bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular guidance cues necessary for axon pathfinding from the ventral cochlear nucleus
Authors: Howell David M. , Morgan Warren J. , Jarjour Andrew A. , Spirou George A. , Berrebi Albert S. , Kennedy Timothy E. , Mathers Peter H.
Published: August 2007

During development, multiple guidance cues direct the formation of appropriate synaptic connections. Factors that guide developing axons are known for various pathways throughout the mammalian brain; however, signals necessary to establish auditory connections are largely unknown. In the auditory brainstem the neurons whose axons traverse the midline in the ventral acoustic stria (VAS) are primarily located in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and project bilaterally to the superior olivary complex (SOC). The circumferential trajectory taken by developing VCN axons is similar to that of growing axons of spinal commissural neurons. Therefore, we reasoned that netrin‐DCC and slit‐robo signaling systems function in the guidance of VCN axons. VCN neurons express the transcription factor, mafB, as early as embryonic day (E) 13.5, thereby identifying the embryonic VCN for these studies. VCN axons extend toward the midline as early as E13, with many axons crossing by E14.5. During this time, netrin‐1 and slit‐1 RNAs are expressed at the brainstem midline. Additionally, neurons within the VCN express RNA for DCC, robo‐1, and robo‐2, and axons in the VAS are immunoreactive for DCC. VCN axons do not reach the midline of the brainstem in mice mutant for either the netrin‐1 or DCC gene. VCN axons extend in pups lacking netrin‐1, but most DCC‐mutant samples lack VCN axonal outgrowth. Stereological cell estimates indicate only a modest reduction of VCN neurons in DCC‐mutant mice. Taken together, these data show that a functional netrin‐DCC signaling system is required for establishing proper VCN axonal projections in the auditory brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:533–549, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of the cisternal organelle in the axon initial segment of cortical neurons in synaptopodin‐deficient mice
Authors: Bas Orth Carlos , Schultz Christian , Müller Christian M. , Frotscher Michael , Deller Thomas
Published: August 2007

The axon initial segment of cortical neurons contains the so‐called cisternal organelle, an enigmatic formation of stacked endoplasmic reticulum and interdigitating plates of electron‐dense material. This organelle shows many structural similarities to the spine apparatus, a cellular organelle found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines. Whereas roles in calcium signaling and protein trafficking have been proposed for the spine apparatus, little is yet known about the physiological function of its putative axonal counterpart. Considering the structural similarity of these two organelles, we hypothesized that synaptopodin, a protein essential for the formation of the dendritic spine apparatus, could also be a component of the cisternal organelle. By using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that synaptopodin is indeed located within the axon initial segments of principal neurons in the mouse neocortex and hippocampus. Pre‐embedding immunogold labeling demonstrated a close association of synaptopodin immunoreactivity with the dense plates of cisternal organelles. In synaptopodin‐deficient mice, ultrastructural analysis of identified axon initial segments of CA1 pyramidal cells revealed a lack of cisternal organelles similar to the reported lack of spine apparatuses in these mutants. However, in vitro patch clamp recording of mutant neurons showed that the lack of cisternal organelles did not lead to any changes in basic electrophysiological parameters of action potentials. Taken together, our data demonstrate that synaptopodin is an essential component of the cisternal organelle of axons and of the dendritic spine apparatus, two organelles that are structurally and molecularly related. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:441–449, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defects in vestibular sensory epithelia and innervation in mice with loss of Chd7 function: Implications for human CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Adams Meredith E. , Hurd Elizabeth A. , Beyer Lisa A. , Swiderski Donald L. , Raphael Yehoash , Martin Donna M.
Published: August 2007

CHD7 is a chromodomain gene mutated in CHARGE syndrome, a multiple anomaly condition characterized by ocular coloboma, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, and ear defects including deafness and semicircular canal dysgenesis. Mice with heterozygous Chd7 deficiency have circling behavior and semicircular canal defects and are an excellent animal model for exploring the pathogenesis of CHARGE features. Inner ear vestibular defects have been characterized in heterozygous Chd7‐deficient embryos and early postnatal mice, but it is not known whether vestibular defects persist throughout adulthood in Chd7‐deficient mice or whether the vestibular sensory epithelia and their associated innervation and function are intact. Here we describe a detailed analysis of inner ear vestibular structures in mature mice that are heterozygous for a Chd7‐deficient, gene‐trapped allele (Chd7Gt/+). Chd7Gt/+ mice display variable asymmetric lateral and posterior semicircular canal malformations, as well as defects in vestibular sensory epithelial innervation despite the presence of intact hair cells in the target organs. These observations have important functional implications for understanding the clinical manifestations of CHD7 mutations in humans and for designing therapies to treat inner ear vestibular dysfunction. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:519–532, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the lateral reticular nucleus to the cochlear nucleus in rats
Authors: Zhan Xiping , Ryugo David K.
Published: August 2007

The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) resides in the rostral medulla and caudal pons, is implicated in cardiovascular regulation and cranial nerve reflexes, and gives rise to mossy fibers in the cerebellum. Retrograde tracing data revealed that medium‐sized multipolar cells from the magnocellular part of the LRN project to the cochlear nucleus (CN). We sought to characterize the LRN projection to the CN using BDA injections. Anterogradely labeled terminals in the ipsilateral CN appeared as boutons and mossy fibers, and were examined with light and electron microscopy. The terminal field in the CN was restricted to the granule cell domain (GCD), specifically in the superficial layer along the anteroventral CN and in the granule cell lamina. Electron microscopy showed that the smallest LRN boutons formed 1–3 synapses, and as boutons increased in size, they formed correspondingly more synapses. The largest boutons were indistinguishable from the smallest mossy fibers, and the largest mossy fiber exhibited 15 synapses. Synapses were asymmetric with round vesicles and formed against thin dendritic profiles characterized by plentiful microtubules and the presence of fine filopodial extensions that penetrated the ending. These structural features of the postsynaptic target are characteristic of the terminal dendritic claw of granule cells. LRN projections are consistent with known organizational principles of non‐auditory inputs to the GCD. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:583–598, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pollutant release and transfer registers: examining the value of government‐led reporting on corporate environmental performance
Authors: Sullivan Rory , Gouldson Andy
Published: August 2007

Within this paper, we argue that the data released by companies through corporate environmental reports are of very limited value, particularly for analysts seeking to benchmark the environmental performance of different companies or sites. We also argue that the data published by governments through pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs) such as the US Toxic Releases Inventory (TRI) or the EU Polluting Emissions Register (EPER) are of much greater value in comparative analyses. However, we recognize that PRTRs are limited in their scope and there are differences between the PRTRs that are in place in different countries. We find then that while PRTRs can inform comparative analyses within countries, their potential to provide a basis for benchmarking across different countries has not yet been fulfilled. Nonetheless, we conclude that PRTRs often provide the best available data for benchmarking corporate environmental performance and that increases in their scope and a harmonization of their design could play a significant role in illuminating variations in corporate environmental performance over time and across space. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate social and environmental responsibility in Asian countries and other geographical regions
Authors: Baughn C. Christopher , (Dusty) Bodie Nancy L. , McIntosh John C.
Published: August 2007

This study examines two aspects of corporate social responsibility (social and environmental CSR) in 15 Asian countries. The performance of firms in these Asian countries on the two types of CSR is also assessed relative to country economic, political and social conditions, and compared with those of other regions (Western Europe, East/Central Europe, Australia/New Zealand, US/Canada, Middle East and Africa). Drawing from over 8700 surveys of firms in 104 countries, this study demonstrates substantial country and regional differences in CSR. Firms are embedded in different country contexts, with differing underlying institutional capacities. Strong revealed relationships between CSR and country economic, political and social contexts reflect the importance of a country's development of such institutional capacity to promote and support CSR practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A strategic integral approach (SIA) to institutionalizing CSR
Authors: Maximiano Jose Mario B.
Published: August 2007

This paper is based on a survey of CSR completed by members of the Philippines Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a focus group discussion of CSR experts. As 166 business executives say that businesses should institutionalize CSR, which means going beyond compliance with laws and regulations, the paper proposes steps in this direction. To accomplish this the approach must be strategic and integral (SIA). Because it is good for business and the right thing to do, the first step is to practise CSR, and then to institutionalize and sustain it.

 The same respondents opine that it is more meaningful if CSR is made voluntary: that value based leadership or VBL (empowerment from within) can complement the regulatory approach (empowerment from without). Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the paper examines how a strategic integral approach (SIA), particularly the setting up of a strong CSR framework and a VBL, can ensure the sustainability of CSR. The study reveals that VBL is the most important component in the integration of CSR into core business and personal values of managers appear to be significantly related to managerial decisions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Regulation of heat shock protein 70 release in astrocytes: Role of signaling kinases
Authors: Taylor Anna R. , Robinson Mac B. , Gifondorwa David J. , Tytell Michael , Milligan Carolanne E.
Published: August 2007

The ability to mount a successful stress response in the face of injury is critical to the long‐term viability of individual cells and to the organism in general. The stress response, characterized in part by the upregulation of heat shock proteins, is compromised in several neurodegenerative disorders and in some neuronal populations, including motoneurons (MNs). Because astrocytes have a greater capacity than neurons to survive metabolic stress, and because they are intimately associated with the regulation of neuronal function, it is important to understand their stress response, so that we may to better appreciate the impact of stress on neuronal viability during injury or disease. We show that astrocytes subjected to hyperthermia upregulate Hsp/c70 in addition to intracellular signaling components including activated forms of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2), Akt, and c‐jun N‐terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK). Furthermore, astrocytes release increasing amounts of Hsp/c70 into the extracellular environment following stress, an event that is abrogated when signaling through the ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) pathways is compromised and enhanced by inhibition of the JNK pathway. Last, we show that the Hsp/c70 is released from astrocytes in exosomes. Together, these data illustrate the diverse regulation of stress‐induced Hsp/c70 release in exosomes, and the way in which the balance of activated signal transduction pathways affects this release. These data highlight how stressful insults can alter the microenvironment of an astrocyte, which may ultimately have implications for the survival of neighboring neurons. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Comparison of face‐to‐face and internet interventions for body image and eating problems in adult women: An RCT
Authors: Paxton Susan J. , McLean Siân A. , Gollings Emma K. , Faulkner Cathy , Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: August 2007

Objective:

The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes following an eight‐session, small group, therapist‐led, intervention for body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in adult women, delivered either in face‐to‐face or synchronous, internet mode.

Method:

Community women with high body dissatisfaction and internet access were randomly assigned to either face‐to‐face delivery (N = 42), internet delivery (N = 37), or delayed treatment control (N = 37). All groups were assessed at baseline and 8–9 weeks later. The intervention groups were reassessed at 6‐months follow‐up.

Results:

Both intervention groups showed large improvements in body dissatisfaction compared with the delayed treatment control and these improvements were maintained at follow‐up. However, posttreatment improvements were greater in the face‐to‐face than internet intervention.

Conclusion:

In adult women, it is desirable to deliver the body image intervention in a face‐to‐face mode, but the internet mode is effective and has the potential to increase access to therapy. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Characterisation of the expression and function of the GM‐CSF receptor α‐chain in mice
Authors: Rosas Marcela , Gordon Siamon , Taylor Philip R.
Published: August 2007

The granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine able to regulate a variety of cell functions including differentiation of macrophages and granulocytes, dendritic cell development and the maintenance of homeostasis. It binds specifically to its receptor, which is composed of a cytokine‐specific α‐chain (GM‐CSF receptor α‐chain, GMRα) and a β‐chain shared with the receptors for interleukin‐3 and interleukin‐5. In this report, we present a comprehensive study of GMRα in the mouse. We have found that the mouse GMRα is polymorphic and alternatively spliced. In the absence of specific antibodies, we generated a novel chimeric protein containing the Fc fragment of human IgG1 coupled to mouse GM‐CSF, which was able to specifically bind to GMRα and induce proliferation of GMRα‐transduced Ba/F3 cells. We used this reagent to perform the first detailed FACS study of the surface expression of mouse GMRα by leucocytes. Highest expression was found on monocytes and granulocytes, and variable expression on tissue macrophages. The GM‐CSF receptor in mice is specifically expressed by myeloid cells and is useful for the detection of novel uncharacterised myeloid populations. The ability to detect GM‐CSF receptor expression in experimental studies should greatly facilitate the analysis of its role in immune pathologies.
Inhibition of calcineurin‐NFAT signaling by the pyrazolopyrimidine compound NCI3
Authors: Sieber Matthias , Karanik Magdalena , Brandt Claudia , Blex Christian , Podtschaske Miriam , Erdmann Frank , Rost Rene , Serfling Edgar , Liebscher Jürgen , Pätzel Michael , Radbruch Andreas , Fischer Gunter , Baumgrass Ria
Published: August 2007

Dephosphorylation of NFAT by the Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase calcineurin is a bottleneck of T cell receptor‐dependent activation of T cells. In dimeric complexes with immunophilins, the immunosuppressants cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) block this process by inhibition of the enzymatic activity of calcineurin. We have identified the pyrazolopyrimidine compound NCI3 as a novel inhibitor of calcineurin‐NFAT signaling. Similar to CsA and FK506, NCI3 inhibits dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NFAT, IL‐2 production and proliferation of stimulated human primary T cells with IC50 values from 2 to 4.5 µM. However, contrary to CsA and FK506, NCI3 neither blocks calcineurin`s phosphatase activity nor requires immunophilins for inhibiting NFAT activation. Our data suggest that NCI3 binds to calcineurin and causes an allosteric change interfering with NFAT dephosphorylation in vivo but not in vitro. NCI3 acts not only on the endogenous calcineurin but also on a C‐terminally truncated, constitutively active version of calcineurin. The novel inhibitor described herein will be useful in better defining the cellular regulation of calcineurin activation and may serve as a lead for the development of a new type of immunosuppressants acting not by direct inhibition of the calcineurin phosphatase activity.
DNA demethylation in the human FOXP3 locus discriminates regulatory T cells from activated FOXP3+ conventional T cells
Authors: Baron Udo , Floess Stefan , Wieczorek Georg , Baumann Katrin , Grützkau Andreas , Dong Jun , Thiel Andreas , Boeld Tina J. , Hoffmann Petra , Edinger Matthias , Türbachova Ivana , Hamann Alf , Olek Sven , Huehn Jochen
Published: August 2007

The transcription factor FOXP3 is critical for development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg). Their number and functioning appears to be crucial in the prevention of autoimmunity and allergy, but also to be a negative prognostic marker for various solid tumors. Although expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 currently constitutes the best‐known marker for Treg, in humans, transient expression is also observed in activated non‐Treg. Extending our recent findings for the murine foxp3 locus, we observed epigenetic modification of several regions in the human FOXP3 locus exclusively occurring in Treg. Importantly, activated conventional CD4+ T cells and TGF‐β‐treated cells displayed no FOXP3 DNA demethylation despite expression of FOXP3, whereas subsets of Treg stable even upon extended in vitro expansion remained demethylated. To investigate whether a whole set of genes might be epigenetically imprinted in the Treg lineage, we conducted a genome‐wide differential methylation hybridization analysis. Several genes were found displaying differential methylation between Treg and conventional T cells, but none beside FOXP3 turned out to be entirely specific to Treg when tested on a broad panel of cells and tissues. We conclude that FOXP3 DNA demethylation constitutes the most reliable criterion for natural Treg available at present.
Environmentally Friendly Growth of Layered K4Nb6O17 Crystals from a KCl Flux
Authors: Teshima Katsuya , Niina Yuki , Yubuta Kunio , Suzuki Takaomi , Ishizawa Nobuo , Shishido Toetsu , Oishi Shuji
Published: August 2007

Environmentally friendly, high‐quality layered K4Nb6O17 crystals were easily grown by two different flux methods involving supersaturation, that is, flux evaporation and cooling of the solution. To fabricate them, potassium chloride (KCl) was chosen as the flux. Transparent and colorless plate‐like layered crystals of K4Nb6O17 were prepared with well‐developed {010} faces of the orthorhombic system. The crystal sizes obviously depended on the evaporation loss (evaporation method), the holding temperature, and the cooling rate (cooling method). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the grown plate‐like crystals were of a very good crystallinity. The major constituents were homogeneously distributed throughout them. The crystals exhibited good photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet light irradiation. Potassium chloride was found to be a very suitable flux for the environmentally friendly growth of photocatalytic K4Nb6O17 crystals. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Eating one's words: Part III. Mentalisation‐based psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa—an outline for a treatment and training manual
Authors: Skårderud Finn
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a new outline for psychotherapy with personsn with anorexia nervosa. ‘Model on mentalisation’ is the intellectual and empirical framework for this contribution. Mentalisation is defined as the ability to understand feelings, cognitions, intentions and meaning in oneself and in others. The capacity to understand oneself and others is a key determinant of self‐organisation and affect regulation, and is acquired in early attachment relationships. Impaired mentalisation is documented and described as a central psychopathological feature in anorexia nervosa. Psychotherapeutic enterprise with individuals with compromised mentalising capacity should be an activity that is specifically focused on the rehabilitation of this function, with special emphasis on how the body is representing mental states. The paper describes psychotherapeutic goals, stances and techniques. It is intended that this outline will be further developed into manuals as a basis for therapy, training and research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Presenting results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis: the incremental benefit curve
Authors: Bala Mohan V. , Zarkin Gary A. , Mauskopf Josephine
Published: August 2007

Cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves have become a common way of presenting the results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis. However, these curves do not provide information on what the loss of welfare or net benefit (NB) is for cases where a given intervention is not the optimal one. We describe an alternate approach to presenting the results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis called the incremental benefit curve that presents the entire distribution of incremental NB of each intervention for a given WTP value. The incremental benefit curve provides the decision maker information regarding the potential welfare loss with a given intervention for scenarios in which it is not the optimal intervention, and thus would be a useful complement to the acceptability curve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“In‐site” regionalization to estimate an intensity‐duration‐frequency law: a solution to scarce spatial data in Spain
Authors: Salas L. de , Fernández J. A.
Published: August 2007

The study of annual maximum rainfall intensity is quite difficult in Spain due to its limited recording rain gauges and short record lengths. This problem can't be solved applying classical regional approach, since scarce stations and great climate variability prevents forming homogeneous regions. The present study tries a new way of applying regionalization, a method which improves robustness, joining series with different durations (≤1 hour, > 1 hour) at the same station to form regions. Besides, the SQRT‐ETmáx distribution is used due to extreme rainfall intensity in the Mediterranean area is not under Gumbel law domain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐station neural network for modelling tidal currents across Shinnecock inlet, USA
Authors: Huang Wenrui , Murray Catherine
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the development of a multiple‐station neural network for predicting tidal currents across a coastal inlet. Unlike traditional hydrodynamic models, the neural network model does not need inputs of coastal topography and bathymetry, grids, surface and bottom frictions, and turbulent eddy viscosity. Without solving hydrodynamic equations, the neural network model applies an interconnected neural network to correlate the inputs of boundary forcing of water levels at a remote station to the outputs of tidal currents at multiple stations across a local coastal inlet. Coefficients in the neural network model are trained using a continuous dataset consisting of inputs of water levels at a remote station and outputs of tidal currents at the inlet, and verified using another independent input and output dataset. Once the neural network model has been satisfactorily trained and verified, it can be used to predict tidal currents at a coastal inlet from the inputs of water levels at a remote station. For the case study at Shinnecock Inlet in the southern shore of New York, tidal currents at nine stations across the inlet were predicted by the neural network model using water level data located from a station about 70 km away from the inlet. A continuous dataset in May 2000 was used for the training, and another dataset in July 2000 was used for the verification of the neural network model. Comparing model predictions and observations indicates correlation coefficients range from 0·95 to 0·98, and the root‐mean‐square error ranges from 0·04 to 0·08 m s−1 at the nine current locations across the inlet. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2D stream hydrodynamic, sediment transport and bed morphology model for engineering applications
Authors: Abad Jorge D. , Buscaglia Gustavo C. , Garcia Marcelo H.
Published: August 2007

A 2D depth‐averaged hydrodynamic, sediment transport and bed morphology model named STREMR HySeD is presented. The depth‐averaged sediment transport equations are derived from the 3D dilute, multiphase, flow equations and are incorporated into the hydrodynamic model STREMR. The hydrodynamic model includes a two‐equation turbulence model and a correction for the mean flow due to secondary flows. The suspended sediment load can be subdivided into different size classes using the continuum (two‐fluid) approach; however, only one bed sediment size is used herein. The validation of the model is presented by comparing the suspended sediment transport module against experimental measurements and analytical solutions for the case of equilibrium sediment‐laden in a transition from a rigid bed to a porous bed where re‐suspension of sediment is prevented. On the other hand, the bed‐load sediment transport and bed evolution numerical results are compared against bed equilibrium experimental results for the case of a meander bend. A sensitivity analysis based on the correction for secondary flow on the mean flow including the effect of secondary flow on bed shear stresses direction as well as the downward acceleration effect due to gravity on transverse bed slopes is performed and discussed. In general, acceptable agreement is found when comparing the numerical results obtained with STREMR HySeD against experimental measurements and analytical solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental isotopes and hydrochemical study applied to surface water and groundwater interaction in the Awash River basin
Authors: Ayenew Tenalem , Kebede Seifu , Alemyahu Tamiru
Published: August 2007

An environmental isotope and hydrochemical study was carried out to conceptualize the surface water and groundwater interaction and to explore the groundwater flow pattern in relation to the geological setting. More emphasis is given to the Afar Depression where groundwater is a vital source of water supply. Conventional field hydrogeological study and river discharge records support the isotope and hydrochemical analysis. The region is tectonically active, comprising rift volcanic terrain bordered by highlands. The result revealed that recent meteoric water is the major source of recharge. Three distinct groundwater zones were identified associated with the highlands, transitional escarpment and the rift. Towards the rift, the ionic concentration and isotopic enrichment (δ2H and δ18degO) increases following the groundwater flow paths, which is strongly controlled by axial rift faults. The groundwater flow converges to the seismically active volcano–tectonic depressions with internal drainage and to the Awash River. Within the Afar Depression, at least four groundwater regimen are identified: (1) fresh and shallow groundwater associated with alluvial deposits ultimately recharged by isotopically depleted recent highland rainfall and the evaporated Awash River; (2) cold and relatively younger groundwater within localized fractured volcanics showing mixed origin in axial fault zones; (3) old groundwater with very high ionic concentration and low isotopic signature localized in deep volcanic aquifers; and (4) old and hot saline groundwaters connected to geothermal systems. The study demonstrated that dependable groundwater can only be obtained from the first two aquifer types in aerially restricted zones in flat plains following river courses, local wadis and volcano–tectonic depressions. The conventional hydrogeological survey and discharge records indicate substantial channel losses from the Awash River, which becomes a more dominant source of recharge in central and lower Awash valleys. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposing a formula for evaporation measurement from salt water resources
Authors: Kokya Bahman Ahmadzadeh , Kokya Taher Ahmadzadeh
Published: August 2007

Evaporation involves the change in state of a liquid to a vapour. The evaporation rate from salt‐water resources depends mostly on saturated vapour pressure above its surface. On the other hand, the saturated vapour pressure is affected by the ion activity coefficient, which stems from the chemical salt concentration of water. Thus, an increase in concentration of water results in a reduction of saturated vapour pressure. In order to acquire the actual rate of evaporation from salt‐water resources, a uniform set of evaporation pans with different but specified salt concentrations were used, in a meteorological station under the same conditions. The difference in evaporation rate of each pan can only stem from the difference in chemical salt concentration and, indeed, the molar fraction of water in each saline solution. Therefore, by applying the water molar fraction in the pressure term of fresh‐water evaporation measurement formulas, these equations were developed further for determination of evaporation rate from salt‐water resources. The proposed formulas using very simple terms seem to be suitable for determination of evaporation rate from any water (typically saline, semi‐saline and fresh water) with a satisfactory precision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and physical properties of tricalcium phosphate laminates for bone‐tissue engineering
Authors: Tanimoto Yasuhiro , Nishiyama Norihiro
Published: August 2007

This article describes the processing and characterization of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) laminates fabricated by stacking individual TCP sheets for bone‐tissue engineering. In particular, the influences of sintering temperature (900, 1000, 1100, or 1200°C) on the physical properties of TCP laminates are discussed. After sintering the TCP laminates, we confirmed from the X‐ray diffraction pattern that β‐TCP was transformed to α‐TCP at a temperature between 1100 and 1200°C. The Vickers hardness value increased with increasing sintering temperature, up to 1200°C. Meanwhile, both flexural strength and modulus increased with increasing sintering temperature up to 1100°C, but decreased massively when the laminates were sintered at 1200°C. Additionally, field‐emission scanning electron microscope observation after flexural test showed interlaminar delamination in the TCP laminates sintered at 1200°C, whereas interlaminar delamination was not observed in TCP laminates sintered at 900, 1000, and 1100°C. Accordingly, this explains the massive reduction in flexural properties at a sintering temperature of 1200°C. The results of this investigation indicate that the physical properties of TCP laminates strongly depend upon the sintering temperatures, so that the choice of sintering temperature is an important factor for successful bone‐tissue engineering applications of TCP laminates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Massive arm edema following arteriovenous dialysis shunt creation in a patient with ipsilateral permanent pacemaker
Authors: Maher James , Rivero Abel , Zaim Sina , Pappas Peter J. , Labropoulos Nicos , Klapholz Marc , Saric Muhamed
Published: August 2007

Asymptomatic subclavian vein occlusion following insertion of a permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is not uncommon. We report a case of a dual‐chamber PPM in a patient with an unrecognized left subclavian vein occlusion who developed massive left arm edema following ipsilateral implantation of an arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis graft. We recommend that patients with pre‐existing PPM or ICD leads who are in need of vascular access for hemodialysis should have the AV shunts placed in the contralateral arm. If this is unavoidable, then preoperative subclavian vein screening for patency should be mandatory, even in asymptomatic patients. Sonography is an appropriate initial test in such a situation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Delivering genes to the organ‐localized immune system: long‐term results of direct intramarrow transduction
Authors: Louboutin Jean‐Pierre , Liu Bianling , Chekmasova Alena A. , Reyes Beverly A. S. , van Bockstaele Elisabeth J. , Strayer David S.
Published: August 2007

We studied the distribution of transgene‐expressing cells after direct gene transfer into the bone marrow (BM). Rats received direct injection into the femoral BM of SV(Nef‐FLAG), a Tag‐deleted recombinant SV40 carrying a marker gene (FLAG epitope). Controls received an unrelated rSV40 or saline. Blood cells (5%) and femoral marrow cells (25%) expressed FLAG throughout. FLAG expression was assessed in different organs at 1, 4 and 16 months. FLAG+ macrophages were seen throughout the body, and were prominent in the spleen. FLAG+ cells were common in pulmonary alveoli. The former included alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes. These cells were not detected at 1 month, occasional at 4 months and common at 16 months after intramarrow injection. Rare liver cells were positive for both FLAG and ferritin, indicating that some hepatocytes also expressed this BM‐delivered transgene. Control animals were negative. Thus: (a) fixed tissue phagocytes may be accessible to gene delivery by intramarrow transduction of their progenitors; (b) transduced BM‐resident cells or their derivatives may migrate to other organs (lungs) and may differentiate into epithelial cells; and (c) intramarrow injection of rSV40s does not detectably transduce parenchymal cells of other organs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility studies on a protein kinase assay when using radioisotope detection technique for developing a protein biochip
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Ko Kyong‐Cheol , Gwon Hui Jeong
Published: August 2007

Microarrays have recently become a precious research tool for proteomics and clinical investigation. Their applications to the diagnosis of a disease have emerged as a significant promise for medical advances. In this study, we report on an efficient strategy for the detection of phosphorylation of a substrate catalyzed by kinase, using the radioisotope (RI) detection technique for a protein biochip. This technique does not employ the use of the blocking step which is commonly used in conventional methods to prevent non‐specific binding. It was found that the usage of a RI detection technique has the advantages of being highly sensitive and time saving when compared with other conventional methods. The results can be applied when using RI detection technique to develop biochips to determine the activity of a protein kinase. Further, it can be a useful tool for a high throughput screening and for studying protein–protein interactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on New England Nuclear (NEN)
Authors: Filer Crist N.
Published: August 2007

Selected vignettes from the author's personal experience with technology and colleagues at New England Nuclear are related. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembled‐monolayer‐modified silicon substrate to enhance the sensitivity of peptide detection for AP‐MALDI mass spectrometry
Authors: Hsieh Shuchen , Ku Hsin‐Yi , Ke Yao‐Tang , Wu Hui‐Fen
Published: August 2007

A self‐assembled‐monolayer‐modified silicon substrate was successfully used to enhance the sensitivity of peptide detection for atmospheric pressure‐matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (AP‐MALDI/MS). The effect of surface modification of silicon wafer samples with NH2 and OH functional groups was investigated. In addition, solvent effects for the preparation of modified NH2‐functionalized surfaces were examined. The sensitivities for the two peptides were significantly improved, increasing between 12 and 160 times, for bradykinin and gramicidin, respectively, on an NH2‐modified silicon surface prepared in toluene, over that on a conventional gold substrate. The limits of detection (LODs) for bradykinin and gramicidin using the conventional gold substrate in AP‐MALDI/MS experiments were > 0.011 µM and 110 µM, respectively. Using our SAM approach, the LODs for bradykinin and gramicidin in AP‐MALDI/MS can be improved to 0.93 nM and 0.33 µM, respectively. This SAM approach for AP‐MALDI/MS is simple and sensitive, and can be used for high‐throughput analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Pleistocene loess‐palaeosol sequences in the Vojvodina region, north Serbia
Authors: Marković Slobodan B. , Bokhorst Mark P. , Vandenberghe Jef , McCoy William D. , Oches Eric A. , Hambach Urlich , Gaudenyi Tivadar , Jovanović Mladjen , Zöller Ludwig , Stevens Thomas , Machalett Björn
Published: August 2007

Late Pleistocene loess‐palaeosol sequences are widespread in the Vojvodina region, with thicknesses reaching a maximum of about 20 m. Our investigations include more than 40 of these loess sections. Geochronology of the last glacial loess‐palaeosol sequences, based on luminescence dating and amino acid racemisation, provides correlations between Upper Pleistocene loess‐palaeosol sediments in Vojvodina and comparable deposits at other European localities. Sedimentary logs of magnetic susceptibility, grain‐size measurements and carbonate content, combined with malacological evidence, indicate two main relatively cold and arid phases during the last glacial period, related to intensive accumulation of loess units L1L1 and L1L2, as well as many brief episodes of dry and windy climatic conditions, suggesting a possible relationship with cold events recorded in the North Atlantic region. Generally, late Pleistocene climate in the region was dry and relatively warm, compared with glacial period sites in central Europe, and was characterised by sharp differences between glacial and interglacial modes.

New data and interpretations presented in this study emphasise the significance of loess‐palaeosol sequences in Vojvodina for the reconstruction of the temporal and spatial evolution of late Pleistocene palaeoclimate in this part of Europe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of aphid infection and cultivar on the protein content governing baking quality of wheat flour
Authors: Basky Zsuzsa , Fónagy Adrien
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: Aphids cause both quantitative and qualitative yield losses in cereals. Aphid feeding resulted in a significant decrease in gliadin/glutenin ratio in soft‐kernel wheat. Effect of aphid feeding on hard‐kernel wheat was examined.

RESULTS: Plants of two different hard‐wheat cultivars were artificially infected by two aphid species: Sitobion avenae and Diuraphis noxia. Three different levels of caging regulated aphid density. Aphid density was highest in the cages, followed by open cages and lowest under no‐cage conditions. Numbers of D. noxia were generally higher compared to those of S. avenae. There was no significant difference in head length, mean kernel number/head, mean kernel mass/head or mean individual kernel mass between the two cultivars. Glutenin, gliadin and total protein content was analysed using size‐exclusion HPLC. Quality parameters of wheat flour were significantly different between the two cultivars. Gliadin content, total protein content and gliadin/glutenin ratio were significantly higher in Mv Magdaléna compared to Mv Magvas regardless of the level of caging and infestation, while glutenin content of uninfected Mv Magvas was significantly higher than that of Mv Magdaléna in the open cages. Aphid feeding did not induce any significant reduction in the gliadin, total protein content and gliadin/glutenin ratio of the examined hard wheat cultivars.

CONCLUSION: Individual kernel mass reduction is the major factor in yield loss caused by aphids. Aphid feeding did not change the protein structure of hard‐kernel wheat. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic analysis of the distribution of the major seed allergens in wild, landrace, ancestral, and modern soybean genotypes
Authors: Xu Chenping , Caperna Thomas J , Garrett Wesley M , Cregan Perry , Bae Hanhong , Luthria Devanand L , Natarajan Savithiry
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: A comparative analysis of seed allergens from various soybean genotypes is crucial for identifying and eliminating potential allergens. We have investigated the distribution of three major allergens (Gly m Bd 60K, Gly m Bd 30K and Gly m Bd 28K) in wild, landrace, ancestral and modern soybean genotypes.

RESULTS: Gly m Bd 60K allergens consist of α subunits of β‐conglycinin and G2 subunits of glycinin. In wild genotypes, α subunits of β‐conglycinin separated into six to seven protein spots whereas five to seven spots were observed in the landraces. All genotypes of modern and ancestral groups showed 3–5 protein spots of α subunits of β‐conglycinin. All genotypes showed eight spots of glycinin G2 subunits except one ancestral genotype which had seven spots. Two protein spots were detected for Gly m Bd 30K in 14 genotypes but one spot was detected in two wild genotypes. Two protein spots were detected for Gly m Bd 28K in all genotypes.

CONCLUSION: Considerable heterogeneity of the α subunit of β‐conglycinin distribution exists among these 16 soybean genotypes. Significant proteomic variation was observed between different soybean groups rather than among genotypes in the same group. This investigation would be valuable to researchers working with soybean and nutrition. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymic and in sacco methods to estimate rumen degradation of food protein in cattle
Authors: Chaudhry Abdul S
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: Two factorial studies compared enzymic and in sacco methods to estimate degradation of ruminant foods. Enzyme degradation (in vitro = enzyme) was determined from the release of leucine‐equivalent amino acid (LA) crude protein (CP) from sunflower meal (SF), maize gluten meal (MG), distillers' dark grain (DG) and field beans (FB) after their separate incubations with Streptomyces griseus enzyme for 0–24 h. In sacco crude protein (CP) degradation of these foods was estimated during washing (0 h) and rumen incubations in fistulated cows for 2–24 h. The LA data were expressed as g LA per either kg of CP (LACP) or acid‐hydrolysable LA (HLA) of each food and compared with in sacco data.

RESULTS: These methods showed comparable degradation with time (P < 0.01). The in sacco and HLA were greater than LACP for all foods except MG where in sacco value was either lower or equal to LACP depending upon the incubation time (P > 0.05 or P < 0.05). Conversely, HLA was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than LACP from 2 h onwards. At 0 h, in sacco values were significantly greater than those of enzyme for SF, DG and FB (P < 0.05) but not for MG. The foods differed significantly for degradation constants (a, b, c) in each method (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Despite variations between in sacco and enzyme estimates for different foods, the relationships between these estimates suggest that the HLA enzyme method has the potential to estimate food degradation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
A simple DNA extraction method suitable for PCR detection of genetically modified maize
Authors: Porcar Manuel , Ramos Silvia , Latorre Amparo
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool that is being increasingly used for detection of transgenic DNA. PCR requires only a minute quantity of template, but sensitive and accurate testing requires DNA of sufficient purity and free from inhibitors such as plant polysaccharides. Several standard protocols are available for this purpose, but they usually involve several steps, imply destruction of the maize kernel, or are time‐consuming. Our aim was to develop a fast and simple extraction method to isolate a raw DNA‐containing solution from maize tissues suitable for use as a template in a PCR‐based detection assay with specific oligonucleotides directed to the identification of event MON810.

RESULTS: The NaOH‐based DNA extraction method we report here is time‐saving (5 min) and can be used to isolate DNA‐containing solutions from a small maize leaf portion (down to 1 mg) or from a single overnight‐germinated kernel. PCR performed with selected primers yielded reproducible detection of transgenic DNA.

CONCLUSION: The main advantages of the procedure are the quick extraction step, the possibility of non‐destructive testing of maize kernels, and the robustness of the PCR‐based detection, a consequence of the selection of MON810‐matching oligonucleotides yielding intense and highly specific amplicons. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence of thalamic dysfunction in Huntington disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Ruocco Heloísa H. , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia , Li Li M. , Cendes Fernando
Published: August 2007

Our objective was to investigate thalamic neuronal dysfunction in patients with Huntington disease (HD). We performed localized single‐voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the thalamus in 22 HD patients and 25 healthy individuals. The mean age of patients was 48.5 years (ranging from 32 to 71 years). Age at onset varied between 20 and 66 years (mean 38.9 years). The expanded CAG repeat ranged from 40 to 52 (mean 45.2) CAGs. The mean age of control group was 35.4 years, ranging from 19 to 67 years. N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) relative to creatine (NAA/Cr) values in the thalamus of HD patients were decreased when compared with controls (P = 0.0001). The spectroscopic findings were not correlated with motor impairment. However, there was a positive correlation between duration of disease and motor impairment (P = 0.02, r = 0.48), and a tendency for positive correlation between duration of disease and NAA/Cr (P = 0.059, r = 0.4). We found decreased NAA/Cr values in the thalamus of patients with HD, indicating neuronal loss or dysfunction. This is in agreement with previous studies that indicated the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the neurodegenerative process of HD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Sodium phenylbutyrate in Huntington's disease: A dose‐finding study
Authors: Hogarth Penelope , Lovrecic Luca , Krainc Dimitri
Published: August 2007

Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease (HD) is mediated in part by aberrant patterns of histone acetylation. We performed a dose‐finding study in human HD of sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor that ameliorates the HD phenotype in animal models. We used a dose‐escalation/de‐escalation design, using prespecified toxicity criteria and standard clinical and laboratory safety measures. The maximum tolerated dose was 15 g/day. At higher doses, toxicity included vomiting, lightheadedness, confusion, and gait instability. We saw no significant laboratory or electrocardiographic abnormalities. Gene expression changes in blood suggested an inverse dose‐response. In conclusion, SPB at 12 to 15 g/day appears to be safe and well‐tolerated in human HD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society