bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buckling Analysis on a Pipe Conveying Fluid under Two Stresses
Authors: Wang Wenhao , Gou Wenxuan , Wang Fusheng , Liu Wei , Yue Zhufeng
Published: March 2019

Pressure pipes have broad applications in aviation, space flight, mechanical engineering, industrial and civil architecture etc. Instability destruction is their main failure mode. Firstly, in this paper, a complex fluid-solid coupling problem was simplified as a buckling problem of a pipe under two stresses which were along the pipe wall. The two stresses consisted of a compressive stress which was perpendicular to the pipe wall and a tangential stress which was parallel to the pipe wall. Secondly, the buckling performs of the pressured pipe were discussed by finite element analysis method under a working state and an off-working state, respectively. Some obtained conclusions were drawn as follows by the analysis in this paper.1). Provided the tangential stress is unchanged, by increasing compressive stress eigenvalue buckling critical load increases and nonlinear buckling critical load decreases.2). Provided the compressive stress is unchanged, when the direction of the tangential stress is same as that of the axial pressure, by increasing the absolute value of tangential stress the buckling critical load decreases; provided the compressive stress is unchanged, when the direction of the tangential stress is in the opposite direction of the axial pressure, by increasing the absolute value of tangential stress the buckling critical load increases.
A High-Efficiency Impeller Channel Quasi-Triangular Tool Path Planning Method Based on Template Trajectory Mapping
Authors: Han Feiyan , Wei Juan , Feng Bin , Zhang Wu
Published: March 2019

The manufacturing technology of an integral impeller is an important indicator for measuring the manufacturing capability of a country. Its manufacturing process involves complex free-form surface machining, a time consuming and error-prone process, and the tool path planning is considered as a critical issue of free-form surface machining but still lacks a systematic solution. In this paper, aiming at the tool path planning of the impeller channel, a quasi-triangular tool path planning method based on parametric domain template trajectory mapping is proposed. The main idea is to map the template trajectory to physical domain by using the mapping model of parametric domain to the physical domain to obtain the actual machining path. Firstly, the trajectory mapping model of parametric domain to physical domain is established using the morphing technique, and the template trajectory mapping method in the parametric domain is given. Secondly, the clean-up boundary of the impeller channel is determined in the parametric domain, and the quasi-triangular template trajectory of the impeller channel is defined. Finally, taking a certain type of impeller as an example, the quasi-triangular tool path of the impeller channel is calculated, and the tool path calculation time of this method is compared with that of the traditional isometric offset method. The result shows that the computational efficiency is improved by 45% with this method, which provides a new method for the rapid acquisition of NC machining tool path for impeller channels. In addition, the simulation and actual machining are carried out, the results show that the shape of actual cutting traces on the surface of the impeller channel is quasi-triangular, showing that this method is effective and feasible.
Muskeldehnungsreflexe
Authors: Claus D.
Published: March 2019

Es gibt nur wenige klassische Geräte, mit denen Ärzte charakterisiert und karikiert werden, das hölzerne Stethoskop, der Augenspiegel und der Reflexhammer. Jeder Neurologe hat schon einmal die Erfahrung gemacht, dass Patienten aber auch ärztliche Kollegen der Untersuchung von Muskeldehnungsreflexen verwundert zusehen und staunen, wie aus dieser Prozedur etwas diagnostisch Wichtiges abgeleitet werden kann. Diese Reflexe waren lange ein Gegenstand der neurowissenschaftlichen Forschung, und sie sind tatsächlich auch heute noch diagnostisch in vielen Situationen von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Effects of Melatonin Supplementation On Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hadi Amir , Ghaedi Ehsan , Moradi Sajjad , Pourmasoumi Makan , Ghavami Abed , Kafeshani Marzieh
Published: March 2019

Melatonin is a physiological indoleamine secreted from the pineal gland into the bloodstream. This hormone has antioxidant effects in cardiovascular disease, but the evidence regarding its effects on blood pressure (BP) has not been conclusive. Therefore, we assessed the impact of melatonin supplementation on systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) through a systematic review and meta—analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Google scholar (until May 2018) were searched to identify potential RCTs with information on melatonin supplementation and BP. Mean Differences (MD) were pooled using a random-effects model. Standard methods were used for assessment of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias. Pooling 5 RCTs (6 treatment arms) together identified significant reduction for SBP (MD: −3.43 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): −5.76 to −1.09, p=0.004) and DBP (MD: −3.33 mmHg, 95% CI: −4.57 to −2.08, p<0.001) after supplementation with melatonin compared with control treatment. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. We did not observe any evidence regarding publication bias. The findings of this meta-analysis support the overall favorable effect of melatonin supplementation on BP regulation.
Report of a Novel Homozygous Nonsense DDR2 Mutation in an Indian Adult Male with Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal Dysplasia, Short Limb-Abnormal Calcification Type
Authors: Gupta Neerja , Correa Alec Reginald Errol , Jana Manisha , Kabra Madhulika
Published: March 2019

Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia, short limb-abnormal calcification type is a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing severe disproportionate short stature along with typical radiological features. We report an adult male patient with typical features and a novel homozygous nonsense mutation c.2422C > T (p.Gln808Ter) in DDR2. This is the first report of the disease from India.
Systematic analysis of agreement between metrics and peer review in the UK REF
Authors: Traag V. A. , Waltman L.
Published: March 2019

When performing a national research assessment, some countries rely on citation metrics whereas others, such as the UK, primarily use peer review. In the influential Metric Tide report, a low agreement between metrics and peer review in the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF) was found. However, earlier studies observed much higher agreement between metrics and peer review in the REF and argued in favour of using metrics. This shows that there is considerable ambiguity in the discussion on agreement between metrics and peer review. We provide clarity in this discussion by considering four important points: (1) the level of aggregation of the analysis; (2) the use of either a size-dependent or a size-independent perspective; (3) the suitability of different measures of agreement; and (4) the uncertainty in peer review. In the context of the REF, we argue that agreement between metrics and peer review should be assessed at the institutional level rather than at the publication level. Both a size-dependent and a size-independent perspective are relevant in the REF. The interpretation of correlations may be problematic and as an alternative we therefore use measures of agreement that are based on the absolute or relative differences between metrics and peer review. To get an idea of the uncertainty in peer review, we rely on a model to bootstrap peer review outcomes. We conclude that particularly in Physics, Clinical Medicine, and Public Health, metrics agree relatively well with peer review and may offer an alternative to peer review.
Bureaucratic reform and Russian transition: the puzzles of policy-making process
Authors: Inkina Svetlana
Published: March 2019

During the two decades of post-Soviet transition, Russia has created a complex system of civil service and public administration. This system was first reformed in the early 1990s and then again in the early 2000s. The analysis presented here fills a gap in the existing literature concerning the dynamic of change associated with Russian civil service reform (CSR). It is argued that the process of bureaucratic modernization in Russia is undermined by the ambivalent nature of policy leadership with its financial, administrative, and technical support, and the ongoing bargain among policy advocates and policy implementers. In order to account for the outcomes reached by policy-makers, the paper presents a detailed analysis of expert interviews collected by the author among research community specialists, federal legislators, and other participants in the reform. The discussion highlights the importance of power dynamics, which resolves conflicting views of CSR among policy formulators and policy implementers. The findings, which consist of identifying necessary and sufficient conditions of the change process, have implications for studies of modern Russian politics, states in regime transition, and world-wide modernization.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model for coupled analysis of a damaged ship with internal sloshing in beam seas
Authors: Cao X. Y. , Tao L. , Zhang A.-M. , Ming F. R.
Published: March 2019

The flooding of a damaged ship in waves is a complex process, often coupled with the internal and external liquid motion together with the ship hull motion. Paramount to the operation safety, in order to improve the prediction accuracy of ship motion during the flooding process, the strip theory is applied to study the dynamic response of the damaged ship in beam seas; a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model is developed to consider the coupling effects of various factors including internal sloshing of intact cabins and damaged cabins and external waves. The numerical wave tank with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition is established and validated by the experimental results. The detailed sensitivity study is carried out focusing on the effects of damaged opening sizes, the relative position of opening, and the incident wave and the liquid loading conditions on the dynamic response of the damaged ship in regular beam waves. It is observed that the flooding process was slowed down and interrupted by the water exchanges at the damaged opening due to the dynamic motion. Compared with the opening facing the incident wave, the back one endangered the ship pronouncedly with large amplitude and frequency roll motion. It is also revealed that the liquid tank in the damaged ship imposes a significant influence on its rolling response. It is further demonstrated that the present SPH model is capable of handling the nonlinear phenomenon in a flooding process of a damaged ship.
Magnetocaloric effect and solid hydriding of La(Fe, Si)13 powders through decomposing YH2 hydride or the composite of YH2-C
Authors: Tian N. , Yang N. N. , Zhang Y. , Fu H. R. , Ma L. , You C. Y. , He J.
Published: March 2019

In this work, we realized the formation of La(Fe, Si)13Hy by making use of the released hydrogen atoms from the solid hydrides. Under the annealing process, NaZn13-type magnetocaloric phase absorbed the released hydrogen atoms from the solid hydride YH2, which can be further promoted through pre-milling the mixture of YH2 with carbon. The highest increase of Curie temperature is about 123 K when the compact mixture of LaFe11.65Si1.35 with 15 wt.% YH2-C was annealed at 813 K. The magnetic hysteresis loss was also largely suppressed with a slight decrease of magnetic entropy change. This solid method would exhibit the merits of process and plate shaping under a certain pressure.
Piezoelectric wind energy harvesting device based on the inverted cantilever beam with leaf-inspired extensions
Authors: Zhou Maoying , Chen Qinzhong , Xu Zhenlong , Wang Wen
Published: March 2019

Inspired by the fluttering of leaves in wind, we propose a novel type of wind energy harvesting device composed of a piezoelectric bimorph beam and flexible extensions. Working principle and advantages of the proposed design are discussed with numerical simulations conducted to investigate the influence of extension shape upon the device performance. Fabricated prototypes are tested in a simple experiment setup to give a description of the actual device performance. Results show that the leaf-inspired sector-shaped flexible extension corresponds to a better device performance. The test for the dual attachment case of the flexible extensions shows unexpected results, showing that the interaction and collision between the two flexible extensions are to be further explored and optimized.
Why do wet-particles adhere to a high-speed roll in a three-roll mill?
Authors: Sakai Mikio , Takabatake Kazuya , Tamura Kotaro , Hatano Kazuhiro , Minakuchi Akio
Published: March 2019

A three-roll mill is used in various engineering fields to manufacture high-value-added products. This mill has three horizontally positioned rolls with different rotational velocities. In the mill, viscous materials (or pastes) pass through the narrow gap between the rolls to be mixed, refined, dispersed, and/or homogenized. The viscous materials tend to consist of wet-particles connected by liquid bridges. Although viscous materials always adhere to a faster roll in the three-roll mill, the mechanism has not yet been clarified. Herein, the adhesion mechanism is clarified scientifically by numerical simulation. In the calculations, a Lagrangian method, such as the discrete element method, is used to analyze the specific phenomena in the particle–particle and the particle–wall interaction. A latest liquid bridge force model is used in this study to examine the effect of a wide range of liquid volumes on the adhesion phenomena. In the calculation, a lump of wet-particles is fed into the gap between the two rolls and the roll speed is changed to investigate its influence on the adhesion phenomena. Through numerical examples, it is proven that wet-particles always adhere to a fast roll because the liquid bridge force that acts on the faster roll is larger than that on the slower roll after the compression force is released. This is because the extension of the wet-particles is larger on the faster roll because of the speed difference between the two rolls. Consequently, the adhesion mechanism of the wet-particles in the three-roll mill is proven scientifically to be the force balance due to the liquid bridge force.
Red blood cell and platelet diffusivity and margination in the presence of cross-stream gradients in blood flows
Authors: Závodszky Gábor , van Rooij Britt , Czaja Ben , Azizi Victor , de Kanter David , Hoekstra Alfons G.
Published: March 2019

The radial distribution of cells in blood flow inside vessels is highly non-homogeneous. This leads to numerous important properties of blood, yet the mechanisms shaping these distributions are not fully understood. The motion of cells is governed by a variety of hydrodynamic interactions and cell-deformation mechanics. Properties, such as the effective cell diffusivity, are therefore difficult to investigate in flows other than pure shear flows. In this work, several single-cell, cell-pair, and large-scale many-cell simulations are performed using a validated numerical model. Apart from the single-cell mechanical validations, the arising flow profile, cell free layer widths, and cell drift velocities are compared to previous experimental findings. The motion of the cells at various radial positions and under different flow conditions is extracted, and evaluated through a statistical approach. An extended diffusive flux-type model is introduced which describes the cell diffusivities under a wide range of flow conditions and incorporates the effects of cell deformability through a shear dependent description of the cell collision cross sections. This model is applicable for both red blood cells and platelets. Further evaluation of particle trajectories shows that the margination of platelets cannot be the net result of gradients in diffusivity. However, the margination mechanism is strongly linked to the gradient of the hematocrit level. Finally, it shows that platelets marginate only until the edge of the red blood cell distribution and they do not fill the cell free layer.
Incipient plasticity and fully plastic contact behavior of copper coated with a graphene layer
Authors: Park Sun-Young , Kim Young-Cheon , Ruoff Rodney S. , Kim Ju-Young
Published: March 2019

Cu coated with a graphene layer increases the elastic modulus from 163.4 GPa to 176.7 GPa, as analyzed for the initial elastic loading during nanoindentation by the Hertzian contact theory. This is attributed to stiffening, due to the ultra-high elastic modulus of the graphene layer, and the compressive in-plane residual stresses in the Cu surface volume introduced by the lattice mismatch between graphene and Cu. The graphene layer induces incipient plasticity, manifested by pop-in events during nanoindentation loading, at shallower indentation depths. This could be due to the compressive in-plane residual stress in the Cu surface volume; however, this compressive stress does not significantly change the critical resolved shear stress for the incipient plasticity. Even in the fully plastic contact region, at an indentation depth of 100 nm, the graphene layer affects the stress distribution underneath the indenter, resulting in a lower pile-up height. When considering this reduced pile-up height, the graphene layer is found to enhance elastic modulus by 5%, whereas it has no effect on hardness.
Morphing wing with compliant aileron and slat for unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Menshchikov Alexander , Somov Andrey
Published: March 2019

Aircraft perform flight in multiple regimes with different speeds, Angles of Attack (AoA), sideslip angles, and at different altitudes. Designers usually choose the airfoil having the best performance for the cruise mode only or being able to stay suboptimal for all the flight regimes. It leads to a reduction in the maximum lift-to-drag ratio for certain regimes, as well as deterioration in the overall performance. That is why the adaptive wing with its ability to stay optimal for any of the flight regimes is a promising technology which could significantly improve the performance and maneuverability of the aircraft during the flight. In this work, we assess the performance of the wing with the traditional and adaptive mechanization of the flap and slat using computer simulation followed by the experiments in the wind tunnel environment. This work also provides the design of an adaptive wing with an adaptive flap and slat. All the investigations were performed for the two-dimensional airfoil under different Reynolds numbers and AoA. This paper demonstrates that an adaptive wing improves the lift-to-drag ratio and maneuverability of the aircraft for different flight regimes. The application of the adaptive wing mechanization could improve the lift-to-drag ratio by 20%-30% for certain regimes, thereby improving the range and time of operation.
No effect of birth order on adult risk taking
Authors: Lejarraga Tomás , Frey Renato , Schnitzlein Daniel D. , Hertwig Ralph
Published: March 2019

Does birth order shape people’s propensity to take risks? Evidence is mixed. We used a three-pronged approach to investigate birth-order effects on risk taking. First, we examined the propensity to take risks as measured by a self-report questionnaire administered in the German Socio-Economic Panel, one of the largest and most comprehensive household surveys. Second, we drew on data from the Basel–Berlin Risk Study, one of the most exhaustive attempts to measure risk preference. This study administered 39 risk-taking measures, including a set of incentivized behavioral tasks. Finally, we considered the possibility that birth-order differences in risk taking are not reflected in survey responses and laboratory studies. We thus examined another source of behavioral data: the risky life decision to become an explorer or a revolutionary. Findings from these three qualitatively different sources of data and analytic methods point unanimously in the same direction: We found no birth-order effects on risk taking.
Cyclic-di-GMP regulation promotes survival of a slow-replicating subpopulation of intracellular
Salmonella
Typhimurium
Authors: Petersen Erik , Mills Erez , Miller Samuel I.
Published: March 2019

Salmonella
Typhimurium can invade and survive within macrophages where the bacterium encounters a range of host environmental conditions. Like many bacteria,
S.
Typhimurium rapidly responds to changing environments by the use of second messengers such as cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Here, we generate a fluorescent biosensor to measure c-di-GMP concentrations in thousands of individual bacteria during macrophage infection and to define the sensor enzymes important to c-di-GMP regulation. Three sensor phosphodiesterases were identified as critical to maintaining low c-di-GMP concentrations generated after initial phagocytosis by macrophages. Maintenance of low c-di-GMP concentrations by these phosphodiesterases was required to promote survival within macrophages and virulence for mice. Attenuation of
S
. Typhimurium virulence was due to overproduction of c-di-GMP−regulated cellulose, as deletion of the cellulose synthase machinery restored virulence to a strain lacking enzymatic activity of the three phosphodiesterases. We further identified that the cellulose-mediated reduction in survival was constrained to a slow-replicating persister population of
S.
Typhimurium induced within the macrophage intracellular environment. As utilization of glucose has been shown to be required for
S.
Typhimurium macrophage survival, one possible hypothesis is that this persister population requires the glucose redirected to the synthesis of cellulose to maintain a slow-replicating, metabolically active state.
Yeast centrosome components form a noncanonical LINC complex at the nuclear envelope insertion site
Authors: Chen Jingjing , Gardner Jennifer M. , Yu Zulin , Smith Sarah E. , McKinney Sean , Slaughter Brian D. , Unruh Jay R. , Jaspersen Sue L.
Published: March 2019

Bipolar spindle formation in yeast requires insertion of centrosomes (known as spindle pole bodies [SPBs]) into fenestrated regions of the nuclear envelope (NE). Using structured illumination microscopy and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we map protein distribution at SPB fenestrae and interrogate protein–protein interactions with high spatial resolution. We find that the Sad1-UNC-84 (SUN) protein Mps3 forms a ring-like structure around the SPB, similar to toroids seen for components of the SPB insertion network (SPIN). Mps3 and the SPIN component Mps2 (a Klarsicht-ANC-1-Syne-1 domain [KASH]–like protein) form a novel noncanonical linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex that is connected in both luminal and extraluminal domains at the site of SPB insertion. The LINC complex also controls the distribution of a soluble SPIN component Bbp1. Taken together, our work shows that Mps3 is a fifth SPIN component and suggests both direct and indirect roles for the LINC complex in NE remodeling.
Vasculature-associated fat macrophages readily adapt to inflammatory and metabolic challenges
Authors: Silva Hernandez Moura , Báfica André , Rodrigues-Luiz Gabriela Flavia , Chi Jingyi , Santos Patricia d’Emery Alves , Reis Bernardo S. , Hoytema van Konijnenburg David P. , Crane Audrey , Arifa Raquel Duque Nascimento , Martin Patricia , Mendes Daniel Augusto G.B. , Mansur Daniel Santos , Torres Victor J. , Cadwell Ken , Cohen Paul , Mucida Daniel , Lafaille Juan J.
Published: March 2019

Tissue-resident macrophages are the most abundant immune cell population in healthy adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) change during metabolic stress and are thought to contribute to metabolic syndrome. Here, we studied ATM subpopulations in steady state and in response to nutritional and infectious challenges. We found that tissue-resident macrophages from healthy epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) tightly associate with blood vessels, displaying very high endocytic capacity. We refer to these cells as vasculature-associated ATMs (VAMs). Chronic high-fat diet (HFD) results in the accumulation of a monocyte-derived CD11c+CD64+ double-positive (DP) macrophage eWAT population with a predominant anti-inflammatory/detoxifying gene profile, but reduced endocytic function. In contrast, fasting rapidly and reversibly leads to VAM depletion, while acute inflammatory stress induced by pathogens transiently depletes VAMs and simultaneously boosts DP macrophage accumulation. Our results indicate that ATM populations dynamically adapt to metabolic stress and inflammation, suggesting an important role for these cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
THE KINETICS OF PENETRATION
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V.
Published: March 2019

In Vol. 14, No. 2, November 20, 1930, page 283, the last two lines (above footnotes) should read

See PDF for Equation
Positronium emission from MgO smoke nanocrystals
Authors: Gurung L , Alonso A M , Babij T J , Cooper B S , Shluger A L , Cassidy D B
Published: March 2019

We report experiments in which positronium (Ps) atoms were created in a thick layer of MgO smoke powder deposited on a thin silicon nitride substrate. The experimental arrangement was such that a positron beam could be implanted directly into the top of the MgO layer or be transmitted through the substrate, allowing Ps to be produced within ≈100 nm or 30 μm of the powder-vacuum interface. The transverse kinetic energy of Ps atoms emitted into vacuum was measured via the Doppler broadening of 13S

1

→

2

3

P
J
transitions, and found to be E
x ≈ 350 meV, regardless of how far Ps atoms had traveled through the powder layer. Our data are not consistent with the model in which energetic Ps atoms emitted into the internal free volume of a porous material are cooled via multiple surface collisions, and instead indicate that in nanocrystals lower energy Ps is generated, with negligible subsequent cooling in the large open volumes of the powder. Our experiments also demonstrate that SiN substrates coated with MgO smoke can provide a simple and inexpensive method for producing Ps transmission targets.
Probabilistic count matrix factorization for single cell expression data analysis
Authors: Durif Ghislain , Modolo Laurent , Mold Jeff E , Lambert-Lacroix Sophie , Picard Franck
Published: March 2019

Motivation

The development of high-throughput single-cell sequencing technologies now allows the investigation of the population diversity of cellular transcriptomes. The expression dynamics (gene-to-gene variability) can be quantified more accurately, thanks to the measurement of lowly expressed genes. In addition, the cell-to-cell variability is high, with a low proportion of cells expressing the same genes at the same time/level. Those emerging patterns appear to be very challenging from the statistical point of view, especially to represent a summarized view of single-cell expression data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a most powerful tool for high dimensional data representation, by searching for latent directions catching the most variability in the data. Unfortunately, classical PCA is based on Euclidean distance and projections that poorly work in presence of over-dispersed count data with dropout events like single-cell expression data.

Results

We propose a probabilistic Count Matrix Factorization (pCMF) approach for single-cell expression data analysis that relies on a sparse Gamma-Poisson factor model. This hierarchical model is inferred using a variational EM algorithm. It is able to jointly build a low dimensional representation of cells and genes. We show how this probabilistic framework induces a geometry that is suitable for single-cell data visualization, and produces a compression of the data that is very powerful for clustering purposes. Our method is competed against other standard representation methods like t-SNE, and we illustrate its performance for the representation of single-cell expression data.

Availability and implementation

Our work is implemented in the pCMF R-package (https://github.com/gdurif/pCMF).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Lessons of an Honour Code: A Consideration of Conflict-related Processes and Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Berg Mark T , Rogers Ethan M , Taylor Bruce G , Liu Weiwei , Mumford Elizabeth A
Published: March 2019

Criminological research has long suggested that attitudes concerned with honour and aggression, such as the ‘street code’, are related to violent offending and victimization. Comparatively, little information is known, however, about the mechanisms through which these attitudes increase violence. Drawing from interactionist perspectives of aggression and subcultural theories, we examine the mediating role of two conflict-related tendencies: disputatiousness and remedial actions. We also examine the extent to which remedial actions moderate the association between disputatiousness and violence. Predictions are tested using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States. Results show that conflict-related tendencies mediate the pathways linking the street code to violent offending and victimization. In addition, remedial actions temper the association between disputatiousness and violence involvement.
Mapping Criminological Engagements Within Radicalization Studies
Authors: Ahmad Fahad , Monaghan Jeffrey
Published: March 2019

Radicalization theories positing a process towards violence are de rigueur in policy circles yet solicit mixed reactions within the academy. Attempting to build a more robust theory of radicalization, scholars have turned towards criminology. On the basis of a survey of literature where radicalization engages criminology, this article maps theories taken up to advance knowledge of radicalization as a process towards terrorist violence. The mapping exercise demonstrates a growing spectrum of criminological theories referenced by radicalization studies; however, these engagements have been selective: tending towards individualistic theories with limited (but recent) engagements with constructivist and structural theory. Contributing to critical interventions within the accelerating domains of theorizing radicalization to violence, we conclude that these engagements lack some of criminology’s broader reflexivity about its object of study.
Telomere length, arsenic exposure and risk of basal cell carcinoma of skin
Authors: Srinivas Nalini , Rachakonda Sivaramakrishna , Hielscher Thomas , Calderazzo Silvia , Rudnai Peter , Gurzau Eugen , Koppova Kvetoslava , Fletcher Tony , Kumar Rajiv
Published: March 2019

Telomere length per se a heritable trait has been reported to be associated with different diseases including cancers. In this study, based on arsenic-exposed 528 cases with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of skin and 533 healthy controls, we investigated effect of telomere length, measured by real-time PCR, on the disease risk. We observed a statistically significant association between decreased telomere length and increased BCC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 5.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.92 to 9.01, P < 0.0001]. Due to confounder effect of arsenic exposure, in a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), telomere length associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instrument variables violated valid assumptions; however, one-sample MR adjusted for arsenic exposure indicated an increased risk of BCC with short telomeres. The interaction between arsenic exposure and telomere length on BCC risk was statistically significant (P = 0.02). Within each tertile based on arsenic exposure, the individuals with shorter telomeres were at an increased risk of BCC, with highest risk being in the highest exposed group (OR = 16.13, 95% CI = 6.71 to 40.00, P < 0.0001), followed by those in medium exposure group and low exposure group. The combined effect of highest arsenic exposure and shortest telomeres on BCC risk (OR = 10.56, 95% CI = 5.14 to 21.70) showed a statistically significant departure from additivity (interaction contrast ratio 6.56, P = 0.03). Our results show that in the presence of arsenic exposure, decreased telomere length predisposes individuals to increased risk of BCC, with the effect being synergistic in individuals with highest arsenic exposure and shortest telomeres.
Dysregulated Prefrontal Cortical RhoA Signal Transduction in Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis: New Implications for Disease Pathophysiology
Authors: Kermath Bailey A , Vanderplow Amanda M , Cahill Michael E
Published: March 2019

While research has identified alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function as a key factor to the etiology of bipolar disorder, few studies have uncovered robust changes in protein signal transduction pathways in this disorder. Given the direct relevance of protein-based expressional alterations to cellular functions and because many of the key regulatory mechanisms for the disease pathogenesis likely include alterations in protein activity rather than changes in expression alone, the identification of alterations in discrete signal transduction pathways in bipolar disorder would have broad implications for understanding the disease pathophysiology. As prior microarray data point to a previously unrecognized involvement of the RhoA network in bipolar disorder, here we investigate the protein expression and activity of key components of a RhoA signal transduction pathway in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical homogenates from subjects with bipolar disorder. The results of this investigation implicate overactivation of prefrontal cortical RhoA signaling in specific subtypes of bipolar disorder. The specificity of these findings is demonstrated by a lack of comparable changes in schizophrenia; however, our findings do identify convergence between both disorders at the level of activity-mediated actin cytoskeletal regulation. These findings have implications for understanding the altered cortical synaptic connectivity of bipolar disorder.
A Jackknife Estimator of Variance for a Random Tessellated Stratified Sampling Design
Authors: Magnussen Steen , Nord-Larsen Thomas
Published: March 2019

Semisystematic sampling designs—in which a population area frame is tessellated into cells, and a randomly located sample is taken from each cell—affords random tessellated stratified (RTS) Horvitz–Thompson-type estimators. Forest inventory applications with RTS estimators are rare, possibly because of computational complexities with the estimation of variance. To reduce this challenge, we propose a jackknife estimator of variance for RTS designs. We demonstrate an application with a model-assisted ratio of totals estimator and data from the Danish National Forest Inventory. RTS estimators of standard error were, as a rule, smaller than comparable estimates obtained under the assumption of simple random sampling. The proposed jackknife estimator performed well.
‘Gender is not even a side issue…it’s a non-issue’: career trajectories and experiences from the perspective of male and female healthcare managers in Kenya
Authors: Muraya Kelly W , Govender Veloshnee , Mbachu Chinyere , Uguru Nkoli P , Molyneux Sassy
Published: March 2019

Women comprise a significant proportion of the health workforce globally but remain under-represented in the higher professional categories. Concern about the under-representation of women in health leadership positions has resulted in increased research on the topic, although this research has focused primarily on high-income countries. An improved understanding of the career trajectories and experiences of healthcare leaders in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the role of gender, is therefore needed. This qualitative case study was undertaken in two counties in coastal Kenya. Drawing on the life-history approach, 12 male and 13 female healthcare leaders were interviewed between August 2015 and July 2016 on their career progression and related experiences. Although gender was not spontaneously identified as a significant influence, closer exploration of responses revealed that gendered factors played an important role. Most fundamentally, women’s role as child bearers and gendered societal expectations including child nurturing and other domestic responsibilities can influence their ability to take up leadership opportunities, and their selection and appointment as leaders. Women’s selection and appointment as leaders may also be influenced by positive discrimination policies (in favour of women), and by perceptions of women and men as having different leadership styles (against women, who some described as more emotive and reactive). These gendered influences intersect in relatively invisible ways with other factors more readily identified by respondents to influence their progression and experience. These factors included: professional cadre, with doctors more likely to be selected into leadership roles; and personal and professional support systems ranging from family support and role models, through to professional mentorship and continuing education. We discuss the implications of these findings for policy, practice and research, including highlighting the need for more in-depth intersectionality analyses of leadership experience in LMICs.
Beyond positive a priori bias: reframing community engagement in LMICs
Authors: Abimbola Seye
Published: March 2019

Showing the causal link between community engagement and improved health outcomes is a ‘holy grail’ of health policy. This article argues that this ‘holy grail’ has remained elusive because community engagement in primary health care is under-theorized, having been based on positive a priori assumptions, e.g. that people necessarily want to be engaged in governing their health system. By adopting a theory-driven approach and an agnostic premise, we show that understanding why, how and when community engagement may emerge or function spontaneously is important for informing efforts to support community engagement in primary health care primary health care governance. We draw on empirical research on community engagement in Nigeria and on the literature to identify the ‘why’ (coalition of service users can emerge in response to under-governance); the ‘how’ (five modes: through meetings; reaching out within their community; lobbying governments; augmenting government support; and taking control of service delivery) and the ‘when’ (as geographical, socio-economic and institutional context align, such that the benefits of action outweigh costs). Understanding the broad patterns of mechanisms and of contextual factors that apply across communities is, after all, our ‘holy grail’—and this understanding should inform efforts to tailor support for community engagement in governance in different settings.
Responsive harvest control rules provide inherent resilience to adverse effects of climate change and scientific uncertainty
Authors: Kritzer J P , Costello C , Mangin T , Smith S L
Published: March 2019

Climate change is altering marine ecosystem and fish stock dynamics worldwide. These effects add to scientific uncertainties that compromise fisheries management. Among the strategies that can respond to climate change and scientific uncertainty, modifications to harvest control rules (HCRs) might be among the most direct and impactful. We used a bioeconomic model to compare alternative HCRs in terms of biomass, yield, and profits in response to potential effects of climate change and scientific uncertainty, specifically simulated retrospective patterns, for 14 stocks on the Northeast Shelf of the United States. Our results suggest that a responsive HCR in which fishing mortality changes with measured changes in biomass builds inherent resilience to adverse effects of both climate change and scientific uncertainty relative to an HCR in which fishing mortality is precautionary but fixed. This was despite that fact that the HCR algorithm did not account for the climate effects modelled. A fixed fishing mortality HCR was effective when climate effects were negligible or beneficial. Scientific uncertainty further reduced biomass, yield, and profits by about the same magnitude as climate change. Our results suggest that simple changes to HCRs can be a readily implementable strategy for responding to climate change and scientific uncertainty.
The Gromov Width of Generalized Bott Manifolds
Authors: Hwang Taekgyu , Lee Eunjeong , Suh Dong Youp
Published: March 2019

By Delzant’s theorem, closed symplectic toric manifolds are classified by the images of their moment maps. In the case of a generalized Bott manifold, this image is a polytope $P$ combinatorially equivalent to a product of simplices. We compute the Gromov width of generalized Bott manifolds in terms of the defining inequalities of $P$.
Canonical Heights on Hyper-Kähler Varieties and the Kawaguchi–Silverman Conjecture
Authors: Lesieutre John , Satriano Matthew
Published: March 2019

The Kawaguchi–Silverman conjecture predicts that if $f: X \dashrightarrow X$ is a dominant rational-self map of a projective variety over $\overline{{\mathbb{Q}}}$, and $P$ is a $\overline{{\mathbb{Q}}}$-point of $X$ with a Zariski dense orbit, then the dynamical and arithmetic degrees of $f$ coincide: $\lambda _1(f) = \alpha _f(P)$. We prove this conjecture in several higher-dimensional settings, including all endomorphisms of non-uniruled smooth projective threefolds with degree larger than $1$, and all endomorphisms of hyper-Kähler manifolds in any dimension. In the latter case, we construct a canonical height function associated with any automorphism $f: X \to X$ of a hyper-Kähler manifold defined over $\overline{{\mathbb{Q}}}$. We additionally obtain results on the periodic subvarieties of automorphisms for which the dynamical degrees are as large as possible subject to log concavity.
Nitric oxide deficiency decreases C-repeat binding factor-dependent and -independent induction of cold acclimation
Authors: Costa-Broseta Álvaro , Perea-Resa Carlos , Castillo Mari-Cruz , Ruíz M Fernanda , Salinas Julio , León José
Published: March 2019

Plant tolerance to freezing temperatures is governed by endogenous components and environmental factors. Exposure to low non-freezing temperatures is a key factor in the induction of freezing tolerance in the process called cold acclimation. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cold acclimation was explored in Arabidopsis using triple nia1nia2noa1-2 mutants that are impaired in the nitrate-dependent and nitrate-independent pathways of NO production, and are thus NO deficient. Here, we demonstrate that cold-induced NO accumulation is required to promote the full cold acclimation response through C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF)-dependent gene expression, as well as the CBF-independent expression of other cold-responsive genes such as Oxidation-Related Zinc Finger 2 (ZF/OZF2). NO deficiency also altered abscisic acid perception and signaling and the cold-induced production of anthocyanins, which are additional factors involved in cold acclimation.
Secondary sulfur metabolism in cellular signalling and oxidative stress responses
Authors: Chan Kai Xun , Phua Su Yin , Van Breusegem Frank
Published: March 2019

Secondary sulfur metabolism produces several metabolites which regulate various aspects of cellular signalling and homeostasis in response to environmental perturbations.
The land snail fauna of a South American rainforest biodiversity hotspot: the Panguana conservation area in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Wendebourg Birte , Hausdorf Bernhard
Published: March 2019

We investigated the land snail fauna of the Panguana conservation area on the western rim of the Amazonas basin in Peru. A total of 2,322 individuals assigned to 65 land snail species were collected in 32 plots. Ten additional species were found in collections made on previous expeditions to Panguana. On the basis of available data, Panguana is the most species rich locality for land snails in South America. The species density of 75 land snail species in c. 2 km2 of rather homogeneous rainforest is also high on a global scale. The land snail fauna of Panguana is characterized by a very high proportion of species belonging to the carnivorous family Scolodontidae, many of which are likely to be new to science. The fauna includes seven species that are new records for Peru, and the species Hirtudiscus sp., Xenodiscula venezuelensis, Geostilbia aperta, Guppya gundlachii and Thysanophora plagioptycha represent genera not previously recorded from the country. The synanthropic species Allopeas gracile, Opeas hannense, Subulina octona, Geostilbia aperta and Gastrocopta servilis form an ecologically distinct group that occurs mainly in sites strongly modified by humans. The presence of these species on the margin of the Amazon rainforest is evidence of the ongoing homogenization of the global fauna.
Thrombectomy for a Patient with Concomitant Acute Cervical Internal Carotid and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Video Case
Authors: Tian Fucheng , Abi-Aad Karl R , Bendok Bernard R , Krishna Chandan
Published: March 2019

We present the case of a 62-yr-old female who presented with ground-level fall and new onset of left-sided weakness of 30 min duration. CT angiogram revealed right ICA pseudo-occlusion and thrombus filling the right proximal M1 segment of the right MCA. On detailed neurological exam patient was noted to have NIHSS of 25. Patient was started on IV TPA infusion and was taken to interventional angiography suite after an informed consent was obtained. Diagnostic angiography was performed which demonstrated critical stenosis of the right proximal internal carotid artery. Right carotid artery stenting and balloon angioplasty of the carotid stent with distal embolic protection device was performed. Post carotid stent angiogram once again confirmed proximal right M1 pseudo-occlusion in the right MCA distribution. The clot was removed using a stent retriever, thus achieving complete recanalization (TICI 3) of the right cerebral hemisphere. The patient returned to baseline neurological status and a 1 mo follow-up diagnostic angiogram revealed patent carotid stent. Following the case presentation, we present the nuances of acute ischemic stroke management of large vessel occlusion with an emphasis on technical nuances, recent published guidelines
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Probopyrinella latreuticola parasite infestation frequencies in pelagic Sargassum-associated shrimp, Latreutes fucorum
Authors: Martin Lindsay M , Schell Jeffrey M , Siuda Amy N S
Published: March 2019

Bopyrid isopod parasitic infestation of a variety of decapod definitive hosts is common worldwide. We report frequencies of a parasite infestation in the shrimp Latreutes fucorum associated with the pelagic macroalgae Sargassum in the Gulf of Mexico, Sargasso Sea and Eastern Caribbean. Average Probopyrinella latreuticola infestation frequency was 6.7% and did not significantly vary between regions. The presence of the ectoparasite appeared to impact fertility with only one infested individual found carrying eggs. In contrast, across all three regions, 13% (of n = 4001) of the non-infested shrimp were carrying eggs. With L. fucorum accounting for three quarters of lower trophic level biomass in the pelagic Sargassum-associated faunal community, parasite infestation may have negative consequences for ecologically and commercially important populations that rely directly or indirectly on the host as a food source.