bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rabbit Spermatozoa: A Model System for Studying ATP Homeostasis and Motility
Authors: MINELLI ALBA , MORONI MONICA , CASTELLINI CESARE , LATTAIOLI PAOLO , MEZZASOMA ISABELLA , RONQUIST GUNNAR
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: This paper studies the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis and the motility parameters of rabbit spermatozoa. Rabbit sperm, collected by artificial vagina, were studied in various buffer systems to determine motility over time. Sperms were also extracted to measure enzyme activity. Analyses of motility by Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer system were run in parallel with energy metabolic studies of sperm cells maintained in different physiological solutions sometimes containing inhibitors of energy metabolism. Rabbit spermatozoa were shown to be able to form ATP either via glycolysis or via oxidative phosphorylation. Both these metabolic pathways were active in viable cells where creatine kinase and adenylate kinase systems were also present (1.1 and 7,000 nmol/min per 100 × 106, respectively) and involved in maintaining high ATP levels. A dynamic balance between ATP synthesis and ATP‐hydrolyzing enzymes was suggested by the fact that rabbit sperms in their seminal plasma preserved their motility for hours. The decrease in sperm ATP content was mainly due to its hydrolysis by dynein ATPases coupled with movements. Therefore, motility of rabbit spermatozoa appeared to be dependent only on the ATP available to dynein ATPases. In fact, statistical analyses of motility parameters and the concentrations of intracellular ATP or ATP‐metabolite did not show any significant correlation.
Obstruction of the Vas Deferens Alters Protein Secretion by the Rat Caput Epididymidal Epithelium In Vivo
Authors: TURNER T. T. , RELEY T. A. , MRUK D. D. , CHENG C. Y.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Obstruction of epididymal lumen fluid flow alters the intraluminal environment and potentially changes epididymal epithelial cell function when those functions are dependent on intraluminal regulatory molecules. This investigation tested the hypothesis that obstruction of the rat vas deferens alters caput epididymidal protein synthesis and secretion in vivo. Adult male rats were subjected to vasal obstruction or sham operation. Fourteen days later, caput epididymides were subjected to in vivo microperfusion with medium containing a [35S]‐amino acid mixture. At the end of a 3‐hour perifusion, micropuncture was used to obtain caput lumen fluid (LF). Tubule extract (TE) was obtained as supernatant after homogenization and centrifugation of caput tubules. Tubule extract contained all [SJ‐proteins synthesized within the 3‐hour experiment, and LF contained the secreted [35S]‐proteins. Radioactivity of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)‐precipitable proteins in LF and TE was determined, and two‐dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography of each sample were carried out The resultant autoradiograms were evaluated densitometrically. A protein synthesis index calculated from the TCA‐precipitable radioactivity data demonstrated that a significant decline in overall protein synthesis was induced by vasal obstruction. Densitometry of autoradiograms demonstrated that the total number of radiolabeled proteins detected in both the LF and TE of obstructed animals was significantly smaller than the same number in control animals (P < 0.05). Autoradiography revealed seven major, consistently appearing gene products in LF, and these were subjected to amino acid sequence analysis. Cysteine‐rich secretory protein (CRISP)‐1 proteins were significantly reduced in the LF of obstructed animals, which implies that these proteins are dependent on luminal regulatory molecules for their normal production.
Involvement of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Impaired Endothelium‐dependent Relaxation of Cavernous Smooth Muscle in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit
Authors: SEO KYUNG KEUN , YUN HYE‐YOUNG , KIM HYUN , KIM SAE CHUL
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The present study was designed to evaluate whether functional impairment and/or protein expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS; endothelial NOS [eNOS] and neuronal NOS[nNOS]) was involved in impairment of endothelium‐dependent relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The control group (n = 20) received a regular diet, while the two experimental groups (n = 20 for each) were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. We conducted isometric tension studies with endothelium‐dependent and endothelium‐independent vasodilators with or without preincubation with L‐arginine and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC)‐selective electrical field stimulation on isolated strips of corpus cavernosum. Expression of cNOS (eNOS and nNOS) protein was assessed by Western blot analysis. cNOS activities in both cytosolic and particulate fractions were measured by determining the conversion of L‐[U‐14C] arginine to L‐[U‐14C] citrulline. Blood levels of cholesterol were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the experimental groups than in the control group. The relaxation responses to endothelium‐dependent agents (acetylcholine and adenosine 5‐di‐phosphate [ADP]) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in both experimental groups, regardless of their incubation with L‐arginine, compared with the control group. However, no differences were found among the three groups in the relaxation response to endothelium‐independent agents (papaverine and nitroprusside) and to NANC‐selective electrical field stimulation. There was no difference in immunoreactive nNOS from cytosolic and particulate fractions between the cavernous tissues of the control and experimental groups. nNOS protein levels in the particulate fractions were markedly lower than in the cytosolic fractions. The particulate cNOS activity was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the experimental groups compared with the control group, while the cytosolic cNOS activity in the experimental groups was not different from that found in the control group. Therefore, it is concluded that functional impairment of eNOS, rather than of nNOS, may lead to impairment of cavernous smooth muscle relaxation in response to endothelium‐mediated stimuli in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Temporal Relation Between Leptin and Various Indices of Sexual Maturation in the Male Rat
Authors: NAZIAN STANLEY J. , CAMERON DON F.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Recent studies in humans and rhesus monkeys have suggested the possibility that the adipose tissue hormone leptin has a stimulatory and/or permissive effect on the onset of puberty in the male. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring leptin in groups of male rats between the ages of 26 days and 96 days. A statistically significant positive correlation was present between serum leptin and age, body weight, prostate, seminal vesicle, and testes weight (both absolute and as a function of body weight). A statistically significant negative correlation was present between leptin and serum FSH and α‐inhibin. There was not a statistically significant correlation between leptin and testosterone or LH. There was a statistically significant increase in the serum leptin concentrations at day 47. This rise was coincident with the peripubertal growth spurt in the secondary sexual organs and the peripubertal testosterone rise but occurred after the prepubertal rise in testicular weight, the appearance of elongating spermatids in the testes, and the start of the decline in FSH. In animals in which the peripubertal testosterone rise was delayed by the administration of EDS, serum leptin showed statistically significant differences from control. These data do not support the hypothesis that leptin provides a trigger for the onset of puberty in the male rat. They do suggest that leptin may be involved in the secondary sexual organ growth spurt and are consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone stimulates leptin synthesis during puberty.
Acrosome Reaction in Dog Sperm Is Induced by a Membrane‐Localized Progesterone Receptor
Authors: SIRIVAIDYAPONG SUDSON , BEVERS MART M. , COLENBRANDER BEN
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the dog sperm acrosome reaction can be induced by progesterone and whether the action of progesterone is mediated by binding of progesterone to a receptor on the sperm plasma. Progesterone‐BSA conjugate labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (P‐BSA‐FITC) in combination with a vital stain, ethidium homodimer, was applied to visualize the presence of the progesterone receptor on living spermatozoa. Ten mM progesterone increased the acrosome reaction in viable spermatozoa over time from 3 ± 1% at 0 hours to 69 ± 8% at 6 hours (six dogs). In freshly ejaculated sperm from six dogs, P‐BSA‐FITC staining was observed in 13 ± 1% of the viable, acrosome‐intact cells, as characterized by bright fluorescence over the entire apical region. The proportion of P‐BSA‐FITC‐stained, viable, acrosome‐intact cells increased to 84 ± 11% following 7 hours incubation in a low‐calcium medium. In contrast, the majority (72 ± 3%) of fresh epididymal sperm already demonstrated bright P‐BSA‐FITC staining. Apparently, epididymal spermatozoa already possess the progesterone receptor. The receptor is masked at ejaculation and subsequently gradually exposed.
Changes in the Number, Proliferation Rates, and bcl‐2 Protein Immunoexpression of Epithelial and Periductal Cells From Rat Epididymis During Postnatal Development
Authors: RAMÍREZ RAQUEL , MARTÍN ROCÍO , MARTÍN JOSÉ J. , RAMÍREZ JOSÉ R. , PANIAGUA RICARDO , SANTAMARÍA LUIS
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: To investigate 1) the correlation between the proliferative activity of epididymal epithelium plus myoid cells and the increase in the number of these cells and 2) the role of the basal epithelial cells in the renewal of epididymal epithelium, a quantitative evaluation of the proliferation of both epithelial cells and periductal myoid cells in the different epididymal regions (caput, corpus, and cauda) has been carried out during postnatal development of the rat by immunohistochemical evaluation of BrdU‐labeling indices. These data were correlated with cell numbers and counted by the optical disector method. The presence of bcl‐2 protein was immunohistochemically detected and evaluated. No significant differences in BrdU indices were observed among epididymal regions in any stage studied. Cell proliferation decreased from the prepubertal period to adulthood in both epithelial and myoid cells in the three regions of the epididymis, suggesting a close relationship between epithelial and mesenchymal components. The numbers of both cell types were significantly higher in the caput than in the corpus and cauda in all stages studied, suggesting functional differences between regions. A negative linear correlation between proliferative activity and cell numbers was noted that might be related to regulation of the cell population size. Basal cells showed a lower proliferation rate than principal cells, but most of the immunoreactive bcl‐2 protein, in pubertal and adult epididymides, was observed in basal cells. Therefore, these cells might comprise a lowproliferating and apoptosis‐resistant population. Key words: Basal cells, cell proliferation.
Regional Variation in Macrophage Antigen Expression by Murine Epididymal Basal Cells and Their Regulation by Testicular Factors
Authors: SEBLER PETRA , COOPER TREVOR G. , YEUNG CHING‐HEI , NIESCHLAG EBERHARD
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Factors controlling the appearance in the epididymis of basal cells and their expression of macrophage antigens were examined by ligating the efferent ducts to prevent the entry of spermatozoa in adult and juvenile mice. Fixation and antigen retrieval techniques were developed to preserve tissue morphology and expression of two macrophage antigens in paraffin‐embedded epididymal tissue. A combination of periodatelysine‐phosphate fixation, low‐temperature embedding and enzyme predigestion of sections permitted immunohistochemical detection of the mature macrophage antigen Mac‐1, whereas the panmacrophage marker F4/ 80 required fixation in neutral‐buffered formalin. Epididymal basal cells were immunostained for F4/80 and quantified with avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase. In the adult mouse, the total number of basal cells per millimeter length of tubule cross section perimeter and the percentage expressing the F4/80‐antigen were significantly higher in the initial segment and caput region than in all other epididymal regions. In the initial segment, immunostained basal cells surrounded the tubule in a network, and some extended towards the lumen. Ligation of the efferent ducts to prevent inflow of testicular secretions significantly reduced the number of basal cells per cross section in the initial segment of the adult and juvenile; the percentage of basal cells expressing macrophage antigens in the initial segment and the caput epididymidis was also reduced. Since basal cells still appeared in the ligated postpuberal epididymis, it is concluded that testicular exocrine secretions entering the epididymal lumen around puberty are not the major influence on basal cell appearance in the murine epididymis, but they may modulate their expression of macrophage antigens.
The Self‐Directed Teacher: Managing the Learning Process
Authors: MacFerrin S. Tiffany
Published: October 2023

David Nunan and Clarice Lamb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Community Spirit: A Practical Guide to Collaborative Language Learning
Authors: Shapiro Norma
Published: October 2023

Sharron Bassano and Mary Ann Christison. San Francisco, CA: Alta Book Center, 1995
Quicktionary Reading Pen
Authors: Koren Shira
Published: October 2023

Jerusalem, Israel: WizCom Technologies Ltd., 1997 Distributed by Seiko Instruments USA Inc.
A Novel Approach: A Guide to Using Literature and Film in the Classroom
Authors: Iancu Martha A.
Published: October 2023

Being There: Elisabeth Gareis, Martine S. Allard, Susan Gill, and Jacqueline J. Saindon Pp. vi + 110 (Student Workbook) Pp. vi + 62 (Teacher's Manual) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

Fried Green Tomatoes: Elisabeth Gareis, Martine S. Allard, Susan Gill, and Jacqueline J. Saindon Pp. viii + 83 (Student Workbook) Pp. vi + 85 (Teacher's Manual) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.

The Shawshank Redemption: Elisabeth Gareis, Martine S. Allard, and Jacqueline J. Saindon Pp. vi + 98 (Student Workbook) Pp. vi + 106 (Teacher's Manual)
Academic Encounters: Reading, Study Skills, and Writing
Authors: Lincoln Kirsten
Published: October 2023

Bernard Seal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
The inter‐laboratory validation study of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential
Authors: Mizumachi Hideyuki , Watanabe Mika , Ikezumi Mayu , Kajiwara Michika , Yasuda Michiyo , Mizuno Makoto , Imai Noriyasu , Sakuma Megumi , Shibata Momoko , Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Motoyama Junko , Basketter David , Eskes Chantra , Hoffmann Sebastian , Lehmann David M. , Ashikaga Takao , Sozu Takashi , Takeyoshi Masahiro , Suzuki Sho , Miyazawa Masaaki , Kojima Hajime
Published: October 2023

The Epidermal Sensitization Assay (EpiSensA) is a reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)‐based gene expression assay for predicting the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Since the RhE model is covered by a stratified stratum corneum, various kinds of test chemicals, including lipophilic ones and pre‐/pro‐haptens, can be tested with a route of exposure akin to an in vivo assay and human exposure. This article presents the results of a formally managed validation study of the EpiSensA that was carried out by three participating laboratories. The purpose of this validation study was to assess transferability of the EpiSensA to new laboratories along with its within‐ (WLR) and between‐laboratory reproducibility (BLR). The validation study was organized into two independent stages. As demonstrated during the first stage, where three sensitizers and one non‐sensitizer were correctly predicted by all participating laboratories, the EpiSensA was successfully transferred to all three participating laboratories. For Phase I of the second stage, each participating laboratory performed three experiments with an identical set of 15 coded test chemicals resulting in WLR of 93.3%, 93.3%, and 86.7%, respectively. Furthermore, when the results from the 15 test chemicals were combined with those of the additional 12 chemicals tested in Phase II of the second stage, the BLR for 27 test chemicals was 88.9%. Moreover, the predictive capacity among the three laboratories showed 92.6% sensitivity, 63.0% specificity, 82.7% accuracy, and 77.8% balanced accuracy based on murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) results. Overall, this validation study concluded that EpiSensA is easily transferable and sufficiently robust for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor antagonism suppresses intramuscular adipose tissue accumulation and ameliorates sarcopenia
Authors: Takahashi Yuya , Fujita Hiroki , Seino Yusuke , Hattori Satoko , Hidaka Shihomi , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Atsushi , Waki Hironori , Yabe Daisuke , Seino Yutaka , Yamada Yuichiro
Published: October 2023

Background

Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) formation derived from muscle fibro‐adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) has been recognized as a pathological feature of sarcopenia. This study aimed to explore whether genetic and pharmacological gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonism suppresses IMAT accumulation and ameliorates sarcopenia in mice.

Methods

Whole body composition, grip strength, skeletal muscle weight, tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fibre cross‐sectional area (CSA) and TA muscle IMAT area were measured in young and aged male C57BL/6 strain GIP receptor (Gipr)‐knockout (Gipr−/−) and wild‐type (Gipr+/+) mice. FAPs isolated from lower limb muscles of 12‐week‐old Gipr+/+ mice were cultured with GIP, and their differentiation into mature adipocytes was examined. Furthermore, TA muscle IMAT area and fibre CSA were measured in untreated Gipr−/− mice and GIP receptor antagonist‐treated Gipr+/+ mice after glycerol injection into the TA muscles.

Results

Body composition analysis revealed that 104‐week‐old Gipr−/− mice had a greater proportion of lean tissue mass (73.7 ± 1.2% vs. 66.5 ± 2.7%, P < 0.05 vs. 104‐week‐old Gipr+/+ mice) and less adipose tissue mass (13.1 ± 1.3% vs. 19.4 ± 2.6%, P < 0.05 vs. 104‐week‐old Gipr+/+ mice). Eighty‐four‐week‐old Gipr−/− mice exhibited increases in grip strength (P < 0.05), weights of TA (P < 0.05), soleus (P < 0.01), gastrocnemius (P < 0.05) and quadriceps femoris (P < 0.01) muscles, and average TA muscle fibre CSA (P < 0.05) along with a reduction in TA muscle IMAT area assessed by the number of perilipin‐positive cells (P < 0.0001) compared with 84‐week‐old Gipr+/+ mice. Oil Red O staining analysis revealed 1.6‐ and 1.7‐fold increased adipogenesis in muscle FAPs cultured with 10 and 100 nM of GIP (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 vs. 0 nM of GIP, respectively). Furthermore, both untreated Gipr−/− mice and GIP receptor antagonist‐treated Gipr+/+ mice for 14 days after glycerol injection into the TA muscles at 12 weeks of age showed reduced TA muscle IMAT area (1.39 ± 0.38% and 2.65 ± 0.36% vs. 6.54 ± 1.30%, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 vs. untreated Gipr+/+ mice, respectively) and increased average TA muscle fibre CSA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 vs. untreated Gipr+/+ mice, respectively).

Conclusions

GIP promotes the differentiation of muscle FAPs into adipocytes and its receptor antagonism suppresses IMAT accumulation and promotes muscle regeneration. Pharmacological GIP receptor antagonism may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for sarcopenia.
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition impacts energy homeostasis and induces sex‐specific body weight loss in humans
Authors: Mannaa Marwan , Pfennigwerth Pia , Fielitz Jens , Gollasch Maik , Boschmann Michael
Published: October 2023

Background

Previous data from a 2‐year randomized controlled trial (CRAD001ADE12) indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition by everolimus slowed cyst growth in patients with autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). During the trial, we noted body weight loss in some patients, particularly in women. We hypothesized that everolimus causes body weight reduction by reduced food intake and/or metabolic changes, which could lead to cachexia.

Methods

Within a sub‐analysis of the CRAD001ADE12 trial, body weight course was investigated regarding sex‐specific differences in 433 adult ADPKD patients (everolimus, n = 215; placebo, n = 218). One hundred four out of 111 patients who participated in the clinical trial centre in Berlin were evaluated under everolimus/placebo therapy (on drug: everolimus, n = 48; placebo, n = 56) and after therapy (off drug: everolimus, n = 15; placebo, n = 18). Eating habits and nutrient/caloric intake were evaluated by validated questionnaires. Systemic and local metabolism was evaluated in four patients after an oral glucose load (OGL) by using calorimetry and adipose/muscle tissue microdialysis.

Results

Within the 2‐year CRAD001ADE12 trial, a significant body weight loss was observed in female patients on everolimus versus placebo (P = 0.0029). Data of the Berlin Cohort revealed that weight loss was greater in women on everolimus versus men (P < 0.01). After 9 months, women and men had lost 2.6 ± 3.8 and 0.8 ± 1.5 kg (P < 0.05) in body weight, respectively, and after 21 months, they had lost 4.1 ± 6.6 and 1.0 ± 3.3 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. On everolimus, caloric intake was significantly lower in women versus men (1510 ± 128 vs. 2264 ± 216 kcal/day, P < 0.05), caused mainly by a lower fat and protein intake in women versus men. Cognitive restraints, disinhibition and hunger remained unchanged. In a subgroup of patients resting metabolic rate was unchanged whereas OGL‐induced thermogenesis was reduced (7 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 2 kcal, P < 0.05). Fasting and OGL‐induced fat oxidation was increased (P < 0.05) on versus off everolimus. In adipose tissue, fasting lipolytic activity was increased, but lipolytic activity was inhibited similarly after the OGL on versus off everolimus, respectively. In skeletal muscle, postprandial glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis was reduced in patients on everolimus.

Conclusions

mTOR inhibition by everolimus induces body weight reduction, specifically in female patients. This effect is possibly caused by a centrally mediated reduced food (fat and protein) intake and by centrally/peripherally mediated increased fat oxidation (systemic) and mobilization (adipose tissue). Glucose uptake and oxidation might be reduced in skeletal muscle. This could lead to cachexia and, possibly, muscle wasting. Therefore, our results have important implications for patients recieving immune‐suppressive mTOR inhibition therapy.
Anorexia of aging: An international assessment of healthcare providers' knowledge and practice gaps
Authors: Aprahamian Ivan , Coats Andrew J. , Morley John E. , Klompenhouwer Tatiana , Anker Stefan D. ,   the International Advisory Board, and Regional Advisory Boards for North America, Latin America, Europe and Japan
Published: October 2023

Background

Anorexia of aging is a common geriatric syndrome that includes loss of appetite and/or reduced food intake, with associated undernutrition, unintended weight loss, sarcopenia, functional decline, loss of independence and other adverse health outcomes. Anorexia of aging can have multiple and severe consequences and is often overlooked by healthcare professionals (HCPs). Even more concerningly, clinicians commonly accept anorexia of aging as an inevitable part of ‘normal’ aging. The aim of this assessment was to identify current gaps in professional knowledge and practice in identifying and managing older persons with anorexia. Results may guide educational programmes to fill the gaps identified and therefore improve patient outcomes.

Methods

This international assessment was conducted using a mixed‐methods approach, including focus group interviews with subject matter experts and an electronic survey of practicing HCPs. The assessment was led by the Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders (SCWD) and was supported by in‐country collaborating organizations.

Results

A quantitative survey of 26 multiple‐choice questions was completed by physicians, dietitians and other HCPs (n = 1545). Most HCPs (56.8%) recognize a consistent definition of anorexia of aging as a loss of appetite and/or low food intake. Cognitive changes/dementia (91%) and dysphagia (87%) are seen as the biggest risk factors. Most respondents were confident to give nutritional (62%) and physical activity (59.4%) recommendations and engaged caregivers such as family members in supporting older adults with anorexia (80.6%). Most clinicians assessed appetite at each visit (66.7%), although weight is not measured at every visit (41.5%). Apart from the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short Form (39%), other tools to screen for appetite loss are not frequently used or no tools are used at all (29.4%). A high number of respondents (38.7%) believe that anorexia is a normal part of aging. Results show that treatment is focused on swallowing disorders (78%), dentition issues (76%) and increasing oral intake (fortified foods [75%] and oral nutritional supplements [74%]). Nevertheless, the lack of high‐quality evidence is perceived as a barrier to optimal treatment (49.2%).

Conclusions

Findings from this international assessment highlight the challenges in the care of older adults with or at risk for anorexia of aging. Identifying professional practice gaps between individual HCPs and team‐based gaps can provide a basis for healthcare education that is addressed at root causes, targeted to specific audiences and developed to improve individual and team practices that contribute to improving patient outcomes.
Comparing findings from the random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model and the monozygotic twin difference cross‐lagged panel model: Maladaptive parenting and offspring emotional and behavioural problems
Authors: Kullberg Marie‐Louise J. , Van Schie Charlotte C. , Allegrini Andrea G. , Ahmadzadeh Yasmin , Wechsler Daniel L. , Elzinga Bernet M. , McAdams Tom A.
Published: October 2023

Background

In this study we compare results obtained when applying the monozygotic twin difference cross‐lagged panel model (MZD‐CLPM) and a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RI‐CLPM) to the same data. Each of these models is designed to strengthen researchers' ability to draw causal inference from cross‐lagged associations. We explore differences and similarities in how each model does this, and in the results each model produces. Specifically, we examine associations between maladaptive parenting and child emotional and behavioural problems in identical twins aged 9, 12 and 16.

Method

Child reports of 5698 identical twins from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) were analysed. We ran a regular CLPM to anchor our findings within the current literature, then applied the MZD‐CLPM and the RI‐CLPM.

Results

The RI‐CLPM and MZD‐CLPM each enable researchers to evaluate the direction of effects between correlated variables, after accounting for unmeasured sources of potential confounding. Our interpretation of these models therefore focusses primarily on the magnitude and significance of cross‐lagged associations. In both the MZD‐CLPM and the RI‐CLPM behavioural problems at age 9 resulted in higher levels of maladaptive parenting at age 12. Other effects were not consistently significant across the two models, although the majority of estimates pointed in the same direction.

Conclusion

In light of the triangulated methods, differences in the results obtained using the MZD‐CLPM and the RI‐CLPM underline the importance of careful consideration of what sources of unmeasured confounding different models control for and that nuance is required when interpreting findings using such models. We provide an overview of what the CLPM, RI‐CLPM and MZD‐CLPM can and cannot control for in this respect and the conclusions that can be drawn from each model.
Time‐series analyses and cohort studies to investigate relationships between particulate matter and mortality—two approaches to one endpoint
Authors: Englert Norbert
Published: October 2023

Time‐series analyses and cohort studies provide different methods of looking at the health effects of air pollution. With respect to mortality, the relative risk associated with a defined increase in the concentration of particulate matter is numerically much higher if derived from cohort studies than if based on time‐series analyses. This discrepancy is often explained by arguing that chronic effects of air pollutants can only be assessed in cohort studies. However, with respect to changes in life expectancy, the results of the two study types can be shown to be consistent. In calculations of pollution‐related health costs, mortality plays a dominant role. Applying the relative risk derived from cohort studies directly as a multiplier on daily or annual mortality leads to a considerable overestimation of effects. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and environmental effects on processing productivity and food product yield: drudgery of women's work
Authors: Bello Abolore , Agbona Afolabi , Olaosebikan Olamide , Edughaen Gospel , Dufour Dominique , Bouniol Alexandre , Iluebbey Peter , Ndjouenkeu Robert , Rabbi Ismail , Teeken Béla
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Cassava processing is a crucial source of livelihood for rural farmers and processors in Nigeria and Cameroon. This study investigated the varietal effect on the processing productivity of women farmer processors within their working environment and compared this with the food product quality as evaluated by the processors and the field yield. Field trials were established in Nigeria (Benue and Osun state) and Cameroon (Littoral region). Eight cassava genotypes were evaluated. These eight varieties included newly bred genotypes, commercial checks and varieties provided and preferred by the processors. The roots of these genotypes were harvested and processed intogariandebaby processors. The time of each processing step was recorded. Processors assessed the quality of the roots and food products using pairwise ranking.

RESULTS

In the field trials in Cameroon and Nigeria (Benue state), the newly bred genotypes showed superior performance in terms of dry matter content and fresh and dry yield. During processing, genotypes showed significant variation for most assessed parameters in both countries. Some newly bred varieties exhibited lower productivity that can make them more prone to drudgery than the local commercial checks and the varieties provided and preferred by the processors. Newly bred varieties were mostly ranked higher or equal to processors' preferred varieties concerning fresh root and food product quality. In the Cameroon location there were significant varietal differences in processing productivity and drudgery index which suggest that the particular processing methods there ‐ such as pressing methods and fermentation time ‐ cause these varietal differences to matter more.

CONCLUSIONS

The varieties that were tested were observed to differ in yield, product quality, processing productivity, and potential drudgery levels. Some breeders' germplasms displayed a combination of increased yields and good product quality and good processor productivity. Those varieties that showed low processor productivity should be avoided during selection to avoid increased labour burden and associated drudgery of women processors. Further research is recommended to enhance food product color, latent culinary qualities, and processing productivity of newly bred varieties to improve acceptability and reduce processing drudgery for women. © 2023 The Authors.Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculturepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of enzymatic Maillard reaction conditions on physicochemical properties, nutrition, fatty acids composition and key aroma compounds of fragrant rapeseed oil
Authors: Huang He , Chu Baijun , Yuan Qiaona , Gao Pan , Zhong Wu , Yin Jiaojiao , Hu Chuanrong , He Dongping , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Xingguo
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

A new enzymatic hydrolysis‐based process inspired by the Maillard reaction can produce strong flavored, high‐value rapeseed oil that meets safety requirements. In the present study, the effect of reaction time (10–30 min) and temperature (130–160 °C) on the physicochemical properties, nutritional status, fatty acids composition and key aroma compounds of fragrant rapeseed oil (FRO) was investigated.

RESULTS

An increasing reaction time and temperature substantially decreased the total tocopherol, polyphenol and sterol contents of FRO, but increased benzo[a]pyrene content, as well as the acid and peroxide values, which did not exceed the European Union legislation limit. Among the volatile components, 2,5‐dimethyl was the main substance contributing to the barbecue flavor of FRO. The 150 °C for 30 min reaction conditions produced a FRO with a strong, fragrant flavor, with high total tocopherol (560.15 mg kg−1), polyphenol (6.82 mg kg−1) and sterol (790.65 mg kg−1) contents; acceptable acid (1.60 mg g−1) and peroxide values (4.78 mg g−1); and low benzo[a]pyrene (1.39 mg g−1) content. These were the optimal conditions for the enzymatic Maillard reaction, according to the principal component analysis. Furthermore, hierarchical cluster analysis showed that reaction temperature had a stronger effect on FRO than reaction time.

CONCLUSION

The optimal enzymatic Maillard reaction conditions for the production of FRO are heating at 150 °C for 30 min. These findings provide new foundations for better understanding the composition and flavor profile of FRO, toward guiding its industrial production. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Complex bio‐nanoparticles assembled by a pH‐driven method: environmental stress stability and oil–water interfacial behavior
Authors: Chen Yan , Chen Xing , Luo Shunjing , Chen Tingting , Ye Jiangping , Liu Chengmei
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Protein‐based nanoparticles have gained considerable interest in recent years due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functional properties. However, nanoparticles formed from hydrophobic proteins are prone to instability under environmental stress, which restricts their potential applications. It is therefore of great importance to develop green approaches for the fabrication of hydrophobic protein‐based nanoparticles and to improve their physicochemical performance.

RESULTS

Gliadin/shellac complex nanoparticles (168.87 ~ 403.67 nm) with various gliadin/shellac mass ratios (10:0 ~ 5:5) were prepared using a pH‐driven approach. In comparison with gliadin nanoparticles, complex nanoparticles have shown enhanced stability against neutral pH, ions, and boiling. They remained stable under neutral conditions at NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mmol L−1 and even when boiled at 100 °C for 90 min. These nanoparticles were capable of effectively reducing oil–water interfacial tension (5 ~ 11 mNm−1) but a higher amount of shellac in the nanoparticles compromised their ability to lower interfacial tension. Moreover, the wettability of the nanoparticles changed as the gliadin/shellac mass ratio changed, leading to a range of three‐phase contact angles from 52.41° to 84.85°. Notably, complex nanoparticles with a gliadin/shellac mass ratio of 8:2 (G/S 8:2) showed a contact angle of 84.85°, which is considered suitable for the Pickering stabilization mechanism. Moreover, these nanoparticles exhibited the highest emulsifying activity of 52.42 m2 g−1 and emulsifying stability of 65.33%.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the study revealed that gliadin/shellac complex nanoparticles exhibited excellent resistance to environmental stress and demonstrated superior oil–water interfacial behavior. They have strong potential for further development as food emulsifiers or as nano‐delivery systems for nutraceuticals. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Serum beta‐defensin‐2 is a biomarker for psoriasis but not subclinical atherosclerosis: Role of IL17a, PI‐3 kinase and Rac1
Authors: Pantoja Carla J. , Li Haiou , Rodante Justin , Keel Andrew , Sorokin Alexander V. , Svedbom Axel , Teague Heather L. , Stahle Mona , Mehta Nehal N. , Playford Martin P.
Published: October 2023

Background

Beta‐defensins (BDs) are antimicrobial peptides secreted upon epithelial injury. Both chemotactic and antimicrobial properties of BDs function as initial steps in host defence and prime the adaptive immune system in the body. Psoriasis, a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory disease, has both visible cutaneous manifestations as well as known associations with higher incidence of cardiometabolic complications and vascular inflammation.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the circulating expression of beta‐defensin‐2 (BD2) in psoriasis at baseline compared to control subjects, along with changes in BD2 levels following biologic treatment at 1 year. The contribution of BD2 to subclinical atherosclerosis is also assessed. In addition, we have sought to unravel signalling mechanisms linking inflammation with BD2 expression.

Methods

Multimodality imaging, as well as inflammatory biomarker assays, were performed in biological naïve psoriasis (n = 71) and non‐psoriasis (n = 53) subjects. A subset of psoriasis patients were followed for 1 year after biological intervention (antitumour necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α], n = 30; anti‐interleukin17A [IL17A], n = 21). Measurements of circulating BD2 were completed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using HaCaT‐transformed keratinocytes, expression of BD2 upon cytokine treatment was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA.

Results

Herein, we confirm that human circulating BD2 levels are associated with psoriasis, which attenuate upon biological interventions (anti‐TNF‐α, anti‐IL‐17A). A link between circulating BD2 and subclinical atherosclerosis markers was not observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL‐17A‐driven BD2 expression occurs in a Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) and Rac1 GTPase‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

Our findings expand on the potential role of BD2 as a tractable biomarker in psoriasis patients and describe the role of an IL‐17A‐PI3‐kinase/Rac signalling axis in regulating BD2 levels in keratinocytes.
Crisis center, youth MH program address gaps with key stakeholder support
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2023

Fulfilling gaps in mental health service delivery and care, while collaborating with state, payer and stakeholders, are at the heart of a Minneapolis‐based organization's mission to understanding what its community needs and wants and offering creative solutions to address those needs.
Global finite‐dimensional invariant manifolds of the Boissonade system
Authors: Liu Na
Published: October 2023

We consider the long‐time global dynamics of the Boissonade system. This system is a activator–inhibitor model that exhibits Turing structures for describing the relation between the genuine homogeneous 2D systems and the 3D monolayers. Assuming large diffusivity of the activator, we prove the existence of a finite‐dimensional manifold of global type by using a spatial averaging principle of local type and uniform dissipativity estimates. The manifold is locally invariant under the semiflow, which attracts uniformly exponentially those solutions with initial values having a certain regularity but attracts uniformly those solutions starting from the phase space.
Several novel inequalities associated with the Riesz‐type fractional integral operator
Authors: Geng Lu‐Lu , Yang Xiao‐Jun
Published: October 2023

This paper is devoted to study six novel inequalities associated with the Riesz‐type fractional integral operator for synchronous function and bounded function.
Yogurt Prevents Colitis‐Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Yan Yongheng , Du Xinru , Zhang Hao , Li Haitao , Chen Wei
Published: October 2023

Scope

Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse correlation between yogurt consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC), but whether there is a cause‐and‐effect relationship has not yet been validated. This study aims to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of yogurt on colitis‐associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in mice.

Methods and results

Experimental CAC is induced by azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg kg−1, ip) followed by three cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 3%) treatment. Colitis is induced by adding DSS (3%) in drinking water for 5 days. Primary mouse macrophages are isolated for mechanistic studies. Data clearly show that yogurt (15 g kg−1 body weight) significantly reduces the multiplicity of colonic neoplasms by 38.83% in mice. Yogurt protects mice from colitis dependent on lactate receptor GPR81. The deficiency of Gpr81 exacerbates colitis and CAC in mice. Further investigation reveals that GPR81 may be dispensable for gut barrier function but essential for colonic mucosal repair. d‐lactate in yogurt can activate GPR81 to suppress proinflammatory macrophage polarization, thereby facilitating inflammatory resolution after colonic injury and consequently suppressing CAC progression.

Conclusion

Yogurt effectively protects against colitis‐associated colorectal tumorigenesis in mice, and this study provides a rationale for introducing yogurt supplementation to patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Computational approaches to identify sites of phosphorylation
Authors: Joyce Alex W. , Searle Brian C.
Published: October 2023

Due to their oftentimes ambiguous nature, phosphopeptide positional isomers can present challenges in bottom‐up mass spectrometry‐based workflows as search engine scores alone are often not enough to confidently distinguish them. Additional scoring algorithms can remedy this by providing confidence metrics in addition to these search results, reducing ambiguity. Here we describe challenges to interpreting phosphoproteomics data and review several different approaches to determine sites of phosphorylation for both data‐dependent and data‐independent acquisition‐based workflows. Finally, we discuss open questions regarding neutral losses, gas‐phase rearrangement, and false localization rate estimation experienced by both types of acquisition workflows and best practices for managing ambiguity in phosphosite determination.
Insights into the β‐phase of polyfluorene: characterization, regulation, and mechanism
Authors: Niu Lichun , Yang Qianqian , Li Chenxu , He Zeming , Xin Jingming , Liu Jiangang
Published: October 2023

Due to the unique blue‐light properties, wide excited emission interval and so on, polyfluorenes (PFs) are among the most promising blue‐light polymers that are widely used in organic lasers and organic light‐emitting diodes. Usually, PFs exhibit two different phases: α‐phase and β‐phase, and the β‐phase has higher photoluminescence efficiency and carrier mobility than the one of α‐phase. Hence, improving the content of β‐phase is very important to enhance the device performance. In this paper, we introduce the methods for characterizing the β‐phase in PFs and summarize the recent research progress in regulating the β‐phase content. Firstly, the differences between the α‐phase and the β‐phase of PFs in terms of structure, aggregation behavior, and optoelectronic properties are summarized. Then, the characterization for the β‐phase, including ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum (UV–vis), photoluminescence spectrum (PL), and Raman spectrum, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) are introduced, and the calculating rules for the content of β‐phase is also introduced. Furthermore, the methods to increase the content of β‐phase are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the challenges and future development prospects of β‐phase in PFs are discussed.
Antifungal activity of the botanical compound rhein against Phytophthora capsici and the underlying mechanisms
Authors: Wang Bi , Yang Jingjing , Zhao Xingzeng , Feng Xu , Xu Shu , Li Pirui , Li Linwei , Chen Yu
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Phytophthora capsici is an extremely destructive phytopathogenic oomycete that causes huge economic losses. However, due to the drug resistance risk and environmental threat of chemical fungicides, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly biocontrol alternatives. Rhein is a major medicinal ingredient of traditional Chinese herbs, and it is widely used in the medical field. However, its inhibitory effect against phytopathogens is unknown. Herein, the antifungal spectrum of rhein and its possible action mechanism against P. capsici were investigated.

RESULTS

Rhein possessed broad‐spectrum antifungal activity against phytopathogens, particularly P. capsici, Phytophthora infestans, Helminthosporium maydis, and Rhizoctonia solani. Rhein inhibited the mycelial growth as well as the spore germination of P. capsici with mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 4.68 μg mL−1 and 6.57 μg mL−1 against 117 P. capsici isolates, respectively. Rhein effectively suppressed the occurrence and spread of Phytophthora blight and significantly destroyed the cell membrane permeability and integrity of P. capsici, corroded its cell wall integrity, and damaged its morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, rhein caused a considerable reduction in the phospholipid and cellulose contents. Genome‐wide transcriptional profiling of P. capsici in response to rhein indicated significant reduction in the expression levels of genes participating in glycerolipid metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism. Additionally, rhein strengthened the disease defense system of pepper by enhancing related enzyme activities.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that rhein could effectively inhibit P. capsici using multiple mechanisms of action. Rhein has the potential to be an efficient alternative to control diseases caused by P. capsici. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.