bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystallization depth beneath an oceanic detachment fault (ODP Hole 923A, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)
Authors: Lissenberg C. Johan , Rioux Matthew , MacLeod Christopher J. , Bowring Samuel A. , Shimizu Nobumichi
Published: December 2015

Oceanic detachment faults are increasingly recognized as playing an integral role in the seafloor spreading process at slow and ultraslow spreading mid‐ocean ridges, with significant consequences for the architecture of the oceanic lithosphere. Although melt supply is considered to play a critical control on the formation and evolution of oceanic detachments, much less well understood is how melts and faults interact and influence each other. Few direct constraints on the locus and depth of melt emplacement in the vicinity of detachments are available. Gabbros drilled in ODP Hole 923A near the intersection of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and the Kane transform fault (23°N; the MARK area) represent magmas emplaced into the footwall of such a detachment fault and unroofed by it. We here present U‐Pb zircon dates for these gabbros and associated diorite veins which, when combined with a tectonic reconstruction of the area, allow us to calculate the depths at which the melts crystallized. Th‐corrected single zircon U‐Pb dates from three samples range from 1.138 ± 0.062 to 1.213 ± 0.021 Ma. We find a crystallization depth of 6.4 +1.7/−1.3 km, and estimate that the melts parental to the gabbros were initially emplaced up to 1.5 km deeper, at <8 km below the seafloor. The tectonic reconstruction implies that the detachment fault responsible for the exposure of the sampled sequence likely crossed the ridge axis at depth, suggesting that melt emplacement into the footwall of oceanic detachment faults is an important process. The deep emplacement depth we find associated with “detachment mode” spreading at ∼1.2 Ma appears to be significantly greater than the depth of magma reservoirs during the current “magmatic mode” of spreading in the area, suggesting that the northern MARK segment preserves a recent switch between two temporally distinct modes of spreading with fundamentally different lithospheric architecture.
Full‐wave modeling of EMIC waves near the He+ gyrofrequency
Authors: Kim Eun‐Hwa , Johnson Jay R.
Published: December 2015

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are known to be excited by the cyclotron instability associated with hot and anisotropic ion distributions in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere and are thought to play a key role in radiation belt losses. Although detection of these waves at the ground can provide a global view of the EMIC wave environment, it is not clear what signatures, if any, would be expected. One of the significant scientific issues concerning EMIC waves is to understand how these waves are detected at the ground. In order to solve this puzzle, it is necessary to understand the propagation characteristics of the field‐aligned EMIC waves, which include polarization reversal, cutoff, resonance, and mode coupling between different wave modes, in a dipolar magnetic field. However, the inability of ray tracing to adequately describe wave propagation near the crossover cutoff‐resonance frequencies in multi‐ion plasmas is one of reasons why these scientific questions remain unsolved. Using a recently developed 2‐D full‐wave code that solves the full‐wave equations in global magnetospheric geometry, we demonstrate how EMIC waves propagate from the equatorial region to higher magnetic latitude in an electron‐proton‐He+ plasma. We find that polarization reversal occurs at the crossover frequency from left‐hand polarization (LHP) to right‐hand (RHP) polarization and such RHP EMIC waves can either propagate to the inner magnetosphere or reflect to the outer magnetosphere at the Buchsbaum resonance location. We also find that mode coupling from guided LHP EMIC waves to unguided RHP or LHP waves (i.e., fast mode) occurs.
Effective stress, friction, and deep crustal faulting
Authors: Beeler N. M. , Hirth Greg , Thomas Amanda , Bürgmann Roland
Published: December 2015

Studies of crustal faulting and rock friction invariably assume the effective normal stress that determines fault shear resistance during frictional sliding is the applied normal stress minus the pore pressure. Here we propose an expression for the effective stress coefficient αf at temperatures and stresses near the brittle‐ductile transition (BDT) that depends on the percentage of solid‐solid contact area across the fault. αf varies with depth and is only near 1 when the yield strength of asperity contacts greatly exceeds the applied normal stress. For a vertical strike‐slip quartz fault zone at hydrostatic pore pressure and assuming 1 mm and 1 km shear zone widths for friction and ductile shear, respectively, the BDT is at ~13 km. αf near 1 is restricted to depths where the shear zone is narrow. Below the BDT αf = 0 is due to a dramatically decreased strain rate. Under these circumstances friction cannot be reactivated below the BDT by increasing the pore pressure alone and requires localization. If pore pressure increases and the fault localizes back to 1 mm, then brittle behavior can occur to a depth of around 35 km. The interdependencies among effective stress, contact‐scale strain rate, and pore pressure allow estimates of the conditions necessary for deep low‐frequency seismicity seen on the San Andreas near Parkfield and in some subduction zones. Among the implications are that shear in the region separating shallow earthquakes and deep low‐frequency seismicity is distributed and that the deeper zone involves both elevated pore fluid pressure and localization.
The formation of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the Peru‐Chile Undercurrent and its impact on the near‐coastal salinity, oxygen, and nutrient distributions
Authors: Thomsen Soeren , Kanzow Torsten , Krahmann Gerd , Greatbatch Richard J. , Dengler Marcus , Lavik Gaute
Published: December 2015

The formation of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the Peru‐Chile Undercurrent (PCUC) in January and February 2013 is investigated using a multiplatform four‐dimensional observational approach. Research vessel, multiple glider, and mooring‐based measurements were conducted in the Peruvian upwelling regime near 12°30'S. The data set consists of >10,000 glider profiles and repeated vessel‐based hydrography and velocity transects. It allows a detailed description of the eddy formation and its impact on the near‐coastal salinity, oxygen, and nutrient distributions. In early January, a strong PCUC with maximum poleward velocities of ∼0.25 m/s at 100–200 m depth was observed. Starting on 20 January, a subsurface anticyclonic eddy developed in the PCUC downstream of a topographic bend, suggesting flow separation as the eddy formation mechanism. The eddy core waters exhibited oxygen concentration of <1 μmol/kg, an elevated nitrogen deficit of ∼17 μmol/L, and potential vorticity close to zero, which seemed to originate from the bottom boundary layer of the continental slope. The eddy‐induced across‐shelf velocities resulted in an elevated exchange of water masses between the upper continental slope and the open ocean. Small‐scale salinity and oxygen structures were formed by along‐isopycnal stirring, and indications of eddy‐driven oxygen ventilation of the upper oxygen minimum zone were observed. It is concluded that mesoscale stirring of solutes and the offshore transport of eddy core properties could provide an important coastal open ocean exchange mechanism with potentially large implications for nutrient budgets and biogeochemical cycling in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru.
A new framework for comprehensive, robust, and efficient global sensitivity analysis: 2. Application
Authors: Razavi Saman , Gupta Hoshin V.
Published: December 2015

Based on the theoretical framework for sensitivity analysis called “Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces” (VARS), developed in the companion paper, we develop and implement a practical “star‐based” sampling strategy (called STAR‐VARS), for the application of VARS to real‐world problems. We also develop a bootstrap approach to provide confidence level estimates for the VARS sensitivity metrics and to evaluate the reliability of inferred factor rankings. The effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness of STAR‐VARS are demonstrated via two real‐data hydrological case studies (a 5‐parameter conceptual rainfall‐runoff model and a 45‐parameter land surface scheme hydrology model), and a comparison with the “derivative‐based” Morris and “variance‐based” Sobol approaches are provided. Our results show that STAR‐VARS provides reliable and stable assessments of “global” sensitivity across the full range of scales in the factor space, while being 1–2 orders of magnitude more efficient than the Morris or Sobol approaches.
Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in India from the updated GRACE‐derived gravity records
Authors: Panda Dileep K. , Wahr John
Published: December 2015

Investigating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is important for understanding response of the hydrological cycle to recent climate variability worldwide. This is particularly critical in India where the current economic development and food security greatly depend on its water resources. We use 129 monthly gravity solutions from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites for the period of January 2003 to May 2014 to characterize spatiotemporal variations of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS). The spatiotemporal evolution of GRACE data reflects consistent patterns with that of several hydroclimatic variables and also shows that most of the water loss has occurred in the northern parts of India. Substantial GWS depletion at the rate of 1.25 and 2.1 cm yr−1 has taken place, respectively in the Ganges Basin and Punjab state, which are known as the India's grain bowl. Of particular concern is the Ganges Basin's storage loss in drought years, primarily due to anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals that sustain rice and wheat cultivation. We estimate these losses to be approximately 41, 44, and 42 km3 in 2004, 2009, and 2012, respectively. The GWS depletions that constitute about 90% of the observed TWS loss are also influenced by a marked rise in temperatures since 2008. A high degree of correspondence between GRACE‐derived GWS and in situ groundwater levels from observation well validates the results. This validation increases confidence level in the application of GRACE observations in monitoring large‐scale storage changes in intensely irrigated areas in India and other regions around the world.
Design and performance analysis of LMS algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with CFAR detector under non‐homogeneous clutter scenarios
Authors: Mandal Amritakar , Mishra Rajesh
Published: December 2015

The paper presents performance analysis of least‐mean‐square algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector for the purpose of better detection of target under non‐homogeneous clutter environment in radar application. The objective of this paper is to develop a method by redesigning the radar detector in such a way to emphasize the target response and de‐emphasize the clutter response. The hardware implementation using pipeline technique for the adaptive filter reveals its capability to support high sampling frequency, which is an ardent necessity for high performance radar. The moderate area‐delay‐product and low power consumption have made it suitable for hardware realization for such application. The extensive MATLAB simulation of proposed design shows remarkable improvement of detection performance in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio of 17 dB considering probability of detection at 0.8 over the generic cell averaging CFAR (CA‐CFAR). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Branched Alkylboronates by Copper‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions of Allylic Chlorides with 1,1‐Diborylalkanes
Authors: Kim Junghoon , Park Sangwoo , Park Jinyoung , Cho Seung Hwan
Published: December 2015

Reported herein is a copper‐catalyzed SN2′‐selective allylic substitution reaction using readily accessible allylic chlorides and 1,1‐diborylalkanes, a reaction which proceeds with chemoselective C−B bond activation of the 1,1‐diborylalkanes. In the presence of a catalytic amount of [Cu(IMes)Cl] [IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene] and LiOtBu as a base, a range of primary and secondary allylic chlorides undergo the SN2′‐selective allylic substitution reaction to produce branched alkylboronates. The synthetic utilities of the obtained alkylboronates are also presented.
Photocytotoxicity and G‐quadruplex DNA interaction of water‐soluble gallium(III) tris(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)corrole complex
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Wen Jin‐Yan , Lv Biao‐Biao , Li Xu , Ying Xiao , Wang Ya‐Jun , Zhang Hai‐Tao , Wang Hui , Liu Hai‐Yang , Chang C.‐K.
Published: December 2015

A water‐soluble cationic gallium corrole, 5,10,15‐tris(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)corrolatogallium(III) (3), was prepared and characterized. The photocytotoxicity of 3 was investigated using Hep G2 cancer cell line. Upon treatment with corrole 3 and irradiation, fragmentation of tumor cell nuclei was observed, which led to apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis clearly showed the efficient induction of apoptotic cell death, and corrole 3 exhibited high photocytotoxicity towards Hep G2 cancer cells (IC50 = 60 nM). Furthermore, the binding behavior of corrole 3 with c‐MYC G‐quadruplex DNA, a potent target for antitumor drugs, was investigated using spectroscopic methods and molecular docking simulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide‐grafted cationic cellulose flocculants
Authors: Zhang Hairong , Guo Haijun , Wang Bo , Xiong Lian , Shi Silan , Chen Xinde
Published: December 2015

In this work, cationic cellulose (CC) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was successfully synthesized by the reaction between cellulose and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in a 7 wt % NaOH and 12 wt % urea aqueous solution. The structure of the CC was characterized by using elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR, and FTIR. The DS values of CC ranged between 0.18 and 0.50, which could be obtained by adjusting the reaction temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of CHPTAC to anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The cationic cellulose–graft–polyacrylamide flocculant (CC‐g‐PAM) based on CC and polyacrylamide (PAM) was also synthesized in a homogeneous aqueous solution. The flocculation characteristics of CC and CC‐g‐PAM were evaluated in a kaolin suspension. The results showed that CC‐g‐PAM was an effective flocculant for the kaolin suspension under acidic or neutral conditions, and the flocculation efficiency was over 90%, while the CC showed better flocculation performance under alkaline conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43106.
Subregional differences in intrinsic amygdala hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kleinhans Natalia M. , Reiter Maya A. , Neuhaus Emily , Pauley Greg , Martin Nathalie , Dager Stephen , Estes Annette
Published: December 2015

The amygdala is a complex structure with distinct subregions and dissociable functional networks. The laterobasal subregion of the amygdala is hypothesized to mediate the presentation and severity of autism symptoms, although very little data are available regarding amygdala dysfunction at the subregional level. In this study, we investigated the relationship between abnormal amygdalar intrinsic connectivity, autism symptom severity, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. We collected resting state fMRI data on 31 high functioning adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder and 38 typically developing (TD) controls aged 14–45. Twenty‐five participants with ASD and 28 TD participants were included in the final analyses. ASD participants were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Adult participants were administered the Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Functional connectivity analyses were conducted from three amygdalar subregions: centromedial (CM), laterobasal (LB) and superficial (SF). In addition, correlations with the behavioral measures were tested in the adult participants. In general, the ASD group showed significantly decreased connectivity from the LB subregion and increased connectivity from the CM and SF subregions compared to the TD group. We found evidence that social symptoms are primarily associated with under‐connectivity from the LB subregion whereas over‐connectivity and under‐connectivity from the CM, SF and LB subregions are related to co‐morbid depression and anxiety in ASD, in brain regions that were distinct from those associated with social dysfunction, and in different patterns than were observed in mildly symptomatic TD participants. Our findings provide new evidence for functional subregional differences in amygdala pathophysiology in ASD. Autism Res 2016, 9: 760–772. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How do shoppers behave online? An observational study of online grocery shopping
Authors: Anesbury Zachary , Nenycz‐Thiel Magda , Dawes John , Kennedy Rachel
Published: December 2015

The pace of online shopping revenue growth means it is important for retailers and manufacturers to understand how consumers behave online compared with their behaviour in brick and mortar stores. We conducted a study in which the detailed behaviour of 40 shoppers was screen recorded while they each undertook an online shopping ‘trip’. The shopping trip comprised purchasing a basket of 12 commonly bought grocery categories at one of two major retailers. The shoppers were all inexperienced in online grocery shopping. Results show that online grocery shopping is fast, even for these consumers who were new to it – half of the online shoppers spent less than 10 seconds purchasing from a category. This result is very similar to that of past studies in physical stores. Indeed, half of all the 12 item‐shopping trips took less than 10 minutes. Also, most purchases were made from the first category page displayed in the retailer's online store. Shoppers also consistently used the default display options chosen by the retailers but used a combination of navigational tools to find their products. We conclude that online shoppers do not behave differently from those offline in terms of time spent or effort expended. Online shopping, in the grocery context at least, seems to primarily reflect a desire for time efficiency on the part of the shopper. In that regard, online shopping seems very similar to in‐store shopping. The study begins the job of documenting shopper behaviour into this new channel and provides practical knowledge for retailers and manufacturers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate Scope Evaluation of the Enantioselective Reduction of β‐Alkyl‐β‐arylnitroalkenes by Old Yellow Enzymes 1–3 for Organic Synthesis Applications
Authors: Bertolotti Mattia , Brenna Elisabetta , Crotti Michele , Gatti Francesco G. , Monti Daniela , Parmeggiani Fabio , Santangelo Sara
Published: December 2015

The substrate scope of the old yellow enzyme catalyzed reduction of β‐alkyl‐β‐arylnitroalkenes is investigated. Compounds bearing either alkyl chains of increasing length at the carbon atom in position β to the nitro group or different substituents on the aromatic ring are prepared and submitted to bioreduction, to define the synthetic potential of this enantioselective reaction in the preparation of chiral fine chemicals. The versatility of the resulting nitroalkanes as chiral building blocks is shown by reducing the nitro group into a primary amine and by converting it into a carboxylic acid moiety by Meyer reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Adaptability of 1/1 Cubic Approximant Structure in the Mg—Al—Zn System with the Particular Example of Mg32Al12Zn37.
Authors: Montagne Pierre , Tillard Monique
Published: December 2015

Mg32Al12Zn37 single crystals are obtained from the elements (Ta tube in stainless steel jacket, 800 °C, 16 h; 10 °C/h cooling rate).
Aggregate aufgelöst
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2015

Katarakte in der Augenlinse (Grauer Star) entstehen durch Aggregation und Ausfällung von normalerweise löslichen Eiweißmolekülen. Durch Aufklärung der Mechanismen von genetisch bedingten Veranlagungen zu vorzeitiger Kataraktbildung konnten Forscher in China nun eine körpereigene Substanz aufspüren, welche die Aggregatbildung nicht nur verhindern, sondern sogar rückgängig machen kann.
Influence of the Metal Ions on the Allylic Rearrangement Reaction of 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride
Authors: Pang Yuanchao , Zheng Yanzhen
Published: December 2015

To further investigate the influence of metal ions on the allylic rearrangement of 3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride during the hydrothermal reaction, metal ions such as manganese(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) have been employed in the synthesis, which leads to the formation of three new lamellar coordination polymers, [MnII5(µ3‐OH)3(1‐chec)(1,2‐chedc)(2,3‐chedc)2(H2O)] (3Mn), [ZnII5(µ3‐OH)3(1‐chec)(1,2‐chedc)(2,3‐chedc)2(H2O)] (4Zn), and [CdII3(µ3‐OH)2(1,2‐chedc)2] (5Cd) (1‐chec=cyclohexene‐1‐carboxylate, 1,2‐chedc=cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboxylate, 2,3‐chedc=cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboxylate). Interestingly, the allylic rearrangement reaction is metal‐dependent, which occurs only in 3Mn and 4Zn, resulting in the formation of one chiral carbon atom of the corresponding dicarboxylate ligands in both compounds. In addition, the magnetic property of compound 3Mn was studied, which revealed strong antiferromagnetic interactions between the metal centers.
Graphene Nanoribbons from Tetraphenylethene‐Based Polymeric Precursor: Chemical Synthesis and Application in Thin‐Film Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Ma Ji , Zhu Haoyun , Huang Wei , Lin Tingting , Pan Xiaoyong , Wang Weizhi
Published: December 2015

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with a non‐zero bandgap are regarded as a promising candidate for the fabrication of electronic devices. In this study, large‐scale solution synthesis of narrow GNRs was firstly achieved by the intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of kinked tetraphenylethene (TPE) polymer precursors prepared by A2B2‐type Suzuki‐Miyaura polymerization. After the cyclization reaction, the nanoribbons have a better conjugation than the twisted polymer precursor, resulting in obvious red shift in UV/vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The efficient formation of conjugated nanoribbons was also investigated by Raman, FTIR spectroscopy, and microscopic studies. Furthermore, such structurally well‐defined GNRs have been successfully developed for top‐gated field‐effect transistor (FET) by directly solution processing. The AFM images show that the prepared‐GNRs thin films form crystalline fibrillar intercalating networks, which can effectively facilitate the charge transport. These FET devices with ion‐gel gate dielectrics exhibit low‐voltage operation (<5 V) with excellent mobility up to 0.41 cm2·V−1·s−1 and an on‐off ratio of 3×104, thus opening up new opportunities for flexible GNRs‐based electronic devices.
A Facile Method to Prepare Three‐Dimensional Fe2O3/Graphene Composites as the Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wu Jifeng , Zhou Anan , Huang Zhifeng , Li Lei , Bai Hua
Published: December 2015

Metal oxides comprise an important class of electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this paper, we report the preparation of three‐dimensional (3D) Fe2O3/chemically converted graphene composites and their application in supercapacitors. The composites are synthesized via a one‐step reaction between graphene oxide and Fe2+ at a mild condition. During the reaction graphene oxide sheets are reduced and self‐assemble into a 3D network, while Fe2+ is converted into Fe2O3 and deposited onto the graphene network. This structure facilitates the diffusion of the electrolyte and the electron transfer between Fe2O3 and the current collector, thus endows the composites with high capacitive performance. A high specific capacitance of 264 F·g−1 (2.5 A·g−1) at the working potential of 0–−1 V vs. saturated calomel electrode is achieved on the Fe2O3/chemically converted graphene composites. Meanwhile, the composites show good cycling stability, with capacitance retention of 95.7% after 5000 cycles. This work provides a facile method to fabricate cathode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors.
Effects of anatomical differences on electromagnetic fields, SAR, and temperature change
Authors: Alon Leeor , Deniz Cem M. , Carluccio Giuseppe , Brown Ryan , Sodickson Daniel K. , Collins Christopher M.
Published: December 2015

Electromagnetic field simulations are increasingly used to assure RF safety of patients during MRI exams. In practice, however, tissue property distribution of the patient being imaged is not known, but may be represented with a pre‐existing model. Repeatedly, agreement in transmit magnetic (
) field distributions between two geometries has been used to suggest agreement in heating distributions. Here we examine relative effects of anatomical differences on
distribution, specific absorption rate (SAR), and temperature change (ΔT). Numerical simulations were performed for a single surface coil positioned adjacent a homogeneous phantom and bovine phantom, each with slight geometric variations, and adjacent two different human body models. Experimental demonstration was performed on a bovine phantom using MR thermometry and
mapping. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that
distributions in different samples can be well correlated, while notable difference in maximum SAR and ΔT occur. This work illustrates challenges associated with utilizing simulations or experiments for RF safety assurance purposes. Reliance on
distributions alone for validation of simulations and/or experiments with a sample or subject for assurance of safety in another should be performed with caution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 8–18, 2016
Fixed Energy Universality for Generalized Wigner Matrices
Authors: Bourgade Paul , Erdős Laszlo , Yau Horng‐Tzer , Yin Jun
Published: December 2015

We prove the Wigner‐Dyson‐Mehta conjecture at fixed energy in the bulk of the spectrum for generalized symmetric and Hermitian Wigner matrices. Previous results concerning the universality of random matrices either require an averaging in the energy parameter or they hold only for Hermitian matrices if the energy parameter is fixed. We develop a homogenization theory of the Dyson Brownian motion and show that microscopic universality follows from mesoscopic statistics.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Authors: Tanai Edit , Frantz Stefan
Published: December 2015

Heart failure is considered an epidemic disease in the modern world affecting approximately 1% to 2% of adult population. It presents a multifactorial, systemic disease, in which–‐after cardiac injury‐–structural, neurohumoral, cellular, and molecular mechanisms are activated and act as a network to maintain physiological functioning. These coordinated, complex processes lead to excessive volume overload, increased sympathetic activity, circulation redistribution, and result in different, parallel developing clinical signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms sum up to an unspecific clinical picture; thus invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tools are used to get an accurate diagnosis and to specify the underlying cause. The most important, outcome determining factor in heart failure is its constant progression. Constant optimizing of pharmatherapeutical regimes, novel targets, and fine regulation of these processes try to keep these compensatory mechanisms in a physiological range. Beside pharmacological therapy, interventional and surgical therapy options give new chances in the management of heart failure. For the optimization and establishment of these and novel therapeutical approaches, complete and comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is essentially needed. Besides diagnosis and treatment, efforts should be made for better prevention in heart failure by treatment of risk factors, or identifying and following risk groups. This summary of the pathophysiology of heart failure tries to give a compact overview of basic mechanisms and of the novel unfolding, progressive theory of heart failure to contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge of the disease. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:187‐214, 2016.
Glucose Transporters in Cardiac Metabolism and Hypertrophy
Authors: Shao Dan , Tian Rong
Published: December 2015

The heart is adapted to utilize all classes of substrates to meet the high‐energy demand, and it tightly regulates its substrate utilization in response to environmental changes. Although fatty acids are known as the predominant fuel for the adult heart at resting stage, the heart switches its substrate preference toward glucose during stress conditions such as ischemia and pathological hypertrophy. Notably, increasing evidence suggests that the loss of metabolic flexibility associated with increased reliance on glucose utilization contribute to the development of cardiac dysfunction. The changes in glucose metabolism in hypertrophied hearts include altered glucose transport and increased glycolysis. Despite the role of glucose as an energy source, changes in other nonenergy producing pathways related to glucose metabolism, such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway, are also observed in the diseased hearts. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the regulation of glucose transporter expression and translocation in the heart during physiological and pathological conditions. It also discusses the signaling mechanisms governing glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes, as well as the changes of cardiac glucose metabolism under disease conditions. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:331‐351, 2016.
Glutathione Bioresponsive Cyclodextrin Nanosponges
Authors: Trotta Francesco , Caldera Fabrizio , Dianzani Chiara , Argenziano Monica , Barrera Giuseppina , Cavalli Roberta
Published: December 2015

Cyclodextrin‐based nanosponges are designed as new nanostructured material for drug delivery. In vitro and in vivo studies show that nanosponges can increase the effectiveness of anti‐cancer drugs encapsulated within their nanostructure. Reported is a new, cheap glutathione (GSH)‐responsive material easily obtained in high yield through a one‐step synthetic route. Effectiveness of this GSH‐responsive material was proved using several tumor cells and doxorubicin as model anticancer drug. The release of the drug was in according with the GSH content in tumor cells.
Synthesis of 2‐Phosphaindolizine and [1,3]Azaphospholo[1,5‐a]quin­oline
Authors: Hettstedt Christina , Mayer Robert J. , Martens Jörn F. , Linert Sarah , Karaghiosoff Konstantin
Published: December 2015

The reaction of (chloromethyl)dichlorophosphine (1) with 2‐[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]pyridine (6) and 2‐[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]quinoline (12) in THF affords unsubstituted parent 2‐phosphaindolizine (5) and [1,3]azaphospholo[1,5‐a]quinoline (7). Multinuclear low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the reaction mechanism; a cascade of substitution and cyclization steps involving transient picolylphosphines and phosphorus heterocycles was identified. The molecular and crystal structures of two heterocyclic intermediates and of 7 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Moreover, all intermediates and products were characterized by multinuclear 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
One‐Pot Transformation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids into N‐Alkylsuccin­imides with NIS and NCS/NaI
Authors: Nakai Yuhta , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: December 2015

Primary aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) in 1,2‐dichloroethane to form the corresponding alkyl iodides under warming conditions. Based on these results, those aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with NIS, followed by the reaction with K2CO3 to give the corresponding N‐alkylsuccinimides in good yields in one pot. Moreover, those aliphatic carboxylic acids were treated with N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and NaI, followed by the reaction with K2CO3 to provide the corresponding N‐alkylsuccinimides in good to moderate yields in one pot. By using the present method, successive treatment of primary aliphatic carboxylic acids (10 mmol) with NIS, K2CO3, and then hydrazine provided the corresponding decarboxylated primary amines in good yield.
Consider creative approaches to balancing family with career
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2015

ORLANDO, FLA. — Finding the right balance between family and work certainly has its challenges for any parent. But that juggle becomes even more challenging when you have a career in enrollment management and recruitment, with its long hours and events that often overlap into nights and weekends. It's further complicated if you're a single parent or if your career takes you far from the support of extended family.
Differential protein expression in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis after diuron and alkylphenol exposures
Authors: Boulangé-Lecomte Céline , Rocher Béatrice , Cailleaud Kévin , Cosette Pascal , Legrand Eléna , Devreker David , Budzinski Hélène , Souissi Sami , Forget-Leray Joëlle
Published: December 2015

Proteomics was used in the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis for screening of protein expression modifications induced by organic contaminants. The copepods were exposed in a continuous flow-through system for 86 h to environmentally relevant concentrations of contaminants representative of the pollution in the Seine Estuary (Haute-Normandie, France; diuron, 500 ng L−1; alkylphenol mixture, 1000 ng L−1). Proteome analysis of whole-body copepod extracts by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that the contaminants induced modifications in protein expression, with the highest quantitative variations occurring after diuron exposure. Specifically, 88 and 41 proteins were differentially expressed after diuron and alkylphenol treatments, respectively. After mass spectrometry analysis, 51 (diuron exposure) and 15 (alkylphenol exposure) proteins were identified. The identified proteins were potentially related to energy metabolism, cell growth, nervous signal conductivity, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress response, and antioxidant defense. The data suggest a massive general disturbance of physiological functions of E. affinis after diuron exposure, whereas alkylphenols induced an alteration of a few targeted physiological functions. The protein expression signatures identified after contaminant exposure deserve further investigation in terms of the development of novel potential biomarkers for water quality assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1860–1871. © 2015 SETAC
Supreme Court Clarifies Federal Versus State Authority Over Natural Gas
Authors: Sabino Michael A.
Published: December 2015

This maxim stretches back to ancient times. The natural gas industry is well familiar with this precept and is often bedeviled by it. Precisely stated, industry players often find themselves being called to account by two overlords: the federal government, which demands compliance from the vast interstate components of the industry, while the second set of erstwhile masters are the several states that insist they have the right to oversee the industry's more local operations.
GHG 101 Revisited: Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Has Recent Updates
Authors: Breitling Amanda K. , Owen Blair A.
Published: December 2015

According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, the electricity generation sector accounted for approximately 31 percent of all US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013, and natural gas was the fuel for roughly 27 percent of electricity generated. Although GHG emissions from electric generation have decreased since 2007, the EPA realizes that the demand for electricity will continue to grow.
Natural Gas, 2016 and Beyond
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: December 2015

Heading into 2016, the US natural gas industry is obviously in some distress.
The comparative efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease: a Bayesian network meta‐analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Hisanori , Ohnishi Takashi , Nakagawa Ryoko , Yoshizawa Kazutake
Published: December 2015

Background

Comparative evidence for efficacy and safety of second‐generation cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) is still sparse.

Objectives

The purpose of this research is to compare three ChEIs, donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine, in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review for published articles and included randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials and head‐to‐head randomised trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ChEIs in patients with AD. We examined Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Clinician's Interview‐Based Impression of Change plus caregiver's input (CIBIC+) and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) as efficacy endpoints. Withdrawals due to adverse events and number of patients experiencing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dizziness were examined as safety profiles. Network meta‐analyses were sequentially performed for efficacy and safety outcomes based on drug/dose treatment conditions.

Results

Among the 21 trials included, network meta‐analysis showed that all treatments were significantly more efficacious than placebo in cognition measured by ADAS‐Cog. All treatments except galantamine were significantly more efficacious than placebo in global change in CIBIC+ or CGIC. Across all conditions, no significant efficacy was observed in neuropsychiatric symptoms measured by NPI. Derived hierarchies in the efficacy of treatment conditions were variables across efficacy and safety.

Conclusions

Our analysis is the first attempt to incorporate available direct and indirect evidence. The results suggest that ChEIs should have significant efficacy for cognition and global change assessment, but the efficacy on neuropsychiatric symptoms is questionable in patients with mild‐to‐moderate AD.
Profilometry: A new statistical framework for the characterization of white matter pathways, with application to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dayan Michael , Monohan Elizabeth , Pandya Sneha , Kuceyeski Amy , Nguyen Thanh D. , Raj Ashish , Gauthier Susan A.
Published: December 2015

Aims: describe a new “profilometry” framework for the multimetric analysis of white matter tracts, and demonstrate its application to multiple sclerosis (MS) with radial diffusivity (RD) and myelin water fraction (MWF). Methods: A cohort of 15 normal controls (NC) and 141 MS patients were imaged with T1, T2 FLAIR, T2 relaxometry and diffusion MRI (dMRI) sequences. T1 and T2 FLAIR allowed for the identification of patients having lesion(s) on the tracts studied, with a special focus on the forceps minor. T2 relaxometry provided MWF maps, while dMRI data yielded RD maps and the tractography required to compute MWF and RD tract profiles. The statistical framework combined a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) both accounting for age and gender, with multiple comparison corrections. Results: In the single‐case case study the profilometry visualization showed a clear departure of MWF and RD from the NC normative data at the lesion location(s). Group comparison from MANCOVA demonstrated significant differences at lesion locations, and a significant age effect in several tracts. The follow‐up LDA analysis suggested MWF better discriminates groups than RD. Discussion and conclusion: While progress has been made in both tract‐profiling and metrics for white matter characterization, no single framework for a joint analysis of multimodality tract profiles accounting for age and gender is known to exist. The profilometry analysis and visualization appears to be a promising method to compare groups using a single score from MANCOVA while assessing the contribution of each metric with LDA. Hum Brain Mapp 37:989–1004, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strontium Ranelate Reduces the Fracture Incidence in a Growing Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Shi Changgui , Hu Bo , Guo Lei , Cao Peng , Tian Ye , Ma Jun , Chen Yuanyuan , Wu Huiqiao , Hu Jinquan , Deng Lianfu , Zhang Ying , Yuan Wen
Published: December 2015

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic bone dysplasia characterized by brittle bones with increased fracture risk. Although current treatment options to improve bone strength in OI focus on antiresorptive bisphosphonates, controlled clinical trials suggest they have an equivocal effect on reducing fracture risk. Strontium ranelate (SrR) is a promising therapy with a dual mode of action that is capable of simultaneously maintaining bone formation and reducing bone resorption, and may be beneficial for the treatment of OI. In this study, SrR therapy was investigated to assess its effects on fracture frequency and bone mass and strength in an animal model of OI, the oim/oim mouse. Three-week-old oim/oim and wt/wt mice were treated with either SrR or vehicle (Veh) for 11 weeks. After treatment, the average number of fractures sustained by SrR-treated oim/oim mice was significantly reduced compared to Veh-treated oim/oim mice. Micro–computed tomographic (μCT) analyses of femurs showed that both trabecular and cortical bone mass were significantly improved with SrR treatment in both genotypes. SrR significantly inhibited bone resorption, whereas bone formation indices were maintained. Biomechanical testing revealed improved bone structural properties in both oim/oim and wild-type (wt/wt) mice under the treatment, whereas no significant effects on bone brittleness and material quality were observed. In conclusion, SrR was able to effectively reduce fractures in oim/oim mice by improving bone mass and strength and thus represents a potential therapy for the treatment of pediatric OI. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evaluation of an Automated Chemiluminescent Immunoassay in Typing Detection of IgG Antibodies Against Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Li Zhiyan , Yan Rong , Yan Cunling , Liu Ping , Feng Zhenru
Published: December 2015

Backgroud

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV‐1 and HSV‐2) are common infectious agents worldwide and the primary infection of HSV remains a major problem in the pregnant women in China nowadays. At present, typing detection of HSV is mainly based on ELISA in China.

Methods

In this study, we evaluated the performance of a newly introduced chemiluminescent immunoassay assay (CLIA) for the determination of serum HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.

Results

The functional sensitivity of detecting HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 IgG were 0.7 Index and 0.6 Index, respectively. The repeatability and the total imprecision coefficient of variations were both below 10%, and the recoveries of these assays ranged from 90% to 110%. High concentration of hemoglobin, lipids, and bilirubin in samples did not affect the results. The infective rates of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 were 919 (87.5%) and 169 (16.1%), respectively. HSV‐1 seroprevalence was significantly higher than that of HSV‐2 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

CLIA is an excellent method for HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 IgG measurement and can be used as a routine screening test. The infective rate of HSV was pretty high among women before pregnancy or in the period of pregnancy in Beijing.
Detection of Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) in Human Serum Samples Using a Specific Monoclonal Antibody‐Based Sandwich Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Authors: Zhou Lijun , Lv Zhiqiang , Shao Jing , Xu Ying , Luo Xiaohong , Zhang Yuming , Hu Yang , Zhang Wenji , Luo Shuhong , Fang Jianmin , Wang Ying , Duan Chaohui , Huang Ruopan
Published: December 2015

Background

The human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) may have high specificity in the detection of malignant diseases, making the development of an immunoassay for HE4 essential.

Methods

In our study, a fusion gene was constructed encoded with the HE4 protein. This protein was then produced in the bacterial cells (Escherichia coli) and used to immunize mice in order to eventually generate hybridomas specific to HE4. The hybridoma supernatants were then screened, and four positive anti‐HE4 cell lines were selected. These cell lines produce monoclonal antibodies against HE4 epitopes, as demonstrated in the Western blot as well as by direct enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using the developed antibodies, we successfully identified several good antibody pairs from the hybridomas, which allowed for the development of a sandwich ELISA to measure HE4 levels. By using the HE4 ELISA, we measured HE4 levels of 60 clinical human serum samples.

Results

Compared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved kit (Roche), our results showed a strong positive correlation to those of the FDA‐approved kit.

Conclusions

In summary, highly sensitive antibody pairs were screened against HE4, and a sandwich ELISA was developed as an accurate analytical tool for the detection of HE4 in human serum, which could be especially valuable for diagnosing ovarian carcinomas.
Postpartum uterine artery blood flow impedance following cesarean section or vaginal delivery
Authors: Baron Joel , Hershkovitz Reli , Baumfeld Yael , Imterat Majdi , Sciaky‐Tamir Yael , Mastrolia Salvatore A. , Schwarzman Polina , Weintraub Adi Y.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To compare uterine arteries (UtA) blood flow after cesarean section (CS) or vaginal delivery (VD).

Methods

We performed a prospective case‐control study comparing UtA blood flow impedance in patients who delivered by CS or VD. The UtA pulsatility index (PI) was measured with Doppler ultrasound during post partum using a transabdominal convex probe. Maternal and gestational age, parity, gravidity, and delay between delivery and Doppler measurement were noted.

Results

We examined 106 postnatal patients, of whom 35 had CS delivery and 71 had VD. The median delay from delivery to Doppler measurement was 35 hours for the CS group and 32 hours for the VD group. The mean PI following CS and VD was 1.62 ± 0.45 and 1.42 ± 0.47, respectively. Using a linear model, the regression coefficients for mean, right, and left PI were not significantly different depending on the mode of delivery. There was no difference between emergency and elective CS.

Conclusions

Early postpartum UtA blood flow impedance is not significantly different after CS or VD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:278–283, 2016
For Leaders to be Transformational, They Must Think Imaginatively
Authors: Curtis Guy J. , Cerni Tom
Published: December 2015

In the current article, it is argued that individual differences in imaginative thinking may predict transformational leadership. Transformational leaders create a vision for the future, which they must imagine. Moreover, being able to imagine differences in thinking and behavior may aid in the development of more transformation leaders via guided reflection on their leadership practices. Ultimately, assessment of individual differences in imaginative thinking may be useful in recruitment of leaders.