bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenotype‐dependent Ca2+ dynamics in single boutons of various anatomically identified GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Lőrincz Tibor , Kisfali Máté , Lendvai Balázs , Sylvester Vizi Elek
Published: November 2015

Interneurons (INs) of the hippocampus exert versatile inhibition on pyramidal cells by silencing the network at different oscillation frequencies. Although IN discharge can phase‐lock to various rhythms in the hippocampus, under high‐frequency axon firing, the boutons may not be able to follow the fast activity. Here, we studied Ca2+ responses to action potentials (APs) in single boutons using combined two‐photon microscopy and patch clamp electrophysiology in three types of INs: non‐fast‐spiking (NFS) neurons showing cannabinoid 1 receptor labelling and dendrite targeting, fast‐spiking partially parvalbumin‐positive cells synapsing with dendrites (DFS), and parvalbumin‐positive cells with perisomatic innervation (PFS). The increase in [Ca2+]i from AP trains was substantially higher in NFS boutons than in DFS or PFS boutons. The decay of bouton Ca2+ responses was markedly faster in DFS and PFS cells compared with NFS neurons. The bouton‐to‐bouton variability of AP‐evoked Ca2+ transients in the same axon was surprisingly low in each cell type. Importantly, local responses were saturated after shorter trains of APs in NFS cells than in PFS cells. This feature of fast‐spiking neurons might allow them to follow higher‐frequency gamma oscillations for a longer time than NFS cells. The function of NFS boutons may better support asynchronous GABA release. In conclusion, we demonstrate several neuron‐specific Ca2+ transients in boutons of NFS, PFS and DFS neurons, which may serve differential functions in hippocampal networks.
Disability, anxiety and depression in patients with medication‐overuse headache in primary care – the BIMOH study
Authors: Kristoffersen E. S. , Straand J. , Russell M. B. , Lundqvist C.
Published: November 2015

Background and purpose

Medication‐overuse headache (MOH) is common in the general population. Detoxification is the general treatment principle for MOH. The present paper is based on a study of a brief intervention (BI) for MOH in primary care. New data on headache disability and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for MOH patients compared to population controls with and without chronic headache are presented and compared to previously published main outcome data.

Methods

This was a double‐blind pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial carried out amongst 50 general practitioners in Norway. The BI was compared to business as usual (BAU) and population controls, and patients were followed up after 3 months. Primary outcomes were headache and medication days per month after 3 months. Headache disability and HADS were also measured as secondary outcomes.

Results

Sixty MOH patients and 40 population controls were included. BI was significantly better than BAU after 3 months regarding primary outcomes. Non‐intervention population controls did not change. The MOH patients had significantly higher headache disability and anxiety scores than the population controls.

Conclusions

Patients with MOH are a highly disabled group where anxiety and depression are important comorbidities. Detoxification of MOH by a BI in primary care is effective and has potential for saving resources for more treatment‐resistant cases in neurologist care.
The investigation of inborn errors of metabolism as an underlying cause of idiopathic intellectual disability in adults in Norway
Authors: Hope S. , Johannessen C. H. , Aanonsen N. O. , Strømme P.
Published: November 2015

Background and purpose

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) may be an unrecognized cause of intellectual disability (ID) in adults. Knowledge and techniques for investigating IEMs have evolved rapidly; therefore adult patients with idiopathic ID may benefit from an up‐to‐date aetiological work‐up. This review aims at establishing recommendations for investigating IEMs as a cause of ID in adults.

Methods

PubMed was searched for articles published between 2000 and 2015 regarding clinical work‐up, IEMs, ID and adults. Information compiled from 61 articles is used to give practical suggestions from a clinical point of view.

Results

Many IEMs that cause ID are characterized by increased risk of specific somatic, neurological and psychiatric signs. Neurometabolic investigations of ID should start with a thorough medical history, clinical examination and general screening in blood. Brain imaging with magnetic resonance imaging and if possible magnetic resonance spectroscopy should also be part of the initial work‐up. The aim is to detect abnormalities that give clues to a specific IEM. After the initial screening, a first tier of neurometabolic screening tests in blood and urine should be performed. If this fails to give diagnostic clues, a second tier of neurometabolic tests should be considered in order to secure that the treatable IEMs are detected. Whole exome sequencing techniques, when they become available in clinical settings, will offer new opportunities for detection of IEMs.

Conclusion

Based on a broad review of the current literature a systematic diagnostic work‐up to detect IEMs as a cause of ID in adults is suggested.
Plasma biomarkers for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Authors: Hersrud Samantha L. , Geraets Ryan D. , Weber Krystal L. , Chan Chun‐Hung , Pearce David A.
Published: November 2015

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of neurodegenerative genetic diseases that primarily affect children and have no known cure. A unified clinical rating scale for the juvenile form of NCL has been developed, although it has not been validated in other subtypes and does not give a true measure of the pathophysiological changes occurring during disease progression. In the present study, we have identified candidate biomarkers in blood plasma of NCL disease using multiple proteomic approaches, with the aim of developing a panel of biomarkers that could serve as a metric for therapeutic response. Candidate biomarkers were identified as proteins with levels that significantly differed between patients and controls in both sample sets. The seven candidates identified have previously been associated with neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Multiplex immunoassay based testing was the most efficient and effective evaluation technique and could be employed on a broad scale to track patient response to treatment.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients on chronic hemodialysis and with heart failure
Authors: Hsieh Chin‐wen , Lee Chien‐te , Chen Chun‐chuan , Hsu Li‐ping , Hu Hao‐huan , Wu Jung‐chou
Published: November 2015

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is linked to chronic kidney disease. However, few studies have examined the prevalence, risk factors, or outcomes of PH in patients with chronic hemodialysis and concomitant heart failure. This retrospective cohort study enrolled 160 patients with a history of acute decompensated heart failure after maintenance hemodialysis therapy. All patients were prospectively observed until December 2013 or death. PH was defined as pulmonary artery systolic pressure >35 mmHg, as determined through echocardiography. Fifty‐one (32%) patients had PH, more of whom were female (70% vs. 52%, P = 0.04). The patients with PH had a lower body mass index (21.8 vs. 23.0, P = 0.03), higher cardiothoracic ratio (55% vs. 52%, P = 0.006), larger left atrium (38.5 vs. 35.7 mm, P = 0.01), and an increased proportion of mitral regurgitation (MR) (73% vs. 38%, P < 0.001) compared with the patients who did not have PH. In the multivariate regression analysis, MR was associated most strongly with PH (odds ratio 3.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67–8.43, P = 0.001). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, PH was related independently to all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 3.11; 95% CI, 1.53–6.31; P = 0.002) and combined cardiovascular events (HR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.66–4.44; P < 0.001) after the model was adjusted for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. PH is related to MR and independently associated with increased all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic hemodialysis and heart failure.
Cinacalcet, dialysate calcium concentration, and cardiovascular events in the EVOLVE trial
Authors: Pun Patrick H. , Abdalla Safa , Block Geoffrey A. , Chertow Glenn M. , Correa‐Rotter Ricardo , Dehmel Bastian , Drüeke Tilman B. , Floege Jürgen , Goodman William G. , Herzog Charles A. , London Gerard M. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Moe Sharon M. , Parfrey Patrick S. , Wheeler David C. , Middleton John P.
Published: November 2015

Among patients receiving hemodialysis, abnormalities in calcium regulation have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Cinacalcet lowers serum calcium concentrations through its effect on parathyroid hormone secretion and has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. In observational cohort studies, prescriptions of low dialysate calcium concentration and larger observed serum–dialysate calcium gradients have been associated with higher risks of in‐dialysis facility or peri‐dialytic sudden cardiac arrest. We performed this study to examine the risks associated with dialysate calcium and serum–dialysate gradients among participants in the Evaluation of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) trial. In EVOLVE, 3883 hemodialysis patients were randomized 1:1 to cinacalcet or placebo. Dialysate calcium was administered at the discretion of treating physicians. We examined whether baseline dialysate calcium concentration or the serum–dialysate calcium gradient modified the effect of cinacalcet on the following adjudicated endpoints: (1) primary composite endpoint (death or first non‐fatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or peripheral vascular event); (2) cardiovascular death; and (3) sudden death. In EVOLVE, use of higher dialysate calcium concentrations was more prevalent in Europe and Latin America compared with North America. There was a significant fall in serum calcium concentration in the cinacalcet group; dialysate calcium concentrations were changed infrequently in both groups. There was no association between baseline dialysate calcium concentration or serum–dialysate calcium gradient and the endpoints examined. Neither the baseline dialysate calcium nor the serum–dialysate calcium gradient significantly modified the effects of cinacalcet on the outcomes examined. The effects of cinacalcet on cardiovascular death and major cardiovascular events are not altered by the dialysate calcium prescription and serum–dialysate calcium gradient.
Simultaneous determination of water‐soluble whitening ingredients and adenosine in different cosmetic formulations by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection
Authors: Jeon J.‐S. , Kim H.‐T. , Kim M.‐G. , Oh M.‐S. , Hong S.‐R. , Yoon M.‐H. , Cho S.‐M. , Shin H.‐C. , Shim J.‐H. , Ramadan A. , Abd El‐Aty A. M.
Published: November 2015

Objective

The Korean Cosmetic Act regulates the use of functional cosmetics) by the law. Four functional cosmetic groups, whitening, anti‐wrinkle, UV protection and combination of whitening and anti‐wrinkle, were categorized according to the Korean Cosmetic Act and Functional Cosmetics Codex. In this study, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD) was employed for the simultaneous detection of arbutin (and its decomposition product, hydroquinone), niacinamide, ascorbyl glucoside, ethyl ascorbyl ether and adenosine in functional cosmetic products such as creams, emulsions and lotions.

Methods

Separation by HPLC‐DAD was conducted using a C18 column with a gradient elution of 5 mm KH2PO4 buffer (containing 0.1% phosphoric acid) and methanol (containing 0.1% phosphoric acid). The wavelengths for the detection of arbutin, hydroquinone, niacinamide, adenosine, ascorbyl glucoside and ethyl ascorbyl ether were 283, 289, 261, 257, 238 and 245 nm, respectively.

Results

This method exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2%) and mean recoveries (89.42–104.89%). The results obtained by monitoring 100 market samples showed that the detected levels of the tested materials are within the acceptable authorized concentration.

Conclusion

The method developed herein is simple and can be used for market survey and quality control of functional cosmetics.
From “illegality” to Tolerance and Beyond: Irregular Immigration as a Selective and Dynamic Process
Authors: Ambrosini Maurizio
Published: November 2015

Immigration defined as “illegal” is a typical area where the dominant representations differ from social phenomena. Starting from this point, this article deals with two issues. The first is the selective treatment of irregular immigration by receiving societies. Diverse interests and social representations of irregular immigration tend to redefine it in different ways: formal authorization and social recognition should be distinguished, and they can go in different directions. Their intersection determines four cases: exclusion, stigmatization, tolerance, integration. The second, and related, issue is the easier transition to a legal status of some irregular migrants, especially those who encounter some forms of tolerance in receiving societies. Three devices of regularization will be identified and discussed: deservingness; liberal legalization; victimization. In regard to processes of acceptance and legalization, the action of various intermediaries between the receiving societies and irregular immigrants will be highlighted.
ARGON‐37 AND ARGON‐39 RADIOACTIVITIES IN THE DHAJALA AND CANON CITY METEORITES
Authors: Fireman E.L. , Stoenner R.W.
Published: November 2015

37Ar and 39Ar were measured in a bulk sample and in metal‐rich and metal‐poor fractions of the Dhajala meteorite and in metal‐rich and metal‐poor fractions of the Canon City meteorite. Two determinations of the activities in Dhajala metal phase are the following: 37Ar = 18.9 ± 1.1 and 17.2 ± 1.2, and 39Ar = 23.3 ± 0.9 and 24.2 ± 1.4 dpm/kg metal. In Canon City, the determinations are 37Ar = 18.2 ± 1.4 and 16.9 ± 7.5, and 39Ar = 18.2 ± 0.7 and 24.1 ± 1.4 dpm/kg metal. Dhajala and Canon City are of interest because they both fell during solar minimum.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BEHAVIORS OF MAJOR AND MINOR LITHOPHILE ELEMENTS IN VAPORIZATION UNDER EVACUATED CONDITION
Authors: Masuda Akimasa , Tanaka Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2015

In order to investigate the volatilities of major and minor lithophile elements, evaporation experiments by electron bombardment were carried out employing basaltic rock powder. The elements studied included Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Rb, Ba and REE. The source crucible was heated to about 2300 °K, and the vaporized material was collected at different distances from the source. The enrichment factors of studied elements in the material collected on the condensation plate were calculated relative to the starting material. Patterns of REE removed during flights between varying distances were also evaluated.
METEORITES AND THERMOLUMINESCENCE
Authors: McKeever S.W.S. , Sears D.W.
Published: November 2015

The TL techniques that have been developed successfully for archaeological and dosimetric applications cannot be unambiguously applied to meteorites because of the possibility that most or all of the meteorite TL is in dynamic equilibrium — its rate of thermal decay balancing its rate of build‐up. In this situation, space irradiation temperature and, thereby, orbital information for the most recent eras (105‐106 years), can be determined. In only a few instances (e.g. meteorites with very low exposure ages) will the possibility exist that equilibrium may not have been reached, but even here it has to be shown that the exposure event had removed previously existing TL before normal TL dating techniques can be employed.

There is some evidence to suggest that the TL sensitivity builds up with time. This raises the possibility of dating major shock and/or reheating events, if it can be shown that such events destroyed the TL sensitivity.
RICA AVENTURA: A NEW IRON METEORITE FROM CHILE
Authors: Olsen Edward , Zeitschel Walter
Published: November 2015

Rica Aventura, a group IVA fine octahedrite, was found in 1910 near the now abandoned village of Rica Aventura, Chile (69° 37′W, 21° 59′S). Based on chemical evidence it appears to be a unique new find.
MINERAL INCLUSIONS IN MUONG NONG‐TYPE INDOCHINITES: IMPLICATIONS CONCERNING PARENT MATERIAL AND PROCESS OF FORMATION
Authors: Glass B.P. , Barlow Rodney A.
Published: November 2015

Mineral inclusions have been recovered from 11 Muong Nong‐type indochinites by heavy liquid separation of crushed and sieved (74–149 μm) specimens. The mineral inclusions were identified by x‐ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis. The phases identified include zircon, Al2SiO5 (corundum plus SiO2), rutile, chromite and quartz. In addition, cristobalite and tridymite were apparently associated with some of the quartz grains. The inclusions were all silt size and size sorted according to specific gravity. All the inclusions showed evidence of various degrees of shock metamorphism (e.g. fracturing, droplet formation, x‐ray asterism). The mineral assemblage indicates a sedimentary source material. Thus it appears that the Muong Nong‐type indochinites were formed by shock melting of a well‐sorted, silt‐size, sedimentary material.
ON MOBILE ELEMENT TRANSPORT IN HEATED ABEE
Authors: Ikramuddin Mohammed , Lipschutz Michael E. , Gibson Everett K.
Published: November 2015

Seven trace elements (Ag, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Te, Tl) are either completely retained or are lost to the same extent in Abee samples heated at 700 °C for one week at 10−5‐10−3 atm Ne or in 10−5 atm H2. Bi and Se are lost significantly more easily and Zn is better retained in samples heated in Ne than in H2. Zn retention varies inversely with ambient Ne pressure. Mobile element transport seems unaffected by physical interactions in the gas phase but may reflect solid‐state surface effects. During week‐long heating at low pressures (initially ∼ 10−5 atm H2) S is mobilized only at 1000 °C while C contents decrease progressively from 600–1000 °C. Apparent activation energies for C are 60 kcal/mole below 700 °C and 16 kcal/mole above this temperature suggesting diffusive loss from different hosts and/or processes over different temperature intervals. In E4–6 chondrites C and S contents largely reflect nebular fractionation and condensation processes.
MOSSBAUER SPECTRA FOR IRON BEARING PHASES IN THE METEORITE TOLUCA
Authors: Ouseph P.J. , Groskreutz H.E. , Johnson A.A.
Published: November 2015

Room temperature Mossbauer spectra have been obtained for several iron bearing phases in the octahedrite Toluca. The spectrum for kamacite contains six lines, as expected for a ferromagnetic material. That for taenite contains a strong six‐line pattern, closely similar to that for kamacite, plus a weak singlet. The former is due to the ferromagnetic form of taenite, which predominates, and the latter to the non‐equilibrium paramagnetic form. The spectra for troilite, schreibersite and cohenite are similar to those for terrestrial troilite, synthetic schreibersite and cementite, respectively. With some troilite samples, a weak doublet due to some non‐magnetic phase was obtained. This was found to match the doublet reported for terrestrial pyrite, but the results are not such as to make a positive identification possible. This exploratory study of the Mossbauer spectra of some of the principal phases found in iron‐nickel meteorites suggests that the main value of Mossbauer spectroscopy in the study of meteorites lies in its ability to detect relatively small amounts of paramagnetic phases such as the paramagnetic form of taenite.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE KAROONDA METEORITE
Authors: Fitzgerald M.J.
Published: November 2015

New bulk compositional results are presented for the Karoonda meteorite which show that it is a member of the Vigarano type carbonaceous chondrites. Use of the petrographic symbol CK for Karoonda is shown to be unnecessary and inadvisable.
THE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF THE HOMEWOOD, MANITOBA, METEORITE
Authors: Mysyk W.K. , Ferguson R.B. , Hawthorne F.C. , Ramlal K.
Published: November 2015

The Homewood meteorite is a slightly weathered find of 325 grams discovered in 1970 about 64 km southwest of Winnipeg, Manitoba. It consists of olivine (Fa25.4; 43.8 normative wt. percent), orthopyroxene (Fs23.3; 28.5 percent), kamacite and taenite (7.5 percent), troilite (5.6 percent), maskelynite (8.3 percent), chromite (1.0 percent), whitlockite (0.7 percent) and minor patchy Ca pyroxene. Bulk chemical analysis yielded Fetotal 21.60 wt. percent, Fe/SiO20.55, SiO2/MgO 1.53 and FeO/Fetotal 0.29. Barred olivine, radiating pyroxene and porphyritic chondrules, all with ill‐defined outlines, occur in the meteorite. Most chemical and mineralogical features characterize the Homewood meteorite as an L6 (hypersthene) chondrite. The presence of maskelynite, the undulatory extinction, extensive fracturing and pervasive mosaicism of olivine, and the poor definition of chondrule outlines suggest that the Homewood meteorite has been shocked in the range of 300–350 kbar.
THE Mg‐Cr RELATIONSHIP IN ACHONDRITES AND IN THE SILICATE FRACTION OF MESOSIDERITES, AND ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON EUCRITES
Authors: Simpson A.B. , Ahrens L.H.
Published: November 2015

New data are used to confirm the positive correlation between Mg and Cr in howardites and eucrites, and the identity of the Mg/Cr ratio in the two meteorite groups is established, provided Chaves is treated as an anomalous howardite. Macibini, usually classed as a eucrite, has higher contents of Mg and Cr than all but the cumulate eucrites; the suggestion is made, on the basis of its polymict character, the wide compositional range of its constituent clasts, and its bulk chemistry, that it should be re‐classified as a howardite.

The Mg‐Cr relationship in diogenites is one of almost constant Mg but extremely variable Cr. The “average diogenite” plots fairly close to the trend established for the howardites and eucrites, indicative of the genetic link between these three meteorite classes.

The silicate fractions of nine mesosiderites studied do not show a close coherence of Mg and Cr. With the exception of Patwar, they contain more Cr than howardites and eucrites, and exhibit greater variation of Cr relative to Mg. The general lack of clear inter‐element trends in these silicate fractions suggests that they had a more complex origin and evolution than the silicates of the achondrites.

Preliminary results of quantitative computer modeling of major and trace elements in the eucrites indicate that about 32 percent fractional crystallization of a eucritic liquid of the composition of Sioux County yields a residual liquid similar to Nuevo Laredo; the cumulate produced has the approximate composition of the cumulate eucrite Moama. These results are in agreement with the model developed by Consolmagno and Drake (1977), using the rare earth elements, for a corresponding stage in the solidification of an initial eucritic liquid produced by equilibrium partial melting of the source region of the parent body (Stolper, 1977). Plotting of the Ti concentrations of the meteorites studied against their Fe/Fe+Mg ratios supports Stolper's idea that the eucrites and the Mg‐rich achondrites do not lie on the same liquid line of descent, and shows that the mesosiderite silicates do not conform to either trend.
87Rb‐87Sr DATING OF L CHONDRITES: EFFECTS OF SHOCK AND BRECCIATION
Authors: Minster J.F. , Allégre C.J.
Published: November 2015

We have analysed whole rock L chondrites and separate minerals from the L3 chondrite Mezö Madaras for 87Rb‐87Sr dating.

Contrary to other groups of chondrites, whole rocks do not define a straight line in the (87Rb/86Sr, 87Sr/86Sr) diagram. Whereas unshocked meteorites of old K‐Ar age plot on the isochron defined by the other chondrites, shocked objects, with younger K‐Ar ages, plot above it. Exceptions to this correlation are Bjürbole for the first type and Homestead and Peace River for the second type. Our preferred interpretation is that this displacement in the (87Rb/86Sr, 87Sr/86Sr) diagram corresponds to Rb volatilization induced by reheating.

Hand‐picked and heavy liquid separates from Mezö Madaras scatter in the same diagram. In addition to possible Rb loss from feldspar, evidences are found for migration of Rb and Sr between olivine and feldspar, glass or clinopyroxene. We interpret this as the consequence of a short though important heating at the time of brecciation.
THE COMPOSITION OF IRON METEORITES: A STUDY BY FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Sears D.W.
Published: November 2015

A factor analysis has been performed on nickel and trace element data for iron meteorites. The technique shows that the present distribution of these elements is the result of three processes. These can be identified from the elements involved:

Ga, Ge, Sb and Zn (condensation and accretion).

Ni, Pd, Co and Cu (oxidation and sulphuration).

Ir, Au, As, Re, Pt, Os, Ru and Cr (an igneous event).

The distribution of Mo, however, is not readily explicable in terms of these processes. Within the groups IAB and IIAB only one process is required for all elements, but in groups IIIAB and IVA the situation for Ga, Ge and Sb is more complex.
A NEW MEASURE OF THE NICKEL CONTENT OF METEORITIC COPPER
Authors: Olsena Edward
Published: November 2015

A copper grain in the Mayfield chondrite surrounded by troilite contains up to 2.1% Ni. This provides a better measure of the Ni content in meteoritic Cu alloy than a former measurement which required a calculated correction for fluorescence effects from adjacent Fe‐Ni alloy.
Praise matters: the influence of nurse unit managers' praise on nurses' practice, work environment and job satisfaction: a questionnaire study
Authors: Sveinsdóttir Herdís , Ragnarsdóttir Erla Dögg , Blöndal Katrín
Published: November 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between praise from nurse unit managers and job satisfaction, professional practice, workload, work climate and organizational commitment of nurses caring for surgical patients.

Background

Praise influences experiences of employees.

Design

Web‐based, cross‐sectional explorative survey design.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was used to measure praise given by nurse unit managers as perceived by nurses (n = 383; 49% response rate) working with surgical patients. Data were collected between December 2009–January 2010. Several variables assessed the major concepts under study. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to compare nurses who receive praise very rarely/rarely as compared with very often/rather often.

Results

Praise was received often/very often by 31·6% of participants. Compared with nurses receiving praise rarely/very rarely those who received it often/rather showed more job satisfaction, stated they had more opportunities to practice professionally, described a more positive work climate and were more committed to the organization such as being proud to work at and willing to make effort for the unit and hospital. There was no difference between the groups regarding workload. Main findings of the regression analysis were that nurses display their organizational commitment by not thinking about leaving the current workplace and those who value professional recognition are likelier to receive praise than their counterparts.

Conclusion

Nurse unit managers should praise their staff in a realistic fashion. Such praise is cost‐effective, takes short time, produces positive influences on members of their staff and may improve patient safety.
The effects of heterospecifics and climatic conditions on incubation behavior within a mixed‐species colony
Authors: Coates Peter S. , Brussee Brianne E. , Hothem Roger L. , Howe Kristy H. , Casazza Michael L. , Eadie John M.
Published: November 2015

Parental incubation behavior largely influences nest survival, a critical demographic process in avian population dynamics, and behaviors vary across species with different life history breeding strategies. Although research has identified nest survival advantages of mixing colonies, behavioral mechanisms that might explain these effects is largely lacking. We examined parental incubation behavior using video‐monitoring techniques on Alcatraz Island, California, of black‐crowned night‐heron Nycticorax nycticorax (hereinafter, night‐heron) in a mixed‐species colony with California gulls Larus californicus and western gulls L. occidentalis. We first quantified general nesting behaviors (i.e. incubation constancy, and nest attendance), and a suite of specific nesting behaviors (i.e. inactivity, vigilance, preening, and nest maintenance) with respect to six different daily time periods. We employed linear mixed effects models to investigate environmental and temporal factors as sources of variation in incubation constancy and nest attendance using 211 nest days across three nesting seasons (2010–2012). We found incubation constancy (percent of time on the eggs) and nest attendance (percent of time at the nest) were lower for nests that were located < 3 m from one or more gull nest, which indirectly supports the predator protection hypothesis, whereby heterospecifics provide protection allowing more time for foraging and other self‐maintenance activities. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence of the influence of one nesting species on the incubation behavior of another. We also identified distinct differences between incubation constancy and nest attentiveness, indicating that these biparental incubating species do not share similar energetic constraints as those that are observed for uniparental species. Additionally, we found that variation in incubation behavior was a function of temperature and precipitation, where the strength of these effects was dependent on the time of day. Overall, these findings strengthen our understanding of incubation behavior and nest ecology of a colonial‐nesting species.
Moisturizers are effective in the treatment of xerosis irrespectively from their particular formulation: results from a prospective, randomized, double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Shim J.H. , Park J.H. , Lee J.H. , Lee D.Y. , Lee J.H. , Yang J.M.
Published: November 2015

Background

Many companies claim that their moisturizers are superior to others based on their ingredients.

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of the most popular moisturizers in the field.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, controlled study was performed on 80 patients with moderate to severe xerosis. The test agents included the newly developed cream containing topical recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF), its vehicle without EGF and four additional therapeutic moisturizers. The study subjects applied the test agents on designated skin areas twice daily for 4 weeks. All of the clinical assessments and non‐invasive objective measurements were performed at baseline, and on days 14 and 28 of the study.

Results

All of the test agents significantly improved the clinical symptoms of xerosis. The biophysical parameters similarly improved from baseline (P < 0.05). None of the test agents performed significantly better than did another.

Conclusion

In the treatment of xerosis, consistent and regular moisturizer use is much more important than the moisturizer's particular formulation.
Reciprocal preening and food sharing in colour‐polymorphic nestling barn owls
Authors: Roulin A. , Des Monstiers B. , Ifrid E. , Da Silva A. , Genzoni E. , Dreiss A. N.
Published: November 2015

Barn owl (Tyto alba) siblings preen and offer food items to one another, behaviours that can be considered prosocial because they benefit a conspecific by relieving distress or need. In experimental broods, we analysed whether such behaviours were reciprocated, preferentially exchanged between specific phenotypes, performed to avoid harassment and food theft or signals of hierarchy status. Three of the results are consistent with the hypothesis of direct reciprocity. First, food sharing was reciprocated in three‐chick broods but not in pairs of siblings, that is when nestlings could choose a partner with whom to develop a reciprocating interaction. Second, a nestling was more likely to give a prey item to its sibling if the latter individual had preened the former. Third, siblings matched their investment in preening each other. Manipulation of age hierarchy showed that food stealing was directed towards older siblings but was not performed to compensate for a low level of cooperation received. Social behaviours were related to melanin‐based coloration, suggesting that animals may signal their propensity to interact socially. The most prosocial phenotype (darker reddish) was also the phenotype that stole more food, and the effect of coloration on prosocial behaviour depended upon rank and sex, suggesting that colour‐related prosociality is state dependent.
Evaluating factors associated with implementing evidence‐based practice in nursing
Authors: Farokhzadian Jamileh , Khajouei Reza , Ahmadian Leila
Published: November 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Evidence‐based practice (EBP) has emerged as an innovation for quality improvement in health care. Nurses have important role in implementing EBP but they face many challenges in this context. Evaluation of factors influencing implementation of EBP seems necessary. The aims of this study were to examine nurses' attitude towards EBP, their self‐efficacy and training needs, as well as supporting factors and barriers for implementing EBP.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 182 nurses from four teaching hospitals in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two main sections; a section to collect socio‐demographic information of participants and a section collecting information on five topics (staff's attitude, self‐efficacy skills of EBP, supporting factors, barriers and training needs for implementing EBP).

Results

The majority (87.4%) of the nurses had not attended any formal training on EBP and 60% of them were not familiar with the concept of EBP. Nurses' attitude towards EBP was unfavourable (2.57 ± 0.99) and their self‐efficacy skills of EBP were poor (2.93 ± 1.06). The most important supporting factor was mentoring by nurses who have adequate EBP experience (3.65 ± 1.17) and the biggest barrier was difficulty judging the quality of research papers and reports (2.46 ± 0.95). There was a moderate demand for training in all areas of EBP (3.62 ± 1.12).

Conclusions

Nursing care needs to move towards quality improvement using EBP. It is necessary to equip nurses with knowledge and skills required for EBP. Managers should design an appropriate strategic plan by considering supporting factors and barriers for integrating EBP into clinical setting.
Delivering Green Streets: an exploration of changing perceptions and behaviours over time around bioswales in Portland, Oregon
Authors: Everett G. , Lamond J.E. , Morzillo A.T. , Matsler A.M. , Chan F.K.S.
Published: November 2015

Green Infrastructure (GI) is an increasingly popular means of dealing with flooding and water quality issues worldwide. This study examines public perceptions of, and behaviour around, bioswales, which are a popular GI facility in the United States. Bioswales are highly visible interventions requiring support from residents and policy‐makers to be implemented and maintained appropriately. To understand how the residents' perceptions and attitudes might develop over time, we interviewed residents of Portland, Oregon, living near bioswales installed 1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 years ago, to determine awareness, understanding, and opinions about the devices. We found no consistent patterns across time periods, but did find common issues affecting residents' appreciation and acceptance: environmental attitudes, awareness and understanding of purpose and function, plant choice and maintenance, and mess and littering. It was apparent that increased public engagement, localised maintenance strategies, and possibly even customising facilities to meet residents' needs where feasible, might improve acceptance.
Hypothalamic Effects of Tamoxifen on Oestrogen Regulation of Luteinising Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Female Rats
Authors: Aquino N. S. S. , Araujo‐Lopes R. , Batista I. A. R. , Henriques P. C. , Poletini M. O. , Franci C. R. , Reis A. M. , Szawka R. E.
Published: November 2015

Oestradiol (E2) acts in the hypothalamus to regulate luteinising hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion. Tamoxifen (TX) has been extensively used as a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, although its neuroendocrine effects remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the hypothalamic effects of TX in rats under low or high circulating E2 levels. Ovariectomised (OVX) rats treated with oil, E2 or TX, or E2 plus TX, were evaluated for hormonal secretion and immunohistochemical analyses in hypothalamic areas. Both E2 and TX reduced LH levels, whereas TX blocked the E2‐induced surges of LH and PRL. TX prevented the E2‐induced expression of progesterone receptor (PR) in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), although it did not alter PR expression in OVX rats. TX blocked the E2 induction of c‐Fos in AVPV neurones, consistent with the suppression of LH surge. However, TX failed to prevent E2 inhibition of kisspeptin expression in the ARC. In association with the blockade of PRL surge, TX increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the median eminence of OVX, E2‐treated rats. TX also precluded the E2‐induced increase in TH expression in the ARC. In all immunohistochemical analyses, TX treatment in OVX rats caused no measurable effect on the hypothalamus. Thus, TX is able to prevent the positive‐ but not negative‐feedback effect of E2 on the hypothalamus. TX also blocks the effects of E2 on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones and PRL secretion. These findings further characterise the anti‐oestrogenic actions of TX in the hypothalamus and provide new information on the oestrogenic regulation of LH and PRL.
Adoption, Foreign‐Born Status, and Children's Progress in School
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A.
Published: November 2015

Using recent data from the American Community Survey, the author investigated how the dynamics of immigration influence our understanding of the adoption–schooling relationship. The results suggest that implications of immigrant and adoption statuses could be understood within specific familial contexts. Thus, no statistical differences were found in the outcomes of foreign‐born adoptees in U.S. native families and their peers with immigrant parents. Instead, the most favorable patterns of schooling progress were found among U.S.‐born adoptees living in immigrant families. Among immigrants, the analysis indicated similar patterns of achievement among Hispanic and White adoptees that are inconsistent with the predictions of segmented assimilation theory. However, there was a Hispanic disadvantage relative to Whites among immigrant children living with biological and stepparents. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for kinship selection and assimilation processes and the contention that alternative theoretical frameworks should be used to understand the implications of adoption status.
When Does Customer Orientation Hinder (Help) Radical Product Innovation? The Role of Organizational Rewards
Authors: Joshi Ashwin W.
Published: November 2015

Prior marketing literature offers a compelling theoretical rationale in support of two contradictory propositions, namely, that customer orientation is negatively related to (i.e., hinders) radical product innovation and that customer orientation is positively related to (i.e., helps) radical product innovation. In this research, the contextual conditions that determine the validity of these contradictory propositions are identified. Drawing from the literature on organizational rewards, two types of organizational rewards—outcome based and strategy based—are identified as being the key contextual conditions. It is hypothesized that when outcome‐based rewards are in effect, customer orientation is negatively related to radical positive innovation and, that when strategy‐based rewards are in effect, customer orientation is positively related to radical product innovation. Results from a survey of 156 manufacturing firms, and from a survey of 97 of their customers, provide support for these hypotheses. While prior research has attempted to explain the contradictory nature of the relationship between customer orientation and radical product innovation using typology‐based and mediator‐based approaches, the contextual condition‐based approach has not been well developed. This gap is addressed by the present research. From a practitioner perspective, the research is important because it identifies a concrete mechanism that new product development managers can deploy, in tandem with customer orientation, if they intend to generate radical product innovations. Given the potential gains that flow from radical product innovation, the research findings are expected to be of considerable interest to managers of new product development projects.
Morphometric approach to address taxonomic problems: The case of Utricularia sect. Foliosa (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Baleeiro Paulo C. , Jobson Richard W. , Sano Paulo T.
Published: November 2015

Utricularia sect. Foliosa Kamiénski comprises three recognized species, U. amethystina Salzm. ex A.St.‐Hil. & Girard, U. tricolor A.St.‐Hil., and U. tridentata Sylvén, delimited based mainly on shape and structure of the corolla. In comparison with the two latter members of the section, U. amethystina forms a complex of morphological variants, reflected taxonomically by the previous recognition of 31 synonyms. In his monograph of the genus, Taylor synonymized these taxa based primarily on his observation of continuous morphological variation of the flowers. In the same treatment he also suggested a future taxonomic re‐evaluation could re‐establish two, three or more taxa. Here we examine this question utilizing morphometric analyses of floral variation across most of the synonyms mentioned above, within populations from across their Neotropical distribution. Based on both morphological and geographic characters we identify strongly differentiated morphotypes. Our data provide support for both the maintenance of taxa previously recognised as synonyms under U. amethystina, and the resurrection of taxa to species status, namely U. bicolor, U. damazioi, U. lindmanii and U. hirtella, and four other putative new taxa.
The Mulcahy Salvage: Past and Present Innovations
Authors: Mellon Matthew J. , Broghammer Joshua R. , Henry Gerard D.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Inflatable penile implants are a mainstay for the surgical correction of erectile dysfunction. For the last 40 years they have provided reliable outcomes with durable patient satisfaction. Infection of the implant continues to remain the primary surgical concern, despite the advent of antibiotic-coated devices and improved skin preparation solutions.

Methods

In this article, we review and evaluate the published literature for important contributions surrounding the various salvage techniques and washout strategies. In addition, the role of biofilm in prosthetic infection will be discussed.

Results

First described by Mulcahy for instances of device infection, the salvage or rescue procedure was established to avoid complete removal and staged replacement. This approach, with its avoidance of difficult revision surgery, penile shortening and patient discomfort, has produced success as high as 84%.

Conclusion

Mulcahy’s innovative approach at salvage or rescue reimplantation has proven to be a highly successful approach to this difficult surgical problem. Without question, the report of the long-term results of his salvage patients has directly influenced a generation of prosthetic surgeons.
The Evolution and Utility of the Small-Carrion Prosthesis, Its Impact, and Progression to the Modern-Day Malleable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Martinez Daniel R. , Terlecki Ryan , Brant William O.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction has plagued humanity for millennia. For years, treatment had been in the hands of mental health professionals. It was not until the 1970s that urologists created a modality that was marketable, reproducible, and consistently successful at treating impotence, the Small-Carrion Penile Prosthesis.

Aim

We present the evolution of the malleable/semi-rigid penile prosthesis, concentrating our efforts reviewing and critiquing the pivotal article published by Drs. Michael P. Small, Hernan M. Carrion, and Julian A. Gordon. We then discuss its continued advancement, current-day utilization, and the future of the malleable prosthesis.

Methods

From the early 1900s, surgeons have been toying with the idea of creating a penile implant. These initial attempts utilized rib cartilage, and eventually synthetic materials, including acrylic, silicone, and polyethylene.

Results

In 1975, Drs. Carrion and Small presented their initial experience of 31 patients utilizing their silicone implant. In their manuscript titled, “The Small-Carrion Penile Prosthesis: New Implant for the Management of Impotence,” they discuss their technique, perioperative management of complications, and results.

Conclusions

The malleable penile prosthesis continued to evolve throughout the years to the current day Genesis and Spectra. Although the current market is dominated by the inflatable penile prosthesis, there are specific situations where the malleable is ideally utilized. The pivotal article by Drs. Carrion and Small helped pave the way for the “New Era” of penile prosthetics and still remains one of the most impactful contributions to the management of erectile dysfunction.
Petrography and geochemistry of the enriched basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa 2975
Authors: He Qi , Xiao Long , Balta J. Brian , Baziotis Ioannis P. , Hsu Weibiao , Guan Yunbin
Published: November 2015

We present a study of the petrology and geochemistry of basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa 2975 (NWA 2975). NWA 2975 is a medium‐grained basalt with subophitic to granular texture. Electron microprobe (EMP) analyses show two distinct pyroxene compositional trends and patchy compositional zoning patterns distinct from those observed in other meteorites such as Shergotty or QUE 94201. As no bulk sample was available to us for whole rock measurements, we characterized the fusion crust and its variability by secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) measurements and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses as a best‐available proxy for the bulk rock composition. The fusion crust major element composition is comparable to the bulk composition of other enriched basaltic shergottites, placing NWA 2975 within that sample group. The CI‐normalized REE (rare earth element) patterns are flat and also parallel to those of other enriched basaltic shergottites. Merrillite is the major REE carrier and has a flat REE pattern with slight depletion of Eu, parallel to REE patterns of merrillites from other basaltic shergottites. The oxidation state of NWA 2975 calculated from Fe‐Ti oxide pairs is NNO‐1.86, close to the QFM buffer. NWA 2975 represents a sample from the oxidized and enriched shergottite group, and our measurements and constraints on its origin are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct Martian mantle reservoirs: a reduced, LREE‐depleted reservoir and an oxidized, LREE‐enriched reservoir. Stishovite, possibly seifertite, and dense SiO2 glass were also identified in the meteorite, allowing us to infer that NWA 2975 experienced a realistic shock pressure of ~30 GPa.