bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weitere Testimonien und Fragmente zum Genesis-Kommentar des Origenes
Authors: Metzler Karin
Published: April 2006

Der vorangehende Aufsatz gibt ein plastisches Bild des Genesis-Kommentars des Origenes. Einer Herausgeberin der Fragmente dieses Werkes kann nur willkommen sein, daß er die wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit auf die exegetische Spannweite dieses Kommentars vorbereitet; sie wird auch dankbar Anregungen aufnehmen.

Für die Zwecke einer Edition muß freilich das Quellenmaterial noch eingehender gesichtet werden. Methodisch ist dezidierter zu trennen, so zwischen Testimonien und Fragmenten, aber auch innerhalb dieser Gruppen: bei den Fragmenten zwischen zuverlässigen, Dubia und Spuria (in der Kommentierung von Gen 1,1 bis 5,1 fällt diese Frage freilich nur für den Gießener Papyrus an), bei den Testimonien zwischen denen, die eindeutig oder mit einiger Sicherheit den Inhalt des Genesis-Kommentars bezeugen, und solchen, die allgemein ein Zeugnis für die Genesis-Kommentierung des Origenes abgeben (dafür müssen auch die exegetischen Gattungen bei Origenes berücksichtigt werden). Im Handwerklichen wird sich der Unterschied bemerkbar machen, daß in einer Edition ausschließlich maßgebliche Textausgaben zugrunde gelegt werden; Autor (z.B. Epiphanius) und Übersetzer (z.B. Hieronymus) sind hier zu unterscheiden. Für die Ausgabe spitzt sich aber auch die Frage zu, woher die zahlreichen Fragmente stammen, die sich auf spätere Teile der Genesis als 5,1 beziehen.
Thorsten Pohl: Was ist linguistische Aufklärung? Kolloquium in Siegen 18./19. Juni 2004 [What is linguistic enlightenment? Colloquium in Siegen, 18-19 June 2004]
Authors: Pohl Thorsten
Published: April 2006

Dass Wissenschaft eine genuin aufklärerische Unternehmung bildet, bedarf keiner weiteren Erläuterungen. Dass sie aber auch eine aufklärerische Unternehmung bilden kann, indem sie über eigene fachliche Grenzen und diskursive Beschränkungen hinauswirkt, war Thema des Siegener Kolloquiums
Distribution studies on Th(IV), U(VI) and Pu(IV) using tri-n-butylphosphate andN,N-dialkyl amides
Authors: Pathak P. N. , Prabhu D. R. , Kanekar A. S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: April 2006

Distribution studies on U, Pu and Th have been carried out employing tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as extractant to optimise the conditions for the reprocessing of spent fuel of proposed Th based Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). Due to their high basicity and organophilicity straight chainN,N-dialkyl amides have been evaluated for their third phase formation behaviour (usually quantified by limiting organic concentration) during the extraction of thorium vis a vis TBP. Dihexyl derivatives of octanamide (DHOA) and decanamide (DHDA) were found promising in view of higher limiting organic concentration of thoriumviz.33 g and 50 g/L, respectively as compared to 26 g/L for TBP. Extraction profiles of U, Pu and Th have been obtained using these amides and compared with those of TBP. Attempts have also been made to optimise the stripping conditions using aceto-hydroxamic acid (AHA) and acetaldoxime as reductants for the partitioning of Pu from the loaded organic phase.
The Basis of Bantu Philology: Lecture Delivered at Capetown in January 1928
Authors: Meinhof Carl
Published: April 2006

The comparative philology of former times mainly occupied itself with the collection of such words in different languages as showed some similarity in sound, and even this phenomenon was not thought worthy of too much attention. It was not before the beginning of the nineteenth century that the scientific importance of the problems here involved were recognized, and it was seen that they called for thorough and exact investigation. First of all, the differences in structure that exist between the various European languages were examined more closely than had been done before, and those languages that were seen to possess a number of characteristics in common were then brought together into one group, which was called the Indo-European family of languages. Next, another group was found, namely that of the Semitic languages, the relationship to each other of which had been recognized long before on account of the greater uniformity in grammar and vocabulary. Indo-European and Semitic were then both classed together by virtue of their being ‘inflecting’ languages, that is to say, they change words not by means of endings only, but also through vowel change within the stem, and have grammatical gender.
Notes on Hygiene Books used in Africa
Authors: Brackett D. G. , Wrong M.
Published: April 2006

The Institute has always placed the question of the provision of suitable text-books both in the vernacular and in the language of the European power in the different territories in the forefront of its subjects of study as being one of the most urgent needs in Africa to-day. Numerous discussions and inquiries have shown that adequate instruction in hygiene and the inculcation of simple health rules is one of the most pressing needs, and that work done in one area is often unknown in others. In consequence the Executive Council in 1929 devoted special attention to the question of what action could be taken which would assist in the solution of this problem. The general opinion was that the information at the disposal of the Institute showed the need of a survey of books in actual use. This would, it was hoped, provide material which would be useful in the preparation of model texts in which particular attention would be devoted to the method of presenting the subject to Africans. The Council decided that the survey should be divided into two parts, one of books published in English or in a vernacular used in British territories and another of books published in French or languages used in French-speaking areas, and that the information collected should form the basis of articles to be published in Africa.
The Stories of the Kikuyu
Authors: Beecher Leonard J.
Published: April 2006

Kikuyu stories, like all unwritten literature, tend to be fluid. No two people seem to know quite the same version of a story, and one person may give as one long story what another will tell you should be two distinct shorter ones. Moreover, practically all direct speech is quoted in the form of a song, both the words of the song and the music varying with different reciters. Kikuyu stories are full of repetition.
The System of Native Administration in Tanganyika
Authors: Perham M. F.
Published: April 2006

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The object of my visit to Southern and Eastern Africa was to make a comparative study, but I intend in this paper to deal with Tanganyika. This is not because I over-estimate its importance or its singularity. Indirect rule in its general sense is not an invention of this age, and even in the special sense it has acquired during the last twenty years the classic example is in Nigeria. I know that you will all feel with me what a privilege it is for us to meet here at the invitation and in the presence of that administrator whose career was first bound up with the acquisition of East Africa and then with the construction of the system of government in West Africa, the influence of which now reacts upon the East. Exactly what Tanganyika owes to Nigeria could only, perhaps, be learned by ‘listening in’ at a conversation between Lord Lugard and Sir Donald Cameron of a kind that we may suspect has been taking place during the last few weeks. I certainly do not know myself, though I hope to go out shortly to the West Coast in order to find out, if only in part.
Social Systems of Africa
Authors: Thurnwald Richard
Published: April 2006

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The camel-herding peoples described in our last article differ considerably from the cattle-breeding tribes now to be discussed. Not only do the pastoralists mentioned in Section V accord to the camel the leading position as their standard of value, the ass, sheep, and goat being only of secondary importance, but they are also different in race. Like all herdsmen they have a strong pride of ancestry, which has led to internal gradations of rank, crossed by considerations of wealth. The North African Berber tribes are, however, Mohammedans, and therefore the whole structure of their civilization is different from that of the mainly ‘heathen’ cattle-breeders to be considered below. Their great natural gifts and their connexion with Islam set them apart from most of the remaining inhabitants of Africa ; on the other hand conditions of existence in desert and steppe, combined with specialization in pastoral life, have prevented their uniting to form large states or similar organizations.
Characteristics of African Thought
Authors: Dougall James W. C.
Published: April 2006

Is there a fundamental disparity between Africans and ourselves in modes of thought? Can they assimilate Western civilization, not merely accepting its scientific discoveries and inventions, but making its intellectual assumptions and methods really their own? There is obviously no question of greater theoretical and practical importance for the teacher.
L'Alimentation Chez les Travailleurs Indigènes dans les Exploitations Commerciales, Agricoles, Industrielles et Minières au Congo
Authors: Trolli Giovanni
Published: April 2006

La fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo date du Ier juillet 1885. Le 15 novembre 1908, cet État cessait d'exister pour être annexé à la Belgique et devenir le ‘Congo Belge’. Au cours des premières trente années, le Gouvernement eut, comme tâche principale, la pacification des populations indigènes, l'organisation des services d'intérêt public, l'étude des ressources économiques et le développement de leur outillage. La mise en valeur réelle de la Colonie ne débuta qu'en 1910. Le développement économique marqua depuis cette date une progression rapide et considérable.
The Development of the Education of the African in Relation to Western Contact
Authors: Dougall James W. C.
Published: April 2006

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The three chapters of this essay occupy less than fifty pages in a book which contains a thousand. This proportion may be taken as evidence of the way in which African education is commonly regarded, but it is no index of the value of the material. Much of the labour which Mr. Scott has expended on the collection of data must be regarded as ‘original research into specific problems of Education’ such as the Preface to the Year Book has in view. The importance of the article is that Mr. Scott has brought out the connexion between the general development of British Africa and what has been happening in education during the same period of history, and that he has given to the consideration of African education a new outlook and interpretation.
Démographie Congolaise
Authors: Ryckmans Pierre
Published: April 2006

Étudier, au point de vue quantitatif, la composition d'une collectivité humaine; la comparer à d'autres; prévoir son évolution: tels sont les objets de la science démographique.

La démographie de l'Afrique centrale est fort mal connue. Les renseignements publiés sont rares, de valeur très inégale; la critique en est malaisée. Les pronostics sur l'avenir des sociétés indigènes sont le plus souvent dénués de toute base scientifique, fondés sur des impressions subjectives. Aucune comparaison entre démographie africaine et démographie civilisée n'a, croyons-nous, été tentée jusqu'ici.
Bushman Folklore
Authors: Bleek Dorothea F.
Published: April 2006

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The name of Bushman has been given to a small and rapidly JL diminishing race of African natives who were, and in places still are, scattered over the central and southern parts of the continent from the Cape to near the Equator. They seem to be the survivors of very early inhabitants of this portion of the world, and were certainly here before the allied race of Hottentots or any Bantu-speaking people arrived.
Preferential Marriage: Correlation of the Various Modes among the Bantu Tribes of the Union of South Africa
Authors: Eiselen Werner
Published: April 2006

The several forms of preferential mating, such as cross-cousin marriage, sororate and levirate, are well known and have been reported from all the ethnographic provinces of the world. Lately Lowie and Rivers have devoted special chapters in their books on social organization to the comparative study of these important institutions. Lowie has pointed out that there is strong evidence for the correlation of sororate and levirate. The later publication of Rivers hardly serves to make these matters any clearer than Lowie's work. Although the latter scholar, with Tylor and others, recognized the close connexion existing between sororate and levirate, the evidence at his disposal did not allow him to arrive at a similar conclusion with regard to the other forms of preferential marriage. Accordingly he had to treat them, for the time being, as institutions of independent origin.
The Voice of Africa
Authors: Werner Alice
Published: April 2006

Under this heading specimens of African poetry will appear regularly in a European language, and as far as possible also in the original African language. The poems in this number have kindly been supplied by Professor A. Werner.
L'Enseignement en Afrique Équatoriale Française
Authors: Perlstein Marcel
Published: April 2006

Les principes qui ont réglé et règlent encore l'enseignement que nous délivrons aux indigènes de nos colonies, ont été parfaitement définis par M. Charton, Inspecteur Général de l'Enseignement en Afrique Occidentale Française, dans plusieurs études. Je ne les reproduis donc pas si ce n'est à l'occasion de leur application. Préférant faire œuvre plus originale, je vais essayer de vous esquisser comment est distribué cet enseignement. En prenant l'exemple d'une de nos colonies, en comparant ce qui s'y fait avec ce qui se fait en d'autres territoires, puis en exposant pourquoi et en vertu de quels principes, vous aurez une vue d'ensemble de la question. Nous choisirons donc l'Afrique Équatoriale Française, dont je peux vous parler plus particulièrement puisque je viens d'y passer treize ans – et puisque M. Charton dans ses études traite de l'Afrique Occidentale Française.

Quelques mots d'abord sur la structure administrative et territoriale de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française, puisque l'organisation scolaire a dû nécessairement en tenir compte. L'Afrique Équatoriale Française se compose de quatre territoires: le Gabon, chef-lieu Libreville, le Moyen Congo, chef-lieu Brazzaville, l'Oubangui-Chari, cheflieu Bangui, et le Tchad, chef-lieu Fort-Lamy.
Social Problems and Research in British West Africa. Part II
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: April 2006

In the first part of this article an account was given of the present situation in the British West African Colonies, of some of the problems now existing, or likely to arise, and of the contribution which might be made by sociological research to their solution.
The Spatial Separation of Generations in Ndembu Village Structure
Authors: Turner V. W.
Published: April 2006

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In recent literature on the social structure of African peoples much attention has been paid to the role of the lineage in village and local organization. Among one Central African people at least–the Mwinilunga Ndembu of Northern Rhodesia–the spatial separation of adjacent genealogical generations is a structural principle of equal importance. Other anthropologists working in Angola and western and central Northern Rhodesia have obtained data which suggest that this principle is widespread in Central Africa.
The Revival of Popular Art in Poland
Authors: Plutynski Antoni
Published: April 2006

As a rule the effort to revive the vanishing art of the people in European countries has met with failure. Popular artistic handicraft is the result of the native material needs of the folk, as well as of their spiritual need for expression in the production of beautiful things. When the life of a tribe which has achieved through the centuries a harmonious equilibrium and unity becomes violently disturbed by outside influences, the chances of preserving the original manual arts are diminished or indeed lost.
Handicrafts in the Soviet Union
Authors: Phillips G. D. R.
Published: April 2006

The many different peoples of the Soviet Union have certain traditional handicrafts, and the Soviet administration is fostering them. Their practice is growing rapidly, and the products are every year appearing in much greater quantities and spreading more widely over the Union as a whole. There are two large shops in Moscow dealing solely in native peasant handicrafts. Their goods come from all over the Soviet Union, and they do a roaring trade although prices are by no means low. A Russian friend of mine bought a charming set of carved mammoth-tusk chess-pieces, made in the Arctic; the pawns were reindeer, the king a hunter, the queen an old nanny, the castles nomad tents, and so on. He paid a thousand roubles, which at that time—1935—represented about six weeks' average Russian income. At the present exchange rate it would be about £40. The set was worth quite that much.
Nyoro Marriage and Affinity
Authors: Beattie J. H. M.
Published: April 2006

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In a previous article I described the terminology of Nyoro kinship and the associated values and patterns of behaviour. In the present paper I give a brief preliminary account of Nyoro marriage, and of the terminology, social relations and values associated with and deriving from it. I discuss also what is usually called the mother's brother-sister's son relationship, the complexities of which in Bunyoro at least can only be fully understood in an affinal context. Here, as before, I seek understanding in terms of Nyoro concepts rather than our own.
Studies in the Ethiopic Syllabary
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: April 2006

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The Ethiopian script as known to us today is a quasi-syllabic script, each character consisting of one consonant followed by a vowel (or zero). This system developed in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D.; we are, however, in possession of some inscriptions in which the early purely consonantal form of the Ethiopian alphabet has survived.

When the Semites from South Arabia crossed the Bābel Mandeb and immigrated into that part of North-East Africa which is today the Tigre province of Ethiopia and Southern Eritrea, the South Arabian alphabet which they brought with them was, perhaps, the most important innovation they introduced into Africa. This South Arabian alphabet belongs to the Southern branch of the Semitic script, but we are still not quite certain at what time it severed its connexion with the Northern alphabet.
Zande Border Raids
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

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The Azande are one of the best-known peoples of Africa. Much was written about them by European travellers in the second half of the last century, and there are books on them by de Calonne-Beaufaict, Hutereau, Mgr Lagae, the present writer, and Mr. de Schlippe, as well as a considerable number of articles by various hands, notably by Major Larken. A summary of what is known about them and a full bibliography are contained in The Azande and Related Peoples, by P. T. W. Baxter and Audrey Butt, International African Institute, 195 3. It is therefore unnecessary for me to speak about them in a more general way before discussing the particular topic or this paper. I have only to observe that very little information is to be found in the literature on the subject of border raids and to state that my own research in Zandeland, carried out between 1927 and 1930, was mainly restricted to that part of it which comprised the kingdom of Gbudwe.
Von Totengebräuchen und Ahnenkult der Kɔsi in Kamerun
Authors: Ittmann J.
Published: April 2006

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Die Nachkommen des sagenhaften Ngoε wohnen etwa 90 km. nördlich des Kamerunberges an den Abhängen des Kupé und Manεnguba, im zerrissenen Bergland Mbidεhin und im Tale des Kyidε. Ngoε ist der Sage nach aus dem kleineren (edib e njom ‘Mannsee’) der beiden Seen im Ebuɔgε-Krater (<ebuɔg ‘Schüssel, Trog’) entstiegen und traf am Rande des edib e mwad ‘Frauensee’ Asum' Ejaŋ, die seine Frau wurde und ihm viele Kinder schenkte. Durch diese wurde Ngoε der Vater verschiedener Stämme. Sein Sohn Asumε gründete in seinen Nachkommen die fünf Unterstämme der West-Kɔsi: Mwa-Nyɔ, Mw' Etuk, Mw' Asumε Ndεm, Mw' Εtan und Mbogmud. Andere Nachkommen des Ngoε gründeten die Unterstämme der Ost-Kɔsi: Ninɔŋ, Nlilɔg und Eloŋ, auch die Kundu und Londo jenseits des Mongo zählt man unter Ngoε's Nachkommen.
Modern Local Government among the Makua
Authors: Whiteley Wilfred
Published: April 2006

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The Makua, with their neighbours the Mwera and Makonde, form the most north-easterly extension of the great belt of matrilineal peoples stretching eastward from the Congo through Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia to Mozambique and South Tanganyika. They have been little studied, either by anthropologist or linguist, and the scanty literature, none of it later than 1930, reflects the passing impressions of travellers rather than the careful recordings of scientists.
Chagga Truth: A note on Gutmann's account of the Chagga concept of truth in Das Recht der Dschagga
Authors: Steiner Franz Baermann
Published: April 2006

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Gutmann's Das Recht der Dschagga is one of the classics of anthropology, for it is based on that sound and valid knowledge of a people which, even when outdated, sets standards for knowledge and its presentation. Here I wish to consider only one of the most stimulating chapters of the book, that containing Gutmann's analysis of Chagga concepts of truth, veracity, lying, and feeling guilty.

Before turning to a critical appreciation of this Chagga material, I should like to outline, as briefly as possible, my own viewpoint. First, I must insist that any concept of truth to which observable behaviour relates and which can thereby be made the object of sociological study, is something very different from a logician's concept of truth. I do not mean by this that the Westerner, holding the logician's concept of truth, finds among the Chagga another and incompatible sort of concept.
Cannibalism: A Zande Text
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

I recently had the pleasure of reviewing for Africa (vol. xxv, no. 2, April 1955) Il Cannibalismo degli Asande by Renzo Carmignani. Since writing that review I have found among my Zande texts one written by my Zande clerk, Reuben Rikita, on the subject of cannibalism. The information was given by Kuagbiaru, a man who was completely honest and was also old enough to have had a reliable memory of what happened before the death of King Gbudwe (1905) and the taking over of Sudan Zandeland by the Anglo-Egyptian Administration. As it is unlikely that accounts of cannibalism by Azande who witnessed it can be collected any more it is useful to have so definite a statement on record. I give a fairly free translation of the text. I am not sure of the correct translation of the three Zande words I have placed in brackets. As the sense of the text is clear there is no need for a commentary.
Mende Political Institutions in Transition
Authors: Little K. L.
Published: April 2006

The Mende people occupy an area of something like 10,000 square miles in the central and south-eastern part of the Sierra Leone Protectorate. Comprising nearly 70 chiefdoms, they numbered, at the time of the last official census (1931), some 580,000 persons, including about 10,000 resident in the Colony. Available statistics suggest that their numbers are on the increase, and may be in the neighbour-hood to-day of one-third of the whole population of the Protectorate, which is estimated at some 2 millions.
The Classification of West African Tone Languages: Igbo and Efik
Authors: Green M. M.
Published: April 2006

During the last twenty years a new chapter has been opened in the study of the Sudanic languages of West Africa by research into their tonal structure. The presence of semantic or lexical tone had long been recognized in these languages: it was known, that is to say, that words otherwise homonymous were distinguished by differences of tone pattern, and that these differences were significant for meaning. It was, however, the work of Dr. Ida Ward in Nigeria which first made clear the essential part played by tone in the grammar of some of these languages, and subsequent research has confirmed this fact.
Notes sur l'Organisation et la Procédure Judiciaires Coutumières des Indigènes du Congo Belge
Authors: Sohier A.
Published: April 2006

Généralitiés. Aucune société ne peut vivre sans une organisation judiciaire, sans juridictions qui tranchent les différends surgissant entre ses membres et punissent leurs transgressions des règles impératives édictées par ses dirigeants. On trouve de nos jours une confirmation assez curieuse de cette vérité dans la multiplication des tribunaux privés fonctionnant dans toutes ces grandes fédérations sportives qui sont une des manifestations de notre civilisation. Mais cela est vrai aussi pour les populations dites non civilisées, et par exemple pour les indigènes du centre-africain.
Extra-Descent Group Ancestor Cults in African Societies
Authors: McKnight J. D.
Published: April 2006

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In this paper I isolate for study a particular set of ancestors, the maternal ancestors in patrilineal societies and paternal ancestors in matrilineal societies. I call these the ‘extra-descent group ancestors’, for they are the ancestors of the parent who is residual with reference to the descent group of Ego. Thus among the Tallensi of northern Ghana, since membership of the descent group is traced patrilineally, the mother is the residual parent, and consequently the maternal ancestors are extradescent group ancestors, while the patrilineal ancestors are descent ancestors. Conversely, among the Plateau Tonga of Zambia, where there is a matrilineal system of descent, the father is the residual parent, and therefore the extra-descent group ancestors are the paternal ancestors, while the descent ancestors are matrilineal. It is with the character and actions of the extra-descent group ancestors that I shall be mainly concerned.
Federal Administration, Rank, and Civil Strife among Bemba Royals and Nobles
Authors: Werbner Richard P.
Published: April 2006

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In the latter half of the nineteenth century, a change came about in the hereditary régime of the Bemba kingdom during civil strife between members of the kingdom's royal and noble strata. The rulers of the kingdom, who shared in the Central African trade of slaves and ivory for guns and calico, fought to defend their positions and to meet the competition from opponents who could enter into new relations of power. Past conceptions of the kingdom in terms of centralization have obscured this, hindering understanding of the specialized structures of authority among royals and nobles, the differences among the ruling strata, and the variable interlocking of their federal administrations. Richards has argued, in somewhat contradictory fashion, that the kingdom, primarily unified through ritual beliefs, was nevertheless centralized owing to an apparent concentrating of control over territorial administration in the hands of royals:

In Northern Rhodesia the kingdom of the Bemba was kept united by the strong belief of the people in the ritual powers of their king. All district chieftainships were filled by princes of the blood who moved in succession by genealogical seniority from one chieftainship to another. Clan leaders were unimportant politically and the king's favourites never held office. A royal dynasty in control of all territorial posts seem to have been sufficient to achieve centralization of a loose type.
The Organization of Traditional Weaving in Iseyin, Nigeria
Authors: Bray Jennifer M.
Published: April 2006

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The Yoruba town of Iseyin, 55 miles north-west of the city of Ibadan, is a traditional settlement with little economic specialization or division of labour other than according to sex. There is no factory development or industrial employment in the town. In the local tax returns for 1966, 88 per cent of the male taxpayers recorded farming as their primary occupation and the basis of the town's economy is still agricultural. Iseyin is now influenced by modern media of communication, however—by road, radio and the postal services—and its economy is responding to consumer demands in the large cities of Ibadan, Abeokuta and Lagos, in addition to those of its own locality. This applies also to the hand-weaving products for which Iseyin is well-known throughout Nigeria.
Girls' Puberty Songs and their Relation to Fertility, Health, Morality and Religion among the Zulu
Authors: Krige Eileen Jensen
Published: April 2006

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In the tradition of van Gennep anthropologists have studied puberty rites mainly as rites of passage marking changes in status at the crises of life and, more recently, the role which these ceremonies play in the ordering and reordering of social relations. My purpose here is to approach Zulu puberty rites from a different angle: to examine them in the context of a system of beliefs and values underlying a whole group of ritual activities for the welfare of the community—for health, for rain, for fertility in man and beast. This context was suggested to my mind when, a few years ago, I attended a spring ceremonial in the form of hoeing a field in honour of Inkosazana or Nomkhubulwana, a maiden deity. These rites, long thought to have died out, have not only survived in outlying parts of the country, but have lately been revived in many areas, some quite close to Durban. When I heard the songs that were being sung in this ceremony it was suddenly brought home to me that this rite to secure good crops was conceived of in terms of a girl's puberty ceremony. Inkosazana, personification of nature, was symbolized as standing on the threshold of summer like a girl at her puberty ceremony, ready for marriage and procreation. These puberty songs form part also of a number of other rituals associated with Inkosazana rites to combat pests and epidemics and the herding of the cattle for a day by girls, a rite which Gluckman, mistakenly in my opinion, has interpreted as a ritual of rebellion. My main concern in this paper is to present and analyse some of the Zulu girls' puberty songs (reproduced in Appendix II), to show how they are connected with ideas of morality and to indicate briefly the relation of puberty rites to rituals associated with the deity Inkosazana.
The Organization and Functions of the Ragbenle Society of the Temne
Authors: Dorjahn Vernon R.
Published: April 2006

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The Temne of the Northern Province of Sierra Leone are second only to the Mende in the Protectorate, numbering over half a million and inhabiting some 10,500 square miles of land. In general, they are culturally similar to their neighbours, especially in their possession of a number of societies, some secret, some not, which play integral roles in their lives. Of the societies found in this westernmost section of the Guinea Coast area, the Bundu or Sande for women and the Poro for men have been described by various writers for a number of groups. The emphasis placed on these two societies in the literature is justifiable in view of their multi-tribal geographic distribution, their general membership embracing most of the adult population and much of the adolescent segment in the groups where they are found, and the important functions they serve. In addition, however, there are a number of societies in this general area which, although they have a more restricted area distribution and less general membership, nevertheless also serve important functions for one or more groups. Such a society is the Ragbenle, also known as Maneke, which is centred in the eastern section of Temne country, where it is closely connected with the chiefs, particularly in conducting the ceremonies associated with their death, burial, selection, instruction, and installation, and, in addition, purifies violators of incest prohibitions, heals the chief and anyone else seeking help, divines witches, and provides other supernatural services. The purpose of this paper is to consider the membership of the society in terms of both supernatural and human members, and its functions in various aspects of Temne life.
The Origin of the Masai Passive
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

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There are two methods by which facts concerning the unrecorded past of a language may be recovered. The first may be labelled the external method. By confrontation with comparable facts of other languages to which it is related, we may reconstruct in some measure the past of a particular language. This is the familiar comparative method. Sometimes, however, another procedure, that of internal reconstruction, may be applied, independently or as a supplement to the comparative method. The facts of the language as described at a given time suggest certain hypotheses regarding its own past. The present study involves a combination of these two methods. An interpretation strongly suggested by the Masai language in its present form receives further confirmation and elucidation by the subsequent application of the comparative method.
Death, Property, and the Ancestors: A Reconsideration of Goody's Concepts
Authors: Keesing Hilary
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Dr. Jack Goody, in his study of Death, Property, and the Ancestors among the LoDagaa of Northern Ghana, shifts his level of analysis from time to time. On the one hand, in analysing the pattern of sacrifice to the ancestors (i.e. the relationship of donor to recipient in the sacrificial situation), among the two communities of the LoWiili and LoDagaba (collectively referred to as the LoDagaa), he maintains that the crucial variable is the locus of tension in the holder-heir relationship, and the consequent guilt a man feels since he can only inherit the property on the holder's death. Thus individuals sacrifice to those people from whom they also inherit. We are told that sacrifice follows the pattern of inheritance of movable property, which in the case of the LoWiili falls within the patriclan and in the case of the LoDagaba falls within the matriclan. Goody makes much of this holder-heir relationship but does not follow up the implications in his analysis of the cases of sacrifice which he records in Table 12 on p. 398. Rather he shifts his level of analysis and relates the relationship between donor and recipient to the more diffuse level of the relationship existing between members of the corporate descent group, treating all members for these purposes as holders or heirs. In this sense the sacrificial obligations of the heirs are dependent on the continuing interest of the deceased members, together with their rightful expectation to a part of the property which is held by the living members of the corporate descent group in which movable property is inherited. A situation which arises because the descent group is conceived of as being made up of the living and certain dead members, i.e. the ancestors. In the most general sense Goody is maintaining that individuals sacrifice the sacrificial object (cows, goats) to those categories of people from whom they did in fact inherit, or might have inherited, these same objects of sacrifice.
Household Organization and Intensive Agriculture: The Kofyar Case
Authors: Netting Robert McC.
Published: April 2006

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Among the Kofyar of Northern Nigeria the organization and composition of the household is ecologically adapted to certain features of the subsistence technology and the physical environment. While reductionist arguments of environmental determinism or diffuse functional interconnexion are not adequate, it is possible to demonstrate specific reciprocal influence. This paper considers the kinds of evidence available for empirically determining the connexion between a particular social pattern and the productive activities of a society, providing an example of the analysis Steward called ‘cultural ecology’ (1953: 30).
Sexual Life, Marriage, and Childhood among the Efik
Authors: Simmons Donald C.
Published: April 2006

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This paper describes the infancy, childhood, adolescence, and marriage customs of the Efik of Creek Town, Calabar Province, Nigeria.

In former times, when polygyny was widespread, the husband was expected to have coition with his wives unless he was ill or the wives were either menstruating or nursing a child. Although he might have coition with any wife during the day, he was expected to sleep in strict rotation with the wives at night in order to prevent quarrelling and jealousy. If he possessed only three wives, a weekly rotation called urua mbri ebe, ‘weekly mat of the husband’, was expected, while a man with two wives performed ɔfiɔŋ mbri ebe, ‘monthly mat of the husband’. If he possessed several wives the husband followed usen mbri ebe, ‘daily mat of the husband’. The one with whom he slept prepared his food and bath water, and washed his clothes. Efik nicknamed wives iban ufip, ‘jealous women’, because of their frequent quarrels and feuds.
Modern Political Movements in Somaliland,
Authors: Lewis I. M.
Published: April 2006

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In this article I give a brief outline of Somali social organization and describe the constitution and aims of the main political parties as they existed in 1957. It is hoped in a second article to examine the activities of the parties in individual Somali territories in the light of particular events in these territories and in relation to recent constitutional changes already effected or proposed.
Sheep and Sheep-Herders in South Africa
Authors: Willcox A. R.
Published: April 2006

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In a recent paper Mr. C. K. Cooke, F.S.A., discusses the questions of the introduction of sheep into Africa and their arrival in southern Africa (Cooke, 1965).

Mr Cooke quotes Zeuner's conclusion (Zeuner, 1963) ‘that the first sheep in Africa were screw-horned hair sheep from Turkestan or Persia which reached lower Egypt about 5000 B.C. and Khartoum by 3300 B.C. This breed disappeared with the Middle Kingdom when it was replaced by a wool sheep and the fat-tailed sheep reached Africa only from the Roman period.’ Zeuner further asserts that

One breed of sheep descended from the Egyptian hair-sheep had reached South-West Africa before the arrival of the Europeans. In these animals the profile is convex, the eyes are placed high on the skull and close to the drooping ears. The rams carry thick horns and a long ruff on the throat.
Power and Wealth are Cousins: Descent, Class and Marital Strategies among the Kel Ahaggar (Tuareg—Sahara)
Authors: Keenan Jeremy
Published: April 2006

Marital Strategies: The Manipulation of the Rules

The way in which the class structure is reproduced, and the implications and significance of these various rules for the two classes, can be seen in their marital strategies.

Although the tawsatin (descent groups) of both classes exhibit a high rate of endogamy, there is no prescriptive rule of endogamy as such. The rules are defined in terms of incest categories, beyond which the pattern and effect of endogamy is merely the result of the various marital strategies adopted. This ‘incest’ category is very small: the only people a man is forbidden from marrying are his mother, his father's and mother's uterine sisters, and other classificatory mothers (which includes those kinswomen of ascending generations), his uterine sister, his daughter, the daughters of his uterine brothers and sisters, and his mother-in-law, sister-in-law and daughter-in-law. In other words, there is no prohibition on marriage with any type of cousin.
The Yoruba Cult of Twins in Historical Perspective
Authors: Chappel T. J. H.
Published: April 2006

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This article examines the historical development of a particular cultural institution, the Yoruba cult of twins, with a view to providing an added perspective into the working of the institution as it exists today. After a brief reference to some of the evidence supporting the view that the cult represents a reversal of the former practice of twin infanticide I shall consider the possible origins of the cult and attempt to outline the process of reversal leading to its later development.
Political Traditionalism in Nigeria: a Case-Study of Secret Societies and Dance Groups in Local Government
Authors: Magid Alvin
Published: April 2006

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The notion that rural political life is essentially traditional tribal in Africa and therefore scarcely relevant to modern decision-making at higher echelons of government has had a commanding influence in African studies. Associated with this viewpoint has been a tacit division of labour in the social sciences which emphasizes the pre-eminence of anthropology in the tribal domain and the pre-occupation of political science with macropolitics especially in the urban sphere. Happily, a younger generation of political scientists has emerged in recent years to challenge an essentially artificial arrangement.
Women at Work: Some Changes in Family Structure in Amedzofe-Avatime, Ghana
Authors: Brydon Lynne
Published: April 2006

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This paper examines some recent developments in family and residential group structure in the village of Amedzofe-Avatime. The village is one of a group of seven which, with their surrounding farmlands, constitute the Avatime traditional area in the Volta Region of Ghana. The study of Amedzofe (and Avatime) family structure is singled out here as of interest for two reasons. In the first place, a study of current (1977) Avatime family structure indicates that new forms are emerging of patterns of child rearing. Esther Goody's work on both traditional and more recent patterns of fostering in Ghana is particularly relevant here (E. N. and J. R. Goody 1967; Goody 1970; 1975). Secondly such a study provides empirical evidence that Goode's (1963) pattern of change in family structure showing the increasing influence of ‘modernisation’, while it may be pertinent in the long term, is not being realised among Avatime. What is happening, rather, is a drift away from a stable conjugal pattern. Here I am concerned mainly with the first point. As it is elucidated, it will become clear that the incidence of Goode's nuclear family based units is not increasing in modern rural Avatime. A detailed examination of the structure and composition of residential groups and their significance for a modern society is forthcoming.
Migration in central Sierra Leone: the Temne chiefdom of Kolifa Mayoso
Authors: Dorjahn Vernon R.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

In this study I shall utilize data from one Temne chiefdom, Kolifa Mayoso, to illustrate patterns of migration in central Sierra Leone. Of primary concern are the extent of migration in terms of in-migrants and out-migrants and for the latter the relative importance of various destinations both rural and urban, the reasons for migration with special emphasis on patterns of out-marriage and finally, the importance of migration in terms of the adjustments made by in-migrants and by residents who encounter new objects, attitudes, and ideas while incorporating strangers into village life. The emphasis is on rural-rural migration but this is not the exclusive concern.
Kaswa: Oral Tradition of a Fipa Prophet
Authors: Willis R. G.
Published: April 2006

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The oral traditions of the Fipa of south-west Tanzania tell of the advent in their country in pre-colonial times of a prophet called Kaswa. This man is said to have foretold the destruction of the old social order in Ufipa (the name given to the country of the Fipa) and its replacement by the values and technology of a capitalistic society. After making these prophecies Kaswa miraculously disappeared into the ground.
Mirror in the Forest: the Dorobo hunter-gatherers as an image of the other
Authors: Kenny Michael G.
Published: April 2006

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The term ‘Dorobo’ denotes an ethnic category embracing small hunting-and-gathering groups residing on the fringes of various agricultural and pastoral peoples in East Africa. The essence of the Dorobo's position is that they engage in economically symbiotic activities with regard to local farmers and herders, while retaining their social marginality as people of the bush. Much is known of them through the constructs of their neighbours, who assign them attributes commensurate with their marginal social position; the Dorobo are amalgamated with wild amoral creatures, and their ancestors are thought to have been in attendance at the birth of the present world-order. Their marginality therefore has economic, spatial, and temporal dimensions.
The Asantehene-in-Council: Ashanti Politics Under Colonial Rule, 1935–1950
Authors: Triulzi Alessandro
Published: April 2006

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In this paper I shall attempt to show how, in the fifteen years after the partial restoration of local authority in 1935, the structure of the reconstituted Ashanti government was modified, in certain significant directions, within the framework of indirect (British) over-rule.
Secret knowledge as property and power in Kpelle society: elders versus youth
Authors: Murphy William P.
Published: April 2006

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Inequality based on privileged knowledge is an old topic in social analysis. It figures prominently, for example, in early works such as Condorcet's study of human progress. Condorcet argues that obstacles to progress arise when society is divided into two categories: ‘the one jealously hiding what it boasts of knowing, the other receiving with respect whatever is condescendingly revealed to it’ [1955 (1795): 17].
Persuasion and Satire in the Malian Theatre
Authors: Hopkins Nicholas S.
Published: April 2006

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During the decade from 1958 to 1968 when Mali was ruled by a socialistically inclined, modernization-oriented party, the Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, the Malian theatre was one of the principal ways in which the ideas and programmes of the government were put forward. The purpose of this article is to explore the relations between the theatre as an art form and as a channel for ideas in Mali, and to evaluate the consequences for action of the ideas contained in the theatre. My data are based on my observations of the theatre in a provincial town; my theme is that the Malian theatre was consciously didactic, reflecting the propaganda ends of the government, but that the tradition of stagecraft on which the theatre was based emphasized satire. The gap between the didactic language sought by exponents of the government and the satirical language favoured by the people in the audience was frequently covered by combining the two, often to the detriment of the theatre itself. To understand this we have to look at the content of the plays, as well as at the social context in which they occurred, and at the form of the vehicle. The processes of combining form and content into a cultural entity that would unify rather than divide are what makes the study of the theatre rewarding for the anthropology of aesthetics and creativity.