bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete with different fiber content and fiber length
Authors: Lam Tian Fook , Yatim Jamaludin bin Mohamad
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the findings of an experimental research conducted on the effects of fiber content and fiber length on the mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete (KFRC). The experimental results can be set as the foundation for the future research related to the development of KFRC as a sustainable and green construction material. In this study, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of KFRC are determined experimentally and the properties of plain concrete are used as a reference. The treated bast kenaf fibers with the alkaline solution of pH 13 is used as the reinforcement in concrete. The influence of five fiber contents (0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) by volume of concrete and two fiber lengths (25 mm and 50 mm) to the KFRC are investigated. Concrete of Grade 30 strength is used and designed by using DOE method. This research is conducted according to British Standard (BS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results indicate that the workability of KFRC is reduced compared to plain concrete. In terms of mechanical properties of KFRC, the results showed that the compressive strength decreased with increase in fiber content. However, the study also found that, by adding appropriate fiber content and fiber length in concrete, the flexural strength and indirect tensile strength of concrete can increase and, at the same time, the KFRC can have similar compressive strength to the plain concrete. Further, KFRC generally exhibits more resistance to cracking and toughness than the plain concrete.
Strength and ductility of external steel collared concrete columns under compressive loading
Authors: Tavio  , Pudjisuryadi P , Suprobo P
Published: December 2015

Many studies have revealed that one way to improve the performance of concrete columns is by providing confinement. Recently, external confining methods have drawn interest of researchers due to its main advantage for retrofitting purpose of existing members. Steel jacketing methods have long been proposed by several studies for externally retrofitting circular concrete columns. On the other hand, the lack of research has been found in addressing its impacts on the rectangular and square concrete sections. This paper discusses the experimental results and behavior of concrete columns under concentric static axial loading. Nine column specimens were cast and tested to observe their behaviors. A control specimen (CS01) was cast without confinement, while another one (CS03a) was provided with internal stirrups to conform the seismic requirements of building code. The other seven specimens were retrofitted with a set of L-shaped steel collars. Specimens S04a and S04b have both traditional internal stirrups and external L-shaped steel collars. These spesimens were intended to simulate the retrofitting work of existing RC columns. The other specimens (S04, S04c, S04d, S04e, and S04f) used various collar configurations to examine the impact of this new retrofitting method. The results have shown significant improvement in both strength and ductility of square concrete column confined externally by L-shaped steel collars.
Money control indicators and investment in Nigeria
Authors: Casmir Chinaemerem Osuji , Samuel Mbadike Nzotta , Oforegbunam Thaddeus Ebiringa , Oforegbunam Thaddeus Ebiringa , Emmanuel Ezeji Chigbu
Published: December 2015

This study empirically investigates the impact of money control indicators on investment in Nigeria. This study was necessitated by the apparent failure of the increasing volume of money supply in the Nigerian economy to induce a corresponding increase in investment, output and employment. The study made use of secondary data covering a period of 34 years from 1980 to 2013. Data were sourced from World Bank indicators and CBN Statistical Bulletin. Econometric techniques such as unit root test, co-integration, vector autoregressive model, and impulse response and variance decomposition analysis with granger causality test were used in the data analysis. The findings show that deposit rates impacted positively on investment in Nigeria and private sector borrowing from banks (PSBFB) was significant. These study shows that deposit rates and private sector borrowing from banks were determinants of investment on account of money control indicators. The study, therefore, recommends that government should device monetary measures capable of ensuring stability in deposit rates and private sector borrowing from banks with strict regulations to ensure sustainable money control for investment in Nigeria.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Cuernavaca (Solanum wrigthii Benth.)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: December 2015

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol cuernavaca Solanum wrigthii Benth., sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
Employer Brand Opens up for a Gender Process Model
Authors: Lundkvist Hans
Published: December 2015

Regardless of a long tradition of legislation, policymaking and practical achievements, the issues ofgender equality and of the segregated labor market still remain a matter of concern in Sweden. Thispaper describes a collaborative process between a research project and an engineering enterprise.It describes the point of departure, based on the concept of employer brand, of a long-term changeprocess and the different phases and activities during an intensive period 2009. The collaborationaimed to develop innovative methods, and to apply them in order to achieve increased genderawareness, and thereby to be able to retain and attract the best labor for tomorrow. Differentapproaches and methods as analogies, anecdotes, and pictures were used to nourish the process.Findings showed that the interactive process contributed to increased awareness. During the processthe enterprise became more conscious of the potential of being a gender equal employer
Three Norwegian Varieties of a Nordic Model — A Historical Perspective on Working Life Relations
Authors: Heiret Jan
Published: December 2015

Through the use of a historical perspective, the aim of this article is to discuss and clarify the concurrent and conflicting interests and norms that have characterized the establishment and development of important institutions in Norwegian working life. The article concentrates on collective bargaining systems, the arrangements for codetermination, and the working environment regulations in both the public and private sector, which are regarded as the main institutions in the Norwegian and Nordic models of working life relations. The article is structured by an analytical distinction between three different historical periods that have constituted three distinct versions of the Norwegian model. By presenting a historical synthesis of Norwegian experiences, the article is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the varieties in the Nordic model, as to further comparisons and broader transnational studies.
As grandes transformações da sociedade e suas implicações
Authors: Villasenor Rafael Lopez
Published: December 2015

Este artigo pretende criar provocações para uma interpretação dos sinais dos tempos. Procuramos recolher alguns elementos que possam ajudar na leitura das conjunturas da sociedade moderna provisória, chamada pelos sociólogos de líquida, em que as relações, os hábitos, as formas de proceder, mudam em um tempo muito curto. Na modernidade líquida os paradigmas tradicionais se enfraquecem e se alteram de maneira muito rápida, os vínculos humanos se fragilizam e se exibilizam, enm, nasce uma religiosidade subjetiva, individualista e difusa, desligada das instituições, que tem suas implicações na atuação pastorais.
Biased Evidence Processing by Multidisciplinary Greenhouse Gas Assurance Teams
Authors: Kim Sarah , Green Wendy J. , Johnstone Karla M.
Published: December 2015

We investigate how auditors respond to the discipline-specific expertise of team members in undertaking greenhouse gas (GHG) assurance. Assurors conduct these engagements using multidisciplinary teams containing varying technical expertise, with some possessing financial audit-related expertise (“traditional auditors”) and others possessing science- or combined science/financial-related expertise. In an experiment in which traditional auditor participants respond to a simulated multidisciplinary team, we find that participants inappropriately rely on an explanation for an unexpected analytical procedures fluctuation from a senior-level assuror with GHG science-related expertise, irrespective of whether the situation requires that expertise. We also examine whether the review process might provide a solution to this inappropriate reliance, and report nuanced results. That is, we find that while inappropriate reliance on the senior-level assuror with science-related expertise is reduced by having a manager-level reviewer with financial audit-related expertise, inappropriate reliance is even greater when the manager-level reviewer possesses GHG science-related or combined science/financial expertise.
Tire ABS-Braking Prediction with Lab Tests and Friction Simulations
Authors: Ignatyev Pavel A. , Ripka Stefan , Mueller Norbert , Torbruegge Stefan , Wies Burkhard
Published: December 2015

The invention and application of antilock braking systems (ABS) has resulted in a significant improvement of traffic safety and a reduction of stopping distance, especially on wet roads [1]. The reason for this success is rather clear: ABS is designed to steer the braking process in the most efficient way by keeping an optimal level of tire slip. At the same time, it must be clear that ABS uses braking forces generated in the tire footprint, and really good braking is possible only with high-performance tires. The best way to probe tire performance is to build tires and test them. This is, however, a long and an expensive procedure, so prediction of ABS performance based on results of some simple experiments is a very attractive supplement to the development process. Tire-braking performance is related to the friction of rubber on a surface. Relevant friction mechanisms can include adhesion, rubber hysteresis, and various kinds of viscous friction. All of these phenomena depend on the local sliding velocity, load, and temperature of tread rubber. Tire blocks pass the footprint area of a braking tire very rapidly, but their dynamics are indeed influenced by ABS. All of these aspects make the problem of ABS-braking prediction very intricate. In this publication, we present an approach for prediction of the ABS-braking performance. The approach links friction measurements conducted in laboratory to tire tests results. The friction of six specially designed compounds was measured on dry and wet surfaces using a high-speed linear friction test rig. Obtained experimental results are analyzed with the aid of rubber friction theory [2,3] involving both surface and rubber as input parameters. It is demonstrated that lab friction test procedures can be used for prediction of ABS wet braking performance.
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Caused by Lymphoproliferative Infiltration in the Course of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Litschel Ralph , Siano Marco , Tasman Abel-Jan , Cogliatti Sergio
Published: December 2015

Background

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the standard treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Only in rare cases, blockage may be caused by malignant tumors and even more exceptionally by lymphatic neoplasms so that biopsies are not routinely taken for diagnostic purposes.

Methods

A computerized retrieval system was used for this retrospective study to identify all patients with histologically documented lymphoproliferative infiltration in the lacrimal drainage system from 2001 to 2009.

Results

In four of 191 patients (2.1%), infiltration of the nasolacrimal sac mucosa with a small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)/chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) was found. Patients who develop symptoms like epiphora within the course of known CLL are highly suspicious for lymphoproliferative infiltration of the lacrimal drainage associated lymphoid tissue.

Conclusion

A proactive approach with ophthalmologic consultation and DCR should be followed in these patients to avoid dacryocystitis.
Association between Chronic Acetaminophen Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis in a Rat Model
Authors: Caballero Nadieska , Welch Kevin C. , Carpenter Patrick S. , Mehrotra Swati , O'Connell Tom F. , Foecking Eileen M.
Published: December 2015

Background

Several population studies demonstrated an increased risk of allergic rhinitis in patients exposed to acetaminophen. However, no histologic studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between acetaminophen exposure and allergic rhinitis.

Objective

In this study, we investigated the association between chronic acetaminophen exposure and the development of allergic rhinitis in a rat model.

Methods

Ten female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a control (n = 5) or an acetaminophen group (n = 5). The acetaminophen group received 200 mg/kg/day of acetaminophen suspended in yogurt via oral gavage for 120 days. The control group received only the yogurt vehicle. Allergic behavioral responses, including nose rub, eye rub, ear scratching, and neck and/or face scratching, were quantified. The rats were killed, and the noses were harvested. The portion of the nose, including the nasal septum and the inferior turbinates, was embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to quantify the inflammatory infiltrate.

Results

The average number of allergic responses per animal was 13.2 in the acetaminophen group versus 6.2 in the control group (p = 0.032). All the rats in the acetaminophen group (100%) had mast cells infiltrating the lamina propria of the inferior turbinate, whereas mast cells were detected in only 40% of the animals in the control group. The average number of mast cells per animal in the acetaminophen group was 134 versus 21 in the control group (p = 0.048).

Conclusions

Our study was the first to demonstrate a histologic association between chronic exposure to acetaminophen and rhinitis. Further research to elucidate the mechanism that underlies these findings is necessary.
Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of a Giant Middle Fossa Epidermoid Cyst
Authors: Best Jennifer , Schneider John S. , Turner Justin H.
Published: December 2015

Intracranial epidermoid cysts are rare. We report a case of a 55-year-old man who presented with trigeminal neuralgia and was found, on imaging, to have an epidermoid cyst located in the right middle fossa. He was managed via an entirely endoscopic endonasal approach. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging confirmed complete removal of the mass, and the patient continued to have complete resolution of symptoms at a 1-year follow-up.
Ovomucoid Specific Immunoglobulin E as a Predictor of Tolerance to Cooked Egg
Authors: Bartnikas Lisa M. , Sheehan William J. , Tuttle Katherine L. , Petty Carter R. , Schneider Lynda C. , Phipatanakul Wanda
Published: December 2015

Background

Ovomucoid is the dominant allergen in hen's egg. Although several studies evaluated the utility of ovomucoid specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels in predicting baked (e.g., muffin or cupcake) or raw egg food challenge outcomes, studies that evaluated ovomucoid sIgE as a predictor of cooked egg (e.g., scrambled or hard boiled) challenge outcomes are limited.

Objective

To determine the relation of ovomucoid sIgE levels with cooked egg food challenge outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective review of 44 children who underwent cooked egg food challenge and who had the ovomucoid sIgE level measured.

Results

Thirty-six of 44 children (81.8%) passed cooked egg challenge. The ovomucoid sIgE level predicted cooked egg challenge outcome (passed median, <0.35 kU/L [range, <0.35–0.64 kU/L]; failed median, 0.40 kU/L [range, <0.35–3.13 kU/L]; p = 0.004). Ovomucoid sIgE levels correlated with egg white (EW) sIgE levels (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.588; p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of ovomucoid and EW sIgE demonstrated areas under the curve of 0.711 and 0.766, respectively. No significant difference was observed among those immunologic parameters in their abilities to predict cooked egg challenge outcome (p = 0.559).

Conclusion

The ovomucoid sIgE level may be helpful in predicting cooked egg challenge outcomes. However, our study did not support a role for ovomucoid sIgE replacing EW sIgE testing in evaluating egg allergy.
Association of Interleukin 7 Receptor (rs1494555 and rs6897932) Gene Polymorphisms with Asthma in a North Indian Population
Authors: Sinha Shweta , Singh Jagtar , Kumar Jindal Surinder
Published: December 2015

Background

Interleukin 7R (IL-7R), a cytokine receptor gene, plays an important role in the development of innate and adaptive inflammatory response in asthma etiology.

Objective

IL-7R is a heterodimeric protein composed of α chain and γ chain. The α chain of IL-7R has a range of single nucleotide polymorphisms, which give rise to nonsynonymous amino-acid substitutions that might result in an increased production of inflammatory cytokines and cause asthma.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted with a total of 964 subjects, including 483 healthy controls and 481 patients with asthma. DNA samples were extracted from blood, and genotyping was done by using sequence-specific-primer–polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Statistical analysis revealed that IL-7R + 1237A/G (rs1494555) gene polymorphism shows a highly protective association toward asthma (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, p < 0.001) in AG genotype as well as in mutant GG genotype (OR 0.64, p = 0.029). However, IL-7R + 2087T/C (rs6897932) polymorphism showed an increased risk toward asthma in TC genotype (OR 1.70, p = 0.002) as well as in the CC genotype (OR 1.68, p = 0.002). Furthermore, the GT and AC haplotypes in the IL-7R polymorphisms were also found to be significantly associated with asthma (p = 0.001 and p = 0.037, respectively).

Conclusions

The study conducted in a north Indian population indicated that the protective association was observed for the + 1237A/G position, and a significant risk was observed for the + 2087T/C position in asthma.
Surgical Relationship of the Nasolacrimal System to the Maxillary Line: Performing Safe Mega Antrostomy
Authors: Sarber Kathleen M. , O'Connor Peter D. , Doellman Mary S. , Dagucon Micaela J. , Chen Philip G. , McMains Kevin C. , Weitzel Erik K.
Published: December 2015

Background

Endoscopic extended maxillary mega-antrostomy (EMMA) is a mucosal sparing technique that allows maxillary drainage by gravity, with a reported symptomatic nasolacrimal duct injury incidence of 0–4%, based on history alone. Injury to the nasolacrimal duct is known to cause epiphora, a complication that is rare but more often seen in this revision surgery.

Objective

The goal of this study was to determine the incidence of nasolacrimal system penetration during EMMA. We, in addition, sought to determine the minimal safe distance from the midpoint of the maxillary line (the “M” point) to the nasolacrimal system to avoid this injury.

Methods

Six cadaveric heads underwent bilateral Jones II test followed by EMMA. Measurements from the M point to the antrostomy were recorded. The Jones II test was then repeated to assess for penetration and/or injury of the nasolacrimal system. If no penetration occurred at the surgical limit of EMMA, then dissection was continued incrementally until penetration occurred. This measurement was recorded.

Results

Lacrimal duct violation was identified in 5 of 12 procedures (42%). Lacrimal duct penetration occurred at an average of 3.7 mm (range, 2–7 mm) posterior to the M point.

Conclusion

Subclinical lacrimal system injury is likely to occur during EMMA. These findings would indicate that maintaining a distance of >7 mm from the maxillary line could avoid this injury.
Fungal Septal Abscess Complicating Maxillary Sinus Fungus Balls in an Immunocompetent Host
Authors: Patel Rusha , Orlandi Richard R.
Published: December 2015

Background

Fungal infections of the nasal cavity can be destructive entities that are typically seen in immunocompromised hosts. We present a case of a localized fungal abscess of the nasal septum in an immunocompetent host after endoscopic treatment of maxillary sinus fungus balls.

Method

A 51-year-old woman with a history of asthma and recent treatment with oral steroids presented with bilateral maxillary sinus mycetomas. She underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. The postoperative course was complicated by an asthma flare, which required oral steroids. The patient returned with nasal obstruction, and results of a physical examination were consistent with a nasal septal abscess. Drainage was attempted, and cultures showed fungal elements. The abscess reaccumulated, and the patient was referred to our institution. Operative drainage was performed with placement of a catheter in the septal abscess cavity. Forty-eight hours of amphotericin irrigations were performed through this site. The patient was started on oral antifungal therapy. Results of an immune workup, including testing for human immunodeficiency virus and assessing immunoglobulin levels, were negative. Final fungal cultures grew Scedosporium apiospermum sensitive to voriconazole. The patient completed therapy without further recurrence. Follow-up at 6 months demonstrated no further recurrence of her fungal septal infection.

Conclusion

Sinonasal fungal infections rarely occur in immunocompetent hosts. The septum may have been seeded during the endoscopic sinus surgery. The use of oral steroids may have been a risk factor for the development of an aggressive nasal septal fungal abscess in this patient. This is the first reported case of a nasal septal abscess in an otherwise immunocompetent host with S. apiospermum.
Ragweed Allergy: Pollen Count and Sensitization and Allergy Prevalence in Two Italian Allergy Centers
Authors: Ariano Renato , Berra Daniele , Chiodini Elena , Ortolani Valeria , Cremonte Luigi Giovanni , Mazzarello Maria Gabriella , Galdi Eugenia , Calosso Chiara , Ciprandi Giorgio
Published: December 2015

Background

Ragweed allergy represents a challenge for allergists due to its increase in some geographic areas, mainly northern Italy.

Objectives

To compare two allergy centers in northern Italy by analyzing both the pollen count and the patient characteristics (sensitization and allergy prevalence) over a 10-year period.

Methods

Pollen counts for 10 years (2004 –2013) were evaluated and compared in the two centers. Characteristics of patients who were sensitized and allergic to ragweed were analyzed.

Results

There was a significantly higher pollen count in Busto Arsizio than in Novi Ligure (p < 0.001). The patients who were seen in the Busto Arsizio center showed more frequent sensitization (p < 0.01) and allergy (p < 0.05) to ragweed than patients who were seen in the Novi Ligure center. The pollen count was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with sensitization and allergy difference. Allergic asthma was more frequent (p < 0.05) in Busto Arsizio.

Conclusions

The pattern of sensitization and allergy prevalence seemed to be associated with ragweed pollen pressure, such as quantity. The knowledge of the pollen count is relevant in clinical practice, mainly for the management of patients with allergy.
Fifty Years in the Life of Veterinary Students
Authors: Greenhill Lisa , Elmore Ronnie , Stewart Sherry , Carmichael K. Paige , Blackwell Michael J.
Published: December 2015

Many changes in US veterinary colleges and their student bodies have occurred during the past 50 years. These have reflected US demographics in many ways. With these changes have come many changes in student life. The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges has played an important role in facilitating and tracking many of the changes by creating numerous opportunities for colleges to work together on issues related to admissions, diversity, and scholarly publication in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education.
Driving Success over the Past 50 Years—The Faculty in Academic Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Buss Daryl D.
Published: December 2015

The faculty at member schools and colleges of the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) are critical for continued progress in veterinary medicine. The success of those faculty members over the past 50 years has positioned veterinary medicine to engage an ever-widening array of opportunities, responsibilities, and societal needs. Yet the array of skills and accomplishments of faculty in academic veterinary medicine are not always visible to the public, or even within our profession. The quality and the wide range of their scholarship are reflected, in part, through the according of national and international awards and honors from organizations relevant to their particular areas of expertise. The goal of this study was to illustrate the breadth of expertise and the quality of the faculty at 34 schools/colleges of veterinary medicine by examining the diversity of organizations that have recognized excellence in faculty achievements through a variety of awards.
Flexural Behavior of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Beams
Authors: Arezoumandi Mahdi , Ortega Carlos A. , Volz Jeffery S.
Published: December 2015

An experimental investigation was conducted to study both mechanical properties and the flexural strength of full-scale reinforced concrete beams constructed with both high-volume fly ash concrete—concrete with 70% of the cement replaced with fly ash—and conventional concrete (CC). The beams were tested under a simply supported four-point loading condition. The experimental cracking, yielding, and ultimate moments as well as deflection on ultimate load of the beams were compared with both the ACI 318-11 and Eurocode 2-05 provisions. Furthermore, the experimental flexural strengths of the beams were compared with both the modified compression field theory method and a flexural test database of CC specimens. Results of this study showed that the high-volume fly ash concrete beams had comparable flexural strength compared with the CC beams.
Intercity Transportation Planning in China
Authors: Yang Jiawen , Lin Xiongbin , Xie Ying
Published: December 2015

As a response to the emergence of multicity urban areas, Chinese governments began to adopt the American concept of a metropolitan area to frame strategies for spatial development and planning. Chinese metropolitan areas, however, lack U.S.-style metropolitan planning organizations that can engage multiple municipal governments in metropoliswide policy making, planning, and investment. With the Pearl River Delta's Guangzhou–Foshan metropolitan area in China as the example, this paper examines how a governing arrangement has emerged in the process of transportation planning and assesses its effectiveness in addressing the metropolitanwide need for transportation accessibility. The successes of metro transit and an annual toll pass are in contrast with limited progress in taxi management and arterial road projects, which points to the need for fine-tuning the governing arrangement.
Operational Redistribution Model for a Large-Scale Bicycle-Sharing System
Authors: Song Mingzhu , Li Meng , Zou Mingqiao
Published: December 2015

In recent years, bicycle-sharing systems (BSSs) have been getting more and more popular in many cities all over the world, particularly in developing countries. However, a significant operating problem was the imbalance that occurred in the distribution of bicycles, especially in large-scale BSSs during peak hours. This problem could significantly reduce the level of service and number of potential users. To improve the level of service of BSSs, the necessity of redistribution was analyzed, and an operational redistribution model (ORM) that could deal with large-scale redistribution was developed. The objective of the ORM was to minimize the generalized operation costs of BSSs, which were the penalty cost of unserved user demand and the cost of redistribution of bicycles. The overall system performance was analyzed under several scenarios. The results demonstrated that an ORM could effectively improve the level of service of a BSS and could provide a detailed work plan for each redistribution truck to implement. For redistribution in a large-scale BSS, the partition of subzones was important to achieve a high level of service with relatively low generalized costs. In addition, an optimal number of subzones could be found through the scenario-based optimization process.
Methodological Framework to Obtain Key Factors Influencing Choice of Bicycle as a Mode
Authors: Majumdar Bandhan Bandhu , Mitra Sudeshna , Pareekh Parag
Published: December 2015

User perception strongly influences transportation mode choice. Two case study cities, Kharagpur and Asansol, India, with different urban characteristics and bicycle patronage, were selected for analysis to capture the effects of urban characteristics such as city size, structure, economy, and demographic patterns on users' perception of bicycle mode choice. Eighteen factors influencing the choice of bicycling, either as motivators or as deterrents, were identified. Selected attributes were analyzed on the basis of user perception across different population subgroups to investigate their effect on the choice of bicycling as a travel mode. The Kruskal–Wallis H-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test were used to test for heterogeneity in user response across various population subgroups. The results of these tests indicated that perceptions of almost all attributes differed significantly across the two cities in this study. Hence, two models were developed with the use of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to extract the underlying structure of user perception. Two five-factor models were derived from the analyses, with one factor, perceived benefits, being common to both cities, reflecting a similarity in users' attitudes toward benefits associated with bicycling. On the basis of the EFA results and user ranking, most significant variables were identified. Among them, physical fitness was identified as a motivator common to both cities. Route visibility, road width, and on-street parking were identified as deterrents common to both cities, indicating common concerns about road infrastructure among users. These key attributes could be used to formulate bicycle-related policies and could be included in stated-choice experiments for the purpose of valuation.
Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Nitrogen Uptake of Plants: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps
Authors: Bücking Heike , Kafle Arjun
Published: December 2015

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an essential role for the nutrient uptake of the majority of land plants, including many important crop species. The extraradical mycelium of the fungus takes up nutrients from the soil, transfers these nutrients to the intraradical mycelium within the host root, and exchanges the nutrients against carbon from the host across a specialized plant-fungal interface. The contribution of the AM symbiosis to the phosphate nutrition has long been known, but whether AM fungi contribute similarly to the nitrogen nutrition of their host is still controversially discussed. However, there is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates that AM fungi can actively transfer nitrogen to their host, and that the host plant with its carbon supply stimulates this transport, and that the periarbuscular membrane of the host is able to facilitate the active uptake of nitrogen from the mycorrhizal interface. In this review, our current knowledge about nitrogen transport through the fungal hyphae and across the mycorrhizal interface is summarized, and we discuss the regulation of these pathways and major research gaps.
Kinetic Adsorption Study of Silver Nanoparticles on Natural Zeolite: Experimental and Theoretical Models
Authors: Ruíz-Baltazar Alvaro , Pérez Ramiro
Published: December 2015

In this research, the adsorption capacity of Ag nanoparticles on natural zeolite from Oaxaca is presented. In order to describe the adsorption mechanism of silver nanoparticles on zeolite, experimental adsorption models for Ag ions and Ag nanoparticles were carried out. These experimental data obtained by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique were compared with theoretical models such as Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion. Correlation factors R2 of the order of 0.99 were observed. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy describes the distribution of the silver nanoparticles on the zeolite outer surface. Additionally, a chemical characterization of the material was carried out through a dilution process with lithium metaborate. An average value of 9.3 in the Si/Al ratio was observed. Factors such as the adsorption behavior of the silver ions and the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite are very important to support the theoretical models and establish the adsorption mechanism of Ag nanoparticles on natural zeolite.
Association between Eight Functional Polymorphisms and Haplotypes in the Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Gene and Dyslipidemia in National Minority Adults in the Far West Region of China
Authors: Guo Shuxia , Hu Yunhua , Ding Yusong , Liu Jiaming , Zhang Mei , Ma Rulin , Guo Heng , Wang Kui , He Jia , Yan Yizhong , Rui Dongsheng , Sun Feng , Mu Lati , Niu Qiang , Zhang Jingyu , Li Shugang
Published: December 2015

We have investigated the relationship between the polymorphisms and haplotypes in the CETP gene, and dyslipidemia among the Xinjiang Kazak and Uyghur populations in China. A total of 712 patients with dyslipidemia and 764 control subjects of CETP gene polymorphism at rs12149545, rs3764261, rs1800775, rs711752, rs708272, rs289714, rs5882, and rs1801706 loci were studied by the Snapshot method, linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype construction. The results are as follows: (1) the minor allele of eight loci of frequencies in the two groups were different from other results of similar studies in other countries; (2) In the linear regression analysis, the HDL-C levels of rs708272 TT, rs1800775 AA, rs289714 CC and rs711752 AA genotypes were significantly higher than those of other genotypes, however, the rs3764261 GG and rs12149545 GG genotypes were significantly lower than those of other genotypes in the two ethnic groups. The HDL-C levels of the rs12149545 GG genotype were lower than those of other genotypes; (3) in the control group, the rs708272 CT genotype of TG levels were lower than in the CC genotype, the T genotype of LDL-C levels were lower than in the CC genotype, and the HDL-C levels were higher than in the CT genotype; the rs1800775 AC genotype of TG levels were higher than in the AA genotype, the rs711752 AG genotype of TG levels were lower than in the GG genotype, the AA genotype LDL-C levels were lower than in the GG genotype, and the HDL-C levels were higher than in the AG genotype; the rs1800775 AC genotype of TG levels were higher than in the AA genotype. In the dyslipidemia group, the rs708272 TT genotype of TC and LDL-C levels were higher than in the CT genotype and the rs3764261 TT genotype of TC levels were higher than in the GG genotype. The rs711752 AA genotype of TC and LDL-C levels were higher than in the AG genotype, and the rs12149545 AA genotype of TC and LDL-C levels were higher than in the GG genotype; (4) perfect Linkage Disequilibrium was observed for two sets of two SNPs: rs3764261 and rs12149545; rs711752 and rs708272. (5) Using SHEsis software analysis, the five A/T/A/A/T/C/A/G, A/T/A/A/T/T/G/A, G/G/A/G/C/C/G/G, G/G/C/G/C/C/A/G and G/G/C/G/C/T/G/G haplotypes were between dyslipidemia group and control group statistically significantly different (p < 0.05 in each case). The polymorphism of CETP genes rs708272, rs3764261, rs1800775, rs711752, rs12149545 was closely related to the dyslipidemia in the Xinjiang Uyghur and Kazakh ethnic groups; and the rs708272 T, rs3764261 T, rs711752 A, and rs12149545 A alleles could reduce risk of dyslipidemia in the Uyghur and Kazakh populations, however, the rs1800775 C allele showed risk factors.
Biosynthesis of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Wheat Triggered by Expression of Artificial Gene
Authors: Mihálik Daniel , Klčová Lenka , Ondreičková Katarína , Hudcovicová Martina , Gubišová Marcela , Klempová Tatiana , Čertík Milan , Pauk János , Kraic Ján
Published: December 2015

The artificial gene D6D encoding the enzyme ∆6desaturase was designed and synthesized using the sequence of the same gene from the fungus Thamnidium elegans. The original start codon was replaced by the signal sequence derived from the wheat gene for high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the codon usage was completely changed for optimal expression in wheat. Synthesized artificial D6D gene was delivered into plants of the spring wheat line CY-45 and the gene itself, as well as transcribed D6D mRNA were confirmed in plants of T0 and T1 generations. The desired product of the wheat genetic modification by artificial D6D gene was the γ-linolenic acid. Its presence was confirmed in mature grains of transgenic wheat plants in the amount 0.04%–0.32% (v/v) of the total amount of fatty acids. Both newly synthesized γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid have been detected also in leaves, stems, roots, awns, paleas, rachillas, and immature grains of the T1 generation as well as in immature and mature grains of the T2 generation. Contents of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid varied in range 0%–1.40% (v/v) and 0%–1.53% (v/v) from the total amount of fatty acids, respectively. This approach has opened the pathway of desaturation of fatty acids and production of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in wheat.
Tudor-SN Regulates Milk Synthesis and Proliferation of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Ao Jinxia , Wei Chengjie , Si Yu , Luo Chaochao , Lv Wei , Lin Ye , Cui Yingjun , Gao Xuejun
Published: December 2015

Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein, related to multiple and diverse cell type- and species-specific cellular processes. Studies have shown that Tudor-SN is mainly expressed in secretory cells, however knowledge of its role is limited. In our previous work, we found that the protein level of Tudor-SN was upregulated in the nucleus of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). In this study, we assessed the role of Tudor-SN in milk synthesis and cell proliferation of BMEC. We exploited gene overexpression and silencing methods, and found that Tudor-SN positively regulates milk synthesis and proliferation via Stat5a activation. Both amino acids (methionine) and estrogen triggered NFκB1 to bind to the gene promoters of Tudor-SN and Stat5a, and this enhanced the protein level and nuclear localization of Tudor-SN and p-Stat5a. Taken together, these results suggest the key role of Tudor-SN in the transcriptional regulation of milk synthesis and proliferation of BMEC under the stimulation of amino acids and hormones.
DNA Double Strand Break Response and Limited Repair Capacity in Mouse Elongated Spermatids
Authors: Ahmed Emad , Scherthan Harry , De Rooij Dirk
Published: December 2015

Spermatids are extremely sensitive to genotoxic exposures since during spermiogenesis only error-prone non homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathways are available. Hence, genomic damage may accumulate in sperm and be transmitted to the zygote. Indirect, delayed DNA fragmentation and lesions associated with apoptotic-like processes have been observed during spermatid elongation, 27 days after irradiation. The proliferating spermatogonia and early meiotic prophase cells have been suggested to retain a memory of a radiation insult leading later to this delayed fragmentation. Here, we used meiotic spread preparations to localize phosphorylate histone H2 variant (γ-H2AX) foci marking DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in elongated spermatids. This technique enabled us to determine the background level of DSB foci in elongated spermatids of RAD54/RAD54B double knockout (dko) mice, severe combined immunodeficiency SCID mice, and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor (DPQ)-treated mice to compare them with the appropriate wild type controls. The repair kinetics data and the protein expression patterns observed indicate that the conventional NHEJ repair pathway is not available for elongated spermatids to repair the programmed and the IR-induced DSBs, reflecting the limited repair capacity of these cells. However, although elongated spermatids express the proteins of the alternative NHEJ, PARP1-inhibition had no effect on the repair kinetics after IR, suggesting that DNA damage may be passed onto sperm. Finally, our genetic mutant analysis suggests that an incomplete or defective meiotic recombinational repair of Spo11-induced DSBs may lead to a carry-over of the DSB damage or induce a delayed nuclear fragmentation during the sensitive programmed chromatin remodeling occurring in elongated spermatids.
Dietary Compound Kaempferol Inhibits Airway Thickening Induced by Allergic Reaction in a Bovine Serum Albumin-Induced Model of Asthma
Authors: Shin Daekeun , Park Sin-Hye , Choi Yean-Jung , Kim Yun-Ho , Antika Lucia , Habibah Nurina , Kang Min-Kyung , Kang Young-Hee
Published: December 2015

Asthma is characterized by aberrant airways including epithelial thickening, goblet cell hyperplasia, and smooth muscle hypertrophy within the airway wall. The current study examined whether kaempferol inhibited mast cell degranulation and prostaglandin (PG) release leading to the development of aberrant airways, using an in vitro model of dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA)-sensitized rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) mast cells and an in vivo model of BSA-challenged asthmatic mice. Nontoxic kaempferol at 10–20 μM suppressed β-hexosaminidase release and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-mediated production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in sensitized mast cells. Oral administration of ≤20 mg/kg kaempferol blocked bovine serum albumin (BSA) inhalation-induced epithelial cell excrescence and smooth muscle hypertrophy by attenuating the induction of COX2 and the formation of PGD2 and PGF2α, together with reducing the anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in mouse airways. Kaempferol deterred the antigen-induced mast cell activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) responsive to protein kinase Cμ (PKCμ) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Furthermore, the antigen-challenged activation of Syk-phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) pathway was dampened in kaempferol-supplemented mast cells. These results demonstrated that kaempferol inhibited airway wall thickening through disturbing Syk-PLCγ signaling and PKCμ-ERK-cPLA2-COX2 signaling in antigen-exposed mast cells. Thus, kaempferol may be a potent anti-allergic compound targeting allergic asthma typical of airway hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Cisplatin and Phthalocyanine for Combination Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy in vitro
Authors: Vivero-Escoto Juan , Elnagheeb Maram
Published: December 2015

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been synthesized and loaded with both aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlClPc) and cisplatin as combinatorial therapeutics for treating cancer. The structural and photophysical properties of the MSN materials were characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were evaluated in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays, respectively. The CLSM experiments showed that the MSN materials can be readily internalized in HeLa cells. The cytotoxic experiments demonstrated that, after light exposure, the combination of both AlClPc and cisplatin compounds in the same MSN platform potentiate the toxic effect against HeLa cells in comparison to the control AlClPc-MSN and cisplatin-MSN materials. These results show the potential of using MSN platforms as nanocarriers for combination photodynamic and chemotherapies to treat cancer.
Dietary Salt Intake and Discretionary Salt Use in Two General Population Samples in Australia: 2011 and 2014
Authors: Nowson Caryl , Lim Karen , Grimes Carley , O’Halloran Siobhan , Land Mary , Webster Jacqui , Shaw Jonathan , Chalmers John , Smith Wayne , Flood Victoria , Woodward Mark , Neal Bruce
Published: December 2015

The limited Australian measures to reduce population sodium intake through national initiatives targeting sodium in the food supply have not been evaluated. The aim was, thus, to assess if there has been a change in salt intake and discretionary salt use between 2011 and 2014 in the state of Victoria, Australia. Adults drawn from a population sample provided 24 h urine collections and reported discretionary salt use in 2011 and 2014. The final sample included 307 subjects who participated in both surveys, 291 who participated in 2011 only, and 135 subjects who participated in 2014 only. Analysis included adjustment for age, gender, metropolitan area, weekend collection and participation in both surveys, where appropriate. In 2011, 598 participants: 53% female, age 57.1(12.0)(SD) years and in 2014, 442 participants: 53% female, age 61.2(10.7) years provided valid urine collections, with no difference in the mean urinary salt excretion between 2011: 7.9 (7.6, 8.2) (95% CI) g/salt/day and 2014: 7.8 (7.5, 8.1) g/salt/day (p = 0.589), and no difference in discretionary salt use: 35% (2011) and 36% (2014) reported adding salt sometimes or often/always at the table (p = 0.76). Those that sometimes or often/always added salt at the table and when cooking had 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) g/salt/day (p = 0.0016) higher salt excretion. There is no indication over this 3-year period that national salt reduction initiatives targeting the food supply have resulted in a population reduction in salt intake. More concerted efforts are required to reduce the salt content of manufactured foods, together with a consumer education campaign targeting the use of discretionary salt.
An RFID Based Smart Feeder for Hummingbirds
Authors: Ibarra Vicente , Araya-Salas Marcelo , Tang Yu-ping , Park Charlie , Hyde Anthony , Wright Timothy , Tang Wei
Published: December 2015

We present an interdisciplinary effort to record feeding behaviors and control the diet of a hummingbird species (Phaethornis longirostris, the long-billed hermit or LBH) by developing a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based smart feeder. The system contains an RFID reader, a microcontroller, and a servo-controlled hummingbird feeder opener; the system is presented as a tool for studying the cognitive ability of the LBH species. When equipped with glass capsule RFID tags (which are mounted on the hummingbird), the smart feeder can provide specific diets for predetermined sets of hummingbirds at the discretion of biologists. This is done by reading the unique RFID tag on the hummingbirds and comparing the ID number with the pre-programmed ID numbers stored in the smart feeder. The smart feeder records the time and ID of each hummingbird visit. The system data is stored in a readily available SD card and is powered by two 9 V batteries. The detection range of the system is approximately 9–11 cm. Using this system, biologists can assign the wild hummingbirds to different experimental groups and monitor their diets to determine if they develop a preference to any of the available nectars. During field testing, the smart feeder system has demonstrated consistent detection (when compared to detections observed by video-recordings) of RFID tags on hummingbirds and provides pre-designed nectars varying water and sugar concentrations to target individuals. The smart feeder can be applied to other biological and environmental studies in the future.