bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of human bronchial epithelial cells by inflammatory cytokines IL‐27 and TNF‐α: Implications for immunopathophysiology of airway inflammation
Authors: Cao Ju , Wong Chun K. , Yin Yibing , Lam Christopher W.K.
Published: March 2010

Interleukin (IL)‐27 is a member of IL‐6/IL‐12 family cytokines produced by antigen‐presenting cells in immune responses. IL‐27 can drive the commitment of naive T cells to a T helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype and inhibit inflammation in later phases of infection. Human bronchial epithelial cells have been shown to express IL‐27 receptor complex. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of IL‐27, alone or in combination with inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α on the pro‐inflammatory activation of human primary bronchial epithelial cells and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanisms. IL‐27 was found to enhance intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) expression on the surface of human bronchial epithelial cells, and a synergistic effect was observed in the combined treatment of IL‐27 and TNF‐α on the expression of ICAM‐1. Although IL‐27 did not alter the basal IL‐6 secretion from bronchial epithelial cells, it could significantly augment TNF‐α‐induced IL‐6 release. These synergistic effects on the up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 and IL‐6 were partially due to the elevated expression of TNF‐α receptor (p55TNFR) induced by IL‐27. Further investigations showed that the elevation of ICAM‐1 and IL‐6 in human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by IL‐27 and TNF‐α was differentially regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3‐OH kinase (PI3K)‐Akt, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor‐κB pathways. Our results therefore provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in airway inflammation. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:788–797, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein–protein interactions involving IKKγ (NEMO) that promote the activation of NF‐κB
Authors: Shifera Amde Selassie
Published: March 2010

Inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) gamma (IKKγ), also referred to as nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) essential modulator (NEMO), is an important regulatory component of the IKK complex. The IKK complex is a signalosome that catalyzes the inducible phosphorylation of IκB proteins, which is a key step that leads to the activation of NF‐κB. The exact functions of IKKγ (NEMO) as part of the IKK complex have not yet been fully elucidated. This mini‐review covers 16 proteins that have been reported to bind to IKKγ and lead to the enhancement of the activities of the IKK complex, thus resulting in NF‐κB activation. The major mechanisms by which these interactions are mediated involve the recognition of ubiquitinated upstream signaling components by IKKγ or the modification of IKKγ itself by ubiquitination. Additional mechanisms include the sumoylation or phosphorylation of IKKγ and the modification of the tertiary or quaternary structure of IKKγ. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:558–561, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Merkel cells and permanent disesthesia in the oral mucosa after soft tissue grafts
Authors: Aimetti M. , Romano F. , Cricenti L. , Perotto S. , Gotti S. , Panzica G. , Graziano A.
Published: March 2010

Connective tissue grafts are routinely procedures in the treatment of gingival defects. The clinical success of the gingival tissue graft procedures anyway should ensure not only the aesthetic integration between the tissues but also the physiological activity of the graft in terms of sensitivity and immunity because the skin and the mucosae constitute the first natural aspecific borders against pathogens. The aim of this paper was to investigate nervous net recovery after connective graft procedure, in relation with sensorial alteration in the injured area. Results showed that there is a close link among the number of Merkel cells and the alteration of sensations. Merkel cells can be found isolated standing in the basal layer, supposed to have neuroendocrine functions in the epithelia or in larger group not associated with nerves; when found in association with nerves they are named Merkel complexes, acting as slow adapter mechanical receptor. Our data can be explained in two ways: Merkel cells increase as a consequence of tissue injury, a sort of “SOS cells” that secrete neuroendocrine signals to guide tissue healing; as an alternative the presence of the Merkel cells could be read as a derailment of tissue regeneration with the stop of cellular differentiation in the direction of an abnormal proliferation, a sort of mad stem cell. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:205–209, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β1 integrins mediate cell proliferation in three‐dimensional cultures by regulating expression of the sonic hedgehog effector protein, GLI1
Authors: Goel Hira Lal , Underwood Jean M. , Nickerson Jeffrey A. , Hsieh Chung‐Cheng , Languino Lucia R.
Published: March 2010

The β1 integrins play an important role in the modulation of cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. We have previously shown that β1 integrins associate with insulin‐like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF‐IR) and regulate IGF‐stimulated prostate cancer cell proliferation. In the present study, we find that downregulation of β1 in prostate cancer cells inhibits IGF‐IR and AKT activation. We also show that β1 downregulation in two‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) prostate cancer cell cultures significantly reduces expression of GLI1, a transcription factor known to be regulated by the IGF/AKT signaling pathway and to be a downstream effector of sonic hedgehog. Re‐expression of GLI1 rescues the inhibitory effect of β1 downregulation on prostate cancer cell proliferation in 3D cultures. We find that downregulation of β1 significantly reduces surface expression of the associated α5 integrin subunit. Our results indicate that the β1/IGF–IR complex regulates expression of GLI1, which in turn promotes cancer cell proliferation in 3D cultures. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:210–217, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycolysis links p53 function with NF‐κB signaling: Impact on cancer and aging process
Authors: Salminen Antero , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: March 2010

In 1930, Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells produce an increased amount of their energy through aerobic glycolysis and subsequently, this was called the Warburg effect. During aging, the capacity for mitochondrial respiration clearly declines and aerobic glycolysis appears to compensate for the deficiency in oxidative metabolism. This shift in energy production, both in aging and cancer, could protect from the toxic effects of oxygen free radicals whereas increased glycolysis can have adverse effects. It was recently demonstrated that the glycolysis‐linked protein O‐glycosylation can potentiate the catalytic activity of IKKβ and subsequently trigger NF‐κB signaling. It seems that tumor suppressor oncogene p53 has an important role in the regulation of protein O‐glycosylation since p53 is a potent inhibitor of glycolysis, for example, via TIGAR protein expression. Aging is known to repress the function of p53 and this could enhance glycolysis and NF‐κB signaling. We will discuss the role of p53 in the regulation of glycolysis‐dependent activation of NF‐κB signaling in both cancer and aging process. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:1–6, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐translational modulation of CD133 expression during sodium butyrate‐induced differentiation of HT29 human colon cancer cells: Implications for its detection
Authors: Sgambato A. , Puglisi M.A. , Errico F. , Rafanelli F. , Boninsegna A. , Rettino A. , Genovese G. , Coco C. , Gasbarrini A. , Cittadini A.
Published: March 2010

The CD133 molecule has been proposed as a surface marker of cancer stem cells in several human malignancies, including colon cancers. The function and the mechanisms regulating CD133 expression remain unknown. The HT29 human colon cancer cells undergo differentiation following treatment with various agents and represent a useful in vitro model of colon differentiation. This study evaluated the behavior of CD133 during sodium butyrate‐induced differentiation of HT29 cells. Treatment with sodium butyrate induced a progressive decrease of CD133 expression, as assessed by flow cytometry using the AC133 monoclonal antibody. Indeed, expression of CD133, which was about 47% in untreated control cells, gradually decreased down to about 3% after 72 h in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. No relationship was observed between CD133 protein evaluated by flow cytometry and mRNA expression level, and no changes were detected in the methylation status of the CD133 gene promoter during HT29 differentiation. Moreover, the expression of the CD133 protein, evaluated by Western blot analysis using a specific anti‐CD133 antibody directed against the C‐terminal intracytoplasmic region of human CD133 protein, did not correlate with flow cytometry results. Different results were also obtained using the two antibodies to analyze the expression of the CD133 molecule in human colon cancers. These findings demonstrate that membrane expression of the CD133 stem cell marker might undergo a complex regulation during differentiation of colon cells and suggest that HT29 cells are a useful in vitro model to study the mechanisms involved in this regulation which likely occurs at a post‐transcriptional level. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:234–241, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ozonation of a mixture of dialkylphthalates in aqueous solution
Authors: Tay Kheng Soo , Abd Rahman Noorsaadah , Abas Mhd Radzi Bin
Published: March 2010

Ozonation of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and dipropyl phthalate was carried out to evaluate the potential of ozonation for phthalate removal from water. Phthalates with longer alkyl chains, which are often more resistant to biodegradation were found to be more degradable than those with shorter alkyl chains. The degradation of phthalates by ozonation follows the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model. The rate of phthalates degradation increased exponentially with increasing temperature in the range studied (20 to 50 °C) and in proportion with applied ozone dosages. The rate of phthalates degradation was found to increase with increasing pH of the solution from 2.6 to 11.0, and decreased exponentially with increasing initial concentrations of the phthalates. Degradation of phthalates via ozonation was found to develop dominantly through direct reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of sonication assisted by titanium dioxide and ferrous ions on polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxicity removals from a petrochemical industry wastewater in Turkey
Authors: Sponza Delia Teresa , Oztekin Rukiye
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: In Izmir (Turkey) polyaromatic hydracarbon (PAH) removal efficiencies are low in petrochemical industry aerobic biological wastewater treatment plants because bacteria are not able to overcome the inhibition of these toxic and refractory organics. In order to increase PAHs removal, sonication process was chosen among other advanced treatment processes include sonication processes. The effects of ambient conditions, increasing sonication time, sonication temperature, TiO2 and Fe+2 concentrations on sonication at a petrochemical industry wastewater treatment plant in Izmir (Turkey) was investigated in a 650 W sonicator, at a frequency of 35 kHz and a 500 mL glass reactor.

RESULTS: Increasing the temperature improved PAH removal after 150 min sonication at 30 °C and 60 °C. The maximum total PAH removal efficiencies were the same in a reactor containing 20 mg L−1 TiO2 and in a TiO2‐free reactor at 30 °C and 60 °C after 150 min sonication. Maximum 91% and 97% total PAH removals were obtained in a control reactor and a reactor containing 20 mg L−1 Fe+2 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively, after 150 min sonication. The PAH concentration was toxic to Daphnia magna, so that the EC50 value decreased significantly from 342.56 ng mL−1 to EC50 = 9.88 ng mL−1 and to EC50 = 3.35 ng mL−1, at the lowest TiO2 (0.1 mg L−1) and Fe+2 (2 mg L−1) concentrations, respectively, after 150 min sonication at 30 °C.

CONCLUSION: PAHs and the acute toxicity in a petrochemical industry wastewater were removed efficiently through sonication. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification, confirmation and screening capability of UHPLC coupled to triple quadrupole and hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in pesticide residue analysis
Authors: Grimalt Susana , Sancho Juan V. , Pozo Óscar J. , Hernández Félix
Published: March 2010

The potential of three mass spectrometry (MS) analyzers (triple quadrupole, QqQ; time of flight, TOF; and quadrupole time of flight, QTOF) has been investigated and compared for quantification, confirmation and screening purposes in pesticide residue analysis of fruit and vegetable samples. For this purpose, analytical methodology for multiresidue determination of 11 pesticides, taken as a model, has been developed and validated in nine food matrices for the three mass analyzers coupled to ultra high pressure liquid chromatography. In all cases, limits of quantification around 0.01 mg/kg were reached, fulfilling the most restrictive case of baby‐food analysis. Regarding absolute sensitivity, the lower limits of detection were obtained, as expected, for QqQ (100 fg), whereas slightly higher limits (300 fg) were obtained for both TOF and QTOF. Confirmative capacity of each analyzer was studied for each analyte based on the identification points (IPs) criterion, useful for a comprehensive comparison. QTOF mass analyzer showed the highest confirmatory capacity, although QqQ normally led to sufficient number of IPs, even at lower concentration levels. The potential of TOF MS was also investigated for screening purposes. To this aim, around 50 commercial fruits and vegetables samples were analyzed, searching for more than 400 pesticides. TOF MS proved to be an attractive analytical tool for rapid detection and reliable identification of a large number of pesticides thanks to the full spectrum acquisition at accurate mass with satisfactory sensitivity. This process is readily boosted when combined with specialized software packages, together with theoretical exact mass databases. Several pesticides (e.g. carbendazim in citrus and indoxacarb in grape) were detected in the samples. Further unequivocal confirmation of the identity was performed using reference standards and/or QTOF MS/MS experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural identification of hindered amine light stabilisers in coil coatings using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lowe Troy A. , Paine Martin R. L. , Marshall David L. , Hick Larry A. , Boge Jenny A. , Barker Philip J. , Blanksby Stephen J.
Published: March 2010

Hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS) are the most effective antioxidants currently available for polymer systems in post‐production, in‐service applications, yet the mechanism of their action is still not fully understood. Structural characterisation of HALS in polymer matrices, particularly the identification of structural modifications brought about by oxidative conditions, is critical to aid mechanistic understanding of the prophylactic effects of these molecules. In this work, electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) was applied to the analysis of a suite of commercially available 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐based HALS. Fragmentation mechanisms for the [M + H]+ ions are proposed, which provide a rationale for the product ions observed in the MS/MS and MS3 mass spectra of N‐H, N‐CH3, N‐C(O)CH3 and N‐OR containing HALS (where R is an alkyl substituent). A common product ion at m/z 123 was identified for the group of antioxidants containing N‐H, N‐CH3 or N‐C(O)CH3 functionality, and this product ion was employed in precursor ion scans on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to identify the HALS species present in a crude extract from of a polyester‐based coil coating. Using MS/MS, two degradation products were unambiguously identified. This technique provides a simple and selective approach to monitoring HALS structures within complex matrices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Indo‐Pacific region from 1971 to 2005
Authors: Caesar J. , Alexander L. V. , Trewin B. , Tse‐ring K. , Sorany L. , Vuniyayawa V. , Keosavang N. , Shimana A. , Htay M. M. , Karmacharya J. , Jayasinghearachchi D. A. , Sakkamart J. , Soares E. , Hung L. T. , Thuong L. T. , Hue C. T. , Dung N. T. T. , Hung P. V. , Cuong H. D. , Cuong N. M. , Sirabaha S.
Published: March 2010

Up‐to‐date regional and local assessments of changing climate extremes are important to allow countries to make informed decisions on mitigation and adaptation strategies, and to put these changes into a global context. A workshop for countries from the Indo‐Pacific region has brought together daily observations from 13 countries for an analysis of climate extremes between 1971 and 2005. This paper makes use of the workshop outcomes and post‐workshop analyses to build on previous work in Southeast Asia to update the assessment of changing climate extremes using newly available station data. We utilise a consistent and widely tested methodology to allow a direct comparison of the results with those from other parts of the world. The relationship of inter‐annual variability in the climate extremes indices with sea surface temperature (SST) patterns has been investigated with a focus on the influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The results support findings from elsewhere around the globe that warm extremes, particularly at night, are increasing and cold extremes are decreasing. Trends in precipitation extremes are less spatially consistent across the region. © Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright 2010.
Raman microspectrometric investigationof urea in calcite and gypsum powder matrices
Authors: Culka Adam , Jehlička Jan
Published: March 2010

Raman microspectrometry was used for the nondestructive detection of urea in artificially prepared mineral matrices. Various concentrations of urea, a possible biomarker, mixed with calcite and gypsum powders were analyzed using the 514.5‐nm line of an argon laser. Two types of measurements were carried out: direct measurements of powders and analysis of the same mixtures through natural, transparent crystals of calcite and gypsum. The detection limit for urea in artificial powder mixtures was 1 wt% for both calcite and gypsum. In the case of measurements through the monocrystals, the detection limit was between 1 and 5 wt% for calcite and slightly above 5 wt% in the case of gypsum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Modigliani–Miller proposition after fifty years and its relation to entrepreneurial finance
Authors: mac an Bhaird Ciarán
Published: March 2010

Empirical evidence suggests that cost‐based considerations, firm‐specific characteristics, and owner‐specific factors — such as desire for control and managerial independence — are important determinants of capital structures of entrepreneurial firms.
Optimal financial contracting: control rights, incentives, and entrepreneurship
Authors: Fluck Zsuzsanna
Published: March 2010

Optimal financial contracting is particularly important for entrepreneurial firms with illiquid securities.
Retention of aroma compounds: an interlaboratory study on the effect of the composition of food matrices on thermodynamic parameters in comparison with water
Authors: Kopjar Mirela , Andriot Isabelle , Saint‐Eve Anne , Souchon Isabelle , Guichard Elisabeth
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: Partition coefficients give an indication of the retention of aroma compounds by the food matrix. Data in the literature are obtained by various methods, under various conditions and expressed in various units, and it is thus difficult to compare the results. The aim of the present study was first to obtain gas/water and gas/matrix partition coefficients of selected aroma compounds, at different temperatures, in order to calculate thermodynamic parameters and second to compare the retention of these aroma compounds in different food matrices.

RESULTS: Yogurts containing lipids and proteins induced a higher retention of aroma compounds than model gel matrices. The observed effects strongly depend on hydrophobicity of aroma compounds showing a retention for ethyl hexanoate and a salting out effect for ethyl acetate. A small but noticeable decrease in enthalpy of affinity is observed for ethyl butyrate and ethyl hexanoate between water and food matrices, suggesting that the energy needed for the volatilization is lower in matrices than in water.

CONCLUSION: The composition and complexity of a food matrix influence gas/matrix partition coefficients or aroma compounds in function of their hydrophobicity and to a lower extent enthalpy of vaporization. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxidation of diclofenac sodium by diperiodatoargantate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium and its determination in urine and blood by kinetic methods
Authors: Naik P. N. , Chimatadar S. A. , Nandibewoor S. T.
Published: March 2010

The kinetics and oxidation of diclofenac sodium (DFS) by diperiodatoargentate(III) (DPA) in alkaline medium at 298 K and at a constant ionic strength of 0.60 mol dm−3 were studied spectrophotometrically. The oxidation products were [2‐(2,6‐dicloro‐phynylamino)‐phenyl]‐methenol and Ag(I), identified by LC‐ESI‐MS and IR spectral studies. The reaction between DFS and DPA in alkaline medium exhibits 1:1 stoichiometry. The reaction is first order in [DPA] and has a less than unit order dependence each in [DFS] and [alkali]. Increasing concentrations of IO−4 retard the reaction. The active species of DPA proposed to be monoperiodatoargentate(III), and a mechanism is suggested. The rate constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism were determined and are discussed. The activation parameters with respect to a rate‐limiting step of the mechanism were determined. The thermodynamic quantities were also determined. Using the oxidation of DFS by DPA, DFS was analyzed by kinetic methods in urine and blood sample. The proposed method enables DFS analysis in the range from 5.0 × 10−5 to 5.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 336–346, 2010
Facial synkinesis after experimental compression of the facial nerve comparing intratemporal and extratemporal lesions
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Hato Naohito , Murakami Shingo , Honda Nobumitsu , Wakisaka Hiroyuki , Takahashi Hirotaka , Gyo Kiyofumi
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The anatomical configuration of the facial nerve differs greatly between the intratemporal and extratemporal portions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of facial synkinesis and misdirection on clamping the facial nerve at the intratemporal or extratemporal portion of the facial nerve in guinea pigs.

Study Design:

Experimental study.

Methods:

In 16 guinea pigs, the facial nerve was clamped with microsurgical needle forceps at either the extratemporal (group A) or intratemporal (group B) segment. Facial nerve function was evaluated 1 week postoperatively using electroneurography (ENoG), and the incidence of facial synkinesis was evaluated 15 weeks postoperatively using an evoked blink reflex test. Fifteen weeks postoperatively, two retrograde fluorescent tracers (Dil [1‐1′‐dioctodecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl‐indocarbocyanine perchlorate] and True Blue) were injected into the facial muscles to observe reorganization of the facial nucleus.

Results:

No significant difference in the ENoG threshold was observed between groups A and B. In group A, none of the animals developed facial synkinesis and the somatotopic organization of the facial nucleus was not disturbed. In contrast, synkinesis occurred and the somatotopic organization was disturbed in group B.

Conclusions:

A lack of funicular structure within the intratemporal facial nerve increases the possibility of misdirected regenerating axons and synkinesis. Laryngoscope, 2010
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the inner ear: Are computed tomography changes pathognomonic?
Authors: Curry Joseph M. , King Nancy , O'Reilly Robert C. , Corao Diana
Published: March 2010

This case study presents a report of inflammatory pseudotumor of the inner ear in a child, discusses radiographic findings and clinical management, and reviews the current literature on this rare disease. A 2.5‐year‐old presented with otalgia, transient vertigo, and fluctuating facial palsy partially responsive to myringotomy with tube. Work‐up for infectious and neoplastic processes was negative. Computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone showed a very unusual, expansile, erosive appearance to the otic capsule, and magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone revealed soft tissue enhancement of the middle ear, mastoid, and inner ear. The patient's symptoms were transiently responsive to tympanomastoidectomy. Inner ear histopathology after labyrinthectomy revealed changes consistent with pseudotumor. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the inner ear is extremely rare but needs to be considered in cases of refractory otitis media with facial palsy, particularly when certain changes appear on CT of the temporal bone. Laryngoscope, 2010
The effect of electrical and mechanical stimulation on the regenerating rodent facial nerve
Authors: Hadlock Tessa , Lindsay Robin , Edwards Colin , Smitson Christopher , Weinberg Julie , Knox Christopher , Heaton James T.
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Investigators have long sought realistic methods to accelerate regeneration following nerve injury. Herein, we investigated the degree to which manual target muscle manipulation and brief electrical stimulation of the facial nerve, alone or in combination, affects recovery following rat facial nerve injury.

Study Design:

Prospective, randomized animal study.

Methods:

Sixty rats were randomized to three groups: brief electrical stimulation (BES), mechanical stimulation of the whisker pad (MEC), or both (COMBO). Animals underwent facial nerve transection and immediate microsurgical repair. In BES and COMBO groups, transection was preceded by 1‐hour (3 V, 20 Hz square wave) electrical stimulation. Animals were tested weekly, with 5‐minute recording sessions of whisker movement. In the MEC and COMBO groups, animals received 5 minutes of daily massage to the left whisker pad throughout the recovery period. Whisking behavior was analyzed for comparisons.

Results:

The BES and MEC groups demonstrated improved functional recovery in all whisking parameters compared with the COMBO group or historical controls at most time points between postoperative weeks 1 and 7. After 12 weeks, functional recovery remained superior in the BES and MEC groups compared with the COMBO and control groups, although the effect was no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions:

We observed an accelerative recovery effect of either electrical nerve stimulation or massage of the whisker pad on whisking behavior. The combination of both interventions had a negating effect on the acceleration of recovery. The potential clinical utility of these modalities bears consideration, and their negating interaction warrants further study. Laryngoscope, 2010
CO2 laser fiber soft cochleostomy: Development of a technique using human temporal bones and a guinea pig model
Authors: Fishman Andrew J. , Moreno Laura E. , Rivera Arnold , Richter Claus‐Peter
Published: March 2010

Objective

A novel approach for creating a soft cochleostomy has been described using a handheld CO2 laser hollow waveguide from termed in the following the handheld CO2 laser fiber. The effects on cochlear function have been studied in an animal model and were compared to the effects of the micro drill.

Study Design

Combined human temporal bone and experimental animal study.

Materials and Methods

Four human temporal bones were used to describe the technique to create a cochleostomy using the handheld CO2 laser fiber. A cochleostomy was made by thinning the cochlear wall with a motorized drill and by creating an opening with the CO2 laser fiber. Eighteen guinea pigs were used to investigate the effects of the CO2 laser and the drill on cochlear function. An electrode was placed in the round window niche to measure compound action potentials (CAPs). Baseline cochlear function was determined by recording CAP thresholds evoked by acoustic tone pips and was re‐assessed during and after a cochleostomy was made. The protocol was repeated using a diamond‐burr drill technique.

Results

The handheld CO2 laser fiber is an ideal tool to create cochleostomies under 1 mm in diameter. In the guinea pig animal model, CAP thresholds showed little change after creating the cochleostomy at 4 W laser power setting and revealed focal threshold elevations averaging 32 dB at higher laser power settings.

Conclusions

The human temporal bone study introduces a novel surgical approach for soft cochleostomies that uses both the drill and the CO2 laser fiber. Threshold elevations, which were observed after making the cochleostomy with the laser, compared favorably to the diamond burr technique. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:245–256, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of clinical outcome parameters, the Patient Benefit Index (PBI‐k) and patient satisfaction after ablative fractional laser treatment of peri‐orbital rhytides
Authors: Karsai Syrus , Raulin Christian
Published: March 2010

Background

Laser treatment of facial rhytides has evolved as a major modality of aesthetic surgery. Published results, while generally encouraging, feature highly diverse evaluation methods, which makes an evidence‐based assessment of treatment efficacy and safety all but impossible.

Objective

To compare the results of different instruments of measurement.

Patients/Methods

Twenty‐eight patients were enrolled and completed the entire study. They received a single ablative fractional treatment of the peri‐orbital region. The evaluation included the Fitzpatrick wrinkle score, the profilometric measurement of wrinkle depth and the Patient Benefit Index (both before and 3 months after treatment) as well as the assessment of patient satisfaction (1, 3, 6 days and 3 months after treatment).

Results

All assessment instruments showed a significant, albeit moderate, improvement. The agreement between assessment methods was poor. Despite claiming to assess basically the same parameter, the Fitzpatrick wrinkle score and profilometry differed significantly, and neither assessment instrument showed any appreciable correlation with any other.

Conclusions

The outcome assessment of rhytide therapy—regardless of the method used—shows substantial room for improvement. Strict methodological precautions ought to be applied for ‘objective’ evaluation methods like photographic scoring and profilometry. Subjective methods of assessment are essential and might serve as a main outcome parameter. Finally, critical reappraisal of published treatment results seems warranted to review the quality of their methodology. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:215–223, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanospheres Synthesized Using a Micelle Soft Template Associated with Cuprous Oxide
Authors: Zhu Ying , Wang Guang , Li Jiuming , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2010

PEDOT nanospheres with an average diameter of about 100 nm were chemically synthesized using APS as the oxidant in the presence of SDBS and Cu2O, respectively. It was found that Cu2O is crucial to forming uniform PEDOT nanospheres because only granular PEDOT was obtained in the absence of Cu2O. It is proposed that the PEDOT nanospheres are self‐assembled by a cooperation effect of SDBS as the micelle soft‐template and Cu2O as the stabilizer of the spherical micelles. Additionally, the PEDOT nanospheres are soluble in some organic solvents, such as THF, DMF and DMSO, which is of benefit for fabrication of electronic and photonic devices.

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Acyclic Triene Metathesis Oligo‐ and Polymerization of High Oleic Sun Flower Oil
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Metzger Jürgen O. , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: March 2010

High oleic sunflower oil, a renewable raw material consisting of triglycerides with internal CC‐double bonds, was polymerized via acyclic triene metathesis (ATMET) to highly branched and functionalized polyesters. If the Hoveyda–Grubbs second generation catalyst was used and methyl acrylate was introduced as a chain stopper, the molecular weight of the obtained polymers could be tuned by varying the ratio of the triglyceride and methyl acrylate. Using the first generation Grubbs catalyst for the polymerization of high oleic sunflower oil, no cross‐linking was observed, even without the use of a chain stopper. The resulting branched materials were characterized by GPC, 1H and 13C NMR, and ESI‐MS.

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Star Block Copolymers Through Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Polymerization From Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Core
Authors: Lu Chu‐Hua , Wang Jui‐Hsu , Chang Feng‐Chih , Kuo Shiao‐Wei
Published: March 2010

A series of star block copolymers were prepared through nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) from polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanoparticle by core‐first polymerization. Eight N‐alkoxyamine groups were incorporated onto the eight corners of a POSS cube through quantitative hydrosilylation through addition of octakis(dimethylsiloxy)silsesquioxane (Q8M POSS) with 1‐(2‐(allyloxy)‐1‐phenylethoxy)‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine (allyl‐TEMPO) and Karstedt's agent (a platinum divinylsiloxane complex) was used as a catalyst. Octa‐N‐alkoxyamines POSS (OT‐POSS) were used as platform to synthesize star polystyrene‐POSS ((PS)8‐POSS) homopolymer and diblock copolymers of poly(styrene‐block‐4‐vinylpyridine)‐POSS ((PS‐b‐P4VP)8‐POSS) and poly(styrene‐block‐acetoxystyrene) ((PS‐b‐PAS)8‐POSS) through NMRP. In addition, subsequent selective hydrolysis of the acetyl protective group of (PS‐b‐PAS)8‐POSS, the poly(styrene‐block‐vinyl phenol) ((PS‐b‐PVPh)8‐POSS) with strong hydrogen bonding group was obtained. The detailed chemical structure and self‐assembled structures of these star block copolymers based on POSS were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, SEC, TEM, and SAXS analyses.

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The classifying space of a categorical crossed module
Authors: Carrasco Pilar , Cegarra Antonio M. , Garzón Antonio R.
Published: March 2010

Any pointed CW‐complex X has associated a categorical crossed module WX whose homotopy groups coincide with those of the space up to dimension 3. Here we associate WX more closely with the homotopy 3‐type of X. We introduce the nerve of a categorical crossed module L and define its classifying space BL as the geometrical realization of the nerve. Then we prove that there is a map X → BWX inducing isomorphism of the homotopy groups πi for i ≤ 3. Finally, comparison with other algebraic models of 3‐types is achieved (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elliptic operators with general Wentzell boundary conditions, analytic semigroups and the angle concavity theorem
Authors: Favini Angelo , Goldstein Gisèle Ruiz , Goldstein Jerome A. , Obrecht Enrico , Romanelli Silvia
Published: March 2010

We prove a very general form of the Angle Concavity Theorem, which says that if (T (t)) defines a one parameter semigroup acting over various Lp spaces (over a fixed measure space), which is analytic in a sector of opening angle θp, then the maximal choice for θp is a concave function of 1 – 1/p. This and related results are applied to give improved estimates on the optimal Lp angle of ellipticity for a parabolic equation of the form ∂u /∂t = Au, where A is a uniformly elliptic second order partial differential operator with Wentzell or dynamic boundary conditions. Similar results are obtained for the higher order equation ∂u /∂t = (–1)m +lAmu, for all positive integers m.
Core–Shell–Corona Micelle Stabilized by Reversible Cross‐Linkage for Intracellular Drug Delivery
Authors: Wang Yu‐Cai , Li Yang , Sun Tian‐Meng , Xiong Meng‐Hua , Wu Juan , Yang Yi‐Yan , Wang Jun
Published: March 2010

Reversibly cross‐linked core–shell–corona micelles based on a triblock copolymer composed of poly(aliphatic ester), polyphosphoester, and poly(ethylene glycol) are reported. The triblock copolymer is synthesized through consecutive ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and 2,4‐dinitrophenylthioethyl ethylene phosphate, followed by conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol). After deprotection under mild conditions, the amphiphilic polymer forms core–shell–corona micelles with free thiols in the shell. Cross‐linking of the micelles within the shell reduces their critical micellization concentration and enhances their stability against severe conditions. The redox‐sensitive cross‐linkage allows the facilitated release of entrapped anticancer drugs in the cytoplasm in response to the intracellular reductive environment. With enhanced stability during circulation after administration, and accelerated intracellular drug release at the target site, the biocompatible and biodegradable shell‐cross‐linked polymeric micelle is promising as a drug vehicle for cancer chemotherapy.

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Influence of Modified Terminal Segments on Dynamic Modulus and Viscosity of Dendrimer
Authors: Markelov Denis A. , Lähderanta Erkki , Gotlib Yuli Ya.
Published: March 2010

Theoretical studies of the influence of modified terminal segments (TSs) on the relaxation spectrum of a dendrimer and dendrimer mechanical properties such as dynamic viscosity, η(ω), the elastic, G′(ω), and loss, G″(ω), moduli have been carried out by the Rouse model. Two major types of modified TS have been studied: (i) TS with an attached rigid massive group (i.e., TSs with additional friction) and (ii) TSs with a length different from the length of an inner segment. In the low‐frequency region, G′(ω), G″(ω), and η(ω) increase with the rise of friction of TS. In the high‐frequency region, dynamic moduli and viscosity depend on the length of TS. In the intermediate region, the moduli and viscosity are determined by a combined parameter: the characteristic time of TS, τend, which depends on the friction and length of TS. For both types of TSs, the position of the G″(ω) maximum, ωmax, depends on τend. In most of the considered cases, the linear dependence of ωmax on τend has been found. The method, which takes into account a deceleration of TS mobility with the rise in the number of generations, n, has been proposed. It was supposed that the effect of the deceleration corresponds to the forming of a dense surface shell with the rise of n, but similar behavior can also be caused by other reasons. In this case, ωmax shifts to the low‐frequency region with an increase in the number of generations. The conclusions of the theory developed in this paper are in agreement with results of the experiment, in which G′(ω) and G″(ω) were obtained for polyamidoamine dendrimers.

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Supercharged reverse pedicle anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of a massive defect: A case report
Authors: Komorowska‐Timek Ewa , Gurtner Geoffrey , Lee Gordon K.
Published: March 2010

Secondary reconstruction of lower extremity defects using local tissues is demanding and fraught with potential complications. Reconstructive efforts may be challenged by pre‐existing scarring, paucity of recipient vessels, and patient co‐morbidities limiting tolerance for prolonged and extensive surgery. We present a case of an 81‐year‐old male with a recurrent malignant melanoma invading the proximal and middle third of the tibia, who previously underwent reconstruction with the medial gastrocnemius muscle and a skin graft. After wide local re‐excision and tibia fixation, a 12 cm × 28 cm reverse anterolateral thigh flap was used for soft tissue coverage. Because of the relatively large size of the flap based upon retrograde flow, we elected to supercharge the flap to augment its blood supply. Supercharging of the flap pedicle was accomplished by anastamosing the lateral circumflex femoral vessels to the anterior tibial vessels. The donor site wasclosed primarily. The flap survived entirely and successfully endured subsequent radiation therapy. Supercharging enhances reliability of the reverse anterolateral thigh flap, and thus, permits harvest of large tissue bulk for coverage of up to proximal two‐thirds of the tibia.This is the first report describing successful supercharging of a large reverse anterolateral thigh flap which resulted in entire flap survival. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:397–400, 2010.
Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on lentil allergenicity
Authors: Cabanillas Beatriz , Pedrosa Mercedes M. , Rodríguez Julia , González Ángela , Muzquiz Mercedes , Cuadrado Carmen , Crespo Jesús F. , Burbano Carmen
Published: March 2010

Enzymatic hydrolysis and further processing are commonly used to produce hypoallergenic dietary products derived from different protein sources, such as cow's milk. Lentils and chickpeas seem to be an important cause of IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity in the Mediterranean area and India. Some studies have investigated the effects of enzymatic treatments on the in vitro immunological reactivity of members of the Leguminosae family, such as soybean, chickpea, lentil, and lupine. Nevertheless, there are only a few studies carried out to evaluate the effect on IgE reactivity of these food‐hydrolysis products with sera from patients with well‐documented allergy to these foods. In this study, lentil protein extract was hydrolyzed by sequential action of an endoprotease (Alcalase) and an exoprotease (Flavourzyme). Immunoreactivity to raw and hydrolyzed lentil extract was evaluated by means of IgE immunoblotting and ELISA using sera from five patients with clinical allergy to lentil. The results indicated that sequential hydrolysis of lentil results in an important proteolytic destruction of IgE‐binding epitopes shown by in vitro experiments. However, some allergenic proteins were still detected by sera from four out of five patients in the last step of sequential hydrolyzation.
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 and CD147 are up‐regulated by natural and synthetic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α agonists in livers of rodents and pigs
Authors: König Bettina , Fischer Susanne , Schlotte Susanne , Wen Gaiping , Eder Klaus , Stangl Gabriele I.
Published: March 2010

Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)‐1 mediates the transport of ketone bodies and other monocarboxylic acids across the plasma membrane. MCT1 is up‐regulated by peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐α, a transcription factor that mediates the adaptive response to fasting by up‐regulation of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Here, we show for the first time that MCT1 is up‐regulated by dietary natural PPAR‐α agonists. Both, an oxidized fat and conjugated linoleic acids increased MCT1 mRNA concentration in the liver of rats. Also, in the liver of pigs as non‐proliferating species MCT1 was up‐regulated upon PPAR‐α activation by clofibrate, oxidized fat and fasting. Concomitant with up‐regulation of MCT1, mRNA level of CD147 was increased in livers of rats and pigs. CD147 is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is required for translocation and transport activity of MCT1. CD147 mRNA increase upon PPAR‐α activation could not be observed in mice lacking PPAR‐α, which also fail in up‐regulation of MCT1 indicating a co‐regulation of MCT1 and CD147. Analysis of the 5′‐flanking region of mouse MCT1 gene by reporter gene assay revealed that promoter activity of mouse MCT1 was not induced by PPAR‐α, indicating that the 5′‐flanking region is not involved in MCT1 regulation by PPAR‐α.
Effect of the presence of a brain tumor on electromagnetic power absorption in the head of a cellular phone user
Authors: Cavagnaro M. , Bernardi P. , Pisa S. , Piuzzi E.
Published: March 2010

A pilot numerical study is conducted to investigate whether a tumor located in the outermost layers of the brain is able to change power absorption and temperature increase in the head, when exposed to the field radiated by a cellular phone. Results show that absorption into the head tissues different from the tumor is barely affected by its presence. On the other hand, inside the tumor, tumor dielectric properties highly influence electromagnetic power absorption, while temperature increments are mainly affected by tumor thermal properties rather than dielectric properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1264–1267, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25158
Coaxial to waveguide transitions and device under test characterization by means of inverse techniques
Authors: Lozano‐Guerrero Antonio José , Monzó‐Cabrera Juan , Clemente‐Fernández Francisco Javier , Pedreño‐Molina Juan Luis , Díaz‐Morcillo Alejandro
Published: March 2010

A new two‐tier inverse characterization technique for coaxial to waveguide transitions including a device under test (DUT) is presented in this article.The transitions and the DUT are characterized by its scattering parameters, and a cascade procedure is used to compare calculations and measurements during the unterminating procedure. Two different standard types such as short‐circuits and thrus are used, and the two transitions jointly with the DUT are simultaneously characterized. Genetic algorithms and a gradient based method have been used for error minimization during the unterminating stage. Results of this two‐tier inverse technique are compared to those provided by measurements, simulations, and the three‐cavity method, showing that it is possible to properly characterize the coaxial to waveguide transitions and the DUT in a flexible and accurate way. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1294–1297, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25159
A new compact band‐pass filter based on an asymmetric short‐circuited spurline resonator
Authors: Rodriguez‐Cepeda P. , Ribó M. , Pajares F.J. , Sánchez A. M. , Regué J. R. , Pérez A. , Pradell L.
Published: March 2010

In this letter, a new compact two‐pole band‐pass filter (BPF) based on an asymmetric short‐circuited spurline resonator is presented. The filter is modeled by means of a new multimodal circuit model for a microstrip to three‐line‐microstrip cross, which allows a rigorous study of a very generic new family of filters. A BPF centered at 1.9 GHz has been designed, measured, and simulated using this multimodal model. A good agreement between measurements and simulations has been obtained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1328–1331, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25161
Rayleigh assisted Brillouin effects in distributed Raman amplifiers under saturated conditions at 40 Gb/s
Authors: Rocco Giraldi M. T. M. , Rocha A. M. , Neto B. , Correia C. , Segatto M. E. V. , Pontes M. J. , Barbero A. P. L. , Costa J. C. W. , Martinez M. A. G. , Frazão O. , Baptista J. M. , Salgado H. M. , Marques M. B. , Teixeira A. L. J. , André P. S.
Published: March 2010

This article analyzes experimentally the limitations observed in lightwave systems using distributed Raman amplifiers operating under large pump power input conditions. The Brillouin effect is observed as the pump power reaches 1 W. The presence of Brillouin peaks degrades the performance of the system. The Raman amplification occurs in single mode and dispersion compensating fibers, being evaluated in a link at transmission rate of 40 Gb/s. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1331–1335, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25162