bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China’s Interests in the Arctic and the EU’S Arctic Policy: Towards a Proactive EU Foreign Policy?
Authors: Pelaudeix Cécile
Published: February 2016

Initiated in 2008, the EU’S Arctic policy acknowledges the evolving geo-strategy of the Arctic region and intends to secure the EU’S trade and resource interests as new actors like China enter the Arctic arena. This paper shows that China’s growing assertiveness in the Arctic has impacted upon both EU Arctic policy and EU foreign policy. The new China’s trade interests in the Arctic, in particular the sensitive issue of rare earth elements, have triggered various moves in the EU in terms of trade and cooperation policies. The use of international law gives the EU some leeway to manage legal tensions with China which may still remain in some sectors, and which may also arise in connection with China’s legitimate aspirations in terms of becoming a rule maker as well. On an institutional level, engaging in an ambitious agenda with China also proves that the European External Action Service has gained in efficiency and internal coherence. Finally, this article also shows that the increasing connection of the EU’S Arctic policy with major bilateral relations calls for strengthened EU diplomatic attention in order to respect the principles guiding the EU’S action on the international scene as stated in the Treaty of the European Union, and to avoid a Eurocentric attitude that could undermine the ability of the EU to be a global actor. EU-China cooperation on Arctic issues certainly relies on a strong potential for cooperation, but it also represents additional challenges for the integrated EU Arctic policy that is expected by the end of 2015.
Recovery From a First-Time Lateral Ankle Sprain and the Predictors of Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Doherty Cailbhe , Bleakley Chris , Hertel Jay , Caulfield Brian , Ryan John , Delahunt Eamonn
Published: February 2016

Background:

Impairments in motor control may predicate the paradigm of chronic ankle instability (CAI) that can develop in the year after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury. No prospective analysis is currently available identifying the mechanisms by which these impairments develop and contribute to long-term outcome after LAS.

Purpose:

To identify the motor control deficits predicating CAI outcome after a first-time LAS injury.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Eighty-two individuals were recruited after sustaining a first-time LAS injury. Several biomechanical analyses were performed for these individuals, who completed 5 movement tasks at 3 time points: (1) 2 weeks, (2) 6 months, and (3) 12 months after LAS occurrence. A logistic regression analysis of several “salient” biomechanical parameters identified from the movement tasks, in addition to scores from the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) recorded at the 2-week and 6-month time points, were used as predictors of 12-month outcome.

Results:

At the 2-week time point, an inability to complete 2 of the movement tasks (a single-leg drop landing and a drop vertical jump) was predictive of CAI outcome and correctly classified 67.6% of cases (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 55%; P = .004). At the 6-month time point, several deficits exhibited by the CAI group during 1 of the movement tasks (reach distances and sagittal plane joint positions at the hip, knee and ankle during the posterior reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test) and their scores on the activities of daily living subscale of the FAAM were predictive of outcome and correctly classified 84.8% of cases (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 91%; P < .001).

Conclusion:

An inability to complete jumping and landing tasks within 2 weeks of a first-time LAS and poorer dynamic postural control and lower self-reported function 6 months after a first-time LAS were predictive of eventual CAI outcome.
Admission Laboratory Results to Enhance Prediction Models of Postdischarge Outcomes in Cardiac Care
Authors: Pine Michael , Fry Donald E. , Hannan Edward L. , Naessens James M. , Whitman Kay , Reband Agnes , Qian Feng , Schindler Joseph , Sonneborn Mark , Roland Jaclyn , Hyde Linda , Dennison Barbara A.
Published: February 2016

Predictive modeling for postdischarge outcomes of inpatient care has been suboptimal. This study evaluated whether admission numerical laboratory data added to administrative models from New York and Minnesota hospitals would enhance the prediction accuracy for 90-day postdischarge deaths without readmission (PD-90) and 90-day readmissions (RA-90) following inpatient care for cardiac patients. Risk-adjustment models for the prediction of PD-90 and RA-90 were designed for acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous cardiac intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and congestive heart failure. Models were derived from hospital claims data and were then enhanced with admission laboratory predictive results. Case-level discrimination, goodness of fit, and calibration were used to compare administrative models (ADM) and laboratory predictive models (LAB). LAB models for the prediction of PD-90 were modestly enhanced over ADM, but negligible benefit was seen for RA-90. A consistent predictor of PD-90 and RA-90 was prolonged length of stay outliers from the index hospitalization.
High-Throughput Evaluation System based on Fluorescence Intensity Distribution Analysis-Polarization to Investigate Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions
Authors: Iwamura Maho , Koyama Ryoichi , Nonaka Yuki , Dai Fumiko , Matsuoka Ryoji , Nakamura Masaki , Iwabuchi Haruo , Okada Takahiro , Hasegawa Teruaki
Published: February 2016

We synthesized rhodamine-labeled β-lactoside and assessed its rotatory diffusion rates in aqueous media containing various oligosaccharides through fluorescence intensity distribution analysis-polarization measurements to find that its rotatory diffusion rates decrease in the presence of the coexisting oligosaccharides. Especially, the coexisting lactose lowered the rotatory diffusion rate more effectively than the other disaccharides did. This restrained rotatory diffusion arises from intermolecular carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions between the rhodamine-labeled β-lactoside and the coexisting lactose. We also detected intermolecular bindings between the rhodamine-labeled β-lactoside and monosialyl-disaccharides (3′- and 6′-sialyllactoses). These data clearly show that the fluorescence intensity distribution analysis-polarization-based system is quite advantageous to probe carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions.
BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF CROP PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF RUSSIA
Authors: Бахчевников  , Bakhchevnikov Oleg , Брагинец  , Braginets Sergey , Пахомов  , Pakhomov Viktor , Свистунов  , Svistunov Artem
Published: February 2016

The article analyzes grain production in Russia from the standpoint of biological safety of grain. The reasons of grain contamination increasing by mycotoxins and its harmful impact on the soil environment, on human and animal health were considered. Disadvantages of traditional technologies of grain crops cultivation in climates with low humidity were revealed. We represented the data on the change in the infestation of winter wheat, crop residues and stubble in the transition to a “zero” tillage.
Fifteen-minute home visits and the quest to improve care
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: February 2016

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses the crisis in social care delivery caused by the failure to eradicate the inequities of care delivery predicated on 15-minute patient interventions
Understanding the practice environment
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: February 2016

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse at Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, reflects on Magnet status in American hospitals and discusses the ‘Culture of Care’ Barometer developed by King's College London
Macmillan lead acute oncology/haematology nurse
Authors: Samson Michelle
Published: February 2016

Michelle Samson discusses her professional background that has led to her current role, and the projects she has developed over the course of her career
Promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of the diseases associated with the impaired insulin receptor signaling pathway
Authors: Gorbunov Evgeniy Aleksandrovich , Brigadirova Anastacia Andreevna , Kachaeva Evgeniya Vladimirovna , Putilovskiy Mikhail Aleksandrovich , Tarasov Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2016

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most widespread chronic diseases in the world. In DM type 2, peripheral tissues demonstrate strong resistance to endogenous insulin (insulin resistance) which is caused by impaired ability of the hormone to stimulate glucose uptake in target cells (muscle, adipose or brain tissue, liver, etc.) and to reduce blood glucose level. Research data suggest that all mentioned reasons are most likely to be based on a disruption of signal transduction from insulin receptor (IR) into insulin-dependent intracellular signaling cascades. Contemporary DM treatment strategy is aimed at the maintenance of optimal blood glucose level by improving insulin production and increasing insulin sensitivity of tissue as well as prevention of macro- and microvascular complications and decrease of their intensity. At the same time, the search for new targets for creation of innovative anti-diabetic compounds can be considered a promising task due to the optimization of existing approaches and development of the novel ones taking into account results of the latest research into DM etiology and pathogenesis. A special position among possible targets is occupied by insulin receptor (IR) and IR-associated signaling pathways. Belonging to tyrosine kinase receptor family, IR has been actively studied during the last decades. This review considers in particular the IR structure and functioning of receptor-associated signaling pathways. The paper contains data on novel ligand-mimetics and IR sensitizers as well as other molecules, which affect different components of IR-associated signaling pathways, thus exerting significant antidiabetic effect. Action of these compounds is aimed at improvement of basic metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and is mainly carried out due to the following effects: activation and potentiation of insulin signaling, increase of insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues; recovery of insulin secretion physiological mechanisms; reduction of glucose production in liver.
Application of Grey Model GM(1, 1) to Ultra Short-Term Predictions of Universal Time
Authors: Lei Yu , Guo Min , Zhao Danning , Cai Hongbing , Hu Dandan
Published: February 2016

A mathematical model known as one-order one-variable grey differential equation model GM(1, 1) has been herein employed successfully for the ultra short-term (<10days) predictions of universal time (UT1-UTC). The results of predictions are analyzed and compared with those obtained by other methods. It is shown that the accuracy of the predictions is comparable with that obtained by other prediction methods. The proposed method is able to yield an exact prediction even though only a few observations are provided. Hence it is very valuable in the case of a small size dataset since traditional methods, e.g., least-squares (LS) extrapolation, require longer data span to make a good forecast. In addition, these results can be obtained without making any assumption about an original dataset, and thus is of high reliability. Another advantage is that the developed method is easy to use. All these reveal a great potential of the GM(1, 1) model for UT1-UTC predictions.
Apartheid Aesthetics and Insignificant Art
Authors: Muller Stephanus
Published: February 2016

Stephanus Le Roux Marais (1896−1979) lived in Graaff-Reinet, South Africa, for nearly a quarter of a century. He taught music at the local secondary school, composed most of his extended output of Afrikaans art songs, and painted a number of small landscapes in the garden of his small house, nestled in the bend of the Sunday’s River. Marais’s music earned him a position of cultural significance in the decades of Afrikaner dominance of South Africa. His best-known songs (“Heimwee,” “Kom dans, Klaradyn,” and “Oktobermaand”) earned him the local appellation of “the Afrikaans Schubert” and were famously sung all over the world by the soprano Mimi Coertse. The role his ouevre played in the construction of a so-called European culture in Africa is uncontested. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid to the rich evocations of landscape encountered in Marais’s work. Contextualized by a selection of Marais’s paintings, this article glosses the index of landscape in this body of cultural production. The prevalence of landscape in Marais’s work and the range of its expression contribute novel perspectives to understanding colonial constructions of the twentieth-century South African landscape. Like the vast, empty, and ancient landscape of the Karoo, where Marais lived during the last decades of his life, his music assumes specificity not through efforts to prioritize individual expression, but through the distinct absence of such efforts. Listening for landscape in Marais’s songs, one encounters the embrace of generic musical conventions as a condition for the construction of a particular national identity. Colonial white landscape, Marais’s work seems to suggest, is deprived of a compelling musical aesthetic by its very embrace and desired possession of that landscape.
Maurice’as Maeterlinck’as ir Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino drama Žiedas ir moteris
Authors: Bikulčius Vytautas
Published: February 2016

Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949) comme auteur dramatique a été assez bien connu en Lituanie au début du XX siècle. Monna Vanna a été le premier drame traduit en lituanien en 1906 suivi par les traductions de L’Intruse (1924), Soeur Béatrice (1924), L’Oiseau bleu (1928), L’Intérieur (1939) et La Mort de Tintagiles (1939). [...]
Ethnographic Methods are Becoming More Popular in LIS Research
Authors: Wakimoto Diana K.
Published: February 2016

A Review of:

Khoo, M., Rozaklis, L., & Hall, C. (2012). A survey of the use of ethnographic methods in the study of libraries and library users. Library & Information Science Research, 34(2), 82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.lisr.2011.07.010

Objective – To determine the number of ethnographic studies of libraries and library users, where these studies are published, how researchers define ethnography, and which methods are used by the researchers.

Design – Literature survey.

Setting – The researchers are located at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

Subjects – 81 ethnographic studies of libraries and library users.

Methods – The researchers conducted a literature survey, starting with a pilot study of selected library and information science (LIS) journals, to find ethnographic studies and to determine key terms in research using ethnographic methods. The researchers used these terms in the main study to identify more LIS research using ethnographic methods. The same journals used in the pilot study were then searched online as part of the main study, along with three LIS databases (LISA, LISTA, LLIS). The researchers also searched the open web in order to capture grey literature in the LIS field. All literature found, including those sources found through secondary citations, was screened for inclusion in coding. Studies with non-LIS settings were excluded as were studies that utilized non-ethnographic methods. The screened studies were coded to determine categories of methods used.

Main Results – The researchers found 81 articles, reports, and conference presentations that used ethnographic methods, which they compiled into a bibliography. This is an order of magnitude larger than that found by previous literature surveys. Of these studies, 51.9% were published after 2005. The majority (64.2%) of the studies were published in journals. Many studies did not provide clear or detailed definitions of ethnography and the definitions that were provided varied widely. The researchers identified themes which had been used to support ethnographic methods as a research methodology. These included using ethnographic methods to gain richer insight into the subjects’ experiences, to collect authentic data on the subjects’ experiences, and to allow flexibility in the methods chosen. They also included the use of multiple data collection methods to enable data triangulation. The five main method categories found in the literature were: observation, interviews, fieldwork, focus groups, and cultural probes.

Conclusion – Based on the relatively large number of ethnographic studies identified when compared to previous literature surveys and on the upward trend of publication of ethnographic research over the past five years, the authors noted that their overview study (and resultant compilation of literature from disparate sources) was important and time-saving for researchers who use or are beginning to use ethnography as a research methodology.
Healthcare Services Managers: What Information do They Need and Use?
Authors: MacDonald Jackie , Bath Peter , Booth Andrew
Published: February 2016

Objectives: To gain insight into the information behaviour of healthcare services managers as they draw on information while engaged in decision making unrelated to individual patient care. Objectives – The purpose of this research project was to gain insight into the information behaviour of healthcare services managers as they use information while engaged in decision-making unrelated to individual patient care.

Methods – This small-scale, exploratory, multiple case study used the critical incident technique in nineteen semi-structured interviews. Responses were analyzed using ‘Framework,’ a matrix-based content analysis system.

Results – This paper presents findings related to the internal information that healthcare services managers need and use. Their decisions are influenced by a wide variety of factors. They must often make decisions without all of the information they would prefer to have. Internal information and practical experience set the context for new research-based information, so they are generally considered first.

Conclusions – Healthcare services managers support decisions with both facts and value-based information. These results may inform both delivery of health library services delivery and strategic health information management planning. They may also support librarians who extend their skills beyond managing library collections and teaching published information retrieval skills, to managing internal and external information, teaching information literacy, and supporting information sharing.
Career Goals And Concerns Of Minority Undergraduate Accounting Majors
Authors: Russell Virginia H. , Robinson, Jr. Alfred V.
Published: February 2016

The growth in large multinational corporations with highly diversified activities, requiring relatively complex financial accounting reporting systems, suggests that a sustained pattern of growth in accounting career positions will continue into the 1990s, and thus an increasing percentage of undergraduate minority students will select accounting as a major. To the extent that higher educational opportunities and career mobility are enhanced, systematic investigations of both socioeconomic and appropriate pedagogical concerns for these enrollees should be pursued. This study examines the career goals and priorities of minority undergraduate majors with the summarization clearly indicating the respondents emphasis on career activities as the major motivating force for choosing this professional preparatory program.
A Microcomputer Decision Support System For Check Encoder Workforce Scheduling
Authors: Davis Samuel G. , Reutzel Edward T.
Published: February 2016

As personal computers become more common in the workplace, the opportunity becomes available to place sophisticated decision support systems in the hands of managers. In this paper we describe such a system to be used by bank operations managers to facilitate the difficult task of scheduling employees responsible for processing checks after they have been deposited.
On The Non-Adoption Of Present Value Depreciation In Managerial Performance Evaluation
Authors: Blocher Edward , Chow Chee W. , Wong-Boren Adrian
Published: February 2016

Present value depreciation has long been advocated as a way to improve the dominant return on investment (ROI) managerial performance measure. Yet, to date, reported adoptions of this approach have been rare. Since providing appropriate managerial incentives is increasingly important in this era of intensifying global competition, it is useful to explore why firms are foregoing this theoretically superior approach. This paper points out that the non-adoption of present value depreciation may be an economically rational choice. It notes that advocates of present value depreciation have failed to consider some potentially significant implementation costs. In addition, a small scale computer simulation reveals that under conditions of uncertainty and correlated cash flows, ROI calculated under conventional depreciation procedures can often closely approximate the theoretically correct value. Hence, besides providing a specific analysis of present value depreciation, this study also underlines afresh the importance of cost/benefit considerations in developing or adopting new approaches to business problems.
Financial Information In The Chapter 11 Process
Authors: Parker M. Virginia , Miller Nancy D.
Published: February 2016

Although the Chapter 11 filing has occasionally been viewed as a potentially useful management tool, its associated costs are tremendous. Chapter 11 proceedings absorb an enormous portion of managements time. Many formerly routine decisions must now be evaluated by outsiders, who are given legal power to accomplish their own goals. The delays in the decision-making process reduce managements effectiveness.
Corporate Ownership And Compact Costs
Authors: Moore Gary S. , Smolen Gerald E.
Published: February 2016

Using definitions borrowed from property law, this paper contend shareholders receive less than complete ownership because the contract written by the state is deficient. This suggests that an additional residual property benefit exists in the firm separate and apart from both equity-holders and bondholder claims. Thus, the value of the firm is V = E + D + r, where V, E, and D are the market values of the firm, equity, and debt, respectively, and r is a residual value. The authors refer to this compact costs since it stems from the states faulty title document, and it explains investors paying a premium seeking corporate control.
The Association Between Stock Returns And Dilutive Earnings Per Share Numbers: A Reexamination
Authors: Jerris Scott I.
Published: February 2016

Since 1969 generally accepted accounting principles have required firms with complex capital structure to disclose both primary and fully diluted earnings per share numbers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a hypothesized benchmark, raw (basic) earnings per share, is more associated with stock price movements than these two required dilutive earnings numbers. Results show that the benchmark earnings per share number is more associated with stock returns than either primary or fully-diluted.
Toward Increasing Fund-Raising Efficiency: An Exploratory Study Of Use Of The Referral Method By A Non-Profit Organization
Authors: Pettit Kathy L. , Bozman Carl S.
Published: February 2016

Obtaining sales prospects from customer referrals is a frequently cited means of improving selling time efficiency. This paper examines the utility to a non-profit organization of similarly using referrals in fund-raising efforts. Referrals were found to be more likely to donate than previous non-donors, and were just as likely to contribute as former donors. However, contrary to generally accepted wisdom, current non-donors and donors were equivalently likely to provide referrals. Further-more, those form either source were found to be equally productive leads. Theoretical explanations are discussed.
An Evaluation Of Agency Theory Influence In Pension Accounting
Authors: Lander Gerald H. , Reinstein Alan , Fosu Augustin K.
Published: February 2016

The Financial Accounting Standard Board Standard No. 87 supersedes all other methods of accounting for pensions. However, many accountants think that this statement will also be superseded eventually since it contains several theoretical inconsistencies. The purpose of this article is first to apply agency theory to the determination of pension benefits, in order to show that pension costs represent a sharing of future cost savings in the employee-employer relationship. Some implications of the derived model are then applied to the provisions of SFAS No. 87. This model can thus be used to develop a consistent economic theory for pension accounting.
Debt Capacity And Debt Financing
Authors: Fosberg Richard H.
Published: February 2016

The pecking order theory of capital structure predicts that firms will finance a significant proportion of their financial deficit (investments + dividends – operating cash flows) with debt capital.  I also hypothesize that the amount of debt financing a firm actually uses is also related to its unused debt capacity.  The empirical analysis in this study confirms that firms follow the pecking order theory in financing their financial deficits.  Further, it is shown that firms with more unused debt capacity finance more of their financial deficits with debt than other firms.  Specifically, the data indicates that firms with the most unused debt capacity finance approximately 50% of their financial deficits with debt while firms with less unused debt capacity finance approximately 25% of their financial deficits with debt.  The data also indicate that a failure to adjust for credit availability in an empirical analysis of financial deficit financing will significantly under estimate the degree to which firms follow the pecking order theory.  It is also confirmed that most firms seem to have a target capital structure but the actual firm debt ratio only reverts to the target at a rate of 5-10% per year.  Additionally, the data also shows that a combination of an investment grade credit rating and relatively low debt outstanding is a better proxy for credit availability than the more commonly used total assets.
Arkansas Corporations Involve Employees In Programs Promoting Social Responsibility
Authors: White Gayle Webb
Published: February 2016

The area of social responsibility discussed in this paper is limited to that which would involve the employees of the company directly.   Numerous ideas involving social programs aiding children and the local communities, social programs relating to the particular business of the companies, and social programs the company could become involved in that have a national network affiliation are discussed. Examples of companies that utilize their benefits program to further environmental or social issues are included.  Further, the paper should prove valuable to university business professors as enhanced lecture material for classes. The research should prove valuable to company executives wanting ideas as to specific programs in which they can involve their employees that have proven to be successful at promoting environmental or social responsibility. The importance of the topic was verified by the 2007 Fortune Leadership issue which contained the results of a survey of approximately 550 companies around the world noted for developing leaders.  These companies reported community involvement as one of the top three reasons potential employees gave for choosing a company, thus enhancing recruitment and retention. The study of Arkansas corporations revealed the state to be a leader in promoting social responsibility among employees.
Linking Market Orientation To Strategy Through Segmentation Complexity
Authors: Zolfagharian Mohammad Ali , Cortes Angelica
Published: February 2016

Relying on the cultural view of market orientation, we introduce segmentation complexity as a key mediator between market orientation (i.e., customer orientation and competitor orientation) and the strategies of differentiation, cost leadership, and innovation.  Customer orientation is positively related to segmentation complexity, differentiation, and innovation, and negatively to cost leadership.  Competitor orientation is positively related to all of these strategies.  The indirect effects of both customer and competitor orientation are mediated through segmentation complexity, which is positively related to differentiation and innovation, and negatively to cost leadership.
Diagnostic Knee Arthroscopy and Partial Meniscectomy
Authors: Thompson Stephen R.
Published: February 2016

Knee arthroscopy is the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedure in the United States. Indications have grown exponentially since the procedure was first popularized by Watanabe and Jackson. Treatment of meniscal tears is the most common reason for knee arthroscopy, with approximately 700,000 arthroscopic partial meniscectomies performed annually. Other indications include assistance for cruciate ligament reconstruction, osteochondral lesions, removal of loose bodies, synovectomy, and septic arthritis. Arthroscopy is accomplished with the use of two small incisions on either side of the patella at the anterior aspect of the knee. An arthroscope is inserted through one incision and used to view the image on a monitor, while the second incision is employed for instrumentation.

An examination with the patient under anesthesia should always be performed prior to the initiation of the procedure. The patient is positioned with the knee flexed and a lateral post secured to the side of the bed. Standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals are made, and an arthroscope is introduced through the anterolateral portal. Diagnostic arthroscopy is performed in a systematic fashion. Meniscal tears and other pathology are identified. With use of an arthroscopic probe, the features of the meniscal tear are determined. Arthroscopic punches and shavers are used to debride torn portions back to a stable rim.

Knee arthroscopy is a highly effective procedure. Outcomes after partial medial meniscectomy are good to excellent in 80% to 100% of patients. A recent cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that knee arthroscopy is more cost-effective than coronary artery bypass surgery or total knee arthroplasty.
Socialization Content and Adjustment Outcome: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Employees Beginning Their Career
Authors: Tan Yali , Shen Xianjun
Published: February 2016

We explored the trajectories of change and dynamic associations between socialization content and adjustment outcome of Chinese people embarking on their career. We conducted a 3-wave longitudinal survey to measure what career starters learnt and how they adjusted to the workplace and
organization during the initial 7 months after organizational entry. The findings suggest that socialization content, task performance, and affective commitment increased, and job satisfaction decreased over time. The faster that newcomers learn a task, the faster their performance improves.
For those Chinese employees who worked in both state-owned and private organizations, the sooner they understood social relationships in the organization, the faster they formed affective commitment. In this study we explain how employees develop these skills in China, and it is one of the
few studies in which an examination has been carried out within the Chinese organizational context into what newcomers learn, their adjustment process, and their dynamic relations.
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Tamanna Sadeka , Ullah M Iftekhar
Published: February 2016

Abstract not availableCardiovasc. j. 2016; 8(2): 143-148
Evaluating the learning experience of Undergraduate Entrepreneurship students exposed to an unconventional teaching approach: A South African Case Study
Authors: Strydom Retha , Moos Menisha
Published: February 2016

At the University of Pretoria in South Africa, the teaching personnel decided to implement, in addition to the conventional teaching approach, an unconventional approach towards teaching entrepreneurship. The approach is unconventional in the sense that it differs from the norm or standard classroom teaching. The third-year entrepreneurship course is enriched with an assignment to start and grow an actual business. The purpose of this assignment is not only the practical application of the theory taught, but also to provide an opportunity for the student to start a business in a protected environment in order to break down any psychological barriers such as fear of failure. The lecturer guides the students through the entrepreneurial process, from finding an idea to organising the business. This paper evaluates the learning experience of the students exposed to the unconventional teaching approach. Preliminary observations suggest that the students acquired business skills and knowledge about the entrepreneurial process and created potentially sustainable, profitable business ventures in the class situation, despite coming from different fields of reference and different syllabi. This would seem to suggest that the practical teaching approach towards entrepreneurial learning created the conditions for these achievements.

Key words and phrases: entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial learning, innovative learning methods, student business ventures, start-ups
Los escenarios históricos en el Museo y Parque Arqueológico Cueva Pintada: de la investigación a la recreación virtual
Authors: Sáenz Sagasti José Ignacio , Rodríguez Santana Carmen Gloria
Published: February 2016

The Museum-Archaeological Park Cueva Pintada (Galdar, Gran Canaria) has promoted the implementation of virtual possibilities to improve the understanding of this site by the visiting public. The implementation of these new technologies has been based on solid historical and archaeological research, as well as a deep respect for the original archaeological remains.
Gestión integral de un Proyecto de Reconstrucción Virtual para una exposición en un Museo
Authors: Sagasti Mota Diego , Sillaurren Sara , Gómez de Segura José Daniel
Published: February 2016

In the work of historical reconstruction, the accuracy, fidelity and historic accuracy of what is shown are essential elements. Increasingly, virtual reconstruction is taking a relevance position in exhibitions and archaeology museums. The experts in virtual reconstruction are gaining in importance in the exhibitions designing. But they still need a permanent feedback on the part of the archaeologists to be sure that reconstruction is adjusted to the reality and is worthy of being presented in a museum. We present our project for creation of a virtual exhibition for the archaeological museum of Vitoria (Spain).We use different types of audiovisual material to rebuild and tell the story of the humans who inhabited the north of the Iberian peninsula since the 300,000 b.C until today.
O direito internacional e a proteção dos direitos de crianças e de adolescentes em conflito com a lei em Moçambique
Authors: Sicoche Bernardo Fernando
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os mecanismos e os instrumentos de proteção da criança e do adolescente em conflito com a lei em Moçambique, à luz das leis internas e do Direito Internacional. O enfoque é propor mecanismos de apoio e de promoção da melhoria do atendimento da criança e do adolescente em conflito com a lei penal em Moçambique, no que concerne aos procedimentos socioeducativos e processuais. Primeiramente, aborda-se aspectos conceptuais, os fundamentos teóricos e jurídicos de proteção da criança e do adolescente em conflito com a lei. Em seguida faz-se uma análise dos instrumentos internacionais de proteção das crianças e dos adolescentes autores de ato infracional, alguns deles ratificados pelo governo de Moçambique. Analisa-se, também, o impacto destas normas na realidade moçambicana. Finalmente, discute-se os procedimentos adotados na justiça infantil, atualmente, com vista a proteção das crianças e adolescentes em Moçambique. Em termos metodológicos optou-se pela pesquisa bibliográfica (coleta de dados secundários – materiais analisados, relatórios, revistas, artigos, leis, estatutos, livros e folhetos). A conclusão, que se chega nesse estudo, é de que existem vários instrumentos internacionais e nacionais que visam à proteção de crianças e adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Contudo, a inobservância dessas leis pelos agentes encarreguem para velar sobre a justiça infantil, devido, por um lado, o desconhecimento desta matéria, por outro, devido a falta de coordenação e cooperação no âmbito da execução dos procedimentos tendentes a proteção dos menores visados; a falta de alternativas de detenção para menores ofensores; e a falta de acesso à justiça juvenil. A formação e a capacitação jurídica em matéria do direito da criança e do adolescente, aos agentes ligados ao setor da justiça de menores podem contribuir para uma maior observância e respeito pelas normas nacionais e internacionais sobre os direitos da criança e a respectiva justiça infantil.

Palavras-chave: Criança e Adolescente em conflito com a lei. Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente. Direito Internacional. Justiça de menores.
Da qualificação jurídica das distintas formas de prestação tecnológica: breve análise do marco regulatório internacional
Authors: Ferraz Daniel Amin
Published: February 2016

A transferência de tecnologia e o acesso a este insumo consistem em elementos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da atividade humana concebida no âmbito da organização civil e para o exercício de uma diversidade de atividades econômicas. No entanto, em função da diversidade das formas de prestações tecnológicas, inexiste um conceito internacional minimamente uniforme de tecnologia. A inexistência dessa premissa compromete a regulação de negócios jurídicos em que uma parte se mostra mais vulnerável que a outra, especialmente quando se concebe negociação entre empresas multinacionais ou de nacionalidades diferentes, já que haveria uma assimetria entre elas. Dado esse contexto, o presente artigo, tendo como escopo o marco regulatório internacional, visa qualificar juridicamente as distintas formas de prestação tecnológica, a fim de que um entendimento minimamente uniforme seja sedimentado. Tal entendimento, possibilitará o desenvolvimento da discussão relativa à regulação estatal dos contratos de transferência de tecnologia e à otimização da prestação contratual entre as empresas. Além disso, a partir de uma base conceitual satisfatória, poder-se-á conceber uma harmonização legislativa da matéria relativa à prestação tecnológica, que atualmente se mostra ausente.
Crônicas do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos
Authors: Monebhurrun Nitish
Published: February 2016

Crônicas do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos
Fossil plant stomata indicate decreasing atmospheric CO2 prior to the Eocene–Oligocene boundary
Authors: Steinthorsdottir Margret , Porter Amanda S. , Holohan Aidan , Kunzmann Lutz , Collinson Margaret , McElwain Jennifer C.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A unique stratigraphic sequence of fossil leaves of Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (extinct trees of the beech family, Fagaceae) from central Germany has been used to derive an atmospheric pCO2 record with multiple data points spanning the late middle to late Eocene, two sampling levels which may be earliest Oligocene, and two samples from later in the Oligocene. Using the inverse relationship between the density of stomata and pCO2, we show that pCO2 decreased continuously from the late middle to late Eocene, reaching a relatively stable low value before the end of the Eocene. Based on the subsequent records, pCO2 in parts of the Oligocene was similar to latest Eocene values. These results suggest that a decrease in pCO2 preceded the large shift in marine oxygen isotope records that characterizes the Eocene–Oligocene transition and that when a certain threshold of pCO2 change was crossed, the cumulative effects of this and other factors resulted in rapid temperature decline, ice build up on Antarctica and hence a change of climate mode.
A model–model and data–model comparison for the early Eocene hydrological cycle
Authors: Carmichael Matthew J. , Lunt Daniel J. , Huber Matthew , Heinemann Malte , Kiehl Jeffrey , LeGrande Allegra , Loptson Claire A. , Roberts Chris D. , Sagoo Navjit , Shields Christine , Valdes Paul J. , Winguth Arne , Winguth Cornelia , Pancost Richard D.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A range of proxy observations have recently provided constraints on how Earth's hydrological cycle responded to early Eocene climatic changes. However, comparisons of proxy data to general circulation model (GCM) simulated hydrology are limited and inter-model variability remains poorly characterised. In this work, we undertake an intercomparison of GCM-derived precipitation and P − E distributions within the extended EoMIP ensemble (Eocene Modelling Intercomparison Project; Lunt et al., 2012), which includes previously published early Eocene simulations performed using five GCMs differing in boundary conditions, model structure, and precipitation-relevant parameterisation schemes. We show that an intensified hydrological cycle, manifested in enhanced global precipitation and evaporation rates, is simulated for all Eocene simulations relative to the preindustrial conditions. This is primarily due to elevated atmospheric paleo-CO2, resulting in elevated temperatures, although the effects of differences in paleogeography and ice sheets are also important in some models. For a given CO2 level, globally averaged precipitation rates vary widely between models, largely arising from different simulated surface air temperatures. Models with a similar global sensitivity of precipitation rate to temperature (dP∕dT) display different regional precipitation responses for a given temperature change. Regions that are particularly sensitive to model choice include the South Pacific, tropical Africa, and the Peri-Tethys, which may represent targets for future proxy acquisition. A comparison of early and middle Eocene leaf-fossil-derived precipitation estimates with the GCM output illustrates that GCMs generally underestimate precipitation rates at high latitudes, although a possible seasonal bias of the proxies cannot be excluded. Models which warm these regions, either via elevated CO2 or by varying poorly constrained model parameter values, are most successful in simulating a match with geologic data. Further data from low-latitude regions and better constraints on early Eocene CO2 are now required to discriminate between these model simulations given the large error bars on paleoprecipitation estimates. Given the clear differences between simulated precipitation distributions within the ensemble, our results suggest that paleohydrological data offer an independent means by which to evaluate model skill for warm climates.
Survey of the terrestrial habitats and vegetation of Shetland, 1974 – a framework for long-term ecological monitoring
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Bunce Robert G. H.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was expressed that large-scale development from the new oil industry could threaten the natural features of the islands. A framework was constructed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology on which to select samples for the survey. The vegetation and habitat data that were collected, along with the sampling framework, have recently been made public via the following doi:10.5285/06fc0b8c-cc4a-4ea8-b4be-f8bd7ee25342 (Terrestrial habitat, vegetation and soil data from Shetland, 1974) and doi:10.5285/f1b3179e-b446-473d-a5fb-4166668da146 (Land Classification of Shetland 1974). In addition to providing valuable information about the state of the natural environment of Shetland, the repeatable and statistically robust methods developed in the survey were used to underpin the Countryside Survey, Great Britain's national long-term integrated environmental monitoring programme. The demonstration of the effectiveness of the methodology indicates that a repeat of the Shetland survey would yield statistics about ecological changes in the islands, such as those arising from the impacts of the oil industry, a range of socio-economic impacts, and perhaps climate change. Currently no such figures are available, although there is much information on the sociological impacts, as well as changes in agriculture.
New developments in the representation of Saharan dust sources in the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2
Authors: Heinold Bernd , Tegen Ina , Schepanski Kerstin , Banks Jamie R.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2, dust source activation (DSA) observations from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite are proposed to replace the original source area parameterization over the Sahara Desert. The new setup is tested in nudged simulations for the period 2007 to 2008. The evaluation is based on comparisons to dust emission events inferred from MSG dust index imagery, Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer observations, and satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT).The model results agree well with AERONET measurements especially in terms of seasonal variability, and a good spatial correlation was found between model results and MSG-SEVIRI (Spinning-Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) dust AOT as well as Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) AOT. ECHAM6-HAM2 computes a more realistic geographical distribution and up to 20 % higher annual Saharan dust emissions, using the MSG-based source map. The representation of dust AOT is partly improved in the southern Sahara and Sahel. In addition, the spatial variability is increased towards a better agreement with observations depending on the season. Thus, using the MSG DSA map can help to circumvent the issue of uncertain soil input parameters.An important issue remains the need to improve the model representation of moist convection and stable nighttime conditions. Compared to sub-daily DSA information from MSG-SEVIRI and results from a regional model, ECHAM6-HAM2 notably underestimates the important fraction of morning dust events by the breakdown of the nocturnal low-level jet, while a major contribution is from afternoon-to-evening emissions.
Impact of surface coupling grids on tropical cyclone extremes in high-resolution atmospheric simulations
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M. , Reed Kevin A. , Bacmeister Julio T. , Craig Anthony P. , Bates Susan C. , Rosenbloom Nan A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This paper discusses the sensitivity of tropical cyclone climatology to surface coupling strategy in high-resolution configurations of the Community Earth System Model. Using two supported model setups, we demonstrate that the choice of grid on which the lowest model level wind stress and surface fluxes are computed may lead to differences in cyclone strength in multi-decadal climate simulations, particularly for the most intense cyclones. Using a deterministic framework, we show that when these surface quantities are calculated on an ocean grid that is coarser than the atmosphere, the computed frictional stress is misaligned with wind vectors in individual atmospheric grid cells. This reduces the effective surface drag, and results in more intense cyclones when compared to a model configuration where the ocean and atmosphere are of equivalent resolution. Our results demonstrate that the choice of computation grid for atmosphere–ocean interactions is non-negligible when considering climate extremes at high horizontal resolution, especially when model components are on highly disparate grids.