bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discordant Lifestyle Mobilities in East Asia: Privilege and Precarity of British Retirement in Thailand
Authors: Botterill Kate
Published: January 2016

This paper explores the lifestyle mobilities of British retirees in Thailand, drawing on empirical research conducted in 2012. Thailand is a host to a significant number of British retirees motivated by a search for a better lifestyle in Asia. This pursuit of mobility for lifestyle reasons, rather than economic gain or work, implies a relative privilege involving a range of choices and opportunities. For many, the lifestyle achieved in Thailand is perceived as mediating negative effects of ageing and enhancing well‐being. However, the material challenges of lifestyle mobility in Thailand, such as frozen pensions, healthcare costs and property insecurity, destabilise an initial optimism and lead to feelings of entrapment and immobility in relation to state policy and practice. The paper argues for a relational framing of lifestyle mobility as a means of understanding and analysing the differential experience of privilege and precarity in semi‐colonial or post‐colonial locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization behavior during transparent In2O3‐ZnO film growth
Authors: Jia Junjun , Nakamura Shin‐ichi , Shigesato Yuzo
Published: January 2016

Structural evolution of transparent conductive In2O3‐ZnO (IZO) films with increasing substrate temperature during sputtering was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Increasing the substrate temperature can induce film crystallization in the initial growth stage, and enhance the crystallization of IZO films. Extensive simulations using ellipsometry data demonstrated a decrease in the crystallization rate for IZO films deposited between 200 and 300 °C, which is attributed to the influence of the interference between nearby growing grains. TEM observations also reveal that the growth competition between different crystallites leads to an increase in the lateral grain size with increasing substrate temperature.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies for the adsorption of benzene and toluene by graphene nanosheets: a comparison with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Raad Mohammad T. , Behnejad Hassan , Jamal Mouhiaddine El
Published: January 2016

In this study, graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were adopted as an adsorbent to investigate their characterizations and performance for adsorbing benzene and toluene in aqueous solutions. In order to determine the best fit model for each considered system, nonlinear regressions were used. Experimental data of adsorption were corroborated by the combined Langmuir–Freundlich (Sips) models for the isotherms and pseudo‐first‐order model for the kinetics. As a result, GNSs displayed high affinity to the aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene. The high affinity was dominated by π–π interactions to the flat surface and the sieving effect of the powerful groove regions formed by wrinkles on GNS's surfaces. Hydrophobic properties and molecular sizes of benzene and toluene affected the adsorption of GNS. In addition, the favorable adsorption of toluene possibly was due to the increase in the molecular weight, decrease in the solubility, and the increase in the boiling point. A comparative study on the benzene and toluene adsorption revealed that favorable adsorption of GNSs compared with that of carbon nanotubes was consistent with the order of physical properties such as specific surface area and pore's volume. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of the effect of chlorinated solvents on surface characteristics of S‐65 beryllium
Authors: Mallinson Christopher F. , Kozlowski Samuel , Harvey Ann , Watts John F.
Published: January 2016

Samples of S‐65 beryllium were vapour degreased using six chlorinated solvents and analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Exposure to the solvent vapour is believed to result in the formation of inorganic chloride at the metal surface, which can act as a corrosion precursor. Exposure to chloroform, tetrachloroethene, pentachlorobenzene and chlorobenzene resulted in the greatest amounts of beryllium chloride formation (>0.8 at.%), while exposure to dichloromethane and 1,1‐dichloroethene produced the least (<0.5 at.%). Mechanical abrasion of the metal surface while submerged in chloroform resulted in a significant increase in inorganic chloride at the beryllium surface. Rinsing of the samples with distilled water, after exposure to solvent vapours, significantly decreased the amount of organic and inorganic chlorine on the samples but did not result in complete removal of these species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Coordination Polymers based on a Flexible Tritopic Pyridyldicarboxylate Ligand: Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Liu Yong‐Liang , Chen Feng‐Ying , Di Yan‐Qing , Cao Jie , Di You‐Ying , Zhou Chun‐Sheng
Published: January 2016

The coordination polymers, [Ni(L)2]n (1) and [Mn2(L)2(DMF)2(H2O)]n (2) were synthesized by using a tritopic ligand 5‐(4′‐carboxylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (H2L). The structural analysis shows that compound 1 exhibits a ten‐connected three‐dimensional (3D) architecture with the point symbol 312.426.57, 2 displays an eight‐connected topology network with a point symbol of 424.64. The structures and formulas of 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the magnetic behaviors for 1 and 2 were investigated.
Synthesis of Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester from Acid Oil in a Continuous Reactor via an Enzymatic Transesterification
Authors: Choi Nakyung , Kim Yangha , Lee Jeom‐Sig , Kwak Jieun , Lee Junsoo , Kim In‐Hwan
Published: January 2016

Synthesis of a fatty acid ethyl ester via the lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of acid oil and ethanol was investigated in a continuous reactor. Lipozyme TL IM was employed as the immobilized lipase. This immobilized lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus was purchased from Novozymes (Seoul, Korea). The acid oil was prepared by the acidification of soapstock formed as a by‐product during the refining of rice bran oil. The parameters investigated were water content, temperature, and molar ratio of substrates. The relative activity of Lipozyme TL IM was assessed during the repeated use of the immobilized lipase. The water content of the substrate had a considerable effect on the yield and the optimum water content was 4 %. The optimum temperature and molar ratio of acid oil to ethanol were 20 °C and 1:4, respectively. The maximum yield of approximately 92 % was achieved under the optimum conditions. The corresponding compositions were 92 % fatty acid ethyl esters, 3 % fatty acids, and 5 % acylglycerols. When glycerol formed during the reaction was removed by intermittent washing with ethanol, the relative activity of lipase was maintained over 82 % for a total usage of 27 cycles. For a mean residence time of 4 h, the half‐life times of Lipozyme TL IM on the control (unwashed) and treatment (washed) were 39 and 45 cycles, respectively.
Desired Fertility and Number of Children Born Across Time and Space
Authors: Günther Isabel , Harttgen Kenneth
Published: January 2016

Economists have often argued that high fertility rates are mainly driven by women’s demand for children (and not by family planning efforts) with low levels of unwanted fertility across countries (and hence with little room for family planning efforts to reduce population growth). We study the relationship between wanted fertility and number of children born in a panel of 200 country-years controlling for country fixed effects and global time trends. In general, we find a close relationship between wanted and actual fertility, with one desired child leading to one additional birth. However, our results also indicate that in the last 20 years, the level of unwanted births has stayed at 2 across African countries but has, on average, decreased from 1 to close to 0 in other developing countries. Hence, women in African countries are less able to translate child preferences into birth outcomes than women in other developing countries, and forces other than fertility demand have been important for previous fertility declines in many developing countries. Family planning efforts only partially explain the observed temporal and spatial differences in achieving desired fertility levels.
Drivers of Cross-National Variation in Advertising Spending: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Effects of Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Kshetri Nir , Alcantara Lailani
Published: January 2016

We examine the effects of freedom and foreign direct investment on ad spending. We also assess possible differential effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on ad spending across economies with different income levels. We employed random effect time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) models linear in parameters for fifty economies using annual data from Euromonitor and other sources for the 2000–2013 period. We found that freedom and FDI have significant effects on ad spending. A theoretical contribution of this study to the literature consists in showing that macro-level environmental factors such as political freedom and FDI are crucial for understanding how firms allocate their ad spending to national markets. It also shows that the effect of FDI on ad spending is more salient in low income economies than in high income economies.
Apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response pathways in Arbovirus replication and pathogenesis
Authors: Iranpour Mahmoud , Moghadam Adel Rezaei , Yazdi Mina , Ande Sudharsana R. , Alizadeh Javad , Wiechec Emilia , Lindsay Robbin , Drebot Michael , Coombs Kevin M. , Ghavami Saeid
Published: January 2016

Arboviruses are pathogens that widely affect the health of people in different communities around the world. Recently, a few successful approaches toward production of effective vaccines against some of these pathogens have been developed, but treatment and prevention of the resulting diseases remain a major health and research concern. The arbovirus infection and replication processes are complex, and many factors are involved in their regulation. Apoptosis, autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are three mechanisms that are involved in pathogenesis of many viruses. In this review, we focus on the importance of these pathways in the arbovirus replication and infection processes. We provide a brief introduction on how apoptosis, autophagy and the UPR are initiated and regulated, and then discuss the involvement of these pathways in regulation of arbovirus pathogenesis.
Long-Term Carriage of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in High-Risk Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Ismail Miriam D. , Luo Ting , McNamara Sara , Lansing Bonnie , Koo Evonne , Mody Lona , Foxman Betsy
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Rates of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms are surpassing those of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in nursing homes (NHs).

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the incidence and duration of carriage of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (CipREc) in NHs and identify those in the O25b-ST131 lineage.

METHODS

We collected 227 CipREc isolates obtained by routine and regular surveillance of high-risk NH residents with indwelling devices. Repetitive element palindromic (REP)–polymerase chain reaction assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification for O25b-ST131 E. coli detection were performed using (GTG)5-primers and O25pabBspe and trpA2 primer pairs, respectively.

RESULTS

We found a high period prevalence of CipREc colonization (21.5%), high rates of recolonization with the same strain following clearing (0.46 recolonizations/ person/ year), and an acquisition incidence of 1.05 cases/1,000 person-days. Almost three-quarters of colonized residents carried strains in the O25b-ST131 E. coli lineage. Compared with isolates not in the lineage, O25b-ST131 isolates were carried significantly longer (10 vs 3 months). We identified 18 different REP-types; 2 occurred in 55% of the residents colonized with CipREc, and in more than 1 NH. Duration of CipREc carriage varied by REP-type and averaged 6 months.

CONCLUSION

CipREc occurred frequently in NH residents and is carried for long durations, and reacquisition following clearance is common

Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01062841.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):440–447
An experimental investigation into supercavity closure mechanisms
Authors: Karn Ashish , Arndt Roger E. A. , Hong Jiarong
Published: January 2016

Substantial discrepancy in the conditions for attainment of different closure modes of a ventilated supercavity has existed widely in the published literature. In this study, supercavity closure is investigated with an objective to understand the physical mechanisms determining closure formation and transition between different closure modes and to reconcile the observations from prior studies under various flow settings. The experiments are conducted in a closed-wall recirculating water tunnel to image ventilated supercavity closure using high speed and high-resolution photography and simultaneously measure pressure inside the cavity. The flow conditions are varied systematically to cover a broad range of water velocity, ventilation flow rate and cavitator size, which correspond to different Froude numbers, air entrainment coefficients and blockage ratios, respectively. In addition to the classical closure modes reported in the literature (e.g. re-entrant jet, twin vortex, quad vortex, etc.), the study has revealed a number of new closure modes that occur during the transition between classical modes, or under very specific flow conditions. Closure maps are constructed to depict the flow regimes, i.e. the range of Froude number and air entrainment coefficient, for various closure modes at different blockage ratios. From the closure map at each blockage ratio, a critical ventilation flow rate, below which the supercavity collapses into foamy cavity upon reduction of Froude number, is identified. The air entrainment coefficients corresponding to such critical ventilation rate are found to be independent of blockage ratio. It has been observed that in the process of generating a supercavity by increasing ventilation flow rate, the cavitation number gradually reduces to a minimum value and stays fixed upon further increments in the ventilation rate. Once a supercavity is formed, the ventilation rate can be decreased to a much lower value with no change in cavitation number while still maintaining a supercavity. This process is accompanied by a change in closure modes, which generally goes from twin vortex, to quad vortex, and then to re-entrant jet. In addition, the blockage effect is shown to play an important role in promoting the occurrence of twin-vortex closure modes. Subsequently, a physical framework governing the variation of different closure modes is proposed, and is used to explain mode transition upon the change of flow conditions, including the blockage effect. This framework is further extended to shed light on the occurrence of closure modes for ventilated supercavitation experiments across different types of flow facilities, the natural supercavity closure and the pulsating supercavity reported in the literature. Finally, in combination with a recent numerical study, our research discusses the role of the internal flow physics on the observed features during supercavity formation and closure-mode transition, paving the way for future investigations in this direction.
On the velocity discontinuity at a critical volume of a bubble rising in a viscoelastic fluid
Authors: Fraggedakis D. , Pavlidis M. , Dimakopoulos Y. , Tsamopoulos J.
Published: January 2016

We examine the abrupt increase in the rise velocity of an isolated bubble in a viscoelastic fluid occurring at a critical value of its volume, under creeping flow conditions. This ‘velocity discontinuity’, in most experiments involving shear-thinning fluids, has been somehow associated with the change of the shape of the bubble to an inverted teardrop with a tip at its pole and/or the formation of the ‘negative wake’ structure behind it. The interconnection of these phenomena is not fully understood yet, making the mechanism of the ‘velocity jump’ unclear. By means of steady-state analysis, we study the impact of the increase of bubble volume on its steady rise velocity and, with the aid of pseudo arclength continuation, we are able to predict the stationary solutions, even lying in the discontinuous area in the diagrams of velocity versus bubble volume. The critical area of missing experimental results is attributed to a hysteresis loop. The use of a boundary-fitted finite element mesh and the open-boundary condition are essential for, respectively, the correct prediction of the sharply deformed bubble shapes caused by the large extensional stresses at the rear pole of the bubble and the accurate application of boundary conditions far from the bubble. The change of shape of the rear pole into a tip favours the formation of an intense shear layer, which facilitates the bubble translation. At a critical volume, the shear strain developed at the front region of the bubble sharply decreases the shear viscosity. This change results in a decrease of the resistance to fluid displacement, allowing the developed shear stresses to act more effectively on bubble motion. These coupled effects are the reason for the abrupt increase of the rise velocity. The flow field for stationary solutions after the velocity jump changes drastically and intense recirculation downstream of the bubble is developed. Our predictions are in quantitative agreement with published experimental results by Pilz & Brenn (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 145, 2007, pp. 124–138) on the velocity jump in fluids with well-characterized rheology. Additionally, we predict shapes of larger bubbles when both inertia and elasticity are present and obtain qualitative agreement with experiments by Astarita & Apuzzo (AIChE J., vol. 11, 1965, pp. 815–820).
A Categorization Theory of Spatial Voting: How the Center Divides the Political Space
Authors: Bølstad Jørgen , Dinas Elias
Published: January 2016

This article presents a categorization theory of spatial voting, which postulates that voters perceive political stances through coarse classifications. Because voters think in terms of categories defined by the ideological center, their behavior deviates from standard models of utility maximization along ideological continua. Their preferences are characterized by discontinuities, rewarding parties on their side of the ideological space more than existing spatial models would predict. While this study concurs with prior studies suggesting that voters tend to use a proximity rule, it argues that this rule mainly serves to distinguish among parties of the same side. Overall, the results suggest that voters’ party evaluations are characterized by a nontrivial identity component, generating in-group biases not captured by the existing spatial models of voting.
The feasibility and efficacy of early-season releases of a generalist predator (Forficula auriculariaL.) to control populations of the RAA (Dysaphis plantagineaPasserini) in Southeastern France
Authors: Dib H. , Jamont M. , Sauphanor B. , Capowiez Y.
Published: January 2016

Augmentative biological control is not commonly used in commercial orchards. We used an exclusion system to evaluate the potential of early-season releases of the European earwig (Forficula auriculariaL., Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for control of the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantagineaPasserini, Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the spring of 2009 in two pesticide-free apple orchards. In order to conduct this experiment we successfully reared earwigs with a high survival rate of nymphs (more than 96%) which may have commercial application. There were three treatments in the study: (i) a ‘release treatment’ where we confined the released earwigs in the canopy by using a barrier system; (ii) an ‘exclusion treatment’ where we blocked free access of earwigs into the canopy using the same barrier system; and (iii) a ‘control treatment’ that represented the natural situation. Contrary to expectations, earwig releases did not reduceD. plantagineapopulations. In general, the abundance of natural enemies and their groups did not differ significantly among treatments, except for earwigs. We observed that the exclusion systems we used successfully kept both earwigs and ants away from tree canopies; total numbers on trees in the ‘exclusion treatment’ were significantly lower than on the other two treatments. Due to the complexity and difficulty of evaluating augmentative releases of natural enemies in open orchard conditions, we conclude that new technical approaches to control site conditions are needed when conducting such studies.
PITCAIRNEANA: AN ATHEIST TEXT BY ARCHIBALD PITCAIRNE
Authors: HUNTER MICHAEL
Published: January 2016

This article presents an overtly atheistic text from the early eighteenth century that has hitherto been completely unknown. It survives in manuscript in the Houghton Library at Harvard University, to which it was presented in 1841, and is claimed to be the work of the Scottish medical theorist, satirist, and poet, Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713). Here, its links with Pitcairne and his milieu are assessed and its content evaluated, in conjunction with the provision of an annotated edition of the text itself.
Effects of conservation agriculture on crop productivity and water-use efficiency under an irrigated pigeonpea–wheat cropping system in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains
Authors: DAS T. K. , BANDYOPADHYAY K. K. , BHATTACHARYYA RANJAN , SUDHISHRI S. , SHARMA A. R. , BEHERA U. K. , SAHARAWAT Y. S. , SAHOO P. K. , PATHAK H. , VYAS A. K. , BHAR L. M. , GUPTA H. S. , GUPTA R. K. , JAT M. L.
Published: January 2016

In search of a suitable resource conservation technology under pigeonpea (Cajanus cajanL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) on crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated during a 3-year study. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) with planting on permanent narrow beds (PNB), PNB with residue (PNB + R), ZT with planting on permanent broad beds (PBB) and PBB + R. The PBB + R plots had higher pigeonpea grain yield than the CT plots in all 3 years. However, wheat grain yields under all plots were similar in all years except for PBB + R plots in the second year, which had higher wheat yield than CT plots. The contrast analysis showed that pigeonpea grain yield of CA plots was significantly higher than CT plots in the first year. However, both pigeonpea and wheat grain yields during the last 2 years under CA and CT plots were similar. The PBB + R plots had higher system WUE than the CT plots in the second and third years. Plots under CA had significantly higher WUE and significantly lower water use than CT plots in these years. The PBB + R plots had higher WUE than PNB + R and PNB plots. Also, the PBB plots had higher WUE than PNB in the second and third years, despite similar water use. The interactions of bed width and residue management for all parameters in the second and third years were not significant. Those positive impacts under PBB + R plots over CT plots were perceived to be due to no tillage and significantly higher amount of estimated residue retention. Thus, both PBB and PBB + R technologies would be very useful under a pigeonpea–wheat cropping system in this region.
Sublingual immunotherapy in patients with house dust mite allergic rhinitis: prospective study of clinical outcomes over a two-year period
Authors: Soh J Y , Thalayasingam M , Ong S , Loo E X L , Shek L P , Chao S S
Published: January 2016

Background:

Sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis sensitised to house dust mites is safe, but its efficacy is controversial and sublingual immunotherapy withBlomia tropicalishas not yet been studied. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mite extract in children and adults with house dust mite allergic rhinitis over a period of two years.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted of children and adults diagnosed with house dust mite allergic rhinitis who were treated with sublingual immunotherapy from 2008 to 2012. Total Nasal Symptom Scores, Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life scores and medication usage scores were assessed prospectively.

Results:

Thirty-nine patients, comprising 24 children and 15 adults, were studied. Total Nasal Symptom Scores and Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life scores dropped significantly at three months into therapy, and continued to improve. Medication usage scores improved at one year into immunotherapy.

Conclusion:

Sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mite extracts, includingB tropicalis, is efficacious as a treatment for patients with house dust mite allergic rhinitis.
ASSESSING SECOND-LANGUAGE ORAL PROFICIENCY FOR RESEARCH
Authors: Bowden Harriet Wood
Published: January 2016

Proficiency is a key variable in late second language (L2) learning, but one that is undermeasured in current research. This study investigates whether L2 oral proficiency can be quickly and reliably assessed via the Spanish “elicited imitation task” (EIT; Ortega, Iwashita, Rabie, & Norris, 1999). Thirty-seven L2 learners of Spanish with varied L2 experience (from low to very advanced) were tested. The EIT’s external validity was assessed via correlation with the simulated oral proficiency interview. Further analyses examined the EIT’s internal reliability, discriminatory power, and usefulness in identifying subgroups (clusters) of learners within the sample. Results strongly support the utility of the Spanish EIT for measurement of oral proficiency in SLA research. Moreover, the availability of parallel EITs in other languages promises to facilitate comparisons across studies. Thus, more precise measurement and analysis of proficiency in SLA research is called for via standardized measurements including the EIT.
A Literature Review of Homelessness and Aging: Suggestions for a Policy and Practice-Relevant Research Agenda
Authors: Grenier Amanda , Barken Rachel , Sussman Tamara , Rothwell David , Bourgeois-Guérin Valérie , Lavoie Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

Le sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées est une préoccupation croissante à travers le Canada et devrait augmenter avec le changement démographique (Crane & Warnes, 2010; Culhane, Métraux, Byrne, Stino, et Bainbridge, 2013). Pourtant, les connaissances actuelles, les politiques et les pratiques concernant le sans-abrisme ont tendance largement de se concentrer sur des populations plus jeunes. De même, la recherche et les politiques sur le vieillissement en général négligent le sans-abrisme. Les réponses au problème de sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées doivent répondre aux besoins complexes liés à la santé, la sécurité du revenu et le logement. Basé sur un examen exhaustif de la littérature, cet article présente les domaines de recherche afin d'éclairer les politiques, les stratégies et les services pour les divers groupes des aînés sans-abri. Nous clarifions les intersections du vieillissement et du sans-abrisme; examinons les statistiques pertinentes, y compris la prévalence estimée; discutons des voies et des variations de l'expérience; et determinons les lacunes dans les connaissances. Nous concluons par un appel à un programme de recherche inclusive qui aidera à créér des politiques et des pratiques visant à réduire et finalement à éliminer le sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées au Canada.
Differences in memory function between 5-HT1A receptor genotypes in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Wesnes Keith A. , Hopkins Seth C. , Brooker Helen J. , Koblan Kenneth S.
Published: January 2016

Background

While extensive literature on the role of the serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A-R) in cognition exists, the findings are largely from animal studies. There has been little research conducted into 5-HT1A-R genotypes and cognitive function in humans. This article evaluates the role of 5-HT1A-R genotypes on the profile of cognitive function in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

The study sample was 455 MDD patients aged between 18 and 55 years. They had enrolled into a clinical trial and were tested prior to dosing on the baseline study day using the CDR System, an integrated set of 3 attention tests, 2 working memory tests, and 4 episodic memory tests. 5-HT1A-R genotyping for (SNP ID rs6295) had been conducted during the study screening period.

Results

Validated factor scores were derived from the 9 tests. It was found that patients with the C/C genotype for the C(1019)G polymorphism of the 5-HT1A-R were significantly superior in retaining and retrieving information, in both working and episodic memory, than those with either the C/G or the G/G genotypes. No differences were found in measures of attention or in the speed of retrieval of information from memory.

Conclusions

This is, to our knowledge, the first relationship found between objective tests of cognitive function and 5-HT1A-R genotypes in MDD.
Phase Identification of Dual-Phase (DP980) Steels by Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Nanoindentation Techniques
Authors: Zhang Fan , Ruimi Annie , Field David P.
Published: January 2016

Phase identification of multi-phase materials provides essential information relating the material to its mechanical properties. In this study we selected DP980, a type of dual-phase steel, to investigate the content of martensite and ferrite grains. A combination of advanced techniques was used to provide detailed and precise information of the microstructure. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to provide observations of the sample surface at different scales. Martensite and ferrite phases of DP980 were further identified and characterized using electron backscatter diffraction and scanning probe microscopy. Results obtained with nanoindentation tests confirmed that the differences in nanohardness values in single-phase grains are martensite and ferrite with different surface heights shown by scanning probe microscopy. The similarity shown in the image quality map and scanning probe microscopy proves that a large fraction of martensite can be distinguished in this undeformed material using image quality parameters obtained during electron backscatter diffraction imaging.
Trajectories of maternal depression: a 27-year population-based prospective study
Authors: Najman J. M. , Plotnikova M. , Williams G. M. , Alati R. , Mamun A. A. , Scott J. , Wray N. , Clavarino A. M.
Published: January 2016

Aims.

To identify distinct trajectories of depression experienced by a population-based sample of women over a 27-year period and to assess the validity of the derived trajectories.

Method.

The Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a birth cohort study which commenced in 1981. Women (N= 6753) were interviewed at their first clinic visit, at 6 months, then 5, 14, 21 and 27 years after the birth of their child, using the Delusions Symptoms – States Inventory. Some 3561 (52.7%) women were followed up at 27 years, with 3337 (49.4%) of the sample completing the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Depression trajectories over a 27-year period were identified using Latent Class Growth Modelling (LCGM). LCGM was used to identify respondents with similar patterns of depression over a 27-year period. At the 27-year follow-up women who completed the CIDI, were stratified according to their trajectory group membership.

Results.

Three trajectory groups, each with different life-course patterns of depression were identified. The low/no symptoms of depression trajectory group comprised 48.4% of women. The mid-depression group (41.7%) had a consistent pattern of occasional symptoms of depression. The high/escalating trajectory group comprised 9.9% of the women in the study. We then examined each trajectory group based on their completion of the CIDI at the 27-year follow-up. Using the CIDI, 27.0% of women in the study had met the DSM-IV criteria for lifetime ever depression by their mean age of 46.5 years. The responses to the CIDI differed greatly for each of the trajectory groups, suggesting that the trajectories validly reflect different life histories of depression. The high/escalating trajectory group had an earlier age of first onset, more frequent episodes, longer duration of each episode of depression and experienced higher levels of impairment for their episodes of depression. For the high symptoms trajectory group, clinically significant depression is estimated to be experienced by women almost one in every 6 days of their life.

Conclusion.

While symptoms of depression are commonly experienced in a large community-based sample of women, a minority of women experience many episodes of depression in their lifetime. It is this group of women who are most impaired and should be of most concern, and who should be the main target of prevention and treatment initiatives.
Analyzing Language in Suicide Notes and Legacy Tokens
Authors: Egnoto Michael J. , Griffin Darrin J.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Background: Identifying precursors that will aid in the discovery of individuals who may harm themselves or others has long been a focus of scholarly research. Aim: This work set out to determine if it is possible to use the legacy tokens of active shooters and notes left from individuals who completed suicide to uncover signals that foreshadow their behavior. Method: A total of 25 suicide notes and 21 legacy tokens were compared with a sample of over 20,000 student writings for a preliminary computer-assisted text analysis to determine what differences can be coded with existing computer software to better identify students who may commit self-harm or harm to others. Results: The results support that text analysis techniques with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool are effective for identifying suicidal or homicidal writings as distinct from each other and from a variety of student writings in an automated fashion. Conclusion: Findings indicate support for automated identification of writings that were associated with harm to self, harm to others, and various other student writing products. This work begins to uncover the viability or larger scale, low cost methods of automatic detection for individuals suffering from harmful ideation.
Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk
Authors: Liu Danica W. Y. , Fairweather-Schmidt A. Kate , Burns Richard , Roberts Rachel M. , Anstey Kaarin J.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.
Death Ideation and Suicidal Ideation in a Community Sample Who Do Not Meet Criteria for Major Depression
Authors: Joo Jinhui , Hwang Seungyoung , Gallo Joseph J.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Background: Suicide is strongly associated with depression, but many without depression have thoughts of death. Aims: To characterize persons who did not meet criteria for depressive illness but endorsed death ideation or suicidal ideation over the course of a 10-year follow-up. Method: Subjects included 753 participants of the Baltimore sample of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, a population-based 10-year follow-up survey, who neither met criteria for major depressive disorder nor reported death or suicidal ideation in 1994. Results: Persons with death ideation or suicidal ideation in 2004 were generally distressed as measured by the General Health Questionnaire. At baseline, both groups endorsed difficulty with concentration, feeling unhappy, and taking things hard. Functional problems such as social withdrawal were endorsed by both groups. Those with suicidal ideation had a longer lifetime history of social phobia. Persons with death ideation did not use more health services but sought help from persons in their social network. Conclusion: Thoughts of death are associated with distress even in persons who do not have depressive illness. This group of persons may have subclinical depressive symptoms that will not be detected by depression screening. Detection of these persons will require broadening our concept of persons at risk.
Who Goes Online for Suicide-Related Reasons?
Authors: Mok Katherine , Jorm Anthony F. , Pirkis Jane
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Background: Although people who use the Internet for suicide-related reasons have been found to report significantly higher levels of suicidal ideation, little is known about the characteristics of these users. Aims: To examine the differences between suicidal people who use the Internet for suicide-related reasons and those who do not. Method: Participants were 205 Australian citizens and permanent residents aged 18−24 years who had felt suicidal within the past year. Participants were recruited online through non-mental health-related websites and asked to complete an anonymous online survey. Results: In univariate analyses, suicide-related users reported significantly higher levels of social anxiety and lifetime and past year suicidal ideation than non-suicide-related users, as well as a higher likelihood of future suicide and overall higher risk for suicide. There were no differences on depressive symptoms and perceived social support. Both groups were unlikely to anticipate seeking help from any source and generally perceived similar barriers to offline help-seeking. Multivariate analyses showed that past year suicidal ideation and likelihood of future suicide significantly predicted suicide-related Internet use. Conclusions: Individuals may choose to go online for alternative methods of coping when their suicidal feelings become more severe, demonstrating the need for more online suicide prevention efforts.
Prospection and the Present Moment: The Role of Episodic Foresight in Intertemporal Choices between Immediate and Delayed Rewards
Authors: Bulley Adam , Henry Julie , Suddendorf Thomas
Published: January 2016

Humans are capable of imagining future rewards and the contexts in which they may be obtained. Functionally, intertemporal choices between smaller but immediate and larger but delayed rewards may be made without such episodic foresight. However, we propose that explicit simulations of this sort enable more flexible and adaptive intertemporal decision-making. Emotions triggered through the simulation of future situations can motivate people to forego immediate pleasures in the pursuit of long-term rewards. However, we stress that the most adaptive option need not always be a larger later reward. When the future is anticipated to be uncertain, for instance, it may make sense for preferences to shift toward more immediate rewards, instead. Imagining potential future scenarios and assessment of their likelihood and affective consequences allows humans to determine when it is more adaptive to delay gratification in pursuit of a larger later reward, and when the better strategy is to indulge in a present temptation. We discuss clinical studies that highlight when and how the effect of episodic foresight on intertemporal decision-making can be altered, and consider the relevance of this perspective to understanding the nature of self-control.
SMG7 is a critical regulator of p53 stability and function in DNA damage stress response
Authors: Luo Hongwei , Cowen Lauren , Yu Guowu , Jiang Wenguo , Tang Yi
Published: January 2016

The p53 tumor suppressor functions as a transcription factor and plays a pivotal role in regulation of cellular response to DNA damage by activating various genes including those involved in cell cycle arrest. p53 stability is essential for its function during stress response; however, the molecular mechanism for DNA damage-induced stabilization of p53 is not fully understood. In our present study, we have identified SMG7 (suppressor with morphological defects in genitalia 7), also known as EST1C, as a novel p53-binding protein. SMG7 is an mRNA surveillance factor implicated in degradation of p53 mRNA-containing nonsense mutations, yet it is completely unknown whether SMG7 regulates p53 function. Here, we show that SMG7 has a crucial role in p53-mediated response to genotoxic stress by regulating p53 stability. Using somatic gene knockout, we found that deletion of SMG7 abrogates DNA damage-induced p53 stabilization, although it exhibits minimal effect on the basal levels of p53. Importantly, loss of SMG7 impairs p53-mediated activation of p21 and cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. Pharmacological inhibition of Mdm2, a major E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, restored p53 stability in gamma-irradiated SMG7-deficient cells. Furthermore, SMG7 physically interacts with Mdm2 and promotes ATM-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of Mdm2 following ionizing radiation. Therefore, our present data demonstrate that SMG7 is critical for p53 function in DNA damage response, and reveal the SMG7-mediated phosphorylation of Mdm2 as a previously unknown mechanism for p53 regulation.
Modulation of host ROS metabolism is essential for viral infection of a bloom-forming coccolithophore in the ocean
Authors: Sheyn Uri , Rosenwasser Shilo , Ben-Dor Shifra , Porat Ziv , Vardi Assaf
Published: January 2016

The cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is a unicellular eukaryotic alga responsible for vast blooms in the ocean. These blooms have immense impact on large biogeochemical cycles and are terminated by a specific large double-stranded DNA E. huxleyi virus (EhV, Phycodnaviridae). EhV infection is accompanied by induction of hallmarks of programmed cell death and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we characterized alterations in ROS metabolism and explored its role during infection. Transcriptomic analysis of ROS-related genes predicted an increase in glutathione (GSH) and H2O2 production during infection. In accordance, using biochemical assays and specific fluorescent probes we demonstrated the overproduction of GSH during lytic infection. We also showed that H2O2 production, rather than superoxide, is the predominant ROS during the onset of the lytic phase of infection. Using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and multispectral imaging flow cytometry, we showed that the profound co-production of H2O2 and GSH occurred in the same subpopulation of cells but at different subcellular localization. Positively stained cells for GSH and H2O2 were highly infected compared with negatively stained cells. Inhibition of ROS production by application of a peroxidase inhibitor or an H2O2 scavenger inhibited host cell death and reduced viral production. We conclude that viral infection induced remodeling of the host antioxidant network that is essential for a successful viral replication cycle. This study provides insight into viral replication strategy and suggests the use of specific cellular markers to identify and quantify the extent of active viral infection during E. huxleyi blooms in the ocean.
The role of hyperparasitism in microbial pathogen ecology and evolution
Authors: Parratt Steven R , Laine Anna-Liisa
Published: January 2016

Many micro-organisms employ a parasitic lifestyle and, through their antagonistic interactions with host populations, have major impacts on human, agricultural and natural ecosystems. Most pathogens are likely to host parasites of their own, that is, hyperparasites, but how nested chains of parasites impact on disease dynamics is grossly neglected in the ecological and evolutionary literature. In this minireview we argue that the diversity and dynamics of micro-hyperparasites are an important component of natural host–pathogen systems. We use the current literature from a handful of key systems to show that observed patterns of pathogen virulence and disease dynamics may well be influenced by hyperparasites. Exploring these factors will shed light on many aspects of microbial ecology and disease biology, including resistance–virulence evolution, apparent competition, epidemiology and ecosystem stability. Considering the importance of hyperparasites in natural populations will have applied consequences for the field of biological control and therapeutic science, where hyperparastism is employed as a control mechanism but not necessarily ecologically understood.
Erratum: Temporal variation selects for diet–microbe co-metabolic traits in the gut of Gorilla spp
Authors: Gomez Andres , Rothman Jessica M , Petrzelkova Klara , Yeoman Carl J , Vlckova Klara , Umaña Juan D , Carr Monica , Modry David , Todd Angelique , Torralba Manolito , Nelson Karen E , Stumpf Rebecca M , Wilson Brenda A , Blekhman Ran , White Bryan A , Leigh Steven R
Published: January 2016

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2016) 10, 514–526; doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.146; published online 28 August 2015 After the publication of this paper, the author noticed an error in the affiliations concerning Klara Petrzelkova and David Modry. The affiliations are as follows: For Klara Petrzelkova, it is the Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; and Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic.