bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor facilitates maturation of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived dopamine progenitors to functional neurons
Authors: Trzaska Katarzyna A. , King Cecile C. , Li Ke‐Yong , Kuzhikandathil Eldo V. , Nowycky Martha C. , Ye Jiang‐Hong , Rameshwar Pranela
Published: May 2009

The generation of dopamine (DA) neurons from stem cells holds great promise in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other neural disease associated with dysfunction of DA neurons. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the adult bone marrow show plasticity with regards to generating cells of other germ layers. In addition to reduced ethical concerns, MSCs could be transplanted across allogeneic barriers, making them desirable stem cells for clinical applications. We have reported on the generation of DA cells from human MSCs using sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor 8 and basic fibroblast growth factor. Despite the secretion of DA, the cells did not show evidence of functional neurons, and were therefore designated DA progenitors. Here, we report on the role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the maturation of the MSC‐derived DA progenitors. 9‐day induced MSCs show significant tropomyosin‐receptor‐kinase B expression, which correlate with its ligand, BDNF, being able to induce functional maturation. The latter was based on Ca2+ imaging analyses and electrophysiology. BDNF‐treated cells showed the following: increases in intracellular Ca2+ upon depolarization and after stimulation with the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and GABA and, post‐synaptic currents by electrophysiological analyses. In addition, BDNF induced increased DA release upon depolarization. Taken together, these results demonstrate the crucial role for BDNF in the functional maturation of MSC‐derived DA progenitors.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors mediate neuromodulatory functions in the CNS
Authors: Sim‐Selley Laura J. , Goforth Paulette B. , Mba Mba U. , Macdonald Timothy L. , Lynch Kevin R. , Milstien Sheldon , Spiegel Sarah , Satin Leslie S. , Welch Sandra P. , Selley Dana E.
Published: May 2009

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a ubiquitous, lipophilic cellular mediator that acts in part by activation of G‐protein‐coupled receptor. Modulation of S1P signaling is an emerging pharmacotherapeutic target for immunomodulatory drugs. Although multiple S1P receptor types exist in the CNS, little is known about their function. Here, we report that S1P stimulated G‐protein activity in the CNS, and results from [35S]GTPγS autoradiography using the S1P1‐selective agonist SEW2871 and the S1P1/3‐selective antagonist VPC44116 show that in several regions a majority of this activity is mediated by S1P1receptors. S1P receptor activation inhibited glutamatergic neurotransmission as determined by electrophysiological recordings in cortical neuronsin vitro, and this effect was mimicked by SEW2871 and inhibited by VPC44116. Moreover, central administration of S1P producedin vivoeffects resembling the actions of cannabinoids, including thermal antinociception, hypothermia, catalepsy and hypolocomotion, but these actions were independent of CB1receptors. At least one of the central effects of S1P, thermal antinociception, is also at least partly S1P1receptor mediated because it was produced by SEW2871 and attenuated by VPC44116. These results indicate that CNS S1P receptors are part of a physiologically relevant and widespread neuromodulatory system, and that the S1P1receptor contributes to S1P‐mediated antinociception.
A lipohydroxyacid‐containing shampoo improves scalp condition and quality of life in patients with seborrheic dermatitis and light‐to‐moderate scalp psoriasis
Authors: Seité S , Paries J , Reygagne P , Hamidou Z , Jouanique C , Perez‐Pala G , Rougier A
Published: June 2009

Background  Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the post‐pubertal population of any ethnicity and both genders. It is one of the major reasons for patients to consult a dermatologist and it is the cause of significant psychological and social distress.

Aims  The aim of this open study was to evaluate the benefit of a 4‐week treatment with a shampoo containing 0.1% lipohydroxyacid (LHA) and 1.3% salicylic acid on the scalp condition and on the quality of life of 275 volunteers with seborrheic dermatitis (SD) (n = 226) or light‐to‐moderate scalp psoriasis (SP) (n = 49).

Methods  The clinical benefit of the treatment was assessed by scoring the following parameters, i.e., severity of the dermatosis, scaling, itching, excoriations, and superficial burning sensation. The impact on the quality of life was assessed using the Scalpdex, a questionnaire specially developed by Chen et al. for patients with scalp dermatitis, which includes 23 questions regarding the symptoms, functioning and emotions affected by scalp dermatosis.

Results  The shampoo used in this study was well tolerated. After a 4‐week treatment, dermatologists noticed a significant clinical improvement of all the scalp parameters evaluated (i.e., the composite lesional score was improved in 91% and 77% of the patients with SD or SP respectively). The symptoms, functioning and emotions scores of quality of life were also significantly improved in relation to the improvement of scalp condition.

Conclusion  This study not only allowed a better understanding of the SD and SP patient’s profile but also demonstrated that the shampoo evaluated is a convenient, efficient, safe, and well‐tolerated cosmetic treatment of SD and light‐to‐moderate SP improving greatly the quality of life of the treated patients.
Silicone migration and granuloma formation
Authors: Altmeyer Mary D , Anderson Lisa L , Wang Alun R
Published: June 2009

The use of liquid injectable silicone for soft tissue augmentation is a controversial practice within the medical community. Injectable silicone has been illegally obtained, adulterated, and abused by nonmedical practitioners for the last five decades. Injection of silicone can result in catastrophic consequences including death, when grossly abused. Opponents of this practice cite the many serious adverse events that have occurred with its use both legally and illegally. Proponents argue that employment of a stringent regimen of use as well as a highly purified medical grade product allow for a safe utilization of the material. Both sides agree that this practice calls for a high degree of knowledge and technical skill. A continued evaluation of the long‐term safety of this material is necessary before a consensus can be reached.

Herein, we report a case of illegal administration of injectable silicone resulting in product migration accompanied by a granulomatous response. Further, the literature that both supports and refutes the practice of silicone injection is reviewed.
The low abundance of clonally expanded mitochondrial DNA point mutations in aged substantia nigra neurons
Authors: Reeve Amy K. , Krishnan Kim J. , Taylor Geoffrey , Elson Joanna L. , Bender Andreas , Taylor Robert W. , Morris Christopher M. , Turnbull Doug M.
Published: May 2009

Clonally expanded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions accumulate with age in human substantia nigra (SN) and high levels cause respiratory chain deficiency. In other human tissues, mtDNA point mutations clonally expand with age. Here, the abundance of mtDNA point mutations within single SN neurons from aged controls was investigated. From 31 single cytochrome c oxidase normal SN neurons, only one clonally expanded mtDNA point mutation was identified, suggesting in these neurons mtDNA point mutations occur rarely, whereas mtDNA deletions are frequently observed. This contrasts observations in mitotic tissues and suggests that different forms of mtDNA maintenance may exist in these two cell types.
Association of common genetic variation in the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway with human longevity
Authors: Pawlikowska Ludmila , Hu Donglei , Huntsman Scott , Sung Andrew , Chu Catherine , Chen Justin , Joyner Alexander H. , Schork Nicholas J. , Hsueh Wen‐Chi , Reiner Alexander P. , Psaty Bruce M. , Atzmon Gil , Barzilai Nir , Cummings Steven R. , Browner Warren S. , Kwok Pui‐Yan , Ziv Elad ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Published: May 2009

The insulin/IGF1 signaling pathways affect lifespan in several model organisms, including worms, flies and mice. To investigate whether common genetic variation in this pathway influences lifespan in humans, we genotyped 291 common variants in 30 genes encoding proteins in the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway in a cohort of elderly Caucasian women selected from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). The cohort included 293 long‐lived cases (lifespan ≥ 92 years (y), mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 95.3 ± 2.2y) and 603 average‐lifespan controls (lifespan ≤ 79y, mean = 75.7 ± 2.6y). Variants were selected for genotyping using a haplotype‐tagging approach. We found a modest excess of variants nominally associated with longevity. Nominally significant variants were then replicated in two additional Caucasian cohorts including both males and females: the Cardiovascular Health Study and Ashkenazi Jewish Centenarians. An intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in AKT1, rs3803304, was significantly associated with lifespan in a meta‐analysis across the three cohorts (OR = 0.78 95%CI = 0.68–0.89, adjusted P = 0.043); two intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms in FOXO3A demonstrated a significant lifespan association among women only (rs1935949, OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.15–1.57, adjusted P = 0.0093). These results demonstrate that common variants in several genes in the insulin/IGF1 pathway are associated with human lifespan.
A syngeneic glioma model to assess the impact of neural progenitor target cell age on tumor malignancy
Authors: Mikheev Andrei M. , Stoll Elizabeth A. , Mikheeva Svetlana A. , Maxwell John‐Patrick , Jankowski Pawel P. , Ray Sutapa , Uo Takuma , Morrison Richard S. , Horner Philip J. , Rostomily Robert C.
Published: May 2009

Human glioma incidence, malignancy, and treatment resistance are directly proportional to patient age. Cell intrinsic factors are reported to contribute to human age‐dependent glioma malignancy, but suitable animal models to examine the role of aging are lacking. Here, we developed an orthotopic syngeneic glioma model to test the hypothesis that the age of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), presumed cells of glioma origin, influences glioma malignancy. Gliomas generated from transformed donor 3‐, 12‐, and 18‐month‐old NPCs in same‐aged adult hosts formed highly invasive glial tumors that phenocopied the human disease. Survival analysis indicated increased malignancy of gliomas generated from older 12‐ and 18‐month‐old transformed NPCs compared with their 3‐month counterparts (median survival of 38.5 and 42.5 vs. 77 days, respectively). This study showed for the first time that age of target cells at the time of transformation can affect malignancy and demonstrated the feasibility of a syngeneic model using transformed NPCs for future examination of the relative impacts of age‐related cell intrinsic and cell‐extrinsic factors in glioma malignancy.
Endogenous cGMP regulates adult longevity via the insulin signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hahm Jeong‐Hoon , Kim Sunhee , Paik Young‐Ki
Published: May 2009

G‐proteins, including GPA‐3, play an important role in regulating physiological responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. When confronted with an environmental stimulus such as dauer pheromone, or poor nutrients, C. elegans receives and integrates external signals through its nervous system (i.e. amphid neurons), which interprets and translates them into biological action. Here it is shown that a suppressed neuronal cGMP level caused by GPA‐3 activation leads to a significant increase (47.3%) in the mean lifespan of adult C. elegans through forkhead transcription factor family O (FOXO)‐mediated signal. A reduced neuronal cGMP level was found to be caused by an increased cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase activity at the transcriptional level. Our results using C. elegans mutants with specific deficits in TGF‐β and FOXO RNAi system suggest a mechanism in that cGMP, TGF‐β, and FOXO signaling interact to differentially produce the insulin‐like molecules, ins‐7 and daf‐28, causing suppression of the insulin/IGF‐1 pathway and promoting lifespan extension. Our findings provide not only a new mechanism of cGMP‐mediated induction of longevity in adult C. elegans but also a possible therapeutic strategy for neuronal disease, which has been likened to brain diabetes.
A crisis in aerial sovereignty? Considering the implications of recent military violations of national airspace
Authors: Williams Alison J
Published: June 2009

The implementation of policies of pre‐emption and securitisation by a number of states has led to an increase in the number of aerial incursions by one state's air force into another state's territory in recent years, often occurring before and, indeed, instead of ground incursions. This paper argues that it is vital that we conceptualise territory as a three‐dimensional volume, rather than simply a flat area, in order to enable an analysis of how these events impact state sovereignty. The central contention of the paper is to extend recent work on territorial integrity and contingent sovereignty into this aerial dimension. A number of brief case studies are provided to illustrate how different incursion practices actively violate territorial integrity or render state sovereignty contingent. The conclusion seeks to answer the question of whether these incidents imply a crisis in aerial sovereignty or whether they confirm the chronic decline of this norm of international law.
An invitation to compare: Frans van Mieris's Cloth Shop in the context of early modern art collecting
Authors: Ho Angela
Published: June 2009

With Frans van Mieris's Cloth Shop as case study, this article explores how the cultural practice of art collecting in the seventeenth‐century Dutch Republic informed an artist's pictorial strategies. An analysis of the imagery and execution of the painting shows that Van Mieris makes judgment and comparison the central themes, cleverly urging viewers to compare his creation to the works of his renowned compatriots, including Gerrit Dou and Gerard ter Borch. The notion of judgment was particularly apt in the context of early modern collecting, for it was the site where viewers demonstrated their taste, which in turn was a badge of cultural and social distinction. Combining motifs from diverse conventional subjects, Van Mieris invites viewers to draw connections between The Cloth Shop and numerous other works either on display in the same space or in their memory. In the process, he succeeds in underscoring his technical virtuosity, and in not only satisfying but also surprising viewers with his imagery. Van Mieris thus provides the occasion for privileged viewers to perform their roles as liefhebbers, thereby underlining their cultural superiority.
Documentation of Istanbul Historic Peninsula by Kinematic Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Kersten Thomas P. , Büyüksalİh Gürcan , Baz İBrahİm , Jacobsen Karsten
Published: June 2009

Although the Historic Peninsula of old Istanbul was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985, complete documentation of this important area has not yet been carried out. In 2006 the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality’s Historical Environment Protection Directorate initiated the “Historic Peninsula Project”, which covers an area of 1500 ha and includes approximately 48 000 buildings in crowded and frequently narrow streets. BİMTAŞ, a company owned by the Municipality, immediately started the documentation of all buildings in the project area using terrestrial laser scanning. This created the challenge of building up an efficient production environment with new high‐end technology to fulfil the requirements of this project in a very short timeframe of 2 years. This paper describes the entire production environment for documentation of all buildings, detailing the frequent adaptations of the process resulting from learning on the job. Although the data acquisition and mapping environment was established in the course of production, it was always essential to optimise the technical solutions in order to meet the requirements for data quality and delivery deadlines. Only 80 ha of the required 1500 ha was completed using static scanning during the first 6 months, thus requiring a change from static to mobile terrestrial laser scanning in order to accelerate the work and to conclude the scanning phase for the remaining major area within 3 months.
Outcome in women with no endocervical component on cervical cytology after treatment for high‐grade cervical dysplasia
Authors: HUANG Alice , QUINN Michael , TAN Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

Background:  Cervical cancer and its precursors still remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality despite adequate screening programs. It is now established practice in Australia that a Pap smear without an endocervical component, which is otherwise negative, does not warrant an earlier repeat smear. This study aims to determine if the lack of an endocervical component in women with previously treated high‐grade abnormalities of the cervix increases the risk of subsequent cytological abnormalities.

Method:  Data were retrieved from an electronic database in the Oncology and Dysplasia Unit at The Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Women who underwent treatment for high‐grade cervical abnormalities from 2000–2004 were included in the study. Women with negative cytology immediately after their operations were first identified, and the incidence of subsequent cytological abnormalities was calculated and then separated according to their endocervical status.

Results:  Of the 1260 women in the study population, seven developed high‐grade abnormalities (six with an endocervical component and one without) and 107 developed low‐grade abnormalities (98 with an endocervical component and nine without).

Conclusion:  The lack of an endocervical component was not statistically significantly associated with a higher incidence of either high‐grade or low‐grade abnormalities. Therefore, women who have had previous treatments for high‐grade abnormalities do not need to have earlier repeat smears or intervention if the cytology lacks an endocervical component.
Long‐Term Outcome in 44 Horses with Stifle Lameness After Arthroscopic Exploration and Debridement
Authors: COHEN JENNIFER M. , RICHARDSON DEAN W. , MCKNIGHT ALEXIA L. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , BOSTON RAYMOND C.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To (1) examine the outcome in horses with osteoarthritis or intra‐articular soft tissue injuries of the stifle after arthroscopic exploration and debridement and (2) to determine any imaging or surgical findings that may influence prognosis.

Design—Case series.

Animals—Horses (n=44) with lameness referable to the stifle, diagnosed with osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, or other intra‐articular soft tissue injuries based on arthroscopic examination.

Methods—Medical records of horses with stifle lameness that had arthroscopic exploration were reviewed. Horses with osteochondrosis lesions, intra‐articular fractures, or osseous cyst‐like lesions were excluded. Pertinent case information was analyzed and short‐ and long‐term outcome was assessed.

Results—There was no association between radiographic score and surgery score. Diagnostic ultrasound had a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 56% for identifying meniscal injuries. Follow‐up information was available for 35 horses; 23 horses (60%) improved after surgery, 16 (46%) became sound, and 13 (37%) returned to their previous level of function. A negative association was observed between age and degree of preoperative lameness and outcome. More severe changes observed on preoperative radiographs were also negatively associated with prognosis. No horses with grade 3 meniscal tears improved postoperatively and increasing meniscal pathology was negatively associated with return to previous function. A weak association between surgery grade and outcome was also observed. Degree of chondral damage, location of primary pathology, and microfracture techniques had no effect on outcome.

Conclusions—Advanced horse age, severe lameness and preoperative radiographic changes, and presence of large meniscal tears are associated with a negative postoperative outcome for horses with stifle lameness. Appearance of the articular surface at surgery appears to be an inconsistent prognostic indicator.

Clinical Relevance—Some horses with extensive cartilage damage may return to athletic function after arthroscopic debridement and lavage. A more pessimistic prognosis may be given to older horses, those with more severe preoperative lameness, and those with severe radiographic changes or large meniscal tears.
Effect of Prosthesis Number and Position on Rima Glottidis Area in Equine Laryngeal Specimens
Authors: DART ANDREW , TEE ELIZABETH , BRENNAN MOSES , DART CHRISTINA , PERKINS NIGEL , CHAPMAN STELLA , DEBNEY SALLY
Published: June 2009

Objective—To assess the effect of 1 or 2 laryngeal prosthetic sutures on rima glottidis areas in equine laryngeal specimens.

Study Design—Experimental, randomized design.

Animals—Cadaveric equine larynges (n=16).

Methods—Larynges were collected from 10 horses; 2 sutures each were preplaced in the right and left sides of each larynx. A dorsal suture (DS) was placed through the caudal rim of the dorsal midline of the cricoid cartilage, under the cricopharyngeus muscle and through the proximal and rostral aspect of the muscular process. A lateral suture (LS) was placed 1.5 cm lateral to the DS and through the muscular process more distal and caudal to the 1st suture. Larynges were positioned in a customized stand and the rima glottidis photographed after each suture (LS or DS) or suture combination (CS) was tied in random sequence. An additional 6 larynxes were used to determine whether the tension applied to the sutures was repeatable. Sutures were preplaced in both the right and left side of each larynx as described above and each suture and CS was tied and released 3 times in each larynx. Photographs were taken of the rima glottidis after each suture or CS was tied generating 3 replicates for each suture configuration on each side of the 6 larynges.

Results—Mean rima glottidis area was not different between DS and LS when tied alone (P=.85); however, mean area after CS (DS+LS) was greater than DS (P<.001) and LS (P<.001) alone. The coefficient of variation for the 6 suture patterns were low (1–7%) and the intraclass correlation coefficient estimates were very high (0.997–0.998) demonstrating excellent repeatability between replicates for each of the 3 suture configurations.

Conclusion—Our results suggest that laryngoplasty using 2 prostheses; 1 placed dorsally in the cricoid and through the rostral and proximal muscular process and 1 placed 1.5 cm lateral to the 1st and more caudal and distal in the muscular process results in a greater cross sectional area of the rima glottidis than either suture used alone.

Clinical Relevance—Seemingly prosthetic sutures contribute independently to each other in determining the contour of the rima glottidis. Use of 2 prosthetic sutures improves crosssectional area of the rima glottidis compared with each suture alone and may improve surgical outcome in laryngoplasty.
Age, Tibial Plateau Angle, Sex, and Weight as Risk Factors for Contralateral Rupture of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Labradors
Authors: BUOTE NICOLE , FUSCO JASON , RADASCH ROBERT
Published: June 2009

Objective—To compare rates of contralateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in Labradors based on age and weight at initial rupture, sex, and tibial plateau angle (TPA) and to determine whether Labradors that rupture their initial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) at an earlier age (<4 years) are more likely to rupture their contralateral side within a certain period of time.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Labradors (n=94) that had tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Methods—Two groups: no contralateral rupture (NR) and contralateral rupture (CR) were compared for significant (P<.05) differences in percentage of subsequent cruciate tears using a Wilcoxon's rank‐sum tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for sex. Adjusted odds ratios for likelihood of subsequent cruciate tears (yes/no) were estimated using logistic regression. Associations of these characteristics with time to subsequent rupture were assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis estimation. Predictors of presentation with bilateral ruptures (BR) versus single rupture were also evaluated using Wilcoxon's rank‐sum tests and a generalized Fisher's exact test.

Results—Subsequent CCLR occurred in 45 dogs (48%), and BR on admission were identified in 10 dogs (10.6%). Comparing NR and CR dogs, there were no significant differences between age or weight at initial rupture, sex or TPA; however there were associations toward longer time to CR for dogs older than the median age and female dogs (intact and spayed). There were no significant differences in age, sex, weight, or TPA of dogs with bilateral CCL ruptures compared with initial unilateral ruptures; however, there was a trend toward dogs presenting at an older age and with lower TPA's in the BR group. Among the 84 NR/CR dogs, the median time to rupture of the contralateral CCL was 5.5 months (95% CI 5.2–5.7).

Conclusions—Age and weight at initial rupture, sex, and TPA does not affect likelihood or rate of contralateral CCL rupture or presentation with bilateral CCL ruptures.

Clinical Relevance—Approximately 50% of Labradors will rupture the contralateral CCL within 5.5 months of the initial rupture but age, weight, sex, and TPA cannot be used as predictive features.
Exploring Factors Associated With the Incidence of Sexual Harassment of Hospital Nurses by Patients
Authors: Hibino Yuri , Hitomi Yoshiaki , Kambayashi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: June 2009

Purpose: To identify factors affecting nurse‐perceived sexual harassment and specific types of patient sexual behavior experienced by Japanese nurses.

Design: Cross‐sectional questionnaire study of Japanese hospital nurses.

Methods: Self‐administered questionnaires (N=600) were distributed to Japanese hospital nurses, and 464 were returned (response rate of 77.3%). Two instruments were used: one was for determining sexual harassment by patients, and the other was for determining specific types of patient behavior that had sexual connotations.

Findings: Registered nurses were at a much higher risk of sexual harassment than were nurse assistants. In addition, registered nurses had a much more positive attitude toward gender equality compared with assistant nurses.

Conclusions: A positive attitude toward gender equality mediated by a relatively high education level might be associated with increasing reports of sexual harassment. An increasing incidence of sexual harassment claims among nurses should prompt hospital organizations to take proper action against it. Education on gender equality was thus considered a long‐term solution for reducing the sexual harassment of Japanese hospital nurses.

Clinical Relevance: Establishing a safer working environment could enable nurses to provide better care for patients and thereby promote the development of good relationships between nurses and patients.
Predictors of the Intensity of Symptoms in a Cluster in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Kim Hee‐Ju , Barsevick Andrea M. , Tulman Lorraine
Published: June 2009

Purpose: To examine the influence of selected demographic and clinical variables on the intensity of symptoms in two previously identified symptom clusters (psychoneurological and upper gastrointestinal) across the treatment trajectory for breast cancer.

Design: A secondary analysis was conducted with a sample of 282 female breast‐cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy in two American cancer centers. Data were collected three times across the treatment trajectory: baseline (before chemotherapy or radiation treatment) and two follow‐up times after treatment initiation.

Method: Multiple regression analyses were done at each time point to examine the influence of selected demographic and clinical variables on the intensity of symptoms in each cluster.

Findings: Baseline physical performance status was a consistent predictor of symptom intensity in the psychoneurological cluster across time whereas age and treatment modality were consistent predictors of symptom intensity in the upper gastrointestinal cluster. Poor physical performance at baseline predicted more intense psychoneurological symptoms. Younger women and women undergoing chemotherapy experienced more intense gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition, at the second follow‐up treatment modality also influenced intensity of symptoms in the psychoneurological cluster and race and baseline physical performance status also influenced the intensity of symptoms in the upper gastrointestinal cluster.

Conclusions: Clinicians can anticipate that younger patients, patients with poor baseline physical performance status, and patients who receive chemotherapy will have more intense treatment‐related gastrointestinal and psychoneurological symptoms during adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Further research is needed to determine whether collective management for symptoms in a cluster may be beneficial.

Clinical Relevance: Clinicians can use findings from the present study to identify patients who need greater attention to symptom assessment and management, including anticipatory counseling of patients and families.
Predictive Validity of the International Hospital Outcomes Study Questionnaire: An RN4CAST Pilot Study
Authors: Bruyneel Luk , Heede Koen Van den , Diya Luwis , Aiken Linda , Sermeus Walter
Published: June 2009

Purpose:To study the predictive validity of the instrument used in the International Hospital Outcomes Study (IHOS) for an upcoming EU‐funded project (RN4CAST), which will indicate the effect of the nursing work environment and nursing staff deployment on nurse recruitment, retention, and productivity; and on patient outcomes in 11 European countries.

Methods:Cross‐sectional analysis of data from 179 nurses (75% response rate) who completed an IHOS‐like nurse survey questionnaire, which included the Revised Nursing Work Index and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The nurses worked in four Belgian acute‐care hospitals. Logistic regression modeling was performed to explore associations between nurse‐perceived outcomes and nursing work environment factors that were checked with confirmatory factor analysis.

Findings:We confirmed associations between nurse‐perceived outcomes and the following nursing work environment factors: nurse‐physician relationship; staffing, and resource adequacy; and nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses. A 1‐point increase in the rating of the factor nurse‐physician relationship was significantly associated with a 2.5‐fold (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.29–4.93;p<0.01) increase in the odds of reporting high job satisfaction and with a fourfold (OR, 4.02; 95%CI, 1.85–8.70;p<0.001) increase in the odds of reporting excellent nurse‐perceived quality of care. A 1‐point increase in the rating of the factor staffing and resource adequacy was significantly associated with an approximate threefold (OR, 2.81; 95%CI, 1.38–5.72;p<0.01) increase in the odds of reporting high job satisfaction and with a fourfold (OR, 0.23; 95%CI, 0.12–0.47;p<0.001) decrease in the odds of reporting burnout.

Conclusions:The predictive validity of the IHOS instrument was supported by the confirmation of key factors, which were previously identified by previous international research, and by the finding of similar associations between these factors and nurse‐perceived outcomes. The IHOS questionnaire that will be used in the RN4CAST project is robust and psychometrically sound.

Clinical Relevance:The RN4CAST consortium, consisting of members from 15 countries, will use a similar instrument to that used in the International Hospital Outcomes study to measure the nursing work environment. This information will be linked with patients’ experiences and data extracted from routinely collected hospital discharge data. RN4CAST will show the important role of nursing staff in providing high quality care and allow refinement of current forecasting models for personnel planning in nursing.
Providing Transcultural to Children and Parents: An Exploratory Study From Italy
Authors: Festini Filippo , Focardi Stella , Bisogni Sofia , Mannini Claudia , Neri Stella
Published: June 2009

Purpose: Immigration and multiculturalism are relatively recent in Italian society, and social adaptation to this new reality is still ongoing. Immigrants to Italy mainly come from China, Albania, Northern Africa, and Eastern Europe. Because no study about this topic was found, our goal was to investigate attitudes and problems encountered by Italian nurses in a paediatric setting with regard to nursing care of children and their families from other countries.

Design and Methods: Exploratory study. An anonymous 11‐item “ad hoc” questionnaire was distributed to 201 ward nurses of the Meyer Paediatric Hospital, Florence, Italy in May 2007.

Findings: In all, 129 nurses (64.1%) answered the questionnaire; 78.3% reported having experienced some difficulties in providing care to foreign children and their families. The language barrier was reported as the most important, although more than two‐thirds of nurses speak a language in addition to Italian. About half of the nurses encountered problems in care because of different nutrition and personal hygiene customs of patients and their families. Religious and spiritual practices were perceived as a problem by only a minority of nurses. Almost half of the nurses reported having been involved in care situations wherein they felt embarrassed or disapproval concerning the behaviour of parents of foreign children. This included discomfort about different views concerning the social role of women. Nurses also perceived in foreign parents opinions different from their own about the role of nurses (10%) and attitudes of children toward pain associated with medical procedures (45%).

Conclusions: This is the first study we know about regarding attitudes of Italian nurses toward multicultural care. Effective communication is the main aspect of delivering culturally competent care. Language as a means of communication is paramount for an effective nurse‐patient relationship without which nursing care is unsatisfactory. Our study indicates the importance of teaching transcultural nursing, cultural diversity, and culturally competent nursing care in university and continuing professional education programs for Italian nurses and nursing students.

Clinical Relevance: This study indicates the strengths and weaknesses of Italian nurses in managing the care of non‐Italian children and their families; and the need for a background of transcultural nursing and theory.
Electron Transport in Polymer‐Derived Amorphous Silicon Oxycarbonitride Ceramics
Authors: Wang Yansong , Jiang Tao , Zhang Ligong , An Linan
Published: June 2009

The electron transport behavior of polymer‐derived amorphous silicon oxycarbonitride ceramics is studied by measuring their temperature‐dependent electrical conductivities. The experimental results are analyzed using theoretical models. The results reveal that the materials exhibit three conduction mechanisms: conduction in extended states, conduction in band tails, and conduction in localized states. Particularly, it is found that in a low‐temperature regime, the conduction of the materials follows a band tail hopping mechanism, rather than the previously assumed variable range hopping mechanism. The results also reveal that energy gaps such as EC−EF and EC−EA decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
The contact/kinin and complement systems in vasculitis
Authors: KARPMAN DIANA , KAHN ROBIN
Published: June 2009

Vasculitides are a group of conditions with marked inflammation in and around vessel walls and vascular leakage. These conditions may involve the presence of auto‐antibodies such as ANCA or may be mediated by other autoimmune or pathogenic mechanisms. Regardless of the primary trigger, vasculitides entail activation of the complement system as well as the contact/kinin system. In vivo and in vitro data support the involvement of these systems showing activation of the alternative, classical and lectin complement pathways as well as release of bradykinin at sites of vascular inflammation. This short review will summarize some of the data regarding the participation of these systems and the interplay between the complement and kinin systems as well as their interaction with the endothelium and neutrophils. Although these systems do not play a primary role in induction of vasculitis, the peptides released contribute to inflammation and vascular leakage and may thus be identified as potential therapeutic targets.
Spatial risk assessment of livestock exposure to pumas in Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Daniel Kissling W. , Fernández Néstor , Paruelo José M.
Published: June 2009

Livestock predation and associated human‐carnivore conflicts are increasing worldwide and require the development of methods and concepts for risk assessment and conflict management. Here we use knowledge on habitat preference and distribution of pumas and provide a first assessment of the spatial risk of livestock to puma depredation in Patagonian ranches, Argentina. In an initial step, we developed a rule‐based habitat model in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to predict the distribution of puma habitat at a regional scale in Patagonia. We then used empirically derived puma occurrence records from Patagonian ranches 1) to test our regional habitat predictions, and 2) to evaluate if paddock characteristics (vegetation cover, topography, and distance to roads) contribute to explain puma occurrences within ranches. Finally, we simulated three livestock management scenarios differing in their spatial and seasonal allocation of livestock to paddocks, and compared the likelihood of livestock exposure to pumas among scenarios. At a regional scale, 22% of the study region was predicted to be suitable for puma home ranges. The greatest uncertainty in these predictions resulted from assumptions on woody vegetation cover requirements at the home range scale. Within ranches, puma occurrences were positively associated with paddock topography, woody vegetation cover on paddocks, and proximity to predicted regional puma habitat. Comparing the risk of predation by puma among simulated livestock management scenarios implied that rotating livestock during seasons may help to reduce the likelihood of livestock exposure to pumas. Our results show the usefulness of rule‐based habitat models for describing broad‐scale carnivore distributions and for aiding risk assessments to mitigate conflicts between predators and human activities.
Activating killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor incompatibilities enhance graft‐versus‐host disease and affect survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Giebel Sebastian , Nowak Izabela , Dziaczkowska Joanna , Czerw Tomasz , Wojnar Jerzy , Krawczyk‐Kulis Malgorzata , Holowiecki Jerzy , Holowiecka‐Goral Aleksandra , Markiewicz Miroslaw , Kopera Malgorzata , Karolczyk Agnieszka , Kyrcz‐Krzemien Slawomira , Kusnierczyk Piotr
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) regulate function of natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of T cells. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the impact of donor and recipient activating KIR genes on outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) for patients with hematological malignancies.

Methods: One‐hundred consecutive recipients of myeloablative transplantation and their donors were tested for KIR genotype as well as for immune reconstitution, including activating KIR expression on NK cells and T cells.

Results: In a multivariate analysis, mismatches of particular activating KIRs such that the patient was negative and the donor was positive (P−D+) resulted in increased risk of acute (KIR2DS1) and chronic (KIR2DS3) graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) as well as relapse (KIR2DS5). KIR2DS1 incompatibility in the same direction in the presence of HLA‐C‐group 2 ligand in recipient was associated with reduced overall (risk ratio, RR = 3.01;P = 0.01) and disease‐free survival (RR = 2.92,P = 0.03). Activating mismatches in P−D+direction resulted in decreased CD4+ : CD8+T‐cell ratio up to 1 yr after alloHSCT, as a consequence of decreased CD3+CD4+number within the first 100 d and increased CD3+CD8+number in later time‐points. Among six evaluated patients, expression of activating KIRs on NK cells and T cells was particularly prominent for those developing intestinal GVHD.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the presence of particular activating KIRs in donor with their absence in recipient enhances GVHD, which is not accompanied by graft‐versus‐leukemia effect. Evaluation of activating KIR genotype may allow optimization of both donor selection and transplantation procedure in order to avoid GVHD.
Repair of untreated horizontal root fractures: two case reports
Authors: Chala Sanaa , Sakout Majid , Abdallaoui Faïza
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  To present two cases of root fractures which have healed spontaneously without any treatment? This article describes two untreated horizontal root fracture of the maxillary incisors. The fractured teeth were without any sign or symptom, and tested as vital to thermal and electric pulp test. These fractures were discovered during a routine full‐mouth radiographic examination.
Traumatic dental injuries among primary school children in Sulaimani city, Iraq
Authors: Noori Arass Jalal , Al‐Obaidi Wesal Ali
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  A cross‐sectional survey was carried out through clinical examination of anterior teeth among 4015, 6‐ to 13‐year‐old children enrolled in 20 public primary schools of Sulaimani city, northern Iraq. The prevalence and pattern of traumatized anterior teeth were studied in relation to age, gender, type of injury, dental treatment needs, place and cause of the trauma in addition to occlusal relation and upper lip position. The prevalence of children with traumatic dental injuries was found to be 6.1% (243 children) of the total sample. Age and gender were highly significantly associated with dental trauma (P < 0.001). Males were more affected than females and the prevalence increased with age. Simple enamel fracture was the most common type of injury followed by enamel‐dentine fracture and concussion. The maxillary central incisors were found to be most affected by trauma followed by mandibular central incisors and the maxillary lateral incisors. The number of injured teeth per child was 1.38 (totally 336 anterior teeth were found with dental trauma) and single tooth trauma was the most common type (69.5%). Results showed that only 7% of the traumatized anterior teeth received treatment and about half (48.7%) of the remaining traumatized teeth did not need dental treatments, while the least treatment type needed was extraction (3.5%). The highest proportions of traumatized children were found with class II division 1 malocclusion and inadequate upper lip coverage. Falls and playing were the most common causes of dental injury, while home was the most common place of trauma occurrence. The present study revealed a relatively low prevalence of dental trauma, but still this figure represents a large number of children. Therefore, educational programs are to be initiated for the community regarding causes, prevention and treatments of traumatic dental injuries.
Internet-Based Brief Sex Therapy for Heterosexual Men with Sexual Dysfunctions: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Authors: Van Lankveld Jacques J.D.M. , Leusink Peter , Van Diest Selma , Gijs Luk , Slob A. Koos
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Internet-based sex therapy for men with erectile dysfunction has been advocated as an easily accessible and cost-effective treatment.

Aim

To test whether Internet-based sex therapy is superior to waiting list.

Methods

Internet-based therapy was administered to heterosexual men with erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation, without face-to-face contact, in a waiting-list controlled design, with pre-, post-, and follow-up measurements at 3 and 6 months posttreatment. Treatment was based on the sensate-focus model of Masters and Johnson, and supplemented with cognitive restructuring techniques.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-reported improvement of sexual functioning, erectile functioning (men with ED), premature ejaculation (men with PE), sexual desire, overall sexual satisfaction, and sexual self-confidence.

Results

Ninety-eight men participated (58 ED, 40 PE). Sexual functioning was much or somewhat improved in 40 participants (48%). In participants with ED, a near significant effect of treatment was found (P = 0.065), with higher levels of sexual desire (P < 0.05) and sexual self-confidence (P = 0.05) in treated men, in addition to improved erectile functioning (P = 0.01) and overall sexual satisfaction (P < 0.001) in both groups. In participants with PE, treatment was not superior to waiting list. In participants with ED, erectile functioning (P < 0.05) and overall sexual satisfaction (P = 0.002) improved significantly. In participants with PE, latency to ejaculation (P < 0.001), sexual desire (P < 0.05), and overall sexual satisfaction (P < 0.05) improved significantly from baseline to posttreatment, with no further changes at both follow-ups. Sexual self-confidence in men with PE remained unchanged during treatment until follow-up at 3 months posttreatment, and then was found to be improved at 6-months follow-up (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Internet-based sex therapy for male erectile dysfunction was efficacious for male erectile disorder. For men with premature ejaculation, however, treatment was not superior to waiting list.