bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NÚCLEO TEMÁTICO INCLUSIVO PARA CONSTRUÇÃO DE CONHECIMENTOS DE LICENCIANDOS EM CIÊNCIAS DA NATUREZA SOBRE O TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA
Authors: Shaw Gisele Soares Lemos
Published: September 2021

Para fomentar formação docente inclusiva na universidade, investigou-se as potencialidades da disciplina acadêmica Núcleo Temático Educação Inclusiva no Ensino de Ciências para formação de licenciandos em ciências da natureza na educação de pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Seis licenciandos realizaram estudos, planejaram e avaliaram seu ensino e a aprendizagem de estudantes em oficinas pedagógicas desenvolvidas com crianças e jovens autistas. Os dados da aprendizagem desses licenciandos foram produzidos por meio de questionários, relato escrito e anotações de observação e explorados por análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que a disciplina contribuiu para a formação acadêmica dos licenciandos e sensibilizou-os à inclusão de pessoas autistas na escola, constituindo espaço formativo profícuo.
Analyzing the Growth and Performance of Agriculture Sector in Nepal
Authors: Jha Sitesh , Singh Bibek , Poudel Deepa , Shingh Shuvam , Tiwari Preeya , Shrestha Prachur
Published: September 2021

Agriculture is the backbone of Nepalese economy but higher poverty, constant trade deficit and erratic inflation rate has led to the shrinkage of agriculture share in the national GDP from 27.59% in last fiscal year to 26.98% in this fiscal year. Agriculture production rate is increasing at an average rate of 2.7% but is expected to grow at 5.1% this year due to the better monsoon. Nepal shares 0.66%, 0.27%,0.22% and 0.4% in global production of rice, wheat, maize and pulses respectively in the year 2018-19. The production of oilseeds has increased to 9.89% in 2018-19 from 4.68% in 2014-15. The minimal increment to 0.36% in 2018-19 from 0.3% in 2008-09 is noticed in case of production of vegetables. The share of Nepal in global production of fruit is only 0.16% in 2018-19 after increment from 0.1% in 2008-09. The share of Nepal in global milk production is very low i.e.0.247% though dairy sector is in prosperous state in Nepal. After adopting different suggestive measures better growth can be attained in the agriculture sector. The agriculture sector is in booming stage with the help of different government policies. An integrated sustainable approach is necessary to increase the income of people involved in agriculture sector.
Performance Evaluation of Rice Mutant Line against Two Widely Grown Rice Cultivar in Mymensingh Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Rouf M. A. , Khan N. A. , Mueez M. L. A. , Toma N. I. , Mahmud S. , Nahar N.
Published: September 2021

Growth performance, yield components and total grain yield of a rice mutant lines were evaluated againest two popular rice varieties on farm experiments within five different upazila of Mymensingh region to find out the better cultivar on the besis of yield and duration. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The study was conducted for two consecutive season that ensure the stability of the mutant line. The results revealed that the cultivar RM(2)-40-©-4-2-8 was recorded highest effective tiller and maximum filled grain in most of the location. Among the all cultivar RM(2)-40-©-4-2-8 was recorded maximum grain yield in most of the location for two consecutive year which was statistically significant from other cultivar.
Identification of Children with Disabilities in Government Primary Schools of Hyderabad District - Survey
Authors: Jyothi V. Ananda
Published: September 2021

Disability can be defined as any limitation or restriction to perform developmentally appropriate activities which are desired by society. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) defined disability as, “neither purely biological nor social but instead the interaction between health conditions, environmental and personal factors.” It described disability at three levels: 1. An impairment in body function or structure, such as a cataract which prevents the passage of light and sensing of form, shape, and size of visual stimuli;, 2. A limitation in activity, such as the inability to read or move around; 3. A restriction in participation, such as exclusion from school. Children with disabilities require interventions and support, Difficulty in oral language 1. Slow development in speaking words or sentences (also referred to as,late talkers) 2. Pronunciation problems 3. Difficulty learning new words; slow vocabulary growth 4. Difficulty finding the right word to use when speaking 5. Difficulty understanding and following simple (one-step) directions 6. Difficulty understanding questions 7. Difficulty recognizing or learning rhyming words 8. Lack of interest in storytelling.

Students with learning disabilities are among the most vulnerable-at chronic risk for "not learning" under the aforementioned conditions, for long-term academic and social problems, and for lifelong debilitating side-effects of their classroom experiences. 30 Government Primary schools from class 1 to 5 were identified in Hyderabad district and 3200 children were screened to identify whether they have hearing and speech impairment, Intellectual Disability, Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and learning Ethical norms were followed in this study for collecting the data. Care has been taken to meet the ethical requirements in this research study, during developing the screening camp while discussion with the teachers and children. Out of 3200 children 660 children were identified with different disabilities and referred to the concerned Institutes for detailed evaluation and intervention services. There is an urgent and substantial need to identify as early as possible those young children in need of services. The need for early identification of learning disabilities is highly related to potential.
Influence of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides on Weed Dynamics, WCE and Yield of Pigeon Pea under Rainfed Conditions
Authors: Nimbargi Yusufali A. , Mavarkar Narayan S. , Rathod Pandit S. , Ganapathi . , Nandish M. S.
Published: September 2021

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-KVK, Kalaburgi, during Kharif seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to adjudge the efficacy of pre and post emergence herbicides against diverse weed flora in pigeonpea ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 11 treatments comprising of different pre-emergent herbicides viz., Pendimethalin, Pendimethalin 30 EC + Imazethapyr 2 EC and post-emergence premix product herbicides such as Imazamox 35 WG + Imazethapyr 35 WG, Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75%w/w ME  and their different dosages with cultural methods were compared with weed free check and weedy check treatments. Among the different pre and post emeregent herbicides tested against different weed flora,  post emergent application of Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME @ 2000 ml ha-1 at 20-25 days recorded significantly lower weed density, weed dry weight, highest weed control efficiency (91.36%) and lowest weed index (8.78%) and higher grain yield (1209 kg ha-1 ),  net returns (` 43,036 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.35) followed by Propaquizafop 2.5% + Imazethapyr 3.75% w/w  ME @ 1500 ml ha-1 at 20-25 DAS, Imazamox 35 WG + Imazethapyr 35 WG at 100 g ha-1 at 20-25 DAS and HW at 20 and IC 40 and 60 DAS.
An Evaluation on Sealing Ability of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements and Glass Ionomer Cement as Perforation Repair Materials
Authors: Shivakumar Vanishree H. , Tegginamani Anand S. , Dicksit Daniel Devaprakash , Zamzuri Ahmad Termizi B
Published: September 2021

Aims: The study evaluated the sealing ability of Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and Glass ionomer cement as perforation repair materials by using a Stereomicroscopic analysis.

Study Design: Experimental in vitro study

Methodology: The access cavity was prepared on 45 samples of maxillary and mandibular teeth with a perforation of the standardized diameter of a No. 2 round bur at the bottom of the pulp chamber. All 45 samples were divided into three different experimental groups of 15 samples each. Group A (n=15), Group B (n=15) and Group C (n=15). The furcation repairs of the samples in groups A, B and C were carried out using Biodentine, MTA Repair HP and glass ionomer cement respectively. All sealed furcation perforation samples were stored at room temperature for 24 hours. Two layers of nail varnish were coated on all the surfaces to avoid dye penetration except for 2 mm around the area of the perforation site. After complete drying, all specimens were separately soaked in 2% methylene blue solution for 48 hours, cleaned with water and dried for 24 hours. They were sectioned buccolingually. The perforation wall of the sectioned sample with the greatest dye penetration was selected for microleakage analysis.

Results: The collected data from the three experimental groups were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons of mean differences in dye penetration. The Biodentine group had the significantly lowest dye penetration length compared with the MTA Repair HP and glass ionomer cement groups (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Biodentine showed better sealing ability as a repair material for furcation perforations compared to the other two materials.
Synergistic Manipulation of Zn2+ Ion Flux and Nucleation Induction Effect Enabled by 3D Hollow SiO2/TiO2/Carbon Fiber for Long‐Lifespan and Dendrite‐Free Zn–Metal Composite Anodes
Authors: Xue Pan , Guo Can , Wang Nanyang , Zhu Kaiping , Jing Shuang , Kong Shuo , Zhang Xiaojie , Li Li , Li Hongpeng , Feng Yongbao , Gong Wenbin , Li Qiulong
Published: September 2021

Aqueous rechargeable zinc–metal batteries are a promising candidate for next‐generation energy storage devices due to their intrinsic high capacity, low cost, and high safety. However, uncontrollable dendrite formation is a serious problem, resulting in limited lifespan and poor coulombic efficiency of zinc–metal anodes. To address these issues, a 3D porous hollow fiber scaffold with well‐dispersed TiO2, SiO2, and carbon is used as superzincophilic host materials for zinc anodes. The amorphous TiO2 and SiO2 allow for controllable nucleation and deposition of metal Zn inside the porous hollow fiber even at ultrahigh current densities. Furthermore, the as‐fabricated interconnected conductive hollow SiO2 and TiO2 fiber (HSTF) possess high porosity, high conductivity, and fast ion transport. Meanwhile, the HSTF exhibits remarkable mechanical strength to sustain massive Zn loading during repeated cycles of plating/stripping. The HSTF with interconnected conductive network can build a uniform electric field, redistributing the Zn2+ ion flux and resulting in smooth and stable Zn deposition. As a result, in symmetrical cells, the Zn@HSTF electrode delivers a long cycle life of over 2000 cycles at 20 mA cm−2 with low overpotential (≈160 mV). The excellent cycling lifespan and low polarization are also realized in Zn@HSTF//MnO2 full cells.
A Shape‐Variable, Low‐Temperature Liquid Metal–Conductive Polymer Aqueous Secondary Battery
Authors: Fu Hao , Liu Guicheng , Xiong Lingyun , Wang Manxiang , Lee Jeongwoo , Ren Ren , Yang Woochul , Lee Joong Kee
Published: September 2021

A shape‐variable aqueous secondary battery operating at low temperature is developed using Ga68In22Sn10 (wt%) as a liquid metal anode and a conductive polymer (polyaniline (PANI)) cathode. In the GaInSn alloy anode, Ga is the active component, while Sn and In increase the acid resistance and decrease the eutectic point to ‐19 °C. This enables the use of strongly acidic aqueous electrolytes (here, pH 0.9), thereby improving the activity and stability of the PANI cathode. Consequently, the battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stability. The GaInSn–PANI battery operates via a hybrid mechanism of Ga3+ stripping/plating and Cl− insertion/extraction and delivers a high reversible capacity of over 223.9 mAh g−1 and an 80.3% retention rate at 0.2 A g−1 after 500 cycles, as well as outstanding power and energy densities of 4300 mW g−1 and 98.7 mWh g−1, respectively. Because of the liquid anode, the battery without packaging can be deformed with a small force of several millinewtons without any capacity loss. Moreover, at approximately ‐5 °C, the battery delivers a capacity of 67.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with 100% elasticity. Thus, the battery is promising as a deformable energy device at low temperatures and in demanding environments.
Miniaturized VIS‐NIR Spectrometers Based on Narrowband and Tunable Transmission Cavity Organic Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Specific Detectivity above 1014 Jones
Authors: Xing Shen , Nikolis Vasileios Christos , Kublitski Jonas , Guo Erjuan , Jia Xiangkun , Wang Yazhong , Spoltore Donato , Vandewal Koen , Kleemann Hans , Benduhn Johannes , Leo Karl
Published: September 2021

Spectroscopic photodetection plays a key role in many emerging applications such as context‐aware optical sensing, wearable biometric monitoring, and biomedical imaging. Photodetectors based on organic semiconductors open many new possibilities in this field. However, ease of processing, tailorable optoelectronic properties, and sensitivity for faint light are still significant challenges. Here, the authors report a novel concept for a tunable spectral detector by combining an innovative transmission cavity structure with organic absorbers to yield narrowband organic photodetection in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm, fabricated in a full‐vacuum process. Benefiting from this strategy, one of the best performed narrowband organic photodetectors is achieved with a finely wavelength‐selective photoresponse (full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum of ≈40 nm), ultrahigh specific detectivity above 1014 Jones, the maximum response speed of 555 kHz, and a large dynamic range up to 168 dB. Particularly, an array of transmission cavity organic photodetectors is monolithically integrated on a small substrate to showcase a miniaturized spectrometer application, and a true proof‐of‐concept transmission spectrum measurement is successfully demonstrated. The excellent performance, the simple device fabrication as well as the possibility of high integration of this new concept challenge state‐of‐the‐art low‐noise silicon photodetectors and will mature the spectroscopic photodetection into technological realities.
Robust Jumping Actuator with a Shrimp‐Shell Architecture
Authors: Yu Kaiqing , Ji Xiaozhou , Yuan Tianyu , Cheng Yao , Li Jingjing , Hu Xiaoyu , Liu Zunfeng , Zhou Xiang , Fang Lei
Published: September 2021

It is highly desirable to develop compact‐ and robust‐film jumping robots that can withstand severe conditions. Besides, the demands for strong actuation force, large bending curvature in a short response time, and good environmental tolerance are significant challenges to the material design. To address these challenges, this paper reports the fabrication of a thin‐film jumping actuator, which exhibits a shrimp‐shell architecture, from a conjugated ladder polymer (cLP) that is connected by carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets. The hierarchical porous structure ensures the fast absorption and desorption of organic vapor, thereby achieving a high response rate. The actuator does not exhibit shape distortion at temperatures of up to 225 °C and in concentrated sulfuric acid, as well as when immersed in many organic solvents. This work avails a new design strategy for high‐performance actuators that function under harsh and complicated conditions.
Enhanced Charge Collection in Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells Using Iridium Complex as an Electron Extraction Layer
Authors: Zhou Pengchao , Liu Yuling , Gu Jialu , Lian Hong , Lan Weixia , Liao Yingjie , Pu Huayan , Wei Bin
Published: September 2021

Ultrathin iridium (Ir) complexes (e.g., bis[2‐(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrpic)) are first introduced as electron extraction layers (EELs) in non‐fullerene organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and a set of devices based on non‐fullerene materials is fabricated. It is demonstrated that this approach can rationally enhance the corresponding short current density and open circuit voltage and finally improve the photovoltaic performance of OPVs. Furthermore, optimized bilayer EELs using combined FIrpic and 8‐hydroxyquinoline lithium (Liq) are investigated. The resulting device presents excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.85%, which is much higher than that of control device without FIrpic layer (14.6%). Moreover, Ir complexes show great universality when combined with other materials serving as EELs. This may provide an extra direction for further enhancement of OPVs performance.
Reproductive one health in primates
Authors: Moresco Anneke , Feltrer‐Rambaud Yedra , Wolfman Darcy , Agnew Dalen W.
Published: September 2021

One Health is a collaborative trans‐disciplinary approach to health; integrating human, animal, and environmental health. The focus is often on infection disease transmission and disease risk mitigation. However, One Health also includes the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to disease investigation and health of humans, animals, and the environment. One key aspect of environmental/ecosystem health is conservation, the maintenance of healthy, actively reproducing wildlife populations. Reproduction and reproductive health are an integral part of the One Health approach: the comparative aspects of reproduction can inform conservation policies or breeding strategies (in situ and ex situ) in addition to physiology and disease. Differences in reproductive strategies affect the impact poaching and habitat disruption might have on a given population, as well as ex situ breeding programs and the management of zoo and sanctuary populations. Much is known about chimpanzees, macaques, and marmosets as these are common animal models, but there is much that remains unknown regarding reproduction in many other primates. Examining the similarities and differences between and within taxonomic groups allows reasonable extrapolation for decision‐making when there are knowledge gaps. For example: (1) knowing that a species has very low reproductive rates adds urgency to conservation policy for that region or species; (2) identifying species with short or absent lactation anestrus allows ex situ institutions to better plan contraception options for specific individuals or prepare for the immediate next pregnancy; (3) recognizing that progestin contraceptives are effective contraceptives, but may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia in some species (inLemuridaebut not great apes) better guides empirical contraceptive choice; (4) recognizing the variable endometriosis prevalence across taxa improves preventive medicine programs. A summary of anatomical variation, endocrinology, contraception, pathology, and diagnostics is provided to illustrate these features and aid in routine physical and postmortem examinations as well as primate management.
Thalamic Influence on Slow Wave Slope Renormalization During Sleep
Authors: Jaramillo Valeria , Jendoubi Jasmine , Maric Angelina , Mensen Armand , Heyse Natalie C. , Eberhard‐Moscicka Aleksandra K. , Wiest Roland , Bassetti Claudio L. A. , Huber Reto
Published: September 2021

Objective

Slow waves are thought to mediate an overall reduction in synaptic strength during sleep. The specific contribution of the thalamus to this so‐called synaptic renormalization is unknown. Thalamic stroke is associated with daytime sleepiness, along with changes to sleep electroencephalography and cognition, making it a unique “experiment of nature” to assess the relationship between sleep rhythms, synaptic renormalization, and daytime functions.

Methods

Sleep was studied by polysomnography and high‐density electroencephalography over 17 nights in patients with thalamic (n = 12) and 15 nights in patients with extrathalamic (n = 11) stroke. Sleep electroencephalographic overnight slow wave slope changes and their relationship with subjective daytime sleepiness, cognition, and other functional tests were assessed.

Results

Thalamic and extrathalamic patients did not differ in terms of age, sleep duration, or apnea–hypopnea index. Conversely, overnight slope changes were reduced in a large cluster of electrodes in thalamic compared to extrathalamic stroke patients. This reduction was related to increased daytime sleepiness. No significant differences were found in other functional tests between the 2 groups.

Interpretation

In patients with thalamic stroke, a reduction in overnight slow wave slope change and increased daytime sleepiness was found. Sleep‐ and wake‐centered mechanisms for this relationship are discussed. Overall, this study suggests a central role of the thalamus in synaptic renormalization. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:821–833
Thermodynamics of hydrate systems using a uniform reference state
Authors: Kvamme Bjørn , Zhao Jinzhou , Wei Na , Li Qingping , Saeidi Navid , Sun Wantong , Zarifi Mojdeh , Kuznetsova Tatiana
Published: September 2021

Formation of natural gas hydrates during processing and transport of natural gas has historically been a significant motivator for hydrate research. The last three decades have also seen the focus increasingly shifting towards CH4 hydrates as a potential energy source. And in the context of climate changes, the impact of hydrate‐related processes is coming more to the forefront as well. This interest is not only limited to leakage fluxes of CH4 from natural gas hydrates but also flux from conventional hydrocarbon systems entering the seafloor at temperature and pressure allowing for hydrate formation. Alternative ways to treat formally overdetermined hydrate systems is an important focus in this work. The most common method used for assessment of hydrate phase transitions involves several fitted parameters to calculate the free energy difference between liquid water and empty hydrate. This technique calls for an empirical fitting of fundamental thermodynamic properties. Numerical codes based on this method limit the models to hydrate formation only from free gas and liquid water. This is at least true for all commercial and academic codes that were examined prior to this work. This work addresses the advantages in using residual thermodynamics for all phases, including hydrates. In addition to making it possible to handle many alternative hydrate routes leading to hydrate formation or dissociation, the presented method also opens a way to calculate a variety of needed thermodynamic properties (e.g., enthalpies of pure components and mixtures) in a simple and consistent way. This approach will be illustrated through calculations of various hydrate phase transitions, examples of free energy calculations for comparison of phase stability, and calculation of enthalpies of hydrate formation. Calculated enthalpies are compared with experimental data as well as results derived from applying the Clapeyron equation. Mechanisms for conversions of in situ CH4 hydrate to facilitate safe CO2 storage are also discussed. A very simple Clapeyron‐based scheme for calculation of enthalpies for hydrate phase transitions is also proposed.
A review of Philippine rock art and its regional context
Authors: Jalandoni Andrea
Published: September 2021

This paper provides a complete overview of all the known rock art sites to demonstrate the variation in motifs and techniques used in the Philippines, outline the indigenous associations, and highlight issues for conservation. In addition, new findings are introduced that include a second rock art site in Alab and previously unnoticed styles of rock art in Peñablanca. In recent years, the study of Philippine rock art has also yielded valuable contributions for archaeology both in methods and theory. Recording the rock art in challenging contexts necessitated the development of several pioneering digital methods, some low‐cost, to see obfuscated rock art and expedite inventories that can be used worldwide. After reviewing the rock art in the Philippines, it is clear that the much‐debated Austronesian rock art theories do not apply to these sites. A comparison of similar motifs and their contexts found in Southeast Asia and Micronesia is a starting point for developing new rock art theories in the region.
Chondroradionecrosis of the trachea after definitive radiotherapy for cervical esophageal cancer: A case report
Authors: Kim Jina , Kim Sun Il , Lee Chang Geol , Chang Jee Suk , Kim Tae Hyung
Published: September 2021

Chondroradionecrosis (CRN) is an infrequent phenomenon after definitive RT. The clinical manifestation is usually difficult to distinguish from that of tumor recurrence; however, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of CRN.
Budd‐Chiari syndrome on background of JAK2V617F mutation with no hematologic abnormalities
Authors: Bint I Bilal Ammara , Ata Fateen , Abdelrazek Mohamed , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: September 2021

Whenever considering idiopathic Budd‐Chiari syndrome, consider the possibility of JAK2 mutation even if clinical parameters are within normal range.
Caries Management by Risk Assessment vs. Traditional Preventive Strategies: Effect on Oral Health Behaviors and Caries Diagnoses: A Retrospective Case‐Control Observational Design
Authors: Kriegler Krista , Blue Christine M.
Published: September 2021

Results showed patients who had undergone Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) had statistically significant lower plaque scores and improved their oral self‐care behaviors. This study supports existing evidence that the use of caries management by risk assessment appears to offer a preventive approach to oral health care delivery.
Uterine torsion with scoliosis
Authors: Kamijo Kyosuke , Kubota Fumika , Yoshioka Ikuo
Published: September 2021

Clinicians should consider uterine torsion as a differential diagnosis for acute abdominal pain in women with scoliosis. Scoliosis may have led to an abnormal pelvic structure, making it easier for pelvic organs to twist.
Lurasidone found effective and safe for children with bipolar depression
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2021

Long‐term treatment with lurasidone is generally safe and well‐tolerated by adolescents with bipolar depression, according to a new study with most authors employees of Sunovion, which makes the Latuda brand of lurasidone.
Atypical antipsychotics found safe during pregnancy
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2021

Pregnant women can safely use second‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs), according to a recently published study. The data is important for women and their health care providers, as SGAs are prescribed for many indications in women of reproductive age. The data comes from the National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics (NPRAA), established to determine the risk of major malformations among infants exposed to these medications during the first trimester relative to a comparison group of unexposed infants of mothers who also had histories of psychiatric morbidity.
Fluorescence Microscopy Light Source Review
Authors: Ladouceur Anne‐Marie , Brown Claire M.
Published: September 2021

Traditional arc‐based light sources and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are described, and the pros and cons of these sources with respect to fluorescence microscopy are discussed. For multi‐color applications, arc‐based light sources offer white light ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR), while LEDs come in a range of colors spanning the same wavelengths. The power of traditional arc‐based sources is controlled with neutral density (ND) filters, reducing power across the entire range of wavelengths, while LED‐based sources can be controlled directly by modulating current passing through the electronics. Similarly, arc‐based sources use physical shutters to control sample exposure to light in a range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds (ms), while LEDs can be turned ON/OFF electronically in <1 ms. The complexity of comparing and measuring light power on the sample, due to normalization of available light source spectra and complex power measurements, is discussed. The superiority of LEDs for stability of light power output is covered. Direct coupling of light sources to the microscope is more cost effective and leads to higher available light power. Various options for setting up multi‐color imaging, including high‐speed imaging with multiple LEDs and a triple cube, are described. A brief introduction to lasers, with suggested further reading, is included in this article. Finally, the smaller environmental footprint of LEDs relative to arc‐based light sources is highlighted. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 8 October 2021. See the end of the full text for details.
The pioneer effect advantage in plant invasions: site priming of native grasslands by invasive grasses
Authors: Fehmi Jeffrey S. , Rasmussen Craig , Arnold A. Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Evaluating the mechanisms that drive plant invasions in grassland ecosystems can provide insight into subtle, yet critical, drivers of ecosystem function. Common hypotheses for invader success are that (1) an invader’s physiology may allow better use of resources and competitively exclude resident natives; (2) the lack of invader‐specific herbivores and diseases may result in increased growth and competitive advantage over natives; (3) invaders may bring pathogens or herbivores that negatively impact native plants directly; (4) the invader may be able to establish earlier or later than natives, giving it a priority effect or phenological niche separation; (5) the invader may produce more seeds, and propagule pressure may allow it to eventually dominate; and (6) once the invader occurs on a site, its plant detritus or litter can offer a legacy effect advantage. Yet, a widely neglected aspect of invasion is that invaders may prime the conditions in places other than where they are currently established, giving them a pioneer effect advantage. These pioneer effects can come from plant materials that move from invaded to uninvaded areas through three pathways—pollen, litter, seeds, and their associated microbiomes—each of which can favor the invader directly or indirectly. In turn, unsuccessful cohorts of seedlings can change the biotic community through root exudates as well as any biotic load they bring with them, along with taking up nutrients and potentially subverting the litter decay cycle. When seedlings of invaders occur at times when the native species have evolved not to germinate, site priming impacts may increase or accelerate. We propose that monitoring of uninvaded areas adjacent to invaded areas is needed to assess the emerging significance of pioneer effects and site priming in advancing plant invasions, especially in grassland systems worldwide.
Think Again: Adam Grant's book can help you rethink, relearn previously held beliefs
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: September 2021

“If there is any leader who thinks we are going back to where we were a year ago, they are lying to themselves.”

— Terri E. Givers, Chief Executive Officer, Center for Higher Education Leadership
The effect of curculigo orchioides (Xianmao) on kidney energy metabolism and the related mechanism in rats based on metabolomics
Authors: Chen Limei , Qu Baohua , Wang Hui , Liu Hongning , Guan Yongmei , Zhou Juanqing , Zhang Jiaqi
Published: September 2021

The Chinese materia medica Xianmao (XM) is widely used in Chinese clinics and the traditional Chinese medicine diets. Although XM is often used to study its kidney‐yang effect, the research on its effect on kidney energy metabolism and its mechanism is still relatively lacking. In this study, rats were given different doses of XM water extract for 4 weeks. Biochemical method was used to detect the content of serum biochemical indexes of liver and kidney function and blood lipid indicators, and HE staining method was used to observe the histopathological of liver and kidney in rats. The kidney Na+‐K+‐ATPase, Ca2+‐Mg2+‐ATPase, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) enzyme activity, and the content of ATP in rats were measured. Metabolomics technology was used to analyze the potential biomarkers related to the effects of XM on kidney energy metabolism, and then, the metabolic pathways were analyzed. RT‐PCR was used to detect the expression of Ampk, Sirt1, Ppar‐α, and Pgc‐1α mRNA in kidney of rats. The results showed, compared with the blank control group, there was no significant effect on liver and kidney function in XMH, XMM, and XML groups. These significantly increased the kidney Na+‐K+‐ATPase, Ca2+‐Mg2+‐ATPase, SDH enzyme activity, and ATP content in XMH, XMM, and XML groups. Mitochondrial metabolic rate was inhibited in XMH group, but it was significantly increased in XMM and XML groups. The number of mitochondria was increased in XMH, XMM, and XML groups. Overall, these effects may be mediated by TCA cycle metabolism, butanoate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, retinol metabolism, purine metabolism, pentose phosphate metabolism, aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and degradation metabolism pathways, as well as by increasing expression of upstream genes Ampk, Sirt1, Ppar‐α, and Pgc‐1α mRNA.
Material Insecurity, Racial Capitalism, and Public Health
Authors: Taiwo Olufemi O. , Fehrenbacher Anne E. , Cooke Alexis
Published: September 2021

In the influential 1995 article “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease,” Bruce Link and Jo Phelan described social and political factors as “fundamental causes” of death and disease. Whitney Pirtle has recently declared racial capitalism another such fundamental cause. Using the case of the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, she has argued that racial capitalism's role in that situation meets each of the criteria Link and Phelan's article outlines: racial capitalism influenced multiple disease outcomes, affected disease outcomes through multiple risk factors, involved access to flexible resources that can be used to minimize both risks and the consequences of disease, and was reproduced over time through the continual replacement of intervening mechanisms. We argue for Pirtle's conclusion using the extensive literature on racial capitalism and case studies concerning housing in the United States and Brazil and what Naomi Klein has termed “corona capitalism” in India. If races correspond to hierarchies of material security, as suggested by Ruth Wilson Gilmore, then these hierarchies and their causal effects are fundamental determinants of public health.
The future of harmonisation of directors' duties in the European Union: The Preventive Restructuring Directive and group insolvencies
Authors: Kokorin Ilya
Published: September 2021

The European Union (EU) Preventive Restructuring Directive seeks to harmonise directors' duties with the goals of promoting early responses to financial distress and rescuing viable enterprises. However, due to the persistent differences in substantive laws and traditions of EU Member States – most notably concerning the recognition of group interest in company and insolvency law, general and imprecise wording of the Preventive Restructuring Directive and its insufficient attention to group insolvency, additional steps need to be taken to achieve these important goals. (i) This article maps the European debate on group interest, observes its emergence in bank resolution and points out the divergent approaches to its acceptance at the national level. (ii) It examines the recent work and recommendations of UNCITRAL on directors' obligations in the period approaching insolvency in enterprise groups, and (iii) critically analyses the approach of the Preventive Restructuring Directive. (iv) Finally, it discusses the alternative normative framework for further harmonisation of insolvency‐related directors' duties in the EU. It suggests that instead of focusing on the interests of all stakeholders, it is far better to encourage reasonable steps to preserve and maximise the value of the debtor company. This could include consideration of the wider group environment and group interest, which should not make debtor's creditors worse off (group‐mindful “no worse off” standard). It also endorses the adoption of guidelines and tools supporting the decision‐making process in a crisis situation, creating ex‐ante certainty and discouraging opportunistic behaviour.
Design of Fe‐Nx/Tungsten Carbide for Efficient Electrocatalyst Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media
Authors: Yang Qingxia , He Lijuan , Ke Chunyu , Zhong Jiaqiang , Yang Weihua
Published: September 2021

Improving the activity and stability of Fe/N/C catalyst in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a huge challenge in the commercial application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the past decade, there have been significant break‐throughs in the performance of transition metal catalysts, but little progress has been made in their stability. Herein, a zinc‐based zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF‐8) and tungsten carbide engaged strategy was reported to prepare Fe/N/C catalyst. Particularly, physical vapor deposition (PVD) was used to trap tungsten carbide nanoparticles with particle size of less than 3 nm limited into the FeNC catalytic micropores to synthesis composite catalyst (WC@FeNC). Compared with original Fe/N/C cata‐lysts, confined WC nanoparticles in Fe/N/C porous has improved the ORR activity (2.7 mA mg−1 vs. 2.2 mA mg−1 at 0.85 V vs. RHE) as well as stability (decay 18.7 mV vs. 21.6 mV after 10 h charged) in 0.1 M H2SO4. This work puts forward some unique insights for improving the stability of transition metal oxygen reduction catalysts.
Counteracting Enantiospecific Behavior of Tailor‐Made Additives During Chiral Symmetry Breaking: Growth Inhibition versus Solid‐Solution Formation
Authors: Baglai Iaroslav , van Dongen Sjoerd W. , Leeman Michel , Kellogg Richard M. , Kaptein Bernard , Noorduin Willem L.
Published: September 2021

All biological systems are composed of molecules of a single chirality. Although many different scenarios can lead to chiral symmetry breaking, the transmission of the absolute configuration of one compound to another one remains challenging. We here demonstrate that during crystallization‐induced chiral symmetry breaking by Viedma ripening, a cascade of different and counteracting processes can occur: solid‐solution formation and dissolution inhibition favor symmetry breaking towards the same absolute configuration, while enantioselective growth inhibition favors symmetry breaking towards the opposite absolute configuration. These insights offer a new playground for controlling symmetry breaking processes that are of fundamental and practical importance.
Acridine derivatives as inhibitors/poisons of topoisomerase II
Authors: Kozurkova Maria
Published: September 2021

The potential of acridines (amsacrine) as a topoisomerase II inhibitor or poison was first discovered in 1984, and since then, a considerable number of acridine derivatives have been tested as topoisomerase inhibitors/poisons, containing different substituents on the acridine chromophore. This review will discuss a series of studies published over the course of the last decade, which have investigated various novel acridine derivatives against topoisomerase II activity.
The role of stem cell‐derived exosomes in the repair of cutaneous and bone tissue
Authors: Girón Juliana , Maurmann Natasha , Pranke Patricia
Published: September 2021

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, which play important roles in physiological processes. In particular, stem cell‐derived exosomes have been shown to play crucial functions in intercellular communication during the tissue healing process. This review summarizes the effects of exosomes derived from different stem cell sources on the repair of cutaneous and bone tissue, focusing on the different pathways that could be involved in the regeneration process. The biogenesis, isolation, and content of exosomes have also been discussed. The effectiveness of exosomes is broadly demonstrated for skin and bone regeneration in animal models, supporting the basis for clinical translation of exosomes as a ready‐to‐use cell‐free therapeutic for skin and bone regeneration.
Molecular mechanisms involved in DNA repair in human cancers: An overview of PI3k/Akt signaling and PIKKs crosstalk
Authors: Alemi Forough , Raei sadigh Aydin , Malakoti Faezeh , Elhaei Yusuf , Ghaffari Seyed Hamed , Maleki Masomeh , Asemi Zatollah , Yousefi Bahman , Targhazeh Niloufar , Majidinia Maryam
Published: September 2021

The cellular genome is frequently subjected to abundant endogenous and exogenous factors that induce DNA damage. Most of the Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐related kinases (PIKKs) family members are activated in response to DNA damage and are the most important DNA damage response (DDR) proteins. The DDR system protects the cells against the wrecking effects of these genotoxicants and repairs the DNA damage caused by them. If the DNA damage is severe, such as when DNA is the goal of chemo‐radiotherapy, the DDR drives cells toward cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Some intracellular pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, which is overactivated in most cancers, could stimulate the DDR process and failure of chemo‐radiotherapy with the increasing repair of damaged DNA. This signaling pathway induces DNA repair through the regulation of proteins that are involved in DDR like BRCA1, HMGB1, and P53. In this review, we will focus on the crosstalk of the PI3K/Akt and PIKKs involved in DDR and then discuss current achievements in the sensitization of cancer cells to chemo‐radiotherapy by PI3K/Akt inhibitors.
Critical analysis of explanations for cellular homeostasis and electrophysiology from murburn perspective
Authors: Manoj Kelath Murali , Tamagawa Hirohisa
Published: September 2021

Pursuits in modern cellular electrophysiology are fraught with disagreements at a fundamental level. While the membrane theory of homeostasis deems the cell membrane and proteins embedded therein as the chief players, the association‐induction (or sorption/bulk‐phase) hypothesis considers the aqueous phase of dissolved proteins (cytoplasm/protoplasm) as the key determinant of cellular composition and ionic fluxes. In the first school of thought, trans‐membrane potential (TMP) and selective ion pumps/channels are deemed as key operative principles. In the latter theory, sorption‐desorption dynamics and rearrangements of bulk phase determine the outcomes. In both these schools of thought, theorists believe that the macroscopic phase electroneutrality holds, TMP (whether in resting or in activated state) results solely due to ionic concentration differentials across the membrane, and the concerned proteins undergo major conformation changes to affect/effect the noted outcomes. The new entry into the field, murburn concept, builds starting from molecular considerations to macroscopic observations. It moots “effective charge separation” and intricate “molecule‐ion‐radical” electron transfer equilibriums as a rationale for ionic concentration differentials and TMP variation. After making an unbiased appraisal of the two classical schools of thought, the review makes a point‐wise analysis of some hitherto unresolved observations/considerations and suggests the need to rethink the mechanistic perspectives.
Differentially expressed miRNAs in bone after methotrexate treatment
Authors: Zhang Yali , Liu Liang , Pillman Katherine A , Hayball John , Su Yu‐Wen , Xian Cory J.
Published: September 2021

Previous studies have shown that administration of antimetabolite methotrexate (MTX) caused a reduced trabecular bone volume and increased marrow adiposity (bone/fat switch), for which the underlying molecular mechanisms and recovery potential are unclear. Altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to be associated with dysregulation of osteogenic and/or adipogenic differentiation by disrupting target gene expression. First, the current study confirmed the bone/fat switch following MTX treatment in precursor cell culture models in vitro. Then, using a rat intensive 5‐once daily MTX treatment model, this study aimed to identify miRNAs associated with bone damage and recovery (in a time course over Days 3, 6, 9, and 14 after the first MTX treatment). RNA isolated from bone samples of treated and control rats were subjected to miRNA array and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction validation, which identified five upregulated miRNA candidates, namely, miR‐155‐5p, miR‐154‐5p, miR‐344g, miR‐6215, and miR‐6315. Target genes of these miRNAs were predicted using TargetScan and miRDB. Then, the protein‐protein network was established via STRING database, after which the miRNA‐key messenger RNA (mRNA) network was constructed by Cytoscape. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses for miR‐6315 were performed by DAVID database. We found that TGF‐β signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway and subsequent dual‐luciferase assays suggested that Smad2 was the direct target of miR‐6315. Our current study showed that miR‐6315 might be a vital regulator involved in bone and marrow fat formation. Also, this study constructed a comprehensive miRNA–mRNA regulatory network, which may contribute to the pathogenesis/prognosis of MTX‐associated bone loss and bone marrow adiposity.
Increasing age and atrial arrhythmias are associated with increased thromboembolic events in a young cohort of adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Tsui Clara , Wan Darryl , Grewal Jasmine , Kiess Marla , Barlow Amanda , Human Derek , Chakrabarti Santabhanu
Published: September 2021

Background

Adults with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) comprise one of the largest cohorts among adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). These patients have a higher burden of atrial arrhythmias (AA), leading to increased adverse events, including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). However, the data on factors associated with stroke/TIA in rTOF are limited, and classic risk factors may not apply. We studied event rates and associated factors for thromboembolism in a rTOF cohort.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of all adult patients age >18 years with rTOF followed at a single ACHD tertiary care center. AA of interest were atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL).

Results

Data from 260 patients were identified, mean age 37.6 SD 13.3 years, followed over 5108 patient‐years (mean 16.6 SD 8.2 years). 43 patients had AF and/or AFL, and 30 patients had thromboembolic events, of which 19 patients had stroke/TIA. The event rate for any thromboembolism was 3.39 per 100 patient‐years follow‐up in patients with AA, compared to 1.80 in patients without (P = .07). In univariate analysis, older age and diabetes were associated with thromboembolic events. In multivariate analysis, only older age was associated with thromboembolic events.

Conclusions

In our relatively young cohort of adults with rTOF, there was a high prevalence of AA, associated with nearly double the rate of thromboembolic events compared to patients without AA. Older age alone is independently associated with thromboembolic events. Further studies into assessment of silent AA are required, and routine assessments should be considered at an earlier age.