bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Military Perpetrator: A Narrative Analysis of Sentencing Judgments on Sexual Violence Offenders at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Authors: Skjelsbæk Inger
Published: March 2015

This article examines the ways in which principal perpetrators of sexual violence crimes are situated in an international criminal court. It is based on a narrative psychological analysis of the sentencing judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Specifically, the article argues that at least three narratives can be distinguished within the relevant legal texts: those of the chivalrous, the opportunistic and the remorseful perpetrator, each with a distinct plot structure: that of being a normal person responding adequately to a situation that is seen as normal; an abnormal person responding to what is seen as an abnormal (or extreme) situation; and a normal person responding inadequately to what is seen as an abnormal (or extreme) situation. The ways in which these plots come out depend on how the various voices in the courtroom position the perpetrator within the stories. Ultimately, these narratives represent different stories of how militarism and masculinity intersect to create different understandings of the soldier and military behavior. The mere analysis of this material, i.e. how sexual violence crimes are discussed in theatre in an international criminal court, is a scholarly contribution to the understanding of how sexual violence perpetrators can be situated in a war setting, and after. The findings suggest new perspectives on military perpetrators and changes in what is considered normal and abnormal behavior in military settings.
Parameterized Algorithmics and Computational Experiments for Finding 2-Clubs
Authors: Hartung Sepp , Komusiewicz Christian , Nichterlein André
Published: March 2015

Given an undirected graph G=(V,E) and an integer l ≥ 1, the NP-hard  2-CLUB problem asks for a vertex set S ⊆ V of size at least l such that the subgraph induced by S has diameter at most two. In this work, we extend previous parameterized complexity studies for  2-CLUB. On the positive side, we give polynomial-size problem kernels for the parameters feedback edge set size of G and size of a cluster editing set of G and present a direct combinatorial algorithm for the parameter treewidth of G. On the negative side, we first show that unless NP ⊆ coNP/poly, 2-CLUB does not admit a polynomial-size problem kernel with respect to the size of a vertex cover of G. Next, we show that, under the strong exponential time hypothesis, a previous O(2|V|−l·|V||E|)-time search tree algorithm [Schäfer et al., Optim. Lett. 2012] cannot be improved and that, unless NP ⊆ coNP/poly, there is no polynomial-size problem kernel for the dual parameter |V|−l. Finally, we show that, in spite of this lower bound, the search tree algorithm for the dual parameter |V|−l can be tuned into an efficient exact algorithm for 2-CLUB that outperforms previous implementations.
Stability Analysis of a Predecessor-Following Platoon of Vehicles With Two Time Delays
Authors: Ghasemi Ali , Rouhi Saeed
Published: March 2015

The problem of controlling a platoon of vehicles moving in one dimension is considered so that they all follow a lead vehicle with constant spacing between successive vehicles. The stability and the string stability of a platoon of vehicles with two independent and uncertain delays, one in the inter-vehicle distance and the other in the relative velocity information channels, are considered. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) using a simplifying factorization procedure and deploying the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) paradigm to obtain exact stability boundaries in the domain of the delays, and (2) for the purpose of disturbance attenuation, the string stability analysis is examined. Finally, a simulation example of multiple vehicle platoon control is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Influence of Relationship Commitment and Trust on Collaborative Behaviour in Supply Chains
Authors: Mlaker Kač Sonja , Gorenak Irena , Potočan Vojko
Published: March 2015

The paper discusses theoretically and examines empirically the influence of the relationship commitment on collaborative behaviour in supply chains. In today’s unstable business environment companies should collaborate to achieve mutual goals and competitive advantage. Defining relationship commitment and collaboration in supply chains (from social exchange theory point of view) is the basis of the research of this paper. Our aim is to examine the influence of relationship commitment on collaboration in supply chains in Slovenian economy. The qualitative research part discusses if the relationship commitment between partners in supply chain influences the collaborative behaviour between partners and which are the antecedents of relationship commitment. The research is based on a quantitative analysis of the online questionnaire survey made on the Slovenian economy. The research results show strong influence of trust and relationship commitment on collaboration between partners in supply chains.
Lectotypification of Actinotus paddisonii R.T.Baker (Apiaceae: Mackinlayoideae)
Authors: Kodela Phillip G , Henwood Murray J
Published: March 2015

A lectotype is here designated for Actinotus paddisonii R.T.Baker (Apiaceae: Mackinlayoideae), a species occurring in Queensland, New South Wales and probably Western Australia.
Single‐Channel Recording of Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Shelley Chris
Published: March 2015

Highlighted in this unit are issues that should be considered when recording glutamate receptors at the single‐channel level, including some commonly encountered problems and their remedies. “
UNIT 11.17
, Single‐Channel Analysis of Glutamate Receptors” describes analysis techniques used to characterize the recorded single‐channel properties. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single‐Channel Analysis of Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Shelley Chris
Published: March 2015

This is a companion to
UNIT 11.16
: Single‐Channel Recording of Glutamate Receptors. Described here are techniques for analyzing single‐channel currents recorded from glutamate receptors to characterize their properties. In addition, issues that need to be taken into account when analyzing glutamate receptor single‐channel recording results are discussed. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Techniques in Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Katy , May Kristin M.
Published: March 2015

Cultured mammalian cells are used extensively in cell biology studies. It requires a number of special skills in order to be able to preserve the structure, function, behavior, and biology of the cells in culture. This unit describes the basic skills required to maintain and preserve cell cultures: maintaining aseptic technique, preparing media with the appropriate characteristics, passaging, freezing and storage, recovering frozen stocks, and counting viable cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reconstitution of a Bioengineered Salivary Gland Using a Three‐Dimensional Cell Manipulation Method
Authors: Ogawa Miho , Tsuji Takashi
Published: March 2015

One concept in regenerative therapy is the replacement of a lost or damaged organ with a regenerated, fully functional organ. Three‐dimensional cell manipulation techniques, designated “organ germ methods,” enable the normal development of a bioengineered organ germ in several types of ectodermal organs, such as teeth, hair follicles, and secretory glands. This method is useful for both organ regeneration technology and developmental biology, including cell kinetic analysis and the elucidation of gene regulation during organogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol for salivary gland reconstitution using the organ germ method to transplant a bioengineered salivary gland germ. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whistler mode wave generation at the edges of a magnetic dip
Authors: Zhima Zeren , Cao Jinbin , Fu Huishan , Liu Wenlong , Chen Lunjin , Dunlop Malcolm , Zhang Xue Min , Shen Xu Hui
Published: March 2015

On 18 May 2011, the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite observed whistler mode waves associated with a magnetic dip behind a dipolarization front structure in the bursty bulk flow braking region. For the first time, we find that whistler mode waves are generated at the edges of magnetic dip rather than at the center (also known as “minimum‐B‐pocket”). Detailed wave analysis indicates that the waves are likely lower and upper band whistler mode chorus. We examine electron pitch angle distributions at the edges of dip and compare them with those at the center and far outside the magnetic dip. Results confirm that the positive temperature anisotropy and pancake distributions at the edges of magnetic dip provide free energy source for growth of the whistler mode waves. We also interpret the whole physical process of how whistler mode waves generate in this event.
Near‐surface versus fault zone damage following the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake: Observation and simulation of repeating earthquakes
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Furumura Takashi , Rubinstein Justin
Published: March 2015

We observe crustal damage and its subsequent recovery caused by the 1999 M7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake in central Taiwan. Analysis of repeating earthquakes in Hualien region, ~70 km east of the Chi‐Chi earthquake, shows a remarkable change in wave propagation beginning in the year 2000, revealing damage within the fault zone and distributed across the near surface. We use moving window cross correlation to identify a dramatic decrease in the waveform similarity and delays in theSwave coda. The maximum delay is up to 59 ms, corresponding to a 7.6% velocity decrease averaged over the wave propagation path. The waveform changes on either side of the fault are distinct. They occur in different parts of the waveforms, affect different frequencies, and the size of the velocity reductions is different. Using a finite difference method, we simulate the effect of postseismic changes in the wavefield by introducingSwave velocity anomaly in the fault zone and near the surface. The models that best fit the observations point to pervasive damage in the near surface and deep, along‐fault damage at the time of the Chi‐Chi earthquake. The footwall stations show the combined effect of near‐surface and the fault zone damage, where the velocity reduction (2–7%) is twofold to threefold greater than the fault zone damage observed in the hanging wall stations. The physical models obtained here allow us to monitor the temporal evolution and recovering process of the Chi‐Chi fault zone damage.
A mechanistic semi‐analytical method for remotely sensing sea surface pCO2 in river‐dominated coastal oceans: A case study from the East China Sea
Authors: Bai Yan , Cai Wei‐Jun , He Xianqiang , Zhai Weidong , Pan Delu , Dai Minhan , Yu Peisong
Published: March 2015

While satellite remote sensing has become a very useful tool contributing to assessments of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) that subsequently allow quantification of air‐sea CO2 flux, the application of empirical approaches in coastal oceans has proven challenging owing to the interaction of multiple controlling factors. We propose a “mechanistic semi‐analytic algorithm” (MeSAA) to estimate sea surface pCO2 in river‐dominated coastal oceans using satellite data. Observed pCO2 can be analytically expressed as the sum of individual components controlled by major factors such as thermodynamics (or temperature), mixing, and biology. With marine carbonate system calculations, temperature and mixing effects can be predicted using thermodynamic principles and by assuming conservative two end‐member mixing of total dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity (e.g., the Changjiang River and Kuroshio water in the East China Sea, ECS). Next, an integral expression for pCO2 drawdown due to biological effects can be parameterized using the chlorophyll a concentration (chla). We demonstrate the validity and applicability of the algorithm in the ECS during summertime. Sensitivity analysis shows that errors in empirical coefficients and three input satellite parameters (salinity, SST, chla) have limited influence on the algorithm, and satellite‐derived pCO2 is consistent with underway data, even though no in situ pCO2 data from the ECS shelves was used to train the algorithm. Our algorithm has more physical and biogeochemical mechanistic meaning than empirical methods, and should be applicable to other similar systems.
Bottom‐pressure signature of annual baroclinic Rossby waves in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G.
Published: March 2015

The annual cycle in bottom pressure (pb) in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean (NTPO) is studied. Focus is on a zonal section along 12°N between 105°W and 145°W that is characterized by a strong annual cycle in sea level from satellite altimetry. Estimates of pb from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), a state estimate produced by the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium, and a linear Rossby wave model (LRWM) are used. The GRACE NTPO pb annual cycle shows amplitudes as large as 1 cm water equivalent. The GRACE data also evidence westward propagation that is consistent with the behavior of long mode‐1 Rossby waves at this latitude, with phase increasing from east to west at a rate of ∼0.34 m s−1. The ECCO and LRWM pb estimates corroborate the notion that GRACE reveals the pb signature of annual Rossby waves driven by interior wind stress curl and possibly damped by frictional processes. Results have implications for attempts to constrain global ocean mass using a single point mooring.
Climate engineering of vegetated land for hot extremes mitigation: An Earth system model sensitivity study
Authors: Wilhelm Micah , Davin Edouard L. , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: March 2015

Various climate engineering schemes have been proposed as a way to curb anthropogenic climate change. Land climate engineering schemes aiming to reduce the amount of solar radiation absorbed at the surface by changes in land surface albedo have been considered in a limited number of investigations. However, global studies on this topic have generally focused on the impacts on mean climate rather than extremes. Here we present the results of a series of transient global climate engineering sensitivity experiments performed with the Community Earth System Model over the time period 1950–2100 under historical and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenarios. Four sets of experiments are performed in which the surface albedo over snow‐free vegetated grid points is increased respectively by 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20. The simulations show a preferential cooling of hot extremes relative to mean temperatures throughout the Northern midlatitudes during boreal summer under the late twentieth century conditions. Two main mechanisms drive this response: On the one hand, a stronger efficacy of the albedo‐induced radiative forcing on days with high incoming shortwave radiation and, on the other hand, enhanced soil moisture‐induced evaporative cooling during the warmest days relative to the control simulation due to accumulated soil moisture storage and reduced drying. The latter effect is dominant in summer in midlatitude regions and also implies a reduction of summer drought conditions. It thus constitutes another important benefit of surface albedo modifications in reducing climate change impacts. The simulated response for the end of the 21st century conditions is of the same sign as that for the end of the twentieth century conditions but indicates an increasing absolute impact of land surface albedo increases in reducing mean and extreme temperatures under enhanced greenhouse gas forcing.
Universal Non‐Antibody Detection of Protein Phosphorylation Using pIMAGO
Authors: Iliuk Anton B. , Tao W. Andy
Published: March 2015

This article describes methods for a new, non‐antibody phosphorylation detection reagent, termed pIMAGO (phospho‐imaging). This novel reagent takes advantage not only of the unique properties of the soluble nanoparticles, but also of the multiple functionalities of the molecule, allowing for highly selective, sensitive, and quantitative assessment of protein phosphorylation without using radioactive isotopes or phospho‐specific antibodies. The methods allow for multiplexed detection of phosphorylation and total protein amount simultaneously. The straightforward and routine detection and quantitation of general phosphorylation on any site of any protein can be performed in western blot and ELISA formats. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Burden of Serious Infections in Adults With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A National Population‐Based Study, 1996–2011
Authors: Tektonidou Maria G. , Wang Zhong , Dasgupta Abhijit , Ward Michael M.
Published: March 2015

Objective

To compare rates of hospitalization for serious infections, trends in rates from 1996 to 2011, and in‐hospital mortality between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and those without SLE in a national sample.

Methods

We analyzed hospitalizations for pneumonia, bacteremia/sepsis, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and opportunistic infections among adults in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We compared rates of hospitalization yearly among patients with SLE and the general population. We also computed odds ratios (ORs) for in‐hospital mortality.

Results

In 1996, the estimated number of hospitalizations for pneumonia in patients with SLE was 4,382, followed by sepsis (2,305), skin infections (1,422), urinary tract infections (643), and opportunistic infections (370). Rates were much higher in patients with SLE than in those without SLE, with age‐adjusted relative risks ranging from 5.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.5–6.0) for pneumonia to 9.8 (95% CI 9.1–10.7) for urinary tract infection in 1996. Risks increased over time, so that by 2011, all relative risks exceeded 12.0. Overall risk of in‐hospital mortality was higher in SLE only for opportunistic infections (adjusted OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.12–2.07]). However, in pneumonia and sepsis, mortality risks were higher in SLE among those who required mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion

Hospitalization rates for serious infections in SLE increased substantially between 1996 and 2011, reaching over 12 times higher than in patients without SLE in 2011. Reasons for this acceleration are unclear. In‐hospital mortality was higher among patients with SLE and opportunistic infections and those with pneumonia or sepsis who required mechanical ventilation.
High Lithium Storage Performance of FeS Nanodots in Porous Graphitic Carbon Nanowires
Authors: Zhu Changbao , Wen Yuren , van Aken Peter A. , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan
Published: March 2015

Much attention has been paid to increase the energy density of Li‐ion batteries, in order to fulfill the requirements of electric vehicles and grid‐scale energy storage. While for anodes various options are available, this is not at all the case for cathodes. In this context, the inexpensive and environmentally benign iron sulfides have been investigated as cathode materials due to the remarkably high capacity based on the conversion reaction. Here, the preparation of FeS nanodots accommodated in porous graphitic carbon nanowires is reported via a combination of electrospinning technique and biomolecular‐assisted hydrothermal method. These materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performances also as cathode materials, with energy densities even higher than the current LiCoO2 intercalation cathode. Moreover, key problems of conversion reaction, such as the low degree of reversibility, large polarization are far‐reachingly mitigated.
Psychosocial factors at work and occupational injuries: A prospective study of the general working population in Norway
Authors: Johannessen Håkon A. , Gravseth Hans Magne , Sterud Tom
Published: March 2015

Background

We examined the effects of psychosocial stressors at work on subsequent injuries, taking into account organizational and mechanical working conditions.

Methods

Randomly drawn from the general population, the cohort comprised respondents with an active employee relationship in 2006 and 2009 (n = 6,745). Outcome measure: “Have you, over the past 12 months, afflicted injuries that were caused by an accident at work, and resulting in time off work after the day of the accident?”.

Results

High job strain (Odds ratio [OR] 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–4.57), high role conflict (OR 3.01; 95% CI 1.70–5.31), and high emotional demands (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.15–3.35) predicted injury at follow up (P < 0.01). The population risk attributable to each of these factors ranged from 11% to 14%.

Conclusions

Excess risk of occupational injuries was attributable to job strain, role conflict, and emotional demands. These factors are potentially amenable to preventive measures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:561–567, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to engage small retail businesses in workplace violence prevention: Perspectives from small businesses and influential organizations
Authors: Bruening Rebecca A. , Strazza Karen , Nocera Maryalice , Peek‐Asa Corinne , Casteel Carri
Published: March 2015

Background

Small retail businesses experience high robbery and violent crime rates leading to injury and death. Workplace violence prevention programs (WVPP) based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design reduce this risk, but low small business participation limits their effectiveness. Recent dissemination models of occupational safety and health information recommend collaborating with an intermediary organization to engage small businesses.

Methods

Qualitative interviews with 70 small business operators and 32 representatives of organizations with small business influence were conducted to identify factors and recommendations for improving dissemination of a WVPP.

Results

Both study groups recommended promoting WVPPs through personal contacts but differed on other promotion methods and the type of influential groups to target. Small business operators indicated few connections to formal business networks.

Conclusions

Dissemination of WVPPs to small businesses may require models inclusive of influential individuals (e.g., respected business owners) as intermediaries to reach small businesses with few formal connections. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:668–678, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Odontogenic sinusitis: a case series studying diagnosis and management
Authors: Wang Kevin L. , Nichols Brent G. , Poetker David M. , Loehrl Todd A.
Published: March 2015

Background

Odontogenic sinusitis is a well‐recognized, but understudied form of sinusitis. Odontogenic sinusitis requires unique diagnostic criteria and a treatment regimen that differs from non‐odontogenic sinusitis. The purpose of this article is to present a case series of patients with odontogenic sinusitis in order to clarify key disease characteristics and management techniques.

Methods

Retrospective case series of 55 patients with odontogenic sinusitis. Each patient underwent chart and imaging review to analyze demographic factors, diagnostic criteria, clinical course, and management.

Results

Fifty‐five patients were identified retrospectively. Forty‐four were diagnosed at initial visit. Twenty‐eight (64%) of these patients were diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan showing dental pathology, 11 (25%) by known temporal relationship to a dental procedure, and 5 (11%) by presentation with oral‐antral fistula. Only 65% of radiology reports for all patients mentioned dental pathology. Overall, 21 (38%) patients had disease resolution. Of these, 7 (33%) resolved with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) alone, 7 (33%) resolved with concurrent ESS and dental surgery, 2 (10%) resolved with dental surgery alone, 2 (10%) resolved with ESS after failing dental surgery, 2 (10%) resolved with medical management alone, and 1 (5%) resolved with medical management after failing dental surgery. Forty‐six (84%) patients had unilateral odontogenic sinusitis. The Lund‐Mackay score for all patients was (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) 4.0 ± 3.2.

Conclusion

Odontogenic sinusitis is often misdiagnosed. Radiology reports commonly do not mention dental pathology. Management of odontogenic sinusitis needs to be tailored to each individual patient and involves varying combinations of medical management, dental surgery, and ESS.
Gedankenexperimente im ökonomischen Überschuss. Wissenschaft und Ökonomie bei Ernst Mach
Authors: Wulz Monika
Published: March 2015

Thought Experiments of Economic Surplus: Science and Economy in Ernst Mach’s Epistemology. Thought experiments are an important element in Ernst Mach’s epistemology: They facilitate amplifying our knowledge by experimenting with thoughts; they thus exceed the empirical experience and suspend the quest for immediate utility. In an economical perspective, Mach suggested that thought experiments depended on the production of an economic surplus based on the division of labor relieving the struggle for survival of the individual. Thus, as frequently emphasized, in Mach’s epistemology, not only the ‘economy of thought’ is an important feature; instead, also the socioeconomic conditions of science play a decisive role. The paper discusses the mental and social economic aspects of experimental thinking in Mach’s epistemology and examines those within the contemporary evolutionary, physiological, and economic contexts.
Emerging influenza viruses and the prospect of a universal influenza virus vaccine
Authors: Krammer Florian
Published: March 2015

Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and pandemics at irregular intervals. Several cases of human infections with avian and swine influenza viruses have been detected recently, warranting enhanced surveillance and the development of more effective countermeasures to address the pandemic potential of these viruses. The most effective countermeasure against influenza virus infection is the use of prophylactic vaccines. However, vaccines that are currently in use for seasonal influenza viruses have to be re‐formulated and re‐administered in a cumbersome process every year due to the antigenic drift of the virus. Furthermore, current seasonal vaccines are ineffective against novel pandemic strains. This paper reviews zoonotic influenza viruses with pandemic potential and technological advances towards better vaccines that induce broad and long lasting protection from influenza virus infection. Recent efforts have focused on the development of broadly protective/universal influenza virus vaccines that can provide immunity against drifted seasonal influenza virus strains but also against potential pandemic viruses.
Risk stratification by the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score to guide decision-making in patients with suspected appendicitis
Authors: Scott A J , Mason S E , Arunakirinathan M , Reissis Y , Kinross J M , Smith J J
Published: March 2015

Background

Current management of suspected appendicitis is hampered by the overadmission of patients with non-specific abdominal pain and a significant negative exploration rate. The potential benefits of risk stratification by the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR) score to guide clinical decision-making were assessed.

Methods

During this 50-week prospective observational study at one institution, the AIR score was calculated for all patients admitted with suspected appendicitis. Appendicitis was diagnosed by histological examination, and patients were classified as having non-appendicitis pain if histological findings were negative or surgery was not performed. The diagnostic performance of the AIR score and the potential for risk stratification to reduce admissions, optimize imaging and prevent unnecessary explorations were quantified.

Results

A total of 464 patients were included, of whom 210 (63·3 per cent) with non-appendicitis pain were correctly classified as low risk. However, 13 low-risk patients had appendicitis. Low-risk patients accounted for 48·1 per cent of admissions (223 of 464), 57 per cent of negative explorations (48 of 84) and 50·7 per cent of imaging requests (149 of 294). An AIR score of 5 or more (intermediate and high risk) had high sensitivity for all severities of appendicitis (90 per cent) and also for advanced appendicitis (98 per cent). An AIR score of 9 or more (high risk) was very specific (97 per cent) for appendicitis, and the majority of patients with appendicitis in the high-risk group (21 of 30, 70 per cent) had perforation or gangrene. Ultrasound imaging could not exclude appendicitis in low-risk patients (negative likelihood ratio (LR) 1·0) but could rule-in the diagnosis in intermediate-risk patients (positive LR 10·2). CT could exclude appendicitis in low-risk patients (negative LR 0·0) and rule-in appendicitis in the intermediate group (positive LR 10·9).

Conclusion

Risk stratification of patients with suspected appendicitis by the AIR score could guide decision-making to reduce admissions, optimize utility of diagnostic imaging and prevent negative explorations.
Anatomy of the clitoris and the female sexual response
Authors: Pauls Rachel N.
Published: March 2015

The clitoris may be the most pivotal structure for female sexual pleasure. While its significance has been reported for hundreds of years, no complete anatomical description was available until recently. Most of the components of the clitoris are buried under the skin and connective tissues of the vulva. It comprises an external glans and hood, and an internal body, root, crura, and bulbs; its overall size is 9–11 cm. Clitoral somatic innervation is via the dorsal nerve of the clitoris, a branch of the pudendal nerve, while other neuronal networks within the structure are complex. The clitoris is the center for orgasmic response and is embryologically homologous to the male penis. While the source of vaginal eroticism might or might not be exclusively clitoral stimulation, it is necessary to understand the intricate anatomy of the organ to assess the data in this regard. Ultimately, sexual enjoyment entails a balance of physical and emotional factors and should be encouraged. Clin. Anat. 28:376–384, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional neuroanatomy of human cortex cerebri in relation to wanting sex and having it
Authors: Georgiadis Janniko R.
Published: March 2015

Neuroanatomical textbooks typically restrict the central nervous system control of sexual responsiveness to the hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. However, for all its primitive functions human sex is surprisingly complex and versatile. This review aims to extend the neuroanatomy of sexual responsiveness by providing a comprehensive overview of the empirical evidence for cerebral cortical involvement. To this end I will structure relevant human brain research data to fit the sexual pleasure cycle template—wanting sex, having sex, inhibiting sex—arguing that going through these sexual response phases requires adequate shifting between functional cortical networks. The relevance of this notion for understanding certain sexual dysfunctions is discussed. Clin. Anat. 28:314–323, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual Enrollment Participation From the Student Perspective
Authors: Kanny M. Allison
Published: March 2015

This chapter examines the experiences of five high school students previously enrolled in dual enrollment courses, and discusses the perceived benefits and disadvantages of these experiences from the student perspective.
Principal, Teacher, and Counselor Views of Concurrent Enrollment
Authors: Hanson Jana M. , Prusha Todd , Iverson Cort
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to describe teacher, counselor, and principal perceptions of a concurrent enrollment program collaboratively administered by a large, Midwestern community college and area high schools. Data come from surveys sent to these stakeholders as part of concurrent enrollment program accreditation through National Association of Concurrent Enrollment Partnerships.
Tuneable Hydrogenation of Nitriles into Imines or Amines with a Ruthenium Pincer Complex under Mild Conditions
Authors: Choi Jong‐Hoo , Prechtl Martin H. G.
Published: March 2015

The selective hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles into amines and imines is described. Using a ruthenium pincer complex, the selectivity towards amines or imines can be controlled by simple parameter changes. The reactions are conducted under very mild conditions between 50–100 °C at 0.4 MPa H2 pressure without any additives at low catalytic loadings of 0.5–1 mol %, which results in quantitative conversions and high selectivity.
Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide over Au‐Pd Catalyst—The Effect of Co‐Solvent Addition
Authors: Paunovic Violeta , Ordomsky Vitaly V. , Sushkevich Vitaly L. , Schouten Jaap C. , Nijhuis T. Alexander
Published: March 2015

Direct synthesis represents a green alternative, an environmentally benign process for the production of hydrogen peroxide. This is a three‐phase reaction, a solid catalyst with gas reactants and a liquid phase, which collects hydrogen peroxide formed from the catalyst surface. The choice of solvent and/or addition of promoters has a significant effect on the reaction rates observed, as well as selectivity towards peroxide. In addition to non‐toxic water, short chain alcohols are very attractive, due to good solubility of reacting gases. Here we report an extensive study on the influence of different groups of solvents on the direct synthesis reaction when either applied alone or as co‐solvent under non‐explosive and conventionally explosive reaction conditions.
Retraction: Effects of the Operating Conditions and Geometry Parameter on the Filtration Performance of the Fibrous Filter
Authors: Qian F. , Zhang J. , Huang Z.
Published: March 2015

Retraction: The above article from Chemical Engineering and Technology, published online on March 19, 2009 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Dr. Barbara Boeck and Wiley‐VCH Verlag. The retraction has been agreed due to overlap between this article and the following article published in Chemical Engineering Science, “A case study of simulating submicron aerosol filtration via lightweight spun‐bonded filter media” by Q. Wang, B. Maze, H. Vahedi Tafreshi, B. Pourdeyhini, Volume 61, 2006, pages 4871 – 4883.
Atrial Septostomy: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Al Maluli Hayan , DeStephan Christine M. , Alvarez René J. , Sandoval Julio
Published: March 2015

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease, but it boasts significant morbidity and mortality. Although remarkable achievements have been made in the medical treatment of PAH, there is a role for invasive or surgical procedures in patients with progressive disease despite optimal medical therapy or with no access to such therapy. Atrial septostomy creates a right‐to‐left intracardiac shunt to decompress the overloaded right ventricle. Despite significant advances to validate and improve this palliative procedure, as well as recent reports of improved outcomes, it is only slowly being adopted. This article aims to detail the history, indications, contraindications, procedural techniques, and outcomes of atrial septostomy. We will also shed light on some of the newer interventions, inspired by the same physiological concept, that are being evaluated as potential palliative modalities in patients with PAH.
The RET oncogene in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Prescott Jason D. , Zeiger Martha A.
Published: March 2015

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer, accounting for greater than 80% of cases. Surgical resection, with or without postoperative radioiodine therapy, remains the standard of care for patients with PTC, and the prognosis is generally excellent with appropriate treatment. Despite this, significant numbers of patients will not respond to maximal surgical and medical therapy and ultimately will die from the disease. This mortality reflects an incomplete understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms that initiate, drive, and promote PTC. Nonetheless, significant insights into the pathologic subcellular events underlying PTC have been discovered over the last 2 decades, and this remains an area of significant research interest. Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the expression of fusion proteins that involve the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto‐oncogene were the first oncogenic events to be identified in PTC. Members of this fusion protein family (the RET/PTC family) appear to play an oncogenic role in approximately 20% of PTCs. Herein, the authors review the current understanding of the clinicopathologic role of RET/PTC fusion proteins in PTC development and progression and the molecular mechanisms by which RET/PTCs exert their oncogenic effects on the thyroid epithelium. Cancer 2015;121:2137–2146. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Methylation status of HPV16 E2‐binding sites classifies subtypes of HPV‐associated oropharyngeal cancers
Authors: Reuschenbach Miriam , Huebbers Christian U. , Prigge Elena‐Sophie , Bermejo Justo Lorenzo , Kalteis Martin S. , Preuss Simon F. , Seuthe Inga M.C. , Kolligs Jutta , Speel Ernst‐Jan M. , Olthof Nadine , Kremer Bernd , Wagner Steffen , Klussmann Jens P. , Vinokurova Svetlana , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a transcriptional repressor of the oncogenes E6/E7 and loss of E2 function is considered a key step in carcinogenesis. Integration of HPV into the host genome may disrupt the E2 gene. Furthermore, methylation of CpG dinucleotides in E2‐binding sites (E2BSs) in the HPV upstream regulatory region may interfere with transcriptional repression of E6 and E7 by E2. The authors hypothesized that the CpG methylation status of E2BS identifies subtypes of HPV type 16 (HPV16)‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OPSCC) in association with E2 gene integrity and viral integration.

METHODS

Methylation of 10 CpG dinucleotides within the upstream regulatory region, encompassing E2BSs 1, 2, 3, and 4, was quantitatively analyzed by bisulfite pyrosequencing in 57 HPV16‐associated OPSCC cases. E2 status was analyzed by gene amplification and quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. Viral integration was determined by integration‐specific polymerase chain reaction methods.

RESULTS

Three subgroups with differential methylation at E2BS3 and E2BS 4 were identified: 1) complete methylation (>80%) associated with the presence of integrated HPV genomes with an intact E2 gene; 2) intermediate methylation levels (20%‐80%) with predominantly episomal HPV genomes with intact E2; and 3) no methylation (<20%) with a disrupted E2 gene. Patients with high methylation levels tended to have a worse 5‐year overall survival compared with patients with intermediate methylation (hazard ratio, 3.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.13‐9.24 [P = .06]).

CONCLUSIONS

Methylation of E2BS3 and E2BS4 in OPSCC is associated with E2 integrity and viral physical status. It might explain deregulated viral oncogene expression in the presence of E2. The prognostic significance of E2BS methylation for patients with HPV‐associated OPSCC needs to be analyzed further. Cancer 2015;121:1966–1976. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Serotonin and insulin‐like peptides modulate leucokinin‐producing neurons that affect feeding and water homeostasis in Drosophila
Authors: Liu Yiting , Luo Jiangnan , Carlsson Mikael A. , Nässel Dick R.
Published: March 2015

Metabolic homeostasis and water balance is maintained by tight hormonal and neuronal regulation. In Drosophila, insulin‐like peptides (DILPs) are key regulators of metabolism, and the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) is a diuretic hormone that also modulates feeding. However, it is not known whether LK and DILPs act together to regulate feeding and water homeostasis. Because LK neurons express the insulin receptor (dInR), we tested functional links between DILP and LK signaling in feeding and water balance. Thus, we performed constitutive and conditional manipulations of activity in LK neurons and insulin‐producing cells (IPCs) in adult flies and monitored food intake, responses to desiccation, and peptide expression levels. We also measured in vivo changes in LK and DILP levels in neurons in response to desiccation and drinking. Our data show that activated LK cells stimulate diuresis in vivo, and that LK and IPC signaling affect food intake in opposite directions. Overexpression of the dInR in LK neurons decreases the LK peptide levels, but only caused a subtle decrease in feeding, and had no effect on water balance. Next we demonstrated that LK neurons express the serotonin receptor 5‐HT1B. Knockdown of this receptor in LK neurons diminished LK expression, increased desiccation resistance, and diminished food intake. Live calcium imaging indicates that serotonin inhibits spontaneous activity in abdominal LK neurons. Our results suggest that serotonin via 5‐HT1B diminishes activity in the LK neurons and thereby modulates functions regulated by LK peptide, but the action of the dInR in these neurons remains less clear. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1840–1863, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperaquine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Dihydroartemisinin‐Piperaquine for Uncomplicated Malaria
Authors: Sambol NC , Yan L , Creek DJ , McCormack SA , Arinaitwe E , Bigira V , Wanzira H , Kakuru A , Tappero JW , Lindegardh N , Tarning J , Nosten F , Aweeka FT , Parikh S
Published: March 2015

This prospective trial investigated the population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine given with dihydroartemisinin to treat uncomplicated malaria in 107 Ugandan children 6 months to 2 years old, an age group previously unstudied. Current weight‐based dosing does not adequately address physiological changes in early childhood. Patients were administered standard 3‐day oral doses and provided 1,282 capillary plasma concentrations from 218 malaria episodes. Less than 30% of treatments achieved 57 ng/mL on day 7. A three‐compartment model with first‐order absorption described the data well. Age had a statistically significant effect (P < 0.005) on clearance/bioavailability in a model that accounts for allometric scaling. Simulations demonstrated that higher doses in all children, but especially in those with lower weight for age, are required for adequate piperaquine exposure, although safety and tolerance will need to be established. These findings support other evidence that both weight‐ and age‐specific guidelines for piperaquine dosing in children are urgently needed.
Anti‐inflammatory Strategies to Prevent Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Jialal I , Devaraj S
Published: March 2015

Diabetes is a proinflammatory state and inflammation is crucial in the genesis of vascular complications. While there are many anti‐inflammatory strategies, most of which have been shown to reduce inflammation in diabetes, there is sparse data on reduction in cardiovascular events (CVEs). To date, the only anti‐inflammatory strategies that have been shown to reduce CVE in diabetes include statins, angiotensin receptor blockers, metformin, and pioglitazone. We also discuss the role of novel emerging therapies.
Speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) effect on CaCO3 crystallization
Authors: Mejri Wided , Ben Salah Ilhem , Tlili Mohamed Mouldi
Published: March 2015

The present work was carried out to investigate separately the effect of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on the precipitation kinetics and the microstructure of CaCO3. For this an experimental procedure was proposed. Precipitation tests were made by using the dissolved‐CO2 degassing method. Both air and nitrogen were employed to strip the CO2 from a Ca(HCO3)2 solution initially rich in this gas. At anoxic medium, it was shown that iron (II) prolongs the nucleation step and decelerates the crystalline growth rate. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that its presence inhibits calcite and promotes aragonite variety. By using air, the reaction medium is rich in oxygen and iron (II) is rapidly oxidized. Seeing the higher solution pH (> 6.5), iron hydroxide forms before the onset of CaCO3 precipitation and plays a role of seed permitting to initiate CaCO3 nucleation. So, contrary to the observed effect of iron (II), the presence of iron (III) accelerates the precipitation rate of CaCO3. As for iron (II), iron (III) inhibits calcite formation but favored the vaterite variety instead of the aragonite one.
Performance of feed‐forward linearizers of power amplifiers in OFDM systems under complex gain errors
Authors: Gharaibeh Khaled M. , Al‐Zayed Ayman S.
Published: March 2015

Adaptive feed‐forward (FF) linearization schemes of power amplifiers provide high distortion cancelation and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) reduction. However, FF schemes are very sensitive to imbalances in the circuit parameters used to achieve signal cancelation. In this paper, an FF linearization circuit is analyzed using the orthogonalization of the nonlinear model and considering the effects of complex gain errors in the signal and distortion cancelation loops on the overall performance of the FF linearizer. The analysis enables the effective signal‐to‐distortion ratio (SDR) and ACPR to be estimated from FF circuit model. It is shown that complex gain errors in the distortion cancelation loop have a more significant effect on in‐band distortion than out‐of‐band distortion, which means that the design of FF linearizers based on ACPR improvement is not optimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountability in Networked Governance: Learning from a case of landscape‐scale forest conservation
Authors: Jedd Theresa , Bixler R. Patrick
Published: March 2015

Despite incredible strides in transboundary collaborative conservation, many challenges remain. A networked governance approach recognizes a diverse pool of participants, linkages across multiple levels of organization and the diffusion of authority horizontally across spatial scales. Much is understood about the basic form and function of networked governance, namely the ways in which it overcomes weaknesses of traditional hierarchical structures, but less is known about the democratic quality of newer forms of governance. There are implications for traditional forms of accountability for the practice of network governance. They are not lost but their dimensions are changed, hinging less on punishment and more on reward. To examine this dynamic, we use a mixed‐methods approach and grounded theory to explore the social relationships that make up a conservation network in the United States and Canada. Interview analysis from the Roundtable on the Crown of the Continent suggests that accountability comes through authentic engagement, is based on a ‘logic of appropriateness’ rooted in normative persuasion and still draws from traditional hierarchy. Social network analysis shows positions of brokerage and bridging help to maintain network connections between actors. Leveraging these characteristics of the network and the relationships formed through the process of landscape forest governance, we suggest there may be an overall net gain in accountability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment