bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and Literature for Development in Responsibility
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert , Kumpfmüller Karl A.
Published: March 2015

In order to propose quality assurance for cutting-edge transnational higher education management, this chapter first analyzes data on academic developmental journals while making use of the three widely known literature databases ISI Thomson, Scopus, and Google Scholar; the latter analyzed by the software Publish or Perish (PoP). Time series of data for documents and their citations provide indices; this chapter provides as most helpful indices the ISI impact factor, Scopus SNIP, and PoP AW index. A dozen of the most influential developmental journals are heuristically ranked by taking into account all available indices from all three literature databases. The series of historic bibliometric data since the 1950s shows the dynamics of the global emergence of developmental journals and developmental thought. Secondly, and as a possible template for similar initiatives in global higher education management, this chapter presents the recently established “Global Studies” (GS) Master's curriculum at Graz University, Austria. Details on this novel curriculum's targets, modules, courses, and practicals are given. GS embraces six modules and courses from different schools at university. Emphasis is placed on dialogic interdisciplinary understanding and interparadigmatic integration of multiple disciplines and perspectives, when managing education for the purpose of responsibly hedging and managing globalization and socio-economic global change in responsible partnership.
Globalization and Transformation of Care in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Reiko
Published: March 2015

This chapter deals with the situation of family and care work in Japan, and, in particular, the Conjunction between Family, Care Work, and Immigration in Japan. The chapter is aimed to elucidate the complex interplay between family and care work from both paid and unpaid work. Furthermore, Japan currently does not have an immigration policy that would include social integration policies. Since the care needs cannot be met solely by the families or the domestic labor market, globalization of care will become a salient trend for a foreseeable future. Moreover, the chapter proceeds to analyze the globalization thesis within the Japanese context. According to the author, one should be able to see the convergence of welfare states in many countries, but as in the case of Japan, the process of globalization is not linear but contingent. Instead, what one has seen is a dialectical process of how the domestic factors are differently shaping the well-being of the people within their own institutional histories and strategies.
Knowledge Management Initiatives in Indian Public Sector
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: March 2015

Today, knowledge management has come to be accepted and recognized as a source of competitive advantage in the private sector. Although Knowledge Management (KM) has been gaining attention all over the world, KM as a discipline is still in its infancy, and adoption of KM is still at its nascent stage when it comes to the Public Sector. It is vital for any organization to understand the concept of KM so as to align its KM strategy with the organization's strategy. This is all the more important when it is the Public Sector because the impact of Public Sector organizations directly affects the common man. Knowledge creation, generation, and application are a continuous process. Without thorough understanding and awareness of KM, the Public Sector may not be able to reap true and full benefits. This chapter aims to bring a comprehensive understanding of KM application to the Public Sector and through cases recognizes the initiatives of KM in the Indian Public Sector.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the West (U.S. and West Europe) vs. East (China)
Authors: Wolf Ruth
Published: March 2015

This chapter explains why Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not widespread in some of countries, such as China, and how little effort towards CSR can create problems regarding a country's ability to trade with other countries that have national CSR policies and regulations. The chapter shows the strengths of organizations through the point of view of ethical social responsibility that actualizes itself in CSR. There is no doubt that the contribution to a community regarding the community's social, economic, and natural environment is impacted by different factors. A community is impacted by national policies as well as by the social perspectives and practices that exist in that nation. This chapter highlights the need to revive ethical values in the fields of society, economics, and the natural environment in correlation with the social and cultural norms in each given country.
Corruption in the Public Eye
Authors: Katzarova Elitza
Published: March 2015

What role is there for publicity in the global anti-corruption debate? This chapter introduces the concepts of “transparency” and “publicity” as analytical tools that account for differentiated channels through which the availability of information can induce social change. Two case studies provide insights into the role of traditional media in comparison to new social media. The first case analyzes the role of Western news coverage during the negotiations of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in the mid-1990s and the threat of publicity as a negotiation strategy. The second case investigates the role of social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube in the success of the anti-corruption strike carried out by Indian social activist Anna Hazare in 2011. By introducing and further applying the conceptual toolkit of “transparency” and “publicity” to both cases, this chapter argues that transparency requires publicity or in the case of the OECD negotiations—the threat of publicity—in order for the anti-corruption campaign to be successful. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ramifications for transparency and publicity as tools for social change.
The Moral Limitations of the Rational-Monistic Model
Authors: Berenstok Galit , Saporta Ishak
Published: March 2015

This chapter proposes a rational-pluralistic model for decision making in organizations. The authors developed this model as a potential solution to the negative moral implications (such as alienation from the workplace) that the formal rational decision making model has on organization employees. The negative moral implications are due to the fact that the formal rational model is monistic, limited by the considerations of the organization's utility, and neglects moral values and non-utility values that are related to the employee. The rational-pluralistic model is based on a revision of the concept of rationality and rational action. The basic assumption of this model is that there is a range of values other than the utility value that are involved in rational decision making. The more extended definition of rationality makes it possible to avoid a situation in which employees are only the means for organization goals, rather than ends in themselves.
The Ethical Implications of Personal Health Monitoring
Authors: Mittelstadt Brent , Fairweather Ben , Shaw Mark C. , McBride Neil
Published: March 2015

Personal Health Monitoring (PHM) uses electronic devices which monitor and record health-related data outside a hospital, usually within the home. This paper examines the ethical issues raised by PHM. Eight themes describing the ethical implications of PHM are identified through a review of 68 academic articles concerning PHM. The identified themes include privacy, autonomy, obtrusiveness and visibility, stigma and identity, medicalisation, social isolation, delivery of care, and safety and technological need. The issues around each of these are discussed. The system / lifeworld perspective of Habermas is applied to develop an understanding of the role of PHMs as mediators of communication between the institutional and the domestic environment. Furthermore, links are established between the ethical issues to demonstrate that the ethics of PHM involves a complex network of ethical interactions. The paper extends the discussion of the critical effect PHMs have on the patient's identity and concludes that a holistic understanding of the ethical issues surrounding PHMs will help both researchers and practitioners in developing effective PHM implementations.1
The efficacy of a generic doxycycline tablet in the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: Fourie Josephus J. , Horak Ivan , Crafford Dionne , Erasmus Heidi L. , Botha Ockert J.
Published: March 2015

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a generic doxycycline tablet (DoxyVet®) against Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by the bacterium E. canis and transmitted by the brown kennel tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Six disease-free and tick-free dogs were infested with E. canis infected ticks. Once diagnosed (with polymerase chain reaction [PCR] analysis and platelet counts) as positive for infection, doxycycline tablets were administered orally once a day for 20 consecutive days, at a target dose level of 10 mg/kg. The actual dose administered was calculated as ranging between 10 mg/kg and 11.7 mg/kg. The PCR analysis, 28 days after the first administration of the tablets, failed to detect E. canis in any of the dogs. On Day 56 of the study, four of the dogs were diagnosed with E. canis for the second time and a fifth dog was diagnosed on Day 70. The platelet counts of the sixth dog remained within normal levels and it was discharged from the study on Day 84. Doxycycline tablets were then administered to the remaining five infected dogs for 28 consecutive days. Four of these dogs had no positive PCR results during the following 3 months. The fifth dog was diagnosed with E. canis for the third time 58 days after the last tablets of the second treatment had been administered, after which it was rescue treated (doxycycline for a further 28 days). The results indicate that doxycycline administered in tablet form (DoxyVet®) at 10 mg/kg – 11.7 mg/kg body mass once daily for 28 consecutive days clears most dogs of infection. The importance of a concomitant tick-control programme is therefore stressed.
Deconstructing the cultural confinement of the Western menopausal women towards a spirituality of liberation
Authors: Meletiou Crystal , Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: March 2015

Throughout the ages, menstruation and menopause have posed unique challenges in the life of women. In Biblical times, much was said about the impurity of a menstruating woman. In the past century, however, the focus gradually shifted to menopause and the effect thereof on a woman�s body, both aesthetically and physiologically. Freud went so far as to argue that menopausal women are neurotic and that an oophorectomy (the surgical removal of the female ovaries) should be a standard procedure for a menopausal woman. Unfortunately, this Freudian theory has not yet been completely demolished in our contemporary society. Hysterectomies (the surgical removal of the uterus) are still frequently performed on menopausal women, and all too often, antidepressants are included in menopausal women� medical regimes. The question remains: Can hysterectomy, hormone replacement therapy and antidepressants �erase� the challenges that Western menopausal women face?Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Western menopausal women are under tremendous social pressure to preserve their youthfulness. Many middle-aged women live with the fear that their declining sexual appeal may result in rejection, both personally and professionally. Unfortunately, the intellectual value of these women is seldom acknowledged.�
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Associated Hypophysitis
Authors: Mahzari Moeber , Liu Dora , Arnaout Amel , Lochnan Heather
Published: March 2015

Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against CTLA4 T-lymphocyte antigen used as cancer therapy. Immune-related adverse events are common side effects and may include hypophysitis-related hypopituitarism. The clinical features of six patients with ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (IH) are described. The clinical features of IH reported in clinical trials, including the incidence of IH by gender and the likelihood of adrenal axis recovery, are summarized. Following the development of IH, most patients remain on glucocorticoid replacement despite efforts to withdraw therapy. Analysis of gender information in published clinical trials suggests that men are more prone to developing IH than women, and few patients fully recover the pituitary-adrenal axis function. Ipilimumab and other drugs within its class are likely to be used to treat many forms of cancer. Endocrinologists should anticipate a significant increase in the incidence of autoimmune hypophysitis. Strategies for early detection of IH and long-term management should be considered.
Electrically Induced Limbic Seizures: Preliminary Findings in a Rodent Model
Authors: Kowski Alexander B. , Holtkamp Martin
Published: March 2015

In epilepsy, novel pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment approaches are commonly assessed in model systems of acute motor and often generalized seizures. We developed a rodent model with short-term electrical stimulation of the perforant path resulting in stereotyped limbic seizures. Limbic structures play a major role in human intractable epilepsy. In 10 rats, single electrical 5-second and 20-Hz stimuli to the perforant path reliably produced limbic seizures characterized by resting behavior and subtle motor signs. Electrophysiological recordings from the dentate gyrus demonstrated a seizure pattern with 4-Hz to 5-Hz discharges. Multiple inductions of seizures within 72 hours did not alter behavioral and electrophysiological seizure characteristics. Electrophysiological excitatory and inhibitory parameters assessed by evoked single and paired pulses did not change with increasing number of seizures. We present preliminary findings on a new model of electrically induced limbic seizures of mesiotemporal origin. This model may represent a reliable screening tool for new treatment approaches such as deep brain stimulation.
Transmisión de valores en adolescentes: un análisis con videojuegos
Authors: Sinde Martínez Jon , Medrano Samaniego María Concepción , Martínez de Morentín Juan Ignacio
Published: March 2015

Los videojuegos, del mismo modo que ocurre con otros muchos productos audiovisuales, son una herramienta mediante la cual es posible transmitir contenidos de todo tipo. No obstante, si bien las utilidades educativas, de este medio de comunicación, han sido estudiadas en diferentes investigaciones, la transmisión de valores no ha sido analizada en profundidad. Metodología: Se ha realizado un estudio correlacional, para lo cual se ha utilizado un cuestionario con el fin de  conocer los hábitos de uso de videojuegos de una población (N=110) de adolescentes. Se ha llevado a cabo, también, un análisis de contenidos de los videojuegos más utilizados por los participantes en esta investigación Resultados y conclusiones: Se ha comprobado que existen diferencias de uso de videojuegos entre la población adolescente masculina y femenina, aunque no ha sido posible confirmar esas diferencias según la edad. Así mismo, se ha verificado que los videojuegos son, efectivamente, transmisores de valores y se ha detallado cuáles son esos valores que transmiten.
A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005
Authors: Siebert S. , Kummu M. , Porkka M. , Döll P. , Ramankutty N. , Scanlon B. R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Irrigation intensifies land use by increasing crop yield but also impacts water resources. It affects water and energy balances and consequently the microclimate in irrigated regions. Therefore, knowledge of the extent of irrigated land is important for hydrological and crop modelling, global change research, and assessments of resource use and management. Information on the historical evolution of irrigated lands is limited. The new global historical irrigation data set (HID) provides estimates of the temporal development of the area equipped for irrigation (AEI) between 1900 and 2005 at 5 arcmin resolution. We collected sub-national irrigation statistics from various sources and found that the global extent of AEI increased from 63 million ha (Mha) in 1900 to 111 Mha in 1950 and 306 Mha in 2005. We developed eight gridded versions of time series of AEI by combining sub-national irrigation statistics with different data sets on the historical extent of cropland and pasture. Different rules were applied to maximize consistency of the gridded products to sub-national irrigation statistics or to historical cropland and pasture data sets. The HID reflects very well the spatial patterns of irrigated land as shown on historical maps for the western United States (around year 1900) and on a global map (around year 1960). Mean aridity on irrigated land increased and mean natural river discharge on irrigated land decreased from 1900 to 1950 whereas aridity decreased and river discharge remained approximately constant from 1950 to 2005. The data set and its documentation are made available in an open-data repository at https://mygeohub.org/publications/8 (doi:10.13019/M20599).
Sources of uncertainty in rainfall maps from cellular communication networks
Authors: Rios Gaona M. F. , Overeem A. , Leijnse H. , Uijlenhoet R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Accurate measurements of rainfall are important in many hydrological and meteorological applications, for instance, flash-flood early-warning systems, hydraulic structures design, irrigation, weather forecasting, and climate modelling. Whenever possible, link networks measure and store the received power of the electromagnetic signal at regular intervals. The decrease in power can be converted to rainfall intensity, and is largely due to the attenuation by raindrops along the link paths. Such alternative technique fulfills the continuous strive for measurements of rainfall in time and space at higher resolutions, especially in places where traditional rain gauge networks are scarce or poorly maintained. Rainfall maps from microwave link networks have recently been introduced at country-wide scales. Despite their potential in rainfall estimation at high spatiotemporal resolutions, the uncertainties present in rainfall maps from link networks are not yet fully comprehended. The aim of this work is to identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty present in interpolated rainfall maps from link rainfall depths. In order to disentangle these sources of uncertainty, we classified them into two categories: (1) those associated with the individual microwave link measurements, i.e., the errors involved in single-link rainfall retrievals such as wet antenna attenuation, sampling interval of measurements, wet/dry period classification, quantization of the received power, drop size distribution (DSD), and multi-path propagation; (2) those associated with mapping, i.e., the combined effect of the interpolation methodology and the spatial density of link measurements. We computed ~3500 rainfall maps from real and simulated link rainfall depths for 12 days for the land surface of the Netherlands. Simulated link rainfall depths were obtained from radar data. These rainfall maps were compared against quality-controlled gauge-adjusted radar rainfall fields (assumed to be the ground truth). Thus, we were able to not only identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty in such rainfall maps, but also to test the actual and optimal performance of one commercial microwave network from one of the cellular providers in the Netherlands.
EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER EXTRACTION BY JET FUEL ON A NITRILE HOSE COMPOUND
Authors: Pazur Richard J. , Kennedy T. A. C.
Published: March 2015

Seven ester plasticizers were evaluated in a reference acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) fuel hose compound with respect to extractability resistance to jet fuel. Plasticizers differed primarily in chemical structure (polarity) and molecular weight (monomeric vs polymeric). Plasticizer addition led to lower viscosity, maximum torque, modulus, tensile strength, and enhanced low temperature properties. Exposure to jet fuel caused plasticizer extraction resulting in compound softening due to absorption of the aromatic components in the fuel. The glass transition temperature shifted toward lower temperatures. Extraction resistance is enhanced by optimizing polymer–plasticizer compatibility and by using a higher molecular weight plasticizer. The use of the polymeric plasticizer A-8600 lowers the loss of other fugitive plasticizers, indicating the presence of specific plasticizer–plasticizer interactions. Of the monomeric and polymeric plasticizers, trioctyl trimellitate and A-8600, respectively, display the best combination of plasticizing ability and extraction resistance.
The Analysis of Service Quality on Building Permit on Soppeng Regency, Indonesia
Authors: . Alyas
Published: March 2015

The study aims to find out service quality on building permit in Soppeng Regency. Population taken out for the study is community inhabiting Soppeng Regency, and the sample is taken out accidentally. Data collection methods applied are observation, questionnaire, interview and documentation. Data analysis technique applied is descriptive quantitative analysis, and the data is presented in form of table. The findings indicate that the service quality on building permit in Soppeng Regency is 67.25% or is categorized as fairly good based on the indicators of simplicity, on-time service, open, and indiscriminative deal to the community. However, based on the efficiency and economic service quality, it is still poor. There are still many people who are not served efficiently when service hours are not scheduled at the same time as office hours during the process of proposing plan to begin construction. Besides, the rate charged to the community in arranging building permit is high enough in addition to uneconomical. Therefore, in order to improve the service quality on building permit in Soppeng Regency, the local government has to provide dependable professional staffs who are able to serve those people in proposing building permit in simple, on-time, open, indiscriminative, efficient and economical.
Challenges and Opportunities for Agro-Pastoral Livestock Smallholders in Mali
Authors: Cibils Andrés F. , McGrew DeAnn , Kassambara Bara , Bengaly Konimba , Sissoko Bourama , Acharya Ram N.
Published: March 2015

This paper reports on an in-depth assessment of smallholder livestock production in rainfed agro-pastoral communities of Mali through an analysis of data from 36 case studies. Approximately 1,108 farmers were involved, with two-thirds of the case studies focusing on ruminant production and the remainder dealing with cooperative capacity building. Feeding and forage-related needs were the most frequently assessed in the case studies involving smallholders raising small ruminants or cattle, whereas organization-related needs were the most frequently assessed in those involving smallholder livestock cooperatives. Meeting the feed and forage requirements of small ruminants and cattle is the most urgent need for livestock smallholders, but addressing this challenge will be difficult without concurrent control of the breeding season and common diseases as well as implementation of appropriate methods to track and cull unproductive animals. Empowerment of grass-roots organizations, particularly women's cooperatives, through literacy programmes and effective extension outreach could have significant impacts on the improvement of smallholder livestock enterprises.
‘Resistance Through Rituals’, ‘Policing the Crisis’ and the present conjuncture
Authors: Jefferson Tony
Published: March 2015

‘Resistance Through Rituals’, ‘Policing the Crisis’ and the present conjuncture

This article deals with three questions. What did resistance mean in the 1970s and what does it mean today? Have the rituals of resistance changed over time? What is the status today of moral panic theory? These questions directly refer to ‘Resistance Through Rituals’ (1976) and ‘Policing the Crisis’ (1978). For that reason, one of the authors answers these key questions in a contemporary framework of hegemony, security and neoliberal politics, and points to the continuing relevance of the political and critical tradition of British cultural studies.
Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles for Physical Antibiotics Coping with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Yujiro Naruse
Published: March 2015

Surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles is theoretically investigated in order to develop physical antibiotics coping with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The core concept of the physical antibiotics is based on the design strategy utilizing molecular elements in peptidoglycan for surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles. These gold nanoparticles will couple to peptidoglycan easily during the proliferation or growth of the bacteria, leading to the destruction of cell walls. Additionally, physical fields (electromagnetic wave, X-ray or ultrasound) bring enhanced suppression of the proliferation. This strategy allows us to have wide variety of antibiotics designs and the suppression against the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Might we be Calling Problems Seen in Autism Spectrum Conditions: ‘Poor Theory of Mind,’ when Actually they are Related to Non-Generalised ‘Object Permanence’?
Authors: Lawson Wenn B. , Dombroski Brynn A.
Published: March 2015

Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and the delayed development of object permanence is often not questioned, and is rarely understood. The following paper attempts to explore this idea and suggests reasons for why such development is delayed and the possibility that certain difficult behaviours seen in children with ASC are less likely to be connected to having poor theory of mind and more connected to lacking generalized concepts of object permanence.
La creación y promoción de experiencias en un destino turístico. Un análisis de la investigación y necesidades de actuación
Authors: Carballo Fuentes Rita , Moreno-Gil Sergio , León González Carmelo , Brent Ritchie J. R.
Published: March 2015

El artículo realiza una profunda revisión teórica de un término de creciente interés: la experiencia. Se aborda la comprensión de las dimensiones de la experiencia turística, cómo analizarlas, y cómo desarrollar y comunicar una experiencia turística, presentado especial atención a la marca y los eventos como paradigma promocional de la misma. Como aportaciones principales, este trabajo analiza e identifica la situación de la investigación sobre experiencias turísticas, y finaliza con una propuesta: matriz de diseño de la experiencia, para la implementación práctica de experiencias en un destino.
Turismo agroalimentario en áreas de cultivo de manzana en la Región Sur de Brasil
Authors: Goulart Rocha Fernando , Tulla Antoni F.
Published: March 2015

En la Región Sur del Brasil, las experiencias de turismo agroalimentario en los municipios productores de manzana se caracterizan por el modesto aprovechamiento de la fruta como atractivo turístico. En esta sentido, el objectivo del artículo es presentar y discutir el marco actual del turismo agroalimentario de la manzana en la Región Sur de Brasil. La investigación contó con trabajo de campo y el estudio de la bibliografía pertinente en el tema. Para el análisis se recuperan los principios y contenido de la organización de los Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados y la consideración de las actividades accesorias como una estrategia de diversificación de la renta en la pequeña propiedad familiar. Las conclusiones del estudio son de que con el propósito de mejorar el turismo regional, es importante la concepción de un proyecto de desarrollo que contribuya positivamente hacia los sectores interesados en invertir en esta actividad. Por estos motivos, la cualificación profesional, la organización colectiva de los productores y procesadores, así como la participación del poder público, son imprescindibles para el éxito del turismo agroalimentario de la manzana en la Región Sur de Brasil.
Encuentros y desencuentros en el desarrollo turístico de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Pérez Winter Cecilia
Published: March 2015

Desde el 2000 la provincia de Buenos Aires comenzó a desarrollar el turismo como instrumento de desarrollo local. En este artículo se analiza comparativamente dos partidos del norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) que iniciaron sus procesos de turistificación con anterioridad a las recientes políticas bonaerenses: Exaltación de la Cruz y San Antonio de Areco. Se examinarán ciertos encuentros y desencuentros entre las políticas turísticas aplicadas por la Provincia y aquellas desarrolladas por los municipios mencionados.
Political Corruption, Democratic Theory, and Democracy
Authors: Navot Doron
Published: March 2015

According to recent conceptual proposals, institutional corruption should be understood within the boundaries of the institution and its purpose. Political corruption in democracies, prominent scholars suggest, is characterized by the violation of institutional ideals or behaviors that tend to harm democratic processes and institutions. This paper rejects the idea that compromises, preferences, political agreements, or consent can be the baseline of conceptualization of political corruption. In order to improve the identification of abuse of power, the concept of political corruption should not be related directly to democratic institutions and processes; rather, it should be related to ideals whose content is independent of citizens’ preferences, institutions and processes. More specifically, I articulate the relations between political corruption and the notion of subjection, and include powerful citizens in the category of political corruption. Yet, I also suggest redefining under what conditions agents are culpable for their motivations in promoting private gain. By doing this, we better realize how democratic institutions can be the source of corruption and not just its victims. Such a redefinition, I propose finally, is the basis for the distinction between individual and institutional corruption.
Tourism development, touristic local taxes and local human resources: A stable way to improve efficiency and effectiveness of local strategies of development
Authors: Musaraj Arta
Published: March 2015

Tourism represents an aggressive and growing industry which is gaining fast impact and importance in national and local economies. This new shape that the touristic product and touristic sector is gaining makes necessary a deep understanding of influencing factor and the range of impact this shape creates while trying to understand patterns, strategies and increased benefits. This not just referring to the touristic operators, public administrators and academic researcher. The big changes in the tourism concept affect actually more and more small businesses, families which actually have more chances to get in this industry as well as to have more tangible benefits from revenues of the sector. All this actors become more and more aware that the management of the sector, it’s outcomes particularly referring to tourism tax at local level becomes the only way to create added value to the touristic chain and ensure touristic infrastructure set up and reinforcement, so much necessary for a sustainable local economic development. Local resources are the key elements for this aim and human local resources quality becomes more affecting the whole sector as much as its main characteristics, management and direct benefit becomes more local. Touristic local tax managed in a more efficient way when it comes to its collection, and distributed more effectively among different elements which constitute the backbone of local public services, underline the importance of qualitative and responsible local public administrations representing a strong item for the future of the touristic sector as well as for the development of communities.
El potencial de las bacterias purpuras no sulfurosas (BPNS) en la producción biológica de hidrógeno
Authors: García-López Daniel A , De Philippis Roberto , Olguín E.J.
Published: March 2015

La actual problemática ambiental y energética causada por el uso de combustibles fósiles ha hecho necesario valorar energías alternas como el hidrógeno. Los bioprocesos son una opción para la producción de este energético, y dentro de éstos, la fotofermentación o fotodescomposición de compuestos orgánicos de bajo peso molecular por bacterias púrpuras no sulfurosas (BPNS) destaca por su potencial de aprovechar la energía de la luz y de ácidos orgánicos durante el proceso denominado fotofermentación que produce hidrógeno mediante la enzima nitrogenasa. En la presente revisión se abordan generalidades de las BPNS, se describe el mecanismo por el que producen hidrógeno y finalmente se abordan los principales retos para lograr mayores rendimientos para producir hidrógeno en BPNS.
Crime and Police Personnel in Malaysia: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Habibullah Muzafar Shah , Baharom A.H. , Muhamad Suriyani
Published: March 2015

The economic theory on crime behavior proposed by Becker (1968) suggests that an increase in the number of policemen can deter crimes. However, recent studies found a positive relationship between police personnel and crime rates. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of police personnel on 15 categories of crime rates in Malaysia for the period of 1973 to 2005 by using the vector error-correction model. Our results suggest that 8 categories of crime rates support Becker’s crime economic theory, while 6 categories of crime support the ‘long-run natural rate of crime’ hypothesis.
The 2012 Mw 8.6 Wharton Basin sequence: A cascade of great earthquakes generated by near‐orthogonal, young, oceanic mantle faults
Authors: Hill Emma M. , Yue Han , Barbot Sylvain , Lay Thorne , Tapponnier Paul , Hermawan Iwan , Hubbard Judith , Banerjee Paramesh , Feng Lujia , Natawidjaja Danny , Sieh Kerry
Published: March 2015

We improve constraints on the slip distribution and geometry of faults involved in the complex, multisegment, Mw 8.6 April 2012 Wharton Basin earthquake sequence by joint inversion of high‐rate GPS data from the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr), teleseismic observations, source time functions from broadband surface waves, and far‐field static GPS displacements. This sequence occurred under the Indian Ocean, ∼400 km offshore Sumatra. The events are extraordinary for their unprecedented rupture of multiple cross faults, deep slip, large strike‐slip magnitude, and potential role in the formation of a discrete plate boundary between the Indian and Australian plates. The SuGAr recorded static displacements of up to ∼22 cm, along with time‐varying arrivals from the complex faulting, which indicate that the majority of moment release was on young, WNW trending, right‐lateral faults, counter to initial expectations that an old, lithospheric, NNE trending fracture zone played the primary role. The new faults are optimally oriented to accommodate the present‐day stress field. Not only was the greatest moment released on the younger faults, but it was these that sustained very deep slip and high stress drop (>20 MPa). The rupture may have extended to depths of up to 60 km, suggesting that the oceanic lithosphere in the northern Wharton Basin may be cold and strong enough to sustain brittle failure at such depths. Alternatively, the rupture may have occurred with an alternative weakening mechanism, such as thermal runaway.
Morphological, structural, and spectral characteristics of amorphous iron sulfates
Authors: Sklute E. C. , Jensen H. B. , Rogers A. D. , Reeder R. J.
Published: March 2015

Current or past brine hydrologic activity on Mars may provide suitable conditions for the formation of amorphous ferric sulfates. Once formed, these phases would likely be stable under current Martian conditions, particularly at low‐ to mid‐latitudes. Therefore, we consider amorphous iron sulfates (AIS) as possible components of Martian surface materials. Laboratory AIS were created through multiple synthesis routes and characterized with total X‐ray scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, visible/near‐infrared (VNIR), thermal infrared (TIR), and Mössbauer techniques. We synthesized amorphous ferric sulfates (Fe(III)2(SO4)3 · ~ 6–8H2O) from sulfate‐saturated fluids via vacuum dehydration or exposure to low relative humidity (<11%). Amorphous ferrous sulfate (Fe(II)SO4 · ~ 1H2O) was synthesized via vacuum dehydration of melanterite. All AIS lack structural order beyond 11 Å. The short‐range (<5 Å) structural characteristics of amorphous ferric sulfates resemble all crystalline reference compounds; structural characteristics for the amorphous ferrous sulfate are similar to but distinct from both rozenite and szomolnokite. VNIR and TIR spectral data for all AIS display broad, muted features consistent with structural disorder and are spectrally distinct from all crystalline sulfates considered for comparison. Mössbauer spectra are also distinct from crystalline phase spectra available for comparison. AIS should be distinguishable from crystalline sulfates based on the position of their Fe‐related absorptions in the visible range and their spectral characteristics in the TIR. In the NIR, bands associated with hydration at ~1.4 and 1.9 µm are significantly broadened, which greatly reduces their detectability in soil mixtures. AIS may contribute to the amorphous fraction of soils measured by the Curiosity rover.
Clumped isotope perturbation in tropospheric nitrous oxide from stratospheric photolysis
Authors: Schmidt Johan A. , Johnson Matthew S.
Published: March 2015

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is potent greenhouse gas and source of ozone depleting NO to the stratosphere. Recent advances in mass spectrometry allow accurate measurement of multiply substituted (“clumped”) N2O isotopocules, providing new constraints on the N2O source budget. However, this requires a quantification of the “clumped” N2O fractionation from stratospheric photolysis (main sink). We use time‐dependent quantum dynamics and a 1‐D atmospheric model to determine the effect of stratospheric photolysis on the abundances of multisubstituted N2O isotopocules in the atmosphere. The ultraviolet absorption cross sections of 557 (i.e., 15N15N17O), 458, 548, 457, and 547 are presented for the first time and used to derive altitude‐dependent photolysis rates and fractionation constants. We find that photolysis alters the N2O isotopic composition with multisubstituted mass 47 isotopocules being less abundant than expected from stochastics (Δ47 = −1.7‰ in the troposphere and down to −12‰ in the upper stratosphere).
The seasonal cycle of ocean‐atmosphere CO2 flux in Ryder Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Legge Oliver J. , Bakker Dorothee C. E. , Johnson Martin T. , Meredith Michael P. , Venables Hugh J. , Brown Peter J. , Lee Gareth A.
Published: March 2015

Approximately 15 million km2 of the Southern Ocean is seasonally ice covered, yet the processes affecting carbon cycling and gas exchange in this climatically important region remain inadequately understood. Here, 3 years of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from Ryder Bay on the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) are presented. During spring and summer, primary production in the surface ocean promotes atmospheric CO2 uptake. In winter, higher DIC, caused by net heterotrophy and vertical mixing with Circumpolar Deep Water, results in outgassing of CO2 from the ocean. Ryder Bay is found to be a net sink of atmospheric CO2 of 0.90–1.39 mol Cm−2 yr−1 (average of 3 years). Seasonal sea ice cover modifies the net annual CO2 uptake, but its effect on gas exchange remains poorly constrained. A reduction in sea ice on the WAP shelf may reduce the strength of the oceanic CO2 sink in this region.
Metapopulation capacity of evolving fluvial landscapes
Authors: Bertuzzo Enrico , Rodriguez‐Iturbe Ignacio , Rinaldo Andrea
Published: March 2015

The form of fluvial landscapes is known to attain stationary network configurations that settle in dynamically accessible minima of total energy dissipation by landscape‐forming discharges. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the dendritic structure of river networks in controlling population dynamics of the species they host and large‐scale biodiversity patterns. Here, we systematically investigate the relation between energy dissipation, the physical driver for the evolution of river networks, and the ecological dynamics of their embedded biota. To that end, we use the concept of metapopulation capacity, a measure to link landscape structures with the population dynamics they host. Technically, metapopulation capacity is the leading eigenvalueλMof an appropriate “landscape” matrix subsuming whether a given species is predicted to persist in the long run.λMcan conveniently be used to rank different landscapes in terms of their capacity to support viable metapopulations. We study howλMchanges in response to the evolving network configurations of spanning trees. Such sequence of configurations is theoretically known to relate network selection to general landscape evolution equations through imperfect searches for dynamically accessible states frustrated by the vagaries of Nature. Results show that the process shaping the metric and the topological properties of river networks, prescribed by physical constraints, leads to a progressive increase in the corresponding metapopulation capacity and therefore on the landscape capacity to support metapopulations—with implications on biodiversity in fluvial ecosystems.
Nitrative Spirocyclization Mediated by TEMPO: Synthesis of Nitrated Spirocycles from N‐Arylpropiolamides, tert‐Butyl Nitrite and Water
Authors: Yang Xu‐Heng , Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Wei Wen‐Ting , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: March 2015

A new method for the nitrative spirocyclization of alkynes is described. This method involves the oxidative difunctionalization of alkynes initiated by a radical attack pathway using t‐BuONO (tert‐butyl nitrite) combined with water as the nitro source and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl] as the initiator, and it represents a new example of oxidative alkyne difunctionalization via the formation of CN/CC bonds for the assembly of nitroalkene unit‐containing spirocycles.

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Benzylation of Aldehydes with Benzyl Halides and Pseudohalides
Authors: Panahi Farhad , Bahmani Marzieh , Iranpoor Nasser
Published: March 2015

The reductive benzylation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with benzylic halides is reported using a nickel/zinc catalyst system. In addition to benzylic halides, the first report on the addition of benzylic triflates, acetates, tosylates and tritylates to aldehydes is also presented. By this new method a range of alcohols was synthesized efficiently from aldehydes and benzylic substrates at room temperature in moderate to high yields. The mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance make this nickel‐catalyzed process synthetically useful for the synthesis of diverse benzylic alcohols.

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White‐cheeked macaque (Macaca leucogenys): A new macaque species from Medog, southeastern Tibet
Authors: Li Cheng , Zhao Chao , Fan Peng‐Fei
Published: March 2015

We describe a newly discovered Macaca species from the Medog, in southeastern Tibet, China, Macaca leucogenys sp. nov or the “white‐cheeked macaque”. Based on 738 photos taken during direct observations and captured by camera traps this new species appears to be distinct from the Macaca sinica species group. Moreover, the species is distinguished from all potential sympatric macaque species (M. mulatta, M. thibetana, M. assamensis, and M. munzala) in exhibiting a suite of pelage characteristics including relatively uniform dorsal hair pattern, hairy ventral pelage, relative hairless short tail, prominent pale to white side‐ and chin‐whiskers creating a white cheek and round facial appearance, dark facial skin on the muzzle, long and thick hairs on its neck, and a round rather than arrow‐shaped male genitalia. This new macaque species was found to exploit a diverse set of habitat types from tropical forest at 1395 m, to primary and secondary evergreen broad‐leaved forest at 2000 m, as well as mixed broadleaf‐conifer forest at 2700 m. Its range may extend to neighboring counties in Tibet and the part of southeastern Tibet controlled by India. The white‐cheeked macaque is threatened by illegal hunting and the construction of hydropower stations. Discovery of this new primate species further highlights the high value for biodiversity conservation of southeastern Tibet and calls for more intensive surveys, studies, and environmental protection in this area. Am. J. Primatol. 77:753–766, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal Bridging for Directing and Accelerating Electron Transfer as Exemplified by Harnessing the Reactivity of AIBN
Authors: Xie Yinjun , Guo Shengmei , Wu Longmin , Xia Chungu , Huang Hanmin
Published: March 2015

A new strategy for tuning the electron transfer between radicals and enolates has been developed. This method elicits the innate reactivity of AIBN with a copper catalyst and enables a cascade reaction with cinnamic acids. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies and control experiments indicate that the redox‐active copper species not only activates the radical by coordination, but also serves as a bridge to bring the radical and nucleophile within close proximity to facilitate electron transfer. By exploiting possible combinations of redox‐active metals and radical entities with suitable coordinating functional groups, this strategy should contribute to the development of a broad range of radical‐based reactions.
Molecular Encryption and Reconfiguration for Remodeling of Dynamic Hydrogels
Authors: Li Shihui , Gaddes Erin R. , Chen Niancao , Wang Yong
Published: March 2015

Dynamic materials have been widely studied for regulation of cell adhesion that is important to a variety of biological and biomedical applications. These materials can undergo changes mainly through one of the two mechanisms: ligand release in response to chemical, physical, or biological stimuli, and ligand burial in response to mechanical stretching or the change of electrical potential. This study demonstrates an encrypted ligand and a new hydrogel that are capable of inducing and inhibiting cell adhesion, which is controlled by molecular reconfiguration. The ligand initially exhibits an inert state; it can be reconfigured into active and inert states by using unblocking and recovering molecules in physiological conditions. Since molecular reconfiguration does not require the release of the ligand from the hydrogels, inhibiting and inducing cell adhesion on the hydrogels can be repeated for multiple cycles.
Structural Transformation: Assembly of an Otherwise Inaccessible DNA Nanocage
Authors: Li Yulin , Tian Cheng , Liu Zhiyu , Jiang Wen , Mao Chengde
Published: March 2015

A strategy of structural transformation for the assembly of DNA nanocages that can not be assembled directly is described. In this strategy, a precursor DNA nanocage is assembled first and then is isothermally transformed into a desired, complicated nanocage. A dramatic, conformational change accompanies the transformation. This strategy has been proven to be successful by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) imaging. We expect that the strategy of structural transformation will be useful for the assembly of many otherwise inaccessible DNA nanostructures and help to increase the structural complexity of DNA nanocages.