bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
262 Ability of Model that Predict Growing-Finishing Pigs Requirements to Predict Dietary Phosphorus Use in Replacement Gilts
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Schlegel Patrick , Lautrou Marion , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: April 2022

A modeling approach to predict dynamics of body phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) independent of soft-tissue growth in growing-finishing pigs has been developed (Lautrou et al., 2020). Considering that the feeding of replacement gilts differs from that of growing pigs, this study was investigated to evaluate the ability of this model and other available models for growing-finishing pigs (INRAE of Jondreville and Dourmad, 2005; NRC, 2012; CVB of Bikker et Block, 2017) to predict body P and Ca retention in gilts. Data from gilts fed in 2 phases (Growing (C): 55-95 kg, finishing: 95-140 kg) was used to evaluate the models. In the first phase, the gilts received a diet that provided 100% of the Ca and P requirements (C100; 2.1 g of digestible P) ad libitum. In the finishing phase, the gilts received a control diet (F100; 2.1 g of digestible P) or a rich diet providing 160% of the requirements (F160; 3.5 g of digestible P), and daily feed intake and the energy content was reduced for a gain of 700 g/d. Body composition data were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the model according to the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) and its subdivision into central tendency error (CTE), regression (RE) and disturbance (DE). At 95 kg, the proposed model adequately predicted body P (MSPE=2.26%, CTE=0.016%, RE=13.4% and DE=86.5%), while the other models had a higher CTE, thus indicating an underestimation. At 140 kg, accuracy of predictions decreased for all models, with the proposed model overestimating body P and the other models underestimating it. These results will help adapt existing models to replacement gilts.
63 Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency on Growth Performance and Subsequent Recovery of Bone Mineralization in Replacement Gilts
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick
Published: April 2022

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that after a depletion period that renders replacement gilts more efficient in their use of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), they can recover bone mineralization when fed a repletion diet. To this end, 24 gilts were fed according to a 2-phase feeding program (60–95 kg BW and 95–140 kg BW, respectively), corresponding to the period of depletion and repletion in Ca and P, respectively. The experimental diets for the first phase were a finisher control diet (D100; 2.1 g digestible P/kg) providing 100% of estimated Ca and P requirements or a finisher low-P diet (D60; 1.2 g digestible P/kg) providing 60% of estimated Ca and P requirements. In the second phase, one-half of the gilts from each finisher diet were randomly assigned to either a control (R100) diet or a high-P diet (R160; 3.5 g digestible P/kg) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in 4 treatments: D60R100, D60R160, D100R100 and D100R160. Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition of pigs were measured on each gilt at 2-week intervals by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diets did not influence the growth performance throughout the experiment. At 95 kg, gilts fed D60 had reduced BMC and BMD (-9% vs D100; P < 0.001). At 140 kg, no significant effect of depletion diets was observed on BMC. These results show the high potential to limit dietary digestible P concentration during the growing period without causing any detrimental effects to gilts at mating, and they confirm the ability of replacement gilts to recover their BMC at 140 kg BW by increasing BMC deposition and their dietary Ca and P efficiency. Finally, high-digestible P content from 95-140 kg BW allowed gilts to increase BMC further, but required the use of dietary phosphates.
71 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Method on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Chin Taylor , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R , Rahe Michael , Siepker Christopher , Sitthicharoenchai Panchan
Published: April 2022

Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 11.9±0.56 kg) were used to evaluate effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 28-d, 8 pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient), 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate, 3) P at 0.33% STTD P including phytase, 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D, 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). Final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) and G:F improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) as P increased. The response to treatment for bone density and ash was dependent upon bone (density×bone interaction, P = 0.044; non-defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.060; defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.068). Pigs fed 0.19% STTD P had decreased (P < 0.05) bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted) for all bones compared with 0.44% STTD P, with 0.33% STTD P generally intermediate or similar to 0.44% STTD P. Pigs fed 0.44% STTD P with no vitamin D had greater (P < 0.05) non-de-fatted fibula ash compared with all treatments other than 0.44% STTD P with added HyD. Pigs fed the 3 diets with 0.44% STTD P had greater (P < 0.05) de-fatted 2nd rib ash compared with pigs fed 0.19% STTD P or 0.33% STTD P with no phytase. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on bone. Differences in bone density and ash in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with fibulas and 2nd ribs.
69 Impact of DON in a Protocol of Calcium Depletion and Repletion in Piglets
Authors: Sauvé Béatrice , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frédéric
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to evaluate factors that modulate phosphorus (P) use, such as calcium (Ca) intake that is well known and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination which has been the subject of few studies until now. A total of 64 piglets (2 piglets per pen) received 1 of 4 treatments distributed into 8 blocks during an initial 13-d phase: control (DON-) or DON-contaminated treatment (DON+, 2.72 mg/kg) with either a low Ca (Ca-, 0.39%) or normal Ca (Ca+, 0.65%) level with a constant digestible P level (0.40%). During a second 14-d phase, piglets that received Ca+ and Ca- were fed a similar diet containing 0.65% Ca and 0.35% P without DON contamination. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P for piglets and bone mineral content (BMC) of 1 pig per pen were evaluated. After phase 1, ATTD P was higher for Ca-DON+ (DON x Ca interaction, P < 0.01). The ATTD Ca was higher for DON+ (( P < 0.001). The DON+ increased BMC in Ca+ but opposite effect was observed in Ca- (DON x Ca interaction, P < 0.001). The plasma P concentration was greater for Ca- (P = 0.05). After phase 2, average daily gain (P = 0.08) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.09) tended to be less for Ca- than for Ca+. The Ca- piglets recovered their BMC deficit in DON-, but not those receiving DON+ (DON x Ca interaction, P = 0.06). ATTP P in DON- was lower in Ca+ but increased in DON+ regardless of Ca level (DON x Ca interaction, P = 0.04). Plasma P and Mg were greater for Ca- (P = 0.05). The results show that piglets can regain the BMC caused by Ca depletion in DON non-contaminated feed. DON contamination increased Ca and P digestibility and modified BMC depending on Ca supply.
73 Commercial Management of Fresh Pork Quality Using Post-Mortem pH and Temperature Declines
Authors: Matthews Neal , Fields Brandon , Sosnicki Andrzej
Published: April 2022

Historically, research involving the pH decline of pork has been conducted under university conditions with the use of electrical stunning and conventional chilling (minimum temperature > -10). Most large commercial slaughter plants in the U.S. currently use CO2 stunning and many have some form of accelerated chilling of the carcass. With ante-mortem stress level of the pig and post-mortem carcass temperature decline being 2 of the major factors affecting post-mortem pH decline rate, it should be expected that the pH decline rate may be different in current commercial conditions when compared with the literature. Our work has focused on developing methods to measure pH and temperature decline in short intervals (5 min, 15 min, 30 min, or 1 h) and determine the critical time periods to manage the chilling process in order to slow pH decline and obtain higher ultimate pH levels (20h). This research indicates the potential to alter the carcass chill curve to make precision adjustments in the quality of pork.
80 Climate Change and the Beef Industry: A Rapid Expansion
Authors: Stackhouse-Lawson Kim , Thompson Logan
Published: April 2022

The beef industry has come under scrutiny in recent decades over its perceived impacts on climate change from both climate scientists and the public. In the United States, only 3.8% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come directly from livestock primarily from enteric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (EPA, 2021). While this is a small contribution, relative to other industries, beef cattle are important sources of atmospheric CH4, and mitigation of this gaseous emission has been highlighted as a tool to slow global climate change (Lynch et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there has not been significant investment in practical GHG mitigation solutions outside of continued progress in improvements in efficiency, which result in reduced emissions per unit of meat produced but has not decreased absolute GHG emissions. Recently, there has been an expansion of corporate sustainability programs and since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant growth in environmental-social-governance investments which are creating more pressure for companies to act to reduce GHG emissions in their supply chains, referred to as scope 3 GHG emissions. This has spurred many companies in the meat, poultry, and dairy industries to make net-zero climate commitments that will impact producers. To meet these goals public-private partnerships will be crucial to develop strategies that are viable for producers to adopt while simultaneously accounting for regional differences in climate and management. This may include examining the potential for soil carbon sequestration, direct inhibitors of enteric CH4, reducing volatile N loss, and the adoption of GWP. In summary, while climate is the primary sustainability issue for today’s beef producers, we have the potential to be part of the solution while simultaneously improving food security, economic viability of produces, more resilient supply-chains, and the provision of other ecosystem services.
91 Meta-Analysis of 4 Trials: The Effect of Multi-Enzyme Containing Xylanase, β-glucanase, Amylase and Protease on Growth Performance in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , Li Wenting , Dusel Georg , Gracia Marta I , Kumar Arun , Shoesmith Ellie , Vinyeta Ester , Adeola Olayiwola , Marchal Leon
Published: April 2022

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of a multi-enzyme complex (MEC) on growth performance in weaned piglets [initial body weight (BW) of 7.6±1.2 kg]. Database was constructed using 4 unpublished studies, contributing 306 data points. The dietary treatments consisted of a conventional diet (CC) with highly digestible nutrients, a high-fiber, low-digestible protein diet (NC), and the NC supplemented with MEC. All diets were corn/wheat/soybean meal based, formulated to meet or exceed NRC specification for weaned piglets. The NC contained ingredients such as barley, distiller's dried grains with solubles, wheat middling, rye and rapeseed meal depending on the geographic location of the study. In all studies, MEC provided 4,000 U/kg Xylanase, 200 U/kg β-glucanase, 100 U/kg Amylase, and 2,000 U/kg Protease. All diets contained 750 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella phytase. Piglets were fed experimental diets over 2 phases for 42 d, from d 1 of weaning. Growth performance was recorded bi-weekly. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model by JMP 14.0. The average daily gain of piglets fed MEC supplemented diets was increased by 7.4% vs NC (P = 012) during phase 1. The final BW (d 42) was improved by 1.1 kg (4.1%; P = 0. 037) in piglets fed MEC supplemented diets compared with NC. Respective improvements (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio during phase 1 and overall were 11% (16 points) and 4.4% (7 points) in MEC supplemented diets when compared with NC, which indicates better nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, supplementing a high fiber weaner diets with a multi-enzyme complex improved final BW and feed efficiency in piglets.
90 Efficacy of Different Phytases on Growth Performance, Energy and Nutrient Digestibility and Bone Quality of Weaned Piglets Fed a Wheat-Corn Soybean Meal Based Complex Diet
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , Lizardo Rosil , Villca Boris , Remus Janet C , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming
Published: April 2022

The study determined efficacy of different phytases in diets without inorganic phosphorus (P) in piglets. Piglets (initial body weight 9.7 ± 1.2 kg) were randomly assigned (2 piglets/pen), based on sex and body weight over 6 diets. Positive control (PC) corn-wheat based diet was formulated to meet NRC specification. Negative control (NC) diet was formulated without inorganic P (-0.16% STTD P), with reduced calcium (Ca; -0.15%), net energy (-33 kcal/kg), and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (average -0.02% unit). The NC diets were supplemented with 4 different phytases at 1,500 FTU/kg feed including a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei (PhyG), a Citrobacter braakii phytase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae (PhyC), a hybrid phytase (Hafnia sp., Yersinia sp. and Buttiauxella sp.) expressed in Aspergillus niger (PhyH) and an Escherichia coli phytase expressed in Pichia pastoris (PhyE). Piglets were fed ad libitum for 42 d. Fecal samples were collected during last 3 d. On d 42, 1 piglet per pen was euthanized and metacarpi collected for bone strength and ash analysis. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and treatment mean comparison by Tukey test using JMP 14. Pigs fed NC diets showed reduced (P < 0.05) growth, P digestibility, bone ash and bone strength vs PC and all phytases treatments. Overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) was less (P < 0.05) with PhyG (-22 points) and PhyE (-8 points) vs NC, while PhyC and PhyH showed intermediate FCR between PhyG and PhyE. PhyG improved (P < 0.05) bone strength and P digestibility vs PhyC, PhyE and PC. Based on FCR and bone strength, ranking of the phytases are: PhyG >PhyC >PhyH >PhyE. In conclusion, all phytases improved growth, nutrient digestibility and bone strength vs NC; however, only PhyG fully compensated nutrients and energy reduction, fully recovered performance to the level of PC and resulted in improved bone strength compared with PC.
100 The Impact of Dietary Analyzed Ca to P Ratios and Standardized Total Tract Digestible P to Net Energy Ratios on Growth Performance, Bone, and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne , Navales Ron , Spindler Matthew , Orlando Uislei A , Zaragoza Luis E , Betlach Alyssa
Published: April 2022

A total of 2,184 pigs (initially 12.4 kg) were used to evaluate effects of varying analyzed Ca:P ratios at 2 levels of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P:NE. Pens of pigs (26 pigs/pen) were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 14 pens/treatment. Diets consisted of 2 levels of STTD P:NE: PIC recommendation (1.8, 1.62, 1.43, 1.25, 1.10, 0.99 g STTD P/Mcal NE from 11-22, 22-40, 40-58, 58-81, 81-104, 104-129 kg, respectively) or 75% of the PIC recommendation, and 3 analyzed Ca:P ratios: 0.90:1, 1.30:1, and 1.75:1. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained phytase (Quantum Blue G, AB Vista, Marlborough, UK; 500 to 210 FTU/kg with release values from 0.13 to 0.07% STTD P). There was a Ca:P×STTD P:NE interaction (P < 0.05) observed for ADG, G:F and final BW. For ADG and final BW, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio decreased ADG and final BW (linear, P< 0.001). But when feeding at PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing the analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve ADG and final BW (linear, P< 0.10). For G:F, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to decrease G:F (linear, P < 0.10), whereas in pigs fed diets that met PIC STTD P recommendations, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve G:F in a quadratic (P < 0.10) manner. Pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had increased ADG, final BW, and G:F compared with pigs fed 75% of PIC STTD P recommendations (P < 0.001). In summary, pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had improved overall ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed diets at 75% PIC STTD P recommendations. Additionally, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio reduced ADG and G:F when STTD P was below PIC recommendations, but had marginal impacts when adequate STTD P was fed.
98 Digestibility of Energy, Dry Matter, Protein, and Fat and Concentration of Metabolizable Energy in Sunflower Meal and Sunflower Expellers Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among sources in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, CP, and fat or in ME of sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the U.S., Ukraine, Hungary, and Italy. A source of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the U.S. was also used. A corn-based control diet and seven diets containing corn and each source of sunflower co-products were formulated. Sixty-four barrows (initial weight = 31.5 kg) were allotted to 8 diets using 4 blocks. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation to diets. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and block as random effect. Results indicated that ATTD of GE and CP in SFE was less (P < 0.05) than in SFM, but ATTD of fat in SFE was greater (P < 0.05) compared with SFM (Table 1). No difference in ME between SFM and SFE was observed. Digestibility of GE in SFM from Ukraine and Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in one of the sources from the U.S. and SFM from Italy. Digestibility of fat did not differ among SFM sources with the exception that ATTD of fat in one of the U.S. sources was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other sources. Metabolizable energy in one source from Ukraine and in SFM from Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in one of the U.S. sources and the SFM from Italy. In conclusion, ATTD of GE and nutrients differed between SFM and SFE, but ME did not differ between the 2 co-products. Among SFM sources, relatively small variations in ATTD of GE, fat, and CP were observed, but ME concentrations varied.
96 Effects of Soybean Meal Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of 40- to 90-kg Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion rate on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 1,722 pigs (initial BW = 41.1 kg), placed in pens with 20 or 21 pigs each, were used in a 49-d trial. There were 2 treatments consisting of different SBM inclusion rates. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases. Treatment 1 (low SBM) contained 18, 14, and 12% SBM and Treatment 2 (high SBM) contained 26, 22, and 19% SBM in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The different SBM levels were obtained by adjusting the inclusion rate of synthetic amino acids. Both treatments were formulated to the same SID Lys (1.00, 0.92, and 0.85% in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and net energy levels (2,565, 2,575, and 2,581 kcal/kg in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The net energy of SBM used in diet formulation was equivalent to 90% of corn net energy. There were 42 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 weeks to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. Overall (d 0 to 49), there was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, or final BW. Pigs fed the high SBM diets had improved (P < 0.01) G:F and caloric efficiency. The removal and mortality rate was 1.05% (9 pigs) on the low SBM treatment and 0.46% (4 pigs) on the high SBM treatment. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM resulted in improved G:F and caloric efficiency of growing pigs.
102 Reduced Caloric Intake Increases the Incidence Rate of Gastric Ulcers in Growing Pigs
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K , Miller Kayla A , De Mille Carson M , Burrough Eric R , Schweer Wes P
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to evaluate effects of a disease feed intake pattern on gastric ulcerations. Eighty mixed sex pigs (27.9 ± 1.45 kg BW) were allotted to individual pens and 2 treatments using a complete randomized design. All pigs were fed a 450 µm ground corn-soybean meal diet. Period 1 (d 0-28), all pigs were fed ad libitum. In period 2 (d 29-42), 40 pigs were fed daily based on their individual body weight (averaging 1.45x maintenance) to mimic a disease feed intake (RF) profile. The remaining pigs stayed on ad libitum feed (Ad). Pigs were weighed at d 0, 28 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within period. At d 42, all pigs were euthanized, stomach pH recorded, and stomach ulcerations scored (0-3 scale, with 0 being normal). Performance, pH and ulceration frequency data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit and the fixed effect of feeding level. Performance was not different in period 1 (P < 0.05). Compared with the Ad, RF pigs had lower ADG (1.10 vs 0.24 kg/d, P < 0.0001), ADFI (2.15 vs 0.85 kg/d, P < 0.0001) and G:F (0.51 vs 0.28, P < 0.0001) in period 2. Stomach pH was greater in the RF compared with the Ad pigs (P < 0.001). A greater percentage of Ad pig stomachs scored normal to mild on pars oesophagea ulcerations (85 vs 62%), while a greater percentage of RF pigs had a maximum score compared with the Ad (38 vs 15%, respectively). RF pigs had a higher frequency of severe stomach body ulcerations (score 3) compared with the Ad (20.5 vs 15.0%, respectively). These data suggest that a disease feed intake pattern exacerbates the incidence of gastric ulcerations in grower pigs fed a fine micron ground corn.
99 Effect of Trace Mineral Inclusion Level on Growing-Finishing Pig Performance, Trace Mineral Manure Concentration, and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: LaRosae Marissa N , Samuel Ryan S , Clizer David A
Published: April 2022

Growing pigs require trace minerals for various biochemical functions. Contrary to research observations, common industry practices include feeding trace minerals above the defined NRC (2012) requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rate of dietary trace minerals supplementation from a commercial trace mineral premix on growing-finishing pig performance. A total of 442 growing pigs in 2 groups were followed through phases 6 to 9 of a 9-phase feeding program at the SDSU On-site wean-to-finish research facility. Each group utilized 1 room with 20 pens and 4 pits: group 1 (n = 195; 34.8±0.9 kg initial BW) with a stocking density of 9 or 10 pigs/pen and group 2 (n=247; 391±2.6 initial BW) with a stocking density of 12 or 13 pigs/pen. Shallow manure pit location of each room dictated dietary treatment allocation as either: 1) corn-soybean meal diet with full trace mineral supplementation or 2) corn-soybean meal with 50% trace mineral supplementation. Full and reduced trace mineral supplementation from commercial trace mineral premix both exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations. Overall, there were no differences (P > 0.05) observed in ADG, ADFI, or FCR between pigs fed full or 50% trace mineral supplementation (Table 1). This supports previous observations that reducing or eliminating dietary trace mineral supplementation did not impact pig performance. In contrast, the accumulated concentration of Fe (230 vs. 136 ppm) and Mn (63 vs. 32 ppm) in the pit manure samples were reduced (P < 0.01). Additionally, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in carcass characteristics between pigs supplemented with the different rates of dietary trace mineral (Table 2). These results suggest increasing trace mineral supplementation contributes to excess trace mineral excretion in the manure; however, does not contribute to improved productivity.
114 Evaluation of Selenium Source on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Serum and Tissue Selenium Concentrations, and Serum Antioxidant Status
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 3,888 pigs (337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 6.0 kg at weaning) were used in a 42-d study to determine the influence of Se source on nursery pig selenium status and growth performance. At placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry, and average pen BW. A total of 144 pens were used with 72 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel, fence-line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and the other 27 barrows. There were 24 replicates per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases, and all contained 0.3 ppm added Se. A common phase 1 diet contained added Se from sodium selenite and was fed in pelleted form to all pigs for 7 d prior to initiation of treatment diets. Three Se sources [sodium selenite; Se yeast; and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet)] were used to formulate 3 experimental treatments in meal form for phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and phase 3 (d 21 to 42). During the common phase 1 period, ADFI tended (P < 0.10) to be different (107, 103, and 102 g/d) for sodium selenite, Se yeast, and OH-SeMet, respectively. From d 7 to 42 (treatment period), pigs fed OH-SeMet tended to have decreased ADG (P < 0.10) and had increased (P < 0.05) serum, liver, and muscle selenium concentration compared with other treatments. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in antioxidant status as measured by serum GSH-Px or TBARS. In summary, compared with sodium selenite and selenium yeast, OH-SeMet had greater bioavailability as indicated by increased serum and tissue selenium concentration; however, antioxidant status was similar between treatments and OH-SeMet tended to reduce growth performance compared with pigs fed sodium selenite.
111 Evaluation of Dietary Mycotoxin Control Strategies on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Blood Measures
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Vidal Arnau , Gougoulia Christos
Published: April 2022

A total of 4,318 pigs (337×1050, PIC; initially 6.5±0.08kg) were used in a 35-d trial to evaluate dietary mycotoxin control strategies on nursery pig performance and blood measures. Pigs were weaned at 21-d of age and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. A total of 160 pens were used with 80 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel fence line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and 1 pen contained 27 barrows. There were 16 replications/treatment. A common phase 1 diet was fed in pelleted form for 7-d prior to treatment diets. Experimental treatments were fed from d 7 to 42 after weaning (d0 to 35 of study) and included a low deoxynivalenol (DON) diet (1.12±0.623 mg/kg), high DON diet (2.34±1.809 mg/kg), high DON+ sodium metabisulfite (SMB), high DON+ 1 of 2 mitigating products; Technology1, or Technology1+. Technology1 and 1+ are comprised of clays, yeast cell wall components and a blend of plant extracts. Technology1+ also contains SMB. Overall (d0 to 35), pigs fed high DON had decreased (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared with low DON. Additionally, pigs fed high DON+SMB had increased (P<0.05) ADG compared with all other treatments. An increase (P < 0.05) in G:F was observed in pigs fed high DON+SMB or high DON+Technology1+ compared with low DON or high DON+Technology1 with high DON intermediate. Analysis of dried blood spots collected on d 35 revealed pigs fed high DON or high DON+Technology1 had increased (P < 0.05) DON concentrations compared with low DON with high DON+SMB and high DON+Technology1+ intermediate. In summary, pigs fed high DON had reduced performance compared with low DON. Sodium metabisulfite supplementation to high DON led to ADG and G:F that exceeded low DON, whereas Technology1+ resulted in similar ADG and improved G:F compared with low DON.
122 Timing of Dietary Zinc Additions During Gestation for Improved Piglet Survival
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Urriola Pedro E , Schwartz Mark , Ryu Moon-Suhn , Gomez Andres , Johnston Lee J
Published: April 2022

Gestating sows (n = 267) were used to determine if timing of feeding elevated dietary zinc in a commercial setting would reduce pre-weaning mortality of piglets. Sows from 3 consecutive weekly farrowing groups were assigned randomly within parity to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of: 1) Control: a corn-soybean meal diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn supplied by zinc hydroxychloride; 2) Breed-to-Farrow (B-to-F): as Control + 141 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (266 ppm total supplemental Zn) fed from 5 d after breeding to farrowing; and 3) Day 110-to-Farrow (D110-to-F): as Control diet fed from breeding to farrowing + 2,715 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (2,840 ppm total supplemental Zn) starting on d 110 of gestation until farrowing. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, farrowing group, and the random effect of their interaction. Dietary treatments did not influence number of total pigs born or pigs weaned per litter (Table). No differences were observed for any piglet growth criteria evaluated across treatments (P > 0.05). For B-to-F sows, there was an increase in percent of pigs born alive compared with Control and D110-to-F sows (P = 0.002). Percentage of stillborn pigs tended to decrease for sows assigned to the B-to-F treatment (P = 0.052) compared with Control or D110-to-F sows. Feeding elevated zinc throughout gestation increased (P = 0.015) percentage of low-birth-weight pigs born alive compared with Control sows. Mortality of low-birth-weight piglets did not differ among treatments (P = 0.592). However, a trend for decreasing post-natal mortality (P = 0.065) of normal birth weight pigs was observed for pigs born to sows fed elevated zinc. The incidence of low-birth-weight pigs was higher (P < 0.001) for sows fed the D110-to-F treatment compared with Control sows. Overall, feeding elevated zinc to sows throughout gestation increased the proportion of pigs born alive and marginally increased survival of normal birth weight pigs.
131 Dietary Valerate Glycerides: Effects on Growth, Diarrhea, and Fecal Culture of Weanling Piglets Infected with Escherichia coli F18
Authors: Kovanda Lauren L , Park Sangwoo , Tawde Snehal , Pos Jeroen , Kim Kwangwook , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

The present experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary valerate glycerides on performance and diarrhea of weanling piglets infected with F18+ Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty weaned piglets (6.97 ± 0.75 kg body weight; 21 d old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: nursery basal diet (control), 0.075% or 0.1% monovalerin, or 0.1% trivalerin added to control. After 7-d adaptation, all piglets were orally inoculated with F18+ ETEC (1010 CFU/3 mL) on d 0, d 1, and d 2 post-inoculation (PI). Daily diarrhea scores (scale range of 1 to 5) were recorded and body weight data were collected throughout the experiment. Bacteria were cultured from fecal swabs throughout the experiment to monitor the frequency of β-hemolytic coliforms. All data were analyzed by the Proc Mixed of SAS with randomized complete block design and pig as an experimental unit. Seven replicate pigs per treatment present throughout the entire trial period were used to analyze growth performance. Piglets fed 0.075% or 0.1% monovalerin had greater (P < 0.05) body weight on d 0 and tended (P < 0.10) to have greater body weight on d 21 PI, compared with control pigs. The average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs supplemented with 0.075% monovalerin compared with control (662.69 and 559.41 g/d, respectively) between d 7 and d 21 PI. Supplementation of 0.1% trivalerin reduced (P < 0.05) the frequency of diarrhea throughout the trial and reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms in fecal cultures on d 7 PI, compared with control pigs. Current results indicate dietary supplementation of monovalerin improved growth performance regardless of doses, and inclusion of 0.1% trivalerin reduced the incidence of diarrhea and shedding of β-hemolytic coliforms in piglets challenged with F18+ ETEC infection.
134 Water- and Feed-Based Arginine Impacts on Gut Integrity in Weanling Pigs
Authors: Greiner Laura L , Humphrey Dalton C , Wilson Victoria , Becker Spenser , Hagen Chloe S , Haydon Keith D
Published: April 2022

Two hundred and forty newly weaned pigs (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine if supplementing with additional arginine either in the water or in the feed, and the combinations thereof, improved intestinal integrity and growth performance in the nursery. Three pigs (21 ± 2 d) per pen for a total of 80 pens, within 4 water lines, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arginine-dietary treatments across the 20 pens for a 4×3 factorial. With 4 water treatments: 0, 4, 8 and 12% Arg and 3 dietary treatments: basal level, 1.55 and 1.75% SID Arg. Pigs and feeders were weighed at the d0, d7 (water and diet change), d21 (diet change), and d41. Eighty pigs were euthanized at d7, for ileum evaluation of villus height and crypt depth. Remaining pigs were then taken off the arginine-water treatment portion of the experiment, and fed the diets formulated to contain 3 different levels of dietary arginine. Data were analyzed by pen as repeated measures (SAS 9.4). Feeding additional arginine resulted in an improvement (basal: 20.35, 1.55: 22.22, 1.75: 20.93 kg; P = 0.04) in pig body weight compared with basal. No interaction was detected when using arginine in the water and feed simultaneously, on piglet performance. The use of 8% arginine in the water resulted in a reduction in crypt depth (0:132.54, 4:140.70, 8:117.28, 12:131.99; P < 0.01) and 4% Arg reduced total villous height:crypt depth ratio (0:2.50, 4:2.09, 8:2.56, 12:2.43; P < 0.02). The feeding of arginine resulted in an improvement in final body weight of the pigs; however, there were no differences in intestinal villi when Arg is added to the feed. However, the use of Arg in the water resulted in an improvement in intestinal villi, but no phenotypical change in piglet growth in the nursery.
129 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation and Nursery Diets on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Loughmiller Joseph , Hotze Brian , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of diets with yeast-based direct fed microbials (DFM) in nursery pigs weaned from sows fed lactation diets with or without yeast additives. Treatment descriptions for both experiments are reviewed in Table 1. There was no evidence of sow and nursery treatment interactions for either experiment (P > 0.05). In Exp. 1, 340 weaned pigs, initially 5.1 kg ± 0.02, were used to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs yeast additives; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) and nursery diets with or without DFM. Treatments were a 2×2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet) with 5 pigs/pen and 17 replications/treatment. Progeny from sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) ADG from d 0-24 and d 0-45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives for the first 24 d in the nursery tended to have decreased d 0-45 ADG (P = 0.079). In Exp. 2, 330 weaned pigs, initially 5.8 kg ± 0.03, were used to evaluate diets with combinations of DFM. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 with main effects of sow (same as Exp. 1) and nursery treatment with 6 pigs/pen and 8 to 10 replications/treatment. From d 0-10 post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. From d 24-38 when pigs were fed common diets with no added yeast-based products, ADG for pigs previously fed DFM2 was greater (P < 0.05) than control. In conclusion, feeding sows yeast during lactation improved offspring nursery growth performance in both studies. Interestingly, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts reduced nursery pig performance in Exp. 1; however, feeding DFM 2 improved growth later in the nursery in Exp. 2.
141 Evaluation of a Fermented Corn Protein Source on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Chance Jenna A , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine if fermented corn protein (FCP) can serve as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) in 6.0 to 15.8 kg or as a replacement for soybean meal in 12.1 to 24.7 kg pig nursery diets. In Exp. 1, 350 barrows (initially 6.0 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 5 or 10% FCP or ESBM. Newly weaned pigs were fed phase 1 diets for 10-d followed by phase 2 diets for 21-d. There were no interactions throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-31), pigs fed increasing FCP had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.026) ADG and ADFI with no differences in G:F, whereas increasing ESBM had no effect on growth performance (Table). Pigs fed ESBM had increased (P ≤ 0.034) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed FCP with no effect on ADFI. In Exp 2, 350 pigs (initially 12.1 kg) were randomly assigned to pens with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. On d 24 after weaning (d 0 of trial), pens of pigs were weighed and assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 10 or 20% FCP with either high or low Val+Ile:Leu ratios. There were no interactions observed throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-21), ADG, ADFI, and G:F worsened (linear, P < 0.001) as FCP increased. High Val+Ile:Leu ratios improved (P = 0.017) G:F compared with low Val+Ile:Leu ratios with no effect on ADG and ADFI. In summary, using FCP to replace ESBM for nursery pigs weighing 6.0 to 15.8 kg had decreased growth performance. Increasing concentrations of FCP in diets for pigs weighting 12.1 to 24.7 kg worsened growth and increasing Val+Ile:Leu ratios only improved G:F.
137 Inclusion of Spray Dried Plasma in Diets Based on Different Ingredient Combinations Increases the Digestibility of Energy, Fiber, Ca, and P by Young Pigs
Authors: Bailey Hannah M , Stein Hans H , Campbell Joy
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that spray dried plasma (SDP) increases the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), total dietary fiber (TDF), Ca, and P and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P from other ingredients in diets for young pigs. Eighty barrows (body weight: 9.30 ± 0.97 kg) housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 10 diets and 2 blocks. Diets typically used in 4 regions using combinations of corn, soybean meal, wheat, barley, or rice were formulated: U.S.A., European Union, Canada, and Asia, and included 0 or 6% SDP. Differences between measured and predicted values for ATTD and STTD of energy and nutrients in diets with SDP were calculated. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 SDP levels and 4 regions. When 6% SDP was included in the diet, ATTD and STTD values, except TDF, were increased (P < 0.05) compared with diets without SDP (Table 1). The ATTD of GE, TDF, and P and the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) for the Asia diet compared with the other diets. The measured ATTD of TDF was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted for the U.S.A. and European Union diets (Table 2), and the measured ATTD of GE, N, Ca, and P and STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted for the Asia diet compared with the other diets. In conclusion, addition of 6% SDP to a diet increases the ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P regardless of diet composition, and therefore, the actual ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P in diets with SDP may be greater than predicted.
146 Evaluation of Phase Feeding and Lysine Source and Level on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Miller Kayla A , Sparks Chris , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: April 2022

Phase feeding is employed to optimize lysine levels to meet pigs' requirements. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of varying lysine levels and phase lengths in nursery pigs. Four-hundred freshly weaned pigs (5.53 ± 0.96 kg BW) were randomly selected and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). The treatments for phase (P) 1-3 were: 1) High synthetic amino acids (1.60, 1.45, 1.33% SID Lys, respectively; HighSyn), 2) High soybean meal (1.60, 1.45, 1.33 % SID Lys, respectively; HighSBM), 3) Low Lys (1.30, 1.50, 1.45% SID Lys, respectively; Low), and 4) Continuous 1.42 % SID Lys (Con). Phase 1, 2 and 3 consisted of 7, 14 and 21 d, respectively. Body weights and feed disappearance were recorded on d 0, 7, 21 and 42, and ADG, ADFI and G:F calculated within phase and overall (0-42 d). All data were analyzed using a complete randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. P1 ADG was 42% greater in the HighSBM compared with the other treatments (P = 0.030), while ADFI tended to be 23% higher (P = 0.089). In P2, ADG was 21% higher in the HighSBM compared with the HighSyn pigs, with the other treatments being intermediate (P = 0.012). ADFI tended to be higher in the HighSBM pigs compared with the other treatments in P2 (P = 0.087). No significant performance differences were reported in P3. Overall, HighSMB had higher ADG compared with Con, Low and HighSyn pigs (0.360, 0.338, 0.338 and 0.311 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.007), while overall ADFI and G:F tended to be lower in HighSyn compared with the other treatments (P < 0.10). In conclusion, high synthetic Lys reduced performance, while continuous single-phase feeding offered equal performance to that of higher Lys curves achieved via soybean meal inclusion.
147 Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed Diets Supplemented with Dl-Methionine and Dl-2 Hydroxy-4-Methylthio-Butyrate Acid at a Ratio of 65:100
Authors: Maria Mendoza S , Htoo John K K , Caroline González-Vega J
Published: April 2022

The objective of the study was to determine if pigs fed diets containing eighter DL-2 hydroxy-4-methylthio-butyrate calcium salt (HMTBCa) or DL-methionine (DLM) at 65% of the HMTBCa amount have equal growth performance. A total of 1,296 nursery pigs (initial BW = 5.02 ± 0.2 kg, PIC 1050 x PIC 359) were evaluated for 49 d and allotted in groups of 27 pigs per pen. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and fed in 4 phases (5.54, 5.27, 5.18, and 4.80 g standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys/Kcal NE for phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Pens were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (16 pens/treatment). For each phase, a basal diet without supplementation of Met sources was formulated to achieve 70% of the optimal SID Met +Cys:Lys [Met-deficient], diet 2 consisted in the Met-deficient diet plus supplementation of HMTBCa to achieve 100% of the SID Met +Cys:Lys based on 84 % active substance of the product [HMTBCa], and diet 3 was the Met-deficient diet plus supplementation of DLM at 65% of the amount of HMTBCa used in diet 2 [65DLM]. Feed analyses confirmed that the amount of DLM to HMTBCa achieved was 66%. Pig performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. Results are shown in Table 1. For the overall period (d 0 to 49), pigs fed the Met-deficient diet had decreased final BW, ADG, and G:F compared with pigs fed HMTBCa and 65DLM diets. Pigs fed HMTBCa and 65DLM diets did not differ in final BW, ADG, and G:F. No differences in ADFI and mortality were observed among treatments. Replacing 100 parts of HMTBCa with 65 parts of DLM on a product basis can be an alternative approach to determine the bioavailability of HMTBA compared with DLM.
153 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Maternal Line Sows and Litter Performance
Authors: Ribas Juliana , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Brun Nevton , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing feeding levels for maternal line sows during early gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 969 PIC L02 (199.6 kg ± 1.88) parity 1 to 6 sows were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 4 treatments within parity category in a randomized complete block design with body weight blocks. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 100, 125, 150, or 175% of the NRC (2012) maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) requirement calculated as MEm, kcal/d = 100×(body weight, kg)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-wheat-based diet with 3,056 kcal of ME/kg and 0.60% standardized ileal digestible lysine was used. Treatments were applied from d 5 to 30 of gestation, after which they were fed according to body condition until moved to the farrowing room. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Average caliper score at weaning was 12.2 across treatments and average feed allowances were 1.8, 2.3, 2.7, and 3.2 kg/d for the 100, 125, 150, and 175 treatments, respectively. Increasing feed allowances increased (linear, P < 0.05) weight change (3.0, 6.5, 8.5 and 10.5 kg, respectively) and caliper score change (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5 units, respectively) from weaning to d 30 of gestation. There was no evidence for treatment effects on farrowing rate, caliper score at farrowing, total born, stillborn rate, average piglet birth weight, or piglet throughput. In summary, increasing feed allowances to meet 100 to 175% of the MEm requirements during early gestation on maternal line sows resulted in increased weight and caliper change without impact in performance. Body weight seems to be more sensitive to changes in feeding levels than caliper scores up to d 30 of gestation.