bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of ion transport by oxidants
Authors: Downs Charles A. , Helms My N.
Published: September 2013

Ion channels perform a variety of cellular functions in lung epithelia. Oxidant- and antioxidant-mediated mechanisms (that is, redox regulation) of ion channels are areas of intense research. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of redox regulation of ion channels since the last Experimental Biology report in 2003. Advancements include: 1) identification of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidases as sources of regulated reactive species (RS) production in epithelia, 2) an understanding that excessive treatment with antioxidants can result in greater oxidative stress, and 3) characterization of novel RS signaling pathways that converge upon ion channel regulation. These advancements, as discussed at the 2013 Experimental Biology Meeting in Boston, MA, impact our understanding of oxidative stress in the lung, and, in particular, illustrate that the redox state has profound effects on ion channel and cellular function.
Erythropoietin Activates Cell Survival Pathways in Breast Cancer Stem–like Cells to Protect Them from Chemotherapy
Authors: Todaro Matilde , Turdo Alice , Bartucci Monica , Iovino Flora , Dattilo Rosanna , Biffoni Marco , Stassi Giorgio , Federici Giulia , De Maria Ruggero , Zeuner Ann
Published: September 2013

Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) analogs [erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA)] are clinically used to treat anemia in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. After clinical trials reporting increased adverse events and/or reduced survival in ESA-treated patients, concerns have been raised about the potential role of ESAs in promoting tumor progression, possibly through tumor cell stimulation. However, evidence is lacking on the ability of EPO to directly affect cancer stem–like cells, which are thought to be responsible for tumor progression and relapse. We found that breast cancer stem–like cells (BCSC) isolated from patient tumors express the EPO receptor and respond to EPO treatment with increased proliferation and self-renewal. Importantly, EPO stimulation increased BCSC resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and activated cellular pathways responsible for survival and drug resistance. Specifically, the Akt and ERK pathways were activated in BCSC at early time points following EPO treatment, whereas Bcl-xL levels increased at later times. In vivo, EPO administration counteracted the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on BCSC-derived orthotopic tumor xenografts and promoted metastatic progression both in the presence and in the absence of chemotherapy treatment. Altogether, these results indicate that EPO acts directly on BCSC by activating specific survival pathways, resulting in BCSC protection from chemotherapy and enhanced tumor progression. Cancer Res; 73(21); 6393–400. ©2013 AACR.
Impact of Treatment Exposures on Cardiovascular Risk and Insulin Resistance in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Baker K. Scott , Chow Eric J. , Goodman Pamela J. , Leisenring Wendy M. , Dietz Andrew C. , Perkins Joanna L. , Chow Lisa , Sinaiko Alan , Moran Antoinette , Petryk Anna , Steinberger Julia
Published: September 2013

Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are more insulin resistant and have higher levels of several cardiovascular risk factors even while still children. This study examines specific treatment exposures associated with cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance.

Methods: CCS of ages 9 to 18 years at study entry and in remission 5 years or more from diagnosis (n = 319) and 208 sibling controls were recruited into this cross-sectional study that included physiologic assessment of insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) and assessment of cardiovascular risk factors. Regression and recursive tree modeling were used to ascertain treatment combinations associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.

Results: Mean current age of CCS was 14.5 years and 54% were male (siblings 13.6 years, 54% male). Diagnoses included leukemia (35%), brain tumors (36%), solid tumors (33%), or lymphoma (6%). Among CCS, analysis of individual chemotherapy agents failed to find associations with cardiovascular risk factors or insulin resistance. Compared with siblings, insulin resistance was significantly higher in CCS who received platinum plus cranial radiotherapy (CRT, 92% brain tumors) and in those who received steroids but no platinum (majority leukemia). Insulin resistance did not differ between CCS who received surgery alone versus siblings. Within survivor comparisons failed to elucidate treatment combinations that increased insulin resistance compared with those who received surgery only.

Conclusions: Exposure to platinum, CRT, or steroids is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors and should be taken into consideration in the development of screening recommendations for cardiovascular risk.

Impact: Earlier identification of CCS who may benefit from targeted prevention efforts may reduce their future risk of cardiovascular disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(11); 1954–63. ©2013 AACR.
Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma and Polymorphisms within the Susceptibility Cancer Region 8q24
Authors: Cipollini Monica , Figlioli Gisella , Garritano Sonia , Bramante Simona , Maiorano Loredana , Gnudi Federica , Cecchini Alice , De Paola Francesca , Damicis Lucia , Frixa Tania , Landi Debora , Cancemi Lisa , De Santi Chiara , Melaiu Ombretta , Foddis Rudy , Cristaudo Alfonso , Bonotti Alessandra , Romei Cristina , Elisei Rossella , Pellegrini Giovanni , Barale Roberto , Gemignani Federica , Landi Stefano
Published: September 2013

Background: Genome-wide association studies have shown that the 8q24 region harbours multiple independent cancer susceptibility loci and it was also defined as the “susceptibility cancer region.” Thus, it could be hypothesized that genetic variants within this region could play a role in the risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).

Methods: Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms within 8q24 were analyzed, previously associated with the risk of cancer (i.e., rs6983267, rs1447295, rs10808556, rs7000448, rs13254738, and rs13281615) in a population of 1,250 patients affected by DTC and 1,250 controls from Central and Southern Italy.

Results: A strong association between smoking habit and risk of DTC was found [OR, 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.39–1.91; P < 10−6]. The polymorphisms rs10808556 and rs1447295 showed an association with the risk of DTC (the strongest were the heterozygotes with OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13–1.68 and OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02–1.78, respectively), but, overall, they were unable to reach the statistically significant threshold following Bonferroni's correction.

Conclusions: Present study suggested a limited involvement of polymorphisms within 8q24 region in relation to the risk of DTC in Central and Southern Italians.

Impact: The exclusion of a relationship between DTC and 8q24 among Italians further highlights the tissue-specificity of this chromosomal segment in relation to human cancer and stresses the importance of other population-specific cofactors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(11); 2121–5. ©2013 AACR.
Puberty in Children Born Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Verkauskiene Rasa , Petraitiene Indre , Albertsson Wikland Kerstin
Published: September 2013

Small for gestational age (SGA) children are more prone to have precocious pubarche and exaggerated precocious adrenarche, an earlier onset of pubertal development and menarche, and faster progression of puberty than children born of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) size. The majority of studies investigating the onset of puberty in children born SGA and AGA established that, although puberty begins at an appropriate time (based on chronological age and actual height) in SGA children, onset is earlier relative to AGA children. Evaluating pubertal growth in SGA children, a more modest bone age delay from chronological age at the onset of puberty and more rapid bone maturation during puberty compared to AGA children were reported. Peak height velocity in adolescence is reached at an earlier pubertal stage and lasts for a shorter period in children born SGA than in those born AGA. These differences lead to an earlier fusion of the growth plates and a shorter adult height. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying the unique pubertal growth pattern of children born SGA remains unclear. However, it seems that this is not only related to birth weight, gestational age, adiposity or obesity, but that there may also be an influence of rapid weight gain in early childhood on pubertal onset: excess weight gain in childhood may be related to central adiposity, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased IGF-I levels and might thus predispose to precocious pubarche.
Dyes for Eyes™: Hydrodynamics, Biocompatibility and Efficacy of ‘Heavy' (Dual) Dyes for Chromovitrectomy
Authors: Mohr Andreas , Bruinsma Marieke , Oellerich Silke , Frank Hans , Gabel Detlef , Melles Gerrit R.J. ,   International Chromovitrectomy Collaboration
Published: September 2013

As epiretinal membranes (ERMs), the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and the vitreous cortex are essentially transparent tissues, or translucent structures, nontraumatic removal may be challenging in various types of macular surgery. Vital dyes stain these thin tissues, thus allowing for better visualization of these structures during vitrectomy and selective ‘membrane peeling' from the underlying retina. To avoid swirling of the dye within the fluid-filled vitreous cavity, and to better target the dye onto the macula, a fluid-air exchange is commonly performed. However, this may jeopardize visualization of the macula during peeling due to clouding of the posterior lens capsule, and may lead to postoperative visual field defects. Recently, a new dye solution for staining the ERM and ILM simultaneously has been developed that circumvents the need for fluid-air exchange, i.e. MembraneBlue-Dual™. This paper will focus on the hydrodynamics and biocompatibility of this ‘heavy' dual dye and its efficacy for staining of the ILM and/or ERMs during posterior segment surgery in a multicenter clinical setting.
Staining Properties of Brilliant Blue Depending on Different Incubation Times and Solvents in Humans
Authors: Rodrigues Eduardo B. , Maia Maurício , Penha Fernando M. , Dib Eduardo , Melo Gustavo B. , Maia Andre , Farah Michel E. ,   International Chromovitrectomy Collaboration
Published: September 2013

Purpose: Intravitreous injection of vital dyes, e.g. brilliant blue (BBG), promotes better visualization of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). This paper investigates the staining properties of BBG depending on different incubation times and 2 types of solvents - 5% glucose (GL) or saline solution - in a prospective study in patients. Methods: This paper investigates various aspects of BBG in various methods. An interventional prospective study was conducted in patients to examine the binding properties of the blue dye diluted in either saline or 5% GL to epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and ILMs. Forty-nine consecutive patients older than 18 years scheduled for macular ERM, vitreomacular traction and macular hole surgeries were prospectively recruited. The primary outcomes of this study were the degree of ILM and ERM staining. The secondary outcomes of the study were the need of reinjection of BBG or any other dye, the ability of BBG to stain the vitreous, and frequency of complications. The staining of the ILM and ERM were graded as no staining, little, moderate or strong staining. Results: There was no correlation between age (p = 0.32) or gender (p = 0.33) in the staining affinity of BBG to either the ILM or ERM. BBG may be an appropriate staining agent for the ILM in the majority (82%) of surgeries; however, in approximately half of the cases (45%) surgeons considered BBG not enough for ERM coloring and visualization. There is a tendency of BBG to stain the ILM better when saline solution is used compared to GL 5%; however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.64). There was no difference in the staining efficacy of BBG to the ERMs by either solution (p = 0.70), despite the low staining affinity. Conclusion: BBG became the state-of-the-art dye for ILM identification. Differences in staining properties may imply that BBG should not be considered as first-line stain for ERM surgery. BBG is effective in ILM staining in over 80% of macular hole surgeries.
Anti–Human Neutrophil Antigen-3a Induced Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Disturbance of Lung Endothelial Cells
Authors: Bayat Behnaz , Tjahjono Yudy , Sydykov Akylbek , Werth Silke , Hippenstiel Stefan , Weissmann Nobert , Sachs Ulrich J. , Santoso Sentot
Published: September 2013

Objective—

Antibodies against human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) located on choline transporter-like protein 2 induce severe transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). This study aims to identify the mechanism implicated in anti–HNA-3a-mediated TRALI.

Approach and Results—

Our analysis shows that anti–HNA-3a recognizes 2 choline transporter-like protein 2 isoforms (P1 and P2) on human microvascular endothelial cells from lung blood vessels but reacts only with the P1 isoform on neutrophils. Direct treatment of HNA-3a–positive endothelial cells with anti–HNA-3a, but not with anti–HNA-3b, leads to reactive oxygen species production, increased albumin influx, and decreased endothelial resistance associated with the formation of actin stress filaments and loosening of junctional vascular endothelium-cadherin. In a novel in vivo mouse model, TRALI was documented by significant increase in lung water content, albumin concentration, and neutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage on injection of human anti–HNA-3a in lipopolysaccharides-treated, as well as nontreated mice. Interestingly, although neutrophil depletion alleviated severity of lung injury, it failed to prevent TRALI in this model. Infusion of anti–HNA-3a F(ab′)
2
fragments caused moderate TRALI. Finally, mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2

y/
-

) were protected from anti–HNA-3a-mediated TRALI.

Conclusions—

These data demonstrate the initiation of endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo by direct binding of anti–HNA-3a on endothelial cells. It seems, however, that the presence of neutrophils aggravates barrier dysfunction. This novel mechanism of TRALI primarily mediated by endothelial cell dysfunction via choline transporter-like protein 2 may help to define new treatment strategies to decrease TRALI-related mortality.
Downregulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Axis During HIV-1 and Cocaine-Mediated Pulmonary Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia
Authors: Dalvi Pranjali , O’Brien-Ladner Amy , Dhillon Navneet K.
Published: September 2013

Objective—

Our previous findings support an additive effect of cocaine to HIV infection in the development of pulmonary arteriopathy through enhanced proliferation of human pulmonary smooth muscle cells. We now examined the role of antiproliferative bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) axis in HIV protein and cocaine-mediated pulmonary smooth muscle hyperplasia.

Approach and Results—

Stimulation of BMPR axis resulted in attenuation of synergistic increase in the proliferation of human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in response to cocaine and HIV protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat). Interestingly, an increase in mRNA but decrease in protein levels of BMPR with correlated decrease in the activation of Sma- and MAD-related family protein 1/5/8 and Id1 gene expression was observed on combined treatment with cocaine and Tat when compared with the untreated cells at all time points tested. Although longer exposure to either cocaine or Tat alone also resulted in a significant decrease in the BMPR protein expression, the abrogation on combined treatment was still significantly more when compared with that of the monotreatments. Significant increase in mRNA but downmodulation of BMPR protein expression was also observed in the lung extracts from HIV-infected intravenous drug users (HIV+IVDU) when compared with that from HIV-infected non-IVDUs (HIV) or uninfected IVDUs (IVDU). Furthermore, significant decrease in BMPR protein expression was also observed in HIV or IVDUs when compared with normal controls that correlated with in vitro findings on chronic exposure to cocaine or HIV protein alone.

Conclusions—

Simultaneous exposure of pulmonary smooth muscle cells to viral protein(s) and cocaine exacerbates downregulation of BMPR axis that may result in enhanced pulmonary vasculature aberrations in HIV+IVDUs.
Human Complement Factor H Is a Reductase for Large Soluble von Willebrand Factor Multimers—Brief Report
Authors: Nolasco Leticia , Nolasco Jennifer , Feng Shuju , Afshar-Kharghan Vahid , Moake Joel
Published: September 2013

Objective—

Ultralarge von Willebrand factor (vWF) strings are secreted by, and anchored to, stimulated human endothelial cells. A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin domains-type 13 cleaves the ultralarge vWF strings into large soluble vWF multimers. Normal plasma contains a nonproteolytic reducing activity that subsequently rapidly diminishes the size of the large soluble vWF multimers.

Approach and Results—

The vWF reductase activity was isolated from normal cryoprecipitate-poor plasma by chromatography and identified as the complement regulatory protein, factor H (FH), by mass spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, and monospecific anti-FH antibody. Removal of FH from partially purified vWF reductase by immunoabsorption eliminated the reducing activity, and the activity was recovered in the eluates. Recombinant human FH reduced large soluble vWF multimers in a free thiol-dependent reaction that was not inhibited by a variety of protease inhibitors.

Conclusions—

FH contributes to the reduction of large soluble vWF multimers.
Apolipoprotein E, Statins, and Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Woo Daniel , Deka Ranjan , Falcone Guido J. , Flaherty Matthew L. , Haverbusch Mary , Martini Sharyl R. , Greenberg Steven M. , Ayres Alison M. , Sauerbeck Laura , Kissela Brett M. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Moomaw Charles J. , Anderson Christopher D. , Broderick Joseph P. , Rosand Jonathan , Langefeld Carl D. , Woo Jessica G.
Published: September 2013

Background and Purpose—

Apolipoprotein E (
ApoE
) genotypes have been associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although statins have been associated with an increased risk of ICH, meta-analyses have not consistently shown a statin-induced risk of ICH. Here, we test whether hypercholesterolemia (HC) and
ApoE
polymorphisms affect the risk of ICH by statin use.

Methods—

The Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS) study is a prospective, demographically matched case–control study of ICH. A similar study of ICH, Genetic Risks for Medication-Related Hemorrhagic Stroke (GOCHA), was used as a replication cohort. Subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia, HC without statin use, and HC with statin use. Statistical comparisons were performed using Fisher exact test, χ
2
tests, and the Breslow–Day test.

Results—

The discovery cohort consisted of 558 ICH cases and 1444 controls, and the replication cohort consisted of 1020 ICH cases and 382 controls. The association of lower risk for HC was not attenuated by statin use. Statin use was observed to confer a higher risk for lobar ICH in those carrying
ApoE4/E4
and
ApoE2/E4
genotypes in both discovery and replication cohorts, and a test for interaction showed a trend towards significance (
P
=0.11 for statin and
ApoE4/E4
).

Conclusions—

Statin use does not seem to attenuate the association of HC with decreased risk for nonlobar ICH. Our data support a gene-by-drug effect for lobar ICH, but larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the association before any clinical change is warranted.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00930280.
Tacitus, Annals, 15.20-23, 33-45
Authors: Owen Mathew , Gildenhard Ingo
Published: September 2013

The emperor Nero is etched into the Western imagination as one of ancient Rome’s most infamous villains, and Tacitus’ Annals have played a central role in shaping the mainstream historiographical understanding of this flamboyant autocrat. This section of the text plunges us straight into the moral cesspool that Rome had apparently become in the later years of Nero’s reign, chronicling the emperor’s fledgling stage career including his plans for a grand tour of Greece; his participation in a city-wide orgy climaxing in his publicly consummated ‘marriage’ to his toy boy Pythagoras; the great fire of AD 64, during which large parts of central Rome went up in flames; and the rising of Nero’s ‘grotesque’ new palace, the so-called ‘Golden House’, from the ashes of the city. This building project stoked the rumours that the emperor himself was behind the conflagration, and Tacitus goes on to present us with Nero’s gruesome efforts to quell these mutterings by scapegoating and executing members of an unpopular new cult then starting to spread through the Roman empire: Christianity. All this contrasts starkly with four chapters focusing on one of Nero’s most principled opponents, the Stoic senator Thrasea Paetus, an audacious figure of moral fibre, who courageously refuses to bend to the forces of imperial corruption and hypocrisy. This course book offers a portion of the original Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and a commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Owen’s and Gildenhard’s incisive commentary will be of particular interest to students of Latin at both A2 and undergraduate level. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis and historical background to encourage critical engagement with Tacitus’ prose and discussion of the most recent scholarly thought.
Meanders and Eddies from Topographic Transformation of Coastal-Trapped Waves
Authors: Rodney J. T. , Johnson E. R.
Published: September 2013

This paper describes how topographic variations can transform a small-amplitude, linear, coastal-trapped wave (CTW) into a nonlinear wave or an eddy train. The dispersion relation for CTWs depends on the slope of the shelf. Provided the cross-shelf slope varies sufficiently slowly along the shelf, the local structure of the CTW adapts to the local geometry and the wave transformation can be analyzed by the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys (WKBJ) method. Two regions of parameter space are straightforward: adiabatic transmission (where, at the incident wave frequency, a long wave exists everywhere along the shelf) and short-wave reflection (where somewhere on the shelf no long wave exists at the incident frequency, but the stratification is sufficiently weak that a short reflected wave can coexist with the incident wave). This paper gives the solutions for these two cases but concentrates on a third parameter regime, which includes all sufficiently strongly stratified flows, where neither of these behaviors is possible and the WKBJ method fails irrespective of how slowly the topography changes. Fully nonlinear integrations of the equation for the advection of the bottom boundary potential vorticity show that the incident wave in this third parameter regime transforms into a nonlinear wave when topographic variations are gradual or into an eddy train when the changes are abrupt.
Here Today Gone Tomorrow
Authors: Shulman Vivian , Sullivan Susan
Published: September 2013

This study examines two case studies of failed leadership in school-based professional development. We describe the two initiatives and look to current leadership theories to help account for the events that occurred. The sociologist Bourdieu’s concept of habitus offers an approach to understanding the relationship between individual agency and structural determinism. Chaos and complexity theory conceptualize organizations from a systems level where relationships and connections among all constituents—both inside and outside—are the focus. In addition, transformational and charismatic leadership theories allow for a consideration of leadership characteristics. While much can be learned from failed attempts, a comparative analysis of failed and successful strategies may assist leaders in avoiding the pitfalls of these challenging times while simultaneously providing strategies for success.
Education Finance Reform, Education Spending, and Student Performance
Authors: Chung Il Hwan
Published: September 2013

The disparities in achievement among income and racial-ethnic groups of students have long been a major concern of educational policies. Among several identified factors that help explain the student performance gap, this paper focuses on inequity in funding for education among school districts, which resulted from heavy reliance of school districts’ revenue on local wealth. In 2004, the State of Maryland witnessed a significant change in financing methods for educational services by providing more resources for school districts with larger share of disadvantaged students. This is the first study to examine the effects of Maryland education finance reform on school spending and student performance. The findings show that reform has improved spending equity by providing more aid to school districts with larger share of disadvantaged students, but found little evidence that reform closed the student performance gap. This study holds policy implications for the current debate on reducing gaps of spending and student performance across school districts by using education finance reforms.
The World Bank Approach to Public Sector Management 2011–2020: lessons from the Malaysian experience
Authors: Xavier John Antony
Published: September 2013

Drawing upon the Malaysian experience as reflected in interviews with selected senior bureaucrats across the Malaysian public service in addition to the first-hand experience of the author in the reform effort, this commentary seeks to analyse the extent to which Malaysia’s approach to public management reform resonates with the proposed approach of the World Bank. The World Bank Approach highlights the central importance of context in reform. Reforms that pre-specify their intended impact upon service delivery have a better chance of success as, among other things, they are better able to attract a disproportionate amount of resources and offer a platform for a blend of top-down and bottom-up approaches to reform where practitioners take heed of the collective wisdom by consulting all stakeholders, including the public. Notwithstanding, reforms on the back of best practices should not be discounted. Combined, these reforms, with the general purpose of enhancing government performance, do impact on service delivery. While a problem-oriented approach to reform is a prerequisite, Malaysia's experience indicates that it is the follow-through of the implementation effort that ultimately determines reform success.
Back in the OECD … an oblique comment on the World Bank’s Better Results from Public Sector Institutions
Authors: Pollitt Christopher
Published: September 2013

This brief commentary questions some of the usual assumptions made about the differences between public management reform in the developed world compared with the developing world. It suggests that reform failure is common in both, as is a lack of evidence about the final impacts of reform. In both cases the best available evidence indicates that management reform is an iterative and exploratory process that needs local, contextualized knowledge as well as formal expertise. The World Bank’s Better Results from Public Sector Institutions offers an interesting analysis of this situation, and puts forward useful insights. The real test, as always, will be whether these ideas can be implemented.
The role played by the judicial review in good governance processes linked to decentralization: the case of Togo
Authors: Pagnou Sasso
Published: September 2013

Judicial review of local authorities’ actions is necessary for the success of the process of decentralization as it allows conciliation of the principle of legality and the principle of free administration as elements of good governance. The judicial review joins thus a general movement of transformations aiming to strengthen democracy and the efficiency of public actions. It is then necessary to give to this control a definition adapted to this general context, an operating definition letting appear institutional reforms that must join this general movement of transformations.

Points for practitioners

The process of decentralization which started a few years ago in Togo, in the framework of the establishment of good governance, cannot be realized in the absence of guarantees for respect of the law on decentralization, in particular of the new repartition of the competences the law introduces. These guarantees are offered by the control of legality which is a process during which the representative of the state verifies the conformity of the acts carried out by the local authorities. In the Togolese context, the modalities of this control are recommended in function of institutional reforms which necessarily accompany this process.
Missy “Misdemeanor” Elliott and Nicki Minaj
Authors: White Theresa Renee
Published: September 2013

Since the emergence of hip-hop in the early 1980s, African American women’s sexuality and its correlation to their search for self-identity and self-control have been at the forefront of the genre’s discourse. Using a multidisciplinary theoretical framework (objectification theory, scripting theory, and Black feminist epistemologies), this article explores the fashion aesthetic, imagery, and celebrity culture of two major African American female hip-hop megastars, Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott, to examine how the sexual politics of hip-hop culture has helped to define their sexuality, agency, and subjectivity. By examining the style and professional choices that fashioned their careers in hip-hop media, we explore the extent to which they have refuted, or submitted, to the distorted view of African American female sexuality, and thus contributed to their objectification or empowerment.
Differences in Service Delivery Between Transition VR Counselors and General VR Counselors
Authors: Plotner Anthony J. , Trach John S. , Oertle Kathleen M. , Fleming Allison R.
Published: September 2013

Rehabilitation counselors are critical service providers for young adults with disabilities transitioning from high school to adult environments. However, the investigation of whether rehabilitation counselors in the state–federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) program are providing maximum services deserves more attention. Current literature suggests that there have been high levels of variability in how counselors in the state VR system are providing services to transition-age youth. In this study, we examined the relationship between primary job role (i.e., transition-focused or general caseload) and the counselors’ perceptions of the importance of, frequency of, and preparation for providing a set of transition activities. The results indicated that there were significant differences between groups in their ratings of the importance, their preparedness for, and the frequency of with which they engaged in the transition activities. The most notable between-group differences related to the frequency of engagement. Implications for counselor training and service provisions are discussed.
General Strain Theory and Delinquency
Authors: Eitle David , Eitle Tamela McNulty
Published: September 2013

Despite evidence that American Indian (AI) adolescents are disproportionately involved in crime and delinquent behavior, there exists scant research exploring the correlates of crime among this group. We posit that Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) is well suited to explain AI delinquent activity. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examined a subsample of AI students—a study that represents, to the best of our knowledge, the initial published test of GST principles used to explain AI delinquent behavior. Overall, we find mixed support for the core principles of GST applying to AI delinquent behavior. We also found evidence that some of the personal and social resources identified by Agnew condition the strain–delinquent behavior relationship, albeit, sometimes in ways that are not entirely consistent with GST.
The dorsolateral periaqueductal grey N-methyl-D-aspartate/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway modulates the expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats
Authors: Aguiar Daniele C , Hott Sara C , Deolindo Milena V , Guimarães Francisco S , Resstel Leonardo BM
Published: September 2013

The dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) plays an essential role in unconditioned fear responses and could also be involved in the expression of contextual fear responses. Activation of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in this region facilitates anxiety-like responses. In the present study we investigated if antagonism of NMDA receptors or inhibition of the NO pathway in the dlPAG would attenuate behavioral and cardiovascular responses of rats submitted to a contextual fear-conditioning paradigm. Male Wistar rats with unilateral cannulae aimed at the dlPAG were re-exposed to a chamber where they had received footshocks 48 h before. Ten min before the test the animals received an intra-dlPAG injection of vehicle, AP7 (NMDA receptor antagonist), N-propyl-L-arginine (neuronal NO synthase inhibitor), carboxy-PTIO (NO scavenger) or 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolol [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (guanylate cyclase inhibitor). Freezing and cardiovascular responses were recorded continuously for 10 min. Intra-dlPAG administration of AP7 before re-exposure to the aversively conditioned context attenuated these responses. Similar effects were observed after the NO synthase inhibitor, NO scavenger or guanylate cyclase inhibitor. Our findings suggest that activity of dlPAG NMDA/NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway facilitates the expression of contextual fear responses.
Progress in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Applied to Venereal Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Wood B. R. , Kiupel M. , McNaughton D.
Published: September 2013

Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy is a powerful technique that provides molecular and spatial information at the single-cell level. We report on the progress of this technology in the field of cancer research, focusing on human cervical cancer because of the inherent difficulty in grading this type of cancer and as a model for venereal cancers in dogs. Using a suite of multivariate imaging processing techniques, we demonstrate the potential of this technique to identify histologic features in the normal epithelium and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia stages I and III. We highlight the advantages and detail the barriers that need to be overcome before implementation of this technology in the clinical environment.
Central-Third Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Allografts Demonstrate Superior Biomechanical Failure Characteristics Compared With Hemi–Patellar Tendon Grafts
Authors: Yanke Adam B. , Bell Rebecca , Lee Andrew S. , Shewman Elizabeth , Wang Vincent M. , Bach Bernard R.
Published: September 2013

Background:

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is commonly performed with a bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTB) allograft. However, grafts may result from harvesting the central region of a whole graft (C-BTB), the medial 10 mm of a lateral hemi-BTB (L-BTB) graft, or the lateral 10 mm of a medial hemi-BTB (M-BTB) graft.

Purpose:

To quantify potential differences in graft biomechanical properties when comparing whole versus hemi-BTB grafts.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten pairs of human BTB allografts (irradiated with 1.0-1.2 Mrad) were randomized to preparation as whole grafts or hemigrafts. From these, 10-mm grafts were prepared from the center or the most central portion, respectively. After measurements of tendon thickness, width, and length, specimens underwent cyclic tensile testing, followed by load-to-failure analysis. Biomechanical outcomes included cyclic elongation and creep strain along with the following failure characteristics: maximum load, elongation at maximum load, maximum stress, strain at maximum stress, and linear stiffness.

Results:

Regionally, the mean thickness of the C-BTB (5.18 ± 0.75 mm), M-BTB (5.08 ± 0.56 mm), and L-BTB (5.32 ± 0.62 mm) grafts were comparable ( P > .72). Similarly, the mean length of the C-BTB (47.4 ± 6.73 mm), M-BTB (47.0 ± 5.45 mm), and L-BTB (50.7 ± 6.42 mm) grafts were alike ( P > .43). While differences in cyclic elongation and strain were not significant, the M-BTB graft tended to elongate more (0.204 ± 0.13 mm; P = .075) and experience greater strain (0.56% ± 0.32%; P = .054) compared with the C-BTB graft (0.09 ± 0.03 mm and 0.23% ± 0.07%, respectively). Load-to-failure testing demonstrated a higher maximum load (2293 ± 531 N) and stiffness (356 ± 46 N/mm) of the C-BTB graft as compared with the M-BTB graft (1575 ± 325 N [ P < .007] and 275 ± 37 N/mm [ P < .008], respectively) and L-BTB graft (1585 ± 452 N [ P < .008] and 277 ± 65 N/mm [ P < .009], respectively). No differences were noted with respect to elongation or stress at maximum load among the grafts. Maximum stress in the C-BTB graft (45.4 ± 11.5 MPa) was greater than in the L-BTB graft (29.7 ± 10.6 MPa) ( P < .03) and tended to be greater than the M-BTB graft (34.1 ± 6.27 MPa) ( P = .087).

Conclusion:

Biomechanical failure properties (maximum load, stress, and stiffness) of the central portion of a whole BTB graft are superior to those of the medial portion of a lateral hemi-BTB graft and the lateral portion of a medial hemi-BTB graft. However, cyclic loading characteristics did not differ between grafts.

Clinical Relevance:

Although the true central-third BTB graft is biomechanically superior to hemi-BTB grafts, future studies are necessary to determine if the use of hemigrafts leads to an increased incidence of clinical failure.
Biogenic carbon in combustible waste: Waste composition, variability and measurement uncertainty
Authors: Larsen Anna W , Fuglsang Karsten , Pedersen Niels H , Fellner Johann , Rechberger Helmut , Astrup Thomas
Published: September 2013

Obtaining accurate data for the contents of biogenic and fossil carbon in thermally-treated waste is essential for determination of the environmental profile of waste technologies. Relations between the variability of waste chemistry and the biogenic and fossil carbon emissions are not well described in the literature. This study addressed the variability of biogenic and fossil carbon in combustible waste received at a municipal solid waste incinerator. Two approaches were compared: (1) radiocarbon dating (14C analysis) of carbon dioxide sampled from the flue gas, and (2) mass and energy balance calculations using the balance method. The ability of the two approaches to accurately describe short-term day-to-day variations in carbon emissions, and to which extent these short-term variations could be explained by controlled changes in waste input composition, was evaluated. Finally, the measurement uncertainties related to the two approaches were determined. Two flue gas sampling campaigns at a full-scale waste incinerator were included: one during normal operation and one with controlled waste input. Estimation of carbon contents in the main waste types received was included. Both the 14C method and the balance method represented promising methods able to provide good quality data for the ratio between biogenic and fossil carbon in waste. The relative uncertainty in the individual experiments was 7–10% (95% confidence interval) for the 14C method and slightly lower for the balance method.
Preparation and properties of iron-based flame-retardant reinforcing agent
Authors: Chen Xintai , Yin Yingle , Lu Jie , Chen Xuhuang
Published: September 2013

An iron-based flame-retardant reinforcing agent was prepared by hydrothermal method using ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 and urea as starting materials. The product was characterized with respect to crystal structure and thermolysis behavior, respectively, by means of X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis. Upon combining these with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was identified as ferric hydroxide oxide with a chemical composition of FeOOH·0.43H2O. The product was compounded with aluminum trihydroxide to flame-retard poly(ethylene- co-1-octene); the effect of FeOOH content on flame retardancy of the poly(ethylene- co-1-octene) was investigated, based on which the synergistic flame-retardant mechanism was discussed. The results show that addition of a small quantity of FeOOH can remarkably improve the flame retardance of poly(ethylene- co-1-octene)/aluminum trihydroxide compound. When the additive amount of FeOOH is 1.5 phr, the limiting oxygen index of the compound is 30.8%, and the vertical UL-94 flame test level reaches V-0.
Considerations for the Treatment of Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (Infantile Batten Disease)
Authors: Sands Mark S.
Published: September 2013

The infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (ie, infantile Batten disease) is the most rapidly progressing type and is caused by an inherited deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1. The absence of enzyme activity leads to progressive accumulation of autofluorescent material in many cell types, particularly neurons of the central nervous system. Clinical signs of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis appear between 6 months and 1 year of age and include vision loss, cognitive decline, motor deficits, seizures, and premature death, typically by 3 to 5 years of age. There is currently no effective treatment. However, preclinical experiments in the murine model of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis have shown that gene therapy, enzyme replacement, stem cell transplantation, and small-molecule drugs, alone or in combination, can significantly slow disease progression. A more thorough understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis will identify new therapeutic targets.
Corrosion assessment of reinforced concrete structures based on equivalent structural parameters using electro-mechanical impedance technique
Authors: Talakokula Visalakshi , Bhalla Suresh , Gupta Ashok
Published: September 2013

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the main causes of damage and premature failure of reinforced concrete structures, inflicting enormous costs for inspection, maintenance, restoration, and replacement of the infrastructure worldwide. Conventional approaches for detecting corrosion are based on electrochemical techniques such as half-cell potential, impedance spectroscopy, and linear polarization. These techniques are affected by a number of factors and require direct contact with concrete/steel interface. To overcome difficulties with conventional techniques, a new corrosion assessment approach based on the electro-mechanical impedance technique is presented in this article. This article presents results from a series of accelerated corrosion tests performed on rebars embedded in concrete cubes, wherein measurements are made using piezoceramic (lead zirconate titanate) patches surface bonded on rebars via the electro-mechanical impedance technique. The equivalent structural parameters extracted out from the admittance signatures of the lead zirconate titanate patch are calibrated against the level of corrosion based on which a new corrosion assessment model is proposed. The experimental results indicate that the equivalent parameters are effective in detecting and quantifying the corrosion in a realistic manner.
Breast Carcinoma With Tubulopapillary Features
Authors: Darvishian Farbod , Konno Fumiko , Qian Meng , Cangiarella Joan
Published: September 2013

Papillary carcinoma of the breast consists of 3 morphologically distinct established subtypes: encapsulated papillary carcinoma, solid papillary carcinoma, and invasive papillary carcinoma. Papillary carcinoma is one of the special types of breast cancer and, as such, carries a more favorable prognosis. We sought to identify primary breast tumors with tubulopapillary morphology and correlate this finding with predictors of adverse prognosis. We investigated our pathology files for breast tumors exhibiting tubulopapillary features. The dominant morphology consisted of infiltrating gaping tubules with intratubular papillary projections. The study group consisted of 12 cases of papillary carcinoma with tubulopapillary features. A control group of 17 cases of papillary carcinoma were selected consisting of 4 encapsulated papillary carcinomas, 3 solid papillary carcinomas, and 10 invasive papillary carcinomas. The study group showed significantly higher mitotic rate, ki67 proliferation index, nuclear grade 3, lymphovascular invasion, p53 overexpression, unfavorable biomarker signature, and axillary nodal involvement compared to the control group ( P = .01, .01, .04, .01, .007, .0001, .03, respectively). Invasive breast carcinomas with tubulopapillary features demonstrate significant correlation with predictors of adverse prognosis compared to ordinary papillary carcinomas. Larger studies with survival analysis are required to confirm aggressiveness in this group of breast cancers.
Langerhans Cell Sarcoma in a Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patient Undergoing Imatinib Mesylate Therapy
Authors: Chang Nien-Yi , Wang John , Wen Mei-Chin , Lee Fang-Yi
Published: September 2013

Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a rare malignancy requiring differential diagnosis from other high-grade nonhematologic and hematologic tumors. The pathogenesis of LCS remains unknown. Notably, LCS and its benign counterpart, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), are frequently associated with other malignancies. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the first case of LCS in a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patient undergoing imatinib mesylate therapy. We performed molecular cytogenetic analyses for investigating the association between LCS and CML. In our case, molecular cytogenetic analysis did not reveal BCR-ABL1 fusion and BRAF V600E mutation, suggesting that LCS may be coincident in this patient. However, recurrent BRAF V600E mutation has been found in LCH. Published reports have revealed the clonal relationship between LCH/LCS and other hematologic malignancies, especially lymphoid neoplasms. However, there are only 2 reports demonstrating the clonal relationship between LCH and myeloid neoplasms. The association of LCH/LCS with myeloid neoplasms and the role of BRAF V600E mutation in LCS are discussed.
Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Renal Pelvis
Authors: Sagnotta Andrea , Dente Mario , Socciarelli Fabio , Cacchi Claudio , Stoppacciaro Antonella , Balducci Genoveffa
Published: September 2013

Pure adenocarcinomas of the urothelium are very rare and their location in the pelvis is uncommon. Although their pathogenesis is not well defined, adenocarcinomas are likely to originate from neoplastic transformation of the glandular cells of the urothelial intestinal metaplasia usually arising in response to chronic irritating stimuli, such as long-duration inflammation, urolithiasis, and hydronephrosis. We report a case of an 81-year-old woman who underwent right nephrectomy for relapsing renal abscess due to a staghorn calculus. Histological examination disclosed an infiltrating adenocarcinoma arising from a tubulovillous adenoma with the surrounding pelvic mucosa showing a sequence of intestinal metaplasia, low- and high-grade villous adenoma, and invasive adenocarcinoma, supporting the hypothesis of cancer progression due to chronic inflammation from the urothelium through the metaplasia step.