bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation algorithm for spectral irradiance using broad-band optical filter data
Authors: Liu Yilin , Zhao Jinping , Chen Ping , Chen Xianyao , Yi Li , Wang Xiaoyu , Li Tao
Published: October 2024

A disposable miniature radiometer has been developed using optical filters for spectral separation. Limitations in accurately retrieving irradiance from the broad-band measurement results can be attributed to the broad-band filters. This paper proposes an algorithm for spectral irradiance using broad-band optical filter data (SIBOF algorithm) to achieve precise retrieved irradiance through four correction steps. First, the algorithm uses an energy ratio method to adjust the broad-band data to narrow-band data. The energy ratio is derived from the reference lamp spectrum and measured optical filter transmissivities. Second, the algorithm corrects for filter transmissivity differences by multiplying the normalized spectral transmissivities by calibration coefficients. The third step involves polarization correction, compensating for additional transmissivity caused by polarization effects from the film overlying on the cosine collector, thus eliminating errors due to film polarization. The fourth step involves radiative heating correction, where fitting curves and coefficients are used to analyze the relationship between irradiance deviation and actual irradiance to correct the data. Standardized tests indicate that, after applying the four corrections, the results are highly consistent with the irradiance from the reference radiometer, demonstrating that these correction steps constitute a reliable algorithm for spectral irradiance using broad-band optical filter data. In April 2024, a 20-day sea fog sounding observation was conducted at the Qianliyan Ocean Station. The irradiance data from the miniature radiometers before launch were corrected and compared with those measured by the reference radiometer on the ground. Results indicate that the irradiance retrieved through the algorithm was in good agreement with the measurements from the reference radiometer, validating its performance across various weather conditions.
Unlocking 3D printing technology for microalgal production and application
Authors: Sun Han , Gong Qian , Fan Yuwei , Wang Yuxin , Wang Jia , Zhu Changliang , Mou Haijin , Yang Shufang , Liu Jin
Published: October 2024

Microalgae offer a promising alternative for sustainable nutritional supplements and functional food ingredients and hold potential to meet the growing demand for nutritious and eco-friendly food alternatives. With the escalating impacts of global climate change and increasing human activities, microalgal production must be enhanced by reducing freshwater and land use and minimizing carbon emissions. The advent of 3D printing offers novel opportunities for optimizing microalgae production, though it faces challenges such as high production costs and scalability concerns. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in 3D-printed bioreactors for microalgal production, focusing on 3D printing techniques, bio-ink types, and their applications across environmental, food, and medical fields. This review highlights the benefits of 3D-printed bioreactors, including improved mass transfer, optimized light exposure, enhanced biomass yield, and augmented photosynthesis. Current challenges and future directions of 3D printing in microalgal production are also discussed to offer new insights into boosting microalgal cultivation efficiency for expanded applications.
How Well Does the F-10 Australian Curriculum Prepare Students to be Water Literate Citizens?
Authors: Mills Reece , Tomas Louisa
Published: October 2024

Global water availability and management are persistent challenges to sustainable futures, yet people may have limited understandings of water systems and may hold negative attitudes towards sustainable solutions. With education a mechanism for realising a water literate citizenry, this study asks: How well does the Australian curriculum prepare students to be water literate citizens? McCarroll and Hamann’s (2020) Dimensions of Water Literacy guided a document analysis of Version 9.0 of the F-10 Australian Science and Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS) curricula. Findings revealed that concepts related to water literacy were largely confined to the Year 4 Science and Year 7 Geography curricula. In Science, the dimensions of Science and Systems Knowledge and Local Knowledge were through concepts related to the natural and urban water cycle. In HASS, the Hydrosocial Knowledge dimension was privileged, owing to people’s interactions with water. While there were occurrences of Functional Knowledge in both curricula, the organisation of the curriculum according to knowledge and skills does not explicitly focus on the development of students’ positive attitudes and values towards water conservation, nor engage them in individual or collective decision-making and action. Implications for the Australian curriculum and what it means to be a water literate citizen are discussed.
Nature’s contribution to people in drylands
Authors: Eldridge David J , Wang Chenxu , Liu Yanxu , Ding Jingyi , Li Yan , Wu Xutong , Li Changjia
Published: October 2024

Humans depend heavily on nature. Drylands are home to 2.5 billion people, but the extent to which nature contributes to people (NCP) in drylands has been little explored. We examined the global contribution of nature to people, aiming to compare drylands and non-drylands. We predicted a lower contribution in drylands than non-drylands, largely because of the sparser population densities (peoples’ needs) and more degraded status of natural resources (lower potential contribution). Consistent with expectation, nature’s contribution was about 30% lower in drylands, with significantly lower values for drylands in Asia, Oceania, Africa and South America, but no difference for Europe and North America. Differences were due mainly to lower contributions from material and regulating contributions, i.e., the regulation of air quality, climate, water quantity and flow, soil protection and the supply of woody material, and potentially, lower use by people in drylands. Predicted declines in rainfall and increasing temperature are likely to place increasing pressure on nature to contribute to human well-being in drylands. A better understanding of nature’s contributions to people would improve our ability to allocate limited resources and achieve sustainable development in drylands.
Advances in Raman spectroscopy for characterising oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders
Authors: Hanna Katie , Asiedu Anna-Lena , Theurer Thomas , Muirhead David , Speirs Valerie , Oweis Yara , Abu-Eid Rasha
Published: October 2024

Oral cancer survival rates have seen little improvement over the past few decades. This is mainly due to late detection and a lack of reliable markers to predict disease progression in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). There is a need for highly specific and sensitive screening tools to enable early detection of malignant transformation. Biochemical alterations to tissues occur as an early response to pathological processes; manifesting as modifications to molecular structure, concentration or conformation. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that can probe these biochemical changes and can be exploited for the generation of novel disease-specific biomarkers. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy has the potential as an adjunct tool that can assist in the early diagnosis of oral cancer and the detection of disease progression in OPMDs. This review describes the use of Raman spectroscopy for the diagnosis of oral cancer and OPMDs based on ex vivo and liquid biopsies as well as in vivo applications that show the potential of this powerful tool to progress from benchtop to chairside.
Better early than late: the temporal dynamics of pointing cues during cross-situational word learning
Authors: Cheung Rachael W. , Hartley Calum , Monaghan Padraic
Published: October 2024

Learning the meaning of a word is a difficult task due to the variety of possible referents present in the environment. Visual cues such as gestures frequently accompany speech and have the potential to reduce referential uncertainty and promote learning, but the dynamics of pointing cues and speech integration are not yet known. If word learning is influenced by when, as well as whether, a learner is directed correctly to a target, then this would suggest temporal integration of visual and speech information can affect the strength of association of word–referent mappings. Across two pre-registered studies, we tested the conditions under which pointing cues promote learning. In a cross-situational word learning paradigm, we showed that the benefit of a pointing cue was greatest when the cue preceded the speech label, rather than following the label (Study 1). In an eye-tracking study (Study 2), the early cue advantage was due to participants’ attention being directed to the referent during label utterance, and this advantage was apparent even at initial exposures of word–referent pairs. Pointing cues promote time-coupled integration of visual and auditory information that aids encoding of word–referent pairs, demonstrating the cognitive benefits of pointing cues occurring prior to speech.
Who cares? Measuring differences in preference intensity
Authors: Cavaillé Charlotte , Chen Daniel L. , Van der Straeten Karine
Published: October 2024

How well do existing survey instruments differentiate between opinions that affect individual behavior and opinions that don't? To answer this question, we randomly assigned U.S. respondents to one of three survey instruments: Likert items (Likert), Likert items followed by personal importance items (Likert+) and Quadratic Voting for Survey Research (QVSR), which gives respondents a fixed budget to buy “favor” or “oppose” votes, with the price for each vote increasing quadratically. We find that, relative to Likert, both Likert+ and QVSR better identify people who care enough about an issue to act in opinion-congruent ways, with QVSR offering the most consistent improvement overall. Building on these results, we show how conclusions regarding the relationship between policy opinions and self-interest can differ across measurement strategies.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: CONTRIBUTIONS OF FOSSIL AND NON-FOSSIL CARBON SOURCES
Authors: Pavuluri Chandra Mouli , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Uchida Masao , Mantoku Kanako , Kobayashi Toshiyuki , Fu Pingqing , Kawamura Kimitaka
Published: October 2024

In order to better characterise carbonaceous components in atmospheric aerosols and to assess the contributions of fossil carbon (FC) and non-fossil carbon (NFC) sources and their seasonality in the Eastern Mediterranean, we collected fine (PM1.3) aerosols at a remote marine background site, the Finokalia Research Station, Crete, Greece, over a period of one-year. PM1.3 samples were analysed for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), and stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13CTC) and radiocarbon content (14CTC) (pMC) of total carbon (TC). All the parameters, i.e., PM1.3, δ13CTC and 14CTC showed a clear temporal pattern with higher values in summer and lower values in autumn. The 14CTC ranged from 54.7 to 99.1 pMC with an average of 74.5 pMC during the entire year. The FC content in TC (FCTC) was found to be slightly lower in winter and almost stable in other seasons, whereas the NFC contents (NFCTC) showed a clear seasonality with the highest level in summer followed by spring and the lowest level in winter. Based on these results together with the seasonal distributions of organic tracers, we found that biomass burning (BB) and soil dust are two major sources of the fine aerosols in winter. Although biogenic emissions of VOCs followed by subsequent secondary oxidation processes are significant in summer followed by spring and autumn, pollen is a significant contributor to TC in spring. This study showed that emissions from fossil fuel combustion are significant (25.5%) but minor compared to NFC sources in the eastern Mediterranean.
AMS 14C Dating of the Sites of Digaru-Kolong River Valley, Assam-Meghalaya Foothills, India
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Sharma Sukanya , Sharma Rajveer , Chopra Sundeep
Published: October 2024

The present study aims to determine the chronology of the past settlement of the different archaeological sites of the Digaru–Kolong River valley (Assam-Meghalaya Foothills), India, based on accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates of seven charcoal samples, five potsherds, and five sediment samples. The archaeological record of the study area consists of ground and polished stone axes and adzes, pottery, and standing or buried megaliths. The samples analyzed were excavated from test pits, and an attempt has been made to correlate the findings with the chronology of the neighboring archaeological region. A site reported in the vicinity of the study area is primarily Neolithic. However, the results from our excavations indicate a time frame for the analyzed artifacts of ca. 240 CE to 1379 CE.
NONMONOGENITY OF NUMBER FIELDS DEFINED BY TRUNCATED EXPONENTIAL POLYNOMIALS
Authors: JAKHAR ANUJ
Published: October 2024

Letpbe a prime number. Let$n\geq 2$be an integer given by$n = p^{m_1} + p^{m_2} + \cdots + p^{m_r}$, where$0\leq m_1 < m_2 < \cdots < m_r$are integers. Let$a_0, a_1, \ldots , a_{n-1}$be integers not divisible byp. Let$K = \mathbb Q(\theta )$be an algebraic number field with$\theta \in {\mathbb C}$a root of an irreducible polynomial$f(x) = \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}a_i{x^i}/{i!} + {x^n}/{n!}$over the field$\mathbb Q$of rationals. We prove thatpdivides the common index divisor ofKif and only if$r>p$. In particular, if$r>p$, thenKis always nonmonogenic. As an application, we show that if$n \geq 3$is an odd integer such that$n-1\neq 2^s$for$s\in {\mathbb Z}$andKis a number field generated by a root of a truncated exponential Taylor polynomial of degreen, thenKis always nonmonogenic.
A NEWCOMER TO MARITIME LAW: THE BEIJING CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL EFFECTS OF JUDICIAL SALES OF SHIPS
Authors: Shao Yingfeng , Piñeiro Laura Carballo , Mejia Maximo Q
Published: October 2024

On 7 December 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a treaty known as the Beijing Convention governing the recognition abroad of the international effects of judicial sales of ships. This article explores the rationale for a specific Convention on this issue, and its interaction with other relevant international conventions. It then analyses the recognition approach adopted by the Convention and evaluates its potential strengths and weaknesses. While some provisions might need further consideration, the overall conclusion is that the Beijing Convention has the potential to strengthen the legal certainty of the purchaser's title obtained via this sale mechanism and thus help debt recovery. Although common law jurisdictions might find it at odds with some of their features, the expected benefits from ratifying it seem to outweigh these issues and are already prompting a steady number of signatures, including those of China, the European Union and Singapore.
Individual differences in L1 and L2 anaphora resolution: effects of implicit prosodic cues and working memory
Authors: Tsoukala Andromachi , Vogelzang Margreet , Tsimpli Ianthi Maria
Published: October 2024

The present experimental studies shed light on effects of implicit prosodic cues on anaphora resolution as well as on how these differ both within and between L1 and L2 speaker groups. In two self-paced reading studies, L1 and L2 participants read poem-like texts that contained anaphoric ambiguity. These stimuli were designed to include a rhyming scheme and meter that were either regular or disrupted. We expected a rhyme cue on a nonsubject pronoun antecedent (in the regularly metered and rhyming version of the texts) to induce competition effects in L1 speakers and cause them to adapt their interpretative preferences and processing strategies; yet, for L2 speakers we hypothesized that effects would either not be observed or that they would be attenuated. Additionally, we examined whether comprehender-dependent factors would modulate effects in each group. We tested both L1 and L2 participants on memory-related tasks. We also measured L1 speakers’ print exposure and L2ers’ proficiency in English. Results revealed L1–L2 dissimilarities in interpretative preferences and reading behavior, as L2 speakers were not equally sensitive to the prosodic cues introduced. The examination of memory-related measures provided evidence of within-group differences and between-group parallels: higher working memory in both groups modulated anaphora resolution, although for L2 speakers there was no additional influence of context.
What kind of power can citizens exercise beyond the state? Globalizing democracy through representative claim-making
Authors: Gray Sean W.D. , Warren Mark E.
Published: October 2024

Across the developed democracies, there has been a rise in populist nationalism and anti-globalization sentiment aimed at reasserting sovereignty through the state. This article develops the concept of discursive power as an alternative basis for citizens to project their voice and influence into global politics. Discursive power arises from the framing role of ideas in orienting citizen judgements to the possibilities for acting beyond the state, as a precursor to deliberative forms of persuasion and agreement. Discursive power is ‘democratic’, we argue, when it enables those affected by global issues and problems to conceive of themselves as collective agents capable of responding. Generating discursive power outside the state, however, requires informal representatives to serve as interlocutors. Drawing on recent theories of representation, we describe how the claims of non-state actors could support the production and mobilization of citizens' discursive powers across borders. Our analysis underscores the importance of claim-making for progressive responses to globalization centred on the judgements of citizens. We conclude by surveying several challenges for democratic discursive power at the transnational and global levels and suggest some background institutions and practices to enhance this power.
Planting soybean green: how cereal rye biomass and preemergence herbicides impact Amaranthus spp. management and soybean yield
Authors: Nunes Jose , Wallace John , Arneson Nicholas , Johnson William G. , Young Bryan , Norsworthy Jason K. , Ikley Joseph , Gage Karla , Bradley Kevin , Jha Prashant , Lancaster Sarah , Kumar Vipan , Legleiter Travis , Werle Rodrigo
Published: October 2024

Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop and preemergence herbicides are important components of an integrated weed management program for waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer] and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Accumulating adequate cereal rye biomass for effective suppression of Amaranthus spp. can be challenging in the upper Midwest due to the short window for cereal rye growth in a corn–soybean rotation. Farmers are adopting the planting green system to optimize cereal rye biomass production and weed suppression. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of planting soybean green when integrated with preemergence herbicides for the control of Amaranthus spp. under two soybean planting time frames. The study was conducted across 19 site-years in the United States over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. Factors included cover crop management practices (“no-till,” “cereal rye early-term,” and “cereal rye plant-green”), soybean planting times (“early” and “late”), and use of preemergence herbicides (“NO PRE” and “YES PRE”). Planting soybean green increased cereal rye biomass production by 33% compared with early termination. Greater cereal rye biomass production when planting green provided a 44% reduction in Amaranthus spp. density compared with no-till. The use of preemergence herbicides also resulted in a 68% reduction in Amaranthus spp. density compared with NO PRE. Greater cereal rye biomass produced when planting green reduced soybean stand, which directly reduced soybean yield in some site-years. Planting soybean green is a feasible management practice to optimize cereal rye biomass production, which, combined with preemergence herbicides, provided effective Amaranthus spp. management. Soybean stand was a key factor in maintaining soybean yields compared with no-till when planting green. Farmers should follow best management recommendations for proper planter and equipment setup to ensure effective soybean establishment under high levels of cereal rye biomass when planting green.
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) management and herbicide resistance in dryland wheat production across northeastern Oregon
Authors: Ribeiro Victor H.V. , Mallory-Smith Carol , Brunharo Caio A.C.G. , Barroso Judit
Published: October 2024

Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) is a difficult species to control in the dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production areas of northeastern Oregon. The selection of herbicide-resistant B. tectorum populations has further complicated B. tectorum management. A survey of wheat growers was conducted in 2021 and 2022 to understand B. tectorum management practices. The survey included four questions based on the growing seasons from 2017 to 2022 related to crop rotation, tillage versus no-tillage, irrigation versus dryland, and herbicide programs. To determine the extent of herbicide resistance, seeds were collected from 49 B. tectorum populations in wheat fields in northeastern Oregon and tested for resistance. Herbicides tested were clethodim, glyphosate, imazamox, mesosulfuron, metribuzin, propoxycarbazone, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quizalofop, and sulfosulfuron. Winter wheat–summer fallow rotation was the most predominant cropping system in the region. Most of the fields were in no-tillage systems, and none were irrigated. Pyroxasulfone applied preemergence and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors applied postemergence were the most often used herbicides for B. tectorum control in winter wheat. Glyphosate was the most frequently used herbicide for B. tectorum control in summer fallow. Resistance screenings confirmed that 46 of the 49 B. tectorum populations were resistant to ALS inhibitors with different cross-resistance patterns. Two populations were resistant to metribuzin and exhibited multiple resistance to ALS inhibitors. All populations were susceptible to clethodim, glyphosate, pyroxasulfone, and quizalofop. The widespread occurrence of ALS inhibitor–resistant B. tectorum populations limits effective postemergence herbicide options in winter wheat.
Simulation of the Full‐Process Dynamics of Floating Vehicles Driven by Flash Floods
Authors: Xiong Yan , Liang Qiuhua , Zheng Jinhai , Wang Gang , Tong Xue
Published: October 2024

Flash flooding has become more prominent under climate change, threatening people's life and property. Post‐event investigations of recent events emphasize the role of floating debris, such as vehicles, in exacerbating damage. Few modeling methods and tools have been developed to simulate the full‐process dynamics of floating debris driven by large‐scale flood waves in real world. In this work, a fully coupled model is developed for simulating the full‐process interactive movements of vehicles driven by flash flood hydrodynamics, from entrainment, transport to deposition. The proposed coupled modeling system consists of a finite volume shock‐capturing hydrodynamic model solving the 2D shallow water equations and a 3D discrete element method (DEM) model. The proposed two‐way coupling approach estimates the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces acting on solid objects using the water depth and velocity predicted by the hydrodynamic model; the resulting counter forces on the fluid flow are then considered by adding extra source terms in the hydrodynamic model. A multi‐sphere method is further embedded in the DEM model to better represent vehicle shapes. New calculation modules are further implemented to represent the vehicle entrainment, contact and stopping motions. The coupled model is applied to reproduce a flash flood event hit Boscastle in the UK in 2004. Over 100 vehicles were moved and carried downstream by the highly transient flood flow. The model well predicts the hydrodynamics, interactive transport process and the final locations of vehicles. The proposed coupled model provides a new tool for simulating large‐scale flash flooding processes, including debris dynamics.
Unexpected STEVE Observations at High Latitude During Quiet Geomagnetic Conditions
Authors: Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Nishimura Y. , Kepko L. , Spanswick E. L. , Gillies D. M. , Knudsen D. J. , Burchill J. K. , Skone S. H. , Pinto V. A. , Chaddock D. , Kuzub J. , Donovan E. F.
Published: October 2024

Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE), is a captivating optical phenomenon typically observed in the mid‐latitude ionosphere. This paper presents an intriguing observation of a STEVE event at high‐latitudes, approximately 10 degrees poleward of previously documented observations. This event was recorded in Yellowknife, Canada, by a TREx RGB imager and a citizen scientist. Swarm satellites traversed the latitude of the observation, measuring extreme westwards ion drift velocities exceeding 4 km/s. Such velocities are more typically associated with the subauroral region located at mid‐latitudes, rather than at the high‐latitudes reported here. Significantly, this event occurred without a substorm, which differs from previous STEVE observations. While high‐latitude radars detected fast ionospheric equatorward flows, GOES satellite did not record any injections. These observations suggest that the inner magnetosphere is highly inflated. This unique case study raises new questions surrounding subauroral dynamics and the influence of magnetospheric configurations on ionospheric responses.
Diurnal Vegetation Moisture Cycle in the Amazon and Response to Water Stress
Authors: Asgarimehr Milad , Entekhabi Dara , Camps Adriano
Published: October 2024

Water stress in the Amazon is exacerbated by rising temperatures and reduced moisture levels. However, understanding forest responses to increased aridity is hindered by limited in situ water potential observations in the Amazon. Remote sensing of water content has emerged as a promising metric. Vegetation Water Content (VWC) diurnal dynamics is hypothesized to reflect water stress responses. Conventional sensors' low sampling rates impede capturing and studying sub‐daily VWC dynamics. Leveraging Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS‐R) with unprecedented sampling rates, this study reveals significant disparities in morning and evening VWCs in the Amazon, for example, by 1.1 and 1.0 kg/ during the wet and dry seasons of 2019. A strong correlation between VWC (the difference between evening and morning VWCs) and vapor pressure deficit is observed in Amazonian peatland. This highlights the potential of VWC from innovative remote sensing techniques in elucidating water stress dynamics in critical ecosystems.
Rapid Transport of Energetic Electrons to Low L $L$‐Shells: The Key Role of Electric Fields
Authors: Artemyev Anton , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Bortnik Jacob
Published: October 2024

The dynamics of the outer radiation belt are traditionally associated with wave‐particle resonant interactions, which provide local electron acceleration and losses through very low‐frequency waves, and electron radial transport by ultra‐low frequency waves. However, these processes cannot explain observations of rapid radial transport of energetic electrons (on a time‐scale of a couple of hours), deep into the inner magnetosphere (down to , mapping to magnetic latitude in the ionosphere). This transport is likely associated with strong convection electric fields forming around the plasmapause. To investigate these rapid, low‐latitude electron transport, we combine low‐altitude observations of energetic electron fluxes by the ELFIN CubeSats and DMSP satellites, SuperDARN measurements of ionospheric plasma flows (electric fields), and equatorial measurements of energetic electrons and electric fields by THEMIS. Our findings demonstrate that the rapid filling of the slot region by keV electrons is directly associated with electric field penetration to low latitudes (down to ). The proposed electron transport scenario, the direct penetration of energetic electrons by strong, localized electric fields, underscores the importance of ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling in radiation belt dynamics.
Sediment Dynamics in the Energetic Nearshore Zone: Acoustic Remote Sensing and Model Validation
Authors: Wilson G. W. , Dickhudt P. , Aldrich J.
Published: October 2024

Acoustic backscatter data were collected in the shallow nearshore environment under breaking and non‐breaking waves, using a multi‐frequency sonar at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 MHz. The data are used to develop and test an acoustic inverse model for measuring suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the presence of bubbles generated by breaking waves. The model leverages the contrasting frequency dependence of acoustic scattering by bubbles and sand, to simultaneously estimate SSC and bubble void fraction. Validation against in situ sediment measurements shows the acoustic technique can recover sediment concentration with good accuracy in both breaking and non‐breaking waves, unlike existing algorithms which only perform well in non‐breaking waves. Finally, data from the experiment are used to validate existing theories for suspended sediment dynamics under breaking waves, for which few previous data sets exist.
A Single Compartment Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Method
Authors: Banerjee T. , Katul G. G. , Zahn E. , Dias N. L. , Bou‐Zeid E.
Published: October 2024

The relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method is a widely‐known technique that measures turbulent fluxes of scalar quantities. The REA technique has been used to measure turbulent fluxes of various compounds, such as methane, ethene, propene, butene, isoprene, nitrous oxides, ozone, and others. The REA method requires the accumulation of scalar concentrations in two separate compartments that conditionally sample updrafts and downdraft events. It is demonstrated here that the assumptions behind the conventional or two‐compartment REA approach allow for one‐compartment sampling, therefore called a one compartment or 1‐C‐REA approach, thereby expanding its operational utility. The one‐compartment sampling method is tested across various land cover types and atmospheric stability conditions, and it is found that the one‐compartment REA can provide results comparable to those determined from conventional two‐compartment REA. This finding enables rapid expansion and practical utility of REA in studies of surface‐atmosphere exchanges, interactions, and feedbacks.
Challenges and Future Directions in Quantifying Terrestrial Evapotranspiration
Authors: Yi Koong , Senay Gabriel B. , Fisher Joshua B. , Wang Lixin , Suvočarev Kosana , Chu Housen , Moore Georgianne W. , Novick Kimberly A. , Barnes Mallory L. , Keenan Trevor F. , Mallick Kanishka , Luo Xiangzhong , Missik Justine E. C. , Delwiche Kyle B. , Nelson Jacob A. , Good Stephen P. , Xiao Xiangming , Kannenberg Steven A. , Ahmadi Arman , Wang Tianxin , Bohrer Gil , Litvak Marcy E. , Reed David E. , Oishi A. Christopher , Torn Margaret S. , Baldocchi Dennis
Published: October 2024

Terrestrial evapotranspiration is the second‐largest component of the land water cycle, linking the water, energy, and carbon cycles and influencing the productivity and health of ecosystems. The dynamics of ET across a spectrum of spatiotemporal scales and their controls remain an active focus of research across different science disciplines. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of ET science across in situ measurements, partitioning of ET, and remote sensing, and discuss how different approaches complement one another based on their advantages and shortcomings. We aim to facilitate collaboration among a cross‐disciplinary group of ET scientists to overcome the challenges identified in this paper and ultimately advance our integrated understanding of ET.
Recorded diagnosis of overweight/obesity in primary care is linked to obesity care performance rates
Authors: Shalitin Shlomit , Phillip Moshe , Yackobovitch-Gavan Michal
Published: October 2024

Background

Periodical BMI measurement during visits with primary care pediatricians (PCP) can be central to diagnosing, managing, and treating overweight/obesity. The aim was to evaluate among children and adolescents with similar BMI percentiles, whether recording a formal diagnosis by PCP, of overweight/obesity is associated with improved performance rates of obesity-related care.

Methods

The electronic database of the largest health maintenance organization in Israel was searched for all patients aged 2–18 years with BMI recorded at a visit with the PCP during 2017–2023. Among children with BMI percentiles consistent with overweight/obesity, performance rates of obesity care were compared between those with a recorded diagnosis of “overweight”/“obesity” placed by the PCP, and those with similar BMI percentiles without these recorded diagnoses.

Results

Among children with versus without recorded diagnoses of overweight/ obesity, rates were higher of referrals for screening measurements for obesity-related comorbidities, for dietitian and endocrine counseling, of performing subsequent BMI measurements, and of prescribing anti-obesity medications (p < 0.001 for all). Obesity-related comorbidities were more prevalent among those with than without recorded diagnoses (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Beyond BMI measurement, a recorded diagnosis of overweight/obesity by a PCP is linked to higher rates of obesity care performance and interventions, which may improve clinical outcomes.

Impact statement

BMI measurement during visits with primary care pediatricians (PCP) can be central to diagnosing, managing, and treating overweight/obesity.

We evaluated among children and adolescents with similar BMI percentiles, whether recording a formal diagnosis by PCP, of overweight/obesity is associated with improved performance rates of obesity-related care.

We found that among children with versus without recorded diagnoses of overweight/obesity, rates were higher of referrals for screening measurements for obesity-related comorbidities, for dietitian and endocrine counseling, and of prescribing anti-obesity medications.

Therefore, PCP should increase rates of recording diagnoses of overweight/obesity, to promote screening for obesity-related comorbidities, and aim to treat obesity as a chronic disease.
Exploring lifestyle components and associated factors in newly injured individuals with spinal cord injury
Authors: Haldemann Muriel , Stojic Stevan , Eriks-Hoogland Inge , Stoyanov Jivko , Hund-Georgiadis Margret , Perret Claudio , Glisic Marija
Published: October 2024

Study design

Cross-sectional analysis from the Inception Cohort of the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Study (SwiSCI).

Objectives

To describe five lifestyle components in newly injured individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), explore co-occurrence of these components, and identify associated personal and clinical factors.

Settings

Initial rehabilitation stay following traumatic and non-traumatic SCI.

Methods

Lifestyle components including overweight/obesity, low diet score, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were used independently and to calculate a composite lifestyle score. Analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, co-occurrence analysis, and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

We included 251 individuals, of whom 77.7% were male, 73.7% suffered from traumatic SCI, and 59.8% had paraplegia. The median age was 51 years (IQR 36–64). Approximately twelve weeks after the injury, more than two-thirds of the study population met the criteria for overweight/obesity, and consumed insufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables, and excessive amounts of meat. Alcohol was consumed by 85.3% of individuals, and 26.8% were current smokers. Almost all study participants met the physical activity guidelines (90 min of moderate to strenuous activity physical activity per week). One-quarter of study participants experienced the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity, low diet score and alcohol consumption. Female sex, younger age and higher education were associated with healthier lifestyle components.

Conclusion

Despite methodological limitations, this study underscores the complexities of healthy lifestyle adherence among individuals newly injured with SCI. It highlights the necessity of improving and implementing screening strategies throughout the continuum of SCI care as early as possible following the trauma.
Type 17 immunity: novel insights into intestinal homeostasis and autoimmune pathogenesis driven by gut-primed T cells
Authors: Ohara Daiya , Takeuchi Yusuke , Hirota Keiji
Published: October 2024

The IL-23 signaling pathway in both innate and adaptive immune cells is vital for orchestrating type 17 immunity, which is marked by the secretion of signature cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22, and GM-CSF. These proinflammatory mediators play indispensable roles in maintaining intestinal immune equilibrium and mucosal host defense; however, their involvement has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and autoimmunity. However, the implications of type 17 immunity across diverse inflammation models are complex. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted roles of these cytokines in maintaining gut homeostasis and in perturbing gut barrier integrity, leading to acute and chronic inflammation in various models of gut infection and colitis. Additionally, this review focuses on type 17 immunity interconnecting multiple organs in autoimmune conditions, with a particular emphasis on the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and neuroinflammation driven by T cells primed within the gut microenvironment.
Is there dietary macronutrient malabsorption in children with environmental enteropathy?
Authors: Shivakumar Nirupama , Morrison Douglas J. , Hegde Shalini G. , Kurpad Anura V. , Kelly Paul
Published: October 2024

Assessing the digestive and absorptive capacity of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) using minimally- or non-invasive methods, particularly in children, has been difficult owing to the complex physiology and variability in functional measurements. However, measuring GIT function is increasingly important with the emerging relevance of childhood environmental enteropathy (EE) as a mediating factor in linear growth faltering, severe acute malnutrition, poor oral vaccine uptake and impaired cognition. In EE, sub-optimal nutrient digestion and absorption (malabsorption) forms the critical link to the conditions mentioned above. The present narrative review discusses probable mechanisms that can cause malabsorption of macronutrients, along with mechanistic and experimental evidence, in children (if not, in adults) with EE. The strengths and limitations of the human experimental studies are examined in relation to a battery of existing and potential tests that are used to measure malabsorption. From the available studies conducted in children, lactose and fat malabsorption are more likely to occur in EE. Breath tests (non-invasive) measuring carbohydrate (13C-starch/sucrose/lactose), fat (13C-mixed triglyceride) and dipeptide (benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-L-1-13C-alanine) malabsorption with modifications to the existing protocols seem suitable for use in children with EE. Future research should focus on understanding the degree of macronutrient malabsorption using these tests, in different settings, and link them to functional outcomes (such as growth, muscle strength, cognition).
Development of folate receptor targeting chimeras for cancer selective degradation of extracellular proteins
Authors: Zhou Yaxian , Li Chunrong , Chen Xuankun , Zhao Yuan , Liao Yaxian , Huang Penghsuan , Wu Wenxin , Nieto Nicholas S. , Li Lingjun , Tang Weiping
Published: October 2024

Targeted protein degradation has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality to treat human diseases by utilizing the cell’s own disposal systems to remove protein target. Significant clinical benefits have been observed for degrading many intracellular proteins. Recently, the degradation of extracellular proteins in the lysosome has been developed. However, there have been limited successes in selectively degrading protein targets in disease-relevant cells or tissues, which would greatly enhance the development of precision medicine. Additionally, most degraders are not readily available due to their complexity. We report a class of easily accessible Folate Receptor TArgeting Chimeras (FRTACs) to recruit the folate receptor, primarily expressed on malignant cells, to degrade extracellular soluble and membrane cancer-related proteins in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that FRTAC is a general platform for developing more precise and effective chemical probes and therapeutics for the study and treatment of cancers.
The Global Dam Watch database of river barrier and reservoir information for large-scale applications
Authors: Lehner Bernhard , Beames Penny , Mulligan Mark , Zarfl Christiane , De Felice Luca , van Soesbergen Arnout , Thieme Michele , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Anand Mira , Belletti Barbara , Brauman Kate A. , Januchowski-Hartley Stephanie R. , Lyon Kimberly , Mandle Lisa , Mazany-Wright Nick , Messager Mathis L. , Pavelsky Tamlin , Pekel Jean-François , Wang Jida , Wen Qingke , Wishart Marcus , Xing Tianqi , Yang Xiao , Higgins Jonathan
Published: October 2024

There are millions of river barriers worldwide, ranging from wooden locks to concrete dams, many of which form associated impoundments to store water in small ponds or large reservoirs. Besides their benefits, there is growing recognition of important environmental and social trade-offs related to these artificial structures. However, global datasets describing their characteristics and geographical distribution are often biased towards particular regions or specific applications, such as hydropower dams affecting fish migration, and are thus not globally consistent. Here, we present a new river barrier and reservoir database developed by the Global Dam Watch (GDW) consortium that integrates, harmonizes, and augments existing global datasets to support large-scale analyses. Data curation involved extensive quality control processes to create a single, globally consistent data repository of instream barriers and reservoirs that are co-registered to a digital river network. Version 1.0 of the GDW database contains 41,145 barrier locations and 35,295 associated reservoir polygons representing a cumulative storage capacity of 7,420 km3 and an artificial terrestrial surface water area of 304,600 km2.
GaitRec-VR: 3D Gait Analysis for Walking Overground with and without a Head-Mounted-Display in Virtual Reality
Authors: Simonlehner Mark , Dumphart Bernhard , Horsak Brian
Published: October 2024

This data descriptor introduces GaitRec-VR, a 3D gait analysis dataset consisting of 20 healthy participants (9 males, 11 females, age range 21–56) walking at self-selected speeds in a real-world laboratory and the virtual reality (VR) replicas of this laboratory. Utilizing a head-mounted display and a 12-camera motion capture system alongside a synchronized force plate, the dataset encapsulates real and virtual walking experiences. A direct kinematic model and an inverse dynamic approach were employed for kinematics and computation of joint moments respectively, with an average of 23 ± 6 steps for kinematics and five clean force plate strikes per participant for kinetic analysis. GaitRec-VR facilitates a deeper understanding of human movement in virtual environments, particularly focusing on dynamic balance during walking in healthy adults, crucial for effective VR applications in clinical settings. The dataset, available in both.c3d and.csv formats, allows further exploration into VR’s impact on gait, bridging the gap between physical and virtual locomotion.
ProstateZones – Segmentations of the prostatic zones and urethra for the PROSTATEx dataset
Authors: Holmlund William , Simkó Attila , Söderkvist Karin , Palásti Péter , Tótin Szilvia , Kalmár Kamilla , Domoki Zsófia , Fejes Zsuzsanna , Kincses Zsigmond Tamás , Brynolfsson Patrik , Nyholm Tufve
Published: October 2024

Manual segmentations are considered the gold standard for ground truth in machine learning applications. Such tasks are tedious and time-consuming, albeit necessary to train reliable models. In this work, we present a dataset with expert segmentations of the prostatic zones and urethra for 200 randomly selected patients from the PROSTATEx dataset. Notably, independent duplicate segmentations were performed for 40 patients, providing inter-reader variability data. This results in a total of 240 segmentations. This dataset can be used to train machine learning models or serve as an external test set for evaluating models trained on private data, thereby addressing a current gap in the field. The delineated structures and terminology adhere to the latest Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data Systems v2.1 guidelines, ensuring consistency.
Orthopedic disease classification based on breadth-first search algorithm
Authors: Elshewey Ahmed M. , Osman Ahmed M.
Published: October 2024

Orthopedic diseases are widespread worldwide, impacting the body’s musculoskeletal system, particularly those involving bones or hips. They have the potential to cause discomfort and impair functionality. This paper aims to address the lack of supplementary diagnostics in orthopedics and improve the method of diagnosing orthopedic diseases. The study uses binary breadth-first search (BBFS), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), binary grey wolf optimizer (BGWO), and binary whale optimization algorithm (BWAO) for feature selections, and the BBFS makes an average error of 47.29% less than others. Then we apply six machine learning models, i.e., RF, SGD, NBC, DC, QDA, and ET. The dataset used contains 310 instances and six distinct features. Through experimentation, the RF model led to optimal outcomes during comparison to the remaining models, with an accuracy of 91.4%. The parameters of the RF model were optimized using four optimization algorithms: BFS, PSO, WAO, and GWO. To check how well the optimized RF works on the dataset, this paper uses prediction evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-score, and the AUC curve. The results showed that the BFS-RF can improve the performance of the original classifier compared with others with 99.41% accuracy.