bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heuristics guide the implementation of social preferences in one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma experiments
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Jordan Jillian J. , Rand David G.
Published: October 2014

Cooperation in one-shot anonymous interactions is a widely documented aspect of human behaviour. Here we shed light on the motivations behind this behaviour by experimentally exploring cooperation in a one-shot continuous-strategy Prisoner's Dilemma (i.e. one-shot two-player Public Goods Game). We examine the distribution of cooperation amounts and how that distribution varies based on the benefit-to-cost ratio of cooperation (b/c). Interestingly, we find a trimodal distribution at allb/cvalues investigated. Increasingb/cdecreases the fraction of participants engaging in zero cooperation and increases the fraction engaging in maximal cooperation, suggesting a role for efficiency concerns. However, a substantial fraction of participants consistently engage in 50% cooperation regardless ofb/c. The presence of these persistent 50% cooperators is surprising and not easily explained by standard models of social preferences. We present evidence that this behaviour is a result of social preferences guided by simple decision heuristics, rather than the rational examination of payoffs assumed by most social preference models. We also find a strong correlation between play in the Prisoner's Dilemma and in a subsequent Dictator Game, confirming previous findings suggesting a common prosocial motivation underlying altruism and cooperation.
Association of BRCA2 N372H polymorphism with cancer susceptibility: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xue Wen-Qiong , He Yong-Qiao , Zhu Jin-Hong , Ma Jian-Qun , He Jing , Jia Wei-Hua
Published: October 2014

BRCA2 gene plays an important role in homologous recombination. Polymorphic variants in this gene has been suggested to confer cancer susceptibility. Numerous studies have investigated association between BRCA2 N372H polymorphism and risk of several cancers, especially breast cancer. However, the results were inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to provide a more precise assessment of the association between N372H and cancer risk, following the latest meta-analysis guidelines (PRISMA). Forty six studies involving 36299 cases and 48483 controls were included in our meta-analysis. The crude ORs and the 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association. The results indicated that the BRCA2 N372H variant was significantly associated with an increased risk of overall cancer (dominant model: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.13; recessive model: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.23). Moreover, stratified analyses by the cancer type and source of control observed significantly increased risk associated with BRCA2 N372H in subgroups with ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and population-based controls, but not breast cancer or hospital-based controls. We also found such association among Africans. Overall, the meta-analysis suggested that BRCA2 N372H may be a cancer susceptibility polymorphism. Well-designed and large-scale studies are needed to substantiate the association between BRCA2 N372H polymorphism and cancer risk.
A novel fluorescence and resonance Rayleigh scattering probe based on quantum dots for the detection of albendazole
Authors: Li Qin , Tan Xuanping , Fu Lingli , Liu Qu , Tang Weiwei
Published: October 2014

Glutathione (GSH)-capped CdTe QDs with diameters of 3 nm were synthesised.
Efficient cycloaddition of epoxides and carbon dioxide over novel organic–inorganic hybrid zeolite catalysts
Authors: Li Chen-Geng , Xu Le , Wu Peng , Wu Haihong , He Mingyuan
Published: October 2014

The organic–inorganic lamellar MFI zeolites, containing embedded Gemini-type quaternary ammonium groups and changeable halogen anions, serve as active and reusable catalysts for the cycloaddition of epoxides and carbon dioxide.
A synthetic strategy for switching the single ion anisotropy in tetrahedral Co(ii) complexes
Authors: Vaidya Shefali , Upadhyay Apoorva , Singh Saurabh Kumar , Gupta Tulika , Tewary Subrata , Langley Stuart K. , Walsh James P. S. , Murray Keith S. , Rajaraman Gopalan , Shanmugam Maheswaran
Published: October 2014

We have shown for the first time, by simply exploiting the hard/soft nature of ligands, single ion magnetic anisotropy of Co(ii) tetrahedral complexes can be switched (+ve to −ve orvice versa) rationally.
Electrochemical energy storage by polyaniline nanofibers: high gravity assisted oxidative polymerization vs. rapid mixing chemical oxidative polymerization
Authors: Zhao Yibo , Wei Huige , Arowo Moses , Yan Xingru , Wu Wei , Chen Jianfeng , Wang Yiran , Guo Zhanhu
Published: October 2014

A rotating packed bed (RPB) rather than stirred tank reactor (STR) produces more uniform polyaniline fibers with better energy storage performance.
Enhancement of visible photocatalytic performances of a Bi2MoO6–BiOCl nanocomposite with plate-on-plate heterojunction structure
Authors: Yue Du , Chen Daimei , Wang Zhihong , Ding Hao , Zong Ruilong , Zhu Yongfa
Published: October 2014

A visible-light-sensitive Bi2MoO6–BiOCl heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized via a hydrothermal process.
Locally controlling mesenchymal stem cell morphogenesis by 3D PDGF-BB gradients towards the establishment of an in vitro perivascular niche
Authors: Lienemann P. S. , Devaud Y. R. , Reuten R. , Simona B. R. , Karlsson M. , Weber W. , Koch M. , Lutolf M. P. , Milleret V. , Ehrbar M.
Published: October 2014

We report on the creation of a three dimensional biomimetic tissue model that recapitulates the stable PDGF-BB gradient controlling mesenchymal stem cell morphogenetic behavior in the perivascular niche.
Effects of vanadium (V) and magnesium (Mg) on rat bone tissue: mineral status and micromorphology. Consequences of V–Mg interactions
Authors: Ścibior Agnieszka , Adamczyk Agnieszka , Mroczka Robert , Niedźwiecka Irmina , Gołębiowska Dorota , Fornal Emilia
Published: October 2014

Effects of vanadium and magnesium on bone mineral status and micromorphology were shown in anin vivoexperimental model.
One-step synthesis of structure controlled vinyl functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres
Authors: Li Jie , Chen Lianxi , Li Xi , Zhang Chaocan , Jiang Yang
Published: October 2014

A simple synthetic strategy of vinyl functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres using CTAB as a template and ammonia as a catalyst.
l-Valine derived chiral N-sulfinamides as effective organocatalysts for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of N-alkyl and N-aryl protected ketimines
Authors: Wang Chao , Wu Xinjun , Zhou Li , Sun Jian
Published: October 2014

l-Valine derived N-sulfinamides have been developed as efficient enantioselective Lewis basic organocatalysts for the asymmetric reduction of N-aryl and N-alkyl ketimines with trichlorosilane.
The rapid synthesis of oxazolines and their heterogeneous oxidation to oxazoles under flow conditions
Authors: Glöckner Steffen , Tran Duc N. , Ingham Richard J. , Fenner Sabine , Wilson Zoe E. , Battilocchio Claudio , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2014

A flow process to access oxazolines and oxazoles via a rapid and practical protocol is described.
Combining luminescence spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis and quantum chemistry to reveal metal speciation – a case study of uranyl(vi) hydrolysis
Authors: Drobot Björn , Steudtner Robin , Raff Johannes , Geipel Gerhard , Brendler Vinzenz , Tsushima Satoru
Published: October 2014

The sensitive excitation of uranyl(vi) hydrolysis species in the UV (180 to 370 nm) is due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer.
On the trade-off between processability and opto-electronic properties of single wall carbon nanotube derivatives in thin film heterojunctions
Authors: Salice Patrizio , Sartorio Camillo , Burlini Alessandro , Improta Roberto , Pignataro Bruno , Menna Enzo
Published: October 2014

Controlled functionalization of single wall carbon nanotubes through flow chemistry: a means to improve processability while preserving electronic interaction with a semiconducting polymer in thin film heterojunctions.
Flexible method to calibrate projector–camera systems with high accuracy
Authors: Song Wei , Xie Xiang , Li Guolin , Wang Zhihua
Published: October 2014

A flexible high‐accuracy calibrating method is proposed for projector–camera systems. To reduce the interferences between the projected pattern and printed pattern, a pure white pattern is projected on the printed pattern board as the background image, and then a background subtraction process is applied. Through analysing the remaining noises, a Bayesian classifier‐based adaptive filter is proposed to eliminate them and maximally reserve the information around corners with a minimum error probability to obtain accurate corner correspondences. Without the need for any additional high‐precision devices, this method only uses a checkerboard calibration board. The experiment results show that the maximum reprojection error is <0.4561 pixels and the root mean square of the reprojection error is 0.1422 pixels.
Geo‐location error analysis in geosynchronous SAR
Authors: Zeng Tao , Yin Wei , Ding Zegang , Long Teng
Published: October 2014

The Doppler rate of geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEO SAR) is zero at some orbital positions due to their high altitude. Also, the Doppler frequency varies along the range direction in the squint mode which is widely used in GEO SAR. The above‐mentioned Doppler characteristics have serious effects on the calculation of geo‐location error, which are not considered in the conventional model. To solve the problem, an accurate model of the geo‐location error is derived based on the range‐Doppler equations and the geometry of the squint GEO SAR. The proposed model perfectly matches the simulation results, and can be widely used in both the broadside mode and the squint mode of the spaceborne SAR. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the geo‐location error to error sources is analysed based on the simulation for GEO SAR. It is found that the satellite velocity error is the main error source of the geo‐location error in GEO SAR.
Improved fast mean shift algorithm for remote sensing image segmentation
Authors: Zhou Jia‐Xiang , Li Zhi‐Wei , Fan Chong
Published: October 2014

Image segmentation plays a crucial role in object‐based remote sensing information extraction. This study improves the existing mean shift (MS) algorithm for segmenting high resolution remote sensing imagery by adopting two strategies. First, a pixel‐based, fixed bandwidth and weighted MS algorithm is applied to cluster the image. In this process, the space bandwidth is selected according to the resolution of remote sensing images, and the range bandwidths of each band are calculated based on grey feature and the plug‐in rule. Gaussian kernels are used for clustering. Second, a region‐based MS algorithm is applied to globally merge modes which are obtained in the first step. The spatial and range bandwidths are adaptively adjusted based on the clustering result of the first step. Experimental results with two Quickbird images show that the improved algorithm is superior to the typical MS algorithm, producing high precision and requiring less operation time.
Flying‐capacitor stacked multicell multilevel voltage source inverters: analysis and modelling
Authors: Dargahi Saeedeh , Babaei Ebrahim , Eskandari Soheila , Dargahi Vahid , Sabahi Mehran
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the natural voltage balancing dynamics of the single/three‐phase stacked multicell converters (SMCs). First, explicit analytic solutions for switching functions’ implicit equations, which are, utilised in modulating of the SMCs operated under phase disposition phase shifted carrier pulse width modulation (PD‐PSC‐PWM) technique whereas being initiated from the Kepler's transcendental equation, are derived. Next, utilising above‐mentioned calculated Kapteyn (Fourier–Bessel)‐based infinite series, a time‐variant differential equation‐based analytical model for single/three‐phase SMCs is suggested. This strategy reduces to a model that can facilitate the analytic investigation of the start‐up behaviour, dynamic response and natural voltage balancing phenomenon for SMCs owning any number of voltage‐levels and phase numbers. Furthermore, it is also inferred that under the PD‐PSC‐PWM modulation technique, the flying‐capacitor (FC) voltages balance naturally for higher number of stacks and cells, hence substantiating that the natural balancing exists for high‐level SMCs. Moreover, precise analysis of the experimental observations reveals that settling time of the FC voltages in the positive and negative stacks positioned in the immediate vicinity of the SMC's midpoint is higher than the settling time of the FC voltages in the correspondent positive and negative stacks outlying the SMC's midpoint.
Guiding and collimating fast electron beam by the quasi-static electromagnetic field array
Authors: Wang J. , Zhao Z. Q. , He W. H. , Cao L. H. , Dong K. G. , Wu Y. C. , Zhu B. , Zhang T. K. , Zhang B. , Zhang Z. M. , Gu Y. Q.
Published: October 2014

A guidance and collimation scheme for fast electron beam in a traverse periodic quasi-static electromagnetic field array is proposed with the semi-analytic method and the particle-in-cell simulation. The sheath electric fields on the surfaces of nanowires and the magnetic fields around the nanowires form a traverse periodic quasi-static electromagnetic field array. Therefore, most of the fast electrons are confined at the nanowire surfaces and transport forward. More importantly, due to the divergent property of the beams, the magnitudes of the generated fields decrease with the target depth. The lateral momenta of the electrons convert into the forward momenta through Lorenz force, and they cannot recover their initial values. Therefore, the fast electrons can be guided and collimated efficiently in the gaps between the nanowires. In our particle-in-cell simulations, the observed guiding efficiency exceeds 80% compared with the reference target.
A two-layer depth-averaged approach to describe the regime stratification in collapses of dry granular columns
Authors: Sarno L. , Carravetta A. , Martino R. , Tai Y. C.
Published: October 2014

The dynamics of dry granular flows is still insufficiently understood. Several depth-averaged approaches, where the flow motion is described through hydrodynamic-like models with suitable resistance laws, have been proposed in the last decades to describe the propagation of avalanches and debris flows. Yet, some important features of the granular flow dynamics cannot be well delivered. For example, it is very challenging to capture the progressive deposition process, observed in collapses and dam-break flows over rough beds, where an upper surface flow is found to coexist with a lower creeping flow. The experimental observations of such flows suggest the existence of a flow regime stratification caused by different momentum transfer mechanisms. In this work, we propose a two-layer depth-averaged model, aiming at describing such a stratification regime inside the flowing granular mass. The model equations are derived for both two-dimensional plane and axi-symmetric flows. Mass and momentum balances of each layer are considered separately, so that different constitutive laws are introduced. The proposed model is equipped with a closure equation accounting for the mass flux at the interface between the layers. Numerical results are compared with experimental data of axi-symmetric granular collapses to validate the proposed approach. The model delivers sound agreement with experimental data when the initial aspect ratios are small. In case of large initial aspect ratios, it yields a significant improvement in predicting the final shape of deposit and also the run-out distances. Further comparisons with different numerical models show that the two-layer approach is capable of correctly describing the main features of the final deposit also in the case of two-dimensional granular collapses.
Six-dimensional Painlevé systems and their particular solutions in terms of rigid systems
Authors: Suzuki Takao
Published: October 2014

In this article, we propose a class of six-dimensional Painlevé systems given as the monodromy preserving deformations of the Fuchsian systems. They are expressed as polynomial Hamiltonian systems of sixth order. We also discuss their particular solutions in terms of the hypergeometric functions defined by fourth order rigid systems.
On globally non-trivial almost-commutative manifolds
Authors: Boeijink Jord , van den Dungen Koen
Published: October 2014

Within the framework of Connes’ noncommutative geometry, we define and study globally non-trivial (or topologically non-trivial) almost-commutative manifolds. In particular, we focus on those almost-commutative manifolds that lead to a description of a (classical) gauge theory on the underlying base manifold. Such an almost-commutative manifold is described in terms of a “principal module,” which we build from a principal fibre bundle and a finite spectral triple. We also define the purely algebraic notion of “gauge modules,” and show that this yields a proper subclass of the principal modules. We describe how a principal module leads to the description of a gauge theory, and we provide two basic yet illustrative examples.
Filament formation and erasure in molybdenum oxide during resistive switching cycles
Authors: Kudo Masaki , Arita Masashi , Ohno Yuuki , Takahashi Yasuo
Published: October 2014

In-situ filament observations were carried out on the Cu/MoOx/TiN resistive random access memory (ReRAM) by using transmission electron microscopy. Multiple positive and negative I-V cycles were investigated. Clear set-reset bipolar switch corresponding to the characteristics of conventional ReRAM devices was recognized. Filament grew from TiN to Cu in the set cycle and shrank from TiN to Cu in the reset cycle. However, there was no clear contrast change in the image at the switching moment, and thus, switching is thought to occur in a local region of the filament. When the current was large at reset, the filament shrank much, and its position tended to change.
Does fluoride disrupt hydrogen bond network in cationic lipid bilayer? Time-dependent fluorescence shift of Laurdan and molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Pokorna Sarka , Jurkiewicz Piotr , Vazdar Mario , Cwiklik Lukasz , Jungwirth Pavel , Hof Martin
Published: October 2014

Time-dependent fluorescence shift (TDFS) of Laurdan embedded in phospholipid bilayers reports on hydration and mobility of the phospholipid acylgroups. Exchange of H2O with D2O prolongs the lifetime of lipid-water and lipid-water-lipid interactions, which is reflected in a significantly slower TDFS kinetics. Combining TDFS measurements in H2O and D2O hydrated bilayers with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides a unique tool for characterization of the hydrogen bonding at the acylgroup level of lipid bilayers. In this work, we use this approach to study the influence of fluoride anions on the properties of cationic bilayers composed of trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP). The results obtained for DOTAP are confronted with those for neutral phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers. Both in DOTAP and DOPC H2O/D2O exchange prolongs hydrogen-bonding lifetime and does not disturb bilayer structure. These results are confirmed by MD simulations. TDFS experiments show, however, that for DOTAP this effect is cancelled in the presence of fluoride ions. We interpret these results as evidence that strongly hydrated fluoride is able to steal water molecules that bridge lipid carbonyls. Consequently, when attracted to DOTAP bilayer, fluoride disrupts the local hydrogen-bonding network, and the differences in TDFS kinetics between H2O and D2O hydrated bilayers are no longer observed. A distinct behavior of fluoride is also evidenced by MD simulations, which show different lipid-ion binding for Cl− and F−.
Nanoscale three-dimensional reconstruction of elastic and inelastic mean free path lengths by electron holographic tomography
Authors: Lubk A. , Wolf D. , Kern F. , Röder F. , Prete P. , Lovergine N. , Lichte H.
Published: October 2014

Electron holography at medium resolution simultaneously probes projected electrostatic and magnetostatic potentials as well as elastic and inelastic attenuation coefficients with a spatial resolution of a few nanometers. In this work, we derive how the elastic and inelastic attenuation can be disentangled. Using that result, we perform the first three dimensional tomographic reconstruction of potential and (in)elastic attenuation in parallel. The technique can be applied to distinguish between functional potentials and composition changes in nanostructures, as demonstrated using the example of a GaAs—Al0.33Ga0.67As core-shell nanowire.
Enhanced efficiency in the excitation of higher modes for atomic force microscopy and mechanical sensors operated in liquids
Authors: Penedo M. , Raman A. , Hormeño S. , Fernández-Martínez I. , Luna M. , Briones F.
Published: October 2014

Recent developments in dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy where several eigenmodes are simultaneously excited in liquid media are proving to be an excellent tool in biological studies. Despite its relevance, the search for a reliable, efficient, and strong cantilever excitation method is still in progress. Herein, we present a theoretical modeling and experimental results of different actuation methods compatible with the operation of Atomic Force Microscopy in liquid environments: ideal acoustic, homogeneously distributed force, distributed applied torque (MAC Mode™), photothermal and magnetostrictive excitation. From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that magnetostriction is the strongest and most efficient technique for higher eigenmode excitation when using soft cantilevers in liquid media.
Phase transformations in multiferroic Bi1−xLaxFe1−yTiyO3 ceramics probed by temperature dependent Raman scattering
Authors: Xu L. P. , Zhang L. L. , Zhang X. L. , Zhang J. Z. , Hu Z. G. , Yu J. , Chu J. H.
Published: October 2014

Optical phonons and phase transitions of Bi1−xLaxFe1−yTiyO3 (BLFTO, 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.12, 0.01 ≤ y ≤ 0.08) ceramics have been investigated by Raman scattering in the temperature range from 80 to 680 K. Four phase transitions around 140, 205, 570, and 640 K can be observed. The Raman modes are sensitive to the spin reorientation around 140 and 205 K, owing to the strong magnon-phonon coupling. The transformation around 570 K is a structural transition from rhombohedral to orthorhombic phase due to an external pressure induced by the chemical substitution. The anomalies of the phonon frequencies near Néel temperature TN have been discussed in the light of the multiferroicity. Moreover, it was found that the structural transition temperature and TN of BLFTO ceramics decrease towards room temperature with increasing doping composition as a result of size mismatch between substitution and host cations.
Physical constraint and its consequence for hyperferroelectrics
Authors: Fu Huaxiang
Published: October 2014

Hyperferroelectricity is a new phenomenon discovered recently [Garrity et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 127601 (2014)]. Based on a fourth-order Ginzburg-Landau energy expansion, we formulate a physical constraint that hyferroelectrics must satisfy. The constraint leads to a nonzero polarization under the open-circuit boundary condition as well as a stable electric state as the minimum of the free energy. The theory further reveals a guide principle on the search for new hyferroelectrics, i.e., they need to have a deep potential well and a small zero-field polarization. In addition, we show that an unstable longitudinal optical phonon is a natural consequence of the constraint. Prototypical ferroelectric BaTiO3, PbTiO3, and KNbO3 do not meet the physical constraint, and are not hyperferroelectrics.
Is mix of care influenced by the provider environment? A comparison of four care pathways in oral health
Authors: Dudko Yevgeni , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: October 2014

Objective
In Australia, access to dental care has been available through several different pathways: (1) private practice; (2) public clinics; (3) Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS)-based clinics; and (4) until recently, the Chronic Disease Dental Scheme (CDDS). The aim of the present study was to compare the types of dental services most commonly delivered in the various clinical pathways based on the hypothesis that disease-driven care should lead to similar mixes of dental care provided.

Methods
Data from a series of previously published sources was used to identify and compare the most commonly performed dental procedures in the different pathways. A comparison was also made with the available international data (US).

Results
There was a marked difference between service mixes provided through the four pathways. Patients obtaining dental care through AMS-based and public pathways had more extractions and less restorative and preventive care compared with private and CDDS pathways. Compared with the international data, dental service mixes in Australia were found to be not as evenly distributed. Value of care provided through private and CDDS pathways were two- to threefold higher than that of AMS-based and public pathways.

Conclusion
The data indicate that the original hypothesis that the disease-driven care should lead to similar mixes of provided dental care, is not supported.

What is known about the topic?
The pricing of dental care is a topic that gets substantial discussion in the private sector. However, its effect in the government sector is very limited in its consideration. This research is a bold first step in Australia to look at the influence of different modes of care delivery on the mix of care provided.

What does this paper add?
This research is a unique first effort to examine the influence of different modes of care delivery on the type of care provided. It clearly highlights that the pathway for care in the government sector do have very different care outcomes.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The implications are clear; practitioners need to be aware that care is provided in the context of the pathway in which the care is offered and this will influence the type of care provided. Care is not a single outcome and multiple factors influence the outcome for patients.
Effects of supplementary bee pollen and its polysaccharides on nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical parameters in Holstein calves
Authors: Tu Yan , Zhang Guo-Feng , Deng Kai-Dong , Zhang Nai-Feng , Diao Qi-Yu
Published: October 2014

This study investigated the effects of supplementing the diets of 14–70-day calves with dietary bee pollen (BP) or its polysaccharides (PS) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and apparent nutrient digestibility. Twenty-five newborn Holstein female calves were randomly offered one of the five diets (five calves per diet): a milk replacer supplemented with 0 (Control), 10 (10BP), 25 (25BP), or 50 g/day (50BP) bee pollen, or 5 g/day (5PS) bee pollen polysaccharides. The trial lasted 56 days, during which growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Calves fed diets with BP had a greater bodyweight gain. Supplementation with BP or PS had significant effects on the apparent digestibility of DM, Ca and P in calves (P = 0.025, 0.012, and 0.076, respectively). The apparent DM digestibility of calves from group 25BP or 5PS was increased by 9.7% or 8.2% (P = 0.007 or 0.019), respectively, compared with that in the Control group. No significant differences were observed in serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen, glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides. These results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of BP at 25 g/day·calf or PS at 5 g/day·calf improved nutrient digestibility in pre-ruminant calves.
A Novel (3,4,9)-Connected 3D Metal–Organic Framework Based on the Non-Planar Tricarboxyl Tecton and Zn5O4-Cluster SBU
Authors: Wang Zhuo-Wei , Zhao Hui , Chen Min , Hu Min
Published: October 2014

Combination of a non-planar tripodal ligand 3,4-bi(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzoic acid (H3L) and Zn5O4-cluster secondary building units affords a highly connected three-dimensional metal–organic framework, {[Zn5(μ3-OH)3(μ2-OH)L2(H2O)2](H2O)2}n (1), which exhibits an unusual (3,4,9)-connected (42.5)(3.43.52)(32.45.511.613.73.82) topological net. The thermal stability and solid luminescence of the crystalline material have also been investigated.
Regulation of primordial follicle recruitment by cross-talk between the Notch and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)/AKT pathways
Authors: Wang Lin-Qing , Liu Jing-Cai , Chen Chun-Lei , Cheng Shun-Feng , Sun Xiao-Feng , Zhao Yong , Yin Shen , Hou Zhu-Mei , Pan Bo , Ding Cheng , Shen Wei , Zhang Xi-Feng
Published: October 2014

The growth of oocytes and the development of follicles require certain pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and the Notch signalling pathway. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between Notch and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathways and their effects on primordial follicle recruitment. When the Notch pathway was inhibited by L-685,458 or N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycinet-butyl ester (DAPT) in vitro, the expression of genes in the pathway and the percentage of oocytes in growing follicles decreased significantly in mouse ovaries. By 2 days postpartum, ovaries exposed to DAPT, short interference (si) RNA against Notch1 or siRNA against Hairy and enhancer of split-1 (Hes1) had significantly decreased expression of HES1, the target protein of the Notch signalling pathway. In contrast, expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten), a negative regulator of the AKT signalling pathway, was increased significantly. Co immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) revealed an interaction between HES1 and PTEN. In addition, inhibition of the Notch signalling pathway suppressed AKT phosphorylation and the proliferation of granulosa cells. In conclusion, the recruitment of primordial follicles was affected by the proliferation of granulosa cells and regulation of the interaction between the Notch and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways.
Cooperation and control in multiplayer social dilemmas
Authors: Hilbe Christian , Wu Bin , Traulsen Arne , Nowak Martin A.
Published: October 2014

Significance

Many of the world’s most pressing problems, like the prevention of climate change, have the form of a large-scale social dilemma with numerous involved players. Previous results in evolutionary game theory suggest that multiplayer dilemmas make it particularly difficult to achieve mutual cooperation because of the lack of individual control in large groups. Herein, we extend the theory of zero-determinant strategies to multiplayer games to describe which strategies maintain cooperation. Moreover, we propose two simple models of alliances in multiplayer dilemmas. The effect of these alliances is determined by their size, the strategy of the allies, and the properties of the social dilemma. When a single individual’s strategic options are limited, forming an alliance can result in a drastic leverage.
A circadian gene expression atlas in mammals: Implications for biology and medicine
Authors: Zhang Ray , Lahens Nicholas F. , Ballance Heather I. , Hughes Michael E. , Hogenesch John B.
Published: October 2014

Significance

We generated high-resolution multiorgan expression data showing that nearly half of all genes in the mouse genome oscillate with circadian rhythm somewhere in the body. Such widespread transcriptional oscillations have not been previously reported in mammals. Applying pathway analysis, we observed new clock-mediated spatiotemporal relationships. Moreover, we found a majority of best-selling drugs in the United States target circadian gene products. Many of these drugs have relatively short half-lives, and our data predict which may benefit from timed dosing.
Therapeutic efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy mediated by boron-rich liposomes for oral cancer in the hamster cheek pouch model
Authors: Heber Elisa M. , Hawthorne M. Frederick , Kueffer Peter J. , Garabalino Marcela A. , Thorp Silvia I. , Pozzi Emiliano C. C. , Hughes Andrea Monti , Maitz Charles A. , Jalisatgi Satish S. , Nigg David W. , Curotto Paula , Trivillin Verónica A. , Schwint Amanda E.
Published: October 2014

Significance

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer is based on the selective uptake of
10
B target compounds by tumor cells followed by neutron irradiation. The capture reaction between
10
B atoms and neutrons gives rise to short-range particles, which are highly effective in producing cell damage. Thus, BNCT is designed to damage tumor cells and preserve healthy cells. The boron carrier used is pivotal to the success of BNCT. The present study describes the therapeutic success of BNCT mediated by MAC-TAC liposomes, K[
nido
-7-CH
3
(CH
2
)
15
-7,8-C
2
B
9
H
11
] (MAC) in the bilayer membrane and encapsulating the hydrophilic species Na
3
[
ae
-B
20
H
17
NH
3
] (TAC) in the aqueous core, using the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model. A sustained tumor response of 70–88% was associated with only mild mucositis in dose-limiting precancerous tissue.
Algorithms, complexity, and the sciences
Authors: Papadimitriou Christos
Published: October 2014

Significance

The theory of algorithms and complexity, of which the basic concepts and results are being reviewed here, is an important and consequential domain of mathematical investigation that is unfamiliar to most PNAS readers. Furthermore, in the second half of the article we focus on recent and current research, applying these concepts and results to help elucidate certain central theoretical problems in the social and life sciences, including market equilibria and the theory of evolution.
Mosquito odorant receptor for DEET and methyl jasmonate
Authors: Xu Pingxi , Choo Young-Moo , De La Rosa Alyssa , Leal Walter S.
Published: October 2014

Significance

DEET (
N
,
N
-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) has intrigued medical entomologists, neurobiologists, insect physiologists, and chemical ecologists for decades, and hitherto it was not known how and why it works. We have discovered an odorant receptor in the southern house mosquito, which is essential for repellency, thus unravelling how DEET works. Additionally, we have identified a link between this synthetic repellent and methyl jasmonate, thus suggesting that DEET might work by mimicking defensive compound(s) from plants. The discovery of a molecular target may pave the way for the development of better and more affordable insect repellents.
Japanese interpretations of “pain” and the use of psychomimes
Authors: Asano-Cavanagh Yuko
Published: October 2014

This paper examines six Japanese psychomimes —zuki-zuki, kiri-kiri, shiku-shiku, chiku-chiku, hiri-hiri, andgan-gan— that express subtle differences in states or sensations regarding “pain”. It is generally recognized, however, that many languages lack words with the same meanings as these Japanese psychomimes and that their meanings are difficult to capture precisely. The definitions in Japanese-English dictionaries, for example, are not sufficient to explain the exact meanings and there is also the problem that each Japanese expression can correspond to several English verbs. This study applies the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to explicate the meaning of the six Japanese psychomimes. It makes reference to a corpus of naturally-occurring examples compiled from publicly available sources from physicians, patients, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies. The analysis indicates that each psychomime conveys a vivid metaphorical meaning. The quality of the pain is suggested by reference to an imagined scenario of something moving inside a part of the body or touching part of the body. This imagined ‘something’ can be understood as something ‘sharp’ or as something similar to ‘fire’ or to ‘metal’. The use of psychomimes is an effective and efficient way for expressing and understanding “pain” in Japanese.
Agency in illness narratives
Authors: Arduser Lora
Published: October 2014

In this essay, I argue that structural approaches to narrative articulate identity and agency as internal constructs. As such, these analyses neglect the roles of institutional and social factors. A pluralistic analysis of these illness narratives, such as the one offered in this essay, can help narrative scholars better understand how these forces interact with the individual experiences of people living with illness in supporting and constraining agency.
Task-based language learning
Authors: Byrnes Heidi , Manchón Rosa M.
Published: October 2014

In this introduction we provide an overview of the intended contribution of the volume to TBLT theory and research. It starts from the perspective that TBLT-oriented theoretical framing and explicitly theorized empirical research endeavours have, in general, taken oral communication as their main focus. This focus has prevented the construct of ‘task’ from attaining the kind of status that it deserves in the field of applied language studies. Based on that belief, this introductory chapter positions the contributions in the volume as showcasing diverse facets of the complex phenomenon of writing. It foreshadows how including a focus on L2 writing might influence theory and research into TBLT and, beyond that, contribute to fostering language development in a TBLT environment. Concluding with a synthesis of the volume’s individual contributions, the chapter creates an encompassing context for the diverse treatments of task and writing offered in the volume’s individual studies.
Reframing task performance
Authors: Macaro Ernesto
Published: October 2014

Task-based research in the area of second language (L2) writing has begun to address learner-verbalized internal processes, but there is a need for much more understanding of how learners go about the process of composing during an L2 writing task and the factors that might influence that process. Task-based language teaching (TBLT) research in general has also focused somewhat obsessively on task completion and task outcomes, thereby neglecting the role that tasks can have in furthering language acquisition and skill development. This chapter contributes to the aims of Part 1 of this book by proposing that a useful way to remedy this situation is to examine both theoretically and empirically the relationship between tasks, strategic behaviour, and linguistic knowledge.
Task repetition and L2 writing development
Authors: Nitta Ryo , Baba Kyoko
Published: October 2014

Previous research has shown that repetition of a task improves L2 oral performance in terms of fluency and complexity (e.g. Bygate 2001). However, there is no clear evidence regarding the effects of task repetition and task-type repetition on L2 writing ability. Using a Dynamic Systems perspective, this study investigates longitudinally over a one-year period whether any noticeable changes are brought about through repeating a timed writing task. Forty-six first-year Japanese university students participated in this project for thirty weeks. Each week students wrote a composition on a chosen topic for ten minutes; the topic was changed every two weeks. A group-level analysis of 1300 compositions with five indices of fluency and syntactic and lexical measures shows that, while the effects of specific task repetition were limited, task-type repetition did have a marked effect on writing in terms of lexical and grammatical aspects. An individual-level analysis suggests that task-type repetition does not have an identical effect on student writing development in terms of linguistic features. Based on these findings, we suggest that the benefits of repeating the task may not show up in the short term but that repetition over an extended period would yield positive effects on students’ writing.
Charity as a Means of Zoroastrian Self-Preservation
Authors: Writer Rashna
Published: October 2014

Zoroastrian theology's emphasis on living the good life; the encouragement to create material wealth with the accompanying social obligations to put it to good use, explains the immensely extensive welfare system put in place by the Parsi community in India. Following the Arab conquest of Iran, the diminution in numbers and stature of the Zoroastrians in the ancestral land and the subsequent Parsi settlement in India, meant the marginalization of a people whose forebears once ruled a mighty empire. Once the Parsis acquired financial success, they put in place a community-wide network of benevolent institutions. This was followed by extending a muscular benevolence to the Zoroastrians of Iran, which evolved into a highly structured undertaking to ensure the safeguarding of the community from virtual extinction. Thus, Zoroastrian philanthropy was as much a reaffirmation of religious traditions as it was a means of self-preservation.
Change in chemical constituents and free radical-scavenging activity during Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivar fruit development
Authors: Cho Jeong-Yong , Lee Sang-Hyun , Kim Eun Hee , Yun Hae Rim , Jeong Hang Yeon , Lee Yu Geon , Kim Wol-Soo , Moon Jae-Hak
Published: October 2014

Changes in chemical constituent contents and DPPH radical-scavenging activity in fruits of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars during the development were investigated. The fruits of seven cultivars (cv. Niitaka, Chuhwangbae, Wonhwang, Hwangkeumbae, Hwasan, Manpungbae, and Imamuraaki) were collected at 15-day intervals after day 20 of florescence. Vitamins (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol), arbutin, chlorogenic acid, malaxinic acid, total caffeic acid, total flavonoids, and total phenolics were the highest in immature pear fruit on day 20 after florescence among samples at different growth stages. All of these compounds decreased gradually in the fruit during the development. Immature pear fruit on day 35 or 50 after florescence exhibited higher free radical-scavenging activity than that at other times, although activities were slightly different among cultivars. The chemical constituent contents and free radical-scavenging activity were largely different among immature fruits of the pear cultivars, but small differences were observed when they matured.
GPR18 is required for a normal CD8αα intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Sumida Hayakazu , Cyster Jason G.
Published: October 2014

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play an important role in maintaining the physiology of the small intestine. The majority of mouse IELs express CD8αα and are either γδ or αβ T cells. Although the development and homing of CD8αα IELs have been studied in some detail, the factors controlling their homeostasis and positioning are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that G protein–coupled receptor 18 (GPR18) is abundantly expressed in CD8αα IELs and that mice lacking this orphan receptor have reduced numbers of γδT IELs. Mixed bone marrow chimera experiments reveal a markedly reduced contribution of GPR18-deficient cells to the CD8αα IEL compartment and a reduction in the CD8αβ T cell subset. These defects could be rescued by transduction with a GPR18-expressing retrovirus. The GPR18-deficient γδT IELs that remained in mixed chimeras had elevated Thy1, and there were less granzyme B+ and Vγ7+ cells, indicating a greater reduction in effector-type cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated GPR18 deficiency more strongly affected the CD8αα cells in the intraepithelial compared with the adjacent lamina propria compartment. These findings establish a requirement for GPR18 in CD8αα and CD8αβ IELs, and we suggest the receptor has a role in augmenting the accumulation of CD8 T cells in the intraepithelial versus lamina propria compartment.
The differential characterization of GPR55 receptor in human peripheral blood reveals a distinctive expression in monocytes and NK cells and a proinflammatory role in these innate cells
Authors: Chiurchiù Valerio , Lanuti Mirko , De Bardi Marco , Battistini Luca , Maccarrone Mauro
Published: October 2014

G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is activated by endogenous, plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids. Recent studies reported a broad tissue distribution for GPR55 and found prominent roles for this receptor in inflammatory pain, gut and bone physiology, as well as cancer. However, little is known about the expression and function of GPR55 in immune cells. To address this question, we performed a detailed characterization of GPR55 in different human innate and adaptive immune populations using polychromatic flow cytometry and we found that monocytes and NK cells expressed remarkable levels of this receptor compared to several cells of adaptive immunity. GPR55 activation by the specific agonist O-1602 boosted IL-12 and TNF-α production, and decreased endocytic activity, in LPS-activated monocytes. In addition, it increased CD69 activation marker expression, granzyme B and CD107a-dependent cytotoxicity and IFN-γ and TNF-α production in NK cells activated by both IL-2 and IL-12. These over-stimulatory effects of GPR55 were antagonized by its selective antagonist cannabidiol. Altogether, our data thus unveil a proinflammatory role for GPR55 in innate immunity that may be important for the design of new immune therapeutic strategies.
CCR8 regulates contact hypersensitivity by restricting cutaneous dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph nodes
Authors: Yabe Rikio , Shimizu Kenji , Shimizu Soichiro , Azechi Satoe , Choi Byung-Il , Sudo Katsuko , Kubo Sachiko , Nakae Susumu , Ishigame Harumichi , Kakuta Shigeru , Iwakura Yoichiro
Published: October 2014

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a typical occupational disease in industrialized countries. Although various cytokines and chemokines are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACD, the roles of these molecules remain to be elucidated. CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is one such molecule, of which expression is up-regulated in inflammatory sites of ACD patients. In this study, we found that Ccr8−/− mice developed severer contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a murine model of ACD, compared with wild-type mice. T cells from Ccr8−/− mice showed enhanced proliferative recall responses and Th1 and Th17 cell populations were expanded in these mice. However, CHS responses were similar between SCID mice adoptively transferred with Ccr8−/− and wild-type T cells, suggesting that CCR8 in T cells is not responsible for the exacerbation of CHS. Notably, skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs), such as Langerhans cells and dermal DCs, and inflammatory DCs were highly accumulated in lymph nodes (LNs) of Ccr8−/− mice after sensitization. Consistent with this, Ccr8−/− antigen-presenting cells readily migrated from the skin to the draining LNs after sensitization. These observations suggest that CCR8 negatively regulates migration of cutaneous DCs from the skin to the draining LNs in CHS by keeping these cells in the skin.