bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of Time-Averaged Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Nearshore
Authors: Yoon Hyun-Doug , Cox Daniel , Mori Nobuhito
Published: November 2015

To quantify the effect of wave breaking turbulence on sediment transport in the nearshore, the vertical distribution of time-averaged suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the surf zone was parameterized in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) at different cross-shore locations, including the bar crest, bar trough, and inner surf zone. Using data from a large-scale laboratory experiment, a simple relationship was developed between the time-averaged SSC and the time-averaged TKE. The vertical variation of the time-averaged SSC was fitted to an equation analogous to the turbulent dissipation rate term. At the bar crest, the proposed equation was slightly modified to incorporate the effect of near-bed sediment processes and yielded reasonable agreement. This parameterization yielded the best agreement at the bar trough, with a coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 0.72 above the bottom boundary layer. The time-averaged SSC in the inner surf zone showed good agreement near the bed but poor agreement near the water surface, suggesting that there is a different sedimentation mechanism that controls the SSC in the inner surf zone.
« Nous continuons l'œuvre de notre cher grand-papa Lénine-Staline » : le reflet de l'idéologie stalinienne dans les lettres d'enfants soviétiques des années 1930 »
Authors: Kucherenko Olga
Published: November 2015

The efficacy and the degree of influence of state ideological indoctrination on the public self-expression of Soviet children in the 1930s is still a little-explored theme. An analysis of their letters written to political leaders during this period, shows not only the children's mastery of the official rhetoric, but also exhibits their ability to criticise certain governmental policies, although these letters do not seem to be conscious manifestations against the accepted social and political norms.
Le « parfait pochliak » : Pline le Jeune dans la correspondance de Nabokov
Authors: Larmour David H. J.
Published: November 2015

In a letter to Edmund Wilson dated 2 December, 1944, Nabokov makes fun of Pliny the Younger whom he describes as "the perfect poshliak. Although he is one of the inventors of the epistolary genre, Nabokov appears to object to the utilitarian intentions of Plinian writing, which are far removed from the Nabokovian credo of "art for art's sake", and his distaste for political tyrants probably made him unsympathetic to Pliny's unrestrained adulation of Emperor Trajan. Nonetheless, Nabokov overstates the case when he denies "any literary talent" to his Roman predecessor and there are more similarities between the two — especially in their mutual concern for self-promotion — than Nabokov might have cared to admit.
Lettres de protestation dans l'U.R.S.S. post-stalinienne : du choix des justifications
Authors: Daucé Françoise
Published: November 2015

The paper analyzes a number of open letters, addressed by dissidents to the Soviet government in the period 1965-1970. These letters usually consisted of two parts. The first one was dedicated to reminding the Soviet government of its obligation to respect Soviet law, whereas the second told individual stories of dissidents suffering from various violations of their constitutional rights. Therefore, these letters show the double influence of liberalism and personalism on the political culture of the dissidents. Personalism, however, with its stress on personal and family relations, rather than ideology, kept former dissidents away from public political life after Perestroika and in Post-Soviet Russia.
Resolving cryptic species of Bossiella (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) using contemporary and historical DNA
Authors: Hind Katharine R. , Miller Kathy Ann , Young Madeline , Jensen Cassandra , Gabrielson Paul W. , Martone Patrick T.
Published: November 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Phenotypic plasticity and convergent evolution have long complicated traditional morphological taxonomy. Fortunately, DNA sequences provide an additional basis for comparison, independent of morphology. Most importantly, by obtaining DNA sequences from historical type specimens, we are now able to unequivocally match species names to genetic groups, often with surprising results.

Methods:

We used an integrative taxonomic approach to identify and describe Northeast Pacific pinnately branched species in the red algal coralline genus Bossiella, for which traditional taxonomy recognized only one species, the generitype, Bossiella plumosa. We analyzed DNA sequences from historical type specimens and modern topotype specimens to assign species names and to identify genetic groups that were different and that required new names. Our molecular taxonomic assessment was followed by a detailed morphometric analysis of each species.

KEY RESULTS:

Our study of B. plumosa revealed seven pinnately branched Bossiella species. Three species, B. frondescens, B. frondifera, and B. plumosa, were assigned names based on sequences from type specimens. The remaining four species, B. hakaiensis, B. manzae, B. reptans, and B. montereyensis, were described as new to science. In most cases, there was significant overlap of morphological characteristics among species.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study underscores the pitfalls of relying upon morpho‐anatomy alone to distinguish species and highlights our likely underestimation of species worldwide. Our integrative taxonomic approach can serve as a model for resolving the taxonomy of other plant and algal genera.
Genomic Selection for PredictingFusariumHead Blight Resistance in a Wheat Breeding Program
Authors: Arruda Marcio P. , Brown Patrick J. , Lipka Alexander E. , Krill Allison M. , Thurber Carrie , Kolb Frederic L.
Published: November 2015

Genomic selection (GS) is a breeding method that uses marker–trait models to predict unobserved phenotypes. This study developed GS models for predicting traits associated with resistance toFusariumhead blight (FHB) in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). We used genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) to identify 5054 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were then treated as predictor variables in GS analysis. We compared how the prediction accuracy of the genomic‐estimated breeding values (GEBVs) was affected by (i) five genotypic imputation methods (random forest imputation [RFI], expectation maximization imputation [EMI],k‐nearest neighbor imputation [kNNI], singular value decomposition imputation [SVDI], and the mean imputation [MNI]); (ii) three statistical models (ridge‐regression best linear unbiased predictor [RR‐BLUP], least absolute shrinkage and operator selector [LASSO], and elastic net); (iii) marker density (p= 500, 1500, 3000, and 4500 SNPs); (iv) training population (TP) size (nTP= 96, 144, 192, and 218); (v) marker‐based and pedigree‐based relationship matrices; and (vi) control for relatedness in TPs and validation populations (VPs). No discernable differences in prediction accuracy were observed among imputation methods. The RR‐BLUP outperformed other models in nearly all scenarios. Accuracies decreased substantially when marker number decreased to 3000 or 1500 SNPs, depending on the trait; when sample size of the training set was less than 192; when using pedigree‐based instead of marker‐based matrix; or when no control for relatedness was implemented. Overall, moderate to high prediction accuracies were observed in this study, suggesting that GS is a very promising breeding strategy for FHB resistance in wheat.
Identification of a Candidate Gene in Solanum habrochaites for Resistance to a Race 1 Strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Authors: Bao Zhilong , Meng Fanhong , Strickler Susan R. , Dunham Diane M. , Munkvold Kathy R. , Martin Gregory B.
Published: November 2015

Bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is a persistent problem on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Resistance against race 0 Pst strains is conferred by the Pto protein, which recognizes either of two pathogen effectors: AvrPto or AvrPtoB. However, current tomato varieties do not have resistance to the increasingly common race 1 strains, which lack these effectors. We identified accessions of Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D. M. Spooner that are resistant to the race 1 strain T1. Genome sequence comparisons of T1 and two Pst strains that are virulent on these accessions suggested that known microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or effectors are not involved in the resistance. We developed an F2 population from a cross between one T1‐resistant accession, LA2109, and a susceptible tomato cultivar to investigate the genetic basis of this resistance. Linkage analysis using whole‐genome sequence of 58 F2 plants identified quantitative trait loci (QTL), qRph1, in a 5.8‐Mb region on chromosome 2, and qRph2, in a 52.4‐Mb region on chromosome 8, which account for 24 and 26% of the phenotypic variability, respectively. High‐resolution mapping of qRph1 confirmed it contributed to T1 resistance and delimited it to a 1060‐kb region containing 139 genes, including three encoding receptor‐like proteins (RLPs) and 17 encoding receptor‐like protein kinases (RLKs). One RLK gene, Solyc02g072470, is a promising candidate for qRph1, as it is highly expressed in LA2109 and induced on treatment with MAMPs. qRph1 might be useful for enhancing resistance to race 1 strains and its future characterization could provide insights into the plant immune system.
MicroRNA Regulation of Abiotic Stress Response in 7B‐1 Male‐Sterile Tomato Mutant
Authors: Omidvar Vahid , Mohorianu Irina , Dalmay Tamas , Fellner Martin
Published: November 2015

The 7B‐1 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Rutgers’) is a male‐sterile mutant with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress in a blue‐light (BL) specific manner compared with its wild‐type (WT). This makes the 7B‐1 a potential candidate for hybrid seed breeding and stress engineering. To identify small RNAs (sRNAs) linked to stress tolerance of 7B‐1, two sRNA libraries from BL‐grown 7B‐1 and WT seedlings treated simultaneously with abscisic acid (ABA) and mannitol were sequenced, and sRNA profiles were compared. Twenty nine families of known microRNAs (miRNAs) and 27 putative novel miRNAs were identified from the two libraries. MiR5300, miR5301, miR2916, and a novel miRNA denoted miR#C were upregulated, while miR159, miR166, miR472, miR482, and two novel miRNAs, miR#A and miR#D, were downregulated in stress‐treated 7B‐1 seedlings. MiRNA targets with potential roles in stress regulation were validated by rapid amplification of 5′ complementary DNA ends (5′‐RACE) analysis. Expression of miR159, miR166, miR472, miR482, miR#A, and miR#D together with their targets were further investigated in response to ABA, mannitol, NaCl, and cold treatments and a strong negative correlation was observed between the levels of these miRNAs and expression of their targets. Only miR159 and miR166 responded to cold treatment. MiR#A and its target were regulated by ABA and mannitol as early as 0.5 h after the treatments, while other miRNAs and targets were regulated only after 2 h. This suggests a role in early response to stress for miR#A. Our data suggests that miR159, miR166, miR472, miR482, miR#A, and miR#D are likely to facilitate the BL‐specific enhanced tolerance of 7B‐1 to abiotic stress.
Population Genetics and Structure of a Global Foxtail Millet Germplasm Collection
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari D. , Vetriventhan Mani , Deshpande Santosh P. , Sivasubramani Selvanayagam , Wallace Jason G. , Buckler Edward S. , Hash C. Tom , Ramu Punna
Published: November 2015

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] is one among the most ancient crops of dryland agriculture. It is the second most important crop among millets grown for grains or forage. Foxtail millet germplasm resources provide reservoirs of novel alleles and genes for crop improvement that have remained mostly unexplored. We genotyped a set of 190 foxtail millet germplasm accessions (including 155 accessions of the foxtail millet core collection) using genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) for rapid single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) characterization to study population genetics and structure, which enable allele mining through association mapping approaches. After filtering a total 350,000 raw SNPs identified across 190 germplasm accessions for minor allele frequency (MAF), coverage for samples and coverage for sites, we retained 181 accessions with 17,714 high‐quality SNPs with ≥5% MAF. Genetic structure analyses revealed that foxtail millet germplasm accessions are structured along both on the basis of races and geographic origin, and the maximum proportion of variation was due to among individuals within populations. Accessions of race indica were less diverse and are highly differentiated from those of maxima and moharia. Genome‐wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed on an average LD extends up to ∼150 kbp and varied with individual chromosomes. The utility of the data for performing genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) was tested with plant pigmentation and days to flowering and identified significant marker–trait associations. This SNP data provides a foundation for exploration of foxtail millet diversity and for mining novel alleles and mapping genes for economically important traits.
« Garder la tête haute ! » La contestation de Stuttgart 21 et sa dimension politique et émancipatrice
Authors: Ohme-Reinicke Annette , Neef Rainer , Blanc Maurice
Published: November 2015

Le mouvement de protestation contre le projet « Stuttgart 21 » (une gare souterraine et des logements de luxe à Stuttgart) fait exception dans l’histoire allemande des protestations, d’abord en raison de sa longue durée. Cet article dévoile comment un grand projet technologique est devenu une provocation pour la société civile de la ville. Il esquisse une généalogie des protestations et il montre comment leur développement a entrainé des processus d’apprentissage. La politisation de la sphère publique urbaine s’explique par une sorte de « réveil » (Walter Benjamin) et la revendication du « Droit à la Ville » s’articule à la demande d’une vie quotidienne meilleure, échappant à la logique capitaliste de l’exploitation.
Introduction. La démocratie participative a-t-elle un sexe ?
Authors: Paoletti Marion , Rui Sandrine
Published: November 2015

Penser la participation au prisme du genre suppose tout à la fois d’examiner les présupposés théoriques et pragmatiques associant femmes et participation et d’interroger la portée de leur présence effective dans les dispositifs participatifs et l’impact sur la démocratie participative de sa relative féminisation. La participation des femmes, devenue ordinaire et banale, n’est pourtant pas pleinement évidente, que ce soit dans des dispositifs participatifs mixtes ou non mixtes. Ce statut n’est pas sans produire une certaine minoration de leurs prises de parole, qui ne dépend pas seulement des rapports sociaux de sexe, mais aussi d’autres rapports de pouvoir. Les femmes sont toujours sommées de résoudre un dilemme entre spécificité supposée et universalisme, dilemme que les hommes ont le privilège de pouvoir ignorer. Les stratégies, conscientes ou non, déployées pour faire face à ce dilemme passent par des formes d’entre-soi, selon une double logique du regroupement et du retrait, avec notamment la constitution de « contre-publics subalternes féministes ». Si cette logique produit des clivages entre militantes et non-militantes, elle apparaît aussi comme une condition favorisant la participation paritaire.
La participation des citoyens au projet urbain : une affaire d’hommes !
Authors: Raibaud Yves
Published: November 2015

L’article rend compte d’une série de réunions publiques organisées pour débattre, avec l’aide d’experts, des schémas de mobilité urbaine d’une métropole régionale française. Comme souvent, la participation des femmes est faible et leurs voix sont inaudibles dans les débats. Cette invisibilité des femmes n’est pas mesurée. Ce papier propose une expérimentation de modes d’observation des inégalités femmes hommes au sein d’un débat public s’étendant sur plusieurs mois. Il cherche à saisir si le fait que les femmes prennent peu la parole dans l’espace public contribue ou non à influencer la décision publique dans le cadre local sur des sujets tels que la ville durable, les mobilités urbaines, l’urbanité.
Politiques de l’éthique : hégémonie médicale et pratiques de décodage des acteurs subalternes. Une observation ethnographique d’un dispositif participatif pilote de réflexion éthique
Authors: Smadja David
Published: November 2015

En proposant une enquête sociologique et ethnographique consacrée à un dispositif de participation éthique, l’Espace éthique, cet article vise à apporter un éclairage sur une forme d’action publique participative en phase d’installation – qui relève à la fois de la mise en œuvre et de l’évaluation –, que l’on propose de désigner par l’expression « politiques de l’éthique ». Pensé par ses concepteurs puis par le législateur comme une structure institutionnelle visant à accueillir une discussion éthique déconnectée de l’horizon de la décision et inclusive (ouverte notamment aux profanes) et dont le propos consiste à réversibiliser les rapports asymétriques entre médecins et infirmières (ou aides-soignantes) et par extension entre hommes et femmes puis entre médecins et patients, l’Espace éthique apparaît dans un contexte complexe caractérisé à la fois par la remise en question de l’autorité exclusive du médecin et par le développement du néo-management public à l’hôpital. Dès lors, la question se pose de savoir ce qu’il en est de cette participation inclusive : relève-t-elle d’une ingénierie reproduisant l’hégémonie médicale traditionnelle, ou bien fait-elle apparaître une dynamique propre conduisant à un rééquilibrage des rapports de force ? À partir d’ingrédients de la pratique réunis par observation et analyse de comptes rendus, et en s’appuyant sur le couple conceptuel codage-décodage construit par Stuart Hall, l’article vise à montrer comment l’approche par l’espace des positions préétablies, d’ordinaire privilégiée pour penser le fonctionnement de l’hôpital, peut être complétée par une approche par l’espace des prises de position qui permet de mettre en évidence un décodage par les acteurs en position subalterne du codage médical dominant.
La participation des femmes au niveau supranational : une citoyenneté « genrée »
Authors: Giraud Isabelle
Published: November 2015

Cet article montre la persistante marginalisation des femmes au niveau international malgré leur contribution, depuis plus de 40 ans, à la construction d’une citoyenneté supranationale. Que ce soit en termes d’accès aux institutions, de droits, d’appartenance et de partage des responsabilités, les femmes rencontrent des obstacles et des dispositifs spécifiques qui font de la citoyenneté supranationale une citoyenneté « genrée ». Celle-ci s’explique non seulement par l’héritage d’un dispositif d’expression des femmes à part et à l’extérieur des institutions, mais aussi par la persistance de rapports de pouvoir intersectionnels et de stéréotypes liés au genre, et par les répertoires discursifs qui président à la construction de la citoyenneté supranationale au niveau onusien.
Principe et Passion
Authors: Bernard-Amour Jeanne
Published: November 2015

Stanislas Breton cherche à passer d’un monde où tout ce qui arrive n’est que chute (hasardeuse et malheureuse) à un monde mis en œuvre par et dans une métaphysique de la relation. Ce faisant, il ébauche une théorie de « l’actualisation de la Passion du Christ » selon trois aspects qui se présentent à lui telles des formes ouvertes. Entre le premier aspect qui correspond à ce qu’il appelle la « passion de l’altérité » (où la proximité avec un unique tourne à la passion du réel) et le deuxième aspect qui correspond à la « passion de l’Un » (où la distance d’avec ce même unique vire à la fiction pure et simple), Breton construit ce que nous appelons une logique de la « rencontre demandée ».
Christologie et Histoire. Eléments pour une historiographie de la christologie moderne et contemporaine
Authors: Holzer Vincent
Published: November 2015

Avant que ne soit pleinement intégré à la science théologique le domaine de la « christologie », il fallut que le terme en question se déleste de son identification problématique à la science historique. Ce fait d’histoire auquel il convient de donner un contenu précis atteste que la théologie ne peut pas se concevoir indépendamment d’une histoire de la raison et de ses métamorphoses. Le domaine de la « christologie » exemplifie parfaitement cette donnée. A l’aube du xx e siècle, la christologie naît à la faveur de trois disputes : l’unité ou la dualité d’ esse (être) dans le Christ, la christologie de la conscience , et le débat sur le christocentrisme . Ce sont ces trois déterminations qu’analyse la présente étude.
Detection of Keratoconus in Clinically and Algorithmically Topographically Normal Fellow Eyes Using Epithelial Thickness Analysis
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Urs Raksha , Gobbe Marine , RoyChoudhury Arindam , Silverman Ronald H.
Published: November 2015

PURPOSE:

To assess the effectiveness of a keratoconus-detection algorithm derived from Artemis very high-frequency (VHF) digital ultrasound (ArcScan Inc., Morrison, CO) epithelial thickness maps in the fellow eye from a series of patients with unilateral keratoconus.

METHODS:

The study included 10 patients with moderate to advanced keratoconus in one eye but a clinically and algorithmically topographically normal fellow eye. VHF digital ultrasound epithelial thickness data were acquired and a previously developed classification model was applied for identification of keratoconus to the clinically normal fellow eyes. Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) Belin-Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display “D” score (BAD-D) data (5 of 10 eyes), and Orbscan (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) SCORE data (9 of 10 eyes) were also evaluated.

RESULTS:

Five of the 10 fellow eyes were classified as keratoconic by the VHF digital ultrasound epithelium model. Five of 9 fellow eyes were classified as keratoconic by the SCORE model. For the 5 fellow eyes with Pentacam and VHF digital ultrasound data, one was classified as keratoconic by the VHF digital ultrasound model, one (different) eye by a combined VHF digital ultrasound and Pentacam model, and none by BAD-D alone.

CONCLUSIONS:

Under the assumption that keratoconus is a bilateral but asymmetric disease, half of the ‘normal’ fellow eyes could be found to have keratoconus using epithelial thickness maps. The Orbscan SCORE or the combination of topographic BAD-D criteria with epithelial maps did not perform better.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(11):736–744.]
Comparison of Forward Light Scatter Changes Between SMILE, Femtosecond Laser-assisted LASIK, and Epipolis LASIK: Results of a 1-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Xu Lulu , Wang Yan , Li Jing , Liu Yangchen , Wu Wenjing , Zhang Hui , Wu Yanan , Khan Gauhar Ali
Published: November 2015

PURPOSE:

To investigate the characteristics of forward light scatter changes after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and to compare these changes with those after femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (femto-LASIK) and epipolis LASIK (epi-LASIK).

METHODS:

A total of 303 eyes (SMILE group = 118 eyes, femto-LASIK group = 90 eyes, epi-LASIK group = 95) of 157 patients were included in this study. Forward straylight was measured preoperatively and 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively using a C-Quant straylight meter (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany).

RESULTS:

A significant increase in straylight was found in the femto-LASIK group only at 1 month after the procedure (
P
= .002), whereas significant increases were found in the epi-LASIK group at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after the procedure (
P
< .001). There were no significant increases in the straylight values after SMILE (
P
= .310) compared with the preoperative values, although the straylight values were slightly increased at 1 month. Significant differences in the postoperative–preoperative straylight value (Δlog[s]) changes were found between the SMILE, femto-LASIK, and epi-LASIK groups over the follow-up period (
P
< .001 for all). The correlations between the ablation depth/central corneal thickness ratios and the straylight values were statistically significant in the femto-LASIK and epi-LASIK groups, whereas no significant correlation between the lenticule thickness/central corneal thickness ratios and the stray-light values was found in the SMILE group.

CONCLUSIONS:

Forward straylight was slightly increased in the early stage after the femto-LASIK procedure and was significantly increased throughout the follow-up period after epi-LASIK surgery. The SMILE procedure appeared to have a smaller effect on forward light scatter within the 1-year follow-up period.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(11):752–758.]
Novel Placido-derived Topography-guided Excimer Corneal Normalization With Cyclorotation Adjustment: Enhanced Athens Protocol for Keratoconus
Authors: Kanellopoulos Anastasios John , Asimellis George
Published: November 2015

PURPOSE:

To comparatively investigate the efficacy of the enhanced Athens Protocol procedure guided by novel Placido-derived topography with cyclorotation compensation (the cyclorotation adjusted group) to similar cases guided by Scheimpflug-derived tomography without cyclorotation compensation (the non-cyclorotation adjusted group).

METHODS:

Two groups were evaluated: the cyclorotation adjusted group (n = 110 eyes) and the non-cyclorotation adjusted group (n = 110 eyes). Analysis was based on digital processing of Scheimpflug imaging derived curvature difference maps preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The vector (r, ϑ) corresponding to the steepest corneal point (cone) on the preoperative surgical planning map (r
p
, ϑ
p
) and on the curvature difference map (r
d
, ϑ
d
) were computed. The differences between the peak topographic angular data (Δϑ = |ϑ
p
– ϑ
d
|) and weighted angular difference (WΔϑ = Δϑ × Δr) were calculated.

RESULTS:

For the cyclorotation adjusted group, Δϑ was 7.18° ± 7.53° (range: 0° to 34) and WΔϑ was 3.43 ± 4.76 mm (range: 0.00 to 21.41 mm). For the non-cyclorotation adjusted group, Δϑ was 14.50° ± 12.65° (range: 0° to 49°) and WΔϑ was 10.23 ± 15.15 mm (range: 0.00 to 80.56 mm). The cyclorotation adjusted group appeared superior to the non-cyclorotation adjusted group, in both the smaller average angular difference between attempted to achieved irregular curvature normalization and in weighted angular difference, by a statistically significant margin (Δϑ:
P
= .0058; WΔϑ:
P
= .015).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study suggests that employment of the novel Placido-derived topographic data of highly irregular corneas, such as in keratoconus, treated with topography-guided profile with cyclorotation compensation leads to markedly improved cornea normalization.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(11):768–773.]
Origen y funcionamiento hidrogeológico del único criptohumedal subhalófilo-alcalinófilo en la facies Guadalajara del acuífero Terciario detrítico de Madrid
Authors: Martín-Loeches Garrido M. , Pavón García J. , García Martínez M.
Published: November 2015

El humedal de la Dehesa de Arriba perteneciente a Torrejón del Rey (prov. Guadalajara) es un criptohumedal dominado por un prado juncal subhalófilo-alcalinófilo no descrito hasta la fecha entre las zonas húmedas del acuífero terciario de Madrid. Se sitúa en la parte media de la cuenca terciaria del río Henares sobre la facies Guadalajara. Los procesos de evaporación son la causa de su notable diversidad en especies vegetales y de la aparición de eflorescencias alcalinas. Se parte de aguas subterráneas de escaso recorrido, del tipo HCO3-Ca y mineralización próxima a los 700 μS/cm que descargan 2 km al sur del punto de captura del arroyo Camarmilla por el río Torote. La morfología del humedal con depósitos de coluviones sobre los aluviales, juega un papel importante en la distribución de las especies vegetales y los salgüeros ya que determina la profundidad del nivel freático e influye en el alcance hasta la superficie del agua capilar. El drenaje de los suelos es escaso debido a la topografía y a la escasa incisión del río por su captura. Al humedal, que constituye hoy el nacimiento del arroyo Camarmilla, llegan anualmente 56.400 m3 de agua subterránea y sus suelos generan un excedente de 29.000 m3 entre diciembre y mayo en años medios. La alcalinidad es elevada en cualquier zona, siendo mayor en las áreas con praderas dominadas por gramíneas y ciperáceas de bajo porte y máxima en los salgüeros con un pH de 10.3 y una concentración de Na+ en su solución de 2871 mg/l. Los procesos de formación de este enclave y su posición en el contexto hidrogeológico general, elevan este humedal a singular de entre los que se sitúan en el acuífero de Madrid, constituyendo un paraje único en la provincia de Guadalajara y en la región de Castilla-La Mancha.
Palynologic analysis of Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks of the Grand Banks, Atlantic Continental Margin
Authors: Williams G L , Brideaux W W
Published: November 2015

Rocks ranging in age from Late Albian to Pleistocene were penetrated in a series of shallow coreholes drilled in 1965 on the Grand Banks, Atlantic Continental Margin. Palynologic analyses of I 04 samples from 8 of these core holes permit the recognition of
diagnostic biostratigraphy divisions. These "divisions" are defined on their spore, pollen, and / or dinoflagellate and acritarch assemblages. In formal taxonomic units are used for many of the pollen and spore species and for some of the dinoflagellate and acritarch species. The geologic history
and paleoecology can be deduced, in part, from the palynomorph assemblages. The Late Albian was a time of terrestrial deposition. The Cenomanian-Turon1an marked the onset of marine deposition. Which was relatively continuous throughout the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary? A climatic cooling first
indicated in the lower Miocene strata ex tended into the Pleistocene.
Een uitdagende studie
Authors: Kommers J.
Published: November 2015

No abstract available.
Does counselling improve uptake of long-term and permanent contraceptive methods in a high HIV-prevalence setting?
Authors: Siveregi Amon , Dudley Lilian , Makumucha Courage , Dlamini Phatisizwe , Moyo Sihle , Bhembe Sibongiseni
Published: November 2015

Background: Studies have shown a reduced uptake of contraceptive methods in HIV-positive women of childbearing age, mainly because of unmet needs that may be a result of poor promotion of available methods of contraception, especially long-term and permanent methods (LTPM).Aim: To compare the uptake of contraceptive methods, and particularly LTPM, by HIV-positive and HIV negative post-partum mothers, and to assess the effects of counselling on contraceptive choices.Setting: Three government district hospitals in Swaziland.Methods: Interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire, before and after counselling HIV negativeand HIV-positive post-partum women in LTPM use, unintended pregnancy rates, future fertility and reasons for contraceptive choices.Results: A total of 711 women, of whom half were HIV-positive, participated in the study. Most (72.3% HIV-negative and 84% HIV-positive) were on modern methods of contraception, with the majority using 2-monthly and 3-monthly injectables. Intended use of any contraceptive increased to 99% after counselling. LTPM use was 7.0% in HIV-negative mothers and 15.3% in HIV-positive mothers before counselling, compared with 41.3% and 42.4% in HIV-negative and HIV-positive mothers, respectively, after counselling. Pregnancy intentions and counselling on future fertility were significantly associated with current use of contraception, whilst current LTPM use and level of education were significantly associated with LTPM post-counselling.Conclusion: Counselling on all methods including LTPM reduced unmet needs in contraception in HIV positive and HIV-negative mothers and could improve contraceptive uptake and reduce unintended pregnancies. Health workers do not always remember to include LTPM when they counsel clients, which could result in a low uptake of these methods. Further experimental studies should be conducted to validate these results.
Characteristics of Good Poker Players
Authors: Leonard Carrie A. , Williams Robert J.
Published: November 2015

Poker is characterized as a “mixed” game: a game that includes both skill and chance components. But what individual differences are characteristic of skilled poker players? No previous study has sought to evaluate the full scope of characteristics contributing to playing skill. The purpose of this study was to fill this void by attempting to comprehensively examining the individual characteristics associated with good poker players. Results from a sample of undergraduate students and community members (n = 100) showed that good players are more likely to be male, to have lower susceptibility to gambling fallacies, a greater tolerance for financial risk, superior social information processing skills, and less openness to aesthetic and imaginative experience. Evidence from this study also indicates that having sufficient levels of most of these attributes is more important for poker success than having exceptional strength in just one or two of these areas.
Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt. Waliguan GAW station, China – Part 1: Overall trends and characteristics
Authors: Xu W. Y. , Lin W. L. , Xu X. B. , Tang J. , Huang J. Q. , Wu H. , Zhang X. C.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is an important atmospheric oxidant, greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant at the same time. The level of tropospheric ozone, particularly in the surface layer, is impacted by emissions of precursors and is subjected to meteorological conditions. Due its importance, the long-term variation trend of baseline ozone is highly needed for environmental and climate change assessment. So far, studies about the long-term trends of ozone at representative sites are mainly available for European and North American sites. Similar studies are lacking for China, a country with rapid economic growth for recent decades, and many other developing countries. To uncover the long-term characteristics and trends of baseline surface ozone, concentration in western China, measurements at a global baseline Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau region (Mt. Waliguan) for the period of 1994 to 2013 were analysed in this study, using a modified Mann–Kendall test and the Hilbert–Huang Transform analysis for the trend and periodicity analysis, respectively. Results reveal higher surface ozone during the night and lower during the day at Waliguan, due to mountain-valley breezes. A seasonal maximum in summer was found, which was probably caused by enhanced stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange events and/or by tropospheric photochemistry. Analysis suggests that there is a season-diurnal cycle in the three-dimensional winds on top of Mt. Waliguan. Season-dependent daytime and nighttime ranges of 6 h were determined based on the season-diurnal cycle in the three-dimensional winds and were used to sort subsets of ozone data for trend analysis. Significant increasing trends in surface ozone were detected for both daytime (1.5–2.7 ppbv 10 a−1) and nighttime (1.3–2.9 ppbv 10 a−1). Autumn and spring revealed the largest increase rates, while summer and winter showed relatively weaker increases. The HHT spectral analysis confirmed the increasing trends in surface ozone concentration and could further identify four different stages with different increasing rates, with the largest increase occurring around May 2000 and October 2010. A 2–4, 7 and 11 year periodicity was found in the surface ozone concentration. The results are highly valuable for related climate and environment change assessments of western China and surrounding areas, and for the validation of chemical-climate models.
Evaluation of size segregation of elemental carbon emission in Europe: influence on atmospheric long-range transportation
Authors: Chen Y. , Cheng Y. F. , Nordmann S. , Birmili W. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Ma N. , Wolke R. , Wehner B. , Sun J. , Spindler G. , Mu Q. , Pöschl U. , Su H. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Elemental Carbon (EC) has significant impact on human health and climate change. In order to evaluate the size segregation of EC emission and investigation of its influence on atmospheric transport processes in Europe, we used the fully coupled online Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry model (WRF-Chem) at a resolution of 2 km focusing on a region in Germany, in conjunction with a high-resolution EC emission inventory. The ground meteorology conditions, vertical structure and wind pattern were well reproduced by the model. The simulations of particle number/mass size distributions were evaluated by observations taken at the central European background site Melpitz. The fine mode aerosol was reasonably well simulated, but the coarse mode was substantially overestimated by the model. We found that it was mainly due to the nearby point source plume emitting a high amount of EC in the coarse mode. The comparisons between simulated EC and Multi-angle Absorption Photometers (MAAP) measurements at Melpitz, Leipzig-TROPOS and Bösel indicated that coarse mode EC (ECc) emission in the nearby point sources might be overestimated by a factor of 2–10. The emission fraction of EC in coarse mode was overestimated by about 10–30 % for Russian and 5–10 % for Eastern Europe (e.g.: Poland and Belarus), respectively. This overestimation in ECc emission fraction makes EC particles having less opportunity to accumulate in the atmosphere and participate to the long range transport, due to the shorter lifetime of coarse mode aerosol. The deposition concept model showed that the transported EC mass from Warsaw and Moskva to Melpitz may be reduced by 25–35 and 25–55 % respectively, due to the overestimation of ECc emission fraction. This may partly explain the underestimation of EC concentrations for Germany under eastern wind pattern in some other modelling research.
CALIPSO climatological products: evaluation and suggestions from EARLINET
Authors: Papagiannopoulos N. , Mona L. , Alados-Arboledas L. , Amiridis V. , Baars H. , Binietoglou I. , Bortoli D. , D'Amico G. , Giunta A. , Guerrero-Rascado J. L. , Schwarz A. , Pereira S. , Spinelli N. , Wandinger U. , Wang X. , Pappalardo G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The CALIPSO Level 3 (CL3) product, available since December 2011, is the most recent data set produced by the observations of the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument onboard the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) space platform. The European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET), based mainly on multi-wavelength Raman lidar systems, is the most appropriate ground-based reference for CALIPSO calibration/validation studies on a continental scale. In this work, CALIPSO data are compared against EARLINET monthly averaged profiles obtained by measurements performed during CALIPSO overpasess. In order to mitigate uncertainties due to spatial and temporal differences, we reproduce a modified version of CL3 data starting from CALIPSO Level 2 (CL2) data. The spatial resolution is finer and nearly 2° × 2° (latitude × longitude) and only simultaneous measurements are used for ease of comparison. The CALIPSO monthly mean profiles following this approach are called CALIPSO Level 3*, CL3*. We find good agreement on the aerosol extinction coefficient, yet in most of the cases a small CALIPSO underestimation is observed with an average bias of 0.02 km−1 up to 4 km and 0.003 km−1 higher above. In contrast to CL3 standard product, CL3* data set offers the possibility to assess the CALIPSO performance also in terms of the particle backscatter coefficient keeping the same quality assurance criteria applied to extinction profiles. The mean relative difference in the comparison improved from 26.1 % for extinction to 13.7 % for backscatter, showing better performances of CALIPSO backscatter retrievals. Additionally, the aerosol typing comparison yielded a robust identification of Dust and Polluted Dust. Moreover, the CALIPSO aerosol-type-dependent lidar ratio selection is assessed by means of EARLINET observations, so as to investigate the performance of the extinction retrievals. The aerosol types of Dust, Polluted Dust, and Clean Continental showed noticeable discrepancy. Finally, the potential improvements of the lidar ratio assignment have been examined by adjusting it according to EARLINET derived values.
Seasonal distribution of short-tailed shearwaters and their prey in the Bering and Chukchi Seas
Authors: Nishizawa B. , Matsuno K. , Labunski E. A. , Kuletz K. J. , Yamaguchi A. , Watanuki Y.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris is one the of abundant marine top predators in the Pacific; this seabird spend its non-breeding period in the northern North Pacific during May–September and many visit the southern Chukchi Sea in July–September. We examined factors affecting this seasonal pattern of distribution by counting short-tailed shearwaters from boats. Their main prey, krill was sampled by NORPAC net in the southeastern Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and in the Bering Strait/southern Chukchi Sea. Short-tailed shearwaters mainly distributed in the southeastern Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (60 ± 473 birds km−2) in summer (July) but in the Bering Strait/southern Chukchi Sea (19 ± 91 birds km−2) in fall (September). In the Bering Strait/southern Chukchi Sea size of krill was greater in fall (9.6 ± 5.0 mm in total length) than in summer (1.9 ± 1.2 mm). Within the Bering Strait/southern Chukchi Sea in fall, short-tailed shearwaters occurred more frequently in cells (50 km × 50 km) where large krill was more abundant. Our results suggest that the seasonal northward movement of short-tailed shearwaters could be associated with the seasonal increase of large krill in the Bering Strait/southern Chukchi Sea. This study substantiates the importance of krill, which is advected from the Pacific, as a prey of top predators in the Arctic marine ecosystem.
Early warning signals of tipping points in periodically forced systems
Authors: Williamson M. S. , Bathiany S. , Lenton T. M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The prospect of finding generic early warning signals of an approaching tipping point in a complex system has generated much recent interest. Existing methods are predicated on a separation of timescales between the system studied and its forcing. However, many systems, including several candidate tipping elements in the climate system, are forced periodically at a timescale comparable to their internal dynamics. Here we find alternative early warning signals of tipping points due to local bifurcations in systems subjected to periodic forcing whose time scale is similar to the period of the forcing. These systems are not in, or close to, a fixed point. Instead their steady state is described by a periodic attractor. We show that the phase lag and amplification of the system response provide early warning signals, based on a linear dynamics approximation. Furthermore, the power spectrum of the system's time series reveals the generation of harmonics of the forcing period, the size of which are proportional to how nonlinear the system's response is becoming with nonlinear effects becoming more prominent closer to a bifurcation. We apply these indicators to a simple conceptual system and satellite observations of Arctic sea ice area, the latter conjectured to have a bifurcation type tipping point. We find no detectable signal of the Arctic sea ice approaching a local bifurcation.
An automatic and effective parameter optimization method for model tuning
Authors: Zhang T. , Li L. , Lin Y. , Xue W. , Xie F. , Xu H. , Huang X.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Physical parameterizations in general circulation models (GCMs), having various uncertain parameters, greatly impact model performance and model climate sensitivity. Traditional manual and empirical tuning of these parameters is time-consuming and ineffective. In this study, a "three-step" methodology is proposed to automatically and effectively obtain the optimum combination of some key parameters in cloud and convective parameterizations according to a comprehensive objective evaluation metrics. Different from the traditional optimization methods, two extra steps, one determining the model's sensitivity to the parameters and the other choosing the optimum initial value for those sensitive parameters, are introduced before the downhill simplex method. This new method reduces the number of parameters to be tuned and accelerates the convergence of the downhill simplex method. Atmospheric GCM simulation results show that the optimum combination of these parameters determined using this method is able to improve the model's overall performance by 9 %. The proposed methodology and software framework can be easily applied to other GCMs to speed up the model development process, especially regarding unavoidable comprehensive parameter tuning during the model development stage.
Taking off the training wheels: the properties of a dynamic vegetation model without climate envelopes, CLM4.5(ED)
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Muszala S. , Verteinstein M. , Lawrence P. , Xu C. , McDowell N. G. , Knox R. G. , Koven C. , Holm J. , Rogers B. M. , Spessa A. , Lawrence D. , Bonan G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We describe an implementation of the Ecosystem Demography (ED) concept in the Community Land Model. The structure of CLM(ED) and the physiological and structural modifications applied to the CLM are presented. A major motivation of this development is to allow the prediction of biome boundaries directly from plant physiological traits via their competitive interactions. Here we investigate the performance of the model for an example biome boundary in eastern North America. We explore the sensitivity of the predicted biome boundaries and ecosystem properties to the variation of leaf properties using the parameter space defined by the GLOPNET global leaf trait database. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of four sequential alterations to the structural assumptions in the model governing the relative carbon economy of deciduous and evergreen plants. The default assumption is that the costs and benefits of deciduous vs. evergreen leaf strategies, in terms of carbon assimilation and expenditure, can reproduce the geographical structure of biome boundaries and ecosystem functioning. We find some support for this assumption, but only under particular combinations of model traits and structural assumptions. Many questions remain regarding the preferred methods for deployment of plant trait information in land surface models. In some cases, plant traits might best be closely linked to each other, but we also find support for direct linkages to environmental conditions. We advocate intensified study of the costs and benefits of plant life history strategies in different environments and the increased use of parametric and structural ensembles in the development and analysis of complex vegetation models.