bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Fertilizer Ratio Concept
Authors: Reuss John , Johnson III Sam
Published: August 2018

The concept of plant nutrient ratios has long been utilized by
agronomists and appears to be particularly prevalent in Pakistan.
Production experts often express concern that the nutrient ratios
utilized by the farmers are not optimum for a particular crop [4]. These
concerns are reflected in the press and are considered by those charged
with planning production and imports. Agronomists interested in plant
nutrients may thus find themselves designing experiments to determine
the optimum ratios of plant nutrients for different crops grown under
different conditions. For the sake of simplicity we will limit this
discussion to two nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus and the resulting
N/P ratios. This is appropriate because these fertilizer elements are
the most widely used in Pakistan and crops often respond to their use.
However, combinations involving other nutrients or crop inputs are
subject to the same principles.
The Relationship Between Population Growth and the Expansion of
Education Systems in Developing Countries 1950-1970
Authors: Bilsborrow Richard E.
Published: August 2018

In the past two decades or so an education revolution has
occurred in developing countries. Most people want education for their
children and governments have responded to the rapidly growing demand by
increasing the supply of educational services at a rate without
precedent in human history. But, questions have recently been raised
about qualitative aspects of the expansion in school enrolments in
developing countries. A number of studies have illustrated the potential
awesome effects of population growth on education budgets in developing
countries[4, 5, 8,12,13,15 and 21 pp.497-498]. The obvious question
arises as to whether the negative qualitative implications of such
population growth on education systems in developing countries are
already apparent. The present paper evaluates available evidence on the
extent to which quantitative and qualitative indicators of education
trends have been related to population trends in developing countries
over the period 1950-1970.
Farm Size and Land Productivity Relationships in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

The study focuses on productivity differences due to farm
size. Using farm size data, it suggests that in Pakistan large farms are
relatively more productive because of their greater use of ..
non-traditional" inputs. The input intensity of large farms derives from
market distortion induced by public policy. Agricultural policy should
therefore concentrate on eliminating market distortions, by measures
like ceiling on land holdings and a wider diffusion of farm extension
services and credit.
An Econometric Model of the Role of Financial Institutions in
Financing Private Investment in Pakistan
Authors: Masih Abul M. M.
Published: August 2018

The paper examines the relationship not only between private
investment and financial linkage variables but also amongst the linkage
variables. It examines the effect of different policy instruments on
investment to provide guidelines to monetary authorities. It shows that
the private investment in Pakistan was linked with the availability
rather than the price of funds.
"Shadow Prices for Pakistan: An Assessment of Alternative
Estimates" - A Reply
Authors: Weiss John
Published: August 2018

Ms. Tsakok (I) has done a useful job in summarising and
commenting on the various estimates of shadow prices which appeared in
the symposium on shadow pricing in Pakistan, published in the Summer
1979 issue of this Review. However, her discussion of my paper in the
symposium (3) 1 is misleading regarding a number of points of detail,
and, more seriously, obscures the general thrust of the argument.
Considering the detailed points first, Ms. Tsakok is concerned with a
comparison of the values of the key shadow prices given in the different
studies as well as with the explanations for the variations between the
different estimates. However, JW discusses not the estimation of a set
of shadow prices for Pakistan, but the broader question of the
implications of the use of an income-weighting system, described
conventionally as 'social' analysis, in project appraisal. The shadow
prices attributed to my work in Table I of Ms. Tsakok's paper (II are
not in fact contained in JW. but are taken from an earlier mimeographed
paper written in 1977. These shadow prices are preliminary estimates,
which are not used in my more detailed study on cost benefit analysis in
Pakistan [2]. Furthermore, It is strange to find these estimates cited,
since they conflict with the analysis of JW, which is the paper under
review.
Endogenising Demographic Variables in Demo -Economic Models: The
Bachue Experience
Authors: Wery Rene , Rodgers Garry
Published: August 2018

This paper surveys the problems encountered and solutions
adopted in incorporating demographic phenomena in the main Bachue case
studies undertaken to date, namely the demo-economic models constructed
for the Philippines, Kenya, Brazil and Yugoslavia. Eight issues are
treated: population accounting and lag structure; fertility; mortality;
migration; nuptiality; household formation; schooling; and labour force
paxticipation. In each case there is a discussion of model structure,
dependent and 'explanatory variables, and empirical strategy. Summary
tables compare the approaches of the different models. Although the
objective is not to identify the best solution - it is noted that the
specifics of every country situation rule this out - some suggestions
about more promising approaches are made with respect to choice of
variables to include, and the estimation of behavioural
models.
Substitution Elasticities in the Large- Scale Manufacturing
Industries of Pakistan
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines substitution elasticities between capital
and labour in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. It is found that
whereas the substitution possibilities between the capital intensive and
labour intensive techniques of production are rather limited, the
substitution possibilities between various activities do exist. It is
also found that changes in capital-labour ratio have a significant
influence on the substitution elasticity and as such CES estimates, in
general, are biased.
Housing Conditions in Pakistan: 1960-80
Authors: Zaki M. Javed Akbar
Published: August 2018

The paper sets out to examine the housing conditions, both
quantitative and qualitative vis-a-vis population growth, particularly
with reference to such factors as rural-urban migration, escalating
prices of housing materials and the role of government agencies dealing
in loans and plots distribution during the last two decades.
Subsequently, the housing shortage is estimated by taking the habitation
density level of 1960 as a bench mark. While analysing the quality of
housing, composition of housing by the type of construction and various
housing facilities available in them is considered.
T. Paul Schultz. Economics o[ Population. Reading, Mass. (USA):
Addison - Wesley Publishing Co. 1981.
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

Unfortunately this is not the long-awaited textbook in
economic demography. Indeed, it is not so much a text - a survey and
introduction to the area - as it is a collection of essays on particular
topics, often quite advanced and difficult for all but advanced students
to follow. Also, the volume should, in all fairness, be subtitled "A
Chicago Approach" since the philosophical and theoretical orientation as
well as the methodological framework presented is totally that of the
Becker Nerlove Chicago School. Easterlin, Leibenstein and the other non
Chicago writers are mentioned only in passing. Thus, a beginner to the
field would gel no feeling for the enormous, far-ranging controversies
which continue to rage.
Teleological Change in Pakistan's Agriculture: 1953-54 to
1978-79
Authors: Wizarat Shahida
Published: August 2018

In this paper, total factor productivity has been computed and
sources of growth identified for Pakistan's agriculture for the period
from 1953-54 to 1978-79. Total factor productivity has been computed by
doing growth accounting using the linear production function approach.
The analysis shows that during the subperiod from 1964-65 to 1969-70,
when the agricultural sector grew at a spectacular rate, more than 84
percent of the increase in output could be attributed to technological
change and about 16 percent to increased use of inputs.
Wages, Employment and Trade Unions in Pakistan
Authors: Irfan Muhammad
Published: August 2018

In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the
industrial workers wages, in large-scale manufacturing, in the context
of interaction between institutional and non-institutional forces. The
growth in the real wages of industrial workers, unionization and
employment are explained in the framework of a simultaneous-equation
estimation. The study finds that Pakistan's data are suggestive of an
interdependence between the real wage gains and the extent of
unionization. Trade unions exert an upward pressure on wages but rising
wages in turn facilitate unionization.
The Role of Institutions in Rural-Urban Migration and Urban
Unemployment in LDCs: With and Without Changing Level of Indebtedness of
the Peasantry
Authors: Chaudhuri Tamal Datta
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to formalise and integrate the roles of
"rural push" and "urban pull" factors in rural-urban migration and urban
unemployment. Perpetual indebtedness of the peasantry and a monopolistic
moneylender, combined with the Harris-Todaro framework, constitute the
model. Analysis reveal that such measures might fall short of their goal
since the moneylender syphon off part of the benefits that are supposed
to accrue to the workers. Possibilities of non-existence of equilibrium
and multiple equilibria are pointed out in this model.
Permanent Income, Inflation Expectations and the Money Demand
Function in Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

Using the Adaptive Expectations Model and the method of
minimising quadratic loss function this paper explores the relevant
scale and opportunity cost variables in the money demand function of six
developing countries of Asia. It is found that substitution of permanent
income for measured income and of expected inflation for actual
inflation does not generally improve the estimates of money demand
function. Furthermore, the demand for money is found to be sensitive to
changes in interest rate for some countries.
The Demand for Money and the Term Structure of Interest Rates in
Pakistan
Authors: Nisar Shaheena , Aslam Naheed
Published: August 2018

Using the term structure of interest rates, and treating
measured income as a scale variable, the paper analyses the demand for
money in Pakistan. It is found that replacement of simple average
interest rate by the term structure of time deposit rates improves the
estimates of money demand function. Money demand is found to be
sensitive to changes in interest rates and income level. Furthermore,
diseconomies of scale are observed in money holdings.
Reproductive Behaviour in Pakistan: Insights from the Population,
Labour Force, and Migration Survey 1979-80
Authors: Sathar Zeba A. , Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, with a population of83 million at the 1981 census,
ranks as the ninth largest nation in the world. Owing to the
persistently high levels of fertility and the concomitant relatively low
levels of mortality, Pakistan's population has registered an annual
growth rate of about 3 percent over the last two decades. This high
growth rate poses a problem to all those concerned with the effects of
rapid population growth in the face of limited global resources.
Although a slight decline in Pakistan's fertility had been recorded in
1975, it was considered to be of little significance and a phenomenon
too recent to influence population growth [I). A 12•percent decline in
fertility during the 1970- 75 period, as suggested by the Pakistan
Fertility Survey (PFS) data, however, generated hopes that Pakistan may
well be entering into an era of declining fertility. There is an urgent
need to investigate whether this decline was real and whether it
continued in the late Seventies. Answers to these queries are of
paramount importance both for population related research and for policy
formulation. In this context, the data collected for Studies in
Population, labour Force, and Migration (PLM) - a PIDE/ILO-UNFPA project
[5] - may be extremely useful.
Effects of Dual Sector Inflation Across Income Levels in Pakistan
Authors: Afridi Usman , Qadir Asghar , Zaki Javed
Published: August 2018

In this paper we will be primarily concerned with the effect
of inflation on different income groups. Putting it another way, we are
looking for an answer to the question, "What have been the differences
in the degree of inflation in various income groups in Pakistan?".
Though it is not in the purview of this paper to go into the causes and
cures of inflation, we feel that it is necessary to give a brief
discussion about inflation in general. The classical economists believed
that inflation was a purely monetary phenomenon. The theory developed
was popularly termed the 'quantity theory of money' and the basic
relationship postulated was that the rate of inflation is equal to the
rate of growth of money supply. Keynes [6J attacked the quantity theory
of money. stating that the immediate source of inflation was the excess
of desired expenditure over output and thus established the
income-and-expenditure approach to the determination of the level of
economic activity and prices. Later, however, Keynes (7] addressed
himself to the effects of inflation and advanced a theory which has
since become a basis for the 'inflationary gap' models.
International Trade and Foreign Investment: A Model with
Asymmetric Production
Authors: Khan M. Ali
Published: August 2018

We present a two-country model of trade and investment in
which the output of one country is U5ed as an intermediate input in the
other country. Our work extends and qualifies recent work of Kemp and
Ohyama and also has a bearing on the theory of foreign investment with
sector-specific capital.
The Demographic Transition
Authors: Coale Ansley J.
Published: August 2018

Demographic transition is a set of changes in reproductive
behaviour that are experienced as a society is transformed from a
traditional pre-industrial state to a highly developed, modernized
structure. The transformation is the substitution of slow growth
achieved with low fertility and mortality for slow growth maintained
with relatively high fertility and mortality rates. Contrary to early
descriptions of the transition, fertility in pre-modem societies was
well below the maximum that might be attained. However, it was kept at
moderate levels by customs (such as late marriage or prolonged
breast-feeding) not related to the number of children already born.
Fertility has been reduced during the demographic transition by the
adoption of contraception as a deliberate means of avoiding additional
births. An extensive study of the transition in Europe shows the absence
of a simple link of fertility with education, proportion urban, infant
mortality and other aspects of development. It also suggests the
importance of such cultural factors as common customs associated with a
common language, and the strength of religious traditions. Sufficient
modernization nevertheless seems always to bring the transition to low
fertility and mortality.
Household Consumption and Saving Behaviour in Pakistan: An
Application of the Extended Linear Expenditure System
Authors: Ali M. Shaukat
Published: August 2018

The paper aims at developing a complete set of income and
price elasticities of household consumption and saving for Pakistan by
applying the Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES) to the data of
the 1979 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Items like Rent on
Housing, Furniture & Fixture, Education, Recreation, and Traveling
& Transportation were found to be income-elastic as well as fairly
sensitive to changes in (own) prices. As regards the cross-price
effects, food prices turned out to be the most important determinant of
demand for all other commodities and also of total expenditure (hence of
saving). Expenditure on education is particularly affected by the rising
cost of food.
On Some Neglected Topics in Development Economics (Quaid-i-Azam
Lecture)
Authors: Khan M. Ali
Published: August 2018

In this lecture I shall present to you a variety of topics
which are typically not dealt with in textbooks of development economics
and whose study, it seems to me, will advance the understanding of Our
subject. If there is any commonality in the topics that I choose, it
lies more in the underlying method of investigation than in substance.
What I hope to bring out is the importance and fruitfulness of economic
theory - particularly neoclassical economic theory - in giving us
insight not only into topical questions but also into the structure of
the economic systems concerning which these questions are posed. In
addition, I hope to emphasize what any theoretical result makes
explicit; namely that it is based on assumptions and to the extent that
it increases our understanding of a particular economic phenomenon, it
also increases our lack of understanding of all those economic phenomena
not covered by those assumptions.
Public Policy and Agricultural Transformation in Pakistan
(Invited Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

Successive governments in Pakistan have claimed that most of
their policies were aimed at alleviating rural poverty and improving the
income-earning capacity of "small" farmers. However, a close examination
of almost all of the major policies seems to indicate that the
beneficiaries have been mainly the large landowners and even traditional
landlords. This paper will argue that by promoting policies favourab le
mainly to these groups governments have contributed to persistent income
inequalities and rural poverty without raising the efficiency levels or
increasing the tax revenues for the services needed by agriculture in
general and the rural poor in particular. A major part of the argument
will be that certain key policy options have not been used effectively
and that the others that have been used are contradictory to the goals
of maximizing efficiency , equity and revenues.
Domestic Terms of Trade and Public Policy for Agriculture in
Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K.
Published: August 2018

Despite the crucial importance of information on intersectoral
terms of trade in the formulation of a host of public policies, the
official statistical system in Pakistan is yet to generate a statistical
series of the terms of trade for the .agricultural sector on a regular
basis. A number of views expressed on Pakistan's agriculture appear to
be based either on results of studies that are now outdated, or on a
complete neglect of the existing data that could be processed to
calculate the terms-of. trade indices. This paper attempts to provide
information on the movement of terms of trade for the agricultural
sector for the period from 1951-52 to 1983-84. The impact of changes in
terms of trade on farm output, distribution of income and efficient use
of resources is also traced.
Welfare Effects of Mechanization: Monopoly and Indivisibility
(Review Article, Note, Comment)
Authors: Warr Peter G. , Jayasuriya S.K.
Published: August 2018

Discussions of the economic effects of mechanization in less
developed countries typically lead to the conclusion that private
decision-making leads to over-investment in machinery. This conclusion
normally rests on welfare analyses implying that the net private
benefits from mechanization exceed its net social benefits. The sources
of divergence between private and social benefits commonly include the
fact that private calculations take no account of the adverse impact
that mechanization may have on income distribution. Moreover, it is
often claimed that the market prices on which these private calculations
are based are distorted in such a way as to make mechanization privately
profitable well beyond the point where its net social returns become
negative. The reasons for this include suppression of interest rates,
overvalued exchange rates and minimum wage laws: see, for example,
[2;3;4;5].
Issues in Pakistan's Health Sector
Authors: Zaidi S. Akbar
Published: August 2018

The health sector in Pakistan is riddled with numerous
problems, constraints and contradictions. There is the problem of a lack
of health facilities in rural areas, of unemployed doctors despite the
acute shortage of trained medical personnel in the country, of 'brain
drain' of medical graduates, of the inability of medical graduates to
work in simple rural settings and their dependence on “sophisticated”
technology of pharmaceutical companies enriching themselves at the
expense of the common man, and of a lack of potable water and adequate
sewerage in slums and rural areas. The list can be expanded but the
stark fact is that most of the people have little or no access to
adequate health facilities and are faced with a high incidence of
disease.
Estimation of Money Demand and Money Supply Functions for
Pakistan: A Simultaneous-equations Approach
Authors: Saqib Najam-Us- , Ahmed Ather Masood
Published: August 2018

The role of monetary sector in determining the level of key
macro-economic variables like income, employment and prices is well
established in the economics literature. The importance of monetary
economics has inspired many economists to undertake research in this
field and most of their work on Pakistan relates to empirical estimation
of the two key relationships in the monetary sector, namely, demand and
supply functions for money.
K. Mahadevan with P.J. Reeldy and D.A. Naidu (eds.). Fertility
and Mortality: Theory, Methodology and Empirical Issues. New Delhi: Sage
Publications. 1986. 351 pp.
Authors: Krothi Karol J.
Published: August 2018

This is an ambitious title for a book of 350 pages, but the
senior editor has no qualms and promises confidently that the "book will
be a worthwhile addition to the existing body of knowledge in the field
of population sciences" (p.9). The book is an outcome of a seminar held
at the Tirupati University, India, in January 1984. Not all the papers
presented at the seminar have been included and some new ones have been
added. Since the programme of the seminar is not appended to the book,
it is not clear which are which.
Seeking Explanations for High Levels of Infant Mortality in
Pakistan
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

Here we seek explanations for the relatively high levels of
infant mortality in Pakistan compared with those in other countries
having middle-level per capita incomes. Data are mainly drawn from the
birth histories of 9810 ever-married women interviewed in the Population
Labour Force and Migration Survey of 1979. The empirical evidence points
to childbearing and childrearing practices, such as spacing, to be more
important determinants of mortality than economic factors. Availability
of health care is also an important determinant of mortality but
parents' propensity to avail themselves of it may be more critical to
child survival.
The Anatomy of 'Failures' (Presidential Address)
Authors: Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Published: August 2018

Development economics, in its bid to attract the attention of the somewhat unchivalrous economists, has worn many masks in the intellectual ball that has been going on since 1950. And it has indeed been variously recognized by the dazzled economists - as a relentless pursuer of growth at all cost, Arthur Lewis (1954); a passionate advocate of economic justice and a purveyor of basic needs for the poor and the needy, Paul Street en (1981); a crusader against 'dependency' on some real or abstract centre, Samir Amin (1976); a revolutionary with a cause to eliminate the last traces of imperialism, feudalism and capitalism, Paul Baran (1952); a tame &alancer of growth, equity and individual liberty, Hollis B. Chenery (1983); and a pretender to the throne in a realm that rightly belongs to neo-classical economics, Deepak Lal (1983).
Health for All by the Year 2000: Can Pakistan Meet the
Target?
Authors: Zaidi S. Akbar
Published: August 2018

Since the late 1970s, the "Primary Health Care" (PHC) approach
in order to deliver "Health for All by the Year 2000" (HFA/2000), has
been in vogue in all the underdeveloped countries (UOCs) of the world.
Nearly all the developed and underdeveloped countries endorsed the
proposals set out by the World Health Organization (WHO) at its
Conference in Alma Ata in 1978 (WHO 1978). The signing of the Alma Ata
Charter supposedly signalled the beginning of a new era which would deal
with the problems of health and disease of the great majority of the
individuals of planet Earth. Pakistan was also one of the signatories of
the Alma Ata Charter and has since the signing, been in the forefront of
the movement. Pakistan has become a spokesman for the PHC and HF A/2000
approaches at nearly all international seminars and conferences, and
those who rule and can implement policies within the country, have
continued giving both the policies active oral support. The Primary
Health Care approach is, at least on paper, a fairly radical approach
which sets out to deal with much more than the simple problems of the
health of the poor of the world. It encompasses a very wide canvas, and
issues, which apparently are not related directly to health care, also
fall under its terms of reference. It is the purpose of this paper to
see whether Pakistan can reach the goals of Health for All by the Year
2000, using the Primary Health Care approach, a goal to which it has
committed itself totally.
Sex Differentials in Mortality: A Corollary of Son
Preference?
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The issue of sex differentials in mortality received attention
as early as 1901 when the Super in tendents of Census remarked on the
unusually high sex ratios found in the Indian subcontinent, particularly
in the North West Census of India 1901. More thorough investigations of
the phenomenon were begun in the Sixties when detailed examinations of
sex ratios in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh attributed their excess to
higher female mortality (Vi:iaria (1967); Rukanuddin (1967); Bangladesh
Retrospective Survey of Fertility and Mortality (BRSFM) (1977)]. A
partial explanation was also found in the omission of female members of
households from census counts because of culturally based reluctance to
give out names of female household members to enumerators who were
strangers plus understating of girls' ages as some form of 'protection'
of nubile daughters from the outside world. Most recently, the topic of
female disadvantage in mortality at almost all ages in the South Asian
subcontinent has received renewed and urgent attention both in research
and in the press. The alarm is due to the fact that, despite falls in
mortality levels, sex differentials in disfavor of females persist in
this region. Also, this remains a peculiarity of the region: whereas
females suffer higher female mortality at some ages in some countries,
generally female mortality is found to be lower than that of males
(lDpez and Ruzicka 1983).
A Social Accounting Matrix for the Agricultural Sector of
Pakistan
Authors: Havinga Ivo C. , Sarmad Khwaja , Hussain Fazal , Radar Ghulam
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of
alternative agricultural policies on production, consumption and income
distribution within a social accounting, g framework. This is done by
applying the social accounting multiplier analysis on the agricultural
SAM for Pakistan for the year 1979-80. The paper focuses attention on
the agricultural production sector, the related food producing
industrial sectors and food consumption sectors, which are represented
in the agriculture SAM by disaggregated accounts, while all the other
production sectors in the economy have been aggregated into a single
account. The paper is organized as follows: The SAM for the agricultural
sector of Pakistan is presented in Section 2, followed by a discussion
of multiplier decomposition in Section 3. Section 4 presents the results
of the multiplier analysis and Section 5 gives a summary of the main
results.
Female Labour Force Participation Rates in Rural Pakistan: Some
Fundamental Explanations and Policy Implications
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Khan Zubeda
Published: August 2018

Labour supply is a key element in socio-economic development,
and although the size, growth and composition of population have a
strong bearing on its supply in an economy, the actual labour supply is
a function of the labour force participation rate defined as the ratio
of the population engaged in or seeking gainful employment to the
working-age population. In Pakistan gainful employment means not only
work for pay or profit but also unpaid help from family members, and the
working-age population refers to the group of those aged 10 years or
more. Although the use of labour force for computing participation rates
has been criticised on the ground that it lays undue emphasis on market
activities which have little relevance tb the less developed countries,
particularly to the rural sector, (Standing 1978), it is nonetheless
useful in studying household decisions regarding allocation of available
time between productive and non-productive activities (Rees 1973). It is
basically this division of labour between productive and non-productive
activities that sheds light on the degree of development of an economy
and, therefore, on the organization of factors of production (Yotopoulos
1986). The significance of rural participation rates, especially those
of females, is noteworthy in this regard as there is a positive
association between female productive work and the level of development
achieved (Denti 1968). Female participation rates are also important for
a proper understanding of the productive and reproductive roles of the
population. As more than 70 percent of rural population depends on
agriculture for its livelihood and rural females are nearly half of the
total, their participation rates may be of critical importance in
determining the rates of saving, investment and productivity in
agriculture. It may also be noted that availability of labour in
agriculture is also a function of the ready availability of female
labour, especially for such operations as are performed exclusively by
females, e.g. cotton picking.
Skill Formation, Employment and Earnings in the Urban Informal
Sector
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz
Published: August 2018

The origins of the informal sector are traced to the twin
problems of rapid urbanization, as a result of rural to urban migration,
and low rates of employment expansion in the "modem" sector. The
inability of the "modern" sector to provide jobs for the fast growing
urban labour force, however, is not' reflected in widespread
unemployment. Instead, the surplus labour is absorbed in other sections
of the urban economy which has been termed in the development literature
as the informal sector. The informal sector not only serves the
important function of absorbing surplus labour unable to find jobs in
the modern organized sector but it is also the training ground for
workers in the economy. According to the Sixth Plan document, of the
estimated 50,000 skilled workers produced annually only ten percent go
through formal training institutions (Government of Pakistan 1983).
International Labour Migration - Theoretical Considerations and
Evidence from the Experience of the Mediterranean Sending Countries
Authors: Korner Heiko
Published: August 2018

Immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945,
most observers expected that under the pressure of thousands of
displaced persons in Western Europe, traditional migration streams
between Europe, on the one side, and the countries of North and South
America and Oceania, on the other, would be revived. But soon this
proved to be a misconception: not only were most of the refugees, but
also a considerable part of the working population of southern Europe
(mainly from Italy) and Algeria were absorbed by the rapidly expanding
labour markets of the countries of North-Western Europe. When during the
late Fiftees, the reconstruction period of the European countries came
to an end, at first, France, Belgium and Switzerland, and later, the
Federal Republic of Germany and Austria experienced rapid economic
growth which was accompanied by a depletion of their traditional sources
of the labour force. With the intention of stabilizing their economic
expansion, the industrial countries of Europe sought to open up new
supplies in the European periphery. As a consequence, labour-recruitment
contracts were concluded, during the Sixties, between the North-Western
European countries and the Mediterranean ones (Greece, Italy, Portugal,
Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and the countries of the Maghreb) to induce
the inflow of foreign labour Migrant workers were, at that time the most
important growth factor in the industrialized countries of continental
Europe.
Workers' Remittances from the Middle East and their Effect on
Pakistan's Economy
Authors: Burney Nadeem A.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, remittances, especially from the Middle East
(ME), have become an important source of foreign exchange earnings for
Pakistan. The absolute amount of these remittances, over the last
several years, have been so large, that they were bound to have a
significant impact on the Pakistani economy, through improving its
balance of payments position and reducing its dependence on external
financing. For example, in 1982-83 the inflow of remittances from the
Middle East to Pakistan, through official channels, was 2.4 billion U.S.
dollars which was 70 percent of total exports of goods and non-factor
services. The recent decline in oil prices and the slowing down of
economic activity in the Middle East, however, has resulted in the
reduction of the inflow of remittances. The main concern, now, is what
would the level of remittances be in future years and how will the
economy readjust itself to the reduced inflow of the remittances.
The IMF Stabilization Package and Pakistan's Stabilization
Experience
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

The application of IMF stabilization packages in the less
developed countries (LDCs) has always been a controversial issue. The
debate on IMF stabilization packages with their strong elements of
conditionality and impact on the LDCs has intensified with the
re-emergence of the payments imbalances in the Seventies and early
Eighties. The objective of this paper is to evaluate, very briefly,
Pakistan's three-year stabilization programme under the Extended Fund
Facility (EFF) arrangement for the period 1980-83. The plan of the paper
is as follows. Section II describes the IMF stabilization package under
the standby arrangements and developments leading to the EFF
arrangements. Section III provides a brief evaluation of the
stabilization programmes. In Section N we attempt to evaluate Pakistan's
programme in terms of quantifiable macro indicators as well as
supply-side variables.
Victor S. D'Souza. Economic Development, Social Structure and
Populfltion Growth. New Delhi: SagePublications India Pvt. Ltd. 1985.
138 pp.
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Analytical efforts to understand the factors which influence
population growth and the variables which affect fertility behaviour
have become the concern of most social scientists. Studies done to look
at the interrelationship between population growth and economic
development have mostly used the viewpoints of economics and demography.
The economists belonging to different schools of thought have treated
the population question differently: while some of them have treated
population growth as an exogenous variable, others have considered it to
be endogenous. The economist's decision-making model of fertility
behaviour, which considered children as an economic good, was developed
as an extension of the conceptual framework of the micro-economic model
of a consumer's decision-making process in allocating a restricted
budget to alternative uses. The validity of the application of an
economic theoretical framework to household fertility behaviour has,
however, been questioned by many social scientists.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Ibrahim Sahiba
Published: August 2018

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Ravi Batra. Dharma and Depressions: A Review of "The Great
Depression of 1990". New York: Simon and Schuster. 1987.
Authors: Robinson Warren C.
Published: August 2018

Professor Ravi Batra's research and reflection have lead him
to believe that the world is headed, more or less inexorably, towards a
major depression "of the same, if not greater, severity" than the one of
the ninteen-thirties. He explains that he has written the book to warn
people and he provides a set of investment and financial tips, so that
the reader can avoid personal disaster in the "impending cataclysm".
Batra's tone is light, pleasant but totally self-assured; he "fervently
hopes that his prophecies turn out to be totally wrong" but he does not
expect this outcome. One must accept that the book is a serious effort
at scholarship and analysis and that Batra truly believes in his
underlying model and the forecasts it produces. I stress this because
there are many passages, even entire sections, in the book which, taken
by themselves, might lead one to suspect that the book is a hoax and
that the author is having fun at our expense. But, let us reject this
possibility and attempt to deal seriously with this presumably serious
book.
M. V. Nadkarni. Farmer's Movements in India. New Delhi: Allied
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1987.237 pp.,Price: (hardbound edition) Rupees
(Indian) 100.00.
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

This book is a comprehensive analysis of farmers' movements in
India with a focus on the movements in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab
and Karnatka. It examines the economic, social and political aspects of
the farmers' struggle for a better deal within regional and national
perspectives and evaluates the potential impact of these struggles on
economic development in general, and on rural development, in
particular. In a most competent way the author has presented the current
state of the debate on the subject. He deals exhaustively with the
subject of agricultural price policy and argues against the proposition
that favourable price-setting for farm products is adequate to alleviate
rural poverty. A better way to tackle this problem is to improve the per
capita output in the rural sector, since the root cause of the problem
is not unfavourable terms of trade but the increasing proportion of land
holdings, which are economically not viable. Agricultural price policy
is analyzed within the context of class relations, which enables to
establish a link between the economic and political demands of the
farmers. This analysis leads the author to conclude, that in contrast
with the peasants' movements in India, which helped to break up the
feudal agrarian set-up, the recent farmers' movements, with a few
exceptions, have little revolutionary content. Their leadership has been
appropriated by the rich landowners, who have transformed the movements
into a lobby for advancing their own interests, within the existing
power structure, to the neglect of the poorer peasantry.
Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan
Authors: Malik Muhammad Hussain
Published: August 2018

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the
level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977),
Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and
Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these
studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and
results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most
recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure
Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also
been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time.
The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and
population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have
been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.
Determinants of the Declining Share of Agricultural Labour Force
to Total Labour Force in Pakistan
Authors: Sheikh Khalid Hameed , Iqbal Zafar
Published: August 2018

The agricultural labour force in Pakistan has been increasing
rapidly due to population growth as well as a declining mortality rate.
However, the share of the agricultural labour force to total labour
force has been decreasing. The objective of this paper is to search for
the factors responsible for this decline. The period covered is from
1959•60 to 1986-87. The development process is characterised as one
which brings about a fundamental change in the structure of an economy.
In this process, labour is shifted from low productivity areas, such as
agriculture, to high productivity areas, such as the manufacturing,
construction and transport sectors. The share of value added of
agriculture in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from 46 percent
in 1959- 60 to 25 percent in 1986-87. Hence, the key determinant of
declining share of agricultural labour force to total labour force (RA
LF) appears to be some measure of economic development.
Some Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality Risks in
Pakistan 1962 - 1986
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Raja Tariq Aslam , Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan the history of alternative sampling approaches to
collect demographic data for direct and indirect estimation of
population parameters extends back for three decades. The sources which
provided directly usable statistical data for estimating fertility and
mortality rates, are the 1962- 65 Population Growth Estimation (PGE),
the 1968- 71 and 1976- 79 Population Grwoth Surveys (PGS), and the 1984-
86 Pakistan Demographic Surveys (PDS). Since these surveys yielded
series of data which could be directly used for working out estimates
which are in accordance with the conventional concepts, their results
are being given a prior consideration in this paper. The second series
of demographic surveys in Pakistan consists of the one-time
retrospective surveys, which provided data to which indirect techniques
could be applied for working out the estimates of fertility and
mortality. The three most prominent of such surveys are: the 1975
Pakistan Fertility Surveys (PFS), the 1979-80 Population, Labour Force
and Migration Survey (PLM) and the 1984-85 Pakistan Contraceptive
Prevalence Survey (PCPS). The objective of this paper is to provide some
direct and indirect estimates of infant and child mortality risks from
these sources with a view to examining differentials and trends in these
estimates.
Gains in Life Expectancy by Elimination of Specified Causes of
Death in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Syed Mubashir , Nasir Zafar Mueen
Published: August 2018

Death is inevitable. However, efforts have always been made to
delay it. Due to the advancement in medical science, the developed
countries have succeeded in achieving a considerable increase in the
life expectancy of the people. On the other hand, the developing
countries are striving hard to follow the same trend. but with lesser
success. Constrained by limited resources, health planners have been
compelled to set priorities towards the elimination of widespread fatal
diseases. The cause specific death rates can provide a measure of the
most widely prevalent diseases in the region. An age and cause specific
death rate, would give a more refined measure of the same. However, in
order to measure the gain in life expectancy by elimination of specific
causes of death, the use of the life table technique would be an
appropriate one. For example, if 'Malaria' is the largest killer in a
region. the application of this technique could provide us with added
years of life resulting from the elimination of Malaria. The present
study is an attempt to examine the gains in life expectancy at birth as
well as for other broad age groups by eliminating specified causes of
death.
Environmental Crisis and Environmental Policies in Asian
Countries
Authors: Pintz Peter
Published: August 2018

After the 1972 UN conference on "The Human Environment" an
increasing number of countries in the developing world initiated
environmental policies. This process, however, gained momentum only
slowly, as the view was still widely prevailing (and particularly
supported by India and Brazil) that environmental protection was a
privilege of the industrial countries which developing countries cannot
afford. The 1972 conference also brought about a change in the concept
of human environment which adapted to the actual conditions and
priorities in developing countries by widening the definition and
encompassing deforestation, desertification, inadequate water supply,
lack of sanitation, poor housing facilities, etc. It was also made clear
that in addition to "industrialization-induced" environmental pollution,
developing countries suffer particularly from "poverty-induced"
environmental hazards. This paper reviews the development of
environmental management in Asian developing countries during the
Seventies and Eighties and analyses shortcomings of environmental
policies in these countries. It also gives an overview of environmental
pollution and damages in order to judge the success or failure of
environmental policies, and analyses some of the main causative factors
of environmental pollution. The paper cannot deal with national
characteristics, but has to confine itself to features which are more or
less common to most countries and thus focuses on general trends and
developments.
S. C. Gulati. Fertility in India: An Econometric Analysis of a
Metropolis. New Delhi/Newbury Park/London. Sage Publications.
1988.
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The main focus of the book is on the description of analytical
findings of a study based on a demographic survey of Delhi conducted in
1970. The considerations for analysis of data collected from 5,624
currently married females aged below 40 years at the time of the survey,
included the testing of several hypotheses on socio-economic factors
affecting fertility behaviour. The book, apart from containing an
interesting foreword by Ashish Bose, consists of seven chapters and
appendices. One of the chapters provides a review of the theories and
issues concerning the factors and conditions influencing fertility
behaviour. Another chapter relates to the demographic literature on
fertility and family planning within India and provides a brief history
of the regional surveys including those which were primarily designed to
investigate various socio-economic, psychological and demographic
variables affecting fertility and family planning.