bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan-Coated Alginate Nanoparticles Enhanced Absorption Profile of Insulin Via Oral Administration
Authors: Jaafar Mohd H.M. , Hamid Khuriah A.
Published: July 2019

Background:

In this study, four nanoparticle formulations (F1 to F4) comprising varying
ratios of alginate, Pluronic F-68 and calcium chloride with a constant amount of insulin and chitosan as a
coating material were prepared using polyelectrolyte complexation and ionotropic gelation methods to
protect insulin against enzymatic degradation.

Methods:

This study describes the formulation design, optimisation, characterisation and evaluation of
insulin concentration via oral delivery in rats. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) method was developed and validated to quantify insulin concentration in rat plasma. The
proposed method produced a linear response over the concentration range of 0.39 to 50 µg/ml.

Results:

In vitro release study showed that dissolution of insulin in simulated gastric juice of pH 1.2 was
prevented by alginate core and chitosan coating but rapidly released in simulated intestinal fluid (pH
6.8). Additionally, Formulation 3 (F3) has a particle size of 340.40 ± 2.39 nm with narrow uniformity
exhibiting encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 72.78 ± 1.25 % produced highest absorption profile of insulin
with a bioavailability of 40.23 ±1.29% and reduced blood glucose after its oral administration in rats.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, insulin oral delivery system containing alginate and chitosan as a coating
material has the ability to protect the insulin from enzymatic degradation thus enhance its absorption in
the intestine. However, more work should be done for instance to involve human study to materialise
this delivery system for human use.
The Effect of Prescription on the Framework of Lipid Matrix and In Vitro Properties
Authors: Chu Xiao-qin , Zhang Yong , Huang Jie , Li Qian , Li Zheng-guang , Jiang Jian-qin , Gui Shuang-ying
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To clarify the inner framework and relative properties in vitro of Lyotropic liquid
crystal (LLC) based on various prescriptions by using hydrophilic sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) and
lipophilic cinnamaldehyde (CA) as model drugs.

Methods:

Phase structures were checked by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and small-angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS). Rheological studies and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared
(ATR-FTIR) analysis were carried out to reveal their molecular interactions. In vitro release and skin
permeation were conducted by Franz diffusion cell.

Results:

PLM and SAXS showed double diamond cubic crystal. All the samples displayed characteristics
of non-Newtonian fluid, and the molecular interactions increased with the reducing water. ATRFTIR
showed that the strongest strength of hydrogen bond emerged in the formulation with 32% water.
Released SH of S2 and S3 arrived over 80%, while S1 only reached 45%, and that of CA was about
23%. Water-rich prescription gave higher percutaneous penetration for hydrophilic drugs, whereas no
significant difference existed in CA permeation.

Conclusion:

Proportion of Phytantriol to water determined the LLC assembling and affected the
dissolving status of hydrophilic substance, thereby impacting on the location sites of guest molecular
interactions among the substances, rheology properties, and finally the release and penetration behavior
in vitro. Adjusting the basic prescription was the key to obtain satisfactory percutaneous delivery and
stability for LLC carrying multi-therapeutic agents.
Vascular Morphology has No Direct Relationship with Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden in Patients with Symptomatic Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis
Authors: Liu Lu , Huo Chengju , Sun Hao , Yang Hua , Zhang Rui , Wang Lexin , Xia Zhangyong
Published: July 2019

Background:

The vascular morphology and the characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) have not been fully studied with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI).

Objectives:

HR-MRI was applied to investigate vascular morphology and atherosclerotic plaque in patients with symptomatic MCA stenosis.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 343 patients with symptomatic MCA stenosis were enrolled in this study. All the patients were examined by HR-MRI to analyze the morphology of MCA and the M1 segment (MCA-M1), the characteristics and the location of the plaques.

Results:

The proportion of L-shaped MCA-M1 decreased, while the proportion of S-shaped MCAM1 increased with age. The anterior plaques were the most common in all the patients. The superior plaques were relatively common in patients with L-shaped and U-shaped MCA-M1, while the inferior plaques were relatively common in patients with inverted U-shaped and S-shaped MCAM1. Among all the plaques, the majority were isointense or heterogeneous. The MCA-M1 morphology had no direct relationship with the common risk factors of atherosclerosis and the clinical outcomes of the patients after 12 months of follow up.

Conclusion:

The morphology of MCA-M1 is not directly related to the plaque burden or the degree of stenosis in patients with symptomatic MCA stenosis. The morphology of MCA-M1 is not associated with the risk factors of atherosclerosis, or the clinical outcomes of the patients.
Human Fetal Pigmented Ciliary Epithelium Stem Cells have Regenerative Capacity in the Murine Retinal Degeneration Model of Laser Injury
Authors: Bammidi Sridhar , Modgil Shweta , Kalra Jaswinder , Anand Akshay
Published: July 2019

Background:

Retinal degeneration and related eye disorders have limited treatment interventions.
Since stem cell therapy has shown promising results, ciliary epithelium (CE) derived
stem cells could be a better choice given the fact that cells from eye niche can better integrate with
the degenerating retina, rewiring the synaptic damage.

Objective:

To test the effect of human fetal pigmented ciliary epithelium-derived neurospheres in
the mouse model of laser-induced retinal degeneration.

Methods:

C57 male mice were subjected to retinal injury by Laser photocoagulation. Human fetal
pigmented ciliary epithelium was obtained from post-aborted human eyeballs and cultured with
epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF). The six day neurospheres
were isolated, dissociated and transplanted into the subretinal space of the laser injured mice at the
closest proximity to Laser shots. Mice were analyzed for functional vision through electroretinogram
(ERG) and sacrificed at 1 week and 12 week time points. Retinal, Neurotropic, Apoptotic
and proliferation markers were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results:

The CE neurospheres showed an increase in the expression of candidate genes analyzed
in the study at 1 week time point, which sustained for longer time point of 12 weeks.

Conclusions:

We showed the efficacy of human CE cells in the regeneration of retinal degeneration
in murine model for the first time. CE cells need to be explored comprehensively both in disease
and degeneration.
High Risk of One-year Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Younger Age and Prior History of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lee Jiann-Der , Hu Ya-Han , Lee Meng , Huang Yen-Chu , Kuo Ya-Wen , Lee Tsong-Hai
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose:

Recurrent ischemic strokes increase the risk of disability
and mortality. The role of conventional risk factors in recurrent strokes may change due to increased
awareness of prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to explore the potential risk
factors besides conventional ones which may help to affect the advances in future preventive concepts
associated with one-year stroke recurrence (OSR).

Methods:

We analyzed 6,632 adult patients with ischemic stroke. Differences in clinical characteristics
between patients with and without OSR were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression
and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses.

Results:

Among the study population, 525 patients (7.9%) had OSR. Multivariate logistic regression
analysis revealed that male sex (OR 1.243, 95% CI 1.025 – 1.506), age (OR 1.015, 95% CI
1.007 - 1.023), and a prior history of ischemic stroke (OR 1.331, 95% CI 1.096 – 1.615) were major
factors associated with OSR. CART analysis further identified age and a prior history of ischemic
stroke were important factors for OSR when classified the patients into three subgroups
(with risks of OSR of 8.8%, 3.8%, and 12.5% for patients aged > 57.5 years, ≤ 57.5 years/with no
prior history of ischemic stroke, and ≤ 57.5 years/with a prior history of ischemic stroke, respectively).

Conclusions:

Male sex, age, and a prior history of ischemic stroke could increase the risk of OSR
by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and CART analysis further demonstrated that patients
with a younger age (≤ 57.5 years) and a prior history of ischemic stroke had the highest risk of
OSR.
The Role of Shcbp1 in Signaling and Disease
Authors: Zhang Geng-Yuan , Ma Zhi-Jian , Wang Long , Sun Ruo-Fei , Jiang Xiang-Yan , Yang Xu-Juan , Long Bo , Ye Hui-Li , Zhang Shu-Ze , Yu Ze-Yuan , Shi Wen-Gui , Jiao Zuo-Yi
Published: July 2019

Src homolog and collagen homolog (Shc) proteins have been identified as adapter proteins associated with cell surface receptors and have been shown to play important roles in signaling and disease. Shcbp1 acts as a Shc SH2-domain binding protein 1 and is involved in the regulation of signaling pathways, such as FGF, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β1/Smad and β -catenin signaling. Shcbp1 participates in T cell development, the regulation of downstream signal transduction pathways, and cytokinesis during mitosis and meiosis. In addition, Shcbp1 has been demonstrated to correlate with Burkitt-like lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, gliomas, synovial sarcoma, human hepatocellular carcinoma and other diseases. Shcbp1 may play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. Accordingly, recent studies are reviewed herein to discuss and interpret the role of Shcbp1 in normal cell proliferation and differentiation, tumorigenesis and progression, as well as its interactions with proteins.
Herbal Medicine for Vascular Dementia: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Kim Tae-Hun , Kang Jung Won
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Vascular dementia (VaD), a severe neurologic condition related to aging of the cerebrovascular structure, has been treated with herbal medications and products. In this overview of systematic reviews (SRs) on the effects of herbal medications, we aimed to summarize the current clinical evidence on the benefits of herbal drugs and to propose an evidence map outlining their effects on VaD.

Methods:

SRs assessing their effects on cognitive function or performance and the associated safety, published until December 2018, were located from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System. A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 was used to assess their overall confidence. A bubble plot was proposed to present the depth and width of the current status of the evidence supporting the use of individual herbal drugs.

Results:

Ten SRs (4 on individual herbal medications and 6 on various herbal drugs) were included. The overall evidence on herbal medicines suggests that they are effective in improving cognitive function and performance. Individual herbal medications including FuFangHaiShe, NaoXinTong, YinDanXing- NaoTong, NaoMaiTai, ShenFuTang, and TongXinLuo showed favourable effects when assessed via a minimal mental state examination score but have limited evidence supporting their effectiveness due to the scarcity of randomized controlled trials. Concerning safety, most SRs did not outline the estimated risk ratio of adverse events.

Conclusions:

Herbal medications might have benefits for VaD patients but they need to be evaluated further.
Metabolic Complications and Kidney Transplantation: Focus on Glycaemia and Dyslipidaemia
Authors: Anagnostis Panagiotis , Paschou Stavroula Α. , Spartalis Eleftherios , Sarno Gerardo , De Rosa Paride , Muscogiuri Giovanna
Published: July 2019

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) and dyslipidaemia are the most common metabolic
complications in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). They are associated with a higher risk of lower
graft function and survival, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of
this review is to provide current data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and optimal management of
these two principal metabolic complications in KTR. Several risk factors in this metabolic milieu are
either already present or emerge after renal transplantation, such as those due to immunosuppressive
therapy. However, the exact pathogenic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Awareness of these
disorders is crucial to estimate CVD risk in KTR and optimize screening and therapeutic strategies.
These include lifestyle (preferably according to the Mediterranean pattern) and immunosuppressive
regimen modification, as well as the best available anti-diabetic (insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents)
and hypolipidaemic (e.g. statins) regimen according to an individual’s metabolic profile and medical
history.
Antimicrobial Peptides: An Approach to Combat Resilient Infections
Authors: Parai Debaprasad , Dey Pia , Mukherjee Samir K.
Published: July 2019

Background:

It was apparent by the end of 1980s that the success against the threats of bacterial pathogens on public health was an illusion, with the rapid development of resistant strains more than the discovery of new drugs. As a consequence, the remedial services were in the backfoot position of being on the losing side of this never-ending evolutionary war. The quest for new antibiotics to overcome resistance problems has long been a top research priority for the researchers and the pharmaceutical industry. However, the resistance problems remain unresolved due to the abrupt misuse of antibiotics by common people, which has immensely worsened the scenario by disseminating antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains around the world.

Objective:

Thus, immediate action is needed to measure emerging and re-emerging microbial diseases having new resistance mechanisms and to manage their rapid spread among the common public by means of novel alternative metabolites.

Conclusion:

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are short, cationic peptides evolved in a wide range of living organisms and serve as the essential part of the host innate immunity. For humans, these effector molecules either can directly kill the foreign microbes or modulate the host immune systems so that the human body could develop some resistance against the microbial infections. In this review, we discuss their history, structural classifications, modes of action, and explain their biological roles as anti-infective agents. We also scrutinize their clinical potentiality, current limitations in various developmental stages and strategies to overcome for their successful clinical applications.
Gold Nanoparticle Functionalized Mesoporous Silica-Chitosan as Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Green One-Pot Synthesis of 4H-pyran Derivatives in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Azimi Razieh , Lasemi Zahra , Hashkavayi Ayemeh Bagheri
Published: July 2019

Gold nanoparticle functionalized mesoporous silica-chitosan (Au NPs/silica-chitosan) as an
environmentally benign and heterogeneous nanocatalyst was prepared and its properties were characterized
using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and fourier transform infrared
(FT-IR). The catalytic activity of Au NPs/silica-chitosan was studied in the synthesis of biologically
important 4H-pyran derivatives. In these reactions, efficient and green syntheses of 4H-pyrans were
carried out using isatins or aldehydes, active methylene compounds, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in
the presence of a catalytic amount of Au NPs/silica-chitosan in water in excellent yields. Au
NPs/silica-chitosan can be recovered easily and reused without any significant loss of the catalytic activity.
4H-pyran derivatives were synthesized using Au NPs/silica-chitosan as catalyst in three component
reaction of isatins/aldehydes, active methylene, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in water. Au
NPs/Silica-Chitosan was prepared by reaction of aqueous solution of HAuCl4 (1 wt.%) and solution
chitosan in deionized water and acetic acid with tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) at 100ºC for 24 h.
Gold nanoparticle functionalized mesoporous silica-chitosan was prepared and its catalytic activity was
investigated for forming 4H-pyran derivatives. In this study, active methylene and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds
reacted with various isatins and aldehydes which afforded the corresponding spirooxindoles
with 88-98% yields. This method includes the environmentally friendly reaction conditions, short reaction
time, simple work-up, excellent yield, broad scope of usable substrates, recovery and reusability of
heterogeneous catalyst.
Antitumor Activity of Cyclodextrin-based Supramolecular Platinum Prodrug In vitro and In vivo
Authors: Zhang Yu-Hui , Wang Jie , Xin Siqintana , Wang Li-Juan , Sheng Xianliang
Published: July 2019

Background:

Considering the limitations of cisplatin in clinical application, there is
ongoing research to fabricate new platinum-containing prodrug which are highly effective to tumor
cells and have low toxicity to normal cells.

Methods:

In this study, a cyclodextrin-based supramolecular platinum prodrug that is 6,6’-ophenylenediseleno-
bridged bis (β-cyclodextrin)s (CD) and its potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)
complex was reported. The cytotoxicity experiments were performed to evaluate the anticancer
activities of supramolecular prodrug in vitro by means of MTT assay. The practical application of
supramolecular prodrug in tumor treatment in vivo were evaluated using BALB/c nude mice model
bearing Hela cancer cells.

Results:

Compared with commercial anticancer drug cisplatin, the resultant cyclodextrin-based
platinum prodrug exhibited comparative anticancer effect but with much lower toxicity side effects
in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion:

The cyclodextrin-based supramolecular platinum prodrug displayed antitumor activity
comparable to the commercial antitumor drug cisplatin but with lower side effects both in vitro and
in vivo, implying that the two adjacent cyclodextrin cavities not merely act as desired solubilizer,
but also endowed the prodrug with cell permeability through the interaction of cyclodextrin with
phospholipids and cholesterol on cell membrane.
In vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide Against Giardia lamblia
Authors: Barbosa-Cabrera Elizabeth , Moo-Puc Rosa , Monge Antonio , Paz-González Alma Delia , Bocanegra-García Virgilio , Rivera Gildardo
Published: July 2019

Background:

Giardiasis is an important public health problem. However, its
pharmacological treatment is limited mainly to two drugs, metronidazole and nitazoxanide.
Objectives: Screening four series of esters (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-propyl) of quinoxaline-7-
carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide in in vitro and in vivo models as antigiardiasis agents.

Objectives:

Screening four series of esters (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-propyl) of quinoxaline-7-
carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide in in vitro and in vivo models as antigiardiasis agents.

Methods:

Briefly, 4 × 104 trophozoites of G. lamblia were incubated for 48 h at 37 °C with different
concentrations of esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide, albendazole, metronidazole
and nitazoxanide. Afterwards, trophozoites were counted and the half maximal inhibitory
concentration (IC50) was calculated by Probit analysis. The in vivo antigiardial activity of the
compounds was demonstrated using experimental infections of G. lamblia in suckling female CD-1
mice.

Results:

Compound T-069 with a thienyl, a trifluoromethyl and an isopropyl group at R1-, R2- and
R3-position, respectively, on the quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide ring in an in vitro model showed an IC50
value of 0.0014 µM, and 3502 and 1108 times more giardicidal activity than nitazoxanide and
metronidazole in an in vivo model.

Conclusion:

Isopropyl ester of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives showed better
giardicidal activity than the reference drugs; therefore, these compounds are good candidates to
develop new pharmacological treatment for giardiasis.
Dietary Carotenoids in Managing Metabolic Syndrome and Role of PPARs in the Process
Authors: Purohith Raghunandan , Nagalingaswamy Nagendra P.M. , Shivananju Nanjunda S.
Published: July 2019

Metabolic syndrome is a collective term that denotes disorder in metabolism, symptoms of
which include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Diet is a
major predisposing factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, and dietary intervention is
necessary for both prevention and management. The bioactive constituents of food play a key role in
this process. Micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, and
aromatic pigment molecules found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and condiments are known to have
beneficial effects in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. There exists a well-established
relationship between oxidative stress and major pathological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic
syndrome, and cancer. Consequently, dietary antioxidants are implicated in the remediation of
these complications. The mechanism of action and targets of dietary antioxidants as well as their
effects on related pathways are being extensively studied and elucidated in recent times. This review
attempts a comprehensive study of the role of dietary carotenoids in alleviating metabolic syndromewith
an emphasis on molecular mechanism-in the light of recent advances.
A Study on Time Series Forecasting using Hybridization of Time Series Models and Neural Networks
Authors: Aijaz Iflah , Agarwal Parul
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) are leading linear and non-linear models in Machine learning respectively for time series
forecasting.

Objective:

This survey paper presents a review of recent advances in the area of Machine Learning techniques
and artificial intelligence used for forecasting different events.

Methods:

This paper presents an extensive survey of work done in the field of Machine Learning where hybrid
models for are compared to the basic models for forecasting on the basis of error parameters like Mean
Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute
Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE).

Results:

Table 1 summarizes important papers discussed in this paper on the basis of some parameters
which explain the efficiency of hybrid models or when the model is used in isolation.

Conclusion:

The hybrid model has realized accurate results as compared when the models were used in isolation
yet some research papers argue that hybrids cannot always outperform individual models.
Exploring Molecular Docking Studies of Alanine Racemase Inhibitors from Elettaria cardamomum
Authors: Kumari Rosy , Mishra Ratish Chandra , Yadav Shivani , Yadav Jaya Parkash
Published: July 2019

Background:

Enterococcus faecalis has attracted much attention in recent times due to its
increased virulence in hospital-acquired infections. Cardamom which is an exotic spice in food items
can be proposed for its antimicrobial potential. In the present study, alanine racemase (AlaR) of the
bacteria was considered as inhibitors’ target due to its crucial role in cell wall synthesis.

Methods:

GC-MS analysis of Cardamom extract was performed and the identified phytochemicals
were docked against AlaR using AutoDock 4.0. Top score ligands were further subjected to Absorption,
Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME) analysis.

Results & Conclusion:

Molecular docking studies reveal that among 85 phytoligands, ricinoleic acid,
bombykol, 1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid, and linalool showed significant interaction to the enzyme
with an energy of -7.81, -7.57, -7.03, -7.02 and -7 kcal/mol, respectively, as compared to its substrate
(ΔG Alanine: -5.03 kcal/mol). Among all the five lead compounds, 1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid, and
linalool exhibited high bioactivity score on druglikeliness. This enabled us to conclude that the compounds
1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid and linalool would be useful antibacterial agents against E. faecalis
infections.
Evaluation of Selected Natural Compounds as Dual Inhibitors of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Monoamine Oxidase
Authors: Engelbrecht Idalet , Petzer Jacobus P. , Petzer Anél
Published: July 2019

Background:

The most effective symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease remains
the metabolic precursor of dopamine, L-dopa. To enhance the efficacy of L-dopa, it is often combined
with inhibitors of the enzymes, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase
(MAO) B, key metabolic enzymes of L-dopa and dopamine.

Objective:

This study attempted to discover compounds that exhibit dual inhibition of COMT and
MAO-B among a library of 40 structurally diverse natural compounds. Such dual acting inhibitors
may be effective as adjuncts to L-dopa and offer enhanced value in the management of Parkinson’s
disease.

Methods:

Selected natural compounds were evaluated as in vitro inhibitors of rat liver COMT and
recombinant human MAO. Reversibility of MAO inhibition was investigated by dialysis.

Results:

Among the natural compounds morin (IC50 = 1.32 µM), chlorogenic acid (IC50 = 6.17 µM),
(+)-catechin (IC50 = 0.86 µM), alizarin (IC50 = 0.88 µM), fisetin (IC50 = 5.78 µM) and rutin (IC50 =
25.3 µM) exhibited COMT inhibition. Among these active COMT inhibitors only morin (IC50 = 16.2
µM), alizarin (IC50 = 8.16 µM) and fisetin (IC50 = 7.33 µM) were noteworthy MAO inhibitors, with
specificity for MAO-A.

Conclusion:

None of the natural products investigated here are dual COMT/MAO-B inhibitors.
However, good potency COMT inhibitors have been identified, which may serve as leads for future
development of COMT inhibitors.
Effects of Myo-inositol Alone and in Combination with Seleno-Lmethionine on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice
Authors: Benvenga Salvatore , Micali Antonio , Pallio Giovanni , Vita Roberto , Malta Consuelo , Puzzolo Domenico , Irrera Natasha , Squadrito Francesco , Altavilla Domenica , Minutoli Letteria
Published: July 2019

Background:

Cadmium (Cd) impairs gametogenesis and damages the blood-testis barrier.
Objective: As the primary mechanism of Cd-induced damage is oxidative stress, the effects of two natural
antioxidants, myo-inositol (MI) and seleno-L-methionine (Se), were evaluated in mice testes.

Methods:

Eighty-four male C57 BL/6J mice were divided into twelve groups: 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1
ml/kg/day i.p.); Se (0.2 mg/kg/day per os); Se (0.4 mg/kg/day per os); MI (360 mg/kg/day per os); MI
plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) plus vehicle; CdCl2 plus
MI; CdCl2 plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.2
mg/kg/day); and CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, testes were processed for biochemical,
structural and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results:

CdCl2 increased iNOS and TNF-α expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered
glutathione (GSH) and testosterone, induced testicular lesions, and almost eliminated claudin-11 immunoreactivity.
Se administration at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression,
maintained GSH, MDA and testosterone levels, structural changes and low claudin-11 immunoreactivity.
MI alone or associated with Se at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α
expression and MDA levels, increased GSH and testosterone levels, ameliorated structural organization
and increased claudin-11 patches number.

Conclusion:

We demonstrated a protective effect of MI, a minor role of Se and an evident positive role
of the association between MI and Se on Cd-induced damages of the testis. MI alone or associated with
Se might protect testes in subjects exposed to toxicants, at least to those with behavior similar to Cd.
Liposomes as Anticancer Therapeutic Drug Carrier’s Systems: More than a Tour de Force
Authors: Rahman Mahfoozur , Beg Sarwar , Verma Amita , Kazmi Imran , Ahmed Farhan Jalees , Kumar Vikas , Anwar Firoz , Akhter Sohail
Published: July 2019

A liposome is a spherical vesicle composed of a bilayer of lipid with central
aqueous cavity. Liposomes are the first nano vesicular drug delivery carriers, which are
successfully translated into real-time clinical application and gained great potential in the
past 30 years. The characteristics of liposomes to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
drugs, their biocompatibility and biodegradability make it attractive nanocarriers
in drug delivery area. Apart from this, great technical advancement has been made to
develops second-generation liposomes named as stealth liposomes, cationic liposomes,
triggered release liposomes and ligand targeted liposomes. This led to widespread use of
liposomes in various areas including anticancer therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging
agents. Therefore, the presents review article made an extensive discussion of various
liposomes and its applications in cancer treatment.
Inventarisasi Pemanfaatan Daun Tanaman Sebagai Sumber Protein dalam Pakan Kambing Peranakan Etawa (Studi Kasus di Dusun Prodosumbul, Desa Klampok, Kecamatan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang)
Authors: Marhaeniyanto Eko , Susanti Sri , Siswanto Bambang , Murti Ariani Trisna
Published: July 2019

Penelitian dilaksanakan di Dusun Prodosumbul, Desa Klampok, Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menginventarisasi jenis pakan, konsumsi pakan dan produktivitas kambing PE ditingkat peternak. Penelitian ini melibatkan peternak kambing PE sebagai responden sebanyak 91 orang, berdasarkan kriteria jumlah kepemilikan ternak kambing >3 ekor, pengalaman beternak > 5 tahun. Pemilihan responden melibatkan peran kelompok tani yaitu Gapoktan Arjuna Sejahtera. Metode penelitian adalah studi kasus. Pengamatan in vivo dilakukan pada 20 ekor kambing PE jantan muda dengan rataan bobot awal 16,71Â±1,76 kg. Data dianalisis melalui tahap pengumpulan data, reduksi data, tabulasi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil inventarisasi didapatkan 27 jenis hijauan pakan ternak kambing, terdiri dari 22 macam daun tanaman dan 5 macam hijauan rumput (81,48% daun tanaman : 18,52% hijauan rumput). Pakan hijauan yang sering diberikan pada ternak kambing adalah rumput lapang, pucuk tebu, daun sengon, daun pahitan dan rumput gajah (responden pengguna >40%). Rataan konsumsi hijauan pakan 7,06 kg/ekor/hari dengan konsumsi bahan kering 526,07Â±88,15 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi bahan organik 511,89Â±80,32 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi protein kasar 61,58Â±16,21 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi serat kasar 101,18Â±29,68 g/ekor/hari dan konsumsi lemak kasar 17,50Â±13,75 g/ekor/hari.Â  Pertambahan bobot badan harian 65,9Â±11,7 g/ekor/hari, konversi pakan 7,53Â±2,85. Terdapat 13 jenis daun tanaman yang memiliki kandungan protein kasar (PK) lebih dari 18% yaitu Paracerianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, Lecaena leucocephala, Artrocarpus heterophyllus Lamk, Calliandra haemochephala, Gliricidia sepium, Colocasia esculenta, Eritrina lithosperma, Sauropus adrogynus, Agratum conyzoides, Ceiba petandra, Manihot utilissima, Centrosema pubescens merupakan pakan potensial sebagai sumber protein untuk pakan ternak kambing PE.
Peningkatan hasil belajar passing atas pada permainan bola voli melalui variasi pembelajaran siswa SMP
Authors: Lubis Ade Evriansyah , Agus Muhammad
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar passing atas bola voli pada siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Aek Songsongan Asahan  Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017, melalui Variasi Pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, dengan tiap siklus terdiri atas perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini berupa tes kepada para siswa yang berbentuk aplikasi teknik dasar passing atas bola voli. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan penilaian hasil belajar passingatasbola voli. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan secara deskriptif berdasarkan pada analisis kualitatif dengan prosentase. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari observasi yakni 7 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (21%) sedangkan 25 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (79%). Pada siklus I diperoleh hasil dimana 25 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (78%) sedangkan 7 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (22%). Dan pada siklus II diperoleh hasil dimana 29 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (90%) sedangkan 3 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (10%). Improving the learning results of high pass on volleyball through learning variance among junior high school students AbstractThe study aims at identifying the learning results of high pass on volleyball among Grade VIII-1 students of Negeri 1 Aek Songsongan Junior High School Asahan Academic Year 2016/2017 by means of learning variance. The study itself is a Classroom Action Research. When the study was conducted there were two cycles and each cycle consisted of planning, action, observation and reflection. The data sources in the study were the tests to the students in the form of basic high pass technique application in volleyball. Then, the data in the study were gathered by means of assessment toward the learning results of high pass. In analysing the data, the descriptive qualitative technique was implemented with percentage. From the observation, 7 students (21.00%) passed the test while 25 students (79.00%) did not pass the test. Furthermore, in the first cycle 25 students (78.00%) passed the test while the remaining 7 students (22.00%) did not pass the test. In the second cycle, 29 students (90.00%) passed the test while the 3 remaining students (10.00%) did not pass the test.
Alih kode dan campur kode tuturan di lingkungan pendidikan
Authors: Simatupang Ruth Remilani , Rohmadi Muhammad , Saddhono Kundharu
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan alih kode dan campur kode yang digunakan oleh penutur di lingkungan SMK di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahasa-bahasa yang digunakan oleh guru dan siswa pada saat pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah tuturan penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah teknik pengamatan, teknik wawancara dan teknik rekam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alih kode dan campur kode yang terjadi ialah bahasa Inggris,bahasa Batak, dan bahasa Indonesia. Jenis alih kode yang ditemukan adalah bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Batak. Jenis campur kode yang ditemukan adalah campur kode ke dalam dan campur kode keluar  dengan menggunakan  bahasa Indonesia,bahasa Inggris, dan bahasa Batak dengan bentuk kata, kelompok kata, kata ulang, ungkapan dan klausa.Code Switching and Code Mixing on the Speech of Education Environment AbstractThe research aims to describe code switching and code mixing that are used by speaker in vacation high school at Medan. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The subject of this research is languages used by teacher and students in learning Indonesian. The object of this research is code switching and code mixing used on learning Indonesian.The method used to collecting the data are observational echniques, interview techniques and recording techniques. The result shows that languages undergoing code switching and code mixing are English, Bataknese and indnesian. The type of code switching found is Bataknese languages to Indonesian languages.furthermor, the type of code mixing found is inner code-mixing and outer code -mixing by using Indonesian language, English and Bataknese with the form of the word, group of words, repetition of word, expression and clause.
BEŞ EKSENLİ KÖPRÜ TİPİ CNC MERMER İŞLEME MAKİNESİ TASARIMI VE İMALATI
Authors: GÜLAÇTI Semih , DURAK Ertuğrul
Published: July 2019

Bu
çalışmada mermerin kısaca tanıtımı, Türkiye’nin küresel mermer pazarındaki yeri
ve önemi anlatılmakla birlikte klasik köprü tipi mermer işleme makinelerinin
çağımızın gerekliliklerine neden ayak uyduramadığı ve ihracatımızın önemli bir
kısmını oluşturan ebatlı taşlardaki işleme problemleri ortaya konulmuştur.
Sektörün sahip olduğu bu sorun yüksek fiyatlı ithal makinelerle
karşılanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu durumu göz önünde bulundurarak, beş eksenli
köprü tipi CNC mermer işleme makinesi tasarımı ve imalatı amaçlanmıştır. Bu makinede
hassas kesimler için çözüm bulunurken çağın gerektirdiği basit ve karmaşık
geometrik şekillerde mermerlerin çok kısa sürede işlenmesi bu makine ile
yapılabilmektedir.
ACCOUNTABILITY PRESSURE AS DEBIASER FOR CONFIRMATION BIAS IN INFORMATION SEARCH AND TAX CONSULTANT’S RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Misra Fauzan -
Published: July 2019

Introduction: This study examines the influence of accountability pressure toward information search behavior and the subsequent tax recommendation.  Background Problem: Prior research has shown that tax consultants are subject to confirmation bias during their information search when providing recommendations to their clients. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to identifying boundary condition or mitigating factors. This study proposes accountability pressure to mitigate such bias. Novelty: This study broadens the understanding of the effect of different accountability pressures on an individual’s effort and judgement making. Research Method: The research was conducted by an experimental approach using a 1x2 between-subjects design using an Internet-based instrument. Accountability pressure is manipulated into 2 levels (strong or weak). The experiment involved 82 tax professionals. Findings: The results show that accountability pressures influence the depth of the consultant information search. That is, a tax consultant those faced a high accountability pressure performed a deep search, while those who faced a weak accountability pressure conducted a shallow search. Then, a deep search leads to more conservative recommendations, while a shallow search leads to an aggressive recommendation. Furthermore, the results of interaction and simple effect tests show that the information search depth can mitigate confirmation bias occurred during information search processes. Conclusion: These findings imply that accountability within the organization needs to get more attention from tax consultants. While any prior research found that confirmation bias was proofed to have pervasive character and hard to be eliminated,  this study pointed out that the accountability pressure could mitigate such bias.
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan terhadap Outcome Klinik Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2
Authors: Larasati Laksmy Anggun , Andayani Tri Murti , Kristina Susi Ari
Published: July 2019

Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires good therapeutic management and self care to achieve optimal glycemic target. The important barrier to achieve good glycemic control is a lack of knowledge about optimal glycemic targets. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the level of knowledge to clinical outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Yogyakarta and Bantul primary health care. This was an observational study with a cross sectional design. The sampling technique was done by accidental sampling for patients visiting the primary health care from October to December 2018 that involved 200 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who were included in the inclusion criteria. The level of knowledge was measured by the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ)-24 which had 24 questions and the clinical outcome was obtained from laboratory measurement data as well as from medical record data when the patient was in routine control. Sociodemographic data were analyzed descriptively. The relationship between the level of knowledge and clinical outcomes was analyzed using chi square. The results showed that the knowledge level score had an average value of 12. The most incorrect answer was in etiology and diabetes self care, which is eating too much sugar and sweet foods is the cause of diabetes (97%), exercise regularly increasing the need of hormone insulin or diabetes medication (82%), the insulin reaction is caused by too much food (84%) and diabetics should clean the wound with betadine and alcohol (88%). There were 106 (53%) patients who achieved good glycemic control. Chi square test showed no relationship between the level of knowledge of clinical outcomes (p = 0.328). The result of this study may become a material and education content evaluation in diabetic patients.
Perceived Harm and Addictiveness of e-Cigarette: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kristina Susi Ari , Permitasari Ni Putu Ayu Linda , Intihan Ahmad , Hayati Dima Nurrohmah , Rosyidah Kharisma Aprilita
Published: July 2019

The popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also known as e-cigarette, has been growing rapidly in the past years. Therefore, it is also important to explore how e-cigarette users perceive its harm and addiction risk. The aim of this study is to review and determine perceived harm and addictiveness of e-cigarette among e-cigarette users. We conducted a systematic review for published articles in English that had reported about perceived harm and addictiveness of e-cigarette published during year 2008 to 2018. Relevant studies were located through an extensive search from three electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and Google Scholar on October 2018. Key terms used were “perceived harm”, “perceived risk”, “harm and addictiveness”, “belief”, “electronic cigarette”, “e-cigarette”, and “vaping”. A result of 88 studies were retrieved and reviewed. After further inspection of references from the collected studies, only 5 selected studies met all inclusion criteria. The final studies consisted of three cross-sectional studies, one longitudinal, and one prospective study. E-cigarette were perceived harmless and less addictive than cigarettes among its users with many predictors associated, including sex, age, race, education, advertisement and health belief for smoking cessation. Compared to non-users, e-cigarette users were significantly less likely to worry about the health risks, either its harm or addictiveness. E-cigarette was perceived harmless and less addictive than tobacco cigarettes. Further study about e-cigarette profile is particularly important to design public health messages that accurately interpret the scientific data on the potential harm and addictiveness of e-cigarette.
The Depiction of Antibiotic Use without Presciption and Community Attitudes Towards Drugstores that Refused to Sell Antibiotic without Prescription
Authors: Rokhman M Rifqi , Satibi Satibi
Published: July 2019

Antibiotic resistance causes reduced therapeutic effectiveness. Understanding of people's behavior plays an important role in countering antibiotic resistance especially by preventing irrational use of antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to depict the experience of respondents in using antibiotics without prescription and the relationship of characteristics of respondents with unwillingness to remain a customer at a pharmacy that had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. The study design applied cross-sectional using a questionnaire, and sampling was done by purposive sampling. Respondents were people who used antibiotics without a doctor's prescription. The survey was conducted in Yogyakarta in September-October 2018. The data were analyzed descriptively and used multivariate logistic regression. As many as 44.2% of the total 670 respondents used antibiotics the last time more than a year ago; 69.5% received information about antibiotics from previous treatments; 93.4% received antibiotics from pharmacies, and 69.2% stated that the most used antibiotic was amoxicillin. More than half (62.2%) of respondents were still willing to become customers at a pharmacy that had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. Respondents with high school education or lower as the latest education degree (OR = 1.513; 95% CI 1.017-2.252); from family income below the regional minimum wage (OR = 1.858; 95% CI 1.302-2.651), and from Sleman Regency (OR = 1.457; 95% CI 1.016-2.089) became a predictor of the unwillingness of respondents to become customers at a pharmacy who had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. Supervision of antibiotic (especially amoxicillin) in pharmacies and education to the community needs to be used as part of a strategy against irrational use of antibiotics. In addition, education needs to be given to pharmacists to reduce fears of decreased in the number of their customers because they refuse to deliver antibiotics without a prescription.
Mitra Pengemudi Gojek dalam Jeratan Ekonomi Berbagi Melalui Platform
Authors: Kamim Anggalih Bayu Muh. , Khandiq M. Rusmul
Published: July 2019

This study will examine digital work relations that occur between driver partners with PT. Gojek Indonesia which happened because of business management based on digital platforms in the form of applications. The use of this platform has caused a change to existing work relations, especially in terms of existing contracts and wage systems. Gojek as a platform-based business is in great demand by the younger generation of workers because it's working hour's flexibility, higher wages, and bonuses offered. However, in fact, there are many workers' rights that are not fulfilled by Gojek to their driving partners. By using data collection methods in the form of documentation studies and data analysis carried out through the stages of reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusion, it was found that Gojek partners experienced vulnerabilities due to the use of a partner system that eliminated some workers' rights such as social security, overtime salaries, absence of severance pay, and partner relations patterns that were more subordinated. In addition, the welfare promised, in the end, is only an illusion because partners must experience exploitation in the form of unreasonable hours of work, incompatibility with income as promised, and business relationship gaps.
Pemuda (Pe)kerja Paruh Waktu: Dependensi dan Negosiasi
Authors: Meiji Nanda Harda Pratama
Published: July 2019

Part-time work is a relatively common thing for young people today. Unlike the previous decade, now, part-time jobs offered are mushrooming with various types of activities. Similarly, Indonesia offers a variety of part-time jobs to its main students. Malang, a city of education with thousands of students in it, also competing to take part in working part-time. This study seeks to focus on the aspects of dependency and negotiation carried out by students who take part-time jobs, especially at coffee shops. This phenomenon is because the culture of "coffee" has become one of the activities carried out by young people in Indonesia to spend their free time. Not only limited to hanging out, but also the coffee culture is also used by young people in Malang City in addition to looking for financial and experience additions before taking the post-graduate work pathway. This study used qualitative research methods with the process of observation and in-depth interviews to informants in the field as a technique of data collection. Through a purposive sampling process, four main informants were able to present their narratives while working part-time while working on their final assignments. This research was conducted from mid-2018 to 2019 to obtain sufficient depth. From the results of this study it was found that there is a close relationship between the process of dependencies that they do with negotiation and consumption during part-time work. Especially entering the era of the risk society where every decision that has been taken will pose risks that must be passed and minimized the danger by young part-time workers.