bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delineation of groundwater potential zones for sustainable development and planning using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and MIF techniques
Authors: Pande Chaitanya B. , Moharir Kanak N. , Panneerselvam Balamurugan , Singh Sudhir Kumar , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Pham Quoc Bao , Varade Abhay M. , Rajesh J.
Published: November 2021

Groundwater plays a vital role in the sustainable development of agriculture, society and economy, and it's demand is increasing due to low rainfall, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In this context, delineation of groundwater potential zones is essential for meeting the demand of different sectors. In this research, the integrated approach consisting of analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple influence factors (MIF) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was applied. The demarcation of groundwater potential zones is based on thematic maps, namely  Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), hillshade, soil texture, slope, groundwater depth, geomorphology, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and flow direction and accumulation. The pairwise comparison matrix has been created, and weights are assigned to each thematic layer. The comparative score to every factor was calculated from the overall weight of two major and minor influences. Groundwater potential zones were classified into five classes, namely very poor, poor, moderate, good and very good, which cover an area as follows: 3.33 km2, 785.84 km2, 1147.47 km2, 595.82 km2and 302.65 km2, respectively, based on AHP method. However, the MIF groundwater potential zones map was classified into five classes: very poor, poor, moderate, good and very good areas covered 3.049 km2, 567.42 km2, 1124.50 km2868.86 km2and 266.67 km2, respectively. The results of MIF and AHP techniques were validated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). The result of this research would be helpful to prepare the sustainable groundwater planning map and policy. The proposed framework has admitted to test and could be implemented in different  in various regions around the world to maintain the sustainable practices.
‘Where does water go’? A critical analysis of nature of water crisis in Darjeeling city, India
Authors: Koner Kaberi , Samanta Gopa
Published: November 2021

Water crisis is such a phenomenon that almost every city experiences to some extent these days. Nature, dimensions, and impact of the crisis vary based on spatial diversity. This article attempts to critically analyse the nature of water crisis and to find out the reasons behind such crisis in Darjeeling city. The city’s public water supply is mainly controlled by the municipal authority, and water is supplied from the Senchal lakes. The centralised system, developed by the British in the early nineteenth century, is not sufficient for the entire city at present, and not affordable for all classes as well. Primarily the scarcity emerged due to the city’s population growth, and the city’s changing commercial nature, especially the booming tourism sector. And the age-old water infrastructure cannot cope with the fast-growing demand for water. Moreover, still now municipal authority does not consider a large number of transitory population, while calculating the water demand. Massive gap exists between the actual water scarcity observed in the field and the scarcity shown in the official data. Therefore, a reconsideration of municipal water budget is required to manage water resources and services sustainably. Using both the quantitative and qualitative methods, this empirical study critically assesses the existing gap between demand and supply, and also explores the process of illegal flow of water thus making the scarcity even more intense. It argues for fair and active water governance to minimise the demand–supply gap, and active community participation to ensure water justice to the commons.
Polyelectrolyte–nanocomposite for enhanced oil recovery: influence of nanoparticle on rheology, oil recovery and formation damage
Authors: Sowunmi Akinleye O. , Efeovbokhan Vincent E. , Orodu Oyinkepreye D. , Oni Babalola A.
Published: November 2021

Gum arabic (GA) capacity as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agent is studied and compared to the commonly applied xanthan gum (XG). FTIR and TGA characterisation of these two polyelectrolytes and a rheology study by viscosity measurement was conducted on their polymeric and nano-polymeric solution at varying concentrations of the polymers and nanoparticles (NP). Coreflooding experiments were conducted based on a sequence of waterflooding and three slugs of increasing concentration of polymeric (and nano-polymeric) solutions to evaluate EOR performance. Results show similar rheology and oil recovery for 1.0 wt% GA and a 0.1 wt% XG polymeric solution. And the viscosity of GA tends to be Newtonian at a relatively high shear rate. The magnitude of incremental oil recovery of the first slug is independent of the GA concentration but significant for XG. However, the impact of nano-polymeric solution on oil recovery is higher than the polymeric solution. The increase in NP concentration played a vital role in oil recovery, thereby connoting the significance of IFT, contact angle, and its associated mechanisms for EOR. And FTIR affirms that the hydroxyl group in XG is less than GA, thus responsible for adsorption of GA compared to XG.
Scalarized black holes
Authors: Blázquez-Salcedo Jose Luis , Kleihaus Burkhard , Kunz Jutta
Published: November 2021

Black holes represent outstanding astrophysical laboratories to test the strong gravity regime, since alternative theories of gravity may predict black hole solutions whose properties may differ distinctly from those of general relativity. When higher curvature terms are included in the gravitational action as, for instance, in the form of the Gauss–Bonnet term coupled to a scalar field, scalarized black holes result. Here we discuss several types of scalarized black holes and some of their properties.
Interaction of multicomponent disilicate (Yb0.2Y0.2Lu0.2Sc0.2Gd0.2)2Si2O7 with molten calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate
Authors: Dong Yu , Ren Ke , Wang Qiankun , Shao Gang , Wang Yiguang
Published: November 2021

Environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials that are resistant against molten calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) corrosion are urgently required. Herein, multicomponent rare-earth (RE) disilicate ((Yb0.2Y0.2Lu0.2Sc0.2Gd0.2)2Si2O7, (5RE)2Si2O7) was investigated with regard to its CMAS interaction behavior at 1400 °C. Compared with the individual RE disilicates, the (5RE)2Si2O7 material exhibited improved resistance against CMAS attack. The dominant process involved in the interaction of (5RE)2Si2O7 with CMAS was reaction-recrystallization. A dense and continuous reaction layer protected the substrate from rapid corrosion at high temperatures. The results demonstrated that multicomponent strategy of RE species in disilicate can provide a new perspective in the development of promising EBC materials with improved corrosion resistance.
Microstructure and properties of porous Si3N4 ceramics by gelcasting-self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)
Authors: Chen Shile , Wang Liang , He Gang , Li Jiangtao , Wang Chang-An
Published: November 2021

Porous silicon nitride ceramics have attracted a considerable attention due to their excellent overall performance, but poor porosity homogeneity and structural shrinkage induced by prolonged high temperature sintering limit its further application. Herein, as a three-in-one solution for the above issues, for the first time we develop a novel approach that integrates the merits of gelcasting-SHS (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) to prepare porous Si3N4 ceramics to simultaneously achieve high porosity, high strength, high toughness, and low thermal conductivity across a wide temperature range. By regulating the solid content, porous Si3N4 ceramics with homogeneous pore structure are obtained, where the pore size falls inbetween 1.61 and 4.41 µm, and the elongated grains are interlaced and interlocked to form micron-sized coherent interconnected pores. At the same time, porous Si3N4 ceramics with porosity of 67.83% to 78.03% are obtained, where the compressive strength reaches 11.79 to 47.75 MPa and fracture toughness reaches 1.20 to 6.71 MPa·m1/2.
Television Serials as Career Stepping Stones: An Empirical Analysis of Employment Paths of Professional Actors
Authors: Hofmann Kay H.
Published: November 2021

Guided by cultural labor economics, the paper analyzes the career paths of former actors from popular television soap operas, and addresses in particular, if and under which conditions such serial engagements may function as a stepping stone for a subsequent professional acting career. A novel database of 396 German artists with detailed and long-term biographical information is used for the quantitative empirical analyses. The results indicate that soaps, contrary to popular opinion, function as a stepping stone, especially for younger actors. However, soap engagements should be rather short but long enough to allow artists to play multiple roles in other shows or films besides being in the cast of a soap. While formal acting education does not influence soap actors’ future filmographies, there is evidence that it helps artists to find jobs in arts-related occupations such as voice acting. Finally, publicity and media presence foster a later acting career. Practical implications for artists and their managers are outlined, along with a discussion on the meaning of serials for the creation and commercialization of stars.
Evaluating CephFS Performance vs. Cost on High-Density Commodity Disk Servers
Authors: Peters Andreas J. , van der Ster Daniel C.
Published: November 2021

CephFS is a network filesystem built upon the Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store (RADOS). At CERN we have demonstrated its reliability and elasticity while operating several 100-to-1000TB clusters which provide NFS-like storage to infrastructure applications and services. At the same time, our lab developed EOS to offer high performance 100PB-scale storage for the LHC at extremely low costs while also supporting the complete set of security and functional APIs required by the particle-physics user community. This work seeks to evaluate the performance of CephFS on this cost-optimized hardware when it is combined with EOS to support the missing functionalities. To this end, we have setup a proof-of-concept Ceph Octopus cluster on high-density JBOD servers (840 TB each) with 100Gig-E networking. The system uses EOS to provide an overlayed namespace and protocol gateways for HTTP(S) and XROOTD, and uses CephFS as an erasure-coded object storage backend. The solution also enables operators to aggregate several CephFS instances and adds features, such as third-party-copy, SciTokens, and high-level user and quota management. Using simple benchmarks we measure the cost/performance tradeoffs of different erasure-coding layouts, as well as the network overheads of these coding schemes. We demonstrate some relevant limitations of the CephFS metadata server and offer improved tunings which can be generally applicable. To conclude, we reflect on the advantages and drawbacks related to this architecture, such as RADOS-level free space requirements and double-network penalties, and offer ideas for improvements in the future.
The reference liver—CYP450 and UGT enzymes in healthy donor and metastatic livers: the impact of genotype
Authors: Kurzawski Mateusz , Szeląg-Pieniek Sylwia , Łapczuk-Romańska Joanna , Wrzesiński Maciej , Oswald Stefan , Droździk Marek
Published: November 2021

Background

Hepatic enzymes involved in drug metabolism vary markedly in expression, abundance and activity, which affects individual susceptibility to drugs and toxicants. The present study aimed to compare mRNA expression and protein abundance of the most pharmacologically relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes in two main sources of the control liver samples that are used as the reference, i.e. organ donor livers and non-tumorous tissue from metastatic livers. An association analysis of the most common genetic variants with mRNA and protein levels was also performed.

Methods

The CYP450 and UGT enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15) were analyzed for mRNA (qPCR) and protein abundance (LC–MS/MS) in healthy donors (n = 11) and metastatic (n = 13) livers. Genotyping was performed by means of TaqMan assays and pyrosequencing.

Results

Significantly higher protein abundance in the metastatic livers was observed in case of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and UGT2B7, and for UGT1A3 the difference was only significant at mRNA level. For all the enzymes except CYP2E1 some significant correlation between mRNA and protein content was observed, and for UGT1A1 an inverse correlation with age was noted. CYP2C19, CYP3A5 and CYP2D6 were significantly affected by genotype.

Conclusion

The selection of a control group for the study on drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g. in pathological states) may possibly affect its conclusions on differences in mRNA and protein content. Genotyping for common functional variants of CYP450 enzymes should be performed in all studies on drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Management of anastomotic leaks after elective colorectal resections: The East of England experience. A retrospective cohort
Authors: Aker Medhat , Askari Alan , Rabie Mohamed , Aly Mohamed , Adegbola Samuel , Patel Krashna , Currow Chelise , Nunn Rebecca , Hadjittofi Christopher , Rankin Adeline , Halai Sonal , Elsamani Karim , Bondje Sophie , Mohamed Islam , Lee John , Wong Joshua , Robertson-Waters Eve , Uddin Aaliya , Hollingshead James
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Introduction

Colorectal anastomotic leaks (AL) are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Management of AL and its intra-operative decision making is often difficult. The aim of this multi-centre study is to explore different management strategies, including different surgical options, and analyse rates and patterns of failure of initial management.

Methods

All consecutive patients who had a confirmed AL after elective colorectal resections from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2019 were included at seven hospitals across the East of England Region. Morbidity (length of stay, and failures) and mortality were compared across the different management strategies, and survival analyses were performed (Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT05000580).

Results

Across all seven hospitals, a total of 3391 elective resection were done during the study period. 201 (5.9%) consecutive patients with confirmed AL were included. The initial treatment was conservative in 102(50.7%). 19 patients (9.5%) had a radiological procedure, 80 (39.8%) of patients required surgery as an initial treatment post AL. Of those who initially did not have a surgical intervention (n = 121), 10% (n = 12/121) eventually required laparotomy, 2 additional patients required transanal drainage. Ultimately 45.8% (n = 92/201) of the whole population eventually required a laparotomy. Patients managed conservatively had a shorter LOS when compared to either radiological drainage or surgical patients. Patients with a defunctioning stoma are more likely to have a successful conservative management and shorter LOS. 90-day mortality across the entire population was 8.1%. There were no significant differences in mortality or long-terms survival between the different initial treatment modalities or whether the leak was right or left sided.

Conclusion

Despite initial conservative, antibiotic and radiological intervention being successful in the majority of patients, two out of five patients will still require a laparotomy and over a quarter of patients will have an end stoma.

Highlights
Wave Energy Dissipation in a Shallow Coral Reef Lagoon Using Marine X‐Band Radar Data
Authors: Navarro W. , Orfila A. , Orejarena‐Rondón A. , Velez J. C. , Lonin S.
Published: November 2021

A novel approach for estimating wave energy dissipation on a coral reef barrier is studied using X‐Band radar technology. The prominent features of coral reefs, including the delineation of reef morphological structure, wave energy dissipation and wave transformation processes are obtained in a reef lagoon in San Andres Island, Colombia. Results show that reef attenuates incident waves by approximately 75% due to both frictional processes and wave breaking, with an equivalent bottom roughness of 0.20 m and a wave friction factor of 0.18. These parameters are comparable with estimates reported in other shallow coral reef lagoons as well as at seagrass meadows obtained using in‐situ measurements. Also, the mean height of the reef elements Hbed and its standard deviation σb are also estimated in the entire radar coverage area. Hbed and σb (0.5 and 7.66 cm respectively) are in the same order of magnitude of measured data reported by previous studies and in good agreement with the geometric parameters proposed by in‐canopy flow models for branched species, such as Stylophora and Pocillopora, which are also common in the coral carpets of San Andres Island. This work proposes a completely novel use for X‐Band radars by describing prominent features in barrier‐reef systems including the delineation of the reef structure and wave energy dissipation.
Ambient Noise Tomography of Upper Crustal Structures and Quaternary Faults in the Seoul Metropolitan Area and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Kil Dongwoo , Hong Tae‐Kyung , Chung Dongchan , Kim Byeongwoo , Lee Junhyung , Park Seongjun
Published: November 2021

We investigate the upper‐crustal seismic velocity structure in the Seoul metropolitan area, where about 20 million people live. The Chugaryeong fault zone (CFZ) is placed in this area, but the seismic hazard potential remains unclear. We conducted ambient noise tomography to illuminate the high‐resolution upper‐crustal structure in the Seoul metropolitan area. We analyzed continuous vertical seismic records for ∼5 months from a dense seismic array with 77 broadband stations. Group velocity dispersion curves and tomographic maps were extracted between 0.5 and 10 s periods. We inverted 3‐D group velocity tomography models up to a depth of ∼10 km from the group velocity maps. The shear‐wave velocity model is consistent with the geological features. High‐velocity anomalies at shallow depths are correlated with the surface topography and geology. The CFZ is located at a low velocity below the 5 km depth and presented as the simplified model. The large VS contrast regions are located beneath NS‐trending faults. The cross‐sections coincide with the near‐vertical strike‐slip faults in this area. In the southern region of the Seoul metropolitan area, low‐velocity anomalies correlate with high heat flow regions. Our results effectively suggest high resolution upper‐crustal structures and subsurface hidden faults in the urban area.
A Simple Recipe for Making the First Continental Crust
Authors: Borisova Anastassia , N�d�lec Anne
Published: November 2021

Laboratory experiments serendipitously revealed a rock-forming process that might explain how the first continental crust formed on Earth—and possibly on Mars.
Constraints on Olivine Deformation From SKS Shear‐Wave Splitting Beneath the Southern Cascadia Subduction Zone Back‐Arc
Authors: Löberich E. , Long M. D. , Wagner L. S. , Qorbani E. , Bokelmann G.
Published: November 2021

Shear‐wave splitting observations of SKS and SKKS phases have been used widely to map azimuthal anisotropy, as caused by the occurrence of olivine, to constrain the dominant directions of upper mantle deformation. While SK(K)S splitting measurements at individual seismic stations are often averaged before interpretation, it is useful to consider additional information, for example, based on the variation of splitting parameters with azimuth due to the non‐vertical incidence of core‐phases. These constraints in theory enable a differentiation between various types of olivine and may allow us to infer otherwise poorly known upper mantle parameters such as stress, temperature, and water content. In this study, we predict the azimuthal variation of splitting parameters for A‐, C‐, and E‐type olivine fabrics and match them with observations from the High Lava Plains, Northwestern Basin and Range, and Western Yellowstone Snake River Plain in the Pacific Northwest US. This helps to constrain the amount of water in the upper mantle in the back‐arc of the Cascadia subduction zone, known for its consistent E‐W oriented seismic anisotropy, and particularly large splitting delay times. Our investigation renders the C‐type olivine mechanism improbable for this location; A‐ and E‐type fabrics match the observations, although differentiating between them is difficult. However, the agreement of the amplitude of backazimuthal variation of the fast orientation, plus the potential to explain large splitting delay times, suggest the occurrence of E‐type olivine, and thus the likely presence of a moderately hydrated upper mantle beneath Cascadia's back‐arc.
Human Mobility to Parks Under the COVID‐19 Pandemic and Wildfire Seasons in the Western and Central United States
Authors: Yang Anni , Yang Jue , Yang Di , Xu Rongting , He Yaqian , Aragon Amanda , Qiu Han
Published: November 2021

In 2020, people's health suffered a great crisis under the dual effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the extensive, severe wildfires in the western and central United States. Parks, including city, national, and cultural parks, offer a unique opportunity for people to maintain their recreation behaviors following the social distancing protocols during the pandemic. However, massive forest wildfires in western and central US, producing harmful toxic gases and smoke, pose significant threats to human health and affect their recreation behaviors and mobility to parks. In this study, we employed the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) Models to investigate how COVID‐19 and wildfires jointly shaped human mobility to parks, regarding the number of visits per capita, dwell time, and travel distance to parks, during June ‐ September 2020. We detected strong correlations between visitations and COVID‐19 incidence in southern Montana, western Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah before August. However, the pattern was weakened over time, indicating the decreasing trend of the degree of concern regarding the pandemic. Moreover, more park visits and lower dwell time were found in parks further away from wildfires and less air pollution in Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, and New Mexico, during the wildfire season, suggesting the potential avoidance of wildfires when visiting parks. This study provides important insights on people's responses in recreation and social behaviors when facing multiple severe crises that impact their health and wellbeing, which could support the preparation and mitigation of the health impacts from future pandemics and natural hazards.
Future Changes in Snowpack, Snowmelt, and Runoff Potential Extremes Over North America
Authors: Cho Eunsang , McCrary Rachel R. , Jacobs Jennifer M.
Published: November 2021

Snowpack and snowmelt‐driven extreme events (e.g., floods) have large societal consequences including infrastructure failures. However, it is not well understood how projected changes in the snow‐related extremes differ across North America. Using dynamically downscaled regional climate model (RCM) simulations, we found that the magnitudes of extreme snow water equivalent, snowmelt, and runoff potential (RP; snowmelt plus precipitation) decrease by 72%, 73%, and 45%, respectively, over the continental United States and southern Canada but increase by up to 8%, 53%, and 41% in Alaska and northern Canada by the late 21st century. In California and the Pacific Northwest, there is a notable increase in extreme RP by 21% contrary to a decrease in snowmelt by 31% by the late century. These regions could be vulnerable to larger rain‐on‐snow floods in a warmer climate. Regions with a large variability among RCM ensembles are identified, which require further investigation to reduce the regional uncertainties.
When Does Faulting‐Induced Subsidence Drive Distributary Network Reorganization?
Authors: Moodie Andrew J. , Passalacqua Paola
Published: November 2021

Deltas exhibit spatially and temporally variable subsidence, including vertical displacement due to movement along fault planes. Faulting‐induced subsidence perturbs delta‐surface gradients, potentially causing distributary networks to shift sediment dispersal within the landscape. Sediment dispersal restricted to part of the landscape could hinder billion‐dollar investments aiming to restore delta land, making faulting‐induced subsidence a potentially significant, yet unconstrained hazard to these projects. In this study, we modeled a range of displacement events in disparate deltaic environments, and observe that a channelized connection with the displaced area determines whether a distributary network reorganizes. When this connection exists, the magnitude of distributary network reorganization is predicted by a ratio relating dimensions of faulting‐induced subsidence and channel geometry. We use this ratio to extend results to real‐world deltas and assess hazards to deltaic‐land building projects.
First Detection and Thermal Characterization of Terminator CO2Ice Clouds With ExoMars/NOMAD
Authors: Liuzzi Giuliano , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Trompet Loïc , Crismani Matteo M. J. , Piccialli Arianna , Aoki Shohei , Lopez‐Valverde Miguel Angel , Stolzenbach Aurélien , Daerden Frank , Neary Lori , Smith Michael D. , Patel Manish R. , Lewis Stephen R. , Clancy R. Todd , Thomas Ian R. , Ristic Bojan , Bellucci Giancarlo , Lopez‐Moreno Jose‐Juan , Vandaele Ann Carine
Published: November 2021

We present observations of terminator CO2ice clouds events in three groups: Equatorial dawn, Equatorial dusk (both between 20°S and 20°N) and Southern midlatitudes at dawn (45°S and 55°S east of Hellas Basin) with ESA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument. CO2ice abundance is retrieved simultaneously with water ice, dust, and particle sizes, and rotational temperature and CO2column profiles in 16 of 26 cases. Small particles (<0.5 μm) prevail at dusk, while water ice likely provides most source nuclei at dawn. Clouds east of Hellas are found to be dominantly nucleated on surface‐lifted dust. CO2ice is sometimes detected in unsaturated air together with dust nuclei at dawn, suggesting ongoing sublimation. Depending on latitude and local time, the interplay between particle precipitation and the lifetime of temperature minima (i.e., cold pockets) determines CO2ice properties.
MMS Observations of Super Thin Electron‐Scale Current Sheets in the Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Leonenko M. V. , Grigorenko E. E. , Zelenyi L. M. , Malova H. V. , Malykhin A. Yu , Popov V. Yu , Büchner J.
Published: November 2021

Flapping of the current sheet (CS) associated with the propagation of high‐velocity bulk flows allowed to observe the super thin current sheet (STCS) in the magnetotail plasma sheet (PS). During the interval of interest, 111 crossings of the CS neutral plane were detected. In 95 crossings, the STCSs with a current density J ≥ 20 nA/m2 were observed. A half‐thickness (LSTCS) of the STCSs was about a few electron gyroradii or less. In a number of the STCSs the parameter of adiabaticity (κe) was <1.0 for suprathermal electron population (>1 keV). Our analysis has shown that the electric current in such STCSs is carried by unmagnetized electrons (κe < 1), and the stress balance is supported by the off‐diagonal terms of their pressure tensor. In this sense, the underlying physics of the formation of STCSs at electron scales by unmagnetized electrons is similar to the mechanism of ion‐scale thin CS formation by the quasi‐adiabatic ions. The low‐energy population of magnetized electrons is also crucially important since it keeps the STCS stable and allows their observation as a quasi‐stationary structure. We compare the observed half‐thickness of the STCS with that predicted by a new kinetic theory (λ) considering the coupling between ion‐scale TCS and electron‐scale STCS. We found a reasonable agreement between both values: LSTCS ∼ (0.3–1)λ. Further improvement in the theory taking into account the dynamics of unmagnetized electrons may provide better agreement with observations.
Dynamic Properties of a Sporadic Sodium Layer Revealed by Observations Over Zhongshan, Antarctica: A Case Study
Authors: Chen Xiangcai , Huang Wentao , Ban Chao , Kosch Michael J. , Murphy Damian J. , Hu Zejun , Liu Jianjun , He Fang , Wang Rui , Yang Huigen , Hu Hongqiao
Published: November 2021

A sodium Doppler lidar system with three‐directional measurements of sodium density, atmospheric wind field, and temperature was established at Zhongshan (69.4°S, 76.4°E), Antarctica. On November 14, 2019, a sporadic sodium layer (SSL) was observed at an altitude range of 93–103 km. The temporal/spatial sodium density variations of this SSL are associated with a strong sporadic E (Es) layer at nearly the same height, which is modulated by the convective electric field. By considering the structures and the time lags of the SSL's growth at three positions, the SSL appears to have a horizontal advection in an approximately westward direction with a velocity of the order of 80 m/s. This is consistent with the zonal wind velocity derived from the lidar system itself. The temporal/spatial sodium density variations strongly indicate that the formation and perturbation of SSLs are related to the evolution of ES layers due to varied electric fields and atmospheric gravity waves, while it is advected by the horizontal wind.
Whistlers in Micro Ducts
Authors: Streltsov Anatoly V. , Goyal Ravinder
Published: November 2021

Observations from satellites demonstrate that small‐scale, localized packages of VLF waves are frequently detected inside the field‐aligned density depletions (low‐density ducts) and enhancements (high‐density ducts) with comparable sizes. Because the conditions for the wave trapping in these inhomogeneities depend on the parameters of the wave and the duct, the information about the background media can be used to find parameters of the wave trapped in the duct. We present results from the modeling study of the propagation of VLF whistler‐mode waves in the field‐aligned density inhomogeneities with the perpendicular sizes comparable to (and even less than) one perpendicular wavelength of the wave inside the duct. Simulations of the electron‐MHD model reproduce in good quantitative detail observations from the satellites and let us identify perpendicular and parallel wavelengths of the waves trapped in the ducts. Simulations also reveal the conditions causing trapping of the oblique VLF waves in the low‐density and high‐density ducts with the transverse size comparable with the perpendicular wavelength of the smallest (and most oblique) wave inside the duct.
Variability in Oceanic Particle Size Distributions and Estimation of Size Class Contributions Using a Non‐parametric Approach
Authors: Reynolds Rick A. , Stramski Dariusz
Published: November 2021

A dataset of nearly 400 measurements of the particle size distribution (PSD) compiled from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans is used to examine variability in the magnitude and shape of the PSD, and to characterize the partitioning of particle number, cross‐sectional area, and volume concentration among defined size intervals. The results indicate that the relative contributions of three size classes based upon the pico‐, nano‐, and microplankton size range exhibit substantial changes among measures of particle size and between oceanic environments. The single‐slope power law model commonly employed to characterize the PSD in aquatic studies is demonstrated to have significant limitations in capturing the complexity of PSD shapes observed for natural particle assemblages, and in consequence poorly predicts the relative contributions of these different size intervals. We show that specific percentile diameters derived from the cumulative distributions of particle size are strongly correlated with the contributions of these three size classes, and that these non‐parametric descriptors of the cumulative distribution provide superior performance for estimating their contributions while requiring no assumption of underlying PSD shape. A comparison of these predictive relationships with independent field measurements suggests that this approach is generally robust for particle assemblages representing a wide diversity of marine environments.
Turbulence in the Lower Atmosphere of Mars Enhanced by Transported Dust Particles
Authors: Spiga Aymeric
Published: November 2021

A recent article by Wu et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006752) reports unprecedented turbulence‐resolving numerical simulations for Mars, in which the radiative impact of suspended dust particles transported in convective circulations is resolved for the first time. Those simulations demonstrate that in certain conditions, a dustier Martian atmosphere may result in stronger turbulence and mixing in Mars' planetary boundary layer, as a result of the inhomogeneity in the distribution of dust particles being reinforced by turbulent convective cells. This effect competes with what was hitherto thought to dominate in a dustier atmosphere, that is, a turbulence weakening related to surface shading by suspended dust particles. Wu et al. (2021 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006752)'s work has many implications for future studies of Mars' meteorology and climatology.
Evolution of Bentheimer Sandstone Wettability During Cyclic scCO2‐Brine Injections
Authors: Herring A. L. , Sun C. , Armstrong R. T. , Li Z. , McClure J. E. , Saadatfar M.
Published: November 2021

Geologic sequestration in sedimentary formations has been identified as a potential technology to prevent climate‐change inducing carbon dioxide (CO2) from being emitted to the atmosphere. To achieve safe and effective storage underground, accurate understanding, and predictions of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) behavior in subsurface rock formations is required; including quantifying how much scCO2 is trapped within pore spaces by capillarity (vs. how much remains mobile), and constraining the occurrence of physio‐chemical reactions between scCO2 and the mineral matrix. Experiments where multiple cycles of scCO2 and brine are injected into rock samples have produced conflicting results regarding the consistency of trapping as cycles progress; likely due to differences in mineral content, pressure‐temperature conditions, aqueous chemistry parameters, and experimental setups. We present a new set of experiments, replicating the conditions of a previous study, but with a new experimental design, apparatus, and timeline. We confirm previous results that demonstrated shifts in injection pressure and scCO2 trapping behavior over multiple injection cycles, and we conduct additional analyses to discern the fluid‐fluid macroscopic contact angle, interface mean and Gaussian curvatures, scCO2 interfacial area, and topology of trapped scCO2 ganglia. We also performed lattice‐Boltzmann simulations approximating experimental conditions where solid wettability was systematically altered over multiple injections cycles; trends in scCO2 ganglia characteristics compare well between experiment and simulation. The results indicate that this system undergoes a transition to a “patchy” mixed‐wet state, and we observe that this wettability alteration renders scCO2 more stable in the rock pore space, increasing capillary trapping over four injection cycles.
NR1D1 regulation by Ran GTPase via miR4472 identifies an essential vulnerability linked to aneuploidy in ovarian cancer
Authors: Boudhraa Zied , Zaoui Kossay , Fleury Hubert , Cahuzac Maxime , Gilbert Sophie , Tchakarska Guergana , Kendall-Dupont Jennifer , Carmona Euridice , Provencher Diane , Mes-Masson Anne-Marie
Published: November 2021

While aneuploidy is a main enabling characteristic of cancers, it also creates specific vulnerabilities. Here we demonstrate that Ran inhibition targets epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) survival through its characteristic aneuploidy. We show that induction of aneuploidy in rare diploid EOC cell lines or normal cells renders them highly dependent on Ran. We also establish an inverse correlation between Ran and the tumor suppressor NR1D1 and reveal the critical role of Ran/NR1D1 axis in aneuploidy-associated endogenous DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, we show that Ran, through the maturation of miR4472, destabilizes the mRNA of NR1D1 impacting several DNA repair pathways. We showed that NR1D1 interacts with both PARP1 and BRCA1 leading to the inhibition of DNA repair. Concordantly, loss of Ran was associated with NR1D1 induction, accumulation of DNA damages, and lethality of aneuploid EOC cells. Our findings suggest a synthetic lethal strategy targeting aneuploid cells based on their dependency to Ran.
Risk-stratification of HPV-positive women with low-grade cytology by FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation and HPV genotyping
Authors: Dick Stèfanie , Vink Frederique J. , Heideman Daniëlle A. M. , Lissenberg-Witte Birgit I. , Meijer Chris J. L. M. , Berkhof Johannes
Published: November 2021

Background

The introduction of primary HPV screening has doubled the number of colposcopy referrals because of the direct referral of HPV-positive women with a borderline or mild dyskaryosis (BMD) cytology (ASC-US/LSIL) triage test. Further risk-stratification is warranted to improve the efficiency of HPV-based screening.

Methods

This study evaluated the discriminative power of FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation, HPV16/18 genotyping and HPV16/18/31/33/45 genotyping in HPV-positive women with BMD (n = 294) in two Dutch screening trials. Absolute CIN3+ risks and colposcopy referrals within one screening round were calculated.

Results

Methylation analysis discriminated well, yielding a CIN3+ risk of 33.1% after a positive result and a CIN3+ risk of 9.8% after a negative result. HPV16/18 and HPV16/18/31/33/45 genotyping resulted in a 27.6% and 24.6% CIN3+ risk after a positive result, and a 13.2% and 9.1% CIN3+ risk after a negative result. Colposcopy referral percentages were 41.2%, 43.2%, and 66.3% for FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation, HPV16/18 and HPV16/18/31/33/45 genotyping, respectively. The CIN3+ risk after a negative result could be lowered to 2.8% by combining methylation and extended genotyping, at the expense of a higher referral percentage of 75.5%.

Conclusion

The use of FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation and/or HPV genotyping in HPV-positive women with BMD can lead to a substantial reduction in the number of direct colposcopy referrals.
LPS-induced macrophage HMGB1-loaded extracellular vesicles trigger hepatocyte pyroptosis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Wang Guozhen , Jin Siyi , Huang Weichang , Li Yang , Wang Jun , Ling Xuguang , Huang Yun , Hu Ye , Li Congcong , Meng Ying , Li Xu
Published: November 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important vectors of intercellular dialogue. High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a typical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, which is cytotoxic and leads to cell death and tissue injury. Whether EVs are involved in the release of HMGB1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injuries need more investigation. EVs were identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting. The co-localization of HMGB1, RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products), EEA1, Rab5, Rab7, Lamp1 and transferrin were detected by confocal microscopy. The interaction of HMGB1 and RAGE were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. EVs were labeled with the PKH67 and used for uptake experiments. The pyroptotic cell death was determined by FLICA 660-YVAD-FMK. The expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasomes were analyzed by western-blot or immunohistochemistry. Serum HMGB1, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and MPO (myeloperoxidase) were measured using a commercial kit. The extracellular vesicle HMGB1 was detected in the serums of sepsis patients. Macrophages were found to contribute to HMGB1 release through the EVs. HMGB1-RAGE interactions participated in the loading of HMGB1 into the EVs. These EVs shuttled HMGB1 to target cells by transferrin-mediated endocytosis leading to hepatocyte pyroptosis by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Moreover, a positive correlation was verified between the sepsis serum EVs-HMGB1 level and clinical liver damage. This finding provides insights for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for acute liver injuries.
The regulation of CPNE1 ubiquitination by the NEDD4L is involved in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Ruochen , Zhang Weijie , Zeng Yuanyuan , Li Yue , Zhou Jieqi , Zhang Yang , Wang Anqi , Lv Yantian , Zhu Jianjie , Liu Zeyi , Huang Jian-an
Published: November 2021

Our previous studies revealed that oncogene CPNE1 is positively correlated with the occurrence, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and it could be regulated by micro RNAs. But no direct role of post-translational modification of CPNE1 in NSCLC has been reported. This study confirms that CPNE1 is degraded by two pathways: the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. CPNE1 binds with the ubiquitin molecule via its K157 residue. Moreover, we determined that the ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L can mediate the ubiquitination of CPNE1 and promote its degradation. In addition, we find that NEDD4L knockdown promotes the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells by regulating CPNE1 in vitro and vivo. This study aims to further investigate the mechanism of CPNE1 ubiquitination in the occurrence and development of NSCLC and provide a new potential target for NSCLC treatment.
Lithium-ion-conductive sulfide polymer electrolyte with disulfide bond-linked PS4 tetrahedra for all-solid-state batteries
Authors: Kato Atsutaka , Yamamoto Mari , Utsuno Futoshi , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Masanari
Published: November 2021

Due to their high conductivity and interface formability, sulfide electrolytes are attractive for use in high energy density all-solid-state batteries. However, electrode volume changes during charge-discharge cycling typically cause mechanical contact losses at the electrode/electrolyte interface, which leads to capacity fading. Here, to suppress this contact loss, isolated PS43- anions are reacted with iodine to prepare a sulfide polymer electrolyte that forms a sticky gel during dispersion in anisole and drying of the resulting supernatant. This polymer, featuring flexible (–P–S–S–)n chains and enhanced solubility in anisole, is applied as a lithium-ion-conductive binder in sheet-type all-solid-state batteries, creating cells with low resistance and high capacity retention.
Ocean mass, sterodynamic effects, and vertical land motion largely explain US coast relative sea level rise
Authors: Harvey T. C. , Hamlington B. D. , Frederikse T. , Nerem R. S. , Piecuch C. G. , Hammond W. C. , Blewitt G. , Thompson P. R. , Bekaert D. P. S. , Landerer F. W. , Reager J. T. , Kopp R. E. , Chandanpurkar H. , Fenty I. , Trossman D. , Walker J. S. , Boening C.
Published: November 2021

Regional sea-level changes are caused by several physical processes that vary both in space and time. As a result of these processes, large regional departures from the long-term rate of global mean sea-level rise can occur. Identifying and understanding these processes at particular locations is the first step toward generating reliable projections and assisting in improved decision making. Here we quantify to what degree contemporary ocean mass change, sterodynamic effects, and vertical land motion influence sea-level rise observed by tide-gauge locations around the contiguous U.S. from 1993 to 2018. We are able to explain tide gauge-observed relative sea-level trends at 47 of 55 sampled locations. Locations where we cannot explain observed trends are potentially indicative of shortcomings in our coastal sea-level observational network or estimates of uncertainty.
Green preparation of porous hierarchical TiO2(B)/anatase phase junction for effective photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics
Authors: Wang Qian , Fang Xinxin , Hao Pin , Chi Wenwen , Huang Fang , Shi Xifeng , Cui Guanwei , Liu Yuan , Tang Bo
Published: November 2021

Novel porous hierarchical TiO2(B)/anatase phase junction was controllably prepared by a green “designer” DES, and it could efficiently remove multiple kinds of resistant organic pollutants.
Establishing the accuracy of density functional approaches for the description of noncovalent interactions in ionic liquids
Authors: Kim Minho , Gould Tim , Izgorodina Ekaterina I. , Rocca Dario , Lebègue Sébastien
Published: November 2021

We test a number of dispersion corrected Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) and meta-GGA functionals for their ability to predict the interactions of ionic liquids, and show that most can achieve energies within 1 kcal mol−1 of benchmarks.
Raman tweezers for tire and road wear micro- and nanoparticles analysis
Authors: Gillibert Raymond , Magazzù Alessandro , Callegari Agnese , Bronte-Ciriza David , Foti Antonino , Donato Maria Grazia , Maragò Onofrio M. , Volpe Giovanni , Lamy de La Chapelle Marc , Lagarde Fabienne , Gucciardi Pietro G.
Published: November 2021

Raman tweezers allow us to trap and analyze nanoparticles generated during tire abrasion and brake pad friction.
OrganoSoxhlet: circular fractionation to produce pulp for textiles using CO2 as acid source
Authors: Di Francesco Davide , Baddigam Kiran Reddy , Muangmeesri Suthawan , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: November 2021

Organosolv pulping performed in a high-pressure Soxhlet extractor using carbon dioxide as a mild and recyclable acid is described.
Water-assisted synthesis of lead-free Cu based fluorescent halide perovskite nanostructures
Authors: Shankar Hari , Jha Abha , Kar Prasenjit
Published: November 2021

The blue fluorescent lead-free perovskite nanostructures were synthesized at room temperature in the presence of water. These perovskites demonstrated their morphology as square nanoplates, nanorods, and rectangular nanoplates for Cs2CuCl4, Cs2CuBr4, and Cs2CuBr2Cl2, respectively.
The one-step synthesis of B,N co-doped carbon dots as a fracturing crosslinker and fluorescent tracer in flowback fluid and their performance
Authors: Yan Chaozong , Xu Ke , Liu Ruiping , Zhang Tailiang , Huang Zhiyu , Zheng Cunchuan
Published: November 2021

The carbon dot crosslinker has a unique crosslinking mechanism, that each crosslinking point can crosslink multiple guar gum molecular chains.
Ion cross-linking assisted synthesis of ZIF-8/chitosan/melamine sponge with anti-biofouling activity for enhanced uranium recovery
Authors: Guo Xuejie , Yang Haocheng , Wang Jun
Published: November 2021

A ZIF-8/chitosan/melamine sponge (CMZ8) uranium adsorbent was prepared using chitosan and zinc ions as adjuvants to achieve the integration of anti-fouling, adsorption and separation properties.
Dinuclear zinc-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 2] cyclization reaction for direct assembly of chiral α-amino-γ-butyrolactones bearing three stereocenters
Authors: Yang Wen-Peng , Jia Shi-Kun , Liu Tian-Tian , Hua Yuan-Zhao , Wang Min-Can
Published: November 2021

A highly atom-economic and novel enantioselective [3 + 2] cyclization reaction for the construction of optical α-amino-γ-butyrolactones possessing three stereocenters.
Pseudeurglobosins A–F, six rearranged [11]-chaetoglobosins with immunosuppressive activities from Pseudeurotium bakeri P1-1-1
Authors: Duan Fang-Fang , Gao Ying , Liu Jun-Jun , Liu Lin , Peng Xiao-Gang , Ruan Han-Li
Published: November 2021

Six novel rearranged [11]-chaetoglobosins (1–6) were isolated from an endophytic fungus Pseudeurotium bakeri P1-1-1.