bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hydrophobicity in the Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities of Polymethacrylate Derivatives
Authors: Kuroda Kenichi , Caputo Gregory A. , DeGrado William F.
Published: December 2008

We synthesized cationic random amphiphilic copolymers by radical copolymerization of methacrylate monomers with cationic or hydrophobic groups and evaluated their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The nature of the hydrophobic groups, and polymer composition and length were systematically varied to investigate how structural parameters affect polymer activity. This allowed us to obtain the optimal composition of polymers suitable to act as non‐toxic antimicrobials as well as non‐selective polymeric biocides. The antimicrobial activity depends sigmoidally on the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups (fHB). The hemolytic activity increases as fHB increases and levels off at high values of fHB, especially for the high‐molecular‐weight polymers. Plots of HC50 values versus the number of hydrophobic side chains in a polymer chain for each polymer series showed a good correlation and linear relationship in the log–log plots. We also developed a theoretical model to analyze the hemolytic activity of polymers and demonstrated that the hemolytic activity can be described as a balance of membrane binding of polymers through partitioning of hydrophobic side chains into lipid layers and the hydrophobic collapsing of polymer chains. The study on the membrane binding of dye‐labeled polymers to large, unilamellar vesicles showed that the hydrophobicity of polymers enhances their binding to lipid bilayers and induces collapse of the polymer chain in solution, reducing the apparent affinity of polymers for the membranes.
Electrochemical Preparation and Delivery of Melanin–Iron Covered Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Grumelli Doris , Vericat Carolina , Benítez Guillermo , Ramallo‐López José M. , Giovanetti Lisandro , Requejo Félix , Moreno M. Sergio , Orive Alejandro González , Creus Alberto Hernández , Salvarezza Roberto C.
Published: December 2008

Attractive combination: Biopolymer‐modified nanoparticles which combine magnetic properties with biocompatibility are prepared and delivered following a three‐step strategy (see figure): i) Adsorption of thiol‐capped metal nanoparticles on graphite, ii) electrochemical modification, iii) potential‐induced delivery of the modified nanoparticles to the electrolyte.

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Thiol‐capped gold nanoparticles modified with iron‐melanin are attractive because they combine magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The biopolymer modified nanoparticles are prepared and delivered following a three step strategy: i) adsorption of thiol‐capped metal nanoparticles on graphite, ii) electrochemical deposition of melanin‐iron, iii) potential‐induced delivery of the modified nanoparticles to the electrolyte.
Soil microbial activity and biomass is stimulated by leguminous cover crops
Authors: Dinesh R. , Ghoshal Chaudhuri S. , Sheeja T. E. , Shiva K. N.
Published: December 2008

The leguminous cover cropsAtylosia scarabaeoides(L.) Benth.,Centrosema pubescensBenth., andPueraria phaseoloides(Roxb.) Benth., were grown in the interspaces of a 19 y–old coconut plantation and incorporated into the soil at the end of the monsoon season every year. At the end of the 12th year, soils from different depths were collected and analyzed for various microbial indices and their interrelationships. The objectives were to assess the effects of long‐term cover cropping on microbial biomass and microbial‐community structure successively down the soil profile.

In general, total N (TN), organic C (OC), inorganic N, extractable P, and the levels of biological substratesviz., dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), labile organic N (LON), and light‐fraction organic matter (LFOM) C and N decreased with depth at all the sites. Among sites, the cover‐cropped (CC) sites possessed significantly greater levels of TN, OC, DOC, DON, and LON compared to the control. Consequently, microbial biomass C (MBC), N (MBN), and P (MBP), CO2evolution, and ATP levels, in general, decreased with depth at all sites and were also significantly higher in the CC sites. Among the ratios of various microbial indices, the ratio of MBC to OC and metabolic quotient (qCO2) declined with depth. Higher MBC‐to‐OC ratios and largeqCO2levels in the surface soils could be ascribed to greater levels of readily degradable C content and indicated short turnover times of the microbial biomass. In contrast, the ratios of MBC to MBN and MBC to MBP increased with depth due to low N/P availability and relatively higher C availability in the subsoils. Cover cropping tended to enhance the ratios of MBC to OC, MBC to MBN, MBC to MBP, and ergosterol to MBC and decreased the ATP‐to‐MBC ratio at all depths. The relatively lower ATP‐to‐MBC ratios in the CC site, especially in the subsoil indicated microbial‐community structure possibly dominated by fungi. By converting the ergosterol content to fungal biomass, it was observed that fungi constituted 52%–63% of total biomass C at the CC site, but only 33%–40% of total biomass C at the control site. Overall, the study indicated that leguminous cover crops likeP. phaseoloidesorA. scarabaeoidessignificantly enhanced the levels of OC, N and microbial activity in the soils, even down to 50 cm soil depth.
Successor levels of the Jensen hierarchy
Authors: Fuchs Gunter
Published: December 2008

I prove that there is a recursive function T that does the following: Let X be transitive and rudimentarily closed, and let X ′ be the closure of X ∪ {X } under rudimentary functions. Given a Σ0‐formula φ (x) and a code c for a rudimentary function f, T (φ, c, $ \vec x $) is a Σω ‐formula such that for any $ \vec a $ ∈ X, X ′ ⊧ φ [f ($ \vec a $)] iff X ⊧ T (φ, c, $ \vec x $)[$ \vec a $]. I make this precise and show relativized versions of this. As an application, I prove that under certain conditions, if Y is the Σω extender ultrapower of X with respect to some extender F that also is an extender on X ′, then the closure of Y ∪ {Y } under rudimentary functions is the Σ0 extender ultrapower of X′ with respect to F, and the ultrapower embeddings agree on X. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Structurality, protoalgebraicity, and correspondence
Authors: Voutsadakis George
Published: December 2008

The notion of an ℐ ‐matrix as a model of a given π ‐institution ℐ is introduced. The main difference from the approach followed so far in Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic (CAAL) and the one adopted here is that an ℐ ‐matrix is considered modulo the entire class of morphisms from the underlying N ‐algebraic system of ℐ into its own underlying algebraic system, rather than modulo a single fixed (N,N ′)‐logical morphism. The motivation for introducing ℐ ‐matrices comes from a desire to formulate a correspondence property for N ‐protoalgebraic π ‐institutions closer in spirit to the one for sentential logics than that considered in CAAL before. As a result, in the previously established hierarchy of syntactically protoalgebraic π ‐institutions, i. e., those with an implication system, and of protoalgebraic π ‐institutions, i. e., those with a monotone Leibniz operator, the present paper interjects the class of those π ‐institutions with the correspondence property, as applied to ℐ ‐matrices. Moreover, this work on ℐ ‐matrices enables us to prove many results pertaining to the local deduction‐detachment theorems, paralleling classical results in Abstract Algebraic Logic formulated, first, by Czelakowski and Blok and Pigozzi. Those results will appear in a sequel to this paper. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chaos control of new Ikeda–Lorenz systems by GYC partial region stability theory
Authors: Ge Zheng‐Ming , Ho Chun‐Yen , Li Shih‐Yu , Chang Ching‐Ming
Published: December 2008

A new strategy to achieve chaos control by GYC partial region stability theory is proposed. By using the GYC partial region stability theory, the Lyapunov function is a simple linear homogeneous function of error states, the controllers are more simple and have less simulation error because they are in lower degree than that of traditional controllers. Simulation results for a new Ikeda–Lorenz system show the effectiveness of this strategy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a doubly nonlinear diffusion model of chemotaxis with prevention of overcrowding
Authors: Bendahmane Mostafa , Bürger Raimund , Ruiz‐Baier Ricardo , Urbano José Miguel
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses the existence and regularity of weak solutions for a fully parabolic model of chemotaxis, with prevention of overcrowding, that degenerates in a two‐sided fashion, including an extra nonlinearity represented by a p‐Laplacian diffusion term. To prove the existence of weak solutions, a Schauder fixed‐point argument is applied to a regularized problem and the compactness method is used to pass to the limit. The local Hölder regularity of weak solutions is established using the method of intrinsic scaling. The results are a contribution to showing, qualitatively, to what extent the properties of the classical Keller–Segel chemotaxis models are preserved in a more general setting. Some numerical examples illustrate the model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inorganic arsenic as a developmental toxicant: In utero exposure and alterations in the developing rat lungs
Authors: Petrick Jay S. , Blachere Francoise M. , Selmin Ornella , Lantz Robert Clark
Published: December 2008

In the present study, we characterize the toxic effects of in utero arsenic exposure on the developing lung. We hypothesize that in utero exposure to inorganic arsenic through maternal drinking water causes altered gene and protein expression in the developing lung, indicative of downstream molecular and functional changes. From conception to embryonic day 18, we exposed pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats to 500 ppb arsenic (as arsenite) via the drinking water. Subtracted cDNA libraries comparing control to arsenic exposed embryonic lungs were generated. In addition, a broad Western blot analysis was performed to identify altered protein expression. A total of 59 genes and 34 proteins were identified as being altered. Pathway mapping and analysis showed that cell motility was the process most affected. The most likely affected pathway was alteration in integrin signaling through the β‐catenin pathway, altering c‐myc. The present study shows that arsenic induces alterations in the developing lung. These data may be useful in the elucidation of molecular targets and biomarkers of arsenic exposure during lung development and may aid in understanding the etiology of arsenic induced adult respiratory disease and lung cancers.
The mechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of amides: a comparative computational and experimental study of the hydrolysis of N‐methylacetamide, N‐methylbenzamide, and acetanilide
Authors: Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Ilieva Sonia , Hadjieva Boriana , Galabov Boris
Published: December 2008

Theoretical computations and experimental kinetic measurements were applied in studying the mechanistic pathways for the alkaline hydrolysis of three secondary amides: N‐methylbenzamide, N‐methylacetamide, and acetanilide. Electronic structure methods at the HF/6‐31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) levels of theory are employed. The energies of the stationary points along the reaction coordinate were further refined via single point computations at the MP2/6‐31+G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The role of water in the reaction mechanisms is examined. The theoretical results show that in the cases of N‐methylbenzamide and N‐methylacetamide the process is catalyzed by an ancillary water molecule. The influence of water is further assessed by predicting its role as bulk solvent. The alkaline hydrolysis process in aqueous solution is characterized by two distinct free energy barriers: the formation of a tetrahedral adduct and its breaking to products. The results show that the rate‐determining stage of the process is associated with the second transition state. The entropy terms evaluated from theoretical computations referring to gas‐phase processes are significantly overestimated. The activation barriers for the alkaline hydrolysis of N‐methylbenzamide and acetanilide were experimentally determined. Quite satisfactory agreement between experimental values and computed activation enthalpies was obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mean field statistical mechanics of model Hamiltonian for hydrogen bonded phase transitions
Authors: Rosli Mohd Mustaqim , Lee Beck Sim , Fun Hoong Kun
Published: December 2008

Recently, a new prototype model has been proposed to explain structural phase transitions in single crystals of organic hydrogen bonded phenol–amine adducts. A variational calculation of the thermodynamic properties was able to explain the main features of the phase transition. We report an alternative statistical mechanical calculation which confirms the results of the earlier calculation even though self‐energy terms appear in the present calculation. The interpretation of the results within the pseudo spin representation is clarified further. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A hybrid approach towards nanophotonic devices with enhanced functionality
Authors: Barth Michael , Stingl Johannes , Kouba Josef , Nüsse Nils , Löchel Bernd , Benson Oliver
Published: December 2008

We introduce a hybrid approach for the realization of nanophotonic devices with enhanced functionality by combining lithographic fabrication techniques with a nanomanipulation method. In particular, we report on the fabrication of photonic crystal cavities as a platform to which arbitrary emitters or other nanoscopic objects can be coupled in a deterministic way by exploiting the manipulation capabilities of an atomic force microscope. This approach is well suited to create, e.g., improved single photon sources and also complex photonic devices with several emitters coupled coherently via shared cavity modes. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About deep impurity centers in InAs
Authors: Kamilov I. K. , Daunov M. I. , Bashirov R. R. , Mollaev A. Yu. , Arslanov R. K. , Gabibov S. F. , Arslanov T. R.
Published: December 2008

Some characteristic parameters of charge carriers have been calculated for n‐InAs with a surplus donor concentration ∼1016 cm–3 and for p‐InAs with a surplus donor concentration ∼1016 cm–3 according to experimental data on hydrostatic pressure dependences of Hall coefficient RH and resistivity ρ at 300 K. It has been found that the pressure coefficients of energy gaps between the conduction‐band bottom and deep acceptor and resonance donor levels, located at a distance of ϵa = –0.13 eV below and at a distance of ϵd = 0.35 eV above the bottom of conduction band, respectively, are defined by a ‘motion’ of conduction band with the pressure. The energy of deep levels relative to absolute vacuum does not depend on pressure: pressure coefficients dϵa/dP ≈ dϵd/dP ≈ –95 meV/GPa. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonons and their pressure dependence of MnAs and MnN by ab initio calculations
Authors: Alves H. W. Leite
Published: December 2008

In this work, theoretical results for the equation of state, the phonon dispersions and their pressure dependence of MnAs and MnN are presented. The results show that the inclusion of spin‐polarization effects in the calculations is important in order to give the correct energy ordering of the possible structures, and are in good agreement with the experimental results whenever this comparison is possible. Based on the obtained results, it is found that the phonon frequencies of these materials are very sensitive to the applied pressure. Moreover, the pressure dependence of the vibrational modes of both MnAs and MnN show a negative bowing which has its value increased when we go from a structure with lower symmetry to a high symmetric one. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Qualitative confirmation procedure for ephedrines as acetonide derivatives in doping urine samples by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Porto Rodny Montes de Oca , Pérez Arístides Rosado , Vidal Margarita Teresa Correa , Fraga Mario Granda
Published: December 2008

Ephedrines are sympathomimetic amines which have central nervous system stimulating properties and, for this reason, some of them are forbidden in sport by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA). They are screened and quantitated in urine by several published techniques and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this paper, a simple and easy confirmation procedure for norpseudoephedrine, norephedrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human urine by GC/electron ionization (EI)‐MS is described. After the addition of diphenylamine as internal standard, a liquid‐liquid extraction procedure under alkaline conditions with tert‐butyl methyl ether was applied to the samples. The analytes were derivatized with acetone and pyridine to form the correspondent oxazolidine derivatives (acetonide). The EI mass spectra of all the studied substances have many diagnostic ions with relative abundance in accordance with WADA requirements and show great structural information content. The fragmentation of theses derivatives is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium Ferrite (MgFe2O4) Nanostructures Fabricated by Electrospinning
Authors: Maensiri Santi , Sangmanee Montana , Wiengmoon Amporn
Published: December 2008

Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanostructures were successfully fabricated by electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that calcination of the as-spun MgFe2O4/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite nanofibers at 500–800 °C in air for 2 h resulted in well-developed spinel MgFe2O4nanostuctures. The crystal structure and morphology of the nanofibers were influenced by the calcination temperature. Crystallite size of the nanoparticles contained in nanofibers increased from 15 ± 4 to 24 ± 3 nm when calcination temperature was increased from 500 to 800 °C. Room temperature magnetization results showed a ferromagnetic behavior of the calcined MgFe2O4/PVP composite nanofibers, having their specific saturation magnetization (M
s) values of 17.0, 20.7, 25.7, and 31.1 emu/g at 10 Oe for the samples calcined at 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively. It is found that the increase in the tendency ofM
sis consistent with the enhancement of crystallinity, and the values ofM
sfor the MgFe2O4samples were observed to increase with increasing crystallite size.
Effects of Gas Composition on Highly Efficient Surface Modification of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cation Treatment
Authors: Tseng Wen-Shou , Tseng Chyuan-Yow , Kuo Cheng-Tzu
Published: December 2008

High incident energy hydrogen and/or oxygen cations are generated by electron cyclotron resonance system, and then used to highly efficiently modify multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The effects of various H2/O2 gas compositions on the modification process are studied. A systematic characterization method utilizing a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to evaluate the effects of various H2/O2gas compositions on MWCNT functionalization. The Raman results show that the I
D/I
G ratio is directly affected by H2 concentration in gas mixture, and the treatment applying a H2/O2 gas mixture with ratio of 40/10 (sccm/sccm) can yield the nanotubes with the highest I
D/I
G ratio (1.27). The XPS results suggest that the gas mixture with ratio of 25/25 (sccm/sccm) is most effective in introducing oxygen-containing functional groups and reducing amorphous carbon. The TGA suggests that the structural change of the treated nanotubes is marginal by this method with any gas condition.
Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice
Authors: McFarlin Brian K. , Strohacker Kelley A. , Kueht Michael L.
Published: December 2008

The health benefits of pomegranate consumption have recently received considerable scientific focus, with most studies examining fruit and/or juice consumption. Pomegranate seed oil (POMo) is a rich source of 9-cis, 11-trans conjugate linolenic acid (CLA), which may offset the side-effects associated with weight gain. Male, wild-type CD-1 mice were divided into one of three groups (twenty per group): high-fat (HF), HF+seed oil (HF+POMo) or lean control (LN). In HF and HF+POMo, mice were provided access ad libitum to a high-fat chow (60 % of energy from fat). HF+POMo was supplemented with 61·79 mg POMo/d. LN consumed a restricted low-fat (10 % of energy from fat) chow to maintain body weight within 5 % of initial weight. Plasma was analysed for biomarkers associated with cholesterol profile (total cholesterol, HDL and TAG), glucose sensitivity (glucose and insulin), adipose tissue accumulation (leptin and adiponectin) and systemic low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin). The key findings of this study were that weight gain was associated with an increase in biomarkers of cholesterol profile, glucose sensitivity, adipose tissue accumulation and systemic low-grade inflammation (P < 0·05). POMo only altered body weight accumulation, final body weight, leptin, adiponectin and insulin (P < 0·05). We found that despite a similar level of energy intake, HF mice had a greater concentration of leptin and a lower concentration of adiponectin compared to HF+POMo mice. POMo intake was associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity, suggesting that risk of developing type 2 diabetes may have been reduced; however, CVD risk did not change.
Reply to Rothman and Isenberg
Authors: McGrath William J.
Published: December 2008

After reading the comments of Rothman and Isenberg on my article I knew what it must have felt like to be the woman who went before Solomon to complain that her baby had been stolen. They begin by claiming that the “false premise” on which my article (and Schorske's) is based is that Freud's psychoanalytic theory “was essentially counterpolitical or nonpolitical.” The whole point of my article, however, is, as I say on page 52, to show “how closely Freud's theory was related to the world of politics.” In my view the important question is not whether or not it was political, but rather the changing directions in which the political-psychological relationships operated over the course of Freud's development. After oversimplifying my argument to suggest that I claim Freud disowned his early revolutionary impulses, they counter with the claim that his theory is “revolutionary (and radical) in the most significant sense of the term.” Yet on page 46 I do in fact refer to his “revolutionary sexual theories,” and the point of my argument is to show just how his early revolutionary political impulses are transformed into such revolutionary scientific theories (see p. 57). However, to argue as the commentators do that Freud's theories represented an “attack on the existing social order” as effective or “even more effective” than that of Marx (pp. 59–60) is surely a fine example of an academic perception of reality.
Echoes of the French Revolution in the Rhineland, 1830–1849
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: December 2008

Of all the regions of Central Europe, the Rhineland was the one most affected by the French Revolution. The area on the left bank of the Rhine belonged for almost two full decades to the First French Republic and the Napoleonic Empire; parts of the right bank were, for a shorter period, under the rule of the Napoleonic satellite state, the Grand Duchy of Berg. In studying these unusual circumstances, historians have sometimes focused on short-term political implications, asking how the Rhenish population of the 1790s responded to the Jacobin regime. They have also studied the long-term social and economic effects of the revolutionary legislation and the secularization of church lands.
The September Program: Reflections on the Evidence
Authors: Thompson Wayne C.
Published: December 2008

In August 1914 Kurt Riezler accompanied Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg to the Supreme Headquarters in Koblenz and Luxembourg. His duties were not clearly defined and included a variety of things: He worked on war aims, parliamentary speeches, revolutionary movements, and domestic political questions. He helped interpret the chancellor's policies to the press, establish guidelines for censorship, and write anonymous articles supporting Bethmann Hollweg's policies. He could be called Bethmann Hollweg's assistant for political warfare.

Unlike most Germans Riezler sensed from the beginning that a German victory was not assured. On August 14, 1914, in his first diary entry after the outbreak of war, he noted that although “everybody was apparently happy to be able for once to dedicate himself unreservedly to a great cause, … no one doubts or appears to consider even for an instant what a gamble war is, especially this war.” Riezler also realized that the “ideas of 1914” would not retain their strength forever. “Just as the storm frightens the vermin out of the air—when it becomes quieter again, everything crawls out of its refuge—and emerges again in the state as well as in individual human beings.” This realization protected Riezler from the naive belief that Germany could bear a long war without an obvious effort to achieve a negotiated peace, without a new European order which at most allowed Germany indirect control, and without domestic political concessions to the German masses.
The Production of “Official Memory” in East Germany: Old Communists and the Dilemmas of Memoir-Writing
Authors: Epstein Catherine
Published: December 2008

InEast Germany, official memory was reputedly embodied in Old Communists, those men and women who had joined the German Communist Party (KPD) before Hitler's rise to power in 1933. After 1945, the Socialist Unity Party (SED), East Germany's ruling party, exploited the tragic experiences of Old Communists during the Third Reich—exile, resistance, and concentration–camp incarceration—to foster a triumphant official memory of heroic, Communist-led antifascist struggle. Intended to legitimate the SED regime, this official memory was rehearsed in countless “lieux de mémoire,” including films, novels, school textbooks, museum exhibitions, and commemorative rituals. Concurrently, party authorities encouraged Old Communists to share their past lives with younger East Germans; in particular, they urged Old Communists to write memoirs of their participation in the antifascist struggle against Hitler.
ON AN INTEGRAL OPERATOR FROM THE ZYGMUND SPACE TO THE BLOCH-TYPE SPACE ON THE UNIT BALL
Authors: STEVIĆ STEVO
Published: December 2008

In this paper, we introduce an integral operator on the unit ball$\BB\subset\CC^n$. The boundedness and compactness of the operator from the Zygmund space to the Bloch-type space${\mathcal B}_\mu(\BB)$or the little Bloch-type space${\mathcal B}_{\mu,0}(\BB)$are investigated.
The effect of magnetic topology on particle acceleration in a three-dimensional reconnecting current sheet: a test-particle approach
Authors: ZHARKOVA V. V. , AGAPITOV O. V.
Published: December 2008

Electron and proton acceleration by a drifted super-Dreicer electric field is investigated in a strongly compressed non-neutral reconnecting current sheet (NRCS). The guiding field is assumed to be constant within a reconnecting current sheet (RCS) and parallel to the direction of the drifted electric field. The other two magnetic field components, transverse and tangential, are considered to vary exponentially and linearly with distances from the X-nullpoint. The proton and electron energy spectra are calculated numerically in a model RCS with different magnetic field topologies by solving an equation of motion in the test-particle approach with some test with a particle-in-cell (PIC) approach. Three kinds electric field generated inside a RCS are considered: a drifted electric field caused by the plasma inflows formed during a magnetic reconnection process; a polarization electric field induced by the accelerated protons and electrons; and a turbulent electric field induced by instabilities generated by accelerated particles. Electron and proton densities, and energy spectra inside a RCS and at ejection are found to be strongly affected by the magnetic field topology: for stronger magnetic fields the spectra are softer having a small higher-energy cutoff while for weaker magnetic fields the spectra are harder with much larger upper cutoff energies. Depending on the magnetic component ratios and drifted electric field magnitude, particles are found to be ejected either as quasi-thermal flows with very high temperatures or as focused power-law beams. A polarization field is found to reduce the acceleration time inside a RCS and to increase the energy gained by particles at acceleration by a pure drifted electric field by a few orders of magnitude. The turbulent electric field induced by the two beam instabilities of the same kind of particles leads to a significant increase in the number of particles with higher energies resulting in a flattening of their energy spectra.
Drift wave excitation in a collisional dusty magnetoplasma with multi-ion species
Authors: SHUKLA P. K. , ROSENBERG M.
Published: December 2008

We investigate the drift dissipative instability in a non-uniform magnetized plasma composed of electrons, positive ions, negative ions and negatively charged dust particles. We use a multi-fluid plasma model and derive a dispersion relation for the electrostatic drift waves with frequencies much smaller than the ion gyrofrequencies and wavelengths longer than the ion gyroradii. The presence of the negatively charged, massive dust grains affects the drift wave frequency and the growth rate of the drift dissipative instability. The present results may be relevant to space and laboratory magnetoplasmas containing negative ions and charged dust grains.
Inverse bremsstrahlung cross section estimated within evolving plasmas using effective ion potentials
Authors: WANG F. , WECKERT E. , ZIAJA B.
Published: December 2008

We estimate the total cross sections for field-stimulated photoemissions and photoabsorptions by quasi-free electrons within a non-equilibrium plasma evolving from the strong coupling to the weak coupling regime. Such a transition may occur within laser-created plasmas, when the initially created plasma is cold but the heating of the plasma by the laser field is efficient. In particular, such a transition may occur within plasmas created by intense vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from a free-electron laser (FEL) as indicated by the results of the first experiments performed by Wabnitz at the FLASH facility at DESY. In order to estimate the inverse bremsstrahlung cross sections, we use point-like and effective atomic potentials. For ions modelled as point-like charges, the total cross sections are strongly affected by the changing plasma environment. The maximal change of the cross sections may be of the order of 75 at the change of the plasma parameters: inverse Debye length, κ, in the range κ = 0 − 3 Å−1 and the electron density, ρe, in the range ρe = 0.01 − 1 Å−3. These ranges correspond to the physical conditions within the plasmas created during the first cluster experiments performed at the FLASH facility at DESY. In contrast, for the effective atomic potentials the total cross sections for photoemission and photoabsorption change only by a factor of seven at most in the same plasma parameter range. Our results show that the inverse bremsstrahlung cross section estimated with the effective atomic potentials is not affected much by the plasma environment. This observation validates the estimations of the enhanced heating effect obtained by Walters, Santra and Greene. This is important as this effect may be responsible for the high-energy absorption within clusters irradiated with VUV radiation.
The reluctant hosts: Soviet Antarctic expedition ships visit Australia and New Zealand in 1956
Authors: Gan Irina
Published: December 2008

Russian and Australian primary sources were examined in an attempt to reconstruct the voyage of the first composite Soviet Antarctic expedition to Antarctica and from thence to Leningrad [St Petersburg]. This expedition had the aim of constructing a base for the Soviet International Geophysical Year (IGY) commitment. In a time of cold war tension and unresolved Antarctic claims, the Australian and New Zealand governments were wary of Soviet intentions and barely tolerated visits by Soviet expeditions. However, in their interactions with Australians and New Zealanders, the Soviets were careful to underline the friendly nature of their visits and avoided any sensitive political questions. The two governments’ apparent lack of enthusiasm for Ob and Lena entering their ports after fulfilling their task in Antarctica is contrasted with the generally more enthusiastic attitude of the Australian and New Zealand scientists and expedition members, with whom the Soviet personnel came into contact, some of whom developed lasting scientific relationships with the visitors.
Differential predictors of critical comments and emotional over-involvement in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Álvarez-Jiménez M. , Gleeson J. F. , Cotton S. M. , Wade D. , Crisp K. , Yap M. B. H. , McGorry P. D.
Published: December 2008

Background

Little research has focused on delineating the specific predictors of emotional over-involvement (EOI) and critical comments (CC) in the early course of psychosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential relationships of EOI and CC with relevant predictors in relatives of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients.

Method

Baseline patient-related factors including psychotic symptoms, depression and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and carer attributes comprising CC, EOI, burden of care and carers' stress and depression were assessed in a cohort of 63 remitted FEP patients and their relatives. Carers were reassessed at 7 months follow-up.

Results

Baseline analysis showed that EOI was more strongly correlated with family stress compared with CC, whereas CC yielded a stronger association with DUP than EOI. Carers' CC at follow-up was not significantly predicted by either baseline family stress, burden of care or patient-related variables. Conversely, baseline EOI predicted both family stress and burden of care at 7 months follow-up. Finally, family burden of care at follow-up was a function of baseline EOI and patients' depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary support to the postulate that EOI and CC may be influenced by separate factors early in the course of psychosis and warrant future research and therapeutic interventions as separate constructs. Implications for family interventions in the early phase of psychosis and the prevention of CC and EOI are discussed.
Worker Internationalism and Italian Labor Migration, 1870–1914
Authors: Gabaccia Donna R.
Published: December 2008

Was internationalism a grand failure? Was it practiced even bt those who proclaimed it? Beyond the international congresses with their affirmations of working-class solidarity, the meaning of internationalism seems to unravel. Marx called for international solidarity precisely because socialist activists operated, conceptually and practically, within a world of nationstates. Modern nationalism and the internationalism of workers's movements at best can be considered “twins, developing side by side in an uneasy relationship since 1830s”. While an international economy and division of labor surely existed before World War I, workers' internationalism seemed more a rhetorical response to modern nationalism than a pragmatic response to an international economy.
Divided Loyalties: Immigrant Padrones and the Evolution of Industrial Paternalism in North America
Authors: Peck Gunther
Published: December 2008

When industrialist John D. Rockefeller visited the new open-pit mining operation of his competitor, Daniel J. Guggenheim, in Bingham Canyon, Utah, in 1910, he declared with genuine envy and admiration,“it's the greatest industrial sight in the whole world.” What most impressed Rockefeller were the massive steam shovels that had revolutionized the process of copper extraction by enabling firms to mine and smelt tons of previously worthless low-grade copper ore. Equally impressive was the fact that, where skilled American miners had very recently toiled underground in search of rich veins of copper, unskilled immigrants now worked aboveground, loading tons of newly blasted copper ore onto train cars. Rockefeller was not alone in expressing wonder at this new man-made marvel. Hundreds of sight-seeing tourists also traveled to the mine by train each week to experience the thrill of industrial America's newfound ability to move mountains. Like Rockefeller, they saw nothing but progress and modernity in the great open-pit mine.
Perception of a fragmented landscape by neotropical marsupials: effects of body mass and environmental variables
Authors: Forero-Medina Germán , Vieira Marcus Vinícius
Published: December 2008

Perceptual range is used as a measure of the ability of animals to perceive the landscape, and can be used to infer functional connectivity between habitat patches such as forest remnants. A relationship of perceptual range with body mass was proposed by Mech and Zollner, but effects of life-history traits and environmental conditions were also acknowledged. We evaluated perceptual ranges and the influence of body mass, wind speed and direction, and grass height in four marsupial species of the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. Release experiments were conducted and orientation towards the forest was determined using the spool-and-line technique. In 111 animals released, Didelphis aurita had the highest perceptual range (200 m), followed by Philander frenatus and Micoureus paraguayanus (100 m), and by Marmosops incanus (< 100 m). None of the species presented homing behaviour, and there was no difference in orientation abilities between sexes. Perceptual range was overestimated based on the equations of Mech and Zollner, but species were ordered in perceptual range according to their body size. Distance to the forest was a common determinant of the orientation in P. frenatus and M. paraguayanus, but grass height and wind direction were also important. Orientation of Didelphis aurita was determined by wind direction, showing anemotactic behaviour. Body mass is likely to affect perceptual ranges in didelphid marsupials, but only in interspecific comparisons. Within a species perception depends on the environmental context. Variables other than distance must be considered to estimate functional connectivity of the landscape based on perceptual range.
Dispersal limitation in epiphytic bromeliad communities in a Costa Rican fragmented montane landscape
Authors: Cascante-Marín Alfredo , von Meijenfeldt Noemi , de Leeuw Hanneke M. H. , Wolf Jan H. D. , Oostermeijer J. Gerard B. , den Nijs Joannes C. M.
Published: December 2008

Transformation of tropical forests is likely to affect seed-dispersal patterns and influence the composition of epiphytic plant communities in human-altered habitats. We tested this hypothesis by carrying out a comparative study of seed influx, survival and growth of transplanted seedlings of epiphytic bromeliads among isolated trees in six pasture areas, six forest edges and six forest sites in a montane area in Costa Rica. In total, 72 traps trapped 1285 seeds over a 2-mo period in the dry season of 2003. For all four investigated bromeliad genera, Catopsis, Guzmania, Tillandsia and Werauhia, the number of trapped seeds in each habitat followed a pattern similar to the number of fruiting individuals in the vicinity of the traps. Traps in forest edges (30) were 1.9 times more likely to collect seeds than traps at forest interiors (30) and pasture trees (12), the latter showing similar probabilities of catching seeds. After 1 y, survival and growth of 3660 transplanted seedlings from three bromeliad species was significantly higher in forest interiors, providing no explanation for the lower abundance of fruiting adults in that habitat. These results suggest that the successful establishment of epiphytic bromeliads in forest interiors is mainly dispersal-limited. If corroborated, differences in abundance among species at each habitat are likely related to differences in growth rates and reproductive success. Further studies on the growth and mortality of seedlings up to the flowering stage, however, are needed.
Bookends: Seven Stories Excised from the Lost Promise of Progressivism
Authors: Eisenach Eldon
Published: December 2008

[Author's note: Excising large chunks from book manuscripts is a common practice and rarely a loss to scholarly literature. Originally appended to various parts of my book manuscript on the intellectual origins of American Progressivism were seven stories to which I had become quite attached. I was surprised, therefore, when early readers suggested that I drop them because they interrupted the narrative flow of the text. I resisted this advice until their judgment was seconded by later readers and editors. Cut them I did. But to cut is not necessarily to run. They are offered separately here because they capture some of the main themes ofThe Lost Promise of Progressivismand indirectly call into question some major interpretive frameworks of American Progressivism, both as a system of ideas and as a defining moment in American political culture. They were to me something like minor Epiphanies, suddenly shifting my gaze and clarifying my views.]
Ename International Colloquium: Between Objects and Ideas: Rethinking the Role of Intangible Heritage: Ghent, Belgium, March 26–28, 2008
Authors: Silberman Neil Asher
Published: December 2008

The Fourth Annual Ename International Colloquium, entitled “Between Objects and Ideas: Rethinking the Role of Intangible Heritage,” was held in Ghent, Belgium, March 26–28, 2008. Focusing on the intellectual and practical relationship between tangible and intangible heritage and its implications for the shaping of international heritage policy, it featured 40 speakers representing universities, museums, universities, and heritage organizations in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Thailand, Turkey, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. As in previous years, the colloquium was organized by the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation, with support from the Province of East Flanders.
Editorial
Authors: Younger K. M.
Published: December 2008

We are all familiar with the dietary guideline exhorting us to eat so many portions of oily fish per week in order to boost our intakes of n-3 long-chain PUFA, but it is perhaps not so widely realised that the fish must themselves be provided with dietary n-3 long-chain PUFA or, possibly, their precursors (though, as in humans, the ability of carnivorous fish to elongate and desaturate n-3 PUFA appears to be limited).
Expert CALL: data-based versus knowledge-based interaction and feedback
Authors: Soria Jesús
Published: December 2008

This article attempts to define Expert CALL, siting in between traditional data-based CALL and intelligent CALL (ICALL). It relies on the concapts of expert knowledge and expert interaction and feedback. These are explored in the context of inflexional morphology, using as reference the auther's own ‘The Spanish Verb’ program. An electic computational algorithm, rather than a fully-fledged linguistic for malism suffices to deliver a stable and reliable lingustic knowledge basa on which to base Expert CALL applications. A similar ‘intermediate technology’ approach to syntax may bypass current difficulties encountered by ICALL to deliver linguistic reliabity.
Première classe de Stiefel–Whitney des espaces d'applications stables réelles en genre zéro vers une surface convexe
Authors: Puignau Nicolas
Published: December 2008

Soit (X, cX) une surface projective convexe munie d'une structure réelle. L'espace de module des applications stables $\smash{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{0,k}(X,d)}$ peut être équipé de plusieurs structures réelles associées à cX et à un élément d'ordre deux τ du groupe des permutations Sk qui agit sur les points marqués. La partie réelle correspondant à chaque structure ℝτ$\smash{\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{0,k}(X,d)}$ est une variété réelle projective et normale. Puisque le lieu singulier est de codimension au moins deux, ces espaces possèdent une première classe de Stiefel–Whitney pour laquelle on détermine un représentant dans le cas k = c1(X)d − 1 où c1(X) désigne la première classe de Chern du fibré tangent de X. Plus précisément, nous donnons une description homologique des classes de Stiefel–Whitney en termes de partie réelle de certains diviseurs de la frontière de l'espace des applications stables.
THE IDENTITY OF ARGUMENT-PLACES
Authors: LEO JOOP
Published: December 2008

Argument-places play an important role in our dealing with relations. However, that does not mean that argument-places should be taken as primitive entities. It is possible to give an account of ‘real’ relations in which argument-places play no role. But if argument-places are not basic, then what can we say about their identity? Can they, for example, be reconstructed in set theory with appropriate urelements? In this article, we show that for some relations, argument-places cannot be modeled in aneutralway in V[A], the cumulative hierarchy with basic ingredients of the relation as urelements. We argue that a natural way to conceive of argument-places is to identify them with abstract, structureless points of a derivative structure exemplified by positional frames. In case the relation has symmetry, these points may be indiscernible.
CUMULATIVITY WITHOUT CLOSURE OF THE DOMAIN UNDER FINITE UNIONS
Authors: GABBAY DOV M. , SCHLECHTA KARL
Published: December 2008

For nonmonotonic logics, Cumulativity is an important logical rule. We show here that Cumulativity fans out into an infinity of different conditions, if the domain is not closed under finite unions.
Modeling the influence of horizontal advection, deformation, and late uplift on the drainage development in the India‐Asia collision zone
Authors: Stüwe Kurt , Robl Jörg , Hergarten Stefan , Evans Lynn
Published: December 2008

We present results of a new model in which we couple a mechanical model to describe continental indentation in plan view with a landscape evolution model to describe drainage development. We apply the model to investigate aspects of the development of drainage systems, erosion, and exhumation in the India‐Asia collision zone. It is shown that the orogen‐scale distribution of erosion and exhumation can be well matched by the model. However, the elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and the steep topographic gradients at its margins are difficult to reproduce. They appear to require an additional cause of uplift. We show that some of the major observed river capture events can be reproduced by invoking such a late uplift in much of the orogen, except the region of the Sichuan Basin. This includes the inferred capture of the Yarlong‐Tsangpo by the Brahmaputra and that of the Upper Yangtze by the Lower Yangtze (thereby deserting the Red River).