bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nelson’s Surgeon
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

In the lead-up to the bicentenary of Trafalgar a number of important new studies have been published about the life of Nelson and his defeat of the Combined Fleet in 1805. Despite the significant role played by the health and fitness of the British crews in securing the victory, little has been written hitherto about the naval surgeon in the era of the long war against France. This book is intended to fill the gap. Sir William Beatty (1773-1842) was surgeon of the Victory at Trafalgar. An Ulsterman from Londonderry, he had joined the navy in 1791. Before being warranted to Nelson’s flagship, Beatty had served upon ten other warships, and survived a yellow fever epidemic, court martial, and shipwreck to share in the capture of a Spanish treasure ship. After Trafalgar, he became Physician of the Channel Fleet, based at Plymouth, and eventually Physician to Greenwich Hospital, where he served until his retirement in 1838. As the book makes clear in drawing upon an extensive prosopographical database, Beatty’s career until 1805 was representative of the experience of the approximately 2,000 naval surgeons who joined the navy in the course of the war. The first part of the biography provides a detailed and scholarly introduction to the professional education, training, and work of the naval surgeon. But after 1805 Beatty became a member of the service elite, and his career becomes interesting for other reasons. In the final decades of his life, Beatty was far more than a senior naval physician. As a Fellow of the Royal Society, director of the Clerical and Medical Insurance Company, and director of the London to Greenwich Railway, he was a prominent figure in London’s business and scientific community, who used his growing wealth to build a large collection of books and manuscripts. His later life is testimony to the much wider contribution that some naval and army medical officers made to the development of the new Britain of the nineteenth century. In Beatty’s case, too, the contribution was original. By publishing in 1807 his carefully crafted Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson, he was instrumental in forging the myth of the hero’s last hours, which has become a part of the national consciousness and has helped to define for generations the concept of Britishness.
Civilian Immunity in War: Legal Aspects
Authors: Kretzmer David
Published: November 2023

The duty to distinguish between combatants and civilians is the most fundamental principle of the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL), as it is now generally called. Under this principle, parties to an armed conflict must distinguish between combatants and civilians, and between military and civilian targets. Combatants and military objects may be the object of an attack; civilians and civilian objects may not. Parties in an armed conflict are also duty-bound to take measures of precaution to spare the civilian population, civilians, and civilian objects.
A Catholic Novelist?
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

In 1948 Greene published The Heart of the Matter. It was his first novel for five years, and quickly became a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic, placing him among the leading English novelists of his generation. It was of particular interest to Catholic readers and provoked much debate among them; following Brighton Rock and The Power and the Glory, Greene came to be regarded as a prominent Catholic novelist, though it was a description he disliked and resisted, preferring to think of himself as a Catholic who happened to write novels. Evident themes relate The Heart of the Matter to the two previous ‘Catholic’ novels, so much so that some critics have seen it as the conclusion of a kind of trilogy.
Manic Interludes
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

In Ways of Escape Greene wrote, ‘If A Burnt Out Case in 1961 represented the depressive side of a manic-depressive writer, Travels with my Aunt eight years later surely represented the manic at its height or depth.’ I would extend this comment to say that all the appearances of the Greene Man enacted the depressive side, with occasional incursions of the manic, as in the farcical episodes in The Comedians. The manic vein was already evident in some of Greene’s writings of the 1950s, such as the light-hearted novella Loser Takes All, where an English accountant on his honeymoon in Monte Carlo finds a way of winning large sums at the gaming tables. Greene wrote it as a satirical but affectionate tribute to his friend Alexander Korda. This vein was then triumphantly expressed in a comic novel, Our Man in Havana. Greene called it an ‘entertainment’; in the everyday sense of that word it is much more entertaining than The Ministry of Fear, his previous book in that subsequently abandoned category. The novel is set in Havana, in the final years of the Batista dictatorship; Greene later acknowledged that he had played down the violence and corruption of that playground for Western tourists.
Last Words
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

In the 1980s Greene published two short novels in a fabular vein, Doctor Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party and Monsignor Quixote, which led his fiction in new directions. After a long immersion in anomic tropical regions, we are transported in Doctor Fischer to the cold clean air, civic amenity, and Protestant austerity of Switzerland: Greeneland’s icy mountains, in short. The narrator, Alfred Jones, has a very common English surname, previously borne by one of the central trio in The Comedians. At the start of the novel he is a lonely middle-aged widower whose wife has died in childbirth, together with their baby daughter. He lives in Switzerland, using his linguistic skills in a humble job translating foreign correspondence for a manufacturer of chocolate. He lost his left hand when fighting fires in the London Blitz, and is self-conscious about this deformity. He finds unexpected happiness after a casual meeting with Anna Luise, the young daughter of the eponymous Doctor Fischer, a toothpaste tycoon; despite the difference in their ages, she and Jones fall in love and marry.
A Foundation for Egalitarianism
Authors: Christiano Thomas
Published: November 2023

My aim in this chapter is to provide an argument for the claim that egalitarianism is the fundamental principle of distributive justice. I do not argue here that it is the only such principle but I do argue that if there are other principles of distributive justice, they must be secondary to the principle of egalitarian justice. The point of giving a fundamental argument for equality is twofold. One, it is an attempt to show that the principle of equality can be defended on the basis of relatively uncontentious premises. Hence the argument is meant to show that we have good reason to give our allegiance to the principle of equality. Two, the argument is designed to show how one of the most serious objections to equality can be defeated. I argue that the leveling down objection to the principle of equality can be defeated. This is shown by the fact that equality does not require leveling down.
Egalitarianism and the Difference Between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Judgments
Authors: McKerlie Dennis
Published: November 2023

Egalitarianism came into its own as a moral theory during the 1970s. The most important factor was the publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971), but writers like Thomas Nagel (1970, 1979), Ronald Dworkin (1977), and Thomas Scanlon (1976, 1982) also made valuable contributions. This school of writers produced worked-out egalitarian moral theories, theories that sometimes differed significantly in their content. But apart from the differences, these writers tended to share certain ideas about the source or the starting point of egalitarianism. At the deepest level, they tended to say the same things about egalitarian distributional constraints.
Desert and Equality
Authors: Arneson Richard J
Published: November 2023

Does justice require, at least in part, that people get what they deserve? The question is whether ideals of desert play a substantial and nonderivative role in establishing the content of social justice principles. Of course, even if the correct answer to this question were negative, once one has determined the requirements of justice independently of substantive considerations of desert, one could always add that the treatment of individuals that justice demands is to be identified with the treatment that they deserve. However, on this way of proceeding, ideals of desert do no real work and could be dropped from the account without any loss.
The ‘What’ and the ‘How’ of Distributive Justice and Health
Authors: Hurley Susan
Published: November 2023

How does health figure into distributive justice? Is health special among the goods relevant to justice? Does it have a special status or require special treatment, or should it be factored into a general theory of distributive justice in the same way as many other goods? Are differences between people with respect to health and access to health care on a par with differences in other goods? Do the same distributive requirements apply to health and health care as to other goods? Theories of distributive justice tell us what goods justice is concerned with the distribution of, and how justice requires them to be distributed. On the ‘what’ question, we can distinguish concern with distribution of welfare (or utility) from concern with distribution of resources (such as income).
Naval Engagements
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

The construction of an important element in British national identity is explored in Naval Engagements, looking at the ways in which the navy - a major symbol of national community - was given meaning by a range of social groupings. The study is at once a cultural history of national identity, a social history of naval commemoration, and a political history of struggles over patriotism. Examining the place that naval symbols occupied in British wartime political culture, Timothy Jenks argues that these were more relevant to patriotic discourse than the more commonly explored 'apotheosis' of the Hanoverian monarchs. He establishes the centrality of public images of admirals to the 'victory culture' and political experience of the day, tracing efforts by groups across the political spectrum to invest these figures with appropriate political capital and contemporary meaning. He engages with arguments concerning popular patriotism and the relative cohesiveness of British society. Most importantly, the book establishes the centrality of naval symbolism to the political culture of Georgian Britain. At the same time, it reveals the social practices and discourses that consistently interacted to delimit and restrain a variety of projects ostensibly designed to foster patriotism and national identity. Patriotism was contested, this study argues, rather than consensual, and British national identity in the period was contingent, an ambivalence crucial to the manner in which naval symbols functioned.
Medieval Morals
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

From now on we move northwards into western and central Europe to investigate patterns of personal health and hygiene from the medieval period onwards through to what later Europeans triumphantly called the early modern and modern world—finally putting the economic and demographic disasters of the fall of Rome well behind them. The ‘civilizing process’ that seeped through cash-strapped Europe in these medieval and early modern centuries was in effect the slow escalation of domestic luxuries, spread thinly over more ancient ways of subsistence life—hut life—that endured well into the twentieth century.
Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder affecting up to 1% of the population. It is characterised by motor and vocal tics, and upsetting anti-social behaviour such as involuntary swearing and obscene gestures. This second edition of Tourette Syndrome: The Facts explains the causes of the syndrome, how it is diagnosed, and how to cope if you or a relative has been recently diagnosed. It provides information on the treatment and therapies that are available, and advice and on how individuals can manage their symptoms. It clearly explains the different presentations that can affected individuals, covering a spectrum from very mild to more uncommon severe forms of TS, and also discusses disorders that can be mistaken for TS. This edition contains a new chapters focussing on 'Education, employment and empowerment', and famous and successful people who achieved their goals despite their diagnosis. Essential reading for Tourette's sufferers, their relatives and friends, Tourette's Syndrome: The Facts will also be of use to clinicians, GPs, schoolteachers, and anyone seeking an accessible introduction to the disorder.
Introducing three cases
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a medical condition that usually begins in early childhood and persists throughout life. TS is characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics as well as vocal tics (noises), behavioural problems are common, and the condition is often socially stigmatizing.

As TS can present very differently in each affected individual, covering a spectrum from very mild to more uncommon severe forms, this introductory chapter presents a few example cases.
How common is Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

Until very recently TS was considered to be extremely rare.

Reviews of more than a dozen large recent studies suggest that TS affects 1 per cent of young people aged between 5 and 18 years in normal mainstream schools, many of whom will not have been diagnosed.

TS is much more common in people with learning difficulties, people with emotional and behavioural difficulties, people who require special education, and people with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), i.e. people with autism and Asperger’s syndrome.

Tics affect 7–28 per cent of young people.
How is the diagnosis made?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

There is no blood test for TS.

An expert will assess the individual by taking a history, examining the patient, and using rating scales completed by the doctor and by the patient to give detailed information on the tic history.

Even in expert clinics the assessment is long, and may take 2–3 hours.

Some doctors take blood tests or perform investigations such as an EEG to exclude other conditions.
What other disorders can be mistaken for Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

The main disorders that can be mistaken for TS are transient tic disorder (tics lasting less than 3 months) and chronic multiple tic disorder (in which the individual has either motor tics or vocal tics, but not both for longer than a year).

Disorders developing later in life after exposure to some medications give a picture similar to TS and are called ‘tardive Tourettisms’.

Because ‘dystonic’ movements can be seen in TS, dystonia may be mistaken for TS.

Because a patient can have jerky movements with myoclonic epilepsy, the two disorders are sometimes confused.

Other neurological disorders in which the patient can have movements may be thought to be TS.
Can people with Tourette syndrome also develop other conditions?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

It is currently recognized that most people suffering from TS also have additional behavioural problems. In 1907, Meige and Feindel, in The confessions of a victim to tic, described a patient with tics who also had OCB. It is now increasingly evident that there is a strong association between the two conditions, both in patients and in their family members. For example, one study found that patients with TS are disproportionately obsessional, and that this phenomenon is not due to having depression. Other studies have demonstrated differences between ‘pure’ or primary OCD and the apparently similar thoughts and behaviours, or OCB, seen in people with TS.
What causes Tourette Syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

The absolute neurochemical basis for TS is, as yet, unknown. However, the main biochemical theory is that there is an imbalance in the function of a neurotransmitter (a messenger in the brain) called dopamine. This theory is based mainly on the benefi cial effect of dopamine-blocking drugs, and on the fact that certain stimulants, such as pemoline and methylphenidate, can cause tics to worsen.
Education, employment, and empowerment
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

These eight ‘Es’ are important for anyone in life and also especially for people with TS. Other ‘Es’ follow from these, and it shows that the ‘E word’, not only the ‘F word’ (as a tic), is important in the lives of people with TS. It is an important message to state at the outset that a person with TS can be successful, very successful—as can anyone—and many people with TS are good mothers, fathers, shopkeepers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, and high-fl ying celebrities.
The Security Council And Peacekeeping
Authors: Berdal Mats
Published: November 2023

The habit of dividing history into distinct periods, neatly delineated by dates and supposed ‘turning points’, should always be weighed against the risks inherent in imposing order retrospectively on complex and continuous processes. In particular, assumptions of radical discontinuity between historical epochs can easily lead to a neglect of sources of continuity both in the behaviour of actors and in the workings of the international system. These are truisms that apply to the study of the United Nations and its activities in the security Weld as much as they do to any other subject of historical enquiry.
The Security Council And Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M
Published: November 2023

Among the many ways the UN Security Council has implemented its special responsibility for managing international peace and security, one of the most controversial is its authorization of the use of force for humanitarian purposes. This chapter examines Council practice in this area – often referred to as ‘humanitarian intervention’ – focusing mainly on the post-Cold War period. Excluded from the analysis are military actions which may have had a humanitarian component (for example, NATO’s actions in Bosnia), but which had other guiding objectives.
Introduction: The Language and its Speakers
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Manambu is synthetic, with elements of fusion, and predominantly suffixing. The imperative marker a-is the only fully productive prefix (§13.2.1), while the causative-manipulative prefix kayoccurs with a limited number of verbs (§16.2.1). The infix -ka-marks intensive forms of non-agreeing adjectives (§4.3). Manambu has twenty consonants and nine vowels. There is a series of simple voiced and voiceless bilabial, apico-dental, and dorso-velar stops (just like in other Ndu languages). Voiced and voiceless bilabial and dorso-velar stops also have a labialized counterpart. All the voiced stops and the voiced fricative j are prenasalized in word-initial, intervocalic, and word-final positions. Vowel length is contrastive. Long vowels a: and æ: are a recent innovation: older speakers still pronounce these as sequences of identical short vowels interrupted by a glottal stop.
Possession
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Table 8.1 contrasts these in terms of (i) semantic relationship between nouns; (ii) restrictions on type of possessee; (iii) restrictions on possessor; (iv) focusing of possessor, possessee, or the possessive relationship; (v) whether the possessor or the possessee can consist of a noun plus a modifier; (vi) whether the head can be omitted; (vii) whether multiple possessors are possible; and (viii) whether a possessive NP can be discontinuous. What all the constructions have in common is that the possessed noun is invariably the head. We will see in §8.1.2 that most nouns can occur in any of the five constructions, with meaning differences (Table 8.2).
Measuring and marking post-metamorphic amphibians
Authors: Ferner John W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I review marking and measuring techniques for post-metamorphic amphibians; larvae are covered in Chapter 4 in this volume. Measuring the size of individuals is important for determining age, categorizing life history stages (juvenile or adult), and calculating growth rates (larval measurements are covered in Chapter 3). More field and behavioral studies requiring marking are now being conducted than in the past, and often investigators need very specific marking techniques and non-invasive ways of identifying individuals. Additionally, ethical issues relative to certain techniques, such as radioactive tags and mutilation procedures, are now more commonly considered as, for example, when considering toe-clipping.
Drift fences, coverboards, and other traps
Authors: Willson John D , Gibbons J Whitfield
Published: November 2023

Many of the simplest yet most highly productive sampling methods in herpetological field research use some type of trap or attraction device to increase capture rates or target secretive species. These techniques fall into two general categories: those that actually trap animals, accumulating captures on their own over time (passive traps) and those that attract animals but require an observer to actively capture them at the moment of the census (active traps). The most popular examples of these two trap categories are drift fences (generally with pitfall and/or funnel traps) and cover boards, respectively. Both of these methods are inherently simple concepts, and their description and explanation need not be made complex or complicated. Both techniques are usually best modified by the investigator who can use common sense to focus on the needs of a particular project that involves capturing animals in a field situation. However, we provide a general discussion of some of the fundamental issues that investigators who use these techniques must face, with particular emphasis on how choice of capture method and sampling design influence interpretation of capture data.
Rapid assessments of amphibian diversity
Authors: Vonesh James R , Mitchell Joseph C , Howell Kim , Crawford Andrew J
Published: November 2023

More than 6400 amphibian species are known worldwide, with more than 50 new species being described in just the first half of 2008 (AmphibiaWeb 2008). Many of these species are threatened or declining and more than 150 may have recently become extinct (IUCN 2006). Such rates of species loss are far greater than the historic background extinction rate for amphibians (e.g. McCallum 2007; Roelants et al. 2007). Amphibians play diverse roles in natural ecosystems, and their decline may cause other species to become threatened or may undermine aspects of ecosystem function (Matthews et al. 2002; Whiles et al. 2006). Anthropogenic habitat loss and degradation, disease, introduced species, and pollution or combinations of these factors are at the root of most declines. As awareness of declines has increased, conservation groups, governments, and land managers have become more interested in protecting amphibian diversity. However, the lack of accurate data on amphibian distributions, particularly for tropical regions where diversity and declines are concentrated (IUCN 2006), is often a roadblock to effective conservation and management. Ideally, lack of information on the amphibian fauna for a particular area would result in a thorough inventory. Unfortunately, this is usually not realistic. Exhaustive inventories are costly and may take decades to compile (e.g. Timm 1994). Given the urgency of the current global biodiversity crisis, finite resources, and dynamic socio-economic environments with respect to conservation, an approach for rapidly gathering preliminary data on biodiversity is sometimes required.
Landscape ecology and GIS methods
Authors: Popescu Viorel D , Gibbs James P
Published: November 2023

Relevance of landscape ecology to amphibian biology and conservation The field of landscape ecology “deals with the effects of the spatial configuration of mosaics on a wide variety of ecological phenomena” (Wiens et al. 1993). The field has emerged from recognition of the need to link ecological processes to landscape configuration and composition (Turner et al. 2001). Another stimulus has been the revelation that population processes play out over much larger areas and time frames than previously assumed. Landscape ecology is a relatively young discipline that emerged in Central and Eastern Europe (Naveh and Lieberman 1994). The field has exploded over the past two decades largely because of technological advances (Turner et al. 2001). On the data side, a sudden wealth of spatial data from global positioning systems (GPS), satellite imagery, and high-resolution aerial photography has materialized, coupled with the Internet as a medium for its quick distribution. On the analysis side, computer processing speeds have increased exponentially (Moore 1975) and a large suite of software packages for manipulating and analyzing spatial data (that is, Geographic Information Systems or GIS) has evolved that capitalize on these vastly faster processing speeds. The result is a synergism between more data and faster computers for processing it, thereby creating opportunity for tackling increasingly complex questions in landscape ecology.
Language, ochre, and the rule of law
Authors: Knight Chris
Published: November 2023

The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formerly lacked. Then only, when the voice of duty takes the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man, who so far had considered only himself, find that he is forced to act on different principles, and to consult his reason before listening to his inclinations.
Shelve it
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

During the final years of his life, Wellcome became increasingly vague. When he was asked to elaborate on his intentions for his business and his research bureau, he was inscrutable. He would simply say, ‘My plans exist in my mind like a jig-saw puzzle, and gradually I shall be able to piece it together.’ But this illusion of finality—of the puzzle perfected—began to paralyse him. He believed in a lasting picture, and he wanted all the pieces he had gathered together during his life to fit in without gaps or mistakes. When Charles Singer had exclaimed that Wellcome’s collection would be dead once it was complete, ‘because science was never dead, and would never be complete’, Wellcome’s response had been ‘nonsense’.
Honour to whom honour is due
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

Wellcome was a self-made man: born into nothing, he died a millionaire. He lived out the ‘rags to riches’ success story that has long been a biographical classic. With his partner, Silas Burroughs, he mastered the pharmaceuticals market, and helped to transform the way in which health was promoted and transacted at the turn of the past century. His opportunities were conferred on him by the capitalist system, and his achievements have been measured within that sphere. Indeed, the philosophical implications of capitalism not only guaranteed Wellcome’s status as a ‘great man’, they secured his objectives as a museum collector, and sustained the life-writing tradition through which he would later be known.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 14, (1154a22 – b34): The Pain of the Living and Divine Pleasure
Authors: Aubry Gwenaëlle
Published: November 2023

Although book VII of the NE passes in review an entire series of deviant behaviours, those which lower man to the level of beasts but which also constitute the weakness of his humanity, it opens and closes with god, by two propositions: god has no virtues (or vices); and god has pleasure. The correlate of these propositions is: virtue (like vice) is human; and human pleasure is imperfect. There is enough here to shock a Platonist, and particularly a reader of the Philebus, in which the divine life is presented as exempt from pleasure and from pain (33b). Eudoxus might have been less startled: indeed, in the first book of the NE, Aristotle renders him homage for having affirmed that pleasure, like god and like the good, is superior to praiseworthy things (I. 12, 1101b27 – 30).
Causal Laws, Policy Predictions, and the Need for Genuine Powers
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: November 2023

Knowledge of causal laws is hard to come by; it is expensive. Yet we make enormous effort to obtain it. Why? What is the use of knowing causal laws? I have always supposed that knowing causal laws will help us to change the world and in a very immediate way: we can read off— defeasibly of course— from the causal laws ways to manipulate the world to achieve the effects described in the laws. Nor have I been alone in this supposition; it is, I think, at the heart of various manipulation theories of causality as well as much of our practical effort to obtain causal-law knowledge.
Causal Nominalism
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2023

If the causal theory of properties has a slogan, it is Shoemaker’s claim that ‘properties are causal powers’ (1980: 210). But this eyecatching statement has been apt to mislead, as it seems to promise a reduction of some sort. This impression has been reinforced by expositions of the view. Armstrong, for instance, identifies the core of the causal theory of properties with the claim that ‘properties are exhausted by their causal role’.
The Pill
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Used by over 200 million women since the 1960s, the Pill is one of the most commonly prescribed medicines - and has repeatedly been established as one of the least harmful ever formulated. However, there are some risks, and a number of "Pill Scares" have been reported in the media - often causing women to give up the Pill without finding a satisfactory alternative. More choices than ever are now available to users of hormonal contraception, and it can be difficult for doctors or family planning workers to find the time for detailed discussion with existing or new users. Women of all ages, whether they are existing users of or new to hormonal contraception, will find realistic, practical, and trustworthy guidance in this book to help them to make their own informed decisions. It will also be indispensable to health professionals as a concise, balanced overview. This user-friendly book contains extensive and unbiased advice and information on the Pill, along with other hormonal alternatives such as implants, injections and patches.
What about other Methods of Contraception?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

The wrong choice of contraception can lead to problems; not least an unwanted pregnancy, through using either an ineffi cient method, or a better method inefficiently. Although the pill is one of the most popular methods chosen, it is only one of a number of contraceptive options. Figure3.1 shows, very approximately, some of the latest available information on current British usage of all the main methods of birth control. One conclusion must be that different couples make different choices: there is certainly no one ideal method.
What are the Unwanted Side-Effects?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Although the pill suits the majority of women, it is not good news for everybody—unwanted effects such as those listed in Table 6.1 can occur. Most are a nuisance, not dangerous. Thrombosis, heart attacks, strokes, and cancers are discussed in detail in Chapters 7 and 8. See Chapter 15 for management of side-effects.
What about Cancer?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Ever since the pill was first marketed there has always been a concern that it might be found to increase the risk of some types of cancer. But cancers may not develop until after many years—up to 30 years—of exposure to any cancerproducing agent. Since the pill has now been around for over 40 years, we are beginning to obtain useful information about possible links between it and some forms of cancer.
How do I start the Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

This is the routine method in the UK. If, in the first cycle only of pill taking, you start the tablets on the very first day of the period, egg release is effectively prevented even among women with short cycles. Starting the pill without extra contraceptive precautions is absolutely fine up to day 2 of the cycle. This is being a little more cautious than WHO or the FPA, who advise that no additional contraception is necessary for starts up to day 5.
The Progestogen-Only Pill
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

POPs, previously known as ‘mini-pills’ are not versions of the COC. They do not contain any oestrogen and the progestogen itself is generally also in a lower dose than in combined pills. Unlike combined pills, POPs are taken every day, including during periods. POPs have very little effect on your body chemistry, so can be taken safely by many women who are unable to take COCs. Just as with COCs, an overdose of POPs can cause no serious harm to an adult or child. Types of POP available in the UK are shown in Table 17.1. If you live in another country, you can refer to compare the locay avaiabe brands of POP.
Liberation from Autonomy: Mapping Self-Understandings in Stalin’s Time
Authors: Hellbeck Jochen
Published: November 2023

In May 1935, Nikolai Ustrialov, a 44-year-old law professor who had lived for the past decade and a half in Harbin, crossed the border into Soviet Russia to return to his homeland from which he had emigrated after the defeat of the White movement in 1920. Formerly a provincial leader of the liberal Kadet Party, Ustrialov rethought his political convictions in the years of emigration. For a time he propounded a programme of ‘national Bolshevism’, which approvingly read the Soviet policies of the NEP period as a turn away from misguided communist principles and a rebirth of the Russian imperial state. The sweep of Stalin’s industrialization programme in the late 1920s and early 1930s prompted Ustrialov once more to reconsider his views, as he began to sing odes to the socialist construction campaign. Along with most other Russians living in Harbin, Ustrialov worked for the Soviet-owned Chinese Eastern Railway. At some point he was awarded Soviet citizenship, for by 1929, in the wake of the Soviet– Chinese conflict, the Soviet state allowed only naturalized citizens to work for its railway. When the Soviet Union sold the Chinese Eastern Railway to the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo in March 1935, a total of 25,000 former railway workers and employees, including Ustrialov and his family, boarded the Manchurian railroad one last time to return to the Soviet Union.
Beyond Binaries: Popular Opinion in Stalinism
Authors: Plamper Jan
Published: November 2023

The question of how people perceived the Stalinist world they inhabited has been at the centre of Western Soviet Studies from their beginnings in the late 1940s. The ‘Smolensk Archive’— a Party archive of Smolensk administrative division covering the years 1917– 38, captured by the Germans during the Second World War and later passed to American hands— contained most of the source genres that seemed to offer a glimpse into popular attitudes about the Soviet order and that would be ‘discovered’ on a larger scale during the ‘archival revolution’ after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. These sources included reports (usually to higher-up institutions) on popular moods gathered by various organizations and informers, and citizen letters (many of them complaints and denunciations) to Party leaders, organizations and news outlets. In the opinion of the early interpreters of these sources— the founding fathers of the so-called ‘totalitarian school’— distortions severely compromised the validity of the letters and reports. Distortions arose for various reasons, including fear of repressive measures that not only might fall on the person who spoke but could also extend to the person who recorded, or because the recorders emphasized negative impressions in self-justifying efforts to legitimate their jobs. For example, a secret police officer might blow out of all proportion the wrongs he would later rectify.
Fascist Italy in the 1930s: Popular Opinion in the Provinces
Authors: Corner Paul
Published: November 2023

For a long period after the end of the Second World War, the question of how ordinary Italians had related to fascism was rarely posed. In 1945, following military defeat and German occupation, Italian politicians attempted to rescue the country’s reputation in the eyes of the victorious powers by stressing the anti-fascist tradition within Italy and exalting the role of the Italian Resistance in the years 1943– 5. Every effort was made to distance Italy from its fascist past and from its disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany. As a result there was no Italian Nuremberg; trials of fascist military leaders — war criminals — were delayed and then suppressed (with the connivance of the Allies) and few political leaders were ever condemned. Perhaps understandably, in the frenzy of postwar reconstruction there was little desire to delve into the past. For more than two decades after the war, fascism received little detailed attention from historians and the books that did address the phenomenon tended to limit their attentions to a chronicle of events with little pretence at providing any critical analysis of the successes and failures of the movement.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Aguaruna
Authors: Overall Simon
Published: November 2023

Aguaruna is a Jivaroan language spoken in north-west Peru by about 40,000 people living along the Marañón River and its tributaries. Most Aguaruna speakers live in Amazonas region, with smaller populations in neighbouring San Martín, Cajamarca, and Loreto. Native speakers recognize two major varieties of Aguaruna, one spoken on the Marañón River and its tributaries, the other on the Nieva River. Data for the current chapter are drawn from the Marañón variety.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Boumaa Fijian
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

Clause linking in Fijian is achieved by a number of quite different techniques, at various places within the grammar. This chapter builds up an outline of the grammar, dealing with each method of clause linking at the place where it occurs. §9 then integrates the varied techniques; see Table 2 in §3.
Sulphate-reducing bacteria
Authors: Macfarlane George T , Gibson Glenn R
Published: November 2023

Dissimilatory sulphate reduction is carried out by a diverse group of strictly anaerobic bacteria that share the ability to use sulphate as a terminal electron acceptor in the oxidation of organic matter.
Anaerobic protozoa and fungi
Authors: Coleman G S
Published: November 2023

There are many different species of’anaerobic’ amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates although they differ considerably in their degree of aerotolerance. For example. Entamoeba histolytica grows in semi-solid media containing a reducing agent such as cysteine or ascorbic acid but without any other anaerobic precautions, whereas the rumen ciliates (e.g. Enwdinium caudmum) will only grow in media from which all dissolved oxygen has been removed, which contain a reducing agent, and which have O2-frcc gases in the headspace above the medium. Anaerobic protozoa are found in a variety of habitats such as the sapropel (the ecosystem at the bottom of fresh or marine waters that contains decomposing organic material and which is rich in sulphide), the hind gut of termites and other xylophagous insects, the reticulorumen of ruminants such as sheep, cows, deer, antelope, giraffe, etc., the hind gut and caecum of many herbivorous animals, and the intestines and genitourinary tract of many animals.
Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Authors: Ducruix A
Published: November 2023

In the last decade crystallography has emerged as a key tool for understanding the structures of biological macromolecules, yet the crystallization techniques themselves have been perceived as difficult to perform. This book provides the first detailed and rational guide to producing crystals of proteins and nucleic acids for diffraction studies. Standard crystallization methods are given, along with procedures for the preparation and handling of macromolecules. Other topics covered include: seeding procedures; crystallization in gels, under- microgravity, and supergravity; crystallization of nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes and membrane proteins; introduction to X-ray crystallography; automated processes. Detailed laboratory protocols and the underlying theoretical background are brought together, providing researchers with the conceptual and methodological tools necessary to exploit these powerful techniques.
Quantitative affinity chromatography
Authors: Winzor Donald J
Published: November 2023

Quantitative affinity chromatography was introduced (1) at a stage when the preparative technique was well established as a method of solute purification, and has been developed to take additional advantage of the chromatographic matrix used for isolation of the solute on the basis of biospecificity. Whereas the function of the immobilized ligand in preparative affinity chromatography is the selective interaction with a particular solute, its role in quantitative affinity chromatography is to provide competition for the ligand whose biospecificity it is mimicking, and thereby to provide a means of determining the binding constant for the biospecific interaction. The topic under review is far broader than the characterization of interactions by column chromatography, which is merely one means of evaluating the perturbing effect of ligand on the partition coefficient describing the distribution of solute between soluble and adsorbed states.
Affinity separations of nucleic acids
Authors: Singhal Ramp. , Chakka Chenna R
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in affinity chromatography have created a wide variety of important applications for the purification of diverse biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and their components, and antibodies, antigens, and enzymes. The affinity ligand is generally immobilized on an insoluble support and a mixture of compounds containing the molecule of interest is passed over the affinity support, usually in a chromatographic column. Ideally, the molecule of interest, having complementarity to the affinity support, binds to it while other molecules, exhibiting little or no binding affinity, pass through the column unrestricted. Interactions between the affinity molecule and its complement, i.e. the molecule of interest, must be maximized while interactions between the affinity molecule and other molecules in the mixture must be minimized. The next step in the process is to find appropriate conditions for making the complex dissociate, in order to recover the substance of interest without modifying the affinity ligand or the substance of interest. This can be achieved, for example, by increasing the buffer salt concentration, changing the buffer pH, or adding a competing molecule that is structurally similar to the molecule of interest. This article describes methods of affinity chromatography for separating nucleic acids by making use of their interactions with boronate ligands, plant lectins, and synthetic polynucleotides.
Affinity chromatography of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides
Authors: Cummings Richard D
Published: November 2023

One of the major obstacles encountered in the study of glycoconjugates is the difficulty in purifying them for detailed structural characterization. Typically, a single glycoprotein contains multiple glycans linked to serine, threonine, asparagine, and other residues. The structures of each glycan may be site specific and there may be significant microheterogeneity in the glycan structures at each site. This problem is compounded when a mixture of glycoproteins, for example those derived from total membranes of a cell or tissue, is the object of study. In these cases, fractionation and purification of glycans by charge and/or size may not be feasible or practical.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Wall-Associated Kinase Genes in Triticum Species and Characterization of TaWAK7 Involved in Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance
Authors: Ni Jiayao , Dong Zhenjie , Qiao Fangyuan , Zhou Weihao , Cao Aizhong , Xing Liping
Published: November 2023

Wall-associated kinases (WAKs), a group of receptor-like kinases, have been found to play important roles in defending against pathogens and in various developmental processes. However, the importance of this family in wheat remains largely unknown. Wheat powdery mildew is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), which initiates infection on the cell surface and forms haustoria inside the cell; therefore, the defense to Bgt involves extracellular and subsequently intracellular signals. In this study, WAKs were identified genome-wide and analyzed phylogenetically, and then a transmembrane WAK gene that putatively participated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to Bgt was functionally and evolutionarily investigated. In total, 1,193 WAKs were identified from wheat and its Gramineae relatives. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that WAKs expanded through tandem duplication or segment duplication. TaWAK7, from chromosome 2A, was identified as a Bgt-inducible gene both in susceptible and resistant materials, but it showed distinct responsive patterns. Functional analysis showed that TaWAK7 was involved in both the basal and resistance gene–mediated resistances. The specific gene structures and protein characteristics of TaWAK7, along with its orthologs, were characterized both in subgenomes of Triticum spp. and in the A genome of multiple wheat accessions, which revealed that TaWAK7 orthologs underwent complex evolution with frequent gene fusion and domain deletion. In addition, three cytoplasmic proteins interacting with TaWAK7 were indicated by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Binding of TaWAK7 with these proteins could change its subcellular localization from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. This study provides a better understanding of the evolution of WAKs at the genomic level and TaWAK7 at the gene level and provides useful clues for further investigation of how WAKs transmit the extracellular signals to the cytoplasm to activate defense responses.