bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Did high Neo-Tethys subduction rates contribute to early Cenozoic warming?
Authors: Hoareau G. , Bomou B. , van Hinsbergen D. J. J. , Carry N. , Marquer D. , Donnadieu Y. , Le Hir G. , Vrielynck B. , Walter-Simonnet A.-V.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The 58–51 Ma interval was characterized by a long-term increase of global temperatures (+4 to +6 °C) up to the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, 52.9–50.7 Ma), the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. It was recently suggested that sustained high atmospheric pCO2, controlling warm early Cenozoic climate, may have been released during Neo-Tethys closure through the subduction of large amounts of pelagic carbonates and their recycling as CO2 at arc volcanoes ("carbonate subduction factory"). To analyze the impact of Neo-Tethys closure on early Cenozoic warming, we have modeled the volume of subducted sediments and the amount of CO2 emitted at active arc volcanoes along the northern Tethys margin. The impact of calculated CO2 fluxes on global temperature during the early Cenozoic have then been tested using a climate carbon cycle model (GEOCLIM). We first show that CO2 production may have reached up to 1.55 × 1018 mol Ma−1 specifically during the EECO, ~ 4 to 37 % higher that the modern global volcanic CO2 output, owing to a dramatic India–Asia plate convergence increase. In addition to the background CO2 degassing, the subduction of thick Greater Indian continental margin carbonate sediments at ~ 55–50 Ma may also have led to additional CO2 production of 3.35 × 1018 mol Ma−1 during the EECO, making a total of 85 % of the global volcanic CO2 outgassed. However, climate modelling demonstrates that timing of maximum CO2 release only partially fit with the EECO, and that corresponding maximum pCO2 values (750 ppm) and surface warming (+2 °C) do not reach values inferred from geochemical proxies, a result consistent with conclusions arise from modelling based on other published CO2 fluxes. These results demonstrate that CO2 derived from decarbonation of Neo-Tethyan lithosphere may have possibly contributed to, but certainly cannot account alone for early Cenozoic warming, including the EECO. Other commonly cited sources of excess CO2 such as enhanced igneous province volcanism also appear to be up to one order of magnitude below fluxes required by the model to fit with proxy data of pCO2 and temperature at that time.
A massive input of coarse-grained siliciclastics in the Pyrenean Basin during the PETM: the missing ingredient of a coeval abrupt change in hydrological regime
Authors: Pujalte V. , Baceta J. I. , Schmitz B.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) is represented in numerous shallow and deep marine sections of the south-central and western Pyrenees by a 2–4 m thick unit (locally ca. 20 m) of clays or marly clays intercalated within a carbonate-dominated succession. The massive input of fine-grained terrestrial siliciclastics into the Pyrenean Gulf recorded by that unit has been attributed to an abrupt hydrological change during the PETM. However, the nature of such change remains controversial. Here we show that, in addition to fine-grained deposits, large volumes of coarse-grained siliciclastics were brought into the basin that were mostly accumulated in incised valleys and a long-lived deep-sea channel, both spatially restricted settings. The occurrence of these coarse-grained deposits had been known for some time, but their correlation with the PETM is reported here for the first time. The bulk of incised valley PETM deposits are cross-bedded sands and pebbly sands, almost exclusively made of quartz, currently being actively quarried. Proof of their belonging to the PETM include: (1) their stratigraphic position, sandwiched between upper Thanetian and lower Ilerdian marine carbonates, (2) organic carbon isotope data, and (3) the fact that clay minerals from the sand matrix are more than 80 % kaolinite. The axially-flowing deep-sea channel existed throughout Paleocene times in the Pyrenean Basin, within which coarse-grained calciclastic turbidites, and lesser volumes of siliciclastic turbidites, were accumulated. This Paleocene succession is capped by thick-bedded turbiditic quartz sandstones and pebbly sandstones, here assigned to the PETM based on calcareous nannoplankton, clay mineral and organic carbon isotopic data. The large and simultaneous increase in coarse- and fine-grained terrestrial siliciclastic material delivered to the Pyrenean Gulf is related to an increased intra-annual humidity gradient. During the PETM longer and drier summer seasons facilitated the erosion of landscapes, whereas a dramatic enhancement of precipitation extremes during the wet seasons led to intensified flood events with rivers carrying greater volumes of bed and suspended loads. This scenario argues against the possibility that PETM kaolinites indicate a coeval warm and humid climate in northern Spain. Instead, the erosion of thick Cretaceous lateritic profiles developed in the Hercinian basement is proposed here as the most likely alternative.
SPHY v2.0: Spatial Processes in HYdrology
Authors: Terink W. , Lutz A. F. , Simons G. W. H. , Immerzeel W. W. , Droogers P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This paper introduces and presents the Spatial Processes in HYdrology (SPHY) model (v2.0), its development background, its underlying concepts, and some example applications. SPHY has been developed with the explicit aim of simulating terrestrial hydrology on flexible scales, under various physiographical and hydroclimatic conditions, by integrating key components from existing and well-tested models. SPHY is a spatially distributed leaky bucket type of model, and is applied on a cell-by-cell basis. The model is written in the Python programming language using the PCRaster dynamic modeling framework. SPHY (i) integrates most hydrologic processes, (ii) has the flexibility to be applied in a wide range of hydrologic applications, and (iii) on various scales, and (iv) can easily be implemented. The most relevant hydrological processes that are integrated into the SPHY model are rainfall–runoff processes, cryosphere processes, evapotranspiration processes, the dynamic evolution of vegetation cover, lake/reservoir outflow, and the simulation of root-zone moisture contents. Studies in which the SPHY model was successfully applied and tested are described in this paper, including (i) real-time soil moisture predictions to support irrigation management in lowland areas, (ii) climate change impact studies in snow- and glacier-fed river basins, and (iii) operational flow forecasting in mountainous catchments.
Development of a numerical system to improve particulate matter forecasts in South Korea using geostationary satellite-retrieved aerosol optical data over Northeast Asia
Authors: Lee S. , Song C. H. , Park R. S. , Park M. E. , Han K. M. , Kim J. , Choi M. J. , Ghim Y. S. , Woo J.-H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. To improve short-term particulate matter (PM) forecasts in South Korea, the initial distribution of PM composition, particularly over the upwind regions, is primarily important. To prepare the initial PM composition, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) data retrieved from a geostationary equatorial orbit (GEO) satellite sensor, GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) which covers Northeast Asia (113–146° E; 25–47° N), were used. Although GOCI can provide a higher number of AOD data in a semi-continuous manner than low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite sensors, it still has a serious limitation in that the AOD data are not available at cloud pixels and over high-reflectance areas, such as desert and snow-covered regions. To overcome this limitation, a spatio-temporal (ST) kriging method was used to better prepare the initial AOD distributions that were converted into the PM composition over Northeast Asia. One of the largest advantages to using the ST-kriging method in this study is that more observed AOD data can be used to prepare the best initial AOD fields. It is demonstrated in this study that the short-term PM forecast system developed with the application of the ST-kriging method can greatly improve PM10 predictions in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), when evaluated with ground-based observations. For example, errors and biases of PM10 predictions decreased by ~ 60 and ~ 70 %, respectively, during the first 6 h of short-term PM forecasting, compared with those without the initial PM composition. In addition, the influences of several factors (such as choices of observation operators and control variables) on the performances of the short-term PM forecast were explored in this study. The influences of the choices of the control variables on the PM chemical composition were also investigated with the composition data measured via PILS-IC and low air-volume sample instruments at a site near Seoul. To improve the overall performances of the short-term PM forecast system, several future research directions were also discussed and suggested.
Digital commonplacing
Authors: Hoem Jon , Schwebs Ture
Published: July 2015

This paper presents illustrative examples of digital technology that facilitates information sorting and recontextualizing. A number of online media, like microblogging and photo sharing Web sites, allow collecting and systematizing information over time. Citations and user annotations, along with copied and embedded multimodal material, are compiled into new works through a complex interplay between users and Web services. The resulting texts can be seen as remixes, created by tags and links to various sources, which let individual contributions become part of a large number of potentially new texts. This article examines two examples to highlight qualities of tagging written and visual information: Twitter and Pinterest.This way of reusing digital information may be compared to similar analogue information management practices, known as commonplacing, found in early modern Europe. Readers would keep useful information to be retrieved later by copying passages from their own reading into notebooks called commonplace books.
Redefining privacy and anonymity through social networking affordances
Authors: Cirucci Angela M.
Published: July 2015

Social networking sites allow people to create, broadcast, and interpret the self in new and evolving ways. While early online social media studies praised the Internet for providing an anonymous space in which to experiment with identity, more recent research suggests that social networking sites have become not anonymous, as they compel users to perform identity in new ways. Through a novel application of affordance theory, this paper argues that instead of attempting to apply outdated definitions of privacy to social networking spaces, we should instead be discussing our right to anonymity. I argue that privacy is immaterial due to the fact that from the moment we log in and interact with a social media interface, we have shared some type of personal information with someone. Anonymity, on the other hand, is defined as the unlinkability of our many identifications. Thus, instead of attempting to define ideas such as “personal” and “private,” we should instead fight for the separation of selves, both at the social and institutional level.
Was Afrikan Spir a Phenomenalist?: And What Difference Does It Make for Understanding Nietzsche?
Authors: Green Michael S.
Published: July 2015

I have argued that Nietzsche was influenced by Afrikan Spir's falsification thesis, according to which all empirical judgments are false because they attempt to impose the necessity, unity, and timelessness of thought upon the contingency, plurality, and successiveness of sensations. My reading has been challenged by Nadeem Hussain, who claims that it ignores Spir's phenomenalism. For the phenomenalist, true judgments about sensations are possible. I argue here that Hussain reads Spir as a phenomenalist only because he mistakenly concentrates on the first book of Spir's major work, Denken und Wirklichkeit, before Spir presented his argument for falsificationism. When the rest of Spir's work is considered, it is clear that Spir believes that even sensations cannot be thought without falsity. I end with a brief discussion of the consequences of my argument for understanding Nietzsche.
An algorithm for the approximate solution of nonlinear total time fractional-order Burger equation
Authors: Neamaty A. , Agheli B. , Darzi R.
Published: July 2015

In this paper we have established the simplest equation method to find approximate solutions for total Burgurs equations with time fractional derivative. This method is effective in finding approximate traveling wave solutions of nonlinear, fractional evolution equations (NLEEs) in mathematical physics.

The effectiveness of this manageable method has been shown by applying it to several examples in time fractional Burgers equations. The present approach has the potential to apply to other nonlinear fractional differential equations. All numerical calculations in the present study have been performed on a PC, applying programs written in Mathematica and Maple.
Public support for Latin American integration: an econometric model for the assessment of individual and contextual factors
Authors: Jara Ibarra Camila
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this article is assessing factors that affect Latin American people’s opinions on regional integration. By means of hierarchical logistic regressions, variables at both individual and national level were considered and fixed and random effects were taken into account. All variables included at the individual level, both socio-demographic and ideological, were found to be significant factors as well as some cross-level interactions. Likewise, there is a significant country effect on the probability of Latin American people supporting integration.
En el laberinto de una transicion fallida: Rwanda c.1994-2014
Authors: Varela Barraza Hilda
Published: July 2015

La historia de Rwanda no puede quedar reducida al genocidio, de igual forma que las memorias del pasado no se pueden construir silenciando el dolor de victimas y victimarios, negando que existió. Ante el gran desconocimiento de ese país, resultan tan sorprendentes como incomprensibles tanto el genocidio (hace 20 años) como su nueva imagen de prosperidad económica y estabilidad política. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al análisis histórico-político de Rwanda desde julio de 1994

hasta c. abril de 2014, destacando la inexistencia de espacios para que la sociedad civil elabore la memoria del pasado reciente y las soluciones para superar el rompimiento ético que significó el genocidio.
El ascenso de China y sus efectos en la relación con Argentina
Authors: Oviedo Eduardo Daniel
Published: July 2015

Tres lustros después de que China se convirtiera en gran potencia económica, es un tiempo apropiado para evaluar los efectos que el nuevo rol internacional del país asiático generó en Argentina. Por eso, el presente artículo examina cómo la modernización económica en China y su nuevo rol internacional dieron forma a intereses armónicos entre las partes, que integraron a Argentina en la cadena de producción global de China, como proveedora de soja e importador de manufacturas. Como resultado, crecieron el comercio y las inversiones chinas en Argentina, se amplió la brecha Norte-Sur y consolidó el status periférico del país sudamericano en el modelo centro-periferia que prevalece en la relación.

El eje de este modelo estuvo basado en la «primarización sojera», y en la actualidad transita hacia la «primarización agrícola diversificada», con el objeto de revertir los déficits de balanza comercial iniciados en 2008.
Potencial Hídrico de las Microcuencas del Río Viejo
Authors: Flores Meza Yelba , Guatemala Herrara Jorge
Published: July 2015

Se ha calculado el potencial hídrico a través de la evaluación de las condiciones físico-naturales, que definen la ocurrencia y el movimiento del agua superficial y subterránea. Debido a las particularidades de cada zona, se ha dividido la microcuenca del Río Viejo en parte alta, media y baja. Para la parte alta es determinante para la producción hídrica, el relieve abrupto, con pendientes de hasta 35º, el terreno intensamente deformado y el uso de suelo, con áreas en recuperación. El potencial total de producción hídrica es de 593MMC de escorrentía superficial y 174.51MMC de recarga anual. La parte media se presenta menos deformada, con pendientes que sobrepasan los 30º y en general con uso de suelo para ganadería. La escorrentía superficial se ha calculado en 556MMC anuales y la recarga en 125.9MMC anuales. Para la parte baja es notoria la influencia del Lago de Apanás. El escurrimiento superficial para la parte baja es de 108.6MMC anuales, debido a la poca extensión de sus microcuencas. La recarga es mayor con un volumen de 266.9MMC, dada la alta deformación de las rocas. La zonificación de potencial hídrica, referida a la producción por Km2 de microcuenca, se basó en la metodología de Matus Silva, OD 2007, CATIE., para la recarga y adaptada para el potencial. La parte alta de Río Viejo, refleja las mejores condiciones para la recarga. La parte media tiene zonas de producción hídrica moderada y baja y la parte baja, presenta el rango de moderada a baja.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/uyc.v6i9.1949 Revista Universidad y Ciencia. Año 2012 Vol. 6 No. 9. Julio – Diciembre; pp.2-5
Efectividad de la campaña de comunicación del Ministerio de Salud para la prevención de la leptospirosis. Municipio de Achuapa (León)
Authors: Stella Pérez Vargas Maryury
Published: July 2015

Se realizó un estudio mixto (corte transversal combinado con metodología cualitativa) en el municipio de Achuapa, con el objetivo de determinar la efectividad de la Campaña de Comunicación del Ministerio de Salud para la prevención de la Leptospirosis en el Municipio, durante el tercer cuatrimestre del 2010. La campaña de publicidad se genera como parte de las acciones contempladas por el Gobierno de Nicaragua, ante la necesidad de declarar en alerta sanitaria al país por la difícil situación presentada en el mes de septiembre del 2010. El método de trabajo consistió en la aplicación de una encuesta domiciliar a una muestra estratificada de 369 habitantes y distribuida de manera proporcional en las cinco comarcas que conforman el Municipio de Achuapa, en la realización de una entrevista en profundidad a la epidemióloga municipal y en la realización de dos grupos focales con la población del Municipio de Achuapa. Se encontró una comprensión muy alta de la población sobre la Leptospirosis y sus formas de transmisión. El reconocimiento y prácticas de la comunidad sobre las medidas de mitigación, control y prevención sobre la leptospirosis, recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud presentaron una comprensión muy alta en la población. La percepción que tiene la población de Achuapa referente al trabajo desempeñado por el Ministerio de Salud es valorada como buena. El papel de los medios de comunicación fue valorado como bueno, siendo la radio el principal medio utilizado para las campañas de salud. Se recomienda al MINSA en conjunto con los actores locales realizar un seguimiento a mediano plazo de la campaña de comunicación, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la intervención y desarrollar medidas para la mejora continua de las estrategias de educación, comunicación e información.Revista Universidad y Ciencia. Año 2013 Vol. 7 No. 10. Enero-Junio pp.30-40 DOI: http://dx/doi.org/10.5377/uyc.v7i10.1965
Estado, sociedade civil e a política de interiorização da universidade na amazônia
Authors: Coelho Maria Do Socorro
Published: July 2015

Esta investigação tem como objetivo, demonstrar Como se efetivou a relação entre Estado e sociedade civil na concepção e implementação da Política de interiorização das funções da Universidade em especial a UFPA para a zona rural da Amazônia. Utilizou-se como fonte, a Pesquisa bibliográfica e Documentos escritos. Concluiu-se, ser possível levantar a hipótese explicativa de que a origem da política de interiorização das Universidades da Amazônia tem seu início no Estado Desenvolvimentista e em segundo momento, situa-se no bojo da “Nova República” com os Projetos Norte de Interiorização (PNI).
A marcha para o Oeste: a epopeia da Expedição Roncador-Xingu
Authors: Roysen Rebeca
Published: July 2015

Resenha do livro de Orlando e Cláudio Villas Bôas, A Marcha para o Oeste: a epopeia da expedição Roncador-Xingu (2012).
A construção da representação política do Movimento dos Sem Terra na Bahia: uma experiência no fio da navalha
Authors: Santos Fabya Dos Reis
Published: July 2015

Proponho discutir neste artigo alguns aspectos da experiência do MST na Bahia entre 1987 – 2011, de construção da participação dos seus membros, nos espaços de representação política institucional (executivo e legislativo) e as implicações dessa participação para o processo de “democratização” da política na Bahia e no Brasil. A discussão está lastreada nas análises conclusivas da tese defendida em 2012 em Ciências Sociais na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-UFCG.
Trabalho, precarização e migração: o processo de recrutamento de haitianos na Amazônia acreana pela agroindústria brasileira
Authors: Mamed Letícia Helena , De Lima Eurenice Oliveira
Published: July 2015

Discute os principais aspectos estruturais do processo de constituição do recente movimento internacional de haitianos pela Amazônia Sul Ocidental (Estado do Acre), parcela expressiva dos imigrantes do início do século XXI, que sem condições de reprodução social digna na terra natal, são aliciados por redes de tráfico de pessoas e coiotagem e transportados até o Brasil. Desde 2010 eles são recebidos e preparados como força de trabalho pelo Estado brasileiro, ação diretamente articulada ao posterior recrutamento deles pela agroindústria do Centro-Sul do país. À luz do método dialético, na perspectiva crítica do trabalho, o objetivo primordial é compreender o significado sociológico do trânsito internacional desses trabalhadores precarizados, pretendendo situá-lo no terreno concreto do desenvolvimento do capital e suas desigualdades internacionais e regionais. Os procedimentos de investigação incorporam a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, e a utilização de indicadores qualitativos e quantitativos do mundo do trabalho.
Conexões, apropriações e exclusões no discurso do desenvolvimento territorial no Brasil
Authors: Sant'Anna Porto Jose Renato
Published: July 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo propor uma organização dos discursos e narrativas que influenciaram as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento territorial, e busca identificar alguns dos principais debates que desencadeiam conotações específicas e significados particulares às ideias de “território” e “desenvolvimento territorial” no Brasil. Nesse sentido, a opção escolhida foi sistematizar e organizar a vasta bibliografia existente sobre o tema, buscando identificar as principais abordagens e conceitos que influenciaram essas políticas públicas, bem como perceber a maneira como outros temas vão sendo progressivamente acoplados e ordenados ao longo do tempo. O intuito principal aqui é iniciar o mapeamento das formas como o discurso do “território” nas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural vai ganhando corpo e se tornando uma ideia que ordena e articula atores sociais, ao estabeler determinados princípios de interação, comunicação e ação. Ao mesmo tempo, procurarei também observar e discutir o “outro lado” deste mesmo processo, em que, ao meu ver, a política territorial seria parte de um processo histórico de mais longa data, que tem como um de seus efeitos a reificação da categoria “agricultura familiar” e a obstacularização (ou substituição) do debate sobre questões agrárias e fundiárias no escopo das ações e políticas governamentais para o rural.
Des hommes et des vaches
Authors: Eczet Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2015

La relation pastorale entre les bovins et les Nilotes en Afrique de l’Est, caractérisée par une imbrication des deux collectifs, est communément désignée parcattle complex. La relation de subsistance côtoie des pratiques poétiques et plastiques, et on ne peut jamais observer l’un sans l’autre. Pourtant, dans la littérature sur ces pasteurs, le bovin est le plus souvent institué dans deux positions réductrices, soit le symbole, soit la ressource, qu’une disposition mentale vient lier : l’obsession. Celle-ci permettrait de justifier l’un par l’autre : soit l’idiome symbolique est si important qu’on le retrouve dans les usages pratiques, soit la ressource de production est si nécessaire qu’elle imprègne l’existence sociale et religieuse. Mais le bovin fournit une matière esthétique quotidienne et omniprésente et c’est l’attention à ces manières de produire des formes qui permet de rendre compte du bovin et de la relation pastorale. Cet article a pour objectif de montrer différentes formes bovines (à travers les noms, la poésie et les formes plastiques) et leur implication dans la vie des Mursi, une population d’agropasteur du sud-ouest éthiopien. Nous verrons alors que l’attachement entre les humains et les bovins est une disposition émergente d’un ensemble de pratiques mettant en relations les personnes.
De l’animal au trophée
Authors: Michaud Maxime
Published: July 2015

Dans l’industrie de la « chasse au trophée » telle que pratiquée de nos jours, il semblerait que l’animal soit largement réduit à une marchandise dont la valeur dépend du trophée potentiel qu’il représente : on est ainsi facilement tenté de croire que ce type de pratique constitue le niveau zéro de la relation à l’animal, en tout cas vu sous l’angle des considérations affectives. Mais une approche ethnographique permet de constater que le statut de l’animal dans cette situation est bien plus complexe : le trophée se conquiert au prix de constructions symboliques qui, plutôt que de nier le caractère vivant de l’animal, semblent au contraire tournées vers sa mise en condition pour pouvoir être abattu, ou plutôt être « fait trophée ». Du cadre physique (la zone de chasse et le campement) au cadre pratique (contraintes éthiques, évitements), tout est fait pour qu’il incarne le sauvage le plus authentique qui soit et qu’il prenne une grande valeur symbolique. Le trophée devient alors pour le chasseur une forme de sublimation de l’animal, dont son propriétaire s’approprie l’existence pour en jouir éternellement, à la manière d’un amant transi. Finalement, le safari de chasse incarne un type de relation à l’animal sauvage que l’on semble retrouver plus largement dans le monde occidental et qui se manifeste à travers d’autres types d’activités comme le safari-photo.
Émissaires des ancêtres
Authors: Simon Scott , Broué Catherine
Published: July 2015

Les Truku de Taïwan, jadis reconnus pour l’art de la guerre et la chasse aux têtes humaines dans les forêts montagneuses de l’île, possèdent une riche connaissance de la faune et de la flore sauvages qui s’y trouvent. Les chasseurs et les horticulteurs observent le comportement des oiseaux pour le plaisir, pour protéger leurs semences et pour y déceler des signes divinatoires. L’oiseau appelé sisil (Alcippe à joues grises, Alcippe morrisonia), qui est devenu le symbole national des tribus sadyaq (seediq/sediq/sejiq) et truku, prédit le succès ou l’échec à la chasse. Le hibou et la chouette annoncent le sexe des enfants à naître. Un autre oiseau mystérieux augure la mort. Selon Lévi-Strauss, les systèmes divinatoires faisant appel aux oiseaux paraissent arbitraires, mais deviennent cohérents dans un contexte cosmologique plus large. Le présent article explore la cosmologie aviaire des Truku dans sa complexité historique et au fil des changements sociaux contemporains. Les ontologies naturelles ne sont pas simplement le reflet d’une cosmologie ou d’une culture, elles se transforment également en fonction d’une écologie politique plus vaste, à mesure que les êtres humains instaurent de nouveaux liens avec les êtres non humains.
« Faire crier le cochon »
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric
Published: July 2015

Après un bref examen des liens que différentes sociétés établissent entre l’humain et le cochon, cet article décrit le pansula, un rituel de divination observé en 2012 chez les Alangans de Mindoro, aux Philippines. L’auteur montre comment le rituel se perpétue dans le contexte de la christianisation. Le porc/cochon y apparaît comme un médiateur entre différentes traditions. Doté de capacités divinatoires mais pas encore un agent à part entière, son corps et ses entrailles sont susceptibles d’informer les humains de leur futur destinée, à condition que ces derniers sachent interpréter les signes qu’il livre, d’où l’injonction que les participants réitèrent avant sa mise à mort : il faut savoir « faire crier » le cochon. Sa mort suscite peu d’affects de la part des Alangans qui attendent plutôt de lui qu’il facilite la communication entre les vivants, les non-humains et les ancêtres.
The ameliorative effect of selenium on Azolla caroliniana grown under UV-B stress
Authors: Mostafa E.M. , Hassan A.M.A.
Published: July 2015

Exposure of Azolla plants to UV-B radiation for 6 h resulted in a decrease in biomass and relative growth rate (RGR), which coincided with an increase in doubling time (DT) as compared with the control. Also, the protein content decreased. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated significantly in UV-treated Azolla plants. Conversely, the addition of selenium (Se) at 1 ppm resulted in a significant increase in biomass and protein content of untreated and UV-treated Azolla plants, and a significant reduction in both H2O2 and MDA. Moreover, the addition of Se to UV-treated and untreated Azolla plants resulted in a significant increase in total ascorbate and total glutathione (GSH) contents compared with the control and UV-stressed Azolla plants. Also, glutathione redox potential (GSH/TG) increased significantly in UV-treated Azolla plants in the presence of Se. There also was a significant increase (38%) in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in UV-treated plants compared with the control. APX activity in the presence of Se did not change significantly compared with the control. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased significantly in UV-treated Azolla, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity did not. On the other hand, both GSH-PX and GR activity in untreated and UV-treated Azolla plants were significantly enhanced by the application of Se to the nutrient media at a concentration of 1 ppm. Therefore, we can conclude that Se protects Azolla plants from UV-B stress.
Abiotic CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by semiarid desert soil and its partitioning into soil phases
Authors: Liu Jiabin , Fa Keyu , Zhang Yuqing , Wu Bin , Qin Shugao , Jia Xin
Published: July 2015

Deserts may show strong downward CO2 fluxes and thus could be a significant carbon sink. However, this hypothesis has been strongly challenged because of the failure to determine both the reliability of flux measurements and the exact location of fixed carbon. In this study, we added 13CO2 to natural (unsterilized) soil in the Mu Us Desert in northern China and quantified the partitioning of added 13CO2 into soil solid and vapor phases. Results show that natural desert soil absorbed 13CO2 at a mean rate of 0.28 g m−2 d−1. Of the absorbed 13CO2, 7.1% was released over a 48 h period after 13CO2 feeding, 72.8% was stored in the soil solid phase, 0.0007% was found in the vapor phase, while 20.0% of the absorbed 13CO2 was undetected. These results indicate that undisturbed desert soils can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, with the majority of fixed carbon conserved in the soil solid phase.
Near‐Sun speed of CMEs and the magnetic nonpotentiality of their source active regions
Authors: Tiwari Sanjiv K. , Falconer David A. , Moore Ronald L. , Venkatakrishnan P. , Winebarger Amy R. , Khazanov Igor G.
Published: July 2015

We show that the speed of the fastest coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that an active region (AR) can produce can be predicted from a vector magnetogram of the AR. This is shown by logarithmic plots of CME speed (from the SOHO Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph CME catalog) versus each of ten AR‐integrated magnetic parameters (AR magnetic flux, three different AR magnetic‐twist parameters, and six AR free‐magnetic‐energy proxies) measured from the vertical and horizontal field components of vector magnetograms (from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager) of the source ARs of 189 CMEs. These plots show the following: (1) the speed of the fastest CMEs that an AR can produce increases with each of these whole‐AR magnetic parameters and (2) that one of the AR magnetic‐twist parameters and the corresponding free‐magnetic‐energy proxy each determine the CME‐speed upper limit line somewhat better than any of the other eight whole‐AR magnetic parameters.
A method for estimating the height of a mesospheric density level using meteor radar
Authors: Younger J. P. , Reid I. M. , Vincent R. A. , Murphy D. J.
Published: July 2015

A new technique for determining the height of a constant density surface at altitudes of 78–85 km is presented. The first results are derived from a decade of observations by a meteor radar located at Davis Station in Antarctica and are compared with observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument aboard the Aura satellite. The density of the neutral atmosphere in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region around 70–110 km is an essential parameter for interpreting airglow‐derived atmospheric temperatures, planning atmospheric entry maneuvers of returning spacecraft, and understanding the response of climate to different stimuli. This region is not well characterized, however, due to inaccessibility combined with a lack of consistent strong atmospheric radar scattering mechanisms. Recent advances in the analysis of detection records from high‐performance meteor radars provide new opportunities to obtain atmospheric density estimates at high time resolutions in the MLT region using the durations and heights of faint radar echoes from meteor trails. Previous studies have indicated that the expected increase in underdense meteor radar echo decay times with decreasing altitude is reversed in the lower part of the meteor ablation region due to the neutralization of meteor plasma. The height at which the gradient of meteor echo decay times reverses is found to occur at a fixed atmospheric density. Thus, the gradient reversal height of meteor radar diffusion coefficient profiles can be used to infer the height of a constant density level, enabling the observation of mesospheric density variations using meteor radar.
Design Is Our Answer: An Interview with Leading Design Thinker Tim Brown
Authors: Luebkeman Chris
Published: July 2015

What do the Apple mouse and the stand‐up toothpaste tube share in common? They were both developed by IDEO, the global design and innovation firm led by CEO and President Tim Brown. Guest‐Editor Chris Luebkeman met with Brown to find out about the possibilities of human‐centred design thinking.
It's Not Where You're From, It's Where You're At
Authors: Watts Mark
Published: July 2015

Climate change and sustainability expert Mark Watts imagines what it might be like to look back from the year 2050. What might the view be from his position as Executive Director of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group? What crucial political moves and actions might be required from global megacities if they are to address climate change and make the ultimate shift to a low‐carbon world?
Media Network: Three Moments From the Future Post‐Manufacturing Supply Chain
Authors: Maughan Tim , Young Liam
Published: July 2015

What will be the post‐manufacturing future of the industrial heartlands of Southeast Asia? Fiction and non‐fiction author Tim Maughan teams up with speculative architect and educator Liam Young to capture a dystopian vision of desolate dereliction in 2050, in which large‐scale mass production has been almost altogether abandoned in favour of small‐scale, local 3D printing shops.
El Sur Global: Future Resilient City
Authors: Brillembourg Alfredo , Klumpner Hubert , Kalagas Alexis
Published: July 2015

Shifting the focus from futuristic visions, Alfredo Brillembourg and Hubert Klumpner with Alexis Kalagas of interdisciplinary design practice Urban‐Think Tank urge us to ‘forget about utopia’, for in the most part the urban environment of 2050 is already built. Architects’ sights need to be set on the sometimes grim and unfolding reality of favelas and the world's informal cities.
Captain Nemo's Dream
Authors: Sala Enric
Published: July 2015

Jules Verne's Captain Nemo in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) was the first marine conservationist, battling against his fellow humans to protect the wildlife of the oceans. Here, the deeply passionate marine ecologist and National Geographic Explorer‐in‐Residence Enric Sala enlists the help of his hero to capture what might be in store for ocean life in 2050.
In Situ Investigation of the Oxidation of Cobalt‐Base Superalloys in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Weiser Martin , Reichmann Angelika , Albu Mihaela , Virtanen Sannakaisa , Poelt Peter
Published: July 2015

Since their discovery in 2006, cobalt‐base superalloys have aroused increasing interest as potential materials for various high‐temperature applications. One of the still unsolved problems is their resistance to oxidation. In the present study, the very first stages of the oxidation process of a Co–9Al–9W alloy were investigated. To this aim, the progress of the oxidation process was continuously observed at high magnification in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Oxidation starts not necessarily at the grain boundaries, and both the onset temperature and the oxidation rate depend on the crystallographic orientation of the crystallites.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of the As‐Cast and Extruded Mg–Gd Alloys
Authors: Bayat Tork Nazanin , Razavi Seyyed Hossein , Saghafian Hassan , Mahmudi Reza
Published: July 2015

The microstructure, hardness, and shear strength of two Mg–Gd alloys with 1 and 2 wt% Gd were studied in both as‐cast and extruded conditions. In the as‐cast condition, the addition of Gd has no significant effect on the grain size, but it results in a high volume fraction of Mg5Gd precipitates. Gd addition decreased the grain size of the extruded materials, by retarding recrystallization during hot deformation through solute drag effect of Gd atoms in Mg. The enhancements in strength and hardness of the cast materials are due to the formation of Mg5Gd particles, while in the extruded materials the severe grain refinement achieved after extrusion is responsible for such improvements.
Mechanism and analytical models for the gas distribution on the SiC foam monolithic tray
Authors: Li Hong , Fu Long , Li Xingang , Gao Xin
Published: July 2015

Silicon carbide (SiC) foam material has been applied as monolithic tray for distillation column in our previous study. A systematic understanding of the gas distribution process on the foam tray should help to the design of commercial application. In this article, local gas holdup distribution and bubble size distribution are used to measure the gas distribution. The local gas holdup is tested by the conductive probe and the number of test point is counted in different local gas holdup. The bubbles are captured by the high‐speed camera to measure the bubble size. Bubble size is calculated as ellipsoidal bubble and counted with different pore sizes. Furthermore, a three‐stage process model is put forward to explain the uneven distribution of gas phase, and verified by the experimental values. The results show that the structure and the thickness of SiC foam is the decisive factor for the gas distribution performance. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4509–4516, 2015
Effects of co‐plasticization of acetyl tributyl citrate and glycerol on the properties of starch/PVA films
Authors: Wang Wentao , Diao Enjie , Zhang Hui , Dai Yangyong , Hou Hanxue , Dong Haizhou
Published: July 2015

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite films by film blowing process were successfully obtained. Starch (1700 g), PVA (300 g), and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT, 200 g) were blended and plasticized with acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and glycerol (GLY) at weight ratios of 0/100, 5/95, 10/90, 15/85, 20/80, and 25/75. The structural, morphology, barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of the films, as well as molecular interactions in the nanocomposites were analyzed. The 3.98 nm d‐spacing was the highest in starch/PVA nanocomposite films plasticized with ATBC/GLY ratio of 10/90. The film with ATBC/GLY (5/95) had the lowest WVP (3.01 × 10−10 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1). The longitudinal tensile strength (TS) of starch/PVA nanocomposite films gradually increased from 4.46 to 6.81 MPa with the increase of ATBC/GLY ratios. The Tg steadily increased from 49.2°C to 55.2°C and the ΔH of the nanocomposite films decreased from 81.77 to 51.43 J/g at the presence of ATBC. The addition of ATBC into GLY plasticized starch/PVA/OMMT system enhanced the intermolecular interaction in the nanocomposites. This study proved that ATBC was an excellent compatibilizer in the preparation of starch/PVA/OMMT nanocomposite films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42544.
Polysulfone‐based anion exchange polymers for catalyst binders in alkaline electrolyzers
Authors: Schauer Jan , Žitka Jan , Pientka Zbyněk , Křivčík Jan , Hnát Jaromír , Bouzek Karel
Published: July 2015

The preparation of quaternized bisphenol A polysulfone (PSf) by chloromethylation and quaternization with trimethylamine (TMA), 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1‐methylimidazole (MI), or 1,2‐dimethylimidazole (DMI) is described. While the ion‐exchange capacities (IECs) of MI or DMI quaternized PSf significantly decrease in concentrated KOH solutions at 60°C, the IECs of TMA or DABCO quaternized PSf are not much affected, but the membranes of these polymers become brittle. TMA quaternized PSf (IEC = 1.21 meq/g; IC = 2.45 S/m) and DABCO quaternized PSf (IEC = 1.09 meq/g; IC = 2.49 S/m) were used to bind a NiCo2O4 spinel electrocatalyst on the anode of Ni foam. Both the quaternized PSfs were quite effective in water electrolysis when used as binders, but not more effective than PTFE when rear sides of electrodes were fed with 10 wt % aqueous KOH solution. For long‐term electrolysis, binders based on more stable anion‐conductive polymers should be developed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42581.
Effect of hybrid filler (HNTs‐phthalocyanine) on the thermal properties and flammability of diene rubber
Authors: Rybiński Przemysław , Pająk Agnieszka , Janowska Grażyna , Jóźwiak Małgorzata
Published: July 2015

Rubber is an essential polymer widely used in the auto‐industry. We report a method for the synthesis of zinc phtalocyanine (ZP), chloroalumino phthalocyanine (CP), and their hybrid fillers obtained by the synthesis of the two phtalocyanines in the presence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The hybrid fillers were characterized by means of microscopic, thermal, and particle size measurement analysis. The effect of these fillers on the properties of diene rubbers were assessed in comparison with a physical mixture of halloysite and ZP or CP pigment. The dispersion degree of hybrid fillers inside an elastomeric matrix (rubber) was assessed with the atomic force microscopy. The influence of the hybrid fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties and flammability of butadiene‐acrylonitrile (NBR) and butadiene‐styrene (SBR) rubbers was assessed by analyzing the measurement results obtained by means of thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Zwick Tensile testing, FAA micro‐calorimeter, and oxygen index determination. We found that regardless of the spatial network structure of NBR and SBR rubbers, the incorporation of hybrid fillers into the matrix of the elastomers showed an improvement in their thermal and mechanical properties as well as a significant reduction in flammability. The improvement is attributed to the smaller size and much better dispersion of HZ and HC in relation to the particles of phthalocyanine. The colored composites of NBR rubber, containing hybrid filler (HZ or HC), showed an increase in the heat capacity compared to the uncolored samples, which can increase safety by facilitating the processes of self‐extinguishing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42593.
Reinforcement in the mechanical properties of shape memory liquid crystalline epoxy composites
Authors: Guo Huilong , Li Yinwen , Zheng Jian , Gan Jianqun , Liang Liyan , Wu Kun , Lu Mangeng
Published: July 2015

In this work, novel thermoresponsive shape memory composites based on glass fiber and nanosilica‐modified liquid crystalline epoxies (LCEs) with lateral substituent were prepared and characterized. According to the comprehensive analysis of polarized optical microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements, and tan δ data, the orientation of mesogen units were hindered by the introduction of nanosilica and lateral substituents of liquid crystalline epoxies, so that additional physical cross‐links except for similar chemical cross‐links emerged with the introduction of surface‐treated nanosilica. And the increased cross‐links could enhance the shape memory properties of the composites which could recover to their original state quickly in a time shorter than 30 s with high shape fixing ratios (>96%) and high shape recovery ratios (>98%), which indicated the composites could be applied into self‐deployable structural materials. Moreover, the reinforcement in the dynamic storage moduli, tensile modulus, and the tensile strength and shape memory properties indicated that glass fiber and nanosilica‐modified shape memory liquid crystalline epoxy composites could be high‐performance composites and could be used as new candidates for aerospace smart materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42616.
Influence of temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of stretched polypropylene
Authors: Li Keran , Xiong Bijin , Cao Ya
Published: July 2015

Microstructure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) stretched at different temperatures were studied. Strain‐induced fibrils were observed after stretching. Crystallinity (Xc), crystallite thickness (Lc), long period (Lpf), and diameter (Df) of fibrils were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Small angle X‐ray scattering. Lpf of stretched iPP below 60°C was found to be lower than undrawn iPP. Xc, Lc, and Df increased with increasing draw temperature. Tensile test showed that Young's moduli of stretched iPPs were negatively dependent on Xc and Lc. The fraction of taut tie molecules was estimated from the mechanical model. Results showed that more tie molecules were formed in the samples stretched at lower temperatures. Dynamical mechanical analysis showed that glass transition temperature was strongly dependent on the draw temperature. The glass transition peak disappeared in stretched iPPs obtained below 80°C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42622.