bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Anti-S1 IgA Response to Different COVID-19 Vaccination Regimens
Authors: Bureerug Teeraporn C. , Kanokudom Sitthichai , Suntronwong Nungruthai , Yorsaeng Ritthideach , Assawakosri Suvichada , Thongmee Thanunrat , Poovorawan Yong
Published: June 2023

IgA plays a crucial role in early virus neutralization. To identify the IgA stimulation by COVID-19 vaccine, this study aimed to evaluate the level of anti-S1 IgA in the serum of participants immunized with different COVID-19 vaccination regimens. Sera from 567 eligible participants vaccinated with two, three, or four doses of different types of COVID-19 vaccine were recruited. Post-vaccine anti-S1 IgA responses significantly varied according to vaccine type and regimen. The finding showed that heterologous boosters, especially after priming with an inactivated vaccine, elicited higher IgA levels than homologous boosters. Vaccination with SV/SV/PF produced the highest IgA level among all the immunization regimens after either two, three, or four doses. The different routes and amounts of vaccine used for vaccination showed non-significant differences in IgA levels. After the third dose of immunization for 4 months, the level of IgA decreased significantly from the level found on day 28 in both SV/SV/AZ and SV/SV/PF groups. In conclusion, our study showed that heterologous booster regimens for COVID-19 elicited higher anti-S1 IgA levels in serum, especially after priming with inactivated vaccine. The presented anti-S1 IgA may have advantages in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease.
Real-World Safety of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xu Wanqian , Ren Weigang , Wu Tongxin , Wang Qin , Luo Mi , Yi Yongxiang , Li Junwei
Published: June 2023

With the mass vaccination program for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, there has been sufficient real-world study (RWS) on the topic to summarize their safety in the total population and in immunocompromised (IC) patients who were excluded from phase 3 clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, with a total of 5,132,799 subjects from 122 articles. In the case of the total population vaccinated with first, second, and third doses, the pooled incidence of any adverse events (AEs) was 62.20%, 70.39%, and 58.60%; that of any local AEs was 52.03%, 47.99%, and 65.00%; that of any systemic AEs was 29.07%, 47.86%, and 32.71%. Among the immunocompromised patients, the pooled odds ratio of any AEs, any local AEs, and systemic AEs were slightly lower than or similar to those of the healthy controls at 0.60 (95% CI: 0.33–1.11), 0.19 (95% CI: 0.10–0.37), and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.25–0.54), with pooled incidences of 51.95%, 38.82%, and 31.00%, respectively. The spectrum of AEs associated with the vaccines was broad, but most AEs were transient, self-limiting, and mild to moderate. Moreover, younger adults, women, and people with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to experience AEs.
Epstein Barr Virus Hepatitis—A Mild Clinical Symptom or a Threat?
Authors: Rutkowska Magdalena , Pokorska-Śpiewak Maria
Published: June 2023

The present study aimed to characterize pediatric patients diagnosed with hepatitis associated with primary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. We described the changes in liver aminotransferases activity during the disease, and we analyzed the results of abdominal ultrasonography. A retrospective study was performed by analyzing the medical records of 166 immunocompetent children diagnosed with primary EBV hepatitis hospitalized at the Department of Children’s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Regional Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, between August 2017 and March 2023. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was noted in the first three weeks of the disease. In 46.3% of patients, ALT values exceeded five times the upper limit of the laboratory norm in the first week of illness. Aspartate aminotransferase activity increased from the first to fourth week from the onset of symptoms and showed two peaks in the first and third weeks. The changes over time of mean AST activity demonstrated significance. Transient cholestatic liver disease was the predominant type of hepatic involvement in 10.8% of children; 66.6% of them were older than 15 years. Clinical and ultrasound criteria of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) were met in three female patients over 16 years of age. Hepatitis associated with primary EBV infection is usually a mild and self-limiting condition. Significantly elevated values of liver enzymes with features of cholestatic liver disease may occur in patients with a more severe course of the infection.
Current Knowledge on Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in China
Authors: Xin Jige , Dong Jun , Li Jing , Ye Lingling , Zhang Chong , Nie Fuping , Gu Yeqing , Ji Xincheng , Song Zhigang , Luo Qianmin , Ai Jun , Han Diangang
Published: June 2023

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of ruminants caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. In 2008, EHD was listed on the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. This article reviews the distribution of EHD in China and relevant studies and proposes several suggestions for the prevention and control of EHD. There have been reports of positivity for serum antibodies against EHDV-1, EHDV-2, EHDV-5, EHDV-6, EHDV-7, EHDV-8 and EHDV-10 in China. Strains of EHDV-1, -5, -6, -7, -8 and -10 have been isolated, among which the Seg-2, Seg-3 and Seg-6 sequences of serotypes -5, -6, -7 and -10 belong to the eastern topotype. The emergence of western topotype Seg-2 in EHDV-1 strains indicates that EHDV-1 strains in China are reassortant strains of the western and eastern topotypes. A novel serotype strain of EHDV named YNDH/V079/2018 was isolated in 2018. Chinese scholars have successfully expressed the EHDV VP7 protein and developed a variety of ELISA detection methods, including antigen capture ELISA and competitive ELISA. A variety of EHDV nucleic acid detection methods, including RT–PCR and qRT–PCR, have also been developed. LAMP and the liquid chip detection technique are also available. To prevent and control EHD, several suggestions for controlling EHD transmission have been proposed based on the actual situation in China, including controlling the number of Culicoides, reducing contact between Culicoides and hosts, continued monitoring of EHDV and Culicoides in different areas of China and further development and application of basic and pioneering research related to EHD prevention and control.
An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease Virus in the Moscow Region in the Summer of 2022
Authors: Rtishchev Artyom , Treshchalina Anastasia , Shustova Elena , Boravleva Elizaveta , Gambaryan Alexandra
Published: June 2023

In August 2022 on a backyard farm in the Moscow region of Russia, mortality was observed among chickens, and all 45 birds of a particular farm died or were slaughtered after the onset of symptoms within a few days. Paramyxovirus was isolated from the diseased birds. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the F and NP gene fragments, it was determined that the virus belonged to subgenotype VII.1 AAvV-1 class II. The cleavage site of the F gene 109SGGRRQKRFIG119 and T in 546 and 555 position of the NP gene were typical for the velogenic type. The genetically closest NDV isolates were found in Iran. The mean time of death of 10-day-old chicken embryos upon infection with the minimal infectious dose was 52 h, which is typical for the velogenic pathotype. The virus caused 100% death of six-week-old chickens during oral infection as well as 100% mortality of all contact chickens, including those located in remote cages, which proves the ability of the virus to spread not only by the fecal–oral route but also by the aerosol route. That demonstrates a high level of pathogenicity and contagiousness of the isolated strain for chicken. However, mice intranasally infected with high doses of the virus did not die.
Analysis of Social Networks of Water-Use-Related Information in the Rio Mayo Irrigation District (038) in Northern Mexico: Ethnicity, Land Tenure and Land Use
Authors: Rivera-Nuñez Ixtoc , Luque Agraz Diana , Murphy Arthur , Jones Eric
Published: June 2023

(1) Background: In Mexico, 76% of water consumed is used for crop irrigation, and close to half of this is used in 86 irrigation districts for agroindustry throughout the nation. The present study combines a political ecology approach with social networks analysis to identify how water-use-related information networks are structured according to the ethnicity (indigenous and non-indigenous) of the users of the Rio Mayo Irrigation District 038 (RMID) and how these networks are influenced by users’ type of land tenure and land use. (2) Methods: The study involved three stages: identification of social actors that influence water management (SAIWM); application of 118 structured interviews with users of RMID; and ethnographic fieldwork. (3) Results: Thirty SAIWM were identified. Only 11.8% of RMID users interviewed were indigenous farmers and only 5% were indigenous holders of collective landholdings. The information network metrics indicate that indigenous users have less access to information than non-indigenous users. (4) Conclusions: Ethnicity as well as land tenure and land use influence the structure of information networks and determine whether RMID users work as land-holding farmers or as hired labor.
Modelling Crop Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Maize Using Artificial Neural Network and Linear Regression Models in Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer-Amended Soil under Varying Water Applications
Authors: Faloye Oluwaseun Temitope , Ajayi Ayodele Ebenezer , Babalola Toju , Omotehinse Oluwayomi Omotehinse , Adeyeri Oluwafemi Ebenezer , Adabembe Bolaji Adelanke , Ogunrinde Akinwale Tope , Okunola Abiodun , Fashina Abayomi
Published: June 2023

The deficit irrigation strategy is a well-known approach to optimize crop water use through the estimation of crop water use efficiency (CWUE). However, studies that comprehensively reported the prediction of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and CWUE under deficit irrigation for improved water resources planning are scarce. The objective of the study is to predict seasonal ETc and CWUE of maize using multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models under two scenarios, i.e., (1) when only climatic parameters are considered and (2) when combining crop parameter(s) with climatic data in amended soil. Three consecutive field experimentations were carried out with biochar applied at rates of 0, 3, 6, 10 and 20 t/ha, while inorganic fertilizer was applied at rates of 0 and 300 Kg/ha, under three water regimes: 100% Full Irrigation Treatment (FIT), 80% and 60% FIT. Seasonal ETc was determined using the soil water balance method, while growth data were monitored weekly. The CWUE under each treatment was also estimated and modelled. The MLR and ANN models were developed, and their evaluations showed that the ANN model was satisfactory for the predictions of both ETc and CWUE under all soil water conditions and scenarios. However, the MLR model without crop data was poor in predicting CWUE under extreme soil water conditions (60% FIT). The coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.03 to 0.67, while root mean-square error (RMSE) decreased from 4.07 to 1.98 mm after the inclusion of crop data. The model evaluation suggests that using a simple model such as MLR, crop water productivity could be accurately predicted under different soil and water management conditions.
Project Risks Influence on Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Financing Opportunities
Authors: Machete Inês Freire , Marques Rui Cunha
Published: June 2023

Private financing mobilized in the water supply and sanitation sector has not been sufficient to cover the sector’s needs. Several barriers hinder private financing leveraging, including the risk perception of water supply and sanitation projects. This study analyzed 185 water supply and sanitation projects financed by the World Bank between 2015 and 2021 to understand how perceived project risks can influence the financing of these sectors. This study demonstrates the parallels between different types of project risks, their ratings, and the different lending instruments and amounts committed by the bank. The most prevalent risks in the analyzed WSS projects were identified, namely, fiduciary, institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability, environmental and social, and political and governance. The World Bank appears to have different levels of tolerance for the different types of risks, and this tolerance seems to vary between regions and with time. Risks seem to have different weights when financiers decide which WSS projects to finance. Global and regional risk profiles of the 185 WSS projects financed by the World Bank were developed, which can help borrowers identify risks that they can mitigate to potentially improve their ability to attract private finance for WSS projects.
Ready or Not? UConn Extension Disaster and Emergency Preparedness
Authors: Ricard Robert , Stearns Stacey , Welch Mary
Published: June 2023

We conducted an attitude and opinion survey of UConn Extension personnel regarding workplace and home emergency preparedness. Our primary focus was on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Respondents were aware of the benefits of knowing CPR, with a majority having taken a CPR course. Respondents were generally aware of the benefits of knowing how to use AEDs, but only a minority had had AED training. They indicated a preference for home over workplace preparedness training, although they recognized workplace preparedness as important. These findings suggest that emergency and disaster education be focused on home preparedness, which will result in workplace preparedness too.
A National Framework for Urban Extension
Authors: Fox Julie , Ruemenapp Marie , Proden Patrick , Gaolach Brad
Published: June 2023

To help ensure Extension's relevance and accessibility to an increasingly diverse population, the National Urban Extension Leaders group created a framework based on historical and emerging developments. Themes focus on programs, personnel, partnership, and the positioning of Extension at local, state, and national levels. For Extension to be a vibrant and resilient 21st-century system, it must build on best practices, leverage regional and national networks, and invest in innovative strategies that engage people living and working in metropolitan communities. A robust urban Extension presence contributes to building strong connectivity among urban, suburban, and rural communities.
Fake news as a distortion of media reality: tell-truth strategy in the post-truth era
Authors: Iufereva Anastasiia
Published: June 2023

The article deals with fake news which has been considered one of the greatest threats to information security. The expansion of digital technologies and the development of communication networks have contributed to the spreading of misinformation. In particular, the emergence of different sources of information on the Internet, the growing polarization of opinions in the political and socio-economic dimensions, the devaluation of the fact, and the widespread fake news on the Internet (e.g., social media) form the question of revision of the process of collecting, verifying presenting information, methods, and technologies for verifying facts, including methods for countering fake news. Although this issue has been widely investigated in academic discourse, there are still controversial arguments regarding which elements should form a tell-truth strategy. This paper focuses on recent research that reflects trends and patterns in this field and on the author’s empirical survey - interviews with university professors and media experts (N=6), journalists (N=6), and students (N=14) in Russia. In this study, the author describes the key characteristics of fake news and the elements of this tell-truth strategy. It is intended that this paper focuses on both professional journalists and professors who may use the results of this investigation in such courses as political science, sociology, philosophy, and journalism.
Developing Robust Cyber Warfare Capabilities for the African Battlespace
Authors: Mtsweni Jabu , Thaba Mphahlela
Published: June 2023

The evolution of technology in the African battlespace continues to pose a significant challenge to the African militaries. This evolution increases the need for the African militaries to be able to operate in the cyberspace strategically and effectively. Developing cyber warfare capabilities remains a challenge to many African militaries who are struggling to remain afloat due to ever decreasing resources, including budgets. This in turn reduces the effect of these militaries in the evolving battlespace. This paper seeks to present a comprehensive framework for developing cyber warfare capabilities for African militaries to be able to operate efficiently in the cyber battlespace. The proposed POSTEDFIT aligned framework, requires a comprehensive system thinking approach towards developing capabilities in a phased manner. This includes the ability to define the capabilities in terms of the requirements presented by the cyberspace, and the components forming these capabilities. The generic framework is based on the basic understanding of a capability, as the ability to do something, in this case, the ability to secure and operate in the cyberspace for African militaries, ability to conduct offensive cyber operations and ability to keep abreast with the evolving cyber battlespace.
An Analysis of Critical Cybersecurity Controls for Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Sekonya Nkata , Sithungu Siphesihle
Published: June 2023

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) comprise software, hardware, network systems, and people that manage and operate industrial processes. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are two of the most prevalent ICS. An ICS facilitates the effective and efficient management and operation of industrial sectors, including critical infrastructure sectors like utilities, manufacturing, and water treatment facilities. An ICS collects and integrates data from various field controllers deployed in industrial contexts, enabling operators to make data-driven decisions in managing industrial operations. Historically, ICS were isolated from the internet, functioning as part of air-gapped networks. However, the efficiency improvements brought about by the emergence of Information Technology necessitated a shift towards a more connected industrial environment. The convergence of Information and Operational Technology (IT/OT) has made ICS vulnerable to cyberattacks. Due to the crucial nature of the infrastructure that ICS manage, cyberattacks against ICS may cause critical infrastructure sectors to experience downtime. This may have a crippling impact on a country's well-being and essential economic activities. Given the proliferation of cyber warfare, cyberattacks against ICS are increasingly significant at present, as was the case during the 2015 attack on Ukraine's power infrastructure, which was successful in causing a blackout that affected over 200 000 persons. The threat actors used malicious software known as "BlackEnergy3", which was created to interfere with the regular operation of the ICS in charge of controlling electrical substations. This was the first known instance of malicious software causing blackouts.  In response to increasing cyberattacks against ICS, the SANS Institute, in a whitepaper titled “The Five ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls”, present five critical controls for an ICS cybersecurity strategy. This paper discusses ICS and the increased convergence of IT and OT. The paper also outlines significant cyberattacks directed at ICS. The paper then follows an exploratory research methodology done in response to the Five ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls to determine the state of ICS literature that can help ICS operators secure their environments in accordance with the framework. Additionally, the ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls are mapped to the NERC CIP standards, which provide guidance on the security of the Bulk Electric System (BES) and associated critical assets in North America.
NCSS: A global census of national positions on conflict, neutrality and cooperation
Authors: Serrano Iova Radu Antonio , Watashiba Tomoe
Published: June 2023

The ubiquity of ICT and the increase in cyber threats have pushed countries to view cybersecurity from a national perspective and draft appropriate national strategies on the topic. While containing similar terminology, these strategies are tailored to the national contexts and hence, differ across regions, cultures, and political contexts. Previous research of these documents has been focused on comparative analysis of countries that can either be considered well developed on this topic or for specific subtopics of cybersecurity. However, some of the subtopics have not been addressed, only now having become more prevalent due to current international conflicts and national / regional socio-political scuffles that have spilled into cyberspace. In our paper, we investigate all countries that have published a National Cyber Security Strategy - NCSS - (or any similar document under a different nomenclature, e.g., policy, decree, etc.), specifically in reference to their position on war, neutrality, and international cooperation. Countries maintaining an NCSS will first be identified using international databases, upon which further study of the aforementioned topics in the NCSSs will occur. We hypothesize, that while international cooperation will be present in most, if not all NCSSs, armed conflicts and neutrality will not be addressed at all nor in depth, in those that contain any reference to them. The resulting paper will present a near-global case study of these topics, which can then signify potential areas of improvement, capacity building, and strengthening of democratic coalitions, globally.
Target Audiences’ Characteristics and Prospective in Countering Information Warfare
Authors: Nistor Daniel Ionel Andrei
Published: June 2023

NATO Defense Education Enhancement Program defines Information Warfare as an operation run to get cognitive assets over the opponents, by controlling one’s own information space while disrupting the opponents’ one. Not new as a process, continuous technological progress has endowed this phenomenon with speed and instruments to fight cyber and cognitive battles, to attack perceptions, trust, polarise and disrupt societies at large. The all present and undergoing kinetic conflict between Russia and Ukraine doubled by an even stronger cognitive and information war since February 2022 has highlighted even more the need to better understand individuals’ behaviour and characteristics when faced with unconventional attacks, irrespective of a passive or active feedback. By identifying and analysing specific public categories, one can establish which are contextual variables that trigger a social reaction, to be able to then design a set of protective or defensive measures. For a full understanding of the way Information Warfare impacts people’s thinking and decision-making process, to see how a resilience plan can be designed, one should investigate not only the information war instruments but also their effects over people at large. Not knowing the voice of the hostile authors, it Is still important to understand the domestic audience and their reaction to it, so that protective actions be taken for resilience and protection, through education. The domestic public’s identity and its dominant characteristics are brought into attention to understand which is the relation between these and the way Information Warfare can be countered through education, with examples from the Russian’s hostile activity. Values, national identity, stereotypes and generalist psychological profiles will be looked at in this paper, to be put in relation to behaviours, attitude change and resistance in front of types of messages, campaigns and types of media-embedded grey zone threats. The present paper is part of a larger PhD research program that focuses on consolidating a society’s security culture through better institutional strategic communication, therefore all the findings will be used to this end.
Participants Prefer Technical Hands-on Cyber Exercises Instead of Organisational and Societal Ones
Authors: Päijänen Jani , Salonen Jarno , Karinsalo Anni , Sipola Tuomo , Kokkonen Tero
Published: June 2023

The current shortage of cybersecurity professionals is about 2 million people worldwide, and in Europe the industry is seeking for about 350 000 skilled professionals. There is also an enormous need for dedicated cybersecurity training courses for existing professionals who wish to acquire completely new skills or maintain their current ones. Due to the lack of new skilled workforce, the current cybersecurity personnel are overworked in their work. In order not to waste the valuable time of cybersecurity professionals with unnecessary training, cyber exercises should be well prepared. This article is based on research conducted in a European collaborative project and more specifically, a cyber exercise organised in early 2022. The purpose of our research was to conduct a preliminary assessment of the participants to learn about their skills and expectations before the cyber exercise. This assessment was used for fine-tuning the exercise. To achieve this, we identified common trends in the participants’ interests during the cyber exercise. The preliminary assessment was carried out as a web survey. The responses were cross tabulated to find meaningful indicators related to skills and interests of the participant group. We identified the most and least preferred knowledge areas for both the industry and public sector participants. Our findings show that the most interesting knowledge areas of all respondents were primarily technical in nature (Data Security, Connection Security, System Security), but Organisational Security was also reported.  The least interesting knowledge areas were mostly non-technical in nature (Human Security, Organisational Security, Societal Security) but also Component Security was reported. We also enquired about the preferred team size. The majority of the respondents preferred a team size of three to four persons. The preferred single session duration was 46–60 minutes. The results help cybersecurity professionals to match their knowledge needs with the existing cybersecurity proposition and to determine the right and most beneficial training for them. The results also assist the providers of cyber training and other exercises to describe the targeted development of specific cybersecurity and other knowhow in a coherent, standard-like, way.
The Concept of Comprehensive Security as a Tool for Cyber Deterrence
Authors: Keinonen Maria
Published: June 2023

Cyber deterrence is often studied from the point of view of deterrence by punishment or offensive cyber strategies. A vast amount of studies claim that deterrence in cyberspace can never be successful with cyber means alone due to technical challenges and the problem of attribution. Some scholars argue that cyber resilience is an essential part of cyber deterrence, since not every cyberattack can be countered. These reviews are usually technical and concentrate on investigating the balance of offensive and defensive cyber strategies. The technical view leaves gaps in the physical and cyber-persona layers of cyberspace. This paper examines resilience from a societal perspective and reflects on the findings of cyber deterrence theories. The Concept of Comprehensive Security (CCS) is a Finnish model for building and sustaining resilience in society. Preparation for disruptive situations is carried out with the operating principle of overall safety, where society´s vital functions are protected in collaboration between the authorities, the business world, organisations, and citizens. The growing importance of cyber security has led to emphasising the importance of cyber resilience in the Concept of Comprehensive Security. This study investigates the possibilities to utilize the CCS as a tool for cyber deterrence and aims to create a new perspective on the international academic discussion of cyber deterrence. The research method is content analysis. The investigated material consists of Finnish CCS documents, as well as academic cyber deterrence and cyber resilience literature. The characteristics of the CCS are compared to the factors found in the cyber deterrence material to answer the research question. The key observation presented in this study is that a comprehensive approach to building resilience in the society is essential for the credibility of cyber deterrence. Resilience in cyberspace should be viewed from the perspective of every layer, including logical, physical and cyber-persona layers.
How Does the Tallinn Manual 2.0 Shed Light on the Threat of Cyber Attacks against Taiwan?
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsiang
Published: June 2023

This paper will identify possible unsettled issues when applying jus ad bellum and jus in bello to case scenarios based on China's cyber operations against Taiwan, pursuant to the rules of international law governing cyber or military operations attributable to States reflected in Tallinn Manual 2.0. This paper will argue that because of Taiwan’s legal international status as a sovereign State, the different responsive actions it may take, should it be faced with any such aggressive cyber or military attack, may be considered controversial.  This paper will then identify the possible legal issues that may pertain under current international law, should any such armed conflict occur between China and Taiwan.
Known Unknowns: The Inevitability of Cyber Attacks
Authors: Greiman Virginia
Published: June 2023

As described by Former U.S. Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld in his 2011 book, Known and Unknown, “there are many things of which we are completely unaware—in fact, there are things of which we are so unaware, we don’t even know we are unaware of them.  Throughout history the world has faced numerous catastrophic events that were not foreseen but in hindsight were discoverable including the devastating effects of Pearl Harbor, and the September 11 terrorist attacks. More recently, the potential for catastrophic loss has been magnified in the 2020 Solar Winds and 2021 Colonial Pipeline cyber-attacks. We may not know when or how these events will occur or how much damage or destruction will occur, but we do know that these events are possible. The literature differentiates between events that occur totally by surprise, and outcomes or events that actors have identified as possibly existing but do not know whether they will take place or not. The aim of this paper is to provide insight, based on an empirical review of selected attacks both within and outside the cyber space literature to uncover the underlying risk, uncertainty, and complexity that may have been known but not seriously considered by those who had the knowledge and capability to investigate the warning signs. Based on the case study analysis, this paper will present the reasons for inaction and how we can learn from these experiences. The following two theories – institutionalization and rationalization have been found to provide some reasons for the occurrence of behaviors which increase the possibility of unobserved risks. In this paper we explore these theories through case study analysis and  propose a framework consisting of four concepts for increasing awareness of these situations.
Cognitive Security: Facing Cognitive Operations in Hybrid Warfare1
Authors: Danet Didier
Published: June 2023

The digital space is now an active area of conflict. Attacks take many forms, to the point where concepts multiply and overlap. One concept in particular raises important questions: cognitive warfare. Cognitive warfare is an issue of concern to all countries, but there are very significant differences in approach between countries such as the United States or France and countries such as Russia, Iran or China. We try to show that these very different approaches leave Western countries unprepared for a global threat and poorly identified vulnerabilities. The concept of cognitive security therefore appears to be a promising avenue for reflection.
Hidden Permissions on Android: A Permission-Based Android Mobile Privacy Risk Model
Authors: Yilmaz Saliha , Davis Mastaneh
Published: June 2023

The continuously increasing amount of data input on mobile devices has made collating and monitoring users’ data not only uniquely personalised but easier than ever. Along with that, mobile security threats have overtaken with rising numbers in bank fraud and personal information leaks. This suggests that there is a significant lack of awareness of security issues among mobile users. Specifically, permission-based passive content leaks are getting more attention due to the emerging issues in data privacy. One reason for this is that permissions are running in the background collecting and transmitting data between applications within the same permission group, without the user's knowledge. This means, that a supposedly innocent application like the Clock, which is linked with the Calendar to provide the date and time functionality, can have access to any other application within the same Calendar permission group, which is compromising confidentiality. Moreover, this can lead to a violation of data privacy as the user is not aware of which assets are being shared between permissions. Developers of mobile platforms have implemented permission-based models to counteract these issues, however, application designers have shown that they are not necessarily complying with the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR). For the mobile user, this means that app developers, app providers, and third parties who are included in the applications, can gain access to sensitive data without user consent or awareness. To address this issue, this study examines permissions that are inherent in the Android mobile infrastructure and exemplifies how they can reveal delicate user information, identify user behaviour, and can be shared among other applications - without obviously breaching GDPR guidelines. 10 first-party Android applications were statically analysed by their permissions and manually investigated for their actual purpose and privacy risk. Finally, considering the affected area, these permissions were categorised into four asset groups that form the base of a risk model. With risk levels from low to high, this model provides detection of risks on data privacy in mobile permissions and highlights the difficulty with GDPR compliance, which we therefore named PRAM, a permission-based Android Mobile Privacy Risk Assessment Model.
Ebeveyn Tutumları ile Okul Öncesi Çocukların Sosyal Değer Kazanımları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Authors: YURT Neslihan , ÖZYÜREK Arzu
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmada, ebeveyn tutumlarının okul öncesi çocuklarının sosyal değer kazanımlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. İlişkisel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, çalışma grubunu okul öncesi kurumlarında eğitimini sürdüren 210 çocuk ve bu çocukların anneleri (n=210) oluşturmaktadır. Çocuklara ilişkin veriler bireysel olarak ölçeğin uygulanmasıyla, anne-babalara ilişkin veriler ise annelere uygulanan ölçeklerle toplanmıştır. Veri toplamada Anne-Baba Tutum Ölçeği, Eşlerin Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Okul Öncesi Sosyal Değer Kazanımı Ölçeğinden yararlanılmıştır. Veriler Pearson Koralesyon Katsayısı ve regresyon analiziyle incelenmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde, annelerin demokratik tutumu arttıkça çocukların iş birliği değeri kazanımının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Babaların aşırı hoşgörülü tutumu arttıkça çocukların sorumluluk değeri ve genel olarak sosyal değer kazanımlarının, demokratik tutumu arttıkça çocukların nezaket değeri kazanımlarının arttığı bulunmuştur. Anne tutumlarının çocukların sosyal değer kazanımını yordamadığı, fakat babaların çocuklarına yönelik tutumları ve özellikle aşırı hoşgörülü tutumlarının çocukların sosyal değer kazanımını yordadığı bulunmuştur. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar alan yazın verileri ile tartışılarak anne-babalara, öğretmen ve araştırmacılara öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Model Pembelajaran Problem-Based Learning Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa: Sebuah Meta Analisis Perbandingan Pelajaran Eksak dan Non Eksak
Authors: Solehah Azmiatun , Mandailina Vera , Mahsup Mahsup , Syaharuddin Syaharuddin , Abdillah Abdillah
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze more deeply the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in exact and non-exact subject areas. Data were synthesized from 30 relevant research results over the past 10 years, then analyzed using meta-analysis through effect size (ES) and standard error (SE) values to see the summary effect size. The results of the analysis using JASP software showed that the level of effectiveness in exact and non-exact subjects was 65% and 92%, respectively. This shows that the effectiveness of the PBL learning model in improving students' critical thinking skills is higher in non-exact materials. Furthermore, the results of the analysis based on the level of education show that at the high school level has an effect of 89%, this value is higher than the elementary level of 69% and junior high school of 83%. Thus, in the future, the application of the PBL model is highly emphasized to be implemented at the high school level for non-exact subjects.
Gender Conflict and Emotional Dynamics in Korean Society: Focusing on Discourses of Abolishing the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in the 2022 Presidential Election
Authors:   Korean Association of Regional Sociology, Lee Hyesoo
Published: June 2023

Conflict patterns in Korean society have changed from regional conflicts to generational conflicts and even gender conflicts. Among them, this paper tried to pay attention to gender conflict as a representative phenomenon leading to 'emotional conflict', and to observe the exercise, resistance, and reconstruction of ideology-instrumental violence in the process.The 20th presidential election in 2022 was an example of a new change in the topography of conflict in Korean society, and I executed a netography analysis focusing on the “Discourse on Abolition of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family,” which triggered gender conflict. Theqoo, a representative online community for young women was participated and observed for 8 months and analyzed through Victor Turner's social drama model.As a result, starting with the pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, social dramas in the online community showed a four-step structure of Breach-Crisis-Redress-Reintegration or Schism over time. Among them, internal members appeared to express political opinions through fandom strategies that can reconstruct their identity, share a sense of homogeneity, and reveal their identity through the Liminality and Communitas processes.
A study on the Factors Affecting on Collective Organizing of the Platform Workers in the Region of Daegu Using Ordered Logistic Regression Mod
Authors:   Korean Association of Regional Sociology, Lee Seunghyeob
Published: June 2023

With the expansion of the platform work as a new forms of employment, the social interests on the necessity of collective organizing the platform workers. But the platform workers are not regarded as a worker that can be protected by the Labor Standard Act, therefore, the ways to the collective organizing of platform workers also are varied from the point of view. This study analyzed the factors that are affecting to each models of collective organizing that can be differentiated as Cooperative Model and Trade Union Model.The data that was used in this paper was collected in 2021 by Daegu Social Economy Center to investigate the situations and status of platform workers in Daegu. This study have used the ordered logistic regression to analyze the main factors that are affecting the acceptance of the platform workers to the Cooperative Model and Trade Union Model as a means of representation of their collective interests.The results of analysis suggest that the delivery platform workers in Daegu who are married, more educated and have higher income, recognize more the necessity of the cooperatives. In contrast to that, the delivery platform workers in Daegu who are married, hold it as a main job and have higher income are more ready to be organized by trade union.
Transforming Gender Justice Beyond Regional Boundaries: Focusing on Marriage Migrant Women
Authors:   Korean Association of Regional Sociology, Im Kyunghee
Published: June 2023

This article examines the definition of a two-dimensional approach to gender justice that combines economic distribution and identity recognition as an element of Fraser's multicultural society, and the definition of 'participation' that enables two-dimensional gender definition. The specific research results are as follows. First, the corresponding secondary approach of gender definition was reviewed to cover both distribution and recognition of the issue of exclusion and discrimination based on the identity of married migrant women. First of all, it was confirmed that married migrant women with issues related to “gender” were a binary group in which the problems of redistribution and recognition were intertwined. The researcher re-analyzed the case of married migrant women interviewed in 2021 and confirmed that identity politics surrounding recognition, such as exclusion of ethnicity and gender, is in line with distribution politics, which is an economic inequality. Second, the issue of inequality of married migrant women should be dealt with at the economic, social, and political levels discussed by Fraser, and for this, the definition of political “equal participation” should be integrated beyond economic distribution and social recognition. Third, Fraser's “equal participation” was proposed as a way to correct inequality distribution and disapproval,“abolish the differentiation order that maintains the group's specificity,” and to solve the dilemma of “encouraging differentiation by recognizing the group's specificity.” In the end, the 'institutional/cultural device change plan' is to realize transformative gender justice beyond regional boundaries.
الاستحسان الأصولي وأثره في نظرية الظروف الطارئة: نماذج تطبيقية
Authors: Mansour Mohamed Khaled , Mansour Heba Mohamed Khaled
Published: June 2023

الأهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الربط بين نظرية الظروف الطارئة، وبين الاستحسان الأصولي، والربط بين مباحث الفقه والأصول، وإلى بيان أثر الاستحسان وموقعه في نظرية الظروف الطارئة، وأثر الاستحسان في كل من وضع الجوائح ونظرية العذر وتغير قيمة النقد.
المنهجية: اتبع البحث منهج الاستقراء لمعنى الاستحسان، ومعنى نظرية الظروف الطارئة، والوصف الدقيق لأركان الاستحسان ونظرية الظروف الطارئة للوقوف على أثر الاستحسان في النظرية العامة للظروف الطارئة. واتبع البحث المنهج التحليلي لتحليل نصوص الاستحسان وربطها بنظرية الظروف الطارئة. واتبع البحث المنهج الاستنتاجي؛ لاستنتاج أثر الاستحسان في النظرية العامة للظروف الطارئة، وأثره في تطبيقات النظرية.
النتائج: توصل البحث أن الاستحسان في نظرية الظروف الطارئة هو استخدام منهج الاستثناء للتخفيف من الآثار التي تنتج عن الظرف الطارئ في الالتزامات العقدية تحقيقاً للعدالة، ورفع الظلم والحرج عن المتعاقدين إعمالاً لنظرية الضرورة في الفقه الإسلامي، وهذه النتيجة تنطبق على جميع تطبيقات النظرية.
الخلاصة: نظرية الظروف الطارئة في جملتها استحسان واستثناء من قاعدة لزوم العقود ووجوب الوفاء بها ومستند هذا الاستحسان عدة وجوه في مجملها قائمة على تحقيق العدالة ورفع الحرج والضرر.
Desafíos para la medición de la Industria 4.0: una comparación de índices
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Ortiz-Espinoza Ángeles
Published: June 2023

La Industria 4.0 se define por la interacción de tecnologías disruptivas cuyo fin es la automatización de procesos a través de la comunicación entre dispositivos, lo que genera una alta flexibilidad y anticipación en cuanto al comportamiento del mercado. A fin de conocer el grado de madurez de este tipo de industria se han generado algunos índices que miden su desarrollo. El objetivo de este texto es analizar algunos de ellos con la intención de identificar sus alcances y limitaciones.
El papel de la reflexividad en los métodos mixtos. Comparando miradas, alcances y desafíos en dos investigaciones de la región latinoamericana: Bolivia y México
Authors:   Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia, Ramírez Soruco Alejandra , García Armida Concepción ,   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Published: June 2023

¿Cuál es el papel de reflexividad en investigaciones en ciencias sociales hoy en una región tan compleja, politizada y conflictiva como la de América Latina? Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir esta pregunta a partir de un análisis comparativo sobre el papel de la reflexividad en investigaciones realizadas en dos países de la región latinoamericana: Bolivia y México. Para ello se divide en tres partes. En la primera se plantean ciertas consideraciones generales sobre el tema de reflexividad en las investigaciones sociales y los retos que de ello devienen. En la segunda se presentan dos estudios de caso desarrollados sobre la base de métodos mixtos en Bolivia y México y en la tercera parte, a manera de cierre, se discuten de manera comparativa las conclusiones alcanzadas sobre la reflexividad en las investigaciones presentadas, focalizando la atención en los desafíos que se abren al encarar el estudio de problemáticas sociales complejas, desde abordajes multidimensionales y metodologías mixtas.
Conjugación del presente mexicano en tiempo antepasado: presidencialismo, neodesarrollismo y populismo
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Márquez Covarrubias Humberto
Published: June 2023

Bajo el eslogan de «cuarta transformación», en la esfera del poder del Estado mexicano se ensaya un proyecto de construcción de una nueva hegemonía política transexenal que articula un nuevo bloque en el poder conformado por políticos de distintas ideologías y partidos, empresarios contratistas. Destaca la atribución a las fuerzas armadas de funciones civiles, empresariales, policiales e ideológicas. En tanto que los beneficiarios de programas sociales son la base electoral. El proyecto de desarrollo profundiza el papel de exportador de bienes manufactureros ensamblados, materias primas, trabajadores y drogas. En ausencia de un proyecto de cambio estructura y transformación social se profundizan los rasgos de subdesarrollo y dependencia.
El enfoque mixto aplicado al estudio del Estado
Authors:   Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia, Viruez Valverde Roxana , Riffarachi Zubieta Helga ,   Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia, Borja Vargas Marcela ,   Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia, Pérez Barriga Julián ,   Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia
Published: June 2023

El artículo aborda las dificultades de estudiar al Estado desde enfoques cuantitativos o cualitativos exclusivamente, expone la importancia de la aplicación de metodologías mixtas para estudiar, describir, comprender, interpretar y analizar al Estado. Se argumenta que, para investigaciones de objetos de estudio complejos, se tienda a utilizar metodologías y enfoques mixtos, para tener un acercamiento más próximo a la realidad, un análisis más completo y profundo, intentando superar los límites que los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo conllevan.