bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preprints na Área da Saúde
Authors: Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello
Published: December 2019

Não se aplica
Age of first pregnancy in Brazil: data from the national health survey
Authors: Fernandes Fábia Cheyenne Gomes de Morais , Santos Emelynne Gabrielly de Oliveira , Barbosa Isabelle Ribeiro
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The fertility pattern of Brazilian population has changed considerably in the last decades. Socioeconomic and cultural inequalities can influence the age of the first gestation, and the identification of these inequalities is a fundamental aspect of the monitoring and evaluation of women's health care policies.
Objective: To analyze the age of women in their first gestation and the related factors in Brazil.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using data from the National Health Survey 2013, analyzing women aged 18 to 49 years and their age in the first gestation, categorized by sociodemographic variables.
Results: The North Region presented the highest percentage of pregnancy for the stratum of 10 to 14 years. The first pregnancy at the age of 15 to 19 years had the highest percentages for all regions, with a significant difference between the North and Southeast. The Southeast region obtained the highest percentage of the first pregnancy at the age of 30 to 39 years. The first pregnancy at the age of 15 to 19 years was significantly higher among the separated women; without instruction; and who live in rural areas. The first pregnancy of 10 to 14 was associated with the highest number of births that women will have throughout their lives, with a higher prevalence of 5 to 9 births.
Conclusions: In Brazil, a large proportion of first pregnancies still occur in adolescence. The states of the northern region stand out with lower average ages in the first pregnancy, and this event is related to the worst socioeconomic conditions.
Neonatal and temperament variables predict behavior problems of preterm children at toddlerhood
Authors: Gracioli Sofia Muniz Alves , Linhares Maria Beatriz Martins
Published: December 2019

Background: Children born preterm are at high risk for behavior problems at different ages. To better understand these problems, we examine the predictive biopsychosocial variables.
Objective: To examine the predictive effects of neonatal clinical status and the temperament of the children and mothers on the behavior problems of children born preterm. Study design: Longitudinal predictive study.
Methods: The sample was composed of 40 children born preterm at 18 to 36 months of age and their mothers. The temperament of the children was assessed using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire, which comprises the negative affect, extroversion and effortful control factors and their domains. Behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 1 ½-5 (total, internalized, and externalized problems scores and classifications). The temperament of the mothers was assessed using the Adult Temperament Questionnaire. All instruments were applied through interviews with mothers. Descriptive and the hierarchical multiple linear regression statistical analyses were performed. The level of significance adopted in the study was p < 0.05.
Results: The prediction analysis revealed that the internalized behavior problems were explained significantly by children’s temperaments with more fear (negative affect) and less by mothers’ temperament with inhibitory control (effortful control factor). The externalized behavior problems were explained significantly by greater time spent in the neonatal intensive care unit, less effortful control of children’s temperament and less mothers` temperament inhibitory control.
Conclusion: The behavior problems of children at toddlerhood who were born preterm were explained by high neonatal clinical risk as well as by the temperament dispositional traits of both the children and the mothers.
Description of the linguistic and neurological findings of twins born preterm at twoyears of age
Authors: Souza Ana Carla Filgueira de Souza e , Casais-e-Silva Luciana Lyra , Sena Eduardo Pondé de
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Prematurity, low birth weight and multiple births are risk factors for structural changes in the brain, as well as deviations in motor, cognitive, social and language development.
Objective: To describe language findings and investigate the presence of neurological changes in preterm twins born at two years of age.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study based on data analysis of the medical records of six pairs of low birth weight preterm twins, of both sexes, at two years of age, attended to at the State Center for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Persons withDisabilities - CEPRED, in Salvador-Bahia-Brazil. To this end, information regarding birth was collected; the clinical history; the imaging exams; and the speech, neurological and interdisciplinary assessments.
Results: preterm twins had atypical language development and neurological changes that may compromise oral language development. From the neurological point of view, abnormalities common to the premature newborn, such as peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, were observed.
Conclusion: Multiple births associated with prematurity and low birth weight may pose risks to the childs language acquisition.
Secular trend of physical fitness indicators related to health in childrens
Authors: Shigaki Gabriela Blasquez , Batista Mariana Biagi , Pauludo Ana Carolina , Zambrin Lidyane Ferreira , Serassuelo Junior Hélio , Ronque Enio Ricardo Vaz
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The health-related physical fitness (HRPF) show an inverse association with several cardiovascular risk factors in young people, however, a few studies have investigate the changes of HRF indicators throughout a determined period.
Objective: To check the secular trend of HRPF indicators in children of seven to 10 years old.
Methods: were analyzed 1.136 subjects with seven to 10 years in three-time period (2002, 2005, 2010-2011). The HRPF tests were: sit-and-reach (SR), abdominal resistance (AB), 9 min walk/run test (9min) and the body adiposity by skinfold sum (?SF). The classification of the HRPF indicators were made by the Physical Best cut off point. The ANCOVA test (controlled by BMI, height, ?SF) compared the difference of the HRPF indicators amongst the three-time period.
Results: The boys presented 6% of decrease in the flexibility between 2010 and 2002 period; no significance was found in the AB test; children of both sexes presented higher values in the 9min test on 2005 period.
Conclusion: It was concluded that there was a negative secular trend for an HRPF, and gifts were the results in 2010 were compared as their peers (2002-2005) to an HRPF group, in both sexes, except for abdominal strength and endurance.
Impact of the nutrition education Program Nutriamigos® on levels of awareness on healthy eating habits in school-aged children
Authors: Franciscato Suzana Janson , Janson Guilherme , Machado Rachel , Lauris José Roberto Pereira , Andrade Silvana Marques Javarez de , Fisberg Mauro
Published: December 2019

Introduction: With the increase of childhood obesity, early intervention in nutrition education becomes necessary. Therefore, during the school period, the school becomes the best place for implementation of a nutritional education program.
Objective: The current study was carried out in a public and in a private school, with the objective of evaluating and comparing the results of the "Nutriamigos®" Program on food and nutrition knowledge of children with different socioeconomic levels, sex, age and Body Mass Index (BMI).
Method: Comparative longitudinal study, before and after educational intervention. To evaluate the intervention, a public (school 1) and a private school (school 2) were selected. This was a random, convenience sample comparing students from different social and economic levels, consisting of 242 (school 1) and 99 children (school 2), respectively, totaling 341 children, from 6 to 10 years of age. The Body Mass Index was used to measure nutritional status. Knowledge about food and nutrition was evaluated through a questionnaire, applied before and after intervention. The nutritional intervention consisted of 12 classes of 50 minutes each.
Results: The improvement in knowledge on food and nutrition between the pre and post intervention stages was statistically significant.
Conclusion: The "Nutriamigos®" Program reached its goal, demonstrating that it is effective in public and private schools and should not be differentiated for boys or girls, or for children with normal or excessive weight.
Sedentary lifestyle among adolescents living in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)
Authors: Del Ciampo Luiz Antonio , Louro Adriana L , Del Ciampo Ieda RL , Ferraz Ivan S
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Physical inactivity has been pointed out as one of the major public health problems of the 21st century and the benefits of the regular practice of physical activity during adolescence are important for the biological process of growth and development.
Objective: To analyze the prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents enrolled in schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP).
Methods: From September 1 to November 30, 2013, a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted  with adolescents enrolled in 14 state schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short version.
Results: A total of 535 adolescents participated, 35% of them boys and 65% girls; 65% were 10 to 14 years old and 35% were 15 to 19 years old; 52.3% studied in the evening period and 10.3% worked part time on a daily basis. Regarding the level of physical activity, 15.5% of the boys and 24.1% of the girls were classified as sedentary (p>0.05). 60.4% of the boys performed physical activity of vigorous intensity, while 56.3% of the girls showed preference for physical activity of low or moderate intensity (p=0.03). The girls aged 15 to 19 years spent more time sitting during the week, while the girls aged 10 to 14 years were less active during the weekend. 24.2% of the girls aged 10 to 14 years who studied during the morning period and 13.7% of the boys and 18% of the girls who studied during the evening period were classified as sedentary.
Conclusion: High rates of sedentary lifestyle were observed among adolescents enrolled in state (or public?) schools in Ribeirão Preto (Brazil). Girls presented higher rates of sedentary lifestyle than boys. Boys performed physical activity of vigorous intensity more frequently than girls. The older girls had higher rates of physical inactivity (hours spent in the sitting position) during the week days compared to the younger ones, while the latter spent more time in physical inactivity during the weekend.
Family Health Policy and prevalence of anemia in women from an urban region with high Human Development Index
Authors: Pereira Silvia Maira , Rocha Élida Mara Braga , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth , Gallo Paulo Rogério , Bertoli Ciro João , Leone Claudio
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia, a public health problem.
Objective: To analyze the hemoglobin value and the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age, mothers of children enrolled in municipal nurseries in a municipality and a high Human Development Index in the Southeast region, in addition to related factors, including being attended by the Family Health Strategy.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, in a sample of 230 women aged 15 to 49 years. Collection of data through standardized form. Weight, height, and hemoglobin concentration were measured.
Results: The prevalence of anemia in women was 9.6% and the mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.6g/dL. In the bivariate analysis, showed association with anemia the variables: age, having some disease, obstetric intercurrences in the child's study and as a protection factor and to be in the program Family Health Strategy. In the binary logistic analysis, only being attended by the Family Health Strategy demonstrated a significant protective effect against anemia (OR=0,391, p<0,05).
Conclusion: Although there is a mild prevalence of anemia, according to World Health Organization criteria, in an urban area with a high Human Development Index, well-managed health care policies, the Family Health Strategy in particular, can contribute to further reduce the prevalence of this condition in the health of women of reproductive age.
Leprosy and Physiotherapy: a necessary approach
Authors: Álvarez Cláudia Cecília de Souza , Hans Filho Günter
Published: December 2019

Introduction: New cases of leprosy occur due to a set of factors associated with the lack of knowledge about the disease, both by health professionals and patients, favoring late diagnosis, the development of physical and social disabilities, stigma and prejudice.
Objective: To verify the knowledge of students completing the physiotherapy course on leprosy and professional practice in the care of patients with the disease.
Methods: A qualitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted with 68 undergraduate students from physiotherapy courses from public and private universities (AU, UB, UC), in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Data were collected through a questionnaire with ten open questions about knowledge, practical action, motivations, interests and teaching-learning process about leprosy. To organize and analyze the data, thecollective subject discourse technique was used. 
Results: It was found that 60% of aU students, 63% of UB and 30.8% of UC have a general conception about the disease. 46.7% of aU students, 77.8% of UB and 80.9% of UC never had contact with leprosy patients. More than half of the students at the three universities said they were unaware of the physiotherapy approaches and practices in leprosy. Almost 100% of ub and UC students stated that the subject was not addressed during the course and therefore did not feel prepared to provide health education and to guide on how to prevent physical deficiencies resulting from leprosy. 73.3% of AU students, 96.3% of UB and 100% of UC recorded negative evaluations, qualifying the course as precarious, insufficient and weak in the leprosy approach.
Conclusion: It is concluded that leprosy should be included in physiotherapy courses systematically, providing practical care activities, developing skills from prevention to rehabilitation, seeking greater motivation and identification of his work in this area.
Accident and vascular injury with stingray in the Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil: a case report
Authors: Holanda Marlon Negreiros de , Câmara Ozianndeny Ferreira , Silva Delcio Damasceno da , Bernarde Paulo Sérgio , Silva Ageane Mota da , Lima Marcos Venicicus Malveira de , Monteiro Adilson , Wajnsztejn Rubens
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Fish accidents, called ichthyism, are common and considered a neglected health problem with high morbidity and low lethality. Noteworthy are the poisonings by freshwater stingrays, which are considered very serious and one of the most important injuries caused by aquatic animals in South America.
Case Presentation: To describe an accident and vascular injury with venomous stingray animals in the Alto do Juruá, Acre, Brazil. Male patient admitted due to stingray in the left lower extremity 20 days ago.
Conclusion: The freshwater stingray, due to its sharp characteristics, injured the great saphenous vein, requiring surgical intervention. The situation presented negative evolution due to the lack of necessary procedures in the first attendance, such as the proper cleaning of the wound and the removal of the sting.
Research methodology topics: Cohort studies or prospective and retrospective cohort studies
Authors: Camargo Luís Marcelo Aranha , Silva Romeu Paulo Martins , Meneguetti Dionatas Ulises de Oliveira
Published: December 2019

In health sciences, the epidemiological method can be divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology and the latter being divided into observational (cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study) and experimental studies. Cohort studies may be retrospective or prospective, and both assume that the researcher will follow a population over time to seek a possible association between exposure (s) and outcome(s). These types of studies have as advantages the possibility of measuring several exposure factors and outcomes, both primary and secondary, for both relatively frequent outcomes and rare exposure factors. However, they are often long and therefore expensive studies. They have as main biases those of selection, memory and information. These are studies that may point to statistical associations between exposure and outcome that need other models to prove the casualty of these associations.
The Pilato Lake (Sibillini Mts., Central Italy): first results of a study on the supposed variations of its hydrogeological conditions induced by the seismic sequence 2016-2017
Authors: Martarelli Lucio , Gafà Rossella Maria , Guarino Paolo Maria , Monti Gennaro Maria , Puzzilli Luca Maria , Silvi Angelantonio
Published: December 2019

The Pilato Lake has glacial origin, is located in the Sibillini Mountains, Central Italy, and is characterized by the endemism of the small crustaceous Chirocephalus marchesonii. In the context of a research agreement with the Monti Sibillini National Park, the ISPRA Geological Survey of Italy is carrying on some studies aimed to evaluate the supposed effects of the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes on the hydrogeological conditions controlling the lake’s evolution. The study, started in July 2018, aims primarily at the reconstruction of the geological and hydrogeological subsoil setting, beneath the valley hosting the lake. In order to define the conceptual model of groundwater circulation and, thus, to evaluate the emptying and recharge seasonal cycle of the lake, hydrogeological surveys and geophysical investigations were performed. The research program is still in progress and only preliminary results may be proposed. The hydrogeological surveys demonstrate the absence of geomorphological evidence of seismic-induced surface fractures generated by the seismic sequence 2016-2017. Consequently, the complete drying of the lake, occurred in summer 2017, was probably due to meteoclimatic reasons and/ or to not yet verified variations in the permeability characteristics of the surficial deposits and/or bedrock affecting the infiltration towards the subsoil, caused by the severe seismic shaking. The low electrical conductivity values of the lake’s waters are in accordance with the prevailing origin of the lake’s recharge by snow melting and direct rainfall. As concerns the first geophysical surveys in the Pilato Lake area, seismic surveys by surface wave method assessed that the maximum thickness of debris here estimated is about 12.5-14 m. As a whole, the factors responsible for the progressive lowering of the lake level are: i) the water overflow through the Fonte del Lago spring, ii) the evaporation from the lake surface and iii) the drainage through the scarcely permeable glacial deposits towards the Basal Calcareous Aquifer, hosted within the limestone at lower altitude.
Stochastic analysis of groundwater temperature timeseries for characterizing check dams efficiency: case study on a Managed Aquifer Recharge site (Veneto, Italy)
Authors: Meggiorin Mara , Passadore Giulia , Bertoldo Silvia , Sottani Andrea , Rinaldo Andrea
Published: December 2019

In order to investigate hydraulic connections between the Brenta river and its groundwater aquifers, this work performs a stochastic analysis of measured groundwater temperature timeseries. The aim is to compare their trends to verify their mutual influence in stream seepage pathways. Additionally, the study wants to assess whether a large check dam, built across the river to increase aquifer recharge, is working properly. Field data were obtained by a water gauge placed directly into the stream, by two riverbank control points and by a monitoring well representing the regional groundwater thermal trend. Timeseries were evaluated by applying three different analyses - Fourier analysis, autocorrelation and sliding time-window Pearson correlation. Control points results were compared to the inflows to sort whether the aquifer is locally more affected by river dispersion or by regional groundwater flow. The three considered methods substantially agree in showing an increase of the seepage area upstream of the check dam and, at the same time, a marked reduction of groundwater recharge after few years of operation.
FLOWPATH 2019: The Flow never stops!
Authors: Alberti Luca , Bonomi Tullia , Masetti Marco
Published: December 2019

Not available
A new insight to biomarkers related to resistance in survived-white spot syndrome virus challenged giant tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon
Authors: Mohd Ghani Farhana , Bhassu Subha
Published: December 2019

The emergence of diseases such as white spot disease has become a threat toPenaeus monodoncultivation. Although there have been a few studies utilizing RNA-Seq, the cellular processes of host-virus interaction in this species remain mostly anonymous. In the present study,P. monodonwas challenged with WSSV by intramuscular injection and survived for 12 days. The effect of the host gene expression by WSSV infection in the haemocytes, hepatopancreas and muscle ofP. monodonwas studied using Illumina HiSeq 2000. The RNA-Seq of cDNA libraries was developed from surviving WSSV-challenged shrimp as well as from normal healthy shrimp as control. A comparison of the transcriptome data of the two groups showed 2,644 host genes to be significantly up-regulated and 2,194 genes significantly down-regulated as a result of the infection with WSSV. Among the differentially expressed genes, our study discovered HMGB, TNFSF and c-Jun inP. monodonas new potential candidate genes for further investigation for the development of potential disease resistance markers. Our study also provided significant data on the differential expression of genes in the survived WSSV infectedP. monodonthat will help to improve understanding of host-virus interactions in this species.
Benchmarking protocols for the metagenomic analysis of stream biofilm viromes
Authors: Bekliz Meriem , Brandani Jade , Bourquin Massimo , Battin Tom J. , Peter Hannes
Published: December 2019

Viruses drive microbial diversity, function and evolution and influence important biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Despite their relevance, we currently lack an understanding of their potential impacts on stream biofilm structure and function. This is surprising given the critical role of biofilms for stream ecosystem processes. Currently, the study of viruses in stream biofilms is hindered by the lack of an optimized protocol for their extraction, concentration and purification. Here, we evaluate a range of methods to separate viral particles from stream biofilms, and to concentrate and purify them prior to DNA extraction and metagenome sequencing. Based on epifluorescence microscopy counts of viral-like particles (VLP) and DNA yields, we optimize a protocol including treatment with tetrasodium pyrophosphate and ultra-sonication to disintegrate biofilms, tangential-flow filtration to extract and concentrate VLP, followed by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose density gradient to isolate VLP from the biofilm slurry. Viromes derived from biofilms sampled from three different streams were dominated bySiphoviridae,MyoviridaeandPodoviridaeand provide first insights into the viral diversity of stream biofilms. Our protocol optimization provides an important step towards a better understanding of the ecological role of viruses in stream biofilms.
Heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization of a glutamate racemase (MurI) fromStreptococcus mutansUA159
Authors: Wang Xiangzhu , Chen Chanchan , Shen Ting , Zhang Jiangying
Published: December 2019

Background

Glutamate racemase (MurI) is a cofactor-independent enzyme that is essential to the bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway and has therefore been considered an attractive target for the development of antimicrobial drugs. While in our previous study the essentiality of themurIgene was shown inStreptococcus mutans, the primary aetiologic agent of human dental caries, studies onS. mutansMurI have not yet provided definitive results. This study aimed to produce and characterize the biochemical properties of the MurI from theS. mutansUA159 genome.

Methods

Structure characterization prediction and multiple sequence alignment were performed by bioinformatic analysis. Recombinant His6-taggedS. mutansMurI was overexpressed in the expression vector pColdII and further purified using a Ni2+affinity chromatography method. Protein solubility, purity and aggregation state were analyzed by SDS–PAGE, Western blotting, native PAGE and SEC-HPLC. Kinetic parameters were assessed by a circular dichroism (CD) assay. Kinetic constants were calculated based on the curve fit for the Michaelis–Menten equation. The effects of temperature and pH on enzymatic activity were determined by a series of coupled enzyme reaction mixtures.

Results

The glutamate racemase gene fromS. mutansUA159 was amplified by PCR, cloned and expressed inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3). The 264-amino-acid protein, as a mixture of dimeric and monomeric enzymes, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. In the CD assay,S. mutansMurI displayed unique kinetic parameters (Km,d-Glu→l-Glu= 0.3631 ± 0.3205 mM,Vmax,d-Glu→l-Glu= 0.1963 ± 0.0361 mM min−1,kcat,d-Glu→l-Glu= 0.0306 ± 0.0065 s−1,kcat/Km,d-Glu→l-Glu= 0.0844 ± 0.0128 s−1mM−1, withd-glutamate as substrate;Km,l-Glu→d-Glu= 0.8077 ± 0.5081 mM,Vmax,l-Glu→d-Glu= 0.2421 ± 0.0418 mM min−1,kcat,l-Glu→d-Glu= 0.0378 ± 0.0056 s−1,kcat/Km,l-Glu→d-Glu= 0.0468 ± 0.0176 s−1mM−1, withl-glutamate as substrate).S. mutansMurI possessed an assay temperature optimum of 37.5 °C and its optimum pH was 8.0.

Conclusion

The findings of this study provide insight into the structure and biochemical traits of the glutamate racemase inS. mutansand supply a conceivable guideline for employing glutamate racemase in anti-caries drug design.
The Leadership Behavior and Creativity of Sports Coaches with Athletes Satisfactions among Futsal Team in Malaysia Public Universities
Authors: Ain Zakinuddin Siti Nur , Haji Ghazali Sabarani
Published: December 2019

This research emphasizes the relationships between leadership behavior and creativity among sports coaches with futsal athletes’ satisfaction. The study uses the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) include training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. The satisfaction considered as the dependent variable in this study and use the Athletes Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) as the measurement. This study uses quantitative methods with 5-Likert scale measurement. The LSS consists of 40 items as measurement and for creativity, there are about 10 items used. Meanwhile, from the ASQ, there are about 20 items considered as measurement. The subjects of this study are 50 futsal players from public universities in Malaysia. The use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 will be carried out in acquisition of the results through reliability test, descriptive analysis, and correlation. The results prove, if the p-value for the items of LSS and creativity is more than 0.01, it will strengthen the significantly positive relationships towards satisfaction. This study found that there is a relationship between Leadership Behavior and Creativity with Futsal Athletes’ Satisfaction.
Factors Influencing Adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy among Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in Enugu State Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Igweagu C. P. , Chime O. H. , Ekwueme O. C.
Published: December 2019

Background: The Acquired Immune – deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a terminal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the Human Immune-deficiency virus (HIV). HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of death in sub-saharan Africa. Nigeria has the second largest HIV epidemic in the world and one of the highest rates of new infection in sub-Saharan Africa with 1.9 million people living HIV in 2018. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, prolonged life expectancy and improved quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS infection (PLWHA). To be most effective ART requires a near perfect level of adherence. Poor adherence compromises treatment effectiveness, leading to treatment failure and development of drug resistance. Non-adherence is also characterized by increased morbidity, mortality and great economic loss.

This study assessed the effect of health education on factors influencing adherence to ART among PLWHAs in Enugu State.

Methodology: A health education intervention was carried out among 312 persons living with HIV/AIDS receiving ART in Enugu metropolis to improve their perception and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 312 people living with HIV/AIDS (156 each in the study and control groups), who were selected by multistage sampling. Subsequently, health education was conducted among the study group. Three months after this intervention its effects were assessed through a survey using the same structured questionnaires employed in the baseline survey.

Results: Knowledge of supportive and limiting factors of adherence improved significantly among the study group than the controls post-intervention (P<0.001). The factors that facilitated adherence included follow-up visits, adequate information education/counseling and supportive relationships. The limiting factors were drug side-effects, forgetfulness, finance and travel time to clinic.

Conclusion: Health education improved knowledge of supportive factors of ART adherence among PLWHAs in Enugu State, and this should be promoted.
Giant Fungating Cutaneous Myxoma of the Head and Neck: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Daniel Aliyu , Iseh K. R. , Solomon J. H. , Olalekan Olawole W. , Oyebunmi Braimah R. , Aremu Ibikunle A. , Olanrewaju Taiwo A. , Mallami Sahabi S. , Folusho Adeyeye M. , Aquil Nazish P. , Amutta S. B. , Abdullahi M. , Joshua Okoro C.
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Virchow first describes Myxomas in 1871; they are benign tumors of primitive indifferent mesenchyme that have preference for the cardiac muscles, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, liver and spleen. The rarity of the tumor, especially in the head and neck region makes us to report this case.

Case Report: A 16-year-old male secondary student who presented with a 9-year history of painless progressive submandibular swelling, no extension to the mouth. Examination revealed a huge fungating submandibular mass, 20 cm x 16 cm x10 cm in dimension, mobile, non-tender and firm in consistency. Other findings were unremarkable, and routine hematological and biochemical tests were all within normal limits. He subsequently had excision of the mass (weighs 950 g) under general anesthesia via an elective tracheostomy with split thickness skin grafting of the exposed strap muscles. Histopathological report revealed cutaneous myxoma.

Conclusion: Cutaneous myxoma of the Head and Neck region is presented for its rarity, and although is a histologically benign neoplasm, treatment is extremely challenging with high incidence of recurrence.
A Comparative Analytical Study on Two Types of Sharibadi Decoctions: An Ayurveda Preparation
Authors: Kulathunga R. D. H. , Gunarathna E. D. T. P. , Jayawardhana N. D. N. , Silva R. H. S. K. De , Ranasinghe R. L. D. S. , Faisulhaq M. H. , Samarasinha U. K. A. , Arawwawala L. D. A. M.
Published: December 2019

Aim: The present study aimed to compare the Sharibadi decoction which was prepared in two different ways. Sharibadi decoction A: All the ingredients are available including a local variety of H. indicus and Indian variety of H. indicus. Sharibadi decoction B: All the ingredients are available except the local variety of H. indicus and double the amount of Indian variety of H. indicus.

Methodology: Phytochemical (in terms of secondary metabolites and Thin Layer Fingerprint profiles) and Physico-chemical (in terms of ash values and extractable matter) analyses were carried out to compare the Sharibadi decoction A with the Sharibadi decoction B.

Results: Comparison of phytochemicals and Thin Layer Fingerprint profile of Sharibadi decoction A with that of Sharibadi decoction B revealed the differences in phytochemical compound/s presence in both decoctions. However, Physico-chemical parameters of Sharibadi decoction A were almost similar to that of Sharibadi decoction B.

Conclusion: Absence of local variety of H. indicus gives an impact on phytochemical constituents rather than Physico-chemical parameters of Sharibadi decoction. However, phytochemicals play a major role when a drug exhibits its therapeutic effect/s. Therefore, to get the best therapeutic effect of Sharibadi decoction, both local variety of H. indicus and Indian variety of H. indicus should be used with other ingredients.
Clinical Feasibility and Safety of Endoscopic Self-Expandable Metal Stent Placement for Upper Gastrointestinal Pathologies
Authors: Gürbulak Bünyamin , Gürbulak Esin Kabul , Bektaş Hasan , Akgün İsmail Ethem , Yakup Akyildiz Hızır , Segmen Özgür , Celayir Fevzi , Battal Muharrem , Büyükaşık Kenan
Published: December 2019

We aimed to review our experiences to evaluate the practicality, safety, and effectiveness of endoscopic stent placement for the palliation of malignant obstructions of the upper gastrointestinal system (GIS) and the treatment of postoperative complications such as failure of anastomoses and fistulae. Endoscopic stent placement is increasingly used in the upper GIS for the management of both high grade malignancies causing obstruction and benign pathologies such as anastomosis failures, gastrointestinal fistulae, and strictures. Hospital records, clinical data, and endoscopy reports of 61 patients who had undergone endoscopic stenting between the years 2012 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. For all patients, self-expandable metal covered stents were used. Data involving technical and clinical success rates, complication, morbidity, and mortality rates of the endoscopic stenting procedure was collected and simple statistical analyses were made. Endoscopic stenting was successful in 60 of 61 patients (98.3%). Overall technical success rate was found to be 98.3%; clinical success rate, 86.6%; complication rate, 4.9%. No stent related mortality was observed in our series. Endoscopic stents can be effectively and safely used in the treatment of various lesions of the upper GIS.
Silvicultura do eucalipto e a especialização do trabalho na cadeia produtiva de papel e celulose em Imperatriz-MA
Authors: Oliveira Allison Bezerra , Leal Maria Da Conceição Mesquita
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o processo de especialização produtiva do trabalho no Maranhão mediante o avanço da cadeia de papel e celulose em face da expansão e da intensificação da silvicultura do eucalipto desencadeada pela implantação da unidade fabril da Suzano Papel e Celulose no município de Imperatriz, sudoeste do estado do Maranhão. Dessa forma, busca-se questionar: há em curso uma especialização produtiva do trabalho nesse segmento, considerando trabalhadores com qualificação profissional de nível médio/técnico, em Imperatriz? Metodologicamente, além de revisão da literatura pertinente, utilizou-se, conjuntamente com pesquisas de campo, dados secundários sobre transformações no emprego local e nas qualificações profissionais locais advindas da implantação da Suzano. Os dados utilizados são originários da RAIS; CAGED; IBGE, além de escolas técnicas locais. Os resultados encontrados permitiram realizar mapeamento da cadeia de trabalho no segmento em destaque e verificar que há intenso e rápido aprofundamento da especialização produtiva do trabalho no setor de papel e celulose no estado.

Abstract

EUCALYPTUS SILVICULTURE AND THE SPECIALIZATION OF WORK IN THE PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION CHAIN IN IMPERATRIZ - MA

The main goal of this article is to study the labor specialization process in the state of Maranhão through the progress if the paper and cellulose chain over the expansion and reinforcement of the forestry from eucalyptus based on the implementation of the factory “Suzano Papel e Celulose” in Imperatriz, southwest of the Maranhão State. This drives the question: is there a movement to improve and specialize workers in this sector, taking into consideration not specialized or technical workers in the city of Imperatriz? For methodology it was used the book references, field research and secondary data about the changes in the way of work in the local plant and technical requirements for professional workers due to the implementation of “Suzano Papel e Celulose”. The data comes from “RAIS”; “CAGED”; “IBGE” and local technical schools. The results allow us to map the working group in the sector emphasizing that there is an intense and quick specialization regarding the work in this specific sector of paper and cellulose.
A reestruturação dos sistemas de transporte de lácteos sob a perspectiva das novas estratégias mercadológicas da indústria de laticínios no estado do Paraná
Authors: Camilo Pablo Jonas
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar quais são os elementos envolvidos no processo produtivo na cadeia produtiva do leite, que estão estimulando transformações nos modelos de captação e transporte de leite. Com isso, trazendo para a discussão alguns comparativos entre os antigos e os novos modelos de captação e transporte de leite, construindo, assim, conhecimentos indispensáveis para se perceber a importância dos sistemas de transporte na contribuição da evolução dos sistemas produtivos, dando subsídio para que se compreenda a complexidade das relações estabelecidas em uma cadeia produtiva no sudoeste do Paraná, de modo a permitir a interpretação dos diferentes usos do espaço nesta região.

Abstract

THE RESTRUCTURING OF MILK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE NEW MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE STATE OF PARANÁ

The present work has as main objective to demonstrate which are the elements that are involved in the productive process in the milk production chain, that are stimulating transformations in the models of milk collection and transport. Thus, bringing to the discussion, some comparisons between the old and the new models of milk collection and transport, thus building indispensable knowledge to understand the importance of transport systems in the contribution of the evolution of production systems, giving subsidy so that the complexity of the relationships established in a productive chain widely present in the southwestern region of Parana is understood, thus allowing the interpretation of the different uses of space in this region.
Francesco Petrarch: A Poet of “Multiple Belongings”
Authors: Rushworth Jennifer
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the medieval Italian poet Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) and the sixteenth‐century European literary movement known as Petrarchism. I argue that Petrarch is an important figure in world literature because of the “multiple belongings” of his nomadic life and the openness of his poetry to multiple interpretations. Both these aspects are read under the sign of ambiguity. I also suggest that ambivalence serves to further Petrarch's popularity, using the example of the French poet Joachim du Bellay. The conclusion acknowledges the limitations of the idea of Rome/Europe as the world, and suggests avenues for future research.
Sebeos of Armenia
Authors: Greenwood Tim
Published: December 2019

Sebeos, traditionally identified as the compiler of a mid‐seventh‐century Armenian historical composition which offers a contemporary perspective on Sasanian, Byzantine and early Islamic affairs, and interactions between 572 and 661
ce
.
Hyperbolos (Hyperbolus)
Authors: Keim Benjamin
Published: December 2019

Hyperbolos (d. 411bce) was a radical Athenian politician who came to prominence during the 420s and was later the last Athenian to be ostracized.
Phormisios (Phormisius)
Authors: Keim Benjamin
Published: December 2019

Phormisios was a moderate Athenian politician active during the late fifth and early fourth centuriesbce.
Satraps’ revolt
Authors: Facella Margherita
Published: December 2019

According to a passage of Diodorus (15.90.1–92.5), the Great King Artaxerxes II Mnemon had to face a big rebellion of several satraps of Asia Minor in 362–361
bce
. Modern scholarship is inclined to believe that Diodorus has here compressed what was actually a series of insurrections which took place in the space of fifteen years and which has involved numerous satraps, as well as the Greeks and the Egyptian pharaoh Tachos.
Tragedy, Greek
Authors: Medda Enrico
Published: December 2019

Origins, development and main authors of ancient Greek tragic theater.
Bishop
Authors: Maier Harry O.
Published: December 2019

“Bishop,” cognate of
episkopos
(literally “overseer”), is a term perhaps borrowed from the contemporary Greco‐Roman world.
Lactantius
Authors: Nicholson Oliver
Published: December 2019

Lactantius, an African rhetorician, served both Diocletian and Constantine. HisOn the Deaths of the Persecutorsof 313/4ceis a detailed, if partisan narrative of the decade of the Great Persecution and the rise of Constantine. HisDivine Institutes, the first comprehensive introduction to Christianity in Latin, earned him in the Renaissance the sobriquet the “Christian Cicero.”
Philip, Acts of
Authors: Stoops Robert F.
Published: December 2019

The
Acts of Philip
narrates the preaching, miracle working, and martyrdom of Philip the apostle. The work originally represented the views of an ascetic group of Christians in conflict with other Christians as well as with Jews and Greeks.
Via publica
Authors: van Tilburg Cornelis
Published: December 2019

A
via publica
, as opposed to a
via privata
, is a road accessible for all traffic: wheeled, mounted, and pedestrian. A
via publica
can be a thoroughfare, but also a cul‐de‐sac (
diverticulum
).
Defensor civitatis
Authors: Frakes Robert M.
Published: December 2019

The
defensor civitatis
(or “defender of the municipality”) was an important judicial office in the later Roman Empire. The office went through several phases and provides an interesting example of administrative development in the fourth and fifth centuries
ce
.
Dynastic cults, Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: December 2019

The Greek royal cult in Alexandria developed from and around the cult of Alexander the Great, whose mummified body in thesemawas surrounded by the divinized Ptolemies from the end of the third century onward. The reigning kings were the living representatives of an ever‐growing divine dynastic line.
Oxyrhynchos (Oxyrhynchus)
Authors: Benaissa Amin
Published: December 2019

A city in Middle Egypt (modern al‐Bahnasa), situated ca. 180 km south of Cairo and on the western bank of the Nile channel known as the Bahr Yusuf. It is the most prolific source of Greek papyri, chiefly dating from the Roman and Late Antique periods (late first centurybceto seventh centuryce), and arguably the best‐documented provincial city of the Roman Empire.
Licinius Macer, Gaius
Authors: Clark Jessica H.
Published: December 2019

Gaius Licinius Macer (ca. 110–66
bce
) wrote an annalistic account of early Rome in Latin.
Sisenna, Lucius Cornelius
Authors: Clark Jessica H.
Published: December 2019

Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (ca. 119–67
bce
), Roman orator and magistrate, is best known for writing
Histories
in Latin.
Strabo of Amaseia
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: December 2019

Strabo of Amseia, active in the late first century
bce
and early first century
ce
, wrote the longest surviving geography in Greek literature. It covers a wide range of subjects, including much of what is known about the history of Greek geography and exploration. He also wrote a general history and a study of Alexander the Great, both of which only survive in fragments.
Aristoboulos of Kassandreia (Aristobulus of Cassandreia)
Authors: Prandi Luisa
Published: December 2019

Aristoboulos, son of Aristoboulos, followed Alexander in Asia and composed a work about the conquest; neither title nor extent are preserved. Overall, the content of the fragments is neutral or apologetic toward Alexander.
Onesikritos of Astypalaia
Authors: Prandi Luisa
Published: December 2019

Onesikritos of Astypalaia (BNJ134), experienced in seafaring and connected with the island of Aigina, followed Alexander in Asia and wrote a work surviving only in fragments.
Antigonos II Gonatas (Antigonus II Gonatas)
Authors: Kralli Ioanna
Published: December 2019

Antigonos II Gonatas, son of Demetrios I Poliorketes, was born ca. 320bceand effectively ruled from 277 to 239. Having witnessed his father's grand failure to rule over Asia, Antigonos set himself more modest goals, protecting Macedonia by asserting himself in Greece and throughout the Aegean. He installed garrisons and opportunistically established or supported oligarchic or autocratic regimes favorable to his rule. In the last years of his rule Gonatas lost control of the Peloponnese due to the expansion of the Achaian League.
Antigonos III Doson (Antigonus III Doson)
Authors: Kralli Ioanna
Published: December 2019

Antigonos III (r. 229–221bce), nicknamed Doson, nephew of Antigonos II Gonatas and grandson of Demetrios I Poliorketes, ascended to the Macedonian throne initially as regent for the minor Philip V of Macedon. Doson assured Philip's succession, consolidated the kingdom's northern borders, reincorporated Thessaly and blocked Aitolian expansion. The war between Kleomenes III of Sparta and the Achaian League gave Doson the opportunity to reestablish Macedonian control over the Peloponnese, through his alliance with the League and his victory over Kleomenes at Sellasia. Being the first enemy ever to enter Sparta, he chose not to destroy it.
Areus of Sparta
Authors: Kralli Ioanna
Published: December 2019

The Agiad Areus I (ca. 320–265bce) ascended to the throne as a minor, when Sparta had sunk into political and military insignificance. During his reign Sparta emerged out of obscurity, attempting to resume leadership of the Greeks. He issued Sparta's first silver coinage.
Friends of the king
Authors: Savalli‐Lestrade Ivana
Published: December 2019

The “friends of the king,” along with the army, were the two pillars of any Hellenistic kingdom.
Cassander
Authors: Wheatley Pat
Published: December 2019

Son ofAntipater and ruler ofMacedonia between 316 and 297bce, Cassander is the victim of a hostile source tradition, as he was antipathetic toAlexander theGreat and directly responsible for eliminating his family and causing the extinction of the Argead Dynasty.
Nabis of Sparta
Authors: Kralli Ioanna
Published: December 2019

Nabis, of Eurypontid descent, was sole ruler of Sparta between ca. 207 and 192bce. For his social policies and for being an enemy of his native Megalopolis, Polybius and later sources following him labeled him a tyrant. Though ruthless, he was also innovative, he strengthened the Spartan army at the same time abolishing the traditional class system, and for a brief period he affected high politics. His defeat by the Romans led to the loss of the Lakonian perioikic towns.
Sellasia, Battle of
Authors: Kralli Ioanna
Published: December 2019

Sellasia, near the northern frontier of Sparta, was the site of a major battle in 222bcebetween the Spartan king Kleomenes III and the Macedonian king Antigonos Doson. The latter was at the head of a Hellenic Alliance consisting of Macedon, the Achaian League, and other federations. Doson was victorious and became the first enemy ever to enter Sparta.
Tigranes II–IV of Armenia
Authors: Coloru Omar
Published: December 2019

Tigranes was the name borne by several kings of the Artaxiads of
A
rmenia. This dynasty, taking advantage of the Seleucid defeat at Magnesia in 189
bce
, had begun to reign independently.
Justus of Tiberias
Authors: McClister David
Published: December 2019

Justus of Tiberias was a Jewish aristocrat in Galilee in the first centuryce. He served as secretary to Herod Agrippa II and was the author of one, or possibly two, works on Jewish history. Our main source of knowledge about Justus is theVita, or autobiography, of Flavius Josephus.