bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TECHNIQUE OF PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION AS APPLIED TO STREPTOMYCETES
Authors: Douglas R. J. , Garrard E. H.
Published: February 2010

A passive hemagglutination technique is described which was used to study the serological reactions of a group of soil streptomycetes. A red blood cell sensitizing material was found in extracts of mycelium disrupted by sonic vibration; acetone-dried powders prepared from these extracts constituted very stable sources of material for serologic tests. Partial purification of the material was achieved by treatment with aqueous phenol and precipitation with ethanol.Cross reactions observed between different Streptomyces species suggested that group antigens were present. Absorption of sera with packed sensitized red blood cells indicated that antigenic material of more restricted distribution also occurred.Data are presented to indicate that the substances responsible for the passive hemagglutination reaction are present in the cell wall of the mycelium.
PRODUCTION OF OB DIAGNOSTIC ANTISERA FROM MOTILE ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS
Authors: Kelen A. E.
Published: February 2010

Experiments have been carried out on the reduction of H antigenicity of motile Escherichia coli strains for use in the production of OB diagnostic antisera when naturally occurring non-motile variants are unavailable.Using homologous H agglutinins and/or phenol, H-inagglutinable "variants" were produced, from which OB suspensions were prepared. Rabbits immunized with these suspensions yielded antisera which met the requirements of E. coli OB diagnostic antisera.The characteristics of the experimental antisera prepared are discussed briefly, and some advantages of the methods presented over others commonly used in the laboratory practice are indicated.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF SOME AMINO ACIDS IN PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM
Authors: Reed Donald J. , Cheldelin Vernon H. , Wang Chih H.
Published: February 2010

The pathways of biosynthesis of alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid in Penicillium digitntum have been studied by means of tracer techniques, using glucose-2-C14and glucose-6-C11as carbon sources. Alanine appears to be derived directly from pyruvate formed in the glycolytic degradation of glucose. Serine is synthesized from glycine, which is in turn derived mainly from a C2fragment that originates in the C2–C3cleavage of pentose, a product of phosphogluconate decarboxylation. The biosynthesis of aspartic acid in this organism may involve several pathways. Glutamic acid appears to be synthesized from glucose intermediates via the conventional reactions of the TCA cycle.
INCORPORATION OF C14INTO BACTERIAL PEPTIDES
Authors: Connell G. E. , Watson R. W.
Published: February 2010

Alcoholic extracts of log-phase cells of Pseudomonas hydrophila grown on glucose as the sole carbon source were concentrated, extracted with ether, and dialyzed. After fractionation of the permeates by high voltage paper electrophoresis, five to seven ninhydrin-positive acidic, one neutral, and several basic bands appeared. As many as seven ninhydrin-positive basic bands have been found in some preparations, although they have been absent in others. Photometric analyses on eluates before and after acid hydrolysis indicated the presence of acidic, neutral, and basic peptides. Amino acid compositions of 28 of these peptides, separated by a combination of high voltage paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography, included all of the amino acids commonly found in proteins. Elution of acidic, neutral, and basic amino acid and peptide fractions from C14-labelled cells was followed by measurement of total and specific radioactivities in carboxyl-C before and after acid hydrolysis. Total radioactivity was highest in proteins even 1 minute after addition of the isotope to a log-phase culture. Specific radioactivities, plotted against time, gave parallel hyperbolic curves with peptides below the curve for amino acids and with proteins still lower and almost linear. The evidence suggests rapid synthesis of peptides from amino acids.
THE GROWTH OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE IN ARTIFICIAL AND ENRICHED SEA WATER MEDIA
Authors: McLachlan Jack
Published: February 2010

The growth of pure cultures of Dutialiella euchlora strains WHOI-1 and WHOI-2, Platymonas subcordiformis, Phaeodactylum tricormitum, Chlorella vulgaris, and Cyclotella meneghiniana was compared in two enriched sea water media and two artificial marine media. Three general patterns of growth were observed; the green flagellates grew the same in all media, Phaeodactylum and Chlorella grew more slowly in the artificial media, and Cyclotella did not grow in the artificial medium without organic supplements. The addition of vitamin B12 to the artificial medium promoted good growth of Cyclotella, and of the species studied this alga was the only auxotroph. Growth in the enriched sea water medium was not affected by a precipitate, but removal of the precipitate markedly affected the rate of growth and the total number of cells obtainable.
METABOLIC ACTIVITY AND PHOSPHATE-DISSOLVING CAPABILITY OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM WHEAT ROOTS, RHIZOSPHERE, AND NON-RHIZOSPHERE SOIL
Authors: Katznelson H. , Bose B.
Published: February 2010

Bacterial isolates from the roots of wheat (rhizoplane) were more active in oxidizing glucose and alanine than cultures isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphcre soils. In general, metabolic activity was greater with alanine than with glucose. Over one third of the cultures tested were capable of dissolving insoluble phosphorus in the form of CaHPO4 but the roots did not appear to exert a selective effect on these forms. However, the phosphate-solubilizing organisms from the rhizoplane were also the most active in oxidizing glucose and alanine. Those from the rhizosphere soil were intermediate in this respect. By far the majority of these phosphate-dissolving bacteria were in the nutritional group requiring unknown substances in yeast and soil extracts for optimal growth. It was suggested that although these bacteria were not preferentially stimulated in the root zone, their large numbers and their greater metabolic activity may contribute significantly to the phosphate economy of the plant.
SALICYLATE AS INTERMEDIATE IN THE BREAKDOWN OF AROMATIC RING BY PSEUDOMONAS CONVEXA VAR. HIPPURICUM
Authors: Bhat Maya G. , Ramakrishnan T. , Bhat J. V.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas convexa var. hippuricum cells harvested from hippurate medium were shown to possess the ability to oxidize hippurate, benzoate, salicylate, and catechol without lag phase. Acetone-dried preparations of these cells were found to possess enzymes for oxidizing these substrates. Several Pseudomonas strains were demonstrated to have the capacity to use salicylate as a sole source of carbon and energy. In the light of the results obtained on the utilization of benzoate, salicylate, and catechol by P. convexa var. hippuricum strain grown on those substrates, it is suggested that salicylate is an intermediate in the breakdown of benzoate.
IMMUNE RESPONSES OF SOME INSECTS TO SOME BACTERIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula antigen remained in the blood of larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), during the resistant period of the insect. Bacterial antigen present in the immune blood produces agglutinating titers in rabbits about 10 times as great as those produced by an approximately equal volume of standard P. aeruginosa vaccine. Attempts to demonstrate the mechanism that enhances the antigen showed that the active portion was contained in the serum, that the action occurred within several hours in vivo and only reached the same level after 3 days in vitro mixture, and that the action was probably not caused by lysis of the bacterial cells and the consequent liberation of more antigen in the blood. Electrophoretic studies on the blood mixture indicated that the altered or enhanced antigen may be bound to a blood fraction, the exact nature of which was not determined. The larvae were actively or passively immunized against lethal doses of P. aeruginosa within 20 to 24 hours. Concentration of vaccine had little effect upon the degree of immunity conferred upon the larvae. The immunity lasted about three days and was more specific than nonspecific. The larvae were not actively protected against P. aeruginosa by introduction of albuminous foreign material into the body cavity. True antibodies were not detectable in the immune blood though the bactericidal action of immune blood was at least twice as great as that of normal blood. Preliminary investigations on immune responses of other lepidopterous insects to P. aeruginosa antigen and of the wax moth to antigens of some other Gram-negative bacteria indicated similar results.
DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS
Authors: Stevenson I. L.
Published: February 2010

The reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to triphenylformazan has been used to estimate the dehydrogenase activity of the soil microflora in situ. Preliminary investigations suggest that the formation of the formazan may be used as an index of endogenous respiration in soil since a significant correlation has been obtained between dehydrogenase activity and the oxygen uptake of a number of different untreated soils. A direct relationship also was observed between formazan formation and the respiration of a soil sampled at intervals after the application of fresh plant material. In a survey of a number of field soils no relationship was found between dehydrogenase activity and bacterial numbers; however, the two parameters were parallel during the decomposition of flax residues added to one of the soils.
VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE PREPARATION OF INFLUENZA VACCINES WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

The effect of temperature, time of treatment, and the pH of the medium on the preparation of influenza vaccines with formaldehyde has been studied. It was found that both the infectivity and the hemagglutinin were destroyed more quickly as the pH was increased above pH 6 and the margin of safety that exists between virus inactivation and loss of antigenicity increased as the pH was decreased to about 6. From the experimental data it was possible to select numerous conditions of treatment which had a large margin of safety between virus inactivation and loss of antigenicity. Vaccines prepared with formaldehyde under various conditions and then lyophilized had retained their antigenicity after storage for [Formula: see text] years.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE 2-KETOGLUCONOKINASE OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Ciferri O. , Blakley E. R. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

A specific and adaptive 2-keto-D-gluconokinase has been isolated from cells of Leuconostoc mesenteroides grown on 2-keto-D-gluconate. The enzyme, purified 138-fold, has an optimum pH of 7.7, is most stable between pH 6.0 and 8.0, and is quickly inactivated at temperatures above 40 °C. Magnesium chloride is required for activity. ATP, ITP, and GTP served as phosphate donors but ADP and UTP were inactive. Whereas EDTA and glycine stabilized the enzyme, p-chloromercuribenzoate, hydroxylamine, copper acetate, mercury acetate, and sodium fluoride were inhibitory. The product of the enzymatic reaction was isolated and characterized as 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate.
CAERULOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC FROM STREPTOMYCES CAERULEUS BALDACCI: I. PRODUCTION, ISOLATION, ASSAY, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Funk A. , Divekar P. V.
Published: February 2010

Streplomyces caeruleus has been shown to produce a hitherto unknown antibiotic to which the name caerulomycin has been given. This was first obtained from a fresh isolate (PRL 1687), and subsequently, after the strain had been identified, from an authentic culture of S. caeruleus. It was extracted from culture filtrates with ether and purified as a colorless crystalline amphoteric substance, C12H11O2N3, which inhibited the growth of some filamentous fungi and yeasts and had weak activity against certain bacteria.
INFLUENCE OF THIAMIN ON GROWTH AND FAT FORMATION BY PENICILLIUM LILACINUM THOM.
Authors: Naguib Kaiser
Published: February 2010

Penicillium lilacinum was grown on a high sugar–salts medium favorable for fat formation. Thiamin hydrochloride was added to 5-day-old cultures at three different concentrations, namely, 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/l. Sugar uptake, growth, and fat formation were followed after addition of vitamin for a period of 9 days. Sugar uptake was enhanced by the lowest and suppressed by the two higher vitamin concentrations. At higher concentrations, there was an early inhibition of dry weight increase, but by the end of the experiment, the weight of the high thiamin cultures equalled that of the controls. The effect of thiamin on fat formation was dependent on both the concentration and period of incubation. By the end of the incubation period, the low thiamin concentration had promoted fat formation, the high concentration had suppressed it, while the medium concentration was ineffective.
ISOTOPIC COMPETITION BETWEEND- ANDL-METHIONINE IN ALCALIGENES FECALIS
Authors: Lark K. G.
Published: February 2010

The ability of exogenous D-methionine to prevent the incorporation of exogenous L-methionine into the protein of Alcaligenes fecalis has been studied. D-Methionine has been found to competitively inhibit the ability of the cell to concentrate medium L-methionine with an efficiency of about 14:1. It does not inhibit the incorporation of endogenous methionine into cell protein. D-Methionine is replaceably concentrated by the cell and is able to specifically displace L-methionine previously concentrated by the cell. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of concentration of amino acids by bacteria is discussed.
SPECIFICITY OF THE CLEARANCE PHENOMENON IN THE LUNGS OF PERTUSSIS-IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INTRATRACHEAL ADMINISTRATION OF RADIOIODINATED PERTUSSIS VACCINE
Authors: Logan J. E. , Griffiths B. W. , Mason M. A.
Published: February 2010

In mice which were immunized with various immunizing agents 6 and 20 days prior to challenge, it was found that stimulation of lung clearance of intratracheally administered radioiodinated pertussis vaccine was observed chiefly in those mice which had received vaccine prepared from any of the three members of the genus Bordetella. The most marked effect occurred in the pertussis-immunized animals. In pertussis-immunized mice which were challenged intratracheally with heterologous radioiodinated antigens, the most significant increases in clearance were obtained in those animals receiving labeled Bordetella vaccines. When mice immunized with the various antigens were challenged by their labeled homologous antigens, again the most significant clearance stimulations occurred in the mice immunized and challenged with the Bordetella preparations. Clearance studies with mice immunized and/or challenged with a vaccine prepared from phase IV pertussis organisms would support a view that somatic antigens may stimulate lung clearance in mice immunized 6 days prior to challenge whereas the surface antigens may provoke a slower-developing and longer-lasting immunity that is responsible for the faster clearance observed 20 days after immunization.
ESTIMATION OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS IN CULTURES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
Authors: Vining L. C. , Taber W. A.
Published: February 2010

Methods for estimating the content of ergot alkaloids in cultures of Claviceps purpurea have been examined to select a simple but reliable assay procedure for evaluating the effects of cultural conditions and strain differences on yield. Modification of a solvent extraction method used for ergot sclerotia gave the most satisfactory results. Disadvantages and limitations of this and other procedures which were explored are described.
LYSIS AND PREPARATION OF STABLE 'PROTOPLASTS' OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI (XP8)
Authors: Nozzolillo C. G. , Hochster R. M.
Published: February 2010

Techniques are described for lysing cells of the Gram-negative organism Xanthomonas phaseoli with lysozyme and with penicillin. In the presence of a supporting medium 'protoplasts' are formed which may be stabilized by the addition of magnesium ions at the appropriate time. The application of these methods to the preparation of cell-free extracts of this organism is discussed.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACTINOPHAGES IN SOIL
Authors: Robinson J. B. , Corke C. T.
Published: February 2010

The perfusion technique was used to isolate actinophages from soil. It was demonstrated that the perfusate of a specific soil contained more phages for streptomycetes isolated from that soil than for isolates from other sources. Titers as high as 104/ml of perfusate were obtained. In general, the greatest number of actinophages against the majority of isolates was obtained after 48 hours' perfusion. Differences in daily fluctuation in virus titer indicated a degree of specificity in the viruses observed. Bacteriophages were not as readily isolated from perfusates as were actinophages, however, this might be explained on the basis of adsorption to soil since this factor appears, at least in some cases, to be important in limiting the number of phage particles in the perfusate.
UTILIZATION OF LABELLED SUBSTRATES BY THE MYCELIUM AND UREDOSPORES OF FLAX RUST
Authors: Turel F. L. M. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

The uredospores and mycelium of flax rust have been shown to be capable of utilizing external sources of carbohydrates and amino acids in varying degrees. A rate study of the assimilation of uniformly labelled glucose indicated that a metabolic pool consisting of about 8% of the permanent cell carbon probably accounts for a large part of the exogenous respiration, but that a more complex model is required to explain the relatively high activity of the respired carbon dioxide in the early stages of the experiment. It was also found that aureomycin had little effect on the utilization of the various compounds, whereas actidione can markedly reduce respiratory activity.
UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY THE MOSQUITO FLAGELLATE, CRITHIDIA FASCICULATA
Authors: Cosgrove William B.
Published: February 2010

The trypanosomid flagellate, Crithidia fasciculata, has been shown to have, in the absence of exogenous substrate, a long-sustained oxygen consumption (R.Q. 0.85) accompanied by the production of ammonia. Ribose, xylose, fructose, glucose, galactose, mannose, maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, raffinose, glycerol, and dihydroxyacetone abolish this oxygen consumption while increasing the rate of respiration up to fivefold. Glucose is incompletely oxidized (R.Q. 1.06) with the consumption of 2.6 moles of oxygen and production of 0.6 moles succinate and 0.4 moles ethanol and traces of pyruvate per mole of glucose consumed. Ethanol and a variety of other alcohols can be metabolized when presented as the only exogenous substrate. These results are discussed with respect to the metabolic activities of other members of the family Trypanosomatidae and to the hypothesis that the end products accumulate as a result of limiting amounts, rather than complete absence, of certain enzymes.
SEED-BORNE FUNGI IN RELATION TO COLONIZATION OF ROOTS
Authors: Peterson E. A.
Published: February 2010

As part of a study of the microflora developing on plant roots, analyses were made of the fungal populations of non-sterilized barley, flax, and wheat seed and of their primary roots 2 days after seeding in natural soil and at short intervals thereafter over a period of 3 weeks. It was found that fungi associated with the seed played little part in the colonization of roots in the soil. Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria, abundant on the seed, were rarely obtained from root samples. The young roots (2 days after seeding) were relatively free from fungi; however, those which were colonized at this time yielded species of Pythium and Fusarium predominantly. In subsequent samples the percentage incidence of Pythium declined markedly, the predominating types being species of Fusarium, Phoma, Pullularia, Periconia, and Cylindrocarpon, the latter genus assuming greater prominence on wheat than on either barley or flax.
PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN A CLAY–PROTEIN PASTE SYSTEM ANALOGOUS TO SOIL
Authors: Skujins J. J. , Estermann E. F. , McLaren A. D.
Published: February 2010

The proteolytic specificity of a purified proteinase, Nagarse, of Bacillus subtilis N′ towards denatured lysozyme was compared with that of the organism growing in a model soil system consisting of a heat-denatured lysozyme–kaolinite complex in a paste form which represents the natural habitat of soil organisms. The use of a sterile technique and a specially designed apparatus permitted periodic withdrawal of nonadsorbed and nonassimilated proteolysis products from the medium; such products were formed by the proteolytic activity of exoenzymes excreted by B. subtilis N′. A chromatographic comparison was made between the proteolysis products of B. subtilis N′ growing in the lysozyme–kaolinite system and those of the proteinase Nagarse acting on denatured lysozyme in solution; some differences were observed. The growth rate studies indicated that the lag period of growth of B. subtilis N′ in the lysozyme–kaolinite complex extended up to one day. The bacteria excreted exoenzymes during this lag period, which hydrolyzed the substrate protein, but the proteolysis products were not assimilated until the exponential growth period started.
THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL CELL WALLS
Authors: Murray R. G. E. , Francombe W. H. , Mayall B. H.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of sensitive stains of Staphylococcus aureus were fixed with osmium tetroxide after 1–5 hours' exposure to various does of pencillin and were embedded in methacrylate for sectioning and electron microscopy. They were compared with untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was increased, by cutting the section of lanthanum nitrate.The cells increased in size and the surrounding cell wall was thinner than normal. The main lesions appeared in the developing cell wall septa, which showed a loss in density and gross irregularity of shape. Some questionable inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm. Lysis was prevented in a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose and the stable spheroplasts retained a recognizable cell wall after 24 hours' exposure to penicillin. However, the septa could not be demonstrated in the cells treated in sucrose medium.Two resistant strains were exposed to penicillin. In one, the cells showed no morphological effects; in the other, there was temporary damage to the cell septa with complete recovery.The observations support the hypothesis that penicillin interferes with the synthesis of a cell wall component and indicate that the main point of cell wall synthesis is at the site of septum formation.
THE PRODUCTION OF FRUCTOSE AS A RESIDUE OF SUCROSE FERMENTATION BY TRICHOLOMA NUDUM
Authors: Reusser F. , Gorin P. A. J. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: February 2010

Tricholoma nudum, when grown on media containing sucrose, hydrolyzes this sugar and utilizes the glucose preferentially. Eighty to 85% of the fructose remains in the medium at the completion of glucose utilization. If the fermentation is stopped at this point the mycelium can be separated from the broth and the fructose recovered in crystalline form or as a syrup.
A DEVICE FOR OBTAINING MUTANTS WITH IMPAIRED MOTILITY
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

By the use of a simple device employing a source of U.V. light, Euglena cell suspensions were subjected to simultaneous mutagenic irradiation and selection against the ability to swim. Among the survivors, mutants with impaired motility predominated.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF VALINOMYCIN
Authors: MacDonald J. C.
Published: February 2010

A Streptomyces sp. (PRL 1642) was grown on a complex medium containing either DL-valine-1-C14, D-valine-1-C14, or L-valine-1-C14. The antibiotic isolated from the culture was identified as valinomycin and hydrolyzcd to give L-valine, D-valine, D-α-hydroxyisovaleric acid, and L-lactic acid. L-Valine-1-C14in the medium was incorporated to an equal extent into the D-valyl and L-valyl portions of the antibiotic, to a lesser extent into the D-α-hydroxyisuvaleryl portion, and not at all into the lactyl portion. The C14was present only in the carboxyl groups of the labelled hydrolytic products of the antibiotic. D-Valine-1-C14in the medium was incorporated to only a slight extent into the antibiotic and mycelium.
THE PSEUDOMONAS–ACHROMOBACTER GROUP
Authors: Moore Harold B. , Pickett M. J.
Published: February 2010

Fifty-three strains of nonpigmented Gram-negative rods which failed to produce acid in Kligler's iron agar were studied. Detailed examination revealed that many strains had been incorrectly identified as Alcaligenes. Sixteen strains were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and it was concluded that important identifying characteristics of this species are: (1) acid production from glucose, arabinose, and xylose, but not from lactose; (2) the ability to liquefy gelatin; (3) good motility and production of gaseous nitrogen in a motility–nitrate medium; and (4) a positive gluconate test. Thirty-seven strains appeared to be members of the genus Achromobacter and all produced acid from one or more carbohydrates. These strains were divided into three groups on the basis of (1) activity on gelatin, (2) nitrate reduction, and (3) motility. Some strains resembled Pseudomonas aeruginosa in such characteristics as reduction of nitrate to molecular nitrogen and oxidation of gluconate to 2-ketogluconate, but differed in that they neither liquefied gelatin nor peptonized and reduced litmus milk. More important, they had peritrichous flagella.
THE MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THE TUBERCULATE SPORES OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
Authors: Edwards Mercedes R. , Hazen Elizabeth L. , Edwards George A.
Published: February 2010

An electron microscopic study of thin sections of the tuberculate spores of Histoplasma capsulatum is presented in which details of structure of the cytoplasm, cell border, and protruding tubercles as well as structural changes associated with growth and maturation of the spore are revealed. On the basis of the observations made on the fine structure, the mode of formation of the tubercles is considered.
AUXOTROPHY AND HETEROTROPHY IN MARINE LITTORAL DIATOMS
Authors: Lewin Joyce C. , Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

Forty-four pure cultures of marine littoral diatoms (43 pennate and 1 centric) have been studied to determine (a) whether any accessory organic factors (vitamins) are essential for growth in light, and (b) whether the cells can grow in darkness using glucose, acetate, or lactate as substrates.Six isolates were shown to require thiamine as sole growth factor; eleven require cobalamin only; and three require both thiamine and cobalamin. Sixteen are capable of heterotrophic growth using glucose but not acetate or lactate; eight can use glucose or lactate; one uses glucose or acetate; one uses glucose, acetate, or lactate; and two use only lactate.By the classical criteria of valve structure, the clones fall into about 25 different species, belonging to nine genera. However, it is evident that light microscopy is inadequate for the specific descriptions of many small diatoms. Electron micrographs of acid-cleaned frustules of each isolate served as an aid to specific identifications. Nutritional studies have demonstrated the existence of a range of distinct physiological races within the "species" Amphora coffaeiformis, Nitzschia closterium, and N. frustulum.
THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF GELATINOUS STRAINS OF CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
Authors: Corpe William A.
Published: February 2010

A method for the isolation and purification of the voluminous extracellular polysaccharide of Chromobacterium violaceum is presented. The purified product was fibrous when wet but dried into a tough, pliable film which was completely water soluble, forming a highly viscous solution. Hydrolysis of the polysaccharide, isolation and identification of the components established the presence of glucose as the principal sugar. A uronic acid and an amino sugar not conclusively identified were also present. Glucose, uronic acid, and the amino sugar were found in an approximate 5:1:1 ratio.
A MINIMAL SYNTHETIC MEDIUM SUPPORTING GROWTH OF A MICROCOCCUS SPECIES
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Nutritional requirements of a Micrococcus species (M. freudenreichii, A.T.C.C. No. 407) were studied. The organism required glutamic acid, thiamine, biotin, magnesium, iron, and potassium for growth. Cells from such a synthetic medium were shown to contain methionine indicating that inorganic sulphur was used. Glutamic acid could not be replaced with glutamine (unheated), aspartic acid, asparagine, nor ammonium salts. The relationship of nutritional requirements of micrococci and staphylococci to classification is discussed.
LA PRODUCTION DES ENZYMES PECTIQUES PAR CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM
Authors: Paquin Roger , Lachance Robert-A. , Coulombe Louis-J.
Published: February 2010

Corynebacterium sepedonicum growing on synthetic media containing various pectic substances did not produce any of the following pectic enzymes, pectin methylesterase, depolymerase, polygalacturonase, and protopectinase, even with the addition of glucose. Moreover, none of these enzymes was found in potatoes heavily contaminated with C. sepedonicum and showing symptoms of ring rot.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF SOILS
Authors: Stotzky G.
Published: February 2010

A simple method for the determination of the respiratory quotient of soils is described. The advantages of this method over those previously described are: (1) Variability between identical treatments is minimized. (2) Errors arising from non-uniform respiration of replicated treatments are eliminated. (3) Soil moisture contents are maintained at a constant level. (4) R.Q.'s can be correlated directly with microbial activity as indicated by CO2evolution and both parameters are collected from a single soil sample for extended periods of time. (5) C14-enriched substrates may be used. (6) The composition of the ambient atmosphere can be easily controlled. A brief comparison of different methods is presented.
STUDIES ON LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Kelen A. E. , Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

Experiments were carried out on the applicability of the latex fixation principle for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. Polystyrene latex particles suspended in a buffer solution were coated with soluble antigens of Leptospira canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, and L. pomona, respectively, and used as agglutinating antigens for testing sera of various origin. The optimal conditions for the preparation of the test antigens, as well as for the procedure employed in performing the leptospiral latex agglutination test, were determined.The results of the leptospiral latex agglutination test were found to be quite comparable in specificity and sensitivity with those of other serological tests commonly used in laboratory practice. The advantages of the leptospiral latex agglutination test over some other serological tests are found in the simplicity and rapidity of its performance and in the use of a non-infective, stable antigen, which eliminates the necessity of maintaining live leptospiral cultures in diagnostic laboratories.
PREPARATION OF SPHEROPLASTS OF AEROBACTER CLOACAE
Authors: Smith B. S. W. , Payne John I. , Watson R. W.
Published: February 2010

A method for the preparation of spheroplasts from Aerobacter cloacae has been devised. Washed cells are exposed to the combined action of lysozyme and 1.0 M tris buffer at pH 9.0 in 20% sucrose. Such treatment weakens the cell wall structure but most cells retain their rod shape. Subsequent dilution with three volumes of distilled water converts the rods instantaneously into spheres. The time of exposure to lysozyme required for satisfactory production of spheroplasts can be greatly reduced if the cells are preincubated with the tris buffer.
OBSERVATIONS SUR LES COULEURS DE LA FLUORESCENCE PRIMAIRE DES MICROORGANISMES
Authors: Sonea S. , de Repentigny J.
Published: February 2010

Primary fluorescence of microbial cells may show contrasting colors. According to our results, 36 species were divided in two groups: (1) 30 presenting exclusively a yellow-green fluorescence, (2) the 6 others for which reddish cells were observed among yellow-green cells. The species of the second group were: Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella typhimurium, Sarcina lutea, and Serratia marcescens. In this work, we have deliberately excluded any staining (with fluorochrome or other stain) to avoid possible confusion on the precise meaning of primary fluorescence.These observations were completed by (a) examining, with a "pupillary spectroscope", the light which emerged from the microscope. All the wavelengths of the visible spectrum were, thus, found to be present in the primary fluorescence of the 36 species; (b) verifying macroscopically, under the Wood lamp, the resulting dominant color of the fluorescence of washed microorganisms and of their extracts in alcohol, acetone, or water. Thus was confirmed the presence of yellow, green, or reddish fluorescent substances, already found by the previously mentioned methods.In our experimental conditions (bright condenser, dry objective, and OGI yellow secondary filter), the blue fluorescence was eliminated.The color of the fluorescence of each species examined could be influenced by culture media, temperature, pH, and age of the cultures, but no reddish fluorescence was observed in the first group. After the smears were prepared, the colors were stable and did not fade for months.The color variations of the primary fluorescence is suggestive that between microbial cells there are very discreet metabolic differences which could hardly be observed otherwise.For the classification and the identification of microorganisms, our preliminary findings suggest that the color of primary fluorescence could be a supplementary method, at least for the minority of species producing the reddish fluorescence.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON HELA CELLS INOCULATED WITH INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS SPECIMENS
Authors: Franklin A. E.
Published: February 2010

HeLa cells have been studied in media supplemented with prednisolone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, and aldosterone, singly and in combination. Twelve acute phase infectious hepatitis specimens did not cause a consistent degenerative effect in hormone-enriched cultures. Repeated inoculation with two virus specimens to cultures with testosterone also failed to produce a cytopathogenic effect.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: X. THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE IN A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: MacLeod R. A. , Hori Aiko , Fox Sylvia M.
Published: February 2010

Extracts of a species of marine bacterium have been shown to contain isocitratase and malate synthetase when cells were grown in a medium in which acetate was the sole source of carbon and energy. Neither enzyme could be demonstrated in extracts prepared from cells grown in a nutrient broth, yeast extract medium.
SOME SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES EXTRACTED FROM STAPHYLOCOCCI AND A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Collins Anne M. , Duncan I. B. R. , Neelin Elisabeth M. , Znamirowski R. , Roy T. E.
Published: February 2010

Polysaccharide-type extracts prepared from a coagulase-positive staphylococcus, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus, and a type 12 hemolytic streptococcus were investigated by means of the hemagglutination technique to determine whether the extract of Staphylococcus pyogenes contained antigens that could detect species-specific antibodies in antisera. The sera used were prepared by inoculating rabbits with vaccines, extract-sensitized erythrocytes, or extract alone. The extracts themselves elicited poor antibody formation unless adsorbed on erythrocytes. Marked serological cross reactions were found among the preparations from all three organisms, and mirror absorption tests failed to yield clear evidence of species-specific factors in the extracts or in the antisera. The latex fixation technique demonstrated similar cross reactions to those found by hemagglutination. The common antigen or complex of antigens found in the extracts of all three organisms were not identified as the non-specific antigens described by Rantz and others. Chemical analyses of the extracts showed that, as prepared, they were complex mixtures of substances to which the term "polysaccharide" could not properly be applied.
STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF PHYTOPHTHORA CRYPTOGEA
Authors: Erwin D. C. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Phytophthora cryptogea, cause of a root disease of alfalfa, grew well over a wide range of pH values (5.6–7.2) on a synthetic medium containing sucrose as the carbon source. The fungus also grew well on glucose and soluble starch. L-Asparagine was the most favorable source of nitrogen, but failed to support growth of a variant obtained from a single germinated oospore. Low concentrations of CaCl2∙2H2O stimulated growth of P. cryptogea, P. drcehsleri, P. parasitica, and P. boehmeriae. The minimal concentration of thiamine for growth was between 12 and 25 μg/liter. Soil extract, representing 50% or 90% of the volume of the synthetic medium, did not supply the thiamine requirement or stimulate growth of the fungus. Alfalfa root extract, alone or added to the synthetic medium, not only satisfied the thiamine requirement of the fungus but produced about 30% more mycelial growth than the complete synthetic medium.
CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR GROWTH OF MICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS
Authors: Grula E. A. , Luk Shing-kei , Chu Yung-chieh
Published: February 2010

A chemically defined medium for growth of M. lysodeikticus is presented. The organism possesses a relatively nonspecific but absolute purine requirement that can best be satisfied by the free base hypoxanthine although adenine also allows some growth. A substitution for hypoxanthine, however, can be made by inosine, adenosine, or adenylic acid, but not by guanosine or guanylic acid. Although biotin stimulates growth, equally good growth occurs using biocytin or biotiu-d-sulphoxide. Less stimulation is apparent using desthiobiotin, dl-oxybiotin, or biotirt-l-sulphoxide. Although amino acids are necessary for growth, no absolute requirement for a specific amino acid can be demonstrated. The amino acid requirements need to be defined in terms of those amino acids which support good growth in the presence or absence of glutamic acid.
INHIBITION OF A MICROBIAL GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE BY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
Authors: Durham Norman N. , Leach Kay
Published: February 2010

Diethylstilbestrol readily inhibits the reduction of triphosphopyridine nucleotide by a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase prepared from fractionated cell-free extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes. Hexestrol and dienestrol exert a similar influence but the dehydrogenase system was not sensitive to a number of steroids. The degree and extent of inhibition was a function of the diethylstilbestrol concentration. The inhibition could not be reversed by the addition of excess glucose-6-phosphate or triphosphopyridine nucleotide but the suppression could be relieved by the addition of increments of the fractionated extract containing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. Several other enzymes such as isocitrate, alcohol, and malate dehydrogenases were found to be present in the same fraction but reduction of nucleotides by these enzymes was not influenced by the steroids or synthetic estrogen. A tentative hypothesis is that diethylstilbestrol may interact directly with certain enzymes, under specified experimental conditions, thereby regulating the rate of the enzymatic reaction. These findings thus suggest yet another mechanism whereby a synthetic estrogen may regulate intermediary metabolism.
SUBSTRATE-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION IN RESTING CELLS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Strasdine G. A. , Campbell J. J. R. , Hogenkamp H. P. C. , Campbell J. N.
Published: February 2010

Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited substrate-dependent phosphorylation and most of the phosphate appeared in the nucleic acid fraction. The amount of P32 incorporated was a function of substrate concentration. When equivalent amounts of glucose, gluconate, or 2-ketogluconate were used as substrate, it was found that the more oxidized substrates supported appreciably less P32 incorporation, thus indicating that phosphorylation is coincident with the passage of electrons to oxygen by way of the electron transport chain. These data serve to illustrate that the practice of determining the amount of energy available from the dissimilation of a substrate by measuring growth yield can be in error since equivalent quantities of glucose, gluconate, and 2-ketogluconate supported equal amounts of growth. The P:O ratios obtained with glucose as substrate were of the order of 0.01. Phosphorylation was not sensitive to dinitrophenol or sodium fluoride but was completely inhibited by cyanide. Chloramphenicol, at a concentration which inhibited protein synthesis, caused a twofold stimulation of phosphate incorporation. Pyocyanine, which stops the oxidation of glucose at the 2-ketogluconate stage, completely inhibited phosphate uptake. The action of pyocyanine on both oxidation and phosphorylation could be reversed by magnesium. When extracts of this organism were studied, it was found that under all conditions the addition of oxidizable substrates decreased P32 incorporation.
EFFECTS OF FREEZING, FREEZE-DRYING, AND STORAGE IN THE FREEZE-DRIED AND FROZEN STATE ON VIABILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI CELLS
Authors: Clement Mary T.
Published: February 2010

Escherichia coli cells in concentrations of 2 × 109cells per ml were resistant to freezing at −78 °C and to low temperatures encountered during freeze-drying when suspended in distilled water, 7.5% glucose, 4.5% glycerol, skim milk, or serum but not when in saline. Survival immediately after freeze-drying varied with the drying interval and composition of the suspending medium and was highest (70–100%) in media containing 7.5% added glucose. Survival during storage in freeze-dried suspensions in serum containing 7.5% added glucose was inversely related to storage time and temperature; after 1 year at 32 °C, 21 °C, and 4 °C, survival was 0, 25%, and 80% respectively. When suspensions in water, glucose, glycerol, and serum were frozen directly and stored in the frozen state at −18 °C, −23 °C, and −40 °C, the cells showed a diminishing death rate and eventually attained a stable state. The final survival level varied with the composition of the suspending medium and the storage temperature. Glycerol provided most consistent protection (minimum survival 65%). Survival in water and glucose was inversely proportional to the storage temperature. Viability in water was higher than in glucose and was equal to glycerol in storage at −40 °C (80% after 2 years).
STUDIES ON WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS ASSOCIATED WITH WILD DUCKS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Burton A. N. , Connell R. , Rempel J. G. , Gollop J. B.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown by many workers in the United States that wild birds are associated with the natural history of Western equine encephalitis (WEE). They have also demonstrated that birds can be infected with WEE virus through the bite of an infected mosquito. Wild ducks of many species make up a large part of the bird population to be found in Saskatchewan from April to November each year. By using the neutralization technique, we have found that WEE antibodies are present in the blood of many wild ducks, indicating previous infection with the virus. Further studies carried out at this laboratory showed that wild ducks can be infected with the virus by the oral route, suggesting another possible means by which birds could be naturally infected.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO DIFFERENT GLUTAMIC DEHYDROGENASES IN NEUROSPORA
Authors: Sanwal B. D. , Lata Madhu
Published: February 2010

Many wild-type strains of Neurospora crassa produce two glutamic dehydrogenases, one specific for triphosphopyridine nucleotide and another for diphosphopyridine nucleotide. The enzymes have been separated from one another and purified about 50-fold. Michaelis constants have been reported for various substrates. The pH optima of the DPN- and TPN-specific enzymes are 8.3 and 7.5 respectively.The possible reasons for the presence of two different enzymes catalyzing the same reaction are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MOTILITY AND THE STRUCTURE OF VITREOSCILLA
Authors: Costerton J. W. F. , Murray R. G. E. , Robinow C. F.
Published: February 2010

Two strains of Vitreoscilla were studied. Their trichomes showed gliding motility on surfaces and they were immobile in fluid suspension. Motility is the property of the individual cells which make up the trichome, but floating, living cells rebounded when they touched a surface. A copious slime layer has been demonstrated and its possible roles in gliding motility is discussed. An association of the unique, scalloped, outer layer of the cell walls of these organisms with their curious motility suggested a new hypothesis: a vibratile, actively undulating surface. Specific antiserum caused rapid cessation of gliding motility; pasteurization and fixation prevented the rebound phenomenon. Stained preparations and electron micrographs of thin sections have provided a general description of structure. This shows, at least, that the classification of Vitreoscilla among the bacteria is reasonably founded. Similarities to certain bacteria are seen in the mode of cell division. On the other hand differentiation of central and peripheral cytoplasmic organization is reminiscent of the Myxophyceae, while the diffuse chromatin distribution has precedent in both groups.
THE BREAKDOWN OF RIBONUCLEOSIDES IN EXTRACTS OF THE PHYTOPATHOGENIC ORGANISM XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Nozzolillo C. G.
Published: February 2010

Extracts of Xanthomonas phaseoli (XP8) degrade certain ribonucleosides readily by hydrolytic cleavage of the ribose moiety. Thus, uridine is converted to uracil and ribose, and cytidine to cytosine and ribose, with little deamination to uracil and ammonia taking place. Commercial adenosine is deaminated to inosine and ammonia without further significant cleavage. The data presented permit a choice to be made between the two theoretically possible pathways of guanosine degradation. With chromatographic evidence for xanthine but not for xanthosine and with spectrophotometric evidence for the intermediate formation of guanine, the mechanism of guanosine breakdown is described as being the result of hydrolytic cleavage to guanine and ribose followed by deamination to xanthine and ammonia.
A STAINING PROCEDURE FOR THE FLAGELLA OF SOME AGAROLYTIC BACTERIA
Authors: Girard Arthur E. , Cleverdon Robert C.
Published: February 2010

The Fisher and Conn staining procedure was used to obtain stains of 10 cultures of marine agarolytic bacteria (tentatively placed in the genus Alginomonas). All had a single polar flagellum. Flagella on cells grown in a synthetic medium were easily demonstrated with little stained background. A brief discussion of flagellation as a taxonomic criterion of the agarolytic bacteria is included.