bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steady and dynamic shear rheological behavior of semi dilute Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum solutions: influence of concentration, temperature and heating–cooling rate
Authors: Alaeddini Behzad , Koocheki Arash , Mohammadzadeh Milani Jafar , Razavi Seyed Mohammad Ali , Ghanbarzadeh Babak
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum (AHSG) solution exhibits high viscosity at low shear rates and has anionic features. However there is no information regarding the flow and dynamic properties of this gum in semi‐dilute solutions. The present study aimed to investigate the dynamic and steady shear behavior of AHSG in the semi‐dilute region.

RESULTS

The viscosity profile demonestrated a shear thinning behavior at all temperatures and concentrations. An increase in the AHSG concentration was acompanied by an increase in the pseudoplasticity degree, whereas, by increasing the temperature, the pseudoplasticity of AHSG decreased. At low gum concentration, solutions had more viscosity dependence on temperature. The mechanical spectra obtained from the frequency sweep experiment demonstrated viscoelastic properties for gum solutions. AHSG solutions showed typical weak gel‐like behavior, revealing G' greater than G' within the experimental range of frequency (Hz), with slight frequency dependency. The influence of temperature on viscoelastic properties of AHSG solutions was studied during both heating (5–85 °C) and cooling (85–5 °C) processes. The complex viscosity of AHSG was greater compared to the apparent viscosity, indicating the disruption of AHSG network structure under continuous shear rates and deviation from the Cox–Merz rule. During the initial heating, the storage modulus showed a decreasing trend and, with a further increase in temperature, the magnitude of storage modulus increased. The influence of temperature on the storage modulus was considerable when a higher heating rate was applied.

CONCLUSION

AHSG can be applied as a thickening and stabilizing agents in food products that require good stability against temperature. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrophoretic deposition strategy for the fabrication of highly stable functionalized silica nanoparticle coatings onto nickel‐titanium alloy wires for selective solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Zhou Shanshan , Wang Huiju , Jin Panxia , Wang Ziyi , Wang Xuemei , Du Xinzhen
Published: October 2017

A new strategy for the immobilization of phenyl‐functionalized silica nanoparticles onto nickel‐titanium alloy wires is presented. The homogeneous and compact silica nanoparticle coating was achieved on the hydrothermally treated nickel‐titanium wires with large surface area by electrophoretic deposition, and followed by self‐assembled modification of phenyltrichlorosilane. Coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, the extraction performance of the fabricated fiber was evaluated using typical aromatic compounds in direct‐immersion mode of solid‐phase microextraction. Due to its high extraction efficiency and good selectivity for ultraviolet filters, the novel fiber was employed to investigate the key factors affecting the extraction of ultraviolet filters. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method presented linear ranges from 0.05 to 300 μg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999 and limits of detection from 0.005 to 0.058 μg/L. Relative standard deviations were below 4.3 and 5.6% for intraday and interday analyses at the spiking level of 50 μg/L ultraviolet filters with the single fiber, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the selective concentration and sensitive detection of target ultraviolet filters from environmental water samples. Furthermore, the developed fiber can be used at least 200 times, and fabricated in a precisely controllable manner.
A Pilot Study of Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume as a Marker of PTSD in Childhood Trauma‐Exposed Adult HIV‐Infected Patients
Authors: Nwulia Evaristus A. , Rai Narayan , Sartip Kamyar , Hipolito Maria Mananita S. , McLean Charlee K. , Flanagan Kyla , Hamilton Flora , Lambert Sharon , Le Huynh‐Nhu , VanMeter John , Kapetanovic Suad
Published: October 2017

Evidence suggests that olfactory bulb (OB), a key structure in odor processing, may also be involved in mechanisms of traumatic stress. In animals, chronic stress reduces OB plasticity, and olfactory bulbectomy results in stress‐enhanced startle reflex and autonomic dysregulation. However, OB morphometry has not been adequately studied in the development of stress disorders following childhood trauma in humans. The researchers conducted a pilot study evaluating the relationships between OB volume, childhood trauma, and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 16 HIV‐positive individuals, 13 of whom were exposed to childhood trauma of 9 developed PTSD. Participants were recruited from a larger cohort of inner city–dwelling HIV‐positive populations in Washington, DC. Mean OB volumes were significantly reduced when PTSD and non‐PTSD groups were compared, p = .019, as well as when trauma‐exposed PTSD‐positive and trauma‐exposed PTSD‐negative groups were compared, p = .008. No significant difference was observed when trauma‐exposed and nonexposed participants were compared. The association between PTSD and right OB volume remained strong p = 0.002 after adjusting for group differences in sex, age, depression, hippocampal volume, and total intracranial volume. Because this study is limited by small sample size, further elucidation of relationships between OB, trauma, and PTSD should be investigated in larger cross‐sectional and prospective studies and in diverse cohorts.
Non‐Immune Hydrops Fetalis: Do Placentomegaly and Polyhydramnios Matter?
Authors: Berger Victoria K. , Sparks Teresa N. , Jelin Angie C. , Derderian Chris , Jeanty Cerine , Gosnell Kristen , Mackenzie Tippi , Gonzalez Juan M.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Polyhydramnios and placentomegaly are commonly observed in nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF); however, whether their ultrasonographic identification is relevant for prognosis is controversial. We evaluated outcomes of fetal or neonatal death and preterm birth (PTB) in cases of NIHF alone and in those with polyhydramnios and/or placentomegaly (P/PM).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort of singletons with NIHF evaluated between 1994 and 2013. Nonimmune hydrops fetalis was defined as 2 or more abnormal fluid collections, including ascites, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and skin edema. Primary outcomes were intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) and neonatal death. Secondary outcomes were PTB (<37, < 34, and <28 weeks) and spontaneous PTB. Outcomes were compared between cases of NIHF alone and NIHF with P/PM.

Results

A total of 153 cases were included; 21% (32 of 153) had NIHF alone, and 79% (121 of 153) had NIHF with P/PM. There was no significant difference in neonatal death (38.1% versus 43.0%; P = .809) between the groups. Intrauterine fetal demise was seen more frequently in NIHF alone (34.4% versus 17.4%; P = .049). Nonimmune hydrops fetalis‐with‐P/PM cases were more likely to deliver before 37 weeks (80.0% versus 57.1%; P = .045) and before 34 weeks (60.0% versus 28.6%; P = .015) and to have spontaneous PTB (64.4% versus 33.3%; P = .042). Adjusted odds ratios accounting for the etiology of NIHF supported these findings, with the exception of IUFD.

Conclusions

Compared to NIHF alone, pregnancies with NIHF and P/PM had a lower risk of IUFD and were at increased risk of PTB (<37 and <34 weeks) and spontaneous PTB. This information may help providers in counseling patients with NIHF and supports the need for close antenatal surveillance.
Cardinal characteristics and countable Borel equivalence relations
Authors: Coskey Samuel , Schneider Scott
Published: October 2017

Boykin and Jackson recently introduced a property of countable Borel equivalence relations called Borel boundedness, which they showed is closely related to the union problem for hyperfinite equivalence relations. In this paper, we introduce a family of properties of countable Borel equivalence relations which correspond to combinatorial cardinal characteristics of the continuum in the same way that Borel boundedness corresponds to the bounding number . We analyze some of the basic behavior of these properties, showing, e.g., that the property corresponding to the splitting number coincides with smoothness. We then settle many of the implication relationships between the properties; these relationships turn out to be closely related to (but not the same as) the Borel Tukey ordering on cardinal characteristics.
Intermediate arithmetic operations on ordinal numbers
Authors: Altman Harry J.
Published: October 2017

There are two well‐known ways of doing arithmetic with ordinal numbers: the “ordinary” addition, multiplication, and exponentiation, which are defined by transfinite iteration; and the “natural” (or “Hessenberg”) addition and multiplication (denoted ⊕ and ⊗), each satisfying its own set of algebraic laws. In 1909, Jacobsthal considered a third, intermediate way of multiplying ordinals (denoted × ), defined by transfinite iteration of natural addition, as well as the notion of exponentiation defined by transfinite iteration of his multiplication, which we denote . (Jacobsthal's multiplication was later rediscovered by Conway.) Jacobsthal showed these operations too obeyed algebraic laws. In this paper, we pick up where Jacobsthal left off by considering the notion of exponentiation obtained by transfinitely iterating natural multiplication instead; we shall denote this . We show that and that ; note the use of Jacobsthal's multiplication in the latter. We also demonstrate the impossibility of defining a “natural exponentiation” satisfying reasonable algebraic laws.
A direct proof of the five element basis theorem
Authors: Veličković Boban , Venturi Giorgio
Published: October 2017

We present a direct proof of the consistency of the existence of a five element basis for the uncountable linear orders. Our argument is based on the approach of König, Larson, Moore and Veličković and simplifies the original proof of Moore.
Fluorene‐Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Preparation and Chemical Sensing Application
Authors: Zhang Qiujing , Yu Sen , Wang Qian , Xiao Qin , Yue Yong , Ren Shijie
Published: October 2017

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with strong fluorescence are great candidates for optoelectronic applications such as photocatalysis and chemical sensing. A series of novel fluorene‐based conjugated microporous polymers (FCMPs) with different electronic structures are prepared by Yamamoto coupling reactions using rationally designed monomers. The FCMPs show a high degree of microporosity, decent specific surface areas, and variable fluorescence. FCMP3, which possesses a triazine knot in the network, exhibits the highest specific surface area of 489 m2 g−1, the largest pore volume of 0.30 cm3 g−1, and the highest solid‐state photoluminescence quantum yield of 11.46%. Chemical sensing performance of FCMPs is studied using a range of nitroaromatic compounds as the analytes. Among the FCMPs, FCMP3 exhibits the highest Stern–Volmer constants of 2541, 4708, and 5241 m−1 for the detection of nitrobenzene, 4‐nitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, respectively, which are comparable to the detecting efficiency of the state‐of‐the‐art CMP‐based sensing agents.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Amyloidogenic Peptide–Polymer Conjugates via Thio–Bromo “Click” Reaction of RAFT Polymers
Authors: Kumar Sonu , Deike Stefanie , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2017

A synthetic strategy to efficiently prepare main‐chain peptide–polymer conjugates probing their aggregation in solution is described. An in situ tandem reaction based on aminolysis/thio–bromo “click” reaction is performed to tether an amyloidogenic peptide fragment amyloid‐β17–20 (Leu‐Val‐Phe‐Phe (LVFF)) to the ω‐chain end of poly(diethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate) (PDEGA), prepared via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Structural confirmation of the constructed conjugates PDEGA–LVFF (Mn,SEC = 5600, Ð = 1.21), (Mn,SEC = 7600, Ð = 1.16), and (Mn,SEC = 8900, Ð = 1.15) is successfully made by combined studies of 1H NMR, size‐exclusion chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight (ESI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. The effect of the peptidic constituent on the thermoresponsive behavior of the polymer is examined by UV–vis spectroscopy, and the self‐assembly behavior of the amphiphilic conjugate is further exploited, exhibiting micellar morphology in aqueous solution.
DNA methylation regulated microRNAs in human cervical cancer
Authors: Varghese Vinay K. , Shukla Vaibhav , Kabekkodu Shama P. , Pandey Deeksha , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu
Published: October 2017

Regulation of miRNA gene expression by DNA promoter methylation may represent a key mechanism to drive cervical cancer progression. In order to understand the impact of DNA promoter methylation on miRNAs at various stages of cervical carcinogenesis, we performed DNA methylation microarray on Normal Cervical Epithelium (NCE), Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN I‐III) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) tissues to identify differentially methylated miRNAs followed by validation by bisulfite sequencing. Further, expression of miRNAs was analyzed by qRT‐PCR in clinical tissues and cervical cancer cell lines. Transcriptional activity was determined by luciferase assay. We identified a total of 69 hypermethylated and hypomethylated miRNA promoters encompassing 78 CpG islands in all except Y chromosome, among the three groups. The candidate DNA promoters of miR‐424 were significantly hypermethylated and miR‐200b and miR‐34c were significantly hypomethylated in SCC compared to NCE (P < 0.05). Expression of miR‐424, miR‐200b, and miR‐34c were inversely correlated with promoter DNA methylation in tissue samples. Treatment of cell lines with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine showed differential expression in all three miRNAs. We observed a decrease in miRNA promoter activity following in vitro SssI methylase treatment of miR‐424, miR‐200b, and miR‐34c. Luciferase assay demonstrated that miR‐200b and miR‐424 functionally interacts with 3′‐UTR of HIPK3 and RBBP6 respectively and decreased their activity in presence of miR‐200b and miR‐424 mimics transfected in SiHa cells. Taken together, we have identified deregulation of miRNAs by aberrant DNA promoter methylation, leading to its transcriptional silencing during cervical carcinogenesis, which can be potential targets for diagnosis and therapy.
Quality investment timing by the startup and the established firm
Authors: Xia Bing , Guo Ju'e , Fung Richard Y.K.
Published: October 2017

This study investigates quality investment timing decisions of the established firm and the startup by a duopoly model, where firms can position quality early (demand uncertainty is high) or late (uncertainty has been resolved), possibly at different costs. The startup positions quality to maximize its survival probability, whereas the established firm maximizes profits. Results indicate that the startup positions quality earlier than the established firm when the demand uncertainty is high and costs do not decline sharply over time. Additionally, policy analysis shows that subsidies work better than direct funds in encouraging quality innovation of the startup.
Homogenization of a two‐phase incompressible fluid in crossflow filtration through a porous medium
Authors: El Jarroudi Mustapha , Er‐Riani Mustapha
Published: October 2017

We study the homogenization of a slow viscous two‐phase incompressible flow in a domain consisting of a free fluid domain, a porous medium, and the interface between them. We take into account the capillary forces on the fluid‐fluid interfaces. We construct boundary layers describing the flow at the interface between the free fluid and the porous medium. We derive a macroscopic model with a viscous two‐phase fluid in the free domain, a coupled Darcy law connecting two‐phase velocities in the porous medium, and boundary conditions at the permeable interface between the free fluid domain and the porous medium.
Concentration phenomena for a fractional Schrödinger‐Kirchhoff type equation
Authors: Ambrosio Vincenzo , Isernia Teresa
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we deal with the multiplicity and concentration of positive solutions for the following fractional Schrödinger‐Kirchhoff type equation

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4633:mma4633-math-0001
where ε>0 is a small parameter,
is the fractional Laplacian, M is a Kirchhoff function, V is a continuous positive potential, and f is a superlinear continuous function with subcritical growth. By using penalization techniques and Ljusternik‐Schnirelmann theory, we investigate the relation between the number of positive solutions with the topology of the set where the potential attains its minimum.
Antiperiodic solutions of fourth‐order impulsive differential equation
Authors: Tian Yu , Shang Suiming , Huo Qiang
Published: October 2017

In this paper, the existence of antiperiodic solutions for fourth‐order impulsive differential equation is obtained by variational approaches and results on the auxiliary system. It is interesting that there is no growth restraint on nonlinear terms and impulsive terms. Besides, any minimizing sequence is bounded in a closed convex set of a space composed of Lipschitzian functions with the appearance of antiperiodic boundary value conditions.
Nonlinear iteration method for proximal split feasibility problems
Authors: Shehu Yekini , Iyiola Olaniyi S.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this paper is to introduce iterative algorithm which is a combination of hybrid viscosity approximation method and the hybrid steepest‐descent method for solving proximal split feasibility problems and obtain the strong convergence of the sequences generated by the iterative scheme under certain weaker conditions in Hilbert spaces. Our results improve many recent results on the topic in the literature. Several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, and these numerical results show that our result is computationally easier and faster than previously known results on proximal split feasibility problem.
Solution of fractional order heat equation via triple Laplace transform in 2 dimensions
Authors: Khan Tahir , Shah Kamal , Khan Amir , Khan Rahmat Ali
Published: October 2017

In this article, we introduce the triple Laplace transform for the solution of a class of fractional order partial differential equations. As a consequence, fractional order homogeneous heat equation in 2 dimensions is investigated in detail. The corresponding solution is obtained by using the aforementioned triple Laplace transform, which is the generalization of double Laplace transform. Numerical plots to the concerned solutions are provided to demonstrate our results.
Stability and Hopf bifurcation of a delayed viral infection model with logistic growth and saturated immune impairment
Authors: Jia Jianwen , Li Jie
Published: October 2017

In this paper, the stability and Hopf bifurcation of a delayed viral infection model with logistic growth and saturated immune impairment is studied. It is shown that there exist 3 equilibria. The sufficient conditions for local asymptotic stability of the infection‐free equilibrium and no‐immune equilibrium are given. We also discussed the local stability of positive equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation. Moreover, the direction and stability of Hopf bifurcation is obtained by using standard form theory and the center manifold theorem. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the theoretical conclusions.
An approach for solving an inverse spherical two‐phase Stefan problem arising in modeling of electric contact phenomena
Authors: Sarsengeldin Merey M. , Erdogan Abdullah S. , Nauryz Targyn A. , Nouri Hassan
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a model problem that can be used for mathematical modeling and investigation of arc phenomena in electrical contacts is considered. An analytical approach for the solution of a two‐phase inverse spherical Stefan problem where along with unknown temperature functions heat flux function has to be determined is presented. The suggested solution method is obtained from a new form of integral error function and its properties that are represented in the form of series whose coefficients have to be determined. Using integral error function and collocation method, the solution of a test problem is obtained in exact form and approximately.
Breaking Habits: The Effect of the French Vending Machine Ban on School Snacking and Sugar Intakes
Authors: Capacci Sara , Mazzocchi Mario , Shankar Bhavani
Published: October 2017

This paper estimates the effect of the 2005 vending machine ban in French secondary schools on nutrient intakes and on the frequency of morning snacking at school. Using data before and after the ban, and exploiting the discontinuity associated with the age‐dependent exposure to the ban, we specify a difference‐in‐differences regression discontinuity design. Since the relationship between age‐at‐interview and school level is not precise, we introduce fuzziness in the model. We find that the ban has generated a 10‐gram reduction in sugar intakes from morning snacks at school, and a significant reduction in the frequency of these morning snacks. However, we find no evidence that the intervention affects total daily intakes, and our results are suggestive of compensation effects.
C/ebpα controls osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, function, and postnatal bone homeostasis through direct regulation of Nfatc1
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhu Guochun , Tang Jun , Zhou Hou‐De , Li Yi‐Ping
Published: October 2017

Osteoclast lineage commitment and differentiation have been studied extensively, although the mechanism by which transcription factor(s) control osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function remains unclear. CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α (C/ebpα) has been reported to be a key regulator of osteoclast cell lineage commitment, yet C/ebpα's roles in osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation and function, and bone homeostasis, under physiological or pathological conditions, have not been studied because newborn C/ebpα‐null mice die within several hours after birth. Furthermore, the function of C/ebpα in osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function is largely unknown. Herein, we generated and analyzed an osteoclast‐specific C/ebpα conditional knockout (CKO) mouse model via Ctsk‐Cre mice and found that C/ebpα‐deficient mice exhibited a severe osteopetrosis phenotype due to impaired osteoclast terminal differentiation, activation, and function, including mildly reduced osteoclast number, impaired osteoclast polarization, actin formation, and bone resorption, which demonstrated the novel function of C/ebpα in cell function and terminal differentiation. Interestingly, C/ebpα deficiency did not affect bone formation or monocyte/macrophage development. Our results further demonstrated that C/ebpα deficiency suppressed the expression of osteoclast functional genes, e.g. encoding cathepsin K (Ctsk), Atp6i (Tcirg1), and osteoclast regulator genes, e.g. encoding c‐fos (Fos), and nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 1 (Nfatc1), while having no effect on Pu.1 (Spi1) expression. Promoter activity mapping and ChIP assay defined the critical cis‐regulatory element (CCRE) in the promoter region of Nfatc1, and also showed that the CCREs were directly associated with C/ebpα, which enhanced the promoter's activity. The deficiency of C/ebpα in osteoclasts completely blocked ovariectomy‐induced bone loss, indicating that C/ebpα is a promising new target for the treatment of osteolytic diseases. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening with whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric subjects with Li–Fraumeni syndrome: A single institution pilot study
Authors: O'Neill Allison F. , Voss Stephan D. , Jagannathan Jyothi P. , Kamihara Junne , Nibecker Callie , Itriago‐Araujo Elena , Masciari Serena , Parker Erin , Barreto Mauricio , London Wendy B. , Garber Judy E. , Diller Lisa
Published: October 2017

Background

Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome associated with germline mutations in the TP53 gene and a high risk of childhood‐onset malignancies. Cancer surveillance is challenging in pediatric mutation carriers given the anatomic spectrum of malignancies and young age of onset. Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) may provide an acceptable method for early cancer detection.

Procedure

We conducted a prospective feasibility pilot study of pediatric subjects (age < 18 years) with LFS to determine return rates for annual WB‐MRI scan. Secondary objectives included characterization of incident cancers (and how they were detected).

Results

Forty‐five WB‐MRI scans in 20 subjects were performed over 5 years; two patients enrolled without subsequently undergoing scans. Eighty‐nine percent of participants scanned (95% confidence interval: 67–99%) returned for second examinations. Fifty‐five percent of participants required general anesthesia, which was well tolerated in all cases. Six patients required dedicated follow‐up imaging. One participant required biopsy of a detected brain lesion; pathology demonstrated reactive gliosis. Another participant, with prior choroid plexus carcinoma, had a new brain lesion detected on clinical follow‐up MRI not seen on WB‐MRI 6 months prior. All other participants remain well (median: 3 years, range: 0.08–4 years).

Conclusions

WB‐MRI in pediatric subjects is a well‐tolerated approach to cancer surveillance despite the need for general anesthesia in some patients. A large multicenter trial would determine true test characteristics and efficacy of this approach for early cancer detection in children at high cancer risk.
Effect of electron beam irradiation on dielectric properties, morphology and melt rheology of linear low density polyethylene/silicone rubber‐based thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites
Authors: Ismail Nurul Hidayah , Mustapha Mariatti , Ismail Hanafi , Jamil Mohamad Kamarol , Hairaldin Siti Zulaiha
Published: October 2017

In this study, thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/silicone rubber (SR; 90:10) filled with a 2 vol% boron nitride (BN) nanofiller were exposed to electron beam (EB) irradiation at low irradiation doses (20, 40, 50, and 100 kGy). The response of the LLDPE/SR/BN nanocomposites to the EB irradiation crosslinking was examined and compared with the non‐irradiated samples in terms of dielectric properties (permittivity and loss tangent), dielectric breakdown strength, morphology, and rheological properties. A swelling study was performed to quantify the degree of crosslinking and it was found that the crosslink density increased slightly upon EB irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy results provided evidence that the SR phase was selectively crosslinked and interfacial adhesion was improved in irradiated samples. A good correlation was observed between the morphology and the dynamic storage modulus obtained from the melt rheological experiments. The optimum irradiation dose was found to be 20 kGy, which was marked by an improved dielectric breakdown strength, a permittivity‐frequency curve plateau and a reduced loss tangent value. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:E135–E144, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Examining the relationship between creativity and equitable thinking in schools
Authors: Luria Sarah R. , Kaufman James C.
Published: October 2017

This paper reviews the relationship between creativity and equitable thinking and the individual differences in personality, demographic, and experiential factors that influence both concepts as they affect each other. Given the nationwide push to increase equity in public schools, interventions beyond teaching about equity are becoming progressively more vital to school improvement. The work suggests that schools may be able to increase equitable thinking and, accordingly, community equity by employing creative thinking strategies in classrooms.
Synthesis and thermoresponsive properties of OEGylated polypeptide with a LCST at body temperature in water and with a UCST in alcohol or ethanol/water solvent mixture
Authors: Ge Chenglong , Liu Wenjun , Ling Ying , Tang Haoyu
Published: October 2017

Thermoresponsive polypeptides bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) pendants (i.e., P1‐OEGx and P2‐OEGx, x = 3, 7) were synthesized by copper‐mediated 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with high grafting efficiency (≥97%) between side‐chain “clickable” polypeptides, namely poly(γ‐4‐(propargoxycarbonyl)benzyl‐l‐glutamate) (P1) or poly(γ‐4‐(4‐propargoxyphenoxycarbonyl)benzyl‐l‐glutamate) (P2) and azido functionalized OEG (N3‐OEGx). P1 and P2 with similar degree of polymerization (DP = 35 or 37) were prepared from triethylamine initiated ring‐opening polymerization of respective N‐carboxyanhydrides. P1‐OEGx (x = 3, 7) and P2‐OEG7 showed reversible UCST‐type phase transitions in various alcoholic solvents (e.g., ethanol, propanol, n‐butanol, and n‐pentanol). P2‐OEG3 also showed reversible UCST‐type phase transitions in ethanol/water solvent mixtures at the weight percentage of ethanol no less than 50 wt %. P1‐OEG7 and P2‐OEG7 showed reversible LCST‐type phase transitions in aqueous solutions. Variable‐temperature UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that the LCST‐type phase transition temperature (Tpt) of P2‐OEG7 with benzoic acid phenyl ester linkages was at around body temperature and it was barely changed with the variation of polymer concentration, yet it showed noticeable dependence on the nature of salt (i.e., NaCl, NaBr, NaI, or KCl) and salt concentration in the range of 0–300 mM. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 163–173
The reciprocal relationship between daily fatigue and catastrophizing following cancer treatment: Affect and physical activity as potential mediators
Authors: Müller Fabiola , Stephenson Ellen , DeLongis Anita , Smink Ans , Van Ginkel Robert J. , Tuinman Marrit A. , Hagedoorn Mariët
Published: October 2017

Objective

Fatigue is a distressing symptom many cancer patients experience even after completion of treatment. Although theory and empirical evidence indicate that negative cognitions perpetuate fatigue after completion of treatment, insight into how this process unfolds in daily life is limited. This study used an intensive longitudinal design to investigate the reciprocal relationship between catastrophizing and fatigue in daily life and whether affective and behavioral processes mediate these relationships.

Methods

Post‐treatment colorectal cancer patients (n = 101) completed daily diaries (14 days, 3 times daily) regarding their fatigue, catastrophizing, positive and negative affect, and physical activity. Multilevel modeling was applied to investigate within‐person associations within days.

Results

Analyses revealed a positive reciprocal relationship between fatigue and catastrophizing throughout the day. That is, high levels of catastrophizing were associated with increases in fatigue within patients. In turn, but to a lesser extent, high levels of fatigue predicted increases in catastrophizing at the next assessment. Low positive affect and high negative affect mediated the effect of catastrophizing on increases in fatigue. Only negative affect mediated the reverse relationship. Physical activity did not mediate either relationship.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence for a mutually reinforcing relationship between catastrophizing and fatigue in daily life, which might explain the perpetuation of fatigue after completion of cancer treatment. Fatigue‐specific cognitive behavior therapy could be improved by educating patients about this daily reciprocal relationship, train them to quickly replace catastrophizing thoughts in daily life, and help them to cope with affective changes induced by fatigue.
Artifact Reduction Based on Sinogram Interpolation for the 3D Reconstruction of Nanoparticles Using Electron Tomography
Authors: Sentosun Kadir , Lobato Ivan , Bladt Eva , Zhang Yang , Palenstijn Willem Jan , Batenburg Kees Joost , Van Dyck Dirk , Bals Sara
Published: October 2017

Electron tomography is a well‐known technique providing a 3D characterization of the morphology and chemical composition of nanoparticles. However, several reasons hamper the acquisition of tilt series with a large number of projection images, which deteriorate the quality of the 3D reconstruction. Here, an inpainting method that is based on sinogram interpolation is proposed, which enables one to reduce artifacts in the reconstruction related to a limited tilt series of projection images. The advantages of the approach will be demonstrated for the 3D characterization of nanoparticles using phantoms and several case studies.
Bone mineral density is related to lung function outcomes in young people with cystic fibrosis—A retrospective study
Authors: Smith Nathan , Lim Angelina , Yap Matthew , King Louise , James Simon , Jones Alicia , Ranganathan Sarath , Simm Peter
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Improvements in the medical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) in recent years have resulted in increased prevalence of long‐term sequelae of the condition, such as low bone mineral density (BMD) and hence an increased risk of fractures in later life.

Aim To explore the interaction between BMD and lung function, nutrition, and genotype.

Methods

This study was a retrospective audit of 202 children with CF from August 2000 to January 2016 to investigate associations between BMD Z‐scores with clinical status, nutrition, and genetics using dual‐energy absorptiometry X‐ray data from the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Australia.

Results

Severity of both lung disease (P < 0.0001) and nutritional status (P < 0.05) was found to be strongly associated with BMD Z‐scores.

Conclusions

This is the biggest study to date to provide further evidence that the severity of pulmonary disease is related to BMD in CF patients and therefore screening guidelines for bone health in children with CF should target individuals with the poorest clinical status.
The respiratory system in pediatric chronic heart disease
Authors: Apostolopoulou Sotiria C.
Published: October 2017

Cardiovascular disease in the pediatric population closely affects the respiratory system inducing water retention in the lungs and pulmonary edema, airway compression by cardiovascular structures, restrictive pulmonary physiology as a result of hemodynamic changes and surgical repair, susceptibility to respiratory infections, development of pulmonary hypertension, thrombosis, or hemorrhage. Chronic heart failure and congenital heart disease are characterized by various respiratory manifestations and symptoms mimicking lung disease, which are frequently difficult to diagnose and treat. Pulmonary function is multiply affected in pediatric heart disease with mostly restrictive but also obstructive and diffusion abnormalities. Patients with Fontan circulation represent a separate group with slow, passive pulmonary blood flow and distinct pathophysiology with low cardiac output heart failure, restrictive lung pattern, increased thromboembolic complications and rare conditions such as protein losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis. Distinguishing between cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms may be challenging in the growing population of pediatric and adult survivors of congenital heart disease and understanding of the relationship of the two systems in heart disease is crucial for the optimal management of these patients.
Covariant Field Equations in Supergravity
Authors: Vanhecke Bram , Van Proeyen Antoine
Published: October 2017

Covariance is a useful property for handling supergravity theories. In this paper, we prove a covariance property of supergravity field equations: under reasonable conditions, field equations of supergravity are covariant modulo other field equations. We prove that for any supergravity there exist such covariant equations of motion, other than the regular equations of motion, that are equivalent to the latter. The relations that we find between field equations and their covariant form can be used to obtain multiplets of field equations. In practice, the covariant field equations are easily found by simply covariantizing the ordinary field equations.
Influential factors of vented explosion position on maximum explosion overpressure of methane‐air mixture explosion in single spherical container and linked vessels
Authors: Zhang Kai , Wang Zhirong , Chen Zhen , Jiang Fengwei , Wang Supan
Published: October 2017

An explosion venting system is established to examine the influencing factors of the vented explosion position for a single vessel, a single vessel connected by pipes and two vessels connected by pipes during the explosion venting process of a methane‐air mixture. Relative to a single vessel, it is shown that the maximum explosion venting pressure of the lateral vented explosion does not appear to vary greatly from that of a top vented explosion. It appears that as the volume of the spherical vessel increases, the maximum pressure increases. The maximum overpressure for an explosion venting on the top and side does not vary for either a large or small vessel connected by pipes. However, as the maximum explosion overpressure in the pipe increases, the maximum explosion overpressure peak occurs at the end of the pipe, and the explosion flame that propagates in the pipe accelerates and enlarges. Compared with an airtight explosion, an explosion venting on the top and side of a single vessel is more effective for both a large and small vessel connected by pipes. The pressure in the vessel and pipe appears to fluctuate and produces multiple peaks in the explosion venting process. Ignition in a large vessel is more dangerous than ignition in a small vessel under an airtight condition for two vessels connected by pipes. Regardless of the ignition position in the large or small vessel, the explosion venting effect in the small vessel is better than that in the large vessel. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 248–255, 2018
Increased chalcone synthase (CHS) expression is associated with dicamba resistance in Kochia scoparia
Authors: Pettinga Dean J , Ou Junjun , Patterson Eric L , Jugulam Mithila , Westra Philip , Gaines Todd A
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Resistance to the synthetic auxin herbicide dicamba is increasingly problematic in Kochia scoparia. The resistance mechanism in an inbred dicamba‐resistant K. scoparia line (9425R) was investigated using physiological and transcriptomics (RNA‐Seq) approaches.

RESULTS

No differences were found in dicamba absorption or metabolism between 9425R and a dicamba‐susceptible line, but 9425R was found to have significantly reduced dicamba translocation. Known auxin‐responsive genes ACC synthase (ACS) and indole‐3‐acetic acid amino synthetase (GH3) were transcriptionally induced following dicamba treatment in dicamba‐susceptible K. scoparia but not in 9425R. Chalcone synthase (CHS), the gene regulating synthesis of the flavonols quertecin and kaemperfol, was found to have twofold higher transcription in 9425R both without and 12 h after dicamba treatment. Increased CHS transcription co‐segregated with dicamba resistance in a forward genetics screen using an F2 population.

CONCLUSION

Prior work has shown that the flavonols quertecin and kaemperfol compete with auxin for intercellular movement and vascular loading via ATP‐binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB) membrane transporters. The results of this study support a model in which constitutively increased CHS expression in the meristem produces more flavonols that would compete with dicamba for intercellular transport by ABCB transporters, resulting in reduced dicamba translocation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Establishing the routes to rural in‐migrant proprietorship in a Canadian tourism region: A mobilities perspective
Authors: Mitchell Clare J.A. , Shannon Meghan
Published: October 2017

This article contributes to the ongoing conversation about in‐migration and rural economic change in the mobility era. It addresses the question: do rural in‐migrants' routes to proprietorship differ in developing tourism destinations? To answer this query, we analyse the migration movement, and postmovement performances, of rural Newfoundland and Labrador's in‐migrant tourism operators. We identify the dominant incoming groups (resident and seasonal counterurbanites and lateral migrants) and major destination choice motivations (family, amenity, and economics). We describe the business activities of in‐migrants' postmovement lives (early‐ and late‐stage) and the reasons for business operation (economic and noneconomic). By combining this movement and performance information, we uncover 12 business trajectories and new firm types. We find that counterurbanite and lateral migrant paths, and business types, differ, supporting the inclusion of both cohorts in future research. Our findings confirm and extend extant literature on rural in‐migration and tourism and reify the fluid relationship between movement and place in the mobility era.
Informality and the context of reception in South Africa's new immigrant destinations
Authors: Theodore Nik , Pretorius Anmar , Blaauw Derick , Schenck Catherina
Published: October 2017

This study examines the context of reception for Zimbabwean migrants who are engaged in South Africa's informal economy. It seeks to contribute to two areas of migration scholarship: (a) the emergence of new immigrant destinations in the global South and (b) the role of the informal economy in shaping the context of reception for migrants in new gateway cities. Through surveys of Zimbabwean day labourers in Tshwane (formerly Pretoria), we document the poverty and the food and housing insecurity these migrants and their dependents endure resulting from underemployment in the informal economy. The analysis presented here suggests that although it has received little attention from migration scholars, the informal economy can play a significant role in shaping the context of reception for immigrants in the new gateway cities of the global South. In many destination countries, the informal economy absorbs large numbers of migrants, making it an important, if flawed, source of employment, earnings, and remittances. With increasing levels of migration to major cities, the informal economy has become a key arena of migrant incorporation, with far‐reaching implications for lives and livelihoods.
Two‐Layered Tubes from Cubic Crystals: Auxetic Tubes
Authors: Goldstein Robert V. , Gorodtsov Valentin A. , Lisovenko Dmitry S. , Volkov Mikhail A.
Published: October 2017

Effective Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios of two‐layered cylindrical hollow tubes made of cubic crystals (auxetics and nonauxetics) are considered. An analysis of longitudinal tension of stretching tubes is performed within the framework of curvilinear‐anisotropic elasticity and Saint‐Venant's approximation. Analytical dependences of effective Young's modulus on the compliance coefficients of the initial crystals and layer thickness as ratio of composites auxetics–nonauxetics are obtained. Deviations from the “rule of mixtures” predictions which increase with increasing Young's modulus of initial nonauxetics are demonstrated. It is found that effective Poisson's ratios of two‐layered tubes depend on the ratio of their thicknesses, the dimensionless combinations of compliance coefficients and a dimensionless radial distance. An effect of tube components on negativeness of effective Poisson's ratio of the composite auxetics–nonauxetics proved to be strongly dependent on the value of Young's modulus for nonauxetic component. It is shown that effective Poisson's ratios for some characteristics of the initial crystals and ratios of layer thicknesses may fall outside the limits on Poisson's ratios of isotropic materials. It is shown that many two‐layered tubes composed of pairs of nonauxetics can have large negative effective Poisson's ratios.
On the evolution of planetary‐scale fields and genesis of monsoon depressions over the Indian region
Authors: Mishra S. K.
Published: October 2017

Daily composite Fourier coefficients of height, zonal, meridional and vertical velocity, temperature, vorticity and divergence for zonal wave numbers 0–4, during 7 days of pre‐ and 4 days of post‐depression, from 1000 to 200 hPa in the latitude belt 0–30°N are obtained for six monsoon depressions formed over the Bay of Bengal in the years 2006–2008. The planetary‐scale fields zonally averaged over the Indian region (75–96°E) are examined. Consistent with the quasi‐geostrophic approximation, in the northern sector (15–30°N) the monsoon trough, the low‐level westerlies and the vorticity are strongly intensified and progressively extended upward to 400 hPa preceding depressions. Wave number 1 is the dominant contributor towards the strengthening and vertical upward expansion of these entities linked to an increase of its amplitude in the lower‐ and a large westward phase shift in the mid‐troposphere, respectively. The cyclonic shear zone in the lower troposphere is developed to the north of 15°N due to the combined effect of intensification and sharp decrease of meridional scale of the westerlies. Different northward speeds of the zonal wind reversal and westerly maximum creates a strong cyclonic zone 2 days before depressions at 400 hPa. The planetary‐scale zonal flow in the troposphere satisfies the necessary condition for barotropic instability. The northward (westward) movement of wave number 1 at 400 hPa is 0.73° latitude (5.6° longitude) day−1. An intensification of direct thermal meridional circulation is associated with a southward and upward shift of the primary rising motion zone.

The planetary waves have captured the main characteristics of observed vertical and latitudinal profiles of unstable background zonal flow, used earlier for instability studies. It is concluded that wave number 1 is the main contributor to genesis of a depression. The planetary fields weakened in the presence of depressions mainly due to wave numbers 3 and 4.
Numerical instabilities of spherical shallow‐water models considering small equivalent depths
Authors: Peixoto Pedro S. , Thuburn John , Bell Michael J.
Published: October 2017

Shallow‐water models are often adopted as an intermediate step in the development of atmosphere and ocean models, though they are usually tested only with fluid depths relevant to barotropic fluids. Here we investigate numerical instabilities emerging in shallow‐water models considering small fluid depths, which are relevant for baroclinic fluids. Different numerical instabilities of similar nature are investigated. The first one is due to the adoption of the vector‐invariant form of the momentum equations, related to what is known as the Hollingsworth instability. We provide examples of this instability with finite‐volume and finite‐element schemes used in modern quasi‐uniform spherical‐grid‐based models. The second is related to an energy conserving form of discretization of the Coriolis term in finite‐difference schemes on latitude–longitude global models. Simple test cases with shallow fluid depths are proposed as a means of capturing and predicting stability issues that can appear in three‐dimensional models using only two‐dimensional shallow‐water codes.