bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quest for Responsibility
Authors: Dykstra Clarence A.
Published: May 2006

We moderns attack no new problem when we set out again on the quest for responsibility. We merely use new terms for old ideas. Hundreds of generations have tried to reconcile liberty and law, authority and freedom. These same problems are posed on the oldest Egyptian tablets. Recall also that requirement in an old Greek city that whosoever desired to propose a new law should come into the place of assembly with a rope about his neck. Responsibility, you see! Justinian declared that the affairs which concern all should be decided by all. Such illustrations may be found throughout the pages of history. Calvin and Arminius posed the problem in theological language, using the terms “sovereignty of God” and “free will.” Plantagenets, Tudors, and Stuarts all grappled with the implications of the responsible crown, and with the difficulties of getting taxes without debate in Parliament. Magna Carta, the Declaration of Right, ship money, the Instrument of Government of Cromwell's day, habeas corpus, the Bill of Rights—these are all tokens of a long English struggle for responsibility in government.
The War Department Manpower Board
Authors: Peak George W.
Published: May 2006

The Army's experience in controlling the utilization of manpower during the war is unique in American annals of management and administration. Although there previously was something of a program of manpower control on a nation-wide level, its administration was beset by the lack of enforcement authority, by division of responsibility as among the executive branches, and by the lack of a clear mandate from the Congress. The Army, on the other hand, suffered no such limitations with respect to the body of manpower allocated to it from the nation's resources. Its authority was unquestioned, its responsibility undivided, its mission clear.

Notwithstanding these things, the Army's task in controlling the use of its manpower was exceedingly complex. It involved the training and retraining of millions of individuals for a great variety of unfamiliar jobs, the needs for specific numbers of which could be foreseen with only very rough accuracy. It called for the dispersion and deployment of these individuals to the four corners of the earth, requiring at the same time the maintenance of central control over their use after they had been deployed. It required the shifting of individuals and groups of individuals as among different jobs and types of jobs, and as among various broad tasks or missions. Finally, it called for the orderly withdrawal of these individuals from the military establishment and their return to the civil economy.
Treaties, Executive Agreements, and the Panama Joint Resolution of 1943
Authors: Briggs Herbert W.
Published: May 2006

A recent Congressional debate appears to have been one of the opening skirmishes on the question of whether the postwar commitments of the United States should be accepted by treaty or by unfettered executive discretion. On August 13, 1942, President Roosevelt transmitted to Congress a request for the passage of an enclosed draft joint resolution ostensibly “authorizing the execution of certain obligations under the treaties of 1903 and 1936 with Panama, and other commitments.” The President's message, after referring to the “thoroughly coöperative” attitude of the Panamanian Government in the present crisis and stating that “on March 5, 1941, the President of the Republic of Panama issued a manifesto making available for use by the United States certain defense sites in the territory of that Republic,” added that the time had come to make certain concessions long desired by the Republic of Panama. “Accordingly,” continued the message, “I deem it advisable that this Government convey to Panama the water and sewerage systems in the cities of Panama and Colon; that it relinquish its extensive real-estate holdings in the cities of Colon and Panama, so far as these holdings are not essential to the operation and protection of the Canal; and that it liquidate the credit of two and a half million dollars made available to the Republic of Panama by the Export-Import Bank for the construction of Panama's share of the Chorrera-Rio Hato Highway, a road essential to our defense requirements and constructed in accordance with standards made essential by these requirements.”
IV. Collective Enforcement of Peace and Security
Authors: Fox William T. R.
Published: May 2006

The Security Council of the United Nations will, from the first day of its existence, include in its membership all of the great powers. The Council, backed by the united will of the five powers with permanent seats in that body, will act, if it acts at all, with an authority which no organ of the League of Nations ever possessed. In the League Council, there was no time during which all of the great powers participated. Only two of them, France and the United Kingdom, were League members throughout its period of activity. Some may believe that too high a price, or a higher price than was necessary, was paid to insure the participation of the Five Powers, and especially the United States and the Soviet Union, in the United Nations Organization. The price was paid largely in provisions of its Charter relative to the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security which circumscribe carefully the situations in which the Security Council can take action.
Some Notes on Party Membership in Congress, I
Authors: Berdahl Clarence A.
Published: May 2006

The general problem of party membership in the United States was examined to some extent in an earlier article in this Review, and out of that study certain implications could be noted with respect to the nature and operation of our two-party system. It was assumed, to begin with, that it is important in any party system “to bring together those persons, and only those persons, who adhere to the respective party principles,” and particularly important to do that in a two-party system, “where the principles and issues are presumably sharply denned and clearly distinguishable.” The extended survey of the trends in legislation and in party practice led to the conclusion that there is still need for “some better definition or understanding of what is meant by a loyal Republican and a loyal Democrat,” that the lack of such definition is at least partially responsible for the loose and irresponsible nature of the party organizations, for the mass of glittering generalities in party platforms, and for the failure to offer the voter anything like clear alternative programs. “Somehow or other, it should be possible to have a party system which would make it clear whether Wendell Willkie or Senator Nye is the better Republican, whether Franklin D. Roosevelt or Senator Wheeler is the better Democrat.”
Rebuilding the German Constitution, II
Authors: Friedrich Carl J.
Published: May 2006

On May 8, 1949—the fourth anniversary of unconditional surrender—the Parliamentary Council adopted at Bonn the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. This date was chosen intentionally to remind the German people that this provisional constitution is a way-station on the road out of the chaos which the collapsing Hitler régime left behind it. Any consideration of this Basic Law should start from the fact that the charter is not the creation of a free people, and that it will have to function within limits, both territorial and functional, which severely handicap its chance of becoming a genuine constitution, securely anchored in the basic convictions of the people. Its limits territorially are imposed by the refusal of the Soviet Union to permit the Germans living in their Zone of Occupation to express themselves freely concerning the charter. This raises the presumption, confirmed by other evidence, that these Germans would, by a considerable majority, accept the Basic Law if given a chance to do so. The charter's functional limits are imposed by the Western Allies, who decreed three basic limitations upon the German people's autonomy and independence: (1) the Occupation Statute, (2) the Ruhr Statute, and (3) the Inter-Allied Security Board. Of these, the Occupation Statute is much the most important, and encompasses the other two by its provisions. This is shown by the fact that the Letter of Approval, issued by the Military Governors on May 12, 1949, notes that acceptance of the constitution is premised upon the understanding that all governmental power in Germany, federal, state, and local, is “subject to the provisions of the Occupation Statute.”
Representation of the Region in Missouri Basin Organization
Authors: Zimmermann Frederick L. , Wendell Mitchell
Published: May 2006

Recently two new and important proposals have been made concerning the character of the needed basin organization for the development and proper utilization of the resources of the Missouri Valley. A Missouri Basin Survey Commission was appointed by President Truman in 1952 to make a “thorough re-evaluation of the whole problem.” In its 1953 report this survey group recommended the establishment of a federal Missouri Basin Commission with authority to “direct and coordinate the activities of all federal agencies relating to resource development.” In December, 1952 the Missouri River States Committee, composed of the governors of the ten basin states, accepted a Council of State Governments' draft of a federal-interstate compact as the desirable framework for basin organization. Each of these proposals would create a new commission to integrate basin planning and secure coordination among all governmental agencies in the operation of water facilities.

At one point in its report the Missouri Basin Survey Commission describes the course of the Missouri as “a crude but large question mark across the surface of one-sixth of the nation” and uses the description to symbolize “the great array of problems which await satisfactory solution in the Basin.” Certainly the physical, planning, and policy problems of Missouri Basin conservation and development are difficult enough.
The Whig Tradition in America and Europe
Authors: Hartz Louis
Published: May 2006

In a liberal society such as prevailed in America during the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian eras, where the aristocracies, peasantries, and proletariats of Europe are missing, where virtually everyone, including the nascent industrial worker, has the mentality of an independent entrepreneur, two national impulses are bound to make themselves felt: the impulse toward democracy and the impulse toward capitalism. The mass of the people, in other words, are bound to be capitalistic, and capitalism, with its spirit disseminated widely, is bound to be democratic. This is one of the basic insights Tocqueville had about the actual behavior of the American people. The irony of early American history, however, is that these impulses, instead of supplementing each other, seemed to fight a tremendous political battle. The capitalist Whiggery of Hamilton was frightened of democracy, and the democratic tradition of Jackson, which was therefore able to destroy it, formulated a philosophy which seemed to deny its faith in capitalism. The result was a massive confusion in political thought, comparable to the one that we find in the constitutional era, and a set of victories and defeats which the Americans who experienced them scarcely understood. One is reminded of two boxers, swinging wildly, knocking each other down with accidental punches.

Looked at from one point of view, it is strange that Federalism and neo-Federalism should have been shattered so badly in the liberal setting of American politics.
Pan-Slavism and World War II
Authors: Kohn Hans
Published: May 2006

In spite of later claims that it had been the leader of the anti-fascist camp and of the Slav world from the beginning of the second World War, the Soviet Union followed a strictly Russian policy, neither anti-fascist nor Pan-Slav, from August, 1939, to June, 1941. This policy clearly foreshadowed a nationalist revival of the language and aspirations that had been most characteristic of Old Russia but were assumed to have been definitely buried in the ten November days of 1917 which shook the world. During these two years not the slightest sympathy for the Czechs and Poles suffering under German occupation was expressed. Indeed, although Leninist communism during World War I had conducted a violent defeatist propaganda compaign in both warring camps, the subversive communist propaganda that was resumed in 1939 was directed only against the democratic nations. “Moreover, officially, even ostentatiously, help was granted to the camp of fascism so that, from 1939 to 1941, the Soviet Union could be considered a non-belligerent partner of the Axis. From the policy of benevolent neutrality towards the Axis the Soviet Union was removed against its will. Circumstances made it an ally of the democracies. This change was performed reluctantly, only because no other choice was left.”
Collective Identity and Electoral Competition in Israel
Authors: Shamir Michal , Arian Asher
Published: May 2006

Comparative electoral research suggests that issue voting has increased and that the ability of social cleavages to account for voting patterns in most advanced industrial democracies has declined. In Israel, only the first of these generalizations holds. The capacity of social cleavages to structure the vote has been maintained along with our overall ability to explain the vote. Based on longitudinal analysis of electoral cleavages between 1969 and 1996 and on an analysis of the 1996 election, we argue that this pattern is driven by issues involving identity dilemmas that have become increasingly important in structuring the vote. Such dilemmas amalgamate policy issues and social allegiances, while reinforcing existing cleavage structures. Focusing on the 1996 election we probe the meanings of internal and external collective identity concerns in Israeli politics, their considerable overlap, and their translation into political choices.
New Models for New Labour: The Political Economy of Labour Party Support, January 1992–April 1997
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul F.
Published: May 2006

This article uses newly available British time-series data to analyze dynamic interrelationships among Labour vote intentions, perceptions that the Labour leader would make the best prime minister, and Labour party identification. Error-correction models reveal that best prime minister perceptions and party identification have important short- and long-run influences on vote intentions. Tests of rival models indicate that personal economic expectations outperform other economic evaluations in the vote intention and party identification analyses. National retrospective judgments perform well in analyses of best prime minister perceptions, and emotional reactions to economic conditions significantly influence these perceptions as well as party identification.
How Does Cabinet Instability Affect Political Performance? Portfolio Volatility and Health Care Cost Containment in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: Huber John D.
Published: May 2006

This article explores the relationship between cabinet instability and political performance in parliamentary democracies. I develop two theoretical arguments about how cabinet instability should affect government effectiveness, and I use these to define several measures of instability. The first argument suggests that instability in the partisan composition of cabinets should make it difficult for governments to adopt and implement new policy programs. The second argument suggests that instability in the partisan control of portfolios within the government (portfolio volatility) should make it difficult for cabinet ministers to obtain relevant information during policy formulation and implementation. I test both arguments by examining the short- and long-run effect of the instability variables on success at health care cost containment. The analysis indicates that short-run increases in portfolio volatility present problems for government decision makers, but in the long run, unstable systems are able to address the problem that instability poses.
Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies
Authors: Boix Carles
Published: May 2006

Looking at the history of democracies in the developed world, I show that electoral systems derive from the decisions the ruling parties make to maximize their representation according to the following conditions. As long as the electoral arena does not change and the current electoral regime benefits the ruling parties, the electoral system is not altered. As the electoral arena changes (due to the entry of new voters or a change in voters' preferences), the ruling parties modify the electoral system, depending on the emergence of new parties and the coordinating capacities of the old parties. When the new parties are strong, the old parties shift from plurality/majority to proportional representation if no old party enjoys a dominant position, but they do not do this if there is a dominant old party. When new entrants are weak, a system of nonproportional representation is maintained, regardless of the structure of the old party system.
A Political Explanation of Variations in Central Bank Independence
Authors: Bernhard William
Published: May 2006

Although central banks possess a similar function across the industrial democracies, their institutional structures—their levels of independence—differ greatly. My explanation of this variation emphasizes the informational asymmetries of monetary policymaking. Government ministers have informational advantages in the policy process, potentially creating conflicts with backbench legislators and, in a multiparty government, coalition partners. An independent central bank can help alleviate these conflicts. Politicians will choose an independent bank (1) if government ministers, party legislators, and coalition partners have different monetary policy incentives and (2) if government ministers fear that party legislators and coalition partners will withdraw their support over a policy dispute. I statistically test the argument against the cross-national variation of central bank institutions. I also use the theoretical framework to examine episodes of institutional choice and reform in Germany, Britain, and Italy.
Consequences of the Condorcet Jury Theorem for Beneficial Information Aggregation by Rational Agents
Authors: McLennan Andrew
Published: May 2006

“Naïve” Condorcet Jury Theorems automatically have “sophisticated” versions as corollaries. A Condorcet Jury Theorem is a result, pertaining to an election in which the agents have common preferences but diverse information, asserting that the outcome is better, on average, than the one that would be chosen by any particular individual. Sometimes there is the additional assertion that, as the population grows, the probability of an incorrect decision goes to zero. As a consequence of simple properties of common interest games, whenever “sincere” voting leads to the conclusions of the theorem, there are Nash equilibria with these properties. In symmetric environments the equilibria may be taken to be symmetric.
Civility, Enlightenment, and Society: Conceptual Confusions and Kantian Remedies
Authors: Schmidt James
Published: May 2006

Critics of what is called the “Enlightenment project” have argued that it has been responsible for a number of current social pathologies. At the same time, the term “civil society” has been used to designate those patterns of solidarity that the Enlightenment project allegedly disrupts. This article (1) argues that characterizations of the Enlightenment project tend to be elusive and historically questionable, (2) suggests that the concept of civil society is ambiguous in both its object and its intent, (3) explores how Kant provided a more rigorous account of the relationship between enlightenment and civil society, an account which rests on a contrast between civil and cosmopolitan society, and (4) considers some of the difficulties that plague attempts to define “civility” as a virtue.
Minority Voting Rights Can Maximize Majority Welfare
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: May 2006

I use Condorcet's information aggregation model to show that sometimes the best possible decision procedure for themajorityallows the minority to “enforce” its favored outcome even when overruled by a majority. “Special” voting power gives the minority an incentive to participate meaningfully, and more participation means more information is aggregated, which makes the majority better off. This result can be understood as a mathematical corroboration of Lani Guinier's arguments that voting procedures can be designed to encourage minority participation, benefitting everyone.
Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?
Authors: Baum Matthew A. , Kernell Samuel
Published: May 2006

For the past 30 years, presidents have enlisted prime-time television to promote their policies to the American people. For most of this era, they have been able to commandeer the national airwaves and speak to “captive” viewers. Recently, however, presidents appear to be losing their audiences. Two leading explanations are the rise of political disaffection and the growth of cable. We investigate both by developing and testing a model of the individual's viewing decision using both cross-sectional (1996 NES survey) and time-series (128 Nielsen audience ratings for presidential appearances between 1969 and 1998) data. We find that cable television but not political disaffection has ended the golden era of presidential television. Moreover, we uncover evidence that both presidents and the broadcast networks have begun adapting strategically to this new reality in scheduling presidential appearances.
The Analytic Narrative Project -
Analytic Narratives. By Robert H. Bates, Avner Greif, Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry Weingast. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. 296p. $65.00 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Bates Robert H. , Greif Avner , Levi Margaret , Rosenthal Jean-Laurent , Weingast Barry R.
Published: May 2006

In Analytic Narratives, we attempt to address several issues. First, many of us are engaged in in-depth case studies, but we also seek to contribute to, and to make use of, theory. How might we best proceed? Second, the historian, the anthropologist, and the area specialist possess knowledge of a place and time. They have an understanding of the particular. How might they best employ such data to create and test theories that may apply more generally? Third, what is the contribution of formal theory? What benefits are, or can be, secured by formalizing verbal accounts? In recent years, King, Keohane, and Verba (1994) and Green and Shapiro (1994) have provoked debate over these and related issues. In Analytic Narratives, we join in the methodological discussions spawned by their contributions.
Correction to “The Political Determinants of International Trade”
Authors: Morrow James D. , Siverson Randolph M. , Tabares Tressa E.
Published: May 2006

Efforts to replicate our study of the effects of politics on trade flows between the major powers have revealed that the computer program written to calculate the estimates produced errors in both the coefficients and the standard errors. Furthermore, these errors have some consequences for the results. In this brief corrigendum, we present corrected tables for our research note and a slightly modified interpretation of the results.

Our study examined evidence to assess three arguments about how politics may affect trade. The first contends that positive political relations in a dyad result in higher levels of trade. This argument leads to two hypotheses: States in conflict will have a lower level of trade than those not in conflict, and trade will increase with the degree of common interests between a pair of states. The second argument concludes that democratic dyads will have a higher level of trade than other dyads. The third argument focuses on the security concerns of states and leads to the hypotheses that alliances will increase trade in a bipolar system but will have no effect in a multipolar system. We refer readers to the original article for a fuller statement of the logic of these arguments, their respective hypotheses, and a complete statement of our research design and operationalization of the variables (Morrow, Siverson, and Tabares 1998).
The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion
Authors: Hoekstra Valerie J.
Published: May 2006

Most research suggests that the mass public knows very little about the Supreme Court and, consequently, that decisions do not affect attitudes toward the Court. I argue that where there is sufficient access to information about Court cases and when the issues are perceived as important, people pay attention and use this information in their evaluation of the Court. The research is based on a series of two-wave panel studies that examine the effect of Supreme Court cases in the local communities where the controversies began. The results show that a substantial number of residents heard about the Court's decision and subsequently changed their evaluation of the Supreme Court, especially those who live in the immediate community. The results suggest that we need to consider other circumstances in which people hear about and care about Supreme Court decisions.
WHEN EVEN BECOMES ODD: A PARTITIONAL APPROACH TO INVERSION
Authors: Alegant Brian
Published: May 2006

This paper proposes a refinement of our understanding of pitch-class inversion in atonal and twelve-tone music. Part I of the essay establishes the theoretical foundation. It reviews the index number approach formulated by Milton Babbitt, examines characteristics of even and odd index numbers, and outlines a partitional approach to pitch-class inversion. Part II explores analytical implications of the partitional model and outlines a methodology for the analysis of note-against-note and free inversional settings. The analyses use the set-class inventories for even and odd index numbers to reduce polyphonic surfaces to note-against-note backgrounds and to evaluate the realizations of inversional designs. Part III generalizes the partitional model to enumerate and classify the distinct background structures for two-, three-, and four-voice inversional settings.
Solvent‐Less and Fluoride‐Free Hiyama Reaction of Arylsiloxanes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides Promoted by Sodium Hydroxide: A Useful Protocol for Palladium Recycling and Product Isolation
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Nájera Carmen
Published: May 2006

Palladium salts and oxime‐derived palladacycles catalyze the cross‐coupling reaction of arylsiloxanes with aryl bromides and chlorides in low catalyst loading (0.001–0.1 mol % of Pd) under fluoride‐free conditions to provide biaryls and heterobiaryls. For some deactivated aryl bromides and for aryl chlorides, the corresponding cross‐couplings need TBAB as additive. Concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide (50%) promoted this Hiyama reaction in practically the absence of solvents under air in good yields. The process can be performed at 120 °C either under heating in a pressure tube or under microwave irradiation. This protocol allows palladium recycling and facilitates the final isolation of the products simply by ether extraction.
Establishment of the epaxial–hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome
Authors: Ahmed Mohi U. , Cheng Louise , Dietrich Susanne
Published: May 2006

Trunk skeletal muscles are segregated into dorsomedial epaxial and ventrolateral hypaxial muscles, separated by a myoseptum. In amniotes, they are generated from a transient structure, the dermomyotome, which lays down muscle, namely the myotome underneath. However, the dermomyotome and myotome are dorsoventrally continuous, with no morphologically defined epaxial–hypaxial boundary. The transcription factors En1 and Sim1 have been shown to molecularly subdivide the amniote dermomyotome, with En1 labeling the epaxial dermomyotome and Sim1 the hypaxial counterpart. Here, we demonstrate thatEn1andSim1expression persists in cells leaving the dermomyotome, superimposing the expression boundary onto muscle and skin.En1‐expressing cells colonize the myotome initially from the rostral and caudal lips, and slightly later, directly from the de‐epithelializing dermomyotomal center.En1expression in the myotome is concomitant with the appearance ofFgfr4/Pax7‐expressing mitotically active myoblasts. This finding suggests thatFgfr4+/Pax7+/En1+cells carry their expression with them when entering the myotome. Furthermore, it suggests that the epaxial–hypaxial boundary of the myotome is established through the late arising, mitotically active myoblasts. Developmental Dynamics 235:1884–1894, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel gene ashwin functions in Xenopus cell survival and anteroposterior patterning
Authors: Patil Sonali S. , Alexander Tara B. , Uzman J. Akif , Lou Chih‐Hong , Gohil Himika , Sater Amy K.
Published: May 2006

The novel gene ashwin was isolated in a differential display screen for genes activated or up‐regulated early in neural specification. ashwin is expressed maternally and zygotically, and it is up‐regulated in the neural ectoderm after the midgastrula stage. It is expressed in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord. Overexpression of ashwin in whole embryos leads to anterior truncations and other defects. However, a second Organizer does not form, and the secondary axial structures may result from splitting of the Organizer, rather than axis duplication. Morpholino oligonucleotide‐mediated reduction in ashwin expression leads to lethality or abnormalities in gastrulation, as well as significant apoptosis in midgastrula embryos. Apoptosis is also observed in midgastrula embryos overexpressing ashwin. Coexpression of ashwin with the bone morphogenetic protein‐4 antagonist noggin has a synergistic effect on neural‐specific gene expression in isolated animal cap ectoderm. Ashwin has no previously characterized domains, although two nuclear localization signals can be identified. Orthologues have been identified in the human, mouse, chicken, and pufferfish genomes. Our results suggest that ashwin regulates cell survival and anteroposterior patterning. Developmental Dynamics 235:1895–1907, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid layer seals the cementum/4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin interface
Authors: Tanaka Saori , Sugaya Tsutomu , Kawanami Masamitsu , Nodasaka Yoshinobu , Yamamoto Toshiki , Noguchi Hiroshi , Tanaka Yuko , Ikeda Takatsumi , Sano Hidehiko , Sidhu Sharanbir K.
Published: May 2006

Although 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin has adhesive properties to dentin, and has been clinically used for the bonding treatment of vertically fractured roots and apicoectomy, there has not been any investigation on the adhesion of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin to cementum. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bonding and the sealing ability of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin to cementum. Bovine root cementum and dentin surfaces were treated with a citric acid and ferric chloride solution, and the 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin was applied on the treated surfaces before testing. The microtensile bond strength and the leakage levels obtained for the cementum were almost equal to those for the dentin. In SEM and TEM observations, a hybrid layer approximately 2–3 μm in thickness was observed at the interface between the resin and the cementum. It is concluded that 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin adhered to cementum via a hybrid layer on cementum, as previously reported for dentin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Identification of spatial averaging effects in vibrational CARS spectra
Authors: Seeger T. , Weikl M. C. , Beyrau F. , Leipertz A.
Published: May 2006

Accurate temperature measurements with the coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique are difficult to perform when temperature gradients occur within the measurement volume. Very often it is even difficult or time consuming to identify the influence of spatial averaging on the measurement. To solve this problem, a weighting procedure based on a combination of least‐sum‐of‐squared‐differences‐fits (LSF) using different weighting factors was developed and tested by using experimental data, measured in a laminar and in a turbulent premixed methane/air flame. With this evaluation procedure it was possible to identify spatially averaged CARS spectra in order to sort them out avoiding the problems arising from the nonlinear nature of the CARS process. Using this new fitting approach, the expected bimodal temperature distribution near the flame front of the turbulent premixed flame can be confirmed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical nonlinearities of nanocomposite constituents selectively addressed by polarization‐controlled coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Konorov S. O. , Fedotov A. B. , Smirnova I. E. , Mitrokhin V. P. , Sakoda K. , Sidorov‐Biryukov D. A. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: May 2006

Polarization coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is shown to provide a means to selectively and independently address optical nonlinearities of materials constituting a multicomponent nanostructure, thus suggesting the way to tailor the nonlinear‐optical response of nanocomposite materials. Polarization properties of CARS in porous glass infiltrated with a toluene solution are experimentally studied. Rotation of the polarization analyzer with respect to the polarization vectors of the linearly polarized pump fields is shown to radically modify CARS line profiles, indicating changes in the ratio of CARS signal components related to toluene molecules and the porous glass host. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New developments in non‐linear optical spectroscopy
Authors: Radi P. P. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper gives a brief summary of the proceedings of the European Conference on Non‐Linear Optical Spectroscopy (ECONOS 2005) held at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, from April 10 to 12, 2005. It demonstrates the progress made in recent years in this research area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Midwives’ Approach to Genetic Diseases and Genetic Counseling in Denizli, Turkey
Authors: Tomatır Ayşe Gaye , Özşahin Aysun , Sorkun Hülya Çetin , Demirhan Huriye , Akdağ Beyza
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Denizli midwives’ self‐reported knowledge of genetic diseases and genetic counseling. Data was collected on forms that obtained information about midwives approaches to basic genetics, genetic disorders, and genetic counseling (response rate = 70.1%). The highest response rate of midwives describing themselves as “knowledgeable” about basic genetic information was for mitosis and meiosis with 4.8%, about genetic disorders was for phenylketonuria with 61.1%, and about genetic counseling was for recommending ultrasonography during pregnancy with 98.1%. The source for basic genetics information for 56.4% of participants was in their school level classes. None of the midwives felt that they had sufficient knowledge about genetic counseling or screening and 76.4% would like to attend an educational course. Even though the midwives have recognized their knowledge deficit they occasionally give genetic counseling. As a result of this study a genetics course is planned for midwives so they can actively participate in the prevention and early diagnosis of genetic diseases.
A univariate and multivariate study of reef fisheries off northeastern Brazil
Authors: Frédou Thierry , Ferreira Beatrice P. , Letourneur Yves
Published: May 2006

This work was part of a programme to assess the potential living resources within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Brazil that collected information on the catch composition and biology of the main species within the zone (REVIZEE). It aimed to identify and, using statistical tools, to assess the factors that influence the dynamics of the demersal fishery, targeting the rocky, coral reef and associated sandy seabeds of the continental shelf. Within the reef fishery of northeastern Brazil, snappers (family Lutjanidae), in particular Lutjanus chrysurus, L. synagris, L. analis, L. jocu, and, to a lesser extent, L. vivanus, are the main artisanal catch and contribute most to the similarity between groups. Among the factors considered, the spatial effect (geopolitical state as a factor) appeared to be the strongest attribute in isolating groups. Of the technological factors, trip duration better discriminated the catch composition than fleet category. However, given some exceptions mainly linked to favourable strong wind, trip duration categories were usually related to fleet dynamics, because motorized boats generally undertake longer trips. Such characteristics are important for management decisions, because fleets are likely to exploit different stages of the life cycle of a fish as well as different species while operating in different geographical areas. The catch analysis was characterized by a “lutjanid community” typical of rock, coral, and coral-sand habitats, and it is clear that this community is dominant in Brazil as well as in the more usually quoted regions such as the Bahamas, Antilles and along the coast from Yucatan to Panama.
Evolution of a quasi-steady breaking wave
Authors: Lin J. C. , Rockwell D.
Published: May 2006

The stages of evolution of a quast-steady breaker from the onest of a capillary pattern to a fully evolved breaking wave are cgaracterized using high-image-density particle image velocimetry, which provides instrantaneous representations of the free surface and the patterns of vorticity beneath it. The initial stage, which sets in at a low value of Froude number, involves a capillary pattern along each trough-crest surface of a quasi-stationary wave. The successive crests of the capillary pattern exhihit increasing scale and culminate in a single largest-scale crest of the free surface. Immediately upstream of the large-scale crest, the capillary pattern shows counterclockwise concentrations of vorticity at its troughs and regions of clockwise vorticity beneath its crests. The onset of the final, largest-scale crest exhihits two forms: one involving no flow sparation; and the other exhibiting a small-scale separaed mixing layer. At an intermediate value of Froude number, a breaker occurs and the acpillary pattern is replaced by large-scale distortions of the free surface. The onset of separation, which involves flow deceleration along a region of the free surface having a large radius of curvature, leads to formation of a long mixing layeer, which has substantial levels of vorticity. Downstream of this breaker, the long-wavelength wave pattern is suppressed. At the largest value of Froude number, the onset of flow sparation rapidly occurs in conjunction with an abrupt change in slope of the surface, giving rise to vorticity concentrationa in the mixing layer.
Eisenmangelanämie bei gastrointestinalen Blutungen
Authors: Rüfer  , Criblez  , Wuillemin
Published: May 2006

Die Eisenmangelanämie ist die häufigste Anämie weltweit, und gastrointestinale Blutungen sind bei Männern deren häufigster Grund, bei menstruierenden Frauen der zweithäufigste. Die Eisenmangelanämie ist keine Erkrankung an sich, sondern Ausdruck einer Grunderkrankung. Diese kann die klinische Präsentation, neben den unspezifischen Symptomen des Eisenmangels und der Anämie, maßgeblich beeinflussen. Die wichtigsten Screeninguntersuchungen sind die Bestimmung des Hämoglobins, des Hämatokrits und des mittleren korpuskulären Volumens (MCV). Der wichtigste Einzelparameter in der definitiven Diagnostik eines Eisenmangels ist das Ferritin, wobei Werte unterhalb des Normbereiches spezifisch für diesen sind. Werte im unteren Normbereich schliessen einen Eisenmangel jedoch nicht aus, da eine vermehrte Ferritinfreisetzung auch bei Entzündung, Hepatopathie und Hämolyse stattfindet. Eine Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins (CRP) muss deshalb jede Ferritinbestimmung begleiten. Die Therapie der Eisenmangelanämie ist neben der Therapie der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung die Substitution des Eisendefizites. Dies geschieht in der Regel mit peroralen Präparaten, welche in ihrer Effektivität, Nebenwirkungen und Kosten vergleichbar sind. Sollte eine Intoleranz gegenüber peroralen Präparaten bestehen, eine intestinale Malabsorption oder eine mangelnde Compliance vorliegen, ist alternativ die intravenöse Verabreichung eines Eisen-Saccharose-Komplexes möglich. Dabei muss die Dosierung dem Gesamteisendefizit angepasst werden.
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ)
Authors: Jermann Françoise , Van der Linden Martial , d'Acremont Mathieu , Zermatten Ariane
Published: May 2006

The main purpose of this study was to validate a French version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). A sample of 224 young adults completed the French translation of the CERQ and the Beck Depression Inventory II. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that a nine-factor model also explained the data collected with the French version. Internal reliability scores for each strategy ranged from .68 to .87. As in the original version, we found that the emotion regulation strategies could be grouped into adaptive and less adaptive cognitive regulation strategies. In addition, we observed that Self-blame and Rumination are key cognitive regulation strategies predicting whether high or low depressive symptoms are reported.
Assessing Similarity of Meaning at the Individual and Country Level
Authors: Van de Vijver Fons J.R. , Watkins David
Published: May 2006

The question was addressed as to whether individual-level and country-level score differences of a measure of the Independent and Interdependent Self, the Adult Sources of Self-Esteem Inventory (ASSEI) have the same meaning, using two-level exploratory factor analysis in a group of 5,258 college students and other adults from 19 countries. A two-factor solution based on factors interpreted as representing the Independent and Interdependent Self was highly similar at the individual and country levels, suggesting the applicability and similarity of meaning of the factors at both levels. The factors differed from the common conceptualization of in(ter)dependence in that at both levels the Independent Self involved both intrapersonal and interpersonal skills, while the Interdependent Self was narrowed down to unselfishness and being a good member of the family, community, and society. Finally, it was found that the two factors were not retrieved in all countries, indicating that the ASSEI did not measure the same in all countries.
Aeolian sediment transport through large patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer
Authors: Gillies John A. , Nickling William G. , King James
Published: May 2006

Roughness influences the flux of wind‐driven sand transport. In this paper, we report on sediment transport measurements for four different surface roughness configurations composed of the same size (solid) roughness elements in the atmospheric inertial sublayer. Results of these tests indicate that sediment transport rates through patches of roughness in the atmospheric inertial sublayer are to a large extent controlled and scale proportionally with the roughness density (λ = nbh/S, where n is number of elements of breadth b and height h in area S) of the surface. However, element size apparently increases the magnitude of the reduction beyond that attributable to λ. A sediment transport model that incorporates the effect of shear stress partitioning appears to predict reasonably well the effect of roughness on sand transport in the cases where the roughness elements are ≤0.10 m in height. However, when the dimensions of the roughness itself are equivalent to or are greater than the range of saltation lengths (vertical and horizontal), additional interactions of the elements with the saltation cloud appear to reduce the transport efficiency.
A study of conical intersections for the H3+ system
Authors: Barragán P. , Errea L. F. , Macías A. , Méndez L. , Rabadán I. , Riera A.
Published: May 2006

A parametrization of the three asymptotic conical intersections between the energies of the H3+ ground state and the first excited singlet state is presented. The influence of an additional, fourth conical intersection between the first and second excited states at the equilateral geometry on the connection between the three conical regions is studied, for both diatomics-in-molecules and ab initio molecular data.
A coarse-grained model for the formation of α helix with a noninteger period on simple cubic lattices
Authors: Chen Yantao , Zhang Qi , Ding Jiandong
Published: May 2006

Periodicity is an important parameter in the characterization of a helix in proteins. In this work, a coarse-grained model for a homopolypeptide in simple cubic lattices has been extended to build an α helix with a noninteger period. The lattice model is based on the bond fluctuation algorithm in which bond lengths and orientations are altered in a quasicontinuous way, and the simulation is performed via dynamic Monte Carlo simulation. Hydrogen bonds are assumed to be formed between a virtual-carbonyl group in a residue and a downstream virtual-imino group in another residue. Consequently, the period of the formed α helix is a noninteger. An improved spatial correlation function has been suggested to quantitatively describe the periodicity of the helical conformation, by which helical period and helical persistent length can be calculated by statistics. The resultant periods are very close to 3.6 residues; the persistent length based upon the improved definition can be larger or smaller than the chain length and reflect the inherent regularity of a chain including one or multiple helical blocks. The simulation outputs agree with the calculation of the Zimm-Bragg theory based upon the associated nucleation parameter and propagation parameter as well.
The Development of Sensitivity to Biological Motion in Noise
Authors: Freire Alejo , Lewis Terri L , Maurer Daphne , Blake Randolph
Published: May 2006

We investigated developmental changes in sensitivity to biological motion by asking 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and adults (twenty-four in each group) to discriminate point-light biological motion displays depicting one of a variety of human movements from scrambled versions of the same displays. When tested without noise dots, participants at all ages performed near ceiling levels and no differences in accuracy were found among the three age groups. Age differences emerged in the second task, in which we used a staircase procedure to determine threshold values of the number of noise dots that could be tolerated in producing a percentage correct value corresponding to a d' value of 1.4. Sensitivity to biological motion improved linearly with age ( p < 0.01), with 6-year-olds performing significantly more poorly than adults. This immature performance contrasts with adult-like accuracy by 4 years of age for sensitivity to global motion (Parrish et al, 2005 Vision Research45 827–837). The comparison implies an immaturity at 6 years of age in the neural networks involved specifically in the processing of biological motion, networks that may include the superior temporal sulcus (STS).