bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping a Transnational Systems Community (2)
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the use of informal practices and new metaphoric language, created to counteract precisely the “war room” mentality, thus helping to form East-West scientific and policy communities—a phenomenon that questions the thesis of the closed, Cold War period. A symbol of the diplomacy underscoring links rather than confrontation between East and West, IIASA could not be simply reduced to a control center, closed and isolated from the external world. The external representation of IIASA drew heavily on the existing universalist vocabulary widely used to describe the new population of international organizations. This vocabulary emphasized IIASA's role in establishing links across national borders and as a politically neutral space for the advancement of universal, scientific knowledge. Meanwhile, the internal representation of IIASA was more peculiar and was carried mainly by oral discourse, the narratives circulated inside the institute.
Acid Rain
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the development of the regional air pollution information and simulation model (RAINS) in 1984, a project which has been retrospectively described as one of the highest achievements of IIASA, substantiating East-West collaboration beyond scientific diplomacy. RAINS consisted of three blocs: pollution generation, atmospheric processes, and environmental impact, with further submodels to investigate emissions, long-range transport, and acidification. The model was interactive: a policy maker could select a particular national pathway of energy use, a strategy of pollution control, and environmental impact indicators. On the basis of this information, the computer model simulated the interaction of these three systems, enabling the user to examine the consequences of different alternatives to control acidification.
The Avant-Garde of System-Cybernetic Governmentality
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This epilogue addresses the complex question of the link between system-cybernetic governmentality and the neoliberal transformation of post-Soviet Russia. Although the system-cybernetic governmentality and economic neoliberalism did not share institutional origins, they were linked during the post-Soviet transformation as a result of historical momentum: the members of the Soviet systems approach community were best positioned to conduct the transfer of the models of the market economy from the West at a time when neoliberal ideas on the free market economy were gaining popularity. However, this should not mean that the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality should be tainted as neoliberal; rather, this reveals the extent to which scientific governance can be appropriated by different economic and political regimes. If anything, the pre-1980 history of system-cybernetic governmentality is a history of a rather liberal governmental technology, underscoring the conditions of autonomy, self-regulation, and government at a distance.
Options for City Schools
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the public school crisis will continue unless the nation moves dramatically to reduce racial segregation of residential areas and to enact policies to reduce class distinctions. Equity in public schooling—a fair chance for every child—requires these changes. In the absence of actions to reduce the society's disabling racial class differences, an overall national program of school reform is called for, one that uses federal funding for economic stimulus. Such a reform would also radically rethink the nation's overall approach to public schools. Small successful American experiments suggest possibilities for such reform. Two examples stand out: special schools as parts of larger city school systems, and programs that help city children to attend suburban schools.
The Search For Symbols
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the clash over state symbols that emerged alongside the intensive debates about the new form of government. It highlights the importance of großdeutsch nationalism in republican attempts to defend democracy and its symbolic manifestations. In the Weimar Republic, the decision by the National Assembly to replace the black-white-red imperial standard with a black-red-gold tricolor was hotly contested by those on the political right. For Austrians, the debate over state symbols focused on the national anthem. This chapter, however, moves beyond simply viewing these debates as symptoms of political fragmentation in the two countries. Through an investigation of letters and petitions sent by individuals and associations to the governments, it explores how contemporaries began self-consciously to practice what they saw as the rights and responsibilities of citizens living in democratic republics.
Staging a Greater German Republic
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the use of cross-border visits and motifs in political commemorations and rallies. In particular, it looks at the relationship between the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold and the Republikanischer Schutzbund. Highlighting the ability of republican großdeutsch nationalism to mobilize popular support, thousands of members of the two associations traveled across the border to attend pro-republican festivities, where they received an enthusiastic reception from local populations. Yet this cross-border relationship was not without problems. The Austrian socialists' revolutionary rhetoric and attacks on their Catholic political opponents at home stirred tensions between the two republican organizations. These disagreements, however, did not simply originate within the republican coalition. Conservatives and the radical right in both states endeavored to break up the republican alliance. The political right's effort to do so was a sign of the importance of the cross-border republican partnership to the defense of democracy.
Europe
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents Prisdang's appointment to King Chulalongkorn's government, as he moved back and forth between Siam and Europe as he rose in the ranks from civil engineer to interpreter to ambassador. In him, however, what some considered brilliance others regarded as unmerited arrogance. The contradictory reactions his presence aroused in European and Siamese circles fueled his eventual expulsion from the center to the margins of Siam's political, social, and diplomatic arenas. His unnamed detractors who had influence with the king began to shred Prisdang's reputation, bit by bit over time, until he raised a gun to his head and considered pulling the trigger.
British Ceylon and India
Authors: Loos Tamara
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Prisdang's exceptionally public life as a monk in Lanka. Over the course of his fifteen years in Lanka, Prisdang founded two free schools for impoverished children, acted as guide and interlocutor for many foreign guests, and rubbed shoulders with leading Theosophists, foreign royalty, authors, and political figures from around the world. In his writings from the period, he viewed Lankan Buddhism through the lens of imperialism's patronizing contempt, but with a twist. Yet, endlessly energetic and a showman at heart, he still could not suppress his apparent need to be at the center of politics, let alone exorcise his desire to return to Siam.
Introduction
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of lived religion. Lived religiosity or “lived religion” is a concept helpful for further developing the notion of individual appropriation and reformulating it as a new paradigm in the analysis of Roman religion. Instead of inquiring into how individuals reproduce a set of religious practices and the intellectual tenets of a faith, religion is to be reconstructed as everyday experiences, practices, expressions, and interactions; these in turn constantly redefine religion as practice, idea, and community. The very different, strategic, and even subversive forms of individual appropriation are analytically confronted with traditions, their normative claims, and their institutional protections. Lived ancient religion thus offers a framework within which one can address the whole range of religious practices and conceptions, not as sets of fixed rules or beliefs, but as a permanently changing field of individual actions, inceptive traditions, monumental examples, and incoherent assumptions.
Appropriating Images—Embodying Gods
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a text by the Augustan poet Sextus Propertius, Propertius 4.2, which has a god speak about himself in the first person. This text analyzes the identity of god and image. On the one hand, the god—who introduces himself by the name of Vertumnus—claims an identity independent of situational appropriations and even of his image. He implicitly claims an identity within different material shapes, including statuettes and paintings. In the fiction of the speech, the god claims such an identity by remembering other and former images. However, he remains subject to them; he is bound to concrete appropriations. Similarly, Vertumnus's physical movements are located in the imagination of observers, where the manifestation of the “present” is extended into imagined sequences of actions.
Testing the Limits of Ritual Choices
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Propertian oeuvre's imagination of individual magic practices. Propertius presupposes a set of techniques, characterized by their high degree of ritualization, by the use of instruments or ingredients that do not appear in common or daily praxis. These are termed “magic” and they are clearly distinguished from the realm of the gods and such practices as are termed “sacred.” For Propertius, magic is neither antisocial nor the “religion of the others.” The aims of magical practices might be reached by other techniques of sacralization, but magic is as legitimately open to him as it is to others. However, the ingestion of potions is the most plausible explanation for magic's effects, and this is uncomfortably close to the crime of poisoning. Therefore, one must be wary of admitting responsibility for such magic, or of naming one's contractors. Believing, practicing, remaining silent—these are exactly the conditions that are valid for all imperial practitioners and specialists of magic.
Reconstructing Religious Experience
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Publius Ovidius Naso's Libri fastorum, his commentary on the Roman calendar in its graphic form of the fasti. Ovid's six books, covering the months of January to June, are-together with Propertius's fourth book of elegies to which Ovid reacts-the apogee of such “authoritative” poetry in the early principate. These texts are part of the cultural revolution at the heart of the Augustan “restoration.” Accordingly, they were highly political statements. From a broader perspective, however, the composition of these texts on Roman religion was also a part of the process of insular rationalization, which took place from the third century BC onward, and which—at least for religion—came to a halt in the Augustan era.
Religious Communication
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the notion of “religious communication.” Religious communication is special in its insistence on its vertical dimension, which at the same time allows for very specific and often highly visible horizontal, interhuman communication. Indeed, it is a communication that refers to or directly addresses agents who are frequently, but not inevitably, personalized and who are not within the circle of those who are unquestionably present or relevant to a given situation. These were superhuman agents, or perhaps formerly alive but now dead human agents. The human actor who introduced such agents and chose this mode of action, enlarged her or his own agency, either by forging an alliance with the divine or by reducing the agency of other human actors as a result of the superior capacities of the gods in determining a course of events.
Instructing Literary Practice in The Shepherd of Hermas
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores an early second-century text: The Shepherd of Hermas. This text was part of the Codex Sinaiticus, the fundamental Bible manuscript of the fourth century with the siglum Aleph. In its biographical dimension, the text describes a religious practice. It formulates the mode of its reception through multiple references to distribution and writing. Writing the text is therefore described as part of the religious practice of the narrator and protagonist called “Hermas.” This is not about a unique action. The text may in fact, in its different layers, reflect the work of several years and multiple attempts to convey the visionary insights, primarily, in the additions and corrections necessitated by the author's patron. The resulting text invited its audience to engage in individual religious practice and offered itself for appropriation by any of those in situations that are not described as entirely hopeless.
Nicotine and Working-Class History
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter explores the intertwined histories of smoking and the working class, pointing out the ubiquity of smoking in twentieth-century workplaces despite its marginalized presence in histories of labor. Moreover, the chapter shows that, as cigarette smoking and subsequent nicotine addiction became significant components of many working-class lives in the twentieth century, smokers in a multitude of workplaces shaped, established, and defended the work cultures that sustained their need to use nicotine regularly during the workday. These developments at times accommodated or challenged employers' rules that limited or even banned working-class smoking practices outright. Worker demands for the right to smoke, and their abilities to cultivate spaces and times (sometimes clandestinely) for smoking, underpinned a new dimension of shop floor politics in the cigarette century.
Workers, Management, and the Right to Smoke during World War II
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains that World War II was a major historical moment when cigarettes became respectable in American culture and soon became permissible in the industrial workplace. Wartime popular culture connected smoking to military service and support for soldiers' sacrifices, making the cigarette an acceptable and respectable symbol of patriotic expression. At the same time, workers pressed employers for the right to smoke on the job, and smoking disputes played a significant role in several strikes in the automobile-turned-defense plants of Michigan. By 1950, many major employers such as General Motors and the Ford Motor Company had rescinded their bans on smoking.
“Exiled Smoking” and the Making of Smoke-Free Workplaces
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses smoking bans during the 1980s and 1990s. By this time, smokers' work cultures groaned under the weight of increasing pressure from employers and the state, as concerns about public health, health care costs, and worker productivity led to a new ouster of tobacco use in the workplace. Smokers struggled to adapt to their banishment by relocating to outdoor spaces they would claim as new sanctuaries, while at the same time lodging complaints with interested tobacco lobbyists in Washington, DC, about those employer actions that had triggered their exile from indoor spaces of work. Some employers took their new prohibitions of smoking to the fullest extent possible by requiring workers to quit smoking altogether, a development that highlighted the limited means at smokers' disposal for responding to the demise of their rights and privileges in the workplace amid the ebbing strength of organized labor.
Organized Labor and the Problem of “Smokers’ Rights”
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the relationship of the labor movement to the decline of smokers' work cultures from the 1970s to the 1990s. As newspaper articles, letters to lobbyists, and published National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) decisions illustrate, the demise of smoking at work often intersected with the efforts of many employers to roll back the power of organized labor. Employers sometimes used no-smoking rules to discipline workers, committeemen, and union organizers for unwanted efforts to shape managerial policy making. Unions often fought for working-class smokers and their vanishing privileges, as the increasing marginalization of smoking and smokers seemed to portend the overall demise of labor's power in the late twentieth century. The NLRB discovered in numerous cases brought by workers and unions that employers tried to sidestep collective bargaining by abruptly creating new no-smoking rules and using smoking restrictions to harass union supporters.
Quitting Smoking and the Endurance of Nicotine
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter explores the persistence of addiction to nicotine at the turn of the twenty-first century, as well as the incentives for quitting smoking. Despite the development of behavioral and pharmaceutical assistance to help smokers give up their addictions to cigarettes, the transition from dependence to a smoke-free lifestyle can be, at least for some, “sheer hell.” Moreover, despite declining overall numbers of tobacco users since the mid-1960s, nicotine survived the “cigarette century” that was the twentieth century. While quitting smoking is the new normal among tobacco users, there are many “holdouts,” frequent relapses, aborted quit attempts, and harm-reducing electronic cigarettes that allow nicotine addiction to endure.
Political Variety and Electoral Efficacy of Immigrant Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the objectives of this book as well as the theoretical approach it undertakes. Against the backdrop of the 2012 U.S. elections, the press and political pundits were right to frame the reelection of Barack Obama as president as a harbinger of the growing power of Hispanic and Asian American voters, but the media often overlook the variety of immigrant nonprofit organizations that have been working hard to energize these voters for decades. The chapter places the focus on these organizations as it lays down the key questions, scope, and methodology for this research. It also introduces two key case studies—Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS) and New Immigrant Community Empowerment (NICE)—both of which demonstrate some of the diverse ways immigrants receive services, representation, and collectively express a political identity.
From Mission to Electoral Strategy
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This chapter operationalizes the grounded theoretical model discussed in the previous chapter with an empirical measurement of the various factors it focuses on. It explains the survey methodology used to field a questionnaire to eleven hundred nonprofit organizations in the six states, then analyzes the data collected from survey respondents with a particular focus on the first part of the theory of immigrant-serving nonprofit engagement. The evidence shows that aspects of mission, organizational resources, and policy relate to which electoral tactics an immigrant-serving nonprofit makes use of. Most significantly, the new law to tighten voting procedures in Florida reduced the likelihood that organizations in that state held voter registration drives.
World War and Globalization
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how central bank cooperation became a multilateral enterprise during the opening weeks of the First World War. It was the Bank of England that took the initiative to establish a network of Allied central banks. The US Federal Reserve System was framed in 1913 and went into operation shortly after the war began in Europe. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) also joined the Allied central bank network as soon as it could, well before the US government entered the war. In early 1915, backed by the FRBNY, US private banks began to finance the enormous military purchasing programs run by the British and French governments in the United States.
Putting the Program into Action, 1920–1928
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter details how Montagu Norman of the Bank of England, in partnership with Benjamin Strong of the FRBNY, turned ad hoc wartime cooperation into a formal agenda. The paired ideas that national central banks should be autonomous, and that they should cooperate with each other, were first spelled out in a private “manifesto” that Norman circulated among fellow central bankers in 1921. Central bank cooperation was internationally recognized as a principle at the 1922 Genoa Conference, and it was also put into practice. Cooperation between central banks began primarily as informational cooperation, which includes not only the sharing of information but also the sharing and propagation of worldviews. An international network of central banks thus developed out of the war, as did the world's first truly coordinated system of international monetary policy. In these and other ways, financial globalization surged to a new level in the 1920s.
Making a Market
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how British authorities created a market for gold in London. During the First World War, central banks came to control most of the world's gold, which could not be freely traded and was no longer a commodity in any normal sense. When the pound sterling formally went off gold and began to float against the US dollar in 1919, the Bank of England invited N.M. Rothschild & Sons to open a “free” market for gold in London. In this marketplace at the center of the international payments system, only five brokers were present, representing anonymous clients. London was in fact the channel for some two-thirds of the world's gold production, and international movements of this gold could induce enormous economic shifts.
The Imaginary City
Authors: McIvor David W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that a Periclean politics of mourning—like the Antigonean politics described in Chapter 2—is shadowed by political-psychological dangers that must be understood if collectivities are to move toward more democratic forms of mourning. These dangers include an uncritical, patriotic attachment to the state and a befogged romanticism about its history and traditions. These political pathologies stem in part from psychological tendencies described by Melanie Klein. The chapter begins with a description of the Periclean mode of mourning and shows how it triggers paranoid-schizoid defenses that have significant consequences for public life. It then turns to the work of Rawls, detailing aspects of the critical race and agonist critiques against Rawls insofar as each echoes Socrates' critique of Pericles.
Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Work of Mourning
Authors: McIvor David W.
Published: May 2017

This afterword draws together the recent events in Baltimore, Staten Island, and Ferguson, and the larger Black Lives Matter social movement with the treatment given earlier of the Greensboro Massacre and the Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission. For the poet Claudia Rankine, the Black Lives Matter protests represent not simply an effort to mourn the specific deaths of Freddie Gray, Trayvon Martin, or Michael Brown but an “attempt to keep mourning an open dynamic in our culture.” If this is the case, then such protests might be both illuminated and informed by the recent experiences in Greensboro and by the idea of a democratic work of mourning. The challenge of the democratic work of mourning is to locate and cultivate spaces and norms of public interaction that might erode some of the projections and pathologies attendant to ongoing relations of misrecognition. It is only from these spaces that feelings of impasse and despair might begin to gradually yield to a sense of democratic agency.
Interfaith Love and the Pursuit of Emancipation
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter reads Lessing's and Mendelssohn's reflections on interfaith love and marriage in the light of their interventions in the debates about Jewish emancipation. In Jerusalem (1783), Mendelssohn affirmatively cites the Judaic injunction against interfaith marriage while appealing to the “brotherly love,” or political goodwill, of his Christian readers. Lessing plots his famous plays on religious tolerance, The Jews (1749) and Nathan the Wise (1779), around impossible Christian-Jewish romances. The plays' logic is best described as one of incomplete sublimation, a redirection of erotic energies that never comes to a standstill and that thwarts any complacent vision of interfaith harmony. Both Lessing and Mendelssohn suggest that “affective kinship” may serve as a foundation of communities in which different religious groups enjoy political equality. At the same time, their awareness of the precariousness of such kinship— and of all interreligious love—enhances the appeal character of their texts.
Figures of Love in Later Romantic Antisemitism
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws on psychoanalytically inflected theories of ideology to offer a new explanation of the apparent inconsistencies of Arnim's antisemitism. Slavoj Žižek's concept of the “social fantasy” and Homi Bhabha's notion of “colonial mimicry” both stipulate that ideologies can incorporate a great deal of inconsistency and ambivalence without losing their effectiveness. These post-Freudian theories shed new light on Arnim precisely because ambiguity and ambivalence proliferate in his writings around the motif of interreligious love. It is shown that romantic attachments are the means by which Arnim figures the possibilities and the limits of Christian-Jewish rapprochement. It is also argued that interfaith love stories fulfill a distinct function in Arnim's political thought, which combines German nationalism with a critique of rising industrial capitalism. Arnim wrote several texts that either stage the emergence of a German community that excludes Jews or depict the corrosion of such a community through French occupation and rising industrial capitalism. These texts include the openly antisemitic speech “On the Distinguishing Signs of Jewishness,” the unpublished prose fragment “Reconciliation in the Summer Holiday,” and the complex novella Gentry by Entailment (Die Majorats-Herren). In each of these texts, the dramatization of failing Christian-Jewish love affairs serves to gloss over the tensions that trouble Arnim's visions of social harmony and political unity.
Refiguring the Language of Race
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter jumps to the turn of the century, when the rise of racial antisemitism fostered a new Jewish self-awareness and rendered “interracial” love and marriage central to the public debates about German Jewish identity. It analyzes three German Jewish writers of different and paradigmatic political orientations, who used love stories to diagnose the reasons for the faltering of emancipation: the assimilationist Ludwig Jacobowski, the Zionist Max Nordau, and the mainstream liberal Georg Hermann. Their works, including Jacobowski's Werther the Jew (1892), Nordau's Doctor Kohn (1899), and Hermann's Jettchen Gebert (1906), show how love stories potentially escape the ideological constraints of increasingly racialized models of identity. On the one hand, the love plot affords an opportunity to expose the obstacles encountered by Jews seeking integration in times of rising antisemitism. On the other hand, the open endings of most love stories and the ambiguous use of racial language allow the authors to eschew a final verdict on the success or failure of integration. The chapter argues that the love plot generates a host of equivocations between the social and the biological, and the particular and the universal, creating a metaphorical surplus that opens up venues to rethink the project of Jewish emancipation and assimilation.
Eros and Thanatos in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers a locale famously fraught with questions of sex, love, and identity: turn-of-the-century Vienna. Vienna was the birthplace of psychoanalysis and a center of the crisis of modern Jewish identity, especially after the election of an openly antisemitic mayor in 1895. While Sigmund Freud maintained a resonant silence about Jewish-Gentile attractions, several bedfellows of psychoanalysis explicitly thematize such attractions. In his highly influential philosophy of sexuality, Sex and Character (1903), Otto Weininger rejects love as a model for Jewish-Gentile rapprochement in favor of a radical Jewish self-transformation, or rather, self-annihilation. The chapter reads Arthur Schnitzler's novel The Road into the Open (1908), which draws an analogy between a Gentile's uneven friendship with a Jewish writer and his love affair with a woman from a lower social class, as a critique of Weininger's philosophical tract. Whereas Weininger can accept Jewish assimilation only as a form of suicidal striving, Schnitzler depicts assimilation as a mutual, quasi-erotic exchange across open boundaries. Against Freud's conspicuous silence about and Weininger's vehement rejection of Jewish-Gentile love, Schnitzler advances a vision of Jewish integration in which Eros has a place.
Revelatory Love, or the Dynamics of Dissimilation
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to two German Jewish modernists who produced very emphatic visions of interreligious encounters in and through love. Around the First World War, the increase of antisemitism and the trend toward Jewish “dissimilation” reopened the debates about German Jewish identity. At this time Franz Rosenzweig and Else Lasker-Schüler define love as a quasi-religious event that ushers in the possibility of political renewal. In The Star of Redemption (1921), Rosenzweig develops a concept of revelatory love as the foundation of a new kind of universality. Revelatory love, which is modeled on divine love and experienced in erotic love, is conceived as an act of singularization that at the same time exposes the subject to others. As such it enables neighbor-love and a new form of community, the infinitely open neighborhood. The second half of the chapter shows that Lasker-Schüler's bold reinterpretation of biblical stories in Hebrew Ballads (1913) and other texts is a poetic performance of revelatory love. In contrast to earlier Romantic models, love is here a force of disjunction rather than unification, leading to a proliferation rather than a reduction of differences.
Toward the Present and the Future
Authors: Garloff Katja
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows that even Scholem's “Jews and Germans,” despite its explicit rejection of the past Jewish love for things German, relies on tropes of love to conjure the possibility of a future German-Jewish dialogue. Another famous German Jewish thinker, Hannah Arendt, is more outspoken in her valorization of love as a mode of sociopolitical intervention. In her biography of a Jewish salonnière of the Romantic era, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, Arendt affirms the love of the pariah as a form of solidarity that is rooted in shared experiences of marginalization. Finally, the chapter turns to the decade after the 1990 unification of Germany, when the theme of interreligious or intercultural love enjoyed much popularity both in mainstream feature films and in contemporary German Jewish writers. Barbara Honigmann, for instance, dramatizes failing Jewish-Gentile love affairs to show how memories of the Third Reich continue to disrupt German-Jewish relations in the present. But this is not a negation of love as a trope of interreligious or intercultural mediation. Love remains an important trope in Honigmann, one that allows her to imagine a new kind of German Jewish diaspora.
From Pilgrimage to Crusade
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the development of the departure rite for crusaders, in which rites of pilgrimage and rites for the cross came together to create a new liturgical ritual that gave specific definition and status to crusade. It was through this rite that crusaders were defined as armed pilgrims. The liturgy sanctioned the crusader as a temporary religious (that is, responsible for a time to heightened religious, quasi-monastic expectations of conduct) and thus set the devotional quality of the journey and the mission. That definition changed over time, reflecting both the development of the institution of crusade and evolving crusade spirituality.
Echoes of Victory in the West
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the returning crusaders back to the West, with their memories of 1099, to examine the ways in which the story of the First Crusade was commemorated liturgically. Looking mostly at France—the heartland of the crusades and the area for which the overwhelming majority of the evidence survives—shows the ways in which the fact of the great victory was inscribed into the liturgical worldview. Because the chapter draws on both strictly liturgical, and paraliturgical material, this material also shows that the liturgical commemoration of 15 July was not an exclusively clerical discourse. In these liturgical and quasi-liturgical forms, we see the ways in which the different spheres—liturgy, narrative, local memory—could intertwine and mutually reinforce.
Strategies of Abjection: Parrhēsia and the Cruel Beloved from Petrarch’s Canzoniere to Scève’s Délie
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes Petrarch's Canzoniere alongside the first French Petrarchan sequence, Maurice Scève's Délie: Object de plus haulte vertu (1544). It examines Petrarch's wretchedness, isolation, and unrequited love to show how his suffering might be interpreted as productive, and more specifically how proclaiming his abjection serves to paradoxically strengthen and shield his voice. The chapter argues that the critical potential of Petrarch's position is rooted in his adaptation of classical parrhēsia, the ancient Greek trope of free, bold political speech. It also considers how Scève reshaped Petrarch's incorporeal, symbolic images of Cupid's arrows and the Beloved's gaze into an idiom of intensified violence that altered the terms of love poetry itself. It explains how Scève established a polarized schema that could channel contestation and insurrection from within the lover's wretchedness.
Violence and the Politics of Imitation in Du Bellay’s La Deffence et illustration de la langue françoyse and L’Olive
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers a reading of Joachim du Bellay's L'Olive alongside his prose manifesto, La Deffence et illustration de la langue françoyse. L'Olive's martial and technological imagery and its references to empire and conquest are highly suggestive of the conflicts between France and the Holy Roman Empire that played out on battlefields in Italy over the first half of the sixteenth century. However, the amplified violence of the period in which Du Bellay's sonnet sequence appeared cannot fully account for its rampant imagery of violence and vulnerability, nor fully express its complex political engagements. This chapter examines how Du Bellay's sonnet sequence utilized abjection to counter figured subjection, thus accomplishing what his manifesto only advocated: through imitation, the countersovereign conquest and appropriation of Italian cultural preeminence and the translation of empire from Rome to France.
Martyrdom, Anatomy, and the Ethics of Metaphor in d’Aubigné’s L’Hécatombe à Diane and Les Tragiques
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between violence and truth as well as the ethics of bloody metaphors of love when applied to real, witnessed brutality. It considers the repeated images of torture, wounding, and civil war in Théodore-Agrippa d'Aubigné's sonnets and the religious persecution of Protestants during France's religious wars by juxtaposing his Petrarchan sequence, L'Hécatombe à Diane, and his Protestant tragic-epic, Les Tragiques. It examines the connections between the poet's desire and torment in L'Hécatombe and the tradition of self-displaying anatomy in early modern medical treatises. It argues that Tragiques repeatedly mischaracterizes Hécatombe while simultaneously appropriating the sonnet sequence's imagery, themes, and structures. The tragic-epic then repurposes these for its own ideological ends, establishing ethically simplified configurations that channel violence into partisan politics and allow the transcendence of death and pain through martyrdom. In turn, L'Hécatombe's pagan sonnets become the landscape in which to express struggle, complicity, and countersovereignty.
Lawlessness in Russia? Rethinking the Narratives of Law
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This book examines how ordinary Russians experience the law and the legal system. Russia consistently ranks near the bottom of indexes that measure the rule of law, an indication of the country's willingness to use the law as an instrument to punish its enemies. The book considers whether the fact that the Kremlin is able to dictate the outcome of cases seemingly at will—a phenomenon known as “telephone justice”—deprives law of its fundamental value as a touchstone for society. Drawing on the literature on “everyday law,” it argues that the routine behavior of individuals, firms, and institutions can tell us something more about the role of law in Russian life than do sensationalized cases. Rather than focusing on the “supply” of laws, the book concentrates on the “demand” for law. This introduction discusses the perceived lawlessness in Soviet Russia and the dualism that lies at the heart of Russians' attitudes toward law and legal institutions. It also provides an overview of the book's chapters.
The View from the Benches of the Justice-of-the-Peace Courts
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how judges at Russia's busiest set of courts, the justice-of-the-peace courts (JP courts or mirovye sudy), see themselves and their role. When ordinary Russians are unable to resolve simple problems on their own, the JP courts represent their port of entry into the legal system. For them, the justices of the peace (JPs) are the face of the legal system. JPs often find themselves in an awkward position as they seek to balance justice and efficiency. Their behavior provides an intriguing lens into the contemporary Russian judicial system. The chapter first explains how the JP courts fit into the larger Russian judicial system and how they have evolved over their relatively short life. It then considers how one becomes a JP and what sort of people tend to become JPs. It also describes the day-to-day reality of life for JPs, with particular emphasis on their caseloads as well as the key challenges facing them and their responses to such challenges. Finally, it looks at the self-images of JPs.
The View from the Trenches of the Justice-of-the-Peace Courts
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how litigants experience Russia's justice-of-the-peace courts (JP courts). The views of judges are unlikely to mirror those of litigants. For judges, the judicial process represents routine behavior, whereas for most litigants, it opens a Pandora's box of formal rules and informal norms that are unfamiliar and mysterious. This is particularly true for the JP courts, which handle the simplest cases. The chapter first provides an overview of access to justice in Russia before turning to legal literacy, and especially how Russians negotiate the JP courts without a lawyer. It then considers the availability and use of legal expertise by Russians, along with litigants' participation in judicial hearings as performance and their satisfaction with the JP courts. It also describes the image of JP courts and suggests that litigants' willingness to turn to the courts provides a window into the demand for law and, more generally, Russian legal culture.
Rethinking the Role of Law in Russia
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated whether the existence of telephone law rendered law irrelevant for Russians in their everyday lives. It has shown that Russians are not as nihilistic as usually assumed, but neither are they free of skepticism when it comes to their legal system. Their attitudes and behavior vary depending on the situation. Their primary reservation about using the courts is not concern over telephone law, but dread of the inevitable red tape and emotional turmoil that accompany litigation. This concluding chapter returns to the theoretical dilemma of how we should conceptualize legal systems like that of Russia in which law can—but does not always—matter. In particular, it considers how a dualistic legal system, in which politicized law exists side by side with law that is enforced and obeyed based on its written terms, should be evaluated in terms of the rule of law. It argues that a rethinking of the very concept of the “rule of law” in Russia is needed.
A Theory of Constrained Redistricting
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the theoretical argument that congressional redistricting, whether by a single party or by other means, is a fundamentally constrained activity, along with the implications of these constraints for both partisan bias and electoral responsiveness. Four categories of constraints on the redistricting process are discussed: political constraints, legal constraints, structural constraints, and geographic constraints. The chapter considers a necessary condition for the implementation of partisan gerrymandering: one political party should control each of the political branches of state government (both legislative chambers and the governorship) at the time of reapportionment following the decennial census. It also examines the argument that the redrawing of electoral boundaries is also constrained by the fundamental tension between the competing interests of partisan advantage and incumbent protection; the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and population migration on the redistricting process; and how partisan bias arises under a limited set of circumstances.
The Unrealized Precedent of DAVIS V. BANDEMER
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the involvement of the Supreme Court of the United States in litigation relating to partisan gerrymandering, paying particular attention to a case that attempted to apply the previously established Davis v. Bandemer precedent to congressional elections: Vieth v. Jubelirer. It begins with an overview of Badham v. Eu, which arose from the redrawing of California's congressional districts in the aftermath of the 1980 census and its most significant holding: that the Bandemer precedent, which had initially been applied to the drawing of state legislative districts only, also extends to the drawing of congressional districts. The chapter then considers the circumstances surrounding the Vieth case, in which the alleged political gerrymander concerned the reapportionment plan for the congressional districts in the state of Pennsylvania rather than those for the state assembly. It also analyzes the Supreme Court's 2004 decision in Vieth, focusing on Justice Antonin Scalia's plurality opinion and Justice Anthony Kennedy's concurring opinion.
Winning the Future? Redistricting and Partisan Bias
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the extent to which partisan redistricting creates long-term distortions in congressional elections compared to other types of redistricting. The Supreme Court's failure so far to agree on a coherent and definitive test with which to adjudicate the issue of partisan gerrymandering has been predicated in large part on the absence of evidence of pervasive and long-lasting effects sufficient to meet the Davis v. Bandemer standard. It is thus necessary to determine exactly how effective partisan gerrymandering has been in terms of its long-term benefits to the gerrymandering party. This chapter considers the effects of control of redistricting on aggregate electoral disproportionality and partisan bias, as well as on the outcomes of elections in individual congressional districts. In particular, it discusses the probability that the Democratic Party candidate will win the election in a House district in a given year. The results suggest that partisan gerrymandering can produce a small but sometimes persistent bias in favor of the party that implemented the redistricting plan.
Redistricting, Electoral Responsiveness, and Democracy
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the effects of partisan gerrymandering on electoral responsiveness and the competitiveness of congressional districts when compared to bipartisan redistricting. Through systematic empirical analysis, it also considers the unintended consequences that the recent emphasis in the redistricting reform movement on advocating the use of independent or bipartisan commissions may have for subsequent congressional elections. The results support the theoretical assumption that bipartisan redistricting is more likely to protect incumbents due to collusion between the parties, whereas partisan redistricting is more likely to make incumbents of both parties vulnerable due to the emphasis on partisan advantage. Partisan redistricting contributes positively to the health of democracy by increasing electoral responsiveness in subsequent elections compared to bipartisan redistricting. Hence, the biggest threat to democracy, in the form of the subversion of electoral competition, is not partisan gerrymandering but bipartisan redistricting. The chapter suggests that redistricting reforms should focus on reducing the adverse effects that bipartisan redistricting has on electoral competition.
Memories from the Abyss
Authors: Kan Naoto , Irish Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan's recollections about the week immediately following the Great East Japan earthquake. Topics discussed include the response team meeting at the Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters; the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness; the declaration of a nuclear emergency; whether the state has authority over TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant; the responsibilities of the Nuclear Safety Commission and Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency; TEPCO's inability to resolve problems on their own; the evacuation of residents with within a three-kilometer [1.9 mile] radius of the nuclear power plant; and Kan's decision to address the Japanese people a day and a half after the earthquake.
Taking Action before Stepping Down
Authors: Kan Naoto , Irish Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan's recollections about the actions he took before his resignation. In particular, he explains the circumstances behind his gradual move away from the use of nuclear power. He says that his experience of the nuclear accident that began to unfold on March 11, 2011, made him realize that a nuclear accident carried with it a risk so large that it could lead to the collapse of a country. He became convinced that what they had been calling “safe nuclear power” could only be found through independence from nuclear power. He also describes the passage of a bill to promote renewable energy and the shutdown of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant.