bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Two New 5‐Hydroxy‐2‐pyrone Derivatives (I) Isolated from a Marine‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus flavus.
Authors: Lin Aiqun , Lu Xiaoming , Fang Yuchun , Zhu Tianjiao , Gu Qianqun , Zhu Weiming
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Why Are the Kinked Polyacenes More Stable than the Straight Ones? A Topological Study and Introduction of a New Topological Index of Aromaticity.
Authors: Ciesielski Arkadiusz , Krygowski Tadeusz M. , Cyranski Michal K.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Data Mining the NCI60 to Predict Generalized Cytotoxicity.
Authors: Lee Adam C. , Shedden Kerby , Rosania Gustavo R. , Crippen Gordon M.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination of Na+ by Monoamine Ligands in Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Transporters.
Authors: Xhaard Henri , Backstroem Vera , Denessiouk Konstantin , Johnson Mark S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exchange Interactions in Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Hydrazones Based on Saturated Dicarbohydrazides
Authors: Larin G. M. , Minin V. V. , Shul'gin V. F.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Preparative Methods for Allylic Boronates and Their Application in Stereoselective Catalytic Allylborations
Authors: Hall Dennis G.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry in Two Dimensions: Self‐Assembly and Dynamic Function
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Hill Jonathan P. , Wakayama Yutaka
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of HKI‐272 and Related Compounds for the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Wissner Allan , Mansour Tarek S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Road to Non‐Enzymatic Molecular Networks
Authors: Dadon Zehavit , Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Gonen
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Genetic and phenotypic studies of the dark‐like mutant mouse
Authors: Cota Christina D. , Liu Roy R. , Sumberac Theresa M. , Jung SeungWoo , Vencato Daniela , Millet Yoann H. , Gunn Teresa M.
Published: September 2008

The dark‐like (dal) mutant mouse has a pleiotropic phenotype that includes dark dorsal hairs and reproductive degeneration. Their pigmentation phenotype is similar to Attractin (Atrn) mutants, which also develop vacuoles throughout the brain. In further characterizing the testicular degeneration of dal mutant males, we found that they had reduced serum testosterone and developed vacuoles in their testes. Genetic crosses placed dal upstream of the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and downstream of agouti, although dal suppressed the effect of agouti on pigmentation but not body weight. Atrnmg‐3J and dal showed additive effects on pigmentation, testicular vacuolation, and spongiform neurodegeneration, but transgenic overexpression of Attractin‐like‐1 (Atrnl1), which compensates for loss of ATRN, did not rescue dal mutant phenotypes. Our results suggest dal and Atrn function in the same pathway and that identification of the dal gene will provide insight into molecular mechanisms of vacuolation in multiple cell types. genesis 46:562–573, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncommon Solvent Effect in Oxidative Addition of MeI to a New Dinuclear Platinum Complex Containing a Platina(II)cyclopentane Moiety
Authors: Hoseini S. Jafar , Nabavizadeh S. Masoud , Jamali Sirous , Rashidi Mehdi
Published: September 2008

The reaction of the known complex cis,cis‐[Me2Pta(μ‐dppm)(μ‐SMe2)Ptb–CH2(CH2)2CcH2(Ptb–Cc)] [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane] with phthalazine (NN) proceeded by replacement of the labile bridging SMe2 ligand with the bidentate N‐donor ligand NN to give cis,cis‐[Me2Pta(μ‐dppm)(μ‐NN)Ptb–CH2(CH2)2CcH2(Ptb–Cc)] (1) as a pale red solid in good yield. The complex was fully characterized by multinuclear (1H, 31P, 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy. The subsequent reaction of complex 1 with excess MeI gave the colorless diplatinum(IV) complex [Me3Pta(μ‐dppm)(μ‐I)2Ptb{CH2(CH2)2CcH2(Ptb–Cc)}Me], in which the bridging NN ligand is replaced by bridging iodido ligands. The reddish color of complex 1, which is due to a metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band in the visible region, was used to monitor its reaction with MeI in the solvents acetone, CH2Cl2, and benzene. The kinetic data revealed that the reactions in nonpolar benzene or slightly polar CH2Cl2 proceeded in two steps, each following a common SN2 mechanism. In the first step, MeI attacked the platina(II)cyclopentane center rather than the dimethylplatinum(II) center, because the first center is more electron‐rich than the second center. In the more polar acetone, the reaction proceeded similarly, with the exception that each step was accompanied by a solvolytic reaction, which was suggested to be responsible for the unusually slower reaction rate in acetone than in benzene or CH2Cl2. Consistently, the reaction rate in the highly polar solvent CH3CN was too slow for any meaningful measurement.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Reactions of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Anthracenes
Authors: Ivanova Olga A. , Budynina Ekaterina M. , Grishin Yuri K. , Trushkov Igor V. , Verteletskii Pavel V.
Published: September 2008

The reactions of 2‐aryl‐1,1‐cyclopropane diesters with anthracene derivatives were studied for the first time. Three kinds of reaction products are formed depending on the nature of the aryl group and the substituents in the anthracene. The first one is the product of [4+3] cycloaddition of cyclopropane to a diene moiety of anthracene. The second one also has a seven‐membered ring and is formed by the Lewis acid catalyzed electrophilic attack of cyclopropane onto the C9 atom of anthracene followed by intramolecular attack of the formed arenonium ion on aryl group of the starting cyclopropane. Lastly, the common Friedel–Crafts products are formed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Straightforward Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiro‐Fused (C‐5)Isoxazolino‐ or (C‐3)Pyrazolino‐(C‐3)quinolin‐2‐ones from Baylis–Hillman Adducts by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition and Reductive Cyclization
Authors: Singh Virender , Singh Vijay , Batra Sanjay
Published: September 2008

A straightforward and general approach for the stereoselective synthesis of spiro‐fused (C‐5)isoxazolino‐ or (C‐3)pyrazolino‐(C‐3)quinolin‐2‐ones from the adducts offorded from the Baylis–Hillman reaction of 2‐nitrobenzaldehyde and ethyl acrylate by sequential 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition and reductive cyclization is presented. It was found that the reductive cyclization of the isoxazoline derivatives proceeded efficiently in the presence of In/HCl, whereas similar reductions of pyrazolines gave better yields when carried out in the presence of an Fe/AcOH mixture. However, similar attempts employing the Baylis–Hillman adduct of 2‐nitrobenzaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone did not yield the desired compounds.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
An autoregressive point source model for spatial processes
Authors: Hughes‐Oliver Jacqueline M. , Heo Tae‐Young , Ghosh Sujit K.
Published: September 2008

We suggest a parametric modeling approach for nonstationary spatial processes driven by point sources. Baseline near‐stationarity, which may be reasonable in the absence of a point source, is modeled using a conditional autoregressive (CAR) Markov random field. Variability due to the point source is captured by our proposed autoregressive point source (ARPS) model. Inference proceeds according to the Bayesian hierarchical paradigm, and is implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The parametric approach allows a formal test of effectiveness of the point source. Application is made to a real dataset on electric potential measurements in a field containing a metal pole and the finding is that our approach captures the pole's impact on small‐scale variability of the electric potential process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative genome‐wide analysis reveals a robust genomic glioblastoma signature associated with copy number driving changes in gene expression
Authors: Tayrac Marie de , Etcheverry Amandine , Aubry Marc , Saïkali Stephan , Hamlat Abderrahmane , Quillien Veronique , Treut André Le , Galibert Marie‐Dominique , Mosser Jean
Published: September 2008

Glioblastoma multiforme shows multiple chromosomal aberrations, the impact of which on gene expression remains unclear. To investigate this relationship and to identify putative initiating genomic events, we integrated a paired copy number and gene expression survey in glioblastoma using whole human genome arrays. Loci of recurrent copy number alterations were combined with gene expression profiles obtained on the same tumor samples. We identified a set of 406 “cis‐acting DNA targeted genes” corresponding to genomic aberrations with direct copy‐number‐driving changes in gene expression, defined as genes with either significantly concordant or correlated changes in DNA copy number and expression. Functional annotation revealed that these genes participate in key processes of cancer cell biology, providing insights into the genetic mechanisms driving glioblastoma. The robustness of the gene selection was validated on an external microarray data set including 81 glioblastomas and 23 non‐neoplastic brain samples. The integration of array CGH and gene expression data highlights a robust cis‐acting DNA targeted genes signature that may be critical for glioblastoma progression, with two tumor suppressor genes PCDH9 and STARD13 that could be involved in tumor invasiveness and resistance to etoposide. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal brain morphology and executive function in healthy and depressed elderly
Authors: Elderkin‐Thompson Virginia , Hellemann Gerhard , Pham Daniel , Kumar Anand
Published: September 2008

Objectives

Late‐life depression is known to correlate independently with decreased brain volumes in anterior cingulate, gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal cortex and with executive dysfunction, but the relationship between morphometry of reduced volume regions and executive dysfunction has not been well defined.

Methods

Nondepressed and depressed elders completed five executive tests, a standard panel of laboratory tests and magnetic resonance imaging. Images of the prefrontal cortex were manually masked and automatically segmented and regional brain volumes were calculated. Executive scores and error rates were regressed on bilateral white and gray matter volumes of anterior cingulate, gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal.

Results

Gyrus rectus was associated positively with scores on sequencing and nonverbal abstract reasoning, and negatively with two fluency error scores. Four positive interactions indicated that performance of controls was more closely associated with increased volume than that of depressed patients. Anterior cingulate was associated positively with two nonverbal reasoning tasks and with three positive interactions. Orbitofrontal volumes were negatively associated with correct responses and errors on two fluency tasks. One interaction showed controls' performance decreased more than depressed patients with increased volume.

Conclusions

Individual executive tasks correlate positively with volumes of anterior cingulate and gyrus rectus regions and negatively with orbitofrontal region. The orbitofrontal relationship suggests a loss of inhibitory control with decreased volume because both correct and incorrect answers on fluency tasks increased per unit decrease in volume. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis delta virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling #
Authors: Pugnale Paolo , Pazienza Valerio , Guilloux Kévin , Negro Francesco
Published: September 2008

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can cause severe acute and chronic liver disease in patients infected with hepatitis B virus. Interferon-α (IFN-α) is the only treatment reported to be effective in chronic hepatitis delta, albeit in a minority of patients. The molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to therapy are unclear. IFN-α–induced activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling cascade is essential for the induction of an antiviral state. Interference of HDV with the JAK-STAT pathway could be responsible for the IFN-α resistance in chronic hepatitis delta patients. We analyzed IFN-α–induced signal transduction through the JAK-STAT pathway in human hepatoma cells transfected with the complete HDV genome. The expression of IFN-α–stimulated genes was investigated with reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STATs and JAKs activations were examined by immunofluorescence and immunoblot. The IFN-α–stimulated genes coding for the antiviral proteins myxovirus resistance A, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase were down-regulated in HDV-transfected hepatoma cells in response to IFN-α treatment. HDV severely impaired the phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT2, thus preventing their accumulation in the nucleus. Furthermore, HDV blocked the IFN-α–stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IFN receptor-associated JAK kinase Tyk2, without affecting either the tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1 or the expression of type I IFN receptor subunits. Conclusions: IFN-α–induced intracellular signaling is impaired in HDV-transfected human hepatoma cells. HDV subverts the effect of IFN-α by blocking Tyk2 activation, thereby resulting in selective impairment of activation and translocation to the nucleus of STAT1 and STAT2. Interference of HDV with IFN-α signaling could represent an important mechanism of viral persistence and treatment resistance. (Hepatology 2008.)
Inhibition of autophagy at a late stage enhances imatinib‐induced cytotoxicity in human malignant glioma cells
Authors: Shingu Takashi , Fujiwara Keishi , Bögler Oliver , Akiyama Yasuhiko , Moritake Kouzo , Shinojima Naoki , Tamada Yutaka , Yokoyama Tomohisa , Kondo Seiji
Published: September 2008

Malignant gliomas are common primary tumors of the central nervous system. The prognosis of patients with malignant glioma is poor in spite of current intensive therapy and thus novel therapeutic modalities are necessary. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in the therapy of tumors including leukemias but not as a monotherapy for malignant glioma. Recently, it is thought that the adequate modulation of autophagy can enhance efficacy of anticancer therapy. The outcome of autophagy manipulation, however, seems to depend on the autophagy initiator, the combined stimuli, the extent of cellular damage and the type of cells, and it is not yet fully understood how we should modulate autophagy to augment efficacy of each anticancer therapy. In this study, we examined the effect of imatinib with or without different types of autophagy inhibitors on human malignant glioma cells. Imatinib inhibited the viability of U87‐MG and U373‐MG cells in a dose dependent manner and caused nonapoptotic autophagic cell death. Suppression of imatinib‐induced autophagy by 3‐methyladenine or small interfering RNA against Atg5, which inhibit autophagy at an early stage, attenuated the imatinib‐induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy at a late stage by bafilomycin A1 or RTA 203 enhanced imatinib‐induced cytotoxicity through the induction of apoptosis following mitochondrial disruption. Our findings suggest that therapeutic efficiency of imatinib for malignant glioma may be augmented by inhibition of autophagy at a late stage, and that appropriate modulation of autophagy may sensitize tumor cells to anticancer therapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of thoracic tumors with 18F‐FMT and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT: A clinicopathological study
Authors: Kaira Kyoichi , Oriuchi Noboru , Shimizu Kimihiro , Ishikita Tomohiro , Higuchi Tetsuya , Imai Hisao , Yanagitani Noriko , Sunaga Noriaki , Hisada Takeshi , Ishizuka Tamotsu , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Endou Hitoshi , Nakajima Takashi , Endo Keigo , Mori Masatomo
Published: September 2008

L‐[3‐18F]‐α‐methyltyrosine (18F‐FMT) is an aminoacid tracer for positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of this study was to determine whether PET‐CT with 18F‐FMT provides additional information for the preoperative diagnostic workup as compared with 18F‐FDG PET. PET‐CT studies with 18F‐FMT and 18F‐FDG were performed as a part of the preoperative workup in 36 patients with histologically confirmed bronchial carcinoma, 6 patients with benign lesions and a patient with atypical carcinoid. Expression of L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), CD98, Ki‐67 labeling index, VEGF, CD31 and CD34 of the resected tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, and correlated with the uptake of PET tracers. For the detection of pulmonary malignant tumors, 18F‐FMT PET exhibited a sensitivity of 84% whereas the sensitivity for 18F‐FDG PET was 89% (p = 0.736). 18F‐FMT PET‐CT and 18F‐FDG PET‐CT agreed with pathological staging in 85 and 68%, respectively (p = 0.151). 18F‐FMT uptake was closely correlated with LAT1, CD98, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The specificity of 18F‐FMT PET for diagnosing thoracic tumors was higher than that of 18F‐FDG PET. Our results suggest that coexpression of LAT1 and CD98 in addition to cell proliferation and angiogenesis is relavant for the progression and metastasis of lung cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Snow removal and its influence on temperature and N dynamics in alpine soils (Vallée d'Aoste, northwest Italy)
Authors: Freppaz Michele , Celi Luisella , Marchelli Marco , Zanini Ermanno
Published: September 2008

The effect of a lack of snow cover in winter was investigated in two soils, beneath larch and meadow, in NW Italy (Vallée d'Aoste Region). During the late 1980s and early 1990s and 2000s, this region experienced extreme climatic conditions including a low snow pack and lack of snow cover for extended periods with important effects on soil temperature and nutrient dynamics. In particular, the mountain belt in the Alps may be extremely sensitive to these phenomena, in relation to the rise in average snowline projected under a warmer global climate.

The study area is located at an elevation of 1450 m asl in the Italian Alps (Mont Mars Natural Reserve). During the winter 2003/04, snow was continuously removed in a treatment plot while a reference plot was maintained undisturbed. Soil temperature was measured at 10 cm depth by data loggers (UTL‐1). Soil N transformations in the topsoil (10 cm depth) were determined by the buried‐bag technique.

The removal of the snow cover caused a significant decrease in soil temperature, related to concurrent decreases in air temperature. The lowest soil temperatures recorded were –4.3°C and –4.5°C beneath larch and meadow, respectively, on January 31, 2004. Soil temperature in the undisturbed plots was maintained above the freezing point when the snow cover was present. The snow removal caused significant increases in net ammonification in both soils and net nitrification only under meadow, but did not affect microbial biomass N which decreased in both plots.

Our results suggest that the lower temperature reached in the plot without snow favored the production of inorganic N by physical rather than microbial degradation of soil organic matter (SOM). Soil freezing could enhance soil‐aggregate disruption releasing physically protected SOM and fragmentation of OM itself.
Enhanced preservation effects of sugar apple fruits by salicylic acid treatment during post‐harvest storage
Authors: Mo Yiwei , Gong Deqiang , Liang Guobin , Han Ruihong , Xie Jianghui , Li Weicai
Published: September 2008

BACKGROUND: Salicylic acid (SA) is recognised as an endogenous signal, mediating in plant defense and against pathogens. It has been reported that SA treatment can reduce decay and extend storage life of various fruit, such as bananas, peaches and apples.

RESULTS: Physiological and biochemical responses in harvested sugar apple fruit (Annona squamosa L.) to SA at 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mmol L−1 were investigated during post‐harvest storage. Results indicated that SA treatments lowered respiration, increased activities of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), decreased lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and correspondingly lowered Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in treated fruits was observed as compared to the control. Moreover, production of superoxide free radical (O2•, −) and ethylene was significantly decreased in the treated fruits. Total soluble solids, total soluble sugar, softness and decay rate were significantly lowered in treated fruits, and in turn a delay in the fruits ripening process was achieved after 10 days of storage.

CONCLUSION: SA has positive effects in maintaining membrane integrity and in delaying fruit ripening process, which results in improved storability of sugar apple. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Heat Transfer and Nascent Polymerisation of Olefins on Supported Catalysts
Authors: Olalla Beatriz , Broyer Jean‐Pierre , McKenna Timothy F.L.
Published: September 2008

An improved gas phase reactor system has been designed and tested in order to study heat transfer in gas phase olefin polymerisation on supported catalysts. It is shown that temperature rise in a fixed bed configuration is highly dependent on the flow rate of gas, with higher outlet gas temperatures being observed at higher flow rates. In addition it is shown that the shape of the rate curve is dependent on the initial conditions of the reaction, suggesting that the mechanism of particle fragmentation depends to a certain extent on the start‐up of the reaction.
In‐Line Monitoring of Bulk Polypropylene Reactors Based on Data Reconciliation Procedures
Authors: Prata Diego Martinez , Lima Enrique Luis , Pinto José Carlos
Published: September 2008

The main objective of this work is the implementation of a nonlinear dynamic data reconciliation (NDDR) procedure for the in‐line monitoring of the bulk propylene polymerization, as performed in a real industrial site. Special attention is given to monitoring of the melt flow index (MI) of the polymer product obtained in an industrial extruder at different operating conditions. In order to do that, a model is developed to describe the polymerization process and the controlled degradation of polypropylene in a reactive extruder. The model is implemented in real time, allowing for in‐line and real‐time monitoring of the plant operation.
Effect of Cooling Fluid Flow Rate on the Estimation of Conversion by Calorimetry in a Lab‐Scale Reactor
Authors: Esposito Marcelo , Sayer Claudia , Machado Ricardo A. F. , Araújo Pedro H. H.
Published: September 2008

Significant information about polymerization reactions carried out in lab‐scale reactors is lost because sampling is not always possible due to the high viscosity, heterogeneity of the reaction medium or pressurization of the reactor. Thus, monitoring these reactions through calorimetry technique could be very valuable. Nevertheless, standard lab‐scale reactors can present a relatively high residence time of the cooling fluid in the jacket and significant heat loss of the jacket to the surroundings. In the present work, the effect of the cooling fluid flow rate on the estimation of conversion through isothermal and isoperibolic calorimetry during a batch emulsion polymerization was investigated. Results show that the estimation of conversion through isothermal and isoperibolic calorimetry was not significantly affected by the cooling fluid flow rate using heat flow calorimetry. Nevertheless, when employing the energy balance of the jacket and the estimation of the global heat exchange coefficient between the jacket and the surroundings to estimate conversion (heat balance calorimetry) better results were obtained for lower cooling fluid flow rates.
Modelling Polymer Particle Deformation on Mineral Surfaces ‐ Part I: Validation of Initial Concepts
Authors: Araujo Odair , Brauge Laurent , Findlay Andrew D.
Published: September 2008

A simple model based on elastic and attraction forces is proposed to describe the spreading of a cross‐linked polymer particle on one or two surfaces. The model considers the internal elastic forces between the knots of reticulation and the external attraction forces between the particle and the mineral surface. The deformation and therefore the final shape of the particle is a resultant of the applied forces. The model is validated by fitting with experimental data of latex spreading on mineral surfaces, and the next steps towards using this knowledge to help design new particle structures and morphology are outlined.
Influence of Particle Nucleation in Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Properties: Miniemulsion versus Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Fonseca Gabriela E. , McKenna Timothy F. , Dubé Marc A.
Published: September 2008

Miniemulsion polymerization is a promising approach to produce and tailor pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this paper, a systematic comparison of the adhesive properties of latexes produced by miniemulsion and conventional emulsion polymerization is presented. Specifically, the influence of the total surfactant concentration, chain transfer agent concentration and chemical composition on the final adhesive properties of the polymer 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid was discerned using a 23 factorial design for each polymerization method. In addition to the adhesive properties (i.e., loop tack, peel strength and shear strength), molecular weight distribution, particle size distribution (PSD) and glass transition temperature were analyzed. The results show that under the conditions used in this work, it is possible to produce PSAs using miniemulsion polymerization, a process wherein monomer droplet nucleation is the dominant particle nucleation mechanism. The use of a miniemulsion polymerization process, as opposed to the conventional emulsion technique, produced several differences such as larger particles sizes and narrower molecular weight distributions. Focusing on the PSA films that exhibited adhesive rather than cohesive failure, the PSA films generated via miniemulsion polymerization displayed higher values of loop tack and peel strength compared to those produced via conventional emulsion polymerization. Shear strength results were strongly dependent on the amount of gel content and sol molecular weight for both cases.
Economic and healthcare forces of hospitalist movement
Authors: Bishop MD Tara F. , Kathuria Navneet
Published: September 2008

The field of hospital medicine has become a widely accepted model for inpatient care and has grown rapidly in the past ten years. The impetus for growth has largely been pressure to contain costs for inpatient care and improve efficiency in the hospital. Studies have shown that care by hospitalists is generally more cost‐effective than care by faculty or private practice physicians without affecting quality. The field faces challenges in continuity of patient care and retention of physicians in the workforce. Mt Sinai J Med 75:424–429, 2008. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Inferring human stem cell behaviour from epigenetic drift
Authors: Shibata D
Published: September 2008

Although conventional experimental manipulations are impractical, it may be possible to infer human stem cell fates by ‘reading’ histories recorded within their genomes. Genomes are almost perfect copies of copies, and ancestries may be surreptitiously recorded by replication errors that inevitably accumulate. The greater the number of divisions, the greater the number of replication errors (‘a molecular clock hypothesis’). Mutations rarely occur during a lifetime, but DNA methylation patterns are also copied after DNA replication and measurably drift with ageing at certain CpG sites in mitotic tissues, such as the colon. Such passenger methylation pattern variation may effectively function as ‘epigenetic’ somatic cell mitotic clocks. Replication errors can only accumulate in long‐lived stem cell lineages, so methylation pattern drift largely records stem cell behaviour. How methylation patterns may encode stem cell ancestries is illustrated with two types of small reproductive units—colon crypt niches with continuous genealogies, and hair follicles with punctuated genealogies. Potentially, the genealogy of any human cell may be inferred by ‘reading’ its genome. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Up‐regulation of gamma‐synuclein contributes to cancer cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Hua Hui , Xu Li , Wang Jiao , Jing Jing , Luo Ting , Jiang Yangfu
Published: September 2008

Previous studies have demonstrated that gamma‐synuclein is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies. Overexpression of gamma‐synuclein in human breast cancer cells leads to an increase in cell motility, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, and mitotic checkpoint dysfunction. We report in this study that gamma‐synuclein is up‐regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. The up‐regulation of gamma‐synuclein expression by endoplasmic reticulum stress is mediated, at least in part, by activation transcription factor (ATF) 4. Knockdown of gamma‐synuclein sensitized human breast cancer cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum stress when gamma‐synuclein was inhibited was dependent on JNK or caspase activation, with caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 being involved. Treatment with the JNK or caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 inhibitor partially blocked endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells transfected with or without the siRNA against gamma‐synuclein. Taken together, these data suggest that gamma‐synuclein may promote cancer progression by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal transduction pathways of mantle cell lymphoma: A phosphoproteome‐based study
Authors: Cecconi Daniela , Zamò Alberto , Bianchi Elena , Parisi Alice , Barbi Stefano , Milli Alberto , Rinalducci Sara , Rosenwald Andreas , Hartmann Elena , Zolla Lello , Chilosi Marco
Published: September 2008

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable hematologic malignancy whose pathogenesis is only partly understood. The aim of the present study was to define a “core phosphoproteome” in MCL cell lines that is representative of primary MCL in order to improve knowledge of the signal transduction pathways involved in its tumorigenesis. We have analyzed phosphorylated proteins in several MCL cell lines by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and separation by 2‐D PAGE, followed by RP‐HPLC coupled with MS/MS identification. These data were correlated with information on copy number gains obtained by SNP‐chip analysis. Several of the proteins identified could be linked to a specific signal transduction pathway, and have been recently recognized as important players in MCL pathogenesis, such as nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) and phosphoinositide‐3 kinase‐mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K‐mTOR). However, our data also implicate a number of novel proteins and pathways in the pathobiology of MCL, one of which is mitochondrial signaling. A second‐level analysis identified MAPK1, CK2, CK1, PKCzeta, and PKCepsilon as candidate upstream molecules. Our study provides new insights in MCL pathogenesis and helps to form the basis for testing new target‐specific therapeutics.
Evaluation of a new dendrimeric structure as prospective drugs carrier for intravenous administration of antichagasic active compounds
Authors: Fernandez Luciana , Calderón Marcelo , Martinelli Marisa , Strumia Miriam , Cerecetto Hugo , González Mercedes , Silber Juana J. , Santo Marisa
Published: September 2008

In the present work, we investigated a first generation of a new dendrimer as candidate for intravenous (iv) administration of a therapeutic compound (2′‐(benzo[1,2‐c] 1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐5(6)‐yl (N‐1‐oxide) methylidene]‐1‐methoxy methane hydrazide). This compound presents antichagasic activity but low water solubility. Guest–host specific interactions results in good drug solubilization. These interactions can be controlled by varying the solution pH, allowing drug deliverance. Interaction between dendrimer and human serum albumin (HSA), and the hemolytic potential of dendrimer were evaluated. The dendrimer does not interact with blood proteins, is not hemolytic, and does not produce damage in the cellular membrane. The results demonstrate that the new dendritic structure could be an appropriate carrier for the novel antichagasic drug. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐diffusion coefficient of ring polymers in semidilute solution
Authors: Iyer Balaji V. S. , Shanbhag Sachin , Juvekar Vinay A. , Lele Ashish K.
Published: September 2008

In a topologically constraining environment the size of a flexible nonconcatenated ring polymer (macrocycles) and its dynamics are known to differ from that of linear polymers. Hence, the diffusion coefficient of ring polymers can be expected to be different from linear chains. We present here scaling arguments for the concentration and molecular weight dependence of self‐diffusion coefficient of ring polymers in semidilute solutions, and show that contrary to expectations these scaling relations are identical to what is known for linear polymers. At higher concentrations excluded volume interactions arising from possibilities of segmental overlap can become effective for large ring polymers. In this regime the diffusion coefficient of large ring polymers shows a relatively weaker dependence on concentration and molecular weight. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2370–2379, 2008
High‐Rate SiO2 Deposition by Oxygen Cold Arc Plasma Jet at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Han Man H. , Noh Joo H. , Lee Tae I. , Choi Jai H. , Park Ki W. , Hwang Hyeon S. , Song Kie M. , Baik Hong K.
Published: September 2008

SiO2 thin films were deposited by a cold arc plasma jet at atmospheric pressure. The cold arc plasma jet was operated with O2 gas of 30 L · min−1, while a He/TEOS mixture of 1 000 sccm was added to the plume of the plasma jet as a precursor. The plasma jet was continuously moved in the xy direction for uniform film thickness. The deposition rate at various conditions was studied by controlling the substrate distance, precursor inlet position, and substrate temperature; the physical and chemical properties of the films were characterized by SEM and XPS. A high deposition rate was attained using the cold arc plasma jet deposition system in open air; it is suggested that this originates from the abundant oxygen atoms produced in the cold arc plasma jet.

magnified image
Safety and tolerability of inhaled hypertonic saline in young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Dellon Elisabeth P. , Donaldson Scott H. , Johnson Robin , Davis Stephanie D.
Published: September 2008

Background

Inhaled hypertonic saline (HS) improves lung function and decreases pulmonary exacerbations in older patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Initiating therapies in young patients has potential to preserve lung function. Before conducting a therapeutic trial of HS in this population, its safety must be evaluated and protocols for monitoring response must be tested.

Methods

We administered single dose 3% and 7% HS post‐albuterol to 4–7 year‐olds with CF able to perform spirometry (“preschool” group) and 4 month to 3 year‐olds (“infant” group) using the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique (RVRTC). Vital signs and cough episodes were measured after each inhaled treatment.

Results

Eight preschool subjects (mean age 5.7 ± 0.8 years) and 6 infants (1.6 ± 1.0 years) completed the 3% HS protocol, and no clinically important change in vital signs or decrease in FVC, FEV1, FEV0.5, or FEF25–75 occurred post‐HS. Preschoolers had more cough episodes post‐HS (P = 0.01). Seven preschoolers (6.1 ± 0.7 years) and 8 infants (1.6 ± 0.7 years) completed the 7% HS protocol. In the preschool group, FVC, FEV0.5, and FEF25–75 did not change significantly. A statistically significant drop in median FEV1 occurred post‐7% HS attributable to a transient >20% drop in one subject. Infant PFT parameters were unchanged post‐7% HS. Preschoolers had more cough episodes post‐HS (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Acute administration of 3% and 7% HS appears to be safe and well‐tolerated in most young children with CF. Given the demonstrated benefits in older patients, a therapeutic trial in this age group is warranted. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1100–1106. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What I learned as an investigator with the CSB—Effective investigations
Authors: Murphy John F.
Published: September 2008

After almost 30 years with the Dow Chemical Company and several years in process safety consulting, I had the privilege of working as an investigator with the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). During my 5 years at the CSB, I led four major investigations and participated in a total of nine investigations. The investigations ranged from the Reactive Hazard Investigation, which analyzed major reactive chemical incidents in the U.S. over a 20‐year period, to individual incidents that occurred in small, medium, and large companies both inside and outside the chemical processing industries. From these investigations, I have learned about the nature of chemical plant incidents and also learned how to conduct an effective investigation. This article discusses the 10 keys to effective incident investigation with examples from the investigations that I participated in. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Effects of substitution of Ni by Sb in MnNi
Authors: Pacurariu Roxana , Rednic Vasile , Coldea Marin , Benea Diana , Pop Viorel , Isnard Olivier , Neumann Manfred
Published: September 2008

The structural, electronic and magnetic structures of MnNi1–x Sbx alloys and compounds have been investigated by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The substitution of Ni by Sb leads to drastic changes both in the crystallographic and electronic structure, with remarkable modifications in the magnetic properties of the investigated systems. The most important feature of the XPS spectra is the well‐defined magnetic exchange splitting of the Mn 3s core levels of all investigated alloys, giving a direct evidence of the existence of local magnetic moments in the Anderson's sense confined on Mn sites. In order to investigate the hybridization between the Mn and Ni 3d states and the Sb 5p states, the XPS valence band spectra were calculated and compared to the experimental spectra. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coulomb oscillation of a proton in a Ti–Ni–Cu–H glassy alloy with multiple junctions
Authors: Fukuhara Mikio , Yamaura Shinichi , Inoue Akihisa
Published: September 2008

Following the discovery of Coulomb oscillation by the proton tunneling in Ni–Nb–Zr–H glassy alloys, we investigated the temperature‐dependent hydrogen effect of electric conduction of the (Ti50Ni25Cu25)100–x Hx (0 ≤ x ≤ 38.6) glassy alloys. Electric current‐induced voltage oscillation at 560 kHz was observed in the current–voltage curve of nanoscopic size tunnel junctions arranged in a low‐capacitance, multiple‐junction configuration of the glassy alloys in the temperature range of 333 K to 6 K. The typical Coulomb staircase in I–V characteristics indicates typical quantum dot tunneling at room temperature. This behavior appeared to be derived from Coulomb oscillation, based on proton resonance associated with the multiple‐junctions among Ti‐tetrahedral clusters belonging to each icosahedron‐like polyhedron in the Ni–Nb–Zr glassy alloys. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acoustic transmission in slabs of compacted composites
Authors: Salamatov E. I.
Published: September 2008

Acoustic transmission through slabs of two‐dimensional composites modeling nanoceramics obtained by compacting in the presence of a plasticizer, is studied by the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. A frequency analysis of the signal transmitted through a composite slab suggests that in the phonon spectrum of such systems there exists a gap, the position of which coincides with the gap location in an infinite disordered periodic composite. The effect of the dispersion of the grain‐size distribution function on the acoustic transmission in ceramics is investigated. The possibility of using such systems as insulators and filters for gigahertz‐range elastic waves is discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The photo‐induced phase transition in Et2Me2Sb[Pd(dmit)2]2
Authors: Ishikawa Tadahiko , Fukazawa Naoto , Matsubara Yoshitaka , Nakajima Ryohei , Onda Ken , Okimoto Yoichi , Koshihara Shin‐ya , Tamura Masafumi , Kato Reizo , Lorenc Maciej , Collet Eric
Published: September 2008

The large photo‐induced change of reflectivity has been observed in the unique charge separated phase of the Et2Me2Sb[Pd(dmit)2]2 crystal. We observe a clear spectral change due to the disappearance of the charge separated phase by femtosecond photo‐excitation in the [Pd(dmit)2] dimer. The dynamics of the photo‐excited state depends on the excitation intensity. Obtained results strongly suggest that cooperative effect plays a key role in the photo‐excited state of this system. We tentatively classify the observed phenomena as a photo‐induced phase transition due to the melting of the charge separation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of the wind speed profile on wind turbine performance measurements
Authors: Wagner Rozenn , Antoniou Ioannis , Pedersen Søren M. , Courtney Michael S. , Jørgensen Hans E.
Published: September 2008

To identify the influence of wind shear and turbulence on wind turbine performance, flat terrain wind profiles are analysed up to a height of 160 m. The profiles' shapes are found to extend from no shear to high wind shear, and on many occasions, local maxima within the profiles are also observed. Assuming a certain turbine hub height, the profiles with hub‐height wind speeds between 6 m s−1 and 8 m s−1 are normalized at 7 m s−1 and grouped to a number of mean shear profiles. The energy in the profiles varies considerably for the same hub‐height wind speed. These profiles are then used as input to a Blade Element Momentum model that simulates the Siemens 3.6 MW wind turbine. The analysis is carried out as time series simulations where the electrical power is the primary characterization parameter. The results of the simulations indicate that wind speed measurements at different heights over the swept rotor area would allow the determination of the electrical power as a function of an ‘equivalent wind speed’ where wind shear and turbulence intensity are taken into account. Electrical power is found to correlate significantly better to the equivalent wind speed than to the single point hub‐height wind speed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A formalism to describe design patterns based on role concepts
Authors: Kim Soon-Kyeong , Carrington David
Published: September 2008

Design patterns are typically defined imprecisely using natural language descriptions with graphical annotations. It is also common to describe patterns using a concrete design example with implementation details. Several approaches have been proposed to describe design patterns abstractly based on role concepts. However, the notion of role differs in each approach. The behavioral aspects of patterns are not addressed in the role-based approaches. This paper presents a rigorous approach to describe design patterns based on role concepts. Adopting metamodeling and formalism, our work defines an innovative framework where generic pattern concepts based on roles are precisely defined as a formal role metamodel using Object-Z. Individual patterns are specified using these generic role concepts in terms of pattern role models. Temporal behaviors of patterns are also specified using Object-Z and integrated in the pattern role models. Patterns described this way are abstract, separating pattern realization information from the pattern description. They are also precise providing a rigorous foundation for reasoning about pattern properties. This paper also formalizes the properties that must be captured in a class model when a design pattern is deployed. These properties are defined generically in terms of role bindings from a pattern role model to a class model. They provide a precise basis for checking the validity of pattern utilisation in designs. Our work is supported by tools. We have developed an initial role metamodel using an existing modeling framework, Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and have transformed the metamodel to Object-Z using model transformation techniques. Complex constraints are added to the transformed Object-Z model. More importantly, we implement the role metamodel. Using this implementation, pattern authors can develop an initial pattern role model in the same modeling framework and convert the initial model to Object-Z using our transformation rules. The transformed Object-Z model is then enhanced with behavioral features of the pattern. This tool support significantly improves the practicability of applying formalism to design patterns.