bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

The Introduction defines the scope of the work, defining the key terms “millennialism” and “apocalypticism,” as well as clarifying the meaning of eschatology as a field of inquiry. It then goes on to establish the foundations of eschatological thought in Judaism and Christianity, which were deeply influenced by Zoroastrianism. The prophetic books of the Old and New Testaments are discussed, specifically the books of Ezekiel, Daniel, and the New Testament Book of Revelation, to establish the fundamentally apocalyptic and millenarian nature of Christianity. The concept of the Antichrist is also introduced and defined.
“I Will Multiply Them and They Shall not be Few”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

The communal impulse has been a feature of Christianity since its inception, one model for which was the apocalyptic Essene community at Qumran on the shore of the Dead Sea. The Gospels and the Book of Revelation put forth a vision of heaven on Earth that Christians have sought to create in microcosm ever since, convinced that it will ultimately come to pass according to prophecy. The English Puritans who migrated to America did so in the hopes of creating a holy commonwealth, which the Bay Colony pious called the “city on a hill.” Small and nascent denominations, as well as sectarian movements, emerged and grew without fear of legal repercussions and the 1790s and early 1800s saw an explosion in Christian diversity. One idea in particular—perfectionism—which had once been equated with dangerous fanaticism, gained respectability and fueled campaigns for the perfection of American society.
“Groaning for the Latter Day”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

Two new religious movements, Mormonism and Millerism, established a foundation upon which a heretofore invisible, gloomy eschatology that had long occupied the margins of American Protestantism stepped out into the limelight in the late nineteenth century. Gaining popularity during and after the Civil War, dispensationalist premillennialism posited that the world is fundamentally fallen, and that only Christ’s personal intervention could bring on the Millennium. To some among this growing band of radical evangelicals, the United States’ spiritual failings, political corruption, and social inequities meant that it was beyond redemption. Others still clung to the belief in America’s millennial destiny, arguing that only the United States may stand against the Antichrist at the latter day, joining with Christ and his angels in the final assault against Satan in the inevitable Battle of Armageddon.
The Argument in Summary
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 summarizes the entire argument of the book. Only China can organize the exogenous shock that is needed to save world capitalism from the worst climate change scenarios. China could do this by using its cities as large-scale experimental sites to trial innovations to support the bio-digital energy paradigm. The chapter introduces the key concepts of survival governance, the geo-energy trilemma, and the bio-digital energy paradigm. The role that China’s Belt and Road Initiative might play in the globalization of the bio-digital energy paradigm is outlined. The chapter concludes by describing the interview data that was obtained in seventeen different countries and how this data informs the argument of the book.
False-Positive Results and a Nontechnical Overview of Their Modeling
Authors: Bausell R. Barker
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores three empirical concepts (the p-value, the effect size, and statistical power) integral to the avoidance of false positive scientific. Their relationship to reproducibility is explained in a nontechnical manner without formulas or statistical jargon, with p-values and statistical power presented in terms of probabilities from zero to 1.0 with the values of most interest to scientists being 0.05 (synonymous with a positive, hence, publishable result) and 0.80 (the most commonly recommended probability that a positive result will be obtained if the hypothesis that generated it was correct and the study will be properly designed and conducted). Unfortunately many scientists circumvent both by artifactually inflating the 0.05 criterion, overstating the available statistical power, and engaging in a number of other questionable research practices. These issues are discussed via statistical models from the genetic and psychological fields and then extended to a number of different p-values, statistical power levels, effect sizes, and the prevalence of “true,” effects expected to exist in the research literature. Among the basic conclusions of these modeling efforts are that employing more stringent p-values and larger sample sizes constitute the most effective statistical approaches for increasing the reproducibility of published results in all empirically based scientific literatures. This chapter thus lays the necessary foundation for understanding and appreciating the effects of appropriate p-values, sufficient statistical power, reaslistic effect sizes, and the avoidance of questionable research practices upon the production of reproducible results.
Comparing Governance Networks and Human Security Outcomes in Six Ecuadorian Provinces
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4, the first chapter of the empirical core of the book, introduces the context of the northern border region of Ecuador and the six provinces in which subnational comparative field research was conducted. Drawing primarily on survey data from more than 650 foreign (95% Colombian) migrants, the chapter maps the institutional network structure of six major migrant-receiving provinces, including capital cities of Esmeraldas, Tulcán, Lago Agrio, Ibarra, Quito, and Santo Domingo. The chapter compares the institutional relations and the level of coordination in each locality with the human security and peacebuilding outcomes experienced by the migrants who live there. Using network analysis and comparisons across localities, it provides evidence for the claim that state capacity and economic development level are less persuasive as explanations for human security experienced by migrants than network density and diversity.
Conclusion
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

The book concludes in chapter 8 by summarizing the main arguments laid out in the previous chapters and highlighting the contribution that this book makes to the study of migrant integration, security, and governance around the world. It elaborates a number of concrete policy implications of the findings for migrant-serving NGOs, international organizations, and state agencies tasked with human security and peacebuilding in migrant-receiving countries, especially in the Global South. It also suggests directions for further research, including comparative work across populations and temporal periods, and explores the future applicability of this research more broadly for migrant-receiving democracies, especially in other parts of the developing world.
Depth in Staff
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers depth in staff, exploring the role of White House officials tasked to bridge the president’s personal direction with the institutional presidency and the executive branch at large. These staffers are normally part of the presidential party, collectively representing the different wings of the president’s electoral coalition. In the Trump administration, the White House staff jostled for influence and favor throughout the president’s first year. Trump bristled at their efforts to establish regular processes and to control the flow of information. The president saw management of that sort as an impingement on his authority to act on his own instincts and to direct his subordinates at will. Differences over the issue of trade afford a brief, but sharp, illustration of the tension between an institutional presidency and the personal direction of a unitary executive.
Lies and Falsehoods
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: February 2021

Falsehoods are all around us. They come from advertisers. They come from angry or vicious people, trying to destroy reputations. They come from people who are simply trying to attract eyeballs or “clicks.” They come from Russia, attempting to divide the citizens of other nations. They involve—and threaten—public health. We need new principles to orient our thinking about when falsehoods are protected as free speech. Governments should be able to restrict and punish lies and falsehoods that pose serious threats to public health and safety—or to democracy itself. Private institutions, such as Facebook and Twitter, have a great deal of room to stop the spread of lies and falsehoods. They should be doing more. Real people are being badly hurt by their inaction.
A Framework
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: February 2021

To know when and whether falsehoods should be protected, we need to investigate four separate questions. (1) The State of Mind of the speaker. Was he lying? Was he reckless? Did he make an innocent mistake? (2) The Magnitude of the Harm. Did the falsehood hurt anyone? A lot? Or just a little? (3) The Probability of the Harm. Is it very likely to occur, or highly improbable? (4) The Timing of the Harm. Is it expected to occur tomorrow, or in ten years? Answers to these questions can provide a framework to help answer seemingly intractable questions, involving fraud, lies about one’s achievements, attacks on enemies, altered videos, and much more.
Perceived Corruption and Trust in Government
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4 examines the relationship between perceptions of corruption and trust in government. The analysis begins by reviewing variation in levels of trust over time, and proceeds to an estimation of the relationship between perceptions of corruption and trust, as posited by the Court. This chapter also tests the Court’s assumption that states with more substantial campaign finance regulations will evince greater trust in government. Finally, it examines the related notion—implicitly suggested by the Court’s teleology—that lower levels of campaign spending are likely to be associated with greater trust in government. The data are not consistently supportive of this line of reasoning. After accounting for endogeneity, the empirical model shows that perceived corruption does not have a significant impact on trust in government.
Perceived Corruption and Political Participation
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

Chapter 5 shifts the focus to the final—and perhaps most important—element of the Court’s behavioral model: political participation. Adopting a broad and comprehensive scale of political participation that includes both voting as well as other forms of engagement, it first estimates the relationships between attitudes toward corruption and trust on participation. The data offer little support for the notion that those who see more corruption and those who are less trusting of government are less likely to participate. Equally important, campaign finance regulations and campaign spending have a minimal influence on political participation. In fact, increased spending appears to coincide with slightly more participation.
Whither Campaign Finance Jurisprudence?
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

Chapter 7 offers a discussion of the main results and a consideration of the political, policy, and jurisprudential implications of the study. It deliberates what happens in instances like this—when the Supreme Court fosters the construction of an entire edifice of laws and regulations that limit a fundamental right (free speech) based on an erroneous set of assumptions about political opinion and behavior. The role of social science in court decisions—particularly in the context of informing behavioral assumptions—is emphasized, along with a particular call for social scientists to investigate further the Buckley Court’s model.
Economies of Inattention
Authors: Krzych Scott
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers such conventional documentaries as Primary, Crisis, The War Room, and Feed, films that take viewers behind the scenes of presidencies and presidential political campaigns. The filmmakers’ absent editorial voice leaves room for viewers to decide for themselves how they will interpret the recorded images. Thus, at first glance, direct cinema seems to share little in common with the unhinged, racist, conspiracy theories found throughout the cycle of anti-Obama documentaries central to the chapter. However, as I argue, both cycles of films—direct cinema and the hysterical anti-Obama documentaries—rely on related economies of attention, both of which invite viewers to heed the bare distinctions between privacy and publicity. The conservative films construct irresolvable problems; by leaving any solutions in doubt, and projecting this undecidability onto Obama’s very body and being, the documentaries combine hysteria with racist discourse.
The Administrative Tradition Approach to Public Bureaucracy
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

This chapter develops the model of administrative traditions that functions as the framework for the remainder of the book. The argument is that contemporary public bureaucracies are influenced significantly by their historical roots, and that many features of contemporary bureaucracy can be understood through the historically rooted administrative traditions. The model of administrative traditions developed in this chapter has a number of components. First is the nature of the state in which public administration functions. Second is whether there is an emphasis on law or management in defining the role of public servants. The third dimension is the relationship between politics and public administration, followed by the service orientation of public servants. The fifth element of the model is the nature of the career patterns of public servants. Another political dimension concerns the role of social actors in influencing the bureaucracy. Administrative traditions also are concerned with the degree of uniformity in public services throughout the country. The final dimension of the model of administrative traditions is the degree and form of accountability. This model of administrative traditions is based on the experiences of Western Europe, but also has relevance in many other settings.
Tracing (de)colonial options in German philology around 1900
Authors: Warnke Ingo H.
Published: February 2021

The Berlin Lautarchiv holds a large collection of historical recordings with POWs during World War I. These recordings were produced with the prisoners in German camps by a group of German linguists, anthropologists, and musicologists in an ambitious project to ‘collect the languages of the world’. The acoustic documents were archived and are now digitally available. Most of the recordings with African prisoners and civilian internees were never translated, yet some of them surfaced in radio broadcasts and publications. By means of approaching acoustic, visual, and written traces in European archives, which relate to two of the speakers and their biographies, this chapter engages with linguistic practices, with epistemic regimes that framed the project of recording in camps, as well as its racist assumptions at specific moments of colonial knowledge production.
The decolonizer iconoclast
Authors: Roque Ricardo
Published: February 2021

Linguistic purism and other radically essentializing concepts of language—such as “mother tongue” or “ethnic language”—form part of the colonial matrix of power. The monolingual speaker emerges as some kind of hegemonic figure in these narratives, while the multilingual speaker is positioned as deficient. These two poles are part of the many binary constructions that characterize coloniality, as well as recent sociolinguistic approaches which, implicitly, position multilingualism as ‘decolonization-in-action’. Based on a sociolinguistic study of speakers in Mali, this chapter explores their desire for monolingualism, as well as the persistence of multilingualism in participants’ biographies in Bamako, Mali.
Language ideologies and attitudes towards Arabic in contemporary Iran
Authors: Faghiri Pegah
Published: February 2021

This chapter outlines a “grammar of decolonial thinking,” via a consideration of three of the conceptual moves that decolonial thinkers make in their analysis of colonialism and modernity. The first of these is to backdate the relationship between colonialism and modernity to include the Portuguese and Spanish “New World” empires. The second is to focus on questions of knowledge and epistemology, and the third is to refuse the label of theory. The chapter distinguishes decolonial thinking from postcolonial theory, and outlines some key terms, including coloniality, epistemic decolonization, and the colonial difference. It further offers brief decolonial readings of two related disciplines, archaeology and linguistics. Work on a decolonial analysis of archaeology is quite far advanced. In this chapter, it is offered as a case study that points towards possible future trajectories and lines of analysis for the discipline of linguistics as it engages colonial pasts and decolonial futures.
Introduction—Schumpeter’s life and vision
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter begins with a brief prologue on the logos of panta rhei, or perpetual change. Arguably it is the single most characteristic attribute of Schumpeter’s theoretical vision, while at the same time perpetual change also characterised his turbulent personal vita. The introduction therefore offers a brief synopsis of his life and work, starting with his education and studies with the founders of the Austrian School of economics at the University of Vienna, his intermittent years of disastrous political and business ventures, as well as his return to academic work first at the University of Bonn and then at Harvard University. The final section explains the aim, scope and plan of the book, laying out the individual threads that will intertwine to tell its story.
Early origins of money
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

Part I provides a synopsis of the ongoing stream of innovation in monetary and financial history, as well as the scholarly struggle to understand and assimilate it in the history of monetary thought. It serves as an introduction to the non-specialist, providing the general historical background. In the first of three chapters, the focus is on the early origins of money as a social institution. It is of significance to the later discussion of Schumpeter’s monetary theory for two reasons: first, the historical account illustrates the perpetual stream of new monetary arrangements and their importance to the real economy; second, the modern historical record puts into perspective the traditional preoccupation with metallism and the coinage of money as a means of exchange, which dominated the monetary orthodoxy at Schumpeter’s time. In other words, the early history of money highlights the modernity of Schumpeter’s later vision.
The Biedermann Bank
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

The three chapters of Part III focus on Schumpeter's own financial ventures. To begin with, Chapter 8 is dedicated to the history of the Biedermann Joint Stock Bank, whose president Schumpeter was from its foundation in 1921 until 1924. Since credit played an outstanding role in his development theories, the Biedermann project must be considered the most essential part of Schumpeter's practical venture finance projects. While his banking activities have so far mainly been perceived as a speculative episode, here they are examined as a serious attempt to put his theoretical considerations of credit-based entrepreneurial development into practice. Despite his efforts, the project encountered severe economic turbulence in the spring of 1924. Its failure was due to unfavourable economic conditions, contradictory strategic orientations amongst the shareholder groups, and mistakes made by those in charge (including Schumpeter). New insights are revealed based on previously inaccessible documents from the Austrian State Archives and other so long neglected sources.
In the current stream
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

While the previous chapter highlighted the resurgence of Schumpeter’s concept of money in economic theory, this chapter focuses on three examples from recent economic history in which the interdependence of finance and innovation invokes a deliberate Schumpeterian interpretation. The first example is about the striking rise of modern venture capital in Schumpeter’s immediate geographical and intellectual environment during his years at Harvard, to which he contributed a consistent intellectual frame (also through his personal ties with people like David Rockefeller, Frank Taussig, or George Doriot). The second example addresses the recurrent instances of financial crises, in particular the Great Recession of 2008-09, and invokes a Schumpeterian interpretation mainly via the instability theorem of his student Hyman Minsky. Finally, we turn to the stream of innovations that relate to the increasing digitalisation of money ranging from cryptocoins to central bank digital currencies (CBDC).
Epilogue—a Schumpeterian heritage
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

A brief epilogue summarises the main threads of analysis and portrays Schumpeter’s monetary theory of economic development as an old and often unattended variety, which, however, is exceptionally rich in substance. It concludes that Schumpeter’s unique and comprehensive vision has endured particularly well, offering no less than an endogenous explanation of innovation, growth and development, business cycles and crises within a monetary economy that deliberately connects finance and real production. Moreover, the longer history unfolds, the more it seems to accord with his vision.
Factors enabling and hindering the promotion and protection of human rights by the EU
Authors: Lassen Eva Maria
Published: February 2021

The aim of this chapter is to explore the dynamics of factors which have influenced and continue to influence the EU’s commitment to promote and protect human rights in its internal and external actions. Starting with the historical factors that contributed to the establishment of human rights as the foundational values of the EU and reflected in the Union’s legal instruments and internal and external policies, the chapter identifies the diverse set of legal, political, economic, social, cultural, religious, ethnic, and technological factors that impact on the Union’s direction. The chapter explores how these factors in some instances facilitate the success of the EU in promoting human rights, both in Member States and when engaging with third states, whereas in other instances are obstacles to the ability of the EU to be a spearhead for human rights and, moreover, contribute to inconsistencies in EU human rights mechanisms and policies. The chapter offers recommendations related to challenges posed by specific factors and points to future challenges in the dynamics between these factors and the EU’s commitment to promote and protect human rights, for instance, in relation to Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
The EU’s engagement with the Eastern Partnership on human rights
Authors: Dunay Pál
Published: February 2021

The six eastern partners of the European Union (EU) (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine) are states with which the EU aims to establish value-based relations without offering membership perspective. The EU uses its economic strength and attraction as far as visa-free access to EU territory to persuade the six states to stay on the orbit of the EU. However, the EU has limited means of conditionality and it remains questionable what it can achieve with its socialisation. The six partners are in different position as far as their readiness to share western norms and values and follow them. Problems start when the expectations of the EU require major adjustments in the partner’s society, like the introduction of effective anti-corruption measures, guaranteeing judicial independence, providing for a vibrant civil society, fostering a pluralistic and independent media, and achieving good governance. Even the best performing partners face some difficulty in one area or other whereas declaratory human rights policy is not an issue for any as they all belong to various arrangements (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe, United Nations) that contain similar requirements. That is why norms and political reality are not congruent that will cause problems for the EU in the relationship for the future. It will continue to face hesitant implementation of human rights commitments by those that lag behind and push for EU membership by the best performing eastern partners.
Towards ever greater coherence? Human rights policies in the evolving EU
Authors: Ginsborg Lisa , Finlay Graham
Published: February 2021

Coherence remains one of the most important challenges facing the European Union (EU) with respect to its commitment to human rights. While perfect coherence in EU human rights policy may never be possible, and is perhaps not even desirable, the normative coherence of EU human rights policy-making under international human rights law remains essential to uphold such a commitment and ultimately to avoid human rights violations by EU actors themselves. ‘Hard interests’, including security, managing migration, or economic policy, must never be used as an excuse to violate human rights, especially by the EU. The present chapter offers a number of suggestions to overcome different types of incoherence, and to promote normative, interest-based, and structural coherence in EU human rights action. Starting from this three-fold typology of incoherence, the chapter identifies different ways in which incoherence is a challenge for EU human rights policy, and offers suggestions to EU actors for opportunities to promote coherent human rights policy and best practices in this regard. Despite the EU’s complex institutional structure and web of competences, significant opportunities remain for the EU and its Member States to act coherently for human rights, both through law—in particular international and regional human rights law—and through the practice of EU actors themselves.
Types of Data and the General Framework of Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

For most habitat analyses, researchers typically collect and examine environmental data from the landscape scale (a few square kilometers to hundreds of square kilometers) all the way down to the scale of a microhabitat (tens of square meters). At the larger spatial extents, the data may be GIS-based such as spatially referenced land cover data. At smaller spatial scales, the data may be collected (variables measured) in the field at the study sites. Data for a habitat analysis are often based on randomly located and spatially delineated sampling or survey plots. The environmental data compose a set of a few to tens of predictor variables that are used in statistical tests for a relationship with the response variable that is typically species presence–absence, abundance (counts of individuals), or activity level. Depending on the spatial scale of analysis, predictor variables could represent different environmental variables such as vegetation structure, soil properties, and other characteristics of the substrate. Climate and weather variables are environmental, but they are not considered to be characteristics of the habitat. The formal habitat analysis consists of testing for a statistical relationship between the response variable and one or more environmental predictor variables so as to identify those variables that truly are habitat characteristics. A study of the habitat of the brown-throated sloth in Costa Rica is used to further explain the type of data used in characterizing the habitat of a species.
Post-analysis Procedures
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

There are several additional statistical procedures that can be conducted after a habitat analysis. The statistical model produced by a habitat analysis can be assessed for fit to the data. Model fit describes how well the predictor variables explain the variance in the response variable, typically species presence–absence or abundance. When more than one statistical model has been produced by the habitat analysis, these can be compared by a formal procedure called model comparison. This usually involves identifying the model with the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) value. If the statistical model is considered a predictive tool then its predictive accuracy needs to be assessed. There are many metrics for assessing the predictive performance of a model and quantifying rates of correct and incorrect classification; the latter are error rates. Many of these metrics are based on the numbers of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative observations in an independent dataset. “True” and “false” refer to whether species presence–absence was correctly predicted or not. Predictive performance can also be assessed by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating area under the curve (AUC) values. High AUC values approaching 1 indicate good predictive performance, whereas a value near 0.5 indicates a poor model that predicts species presence–absence no better than a random guess.
Other Techniques Related to Habitat Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

Habitat analysis is strictly defined as a statistical examination to identify the environmental variables that a species associates with, wherein association is taken as some form of correspondence between a species response variable (e.g., presence–absence or abundance) and the environmental variables. There are other statistical techniques and empirical goals that extend this basic framework. These techniques often rely on a habitat analysis having been conducted as an initial step. Resource selection functions quantify an individual’s and a species’ use of a resource based upon the properties of the resource. Resource is broadly defined and can include particular types of habitat. Selectivity and preference indices are used to assess an individual’s preference and active choice of different resource types. Compositional data analysis is a statistical method for examining the composition of an individual’s territory or home range with regard to different habitat types that may be represented. Habitat suitability modeling and species distribution modeling are closely related techniques designed to map the spatial distribution of a species’ habitat and sometimes the species itself based upon its habitat requirements and other factors.
Conclusion
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

Because habitat is so crucial to the survival and reproduction of individual organisms and persistence of populations, it has long been studied by wildlife ecologists. However, the modern concept of habitat originated with ecologists before the field and practice of wildlife ecology arose. The fields of ecology and wildlife ecology have developed along separate historical paths, but, given that research in each field continues to involve the study of species–habitat relationships, there is common ground for practitioners and students in both fields to better engage with one another. Such collaboration could involve a shared recognition that habitat largely determines a species spatial distribution in nature. Through a behavioral process of dispersal, settlement, and establishment, an individual organism finds appropriate habitat by searching and responding to environmental cues. These cues may primarily be characteristics of the habitat such as vegetation structure. Characterization or statistical analysis of habitat is an obvious and important component of studying the habitat requirements of a species. It is recommended that multiple logistic regression will often be the most appropriate method for characterizing habitat. Of most importance, a habitat analysis should recognize that the habitat of a species involves an integrated set of environmental variables that synergistically influence the survival and reproduction of the individual and existence of the species. The study of habitat can help us learn more about the autecology of the focal species, its role in ecological communities, and proper strategies for its preservation.
The Co-evolution of Culture, Psychology, and Institutions
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers
Published: February 2021

This chapter empirically investigates the relationships that hold between culture, personality psychology, and institutions. The analysis recognizes that any relationships between these constructs are likely to be bidirectional, and therefore it is inappropriate to assume that one can be regarded as an independent factor that drives the others. The analysis examines those specific relationships between each of the three constructs to capture evidence for the existence of their intertwined nature. In particular, it focuses on how selective migration due to particular psychological traits can be associated not only with the psychological profiles of ‘exporting’ and ‘receiving’ areas but also how these patterns relate to the culture of the receiving areas and how they develop over time.
‘They Make a Desolation and They Call It Peace’
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 9 (‘“They Make a Desolation and They Call It Peace”: Re-Examining the Nature of the Imperial Peace’) reviews the concept of Assyrian peace that became popular over the years to describe the prospering economy during the period of Assyrian control, when no internal wars or imperial campaigns are evident. The information provided in the previous chapters, however, casts some doubts on the applicability of the term for the period under discussion, since the provinces in the southwest were devastated, and only the regions outside the official boundaries of Assyria prospered. Subsequently, the chapter re-evaluates not only the pax Assyriaca, but also the general concept of ‘imperial peace’ which was ‘imported’ from Rome (the pax Romana) into almost all imperial contexts.
Juvenile Huntington’s disease and paediatric Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver
Published: February 2021

Juvenile Huntington’s disease (JHD) is rare. It is usually defined as someone having an onset before 21 years. A more accurate description would be juvenile-onset HD. The origins of this definition are obscure but the distinction has been recognized for many years. The proportions of JHD cases may vary in different parts of the world but a figure of approximately five per cent is useful. JHD is not a separate category but rather part of the spectrum. Whilst it is still useful to think about the needs of young people in terms of the different ways they can present to a doctor some of the limitations of the definition will be explored. As part of the process of developing new drugs the European Medicines Agency (EMA) would like information on how the drug affects children. The term JHD does not cover this accurately so new term, paediatric Huntington’s disease (PHD) has been devised so that young people under the age of 18 years and currently affected by HD can be identified.
The Letter of the Law
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies the correspondence between Acontius and Cydippe (Heroides 20–1). The main argument is that Ovid highlights the fundamental confluence of the love letter with legal correspondence. The discussion ranges widely through comparative material from contemporary Latin elegy (Propertius in particular) to its intertextual matrix (Callimachus’ Aetia), in order to spell out the dependence of both poetry and law on precedent. Core aspects of Heroides 20–1, such as the materiality of the text, iterability, performativity, and intertextuality show that the invention of love is inextricably related to the invention of law. The chapter further investigates the triangulated relations between magic spells (carmina), love poetry (carmina), and legal statements. In its historical context, the crucial role of epistolography in the production and communication of laws in the Roman Empire is important for understanding the legal force of Ovid’s love letters.
Epilogue
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: February 2021

The Epilogue discusses Ovid’s reception in the Middle Ages, in order to recapitulate the main theoretical approaches of the book. Ovid’s jurisprudence of love had a major impact on Forcadel’s Cupido Jurisperitus and Boccaccio’s Decameron. Within the long tradition of Ovidian receptions, the current trend to simultaneously study and marginalize legal discourse in Ovid is anomalous. The brief discussion of the juridico-discursive reception of Ovid will hopefully open new avenues not only in Ovidian studies, but also in the field of law and literature.
Kant, Aesthetic Judgement, and Beethoven
Authors: Hare John
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores Kant’s conception of the relation of the beautiful and the sublime to freedom and to moral theology. It then turns to Beethoven’s conception of the sublime, and illustrates this by an analysis of the slow movement of his early piano sonata Op. 2, No. 2, and an analysis of the first movement of the Eroica. The thesis of the chapter is that a Kantian ‘optimistic’ account of the sublime fits these pieces better than some other accounts of the sublime that the chapter describes, namely ‘the uncanny sublime’, ‘the authoritarian sublime’ and ‘the solipsistic sublime’. The chapter ends with a brief remark about the relation between Kantian freedom and the Christian faith.
From the Church to the Concert Hall
Authors: Todd R. Larry
Published: February 2021

‘Every room in which Bach is performed is transformed into a church.’ We do not know the context for this remark attributed to Mendelssohn (sometime before March 1835), but it reflects one significant thread in the nineteenth-century ‘emancipation of music’, namely the revival of the music of J.S. Bach, and his transformation from a largely forgotten Leipzig church musician into a dominant, canonic figure in European concert music. This chapter revisits some familiar aspects of Mendelssohn’s revival of Bach’s music, for example the seminal revival of the St. Matthew Passion in 1829, and Mendelssohn’s spiritual trajectory from Judaism to Christianity, and then explores ways in which his own music tested boundaries between sacred music for performance in church versus the concert hall. One way in which Mendelssohn allied his music with the spiritual was through the use of imaginary, ‘free’ chorales—that is, newly composed, textless chorale melodies that he inserted into a number of his purely instrumental compositions as a means of underscoring his newly acquired Protestant faith. The chapter concludes by exploring the significance of this device for several other nineteenth-century composers who similarly invoked the divine and sacred in their concert music
Music, Freedom, and the Decisive Particular
Authors: Begbie Jeremy
Published: February 2021

This essay focuses on a major theological shift of outlook between the first rendition of Bach’s St. Matthew Passion in Leipzig in 1727 and the Berlin performances of 1829, seen in the emergence of a quest for a particular kind of freedom: ‘freedom from the decisive particular’. We chart some of the background to it in the eighteenth century in ‘natural religion’: in the search for a commonly shared religious sensibility, the suspicion of relying on the local and contingent in religious matters, and in the belief that the universal potential of religion should not be dependent on the historicity of concrete events. These are carried forward in the early nineteenth century, most clearly in the work of G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Schleiermacher. The latter, in particular, appropriates music in his account of religion. Music, more than any other art, can give voice to the dynamics of humanity’s primordial religious awareness precisely because of its relative freedom from historical contingencies. Something of this outlook seems to have characterized and informed the 1829 Bach performances. But it contrasts sharply with Leipzig in 1727: in eighteenth-century Lutheranism, it was taken as axiomatic that the events of the life, death, and resurrection of Christ were of decisive, ultimate significance for all other events. The essay concludes with some reflections on what can be learned from this contrast with respect to the conversation between music and theology today.
Security
Authors: Hägel Peter
Published: February 2021

Chapter 5 analyzes two billionaires within transnational diaspora politics, whose ethnonational identity generates security concerns for communities abroad. The Jewish-American casino mogul Sheldon Adelson has been financing a free newspaper, Israel Hayom, which has become the most widely read daily in Israel, staunchly supporting Benjamin Netanyahu and the “entrenchment–expansionism” position vis-à-vis Palestine. His interventions in the Israel–Palestine conflict ran counter to the majority views of American Jewry and undermined President Obama’s foreign policy. The second case examines whether the hedge fund billionaire Raj Rajaratnam helped to fund the insurgency of the LTTE (“Tamil Tigers”) in his former home state Sri Lanka. While the case once produced spectacular headlines, upon closer inspection the political agency of Rajaratnam appears as very limited. He seems to have largely conformed to the demands put on the Tamil diaspora by the LTTE, and the U.S. government’s anti-terrorism policies restricted his options severely.
Economy
Authors: Hägel Peter
Published: February 2021

Chapter 6 presents two cases of billionaires whose pursuit of wealth in the global economy has broader political consequences. It looks at how Charles and David Koch have tried to limit climate change mitigation in order to protect the fossil fuel–based business interests of their conglomerate Koch Industries. The Koch brothers spread climate change skepticism via the funding of think tanks and public advocacy, and they finance campaigns boosting politicians that oppose climate change mitigation. In Rupert Murdoch’s case, his News Corporation has been his main political resource. He has used the opinion-shaping power of his media empire to extract favors from politicians abroad, especially in the UK, but also in Australia, by offering support (or threatening hostility) during election times.
The Challenge of Macroeconomic Stabilization in Fragile States
Authors: Chami Ralph , Cosimano Thomas F. , Espinoza Raphael , Montiel Peter
Published: February 2021

We develop a dependent-economy model with macroeconomic policies derived from a policymaker maximization problem. The model assumes that the probability of state failure is a function of the economic situation and the government’s capacity to deliver favors through public employment. We solve the model under three different policymakers’ objectives: the “political” policymaker, technocratic policymaker, and social planner. Public employment is higher if it is decided by the political policymaker, but the probability of state failure is higher because fiscal deficits lead to inflation. A technocratic policymaker implements a conservative fiscal plan but the probability of state failure is higher than what could be achieved if this probability was taken into account in the objective function. Comparative statics provide a “test” of the objective function: a benevolent policymaker should take advantage of additional fiscal space to improve the economy, not to spend all resources on policymaker consumption or on public wages.
Aid Effectiveness in Fragile States
Authors: Caselli Francesca G. , Presbitero Andrea F.
Published: February 2021

Fragile states are highly dependent on foreign aid and are characterized by several features that impair their economic and social performance. This chapter reviews the literature on aid effectiveness and presents several stylized facts on aid flows to fragile states and exploits project-level data to provide evidence on aid effectiveness in fragile states. Comparing project success rates across fragile and other developing countries confirms that aid given to fragile states is less likely to be effective than elsewhere. Our results indicate that a project implemented in a fragile state is about 8 percentage points less likely to be successful than a similar project financed in another developing country. Our analysis does not imply that aid to fragile states should be reduced across the board, but points to several factors that could hamper the growth dividend of aid.
Seven Challenges for Spatial Analyses of Vector-Borne Diseases
Authors: Perkins T. Alex , España Guido , Moore Sean M. , Oidtman Rachel J. , Sharma Swarnali , Singh Brajendra , Siraj Amir S. , Soda K. James , Smith Morgan , Walters Magdalene K. , Michael Edwin
Published: February 2021

Prediction of spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence based on measurable spatial factors is a major goal of spatial epidemiology. There are a number of applied goals of these predictions, including appropriately targeting resources for surveillance and intervention and accurately quantifying disease burden. Although spatial heterogeneity is evident in the epidemiology of many diseases, several aspects of the biology of vector-borne diseases amplify this form of heterogeneity. Here, we review several aspects of this biology, highlighting seven distinct ways in which the biology of vector-borne diseases impacts understanding spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence. Whereas traditional methods place emphasis on spatial regression and other forms of statistical analysis of empirical data, the goal here is to offer a perspective on potential pitfalls of analyses that take data at face value and do not acknowledge the complex, nonlinear, and dynamic relationships between spatial patterns of disease incidence and spatial heterogeneity in transmission.
Force of Infection and Variation in Outbreak Size in a Multi-Species Host-Pathogen System:
Authors: Drake John M. , Magori Krisztian , Knoblich Kevin , Bowden Sarah E. , Bajwa Waheed I.
Published: February 2021

The size of annual outbreaks in seasonally forced host-pathogen systems is poorly understood. We studied contributing factors to the six-fold observed variation in the number of human cases of West Nile virus in New York City in the years 2000–2008. Sampling error and intrinsic noise (demographic stochasticity) explain roughly half of the observed variation. To investigate the remaining sources of variation, we estimated the monthly force of infection from data on the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes, virus prevalence, vector competence, and mammal biting rate at two spatial scales. At both scales, the West Nile virus force of infection was remarkably consistent from year to year. We propose that fine scale spatial heterogeneity is the key to understanding the epidemiology of West Nile virus in New York City.