon matrix (Co/CoP@HOMC) is rationally designed through the pyrolysis of polystyrene sphere‐templated zeolite imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) assemblies. The combined experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that Co/CoP interfaces not only provide richly exposed active sites but also optimize hydrogen/water absorption free energy via electronic coupling, while the interconnected macroporous structure enables a superior mass transfer to all accessible active sites. As a result, the as‐developed Co/CoP@HOMC composites exhibit outstanding catalytic activity with overpotentials of only 120 and 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 m KOH, respectively. Moreover, an alkaline electrolyzer constructed by Co/CoP@HOMC requires an ultralow cell voltage of 1.54 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2, outperforming that of the Pt@C||IrO2@C couple (1.64 V).
Chemical Design Rules for Non‐Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Markina Anastasia , Lin Kun‐Han , Liu Wenlan , Poelking Carl , Firdaus Yuliar , Villalva Diego Rosas , Khan Jafar I. , Paleti Sri H. K. , Harrison George T. , Gorenflot Julien , Zhang Weimin , De Wolf Stefaan , McCulloch Iain , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Baran Derya , Laquai Frédéric , Andrienko Denis
Published: October 2021

Efficiencies of organic solar cells have practically doubled since the development of non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs). However, generic chemical design rules for donor‐NFA combinations are still needed. Such rules are proposed by analyzing inhomogeneous electrostatic fields at the donor–acceptor interface. It is shown that an acceptor–donor–acceptor molecular architecture, and molecular alignment parallel to the interface, results in energy level bending that destabilizes the charge transfer state, thus promoting its dissociation into free charges. By analyzing a series of PCE10:NFA solar cells, with NFAs including Y6, IEICO, and ITIC, as well as their halogenated derivatives, it is suggested that the molecular quadrupole moment of ≈75 Debye Å balances the losses in the open circuit voltage and gains in charge generation efficiency.
Cu‐MOFs Derived Porous Cu Nanoribbons with Strengthened Electric Field for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to C2+ Fuels
Authors: Huo Hang , Wang Jin , Fan Qikui , Hu Yanjing , Yang Jian
Published: October 2021

The electroreduction of carbon dioxide is a promising strategy to synthesize value‐added feedstocks and realize carbon neutralization. Copper catalysts are well‐known to be active for selective electroreduction of CO2 to multicarbon products, although the role played by the surface architecture is not fully understood. Herein, mesoporous Cu nanoribbons are constructed via in‐situ electrochemical reduction of Cu based metal organic frameworks for the highly selective synthesis of C2+ chemicals. With the mesoporous structure, a high C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 82.3% with a partial current density of 347.9 mA cm−2 is achieved in a flow‐cell electrolyzer. Controlled electroreduction of CO2 with Cu nanoribbons exhibited clearly greater selectivity towards C2+ products than Cu nanoleaves and Cu nanorods without porous structures. Finite difference time domain results indicate that the mesoporous structure can enhance the electric field on the catalyst surface, which increases the concentration of K+ and OH−, thus allowing the authors to promote CO2 reduction pathways towards C2+ products.
Electrochemically Activated Cu2–xTe as an Ultraflat Discharge Plateau, Low Reaction Potential, and Stable Anode Material for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Half and Full Batteries
Authors: Li Wei , Ma Yongsong , Li Peng , Jing Xiaoyun , Jiang Kai , Wang Dihua
Published: October 2021

The utilization of Zn anodes to build aqueous Zn–metal batteries has captured extensive attention in the domain of energy storage, but this task faces scientific challenges, such as Zn dendrites and unsatisfactory stripping/plating efficiency as well as gas evolution. Herein, cation‐deficient Cu2–xTe (Cu1.81Te) is proposed as an attractive intercalated anode material for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. It delivers an ultraflat discharge plateau of 0.2 V (vs Zn2+/Zn) and a capacity of 158 mAh g−1, of which 86% capacity is contributed from the discharge plateau at 0.2 V. Moreover, it shows superior cyclability with 100% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 2.5 C (1 C = 242 mA g−1). Experimental characterization reveals that it undergoes sequential insertion and conversion mechanism: Zn2+ is first inserted into the Cu2‐xTe which is further converted into Cu and ZnTe. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the crystal defects in Cu2–xTe can manipulate the electronic structure to enhance reactivity and simultaneously reduce diffusion barriers. Moreover, an aqueous “rocking‐chair” Cu2–xTe//Na3V2(PO4)3 Zn‐ion full battery is demonstrated. It delivers an energy density of 58 Wh kg−1 with a voltage output of 0.98 V, and keeps 92% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. This research provides an ultralow discharge plateau and stable anode material for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries.
Ternary Ionogel Electrolytes Enable Quasi‐Solid‐State Potassium Dual‐Ion Intercalation Batteries
Authors: Kotronia Antonia , Edström Kristina , Brandell Daniel , Asfaw Habtom Desta
Published: October 2021

A dual‐ion battery (DIB) is an emerging technology destined for use in stationary energy storage applications. Most DIB prototypes use expensive salt‐concentrated liquid electrolytes to ensure sufficient ion supply and an electrochemical stability window beyond 4.5 V, which is required for anion intercalation in graphite. Herein, the design of a compact quasi‐solid‐state potassium‐based DIB is introduced using ternary ionogel electrolytes (t‐IGEs) prepared from a potassium salt, an ionic liquid, and a poly(ionic liquid). Among a series of combinations, the t‐IGE with optimum mechanical property, thermal stability (>200 °C), and electrochemical performance consists of 30% salt, 28% ionic liquid, and 42% poly(ionic liquid). With ionic conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 1 mS cm−1 at 30–100°C and an electrochemical stability window within 0.5–5.0 V versus K+/K, the t‐IGE is suited for practical MoS2–graphite KDIBs. Infusing the ionogel in plain‐weave glass fiber fabrics (≈40 μm thick) further enables the design of more compact KDIBs in which a significant reduction (≈64%) in electrolyte thickness is achieved. The cells are able to deliver specific capacities varying from 80 to 25 mAh g−1 at 10 to 160 mA g−1, with CEs ranging from ≈90% to 100%.
Aqueous Electrolytes, MXene‐Based Supercapacitors and Their Self‐Discharge
Authors: Zheng Wei , Halim Joseph , Rosen Johanna , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: October 2021

Significant efforts have been dedicated to developing Ti3C2Tz‐based MXene aqueous supercapacitors (SCs) with improved energy and power densities. Notably less research has been devoted to an equally important characteristic of aqueous SCs, viz. self‐discharge (SD). The SD rates are rarely reported despite their crucial importance from a practical point of view. Herein, the SD rates in four different aqueous electrolytes: H2SO4, KOH, LiCl, and LiBr in Ti3C2Tz‐based aqueous SCs are compared. For the latter two, the SD rates vary as a function of salt concentration in the electrolytes with higher LiCl or LiBr concentrations having the lowest SD rates, viz. 78.3% and 81.5% in 14 m LiCl and LiBr, respectively, after 10 h. Further, the influence of dissolved oxygen and the purities of the starting powders are examined, and it is concluded that parasitic reactions, including oxygen, are responsible for the SD.
Clinical impact of the triple‐layered circular stapler for reducing the anastomotic leakage in rectal cancer surgery: Porcine model and multicenter retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Nakanishi Ryota , Fujimoto Yoshiaki , Sugiyama Masahiko , Hisamatsu Yuichi , Nakanoko Tomonori , Ando Koji , Ota Mitsuhiko , Kimura Yasue , Oki Eiji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate the impact of the triple‐layered circular stapler compared with the double‐layered circular stapler on anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery.

Methods

The bursting pressure was compared between porcine ileocolic anastomoses created using a double‐ or triple‐layered stapler. We also retrospectively analyzed the incidence of severe anastomotic leakage in 194 patients who underwent colorectal anastomosis using a double‐ or triple‐layered circular stapler during rectal cancer resection performed in two cancer centers between January 2015 and April 2021.

Results

In the porcine model, the bursting pressure was higher in anastomoses created using the triple‐layered stapler than the double‐layered stapler (end‐to‐end anastomosis: 26.4 ± 6.2 mm Hg vs 14.5 ± 4.3 mm Hg, P = .0031; side‐to‐side anastomosis: 27.7 ± 5.0 mm Hg vs 18.0 ± 2.9 mm Hg, P = .0275). Intersectional leakage occurred in 41% and 83% of anastomoses created using the triple‐ or double‐layered stapler, respectively (P = .0821). In the clinical cohort, the double‐ and triple‐layered stapler was used in 153 and 41 patients, respectively. The incidence of anastomotic leakage was lower for anastomoses created using the triple‐layered stapler vs the double‐layered stapler (0.0% vs 5.8%, P = .0362). In multivariate analysis, the factors independently associated with a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage were female sex (odds ratio: 0.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.01‐0.90, P = .0354) and triple‐layered stapler usage (odds ratio: 0.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.00‐0.96, P = .0465).

Conclusion

Anastomoses created using a triple‐layered circular stapler had high bursting pressure, which might contribute to a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery.
Unraveling the impact of phase separation induced by thermal annealing on shape memory effect of polyester‐based thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Valim Fernanda Cabrera Flores , Oliveira Gustavo Peixoto , da Cunha Vasconcelos Gibran , de Paiva Lucilene Betega , Santillo Chiara , Lavorgna Marino , Andrade Ricardo Jorge Espanhol
Published: October 2021

In this study polyester‐based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) samples were annealed at 110°C for 0, 8, 16, and 24 h. To elucidate the relationship between the hard and soft phase separation and the shape memory properties, the samples were characterized within a rheometer, by selecting well defined thermal cycles. The results showed an enhancement of the shape recovery ratio (Rr ~ 65%) for all the annealed samples, when compared to the non‐annealed TPU (Rr ~ 60%). This behavior was attributed to the modifications of hard‐soft domain morphology occurring during the thermal annealing treatment, as it was shown both by differential scanning calorimetry with the shift in thermal transitions toward higher temperature, due the formation of new short‐range ordered hard domains and infrared spectroscopy, with the increase in degree of phase separation. Analyzing small‐angle X‐ray scattering, the decrease of the invariant also confirmed the enhancement of short‐range domains. The formation of these new short‐range domains acted as crosslinking points in TPU's morphology leading to an increase in stiffness, presented by higher Young and storage modulus. Based on these results, a model mechanism is proposed to correlate the morphology and structure of the annealed materials with their shape memory effect.
Investigation on thermal properties and flame retardancy of glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate
Authors: Li Chongyi , Yu Xiaoguang , Tan Ying , Xie Guirong , Liu Hong , Tang Gang
Published: October 2021

Herein, this paper perhaps reports for the first time that a series of glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites (GRPBS) using the flame‐retardant system composed of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) and melamine cyanurate (MC) are fabricated by melt blending method. When the composite is loaded of 20 wt% AHP/MC with mass ratio about 2:1, it achieves UL‐94 V‐0 rating with the value of limited oxygen index (LOI) significantly increasing to 30%. Meanwhile, the thermo‐gravimetric analysis also well proves that the composite can produce more char residues because of the addition of AHP, however, its thermal stability would slightly decreases. In addition, the results obtained from micro‐scale combustion calorimetry testing reveal that total heat release and peak of heat release rate for GRPBS composites combined with AHP and MC both significantly reduce, and the similar results are easily found in cone calorimeter testing. Additionally, the residues after LOI testing are further investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy, which definitely confirm the formation of the compact char layer with crater‐like structure. Mechanism analysis indicates the significant enhancement of flame‐retardant efficiency principally benefits from the cooperative work dominated by AHP and MC.
Valorization of starch nanoparticles on microstructural and physical properties of PLA‐starch nanocomposites
Authors: Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao , Nguyen Duc Vien , Thuc Chi Nhan Ha , Bui Quoc Bao , Perré Patrick , Nguyen Dang Mao
Published: October 2021

Starch nanoparticles, synthesized from native starch through the hydrolysis approach, are considered as potential reinforcers to sustainable biodegradable nanocomposite with poly(lactic)acid. Some properties of nanocomposites are upgraded to expand their applications compared to poly(lactic) acid. As relevant, starch nanoparticles are spherically shaped with mainly distributive sizes under 80 nm. Especially, they are homogeneously dispersed in the matrix polymer at high content, resulting in improving the interfaces between matrix polymer and starch nanoparticles, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of nanocomposites.
Acupuncture therapy for Alzheimer's disease: The effectiveness and potential mechanisms
Authors: Yin Wei , Lv Guoying , Li Chuangang , Sun Jinhao
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that accounts for approximately 70% of dementia. Following the global escalation of the aging process, the morbidity of AD is increasing rapidly. The current treatment for AD is mainly limited to medications, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in improving memory and cognitive functions is not satisfactory. It is a challenge to find an effective alternative therapy for ameliorating AD symptoms. As an important therapeutic technique in traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture has been proved effective in treating many neurologic diseases including AD. The efficacy of acupuncture is also acknowledged by the National Institutes of Health of the United States. Here, we summarized the effectiveness of acupuncture for treating AD. Especially, the role of acupuncture at certain acupuncture points in modulating the brain function through meridians activity based on Chinese meridian theory is discussed. How acupuncture at a certain acupoint can improve AD symptoms is also described. Furthermore, the possible molecular mechanisms of acupuncture for AD are reviewed, and the role of acupuncture in modulating signaling molecules in neural protection and homeostasis is highlighted. This study may help to understand the theoretical basis and potential molecular mechanisms of acupuncture therapy for AD.
An introduction to traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture
Authors: Zhang Shan‐Qiang , Li Ji‐Cheng
Published: October 2021

As an independent medical system, the scientific value behind traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining appreciation because of growing evidence about mechanisms and efficacy. The aim of this special issue is to introduce this ancient medicine to readers through the compiled research papers focusing on TCM. The papers in this issue cover many research fields such as TCM theory, traditional Chinese prescription, syndrome biomarkers, and acupuncture. In particular for acupuncture, the focus on the history of acupuncture, the importance of precise acupoint positioning, the effect of Fu's subcutaneous needling among patients with shoulder pain, and the effect of electroacupuncture on senile plaque and insulin signaling pathway in the olfactory bulb of transgenic mice. By combining, the papers in this issue and TCM papers published elsewhere provide scientific evidence to improve understanding this ancient Oriental form of medicine.
Research status and prospects of acupuncture for prevention and treatment of chemo‐ andradiotherapy‐inducedsalivary gland dysfunction in head and neck cancer
Authors: Zhang Shan‐Qiang , Chen Hai‐Bin , Liu Jun , Dai Wen‐Jie , Lu Qi‐Qi , Li Ji‐Cheng
Published: October 2021

Salivary gland dysfunction (SGD) induced by chemo‐ and radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) has always been a difficult problem in modern medicine. The quality of life of a large number of HNC patients is severely impaired by SGD such as xerostomia and dysphagia. In recent years, several studies have found that acupuncture can improve patients' salivary secretion, but it has not yet been approved as an alternative therapy for SGD. For this reason, we collected the clinical study reports on acupuncture in the treatment of SGD induced by chemo‐ and radiotherapy in HNC patients in the past 20 years, and analyzed and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of these studies with respect to tumor types, group setting, intervention modality, acupoints selection, outcome evaluation, and safety. We believed that acupuncture is beneficial for SGD, but the existing objective evidence is insufficient to support its effectiveness. Therefore, improving the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture, selecting the optimal combination of acupoints through scientific and rigorous study design, and exploring the potential mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of diseases combined with the meridian theory may be effective ways to promote the acceptance of acupuncture as an alternative therapy for SGD in future. The significance of this review is to provide a reference for researchers to carry out high‐quality clinical trials of acupuncture in the treatment of SGD in future from the perspective of the combination of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
Comparing outcomes of transperineal to transrectal prostate biopsies performed under local anaesthesia
Authors: Chen Kelven Weijing , Pek Gregory , Yufei Qiao , Toh Poh Choo , Kuek Nicholas , Lee Joe King Chien , Tan Lincoln Guan Lim , Tsang Woon Chau , Chiong Edmund
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To compare and review the outcomes of transperineal (TP) prostate biopsies with transrectal (TR) biopsies performed under local anaesthesia (LA). A review of the relevant published literature is presented.

Patients and methods

We prospectively analysed 212 consecutive patients who underwent TP prostate biopsy using the PrecisionPoint™ access system under LA, at our institution from October 2018 to March 2020. We compared the morbidity and cancer detection rates using this approach with our historical cohort of 178 patients who underwent the TR biopsy method under LA.

Results

The mean age of the TP biopsy group was 69 years, and median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 13.17 ng/ml. Mean prostate volume was 45.1 ml with a median of 12 cores taken per patient. Patient demographics were similar to our TR biopsy cohort, with mean age of 68 years, median PSA of 10.76, mean prostate volume of 49.6 ml and a median of 12 cores taken per patient. The TP biopsy group had 0% sepsis rate compared with 2.2% in the TR group. Haematuria in the TP versus transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) cohort was 0.9% versus 1.7%, respectively. The TP biopsy‐naïve group had a cancer detection rate of 63.5% (127 of 200 patients), of which 84% were ≥Grade Group 2 (GG2). The TR biopsy‐naïve group had cancer detection rate of 50% (86 of 172 patients), of which 87.2% was ≥GG2.

Conclusion

TP prostate biopsy had less urinary infectious and septic complications compared with the TR approach. Our data suggest at least comparable diagnostic accuracy between both biopsy approaches.
The impact of eligibility for maintenance immunotherapy on prognosis in patients with unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Ozaki Kai , Hatakeyama Shingo , Tanaka Toshikazu , Noro Daisuke , Tokui Noriko , Horiguchi Hirotaka , Okuyama Yoshiharu , Fujita Naoki , Okamoto Teppei , Okamoto Akiko , Suzuki Yuichiro , Yamamoto Hayato , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ohyama Chikara
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To investigate the eligibility for maintenance immunotherapy and its impact on the prognosis of advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with first‐line chemotherapy, as the selection biases of the eligible population in the JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial remain unclear.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 213 patients (median age, 71 years) with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with platinum‐based first‐line chemotherapy between May 2003 and April 2021. The patients were categorized into the following two groups: progressive disease (PD) within four cycles (trial ineligible group) and non‐PD within four cycles (trial eligible group). The primary outcomes were the estimated proportion of trial eligible patients for maintenance immunotherapy. The secondary outcomes were the comparison of the overall survival in the trial eligible and ineligible groups and the impact of radiologic response at the second cycle on the fourth cycle.

Results

Among the 213 patients, 81 (38%) were included in the trial eligible group. The trial eligible group had a significantly longer overall survival than the trial ineligible group (P < 0.001). Of 166 patients who had no PD within two cycles, 85 (51%) patients experienced PD within four cycles. Patients with a complete response or partial response at the second cycle had a significantly lower rate of PD at the fourth cycle (42%) than those with stable disease at the second cycle (59%, P = 0.031).

Conclusion

We observed 38% of the trial eligible population. Overall survival was significantly different between the trial eligible and ineligible groups.
Teaching meiosis with the DNA triangle framework: A classroom activity that changes how students think about chromosomes
Authors: Wright Leslie Kate , Cortez Paulina , Franzen Margaret A. , Newman Dina L.
Published: October 2021

Many biology students struggle to learn about the process of meiosis and have particular difficulty understanding the molecular basis of crossing over and the importance of homologous pairing for proper segregation. To help students overcome these challenges, we designed an activity that uses a newly developed Chromosome Connections Kit® from 3‐D Molecular Designs to allow learners to explore meiosis at the molecular level. We took a backwards design approach in constructing an effective classroom activity. We developed evidence‐based learning objectives and designed a crossing over activity that targets students' misconceptions and key concepts about meiosis. Assessment questions were designed based on the learning objectives and common student misconceptions. The activity consists of three parts: an interactive introductory video, a model‐based activity, and reflection questions. The activity was first beta‐tested with a small number of students and revised based on feedback. The revised activity was deployed in a mid‐level Cell and Molecular Biology course. Analysis of pre‐/post‐assessment data from students who completed the activity (n = 83) showed strong learning gains on concepts related to ploidy, homology, segregation, and the mechanism and purpose of crossing over. Additionally, students who participated in the activity outperformed nonparticipants on a Genetics assessment about meiosis the following semester.
Ten‐year course of treated bipolar I disorder: The role of polarity at onset
Authors: Yoldi‐Negrete María , Fresán‐Orellana Ana , Jiménez‐Tirado Mariana , Martínez‐Camarillo Sara , Palacios‐Cruz Lino , Vieta Eduard , Ortega‐Ortiz Hiram , Becerra‐Palars Claudia , Gutiérrez‐Mora Doris , Camarena Medellín Beatriz
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Early‐stage predictors of illness course are needed in bipolar disorder (BD). Differences among patients with a first depressive versus maniac/hypomanic episode have been stated, although in most studies, memory bias and time from onset to start of specialized treatment might interfere. The aim was to compare the first 10 years of illness course according to polarity at onset.

Methods

49 type I BD patients admitted for treatment for a first‐time affective episode and a following 10‐year attendance to the institution were included. A retrospective year by year comparison according to polarity at onset (depressive (DPO) or maniac (MPO)) was performed. Cramer's V and Cohen d were computed to determine effect size.

Results

59.2% (n = 29) started with MPO. Both groups were similar in demographic and social outcome characteristics, clinical features, and treatment variables. Patients with DPO reported more depressive episodes than MPO patients (U = 149.0 p < .001, Cohen's d = 0.87); both groups had a similar number of manic episodes. Only during the first year of follow‐up, suicide attempts (SA) were more frequent in patients with DPO while the presence of a psychotic episode and psychiatric hospitalizations were more frequent in the MPO group.

Conclusion

According to these findings, it can be concluded that illness onset is only indicative of depressive predominant polarity but is not related to other poor prognostic variables after the first year of illness onset, in treated BD. SA in the first year of an affective disorder could represent a marker of BD.
Primary Mediastinal Ewing sarcoma presenting as a massive lung lesion with a mediastinal shift
Authors: Ata Fateen , Safwan Aljafar Mohamad , Mohammed Areej Marwan , Mirza Salman , Zafar Abdul Aziz
Published: October 2021

Primary pulmonary Ewing sarcoma can present as a massive mass in the left hemithorax covering the entire lung and can press the pulmonary artery and cause a significant mediastinal shift.
Severe Symptomatic Hypocalcemia, complicating cardiac arrhythmia following Cinacalcet (SensiparTM) administration: A Case Report
Authors: Schmidt Gregory S. , Weaver Travis D. , Hoang Thanh D. , Shakir Mohamed K.M.
Published: October 2021

Clinicians should closely monitor patients on calcimimetics for hypocalcemic symptoms and arrhythmia, even though asymptomatic hypocalcemia typically resolves without intervention.
Digitalisierung trifft Pumpentechnik
Authors: Gandert Etwina
Published: October 2021

Nicht umsonst nennt sich die Tagung für Pumpen in der Verfahrenstechnik, Kraftwerks‐ und Abwassertechnik „Praktikerkonferenz“. Anfang September kamen in Graz wieder Anwender und Anbieter von Pumpentechnik zusammen, um über Chancen und Grenzen der Digitalisierung von Pumpentechnologien zu diskutieren. Eine Grenze wird erkennbar in der Verfügbarkeit von Fachkräften, die Kenntnisse in allen beteiligten Disziplinen verknüpfen können
Kristaller für absatzweise und kontinuierliche Prozesse
Authors: Keller Wolfgang , Knapp Steffen , Nienhaus Bernd
Published: October 2021

Die Kristallisation als verfahrenstechnische Grundoperation ist in der Prozessindustrie von überragender Bedeutung. Sie wird zur Herstellung und Aufreinigung von Feststoffen in zahlreichen Prozessen der Chemie, der Pharmazie oder in der Lebensmittelindustrie eingesetzt. Der Einsatz von auf den Prozess angepasster Rührtechnik ist dabei der Schlüssel zum Erreichen der gewünschten Produkteigenschaften.
Pumpen für hochviskose Medien
Authors: Steinbach Cynthia , Zeiff Andreas
Published: October 2021

Kompositwerkstoffe werden in vielen Bereichen der Technik verwendet, wenn es darum geht leichte, stabile und beliebig formbare Strukturen herzustellen. Polyester‐, Epoxid‐, Polyurethan‐ und andere Harze stellen dabei je nach Anwendungsanforderung zusammen mit Glasfasern, Kohle oder Aramidgewebe oder sogar Basaltfaser die Grundlage für vielfältige Produkte. Die Ausgangsstoffe, also Harze, Härter oder Hilfsstoffe wie Trennwachse sind meist sehr dickflüssig bis pastenförmig oder lösemittelhaltig und erfordern beim Umgang besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Normale Pumpen für eine halbautomatische Abfüllung sind den Anforderungen meist nicht gewachsen. Hier kommen Exzenterschnecken‐ oder Druckluft‐Membranpumpen zum Einsatz, die speziell für das Fördern hochviskoser Medien und auf Ex‐Bereiche ausgelegt sind
Dicht ist nicht gleich dicht
Authors: van Dorp Annette
Published: October 2021

Parameter wie Medium und Einsatzbedingungen in oder außerhalb einer Anlage bestimmen weitestgehend den Einsatz einer Pumpenart. Gesetzliche Vorschriften, Sicherheits‐ und Umweltschutzbestimmungen wie die Technische Anleitung Luft (TA‐Luft) sind zu berücksichtigen. Als zuverlässiger Förderbeitrag haben sich hierbei trockenlaufsichere, hermetisch abgedichtete Kreiselpumpen bewährt.
Den Einbauraum optimal nutzen
Authors: Gerauer Sebastian
Published: October 2021

Kompakte Füllventile, die als Batterieanordnung, Ventilblöcke oder mehrbahnig in große Abfüllanlagen eingebaut werden, sind ein wichtiger Baustein auf dem Weg zu möglichst effizienten Prozessen. Damit können Lebensmittel, Kosmetika, Konsumgüter wie Waschmittel oder selbst Materialien in GMP‐regulierten Branchen wie der Medizintechnik, Diagnostik und Pharmazie schnell und präzise abgefüllt werden.
Chemiekonzern geht auf Nummer sicher
Authors: Ahnert Nicky , Palm Thomas
Published: October 2021

Es ist schon unter „normalen“ Bedingungen nicht einfach, für diverse Anwendungen immer schnell den richtigen Motor parat zu haben. Ungemein schwieriger ist dies in der Großchemie, wenn mehrere Zehntausend Antriebsstellen in rauer, explosionsgefährdeter Umgebung rund um die Uhr am Laufen zu halten sind. Einer der größten Chemiekonzerne der Welt setzt dabei künftig auf einen flexiblen externen Spezialisten und das umfassende Programm explosionsgeschützter Niederspannungsmotoren Simotics XP von Siemens.
Multi‐label enhancement manifold learning algorithm for vehicle video
Authors: Tan Chao , Ji Genlin , Zeng Xiaoqian
Published: October 2021

In this article, we propose a new multi‐label enhancement manifold learning algorithm to solve the vehicle video classification problem. Predicting multiple objects in a traffic video image is a challenging problem. Traditional multi‐label classification methods can solve the problem of simultaneous detection of multiple labels, but cannot handle high‐dimensional streaming video data. Our idea is to use label distribution learning (LDL) to enrich the label space and improve label recognition in the original label space. We use the feature function representing the manifold structure to guide the geometric meaning of the label space and transform the local topology from the feature space to the label space. We first build a label distribution learner. Next, use the LDL model for classification. The similarity between the two distributions is measured by Bayesian divergence, and the label distribution is learned through the maximum entropy model and the objective function of this article is established. Finally, an enhanced label model of the manifold space is established to reduce the dimensionality of the feature matrix generated during the training phase, so that the supervised information in the label manifold can be used in the incremental manifold space to improve the accuracy of feature extraction. Compared to the latest multi‐label learning methods, our multi‐label enhancement manifold learning method has advantages in predicting performance.
Analysis and classification of drone sounds from digital media
Authors: Yoo Sinwoo , Ryu Yeongbin , Shin Sunghoon , Oh Hyukjun
Published: October 2021

The use of the quadcopter‐type drone is now at a mature and practical stage, and many major manufacturers are expanding their range of applications. Because of the high maneuverability and practicality of this flying object, how we ensure it is used for benign purposes in urban life has become a major issue. Most such drones are small enough to avoid many current airborne detection methods and cheap enough to be disposable. We were able to gather enough amount of multimedia sources including drone‐related sources using open online platforms, such as YouTube and other similar services. For a subset of commercial quadcopter drones, we collected sound sample data consisting of recordings and YouTube videos and built a trained simple nonlinear neural network filter to classify them. We used Mel‐frequency cepstral coefficients to reduce the amount of data as the input signal and created two‐dimensional spectrogram images to minimize the loss of temporal information in the sample, as suggested by previous research. Most of the acoustic signal energy in the drone sound existed in specific frequency bands and residual signal patterns were spread up to around 15 kHz. We designed and tested several recurrent and convolutional neural network models and one of the simple neural network models based on the LeNet architecture could classify over 10 different types of drones from acoustic data with over 97% accuracy including an additional path for the detection of general acoustic drone patterns.
Outcomes of referrals from endodontic to orofacial pain specialists: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Erdogan Ozge , Ramsey Austin , Uyanik James M. , Gibbs Jennifer L. , Burns Lorel E.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Diagnosis and treatment of non‐odontogenic pain is challenging for endodontists. The purpose of the study was to investigate the outcomes of referrals to orofacial pain specialists made for patients with suspected non‐odontogenic pain, after evaluation and/or treatment by an endodontist.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective review of dental records was conducted for 60 patients referred from a postgraduate endodontic clinic to an orofacial pain clinic. Patient demographics, pain history, endodontic, and orofacial pain diagnoses were collected. Number of visits, length of treatment, and treatments prescribed were recorded. For analysis of outcomes, data pertinent to resolution/persistence of symptoms and patient compliance were analyzed.

Results

Thirty‐five patients were included in the study. The most frequent pulpal and periapical diagnoses were previously treated (62%) and symptomatic apical periodontitis (72%), respectively. The most common orofacial pain diagnosis was temporomandibular disorder. The average time spent to diagnose and treat the pain was 17 months. Pain reduction varied and was documented for 51% of patients. Indications of non‐compliance with orofacial pain appointments and treatments were documented for 66% of patients.

Conclusions

Non‐odontogenic pain diagnosis and treatment are challenging. Patients may have an increased predilection for developing persistent pain after endodontic treatment and/or have an undiagnosed, chronic orofacial pain condition as a true source of their chief complaint. It may be helpful for endodontists to set expectations of typical treatment times/plans when referring patients for evaluation and treatment of non‐odontogenic pain.
Characterization of immune cell infiltrate in tumor stroma and epithelial compartments in oral squamous cell carcinomas of Sudanese patients
Authors: Gaafar Nuha Mohamed , Osman Tarig Al‐Hadi , Ahmed Israa Abdulrahman , Elsheikh Mariam , Dongre Harsh , Jacobsen Martha Rolland , Mohamed Nazar Gafar , Fromreide Siren , Suleiman Ahmed Mohamed , Johannessen Anne Christine , Nginamau Elisabeth Sivy , Costea Daniela Elena
Published: October 2021

Background

Tumor immune infiltrate has been explored in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but studies on simultaneous characterization of multiple immune cell subtypes separately in stromal and intraepithelial tumor compartments are limited.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the immune cell infiltrate in OSCC by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for a panel of inflammatory cells in stromal and epithelial tumor compartments for a better characterization of the tumors.

Methods

Thirty‐six OSCC lesions and nine normal oral mucosa (NOM) samples from patients attending Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital, Sudan were investigated for presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor‐associated macrophages, tumor‐associated neutrophils, and PD‐L1 positive cells in the inflammatory infiltrate by single and double IHC. Digital quantitative analysis (Aperio Technologies Inc.) was performed separately for stromal and epithelial compartments.

Results

OSCC cases displayed a higher inflammatory infiltrate in the associated stroma, but not in the epithelial compartment when compared to NOM. The immunosuppressive type of inflammatory infiltrate, that is, T regulatory cells (FoxP3+ cells) was identified to be significantly higher in the epithelial compartment of tumors with advanced clinical state. An immunoscore developed by combining intraepithelial FoxP3+ and CD4+ cells was found significantly higher in lesions from elderly patients, localized at toombak dipping‐related sites, poorly differentiated OSCCs, or with loco‐regional lymph node spreading.

Conclusions

Despite heavy immune cell infiltration in tumor‐associated stroma, the majority of OSCCs in this cohort displayed a low intraepithelial immune infiltration. An immunoscore based on combined CD4 and FoxP3 intraepithelial expression may serve as an indicator of advanced tumor progression and should be further investigated for its use as potential prognostic biomarker in OSCC.