bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Children Sensitive to What They Know?: An Insight from Yucatec Mayan Children
Authors: Kim Sunae , Le Guen Olivier , Sodian Beate , Proust Joélle
Published: October 2021

Metacognitive abilities are considered as a hallmark of advanced human cognition. Existing empirical studies have exclusively focused on populations from Western and industrialized societies. Little is known about young children’s metacognitive abilities in other societal and cultural contexts. Here we tested 4-year-old Yucatec Mayan (a rural native population from Mexico) by adopting a metacognitive task in which children’s explicit assessment of their own knowledge states about the hidden content of a container and their informing judgments (whether or not to inform an ignorant person about the hidden contents of a container) were assessed. Similar to previous studies, we found that Yucatec Mayan children overestimated their knowledge states in the explicit metacognitive task. However, in contrast with studies on Western children, we did not find the facilitating effect of the implicit informing task over the explicit task. These findings suggest that the early development of metacognition combines universal and culture-sensitive features.
Narrow and Broad Faculties in System 1 and System 2: Toward Consensus in the Debate on Modularity
Authors: Francis Norbert
Published: October 2021

Research on learning, the structure of attained knowledge, and the use of this competence in performance has repeatedly returned to longstanding proposals about how to better understand proficient use of knowledge and how humans acquire it. The following article takes up an exchange between Chiappe & Gardner (2011) and Barrett & Kurzban (2012) on the concept of modularity, one of these proposals. Despite the disagreements expressed, a careful reading of the contributions shows that they also left us with lines of discussion that will eventually sort out the relevant hypotheses and integrate findings for future research. These lines of work will contribute to a clearer understanding of an updated version of the modularity hypothesis that is also compatible with evolutionary science perspectives on learning. How might the categories of domain-specific and domain-general correspond to the distinction between competence and performance and to that of narrow faculty and broad faculty?
Conscious and Unconscious Phantasy and the Phenomenology of Dreams
Authors: Geniusas Saulius
Published: October 2021

My goal is threefold. First, building on the basis of Husserl’s phenomenology of the imagination, I will argue that phantasy is a specific type of intentional experience, which intends its objects as neutralized presentifications (neutralisierte Vergegenwärtigungen). Second, I will turn to dreams and argue that non-lucid dreams are unconscious phantasies, which cannot be conceived in the above-mentioned way. This realization will bring us to the third task. When recognized as the most extreme form of unconscious phantasy, dreams compel us to raise anew the fundamental question: what is the nature of phantasy experience? According to the perspective I will here develop, phantasy is a specific field of experience that lies between two extremes: the fully translucent mode of the as if consciousness and the thoroughly opaque mode of absorption (Versunkenheit). Most of our phantasies, both conscious and unconscious, voluntary and involuntary, are lived somewhere between these two extremes.
Lament and Ritual Weeping in the “Negative Confession” of the Babylonian Akītu Festival
Authors: Mirelman Sam
Published: October 2021

This study seeks to contextualise the king’s “negative confession,” which took place in the spring Akītu Festival of Babylon, within the established norms of Mesopotamian ritual practice. The king’s humiliation is situated within the contexts of status reversal, lament and ritual weeping. The study includes a comparative almanac of the Akkadian prayer and/or exclamation known as šigû.
Nature’s Rage and Nation-Building: The 1927 Earthquake in Palestine
Authors: Ayalon Ami
Published: October 2021

Palestine of the 1920s was a country in transformation. Arabs and Jews were striving to build their separate national communities on the same land amid a bitter rivalry between them, under a recently installed colonial government that had its own geostrategic interests. The mighty earthquake that inflicted death and devastation on the country in July 1927 confronted all of these actors at an early stage of advancing their respective agendas, and presented a serious test to all of them. The article examines the quake’s impact on the Palestinians, the dual Jewish community (Zionist and “old yishuv”), Arab-Jewish relations, and the country’s British imperial administration, and scrutinizes their respective handling of the challenge. Employing the natural disaster as a prism, it sheds a focused light on the dilemmas and choices of these actors at that early phase of Palestine’s mandatory history
Rabbis as Recipients of Charity and the Logic of Grammarian Piety
Authors: Dalton Krista N.
Published: October 2021

Palestinian Amoraic literature depicts some rabbis as recipients of charity. While some scholars have suggested that these donations supported poor students and others have argued that rabbis solicited charity in order to expand their own power, this essay suggests that these approaches sideline rabbinic hermeneutics. When viewed through the lens of grammarian piety, there is a grammarian and conceptual case to be made that rabbis should in fact receive charitable donations. Analyzing two linguistic exercises using Isaiah 58:7b in Palestinian Amoraic literature, this article demonstrates how the association of rabbis and charitable donations made conceptual sense according to the logic generated through grammarian hermeneutics.
The Eunuch and the Baldhead: Sexuality in Early Jewish-Christian Polemic
Authors: Rubin Israel Netanel
Published: October 2021

Defining appropriate attitudes towards sexuality has always been an issue in Jewish-Christian polemic. Contemporary Jewish writers tend to boast of Judaism’s liberal attitude toward sexuality, while medieval Jewish polemicists were defensive when confronting Christian attacks on this matter. In ancient times, when sexual puritanism was less popular, Jewish theologians did not refrain from showing their contempt for the Christian value ​​of celibacy. This article proposes a new reading of the Talmudic legend about an argument between Joshua b. Karhah and a Christian eunuch. In this reading, the Christian figure stands for Origen, a Church father described in Christian sources as having castrated himself owing to a literal interpretation of the New Testament. In this reading, the debate summarizes the Talmudic rabbis’ perspective on the difference between Jewish and Christian views of sexuality.
Onqelos in Byzantium in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: The Relationship of R. Samuel of Rossano and R. Meyuhas ben Elijah to the Aramaic Translation
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This study addresses the views of two Byzantine commentators regarding Targum Onqelos: R. Samuel Roshano of the twelfth century and R. Meyuhas ben Elijah of the thirteenth. R. Samuel explicitly refers to the translation forty-six times; R. Meyuhas makes explicit reference to it 104 times. But there are differences between the two commentators in their relation to the Targum: R. Samuel never mentions the name Onqelos, while R. Meyuhas does so explicitly; R. Samuel systematically cites the text of the Targum, while in most cases in R. Meyuhas’ commentary, there is no accurate citation. The qualitative difference is in their respective relationships with the Targum: all of R. Samuel’s references to it signal his agreement; R. Meyuhas, on the other hand, while frequently agreeing with Onqelos, also brings the Targum as one of two possible alternatives and sometimes openly challenges its interpretation.
Victorinus’ Soteriology as a Philosophical, Theological and Exegetical Project
Authors: Helleman Wendy Elgersma
Published: October 2021

Recent studies of Victorinus by Stephen Andrew Cooper, Ellen Scully, Lenka Karfíková and Werner Steinmann have highlighted the need to read the philosophical treatises more closely alongside explicitly theological and exegetical work. But the approach of these authors reflects significantly divergent goals, from reading his work to defend an almost Lutheran emphasis on sola fide, or rather differently, in terms of a ‘physicalist’ approach on universal implications of Christ’s role as Logos. Appreciating the work of Cooper and Karfíková, the present treatment is focused on a recent article by Scully, questioning her understanding of Victorinus on the interconnection of cosmology and soteriology to present the human Christ in terms of a Platonic form.
Association of social group with both life-history traits and brain size in cooperatively breeding birds
Authors: Jiang Ying , Jin Long , Fu Yi Qiang , Liao Wen Bo
Published: October 2021

Social group is associated with life-history traits and can predict brain size variation in cooperative primates and some other mammal groups, but such explicit relationships remain enigmatic in cooperatively breeding birds. Indeed, some compositions of social group in cooperative species (e.g., helper number and group size) would affect the fitness of breeders by providing alloparental care. Here, we conducted comparative tests of the relationship between the social group and both life-history traits and brain size across 197 species of cooperatively breeding birds using phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses. We did not find any correlations between helper numbers and both life-history traits and brain size. However, we found that maximum group size was positively associated with clutch size. Moreover, average group size has positive associations with body mass and relative brain size. Our findings suggest that helper numbers cannot promote variation in relative brain size, while larger groups may predict bigger brains in cooperatively breeding birds.
Gray Peace: Is Part of a Peace Sufficient?
Authors: Zartman I. William
Published: October 2021

Completed negotiations often end in shortfalls, half glasses, and way stations. Is that enough to claim success and is a half-loaf sometimes sufficient? The nine articles in this thematic issue examine various forms of incomplete negotiations, from a full-worded agreement that is bypassed, through a formal ceasefire, an agreement among only the agreeables, a mediated but non-transforming agreement, a confidence-building agreement, and finally, claimed resolution that drives violence underground. Sufficiency has different meanings in each case, but generally refers to making some progress in handling the conflict, whereas insufficiency refers to not making progress at any level that is lasting.
Azerbaijan’s Healthcare Legislation: Major Developments Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jafarova Lala A. , Mammadov Vugar G. , Mammadova Leyli E.
Published: October 2021

Significant changes in the field of Azerbaijan’s healthcare legislation came just at the time when the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic broke out in the world. The end of 2019 was supposed to lay the groundwork for the introduction of the country’s long-awaited health insurance – a landmark change in terms of national healthcare transformation; although the Law ‘On health insurance’ was adopted in the 1990s, its implementation was per se frozen for many years due to various reasons. Therefore, the pandemic complicated the process even more. It also coincided with significant updates of the Law ‘On human organs and tissues donation and transplantation’, which comes into force in 2022, and legislation related to disability. Thus, this paper focuses on recent changes in healthcare legislation; analyses system of health insurance, updated transplantation and disability laws. It gives an overview of the developments that accompany the process of legislation transformation.
Towards Enlarged Cross-Textual Reading in a Multi-Faith Context
Authors: Listijabudi Daniel K.
Published: October 2021

This article re-examines Archie Lee’s framework of cross-textual reading and offers a new pattern for so-called communitarian cross-textual reading. Our critical assessment of the chosen method will address two subjects. The first is a reflection on the validity of the use of this hermeneutical method, including whether this method is proper, workable, and legitimate concerning the possibilities offered by the Asian context with its multiple religious sacred texts. The second is a reflection on the challenges that appear within this biblical reading approach; challenges this method should face constructively in the Asian context. In conclusion, this article will also try to offer an innovative reading model.
Learning from “Fresh Expressions of Church” and the “Loving-First Cycle” through a Case Study from Cape Town
Authors: Aldous Benjamin , Moynagh Michael
Published: October 2021

This article outlines and engages the “loving-first cycle” as a contextual model for starting new faith communities and as potentially one of the lessons from “fresh expressions” for the wider church. Initially we describe two alternative approaches to church multiplication and explain the “loving-first cycle” as a contrasting methodology arising from the experience of fresh expressions of church in the UK. Next, we ground the cycle in a case study from Cape Town, South Africa. Then we argue that the cycle has the potential to be an intentional methodology for mission.
Digital Entrepreneurship
Authors: Zani Beatrice
Published: October 2021

In the digital age of migration, Chinese migrant entrepreneurial activities are increasingly undertaken online. Drawing on a case study of e-commerce developed by Chinese marriage-migrant women in Taiwan, this article investigates the digitized and emotional dimensions of entrepreneurship. It examines Chinese women’s innovative use of the online social media platform WeChat in developing transnational networks and virtual commercial circuits to achieve their economic goals while adapting to their new host society. It considers the role of the emotions in business formation and in the commercialization of “contested” commodities whose circulations transgress trading rules and borders. This study contributes to the empirical literature on the transformation of migrant entrepreneurship, specifically by diasporic Chinese. Theoretically, the empirical case of digital entrepreneurship among Chinese migrant women invites us to consider the growing use of both virtual platforms and emotions in the making of migrants’ commercial activities.
The Advantage of Transnational Coethnic Networks
Authors: Song (宋沧珠) Changzoo , Li (李海英) Haiying
Published: October 2021

This is a case study of the cross-ethnicization and globalization of an ethnic food by entrepreneurial Korean Chinese. Korean Chinese (also referred to as Joseonjok or Chaoxianzu) in China came from a strong agricultural background with little tradition of commerce and no tradition of consuming lamb meat. However, when Xinjiang-style barbecue-lamb skewers were introduced to their community in the early 1980s, Korean Chinese fell in love with this exotic food. Soon, Korean Chinese entrepreneurs began opening their own barbecue-lamb-skewer restaurants. Within the next two decades, they transformed this humble street food into a luxurious gourmet food through various innovative measures. They also globalized the barbecue-lamb-skewer business by expanding it to other cities in China, South Korea, Japan, the United States and beyond. Based on fieldwork conducted in Korean Chinese communities in China, South Korea and Japan, we found that their transnational coethnic networks were the key behind this intriguing success in ethnic entrepreneurialism. This paper explores how the Korean Chinese developed their transnational coethnic networks, and how these networks contributed to this formerly non-coethnic lamb-skewer business.
Reading and Writing on Reading and Writing: Short Poetry on Flyleaves in a Manuscript of the Metrical Grammar (DCA 00065)
Authors: Pritula Anton
Published: October 2021

The short pieces discussed in the paper were added between larger texts and on the flyleaves by the scribe himself. Thematically, the poems may be divided in two blocks: the first one contains poems on reading, studying grammar, and on the scribal activities, whereas the second one comprises poetry ascribed to Bar ʿEbrōyō on different topics. The manuscript under discussion – Bar ʿEbrōyō’s (1226–1286) Metrical Grammar (DCA 00065) – was written in 1552 by ʿAbdīšōʿ of Gāzartā, an East Syrian patriarch (1555–1570), poet and copyist.

These small pieces forming short verse collections illustrate the complex processes that took place in the manuscript circulation and literary life during the Early Ottoman period. All the short poems were never published or studied before, and for that reason they are placed here in the Appendix in both Syriac original and English translation.
Beyond the Nation and the Diaspora
Authors: Mitra Sreya
Published: October 2021

The MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region has long been a site of Hindi film consumption and circulation, with Dubai emerging in recent years as a potent hub for Bollywood’s overseas distribution and marketing. Though the role of the “Gulf” in articulating immigrant experiences and regional identity among Malayali Indians is well documented (Radhakrishnan 2009), Hindi cinema’s popularity in the region has rarely received any scholarly attention. In the past decade, UAE has witnessed the launch of three cable and satellite television channels—Zee Aflam (2009), Zee Alwan (2012) and MBC Bollywood (2013)—with dedicated Bollywood content, much of which is dubbed in Arabic and targeted primarily at the local Emirati audience. This paper examines the consumption and dissemination of this dubbed Indian content, which includes Bollywood films as well as Hindi television series, among the Arabic-speaking audience. As I argue, the current popularity of “Bollywood in Arabic” can be historicized and traced back to popular Hindi cinema’s consumption in the Gulf during the sixties and seventies, particularly among the local Emirati audience. In doing so, I not only extend the scope of Hindi film scholarship beyond the hegemonic parameters of the nation and its citizens, but also, interrogate the role of Dubai and the “Gulf” as a cultural capital of transnational media economics.
Visual Storytelling in Arab Virtual Public Spheres
Authors: Ayish Mohammad
Published: October 2021

Across the Arab world, increasing digitization, spiking young demographics, expanding media education programs and rising cultural liberalism seem to be inducing greater visualization in the virtual sphere. This perception of the image as a key facet of online communications has been especially noted in the Arabian Gulf, where grand cultural and media projects embracing media cities, virtual museums, knowledge parks, online video platforms and film festivals are seen as critically supporting the region by telling its story to the world. But in order for the Arab world to sustain this visual momentum in the virtual public sphere, it must address certain challenges arising from its postcolonial visual media policies, historically-entrenched oral communication legacies, state authoritarianism and narrow Islamic views of the image as taboo. In a global communications environment, Arabs have much to gain by harnessing the power of the image in virtual space to enhance their international engagement. The Gulf region has already made some breakthroughs in this regard by fostering more open cultural policies, supporting online visual content creation, embracing creative young talent, maintaining world-class telecommunications infrastructures and solidifying visual media education programs. But more has yet to be done to realize the full visual potential of the virtual sphere.
Psychology and Obligation in Hobbes: The Case of “Ought Implies Can”
Authors: Garofalo Paul
Published: October 2021

Many interpreters use Hobbes’s endorsement of “ought implies can” to justify treating Hobbes’s motivational psychology as an external constraint on his normative theory. These interpreters assume that, for Hobbes, something is “possible” for a person to do only if they can be motivated to do it, and so Hobbes’s psychological theory constrains what obligations people have. I argue this assumption about what is “possible” is false and so these arguments are unsound. Looking to Hobbes’s exchange with Bramhall on free will, I argue that the sense of “possible” relevant for “ought implies can” in Hobbes’s philosophy only concerns an agent’s capacity to do something if they decide to do it. Whether a person can be motivated to do something, then, does not determine if it is possible for them. Consequently, Hobbes’s motivational psychology cannot determine what our obligations are by invoking the principle that “ought implies can.”
Governing Laws and the Inference Problem
Authors: Ioannidis Stavros , Livanios Vassilis , Psillos Stathis
Published: October 2021

How do non-Humean laws govern regularities in nature? According to the Inference Problem, non-Humean accounts of governing face a central problem: it is not clear how such laws do perform their governing function. Recently, Jonathan Schaffer has argued that the introduction of a law-to-regularity axiom is sufficient to solve the Inference Problem. The authors argue that Schaffer’s solution faces a devastating dilemma: either the required axiom cannot, on its own, differentiate the non-Humean account from a Humean account of laws or, if more content is added to the primitive governing posit, it should be shown how and why the ‘outfitted’ posit obtains in the world. Furthermore, the authors show that those cases that Schaffer presents to motivate his approach are not analogous to the case of lawhood and so they cannot provide justification for his axiomatic solution.
“Revenir à Beckett”
Authors: Françon Alain , Protin Matthieu
Published: October 2021

Dans cet entretien, Alain Françon développe les raisons qui l’ ont conduit à travailler sur les pièces de Samuel Beckett, et, en particulier, sur Fin de partie. Il insiste en particulier sur la découverte qu’ a constitué pour lui l’ existence des différentes versions des pièces et des carnets de mise en scène, ce qui a radicalement changé sa perception des pièces et de l’ auteur. Il évoque également ses modalités de création, et compare Edward Bond et Beckett.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Sturmiodexia Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae), with a new synonymy and combinations
Authors: de Santis Marcelo Domingos
Published: October 2021

The monotypic genus Sturmiodexia Townsend, 1919 is a poorly known Neotropical taxon. Herein a new generic synonymy is proposed for this genus: Platyrrhinodexia Townsend, 1927 syn. nov. Two new combinations are assigned for Sturmiodexia: S. moyobambensis (Townsend, 1929) comb nov. and S. punctulata (Townsend, 1927) comb nov. Redescriptions were done for S. punctulata, S. rubescens Townsend 1919 and S. muscaria (Walker 1853). With these new propositions, Sturmiodexia is left with four species. In addition, the male and female terminalia, and the first instar larva, are described and illustrated for the first time for S. punctulata. Finally, a diagnose for Sturmiodexia and a key to all species is given.
The Rise and Fall of a Populist Contender in Albania
Authors: Bino Blerjana
Published: October 2021

In light of populism surging in Southeastern Europe, this paper investigates the rise and fall of the Red and Black Alliance (rba), a populist political party in Albania with hard-line nationalism and anti-establishment feelings at its core. The paper investigates the initial breakthrough and the subsequent non-success of the rba by analysing the specific contextual settings for the emergence of populist parties in Albania, the party’s political discourse and its electoral performance in the general parliamentary elections of 2013. By adopting a qualitative methodology of discourse analysis and review of secondary resources, this paper argues that the insignificant electoral results of the rba in the general parliamentary elections in 2013 were determined by a group of interrelated supply and demand factors as well as institutional and contextual factors, with party credibility and the availability of the public being the two most important explanatory variables.
Hybride Temporalitäten
Authors: Frick Julia , Grütter Oliver
Published: October 2021

When the astronomical clock of the Strasbourg Cathedral was inaugurated in 1574, Nicodemus Frischlin, humanist and professor of poetics in Tübingen, responded to this monumental, ‘time-defining event’ with a didactic poem – in Latin, and profoundly informed by the great models of Classical Antiquity – in which he embedded the stages of human life in an encompassing horizon of both secular and religious temporality. With his ‘carmen’, Frischlin aimed to complement the ambitious technological construction with an equally ambitious literary account, gradually tracing the building’s multiple and hybrid conceptions and semantics of ‘time’ in versified description. This article examines how Frischlin’s didactic poetry organizes knowledge of anthropological, historical, and eschatological times; moreover, illuminating the motifs of the moon disc, the ‘Lebensalterautomat’, and the mechanical figure of Death, it sheds light on the emulating adaptation of Classical tradition (Lucretius; Ovid). Frischlin portrays the Strasbourg clock as a technological masterpiece without equal in Classical Antiquity.
The Origins of Psyche
Authors: Goodwyn Erik
Published: October 2021

This paper follows the ongoing discussion with philosopher and psychoanalyst Jon Mills (2020) regarding the nature, origin, and essence of the archetype and psyche, in which my approach that incorporates key features of the philosophy of mind is being compared and contrasted with Mills’ onto-phenomenal approach. Both Mills and I come at this question from very different backgrounds, making interdisciplinary work challenging but rewarding. In this paper I will attempt to start from Mills’ foundational position to bridge the two frameworks together.
Italo-Albanian: Balkan Inheritance and Romance Influence
Authors: Breu Walter
Published: October 2021

This chapter deals with contact-induced change in Italo-Albanian and its effects on the Balkan inheritance of this minority language. The introduction is dedicated to the general characteristics of Albanian and its varieties from a historical, dialectological and geographic perspective, followed by a section on the historical and present situation of the Italo-Albanians. While Section 3 discusses the role of Balkanisms in Standard Albanian, Section 4 gives a general overview of the fate of these Sprachbund criteria in Italo-Albanian. In Section 5, contact-induced changes in the verb systems in single Italo-Albanian dialects are investigated, with special regard to the changes in the future tense, in the analytical perfect and verbal aspect, followed by a discussion of the innovative causative construction and other periphrases. Finally, changes in the domains of mood and voice in the Italo-Albanian dialects are described, most of them of recent date and, in part, not accepted by conservative speakers. All contact-induced developments in the minority language, as well as those parts of its grammar that have resisted foreign influence, are contrasted with their Standard-Albanian counterparts. As will be shown, many traditional Balkan features have been weakened or lost, whereas others have even expanded, but always in the direction of Romance models, to which Italo-Albanian functionally has adapted or which it has calqued.
The Negative Imperative in Southern Calabria. Spirito Greco, Materia Romanza Again?
Authors: Ledgeway Adam , Schifano Norma , Silvestri Giuseppina
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to investigate a special case of suppletion in the paradigm of the negative imperative in some dialects of southern Calabria. First, we show how these paradigms involve the extension of an original infinitival desinence to a present indicative verb, giving rise to a hybrid imperatival form (Section 2). Second, we claim that this pattern of suppletion does not represent a Romance-internal development but, rather, the outcome of contact-induced change and, in particular, the influence of the local Greek sub-/adstrate (Section 3). Furthermore, we show that these hybrid patterns also provide significant evidence for the formal morphosyntactic equivalence between competing Greek finite and Romance non-finite forms of subordination, a typical Balkanism (Section 4). Finally, we demonstrate that the extension of the Romance infinitival desinence according to an underlying Greek model yields in synchrony an alternation between a suppletive positive imperative and a true negative imperative, a typologically very rare formal opposition (Section 5).
Media Activism: Bantay Kalikasan in the Passage of the Clean Air Act
Authors: Frago Perlita M.
Published: October 2021

This case study examines the role of media in the enactment of the Clean Air Act of 1999 (CAA). Through the intervention of the Bantay Kalikasan (Nature Watch), the environmental advocacy arm of ABS-CBN (the largest broadcasting network of the Philippines), the clean air discourse became a public issue. It not only campaigned actively for the law by initiating roadside information teams, but it also initiated the 5M–signature campaign in support of the CAA’s enactment into law. Most of all, it amplified the discursive health and moral debates popularized by the Clean Air coalition concerning incinerator. Environment is not exactly a mainstream issue in the Philippines, but the media possess the essential resources to make any dire environmental issue a public concern. As soon as the media realize their discursive power to popularize any technical environmental concern, the more realizable the future will be for a more viable and more continuous environmental policy not only for clean air.
From Nasser to al-Sīsī
Authors: Giladi Elad
Published: October 2021

After the events of June 30 and July 3, 2013, that brought the Muslim Brotherhood rule to an end, Egyptian President ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Sīsī has been carried aloft on waves of adulation of most of the Egyptian people. This phenomenon was reflected in popular expressions and in the Egyptian media, and any criticism of it was minimal. Interestingly, it was the portrayal of al-Sīsī in a children’s magazine, Samīr (February 1, 2014), that generated vocal public debate on issues of the exposure of children to political content and their indoctrination. This article examines why this case provoked such harsh criticism even though political content and indoctrination in children’s magazines are not a new phenomenon in Egypt but rather a continuation of past traditions, and discusses what insights can be gleaned from the affair with regard to Egyptian society today.
The effect of drainage height on plant-species composition on a semi-arid green roof system
Authors: Agra Har'el , Shalom Hadar , Bawab Omar , Kadas Gyongyver J. , Blaustein Leon
Published: October 2021

Green roofs are expected to contribute to higher biodiversity in urban surroundings. Typically, green roofs have been designed with low plant diversity. However, plant diversity can be enhanced by controlling resource availability and creating distinct niches. Here we hypothesize that by using different drainage heights during the short plant-growing season in a semi-arid green roof system we can create distinct niches and plant communities. Our experiment took place at the University of Haifa, north Israel. We tested three different heights of drainage outlet: 10 cm under the surface of the substrate (Low), 1 cm under the surface of the substrate (Medium) and 3 cm above the surface of the substrate (High) on plant species-composition in green-roof gardens. Grasses cover was higher in High and Medium drainages while forbs cover was higher in Low drainage. Species richness was the highest in Low drainage while diversity indices showed the opposite trend. We conclude that by changing the height of the drainage we can create different niches and change species composition in a short time period of one growing season. This way we can create more diverse green roof communities and enhance biodiversity in urban areas, particularly in semi-arid regions.
Mubālaghah Menurut Perspektif al-ʿAlawi: Kajian Terhadap Elemen Mubālaghah dalam Hadith Berkaitan Syurga
Authors: Hussin Mohamad , Jamaludin Mohd Hafiz
Published: October 2021

The depiction of heaven as a supernatural thing that is hard for human beings to perceive is understandably difficult. Thus, the person who delivers divine messages about it to the masses requires a high level of language ability and delivery skills in order to be able to convince the audience. This study aims to examine the style of language in the hadiths containing descriptions of heaven from the perspective of mubālaghah. The research objectives are achieved through content analysis through which, hadiths related to description of heaven in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim are probed and the elements of mubālaghah in them are identified and analyzed. The mubālaghah approach by al-ʿAlawi is used as a theoretical basis in identifying and analyzing the elements of mubālaghah. The findings show that Rasulullah SAW decribed the inhabitants, the nature of heaven and the blessings provided to its inhabitants by using various mubālaghah approaches such as applying the elements of bayan, repeating sentences with the same meaning and completing sentences with hyperbole. Objects used as symbols were chosen from the socio-cultural environment of the society at that time such as the moon, stars, musk, horses, gems and significant rivers such as the Nile, Saihān and Jaihān. The most prominent characteristic is that his words are rich in elements of balaghah and delivered effectively to strengthen the audience’s understanding of the theme, which subsequently leads to acceptance and belief.
حُقوقُ الوالدين في ضوء القرآن والإِنْجيل: دِراسَة مُقارَنَة
Authors: Al-Miʾani Yousef Mohammad , Al-Haj Thabet Abu , Abdullah Mustafā
Published: October 2021

The issue of parental rights is an important issue that must be known and applied by sons and daughters in all religions. Therefore, this study aims to study these rights as stated in the Holy Qurʾan and compares them with what is mentioned in the Bible. These rights are fully taken into account by the needs of mankind in this era, especially with the prevalence of parental disobedience in many societies. This study showed, by comparing the holy Qurʾan and the Bible concerning the rights of parents, that the rights mentioned in the Qurʾan are two times as large as what is in the Bible, and the number of verses in the Holy Qurʾan is ten times more than those in the Bible. Moreover, by comparing the texts of the Holy Qurʾan and the Bible’s, the holy Qurʾan’s verses are so accurate in mentioning and describing the rights of parents, which made it the most comprehensive in emphasizing these rights, for example mentioning the rights of charity, service, praying for them, obeying them, and being grateful. On the other hand, the Bible does not state the rights of obedience, calling to Allah’s religion, being grateful, and honoring them.
Kredibiliti dan Pengaruh Faridah binti Mat Saman Terhadap Institusi Tarannum di Negeri Kelantan Credibility and Influence of Faridah binti Mat Saman on Tarannum Institution in Kelantan
Authors: Safie Shafiza , bin Mohd Yusof Mohd Yakub Zulkifli , Ahmad Khadher
Published: October 2021

Faridah Binti Mat Saman is a prominent figure among Quranic reciters in Malaysia and has won the competition of Quran recitation whether in national or international level for eight times. She has also been able to positively influence the Quranic institutions all over Kelantan and further embed her salutary impact towards the development of Tarannum studies in Malaysia starting from the year 1948 until 2018. This study is a qualitative research design using data collection methods through interviews, document analysis and declaration from Faridah Binti Mat Saman. The results show that the credibility of Faridah Binti Mat Saman has inspired Kelantan institutions through her morale, knowledge, expertise and skills which has resulted to favourable outcomes towards the institutions and the growth of Quranic tarannum studies in the state and Malaysia in general.
Anatomical and blue intensity methods to determine wood density converge in contributing to explain different distributions of three palaeotropical pine species
Authors: Ho Le T. , Thomas Frank M.
Published: October 2021

Wood density constitutes an integrative trait of water relations and growth. We compared the recently developed blue intensity (BI) method, which has only rarely been applied to tropical conifers, for determining wood density with anatomical analyses in studying the three rarely investigated palaeotropical pine species Pinus kesiya, P. dalatensis and P. krempfii, which co-occur in South-Central Vietnam, but differ in their distribution areas. For species comparisons, we also calculated the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem with the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity () based on the anatomical analyses. We hypothesized (i) that the BI values are correlated with the cell wall fractions, the calculated hydraulic conductivity and the values; and (ii) that the wider occurrence of P. kesiya, which also can grow at drier sites, is reflected by higher wood density, lower hydraulic conductivity, lower (more negative) values and a smaller variation in the wood anatomical features across the years compared to the other two species. In agreement to our hypotheses, the results of the BI and the anatomical method were closely correlated, especially for sapwood, and P. kesiya exhibited features that are related to the growth at drier sites and to a higher tolerance towards drought: higher wood density and cell wall:lumen area ratios of its smaller xylem conduits, lower calculated hydraulic conductivity and more negative values. The BI method is well suitable for determining the wood density in tropical conifers. As a fast and inexpensive method, it may be used for initial screening woody species for their water transport capacity and drought resistance.
Japan Meets Holland
Authors: Dixon Laurinda S.
Published: October 2021

George Hendrik Breitner (1857–1923) was a Dutch Realist artist, whose works chronicle urban life in Amsterdam. But his paintings of a young woman, collapsed on a divan and wrapped in a luxuriant kimono, secured his reputation as an exponent of European Japonisme. The so-called ‘Kimono Girls’, completed between 1893 and 1896, are compelling evocations of female leisure, subsumed within an exotic melange of vivid color and pattern. More importantly, they are an amalgamation of several cultural contexts that characterized the volatile nineteenth century. European Japonisme, the revival of Dutch painterly traditions, medical dogma, and the beginnings of organized feminism come together in these works, making them both compelling and subversive.
Re ‘constructing’ Informality
Authors: Shahid Amal
Published: October 2021

In the latter half of the 19th century the Indian subcontinent was wrought with frequent famines. The colonial state provided relief to the affected population through employment on public works such as roads, canals and railways, in addition to charitable relief. Discussing working conditions, wages, and recruitment, this paper argues that famine labour was characterized by informality under a state regulated employment system, and explores how informality can be conceptualized in a historical context. Coinage of and the distinction between the terms formal and informal is fairly recent, being defined by degrees of state regulation and precarity. This paper, through the case of famine construction workers, offers evidence of practice and adds to the corpus of literature that challenges the distinction between the two terms. Therefore, the paper holds implications for current discussions on interpenetrations between formal and informal economies in the global south.
Decent Work for Domestic Workers in Argentina
Authors: Poblete Lorena
Published: October 2021

Informality characterized domestic work in Argentina. Only 24% of domestic workers are formal workers. Therefore, informality became the target for transforming domestic work into “decent work,” following the International Labor Organization’s agenda. Looking at three different state institutions participating in this transformation—the Argentine Congress, National Tax Agency and Domestic Work Tribunal, this article seeks to understand how the notion of informality and the conceptualization of this particular labor relationship condition institutional responses. Thus, the article shows that in order to expand domestic workers’ rights, the three institutions focus on one particular working-time arrangement: full-time work. As a result, domestic workers working a few hours per week for several employers do not access the same protections, and are only marginally included within the scope of the law. For them, decent work seems to be unattainable.
Multi-Level Marketing as “Gig” Work: Worker Motivations, Characteristics, and Outcomes in the U.S.
Authors: DeLiema Marguerite , Bosley Stacie , Shadel Doug
Published: October 2021

Multi-level marketing (mlm) firms offer recruits the opportunity to earn compensation through starting their own direct selling business and often characterize mlm work as part of the “gig” economy. mlm promotes flexibility, autonomy, and income potential but data suggest that most participants fail to make money. Decisions are made under uncertainty as there is asymmetric information on potential outcomes and their respective likelihood. We use the first nationally representative survey (N = 1016) to understand the motivations for participating in mlm “gigs,” the social and financial outcomes of participation, and the correlates of those outcomes. While approximately three-fourths of mlm workers report that they joined for financial returns, a similar share reported that they did not earn any profit. Results identify a mismatch between expectations and outcomes and underscore decision biases in the context of uncertain financial rewards alongside broader gig economy regulatory concerns.
Pax Americana: Palestine and the Middle East in the Trump Era
Authors: Raheb Mitri
Published: October 2021

Peace between Israel and the Arab world appears to be progressing like never before. It started with the UAE, followed by Bahrain and Morocco, and then with Sudan. A “new” Middle East is finally becoming a reality. Yet, on the other hand, the colonization of Palestinian land is progressing at full speed ever since President Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the American Embassy there. During both the Embassy move and the so-called Abraham Accords with Arab countries and throughout the Trump era, biblical language has been employed. This paper will examine these political developments and biblical connotations. At the heart of the issue lies the question of what constitutes real peace. This paper argues that ‘the deal of the century’ was a form of Pax Romana rather than Pax Christi.
Prayer According to Kierkegaard
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Louis , Pietrogrande Filippo
Published: October 2021

In this article first appeared in 1997, Jean-Louis Chrétien examines the meaning of prayer in Kierkegaard’s writings and existence. By focusing on the difficulties of this task and with meticulous attention to the vast work of the Danish philosopher, Chrétien describes prayer as a tense and agonistic experience, akin to the evangelical struggle between Jacob and the angel. Just like in his well-known phenomenological analysis, “The Wounded Word: Phenomenology of Prayer”, the author identifies in prayer a paradoxical articulation of struggle and peace, gift and endeavour, speaking and listening, through which the human being is profoundly transformed and finally learns to truly say “thank you”.
Zen Buddhism and the Phenomenology of Mysticism
Authors: Bailey Dylan S.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, I use a comparative analysis of mysticism in Zen and the Abrahamic faiths to formulate a phenomenological account of mysticism “as such.” I argue that, while Zen Buddhism is distinct from other forms of mystical experience in important ways, it can still be fit into a general phenomenological category of mystical experience. First, I explicate the phenomenological accounts of mysticism provided by Anthony Steinbock and Angela Bello. Second, I offer an account of Zen mysticism which both coheres with and problematizes these accounts, arguing that Zen demonstrates the inadequacy of these accounts as descriptions of mysticism as a universal religious category. Lastly, I use this investigation to propose that Zen mysticism does generally cohere with the mystical experiences of other religions, but only if we devise a new formula for speaking phenomenologically about mystical experience as such which captures this phenomenon in all of its manifestations.
A Phenomenology of Utterance and Prophetic Teaching in the Threshold
Authors: Burton Adi , Rocha Samuel D.
Published: October 2021

In this essay, the authors explore the phenomenon of utterance we find in speech and teaching. Jean-Luc Marion’s third phenomenological reduction serves as a methodological foundation for this exploration which moves through Biblical literature and autobiography – both centred on the story of the election of Samuel – before leading into a meditation on the Call of and Response to the Other. The Call and Response guide the essay to a theory of prophetic teaching emerging within its phenomenology of utterance that situates itself between philosophical anthropology and philosophical theology, and between Jewish and Catholic traditions.
Youth Employment Policies: Tackling Meanings and Social Norms within National Contexts
Authors: Longo María Eugenia
Published: October 2021

The transnational urgency of tackling youth employment problems has prompted state interventions, which have strongly geared youth policies toward employability. Applying a cognitive and interpretative approach, this article compares youth employment policies in four contexts—France, Canada, Quebec and Argentina—to highlight frames of reference and social norms involved in public action. The results reveal, first, commonalities and differences in public-policy approaches, in terms of goals, targeted populations, solutions, services and tools. Second, beyond policies’ formal characteristics, semantic analysis highlights the major national references and policy directions in the realm of youth employment. Third, the frames of reference show social norms shaping state solidarity and young people’s role in the labour market. The results stem from a documentary analysis of some 100 youth employment policies and programs, as well as interpretative analysis of interviews (N = 20) with experts and coordinators of some of the main policies in each context.