bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visuospatial Attention and the Split Brain
Authors: Berlucchi G , Mangun GR , Gazzaniga MS
Published: December 2017

In callosotomy patients, the right hemisphere attends to the entire visual field, whereas the left hemisphere attends to the right field only. The occurence of rightward attentional biases, simulating a hemineglect from right hemisphere damage, suggests that in these patients visuospatial attention tends to be controlled by the left hemisphere.
Outer Hair Cells Provide Active Tuning in the Organ of Corti
Authors: Ulfendahl Mats , Flock Åke
Published: December 2017

The detection of sound by the mammalian hearing organ, the organ of Corti, is far from a passive process with the sensory cells acting as mere receptors. The high sensitivity and sharp tuning of the auditory apparatus are very much dependant on the active mechanical behavior of the outer hair cells, acting as effector cells.
Functional Modulation of Cardiac ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels
Authors: Hiraoka Masayasu , Furukawa Tetsushi
Published: December 2017

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are inhibited by intracellular ATP, but MgATP is necessary to maintain the channel activity. Numerous cofactors modulate channel function. K+ channel openers activate and sulfonylureas inhibit KATP channels. The structure of cardiac KATP channel is a complex of mainly KIR6.2 and SUR2a. Activation of cardiac KATP channels contributes to action potential shortening during ischemia and plays a role in cardioprotection.
Does Your Gut Taste? Sensory Transduction in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Raybould Helen E.
Published: December 2017

The primary sensors in the gut are endocrine cells. They release peptides and amines that stimulate intrinsic and extrinsic neural pathways affecting gastrointestinal motor and secretory function. These regulatory mechanisms alter the digestive and absorptive capacity of the intestine to match the entry of a meal from the stomach.
Hepatic Regeneration—Revisiting the Myth of Prometheus
Authors: Ankoma-Sey Victor
Published: December 2017

Myriad signals such as growth factors, cytokines, growth inhibitors, hormones, ions, extracellular matrix, and the resident hepatic cells are involved in the regulation of hepatic regeneration. These regulatory factors ultimately mediate changes in gene expression, a critical step in this well-orchestrated restorative process.
Subcellular Ca2+ Dynamics
Authors: Alvarez Javier , Montero Mayte , García-Sancho Javier
Published: December 2017

The field of subcellular Ca2+ homeostasis is evolving rapidly. In parallel with improvements in spatial and temporal resolution of Ca2+ imaging techniques, new methods using the natural cell machinery to target Ca2+-sensitive proteins such as aequorin to precise intracellular locations promise superb specificity to measure [Ca2+] in defined subcellular environments.
Prolactin, the Hormone of Paternity
Authors: Schradin Carsten , Anzenberger Gustl
Published: December 2017

Prolactin has long been known to play a significant role in maternal care. When behavioral endocrinologists began to examine the endocrinology of fatherhood, prolactin was also found to be connected with paternal care in fish, birds, and mammals including primates.
Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor—Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Hecker Markus
Published: December 2017

The vascular endothelium releases a diffusible factor that hyperpolarizes and hence relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells predominantly through activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. In the coronary circulation, this endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor appears to be a cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acid epoxide, the release of which may play a crucial role in the maintenance of coronary blood flow in arteriosclerosis.
Brain Stem Reflexes: Probing Human Trigeminal Nociception
Authors: Ellrich Jens
Published: December 2017

Although many people suffer from orofacial pain and headache, objective methods for investigation of trigeminal nociception in humans have been lacking. Trigeminal brainstem reflexes such as the masseter inhibitory reflex and the blink reflex are mediated by central multireceptive neurons that are also involved in trigeminal nociception. Therefore, these trigeminal reflexes are suitable models for probing pontine and medullary pain processing.
Key Roles of Renal Aquaporins in Water Balance and Water-Balance Disorders
Authors: Nielsen Søren , Kwon Tae-Hwan , Frøkiær Jørgen , Knepper Mark A.
Published: December 2017

The discovery of aquaporins by Agre and co-workers provided an answer to the long-standing biophysical question of how water can pass cell membranes. The identification and characterization of several aquaporins expressed in the kidney has allowed detailed insight, at the molecular level, into the fundamental physiology and pathophysiology of renal water metabolism.
Autoregulation of Glucose Production
Authors: Tappy Luc , Jéquier Eric , Schneiter Philippe
Published: December 2017

Glucose itself regulates endogenous glucose production independently of changes in glucoregulatory hormones. In addition, acute stimulation of gluconeogenesis does not increase net glucose production. This indicates autoregulation of glucose production. Glucokinase plays a role in this process by allowing hepatic glucose sensing.
Melatonin: Lowering the High Price of Free Radicals
Authors: Reiter Russel J.
Published: December 2017

The endogenous antioxidative defense system reduces molecular toxicity of oxygen and nitrogen-based reactive species. Melatonin is an efficient direct and indirect antioxidant. It detoxifies the highly reactive hydroxyl radical and neutralizes other toxic species, including singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite anion, and stimulates several antioxidative enzymes.
GABA in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System
Authors: Krantis Anthony
Published: December 2017

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a transmitter of enteric interneurons, targeting excitatory GABAA or inhibitory GABAB receptors that modulate motility and mucosal function. Enteric GABA may also subserve hormonal and paracrine signaling. Disruption in gastrointestinal function following perturbation of enteric GABA receptors presents potential new target sites for drug development.
Gastroduodenal Mucosal Alkaline Secretion and Mucosal Protection
Authors: Flemström Gunnar , Isenberg Jon I.
Published: December 2017

The gastroduodenal mucosa is a dynamic barrier restricting entry of gastric acid and other potentially hostile luminal contents. Mucosal HCO3– is a key element in preventing epithelial damage, and knowledge about HCO3– transport processes, including the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel, and their neurohumoral control are in rapid progress.
Development of Lung Edema: Interstitial Fluid Dynamics and Molecular Structure
Authors: Miserocchi Giuseppe , Negrini Daniela , Passi Alberto , De Luca Giancarlo
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary interstitium is maintained dehydrated at subatmospheric pressure (–10 cmH2O) through low capillary permeability, low tissue compliance, and an efficient lymphatic drainage. Enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans disrupts the endothelial basal membrane and the matrix structure, triggering the development of pulmonary edema.
Physiological Insights from Genetic Manipulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Authors: Stec David E. , Sigmund Curt D.
Published: December 2017

The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most widely studied endocrine systems. It has an important role in the regulation of normal homeostasis, and disturbances in this system may be important in numerous pathological states. This review will focus on the major insights and important questions raised from gene targeting of this system.
A Nonconventional Role of Molecular Chaperones: Involvement in the Cytoarchitecture
Authors: Csermely Peter
Published: December 2017

A hallmark of chaperone action is assistance in protein folding. Indeed, folding of nascent prokaryotic proteins proceeds mostly as a chaperone-assisted, posttranslational event. On the contrary, in nonstressed eukaryotic cells folding-related tasks of eukaryotic chaperones are restricted to a subset of proteins, and “jobless” chaperones may form an extension of the cytoarchitecture, facilitating intracellular traffic of proteins and other macromolecules.
Diving Beyond the Limits
Authors: Butler Patrick J.
Published: December 2017

Some free-ranging birds and mammals dive for periods that substantially exceed those for which their usable O2stores are estimated to last. The mechanisms that extend the duration of aerobic diving include marked reductions in blood flow (and hence O2delivery) to certain organs and tissues, passive gliding and, most probably, regional hypothermia.
ENERGY RELATIONS IN THE METABOLISM OF AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA
Authors: Baas-Becking L. G. M. , Parks G. S.
Published: December 2017

In the January issue, no. 1, volume vii, in the article by Baas-Becking and Parks:

Foot of p. 94. The minimal efficiencies should be 7.5 and 5.9 per cent respectively, instead of 0.6, as given for both experiments.

Table, p. 104, 3rd column, 2nd line, should read 6.7–29.6 (limits) instead of 0.6–29.6 (limits).
LIPINS AND LIPIDOSES
Authors: Thannhauser S. J. , Schmidt Gerhard
Published: December 2017

Gerhard Schmidt. Volume 26, page 275: Lipins and Lipidoses, by S. J. Thannhauser and The Sentence beginning on line 22 (page 301) should read as follows: They are all a part of the syndrome under discussion. The organs which may be involved singly or in various combinations in the syndrome (essential xanthomatosis of the normocholesteremic type, eosinophilic granuloma, lipid granuloma) are the skin (disseminata type of xanthoma), the skeleton, dura, brain, lungs, pleura, lymph nodes, and spleen (50).
Gastric Emptying and Secretion in Man
Authors: Hunt J. N.
Published: December 2017

J. N. Hunt, “Gastric Emptying and Secretion in Man”

Page 528, ref. 34, 3rd line, should read: “Gastroenterologia.”
Molecular determinants of channel function
Authors: Andersen O. S. , Koeppe R. E.
Published: December 2017

The 40 years since the seminal papers of Hodgkin and Huxley appeared have been extraordinarily productive in terms of understanding the molecular basis for electrical activity. The Hodgkin-Huxley proposal that electrical excitability should be understood in terms of voltage-dependent changes in discrete sites has been resoundingly verified. Indeed, the Hodgkin-Huxley framework is remarkable in that its essential elements have remained largely intact as molecular understanding has advanced. This robustness is, at least in part, a result of the fact that Hodgkin and Huxley developed a mathematical model, based on simple physical arguments, that was sufficiently comprehensive to describe the kinetics of the voltage-clamped currents and yet simple enough to be predictive. The predictive features were demonstrated early by the reconstruction of both space-clamped and propagated action potentials on a desk-top calculator (293) and, later, when the sites of Hodgkin and Huxley developed into being well-characterized molecular structures. Voltage- and ligand-dependent ion-selective channels are now the established framework within which cellular electrophysiology is being pursued. Moreover, electrophysiological measurements of membrane and single-channel currents have become essential tools to examine molecular questions pertaining to channel structure and activity. The last 10 years have witnessed spectacular activity, which has resulted from two developments, the giga-seal patch clamp (249) and the elucidation of primary sequences of a number of channel-forming proteins (494), along with the first outlines of their low-resolution three-dimensional structures (651). The stage is now set for 1) applying a variety of convergent techniques to decipher molecular structural details at high resolution, and 2) seeking to understand the complex dynamic functions, gating, and ion selectivity at the molecular level. The early successes are likely to be in understanding the molecular determinants of ion conductance and selectivity, initially in terms of quantitative descriptions of how a sequence modification can alter a channel's permeability characteristics. Channel gating is a far more elusive target because it involves molecular rearrangements, which are poorly understood at any level of description and which may be modified by the channel's environment. The general mechanisms of ion permeation and gating will differ among different classes of ion channels, but a molecular understanding of either phenomenon must eventually be based on an understanding of intermolecular forces, which are invariant among all channel types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cellular functions of immunophilins
Authors: Marks A. R.
Published: December 2017

Immunophilins are members of a highly conserved family of proteins all of which are cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. The prototypic members of the immunophilin family, cyclophilin A and FKPB12, were discovered on the basis of their ability to bind and mediate the immunosuppressive effects of the drugs cyclosporin, FK506, and rapamycin. However, the prolyl isomerase activity of these proteins is not involved in any of the immunosuppressive effects. Indeed, despite the fact that all members of the family are prolyl isomerases, the cellular role of this enzymatic function has not been clearly defined. In many cases, immunophilins are widely expressed and are present at high levels in some tissues. Moreover, while the number of proteins that belong to the immunophilin family continues to grow, the natural cellular functions of all but a few remain obscure. An example where immunophilins do appear to have a defined cellular role, in the absence of immunosuppressive ligands, is the modulation of intracellular calcium release channel function by FKBP12 and FKBP12.6. In this case, FKBPs are integral parts of three types of calcium release channel complexes, skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptors and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. In each case, FKBPs modulate channel function possibly by enhancing the cooperativity between subunits.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of living systems: applications in comparative physiology
Authors: Van Den Thillart G. , Van Waarde A.
Published: December 2017

The most attractive feature of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the noninvasive and nondestructive measurement of chemical compounds in intact tissues. MRS already has many applications in comparative physiology, usually based on observation of 31P, since levels of phosphorus compounds indicate tissue energy status and are changed during exercise, fatigue, recovery, hypometabolism, anesthesia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and osmotic and acid stress. Nuclei other than 31P may also be monitored, such as 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, or 23Na, and applied in biological research. Particularly, 13C-MRS is interesting because it allows the analysis of metabolic pathways in living systems. Applications of MRS in comparative physiology and biochemistry are comprehensively discussed in this review. The main focus is on anaerobic metabolism during hypoxia, ischemia, and exercise. Species as widely different as slime molds, nematodes, frogs, turtles, and ducks have been studied by 31P-MRS. It is not surprising that striking species differences do occur, but many similarities are also observed. Unique is the occurrence of six different phosphagens with different values of Gibbs free energy in polychete worms The presence of a particular phosphagen may be related to the average oxygen tension within the tissues. Phosphagens and their kinases are also discussed in relation to hypercapnia and acid stress. Other topics discussed in this paper are enzyme kinetics, anesthetics, development and growth, parasitism, and the detection of previously unknown compounds.
Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction
Authors: Horowitz A. , Menice C. B. , Laporte R. , Morgan K. G.
Published: December 2017

Work performed with differentiated contractile smooth muscle tissue over the last two decades has made clear that covalent modification of myosin by phosphorylation of the 20-kDa myosin light chains is a significant mode of regulation of contractile activity in smooth muscle, particularly in regard to the generation of phasic contractions and the initial development of tonic contractions. This regulatory mechanism appears to be of unique importance in smooth muscle compared with striated muscle. It is equally clear, however, that there is an important role for protein kinase C in the regulation of smooth muscle tone maintenance, particularly in vascular smooth muscle. Several possible signal transduction cascades involving protein kinase C are outlined. Increasing evidence suggests a link between protein kinase C and actin-based regulatory mechanisms. This review places emphasis on relating up-to-date biochemical facts to the physiological realities of the smooth muscle cell.
Actomyosin interaction in striated muscle
Authors: Cooke R.
Published: December 2017

The mechanics of the actomyosin interaction have been extensively studied using the organized filament array of striated muscle. However, the extrapolation of these data to the events occurring at the level of a single actomyosin interaction has not been simple. Problems arise in part because an active fiber has an ensemble of myosin heads that are spread out through the various steps of the active cycle, and it is likely that only a small fraction of the heads are generating tension at any given time. More recently, two new approaches have greatly extended our knowledge of the actomyosin interaction. First, the three-dimensional crystal structures of both the actin monomer and the myosin head have been determined, and these structures have been fit to lower resolution images to give atomic models of the actin filament and of the actin filament decorated by myosin heads. Second, the technology to measure picoNewton forces and nanometer distances has provided direct determinations of the force and step length generated by a single myosin molecule interacting with a single actin filament. This review synthesizes the existing mechanical data obtained from the more-organized array of the muscle filament with the results obtained by these two technologies.
CFTR: Mechanism of Anion Conduction
Authors: DAWSON DAVID C. , SMITH STEPHEN S. , MANSOURA MONIQUE K.
Published: December 2017

Dawson, David C., Stephen S. Smith, and Monique K. Mansoura. CFTR: Mechanism of Anion Conduction. Physiol. Rev. 79, Suppl.: S47–S75, 1999. — The purpose of this review is to collect together the results of recent investigations of anion conductance by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator along with some of the basic background that is a prerequisite for developing some physical picture of the conduction process. The review begins with an introduction to the concepts of permeability and conductance and the Nernst-Planck and rate theory models that are used to interpret these parameters. Some of the physical forces that impinge on anion conductance are considered in the context of permeability selectivity and anion binding to proteins. Probes of the conduction process are considered, particularly permeant anions that bind tightly within the pore and block anion flow. Finally, structure-function studies are reviewed in the context of some predictions for the origin of pore properties.
Neurotoxins Affecting Neuroexocytosis
Authors: Schiavo Giampietro , Matteoli Michela , Montecucco Cesare
Published: December 2017

Nerve terminals are specific sites of action of a very large number of toxins produced by many different organisms. The mechanism of action of three groups of presynaptic neurotoxins that interfere directly with the process of neurotransmitter release is reviewed, whereas presynaptic neurotoxins acting on ion channels are not dealt with here. These neurotoxins can be grouped in three large families: 1) the clostridial neurotoxins that act inside nerves and block neurotransmitter release via their metalloproteolytic activity directed specifically on SNARE proteins; 2) the snake presynaptic neurotoxins with phospholipase A2activity, whose site of action is still undefined and which induce the release of acethylcholine followed by impairment of synaptic functions; and 3) the excitatory latrotoxin-like neurotoxins that induce a massive release of neurotransmitter at peripheral and central synapses. Their modes of binding, sites of action, and biochemical activities are discussed in relation to the symptoms of the diseases they cause. The use of these toxins in cell biology and neuroscience is considered as well as the therapeutic utilization of the botulinum neurotoxins in human diseases characterized by hyperfunction of cholinergic terminals.
Heat Shock Proteins and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Authors: Snoeckx Luc H. E. H. , Cornelussen Richard N. , Van Nieuwenhoven Frans A. , Reneman Robert S. , Van der Vusse Ger J.
Published: December 2017

In the eukaryotic cell an intrinsic mechanism is present providing the ability to defend itself against external stressors from various sources. This defense mechanism probably evolved from the presence of a group of chaperones, playing a crucial role in governing proper protein assembly, folding, and transport. Upregulation of the synthesis of a number of these proteins upon environmental stress establishes a unique defense system to maintain cellular protein homeostasis and to ensure survival of the cell. In the cardiovascular system this enhanced protein synthesis leads to a transient but powerful increase in tolerance to such endangering situations as ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative injury, and endotoxemia. These so-called heat shock proteins interfere with several physiological processes within several cell organelles and, for proper functioning, are translocated to different compartments following stress-induced synthesis. In this review we describe the physiological role of heat shock proteins and discuss their protective potential against various stress agents in the cardiovascular system.
Regulation of Wound Healing by Growth Factors and Cytokines
Authors: WERNER SABINE , GROSE RICHARD
Published: December 2017

Werner, Sabine, and Richard Grose. Regulation of Wound Healing by Growth Factors and Cytokines. Physiol Rev 83: 835–870, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00032.2002.—Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated varied, but in most cases beneficial, effects of exogenous growth factors on the healing process. However, the roles played by endogenous growth factors have remained largely unclear. Initial approaches at addressing this question focused on the expression analysis of various growth factors, cytokines, and their receptors in different wound models, with first functional data being obtained by applying neutralizing antibodies to wounds. During the past few years, the availability of genetically modified mice has allowed elucidation of the function of various genes in the healing process, and these studies have shed light onto the role of growth factors, cytokines, and their downstream effectors in wound repair. This review summarizes the results of expression studies that have been performed in rodents, pigs, and humans to localize growth factors and their receptors in skin wounds. Most importantly, we also report on genetic studies addressing the functions of endogenous growth factors in the wound repair process.
Design and Implementation of a Mobile Voting System Using a Novel Oblivious and Proxy Signature
Authors: Chiou Shin-Yan , Wang Tsung-Ju , Chen Jiun-Ming
Published: December 2017

Electronic voting systems can make the voting process much more convenient. However, in such systems, if a server signs blank votes before users vote, it may cause undue multivoting. Furthermore, if users vote before the signing of the server, voting information will be leaked to the server and may be compromised. Blind signatures could be used to prevent leaking voting information from the server; however, malicious users could produce noncandidate signatures for illegal usage at that time or in the future. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a novel oblivious signature scheme with a proxy signature function to satisfy security requirements such as information protection, personal privacy, and message verification and to ensure that no one can cheat other users (including the server). We propose an electronic voting system based on the proposed oblivious and proxy signature scheme and implement this scheme in a smartphone application to allow users to vote securely and conveniently. Security analyses and performance comparisons are provided to show the capability and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
PC-MAC: A Prescheduling and Collision-Avoided MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Authors: Jin Zhigang , Xiao Shenyang , Su Yishan , Li Yajing
Published: December 2017

The impact of the acoustic modem with long preamble characteristic on the collision feature of the media access control scheme in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UANs) is evaluated. It is observed that the collision probability is relatively high due to the extremely long duration of preamble. As a result, UANs generally have much lower network throughput. To address this problem, a prescheduling MAC protocol named PC-MAC for UANs is proposed, which leverages a novel prescheduling scheme for the exchange of control packet to alleviate the collision probability among control packets. PC-MAC is a reservation-based channel access scheme. In the proposed protocol, an extra guard time is introduced to avoid the influence of dynamic spatial-temporal uncertainty of the sender and receiver positions. Simulation results show that PC-MAC outperforms classic reservation-based MAC protocol named SFAMA in terms of network goodput and end-to-end delay and lowers collision probability among control packets in two representative network scenarios.
Randomized Trial of the Effects of Insulin and Metformin on Myocardial Injury and Stress in Diabetes Mellitus: A Post Hoc Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Srivastava Pratyaksh K. , Pradhan Aruna D. , Cook Nancy R. , Ridker Paul M , Everett Brendan M.
Published: December 2017

Background

Subclinical myocardial injury, as measured by high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hsTnT), and myocardial stress, as measured by N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (
NT
‐pro
BNP
), are related to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and are strong predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We sought to determine whether antihyperglycemic therapy improves measures of myocardial injury and myocardial stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results

We randomized, in a 2×2 factorial fashion, 438 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to insulin glargine, metformin, the combination, or placebo and measured changes in
NT
‐pro
BNP
and hsTnT after 12 weeks of therapy. At baseline, the median (Q1–Q3) plasma concentration was 35.4 (15.7–86.3) ng/L for
NT
‐pro
BNP
and 6.7 (4.6–10.1) ng/L for hsTnT. The adjusted (95% confidence interval) change in
NT
‐pro
BNP
concentration was 20.7% (7.9–35.0) in the insulin arm compared with 0.13% (−10.8 to 12.5) in the no‐insulin arm (
P
=0.03 for comparison). These changes were not related to changes in fasting or postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, weight, blood pressure, or inflammation. In the metformin arm, the adjusted change in
NT
‐pro
BNP
was 7.8% (−3.7 to 20.7) compared with 13.0% (0.72–26.8) in the no‐metformin arm (
P
=0.58). No significant changes in hsTnT concentrations were observed for any of the treatment arms.

Conclusions

Insulin glargine was associated with a significant 20.7% increase in
NT
‐pro
BNP
, a marker of myocardial stress, after 12 weeks of therapy. No change in hsTnT, a marker of myocardial injury, was observed. The changes were independent of substantial improvements in glucose control.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00366301.
Total Bilirubin in Prognosis for Mortality in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy
Authors: Yang Tsung‐Lin , Lin Yi‐Chun , Lin Yen‐Chung , Huang Chun‐Yao , Chen Hsi‐Hsien , Wu Mai‐Szu
Published: December 2017

Background

Evidence regarding bilirubin's antioxidant properties and predictive roles is growing. However, it is unclear whether serum bilirubin would have a prognostic impact on survival of patients with regular peritoneal dialysis.

Methods and Results

We used the Taiwan Renal Registry Data System utilizing its 2005‐2012 data set. Data from patients on regular peritoneal dialysis were retrieved. The primary end point of observation was 3‐year mortality. A total of 3704 patients (mean age 53.5 years, 44% male) were enrolled, and these patients were divided according to baseline serum total bilirubin levels (<0.3, 0.3‐0.4, 0.4‐0.5, 0.5‐0.6, >0.6 mg/dL). Serum total bilirubin level was linearly related to age, incidence of hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. At the end of the observation period with a mean follow‐up of 2.12±1.07 years, 1095 (30.6%) deaths were detected. Serum total bilirubin level and 3‐year mortality rate presented a U‐shaped relationship. Those with serum total bilirubin 0.5 to 0.6 mg/dL had the lowest 3‐year mortality rate (24%). After adjustment for age, sex, underlying systemic disorders, medications, and laboratory discrepancies, serum total bilirubin still played an independent role for predicting 3‐year mortality.

Conclusions

Baseline serum total bilirubin level is significantly associated with 3‐year mortality among patients receiving regular peritoneal dialysis.
Quality of life among gynaecological cancer patients receiving palliative care in Kenya: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ogoncho Isaac Machuki , Omuga Blasio Osogo , Wakasiaka Sabina , Muiva Margaret
Published: December 2017

Background/Aims:

Cancer and its treatment affects the quality of life in patients. In Africa, there is limited research available on the quality of life among cancer patients. This study describes quality of life in patients with gynaecological cancer attending Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya.

Methods:

A descriptive study was conducted among patients with gynaecological cancer attending the palliative care unit. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adopting the Missoula-VITAS Quality of Life Index, a 25-item quality of life measure containing five subscales.

Results:

A total of 108 patients were interviewed. The mean total quality of life score was 17.2 (possible range 0 to 30), and the mean global quality of life score was 3.5 (possible range 0 to 5). The following subscale mean scores were recorded: symptom (8.2), transcendent (6.2), function (5.6), interpersonal (5.3) and wellbeing (–2.9) (possible range –30 to 30).

Conclusions:

The quality of life of patients with gynaecological cancer was moderate, while insufficient attention to patients' psychosocial needs adversely affected patients' perceptions of their quality of life.
International research roundup
Authors: Oxenford Kerry , Odd Dawn , Brook Judy , Murray Joy , Lally Sheila , Seal Joanne
Published: December 2017

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles from around the world that may be of interest to midwives is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Sampling
Authors: Campbell Malcolm
Published: December 2017

This regular series of articles will tell you about Statistics, what it is, the key concepts and approaches, statistical tests and how to choose them, and how to write up your findings. In each issue of the journal, we will focus on a different topic, see how it was applied in relevant papers, and gradually build up your understanding of this important subject.
Airway management in the hospital environment
Authors: Higginson Ray , Parry Andy , Williams Meirion
Published: December 2017

In the hospital environment, patients can deteriorate rapidly and for many different reasons. Maintaining a patient's breathing is the main priority in any emergency situation, although achieving airway control can be difficult. All health professionals need to be able to undertake airway management safely. The key is a thorough assessment to ensure first of all whether the airway is patent (open and clear) or not. This article will discuss airway management, both acute and chronic, as well as associated nursing care.
U is for the incredible uterus…
Authors: Hammond Paula , Lillie Stephen
Published: December 2017

This month, we continue our series that takes the form of an extended alphabetical adventure around the body, helping children to get to know themselves a little better.
Consent and capacity – considerations for the dental team part 2: adults lacking capacity
Authors: Burke Suzanne , Kwasnicki Andrew , Thompson Shelagh , Park Tom , Macpherson Avril
Published: December 2017

Abstract: Assessment of capacity is a fundamental part of everyday clinical dental practice in all settings. The legal and ethical principles underpinning assessment of capacity, and our responsibility to act in our patients' best interests must be understood by the dental team. The dental team must be aware of how and when to act in the best interests of the adult patient who lacks capacity, and where it is appropriate to seek further advice. The dental profession is in the privileged position of making decisions on behalf of patients, and must fulfil its responsibilities to this potentially vulnerable patient group.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper defines common terms relating to capacity, provides an overview of UK capacity legislation, and discusses how to provide care for adults who lack capacity to consent for their treatment.
New paediatric IBD guidelines: the way forward in managing children with IBD
Authors: Cullen Mick , Beattie Mark
Published: December 2017

The first UK guidelines on the care of children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) − ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn′s disease (CD) − were published by the British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) in October 2008. They specifically address the issues of growth failure, delayed sexual development and loss of education caused by IBD in childhood. Although symptoms of the conditions and the principles of treatment may be the same, the epidemiology, treatment considerations and indeed consequences of treatment can be vastly different for those under the age of 18−years. The environment in which they are treated and seen is also very different. Epidemiology, growth, psychology and transition are key concepts in paediatric management, as supported by the new guidelines. In this article, the authors highlight those differences from the ′adult′ perspective and provide an understanding of IBD in children.
Genetic haemochromatosis: diagnosing and treating hereditary iron overload
Authors: Mortimore Gerri
Published: December 2017

Genetic haemochromatosis (GH) is the most common inherited genetic disorder in caucasians, affecting approximately 1 in every 200–250 people. It leads to an increased absorption and deposition of iron, and if it is untreated it can cause systemic iron overload in some patients. This iron overload can cause inflammation and tissue damage to multiple organs, with the potential to lead to heart disease, diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver. Despite being a common condition, it is thought to be under diagnosed. However, it is known that some patients with a diagnosis of GH will present with cirrhosis at a young age, while others are virtually asymptomatic. Symptoms can be generalised, and diagnosis is made on blood tests. Treatment for GH requires the removal of blood, known as venesection. Approximately 400–500mls are removed at a time, and this procedure can be undertaken weekly until ferritin levels are brought down to 50 µg/l or below.
Politics and palliative care: Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Smyth Dion
Published: December 2017

Dion Smyth's review of palliative nursing on the internet
Could you be a nurse entrepreneur?
Authors: Oshikanlu Ruth
Published: December 2017

As a caring professional frustrated by the vast gaps in health visiting provision, you may be wondering what you could do to prevent burnout. So why not identify an unmet problem, devise a solution and use your expertise to launch your own business?
Mental health starts in the womb
Authors: Dobson Amy
Published: December 2017

Bonding and early relationships may be affected if a baby is born to a mother who had a mental health disorder in pregnancy. Early intervention with both parents is vital to ensure a positive family dynamic and give the child a good start
Managing phosphate and phosphate binders in patients with kidney disease
Authors: McAleer Nick
Published: December 2017

The variety, format and availability of phosphate binders has increased greatly over recent years. In this article, renal dietitian Nick McAleer discusses what phosphate is, what role it has within the body, and the implications of poor phosphate control—especially for renal patients. He also outlines key recommendations from national guidance on phosphate management.
Selecting patient education group attendees by age: pragmatic or ageist?
Authors: Wood Eleri , Israel Lydia
Published: December 2017

Group patient education provides an opportunity to deliver information to a wide audience, but poses a challenge in terms of individualising key messages. Eleri Wood and Lydia Israel explore the acceptability of grouping patients by age to reduce heterogeneity and deliver tailored information.
Accountability and responsibility
Authors: Baxter H.
Published: December 2017

Some common myths surround specialist practitioner roles. Two key myths persist. By referring the patient to the tissue viability nurse, I am no longer accountable for the care prescribed – wrong Practitioners are still accountable for their actions: they are answerable for their actions and/ or omissions regardless of advice or direction from other professionals. It is not necessary to learn about wound care if a tissue viability nurse is available – wrong again It is reasonable to call on expert advice when something occurs that falls outside your normal sphere of practice. But practitioners are responsible for keeping themselves updated, knowledgeable and competent in the care they are expected to provide.
Developing a clinical risk management strategy
Authors: Elster M. , Grothier L.
Published: December 2017

Clinical risk is a key component of the clinical governance agenda. This entails assessing and minimising the risk posed to patients and supporting practitioners in delivering high-quality care. But how does all of this apply to wound care?
Equine Review
Authors: Chesworth Matt
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

This edition of Equine Review considers lesions of the suspensory apparatus, antimicrobial resistance, equine digit cooling, and cheek tooth extraction.
How does it fit?
Authors: White Hilary
Published: December 2017

Winter clothing such as gloves, scarves, hats and coats are a wonderful source of colours and patterns. Children can explore their shape and size by trying them on for size and matching them together.
Knock on wood
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: December 2017

Karen Hart outlines how to introduce woodwork as part of your continuous provision in the context of Understanding the World, where children learn about its properties, sources and the tools it requires.
Comprensión de textos escritos con el apoyo de conocimientos matemáticos en secundaria básica
Authors: Mainegra Fernández Débora , Miranda Izquierdo Jesús , Cué Infante Jesús
Published: December 2017

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de un estudio de caso con un grupo de 9no año sobre el trabajo integrado para el logro de la comprensión textual entre las asignaturas Matemática y Lengua Española. Los métodos empleados al nivel teórico fueron: sistematización, análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción. Por su parte, a nivel empírico: análisis documental, encuesta a  profesores y a estudiantes de 9no año, observación y prueba pedagógica. Finalmente, se emplearon los métodos de la estadística descriptiva. Los principales resultados fueron la determinación de referentes que sirven de base al desarrollo del trabajo integrado entre Matemática y Lengua Española para el logro de la comprensión textual y un inventario de fortalezas y debilidades que inciden en el referido proceso de la muestra objeto de estudio. Se pudo concluir que entre las principales debilidades, en el caso de Cuba, el trabajo integrado entre las diversas asignaturas no está suficientemente organizado desde el punto de vista metodológico, aunque existen excepciones al respecto en algunos directivos y docentes. Además, se concluye que la comprensión de determinadas tipologías textuales, entre las que destaca la periodística y/o divulgativa, se facilita si se apoya con preguntas para lograr la traducción, interpretación y extrapolación que requieran de conocimientos matemáticos para ser respondidas
La sección de temas locales de la Biblioteca Pública Municipal de Simat de la Valldigna: un testimonio de la historia pasada y presente.
Authors: Chaves Salgado Lorena
Published: December 2017

La biblioteca pública cumple una labor de formación permanente en el campo del saber y la cultura, uno de sus objetivos principales es satisfacer las necesidades de la comunidad en la cual se encuentra inmersa. Por medio de la oferta de distintos servicios siendo uno de ellos la sección de temas locales que es la encargada de brindar a los ciudadanos toda aquella información relativa a la historia comunal en sus distintas manifestaciones. Este trabajo expone la importancia del aporte y la proyección social que presta dicha sección contextualizado su trabajo en la población de Simat de la Valldigna en Valencia, España, se describen además por medio de ejemplos distintos materiales que conforman este acervo de información. Se concluye poniendo de manifiesto la responsabilidad que tiene la biblioteca pública en lo relativo a mantener viva la historia local de Simat como un aporte a la preservación de la memoria de sus antepasados.
Makey Makey y su aplicación en unidades de información
Authors: Chaves Arias Itza , Esquivel Guillén Jonathan , Jiménez Varela Ana Cristina , Sánchez López Hannia , Solera Thomas Laura
Published: December 2017

Este informe técnico presenta el concepto de Makey Makey como un dispositivo que nace a partir del movimiento maker y puede formar parte de las unidades de información. Por ello, se realizó una revisión de literatura, donde se desarrolla un contexto histórico del surgimiento de este recurso tecnológico. En el apartado de funcionamiento, se describen las principales características y usos del circuito. Además, en la sociedad y en las unidades de información, el Makey Makey tiene diferentes características para su utilización en los diversos servicios, por ello, se describe el uso potencial que puede tener por parte de los profesionales en la información.
Prevalencia de malnutrición según grupos de edad en diferentes comunidades de Costa Rica entre 1997 y 2014
Authors: Chinnock Anne , Zúñiga Flores Guiselle
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de problemas en el estado nutricional de los miembros de la familia, según grupos de edad en diferentes comunidades de Costa Rica entre 1997 y 2014. Métodos: se realizó un análisis de información recolectada por estudiantes de la Escuela de Nutrición de la Universidad de Costa Rica entre 1997 y 2014. De las familias seleccionadas en cada comunidad, se tomaron los datos de peso y talla de todos los miembros. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron los estándares de crecimiento y puntos de corte recomendados por la Organización Mundial de Salud.  Resultados: se presenta la información de 25 encuestas realizadas durante un periodo de 17 años. Con el paso de los años, se observa en los grupos de menor de edad (< 20 años) una reducción en los problemas de déficit en peso y talla, y un aumento en porcentaje de individuos con exceso o riesgo de exceso de peso. En la población de adultos, se observa el mismo fenómeno de aumento en exceso de peso; y en las personas adultos mayores, una disminución en el porcentaje con déficit de peso. Discusión: se compara la información presentada con otras publicaciones que reportan resultados similares y se comenta sobre las causas y consecuencias del problema de exceso de peso. Conclusión: durante el periodo, se encontró una reducción en la prevalencia de déficit en peso y talla en los grupos de menor de edad; y, en peso en personas adultos mayores; además, un aumento en la prevalencia de exceso de peso en todos los grupos de edad.
Effect of Utility Deregulation and Mergers on Consumer Welfare
Authors: Sonenshine Ralph
Published: December 2017

In the late 1990s, many U.S. states deregulated electric utilities, allowing for competition among power generators.   Deregulated states then adopted retail choice programs, allowing customers to choose their power provider.  In addition, a significant merger wave among large utilities ensued.  How did these events impact consumer welfare? This study examines the effects of utility deregulation and mergers, by analyzing electricity price and output changes among deregulated and regulated states.  I find that deregulation may have had a positive effect when states adopted certain measures, such as retail choice or fuel changes, that enhanced competition and lowered costs.  Mergers also affected consumer welfare, with differential impacts found between the merger of generation firms versus the merger of generation and transmission companies. 
WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT DAN KINERJA GURU WANITA SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI
Authors: HERWANTO HERWANTO , RUSTINA DEWI
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted to determine the effect of work-family conflict on the performance of female public elementary school teachers. This study uses quantitative approach, expose facto method. The technique used in this study sample was purposive sampling technique. Researchers adapted teacher performance research instruments developed based on Depdiknas theory. Work-family conflict instruments use the theory of Dawn S. Carlson and Larry J. Williams. The level of teacher performance item reliability of 0.81, and work-family conflict of 0.71. Final respondents from this study as many as 50 people. Hypothesis test is done by using regression analysis. The result of regression analysis showed that the significance value of 0.012 is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, then there is a significant influence of work-family conflict on the performance of female elementary school teachers. The result showed negative effects which indicates that the higher work- family conflict the teacher's performance in this study will decrease. Then the results of this study is a significant difference between work-family conflict on the performance of female public elementary school teachers. The magnitude of the resulting from regression analysis by 12.3%, while 87.7% are influenced by other factors that are not included in this study.