bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kashmir
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

India’s suspicion of US motives set in during the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir in 1950, after the Hindu maharaja of Muslim majority Kashmir acceded to India. Great Britain, considering that Kashmir should join Muslim-majority Pakistan and that India-Pakistan cooperation was essential to Commonwealth defense, feared India could exercise its legal right to self-defense after tribesmen aided by Pakistan invaded across the northern border. Foreign Office records reveal how the British acted behind the scenes in the UN Security Council to block a discussion of India’s request to remove the tribesmen from Azad Kashmir as the condition for holding a plebiscite. The United States, influenced by the British, appeared to Nehru as the power behind the hostility toward India, while seeking a Cold War bastion in Kashmir.
Science
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: December 2020

Biology is the most important science in Bazin’s theory. By rejecting Herbert Spencer’s survival of the fittest, the film theorist valorizes the holism of Darwinian evolution and the randomness of quantum physics. Due to the physical materiality of photographic tracing, Bazin rejects the Platonic equations of algebra and the static structures of classical geometry. Representative of the anti-Euclidean modern mathematics of change, contingency, and motion, the metaphor of the “integral” from calculus highlights the quasi-documentary, improvisational approach of a few Italian neorealist films. The difference between Italian neorealism and other cinematic realisms, based on a quantitative approach and naturalistic details, is that everything happens as if it were unfolding for the very first time. Neither a style nor a genre nor a repeatable formula, Italian neorealism deals with changing subjective perceptions within unpredictable social relations.
Religion
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: December 2020

Bazin argues that miracles are inexplicable events that test science. Wary of the supernatural and transcendence, he does not approve of Pius XII’s standards of sainthood. All religions are fair game for social anthropology, even if they address mankind’s spiritual dimension. Irrational belief in God is necessary to maintain hope in eternal justice, since human laws are imperfect. Cinema’s illusionism turns irrational belief into a spiritual sensibility even for those who do not believe in any religion. Opposed to the dogmatic tendencies of any religion, Bazin argues that, in comparison to Jean Delannoy’s literary adaptations, Robert Bresson’s Diary of a Country Priest (1951) stands out as an avant-garde film that is a masterpiece. This film explores Blaise Pascal’s notion of the Hidden God, by remapping the senses in such a way as to mark a new stage in the evolution of cinematic language. It is an example of pure cinema, comparable to Vittorio De Sica’s very different Bicycle Thieves (1948).
Hybrid Hate
Authors: Parfitt Tudor
Published: December 2020

The study of Western racism has tended to concentrate on either the hatred and murder of Jews or the hatred and enslavement of black people. As chief objects of racism Jews and blacks have been linked together for centuries, peoples apart from the general run of humanity. In medieval Europe Jews were often perceived as blacks, and the conflation of Jews and blacks continued throughout the period of the Enlightenment. With the discovery of a community of black Jews in Loango in west Africa in 1777, and later of black Jews in India, the Middle East, and other parts of Africa, the figure of the hybrid black Jew was thrust into the maelstrom of evolving theories about race hierarchies and taxonomies. The new hybrid played a particular role in the great battle between monogenists and polygenists as they sought to establish the unitary or disparate origins of humankind. From the mid-nineteenth century to the period of the Third Reich, Jews and blacks were increasingly conflated in a racist discourse that combined the two fundamental racial hatreds of the West. While Hitler considered Jews “Negroid parasites,” in Nazi Germany as in Fascist Italy, through texts, laws, and cartoons, Jews and blacks were combined in the figure of the black/Jew, the mortal foe of the Aryan race.
“The Most Striking Circumstance”
Authors: Parfitt Tudor
Published: December 2020

The nineteenth century witnessed the development of a bitter struggle between monogenists and polygenists. Polygenists increasingly looked for confirmation of racial hierarchies and signs of racial immutability in physiological indicators. Change in color within a race seemed to be an unanswerable proof of the effect of nature on racial characteristics and seemed to offer an explanation of racial difference. The color change of Jews from white to black was the best example of this, and increasingly black Jewish communities became the proof monogenists needed of the unitary origins of humankind. James Cowles Prichard was the leading British monogenist, and he was among the first to perceive that the color spectrum in Jews was the strongest weapon in the monogenist armory.
The Black/Jew
Authors: Parfitt Tudor
Published: December 2020

Sander Gilman argued that the consensus of nineteenth century ethnography was that the Jews “were ‘black’ or, at least, ‘swarthy.’ ” In fact, there was no such consensus. Monogenist ethnographers had to show that European Jews were white in order to be able to show that black Jews had changed from white as a result of climate determinism. The increased racialization of Jews and blacks around the time of the American Civil War was accompanied by a renewal of the idea that the Jews and blacks had much in common, including color. Robert Knox was one of the first anthropologists to argue that the Jews were negroid. He was followed by many others, most of them polygenists. Other conflations of Jews and blacks included features such as smell, ears, eyes, hair, sexuality, etc. Jews were constructed as negroes, and at the same time blacks were constructed as Jews. They were both considered to be uniquely ugly. The ugliest Africans were the so-called Hottentots, who themselves had been deemed to be of Jewish origin. African tribes throughout the continent were constructed as Jews. The founder of political antisemitism, Wilhelm Marr, came to his hatred of Jews through a hatred of blacks in America. He thought Jews had negroid features and antecedents. From the time of the German Enlightenment Jews were inserted into the category of black slaves. For the influential racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain, black blood flowed in the veins of Jews. The same goes for the important theorist Friedrich Ratzel. In the Americas, out-and-out anti-black racists were often equally anti-Jewish.
The Epistemology of Logic
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter shows that unrestricted inferentialism/conventionalism leads to a naturalistically satisfying account of our a priori knowledge of logical validity. The chapter first lays the groundwork by discussing the general question of what conditions arguments need to meet in order to lead to knowledge of their conclusions. Following Boghossian, the chapter then argues that inferentialism/conventionalism is particularly well posed to allow rule-circular arguments to lead to a priori knowledge of the validity of our basic rules. Restricted inferentialists were often forced to complicate and sometimes abandon their accounts of logical knowledge in the face of bad company. By contrast, unrestricted inferentialism has no problem at all with bad company. All told, conventionalism gives a naturalistic account of our a priori knowledge of logic.
Mutating Goddesses
Authors: Sengupta Saswati
Published: December 2020

It is an enduring contradiction that Hindus revere their goddesses but their society is dominated by Brahmanical patriarchy. Although we assume that the worship of goddesses implies the celebration of so-called female power, we overlook how the development of such practices of devotion occurred within a highly patriarchal society that subjugated women in everyday life. Addressing this oversight, Mutating Goddesses traces the shifting fortunes of four goddesses—Manasā, Caṇḍī, Ṣaṣṭhī, and Lakṣmī—and their mutation within the goddess-invested tradition of Bengal’s Hinduism. It uses the vibrant laukika archive comprising religious practices and beliefs that, unlike the ṣāstrik perspective, have not been affected by the emergence and consolidation of the male Brahman and the Sanskrit language. Using narratives such as kathās, laukika bratakathās, and maṅgalkābyas, Sengupta explores the period between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries and investigates the correlation of gender, caste, and class in the sanctioning of female subjectivities through goddess formation. Thus, she excavates the multiple and layered heritage of Bengal to illustrate how tradition is a result of strategic selection by those in power.
Mapping the Terrain
Authors: Sengupta Saswati
Published: December 2020

The politic construction of archives is central to the argument of this book. Chapter 2 traces the complex relation between the śāstrik vratas, which are the formalistic ‘Hindu’ rituals sanctioned by the scriptures composed in Sanskrit and performed with the aid of the Brahman priests, and the laukika bratas which are the customary rituals performed by men and/or women without the aid of Brahman priests and the Sanskrit texts. It reveals that the number of śāstrik vratas continues to increase through the ages garnished by the substratum of non-Brahmanical laukika rituals with attention to the notions of vrātya (the liminal other). This chapter identifies and analyses the ideological impulse propelling this commerce in terms of the pre-modern Brahmanical politics of the Purāṇas and the modern excavation of the laukika realm to define the nation in colonial context with implications for the divine feminine.
Manasā
Authors: Sengupta Saswati
Published: December 2020

Manasā worship is placed within a larger map of ophiolatry in India but unlike the cults of male deities associated with snakes, Manasā declines. In the printed bratakathā of the early twentieth century, her liminal qualities are presented through the metaphor of dance prescribed as a taboo. The dancing goddess is traced to the Bengali maṅgalakābyas of Manasā from the fifteenth century that attempt to rein in a laukika goddess with śāstrik norms. The negative representation of the goddess and her decline are found motivated in terms of her origin outside the caste-Hindu pantheon such as old tribal beliefs and Mahāyāna Buddhism, the subaltern caste location of her primary votives, her specialized knowledge and refusal to submit to patriarchal–heterosexual marital norms. Manasā’s malignancy in hegemonic culture emanates from her refusal to conform to Brahmanical femininity. The male scripting of the maṅgalakābyas constructs a good woman—Behulā—to counter her.
Case Notes and Histories
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: December 2020

Case notes provide us with rare insights into the ways in which case histories were constructed. The symptoms of insanity were documented in the Indian asylums in some form or the other from the beginning of the nineteenth century onwards. These recorded histories are available in a range of sources which include case registers, annual reports, official files, journal articles, and monographs written by the superintendents of the mental hospitals. The prejudices inherent in the documents help comprehend the notions that coloured the treatment methods. These sources also facilitate the reconstruction of the experiences of patients in the absence of their individual testimonies.
Indigenous Traditions, Modernity, and Madness
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: December 2020

Emergence of the ‘mind sciences’ in vernacular Hindi literature was a variegated phenomena. Western medical ideas were sometimes amalgamated, segregated, filtered, and appropriated by the vaidyas and hakims according to the needs of the time. Certain key psychiatric concepts had long interesting afterlives while others could not survive. These hybrid practices reflect not only the wide circulation of knowledge but also the impulses of the medical markets that recast traditional medicine in a modern garb. This chapter is a preliminary investigation into the indigenous ways of dealing with and healing madness. The spread and dissemination of Western medical knowledge led to the reshaping of some of the Ayurvedic concepts of mental illness.
Drama in Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

Messiaen’s Visions de l’Amen is interpreted as ritual cum drama, enacted by its two pianists. Beginning with the work’s compositional background, this chapter profiles Visions’ two original pianists (Messiaen and Yvonne Loriod), describes the occasion of its premiere, and outlines its extramusical inspiration in Messiaen’s visions of the Amen. Messiaen uses combinatorial means to create Visions’ ritual and drama: repeating, varying, superposing, juxtaposing, combining, and recombining. His combinatorial materials are themes, timbres, and harmonic and rhythmic modules: two types of themes (the Creation theme and the blackbird’s song), two types of timbral elements (birdsong and percussion sounds), and two types of pedals (rhythmic and melodic-harmonic) are discussed, exploring their construction, locations, and functions in Visions. The two pianos themselves, along with the constructs of ritual and drama, are viewed as combinatorial components; the chapter closes by showing how the two pianos, in combination, enact ritual and drama through their relationships.
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter reflects on the function of shared items, shared objectives (activity objects and epistemic objects), and shared agents in the book’s collaborations. Shared items included scores, notation, poetry, Mahler’s sketch fragment, Bartók’s letter to the Kolisch Quartet, and recordings. The pursuit of shared objectives (book chapters, interpretive insights) gave rise to “experimental systems” and the “problem spaces” of differing disciplinary approaches. Shared agents entailed both Leong’s identity as theorist-pianist (underlying joint performing and rehearsing experiences) and the multidisciplinary identity of several of her collaborators. Issues of representation and voice in scholar-performer collaborations are raised. Institutional and disciplinary factors affecting scholar-performer collaborations (particularly in the United Kingdom and in North America) are discussed.
Performers, Structure, and Ways of Knowing
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This concluding chapter revisits the book’s theme: performers and a theorist, interacting on musical structure, manifesting ways of knowing. The book’s nine variations are seen as windows onto larger issues integral to the relation of analysis and performance. They group into three trios: the first moves from performance to analysis and explores questions of embodiment, the creation of structure, and understanding of notation; the second proceeds from analysis to performance and constructs metaphors of remembering, of contrapuntal motion, and of ritual and drama; and the third presents analysis and performance in tandem, conflicting, fusing, and impacting audience reception. Further dimensions of knowledge are explored and related to wissen (knowing that), können (knowing how), and kennen (knowing, as in knowing a person). Analysis, performance, and the endeavor to relate the two are described as activities, meaningful in their particularity.
“Mommie was the sparkplug and Catherine was the inspiration.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Mommie opens a dance studio in Llanerch and teaches for the Philadelphia Music Club at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in the 1920s. Big Jim teaches horsemanship to wealthy men at private riding clubs. Catherine becomes a Ziegfeld dancer and performs in Sally and the Ziegfeld Follies. In New York, she studies with Italian pedagogue Luigi Albertieri. She leaves Ziegfeld’s employ and she and Mommie take their first trip to Paris. Big Jim forms News Reel Laboratory with partner Louis Kellman. Mommie opens a Littlefield School at 1415 Locust Street across from the Academy of Music. Catherine teaches there and raises its standards. She also serves as Mommie’s première danseuse. Mommie directs the “America” pageant at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition.
“She was 9/10ths a performer and 1/10th a wife.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine briefly choreographs dances at the Roxy Theatre in New York. Dorothie Littlefield performs in Europe with various ensembles, and Catherine returns home to Philadelphia to stage ballets at the Robin Hood Dell. Jimmie Littlefield forms an orchestra, while Carl Littlefield begins taking dancing lessons at the Littlefield School at the behest of Mommie. Catherine marries wealthy socialite lawyer Philip Leidy, a great-nephew of renowned naturalist Joseph Leidy, on June 8, 1933. The couple moves to an apartment at the fashionable Barclay Hotel on Rittenhouse Square. Catherine has all the pieces in place—dancers, audience, and funding—to establish her long-dreamed-of professional ballet company.
“Her ballet, Barn Dance, was the first truly American balletic composition that we have ever seen.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine dismisses agent Arnold Meckel because she anticipates many prestigious engagements in light of her company’s European triumphs. Although these engagements fail to materialize, she secures some bookings on her own and premieres new ballets such as Classical Suite, a neoclassical piece set to music by Bach. She hires agent Michael Myerberg, who secures a contract with the Chicago City Opera for the 1938 fall season. She wins over Chicagoans who were initially upset at her displacement of Chicago dancer/choreographer Ruth Page. In Chicago, Catherine changes the name of her company back to the Littlefield Ballet and premieres her ballet Americana pieces Café Society and Ladies’ Better Dresses. Karen Conrad leaves the Littlefields to join Mikhail Mordkin’s troupe, which becomes Ballet Theatre. Miriam Golden and others also join Ballet Theatre. Catherine is passed over for the Philadelphia Award.
“For Broadway one must be clever and Catherine Littlefield is very clever.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine earns Sonja Henie’s trust and helps make her skating more balletic. She also adapts ballets to ice for the Center Theatre shows. She moves to Manhattan and dates barrel jumper Jimmy Caesar for several years. She choreographs more Broadway shows, including Follow the Girls, a musical comedy starring Jackie Gleason and Russian ballerina Irina Baronova. Follow the Girls is a hit, but its revue-like formula will soon be eclipsed in popularity by the musical play genre as represented by Agnes de Mille’s Oklahoma! In 1944, Ballet Theatre revives Barn Dance. It is not successful, as the vogue for ballet Americana has begun to fade. The Littlefields open a studio in New York, where Dorothie teaches. Carl flies seventy combat missions as a pilot in World War II and receives medals for his heroism.
“It is only 8 o’clock—the sun is streaming in and God is good.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine directs dances for the 1945 Broadway musical The Firebrand of Florence and develops a close relationship with its composer, Kurt Weill. Jimmie Littlefield dies on his Zacata farm, devastating the Littlefield family. While choreographing the Broadway comedy Sweethearts, Catherine, newly divorced from Philip, meets journalist Sterling Noel. They marry and move into a penthouse apartment in Manhattan overlooking the East River. She choreographs Sonja Henie’s last American film, The Countess of Monte Cristo and becomes dance director for the Jimmy Durante television show on NBC. She dies from breast cancer in Chicago at age forty-six after finishing work on the Hollywood Ice Revue of 1952.
Disruption
Authors: Hefling Charles
Published: December 2020

Three main topics are discussed in this chapter. One is the Hampton Court conference, the first of three largely unsuccessful attempts to take account of objections to the Book of Common Prayer on the part of “godly” protestant nonconformists. Another is the counter-puritan movement known as Laudianism and the abortive Prayer Book for Scotland, known as “Laud’s Liturgy.” The third topic is the parliamentary abolishment of the Prayer Book in England, which had the unintended consequence of elevating its status as a sacred text for those who continued to use it until its return as the Church of England’s statutory liturgy at the restoration of monarchy in 1660.
Murder in our Midst
Authors: Fullerton Romayne Smith , Patterson Maggie Jones
Published: December 2020

Crime stories attract audiences and social buzz, but they also serve as prisms for perceived threats. As immigration, technological change, and globalization reshape our world, anxiety spreads. Because journalism plays a role in how the public adjusts to moral and material upheaval, this unease raises the ethical stakes. Reporters can spread panic or encourage reconciliation by how they tell these stories. Murder in Our Midst uses crime coverage in select North American and Western European countries as a key to examine culturally constructed concepts like privacy, public, public right to know, and justice. Working from close readings of news coverage, codes of ethics and style guides, and personal interviews with almost 200 news professionals, this book offers fertile material for a provocative conversation. The findings divide the ten countries studied into three media models. The book explores what the differing coverage decisions suggest about underlying attitudes to criminals and crime and how justice in a democracy is best served. Today, journalists’ work can be disseminated around the world without any consideration of whether what’s being told (or how) might dissolve cultural differences or undermine each community’s right to set its own standards to best reflect its citizens’ values. At present, unique reporting practices persist among the three models, but the Internet and social media threaten to dissolve distinctions and the cultural values they reflect. There is a need for a journalism that both opens local conversations and bridges differences among nations. This book is a first step in that direction.
What the Watchdogs Watch, Why, and Why Watching Matters
Authors: Coverage Crime
Published: December 2020

Watchdog reporters’ crime coverage practices are contrasted with those of the Protector countries; while the latter largely trust their institutions and government officials, Watchdogs do not. Thus, they routinely publish extensive details about an offense, an alleged perpetrator, and victims. This chapter explores how, on the one hand, these details can lead to an exploration of larger social issues, but, on the other hand, they can also lead to sensationalism. Watchdogs want few limits on transparency, but they can lose sight of what people need to know, and cater to capitalist ends, rather than sound, journalistic ones. Journalists in this model see their primary obligation as informing the people because sunlight is the best disinfectant. Using an historical perspective, we outline how the principles of the Enlightenment, the emphasis on the individual, and an abiding belief in peoples’ ability to be rational, underlie this ethical perspective and influence crime coverage choices.
Accountability
Authors: Coverage Crime
Published: December 2020

Crime coverage practices vary widely among the models, but these variations are under threat in an increasingly globalized world. To consider what is at stake, this chapter details some of the threats to preserving cultural difference, and then suggests journalists in each Watchdog country consider borrowing aspects of Ireland’s approach as one possible way to push back as a profession against government threats of legislation, business incursions, profit motivations, and, most importantly, to counter, in ways unique to each country, others’ influence on crime coverage. The chapter discusses the professionalism of journalism and accountability measures, like news ombudspersons and press councils, to better include voices of citizens and shore up flagging credibility. Finally, the importance of maintaining individual crime coverage practices is asserted because without a distinct voice, all journalism risks defaulting to an exaggerated tell-all American or British style that is synonymous with, and driven by, the Internet, not by best practices.
Ambivalent Behavior in Portugal, Spain, and Italy
Authors: Coverage Crime
Published: December 2020

In the three countries that make up the Ambivalent model—Italy, Spain, and Portugal—police may or may not choose to inform crime reporters when a suspect has been arrested. Arrest records do not become public until official charges are filed, and the prosecutor/judge determines that the suspect will be held for trial. This relatively closed approach protects both the police investigation and the suspect’s right to the presumption of innocence, but unofficial actions reflect a lack of commitment to those purposes. The seal on records can spring leaks. Police and prosecutors dole out details about the accused and the alleged crime to the press—but they often favor news outlets whose coverage they like. Reporters, in turn, court police for such favors with the stories they produce. If police are not forthcoming, reporters often seek details from witnesses and hope police will confirm what they find.
Capable Women, Incapable States
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

How do women claim rights against violence in India and with what consequences? By observing how women navigate the Indian criminal justice system, Roychowdhury provides a unique lens on rights negotiations in the world’s largest democracy. She finds that women interact with the law not by following legal procedure or abiding by the rules but by deploying collective threats and doing the work of the state themselves. They do so because law enforcement personnel are incapacitated and unwilling to enforce the law. As a result, rights negotiations do not necessarily lead to more woman-friendly outcomes or better legal enforcement. Instead, they allow some women to make gains outside the law: repossess property and children, negotiate cash settlements, join women’s groups, access paid employment, develop a sense of self-assurance, and become members of the public sphere. Capable Women, Incapable States shows how the Indian criminal justice system governs violence against women not by protecting them from harm but by forcing them to become “capable”: to take the law into their own hands and complete the hard work that incapable and unwilling state officials refuse to complete. Roychowdhury’s book houses implications for how we understand gender inequality and governance not just in India but in large parts of the world where political mobilization for rights confronts negligent and incapacitated criminal justice systems.
Exploding the Supply Chain
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes the relationship between secure patent enforcement, the disaggregation of technology supply chains, and reduced entry barriers in three core segments of the modern innovation economy. The establishment of the Federal Circuit in 1982, coupled with the relaxation of antitrust restrictions on licensing starting in 1977, inaugurated a strong-IP regime that has enabled firms to mitigate the expropriation risk inherent to the transfer and exchange of informational assets. In the biotechnology market, secure patents have facilitated transactions between R&D-intensive start-ups and large pharmaceutical companies that specialize in the testing, production, and distribution functions required to reach market. In certain segments of the semiconductor market, secure patents have facilitated transactions between chip-design firms and “foundries” that specialize in chip production. In certain information-technology markets, secure patents have facilitated IP-licensing structures that promote informational dissemination among a broad population of producers and other intermediate users.
The British Right-Wing Mainstream and the European Referendum
Authors: Phillips Angela
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the 2016 Brexit campaign as a window into how the right-wing establishment press in the United Kingdom influences the country’s broad political agenda. The chapter demonstrates how right-wing news cultures of the tabloid press played a crucial agenda-setting role in the European referendum debate. The right-wing press exploited the Remain/Leave dichotomy and the BBC’s notion of “strategic balance” to frame the debate within discursive limits set by the conservative elite. The result further undermined trust in British broadcasting, while largely excluding organized labor from the referendum debate. This chapter also provides comparative fodder for scholars of right-wing news in the US context, as the EU referendum in many ways replicated the structural conditions that underpin the two-party horse race coverage common in US mainstream political reporting.
Corporate Landlords and the Climate Crisis
Authors: Friedline Terri
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the nexus of finance and climate change by examining the concurrent rise of extreme weather disasters and corporate landlords. Wealthy, white corporate investors use their financial resources to profit from extreme weather. In the wake of hurricanes and floods in Lumberton, North Carolina, corporate investors swooped in to buy single-family homes and rent them out for profit. These landlords have created precarious housing for Lumberton’s Black, Brown, and lower-income white families, who were more likely to be displaced by extreme weather and then were forced to put more of their comparatively lower incomes toward rent. Corporate landlords’ speculation on single-family rentals around the country capitalizes on the racialized displacement that will likely worsen with climate change.
The Nature of Change
Authors: Friedline Terri
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the possibilities for a financial system revolution that equalizes access and democratizes power, such as through movements like Black Lives Matter and Occupy Wall Street. Examples of steps toward equalizing access and democratizing power include student loan debt protests, municipal identification documents, community benefits agreements, and public banks. These examples demonstrate the importance of uniting incremental change with the power of people. Moreover, any revolution must intentionally challenge the financial system’s calibrations to whiteness. The financial system’s calibrations have been a global, centuries-long exercise in concentrating economic power with whiteness. The type of revolution our financial system needs cannot be achieved through technological advancements.
Fromondus versus Galileo on Comets
Authors: Ariew Roger
Published: December 2020

This contribution shows how Aristotelian authors used Aristotelian principles they deemed more fundamental to deny Aristotelian tenets they regarded as secondary. This general point is illustrated by taking as a case study the early seventeenth-century debate on comets. In particular, the discussion focuses on the role played in this debate by the Flemish academician Libertus Fromondus (1587–1653), professor of philosophy and theology at Leuven, and very actively engaged in debating the ‘new’ science with many natural philosophers around Europe, including Descartes and Galileo. Fromondus criticises the Aristotelian account of comets but rejects Galileo’s explanation as well. Fromondus uses some entrenched Aristotelian principles against the Aristotelian conclusion that comets are terrestrial exhalations. For Fromondus, as it was for Tycho Brahe, superlunary comets would count against the solid spheres and for fluid planetary heavens. However, not everyone took the route followed by Fromondus. One might even count Galileo among the traditionalists, or at least among Tycho’s opponents, about comets. The upshot is that Fromondus made significant modifications to his Aristotelianism to accommodate astronomical novelties such as superlunary comets. While he could be thought of as a traditionalist, spending his whole career as an academic, he made changes that went well beyond what could be described as the articulation of the Aristotelian tradition.
Inner Democracy
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

This book investigates the psychological background of contemporary societal problems such as hate speech, authoritarianism, and divisive forms of identity politics. As a response to these phenomena, the book presents the basic premise that a democratic society needs citizens who do more than just express their preference for free elections, freedom of speech, and respect for constitutional rights. Democracy has vitality only if it is rooted in the hearts and minds of its participants who are willing to plant it in the fertile soil of their own selves. In the milieu of tension created by societal power clashes and absolute-truth pretensions, the book investigates how opposition, cooperation, and participation work as innovative forces in a democratic self. Democracy is understood as a personal learning process and as a dialogical play between thought and counter-thought, between imagination and counter-imagination, and between emotion and reason. The book is written for social scientists, teachers, and journalists.
Introduction
Authors: Belletti Adriana , Collins Chris
Published: December 2020

The introduction outlines the scope of the volume and defines smuggling as involving two steps (Step A is a pied-piping, and Step B is extraction). It is pointed out that in terms of the order of the steps involved, smuggling is the reverse of remnant movement. The possible range of smuggling operations is discussed, including a case of smuggling in the domain of A′ movement from Italian. Lastly, the contributions to the volume are summarized.
Ways of smuggling in syntactic derivations
Authors: Belletti Adriana
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents and discusses a number of derivations such as passive, causative, and passive in the causative voice / si-causative passive, which all involve movement of a chunk of the verb phrase containing the verb and its internal argument, yielding smuggling in Collins’s (2005) sense. The questions of what the engine of a smuggling derivation is and how the relevant chunk to be smuggled is identified guide the discussion. Evidence from acquisition is also considered where derivations involving smuggling appear to be at the same time more complex and more readily available to the developing child. The relevant chunks can be attracted by different types of heads in the clause structure, which all have the property of attracting syntactic movement into their specifier. Such heads may express features of different nature present in the clausal map, such as the passive and causative voice, as well as discourse-related features such as the (vP-peripheral) topic and focus features.
Canonical and reverse predication in the syntax of the active/passive diathesis alternation
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: December 2020

This chapter defends an analysis of the active/passive alternation sharing with Collins’s smuggling proposal the idea that the participial VP occupies a specifier position above the external argument, but base-generating it in this position rather than moving it there. In both the active and the passive, the VP and the external argument are in a predication structure, with a RELATOR mediating the predication relation. The active voice builds a canonical predication structure, with the VP in the RELATOR’S complement position and the subject of predication as the specifier. In the passive voice, the VP is externally merged in the specifier of the RELATOR and the external argument in its complement. This analysis provides an explanation for obligatory auxiliation, the unavailability of accusative Case for the internal argument, Visser’s Generalization (the ban on personal passivization of subject control verbs), and the restrictions on referential dependencies and depictive secondary predication in passives.
On the syntax of the can’t seem construction in English
Authors: Koopman Hilda
Published: December 2020

/The properties of the English can’t seem construction call for a syntactic resolution of the syntax-semantics mismatch it exhibits. This chapter shows the can’t seem order must be derived from a [seem to [ . . . not can VP ] ] structure. Insights into the derivation come from verb clusters in Germanic OV languages, with complex verb formation and clustering verbs like can and seem playing a central role. Together with infinitival to, dative to, and downward entailing elements, these are instrumental in creating remnant constituents, triggering pied-piping and smuggling a remnant constituent up into the structure, until each element can reach its final landing site. Restrictions fall out from the particular sequence of merge which must hold for convergence, and from the role each element must play. The English derivation in turn sheds light on a potential syntactic resolution of a syntax-phonology mismatch with “displaced” zu in German verbal clusters.
Treatment
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes the narrative medicine methodology of this project, comprising three pillars. First is interdisciplinarity, bridging clinical and scientific research; history of science and medicine; literature and film; literary criticism and theory; and philosophy, among others. The use of rhetoric in such discourses is discussed, as well as the opportunity for meaningful critique in truly transdisciplinary work. Second is narrative attentiveness toward creative and clinical texts, illuminating and critiquing their rhetorical forms and effects. Third is the creation of a challenging writerly text—in this case, in moving between different roles, such as that of diagnostician, patient, critic—and highlighting the author’s own embodied experience, inviting the reader’s active involvement. This orientation shifts the narrative medicine emphasis on the clinician as reader/listener/interpreter to a mutually participatory engagement in which those in the patient role are understood as writerly readers. Finally, the figure of blindsight as a “prescription” for metagnosis is introduced.
Renegotiation
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

Following the narrative stages of recognition and subversion, metagnosis often provokes a renegotiation of the terms which have been unsettled—the third stage of the metagnostic narrative. Drawing analogies with a range of contexts such as historical diagnosis, historiography, literary interpretation, and translation, this chapter frames the issue in epistemological and semiotic terms, asking how it is possible to effect a renegotiation. It is proposed that the pragmatic theory of the sign offers a path forward, alongside blindsight as a strategic epistemic stance. Metagnosis demonstrates that positivism and constructivism can be understood in relation to one another, joining a range of strategies and theorists such as Soja, hooks, Haraway, and Sandoval.
Introduction
Authors: Nethercut Jason S.
Published: December 2020

ENNIUS’ ANNALES WAS one of the most important hexameter epics written before Vergil’s Aeneid, and perhaps the most influential Latin poem of any period. Writing during the Republic, and covering Roman history from the fall of Troy through his own lifetime, Ennius was the first to write Latin hexameters. His ...
Explaining Race and Gender Wage Gaps
Authors: O’Neill June , O’Neill Dave
Published: December 2020

This chapter uses data from the American Community Survey (ACS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) to calculate wage differentials. Measured wage gaps shrink and are often eliminated when accounting for a variety of factors, suggesting that discrimination may not be the primary driver of earnings differentials. When examining NLSY79 data, differences in schooling, scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, and lifetime work experience explain virtually all the difference in hourly pay between minority and white men. For women, controlling for these variables results in a wage premium for minority women. This does not rule out the possibility that the variables controlled for do not themselves reflect past employer discrimination; however, these effects should not be confused with current employer discrimination. The data also suggest that the gender wage gap is driven by different choices made by men and women and not gender discrimination.
Societies of the Possible
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter uses the core concepts of position, perspective, and dialogue to analyze the workings of society. From this standpoint, we cannot conceive the possible outside of a societal framework given the fact that societies, all over the world and across historical time, comprise a variety of positions and, through the accumulation and transmission of culture, allow the development of perspectives, including on society itself. At the same time, societies are constantly transformed by the sense of possibility that fuels social change, activism, and the imaginative construction of the future in utopias and dystopias. Democratic systems, built on plurality and dialogue, tend in principle to expand the possible for individuals and communities adopting them. And yet democracies, as both a form of government and a way of living, are inherently fragile. In the end, societies of the possible are both an ontological condition for human communal living and a reality that should not be taken for granted.
The Consumer Citizen
Authors: Porter Ethan
Published: December 2020

Americans spend far more time thinking about what to buy, and what not to buy, than they do about politics. Political leaders often make political claims while using consumer terminology, and political decisions resemble consumer decisions in surprising ways. Together, these forces help give rise to the consumer citizen: a person who depends on tools and techniques familiar from consumer life to make sense of politics. Understanding citizens as consumer citizens has implications for a broad array of topics related to public opinion and political behavior. More than a dozen new experiments make clear that appealing to the consumer citizen as consumer citizen can increase trust in government, improve attitudes toward taxes, and enhance political knowledge. Indeed, such appeals can even cause people to sign up for government-sponsored health insurance. However, the consumer citizen may also prefer candidates whose policies would explicitly undercut their own self-interest. Two concepts from consumer psychology—consumer fairness and operational transparency—are especially useful for understanding the consumer citizen. Although the rise of the consumer citizen may trouble democratic theorists, the lessons of the consumer citizen can be applied to a new approach to civic education, with the aim of enriching democracy and public life.
The Consumer Citizen, Politicians, and Policy
Authors: Porter Ethan
Published: December 2020

This chapter studies the relationship between consumer fairness, political preferences, and policy uptake. Americans who support Donald Trump are especially likely to believe the government should be judged by the standards of private companies. New experimental evidence documents that, when politicians of both parties use consumer rhetoric, co-partisans of those leaders subsequently come to view politics in strikingly consumerist terms. In another experiment, results show that voters with low levels of political knowledge look most positively upon a hypothetical political candidate who promises cost-benefit alignability, compared to a candidate who promises more benefits than costs. The chapter then describes a field experiment administered in cooperation with a health insurance cooperative funded under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). A message that framed the cooperative as meeting the standards of cost-benefit alignability caused people to enroll in the cooperative.
The Consumer Citizen, Trust, and Operational Transparency
Authors: Porter Ethan
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the consumer citizen and trust in government. Approaching citizens as consumer citizens can affect trust in government. Increases in trust can be obtained by using “operational transparency,” a concept from social psychology and management. Higher levels of operational transparency can make consumers more loyal and supportive of companies. An experiment conducted with the consumer psychologists who pioneered operational transparency makes clear that a similar dynamic can affect trust in government. When people see a computer simulation of the construction of a generic American town dubbed “Anytown” that meets the standards of operational transparency, their trust in government shoots up. However, as an additional experiment shows, when applied to governmental processes, operational transparency can reduce trust in government.
Consumers and Citizens
Authors: Porter Ethan
Published: December 2020

If citizens are consumer citizens, what does this suggest for the quality of democracy? As the previous chapters have shown, appealing to people as consumer citizens can increase their political knowledge, increase their trust in government, and lead them to sign up for health insurance. In this chapter, guidance for policymakers is offered, and a new approach to civic education, modeled on the lessons of this book, is outlined. Ultimately, citizens must balance their obligations as citizens with the ubiquity of consumer life. The chapter also discusses implications for models of attitude formation.
The Environment, a Changing Climate, and Planetary Health
Authors: Phelan Alexandra L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the dynamic balance between human health and the environment, with a focus on the global health and human rights threat of climate change. International legal efforts to mitigate environmental damage and climate change—from the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 2015 Paris Agreement—have been limited in addressing the threats posed to global health. Human rights will be necessary to examine efforts to mitigate and respond to these cataclysmic threats, including rising temperatures and extreme weather events, air pollution, infectious diseases, food, water and sanitation, and mental health. Facing this unprecedented threat, advocates can draw from past advances, including the use of litigation to protect human rights affected by the environment, the realization of the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, and the implementation of human rights as a foundation of planetary health.