bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Peptide-Functionalized Surfaces on the Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Loney Charles N. , Maheshwari Sharad , Pramounmat Nuttanit , Janik Michael J. , Renner Julie N.
Published: February 2020

This review outlines the approaches and mechanisms through which peptides and amino acids functionalize electrocatalytically active surfaces to promote or inhibit the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). HER is important in many electrochemical systems. For example, HER is highly desired in water electrolysis, which if driven by renewable energy could serve as a green alternative to the fossil-fuel-driven steam methane-reforming process. However, HER is often an undesired side reaction and thus limits the selectivity of promising electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical nitrogen reduction or carbon dioxide reduction. In pursuing higher product selectivity and yield in emerging and existing electrochemical systems, amino acids and short-chain peptides are promising molecules for the modification of electrochemically active surfaces. Peptides are attractive because they are highly tunable, which allows for versatility in their applications. This short review article summarizes literature that illustrates the mechanisms through which electrode-bound peptides can affect HER including via modulating surface binding and adsorbate coverage, altering the surface composition, and controlling proton transfer rates. Our goal is to motivate additional studies utilizing electrode-bound peptides to modulate electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions.
Effect of Lattice Setting Density on Fluid Flow and Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Bricks in Tunnel Kilns
Authors: Alrahmani Mosab A. , Almesri Issa F. , Abou-Ziyan Hosny Z. , Almutairi Jaber H.
Published: February 2020

This paper reports the effect of setting density on flow uniformity, pressure drop, pumping power, and convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTCs). High-density setting (HDS) comprises 768 bricks, and low-density setting (LDS) contains 512 bricks are tested for different inlet air velocities using both local and average approaches. The investigation is carried out using a 3D-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with k–ω turbulence model. Both settings are validated against experimental data reported in the literature with errors less than 1.9% for pressure drop and −1.0% for brick surface temperature. The reported results indicated that the LDS has distinct benefits over the HDS as it enhances the flow uniformity, particularly in the stack channels. Also, LDS attains lower pressure drop, pumping power, and firing time than HDS by 45.93%, 50%, and 35%, respectively. In addition, LDS produces larger CHTCs, rates of heat transfer for individual bricks, and the ratio of heat transfer to pumping power than HDS by 24.53%, 35%, and 34%, respectively. Moreover, LDS produces more homogenous heating of the setting bricks than HDS as the maximum difference of CHTCs between bricks is about 4.39% for LDS and 19.62% for HDS. The best performance of the firing process is accomplished at low inlet air velocity (3 m/s), whereas the highest productivity is achieved at high inlet air velocity (9 m/s).
Image-charge effects on an electrostatic pendulum in mechanical equilibrium
Authors: Goodman D. S. , Fischetti R. D. , Hodges A. , Tekalp H. A.
Published: February 2020

A charged pendulum suspended in mechanical equilibrium by an insulated string and deflected by a uniform electric field was investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the uniform electric field is generated by a pair of large parallel conducting plates, there is an additional force of attraction between the pendulum and its corresponding image charges, which can dramatically affect the pendulum's equilibrium deflection. Consequently, the deflection depends non-linearly on the pendulum's net charge and the plate potentials, which results in additional unstable-equilibrium solutions, saddle-point solutions, or conditions for which no equilibrium occurs. Inclusion of this experiment within introductory and/or advanced undergraduate physics courses is discussed.
Dynamics of a round object moving along curved surfaces with friction
Authors: Mejía Gabriel M. , Betancourt Jose M. , Forero Christian D. , Avilán Nicolas , Rodríguez F. J. , Quiroga L. , Johnson Neil F.
Published: February 2020

The problem of the classical motion of a round object is typically presented using idealized setups in order to make it more tractable. Popular examples include a sphere moving on a perfectly flat inclined plane. Here, we focus on a rolling object and show that more realistic cases of curved surfaces defined by a single variable and including friction are not only tractable, but also offer new physics. We show that the point at which the object may detach from the surface can be predicted accurately using simple methods. We check the accuracy of our theoretical calculations by performing experiments using tracks in the shape of four different conic curves. We observe very good agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results. Our findings not only suggest that curved surfaces can be included in the presentation of motion to students, but that they also offer intriguing new scenarios for gaining physical insight.
Assessing randomness with the aid of quantum state measurement
Authors: Coleman Mathew R. , Ingalls Kaylin G. , Kavulich John T. , Kemmerly Sawyer J. , Salinas Nicolas C. , Ramirez Efrain Venegas , Schlosshauer Maximilian
Published: February 2020

Randomness is a valuable resource in science, cryptography, engineering, and information technology. Quantum-mechanical sources of randomness are attractive because of the indeterminism of individual quantum processes. Here, we consider the production of random bits from polarization measurements on photons. We first present a pedagogical discussion of how the quantum randomness inherent in such measurements is connected to quantum coherence, and how it can be quantified in terms of the quantum state and an associated entropy value known as min-entropy. We then explore these concepts by performing a series of single-photon experiments that are suitable for the undergraduate laboratory. We prepare photons in different nonentangled and entangled states, and measure these states tomographically. We use the information about the quantum state to determine, in terms of the min-entropy, the minimum amount of randomness produced from a given photon state by different bit-generating measurements. This is helpful in assessing the presence of quantum randomness and in ensuring the quality and security of the random-bit source.
Serena Williams: From Catsuit to Controversy
Authors: Love Jessica , Maxwell Lindsey Conlin
Published: February 2020

Serena Williams was involved in 2 major news stories in the summer of 2018—she wore a black catsuit at the French Open and was involved in an on-court controversy at the U.S. Open. Newspaper articles from this time frame were analyzed for the sex and race of the author, athletic descriptors of Williams (composure, emotionality, strength-based athletic skill), and framing of her maternity. Results indicated that Williams was framed differently by various groups of journalists and framed based on her public behavior.
LATS kinase–mediated CTCF phosphorylation and selective loss of genomic binding
Authors: Luo Huacheng , Yu Qin , Liu Yang , Tang Ming , Liang Mingwei , Zhang Dingpeng , Xiao Tsan Sam , Wu Lizi , Tan Ming , Ruan Yijun , Bungert Jörg , Lu Jianrong
Published: February 2020

LATS kinase–activating signals selectively modulate CTCF genomic occupancy and 3D genome organization.
Interfering MSN-NONO complex–activated CREB signaling serves as a therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Qin Yuanyuan , Chen Weilong , Jiang Guojuan , Zhou Lei , Yang Xiaoli , Li Hongqi , He Xueyan , Wang Han-lin , Zhou Yu-bo , Huang Shenglin , Liu Suling
Published: February 2020

MSN and NONO and their interaction-activated CREB signaling pathway may be new targets for the treatment and prognosis of TNBC.
Phenotypic plasticity of carbon fixation stimulates cyanobacterial blooms at elevated CO
2
Authors: Ji Xing , Verspagen Jolanda M. H. , Van de Waal Dedmer B. , Rost Björn , Huisman Jef
Published: February 2020

Physiological acclimation to elevated CO
2
will intensify cyanobacterial blooms in lakes.
Sensory neuron–derived Na
V
1.7 contributes to dorsal horn neuron excitability
Authors: Alles Sascha R. A. , Nascimento Filipe , Luján Rafael , Luiz Ana P. , Millet Queensta , Bangash M. Ali , Santana-Varela Sonia , Zhou Xuelong , Cox James J. , Okorokov Andrei L. , Beato Marco , Zhao Jing , Wood John N.
Published: February 2020

An unsuspected functional role of primary afferent neuron-generated sodium channel Na
V
1.7 occurs in dorsal horn neurons.
Real-time frequency-encoded spatiotemporal focusing through scattering media using a programmable 2D ultrafine optical frequency comb
Authors: Wei Xiaoming , Shen Yuecheng , Jing Joseph C. , Hemphill Ashton S. , Yang Changsheng , Xu Shanhui , Yang Zhongmin , Wang Lihong V.
Published: February 2020

A frequency-encoded spatiotemporal focusing technology enables real-time optical wavefront shaping through thick scattering media.
Vascular endothelium–targeted
Sirt7
gene therapy rejuvenates blood vessels and extends life span in a Hutchinson-Gilford progeria model
Authors: Sun Shimin , Qin Weifeng , Tang Xiaolong , Meng Yuan , Hu Wenjing , Zhang Shuju , Qian Minxian , Liu Zuojun , Cao Xinyue , Pang Qiuxiang , Zhao Bosheng , Wang Zimei , Zhou Zhongjun , Liu Baohua
Published: February 2020

Aged blood vessels accelerate systemic aging; SIRT7 gene therapy rejuvenates blood vessels and promotes longevity in aging model.
Engineering light-controllable CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Huang Ziliang , Wu Yiqian , Allen Molly E. , Pan Yijia , Kyriakakis Phillip , Lu Shaoying , Chang Ya-Ju , Wang Xin , Chien Shu , Wang Yingxiao
Published: February 2020

Light-sensitive regulators were engineered to control genetic induction of CAR expression in T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
Old methane and modern climate change
Authors: Dean Joshua F.
Published: February 2020

Old methane is less important for our immediate future than contemporary sources
Anti–PD-1 treatment impairs opioid antinociception in rodents and nonhuman primates
Authors: Wang Zilong , Jiang Changyu , He Qianru , Matsuda Megumi , Han Qingjian , Wang Kaiyuan , Bang Sangsu , Ding Huiping , Ko Mei-Chuan , Ji Ru-Rong
Published: February 2020

PD-1 regulates opioid signaling in primary sensory and spinal cord neurons and plays a critical role in opioid antinociception.
Filamin A inhibition reduces seizure activity in a mouse model of focal cortical malformations
Authors: Zhang Longbo , Huang Tianxiang , Teaw Shannon , Nguyen Lena H. , Hsieh Lawrence S. , Gong Xuan , Burns Lindsay H. , Bordey Angélique
Published: February 2020

Inhibiting filamin A has therapeutic effects in a model of tuberous sclerosis complex and a subset of focal cortical dysplasia.
Comparison of Treatment Outcomes between Analysis Populations in the RESTORE-IMI 1 Phase 3 Trial of Imipenem-Cilastatin-Relebactam versus Colistin plus Imipenem-Cilastatin in Patients with Imipenem-Nonsusceptible Bacterial Infections
Authors: Kaye Keith S. , Boucher Helen W. , Brown Michelle L. , Aggrey Angela , Khan Ireen , Joeng Hee-Koung , Tipping Robert W. , Du Jiejun , Young Katherine , Butterton Joan R. , Paschke Amanda
Published: February 2020

The RESTORE-IMI 1 phase 3 trial demonstrated the efficacy and safety of imipenem-cilastatin (IMI) combined with relebactam (REL) for treating imipenem-nonsusceptible infections. The objective of this analysis was to compare the outcomes among patients meeting eligibility requirements based on central laboratory susceptibility versus local laboratory susceptibility. Patients with serious infections caused by imipenem-nonsusceptible, colistin-susceptible, and imipenem-REL-susceptible pathogens were randomized 2:1 to IMI-REL plus placebo or colistin plus IMI for 5 to 21 days.
The Paralogous Transcription Factors Stp1 and Stp2 of Candida albicans Have Distinct Functions in Nutrient Acquisition and Host Interaction
Authors: Miramón Pedro , Pountain Andrew W. , van Hoof Ambro , Lorenz Michael C.
Published: February 2020

Nutrient acquisition is a central challenge for all organisms. For the fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
, utilization of amino acids has been shown to be critical for survival, immune evasion, and escape, while the importance of catabolism of host-derived proteins and peptides
in vivo
is less well understood. Stp1 and Stp2 are paralogous transcription factors (TFs) regulated by the
S
sy1-
P
tr3-
S
sy5 (SPS) amino acid sensing system and have been proposed to have distinct, if uncertain, roles in protein and amino acid utilization.
Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath mimicking nodal osteoarthritis
Authors: Pottabatula Bhavana , Sattari Maryam
Published: February 2020

Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) commonly presents as a slow-growing and painless soft-tissue lesion in the hand. It has a propensity to mimick other benign and malignant lesions of the hand including lipoma, haemangioma, myxoid cyst, synovial sarcoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibroma and osteosarcoma. GCTTS has a unique histopathological appearance that aids in definitive diagnosis. Although bony invasion and local aggressive characteristics have only been reported rarely, the treatment of choice is local excision. The following case illustrates a fairly typical presentation of GCTTS with certain atypical features.
Tuberculosis masquerading as metastasis in liver: a rare and an unusual presentation
Authors: Keri Vishakh C , Jorwal Pankaj , Kodan Parul , Biswas Ashutosh
Published: February 2020

Hepatosplenic space occupying lesions are usually labelled as metastasis. This case highlights the importance of thinking beyond malignancy and the importance of adopting a systematic approach when dealing with such lesions that have a plethora of close differentials. Hepatosplenic tuberculosis is a rare form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Timely diagnosis and treatment turned the table from a probable dismal prognosis to a completely curable cause. We report an unusual case, which was provisionally labelled as malignancy, due to isolated liver and spleen involvement but on evaluation turned out to be tuberculosis. The patient got cured with 6 months of anti-tubercular therapy. The report also brings to light the possible use of molecular methods like cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test in diagnosing hepatobiliary tuberculosis, the literature about which is very scarce and limited.
Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study
Authors: Fan Heng , Gilbert Ruth , O’Callaghan Finbar , Li Leah
Published: February 2020

Objective

To assess the association between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and major malformations, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder in children.

Design

Population based cohort study.

Setting

The UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Participants

The study cohort included 104 605 children born from 1990 to 2016 whose mothers were prescribed one macrolide monotherapy (erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin) or one penicillin monotherapy from the fourth gestational week to delivery. Two negative control cohorts consisted of 82 314 children whose mothers were prescribed macrolides or penicillins before conception, and 53 735 children who were siblings of the children in the study cohort.

Main outcome measures

Risks of any major malformations and system specific major malformations (nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary) after macrolide or penicillin prescribing during the first trimester (four to 13 gestational weeks), second to third trimester (14 gestational weeks to birth), or any trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, risks of cerebral palsy, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.

Results

Major malformations were recorded in 186 of 8632 children (21.55 per 1000) whose mothers were prescribed macrolides and 1666 of 95 973 children (17.36 per 1000) whose mothers were prescribed penicillins during pregnancy. Macrolide prescribing during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation compared with penicillin (27.65
v
17.65 per 1000, adjusted risk ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.03) and specifically cardiovascular malformations (10.60
v
6.61 per 1000, 1.62, 1.05 to 2.51). Macrolide prescribing in any trimester was associated with an increased risk of genital malformations (4.75
v
3.07 per 1000, 1.58, 1.14 to 2.19, mainly hypospadias). Erythromycin in the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation (27.39
v
17.65 per 1000, 1.50, 1.13 to 1.99). No statistically significant associations were found for other system specific malformations or for neurodevelopmental disorders. Findings were robust to sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Prescribing macrolide antibiotics during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation and specifically cardiovascular malformations compared with penicillin antibiotics. Macrolide prescribing in any trimester was associated with an increased risk of genital malformations. These findings show that macrolides should be used with caution during pregnancy and if feasible alternative antibiotics should be prescribed until further research is available.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03948620
Factors associated with high oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of two cohort studies
Authors: Anusruti Ankita , Xuan Yang , Gào Xīn , Jansen Eugène H J M , Laetsch Dana Clarissa , Brenner Hermann , Schöttker Ben
Published: February 2020

Objective

Our objective is to identify the potential factors associated with serum Diacron’s reactive oxygen metabolites test (D-ROM) levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by conducting cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in two large cohorts and further strengthening these results by performing a meta-analysis.

Methods

Serum D-ROM concentrations were measured in 1045 and 1101 patients with T2DM from two independent cohort studies from Germany at baseline and repeatedly 3–4 years later. The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of various potential determinants with D-ROM levels were assessed with a backwards selection algorithm in multivariable adjusted models.

Results

In the meta-analysis of the cross-sectional analysis, female sex, low education, obesity, smoking, high total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c≥7%, no diabetes medication, a history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, a history of cancer and C reactive protein levels (CRP) >3 mg/L were statistically significantly associated with increased D-ROM levels in patients with T2DM. The meta-analysis of the longitudinal analysis revealed that old age, female sex, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, high alcohol consumption, ≥5 years since diabetes diagnosis and CRP levels between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L were statistically significantly associated with D-ROM levels measured 3–4 years later.

Conclusions (validity, limitations and clinical applicability)

This comprehensive analysis confirmed that several modifiable risk factors are being associated with oxidative stress in patients with T2DM within an observational study design. We discuss potential prevention measures against these risk factors that might help to reduce oxidative stress and to prevent some cases of premature mortality in patients with T2DM.
Colorectal cancer outcomes after screening with the multi-target stool DNA assay: protocol for a large-scale, prospective cohort study (the Voyage study)
Authors: Olson Janet E , Kirsch Emily J , Edwards V David K , Kirt Christine R , Kneedler Bonny , Laffin Jennifer J , Weaver Amy L , St Sauver Jennifer L , Yost Kathleen J , Finney Rutten Lila J
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Population-level screening has been shown to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Unfortunately, adherence to screening recommendations among eligible US adults remains below national goals. A relatively new non-invasive screening modality, the Food and Drug Administration–approved multi-target stool DNA (mt-sDNA) assay (commercialised as Cologuard), which combines the detection of haemoglobin and DNA abnormalities, has been completed by more than 3 million individuals. Given mt-sDNA’s recent availability, the effectiveness of mt-sDNA screening with respect to CRC incidence and mortality reduction has not yet been established.

Methods and analysis

Through an academic–industry collaboration, a prospective cohort study (Voyage) was designed with an initial enrolment target of 150 000 individuals with mt-sDNA ordered by their healthcare provider for CRC screening. Consented participants will be asked to complete a baseline questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and health information. Additional questionnaires will be provided after 1 year, and every 3 years thereafter, to collect data regarding CRC screening follow-up in order to estimate rates of CRC incidence and other health outcomes. Linkage to the National Death Index will be used to estimate mortality rates.

Ethics and dissemination

The Voyage study will be conducted in accordance with international guidelines and local regulatory requirements and laws. Data will be stored and retained at Mayo Clinic. Only limited data elements required for research purposes will be transmitted between Mayo Clinic and Exact Sciences Laboratories. Results of the Voyage study will be disseminated through scientific presentations and publications.

Trial registration number

NCT04124406.
Effect of acute respiratory infections in infancy on pulmonary function test at 3 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Kumar Prawin , Mukherjee Aparna , Randev Shivani , Medigeshi Guruprasad R , Jat Kana Ram , Kapil Arti , Lodha Rakesh , Kabra Sushil Kumar
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in infancy may have a long-term impact on the developing respiratory system. We planned a prospective cohort study to determine the impact of ARI during infancy on the pulmonary function test indices at 3 years of age.

Methods

A cohort of normal, full-term newborns were followed up 6 monthly and during ARI episodes. Infant pulmonary function tests (IPFTs) were performed at baseline and each follow-up visit using tidal breathing flow-volume loop, rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) and raised volume RTC manoeuvres. During each ARI episode, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR.

Results

We screened 3421 neonates; 310 were enrolled; IPFT was performed in 225 (boys: 125 (55.6%)) at 3 years. During infancy, 470 ARI episodes were documented in 173 infants. At 3 years, children with history of any ARI episode during infancy had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), forced expiratory volume in 0.75 s (FEV0.75), forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s (FEV0.5), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75), and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of FVC (MEF25) as compared with those without any ARI episode during infancy. The ratio of tidal expiratory flow (TEF) at 25% or 50% of tidal expiratory volume to peak TEF (TEF50or TEF25/peak TEF) at 3 years was significantly increased in children who had ARI in infancy.

Conclusions

ARI during infancy is associated with impaired pulmonary function indices such as increased resistance and decreased forced expiratory flow and volume at 3 years of age.
Simultaneous compared to interval administration of mifepristone and misoprostol for medical abortion up to 10+0weeks' gestation: a systematic review with meta-analyses
Authors: Schmidt-Hansen Mia , Lord Jonathan , Hasler Elise , Cameron Sharon
Published: February 2020

Background

Medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol usually involves an interval of 36–48 hours between administering these drugs; however, it is possible that the clinical efficacy at early gestations may be maintained when the drugs are taken simultaneously. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the safety and effectiveness of simultaneous compared with interval administration of mifepristone and misoprostol for abortion up to 10+0weeks’ gestation.

Methods

We searched Embase Classic, Embase; Ovid MEDLINE(R) including Daily, and Epub Ahead-of-Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; and Cochrane Library on 11 December 2019. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), published in English from 1985, comparing simultaneous to interval administration of mifepristone and misoprostol for early abortion. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration checklist for RCTs. Meta-analysis of risk ratios (RRs) using the Mantel-Haenszel method were performed. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Results

Meta-analyses of three RCTs (n=1280) showed no differences in ‘ongoing pregnancy’ (RR 1.78, 95% CI 0.38 to 8.36), ‘haemorrhage requiring transfusion or ≥500 mL blood loss’ (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.03) and ‘incomplete abortion with the need for surgical intervention’ (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.25) between the interventions. Individual study results showed no difference in patient satisfaction, or ‘need for repeat misoprostol’, although ‘time to onset of bleeding or cramping’ was longer after simultaneous than interval administration. The quality of evidence was very low to moderate.

Conclusion

The published data support the use of simultaneous mifepristone and misoprostol for medical abortion up to 9+0weeks in women who prefer this method of administration.
Trust and consent: a prospective study on parents’ perspective during a neonatal trial
Authors: Dahan Sonia , Jung Camille , Dassieu Gilles , Durrmeyer Xavier , Caeymaex Laurence
Published: February 2020

Objective

This study aimed to describe how parents and physicians experienced the informed consent interview and to investigate the aspects of the relationship that influenced parents’ decision during the consent process for a randomised clinical trial in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The secondary objective was to describe the perspectives of parents and physicians in the specific situation of prenatal informed consent.

Setting

Single centre study in NICU of the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, France, using a convenience period from February to May 2016.

Design

Ancillary study to a randomised clinical trial: Prettineo. Records of interviews for consent. Population: parents and physicians. Mixed study including qualitative and quantitative interview data about participants’ recall and feelings about the consent process. Interviews were reviewed using thematic discourse analysis.

Results

Parents’ recall and understanding of the study’s main goal and design was good. Parents and physicians had a positive experience, and trust was one of the main reasons for parents to consent. Misunderstanding (bad comprehension) was the main reason for refusal.

Before birth, three situations can compromise parents’ consent: the mother already consented to participate in other studies, the absence of the father during the interview and the feeling that the baby’s birth is not an imminent possibility.

Conclusions

Confronting parents and physicians’ perspectives in research can help us reach answers to sensitive issues such as content and timing of information. Each different types of study raises different ethical dilemmas for consent that might be discussed in a more individual way.
Self-reported and objectively measured physical activity in people with and without chronic heart failure: UK Biobank analysis
Authors: O'Donnell Johanna , Smith-Byrne Karl , Velardo Carmelo , Conrad Nathalie , Salimi-Khorshidi Gholamreza , Doherty Aiden , Dwyer Terence , Tarassenko Lionel , Rahimi Kazem
Published: February 2020

Objective

The impact of heart failure (HF) on perceived and objectively measured levels of physical activity (PA) can inform risk stratification and treatment recommendation. We aimed to compare self-reported and objectively measured PA levels in a large sample of participants with and without HF.

Methods

A validated PA questionnaire was used to estimate self-reported weekly PA among 1600 participants with HF and 387 580 participants without HF. Accelerometer data were studied in 596 participants with HF and 96 105 participants without HF for a period of 7 days. Using multivariable linear regression models, we compared the PA levels between participants with HF and without HF, focusing on both the average daily PA levels and the intensity of PAs throughout the day.

Results

PA levels were significantly lower in participants with HF using both self-report (excess metabolic equivalent of task hours per week of 26.5 (95% CI 24.7 to 28.4) vs 34.7 (95% CI 34.5 to 34.9), respectively (p<0.001)) and accelerometer measures (mean accelerations of 23.7 milligravity (95% CI 23.1 to 24.4) vs 28.1 milligravity (95% CI 28.0 to 28.1), respectively (p<0.001)). Findings were consistent across different PA intensities. Hour-by-hour comparisons showed that accelerometer-derived PA levels of patients with HF were reduced throughout the day.

Conclusion

Perceived and objectively recorded PA levels of patients with chronic HF are significantly lower than those of individuals without HF. This difference is continuous throughout the different hours of the day, with individuals with HF being on average 16% less active than individuals without HF. In patients with HF, increases in everyday activity may be a potential alternative to structured exercise programmes.
Evaluation of ultrasound-guided rhomboid intercostal nerve block for postoperative analgesia in breast cancer surgery: a prospective, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Altıparmak Başak , Korkmaz Toker Melike , Uysal Ali Ihsan , Dere Özcan , Uğur Bakiye
Published: February 2020

Background and objectives

Mastectomy has many potential sources of pain. Rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) is a recently described plane block. The primary hypothesis of the study is that ultrasound-guided RIB combined with general anesthesia would accelerate global quality of recovery scores of patients following mastectomy surgery. Secondary hypothesis is that RIB would reduce postoperative opioid consumption, pain scores, and the need for rescue analgesia.

Methods

Patients aged between 18 and 70 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–II and scheduled for an elective unilateral modified radical mastectomy surgery with axillary lymph node dissection were enrolled to the study. Following endotracheal intubation, patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Patients in the first group (group R) received ultrasound-guided RIB with 30 mL 0.25% bupivacaine. In the control group (group C), no block intervention was applied. All patients received intravenous dexamethasone 8 mg, dexketoprofen trometamol 50 mg intraoperatively and tramadol 1 mg/kg 30 min before the end of surgery for postoperative analgesia. All patients received intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia device at the arrival to the recovery room.

Results

The descriptive variables of the patients were comparable between group R and group C. Mean quality of recovery-40 score at 24 hours was 164.8±3.9 in group R and 153.5±5.2 in group C (mean difference 11.4 (95% CI 8.8 to 13.9; p<0.001). At 24th hour, median morphine consumption was 5 mg (IQR 4–7 mg) in group R and 10 mg (IQR 8–13 mg) in group C, p<0.001. Intraoperative fentanyl administration, pain scores and the need for rescue postoperative analgesia was similar between groups.

Conclusions

In the current study, ultrasound-guided RIB promoted enhanced recovery and decreased opioid consumption after mastectomy surgery.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12619000879167.
Measuring ACPA in the general population or primary care: is it useful?
Authors: Finckh Axel , Courvoisier Delphine , Lamacchia Celine
Published: February 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with a significant disease burden and high costs for society. Because the disease has identifiable preclinical stages, screening and prevention have become a possibility in RA. Anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs) are arguably the most likely candidate biomarker to screen for RA. This paper reviews the evidence for the use of ACPAs as a screening test in the broader general population, to identify individuals at high risk of subsequent onset of RA. We will review the diagnostic properties of the test and its positive and negative predictive value in different settings. We will discuss how ACPA testing could effectively be integrated in a broader screening strategy for RA.
Antibiotic use in goats: role of experience and education of Missouri veterinarians
Authors: Landfried Lauren , Pithua Patrick , Lewis Roger D , Rigdon Steven , Jacoby Jonathan , King Christopher C , Barnidge Ellen K , Baskin Carole R
Published: February 2020

Background

In a previous study, we found that rates of antibiotic residues in goat carcasses in Missouri were three times the published national average, warranting further research in this area.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of goat veterinarians to determine attitudes and practices regarding antibiotics, recruiting 725 veterinarians listed on the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) website and 64 Missouri Veterinary Medical Association (MVMA) veterinarians.

Results

We collected 189 responses (26.1%) from AASRP members (170 valid) and 8 (12.5%) from MVMA veterinarians totalling 178 responses. While the vast majority of all veterinarians indicated that they prescribed antibiotics less than half of the time, Missouri veterinarians indicated that they spent more time treating goats for overt disease like intestinal parasites and less time on proactive practices such as reproductive herd health management comparatively. While veterinarians agreed that antibiotic resistance was a growing concern, veterinarians outside of Missouri seemed more confident that their own prescription practices was not a contributor. Although nationally most veterinarians felt that attending continuing education classes was beneficial, 73.4% in other states attended classes on antibiotic use compared to only four of the nine Missouri veterinarians.

Conclusion

Missouri veterinarians had less veterinary experience than veterinarians in other states, and this, in conjunction with low continuing education requirements in Missouri relative to most other states, may hinder development of more proactive and effective client–veterinary relationships.
First application of the Oslo method in inverse kinematics
Authors: Ingeberg V. W. , Siem S. , Wiedeking M. , Sieja K. , Bleuel D. L. , Brits C. P. , Bucher T. D. , Dinoko T. S. , Easton J. L. , Görgen A. , Guttormsen M. , Jones P. , Kheswa B. V. , Khumalo N. A. , Larsen A. C. , Lawrie E. A. , Lawrie J. J. , Majola S. N. T. , Malatji K. L. , Makhathini L. , Maqabuka B. , Negi D. , Noncolela S. P. , Papka P. , Sahin E. , Schwengner R. , Tveten G. M. , Zeiser F. , Zikhali B. R.
Published: February 2020

The $$\gamma $$γ-ray strength function ($$\gamma $$γSF) and nuclear level density (NLD) have been extracted for the first time from inverse kinematic reactions with the Oslo method. This novel technique allows measurements of these properties across a wide range of previously inaccessible nuclei. Proton–$$\gamma $$γ coincidence events from the $$\mathrm {d}(^{86}\mathrm {Kr}, \mathrm {p}\gamma )^{87}\mathrm {Kr}$$d(86Kr,pγ)87Kr reaction were measured at iThemba LABS and the $$\gamma $$γSF and NLD in $$^{87}\mathrm {Kr}$$87Kr was obtained. The low-energy region of the $$\gamma $$γSF is compared to shell-model calculations, which suggest this region to be dominated by M1 strength. The $$\gamma $$γSF and NLD are used as input parameters to Hauser–Feshbach calculations to constrain $$(\mathrm {n},\gamma )$$(n,γ) cross sections of nuclei using the TALYS reaction code. These results are compared to $$^{86}\mathrm {Kr}(n,\gamma )$$86Kr(n,γ) data from direct measurements.
Evidence for octupole collectivity in $$^{172}{\mathrm {Pt}}$$
Authors: Ertoprak A. , Cederwall B. , Qi C. , Aktas Ö. , Doncel M. , Hadinia B. , Liotta R. , Sandzelius M. , Scholey C. , Andgren K. , Bäck T. , Badran H. , Braunroth T. , Calverley T. , Cox D. M. , Cullen D. M. , Fang Y. D. , Ganioğlu E. , Giles M. , Gomez Hornillos M. B. , Grahn T. , Greenlees P. T. , Hilton J. , Hodge D. , Ideguchi E. , Jakobsson U. , Johnson A. , Jones P. M. , Julin R. , Juutinen S. , Ketelhut S. , Khaplanov A. , Kumar Raju M. , Leino M. , Li H. , Liu H. , Matta S. , Modamio V. , Nara Singh B. S. , Niikura M. , Nyman M. , Özgür I. , Page R. D. , Pakarinen J. , Papadakis P. , Partanen J. , Paul E. S. , Petrache C. M. , Peura P. , Rahkila P. , Ruotsalainen P. , Sarén J. , Sorri J. , Stolze S. , Subramaniam P. , Taylor M. J. , Uusitalo J. , Valiente-Dobón J. J. , Wyss R.
Published: February 2020

Excited states in the extremely neutron-deficient nucleus $$^{172}{\mathrm {Pt}}$$172Pt were populated via $$^{96}\mathrm {Ru}(^{78}\mathrm {Kr},2p)$$96Ru(78Kr,2p) and $$^{92}\mathrm {Mo}(^{83}\mathrm {Kr},3n)$$92Mo(83Kr,3n) reactions. The level scheme has been extended up to an excitation energy of $$\approx 5~\hbox {MeV}$$≈5MeV and tentative spin-parity assignments up to $$I^\pi = 18^+$$Iπ=18+. Linear polarization and angular distribution measurements were used to determine the electromagnetic E1 character of the dipole transitions connecting the positive-parity ground-state band with an excited side-band, firmly establishing it as a negative-parity band. The lowest member of this negative-parity structure was firmly assigned spin-parity $$3^-$$3-. In addition, we observed an E3 transition from this $$3^-$$3- state to the ground state, providing direct evidence for octupole collectivity in $$^{172}{\mathrm {Pt}}$$172Pt. Large-scale shell model (LSSM) and total Routhian surface (TRS) calculations have been performed, supporting the interpretation of the $$3^-$$3- state as a collective octupole-vibrational state.
The finite-distance gravitational deflection of massive particles in stationary spacetime: a Jacobi metric approach
Authors: Li Zonghai , Jia Junji
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we study the weak gravitational deflection of relativistic massive particles for a receiver and source at finite distance from the lens in stationary, axisymmetric and asymptotically flat spacetimes. For this purpose, we extend the generalized optical metric method to the generalized Jacobi metric method by using the Jacobi–Maupertuis Randers–Finsler metric. More specifically, we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to the generalized Jacobi metric space and then obtain an expression for calculating the deflection angle, which is related to Gaussian curvature of generalized optical metric and geodesic curvature of particles orbit. In particular, the finite-distance correction to the deflection angle of signal with general velocity in the the Kerr black hole and Teo wormhole spacetimes are considered. Our results cover the previous work of the deflection angle of light, as well as the deflection angle of massive particles in the limit for the receiver and source at infinite distance from the lens object. In Kerr black hole spacetime, we compared the effects due to the black hole spin, the finite-distance of source or receiver, and the relativistic velocity in microlensings and lensing by galaxies. It is found in these cases, the effect of black hole spin is usually a few orders larger than that of the finite-distance and relativistic velocity, while the relative size of the latter two could vary according to the particle velocity, source or observer distance and other lensing parameters.
Testing lepton flavour universality with (semi)-leptonic $$\varvec{D_{(s)}}$$ decays
Authors: Fleischer Robert , Jaarsma Ruben , Koole Gabriël
Published: February 2020

Data in B-meson decays indicate violations of lepton flavour universality, thereby raising the question about such phenomena in the charm sector. We perform a model-independent analysis of NP contributions in (semi)-leptonic decays of $$D_{(s)}$$D(s) mesons which originate from $$c \rightarrow d \bar{{\ell }} \nu _l$$c→dℓ¯νl and $$c \rightarrow s \bar{{\ell }} \nu _{\ell }$$c→sℓ¯νℓ charged-current interactions. Starting from the most general low-energy effective Hamiltonian containing four-fermion operators and the corresponding short-distance coefficients, we explore the impact of new (pseudo)-scalar, vector and tensor operators and constrain their effects through the interplay with current data. We pay special attention to the elements $$|V_{cd}|$$|Vcd| and $$|V_{cs}|$$|Vcs| of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix and extract them from the $$D_{(s)}$$D(s) decays in the presence of possible NP decay contributions, comparing them with determinations utilizing unitarity. We find a picture in agreement with the Standard Model within the current uncertainties. Using the results from our analysis, we make also predictions for leptonic $$D_{(s)}^+ \rightarrow e^+ \nu _e$$D(s)+→e+νe modes which could be hugely enhanced with respect to their tiny Standard Model branching ratios. It will be interesting to apply our strategy at the future high-precision frontier.
A Multi-Attribute Group Decision-Making Method Based on Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers and Dempster–Shafer Evidence Theory
Authors: Liu Peide , Liu Xiaoxiao , Ma Guiying , Liang Zhaolong , Wang Changhai , Alsaadi Fawaz E.
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we propose a multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) method based on Dempster–Shafer Evidence Theory (DST) and linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (LIFNs), in which both the expert weights and attribute weights are unknown. Firstly, we represent LIFNs as basic probability assignments (BPAs) by DST based on linguistic scale function (LSF), and a linear programming model is proposed to combine the objective weights and subjective weights of attributes to obtain the combined weights. At the same time, the experts’ weights are obtained through Jousselme distance. Secondly, we use the weights to correct the evidence, and the comprehensive evaluation value of each alternative is calculated by the combination rule of evidence. Further, a new MAGDM approach with DST and LIFNs is presented. Finally, we give an example to explain the proposed method and compare it with other methods to show the feasibility and superiority.
A Novel Hybrid Fuzzy AHP-GA Method for Test Sheet Question Selection
Authors: İnce Murat , Yiğit Tuncay , Hakan Işik Ali
Published: February 2020

The use of web-based education and e-learning environments has increased with the developments in educational technology. Schools, universities, public institutions, and other private sector companies started deploying these systems to train their students, members, and employees. Exams are carried out during the evaluation process of these trainings. Web-based tests are sometimes used for these exams. When there are so many questions about the same topic, it is a time-consuming and difficult problem to prepare these exams in terms of the best quality, quickly and effectively. In order to overcome this issue, artificial intelligence techniques are utilized as well as conventional methods for producing test papers. In this study, an Intelligent Question Evaluation and Selection Software (I-QUESS), that enables the selection of questions according to desired preferences by using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and genetic algorithm (GA) as hybrid, was developed. This proposed hybrid system was used in a case study to create test sheet for web-based environments.
Influence of Multi-Layer Core on the Blast Response of Composite Sandwich Cylinders
Authors: Liang Minzu , Li Xiangyu , Lin Yuliang , Zhang Kefan , Lu Fangyun
Published: February 2020

The influence of a multi-layer core on the blast response of composite sandwich cylinders under internal explosive loading was investigated. Experiments were conducted first to obtain the fundamental deformation and failure patterns of composite cylinders with uniform, double-layer, and triple-layer profile cores. They were compared with the finite element model for prediction with good agreement. The mechanisms of energy absorption and deformation of a composite sandwich were explored by parametric analysis. Experimental results indicated that compaction wave in a double-layer core was initiated from the inner face sheet and then propagated to the outer face sheet when the gradient was positive; however, the core densification started at the inner surfaces of both layers and propagated to the outer face sheet together. The maximum radial deflection decreased with increasing face sheet thickness or decreasing blast loading. The percentage of energy absorbed by the core increased with decreasing face sheet thickness or increasing blast loading. This study revealed a possibility to reduce the maximum deflection (same structural mass and same energy absorption) for the sandwich cylinders by using a proper core distribution.
Thermal and Mechanical Buckling and Vibration Analysis of FG-GPLRC Annular Plate Using Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory and Generalized Differential Quadrature Method
Authors: Zhang Guiju , Xiao Caiyuan , Rahimi Alireza , Safarpour Mehran
Published: February 2020

This is the first research on the buckling and free vibration analysis of functionally graded graphene platelets reinforced composite annular plate resting on elastic substrate and subjected to nonlinear temperature gradient and mechanical load within the framework of higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT). Governing equations and boundary conditions are established by employing Hamilton’s principle. Generalized differential quadrature method is applied to obtain numerical solution. Considering nonlinear temperature gradient instead of the linear one and also the effects of elastic substrate besides describing the kinematics on the basis of HSDT makes the results closer to real condition. Numerical results are compared with those published in the literature to examine the accuracy and validity of the applied approach. A comprehensive parametric study is accomplished to reveal the influence of stiffness of the substrate, patterns of temperature rise, temperature gradient, axial load, weight fraction and distribution patterns of GPLs, outer radius to inner radius ratio, inner radius to thickness ratio of the plate and geometric dimensions of GPLs on the response of the structure. This study provides essential information to engineers seeking innovative ways to promote the composite structures in a practical way.
The smallest invariant factor of the multiplicative group
Authors: Chang Ben , Martin Greg
Published: February 2020

Let [Formula: see text] denote the least invariant factor in the invariant factor decomposition of the multiplicative group [Formula: see text]. We give an asymptotic formula, with order of magnitude [Formula: see text], for the counting function of those integers [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text]. We also give an asymptotic formula, for any even [Formula: see text], for the counting function of those integers [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text]. These results require a version of the Selberg–Delange method whose dependence on certain parameters is made explicit, which we provide in Appendix A. As an application, we give an asymptotic formula for the counting function of those integers [Formula: see text] all of whose prime factors lie in an arbitrary fixed set of reduced residue classes, with implicit constants uniform over all moduli and sets of residue classes.