bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Repenins A—D, Four New Antioxidative Coumarinolignoids from Duranta repens Linn.
Authors: Ahmad Nisar , Zeb Fozia , Ahmad Ijaz , Wang Fanghai
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Strain on Magnetic Anisotropy in Fe‐ and Co‐Based Heterostructures
Authors: Andersson Gabriella , Hjoervarsson Bjoergvin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Allenylidene and Higher Cumulenylidene Complexes
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Gimeno Jose
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: F‐Block N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Casely Ian J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Cyclic Nitrone Cycloaddition Strategy for the Synthesis of Pyrrolizidine and Indolizidine Alkaloids
Authors: Brandi Alberto , Cardona Francesca , Cicchi Stefano , Cordero Franca M. , Goti Andrea
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From Azides to Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals: Applications of Azide Radical Chemistry to Organic Synthesis
Authors: Minozzi Matteo , Nanni Daniele , Spagnolo Piero
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Borataheterocycles: Surrogates for Cyclopentadienyl in Transition‐Metal Complexes.
Authors: Ashe Arthur J. III
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Daphniphyllum Alkaloids
Authors: Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Kubota Takaaki
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dietary Phenolics: Chemistry, Bioavailability and Effects on Health
Authors: Crozier Alan , Jaganath Indu B. , Clifford Michael N.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Half‐Sandwich Rare‐Earth‐Catalyzed Organic Synthesis
Authors: Suzuki Toshiaki , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures and Catalytic Properties of Diphosphinidenecyclobutene Complexes
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Probing Single Enzyme Kinetics in Real‐Time
Authors: Chen Qi , Groote Ramon , Schoenherr Holger , Vancso G. Julius
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Mixtures and Combinatorial Libraries: Imines as Probes for Molecular Evolution at the Interface Between Chemistry and Biology.
Authors: Herrmann Andreas
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transcriptional Regulation of Foxp3 Gene: Multiple Signal Pathways on the Road
Authors: Shen Zhu , Chen Ling , Hao Fei , Wu Jinjiin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: IMP Dehydrogenase: Structure, Mechanism, and Inhibition
Authors: Hedstrom Lizbeth
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ABC Efflux Pump‐Based Resistance to Chemotherapy Drugs
Authors: Eckford Paul D. W. , Sharom Frances J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Simulation on seismogenic environment of strong earthquakes in Sichuan‐Yunnan region, China
Authors: Ma Hong‐Sheng , Zheng Yong , Shao Zhi‐Gang , Jiang Chang‐Sheng , Zhou Long‐Quan , Zhang Guo‐Min
Published: October 2009

Based on 43 Harvard CMT solutions in Yunnan region, GPS observations from 1999 to 2004 by China Crustal Movement Observatory Network, and results from SKS splitting and Pn fast wave anisotropy, we obtained the average directions of principle stress fields at different depths by average angle method. Then we further analyzed the coupling difference between geodynamic parameters in different tectonic blocks. Then we built five three‐dimensional finite element models to simulate the crustal velocity field in Sichuan‐Yunnan region and stratified stress–strain fields in different tectonic blocks. In order to implement the numerical simulation, we constrained the FEA model boundaries with GPS observations, and determined the possible flow patterns at the top of upper mantle by SKS anisotropic splitting data. Based on the simulated kinematic pattern and stress–strain fields, we analyzed the geodynamic environment in the deep part of the area, and found that the difference between lateral stress fields in different tectonic blocks is the main reason why the boundaries of tectonic blocks and their neighborhood are so active areas and capable of generating strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐Ray Diffraction as a Local Probe Tool
Authors: Stangl J. , Mocuta C. , Diaz A. , Metzger T. H. , Bauer G.
Published: October 2009

For the structural characterization of nanoscale objects, X‐ray diffraction is widely used as a technique complementing local probe analysis methods such as scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Details on strain distributions, chemical composition, or size and shape of nanostructures are addressed. X‐ray diffraction traditionally obtains very good statistically averaged properties over large ensembles—provided this averaging is meaningful for ensembles with sufficiently small dispersion of properties. In many cases, however, it is desirable to combine different analysis techniques on exactly the same nano‐object, for example, to gain a more detailed insight into the interdependence of properties. X‐ray beams focused to diameters in the sub‐micron range, which are available at third‐generation synchrotron sources, allow for such X‐ray diffraction studies of individual nano‐objects.
Telomerization of Butadiene with Starch under Mild Conditions
Authors: Mesnager Julien , Quettier Claude , Lambin Anne , Rataboul Franck , Pinel Catherine
Published: October 2009

The design of industrial products based on bioresources is a challenging issue. Modification of starch, by hydrophobic chemical substituents, results in an innovative hydrophobic material. Herein, the hydrophobic part of the derivative, comprised of octadienyl chains, is introduced through catalytic butadiene telomerization. The process is efficiently conducted on starch in its granular form in an aqueous medium using hydrosoluble palladium complexes. After optimization, a turnover number (TON) of up to 550 was achieved in the presence of [(π‐allyl)PdCl]2 catalyst and, unusually, by using dimethylisosorbide as a cosolvent.
Combination of MUC5ac and WT‐1 immunohistochemistry is useful in distinguishing pancreatic ductal carcinoma from ovarian serous carcinoma in effusion cytology
Authors: Han Liying , Pansare Vaishali , Al‐Abbadi Mousa , Husain Mujtaba , Feng Jining
Published: October 2009

Malignant ascites may be the first presentation of an unsuspected cancer. Pancreas and ovary are among the organs that are usually evaluated as a source of primary. The purpose of this study is to investigate a panel of immunohistochemical stains to help differentiate pancreatic from ovarian carcinoma. We evaluated the immunohistochemical staining of eight commercially available antibodies MUC1, MUC2, MUC5ac, Wilm's tumor susceptibility gene 1 (WT1), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK20, CA125, and CA19.9 in 25 effusion specimens with evidence of metastatic carcinoma including 14 ovarian serous carcinomas, 9 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and 2 unknown primaries. Primary ovarian serous carcinomas were positive for WT‐1 (100%), CK7 (93%), CK20 (43%), CA125 (100%), CA19.9 (50%), MUC1 (100%), MUC2 (0%), and MUC5ac (0%). Primary pancreatic carcinomas were positive for MUC5ac (100%), MUC1 (100%), CA19.9 (100%), CK7 (78%), CK20 (22%), CA125 (89%), WT‐1 (0%), and MUC 2 (0%). The combination of MUC5ac positivity/WT‐1 negativity was seen in 100% of pancreatic carcinoma, whereas MUC5ac negativity/WT‐1 positivity in 100% of ovarian serous carcinoma. It appears that the combination of MUC5ac and WT‐1 stains is useful in distinguishing pancreatic ductal from ovarian serous carcinoma in body fluid cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the importance of accurate depiction of infiltration processes on modelled soil moisture and vegetation water stress
Authors: Manfreda Salvatore , Scanlon Todd M. , Caylor Kelly K.
Published: October 2009

The description of soil moisture dynamics is a challenging problem for the hydrological community, as it is governed by complex interactions between climate, soil and vegetation. Recent research has achieved significant advances in the description of temporal dynamics of soil water balance through the use of a stochastic differential equation proposed by Laio et al. (2001). The assumptions of the Laio et al. model simplify the mathematical form of the soil water loss functions and the infiltration process. In particular, runoff occurs only for saturation excess, the probability distribution function (PDF) of which is well‐represented by a simple expression, but the model does not consider the limited infiltration capacity of soil. In the present work, we extend the soil moisture model to include limitations on soil infiltration capacity with the aim of understanding the impact of varying infiltration processes on the soil water balance and vegetation stress. A comparison between the two models (the original version and the modified one) is carried out via numerical simulations. The limited infiltration capacity influences the soil moisture PDF by reducing its mean and variance. Major changes in the PDFs are found for climates characterized by storms of short duration and high rainfall intensity, as well as in humid climates and in cases where soils have moderate permeability (e.g. loam and clay soils). In the case of limited infiltration capacity, modifications to the dynamics of soil moisture generally lead to higher amounts of vegetation water stress. An investigation of the role of soil texture on vegetation water stress demonstrates that loam soil provides the most favorable condition for plant‐growth under arid and semi‐arid conditions, while vegetation may benefit from the presence of more permeable soils (e.g. loamy sand) in humid climates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative impacts of grouting on the underground karst environment
Authors: Bonacci Ognjen , Gottstein Sanja , Roje‐Bonacci Tanja
Published: October 2009

Grouting is a procedure in which grout is injected into different kinds of spaces. This procedure has had broad applications in modern civil engineering, especially in karst terrains, for nearly 200 years. Ingredients for the preparation of mortars and grouting suspensions include cement, clay and fillers, bentonite, asphalt, additives for stability and water. The building of dams in karst areas is always accompanied by the construction of large grout curtains. During their construction, thousands of tons of materials are injected into the karst underground. Some ingredients and chemicals used in the preparation of mortars and grouting suspensions may be toxic, neurotoxic or carcinogenic, and may be irritants or corrosives. Their use is dangerous to both humans and the environment. The toxic components can pollute karst aquifers and cause long‐lasting hazardous consequences on karst underground species. Both physically and chemically, this material voraciously and quickly destroys underground habitats and kills an enormous number of rare, endangered and endemic species. This is an extremely expensive procedure although, in many cases, it is not very successful from the engineering perspective. When the construction of a grout curtain is completed, the hydrostatic pressure upgradients of the curtain are increased to higher levels than ever. These high hydraulic gradients accelerate the dissolutional expansion of fractures and bedding planes beneath the dam by several orders of magnitudes. As a result, intolerable leakage of karst reservoirs can occur over the lifetime of a dam site. This paper provides several examples of varying negative impacts of grouting on the hydrological and ecological regimes of the karst environment in the Dinaric karst. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, X‐ray Diffraction Study and Characterisations of Ni and Zn Complexes of Clodronic Acid and Its Dibenzoyl Derivative
Authors: Kunnas‐Hiltunen Susan , Haukka Matti , Vepsäläinen Jouko , Ahlgrén Markku
Published: October 2009

Four new nickel and zinc bis(phosphonates) were prepared, and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry: [{Na2Ni3(Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2)(H2O)20}{Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2}]n (1), [{Na2Zn3(Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2)(H2O)20}{Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))2}]n (2), [Ni2{Cl2C(PO3)2}(H2O)7]·4H2O (3) and [Zn2{Cl2C(PO3)2}(H2O)7]·6H2O (4). In addition, the spectroscopic and thermal properties of the compounds 1–4 were studied by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The coordination polymers 1 and 2 form, through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, 2D layer‐like structures, whereas the aqua ligands and lattice water molecules of the monomeric compounds 3 and 4 form hydrogen bonds in three dimensions giving rise to a 3D network. In the isomorphous structures 1 and 2 the octahedral Na and Ni/Zn atoms form μ‐H2O‐bridged stepped metal chains where the Cl2C(PO2O(C(O)C6H5))22– ligands (L1) are monodentately coordinated to the Na and Ni/Zn atoms, and the lattice L1 ligands are located in a trans position with respect to the chain. The isostructural Ni and Zn complexes of clodronic acid, 3 and 4, are formed by a hydrolysis method from the L1 ligand. There, the clodronate ligand acts as a bridging and chelating ligand with the octahedral Ni and Zn atoms. The bulky and hydrophopic benzoyl groups of the L1 ligand in structures 1 and 2 lead to dense packing modes. The clodronic acid ligand of structures 3 and 4, in turn, has a higher coordination flexibility and forms voids, where the water clusters are trapped by hydrogen bonds.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of dmso‐Coordinated Tungstoantimonates(III) and ‐bismuthates(III)
Authors: Bi Li‐Hua , Hou Guang‐Feng , Bao Ya‐Yan , Li Bao , Wu Li‐Xin , Gao Zhong‐Min , McCormac Timothy , Mal Sib S. , Dickman Michael H. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: October 2009

Four new organic–inorganic hybrid compounds based on dmso‐coordinated heteropolytungstates as [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (Rubpy) salts {[Ru(bpy)3]2Na2[Sb2W22(dmso)4O72]·4dmso·4H2O (1a), [Ru(bpy)3]2Na2[Bi2W22(dmso)4O72]·4dmso·4H2O (2a), [Ru(bpy)3]2[Sb2W20Fe2(dmso)8O68]·9dmso·12H2O (3a), [Ru(bpy)3]2[Bi2W20Fe2(dmso)8O68]·9dmso·12H2O (4a)} have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray powder diffraction and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structural analyses indicate that the dmso molecules are coordinated onto the polyanion frameworks through four W–O–S(CH3)2 bonds for 1a and 2a, six Fe–O–S(CH3)2 and two W–O–S(CH3)2 bonds for 3a and 4a. The compounds 1a–4a represent novel members of dmso‐coordinated tungstoantimonates and tungstobismuthates prepared by routine synthetic reactions in the mixed solutions with dmso/H2O (1:1, v/v). The cyclic voltammetry studies of 1a–4a in dmso/H2SO4 medium using the glassy carbon electrode as a working electrode show the respective electrochemical behaviors of the W and Ru centers within 1a and 2a, and the W, Fe and Ru centers within 3a and 4a.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Aluminum Alkoxide Fluorides Involved in the Sol–Gel Synthesis of Nanoscopic AlF3
Authors: Dimitrov Anton , Koch Julia , Troyanov Sergey I. , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: October 2009

In the search for intermediates during the sol–gel synthesis of nanoscopic AlF3, the fluorolysis of aluminum isopropoxide by HF in pyridine has been investigated. By varying the Al to HF ratio from 0.5 to 2, three aluminum alkoxide fluorides, Al3F(Py)(OiPr)8, Al7F10(μ4‐O)(OiPr)9(Py)3·1.34Py, and Al10F16(μ4‐O)2(OiPr)10(Py)4·4.17Py, were isolated and structurally characterized. The structures of these compounds are discussed as possible snapshots in the consecutive fluorolytic sol–gel formation of nanoscopic AlF3 and give deeper insight into the probable reaction pathway. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Diethylzinc‐Mediated Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by [(NHC)(PR3)PdX2] and [(NHC)Pd(η3‐allyl)Cl] Complexes
Authors: Flahaut Alexandre , Toutah Krimo , Mangeney Pierre , Roland Sylvain
Published: October 2009

[(NHC)(PR3)PdX2] complexes (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) are active precatalysts in the palladium‐catalyzed allylation of carbonyl compounds with allylic acetates and diethylzinc. A comparative study examining the catalytic activity of a series of six of these complexes was carried out with allyl and cinnamyl acetates. [(IMesMe)(PPh3)PdI2] was found to be the most versatile precatalyst (IMesMe = 1‐mesityl‐3‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) and the scope of the reaction was investigated with this complex. [(IMesMe)(PPh3)PdI2] catalyzes the allylation of aromatic (except 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde) and aliphatic aldehydes (including enolizable aldehydes) with cinnamyl acetate to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in 57–98 % yields and diastereoselectivities ranging from 70:30 to 92:8. The allylation of acetone also takes place under the same conditions, leading to the expected adduct in 63 % yield. The reaction with cyclohexenyl acetate proceeds at room temperature to afford the homoallylic alcohols in 40–78 % yields with excellent diastereoselectivities (>98:2), but is limited to aromatic aldehydes. An experimental study concerning the mechanism of the transformation was also carried out. We first demonstrated that the phosphane ligand was not essential for the reaction to take place. [(NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl] complexes are active precatalysts and lead to similar yields in the presence or in the absence of PPh3. Transmetalation of [(NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl] complexes with diethyl‐ or dimethylzinc, which is a determining step for the mechanism, was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of [(IPr)Pd(allyl)Cl] with dimethylzinc affords rapidly [(IPr)Pd(η3‐allyl)(Me)] but no detectable trace of allylzinc species [IPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]. [(IPr)Pd(η3‐allyl)(Me)] was found to be a nucleophilic species able to react smoothly at room temperature with an aldehyde in the absence of zinc to form the corresponding homoallylic alcohol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereochemical Course of Baker's Yeast Mediated Reduction of the Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Double Bonds of Substituted Cinnamaldehydes
Authors: Fronza Giovanni , Fuganti Claudio , Serra Stefano
Published: October 2009

A comprehensive study of the stereochemical course of baker's yeast mediated reduction of substituted cinnamaldehydes is reported. Hydride addition to the β position of β‐methylcinnamaldehydes preferentially afforded isomers of (3S)‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol. The reduction of (E)‐2,3‐dimethylcinnamaldehyde (15) produced a mixture of (2S,3S)‐ and (2R,3S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol (13and14), respectively, with 93 %ee. Conversely (Z)‐2,3‐dimethylcinnamaldehyde (16) afforded a mixture of13and14with 33 %ee. Accordingly, the reduction of trisubstituted β‐methylcinnamaldehydes34and35proceeded with the same stereochemical preference and with higher enantioselectivity to give (S)‐3‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol (37). In addition, deuterium incorporation and2H NMR studies demonstrated that the addition of the second hydrogen atom to the α position proceeded with very low stereochemical control and the overall process is formally a mixture ofcis/transhydrogen addition to the double bond. Alternatively, α‐methylcinnamaldehyde is reduced to (S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylpropan‐1‐ol (24) with preferential addition of the hydride to the opposite β face with good stereochemical control of thetransaddition of hydrogen to the double bond. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A minimum sample size required from Schmidt hammer measurements
Authors: Niedzielski Tomasz , Migoń Piotr , Placek Agnieszka
Published: October 2009

The Schmidt hammer is a useful tool applied by geomorphologists to measure rock strength in field conditions. The essence of field application is to obtain a sufficiently large dataset of individual rebound values, which yields a meaningful numerical value of mean strength. Although there is general agreement that a certain minimum sample size is required to proceed with the statistics, the choice of size (i.e. number of individual impacts) was usually intuitive and arbitrary. In this paper we show a simple statistical method, based on the two‐sample Student's t‐test, to objectively estimate the minimum number of rebound measurements. We present the results as (1) the ‘mean’ and ‘median’ solutions, each providing a single estimate value, and (2) the empirical probability distribution of such estimates based on many field samples. Schmidt hammer data for 14 lithologies, 13–81 samples for each, with each sample consisting of 40 individual readings, have been evaluated, assuming different significance levels. The principal recommendations are: (1) the recommended minimum sample size for weak and moderately strong rock is 25; (2) a sample size of 15 is sufficient for sandstones and shales; (3) strong and coarse rocks require 30 readings at a site; (4) the minimum sample size may be reduced by one‐third if the context of research allows for higher significance level for test statistics. Interpretations based on less than 10 readings from a site should definitely be avoided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying sediment storage in a high alpine valley (Turtmanntal, Switzerland)
Authors: Otto Jan‐Christoph , Schrott Lothar , Jaboyedoff Michel , Dikau Richard
Published: October 2009

The determination of sediment storage is a critical parameter in sediment budget analyses. But, in many sediment budget studies the quantification of magnitude and time‐scale of sediment storage is still the weakest part and often relies on crude estimations only, especially in large drainage basins (>100 km2). We present a new approach to storage quantification in a meso‐scale alpine catchment of the Swiss Alps (Turtmann Valley, 110 km2).

The quantification of depositional volumes was performed by combining geophysical surveys and geographic information system (GIS) modelling techniques. Mean thickness values of each landform type calculated from these data was used to estimate the sediment volume in the hanging valleys and the trough slopes. Sediment volume of the remaining subsystems was determined by modelling an assumed parabolic bedrock surface using digital elevation model (DEM) data.

A total sediment volume of 781·3×106–1005·7×106 m3 is deposited in the Turtmann Valley. Over 60% of this volume is stored in the 13 hanging valleys. Moraine landforms contain over 60% of the deposits in the hanging valleys followed by sediment stored on slopes (20%) and rock glaciers (15%).

For the first time, a detailed quantification of different storage types was achieved in a catchment of this size. Sediment volumes have been used to calculate mean denudation rates for the different processes ranging from 0·1 to 2·6 mm/a based on a time span of 10 ka.

As the quantification approach includes a number of assumptions and various sources of error the values given represent the order of magnitude of sediment storage that has to be expected in a catchment of this size. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of boat‐based laser scanning for river survey
Authors: Alho P. , Kukko A. , Hyyppä H. , Kaartinen H. , Hyyppä J. , Jaakkola A.
Published: October 2009

The boat‐based, mobile mapping system (BoMMS) with a laser scanner allows the derivation of detailed riverine topographical data for fluvial applications. Combined with data acquisition from static terrestrial LiDAR (light detection and range) or mobile terrestrial LiDAR on the ground, boat‐based laser scanning enables a totally new field mapping approach for fluvial studies. The BoMMS approach is an extremely rapid methodology for surveying riverine topography, taking only 85 min to survey a reach approximately 6 km in length. The BoMMS approach also allowed an effective survey angle for deep river banks, which is difficult to achieve with aerial or static terrestrial LiDAR. Further, this paper demonstrates the three‐dimensional mapping of a point‐bar and its detailed morphology. Compared with the BoMMS surface, approximately, 80% and 96% of the terrestrial LiDAR points showed a height deviation of less than 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, with an overall standard deviation of ± 2·7 cm. This level of accuracy and rapidity of data capture enables the mapping of post‐flood deposition directly after a flood event without an extensive time lag. Additionally, the improved object characterisation may allow for better 3D mapping of the point bar and other riverrine features. However, the shadow effect of the BoMMS survey in point bar mapping should be removed by additional LiDAR data to acquire entire riverine topography. The approach demonstrated allowed a large reach to be surveyed compared with static terrestrial LiDAR and increased the spatial limit of survey towards aerial LiDAR, but it maintains the same or even better temporal resolution as static terrestrial LiDAR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil and water losses from new citrus orchards growing on sloped soils in the western Mediterranean basin
Authors: Cerdà Artemi , Morera Antonio Giménez , Bodí Merche B.
Published: October 2009

Ten representative research sites were selected in eastern Spain to assess soil erosion rates and processes in new citrus orchards on sloping soils. The experimental plots were located at representatives sites on limestone, in areas with 498 to 715 mm year−1mean annual rainfall, north‐facing slopes, herbicide treated, and new (less than 3 years old) plantations. Ten rainfall simulation experiments (1 h at 55 mm h−1on 0·25 m2plots) were carried out at each of the 10 selected study sites to determine the interill soil erosion and runoff rates. The 100 rainfall simulation tests (10 × 10 m) showed that ponding and runoff occurred in all the plots, and quickly: 121 and 195 s, respectively, following rainfall initiation. Runoff discharge was one third of the rainfall, and sediment concentration reached 10·4 g L−1. The soil erosion rates were 2·4 Mg ha−1 h−1under 5‐year return period rainfall thunderstorms. These are among the highest soil erosion rates measured in the western Mediterranean basin, similar to badland, mine spoil and road embankment land surfaces. The positive relationship between runoff discharge and sediment concentration (r2= 0·83) shows that the sediment availability is very high. Soil erosion rates on new citrus orchards growing on sloped soils are neither tolerable nor sustainable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrated flow erosion as a main source of sediments in Galicia, Spain
Authors: Mirás‐Avalos José M. , Paz‐González Antonio , Dafonte‐Dafonte Jorge , Vidal‐Vázquez Eva , Valcárcel‐Armesto Montserrat
Published: October 2009

Knowledge of soil loss rates by water erosion under given climate, soil, topography, and management conditions is important for establishing soil conservation schemes. In Galicia, a region with Atlantic climatic conditions in Spain, field observations over the last decade indicate that interrill, rill and ephemeral gully erosion may be an important sediment source. The aim of this work was to assess concentrated erosion rates, describe types of rills and ephemeral gullies and determine their origin, evolution and importance as sediment sources. Soil surface state and concentrated flow erosion were surveyed on medium textured soils, developed over basic schists of the Ordenes Complex series (Coruña province, Spain) from 1997 to 2006. Soil surface state was characterized by crust development, tillage features and roughness degree. Soil erosion rate was directly measured in the field. Concentrated flow erosion took place mainly on seedbeds and recently tilled surfaces in late spring and by autumn or early winter. During the study period, erosion rates were highly variable and the following situations could be distinguished: (a) no incision or limited rill incision, i.e. below 2 Mg ha−1 year−1; (b) generalized rill and ephemeral gully incision in the class of mean values between 2·5 and 6·25 Mg ha−1 year−1, this was the most common erosion pattern; and (c) heavy erosion as observed during an extremely wet winter period, between October 2000 and February 2001, with erosion figures that may be about ten orders of magnitude higher, up to 55–60 Mg ha−1 year−1. Therefore, low values of soil losses are dominant, but also large values of rill and ephemeral gully erosion occurred during the study period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex relationships between salt type and rock properties in a durability experiment of multiple salt–rock treatments
Authors: Yu Swe , Oguchi Chiaki T.
Published: October 2009

A laboratory salt weathering experiment was performed using five salts to attack eight types of rocks to determine the relative significance of rock durability and salt aggressivity to salt crystallization damage. The influence of individual rock properties on the salt susceptibility of the rocks was also evaluated. To study the relation between pore characteristics, salt uptake, and damage, the pre‐ and post‐experiment pore size distributions of the rocks were also examined. It is observed that both salt type and rock properties influenced the damage pattern. The durability ranking of the rocks became significantly altered with the salt type while the variation in salt efficacy ranking with rock type was less pronounced. Of the five salts used, sodium chloride and aluminium sulfate were invariably ineffective with all rock types while sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate, were markedly more effective in damaging most types of rock used. Of the rock properties investigated, the microporosity (of pores smaller than 0·05 or 0·1 µm) showed the most significant influence on deterioration of the rocks associated with salt crystallization, whereas microporosity of pores smaller than 5 µm played a more important role in salt uptake. Pore size distribution was thus the key factor controlling salt uptake and damage. Rocks with a large number of pores (<5 µm) and a high proportion of pores (<0·05 or 0·1 µm) were particularly susceptible to salt crystallization damage. However, anomalies arose that could not be explained in terms of rock properties or salt efficacy alone. Overall, the relative influences of salt type/efficacy and rock type/properties on salt damage propensity were not clear enough to draw a reasonable conclusion. Salt crystallization damage appears to be influenced by the individual interactions between salts and rocks, which could explain the anomalous results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microrna-196 Represses Bach1 Protein and Hepatitis C Virus Gene Expression in Human Hepatoma Cells Expressing Hepatitis C Viral Proteins
Authors: Hou Weihong , Tian Qing , Zheng Jianyu , Bonkovsky Herbert L.
Published: October 2009

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) directly induces oxidative stress and liver injury. Bach1, a basic leucine zipper mammalian transcriptional repressor, negatively regulates heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), a key cytoprotective enzyme that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (≈22 nt) that are important regulators of gene expression. Whether and how miRNAs regulate Bach1 or HCV are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to determine whether miR-196 regulates Bach1, HMOX1, and/or HCV gene expression. HCV replicon cell lines (Con1 and 9–13) of the Con1 isolate and J6/JFH1-based HCV cell culture system were used in this study. The effects of miR-196 mimic on Bach1, HMOX1, and HCV RNA, and protein levels were measured by way of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The Dual Glo Luciferase Assay System was used to determine reporter activities. miR-196 mimic significantly down-regulated Bach1 and up-regulated HMOX1 gene expression and inhibited HCV expression. Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that transfection of miR-196 mimic resulted in a significant decrease in Bach1 3′-untranslated region (UTR)–dependent luciferase activity but not in mutant Bach1 3′-UTR–dependent luciferase activity. Moreover, there was no detectable effect of mutant miR-196 on Bach1 3′-UTR–dependent luciferase activity.

Conclusion:

miR-196 directly acts on the 3′-UTR of Bach1 messenger RNA and translationally represses the expression of this protein, and up-regulates HMOX1. miR-196 also inhibits HCV expression in HCV replicon cell lines (genotype 1b) and in J6/JFH1 (genotype 2a) HCV cell culture system. Thus, miR-196 plays a role in both HMOX1/Bach1 expression and the regulation of HCV expression in human hepatocytes. Overexpression of miR-196 holds promise as a potential novel strategy to prevent or ameliorate hepatitis C infection, and to protect against liver injury in chronic HCV infection. (Hepatology 2010.)
Low‐risk variants FGFR2, TNRC9 and LSP1 in German familial breast cancer patients
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Lichtner Peter , Engel Christoph , Chen Bowang , Burwinkel Barbara , Försti Asta , Sutter Christian , Wappenschmidt Barbara , Hellebrand Heide , Illig Thomas , Arnold Norbert , Niederacher Dieter , Dworniczak Bernd , Deissler Helmut , Kast Karin , Gadzicki Dorothea , Meitinger Thomas , Wichmann H.‐Erich , Kiechle Marion , Bartram Claus R. , Schmutzler Rita K. , Meindl Alfons
Published: October 2009

To validate common low‐risk variants predisposing for breast cancer (BC) in a large set of BRCA1/2 negative familial or genetically enriched cases from Germany, we genotyped 1,415 cases and 1,830 healthy women by MALDI‐TOF in 105 candidate SNPs. Significantly higher ORs than previously reported for heterozygous unselected cases were found for the minor allele in FGFR2 (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.30‐1.59, p‐value = 1.24 × 10−12) and for TNRC9 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.19‐1.46, p‐value = 1.54 × 10−7). Most intriguing, however, were the ORs for homozygous carriers from high‐risk families for FGFR2 (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.68–2.51, LSP1 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.28–0.86) and TNRC9 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.27–2.07). Moreover, the additional validation of 99 CGEMS‐SNPs identified putative novel susceptibility alleles within the LSP1 gene (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.61–0.87, p‐value = 5.23 × 10−4). Finally, we provide evidence for the first time that a low‐risk variant located at 6q22.33 (rs6569479) is associated with estrogen receptor negative BC in familial cases (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.06–1.66; p‐value = 0.012). Our data confirm the impact of the previously identified susceptibility loci and provide preliminary evidence for novel susceptibility loci in familial BC cases and correlate them to specific histopathological subtypes defined by estrogen receptor status.
Overexpression of IQGAP1 in advanced colorectal cancer correlates with poor prognosis—critical role in tumor invasion
Authors: Hayashi Hiroyuki , Nabeshima Kazuki , Aoki Mikiko , Hamasaki Makoto , Enatsu Sotaro , Yamauchi Yasushi , Yamashita Yuichi , Iwasaki Hiroshi
Published: October 2009

IQGAP1 is a multifunctional protein involved in actin cytoskeleton assembly and E‐cadherin‐mediated cell adhesion. We reported previously IQGAP1 overexpression in human colorectal carcinomas especially at the invasion front (IF) and that such overexpression tended to correlate with lymph node metastasis in advanced cases. Thus, in this study, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of IQGAP1 expression in 85 cases of pT2–3 colorectal carcinomas with special reference to its expression pattern and prognosis, followed by analysis of the role of IQGAP1 in cancer invasion in vitro. Quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR showed significant upregulation of IQGAP1 in colorectal carcinomas compared with normal mucosa. Immunohistochemically, IQGAP1 expression pattern was classified into diffuse (20%), IF‐associated (35.3%) and focal (44.7%). The diffuse pattern was associated with higher rates of distant metastasis. Patients with IQGAP1 overexpression and diffuse pattern had significantly shorter survival (p < 0.0001) than others, and the diffuse pattern was an independent predictor of poor survival by multivariate analysis. In vitro invasion assays using three human colon carcinoma cell lines showed that IQGAP1 siRNA significantly suppressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)‐stimulated cell invasion. HGF reduced membranous localization of α‐catenin, but did not alter localization of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin and IQGAP1 in membranes. Suppression of IQGAP1 expression by siRNA did not alter membranous localization of α‐catenin even in the presence of HGF. Our results indicate that IQGAP1 plays a critical role in colon cancer cell invasion, and therefore diffuse and high expression of IQGAP1 predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
High frequency of tumor‐infiltrating FOXP3+ regulatory T cells predicts improved survival in mismatch repair‐proficient colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Frey Daniel M. , Droeser Raoul A. , Viehl Carsten T. , Zlobec Inti , Lugli Alessandro , Zingg Urs , Oertli Daniel , Kettelhack Christoph , Terracciano Luigi , Tornillo Luigi
Published: October 2009

Regulatory T cells (Treg) inhibit the generation of host‐versus‐tumor immunity via suppression of tumor‐specific effector T‐cell responses and development of immune tolerance to neoplastic cells. The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is an intracellular key molecule for Treg development and function and is considered to represent the most specific Treg cell marker. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and prognostic impact of tumor‐infiltrating FOXP3+ Treg in colorectal cancer (CRC) stratified by mismatch‐repair (MMR) status. Using the tissue microarray technique, 1,420 tumor samples were immunohistochemically stained for FOXP3 and stratified into 1,197 MMR‐proficient and 223 MMR‐deficient CRCs. Additionally, the 1,197 MMR‐proficient CRCs were randomized into 2 subgroups (Test Groups 1 and 2; n = 613 and 584, respectively). In both MMR‐proficient CRC subgroups high frequency tumor‐infiltrating FOXP3+ Treg was associated with early T stage (p = 0.001 and <0.001), tumor location (p = 0.01 and 0.045) and increased 5‐year survival rate (p = 0.004 and <0.001), whereas in MMR‐deficient CRCs an association between FOXP3+ Treg and absence of lymph node involvement (p = 0.023), absence of vascular invasion (p = 0.023) and improved 5‐year survival rate (p = 0.029) could be detected. In a multivariable analysis including age, gender, T stage, N stage, tumor grade, vascular invasion, and tumor border configuration, a high FOXP3+ Treg frequency was an independent prognostic factor in both MMR‐proficient CRC subsets (p = 0.019 and p = 0.007), but not in the MMR‐deficient CRCs (p = 0.13). Therefore, high frequency of tumor‐infiltrating FOXP3+ Treg is associated with early T stage and independently predicts improved disease‐specific survival in MMR‐proficient CRC patients.
Rapamycin enhances chemotherapy‐induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the expressions of TS and ERK in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Shigematsu Hideo , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Sanada Yuichi , Osada Shinnji , Takahashi Takao , Wada Yoshiyuki , Konishi Kazuo , Okada Morihito , Fukushima Masakazu
Published: October 2009

We have previously reported the synergistic cytotoxic effects of Docetaxel (TXT) and S‐1 in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo, and the combination regimen is now under phase III clinical trail. In this study, to elucidate whether the rapamycin, the inhibitor of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamaycin), can enhance the potentiation of TXT and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐Fu) in gastric carcinoma cells. Rapamycin inhibited the growth of TMK‐1, MKN‐28, MKN‐45 and MKN‐74 cell lines by MTT assay, and it demonstrated the cytostatic effects as G1 arrest shown by flowcytometry. However, the cytotoxic effects of 5‐Fu, TXT and cisplatin were enhanced by 2 to 4 times with the concomitant administration of rapamycin. To clarify the mechanism of the potentiation, the expression changes of the enzymes relating DNA metabolism and cell growth signal transduction pathways were examined by western blot analysis. Interestingly, the expression of thymidilate synthase was markedly decreased by the administration of rapamycin in TMK‐1 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, rapamycin decreased the phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase, and the activation of caspase of apoptotic pathways in combination with TXT. These results strongly indicate that the mTOR inhibitor can enhance the potentiation of TXT and 5‐Fu or S‐1 and can serve as a new therapeutic tool for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer patients.
SMAD4: a predictive marker of PDAC cell permissiveness for oncolytic infection with parvovirus H‐1PV
Authors: Dempe Sebastian , Stroh‐Dege Alexandra Y. , Schwarz Elisabeth , Rommelaere Jean , Dinsart Christiane
Published: October 2009

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents the eighth frequent solid tumor and fourth leading cause of cancer death. Because current treatments against PDAC are still unsatisfactory, new anticancer strategies are required, including oncolytic viruses. Among these, autonomous parvoviruses (PV), like MVMp (minute virus of mice) and H‐1PV are being explored as candidates for cancer gene therapy. Human PDAC cell lines were identified to display various susceptibilities to an infection with H‐1PV. The correlation between the integrity of the transcription factor SMAD4, mutated in 50% of all PDAC, and H‐1PV permissiveness was particularly striking. Indeed, mutation or deletion of SMAD4 dramatically reduced the activity of the P4 promoter and, consequently, the accumulation of the pivotal NS1 protein. By means of DNA affinity immunoblotting, novel binding sites for SMAD4 and c‐JUN transcription factors could be identified in the P4 promoter of H‐1PV. The overexpression of wild‐type SMAD4 in deficient cell lines (AsPC‐1, Capan‐1) stimulated the activity of the P4 promoter, whereas interference of endogenous SMAD4 function with a dominant‐negative mutant decreased the viral promoter activity in wild‐type SMAD4‐expressing cells (Panc‐1, MiaPaCa‐2) reducing progeny virus production. In conclusion, the importance of members of the SMAD family for H‐1PV early promoter P4 activity should guide us to select SMAD4‐positive PDACs, which may be possible targets for an H‐1PV‐based cancer therapy.