bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent, Teacher and Observational Reports of Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Young Autistic Children
Authors: Palmer Melanie , Tarver Joanne , Carter Leno Virginia , Paris Perez Juan , Frayne Margot , Slonims Vicky , Pickles Andrew , Scott Stephen , Charman Tony , Simonoff Emily
Published: January 2022

Emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) frequently occur in young autistic children. Discrepancies between parents and other informants are common but can lead to uncertainty in formulation, diagnosis and care planning. This study aimed to explore child and informant characteristics are associated with reported child EBPs across settings. Participants were 83 4–8-year-old autistic children and their parents and teachers in the Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience (ASTAR) study. Questionnaires of child EBPs were completed by parents and teachers, and self-reported parenting stress and wellbeing measures were obtained. An observation of parent–child/researcher-child interaction was also completed. Parents reported more EBPs than teachers and parent-teacher agreement was low, particularly for emotional problems. Greater parenting stress and being verbal was associated with more parent- but not teacher-reported EBPs. More observed behaviors that challenge were displayed by minimally verbal children. More parenting stress could be associated with the presence of more EBPs in the home; alternatively, parenting stress may confound reports. It is essential for assessments of EBPs in autistic children to take a multi-informant approach. Better understanding of the associations between informant characteristics and informant discrepancies of EBPs is needed.
Diffusion and Superdiffusion from Hydrodynamic Projections
Authors: Doyon Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Hydrodynamic projections, the projection onto conserved charges representing ballistic propagation of fluid waves, give exact transport results in many-body systems, such as the exact Drude weights. Focussing one one-dimensional systems, I show that this principle can be extended beyond the Euler scale, in particular to the diffusive and superdiffusive scales. By hydrodynamic reduction, Hilbert spaces of observables are constructed that generalise the standard space of conserved densities and describe the finer scales of hydrodynamics. The Green–Kubo formula for the Onsager matrix has a natural expression within the diffusive space. This space is associated with quadratically extensive charges, and projections onto any such charge give generic lower bounds for diffusion. In particular, bilinear expressions in linearly extensive charges lead to explicit diffusion lower bounds calculable from the thermodynamics, and applicable for instance to generic momentum-conserving one-dimensional systems. Bilinear charges are interpreted as covariant derivatives on the manifold of maximal entropy states, and represent the contribution to diffusion from scattering of ballistic waves. An analysis of fractionally extensive charges, combined with clustering properties from the superdiffusion phenomenology, gives lower bounds for superdiffusion exponents. These bounds reproduce the predictions of nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics, including the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang exponent 2/3 for sound-like modes, the Levy-distribution exponent 3/5 for heat-like modes, and the full Fibonacci sequence.
Life Satisfaction Development in the Transition to Adulthood: Differences by Gender and Immigrant Background
Authors: Henkens Juul H. D. , Kalmijn Matthijs , de Valk Helga A. G.
Published: January 2022

Life satisfaction is crucial for healthy development into adulthood. However, it is yet largely unknown how life satisfaction develops in the transition to adulthood. This study examined life satisfaction development in this transition and paid special attention to differences between boys, girls, children of immigrants, and nonimmigrants. Unique longitudinal data of seven waves (2010–2018) of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey Germany were used. Respondents (N = 3757, 54% girls, 78% nonimmigrants, Mage weighted = 14.6, SD = 0.6 at wave 1) were followed between ages 14 and 23 and multi-level random effect models were applied. Life satisfaction developed in a nonlinear way in the transition to adulthood (M-shape), with overall decreases between age 17 and 18 and between age 20 and 23. Girls reported lower life satisfaction levels in adolescence and more unstable trajectories than boys, where girls with immigrant backgrounds represented the least advantageous life satisfaction trajectory. Differences in life satisfaction between groups decreased from age 19 onwards.
A flexible class of dependence-aware multi-label loss functions
Authors: Hüllermeier Eyke , Wever Marcel , Loza Mencia Eneldo , Fürnkranz Johannes , Rapp Michael
Published: January 2022

The idea to exploit label dependencies for better prediction is at the core of methods for multi-label classification (MLC), and performance improvements are normally explained in this way. Surprisingly, however, there is no established methodology that allows to analyze the dependence-awareness of MLC algorithms. With that goal in mind, we introduce a class of loss functions that are able to capture the important aspect of label dependence. To this end, we leverage the mathematical framework of non-additive measures and integrals. Roughly speaking, a non-additive measure allows for modeling the importance of correct predictions of label subsets (instead of single labels), and thereby their impact on the overall evaluation, in a flexible way. The well-known Hamming and subset 0/1 losses are rather extreme special cases of this function class, which give full importance to single label sets or the entire label set, respectively. We present concrete instantiations of this class, which appear to be especially appealing from a modeling perspective. The assessment of multi-label classifiers in terms of these losses is illustrated in an empirical study, clearly showing their aptness at capturing label dependencies. Finally, while not being the main goal of this study, we also show some preliminary results on the minimization of this parametrized family of losses.
Deep reinforcement learning based control for Autonomous Vehicles in CARLA
Authors: Pérez-Gil Óscar , Barea Rafael , López-Guillén Elena , Bergasa Luis M. , Gómez-Huélamo Carlos , Gutiérrez Rodrigo , Díaz-Díaz Alejandro
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is growing by leaps and bounds in almost all fields of technology, and Autonomous Vehicles (AV) research is one more of them. This paper proposes the using of algorithms based on Deep Learning (DL) in the control layer of an autonomous vehicle. More specifically, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms such as Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) are implemented in order to compare results between them. The aim of this work is to obtain a trained model, applying a DRL algorithm, able of sending control commands to the vehicle to navigate properly and efficiently following a determined route. In addition, for each of the algorithms, several agents are presented as a solution, so that each of these agents uses different data sources to achieve the vehicle control commands. For this purpose, an open-source simulator such as CARLA is used, providing to the system with the ability to perform a multitude of tests without any risk into an hyper-realistic urban simulation environment, something that is unthinkable in the real world. The results obtained show that both DQN and DDPG reach the goal, but DDPG obtains a better performance. DDPG perfoms trajectories very similar to classic controller as LQR. In both cases RMSE is lower than 0.1m following trajectories with a range 180-700m. To conclude, some conclusions and future works are commented.
Age group classification and gender recognition from speech with temporal convolutional neural networks
Authors: Sánchez-Hevia Héctor A. , Gil-Pita Roberto , Utrilla-Manso Manuel , Rosa-Zurera Manuel
Published: January 2022

This paper analyses the performance of different types of Deep Neural Networks to jointly estimate age and identify gender from speech, to be applied in Interactive Voice Response systems available in call centres. Deep Neural Networks are used, because they have recently demonstrated discriminative and representation capabilities in a wide range of applications, including speech processing problems based on feature extraction and selection. Networks with different sizes are analysed to obtain information on how performance depends on the network architecture and the number of free parameters. The speech corpus used for the experiments is Mozilla’s Common Voice dataset, an open and crowdsourced speech corpus. The results are really good for gender classification, independently of the type of neural network, but improve with the network size. Regarding the classification by age groups, the combination of convolutional neural networks and temporal neural networks seems to be the best option among the analysed, and again, the larger the size of the network, the better the results. The results are promising for use in IVR systems, with the best systems achieving a gender identification error of less than 2% and a classification error by age group of less than 20%.
Hydrocarbon source rock assessment of the shale and coal bearing horizons of the Early Paleocene Hangu Formation in Kala-Chitta Range, Northwest Pakistan
Authors: Khan Nasar , Ullah Wasif , Siyar Syed M. , Wadood Bilal , Ayyub Tariq , Ullah Tariq
Published: January 2022

The present study aims to investigate the origin, type, thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation potential of organic matter and paleo-depositional environment of the Early Paleocene (Danian) Hangu Formation outcropped in the Kala-Chitta Range of Northwest Pakistan, Eastern Tethys. Organic-rich shale and coal intervals were utilized for geochemical analyses including TOC (total organic carbon) and Rock–Eval pyrolysis coupled with carbon (δ13Corg) and nitrogen (δ15Norg) stable isotopes. The organic geochemical results showed that the kerogen Type II (oil/gas prone) and Type III (gas prone) dominate the investigated rock units. The TOC (wt%) and S2 yield indicate that the rock unit quantifies sufficient organic matter (OM) to act as potential source rock. However, the thermal maturity Tmax°C marks the over maturation of the OM, which may be possibly linked with the effect attained from nearby tectonically active Himalayan Foreland Fold-and-Thrust Belt system and associated metamorphosed sequences. The organic geochemical analyses deciphered indigenous nature of the OM and resultant hydrocarbons. The δ13Corg and δ15Norg stable isotopic signatures illustrated enrichment of the OM from both marine and terrestrial sources accumulated into the Hangu Formation. The Paleo-depositional model established using organic geochemical and stable isotopic data for the formation supports its deposition in a shallow marine proximal inner shelf environment with prevalence of sub-oxic to anoxic conditions, a scenario that could enhance the OM preservation. Overall, the formation holds promising coal and shale intervals in terms of organic richness, but due to relatively over thermal maturation, it cannot act as an effective source rock for liquid hydrocarbon generation and only minor amount of dry gas can be expected. In implication, the results of this study suggest least prospects of liquid hydrocarbon generation potential within Hangu Formation at studied sections.
Geostatic modeling of the clastic reservoir: a case study the Late Cenomanian Abu Roash G Member, Hamra Field, Abu Gharadig Basin, Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Abu-Hashish M. F. , Abuelhassan M. M. , Elsayed Gamal
Published: January 2022

Recent advances in computer sciences have resulted in a significant improvement in reservoir modeling, which is an important stage in studying and comprehending reservoir geometry and properties. It enables the collection of various types of activities such as seismic, geological, and geophysical aspects in a single container to facilitate the characterization of reservoir continuity and homogeneity. The main goal of this work is to build a three-dimensional reservoir model of the Abu Roash G reservoir in the Hamra oil field with enough detail to represent both vertical and lateral reservoir heterogeneity at the well, multi-well, and field scales. The Late Cenomanian Abu Roash G Member is the main reservoir in the Hamra oil field. It is composed mainly of shale, carbonate and some streaks of sandstone, these streaks are shaly in some parts. Conducting the 3D geostatic model begins with the interpretation of seismic data to detect reflectors and horizons, as well as fault picking to explain the structural framework and frequently delineate the container style with proposed limitations to construct the structural model. The lithology and physical properties of Abu Roash G reservoir rock, including total and effective porosity and fluid saturation, were determined using well log data from four wells in the Hamra field. The constructed 3D geological model of the Abu Roash G has showed that the petrophysical parameters are controlled by the facies distribution and structure elements, whereas properties are the central part to the northern side of the deltaic environment than the other sides of the same environment. The model will be useful in displaying the reservoir community and indicating prospective zones for enhancing the dynamic model to improve the behavior of the flow unit productivity, as well as, section of the best sites for the future drilling.
Experimental study of CO2 injectivity impairment in sandstone due to salt precipitation and fines migration
Authors: Yusof Muhammad Aslam Md , Neuyam Yen Adams Sokama , Ibrahim Mohamad Arif , Saaid Ismail M. , Idris Ahmad Kamal , Mohamed Muhammad Azfar
Published: January 2022

Re-injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) in deep saline formation is a promising approach to allow high CO2 gas fields to be developed in the Southeast Asia region. However, the solubility between CO2 and formation water could cause injectivity problems such as salt precipitation and fines migration. Although both mechanisms have been widely investigated individually, the coupled effect of both mechanisms has not been studied experimentally. This research work aims to quantify CO2 injectivity alteration induced by both mechanisms through core-flooding experiments. The quantification injectivity impairment induced by both mechanisms were achieved by varying parameters such as brine salinity (6000–100,000 ppm) and size of fine particles (0–0.015 µm) while keeping other parameters constant, flow rate (2 cm3/min), fines concentration (0.3 wt%) and salt type (Sodium chloride). The core-flooding experiments were carried out on quartz-rich sister sandstone cores under a two-step sequence. In order to simulate the actual sequestration process while also controlling the amount and sizes of fines, mono-dispersed silicon dioxide in CO2-saturated brine was first injected prior to supercritical CO2 (scCO2) injection. The CO2 injectivity alteration was calculated using the ratio between the permeability change and the initial permeability. Results showed that there is a direct correlation between salinity and severity of injectivity alteration due to salt precipitation. CO2 injectivity impairment increased from 6 to 26.7% when the salinity of brine was raised from 6000 to 100,000 ppm. The findings also suggest that fines migration during CO2 injection would escalate the injectivity impairment. The addition of 0.3 wt% of 0.005 µm fine particles in the CO2-saturated brine augmented the injectivity alteration by 1% to 10%, increasing with salt concentration. Furthermore, at similar fines concentration and brine salinity, larger fines size of 0.015 µm in the pore fluid further induced up to three-fold injectivity alteration compared to the damage induced by salt precipitation. At high brine salinity, injectivity reduction was highest as more precipitated salts reduced the pore spaces, increasing the jamming ratio. Therefore, more particles were blocked and plugged at the slimmer pore throats. The findings are the first experimental work conducted to validate theoretical modelling results reported on the combined effect of salt precipitation and fines mobilisation on CO2 injectivity. These pioneering results could improve understanding of CO2 injectivity impairment in deep saline reservoirs and serve as a foundation to develop a more robust numerical study in field scale.
Involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in a case of systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis overlap syndrome
Authors: Senda Arisa , Sasai Ryutaro , Kato Kurumi , Nishibata Yuka , Masuda Sakiko , Ishizu Akihiro , Takahara Noriko
Published: January 2022

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) are autoimmune diseases that often cause rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) involved in their pathogenesis. However, the involvement of NETs in the renal damage caused by SLE/AAV overlap syndrome has not been clarified yet. In this study, we detected renal deposition of NETs in a patient with SLE/AAV overlap syndrome. In addition, a significantly increased level of NET-inducing activity was observed in the patient’s serum, which improved with treatment. On the other hand, a markedly lower level of NET degradation was observed in the patient’s serum as compared to healthy subjects’ sera, without any posttreatment changes. These findings suggest that NETs may play a role in the pathogenesis of renal injury associated with SLE/AAV overlap syndrome.
Phytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles with Different Surface Properties on Monocots and Dicots Model Plants
Authors: Matras Ewelina , Gorczyca Anna , Pociecha Ewa , Przemieniecki Sebastian Wojciech , Oćwieja Magdalena
Published: January 2022

The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of three types of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different physicochemical properties and silver ions delivered in the form of silver nitrate (AgNO3) at the concentration of 50 mg L−1 on germination and initial growth of monocots (common wheat, sorghum) and dicots (garden cress, white mustard). The AgNPs were prepared using trisodium citrate (TCSB-AgNPs), tannic acid (TA-AgNPs), and cysteamine hydrochloride (CHSB-AgNPs). They exhibited comparable shape, size distribution, and an average size equal to 15 ± 3 nm which was confirmed with the use of transmission electron microscopy. The electrokinetic characteristics revealed that CHSB-AgNPs have positive, whereas TCSB-AgNPs and TA-AgNPs negative surface charge. First, toxicity of the silver compounds was assessed using the Phytotestkit test. Next, after transferring seedlings to pots, shoot length, leaf surface, shoot dry mass, electrolyte leakage measurement, and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency were determined. AgNPs and silver ions delivered in the form of AgNO3 reduced root and shoots length of common wheat, sorghum, and garden cress; leaves surface of garden cress and white mustard; and shoots dry mass of white mustard. The positively charged CHSB-AgNPs and silver ions delivered in the form of AgNO3 showed the greatest inhibition effect. Moreover, silver ions and positively charged CHSB-AgNPs were more toxic to PSII of model plants than negatively charged TCSB-AgNPs and TA-AgNPs. AgNPs impact differed in the case of monocots and dicots, but the size of the changes was not significant, so it concerned individual parameters. The results revealed the interaction strength, which was generally similar in all tested plants, i.e., increasing negative effect in sequence TCSB-AgNPs < TA-AgNPs < silver ions delivered in the form of AgNO3 < CHSB-AgNPs.
Israel's Moment
Authors: Herf Jeffrey
Published: January 2022

Israel's Moment is a major new account of how a Jewish state came to be forged in the shadow of World War Two and the Holocaust and the onset of the Cold War. Drawing on new research in government, public and private archives, Jeffrey Herf exposes the political realities that underpinned support for and opposition to Zionist aspirations in Palestine. In an unprecedented international account, he explores the role of the United States, the Arab States, the Palestine Arabs, the Zionists, and key European governments from Britain and France to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Poland. His findings reveal a spectrum of support and opposition that stood in sharp contrast to the political coordinates that emerged during the Cold War, shedding new light on how and why the state of Israel was established in 1948 and challenging conventional associations of left and right, imperialism and anti-imperialism, and racism and anti-racism.
Insect Diapause
Authors: Denlinger David L.
Published: January 2022

Our highly seasonal world restricts insect activity to brief portions of the year. This feature necessitates a sophisticated interpretation of seasonal changes and enactment of mechanisms for bringing development to a halt and then reinitiating it when the inimical season is past. The dormant state of diapause serves to bridge the unfavourable seasons, and its timing provides a powerful mechanism for synchronizing insect development. This book explores how seasonal signals are monitored and used by insects to enact specific molecular pathways that generate the diapause phenotype. The broad perspective offered here scales from the ecological to the molecular and thus provides a comprehensive view of this exciting and vibrant research field, offering insights on topics ranging from pest management, evolution, speciation, climate change and disease transmission, to human health, as well as analogies with other forms of invertebrate dormancy and mammalian hibernation.
Migration in the Medieval Mediterranean
Authors: Davis-Secord Sarah
Published: January 2022

Migration in the Medieval Mediterranean argues that the cross-Mediterranean movement of peoples was a central aspect of the medieval world. Medieval people migrated in search of safety after regime change, secure life amongst coreligionists, and prosperous careers. This kind of travel between Muslim and Christian regions demonstrates the mutual influences, interconnections, and communications linking them, surpassing the differences between the two civilizations.
Julián's Choice: Of Jaguar-Shamans and the Sacrifices Made forProgresoin Peru's Extractive Frontier
Authors: Sarmiento Barletti Juan Pablo
Published: January 2022

In May 2010, Julián Miranda, an Indigenous Asháninka shaman, died hours after killing a jaguar-shaman. Despite knowing that it could kill him, he killed a jaguar-shaman to protect his cows, an investment to support the much-desiredprogreso(‘progress’) of his children and grandchildren through education. Julián's choice was one of personal sacrifice driven by the hardships he experienced in the degraded forests of the Bajo Urubamba valley in the Peruvian Amazon. My examination of his decision to kill the jaguar-shaman engages with the multi-disciplinary literature on how local peoples engage with the expanding extractive frontier in Latin America. The emphasis most literature places on social movements and – to a lesser extent – on the ontological characteristics of these conflicts needs to be counterbalanced by individual experiences like Julián's for a deeper understanding of the multiple local experiences of large-scale resource extraction and the different strategies through which people pursue their desired futures.
Clozapine-related obsessive–compulsive symptoms and their impact on wellbeing: a naturalistic longitudinal study
Authors: Parkin Katherine , Chen Shanquan , Biria Marjan , Plaistow James , Beckwith Helen , Jarratt-Barnham Isaac , Segarra Nuria , Worbe Yulia , Fineberg Naomi A. , Cardinal Rudolf N. , Robbins Trevor W. , Fernandez-Egea Emilio
Published: January 2022

Background

Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) are commonly associated with clozapine treatment but are frequently overlooked by clinicians despite their potential impact on patients' quality of life. In this study, we explored whether OCS severity impacted subjective wellbeing and general functioning, independently of depressive and psychotic symptoms.

Methods

We used anonymised electronic healthcare records from a large cohort of patients who were treated with clozapine and assessed annually for OCS, wellbeing, general functioning, and psychopathology using standardised scales as part of routine clinical practice. We used statistical mixed linear model techniques to evaluate the longitudinal influence of OCS severity on wellbeing and general functioning.

Results

A total of 184 patients were included, with 527 face-to-face assessments and 64.7% evaluated three or more times. Different linear mixed models demonstrated that OCS in patients treated with clozapine were associated with significantly worse wellbeing scores, independently of depression and psychotic symptoms, but OCS did not impair general functioning. Obsessional thinking and hoarding behaviour, but not compulsions, were significantly associated with the impact on wellbeing, which may be attributable to the ego-syntonic nature of the compulsions.

Conclusions

Given the frequent occurrence of OCS and their negative impact on wellbeing, we encourage clinicians to routinely assess and treat OCS in patients who are taking clozapine.
Leveraging serology to titrate immunisation programme functionality for diphtheria in Madagascar
Authors: Razafimahatratra Solohery L. , Menezes Arthur , Wesolowski Amy , Rafetrarivony Lala , Cauchemez Simon , Razafindratsimandresy Richter , Harimanana Aina , Crucitti Tania , Collard Jean Marc , Metcalf C. J. E.
Published: January 2022

Diphtheria is a potentially devastating disease whose epidemiology remains poorly described in many settings, including Madagascar. Diphtheria vaccination is delivered in combination with pertussis and tetanus antigens and coverage of this vaccine is often used as a core measure of health system functioning. However, coverage is challenging to estimate due to the difficulty in translating numbers of doses delivered into numbers of children effectively immunised. Serology provides an alternative lens onto immunisation, but is complicated by challenges in discriminating between natural and vaccine-derived seropositivity. Here, we leverage known features of the serological profile of diphtheria to bound expectations for vaccine coverage for diphtheria, and further refine these using serology for pertussis. We measured diphtheria antibody titres in 185 children aged 6–11 months and 362 children aged 8–15 years and analysed them with pertussis antibody titres previously measured for each individual. Levels of diphtheria seronegativity varied among age groups (18.9% of children aged 6–11 months old and 11.3% of children aged 8–15 years old were seronegative) and also among the districts. We also find surprisingly elevated levels of individuals seropositive to diphtheria but not pertussis in the 6–11 month old age group suggesting that vaccination coverage or efficacy of the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine remains low or that natural infection of diphtheria may be playing a significant role in seropositivity in Madagascar.
Refugees, expellees and immigrants: comparing migrant reception policies and practices in post-war Bristol, Dortmund and Malmö
Authors: Shaev Brian , Hackett Sarah , Brunnström Pål , Nilsson Mohammadi Robert
Published: January 2022

The vital role that cities play in the governance of migration is increasingly recognized, yet migration scholars still perceive this ‘local turn’ as a recent phenomenon. This article presents a cross-country and cross-city comparative analysis of three mid-size European cities during the post-war period: Bristol, Dortmund and Malmö. It analyses administrative cultures and local policy arenas, exposing the complexity of local migration policy-making and the crucial importance of historical perspectives. It reveals the inherent local variation in policies and practices, and argues that traditional national-level studies do not fully capture how urban actors responded to migration.
Belastungserleben von Lehrenden in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege
Authors: Rahner Marianne , Luderer Christiane
Published: January 2022

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die Lehrenden in der Pflege bewegen sich in einem besonderen Spannungsfeld. Zu den Anforderungen durch die Lehre kommen Belastungsfaktoren durch den Aspekt der Pflege hinzu. Fragestellung: Das Hauptinteresse lag in der Frage, wie Lehrende in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege ihr berufliches Belastungserleben beschreiben. Es sollten unterstützende und belastende Faktoren sowie Bewältigungsstrategien der Lehrenden identifiziert und beschrieben werden. Methoden: Es handelt sich um eine deskriptive qualitative Forschung. Es wurden 26 leitfadengestützte Telefoninterviews mit Pflegelehrenden in Norddeutschland geführt. Nach der Transkription wurden diese einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach 21-1Mayring (2015) unterzogen. Ergebnisse: Die Lehrenden in der Pflege gaben unterschiedlich starke berufliche Belastungen an. Hauptaspekte sind Rahmenbedingungen, hohe Arbeitslast, Fehlverhalten und Probleme von Schüler_innen sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit Kolleg_innen und der Schulleitung. Die Nähe zum Berufsfeld Pflege wirkt auf das Belastungserleben sowohl mit mildernden als auch verstärkenden Faktoren. Schlussfolgerungen: Belastungserleben wird von den Lehrenden im Kontext mangelnder Unterstützung und Wertschätzung der beruflichen Leistung beschrieben. Um die hohe Motivation und die Identifikation mit der Pflege und der Professionalisierung der Pflege aufrechtzuerhalten und eine qualitativ hochwertige Ausbildung sicherzustellen, benötigen die Lehrenden Unterstützung, vor allem in Form einer soliden personellen und räumlichen Ausstattung sowie sichtbare Anerkennung.
Paleoclimatology and Paleoceanography Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science
Authors: Belem A. , Bell T. , Burdett H. L. , Ibarra D. , Kaushal N. , Keenan B. , Klimaszewski‐Patterson A. , Mette M. , Naeher S. , Onafeso O. D. , Panmei C. , Ratnayake A. S. , Truax O.
Published: January 2022

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508554.1) in the AGU section paleoclimatology and paleoceanography (P&P), and a discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: (Section 2) Global collaboration, technology transfer and application, reproducibility, and data sharing and infrastructure; (Section 3) Local knowledge, global gain: improving interactions within the scientific community and with locals, indigenous communities, stakeholders, and the public; (Section 4) Field, experimental, remote sensing, and real‐time data research and application. P&P projects can better include ICON principles by directly incorporating them into research proposals. A promising way to overcome the challenges of interdisciplinarity and integration is to foster networking, which will advance our research discipline through the application of ICON.
Formation of the Lunar Primary Crust From a Long‐Lived Slushy Magma Ocean
Authors: Michaut Chloé , Neufeld Jerome A.
Published: January 2022

Classical fractional crystallization scenarios of early lunar evolution suggest crustal formation by the flotation of light anorthite minerals from a liquid magma ocean. However, this model is challenged by the Myr age range of primitive ferroan anorthosites, their concordance with Mg‐suite magmatism and by the compositional diversity observed in lunar anorthosites. Here, we propose a new model of slushy magma ocean crystallization in which crystals remain suspended in the lunar interior and crust formation only begins once a critical crystal content is reached. Thereafter crustal formation occurs by buoyant melt extraction and magmatism. The mixture viscosity strongly depends on temperature and solid fraction driving the development of a surface stagnant lid where enhanced solidification and buoyant ascent of melt lead to an anorthite‐enriched crust. This model explains lunar anorthosites heterogeneity and suggests a crustal formation timescale of 100s Ma, reconciling anorthosite ages with an early age of the Moon.
Land Surface Effects on Shear Balance of Squall Lines
Authors: Dai Yi , Williams Ian N.
Published: January 2022

We explore whether and how the land characteristics, especially surface drag, affect the squall line, in an idealized modeling framework. We find that the balance between the ambient low‐level shear and cold‐pool‐induced shear in the squall line can be modified by surface drag: it not only changes the ambient shear if near‐surface environmental wind is nonzero, but also reduces the cold‐pool‐induced shear by both weakening the low‐level wind and deepening the cold pool. The land surface impact on squall lines is larger with lower convective available potential energy (CAPE), partly because of stronger convection with higher CAPE. The cold pool intensity (vertically integrated negative buoyancy) could not explain the reduced cold pool shear induced by the land. Furthermore, land characteristics—such as roughness lengths—help maintain the shear balance and potentially make the squall line long‐lived, suggesting that they be included in convective (or cold pool) parameterizations to improve climate and Earth system models.
Isotopic Signatures of Methane Emissions From Dairy Farms in California’s San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Carranza Valerie , Biggs Brenna , Meyer Deanne , Townsend‐Small Amy , Thiruvenkatachari Ranga Rajan , Venkatram Akula , Fischer Marc L. , Hopkins Francesca M.
Published: January 2022

In this study, we present seasonal atmospheric measurements of δ13CCH4 from dairy farms in the San Joaquin Valley of California. We used δ13CCH4 to characterize emissions from enteric fermentation by measuring downwind of cattle housing (e.g., freestall barns, corrals) and from manure management areas (e.g., anaerobic manure lagoons) with a mobile platform equipped with cavity ring‐down spectrometers. Across seasons, the δ13CCH4 from enteric fermentation source areas ranged from −69.7 ± 0.6 per mil (‰) to −51.6 ± 0.1‰ while the δ13CCH4 from manure lagoons ranged from −49.5 ± 0.1‰ to −40.5 ± 0.2‰. Measurements of δ13CCH4 of enteric CH4 suggest a greater than 10‰ difference between cattle production groups in accordance with diet. Isotopic signatures of CH4 were used to characterize enteric and manure CH4 from downwind plume sampling of dairies. Our findings show that δ13CCH4 measurements could improve the attribution of CH4 emissions from dairy sources at scales ranging from individual facilities to regions and help constrain the relative contributions from these different sources of emissions to the CH4 budget.
Towards Full Flow‐Dependence: New Temporally Varying EDA Quotient Functionality to Estimate Background Errors in CERRA
Authors: El‐Said A. , Brousseau P. , Ridal M. , Randriamampianina R.
Published: January 2022

A new temporally evolving quotient on the Ensemble of Data Assimilations (EDA) technique for estimating background error covariances has been developed for the Copernicus European Regional Re‐Analysis (CERRA). The B‐matrix is modeled on a bi‐Fourier limited area model. Background errors are assumed isotropic, homogeneous and non‐separable. Linearized geostrophic and hydrostatic balances are incorporated as multivariate relationships, coupling vorticity, and geopotential extended to mass‐wind and specific humidity fields via the f‐plane approximation. The EDA comprises two main pools: seasonal and daily. The seasonal component comprises winter and summer EDA forecast differences at reanalysis resolution (5.5 km). The new time quotient function temporally changes the mixture of differences from each season, to make up the seasonal component. The daily component is an 11 km moving 2.5 days average changing in real‐time. Subsequent B‐matrix computation sees the ingestion of forecast differences from both components, with a fixed split of 80%–20% seasonal‐daily, every 2 days. The sourcing of these forecast differences from both seasonal and daily sources is in continuous temporal flux therefore. We consider a case study to illustrate the potential of estimating weather regime change using CERRA‐EDA with varying proportions of seasonal‐daily mixing, while including settings used for CERRA production. Our case study shows that the most influential factors are differences in observation networks between the given years, their spatial distribution across the CERRA domain, and the proportion of seasonal‐daily split. It is shown that our method provides improvement over a static B‐matrix.
A Deep‐Time Dating Tool for Paleo‐Applications Utilizing Obliquity and Precession Cycles: The Role of Dynamical Ellipticity and Tidal Dissipation
Authors: Zeebe Richard E. , Lourens Lucas J.
Published: January 2022

Pre‐Pleistocene age models used in paleoceanography and paleoclimatology often rely on the imprint of astronomically calculated cycles of eccentricity and other solar system frequencies in sedimentary records (e.g., 405, 173, and ∼100 kyr). However, use of obliquity and precession cycles (at present ∼41 and ∼20 kyr) remains challenging for these periods, mostly due to past changes in Earth's dynamical ellipticity (Ed, gravitational shape) and tidal dissipation (Td, slowdown of Earth's rotation), which affect the astronomical calculations. Here, we present a dating method for deep‐time records by integrating Ed and Td into astrochronology. The key to our approach is the combination of constraints on Td (and thus indirectly on Ed) with age model optimization based on solar system frequencies, plus tuning to obliquity/precession frequencies, while varying Td and Ed. Importantly, we target deep‐time intervals where Td shows significant effects but high‐quality sedimentary records are available (early Cenozoic). We include a quickstart guide to our approach and make our code and pre‐computed solutions freely available to users. To demonstrate the practical utility of our approach, we apply our tool to two case studies using deep‐sea records from the early and middle Eocene. Our results confirm very accurate chronologies of sedimentary records from the early Eocene (∼56–54 Ma) but suggest significant improvement for the middle Eocene (∼40–39 Ma). For the early Eocene, our method provides absolute geologic ages with an estimated uncertainty of ±20–40 kyr, which is smaller than or equal to typical uncertainties from recent radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating.
Sensitivity‐Based Soil Moisture Assimilation for Improved Streamflow Forecast Using a Novel Forward Sensitivity Method (FSM) Approach
Authors: Visweshwaran R. , Ramsankaran RAAJ. , Eldho T. I. , Lakshmivarahan S.
Published: January 2022

The need for and the use of different data assimilation techniques to improve the quality of streamflow forecast is now well established. In this paper, the goal is to demonstrate the power of a new class of methods known as the forward sensitivity method (FSM) which is based on the temporal evolution of model sensitivities with respect to the control variables consisting of initial conditions and parameters. FSM operates in two phases: the first phase provides a simple algorithm for placing observations at or near where the square of forward sensitivities attains their maximum values. Using only this selected subset of observations in a weighted least squares method, the second phase then provides an estimate of the unknown elements of the control variables. In this paper, FSM based assimilation is applied to a simple class of two parameter model in a medium‐sized agriculture dominant watershed lying in the Krishna River Basin, India. Four assimilation scenarios were tested to determine the effect of assimilating only sensitive observations as well as the impact of temporally evolving initial condition sensitivity. Sensitivity results showed that observations during the monsoon time alone are enough for assimilation purposes, which has helped in reducing the computational time greatly. Assimilation and forecast results also indicated that the scenarios which assimilated only sensitive observations are better in estimating daily streamflow. From the obtained results, it is concluded that FSM based assimilation has significant potential to improve the streamflow simulations, especially in places where data availability remains a major challenge.
Rainy Days Dampen Economic Growth
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: January 2022

Research reveals the tenuous connection between a country’s day-to-day weather and its production.
Towards high-power mid-IR light source tunable from 3.8 to 4.5 µm by HBr-filled hollow-core silica fibres
Authors: Zhou Zhiyue , Wang Zefeng , Huang Wei , Cui Yulong , Li Hao , Wang Meng , Xi Xiaoming , Gao Shoufei , Wang Yingying
Published: January 2022

Fibre lasers operating at the mid-IR have attracted enormous interest due to the plethora of applications in defence, security, medicine, and so on. However, no continuous-wave (CW) fibre lasers beyond 4 μm based on rare-earth-doped fibres have been demonstrated thus far. Here, we report efficient mid-IR laser emission from HBr-filled silica hollow-core fibres (HCFs) for the first time. By pumping with a self-developed thulium-doped fibre amplifier seeded by several diode lasers over the range of 1940–1983 nm, narrow linewidth mid-IR emission from 3810 to 4496 nm has been achieved with a maximum laser power of about 500 mW and a slope efficiency of approximately 18%. To the best of our knowledge, the wavelength of 4496 nm with strong absorption in silica-based fibres is the longest emission wavelength from a CW fibre laser, and the span of 686 nm is also the largest tuning range achieved to date for any CW fibre laser. By further reducing the HCF transmission loss, increasing the pump power, improving the coupling efficiency, and optimizing the fibre length together with the pressure, the laser efficiency and output power are expected to increase significantly. This work opens new opportunities for broadly tunable high-power mid-IR fibre lasers, especially beyond 4 μm.
Peripheral NF-κB dysregulation in people with schizophrenia drives inflammation: putative anti-inflammatory functions of NF-κB kinases
Authors: Murphy Caitlin E. , Walker Adam K. , O’Donnell Maryanne , Galletly Cherrie , Lloyd Andrew R. , Liu Dennis , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Weickert Thomas W.
Published: January 2022

Elevations in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patient blood have been associated with impairments in cognitive abilities and more severe psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors whose protein products trigger CRP release. NF-κB activation pathway mRNAs are increased in the brain in schizophrenia and are strongly related to neuroinflammation. Thus, it is likely that this central immune regulator is also dysregulated in the blood and associated with cytokine and CRP levels. We measured levels of six pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs and 18 mRNAs encoding NF-κB pathway members in peripheral blood leukocytes from 87 people with schizophrenia and 83 healthy control subjects. We then assessed the relationships between the alterations in NF-κB pathway genes, pro-inflammatory cytokine and CRP levels, psychiatric symptoms and cognition in people with schizophrenia. IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNAs were increased in patients compared to controls (bothp < 0.001), while IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α mRNAs did not differ. Recursive two-step cluster analysis revealed that high levels of IL-1β mRNA and high levels of plasma CRP defined ‘high inflammation’ individuals in our cohort, and a higher proportion of people with schizophrenia were identified as displaying ‘high inflammation’ compared to controls using this method (p = 0.03). Overall, leukocyte expression of the NF-κB-activating receptors, TLR4 and TNFR2, and the NF-κB subunit, RelB, was increased in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy control subjects (allp < 0.01), while NF-κB-inducing kinase mRNAs IKKβ and NIK were downregulated in patients (allp < 0.05). We found that elevations in TLR4 and RelB appear more related to inflammatory status than to a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but changes in TNFR2 occur in both the high and low inflammation patients (but were exaggerated in high inflammation patients). Further, decreased leukocyte expression of IKKβ and NIK mRNAs was unique to high inflammation patients, which may represent schizophrenia-specific dysregulation of NF-κB that gives rise to peripheral inflammation in a subset of patients.
Haemoglobin A1c and serum glucose levels and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Jiaojiao , Gao Yunhe , Xie Shao-Hua , Santoni Giola , Lagergren Jesper
Published: January 2022

Background

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined associations between serum levels of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucose and the risk of gastric cancer.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies examining associations between serum levels of HbA1c or glucose and the risk of gastric cancer. Inclusion of studies, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted independently by two authors. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were synthesised using random-effects models. Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic were used to assess heterogeneity.

Results

Among 3473 identified studies, 12 were included. Of these, 5 studies examined HbA1c levels and 7 studies examined serum glucose levels. Serum HbA1c levels >6% were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06–1.74). When compared with the lowest glucose categories, the highest glucose categories were associated with a borderline increased risk of gastric cancer (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98–1.26). In subgroup analyses, studies that adjusted for Helicobacter pylori infection indicated stronger associations between elevated HbA1c levels and gastric cancer (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.46–2.98) than those without such adjustment (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.91–1.32).

Conclusions

Long-standing poor glycaemic control may increase the risk of gastric cancer.

Registration number

PROSPERO CRD42020157453.