bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column retrieval from ground-based zenith–sky DOAS observations
Authors: Tack F. , Hendrick F. , Goutail F. , Fayt C. , Merlaud A. , Pinardi G. , Hermans C. , Pommereau J.-P. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We present an algorithm for retrieving tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column densities (VCDs) from ground-based zenith–sky (ZS) measurements of scattered sunlight. The method is based on a four-step approach consisting of (1) the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) analysis of ZS radiance spectra using a fixed reference spectrum corresponding to low NO2 absorption, (2) the determination of the residual amount in the reference spectrum using a Langley-plot-type method, (3) the removal of the stratospheric content from the daytime total measured slant column based on stratospheric VCDs measured at sunrise and sunset, and simulation of the rapid NO2 diurnal variation, (4) the retrieval of tropospheric VCDs by dividing the resulting tropospheric slant columns by appropriate air mass factors (AMFs). These steps are fully characterized and recommendations are given for each of them. The retrieval algorithm is applied on a ZS data set acquired with a multi-axis (MAX-) DOAS instrument during the Cabauw (51.97° N, 4.93° E, sea level) Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI) held from 10 June to 21 July 2009 in the Netherlands. A median value of 7.9 × 1015 molec cm−2 is found for the retrieved tropospheric NO2 VCDs, with maxima up to 6.0 × 1016 molec cm−2. The error budget assessment indicates that the overall error σTVCD on the column values is less than 28%. In the case of low tropospheric contribution, σTVCD is estimated to be around 39% and is dominated by uncertainties in the determination of the residual amount in the reference spectrum. For strong tropospheric pollution events, σTVCD drops to approximately 22% with the largest uncertainties on the determination of the stratospheric NO2 abundance and tropospheric AMFs. The tropospheric VCD amounts derived from ZS observations are compared to VCDs retrieved from off-axis and direct-sun measurements of the same MAX-DOAS instrument as well as to data from a co-located Système d'Analyse par Observations Zénithales (SAOZ) spectrometer. The retrieved tropospheric VCDs are in good agreement with the different data sets with correlation coefficients and slopes close to or larger than 0.9. The potential of the presented ZS retrieval algorithm is further demonstrated by its successful application on a 2-year data set, acquired at the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) station Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP; Southern France).
Daily burned area and carbon emissions from boreal fires in Alaska
Authors: Veraverbeke S. , Rogers B. M. , Randerson J. T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Boreal fires burn into carbon-rich organic soils, thereby releasing large quantities of trace gases and aerosols that influence atmospheric composition and climate. To better understand the factors regulating boreal fire emissions, we developed a statistical model of carbon consumption by fire for Alaska with a spatial resolution of 450 m and a temporal resolution of 1 day. We used the model to estimate variability in carbon emissions between 2001 and 2012. Daily burned area was mapped using imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer combined with perimeters from the Alaska Large Fire Database. Carbon consumption was calibrated using available field measurements from black spruce forests in Alaska. We built two nonlinear multiplicative models to separately predict above- and belowground carbon consumption by fire in response to environmental variables including elevation, day of burning within the fire season, pre-fire tree cover and the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR). Higher belowground carbon consumption occurred later in the season and for mid-elevation forests. Topographic slope and aspect did not improve performance of the belowground carbon consumption model. Aboveground and belowground carbon consumption also increased as a function of tree cover and the dNBR, suggesting a causal link between the processes regulating these two components of carbon consumption. Between 2001 and 2012, the median carbon consumption was 2.54 kg C m-2. Burning in land-cover types other than black spruce was considerable and was associated with lower levels of carbon consumption than for pure black spruce stands. Carbon consumption originated primarily from the belowground fraction (median = 2.32 kg C m-2 for all cover types and 2.67 kg C m-2 for pure black spruce stands). Total carbon emissions varied considerably from year to year, with the highest emissions occurring during 2004 (69 Tg C), 2005 (46 Tg C), 2009 (26 Tg C), and 2002 (17 Tg C) and a mean of 15 Tg C year-1 between 2001 and 2012. Mean uncertainty of carbon consumption for the domain, expressed as 1 standard deviation (SD), was 0.50 kg C m-2. Uncertainties in the multiplicative regression model used to estimate belowground consumption in black spruce stands and the land-cover classification were primary contributors to uncertainty estimates. Our analysis highlights the importance of accounting for the spatial heterogeneity of fuels and combustion when extrapolating emissions in space and time, and the need for of additional field campaigns to increase the density of observations as a function of tree cover and other environmental variables influencing consumption. The daily emissions time series from the Alaskan Fire Emissions Database (AKFED) presented here creates new opportunities to study environmental controls on daily fire dynamics, optimize boreal fire emissions in biogeochemical models, and quantify potential feedbacks from changing fire regimes.
EFFECT OF MODIFIED KAOLINITE BY USING FATTY ACIDS ON NR- AND SBR-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Authors: Zoromba M. Sh. , Bassyouni M. , Abdel-Hamid S.M.-S.
Published: June 2015

Natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)–kaolinite clay (KC) composites (NR-KC and SBR-KC) were synthesized and characterized. The interfacial surface between rubber and KC was investigated in the presence of stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and oleic acid (OA) coupling agents. A monolayer of modifiers was formed on the surface of KC particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to study the effect of fatty acid coupling agents on KC. Modifier concentrations were determined using an adsorption isotherms technique. Sedimentation rate and volumes of modified KC in toluene were measured. Rheometric characteristic and physico-mechanical properties of rubber composites were investigated. Stress–strain behavior and hardness of NR-KC and SBR-KC composites were studied. Experimental results were compared with calculated results using the Cambridge Engineering Selector program. The XRD patterns showed a decrease in the peak intensity of unmodified KC compared with modified KC, asserting an intercalation process. The optimum concentrations of chemical modifiers are 16 × 10−5, 18 × 10−5, and 37 × 10−5 mol/g for SA, OA, and PA, respectively. Mechanical testing showed that high tensile strength can be obtained in the presence of the SA modifier. The degree and kinetics of equilibrium swelling and soluble fraction for NR and SBR vulcanizates were investigated.
Een algemene nadeelcompensatieregeling, ook in het omgevingsrecht
Authors: Besselink H.J.M. (Hans) , Procee J.S. (Jelmer)
Published: June 2015

Een algemene nadeelcompensatieregeling, ook in het omgevingsrecht

In het licht van de komst van de nieuwe Omgevingswet zijn de auteurs nagegaan of nadeelcompensatiebepalingen in de in de Omgevingswet op te nemen wetten gehandhaafd moeten blijven, of kunnen worden geschrapt bij de invoering van de Wet nadeelcompensatie. Alleen bij het opleggen van een gedoogplicht bestaan fundamentele bezwaren om zonder meer art. 4:126 Awb van toepassing te verklaren. Dergelijke bezwaren bestaan niet bij het schrappen van de bijzondere bepalingen omtrent planschade (en andere limitatieve vergoedingsstelsels). Wel zou in een aantal gevallen (bevoegde rechter, afwenteling en adoptie) een bijzondere regeling in aanvulling op de nieuwe afdeling 4.5 van de Awb wenselijk zijn.
A Permanent and Significant Contribution: The Life of May Hill Arbuthnot
Authors: McQueen Sharon
Published: June 2015

May Hill Arbuthnot (1884–1969) was not a children’s librarian, nor did she teach children’s librarianship. She was not a scholar of children’s librarianship. How, then, did she come to have an entry in the biographical dictionary Pioneers and Leaders in Library Services to Youth among the pantheon of youth services legends that included Anne Carroll Moore, Augusta Baker, Mildred Batchelder, and Charlemae Rollins? Why did American Libraries include her among one hundred of the most important leaders of librarianship in the twentieth century? And why did ALA’s Children’s Services Division (now ALSC) agree to administer a lecture series named in Arbuthnot’s honor?
Desemprego econômico e mudanças institucionais no estado brasileiro entre 1995 e 2002
Authors: Brum Adriana Kirchof de , Moura Airton Pinto de
Published: June 2015

A análise do efeito das instituições sobre o desempenho econômico dos países vem ganhando destaque cada vez maior  nos estudos de economia realizados no Brasil nos últimos anos. O postulado básico de que “as instituições importam” traz à tona a discussão de uma série de questões para explicar por que determinadas economias crescem a taxas maiores do que outras. Sob o  ponto de vista institucionalista, o desempenho econômico surge como consequência de uma determinada configuração institucional, em que o aspecto histórico é relevante, uma vez que esse reflete, direta ou indiretamente, o tipo de postura a ser tomada pelos  agentes nas esferas econômica, política, social e inovativa. Nessas condições, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as mudanças institucionais ocorridas entre 1995 e 2002, salientando as principais  mudanças  no que se refere à configuração do regime  de Estado e sua influência no desempenho da economia brasileiradurante o período.
Os gastos sociais municipais e os indicadores de qualidade de vida dos municípios gaúchos: o caso metropolitano delta do Jacuí (1991-2008)
Authors: Fraga Wagner Santana de , Massuquetti Angélica , Feltrin Luciano , Schumacher Gabriela da Silva
Published: June 2015

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar como os gastos sociais dos municípios que integram o COREDE Metropolitano Delta do Jacuí (Rio Grande do Sul) influenciaram na evolução de seus indicadores socioeconômicos no período 1991-2008. Para tanto, foram analisados os gastos públicos, no âmbito dos municípios do COREDE, com assistência social, saúde, saneamento, educação e cultura, verificando sua relação com a variação do IDESE dos municípios. Como resultados, foi possível observar que os municípios que apresentaram maior expansão do gasto público e do PIB não estão, necessariamente, entre aqueles que possuem os melhores índices de desenvolvimento humano. Portanto, apesar de terem despendido um montante maior de recursos para as áreas sociais e das melhorias obtidas nos seus índices, principalmente na dimensão educação, as demais dimensões analisadas não demonstram sensibilidade somente às variações dos gastos públicos e dos PIB’s municipais.
Identification of a Mutation in FGF23 Involved in Mandibular Prognathism
Authors: Chen Fengshan , Li Qin , Gu Mingliang , Li Xin , Yu Jun , Zhang Yong-Biao
Published: June 2015

Mandibular prognathism (MP) is a severe maxillofacial disorder with undetermined genetic background. We collected a Chinese pedigree with MP which involved in 23 living members of 4 generations. Genome-wide linkage analysis were carried out to obtain the information in this family and a new MP-susceptibility locus, 12pter-p12.3 was identified. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous mutation in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (; p.A12D) which well segregated with MP in this pedigree within the locus. The mutation was also detected in 3 cases out of 65 sporadic MP patients, but not in any of the 342 control subjects. The p.A12D mutation may disrupt signal peptide function and inhibit secretory in FGF23. Furthermore, mutant FGF23 was overexpressed in 293T cells, increased cytoplasmic accumulation was observed compared with the wild type. We have discovered that c.35C>A mutation in FGF23 strongly associated with MP, which expand our understanding of the genetic contribution to MP pathogenesis.
Grafting Ni particles onto SBA-15, and their enhanced performance for CO2 methanation
Authors: Lu Baowang , Ju Yiwen , Abe Takayuki , Kawamoto Katsuya
Published: June 2015

Ni particles could be grafted onto SBA-15 through –O–Ni–O–Si–O– bond formation using (Ni(NH3)x)2+.
Low-temperature reduction–pyrolysis–catalysis synthesis of carbon nanospheres for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Dong Lingqing , Yan Xufeng , Cheng Kui , Weng Wenjian , Han Weiqiang
Published: June 2015

Carbon nanospheres synthesized using a reduction–pyrolysis–catalysis process at low temperature (160 °C) show a high specific capacity of 719 mA h g−1at a rate of 0.2 A g−1(98.5% charge capacity retention) after 100 charge–discharge cycles.
Synthesis of lithium polyhydrides above 130 GPa at 300 K
Authors: Pépin Charles , Loubeyre Paul , Occelli Florent , Dumas Paul
Published: June 2015

Significance

High hydrides with unusual stoichiometries have been predicted to become energetically favored in various hydrides of alkali and alkali earth metals under pressure. This paper reports on synchrotron infrared spectroscopic measurements on lithium hydride (LiH) compressed in a diamond anvil cell up to 215 GPa, showing that insulating lithium polyhydrides containing H
2
units are synthesized above 130 GPa at 300 K. The observed vibron frequencies are in good agreement with the predictions for LiH
2
and LiH
6
.
Crystal structure of Sc1.91In1.39Mo15Se19, containing Mo6and Mo9clusters
Authors: Gougeon Patrick , Gall Philippe , Salloum Diala
Published: June 2015

The structure of scandium indium pentadecamolybdenum nonadecaselenide, Sc1.91In1.39Mo15Se19, is isotypic with In2.9Mo15Se19[Grüttneret al.(1979).Acta Cryst.B35, 285–292]. It is characterized by two cluster units Mo6Sei8Sea6and Mo9Sei11Sea6(whereirepresents inner andaapical atoms) that are present in a 1:1 ratio. The cluster units are centered at Wyckoff positions 2band 2cand have point-group symmetry -3 and -6, respectively. The clusters are interconnected through additional Mo—Se bonds. Sc—Se and In—Se bonds complete the structural set-up. In the title compound, the Sc3+cations replace the trivalent indium atoms present in In2.9Mo15Se19, and a deficiency is observed at the monovalent indium site. One Mo, one Se and the Sc atom are situated on mirror planes, whereas two other Se atoms and the In atom are situated on threefold rotation axes.
Strategic cyber intelligence
Authors: Borum Randy , Felker John , Kern Sean , Dennesen Kristen , Feyes Tonya
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to highlight the importance and role of strategic cyber intelligence to support risk-informed decision-making, ultimately leading to improved objectives, policies, architectures and investments to advance a nation or organization’s interests in the cyber domain.

Design/methodology/approach

– Integration of professional research literature from the fields of intelligence studies, strategy and information/computer security.

Findings

– Investing in technology, firewalls and intrusion detection systems is appropriate but, by itself, insufficient. Intelligence is a key component. Cyber intelligence emphasizes prevention and anticipation, to focus cybersecurity efforts before an attack occurs (“left of the hack”). Strategic cyber intelligence can substantially reduce risk to the organization’s mission and valued assets and support its due diligence.

Originality/value

– This paper describes how strategic cyber intelligence can be implemented and used within an enterprise to enhance its cyber defense, and create a more proactive and adaptive security posture. It not only describes strategic cyber intelligence as a distinct discipline, but also demonstrates how the key intelligence functions articulate with existing cybersecurity risk management standards.
Streptococcus pneumoniae antibody titres in patients with primary antibody deficiency receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) compared to subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG)
Authors: Knutsen A P , Leiva L E , Caruthers C , Rodrigues J , Sorensen R U
Published: June 2015

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) are effective in the treatment of patients with primary antibody deficiency disorders (PAD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) antibody titres to 14 serotypes in patients receiving IVIG compared to SCIG and to correlate Spn antibody levels to clinical outcome. The doses of immunoglobulin (Ig)G/kg/month were similar in both IVIG and SCIG groups. In 11 patients treated with IVIG, Spn antibody titres were ≥ 1·3 μg/ml to 99·4 ± 2·1% of the 14 serotypes at peak IVIG but decreased to 66·9 ± 19·8% at trough IVIG. Loss of Spn titres ≥ 1·3 μg/ml was most frequent for Spn serotypes 1, 4, 9V and 23. This correlated with lower Spn antibody titres to these serotypes at peak IVIG compared to the other serotypes. In 13 patients treated with SCIG, Spn antibody titres were protective to 58·2 ± 23·3% of the serotypes 3–5 days after infusion, similar to trough IVIG. Similarly, the Spn serotypes with the least protective percentages were the same as the ones observed in trough IVIG. There were no annualized serious bacterial infections (aSBI) in either group. However, there were significantly decreased annualized other infections (aOI) in the SCIG group compared to the IVIG-treated group, 0·8 ± 0·7 versus 2·2 ± 1·2 infections/patient/year (P = 0·004). Breakthrough aOI did not correlate with protective or higher serum Spn antibody titres.
General principles behind traditional environmental knowledge: the local dimension in land management
Authors: Bocco Gerardo , Winklerprins Antoinette
Published: June 2015

Traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) has become a widely used concept in theory and practice. TEK encompasses environmental knowledge acquired by people native to, or long‐term inhabitants of, specific places, over long periods of time; knowledge which is then assumed to apply only to those local areas. TEK has indeed been particularly characterised as a use of local knowledge in the search for solutions to specific, local, environmental problems. Critics of TEK may then argue that it is not based on a strong conceptual framework, and accordingly it cannot be generalised. However, different local practices, which produced analogous outcomes elsewhere, may share common features; moreover, they may be based on general principles behind local ecological knowledge. This is despite the fact that empirical knowledge on specific areas is perceived as local by the producers themselves, and is regarded as local by scientific researchers. The purpose of this paper is to explore some potential general principles that undergird the local component of TEK by focusing on the TEK of soils and geomorphology. We focus on TEK's local dimension; we explore the extent of the local by looking for analogous TEK practices in different, contrasting regions. First we report on local agricultural and land management techniques in the North Atlantic Islands, following their occupation by the pre‐historic Norse migration c. 800 AD up to 1200 AD. Then we discuss how the findings from that time period exhibit general principles regarding soil and geomorphic TEK that occurs in other parts of the world and time periods. We conclude by putting forward potential implications for generalities about TEK.
Insecticide applications to soil contribute to the development of Burkholderia mediating insecticide resistance in stinkbugs
Authors: Tago Kanako , Kikuchi Yoshitomo , Nakaoka Sinji , Katsuyama Chie , Hayatsu Masahito
Published: June 2015

Some soil Burkholderia strains are capable of degrading the organophosphorus insecticide, fenitrothion, and establish symbiosis with stinkbugs, making the host insects fenitrothion‐resistant. However, the ecology of the symbiotic degrading Burkholderia adapting to fenitrothion in the free‐living environment is unknown. We hypothesized that fenitrothion applications affect the dynamics of fenitrothion‐degrading Burkholderia, thereby controlling the transmission of symbiotic degrading Burkholderia from the soil to stinkbugs. We investigated changes in the density and diversity of culturable Burkholderia (i.e. symbiotic and nonsymbiotic fenitrothion degraders and nondegraders) in fenitrothion‐treated soil using microcosms. During the incubation with five applications of pesticide, the density of the degraders increased from less than the detection limit to around 106/g of soil. The number of dominant species among the degraders declined with the increasing density of degraders; eventually, one species predominated. This process can be explained according to the competitive exclusion principle using Vmax and Km values for fenitrothion metabolism by the degraders. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of representative strains isolated from the microcosms and evaluated their ability to establish symbiosis with the stinkbug Riptortus pedestris. The strains that established symbiosis with R. pedestris were assigned to a cluster including symbionts commonly isolated from stinkbugs. The strains outside the cluster could not necessarily associate with the host. The degraders in the cluster predominated during the initial phase of degrader dynamics in the soil. Therefore, only a few applications of fenitrothion could allow symbiotic degraders to associate with their hosts and may cause the emergence of symbiont‐mediated insecticide resistance.
Hilbert–Mumford criterion for nodal curves
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Xiaowei
Published: June 2015

We prove by the Hilbert–Mumford criterion that a slope stable polarized weighted pointed nodal curve is Chow asymptotic stable. This generalizes the result of Caporaso on stability of polarized nodal curves and of Hassett on weighted pointed stable curves polarized by the weighted dualizing sheaves. It also solves a question raised by Mumford and Gieseker, to prove the Chow asymptotic stability of stable nodal curves by the Hilbert–Mumford criterion.
Application of PANDA and Geo-Endoscopy Techniques for Improved Assessment of Track Substructure Conditions at Railroad Bridge Approaches
Authors: Mishra Debakanta , Gallier Jonathan , Tutumluer Erol , Haddani Younes , Gourves Roland
Published: June 2015

An advanced technology for measuring track substructure conditions has been developed by Sol Solution in France. This technology, referred to as the PANDA® and Geo-Endoscopy® technique, comprises driving a variable energy cone penetration device into the track substructure using an instrumented anvil to collect strength (and modulus by correlation) profile with depth. Condition monitoring of the track substructure layers is accomplished through insertion of a camera into the same hole, also called Geoendoscopy®. The tests are commonly faster than Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) testing and cause negligible damage to the track substructure with the use of light and portable devices. This paper presents data from PANDA® and Geo-Endoscopy® testing efforts recently carried out under the scope of an ongoing research study at the University of Illinois. The primary objective was to relate the substructure layer properties to plastic layer deformations measured through advanced geotechnical instrumentation. Combined analysis of the PANDA®, Geo-Endoscopy®, and field instrumentation data has been used to highlight the reliability of this innovative technique towards improved evaluation of track substructure layer conditions.
Mitigating Strategies for Hazardous Material Trains: Evaluating the Risk Reduction
Authors: Gonzalez Francisco , Prabhakaran Anand , Booth Graydon F. , Gantoi Florentina M. , Vithani Anand R.
Published: June 2015

There is a significant increase in the transportation by rail of hazardous materials such as crude oil and ethanol in the North American market. Several derailment incidents associated with such transport have led to a renewed focus on improving the performance of tank cars against the potential for puncture under derailment conditions. Proposed strategies for improving puncture resistance have included design changes to tank cars, as well as, operational considerations such as reduced speeds. Given the chaotic nature of derailment events, it has been difficult to quantify globally, the overall ‘real-world’ safety improvement resulting from any given proposed change.

A novel and objective methodology for quantifying and characterizing reductions in risk that result from changes to tank car designs or the tank car operating environment is outlined in this paper. The proposed methodology captures several parameters that are relevant to tank car derailment performance, including multiple derailment scenarios, derailment dynamics, impact load distributions, impactor sizes, operating conditions, tank car designs, etc., and combines them into a consistent probabilistic framework to estimate the relative merit of proposed mitigation strategies.
Extremal rotating black holes in Einstein–Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory: Radially excited solutions and nonuniqueness
Authors: Blázquez-Salcedo Jose Luis
Published: June 2015

We study five-dimensional black holes in Einstein–Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory with free Chern–Simons (CS) coupling parameter. We consider an event horizon with spherical topology, and both angular momenta of equal magnitude. In particular, we study extremal black holes, which can be used to obtain the boundary of the domain of existence. Above a critical value of the CS coupling constant we find nonstatic extremal solutions with vanishing angular momentum. These solutions form a sequence which can be labeled by the node number of the magnetic U(1) potential or the inertial dragging. As the node number increases, their mass converges to the mass of the extremal Reissner–Nordström solution. The near-horizon geometry of the solutions of this sequence is the same. In general not all near-horizon solutions are found as global solutions, and we show nonuniqueness between extremal solutions and nonextremal ones.
Update on Sclerosing Cholangitis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Kirchner Gabriele I. , Rümmele Petra
Published: June 2015

Background: ‛Sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients' (SC-CIP) is a cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiology and represents the most prevalent form of secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Methods: This overview is based on a systematic review of the literature searching for ‘secondary sclerosing cholangitis', ‘SC-CIP', ‘cast syndrome', and ‘ischemic cholangitis' in the database PubMed. Results: SC-CIP can develop in patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome during a long-term intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. It is a rare cholestatic liver disease with a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatic failure. SC-CIP is initiated by an ischemic injury to the biliary tree with subsequent stenoses of biliary ducts, biliary casts, and infections, often with multi-resistant bacteria. Mechanical ventilation with high positive end-expiratory pressure, prone positioning, and a higher volume of intraperitoneal fat have been proposed as risk factors for developing SC-CIP. Patients with SC-CIP have a poor prognosis, with liver transplantation (LT) being the only curative treatment option. Conclusion: In patients with sepsis, long-term ICU therapy and ongoing cholestasis SC-CIP must be excluded by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Due to the poor prognosis, the option of LT should be evaluated in all patients with SC-CIP.
Pharmacological Modulation of Mucosa-Related Impairment of β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Relaxation in Human Detrusor
Authors: Propping Stefan , Roedel Melanie , Wirth Manfred P. , Ravens Ursula
Published: June 2015

Objectives: The mucosa of human detrusor strips impairs catecholamine-induced relaxation. In order to elucidate which signal transduction pathways are involved in this cross talk between the mucosa and detrusor, we have studied the effects of several pharmacological agonists and antagonists on noradrenaline-mediated relaxation in intact and mucosa-denuded detrusor strips. Patients and Methods: Strips of detrusor tissue were obtained from patients who had undergone cystectomy for bladder cancer and were set up for force measurement. KCl- or carbachol-precontracted strips were relaxed with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline in the absence and in the presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME; P2X-receptor antagonist, PPADS; ETA-receptor antagonist, BQ-123; ETB-receptor antagonist, BQ-788; cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac; AT1-receptor antagonist, candesartan; and NK1-receptor antagonist, L-703,606. Results: In intact strips, KCl-stimulated force was enhanced by all blockers; carbachol-stimulated force increased with L-703,606. In denuded strips, only L-NAME augmented the KCl-stimulated contraction. Noradrenaline relaxed the precontracted detrusor strips to a significantly larger extent and at lower concentrations in denuded than in intact strips. L-NAME, PPADS and BQ-123/BQ-788 had little effect on noradrenaline-induced relaxation, whereas diclofenac, candesartan and L-703,606 sensitized intact carbachol-stimulated detrusor strips to noradrenaline-induced relaxation. Conclusion: Inhibition of the noradrenaline-induced relaxation of precontracted human detrusor strips by the mucosa is attenuated by diclofenac, candesartan and L-703,606 suggesting the involvement of prostanoids, angiotensin and neurokinin pathways. Further experiments are required to unravel the exact mechanisms.
Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Schuld Jochen , Glanemann Matthias
Published: June 2015

Background: The treatment of acute cholecystitis has been controversially discussed in the literature as there are no high-evidence-level data yet for determining the optimal point in time for surgical intervention. So far, the laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder within 72 h has been the most preferred approach in acute cholecystitis. Methods: We conducted a systematic review by including randomized trials of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Results: Based on a few prospective studies and two meta-analyses, there was consent to prefer an early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients suffering from acute calculous cholecystitis while the term ‘early' has not been consistently defined yet. So far, there is new level 1b evidence brought forth by the so-called ‘ACDC' study which has convincingly shown in a prospective randomized setting that immediate laparoscopic cholecystectomy - within a time frame of 24 h after hospital admission - is the smartest approach in ASA I-III patients suffering from acute calculous cholecystitis compared to a more conservative approach with a delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy after an initial antibiotic treatment in terms of morbidity, length of hospital stay, and overall treatment costs. Concerning critically ill patients suffering from acute calculous or acalculous cholecystitis, there is no consensus in treatment due to missing data in the literature. Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis within 24 h after hospital admission is a safe procedure and should be the preferred treatment for ASA I-III patients. In critically ill patients, the intervention should be determined by a narrow interdisciplinary consent based on the patient's individual comorbidities.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Control: Durable Objective Response to Combination 177Lu-Octreotate-Capecitabine-Temozolomide Radiopeptide Chemotherapy
Authors: Claringbold Phillip G. , Turner J. Harvey
Published: June 2015

Background/Methods: Thirty patients with advanced progressive grade 1 or 2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs), treated on a prospective phase II single-center study, were followed up for up to 4 years after 4 cycles of 7.9 GBq 177Lu-octreotate combined with chemotherapy. Each 8-week cycle of treatment combined radiopeptide therapy with 14 days of capecitabine at 1,500 mg/m2 and 5 days of temozolomide at 200 mg/m2. Results: The overall response rate was 80% (95% CI 66-93), and there was complete remission in 13% (95% CI 4-30) and partial response in 70% (95% CI 52-83) of the cases. No patient manifested progressive disease on treatment. Median progression-free survival was 48 months. Median overall survival had not been reached at a median follow-up of 33 months. No patient was lost to follow-up, all but 1 received 4 cycles of outpatient therapy, and all were evaluated for response and toxicity. No one required hospital admission. The treatment was well tolerated, and no serious dose-limiting toxicities were seen. The commonest toxicity was transient nausea of grade 2 (33%) or 3 (7%). Hematological toxicity was limited to grade 3 thrombocytopenia (10%) and anemia (10%). There were no grade 4 adverse events, and no renal functional impairment was evident. Conclusion: Combined 177Lu-octreotate-capecitabine-temozolomide radiopeptide chemotherapy is a well-tolerated, highly effective outpatient regimen for control of advanced progressive pNETs, achieving a durable objective response.
ОЦІНКА СИТУАЦІЇ СТОСОВНО ЛЕПТОСПІРОЗУ В СВІТЛІ СОЦЕКОСИСТЕМНОГО АНАЛІЗУ
Authors: Кравчук Ю.А.
Published: June 2015

Лептоспіроз є зоонозом із глобальним поширенням. Наукові дослідження останніх років стверджують про тенденцію захворювання до тяжкого перебігу з високою летальністю. Україна та, зокрема, Тернопільщина не є винятком. Однією з причин тяжкого перебігу багатьма авторами визначається зв’язок із етіологічним чинником лептоспірозу – L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Науковці переконливо доводять, що в цьому регіоні наявні природні умови для створення напруженої ситуації з лептоспірозу, та вказують на зв’язок тяжких, ускладнених форм лептоспірозу із L. icterohaemorrhagiae.

Структура системи епізоотичного процесу в природних осередках повністю завершується екосистемним рівнем, існування якого забезпечують процеси біологічної саморегуляції. На цьому рівні соціальні чинники відіграють роль лише зовнішніх «стимулюючих» впливів.

Природні осередки лептоспірозу давно визнані відкритими саморегульованими екологічними системами, в яких популяції осередкових біоценозів існують у взаємодії з екологічними факторами середовища, біотичними та абіотичними.

Епізоотично-епідемічний процес при лептоспірозі є складною системою, яка складається з двох взаємозв’язаних рівнів, – екосистемного і соцекосистемного.

Особливості системи епізоотолого-епідемічного процесу при лептоспірозі вказують на необхідність застосування сукупності методів для отримання математичної моделі захворюваності, що має досить точні і прогностичні властивості.
СПАЛАХ ГОСТРОГО ГЕПАТИТУ D У ВІДДІЛЕННІ ХРОНІЧНОГО ГЕМОДІАЛІЗУ
Authors: Кіселик І.О.
Published: June 2015

Описано п’ять клінічних випадків гострого гепатиту D: чотири випадки коінфекції В+D, один – суперінфекції В+D.
Відеоторако­скопія в клініці туберкульозу.
Authors: П’ятночка І. Т. , Корнага С. І. , Довбуш Ю. В
Published: June 2015

Зі 167 вперше діагностованих хворих із плевральним випотом, які перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні у фтнзіохірургічному відділенні, комплексна відеоторакоскопія дозволила у 58,7 % пацієнтів верифікувати туберкульозну, у 23,4 % - неспецифічну і у 12,4 % - злоякісну природу захворювання. У 27,5 % хворих на туберкульозний плеврит виявлено мікобактерії туберкульозу МБТ, з яких у 5,5 % констатовано мультирезистентність
ШЛЯХИ ЗНИЖЕННЯ РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ МУЛЬТИРЕЗИСТЕНТНОГО ТУБЕРКУЛЬОЗУ З ПОГЛЯДУ ФТИЗІОЕПІДЕМІОЛОГІЇ
Authors: П’ЯТНОЧКА І.Т. , КОРНАГА С.І. , ТХОРИК Н.В.
Published: June 2015

Мета: обґрунтувати шляхи зниження захворюваності на туберкульоз, зокрема мультирезистентний, на підставі знання закономірностей фтизіоепідеміології цієї недуги.

            Матеріали і методи. В основу роботу покладено літературні дані, особисті багаторічні спостереження та дослідження.

            Результати. Захворюваність на вперше діагностований деструктивний туберкульоз в області з 2010 по 2013 рік знизилась з 47,9% до 40,2%. Рецидиви з деструкціями зросли з 51,9% до 79,2%, а видужання настало лише у 41,3% хворих. Решта пацієнтів є практично мультирезистентними хронічними хворими, що становить епідемічну загрозу.

            Висновки. Для зниження розповсюдження туберкульозу необхідно удосконалювати шляхи його виявлення, лікування до припинення бактеріовиділення, загоєння порожнин розпаду і стабілізації туберкульозного процесу.
            КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: туберкульоз, мультирезистентність, фтизіоепідеміологія.
ЧАСТОТА ГІПЕРПЛАЗІЙ ЕНДО- І МІОМЕТРІЯ В ХВОРИХ НА ЛЕЙОМІОМУ МАТКИ
Authors: Луб"яна С. С. , Овчаренко Г. В. , Шелигін М. С. , Руденко О. Ф.
Published: June 2015

У 168 хворих на лейоміому матки вивчено частоту гіпер-плазій ендометрія та його морфологічні особливості залежно від розмірів лейоміоми. Різні види гіперпластичних  процесів і проліферативний ендометрій виявлено в 66,1%, у тому числі ати пічна гіперплазія в 3,6%. Частота та різні варіанти гіперплазій не залежать від розмірів лейоміоми.
УЛТРАСТРУКТУРА ЗАЛОЗ СЛИЗОВОЇ ОБОЛОНКИ ШЛУНКА ЩУРІВ НА РАННІХ СТРОКАХ ПІСЛЯ ТИРЕОДЕКТОМІЇ
Authors: Безштанько М. А. , Стеченко Л. О. , Куфтирева Т. П. , Горовенко Л. К.
Published: June 2015

Електронно-мікроскопічно досліджені залози тіла шлунка 5 щурів з маніфестним гіпотиреозом через 14 діб після тиреодектомії та 5 інтактних тварин. Стан маніфестного гіпотиреозу тваринам моделювали шляхом проведення тотальної тиреодектомії під кетаміновим наркозом. Було встановлено, що вже на ранніх післяопераційних строках у слизовій оболонці шлунка щурів всі структурні компоненти залоз зазнають різного ступеня виразності зміни. Ці зміни повязані саме з нестачею тиреоїдних гормонів, а не з реакцією на післяопераційний стрес. Найбільше ультраструктурних змін зазнають парієтальні клітини, частина з яких гине шляхом апоптозу, а в нішних спостерігається редукція внутрішньо-клітинних канальців. Ендокринні клітини в цей термін спостережень зазнають менш-виразних змін, тобто є більш стійкими до гіпотиреозу
ВПЛИВ ПОМІРНИХ СТАТИЧНИХ НАВАНТАЖЕНЬ НА ДОВГІ КІСТКИ СКЕЛЕТА ТВАРИН З РІЗНИМ ВИХІДНИМ СТАНОМ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЇ НЕРВОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ
Authors: Боймиструк І. І. , Ющак О. М. , Волошин В. Д. , Качмар М. В.
Published: June 2015

В експерименті на щурах з різними вихідними станами вегетативної нервової регуляції організму досліджено вплив статичних навантажень на ріст та структуру довгих кісток. Темп росту в цілому залежить від вихідного стану вегетативної нервової системи і проявляється більш швидким ростом у тварин з переважанням симпатичних та з врівноваженими впливами на організм.
ПАТОГЕНЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПАРОДОНТИТУ У ТВАРИН
Authors: Демкович А. Є. , Бондаренко Ю. І.
Published: June 2015

РЕЗЮМЕ: Запропоновано новий спосіб моделювання пародонтиту у білих щурів. Проведена оцінка клінічних та
морфологічних змін тканин пародонта дослідних тварин (білих щурів). Отримані результати дозволяють
рекомендувати дану модель пародонтиту для доклінічних досліджень його перебігу, а також пошуку етіотропних і
патогенетичних засобів корекці запального процесу в тканинах пародонта.
КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: пародонтит, пародонт, запальна реакція, щури.
АНАЛІЗ СХЕМ ФАРМАКОТЕРАПІ НЕГОСПІТАЛЬНО ПНЕВМОНІ В УМОВАХ СТАЦІОНАРУ
Authors: Самогальська О. Є. , Бондар О. В.
Published: June 2015

Пневмонія залишається важливою і медичною,
і соціальною проблемою, що пов’язано з суттєвими
економічними втратами внаслідок цього
захворювання. Загальні витрати на лікування
пневмоні в світі становить понад 10 млрд дол.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РИТМУ ТА ПРОВІДНОСТІ СЕРЦЯ У ПРАКТИЧНО ЗДОРОВИХ ПІДЛІТКІВ
Authors: Стоєва Т. В. , Прохорова С. В. , Копійка Г. К. , Ківенко Л. М.
Published: June 2015

Підлітковий вік є одним з критичних періодів у
житті дитини. Під час статевого дозрівання погіршується
адаптація до різноманітних середовищ-
них чинників, у тому числі до фізичних навантажень,
психоемоційних стресів. В умовах сучасного напруженого
ритму життя серцево-судинна система,
як найчутливіша, часто реагує аритмічним синдромом.
Novel Oral Anticoagulant Use Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Hospitalized With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Patel Priyesh A. , Zhao Xin , Fonarow Gregg C. , Lytle Barbara L. , Smith Eric E. , Xian Ying , Bhatt Deepak L. , Peterson Eric D. , Schwamm Lee H. , Hernandez Adrian F.
Published: June 2015

Background—

Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been shown to be at least as good as warfarin for preventing stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with atrial fibrillation, yet diffusion of these therapies and patterns of use among atrial fibrillation patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack have not been well characterized.

Methods and Results—

Using data from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke, we identified a cohort of 61 655 atrial fibrillation patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack hospitalized between October 2010 and September 2012 and discharged on warfarin or NOAC (either dabigatran or rivaroxaban). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with NOAC versus warfarin therapy. In our study population, warfarin was prescribed to 88.9%, dabigatran to 9.6%, and rivaroxaban to 1.5%. NOAC use increased from 0.04% to a 16% to 17% plateau during the study period, although anticoagulation rates among eligible patients did not change appreciably (93.7% versus 94.1% from first quarter 2011 to second quarter 2012), suggesting a trend of switching from warfarin to NOACs rather than increased rates of anticoagulation among eligible patients. Several bleeding risk factors and CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc scores were lower among those discharged on NOAC versus warfarin therapy (47.9% versus 40.9% with CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc ≤5,
P
<0.001 for difference in CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc).

Conclusions—

NOACs have had modest but growing uptake over time among atrial fibrillation patients hospitalized with stroke or transient ischemic attack and are prescribed to patients with lower stroke risk compared with warfarin.
Adverse Prognostic Value of Persistent Office Blood Pressure Elevation in White Coat Hypertension
Authors: Mancia Giuseppe , Facchetti Rita , Grassi Guido , Bombelli Michele
Published: June 2015

Stratification of cardiovascular risk is of fundamental importance in white coat hypertension (WCH) to identify individuals in need of closer follow-up and perhaps antihypertensive drug treatment. In subjects representative of the general population of Monza (Italy), the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was assessed >16 years in stable and unstable WCH individuals, that is, those in whom ambulatory blood pressure (BP) normality was associated with a persistent or nonpersistent office BP elevation at 2 consecutive visits, respectively. Data were compared with those from an entirely normotensive group, that is, ambulatory and persistent office BP normality. Compared with the normotensive group, the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death was not significantly different in unstable WCH, whereas in stable WCH the risk was increased also when data were adjusted for baseline confounders, including ambulatory BP (hazard ratio, 16;
P
=0.001 for cardiovascular death and 1.92;
P
=0.02 for all-cause death). At a multivariable analysis, office BP was among the factors independently predicting death, and results were superimposable with use of Monza population–derived and guidelines-derived cutoff values for ambulatory BP normality (125/79 and 130/80 mm Hg, respectively). Thus, only when office BP is persistently elevated does WCH reflect the existence of an abnormal long-term mortality risk. This means that in WCH office BP is prognostically relevant and that repeated collection of its values is clinically important to better define patient risk.
Relationship Between Lesion Topology and Clinical Outcome in Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusions
Authors: Rangaraju Srikant , Streib Christopher , Aghaebrahim Amin , Jadhav Ashutosh , Frankel Michael , Jovin Tudor G.
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose—

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), a surrogate of infarct volume, predicts outcome in anterior large vessel occlusion strokes. We aim to determine whether topological information captured by DWI ASPECTS contributes additional prognostic value.

Methods—

Adults with intracranial internal carotid artery, M1 or M2 middle carotid artery occlusions who underwent endovascular therapy were included. The primary outcome measure was poor clinical outcome (3-month modified Rankin Scale score, 3–6). Prognostic value of the 10 DWI ASPECTS regions in predicting poor outcome was determined by multivariable logistic regression, controlling for final infarct volume, age, and laterality.

Results—

Two hundred and thirteen patients (mean age, 66.1±14.5 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 15) were included. Inter-rater reliability was good for DWI ASPECTS (deep regions, κ=0.72; cortical regions, κ=0.63). All DWI ASPECTS regions with the exception of the putamen were significant predictors (
P
<0.05) of poor outcome in univariate analyses. Statistical collinearity among ASPECTS regions was not observed. Using penalized multivariable logistic regression, only M4 (odds ratio, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–5.76) and M6 (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–5.3) involvement were associated with poor outcome. M6 involvement independently predicted poor outcome in right hemispheric strokes (odds ratio, 5.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–20.3), whereas M4 (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–15.0) involvement predicted poor outcome in left hemispheric strokes adjusting for infarct volume. Topologic information modestly improved the predictive ability of a prognostic score that incorporates age, infarct volume, and hemorrhagic transformation.

Conclusions—

Involvement of the right parieto-occipital (M6) and left superior frontal (M4) regions affect clinical outcome in anterior large vessel occlusions over and above the effect of infarct volume and should be considered during prognostication.