bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and production of multifunctional cationic peptides derived from rice proteins
Authors: Taniguchi Masayuki , Ochiai Akihito
Published: January 2017

Food proteins have been identified as a source of bioactive peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and must be released during gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation, or food processing. Of bioactive peptides, multifunctional cationic peptides are more useful than other peptides that have specific activity in promotion of health and/or the treatment of diseases. We have identified and characterized cationic peptides from rice enzymes and proteins that possess multiple functions, including antimicrobial, endotoxin-neutralizing, arginine gingipain-inhibitory, and/or angiogenic activities. In particular, we have elucidated the contribution of cationic amino acids (arginine and lysine) in the peptides to their bioactivities. Further, we have discussed the critical parameters, particularly proteinase preparations and fractionation or purification, in the enzymatic hydrolysis process for producing bioactive peptides from food proteins. Using an ampholyte-free isoelectric focusing (autofocusing) technique as a tool for fractionation, we successfully prepared fractions containing cationic peptides with multiple functions.
Espresso coffee foam delays cooling of the liquid phase
Authors: Arii Yasuhiro , Nishizawa Kaho
Published: January 2017

Espresso coffee foam, called crema, is known to be a marker of the quality of espresso coffee extraction. However, the role of foam in coffee temperature has not been quantitatively clarified. In this study, we used an automatic machine for espresso coffee extraction. We evaluated whether the foam prepared using the machine was suitable for foam analysis. After extraction, the percentage and consistency of the foam were measured using various techniques, and changes in the foam volume were tracked over time. Our extraction method, therefore, allowed consistent preparation of high-quality foam. We also quantitatively determined that the foam phase slowed cooling of the liquid phase after extraction. High-quality foam plays an important role in delaying the cooling of espresso coffee.
Distribution of saccharides and salts on amphoteric ion-exchange resin
Authors: Sha Yuki , Hasegawa Ayako , Aimoto Utano , Adachi Shuji
Published: January 2017

An amphoteric ion-exchange resin hardly shrank in 550 and 300 g/L glucose and sodium chloride solutions, respectively; however, the bed packed with a cation-exchange resin shrank considerably. From the distribution coefficients of some saccharides, the swelling pressure of the amphoteric ion-exchange resin was estimated to be 2.0 MPa at 25 °C. The distribution coefficients of glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose were independent of their concentration and were about 0.621. On the other hand, the apparent distribution coefficients of NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, LiCl, KCl, and CsCl largely depended on concentration. A model for the distribution of salts on the amphoteric resin was proposed, assuming an interaction between the anion of the salt and the positively charged fixed ions with binding constant B. The B values of the chloride salts were nearly the same (1.69–2.94 L/mol), while the values of the sodium salts were largely different depending on the anion.
The dog that is not a dog: a rejoinder to Stanton Marlan
Authors: Mogenson Greg
Published: January 2017

This paper is a rejoinder to Stanton Marlan’s article, ‘The absolute that is not absolute: an alchemical reflection on the caput mortuum, the dark other of logical light.’ It challenges mischaracterizations by Marlan of Giegerich’s contribution to analytical psychology, not on the usual level of debate and counter-argument, but through psychological ‘seeing-through’. Marlan’s assertion that Giegerich’s psychology as the discipline of interiority approach is ‘too pure [a psychology] to treat ordinary human beings in the consulting room’ is responded to by turning the tables and using Marlan’s account of having had to euthanize his dog as ordinary case material with which to demonstrate the merit and analytic acuity of Giegerich’s mode of interpretation.
Retromer-driven membrane tubulation separates endosomal recycling from Rab7/Ypt7-dependent fusion
Authors: Purushothaman Latha Kallur , Arlt Henning , Kuhlee Anne , Raunser Stefan , Ungermann Christian
Published: January 2017

Endosomes are the major protein-sorting hubs of the endocytic pathway. They sort proteins destined for degradation into internal vesicles while in parallel recycling receptors via tubular carriers back to the Golgi. Tubule formation depends on the Rab7/Ypt7-interacting retromer complex, consisting of the sorting nexin dimer (SNX-BAR) and the trimeric cargo selection complex (CSC). Fusion of mature endosomes with the lysosome-like vacuole also requires Rab7/Ypt7. Here we solve a major problem in understanding this dual function of endosomal Rab7/Ypt7, using a fully reconstituted system, including purified, full-length yeast SNX-BAR and CSC, whose overall structure we present. We reveal that the membrane-active SNX-BAR complex displaces Ypt7 from cargo-bound CSC during formation of recycling tubules. This explains how a single Rab can coordinate recycling and fusion on endosomes.
Introduction
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: January 2017

The introduction sets out the research questions and themes of the book. It explains its methodology, arguments, and theoretical framework, and summarizes each of the chapters. In particular, it explains the book’s main contention that the global growth of the John of God movement is due to three main reasons closely connected to “the massive subjective turn” (Taylor 1991) in late modernity. First, John of God’s striking healing methods give people a radical experience of the sacred. Second, those who are chronically or terminally ill find hope when biomedicine has given up on them. Third, the movement gives people a sense of community that offers social and emotional support to people undergoing life crises such as illnesses or day-to-day issues such as loneliness or divorce.
Meeting John of God
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: January 2017

Chapter 1 gives a personal account of the author’s long process of establishing rapport with John of God in order to discuss the methodological challenges of conducting fieldwork in one’s own country. The author explores the fluidity of the outsider/insider identity and shows that it is never a linear progress toward the latter. She argues that a global “power-geometry” is at play when establishing rapport with a community where fieldwork is conducted. The location of Brazil in a hierarchy of geopolitical power means that the author’s nationality, age, gender, social class, tertiary education, and place of residence all affected her relationship with the healer. Thus she contends that researchers must take into consideration the impact of global flows of ideas, people, and material culture on the religious community, as well as on the offshoots of this community overseas.
Re-enchanting Healing
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: January 2017

Chapter 3 brings together stories of people who were seeking physical, emotional, and spiritual healing. It endeavors to understand how foreigners’ previous history with biomedicine prompted them to seek the healer, and investigates the ways in which people’s extraordinary experiences have informed and changed their understanding of healing and illness. It thus develops a theory of healing as a cultural process. Importantly, here “culture” does not equate to “nation.” The author argues that foreigners make sense of the healer’s cosmology because New Age and alternative medicine concepts of healing and illness, disseminated in global popular culture, produce a “habitus” and a “disposition” toward traditional medicine from the Global South. Thus healing is efficacious cross-culturally because John of God reinstates a connection between healing and spirituality, constructs a context that gives meaning to illness, and empowers people as they surrender to a higher power.
Spiritual Tourism, Cultural Translation, and Friction
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: January 2017

Chapter 5 considers the ways in which John of God’s cosmology has acquired portability and transposability. It argues that his beliefs and practices “travel well” because of foreign tour guides’ intense work of cultural translation. Through their talks, books, websites, social media sites, documentaries, and activities with their groups in Brazil and in international events, they de-link John of God’s cosmology and healing practices from the Brazilian cultural context enough to fit foreigners’ worldviews. It demonstrates how these foreign tour guides “hook” the healer’s practices to a Western imaginary of the developing world, and Brazil in particular, as a primitive, traditional, exotic place in which spirituality is present in everyday life. It shows the ways in which “glocalization” has assisted the global expansion of this (until recently) very local Brazilian religious movement. There are also instances of untranslatability, which provide evidence that not all ideas and practices travel well.
Shovelling Out
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This chapter analyzes the people who emigrated from Ireland to North America in the first half of the nineteenth century, with a focus on their material conditions. Until the early nineteenth century Irish emigrants chiefly consisted of Protestants, especially Presbyterians. By the 1830s Catholics, who were markedly poorer than their Protestant predecessors, had become the dominant group among Irish emigrants. The chapter examines in depth the schemes by local landlords and Irish workhouses to finance the passage to North America of destitute tenants and workhouse inmates during the famine in the 1840s and 1850s. In the mid-nineteenth century, a growing number of Irish emigrants to North America either appeared outstandingly wretched or were unable to support themselves without becoming public charges. The poverty of the Catholic Irish, along their religious faith, stimulated anti-Irish nativism and played a critical role in the development of immigration control policy in antebellum America.
Problems of Irish Poverty
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This chapter examines the growth of anti-Irish nativism and early forms of immigration control in the United States. Although many coastal and New England states had had laws regulating the landing of passengers or banishing paupers from the territory since the colonial period, these laws either failed to receive adequate administrative support for implementation or became dead letters by the 1840s, except in New York and Massachusetts. In these states, the influx of destitute Irish famine immigrants provoked the introduction of state-led passenger control, which had previously been conducted by towns and cities, in New York in 1847 and in Massachusetts in 1848. The seeds of American immigration control lay in these Atlantic seaboard states that cultivated intense nativism in response to the poverty of the famine Irish.
Different Paths
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This chapter explores the growth of state-level immigration control in New York and Massachusetts between 1849 and 1854. New York expanded its immigration policy by enlarging the category of people subject to entry regulation, a policy that can be described as exclusion, and it remained the state’s principal method of immigration control. Massachusetts, by contrast, developed not only a policy of exclusion but also a policy of forcibly deporting abroad immigrants already resident in the United States. The two states adopted distinct policies, yet in a national context—specifically that of the other major immigrant receiving states—it is clear that they developed by far the most advanced systems of state-level immigration control. Building upon a system that emerged in response to the influx of the famine Irish in the late 1840s, the two northeastern states consolidated the state supervision of immigration in the early 1850s.
The Journey Continued
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This chapter explores the process of deportation from the United States and its aftermath in Europe. While American officials deported many Irish paupers to Liverpool, authorities in Liverpool sent them to Ireland under the British pauper removal law. Workhouse officials in Ireland, meanwhile, insisted that these paupers did not belong to their community and even proposed sending the deportees back to the United States. American, British, and Irish officials’ invocation of the laws of settlement and removal was rooted in their collective view of Irish migrant paupers as the undeserving poor, who allegedly refused to participate in production due to their laziness and moral failing. This perception facilitated the banishment of Irish migrant paupers from the United States and Britain and their social marginalization in Ireland. American deportation policy operated as part of a broader legal culture of excluding nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world.
The Moment of Transition
Authors: Hirota Hidetaka
Published: January 2017

This chapter traces how state immigration laws developed into national policy. When the Supreme Court declared states’ exclusion policies unconstitutional in 1876, New York and Massachusetts officials launched a campaign to establish national immigration legislation. The campaign resulted in the passage of the Immigration Act of 1882. When the British government sent destitute Irish people to the United States in 1883, state officials were charged with implementing the act’s exclusion provision against them. Federal control from the late nineteenth century onward was characterized by almost unlimited official over foreigners. The working of the federal act in 1883 suggests that the roots of this severely restrictive aspect of federal policy lay in the actions and motivations of state officials in New York and Massachusetts prior to the introduction of federal immigration law. The state-level treatment of undesirable foreigners became embedded in federal policy with the officials’ administration of the 1882 act.
Introduction
Authors: Mortensen Janus , Coupland Nikolas , Thøgersen Jacob
Published: January 2017

This introductory chapter explores interconnections between the notions of style, media, and change. It argues for a need to develop an orientation to change in sociolinguistics that is fully sensitive to and critically engaged with social change, and which can address reconfigurations in the language-society nexus under conditions of accelerating mediatization. The notion of style allows sociolinguists to explore aspects of stability as well as change in language use, it addresses the negotiation of social meaning across multiple semiotic modes, and it offers an analytical framework within which links between social action, identity, and social context may be investigated. Because of these affordances, the chapter argues, style holds the potential to provide a unifying perspective for sociolinguistic approaches to media and change. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive overview of the main analytic chapters of the book.
Styling syncretic bilingualism on Welsh-language TV
Authors: Coupland Nikolas
Published: January 2017

Madamrygbi is a ‘comedy rugby interviewer’ persona created by actor Eirlys Bellin on Welsh-language television. In her regular television appearances Madamrygbi affects incompetence and naïvety in order to wrongfoot the rugby celebrities that she interviews. Her style, in different semiotic dimensions, transgresses norms of two main sorts and brings them to viewers’ attention. First, Madamrygbi’s syncretic, English-influenced Welsh transgresses norms for Welsh-language broadcasting, where there is a strong expectation of ‘Welsh-only’ and ‘correct’ speech. Second, her ‘rugby-mad,’ sexualized demeanor creates stances that clash with normative expectations about Welsh rugby, the supposedly revered ‘national game’ of Wales. Bellin’s creativity in maintaining and developing the Madamrygbi persona provides insights into stylized performance as a media resource. Madamrygbi’s performances leave a trail of remediated images and stock phrases, in which we see the potential for the critical reflexivity created by the character to become more durable.
Art on television
Authors: Jaworski Adam
Published: January 2017

Mediatization of contemporary art on television potentially faces a paradox of balancing elitist and egalitarian stances: an elite subject matter is broadcast for consumption by a mass audience. This chapter aims to demonstrate how this tension has been addressed in the PBS TV art documentary program, Art in the Twenty-first Century. The program’s section introductions have been created by individually commissioned artists as self-parodic performance art pieces drawing on their distinctive art styles. The artists/hosts of the opening sequences create their personas as ordinary and engaged with the viewer. For a knowing audience to appreciate the intertextuality of the opening sequences positions them as elite art aficionados. On the other hand, making the introductions accessible to a less knowing audience has a democratizing effect.
Style as a unifying perspective for the sociolinguistics of talking media
Authors: Coupland Nikolas , Mortensen Janus
Published: January 2017

Through a retrospective discussion of Chapters 2–11, this chapter elaborates on the idea offered in the Introduction (Chapter 1) that style can serve as a unifying perspective for sociolinguistics, and for sociolinguistic approaches to talking media in particular. Style offers a coherent theoretical and empirical framework for analyzing social meaning making in any context of social interaction, but it has particular relevance and distinctive nuances in the analysis of talking media. This is because technologically mediated talk, while being highly differentiated in itself, is quintessentially a styling and stylizing medium, richly active in many aspects of style. It is able to deploy particular contextualization devices that are not generally available in face-to-face interaction. Correspondingly, as the historical process of mediatization progresses, the production and uptake of technologically mediated talk proceed against changing background assumptions about the meanings of sociolinguistic diversity, while also continuously contributing to diverse processes of sociolinguistic change.
Introduction
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

This chapter gives an introduction to the main topics studied in this work. This book presents a new theory of the relationship between vagueness, context sensitivity, and scale structure in natural language. In particular, this work is devoted to the description and analysis of the distribution of these phenomena within and outside the adjectival domain of English and other Indo-European languages. It is proposed that the semantic and pragmatic patterns that distinguish adjectives like tall from adjectives like straight, and determiner phrases (DPs) like many girls from DPs like the girls are reflexes of a single underlying difference in the semantics of these lexical items involving (a certain kind of) context sensitivity. Moreover, it is proposed that the data concerning both vagueness and scale structure in the adjectival and DP domains can be derived from the interaction between (lack of) context sensitivity and tolerance/indifference relations associated with general cognitive categorization processes.
Scale structure in Delineation semantics
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

This chapter presents both new and previously discussed data associated with the scale structure of members of the four principle classes of adjectives that are studied in this work. Following much previous research, it is argued that the adjectives in each of the classes given are associated with scales that have different properties. This chapter demonstrates that the association of an adjective with a scale with the correct properties is already predicted by the analysis presented in Chapter 4, set within the Del-TCS architecture. In other words, it is argued that, once there is an (independently necessary) analysis of context sensitivity and vagueness in the adjectival domain, an analysis of adjectival scale structure comes “for free.”
Conclusion
Authors: Burnett Heather
Published: January 2017

This chapter summarizes the main empirical and theoretical claims made by this work and draws some final conclusions on the nature of vagueness and scalarity in natural language. The book argues for a number of proposals concerning vagueness, context sensitivity, and the semantics and pragmatics of (non-)scalar adjectives. An analysis of these patterns within the Delineation TCS framework is given and it is shown that, from this analysis, the correct scalarity and scale structure patterns associated with the different classes of adjectives are predicted. In addition, the DelTCS analysis of adjectival context sensitivity, vagueness, and scale structure is applied to account for similar patterns displayed by determiner phrases within a mereological extension of DelTCS. It is concluded that (M)-DelTCS constitutes a well-defined and general framework for analyzing multiple aspects of the meaning of simple and syntactically complex linguistic expressions in the adjectival domain and beyond.
Estimating Utility-Consistent Poverty in Ethiopia, 2000–11
Authors: Stifel David , Woldehanna Tassew
Published: January 2017

This chapter describes how the standardized PLEASe computer code stream based on Arndt and Simler’s (2010) utility-consistent approach can be adapted to analyse poverty in Ethiopia in 2000, 2005, and 2011. Several data-related issues create challenges to estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of poverty in a manner that meets both consistency and specificity objectives. The chapter documents how the code stream is adapted to address changes in data collection periods and strata for the respective surveys over time. Changes in the duration and time of year for data collection can be especially problematic for consistency in the presence of annual inflation of over 30 per cent. In addition, the Ethiopia case provides an example of how to address convergence problems encountered when running the PLEASe code. Careful consolidation of spatial domains and limiting the number of iterations in the estimation of poverty lines are potential solutions.
Uganda
Authors: Campenhout Bjorn Van , Sekabira Haruna , Nattembo Fiona
Published: January 2017

Uganda has seen impressive economic growth and substantial poverty reductions over the past few decades. However, recent research relying on non-monetary wealth indicators suggests much more modest progress and hence higher current levels of poverty. We argue that an outdated poverty line that does not take into consideration the spatial variation of diets in Uganda can explain much of the paradox. In this chapter, we document how we estimate a new set of utility-consistent poverty lines for Uganda using the Uganda National Household Survey of 2012/13 and use these updated poverty lines to calculate poverty. We find poverty levels to be higher and much more in line with what other studies suggest.
Estimating Multidimensional Childhood Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Mahrt Kristi , Nanivazo Malokele
Published: January 2017

After years of economic decline, conflict, and instability, the Democratic Republic of Congo achieved rapid economic growth in the 2000s along with a reduction in rural consumption poverty. This chapter evaluates the extent to which recent growth has been accompanied by improvements in multidimensional child welfare using a first-order dominance approach applied to multiple indicator cluster surveys and demographic and health surveys. It explores the root of indeterminate outcomes in spatial analysis and evaluates the sensitivity of spatial and temporal outcomes to indicator choice. Though results do not indicate broad-based welfare advancement at the national, urban, or rural levels, they do suggest progress within a number of individual provinces.
Child Deprivation and Income Poverty in Ghana
Authors: Kofinti Raymond Elikplim , Annim Samuel Kobina
Published: January 2017

This study assesses temporal and spatial distribution of child deprivation and income poverty using the fifth and sixth rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey. The first-order dominance methodology was used to examine five dimensions of deprivation of children aged 7 to 17 years, and the outcomes were compared to the incidence of income poverty. The analyses reveal the following: reduction in child deprivation across all five dimensions over time; wide disparities across geographical areas; and differences in regional rankings of deprivation and income poverty. Distinct policies for child deprivation and income poverty are imperative for different locations in Ghana.
Measuring Multidimensional Poverty in Nigeria
Authors: Ajakaiye Olu , Jerome Afeikhena T. , Olaniyan Olanrewaju , Mahrt Kristi , Alaba Olufunke A.
Published: January 2017

Though Nigeria has achieved rapid economic growth, the extent to which poverty reduction has accompanied this growth remains uncertain. The economy grew strongly over the last decade, even during the global financial crisis, ranking Nigeria as one of the fastest growing economies globally. In spite of this strong growth performance, poverty remains widespread. Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics estimated consumption poverty to have risen from 27% in 1980 to 66% in 1996. With the onset of higher growth rates, estimated poverty initially dipped to 54% in 2004 but then peaked at 69% in 2010. In response to questions regarding the underestimation of consumption and inconsistencies between per capita GDP and poverty rates, the World Bank re-estimated Nigeria’s consumption poverty. These new estimates indicate national poverty rates of 35% in 2011 and 33% in 2013, respectively.
Estimating Multidimensional Poverty in Zambia
Authors: Mahrt Kristi , Masumbu Gibson
Published: January 2017

This chapter applies the first-order dominance (FOD) approach to assess spatial and temporal multidimensional welfare in Zambia from 1996–2010. Additionally, it extends the methodology to evaluate welfare by rural agricultural strata and urban housing cost areas. This modification is particularly insightful in rural areas, where monetary poverty has made only modest gains over the study period. Finally, it considers the sensitivity of FOD results to indicator definitions in the context of data limitations. FOD analyses indicate broad-based gains in multidimensional rural welfare driven by small-scale farm and non-agricultural rural households. Despite these welfare gains, rural households, particularly small-scale farm households, continue to lag significantly behind their urban counterparts.
Introduction
Authors: Gurau Razvan
Published: January 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the recent advances in random tensor models and their connections with quantum gravity, conformal field theory and statistical physics. Inspired by matrix models in two dimensions, tensor models have been introduced in the 1990s with the aim of providing a theory of random higher dimensional spaces. However, for twenty years tensor models failed to match the success of matrix models because, for a long time, a 1/N expansion for tensor models could not be found. This difficulty has recently been overcome and the appropriate 1/N expansion has been discovered. This result is at the foundation of the recent advances in the field.
Preliminaries
Authors: Gurau Razvan
Published: January 2017

The basic building blocks of random tensor models are generic tensors, that is tensors having no symmetry properties under permutations of their indices. This chapter first recalls some basic definitions and properties of generic tensors. It then presents the invariants one can build out of a tensor and its complex conjugate (its dual) and introduces a complete set of invariants, called trace invariants, which are canonically represented as edge colored graphs. Finally, it briefly introduces the invariant probability measures encoding random tensors.
Generalities on edge colored graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan
Published: January 2017

This chapter discusses the edge colored graphs in detail. It first presents the cellular structure of such graphs and shows that they are dual to vertex colored triangulations in any dimension. It subsequently introduces the notions of open edge colored graphs and boundary graphs, and relates them to triangulations with boundary. Finally, it defines for any edge colored graph a positive integer number, the degree, which will play a distinguished role in tensor models.
The classification of edge colored graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan
Published: January 2017

This chapter presents the classification of the edge colored graphs by the degree. It is well known that the family of combinatorial maps of fixed genus is infinite and exponentially bounded. It turns out that the same holds for edge colored graphs, where the degree plays the role of the genus: the family of graphs of fixed degree is infinite and exponentially bounded. The graphs at fixed degree are enumerated explicitly, and the generating function of the family of graphs of fixed degree is computed.
Melonic graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan
Published: January 2017

The planar graphs of genus zero yield the leading order of the 1/N expansion of matrix models. They are replaced in the case of tensor models by the melonic graphs, of degree zero. This chapter discusses in detail the melonic graphs and the random geometry they represent. It is shown that, endowing the triangulation dual to a graph with an equilateral metric, the family of melonic triangulations converges in the Gromov–Hausdorff topology to the continuous random tree (branched polymer random geometry in the physics literature).
The Battle for the Border
Authors: Kang S. Deborah
Published: January 2017

The multiple challenges faced by the early Border Patrol and its efforts to overcome them are the themes of Chapter 2. It first focuses on how local residents and immigration inspectors pursued open border policies so as to sustain Prohibition era economic growth. Their vision of the border as an economic zone fueled local opposition to the emergence of the Border Patrol. The second part of the chapter describes how federal ambivalence regarding the Border Patrol left it without the resources necessary to carry out its mandate. In an effort to compensate for all of these weaknesses, the unit, as described in the third part of the chapter, resorted to the law, devising a broad vision of border enforcement. Yet, as the final part of the chapter explains, the Patrol’s efforts only generated more debates about the nature of immigration law enforcement and the very meaning of the border.
Repatriation and Reform
Authors: Kang S. Deborah
Published: January 2017

Chapter 3 traces the immigration agency’s internal reform efforts during the Great Depression. In the early years of the economic crisis, the revival of nativism led states, localities, and the federal government to undertake repatriation and deportation drives. Through its participation in these deportation drives, the INS developed a highly aggressive approach to border enforcement. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his appointment of progressive-minded leaders to the Department of Labor and the INS led the agency to conduct an internal review of its deportation procedures and institute a series of reforms. In this endeavor, southwestern INS officials were active, albeit reluctant, participants. Yet in spite of their ambivalence, their contributions to the reform movement illustrate how local INS officials made and remade the nation’s immigration laws.
An Agency in Crisis
Authors: Kang S. Deborah
Published: January 2017

Chapter 4 supplies a history of the Bracero Program and its implementation by the INS. Upon its inception in 1942, the United States and Mexico described the program in highly aspirational terms as an expression of the Good Neighbor policy. Yet it presented federal agencies such as the INS with the complex realities of implementing a binational agricultural employment program that led to the hiring of 4.5 million guest workers over the course of twenty-two years. Faced with an enduring shortage of money, manpower, and materiel to implement the Bracero Program, the INS in the 1940s was in a state of disarray. Local agency officials found themselves buffeted by competing pressures to carry out the agricultural employment, as well as immigration, duties surrounding the Bracero Program, and to simultaneously open the line to bracero workers and close it to undocumented immigrants.
The Federal Regulation of the US–Mexico Border
Authors: Kang S. Deborah
Published: January 2017

Chapter 6 is a history of Operation Wetback, a massive deportation drive conducted by the federal government in 1954. While it is remembered as an apex in the history of the INS, a sign of the agency’s strength, and a moment in which it had achieved control over the US–Mexico border, this chapter argues that the campaign bore the hallmarks of a decades-long struggle by the INS to define a strong immigration law enforcement policy. Facing an ongoing shortage of money, manpower, and material, the new INS Commissioner, General Joseph Swing, devised a border enforcement strategy that drew upon old legal innovations devised by local agency officials in the Southwest. Moreover, Swing’s plan ultimately regulated, rather than closed, the line. It specifically opened the border to guest workers through a revamped Bracero Program, and closed it to undocumented immigrants by means of removal operations such as Operation Wetback.
Conclusion
Authors: Kang S. Deborah
Published: January 2017

The conclusion provides an overview of developments in contemporary American immigration policy from 1954 to the present. Faced with the same dilemmas—how to open the borders to the free flow of trade, travelers, and commerce while closing it to the entry of undocumented immigrants and security threats—immigration policymakers have relied on old solutions. Border Patrol raids, legalization programs, guest worker agreements, and border crossing cards have been and continue to be central features of American immigration policy today. Yet by adopting the once ad hoc practices created by local immigration inspectors and Border Patrol officers, national policymakers also inherited their costs and consequences, the most serious of which included the arbitrariness, corruption, and even violence surrounding Border Patrol operations.
Peanut Smut: From an Emerging Disease to an Actual Threat to Argentine Peanut Production
Authors: Rago Alejandro Mario , Cazón Luis Ignacio , Paredes Juan Andrés , Molina Juan Pablo Edwards , Conforto Erica Cinthia , Bisonard Eduardo Matías , Oddino Claudio
Published: January 2017

The center of origin of peanut is located in South America, specifically in southeastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, where its parental species are found in wild habits. Even though Argentina is only the seventh largest producer of peanut in the world (2% of global production), it is the leading exporter of edible grain and crushed (e.g., flour, butter, and oil) peanut products worldwide. Peanut production was moved to more southern areas of Cordoba in the early 1990s to avoid the consequences of production issues in the northern region. During this migration process, a new disease emerged in commercial plots: peanut smut caused by Thecaphora frezii. Peanut smut was first detected in the northern peanut producing areas in Córdoba Province, and then established on the central region where the main grain processing industries are located. Currently, the prevalence is 100% in Argentinian peanut area. This finding showed evidence that pathogens could also migrate along with peanut production activities and contaminate soil of new production areas.
Open Surgical Release of Posttraumatic Elbow Contracture in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Piper Samantha L. , Lattanza Lisa L. , Shen Tony S. , Wall Lindley B. , Goldfarb Charles A.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Posttraumatic elbow contractures in children and adolescents are challenging to manage, and studies investigating surgical treatment are limited by the rarity of this condition. Small case series have shown variable gains in immediate and long-term elbow arc of motion after open surgical release. We reviewed our experience with open surgical release of posttraumatic elbow contracture in patients <21 years old at 2 institutions.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent posttraumatic open elbow contracture release by 2 surgeons at 2 institutions between 2006 and 2013. Nontraumatic contractures and arthroscopic releases were excluded. Twenty-six patients were included in this study. Mean age at the time of injury was 12 years (5 to 19 y) and at the time of surgery was 14 years (7 to 20 y). Capsulotomy, osteoplasty, removal of hardware, ulnar nerve release or transposition, and ligament reconstruction were performed through medial and lateral approaches as indicated by the pathology. Ten patients had ligament repair or stabilization, and 16 patients used a continuous passive motion (CPM) postoperatively. Outcomes included active range of motion and complications.

Results:

Mean time from injury to surgical release was 29 months. Mean postoperative follow-up was 42 months. Elbow active flexion-extension and forearm rotation arcs both increased significantly by a mean of 49 and 70 degrees, respectively, at final follow-up. A mean 85% of intraoperative flexion-extension arc was maintained at final follow-up. Ligament repair or reconstruction and the use of a postoperative CPM did not significantly change these outcomes. Outcomes were not significantly different if our contracture release was performed within a year from injury. Patients who had surgery before our contracture release had decreased restoration of forearm rotation after release. Complications included 2 recurrent contractures (1 used a CPM and 1 did not), and 2 postoperative ulnar neuropathies (1 used a CPM and 1 did not).

Conclusions:

Open contracture release for posttraumatic elbow contracture in an adolescent population can significantly improve active range of motion.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3—therapeutic.
Outcomes of Pediatric Fractures Managed With Closed Reduction by Orthopaedic Residents in the Emergency Department
Authors: Natarajan Vivek , Abebe Ermias , Dunlap James , Bosch Patrick , Dede Ozgur , Ward W. Timothy , Roach James
Published: January 2017

Background:

Closed reduction of pediatric fractures is commonly performed by orthopaedic residents using conscious sedation in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of satisfactory reductions as performed by residents, and to determine the outcomes of these procedures.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of all fractures that underwent closed reduction under conscious sedation in the ED of a level 1 pediatric trauma center between January 1, 2010 and November 30, 2014. Initial and subsequent radiographs were reviewed and a determination was made as to whether the initial reduction was satisfactory, based on predetermined criteria for angulation and displacement. If a second reduction attempt in the operating room was necessary, this was noted. Chart notes were reviewed until a documented endpoint was reached, such as uneventful healing, malunion, nonunion, or growth arrest.

Results:

A total of 838 subjects were identified. The upper extremity was involved in 85% of the fractures. Of the initial 838 fracture reductions performed, 39 (4.7%) were unsatisfactory. Residents on their first pediatric orthopaedic rotation had a higher unsatisfactory reduction rate compared with more experienced residents (7.0% vs. 3.4%, P=0.01). A second reduction was performed for 94 of 749 (12.6%) fractures. Of these, 35 (37.2%) required an open procedure to accomplish a satisfactory reduction. Fractures with initially satisfactory reductions were significantly less likely to require a second reduction attempt than those with initially unsatisfactory reductions (9.2% vs. 80.0%, P<0.01). The likelihood of a satisfactory reduction was significantly higher in the upper extremity than in the lower extremity. Overall, the vast majority (99.2%) of fractures had a satisfactory final outcome.

Conclusions:

Most attempts at closed reduction of pediatric fractures in the ED by orthopaedic residents are successful, and the likelihood of a satisfactory reduction was associated with increased levels of resident experience. Fractures with an initially successful reduction were far less likely to require remanipulation.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—this is a therapeutic case series.
Intraoperative Electrocochleography: A Window Into Endolymphatic Hydrops in a Patient With an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
Authors: Riggs William J. , Catalano Dominic J. , Harris Michael S. , Adunka Oliver F. , Moberly Aaron C.
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

Intraoperative electrocochleography (ECochG) provides valuable information regarding inner ear function during surgical procedures. Here, we report findings from ECochG collected at three time intervals during the management of a patient with symptoms of inner ear hydrops.

Patients:

A 38-year-old man with an endolymphatic sac tumor who demonstrated classic Ménière's symptoms.

Interventions:

Endolymphatic shunt, tumor biopsy, and definitive resection of an endolymphatic sac tumor.

Main Outcome Measures:

Intraoperative ECochG measurements at three time intervals, using frequency-specific tone bursts and clicks.

Results:

Across time intervals, the amplitude of ECochG summation potential (SP) responses decreased for tone bursts of all frequencies. On the other hand, the SP response to the click stimulus, and the ratio of the SP to action potential (AP), basically remained unchanged across time points.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that the absolute amplitude of the SP response to frequency-specific tone bursts may be more sensitive to inner ear hydrops than the traditionally used SP/AP ratio as a response to click stimuli.
Swallowing after transoral surgery for oropharyngeal cancer: comparison with primary chemoradiotherapy outcomes
Authors: Dawe Nicholas , O’Hara James
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review

Survival equipoise is recognized between the contemporary surgical and oncological approaches to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Primary transoral surgery (TOS) options have emerged that utilize either laser or robotic techniques. Our review presents an overview of the evidence available for swallowing outcomes following TOS approaches and compares these with outcomes following primary oncological management.

Recent findings

Meta-analysis of swallow outcomes following TOS or (chemo)radiotherapy is not possible given the heterogeneity of the available data. There are suggestions of less swallowing impairment following primary TOS, but the favourable selection of patients to these case series must be considered.

Minimizing swallowing impairment following oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treatment, while ensuring oncological efficacy, should be a priority for head and neck healthcare providers. Primary TOS may offer an advantage to patients, but only through a team approach that considers how adjuvant oncological therapy could be tailored to individuals. High-quality clinical trials are in progress that will inform future practice.
Transoral surgery vs intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early supraglottic cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Swanson Mark S. , Low Garren , Sinha Uttam K. , Kokot Niels
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review

To provide clinicians with a critical review of outcomes for endolaryngeal surgery and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for early-stage supraglottic cancer.

Recent findings

A total of 971 potential articles were reviewed, with inclusion of 14 studies comparing IMRT with transoral surgery. One study analyzed IMRT, one transoral robotic surgery, and the remaining were transoral laser microsurgery studies. A weighted average and 95% confidence interval of all surgery patients showed a local control of 90.36 ± 1.14% (n = 118) for T1 lesions, 83.09 ± 1.36% (n = 232) for T2 lesions, and 86.38 ± 0.82% (n = 429) overall. The one study examining IMRT outcomes reported a local control of 70 ± 10.07% and overall survival of 63% over 5 years for T2 lesions (n = 78), with no reported T1 data or secondary outcomes.

Endolaryngeal surgery as definitive therapy for T1 and T2 supraglottic cancer has excellent local control. Although endolaryngeal surgery performed better than IMRT, the data are limited, and a definitive comparison with surgery cannot be made. Additional studies are required.
Novel Abundant Oceanic Viruses of Uncultured Marine Group II Euryarchaeota Identified by Genome-Centric Metagenomics
Authors: Philosof Alon , Yutin Natalya , Flores-Uribe José , Sharon Itai , Koonin Eugene V. , Béjà Oded
Published: January 2017

Marine Group II Euryarchaeota (MGII) are among the most abundant microbes in the oceanic surface waters. So far, however, representatives of MGII have not been cultivated, and no viruses infecting these organisms have been described. Here we present complete genomes for 3 distinct groups of viruses assembled from metagenomic sequence datasets highly enriched for MGII. These novel viruses, which we denote Magroviruses, possess double-stranded DNA genomes of 65 to 100 kilobase in size that encode a structural module characteristic of head-tailed viruses and, unusually for archaeal and bacterial viruses, a nearly complete replication apparatus of apparent archaeal origin. The newly identified Magroviruses are widespread and abundant, and therefore are likely to be major ecological agents.
New insight into plant intramembrane proteases
Authors: Adamiec Małgorzata , Misztal Lucyna , Luciński Robert
Published: January 2017

The process of proteolysis is a factor involved in control of the proper development of the plant and its responses to a changeable environment. Recent research has shown that proteases are not only engaged in quality control and protein turnover processes but also participate in the process which is known as regulated membrane proteolysis (RIP). Four families of integral membrane proteases, belonging to three different classes, have been identified: serine intramembrane proteases known as rhomboid proteases, site-2 proteases belonging to zinc metalloproteases, and two families of aspartic proteases: presenilins and signal peptide peptidases. The studies concerning intramembrane proteases in higher plants are, however, focused onArabidopsis thaliana. The aim of the study was to identify and retrieve protein sequences of intramembrane protease homologs from other higher plant species and perform a detailed analysis of their primary sequences as well as their phylogenetic relations. This approach allows us to indicate several previously undescribed issues which may provide important directions for further research.