bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change-Ringing
Authors: Stainer J. F. R.
Published: January 2007

Though many papers have been read before this Association on subjects connected with bells, there has been none hitherto, so far as I can ascertain, on the subject of change-ringing. This is the more surprising, as the art of change-ringing is purely English in origin and development, and its practice is still almost entirely confined to this country. I can only suppose that it has been regarded in the past as a mechanical exercise beneath the notice of musicians.
Some Aspects of the Present Musical Situation
Authors: Bliss Arthur
Published: January 2007

I find that it is advisable amongst musicians to speak the truth at the outset, otherwise they are liable to mistake fiction for fact; so let me say at once that this short paper contains no matter that has not already been sifted and probed, no criticisms that have not been adequately capped, and no suggestions that are not practically commonplaces to all present in this room. For if, as has been said with unction, there is nothing new in art, then obviously there is nothing new to be said about it, though million pens splutter and a myriad tongues wag. Always the same music rises to the same accompaniment of chatter, and indeed we are so inured to reading and talking about it in preference to hearing it, that we are often enabled to combine the three functions simultaneously, digesting as we do our analytical programmes and forming our considered judgments therefrom, actually during the performance of the music to which they refer. So what tones of quality can be superimposed on this bedrock of sound to season the appearance of the new in music, which as we are told is but the reappearance of the old, bidding us the prima donna's everlasting farewell?
Translation of Songs
Authors: Fox-Strangways A. H.
Published: January 2007

Instead of “translation,” which is the title of this lecture, I want to use, if I can remember to stick to it, the word “version.” For “translation” has certain connotations which seem best avoided. It suggests faithfulness to the original, which does not seem to me to be at all necessary when words are there only for the sake of the music. Because music does not repeat what the words have already said, but broods on the feelings which they arouse; and to substitute one verbal expression for another need not alter the intensity of those feelings (which is all that music is concerned with) though it might if clumsily or casually done. We can think of cases, even without music, where one feeling can be substituted for another without diminution of force. The Song of Solomon is a decided love song, but it takes its place in the Bible because it is referred to divine love, I should say that mistranslation, if by accident, is an affront to the poet, if by design, is a concession to the audience. The difficulty in most intellectual things is to be purist enough without being too much of a purist.
On the Determination of Absolute Pitch by the Common Harmonium
Authors: Rayleigh Lord
Published: January 2007

The method of determining absolute pitch, to which I shall ask your attention this afternoon, does not pretend to compete in point of accuracy or completeness with some of the other methods which have been employed, particularly in the last few years, with success. But I think it stands alone in the extreme simplicity and general availability of the means which it employs. Of course to determine the pitch of a note you must have the note, and you must also have some standard of time. I hardly want more than that. All that is necessary is two notes on the harmonium, and a watch, and by those means alone I am able to say how many vibrations in a second the notes make. To carry out the observations with ease requires a little more in the way of instrumental assistance, but the feasibility of the method does not at all depend upon this extra assistance.
Spanish Madrigals
Authors: Trend J. B.
Published: January 2007

Spanish Madrigals are seldom mentioned in histories of music. Very few have been published, and those are never publicly performed. The word Madrigal, as a musical term, is not found in the Spanish language. The latest edition of the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, published this year, gives as the only meaning, a form of verse, and repeats the derivation from mandra, a herd, which we now know to be false. Madrigal, however, has another meaning in Spanish, though that is not a musical one either. It is the name of a wine—and also of a town: Madrigal de las Altas Torres, “Madrigal of the High Towers”; and it is not altogether inappropriate that a place called Madrigal of the High Towers, should have been the birthplace of a great queen—Isabella of Castille.
The Influence of Music: From Arabic Sources
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: January 2007

The subject of this lecture, because of its exotic nature, would appear, at first sight, to be of little moment to Westerners. For that reason it may be advisable to indicate why attention should be directed to this question quite apart from any intrinsic worth that it may have. The doctrine of the Éthos, so highly prized in the art of antiquity, has an abiding interest, and therefore one may assume that its history may have a similar attraction. As Jules Combarieu pointed out not long since,∗ the doctrine of the Éthos had its origin in magic, and I take the liberty to draw up for you its genealogy, because, in the subject under discussion, it plays an important part.
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Authors: Brent-Smith Alexander
Published: January 2007

One hundred years ago, on the twenty-seventh of March, died Ludwig van Beethoven, a composer whom universal opinion has placed among the greatest men of all time. It is not my purpose to give a sketch of his life, but, as far as it lies within my power, to reconstruct his position in 1827; to explain his position in 1927; and to forecast his probable position in 2027.
Music in Public Schools of To-Day
Authors: Spurling Clement M.
Published: January 2007

Progress, enlightened movement, new methods, a new outlook, in a word—growth, has been going on steadily in our public schools for many years past, and has been especially insistent in some schools, I think, during the last fifteen or twenty years. Music has not been left behind in this forward movement. Some people seem to think and talk as if it had. Far from it. As a fact, the place that music holds in most public schools, the amount of time given to it by boys, the importance attached to it by almost everyone connected with our schools, is most striking. I think some people would be really astonished if they were to look through the programmes of concerts given at some of our schools, and they would be still more astonished if they were to go and hear the performances. I am sure they would be impressed with the high standard, earnestness and ability they would encounter.
Some of the Less-Known Songs of Schubert
Authors: Strangways A. H. Fox
Published: January 2007

It is a good thing to start with a definition of song. Of definitions I have seen that of Bourgault-Ducoudray's appeals to me. He says that a song “applies simple, spontaneous, rich form to a great poem.” “Simple” seems to negate “rich,” though I think we can guess what he means; “spontaneous” is the right word; what we all feel about the really successful song is that it comes to us in one gush straight from the composer's brain (even if that isn't the least the case). The words should be “great” if only from the singer's point of view; unless they are, he cannot sing with complete conviction. Mendel's Lexicon adds that a song “presents a single emotion to mind and feeling.” That is worth insisting upon; Schubert took a long time to find out how to give his song that unity which became its conspicuous merit.
The Relation of Rhythm and Tonality in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Radcliffe Philip F.
Published: January 2007

One of the most significant features of the musical thought of to-day is the increasing interest shown in the sixteenth century. This is, no doubt, partly the result of a natural and in some ways exaggerated reaction against the romantic movement, but it is also due to the fact that this period has much in common with the musical tendencies of to-day. In both we find the same passionate striving for expansion of idiom resulting in a longish period of transition: and in the earlier case, this led eventually to the establishment of the classical major and minor tonalities, instead of the old modal system; now it is the turn of the classical tonality to be expanded, and to what substitute the present stage of transition is leading is still uncertain.
Thomas Roseingrave
Authors: Lambert Constant
Published: January 2007

I feel that my presence here requires a double apology for I can claim to be neither an authority on eighteenth century music nor a pianist. My interest in eighteenth century music is mainly a practical one and my only claim to your attention is that I have in certain transcriptions and arrangements both for the concert hall and the theatre succeeded, I hope, in popularising certain old music which might otherwise have remained familiar only to the scholar. As a pianist my limitations are even more marked and I can hardly hope to demonstrate that, as a writer for the keyboard, Roseingrave was second only to Domenico Scarlatti. Roseingrave's most striking work, however, lies not so much in his brilliant toccata-like movements as in his more introspective and experimental voluntaries and I hope that later on I may be able to give at least some slight account of these fascinating and original works.
Haydn: Fresh Facts and Old Fancies
Authors: Scott Marion M.
Published: January 2007

That is a non-committal title, and I had better admit at once it is not the original one. When I was honoured by the President's invitation to read this paper my first idea was to call it “Haydn's Secret”—a short, snappy title that pleased me. But I discarded it when I found my paper would have to be announced some time beforehand, for I realised that “Haydn's Secret” might give away my own little secret ahead of schedule. Still, “Haydn's Secret” is precisely what my paper is about.
Introductory to the Study of Wagner's Comic Opera, “Die Meistersinger Von Nürnberg.”
Authors: Barry C. A.
Published: January 2007

It is not many years since Wagner was frequently spoken of by his friends as the “best-abused musician in Europe.” And so he was; for in almost any circle of musicians mention of his name acted like a red rag upon a bull, and gave rise to all kinds of invectives. Happily for himself and his admirers, he has lived down prejudice, and certainly may now be regarded as the best protected, if not also the best paid among living composers. Throughout the civilised world his works have evoked a far larger amount of attention than those of any other composer have ever done during his lifetime. The interest in them may therefore be regarded as universal. Indeed, thus much has been admitted even by the most determined of his opponents. Under these circumstances I feel that I need not apologise, as I should have had to have done some few years ago, for having made choice of one of Wagner's operas as a subject to bring before the Musical Association. My excuse, if an excuse be needed, for giving the preference to “Die Meistersinger,” rests on the fact of its being one of those of Wagner's operas which have not yet been performed in this country, and on the good probability there seems to be of its being brought to a hearing in London at no distant date.
Opinions and Prognostications
Authors: Irving K. Ernest
Published: January 2007

I have been oppressed to a considerable degree by the prospect of preparing and delivering an address to this learned Society, feeling it to be somewhat presumptious for one whose musicianship is founded rather upon an empirical than an academic basis to address didactically ladies and gentlemen who have had so much more leisure than I for musical and philosophical research.
The Nineteenth Century Musical Renaissance in France (1870–1895)
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: January 2007

Before I start on the main body of what I have to say, a few words of explanation are perhaps necessary.

First of all, with regard to the limits which I have set myself. You will have seen the dates—1870–1895—and possibly wondered at their apparent arbitrariness. But all I could hope to do here is to trace the main outlines of the first stage of France's musical revival. Debussy is only just on my map; Ravel, Roussel and even the later Fauré quite off it. But by 1895 all the main contributory elements which formed these later styles had made their appearance. Satie and Chabrier—the models acclaimed by a later generation—were active before Franck was dead: the Schola Cantorum was founded in the same year as Debussy's Après midi d'un faune appeared—in 1894. These twenty-five years are not the most glorious: much of the music was still tentative and the sense of national style was by no means complete. But because they were years of growth they are particularly worthy of sympathetic study.
Liszt's Final Period (1860–1886)
Authors: Searle Humphrey
Published: January 2007

The years round about 1860 marked an important change in Liszt's life. His term as court conductor at Weimar, which had begun so successfully and which had seen the production of so many important works on the Weimar stage, as well as the composition of some of Liszt's own greatest works, was drawing to a close in an atmosphere of disillusionment. In 1858 had occurred the demonstration on the occasion of the first performance of Cornelius’ Barber of Bagdad, a demonstration which Liszt took to be directed against himself and which caused him to offer his resignation to the Grand Duke.
Robert Lucas Pearsall
Authors: Hunt Edgar
Published: January 2007

This year marks the centenary of the death of Robert Lucas Pearsall. It is true that the passage of a hundred years provides the opportunity for a new assessment of a man's life and work. But there are two other dates which are really just as significant for us to-day: 1695 Purcell died, 1795 Pearsall was born—significant because of the dangerous similarity between the two names. Pearsall, the subject of this paper (1795–1856) is best known as the composer of the well-known part-song ‘O who will o'er the downs so free’ and the fine eight-part setting of the carol ‘In dulci jubilo’.
English Lute Music, 1540–1620—An Introduction
Authors: Lumsden David
Published: January 2007

The madrigalists and virginalists of Elizabethan and Jacobean England have been known and admired ever since the great work of Fuller-Maitland, Barclay Squire, Dolmetsch, van den Borren and Fellowes (to mention only the most important); yet until now the equally accomplished and even more extensive school of lutenist composers has never been systematically studied. The nearest approach to such a study was made by Richard Newton in an unpublished B.Litt. thesis and in a paper derived from the thesis which he read to the Musical Association in 1939, entitled ‘English Lute Music of the Golden Age’. Although his study represents much thorough research, only the bare outlines of his findings have appeared in print.
Bach and the Bible
Authors: Johnston David
Published: January 2007

‘The best translation is that which most tactfully reconciles the opposed claims of the English words and Bach's music’. These sane words were written some fifteen years ago by Mr. Walter Emery. Yet, in the last decade or so, we have seen the emergence of several editions of Bach's choral works which have preferred to cast them aside. For too long this perplexing but stimulating problem has remained on the shelf and it is as much to Mr. Emery as to the editors of these versions that our thanks must go for causing us to ponder awhile. Three years ago the subject reappeared in the pages of the musical press, sparked off by the release of a recording of the St. John Passion with a new English translation by Mr. Peter Pears, since which time many strong views have been expressed by experts and laymen alike.
Latin Polyphony Under Henry VIII
Authors: Doe Paul
Published: January 2007

It is inevitable that any branch of historiography should in its early stages submit itself to the discipline of severe objectivity. Nineteenth-century political historians saw it as their duty to present ascertainable fact; and it is only in this century that their successors have begun to take the facts for granted, and have gone on to make inferences, to express opinion on unanswered questions, and, to some extent, to use their imagination. Musicology, being a much younger branch of the art, is still at a relatively objective stage. There are such formidable gaps in our knowledge of music before 1600 that scholars have shown a natural caution about filling those gaps with anything in the nature of speculation or guesswork. The standard work on English music before the Reformation is, of course, Frank Harrison'sMusic in Medieval Britain, a brilliant presentation of archival material and of liturgical and musical analysis. It is precisely that objectivity and caution that make the book so valuable. However, I am prepared to argue that, once a book of that kind has been written, it is perhaps justifiable to go beyond it and make inferences which, though they could well be proved wrong, may stimulate argument and so help to arrive at right answers. Much of this paper, therefore, is frankly discursive and conjectural, deficient in corroborative detail, and clearly open to the Scottish verdict of ‘not proven’.
Revisions in Steffani's Chamber Duets
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: January 2007

The chamber duets for two voices and continuo by Agostino Steffani (1654–1728) have always been considered models of perfection. In 1739 Johann Mattheson wrote that in this form Steffani was above comparison with any other composer known to him—and he was presumably including Handel.

Mattheson defined the chamber duet as an aria for two voices instead of one. That both singers speak with one and the same voice is true not only of the duet movements but also of the solo movements within chamber duets. In the duet examined later, for example, both the soprano and contralto represent the lover of Cloris, to whom the text is addressed. This feature helps to distinguish most chamber duets from dialogue cantatas, in which each singer has a different role.
Prokofiev's Early Opera ‘Maddalena’
Authors: McAllister Rita
Published: January 2007

The year 1911 was in many respects a landmark in Prokofiev's early career as a composer. He was then twenty years old and a student at the St. Petersburg Conservatoire, where his studies at the time included classes in conducting with Nikolay Cherepnin, and an intensive piano course with the famous Anna Nikolayevna Yesipova. He was already known in St. Petersburg as an exponent of his own piano music and had frequently appeared in this role at Nuvel's Evenings of Modern Music as well as at student concerts. He had also performed his works in Moscow, and the enthusiastic reviews of his compositions which Myaskovsky and Boris Asafyev contributed to the avant-garde magazine Muzyka had further promoted his reputation in the more musically-conservative capital. In 1911 his music appeared in print for the first time, when Jurgenson published the First Piano Sonata and the Four Piano Pieces of Op. 3. The same year saw the beginnings of the First Piano Concerto, Op. 10, which was to have its successful premiere in Moscow the following summer with the composer as soloist. By 1911 also, Prokofiev had composed the Sinfonietta, Op. 5, and the two short symphonic poems. Dreams, Op. 6, and Autumnal Sketch, Op. 8.
Rebec, Fiddle and Crowd in England: Some Further Observations
Authors: Remnant Mary
Published: January 2007

In my paper published in the last number of the Proceedings, I attempted to see how far back could be traced the string formation of the Welsh crwth, i.e. four central strings above a finger-board and two drone strings at the side. The late fourteenth-century carving on a misericord at Worcester Cathedral seemed to be the earliest known English example with six strings and a fingerboard, but in this case there is nothing to indicate that two of the strings are lateral drones.
The Unknown Vaughan Williams
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: January 2007

Vaughan Williams's music divides fairly easily into three Beethovenian periods: the works written up to 1914, which include several of his most deservedly popular and lyrical works; those written between the two wars, when he was striking out in several new directions; and the final period, from the Second World War to his death in 1958, during which he became even more prolific. His reputation rests on the nine symphonies, on the ballet Job, which like Elgar's Falstaff is of symphonic stature, on his operas and on a number of large-scale choral works. Also, of course, on the delightful songs which first made his name a household word.
Estimating Dynamic Models Using Kalman Filtering
Authors: Beck Nathaniel
Published: January 2007

The Kalman filter is useful to estimate dynamic models via maximum likelihood. To do this the model must be set up in state space form. This article shows how various models of interest can be set up in that form. Models considered are Auto Regressive-Moving Average (ARMA) models with measurement error and dynamic factor models.

The filter is used to estimate models of presidential approval. A test of rational expectations in approval shows the hypothesis not to hold. The filter is also used to deal with missing approval data and to study whether interpolation of missing data is an adequate technique. Finally, a dynamic factor analysis of government entrepreneurial activity is performed.

Appendices go through the mathematical details of the filter and show how to implement it in the computer language GAUSS.
Systematic Sampling, Temporal Aggregation, and the Study of Political Relationships
Authors: Freeman John R.
Published: January 2007

Systematic sampling and temporal aggregation are the practices of sampling a time series at regular intervals and of summing or averaging time series observations over a time interval, respectively. Both practices are a source of statistical error and faulty inference. The problems that systematic sampling and temporal aggregation create for the construction of strongly specified and weakly specified models are discussed. The seriousness of these problems then is illustrated with respect to the debate about superpower rivalry. The debate is shown to derive, in part, from the fact that some researchers employ highly temporally aggregated measures of U.S. and Soviet foreign policy behavior. The larger methodological lessons are that we need to devote more time to determining the natural time unit of our theories and to conducting robustness checks across levels of temporal aggregation.
An Agenda For Econometric Model Building
Authors: Granato Jim
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the lack of cohesion in econometric model building. This incoherence contributes to model building based on statistical criteria—correcting residuals—and not theoretical criteria. The models we build, therefore, are not valid replications of theory. To deal with this problem, an agenda for model building is outlined and discussed. Drawing on the methodological approaches of Hendry, Qin, and Favero (1989), Hendry and Richard (1982, 1983), Sargan (1964), and Spanos (1986), this agenda incorporates a “general to simple” modeling philosophy, a battery of diagnostic tests, reduction theory, and the development of models that include short-term and long-term parameters. A comparison is made between a model based on this agenda and a model based on corrected residuals. The findings show that the agenda-based model outperforms the residual correction model.
Analyzing the Effects of Local Government Fiscal Activity I: Sampling Model and Basic Econometrics
Authors: Mebane Walter R.
Published: January 2007

At the intersection of urban politics, fiscal federalism, and political economy in the United States, probably the most important theoretical development in political science in the past 15 years has been the argument put forth by Paul Peterson inCity Limits(1981). Informed by Tiebout (1956), Musgrave (1959), and Lowi (1964), Peterson uses the incidence of local government taxes and spending to develop an interest-driven theory of federalism and local politics. Peterson proposes a typology of local government expenditures, based on the degree to which the expenditures tend to be directed toward above-average or below-average taxpayers. Peterson assumes that expenditures of the former kind are beneficial for local economic well-being, while expenditures of the latter sort are, in general, harmful. These two kinds of expenditures he refers to as, respectively, “developmental” and “redistributive.” Expenditures of neutral incidence, and according to Peterson also of neutral economic consequence, are referred to as “allocational” (1981, 34-46).
Testing the Effects of Paired Issue Statements on the Seven-Point Issue Scales
Authors: Jacoby William G.
Published: January 2007

Many recent empirical analyses of citizens' issue attitudes rely on the seven-point issue scales, which have been included in all of the biennial National Election Studies (NES) since 1968. The question format used to create these scales requires people to respond to two different issue statements simultaneously. While this approach has a number of practical advantages, it may also distort the measurement of issue attitudes in several ways. In order to examine this possibility, a 1990 South Carolina public-opinion survey had people respond to the separate issue statements. The empirical results lead to an optimistic assessment of the seven-point scales. People do seem to regard the paired issue statements in any of the seven-point questions as the opposite sides of a political controversy. This general conclusion has some important caveats: there are several distinct dimensions underlying citizens' issue judgments, and the degree of psychological distance between conflicting issue positions varies somewhat across issues. These findings have important implications for our understanding and measurement of citizens' issue attitudes.
Longitudinal Study of Defense Mechanisms: Late Childhood to Late Adolescence
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBased on longitudinal data from the Institute of Human Development Intergenerational Study, the use and change in defense mechanisms of more than 150 individuals, as assessed from TAT stories, was studied across ages 11, 12, and 18. The findings of this study, based on an earlier generation, were generally consistent with cross‐sectional findings from current samples, showing that the defenses of projection and identification were used more frequently than denial at all three ages and that the use of projection and identification increased from early to late adolescence. However, unlike current findings, the 18‐year‐olds did not show greater use of identification than of projection, perhaps due to IQ differences between this community sample and the samples of more recent studies.
Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Increase in Salt Sensitivity and Development of Hypertension in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Banday Anees Ahmad , Muhammad Abdul Bari , Fazili Fatima Rizwan , Lokhandwala Mustafa
Published: January 2007

High salt intake produces vascular changes that contribute to the development of hypertension in salt-sensitive individuals. Because reactive oxygen species play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, we investigated whether oxidative stress contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in different groups and received tap water (vehicle), 30 mmol/L of
l
-buthionine sulfoximine ([BSO] an oxidant), high salt ([HS] 1% NaCl), and BSO plus HS without and with antioxidant tempol (1 mmol/L) in drinking water for 12 days. Compared with vehicle, BSO treatment caused oxidative stress and mild increase in blood pressure. Thoracic aortic rings from BSO-treated rats exhibited decreased response to endothelium-independent vasorelaxants. In HS-treated rats, the response to vasoactive agents, as well as blood pressure, was unaffected. Concomitant treatment of rats with BSO and HS produced a marked increase in blood pressure and a decreased response to both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxants with an increase in EC
50
. Incubation of aortic tissue from BSO-treated rats with sodium nitroprusside showed decreased cGMP accumulation, whereas HS rats had decreased basal NO synthase activity. Tempol decreased oxidative stress, normalized blood pressure, and restored NO signaling and responses to vasoactive compounds in BSO and BSO plus HS rats. We conclude that BSO increases oxidative stress and reduces NO signaling, whereas HS reduces NO levels by decreasing the NO synthase activity. These phenomena collectively result in reduced responsiveness to both endothelium -dependent and endothelium- independent vasorelaxants and may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension.
Exploring the differences in perceptions of satisfaction across lifestyle segments
Authors: Naylor Gillian , Kleiser Susan Bardi
Published: January 2007

This research examines whether satisfaction difers across consumers of a vacation experience. By segmenting consumers of an all-inclusive upscale health andfitness resort by lifestyle characteristics, it is found that satisfaction does not vary across the groups but that the benefits that lead to satisfaction do. For example, consumers who prioritise status need fulfilment of symbolic benefits, such as seeing interesting guests, to feel satisfied. In contrast, low variety and low status seekers simply need to enjoy themselves to be satisfied. Implications for vacation managers suggest that the type of customer they desire may dictate which benefits they try to provide. Promotional strategies should reflect the benefits the various lifestyle segments seek.
Mortality in Patients Treated for Cushing’s Disease Is Increased, Compared with Patients Treated for Nonfunctioning Pituitary Macroadenoma
Authors: Dekkers O. M. , Biermasz N. R. , Pereira A. M. , Roelfsema F. , van Aken M. O. , Voormolen J. H. C. , Romijn J. A.
Published: January 2007

Context: Increased mortality in patients with pituitary tumors after surgical treatment has been reported. However, it is unknown to what extent excess mortality is caused by pituitary tumors and their treatment in general and to what extent by previous exposure to hormonal overproduction.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare mortality between patients treated for Cushing’s disease and nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMAs).

Design: This was a follow-up study.

Patients: We included 248 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas treated by transsphenoidal surgery in our hospital for NFMAs (n = 174) and ACTH-producing adenomas (n = 74). The mean duration of follow-up after surgery was 10.1 ± 7.2 yr for the whole cohort.

Outcome Measures: The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for the whole cohort and also for the two diseases separately. Cox regression analysis was used to compare mortality in patients with Cushing’s disease with NFMA patients.

Results: Patients with Cushing’s disease (39.1 ± 16.1 yr) were significantly younger at time of operation than NFMA patients (55.3 ± 13.4 yr). The SMR for the whole cohort was 1.41 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.86]. The SMR in NFMA patients was 1.24 (95% CI, 0.85–1.74) vs. 2.39 (95% CI, 1.22–3.9) in patients with Cushing’s disease. In patients with Cushing’s disease, compared with NFMAs, the age-adjusted mortality was significantly increased: hazard ratio 2.35 (95% CI, 1.13–4.09, P = 0.008).

Conclusions: Mortality in patients previously treated for Cushing’s disease is increased, compared with patients treated for NFMAs. This implies that previous, transient overexposure to cortisol is associated with increased mortality.
At What Age Can Children Report Dependably on Their Asthma Health Status?
Authors: Olson Lynn M. , Radecki Linda , Frintner Mary Pat , Weiss Kevin B. , Korfmacher Jon , Siegel Robert M.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. This study examined psychometric properties and feasibility issues surrounding child-reported asthma health status data.

METHODS. In separate interviews, parents and children completed 3 visits. Child questionnaires were interviewer administered. The primary instrument was the Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version, used to compute 3 scales (physical health, activities, and emotional health). The following were assessed: reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), validity (general health status, symptom burden, and lung function), and feasibility (completion time, missing data, and inconsistent responses).

RESULTS. A total of 414 parent-child pairs completed the study (mean child age: 11.5 years). Reliability estimates for the activities and emotional health scales were >.70 in all but 1 age category; 5 of 9 age groups had acceptable internal consistency ratings (≥.70) for the physical health scale. Cronbach's α tended to increase with child age. In general, test-retest correlations between forms and intraclass correlation coefficients were strong for all ages but tended to increase with child age. Correlations between forms ranged from .57 (7-year-old subjects, physical health) to .96 (14-year-old subjects, activities). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .76 (13-year-old subjects, emotional health) to .94 (15–16-year-old subjects, physical health). Children with less symptom burden reported higher mean Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version scores (indicating better health status) for each scale, at significant levels for nearly all age groups. Children's Health Survey for Asthma–Child Version completion times decreased from 12.9 minutes at age 7 to 6.9 minutes at age 13.

CONCLUSIONS. This research indicates that children with asthma as young as 7 may be dependable and valuable reporters of their health. Data quality tends to improve with age.
Synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence of end‐functionalized polystyrene initiated by 4‐chloromethyl benzoic acid and ethyl 4‐chloromethyl benzenecarboxylate via ATRP
Authors: Lu Jian‐Mei , Xu Qing‐Feng , Yuan Xin , Xia Xue‐Wei , Zhai Jin‐Xing , Wang Li‐Hua
Published: January 2007

End‐functionalized polystyrene (PSt) was synthesized via atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by using 4‐chloromethyl benzoic acid (CMBA) and the ethyl‐protected carboxylic acid, ethyl 4‐chloromethybenzenecarboxylate (ECBC), as initiators respectively. The structure of PSt proved the living‐radical polymerization. Results exhibit both ATRP initiators afforded well‐controlled polymerization with high initiator efficiencies. However, the study also shows the controllability of ATRP can be obviously influenced by using different initiator in different catalyst system. Furthermore, the terminal group of the PSt1, benzoic acid, can coordinate with Europium(III) ion to obtain the polymeric Eu(III) complex, which shows both emissions of polymer and Eu(III) ion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Near‐Infrared Absorbing Ligand‐Oxidized Dinuclear Phthalocyanines
Authors: Makarov Sergey G. , Piskunov Alexander V. , Suvorova Olga N. , Schnurpfeil Günter , Domrachev Georgiy A. , Wöhrle Dieter
Published: January 2007

Ligand‐oxidized annulated dinuclear phthalocyanine zinc(II) and lithium(I) complexes absorbing in the NIR region (λ=1000–2200 nm) with high extinction coefficients are described. Analogous mononuclear Pc complexes were used for comparison. The oxidized Pcs were characterized in solution by electronic absorption, EPR and NMR spectra. The NIR transitions were explained by using MO diagrams calculated semiempirically. The reversible oxidation behavior of the phthalocyanine complexes was also estimated by cyclic voltammetry. These new extremely long wavelength absorbing phthalocyanines are interesting as materials with new electronic properties.
Ring Reversal of a Spirocyclic Patchouli Odorant: Molecular Modeling, Synthesis, and Odor of 6‐Hydroxy‐1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐7‐one
Authors: Kraft Philip , Bruneau Audrey
Published: January 2007

Molecular modeling calculations on the recently discovered high‐impact patchouli odorant (+)‐(1S,4R,5R,9S)‐1‐hydroxy‐1,4,7,7,9‐pentamethylspiro[4.5]decan‐2‐one (1) indicated that ring reversal of the spirocyclic system should lead to molecules in which two of the five methyl substituents could be spared without significantly affecting the overall shape or conformational equilibrium. Intramolecular ene reactions promised simple access to the desired target compound,(5R*,6R*)‐6‐hydroxy‐1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐7‐one(2), but all attempts failed utterly. The elaborated alternative six‐step synthesis of target structure 2 commenced with the addition of HCl gas to 5‐bromo‐2‐methyl‐2‐pentene (16), giving 1‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐4‐methylpentane (15). Spiroannulation of cyclohexanone with this building block by TiCl4‐mediated alkylation of the TMS enolate 14 and subsequent cyclization by means of tBuOK afforded 1,1‐dimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐6‐one (12). The reaction of this spirocyclic ketone with MeLi furnished the corresponding tertiary alcohol 17, which was dehydrated by Appel–Lee bromination with concomitant dehydrohalogenation. The resulting alkene mixture containing 1,1,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐ene (4) as the major component was subjected to the ketohydroxylation method developed by Plietker to provide, after repeated chromatography, target compound 2 in 33 % yield. To study the influence of the gem‐dimethyl position on the olfactory properties, the analogous spirocyclic 2,2,6‐trimethylketone 22 was also synthesized. Spiroannulation of cyclohexanone with 1,4‐dibromo‐2,2‐dimethylbutane (18), with the use of 2.2 equiv. tBuOK as base, furnished 2,2‐dimethylspiro[4.5]decan‐6‐one (19). The reaction of 19 with MeLi and subsequent Appel–Lee bromination/dehydrohalogenation led to an isomeric mixture containing 2,2,6‐trimethylspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐ene (21) as the main component. The ketohydroxylation method according to the protocol of Plietker concluded the synthesis of the second target structure 22. In contrast to methyl carbinol 17, which has a typical woody‐earthy patchouli odor, the odor of target molecule 2 was displaced towards the camphoraceous and minty side. The 2,2,6‐trimethylalcohol 20 emanated a camphoraceous and vetiver‐type note, while the second target molecule, 22, was only weakly woody, cedar‐like, and powdery in smell.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
3/4‐phenylene bisheterocycles from ring transformation reaction of sydnone derivatives: Synthesis of 3‐[3/4‐heterocyclyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones from 3/4‐acetylphenylsydnones and their biological properties
Authors: Kamble Ravindra R. , Latthe Prashant R. , Badami Bharati V.
Published: January 2007

The bifunctional 3/4‐[acetyl]phenylsydnones 1a, 1b were subjected to a one‐pot ring conversion to 3‐[3/4‐acetyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 2a, 2b, which on further bromination yielded the 3‐[3/4‐bromoacyl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 3a, 3b. Reaction of these compounds with thiourea yielded the 3‐[3/4‐(2‐aminothiazol‐4‐yl)]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 4a, 4b. The other thiazole derivatives 5a, 5b–7a, 7b were prepared by using thiosemicarbazide, thioacetamide, and thiobenzamide, respectively. In another reaction of the bromoacetyl compounds (3a, 3b) with 2‐aminopyridine and 2‐aminothiazole, the fused biheterocyclic compounds 3‐[3/4‐imidazo‐[1,2‐a]pyridine‐2‐yl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 8a, 8b and 3‐[3/4‐imidazo‐[2,1‐b]‐thiazol‐6‐yl]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 9a, 9b were obtained. The 3‐[3/4‐(benzofuran‐2‐carbonyl)]phenyl‐5‐methyl‐3H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones 10a, 10b were obtained by treatment of compounds 3a, 3b with o‐hydroxy benzaldehyde. Most of these compounds exhibited antifungal activity greater than the reference drugs used. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:50–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20255
Evidence for a critical role of entorhinal cortex at pre‐exposure for latent inhibition disruption in rats
Authors: Seillier A. , Dieu Y. , Herbeaux K. , Di Scala G. , Will B. , Majchrzak M.
Published: January 2007

Latent inhibition (LI), that is the decrease in conditioned response induced by the repeated nonreinforced pre‐exposures to the to‐be‐conditioned stimulus, is disrupted by entorhinal cortex (EC) lesions. The mechanism involved in this disruption is unknown, and in particular the experimental stage (pre‐exposure or conditioning) at which the integrity of EC is necessary has to be determined. The purpose of this study was to address this issue by using reversible inactivation of the EC by local micro‐infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX). TTX was infused either before the pre‐exposure phase, before the conditioning phase, or before both phases. LI was unaffected in rats that received TTX before conditioning or before both pre‐exposure and conditioning. In contrast, LI was disrupted in rats that received TTX before pre‐exposure only. These results are discussed in the framework of LI models. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesh adaptation and transfer schemes for discrete fracture propagation in porous materials
Authors: Secchi Stefano , Simoni Luciano , A. Schrefler Bernhard
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a numerical procedure for cohesive hydraulic fracture problems in a multiphase system. The transient problem of crack nucleation and/or advancement, with the ensuing topological changes, is solved by successive remeshing and projection of the field variables required in the time marching scheme. The projection is directly applied to the nodal vector of the previous step and is performed by means of a suitable mapping operator which acts on nodal forces and fluxes. This hence ensures ‘a priori’ the local fulfilment of the balance equations (equilibrium and mass conservation). The resulting procedure is computationally simple; however checks have to be made on its capability of conserving strain energy of the system. The latter property together with the accuracy of the solution is heuristically assessed on the basis of numerical benchmarks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell Culture Process Development: Advances in Process Engineering
Authors: Heath Carole , Kiss Robert
Published: January 2007

Representatives from the cell culture process development community met on September 11 and 12, 2006 at the ACS National Meeting in San Francisco to discuss “Cell Culture Process Development: Advances in Process Engineering”. This oral session was held as part of the Division of Biochemical Technology (BIOT) program. The presentations addressed the very small scale (less than 1 mL) to the very large scale (20,000 L). The topics covered included development of high throughput cell culture screening systems, modeling and characterization of bioreactor environments from mixing and shear perspectives at both small and large scales, systematic approaches for improving scale‐up and scale‐down activities, development of disposable bioreactor technologies, and novel perfusion culture approaches. All told, this well‐attended session resulted in a valuable exchange of technical information and demonstrated a high level of interest within the process development community.
Sensitivity of synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction to the chemical ordering in epitaxial perovskite multilayers
Authors: Nemoz Maud , Dooryhee Eric , Hodeau Jean-Louis , Dubourdieu Catherine , Roussel Hervé , Bayle-Guillemaud Pascale
Published: January 2007

The present work shows that the chemical ordering in (BaTiO3∕SrTiO3)N chemical-vapor-deposition-grown superlattices can be reliably estimated by synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD (00l) diagrams for l=1–8 have been simultaneously simulated using a unique set of parameters describing the stack with a model based on periodic structural and chemical profiles. The relative sensitivity of the (00l) reflections to the atomic concentrations of Sr and Ba is presented: the SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 scattering factors partially compensate each other for the l odd, and their respective contributions in the (007) reflection can be disentangled. Using this property, an accuracy as good as 5% can be obtained regarding the Ba and Sr atomic concentrations. Synchrotron radiation reflectivity was performed, and the simulation confirms the observed large atomic interlayer diffusion. Moreover, energy electron loss spectroscopy measurements at the barium and the strontium edges give a very good agreement with the diffusion profiles determined from our XRD diagram simulations. In such oxide multilayers, the extracted chemical profile does not fully obey Vegard’s law.
Investigating the stability of zinc oxide thin film transistors
Authors: Cross R. B. M. , De Souza M. M.
Published: January 2007

The stability of thin film transistors incorporating sputtered ZnO as the channel layer is investigated under gate bias stress. Positive stress results in a positive shift of the transfer characteristics, while negative stress results in a negative shift. Low bias stress has no effect on the subthreshold characteristics. This instability is believed to be a consequence of charge trapping at/near the channel/insulator interface. Higher biases and longer stress times cause degradation of the subthreshold slope, which is thought to arise as a consequence of defect state creation within the ZnO channel material. After all stress measurements, the devices recover their original characteristics at room temperature without any annealing.
One-dimensional ferroelectric monodomain formation in single crystalline BaTiO3 nanowire
Authors: Wang Zhaoyu , Hu Jie , Yu Min-Feng
Published: January 2007

The authors report the existence of one-dimensional and stable formation of ferroelectric monodomain in single crystalline BaTiO3 nanowire. Piezoresponse force microscopy operated in both vertical and lateral modes showed ferroelectric polarization switching along the axial (lateral) direction of nanowire, while the polarization along the transversal (vertical) direction was strongly suppressed. Such a one-dimensional polarization formation was also found to be highly stable and nonretentive in that switched polarization spontaneously returned to its original orientation at the instant of removing the applied poling voltage.