bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Service animal law and etiquette: How to treat service dogs on campus
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2024

Service dogs have become a common sight on and off campus. For dog lovers and non‐dog lovers alike, these animals evoke respect for their training, obedience, and commitment to assisting their owners. For the former (myself included), it can be hard to see such a good boy or girl and not want to pet or interact with them.
How to talk about politics without killing each other
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: December 2024

In 1968, I voted in my first U.S. presidential election, Nixon versus Humphrey. I was 10 years old and in fifth grade. We held a mock election in our class. Just before the actual election date, we had a luncheon for our parents and other guests. I cut the cake; I thought I was something. I remember very well serving my mother a piece of chocolate cake. I’ve always associated those two events fondly.
Self‐Assembly of Supramolecular Double Helix from a Tetrapeptide and Direct Visualization by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Rancan Marzio , Bisello Annalisa , Carlotto Silvia , Basagni Andrea , Schiesari Renato , Kumar Mondal Pradip , Formaggio Fernando , Santi Saverio
Published: December 2024

This work reports single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), and quantum mechanics calculations of the 310‐helical peptide Z‐(Aib)2‐L–Dap(Boc)‐Aib‐NHiPr (Aib, α‐aminoisobutyric acid; Dap, 2,3‐diaminopropionic acid; Z, benzyloxycarbonyl; Boc, t‐butoxycarbonyl). The peptide forms a double‐helical superstructure, studied by XRD and STM. Such architecture is rare in short peptides. Here, we show, by combining XRD and STM that this intriguing conformational feature is not driven by crystal packing; rather, it is an intrinsic property of this peptide. Indeed, the double helix is clearly detected also by STM, where crystal packing cannot be invoked. XRD reveals that intermolecular H‐bonds stabilize two left‐handed supra‐helices (tertiary structure) that develop around a 6‐fold screw axis. Then, two supra‐helices are intertwined in a quaternary structure as a left‐handed, double supra‐helix, where C−H⋯π interactions play a crucial role. STM images show the formation of long, isolated “necklaces” (>110 nm). They are of left and right helical handedness. Their size agrees with the XRD finding. DFT calculations allowed us to weigh the contribution of the different intermolecular interactions in the two single supra‐helices and the supramolecular double‐helix. Interestingly, we were able to conclude that the contribution of the C−H⋯π interactions to the binding energies is close to 50 %.
Directly Fused Porphyrin‐Tetracyanopentacenequinone Conjugates: Role of the Cross‐Conjugated, Powerful Electron Acceptor in Promoting Highly Efficient Charge Separation
Authors: Kaswan Ram R. , Washburn Spenser , Oji Uka , Wang Hong , D'Souza Francis
Published: December 2024

Tetracyanopentacenequinone, a powerful electron acceptor, is fused directly to the porphyrin π‐system to create a new class of donor‐acceptor conjugates. Owing to the direct fusion and electron‐deficient property of tetracyanopentacenequinone, strong intramolecular charge transfer both in the ground and excited states was witnessed. As a control, porphyrin fused with pentacenequinone was also investigated. Upon complete spectral and electrochemical characterization, the excited state properties were initially probed by time‐dependent DFT studies, and the occurrence of electron transfer from different excited states was established. Free‐energy calculations revealed higher exothermic electron transfer (>600 mV) than the control pentacenequinone‐porphyrin systems. Pump‐probe studies covering broad spatial and temporal regions revealed efficient excited state charge separation. This was unlike the control pentacenequinone‐porphyrin system, where slow charge separation was witnessed only in the case of the zinc derivatives but not the free‐base ones, followed by the populating of the triplet excited state. The lifetimes of the charge‐separated states ranged between 30–500 ps depending on the solvent and metal ion in the porphyrin cavity. Nanosecond transient absorption studies established the charge recombination path to populate the triplet state of porphyrin or directly to the ground state as a function of solvent polarity and the nature of the conjugate. The significance of cross‐conjugated tetracyanopentacenequinone fused directly to the porphyrin π system in promoting highly exothermic and efficient charge separation, irrespective of its cross conjugation, is borne out from this study.
Assessment of detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid‐resistant Listronotus maculicollis Kirby suggests additional mechanisms
Authors: Price Garrett Y. , McGraw Benjamin A.
Published: December 2024

Insecticide resistance is a pressing issue in urban pest management. The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, is a highly destructive turfgrass pest in northeastern North America. The overuse of pyrethroids has led to resistance in some ABW populations in the northeastern United States. Understanding ABW resistance mechanisms is pivotal for sustaining turf quality and minimizing environmental impact. This study investigated the potential for enzymatic detoxification, a common resistance mechanism in insects, to be the mechanism behind ABW tolerance to pyrethroids. Different ABW populations’ resistance levels to bifenthrin were determined through dose–response Petri dish assays. Cytochrome P450 activity and protein concentrations were measured following bifenthrin exposure. Results indicated golf course‐specific effects on enzyme and protein levels but found no direct correlation between these levels and bifenthrin dosage. P450 activity varied among different golf course populations, showing no dependence on bifenthrin dosage. These findings question prior studies suggesting P450 involvement in bifenthrin detoxification in populations of all resistance levels. This study establishes a foundation for comprehending ABW resistance mechanisms and devising effective management strategies. However, further research is needed to investigate additional detoxification enzymes and other resistance mechanisms.
Does Metabolic Manager Show Encouraging Outcomes in Alzheimer's?: Challenges and Opportunity for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b Inhibitors
Authors: Singh Ritu , Jain Smita , Paliwal Vartika , Verma Kanika , Paliwal Sarvesh , Sharma Swapnil
Published: December 2024

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP1b) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzyme group and encoded as PTP1N gene. Studies have evidenced an overexpression of the PTP1b enzyme in metabolic syndrome, anxiety, schizophrenia, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. PTP1b inhibitor negatively regulates insulin and leptin pathways and has been explored as an antidiabetic agent in various clinical trials. Notably, the preclinical studies have shown that recuperating metabolic dysfunction and dyshomeostasis can reverse cognition and could be a possible approach to mitigate multifaceted Alzheimer's disease (AD). PTP1b inhibitor thus has attracted attention in neuroscience, though the development is limited to the preclinical stage, and its exploration in large clinical trials is warranted. This review provides an insight on the development of PTP1b inhibitors from different sources in diabesity. The crosstalk between metabolic dysfunction and insulin insensitivity in AD and type‐2 diabetes has also been highlighted. Furthermore, this review presents the significance of PTP1b inhibition in AD based on pathophysiological facets, and recent evidences from preclinical and clinical studies.
Thinning enhances whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and resin duct defenses
Authors: Kichas Nickolas E. , Shanahan Erin K. , Hood Sharon M.
Published: December 2024

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is an important component of high‐elevation ecosystems throughout the northern Rocky Mountains; however, the species was recently listed as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act due to widespread mortality throughout its native range. Land managers tasked with whitebark pine conservation and restoration require information on strategies that can positively influence whitebark pine establishment and promote growth and defense of preexisting trees on the landscape. Our study investigated the response of whitebark pine tree growth and resin duct defenses to thinning and removal of competing shade‐tolerant conifers in the Caribou‐Targhee National Forest, Idaho, USA. In the nine years following thinning treatments, we found that whitebark pine trees (>12.7 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]) responded favorably to thinning and experienced a 60% increase in basal area increment (52% increase in ring width index) while also producing 34% more resin ducts. Additionally, resin ducts were 23% larger with 49% increased area in the nine years post‐thinning compared with trees in the control. Small diameter (<5 cm dbh) whitebark pine in the treatment experienced a dramatic growth release with over 90% increase in basal area increment (74% increase in ring width index). Thinning also created conditions favorable for whitebark pine seedling and sapling establishment. In the treatment, 75% of seedlings and 93% of saplings were whitebark pine, compared with 32% seedlings and 14% saplings in the control. In addition, 93% of overstory trees in the treatment were whitebark pine, compared with 42% in the control. Whitebark pine tree mortality was similar across both the control (26%) and the treatment (25%), indicating that the thinning treatments did not have any adverse impacts on tree mortality. The positive effects of thinning on whitebark pine establishment and tree growth, coupled with the lack of elevated mortality in the treatment, provide strong evidence in support of thinning as a viable silvicultural technique in whitebark pine conservation efforts.
Enhanced Urea Oxidation Reaction Through Layered Double Hydroxides: Insights From ZIF‐67‐Derived Nanostructures
Authors: Jeon Yuri , Medvedev Jury , Seong Yeeun , Medvedeva Xenia , Bae Cheongwon , Kim Jeongeon , Klinkova Anna , Kim Juyeong
Published: December 2024

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are ionic layered compounds characterized by anion‐containing intermediate regions within positively charged brucite‐like layers. LDHs have shown high electrochemical activity in energy conversion systems such as batteries and fuel cells. In this study, we developed a hierarchically porous nanostructure derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67, which was subsequently transformed into an LDH structure with varying Ni concentrations. We precisely controlled the Ni‐to‐Co ratio within the LDH structure and investigated how different mole fractions of Co and Ni influence catalytic activity and selectivity for the electrochemical urea oxidation reaction (UOR). LDH structures with low Ni content (up to 40%) demonstrated high activity and selectivity for O2 due to their structural instability and the predominant oxygen evolution reaction (OER) originating from ZIF‐67. In contrast, LDHs with high Ni content (over 60%) supressed OER and exhibited enhanced activity for UOR. The resulting hollow structure with an expanded electrochemically active surface in LDHs with high Ni content could improve mass transport and diffusion at the electrode interface, leading to better reaction kinetics and higher current densities. These findings provide a foundational design guideline for metal–organic framework‐derived nanostructure in UOR.

image
Localizing value of disturbances of self‐integration, depersonalization, and forced thinking: A systematic review
Authors: Etholm Lars , Ivanovic Jugoslav , Larsen Vilde Stangebye , Sneve Markus Handal , Lossius Morten Ingvar , Alfstad Kristin Å.
Published: December 2024

We performed a systematic review of the localizational value of disturbances of self‐integration, depersonalization and forced thinking in focal epilepsy with the aim to summarize the state‐of‐the‐art anatomo‐clinical correlations in the field and help guide interpretation of ictal semiology within the framework of pre‐surgical evaluation. The review was performed using a PRISMA‐ and QUADAS2‐based approach. Three separate PubMed and EMBASE searches were undertaken using the keywords self‐integration, depersonalization and forced thinking, along with synonyms, in combination with terms to identify epileptogenic zone as defined by surgical outcome, MRI‐findings or intracranially recorded EEG. Studies published in peer‐reviewed journals with an abstract available, limited to English, French, German, Spanish, or Italian were included for review. Abstracts from scientific meetings were included if precise data on semiology in addition to either localization or surgical outcome was presented. Cases were regarded as eligible if data informing on anatomo‐clinical correlations were sufficient to allow determination of an epileptogenic zone and evaluate its level of confidence. For disturbances of self‐integration, the search identified 18 publications containing 23 eligible cases, with 10 additional cases identified in the literature. For depersonalization, a single case from a two patient study fulfilled inclusion criteria. For forced thinking, the search identified two publications containing four eligible cases, with six additional cases identified through literature searches. The retrieved cases suggest that disturbances of self‐integration often reflect an epileptogenic zone centered around the temporoparietal region, where neighboring areas in the parietal lobe, the posterior insula, and likely depending on the type of disturbance also the adjoining occipital lobe, the anterior and middle cingulum, premotor and supplementary motor in addition to medial temporal structures could be involved. When present, lateralized symptomatology reflects a contralateral focus. Depersonalization, as a localizing ictal phenomenon was quite elusive. Forced thinking either pointed to premotor frontal or temporal epileptogenic zones. Currently, outlined epileptogenic zones of ictal disturbances of self‐integration and forced thinking are quite widespread and should be regarded with a low‐to‐moderate degree of reliability. A focus on such rarer ictal phenomena, in combination with improved imaging techniques and increased use of SEEG, will hopefully lead to an accumulation of cases with better defined epileptogenic zones.
Augmented reality for epilepsy surgery: Examining usability and efficacy in presurgical planning
Authors: Chilappa Rishit , Kapuria Abhi , Norwood Jefferson , Yao Athena , Vestal Matthew , Zafar Muhammad Shahzad
Published: December 2024

Objective

The aim of this paper was to visualize 3‐dimensional (3‐D) brain and electrode placement data for epilepsy surgery within an augmented reality (AR) environment using a wearable headset, with the ultimate goal of enhancing presurgical planning for epilepsy surgery and understanding the efficiency and utility of such a program in a clinical setting. The evaluation process for surgical intervention in epilepsy cases involves a series of extensive tests, including EEG, MRI, PET, SPECT, and fMRI. A second phase of assessment incorporates the placement of depth electrodes within the brain to record seizure activity. The culmination of these complex data is presented to the neurosurgery team for the formulation of a surgical plan. However, the conventional presentation of intricate 3‐D data on a 2‐dimensional (2‐D) computer monitor limits the ability to convey the full depth and detail of the patient's brain and electrode data.

Methods

Five images were selected from a cohort of patients being evaluated for refractory epilepsy at a single center. Their presurgical MRI scans, SEEG electrode data, and CT scans were utilized to generate 3‐D AR representations, which were uploaded onto the Duke Augmented Reality Epilepsy Planner (AREP), an application on the Microsoft HoloLens 2. A survey was administered to faculty members to determine usability and effectiveness of the application.

Results

AR images of the brain and electrodes, allowing resizing, movement, and rotation, with distinct colors differentiating tissue and electrodes, were presented in AREP. The application featured an interactive image manipulation menu. Survey results from 18 faculty members regarding seven questions indicated that AREP was user‐friendly and can be effective in presurgical planning moving forward.

Significance

AR integration of medical imaging data for epilepsy surgery transcends its role as a communication tool. It provides a deeper representation of surgical anatomy and serves as a valuable method for fostering communication among clinicians.
The Impact of Weight Concern in Anorexia Nervosa: How Much From ‘Weight’ and How Much From ‘Concern’?
Authors: Friedman J. Ingrid , Lowe Michael R.
Published: December 2024

Objective

In the CBT model of anorexia nervosa, emaciation is assumed to occur because individuals over‐value their weight and shape. However, current BMI (for adolescents, BMI z‐score) may be relevant to psychopathology beyond its relation with weight concern. We explored the relations between BMI/z‐BMI and attempts to change one's eating and/or weight (restraint and eating concern) before and after controlling for weight concern among individuals with AN or atypical AN (AAN).

Method

Participants were 1666 female residential patients with AN or AAN. For those below age 21, we examined the relations between z‐BMI and EDE‐Q Restraint and Eating Concern when Weight Concern was and was not controlled. For adults, we conducted the same analyses using BMI.

Results

BMI and z‐BMI were positively related to weight concern, restraint, and eating concern. When controlling for weight concern, the positive relationships between z‐BMI and both restraint and eating concern became significant negative relationships. This pattern also emerged among adults, though the negative relationship between BMI and restraint did not reach significance.

Conclusions

In AN‐spectrum disorders, (1) BMI/z‐BMI was related to weight/eating concerns despite substantial weight loss and (2) when weight concern was controlled, these relationships between BMI/z‐BMI and restraint/eating concerns were largely reversed.
Reverse Flow Fibula Free Flap: Technique for Intraoperative Flap Salvage in a Case of Inadequate Antegrade Perfusion
Authors: Roof Scott A. , Berger Michael H. , Lam Austin S.
Published: December 2024

Background

The reverse flow technique describes flap revascularization via anastomoses at the distal pedicle. The technique has been described for various indications but rarely as a means of flap salvage. To our knowledge, there are no previously reported cases where the reverse flow concept was utilized as a means of salvage of an osteocutaneous fibula free flap with severe atherosclerosis of the proximal peroneal artery.

Methods

We describe the use of reverse flow to salvage the case of a 71‐year‐old male with significant atherosclerosis of the proximal peroneal artery preventing adequate microvascular anastomosis and inflow, despite multiple attempts.

Results

We were able to establish arterial perfusion of the flap using a reverse flow technique, with perfusion through the distal peroneal artery via the contralateral facial artery.

Conclusion

This case describes the first reported use of the reverse flow technique for salvage of an osteocutaneous fibula free flap when severe atherosclerosis prevented antegrade arterial inflow. The technique appears to be a viable option for free flap salvage in similar instances.
Assessing the Hydrological Impact of Gravity‐Fed Irrigation on Groundwater Recharge Using Long‐Term Isotope Monitoring and Modelling
Authors: Marc Vincent , Tison Franck , Doussan Claude , Dupont Julien , Babic Milanka , Simler Roland , Ruy Stéphane
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the hydrological processes driving groundwater recharge in the Avignon Plain (south‐eastern France) through a detailed analysis of the interactions between irrigation, rainfall and soil water using long‐term isotopic monitoring and lumped parameter modelling. More than 15 years of monthly isotopic data from rainwater, surface water, soil water and groundwater were analysed to quantify the contributions of gravity‐fed irrigation and natural rainfall to aquifer recharge. Our results show that gravity‐fed irrigation contributes about 85% of the recharge, highlighting the significant role of traditional agricultural practices in maintaining groundwater levels. Through isotopic tracing and modelling, we observed variations in transit times, with faster infiltration pathways associated with irrigation flows compared to more prolonged recharge from rainfall. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of isotopic techniques for assessing water sources in complex recharge scenarios but also provides insights into how irrigation practices affect groundwater sustainability. These results contribute to current thinking on sustainable water management and highlight the need for integrated approaches that reconcile agricultural water use efficiency and groundwater conservation.
Foundational skills and foundational texts: A focus on Black adolescent males in the United States
Authors: Tatum Alfred W.
Published: December 2024

I discuss the complementary strengths of foundational literacy skills and foundational texts to support the academic and life journeys of Black adolescent males in this commentary. Foundational texts are defined as texts central to life‐outcome, personal, intellectual, and professional trajectories accompanied by self‐assurance while being psychologically and culturally intact. Five implications, grounded in historical and contemporary examples, are provided for identifying and selecting foundational texts to hold the literacy development and lives of Black adolescent males in high regard in U.S. schools.
Innovation in CRC Research: Targeting SPACA6P‐AS for Progression
Authors: Ma Tianyi , Jin Yinghu , Wang Song , Hu Hanqing , Wang Meng , Yan Guoqing , Tang Qingchao , Huang Rui , Wang Guiyu
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this research was to provide light on the functional role that the long noncoding RNA SPACA6P‐AS plays in the biology of colorectal cancer (CRC). The presence of elevated SPACA6P‐AS expression in colorectal cancer tissues is linked to advanced stages of the disease as well as a decreased overall survival rate. It has been demonstrated through knockdown tests conducted on CRC cell lines that SPACA6P‐AS stimulates cell growth in both in vitro and in vivo settings. By acting as a competing endogenous RNA, SPACA6P‐AS is able to modulate the levels of miR‐339‐5p and promote the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by way of the miR‐339‐5p/FAM167AFAM167A signaling axis. Based on these findings, SPACA6P‐AS is a promising candidate for both a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.
The Impact of Survival Benefit and Study Design on FDA Approval for Anticancer Drugs Over the Past Decades
Authors: Ishizuka Koji , Ono Shunsuke
Published: December 2024

Despite the tremendous effort in the oncology community, the success rate of anticancer development remained low at 30% to 40% from the Phase 3 study to the regulatory approval. The factors associated with the regulatory approval for market authorization have gained interest in the community to improve the success rate of drug development. Using the data from 208 Phase 3 studies for anticancer drugs, we explored the possible factors associated with the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) approval by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The model incorporated 21 factors from therapeutic context, study design, and outcomes. The hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS) showed a significant association with FDA approval (coefficient: −29.907, P < .001), and the age of control drugs in the market followed (coefficient: −2.581, P = .008). In the model, if the HR for OS changes from 0.75 to 0.85, the probability of FDA approval remarkably decreases from 79.6% to 16.4%. A 50% likelihood of FDA approval is predicted at HR 0.795 for OS. Furthermore, the P‐value for the OS test and the width of the confidence interval on HR for OS showed a significant association with the probability of FDA approval. These findings consistently underscore the rigorous standard required for new anticancer drugs to obtain regulatory approval from the FDA.
It is time for reform: Results from a questionnaire survey on the current status of next generation HBP surgeons in Japan
Authors: Kosai‐Fujimoto Yukiko , Yoh Tomoaki , Hara Takanobu , Umezawa Saori , Maekawa Aya , Matsuo Yasuko , Ishii Norihiro , Okinaga Hiroko , Endo Itaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Eguchi Susumu , Shirabe Ken
Published: December 2024

A questionnaire survey was designed and performed to assess the current status of “next generation” hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) surgeons regarding surgical training, career, recruiting, and work‐life balance in Japan. Using a valid email address, a questionnaire was sent to members of the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgeons (JSHBPS) who were under 45 years old. The questionnaire comprised 50 questions across the following four sections: (i) board certification of JSHBPS, (ii) research activity and overseas study, (iii) recruiting, and (iv) work‐life balance. A questionnaire survey was sent to 1735 HBP surgeons and responses were received from 303 members (17.5%). In a survey with 303 respondents, over 45.9% were above 41 years old, 93.7% were male, and 91.0% were affiliated with university surgery departments. About 25.1% were JSHBPS board‐certified, while 72.7% of uncertified doctors aspired for the certification. Research activity was deemed crucial by 74.9%. Recruitment targeting postgraduate years 1–5 was recommended, with the technical difficulty of surgery being the main reason for choosing HBP. Regarding work‐life balance, excessive work and classical work style were regarded as a hindrance to the sustainability of working practices. This survey highlighted that next generation HBP surgeons are highly motivated to acquire advanced surgical skills and recognize the importance of research experience. However, they are facing long working hours and insufficient training opportunities. Fundamental reforms, such as revising the training curriculum, improving work styles, and enhancing recruitment, are necessary steps forward to ensure the sustainability of HBP surgery in Japan.
Improving the Detection of Myelin Integrity in Multiple Sclerosis Using Selective Inversion Recovery for MRI With Quantitative Magnetization Transfer
Authors: Toubasi Ahmad A. , Lakhani Dhairya A. , Cutter Gary , Gheen Caroline , Vinarsky Taegan , Brian Eric , Derwenskus Joy , Eaton James E. , Dortch Richard D. , Xu Junzhong , Bagnato Francesca
Published: December 2024

Background

Selective inversion recovery quantitative magnetization transfer (SIR‐qMT)‐derived macromolecular to free water pool size ratio (PSR) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)‐derived radial diffusivity (RD) are potential metrics for assessing myelin integrity in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, establishing their accuracy in identifying tissue injury is essential for clinical translation.

Purpose

To compare the accuracy and Cohen's effect size (ES) of PSR and RD in detecting and quantifying tissue injury in early MS.

Study Type

Cross‐sectional prospective study.

Subjects

Fourty‐three subjects with newly diagnosed MS (mean age 38 ± 11 years, 70% females) and 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs; age 38 ± 12 years, 62.5% females).

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T MRI using T1‐weighted (T1‐w) turbo spin echo, T2‐w fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), DTI, and SIR‐qMT sequences.

Assessment

T2‐lesions were identified as hyperintense on T2‐w‐FLAIR, and chronic black holes (cBHs) by simultaneous T2‐w‐FLAIR hyperintensity and T1‐w hypointensity. Regions of interest (ROIs) in normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) were classified as proximal (p) or distant (d) to lesions, while normal white matter (NWM) was identified in HCs. PSR and RD values of T2‐lesions and cBHs were compared to their matched p/dNAWM and NWM in HCs. Comparisons were also made between T2‐lesions and cBHs.

Statistical Tests

Receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated metric accuracy, and paired t tests compared ES values of PSR and RD, with significance set at P < 0.050.

Results

We identified 823 T2‐lesions, 392 cBHs, 426 p‐, and 213 d‐NAWM ROIs in patients, and 162 NWM ROIs in HCs. PSR differed significantly in all comparisons, while RD was differed in all except cBHs vs. T2‐lesions (P = 0.051). PSR had significantly higher accuracy in differentiating T2‐lesions from p/dNAWM and NWM, with a larger ES when comparing T2‐lesions to p/dNAWM and NWM and cBHs to pNAWM and NWM.

Data Conclusion

PSR offers superior accuracy and ES over RD in detecting tissue injury in MS.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide From Bacillus licheniformis MW301654 Unravels the Nematicidal Property Against Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Ashraf Suhail , Krishna Nayana R. U. , Nakkeeran Sevugapperumal , Nallusamy Saranya , Fatimah Nusrat , Jardan Yousef A. Bin , Raish Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Research on nematode management globally highlights the use of nematicidal biomolecules and biocontrol agents. However, the availability of biomolecules to manage plant‐parasitic nematodes remains limited. The discovery of microbial biomolecules offers new opportunities in this field, though they are underexplored for suppressing nematodes. This study focused on identifying biomolecules from Bacillus licheniformis (MW301654) to manage Meloidogyne incognita, a root‐knot nematode infecting banana. In silico protein–ligand interactions revealed that, Nicotinamide mononucleotide, produced during the ditrophic interaction of B. licheniformis (MW301654) with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was effective against M. incognita protein targets including cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1, calreticulin, neuropeptide G‐protein coupled receptor, chorismate mutase 1, venom allergen‐like proteins and β‐1,4‐endoglucanase than the commercially used nematicides carbofuran 3G and fluensulfone. In vitro bioassays further validated nicotinamide mononucleotide nematicidal activity. At concentrations of 93, 76, and 69 ppm, nicotinamide mononucleotide caused 50% mortality of second‐stage juveniles after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, while 213, 132, and 101 ppm resulted in 95% mortality. Egg hatching was also significantly reduced, with only 1% hatching at 150 ppm. The study emphasized the potential of Nicotinamide mononucleotide as a novel biopesticide for the management of M. incognita infection in banana.
Flash Drought Teleconnection With the Large‐Scale Climate Drivers in the Homogeneous Rainfall Regions of India
Authors: Pachore Akshay , Remesan Renji , Kuttippurath Jayanarayanan
Published: December 2024

Flash drought events can be characterised by the quick depletion of crop root zone soil moisture (rapid intensification) and hence can be termed as agricultural flash droughts. These events can have devastating impacts, such as increasing the risk of agricultural yield loss, heatwaves and increased wildfire risk, which further have cascading impacts on the socio‐economic conditions. The regional hotspots of flash droughts are analysed for winter, pre‐monsoon, monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons over India from 1981 to 2020. We assess the impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the flash drought frequency (FDF: number of flash drought events). The causal connection of the FDF with the ENSO and IOD is analysed using the PCMCI (Peter and Clark's algorithm combined with the Momentary Conditional Independence) algorithm. The monsoon season (June–September) is found to be more prone to flash droughts with higher spatial/regional average values of total per pixel FDF during the 40‐year period over the Central Northeast (~54) and West Central (~41) regions. It is observed that the fraction of the total number of flash droughts during the El Niño years (38.8%) is higher as compared with that in La Niña years (25.7%). It is also found that the co‐occurrence of positive/negative IOD with the El Niño phase can alter the seasonal fraction of FDF over India, highlighting the high complexity in the ENSO–IOD interactions. The causal analysis shows that only the Southern Peninsula and West Central regions have significant direct and lagged causal links of average per pixel FDF with IOD. Whereas, similar (direct and lagged) causal connections are observed between the ENSO and IOD. This study reveals that flash droughts and their teleconnections vary greatly among the seasons and regions in India, limiting its accurate predictions and increasing the risk to agricultural communities.
Antimicrobial Peptides From Different Sources: Isolation, Purification, and Characterization to Potential Applications
Authors: Ahmed Shadi Ali Hassen , Saif Bassam , Qian Linghui
Published: December 2024

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are excellent promising candidates for biomedical applications owing to their structural properties, high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and functional diversity. Unlike conventional antibiotics, AMPs have been shown to have broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity toward Gram‐positive/negative bacteria, as well as antifungal and antiviral activity. These peptides have also been found to be cytotoxic to sperm and cancer cells. A range of AMPs has been isolated from various organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. This review summarizes the latest studies on AMPs, covering their isolation, purification, and characterization as well as their potential biomedical applications and beyond.
Mineral surface area of sinking particles in the deep ocean interior: Preliminary implications
Authors: Kim Minkyoung , Blattmann Thomas M. , Lin Baozhi , Lee Sun‐A , Montluçon Daniel B. , Eglinton Timothy I.
Published: December 2024

Measurement of the mineral surface area (MSA) of sedimentary particles is a traditional approach for studying the transport and protection of organic carbon (OC) in marine systems. We investigated the application of MSA on the biological carbon pump in the deep ocean interior in the Ulleung Basin (UB), East/Japan Sea. This is the second study of sinking particle MSA, and the first in an ocean with no major riverine (terrestrial) input. We measured seasonal and vertical variations in the MSA of sinking particles and adjacent surface sediments in the UB. Mineral surface area values exhibit seasonal variations associated with particle composition, with a negative correlation with OC content and a strong positive correlation with the content of lithogenic material and the radiocarbon values of sinking OC. Our results indicate that the MSA of sinking particles may provide clues to the processes of particle resuspension and decomposition.
Is Intravesical Gentamicin the New Gold Standard to Manage Refractory Urinary Tract Infections?—Experience From a Dedicated Multidisciplinary Complex UTI Clinic
Authors: Chitteti Pragnitha , Ekpeno Inyang , Morris‐Laverick Jayne , Bezemer Stephanie , Nadeem Mehwash
Published: December 2024

Aims

To assess the effectiveness of intravesical gentamicin in managing recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) refractory to first‐ and second‐line treatments.

Methods and Materials

This single‐centre prospective cohort study included 41 patients treated with intravesical gentamicin over a 24‐month period from 2021 to 2023. A multidisciplinary team comprising functional urologists, microbiologists, and specialist nurses was involved in the decision‐making process and in designing the treatment protocol. Patients self‐administered gentamicin instillations into the bladder according to a 6‐month instillation schedule. Patients were followed up during and after the treatment period to assess the treatment response.

Results

A total of 41 patients with rUTIs were treated using the 6‐month intravesical gentamicin regimen. Of these, 10 were male and 31 were female, with a mean age of 53 years. E. coli was isolated from urine cultures in 19 patients (46%), while 19 patients had multiple organisms. Serum gentamicin levels were undetectable in all patients 1 week after treatment initiation. The mean follow‐up period was 15 months with minimum follow up of 6 months for all patients. Following gentamicin administration, hospital admission rates due to urosepsis decreased from 46% to 5%, and the prevalence of multidrug‐resistant organisms in urine cultures decreased from 44% to 10%. A significant reduction in UTI frequency was observed in 80.5% of patients, with 71% reporting good to excellent Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI‐I) scores. Additionally, 76% of patients reported a significant improvement in Quality of Life (QoL).

Conclusion

In our cohort of patients with recurrent and refractory UTIs, intravesical gentamicin instillations has shown to be both safe and effective, leading to notable improvements in patients’ symptoms and QoL.
Otoprotective Effects of Sodium Thiosulfate by Demographic and Clinical Characteristics: A Report From Children's Oncology Group Study ACCL0431
Authors: Ohlsen Timothy J. D. , Collier Willem H. , Ramdas Jagadeesh , Sung Lillian , Freyer David R.
Published: December 2024

Background

ACCL0431 was a randomized clinical trial that demonstrated efficacy of sodium thiosulfate (STS) for preventing cisplatin‐induced hearing loss (CIHL) among patients 1–18 years old. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible differential STS otoprotection among patient subgroups.

Procedure

This secondary analysis included ACCL0431 participants treated with cisplatin and randomized to receive STS or not (observation). Hearing status was obtained at 4 weeks and 12 months post cisplatin therapy (SIOP Ototoxicity Scale). Cumulative incidence of CIHL (Grade 1+) was assessed across age, sex, race/ethnicity, cancer diagnosis, and cisplatin infusion duration. Associations between these variables and CIHL were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Interaction terms were used to evaluate potential heterogeneity in STS effect sizes across subgroups.

Results

Among evaluable participants (n = 121), CIHL incidence was 22.4% with STS and 54.0% with observation. Odds of developing CIHL were greatest among children less than 5 years versus older (randomization‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.94, 95% CI: 1.30–7.14) and those with neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, or medulloblastoma versus germ cell tumor or osteosarcoma (age‐ and randomization‐adjusted OR 11.26, 95% CI: 3.08–47.35). STS otoprotective effect sizes were also greatest in the same highest risk groups by age (<5 years: OR 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02–0.32; ≥5 years: OR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15–1.06) and cancer diagnosis (neuroblastoma/hepatoblastoma/medulloblastoma: OR 0.1, 95% CI: 0.02–0.45; germ cell tumor/osteosarcoma: OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.06–1.25). Significant otoprotection from STS was noted across other subgroups with varied magnitudes of effect.

Conclusions

STS otoprotection appears to differ across clinically meaningful subgroups, particularly age at diagnosis. These results inform clinical decision‐making and future research.
Advances in interfacially engineered surface‐functionalized fillers for multifunctional polymer composite coatings
Authors: Maalihan Reymark D. , Domalanta Marcel Roy B. , Corrales Andrea Clarisse C. , Caldona Eugene B.
Published: December 2024

The demand for multifunctional, high‐performance materials has driven advancements in surface‐functionalized fillers for polymer composite coatings. Despite progress, integrating multiple protective properties within a single hybrid formulation remains a challenge. This review explores recent developments in surface and interfacial engineering of biosourced fillers, including nanocellulose, and 2D materials like graphene oxide, MXenes, and layered double hydroxides, all of which have the potential to enhance the chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of polymer coatings. Key strategies include physical/chemical surface treatments, nanostructuring, and multiscale engineering to optimize cohesion, adhesion, and multivalent interactions among fillers, matrices, and substrates. The role of computational modeling in performance prediction and optimization is also discussed. The review concludes with current challenges and future directions, highlighting the importance of surface functionalization and interfacial engineering in developing next‐generation, multifunctional, and protective polymer coatings.

Highlights

Functionalized fillers boost polymer coatings' performance.

2D nanomaterials enhance coatings' resistance to corrosion, wear, and fire.

Bio‐based fillers offer sustainable solutions for lightweight, robust coatings.

Advanced interfacial engineering improves adhesion and coating durability.

Modeling accelerates coating design by predicting interfacial interactions.
Estimating the Generalizations of Process Capability Index Cpmk$C_{pmk}$ in the Presence of Outliers
Authors: Iranmanesh Hamideh , Jabbari Nooghabi Mehdi , Parchami Abbas
Published: December 2024

Process capability indices (PCIs) play a fundamental role in assessing and quantifying the capability of manufacturing processes to meet customer specifications. To date, the majority of PCIs that are now in use have been examined through the use of novel generalizations of PCIs with symmetric tolerances to check the performance of an industrial manufacturing process. In this paper, we proposed new estimations of some indices with asymmetric tolerances in the presence of outliers. New robust and parametric estimators of some PCIs are introduced to estimate and compare these indices for each normal distribution with the presence of different outliers. Meanwhile, this paper discusses how well the proposed method can be used for non‐normal data. For illustration purpose, the application example is presented.
Continuous Curvature Path Planning for Headland Coverage With Agricultural Robots
Authors: Mier Gonzalo , Fennema Rick , Valente João , de Bruin Sytze
Published: December 2024

We introduce a methodology for headland coverage planning for autonomous agricultural robot systems, which is a complex problem often overlooked in agricultural robotics. At the corners of the headlands, a robot faces the risk to cross the border of a field while turning. Though potentially dangerous, current papers about corner turns in headlands do not tackle this issue. Moreover, they produce paths with curvature discontinuities, which are not feasible by non‐holonomic robots. This paper presents an approach to strictly adhere to field borders during the headland coverage, and three types of continuous curvature turn planners for convex and concave corners. The turning planners are evaluated in terms of path length and uncovered area to assess their effectiveness in headland corner navigation. Through empirical validation, including extensive tests on a coverage path planning benchmark as well as real‐field experiments with an autonomous robot, the proposed approach demonstrates its practical applicability and effectiveness. In simulations, the mean coverage area of the fields went from 94.73%, using a constant offset around the field, to 97.29% using the proposed approach. Besides providing a solution to the coverage of headlands in agricultural automation, this paper also extends the covered area on the mainland, thus increasing the overall productivity of the field.
Computational Investigation of Phytochemicals from Aloysia citriodora as Drug Targets for Parkinson's Disease‐Associated Proteins
Authors: Boulaamane Yassir , Khedraoui Meriem , Chtita Samir , Touati Iman , Sadoq Badr‐Edine , Britel Mohammed Reda , Maurady Amal
Published: December 2024

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, and there is currently no cure for the disease. However, there are several treatment options available to help manage its symptoms. The prevalence of PD has been increasing globally, including in Morocco. This study investigated the potential of Aloysia citriodora, also known as lemon verbena, for treating Parkinson's disease. Lemon verbena is a plant commonly used in Morocco for treating central nervous system related diseases. It has been traditionally used as a relaxant and sedative, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties have been documented. In this study, we employed molecular docking against multiple targets associated with PD to evaluate the binding affinities of the phytochemicals present in lemon verbena and elucidate their interaction profiles. Interestingly, catechin emerged as a promising bioactive molecule, outperforming reference drugs in interactions with four proteins. Pharmacokinetic/toxicity predictions were conducted to evaluate the drug‐likeness of the phytocompounds. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the stability of the protein‐ligand complexes over time. By integrating computational methods, this investigation aimed to uncover the therapeutic potential of Aloysia citriodora compounds in Parkinson's disease management and provide valuable insights into their molecular interactions and pharmacokinetic properties. The findings of this study suggest that Aloysia citriodora, particularly its constituent catechin, has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for PD. Further research is needed to validate these findings in experimental and clinical settings.
Titanium Dioxide/Graphene‐Based Nanocomposites as Photocatalyst for Environmental Applications: A Review
Authors: Shaik Baji Baba , Katari Naresh Kumar , Raghupathi Jayaprakash Kanijam , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B , Rana Surjyakanta
Published: December 2024

Nanostructured‐based photocatalysts have always exhibited the potential to solve various environmental issues resulting from global urbanization and industrialization. The creation of nanostructured materials has given humans access to various techniques for treating the numerous inorganic and organic contaminants found in wastewater from multiple sources. Due to their exceptional photocatalytic activity, semiconductor materials, among various other materials have different environmental uses. Studying nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon‐based material, particularly graphene‐based material, is one of the burgeoning research areas of visible‐light‐driven photocatalysts. It has been demonstrated that the combination of graphene‐based material with titanium dioxide is more successful than titanium dioxide alone in photocatalysis. TiO2/graphene‐based nanocomposites stand out due to their superior physical and chemical characteristics, such as their moderate band gap, high specific surface area, nontoxic, low cost, high corrosion resistance, high photoactivity, stability, and ease of handling in various configurations. Designing high‐performance TiO2/graphene‐based photocatalysts has drawn more and more attention. This study has evaluated TiO2/graphene‐based nanocomposites for photocatalytic environmental applications from 2022 to 2024. These nanocomposites' diverse preparation methods have been discussed. The recent discoveries in TiO2/graphene‐based nanocomposite composites and their uses in photocatalysis, such as wastewater treatment to remove contaminants and photoconversion of CO2 into renewable fuels are also briefly discussed in this review.
Enantioselective Synthesis of the Aggregation Pheromone of Odontothrips loti (Haliday) and Its Stereoisomers
Authors: Wang Jianan , Wang Xueyang , An Biyu , Bian Qinghua , Zhong Jiangchun
Published: December 2024

Odontothrips loti (Haliday) is a thrip pest of leguminous plants. The aggregation pheromone of this pest and its stereoisomers have been synthesized. The central of this strategy involved enantioselective cross‐coupling of racemic benzyl 2‐bromopropanoate with alkenyl Grignard, Evans’ chiral auxiliaries and Yamaguchi esterification of chiral 2‐methylbutanoic acid with chiral lavandulol.