bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Sustainable to Resilient and Smart Cities
Authors: Makhoul Nisrine
Published: March 2016

Cities are complex systems and nucleus of innovations; they require to respond to citizens’ needs in an environment which is becoming global and digitized. The rapid urbanization we are witnessing, likely will lead cities to embrace the greater percentage of the future population. Cities are growing as expected, but what are needed are cities that can promote the welfare of its citizens.

Future Cities becoming more vulnerable, require to be prepared in an uncertain world, where emergency and resilience become a must. Future cities are already assumed to be sustainable, they need moreover to be resilient and smart, and thus the problem is becoming quite complex and challenging. Therefore a good management strategy needs to be anticipated in order to soften the threatening effects of the rapid urbanization that might be encountered by modern society, economy and environment.

Since resilient and smart cities involve dealing with built structures, infrastructures, communities, institutions, and individuals among others, the envisioned solution needs to be the fruit of real multidisciplinary discussions in a multicultural environment promoting communication and thus optimizing the chances to succeed.

A platform used to model all the mentioned requirements is investigated; it might help cities interact, exchange ideas and work on solving mutual problems, or replicating already tested solutions and models. Moreover limitations of such platform need to be noted and discussed.
Use of ASPIRE as an effective tool for ensuring sustainability in developing countries
Authors: Villa Alessandra , Borowiec Philip , Dawoodi Kayin , Franck Lee , Morgan Geoffrey
Published: March 2016

Arup has been working with Bridges to Prosperity (B2P) since 2010. B2P envisions a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists. This is achieved through the construction of footbridges over impassable rivers, providing access to healthcare, education, markets, and other pieces of vital infrastructure.

Whilst building a bridge in 2013 in Rwanda, the project team identified the need to evaluate the sustainability of the project. A new aim to integrate sustainability assessments into BridgeTOOL was considered and ASPIRE was identified as the tool to be used to identify sustainability gaps and to maximise the positive impacts of a project. ASPIRE was then used on the design and construction of the 46m span Ciricito Bridge in Panama with the data collected while on site and from wider information gathered from B2P.

This paper aims to highlight how approaching a project in a developing country from a sustainability point of view helps to understand the bigger picture and improve delivery and impact.
Urban Transformation Opportunity for Sustainable Development and Benefits Based on LCC Analysis
Authors: Köylüoğlu Özgür
Published: March 2016

Urban transformation program in Turkey possess an opportunity for green development. The expected number of units that will be subjected to urban transformation in the coming 10 years is estimated as 6,5 million units, in areas having hazard risk. In 2013, the ministry of environment and urbanization declared a land area of 6 931 ha in 106 zones as risk prone areas having 377 167 housing units and shops, affecting 1 069 832 people’s lives. The expected no of units having an earthquake hazard risk is determined as 650 000 units, as of 2014. In this paper, a proposal for development of green urban transformation is presented highlighting the benefits in providing a sustainable living environment for the low- or middle-income unit owners, based on utility costs of new housing units. This exemplary approach may change the paradigm of real estate development in Turkey, by incorporating her readily available natural resources into building engineering.
Living Root Bridges: State of knowledge, fundamental research and future application
Authors: Shankar Sanjeev
Published: March 2016

Living root bridges areFicus elastica1based suspension bridges within dense tropical rainforests of Meghalaya in the North Eastern Indian Himalayas (25° 30' N and 91° 00' E). Ranging in span from 15 feet to 250 feet, these bridges are grown by Khasi2 tribes over a time period of 15 to 30 years, and last for several centuries. With 1) exceptional robustness3 under extreme climatic conditions,

2) minimal material and maintenance cost, 3) no environmental damage, 4) progressive increase in load-bearing capacity, 5) carbon sequestration, 6) remedial properties on surrounding soil, water and air, 7) collective grass root involvement based on human-plant interaction across multiple generations, 8) support to other plant and animal systems, and 9) keystone4 role ofFicusplant species in local ecology, living root bridges offer an extraordinary model for long-term socio- ecological resilience5 and sustainable infrastructure solutions, and warrant further scientific study.
Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Environmental Impact Study and Mitigation Measures
Authors: Kite Steve , Hussain Naeem , Chiu Franki , Anderson Garry , Salim Hj Mazlan , Chin Kok Kong
Published: March 2016

The new 30 km Cadangan Projek Jambatan Temburong (Temburong Bridge Project) in Brunei will connect the relatively isolated district of Temburong with the more developed Brunei-Muara district. The route alignment, selected to have the minimum environmental impact, goes across the Mentiri Hills and then crosses over the shallow waters of Brunei Bay and through the mangrove and peat swamp forest in Temburong.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried order to identify, assess, and mitigate the primary environmental risks associated with the construction and operation of the project. This paper describes the study and mitigation measures both during construction and operation.
Temburong Bridge, Brunei – Procurement Strategy, Design Basis and Specifications
Authors: Kite Steve , Hooton Martin , McNulty Andy , Chin Kok Kong , Ding Lee Sing
Published: March 2016

The new Cadangan Projek Jambatan Temburong (Temburong Bridge Project) in Brunei will connect the relatively isolated district of Temburong with the more developed Brunei-Muara district. It is a 30km long dual two-lane highway which includes 14km of marine viaducts and 2 cable stayed bridges over Brunei Bay, 12km of viaducts through Temburong, as well as tunnels and other viaduct structures in Brunei-Muara. The project is procured as a traditional engineer-design, contractor–construct arrangement under five contract packages.

The design of the structures is to the Eurocode and the UK National Annexes, with project specific criteria developed to account for the different environmental conditions between Brunei and the UK. The design of the cable stayed bridges is one of the first applications of the Eurocode to a fully concrete cable stayed bridge. The project specific Design Basis report defines the requirements for the design of the Works during the detailed design phase and then later it is used by the contractor to understand what design assumptions were adopted in the permanent works design.

Historic wind data was used to determine a site specific wind climate which defines the design wind speed as well as the turbulence intensity. Further risk assessments were conducted to determine appropriate criteria for design against major fire incidents.

Major studies were undertaken into durability. This led to specific requirements for concrete mix, use of stainless steel reinforcement in splash zone areas and review of sacrificial steel thicknesses for steel pipe piles.

This paper provides details of the procurement strategy and design criteria, including project specific aspects, as described above. It also outlines aspects of the specification for the project which form part of the construction contracts.
Temburong Bridge, Brunei – CC3 Navigation Bridges and Associated Viaducts
Authors: Carlucci Alberto , Hooton Martin , Moneypenny Kelvin , Yip Sammy , Gainey Catherine , Leung William
Published: March 2016

The new 30 km Cadangan Projek Jambatan Temburong (Temburong Bridge Project) in Brunei will connect the relatively isolated district of Temburong with the more developed Brunei-Muara district. The project is procured under several different construction contracts. Contract CC3 involves construction of 2 cable stayed bridges over cross navigation channels within Brunei Bay and connecting structures at the Brunei-Muara shoreline.

Despite the differences in span arrangements and deck widths, the 2 concrete deck cable stayed bridges adopt similar details which not only provides a unified theme to the crossing, but also facilitated efficient design methods and construction planning. The towers adopt Islamic architectural principles by incorporating pointed arch shapes and symbolising the physical connection between the four districts of Brunei.

Precast segmental connecting bridges carry the main alignment through towards the Mentiri ridge in Brunei-Muara, whilst on and off ramps connect down to the existing shoreline road.

Construction planning is well advanced for the cable stayed bridges and the connecting structures.
Major Health Problems and Diseases of Street Dogs in Pokhara Valley, Nepal
Authors: Acharya Mohan , Dhakal Santosh
Published: March 2016

Objective of the study was to find the prevalence of major health problems among street dogs in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Data were taken from the rescued street dogs brought for the treatment at Himalayan Animal Rescue Team (HART), Nepal, from January to December, 2011. A total of 171 sick or injured dogs were brought for the treatment. All the preliminary diagnosis was done by the veterinary officer and confirmatory diagnosis were limited. Data were analyzed using Microsoft excel program 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, New York, USA) and results are presented as number and in percentage. Mange infestation (40.35%) was the most prevalent problem, followed by general wound (18.12%), respiratory tract infection (7.60%), gastrointestinal parasites (5.26%), and general nervous signs (4.09%). Two dogs were suspected with rabies. Maggot infestations, tick infections, poisoning, bone fractures, otitis, pyometras, bite wounds, mammary tumors, hernias, abscesses, and anemic conditions collectively accounted for nearly 24.58%. Results presented in this study can be a reference for non-government organizations involving in rescue and treatment of sick and injured street dogs to plan their activities.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 53-56
Factors influencing sexual behaviour between tourists and tourism employees: A systematic review
Authors: Simkhada Padam P , Sharma Aditi , Van Teijlingen Edwin R , Beanland Rachel L
Published: March 2016

Background: Increased travel abroad has a significant impact on the incidence and prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Previous reviews have focused on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of tourists and acquisition of STIs. Less is known about the impact on tourism operators in countries visited by tourists.  The aim of this review is to ascertain factors influencing sexual behaviour between workers in the tourism industry and tourists; exploring the prevalence of sexual behaviour between the two populations, their perceptions of sexual risk while engaging in sexual activities and the knowledge of tourism operators regarding STIs.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted. Database searches were performed in Medline/Ovid, EMBASE, Cochrane library and CINAHL for studies published between 2000 and March 2016. Grey literature searches were completed in the NHS database and Google Scholar between 2000 and December 2013. Papers were independently selected by two researchers. Data were extracted and critically appraised using a pre-designed extraction form and adapted CASP checklist.

Results: The search identified 1,602 studies and 16 were included after review of the full text. Studies were conducted in nine countries. Findings suggest that STI knowledge, attitude and practice were fairly good among tourists and tourism workers, but there is a need for pre-travel advice for travellers, especially those travelling to low and middle-income countries. Greater importance was given to tourists than to tourism operators and locals interacting with tourists. Studies suggest that as a group both tourist and tourist workers were likely to engage in sexual activities. Overall, both condom use and STI screening were low, among tourists as well as tourism operators. Furthermore, studies reported links between drug and alcohol use and sexual behaviour and risk taking.

Conclusion: Although less research appeared to have been conducted among tourism workers than tourists, it does demonstrate the need for education, training and promotion of travel medicine. STI screening, pre-travel advice, travel history in terms of contracting STIs and safe-sex awareness-raising are needed. More and better sexual health education and relevant tourism policies are needed globally. 
A Post Publication Review of " A Review and Comparative Analysis of Security Risks and Safety Measures of Mobile Health Apps"
Authors: Burmeister Oliver Kisalay
Published: March 2016

A short post publication review of a recent AJIS paper.
Five-year clinical results of cervical total disc replacement compared with anterior discectomy and fusion for treatment of 2-level symptomatic degenerative disc disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption clinical trial
Authors: Radcliff Kris , Coric Domagoj , Albert Todd
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to report the outcome of a study of 2-level cervical total disc replacement (Mobi-C) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Although the long-term outcome of single-level disc replacement has been extensively described, there have not been previous reports of the 5-year outcome of 2-level cervical disc replacement.

METHODS

This study reports the 5-year results of a prospective, randomized US FDA investigational device exemption (IDE) study conducted at 24 centers in patients with 2-level, contiguous, cervical spondylosis. Clinical outcomes at up to 60 months were evaluated, including validated outcome measures, incidence of reoperation, and adverse events. The complete study data and methodology were critically reviewed by 3 independent surgeon authors without affiliation with the IDE study or financial or institutional bias toward the study sponsor.

RESULTS

A total of 225 patients received the Mobi-C cervical total disc replacement device and 105 patients received ACDF. The Mobi-C and ACDF follow-up rates were 90.7% and 86.7%, respectively (p = 0.39), at 60 months. There was significant improvement in all outcome scores relative to baseline at all time points. The Mobi-C patients had significantly more improvement than ACDF patients in terms of Neck Disability Index score, SF-12 Physical Component Summary, and overall satisfaction with treatment at 60 months. The reoperation rate was significantly lower with Mobi-C (4%) versus ACDF (16%). There were no significant differences in the adverse event rate between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Both cervical total disc replacement and ACDF significantly improved general and disease-specific measures compared with baseline. However, there was significantly greater improvement in general and disease-specific outcome measures and a lower rate of reoperation in the 2-level disc replacement patients versus ACDF control patients.

Clinical trial registration no. NCT00389597 (clinicaltrials.gov)
Deep brain stimulator implantation in a diagnostic MRI suite: infection history over a 10-year period
Authors: Martin Alastair J. , Larson Paul S. , Ziman Nathan , Levesque Nadja , Volz Monica , Ostrem Jill L. , Starr Philip A.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of postoperative hardware infection following interventional (i)MRI–guided implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in a diagnostic MRI scanner.

METHODS

A diagnostic 1.5-T MRI scanner was used over a 10-year period to implant DBS electrodes for movement disorders. The MRI suite did not meet operating room standards with respect to airflow and air filtration but was prepared and used with conventional sterile procedures by an experienced surgical team. Deep brain stimulation leads were implanted while the patient was in the magnet, and patients returned 1–3 weeks later to undergo placement of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) and extender wire in a conventional operating room. Surgical site infections requiring the removal of part or all of the DBS system within 6 months of implantation were scored as postoperative hardware infections in a prospective database.

RESULTS

During the 10-year study period, the authors performed 164 iMRI-guided surgical procedures in which 272 electrodes were implanted. Patients ranged in age from 7 to 78 years, and an overall infection rate of 3.6% was found. Bacterial cultures indicated Staphylococcus epidermis (3 cases), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (2 cases), or Propionibacterium sp. (1 case). A change in sterile practice occurred after the first 10 patients, leading to a reduction in the infection rate to 2.6% (4 cases in 154 procedures) over the remainder of the procedures. Of the 4 infections in this patient subset, all occurred at the IPG site.

CONCLUSIONS

Interventional MRI–guided DBS implantation can be performed in a diagnostic MRI suite with an infection risk comparable to that reported for traditional surgical placement techniques provided that sterile procedures, similar to those used in a regular operating room, are practiced.
A rock and a hard place: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor dilemmas in addressing perinatal mood and anxiety disorders
Authors: Stohl H. , Kohm A.D. , Dossett E.
Published: March 2016

Untreated perinatal depression and anxiety increase the risk of pregnancy complications, introducing significant maternal and neonatal complications. Unfortunately, antidepressant treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is similarly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Providers should consider all maternal and fetal outcomes when addressing this dilemma.
Incorrect umbilical vein catheterization is associated with severe periventricular hemorrhages and mortality in extremely premature newborns
Authors: Kurtom Waleed , Quast Deborah , Worley Leslie , Oelberg David G.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the relationship between umbilical vein catheter (UVC) placement and death in extremely premature newborns (<29 weeks gestation).

STUDY DESIGN:

Utilizing a retrospective, case-control study design, results for newborns that received UVC placements and died were compared with those who received UVC placements and survived ( n = 719) by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.

RESULT:

Death rate was 30% in infants with low lines versus 16% in those without ( p = 0.012). High UVC tip placement significantly and independently increased severe periventricular hemorrhages ( p = 0.014). Severe periventricular hemorrhage increased death rates by 3-fold independent of gestational age ( p <  0.001). Proper line placement significantly reduced severe periventricular hemorrhage by 2.5-fold independent of gestational age ( p = 0.019).

CONCLUSION:

In extremely premature newborns, incorrect UVC placement is significantly associated with death through its relation to severe periventricular hemorrhage.
Characterization of new cardioprotective principle isolated from methanolic extract of Allium humile leaves from Himalayan region
Authors: Dobhal Yogita , Parcha Versha , Dhasmana D. C.
Published: March 2016

In modern era scientists have been trying to validate many properties of Allium species, especially in terms of the identity of the active components, their mechanism of action and exploring the potential benefits as food supplements. Thus, the present study has been designed to characterize the isolated cardioprotective compound from Allium humile leaves. Chromatographic purification of the methanolic extract of A. humile leaves isolated ajoene (enol form) (AH-1)- a new potent cardioprotective principle, along with three known compounds allicin (AH-2) and alliin (AH-3) and a flavonoid quercetin (AH-4). The structures of all the isolates (AH-1, AH-2) were characterized by using modern spectroscopic analysis UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the new isolated compound pharmacologically conformed for cardioprotective effect. The data of known compounds (AH-2, AH-4) were further compared with the reported data for these compounds.

 
Health impact of screen time
Authors: Rasul CH
Published: March 2016

Abstract not availableBang Med J (Khulna) 2015; 48 : 1-2
Role of human chorionic gonadotrophin to prevent repeated early pregnancy loss
Authors: Saha Eti , Begum Fouzia , Jesmin Zannatul Ferdous
Published: March 2016

Early pregnancy loss is a frustrating experience for both the patient and the physician. Approximately 5% of couples trying to conceive have 2 consecutive miscarriages and approximately 1% couples have 3 or more consecutive losses. Objective of this study is to determine whether therapy with dydrogesterone or Human chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone (HCG) in history of repeated pregnancy loss during the first trimester of pregnancy will improve pregnancy outcome. This is a prospective open comparative study.Women having early pregnancy presenting to a private clinic with history of early pregnancy loss, having no medical disorder were included in this study. Eligible subjects were randomised to receive either dydrogesterone 20mg daily or injection Human Chorionic Gonadotrophins (HCG) 5000 iu intramuscularly at 72 hours interval up to fourteen weeks of pregnancy or no additional treatment. Follow up of those patients were done with transabdominal ultrasonography. Hundred women were recruited. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups with regard to pretreatment status. The continuing pregnancy success rate was higher in women treated with dydrogesterone (79.17%) and highest with Injection Human Chorionic, Gonadotrophin (86.36%) compared with women received no treatment (70%), (p=0.358). Hormonal support with either dydrogesterone or Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin may increase the chances of a successful pregnancy in women with a history of spontaneous abortion.Bang Med J (Khulna) 2015; 48 : 7-10
Evaluation of risk factors associated with stroke
Authors: Ahamed Md Saad , Chowdhury Mir Mahfuzul Hoque , Chowdhury Poritosh Kumar , Hossain Md Altaf
Published: March 2016

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and is the third commonest cause of death worldwide. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with disability and social dependence throughout the world. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among purposively selected one hundred and seventy patients with stroke admitted at Kushtia Medical College Hospital, Kushtia from July 2014 to June 2015 to evaluate the different modifiable risk factors and their frequency among stroke patients. Stroke patients with more than 24 hours duration presenting within seven days of onset irrespective of age, sex and demographic profile were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were thoroughly evaluated for the presence of risk factors. Data were collected by investigators themselves. Out of 170 confirmed cases of stroke, 89 (52.35%) were male, while 81 (47.65%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 63.74 years with a standard deviation of 16.5 years. The highest incidence 43 (24.70%) of stroke was in the age group of 60 to 69 years. As many as 122 (71.76%) had ischaemic stroke, while 48 (28.24%) had haemorrhagic stroke. At least 119 (70.00%) cases were hypertensive. 41 (24.11%) cases had diabetes mellitus, 31 (18.23%) had hyperlipidaemia, 52 (30.6%) were smokers and 25 (14.70%) had past history of stroke. Among 81 female patients, 66 (81.48%) were in post-menopausal, whereas 15 (18.52%) were in the reproductive age group. Of them 5 (33.33%) had history of taking oral hormonal contraceptive. Hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia are the identified modifiable risk factors associated with stroke.Bang Med J (Khulna) 2015; 48 : 24-27
Medical students’ satisfaction with the Applied Basic Clinical Seminar with Scenarios for Students, a novel simulation-based learning method in Greece
Authors: Pantelidis Panteleimon , Staikoglou Nikolaos , Paparoidamis Georgios , Drosos Christos , Karamaroudis Stefanos , Samara Athina , Keskinis Christodoulos , Sideris Michail , Giannakoulas George , Tsoulfas Georgios , Karagiannis Asterios
Published: March 2016

Purpose: The integration of simulation-based learning (SBL) methods holds promise for improving the medical education system in Greece. The Applied Basic Clinical Seminar with Scenarios for Students (ABCS3) is a novel two-day SBL course that was designed by the Scientific Society of Hellenic Medical Students. The ABCS3 targeted undergraduate medical students and consisted of three core components: the case-based lectures, the ABCDE hands-on station, and the simulation-based clinical scenarios. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the general educational environment of the course, as well as the skills and knowledge acquired by the participants. Methods: Two sets of questions were distributed to the participants: the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire and an internally designed feedback questionnaire (InEv). A multiple-choice examination was also distributed prior to the course and following its completion. A total of 176 participants answered the DREEM questionnaire, 56 the InEv, and 60 the MCQs. Results: The overall DREEM score was 144.61(±28.05) out of 200. Delegates who participated in both the case-based lectures and the interactive scenarios core components scored higher than those who only completed the case-based lecture session (P=0.038). The mean overall feedback score was 4.12(±0.56) out of 5. Students scored significantly higher on the post-test than on the pre-test (P<0.001). Conclusion: The ABCS3 was found to be an effective SBL program, as medical students reported positive opinions about their experiences and exhibited improvements in their clinical knowledge and skills.
Ensemble Forecasts: Probabilistic Seasonal Forecasts Based on a Model Ensemble
Authors: Aizenman Hannah , Grossberg Michael , Krakauer Nir , Gladkova Irina
Published: March 2016

Ensembles of general circulation model (GCM) integrations yield predictions for meteorological conditions in future months. Such predictions have implicit uncertainty resulting from model structure, parameter uncertainty, and fundamental randomness in the physical system. In this work, we build probabilistic models for long-term forecasts that include the GCM ensemble values as inputs but incorporate statistical correction of GCM biases and different treatments of uncertainty. Specifically, we present, and evaluate against observations, several versions of a probabilistic forecast for gridded air temperature 1 month ahead based on ensemble members of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2). We compare the forecast performance against a baseline climatology based probabilistic forecast, using average information gain as a skill metric. We find that the error in the CFSv2 output is better represented by the climatological variance than by the distribution of ensemble members because the GCM ensemble sometimes suffers from unrealistically little dispersion. Lack of ensemble spread leads a probabilistic forecast whose variance is based on the ensemble dispersion alone to underperform relative to a baseline probabilistic forecast based only on climatology, even when the ensemble mean is corrected for bias. We also show that a combined regression based model that includes climatology, temperature from recent months, trend, and the GCM ensemble mean yields a probabilistic forecast that outperforms approaches using only past observations or GCM outputs. Improvements in predictive skill from the combined probabilistic forecast vary spatially, with larger gains seen in traditionally hard to predict regions such as the Arctic.
Nonlinear Phenomena of Ultracold Atomic Gases in Optical Lattices: Emergence of Novel Features in Extended States
Authors: Watanabe Gentaro , Venkatesh B. , Dasgupta Raka
Published: March 2016

The system of a cold atomic gas in an optical lattice is governed by two factors: nonlinearity originating from the interparticle interaction, and the periodicity of the system set by the lattice. The high level of controllability associated with such an arrangement allows for the study of the competition and interplay between these two, and gives rise to a whole range of interesting and rich nonlinear effects. This review covers the basic idea and overview of such nonlinear phenomena, especially those corresponding to extended states. This includes “swallowtail” loop structures of the energy band, Bloch states with multiple periodicity, and those in “nonlinear lattices”, i.e., systems with the nonlinear interaction term itself being a periodic function in space.
Performance of Natural Ester as a Transformer Oil in Moisture-Rich Environments
Authors: Bandara Kapila , Ekanayake Chandima , Saha Tapan , Ma Hui
Published: March 2016

Interest has risen among utilities in using natural ester (NE) insulating oils in transformers as a substitute for conventional mineral oil. However, present understanding on aging behaviour of NE-paper composite insulation system and knowledge on application of existing condition monitoring tools for NE-based insulation are inadequate. This limits the cost effective and reliable field applications of NE insulating oil. To pave the way the application of NE-based insulation in transformers, a systematic study has been performed to compare the aging behaviour of transformer grade pressboard (PB) impregnated in NE and conventional mineral oil. Applicability of a number of chemical and physical parameters, including acidity value, dielectric dissipation factor (DDF), viscosity, and colour for assessing the quality of NE insulating oil is also discussed in this paper. Comparisons are made based on the limiting values provided in the related IEEE Standard and properties of mineral oil under similar aging conditions.
Microparticles for Sustained Growth Factor Delivery in the Regeneration of Critically-Sized Segmental Tibial Bone Defects
Authors: Kirby Giles , White Lisa , Steck Roland , Berner Arne , Bogoevski Kristofor , Qutachi Omar , Jones Brendan , Saifzadeh Siamak , Hutmacher Dietmar , Shakesheff Kevin , Woodruff Maria
Published: March 2016

This study trialled the controlled delivery of growth factors within a biodegradable scaffold in a large segmental bone defect model. We hypothesised that co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) could be more effective in stimulating bone repair than the delivery of BMP-2 alone. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA ) based microparticles were used as a delivery system to achieve a controlled release of growth factors within a medical-grade Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. The scaffolds were assessed in a well-established preclinical ovine tibial segmental defect measuring 3 cm. After six months, mechanical properties and bone tissue regeneration were assessed. Mineralised bone bridging of the defect was enhanced in growth factor treated groups. The inclusion of VEGF and PDGF (with BMP-2) had no significant effect on the amount of bone regeneration at the six-month time point in comparison to BMP-2 alone. However, regions treated with VEGF and PDGF showed increased vascularity. This study demonstrates an effective method for the controlled delivery of therapeutic growth factors in vivo, using microparticles.
Nanoparticles Suitable for BCAA Isolation Can Serve for Use in Magnetic Lipoplex-Based Delivery System for L, I, V, or R-rich Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Vesely Radek , Jelinkova Pavlina , Hegerova Dagmar , Cernei Natalia , Kopel Pavel , Moulick Amitava , Richtera Lukas , Heger Zbynek , Adam Vojtech , Zitka Ondrej
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a liposome cavity resulting in a delivery system. Analyses of valine and leucine in entire complex show that 31.3% and 32.6% recoveries are reached for those amino acids. Evaluation of results shows that the success rate of delivery in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is higher in the case of BCAAs on nanoparticles entrapped in liposomes (28.7% and 34.7% for valine and leucine, respectively) when compared to nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope (18.3% and 13.7% for valine and leucine, respectively). The nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope exhibit the negative zeta potential (−9.1 ± 0.3 mV); however, their encapsulation results in a shift into positive values (range of 28.9 ± 0.4 to 33.1 ± 0.5 mV). Thus, electrostatic interactions with negatively-charged cell membranes (approx. −50 mV in the case of E. coli) leads to a better uptake of cargo. Our delivery system was finally tested with the leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide (FALALKALKKALKKLKKALKKAL) and it is shown that hemocompatibility (7.5%) and antimicrobial activity of the entire complex against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is comparable or better than conventional penicillin antibiotics.
Preparation of Calcined Zirconia-Carbon Composite from Metal Organic Frameworks and Its Application to Adsorption of Crystal Violet and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Hasan Zubair , Cho Dong-Wan , Nam In-Hyun , Chon Chul-Min , Song Hocheol
Published: March 2016

Zirconia-carbon (ZC) composites were prepared via calcination of Zr-based metal organic frameworks, UiO-66 and amino-functionalized UiO-66, under N2 atmosphere. The prepared composites were characterized using a series of instrumental analyses. The surface area of the ZC composites increased with the increase of calcination temperature, with the formation of a graphite oxide phase observed at 900 °C. The composites were used for adsorptive removal of a dye (crystal violet, CV) and a pharmaceutical and personal care product (salicylic acid, SA). The increase of the calcination temperature resulted in enhanced adsorption capability of the composites toward CV. The composite calcined at 900 °C exhibited a maximum uptake of 243 mg·g−1, which was much greater than that by a commercial activated carbon. The composite was also effective in SA adsorption (102 mg·g−1), and N-functionalization of the composite further enhanced its adsorption capability (109 mg·g−1). CV adsorption was weakly influenced by solution pH, but was more dependent on the surface area and pore volume of the ZC composite. Meanwhile, SA adsorption showed strong pH dependence, which implies an active role of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption process. Base-base repulsion and hydrogen bonding are also suggested to influence the adsorption of CV and SA, especially for the N-functionalized composite.
Fabrication of a GMA-co-EDMA Monolith in a 2.0 mm i.d. Polypropylene Housing
Authors: Iacono Marcello , Connolly Damian , Heise Andreas
Published: March 2016

Polymers are interesting housing materials for the fabrication of inexpensive monolithic chromatography and solid phase extraction (SPE) devices. Challenges arise when polymeric monoliths are formed in non-conical, cylindrical tubes of larger diameter due to potential monolith detachment from the housing wall resulting in loss of separation performance and mechanical stability. Here, a two-step protocol is applied to ensure formation of robust homogeneous methacrylate monolith in polypropylene (PP) tubing with a diameter of 2.0 mm. Detailed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging confirm the successful pre-modification of the tubing wall with an anchoring layer of cross-linked ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Subsequent formation of an EDMA-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monolith in the PP tube resulted in a homogeneous monolithic polymer with enhanced mechanical stability as compared to non-anchored monoliths.
Restraining Sodium Volatilization in the Ferric Bauxite Direct Reduction System
Authors: Hu Wentao , Wang Huajun , Liu Xinwei , Sun Chuanyao , Duan Xuqin
Published: March 2016

Direct reduction is an emerging utilization technology of ferric bauxite. However, it requires much more sodium carbonate than ordinary bauxite does. The volatilization is one of the most significant parts of sodium carbonate consumption, as reported in previous studies. Based on the new direct reduction method for utilization of ferric bauxite, this paper has systematically investigated factors including heating temperature, heating time, and sodium carbonate dosage influencing sodium volatilization. For the purpose of reducing sodium volatilization, the Box–Benhken design was employed, and the possibility of separating iron and sodium after direct reduction was also investigated.
sym-Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives as Promising Organic Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Acidic Solution
Authors: El-Faham Ayman , Dahlous Kholood , AL Othman Zeid , Al-Lohedan Hamad , El-Mahdy Gamal
Published: March 2016

Triazine derivatives, namely, 2,4,6-tris(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (T3Q), N2,N4,N6-tris(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (T3AMPy) and 2,2′,2′′-[(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(azanediyl)] tris(ethan-1-ol) (T3EA) were synthesized and their inhibition of steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using electrochemical techniques. The corrosion protection of the prepared compounds increased with increasing concentration and reached up to 98% at 250 ppm. The adsorption of T3Q, T3AMPy, and T3EA on the steel surface was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The electrochemical results revealed that T3Q, T3AMPy and T3EA act as excellent organic inhibitors and can labeled as mixed type inhibitors. The efficiencies of the tested compounds were affected by the nature of the side chain present in the triazine ring, where T3EA gave the least inhibition while T3Q and T3AMPy gave higher and almost the same inhibition effects. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from the different electrochemical techniques were in good agreement.
THE THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY: CLOUD-BASED MOCK GALAXY CATALOGS*
Authors: Bernyk Maksym , Croton Darren J. , Tonini Chiara , Hodkinson Luke , Hassan Amr H. , Garel Thibault , Duffy Alan R. , Mutch Simon J. , Poole Gregory B. , Hegarty Sarah
Published: March 2016

We introduce the Theoretical Astrophysical Observatory (TAO), an online virtual laboratory that houses mock observations of galaxy survey data. Such mocks have become an integral part of the modern analysis pipeline. However, building them requires expert knowledge of galaxy modeling and simulation techniques, significant investment in software development, and access to high performance computing. These requirements make it difficult for a small research team or individual to quickly build a mock catalog suited to their needs. To address this TAO offers access to multiple cosmological simulations and semi-analytic galaxy formation models from an intuitive and clean web interface. Results can be funnelled through science modules and sent to a dedicated supercomputer for further processing and manipulation. These modules include the ability to (1) construct custom observer light cones from the simulation data cubes; (2) generate the stellar emission from star formation histories, apply dust extinction, and compute absolute and/or apparent magnitudes; and (3) produce mock images of the sky. All of TAO’s features can be accessed without any programming requirements. The modular nature of TAO opens it up for further expansion in the future.
Genotyping of Indian antigenic, vaccine, and field Brucella spp. using multilocus sequence typing
Authors: Shome Rajeswari , Krithiga Natesan , Shankaranarayana Padmashree B , Jegadesan Sankarasubramanian , Udayakumar S Vishnu , Shome Bibek Ranjan , Saikia Girin Kumar , Sharma Narendra Kumar , Chauhan Harshad , Chandel Bharat Singh , Jeyaprakash Rajendhran , Rahman Habibur
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Brucellosis  is one of the most important zoonotic diseases that affects  multiple livestock species and causes great economic losses. The highly conserved genomes of Brucella, with > 90% homology among species, makes it important to study the genetic diversity circulating in the country. Methodology: A total of 26 Brucella spp. (4 reference strains and 22 field isolates) and 1 B. melitensis draft genome sequence from India (B. melitensis Bm IND1) were included for sequence typing. The field isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by both conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting bcsp 31Brucella genus-specific marker. Brucella speciation and biotyping was done by Bruce ladder, probe qPCR, and AMOS PCRs, respectively, and genotyping was done by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: The MLST typing of 27 Brucella spp. revealed five distinct sequence types (STs); the B. abortus S99 reference strain and 21 B. abortus field isolates belonged to ST1. On the other hand, the vaccine strain B. abortus S19 was genotyped as ST5. Similarly, B. melitensis 16M reference strain and one B. melitensis field isolate were grouped into ST7. Another B. melitensis field isolate belonged to ST8 (draft genome sequence from India), and only B. suis 1330 reference strain was found to be ST14. Conclusion: The sequences revealed genetic similarity of the Indian strains to the global reference and field strains. The study highlights the usefulness of MLST for typing of field isolates and validation of reference strains used for diagnosis and vaccination against brucellosis.
Antimicrobial effect of probiotics on bacterial species from dental plaque
Authors: Zambori Csilla , Morvay Attila Alexandru , Sala Claudia , Licker Monica , Gurban Camelia , Tanasie Gabriela , Tirziu Emil
Published: March 2016

Introduction: The antimicrobial role of probiotic Lactobacillus casei subspecies casei DG (L. casei DG) and of the mix culture of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 was tested on species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera from supragingival sites from dogs with dental disease of different breed, age, sex, weight, and diet. The research was conducted on these four genera because of their importance in zoonotic infections after dog bites. Methodology: Species from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera were isolated and identified. To test the antimicrobial efficacy of L. casei DG and the mixed culture of probiotic L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12 on the pathogenic species, the agar overlay method was used. Results: L. casei DG had a bactericidal effect on all analyzed species isolated from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, and Neisseria genera after 24 hours of incubation. The mixed probiotic culture made up of L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 species had no bactericidal effect on the species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera, which were resistant. However, it had a bacteriostatic effect on several species of Pasteurella and Neisseria genera. Conclusions: This work highlights the antimicrobial potential of probiotics in vitro, demonstrating that the probiotic L. casei DG has a bactericidal effect on all analyzed species isolated from dental plaque and that the mix culture of probiotic L. acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 has only a bacteriostatic effect.
Harmonia manillana (Mulsant), a new addition to Indian Coccinellidae, with changes in synonymy
Authors: Poorani J. , Booth Roger
Published: March 2016

Harmonia dunlopi (Crotch), a rare lady beetle species, was originally described from 'India' by Crotch (1874). But information on subsequent sightings of this species is absent and it has not been reported by anyone from India and its neighbouring countries ever since its original description. Because of this, Indian records of H. dunlopi were suspected to be probably misidentifications of H. dimidiata (F.), a species common in northern and northeastern India and also widely distributed in the Oriental region.

A single male specimen of a species collected in recent surveys from Arunachal Pradesh, India, was suspected to be H. dunlopi. Comparison of this specimen with the collections at the Natural History Museum, London, confirmed that it belonged to Harmonia manillana (Mulsant), hitherto known from Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Harmonia manillana is a highly polymorphic species with many synonyms and based on examination of the type material, the following nomenclatural changes are proposed. Harmonia dunlopi was found to be only a color variant of H. manillana and hence it is reduced to a junior synonym of H. manillana (syn. nov.). Harmonia decussata (Crotch 1874) is removed from synonymy with H. manillana and reinstated as a valid species (stat. rev.) and H. flavomarginata Bielawski 1968 is a new junior synonym of H. decussata (syn. nov.). This is the first record of H. manillana for India and South Asia. The male genitalia of H. manillana are illustrated and compared with those of H. dimidiata, the more common Indian species, to facilitate its recognition.
Revitaliser l’industrie grâce à l’innovation
Authors: Molina Antonio
Published: March 2016

Antonio Molina rachète une entreprise de peinture et définit une stratégie ambitieuse : croissance externe, choix du marché du ferroviaire, puis de l’automobile et de l’aéronautique, accent sur la R&D. Un succès par l’audace et la curiosité scientifique.
Les entreprises de taille intermédiaire : comment être petit et mondial
Authors: Bouygues Bruno , Guérin Anne , Puzo Joseph
Published: March 2016

L’internationalisation est onéreuse et risquée pour les ETI. Comment s’implanter au loin, nouer des relations d’affaires en s’adaptant aux traditions locales, financer des développements ? Sur quelles ressources externes et internes s’appuyer ?
La géopolitique des énergies renouvelables : amélioration de la sécurité énergétique et / ou nouvelles dépendances ?
Authors: Hache Emmanuel
Published: March 2016

L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les conséquences géopolitiques d’une diffusion des énergies renouvelables (ENR) au niveau international. Les défis engendrés par les politiques de transition énergétique pourraient paradoxalement se révéler au moins aussi complexes que la géopolitique énergétique actuelle. Aux acteurs traditionnels risquent en effet de s’ajouter de nouvelles relations plus locales, plus décentralisées, dans lesquelles se cumuleront dimensions techniques, économiques, sociologiques et comportementales, spatiales et juridiques. D’un point de vue macroéconomique, s’il serait tentant de conclure que la transition vers des ENR marquera progressivement la fin de la géopolitique liée aux fossiles, il faut au contraire s’interroger sur les transformations des relations entre États, avec notamment de nombreuses questions concernant les économies des pays producteurs. Enfin, une diffusion massive des ENR dans le mix énergétique mondial pourrait conduire à de nouvelles dépendances.
L’évaluation de la mise en œuvre du Plan pluriannuel contre la pauvreté et pour l’inclusion sociale
Authors: Dubreu Malka
Published: March 2016

Le Plan pluriannuel de lutte contre la pauvreté et pour l’inclusion sociale a fait l’objet de deux évaluations par l’Inspection générale des affaires sociales ( igas ). Il s’agit d’un exemple intéressant d’évaluation des politiques publiques qui contribue à l’objectif de « refondation du travail social », mais qui pose, en même temps, de multiples problèmes.