bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Example of a six-dimensional LCK solvmanifold
Authors: Sawai Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to prove that there exists a lattice on a certain solvable Lie group and construct a six-dimensional locally conformal Kähler solvmanifold with non-parallel Lee form.
Formale Anschauung
Authors: Neumann Peter
Published: February 2017

Kant’s distinction between “form of intuition” and “formal intuition” in the Critique of Pure Reason is a crucial one. It highlights the fact that, even while the manifold of sensible intuition is given to us, the forms of space and time are, in themselves, a product of our understanding. The way Kant introduces “formal intuition” is, of course, highly problematic, but it nevertheless stimulated the post-Kantian debates, with subsequent authors following him in one direction or the other. Setting out from Kant’s notion of formal intuition, this paper advances the thesis that the question of whether space and time as such can be derived from our understanding is at the core of the debates that make up much of post-Kantian philosophy. Examining an argument between Jacobi and Hegel, it goes on to argue that the Kantian notion of formal intuition is closely connected to our very understanding of being a subject in time.
Kann personale Heiligkeit Menschenrechte fördern?
Authors: Leist Anton
Published: February 2017

Could it be that human rights have come into existence not, as standard history would have it, by the discovery of ‘human reason,’ but rather through the influence of a religion-based ‘sacredness’ of the human person? This is what Hans Joas in his bookThe Sacredness of the Person: A New Genealogy of Human Rightssuggests. On closer inspection, even following the laborious navigation through definitions and methodological preliminaries required for such a dispute, the thesis looks anything but plausible. Since Joas highlights his own method as ‘pragmatist,’ it is necessary to distinguish between different versions of the pragmatist project – the conclusion being that a plausible ‘naturalist’ version of pragmatism conflicts with the Jamesian variant of a religious pragmatism à la Joas. Also, it is suggested that sacredness of persons, even if hypothetically accepted, would become redundant in a justification of human rights, the latter being based on the average interests of ordinary people. The pragmatist quest for a belief in God that can be sublimated into something human remains inconclusive.
Compactness in Metric Spaces
Authors: Nakasho Kazuhisa , Narita Keiko , Shidama Yasunari
Published: February 2017

In this article, we mainly formalize in Mizar [2] the equivalence among a few compactness definitions of metric spaces, norm spaces, and the real line. In the first section, we formalized general topological properties of metric spaces. We discussed openness and closedness of subsets in metric spaces in terms of convergence of element sequences. In the second section, we firstly formalize the definition of sequentially compact, and then discuss the equivalence of compactness, countable compactness, sequential compactness, and totally boundedness with completeness in metric spaces.

In the third section, we discuss compactness in norm spaces. We formalize the equivalence of compactness and sequential compactness in norm space. In the fourth section, we formalize topological properties of the real line in terms of convergence of real number sequences. In the last section, we formalize the equivalence of compactness and sequential compactness in the real line. These formalizations are based on [20], [5], [17], [14], and [4].
Prime Factorization of Sums and Differences of Two Like Powers
Authors: Ziobro Rafał
Published: February 2017

Representation of a non zero integer as a signed product of primes is unique similarly to its representations in various types of positional notations [4], [3]. The study focuses on counting the prime factors of integers in the form of sums or differences of two equal powers (thus being represented by 1 and a series of zeroes in respective digital bases).

Although the introduced theorems are not particularly important, they provide a couple of shortcuts useful for integer factorization, which could serve in further development of Mizar projects [2]. This could be regarded as one of the important benefits of proof formalization [9].
Riemann-Stieltjes Integral
Authors: Narita Keiko , Nakasho Kazuhisa , Shidama Yasunari
Published: February 2017

In this article, the definitions and basic properties of Riemann-Stieltjes integral are formalized in Mizar [1]. In the first section, we showed the preliminary definition. We proved also some properties of finite sequences of real numbers. In Sec. 2, we defined variation. Using the definition, we also defined bounded variation and total variation, and proved theorems about related properties.

In Sec. 3, we defined Riemann-Stieltjes integral. Referring to the way of the article [7], we described the definitions. In the last section, we proved theorems about linearity of Riemann-Stieltjes integral. Because there are two types of linearity in Riemann-Stieltjes integral, we proved linearity in two ways. We showed the proof of theorems based on the description of the article [7]. These formalizations are based on [8], [5], [3], and [4].
Uniform Space
Authors: Coghetto Roland
Published: February 2017

In this article, we formalize in Mizar [1] the notion of uniform space introduced by André Weil using the concepts of entourages [2].

We present some results between uniform space and pseudo metric space. We introduce the concepts of left-uniformity and right-uniformity of a topological group.

Next, we define the concept of the partition topology. Following the Vlach’s works [11, 10], we define the semi-uniform space induced by a tolerance and the uniform space induced by an equivalence relation.

Finally, using mostly Gehrke, Grigorieff and Pin [4] works, a Pervin uniform space defined from the sets of the form ((X\A) × (X\A)) ∪ (A×A) is presented.
Direct conversion of cellulose to α-hydroxy acids (AHAs) over Nb2O5-SiO2-coated magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Candu Natalia , Anita Florin , Podolean Iunia , Cojocaru Bogdan , Parvulescu Vasile I. , Coman Simona M.
Published: February 2017

A series of Nb (3 wt% or 60 wt% Nb2O5)-based magnetic nanocomposites (Nb-Si@MNP) was prepared by covering the magnetic cores with Nb2O5-SiO2 shells using either co-precipitation or sol-gel followed by precipitation methods. These materials were exhaustively characterized through XRD, Raman spectroscopy, CO2- and NH3-TPD, DRIFT spectroscopy, and TG-DTA, after which the catalytic one-pot conversion of cellulose to valuable α-hydroxy-acids (i.e. lactic and glycolic acids) was investigated. The catalytic performances, expressed in terms of lactic and glycolic acid yields, were directly correlated to the nature of the catalytic sites which, in turn, depended on the niobia content and the preparation route.
Molecular identification of Trichinella isolates from wildlife animals of the Russian Arctic territories
Authors: Goździk K. , Odoevskaya I. M. , Movsesyan S. O. , Cabaj W.
Published: February 2017

The parasitic nematodes of genus Trichinella are infective to a wide range of hosts, including humans, and have global distribution from tropic to arctic areas. Muscle samples from animals, collected in two areas of the Russian Federation, Chukotka Peninsula and Arkhangelsk Oblast, were tested for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae. Trichinella spp. larvae were recovered from tissues of eleven wild and domestic animals: 1 polar bear, 1 wolverine, 3 arctic foxes, 1 ringed seal, 1 brown bear, 1 cat, 1 sled dog, 1 domestic pig and 1 northern sea lion.

Two molecular methods, multiplex PCR and inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR PCR), were utilized for species identification. T. nativa was identified in the majority of tested animals and mixed infections with two Trichinella species were detected in four animals. T. spiralis/T. pseudospiralis mixed infection was found in a domestic pig and T. spiralis/T. nativa in two arctic foxes and a northern sea lion.

Here, for the first time, Trichinella spp. infection in a northern sea lion and the northern sea lion as a new host for T. spiralis and T. nativa is reported. Discovery of Trichinella spp. infection in a new host, such as a northern sea lion, which is an opportunistic marine predator, mainly feeding on fish, indicates environmental contamination. Leaving of carcasses or waste from animals and improper management of livestock operations is important for spreading Trichinella spp. infection in free living animals. Therefore, further extensive epidemiological and environmental research and molecular studies are needed to investigate the local fauna.
New data on wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) a dead-end host for large American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna)
Authors: Konjević D. , Bujanić M. , Erman V. , Gudan Kurilj A. , Živičnjak T. , Severin K. , Tomić S. , Martinković F.
Published: February 2017

Fascioloidosis is a parasitic disease of primary wild and domestic ruminants, caused by a digenean trematode, Fascioloides magna. The final hosts of F. magna are divided according to the host-parasite interactions into definitive, dead end and aberrant. The clinical appearance, pathology, outcome of disease, and its importance in disease epidemiology vary with different host types. According to this division, wild boar (Sus scrofa) are characterized as a dead end host. In this paper we analysed 12 wild boar livers from Croatia. Eleven of them contained pigment traces, pseudocysts, degrading pseudocysts, fluke migratory channels, live and degrading flukes. F. magna eggs were found in pseudocysts, but no eggs were recovered from faeces. Concurrent infection with F. magna and Fasciola hepatica was detected in one liver. According to everything we observed, wild boar currently has no direct role in maintaining and spreading the disease.
Computational Study of the Transport Properties of Molten CaO-SiO2-P2O5-FeO System
Authors: Diao Jiang , Zhang Quan , Qiao Yong , Jiang Lu , Xie Bing
Published: February 2017

MD simulations have been accomplished to study the transport properties of molten CaO-SiO2-P2O5-FeO system. The self-diffusion coefficients of Ca, Si, P, Fe and O ions increase with increasing slag basicity and FeO content, while decrease with increasing P2O5 content. The diffusivities of these ions in the quaternary melts follow the sequence of Ca>Fe>O>P>Si. The calculated viscosities are in good agreement with the experimental ones. It is obvious that increasing the amount of network formers (e. g., Si and P ions) leads to larger viscosity and degree of slag polymerization, while adding network modifiers (e. g., Fe and Ca ions) causes viscosity and slag polymerization to decrease. Except for the calculation, the FT-IR analysis also confirmed the relationship between structural properties of the slag and composition. The viscosity of the slag increases linearly with increasing the parameter of Q(Si+P).
64-Bit Migration Vulnerabilities
Authors: Wressnegger Christian , Yamaguchi Fabian , Maier Alwin , Rieck Konrad
Published: February 2017

The subtleties of correctly processing integers confronts developers
with a multitude of pitfalls that frequently result in severe software
vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, even code shown to be secure on one
platform can be vulnerable on another, such that also the migration of
code itself is a notable security challenge.

In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of integer-based
vulnerabilities that originate in code which works as expected on 32-bit
platforms but not on 64-bit platforms. The changed width of integer
types and the increased amount of addressable memory introduce
previously non-existent vulnerabilities that often lie dormant in
existing software.
To emphasize the lasting acuteness of this issue, we empirically
evaluate the prevalence of these flaws in the scope of
Debian stable (“Jessie”) and 200 popular open-source projects hosted
on GitHub.
Uncertainty assessment in geodetic network adjustment by combining GUM and Monte-Carlo-simulations
Authors: Niemeier Wolfgang , Tengen Dieter
Published: February 2017

In this article first ideas are presented to extend the classical concept of geodetic network adjustment by introducing a new method for uncertainty assessment as two-step analysis.

In the first step the raw data and possible influencing factors are analyzed using uncertainty modeling according to GUM (Guidelines to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements). This approach is well established in metrology, but rarely adapted within Geodesy.

The second step consists of Monte-Carlo-Simulations (MC-simulations) for the complete processing chain from raw input data and pre-processing to adjustment computations and quality assessment. To perform these simulations, possible realizations of raw data and the influencing factors are generated, using probability distributions for all variables and the established concept of pseudo-random number generators. Final result is a point cloud which represents the uncertainty of the estimated coordinates; a confidence region can be assigned to these point clouds, as well.

This concept may replace the common concept of variance propagation and the quality assessment of adjustment parameters by using their covariance matrix. It allows a new way for uncertainty assessment in accordance with the GUM concept for uncertainty modelling and propagation.

As practical example the local tie network in “Metsähovi Fundamental Station”, Finland is used, where classical geodetic observations are combined with GNSS data.
Free subgroups of inverse limits of iterated wreath products of non-abelian finite simple groups in primitive actions
Authors: Leinen Felix , Puglisi Orazio
Published: February 2017

Let

𝒲
=

{

G
i

∣

1
≤
i
∈
ℕ

}

{\mathcal{W}=\{G_{i}\mid 1\leq i\in\mathbb{N}\}}

be a set
of non-abelian finite simple groups.
Set

W
1

=

G
1

{W_{1}=G_{1}}

and choose a faithful transitive primitive

W
1

W_{1}

-set

Δ
1

\varDelta_{1}

.
Assume that we have already
constructed

W

n
-
1

W_{n-1}

and chosen a transitive faithful primitive

W

n
-
1

W_{n-1}

-set

Δ

n
-
1

\varDelta_{n-1}

.
The group

W
n

W_{n}

is then defined as

W
n

=

G
n

⁢

wr

Δ

n
-
1

⁡

W

n
-
1

{W_{n}=G_{n}\operatorname{wr}_{\varDelta_{n-1}}W_{n-1}}

.
If W is the inverse limit

W
=

lim
←

⁡

(

W
n

,

ρ
n

)

{W=}{\varprojlim(W_{n},\rho_{n})}

with respect to the natural
projections

ρ
n

:

W
n

→

W

n
-
1

{\rho_{n}\colon W_{n}\to W_{n-1}}

, we prove that, for each

k
≥
2

k\geq 2

, the set of k-tuples of W that freely generate a free subgroup of rank k is comeagre in

W
k

W^{k}

and its complement has Haar measure zero.
Finite groups with an automorphism of large order
Authors: Bors Alexander
Published: February 2017

Let G be a finite group, and assume that G has an automorphism of order at least

ρ
⁢

|
G
|

{\rho|G|}

, with

ρ
∈

(
0
,
1
)

{\rho\in(0,1)}

. We prove that if

ρ
>

1
/
2

{\rho>1/2}

, then G is abelian, and if

ρ
>

1
/
10

{\rho>1/10}

, then G is solvable, whereas in general, the assumption implies

[
G
:
Rad

(
G
)

]

≤

ρ

-
1.78

{[G:\operatorname{Rad}(G)]\leq\rho^{-1.78}}

, where

Rad
⁡

(
G
)

{\operatorname{Rad}(G)}

denotes the solvable radical of G. We also prove analogous results for a larger class of self-transformations of finite groups, so-called bijective affine maps. Furthermore, we provide two results of independent interest: an upper bound on element orders in the holomorph of a finite group, and that every bijective affine map of a finite semisimple group has a cycle of length equal to the order of the map, extending a theorem of Horoševskiĭ.
Ein Verwaltungsakt mit verteilten Rollen Politische Prozesse in der späten DDR als organisierte Unterkomplexität
Authors: Booß Christian
Published: February 2017

Ausgehend von einer statistischen Untersuchung über politische Prozesse im Ostberlin des Jahres 1984 wird die Hypothese entfaltet, dass die Organisation der arbeitsteilig arbeitenden DDR-Justiz aufgrund homologer hierarchischer Strukturen bei Staatsanwaltschaft, Gerichten und Anwaltschaft Diskursivität und Perspektivenvielfalt behindert und zur Entkernung des justiziellen Charakters der Prozesse beigetragen hat. Dabei bewährt sich die Organisationssoziologie bei der Analyse des demokratischen Zentralismus in der Justiz der DDR und der Abwicklung von politischen Prozessen im Sinne der Herrschenden unterhalb der Ebene ausdrücklicher Weisung.

Drawing upon a quantitative study of political processes in East Berlin in 1984, it is argued that the homologous hierarichical structure of East Germany’s judiciary – its prosecuters, courts and lawyers – limited legal discourse and impeded the inclusion of multiple perspectives. This, in turn, contributed the increasingly non-legal character of court proceedings. Organizational sociology provides a useful tool in the analyses of East Germany’s legal structures and the development of political processes occurring below the level of official communinication.
Research Article. Improved Dual Frequency PPP Model Using GPS and BeiDou Observations
Authors: Afifi A. , El-Rabbany A.
Published: February 2017

This paper introduces a new dual-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) model, which combines GPS and BeiDou observations. Combining GPS and BeiDou observations in a PPP model offers more visible satellites to the user, which is expected to enhance the satellite geometry and the overall PPP solution in comparison with GPSonly PPP solution. However, combining different GNSS constellations introduces additional biases, which require rigorous modelling, including GNSS time offset and hardware delays. In this research, ionosphere-free linear combination PPP model is developed. The additional biases, which result from combining the GPS and BeiDou observables, are lumped into a new unknown parameter identified as the inter-system bias. Natural Resources Canada’s GPSPace PPP software is modified to enable a combined GPS/BeiDou PPP solution and to handle the newly introduced biases. A total of four data sets at four IGS stations are processed to verify the developed PPP model. Precise satellite orbit and clock products from the IGS-MGEX network are used to correct both of the GPS and BeiDou measurements. It is shown that a sub-decimeter positioning accuracy level and 25% reduction in the solution convergence time can be achieved with combining GPS and Bei-Dou observables in a PPP model, in comparison with the GPS-only PPP solution.
Crystal structure of 4a-Hydroxy-9-(2-nitro-phenyl)-3,4,4a,5,6,7,9,9a-octahydro-2H-xanthene-1,8-dione, C19H19NO6
Authors: Li Jiangtao
Published: February 2017

C19H19NO6, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.009(3) Å, b = 8.081(3) Å, c = 15.218(8) Å, α = 101.973(9)°, β = 99.137(10)°, γ = 102.164(7)°, V = 805.5(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0520, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1271, T = 296(2) K.
VEG-01: Veggie Hardware Validation Testing on the International Space Station
Authors: Massa Gioia D. , Dufour Nicole F. , Carver John A. , Hummerick Mary E. , Wheeler Raymond M. , Morrow Robert C. , Smith Trent M.
Published: February 2017

The Veggie vegetable production system was launched to the International Space Station with three sets of test plants for an initial hardware validation test, designated VEG-01. VEG-01A and B featured the crop ‘Outredgeous’ red romaine lettuce, while VEG-01C tested ‘Profusion’ zinnia plants for longer duration growth and flowering characteristics. Irrigation of plants in all three growth studies presented a challenge, with lettuce suffering from inadequate water and zinnia suffering from excess water. Direct plant pillow watering by crew members enabled plant growth, and returned samples from the first crop, VEG-01A, indicated that food safety was acceptable. VEG-01B plants at harvest were split to allow for on-orbit crew consumption as well as science sample return. Direct-watered zinnias suffered fungal growth and other physiological stresses, but two plants survived and these produced numerous flowers. The VEG-01 series allowed a large amount of data on system performance, human factors, procedures, microbiology, and chemistry of space-grown plants to be gathered. Observations from these tests are helping to drive future hardware modifications and provide information on food crop growth and development in a microgravity environment.
Territory, Relationship or Path: A Brief Survey in Metaphors of “Double Religious Belonging”
Authors: Baatz Ursula
Published: February 2017

The discussion about “double” or “multiple belonging” does not take into account that there is no mandatory definition of religion. This paper explores some of the metaphors involved. “Belonging to a religion” implies a passive attitude and can signify “belonging to a mental or physical territory”; or it can signify “belonging to a group or person”, i.e. it signifies a relationship. “Religion” is a Western concept, which cannot be translated e.g. into Sanskrit. One of the important Indian metaphors used is “path” or “way”, which transports instead of a passive “belonging” the active notion of “owning it”. “Belonging” could be seen in a context of identity politics, whereas “way” or “path” refers to the human need of spiritual transformation.
The final fate of NHC stabilized dicarbon
Authors: Georgiou Dayne C. , Mahmood Ismael , Haghighatbin Mohammad A. , Hogan Conor F. , Dutton Jason L.
Published: February 2017

In this paper we report the outcome of the reduction of NHC stabilized acetylenic dications, [NHC-Cn-NHC]2+ for n=2 and 4. The target compounds were NHC stabilized di- and tetracarbon in the form of NHC-Cn-NHC. However, upon chemical reduction, decomposition ensues with release of the free NHC. This effect is also observed in electrochemical studies. This lends credence to Bestman’s hypothesis that two donor ligands cannot stabilize Cn for n=even numbers.
The Interaction between Graphene and Oxygen Atom
Authors: Hao Yifan , Zhao Xuejun , Song Xuedan , Li Hongjiang , Zhu Xiaobing , Hao Ce
Published: February 2017

Based on the density function theory (DFT) method, the interaction between the graphene and oxygen atom is simulated by the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G basis set. Due to the symmetry of graphene (C54H18, D
6h
), a representative patch is put forward to represent the whole graphene to simplify the description. The representative patch on the surface is considered to gain the potential energy surface (PES). By the calculation of the PES, four possible stable isomers of the C54H18-O radical can be obtained. Meanwhile, the structures and energies of the four possible stable isomers, are further investigated thermodynamically, kinetically, and chemically. According to the transition states, the possible reaction mechanism between the graphene and oxygen atom is given.
Kinetics of the austenitization in the Fe-Mo-C ternary alloys during continuous heating
Authors: Kong Lingnan , Liu Yaohui , Liu Jia’an , Song Yulai , Li Shasha , Liang Yan , Zheng Yi , Cui Wei
Published: February 2017

The influence of molybdenum on the microstructure and kinetics of the austenization of the Fe-Mo-C ternary alloys is analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model (JMAK) in the temperature range from 293 K to 1373 K. The as-cast microstructure and microstructure after DSC test are obtained using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was seen that with an increasing Mo concentration, the lamellar pearlite is spherized and the austenite grain size decreases. In addition, both DSC curves and the JMAK model show that the initial (Ac1) and the final (Ac3) temperature of the phase transition increases with an increasing Mo concentration. It was also seen that increasing the Mo concentration, the diffusion activation energy (DAE) increases and the pre-exponential factor of diffusion (DPEF) decreases due to a change in both the austenitic nucleation rate and the diffusion of the elements caused by the introduction of Mo.
Impact of Cesium decontamination on performances of high activity sample analysis
Authors: Maillard Christophe , Boyer-Deslys Valerie , Dautheribes Jean L. , Esbelin Eric , Béres André , Jan Steve , Baghdadi Sarah , Rivier Cedric
Published: February 2017

Experiments in the ATALANTE facility can lead to high activity samples (for example the dissolution of hulls and spent fuels), essentially coming from the presence of 137Cs. Usually, these samples are handled in a shielded cell. The removal of this radionuclide from the sample would make it possible to handle it in glove boxes without having to perform an important dilution in the shielded cells beforehand. It would allow to analyze samples using techniques usually implemented in glove boxes (such as ICP, α spectrometry …) and to reach lower detection and quantification limits. To do so, a separation by extraction chromatography using a Triskem AMP-PAN column was developed. A cesium decontamination factor higher than 5×104 and detection limits improvement up to a factor 100 were obtained.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene/Mesoporous Diatomite Composites via Activators Generated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Davoudizadeh Soroush , Sarsabili Mohammadreza , Khezri Khezrollah
Published: February 2017

Diatomite platelets were employed to synthesize different polystyrene/diatomite composites. Mesoporous diatomite platelets were used for in situ polymerization of styrene by activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization to synthesize tailor-made polystyrene nanocomposites. FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were employed for evaluating some inherent properties of the pristine mesoporous diatomite platelets. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm is applied to examine surface area and structural characteristics of the diatomite platelets. Evaluation of pore size distribution and morphological studies were also performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Conversion and molecular weight determinations were carried out using gas and size exclusion chromatography, respectively. Addition of 3 wt% pristine mesoporous diatomite leads to increase of conversion from 78 to 95%. Molecular weight of polystyrene chains increases from 15800 to 20000 g·mol−1 by addition of 3 wt% pristine mesoporous diatomite; however, polydispersity index values increases from 1.14 to 1.38. Increasing thermal stability of the nanocomposites is demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry shows an increase in glass transition temperature from 93.8 to 97.4°C by adding 3 wt% of mesoporous diatomite platelets.
Allometric Grip Strength Norms for Children of Hawaiian Lineage
Authors: Kocher Morgan H. , Romine Rebecca K. , Stickley Christopher D. , Morgan Charles F. , Resnick Portia B. , Hetzler Ronald K.
Published: February 2017

Kocher, MH, Romine, RK, Stickley, CD, Morgan, CF, Resnick, PB, and Hetzler, RK. Allometric grip strength norms for children of Hawaiian lineage. J Strength Cond Res 31(10): 2794–2807, 2017—The purpose of the study was to determine allometric exponents for scaling grip strength in children that effectively control for body mass (BM) and stature (Ht) and to develop normative grip strength data for Hawaiian children. One thousand, four hundred thirty-seven students (754 boys) from a rural community in Hawaii participated in this 5-year study, resulting in 2,567 data points. Handgrip strength, BM, and Ht were collected every year. Multiple log-linear regression was used to determine allometric exponents for BM and Ht. Appropriateness of the allometric model was assessed through regression diagnostics, including normality of residuals and homoscedasticity. Allometrically scaled, ratio-scaled, and unscaled grip strength were then correlated with BM and Ht to examine the effectiveness of the procedure in controlling for body size. Allometric exponents for BM and Ht were calculated separately for each age group of boys and girls to satisfy the common exponent and group difference principles described by Vanderburgh. Unscaled grip strength had moderate to strong positive correlations with BM and Ht (p ≤ 0.05 for all) for all age groups. Ratio-scaled handgrip strength had significant moderate to strong negative correlations with BM (p ≤ 0.05 for all) and, to a lesser extent, Ht (p ≤ 0.05 for 8- to 12-year-old boys; p ≤ 0.05 for 8- to 12- and 14-year-old girls). Correlations between allometrically scaled handgrip strength and BM and Ht were not significant and approached zero. This study was the first to allometrically scale handgrip strength for BM and Ht in Hawaiian children. Allometric scaling applied to grip strength provides a useful expression of grip strength free of the confounding influence of body size.
Reliability of Zephyr Bioharness and Fitbit Charge Measures of Heart Rate and Activity at Rest, During the Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test, and Recovery
Authors: Nazari Goris , MacDermid Joy C. , Sinden Kathryn E. , Richardson Julie , Tang Ada
Published: February 2017

Nazari, G, MacDermid, JC, Sinden, KE, Richardson, J, and Tang, A. Reliability of Zephyr Bioharness and Fitbit Charge measures of heart rate and activity at rest, during the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test, and recovery. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 559–571, 2019—The purpose of this study was to determine the intrasession and intersession reliability of Zephyr Bioharness (ZB) and Fitbit Charge variables in both healthy men and women at rest, during the Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT), and throughout recovery. Stratified convenience and snowball sampling were used to recruit 60 participants (30 women, 48 ± 15 years) and (30 men, 48 ± 15 years) from McMaster University student, staff, and faculty population. At rest, intrasession average heart rate (b·min−1). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Standard Error of Measurement [SEM] for Zephyr ranged from (0.94–0.97) [1.17–1.70] to (0.92–0.97) [1.45–2.10] for Fitbit Charge. During the mCAFT, the Zephyr ICCs and (SEM) ranged from 0.31–0.99 (1.28–8.10) to 0.45–0.99 (1.45–8.71) for the Fitbit Charge. Throughout the recovery, the ICCs and (SEM) ranged from 0.44–0.98 (1.26–10.47) to 0.45–0.98 (1.15–11.90) for Zephyr and Fitbit devices, respectively. At rest, intersession ICCs (SEM) for Zephyr and Fitbit ranged from 0.90–0.94 (1.73–2.37) to 0.88–0.94 (1.83–2.67), respectively. At mCAFT, the Zephyr ICCs (SEM) ranged from 0.91–0.97 (3.12–4.64) to 0.85–0.98 (3.28–4.88) for the Fitbit. Throughout the recovery, the ICCs (SEM) ranged from 0.93–0.97 (2.65–4.66) to 0.76–0.91 (3.17–4.67) for Zephyr and Fitbit devices, respectively. To conclude, both the ZB and Fitbit Charge devices demonstrated excellent reliability measures throughout the 3 phases. The findings from our study add to the existing pool of literature regarding the reliability parameters of wearable devices and suggest that stable and consistent measures of heart rate and physical activity can be obtained using ZB and Fitbit Charge devices among healthy male and female participants at rest, during a standardized submaximal fitness test (mCAFT), and throughout recovery.
Performance Characteristics of Blended Cementitious Systems Incorporating Chemically Transformed Rice Husk Ash
Authors: Prasittisopin L. , Trejo D.
Published: February 2017

Research has indicated that an as-received rice husk ash (AR-RHA) can be chemically transformed by being treated with alkali solutions. Such a chemical transformation could result in an increase in silicate ion concentration, reduction of particle size, and elimination of the cellular morphology. In this paper, the early- and later-age performance was investigated including flowability, setting time, chemical shrinkage (CS), compressive strength, hardened porosity, and apparent chloride ion permeability (Da). The process provides several benefits to the rice husk ash (RHA) blended cementitious system, including faster setting, increased early-age compressive strength, reduced porosity, and decreased Da. These benefits occurred due to the physico-chemical mechanisms of better particle packing from smaller RHA particles, the NaOH addition, and the increased silicate ion concentration in solution. This chemical transformation method is promising and can make RHA a more user-friendly supplementary cementing material (SCM), enhancing its likelihood of being utilized.
Simulation of Microtextured Surfaces in Starved EHL Contacts Using Commercial FE Software
Authors: Marian Max , Weschta Martin , Tremmel Stephan , Wartzack Sandro
Published: February 2017

In order to improve the lubricating conditions and thus realize a reduction of friction and wear, the surfaces of contacting bodies in lubricated tribological contacts can be microtextured. Although this approach has already reached industrial applications for lower loaded contacts, it is still in basic research for higher loaded contacts, where elastic deformation plays a significant role. In the past, it was common in theoretical studies to assume a fully flooded condition for the inlet to the contact. However, in reality a lubricant contact may suffer from starvation due to high speeds, highly viscous lubricants, or limited lubricant supply. This article presents an efficient straightforward approach to compute starved microtextured elastohydrodynamic contacts based on a full-system approach and using commercial FE software. The numerical study on starvation is realized by shifting the position of the inlet meniscus toward the contact zone combined with the use of an appropriate cavitation model. Therefore, negative pressures are penalized by reducing the lubricant's density, respectively its volume or mass fraction, with a penalty term. First, the implementation for the steady-state smooth-surface problem as well as the impact of decreasing lubricant supply on the film thickness are discussed as a reference case. Special is paid to proving suitability and validity of the used cavitation model for starvation problems. Subsequently, the influence of different degrees of starvation on film thickness and pressure distribution for a microtextured time-dependent demonstrator case is illustrated.
Tribological Behavior of Oil-Lubricated Laser Textured Steel Surfaces in Conformal Flat and Non-Conformal Contacts
Authors: Kovalchenko A. M. , Erdemir A. , Ajayi O. O. , Etsion I.
Published: February 2017

Changing the surface texture of sliding surfaces is an effective way to manipulate friction and wear of lubricated surfaces. Having realized its potential, we have done very extensive studies on the effects of laser surface texturing (LST, which involves the creation of an array of microdimples on a surface) on friction and wear behavior of oil-lubricated steel surfaces in the early 2000s. In this paper, we reviewed some of our research accomplishments and assessed future directions of the laser texturing field in many diverse industrial applications. Our studies specifically addressed the impact of laser texturing on friction and wear of both the flat conformal and initial non-conformal point contact configurations using a pin-on-disk test rig under fully-flooded synthetic oil lubricants with different viscosities. Electrical resistance measurement between pin and LST disks was also used to determine the operating lubrication regimes in relation to friction. In conformal contact, we confirmed that LST could significantly expand the operating conditions for hydrodynamic lubrication to significantly much higher loads and slower speeds. In particular, with LST and higher viscosity oils, the low-friction full hydrodynamic regime was shifted to the far left in the Stribeck diagram. Overall, the beneficial effects of laser surface texturing were more pronounced at higher speeds and loads and with higher viscosity oil. LST was also observed to reduce the magnitude of friction coefficients in the boundary regime. For the non-conformal contact configuration, we determined that LST would produce more abrasive wear on the rubbing counterface compared to the untreated surfaces due to a reduction in lubricant fluid film thickness, as well as the highly uneven and rough nature of the textured surfaces. However, this higher initial wear rate has led to faster generation of a conformal contact, and thus transition from the high-friction boundary to lower friction mixed lubrication regime, resulting in a rapid reduction in the friction coefficient with increased ball wear. Higher density of LST, lower oil viscosity, and hardness of counterface steel surface facilitate an increase of the initial wear, which promotes friction reduction. This phenomenon can be beneficial if the initial accelerated wear on the counterface is acceptable in intended applications. This paper summarizes our experimental investigation of the effect of LST on friction properties and lubrication regime transitions in a unidirectional sliding contact.
Design and Tribological Performance of Textured Surfaces
Authors: Sedlaček M. , Podgornik B.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this work was to show that surface texturing could be regarded as ordered roughness, and therefore designed with the use of roughness parameters. By knowing which surface topography and especially which surface roughness parameters result in lower friction, we were able to select proper surface texturing parameters, and thus properly design the surface for given contact conditions. For this investigation, steel samples were laser surface textured in the shape of channels and dimples with different spacing between the channels/dimples. The experimental results performed on grooved and dimpled surfaces under lubricated sliding contact confirmed that the parameters Ssk and Sku can be used to design the surface texturing, where a higher value of Sku and more negative Ssk lead to lower friction. It was also shown that dimple texturing results in more favorable roughness parameters and consequently in better tribological behavior.
Influence of Different Micro-Imprints to Fatigue Life of Components
Authors: Tomazincic D. , Sedlacek M. , Podgornik B. , Klemenc J.
Published: February 2017

To improve tribological properties of components, different kinds of textures are added to their surfaces. Although the added imprints or craters are only few tens of micrometers wide and a few micrometers deep, they form an initial crack from which a fatigue crack may propagate. In this article, a numerical approach for calculating the fatigue life of a body with present micro-imprints with standard finite-element software will be presented. The objective is to show how the imprint shape and its manufacturing process influences the fatigue life. The considered specimens are round bodies that were made from Boehler K890 microclean cold-working steel. Three shapes of the imprints are studied: the imprints produced by a Vickers pyramid and a Rockwell cone and a half-spherical crater void produced by a laser device. The flat-surface round body served as a reference. The imprint shape and its manufacturing process is also considered. For this reason, a simulation of impression of Vickers and Rockwell indenters is simulated first, which is followed by a numerical fatigue-life prediction. In this manner, the residual stresses from the imprinting process are considered during the fatigue-life prediction. For the laser-induced craters and the reference body, only the fatigue life is numerically predicted. Because the material inhomogeneities are much smaller than the geometrical ones, the calculated fatigue lives for different texturing represent the fatigue-life reduction caused by the applied textures. To validate the presented numerical approach, the calculated fatigue lives are compared to the experimentally determined.
Effect of Heating and Mold Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of B1500HS Boron Steel
Authors: Li H. , Wang C. , He L. , Zhang C.
Published: February 2017

To know the effect of the heating temperature and the temperature of mold surface on the mechanical properties and microstructure of B1500HS steel, and supply some practical guides for the components with the distributed microstructure and mechanical properties, B1500HS steel sheets, heated at different austenitization temperatures (870°C, 900°C, 930°C, and 960°C), were formed in hot stamping tools with the different mold temperatures (100°C, 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C). The strength of hot stamping parts was tested by the uniaxial tensile experiment. Moreover, the microstructure, fractography, and micro-hardness of hot stamping parts were measured to evaluate the effect of austenitization temperature and mold temperature on the microstructure and mechanical performance of UHSS steel. The results show that when the heating temperature is 900°C or above, the original microstructure of B1500HS steel can be fully austenitized. Variation of austenitization temperature in the range of 900°C ∼ 960°C has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties of hot stamping parts cooled at the same mold temperature. The mold temperature has a significant effect on the mechanical properties; the structural components with distributed properties can be manufactured by controlling the mold temperature. The austenitization and mold temperatures have no obvious effect on the elongation of parts except the part with the subcritical quenching. The austenitization temperature of 900°C and mold temperature of 100°C are the better parameters of hot stamping for the parts of B1500HS steel required with higher hardness and strength.
Investigation of Structural, Morphological, and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Unvulcanized PDMS/Silica Compound
Authors: Liu J. S. , Li F. P. , He X.
Published: February 2017

In this study, the interaction between the silica filler and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) was investigated from the aspects of the bound rubber and morphological characterization. With special attention to the dynamic properties, the dynamic test was conducted by dynamic shear rheometer. The results show that the modified filler disperses uniformly within the PDMS matrix without aggregation and connects closely with the matrix compared to that of the unmodified fillers. Surface modification of the filler increases the bound-rubber content. The increase in silica loading leads to an increase in the silica–silica interaction and a decrease in filler–rubber interaction, which results in the aggregation of fillers and the increase of the bound-rubber content. It was apparent that storage modulus, loss modulus, and tanδ of unvulcanized PDMS/filler compounds filled with treated silica filler were lower than that of the untreated silica system. Moreover, the tanδ decreases with increasing silica loading.
An Agonist of the Protective Factor SIRT1 Improves Functional Recovery and Promotes Neuronal Survival by Attenuating Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Chen Haihong , Ji Hao , Zhang Ming , Liu Zude , Lao Lifeng , Deng Chao , Chen Jianwei , Zhong Guibin
Published: February 2017

Targeting posttraumatic inflammation is crucial for improving locomotor function. SIRT1 has been shown to play a critical role in disease processes such as hepatic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute lung inflammation by regulating inflammation. However, the role of SIRT1 in spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown. We hypothesized that SIRT1 plays an important role in improving locomotor function after SCI by regulating neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigate the effect of SIRT1 in SCI using pharmacological intervention (SRT1720) and the Mx1-Cre/loxP recombination system to knock out target genes. First, we found that SIRT1 expression at the injured lesion site of wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6) decreased 4 h after SCI and lasted for 3 d. Moreover, administration of SRT1720, an agonist of SIRT1, to WT mice significantly improved functional recovery for up to 28 d after injury by reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, the number of M1 macrophages, the number of macrophages/microglia, and the accumulation of perivascular macrophages. In contrast, administration of SRT1720 to SIRT1 knock-out (KO) mice did not improve locomotor recovery or attenuate inflammation. Furthermore, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, and more M1 macrophages and perivascular macrophages than those of WT mice after SCI. Together, these findings indicate that SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, can improve functional recovery by attenuating inflammation after SCI. Therefore, SIRT1 is not only a protective factor but also an anti-inflammatory molecule that exerts beneficial effects on locomotor function after SCI.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPosttraumatic inflammation plays a central role in regulating the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, new data show that administration of SRT1720, an SIRT1 agonist, to wild-type (WT) mice significantly improved outcomes after SCI, most likely by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines, the number of macrophages/microglia, perivascular macrophages, and M1 macrophages. In contrast, SIRT1 KO mice exhibited worse locomotor recovery than that of WT mice due to aggravated inflammation. Taken together, the results of this study expand upon the previous understanding of the functions and mechanisms of SIRT1 in neuroinflammation following injury to the CNS, suggesting that SIRT1 plays a critical role in regulating neuroinflammation following CNS injury and may be a novel therapeutic target for post-SCI intervention.
Paraventricular Thalamus Balances Danger and Reward
Authors: Choi Eun A. , McNally Gavan P.
Published: February 2017

Foraging animals balance the need to seek food and energy against the accompanying dangers of injury and predation. To do so, they rely on learning systems encoding reward and danger. Whereas much is known about these separate learning systems, little is known about how they interact to shape and guide behavior. Here we show a key role for the rat paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), a nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus, in this interaction. First, we show behavioral competition between reward and danger: the opportunity to seek food reward negatively modulates expression of species-typical defensive behavior. Then, using a chemogenetic approach expressing the inhibitory hM4Di designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug in PVT neurons, we show that the PVT is central to this behavioral competition. Chemogenetic PVT silencing biases behavior toward either defense or reward depending on the experimental conditions, but does not consistently favor expression of one over the other. This bias could not be attributed to changes in fear memory retrieval, learned safety, or memory interference. Rather, our results demonstrate that the PVT is essential for balancing conflicting behavioral tendencies toward danger and reward, enabling adaptive responding under this basic selection pressure.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAmong the most basic survival problems faced by animals is balancing the need to seek food and energy against the accompanying dangers of injury and predation. Although much is known about the brain mechanisms that underpin learning about reward and danger, little is known about how these interact to solve basic survival problems. Here we show competition between defensive (to avoid predatory detection) and approach (to obtain food) behavior. We show that the paraventricular thalamus, a nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus, is integral to this behavioral competition. The paraventricular thalamus balances the competing behavioral demands of danger and reward, enabling adaptive responding under this selection pressure.