bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forage accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency on rotationally stocked ‘Zuri’ guineagrass pastures as affected by pre‐graze canopy height and N rate
Authors: de Almeida Otávio Goulart , Pedreira Carlos Guilherme Silveira , de Assis Juliana Aparecida , da Silva Valdson José , Pedreira Bruno Carneiro e
Published: April 2024

Grazing management and nitrogen fertilisation may affect forage accumulation (FA), nutritive value, and grazing efficiency (GE) of the highly productive ‘Zuri’ guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs syn. Panicum maximum Jacq.]. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of pre‐graze canopy heights [55 and 75 cm (H55 and H75, respectively)] and N fertilisation rates [150 and 300 kg N ha−1 year−1 (N150 and N300, respectively)] on FA, GE, grazing losses (GL), and nutritive value of Zuri under rotational stocking. The stubble height was 50% of the pre‐graze canopy height. The total FA was 20% greater under H75 than H55 (22,120 vs. 18,370 kg DM ha−1 year−1), as well as the GL was greater under H75 (85%) than under H55 (79%). Regardless of pre‐graze height, the upper stratum of the canopy was composed mostly of leaves contributing to similar crude protein (CP) (142 g kg−1) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) (559 g kg−1) concentrations. Greater N rate (N300) increased FA (23,500 vs. 16,980 kg DM ha−1 year−1) and resulted in greater GE (84% vs. 80%) compared to N150. The CP and IVDOM concentrations under N300 (157 and 571 g kg−1, respectively) were greater than under N150 (128 and 547 g kg−1). Zuri guineagrass grazed at H75 has great FA and GE, maintaining a similar forage nutritive value compared to H55.
The Role of Rotated Potential Mixing Protocols on the Behavior of a Conservative Reagent
Authors: Cho Michelle S. , Thomson Neil R.
Published: April 2024

Chaotic advection is defined as the generation of “small‐scale structures” from the repeated stretching and folding of fluid elements in a laminar flow regime that has the potential to enhance mixing and improve treatment effectiveness. Rotated potential mixing (RPM) flow is one configuration used to invoke chaotic advection and involves periodically re‐oriented dipole flow through the transient switching of pressures at a series of radial wells. In this study, we relied on conventional models used by remediation practitioners to represent the expected flow and transport behavior of a conservative reagent subjected to chaotic advection by an RPM flow system, and then explored the impact of engineering controls on reagent mixing behavior. The various lines of evidence demonstrated that this modeling approach captured the key features of the expected transport behavior reported in other studies. Visual observations of the reagent distribution, and quantitative metrics of mixing behavior highlighted the different responses that are possible by the various combinations of RPM flow parameters explored. The results show the importance of combining theoretical considerations with practical limitations when designing an RPM flow system. The flow rate and pumping duration have direct consequences on the degree of reagent spreading and mixing. The use of the same RPM flow protocol in a heterogeneous K field led to a significantly greater degree of reagent mixing than in a homogeneous K system. The results from this investigation have important implications for the design of RPM flow protocols to promote enhanced reagent mixing and thereby improve treatment effectiveness.
Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of Al2O3 ceramic cores with strip‐shaped pores by using polyamide 6 fiber template
Authors: Zhai Xiaofei , Chen Jingyi , Su Ruyue , Gao Xiong , Zhang Xueqin , He Rujie
Published: April 2024

The complex ceramic core used for hollow turbine blades requires high porosity and flexural strength. This work combined vat photopolymerization 3D printing with sacrificial template method to prepare Al2O3 ceramic cores with strip‐shaped pores using polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers as templates. When the porosity was greater than 30%, the maximum flexural strength reached up to 110.48 MPa. The sacrificial templating method improved the porosity of Al2O3 ceramic cores, forming an internal porous structure that combined strip‐shaped large pores with irregularly shaped small pores. The influences of PA6 fiber content and diameter on the shrinkage, porosity, microstructure, and comprehensive properties of alumina ceramic cores were studied, revealing the mechanism of the coexistence of high porosity and high strength.
Comparative clinical evaluation between self‐adhesive and conventional bulk‐fill composites in class II cavities: A 1‐year randomized controlled clinical study
Authors: Ellithy Mohamed S. , Abdelrahman Mohamed H. , Afifi Rania R.
Published: April 2024

Objective

This randomized controlled clinical trial compared the clinical efficacy of self‐adhesive bulk‐fill Surefil One with a traditional bulk‐fill composite in class II restorations.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐four direct class II composite restorations were categorized into two groups. Group I, control group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Filtek One bulk‐fill composite with Scotchbond Universal (SBU) adhesive in self‐etch mode, Group II, test group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Surefil One self‐adhesive bulk‐fill composite. The study involved a follow‐up period of 1 year, during which restorations were assessed at baseline (BL), 6 months, and 12 months using Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. Data analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. A comparison of restoration characteristics was performed utilizing the chi‐square test (X2). The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results

Filtek One and Surefil One bulk‐fill composites revealed clinically acceptable FDI scores over 12‐month recalls. Thirty‐two patients (64 restorations) were available for all follow‐up visits; 100% of the restorations survived. For esthetic properties, Filtek One was far better than Surefil One at all time points. However, in terms of functional and biological properties, both restorations demonstrated comparable performances.

Conclusions

Filtek One bulk‐fill restorations were superior in terms of surface luster, surface staining, color match, and translucency, but Surefil One restorations performed well and were similar to Filtek One restorations; however, additional advancements and research are needed to obtain better esthetics. Furthermore, longitudinal studies with extended follow‐up periods are needed to assess the clinical potential of both materials.

Clinical Significance

Both Filtek One and Surefil One met the FDI criteria, with Filtek One demonstrating superior esthetic and functional qualities and similar performance regarding biological criteria. Both innovative restorative materials show potential for clinical use. Trial registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number; NCT06120868:07/11/2023.
Characterization of sound production by the pot‐bellied seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) during feeding
Authors: Romanchek Brittany A. H. , Uetz George , Scheifele Peter M.
Published: April 2024

Sound production during feeding by the pot‐bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, was quantified with an observation of clicks (acoustic signal) and snicks (visual behavior). Female, male, and juvenile seahorses had feeding sounds characterized for peak (dominant) frequency (Hz), sound pressure level (SPL), and duration (ms). Subject body size and condition was estimated by standard length (SL, cm), to determine an estimate of body condition index (BCI). An inverse correlation between mean peak frequency (Hz) of clicks and SL was found for females. A negative correlation between peak frequency (Hz) of clicks and a residual BCI was determined for both males and females, suggesting that acoustic signals may contain information regarding fitness.
The incorporation of strontium and barium into the otoliths of the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at early life stages demonstrates resilience to ocean acidification
Authors: Tian Honglin , Liu Jinhu , Shan Xiujuan , Cao Liang , Jin Xianshi , Dou Shuozeng
Published: April 2024

Ocean acidification could modify the bioavailability and chemical properties of trace elements in seawater, which could affect their incorporation into the calcareous structures of marine organisms. Fish otoliths, biomineralized ear stones made by aragonite, are suspended within the endolymph fluid of teleosts, indicating that the elemental incorporation of otoliths might also be susceptible to ocean acidification. In this study, we evaluated the combined effects of CO2‐induced ocean acidification (pH 8.10, 7.70, and 7.30, corresponding to ocean acidification scenarios under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 model as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and water elemental concentrations of strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba; low, medium, and high) on elemental incorporation into otoliths of the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at early life stages. Our results revealed that the elemental incorporation of Sr and Ba into otoliths was principally dependent on the corresponding water elemental concentrations rather than on ocean acidification. Moreover, the partition coefficients (DMe) of Sr and Ba may stabilize after dynamic equilibrium is reached as the water elemental concentration increases, but are not affected by ocean acidification. Therefore, the incorporation of Sr and Ba into otoliths of the flounder at early life stages may not serve as an effective indicator of ocean acidification. In other words, the findings suggest that ocean acidification does not impact the incorporation of Sr and Ba incorporation into otoliths when tracing the temperature or salinity experiences of the flounder. Our findings will provide new knowledge for understanding the potential ecological effects of ocean acidification on the recruitment dynamics of fish species.
PANoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines promotes salivary glands radiation injury
Authors: Qu Yi , Li Dan , Chen Guanzheng , Zhao Shuqi , Han Zhengxue , Qin Lizheng
Published: April 2024

Objective

Salivary glands are frequently damaged in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Whether PANoptosis, which is characterized by pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, occurs during radiation injury to the salivary glands and its role remain unclear.

Materials and Methods

Radiation‐induced injury models of mouse submandibular gland, as well as primary acinar cells and HSG cell lines were established to determine the presence of radiation‐induced PANoptosis. Several programmed cell death inhibitors, PFTα, disulfiram, Nec‐1 and zVAD, were used to compare the effects of different cell death pathway on radiation injury. The LEGENDplex™ Human Inflammation Panel was used to characterize the inflammatory landscape secreted by salivary gland cells after radiotherapy.

Results

Single 15Gy or 8Gy radiotherapy triggered PANoptosis in mouse submandibular gland or salivary gland cells. Compared to the suppression of pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis alone, the inhibition of PANoptosis is more effective in preventing radiation injury to the salivary glands (p < 0.0001). The levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines were significantly up‐regulated in the supernatants of HSG cells within 48 h after IR. Neutralizing inflammatory cytokines are capable of inhibiting salivary glands PANoptosis.

Conclusions

Inhibition of PANoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines can effectively prevent radiation injury of salivary glands.
Knowing with
Authors: Rabenberg Heather
Published: April 2024

In this paper, I argue that there are irreducibly social epistemic values alongside more traditional epistemic values such as knowledge and true belief. In particular, I argue that what I call “epistemic convergence” is one such value, and that it can help us explain the badness of social epistemic pathologies, such as testimonial injustice and epistemic bubbles.
Going above and beyond: Motivations of L2 German learners to (dis)continue language study
Authors: Wadas Megan , Goetze Julia , Jackson Carrie
Published: April 2024

Second‐language (L2) learner motivation has been a thriving subfield within L2 acquisition research for decades, particularly since the development of the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS), a multi‐faceted motivational theory. This survey‐based study examines (1) whether L2MSS facets differ between students intending to continue (or discontinue) learning German past the language requirement and (2) whether any relationship exists between the different selves within the L2MSS, students’ L2 Learning Experience (L2E), and their Willingness to Communicate (WTC). Third‐semester learners’ mean ratings of their Ideal Self, Anti‐Ought‐To Self, WTC, and Attitudes Toward the L2 Community were significantly higher among students intending to continue German study beyond the language requirement (N = 28) than those discontinuing study (N = 46). Multiple regression analyses predicted a positive effect of the Ideal Self on ratings of both L2E and WTC. Qualitative analysis revealed themes of fear and positive attitudes toward the German language/culture among learners intending to continue German study, while non‐continuers predominantly mentioned the language requirement. Both continuers and non‐continuers mentioned the concrete and abstract utility of language learning as an additional motivation. The implications of these results for student recruitment and retention in German language programs are discussed.
Considerations for performing companion animal skin microbiome studies
Authors: Older Caitlin E. , Rodrigues Hoffmann Aline
Published: April 2024

The microbiome field has grown significantly in the past decade, and published studies have provided an overview of the microorganisms inhabiting the skin of companion animals. With the continued growth and interest in this field, concerns have been raised regarding sample collection methods, reagent contamination, data processing and environmental factors that may impair data interpretation (especially as related to low‐biomass skin samples). In order to assure transparency, it is important to report all steps from sample collection to data analysis, including use of proper controls, and to make sequence data and sample metadata publicly available. Whilst interstudy variation will continue to exist, efforts to standardise methods will reduce confounding variables, and allow for reproducibility and comparability of results between studies. Companion animal microbiome studies often include clinical cases, and small sample sizes may result in lack of statistical significance within small datasets. The ability to combine results from standardised studies through meta‐analyses would mitigate the limitations of these smaller studies, providing for more robust interpretation of results which could then inform clinical decisions. In this narrative review, we aim to present considerations for designing a study to evaluate the skin microbiome of companion animals, from conception to data analysis.
Schirmer tear test‐1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs
Authors: Pe'er Oren , Ofri Ron , Sebbag Lionel
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Assess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed.

Methods

Thirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT‐1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT‐1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community.

Results

STT‐1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT‐1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT‐1 performed with “closed eyelids” (38.5%), “open eyelids” (26.9%), or “never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open” (34.6%).

Conclusions

Eyelids status (closed or open) during STT‐1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT‐1 in a canine patient. STT‐1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed.
Fekete-Szegӧ Functional for Classes X_q^n (φ) and Y_q^n (φ)
Authors: Tseu Suet Yie , Janteng Aini
Published: April 2024

Two new subclasses of analytic functions are proposed by applying q-differential operator which is denoted as . Throughout this study, we acquired the initial coefficients  and  and the upper bound for the functional   of the functions  in the classes  and .
Optimize Nonlinear Effects on Fundamental and High-order Soliton in Photonic Crystal Fiber
Authors: Jasim AL-Taie Mohammed Salim , Matrood Wisam Roiss
Published: April 2024

Nonlinear effects in optical fibers are mainly caused by two sources: inelastic scattering behaviour or the intensity sensitivity of the medium's refractive index. The propagation process in photonic crystal fibers is more complex than the propagation process of first-order solitons, second-order solitons, and third-order solitons. This article discusses the effects of propagation on first-, second- and third-order solitons. A popular approach to supercontinuum generation through soliton fission is the higher-order soliton technique for spectral generation.
Characteristic Polynomial of Power Graph for Dihedral Groups Using Degree-Based Matrices
Authors: Romdhini Mamika Ujianita , Nawawi Athirah , Al-Sharqi Faisal , Al-Quran Ashraf
Published: April 2024

A fundamental feature of spectral graph theory is the correspondence between matrix and graph. As a result of this relation, the characteristic polynomial of the graph can be formulated. This research focuses on the power graph of dihedral groups using degree-based matrices. Throughout this paper, we formulate the characteristic polynomial of the power graph of dihedral groups based on seven types of graph matrices which include the maximum degree, the minimum degree, the greatest common divisor degree, the first Zagreb, the second Zagreb, the misbalance degree, and the Nirmala matrices.
Intentional Blade Mistuning to Emulate the Dynamic Influence of Split Ring Damper
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Baek Seunghun
Published: April 2024

A novel methodology to predict responses of bladed disks incorporated with a split ring damper is proposed. To account for the dynamic characteristics of a split ring damper, intentional blade stiffness mistuning is presented. It is assumed that the mistuning is proportional to the blade stiffness matrix and uniformly distributed to all blades. Therefore, responses of bladed disks integrated with a split ring damper are captured by the detuned bladed disk integrated with a continuous ring damper. The proposed method is demonstrated through a lumped parameter model and validated using a complete finite element model. A key advantage of the proposed approach is that the dynamic characteristics of a split ring damper are emulated by a continuous ring damper in the detuned bladed disk. Moreover, the approach holds the potential to facilitate reduced-order modeling (ROM) by employing sector-level calculations. This results in substantial reductions in computational efforts while maintaining accurate predictions of forced responses.
From Research to Application of Wearable-Derived Digital Health Measures—A Perspective From ActiGraph
Authors: Wyatt Jeremy , Guo Christine C.
Published: April 2024

ActiGraph counts were first conceptualized in 1996 to provide an accelerometer-derived metric that can quantify physical activity based on intensity. ActiGraph incorporated this metric into its product suite, enabling its wide adoption in research studies. Over the last 20 years, ActiGraph activity counts have become one of the most common metrics and building blocks of health outcome measures used in wearable research, with >24,000 journal articles published (based on Google Scholar search in 2023). Recently, this field of research is increasingly moving toward clinical application where wearable-derived metrics are growing in industry-sponsored clinical trials, including several use cases endorsed by the regulatory authorities. We celebrate this emerging trend as these patient-generated measures help reduce trial burden and enhance the meaningfulness of developed medical products to the patients. However, true adoption of digital measures in industry research is only in its infancy and still faces many challenges. As a digital health technology provider, ActiGraph has launched several strategic initiatives to support the research community to overcome these challenges and accelerate the translation of research to clinical application. The open-source release of the ActiGraph count algorithm was one of those initiatives. In this commentary, we take the opportunity to share our perspective in supporting the research community with this metric over the last 20 years, the motivation for making this open source, and what we are building to accelerate clinical adoption and realize the promise of better patient care.
The genomic history and global migration of a windborne pest
Authors: Hu Qing-Ling , Zhuo Ji-Chong , Fang Gang-Qi , Lu Jia-Bao , Ye Yu-Xuan , Li Dan-Ting , Lou Yi-Han , Zhang Xiao-Ya , Chen Xuan , Wang Si-Liang , Wang Zhe-Chao , Zhang Yi-Xiang , Mazlan Norida , OO San San , Thet Thet , Sharma Prem Nidhi , Jauharlina Jauharlina , Sukorini Ir Henik , Ibisate Michael T. , Rahman S.M. Mizanur , Ansari Naved Ahmad , Chen Ai-Dong , Zhu Zeng-Rong , Heong Kong Luen , Lu Gang , Huang Hai-Jian , Li Jun-Min , Chen Jian-Ping , Zhan Shuai , Zhang Chuan-Xi
Published: April 2024

Many insect pests, including the brown planthopper (BPH), undergo windborne migration that is challenging to observe and track. It remains controversial about their migration patterns and largely unknown regarding the underlying genetic basis. By analyzing 360 whole genomes from around the globe, we clarify the genetic sources of worldwide BPHs and illuminate a landscape of BPH migration showing that East Asian populations perform closed-circuit journeys between Indochina and the Far East, while populations of Malay Archipelago and South Asia undergo one-way migration to Indochina. We further find round-trip migration accelerates population differentiation, with highly diverged regions enriching in a gene desert chromosome that is simultaneously the speciation hotspot between BPH and related species. This study not only shows the power of applying genomic approaches to demystify the migration in windborne migrants but also enhances our understanding of how seasonal movements affect speciation and evolution in insects.
Dynamic pathway linking Pakistan flooding to East Asian heatwaves
Authors: Fu Zheng-Hang , Zhou Wen , Xie Shang-Ping , Zhang Ruhua , Wang Xudong
Published: April 2024

In July to August 2022, Pakistan suffered historic flooding while record-breaking heatwaves swept southern China, causing severe socioeconomic impacts. Similar extreme events have frequently coincided between two regions during the past 44 years, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using observations and a suite of model experiments, here, we show that the upper-tropospheric divergent wind induced by convective heating over Pakistan excites a barotropic anomalous anticyclone over eastern China, which further leads to persistent heatwaves. Atmospheric model ensemble simulation indicates that this dynamic pathway linking Pakistan flooding and East Asian heatwaves is intrinsic to the climate system, largely independent of global sea surface temperature forcing. This dynamic connection is most active during July to August when convective variability is large over Pakistan and the associated divergent flow excites barotropic Rossby waves that propagate eastward along the upper troposphere westerly waveguide. This robust waveguide and the time delay offer hopes for improved subseasonal prediction of extreme events in East Asia.
MDMA enhances empathy-like behaviors in mice via 5-HT release in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Rein Ben , Raymond Kendall , Boustani Cali , Tuy Sabrena , Zhang Jie , St. Laurent Robyn , Pomrenze Matthew B. , Boroon Parnaz , Heifets Boris , Smith Monique , Malenka Robert C.
Published: April 2024

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a psychoactive drug with powerful prosocial effects. While MDMA is sometimes termed an “empathogen,” empirical studies have struggled to clearly demonstrate these effects or pinpoint underlying mechanisms. Here, we paired the social transfer of pain and analgesia—behavioral tests modeling empathy in mice—with region-specific neuropharmacology, optogenetics, and transgenic manipulations to explore MDMA’s action as an empathogen. We report that MDMA, given intraperitoneally or infused directly into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), robustly enhances the social transfer of pain and analgesia. Optogenetic stimulation of 5-HT release in the NAc recapitulates the effects of MDMA, implicating 5-HT signaling as a core mechanism. Last, we demonstrate that systemic MDMA or optogenetic stimulation of NAc 5-HT inputs restores deficits in empathy-like behaviors in the
Shank3-
deficient mouse model of autism. These findings demonstrate enhancement of empathy-related behaviors by MDMA and implicate 5-HT signaling in the NAc as a core mechanism mediating MDMA’s empathogenic effects.
Tomato root specialized metabolites evolved through gene duplication and regulatory divergence within a biosynthetic gene cluster
Authors: Kerwin Rachel E. , Hart Jaynee E. , Fiesel Paul D. , Lou Yann-Ru , Fan Pengxiang , Jones A. Daniel , Last Robert L.
Published: April 2024

Tremendous plant metabolic diversity arises from phylogenetically restricted specialized metabolic pathways. Specialized metabolites are synthesized in dedicated cells or tissues, with pathway genes sometimes colocalizing in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, the mechanisms by which spatial expression patterns arise and the role of BGCs in pathway evolution remain underappreciated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms driving acylsugar evolution in the Solanaceae. Previously thought to be restricted to glandular trichomes, acylsugars were recently found in cultivated tomato roots. We demonstrated that acylsugars in cultivated tomato roots and trichomes have different sugar cores, identified root-enriched paralogs of trichome acylsugar pathway genes, and characterized a key paralog required for root acylsugar biosynthesis,
SlASAT1-LIKE
(
SlASAT1-L
), which is nested within a previously reported trichome acylsugar BGC. Last, we provided evidence that
ASAT1-L
arose through duplication of its paralog,
ASAT1
, and was trichome-expressed before acquiring root-specific expression in the
Solanum
genus. Our results illuminate the genomic context and molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic diversity in plants.
Direct quantification of ion composition and mobility in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors
Authors: Wu Ruiheng , Ji Xudong , Ma Qing , Paulsen Bryan D. , Tropp Joshua , Rivnay Jonathan
Published: April 2024

Ion transport in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) is crucial due to its direct impact on device response time and operating mechanisms but is often assessed indirectly or necessitates extra assumptions. Operando x-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful, direct probe for elemental characterization of bulk OMIECs and was used to directly quantify ion composition and mobility in a model OMIEC, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), during device operation. The first cycle revealed slow electrowetting and cation-proton exchange. Subsequent cycles showed rapid response with minor cation fluctuation (~5%). Comparison with optical-tracked electrochromic fronts revealed mesoscale structure–dependent proton transport. The calculated effective ion mobility demonstrated thickness-dependent behavior, emphasizing an interfacial ion transport pathway with a higher mobile ion density. The decoupling of interfacial effects on bulk ion mobility and the decoupling of cation and proton migration elucidate ion transport in conventional and emerging OMIEC-based devices and has broader implications for other ionic conductors writ large.
How to use meropenem in pediatric patients undergoing CKRT? Integrated meropenem pharmacokinetic model for critically ill children
Authors: Butragueño-Laiseca Laura , Troconiz Iñaki F. , Grau Santiago , Campillo Nuria , Padilla Belén , Fernández Sarah Nicole , Slöcker María , Herrera Laura , Santiago María José
Published: April 2024

Standard dosing could fail to achieve adequate systemic concentrations in ICU children or may lead to toxicity in children with acute kidney injury. The population pharmacokinetic analysis was used to simultaneously analyze all available data (plasma, prefilter, postfilter, effluent, and urine concentrations) and provide the pharmacokinetic characteristics of meropenem. The probability of target fT > MIC attainment, avoiding toxic levels, during the entire dosing interval was estimated by simulation of different intermittent and continuous infusions in the studied population. A total of 16 critically ill children treated with meropenem were included, with 7 of them undergoing continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT). Only 33% of children without CKRT achieved 90% of the time when the free drug concentration exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (%fT > MIC) for an MIC of 2 mg/L. In dose simulations, only continuous infusions (60–120 mg/kg in a 24-h infusion) reached the objective in patients <30 kg. In patients undergoing CKRT, the currently used schedule (40 mg/kg/12 h from day 2 in a short infusion of 30 min) was clearly insufficient in patients <30 kg. Keeping the dose to 40 mg/kg q8h without applying renal adjustment and extended infusions (40 mg/kg in 3- or 4-h infusion every 12 h) was sufficient to reach 90% fT > MIC (>2 mg/L) in patients >10 kg. In patients <10 kg, only continuous infusions reached the objective. In patients >30 kg, 60 mg/kg in a 24-h infusion is sufficient and avoids toxicity. This population model could help with an individualized dosing approach that needs to be adopted in critically ill pediatric patients. Critically ill patients subjected to or not to CKRT may benefit from the administration of meropenem in an extended or continuous infusion.
Health professionals’ perspectives on the role of obstetric ultrasonography in maternity care in rural eastern Ethiopia: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Tefera Maleda , Mezmur Haymanot , Jemal Mohammed , Assefa Nega
Published: April 2024

Objective

The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess healthcare providers’ perspectives on maternity care following the introduction of ultrasound services in the area.

Design

The qualitative descriptive study.

Study setting

This study was carried out in health centres under Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) pregnancy surveillance catchment areas in Kersa, Haramaya and Harar districts in eastern Ethiopia.

Participants

The study participants were 14 midwives working in the maternity units and 14 health centre managers in the respective health facilities. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for in-depth interviews using a semistructured interview guide. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

We identified one overarching theme "improved perinatal care" and six subthemes. Based on the accounts of the participants, the introduction of ultrasound services has led to a remarkable transformation in the overall provision of maternity care at health centres. The participants have reported a substantial rise in the utilisation of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services. The availability of ultrasound has enabled midwives to deliver comprehensive maternity care.

Conclusion

Ultrasound service utilisation at health centres improves maternity care. The utilisation of ultrasound in healthcare enables providers to closely monitor the growth and development of the fetus, identify potential complications or abnormalities and administer timely interventions. This integration of ultrasound technology translates into enhanced prenatal care, early detection of issues and prompt management, ultimately leading to improved outcomes for both the mother and the baby.
Protocol for a prospective multicentre cohort study to address the question whether diabetes and its management is still a risk factor in fast-track joint arthroplasty
Authors: Issa Luma Mahmoud , Kehlet Henrik , Madsbad Sten , Lindberg-Larsen Martin , Varnum Claus , Jakobsen Thomas , Andersen Mikkel Rathsach , Bieder Manuel Josef , Overgaard Søren , Hansen Torben Bæk , Gromov Kirill , Jørgensen Christoffer Calov
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Perioperative glycaemic control is important. However, the complexity of guidelines for perioperative diabetes management is complicated due to different and novel antihyperglycaemic medications, limited procedure-specific data and lack of data from implemented fast-track regimens which otherwise are known to reduce morbidity and glucose homeostasis disturbances. Consequently, outcome in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) after surgery and the influence of perioperative diabetes management on postoperative recovery remains poorly understood.

Methods and analysis

A prospective observational multicentre study involving 8 arthroplasty centres across Denmark with a documented implemented fast-track programme (median length of hospitalisation (LOS) 1 day). We will collect detailed perioperative data including preoperative haemoglobin A1c and antidiabetic treatment in 1400 unselected consecutive patients with DM undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty from September 2022 to December 2025, enrolled after consent. Follow-up duration is 90 days after surgery. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients with DM with LOS >4 days and 90-day readmission rate after fast-track total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The secondary outcome is the association between perioperative diabetes treatment and LOS >2 days, 90-day readmission rate, other patient demographics and Comprehensive Complication Index for patients with DM after THA/TKA/UKA in a fast-track regimen.

Ethics and dissemination

The study will follow the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-Good Clinical Practice guideline. Ethical approval was not necessary as this is a non-interventional observational study on current practice. The trial is registered in the Region of Southern Denmark and on ClinicalTrials.gov. The main results and all substudies of this trial will be published in peer-reviewed international medical journals.

Trial registration number

NCT05613439.
Navigating challenges: a socioecological analysis of sexual and reproductive health barriers among Eritrean refugee women in Ethiopia, using a key informant approach
Authors: Zepro Nejimu Biza , Medhanyie Araya Abrha , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Chernet Afona , Tschopp Rea , Abongomera Charles , Paris Daniel H , Merten Sonja
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges of Eritrean refugee women in Ethiopia.

Design

A qualitative exploratory design with the key informant approach.

Setting and participants

The study was conducted in the Afar regional state, North East, Ethiopia. The study participants were HCP responsible for providing SRH care for refugee women.

Results

Eritrean refugee women have worse health outcomes than the host population. The SRH needs were found to be hindered at multiple layers of socioecological model (SEM). High turnover and shortage of HCP, restrictive laws, language issues, cultural inconsistencies and gender inequalities were among the main barriers reported. Complex multistructural factors are needed to improve SRH needs of Eritrean refugee women.

Conclusions

A complex set of issues spanning individual needs, social norms, community resources, healthcare limitations and structural mismatches create significant barriers to fulfilling the SRH needs of Eritrean refugee women in Ethiopia. Factors like limited awareness, cultural taboos, lack of safe spaces, inadequate healthcare facilities and restrictive policies all contribute to the severe limitations on SRH services available in refugee settings. The overlap in findings underscores the importance of developing multilevel interventions that are culturally sensitive to the needs of refugee women across all SEM levels. A bilateral collaboration between Refugees and Returnees Service (RRS) structures and the Asayta district healthcare system is critically important.
Self-directed digital interventions for the improvement of emotion regulation—effectiveness for mental health and functioning in adolescents: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Thomson Abigail , Lawrence Erin G , Oliver Bonamy R , Wright Ben , Hosang Georgina M
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Research suggests that problems with emotion regulation, that is, how a person manages and responds to an emotional experience, are related to a range of psychological disorders (eg, bipolar disorder, anxiety and depression). Interventions targeting emotion regulation have been shown to improve mental health in adults, but evidence on related interventions for adolescents is still emerging. Increasingly, self-directed digital interventions (eg, mobile apps) are being developed to target emotion regulation in this population, but questions remain about their effectiveness. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence on current self-directed digital interventions available to adolescents (aged 11–18 years) and their effectiveness in addressing emotion regulation, psychopathology and functioning (eg, academic achievement).

Methods and analysis

Several electronic databases will be searched (eg, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ACM Digital Library) to identify all studies published any time after January 2010 examining self-directed digital interventions for adolescents, which include an emotion regulation component. This search will be updated periodically to identify any new relevant research from the selected databases. Data on the study characteristics (eg, author(s)) and methodology, participant characteristics (eg, age) and the digital interventions used to address emotion (dys-)regulation (eg, name, focus) will be extracted. A narrative synthesis of all studies will be presented. If feasible, the effectiveness data will be synthesised using appropriate statistical techniques. The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required for this study. Findings will be disseminated widely via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences related to this field.

Registration details

PROSPERO CRD42022385547.
Risk stratification and prognosis prediction using cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sano Madoka , Toyota Toshiaki , Morimoto Takeshi , Noguchi Yu , Shigeno Ryo , Murai Ryosuke , Okada Taiji , Sasaki Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Tomohiko , Kim Kitae , Kobori Atsushi , Ehara Natsuhiko , Kinoshita Makoto , Doi Asako , Tomii Keisuke , Kihara Yasuki , Furukawa Yutaka
Published: April 2024

Objective

There is a need for a robust tool to stratify the patient’s risk with COVID-19. We assessed the prognostic values of cardiac biomarkers for COVID-19 patients.

Methods

This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Consecutive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital from July 2020 to September 2021 were included. We obtained cardiac biomarker values from electronic health records and institutional blood banks. We stratified patients with cardiac biomarkers as high-sensitive troponin I (hsTnI), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase (CK) and CK myocardial band (CK-MB), using the clinically relevant thresholds. Prespecified primary outcome measure was all-cause death.

Results

A total of 917 patients were included. hsTnI, NT-proBNP, CK and CK-MB were associated with the significantly higher cumulative 30-day incidence of all-cause death (hsTnI: <5.0 ng/L group; 4.3%, 5.0 ng/L–99%ile upper reference limit (URL) group; 8.8% and ≥99% ile URL group; 25.2%, p<0.001. NT-proBNP: <125 pg/mL group; 5.3%, 125–900 pg/mL group; 10.5% and ≥900 pg/mL group; 31.9%, p<0.001. CK: <upper normal limit (UNL) group; 10.6%, UNL to 3 times of UNL group; 16.4% and ≥3 times of UNL group; 23.5%, p<0.001. CK-MB: <UNL group; 7.8%, UNL to 3 times of UNL group; 20.4% and ≥3 times of UNL group; 38.9%, p<0.001). The adjusted risk for all-cause death remained significant for each threshold of cardiac biomarkers.

Conclusions

Elevation of cardiac biomarkers was associated with poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients.
The Birth and Beyond (BABY) study: protocol for a birth cohort study investigating the social and environmental determinants of pregnancy-related outcomes in Black American families
Authors: Lin Betty , Middleton Rachel R , Terefe Bethlehem , Appleton Allison A , Feingold Beth J , Lynch Tara , Pieterse Alex L , Rogers Rebecca , Armah Annabelle E , Bierce Lydia F , Flagg Amanda M , McCarthy Sarah
Published: April 2024

Introduction

In the USA, Black birthing people and infants experience disproportionately worse pregnancy-related health outcomes. The causes for these disparities are unknown, but evidence suggests that they are likely socially and environmentally based. Efforts to identify the determinants of these racial disparities are urgently needed to elucidate the highest priority targets for intervention. The Birth and Beyond (BABY) study evaluates how micro-level (eg, interpersonal and family) and macro-level (eg, neighbourhood and environmental) risk and resiliency factors transact to shape birth person-infant health, and underlying psychobiological mechanisms.

Methods and analysis

The BABY study will follow 350 Black families (birthing parents, non-birthing parents and infants) from pregnancy through the first postpartum year, with research visits during pregnancy and at infant ages 6 and 12 months. Research visits comprise a combination of interview about a range of recent and life course stress and resiliency exposures and supports, psychophysiological (sympathetic, parasympathetic and adrenocortical) assessment and behavioural observations of parent–infant coregulatory behaviours. Spatial analyses are completed by mapping parent current and past residential addresses onto archival public data (eg, about neighbourhood quality and racial segregation). Finally, EMRs are abstracted for information about birthing parent relevant medical history, pregnancy conditions and infant birth outcomes. Analyses will evaluate the risk and resiliency mechanisms that contribute to pregnancy and birth-related outcomes for Black birthing people and their infants, and the protective role of individual, familial, cultural, and community supports.

Ethics and dissemination

The BABY study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at Albany Medical Centre. The study team consulted with local organisations and groups comprised of stakeholders and community leaders and continues to do so throughout the study. Research results will be disseminated with the scientific and local community as appropriate.
‘Super boots’ for soldiers: theoretical ergogenic and thermoprotective benefits of energetically optimised military combat boots
Authors: Ryan Benjamin J , Spiering BA , Hoogkamer W , Looney DP
Published: April 2024

Soldiers typically perform physically demanding tasks while wearing military uniforms and tactical footwear. New research has revealed a substantial increase of ~10% in energetic cost of walking when wearing modern combat boots versus running shoes. One approach to mitigating these costs is to follow in the footsteps of recent innovations in athletic footwear that led to the development of ‘super shoes’, that is, running shoes designed to lower the energetic cost of locomotion and maximise performance. We modelled the theoretical effects of optimised combat boot construction on physical performance and heat strain with the intent of spurring similarly innovative research and development of ‘super boots’ for soldiers. We first assessed the theoretical benefits of super boots on 2-mile run performance in a typical US Army soldier using the model developed by Kipp and colleagues. We then used the Heat Strain Decision Aid thermoregulatory model to determine the metabolic savings required for a physiologically meaningful decrease in heat strain in various scenarios. Combat boots that impart a 10% improvement in running economy would result in 7.9%–15.1% improvement in 2-mile run time, for faster to slower runners, respectively. Our thermal modelling revealed that a 10% metabolic savings would more than suffice for a 0.25°C reduction in heat strain for the vast majority of work intensities and durations in both hot-dry and hot-humid environments. These findings highlight the impact that innovative military super boots would have on physical performance and heat strain in soldiers, which could potentially maximise the likelihood of mission success in real-world scenarios.
Radiofrequency ablation for cancer pain with inadequate opioid response
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Schiavello Alessandro
Published: April 2024

Data on the use of radiofrequency (RT) to ablate a tumor mass-causing pain have not been reported. A male in his 50s, diagnosed with a pelvic relapse of rectal cancer, was admitted for pain from the left groin to the perineum. The principal findings of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence in the pelvic area of large solid tissue infiltrating the internal obturator muscle and eroding the vertebral column of the acetabulum. Also involving the gluteal muscles.He was poorly responsive to multiple opioids. He was treated with RT under CT guidance to ablate the pelvic mass. Pain relief was immediate as it was possible to reduce methadone doses since the afternoon of the operation day. Very selected patients who are not responsive to optimisation of opioid therapy, could be candidates to RF of the tumor mass, that may offer an efficient method to provide fast pain relief and allowing opioid dose reduction.
Palliative home oxygen: practical framework for clinicians
Authors: Chew Shaun , Young Holly
Published: April 2024

The British Thoracic Society 2015 guidelines on home oxygen use in adults have been pivotal in guiding clinicians on the use of long-term oxygen therapy in improving survival outcomes for patients. However, guidance for use of home oxygen in the palliative care setting has not been as robust owing to the lack of evidence-based studies. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide a clinical framework on the use of palliative home oxygen therapy by considering its prognostic and symptomatic benefits as well as offering pragmatic advice for palliative home oxygen in end-of-life care.