bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the discrepancies between theoretical and measured below-cloud particle scavenging coefficients for rain – a numerical study
Authors: Wang X. , Zhang L. , Moran M. D.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Existing theoretical formulations for size-resolved scavenging coefficient Λ (r) for atmospheric aerosol particles scavenged by rain predict values lower by one to two orders of magnitude than those estimated from field measurements of particle-concentration changes for particles smaller than 3 μm in diameter. Vertical turbulence does not influence the theoretical formulation of Λ (r), but contributed to the field-generated Λ (r) due to its influence on the overall concentration changes of aerosol particles in the layers undergoing impaction scavenging. A detailed one-dimensional cloud microphysics model is used to simulate rain production and below-cloud particle scavenging, and to quantify the contribution of turbulent diffusion to the overall Λ (r) generated from concentration changes. The relative contribution of vertical diffusion to below-cloud scavenging is found to be largest for submicron particles under weak precipitation conditions. The discrepancies between theoretical and field Λ (r) values can largely be explained by the contribution of vertical diffusion for all particles larger than 0.01 μm in diameter for which field data were available. The results presented here suggest that the current theoretical framework for Λ (r) can provide a reasonable approximation of below-cloud aerosol particle scavenging by rain in size-resolved aerosol transport models if vertical diffusion is also considered.
Meteorological information in GPS-RO reflected signals
Authors: Boniface K. , Aparicio J. M. , Cardellach E.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Vertical profiles of the atmosphere can be obtained globally with the radio-occultation technique. However, the lowest layers of the atmosphere are less accurately extracted. A good description of these layers is important for the good performance of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems, and an improvement of the observational data available for the low troposphere would thus be of great interest for data assimilation. We outline here how supplemental meteorological information close to the surface can be extracted whenever reflected signals are available. We separate the reflected signal through a radioholographic filter, and we interpret it with a ray tracing procedure, analyzing the trajectories of the electromagnetic waves over a 3-D field of refractive index. A perturbation approach is then used to perform an inversion, identifying the relevant contribution of the lowest layers of the atmosphere to the properties of the reflected signal, and extracting some supplemental information to the solution of the inversion of the direct propagation signals. It is found that there is a significant amount of useful information in the reflected signal, which is sufficient to extract a stand-alone profile of the low atmosphere, with a precision of approximately 0.1 %. The methodology is applied to one reflection case.
Onboard measurement system of atmospheric carbon monoxide over the Pacific Ocean by voluntary observing ships
Authors: Nara H. , Tanimoto H. , Nojiri Y. , Mukai H. , Machida T. , Tohjima Y.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Long-term monitoring of carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean is being carried out on commercial cargo vessels participating in the National Institute for Environmental Studies Voluntary Observing Ships program. The program provides a regular platform for measurement of atmospheric CO along four cruising routes: from Japan to Oceania, from Japan to the United States, from Japan to Canada, and from Japan to Southeast Asia. Flask samples are collected during every cruise for subsequent analysis in the laboratory, and in 2005, continuous shipboard CO measurements were initiated on three of the routes. Here, we describe the system we developed for onboard measurement of CO mixing ratios with a commercially available gas filter correlation CO analyzer. The fully automated system measures CO in ambient air, and the detector sensitivity and background signals are calibrated by referencing the measurements to a CO-in-air standard gas (~1 ppmv) and to CO-free air scrubbed with a catalyst, respectively. We examined the artificial production of CO in the high-pressure working gas standards (CO balanced with purified air at ppmv levels) during storage by referencing the measurements to CO standard gases maintained as our primary scale before and after use on the ships. The onboard performance of the continuous CO measurement system was evaluated by comparing its data with data from laboratory analyses of flask samples using gas chromatography with a reduction gas detector. The reasonably good consistency between the two independent measurement methods demonstrated the good performance of both methods over the course of 3–5 yr. The continuous measurement system was more useful than the flask sampling method for regionally polluted air masses, which were often encountered on Southeast Asian cruises.
Impact of maximum borehole depths on inverted temperature histories in borehole paleoclimatology
Authors: Beltrami H. , Smerdon J. E. , Matharoo G. S. , Nickerson N.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. A quantitative assessment is presented for the impact of the maximum depth of a temperature-depth profile on the estimate of the climatic transient and the resultant ground surface temperature (GST) reconstruction used in borehole paleoclimatology. The depth of the profile is important because the downwelling climatic signal must be separated from the quasi-steady state thermal regime established by the energy in the Earth's interior. This component of the signal is estimated as a linear increase in temperature with depth from the lower section of a borehole temperature profile, which is assumed to be unperturbed by recent changes in climate at the surface. The validity of this assumption is dependent on both the subsurface thermophysical properties and the character of the downwelling climatic signal. Such uncertainties can significantly impact the determination of the quasi-steady state thermal regime, and consequently the magnitude of the temperature anomaly interpreted as a climatic signal. The quantitative effects and uncertainties that arise from the analysis of temperature-depth profiles of different depths are presented. Results demonstrate that widely different GST histories can be derived from a single temperature profile truncated at different depths. Borehole temperature measurements approaching 500–600 m depths are shown to provide the most robust GST reconstructions spanning 500 to 1000 yr BP. It is further shown that the bias introduced by a temperature profile of depths shallower than 500–600 m remains even if the time span of the reconstruction target is shortened.
The 1-way on-line coupled atmospheric chemistry model system MECO(n) – Part 3: Meteorological evaluation of the on-line coupled system
Authors: Hofmann C. , Kerkweg A. , Wernli H. , Jöckel P.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Three detailed meteorological case studies are conducted with the global and regional atmospheric chemistry model system ECHAM5/MESSy(→COSMO/MESSy)n, shortly named MECO(n), in order to assess the general performance of the on-line coupling of the regional model COSMO to the global model ECHAM5. The cases are characterised by intense weather systems in Central Europe: an intense cold frontal passage in March 2010, a convective frontal event in July 2007, and the high impact winter storm "Kyrill" in January 2007. Simulations are performed with the new on-line-coupled model system and compared to classical, off-line COSMO hindcast simulations driven by ECMWF analyses. Precipitation observations from rain gauges and ECMWF analysis fields are used as reference, and both qualitative and quantitative measures are used to characterise the quality of the various simulations. It is shown that, not surprisingly, simulations with a shorter lead time generally produce more accurate simulations. Irrespective of lead time, the accuracy of the on-line and off-line COSMO simulations are comparable for the three cases. This result indicates that the new global and regional model system MECO(n) is able to simulate key mid-latitude weather systems, including cyclones, fronts, and convective precipitation, as accurately as present-day state-of-the-art regional weather prediction models in standard off-line configuration. Therefore, MECO(n) will be applied in the near future to simulate atmospheric chemistry exploring the model's full capabilities during meteorologically challenging conditions.
Modeling subsurface transport in extensive glaciofluvial and littoral sediments to remediate a municipal drinking water aquifer
Authors: Bergvall M. , Grip H. , Sjöström J. , Laudon H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Few studies have been carried out that cover the entire transport process of pesticides, from application at the soil surface, through subsurface transport, to contamination of drinking water in esker aquifers. In formerly glaciated regions, such as Scandinavia, many of the most important groundwater resources are situated in glaciofluvial eskers. The purpose of the present study was to model and identify significant processes that govern subsurface transport of pesticides in extensive glaciofluvial and littoral sediments. To simulate the transport processes, we coupled a vadose zone model at soil profile scale to a regional groundwater flow model. The model was applied to a municipal drinking-water aquifer, contaminated with the pesticide-metabolite BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzoamide). At regional scale, with the combination of a ten-meter-deep vadose zone and coarse texture, the observed concentrations could be described by the model without assuming preferential flow. A sensitivity analysis revealed that hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer and infiltration rate accounted for almost half of the model uncertainty. The calibrated model was applied to optimize the location of extraction wells for remediation, which were used to validate the predictive modeling. Running a worst-case scenario, the model showed that the establishment of two remediation wells would clean the aquifer in four years, compared to nine years without them. Further development of the model would require additional field measurements in order to improve the description of macrodispersion in deep, sandy vadose zones. We also suggest that future research should focus on characterization of the variability of hydraulic conductivity and its effect on contaminant transport in eskers.
Snow cover dynamics and hydrological regime of the Hunza River basin, Karakoram Range, Northern Pakistan
Authors: Tahir A. A. , Chevallier P. , Arnaud Y. , Ahmad B.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. A major proportion of flow in the Indus River is contributed by its snow- and glacier-fed river catchments situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere dynamics in this area for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover changes in the Hunza River basin (the snow- and glacier-fed sub-catchment of the Indus River). A database of daily flows for the Hunza River at Dainyor Bridge over a period of 40 yr and climate data (precipitation and temperature) for 10 yr from three meteorological stations within the catchment was made available to investigate the hydrological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000–2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. This increase in snow cover may be the result of an increase in winter precipitation caused by westerly circulation. The impact of global warming is not effective because a large part of the basin area lies under high altitudes where the temperature remains negative throughout most of the year.
Quantifying flow and remediation zone uncertainties for partially opened wells in heterogeneous aquifers
Authors: Ni C.-F. , Lin C.-P. , Li S.-G. , Chen J.-S.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. This study presents a numerical first-order spectral model to quantify transient flow and remediation zone uncertainties for partially opened wells in heterogeneous aquifers. Taking advantages of spectral theories in solving unmodeled small-scale variability in hydraulic conductivity (K), the presented nonstationary spectral method (NSM) can efficiently estimate flow uncertainties, including hydraulic heads and Darcy velocities in r- and z-directions in a cylindrical coordinate system. The velocity uncertainties associated with the particle backward tracking algorithm are then used to estimate stochastic remediation zones for scenarios with partially opened well screens. In this study the flow and remediation zone uncertainties obtained by NSM were first compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). A layered aquifer with different geometric mean of K and screen locations was then illustrated with the developed NSM. To compare NSM flow and remediation zone uncertainties with those of MCS, three different small-scale K variances and correlation lengths were considered for illustration purpose. The MCS remediation zones for different degrees of heterogeneity were presented with the uncertainty clouds obtained by 200 equally likely MCS realizations. Results of simulations reveal that the first-order NSM solutions agree well with those of MCS for partially opened wells. The flow uncertainties obtained by using NSM and MCS show identically for aquifers with small ln K variances and correlation lengths. Based on the test examples, the remediation zone uncertainties (bandwidths) are not sensitive to the changes of small-scale ln K correlation lengths. However, the increases of remediation zone uncertainties (i.e. the uncertainty bandwidths) are significant with the increases of small-scale ln K variances. The largest displacement uncertainties may have several meters of differences when the ln K variances increase from 0.1 to 1.0. Such conclusions are also valid for the estimations of remediation zones in layered aquifers.
High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Balan Sarojini B. , Gregory J. M. , Tailleux R. , Bigg G. R. , Blaker A. T. , Cameron D. R. , Edwards N. R. , Megann A. P. , Shaffrey L. C. , Sinha B.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We compare the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) as simulated by the coupled climate models of the RAPID project, which cover a wide range of resolution and complexity, and observed by the RAPID/MOCHA array at about 26° N. We analyse variability on a range of timescales, from five-daily to interannual. In models of all resolutions there is substantial variability on timescales of a few days; in most AOGCMs the amplitude of the variability is of somewhat larger magnitude than that observed by the RAPID array, while the time-mean is within about 10 % of the observational estimate. The amplitude of the simulated annual cycle is similar to observations, but the shape of the annual cycle shows a spread among the models. A dynamical decomposition shows that in the models, as in observations, the AMOC is predominantly geostrophic (driven by pressure and sea-level gradients), with both geostrophic and Ekman contributions to variability, the latter being exaggerated and the former underrepresented in models. Other ageostrophic terms, neglected in the observational estimate, are small but not negligible. The time-mean of the western boundary current near the latitude of the RAPID/MOCHA array has a much wider model spread than the AMOC does, indicating large differences among models in the simulation of the wind-driven gyre circulation, and its variability is unrealistically small in the models. In many RAPID models and in models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3), interannual variability of the maximum of the AMOC wherever it lies, which is a commonly used model index, is similar to interannual variability in the AMOC at 26° N. Annual volume and heat transport timeseries at the same latitude are well-correlated within 15–45° N, indicating the climatic importance of the AMOC. In the RAPID and CMIP3 models, we show that the AMOC is correlated over considerable distances in latitude, but not the whole extent of the North Atlantic; consequently interannual variability of the AMOC at 50° N, where it is particularly relevant to European climate, is not well-correlated with that of the AMOC at 26° N, where it is monitored by the RAPID/MOCHA array.
The impact of a seasonally ice free Arctic Ocean on the climate and surface mass balance of Svalbard
Authors: Day J. J. , Bamber J. L. , Valdes P. J. , Kohler J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. General circulation models (GCMs) predict a rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice extent in the 21st century. The decline of September sea ice is expected to continue until the Arctic Ocean is seasonally ice free, leading to a much perturbed Arctic climate with large changes in surface energy flux. Svalbard, located on the present day sea ice edge, contains many low lying ice caps and glaciers which are extremely sensitive to changes in climate. Records of past accumulation indicate that the surface mass balance (SMB) of Svalbard is also sensitive to changes in the position of the sea ice edge. To investigate the impact of 21st Century sea ice decline on the climate and surface mass balance of Svalbard a high resolution (25 km) regional climate model (RCM) was forced with a repeating cycle of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice conditions for the periods 1961–1990 and 2061–2090. By prescribing 20th Century SSTs and 21st Century sea ice for one simulation, the impact of sea ice decline is isolated. This study shows that the coupled impact of sea ice decline and SST increase results in a decrease in SMB, whereas the impact of sea ice decline alone causes an increase in SMB of similar magnitude.
Prevalence of Decreased Vitamin D Levels is High among Veterans with Diabetes and/or CKD
Authors: Yaturu Subhashini , Davis Jared
Published: July 2011

Objective. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a variety of skeletal and extraskeletal problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among veterans in sunny Louisiana. Methods. Using the VA computerized patient record system, we searched for all 25 (OH) Vitamin D and 1, 25 (OH) vitamin D levels that were measured between 2007 and 2009. The information collected for each patient included age, body mass index, creatinine, history of diabetes and hypertension, and levels of vitamin D and PTH. We determined the number of individuals who were vitamin D insufficient and deficient. Results. Among 2990 studies evaluated, the mean concentration of 25 (OH) D was  ng/mL, and that of 1, 25 (OH) vitamin D was  ng/mL. Among them, only 695 subjects (23%) had normal values, while 889 (30%) had insufficiency, and 1405 (47%) had deficiency. Subjects with diabetes (1041) had significantly () lower levels (21 and 25 ng/mL) of both 25 (OH) and 1,25 (OH) vitamin D compared to subjects without diabetes (23 and 32 ng/mL). Similarly, subjects with chronic kidney disease (1128) had much lower vitamin D levels than subjects without CKD. Among subjects with diabetes, those with chronic kidney disease (512) had much lower levels of both 25 (OH) and 1,25 (OH) vitamin D than with those with normal creatinine levels. Conclusions. We conclude that vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is highly prevalent in veterans, more so among subjects with diabetes and/or CKD.
Nanoscale Deformation and Nanomechanical Properties of Soft Matter Study Cases: Polydimethylsiloxane, Cells and Tissues
Authors: Charitidis Costas
Published: July 2011

Nanoindentation technique was used to investigate the nanomechanical behaviour of different soft materials. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), cells and tissues were examined. The nanomechanical properties (with loading rate and creep study), namely, the hardness () and the elastic modulus () of PDMS, were determined. A classical Hertzian contact analysis was also performed in order to obtain values of . Moreover, the plastic deformation where no load had yet been applied to PDMS was investigated (zero load plastic deformation). Finally, the difficulties of measuring the nanomechanical properties (&) of cells and tissues were evaluated, showing the need for a modification of the current experimental protocols for preparing and mechanically testing in a mode that maintains their structure and their biological functioning in order to make indentation results more reproducible. Additionally, finite element method is used in order to simulate the nanoindentation of PDMS in correlation with experimental data.
Numerical Study of Characteristic Equations of Thermoelastic Waves Propagating in a Uniaxial Prestressed Isotropic Plate
Authors: Hsu Shih-Ming , Yin Ching-Chung
Published: July 2011

Thermoelastic waves propagating in an isotropic thin plate exerted by a uniaxial tensile stress are represented in this work. Characteristic equation of guided thermoelastic waves is formulated based on the theory of acoustoelasticity and classical thermoelasticity. Curve-tracing method for complex root finding is used to determine the attenuation, which is the imaginary part of the complex-value wavenumber. It is found that each plate mode of thermoelastic wave propagating in an isotropic plate with or without prestress has a minimum attenuation at a specific frequency except the A0 mode. These modes are called the Lamé modes, which are the volume resonances in the thickness direction and propagate along the plate with the least energy dissipation. Frequency spectra of the phase velocity dispersion and attenuation of thermoelastic waves propagating along various orientations in the uniaxial prestressed thin plate have further been discussed.
Citrus/Cydonia Compositum Subcutaneous Injections versus Nasal Spray for Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Baars Erik W. , Jong Miek , Nierop Andreas F. M. , Boers Inge , Savelkoul Huub F. J.
Published: July 2011

Background.Clinical experiencesin vitroand clinical studies have demonstrated the curative potency and safety of Citrus/Cydonia compositum in seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment.Objectives.To compare the efficacy and safety of two routes of administration (nasal spray versus subcutaneous injections).Methodology: Design.a national, randomised, comparative clinical trial with two parallel groups.Participants.23 patients fulfilled the study requirements.Intervention.after a one- or two-week wash-out period, 23 patients were randomized, to a 6-week treatment period.Outcomes.immunological and symptom severity changes and safety. Immunologic outcome assessments were blinded to group assignment. 23 patients were randomized and from 22/23 patients (11 in each group) blood samples were analyzed before and after treatment.Conclusion.Both routes of administration demonstrate immunological and clinical effects, with larger inflammatory and innate immunological effects of the nasal spray route and larger allergen-specific clinical effects of the subcutaneous route, and are safe.
The Computing of Intersectant Relations for Its Strength Problem on Damage and Fracture to Materials with Short and Long Crack
Authors: Yu Yangui , Sun Yiming , Ma Yanghui , Xu Feng
Published: July 2011

Adopt two types of damage variables, and , and make the bidirectional combined coordinate system and the bidirectional curves in the whole process, describing their damage evolutive behaviors on fatigue damage-fracture to elastic-plastic steels; communicate the cross-referencing between their computing models and between describing curves at each stage among varied disciplines; bring forward a viewpoint about the driving force of material damage, that is the damage stress factor at crack forming stage, Provide the computation expressions and computing methods of the strength problem of materials with short crack and long crack at each stage; reveal the geometrical and the physical meaning of force triangle and its edge vector at each stage, Provide the conversion methods between the variables, the equations, the material constants and the dimensional units; Indicate the physical and the geometrical meanings for some key parameters. This will be having practical significance for promoting developing, and applying each discipline.
Dopamine β‐hydroxylase gene associates with stroop color‐word task performance in Han Chinese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ji Ning , Shuai Lan , Chen Yun , Liu Lu , Li Hai‐mei , Li Ze‐hua , Yang Li , Qian Qiu‐jin , Tang Yi‐lang , Cubells Joseph F. , Wang Yu‐feng
Published: July 2011

The cognitive deficits observed in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are candidate endophenotypes for genetic association studies. Dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DβH) converts dopamine to norepinephrine, and its activity is under strong genetic control. Prior studies suggest association between ADHD and DBH gene. The present study examined associations between a putative functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at DBH with performance on the Stroop task in patients with ADHD and in healthy control subjects. A total of 812 Han Chinese youths with DSM‐IV ADHD and 233 unaffected controls were included in the study. Comprehensive phenotype data were collected, including performance on a series of Stroop interference tests examining inhibition of response to interfering stimuli. DBH SNP −1021C/T was genotyped using the 5′‐exonuclease (TaqMan®) method. Compared to unaffected controls, children with ADHD performed significantly worse in all categories of the Stroop test. In ADHD cases, DBH genotype at −1021C/T significantly associates with reaction times of incongruent color word parts but not the interference times, with TT genotype performing significantly better in both reaction time and interference time than other two genotype groups. DBH genotype did not associate with cognitive performance in unaffected controls or in the combined group. DBH genotype at −1021C/T associates with differences in performance on the Stroop task in children with ADHD. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased positive selection pressure within the complementarity determining regions of the T‐cell receptor β gene in New World monkeys
Authors: Matsutani Takaji , Fujii Yoshiki , Kitaura Kazutaka , Suzuki Satsuki , Tsuruta Yuji , Takasaki Tomohiko , Ogasawara Kouetsu , Nishimoto Norihiro , Kurane Ichiro , Suzuki Ryuji
Published: July 2011

Because of the long‐term co‐evolution of TCR and MHC molecules, numerous nucleotide substitutions have accumulated within the domains of TCRβ genes. We previously found that nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions occurred more frequently in complementarity determining region (CDR)β than in CDRα, even though only a limited number of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and human T‐cell receptor β variable (TRBV) sequences were compared. This interesting finding raised the question of whether the increased selective pressure within CDRβ was species‐specific. In this study, we identified 21 TRBV region sequences from the common marmoset and performed comparative sequence analyses of the T‐cell receptor α variable (TRAV) and TRBV regions from human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, cotton‐top tamarin, Ma's night monkey, and common marmoset. The ratios of the number of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions per site (dN) to the dS values (dN/dS) were less than 1 within the framework regions (FRs) of TRAV and TRBV region sequences, suggesting that purifying selection is largely dominant within the FRs. In contrast, the dN values were statistically significantly greater for CDRβ than for CDRα only in New World monkeys. Also, increased dN/dS ratios (dN/dS>1) were observed within CDRβ between humans and New World monkeys and, interestingly, between New World monkeys, which share a relatively recent common ancestor. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood analysis provided firm evidence to support that positive selection occurred within CDRβ along New World monkey lineages. These results suggest that increased positive selection pressure within CDRβ is common in New World monkeys rather than being species‐specific. This study provides an intriguing insight into the co‐evolution of TCR and MHC molecules within primates. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1082–1092, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reciprocation and interchange of grooming, agonistic support, feeding tolerance, and aggression in semi‐free‐ranging Barbary macaques
Authors: Carne Charlotte , Wiper Sue , Semple Stuart
Published: July 2011

Evidence from a range of primate species indicates that grooming can be exchanged either for itself or for other rank‐related “commodities,” such as agonistic support, feeding tolerance, or reduced aggression. Patterns of exchange behavior have been found to vary considerably between species, and understanding the causes of this variation is central to the study of the evolution of primate social systems. It is, therefore, essential that exchange behavior is examined in a wide range of species and settings. This article is the first to explore the reciprocation and interchange of grooming in the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus). We collected focal data on semi‐free‐ranging adult female Barbary macaques at Trentham Monkey Forest, England, and analyzed dyadic data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. We found evidence for the reciprocal exchange of grooming and for the interchange of grooming for agonistic support and tolerance while feeding. There was no evidence that grooming was traded for a reduction in aggression; indeed, we found a positive relationship between aggression given and grooming received. This may reflect the “extortion” of grooming from subordinates by dominant animals. These results will facilitate comparative analyses of exchange behavior by adding to the current database a new species, characterized by a different social style from those macaque species previously investigated. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1127–1133, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: elevated serum immunoglobulin E is associated with Staphylococcus aureus on culture
Authors: Clark David W. , Wenaas Ashley , Citardi Martin J. , Luong Amber , Fakhri Samer
Published: July 2011

Background:

Recent data has implicated Staphylococcus aureus (SA) superantigen as a potential disease modifier in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The objective of this work was to compare total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum eosinophils in patients with CRSwNP and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) based on culture results of the 3 most commonly isolated bacteria.

Methods:

Retrospective review at a tertiary rhinology referral center of patients with CRS over a 4‐year period.

Results:

Bacterial cultures and immunologic data were obtained from 62 patients with CRSwNP and 34 patients with CRSsNP. SA was the most prevalent bacteria in the CRSwNP group, isolated in 19 patients (31%). Patients with elevated total serum IgE (>114 IU/mL) were more likely to have SA on culture (p = 0.04) in this population. The percent serum eosinophil levels in the SA+ group compared with the SA− group was not significant (6.0 vs 5.1, p = 0.17). Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, but not Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT‐20) scores were significantly higher in the SA+ vs SA− group (p = 0.03) in patients with CRSwNP. The CRSsNP group demonstrated no difference in IgE or serum eosinophils between different bacterial groups.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that there is an association between SA sinonasal presence and elevated total serum IgE in patients with CRSwNP. In addition, SA+ patients had higher Lund‐Mackay CT scores, indicating a higher objective burden of disease in this group of patients. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis: Clinical characteristics at diagnosis and long‐term survival
Authors: Humbert Marc , Yaici Azzedine , de Groote Pascal , Montani David , Sitbon Olivier , Launay David , Gressin Virginie , Guillevin Loïc , Clerson Pierre , Simonneau Gérald , Hachulla Eric
Published: July 2011

Objective

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe, life‐limiting complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Guidelines recommend early detection and management of SSc‐PAH. However, little is known about the impact of detection programs on patients with SSc‐PAH. This study was undertaken to assess the clinical characteristics of patients with SSc‐PAH at diagnosis and their long‐term outcomes.

Methods

Two incident cohorts of patients with SSc‐PAH from the same management era (2002/2003) were studied. The first cohort (designated the routine practice cohort) included consecutive adult patients with symptomatic SSc in whom a diagnosis of PAH was made by right‐sided heart catheterization (RHC) at the time of recruitment into the French PAH Registry. The second cohort (designated the detection cohort) comprised consecutive patients with SSc who entered a systematic PAH detection program and were subsequently found to have PAH on RHC. Clinical characteristics at diagnosis of PAH and subsequent 8‐year mortality were compared between the cohorts.

Results

There were 16 patients in each cohort. At the time of PAH diagnosis, patients in the detection cohort had less advanced pulmonary vascular disease compared with patients in the routine practice cohort, as evidenced by more patients being in New York Heart Association class I and class II, a lower mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index, and a higher cardiac output. Patients in the detection cohort were less likely to receive diuretics and warfarin, but there was no difference in exposure to PAH‐specific therapies between the cohorts. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 8‐year survival rates were 75%, 31%, 25%, and 17%, respectively, in the routine practice cohort compared with 100%, 81%, 73%, and 64%, respectively, in the detection cohort (P = 0.0037).

Conclusion

Compared with patients in routine clinical practice, PAH detection programs in SSc are able to identify patients with milder forms of the disease, allowing earlier management.
Fine mapping of a major histocompatibility complex in ankylosing spondylitis: Association of the HLA–DPA1 and HLA–DPB1 regions
Authors: Díaz‐Peña Roberto , Aransay Ana M. , Bruges‐Armas Jacome , López‐Vázquez Antonio , Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara , Mendibil Iñaki , Sánchez Alejandra , Torre‐Alonso Juan Carlos , Bettencourt Bruno F. , Mulero Juan , Collantes Eduardo , López‐Larrea Carlos
Published: July 2011

Objective

To investigate the potential association of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers other than HLA–B27 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

A total of 603 patients with AS and 542 healthy control subjects, all of whom were HLA–B27 positive, were selected for this study based on clinical criteria. First, high‐density genotyping across the MHC region (2,360 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) was performed in a cohort of 191 patients and 241 control subjects. After a fine‐mapping study, 5 SNPs from the HLA–DPA1/DPB1 region were validated in a second cohort of 412 patients with AS and 301 healthy control subjects.

Results

Seventeen SNPs located within or near the HLA–DPA1 and HLA–DPB1 loci showed association with AS (P = 1.38 × 10−5 to 0.05). In addition, multimarker tests, both linkage disequilibrium and sliding windows, showed association of some groups of adjacent SNPs within the HLA–DPA1/DPB1 region with AS (P = 1.0 × 10−4 to 3.96 × 10−7). We validated the association by genotyping 5 SNPs from the DPA1/DPB1 region in an additional cohort and obtained P values from 6.42 × 10−5 to 0.01 in the analysis of the combined cohorts. Subtyping analysis of HLA–DPA1 and HLA–DPB1 showed that HLA–DPA1*01:03, A1*02:01, and B1*13:01 were the subtypes most susceptible to AS.

Conclusion

HLA markers and linkage disequilibrium blocks near HLA–DPA1 and HLA–DPB1 are statistically associated with AS. We identified a region located around the HLA–DPA1 and HLA–DPB1 loci associated with AS, another region within the MHC that is different from HLA–B27.
Policies and instruments affecting water use for bioenergy production
Authors: Moraes Marcia M.G.A. , Ringler Claudia , Cai Ximing
Published: July 2011

Bioenergy‐related water use can intensify existing water stress, increasing the importance of sustainable management of water resources for sustainable bioenergy production and use. This paper presents a review of policies and instruments that can influence how bioenergy production affects water availability and use. It discusses policies and instruments of importance for water use for bioenergy production, considering both biomass production and the subsequent conversion to solid/liquid/gaseous fuels and electricity. Water policies on the biomass production side should focus on ensuring efficient water use. While environmental policy instruments, such as command‐and‐control approaches, support maintaining specific water quantities and quality standards for biofuel production, market‐based tools can help users identify least‐cost options and increase efficiency. For the energy conversion side, water quality is the key issue that needs to be addressed with adequate policy instruments, but water scarcity can also constrain biofuel industry growth. It is important that policies and instruments for water management on the biomass production and energy conversion side are coordinated to ensure that efficiency is achieved along the entire production chain. Finally, the evaluation of water‐use policies and instruments for bioenergy production should not only relate to their direct impacts on water use, but should also take into account overall impacts on the economy. This is of particular importance given the likely future large‐scale expansion, the potentially large impacts on both water and land, and the potentially large benefits for rural economies of bioenergy expansion. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evaluation of water use for bioenergy at different scales
Authors: Yeh Sonia , Berndes Göran , Mishra Gouri S. , Wani Suhas P. , Elia Neto André , Suh Sangwon , Karlberg Louise , Heinke Jens , Garg Kaushal K.
Published: July 2011

This perspective reviews water metrics for accounting total water demand to produce bioenergy at various spatial scales. Volumes of water abstracted, consumed, and altered are estimated to assess water requirements of a bioenergy product, providing useful tools for water resource management and planning at local, regional, and global scale. Blue‐water use accounting, integrated over time and space, provides the most direct measurements of the effects of bioenergy production on freshwater allocation among various end‐users, and on human and ecosystem health and well‐being. Measurement of total water demand for crop evapotranspiration, which includes both blue and green water, communicates vital information of how land and water productivity supports/constrains bioenergy expansion, and helps identify potential areas to increase the productivity of agriculture through improved soil and water conservation, changes in crop choice, and improved crop management. Life‐cycle water use accounting provides a useful comparison of water required for production and conversion of feedstock to various forms of energy, and opportunities to improve water use efficiency throughout the supply chain. In addition, life‐cycle water use may be used to account for water use avoided as a result of displacement of products by coproducts of biofuel production; though these applications must be interpreted with caution. Local or regional conditions and the objective of the analysis at hand determine which water accounting metrics are most relevant and the relative importance of water use impact compared to other impacts, such as impacts to soil quality and biodiversity. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases involving the caudate lobe
Authors: Thomas R L , Lordan J T , Devalia K , Quiney N , Fawcett W , Worthington T R , Karanjia N D
Published: July 2011

Background

Up to 5 per cent of liver resections for colorectal cancer metastases involve the caudate lobe, with cancer-involved resection margins of over 50 per cent being reported following caudate lobe resection.

Methods

Outcomes of consecutive liver resections for colorectal metastases involving the caudate lobe between 1996 and 2009 were reviewed retrospectively, and compared with those after liver surgery without caudate resection.

Results

Twenty-five patients underwent caudate and 432 non-caudate liver resection. Caudate resection was commonly performed as part of extended resection. There were no differences in operative complications (24 versus 21·1 per cent; P = 0·727) or blood loss (median 300 versus 250 ml; P = 0·234). The operating time was longer for caudate resection (median 283 versus 227 min; P = 0·024). Tumour size was larger in the caudate group (median 40 versus 27 mm; P = 0·018). Resection margins were smaller when the caudate lobe was involved by tumour, than in resections including tumour-free caudate or non-caudate resection; however, there was no difference in the proportion of completely excised tumours between caudate and non-caudate resections (96 versus 96·1 per cent; P = 0·990). One-year overall survival rates were 90 and 89·3 per cent respectively (P = 0·960), with 1-year recurrence-free survival rates of 62 and 71·2 per cent (P = 0·340).

Conclusion

Caudate lobe surgery for colorectal cancer liver metastases does not increase the incidence of resection margin involvement, although when the caudate lobe contains metastases the margins are significantly closer than in other resections.
Synthesis of 9‐(Heteroarylmethylidene)amino Derivatives of Homocamptothecin with Biological Activities
Authors: Guo Wei , Miao Zhenyuan , Sheng Chunquan , Yao Jianzhong , Liu Wenfeng , Zhu Lingjian , Zhang Yongqiang , Cheng Pengfei , Dong Guoqiang , Zhuang Chunlin , Zhang Wannian
Published: July 2011

Six 9‐(heteroarylmethylidene)amino derivatives, 2a–2f, of homocamptothecin were synthesized for the first time by total synthesis in 22 steps and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of topoisomerase I. Moreover, the antitumor activities of 2a–2f against three human tumor cell lines, i.e., A‐549, MDA‐MB‐435, and HCT‐116, were determined and the results showed that compound 2c was the most active homocamptothecin derivative against the A‐549 (IC50=0.046 μM) and HTC‐116 tumor cells (IC50=3.67 μM), with a ca. 50 times higher activity than the reference drug topotecan (TPT) against the lung cancer cell line A‐549.
Seed‐Mediated and Iodide‐Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanocrystals with Systematic Shape Evolution from Rhombic Dodecahedral to Octahedral Structures
Authors: Chung Pei‐Ju , Lyu Lian‐Ming , Huang Michael H.
Published: July 2011

We report the development of a seed‐mediated and iodide‐assisted method for the synthesis of monodisperse gold nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution from rhombic dodecahedral to octahedral structures. Particle growth is complete in 15 min at room temperature, so the process is fast and energy‐efficient. By progressively increasing the volume of KI used in a growth solution while keeping the amount of ascorbic acid added constant, nanocrystals with morphologies that vary from rhombic dodecahedral to rhombicuboctahedral, edge‐ and corner‐truncated octahedral, corner‐truncated octahedral, and octahedral structures were synthesized. The nanocrystals are monodisperse in size and readily form self‐assembled structures on substrates. By simply adjusting the volume of gold seed solution added to a growth solution, particle sizes of the octahedral gold nanocrystals can be tuned with average opposite corner‐to‐corner distances of 42, 48, 54, 60, 68, 93, 107, and 125 nm. In the presence of HAuCl4, iodide may act as a reducing agent. Variation of its volume in the solution may slightly modulate the reduction rate and affect the final crystal morphology. Intermediate structures collected during crystal growth reveal the presence of many twisted structures that surround a developing nanocrystal core. This nanocrystal growth mechanism and the less important role of surfactant in directing the polyhedral nanocrystal morphology is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Layered Perovskite‐Like Pb2Fe2O5 Structure as a Parent Matrix for the Nucleation and Growth of Crystallographic Shear Planes.
Authors: Batuk Dmitry , Hadermann Joke , Abakumov Artem , Vranken Thomas , Hardy An , Van Bael Marlies , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: July 2011

The incommensurate title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of PbO and Fe2O3 (700—800 °C, up to 500 h) and characterized by powder XRD and TEM.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Diazo Compounds at Atmospheric Pressure: A Catalytic Approach to Ketenes.
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Liu Yiyang , Ling Lin , Li Yuxue , Dong Yian , Gong Mingxing , Zhao Xiaokun , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: July 2011

The first efficient Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of α‐diazo carbonyl compounds or N‐tosylhydrazones with CO is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Michael Reactions of Aliphatic Aldehyde Enolates Generated by Imidazolium Carbenes.
Authors: Kim Hyoungsu , Byeon Seong Rim , Leed Marina G. D. , Hong Jiyong
Published: July 2011

The reaction is investigated with respect to the synthesis of cyclopentane aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylic Dearomatization of Phenols.
Authors: Wu Qing‐Feng , Liu Wen‐Bo , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , Rong Zi‐Qiang , Ye Ke‐Yin , You Shu‐Li
Published: July 2011

Spirocyclohexadienone derivatives are obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities by intramolecular asymmetric allylic dearomatization of phenols bearing tethered allylic ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 2‐Diazonaphthoquinones with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Sakata Rie , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: July 2011

Unsubstituted diazonaphthoquinone (I) reacts with various boronic acids under the optimized conditions to produce the target compounds in moderate to good yield in dependence of the aryl substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Methodology to Substituted Furans via Oxidation of Functionalized α‐Diazo‐β‐ketoacetates.
Authors: Truong Phong , Xu Xinfang , Doyle Michael P.
Published: July 2011

Oxidative cyclization of α‐diazoesters of type (I) and subsequent dehydration offers an efficient access to 3‐methoxyfuran carboxylate esters (IV) and an improved method for the synthesis of 3‐hydrofuran carboxylate esters (V).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Nitro‐Mannich/Hydroamination Cascades for the Direct Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrroles Using Base and Gold Catalysis.
Authors: Barber David M. , Sanganee Hitesh , Dixon Darren J.
Published: July 2011

An efficient method for the preparation of substituted pyrroles (IV) from sulfonyl imines (I) and nitrobutyne (II) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 2,3,4‐ or 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrroles via [3,3] or [1,3] Rearrangements of O‐Vinyl Oximes.
Authors: Wang Heng‐Yen , Mueller Daniel S. , Sachwani Rachna M. , Kapadia Rachel , Londino Hannah N. , Anderson Laura L.
Published: July 2011

O‐Vinyl oximes, generated by Ir‐catalyzed isomerization of O‐allyl oximes, undergo efficient cyclization to afford 2,3,4‐ trisubstituted pyrroles via [3,3] rearrangement or 2,5‐di‐ and 2,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrroles via [1,3] rearrangement.