bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighted Quasi‐Metrics
Authors: KÜNZI HANS‐PETER A. , VAJNER VÁCLAV
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We study the class of topologies which are induced by weighted quasi‐metrics (equivalently, partial metrics). Partial metrics were introduced by S. Matthews in his study of topological models appropriate for the denotational semantics of programming languages.

It follows from our results that each T0‐space with a s̀‐disjoint base admits a weightable quasi‐metric and that each weightable quasi‐metric space is quasi‐developable. Those partially ordered sets whose Alexandrov topology admits a weightable quasi‐metric are characterized. We also show that the Pixley‐Roy space over the reals does not admit a weightable quasi‐metric.
A Direct Proof that Every Infinite Compact Group G Contains {0, 1}w(G)
Authors: SHAKHMATOV DMITRI B.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We present a new elementary proof of the result stated in the title based on an application of Michael's selection theorem. As an immediate corollary this yields that every infinite compact group G can be continuously mapped onto the Tychonoff cube Iw(G).
Some Topological Results on Sets of Measures Defined on the Structure Space of Banach Algebras
Authors: SULTAN A.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We topologize the space of complex regular Borel measures on the space of maximal ideals of a commutative complex Banach algebra X, with identity, with a certain weak topology, and study some of its topological properties.
Particle Physics and Cosmology
Authors: ELLIS John
Published: December 2006

The agreement between the observed light element abundances and calculations of homogeneous cosmological nucleosynthesis constrains inhomogenequs models, and suggests that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible Dark Matter. This could be in the form of neutrinos, lightest supersymmetric particles (LSPs) or axions. Interactions between LSPs or axions and nuclear matter are controlled by the spin decomposition of the nucleon.
EGRET Observations of Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Authors: SCHNEID E J , BERTSCH D L , FICHTEL C E , HARTMAN R C , HUNTER S D , THOMPSON D J , KANBACH G , MAYER‐HASSELWANDER H A , LIN Y C , MICHELSON P F , NOLAN P L , DINGUS B L , VON MONTIGNY C , SREEKUMAR P , KNIFFEN D A
Published: December 2006

The Energetic Gamma‐Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) has observed gamma‐rays bursts with the highest energy gamma‐rays and the longest high energy emission to date. EGRET measures the high energy gamma‐rays with its large NaI scintillator (1 to 200 MeV) and its spark chamber (30 MeV to 30 GeV). The spark chamber also measures time and arrival directions of individual photons allowing locations for the energetic bursts to be determined. Since the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory launch in 1991, EGRET has observed five bursts in the spark chamber with several having gamma‐ray energies grater than 1 GeV. The recording breaking burst, GRB940217, had gamma‐rays up to 18 GeV and lasted over 5000 seconds. The results for the energetic bursts are presented. The high energies observed from these gamma‐ray bursts set constraints for the burst distances.
Gamma‐ray Burst Models: General Requirements and Predictions
Authors: MÉSZÁROS P.
Published: December 2006

Whatever the ultimate energy source of gamma‐ray bursts turns out to be, the resulting sequence of physical events is likely to lead to a fairly generic, almost unavoidable scenario: a relativistic fireball that dissipates its energy after it has become optically thin. This is expected both for cosmological and halo distances. Here we explore the observational motivation of this scenario, and the consequences of the resulting models for the photon production in different wavebands, the energetics and the time structure of classical gamma‐ray bursters.
LISA
Authors: DANZMANN KARSTEN
Published: December 2006

LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is designed to observe gravitational waves from violent events in the Universe in a frequency range from 10−4 to 10−1 Hz which is totally inaccessible to ground based experiments. It uses highly stabilised laser light (Nd:YAG, λ= 1.064 μm) in a Michelson‐type interferometer arrangement.

A cluster of six spacecraft with two at each vertex of an equilateral triangle is placed in an Earth‐like orbit at a distance of 1 AU from the Sun, and 20° behind the Earth. Three subsets of four adjacent spacecraft each form an interferometer comprising a central station, consisting of two relatively adjacent spacecraft (200 km apart), and two spacecraft placed at a distance of 5x106 km from the centre to form arms which make an angle of 60° with each other. Each spacecraft is equipped with a laser.

A descoped LISA with only four spacecraft has undergone an ESA assessment study in the M3 cycle, and the full 6‐spacecraft LISA mission has now been selected as a cornerstone in the ESA Horizon 2000‐plus programme.
Gravitational Waves From a Particle Orbiting around a Rotating Black Hole: Post‐Newtonian Expansion
Authors: SHIBATA Masaru , SASAKI Misao , TAGOSHI Hideyuki , TANAKA Takahiro
Published: December 2006

Using the Teukolsky and Sasaki‐Nakamura equations for the gravitational perturbation of the Kerr spacetime, we calculate the post‐Newtonian expansion of the energy and angular momentum luminosities of gravitational waves from a test particle of mass μ in a circular orbit around a rotating black hole of mass M≫μ up through P5/2N order beyond the quadrupole formula.
Activity of Rotating Magnetospheres in AGNs: Collimated Propagation of MHD Waves near a Black Hole
Authors: HIROTANI Kouichi , TOMIMATSU Akira
Published: December 2006

We have studied non‐stationary and axisymmetric perturbations of a magnetohydrodynamic accretion onto a rotating (Kerr) black hole. Assuming that the magnetic field dominates the plasma accretion, we find that the meridional current becomes large near the fast‐magnetosonic surface located close to the horizon. This is due to the effects of the particle's inertia and the strong gravity near the horizon. As a consequence, the fluid suffers a large radial acceleration resulting from the Lorentz force, and becomes highly variable compared with the electromagnetic field there. In fact, we further find an interesting perturbed structure of the plasma velocity with a large peak in some narrow region just beyond the fast‐magnetosonic surface. If the critical surface has an oblate shape for radial poloidal field lines, this perturbation of plasma motion is induced by outgoing waves propagating from the equatorial super‐fast‐magnetosonic region to the polar sub‐fast‐magnetosonic one. Thus, the effective acceleration of particles due to the outgoing fast‐magnetosonic waves will work mainly in the polar direction as a mechanism of trigger of jet production in active galactic nuclei.
The Post‐Polio Syndrome As an Evolved Clinical Entity
Authors: DALAKAS MARINOS C.
Published: December 2006

Post‐polio syndrome (PPS) refers to the new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after stability in patients with prior acute paralytic poliomyelitis. They include: (1) new muscle weakness and atrophy in the limbs, the bulbar or the respiratory muscles [post‐poliomyelitis muscular atrophy (PPMA)] and (2) excessive muscle fatigue and diminished physical endurance. PPS is a clinical diagnosis that requires exclusion of all other medical, neurological, orthopedic or psychiatric diseases that could explain the cause of the new symptoms. Routine electromyography is useful to confirm chronic and ongoing denervation and exclude neuropathies. Muscle biopsy, single fiber electromyography (EMG), macro‐EMG, serum antibody titers to polio virus, and spinal fluid studies are very useful research tools but they are rarely needed to establish the clinical diagnosis. PPS is a slowly progressive phenomenon with periods of stability that vary from 3 to 10 years. Current evidence indicates that PPS is the evolution of a subclinically ongoing motor neuron dysfunction that begins after the time of the acute polio. It is clinically manifested as PPS when the well‐compensated reinnervating process crosses a critical threshold beyond which the remaining motor neurons cannot maintain the innervation to all the muscle fibers within their motor unit territory.
In Vivo Structural Studies of the Hippocampus in Normal Aging and in Incipient Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: DE LEON M.J. , CONVIT A. , GEORGE A.E. , GOLOMB J. , DE SANTI S. , TARSHISH C. , RUSINEK H. , BOBINSKI M. , INCE C. , MILLER D. , WISNIEWSKI H.
Published: December 2006

Population trends indicate that in the near future the size of the elderly population will increase. This will result in a large increment in the numbers of persons suffering mild to severe levels of cognitive impairment. While considerable efforts continue to be made to explain brain changes associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), little is known of the brain changes in aging without dementia or so‐called normal aging. Pathologic studies suggest that the medial temporal lobe is informative in the examination of the early brain changes related to AD. However, pathologic studies only offer a single observation and considerable uncertainty exists regarding the likelihood of progression of disease and the development of dementia. Several structural neuroimaging studies have recently investigated this anatomy and recent reports are encouraging for a medial temporal lobe based diagnosis for age‐related cognitive impairments. We will present our findings on the MRI anatomy of the hippocampal formation as well as data bearing on the use of hippocampal formation imaging in the diagnosis of AD and as a predictive marker for future dementia. Our findings suggest an anatomically specific relationship between hippocampal volume and secondary memory performance. Because these observations apply to nondemented and normal elderly subjects, we are encouraged that the anatomy of age‐related cognitive impairments can be reliably recognized and possibly put to use in therapeutic studies.
The Role of APP Processing and Trafficking Pathways in the Formation of Amyloid β‐Proteina
Authors: SELKOE D. J. , YAMAZAKI T. , CITRON M. , PODLISNY M. B. , KOO E. H. , TEPLOW D. B. , HAASS C.
Published: December 2006

The amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) is a proteolytic fragment of the β‐amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). We previously reported the constitutive secretion of Aβ peptides from a variety of cells expressing βAPP under normal culture conditions. These endogenously produced Aβpeptides have heterogeneous N‐and C‐termini that vary as a function of βAPP missense mutations. Treatment of Aβ‐secreting cells with agents that alter intravesicular pH showed that an acidic compartment is required for proper Aβ generation. One such compartment appears to be the endosome. Immunolabeling of cell‐surface βAPP in living neurons and non‐neuronal cells directly demonstrated the endocytosis of the protein and its rapid recycling (within 5–10 minutes) to the cell surface, as well as the trafficking of some βAPP to lysosomes. Expression of βAPP with various deletions of the cytoplasmic domain, including the NPTY motif, leads to decreased internalization and an associated decrease in the production of Aβ peptides that begin at the usual asp1 start site. These and other data suggest that Aβ production begins with cleavage of βAPP by a still unknown protease(s) (β‐secretase[s] at the met‐asp bond preceding the Aβ N‐terminus and that this occurs in part in early endosomes. To characterize the substrate requirements of β‐secretase, βAPP was mutagenized by placing stop codons within or at the end of the transmembrane domain or substituting other amino acids for the wild‐type met and asp at the P1 and P1' positions. These experiments showed that proper β‐secretase cleavage requires the precursor to be membrane‐anchored and is highly sequence specific; most substitutions at met or asp substantially decrease Aβ production. Analogous mutagenesis experiments around the Aβ C‐terminus revealed that the unknown protease(s) cleaving here (“γ‐secretase[s]”) does not show such specificity. Cells secreting Aβ may also be useful for examining the critical issue of the aggregation of Aβ into its neurotoxic polymeric form under physiological conditions. In this regard, we have found that AβAPP‐expressing CHO cells show aggregation of 10‐20% of their secreted Aβ peptides into SDS‐stable dimers, trimers and sometimes tetramers under normal culture conditions. The identity of these small multimers was confirmed by extensive immunochemical characterization and radiosequencing. They are present at  100‐500 pM levels in conditioned medium of CHO transfectants. Using this endogenous Aβ aggregating system, we have begun to examine variables that influence aggregation and compounds which may retard it. In conclusion, studies of the regulation of Aβ production and aggregation in cell culture can provide information under physiological conditions that can complement analyses of these processes in vivo.
Amyloid Fibril Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetesa
Authors: LORENZO A. , YANKNER B. A.
Published: December 2006

Several lines of evidence suggest that amyloid deposition in the brain contributes to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the AD brain, diffuse plaques composed mostly of amorphous β amyloid (Am‐βA) are inert, whereas compact plaques composed of β amyloid fibrils (Fib‐βA) are associated with neurodegenerative changes. The effects of these two types of amyloid were tested on primary rat hippocampal neurons. Fib‐βA induced the formation of dystrophic neurites and caused neuronal cell death, whereas Am‐βA was not toxic. In addition, Fib‐βA caused synapse loss in the remaining viable neurons, whereas Am‐βA did not significantly affect synapse number. We also examined the effects of amylin, the primary constituent of the amyloid fibrils that form in the pancreas in adult‐onset diabetes. Amylin was toxic to rat and human insulin‐producing islet cells in the concentration range of fibril formation. The relative toxic potencies of amylin peptides of different species correlated with their fibril‐forming capacity. Soluble amylin was not toxic. The amyloid fibril‐binding dye Congo red inhibited the toxicity of both βA and amylin. Congo red afforded protection against toxicity by a dual mechanism. When present during the phase of fibril polymerization, Congo red could inhibit fibril formation from some peptides. When added to preformed fibrils, Congo red bound to fibrils rendering them nontoxic. These results suggest that fibril formation is necessary for both βA and amylin toxicity. Congo red appears to be a general inhibitor of amyloid fibril toxicity and may therefore be a useful prototype for drugs targeted to the amyloid pathology of AD and adult‐onset diabetes.
Occurrence of Interleukin‐6 in Cortical Plaques of Alzheimer's Disease Patients May Precede Transformation of Diffuse into Neuritic Plaquesa
Authors: HÜLL M. , BERGER M. , VOLK B. , BAUER J.
Published: December 2006

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) immunoreactivity has previously been shown in plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and elevated IL‐6 concentrations have been measured biochemically in brains of AD patients. In this report, we present data on the appearance of IL‐6 immunoreactivity in AD plaques according to the stage of plaque formation. Diffuse plaques are found in the early stages of plaque formation, whereas primitive and classic plaques are thought to represent later stages of plaque pathology. We classified plaques using the Bielschowsky silver stain method in serial sections of paraffin‐embedded cortices of clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed AD patients and patients with no clinical history of dementia. In the brains of nondemented and demented persons, we found plaques using the silver staining method or immunohistochemistry with antibodies against the amyloid precursor protein. In the nondemented group, diffuse plaques were the predominant plaque type, whereas primitive plaques formed the larger proportion of lesions in the group of AD brains.

IL‐6 was only detectable in plaques of demented patients. In AD cases, IL‐6 was found in a significantly higher ratio in diffuse plaques as would have been expected from a random distribution of IL‐6 in all plaque types.

We conclude that the presence of IL‐6 immunoreactivity correlates with clinically detectable dementia. In addition to the ubiquitous presence of amyloid in nondemented and demented brains, an IL‐6‐related immunological mechanism may be involved both in the transformation from diffuse to primitive plaques in AD and in the development of dementia.
Varieties of Progressive Non‐fluent Aphasiaa
Authors: CAPPA S. F. , PERANI D. , MESSA C. , MIOZZO A. , FAZIO F.
Published: December 2006

We report four patients with progressive aphasia of the non‐fluent type as the presenting clinical manifestation. The patients were included in a longitudinal study of focal progressive neuropsychological syndromes, and were periodically submitted to neuropsychological evaluations and neuroimaging studies (TC, MRI, SPET or PET). The pattern of neuropsychological impairment was in good agreement with the results of functional imaging studies, which indicated involvement of the anterior regions of the left hemisphere. The evolution of the clinical picture was extremely heterogeneous in the four patients, ranging from a relatively stable picture of transcortical motor aphasia to a severe progressive frontal lobe syndrome. Progressive non‐fluent aphasia appears to be a reliable clinical marker of the localization of the pathological process; whether this is related to specific neuropathological conditions, such as Pick's disease, remains for the moment a matter of speculation.
Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Brain Vascular Pathology in Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: KALARIA R. N. , COHEN D. L. , PREMKUMAR D.R.D.
Published: December 2006

The presence of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)‐E4 allele has been implicated as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examined the occurrence of ApoE 4 alleles in AD associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and other vascular lesions. We found significantly high frequency of the ApoE 4 allele in AD with moderate to severe CAA. The frequency of the allele was also high in AD cases with other vascular lesions such as multiple infarcts and lacunes. As previously reported, we confirm a greater frequency of the ApoE 4 allele in the diffuse Lewy body variant of AD. Our results suggest ApoE 4 allele to be a significant factor in the development of CAA in AD. While this may be related to increased brain amyloid load as a consequence of ApoE genotype, the possibility exists that ApoE may be a specific factor in vascular abnormalities associated with AD.
Altered Expression of Amyloid β Precursor mRNAs in Cerebral Vessels, Meninges, and Choroid Plexus in Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: PREMKUMAR D. R. D. , KALARIA R. N.
Published: December 2006

Altered tissue‐specific processing or production of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to be central to amyloid deposition in cerebrovascular and the neocortical tissues in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We demonstrate that Aβ peptide(s) is readily detectable and increased in cerebral vessels, meninges and choroid plexus obtained at autopsy from AD subjects compared to age‐matched controls. Using the reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we further found that Aβ transcripts encoding the Aβ sequence in all forms of APP containing exons 16 and 17 (of APP770) were significantly increased in vessel samples in AD subjects. This was also evident in the neocortical samples and not related to pre‐mortem factors or postmortem interval. It is possible that the increased Aβ mRNAs reflect enhanced expression of the L‐APP isoform (APP770 without exon 15) expressed in leukocytes and glia alike. We also found evidence for changed proportions of APP 770, 756 and 695 mRNAs in cerebral vessel samples from AD subjects compared to controls. Whereas APP770 and APP751, the predominant forms, were significantly decreased, APP695 transcript was increased in vessel samples from AD subjects. Such changes were not evident in neocortical samples from the same subjects. These observations suggest tissue‐specific changes in expression of APP isoforms implicating one of the mechanisms for increased accumulation of Aβ in cerebrovascular tissues in AD.
Amyloid β‐Protein Induces the Cerebrovascular Cellular Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disordersa
Authors: VAN NOSTRAND W. E. , DAVIS‐SALINAS J. , SAPORITO‐IRWIN S. M.
Published: December 2006

One of the hallmark pathologic characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders is deposition of the 39–42 amino acid amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) in the walls of cerebral blood vessels. The cerebrovascular Aβ deposits in these disorders are associated with degenerating smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall which have been implicated in the expression of the amyloid β‐protein precursor (AβPP) and formation of Aβ. We have established primary cultures of human cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells as a model for investigating the cellular pathologic processes involved in the cerebral amyloid angiopathy of AD and related disorders. Recently, we have shown that Aβ1‐42, the predominant pathologic cerebrovascular form of Aβ, causes extensive cellular degeneration that is accompanied by a striking increase in the levels of cellular AβPP, potentially amyloidogenic carboxyl terminal AβPP fragments, and soluble Aβ peptide in the cultured human cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells. Together, these studies provide evidence that Aβ contributes to the onset and progression of the cerebrovascular pathology associated with AD and related disorders and suggests the mechanism involves a molecular cascade with a novel product‐precursor relationship that results in the adverse production and accumulation of Aβ.
Free Radicals in the Neurotoxic Actions of β‐Amyloida
Authors: RICHARDSON J. S. , ZHOU Y. , KUMAR U.
Published: December 2006

The fragment of the β‐amyloid protein that contains the peptide sequence 25 to 35 of the parent compound, increases cytosolic calcium and is directly cytotoxic to neurons in tissue culture. The cytotoxic action of β‐amyloid has been considered to be the primary determinant of the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease. The cytotoxic effects of β‐amyloid 25–35 or β‐amyloid 1‐40 added to primary cultures of rat hippocampal or cortical neurons can be reduced or prevented by anti‐oxidant lazaroid drugs such as U‐74500A, U‐78517F, or U‐83836E. β‐amyloid 25–35 evokes an immediate increase in cytosolic calcium when added to suspensions of PC 12 cells, and is cytotoxic to PC 12 cells in tissue culture. Both the calcium‐elevating and the cytotoxic actions of β‐amyloid 25–35 on PC 12 cells are reduced or prevented by lazaroid anti‐oxidant drugs. Since the lazaroids have been shown to scavenge free radical species, the present results indicate that the actions of β‐amyloid 25–35 on calcium regulation and on cell survival are mediated by free radicals.
Cellular Mechanisms of Brain Energy Metabolism. Relevance to Functional Brain Imaging and to Neurodegenerative Disordersa
Authors: MAGISTRETTI P. J. , PELLERIN L.
Published: December 2006

Astrocyte end‐feet surround intraparenchymal microvessels and represent therefore the first cellular barrier for glucose entering the brain. As such, they are a likely site of prevalent glucose uptake. Astrocytic processes are also wrapped around synaptic contacts, implying that they are ideally positioned to sense and be functionally coupled to increased synaptic activity. We have recently demonstrated that glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter, stimulates in a concentration‐dependent manner 2‐DG uptake and phosphorylation by astrocytes in primary culture.1 The effect is not receptor‐mediated but rather proceeds via one of the recently cloned glutamate transporter. The mechanism involves an activation of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Concomitant to the stimulation of glucose uptake, glutamate causes a concentration‐dependent increase in lactate efflux. These observations suggest that glutamate uptake is coupled to aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes. In addition, since glutamate release occurs following the modality‐specific activation of a brain region, the glutamate‐evoked uptake of glucose into astrocytes provides a simple mechanism to couple neuronal activity to energy metabolism. These data also suggest that modality‐specific activation visualized using 2DG‐based autoradiography or PET may primarily reflect glutamate‐mediated uptake of 2DG into astrocytes.
β‐Amyloidosis in Normal Aging and Transmitter Signaling in Human Temporal Lobea
Authors: PERRY E. K. , COURT J. A. , LLOYD S. , JOHNSON M. , GRIFFITHS M. H. , SPURDEN D. , PIGGOTT M. A. , TURNER J. , PERRY R. H.
Published: December 2006

Interactions between abnormal amyloid precursor protein metabolism and cholinergic dysfunction are increasingly apparent. Both of these major features of Alzheimer's disease occur in restricted loci in normal aging–a potential model for early Alzheimer type pathology. Entorhinal cortex is particularly vulnerable to β‐amyloidosis and compared with other cortical areas is remarkable for the relatively high density of nicotinic (3H‐nicotine) but not other cholinergic or glutamate receptor binding. With increasing age, post‐maturity, there is a persistent decline in nicotinic receptor binding in entorhinal cortex whereas muscarinic Ml and non‐Ml, glutamate NMDA and non‐NMDA receptors are spared. Normal elderly individuals, distinguished by the absence of βA4 immunoreactive plaques in this area, are differentiated from those with plaques by higher nicotine binding. Amongst individuals with an established history of smoking tobacco, nicotinic receptor binding and hippocampal choline acetyltransferase were elevated compared with non‐smokers and preliminary evidence indicates a reduced density of cortical plaques. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that down regulation of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor—a ligand gated calcium channel known to control the expression of neurotrophins—plays a role in the evolution of Alzheimer‐type pathology.
On MAD Families and Sequential Order
Authors: DOW ALAN
Published: December 2006

We investigate the question of the existence of a compact sequential space with sequential order more than 2. We establish a connection with an interesting problem about maximal families of almost disjoint subsets of w. We also obtain a partial result by showing that it is consistent that every countably tight compact space of weight b is Fréchet‐Urysohn. The main task is to work with Shelah's forcing for obtaining a model of b < s=a.
The Intermediate Value Theorem for Polynomials over Lattice‐ordered Rings of Functions
Authors: HENRIKSEN MELVIN , LARSON SUZANNE , MARTINEZ JORGE
Published: December 2006

The classical intermediate value theorem for polynomials with real coefficients is generalized to the case of polynomials with coefficients in a lattice‐ordered ring that is a subdirect product of totally ordered rings. Several candidates for a generalization are investigated, and particular attention is paid to the case when the lattice‐ordered ring is the algebra C(X) of continuous real‐valued functions on a completely regular topological space X. For all but one of these generalizations, the intermediate value theorem holds only if X is an F‐space in the sense of Gillman and Jerison. Surprisingly, for the most interesting of these generalizations, if X is compact, the intermediate value theorem holds only if X is an F‐space and each component of X is an hereditarily indecomposable continuum. It is not known if there is an infinite compact connected space in which this version of the intermediate value theorem holds.
The Gδ‐topology, Light Compactness, and Pseudocompleteness
Authors: TODD AARON R.
Published: December 2006

Baire category arguments generally support far stronger properties. In particular, these properties, such as Oxtoby's pseudocompleteness, are generally productive, whereas the Baire property is not. We show in the main theorem that the Gδ‐expansion of a regular lightly compact space is pseudocomplete. This leads to intrinsic proofs of some cardinality results of Comfort and Robertson for pseudocompact topological groups—they had noted and used the fact that the Gδ‐expansion of such a group topology is Baire. In particular, these new proofs avoid the Weyl completion, which, in this context, is the Stone‐Čech compactification. The paper also contains an example of a topological group of smallest cardinality whose Gδ‐expansion is not Baire, as well as some related questions.
Derrida and the Truth of Drawing: Another Copernican Revolution?
Authors: Escoubas Eliane
Published: December 2006

I begin with the hypothesis that Jacques Derrida's Memoirs of the Blind: The Self-Portrait and Other Ruins is in a way the illustration of Speech and Phenomena and therefore Derrida's critique of phenomenology, intuition, perception, and seeing. I also want to show in this regard parallels with both Husserl and Kant. I emphasize that what is at issue in Memoirs of the Blind is art, visual arts; and in the great thematic richness of this text, I note the high points as well as the low points concerning the arts of the "visible." The fundamental question is: Does Derrida "see" the drawing, the painting, and indeed listen to the music?
Life after Derrida: Anacoluthia and the Agrammaticality of Following
Authors: Dillon Sarah
Published: December 2006

Written on Derrida's "'Le Parjure,' Perhaps: Storytelling and Lying," this essay takes the concept of the anacoluthon from Derrida's text (as he has done from J. Hillis Miller, as he did from Proust) and—commenting on the figure of the woman in this male lineage—further invents the concept of the anacoluthon by demonstrating how its formal linguistic definition provides a model for the event of reading and writing—of thinking—that Derrida so admires in Hillis Miller's work and practices in his own. By employing this same reading practice in its own thinking, this essay does not respond to Derrida's death in mourning, nor in thinking about mourning, but in the memory of thought. Produced out of Derrida's work, the essay remains faithful to him only by simultaneously being faithful and unfaithful, thereby enacting the agrammaticality of following represented in and by the anacoluthon.
Derrida and the Question of Presence
Authors: Dastur Françoise
Published: December 2006

It has often been considered that the most important part of Derrida's work consisted in the five books published between 1967 and 1972. This paper intends, by way of a re-reading of Derrida's most powerful text from this period, Speech and Phenomena, to bring to light Derrida's specific manner of uniting the question of the disruption of presence to the question of writing. What is therefore questioned is Derrida's emphasis on death, considered as the very condition of possibility of language and writing. As Derrida rightfully shows, Husserl, in spite of the importance he conferred upon writing in the process of idealization, was not aware of the fact that the relationship to death constitutes the concrete structure of the living present. But on the other hand, by still opposing in a too dualistic manner presence and absence, life and death, Derrida himself was not able to see that the condition of language is not so much the death of the subject as the being toward death and the finitude of Dasein.
Oversights
Authors: Llewelyn John
Published: December 2006

Addressed here are addressing and the address of the here and the there: the direction and indirection of words, whether written or spoken in prayer; but also of pictures, one of them sent to Derrida, one of them an icon presumably destined from God, and a third, the one reproduced on the cover of The Post Card from Socrates to Freud and Beyond, that attends to the difficulty of locating the threshold between the to and the from, perhaps a secular version of the problem of grace—unless that is not a problem but an aporia, wherever the threshold between these has its place. The chance of oversight, επισκoπη, is addressed, and the words Derrida addressed to his friends from the grave.
Universality and Historicity: On the Sources of Religion
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: December 2006

One of the central questions of Jacques Derrida's later writings concerns the sources of religion. At times he gives explicit priority to the universal dimension of religion. In other places, however, he considers the primacy of faith in its concrete, historical context. This paper will clarify Derrida's relationship to universality and historicity by first comparing his notion of "messianicity without messianism" to that of Walter Benjamin's "weak Messianism." After drawing out these differences, I will focus on Derrida's later writings. I will show that much of the ambiguity of Derrida's thinking on religion can be resolved by turning to his work on khōra, the Greek word for "space" or "matter." The rhetoric of khōra can allow us to think through a twofold logic, one that includes the universal/historical distinction and exceeds its alternatives.
REEVALUATION OF THE HOLLANDER TEST
Authors: Bachrach William H. , Bachrach Lailee B.
Published: December 2006

More than twenty years have elapsed since Hollander introduced a procedure for testing vagal function, yet the technique, and particularly the interpretation, of the test is still being modified in an effort to establish its value for determining the completeness of vagotomy.

There is no proof that continuous gastric aspiration with determination of total acid output has any advantage over Hollander's original method of intermittent aspiration and determination of acidity only. It is probable that a two‐hour basal period and a two‐hour post‐insulin collection or sampling of the gastric content will provide all the information necessary to make a decision regarding the presence or absence of vagal innervation to the stomach in the majority of cases. There remains a considerable number of post‐vagotomy patients in whom the interpretation of the test continues to present problems, and it is in this area that further refinements of the procedure are required.

The possibility of recurrence of extra‐gastric peptic ulcer disease after complete vagotomy would seriously limit the value of the Hollander test. On the basis of the evidence to date, recurrent ulcer is either a rare development in a patient with a repeatedly negative Hollander test, or cases of this type are not being reported.

Methods for evaluating the adequacy of vagotomy without the use of insulin have been advocated; whether these will prove superior to the Hollander test as now performed remains for further experience to determine.
EARLY CHANGES IN THE DEPTH OF BURNS
Authors: Hinshaw J. Raymond
Published: December 2006

1. Two hundred and eighty‐eight radiant energy burns were produced on anesthetized pigs and were studied at biopsy at 4, 24 and 48 hr. There is progressive destruction of epithelial cells in hair follicles and “sweat” glands during this interval.

2. In radiant energy burns of the ears of anesthetized rabbits, peripheral nerve fibers are progressively destroyed for two days after injury.

3. To compare the effects of superimposing two burns, 588 single or double exposures to radiant energy were made on anesthetized pigs. Intervals between double exposure were one min, one hr, five hr or six hr. The results show that some tissue, which will remain viable if left alone, will be destroyed by a second exposure, which would not, by itself, have caused detectable injury to that tissue.

4. Many varieties of systemic fluid therapy can insure the early survival of severely burned patients. It is proposed that we would have good reason to prefer one over the others, if it could be shown to halt or decrease progressive tissue destruction during the early hours or days following a burn.
VOLUME‐REGULATORY AND ENDOCRINE RELATIONSHIPS AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN MAN*
Authors: Skillman John J. , Moore Francis D.
Published: December 2006

Summary

1. Transcapillary refilling after blood loss in man is a homeostatic adjustment which increases the blood volume. Although protein dilution occurs during this period, total plasma albumin rises, thus increasing the plasma oncotic pressure.

2. The renal‐circulatory adjustment to hemorrhage in man is accompanied by an increased aldosterone secretion and excretion. The evidence suggests that the renin‐angiotensin system plays a major role in aldosterone stimulation after hemorrhage, but does not exclude the possibility that other systems may be operating in addition to achieve aldosterone hypersecretion.
DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTION OF BALANCED SALT AND MANNITOL INFUSION AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN MAN
Authors: Lyons John H. , Moore Francis D.
Published: December 2006

Summary

1. During post‐hemorrhagic transcapillary refilling, the distribution of extracellular fluid is biased toward the plasma. The ratio of plasma volume to interstitial fluid, normally about 0.23, remains elevated after blood volume restoration is complete at 24 to 36 hr following non‐shocking hemorrhage.

2. The preferential filling of plasma volume is also evident after balanced salt and mannitol infusions. The incremental plasma volume to interstitial fluid ratio observed with the infusion of 2000 ml of lactated Ringer's solution was elevated to 0.43.

3. The post‐hemorrhagic state retards the transfer of infused mannitol from the circulation into the interstitial fluid and delays the osmotic withdrawal of cellular water.

4. During short term infusions of mannitol, hyponatremia is the predominant extracellular abnormality. This is in sharp contrast to the severe hypertonicity produced by renal losses of salt‐poor urine seen with chronic mannitol infusion.

5. Transcapillary refilling after hemorrhage is accompanied by the movement of protein from extravascular sources into the circulation. In these experiments, about 26 gm of new albumin appeared in the vascular space by final equilibrium. The continued ingress of protein even during dispersal of an infusate from the circulation supports a “two channel” concept of the movement of fluid and solute across the vascular wall.
DISCUSSION PAPER: CHEMOTHERAPY OF PSEUDOMONAS SEPTICEMIA IN BURNED MICE
Authors: Rosenthal Sanford M.
Published: December 2006

Several investigators1–4 have shown that burned animals are quite susceptible to systemic invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have produced fatal septicemia in mice by immersion of the scalded tail (immersed in water at 70°C for five sec) in cultures of Pseudomonas strain 180. For purposes of local therapy the tails have been enclosed in rubber tubing held in place by stapling to the loose skin at the base of the tail (figure 1). Therapy consisted of suspending the drugs in a vanishing cream base and injecting the suspension into the tubes, which were then sealed with a cork. Treatment was given six hr after challenge. Details of the techniques employed may be found in recent publications.5,6

In a comparative study of eleven chemotherapeutic agents, six were highly effective in preventing death. (See table 1). The mortality with 8.5% sulfamylon acetate was 8%; 0.25% chloramphenicol, 0.5% gentamycin, 0.4% neomycin, and 1% streptomycin all produced zero mortality; 0.5 sulfadiazine gave 10% mortality. Little effect on survival was observed from 0.2% polymyxin, 0.1% colimycin, 0.25% tetracycline, 0.25% penicillin G, or 0.5% silver nitrate. Ninetythree% of untreated animals died and 90% with the vanishing cream alone.5

A similar study was carried out on mice treated systemically, and without local therapy. Treatment was begun six hr after the challenge and repeated once daily for four additional days. It was found that sulfadiazine given orally in doses of 100 to 500 mg/kg brought about complete survival, and streptomycin administered subcutaneously in doses of 100 mg/kg produced 90% survival (table 2). The drugs currently in use, polymyxin, colimycin, and gentamycin had little effect in the usual therapeutic doses.

A comparison of in vivo activity with in vitro sensitivity revealed that test tube activity is not a reliable index of therapeutic action (table 3). Gentamycin, polymyxin, and colimycin were bacteriostatic at 1 μg per ml. Only gentamycin exhibited local activity, and colimycin was without effect systemically. Chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and streptomycin were equally active in vitro (25 μg/ml). All were effective locally, but systemically, chloramphenicol was inactive while sulfadiazine and streptomycin were most effective.
COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF LOCAL BURN WOUND THERAPY
Authors: Kaplan Michael F. , Berggren Ronald B.
Published: December 2006

Summary

A group of patients with burns covering a surface area under 30 percent was treated with either 0.5% silver nitrate or Sulfamylon. Both agents appeared to be equally effective in controlling bacterial growth. Eschar separation was often prolonged, particularly when bacterial growth was well controlled. It seems that early excision and grafting of the small burn wound may be a valuable way to decrease cost and morbidity. Since the average hospital stay for these patients was more than 40 days, more vigorous efforts must be made to heal these wounds. When comparing the two modes of therapy in the treatment of the small thermal injuries, Sulfamylon may be the better drug due to its ease of administration and good patient and personnel acceptance.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF A CONTAINED PLASMA*†
Authors: Crad Harold
Published: December 2006

A plasma is frequently described as being diamagnetic. We examine this hypothesis and some of its conclusions.
LIPID AND AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS IN AGGREGATING PLATELETS*
Authors: Steiner Manfred
Published: December 2006

Lipid and amino acid synthesis was studied in aggregated and nonaggregated platelets by following the incorporation of glucose carbons or acetate into individual lipid classes and amino acids. Aggregation induced by polystyrene‐latex particles, collagen, or ADP increased the synthesis of both. This effect was thought to be due to the increased utilization of glucose known to occur during platelet aggregation. Thrombin was found to decrease overall synthesis of lipids and, in addition, could be shown to alter significantly the pattern of individual lipid synthesis, notably that of phosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, and triglycerides. Aggregation by ADP did not change the normal pattern of lipid synthesis. Platelets were shown to be capable of synthesizing most of the nonessential amino acids. Glutamic and aspartic acid, serine, glycine, and alanine were the principal products of this synthesis in nonaggregated platelets. Aggregation which enhanced the overall incorporation of glucose carbons into amino acids stimulated primarily the synthesis of glutamic and aspartic acid, undoubtedly a consequence of the increased citric acid cycle activity in such platelets.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF PLATELET FUNCTION*
Authors: White James G.
Published: December 2006

Relationships between abnormal ultrastructure and impaired function have been described in patients with inherited disorders of platelet function. Examination of these studies in the light of the present knowledge of platelet structure and function does not support the suggested associations. A concept of platelet structural physiology is described that can serve as a guide in the search for relationships between abnormal morphology and functional impairment. At the present time, only the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome fulfills the criteria necessary to establish a definitive relationship between a defect in platelet ultrastructure and abnormal function in patients with congenital bleeding disorders.
PLASMA PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN PLATELET AGGREGATION
Authors: Bang N. U. , Heidenreich R. O. , Trygstad C. W.
Published: December 2006

1. Three cationic proteins–fibrinogen, Hageman factor, and gamma globulin‐are all capable of restoring aggregation capability of washed human platelets.

2. The aggregation‐restoring effect of gamma globulin is inhibited by acetic proteins in subfractions of Cohn fraction IV and fractions V and VI.

3. Artificial enhancement of the net negative charge of plasma proteins through acylation produces derivatives capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma.

4. It is proposed that the rate of platelet aggregation is regulated in part by the equilibrium between cationic and anionic proteins in plasma and on the platelet membrane surface. This concept finds support in the following clinical observations.

5. Platelets of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia incapable of aggregation fail to adsorb cationic proteins to their surface.

6. Purified myeloma proteins from patients with platelet dysfunction do not restore aggregation of normal washed platelets and inhibit the aggregation‐restoring effect of normal IgG.

7. Enhanced platelet aggregation demonstrable in chronic, active glomerular disease may result from the loss in the urine of plasma proteins normally inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Subtilitates Anglicanae in Fourteenth‐Century Paris: John of Mirecourt and Peter Ceffons
Authors: MURDOCH JOHN E.
Published: December 2006

Alas! by the same disease which we are deploring, we see that the Palladium of Paris has suffered in these sad times of ours, wherein the zeal of that noble university, whose rays once shed light into every corner of the world, has grown lukewarm, nay, is all but frozen. There the pen of every scribe is now at rest, the generation of books no longer occurs, and there is none who begins to assume the role of new author. They wrap up their doctrines in unskilled discourse, and are losing propriety of all logic, except that our English subtleties, which they denounce in public, are the subject of their furtive vigils.
DISCONNECTING TESTS AND OXYGEN UPTAKE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TOTAL BRAIN DEATH
Authors: Milhaud A. , Riboulot M. , Gayet H.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The disconnecting test in pure oxygen using the apnea technique of Hirsch and Volhard (1905) and Holmdahl (1956) has been described in Amiens (1972).

This test produces transient hypercapnia without hypoxia and may be prolonged for more than 20 minutes without danger of either circulatory arrest or additional cerebral damage.

Preliminary artificial ventilation in pure oxygen has to be given for more than one hour (denitrogenation). O2 uptake is measured using the ventilation spirograph. Arterial blood is taken every three minutes for gas measurements. The ventricular frequency and arterial pressure are monitored at the same time. In ten adults of average size, all with total brain death, we found a mean oxygen uptake of 193 ml/ minute. Ventricular frequency and arterial blood pressure PaO2 was always higher than 100 mm Hg (even after 20 minutes). PaCO2 increased dramatically to more than 80 mm Hg, and the blood pH decreased to less than 7.05 units, but spontaneous ventilation was never present again. The fact that spontaneous ventilation is not present postdenitrogenation and after apnea in pure oxygen for more than 15 minutes seems to be one of the best criteria of total brain death, except in cases of acute intoxication or deep hypothermia.
MINTY COLORINGS AND ORIENTATIONS OF MATROIDS
Authors: Bland Robert G. , Vergnas Michel Las
Published: December 2006

Summary

Oriented matroids are known to have a Minty coloring property. We show here that this property characterizes oriented matroids. The proof is based upon another characterization of oriented matroids due to Bland and Las Vergnas [2]. The result indicates that oriented matroids provide the broadest possible abstraction of directed graphs and vector spaces over ordered fields as systems of signed sets.
OLD AND NEW PROBLEMS IN COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND GRAPH THEORY
Authors: Erdös P.
Published: December 2006

I plan to discuss some of the many problems which interested me in the last few decades of my long life. My choice is essentially subjective—I shall state and discuss some of the older problems which I particularly like and which I hope can be solved if more mathematicians paid attention to them. I shall also state some new problems; here, of course, there is some risk that the problems are trivial or not stated correctly. I shall start by discussing some recent problems.