bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Potential of an In-Situ Method for Monitoring the Malting of Barley Using Solid Phase Microextraction with a Portable Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Instrument
Authors: Hodges Mark D. , Fitzgerald Neil
Published: December 2020

An improved understanding of the malting process could have a significant impact on the efficient production of quality malt for the brewing industry. Analysis of volatile organic compounds produced during the malting process is one approach towards achieving this goal. In-situ methods avoid the possibility of contamination and chemical changes occurring during sample transport and storage. This paper describes the investigation of an in-situ sampling method for the detection of volatile organic compounds produced during the malting of barley. Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) was used to identify compounds. The investigated method involved the direct exposure of an SPME fiber in the kiln during barley malting. Using this method, compounds including aldehydes, ketones, and esters were detected. Some changes in volatile organic compound composition were observed during the production of pale malt at a commercial malting house.
Local Vascularization during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in a Split Mouth Rat Model—A MRI Study
Authors: Proff Peter , Schröder Agnes , Seyler Lisa , Wolf Franziska , Korkmaz Yüksel , Bäuerle Tobias , Gölz Lina , Kirschneck Christian
Published: December 2020

Orthodontic tooth movement to therapeutically align malpositioned teeth is supposed to impact blood flow in the surrounding tissues. Here, we evaluated actual vascularization in the tension area of the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement in rats (N = 8) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We inserted an elastic band between the left upper first and the second rat molar; the right side was not treated and served as control. After four days of tooth movement, we recorded T1-weighted morphologic and dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI sequences with an animal-specific 7 Tesla MRI to assess of local vascularization. Furthermore, we quantified osteoclasts and monocytes in the periodontal ligament, which are crucial for orthodontic tooth movement, root resorptions as undesirable side effects, as well as the extent of tooth movement using paraffine histology and micro-CT analysis. Data were tested for normal distribution with Shapiro–Wilk tests followed by either a two-tailed paired t-test or a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Significant orthodontic tooth movement was induced within the four days of treatment, as evidenced by increased osteoclast and monocyte activity in the periodontal ligament as well as by µCT analysis. Contrast enhancement was increased at the orthodontically-treated side distally of the moved upper first left molar, indicating increased vascularization at the tension side of the periodontal ligament. Accordingly, we detected reduced time-to-peak and washout rates. Our study using MRI to directly assess local vascularization thus seems to confirm the hypothesis that perfusion is enhanced in tension zones of the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement.
Does Sex Dimorphism Exist in Dysfunctional Movement Patterns during the Sensitive Period of Adolescence?
Authors: Karuc Josip , Jelčić Mario , Sorić Maroje , Mišigoj-Duraković Marjeta , Marković Goran
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to investigate sex difference in the functional movement in the adolescent period. Seven hundred and thirty adolescents (365 boys) aged 16–17 years participated in the study. The participants performed standardized Functional Movement Screen™ (FMSTM) protocol and a t-test was used to examine sex differences in the total functional movement screen score, while the chi-square test was used to determine sex differences in the proportion of dysfunctional movement and movement asymmetries within the individual FMSTM tests. Girls demonstrated higher total FMSTM score compared to boys (12.7 ± 2.3 and 12.2 ± 2.4, respectively; p = 0.0054). Sex differences were present in several individual functional movement patterns where boys demonstrated higher prevalence of dysfunctional movement compared to girls in patterns that challenge mobility and flexibility of the body (inline lunge: 32% vs. 22%, df = 1, p = 0.0009; shoulder mobility: 47% vs. 26%, df = 1, p < 0.0001; and active straight leg raise: 31% vs. 9%, df = 1, p < 0.0001), while girls underperformed in tests that have higher demands for upper-body strength and abdominal stabilization (trunk stability push-up: 81% vs. 44%, df = 1, p < 0.0001; and rotary stability: 54% vs. 44%, df = 1, p = 0.0075). Findings of this study suggest that sex dimorphisms exist in functional movement patterns in the period of mid-adolescence. The results of this research need to be considered while using FMSTM as a screening tool, as well as the reference standard for exercise intervention among the secondary school-aged population.
The Study on Structural and Photoelectric Properties of Zincblende InGaN via First Principles Calculation
Authors: Song Juan , Luo Zijiang , Liu Xuefei , Li Ershi , Jiang Chong , Huang Zechen , Li Jiawei , Guo Xiang , Ding Zhao , Wang Jihong
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the structure and photoelectric characteristics of zincblende InxGa1−xN alloys are systematically calculated and analyzed based on the density functional theory, including the lattice constant, band structure, distribution of electronic states, dielectric function, and absorption coefficient. The calculation results show that with the increase in x, the lattice constants and the supercell volume increase, whereas the bandgap tends to decrease, and InxGa1−xN alloys are direct band gap semiconductor materials. In addition, the imaginary part of the dielectric function and the absorption coefficient are found to redshift with the increase in indium composition, expanding the absorption range of visible light. By analyzing the lattice constants, polarization characteristics, and photoelectric properties of the InxGa1−xN systems, it is observed that zincblende InxGa1−xN can be used as an alternative material to replace the channel layer of wurtzite InxGa1−xN heterojunction high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices to achieve the manufacture of HEMT devices with higher power and higher frequency. In addition, it also provides a theoretical reference for the practical application of InxGa1−xN systems in optoelectronic devices.
Colonial Architecture in Panama City. Analysis of the Heritage Value of Its Monastic Buildings
Authors: Cubero Hernández Antonio , Arroyo Duarte Silvia
Published: December 2020

The Historic District of Panama City was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997 for representing an exceptional example of 17th century colonial urban planning in the Americas. This article focuses on the specific analysis of the deteriorated monastic typology, highlighting its historical role as an articulating piece of the original urban layout designed in 1673 after the transfer from Panamá Viejo to the current location and which continues today. Our methodology consisted of reviewing the different stages of each of these buildings, extracting common events, and identifying the examples of the greatest value loss, with the aim of enhancing and highlighting their historical footprint. This study includes approaches from urbanism, architectural history, and heritage preservation that allows us to discuss possible tools, either for protection or adaptative reuse, to avoid the deterioration of such important historical heritage.
Argumentation within Upper Secondary School Student Groups during Virtual Science Learning: Quality and Quantity of Spoken Argumentation
Authors: Telenius Marko , Yli-Panula Eija , Vesterinen Veli-Matti , Vauras Marja
Published: December 2020

In many studies, the focus has been on students’ written scientific argumentation rather than on their spoken argumentation. The main aim of this study was to relate the quality of spoken argumentation to groups’ learning achievement during a collaborative inquiry task. The data included video recordings of six groups of three upper secondary students performing a collaborative inquiry task in a virtual learning environment. The target groups were selected from a larger sample of 39 groups based on their group outcome: two low, two average, and two high-outcome groups. The analysis focused on argumentation chains during the students’ discussions in the planning, experimentation, and conclusion phases of the inquiry task. The core of the coding scheme was based on Toulmin’s levels of argumentation. The results revealed differences between the different groups of students, with the high-performing groups having more argumentation than the average and low-performing groups. In high-performing groups, the students asked topic-related questions more frequently, which started the argumentative discussion. Meanwhile, there were few questions in the low-performing groups, and most did not lead to discussion. An evaluation scheme for the quality of the arguments was created and the spoken argumentation was analyzed using a computer-based program. The results may be used to benefit subject teacher education and to raise teachers’ awareness of their students’ scientific, topic-related discussions.
Optimization of Fracture Spacing and Well Spacing in Utica Shale Play Using Fast Analytical Flow-Cell Model (FCM) Calibrated with Numerical Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Weijermars Ruud
Published: December 2020

Recently, a flow-cell model (FCM) was specifically developed to quickly generate physics-based forecasts of production rates and estimated ultimate resources (EURs) for infill wells, as the basis for the estimation of proven undeveloped reserves. Such reserves estimations provide operators with key collateral for further field development with reserves-based loans. FCM has been verified in previous studies to accurately forecast production rates and EURs for both black oil and dry gas wells. This study aims to expand the application range of FCM to predict the production performance and EURs of wells planned in undeveloped acreage of the wet gas window. Forecasts of the well rates and EURs with FCM are compared with the performance predictions generated with an integrated reservoir simulator for multi-fractured wells, using detailed field data from the Utica Field Experiment. Results of FCM, with adjustment factors to account for wet gas compressibility effects, match closely with the numerical performance forecasts. The advantage of FCM is that it can run on a fast spreadsheet template. Once calibrated for wet gas wells by a numerical reservoir simulator accounting for compositional flow, FCM can forecast the performance of future wells when completion design parameters, such as fracture spacing and well spacing, are changed.
Multi-Scale Localized Perturbation Method in OpenFOAM
Authors: Higgins Erik , Pitt Jonathan , Paterson Eric
Published: December 2020

A modified set of governing differential equations for geophysical fluid flows is derived. All of the simulation fields are decomposed into a nominal large-scale background state and a small-scale perturbation from this background, and the new system is closed by the assumption that the perturbation is one-way coupled to the background. The decomposition method, termed the multi-scale localized perturbation method (MSLPM), is then applied to the governing equations of stratified fluid flows, implemented in OpenFOAM, and exercised in order to simulate the interaction of a vertically-varying background shear flow with an axisymmetric perturbation in a turbulent ocean environment. The results demonstrate that the MSLPM can be useful in visualizing the evolution of a perturbation within a complex background while retaining the complex physics that are associated with the original governing equations. The simulation setup may also be simplified under the MSLPM framework. Further applications of the MSLPM, especially to multi-scale simulations that encompass a large range of spatial and temporal scales, may be beneficial for researchers.
Physicochemical Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei Cocultures on Soy–Wheat Flour Dough Fermentation
Authors: Teleky Bernadette-Emőke , Martău Gheorghe Adrian , Vodnar Dan Cristian
Published: December 2020

In contemporary food production, an important role is given to the increase in the nutritional quality of foodstuff. In the bakery industry, one of the main cereals used is wheat flour (WF), which creates bread with proper sensory evaluation but is nutritionally poor. Soy-flour (SF) has increased nutrient content, and its consumption is recommended due to several health benefits. Dough fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increases bread shelf life, improves flavor, and its nutritional quality, mostly due to its high organic acid production capability. In the present study, the addition of SF to WF, through fermentation with the cocultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei was analyzed. Three different batches were performed by using WF supplemented with SF, as follows: batch A consisting of 90% WF and 10% SF; batch B—95% WF and 5% SF; batch C—100% WF. The fermentation with these two LABs presented several positive effects, which, together with increased SF content, improved the dough’s rheological and physicochemical characteristics. The dynamic rheological analysis exhibited a more stable elastic-like behavior in doughs supplemented with SF (G′ 4936.2 ± 12.7, and G″ 2338.4 ± 9.1). Organic acid production changes were the most significant, especially for the lactic, citric, and tartaric content.
Discrimination between Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Fish Involved in Food Safety and Fraud Protection
Authors: Chiesa Luca Maria , Pavlovic Radmila , Nobile Maria , Di Cesare Federica , Malandra Renato , Pessina Davide , Panseri Sara
Published: December 2020

This study aims to discriminate fresh fish from frozen/thawed by identification of the key metabolites that are altered during the freezing/thawing processing. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) were selected as they are representative of broad consumption, and susceptible to pathogen contamination. Atlantic salmon samples were subjected to the following regimes: −20 °C (24h) and −35 °C (15 h) freezing, then thawed respectively in the blast chiller and in the cold room and analyzed immediately or after 10 days; (2) bullet tuna samples were frozen at −18 °C and thawed after 15, 30 and 90 days. High resolution mass spectrometry based on untargeted metabolomic analyses and statistical data treatment confirmed significant variations in the quantity of certain metabolites: the amount of l-phenylalanine in salmon increased immediately after thawing while that of anserine decreased. The concentration of l-arginine and its metabolites was altered at the 10th day after thawing rendering them promising markers of salmon freezing/thawing. As regards bullet tuna, compounds resulting from lipid degradation (l-α-Glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline and N-methyl-ethanolamine phosphate) increased notably during the storage period. This approach could be used to reveal common fraudulent incidents such as deliberate replacement of fresh fish with frozen/thawed, with food safety risks as the primary implication.
Exposure to Bacillus cereus in Water Buffalo Mozzarella Cheese
Authors: Montone Angela Michela Immacolata , Capuano Federico , Mancusi Andrea , Di Maro Orlandina , Peruzy Maria Francesca , Proroga Yolande Thérèse Rose , Cristiano Daniela
Published: December 2020

Bacillus cereus is a spoilage bacterium and is recognized as an agent of food poisoning. Two food-borne illnesses are caused by B. cereus: a diarrheal disease, associated with cytotoxin K, hemolysin BL, non-hemolytic enterotoxin and enterotoxin FM, and an emetic syndrome, associated with the cereulide toxin. Owing to the heat resistance of B. cereus and its ability to grow in milk, this organism should be considered potentially hazardous in dairy products. The present study assessed the risk of B. cereus poisoning due to the consumption of water buffalo mozzarella cheese. A total of 340 samples were analyzed to determine B. cereus counts (ISO 7932:2005); isolates underwent molecular characterization to detect the presence of genes encoding toxins. Eighty-nine (26.1%) samples harbored B. cereus strains, with values ranging from 2.2 × 102 to 2.6 × 106 CFU/g. Isolates showed eight different molecular profiles, and some displayed virulence characteristics. Bacterial counts and the toxin profiles of isolates were evaluated both separately and jointly to assess the risk of enteritis due to B. cereus following the consumption of buffalo mozzarella cheese. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that the risk of poisoning by B. cereus following the consumption of this cheese was moderate.
Impact of Processing and Extraction on the Minor Components of Green Spanish-Style Gordal Table Olive Fat, as Assessed by Innovative Approaches
Authors: López-López Antonio , Cortés-Delgado Amparo , Garrido-Fernández Antonio
Published: December 2020

This work aims to study the effect of the green Spanish-style table olive processing and extraction method of fat on its minor components. For this purpose, it uses standard multivariate analysis (developed for Euclidean space), Compositional Data (CoDa) analysis (for data in the simplex) and Multiple Factor analysis (MFA). Overall, processing had a scarce effect on most of the minor components except ethyl and methyl esters and diacylglycerols, which markedly increased during fermentation; however, these compounds in table olive do not have the negative connotations that those in olive oil do since they are normal metabolites from the yeast microflora habitually present during the process. The work also showed that the quantification of minor components in table olive fat was an extraction-dependent method since Soxhlet increased the concentrations of fatty alcohols, triterpene dialcohols, sterols, waxes and polar compounds. Regarding statistical methods, CoDa analysis strategies were successfully applied to produce more appropriate clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) segregation than standard tools. Moreover, MFA allowed for study of the components individually and by groups; the relationships among groups led to the most appropriate clustering and PCA segregation of samples and revealed the effect of the chemical groups’ evolution on the similarity/dissimilarity between samples. Therefore, MFA was the statistical analysis that led to the most information on the effect of processing and extraction methods. Its combination with appropriate CoDa logratios could be an exciting challenge.
Nursing Interventions to Prevent Delirium in Critically Ill Patients in the Intensive Care Unit during the COVID19 Pandemic—Narrative Overview
Authors: Ozga Dorota , Krupa Sabina , Witt Paweł , Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska Wioletta
Published: December 2020

It has become a standard measure in recent years to utilise evidence-based practice, which is associated with a greater need to implement and use advanced, reliable methods of summarising the achievements of various scientific disciplines, including such highly specialised approaches as personalised medicine. The aim of this paper was to discuss the current state of knowledge related to improvements in “nursing” involving management of delirium in intensive care units during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This narrative review summarises the current knowledge concerning the challenges associated with assessment of delirium in patients with COVID-19 by ICU nurses, and the role and tasks in the personalised approach to patients with COVID-19.
Optical Mapping in hiPSC-CM and Zebrafish to Resolve Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Vandendriessche Bert , Sieliwonczyk Ewa , Alaerts Maaike , Loeys Bart L. , Snyders Dirk , Schepers Dorien
Published: December 2020

Inherited cardiac arrhythmias contribute substantially to sudden cardiac death in the young. The underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood because of the lack of representative study models and the labour-intensive nature of electrophysiological patch clamp experiments. Whereas patch clamp is still considered the gold standard for investigating electrical properties in a cell, optical mapping of voltage and calcium transients has paved the way for high-throughput studies. Moreover, the development of human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) has enabled the study of patient specific cell lines capturing the full genomic background. Nevertheless, hiPSC-CMs do not fully address the complex interactions between various cell types in the heart. Studies using in vivo models, are therefore necessary. Given the analogies between the human and zebrafish cardiovascular system, zebrafish has emerged as a cost-efficient model for arrhythmogenic diseases. In this review, we describe how hiPSC-CM and zebrafish are employed as models to study primary electrical disorders. We provide an overview of the contemporary electrophysiological phenotyping tools and discuss in more depth the different strategies available for optical mapping. We consider the current advantages and disadvantages of both hiPSC-CM and zebrafish as a model and optical mapping as phenotyping tool and propose strategies for further improvement. Overall, the combination of experimental readouts at cellular (hiPSC-CM) and whole organ (zebrafish) level can raise our understanding of the complexity of inherited cardiac arrhythmia disorders to the next level.
Improvement of Growth and Morphology of Vegetable Seedlings with Supplemental Far-Red Enriched LED Lights in a Plant Factory
Authors: Hwang Hyunseung , An Sewoong , Lee Byungkwan , Chun Changhoo
Published: December 2020

Although light-emitting diode (LED) lamps have been broadly applied in horticultural production to improve plant yield and quality, compared to natural light there is a disadvantage in the lack of far-red light in the LED spectrum. Far-red light has been studied widely to control plant growth and development. Therefore, this study aimed to find the effect of supplemental far-red-enriched LED lights to control the growth of tomato, red pepper, cucumber, gourd, watermelon and bottle gourd seedlings. The treatments were cool white LED:far-red LED at ratios of 5:0, 5:1, 5:2 and 5:3. The growth of tomato and red pepper seedlings, including hypocotyl length, was correlated to far-red light and light intensity. The phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) value of maximum hypocotyl length by supplemental far-red-enriched light ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 in tomato and red pepper seedlings. Although hypocotyl lengths of cucumber and watermelon were greatly affected by PSS, the PSS value for maximum hypocotyl length was lower than for tomato and red pepper. These results show that manipulating supplemental far-red enrichment can be used to control vegetable seedling growth with some variation among plant species.
Comparison of Phakic Intraocular Lens Vault Using Conventional Nomogram and Prediction Formulas
Authors: Ando Wakako , Kamiya Kazutaka , Hayakawa Hideki , Takahashi Masahide , Shoji Nobuyuki
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to compare the achieved vault using a manufacturer’s nomogram and the predicted vault using the currently available prediction formulas after posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (EVO Implantable Collamer Lens; ICL, STAAR Surgical) implantation. We included 200 eyes of 100 consecutive patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 34.3 ± 7.8 years) undergoing ICL implantation with a central hole. Three months postoperatively, we quantitatively measured the actual vault, and we compared it with the predicted vault using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (CASIA 2, Tomey). The agreement rate of the recommended ICL size using the manufacturer’s nomogram, the NK formula, and the KS formula was 50.0%. The achieved vault was 477.1 ± 263.7 µm, which was significantly smaller than the predicted vaults of 551.2 ± 335.1 and 606.4 ± 212.2 µm, using the NK and KS formulas, respectively (Dunnett test, p = 0.014, p < 0.001). The achieved vault was not significantly different from the predicted vault using the NK or KS formula (p = 0.386, p = 0.157) when selecting a 12.1 mm ICL size. It was not significantly different from the predicted vault using the NK formula (p = 0.962), but it was significantly smaller than that using the KS formula (p = 0.033) when selecting a 12.6 mm size. It was significantly smaller than the predicted vault using the NK and KS formulas (p < 0.001) when selecting 13.2 mm size. The total agreement rate of the recommended ICL size was approximately 50%. The predicted ICL vault tended to overestimate the actual ICL vault, especially when selecting a larger ICL size.
Synthetic Polymeric Materials for Bone Replacement
Authors: Senra Mônica Rufino , Marques Maria de Fátima Vieira
Published: December 2020

Some treatment options available to repair bone defects are the use of autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts. The drawback of the first one is the donor site’s limitation and the need for a second operation on the same patient. In the allograft method, the problems are associated with transmitted diseases and high susceptibility to rejection. As an alternative to biological grafts, polymers can be used in bone repair. Some polymers used in the orthopedic field are poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ether-ether-ketone), and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). UHMWPE has drawn much attention since it combines low friction coefficient and high wear and impact resistance. However, UHMWPE is a bioinert material, which means that it does not interact with the bone tissue. UHMWPE composites and nanocomposites with hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely studied in the literature to mitigate these issues. HA is the main component of the inorganic phase in the natural bone, and the addition of this bioactive filler to the polymeric matrix aims to mimic bone composition. This brief review discusses some polymers used in orthopedic applications, focusing on the UHMWPE/HA composites as a potential bone substitute.
Candida lusitaniae Breakthrough Fungemia in an Immuno-Compromised Adolescent: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Apsemidou Athanasia , Füller Miriam Antonie , Idelevich Evgeny A. , Kurzai Oliver , Tragiannidis Athanasios , Groll Andreas H.
Published: December 2020

Candida lusitaniae is a rare cause of candidemia that is known for its unique capability to rapidly acquire resistance to amphotericin B. We report the case of an adolescent with grade IV graft-vs.-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation who developed catheter-associated C. lusitaniae candidemia while on therapeutic doses of liposomal amphotericin B. We review the epidemiology of C. lusitaniae bloodstream infections in adult and pediatric patients, the development of resistance, and its role in breakthrough candidemia. Appropriate species identification, in vitro susceptibility testing, and source control are pivotal to optimal management of C. lusitaniae candidemia. Initial antifungal therapy may consist of an echinocandin and be guided by in vitro susceptibility and clinical response.
A Path Planning Algorithm for a Dynamic Environment Based on Proper Generalized Decomposition
Authors: Falcó Antonio , Hilario Lucía , Montés Nicolás , Mora Marta C. , Nadal Enrique
Published: December 2020

A necessity in the design of a path planning algorithm is to account for the environment. If the movement of the mobile robot is through a dynamic environment, the algorithm needs to include the main constraint: real-time collision avoidance. This kind of problem has been studied by different researchers suggesting different techniques to solve the problem of how to design a trajectory of a mobile robot avoiding collisions with dynamic obstacles. One of these algorithms is the artificial potential field (APF), proposed by O. Khatib in 1986, where a set of an artificial potential field is generated to attract the mobile robot to the goal and to repel the obstacles. This is one of the best options to obtain the trajectory of a mobile robot in real-time (RT). However, the main disadvantage is the presence of deadlocks. The mobile robot can be trapped in one of the local minima. In 1988, J.F. Canny suggested an alternative solution using harmonic functions satisfying the Laplace partial differential equation. When this article appeared, it was nearly impossible to apply this algorithm to RT applications. Years later a novel technique called proper generalized decomposition (PGD) appeared to solve partial differential equations, including parameters, the main appeal being that the solution is obtained once in life, including all the possible parameters. Our previous work, published in 2018, was the first approach to study the possibility of applying the PGD to designing a path planning alternative to the algorithms that nowadays exist. The target of this work is to improve our first approach while including dynamic obstacles as extra parameters.
Some Relationships for the Generalized Integral Transform on Function Space
Authors: Chung Hyun
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we recall a more generalized integral transform, a generalized convolution product and a generalized first variation on function space. The Gaussian process and the bounded linear operators on function space are used to define them. We then establish the existence and various relationships between the generalized integral transform and the generalized convolution product. Furthermore, we obtain some relationships between the generalized integral transform and the generalized first variation with the generalized Cameron–Storvick theorem. Finally, some applications are demonstrated as examples.
Realistic Choice of Annual Matrices Contracts the Range of λS Estimates
Authors: Logofet Dmitrii O. , Golubyatnikov Leonid L. , Ulanova Nina G.
Published: December 2020

In matrix population modeling the multi-year monitoring of a population structure results in a set of annual population projection matrices (PPMs), which gives rise to the stochastic growth rate λS, a quantitative measure of long-term population viability. This measure is usually found in the paradigm of population growth in a variable environment. The environment is represented by the set of PPMs, and λS ensues from a long sequence of PPMs chosen at random from the given set. because the known rules of random choice, such as the iid (independent and identically distributed) matrices, are generally artificial, the challenge is to find a more realistic rule. We achieve this with the a following a Markov chain that models, in a certain sense, the real variations in the environment. We develop a novel method to construct the ruling Markov chain from long-term weather data and to simulate, in a Monte Carlo mode, the long sequences of PPMs resulting in the estimates of λS. The stochastic nature of sequences causes the estimates to vary within some range, and we compare the range obtained by the “realistic choice” from 10 PPMs for a local population of a Red-Book species to those using the iid choice. As noted in the title of this paper, this realistic choice contracts the range of λS estimates, thus improving the estimation and confirming the Red-Book status of the species.
The Class Equation and the Commutativity Degree for Complete Hypergroups
Authors: Sonea Andromeda Cristina , Cristea Irina
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to extend, from group theory to hypergroup theory, the class equation and the concept of commutativity degree. Both of them are studied in depth for complete hypergroups because we want to stress the similarities and the differences with respect to group theory, and the representation theorem of complete hypergroups helps us in this direction. We also find conditions under which the commutativity degree can be expressed by using the class equation.
Less Invasive Fixation of Acute Avulsions of the Achilles Tendon: A Technical Note
Authors: Longo Umile Giuseppe , Candela Vincenzo , Berton Alessandra , Di Naro Calogero , Stelitano Giovanna , Maffulli Nicola , Denaro Vincenzo
Published: December 2020

Purpose: Nowadays, surgical treatment of acute avulsions of the Achilles tendon represents a hard challenge. There is often the possibility that the calcaneus remains completely uncovered from the tendon, making the reinsertion of its distal stub complex. At the same time, the standard open surgical technique could cause difficult wound healing because of the weak blood supply, the increasing possibility of rupture, and the bacterial contamination. To overcome these risks, less invasive procedures should be considered. Methods: We developed an innovative minimally invasive procedure for fixation of acute avulsions of the Achilles tendon employing an integration of four longitudinal stab incisions and one distal semicircular Cincinnati incision. In this way, the distal Achilles tendon stub and the calcaneal insertion are exhibited. Results: We basted the tendon through percutaneous sutures performed across the four stab incisions with a Mayo needle threaded with Ultrabraid. The procedure is repeated with another loop of Ultrabraid. After having bruised the calcaneus bone insertion of the tendon, two sites for two suture anchors were prepared using a specific hole preparation device for the anchors’ footprint. Finally, we placed two suture anchors to reinsert the tendon to the calcaneal insertion. Conclusion: Our new less invasive technique is a promising alternative optional procedure for the Achilles tendon (AT) avulsion repair allowing clear exposure of the Achilles tendon insertion, maintaining the longitudinal wholeness of the dermis, and minimizing possible associated complications.
COVID-19 and Pulmonary Hypertension in Children: What Do We Know So Far?
Authors: Das Bibhuti B
Published: December 2020

The interplay between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in children is unknown. Adults with PH are at potential risk for severe complications and high mortality due to associated comorbidities. It is difficult to extrapolate the outcomes of COVID-19 in adults to pediatric PH patients. Overall, a small number of COVID-19 cases is reported in patients with preexisting PH. Several factors may be responsible for the low incidence of COVID-19 in children with PH. Pulmonary hypertension is a rare disease, testing is not universal, and patients may have followed more rigorously the Center for Disease Control’s guidelines recommended for personal protection with mask-wearing, social distancing, and hand sanitization through ongoing health education. The small number of COVID-19 cases in patients with preexisting PH does not support that PH is protective for COVID-19. However, medications used to treat PH may have some protection against COVID-19. This review discusses the pathophysiology of PH occurring with COVID-19, differences between children and adults with COVID-19, strategies for management of preexisting PH in children during the ongoing pandemic, and its impact within the field of PH.
Incidence of Recurrent Exertional Heat Stroke in a Warm-Weather Road Race
Authors: Stearns Rebecca L. , Hosokawa Yuri , Adams William M. , Belval Luke N. , Huggins Robert A. , Jardine John F. , Katch Rachel K. , Davis Robert J. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) survivors may be more susceptible to subsequent EHS; however, the occurrence of survivors with subsequent EHS episodes is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of participants with repeated EHS (EHS-2+) cases in a warm-weather road race across participation years compared to those who experienced 1 EHS (EHS-1). Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational case series design was utilized. Medical record data from 17-years at the Falmouth Road Race between 2003–2019 were examined for EHS cases. Incidence of EHS-2+ cases per race and average EHS cases per EHS-2+ participant were calculated (mean ± SD) and descriptive factors (rectal temperature (TRE), finish time (FT), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), age, race year) for each EHS was collected. Results: A total of 333 EHS patients from 174,853 finishers were identified. Sixteen EHS-2+ participants (11 males, 5 females, age = 39 ± 16 year) accounted for 11% of the total EHS cases (n = 37/333). EHS-2+ participants had an average of 2.3 EHS cases per person (range = 2–4) and had an incidence rate of 2.6 EHS per 10 races. EHS-2+ participants finished 93 races following initial EHS, with 72 of the races (77%) completed without EHS incident. Initial EHS TRE was not statistically different than subsequent EHS initial TRE (+0.3 ± 0.9 °C, p > 0.050). Initial EHS-2+ participant FT was not statistically different than subsequent EHS FT (−4.2 ± 7.0 min, p > 0.050). The years between first and second EHS was 3.6 ± 3.5 year (Mode: 1, Range: 1–12). Relative risk ratios revealed that EHS patients were at a significantly elevated risk for subsequent EHS episodes 2 years following their initial EHS (relative risk ratio = 3.32, p = 0.050); however, the risk from 3–5 years post initial EHS was not statistically elevated, though the relative risk ratio values remained above 1.26. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that 11% of all EHS cases at the Falmouth Road Race are EHS-2+ cases and that future risk for a second EHS episode at this race is most likely to occur within the first 2 years following the initial EHS incident. After this initial 2-year period, risk for another EHS episode is not significantly elevated. Future research should examine factors to explain individuals who are susceptible to multiple EHS cases, incidence at other races and corresponding prevention strategies both before and after initial EHS.
Three-Dimensional Volumetric Changes and Clinical Outcomes after Decompression with DIAM™ Implantation in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spine Diseases
Authors: Li Cheng-Yu , Chen Mao-Yu , Chang Chen-Nen , Yan Jiun-Lin
Published: December 2020

Background and objectives: The prevalence of degenerative lumbar spine diseases has increased. In addition to standard lumbar decompression and/or fusion techniques, implantation of interspinous process devices (IPDs) can provide clinical benefits in highly selected patients. However, changes in spinal structures after IPD implantation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have rarely been discussed. This volumetric study aimed to evaluate the effect of IPD implantation on the intervertebral disc and foramen using three-dimensional assessment. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with lumbar degenerative disc diseases treated with IPD implantation and foraminotomy and/or discectomy between January 2016 and December 2019. The mean follow-up period was 13.6 months. The perioperative lumbar MRI data were processed for 3D-volumetric analysis. Clinical outcomes, including the Prolo scale and visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and radiographic outcomes, such as the disc height, foraminal area, and translation, were analyzed. Results: Fifty patients were included in our study. At the one-year follow-up, the VAS and Prolo scale scores significantly improved (both p < 0.001). The disc height and foraminal area on radiographs also increased significantly, but with limited effects up to three months postoperatively. MRI revealed an increased postoperative disc height with a mean difference of 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (p < 0.001). Although the mean disc volume difference did not significantly increase, the mean foraminal volume difference was 0.4 ± 0.16 mm3 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In select patients with degenerative disc diseases or lumbar spinal stenosis, the intervertebral foramen was enlarged, and disc loading was reduced after IPD implantation with decompression surgery. The 3D findings were compatible with the clinical benefits.
The Expanding Computational Toolbox for Engineering Microbial Phenotypes at the Genome Scale
Authors: Zielinski Daniel Craig , Patel Arjun , Palsson Bernhard O.
Published: December 2020

Microbial strains are being engineered for an increasingly diverse array of applications, from chemical production to human health. While traditional engineering disciplines are driven by predictive design tools, these tools have been difficult to build for biological design due to the complexity of biological systems and many unknowns of their quantitative behavior. However, due to many recent advances, the gap between design in biology and other engineering fields is closing. In this work, we discuss promising areas of development of computational tools for engineering microbial strains. We define five frontiers of active research: (1) Constraint-based modeling and metabolic network reconstruction, (2) Kinetics and thermodynamic modeling, (3) Protein structure analysis, (4) Genome sequence analysis, and (5) Regulatory network analysis. Experimental and machine learning drivers have enabled these methods to improve by leaps and bounds in both scope and accuracy. Modern strain design projects will require these tools to be comprehensively applied to the entire cell and efficiently integrated within a single workflow. We expect that these frontiers, enabled by the ongoing revolution of big data science, will drive forward more advanced and powerful strain engineering strategies.
Cell Penetrating Peptides Used in Delivery of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides Targeting Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Ndeboko Bénédicte , Omouessi Serge Thierry , Ongali Brice , Mouinga-Ondémé Augustin
Published: December 2020

Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNAs) and small noncoding RNAs including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent a new class of oligonucleotides considered as an alternative therapeutic strategy in the chronic hepatitis B treatment. Indeed, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem worldwide, despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Current therapeutic approaches approved for chronic HBV treatment are pegylated-interferon alpha (IFN)-α and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs). Both therapies do not completely eradicate viral infection and promote severe side effects. In this context, the development of new effective treatments is imperative. This review focuses on antiviral activity of both PNAs and siRNAs targeting hepatitis B virus. Thus, we briefly present our results on the ability of PNAs to decrease hepadnaviral replication in duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) model. Interestingly, other oligonucleotides as siRNAs could significantly inhibit HBV antigen expression in transient replicative cell culture. Because the application of these oligonucleotides as new antiviral drugs has been hampered by their poor intracellular bioavailability, we also discuss the benefits of their coupling to different molecules such as the cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), which were used as vehicles to deliver therapeutic agents into the cells.
Fatherhood Is Associated with Increased Infidelity and Moderates the Link between Relationship Satisfaction and Infidelity
Authors: Lacker Tim Jonas , Walther Andreas , Waldvogel Patricia , Ehlert Ulrike
Published: December 2020

Background: Relationship satisfaction has been identified as an important factor in terms of extradyadic sexual involvement. However, in men, fatherhood might be associated with infidelity by leading to changes in relationship satisfaction and the social life of parents. To date, no study has focused on the association of fatherhood and infidelity, nor the influence of fatherhood on the association between relationship satisfaction and infidelity. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 137 fathers and 116 non-fathers were assessed regarding relationship satisfaction, infidelity, and potential confounds. Results: Significantly more fathers reported having been unfaithful in the current relationship than non-fathers (30.7% vs. 17.2%). Fathers also reported longer relationship duration, higher relationship satisfaction, and lower neuroticism than non-fathers. Furthermore, fatherhood moderated the association between relationship satisfaction and infidelity insofar that only in non-fathers reduced relationship satisfaction was associated with infidelity. Conclusions: The results suggest that fatherhood increases the risk of engaging in extradyadic sexual activities and moderates the link between relationship satisfaction and infidelity. However, results need to be interpreted with caution due to the cross-sectional study design and the lack of information about the specific time point of the infidelity incident(s).
Isolation and Characterization of an Aerobic Denitrifier Bacillus sp. SC16 from an Intensive Aquaculture Pond
Authors: Sang Chi-Guo , Fu Yao-Wu , Guo Shu-Quan , Luo Jia-Ju , Zhang Qi-Zhong
Published: December 2020

Overloading of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen in aquaculture can result in toxicity to aquatic animals. In order to eliminate the hazardous substances, a highly efficient denitrifying bacterium, Bacillus sp. SC16, was identified in a fishery pond and isolated subsequently. The strain SC16 could remove nitrate up to 97%, ammonia up to 36.6%, and nitrite up to 99.99% when incubated with nitrate at an initial concentration of 306.9 mg·L−1 for 72 h, ammonia at 165.49 mg·L−1 for 48 h, and nitrite at 200 mg·L−1 for 24 h under aerobic conditions. The nitrite reductase gene was identified as the nirK gene. The transcriptional levels of the nirK gene in strain SC16 incubated with ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite showed similar expression patterns. When the strain SC16 was used to treat the aquaculture water, the concentration of ammonia decreased significantly, from 8.35 mg·L−1 to 4.56 mg·L−1, and there was almost no accumulation of nitrite by the end of experiment. Therefore, the results indicated that Bacillus sp. SC16 could be a promising candidate for aquaculture water treatment.
SISTEM PROTEKSI AKTIF DAN SARANA PENYELAMATAN JIWA DARI KEBAKARAN DI RSUD KABUPATEN BEKASI
Authors: Sari Melia Listia , Sukwika Tatan
Published: December 2020

Sebagai fasilitas umum, gedung RSUD harus dapat mengidentifikasi dari potensi bahaya kebakaran, oleh karena itu diperlukan sistem proteksi kebakaran. Upaya sebenarnya adalah penerapan sistem proteksi kebakaran dengan prosedur, termasuk sistem proteksi aktif dan fasilitas penyelamat jiwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi penerapan sistem proteksi aktif dan fasilitas penyelamatan jiwa serta keandalan keamanan bangunan terhadap kebakaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengungkap peristiwa atau fakta dan keadaan yang terjadi sesuai dengan kondisi di lapangan. Sehingga dibutuhkan observasi dan wawancara langsung dengan informan untuk mendapatkan data. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nilai kondisi penerapan sistem proteksi aktif sebesar 17,04%, nilai komponen fasilitas penyelamatan jiwa sebesar 23,25%, dan nilai keandalan keamanan gedung sebesar 87,48%. Kesimpulan secara keseluruhan bahwa komponen proteksi aktif, kondisi fasilitas penyelamat jiwa dan keandalan keselamatan kebakaran gedung menunjukkan nilai reliabilitas dalam kategori "B" Baik. Pada sub komponen sistem proteksi aktif belum semua saran tersebut diatas dimiliki atau terpasang di setiap gedung di RSUD. Oleh karena itu, ke depan secara bertahap, untuk antisipasi terjadinya kebakaran perlu dilengkapi sarana pendukung sistem proteksi aktif dan dilakukan commissioning test terhadap lift kebakaran.