bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further study of the aberrant optic nerve projection to olfactory cortex
Authors: Scalia Frank
Published: May 2005

When implanted into the cerebral hemisphere, the regenerating optic nerve of the adult frog (Rana pipiens) forms a well‐defined terminal field in the pars ventralis of the lateral (olfactory) cortex, and sometimes expands medially into the postolfactory eminence. These adjacent areas receive their normal input from the main olfactory bulb. The aberrant projection extends caudally toward the core neuropil of the medial amygdaloid nucleus, which receives its normal input from the accessory olfactory bulb, but does not enter this vomeronasal sector of the amygdala. The present study tests whether: (1) optic fibers would innervate the vomeronasal amygdala after surgical ablation of the accessory olfactory bulb, (2) the projection would transpose into adjacent cortex after olfactory cortex lesions, and (3) the projection would overflow into adjacent areas after being amplified by hemisection at the di‐telencephalic junction (to minimize escape of fibers into the diencephalon). The retinal projection always terminated in the olfactory cortex when this area was intact, or in spared fragments of it after radical cortical lesions, but never entered the vomeronasal amygdala in any specimen, as studied by autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase tracing techniques. With forebrain hemisection, the cortical terminal field increased in thickness but remained confined to the olfactory area. However, the interruption of the lateral forebrain bundle induced a new projection to the striatum in a region neighboring but separate from the olfactory cortical field. These findings support the hypothesis that retinal fibers have a specific affinity for primary olfactory cortex that is not normally allowed expression in development. Retinal fibers may also have a latent affinity for the striatum that is unmasked after deafferentation.
Afferents to the oculomotor nucleus in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) as revealed by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Torres B. , Pastor A. M. , Cabrera B. , Salas C. , Delgado‐García J. M.
Published: May 2005

The goal of this work was to compare the distribution and morphology of neurons projecting to the oculomotor nucleus in goldfish with those previously described in other vertebrate groups. Afferent neurons were revealed by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. The tracer was electrophoretically injected into the oculomotor nucleus. The location of the injection site was determined by the antidromic field potential elicited in the oculomotor nucleus by electrical stimulation of the oculomotor nerve. Labeled axons whose trajectories could be reconstructed were restricted to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In order of quantitative importance, the afferent areas to the oculomotor nucleus were: (1) the ipsilateral anterior nucleus and the contralateral tangential and descending nuclei of the octaval column. Furthermore, a few labeled cells were found dorsomedially to the caudal pole of the unlabeled anterior octaval nucleus; (2) the contralateral abducens nucleus. The labeled internuclear neurons were arranged in two groups within and 500 μm behind the caudal subdivision of the abducens nucleus; (3) a few labeled cells were observed in the rhombencephalic reticular formation near the abducens nucleus, most of which were contralateral to the injection site. Specifically, stained cells were found in the caudal pole of the superior reticular nucleus, throughout the medial reticular nucleus and in the rostral area of the inferior reticular nucleus; (4) eurydendroid cells of the cerebellum, located close to the contralateral eminentia granularis pars lateralis, were also labeled; and (5) a small and primarily ipsilateral group of labeled cells was located at the mesencephalic nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

The similarity in the structures projecting to the oculomotor nucleus in goldfish to those in other vertebrates suggests that the neural network involved in the oculomotor system is quite conservative throughout phylogeny. Nevertheless, in goldfish these projections appeared with some specific peculiarities, such as the cerebellar and mesencephalic afferents to the oculomotor nucleus.
Immunohistochemical distribution and biological activity of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the central nervous system of the frog Rana ridibunda
Authors: Yon Laurent , Feuilloley Marc , Chartrel Nicolas , Arimura Akira , Conlon J. Michael , Fournier Alain , Vaudry Hubert
Published: May 2005

The primary structure of frog pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) has recently been determined and the results show that the sequence of PACAP has been highly conserved during evolution. In particular, the structure of the 1–27 fragment of PACAP is identical in frog and mammals. Using an antiserum raised against PACAP27, we have investigated the distribution of PACAP‐containing neurons in the central nervous system of the frog Rana ridibunda by the immunofluorescence technique. The main populations of immunoreactive perikarya were located in the medial and ventral diencephalon, i.e., the preoptic nucleus, the ventral and dorsal infundibular nuclei, the nucleus posterocentralis thalami, and the ventral and ventrolateral areas of the thalamus. In the telencephalon, sparse cell bodies were found in the nucleus accumbens septi, the amygdala, the pallial commissure, and the bed nucleus of the pallial commissure. In the hindbrain, the torus semicircularis, the nucleus profundus and the nucleus anteroventralis tegmenti of the mesencephalon also contained populations of PACAP‐immunoreactive perikarya. Beaded nerve fibers were observed throughout the brain. Occasionally they formed bundles, e.g., from the ventral infundibulum to the external vascular layer of the median eminence, from the central thalamus to the optic tectum, and rostrocaudally, from the nucleus accumbens septi to the nucleus entopeduncularis. Other areas, such as the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus isthmi and the roots of cranial nerves V and VIII in the medulla oblongata, were also densely innervated. The adenylate cyclase‐stimulating activity of PACAP was tested by using a static incubation technique for hypothalamic slices. Synthetic PACAP27 (lO−10 to 3 · 10−6 M) induced a dose‐dependent stimulation of cAMP production. The half‐maximum effective dose (ED50) of PACAP27was3.5 · 10−7 M.

Taken together, these results provide the first evidence for the presence of PACAP in the central nervous system of nonmammalian vertebrates. The discrete localization of PACAP immunoreactivity in the brain and the adenylate cyclase‐stimulating activity of PACAP27 on frog hypothalamic slices suggest that PACAP acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain of amphibians.
Projections to the medial superior olive from the medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body in rodents and bats
Authors: Kuwabara N. , Zook J. M.
Published: May 2005

In this study we present direct evidence of axonal projections from both the medial and lateral nuclei of the trapezoid body to the medial superior olive. Projections were traced by intracellularly labeling cells and axons in a tissue slice preparation of two rodent species, Mus musculus and Meriones unguiculatus and two bat species, Eptesicus fuscus and Pteronotus parnellii.

The main axon of most principal cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body gives off one or more collateral branches which arborize within the medial superior olive. These collateral axons form small bouton‐like swellings which primarily contact somata within the central cell column in the medial superior olive. Likewise, labeled elongate and multipolar cells of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body send axons to both the medial and lateral superior olives. These axons also form perisomatic contacts in both target nuclei.

These two sets of projections may relay ascending input to the medial superior olive and the lateral superior olive; the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body is known to relay input from the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, and the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body may relay input from the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus. These projections offer two routes for indirect, possibly inhibitory input to reach the medial superior olive from both cochlear nuclei. These indirect, inhibitory pathways may parallel the direct excitatory projections the medial superior olive receives from each cochlear nucleus.
Early postnatal alcohol exposure acutely and permanently reduces the number of granule cells and mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb: A stereological study
Authors: Bonthius Daniel J. , Bonthius Nancy E. , Napper Ruth M. A. , West James R.
Published: May 2005

This study demonstrates that exposure to alcohol during a period of rapid brain growth can lead to severe and permanent deficits in the number of granule cells and mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb. Sprague‐Dawley rat pups were reared artificially and were administered alcohol over postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9, a period of brain development comparable to part of the human third trimester. The daily alcohol dose of 6.6 g/kg was concentrated into two of the twelve daily feedings, producing high peak blood alcohol concentrations followed by near total clearance. Pups were either sacrificed on PD10 or were allowed to grow to adulthood and sacrificed on PD115. The total number of granule cells and mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb were estimated with the aid of unbiased stereological principles and systematic sampling techniques. Exposure to alcohol resulted in significant reductions in the number of both granule cells and mitral cells on PD10. Significant deficits in both neuronal populations remained on PD115. The results support the hypothesis that alcohol exposure can kill developing neurons and lead to permanent neuronal deficits.

Substantial developmental changes also occurred in the total number of mitral cells and granule cells between PD10 and PD115 in the control groups. In untreated rats, the number of granule cells increased from 2.20 · 106on PD10 to 5.06 · 106on PD115, while the number of mitral cells decreased from 5.30 · 104to 4.33 · 104over the same time period. These results demonstrate that there is a natural loss of mitral cells during postnatal development at the same time that granule cell number is increasing.
Immunocytochemical identification of primary olfactory afferents in rainbow trout
Authors: Riddle David R. , Oakley Bruce
Published: May 2005

We have used a combination of techniques to analyze the primary olfactory projection in trout: anterograde tract tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunocytochemistry with antisera to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). HRP labeling and the OMP antiserum revealed a subset of ciliated receptor neurons with a wide dendrite that lacked the protruding knob found on other receptor neurons. The organization of the primary olfactory axons was clearly revealed by antisera to KLH, which reacted with no other neurons. When visualized with anti‐KLH, fascicles of olfactory axons penetrated the basal lamina of the olfactory rosette at scattered sites and converged to form the olfactory nerve. Fascicles within the olfactory nerve traveled parallel to the long axis of the nerve until resorted by extensive intermixing as they entered the olfactory bulb. Within the olfactory bulb, most axons terminated in nine discrete terminal fields in the glomerular layer; however, a few olfactory nerve axons projected into the ventral medial telencephalon. Fascicles supplying each terminal field in the glomerular layer followed distinctive trajectories within the olfactory nerve layer. Axons ending in two terminal fields made brush‐like terminations rather than the glomerular terminations characteristic of the remaining seven fields. After unilateral olfactory nerve transection, returning olfactory axons reestablished the normal pattern of terminal fields within 14 weeks. It is likely that the organization of afferents in the trout olfactory bulb is similarly well regulated during normal receptor cell replacement.
Distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells and fibers in the human amygdaloid complex
Authors: Sorvari Heikki , Soininen Hilkka , Paljärvi Leo , Karkola Kari , Pitkänen Asla
Published: May 2005

The calcium‐binding protein, parvalbumin, was localized immunohistochemically in the human amygdaloid complex. Neuronal cell bodies and fibers that are immunoreactive to parvalbumin were observed in most of the amygdaloid nuclei and cortical areas. Three types of immunoreactive aspiny neurons, ranging from small spherical cells (type 1) to large multipolar cells (type 2) and fusiform cells (type 3), were observed. The densities of the types of neurons that were parvalbumin‐immunoreactive varied in the different regions of the amygdala. The highest densities of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were observed in the lateral nucleus, in the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus, in the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus and in the amygdalohippocampal area. The regions containing the lowest density of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells were the paralaminar nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the central nucleus, the medial nucleus and the anterior cortical nucleus. In general, the distribution of immunoreactive fibers and terminals paralleled that of immunoreactive cells. Parvalbumin‐immunoreactive varicose fibers formed basket‐like plexi and cartridges around the unstained neurons, which suggests that parvalbumin is located in GABAergic basket cells and chandelier cells, respectively. The distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive profiles in the human amygdaloid complex was similar to, rather than different from that previously reported in the monkey amygdala (Pitkänen and Amaral [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 331:14–36). This study provides baseline information about the organization of GABAergic inhibitory circuitries in the human amygdaloid complex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noradrenergic system in the chicken brain: Immunocytochemical study with antibodies to noradrenaline and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase
Authors: Moons Lieve , D'Hondt Els , Pijcke Kristien , Vandesande Frans
Published: May 2005

A light microscopic immunocytochemical study, using antisera against noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH), revealed the noradrenergic system in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). NA‐ and DBH‐immunoreactive (ir) elements showed a similar distribution throughout the whole brain. The neurons immunoreactive for the monoamine were confined to the lower brainstem, the pons, and the medulla. In the pons, a rather dense group of cells was found in the dorsal, most posterior part of the locus coeruleus and in the caudal nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis. A few labeled cells appeared in and around the nucleus olivaris superior in the most caudal part of the metencephalic tegmentum. In the medulla oblongata, noradrenergic cells could be visualized at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract and in a ventrolateral complex. Virtually all regions of the brain contained a rather dense innervation by NA‐ and DBH‐immunopositive varicose fibers. Noradrenergic fibers and terminals were especially abundant in the ventral forebrain and in the periventricular hypothalamic regions. DBH‐ir and NA‐ir fibers, varicosities, and punctate structures could be observed in close association with immunonegative perikarya in several brain regions, more specifically in the ventral telencephalon, in the mid‐ and tuberal hypothalamic region, and in the dorsal rostral pons. Some perikarya in these brain areas were completely surrounded by noradrenergic structures that formed pericellular arrangements around the cells. The present study on the distribution of the noradrenergic system in the brain of the chicken combined with the results of a previous report on the distribution of L‐Dopa and dopamine in the same species (L. Moons, J. van Gils, E. Ghijsels, and F. Vandesande, 1994, J. Comp. Neurol. 346:97–118) offers the opportunity to differentiate between the various catecholamines in the brain of this vertebrate. The results are discussed in relation to catecholaminergic systems previously reported in avian species and in the mammalian brain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal sensory deprivation induces selective changes in the quantitative distribution of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat barrel field cortex
Authors: Micheva Kristina D. , Beaulieu Clermont
Published: May 2005

Modified activity of the rat vibrissae from birth to adulthood induces profound alterations of the responsiveness and selectivity of neurons in the contralateral somatosensory barrel field cortex of adult rate. Because these functional properties are under the control of the intracortical inhibitory mechanisms, we investigated the effects of unilateral removal of face pad vibrissae on the quantitative distribution of intracortical γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat contralateral and ipsilateral barrel field cortices. This distribution was then compared to a population of control animals.

For the entire cortical depth, no significant changes in the density (7,700/mm3 vs. 7,400/mm3), proportion (13.6% vs. 14.4%), or size (11.7 μm vs. 12.5 μm) of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons were found in the left contralateral vs. the right ipsilateral barrel field cortex. However, in cortical layer IV, contralateral to the deprivation, the density and proportion of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons were lower (6,300/mm3 vs. 13,900/mm3, 6.0% vs. 13.6%; P < 0.01), and these neurons were larger (mean projected height of 15.1 μm vs. 10.8 μm; P < 0.01) than in the ipsilateral barrel field cortex, suggesting a specific loss of GABA expression in a subpopulation of small intracortical neurons.

In addition to changes in the contralateral layer IV, GABA‐immunoreactive neurons located in the ipsilateral granular layer were also affected. Indeed, their numerical density (13,900/mm3) and proportion (13.6%) were higher (P < 0.01) than in both hemispheres of control animals (average of 10,050/mm3 and 9.4%). On the other hand, GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the ipsilateral layer V were less numerous (5,600/mm3, 15.0%) than in both sides of the controls (average of 10,300/mm3, 22.0%; P < 0.01).

Thus, our results show that a unilateral sensory deprivation induces highly selective changes in the intracortical GABA inhibitory circuitry of both hemispheres. These changes are located directly at the input of thalamic afferents and at an output layer of corticofugal and commissural axons and could result in a profound reorganization of the excitatory and inhibitory drives of both sides of the sensory‐deprived barrel field cortex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type 1 interleukin‐1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL‐1–induced cellular activation
Authors: Ericsson A. , Liu C. , Hart R. P. , Sawchenko P. E.
Published: May 2005

Systemic interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) activates the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, an effect exerted through increased synthesis and secretion of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) by parvicellular neurosecretory neurons. The site(s) and mechanism(s) through which circulat ing IL‐1 may access central systems governing HPA axis output remain obscure. To identify potential cellular targets for blood‐borne IL‐1, we analyzed the distribution of mRNA encoding the rat type 1 IL‐1 receptor (IL‐1R1) in rat brain. Regional ribonuclease protection assays detected a single protected fragment corresponding to the membrane‐bound form of the IL‐1R1 mRNA in all areas analyzed. In situ hybridization revealed labeling predominantly over barrier‐related cells, including the leptomeninges, non‐tanycytic portions of the ependyma, the choroid plexus, and vascular endothelium. Low to moderate levels of the IL‐1111 mRNA were detected in just a few neuronal cell groups, including the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei, and the area postrema. No specific labeling for IL‐1R1 mRNA was detected over neurons that respond to intravenous IL‐1β; by induction of transcription factor Fos, including hypophysiotropic CRF cells and brainstem catecholamine neurons. Injection of IL‐1β did, however, provoke induction of mRNA encoding the immediate‐early gene, NGFI‐B, but notc‐fos, in two major loci of IL‐1R1 expression, vascular endothelial cells, and the area postrema. Intravenous inection of IL‐1β acutely down‐regulated IL‐1R1 mRNA in perivascular cells, but not in neuronal cell groups. These results suggest the parenchymal sites of IL‐1R1 expression in rat to be distinct from those reported previously in mouse. The common expression in both species of an IL‐1R in non‐neuronal elements highlights the possibility that IL‐1‐mediated activation of CRF neurons may result from cytokine‐receptor interaction at vascular, and/or other barrier‐related, sites to trigger release of secondary signalling molecules in a position to interact with components of HPA control circuitry. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine in the lobster Homarus gammarus: II. Dopamine‐immunoreactive neurons and development of the nervous system
Authors: Cournil Isabelle , Casasnovas Beatrice , Helluy Simone M. , Beltz Barbara S.
Published: May 2005

Dopamine‐immunoreactive neurons were revealed in lobster embryos, larvae, and postlarvae, and staining patterns were compared to neuronal labeling in the juvenile lobster nervous system (Cournil et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 344:455–469). Dopamine immunoreactivity is first detected by midembryonic life in 35–40 neuroi somata located anteriorly in brain and subesophageal ganglion. When the lobsters assume a benthic life during the first postlarval stage, an average of 58 cell bodies are labeled. The acquisition of dopamine in lobster neurons is a protracted event spanning embryonic, larval, and postlarval life and finally reaching the full complement of roughly 100 neurons in juvenile stages.

Some of the dopaminergic neurons previously identified in the mature nervous system, such as the paired Br cells, L cells, and mandibular cells, are labeled in embryos and persist throughout development. In contrast, other neurons stain transiently for dopamine during the developmental period, but, by the adult stage, these neurons are no longer immunoreactive. Such transiently labeled neurons project to the foregut, the thoracic dorsal muscles, the neurohormonal pericardial plexus, and the pericardial pouches. It is proposed that these neurons are alive and functioning in adult lobster but that dopamine levels have been abolished, proving that neurotransmitter status is a dynamic, changing process. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative analysis of the dendritic organization of pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Ishizuka Norio , Cowan W. Maxwell , Amaral David G.
Published: May 2005

The three dimensional organization of the dendritic trees of pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus was investigated using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation and computer‐aided reconstruction. The total dendritic length, dendritic length in each of the hippocampal laminae, and the number of dendritic branches were measured in 20 CAl pyramidal cells, 7 neurons in CA2 and 20 CA3 pyramidal cells. The total dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal cells varied in a consistent fashion depending on their position within the field. Cells located close to the dentate gyrus had the smallest dendritic trees which averaged 9,300 μm in total length. Cells in the distal part of CA3 (near CA2) had the largest dendritic trees, averaging 15,800 μm. The CA2 field contained cells which resembled CA3 pyramidal cells in most respects except for the absence of thorny excrescences on their proximal dendrites. There were also smaller pyramidal cells that resembled CAl neurons. CAl pyramidal cells tended to be more homogeneous. Pyramidal neurons throughout the transverse extent of CAl had a total dendritic length on the order of 13,500 μm. The quantitative analysis of the laminar distribution of dendrites demonstrated that the stratum oriens and stratum radiatum contained significant portions of the pyramidal cell dendritic trees. In CA3, for example, 42–51% of the total dendritic length was located in stratum oriens; about 34% of the dendritic tree was located in stratum radiatum. The amount of dendritic length in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of CA3 varied depending on the location of the cell. Many CA3 cells located within the limbs of the dentate gyrus, for example, had no dendrites extending into stratum lacunosum‐moleculare whereas those located distally in CA3 had about the same percentage of their dendritic tree in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare as in stratum radiatum. In CAl, nearly half of the dendritic length was located in stratum radiatum, 34% was in stratum oriens and 18% was in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. These studies identified distinctive dendritic branching patterns, in the stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum moleculare, which clearly distinguished CA3 from CAl neurons. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemical phenotype of corticocortical connections in the macaque monkey: Quantitative analysis of a subset of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive projection neurons in frontal, parietal, temporal, and cingulate cortices
Authors: Hof Patrick R. , Nimchinsky Esther A. , Morrison John H.
Published: May 2005

The neurochemical characteristics of the neuronal subsets that furnish different types of corticocortical connections have been only partially determined. In recent years, several cytoskeletal proteins have emerged as reliable markers to distinguish subsets of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex of primates. In particular, previous studies using an antibody to nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI‐32) have revealed a consistent degree of regional and laminar specificity in the distribution of a subpopulation of pyramidal cells in the primate cerebral cortex. The density of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons was shown to vary across corticocortical pathways in macaque monkeys. In the present study, we have used the antibody SMI‐32 to examine further and to quantify the distribution of a subset of corticocortically projecting neurons in a series of long ipsilateral corticocortical pathways in comparison to short corticocortical, commissural, and limbic connections. The results demonstrate that the long association pathways interconnecting the frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex have a high representation of neurofilament protein‐enriched pyramidal neurons (45–90%), whereas short corticocortical, callosal, and limbic pathways are characterized by much lower numbers of such neurons (4–35%). These data suggest that different types of corticocortical connections have differential representation of highly specific neuronal subsets that share common neurochemical characteristics, thereby determining regional and laminar cortical patterns of morphological and molecular heterogeneity. These differences in neuronal neurochernical phenotype among corticocortical circuits may have considerable influence on cortical processing and may be directly related to the type of integrative function subserved by each cortical pathway. Finally, it is worth noting that neurofilainent protein‐immunoreactive neurons are dramatically affected in the course of Alzheimer's disease. The present results support the hypothesis that neurofilament protein may be crucially linked to the development of selective neuronal vulnerability and subsequent disruption of corticocortical pathways that lead to the severe impairment of cognitive function commonly observed in age‐related dementing disorders. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The HCR‐20 in personality disordered female offenders: a comparison with a matched sample of males
Authors: de Vogel Vivienne , de Ruiter Corine
Published: May 2005

This study examines the predictive validity of the HCR‐20 in a sample of 42 female patients admitted to a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital. The findings are compared with those for a matched sample of 42 male forensic psychiatric patients. The inter‐rater reliability of the HCR‐20 was good for both female and male patients. There were significant differences between female and male patients in mean HCR‐20 item scores, but the mean H, C and R‐subscale scores and total score were comparable. The base rate for inpatient violence was similar for female (30%) and male patients (29%), but the base rate for violent recidivism after discharge was significantly higher for the male sample (43%) compared with the female sample (13%). For male patients, the HCR‐20 demonstrated good to excellent predictive validity for violent outcome (violent recidivism and inpatient violence); however, predictive accuracy for female patients was much lower. In females, only the HCR‐20 final risk judgment, and not the HCR‐20 total score, demonstrated significant predictive validity for violent outcome. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and structural characterization of, and chemical vapor deposition studies with, certain yttrium tris(β‐diketonate) compounds
Authors: Luten Henry A. , Rees William S. , Goedken Virgil L.
Published: May 2005

The preparation of [Y(tmhd)3 · H2O]2, Y(tmhd)3 and [Y(tmhd)3]2 (tmhd = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptane‐3,5‐dionate; tmod = 2,2,7‐trimethyloctane‐3,5‐dionate) are described. These compounds have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, UV/vis, TGA and GC/MS techniques. Crystal data include: [Y(tmhd)3 · H2O]2, Space Group P1, a = 11.6 Å, b = 14.6 Å, c = 14.9 Å, α = 60.5°, β = 63.1°, γ = 73.3°, V = 1937 Å3, z = 2, dc = 1.095, refcoll = 7165, refind = 7165, refsig = 4923, R = 7.0 %, Rw = 8.8 %; [Y(tmod)3]2, Space Group P21/n, a = 13.0 Å, b = 15.4 Å, c = 18.3 Å, β = 91.5°, V = 3670 Å3, z = 4, dc = 1.156, refcoll = 6642, refind = 6642, refsig = 2649, R = 10.6 %, Rw = 10.3 %. The vapor pressures of the compounds are discussed in the light of ligand symmetry concerns. Chemical vapor deposition experiments with these compounds produced films which were characterized by XRD, SEM, ESCA and surface profilometry. Film deposit composition and morphology are related to deposition ambient.
Heterogeneity in DNA damage using the comet assay
Authors: Olive Peggy L. , Durand Ralph E.
Published: May 2005

The single‐cell gel electrophoresis or “comet” assay was developed many years ago to analyze DNA damage in individual cells. It is a powerful and versatile technique that relies on microscopic visualization or imaging of DNA after single cells are embedded in agarose, lysed, and electrophoresed. In addition, the basic methodology has been extended to permit the detection of a variety of classes of DNA damage with good sensitivity in virtually any single‐cell type. A unique but understudied property of the comet assay is its ability to detect and quantify cellular heterogeneity in response to DNA‐damaging agents. This review outlines the considerations in producing and analyzing comet data when heterogeneity in induction of or cellular response to DNA damage is the major consideration. Examples are presented to emphasize the heterogeneity of tumor response to ionizing radiation and cytotoxic drugs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The nootropic concept and its prospective implications
Authors: Giurgea Corneliu E.
Published: May 2005

Giurgea, C.E.: The nootropic concept and its prospective implications. Drug. Dev. Res. 2:441–446, 1982.

The nootropic concept emerged about 10 years ago essentially from the unusual pharmacology of piracetam, which later on was confirmed and extended to human pharmacoclinics and therapeutics. A nootropic drug is characterized by a direct functional activation of the higher integrative brain mechanisms that enhances cortical vigilance, a telencephalic functional selectivity, and a particular efficiency in restoring deficient higher nervous activity. In contradistinction to other psychotropic drugs, nootropics do not induce direct reticular, limbic, or other subcortical events. Little is known with regard to nootropic, neurochemical mechanisms of action except that they interact with factors that contribute to the neuronal membrane stability, and possibly with the brain 5‐HT. Main therapeutical indications seem to be in children with speech disorders, in the posttraumatic, and posthypoxic sequelae, in vertigo of central origin, and in geriatric, moderately impaired, possibly dysmnesic patients. Other drugs, such as pyritinol, meclofenoxate, and, to some extent, hydergine and vincamine, do show partially nootropic activities. The nootropic line of research is by now multifaceted to deepen the neurochemical and neurophysiologic comprehension of nootropics' mode of action; to make clearer their clinical differential profile; to enlarge the nootropic framework to some other existing drugs, clinically if not pharmacologically related to piracetam; and to find new, more potent, and possibly more selective nootropic agents. The general aim of nootropic research is to find new drugs capable of enhancing directly the efficiency of the cognitive, noetic activity of the brain, thus compensating various neuro‐psychologic deficits such as, but not exclusively, those related to aging.
The effects of oxiracetam (ISF 2522) in patients with organic brain syndrome (a double‐blind controlled study with piracetam)
Authors: Itil Turan M. , Menon Gopi N. , Bozak Mahir , Songar Ayhan
Published: May 2005

Itil, T.M., G.N. Menon, M. Bozak, and A. Songar: The effects of oxiracetam, (ISF 2522) in patients with organic brain syndrome (a double‐blind controlled study with piracetam). Drug Dev. Res. 2:447–461, 1982.

In a double‐blind controlled trial, the clinical effects of oxiracetam, a new “nootropic” compound, were investigated in a group of 60 elderly patients with organic mental disorders (DSM‐III). The starting dose of both oxiracetam and the control drug, piracetam, was 400 mg. The dosage was increased by 400 mg at weekly intervals up to 2,400 mg daily (sixth week). During the following 6 weeks the administered dose was fixed at 2,400 mg daily. Most of the important target symptoms improved significantly over time, both subjectively (i.e., rating scales) and objectively (i.e., psychological tests), after administration of either oxiracetam or piracetam. In comparison to piracetam, oxiracetam exhibited more statistically significant improvement in the memory factor, whereas piracetam showed more improvement than oxiracetam in factors of paranoid ideation and agitation. Both drugs were tolerable and did not elicit any significant side effects. It was postulated that “nootropics” may represent a new group of CNS effective compounds, and thus be a “second generation” of psychotropics, which have more direct effects on the central target organs than are presently found in the “classical” psychotropics.
Chemistry and pharmacology of nootropics
Authors: Nicolaus Bruno J. R.
Published: May 2005

Nicolaus, B.J.R.: Chemistry and pharmacology of nootropics. Drug Dev. Res. 2: 463–474, 1982.

The paper discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of the nootropics, reviewing the new chemical entities to recently emerge and in particular the five‐membered heterocyclic lactams belonging to the pyrrolidinone class, such as piracetam and oxiracetam. These gammalactams are related to the folded conformation of GABA, which seems to play a role in the uptake mechanisms—that is, in the transport of GABA across the membrances into differnt nervous tissue elements. The classification of nootropics is discussed, taking into consideration the six main criteria recently suggested, which are: no direct vasoactivity, no change in basic rhythm of EEG activity, blood brain barrier passage, positive metabolic activity in humans and animals, low incidence of side‐effects, and objective demonstration of clinivicacy. A critical analysis is made of the various pharmacological and biochemical models employed to screen the nootropics, including a new approach based on the impaired learning rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats with cerebrovascular lesions. The activity of the new GABA‐derivative nootropic called oxiracetam is also described and compared with the forerunner of the class, piracetam.
Electrophysiological profile of neurotropics (hydergine, piracetam, pyritinol) in organic brain disease in the aged
Authors: Zimmermann P. , Fünfgeld E. W. , Seidel R. , Nischwitz W.
Published: May 2005

Zimmermann, P., E.W. Füfgeld, R. Seidel, and W. Nischwitz: Electrophysiological profile of neurotropics (hydergine, piracetam, pyritionol) in organic brain disease in the aged. Drug Dev. Res. 2:481–488, 1982.

The effects of neurotropics on brainstem and cortical neuronal activity were compared between three groups of patients suffering from chronic brain disease (arteriosclerotic or senile dementia). Hydergine (6–9 mg/day), piracetam (1,200 mg/day), or pyritinol (600 mg/day) were administered orally for 8wk. EEG power spectral analysis, visual evoked potentials (VEP) and bink reflexes were performed after an initial wash‐out period of 2 wk, 2 and 8 wk of neurotropic medication, and a final wash‐out period of 2 wk. EEG power spectra following hyderine show a significant decrease in slow alpha activity (7.5–10 Hz) and after pyritinol in the slow theta range (3–5 Hz) in the occipital region. In the piracetam group the power of the fast theta (5–7.5 Hz) and slow alpha activity decrease in the occipital region of the dominant hemisphere. Only during pyritinol medication do these signs of cerebral activation correlate with an increase in the amplitude of P350 of VEP and of the R2 component of the blink reflex.
The long‐term development of fighting in mice: Implications for future research
Authors: Morgret Morris K.
Published: May 2005

Mice were observed for a period of 37 weeks by a continuous monitoring procedure. The data are presented in weekly blocks and differences across time are noted. A definite increase in fighting was observed beginning at approximately 5 weeks and increasing to a peak at the 7th week, then declining to a low at 12 weeks. A later peak occurred around the 19th week. In overall amounts of aggression the females were low, male littermates (MLM) intermediate, and male nonlittermates (MNLM) were highest.
Behavioral effects of experimental maternal hyperphenylalaninemia
Authors: Schalock R. L. , Copenhaver J. H.
Published: May 2005

Biochemical and behavioral effects of pre‐ and postpartum hyperphenylalaninemia were evaluated on 52 Sprague‐Dawley rats. Biochemical results indicated elevated plasma phenylalanine levels during both the prepartum (Gestation Days 15‐21 and postpartum Days 1‐60 of age) injection phases. Behaviors were evaluated beginning at 81 days of age. Compared to control or postpartum subjects, prepartum subjects demonstrated significant decrements on each of the following: initial DRL: 12 learning; fearfulness (inverse relationship); activity; exploration; and sociability. Compared to controls, postpartum subjects were significantly less active and less exploratory.
C‐Phosphoniophosphaalkenes as Precursors of 1σ4,3σ2‐Diphosphaallenes: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Martin David , Gornitzka Heinz , Baceiredo Antoine , Bertrand Guy
Published: May 2005

The study of a general synthetic route to 1σ4,3σ2‐diphosphaallenes involving the reaction of LiHMDS with C‐phosphoniophosphaalkenes is reported. The choice of the base is critical since the precursors are highly electrophilic species that react cleanly with methyl‐, butyl‐, mesityl‐, or tert‐butyllithium to afford C‐phosphanylphosphonium ylides. The role of the substituents at the σ4‐phosphorus centre has alsobeen studied. The resulting phosphaallenes react cleanly with a Lewis acid and undergo [3+2] cycloaddition withazides to afford a five‐membered heterocycle in a three‐step process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Properties of the Geometrically Controlled Mixed‐Valence Tetrahedral RuII2RuIII2L6 Cluster
Authors: Cai Ping , Li Ming‐xue , Duan Chun‐ying , Lu Feng , Meng Qing‐jin
Published: May 2005

The reaction of Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 and N,N'‐bis[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]benzidine (L) in the presence of NaClO4 afforded the tetranuclear ruthenium compound, Ru4L6·10ClO4, by self‐assembly. Magnetic and electrochemical measurements clearly indicated the presence of both RuII and RuIII moieties within the tetrahedral ruthenium cluster. The Robin‐Day Class II mixed‐valence behavior was supported by the UV/Vis‐NIR spectra with the electronic coupling parameter Vab of 200 cm–1. It is demonstrated that the mixed‐valenceRuII2RuIII2L6 cation was stabilized by controlling the coordination geometries of the ruthenium ions between octahedral and trigonal prismatic to fit the supramolecular structure of the tetranuclear cluster. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Direct potentiometric membrane electrode measurements of heparin binding to macromolecules
Authors: Yun Jong Hoon , Ma Shu‐Ching , Fu Bin , Yang Victor C. , Meyerhoff Mark E.
Published: May 2005

The use of a newly developed heparin responsive polymeric membrane electrode for directly monitoring the binding of heparin to a variety of other biological macromolecules is examined. Potentiometric titrations of protamine, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), polybrene, DNase enzyme, and polylysine with either porcine or beef lung heparin can be followed conveniently by the electrode at various solution pHs. Such titrations yield endpoints that are used to determine the stoichiometry for the interaction of the different heparins with these macromolecules. Based on prior heparin calibration curves, the titration data can be recast in Scatchard form to obtain binding constants for these solution‐phase heparin‐macromolecular reactions. The speed and simplicity of the proposed method make it an attractive alternative to classical solid‐phase binding methods or newer homogeneous fluorescent polarization schemes for studying the solution‐phase interaction of heparin with other macromolecules.
Electrochemical characterization of aminated PVC‐based ion‐selective membranes
Authors: Cosofret Vasile V. , Lindner Ernö , Buck Richard P. , Kusy Robert P. , Whitley John Q.
Published: May 2005

The potentiometric and impedance characteristics of a large number of pH sensitive, piperazine‐based aminated PVC membranes are summarized. The main goal of the work was to predict the differences between “good” and “bad” responsive potentiometric pH membranes with very similar overall nitrogen contents. The only conclusion gained previously from other methods was that the N content should be between 0.5 and 0.8% for Nernstian response. The detailed analysis of the data show that a given N content of the basic material is a necessary but not a sufficient requirement with respect of the quality of potentiometric response. Conditions for appropriate pH response of the membrane are formulated in terms of surface and bulk impedance characteristics. The ideal pH response of an optimized aminated PVC membrane, which corresponds to a minimum surface impedance, is presented. The primary importance of surface amines relative to bulk amines (the conformation and distribution of active sites) is proven in a simple experiment.
Potentiometric discrimination between planar and octahedral anionic metal cyano complexes by liquid membrane electrodes based on lipophilic macrocyclic dioxopolyamines
Authors: Naganawa Ryuichi , Radecka Hanna , Kataoka Masamitsu , Tohda Koji , Odashima Kazunori , Umezawa Yoshio , Kimura Eiichi , Koike Tohru
Published: May 2005

A novel type of poly(vinyl chloride) matrix liquid membrane electrodes that are capable of discriminating between planar and octahedral anionic metal cyano complexes has been developed by exploiting as the sensory elements lipophilic derivatives of macrocyclic dioxopolyamines (13‐hexadecyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraaza‐12,14‐dioxocyclotetradecane, 15‐hexadecyl‐1,4,7,10,13‐pentaaza‐14,16‐dioxocyclohexadecane). Potentiometric response behaviors of these electrodes for a series of anionic metal cyano complexes were compared with those of the electrodes based on the corresponding nondioxo macrocyclic pentaamine (15‐hexadecyl‐1,4,7,10,13‐pentaazacyclohexadecane) as well as a conventional anion exchanger (Capriquat®). The electrodes based on the dioxopolyamines displayed strong potentiometric responses at pH 4.0 to the metal cyano complexes having a planar structure ([Ni(CN)4]2−, [Pt(CN)4]2−). In contrast, the responses to the metal cyano complexes having an octahedral structure ([Fe(CN)6]3−, [Fe(CN)6]4−) were only negligible. On the other hand, for all of the guests tested, the electrodes based on the nondioxo macrocyclic pentaamine or the anion exchanger showed strong linear responses to both planar and octahedral complexes. These results represent a new mode of potentiometric discrimination displayed by dioxo‐type macrocyclic polyamines having both amine and amide moieties.
History of the development of magnesium—selective ionophores and magnesium—selective electrodes
Authors: Spichiger U. E.
Published: May 2005

The search for selective ionophores for molecular recognition of magnesium ions in Prof. Simon's laboratory is reviewed. The utility of these carriers for potentiometric measurements of magnesium activities is discussed.
Urea biosensor based on amperometric ammonium ion electrode
Authors: Senda Mitsugi , Yamamoto Yukitaka
Published: May 2005

An amperometric urea biosensor is described: urease is immobilized on the amperometric ammonium ion electrode surface, and the ammonium ion produced by hydrolytic decomposition of urea by urease is determined by the pulse amperometric technique. Theoretical considerations on the steady‐state concentration distribution of the substrate (urea) and the product (sum of ammonia and ammonium ion) in the immobilized‐enzyme layer show that the concentration of the product at the ion‐selective electrode surface is proportional to the concentration of the substrate at the solution side surface of the immobilized‐enzyme layer up to a certain limiting concentration. The limiting concentration depends on the enzyme‐loading factor (Thiele modulus) as well as the Michaelis constant of the enzyme reaction. A practical urea sensor was constructed by immobilizing urease on an amperometric ammonia gas sensor. Preliminary experimental results and discussion are given. With the amperometric urea sensor, the correction for the residual ammonium ion in test solution can be easily achieved with an auxiliary, amperometric urease‐removed urea sensor.
Iodide‐selective electrodes based on a mercury‐triisobutylphosphine sulfide complex
Authors: Daunert Sylvia , Florido Antonio , Bricker Jordi , Dunaway Wes , Bachas Leonidas G. , Valiente Manuel
Published: May 2005

Ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) were developed by impregnating plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes with a complex of triisobutylphosphine sulfide and Hg2+. The electrodes were selective for halides and thiocyanate, iodide being the preferred anion. The overall selectivity pattern of the electrodes was I−> SCN− ≈︁ Br− > Cl− > No ≈︁ ClO > No ≈︁ SO. The electrodes were evaluated in both batch and flow‐injection modes.