bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Interpretation of Play Therapy by the Psychosomatic Theory of Family Sexuality
Authors: Turner C. E. H.
Published: August 2008

I propose to explain the application to play therapy of a theory of family sexuality (Turner, 1947), upon which I have been working for some time.

When children are referred to me I see them individually and ask them to tell me, usually by their play (Lowenfeld, 1935), what real or imaginary thing could have caused their symptoms. I then follow the technique of Melanie Klein (1932) in that I straightway give an interpretation.
The use of Music in Group Therapy
Authors: Mitchell S. D. , Zanker A.
Published: August 2008

Pythagoras appears to have been the first to recognize “the profound effect of music upon the senses and emotions.” He tried to influence the mind and body with what he termed “musical medicine” (1).

He declared that the soul could be purified from its irrational influences, and he made detailed investigations into the therapeutic value of the seven different Greek keys. Pythagoras is said to have cured many mental illnesses “by having certain specially prepared musical compositions played in the presence of the sufferer.” For example, Iamblichus, in his life of Pythagoras, relates how he devised certain melodies against despondency, others against anger and still others against desires.
The Application of Psychoanalytical Principles to Hospital In-Patients
Authors: Rickman John
Published: August 2008

We are met to consider the application of psychoanalytical principles to hospital in-patients. Before we consider the applications it would be well to consider briefly, and have some agreement on, what those principles are.
Psychiatric Treatment Outside Mental Hospitals
Authors: Sands Dalton E.
Published: August 2008

In this discussion of psychiatry outside mental hospitals, it is proposed to deal mainly with the field of psychiatry inside general hospitals. The idea of in-patient psychiatric beds in the general hospitals is certainly not new, and was tried out between the last two wars. One of the factors responsible for failure was a lack of effective therapeutics. Thus the comparatively small number of beds available were occupied for periods too long for ordinary general hospital practice, and facilities to ease long-term admission in occupational and social directions were usually lacking. The situation has not substantially changed from that described by Weir Mitchell, who caustically remarked that psychiatrists pleaded for opportunity to treat the early case, but when the plea was granted there was little that could be done. In the last few years advances in both psychological and physical methods have reached a point where certain categories at least of mental illness can be considerably helped by admission to a general hospital psychiatric unit, and be discharged in a period comparable to that usual in general medical wards. A report made in 1943 by the author at Sutton Emergency Hospital, and later, social studies by Brown and Carling, 1945, at the Radcliff Infirmary, Oxford, showed that the six weeks' average stay of the psychiatric in-patients was less than the average for medical patients of a general ward. It was not just a matter of performing a little diagnostic investigation and then transferring the patient elsewhere. In fact less than 8 per cent. of these psychiatric patients were sent to other hospitals. The full figures for a year's admissions are available in the 1943 report.
Observations on the Electrically-Produced Epileptic Convulsion. Part II: Pupillary Phenomena in Normal and Pathological Pupils
Authors: Klein R. , Early D. F.
Published: August 2008

There are three particular pupillary movements in the course of the electrically-produced epileptic fit: dilatation during the convulsion, constriction in the post-convulsive stage, and spasmodic dilatation towards the final stages of the post-convulsive stage. The pupillary dilatation in the convulsive phase is identical with that found in the spontaneous epileptic fit, where it is generally considered as an expression of sympathetic activity, either the consequence of a general (Bumke, 1914) or of a focal cortical excitation (Foerster, 1936; Penfield and Erickson, 1941), or, an opinion held more recently, due to a hypothalamic mechanism (Delay, 1946).
Experiments in the Improvement of Reading in a Group of Educationally Subnormal Boys
Authors: Günzburg Herbert C.
Published: August 2008

This paper attempts to describe in detail the results of an educational programme aiming at the improvement of reading (accuracy, comprehension and speed) in a class of high grade educationally subnormal boys who were all in one or the other respect unsuccessful readers. For the purpose of this paper an unsuccessful reader is defined as a reader whose power of word recognition, of fluency of reading or of understanding is below the level expected from him. It has been assumed that this level is indicated by the mental age, though it has been kept in mind that the result of a verbal intelligence test need not be the final decision as to the intellectual capacity of a child.
Prefrontal Leucotomy in Mental Defectives
Authors: Engler M.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of prefrontal leucotomy by Moniz in 1936, an ever-increasing number of psychotics have been subjected to this operation. Results have been very satisfactory in certain types of psychosis and psychoneurosis, especially in obsessional tension states, in agitated depression, and in patients with considerable apprehension and anxiety, while less favourable results have been reported in many cases of schizophrenia, hebephrenia, and others. Naturally, with the number of cases operated on, experience has grown, and psychiatrists, neurologists as well as psychologists are nowadays, to some extent, in a position to determine which case is likely to benefit from the operation, and where leucotomy should rather not be resorted to.
Leucotomy in the Periodic Psychoses
Authors: Jones G. N. , McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

Periodicity as a phenomenon in nature has been known and studied from time immemorial, Astronomy and other sciences have built up a large body of knowledge which goes a long way towards explaining periodicity in the spheres with which they concern themselves. As it appears in the animal kingdom, however, the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still largely unrevealed. Of late years the hypothesis has been advanced that many of the periodic happenings in the human economy are subserved by the hypothalamus. Thus menstrual periodicity is held to be due to the hypothalamus acting in conjunction with the endocrine system. This paper is a small contribution to this hypothesis, maintaining as it does that the periodicity observed in certain psychoses is due to the influence of the hypothalamus on the prefrontal cortex. So far no similar report has been made in the large literature dealing with leucotomy and it therefore seemed worth while to give our results in some detail.
The Environment as a Factor in the Aetiology of Criminal Paranoia
Authors: Milner K. O.
Published: August 2008

During several years of service at Broadmoor and in the prisons the writer saw a number of cases of criminal paranoia, and was impressed by the importance of external situations in the aetiology of the psychosis. The purpose of this short paper is to draw attention to the environmental stresses to which some of these patients have been subjected, and to try to show that criminal paranoia may sometimes be a reaction to an intolerable and inescapable predicament.
Pupillary Phenomena on Application of a Strong Constant Electric Current As Used in Electronarcotic Treatment
Authors: Klein R. , Early D. F.
Published: August 2008

In the usual procedure of electronarcotic treatment, the electrodes are placed bitemporally and an initial electric current of 180 m.a. is applied for 30 seconds. During this period a tonic extension of the skeletal muscles occurs, accompanied by strong contraction of the pupils, which in the majority of cases are reduced to pin-point size. Slight convergence of the eyes may accompany the contraction. The contraction relaxes somewhat when clonus ensues, but usually becomes slightly more marked in the following stage when the electric current applied is between 60 and 80 m.a.
The Nasopalpebral Reflex: Its Application to Neuropsychiatry, Particularly to Insulin Shock Treatment
Authors: Kino F. F.
Published: August 2008

The subject of this contribution to the knowledge of reflexes is not the discovery of a new reflex or a new modification of an old one. On the contrary, the reflex at issue was described for the first time as far back as 1896 in the Lancet by W. Overend, who called it the “frontal reflex.” As has often happened with many other reflexes, it was overlooked and rediscovered many times after, and each of the authors gave to it another name. However, in spite of all these numerous contributions its practical clinical value remained of no importance, and it is scarcely mentioned in text-books dealing with nervous disorders.
A Note on the Ammonia and Glutamine Content of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Richter D. , Dawson R.M.C. , Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

Tashiro (1922) showed that the isolated frog nerve liberates ammonia on stimulation, and Richter and Dawson (1948) have recently found that ammonia is liberated on stimulation by the brain. Ammonia is very toxic to the brain, on which it has an irritant action; but the brain may be protected to some extent by the enzyme system described by Krebs (1935), which can detoxicate ammonia by combination with glutamic acid to form glutamine. Sapirstein (1943) obtained evidence that this system is active in vivo by showing that glutamic acid increases the resistance of animals to convulsions produced by injecting ammonium chloride. The toxic action of ammonia on the brain is also of interest in connection with the view that it may be concerned in certain forms of epilepsy (Harris, 1945). This view is supported by the observations of Price, Waelsch and Putnam (1943) on the inhibitory action of glutamic acid on petit mal attacks.
Adrenal Cortical Steroids and the Metabolism of Glutamic Acid in Gluconeogenesis
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

The adrenal cortex is the pivot of the body's reaction to stress. To this gland converge most of the varied effects of shock and stress, and from this gland diverge the steroids which, in ways but partly known, enable the body to withstand the stress. No apology is therefore needed for a study which contributes to an elucidation of the actions of these steroids.
Nucleoprotein in the Nerve Cells of Mental Patients: A Critical Remark
Authors: Meyer A. , Meyer M.
Published: August 2008

Hydén and Hartelius in a recent monograph (1) described nerve cell abnormalities which they consider to be characteristic of mental disease. Their investigations were based on biopsies obtained during prefrontal leucotomy carried out in 11 psychotic patients, 10 of whom belonged to the schizophrenic group. The biopsies were investigated by means of the ultraviolet microscope and the results compared with brain material from normal patients fixed a few hours after death. Two types of abnormal nerve cells were found in the psychotic patients: one type is narrow and shrunken with corkscrew-shaped apical process and appears dark in the photographs in contrast to the other type which is swollen and appears light in the photographs. Both these cells lacked polynucleotides in their cell bodies and contained only a small amount of other protein substances, as shown by the ultraviolet absorption spectra.
Chess as a Form of Recreational Therapy
Authors: Pakenham-Walsh R.
Published: August 2008

Although chess sets are usually to be found in the games cupboards of the male wards of a mental hospital, it is a rare sight to see two patients indulging in this game. Nevertheless, it may be a humiliating experience for any medical officer to challenge a patient to a match unless he is a fairly good player.
The Effects of Convulsive Therapy on the Excretion of Cortins and Ketosteroids
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

Electroshock therapy, first introduced to this country by Fleming, Golla and Grey Walter in 1939, has long passed its period of probation and is now universally accepted as active and effective. Yet its mode of action is still unknown. The variety of theories propounded to explain its action establishes only the degree of our uncertainty. To advance our knowledge of its mode of action has been the aim of the work described in this paper.
The Test Performance of the Encephalopathic
Authors: Allen Robert M. , Krato John C.
Published: August 2008

Allen's work (1, 2, 3, 4) in this series has dealt with the test performance of the brain injured and brain diseased patients. Results of the two groups on the Bellevue Intelligence Scale, Form 1, have been adequately reported both separately and comparatively. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two groups in order to analyze the test results as one group, i. e. encephalopathic group. The study of these test results includes an item analysis of subtest results obtained by this group, and a comparison of verbal with performance scores to ascertain a valid basis for scatter analysis.
Electronarcosis at the Homewood Sanitarium, Guelph, Ontario
Authors: Geoghegan J. J.
Published: August 2008

Electronarcosis is considered in some places to be as good as insulin in the treatment of schizophrenia (1, 2, 3, 4). One publication on the subject emphatically states that electronarcosis is only equivalent to E.C.T. as a therapeutic measure (5). There is such a marked difference of opinion in these preliminary reports that one wonders if we are dealing with the same procedure.
A Case of Hystero-Epilepsy Successfully Treated by Deep Analytic Psychotherapy
Authors: Edelston H.
Published: August 2008

To estimate the radical change that has come over medicine since the turn of the century it is worth considering for a moment the recently republished classical writings of J. Hughlings Jackson on Epilepsy and Epileptiform Convulsions. (1) Extensive and detailed as they are, they contain no hint of a possible psychological approach either to etiology or therapy. Both indeed are specifically rejected, the author taking the greatest pains throughout to keep psychology at a distance, as if it had no place in medicine proper. For instance, he describes most minutely the many and varied mental symptoms associated with epileptic attacks—both those before and those after the attack, when his acute clinical sense often takes him a long way; in his description and discussion of the “intellectual aura” and the “dreamy states” he would seem to be close to some modern views and discoveries. But for him such symptoms are only aids to diagnosis, mere pointers to underlying structural damage of the central nervous system, which is his only concern—viz. “Admitting that all mental states have parallel physical states I think our direct concern as … physicians is with the latter only” (vol. 1, p. 169). He comes to the conclusion that the study of epilepsy with a “psychological habit of mind” is “unfruitful.”
The Results of Prefrontal Leucotomy in 68 Patients Not Discharged from Hospital
Authors: Rosie John M.
Published: August 2008

The 68 patients surveyed in this paper form a companion group to the equal number who have been discharged from hospital and of whom a follow-up study has been published by Frankl and Mayer-Gross (1947). The patients' condition was studied during the early months of 1947, when they had remained in hospital from 1 to 4 years after operation or had returned after an unsuccessful attempt at discharge. To what extent they have to be considered as failures will be seen in the paper. They are of special interest not only as a contrast to the more successfully treated patients, but also because a closer observation of the course of their illness was possible than with the discharged group. Being under constant clinical observation since the operation, all significant changes in their condition have been recorded and the important problem of relapse, neglected in the large literature on leucotomy, can be discussed on the basis of these observations. Finally, an answer was sought to the question of why these patients should have reacted less favourably to the operation than their fellows.
The Dual Personality of Philip Heseltine
Authors: Coleman Stanley M.
Published: August 2008

Mr. Cecil Gray, in his excellent study, Peter Warlock holds the view that Philip Heseltine's character only becomes understandable if he is regarded as an example of dual personality. Gray gives very clearly and, in my opinion, conclusively the evidence on which he bases this belief. The only question that is left unanswered is the clinical nature of the duality.
A Rorschach Study in Folie à Deux of Mother and Son
Authors: Wellisch E.
Published: August 2008

Communicated mental illness or “folie à deux” in which the parent appears to have influenced the child is a frequently found disturbance in general practice and Child Guidance Clinics. The child is especially disposed to such a disturbance because he lives during the first years of his life in almost complete identification with the parents' psyche. In a healthy environment his growing consciousness will gradually resolve this identity, and thereby develop his ego and individuality. If, however, one or both parents suffer from mental illness this process is liable to be disturbed, and the child will remain fixated to the disordered psyche of the parent.
The Results of a Clinical Study of War-Damaged Children Who Attended the Child Guidance Clinic, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London
Authors: Carey-Trefzer Charlotte J.
Published: August 2008

The problem set for this paper was to find out how many children who attended the Child Guidance Clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, during and shortly after the war, showed nervous symptoms caused or aggravated by war experiences or war circumstances; further, to follow up as many of these children as possible to get a picture of the prognosis of such disturbances. One of the main aspects was to investigate the possible relations between type of trauma, set-up of the child, type of disturbance and prognosis.
A Psychiatric In-Patient Department for Children
Authors: Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

The Children's In-patient Department of the Maudsley Hospital has now been running for two years, and currently accommodates twenty to twenty-five in-patients of both sexes. These range through severe organic disabilities, early cases of delinquency or behaviour disturbances and emotional or psychoneurotic problems. In the under fives there are a high proportion of acute disturbances of behaviour and habits. It is believed that our experience in developing this unit and discussion of our problems solved and still to be met will prove of value to other hospitals planning similar accommodation.
Electronarcosis in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

Electronarcosis was introduced as a new treatment of schizophrenia by Tietz and co-workers in 1946. They reported favourable results in a group of 47 schizophrenics and claimed that it was as effective as deep insulin therapy, in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Legislation and Mental Health in Northern Ireland
Authors: Weir T. W. H.
Published: August 2008

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: as my contribution to this morning's topic, “Legislation and Mental Health,” I had hoped to be able to give you the outlines of the proposals contained in a new Mental Health Bill under way in Northern Ireland. Time has not been on my side, as it just happens the Bill is being presented to-day for its first reading in the Northern Ireland Parliament, and as only after that will it be available for publication, I am not able to make use of it as the basis of my paper this morning.
Addiction Under the Mental Treatment Act, Eire, 1945
Authors: Eustace H. J.
Published: August 2008

Many writers on the subject of the treatment of addictions have suggested that for treatment to be efficacious, a period of detention legally enforced is necessary, and it is perhaps strange that a country which tends to regard personal failings and idiosyncrasies with a kindly eye has been probably the first to provide a method of enforcing it without recourse to a legal sentence.
Re-Testing of the Intelligence Quotient and the Social Age
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Re-testing of the same individuals is a measure of the reliability of a test, a high correlation indicating that the results are consistent. Wechsler found the correlation for his test was ·94±·013 for 32 children aged 10–13 years re-tested from one month to one year later, and ·94±·018 for 20 adults aged 20–34 years re-tested after the same intervals of time. These figures indicate that the test itself is reliable.
Paranoid Reaction During the Phase of Recovery from Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

Brain and Strauss (1945) emphasize that a patient recovering from the immediate effects of rupture of a congenital intracranial aneurysm may show “some reduction of mental function, varying from impairment of memory and inability to concentrate to more serious disturbances.” They add, “The importance of these residual symptoms lies in the possibility that they may lead to faulty diagnosis if the patient is first seen some time after the leakage which produced them.” In view of the significance of this eventuality, the following case is of relevant interest. I saw the patient for the first time when the paranoid features were already the most prominent clinical manifestations of the case.
Investigation into Intellectual Changes Following Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Freudenberg R. K. , Robertson J. P. S.
Published: August 2008

This investigation is not concerned with the clinical indications or results of prefrontal leucotomy, but attempts to re-examine changes following the operation, especially in regard to the impairment of some of the manifestations of the highest integrative psychophysiological functions of the central nervous system that may bring about such alterations. Amongst these we were primarily interested in cognitive changes, but the interpretation of apparent cognitive changes led to the consideration of orectic alterations as well. Such changes have so far been impossible to localize exactly, but are considered to be partly related to the phylogenetically more recent parts of the cerebral cortex. Masserman (1946) compared the mechanism of shock treatment and leucotomy with the effects of alcohol and states that “its main actions are those of a cortical depressant,” as manifested by impairment of finer perceptions and discriminations and a “constriction of the integrative field.” He believes that shock therapies and leucotomy partly produce their results by temporary or permanent decorticating effects, “rendering the individual no longer capable of fine spun fantasies or elaborate delusions.” These decorticating effects can be assumed to be reflected in cognitive, conative and emotional alterations following the operation. The interpretation of change following leucotomy presents many difficulties, one of them being that only dysfunction can be related to structural damage of the frontal lobe and not function. Another is that psychotics or severe neurotics operated upon usually do not have a sufficiently intact pre-operative personality to draw conclusions about the normal functions.
Delinquent Types of Mentally Defective Persons
Authors: Milner K. O.
Published: August 2008

Delinquency is one of those vague but fashionable words that are becoming very difficult to define. Originally it appears to have been used to describe minor infringements of the social, moral or legal code, with special reference to acts of omission rather than acts of commission. It is now often used to describe any kind of anti-social conduct, whether trivial or serious, while some use it as a harmless euphemism for crime, although the word crime, in its technical meaning of an act or omission punishable by law, is inoffensive, and has no reference to the question of moral guilt or culpability. It is therefore perhaps advisable for me to say what meaning I attach to the word to-day. For the purpose of this paper I am using the word in the general sense of criminality, that is to say, I am confining my remarks to the more serious types of anti-social conduct shown by mentally defective persons.
Impressions of Scandinavian Psychiatry
Authors: Harris A.
Published: August 2008

The Hospital System.—In all three Scandinavian countries there are two main types of hospital catering for psychiatric patients, the mental hospital proper resembling closely in its style and function the institutions of that name to which we are accustomed in Great Britain and the psychiatric clinic, a department of a general hospital. All three countries also have institutions for the mentally defective, Denmark and Sweden ones for criminal psychopaths and Sweden ones for the treatment of alcoholic addiction.
Neurosis in the Women's Auxiliary Services
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric disorder, according to the recently published statistical report on the Health of the Army, constituted one of the most common medical causes of discharge of A.T.S. from the Army, and was among the most frequent causes of admission to hospital.
The Action of Glutamic Acid in Hypoglycaemic Coma
Authors: Weil-Malherbe H.
Published: August 2008

The loss of consciousness in hypoglycaemia is generally regarded as a direct consequence of the fact that the brain cells are being increasingly deprived of glucose, their principal fuel. The prompt relief of symptoms by glucose administration led to a number of investigations on the effect of other substrates known to sustain the respiration of surviving brain slicesin vitro.Amongst these are various mono- and disaccharides, and such acids as lactic, pyruvic, succinic or glutamic acid which may be formed from glucose in the course of its metabolism. It appeared, however, that, in contrast to theirin vitroaction, most of these substances, including glutamic acid, were unable to relieve the symptoms of hypoglycaemia in eviscerated or hepatectomized animals (Bollmann and Mann, 1931; Maddock, Hawkins and Holmes, 1939). Similarly, lactic and pyruvic acids were found to have no effect on the oxygen consumption of the brain or the comatose state of hypoglycaemic patients undergoing insulin shock therapy (Wortis and Goldfarb, 1940; Goldfarb and Wort is, 1941). It has been shown for several substrates, including glutamic acid, that their rate of diffusion from the blood stream into brain tissue was markedly slower than that of glucose, and that therefore the concentration necessary for the maintenance of nervous function was not reached (Klein, Hurwitz and Olsen, 1946; Klein and Olsen, 1947). In harmony with this are the observations of Fried berg and Greenberg (1947), and of Waelsch, Schwerin and Bessman (1949) that intravenously injected glutamic acid is not taken up by brain tissue. The differences between thein vitroandin vivoresults seemed to be adequately explained by these experiments.
Physiological Instability in Children
Authors: Morgan G. D.
Published: August 2008

I am indebted to you for giving me this opportunity to put before you certain tentative conclusions at which I have arrived as a result of working at the problem of physiological instability on a group of 525 children between the ages of 6 and 14. Like so many investigations of this type, it began on a presumption that was not borne out by further experience, and because of this it caused me to revise certain views I held on the subject.
The Twenty-Fourth Maudsley Lecture: The Functions of Electrical Rhythms in the Brain
Authors: Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

The deep pleasure with which I received the invitation to deliver this lecture was tinged with dismay, for as a physiologist I am only too frequently reminded that the contributions which psychiatry has received from physiology are, in fact, almost negligible. I was therefore bound to ask myself very seriously whether I could honestly accept the honour without committing myself to stray far beyond the confines of my own subject. Finally, I satisfied my conscience by deciding that the invitation was issued in the spirit of hope rather than satisfaction, and I trust that I shall not be misinterpreting the intentions of this Royal and learned body if I feel encouraged to develop a speculative rather than a purely empiric theme. My aim is to outline the manner in which the study of brain physiology may conceivably enable us to define the physical parameters of mental experience, and the title which I first suggested for the lecture was “The Frame of Reason.” Vivid though the image may be for me, I admit that the more laconic title is better, for it does at least give us a landmark and a limit to our exploring.
Anatomical Comments on Psychosurgical Procedures
Authors: Beck E. , McLardy T. , Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

There has recently been a plethora of new methods of psychosurgery. This has, we believe, created considerable bewilderment in the minds both of the clinical psychiatrists who have to decide which of the methods to choose and of the neurosurgeons who have to practise them. The aim of the present paper is to clarify and disentangle the situation as far as this can be done from the anatomical angle.
Rorschach Pattern in Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Kaldegg Ann , O'Neill Desmond
Published: August 2008

This study is part of an investigation into the physical and mental status of a small series of patients with duodenal ulcer undertaken at Guy's Hospital. Each patient in this series had a routine biophysical and biochemical investigation, a clinical interview and the Rorschach test. In addition, information about the patient was gained from other sources, such as his relatives and employer, and his behaviour while in hospital was kept under review. In a majority of the patients examined, phases of activity of the ulcer dyspepsia were correlated in time with crises in the patient's personal life. The Rorschach patterns from the records of these patients are presented here for comparison with those found in other disorders, and for the assessment of certain features common to this series.
On Atypicality and the Depressive State
Authors: Jarvie Hugh F.
Published: August 2008

It is perhaps not too fanciful an analogy to compare the expanse of psychiatric symptomatology to an expanse of sea scattered with a small and determinate number of islands.
Constitutional Factors in Institution Children
Authors: Bodman Frank
Published: August 2008

I am deeply conscious of the honour you have done me in asking me to serve as your Chairman for the coming year. I feel this promotion is somewhat premature and that there are others better qualified for this responsible task. But I bow to your wishes and will do my best to serve you.
Improvement in Mental Defectives in Colonies
Authors: Rudolf G. De M.
Published: August 2008

Although one of the important objects of a mental deficiency colony is the return of patients to the general population, the number of cases on licence, or discharged from the provisions of the Mental Deficiency Acts, is not an accurate indication of the improvement-rate. Cases proceed on licence because their behaviour is sufficiently satisfactory for the houses to which they go. A defective may show no change whilst in the colony, but the environment to which he goes may be better than that which he left before entering the colony. Alternatively, the defective may return to the same home circumstances which he left, but he may have improved. All gradations of combinations of change of environment or of defectives occur.
Synthetic Cannabis Preparations in Psychiatry: (1) Synhexyl
Authors: Parker Cyril Stansfeld , Wrigley Fred
Published: August 2008

Fifty years ago in a discussion on the pharmacology of cannabis indica, Dixon (1899) said, “Hemp therefore exerts its effect differently according to the preparation used … In fits of depression, mental fatigue, nervous headache, and exhaustion a few inhalations produce an almost immediate effect, the sense of depression, headache, feeling of fatigue disappear and the subject is able to continue his work feeling refreshed and soothed. I am further convinced that its results are marvellous in giving staying power and altering the feelings of muscular fatigue which follow hard physical labour … It is to be feared, however, that cannabis indica can never become popular until its active principle has been isolated, that is, the isolation of a compound of fixed strength.”
Congenital Double Athetosis, Deaf-Mutism and Mental Deficiency: A Report of Five Cases
Authors: Richards B. W.
Published: August 2008

Concurrence of the above-named symptoms does not appear to have been reported in the literature. Congenital double athetosis and deaf-mutism usually occur independently of one another. Out of about 1,500 patients at this institution there are 14 with the former condition and 25 with the latter. The relation of the syndrome to its chief constituents may be clarified by a preliminary account of this larger context out of which 3 of the 5 cases here reported are drawn.
Spontaneous Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes Mellitus Associated with the Insulin Coma Therapy of Schizophrenia
Authors: McGrath Desmond
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with two schizophrenic patients showing unusual complications of Sakel's insulin coma therapy. The first had a series of attacks of spontaneous hypoglycaemia apparently uninfluenced by the temporary withholding of insulin; the other developed diabetes mellitus a short time after finishing his treatment.
The Rh Factor: Its Role in Human Disease, with Particular Reference to Mental Deficiency
Authors: Gilmour David
Published: August 2008

Many workers on both sides of the Atlantic have done intensive work on the Rh factor since its discovery was first published in 1940. The great majority of these workers have been concerned essentially with its influence on physical disease, the mental aspects being either ignored entirely or only lightly touched upon.
Frustrated Ambivalence of the Mating Instinct
Authors: Turner C. E. H.
Published: August 2008

Sexuality is ambivalent because love is expressed biologically in the primitive terms of life—we kill or we die. Mating, according to the psychosomatic theory of family sexuality (Turner, 1947), is accomplished by a portrayal of the conditions of the hunt. The male portrays his hunting of the inferior species. The female in mating, therefore, is identified with the inferior species until the orgasm, when she is identified with the superior species which kills the hunting male. The female loves the male, who pledges his hunting, and the male loves the female, who pledges herself by enacting the environmental realities which he meets when hunting. Thus the young are provided for in ambivalence by a hunting father, and by a mother who teaches them to hunt by presenting to them the conditions of the hunt. Thus by further sublimation of the primitive ambivalence the father is the civilized breadwinner and the mother one's first guide, philosopher and friend.
Body Build, Personality and Neurosis in Women
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

The theory that physique and temperament are correlated remains a subject of controversy. Various workers in the field differ in their findings and, in the past, investigations on body build and its psychological correlates have been handicapped by lack of precise knowledge of the variations in body build. In recent years improved statistical methods of analysis have been applied to the study of body build, enabling the variations in physique to be analysed and assessed inductively.
Reactive Psychosis in Adolescence
Authors: Warren Wilfrid , Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

The period of adolescence includes within its span the shorter phase of puberty, and may extend from prepuberty as early as ten years (1) to adult maturity attained perhaps in the early twenties. A study of psychosis in adolescence must therefore take cognizance both of the psychoses of later childhood and of early adult life.
Congenital Malformations in the Teeth and Eyes in Mental Defectives
Authors: Spitzer Richard , Mann Ida
Published: August 2008

The interest in developmental abnormalities and their aetiology has considerably increased in recent years. In spite of this, there is a paucity of information about congenital anomalies of the teeth and about their association with similar lesions in other parts of the body.
The Psychology of Electric Convulsion Treatment
Authors: Sandison R. A.
Published: August 2008

The electrical method of inducing convulsions grew out of the use of convulsant drugs. Experience with E.C.T. has not proved that it is therapeutically superior to the chemical methods. One must, therefore, attribute the now almost universal use of E.C.T. to its technical and psychological advantages.
Cerebral Dysrhythmia Induced by Photic and Chemical Stimulation As a Method of Treatment in Psychiatry
Authors: O'Flanagan P. , Smith P. W. , Taylor R. B.
Published: August 2008

Methods employed in convulsion therapy have undergone many changes since the development of this treatment by Meduna in 1933, using oil of camphor as the convulsive agent. More efficient analeptics such as cardiazol and ammonium chloride soon displaced camphor, and they in their turn have gradually, although not entirely, fallen out of favour since the introduction of electrically produced fits by Cerletti and Bini in 1938. Curarization as suggested by Bennett in 1940, has certainly minimized some of the dangers but, on the other hand, often requires more staff than are available if large numbers of patients are being treated in the one session. In addition, the mental confusion, frequently prolonged, following any form of full convulsion therapy, may give rise to difficulties of an administrative nature as, for example, in out-patient E.C.T. It is in order to minimize these disadvantages that an alternative method has been sought.
Observations on the Effect of Myanesin (3 Orthotoloxy-1, 2 Propaneidol or Tolserol) On Epileptic Thresholds and Some Psychiatric Conditions
Authors: Freudenberg R. K.
Published: August 2008

Myanesin was first investigated in animal experiments by Berger and Bradley (1946) and found to have a curare-like muscle relaxing effect. This they thought was mainly due to action on the spinal cord, because strychnine convulsions were inhibited by the drug. Smaller doses were more effective for this than for the reduction of Metrazol convulsions. Hunter and Waterfall (1948) reported an immediate disappearance of epileptic seizures in man after intravenous administration of.4-1 gm. of Myanesin. Gammon and Churchill (1948) found that the spike and dome pattern of the E.E.G. in cases ofpetit maldisappears following Myanesin, whereas E.E.G. alterations associated withgrand malseizures were uninfluenced. Higher doses might, however, abolish these changes. Geer (1949) used the drug (in doses up to 3 1/2 gm.) in conjunction with electric convulsive therapy (E.C.T.) for mental disorders and found it of no demonstrable value because it apparently tended to make convulsions more severe, although it slightly increased the voltage time stimulus necessary to produce a convulsion. Unna and Kaplan (1949) examined the anticonvulsive properties of Myanesin in mice. Metrazol seizures of mice treated with Myanesin were seen to be at least as severe as controls and often prolonged. The tonic extensor phase was, however, eliminated. The death in Myanesin-treated animals was delayed as compared with controls. Electroshock also caused a seizure in 89 per cent. of the Myanesin treated mice, but no deaths occurred, whereas controls without Myanesin had a mortality of 33 per cent. Here, again, Myanesin appeared to abolish the tonic phase of the fit and only more violent clonic convulsions occurred. Schlau and Unna (1949) reported that the pattern and duration of seizures in E.C.T. in man were not changed following 2 gm. of Myanesin four times daily by mouth. They did, however, observe a shortening of the period of apnoea following the convulsion.
The Factor of Number in Individual- and Group-Dynamics
Authors: Rickman John
Published: August 2008

The term “Group-Therapy” can have two meanings, and it is well to keep the distinctions clearly in mind. It can refer to the treatment of a number of individuals assembled for therapeutic sessions, or it can refer to a planned endeavour to discover (and so make accessible to the understanding, and thus control) the forces which operate in the participating group.
The Third Interdigital Patterns on the Palms of the General British Population, Mongoloid and Non-Mongoloid Mental Defectives
Authors: Fang T. C.
Published: August 2008

In the study of palm prints, a human palm is generally divided into five areas: hypothenar, thenar-first-interdigital, second, third and fourth inter-digitals, in each of which various configurations can be observed. These configurations range in form from whorls, loops and vestiges to absence of patterns, i.e. plain structures, called open fields. Whorls are patterns each with two triradii, and loops each with only one triradius. Vestiges, which are local disarrangements of epidermal ridges, vary from resembling a true pattern to approaching an open field.
Paranoid States Occurring in Leaded-Petrol Handlers
Authors: Kahan V. L.
Published: August 2008

During the early winter of 1943 a series of cases was seen that presented syndromes of emotional disturbance, varying from acute excitement and confusion to depressive traits such as hypochondriasis, vague fears and insomnia. Hallucination, delusions, or ideas of reference, appeared in all. The patients concerned, six in number, were Indian males, all between 20 and 40 years of age, and were referred to the psychiatric section of the combined general hospital at Basra between October and December, 1943. They had a common background, inasmuch as they had all been away from India with their units for a year or more, and were members of military units working in S. Persia, closely in contact with petrol, either as can fillers or can stackers in enclosed spaces. The hours of work were long, and the men were kept at this work for extended periods. It was, at the time, essential to maintain heavy deliveries of petrol, and the men concerned were at work in high natural temperatures with only little consideration being given for possible ill effects from the freely evaporating petrol.
The Use of Curare-Modified E.C.T.
Authors: Shepherd P. D. W.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to establish two points: first, the safety and relative simplicity of curare-modified E.C.T., and secondly, the need for such a treatment.
Preliminary Report on Transorbital Leucotomy
Authors: Edwards Alan M.
Published: August 2008

One's approach to transorbital leucotomy must be critical for many reasons, chiefly that it is another blind operation with all the deficiencies this signifies. Meyer and McLardy have demonstrated the variety of anatomical sites in which lesions may be found following prefrontal leucotomy, and have stressed the variability in the position of the underlying cortex in its relations to the bony landmarks of the skull. Once more, sweeps are to be made with a blunt instrument, and the differing consistency of the brain, and perhaps its movement, will make it impossible to be certain whether the lesion produced is the size intended and in the position calculated. The dangers of intracerebral haemorrhage exist as before, and, in addition, because of the site of entry, there are chances of introducing infection, of cerebral rhinorrhea resulting from damage to the frontal sinuses, and of raising bone spicules from the orbital plate. More recently McLardy has said that with the addition of the deep frontal cut, were the caudate nuclei to be damaged bilaterally, restlessness, persisting incontinence and “delayed operative death” might occur, as may follow posterior cuts in prefrontal leucotomy.
A Central Homeostatic Mechanism in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hill Denis , Theobald J. , Waddell Marion
Published: August 2008

The condition of physiological homeostasis results from the maintenance of a steady state for the functions of organs and the levels of different blood constituents, despite the constant variability of other factors from without and within tending to upset that steady state. Most organs of the body show variability and adjustment of their functions in the presence of stresses, but the brain cannot itself make such adjustments. Yet any change in the external or internal environment of the body affects the brain, and particularly the cortex, most severely. Homeostatic mechanisms function as defensive mechanisms, protecting the cortex of the brain from harmful alterations in the internal environment.
Intensive E.C.T.
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

In trying to contribute to this symposium one can either comment, in the light of one's own experience, on what the principal speakers say about indications in general, or one can pick out a special problem which requires clarification. I have chosen the latter course. I propose to report on some observations on the effect of “intensive E.C.T.” By this I mean the administration of two to four shocks on successive days over a period of a week or two, which aims at producing a confusional state with deep clouding of consciousness. It is the method that has been advocated in this country by Milligan. Cerletti devotes a section of his report to this method. According to him, it was Bini who first employed it. He noted that it resulted in a temporary and almost complete annihilation of mental life. Cerletti calls it annihilation therapy, l'anéantissement. Nobody who has carried out or witnessed this treatment will deny the aptness of the term. American writers have called it regressive E.C.T. Bini and Milligan have reported very satisfactory and lasting results in chronic neurotics who had failed to respond to other therapies.
Personality Changes Following Prefrontal Leucotomy As Reflected by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Results of Psychometric Testing
Authors: Vidor Martha
Published: August 2008

The object of this study is to investigate the extent to which the MMPI reveals personality changes following prefrontal leucotomy, and how these compare with personality changes as shown in the results of intelligence testing.
Further Observations on the use of Combined Photic and Chemically Induced Cortical Dysrhythmia in Psychiatry
Authors: O'Flanagan P. M. , Timothy J. I. , Gibson H. G.
Published: August 2008

The work of Cossa and Gastaut (1) and Gastaut (2) indicated the possibility of inducing a cerebral dysrhythmia, consisting of fast spikes or a fast spike followed by a slow wave, by a method of combined metrazol and photic stimulation. Modifying their technique and substituting hexazol (triazol) for metrazol O'Flanaganet al.(3) treated a series of cases with encouraging results, and in view of their findings it was decided to investigate the method further, and examine the effect of the induced dysrhythmia with special reference to psychiatric disorders.
Crime in the Psychoses Complicating Pellagra
Authors: El Kholy M. K.
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the relation between crime and the psychoses complicating pellagra, and is based on a study of the cases of accused persons suspected of being insane, and admitted to the Abbasia Mental Hospital for mental examination and report during eight years from 1941 to 1948 inclusive. This examination was, in the great majority of the cases, carried out by the writer who, in virtue of his official position, is the expert psychiatrist to the Office of the Procureur-General.