bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The solubility of potato proteins from industrial potato fruit juice as influenced by pH and various additives
Authors: van Koningsveld Gerrit A , Gruppen Harry , de Jongh Harmen H J , Wijngaards Gerrit , van Boekel Martinus A J S , Walstra Pieter , Voragen Alphons G J
Published: October 2002

The effects of pH and various additives on the precipitation and (re)solubility at pH 7 of potato proteins from industrial potato fruit juice (PFJ) were studied. The use of various strong and weak acids did not result in differences in protein precipitation, which on average occurred to a maximum of 60% of total protein at pH 3. Weak acids did, however, result in precipitates with a higher resolubility at pH 7 compared with strong acids. At pH 5, addition of FeCl3 or ZnCl2 increased both precipitation and resolubility compared with the situation without additives. The largest increases in both precipitation and resolubility were achieved using organic solvents at pH 5 as an additive, resulting in a maximum precipitation and maximum resolubility at pH 7 of 91 and 83% of total protein respectively. The results described in this study lead to the hypothesis that precipitation and resolubilisation of potato proteins from PFJ are not determined by their isoelectric pH but by their interactions with low‐molecular‐weight components.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro degradability of three forages: fermentation kinetics and gas production of NDF and neutral detergent‐soluble fraction of forages
Authors: Calabrò Serena , Infascelli Federico , Bovera Fulvia , Moniello Giuseppe , Piccolo Vincenzo
Published: October 2002

The fermentation of the neutral detergent‐soluble (NDS) fraction of three forages (alfalfa hay, Italian ryegrass + oats hay and corn silage) was measured using a curve subtraction technique with in vitro gas production data from the whole forage (WF) and the isolated neutral detergent fibre (NDF). NDF disappearance and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were determined. There was no significant difference between the VFA patterns from the whole forage and the isolated NDF. There were significant (P < 0.001) linear correlations between the volume of gas and moles of VFA produced and the mass of fibre digested in the NDF samples. Using the monophasic curve model, maximum gas production rates (RM) for the whole forages and the isolated NDF and NDS fractions can be calculated. For all three forages we obtained RM‐NDS > RM‐WF > RM‐NDF. Trends in the rates of gas and VFA production were similar in the whole forages. The NDF showed a high superimposition between substrate degradability and VFA production. Our experiment confirmed the curve subtraction technique as a simple method to obtain information on the size and digestion kinetics of the NDS fraction, which helps in understanding the nutritional significance of this important fraction of the forages studied.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Electronic nose analysis of volatile compounds from poultry meat samples, fresh and after refrigerated storage
Authors: Boothe Dorothy D H , Arnold Judy W
Published: October 2002

Electronic nose technology has previously been applied to the assessment of the quality of red meats, pork and fish, but not poultry products. In the present study the ability of the electronic nose to assess the microbiological quality of raw poultry meat as a function of storage time and temperature was investigated. Four types of chicken pieces (boneless breast with and without skin, wings and thighs) were stored for up to 2 days at 13 °C (the maximum allowable temperature in poultry processing environments) or for up to 5 days at 4 °C (refrigeration temperature for raw poultry products prior to shipping or further processing). Saline rinses of meat samples were serially diluted in tryptic soy broth to 10−10. The rinses and their associated serial dilutions were analysed on an electronic nose with 12 metal oxide sensors in order to determine the specificity and sensitivity respectively of the assay. Principal component analysis (PCA) maps of the data confirmed that the electronic nose could differentiate volatile compounds associated with individual types of meat samples properly stored at 4 °C from those maintained at processing temperature, 13 °C, for a comparable time, even as early as day 1 of storage. Differences in headspace gases from any type of meat sample stored at one temperature could also be determined with increased storage time. However, data from samples stored at 4 °C clustered more tightly in PCA maps than those associated with samples maintained at 13 °C, indicating a greater diversity in volatile compounds at the higher temperature. We have shown herein that the electronic nose can detect changes in the volatile compounds associated with chicken meat based on product storage time and temperature; the technology can assess length of sample storage as well as deviation from refrigeration temperature.

Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of altering fermentation parameters on glycerol and bioethanol production from cane molasses
Authors: Munene Cate N , Kampen Willem H , Njapau Henry
Published: October 2002

Current bioethanol production processes do not produce more than approximately 13 g l−1 glycerol at a purity of 11% total solids in the fermented mash. Such quantities are not sufficiently high for economic exploitation unless very‐large‐capacity plants are involved. It was envisaged that the ratio of glycerol to bioethanol could be altered in favour of glycerol by adjusting such fermentation parameters as osmotic pressure (water activity), pH, temperature and yeast cell inoculum. At 39.9 ° brix, pH 8.7, 38 °C, 90.7 atm and 120 × 106 yeast cells ml−1, glycerol formation in fermented mash increased to 56 g l−1 at a purity of 14% total solids. The potential for high glycerol production, hence higher revenue, has been demonstrated. Adoption of this technology could have a significant positive economic impact on existing or new biomass‐to‐ethanol plants.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal gelation of brown trout myofibrils from white and red muscles: effect of pH and ionic strength
Authors: Lefevre Florence , Fauconneau Benoit , Ouali Ahmed , Culioli Joseph
Published: October 2002

The effects of pH and ionic strength on the thermal gelation of brown trout myofibrils from white and red muscles were analysed by thermal scanning rheometry. The highest gelation ability was obtained at low pH (around 5.6) whatever the ionic strength. No effect of ionic strength was observed at pH 5.6; however, at pH 6.0, lowering the salt (KCl) concentration to 0.3 M or less improved the characteristics of the gels formed. The effects of pH and ionic strength on myofibrils from both muscle types appeared to be similar, but red muscle proteins were less sensitive to changes in their physicochemical environment. Consequently, the differences between muscle types appeared to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. Solubility measurements revealed large differences between muscle types and between different pH values. Ultrastructural observations confirmed that different kinds of gels were formed depending on the physicochemical conditions and muscle type origin.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships between volatile composition and sensory evaluation in eight varieties of netted muskmelon (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus Naud)
Authors: Senesi Emilio , Scalzo Roberto Lo , Prinzivalli Caterina , Testoni Armando
Published: October 2002

The quality parameter of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus Naud) is often identified with the sugar content, particularly sucrose. However, high soluble solids concentration at harvest does not always correspond with high overall fruit quality and should be used in conjunction with the evaluation of aroma. In order to find quality indices, correlations were checked between aroma compounds detected on the melon pulp by headspace gas chromatography and sensory evaluation. Eight cultivars of muskmelon were analysed for their aroma content and other quality parameters. Aroma compounds were mainly esters, while (Z)‐6‐nonenal and (E)‐6‐nonenol, characteristic of melon, were not detected with the technique used. The data were subjected to statistical analyses in order to find significant correlations. High values of correlation were not found between chromatographic and sensory data, but a high correlation was found between total aromas and ethyl esters, both data of analytical source. This fact means that ethyl esters could be very important compounds for melon flavour and could be considered as markers of a good‐quality aroma.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors affecting the clotting properties of sheep milk
Authors: Bencini Roberta
Published: October 2002

A Formagraph was used to test the effects of some of the exogenous factors that can affect the processing properties of milk (pH, soluble calcium, rennet concentration, coagulation temperature), and two of the endogenous factors (protein and fat concentration), on the comparative clotting properties of sheep and cows' milk, namely renneting time (r), rate of firming (k20) and curd consistency (A30). A lower pH decreased r and k20 and increased A30 in both sheep and cows' milk. The addition of calcium chloride did not affect the clotting properties of sheep milk, but in cows' milk it decreased r and k20 and increased A30. Increasing the concentration of rennet decreased r and k20 and increased A30 for both sheep and cows' milk. Increasing the coagulation temperature from 30 to 38 °C decreased r for both sheep and cows' milk, but it decreased k20 and increased A30 only in cows' milk. Increasing the protein concentration decreased r in both sheep and cows' milk; it did not affect k20 of sheep milk, but it decreased that of cows' milk and increased A30 in both milks. Increasing the fat concentration had little effect on r and k20 in either sheep cows' milk, but it decreased A30 in both milks. In general, sheep milk had faster renneting times and rates of firming and greater curd consistency than cows' milk, and its clotting properties tended to be less affected by changes in the clotting conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sterol and alcohol components of seed, pulp and whole olive fruit oils. Their use to characterise olive fruit variety by multivariates
Authors: Ranalli Alfonso , Pollastri Luciano , Contento Stefania , Di Loreto Giuseppina , lannucci Emilia , Lucera Lucia , Russi Francesca
Published: October 2002

Sterols, triterpene dialcohols, long‐chain aliphatic alcohols and higher triterpene alcohols were determined in three fruit oil kinds (seed, pulp and whole fruit oils). Seven major Italian olive fruit varieties from the same environment were considered. Results of this research suggested that the compositional data concerning the above analytical fractions were effective in discriminating between seed and pulp oils. The seed oil fraction did not substantially modify the sterol and alcohol composition of the whole fruit oil (mixture of seed and pulp oils), the percentage weight of the seed (∼2%) being far lower than that of the pulp (∼85%) (whole fruit weight basis). Based on the concentrations of the above components and using appropriate statistical parametric or non‐parametric multivariate techniques, the genetic origin (olive variety) of the three fruit oil kinds was characterised.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the antiradical and reducing properties of selected Greek white wines: correlation with polyphenolic composition
Authors: Psarra Eleni , Makris Dimitris P , Kallithraka Stamatina , Kefalas Panagiotis
Published: October 2002

The total hydroxycinnamate (THC) and total flavanol (TF) contents were determined in 26 selected Greek white wines of ‘Appellation of Origin of High Quality’ using well‐established spectrophotometric methodology. Furthermore, two parameters related to the antioxidant capacity of wines, the antiradical activity (AAR) and the reducing power (PR), were also determined using the stable DPPH· radical and a ferric reducing power assay respectively. THC content varied from 64.4 to 197.1 mg l−1 chlorogenic acid equivalents (CGAE), whereas TF content exhibited larger variation, ranging from 3.3 to 205.3 mg l−1 catechin equivalents (CTE). AAR and PR were found to range from 0.47 to 0.60 mM Trolox equivalents (TRE) and from 0.32 to 2.05 mM quercetin equivalents (QE) respectively. Regression analysis at 95% significance level indicated that reducing effects are likely to be exerted by the flavanol fraction (SF < 0.05), as opposed to antiradical efficiency which is primarily affected by the sum of THC and TF contents (SF < 0.05), suggesting that synergistic phenomena account for the overall antioxidant status of white wines.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Shelf‐life characteristics of fresh oysters and ground beef as affected by bacteriocin‐coated plastic packaging film
Authors: Kim Young‐Min , Paik Hyun‐Dong , Lee Dong‐Sun
Published: October 2002

Fresh oysters and ground beef were wrapped in antimicrobial films coated with a bacteriocin (nisin or lacticin NK24) incorporated into a polyamide binder layer. The packaged foods were stored at 3 and 10 °C and changes in counts of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were monitored together with appropriate quality attributes in order to determine the influence of the bacteriocin‐coated films on quality preservation and shelf‐life extension. Compared to plain low‐density polyethylene film, plastic films with incorporated bacteriocins slowed down microbial growth on packaged oysters and ground beef at both temperatures, contributed in some degree to the preservation of chemical quality and extended shelf‐life significantly. The effects of the antimicrobial films on the suppression of coliform bacterial growth were more pronounced at 10 than at 3 °C, while the effects on total aerobic bacteria were consistently evident at both temperatures. There was no difference in food quality preservation between the two types of antimicrobial film.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Utilisation of chickpea protein isolates for production of peptides with angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity
Authors: Pedroche Justo , Yust María M , Girón‐Calle Julio , Alaiz Manuel , Millán Francisco , Vioque Javier
Published: October 2002

Chickpea protein isolates and the protease alcalase were used for the production of protein hydrolysates that inhibit angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE). The highest degree of inhibition was found in a hydrolysate obtained by 30 min of treatment with alcalase. This hydrolysate was used as starting material for the purification of ACE‐inhibitory peptides. After Biogel P2 gel filtration chromatography and HPLC C18 reverse phase chromatography, four peptides with ACE‐inhibitory activity were purified. Two of them were competitive inhibitors of ACE, while the other two were uncompetitive inhibitors. These results show that chickpea proteins are a good source of ACE‐inhibitory peptides when hydrolysed with the protease alcalase.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Amylase activities in insect (Aelia and Eurygaster)‐damaged wheat
Authors: Rosell Cristina M , Aja S , Sadowska J
Published: October 2002

The extent of modification of wheat amylase activities caused by Aelia and Eurygaster attack on wheat grain was determined in different Spanish cultivars subjected to varying degrees of attack. High variation in diastatic activity and α‐amylase and β‐amylase activities was found between cultivars, but no relationship could be established between these activities and bug damage within cultivars. Scanning electron micrographs of the cross‐section of damaged kemels showed an empty cavity under the bite point. The surrounding cell walls and protein matrix were absent, but the starch granules were intact. Since wheat damaged by Aelia and Eurygaster does not have altered amylase activities, it appears that amylolytic enzymes are not involved in the alteration of bug‐damaged wheat.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of processing on the rheological properties of tomato paste
Authors: Sánchez Ma Carmen , Valencia Concepción , Gallegos Críspulo , Ciruelos Ascensión , Latorre Antonio
Published: October 2002

This paper deals with the influence that some processing variables (sieve pore size and breaking temperature) and tomato variety exert on the linear viscoelastic properties of tomato paste. With this aim, 16 tomato paste samples from four different varieties (with different contents of the pectolytic enzymes polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase) have been manufactured at different breaking temperatures (65–85 °C) and screen sizes (0.8–2.2 mm). From the experimental results obtained, we conclude that tomato paste behaves as a weak gel, showing a wide plateau region in its linear relaxation spectrum. The linear viscoelastic properties of tomato paste depend dramatically on water‐insoluble solids content and particle size, which may be greatly influenced by processing variables. Nevertheless, the specific action of the above‐mentioned pectolytic enzymes must also be taken into account.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of fibre level and fat supplementation in expander‐processed diets on grower–finisher pig performance
Authors: O'Doherty J V , McGlynn S G , Murphy D
Published: October 2002

Seventy‐two entire male pigs (40.4 ± 1.0 kg) were used to study the effects of increasing crude fibre (CF) level in the diet and maintaining the digestible energy (DE) content of the diet by increasing dietary fat inclusion on pig performance and nutrient digestibility in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. Productive performance and nutrient digestibility were determined in individually fed pigs offered expander‐processed pelleted diets ad libitum containing three levels of CF (50, 60 and 70 g kg−1) and two levels of fat supplementation (25 and 50 g kg−1) until slaughter at 100 kg. All diets were expander processed at 105 °C for 5 s at 35 bar pressure having been previously conditioned at 85 °C for 5 s. All diets were formulated to have similar concentrations of digestible energy (13.5 MJ kg−1) and lysine (10 g kg−1) and the fat source was a 60:40 blend of tallow and palm oil. The increase in dietary CF level decreased (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein, organic matter (OM) and energy, while the inclusion of 50 g kg−1 fat decreased (P < 0.01) OM and energy digestibility. The inclusion of 50 g kg−1 fat in the diet increased (P < 0.01) ether extract digestibility at the 50 and 60 g kg−1 CF levels; however, fat inclusion had no effect at the 70 g kg−1 CF level. There was no CF × fat interaction in any growth criteria. The inclusion of 50 g kg−1 fat in the diet significantly reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake (2.28 versus 2.43 kg day−1, SEM 0.039), average daily gain (ADG; 0.877 versus 0.927 kg day−1, SEM 0.017) and DE conversion ratio (36.1 versus 35.0 MJ kg−1, SEM 0.40). The increase in dietary CF level decreased (linear, P < 0.05) feed intake (2.45 versus 2.32 versus 2.29 kg day−1, SEM 0.040), ADG (0.940 versus 0.896 versus 0.872 kg day−1, SEM 0.021) and kill‐out proportion (740 versus 741 versus 730 g kg−1, SEM 3.6). In conclusion, increasing both the CF level and supplementary fat inclusion rate had a negative effect on pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships between different berry components in Tempranillo (Vitis viniferaL) grapes from irrigated and non‐irrigated vines during ripening
Authors: Esteban M A , Villanueva M J , Lissarrague J R
Published: October 2002

The impact of water availability onVitis viniferaL cv Tempranillo grape yields and juice composition over a 3 year period was studied. Grape juice composition during the different stages of berry growth was compared. The analytical data collected were used to investigate the relationships between some of the different components studied in these berries during the ripening period. The object was to determine whether the relationships could be used to derive mathematical equations for use as indicators of the changes taking place in the different parameters considered and thus of the optimum time for harvesting the grapes for a given wine‐making process. Very similar equations were derived for this grape variety irrespective of the culture conditions (use or non‐use of irrigation) or the different ripening conditions employed. A high degree of correlation between some of the components considered was observed. In any case, cause‐and‐effect relationships could only be established for certain of the parameter pairs considered (total acidity/pH, pH/potassium, °Brix/glucose + fructose, total acidity/tartaric acid and malic acid). For other parameter pairs (berry weight/°Brix, °Brix/pH, °Brix/total acidity) the relationship found was attributable to accumulation and breakdown processes which took place concurrently or overlapped in time. In two cases only there was uncertainty as to whether the relationship observed between the parameters was a cause‐and‐effect relationship or whether the parameters were so closely related that they acted as mutually limiting factors (°Brix/proline, °Brix/total anthocyanins).

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of luteolin extracts from Reseda luteola and assessment of their dyeing properties
Authors: Cerrato Alfonso , De Santis Diana , Moresi Mauro
Published: October 2002

In this work, several experiments were performed sequentially in 50 cm3 shaken tubes and a 1 dm3 stirred extractor, thus allowing methanol to be selected as the most appropriate leaching solvent for luteolin from leaves, stems and flowers of weld (Reseda luteola). The extraction capability of methanol at 25 °C was found to be about 7 times greater than that of boiling water at pH 10. A composite design experiment allowed the effects of particle size and liquid/solid ratio to be determined, thus resulting in an optimal luteolin extraction yield of 8.6 ± 0.2 g kg−1 dried weld material when leaching plant particles sieved through 0.5 mm openings with 40 dm3 methanol kg−1. Preliminary dyeing tests on pre‐mordanted raw cotton and wool standard specimens gave rise to dyed specimens with the same greenish‐yellow hue but greater or smaller values of lightness and chroma respectively. Despite all dyed specimens exhibiting a minimum resistance to a simulated acid perspiration solution, the resistance to fading of dyed wool specimens was generally greater than that of cotton ones.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro proteolysis of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax L) by an endogenous m‐calpain
Authors: Verrez‐Bagnis Véronique , Ladrat Christine , Noëlle Joëlle , Fleurence Joël
Published: October 2002

The effects of m‐calpain isolated from the skeletal muscle of sea bass on sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins isolated from the same tissue were examined in vitro. Incubation of sarcoplasmic proteins with m‐calpain resulted in only a slight decrease (0.7 kDa) in the molecular weight (MW) of a 26.5 kDa protein. Degradation of myofibrils, monitored by quantification of TCA‐soluble peptides generated, resulted in the maximum amount of peptides being generated after 1 h of incubation at 25 °C. Noticeable modifications in the SDS‐PAGE profile of digested myofibrils were observed, including partial denaturation of myosin heavy chain and the release of tropomyosin, ∼69 and ∼27 kDa doublet bands and a few polypeptides of MW lower than 20 kDa in the soluble fraction. Examination of the degradation patterns of myofibrillar proteins using Western blotting showed that α‐actinin was partially degraded, with release of native α‐actinin and its fragments from myofibrils, whereas desmin was highly degraded after 2 h of digestion.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
1,3‐Dimethoxybenzene, a newly identified component of port wine
Authors: Rogerson Frank S S , Azevedo Zelia , Fortunato Nélia , de Freitas Victor A P
Published: October 2002

1,3‐Dimethoxybenzene was identified by GC–O, GC–MS and Kovats indices (polar Supelcowax, 1709; non‐polar Rtx‐5MS, 1158) as a new volatile component of port wine. Sensory evaluation described this compound as having a sweet medicinal odour with hazelnut, resinous and woody notes. Respective threshold limits in model wine and port wine were 21 and 47 µg l−1. Quantitative analysis by GC–MS, using a selected characteristic ion (m/z 138), indicated that young port wines from the 1998 vintage contained up to 3 µg l−1 whereas ports from the 1999 vintage contained up to 20 µg l−1.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of red and rosé wine CIELab parameters from simple absorbance measurements
Authors: Pérez‐Magariño Silvia , González‐San José M Luisa
Published: October 2002

Multiple and simple regression analyses were applied in order to establish mathematical models that allow the evaluation of CIELab parameters from absorbance values at 420, 520 and 620 nm or from Glories parameters, which are better known and easier to calculate. All these variables were measured in 267 commercial wines (141 red and 126 rosé wines). Good mathematical models of the CIELab parameters with small standard errors of estimation were obtained, using the absorbance value at 520 nm, colour intensity or tonality of Glories as an independent variable, with the exception of the b* parameter in the red wines. These models could be helpful to wineries that, in general, do not have the necessary equipment and software to determine the CIELab parameters, which are recognised as being the best parameters for defining the colour of wines.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The broom and nonroutine processes: a metaphor for understanding variability in organizations
Authors: Lillrank Paul
Published: October 2002

Organizations are challenged to be simultaneously creative and predictable, flexible and efficient. These results are achieved by standard, routine and nonroutine elements requiring different kinds of management approaches. These types are often overlapping and difficult to articulate. This paper proposes a metaphor: the Broom, that can help explore the nature and dynamics of processes with a variable level of repetition and predictability. The hard, stick‐end of the Broom illustrates repetitive processes that can be standardized, the opposite end nonroutines and chaos. The middle part represents routines, processes that are repeated in similar, but not identical ways. A task, process or organization can be positioned at the Broom depending on the level of repetition and predictability found in assessed input conditions, the mixture of tacit and explicit knowledge in the process algorithm linking assessment to action, and the degree to which targets are known and evaluated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective ablation of surface enamel caries with a pulsed Nd:YAG dental laser
Authors: Harris David M. , White Joel M. , Goodis Harold , Arcoria Charles J. , Simon James , Carpenter William M. , Fried Daniel , Burkart John , Yessik Michael , Myers Terry
Published: October 2002

Background and Objective

High intensity infrared light from the pulsed Nd:YAG dental laser is absorbed by carious enamel and not absorbed by healthy enamel. Consequently, this system has potential for selective removal of surface enamel caries. Safety and efficacy of the clinical procedure was evaluated in two sets of clinical trials at three dental schools. Selective ablation was evaluated with FTIR spectroscopy.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Carious lesions were randomized to drill or laser treatment. Pulp diagnosis, enamel surface condition, preparations, and restorations were evaluated by blinded evaluators. In Study I, surface caries were removed from 104 third molars scheduled for extraction. One‐week post‐treatment teeth were evaluated clinically, extracted, and the pulp was examined histologically. In Study II, 90 patients with 462 lesions on 374 teeth were randomized to laser or drill and followed for 6 months.

Results

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser removal of surface enamel caries was demonstrated to be both safe and effective. Caries were removed in all conditions. There were no adverse events and both clinical and histological evaluations of pulp vitality showed no abnormalities. A significantly greater number of preparations in the drill groups vs. laser groups entered dentin (drill = 11, laser = 1, P = 0.007).

Conclusion

The more conservative laser treatment removed the caries but not the sound enamel below the lesion. The pulsed Nd:YAG dental laser was found to be both safe and effective for surface caries removal. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:342–350, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface‐structure transformations and advertising slogans: The case for moderate syntactic complexity
Authors: Bradley Samuel D. , Meeds Robert
Published: October 2002

Since its introduction in 1957, Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational grammar has been the subject of much psycholinguistic research. Through several metamorphoses, the theory has remained controversial as to whether it represents how the mind actually processes language. Psycholinguists have studied this area over several decades. Syntactic structure has been studied in terms of recall and effects on reaction time to secondary tasks, but little is known about syntactic structure and attitude formation. Advertising researchers have looked at the effects of many types of complexity (e.g., semantic and visual), but few have investigated the effects of syntactic complexity on attitude formation. This study used a within‐subjects experiment to examine how surface‐structure transformations affected readers' comprehension, recognition, recall, and attitudes toward slogans. As expected, syntactic complexity did not affect the comprehension of advertising slogans, but simple‐syntax versions—especially the active voice—showed an advantage in recognition. Slogans with moderate syntactic complexity showed a significant positive effect on free morphemic recall and attitude toward the advertisement, but a high degree of syntactic manipulations resulted in significantly lower free morphemic recall and attitudes toward the ad, suggesting a possible curvilinear relationship. These findings and implications for advertising professionals and educators are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peptide mapping of proteins in human body fluids using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Bergquist Jonas , Palmblad Magnus , Wetterhall Magnus , Håkansson Per , Markides Karin E.
Published: October 2002

I.
Introduction
3

A. Human Body Fluids as Sources for Clinical Markers
3

B. Plasma
3

C. Cerebrospinal Fluid
5

D. Saliva
5

E. Urine
5

 II.
Review of Typical Materials and Methods
5

A. General
5

B. Human Plasma Samples
5

C. Human CSF Samples
5

D. Human Saliva Samples
6

E. Human Urine Samples
6

F. Tryptic Digestion of Proteins
6

G. Desalting
6

H. Direct Infusion and Capillary Interface
6

I. Mass Spectrometry
6

J. Data Analysis
7

III.
Results and Discussion
7

IV.
Conclusions
12

Acknowledgments
13

References
13

Human body fluids have been rediscovered in the post‐genomic era as great sources of biological markers and perhaps particularly as sources of potential protein biomarkers of disease. Analytical tools that allow rapid screening, low sample consumption, and accurate protein identification are of great importance in studies of complex biological samples and clinical diagnosis. Mass spectrometry is today one of the most important analytical tools with applications in a wide variety of fields. One of the fastest growing applications is in proteomics, or the study of protein expression in an organism. Mass spectrometry has been used to find post‐translational modifications and to identify key functions of proteins in the human body. In this study, we review the use of human body fluids as sources for clinical markers and present new data that show the ability of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and characterize proteins in four human body fluids: plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine. The body fluids were tryptically digested without any prior separation, purification, or selection, and the digest was introduced into a 9.4 T FTICR mass spectrometer by direct‐infusion electrospray ionization (ESI). Even though these samples represent complex biological mixtures, the described method provides information that is comparable with traditional 2D‐PAGE data. The sample consumption is extremely low, a few microliters, and the analysis time is only a few minutes. It is, however, evident that the separation of proteins and/or peptides must be included in the methodology, in order to detect low‐abundance proteins and other proteins of biological relevance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 21:2–15, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10016
Protective effect of vitamin E on ultraviolet B light–induced damage in keratinocytes
Authors: Maalouf Samar , El‐Sabban Marwan , Darwiche Nadine , Gali‐Muhtasib Hala
Published: October 2002

Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is the most common environmental factor in the pathogenesis of skin cancer. Exposure of human skin to UVB radiation leads to the depletion of cutaneous antioxidants, the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Although antioxidant supplementation has been shown to prevent UVB‐induced photooxidative damage, its effect on components of cell signaling pathways leading to gene expression has not been clearly established. In the present study, the effect of the antioxidant vitamin, α‐tocopherol (α‐T), and its acetate analog, α‐tocopherol acetate (α‐TAc), on UVB‐induced damage in primary and neoplastic mouse keratinocytes was investigated. The ability of both vitamins to modulate UVB‐induced apoptosis and activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB were studied. Treatment of normal and neoplastic mouse epidermal keratinocytes (308 cells) with 30–60 mJ/cm2UVB markedly decreased viable cell number and was accompanied by DNA fragmentation. When both vitamins were applied to cells at times before and after UVB radiation, a significant increase in the percentage of viable cells and concomitant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells was noted, with vitamin pretreatment providing a better protection than posttreatment. Simultaneous posttreatment of irradiated cells with α‐TAc abolished the cytotoxic effects of UVB and restored cell viability to control levels. In addition, simultaneous posttreatment of irradiated cells with α‐T reduced the number of apoptotic cells by half, indicating a synergistic effect of two such treatments compared with any single one. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that vitamin treatment suppressed both an increase in pre‐G0cells and a decrease in cycling cells by UVB exposure. In addition, NF‐κB activation was detected 2 h after UV exposure and was maintained for up to 8 h. Pretreatment with vitamins significantly inhibited NF‐κB activation at 4 and 8 h. These results indicate that vitamin E and its acetate analog can modulate the cellular response to UVB partly through their action on NF‐κB activation. Thus, these antioxidant vitamins are potential drugs for the protection from or the reduction of UVB‐associated epidermal damage. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[123I]β‐CIT SPECT distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gerschlager Willibald , Bencsits Gerhard , Pirker Walter , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Asenbaum Susanne , Prayer Daniella , Zijlmans Jan C.M. , Hoffmann Martha , Brücke Thomas
Published: October 2002

We investigated whether [123I]‐β‐CIT and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging distinguishes patients with clinically suspected vascular parkinsonism (VP) from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). [123I]β‐CIT SPECT is a sensitive marker of dopaminergic degeneration, and the degree of striatal binding reduction in PD correlates with disease severity. Thirteen patients who fulfilled rigid clinical criteria for VP (mean ± S.D.: age, 76.5 ± 5.3 years; disease duration, 3.6 ± 2.8 years), 20 PD patients (age, 66.2 ± 9.5 years; disease duration, 4.3 ± 2.7 years), and 30 healthy persons (age, 44.6 ± 19.2 years) underwent [123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging. Age‐corrected striatal β‐CIT binding was reduced on average by 40.8% in PD but was near normal in the VP group (mean reduction, 1.2%). This difference was statistically significant (Z = 4.68; P < 0.001). The left–right asymmetry of striatal β‐CIT binding was significantly increased in the PD group compared with normal controls and the VP group (F(2) = 17.4, P <0.001). Moreover, putamen–caudate nucleus ratios were significantly reduced in PD compared with both VP patients and healthy controls (F(2) = 65.5, P < 0.001). Whole striatal β‐CIT binding was more than one standard deviation above the mean PD values in all but one of the individual VP patients. Our findings suggest that the presynaptic dopaminergic deficits seen in PD are absent in most patients with VP. [123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging may be useful to help distinguish between PD and VP patients during life. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Diagnosing Parkinson's disease using videotaped neurological examinations: Validity and factors that contribute to incorrect diagnoses
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Levy Gilberto , Côte Lucien J. , Mejia Helen , Fahn Stanley , Marder Karen
Published: October 2002

Field work is commonly required in movement disorders research. Sending neurologists into the field can be logistically challenging and costly. Alternatively, neurological examinations may be videotaped and reviewed later. There is little knowledge of the validity of the videotaped neurological examination in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We examined the validity of the videotaped Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor examination in the diagnosis of PD, and sought to determine which factors are associated with incorrect diagnoses. PD patients and controls were enrolled in a familial aggregation study between August of 1998 and June of 2000, and as part of that study each was examined by a physician who performed an in‐person UPDRS motor examination. Each also underwent a second, videotaped UPDRS motor examination. Based on the review of this videotape, a neurologist, who was blinded to the previous clinical diagnosis, assigned a diagnosis of PD or normal. A total of 211 of 231 PD patients (sensitivity = 91.3%), and 170 of 172 controls (specificity = 98.8%) were correctly identified based on the videotape. True positives had a higher mean rest tremor score (1.7 vs. 0.3; P < 0.001), action tremor score (0.9 vs. 0.3; P < 0.001), bradykinesia score (11.2 vs. 7.4; P = 0.02), and disease of longer mean duration (8.9 vs. 5.8 years; P = 0.001) than false negatives. False negatives did not differ from true positives in terms of age, total dose of levodopa, Hoehn and Yahr score, or rigidity, gait and posture, or facial masking scores (each assessed during the in‐person examination). The videotaped UPDRS motor examination is a useful means of diagnosing PD and provides an alternative approach for the diagnosis of PD in field studies. A limitation is that patients with milder PD of shorter duration may not be recognized as PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Dystonia, athetosis, and epilepsia partialis continua in a patient with late‐onset Rasmussen's encephalitis
Authors: Frucht Steven
Published: October 2002

Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by intractable epilepsy and progressive hemispheric dysfunction. The disorder usually affects children, although cases have been reported with symptom onset in late adolescence or adulthood. Myoclonus is common in Rasmussen patients, usually occurring as part of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC); however, other hyperkinetic movements are rare. This report documents a 19‐year‐old woman with Rasmussen's encephalitis whose clinical presentation was dominated by foot dystonia, arm athetosis, and EPC. Intravenous immunoglobulin improved both hyperkinetic movements and EPC, but benefit was transient. The clinical significance and implications of these findings are discussed. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Major and minor form of hereditary hyperekplexia
Authors: Tijssen Marina A.J. , Vergouwe Monique N. , van Dijk J. Gert , Rees Michelle , Frants Rune R. , Brown Peter
Published: October 2002

Hyperekplexia is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by excessive startle responses. Within the disorder two clinical forms can be distinguished. The major form is characterized by continuous generalized stiffness in the first year of life and an exaggerated startle reflex, accompanied by temporary generalized stiffness and falls, whereas in the minor form only excessive startle and hypnic jerks have been described. Mutations in the gene encoding the α‐1 subunit of the glycine receptor (GLRA1) are responsible for the major form of hyperekplexia but no mutation was detected in patients with the minor form in the large Dutch pedigree originally described by Suhren and colleagues. Here we describe the genetic analysis of the GLRA1 gene of two English families in which both forms of hyperekplexia were present. Mutation analysis revealed no genetic defect in the GLRA1 gene in patients carrying either the minor or major forms. This is further evidence that the minor form of hyperekplexia is seldom due to a genetic defect in the GLRA1 gene. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
ACT and UCH‐L1 polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease and age of onset
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhao Chun‐Ying , Si Yan‐Mei , Liu Zhuo‐Lin , Chen Biao , Yu Long
Published: October 2002

α1‐Antichymotrypsin (ACT) and ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH‐L1) have been suggested as susceptibility factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). We replicated these findings in a Chinese case‐control sample consisting of 160 PD cases and 160 carefully matched control subjects. Genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction and BstN1 or Rsa1 restriction enzyme assay. Analysis showed no significant difference between PD patients and controls for genotype or allele frequencies of the ACT and UCH‐L1 S18Y polymorphisms. UCH‐L1 S18Y polymorphism carriers, however, were found to be significantly less frequent in early‐onset PD patients with a reduced risk of 0.557 (95% C.I. = 0.314–0.985; P = 0.043). These data suggest that ACT polymorphism does not influence the risk for developing PD. UCH‐L1 S18Y polymorphism, however, may be a weak protective factor against early‐onset PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Orthostatic paroxysmal dystonia
Authors: Sethi Kapil D. , Lee Ki Hyeong , Deuskar Vasanti , Hess David C.
Published: October 2002

A 52‐year‐old man with a history of cerebrovascular disease presented with a 3‐year history of paroxysmal hemidystonia precipitated by assuming an upright position after sitting or lying down. MRA showed occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA) and near‐total occlusion of the ipsilateral ICA. Subtraction single proton emission computed tomography demonstrated decreased perfusion in the contralateral frontoparietal cortex during the typical dystonic spell. We have coined the term “orthostatic paroxysmal dystonia” for this phenomenon. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Association between dopamine transporter gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease in Japan
Authors: Nishimura Masataka , Kaji Ryuji , Ohta Mitsuhiro , Mizuta Ikuko , Kuno Sadako
Published: October 2002

We studied a polymorphism in the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene in 236 Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and compared the results with 220 controls. The 1215A/G genotype of the DAT gene was significantly different between PD patients and controls, suggesting a possible involvement of DAT in genetic susceptibility to PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations
Authors: Østergaard Karen , Sunde Niels , Dupont Erik
Published: October 2002

We present the efficacy and side effects of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nuclei (STN) performed with a more simplified surgical procedure than described by the Grenoble group. A consecutive series of 26 patients with advanced and levodopa‐responsive Parkinson's disease and motor complications was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part I–VI, timed tests, and a patient diary for 2 days concerning on–off phenomenon and dyskinesias. At 3 months, evaluation of stimulation by the UPDRS motor score was performed in a double‐blind manner and a significant improvement of 57% was found. The results 12 months after surgery off medication showed significant improvement in both UPDRS motor score and activities of daily living of 64% and, on medication, a significant reduction of 86% in duration of dyskinesias and 83% in duration of off‐periods. Reduction in medication was less than for other groups, probably because we used smaller doses of levodopa before the operation. No serious side effects were encountered. When the patients are carefully selected and followed up, bilateral DBS of STN is a significant progress in treatment of advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease with levodopa‐induced motor complications. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Familial essential tremor is not associated with SCA‐12 mutation in southern Italy
Authors: Nicoletti Giuseppe , Annesi Grazia , Carrideo Sara , Tomaino Carmine , Di Costanzo Alfonso , Zappia Mario , Quattrone Aldo
Published: October 2002

We investigated 30 patients with familial essential tremor (ET) for spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA‐12) mutations. No patient presented a CAG repeat larger than 19, suggesting that familial ET and SCA‐12 are distinct diseases. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Probes for the dopamine transporter: New leads toward a cocaine‐abuse therapeutic—A focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole
Authors: Newman Amy Hauck , Kulkarni Santosh
Published: October 2002

In an attempt to discover a cocaine‐abuse pharmacotherapeutic, extensive investigation has been directed toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of this psychostimulant drug. The results of these studies have been consistent with the inhibition of dopamine uptake, at the dopamine transporter (DAT), which results in a rapid and excessive accumulation of extracellular dopamine in the synapse as being the mechanism primarily responsible for the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine. Nevertheless, investigation of the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, as well as other receptor systems, with which cocaine either directly or indirectly interacts, has suggested that the DAT is not solely responsible for the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In an attempt to further elucidate the roles of these systems in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, selective molecular probes, in the form of drug molecules, have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Many of these compounds bind potently and selectively to the DAT, block dopamine reuptake, and are behaviorally cocaine‐like in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. However, there have been exceptions noted in several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors that demonstrate behavioral profiles that are distinctive from cocaine. Structure–activity relationships between chemically diverse dopamine uptake inhibitors have suggested that different binding interactions, at the molecular level on the DAT, as well as divergent actions at the other monoamine transporters may be related to the differing pharmacological actions of these compounds, in vivo. These studies suggest that novel dopamine uptake inhibitors, which are structurally and pharmacologically distinct from cocaine, may be developed as potential cocaine‐abuse therapeutics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 5, 429–464, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10014