bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on transgenic, herbicide‐resistant crops in the United States almost 20 years after introduction
Authors: Duke Stephen O
Published: July 2014

Herbicide‐resistant crops have had a profound impact on weed management. Most of the impact has been by glyphosate‐resistant maize, cotton, soybean and canola. Significant economic savings, yield increases and more efficacious and simplified weed management have resulted in widespread adoption of the technology. Initially, glyphosate‐resistant crops enabled significantly reduced tillage and reduced the environmental impact of weed management. Continuous use of glyphosate with glyphosate‐resistant crops over broad areas facilitated the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds, which have resulted in increases in the use of tillage and other herbicides with glyphosate, reducing some of the initial environmental benefits of glyphosate‐resistant crops. Transgenic crops with resistance to auxinic herbicides, as well as to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, stacked with glyphosate and/or glufosinate resistance, will become available in the next few years. These technologies will provide additional weed management options for farmers, but will not have all of the positive effects (reduced cost, simplified weed management, lowered environmental impact and reduced tillage) that glyphosate‐resistant crops had initially. In the more distant future, other herbicide‐resistant crops (including non‐transgenic ones), herbicides with new modes of action and technologies that are currently in their infancy (e.g. bioherbicides, sprayable herbicidal RNAi and/or robotic weeding) may affect the role of transgenic, herbicide‐resistant crops in weed management. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Multiscale analysis of three consecutive years of anomalous flooding in Pakistan
Authors: Rasmussen K. L. , Hill A. J. , Toma V. E. , Zuluaga M. D. , Webster P. J. , Houze R. A.
Published: July 2014

A multiscale investigation into three years of anomalous floods in Pakistan provides insight into their formation, unifying meteorological characteristics, mesoscale storm structures and predictability. Striking similarities between all three floods exist, from planetary and large‐scale synoptic conditions down to the mesoscale storm structures, and these patterns were generally well‐captured with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). Atmospheric blocking events associated with high geopotential heights and surface temperatures over Eastern Europe were present during all three floods. Quasi‐stationary synoptic conditions over the Tibetan plateau allowed for the formation of anomalous easterly midlevel flow across central India into Pakistan that advected deep tropospheric moisture from the Bay of Bengal into Pakistan, enabling flooding in the region. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar observations show that the flood‐producing storms exhibited climatologically unusual structures during all three floods in Pakistan. These departures from the climatology consisted of westward‐propagating precipitating systems with embedded wide convective cores, rarely seen in this region, that likely occurred when convection was organized upscale by the easterly midlevel jet across the subcontinent. Similar mesoscale structures in storms in other regions of the world contribute significantly to climatological precipitation and produce flash floods because of their combination of longevity and intensity. Predictability analysis using the ECMWF EPS system shows the ability to accurately forecast the conditions favouring storms of this type and hence floods in Pakistan over a week in advance with significant confidence.
Evaluating the effectiveness of expandable radiocollars for juvenile cervids
Authors: Kalb David M. , Bowman Jacob L.
Published: July 2014

We present the retention rate of expandable radiocollars that can be used on juvenile cervids. These collars permit investigations into a previously understudied segment of cervid populations. We captured 60 male sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Dorchester County, Maryland, USA, during their first winter (6–8 months of age; captured 2008 and 2009) and attached expandable radiocollars. Retention of collars differed between years. The first year, 85% of collars were retained for 1 year with a mean retention time of 532 days (SE = 27). After modifications, 100% of second‐year collars were retained for the duration of the study or until the animal's death (max = 483 days). We used trail cameras to observe wear and fit of the collars 6–8 months after deployment. Our data suggest that the expandable collar design can be improved to last beyond an animal's dispersal and provide a useful tool for monitoring juvenile cervids. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Antioxidants in Fish Oil Production for Improved Quality
Authors: Carvajal Ana Karina , Mozuraityte Revilija , Standal Inger Beate , Storrø Ivar , Aursand Marit
Published: July 2014

There is an increasing demand for fish oil containing omega‐3. By‐products (e.g., heads, tails, belly flaps, backbones, and viscera) from fish fillet production are currently utilized for production of fish oil and fish meal for feed but can be a valuable source of omega‐3 for human consumption. However, the quality of some oil is not good enough for human consumption due to oxidation during processing. The aim of this work was to decrease oxidation during oil production by adding antioxidants to herring by‐products early in the production process. Of several antioxidants the most potent were selected by a fast screening test. Butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate and citric acid were further evaluated on a labaroatory scale and pilot plant production of herring oil. The selected antioxidants resulted in lower total oxidation during processing [up to 71% reduction in TOTOX (2 times the peroxide value plus the anisidine value)]. In addition, higher oil stability was achieved by adding antioxidants during processing (improved stability up to 400%).
Customer segmentation in retail facility location planning
Authors: Müller Sven , Haase Knut
Published: July 2014

In this contribution, we discuss a facility location model to maximize firms’ patronage, while demand is determined by a multinomial logit model (MNL). We account for customer segmentation based on customer characteristics. Hence, we are able to reduce the bias to the objective, which is due to constant substitution patterns of the MNL. Numerical studies show that averaging customer characteristics yield a bias of more than 15 % of the objective function value compared to segmentation. Using GAMS/CPLEX, we are able to solve problem sets with 2 segments, 500 demand points and 10 potential locations to optimality in 1 h computation time. If we consider 50 potential locations, the gap reported by CPLEX is $$<$$
<
8 % in 1 h. We present an illustrative case example of a furniture store company in Germany (data are available as electronic supplementary material to this article). The corresponding problem is solved to optimality in a few minutes.
miR‐137 effects on gastric carcinogenesis are mediated by targeting Cox‐2‐activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Cheng Yan , Li Yang , Liu Dong , Zhang Rong , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2014

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) provided a new avenue for early diagnosis and treatment of GC. MiR‐137 has been reported to be under‐expressed and involved in various cell processes. However, the role of miR‐137 in GC is less known. In this study, we show that miR‐137 is under‐expressed in GC and functions as a tumor suppressor through targeting Cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2), which subsequently suppresses the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, restored Cox‐2 expression partially abolished the tumor suppressive effects of miR‐137 in GC cells, suggesting miR‐137 may suppress GC carcinogenesis by targeting Cox‐2.
New tumor suppressor CXXC finger protein 4 inactivates mitogen activated protein kinase signaling
Authors: Lu Haiqi , Jin Wei , Sun Jie , Feng Lifeng , Lan Huiyin , Shen Qi , Ma Yanning , Li Jiaqiu , Yue Yongfang , Jin Hongchuan , Wang Xian
Published: July 2014

As a well‐characterized master player in epigenetic regulatory network, EZH2 is widely implicated in the development of many malignancies. We previously found that EZH2 promoted Wnt/β‐catenin activation through downregulation of CXXC4 expression. In this report, we demonstrated that CXXC4 inhibited MAPK signaling through binding to ERK‐1/2 and abrogating the interaction of ERK 1/2 with MEK1/2. L183, the critical residue in CXXC4 ERK D domain, was found to be essential for CXXC4–ERK 1/2 interaction and the growth inhibitory effect of CXXC4 in human cancer cells. In summary, CXXC4 directly disrupted MEK1/2–ERK 1/2 interaction to inactivate MAPK signaling. L183 site is indispensable for the binding of CXXC4 to ERK1/2 and growth inhibitory effect of CXXC4. Therefore, EZH2 can activate MAPK signaling by inhibiting CXXC4 expression.
Justice served: Mitigating damaged trust stemming from supply chain disruptions
Authors: Wang Qiong , Craighead Christopher W. , Li Julie Juan
Published: July 2014

This research examines the mitigation of damaged trust stemming from supplier‐induced disruptions. We used the critical incident technique on 302 buying firms in China to capture two (one successful, one unsuccessful) supplier‐induced disruptions (yielding a total of 604 incidents) to test our theorizing grounded in justice theory. We find evidence that different aspects of trust damage (ability, benevolence, and integrity) can be mitigated through the supplier's selective use of appropriate justice approaches (procedural, interactional, or distributive justice), which, in turn, foster relationship continuity intentions. Within this realm, we make a number of contributions. First, we find that procedural justice is the most effective mechanism (followed by distributive justice and interactional justice) to recoup the damage to buyers’ trust in the suppliers’ ability, benevolence, and integrity. Second, we find that mitigating damaged ability is the most powerful precursor (followed by recuperating damaged integrity) for locking in future business. Conversely, the mitigation of damaged benevolence is not found to affect future business intentions. Third, our post hoc results suggest that disruptions and consequent mitigation efforts pose relational threats as well as opportunities—yet the “double‐edged” nature is affected by the “base” level of trust (i.e., the trust level prior to the disruption). Broadly, our study suggests that suppliers can overcome the negative relational repercussions of disruptions (that they caused) by employing well‐developed, but nuanced, mitigation efforts and, in doing so, repair, solidify or even enhance the relationships.
The Dawes Review 2: Nucleosynthesis and Stellar Yields of Low- and Intermediate-Mass Single Stars
Authors: Karakas Amanda I. , Lattanzio John C.
Published: July 2014

The chemical evolution of the Universe is governed by the chemical yields from stars, which in turn are determined primarily by the initial stellar mass. Even stars as low as 0.9 M⊙can, at low metallicity, contribute to the chemical evolution of elements. Stars less massive than about 10 M⊙experience recurrent mixing events that can significantly change the surface composition of the envelope, with observed enrichments in carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, and heavy elements synthesized by the slow neutron capture process (thes-process). Low- and intermediate-mass stars release their nucleosynthesis products through stellar outflows or winds, in contrast to massive stars that explode as core-collapse supernovae. Here we review the stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis for single stars up to ~ 10 M⊙from the main sequence through to the tip of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). We include a discussion of the main uncertainties that affect theoretical calculations and review the latest observational data, which are used to constrain uncertain details of the stellar models. We finish with a review of the stellar yields available for stars less massive than about 10 M⊙and discuss efforts by various groups to address these issues and provide homogeneous yields for low- and intermediate-mass stars covering a broad range of metallicities.
MYTHS, GENDER, BIRDS, BEADS: A READING OF IRON AGE HILL SITES IN INTERIOR SOUTHERN AFRICA
Authors: Wilmsen Edwin N.
Published: July 2014

Homologous origin myths concerning the Tsodilo Hills in north-western Botswana, Polombwe hill at the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika in Zambia and Kaphiri-Ntiwa hill in northern Malawi are examined. Parallels are drawn between the myths, where, in the process of creation, a primal pair in undifferentiated space and time passes through a series of liminal states, thereby bringing structure to the landscape and legitimacy to society in Iron Age Central and Southern Africa. These myths narrate the instituting of social legitimacy in their respective societies based on a resolution of the inherent contradiction between the concepts of authority and power, lineage and land. The structure of rights to possession of land is examined, and the text considers the role of sumptuary goods such as glass beads and metonymic signifiers such as birds within this structure. This study examines the prominence of hilltops as the residence of paranormal power and its association with human authority, and relates this to the archaeological interpretation of the Iron Age site Nqoma (Tsodilo Hills); this is compared with Bosutswe (eastern Botswana), Mapungubwe (Shashe-Limpopo basin), and the Shona Mwari myth recorded by Frobenius as used by Huffman in his analysis of Great Zimbabwe.
PATTERNS OF SLAVING AND PREY–PREDATOR INTERFACES IN AND AROUND THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS (NIGERIA AND CAMEROON)
Authors: David Nicholas
Published: July 2014

While from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century there was a lasting and elastic demand for slaves in Central Africa, the practices by which they were acquired had to be adapted to the physical and human terrain, the technologies available and the socio-cultural postures of the predator and prey societies. In this paper, I sketch the changing patterns of these variables in six slaving zones in and around the northern Mandara Mountains. Using historical sources, information from the diary of Hamman Yaji, a Fulani chief and active slaver, and data gathered in the course of ethnographic research in three of these zones by myself and colleagues, I show that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the extraction of slaves from particular sub-regions within these zones was highly variable, as is evident in the interfaces between the decentralized prey societies and the predatory states. Besides providing fresh perspectives on slaving and evidence for evaluating the constructions of historians, such studies open the way for research on the mutual accommodations to slaving affecting the societies and cultures of both prey and predators.
Detection of antibiotics in goat's milk: effect of detergents on the response of microbial inhibitor tests
Authors: Romero Tamara , Beltrán María Carmen , Althaus Rafael Lisandro , Molina María Pilar
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was to evaluate the interference of acid and alkaline detergents employed in the cleaning of milking equipment of caprine dairy farms on the performance of microbial tests used in antibiotic control (BRT MRL, Delvotest MCS, and Eclipse 100). Eight concentrations of commercial detergents, five acid (0–0·25%) and five alkaline (0–1%) were add to antimicrobial-free goat's milk to evaluate the detergent effect on the response of microbial inhibitor tests. To evaluate the effect of detergents on the detection capability of microbial tests two detergents at 0·5 ml/l (one acid and one basic) and eight concentrations of four β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and benzylpenicillin) were used. Milk without detergents was used as control. The spiked samples were analysed twelve times by three microbial tests. The results showed that the presence of acid detergents did not affect the response of microbial tests for any of the concentrations tested. However, at concentrations equal to or greater than 2 ml/l alkaline detergents positive results were found in microbial tests (16·7–100%). The detection limits of the screening tests for penicillins were not modified substantially by the presence of detergents. In general, the presence of acid and alkaline detergents in goat's milk did not produce a great interference in the microbial tests, only high concentrations of detergents could cause non-compliant results, but these concentrations are difficult to find in practice if proper cleaning procedures are applied in goat dairy farms.
Process optimisation for preparation of caseinophosphopeptides from Buffalo milk casein and their characterisation
Authors: Saini Prerna , Mann Bimlesh , Kumar Rajesh , Sharma Rajan , Singh Ram Ran Bijoy , Chatterjee Alok
Published: July 2014

Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) are multifunctional bioactive peptides containing phosphorylated seryl residues in their sequence. In the present study, method for the production of CPPs from buffalo milk casein was optimised and characterised for their sequence, calcium solubilising and calcium binding activities. Response surface methodology was used to optimise the conditions for hydrolysis of buffalo casein by trypsin to obtain maximum yield of CPPs. The optimum hydrolysis conditions were as follows: hydrolysis pH 7·5, temperature 37 °C, hydrolysis time 7·0 h. Under these conditions, the experimental yield obtained was 10·04±0·24%, which is slightly lower than value predicted by the model. These CPPs were able to solubilise 1·03±0·08 mg la/mg CPPs in presence of excess phosphate and bind 0·935 mg of Ca/mg of CPPs. Eight phosphopeptides i.e. αs1-CN f (37-58) 2P; αs1-CN f (37-58) 3P; αs1-CN f (35-58) 2P; αs1-CN f (35-58) 3P; αs2-CN f (2-21) 4P; αs2-CN f (138-149) 1P; β-CN f (2-28) 4P and β-CN f (33-48) 1P were identified by LC-MS/MS which contained motif for binding of divalent minerals. The sequences of these CPPs differed from that of derived from bovine casein.
Enzymatic cross-linking of soy proteins within non-fat set yogurt gel
Authors: Soleymanpuori Rana , Madadlou Ashkan , Zeynali Fariba , Khosrowshahi Asghar
Published: July 2014

Soy proteins as the health-promoting ingredients and candidate fat substitutes in dairy products are good substrates for the cross-linking action of the enzyme transglutaminase. Non-fat set yogurt samples were prepared from the milks enriched with soy protein isolate (SPI) and/or treated with the enzyme transglutaminase. The highest titrable acidity was recorded for the yogurt enriched with SPI and treated with the enzyme throughout the cold storage for 21 d. SPI-enrichment of yogurt milk increased the water holding capacity. Although enrichment with SPI did not influence the count of Streptococcus themophilus, increased that of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ∼3 log cycles. The enzymatic treatment of SPI-enriched milk however, suppressed the bacteria growth-promoting influence of SPI due probably to making the soy proteins inaccessible for Lactobacillus. SPI-enrichment and enzymatic treatment of milk decreased the various organic acids content in yoghurt samples; influence of the former was more significant. The cross-linking of milk proteins to soy proteins was confirmed with the gel electrophoresis results.
An Adapted Measure of Teacher Self-Efficacy for Preservice Teachers: Exploring its Validity Across two Countries
Authors: Pfitzner-Eden Franziska , Thiel Felicitas , Horsley Jenny
Published: July 2014

Teacher self-efficacy (TSE) is an important construct in the prediction of positive student and teacher outcomes. However, problems with its measurement have persisted, often through confounding TSE with other constructs. This research introduces an adapted TSE instrument for preservice teachers, which is closely aligned with self-efficacy experts' recommendations for measuring self-efficacy, and based on a widely used measure of TSE. We provide first evidence of construct validity for this instrument. Participants were 851 preservice teachers in three samples from Germany and New Zealand. Results of the multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses showed a uniform 3-factor solution for all samples, metric measurement invariance, and a consistent and moderate correlation between TSE and a measure of general self-efficacy across all samples. Despite limitations to this study, there is some first evidence that this measure allows for a valid 3-dimensional assessment of TSE in preservice teachers.
Vertiefende Analysen zu migrationsbedingten Leistungsdifferenzen in Leseaufgaben
Authors: Schwabe Franziska , McElvany Nele , Trendtel Matthias , Gebauer Miriam M. , Bos Wilfried
Published: July 2014

Schulleistungsstudien zeigen für verschiedene Altersstufen und Kompetenzbereiche absolute Leistungsrückstände bei Kindern mit im Vergleich zu Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass die betrachteten Schülergruppen in ihren Lesekompetenzen unterschiedliche Profile aufweisen, untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag anhand der Lesetestaufgaben von IGLU 2001 mit differentiellen Item-Analysen, ob bei Kontrolle von Fähigkeitsunterschieden subgruppenspezifische Differenzen in den Lösungswahrscheinlichkeiten bestimmter Itemgruppen bestehen. Die Befunde weisen auf relative Stärken und Schwächen beider Schülergruppen in Abhängigkeit vom Antwortformat der Aufgaben, nicht jedoch von der Textgattung hin. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Blick auf mögliche Handlungsansätze im schulischen Kontext diskutiert.
Gestärkt in den Lehrerberuf: Eine Förderung berufsbezogener Kompetenzen von Lehramtsstudierenden
Authors: Çelebi Christin , Krahé Barbara , Spörer Nadine
Published: July 2014

In einer quasiexperimentellen Studie mit N = 293 Lehramtsstudierenden wurde die Wirksamkeit des Interventionsprogramms «Gestärkt für den Lehrerberuf» untersucht. In einem Prä-Intermediate-Posttest-Vergleichsgruppen-Design wurden drei Interventionsbedingungen, deren Treatment auf einem (1) stärkenorientierten, (2) defizitorientierten oder (3) stärken- und defizitorientierten Ansatz basierten, einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe gegenübergestellt. Es gelang zum Intermediate- und Posttest, die professionsbezogene Selbstwirksamkeit und Selbstregulationsfähigkeit in den Interventionsgruppen im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe zu fördern. In den Bereichen Selbstwirksamkeit und Selbstregulation weist die Studie auf Vorteile des Interventionsansatzes hin, welcher Stärkenfokussierung und Defizitorientierung kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich ihrer Implikationen für die Lehrerausbildung kritisch diskutiert.
Grundschulunterricht aus Schüler-, Lehrer- und Beobachterperspektive: Zusammenhänge und Vorhersage von Lernerfolg*
Authors: Fauth Benjamin , Decristan Jasmin , Rieser Svenja , Klieme Eckhard , Büttner Gerhard
Published: July 2014

Unterrichtsqualität kann mit drei Basisdimensionen beschrieben werden: strukturierte Klassenführung, kognitive Aktivierung und unterstützendes Klima. Untersuchungen aus dem Sekundarbereich finden oftmals nur geringe Übereinstimmungen zwischen Urteilen zur Unterrichtsqualität von Schülerinnen und Schülern, Lehrpersonen und externen Beobachtern. Es stellt sich damit die Frage, ob aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven dieselben Konstrukte erfasst werden und wie diese mit dem Lernerfolg der Schülerinnen und Schüler zusammenhängen. Für die Grundschule wurden in der vorliegenden Studie substanzielle Zusammenhänge zwischen Urteilen zur strukturierten Klassenführung aus allen drei Perspektiven gefunden. Zudem zeigten sich hier in Mehrebenen-Regressionsanalysen Effekte aller drei Urteilerperspektiven auf die Leistungsentwicklung. Keine Zusammenhänge zwischen den Perspektiven zeigten sich im Bereich kognitive Aktivierung. Beim unterstützenden Klima bestanden Zusammenhänge nur zwischen Schüler- und Lehrerurteilen. Bei den Dimensionen kognitive Aktivierung und unterstützendes Klima waren nur die Urteile externer Beobachter entscheidend für die Vorhersage der Leistungsentwicklung. Die Ergebnisse können mit der unterschiedlichen Beobachtbarkeit der drei Basisdimensionen und mit den Stärken und Grenzen der einzelnen Urteilerperspektiven erklärt werden.
Roboterunterstützte und computerbasierte Neurorehabilitation für Kinder: die Geschichte dahinter
Authors: Meyer-Heim Andreas , van Hedel Hub J. A.
Published: July 2014

Zerebrale Bewegungsstörungen können angeboren wie bei der Zerebralparese oder erworben z.B. nach Schädelhirntrauma, oder Schlaganfall auftreten und stellen einen häufigen Grund für neurorehabilitative Therapien im Kindesalter dar. Roboterassistierte Rehabilitation kann in Kombination mit virtueller Realität (VR) die konventionelle Physiotherapie oder Ergotherapie ergänzen und erlaubt ein variantenreiches, repetitives und aufgabenspezifisches Üben über längere Zeit. Ein weiterer Vorteil der VR besteht darin, dass dem Patienten ein unmittelbares und verstärktes Feedback bezüglich seiner motorischen Leistung angeboten werden kann. Vorläufige Resultate der Wirkung von roboterassistierten Therapien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen scheinen vielversprechend zu sein; für einen evidenzbasierten Nachweis sind jedoch weitere Forschungsanstrengungen notwendig.
Understanding development and ripening of fruit crops in an ‘omics’ era
Authors: Gapper Nigel E , Giovannoni James J , Watkins Christopher B
Published: July 2014

Next generation sequencing has revolutionized plant biology. Not only has our understanding of plant metabolism advanced using model systems and modern chromatography, but application of ‘omics’-based technology has been widely extended to non-model systems as costs have plummeted and efficiency increased. As a result, important fundamental questions relating to important horticultural crops are being answered, and novel approaches with application to industry are in progress. Here we review recent research advances on development and ripening of fruit crops, how next generation sequencing approaches are driving this advance and the emerging future landscape.
Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Long-Term Perivascular Matrix Changes Alongside Amyloid-Beta Accumulation
Authors: Jullienne Amandine , Roberts Jill M , Pop Viorela , Murphy M Paul , Head Elizabeth , Bix Gregory J , Badaut Jérôme
Published: July 2014

In our juvenile traumatic brain injury (jTBI) model, emergence of cognitive dysfunctions was observed up to 6 months after trauma. Here we hypothesize that early brain injury induces changes in the neurovascular unit (NVU) that would be associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation. We investigated NVU changes for up to 6 months in a rat jTBI model, with a focus on the efflux protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and on the basement membrane proteins perlecan and fibronectin, all known to be involved in Aβ clearance. Rodent-Aβ staining is present and increased after jTBI around cerebral blood microvessels, and the diameter of those is decreased by 25% and 34% at 2 and 6 months, respectively, without significant angiogenesis. P-glycoprotein staining in endothelium is decreased by 22% and parallels an increase of perlecan and fibronectin staining around cerebral blood vessels. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that the emergence of long-term behavioral dysfunctions observed in rodent jTBI may be related to endothelial remodeling at the blood–brain barrier alongside vascular dysfunction and altered Aβ trafficking. This study shows that it is important to consider jTBI as a vascular disorder with long-term consequences on cognitive functions.
Capillary Transit Time Heterogeneity and Flow-Metabolism Coupling after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Østergaard Leif , Engedal Thorbjørn S , Aamand Rasmus , Mikkelsen Ronni , Iversen Nina K , Anzabi Maryam , Næss-Schmidt Erhard T , Drasbek Kim R , Bay Vibeke , Blicher Jakob U , Tietze Anna , Mikkelsen Irene K , Hansen Brian , Jespersen Sune N , Juul Niels , Sørensen Jens CH , Rasmussen Mads
Published: July 2014

Most patients who die after traumatic brain injury (TBI) show evidence of ischemic brain damage. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to demonstrate cerebral ischemia in TBI patients. After TBI, both global and localized changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) are observed, depending on the extent of diffuse brain swelling and the size and location of contusions and hematoma. These changes vary considerably over time, with most TBI patients showing reduced CBF during the first 12hours after injury, then hyperperfusion, and in some patients vasospasms before CBF eventually normalizes. This apparent neurovascular uncoupling has been ascribed to mitochondrial dysfunction, hindered oxygen diffusion into tissue, or microthrombosis. Capillary compression by astrocytic endfeet swelling is observed in biopsies acquired from TBI patients. In animal models, elevated intracranial pressure compresses capillaries, causing redistribution of capillary flows into patterns argued to cause functional shunting of oxygenated blood through the capillary bed. We used a biophysical model of oxygen transport in tissue to examine how capillary flow disturbances may contribute to the profound changes in CBF after TBI. The analysis suggests that elevated capillary transit time heterogeneity can cause critical reductions in oxygen availability in the absence of ‘classic’ ischemia. We discuss diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of these predictions.
Brain BDNF Levels Elevation Induced by Physical Training is Reduced after Unilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Rats
Authors: Banoujaafar Hayat , Van Hoecke Jacques , Mossiat Claude M , Marie Christine
Published: July 2014

We investigated the contribution of blood flow elevation in the cerebrovasculature to physical training-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels elevation in the brain. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels were measured in the motor cortex 24 h after the last session of a forced treadmill walking (30 minutes a day, 18 m/minute for 7 consecutive days). Unilateral common carotid artery occlusion and modulation of exercise intensity (0 versus — 10% inclination of the treadmill) were used as strategies to reduce the (normal) elevation of flow in the cerebrovasculature occurring during exercise. Administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 60 mg/kg before each exercise sessions) and genetic hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive rats) were used as approaches to reduce stimulation of nitric oxide production in response to shear stress elevation. Vascular occlusion totally and partially abolished the effect of physical training on BDNF levels in the hemisphere ipsilateral and contralateral to occlusion, respectively. BDNF levels were higher after high than low exercise intensity. In addition, both genetic hypertension and L-NAME treatment blunted the effects of physical training on BDNF. From these results, we propose that elevation of brain BDNF levels elicited by physical training involves changes in cerebral hemodynamics.
Cryptochrome-dependent magnetic field effect on seizure response in Drosophila larvae
Authors: Marley Richard , Giachello Carlo N. G. , Scrutton Nigel S. , Baines Richard A. , Jones Alex R.
Published: July 2014

The mechanisms that facilitate animal magnetoreception have both fascinated and confounded scientists for decades and its precise biophysical origin remains unclear. Among the proposed primary magnetic sensors is the flavoprotein, cryptochrome, which is thought to provide geomagnetic information via a quantum effect in a light-initiated radical pair reaction. Despite recent advances in the radical pair model of magnetoreception from theoretical, molecular and animal behaviour studies, very little is known of a possible signal transduction mechanism. We report a substantial effect of magnetic field exposure on seizure response in Drosophila larvae. The effect is dependent on cryptochrome, the presence and wavelength of light and is blocked by prior ingestion of typical antiepileptic drugs. These data are consistent with a magnetically-sensitive, photochemical radical pair reaction in cryptochrome that alters levels of neuronal excitation and represent a vital step forward in our understanding of the signal transduction mechanism involved in animal magnetoreception.
Efficient enrichment of glycopeptides using metal–organic frameworks by hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Ji Yongsheng , Xiong Zhichao , Huang Guang , Liu Jing , Zhang Zhang , Liu Zheyi , Ou Junjie , Ye Mingliang , Zou Hanfa
Published: July 2014

An efficient strategy of glycopeptide enrichment using metal–organic frameworks by hydrophilic interaction chromatography was demonstrated to analyze N-linked glycopeptides in mouse liver.
Enhancing magnetic resonance imaging with contrast agents for ultra-high field strengths
Authors: Kuda-Wedagedara Akhila N. W. , Allen Matthew J.
Published: July 2014

New strategies for contrast agents enable effective magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strengths.
Poly(N-cyanoethylethyleneimine): a new nanoscale template for biomimetic silicification
Authors: Noda Daisuke , Arai Yoshiaki , Souma Daiki , Nagashima Hideo , Jin Ren-Hua
Published: July 2014

Nanocrystalline entities of poly(N-cyanoethylethyleneimine) (PCEI) could serve as catalytic templates affording nanosheet-based structured silica under mild conditions.
A four-component organogel based on orthogonal chemical interactions
Authors: Luisier Nicolas , Schenk Kurt , Severin Kay
Published: July 2014

A thermoresponsive organogel was obtained by orthogonal assembly of four compounds using dynamic covalent boronate ester and imine bonds, as well as dative boron–nitrogen bonds.
Tailor-made graphite oxide–DAB poly(propylene imine) dendrimer intercalated hybrids and their potential for efficient CO2 adsorption
Authors: Tsoufis T. , Katsaros F. , Sideratou Z. , Romanos G. , Ivashenko O. , Rudolf P. , Kooi B. J. , Papageorgiou S. , Karakassides M. A.
Published: July 2014

We report the rational design and synthesis of DAB poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (DAB) intercalated graphite oxide (GO) hybrids with tailorable interlayer distances.
Pd nanoparticle concentration dependent self-assembly of Pd@SiO2 nanoparticles into leaching resistant microcubes
Authors: Datta Abheek , Sadhu Anustup , Santra Subhankar , Shivaprasad S. M. , Mandal Swadhin K. , Bhattacharyya Sayan
Published: July 2014

Leaching resistant Pd–SiO2 microcubes are obtained by self-assembly of Pd@SiO2 nanoparticles only above a threshold ≥0.2 wt% Pd.
Catalyst free silica templated porous carbon nanoparticles from bio-waste materials
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Hegde Gurumurthy , Manaf Shoriya Aruni Bt Abdul , Ngaini Z. , Sharma K. V.
Published: July 2014

This work described a simple method to produce the bulk porous carbon nanoparticles from bio-waste materials without any catalyst support.
The simplest method for fabrication of high refractive index polymer–metal oxide hybrids based on a soap-free process
Authors: Jintoku Hirokuni , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: July 2014

We established a new strategy for fabricating high refractive index materials by using the tungsten heteropoly acid.
Ion-based assemblies of planar anion complexes and cationic PtII complexes
Authors: Sekiya Ryo , Tsutsui Yusuke , Choi Wookjin , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Seki Shu , Bando Yuya , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: July 2014

Because the metallophilicity of attractive PtII⋯PtII interactions helps in the fabrication of columnar structures, terpyridine–PtII complexes were used as planar counter cationic species for formation of charge-segregated assemblies using π-conjugated receptor–Cl− complexes as planar anions.
A convergent rhodium-catalysed asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Li Ho Yin , Horn Joachim , Campbell Amanda , House David , Nelson Adam , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: July 2014

Rh-catalysed conjugate additions of 2-aminophenyl boronic acid derivatives were exploited in diastereoselective and asymmetric syntheses of tetrahydroquinolines.
A plasma-assisted approach for the controlled dispersion of CuO aggregates into β iron(iii) oxide matrices
Authors: Carraro Giorgio , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara , Bontempi Elza , Bilo Fabjola , Peeters Daniel , Sada Cinzia , Barreca Davide
Published: July 2014

High-purity supported β-Fe2O3/CuO nanosystems with tailored morphology and tuneable copper content were fabricated by a two-step plasma-assisted process.
Determination of the depth profile distribution of guest species in microporous materials using the voltammetry of immobilized particles methodology: application to lapachol attachment to palygorskite and kaolinite
Authors: Doménech-Carbó Antonio , Martini Mariele , Valle-Algarra Francisco Manuel
Published: July 2014

In-depth profile distribution of guest species hosted in inorganic microporous matrixes is determined using electrochemical data.
Photoluminescence tuning of Na1−xKxNdW2O8 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) nanoparticles: synthesis, crystal structure and Raman study
Authors: Bhat Swetha S. M. , Huq Ashfia , Swain Diptikanta , Narayana Chandrabhas , Sundaram Nalini G.
Published: July 2014

K+ ion substitution in Na site of NaNdW2O8 results in blue shift, inhomogeneous broadening and enhanced photoluminescent intensity. Nd–O–W bond angle, local disorder and difference in ionic radius are responsible for the observed difference in photoluminescence properties.
The 13C solid DNP mechanisms with perchlorotriphenylmethyl radicals – the role of 35,37Cl
Authors: Vigier F. Mentink , Shimon D. , Mugnaini V. , Veciana J. , Feintuch A. , Pons M. , Vega S. , Goldfarb D.
Published: July 2014

Chlorinated trityl radicals generate 13C DNP frequency sweeps that indicate contributions of e → 36,37Cl → 13C polarization transfer mechanism at low temperatures and that the relative contributions of the solid effect and cross effects mechanism can be controlled by the microwave irradiation power.
Mechanism of the S1 excited state internal conversion in vitamin B12
Authors: Lodowski Piotr , Jaworska Maria , Andruniów Tadeusz , Garabato Brady D. , Kozlowski Pawel M.
Published: July 2014

To explain the photostability of vitamin B12, internal conversion of the S1 state was investigated using TD-DFT.
DNA–RNA hybrid duplexes with decreasing pyrimidine content in the DNA strand provide structural snapshots for the A- to B-form conformational transition of nucleic acids
Authors: Suresh Gorle , Priyakumar U. Deva
Published: July 2014

A gradual increase in the deoxypyrimidine content in DNA–RNA hybrids leads to B- to A-form nucleic acid transition. Possible factors that govern nuclease activity on hybrid duplexes are presented.
On the opto-electronic properties of phosphine and thiolate-protected undecagold nanoclusters
Authors: Muniz-Miranda Francesco , Menziani Maria Cristina , Pedone Alfonso
Published: July 2014

A schematic description of the UV-vis spectrum of Au11(PPh3)7Cl3 nanoclusters. Metal → metal transitions are ubiquitous, metal → ligand transitions appear above the visible threshold, while ligand → metal and ligand → ligand transitions are much rarer in the investigated range of energies.
Sulfate-ion-assisted galvanic replacement tuning of silver dendrites to highly branched chains for effective SERS
Authors: Zhang Yunxia , Sun Shaodong , Zhang Xiaozhe , Tang Linli , Song Xiaoping , Yang Zhimao
Published: July 2014

Foreign sulfate ions were utilized to tune silver dendrites to highly branched chains for effective SERS through a galvanic replacement.
Electrokinetic desalination using honeycomb carbon nanotubes (HC-CNTs): a conceptual study by molecular simulation
Authors: Chen Qile , Kong Xian , Li Jipeng , Lu Diannan , Liu Zheng
Published: July 2014

Electrokinetic desalination using honeycomb carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high efficiency.
Integrated computational materials discovery of silver doped tin sulfide as a thermoelectric material
Authors: Bera Chandan , Jacob Stephane , Opahle Ingo , Gunda N. S. Harsha , Chmielowski Radoslaw , Dennler Gilles , Madsen Georg K. H.
Published: July 2014

High-throughput calculations are used to identify thermoelectric materials. A state-of-the-art power factor is subsequently found in silver doped SnS.
A carbazole–fluorene molecular hybrid for quantitative detection of TNT using a combined fluorescence and quartz crystal microbalance method
Authors: Kartha Kalathil K. , Sandeep Anjamkudy , Nair Vijayakumar C. , Takeuchi Masayuki , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: July 2014

Self-assembled fluorescent rods and nanoparticles prepared from a carbazole–fluorene molecular hybrid have been used for the sensing of TNT.
Lab on upconversion nanoparticles: optical properties and applications engineering via designed nanostructure
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Zhang Fan , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: July 2014

This review aims to summarize recent progress in optical properties and applications engineering of upconversion nanoparticlesviathe designed nanostructure.
Olefin epoxidation by a (salen)Mn(iii) catalyst covalently grafted on glass beads
Authors: Sfrazzetto Giuseppe Trusso , Millesi Salvatrice , Pappalardo Andrea , Toscano Rosa Maria , Ballistreri Francesco P. , Tomaselli Gaetano A. , Gulino Antonino
Published: July 2014

A newly synthesized robust (salen)Mn(iii) monolayer on glass bead substrates provides an active catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of 6-cyano-2,2-dimethylchromene, cis-β-ethylstyrene, 1,2-dihydronaphthalene and indene.
Multi-component assembly and luminescence tuning of lanthanide hybrids based with both zeolite L/A and SBA-15 through two organically grafted linkers
Authors: Chen Lei , Yan Bing
Published: July 2014

Novel luminescent micro–mesoporous multi-component lanthanide hybrid materials are prepared by assembling both functionalized zeolite A/L and modified SBA-15 through two organically grafted silane linkers.
Ruthenium, osmium and rhodium complexes of 1,4-diaryl 1,4-diazabutadiene: radical versus non-radical states
Authors: Chandra Patra Sarat , Saha Roy Amit , Manivannan Vadivelu , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta
Published: July 2014

Molecular and electronic structures of the ruthenium, osmium and rhodium complexes of 1,4-di(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-diazabutadiene (LDAB) and their redox series are reported.
Stretching the phenazine MO in dppz: the effect of phenyl and phenyl–ethynyl groups on the photophysics of Re(i) dppz complexes
Authors: van der Salm Holly , Larsen Christopher B. , McLay James R. W. , Fraser Michael G. , Lucas Nigel T. , Gordon Keith C.
Published: July 2014

Dppz complexes with extended conjugation show π,π* and MLCT excited states in solution. Raman spectral features for the short-lived π,π* state are observed in single-colour transient experiments.
Preparation and properties of a calcium(ii)-based molecular chain decorated with manganese(ii) butterfly-like complexes
Authors: Benniston A. C. , Melnic S. , Turta C. , Arauzo A. B. , Bartolomé J. , Bartolomé E. , Harrington R. W. , Probert M. R.
Published: July 2014

The room temperature reaction of [Mn2O2(bipy)4](ClO4)3(bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) with Ca(CHCl2COO)2in methanol produced a yellow crystalline material.
A multifunctional amphiphilic polymer as a platform for surface-functionalizing metallic and other inorganic nanostructures
Authors: Wang Wentao , Aldeek Fadi , Ji Xin , Zeng Birong , Mattoussi Hedi
Published: July 2014

We designed a new set of polymer ligands that combine multiple metal-coordinating groups and short polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties in the same structure. The ligand design relies on the controlled grafting of a large number of amine-terminated histamines and PEG short chains onto a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) backbone,viaa one-step nucleophilic addition reaction. This addition reaction is highly efficient, can be carried out in organic media and does not require additional reagents. We show that when imidazole groups are used the resulting polymer ligand can strongly ligate onto metal nanostructures such as nanoparticles (NPs) and nanorods (NRs) made of gold cores. The resulting polymer-coated NPs and NRs exhibit good colloidal stability to pH changes and added electrolytes. This constitutes a departure from the use of thiol-based ligands to coordinate on Au surfaces. The present chemical approach also opens up additional opportunities for designing hydrophilic and reactive platforms where the polymer coating can be adjusted to various metal and metal oxide surfaces by simply modifying or combining the addition reaction with other metal coordinating groups. These could include iron oxide NPs and semiconductor QDs. These polymer-capped NPs and NRs can be used to develop biologically-active platforms with potential use for drug delivery and sensing.
An in vitro rat model of colonic motility to determine the effect of β-casomorphin-5 on propagating contractions
Authors: Dalziel J. E. , Spencer N. J. , Dunstan K. E. , Lynch A. T. , Haggarty N. W. , Gopal P. K. , Roy N. C.
Published: July 2014

Measurement of contractions that propagate along the length of the isolated large intestine as anin vitromodel for effects of food substances on gastro-intestinal transit.
High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for direct analysis of solid samples and complex materials: a tutorial review
Authors: Resano Martín , Aramendía Maite , Belarra Miguel A.
Published: July 2014

This work tries to provide guidance for the development of new methods aiming at the direct analysis of solid samples or complex liquid materials using HR CS GFAAS.
Rapid and high-throughput formation of 3D embryoid bodies in hydrogels using the dielectrophoresis technique
Authors: Ahadian Samad , Yamada Shukuyo , Ramón-Azcón Javier , Ino Kosuke , Shiku Hitoshi , Khademhosseini Ali , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: July 2014

The dielectrophoresis technique was used to generate 3D embryoid bodies in hydrogels in a rapid and high-throughput manner.
A critical evaluation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-amines as Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) inhibitors
Authors: Devine Shane M. , Lim San Sui , Chandrashekaran Indu R. , MacRaild Christopher A. , Drew Damien R. , Debono Cael O. , Lam Raymond , Anders Robin F. , Beeson James G. , Scanlon Martin J. , Scammells Peter J. , Norton Raymond S.
Published: July 2014

Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are low affinity AMA1 binders that are also prone to aggregation.
A novel surface-coated nanocarrier for efficient encapsulation and delivery of camptothecin to cells
Authors: Wakabayashi Rie , Ishiyama Ryutaro , Kamiya Noriho , Goto Masahiro
Published: July 2014

In the present study, we developed a novel surface-coated nanocarrier (SCN) for efficient and stable encapsulation of a poorly water-soluble anticancer agent, camptothecin (CPT).
Au@Ag core/shell nanoparticles as colorimetric probes for cyanide sensing
Authors: Zeng Jing-bin , Cao Ying-ying , Chen Jing-jing , Wang Xu-dong , Yu Jian-feng , Yu Bin-bin , Yan Zi-feng , Chen Xi
Published: July 2014

Au@Ag core/shell NPs are synthesized and used for the colorimetric detection of cyanide.
New reagents for detecting free radicals and oxidative stress
Authors: Barzegar Amiri Olia Mina , Schiesser Carl H. , Taylor Michelle K.
Published: July 2014

This short review highlights recent progress in the development of reagents for the detection of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, a key step on the road to their understanding and ultimate control.
Direct intermolecular C–H arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl bromides catalysed by 2-pyridyl carbinol
Authors: Wu Yinuo , Choy Pui Ying , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: July 2014

A general C–H arylation of unactivated arenes by aryl/heteroaryl bromides in the presence of 2-pyridyl carbinol and potassium tert-butoxide is described.
Synthesis and characterization of perfluoro-tert-butyl semifluorinated amphiphilic polymers and their potential application in hydrophobic drug delivery
Authors: Decato Sarah , Bemis Troy , Madsen Eric , Mecozzi Sandro
Published: July 2014

Semifluorinated polymer surfactants containing one, two, or three perfluoro-tert-butyl groups were synthesized and fully characterized. Theranostic applications are discussed.