bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed predation food web, nutrient availability, and impact on the seed germination of Senegalia tenuifolia (Fabaceae)
Authors: Tuller Juliana , De Paula Elisa L. , Maia Laís F. , Moraes Raphael A.
Published: October 2015

Estudios de redes alimentarias, que incluyen información cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre las interacciones entre especies para todos los niveles tróficos en una comunidad específica, son herramientas importantes para caracterizar la estructura de la comunidad, y para comprender el papel de la interacción de las especies en las comunidades naturales. Con este objetivo, se recolectaron frutos de Senegalia tenuifolia de un total de nueve sitios de tres áreas diferentes, en Minas Gerais, entre junio y agosto 2011. Los frutos fueron recolectados y llevados al laboratorio en contenedores especiales, para permitir el desarrollo y descripción del insecto. Luego, se caracterizó la red alimentaria de los insectos asociados a estas semillas, se describieron las interacciones entre estos organismos y la planta hospedera, y se evaluó el impacto del ataque de insectos en la germinación de semillas mediante un experimento en condiciones controladas. Además, se estimó el contenido de NPK y la relación carbono:nitrógeno en frutos y en semillas. En semillas de S. tenuifolia, se encontraron 937 insectos de 15 especies estructuradas en cuatro niveles tróficos. Se encontraron dos especies de Bruchinae que se alimentan de semillas: Merobruchus terani y Stator maculatopygus. También se observaron especies de himenópteros que se alimentan de semillas: Allorhogas sp. 1 y Prodecatoma sp. 1, y especies de himenópteros parasitoides como: Eupelmus sp.1, Lyrcus sp.1, Eurytoma sp.1, Horismenus sp.1, Chelonus sp.1, Aprostocetus sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.1 y un Pteromalinae no identificado. Nuestros datos sugieren valores bajos de generalidad trófica y valores altos de vulnerabilidad trófica, además de otros, lo que demuestra cómo las interacciones entre especies son especializadas. El impacto en las semillas de los insectos que se alimentan de estas es severo e impidió su germinación. Por último, las semillas tenían un mayor contenido de NPK que los frutos. En conclusión, la red alimentaria de depredación de semillas con S. tenuifolia tiene dos características: interacciones de especies especializadas, considerando parasitoides y especies comedoras de semillas, e interacciones generalizadas entre especies, teniendo en cuenta la planta hospedera y las especies comedoras de semillas. De hecho, las semillas son recursos con alta concentración de nutrientes que proveen una rica y compleja red trófica. Por último, las semillas de S. tenuifolia se ven directamente afectadas por los insectos que se alimentan de semillas, que les impide la germinación, lo que podría resultar en un efecto negativo en la población planta-hospedero.
Histology of the digestive tract of three species of sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus, Stichopus sp. and Stichopus hermanni (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae).
Authors: Vergara Wensy , Rodríguez Adriana
Published: October 2015

Los pepinos de mar tienen un importante papel ecológico en el medio marino, ya que son capaces de alimentarse de la materia orgánica e inorgánica, con lo cual contribuyen a la oxigenación y la transferencia de energía en el ecosistema. En general, existe una falta de conocimiento de la morfología básica de especies nativas de pepino de mar y la función de los órganos vitales. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la histología del tracto digestivo (DT) de tres especies de holotúridos de la bahía del Rodadero, Colombia. Treinta ejemplares de Isostichopus badionotus, Stichopus sp. y Stichopus hermanni se capturaron y se sacrificaron por hipotermia. En el laboratorio se obtuvieron secciones del intestino anterior, medio y posterior y se fijaron en formalina (10 %) para su procesamiento histológico convencional. Además, algunas muestras fueron fijadas en glutaraldehído (3 %) para su inclusión en resinas y estudios en microscopía electrónica de alta resolución. Para las especies estudiadas, el TD es largo, lobulado, y se distribuye en la cavidad celómica; tiene al menos dos veces la longitud del cuerpo del pepino de mar. El TD presenta vellosidades revestidas por un epitelio ciliado columnar pseudoestratificado, que descansa sobre una membrana basal y una capa de fibras de colágeno. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de células: coelocmocitos, células cafes, enterocitos y células mucosas y las espículas fueron evidentes en todo el tejido del TD. La microscopía óptica mostró inclusiones alargadas de formación calcárea situadas esencialmente en el intestino grueso, "los cuerpos psamoma". Técnicas de microscopía de alta resolución y de microscopía electrónica mostraron células mucosas granulares cuya superficie apical contiene numerosas microvellosidades. La conformación tisular de los TD de I. badionotus, Stichopus sp. y S. hermanni fueron similares. Se encontraron diferencias (p < 0.05) en el espesor del tejido submucosa intestinal de las especies estudiadas, que pueden estar ligadas a los hábitos específicos de alimentación de cada uno. La caracterización morfo-histológica del tracto digestivo del pepino de mar es una herramienta útil para entender su fisiología alimenticia.
Structure and floristic composition of mangroves in the Bahía de Cispatá, Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Agudelo Claudia Milena , Bolívar Jhoanata , Polanía Jaime , Urrego Ligia E. , Yepes Adriana , Sierra Andrés
Published: October 2015

Los manglares son asociaciones de plantas que se adaptan fácilmente a las condiciones salinas y los niveles fluctuantes de inundación. Estos ecosistemas suministran gran cantidad de bienes y servicios tales como el almacenamiento de carbono. Diferencias estructurales, de composición de especies y de características micro-ambientales entre tipos fisiográficos implican diferencias en el almacenamiento de carbono en sus suelos. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la variación de las especies de mangle a través de los cambios en las variables físico-bióticas de bosques de manglar de la bahía Cispatá, Colombia. Se realizaron mediciones de variables estructurales del bosque (D, H, densidad de individuos) y medición de variables físico-bióticas (nivel de inundación, cobertura de A. aureum, salinidad del agua intersticial, pH del suelo, % N, % limo, % arena, % COs, raíces y densidad aparente en el suelo) en 12 parcelas establecidas aleatoriamente. Con un CCA identificaron tres manglares: cuenca, borde en buen estado de conservación y borde con intervención antropogénica. El primero dominado por A. germinans y los otros por R. mangle. El manglar de cuenca se diferencia de los de borde en términos estructurales y en variables físico-bióticas, presentó los valores más altos de COs, salinidad, densidad aparente y pH. Aunque los dos manglares de borde presentan características físico-bióticas similares, la alteración antropogénica cambia fuertemente la estructura de uno de ellos. Se ha concluido que la distribución de las especies de manglar de la bahía responde a la variación espacial de las características ambientales. Sin embargo, la intervención antropogénica es una variable determinante en la estructura de los manglares lo cual afecta las estimaciones del papel de diferentes tipos de manglar como sumideros de carbono.
Morphology of the immature stages and biology of Cactoblastis doddi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Prepuna in Jujuy (Northwestern Argentina).
Authors: Gomez Graciela Cecilia , Neder de Román Lilia Estela , Linares Mario Alfredo , Zamar María Inés
Published: October 2015

En el noroeste argentino se reconocen cinco especies o biotipos del género Cactoblastis Ragonot sobre cactáceas: C. cactorum (Berg), C. bucyrus Dyar, C. mundelli Heinrich, C. doddi Heinrich y C. ronnai (Brèthes). Cactoblastis doddi se alimenta de Opuntia sulphurea, cactácea nativa. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron caracterizar morfológicamente los estados inmaduros de C. doddi y conocer aspectos bioecológicos (duración del desarrollo, distribución, parasitoides larvales) para comprender la interacción insecto-planta. Se realizaron muestreos en siete sitios ubicados a distintas altitudes (2 100-3 100 m) en la prepuna jujeña, Argentina. Cada muestra consistió de cinco cladodios de O. sulphurea infestados por sitio. En laboratorio se realizó la cría del lepidóptero bajo las siguientes condiciones: temperatura: 23 ± 3 °C; humedad relativa: 69 ± 11 % y fotoperiodo de 12 horas luz-12 horas oscuridad. Cactoblastis doddi tuvo dos generaciones anuales en laboratorio: una larga de invierno (> 258 días) y una corta de verano (147 días), ambas con siete estadios larvales. Se describieron morfológicamente todos los estadios. Se detectaron dos parasitoides larvales: Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez y Berta y Habrobracon sp. Se confirma y amplía la distribución argentina de C. doddi a la localidad de Coraya, Jujuy (3 069 m).

 
Dogmatic and social scientific activism in the Lochner era
Authors: Molnár András
Published: October 2015

The Lochner era has much to say about conceptions of judicial role and judicial activism, and can be used as an analytical example. I examine the era from the aspect of judicial reasoning. The analysis is composed of three main units. First, I point out a distinction between judicial and constitutional, as well as between single activist decisions and tendencies. Second, I sketch a theoretical framework that concerns the inclusion of social sciences into judicial reasoning. “Social scientific passivistic” reasoning features references to exact data from social sciences, and tends to uphold the legislative action in question. On the other hand, “social scientific activistic” reasoning refers to social scientific data and aims to strike down the legislative action in question. In a similar vein, “dogmatic activistic” reasoning is grounded on precedents and methods of legal interpretation, tending to strike down a legislative act, while “dogmatic passivistic” reasoning aims at upholding such an act. These categories are not mutually exclusive; however, they help to analyze constitutional decisions with directing attention to their nature behind their prima facie content. Finally, I apply the scheme to the Supreme Court’s Lochner era constitutional adjudication.
Legal argumentation — Is it a science or art?
Authors: Maczonkai Mihály
Published: October 2015

The uncertainties in methodology of interpretation and argumentation and the lack of specific methods to be followed bring the interpreter into a particular situation in law. However, it cannot be ruled out that the art of legal reasoning may possibly exist. Accordingly, in the interpretation of the law and in legal hermeneutics the main issue is the judicial conduct. The sociological situation of the judge does not allow her to follow the criteria prevailing in science. This does not mean the disparagement of judicial activity, because the justification of the verdict may have a strong intellectual force, even if it does not meet the academic requirements. An approach that holds that the proper interpretation and argumentation should be a scientific one is too narrow, as there is another rationality, that is, the adjudicating intellect. This by its very nature not only deals with the exploration of general principles and rules, although these also play a role in this form of reasoning, but also attempts to find justifiable solutions for each particular case.
Judicial negligence at the ICTY and the liability of the aider and abettor
Authors: Kirs Eszter
Published: October 2015

The acquittal of Momčilo Perišić (former Chief of the Yugoslav Army General Staff, right hand of Slobodan Milošević during the Balkan wars) received a loud echo both in the affected countries and in the international media in 2013. His acquittal was based on an Appeal Judgement including an unconvincing interpretation of aiding and abetting liability. The author of the present paper discusses the judicial reasoning provided by the Appeals Chambers of the ICTY before the Perišić Appeal Judgement was delivered and demonstrates how negligence of judicial chambers can build case law which leaves the door wide open to highly debatable judicial conclusions. The paper briefly presents the 14-year story of the application of the concept of aiding and abetting liability by the ICTY Appeals Chambers, from the 2000 Aleksovski Appeal Judgement to the 2014 Sainović Judgement.
On the problems of just sentencing in China
Authors: Huang Gui
Published: October 2015

According to the legal norms in China, judges are not allowed to deviate from the sentencing model of deductive legal reasoning and syllogism, and thus, they cannot make law. The inherent limitations of this model figure in the reasoning of judges, such as the poor interpretation of the abstract terms of laws and regulations, the difficulties of identifying legally relevant facts and the simplicity of the reasoning process, which lacks legal rationality. While they are subject to the conditions of the legal system, some external and internal factors influence the judges’ reasoning behind their decisions concerning the determination of sentences. The internal factors include the knowledge, judicial experience, special experiences, and attitude of the judge; the external factors refer to the circumstances of the victim, the personality of the offender, the intervention of external power, and the opinion of the public. All of these factors are parts of the dilemma of sentencing justly. Only if the formal and substantive levels of justice are compatible with each other can the justice of sentencing be realized. Finally, this paper would like to put forward some suggestions to deal with the dilemma of sentencing justly, such as improving the quality of sentencing system, standardizing the judges’ sentencing skills, improving the criteria of the judges’ appointment, and constructing an effective communication channel between the judges and society.
An uncommon pyrene type and two new genera in the Neotropical Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Borhidi A. L. , Martínez Salas E. , Ramos Álvarez C. H.
Published: October 2015

A new pyrene type is reported, it is morphologically different from that found in the genera Palicourea and Psychotria. This new type is characterised by being triangulate in transverse section with an elevated central-dorsal crest. It was observed in two species of Palicourea with dissimilar floral characteristics. Based on this finding, we propose to transfer Palicourea tetragona (Donn.-Sm.) C. M. Taylor et Lorence to Mexocarpus gen. nov., and Palicourea seemannii Standl. to Ditrichanthus gen. nov.

Resumen. Se ha detectado un nuevo tipo de pireno morfológicamente distinto de los ampliamente conocidos en los géneros Palicourea y Psychotria. El nuevo tipo se caracteriza por presentar sección transversal triangular y una cresta dorsal-central muy prominente; contrastando con la sección transversal semicircular, dorsalmente lisa o inconspicuamente 3–5 costulada de los géneros ya mencionados. Este tipo de pireno se observó en dos especies de Palicourea con características florales diferentes entre sí. Con base en estos hallazgos se proponen dos géneros nuevos: Mexocarpus basado en Palicourea tetragona (Donn.-Sm.) C. M. Taylor et Lorence y Ditrichanthus apoyado en Palicourea seemannii Standl.
Correcciones a la taxonomía y nomenclatura del género Psychotria s. l. En las floras de Cuba, la Española y Jamaica
Authors: Borhidi A. L. , Oviedo-Prieto R.
Published: October 2015

The reorganisation and new circumscription of the gigantic genus Psychotria started with the classic article of Nepokroeff and co-authors in 1999, based on molecular phylogenetic studies. Its statements and suggestions were followed by the separations and modifications of different genera, as the extension of Margaritopsis by Andersson in 2001 and C. M. Taylor in 2005, revalidation and extension of Notopleura by C. M. Taylor in 2001, the new circumscription of the genus Psychotria by Andersson, in 2002, and revalidation of Carapichea by C. M. Taylor in 2012. The major modification of the neotropical Psychotria was the union of the Palicourea and the Heteropsychotria subgenus of Psychotria (Steyermark 1972) suggested by Nepokroeff and co-authors mentioning that this change would provoke the transfer of about 250 neotropical Psychotria species. This process started with the article of C. M. Taylor and co-authors in 2010, followed by Borhidi in 2011 and further changes are forecast by C. M. Taylor in the Flora Mesoamericana (2012). The mentioned modification concerning mainly the species of the Mexican and Mesoamerican flora and some species of wider neotropical distribution. In the Antillean floras Palicourea and Psychotria are treated according the traditional concept of Alain (Cuba in 1962, Hispaniola in 1995) and the monographs of C. M. Taylor in 1988, and 1989. In the recent paper the authors publish the first results of the taxonomic revision of the Psychotria s. l. species of the Cuban and Hispaniolan flora proposing 4 new combinations and a short actualised review of the taxa concerned the former corrections listed above.
New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 3
Authors: Kondratyuk S. Y. , Lőkös L. , Farkas E. , Oh S.-O. , Hur J.-S.
Published: October 2015

Eleven new for science species of lichen-forming fungi, i.e.: Amandinea pseudomultispora, Buellia chujadoensis, Fuscidea coreana, F. extremorientalis, Hafellia extremorientalis, H. pseudosubnexa, Halecania subalpivaga, Lecanactis subdilleniana, Lecania chirisanensis, Maronella coreana, and Melanophloea coreana are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa. Amandinea polyspora, Catillaria nigroclavata, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecanora saligna, L. sambuci, and Lecidella mandshurica are proved to be new to Korea.
Birds of Bosque Protector Jerusalem, Guayllabamba Valley, Ecuador
Authors: Cadena-Ortiz Héctor , Varela Santiago , Bahamonde-Vinueza Daniela , Freile Juan F. , Bonaccorso Elisa
Published: October 2015

The Ecuadorian inter-Andean dry valleys are highly affected by human intervention. Currently, less than 5% of the original vegetation cover of these valleys remains on creeks and hillsides. Bosque Protector Jerusalem (1,110 ha), in the upper Guayllabamba River valley, protects the largest remnants of inter-Andean dry forest in Ecuador. Here, we present data derived from two recent studies (from 2009 to 2013), as well as information collected by other authors in previous studies, between the years 2002 and 2009. We present a unified list of 75 species of birds, accounts for species of particular interest, new distributional records, and considerations about the conservation of the study area.
Understanding and Healing Historical Trauma: The Perspectives of Native American Elders
Authors: Grayshield Lisa , Rutherford Jeremy J. , Salazar Sibella B. , Mihecoby Anita L. , Luna Laura L.
Published: October 2015

In this phenomenological study 11 Native American elders addressed three research questions: (a) the effect of historical trauma on self, family, and community; (b) how historical trauma currently affects Native people and their communities; and (c) what they would recommend that counselors and therapists do in addressing issues of historical trauma for Native and tribal people. All participants spoke of historical trauma in terms of loss of tribal language and culture. They seemed to speak directly to Native people themselves as having the answers to healing and wellness for their own people; however, recommendations for nontribal people who work with Native people and communities were discussed.
Resilience Strategies of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and their Female Partners: A Phenomenological Inquiry
Authors: Crete Gerald K. , Singh Anneliese A.
Published: October 2015

This phenomenological study explored the lived experience of male survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who identified as resilient in their current relationships with female partners. The study was grounded in Relational-Cultural Theory (Jordan, 2004; Miller, 1976) in order to examine the relational movements within participants' relationships with their female partners. The findings identified seven relational movements that corresponded with growth in resilience. Resilient male survivors moved from past abuse to therapeutic processing and from isolation to finding a purpose. Personal and relational challenges to resilience were self-hatred, insecurity, restricted emotionality, masculine identity crisis, and negative coping strategies. Resilient male survivors developed mutual empathy, greater trust, and deeper connections; reprocessed their masculine identity; and developed a positive vision for the future. Implications for future research and practice and study limitations are discussed.
The Relevance of Postmodernism to Counselors and Counseling Practice
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: October 2015

Postmodernism is a broad intellectual movement that has been changing the way people approach art, music, literature, politics, and philosophy since the late 20th century. This article addresses the impact of postmodern thinking on the practice of counseling and its relevance to counselors’ approach to understanding clients and their world.
Practice-Based Research: Meeting the Demands of Program Evaluation through the Single-Case Design
Authors: Nielson Tiffany
Published: October 2015

The counseling profession is moving toward a foundation in outcome research to enhance the validity and efficacy of clinical mental health counselors. A disparity between the roles of researcher and counselor has resulted in counselors relying on other professions to validate their work. To remedy this gap, practice-based research using the single-case design is promoted as a suitable method for counselors. Current research is explored to highlight the value of the single-case design in clinical practice and program evaluation. How the Accountability Bridge Counseling Program Evaluation Model (Astramovich & Coker, 2007) can be applied to single-case design is described. The use of feedback-informed treatment systems is shown to be a feasible measurement system for this method and for counseling practice. Suggestions are made for future research.
El latido erótico de la palabra en Mandorla, de José Ángel Valente
Authors: Borja Rodríguez María José
Published: October 2015

Con estos versos de Paul Celan se abre la almendra por la que el autor de Mandorla bucea en busca de la infinita posibilidad de conocimiento que le ofrece la negación absoluta: la Nada. Se trata de versos que remiten a un poema de Celan titulado, significativamente, Mandorla y que José Ángel Valente recoge en su Lectura de Paul Celan: Fragmentos
Una torre para alcanzar a dios: el crítico como intérprete de los traductores bíblicos
Authors: Lanero Fernández Juan J.
Published: October 2015

El crítico no es más que un mero lector profesional. Su postura deliberada ante el texto favorece una exégesis analítica, distante, que tiene por objetivo la epistemología y el juicio de autoridad
La escritura autobiográfica y palimpséstica de cuaderno secreto, de Raúl Guerra Garrido
Authors: Martínez Fernández José Enrique
Published: October 2015

En 1990 publicó Raúl Guerra Garrido Viaje a una provincia interior1. El título evocaba otro de Gil y Carrasco, Bosquejo de un viaje a una provincia del interior, que apareció inicialmente en forma de artículos -ocho en total- en el periódico El Sol, entre el tres de febrero y el veintinueve de abril de 1843
Castellet, los novísimos y las vanguardias
Authors: Navas Ocaña María Isabel
Published: October 2015

Durante los años cuarenta, la estética garcilasista y la neorromántica dominarán el panorama poético español. Ambas son una recuperación, una puesta al día de tendencias existentes en el pasado: el garcilasismo retoma la poética renacentista y el neorromanticismo hace lo propio con algunos planteamientos románticos
Mundos de Gregorio Prieto: esquema de dos grandes conexiones
Authors: Palacios Amador
Published: October 2015

Algunos tópicos (perniciosos) corren en torno a la obra del pintor Gregorio Prieto (Valdepeñas, 1897-1992)
Medical Negligence-a Deficiency in Services Under Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Authors: Gupta Ms. Chhavi
Published: October 2015

Medical Negligence is on rise and has become a problematic issue. Large number of such cases is coming to the court seeking redressal of their grievance. Today doctors are money minded and they keep dragging the patient admission in the hospital for as many days as they can to make money as much as they can. Doctor patient relationship of trust, faith has undergone a deep change. It has become a common practice, even if there is an emergency case the hospital first ask a certain amount of money to be deposited with the hospital to even start examining the patient otherwise they don't even bother to provide first aid to the patient. Further, adding to this is the bad treatment or doing treatment of some other problem not the one which is to be treated, aggravates the problem not only for the patient but for all those who are related to him. There are circumstances when the patient is treated for something else and when his condition detiorates he is discharged by the doctor on account of lack of equipments and the patient is referred to some other hospital. In this context this paper will discuss various laws dealing with medical negligence and the rights and remedies available therein.
Impact of Media on Domestic Violence
Authors: Gupta Reena
Published: October 2015

This paper is a delineated attempt to analyze the impact of media on Domestic violence in India. The purpose of the paper is to understand the meaning of domestic violence and to analyze various theories of causation of domestic violence as well as positive and negative impact of media. The author also attempts to highlight the main reliefs provided in the Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act 2005 The Author is also attempting to highlight the various psychological impact of media like printed and electronic media, with special reference to the Aristotle, Sigmund Freud (catharsis)and Bandura (imitation) behaviorism along with other psychologists and criminologists views on the impact of media on domestic violence. As media plays a very important role there is need for setting Agendas for more effective implementation of the media for curbing the domestic violence.
“Influence and Impact of Social Media on Our Society”
Authors: Sharma Dr. Bhavana , Goswami Deepanshu
Published: October 2015

The main Objective of our Paper is to focus on how youth and students are negatively influenced by social media. Social media is "the relationships that exist between networks of people" Every day, many people are spending countless hours immersed in social media, such as Facebook, MySpace, Whatsapp, Viber, twiter. As social media sites continue to grow in popularity it is our belief that technology is a vital part of today's success equation. Social media has a positive as well as negative effect on its users.The important is how social media influences our society, adults, youth. Therefore, our research ascertains the relationship between the social media and its negative effect on the society.
Formulation of kinnow mandarin (Citrus Nobilis Lour x Citrus Deliciosa Tenora) waste and paddy straw based complete feed blocks and its utilization by goats
Authors: Chaudhary Sonu , Rastogi Ankur , Sharma R. K. , Raghuwanshi Pratiksha , Khan Nazam
Published: October 2015

Study was conducted to formulate the paddy straw based complete feed blocks containing kinnow-mandarin waste (KMW) in a manual densification machine and to evaluate its effect on the nutrient intake and digestibility of goats. Block was formulated utilizing paddy straw, KMW, wheat flour, molasses, wheat bran, urea, mineral mixture, common salt and water. Bulk density of prepared blocks was 0.21 g/cm3 whereas durability was 17.36%. An in vivo feeding trial was conducted for 30 days duration along with a digestibility trial during last week of feeding trial. Twelve local adult male goats were randomly allotted as per randomized block design to two equal groups designated Control and Treatment. All the animals were kept on complete feed feeding regimen with either conventional concentrate mixture with paddy straw in 40:60 proportion or KMW-Paddy straw based feed block on ad libitum basis. Feed intake and nutrient digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in experimental animals, irrespective of the dietary treatment. The cost of feed for treatment group was about 12 per cent lower over the cost of conventional complete feed. It may be concluded that KMW may be utilized as a part of paddy straw based complete feed without affecting nutrient intake and digestibility. However, the binding and durability of blocks achieved in the present study was not satisfactory and this formulation therefore is not recommended to be densified in a manual block making machine.
Association of caprine lymphocyte antigen-DRB3 gene with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat
Authors: Yadav* Alok Kumar , Tomar S.S. , Kumar Amit , Thakur M.S.
Published: October 2015

The present study was conducted on Sirohi and Barbari goat breeds to investigate the association of polymorphic variants with gastrointestinal nematode resistance in these goats. A total of 60 animals comprising 30 each of the two breeds selected randomly were included in the study. Genomic DNA isolated from venous blood was amplified for caprine lymphocyte antigen-DRB3 gene with specific primer by standardizing and optimising the PCR protocols. The PCR product of genomic DNA isolated from kids of Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat on digestion with restriction enzyme Pst1 revealed three genotypes viz., AA, AB and BB with genotypic frequencies of 0.53, 0.37 and 0.10, respectively in Sirohi and 0.73, 0.20 and 0.07 in Barbari breed. The frequencies of A and B alleles were 0.72 and 0.28 in Sirohi and 0.83 and 0.17 in Barbari breed, respectively. Both the breeds were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these variants and were homogeneous with respect to their distribution. The effects of breed, genotype as well as their interaction were found to be non-signinficant. There were no significant association between genotypes at CLA-DRB3 locus and eggs per gram (EPG) count in both the breeds. It was concluded that this CLA-DRB3 gene locus cannot be used for selection of goats for nematode resistance in the present herd.
Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on milk yield and milk constituents on Sahiwal cattle
Authors: Verma M.K. , Sachdeva G.K. , Yadav* Alok Kumar , Gautam1 S. , Ali2 M.M. , Bindal2 S.
Published: October 2015

The present study pertained to records on milk production and milk constituents of 259 Sahiwal cattle with 600 lactations spread over a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010, collected from Dairy Cattle Breeding division of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana. To study the effect of various genetic and non-genetic factors on milk yield and milk constituents traits, mixed model least square analysis was used for analysis of data. Overall least square mean for all lactation traits of total milk yield (TMY), milk yield in 305 days or less (305MY), lactational average fat % (LFA) and lactational average solid not fat % (LSA) were 1880.39 ± 73.82 Kg, 1782.97 ± 68.37 Kg, 4.71 ± 0.01 % and 8.81 ± 0.01 % respectively. Analysis of variance showed that the differences were statistically significant for the effect of sire on TMY and 305MY; period on all the traits except TMY; parity on 305MY. However the effect of season of calving was not found significant on all the traits.
Characterization and antibiogram of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in South Bengal, India
Authors: Banik A. , Isore D. P. , Joardar S. N. , Batabyal K. , Dey S.
Published: October 2015

Diarrhoea in canines is mainly caused by Escherichia coli which can be fatal also. To understand the depth of this infection, a study was undertaken to detect E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Southern part of West Bengal. A total of 112 canine samples were tested during May to September 2012 revealing approx 63.4% (71) samples positive for Escherichia coli. The most common serotypes were O8 (23.9%) followed by O157 (19.7%), O101 (16.9%), O26 (15.5%), O153 (12.7%) and O6 (11.3%). Among these O6, O8, O26 and O157 were highly pathogenic to mice causing almost 100% mortality within 24hrs of inoculation and were also detected to be haemolytic on sheep blood agar plates except serotype O8. These isolates were mostly sensitive to nalidixic acid (80.29%), cotrimoxazole (78.88%), ciprofloxacin (74.65%), colistin and ceftriaxone (both 71.83%) but were resistant to amikacin (97.18%), kanamycin (95.78%), cephalexin (92.96%) and enrofloxacin (84.51%).
Effect of tanniferous leaf meal mixture based multi nutrient blocks on nutrient utilization and biochemical profile of Haemonchus contortus infected goats
Authors: Singh Surender , Pathak A. K. , Khan Muzaffer , Sharma R. K.
Published: October 2015

The experiment was carried out in 12 local adult male goats of average body weights (26.49±0.87, kg) and they were allocated in 3 groups (4 goats in each). Multi nutrient blocks (MNB) were supplemented in first two groups i.e. in T1 (no infection) and T2 (Haemonchus contortus infection @ 1500 larvae) group, while, condensed tannins (CT) containing multi nutrient blocks (MNB-CT) were supplemented in T3 (H. contortus infection @ 1500 larvae) group in completely randomized block design during a feeding trial of 75 days. All the animals were fed concentrate mixture @ 100g/ day, adlib wheat straw and MNB or MNB-CT to meet their maintenance requirement. Daily intakes (kg W0.75) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), concentrate mixture, MNB, MNB-CT, wheat straw and digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) differed significantly (P
Study on behavioural changes among women SHGs and their impact on adoption of scientific practices in dairying
Authors: Sharma Parvinder , Ponnusamy* Kuppusamy , Kale Rajiv Baliram
Published: October 2015

The study brings out the evaluation of behavioural construct of 56 members from four self help groups (SHGs) in Karnal district of Haryana, India at two point of time (before and after situation). Comparison of the mean values of both before and after situation using t-statistics (values ranging from 2.25 to 5.50) indicated the positive trend of members for improving their livelihood options. Members were imparted training on scientific dairy farming (SDF) and milk products preparation (MPP). The data revealed that most of the women adopted the SDF practices and MPP technologies which have increased their income through sale of milk and indirectly saving of money by milk products prepared at home. An innovative model involving fortnightly interaction between experts and farm women over a period of 2 to 3 years through group dynamics approach could not only bring a sustainable dairy farming but also a responsible citizenship among villagers.
Macro and micro-mineral profile of feeds, fodders and blood of livestock under farm condition in Mathura district of India
Authors: Gupta Vivek Prasad , Kumar* Vinod , Roy Debashis , Kumar Muneendra
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to find out the macro and micro-mineral profile of different feedstuffs and blood mineral profile of bovines in different physiological stages under farm condition in Mathura. Mineral analysis of feeds showed deficiency of Ca, P, Cu and Zn in wheat straw and Na in berseem. The cereal grains were deficient in Ca, Na, Cu and Mn. Maize and sorghum fodders were deficient in Na and Mn content than recommended critical level. Wheat straw, wheat grain, barley grain and mustered cake were deficient in Cu and all feeds contained excess of Fe. Plasma levels of macro (Ca, P and Na) and trace (Fe, Zn, Mn) minerals were above the recommended critical level except Cu. So it may be concluded that supplementation of Cu in the diet of farm animals containing high Fe feed ingredients is important for proper growth and production.
Paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria and archaea in temperate forest soils
Authors: Norman J. S. , Lin L. , Barrett J. E.
Published: October 2015

Nitrification is a biologically mediated nutrient transformation, which influences the availability of inorganic nitrogen to other microorganisms and plants and mediates mobility of nitrogen in the environment. Ammonia oxidation, the rate‐limiting step of nitrification, is performed by two groups of microbes: ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) that couple this process with the chemoautotrophic fixation of carbon. Due to the energetic constraints on these organisms, both AOA and AOB likely oxidize large amounts of ammonia to fix relatively small amounts of carbon in natural environments. Here we sought to investigate paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by AOA and AOB in forest soils. To accomplish this objective, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify changes in AOA and AOB ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes during in situ incubations. We then used qPCR data alongside AOA and AOB community profiles at each site to convert changes in amoA gene copy number to carbon accumulation by each group. Finally, we regressed group‐specific carbon accumulation values against observed values of NO3− accumulation to establish cross‐site relationships between ammonia oxidation and carbon accumulation by each group. By this procedure we estimated that forest soil AOA oxidized 59.8 μg of ammonia‐N to add 1 μg of carbon to biomass, while forest soil AOB oxidized 58.2 μg of ammonia‐N to add 1 μg of carbon to biomass. These findings represent the first field‐based estimates of paired carbon and nitrogen metabolism by these organisms, and could be used to inform microbially explicit models of nitrification in forest soils.
Color mimicry of empty seeds influences the probability of predation by birds
Authors: Myczko Łukasz , Skórka Piotr , Dylewski Łukasz , Sparks Tim H. , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: October 2015

Seeds are under strong pressure from seed predators. Therefore any physical seed trait increasing the chances of the seed's survival should undergo positive selection. Seed color polymorphism, varying from pale to dark seeds, occurs in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), a keystone species of coniferous forests in Eurasia. This phenomenon can be explained by the production of large quantities of empty, always pale colored, seeds, with the opportunity for mimicry of these worthless seeds to avoid predation. Here, we investigated how the color of empty seeds may influence the foraging choices of the most common visual seed predator in temperate forests, the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs).

We show, from field experiments, that different colored seed had different probabilities of predation by the chaffinch, and that predation was highest for dark seeds and lowest for pale empty seeds. Thus, the occurrence of empty seeds might benefit full seeds which mimic their coloration, even for those which are highly visible on the ground.

In conclusion, the study demonstrated that mimicry by seeds of the color of the ground did not improve their survival but the production of pale full seeds resembling empty seeds did. This contradicts previous results and indicates that color polymorphism may reduce the predation rate by birds.
Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Prognosis of Mental Health Among US Veterans
Authors: Trivedi Ranak B. , Post Edward P. , Sun Haili , Pomerantz Andrew , Saxon Andrew J. , Piette John D. , Maynard Charles , Arnow Bruce , Curtis Idamay , Fihn Stephan D. , Nelson Karin
Published: October 2015

Objectives. We evaluated the association of mental illnesses with clinical outcomes among US veterans and evaluated the effects of Primary Care–Mental Health Integration (PCMHI).

Methods. A total of 4 461 208 veterans were seen in the Veterans Health Administration’s patient-centered medical homes called Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACT) in 2010 and 2011, of whom 1 147 022 had at least 1 diagnosis of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorder (SUD), anxiety disorder, or serious mental illness (SMI; i.e., schizophrenia or bipolar disorder). We estimated 1-year risk of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and mortality by mental illness category and by PCMHI involvement.

Results. A quarter of all PACT patients reported 1 or more mental illnesses. Depression, SMI, and SUD were associated with increased risk of hospitalization or death. PTSD was associated with lower odds of ED visits and mortality. Having 1 or more contact with PCMHI was associated with better outcomes.

Conclusions. Mental illnesses are associated with poor outcomes, but integrating mental health treatment in primary care may be associated with lower risk of those outcomes.
Cement Quality Control Program Shows Substantial Savings
Authors: Bergeron H. A. , Grant W. H.
Published: October 2015

The importance of controlled fluid loss, free water and proper blending of additives for successful primary cementing has been well documented by several authors'. In those studies only cement bond logs were used to indicate improvement or failures in the cement job.

This paper will show improved results and monetary savings using controlled cement slurry properties and incorporating good field practices, including the use of spacers, controlled displacement rates, proper centralization, casing movement, and close monitoring of the blending of the cement. This monitoring of slurry properties and field practices will be referred to as a cement quality control program.

This study concentrates on eight Chevron operated onshore and offshore fields in southern California. In this division approximately 135 wells with over 180 casing strings were analyzed. These wells range in depth from 2,000 (610m) to 14,000 (4270m) feet and were drilled from 1980 to the present. Two-thirds of the wells were drilled prior to initiation of the cement quality control program which began in August of 1985.
Case History: PC Analysis of Bit Records Enhances Drilling Operations in Southern Alabama
Authors: Thomas J. M.
Published: October 2015

The Kelly # 1 was drilled on a footage basis in Escambia Co. Alabama. Computer bit record analysis provided summarized information in a format easily read and understood by field personnel. Using the PC to compare surrounding bit records on a cost per foot basis, the best bit type, WOB and RPM for a given section of hole were identified. Based on the analysis, field personnel were able to improve bit selection resulting in three bit runs having the lowest cost per foot in a given section of hole and an overall lower cost per foot drilling operation.
New Makeup Method for API Connections
Authors: Day J. B. , Moyer M. C. , Hirshberg A. J.
Published: October 2015

A new method of connection make-up has been developed to provide a leak-free seal up to rated working pressure and tension for API 8-round casing and tubing threads. For many years, industry has used various techniques of torque-only and torque-turn to make-up these threads. Current industry needs and regulatory test requirements are raising the pressure sealing needs and tensile load requirements for drilling and production tubulars. This new method, Torque-Position, accounts for variances in thread tolerances, coupling coating or plating, and thread compound. Advanced finite element computer modeling is used to help establish key make-up parameters. This paper discusses the problems with current make-up methods, evaluation of the new method, and field application of the new method for casing and tubing.
Removal and Re‐use of Tar‐contaminated Sediment by Freeze‐dredging at a Coking Plant Luleå, Sweden
Authors: Rostmark Susanne C. , Colombo Manuel , Knutsson Sven , Öberg Gunilla
Published: October 2015

Submerged tar‐contaminated sediment are generally very loose, which makes remediation challenging. We tested if a modified version of freeze‐dredging could be used to remove and dewater such sediment in a canal down‐stream a coking plant. PVC hoses carrying a heat medium were placed horizontally in the submerged sediment. Five days of freezing allowed straightforward removal of most of the sediment. Flat freeze cells were placed side by side in the canal to remove the rest. The freeze‐thaw process increased the dry substance content from approximately 50 to 80%. Outdoors storage under rainy conditions did not re‐wet the dried sediment. The material was successfully used as feed‐stock in the coking plant, with the double cost‐benefit of avoided transportation to deposit and reduced use of coal. The study demonstrates that freeze‐dredging can facilitate removal, storage and beneficial re‐use of submerged tar‐contaminated sediment.
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy
Authors: Di Renzo Gian Carlo , Spano Filippo , Giardina Irene , Brillo Eleonora , Clerici Graziano , Roura Luis Cabero
Published: October 2015

Anemia is the most frequent derailment of physiology in the world throughout the life of a woman. It is a serious condition in countries that are industrialized and in countries with poor resources. The main purpose of this manuscript is to give the right concern of anemia in pregnancy. The most common causes of anemia are poor nutrition, iron deficiencies, micronutrients deficiencies including folic acid, vitamin A and vitamin B12, diseases like malaria, hookworm infestation and schistosomiasis, HIV infection and genetically inherited hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia. Depending on the severity and duration of anemia and the stage of gestation, there could be different adverse effects including low birth weight and preterm delivery. Treatment of mild anemia prevents more severe forms of anemia, strictly associated with increased risk of fetal–maternal mortality and morbidity.
Metabolic Dysfunction Is Restricted to the Sciatic Nerve in Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Freeman Oliver J. , Unwin Richard D. , Dowsey Andrew W. , Begley Paul , Ali Sumia , Hollywood Katherine A. , Rustogi Nitin , Petersen Rasmus S. , Dunn Warwick B. , Cooper Garth J.S. , Gardiner Natalie J.
Published: October 2015

High glucose levels in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (DN). However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause the marked distal pathology is incomplete. We performed a comprehensive, system-wide analysis of the PNS of a rodent model of DN. We integrated proteomics and metabolomics from the sciatic nerve (SN), the lumbar 4/5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of streptozotocin-diabetic and healthy control rats. Even though all tissues showed a dramatic increase in glucose and polyol pathway intermediates in diabetes, a striking upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and perturbation of lipid metabolism was found in the distal SN that was not present in the corresponding cell bodies of the DRG or the cranial TG. This finding suggests that the most severe molecular consequences of diabetes in the nervous system present in the SN, the region most affected by neuropathy. Such spatial metabolic dysfunction suggests a failure of energy homeostasis and/or oxidative stress, specifically in the distal axon/Schwann cell–rich SN. These data provide a detailed molecular description of the distinct compartmental effects of diabetes on the PNS that could underlie the distal-proximal distribution of pathology.