bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postpericardiotomy syndrome: no evidence for a viral etiology
Authors: Webber Steven A. , Wilson Nigel J. , Junker Anne K. , Byrne Sean K. , Perry Angela , Thomas Eva E. , Book Laura , Tipple Marion , Patterson Michael W H , Sandor George G.S.
Published: July 2011

Background: Postpericardiotomy syndrome has been considered a disorder induced by viral infection. This conclusion is based on serologic criterions, but these may be unreliable following either cardiopulmonary bypass or transfusion therapy. Previous studies have not verified the proposed etiology either by isolation of viruses, or by detection of their genome. We sought, therefore, to clarify the role, if any, of viruses in this syndrome.Methods and Results: We studied prospectively 149 children aged from 6 months to 16 years who were undergoing open heart surgery. Blood samples were collected from all prior to operation, and again 7 to 10 days post-operatively, and 47 were sampled at the time of development of symptoms of pericardial involvement. Serums were analyzed for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. The polymerase chain reaction was used for amplification when assessing the genome of the enteroviruses. Cultures for viruses were established on samples of stool, urine, and throat swabs collected 7 days post-operatively, and at the time of postpericardial symptoms. Pericardial fluid obtained from 5 patients with the syndrome was cultured for viruses, and tested for enterovirus genome. On the basis of clinical and echocardiographic findings, 34 children were determined to have definite evidence of the syndrome, 13 were considered to have possible evidence, and the results from these patients were compared to those from patients with no pericardial symptoms, the latter being matched for age and transfusion status. We isolated viruses from one or more sites in five patients with definite evidence (16%), from one (9%) of those with possible evidence, and from seven (19%) of the controls. All serums and pericardial samples were negative for enterovirus genome. IgM antibodies were found in only 5 patients, three with symptoms of pericardial involvement and two without. Rates of seroconversion to IgG for the viruses were lower in the patients with symptoms of pericardial involvement compared to controls, but were strongly influenced by transfusion status.Conclusion: Our study has provided no evidence to support a viral etiology for the postpericardiotomy syndrome.
Left ventricular function before and after repair of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk
Authors: Mertens Luc , Weidemann Frank , Sutherland George R.
Published: July 2011

We report an infant with an abnormal left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk in whom, subsequent to surgical repair, sequential improvements in regional left and right systolic and diastolic myocardial function were quantified by the new ultrasound-based method of regional strain and strain rate imaging. The regional radial and longitudinal myocardial function of the left ventricle was homogeneously reduced prior to repair, while the time course of their recovery differed subsequent to repair. We discuss the concepts and advantages behind this quantitative approach to monitoring regional myocardial function in children.
Coarctation co-existing with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia
Authors: Yip R.C.W , Deekollu D. , Arnold Robert
Published: July 2011

We describe the finding of unsuspected aortic coarctation, discovered by catheterisation at 4 months, in a neonate first daignosed on the fourth day of life as having tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aorto-to-pulmonary collateral arteries. This previously unreported combination contravenes the established theory of patterns of flow during fetal life, and presented difficult issues in clinical management.
Replacement of the mitral valve in an infant with group B streptococcal endocarditis
Authors: Walker Thomas A. , Aru Giorgio M. , Ebeid Makram R.
Published: July 2011

Endocarditis due to group B streptococcus is very rare in infants, and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Review of the literature reveals only a single reported case of an infant with this type of streptococcal endocarditis involving the mitral valve. This infant had underlying congenital heart disease, and died shortly after catheterization. We now report group B streptococcal endocarditis occurring in an infant with a structurally normal heart who was treated successfully by replacement of the mitral valve.
High-efficiency inverse class-F power amplifier using 3/4 spiral symmetric defected ground structure
Authors: Jin Shilei , Zhou Jianyi , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2011

In this article, the development of a high-efficiency power amplifier (PA) with the inverse class-F configuration and a novel 3/4 spiral defected ground structure (DGS) is presented. The proposed DGS structure has improved rejection characteristic and its resonance frequencies are more convenient to adjust than conventional symmetric and asymmetric spiral structure. The electromagnetic-simulated result shows that the proposed circuit has improved harmonic control performance with simplified structure and less return loss than the conventional microstrip harmonic control circuit. The 3/4 spiral harmonics control circuit (HCC) can be modeled by three parallel RLC resonators. Using the proposed structure a high-performance harmonic control circuit is designed for implementing an inverse class-F PA. For comparison, two inverse class-F PAs operating at 2.4 GHz have been implemented by the microstrip HCC and the proposed HCC, respectively. According to the experiment results, the size of the proposed inverse class-F PA is reduced by 20%, the power-added efficiency and the gain are increased by 4.8% and 1.5 dB, respectively.
To know what we cannot know: Global mapping of minimal detectable absolute trends in annual precipitation
Authors: Morin Efrat
Published: July 2011

Fresh water resources, human societies, and ecosystems are expected to be strongly impacted by climate change, with precipitation trends being one of the most important elements that will be closely monitored. However, the natural variability of precipitation data can often mask existing trends such that the results appear as statistically insignificant. Information on the limitations of trend detection is important for risk assessment and for decision making related to adaption strategies under inherent uncertainties. This paper reports on an effort to quantify and map minimal detectable absolute trends in annual precipitation data series on a global scale. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to generate realizations of trended precipitation data for different precipitation means and coefficients of variance, and the Mann–Kendall method was applied for detecting the trend significance. Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) VASClimO data was used to compute the mean and coefficient of variance of annual precipitation over land and to map minimal detectable absolute trends. It was found that relatively high magnitude trends (positive or negative) have a low chance of being detected as a result of high natural variance of the precipitation data. The largest undetectable trends were found for the tropics. Arid and semiarid regions also present high relative values in terms of percent change from the mean annual precipitation. Although the present analysis is based on several simplified assumptions, the goal was to point out an inherent problem of potentially undetectable high absolute trends that must be considered in analyzing precipitation data series and assessing risks in adaption strategies to climate change.
In vivo study in Trypanosoma brucei links mitochondrial transfer RNA import to mitochondrial protein import
Authors: Tschopp Florence , Charrière Fabien , Schneider André
Published: July 2011

Trypanosoma brucei imports all mitochondrial transfer RNAs (tRNAs) from the cytosol. By using cell lines that allow independent tetracycline‐inducible RNA interference and isopropyl‐β‐D‐thiogalactopyranoside‐inducible expression of a tagged tRNA, we show that ablation of Tim17 and mitochondrial heat‐shock protein 70, components of the inner‐membrane protein translocation machinery, strongly inhibits import of newly synthesized tRNAs. These findings, together with previous results in yeast and plants, suggest that the requirement for mitochondrial protein‐import factors might be a conserved feature of mitochondrial tRNA import in all systems.
New optics sheds light on biology
Authors: Hunter Philip
Published: July 2011

Advances in science and technology enable scientists to peek at cellular and molecular events in vivo. The same technologies also provide new tools for cancer diagnostics and monitoring treatment
SIRT3‐dependent deacetylation exacerbates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
Authors: Lu Zhongping , Bourdi Mohammed , Li Jian H , Aponte Angel M , Chen Yong , Lombard David B , Gucek Marjan , Pohl Lance R , Sack Michael N
Published: July 2011

Acetaminophen/paracetamol‐induced liver failure—which is induced by the binding of reactive metabolites to mitochondrial proteins and their disruption—is exacerbated by fasting. As fasting promotes SIRT3‐mediated mitochondrial‐protein deacetylation and acetaminophen metabolites bind to lysine residues, we investigated whether deacetylation predisposes mice to toxic metabolite‐mediated disruption of mitochondrial proteins. We show that mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3−/− mice are protected from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 is a direct SIRT3 substrate, and that its deacetylation increases acetaminophen toxic‐metabolite binding and enzyme inactivation. Thus, protein deacetylation enhances xenobiotic liver injury by modulating the binding of a toxic metabolite to mitochondrial proteins.
Relaxation properties in classical diamagnetism
Authors: Carati A. , Benfenati F. , Galgani L.
Published: July 2011

It is an old result of Bohr that, according to classical statistical mechanics, at equilibrium a system of electrons in a static magnetic field presents no magnetization. Thus a magnetization can occur only in an out of equilibrium state, such as that produced through the Foucault currents when a magnetic field is switched on. It was suggested by Bohr that, after the establishment of such a nonequilibrium state, the system of electrons would quickly relax back to equilibrium. In the present paper, we study numerically the relaxation to equilibrium in a modified Bohr model, which is mathematically equivalent to a billiard with obstacles, immersed in a magnetic field that is adiabatically switched on. We show that it is not guaranteed that equilibrium is attained within the typical time scales of microscopic dynamics. Depending on the values of the parameters, one has a relaxation either to equilibrium or to a diamagnetic (presumably metastable) state. The analogy with the relaxation properties in the Fermi Pasta Ulam problem is also pointed out.
Signal design using nonlinear oscillators and evolutionary algorithms: Application to phase-locked loop disruption
Authors: Olson C. C. , Nichols J. M. , Michalowicz J. V. , Bucholtz F.
Published: July 2011

This work describes an approach for efficiently shaping the response characteristics of a fixed dynamical system by forcing with a designed input. We obtain improved inputs by using an evolutionary algorithm to search a space of possible waveforms generated by a set of nonlinear, ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Good solutions are those that result in a desired system response subject to some input efficiency constraint, such as signal power. In particular, we seek to find inputs that best disrupt a phase-locked loop (PLL). Three sets of nonlinear ODEs are investigated and found to have different disruption capabilities against a model PLL. These differences are explored and implications for their use as input signal models are discussed. The PLL was chosen here as an archetypal example but the approach has broad applicability to any input/output system for which a desired input cannot be obtained analytically.
A high temperature apparatus for measurement of the Seebeck coefficient
Authors: Iwanaga Shiho , Toberer Eric S. , LaLonde Aaron , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: July 2011

A high temperature Seebeck coefficient measurement apparatus with various features to minimize typical sources of error is designed and built. Common sources of temperature and voltage measurement error are described and principles to overcome these are proposed. With these guiding principles, a high temperature Seebeck measurement apparatus with a uniaxial 4-point contact geometry is designed to operate from room temperature to over 1200 K. This instrument design is simple to operate, and suitable for bulk samples with a broad range of physical types and shapes.
Optimizing transition interface sampling simulations
Authors: Borrero Ernesto E. , Weinwurm Marcus , Dellago Christoph
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate that a recently proposed adaptive optimization algorithm for forward flux sampling simulations [E. E. Borrero and F. A. Escobedo, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 024115 (2008)]10.1063/1.2953325 can be easily applied within the framework of transition interface sampling. This optimization algorithm systematically identifies the kinetic bottlenecks along the order parameter used to partition phase space via interfaces and improves the statistical accuracy of the reaction rate constant estimate. In different versions of the algorithm, the number or the placement of the interfaces (or both) are varied in order to allocate the numerical effort in a balanced way. The algorithm is demonstrated for a simple two-dimensional model and for the dipole flip transition of icelike structures inside carbon nanotubes. For these test systems, the optimization yielded an efficiency increase by a factor of 2-15.
Development and application of the analytical energy gradient for the normalized elimination of the small component method
Authors: Zou Wenli , Filatov Michael , Cremer Dieter
Published: July 2011

The analytical energy gradient of the normalized elimination of the small component (NESC) method is derived for the first time and implemented for the routine calculation of NESC geometries and other first order molecular properties. Essential for the derivation is the correct calculation of the transformation matrix U relating the small component to the pseudolarge component of the wavefunction. The exact form of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\partial \mathbf {U}}/{\partial \lambda }$\end{document}∂U/∂λ is derived and its contribution to the analytical energy gradient is investigated. The influence of a finite nucleus model and that of the picture change is determined. Different ways of speeding up the calculation of the NESC gradient are tested. It is shown that first order properties can routinely be calculated in combination with Hartree-Fock, density functional theory (DFT), coupled cluster theory, or any electron correlation corrected quantum chemical method, provided the NESC Hamiltonian is determined in an efficient, but nevertheless accurate way. The general applicability of the analytical NESC gradient is demonstrated by benchmark calculations for NESC/CCSD (coupled cluster with all single and double excitation) and NESC/DFT involving up to 800 basis functions.
Ab initio study of dielectric response of rippled graphene
Authors: Sedelnikova O. V. , Bulusheva L. G. , Okotrub A. V.
Published: July 2011

Ab initio calculations of dielectric function and electron energy loss (EEL) function of periodically rippled armchair-edged graphene were performed in the framework of the random-phase approximation. The bending of graphene was found to remove restrictions on the electron transitions being forbidden in the flat graphene for certain light polarization. As a result, new peaks appear in the optical absorption spectrum and EEL spectrum of rippled graphene. Energy position, intensity, and width of the peaks are sensitive to the height of out-of-plane graphene bending that can be used in construction of graphene-based materials with variable transparency window.
Conformational study of a single molecule of poly para phenylene ethynylenes in dilute solutions
Authors: Maskey Sabina , Pierce Flint , Perahia Dvora , Grest Gary S.
Published: July 2011

The conformation of single molecules of dialkyl poly para phenylene ethynylenes (PPEs), electro-active polymers, is studied in solutions using molecular dynamics simulations. The conformation of conjugated polymers affects their electro-optical properties and therefore is critical to their current and potential uses, though only limited theoretical knowledge is available regarding the factors that control their configuration. The present study investigates the affects of molecular parameters including molecular weight of the polymer and chemical structure of the side chains of PPEs in different solvents on the conformation of the polymers. The PPEs are modeled atomistically where the solvents are modeled both implicitly and explicitly. The study finds that PPEs assume extended configuration which is affected by the length of the polymer backbone and the nature and length of substituting side chains. While the polymer remains extended, local dynamics is retained and no long range correlations are observed within the backbone. The results are compared with scattering experiments.
Nonplanar ion acoustic waves with kappa-distributed electrons
Authors: Sahu Biswajit
Published: July 2011

Using the standard reductive perturbation technique, nonlinear cylindrical and spherical Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations are derived for the propagation of ion acoustic solitary waves in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma with kappa distributed electrons and warm ions. The influence of kappa-distributed electrons and the effects caused by the transverse perturbation on cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic waves (IAWs) are investigated. It is observed that increase in the kappa distributed electrons (i.e., decreasing κ) decreases the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures. The numerical results are presented to understand the formation of ion acoustic solitary waves with kappa-distributed electrons in nonplanar geometry. The present investigation may have relevance in the study of propagation of IAWs in space and laboratory plasmas.
Bromo-oxidation reaction in enzyme-entrapped alginate hollow microfibers
Authors: Asthana Amit , Lee Kwang Ho , Shin Su-Jung , Perumal Jayakumar , Butler Lauren , Lee Sang-Hoon , Kim Dong-Pyo
Published: July 2011

In this article, the authors present the fabrication of an enzyme-entrapped alginate hollow fiber using a microfluidic device. Further use of enzyme-entrapped alginate hollow fibers as a biocatalytic microchemical reactor for chemical synthesis is also deliberated in this article. To ensure that there is no enzyme leaching from the fiber, fiber surfaces were coated with chitosan. To confine the mobility of reactants and products within the porous hollow fibers the entire fibers were embedded into a transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix which also works as a support matrix. A vanadium-containing bromoperoxidase enzyme isolated from Corallina confusa was used as a model enzyme to demonstrate the use of these alginate hollow-fiber reactors in bromo-oxidation of phenol red to bromophenol blue at different dye flow rates. Stability of the entrapped enzyme at different temperatures and the effect of the chitosan coating on the reaction conversion were also studied. It was observed that molecules as big as 27 kDa can be retained in the matrix after coating with chitosan while molecules with molecular-weight of around 378 Da can still diffuse in and out of the matrix. The kinetic conversion rate in this microfluidic bioreactor was more than 41-fold faster when compared with the standard test-tube procedure.
Development of two-grating spectrometer for the charge exchange spectroscopy system on KSTAR
Authors: Lee Hyungho , Song Eun-ji , Park Young-dong , Oh Soo-ghee , Ko Won-Ha
Published: July 2011

The charge exchange spectroscopy (CES) system on Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) was installed last year and had been applied to measure the C VI ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles. The ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles had been estimated from the C VI 5290.5 Å (n = 8–7) charge-exchange spectrum signal measured by a Czerny-Turner type spectrometer and a thinned back-illuminated charge coupled device (CCD) camera. However, the Czerny-Turner type spectrometer used for the KSTAR CES system showed so low signal to noise ratio for KSTAR plasmas in the 2010 experimental campaign that the time resolution of the CES system had been limited to 100 ms due to the increased exposure time of the attached CCD camera. Then, new two-grating spectrometer had been developed in order to improve the time resolution of the CES system. The spectrometer consists of two gratings (1200 g/mm and 1800 g/mm each) with additive configuration, concave mirrors (f = 50 cm), and a cylindrical lens (f = 50 cm). The time resolution of the CES system increases by a factor of 2–4 with the two-grating spectrometer. The C VI ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles obtained by the two-grating spectrometer are compared to those by Czerny-Turner type spectrometer in this paper.
Note: Epitaxial ruby thin film based photonic sensor for temperature measurement
Authors: Kumari Satchi , Khare Alika
Published: July 2011

Deposition of optical quality C-axis oriented epitaxial thin film of ruby via pulsed laser deposition technique on sapphire substrate is reported. The film is characterized by Raman spectra and photoluminescence spectra. The peak positions of R-line and the corresponding linewidth are observed to be temperature dependent. The sensitivity of R1-line position, υ, with the temperature, (dυ/dT), in the range of 138–368 K shows linear behavior confirming its applicability as temperature sensor.
Teaching Psychological Science through Writing
Authors: Myers David G.
Published: July 2011

The teaching of psychological science occurs face-to-face in classrooms and also through writing via op-ed essays, magazine articles, trade books, Web sites, and textbooks. I discuss the teaching of psychological science through such outlets, offer some practical suggestions for writing, and reflect on what I have found motivating, helpful, and satisfying.
Techniques for Increasing Student Learning from Educational Videos: Notes versus Guiding Questions
Authors: Lawson Timothy J. , Bodle James H. , McDonough Tracy A.
Published: July 2011

We examined the effectiveness of several techniques for enhancing student learning from educational videos. Introductory psychology students (N = 113) watched a video about intelligence and testing while taking notes, not taking notes, writing answers to guiding questions, or thinking about guiding questions without writing answers. Afterward, students took a quiz containing questions on the video information; half of the quiz questions were related and half were unrelated to the guiding questions. Results showed that students who wrote answers to the guiding questions had the highest quiz performance on items related to the guiding questions. The 4 groups did not differ significantly in their performance on items unrelated to the guiding questions.
Extending the Generality of the Qualities and Behaviors Constituting Effective Teaching
Authors: Vulcano Brent A.
Published: July 2011

I surveyed 2 samples of Canadian undergraduates (N = 629) concerning their views of a “perfect instructor.” Students identified as many descriptors as they wished; I categorized them into 26 sets of qualities and behaviors. The top 10 categories included: (a) knowledgeable; (b) interesting and creative lectures; (c) approachable; (d) enthusiastic about teaching; (e) fair and realistic expectations; (f) humorous, happy, and positive; (g) effective communicator; (h) flexible and open-minded; (i) encourages student participation; and (j) encourages and cares for students. Of the 26 categories, 24 are akin to those found by Buskist, Sikorski, Buckley, and Saville (2002), reflecting an almost equal emphasis on teaching technique and the student–teacher relationship. These findings offer international support for their categories of effective teaching.
The Mixer: Introducing the Concept of Factor Analysis
Authors: Segrist Dan J. , Pawlow Laura A.
Published: July 2011

This study entailed the development and implementation of a classroom activity designed to introduce students to the concept of factor analysis. We implemented the activity in both a personality theories course and a tests and measurements course. Data suggest that students learned about factor analysis from this activity, while enjoying it. Professors can easily modify this activity to meet the needs of a variety of psychology courses in which factor analysis is relevant or discussed.
Academic Background and Course Involvement as Predictors of Exam Performance
Authors: Zamboanga Byron L. , Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Hardy Sam A. , Thompson Ross A. , Wang Sherry C.
Published: July 2011

We examined how academic background and course involvement differentially predicted students' performance on lecture-and text-based exam questions (N = 114; 34% men; 76% freshmen). Results showed that academic background and course involvement predicted performance on lecture-based questions and overall exam performance, whereas academic background variables alone predicted performance on text-based questions. We discuss the pedagogical implications of the findings on course and test design.
Promoting Active Learning Using Individual Response Technology in Large Introductory Psychology Classes
Authors: Poirier Christopher R. , Feldman Robert S.
Published: July 2011

Individual response technology (IRT), in which students use wireless handsets to communicate real-time responses, permits the recording and display of aggregated student responses during class. In comparison to a traditional class that did not employ IRT, students using IRT performed better on exams and held positive attitudes toward the technology. IRT appears to be a promising technology for increasing active learning in the classroom and enhancing students' mastery of course content.
Mastery Learning Benefits Low-Aptitude Students
Authors: Ironsmith Marsha , Eppler Marion A.
Published: July 2011

We tested the effects of instructional method (lecture vs. mastery) and aptitude (high, medium, low GPA levels) on students' academic performance and achievement motivation goals. Students enrolled in a developmental psychology course received either traditional lecture or mastery (Keller's Personalized System of Instruction [PSI]) instruction. PSI students ended the semester with higher final examination scores than lecture students; the difference was greatest for the lowest GPA group. Low-aptitude PSI students showed increases in learning goals over time when compared to low-aptitude lecture students. The academic performance and learning goals of PSI students with the lowest grade point averages (GPAs) approached those of lecture students with the highest GPAs.
Integrating Science in Applied Psychology Programs: A Student-Operated Journal
Authors: Antonius Daniel , Brown Adam D. , Todman McWelling , Safran Jeremy D.
Published: July 2011

As a requirement of APA accreditation, many PhD programs in applied psychology subscribe to some variant of the scientist-practitioner model. However, critics have argued that integrating science into an applied psychology curriculum may be too challenging a task. This article describes the development of The New School Psychology Bulletin, a student-operated journal dedicated to publishing original research articles written by psychology graduate students. We argue that the process of publishing a student-operated journal can have a positive effect on students' attitudes toward research and has the potential to serve as a model to foster integration of research and training experiences in an applied psychology program.
Peer-Taught Drug Awareness in the Introductory Psychology Course
Authors: Goodwin Kerri A.
Published: July 2011

In contrast to “Just Say No” lectures on drug use common in K to 12 drug education programs (e.g., Drug Abuse Resistance Education, or D.A.R.E.), this activity used peer teaching in an Introductory Psychology course to promote active learning and open discussion of controversial issues about drug use. Working in small groups, students researched the neurological and behavioral effects of an assigned drug and presented controversial discussion questions. One week later they presented their findings to the class. Students reported that the presentations were informative and awareness-raising, provided an open environment for discussion, and allowed them to make more informed decisions about drug use.
Heeeere's Johnny: A Case Study in the Five Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Miserandino Marianne
Published: July 2011

I describe an assignment for personality psychology or introduction to psychology classes in which students used the Five Factor Model of personality to analyze the personality of entertainer Johnny Carson through his The New York Times obituary. Students evaluated this assignment highly: A majority indicated that the assignment was interesting, enjoyable, and useful in helping them to understand and apply the Five Factor Model, and all agreed that the assignment was thought-provoking.
The Evolution of a Teacher and Collaborator Extraordinaire: An Interview with Virginia A. Andreoli Mathie
Authors: Giordano Peter J.
Published: July 2011

Virginia Andreoli Mathie received her BMath and BA from the University of Waterloo and her MA and PhD in social psychology from the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill. She taught at James Madison University (JMU) for 29 years. In July 2004 she became Executive Director of Psi Chi, the National Honor Society in Psychology. She has held several prominent leadership positions in psychology including secretary of the Virginia Psychological Association, president of the Virginia Academy of Academic Psychologists, president of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, member of the American Psychological Association's (APA) Board of Educational Affairs, and chair of the APA Psychology Partnerships Project (P3). She has been a Harry Kirke Wolfe Lecturer, received an APA Presidential Citation for her leadership of P3, and received the 2002 APA Distinguished Contributions to Applications of Psychology to Education and Training Award.

Peter J. Giordano is Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department at Belmont University in Nashville, TN, where he began his career in 1989. He received his BA in psychology and MA and PhD in clinical psychology from the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill. A Fellow of Division 2 of APA, he was National President of Psi Chi in 2001–2002 and served as the Methods and Techniques Editor for Teaching of Psychology from 1999 to 2002.
Two Modes of Sensorimotor Integration in Intention-Based and Stimulus-Based Actions
Authors: Herwig Arvid , Prinz Wolfgang , Waszak Florian
Published: July 2011

Human actions may be driven endogenously (to produce desired environmental effects) or exogenously (to accommodate to environmental demands). There is a large body of evidence indicating that these two kinds of action are controlled by different neural substrates. However, only little is known about what happens—in functional terms—on these different “routes to action”. Ideomotor approaches claim that actions are selected with respect to their perceptual consequences. We report experiments that support the validity of the ideomotor principle and that, at the same time, show that it is subject to a far-reaching constraint: It holds for endogenously driven actions only! Our results suggest that the activity of the two “routes to action” is based on different types of learning: The activity of the system guiding stimulus-based actions is accompanied by stimulus–response (sensorimotor) learning, whereas the activity of the system controlling intention-based actions results in action–effect (ideomotor) learning.
Opposite Aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian Faces are Selective for Social Category Information and not Just Physical Face Differences
Authors: Jaquet Emma , Rhodes Gillian , Hayward William G.
Published: July 2011

Opposite changes in perception (aftereffects) can be simultaneously induced for faces from different social categories—for example, Chinese and Caucasian faces. We investigated whether these aftereffects are generated in high-level face coding that is sensitive to the social category information in faces, or in earlier visual coding sensitive to simple physical differences between faces. We caricatured the race of face stimuli and created face continua ranging from caricatured Caucasian faces (SuperCaucasian) to caricatured Chinese faces (SuperChinese). Participants were adapted to oppositely distorted faces that were a fixed physical distance apart on the morph continua. Larger opposite aftereffects were found following adaptation to faces from different race categories (e.g., contracted Chinese and expanded Caucasian faces), than for faces that were the same physical distance apart on the morph continua, but were within a race category (e.g., contracted SuperChinese and expanded Chinese faces). These results suggest that opposite aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian faces reflect the recalibration of face neurons tuned to high-level social category information.
Design of a second cyclotron harmonic gyrotron oscillator with photonic band-gap cavity
Authors: Gaofeng Liu , Xiaoan Chen , Changjian Tang
Published: July 2011

A photonic band-gap cavity (PBGC) gyrotron with a frequency of about 98 GHz is designed. Theoretical analyses and numerical calculations are made for the PBGC operating at fundamental and second cyclotron harmonic with a TE34 waveguide mode to demonstrate the beam–wave interaction. The results show that mode competition is successfully eliminated in the PBGC using mode selectivity and choosing the appropriate operating parameters. As a result, the second harmonic PBGC gyrotron operating at TE34 mode achieves a higher output efficiency than that of the fundamental. It is also demonstrated that, in the case of the chosen parameters for TE34 waveguide mode, the use of PBG structure in the second harmonic gyrotron brings about not only a lower operating B-field but also a weaker mode competition. The results show that the high-order electromagnetic mode can be developed to interact with the high cyclotron harmonic using the selectivity of the PBGC, which gives an encouraging outlook for the development of high-harmonic gyrotrons.
Laser-induced fluorescence velocity measurements of a diverging cusped-field thruster
Authors: MacDonald N A , Cappelli M A , Gildea S R , Martínez-Sánchez M , Hargus W A
Published: July 2011

Measurements are presented of the most probable time-averaged ion velocities within the acceleration channel and in the plume of a diverging cusped-field thruster operating on xenon. Xenon ion velocities for the thruster are derived from laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the 5d[4]7/2–6p[3]5/2 xenon ion excited state transition centred at λ = 834.72 nm. The thruster is operated in both a high-current mode, where the anode discharge current is shown to oscillate periodically, and a low-current mode where operation is relatively quiescent. In the low-current mode, ion emission is predominantly in the form of a conical jet, whereas in the high-current mode, the emission is still divergent but more diffuse throughout the cone angle. These time-average measurements provide insight into the structure of the acceleration region. However, discerning the mechanism for the diffuse ion emission in the strongly oscillating high-current mode will require ion velocity measurements capable of resolving the time-dependent behaviour of the discharge.
Effect of dielectric barrier on rectification, injection and transport properties of printed organic diodes
Authors: Lilja K E , Majumdar H S , Lahtonen K , Heljo P , Tuukkanen S , Joutsenoja T , Valden M , Österbacka R , Lupo D
Published: July 2011

Rectification ratios of 105 were observed in printed organic copper/polytriarylamine (PTAA)/silver diodes with a thin insulating barrier layer at the copper/PTAA interface. To clarify the origin of the high rectification ratio in the diodes, the injection, transport and structure of the diodes with two different copper cathodes were examined using impedance spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The impedance data confirm that the difference in diode performance arises from the copper/PTAA interface. The XPS measurements show that the copper surface in both diode structures is covered by a layer of Cu2O topped by an organic layer. The organic layer is thicker on one of the surfaces, which results in lower reverse currents and higher rectification ratios in the printed diodes. We suggest a model where a dipole at the dual insulating layer induces a shift in the semiconductor energy levels explaining the difference between the diodes with different cathodes.
Annealing of hydrogen-induced defects in RF-plasma-treated Si wafers: ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy studies
Authors: Ghica C , Nistor L C , Vizireanu S , Dinescu G
Published: July 2011

The smart-cut™ process is based on inducing and processing structural defects below the free surface of semiconductor wafers. The necessary defects are currently induced by implantation of light elements such as hydrogen or helium. An alternative softer way to induce shallow subsurface defects is by RF-plasma hydrogenation. To facilitate the smart-cut process, the wafers containing the induced defects need to be subjected to an appropriate thermal treatment. In our experiments, (0 0 1) Si wafers are submitted to 200 and 50 W hydrogen RF-plasma and are subsequently annealed. The samples are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), before and after annealing. The plasma-introduced defects are {1 1 1} and {1 0 0} planar-like defects and nanocavities, all of them involving hydrogen. Many nanocavities are aligned into strings almost parallel to the wafer surface. The annealing is performed either by furnace thermal treatment at 550 °C, or by in situ heating in the electron microscope at 450, 650 and 800 °C during the TEM observations. The TEM microstructural studies indicate a partial healing of the planar defects and a size increase of the nanometric cavities by a coalescence process of the small neighbouring nanocavities. By annealing, the lined up nanometric voids forming chains in the as-hydrogenated sample coalesced into well-defined cracks, mostly parallel to the wafer surface.
Optimal expansions in non-integer bases
Authors: Dajani Karma , de Vries Martijn , Komornik Vilmos , Loreti Paola
Published: July 2011

For a given positive integer

m
m

, let

A
=
{
0
,
1
,
…
,
m
}

A=\{0,1,\ldots ,m\}

and

q
∈
(
m
,
m
+
1
)

q \in (m,m+1)

. A sequence

(

c
i

)
=

c
1

c
2

…

(c_i)=c_1c_2 \ldots

consisting of elements in

A
A

is called an expansion of

x
x

if

∑

i
=
1

∞

c
i

q

−
i

=
x

\sum _{i=1}^{\infty } c_i q^{-i}=x

. It is known that almost every

x
x

belonging to the interval

[
0
,
m

/

(
q
−
1
)
]

[0,m/(q-1)]

has uncountably many expansions. In this paper we study the existence of expansions

(

d
i

)

(d_i)

of

x
x

satisfying the inequalities
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript i equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts d Subscript i Baseline q Superscript negative i Baseline greater-than-or-equal-to sigma-summation Underscript i equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts c Subscript i Baseline q Superscript negative i">

∑

i
=
1

n

d
i

q

−
i

≥

∑

i
=
1

n

c
i

q

−
i

\sum _{i=1}^n d_iq^{-i} \ge \sum _{i=1}^n c_i q^{-i}

,

n
=
1
,
2
,
…
,

n=1,2,\ldots ,

for each expansion

(

c
i

)

(c_i)

of

x
x

.
Young Carers
Authors: Simon Chantal , Slatcher Christine
Published: July 2011

Young carers are children and young people (up to the age of 18 years) whose lives are affected by looking after someone with a disability or a long-term illness. This article explains the problems that young carers have and suggests ways to identify and support young carers in primary care.
Challenging Problems for Carers
Authors: Simons Chantal
Published: July 2011

Carers face a wide variety of challenging problems everyday. This last article in the InnovAiT special issue about carers focuses on just four problems that carers find difficult to cope with: behaviour problems, incontinence, communication problems and their own sense of loss and grief. It is intended as a guide to assist carers and not a definitive treatment guide of the underlying causes, but where possible links to national guidelines for treatment are also included.
Microbial competition between Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus monitored by imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Gonzalez David J. , Haste Nina M. , Hollands Andrew , Fleming Tinya C. , Hamby Matthew , Pogliano Kit , Nizet Victor , Dorrestein Pieter C.
Published: July 2011

Microbial competition exists in the general environment, such as soil or aquatic habitats, upon or within unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic life forms. The molecular actions that govern microbial competition, leading to niche establishment and microbial monopolization, remain undetermined. The emerging technology of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) enabled the observation that there is directionality in the metabolic output of the organismBacillus subtiliswhen co-cultured withStaphylococcus aureus. The directionally released antibiotic altersS. aureusvirulence factor production and colonization. Therefore, IMS provides insight into the largely hidden nature of competitive microbial encounters and niche establishment, and provides a paradigm for future antibiotic discovery.
Fine-tuning p53 activity through C-terminal modification significantly contributes to HSC homeostasis and mouse radiosensitivity
Authors: Wang Yunyuan V. , Leblanc Mathias , Fox Norma , Mao Jian-Hua , Tinkum Kelsey L. , Krummel Kurt , Engle Dannielle , Piwnica-Worms David , Piwnica-Worms Helen , Balmain Allan , Kaushansky Kenneth , Wahl Geoffrey M.
Published: July 2011

Cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is tightly controlled during homeostasis and in response to extrinsic stress. p53, a well-known tumor suppressor and transducer of diverse stress signals, has been implicated in maintaining HSC quiescence and self-renewal. However, the mechanisms that control its activity in HSCs, and how p53 activity contributes to HSC cell cycle control, are poorly understood. Here, we use a genetically engineered mouse to show that p53 C-terminal modification is critical for controlling HSC abundance during homeostasis and HSC and progenitor proliferation after irradiation. Preventing p53 C-terminal modification renders mice exquisitely radiosensitive due to defects in HSC/progenitor proliferation, a critical determinant for restoring hematopoiesis after irradiation. We show that fine-tuning the expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, a p53 target gene, contributes significantly to p53-mediated effects on the hematopoietic system. These results have implications for understanding cell competition in response to stresses involved in stem cell transplantation, recovery from adverse hematologic effects of DNA-damaging cancer therapies, and development of radioprotection strategies.
Semaphorin 3E–Plexin-D1 signaling regulates VEGF function in developmental angiogenesis via a feedback mechanism
Authors: Kim Jiha , Oh Won-Jong , Gaiano Nicholas , Yoshida Yutaka , Gu Chenghua
Published: July 2011

Blood vessel networks are typically formed by angiogenesis, a process in which new vessels form by sprouting of endothelial cells from pre-existing vessels. This process is initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated tip cell selection and subsequent angiogenic sprouting. Surprisingly, we found that VEGF directly controls the expression of Plexin-D1, the receptor for the traditional repulsive axon guidance cue, semaphorin 3E (Sema3E). Sema3E–Plexin-D1 signaling then negatively regulates the activity of the VEGF-induced Delta-like 4 (Dll4)–Notch signaling pathway, which controls the cell fate decision between tip and stalk cells. Using the mouse retina as a model system, we show that Plexin-D1 is selectively expressed in endothelial cells at the front of actively sprouting blood vessels and its expression is tightly controlled by VEGF secreted by surrounding tissues. Therefore, although the Sema3E secreted by retinal neurons is evenly distributed throughout the retina, Sema3E–Plexin-D1 signaling is spatially controlled by VEGF through its regulation of Plexin-D1. Moreover, we show that gain and loss of function of Sema3E and Plexin-D1 disrupts normal Dll4 expression, Notch activity, and tip/stalk cell distribution in the retinal vasculature. Finally, the retinal vasculature of mice lacking sema3E or plexin-D1 has an uneven growing front, a less-branched vascular network, and abnormal distribution of dll4-positive cells. Lowering Notch activity in the mutant mice can reverse this defect, solidifying the observation that Dll4–Notch signaling is regulated by Sema3E–Plexin-D1 and is required for its function in vivo. Together, these data reveal a novel role of Sema3E–Plexin-D1 function in modulating angiogenesis via a VEGF-induced feedback mechanism.
The diverse functions of Dot1 and H3K79 methylation
Authors: Nguyen Anh Tram , Zhang Yi
Published: July 2011

DOT1 (disruptor of telomeric silencing; also called Kmt4) was initially discovered in budding yeast in a genetic screen for genes whose deletion confers defects in telomeric silencing. Since the discovery ∼10 years ago that Dot1 and its mammalian homolog, DOT1L (DOT1-Like), possess histone methyltransferase activity toward histone H3 Lys 79, great progress has been made in characterizing their enzymatic activities and the role of Dot1/DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle regulation, and the DNA damage response. In addition, gene disruption in mice has revealed that mouse DOT1L plays an essential role in embryonic development, hematopoiesis, cardiac function, and the development of leukemia. The involvement of DOT1L enzymatic activity in leukemogenesis driven by a subset of MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia) fusion proteins raises the possibility of targeting DOT1L for therapeutic intervention.
Tight protein–DNA interactions favor gene silencing
Authors: Dubarry Marion , Loïodice Isabelle , Chen Chunlong L. , Thermes Claude , Taddei Angela
Published: July 2011

The heterochromatin-like structure formed by the yeast silent information regulator complex (SIR) represses transcription at the silent mating type loci and telomeres. Here, we report that tight protein–DNA complexes induce ectopic recruitment of the SIR complex, promoting gene silencing and changes in subnuclear localization when cis-acting elements are nearby. Importantly, lack of the replication fork-associated helicase Rrm3 enhances this induced gene repression. Additionally, Sir3 and Sir4 are enriched genome-wide at natural replication pause sites, including tRNA genes. Consistently, inserting a tRNA gene promotes SIR-mediated silencing of a nearby gene. These results reveal that replication stress arising from tight DNA–protein interactions favors heterochromatin formation.