bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LIFE CYCLE OF APANTELES CARPATUS (SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE WEBBING CLOTHES MOTH, TINEOLA BISSELLIELLA HUM.
Authors: Fallis A. Murray
Published: April 2011

This parasite has been reared from larvae of the webbing clothes moth obtained from different localities as well as experimentally. All parasites obtained by natural and experimental infections were females. Oviposition occurred and parasites developed in host larvae weighing 1.6 to 6.8 mg. The parasites oviposited more readily in a host enclosed in a case, especially if the case contained fecal pellets of the host. Eggs were deposited in various parts of the host. A single parasite developed to maturity even though several eggs may have been deposited in the host, each by a separate "thrust" of the ovipositor. Morphological features of the larvae are illustrated. The rate of development varied even at constant temperature. The average length of the life cycle at 27 °C. was 26 days but at 20 °C. it required several months. Experiments were carried out to determine the factors responsible for the variation in the rate of development. The parasite larva, upon emerging from the host, usually spins a white, silken cocoon, although metamorphosis was sometimes completed even though no cocoon was produced.
HEPATOGENESIS OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.)
Authors: Battle Helen I.
Published: April 2011

The anlage of the liver of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., arises during the eleventh week, 4.0 mm. embryo, as a proliferation of entodermal cells from the ventral wall of the anterior intestinal region. This anlage soon takes on a double appearance caudally. In embryos of 12 to [Formula: see text] weeks (4.7 to 5.0 mm.) it consists of right and left primordia with a common ventral opening into the intestine. By 13 weeks (5.4 mm. embryo) the anlage has curved toward the left, a position assumed through the counter-clockwise rotation of the intestine. The cells are becoming arranged in cords. A subsequent clockwise rotation of the intestine, apparent first in embryos of 14 weeks (6.5 mm.), draws the anlage to a dextroventral position. By 16 weeks (8.5 mm.) the ductus choledochus enters the right side of the intestine; the anlage itself passes posteriorly along the ventral surface of the intestine then abruptly forward in the form of a hook to the right of the intestine. The liver cells are arranged as branching trabeculae with some indication of vascularization. The liver anlage becomes rhomboidal and migrates to a position on the right of the rectilinear intestine, where it remains until some time after hatching. In the 25 mm. alevin (26 days after hatching) the intestine through a process of flexion commences to differentiate into cardiac and pyloric stomach, ascending and descending limbs of intestine. Simultaneously the papilla duodeni marking the opening of the ductus choledochus into the intestine is carried to a sinistrodorsal position opening into the ascending limb of the intestine at the level of the second row of pyloric caeca. Subsequent clockwise rotation of the ascending limb finally carries it to the sinistroventral margin. Yolk absorption now permits the liver to grow ventrad to the intestine, while the anterior progression of the intestinal loop is instrumental in its migration to the anterior end of the coelom. In the early parr the liver is somewhat triangular in shape with the apex posterior and in the mid-line. Through unequal growth the left median lobe in the late parr becomes much longer than the right, from which, however, it is never distinctly divided. It has now assumed the general appearance of the organ in the smolt and adult. Enlargement of the blind end of the ductus choledochus in the 21 week embryo (11.8 mm.) forms the gall bladder. Hepatic ducts are formed as branches of the primary ductus choledochus.
THE VITAMINS A AND D POTENCY OF THE OILS OBTAINED FROM THE LIVER, INTESTINES, BODY, AND OFFAL OF SHAD, ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA WILSON, AND MACKEREL, SCOMBER SCOMBRUS L.
Authors: Pugsley L. I. , Kelly J. T. , Crandall W. A. , Morrell C. A.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented on the percentage of liver and intestines in the fish, percentage of oil in body, liver, intestines, and offal and the vitamins A and D potency, iodine value, and percentage of unsaponifiable matter in these oils of shad and mackerel.
SEARCH FOR SOURCES AND CARRIERS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald , Moynihan Irvin W.
Published: April 2011

Brains of 112 ground squirrels (Citellus richardsoni), 10 hawks, one burrowing owl, three pheasants, four crows, nine rats (eight Mus decumanus and one M. rattus) two wild ducks, two jack rabbits, three hens, three pigs, and two cats were examined for the presence of virus. Spleens of 15 ground squirrels and livers of three others, also spleens of five hawks and six rats were examined. Six assassin bugs (one Zelus audax and five Sinea diadema), 133 mosquitoes, 30 Stomoxys sp., 10 Tabanidae, 30 crickets, 64 grasshoppers, and 12 ticks (Dermacentor andersoni Stiles) were also examined in suitable sized lots.Two guinea pigs were injected with a suspension of each lot. If suspicious temperature reactions occurred, these animals were destroyed and suspensions of their brains were injected into other guinea pigs. All the injected animals that survived, regardless of whether or not they had shown any temperature reaction, were given a challenge inoculation of 25 M.L.D. of Western virus three weeks or longer after the first injection.Lot 21, consisting of two ground squirrel brains, was the only group to give any evidence suggestive of the presence of virus. Virus could not be isolated from this lot but temperatures of the injected guinea pigs, and subsequent resistance of the survivor to a challenge inoculation, were very suggestive of its presence. This is the second occasion on which results suggested the presence of virus in very small amount in ground squirrel brains.
STUDIES ON FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEALTH OF PIGS: I. THE RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATIONS TO RATE OF GAIN IN SUCKLING PIGS
Authors: Swales W. E. , Crampton E. W. , Ashton G. C. , Choquette L.
Published: April 2011

The trends of blood haemoglobin concentrations in suckling pigs in a herd in which clinical anaemia does not occur have been studied and compared to rates of gain in body weight.Ferrous sulphate and reduced iron were then used to keep the haemoglobin concentrations at higher levels, and statistical analysis of the observations snowed a significant difference in body weight at weaning time between the treated and control groups.The results indicate that pigs should be provided with a source of iron within a day or two after birth in order to ensure normal development and, possibly, resistance to disease.Work on this and other possible factors in disease resistance is being continued.
A LABORATORY SPRAY DRIER
Authors: Woodcock A. H. , Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

A laboratory model of a cyclone type of spray drier is described. The main drying chamber is an inverted cone 2 ft. in diameter at the base and 5 ft. 2 in. in height. Adjustments are provided for inlet air temperature, total air flow, angular velocity of air in the drying chamber, quantity of liquid introduced, and spraying technique.The drier has been found practical in operation and has produced dried egg and dried milk equivalent to the best produced commercially.
APPLIED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Watson John H. L.
Published: April 2011

This paper is in two sections. The first includes: (i) a description of the technique of taking stereoscopic photographs with the electron microscope, (ii) an investigation of particle sizes in mine dust, and (iii) the use of electron diffraction technique in conjunction with an electron microscope. This last subject is illustrated by a study of clays and other paper-coating materials.The second section includes several applications of the Toronto instrument to botanical investigations. Examples of the usefulness of the instrument in this field are: (i) a method of photographing the cuticle of Antirrhinum majus L. var. Rosalie, (ii) a study of the wall structure of Aloe arborescens Mill. subjected to different chemical treatments, and (iii) stereoscopic views of broken flax fibres.
AN ALKALOID FROM MENISPERMUM CANADENSE L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The chief and perhaps the only alkaloid of Menispermum canadense L. has been shown to be identical with dauricine, an alkaloid from M. dauricum D.C.
THE EFFECT OF GEL WATER ON CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: III. THE DECOMPOSITION OF FORMIC ACID OVER ALUMINA
Authors: Munro L. A. , Dewar D. J. , Gertsman S. , Monteith G.
Published: April 2011

The effect of gel water content on the catalytic activity of alumina in the decomposition of formic acid at 215 and 250 °C. has been investigated. The previous observations on the dehydration of ethyl alcohol to ether and ethylene are paralleled by the results with formic acid. There are two peaks in the curves showing the relation between activity and gel water content. The ratio CO/CO2 changes with gel water content, i.e., the course of the reaction can be altered by surface modification of the catalyst. The gel showing maximum catalytic activity exhibits greatest sorption. The temperature of activation of a hydrous oxide is not as accurate a measure of the catalytic power as the gel water content. X-ray studies of the catalysts show a threefold change in the structure in the 36 to 0% range of water content, but the fibril structure of the gel of maximum activity (5.3% water) is the same as that for minimum activity. An explanation is suggested.
THE HYDRATION OF THE ALUMINATES OF CALCIUM: III. THE HYDRATION OF THE 5:3, 1:1, AND 3:5 CALCIUM ALUMINATES
Authors: Schneider W. G. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

The hydration of the aluminates of calcium in saturated steam at 150° and 105 °C. was studied. A method was developed for the quantitative estimation of chemically combined and free hydrated alumina in steam treated mixtures. The rates of hydration at 150 °C. of all the aluminates of calcium were compared. At 150 °C., when conditions favouring- rapid hydrolysis are avoided, the 1:1 and 3:5 lime aluminates are apparently transformed almost quantitatively to the cubic hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate and hydrated alumina approaching the composition of the monohydrate. The steam treated 5:3 lime aluminate gives lower water absorption and higher content of combined alumina than called for by the above end-products, indicating the formation of a less highly hydrated aluminate of lower lime–alumina ratio than the hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate. This conclusion is supported by the presence in this product of some anisotropic material with an average refractive index of 1.58. The hydrothermal products obtained on treatment of the three aluminates at 105 °C. all contained larger amounts of this birefringent material and apparently a greater proportion of combined alumina.
INHIBITION OF CORROSION OF ALUMINUM AND OTHER METALS IN SODA ASH SOLUTIONS
Authors: Thomas J. F. J.
Published: April 2011

Some previously reported curves showing the rate of attack on commercial [Formula: see text] aluminum by [Formula: see text] (by weight) aqueous solutions of various salt–soda-ash mixtures were confirmed. The inhibitive action of various commercial silicates, sodium fluosilicate, and certain other salts in dilute soda ash solutions was determined with aluminum, duralumin, copper, tin plate, and galvanized iron. Of all the salts tested, sodium fluosilicate was found to be the most efficient inhibitor of attack on aluminum. At inhibition in 0.5% aqueous solutions of the sodium-silicate–soda-ash mixtures at 60 °C. the ratio SiO2:Na2CO3 and the ratio of silica to surface area of aluminum metal were both roughly constant with all the sodium silicates studied. With sodium fluosilicate, these same ratios are maintained when calculated on the basis of SiF4. Increasing the temperature of solution above about 80 °C. appears to increase these inhibition ratios, but the ratios hold at higher concentrations of the aqueous solution of the soda-ash–salt mixture than the 0.5% studied in detail.
FROTH FLOTATION OF RUBBER AND RESIN COMPONENTS OF MILKWEED AND OTHER PLANTS THAT CONTAIN RESINS, RUBBER, BALATA, OR RELATED GUMMY SUBSTANCES
Authors: Turrall Wm. T. , Smedley H. , Klassen J.
Published: April 2011

Application of the froth flotation methods used in mineral dressing operations to the separation of rubber–resin fractions of milkweed offers hope of placing the extraction of such plant materials on a continuous rather than a batch basis. When the flotation method was used, no chemical treatment or flotation agents were necessary for the separation of rubber–resin from milkweed, though additional flotation reagents were found necessary for some other plants. The rubber–resin components of all plants studied, namely, milkweed, dogbane, goat's-beard, sow thistle, and wild lettuce, were successfully concentrated.Under favourable conditions rubber–resins may not agglomerate during ball-milling; in some instances the flotation method can be used for the separation of the dispersed rubber–resin.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ADDITION AGENTS ON THE PHYSICAL STATES OF SODIUM SOAPS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of glycerol and of polar and non-polar mineral oils on the density–temperature relations of sodium stearate and sodium oleate have been measured. A non-polar solvent such as a high V.I. oil has no effect, and may be regarded as an inert diluent. Glycerol and low V.I. oils have similar effects on the physical states of the soap. Up to the unidimensional melting point of the soap, the polar solvents have no effect. Above this point, however, an increasing effect is obtained both with increase in temperature and with amount of solvent. The effect is particularly marked above the plasticity point but may be large also in the region of the bidimensional melting point of the soap. The orienting effect of the non-polar hydrocarbon chain on the polar grouping of the soap in the presence of a polar solvent is discussed. The influence of excess acid and alkali in the soap is described.
THE HYDRATION OF THE ALUMINATES OF CALCIUM: V. THE HYDROTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE AT 350 °C.
Authors: Johnson Herbert , Thorvaldson Thorbergur
Published: April 2011

When tricalcium aluminate is treated in saturated steam at 350 °C. hydrolysis occurs with the formation of a crystalline product of the composition 4CaO.3Al2O3.3H2O and calcium hydroxide. The same products result when a 3:1 mixture of calcium hydroxide and hydrated alumina are similarly treated. The calcium hydroxide as well as any hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate formed at lower temperature may be removed from the hydrothermal product by extraction with a solution of acetic acid buffered with calcium acetate.The 4:3:3 calcium hydroaluminate crystallizes in colourless elongated rectangular plates with parallel extinction, positive elongation, and low birefrigence. The average refractive index is close to 1.627 and the density 2.71 (at 20 °C). The crystals are probably orthorhombic.Appreciable dehydration of the product does not occur on heating below 475° to 500 °C. Dehydration between 650° and 750 °C. in a stream of dry air appears to produce decomposition with the liberation of free alumina and probable formation of the product 12Ca0.7Al2O3.The factors affecting the yield of the 4:3:3 calcium hydroaluminate and the mechanism of the hydrothermal reactions of tricalcium aluminate and its hydrates are discussed. Readings of X-ray powder patterns of the 4:3:3 hydroaluminate and its dehydration products are given.
THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH PROPYLENE
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Davis S. G. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of hydrogen atoms with propylene has been studied by the Wood–Bonhoeffer method over the temperature range 30 to 250 °C. The principal products are propane, ethane, and methane. No unsaturated products were isolated. The nature and proportions of products are independent of temperature. A mechanism is suggested, based on the formation of an active propyl radical as the primary step.
A RING SPOT DISEASE OF GLADIOLUS CORMS
Authors: McKeen Colin D.
Published: April 2011

A ring spot disease of gladiolus, confined to the corm and manifested only in storage, has been observed at Vineland, Ont. It is characterized by rather superficial, reddish-brown lesions walled off from healthy tissue by a periderm layer and bearing somewhat conspicuous concentric rings originating at the nodes and around the root initials.The progeny of diseased corms are almost invariably diseased, ring spots developing about two and one-half months after harvesting. The disease development or the nature of the symptoms was not modified to any appreciable extent by various storage temperatures and relative humidities.Infrequently from small lesions and more often from large ones Penicillium and Fusarium isolates were obtained. Inoculations with these organisms yielded negative results. The cause of the disease has therefore not been established.No control for the disease has been effected by treating the corms with various disinfectants.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: VII. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Tyner L. E. , Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

The effect of iron tartrate on the development of chlorosis in wheat seedlings in nutrient solutions, and also the effect of extracts of Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. and Fusarium culmorum W. G. Sm. on disease expression, were studied under greenhouse conditions. Iron tartrate was effective in preventing chlorosis. Less iron was required in summer plantings than in winter plantings. Also, less iron was required in solutions with the higher hydrogen ion concentrations. Under the conditions employed, manganese effected no amelioration of chlorotic symptoms in the presence of a deficiency of iron.Sterilized and unsterilized filtered extracts of the pathogens mentioned added to crocks of the nutrient solution inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings, an effect in soil culture which is interpreted as an index of pathogenicity.
A VISUAL FLUOROMETER FOR THE CHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF VITAMIN B1 IN WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: Reedman E. J. , Young G. A.
Published: April 2011

A simple, inexpensive, visual fluorometer has been constructed for measuring the fluorescence of thiochrome converted from extracted thiamin by oxidation. The resulting thiamin estimations on wheat flour compare well with those obtained by other methods, and can be read to within 0.2 μg. per gm. Details of the rapid chemical method are given.
STARCH CONTENT OF WESTERN CANADIAN WHEAT
Authors: Eva W. J. , Levi I. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Determinations of starch content have been made on 140 samples representing the principal grades of wheat passing through the larger inspection offices in Western Canada during the first five months of 1942–43 crop year and the whole of each of the three preceding crop years. The analytical method employed was Clendenning's modification of the Mannich–Lenz procedure, and the standard error of the mean of duplicate determinations was 0.17. The mean starch content for all samples was 52.5% on a 13.5% moisture basis (60.7%, dry basis); the maximum value was 56.2% and the minimum 48.2%. The Garnet grades and No. 5 wheat were high in starch content. Durum and Alberta winter wheats were also high in starch, particularly in 1942. Grades 1 to 4 Northern, which comprise the bulk of the wheat marketed in Western Canada, had an average starch content of 52.5%; but the starch levels for these grades at Edmonton were consistently higher at 53.5 to 54.5%.
THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF CORRESPONDING GRADES OF WHEAT DRAWN FROM THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Eva William J.
Published: April 2011

Data for 12 crops, 1927 to 1938, have been used to examine the protein contents of Grades 1, 2, and 3 Northern drawn from the northern and north-western area, and from the central and southern area, of Western Canada. The boundary between the areas was taken as that dividing zones averaging over and under 13% protein. Grades 1, 2, and 3 Northern from the southern area averaged 14.2, 14.0, and 14.0% protein; those from the northern area averaged 12.8, 12.0, and 11.6% protein; and the average difference between zones for all three grades was 2.0%. The reasons for the increase in the spread between zones with decreasing grade are discussed. For the 12 yr. period, the average protein content of shipments of Western Canadian wheat is estimated as 13.5%. If no wheat had been shipped from the northern zone the average protein level would have been increased by about 0.5 per cent.
EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE STARCH CONTENT OF WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Corns W. G.
Published: April 2011

Starch content of six varieties each of wheat and barley grown under a wide range of environmental conditions was determined polarimetrically. Environment had a greater effect on starch content than did variety, but both effects were highly significant. Correlation coefficients as high as −.970 were obtained between starch and protein content, and for every variety coefficients were highly significant. Regression of starch on protein yielded coefficients numerically well above −1.0 for both wheat and barley.Barley yielded 16% more starch per acre, on the average, than did wheat. Yields of starch per acre were highest in grain grown on parkland soils, and lowest in that on prairie soils.
THE STORAGE AND ARTIFICIAL GERMINATION OF FOREST TREE POLLENS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

The physical and nutritional requirements for pollen germination in several forest tree species were studied by using a variety of nutrient combinations in agar, silica gel, and distilled water media. It was found that 10% sucrose in 0.75% agar was the best of these media for Pinus pollen, while 1.13% bean pod agar was best for Picea.Results from studies on light and dark incubation of Pinus, Picea, and Quercus pollens showed no significant difference in percentage germination, but indicated a stimulation of pollen tube growth by light.Pollens of several species were stored under different conditions of relative humidity (graded series, 0 to 75%), temperature (2 °C. and room temperature), and light (light and dark). Data on germination after storage for one year showed: that pollen longevity of all viable species was greatly favoured by low temperature and darkness; that the best relative humidity was: for Pinus, 15 to 35% at room temperature and 50 to 75% at 2 °C., for Picea 15% at room temperature and 10 to 75% at 2 °C., and for Quercus 25 to 35% at 2 °C. (no germination at room temperature).Highest percentage germination after storage for one year ranged from 95 to 99% for Pinus species, 58 to 63% for Picea species, and 46% for a Quercus species (2 °C., dark, in each case).In all species successfully stored, pollen germination was higher after 12 months' storage than after eight months' storage.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: I. METHODS OF ASSESSING QUALITY
Authors: Thistle M. W. , Pearce J. A. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Several methods of assessing quality in dried whole egg powders were studied on a wide range of material from Canadian egg drying plants. Moisture content and bacterial count varied independently, and are regarded as necessary measures of quality. Beating value, pH of egg batter, water value, potassium chloride value, fluorescence measurements, and palatability ratings were all significantly interrelated. Of these methods, potassium chloride value and fluorescence measurements were the most sensitive and also the most closely associated with palatability ratings.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXIII. THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF CURING SALTS ON COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY
Authors: Woodcock A. H. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Small cuts of pork back were cured in pickles containing six concentrations each of chloride, nitrate, and nitrite varying from zero to above the concentrations normally used commercially. Quantitative colour measurements were made by an improved three-colour method on the internal surfaces of the lean meat. Salt contents were determined for each sample.Increase of chloride concentration retarded methaemoglobin formation as indicated by a relative increase in the green and corresponding decrease in the red colour components. Variations in the nitrate content of the meat appeared to have no significant effect on the colour. The presence of nitrite in the meat caused the appearance of an absorption band in the region of 490 mμ, and a retardation of methaemoglobin formation as indicated by the red and green components of the initial colour and also by colour stability. The absorption band at 490 mμ is considered to be due to nitrosohaemoglobin. The presence of approximately 50 p.p.m. of nitrite in the meat appears to have been sufficient for complete reaction.
PROTEOCEPHALUS PARALLACTICS, A NEW SPECIES OF TAPEWORM FROM LAKE TROUT, CRISTIVOMER NAMAYCUSH
Authors: MacLulich D. A.
Published: April 2011

A new species of tapeworm, Proteocephalus parallacticus, collected from lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum), in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ont., is described.
MAIN ARTERIES IN THE NECK AND THORAX OF THE RHEA EMBRYO
Authors: Glenny Fred H.
Published: April 2011

A single specimen of a late rhea embryo was dissected and a diagram of the arteries in the neck and thorax prepared. Certain similarities and dissimilarities between the arterial patterns of the rhea, kiwi, and cassowary were noted. The left radix aortae was found to anastomose with the left pulmonary arch, with the subsequent degeneration of the left ductus botalli. The rhea is laevocarotidinae. The right internal carotid becomes functionally modified as do also the ducti carotici.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: III. A REFRACTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Grant G. A.
Published: April 2011

The refractometric determination of the solubility of dried, whole egg powder was found to be affected by the method of defatting, the nature of the fat and protein solvents, the ratio of protein solvent to powder, the method of equilibration, and time of extraction. These factors were standardized by defatting egg powder with petroleum ether and extracting for a period of two hours with a 5% solution of sodium chloride. The refractometric value of the extract was determined at 25 °C. using an Abbé refractometer.The refractometric value was linearly related to the content of water soluble nitrogen of whole powder and to the potassium chloride value of defatted powder. A curvilinear relation was obtained with the content of crude albumin nitrogen and with the potassium chloride value of whole egg powder.
VARIATION IN THE PORCUPINE (GENUS ERETHIZON) IN CANADA
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Rand A. L.
Published: April 2011

The porcupines of Canada (genus Erethizon) have usually been referred to two distinct species. A survey of material in the National Museum of Canada shows that they actually represent but one species, Erethizon dorsatum, with five geographical races, which are summarized in this paper. Each form is differentiated by a mosaic of external and internal characters, some of which frequently occur in other forms. There is considerable individual variation. Some overlapping of characters through individual variation occurs in widely separated populations. Where two rather distinct subspecies meet, intergrades occur, but intergradations in skull characters do not always occur in the same geographical area as intergradations of pelage characters.
PARASITES OF TROUT IN ALGONQUIN PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO
Authors: MacLulich D. A.
Published: April 2011

The parasitism of trout in Algonquin Park, Ont., was studied during the spring and summer of 1939 to determine the distribution and abundance of parasites in the several species of trout. The sampling included 34 lakes from five different river drainages.A list of the parasites follows with the hosts indicated by the letters, C for Cristivomer namaycush Wahlbaum, S for Salvelinus fontinalis Linnaeus, and F for Salmo fario Linnaeus. Protozoa (cysts in kidneys),—CSF; trematodes: Crepidostomum farionis,—CS, Azygia angusticauda,—C, Clinostomum complanatum,—S, Neascus sp. (larvae),—S; cestodes: Diphyllobothrium sp. (larvae),—C, Eubothrium salvelini,—CS, Proteocephalus ambloplitis (larvae),—CS, Proteocephalus parallactics,—CSF, Proteocephalus pusillus,—C; nematodes: Cystidicola stigmatura,—CS, Philonema sp.,—C, unidentified larval nematodes,—CS, acanthocephala: Leptorhynchoides thecatus,—C; copepoda: Salmincola edwardsii,—S, Salmincola siscowet,—C.Two of the tapeworms, the two copepods, and the protozoan kidney cysts were generally distributed. The other parasites showed local differences in abundance. Frequency distribution studies of several of the parasite populations indicated that the parasites are not distributed randomly to the hosts.
PERIODIC AND ASYMPTOTIC ORBITS IN A FIVE BODY PROBLEM
Authors: Buchanan Daniel
Published: April 2011

Periodic and asymptotic orbits are obtained for the motion of an infinitesimal body subject to the Newtonian attraction of four finite bodies. The finite bodies are equal in mass and remain relatively fixed at the vertices of a square while they revolve about their common centre of gravity with uniform angular velocity. The infinitesimal body moves in the vicinity of the 13 libration points of the finite bodies. Asymptotic orbits of two dimensions and periodic orbits of two and of three dimensions are obtained.
LES DÉMONS DE MAXWELL ET LE SECOND PRINCIPE DE LA THERMODYNAMIQUE
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
4-CAMPHORYLTHIOSEMICARBAZIDE AND 4-CAMPHORYLSEMICARBAZIDE
Authors: McRae John A. , Stevens William H.
Published: April 2011

4-Camphorylthiosemicarbazide has been prepared by the action of hydrazine hydrate on camphorylthiocarbimide. The analogous semicarbazide has been prepared by a similar reaction. Neither of these substances displays the gel-forming characteristics of 4-camphoryl-2-phenylthiosemicarbazide. From these substances a number of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones have been prepared, but although camphoryl-thiosemicarbazide and -semicarbazide are optically active they do not seem to be useful substances for the resolution of racemic aldehydes or ketones. A number of 4-camphoryl-1-(or 2)-arylthiosemicarbazides have been prepared but none displayed the colloidal nature of the 2-phenyl-compound.
THE SYNTHESIS OF POSSIBLE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF METATHEBAINONE. I.
Authors: Holmes H. L. , Trevoy L. W.
Published: April 2011

The method of Crowley and Robinson (5) for the synthesis of 6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthoic acid has been modified to provide an improved and general method for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2-naphthoic acids. The 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthoic acid and its ethyl ester have been shown to react with butadiene and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene to give 3-methoxy-5,8,9,10,13,14-hexahydrophenanthrene-14-carboxylic acid and its 6,7-dimethyl derivative. The relationship of these hydrophenanthrenes to possible degradation products of morphine and metathebainone has been discussed. An unsuccessful attempt was made to lengthen the C14-chain by converting the carboxyl group to an aldehyde group by the Rosenmund method followed by condensation with malonic acid. The projected conversion failed in the first stage.
FIBRE STRUCTURE IN DISPERSIONS OF SOAP IN MINERAL OIL
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E. , Tapp James S.
Published: April 2011

The texture and other physical properties of soap dispersions in mineral oil, or lubricating greases, depend largely on the degree of dispersion of the soap. Calcium and aluminium soap dispersions yield in general a very short unctuous texture owing to the small size of the soap fibres in these systems. Sodium soap dispersions show a wide range of texture from a smooth to a very fibrous character, and this is related to the dimensions of the soap fibres in the dispersion.A novel method of examination of these fibres is described, and this procedure is compared with other means. Data and photographs of soap fibres are shown.The development of large fibres is discussed and the growth of fibres by orientation and overlapping of smaller fibrils is described. Evidence is adduced by micro-manipulator examination of soap and non-soap fibres in mineral oil. The effect of glycerol, present in greases manufactured from fats, is shown to be essential for the production of long fibres in ordinary practice, and this effect is ascribed mainly to the ability of oil to wet the soap in the presence of glycerol.
MELANISM IN WHEAT INDUCED BY HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Authors: Johnson T. , Hagborg W. A. F.
Published: April 2011

Results of experiments performed in the greenhouse have shown that, under conditions of a high temperature especially when combined with a high humidity, melanistic areas may develop on the glumes, lemmas, peduncles, and internodes of Apex and Renown wheat in the absence of any infection by pathogenic organisms.
EFFECTS OF LIMITING IONS ON THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY WHEAT
Authors: Rose Dyson , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Wheat plants grown in culture solutions limited in one or two nutrients were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.Limiting nitrogen reduced the size of plants and the weight of all of the nutrients absorbed except phosphorus. Percentages of phosphorus and sulphur increased.Limiting calcium had the least effect on uptake of nutrients.Limiting potassium had no effect on percentage of anions but decreased the total weight absorbed. The percentages of calcium and magnesium were increased, while weight of calcium was increased in one series.Although limiting nitrogen and calcium had marked effects on the ratios of various ions absorbed, the total anion: cation ratio was not affected. Limiting potassium, however, caused an increase in anion: cation ratio.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF DETERMINING THE SMUT SPORE LOAD ON CEREAL SEED
Authors: Cherewick W. J.
Published: April 2011

The determinations of the smut spore loads present on cereal seed samples revealed that, owing to variability in surface tension and viscosity of the washings, and apparently to some electrical effect, the spore counts were unreliable. These sources of error were very largely eliminated by adding to the washing water a proprietary wetting agent that not only is a good electrolyte but also effectively reduces the surface tension, and by adding to the residue a gelatine sol, which, by virtue of its colloidal properties, promotes a better distribution of the spores.
OBSERVATIONS SUR QUELQUES MALADIES NON PARASITAIRES DES ARBRES DANS LE QUÉBEC
Authors: Pomerleau René
Published: April 2011

not available
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: I. STEMPHYLIUM
Authors: Groves J. W. , Skolko A. J.
Published: April 2011

Three species of Stemphylium, which have been isolated from agricultural seeds, are described and illustrated: S. botryosum Wallr., S. sarcinaeforme (Cav.) Wilts., and S. consortiale (Thüm.) n. comb. S. sarcinaeforme has been found only on seeds of red clover; the other two species occur on a wide variety of seeds. The perfect stage of S. botryosum is Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. but the perfect stages of the other two species are unknown.
STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: II. BACTERIOPHAGE OF BACILLUS POLYMYXA IN RELATION TO THE 2,3-BUTANEDIOL FERMENTATION
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

A procedure is described that resulted in the isolation of a number of phages against various strains of Bacillus polymyxa. Out of 82 strains tested, 63 were lysed completely and 6 partially. The phages produced plaques that were separated into eight morphological groups. No special relationship between susceptibility to phage and yield of butanediol was noted.Temperature studies indicated that these phages were very sensitive, being inactivated by an exposure of 30 min. at 55 °C. They were shown to be transmitted through the bacterial spore and under these conditions resisted a temperature of 80 °C. for 60 min.Eight out of 50 strains tested were lysogenic.Phage was capable of almost completely stopping the fermentation of wheat mashes by susceptible strains. Certain resistant cultures gave good yields in the presence of active phage. Mixing resistant and susceptible strains resulted in lowered yields; however, a good fermentation was obtained in the presence of phage by combining three resistant strains. Even in the absence of phage, a mixture of five strains was not favourable, probably as a result of antibiotic effects among the individual strains. Secondary cultures differed markedly in nature of growth and spore-producing capacity from primary strains and were, on the whole, poorer diol producers.It was suggested that under ordinary conditions in the factory, proper sterilization of equipment and materials, aseptic technique, and use of well-tested non-lysogenic strains are adequate precautions against this bacterial virus.
THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CANADA: I. SPECIES OF FUSARIUM ISOLATED FROM FARM SAMPLES OF CEREAL SEED IN MANITOBA
Authors: Gordon W. L.
Published: April 2011

A study of the identity and prevalence of Fusarium species, isolated from 1448 farm samples of seed of common wheat, 262 of durum wheat, 865 of barley, and 519 of oats produced in Manitoba, was carried on during the six years 1937 to 1942. A total of 16 species, varieties, or forms of Fusarium, representing seven sections of the genus were isolated and identified. Fusarium Poae (Pk.) Wr., F. Equiseti (Cda.) Sacc., and F. Scirpi Lamb & Fautr. var. acuminatum (Ell. & Ev.) Wr. were the predominant species isolated. Fusarium species, one or more, were isolated from approximately 39% of the samples of common wheat, 38% of durum wheat, 55% of barley, and 59% of the samples of oats. The individual species of Fusarium were isolated from less than 1% of the seeds of the four crops, with the exception of F. Poae, which was isolated from 1.79% of the seeds of oats. Fusarium species, one or more, were isolated from approximately 0.66% of the seeds of common wheat, 0.50% of durum wheat, 1.23% of barley, and 2.21% of the seeds of oats.
STUDIES ON FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEALTH OF PIGS: II. THE INCIDENCE OF THE ROUNDWORM (ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES) IN PURE-BRED BACON PIGS IN CANADA, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON AGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND EFFECTS ON GROWTH
Authors: Choquette L. P. E. , Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

Infections with Ascaris lumbricoides were found in approximately 75% of 1090 pigs in Advanced Registry Test Stations. Most of these infections were acquired by the pigs during the preweaning period. The infections recorded were not definitely harmful to the animals. Studies on factors influencing ascariasis are in progress.
STUDIES OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY MUSCLE TRAUMA: I. METHODS; MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR, BLOOD CONCENTRATION, AND SUGAR CHANGES
Authors: Cleghorn R. A. , McKelvey A. D.
Published: April 2011

A large series of dogs, subjected to severe muscle trauma, has been studied. Eighty-four per cent died or would have died of shock within 24 hr. had they not been treated with a blood substitute. Of these about half developed severe shock in less than five hours. A few, 3.7% of the series, died between 24 and 80 hr., and 12.3% were considered indefinite survivors either being well when killed at 24 hr. or appearing well at the end of three days after trauma.Repeated observations made on the blood pressure and heart rate made it possible to predict death some time in advance in a great majority of cases. Haemoconcentration, as evidenced by an increase in the volume of packed red blood cells, occurred in the majority of the animals. This is ascribed partly to the fact that the fluid loss into the damaged tissues was principally plasma rather than whole blood, and partly to the fact that the animals were not deeply anaesthetized for a long time and consequently reflex splenic contraction added cells to the circulation. The blood sugar in dogs dying within three hours of trauma was normal or elevated. In dogs dying later it was often low. In those in which life was prolonged a few hours by a blood substitute the terminal value was very low. In many dogs in which life was prolonged beyond 24 hr. the blood sugar values slightly before death were within normal limits.The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE CARDIAC ACTION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT IN PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSES, IN THE NORMAL DOG, AND AFTER PARTIAL AND COMPLETE DENERVATION OF THE HEART
Authors: Sawyer Margaret E. MacK. , Ettinger G. H.
Published: April 2011

In the normal dog continuous infusion of dilute posterior pituitary extract produces a maximal inhibition of the heart, i.e. slowing to about one-half of the resting rate, with usually a rise in blood pressure of 10 to 30 mm. of mercury.After bilateral thoracic sympathectomy, posterior pituitary extract also produces maximal inhibition. This inhibition, like that produced in the normal dog, is abolished by atropine.After bilateral vagotomy posterior pituitary extract produces a moderate but not maximal inhibition. This inhibition is not abolished by atropine.After bilateral thoracic sympathectomy and unilateral vagotomy, posterior pituitary extract produces a maximal effect.After total denervation of the heart, posterior pituitary extract produces no inhibition of the heart and the rate is unchanged.Characteristic changes are produced by posterior pituitarv extract in the electrocardiogram of normal dogs. After total denervation no change takes place.It is concluded that the slowing of the dog's heart that is produced by continuous intravenous infusion of posterior pituitary extract is entirely due to its action through the inhibitory fibres of the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
THE RELATIVE SWEETNESSES OF CERTAIN SUGARS, MIXTURES OF SUGARS, AND GLYCEROL
Authors: Cameron A. T.
Published: April 2011

The relative sweetnesses of the sugars glucose and lactose and of the alcohol glycerol, as compared with sucrose, vary with concentration.The relative sweetness of glucose, or lactose, or glycerol, compared with either of the other two, does not change with concentration, within the limits of the experimental method used.The following have been found to be equally sweet:(i) 2.0% sucrose and 3.8% glucose; 10.0% sucrose and 14.7% glucose; 20.0% sucrose and 25.0% glucose.(ii) 2.0% sucrose and 6.5% lactose; 5.0% sucrose and 14.9% lactose; 8.0% sucrose and 21.7% lactose.(iii) 2.25% sucrose and 4.0% glycerol; 5.5% sucrose and 8.0% glycerol; 8.9% sucrose and 12.0% glycerol.A method is described for calculating the sweetness of a mixture of sugars of known composition in terms of that of a specific concentration of sucrose or of glucose. The sweetness of each sugar is expressed in terms of that one of them for which the rate of change of the ratio of sweetness to concentration is least altered with changing concentration. The arithmetical sum of the values so calculated, referred to the appropriate curve of relative sweetness, gives the corresponding value of sucrose or glucose.The accuracy of this method is demonstrated.
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF CAPAURINE
Authors: Reynolds A. K. , Waud R. A.
Published: April 2011

The pharmacological actions of a new alkaloid, capaurine, and its O-methyl ether derivative have been studied. Capaurine was isolated from Corydalis aurea, a member of the plant family Fumariaceae, which is indigenous to Canada.The base produces paralysis in frogs and convulsions in mice and rabbits, both effects being of central origin. The heart is depressed as is the smooth muscle of the intestine and uterus. Capaurine O-methyl ether is a convulsant drug exhibiting actions on the heart and smooth muscle quite similar to those of the alkaloid itself.
THE SPORES OF DERMATOPHYTES
Authors: Dowding Eleanor Silver
Published: April 2011

The dermatophytes of Canada at present number eight well-established species. On the basis of the morphology of the macroconidium (agreed to be the most valuable taxonomic criterion for dermatophytes) it is suggested that Microsporum fulvum be re-established as a species, and that an Alberta strain of Trichophyton, previously described, be given species rank and the name T. Otae. Criteria for species identification other than spore morphology are evaluated. Spores of T. gypseum are readily obtained on fertile hens' eggs, oidia upon the living chorioallantoic membrane, macro- and microconidia upon the same tissue after death. Macroconidia are produced no more abundantly on the egg than on standard media.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO TRAUMATIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Toby C. Gwendoline , Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been conducted on rats to determine what factors may influence mortality and resistance, which have previously been shown to follow traumatic shock produced by the drum method. The resistant condition followed a single exposure to trauma and developed after a latent period of 24 hr. It lasted for four to six days. The degree of resistance was proportional to the severity of the initial trauma.The percentage mortality following continuous and interrupted trauma was determined. Rest intervals between each 100 turns of the drum allowed greater tolerance to trauma. The amount of trauma required to give 50% mortality was directly related to the length of the rest interval. When this was 15 min., 2500 turns was followed by only 17% mortality.Interrupted trauma was found to be followed by resistance after a latent period of 24 hr. The resistance was not as great as that produced by the same amount of continuous trauma.Attempts to transfer resistance by transfusion of rat serum were not successful nor were other experiments designed to explain the mechanism of resistance.The evidence presented suggests that some toxic substance is produced by trauma. This may either cause the death of the animal, or in 24 hr. lead to a resistance to subsequent trauma.
HYGROSCOPIC EQUILIBRIUM OF SUNFLOWERSEED, FLAXSEED, AND SOYBEANS
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Sallans H. R. , Craig B. M.
Published: April 2011

Equilibrium moisture values for relative humidities of from 31 to 93% were obtained for sunflowerseed, flaxseed, and soybeans. The hygroscopicity of whole sunflowerseed per se is practically the same as that of flaxseed, that of dehulled sunflowerseed is somewhat lower. Soybeans show a hygroscopicity curve quite different from that of flax and sunflowerseed. The differences in these curves are not explainable by either the oil or the ash contents of the seeds.
SMOKED MEATS: II. DEVELOPMENT OF RANCIDITY IN SMOKED AND UNSMOKED WILTSHIRE BACON DURING STORAGE
Authors: White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Spoilage in the fat of smoked and unsmoked Wiltshire backs and gammons, stored at temperatures of −18°, −9°, −1°, and 7 °C. for approximately four months, was assessed by determinations of peroxide oxygen and free fatty acid contents. Smoked bacon can be stored satisfactorily for at least two months at −1° to −18 °C. whereas unsmoked bacon was usually rancid after one month. Spoilage due to the formation of excessive quantities of free fatty acids was found to be of little importance.
SMOKED MEATS: III. EFFECT OF MATURATION PERIOD ON QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Woodcock A. H. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Wiltshire-cured sides were matured at −1.1 °C. (30° F.) for periods of 1 to 25.5 days prior to smoking at 60 °C. (140° F.). The effect of the length of the maturation period on quality was assessed by flavour tests; and by determination of surface bacterial growth, peroxide oxygen formation in the fat, and changes in colour and colour stability of the lean meat during storage at −1.1 °C. subsequent to smoking.By all criteria of quality used, differences attributable to variations in the length of the maturation period were usually small and showed no consistent trend. However, there was some indication that a maturation period of about 10 to 15 days was most suitable.