bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal intestinal histology and histochemistry in the goat
Authors: Ramkrishna V. , Tiwari G.P.
Published: February 2009

The mucosa of the small and large intestine of goat fetuses exhibited villi which had disappeared after the 32.5-cm curved crown rump (CVR) stage. At places, the stratified epithelial lining persisted among the normal columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The concentration of goblet cells increased with age, while the thickness of the epithelium decreased. The crypts of Lieberkühn were tortuous at the base. Brunner’s glands appeared at the 14.2-cm CVR stage. Peyer’s patches appeared at the 24.5-cm CVR stage in the ileum. The muscularis mucosae differentiated in the large intestine in group II (16.2- to 24.5-cm CVR length) and progressed caudocranially. The striated border of the intestinal epithelium presented with alkaline phosphatase activity; this border and the goblet cells also stained for mucin. Glycogen was demonstrable in the epithelium with greater concentrations in the duodenum and jejunum in group I (11.5-to 14.6-cm CVR length), and in the ileum and large intestine in group III (30.8-to 39.5-cm CVR length).
Contribution to the Etiological Explanation of the Piriformis Syndrome
Authors: Pećina M.
Published: February 2009

The author investigated in 130 anatomical specimens the topographical relations of the sciatic nerve and the musculus piriformis in order to explain the clinical syndrome of the m. piriformis. The author found that in 6.15% of cases the nervus peroneus communis passes between the tendinous parts of the m. piriformis, and he considers this variation of practical significance for the development of the ‘piriformis syndrome’. In unward rotation of the thigh, the m. piriformis is extended and the tendons of the divided muscle are tightly pressed together thus pinching the nerve between them. Pinching of the nerve causes the characteristic sciatic pain. In such a case, the patient can be relieved by cutting one of the tendons.
Scanning electron-microscopic observations on the surfaces of chorionic villi of young and mature placentas
Authors: Demir Ramazan
Published: February 2009

Mature placental material of full-term spontaneous births and 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-week-old placentas obtained from curettage cases were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide for SEM examination. In young placentas, the ramifications of the chorionic villi start in the form of buds. The buds are transformed into tendrils with swollen extremities. These swellings resemble buds ready to bloom. The villi intertwine in different positions; both the villi and their tendrils are covered with dense layers of microvilli. In mature placentas, the surfaces of the chorionic villi and their ramifications are covered with microvilli. However, in comparison with the microvilli of young placentas, the microvilli here are less numerous and shorter. Imaginations were clearly visible on the surfaces of the villi; younger and newly budding microvilli, similar to those observed in young placentas, were seen in the invaginated regions. We had the impression that the mature placentas must regenerate in order to meet the increasing physiological requirements of the fetus.
Vascularization of the endochondral layer with respect to the otic capsule
Authors: Rauchfuss Alexander
Published: February 2009

The otic capsules of several species were examined morphometrically and compared with the otic capsule of man. Area, perimeter and diameter of vessels, radius of tissue cylinder, circumscribing hexagon, intervascular distance, and O2 exchange area were evaluated. A correlation between occurrence and expansion of the interglobular spaces (‘Jnterglobularräume’) on the one hand and vascularization of the endochondral layer on the other hand was found. This corresponds to results of other authors concerning the persistence of cartilage observed in tissue cultures and long bones.
Pubertal neurocranium growth in thymectomized rats
Authors: Rino Walter , Teixeira Décio
Published: February 2009

Differences in neurocranium growth at puberty were studied in rats of both sexes thymectomized and sham-thymectomized at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days of age and in controls of matched age and sex; skull length, width and height, and skull base length and face length were measured. The neurocranium of the thymectomized rats was significantly smaller than that of the sham-thymectomized and control rats of both sexes and in all age-groups.
Fine structural analysis of the effect of trypan blue on the visceral endoderm of the mouse egg cylinder
Authors: Batten Bruce E. , Haar Jack L.
Published: February 2009

The effects of a maternal injection of trypan blue on primitive streak mouse embryos were studied with electron microscopy. Commercial trypan blue was purified by descending paper chromatography, and pregnant females received an intraperitoneal injection of the collected blue fraction on the evening of the 7th day of gestation. Ultrastructurally, the changes in the visceral endoderm were apparent 10 min after the injection and included an increase in the number of fuzzy-coated vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. By 20 min the apical cytoplasm of the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells was filled with many fuzzy-coated vesicles and numerous vacuoles of various size and electron density. 30 min after the injection, the extraembryonic visceral endodermal cells were relatively smooth lacking a microvillous border and evidence of endocytic activity was rare. Many embryonic visceral endodermal cells were observed in various stages of degeneration although the underlying embryonic ectoderm appeared unaffected. Morphologically, it appears that trypan blue exerts its first effect by altering the endocytic activity of the visceral endoderm.
Quantitative study on the fetal cervical dorsal root ganglion and observations on its relationship with the spinal nerve complex in the albino mouse
Authors: Nawar Nabil N.Y.
Published: February 2009

In mouse fetuses aged 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days, the cervical dorsal root ganglion was studied quantitatively. The main growth in volume of the interneuroblastic spaces was between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life while the main increase in volume of its neuroblasts occurred in the subsequent 4 days. Thus, it was postulated that the growth and branching of the neuroblastic dendrites, growth of the neuroglial elements and the vascular ramifications inside the ganglion occurred mainly between the 12th and 16th day of pre-natal life. Different modalities in the spatial relationship between the dorsal root ganglion and the different components of the spinal nerve were met with. At times, the trunk of the spinal nerve was located inside the ganglion. At that site, the posterior primary ramus emerged from it and appeared as a branch of the ganglion. The ventral root sometimes passed close to the fibrous capsule of the ganglion. In other cases, it passed inside the ganglion, dividing the ganglionic neuroblasts into dorsal and ventral groups. These either remained ensheathed by one fibrous capsule or became divided into two separate masses that remained connected to each other by the fibrous dural sheath.
Effects of estrogen on the lymphoid regeneration and immune response in irradiated and marrow-reconstituted mice
Authors: Kotani M. , Fujii H. , Tsuchiya H. , Matsuno K. , Ekino S. , Harada S.
Published: February 2009

Various doses of estriol (E3) were given to mice intraperitoneally, immediately after lethal irradiation and marrow reconstitution. The assessment of the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes in the spleen and the histological assessment of lymphoid tissues were carried out 30 days later. The effects appeared to be dose-dependent and resulted in a marked suppression of the PFC response. The depletion of lymphocytes was dramatic and dose-dependent in the thymus, and in the thymus-dependent and in the thymus-indepen-dent areas of the peripheral lymphoid tissues. These results suggest that E3 acts on the differentiation of stem or precursor cells toward both the populations of T and B lymphocytes. Although E3, given on day 7 after irradiation and marrow reconstitution, suppressed the lymphoid regeneration and PFC response markedly, E3 given on day 14 had no effect. On day 7 the majority of regenerating lymphoid tissues were large pyroninophilic cells and on day 14, small lymphocytes. These results suggest that the precursor or immature lymphocytes are sensitive to E3, while mature lymphocytes are resistant. Lymphoid regeneration and PFC response were retarded in mice irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells from donors pretreated with E3. These results suggest that E3 acts on the stem or precursor cells capable to differentiate in the direction of lymphoid populations and reduce their number in the bone marrow.
Die Morphodynamik der thorakalen Lymphwege des Hundes bei experimenteller Perikarditis
Authors: Borodin Juri , Borukaewa L.
Published: February 2009

The changes in the veins of a lymph node in experimental pericarditis appear together with those in the organ tissues and characterize the morphodynamic process.
Observations on the topographical relations of spinal nerve roots in the rat
Authors: Padmanabhan R. , Singh Shamer
Published: February 2009

The spinal cord along with the ventral and dorsal roots (C1-S4) were dissected out in 10 male and 5 female CF rats. The vertebral levels of origin and exit of the spinal nerve roots and termination of the spinal cord were recorded. It was observed that from the midcervical to the sacral region, the roots arose increasingly at cranial levels compared to their levels of exit. This disparity was at its maximum in the lumbar and sacral segments. The spinal cord terminated between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. There was no sexual dimorphism either at the level of termination of the cord or at the levels of origin and exit of the various nerve roots.
The fine structure of placental junctional zone cells during prolonged pregnancy in rats
Authors: Jollie William P. , Craig Shirley S.
Published: February 2009

The electron microscope was used to examine the junctional zone of the chorioallantoic placentas of living rat young which had been experimentally retained in utero for as long as 4 days beyond delivery of their littermates. Junctional zone cells in such prolonged placentas were compared with corresponding cellular elements in term placentas. By the 1st day of the postterm period, placental glycogen cells in the junctional zone were depleted. Many trophoblast giant cells and trophospongial elements appeared fully viable throughout the entire 4-day period, however, Giant cells from placentas of prolonged pregnancy were indistinguishable from those in placentas at term. Both in term and in postterm placentas the trophospongial elements displayed a variation in the organization of the granular cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum within them. No variants appearing to prefigure involution were identified either in term or in prolonged placentas. However, more cells with vesiculate cisterns were seen in junctional zones from placentas which were retained beyond term. Intercellular relationships also were preserved during the postterm period. With the integrity of the cells of this zone so well preserved both in term and in prolonged placentas, it is concluded that parturition is not dependent on their involution.
Correlative transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the initial mineralization of healing alveolar bone in rats
Authors: Sela J. , Bab I.A.
Published: February 2009

Primary mineralization in healing sockets after extraction of molar teeth was studied in rats. The observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy were correlated by transmission electron microscopy. The process is characterized by abundance of extracellular matrix vesicles distributed between the forming cells and the calcifying fronts. The occurrence of osmiophilic material and solitary hydroxyapatite crystals within the vesicles was followed by accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals, disappearance of the vesicular membrane and formation of calcospherites that conglomerate into calcified fronts. The process described here in bone healing is essentially similar to primary mineralization in other normal and pathological calcified tissues.
Comparative ultrastructural study of the optic nerves and visual cortices of young (2.5 months) and old (17 months) mice
Authors: Wong Ling , Ip Pauline P.Y. , Yew David T
Published: February 2009

The aging optic nerves and visual cortices were studied in mice. Changes in the morphology of neuroglia were evident in the optic nerve but no difference in the numbers of neurotubules or myelin sheaths optic nerve fibers in the aged were observed. Large myelinated fibers, however, begun to degenerate. In the aging visual cortices, a higher proportion ofden-drodendritic contacts were present and microglia cells were found to be active.
The neurons containing dense core vesicles in the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: distribution and influence of ovarian activity
Authors: Nishizuka M. , Kawashima S.
Published: February 2009

The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) was electron microscopically studied in diestrous (D) and estrous (E) mice, and mice ovariectomized (OX) 3 weeks before. In the middle region of the ARC (mARC), the number of dense core vesicles (DCVs) appearing in a section of each neuronal perikaryon was examined, and the location of the neurons containing DCVs was mapped. About 10% of the neurons in the mARC contained many (5 or more) DVCs in the perikarya in a section. These neurons mainly localized in the ventromedial portion of the mARC, which shows that the cytoarchitecture of the mouse ARC is heterogeneous. The localization and the frequency of these neurons were not influenced by the variance of ovarian activity. A DCV was composed of an electron-dense core and a membrane halo, and was likely to be formed in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The size of DCVs was estimated at 100 nm as the median diameter and was stable independent of the ovarian activity. However, the formation of DCVs was likely influenced by the ovarian activity, because DCVs in D mice were more intimately associated with the Golgi apparatus than in E or OX mice. In the neuronal perikarya of the ventromedial portion of the mARC, Nissl bodies developed in OX mice, and nucleolus-like bodies developed in E mice. These results suggest that the neurons of the ventromedial portion of the mARC change their function according to the variance of ovarian activity and, therefore, are involved in the estrogen feedback mechanism.
Electron microscopic study of glomerular filtration barrier in the rat kidney embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea
Authors: Sobhon Prasert
Published: February 2009

Embedding kidney in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea favors the retention of glycoprotein matrix of the cell coat and the basement membrane of the glomeruli. The basement membrane appears as a single layer with uniform amorphous matrix. Thick glycoprotein coat covers the whole surface of prodocytes and their foot processes. In areas other than the slits and the portion of the foot processes which touch on the basement membrane, the coat is a continuous layer with an average thickness of 490 Å. In the slits between the foot processes of podocytes there is an actual fusion of glycoprotein coats; the average width of the slit is 415 Å. The glycoprotein ‘plugs’ in the slit may be a significant portion of the glomerular filtration barrier against macromolecules, together with the basement membrane and the slit diaphragms.
Alterations of the internal elastic membrane in juvenile human arteries
Authors: Winter Maya , Helletzgruber Max , Oppolzer Roland , Sinzinger Helmut
Published: February 2009

Quantitative changes in the internal elastic membrane (IEM) were studied in human arteries from different locations in 31 males and 31 females, using an eight-criterion classification system. The IEM involvement shows a sex-dependent increase with age, and is more pronounced in arteries known to exhibit a more intensive atherosclerotic involvement. It seems that the IEM changes represent a true ageing phenomenon, which is sometimes influenced to a various degree by the atherosclerotic process.
Ultrastructure of the epithelium of the chorionic villi of the human placenta
Authors: Demir Ramazan
Published: February 2009

Human placenta samples obtained at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of gestation and at full term were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chorionic villi at early stages of gestation exhibited abundant microvilli on the free surface of the syncytium. The chorionic villi at full term were covered by syncytium which bore short microvilli on its free surface. The syncytial cells were remarkably higher in density than Langhans’ cells. In the earlier period of gestation, a dividing membrane was noticed in the inside of the syncytial cells. The cytoplasm of the syncytial cell contained comparatively small mitochondria, well-developed endoplasmic reticulum cells, ill-developed Golgi systems, electron-dense lipoid droplets and plenty of ribosomes. A great number of Langhans’ cells were noticed in early gestation; only very few were noticed the later part. Mitochondria of Langhans’ cells were comparatively large and the Golgi system was well-developed in the first trimester. Endoplasmic reticulum was less well developed and there were few ribosomes. The basement membrane tendend to become thicker a pregnancy proceeded and lamellar structures appeared on its inner face.
Changes in the vascular network during the formation of Haversian systems
Authors: Marotti Gastone , Zambonin Zallone Alberta
Published: February 2009

The pattern of the cortical vascular network and the changes occurring in it during the formation of Haversian systems have been studied in the diaphyses of the tibiae of dogs of various ages. The number, area, perimeter and microscopic structure of the vessels have been investigated with respect to the size of the Haversian canals and length of the osteoblastic layer, using India ink perfusion of the vascular network. The vascular network in compact bone undergoes conspicuous changes as a result of bone growth and turnover processes. The vessels proliferate during the formation of resorption cavities, eventually forming small plexuses of capillaries and tortuous venules. As osteons are laid down and their canals become more narrow, the progressive disappearance of the largest vessels leads to a reduction in the number of vessels in each canal. Morphometric analysis reveals a close correlation between the rate of osteonic bone deposition, the size of osteoblasts and the surface area of the vessels.
Histological and histochemical study on the development of foliate papillae in guinea pigs
Authors: Hamed Mohamed S. , Serafy A.K. , El-Eishi I.H.
Published: February 2009

The present work was carried out to study the development of foliate papillae in guinea pigs and the associated changes in the activity of true chohnesterase enzyme. Histological and histochemical differentiation were found to start in the early intrauterine life and were completed before birth. The activity for the true chohnesterase enzyme was detected as early as the 22nd day of gestation while histological differentiation started 2–3 days later. The findings obtained and their possible significance were discussed.
Differentiative ability of the tibial periosteum from the embryonic chick
Authors: Scott-Savage Peter , Hall Brian K.
Published: February 2009

The claim that the hypertrophic cartilage of a transversely divided 9-day chick tibia is able to induce the differentiation of osteoblasts when placed against the fibrous periosteum of a second, intact, 9-day tibia in vitro, is refuted. Tibia from 7- and 9-day-old chick embryos were transversely sectioned through either the diaphysis or epiphysis and these diaphyseal and epiphyseal grafts were then placed in close association with the fibrous periostea of intact, host tibiae of the same or different ages, at either the diaphyseal or epiphyseal level. All of the sixteen possible combinations of paired tibiae were established in organ culture for 7 days on three types of culture media and two types of atmospheres. In response to the close contact established when diaphyseal grafts were used, the fibrous layer of the periosteum underwent hyperplasia to form fibroblasts at the contact site. Contact of the graft with the periosteum was not sufficient to allow osteoprogenitor cells to accumulate, to differentiate into osteoblasts, or to deposit osteoid. We concluded that the outer, fibrous layer of the periosteum is fibroblastic and not osteblastic.
Combined light- and electron-microscopic study of the rat saphenous nerve
Authors: Alpsan D. , Lal S.
Published: February 2009

Using light- and electron-microscopic techniques, a quantitative histological study of the rat saphenous nerve has been carried out. The distribution of myelinated fibre diameters was bimodal; while that of the unmyelinated axons was unimodal. The variation of myelin sheath thickness with axon diameter was non-linear; two straight lines were found to fit the data best. The variation of g (axon diameter/total fibre diameter) with total fibre diameter was also nonlinear, being best fitted by two lines – one straight, the other slightly curved. The number of unmyelinated axons per Schwann cell process was examined. The ratio of unmyelinated axons to myelinated fibres was 3.42:1.
Response of calcitonin cells, parathyroid glands and bone to prolonged calcitonin administration in the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughton)
Authors: Swarup Krishna , Tewari Nagendra Prasad , Srivastav Ajai Kumar
Published: February 2009

The administration of calcitonin (4 MRC units injected intraperitoneally daily for 42 days) caused hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and a decrease in the serum acid phosphatase level in adult Indian palm squirrels, Funambulus pennanti. Hypocalcaemia and the decrease in the serum acid phosphatase level persisted up to 21 days but the hypophosphataemic effect continued throughout the experiment. The serum calcium level increased from day 28 up to day 35 and the serum acid phosphatase level reached the control level at 28 days. At the close of the experiment (42 days), both serum calcium and acid phosphatase levels were again decreased. Calcitonin-induced hypocalcaemia resulted in hypertrophy of calcitonin cells which were densely packed with secretory granules up to day 21 of the treatment. Thereafter they displayed both hypertrophy and hyperplasia till the end of the experiment. Some calcitonin cells showed degranulation after 35 and 42 days of treatment. Few lead-haematoxylin-positive calcitonin cells with collapsed membranes and pyknotic nuclei were also seen in the lumina of the thyroid follicles towards the close of the experiment. Parathyroid chief cells showed hypertrophy from 21 to 35 days of the treatment. From day 28 to the close of the experiment they released their secretory product. After 42 days of experimental treatment a growth-promoting effect of calcitonin was observed (increase in body weight and femur weight).
Malformation of the venous sinus in human embryos
Authors: Puerta Fonollá J. , Collado Jiménez
Published: February 2009

2 human embryos of stages XV and XVII are studied, in which the persistence of the left vitelline vein opening into the venous sinus (sinus venosi cordis) is described.
Comparative morphometric study of cerebellar neurons
Authors: Ruela C. , Matos-Lima L. , Sobrinho-Simões M.A. , Paula-Barbosa M.M.
Published: February 2009

The morphometric characteristics of Purkinje cell perikarya and dendritic trees were evaluated in 4 men, 4 cats and 4 rats. Purkinje cell perikaryon size, as well as the number of synapses and the synaptic surface per Purkinje cell, are significantly greater in man than in the cat and the rat. No significant differences were found as concerns the volumetric densities of nuclei and nucleoli. It is advanced that the higher number of synaptic afferences per Purkinje cell in man may represent the morphological counterpart for the increased resolution of the human mossy fiber-granule cell afferent system.
Development of the Sertoli cell in the fetal mouse
Authors: Almond David G. , Singh Roderick P.
Published: February 2009

Ultrastructural changes were observed in the organelles of the Sertoli cells of the mouse during fetal development. At day 13 of development, the cells contained predominantly rough-surfaced tubular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous polysomes and multiple Golgi complexes. Day 14 appears to be a transition stage with equal amounts of tubular and vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. But by day 15 and through day 16, only vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, some profiles of which exhibited oligogranularity, annulate lamellae and lipid droplets were observed. This appearance suggests steroid synthesis. Days 17–20 were characterized by a gradual decrease in vesicular elements with a concomitant increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes.
Transitory cell attachments in the differentiating glomerular epithelium of the opossum metanephros
Authors: Krause William J. , Cutts Harry
Published: February 2009

Numerous transitory intercellular attachments are observed between the central, lateral surfaces of adjacent glomerular epithelial cells in the differentiating renal corpuscle. The junctions are characterized by an increased electron density of the adjacent cell membranes and cytoplasm. The intervening intercellular space may contain an amorphous material of moderate electron density. The distribution and position of such temporary cell attachments, together with their modification and subsequent loss during the differentiation of podocytes, suggest that they play an important role in the histogenesis of the glomerular epithelium.
Os orbitale
Authors: Malhotra V.K. , Agarwal S.K. , Tewari S.P.
Published: February 2009

1,276 adult Indian skulls were examined through the orbit to see the incidence of supernumerary ossicles. Only one skull showed the presence of a supernumerary ossicle in the roof of the orbit (0.8%) – the os orbitale.
Uptake of ions in neural crest derivatives of the small intestine of rats during active transport of calcium
Authors: Nozue Tetuo
Published: February 2009

In the uptake of Ca++ ions in the neural crest derivatives of the small intestine of rats during active transport of calcium, the neural crest derivatives and mast cells of senescent rat small intestine, incubated at 45 °C, showed elevated uptake of CA++ ions and increased cell death compared to younger rats.
Effect of alpha, alpha’-dipyridyle on the testicular parenchyma of the rat
Authors: Palmieri G. , Panu R. , Asole A. , Branca A.
Published: February 2009

Treatment with an iron-chelating substance (α, α’-dipyridyle) provokes alterations in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue of rat testicular parenchyma. The action of the drug seems to be dependent neither on the dose nor on the duration of the treatment. The effects of the drug appear in the testicular parenchyma according to a centripetal course either in the whole gonad or in the tubule. Because the alterations of the testicular parenchyma occur at the first treatments the reaction of the tissue cannot be ascribed to an intoxication effect of the drug. The interstitial cells of the testicular parenchyma show greater resistance to the action of dipyridyle than the seminal epithelial cells.
Influence of tetracycline on the calcification of epiphyseal rat cartilage. Transmission and scanning electron-microscopic studies
Authors: Levy J. , Ornoy A. , Atkin I.
Published: February 2009

Tetracyclines are known to interfere with bone calcification. We therefore studied their effects on matrix vesicle production and initial calcification of cartilage. 15-day-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with oxytetracycline 100 mg/kg, 6 consecutive injections every 12 h. Epiphyseal plates were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and compared to light microscopy findings. It was found that high doses of tetracyclines cause degeneration of the chondrocytes in the proliferating and hypertrophic zones. Chondrocytes had short processes with only few matrix vesicles covering their surface. In the chondrocytic lacunae of the longitudinal septa of hypertrophic and calcifying cartilage there were fewer matrix vesicles as compared to controls, and their ability to aggregate and form mineralized calcospherites was impaired. This was further proven when bones were immersed in 7% NaOCl or ashed, as minerals containing calcospherites were hardly seen. It is therefore presumed that interference with intracellular and probably extracellular accumulation of calcium by tetracycline might inhibit matrix vesicle production and aggregation, thus inhibiting calcification.
Fine structure of the parathyroid glands in baboons, Papio hamadryas in response to experimental hypercorticoidism
Authors: Coleman Raymond , Silbermann Michael , Bernheim Jack
Published: February 2009

Female baboons maintained under laboratory conditions were subjected to a series of 10 weekly injections (4 mg/kg body weight) of the synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone hexacetonide. In response to the treatment, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were raised, though blood calcium levels remained within normal physiological limits. Light and electron-microscopic studies were made on the parathyroid glands at the end of the experimental period. The baboon parathyroid glands were composed of ‘light’ and ‘dark’ forms of the chief cells in varying ratios from gland to gland even within a single animal. Glucocorticoid-induced parathyroid hyperactivity as measured by circulating PTH levels was not accompanied by cellular hypertrophy, though there was an increase in the relative number of ‘light’ cells. At the ultrastructural level, after treatment, many of the ‘light’ cells were found to contain more free ribosomes, larger profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum and had better developed mitochondria. Interdigitations between adjacent chief cells were more complex in treated glands. Apart from these features, chief cells of treated glands were basically similar to those of untreated controls. Our study showed that functional parathyroid hyperactivity in baboons is not necessarily accompanied by significant ultrastructural changes in chief cells.
Histochemistry of the myocardium and its vasculature in the normal rat
Authors: Cannon Samuel , Wagner Jackson W. , Gelderd John B. , Schultz Lucille H.
Published: February 2009

Coronary arteries and arterioles in the left and right normal rat ventricle were examined histochemically to determine their metabolic activities. Aerobic metabolic capacity was determined by assessing the reactivities of the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and myosin ATPase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was examined to determine the activity of the hexose-monophosphate-shunt, while lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen reactivity were determined as an evaluation of the anaerobic metabolic capacity. The amounts of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid were assessed as an indication of protein synthesis. Reactivities of the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and myosin ATPase are greater in arteriolar smooth muscle than in arteries. This suggests that arterioles have a higher capacity for aerobic metabolism than do arteries. The greater reactivity for lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen in arterial smooth muscle than in arterioles suggests that arteries are more adapted for anaerobic metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase shows substantially greater activity in arteries and in some larger arterioles than in most smaller coronary arterioles, which implies that the coronary arteries and larger arterioles possess a higher capacity for nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids show low reactivity in both arteries and arterioles from the ventricular myocardium, which conforms to the view that under normal conditions, the coronary vasculature is stable with little cell proliferation.
Ultrastructural studies on the origin and structure of matrix vesicles in bone of young rats
Authors: Ornoy A. , Atkin I. , Levy J.
Published: February 2009

Tibiae of young rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to study the origin and structure of matrix vesicles in periosteal bone. SEM studies have shown that periosteal osteoblasts have elongated processes with globular structures of 0.1 µm in diameter attached to the cell surface and processes. Similar structures were found to cover the inner surface of osteoblastic lacunae. The SEM studies have further shown that in the periosteal surface (forming bone) the above-described globules once mineralized, aggregated to form larger, nonhomogeneous mineralized spherules in which, by proper treatment with NaOCl, hydroxyapatite crystals could be exposed. Endosteal osteoblasts had fewer processes, devoid of the globular structures. Similarly, osteocytic and osteoclastic processes, although elongated and numerous, were not covered by the globular structures. In the matrix, collagen fibers of forming bone were randomly orientated, while in the deeper areas of bone they formed bundles with a longitudinal orientation. TEM studies have shown that the structures found on the osteoblastic surface and in the matrix are membrane-bound matrix vesicles which seem to be formed by budding from cell processes.Preformed membrane-bound vesicles were also observed by TEM inside sections of osteoblastic processes. These vesicles resembled the extracellular matrix vesicles in size and shape, thus giving the impression that at least some of the matrix vesicles are preformed cellular structures. While comparing SEM with TEM, it can be concluded that in bone, as in cartilage, matrix vesicles which probably serve as the initial locus of calcification, are formed directly by osteoblasts.
Histological changes in the thyroid gland of the mouse following treatment with 1, 1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene
Authors: Dhindsa Kuldip S.
Published: February 2009

1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-l-propene (malononitrile dimer), administered intraperitoneally to mice, induced histological changes in the thyroid gland 6 h after drug administration. The histology of the thyroid gland is normal up to 16 h after drug treatment. Pathological conditions characteristic of hyperthyroidism are observed after 16 h of the drug treatment. By 48 h, the thyroid again appeared normal. The antithyroid action of the drug is attributed to the initial acute inhibition of the organic binding of iodine causing supression in the formation of thyroxine, which is later compensated.
Relationships between vasculogenesis and morphogenesis in the chick embryo spinal ganglia
Authors: Roncali L. , Bosco L.
Published: February 2009

By means of India ink injections in chicken embryos from the 3rd to the 14th incubation day, the development of the vascular pattern in the thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia has been studied. A rather precise correlation has been observed between the successive steps in the formation of the endoganglionic vessel network and the ordered sequence of the proliferation and differentiation processes of the ganglionic neuroblasts: in fact, the developing vascular pattern seems to conform to the morphogenetic changes gradually undergone by the nervous substratum.
Degenerating taste buds in sialectomized rats
Authors: Cano J. , Rodriguez-Echandía E.L.
Published: February 2009

In the present report changes are described in degenerating taste buds (TB) from rats deprived of the main salivary glands (parotid, sublingual and submaxillary glands). These changes include macrophages located inside the degenerating TB cell, lipid droplets and a heterogeneous population of digestive vacuoles. In addition, a large number of bacteria was found to permeate the apical taste pore. It is of interest that normal nerve fibers were seen synapsing with the degenerating TB cells. The sialectomy-induced degeneration of TB would not be, therefore, a consequence of neural deprivation.
Zur Entwicklung der digitalen Beugefurchen beim Menschen
Authors: Wachtler F. , Rizzi C.
Published: February 2009

Human embryos, ranging from 10 to approximately 150–200 mm crown-rump length, were examined in order to study the formation of flexion creases on the fingers. These creases were found to be formed in two stages. They appear first during the 2nd month of development as shallow trenches between the tactile elevations. At the end of the 3rd month the skin of the creases does not take part in the formation of dermal and epidermal ridges. By that time the fine structure of the flexion creases becomes discernible. These embryological observations, together with the findings from anthropological, genetic and clinical studies, rather point to genetic than to purely mechanical factors as the cause of flexion creases on human fingers.
Electron microscopic study of the parathyroid gland of the acetazolamide-treated mouse
Authors: Isono Hideo , Shoumura Shizuko , Hayashi Kazuko , Ishizaki Noriko , Emura Shoichi
Published: February 2009

Ultrastructural aspects of the parathyroid glands of acetazolamide-treated mice were examined. Many chief cells of the treated mice are deficient in free ribosomes compared with the control mice. Most Golgi complexes are poorly developed and associated with a few prosecretory granules. However, relatively numerous secretory granules are observed in the cytoplasm, and a few secretory granules are present in the peripheral cytoplasm. Large secretory granules (storage granules), homogeneously dense bodies with a low electron density, heterogeneously dense bodies containing osmiophilic substance and/or lipid-like material, multivesicular bodies and lipid droplets have apparently increased in number in many chief cells of the experimental mice. Many transitional forms are recognized between each of the large secretory granules and the bodies mentioned above. These ultrastructural features suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity is suppressed in response to acetazolamide treatment. In addition, correlations of the occurrence of large secretory granules and various bodies are discussed.
Loss of type I fibres in canine pectineus muscle hypotrophy
Authors: Ihemelandu E.C.
Published: February 2009

The total number of fibres, as well as, the number of fibres per fibre type were determined by the indirect fibre-counting method in 32 pectineus muscles from 16 dogs of mixed sexes. Eight pairs of muscles from 8 dogs were judged to be hypotrophic, while the other 8 pairs from another 8 dogs were judged to be normal. The hypotrophic muscles had extremely small muscle fibres, particularly type II fibres. They also had apparently higher percentages of type II muscle fibres within a section. The apparently higher percentage of type II fibres usually observed in the histochemical examination of the sections of hypotrophic pectineus muscles did not result from failure of type II fibres to transform to type I fibres. It was rather due to too few type I fibres being present in these muscles as compared to the normal muscles. It was not because there were more type II fibres present in them than in the normal muscles. The fewer type I fibres resulted most likely from loss of already differentiated type I fibres. The loss may be of neural origin.
Compressed Third Molars – a Suggestion
Authors: Taylor R.M.S.
Published: February 2009

The author’s ‘Variation in morphology of teeth’ (1978) reported findings in extracted teeth, part of which involved intensive study of deformity in maxillary third molars. This suggests that abnormal developmental relations could have obstructed or perverted the tooth’s potential morphology. Some third molar characters, seen also in well-developed palates and in various ethnic groups, may reflect a certain combination of normal variables. These latter teeth have hitherto aroused little comment other than their description as ‘compressed’.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum in Purkinje cells of the goat heart
Authors: Núñez-Durán Harol
Published: February 2009

A three-dimensional study of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of Purkinje cells of the goat heart was carried out with the use of serial thin sectioning. Two interconnected forms of SR were distinguished: myofibrillar SR and junctional SR (JSR). An extensive network of tubules lying outside as well as inside the myofibrils, constitutes the myofibrilar SR. The JSR, consists of vesicles, tubules and flattened cisternae. A three-dimensional model of a JSR cisterna was built showing its connection with both the myofibrillar SR and the sarcolemma where it forms a peripheral coupling. The potentiality and limitations of the serial-section technique for the study of the SR are discussed in comparison with other recently developed methods.
Analyse électromyographique du premier muscle interosseux dorsal de la main humaine
Authors: Tamega Oisenyl J. , Machado De Sousa Odorico , Bérzin Fausto
Published: February 2009

An electromyographic study of the musculus interosseus dorsalis was performed on the right hand of 25 young adult male right-handed volunteers. The electrodes, simple coaxial needles, were implanted one at the ulnar head and the other at the radial head of the muscle. The muscles were analyzed during free movements of the index and against resistance. The same movements were done in four different positions of the forearm and hand, without variation in the results for each one of the movements. There was no significant difference between the activities of the ulnar head and radial head. During freely performed movements, muscle activity was recorded only during abduction. During movements against resistance, muscle activity was completely nil only during adduction; during the remaining movements, however, moderate (2+), strong (3+) and very strong activity (4+) was recorded.
Semimacroscopic studies of a mucous fold in the posterosuperior quadrant of the tympanic membrane of the middle ear in some mammals
Authors: de Lara Galindo Salvador , Cuspinera de Galindo Maria Elena
Published: February 2009

The ligaments and folds of the middle ear are compared with the mesentery of the abdominal cavity. From a philogenetic point of view, these structures first appear in the cynodonts. These ligaments maintain the malleus and the incus in the tympanic cavity, increasing the transmission of the auditory system. Some of these ligaments and folds are different in some mammals. A mucous fold has been described in the posterosuperior quadrant of the human tympanic membrane. It emerges from the highest portion of the handle of the malleus near its neck and runs back and up to descend in the ceiling of the tympanic cavity. In this paper we have searched this mucous fold in 104 ears of 12 mammalian species, including three species of primates. We found it only in 4 Ateles monkeys, where it is similar to that in man. We think that this fold is a vestigial embryonic structure. The knowledge of these folds is important for advances in aural microsurgery; and to know more about the structures that have phylogenetic relations in the evolution of the anatomy of the ear in the animal kingdom.
Morphological aspect of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adrenal zona glomerulosa during pregnancy in rabbits
Authors: Mršević D. , Lačković Vesna , Mujović Spomenka , Stefanović Slavka
Published: February 2009

The juxtaglomerular apparatus and zona glomerulosa were studied histologically in rabbits during the whole pregnancy period. The granularity of the kidney juxtaglomerular cells diminishes up to 25 days at which time it reaches control values. After delivery, the juxtaglomerular index increases significantly and rises above control values. The width of the adrenal zona glomerulosa is smaller in the first half of pregnancy in comparison with controls. In the second half it rises significantly. After delivery it greatly surpasses control values.
Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the lingual glands of the mongoose
Authors: Poddar S. , Jacob S.
Published: February 2009

The histochemistry of mucosubstances in the lingual glands of the mongoose was studied. Both serous and mucous or mixed glands were present in the posterior part of the tongue. In serous glands, acinar cells and occasional duct cells contained granules which gave reactions for neutral mucosubstances only. In mucous glands, tubular cells, acinar cells and duct cells all contained weakly sulphated mucosubstances. Demilune cells contained neutral mucosubstances. Occasional demilune cells contained weakly sulphated mucosubstances. Carboxylated mucosubstances (sialomucins) were not found in the lingual glands.
Accessory medial pterygoid muscle
Authors: Koritzer Richard T. , Suarez Faustino
Published: February 2009

A previously undescribed accessory medial pterygoid muscle occurred uniformly in the dissection room population studied. The origin extends from the superior margin of the pterygoid plate and skirts medially of foramen spinosum and ovale, finally terminating on the carotid canal rim. The flat triangular muscle descends to insert its apex into the medial surface of the medial pterygoid muscle about 1 cm below its exit from the pterygoid fossae. Histologic examination confirmed striated muscle. Independent innervation arises from the medial surface of the mandibular nerve trunk just below the foramen ovale and enters the accessory medial pterygoid lateral surface at about the upper third, centrally. Muscle function is suggested as a discriminating action, rein-like in nature, probably corresponding to Bennett movement. Variation in size of this muscle may also explain the range observed for Bennett movement. The dental occlusal action field is suggested to be the buccal aspect of the last molar tooth.
Is a Family History of Bipolar Disorder a Risk Factor for Migraine among Affectively Ill Patients?
Authors: Dilsaver Steven C. , Benazzi Franco , Oedegaard Ketil J. , Fasmer Ole B. , Akiskal Hagop S.
Published: February 2009

Aims: The aim was to determine whether having a family history of bipolar disorder (BPD) or unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with an increased likelihood of having migraine headaches. Methods: Latino adults received structured diagnostic interviews. Family history was determined by live interview of first-degree relatives or interview by proxy. All patients met the criteria for major depressive episode (MDE) at the time of assessment. The method of diagnosing migraine had sensitivity and specificity of 87 and 50%, respectively. Logistic regression was used to test for associations and control for confounding. Results: In total, 153 patients met the criteria for MDD and 87 for BPD. Patients with MDD who had a family history of BPD were 4.3 times more likely to have migraine headaches than those who did not (OR = 4.34, z = 3.02, p = 0.003, 95% CI = 1.67–11.27). Patients with BPD who had a family history of BPD were 3 times more likely to have migraine than those who did not (OR = 2.99, z = 2.45, p = 0.014, 95% CI = 1.25–7.19). Within the entire group of patients, those with a family history of BPD were 4.4 times more likely to have migraine headaches than those who did not (OR = 4.38, p < 0.0001, z = 4.72, 95% CI = 2.37–8.09). A family history of MDD was not associated with an increased risk of having migraine. Conclusion: Regardless of a patient’s polarity, having a family history of BPD is associated with an increased risk of having migraine headache.