bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed production of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization
Authors: HIMANSHU SINGH  , B. GANGAIAH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out under protective irrigation during kharif (June-November) seasons of 2009 and 2010 at New Delhi in a sandy loam soil low in available nitrogen (173 kg/ha) and medium in available phos- phorus (13.2 kg/ha) to study the effect of levels of phosphorus (0, 13.2 and 26.4 kg/ha in main plots) and nitrogen (0, 30 kg at sowing, 15 kg each at sowing and flowering and 30 kg at flowering in sub-plots) fertilization on seed production of dhaincha [Sesbania aculeata (Wills.) Poir.] in a split plot design with three replications. The results indicated significant impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on growth, nodulation, biomass and seed production of dhaincha. On an average, application of 13.2 and 26.4 kg P/ha has increased the seed yield of dhaincha by 241 and 113 kg /ha over no P (1,040 kg/ha) and 13.2 kg P application, respectively. Net returns ( 17.47 103/ha) were highest with application of 26.4 kg P while the agronomic P use efficiency was highest with 13.2 kg P application. Application of 30 kg N at sowing (1,340 kg/ha) or 15 kg each at sowing and flowering (1,320 kg/ha) being at par enhanced the seed yield of dhaincha on average by 221 kg/ha over no N application (1,118 kg/ ha). Net returns ( 17.64 103/ha) and agronomic N use efficiency were highest with 30 kg N application at sow- ing. Both P (26.4 kg/ha) and N (30 kg/ha at sowing) fertilization have significantly improved nodulation in dhaincha as evident from increased nodule number (108.1 and 106.1) and nodule weight (1.91 and 1.87 g) at 90 days after sowing over control (70.8 and 1.28 g). Interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization indicated that applica- tion of 30 kg N at sowing along with 26.4 kg P resulted in the highest seed yield (1,486 kg/ha) and thus is recom- mended for seed production of dhaincha.
Potassium and zinc fertilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in western arid zone of India
Authors: GAJANAND JAT  , S.P. MAJUMDAR  , N.K. JAT  , SONALI P. MAZUMDAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2007-08 and 2008-09 at Jobner on loamy sand soil to assess the influence of different levels of K and Zn on wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol]. Treatments com- prised of four levels each of fertilizer K (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K O/ha) and Zn (0, 3, 6 and 9 kg Zn/ha) in a random- 2 ized block design with four replications. Results revealed that the application of 40 kg K O/ha recorded the signifi- 2 cantly highest dry matter accumulation (881 g/m2), effective tillers (257/m2), grains/spike (46.2), test weight (39.4 g), grain yield (3.20 t/ha) and biological yield (8.0 t/ha) of wheat. However, uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn in wheat was increased significantly up to 60 kg K O/ha. Application of 60 kg K O/ha also recorded the highest values of 2 2 net returns ( 29,502), B:C ratio (1.55) and returns/rupee invested ( 2.51). Zn fertilization in wheat at 6 kg Zn/ha was found to be statistically best in terms of growth, yield attributes, and yield. The nutrient uptake (N, K, S and Zn) in wheat, except uptake of P was increased significantly up to 9 kg Zn/ha, which also recorded the highest net returns ( 29,425), B:C ratio (1.52) and returns/rupee invested ( 2.47). The values of efficiency indices were de- creased with increasing doses of K and Zn.
Productivity and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) as affected by sowing date, rate and stage of nitrogen application
Authors: JASVINDER SINGH  , S.S. MAHAL  , AVTAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 with a objective to find out optimum time of sowing, rate and proper stage for application of nitrogen to get good quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for higher malt and grain yield. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three dates of sowing (20, 30 October and 10 November ) and three levels of nitrogen as 62.5, 78.5 and 93.75 kg N/ha (100, 125 and 150 per cent of recommended N, respectively) in main plots and three stages of nitrogen application {whole of nitrogen before pre sowing irrigation (S ), half of nitrogen before pre sowing irrigation + half 1 at(45 days) maximum tillering stage (S ) and half of nitrogen before pre sowing irrigation + 1/4 at (25 days) tillering 2 stage + 1/4 at (65 days) boot stage (S )}in sub plots. The results of mean of two years revealed that 10 November 3 sowing gave the significantly higher grain yield, effective tillers, number of grain ear, harvest index and malt yield than 20 October and 30 October due to minimum lodging. Barley crop responded significantly up to 78.5 kg N/ha. Application of nitrogen in three split (S ) increased significantly plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective 3 tillers, ear length, number of grains/ear, grain, straw and malt yield as compared to two splits (S ) and single 2 application (S ). It can be concluded that barley crop for higher malt recovery, malt and grain yield, can be sown 1 on 10 November with the application of 78.5 kg N/ha in three splits (half nitrogen before pre sowing irrigation, 1/4 at tillering stage and 1/4 at boot stage).
Influence of date of sowing and irrigation scheduling on rabi castor (Ricinus communis) in Peninsular India
Authors: A.V. RAMANJANEYULU  , A. MADHAVI  , A. VISHNUVARDHAN REDDY  , T.L. NEELIMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2007-2010 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Andhra Pradesh in order to study the performance of rabi castor (Ricinus communis L.) in relation to four dates of sowing (October 1, October 15, November 1 and November 15) and scheduling of irrigation at three CPE levels (50, 75 and 100 mm). Pooled data of three years revealed that sowing on October 1 significantly outyielded (2.32 t/ha) other three dates of sowing. With delay in sowing from October 1 to October 15, November 1 and No- vember 15, bean yield of castor declined by 21.5% (1.91 t/ha), 24.1 (1.87 t/ha) and 44.1% (1.61 t/ha), respectively. Sowing on October 1 was found to be superior in respect of water use efficiency (3.73 kg/ha-mm), net returns ( 38.65 103/ha) and B:C ratio (2.67). Among irrigation levels, scheduling of irrigation at 50 mm CPE resulted in higher bean yield of castor (2.00 t/ha) but found on par with 75 mm CPE (1.91 t/ha). Scheduling of irrigation at 50 mm CPE was found to be superior in terms of net returns ( 30.82 103/ha) but B:C ratio was higher in case of 75 mm CPE (2.39). Higher water use efficiency was observed with 100 mm CPE (3.53 kg/ha-mm) followed by 75 mm CPE (3.50 kg/ha-mm) and the lowest was with wet regime (2.90 kg/ha-mm).
Integrated nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa)sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) (plant)sugarcane (ratoon) cropping sequence
Authors: K.P. PATEL  , J.D. THANKI  , D.D. PATEL  , A.M. BAFNA  , M.K. ARVADIA  , R.C. GAMI
Published: December 2023

Field investigation was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to study the integrated nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) (P)sugarcane (R) cropping se- quence during the years 2000 to 2006. For securing higher yield and remuneration in rice - sugarcane (plant) sugarcane (ratoon) cropping sequence, application of 25% N through FYM + 25% N through poultry manure + 50% N through inorganic fertilizer to the ricesugarcane (plant)sugarcane (ratoon) cropping sequence not only gave net return and B:C ratio close to that obtained with application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer as per soil test value or as per general state recommendation but also improved the soil health in terms of positive nutrient balance.
Fuzzy linear programming for integrated farming systems in multi-objective environment
Authors: U.K. BEHERA  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

Crop production alone from predominantly small farms in India is quite inadequate to sustain the farm families. They have to depend on other land based enterprises, viz. crop, livestock, fishery, poultry, duckery, agroforestry etc. to meet the multifarious needs of farm family. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) provides scope to integrate different enterprises with the objectives to generate additional farm income and employment, and improve the socio-economic condition of small and marginal farmers. IFS operate under different physical, biological, socio- economic and technological environments. Designing a suitable IFS becomes complex due to the presence of un- certainties such as productivity, market prices of farm produce, non-availability of capital and labour at appropri- ate time. In the present study, Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) is used for developing suitable compromise inte- grated farming system models for farmers in north Indian situations under multi-objective environment. Based on the socio-economic survey, three objectives, capital requirement (CR), labour employment (LE) and farm income (FI) are considered for development of model. All three objective functions are represented by linear membership functions in fuzzy multi-objective framework. It is observed from compromise solution obtained by FLP that capital requirement, labour employment, farm income are 493 071, 897 man-days, 604 860, respectively with degree of satisfaction (?)0.462. Analysis of compromise solution in multi-objective environment also indicated that capital requirement, labour employment and farm income have differed considerably as compared to individual optimal solutions obtained by solving linear programming individually for each objective function. Sensitivity analysis stud- ies indicated that effect of linear/nonlinear membership functions is having significant effect on degree of satisfac- tion.
Effect of tillage, residue management and crop establishment techniques on energetics, water use efficiency and economics in soybean (Glycine max)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: V. KARUNAKARAN  , U.K. BEHERA
Published: December 2023

In Indo-Gangetic plains of India, the returns from crop cultivation are shrinking gradually owing to escalation of input costs. Under such situation, conservation agriculture systems have gained importance to make farming prof- itable by cutting down the variable cost and enhancing resource-use efficiency. The studies were conducted dur- ing 2009-10 to 2010-11on energy relations and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) involving sequential tillage (i.e to skip the tillage either in kharif to soybean or in rabi to wheat) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori and Paol) system in order to evaluate the performance under sequential tillage. The energy relations viz. input energy, output energy, net energy and energy use efficiency were statistically simi- lar in most of the cases except energy-use efficiency for both soybean and wheat due to different sequential tillage and crop establishment techniques. Residue management treatments significantly influenced the energy relations in both the crops. Wheat + soybean residue recorded highest gross energy (235.9 and 269.9 103 MJ/ha), while the reverse with net energy and energy use efficiency where the no residue (control) obtained 189.0 and 206.4 103 MJ/ha; 8.69 and 10.4 103 MJ/ha respectively during the year 2009-10 and 2010-11 in the soybean-wheat sys- tem. IWUE in wheat recorded significantly higher with bed system of crop establishment either adopting conven- tional tillage-bed (CT-Bed) (209.1 kg/ha-cm) or skipping CT-Bed with zero tillage-bed (ZT-Bed) (312.6 kg/ha-cm) in rabi season during the year 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively.
Indian Journal of Agronomy 58 (1): 54__62 (March 2013) Research Paper
Authors: ANCHAL DASS  , SUBHASH CHANDRA
Published: December 2023

System of rice (Oryza sativa L.) intensification (SRI) is a recent breakthrough in rice production technology. Tiller-production with healthy panicles, the key determinant of high yields under SRI, is variety and agronomic management dependant. This experiment was laid-out in a factorial RBD during rainy seasons of 2008 and 2009 in the tarai belt of northern India using fourteen treatments comprising of three irrigation schedules viz., irrigation at 1, 3 and 5 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW), two spacing intervals (20 cm 20 cm, 25 cm 25 cm) and two varieties (Pant Dhan 4, Arize 6444) under SRI, and two controls consisting of conventional culti- vation (CT) of two varieties. In 2008, irrigation effects were non-significant, while in 2009, irrigation at 1 and 3 DADPW caused 19.338.5% and 9.322%, respectively, higher number of filled spikelets/panicle, and recorded higher panicle weight and lower sterility percentage than 5 DADPW. Overall advantage in grain yield due to irriga- tions at 1 and 3 DADPW was 8.6 and 5.8%, respectively over 5 DADPW (5.82 t/ha). Wider spacing resulted in heavier panicles and higher grain yield than narrow spacing. Between two varieties, Arize 6444 produced higher number of filled spikelets in all type of tillers. SRI improved the panicle characteristics and increased grain yield by 16.9% over CT (5.22 t/ha). Number and weight of filled-spikelets/panicle of primary and secondary tillers were cor- related with grain yield. Under SRI, varieties which produce large number of primary and secondary tillers with heavier panicles and a few or no tertiary tillers should be planted as panicle weights of tertiary tillers did not show significant correlation with grain yield. Further, SRI-rice should be planted at 25 cm 25 cm spacing and irriga- tions should not be delayed beyond 3 DADPW.
Intensification of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping sequences with summer mungbean (Vigna radiata) in eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: N.B. SINGH  , R.S. SINGH  , K.K. VERMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2005-08 at Zonal Agriculture Research Sub-Station, Bari-Bagh, Ghazipur to evaluate the productivity, profitability and sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping se- quences. In these 14 cropping sequences, rice was sequenced with feasible rabi viz., wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), mustard {Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss} and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) with and without inclusion of mungbean {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek} in summer and tested in ran- domized block design with three replications. Inclusion of mungbean during summer significantly increased the rice-equivalent yield. Rice-wheat-mungbean cropping sequence recorded the highest productivity (11.79 t/ha) in terms of rice equivalent yield with maximum gross returns ( 58,837/ha), net returns ( 28,532/ha), benefit: cost ra- tio (0.94), as well as production efficiency ( 96.06) and land use efficiency (81.37%). Rice-wheat-moongbean se- quence was followed by rice-chickpea-mungbean and rice-mustard-mungbean pertaining to these parameters. Rice-wheat-fallow cropping sequence was more sustainable (0.67) and sustainability further improved to 0.87 when sequenced with moongbean in summer.
Effect of row ratio and phosphorus fertilizer in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping system
Authors: P.K. YADAV  , VISHRAM RAM  , ANIL PRATAP SINGH DOHERE  , RAM RUCHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 200709 at Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate 5 cropping systems and 4 phosphorus levels in chickpea {Cicer arietinum (L.)} and mustard {Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss} intercropping systems. Sole chickpea and mustard gave highest seed yield. Among intercropping, 6:3 row ratio produced significantly the highest seed yield of chickpea (1.10 t/ha) followed by 4:2 row ratio (0.99 t/ ha). Chickpea grain equivalent yield (1.55 t/ha) and LER (1.32) were recorded the highest under 6:3 row ratio fol- lowed by 4:2 row ratio (1.46 t/ha and 1.26, respectively). Seed yield of chickpea, mustard and chickpea grain equivalent yield increased with increasing levels of phosphorus upto 60 kg P O /ha. Protein content in chickpea 2 5 seed was recorded the highest in sole stand. Maximum net profit of 31,450/ha and B:C ratio of 2.48 was re- corded in 6:3 row ratio intercropping. Increasing levels of phosphorus increased seed yield, protein content in chickpea seed, oil content in mustard seed, net profit, and B:C ratio significantly up to 60 kg P O /ha. It is thus con- 2 5 cluded that intercropping of chickpea and mustard in 6:3 row ratio with 60 kg P O /ha is better combination for 2 5 higher productivity.
Integrated nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: R. ROY  , K. SINGH  , S. SINGH  , A. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2010 and 2011 on a sandy loam soil at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh to identify an appropriate integrated nutrient management practice in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for higher productivity, profitability and soil health. Rice grown with recommended dose of ni- trogen through inorganic fertilizer (RDN) produced only 2% higher grain yield compared with the best integrated nutrient management treatment i.e. 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and 25% N through carpet waste + cow dung slurry + Pleurotus sajor + Azotobacter + PSB + Trichoderma + enriched with S and Zn. The uptake of N, P and K by rice grown with inorganic fertilizer was 3.08%, 5.92% and 2.79%, respectively higher than enriched car- pet waste. Among the organic manures, higher gross and net returns were obtained under 75% RDN through inor- ganic fertilizer and 25% N through enriched carpet waste. The maximum organic carbon, available N, P and K were recorded from the plots receiving 50% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and 50% N through organic manure. The results indicated that 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer and 25% nitrogen through carpet waste + cow dung slurry + Pleurotus sajor + Azotobacter + PSB + Trichoderma + Enrichment with S and Zn was the most ap- propriate organic nutrient management system for higher productivity and profitability with better soil health on long term basis.
Site specific NPK recommendation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) for sustained crop and soil productivity in mollisols of Tarai region
Authors: ASHUTOSH BARTHWAL  , A.K. BHARDWAJ  , SUMIT CHATURVEDI  , T. PANDIARAJ
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted in three consecutive rabi seasons of 200607 to 200809 at the Crop Re- search Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India to study the effect of site specific NPK recommendation in wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} for sustained crop and soil productivity in mollisols of Tarai region. The experiment consisted of eight fertilizer combinations comprising of N, P O , and K O. Treatments were T - 170: 60: 120, T - 170: 30: 120, T - 170: 0: 120, T - 170: 30: 2 5 2 1 2 3 4 80, T - 170: 30: 40, T - 170: 30: 0, T - 150: 60: 40 and T - 120: 40: 0, which were laid out in RBD with four replica- 5 6 7 8 tions. Experimental findings revealed that application of N, P O and K O @ 170: 60: 120 kg/ha produced maxi- 2 5 2 mum grain yield, which increased by 7.1% and 16.5 % over recommended NPK (150N: 60 P O : 40 K O kg/ha) 2 5 2 and farmer practice (120 N: 40 P O : 0 K O kg/ha), respectively. Application of nitrogen @ 120 kg N/ha and phos- 2 5 2 phorus @ 40 kg P O /ha as farmer fertilizer practice produced lowest grain yield. Increasing fertilizer nitrogen up to 2 5 170 kg N along with 30 kg P O and 80 kg K O increased the crop growth, yield contributing characters and yield of 2 5 2 wheat significantly. Significant response of P was observed up to 30 kg P O /ha and in case of K up to 80 kg K O/ 2 5 2 ha over no application, whereas further increase in P and K doses had nonsignificant response . However, fertil- ity status of soil after harvest of three cycles of crop increased with increased application of N, P and K upto 170 kg N, 60 kg P O and 120 kg K O/ha. Thus, the results suggests that application of N, P O and K O @ 170, 30 2 5 2 2 5 2 and 80 kg/ha to wheat crop is required for achieving higher productivity on sustainable basis besides maintenance of soil fertility in Tarai region of north India.
Influence of weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield of urdbean (Vigna mungo) under rainfed conditions of Jammu
Authors: VIKAS GUPTA  , MAHENDER SINGH  , ANIL KUMAR  , B.C. SHARMA  , DEEPAK KHER
Published: December 2023

Experiments were conducted during kharif 2007 and 2009 in Inceptisols, to study the effect of different pre (PE) and post-emergence (POE) herbicides along with two hand weedings (HW) at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check on urdbean {Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper}. Highest seed yield was observed with two HWs at 20 and 40 DAS and the values were found statistically at par with POE application of imazethapyr 25 g/ha at 20 DAS. The highest weed control efficiency and lowest weed biomass was recorded with two HWs at 20 and 40 DAS fol- lowed by application of imazethapyr 25 g/ha (post-emergence) at 20 DAS. Application of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, chlorimuron-p-ethyl as post-emergence and their combinations also reduced weed biomass and improved seed yield and yield attributing parameters as compared to weedy check. Treatment weedy check registered the highest values of weed count and weeds biomass and lowest seed yield and yield attributing char- acters in both the years of study. Rainfall was directly related to weed count and weed dry matter accumulation with the coefficient of 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. Weed dry matter accumulation was directly related with sun- shine hours with an accuracy of 67%, whereas, weed count was lesser related with sunshine hours of the day with an accuracy of 34%. Grain and biological yield of urdbean crop decreased at the rate of 3.3 and 7.5 kg/ha under weedy check with an accuracy of 88 and 73%, respectively.
Effects of different transplanting dates on yield and quality of basmati rice (Oryza sativa) varieties
Authors: MUKESH  , ISHWAR SINGH  , R.K. PANNU  , DASHARATH PRASAD  , ASHA RAM
Published: December 2023

Results of field experiment conducted during kharif 2008 at Hisar, revealed that early transplanting dates (25 June and 10 July) increase the grain yield (3.5 t/ha and 3.4 t/ha) and yield contributing character of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) as compared to late planting (25 July). The late planting, improved the quality traits viz. hulling, milling and head rice recovery than early planting. Pusa Sugandha 4 recorded the highest grain yield, longest kernel and length breadth ratio. In interaction effect, Taraori Basmati and CSR 30 recorded statistically similar yield across the dates of transplanting, while Pusa Basmati and Pusa Sugandha 4 yield declined markedly with late transplanting.
Effect of varieties and nitrogen fertilization on fodder pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) in north western Rajasthan
Authors: S.N. MEENA  , K.K. JAIN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment carried out at Bikaner during the kharif season of 2007 revealed that pearlmillet {Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stutz} cv. Rajasthan Bajra Chari-2 is superior in varieties in plant height, dry matter, tillers/plant, crude protein, green and dry fodder yields, net returns and B:C ratio as compared to other varieties. Similarly, application of nitrogen up to 120 kg/ha significantly enhanced the plant height, dry matter, tillers/plant, crude protein, green and dry fodder yields net returns and B:C ratio.
Composting rice straw using earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) or fungal inoculant (Trichoderma viridae) and its utilization in rice (Oryza sativa)groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cropping system
Authors: S.K. SARANGI  , T.D. LAMA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill (NEH) Region, Meghalaya during 2007-09 on composting of paddy straw and its effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cropping system. The composting experiment started during first week of February consisted of eight treat- ments (i) Earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae), (ii) Earthworm + 2.5% lime, (iii) Earthworm + 5.0% lime, (iv) Earthworm + 7.5% lime, (v) Trichoderma viridae, (vi) T. viridae + 2.5% lime, (vii) T. viridae + 5.0% lime, (viii) T. viridae + 7.5% lime. The composting was faster by 67 days and multiplication of earthworm was 22 times higher in the treatment with earthworm + 5.0% lime. Lime application @ 5% of dry weight of composting substrate increased pH of the compost from 6.24 to 7.09 and nitrogen content from 1.69 to 1.91%. The field experiment consisted of 11 treat- ments viz., eight composts produced from composting experiment @ 6 t/ha, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 6 t/ha, recommended dose of fertilizer (80-26.2-33.3 kg N-P-K/ha) and control. There was an increase in soil moisture in 0-15 cm layer by 3.06%, pH from 4.9 to 6.0 and soil organic carbon by 0.39% due to application vermicompost. Application of vermicompost prepared with 5.0% of lime increased the soil microbial biomass by 147% over con- trol and the same was increased by 51% due to application of T. viridae compost prepared with 2.5% lime. The grain and pod yields of upland rice and groundnut increased by 120% and 107% respectively over control due to application of vermicompost prepared with 5.0% lime @ 6.0 t/ha in rice crop.
Clethodim for grasses control in blackgram (Vigna mungo) and its residual effect on succeeding maize (Zea mays)
Authors: A.S. RAO
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 200910 and 201011 at Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, to evaluate the bio-efficacy of clethodim against grassy weeds in blackgram {Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper} and its re- sidual effect on succeeding maize (Zea mays L.) during winter. Post emergence application of clethodim at 96 g/ ha with 0.25% non-ionic surfactant (NIS) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), significantly reduced weed growth of grasses and recorded higher crop dry weight, yield components and seed yield (0.49 t/ha) over its lower dose of 36 and 48 g/ha, but was on par with its next higher dose of 60 g/ha with 0.25% NIS + 0.04% ammonium sulphate (AMS). Clethodim did not cause any crop injury even at 96 g/ha. There was no residual effect of clethodim on suc- ceeding maize crop. Among the clethodim treatments, post emergence application of clethodim at 96 g/ha + 0.25% NIS recorded maximum net returns ( 8,795/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (BCR) of 0.66 and this was closely followed by its next lower dose of 60 g/ha + 0.25% NIS + 0.04% AMS with net returns of 7,445/ha and BCR of 0.64.
Growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by organic sources of nitrogen nutrition
Authors: RAJEEW KUMAR  , D.S. PANDEY  , .V.P. SINGH  , I.P. SINGH  , DHEERAJ PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiments were conducted for five years from 2003-04 to 2007-08, during rabi seasons at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, on Mollisols under the Tarai region of the Uttarakhand, to study the effect of organic sources of nitrogen nutrition on growth, productivity and quality of wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol}, PBW 343. Fourteen treatments with three replications were laid out in a randomized block design (fixed plot). Four nitrogen doses i.e. 125, 100, 75 and 50% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN=150 kg/ha) were applied through each of the three organic sources i.e. FYM, vermicompost and neemax. Urea as inorganic source for recommended nitrogen and control (no nitrogen) was also tested for comparison of the results. The study showed that RDN through urea gave maximum wheat yield (4.63 t/ha), which was signifi- cantly higher than other treatments. Among the organic sources of nitrogen nutrition, FYM @ 125% of RDN gave maximum wheat yield (3.65 t/ha), which was at par with vermicompost and neemax at same rate but significantly higher than FYM @ 50% of RDN. Morphological determinants viz. emergence count/m2, plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/m2) and yield contributing characters, i.e., spike/m2, grains/spike1 and 1,000-grains weight (g) were also significantly higher under N nutrition through urea than others, but FYM, vermicompost and neemax @ 125% of RDN gave significantly higher value of these parameters than their respective nitrogen nutrition @ 50% . Protein content, protein yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency indicators, which higher under ni- trogen nutrition through urea, than those under organic sources of nitrogen. Among the organic sources, vermicompost resulted in maximum value of protein content, protein yield and nitrogen harvest index than others. However, nitrogen use efficiency indicators i.e., physiological, agronomic and recovery efficiency were higher un- der FYM treated plots. All of the organic treatments except 50% of RDN through neemax and 50% of RDN through vermicompost were highly promising. All the treatments except control maintained a positive balance of nitrogen in soil. High cost involved in procuring large quantity of FYM and vermicompost resulted in negative net returns un- der these treatments.
Modification of crop ecology in maize (Zea mays) through fertility levels and weed control measures under temperate conditions of Kashmir
Authors: FAYAZ AHMED BAHAR  , K.N. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2008 and 2009 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Ag- ricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir to study the effect of fertility levels, mulching and weed management practices on the microclimate of crop, soil temperature, phenological changes and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications and consisted of four treatments viz; N , N + Azotobacter, N , and N + Azotobacter in main plots and five treatments viz; polyethylene mulch, 90 90 120 120 straw mulch @ 1.0 tonne/ha, hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS, atrazine @1.0 kg a.i./ha and weedy check in sub- plots. Results revealed that N + Azotobacter produced grain yields at par with N , resulting in saving of 30 kg N/ 90 120 ha. Highest grain yield 5.14 t/ha, stover and biological yield with concomitant increase in yield attributes viz; num- ber of cobs/plant, number of rows/cob, number of grains/row, cob length, cob diameter, 1,000-grains weight was obtained with polyethylene mulch. Polyethylene mulch also helped plants to reach phenological stages two to four days earlier as compared to unweeded check. Percentage of light interception by crop at the middle of the canopy was maximum with N + Azotobacter, more than other fertility levels. However, N treatment recorded the high- 120 90 est percentage of light interception among all the fertility levels, when recorded at the bottom of the canopy. Light interception was most with polyethylene mulch among all the weed control treatments when recorded at the middle of the canopy, whereas it was most with weedy check treatment when recorded at the bottom of the canopy. The peak values for the interception of radiation were observed at 90 DAS. The soil temperature in the polyethylene mulched plots was 680C higher as compared to un-mulched plots. Modification of crop ecology through polyethylene mulch and straw mulch resulted in 73.4% and 72.6% more grain yield, respectively, as com- pared to uncontrolled weedy check. Benefit cost ratio was the highest with N + Azotobacter and atrazine @ 1.0 120 kg/ha, respectively.
Yield and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by irrigation, nitrogen and methods of sowing
Authors: JASVINDER SINGH  , S.S. MAHAL  , AVTAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana during rabi season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 to find out method of sowing, irrigation and nitrogen for higher malt and grain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three methods of sowing [bed planting (BP), zero tillage (ZT) and conven- tional tillage (CT)] and three levels of nitrogen (46.9, 62.5 and 78.5 kg N/ha) in main plots and three irrigation schedules (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 IW:CPE ratio) in sub plots. The results of average of two years revealed that the highest grain yield was recorded from ZT crop followed by CT and BP. Grain yield of ZT crop was 3.4 and 6.0% higher than CT and BP. The highest grain yield was obtained with 78.5 kg N/ha, which was significantly higher than 62.5 and 46.9 kg N/ha. Grain yield with the application 78.5 kg N/ha was 9.8% higher than 62.5 kg N/ha and 28.3% higher than 46.9 kg N/ha. Maximum stirring number i.e. minimum a-amylase activity and diastatic power was obtained under BP crop, 78.5 kg N/ha and 1.0 IW:CPE ratio. The highest malt recovery and yield was ob- tained with ZT followed by CT and BP. The highest malt recovery and yield was obtained with 46.9 and 62.5 kg N/ ha, respectively and both were obtained the highest with 1.00 IW: CPE ratio. The interaction effects showed that irrigation at 1.00 IW: CPE ratio with 78.5 kg N/ha gave significantly more grains and malt yields.
Effect of organic nutrient sources on yield, nutrient uptake and soil biological properties of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping sequence
Authors: S.K. YADAV  , SUBHASH BABU  YOGESHWAR SINGH  , M.K. YADAV  , G.S. YADAV  , SURESH PAL  , RAGHAVENDRA SINGH  , KALYAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Varanasi for two years (20052007) to study the effect of organic nutrient sources on yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping sequence. Seven ricebased cropping sequences viz. ricepotato (Solanum tuberosum L.)onion (Allium cepa L.); ricegreen pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense)onion; ricepotatocowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis); ricegreen peacowpea; ricerajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)onion; ricerajmashcowpea and ricemaize (Zea mays L.) cowpea were assigned to main plots and three treatments of nitrogen application viz. control; organic manure; or- ganic manure + biofertilizer were allotted to sub plots. Highest rice equivalent yield (35.57 t/ha), monetary net re- turns ( 268.7103/ha), production efficiency (96.81 and 98.11 kg/ha/day) and irrigation efficiency (504.8 and 511.6 kg/ha-cm) were found under ricepotatoonion cropping sequence. Among the organic treatments, the highest rice equivalent yield (35.3 t/ha), production efficiency (95.7 and 97.8 kg/ha/day), irrigation efficiency (515.7 and 527.4 kg/ha-cm) and soil biological indictors like dehydrogenase activities, urease activities, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen were obtained under organic nutrient management combined with biofertilizers.
Effect of tillage and tank-mix herbicide application on weed management in soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: MASOUMEH YOUNESABADI  , T.K. DAS  , A.R. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute during 2010 and 2011 to investi- gate the effect of tillage and tank-mix herbicide application on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and protein content of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. It was observed that conventional (CT) and no (NT) tillage systems resulted in comparable weed density and dry weight and soybean seed yield during both years except 2010, when NT re- sulted in significantly lower weed density. Tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha was next to weed-free check and superior to all other weed control treatments on the re- duction of weed density in both years, but, with respect to reduction in weed dry weight, it was comparable with pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + hand weeding, which resulted in the lowest weed dry weight after weed-free check. Ni- trogen, P and K uptake by soybean seed was comparably higher in weed-free check and tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha in both years. Conversely, N, P and K uptake by weed was significantly higher in weedy check, and the lowest amount of these nutrients after weed-free check was observed in pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha. All weed control measures resulted in signifi- cantly higher soybean seed yield compared to weedy check, but the tank-mix pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 0.5 kg/ha + imazethapyr 0.075 kg/ha resulted in considerably higher seed yield over others in both years.
Growth, yield and water use in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) under drip fertigation
Authors: D.D. PAWAR  , S.K. DINGRE  , U.S. SURVE
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to study effects of drip fertigation on growth, yield and economics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) on clay soils in western Maharashtra for three consecutive years (20072010). The experiment comprised of 100, 80 and 60% of recommended fertilizer dose in water soluble form through drip in two fertigation schedules (A and B) and results were compared with three control treatments. In schedule A, nutri- ents were applied in 12 equal fortnightly splits, whereas in schedule B nutrients were applied as per growth stage of crop in 26 weekly splits. Drip fertigation @ 100% with schedule B produced maximum cane (187.8 t/ha) and
Influence of organic nutrient sources on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in Jharkhand
Authors: NIRU KUMARI  , C.S. SINGH  , J. PRASAD  , M.K. SINGH  , RAJESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ranchi for 4 years (2004-05 to 2007-08) on a fixed site in split plot design consisting two crop sequences: basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} and basmati ricelentil (Lens esculenta Mocnch) in the main plots, where rice was grown after incorporation of green manure dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and four combinations of organic sources viz. Farmyard manure (FYM) + vermicompost (VC), FYM + karanj cake (KC), VC + KC in 50: 50 ratio and VC + KC + FYM (1/3rd each) with one absolute control in the sub plots. The productivity of ricewheat was 21.4% higher than ricelentil system (3.09 REY t/ha). All combinations of organic manuring were equally effective in increasing productivity of system, decreased the bulk density and increased water holding capacity, microbial population, soil fertility than the initial values as compared to control treatment over a period of four years study.
Effect of nitrogen, compost and plant growth promoting rhizobactria on yield and nutrient uptake by rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: RAJESH K. MEENA  , Y.V. SINGH  , R.S. BANA  , LATA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in wet season of 2011 at New Delhi to study the effects of plant growth pro- moting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation in different combinations with N-levels through urea and compost on yield and nutrient uptake by basmati rice cv. Pusa Basmati 1401. Results showed that highest grain (5.02 t/ha) and straw (8.87 t/ha) yield was obtained with the application of 2/3N (80 kg N/ha) + bacterial inoculant (BI) + cyanobacteria inoculant (CI) + compost (5.0 t/ha). The uptake of N in grain (69.1 kg/ha) and straw (60.5 kg/ha) were the highest with the application of 2/3 N + BI + CI + compost (5.0 t/ha). Protein content in grain varied be- tween 6.84% (N ) and 8.20% (2/3 N + CI + BI + compost). Highest uptake of P, K, Fe, Zn and Cu in rice grain and 0 straw were recorded with 2/3N + BI + CI + compost (5.0 t/ha). The nutrients uptake was significantly higher in inte- grated application than single inoculation of bio-inoculants.
Effect of phosphorus levels and sources on productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility of maize (Zea mays)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: SUSHILA SEPAT  , R.K. RAI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for two years (2006-07 and 2007-08) at New Delhi during the kharif and rabi seasons on sandy loam soil to assess the effect of single super phosphate and rock phosphate with different lev- els of phosphorus and biofertilizer on maize (Zea mays L.)wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} cropping system. The results revealed with application of 90 kg P O /ha through single super phosphate and 2 5 biofertilizers, maize recorded higher mean yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, and N and P uptake over no phosphorus, 90 kg P O /ha through rock phosphate and 45 kg P O /ha through single super phosphate or rock 2 5 2 5 phosphate and no inoculation. Residual effect of 90 kg P O /ha through single super phosphate or 90 kg P O /ha 2 5 2 5 through rock phosphate applied to maize being on par, recorded higher mean yield attributes, grain yield (4.29 t/ ha), straw yield, and N and P uptake in wheat over lower levels of phosphorus irrespective of sources. Direct ap- plication of phosphorus to wheat up to 90 kg P O /ha enhanced the mean yield attributes, grain yield (4.04 t/ha) 2 5 and N and P uptake. Application of biofertilizer recorded higher yield attributes, yield (grain and straw) and N and P uptake in wheat crop over no biofertilizer. Phosphorus balance in soil increased with increase in P fertilization to the system.
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity, profitability and soil health in lentil (Lens culinaris) under Vertisols
Authors: BALDEV RAM  , S.S. PUNIA  , J.P. TETARWAL  , D.S. MEENA  , S.S. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during winter ( rabi) seasons of 200506 to 200708 at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota to find out the best combination of inorganic and organic sources of nutrition and
Conservation tillage and weed management for improving productivity, nutrient uptake and profitability of soybean (Glycine max) grown after wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: ALI MONSEFI  , A.R. SHARMA  , T.K. DAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 at New Delhi to study the performance of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] grown after wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol] under four tillage and crop establishment practices, viz. conventional tillage (CT)flat-bed, CTraised-bed, zero tillage (ZT)flat-bed and ZT raised-bed along with four weed management options, viz. unweeded control, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha as pre- emergence (PE) + hand weeding (HW), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha as PE + imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha as post- emergence (POE), and wheat straw mulch @ 5 t/ha + imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha as POE. Total weed density and dry matter was comparatively higher under ZT than CT, but adoption of chemical + cultural weed control methods led to 79.5-82.5% weed control efficiency. Seed yield of soybean was equal under CTraised-bed, CTflat-bed and ZTraised-bed, which was 11.7% more than ZT flat-bed. Similarly, pendimethalin + HW, pendimethalin + imazethapyr, and wheat straw mulch + imazethapyr resulted in almost similar weed control, and thus gave compa- rable seed yield, which was 39.142.7% higher than unweeded control. Weed and crop biomass followed oppo- site trends, and the seed yield decreased by 0.2 t/ha for an increase of 100 g/m2 in weed dry weight. Concentra- tion of N, P and K in seed and stover of soybean was not influenced but the uptake was highest under CTraised- bed, which was on par with ZTraised-bed. Nutrient uptake was highest under pendimethalin + HW, which was significantly higher than under pendimethalin + imazethapyr, and wheat straw mulch + imazethapyr. The highest net benefit:cost was under ZTraised-bed and pendimethalin + imazethapyr or pendimethalin + HW, followed by CTraised-bed under the same weed control treatments. It was concluded that soybean can be grown under per- manent raised-bed with pre- and post-emergence herbicides for realizing higher productivity and profitability.
Productivity and water-use efficiency of spring-planted sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrid complex) under various planting methods and irrigation regimes
Authors: NAVNIT KUMAR  , H. SINGH  , V. KUMAR  , V.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring seasons of 201012 at Sugarcane Research Institute, Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur), to investigate the effect of planting methods (conventional, paired row and furrow-irri- gated raised bed system) and irrigation regimes [Irrigation water : cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) ratios of 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00] on productivity and water-use efficiency of sugarcane ( Saccharum sp. hybrid complex). Num- ber of millable canes increased by 12.4% in conventional method, followed by 7.2% in paired row over furrow-irri- gated raised bed system (FIRBS) respectively. Cane yield obtained under conventional method of planting was higher over paired row and FIRBS by 5.7 and 12.9% respectively. The water requirement, water-use efficiency and water productivity were higher under conventional method followed by paired row and FIRBS planting. Conven- tional method of planting fetched significantly higher net returns ( 142.4 103/ha) followed by paired row ( 136.4 103/ha) and FIRBS ( 112.5 103/ha). Significantly higher benefit : cost ratio was recorded in paired row planting (3.21) than FIRBS planting (2.68) whereas it remained at par with conventional method (3.13) of planting. Among the irrigation regimes, irrigation at an IW: CPE ratio 1.00 significantly enhanced all the growth and yield-attributing characters. Though the differences between IW: CPE ratios of 1.00 and 0.75 and 0.75 and 0.50 were not signifi- cant. However, crop irrigated at an IW: CPE ratio of 1.00 gave significantly higher number of millable canes (110 103/ha) and cane yield (98.0 t/ha) being at par with an IW: CPE ratio of 0.75 and both the treatments showed supe- riority over that of an IW: CPE ratio of 0.50. Sucrose content in juice was not influenced significantly due to differ- ent irrigation regimes. Crop irrigated with an IW: CPE ratio 1.00 showed the maximum values of water requirement, water-use efficiency and water productivity. Net return increased markedly with increase in irrigation regimes from an IW: CPE ratio of 0.50 to 1.00. Irrigation at 0.75 and 1.00 IW: CPE ratio increased the net returns by 29.0 and 39.5% over that with the 0.50 respectively. However, an IW: CPE ratio of 1.00 (3.24) being at par with that of 0.75 (3.11) gave significantly higher benefit: cost ratio than that of 0.50.