bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality and survival of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) calves in northern Finland
Authors: Nieminen Mauri , Norberg Harri , Maijala Veikko
Published: February 2013

During the period 1999 to 2004 the reindeer calf survival and mortality were studied in two reindeer-herding cooperatives and in five herding-groups in northern Finland, where in total 1725 calves were fitted with mortality indicating radio-transmitters fixed on expandable neck collars. The calves were weighed and marked at the age of 2-5 days in calving corrals and also during earmarking in June/July, when the age of calves was 2-8 weeks. The rate, timing and causes of mortality of calves were investigated. In 1999-2001 in Ivalo reindeer-herding cooperative 4.6% of radiocollared calves and in 2002-04 in Käsivarsi reindeer cooperative 5.2% was found dead. The average mortality of the calves radio-collared during calving time in May, and monitored to the end of October, was 6.7% in Ivalo and 9.0% in Käsivarsi. From July on, the average mortality rates varied between 1.8-5.7% among reindeer herding-groups. On average 54 and 42% of all radio-collared calves found dead in Ivalo and Käsivarsi cooperatives were attributed to predation, and golden eagle was the most significant cause of death in both cooperatives killing 0-3.5% of radio-collared calves in different study areas and years. Golden eagle predation accounted for 33-43% of all radio-collared calves found dead, 55-59% of the cases with identified cause of death and 80% of all identified predation. Most of the calves killed by golden eagle were found during July and August mainly in the open areas, as in highlands, bogs and clear-cut forest areas. The mean body weight of the calves radio-collared in May (weights adjusted on June 1st) and found dead during the summer was significantly (P<0.01) lighter than the mean weight of survivors both in Ivalo and Käsivarsi. Furthermore, the midsummer body weights of the calves (weights adjusted on July 1st) killed by all predators and by golden eagles were significantly (P<0.001) lower than the mean weight of surviving calves in both cooperatives. However, the weights did not differ between depredated calves and those calves that succumbed due to other causes than predation. The results of this study emphasize the relative importance of golden eagle as a mortality factor for reindeer calves in the northern part of the Finnish reindeer husbandry area.
Archaeology and the debate on the transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism
Authors: Sommerseth Ingrid
Published: February 2013

The distinctive Sami historical land use concerning reindeer management and settlement of inner Troms, North Norway, is reflected in places with archaeological remains. The insight and knowledge connected with these places can be accessed through oral traditions and place-names where reindeer management is embedded in reindeer knowledge developed over long time spans. Previous distinctions between wild reindeer hunting and pastoral herding can be redefined, since much of the traditional knowledge concerning the wild reindeer (goddi) may have been transferred to the domesticated animals (boazu). The transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism is a current research focus and archaeological results from inner Troms indicate that several Sami dwellings with árran (hearths) are related to a transitional period from AD 1300 to 1400. This period is marked by a reorganisation of the inland Sami siida (collective communities), and changes in landscape use wherein seasonal cycles and grazing access began to determine the movements of people and their domestic reindeer herds. This reorganisation was a response to both external political relations and the inner dynamic of the Sami communities. The first use of tamed reindeer was as decoys and draft animals in the hunting economy, only later becoming the mainstay of household food supply in reindeer pastoralism, providing insurance for future uncertainties. The formation of the national border between Norway-Denmark and Sweden in 1751 led to extensive changes in the previously trans-national mobility pattern, leading to fragmentation of the old siidas and to a new stage of nomadic pastoral economy.
Terrestrial lichen response to partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou winter range in west-central British Columbia
Authors: Waterhouse Michaela J. , Armleder Harold M. , Nemec Amanda F. L.
Published: February 2013

In west-central British Columbia, terrestrial lichens located in older, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are important winter forage for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Clearcut harvesting effectively removes winter forage habitat for decades, so management approaches based on partial cutting were designed to maintain continuous lichen-bearing habitat for caribou. This study tested a group selection system, based on removal of 33% of the forest every 80 years in small openings (15 m diameter), and two irregular shelterwood treatments (whole-tree and stem-only harvesting methods) where 50% of the stand area is cut every 70 years in 20 to 30 m diameter openings. The abundance of common terrestrial lichens among the partial cutting and no-harvest treatments was compared across five replicate blocks, pre-harvest (1995) and post-harvest (1998, 2000 and 2004). The initial loss of preferred forage lichens (Cladonia, Cladina, Cetraria and Stereocaulon) was similar among harvesting treatments, but there was greater reduction in these lichens in the openings than in the residual forest. After eight years, forage lichens in the group selection treatment recovered to pre-harvest amounts, while lichen in the shelterwood treatments steadily increased from 49 to 57% in 1998 to about 70% of pre-harvest amounts in 2004. Although not part of the randomized block design, there was substantially less lichen in three adjacent clearcut blocks than in the partial cuts. Regression analysis pre- and post-harvest indicated that increased cover of trees, shrubs, herbs, woody debris and logging slash corresponded with decreased forage lichen abundance. In the short-term, forestry activities that minimize inputs of woody debris, control herb and shrub development, and moderate the changes in light and temperatures associated with canopy removal will lessen the impact on lichen. Implementation of stand level prescriptions is only one aspect of caribou habitat management. A comprehensive approach should consider all factors and their interactions to maintain a viable population of woodland caribou in west-central British Columbia.
Are we facing new health challenges and diseases in reindeer in Fennoscandia?
Authors: Tryland Morten
Published: February 2013

A large number of semi-domesticated reindeer is lost every year. Predators are the single most important factor for these losses, whereas restrictions on food availability some years also may cause high mortality. In the past, reindeer herding was challenged by severe infectious diseases, killing hundreds and thousands of animals, and having huge economic and social impact on reindeer herding in Fennoscandia. The general zoo-sanitary situation in Fennoscandia is very favourable for the time being, but reindeer herding is sometimes challenged by disease outbreaks, and diseases play an important role for survival and fitness of reindeer. Reindeer herding is also facing changes and challenges, which also may impact reindeer health and the disease status. Introduction of infectious agents not commonly present in the reindeer population may take place through import of animals, as well as by contact between reindeer, livestock and wildlife. Further, changes in the herding, such as increased feeding, transport, size of herds, animal density and stress load on the animals, may affect the animals ability to cope with infectious diseases. Also changes in weather conditions and climate, such as increased precipitation and mean temperature, may over time lead to restricted availability of pastures, changes in vegetation and changed conditions for parasites and insect vectors. These changes might be especially important for the reproductive success, including fitness of the calves during their first winter. To be able to cope with these changes and their potential impact on reindeer health, increased efforts should be made to gather reference data on health and disease parameters from the different reindeer herding districts, along with epidemiological risk factor analysis. This would increase the ability for the reindeer herding to cope with changes and to continue to produce quality meat products for the market.
Co-management of the migratory caribou herds in northern Québec: The perspective of the Hunting, Fishing and Trapping Coordinating Committee
Authors: Gougeon Nicole
Published: February 2013

Aboriginal people have a long relationship with caribou, and caribou - especially the large migratory herds- cross aboriginal territories and jurisdictional boundaries. These two points are key to understanding the intricacies and complexities of managing caribou.
The effect of temporal sampling regime on the characterization of home range for female boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Labrador, Canada
Authors: Rasiulis Alexandre L. Vignault , Schmelzer Isabelle , Wright Christian G.
Published: February 2013

Our objective was to determine the influence of temporal sampling regime on the characteristics of individual female caribou home ranges and to explore implications of these findings to the conservation of caribou. The study population was 24 adult female caribou monitored for between 4 and 11 consecutive years between 1986 and 2009 from the Red Wine Mountain (RWM) and Lac Joseph (LJ) herds of boreal caribou in Labrador. We evaluated the influence of length of the monitoring period on the size of home ranges and fidelity of caribou to their ranges by measuring the percent overlap of multi-annual ranges on the total time period a caribou was collared and by calculating displacement between centroids of annual and multi-annual ranges for a given caribou. We found that the size of the range increased with each additional year of monitoring—initially at a rate greater than 20% per year, and then more slowly until an asymptote was reached after 7 years. The distance ratio declined with an increase in the monitoring interval until after approximately 6 years of monitoring. Finally, we evaluated trade-offs between monitoring interval and sample size by measuring the proportion of the total herd range captured by multi-annual ranges for given monitoring interval and sample size combinations. Caribou with the longest monitoring interval inevitably captured the greatest portion of the range at each given sample size. Only monitoring intervals of 4 years or greater captured more than 65% of the herd range even when sample size was doubled for shorter monitoring intervals. Our results suggest that long term monitoring is important when defining the extent of caribou ranges.
Using movement behaviour to define biological seasons for woodland caribou
Authors: Rudolph Tyler D. , Drapeau Pierre
Published: February 2013

Terrestrial mammals are strongly influenced by seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Studies of animal space use behaviour are therefore inherently seasonal in nature. We propose an individual-based quantitative method for identifying seasonal shifts in caribou movement behaviour and we demonstrate its use in determining the onset of the winter, spring dispersal, and calving seasons. Using pooled data for the population we demonstrate an alternate approach using polynomial regression with mixed effects. We then compare individual onset dates with population-based estimates and those adopted by expert consensus for our study area. Distributions of individual-based onset dates were normally distributed with prominent modes; however, there was considerable variation in individual onset times. Population-based estimates were closer to the peaks of individual estimates than were expert-based estimates, which fell outside the onetailed 90% and 95% sample quantiles of individually-fitted distributions for spring and winter, respectively. Both expertand population-based estimates were later for winter and earlier for both spring and calving than were individual-based estimates. We discuss the potential consequences of neglecting to corroborate conventionally used dates with observed seasonal trends in movement behaviour. In closing, we recommend researchers adopt an individual-based quantitative approach and a variable temporal window for data set extraction.
Reinforskning i Sverige
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Følgende ble gjennomgått: Organisasjon, hovedsatsninger, personale, lokalisering, finansiering, planlagt virksomhet og en oversiktsskisse over renforskningsorganiseringen ved SLU og SVA.
Reinforskningen i Norge
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

Hovedoppgavene for reinforskningen i Norge ble gjennomgått.
Kalvetapsproblematikken og foringspotensialet i det seine barmarksbeite
Authors: Lenvik Dag
Published: February 2013

Reindriften, og dermed også reinens utnyttelse av det totale årsbeitepotensial, er i aller videste forstand innrettet mot selektiv bruk av beiteområdene og beitevegetasjonen. Dette er en tradisjon som tamreindriften har fra villrein og som det er all grunn til å utvikle videre i en tamreinsammenheng. Det primære seleksjonsnivå ligger i villreinens trekk mellom sesongbeiteområder, eller flyttingene med tamrein mellom vår-, sommer-, høst- og vinterbeiteområder. Her har en forsøkt å framholde høstbeiteområdet spesielt. En har tidligere hatt en tendens til å glemme bort dette areal i alle andre betraktninger om kalvingsland, flytteleier, vår- og vinterland.
Försök till utfodring av renar under vinter 1981 och 1982
Authors: Nieminen M. , Pokka A.
Published: February 2013

Renarna åt gärna färsk lav i medeltal 4-5 kg/dygn (1,4-1,8 foderenh./dygn), torrt hö däremot endast 1,5 kg/dygn (0,8 foderenh./dygn). Malning av hö ökade konsumtionen.
Radioaktivt cesium i noen reinbeite-lav fra sentralnorske fjellstrøk
Authors: Gaare Eldar
Published: February 2013

Flere institusjoner har søkt å skaffe oversikt over den ujevne belastning ulike fjellavsnitt har fått i Skandinavia, særlig med tanke på forholdene for vill og tam rein. Våre resultater viser at en trenger store prøveserier av lav fra hvert fjellområde for å kunne foreta slike sammenligninger. På den annen side er det gode muligheter for å begrense samleprogrammet ved stratifiering etter høgde og eksponering.
World status of wild Rangifer tarandus populations
Authors: Williams T. Mark , Heard Douglas C.
Published: February 2013

We recognized 184 herds of wild Rangifer tarandus, 102 in North America, 55 in Europe, 24 in Asia and 3 on South Georgia. Seventy-five percent of the world population of 3.3 to 3.9 million animals occurred in nine herds. All seven herds larger than 120 000 animals were censused by some means of aerial photography and all were increasing. Herds between 20 000 and 120 000 were most often censused using aerial strip transect methods, while total counts were usually employed to census smaller herds. The most pronounced changes in Rangifer herd status between 1979 and 1985 occurred in North America where population "estimates for five herds increased by a total of about one million animals. Part of this increase is attributable to a change from visual to photographic surveys. Eighty-three percent of North American, 88% of European, and 68% of Asian herds were stable or increasing.
Evaluation of a satellite telemetry system for monitoring movements of caribou
Authors: Curatolo James A.
Published: February 2013

A cow caribou from the Central Arctic Herd was collared with a satellite-monitored radio transmitter in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, in 1984. From 19 June to 17 August, the radio transmitted 18 hours per day. A total of 346 locations were recorded, for a mean of 5.8 locations per day or one location every 3.1 hours of transmission time. The location of 13 direct observations of the radio-collared cow averaged less than 1 km from the nearest satellite-fixed location. The satellite-fixed locations of the radio-collared cow provided detailed data on movement patterns during the three seasons studied. The cow traveled an average of 8 km day1, 23 km1, and 14 km day1 during the post-calving season, mosquito season, and oestrid fly season, respectively.
Empirical and theoretical considerations toward a model for caribou socioecology
Authors: Davis James L. , Valkenburg Patrick , Boertje Rodney D.
Published: February 2013

The Delta and Yanert caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herds apparently maintained discrete calving areas from 1979 through 1983 (as determined by radio telemetry studies), even though substantial intermixing occurred during other seasons. Also, the Delta herd apparently used a single traditional calving area from the 1950's through 1983, based on results of aerial surveys and 1979-83 telemetry studies. Calving distribution in 1984 changed dramatically; 5 of 25 radio-collared Delta herd cows ^3 years old and 5 of 24 radio-collared Delta herd cows <3 years old were located in the calving area of the Yanert herd, 72 km west-southwest of the traditional Delta herd calving area. Use of traditional, separate calving areas resumed for the two herds in 1985. One implication of these data is that the current definition of a caribou herd may not always apply. A second implication is that current models of caribou socioecology, based largely on the concepts of traditional use of calving grounds, herd identity/fidelity, and dispersal, inadequately predict or explain all empirical observations. An evolving model of optimal and dynamic use of space can help refine current models of caribou socioecology.
Groups versus individuals in the determination of caribou distribution
Authors: Whitten K. R. , Cameron R. D.
Published: February 2013

Studies of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) habitat selection based on group analyses have led to erroneous conclusions. Convenient designations such as «male-» or «female-dominated» group encompass a wide array of possible sizes and compositions which change continuously and erratically. Whenever individuals of at particular sex/age class can occur in more than one group type, and/or whenever groups within a type vary in size, an analysis based on groups alone is fallacious. Data must be based on individual caribou for most, if not all, determinations of distribution.
Forord - Preface
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

As the case in the previous year, the conference was highly marked by the Chernobyl reactor accident. According to the contributed papers and the subsequent discussions, the problems are a good step nearer to be solved after one year trials and efforts.
Seaweed against strontium and preussian blue against cesium
Authors: Michanek G
Published: February 2013

The fact that alginates bind strontium and cyanates bind cesium and are capable of removing these elements from living organisms is scientifically verified. Zeolites offer another possibility for exchange of these ions. Practical research should be initiated to find the right doses and procedure to decrease the body burden of radioactive isotopes in reindeer.

Alger mot strontium och berlinerblått mot cesium.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Mitt budskap år kort: Alger binder strontium, Berlinerblått binder cesium, Sätt fart på forskning och forsök!
Defence behaviour of reindeer in response to flying parasitic Diptera
Authors: Karter Andrew J. , Folstad Ivar
Published: February 2013

Similar defence behaviours were exhibited by a reindeer when experimentally exposed to three different species of tethered, flying parasitic Diptera, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer), Hypoderma tarandi (L) and Tabanid. Defencive behavioural responses appeared to be related to attack angle, and were not elicited by auditory stimuli. These observations raise questions about the validity of parasite species-specific defence responses in reindeer.

Forsvars-adferd hos rein angrepet av flyvende, parasittiske diptera.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Likeartet forsvars-adferd ble utvist av en rein som ble eksperimentelt utsatt for tre forskjellige arter av bundne, flyvende parasittiske diptera, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer), Hypoderma tarandi (L) og Tabanid. Den forsvarsmessige adferd syntes å ha sammenheng med parasittenes angreps-vinkel og ble ikke utløst av lydstimuli. Disse observasjoner reiser spørsmål om gyldigheten av parasittære artsspesifikke forsvarsreaksjoner hos rein.

Poron puolustuskàyttàytyminen lentàvià kaksisiipisià (Diptera) hyônteisià vastaan.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poro kàyttàytyi samalla tavalla kun se joutui tekemisiin kolmen kiinniolevan lentàvân kaksisiipisen hyônteisen: saulakan {Cephenemyia trompe Modeer), kurumupaarman {Hypoderma tarandi L) ja parman kanssa. Puolustuskàyttàytyminen riippui hyônteisen làhestymiskulvàt kysymyksià lajispesifisen puolustuskàyttàytymisen esiintymisestà proolla hyônteisià vastaan.
Diets of freely grazing and captive reindeer during summer and winter
Authors: Nieminen Mauri , Heiskari Ulla
Published: February 2013

The chemical composition and nutritive value of different forage plants and commercial feeds of reindeer were studied by standard methods in the Finnish reindeer herding area during 1980-86. The nutritive values, particularly the protein and mineral contents, of ground lichens (Cladina spp.) and arboreal lichens (Alectoria spp.) were very low compared to forest wiregrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), summer forage plants and commercial feeds. The crude protein and mineral content of reindeer summer food was very high. The energy content of lichens and commercial feeds was high and they are an important source of energy for reindeer in winter.

Vapaasti laiduntavien ja tarhaporojen ravinto kesa 11a ja talvella.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poron ravintokasvien ja kaupallisten rehujen kemiallista koostumusta ja ravintoarvoja tutkittiin vakiomenetelmin Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1980-86. Poronjakalien {Cladina spp.) ja luppojen {Alectoria spp.) ravintoarvot ja valkuais- ja kivennaisainepitoisuudet olivat hyvin alhaiset verrattuna metsalauhaan {Deschampsia flexuosa), kesaravintokasveihin ja kaupallisiin rehuihin. Poronjakalien ja kaupallisten rehujen energiapitoisuus oli kuitenkin korkea ja niista poro saa nopeasti tarvitsemaansa energiaa talvella.

Fritt betande och inhagnade renars matsedel under sommar och vinter i Finland.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Man har undersokt den kemiska sammansattningen och naringsvardet av olika foderplanter och kommerciella fodermedel under åren 1980-86. Naringsvardet, sarskilt innhållet av protein i renlavar {Cladina spp.) och tradlavar (Alectoria spp.) var mycket lågt sammanliknat med smyla (Deschampsia flexuosa), sommarbetesplanter och kommerciella fodermedel. Råprotein och mineralinnehåll i renenes som-marbetes-foder var mycket hogt. Energiinnehållet av lavar och kommerciella fodermedel var ho gt och dessa år viktiga energikallor for renen i vintern.
Introduced reindeer on South Georgia - a management dilemma
Authors: Leader-Williams N. , Walton D.W.H. , Prince P.A.
Published: February 2013

Introduced mammals have had a major impact on the biota of islands in the Southern Ocean. Management plans for some islands include control measures for both introduced herbivores and carnivores that are justified on scientific grounds. In contrast, any active management of reindeer on South Georgia does not have a scientific justification since the survival of native species and communities are not at present threatened. Instead, the management option which is eventually chosen from those which are technically appropiate will be based on a value judgement by the management authority. Innførte reinsdyr på Syd-Georgia - et forvaltningsproblem. Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Innførte pattedyr har hatt en vesentlig innvirkning på de biologiske forhold på øyer i Sydishavet. Forvaltningsplaner for enkelte øyer omfatter kontrollmålinger av både innførte gressetere og kjøttetere rettferdiggjort av vitenskapelige grunner. I motsetning til dette, har en aktiv forvaltning av reinsdyr på Syd-Georgia ingen vitenskapelig begrunnelse, siden overlevelsen av lokale arter og samfunn ennå ikke er truet. Et eventuelt valg av forvaltningsmodell fra de som teknisk sett er hensiktsmessige, vil måtte basere seg på en vurdering gjort av den forvaltende myndighet.
THE “DUO”, BUILDING SETBACK AND LANDSCAPE QUALITY: LAUTECH (NIGERIA) NEIGHBOURHOOD EXAMINED
Authors: Adeniran ADEDEJI Joseph , Akinlabi FADAMIRO Joseph
Published: February 2013

The subjects, building setbacks and landscape quality, can be considered as “duo” in view of their interwoven relationships as major determinants of open space quality in residential neighbourhoods. In view of the numerous benefits and functions of residential open spaces, these were examined in LAUTECH neighbourhood. The purpose was to assess the compliance level of these land use and outdoor quality variables with the Nigerian planning regulations to guide future developments in these sprawling neighbourhoods. A total sample size of 150 buildings was selected from the study population using stratified method. Direct measurement and observation of these variables was carried out. Result of a descriptive statistical analysis of the data obtained shows that there is a general poor conformity of setbacks, width of access roads and nature of fence to planning standards. These negatively affect building massing and the non-standard open spaces left were poorly landscaped. There were correlations between building setbacks and landscape quality. The result informed recommendations on these subjects for neighbourhoods that abut institutional campuses in general.
Synthesis of Chiral N‐Sulfonyl and N‐Phosphinoyl α‐Halo Aldimine Precursors
Authors: Stanton Gretchen R. , Göllü Mehmet , Platoff Rebecca M. , Rich Corinne E. , Carroll Patrick J. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: February 2013

α‐Halogenated aldimines have emerged as an important class of synthetic intermediates. The stability and reactivity of α‐halo aldimines can vary greatly depending on the nitrogen protecting group. A general synthesis of stable, chiral α‐halo‐N‐sulfonyl and N‐phosphinoyl aldimine precursors is presented (42–96% yield). The corresponding α‐halo aldimines can be isolated upon treatment with a mild base. Enantioenriched α‐chloro aldehydes can be employed to afford aldimine precursors with no erosion of optical purity. Both the enantioenriched aldimine precursor and the isolated aldimine can react with an alkynyllithium nucleophile to give trans‐β‐chloroamine products with excellent dr. Ring closure affords the enantioenriched trans‐aziridine, demonstrating the potential for this approach in complex molecule synthesis.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diaryl‐Substituted Spirocyclohexanonepyrazolones through a Cascade [4+2] Double Michael Addition
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Xin , Li Nai‐Kai , Liu Zhao‐Min , Huang Xiao‐Fei , Geng Zhi‐Cong , Wang Xing‐Wang
Published: February 2013

The spirocyclic pyrazolones are an important class of molecular structures with significant biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, we demonstrate that the combination of a Cinchona‐based chiral primary amine and an ortho‐fluorobenzoic acid is an efficient catalyst system for the double Michael addition of arylidenepyrazolones with α,β‐unsaturated ketones, providing chiral unsymmetrical 6,10‐diaryl‐substituted spiro[cyclohexanone‐pyrazolone] derivatives in high yields (up to 98%) with good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 88:12 dr, 99% ee).
Synthesis and Characterization of PVAc‐MMT‐DOAB Exfoliated Nanocomposites: Reducing Polymerization Time and Water in the Synthesis
Authors: Cui Hui‐Wang , Du Guan‐Ben
Published: February 2013

In this study, an organic montmorillonite from a montmorillonite (MMT) and a dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DOAB) was added to polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) to prepare the exfoliated nanocomposites of PVAc‐MMT‐DOAB through five different synthesis processes. PVAc‐MMT‐DOAB was then investigated using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and static tensile. PVAc linear macromolecular chains were formed in MMT‐DOAB layers and exfoliated into single layers and sheets of nanoparticles to form different interesting structures. The static tensile of PVAc‐MMT‐DOAB was better than PVAc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21343; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21343
Additional language education and language development goals: the example of Gaelic (learners) education in Highland Council, Scotland
Authors: Dombrowski Lindsay Milligan
Published: February 2013

Language shift is the process whereby one language becomes increasingly lesser used in place of the use of another language. In Scotland, language shift is occurring for Gaelic, as English takes its place for a variety of functions in the home and wider community. Extensive literature has argued the important role that education can play in the process of reversing language shift, and there is a growing body of research in this area as relates to Gaelic medium education. Gaelic (learners) education, which is second language education of Gaelic that begins in secondary school, is lesser researched and its effects on reversing language shift are not well understood. This article presents the findings of 13 in‐depth interviews held with teachers, depute head teachers and head teachers of five schools offering Gaelic (learners) education in the Highland Council area. The interview design borrowed heavily from the National Plan for Gaelic 2007–2012 (Bòrd na Gàidhlig) in the selection of topics and questions for discussion. Transcripts of interviews were inputted into Atlas.ti and coded during content analysis, using inductive codes. Findings from this investigation supported the contention that Gaelic (learners) education is able to achieve benefits in the development areas of acquisition and status.
Degradation of a Fluorine‐Free Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Substitute in Chromium Plating Solutions
Authors: Wienand N. , Constapel M. , Budde K. , Marzinkowski J. M. , Gäb S. , Schmitz O. J.
Published: February 2013

Hexavalent chromium solutions for decorative chromium plating in which perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was replaced by the fluorine‐free oleylamine ethoxylate were investigated. This substitute is degraded under the highly oxidative conditions of chromium plating processes and thus has to be replenished. In both an industrial plant and laboratory experiments the lead anode was found to undergo increased corrosion when oleylamine ethoxylate is used. This lead then precipitates as PbCrO4. The weight loss of the Pb anode was investigated for the use of PFOS and oleylamine ethoxylate as surfactants. It was shown in laboratory experiments that organic substances accumulate in chromium plating solutions with this alternative surfactant. By ion chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection, dicarboxylates and amino dicarboxylates were identified. However, no negative impact on process safety and product quality could be determined when oleylamine ethoxylate was used. Monitoring of dissolved organic carbon is proposed as a means of assessing a chromium plating solution for organic contamination.
Comments on “Mixing Analysis for a Fermentation Broth of the Fungus Beauveria bassiana under Different Hydrodynamic Conditions in a Bioreactor“
Authors: Fořt I.
Published: February 2013

This article is related to 10.1002/ceat.201200130.
Solid‐Phase Removal of Dissolved Organic Species from Water and Identification by GC–MS
Authors: Albishri Hassan M. , Mahmoud Mohamed E.
Published: February 2013

A method is described for the detection and identification of dissolved organic compounds (DOCs) in various water samples. Acid treated active silica gel sorbent (pH 3) was packed into a micro‐column and used as a solid‐phase extraction medium for adsorption of DOCs. Silica particles‐adsorbed‐organic species were then divided into equal portions followed by suspension into various organic solvents of different polarities such as methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and toluene. Suspended silica‐adsorbed‐organic species were shaken for 1 h at room temperature and the organic extracts were subjected to GC–MS analysis under temperature programming conditions for qualitative detection and identification of these species. Blank solvents and silica samples were also subjected to the same extraction procedures and GC–MS analysis for comparison. The mass spectrum of each eluted chromatographic peak was library searched or manually interpreted to identify the compound.
Optimization of the radiative antenna for 7‐T magnetic resonance body imaging
Authors: Ipek Ozlem , Raaijmakers Alexander , Lagendijk Jan , Luijten Peter , van den Berg Cornelis
Published: February 2013

Magnetic resonance prostate imaging at 300 MHz is complicated by the effects arising from the short RF wavelength in biological tissue. A radiative antenna leads to a better RF signal penetration for sites located at one or more wavelengths depth, i.e. beyond the near zone. It consists of a dipole antenna placed on a high‐dielectric substrate. The effects of changes in substrate dimensions and relative permittivity upon the electromagnetic fields, the B efficiency and the Poynting vector at 10 cm depth are investigated for a realistic body phantom by using electromagnetic simulations. A high relative permittivity substrate is favorable in terms of B efficiency, practical dimensions and weight but it leads to a higher SAR exposure. For optimal B efficiency a relative permittivity in the range of 90 to 110 should be preferred and a minimum thickness of 40 to 50 mm and a width of 50 mm. For optimal local SAR/(B)2 ratio, an optimal thickness would be around 50 mm and the width would be as large as possible. This may lead to an impractical element size in terms of weight. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 43B: 1–10, 2013
The magnet system for rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Authors: Czechowski Tomasz , Chlewicki Wojciech , Baranowski Mikolaj , Jurga Kazimierz , Szczesniak Eugeniusz , Szostak Marek , Malinowski Pawel , Kedzia Piotr , Szczepanik Piotr , Szulc Piotr , Wosinski Stanislaw , Prukala Wieslaw , Jurga Jan
Published: February 2013

The magnet and gradient systems suitable for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging experiments at RF range are presented. The air‐core magnet based on the Helmholtz design in the article has a unique conical shape. A comprehensive study regarding the coils adjustment providing for the maximum field homogeneity is given. The z gradient is a four‐coil system (seventh order), the transverse gradients are Golay coils (fifth order), and the scan system is the Helmholtz coil (fourth order). The magnet generates continuously a field of 37 mT (370 G), and the orthogonal gradient coils are designed to yield 100 mT/m (10 G/cm). The experimental tests have shown that the field generated is homogeneous to ±10 ppm in the 6 × 6 × 3 cm3 region (x/y/z), which is our field of interest, and to ±50 ppm in the 8 × 8 × 4 cm3 region (x/y/z). The system has the potential to monitor temporal changes of oxygen concentration in biological samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 43B:22–31, 2013
Is 20% of a loaf enough?
Authors: Kessler Larry
Published: February 2013

As a result of recent successful studies on lung cancer screening, it was learned that approximately 12,000 deaths can be averted if screening is implemented among the entire screening‐eligible population. A variety of considerations make this finding important, although it is not clear that clinicians are ready for a policy change concerning cancer screening.
Gene flow in the green mirid, Creontiades dilutus (Hemiptera: Miridae), across arid and agricultural environments with different host plant species
Authors: Hereward J. P. , Walter G. H. , DeBarro P. J. , Lowe A. J. , Riginos C.
Published: February 2013

Creontiades dilutus (Stål), the green mirid, is a polyphagous herbivorous insect endemic to Australia. Although common in the arid interior of Australia and found on several native host plants that are spatially and temporally ephemeral, green mirids also reach pest levels on several crops in eastern Australia. These host‐associated dynamics, distributed across a large geographic area, raise questions as to whether (1) seasonal fluctuations in population size result in genetic bottlenecks and drift, (2) arid and agricultural populations are genetically isolated, and (3) the use of different host plants results in genetic differentiation. We sequenced a mitochondrial COI fragment from individuals collected over 24 years and screened microsatellite variation from 32 populations across two seasons. The predominance of a single COI haplotype and negative Tajima D in samples from 2006/2007 fit with a population expansion model. In the older collections (1983 and 1993), a different haplotype is most prevalent, consistent with successive population contractions and expansions. Microsatellite data indicates recent migration between inland sites and coastal crops and admixture in several populations. Altogether, the data suggest that long‐distance dispersal occurs between arid and agricultural regions, and this, together with fluctuations in population size, leads to temporally dynamic patterns of genetic differentiation. Host‐associated differentiation is evident between mirids sampled from plants in the genus Cullen (Fabaceae), the primary host, and alternative host plant species growing nearby in arid regions. Our results highlight the importance of jointly assessing natural and agricultural environments in understanding the ecology of pest insects.
Fine‐scale variability of topsoil moisture in a first‐order stream of a temperate forest
Authors: Uria‐Diez Jaime , Ibáñez Ricardo
Published: February 2013

This work explains the effect of microtopography on the spatio‐temporal gradient of topsoil moisture in a first‐order stream in a forested mountainous area of northern Spain. This gradient was also related with the availability of suitable microsites for a forest riparian sedge (Carex remota).

Topsoil moisture, presence ofC. remotaand height and distance from the stream edges were measured in 385 points along 35 transects perpendicular to the stream. Soil moisture measurements were repeated in three different dates.

Topsoil moisture showed a sigmoid trend that defined the limits of a wet riparian zone at 1·25 m of distance from and 0·55 m in elevation above stream banks. Our riparian zone was narrower than other studies because of the steep slopes (25%) of the mountainous area studied. Elevation above stream banks was more influential than distance in defining the limits of the riparian zone.

In the riparian zone, values of soil moisture were high and constant even at the end of a dry period due to the continuous water flow. In the adjacent upland forest, soil moisture varied according to rainfall. These high and constant soil moisture values defined the suitable microsites forC. remota. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest structure, species traits and rain characteristics influences on horizontal and vertical rainfall partitioning in a semiarid pine–oak forest from Central Mexico
Authors: Pérez‐Suárez M. , Arredondo‐Moreno J. T. , Huber‐Sannwald E. , Serna‐Pérez A.
Published: February 2013

Changes in species composition and abundance driven by land use change may alter canopy and litter characteristics of forests, and thereby modify rainfall redistribution and hydrological processes. To elucidate the interacting effects between tree species traits, forest structure and annual rainfall patterns on hydrological processes, three types of forest assemblages were selected in a semiarid forest of pine–oak in central northwest Mexico. Forest assemblages included monospecific and mixed patches of Quercus potosina and Pinus cembroides. Total precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and runoff were measured from June 2006 to July 2009. Additionally, tree and litter characteristics were measured. Forest traits played an important role differentiating volumes of each fraction among the three forest patches. Throughfall was 15% greater in Q. potosina than in the other forest patches (P < 0.01) and only occurred with rainfall events larger than 1.4 mm for all patch types, whereas Q. potosina stemflow was >20% larger compared with the other two forest patch types (P < 0.01) and occurred following rain events of at least 4.6 mm. Runoff exhibited divergences among forest patches (P > 0.05) that were related to both the litter decomposition stage and the capacity of litter bed to store water. Thus, Q. potosina litter layer exhibited the largest water holding capacity (62%) and P. cembroides (46%) the least. Hence, surface runoff for Q. potosina was seven times lower than that in P. cembroides patches. This study revealed tree trait effects on water fluxes that might have consequences on the dynamics and productivity of semiarid forests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐Dehydroamino Acid Esters
Authors: Yasuno Yoko , Hamada Makoto , Yamada Takeshi , Shinada Tetsuro , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: February 2013

Dehydroamino acid (Dhaa) is recognized as a useful tool or substrate for amino acid and peptide research. Although the stereoselective synthesis of the thermodynamically more stable Z‐Dhaa has been well examined and established, the stereoselective synthesis of E‐Dhaa has still remained to be a challenging synthetic task. In this paper, a stereoselective synthesis of E‐Dhaa esters using a new (α‐diphenylphosphono)glycine is described. The characteristic aspects of the new method are summarized as follows: (i) metal additives play an important role in the promotion of E‐stereoselectivities. (ii) the use of NaI was effected for the synthesis of E‐Dhaas bearing an aryl substituent and an amino functionality, (iii) MgBr2·OEt2 and ZnCl2 contributed to improve the E‐stereoselective synthesis of E‐Dhaas bearing an alkyl substituent and an oxygen functionality, (iv) various protecting and functional groups were compatible under the reaction conditions, and (v) N‐Cbz, Boc, and acyl‐α‐(diphenylphosphono)glycines were served for the stereoselective olefination reaction to provide the corresponding E‐Dhaas.
Relocating attitudes as components of representational profiles: Mapping the epidemiology of bicultural policy attitudes using latent class analysis
Authors: Sibley Chris G. , Liu James H.
Published: February 2013

We apply latent class analysis (LCA) to build typologies of response profiles underlying variation in attitudes. LCA is directly suited for identifying categories of people who have distinct representational profiles, that is, discretely measureable patterns of attitudes that are bound together by a common system of interpretation used by the group to make sense of and communicate about a social object within a social context. This novel application extends social representations theory and provides a way to simultaneously examine the relevant content of important representations and their prevalence across a priori social categories and demographics within a given society. We identify four distinct representational profiles underlying bicultural policy attitudes in a nationally representative New Zealand sample (N = 6150). We map the prevalence of these four profiles across the population, show how they vary demographically across indicators of social class, immigration status, and ethnicity, and predict distinct patterns of voting behavior, political party support, social identification, and in‐group and out‐group attitudes. Guidelines for the use of LCA in the study of social representations are discussed, including a three‐step model of the following: (i) profile prediction and derivation; (ii) profile validation; and (iii) prevalence mapping of profile distributions across strata within the population. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive capillary electrophoretic profiling of nicotine and nornicotine in mushrooms with amperometric detection
Authors: Lin Xucong , Sun Yingying , Xu Dongjie , Li Yanping , Liu Shaofeng , Xie Zenghong
Published: February 2013

A highly sensitive capillary electrophoretic profiling of nicotine (NIC) and nornicotine (NNIC) was developed and applied to mushrooms with amperometric detection (AD). Effects of the experimental factors including detection potential, separation parameters, and sample pretreatment conditions were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the electrophoretic analysis of NIC and NNIC was achieved within 8 min on a pencil carbon disc working electrode at 0.95 V, which was lower than those reported previously. Good calibration curves were obtained in 0.01–2.0 μg/mL and 0.02–3.0 μg/mL with the LOD of 2 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL for NIC and NNIC, respectively. The feasibility of the resultant method was verified. Average recoveries of different fortified levels ranged in 80.7–86.0% and 94.0–98.6% for NNIC and NIC were gained, respectively. Applied to a range of mushrooms (Boletus edulis and Lentinus edodes), the NIC contained naturally was successfully found in the level of 19.71–79.20 μg/kg. The results obtained with CE‐AD method were acceptable and close to that of HPLC‐MS.
Bioluminescence determination of active caspase‐3 in single apoptotic cells
Authors: Lišková Marcela , Klepárník Karel , Matalová Eva , Hegrová Jitka , Přikryl Jan , Švandová Eva , Foret František
Published: February 2013

Caspase‐3 is an executive caspase, in the central position within apoptotic machinery. Apoptosis as a way of programmed cell death is a physiological process that plays an essential role in the development and homeostasis maintenance; moreover, its deregulations are linked to tumor progression or various autoimmune disorders. Therefore, an investigation of apoptosis pathways on the level of individual cells is not only of biological but also medical importance. In this work we report on the development of a high‐sensitivity instrumentation and protocol for detection of active caspase‐3 in individual mammalian apoptotic cells. The technology is based on the specific cleavage of modified luciferin by caspase‐3, an immediate bioluminescence reaction of free luciferin with luciferase followed by emissions of photons and their detection by photomultiplier tube working in the photon counting regime. Three different instrumental arrangements are compared for the determination of caspase‐3 in free cells or tissue samples. Thus, in our best miniaturized system the mean amount as low as about 6.5 fg corresponding to 122 000 molecules of caspase‐3 can be detected in individual apoptotic mouse leg cells.
Barium‐Free Sealing Materials for High Chromium Containing Alloys
Authors: Suffner J. , Dahlmann U.
Published: February 2013

The key‐requirements for glass ceramic sealing materials to achieve high efficiencies in planar solid oxide fuel cells are leak tightness, high insulating resistance, and low reactivity in contact with the anode or cathode gases and the interconnect material. Therefore SCHOTT has developed special glasses and glass‐ceramics for chromium alloys, like Cr5FeY (CFY, Plansee SE). Especially the CFY material requires adapted sealing materials due to its lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) compared to ferritic stainless steels and the possibility for interface reactions originating from the high chromium content and the glass seal components. In this study, new glass‐ceramic sealing materials for chromium containing alloys are presented. Results show that barium‐free glass‐ceramics are advantageous when sealing high chromium alloys in terms of interface reactions. Because of the absence of barium oxide, formation of detrimental chromate phases at the interface was avoided. The new glasses show low porosity, high hermeticity, and strong bonding toward the CFY material, fulfilling the requirements of SOFC sealants.