bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Previews And Reviews
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Film makers particularly resent the emphasis placed on audience research by the major studios. Director Richard Brooks once said:’‘Columbus would still be in Spain, if they waited for preview cards.’‘ Hitchcock never saw his films with an ordinary audience. ‘‘Don’t you miss hearing them scream?’‘ someone asked him.’‘No,’‘ explained the master of suspense, ‘‘I can hear them when I’m making the picture.’‘
Poetry of Transition I (1910-1914)
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

The Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910), Yeats’s first completely new collection in seven years, was a thin volume that nevertheless showed a new kind of strength: a tougher-minded and more literally confessional expression than he had dared before. Its relative slightness, like its delayed creation-the poems in it had come to birth only recently-was the direct result of his theatrical commitments during the preceding decade. Not only had he written some nine plays of his own, but he was also enmeshed in the founding and managing of the Abbey Theatre and in fighting its political and financial battles. Or, as he put it in “The Fascination of What’s Difficult” (1909),
Drama of Transition and the Cuchulain Cycle
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

We have seen, in Yeats’s Responsibilities (1914), the flaring up of painful introspection together with a new, self-liberating, and iconoclastic freedom. Two or three years later, his theatrical work revealed similar changes, limited only by the difficulty of making a stage production directly confessional. Two of the plays thus influenced, At the Hawk’s Well (1917) and The Only Jealousy of Erner (1919), belong to his gradually unfolding Cuchulain cycle and will therefore be discussed in the next section of this chapter. His other plays of the period are The Dreaming of the Bones (1919), Calvary (1921), The Player Queen (1922), and The Cat and the Moon (1924).
Hamlets and Hoodlums: The Social Impact of Law without Sanctions
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

Few of the enigmas of Japan are as acute as the paradox it presents of a society so free from crime, rule abiding, and cohesive with such widespread flouting of law, virulent conflict, and overt thuggery. Although not the complete or even certain answer, such riddles begin to unravel by viewing Japan as a society of law without sanctions.
Perils of the Night
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

DeLamotte's book begins from the premise that the major conventions of the Gothic romance involve boundaries or barriers, which the Gothicist uses to play simultaneously on the fear of separateness and the fear of unity with some alien Other. She explores this question in the works of English and American writers, including Henry James, Mary Shelley, Herman Melville, Hawthorne, Emily Bronte, and Charlotte Bronte.
“Most Vertuous Actions”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P
Published: November 2023

The literary act1v1t1es that so intrigue us were but a small portion of Mary Sidney’s life. During the decade in which she was most actively writing and serving as patron, she was also occupied with family obligations and administrative work. Aside from those with her own husband and children, her closest ties were with her brothers, Robert and Thomas, and with Robert’s family. Robert’s wife, Barbara, was staying at Baynards Castle in 1587, apparently shortly before the birth of her first child, Mary. Called “little Mall” in Sidney’s correspondence, she was named for her aunt and godmother, Mary Sidney. Although “little Mall” was frequently with her godmother at Wilton or Baynards Castle, only a few hints remain in correspondence to help us reconstruct the close relationship that developed between these women, two of the most important woman writers of the English Renaissance. As an infant, Mall remained under the protection of her godmother during the Spanish attack.
The Nameless Broken Dandy and the Structure of Authorship
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

For Francis Jeffrey, writing in The Edinburgh Review in 1818 an appropriately unsigned notice of an anonymously published poem narrated by “a nameless sort of person, / (A broken Dandy lately on[his] travels” (st. 52),Byron’s Beppo was “absolutely a thing of nothing.”For Jerome McGann and other modern critics, it is “probably the most crucial single work in the entire canon.”3 At once trivial and critical to that trajectory of a name that we call a career, Beppo presents a series of paradoxes which begin and end with the authorless status of its first appearance.
Situating Subjectivities
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: November 2023

A comparative study of Victorian autobiography across social class and gender will situate precisely in contrast to other subjectivities what I call the modern literary subject: a mixture of introspective self-reflexivity, middle-class familialism and genderization, and liberal autonomy. In the first section of this chapter I shall propose a literary method for exploring other possibilities of autonomy and relatedness, or participation and antagonism, and redefine autobiographies as rhetorical projects embedded in concrete material situations. Next, using several texts by working class writers, I shall explore some articulations of participation and antagonism to illustrate the significance of discourse and ideology, or broad cultural “narratives,” in the way people interpret their lives.
Mathematics in Mesopotamia
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Mathematics as an organized, independent, and reasoned discipline did not exist before the classical Greeks of the period from 600 to 300 b.c. entered upon the scene. There were, however, prior civilizations in which the beginnings or rudiments of mathematics were created. Many of these primitive civilizations did not get beyond distinguishing among one, two, and many; others possessed, and were able to operate with, large whole numbers. Still others achieved the recognition of numbers as abstract concepts, the adoption of special words for the individual numbers, the introduction of symbols for numbers, and even the use of a base such as ten, twenty, or five to denote a larger unit of quantity. One also finds the four operations of arithmetic, but confined to small numbers, and the concept of a fraction, limited, however, to 1/2, 1/3, and the like, and expressed in words. In addition, the simplest geometric notions, line, circle, and angle, were recognized. It is perhaps of interest that the concept of angle must have arisen from observation of the angle formed by man’s thigh and lower leg or his forearm and upper arm because in most languages the word for the side of an angle is either the word for leg or the word for arm. In English, for example, we speak of the arms of a right triangle. The uses of mathematics in these primitive civilizations were limited to simple trading, the crude calculation of areas of fields, geometric decoration on pottery, patterns woven into cloth, and the recording of time.
Euclid and Apollonius
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The cream of the mathematical work created by the men of the classical period has fortunately come down to us in the writings of two men, Euclid and Apollonius. Chronologically, both belong to the second great period of Greek history, the Hellenistic or Alexandrian. It is quite certain that Euclid lived in Alexandria about 300 b.c. and trained students there, though his own education was probably acquired in Plato’s Academy. This information, incidentally, is about all we have on Euclid’s personal life and even this comes from a one-paragraph passage in Proclus’ Commentary. Apollonius died in 190 b.c., so his life too falls within the Alexandrian period. It is customary, however, to identify Euclid’s work with the classical period, because his books are accounts of what was developed in that age. Euclid’s work is actually an organization of the separate discoveries of the classical Greeks; this is clear from a comparison of its contents with what is known of the earlier work.
The Medieval Period in Europe
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Western and central Europe entered into the development of mathematics as the Arab civilization began to decline. However, to familiarize ourselves with the state of affairs in medieval Europe, to learn how the European civilization got its start, and to understand the directions it took, we must go back, briefly at least, to its beginnings.
Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

This comprehensive history traces the development of mathematical ideas and the careers of the men responsible for them. Volume 1 looks at the discipline's origins in Babylon and Egypt, the creation of geometry and trigonometry by the Greeks, and the role of mathematics in the medieval and early modern periods. Volume 2 focuses on calculus, the rise of analysis in the nineteenth century, and the number theories of Dedekind and Dirichlet. The concluding volume covers the revival of projective geometry, the emergence of abstract algebra, the beginnings of topology, and the influence of Gödel on recent mathematical study.
Mathematics as of 1700
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

At the opening of the seventeenth century Galileo still found it necessary to argue with the past. By the end of the century, mathematics had undergone such extensive and radical changes that no one could fail to recognize the arrival of a new era. The European mathematicians produced far more between about 1550 and 1700 than the Greeks had in roughly ten centuries. This is readily explained by the fact that, whereas mathematics in Greece was pursued by only a handful of men, in Europe the spread of education, though by no means universal, promoted the development of mathematicians in England, France, Germany, Holland, and Italy. The invention of printing gave wide access not only to the Greek works but to the results of the Europeans themselves, which, now readily available, served to stimulate new thoughts. But the genius of the century is not evidenced solely by the expansion of activity. The variety of new fields opened up in this brief period is impressive. The rise of algebra as a science (because the use of literal coefficients permitted a measure of proof) as well as the vast expansion of its methods and theory, the beginnings of projective geometry and the theory of probability, analytic geometry, the function concept, and above all the calculus were major innovations, each destined to dwarf the one extensive accomplishment of the Greeks-Euclidean geometry.
Infinite Series
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Infinite series were in the eighteenth century and are still today considered an essential part of the calculus. Indeed, Newton considered series inseparable from his method of £1.uxions because the only way he could handle even slightly complicated algebraic functions and the transcendental functions was to expand them into infinite series and differentiate or integrate term by term. Leibniz in his first published papers of 1684 and 1686 also emphasized “general or indefinite equations.” The Bernoullis, Euler, and their contemporaries relied heavily on the use of series. Only gradually, as we pointed out in the preceding chapter, did the mathematicians learn to work with the elementary functions in closed form, that is, as simple analytical expressions. Nevertheless, series were still the only representation for some functions and the most effective means of calculating the elementary transcendental functions. The successes obtained by using infinite series became more numerous as the mathematicians gradually extended their discipline. The difficulties in the new concept were not recognized, at least for a while. Series were just infinite polynomials and appeared to be treatable as such. Moreover, it seemed clear, as Euler and Lagrange believed, that every function could be expressed as a series.
Analytic and Differential Geometry in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The exploration of physical problems led inevitably to the search for greater knowledge of curves and surfaces, because the paths of moving objects are curves and the objects themselves are three-dimensional bodies bounded by surfaces. The mathematicians, already enthusiastic about the method of coordinate geometry and the power of the calculus, approached geometrical problems with these two major tools. The impressive results of the century were obtained in the already established area of coordinate geometry and the new field created by applying the calculus to geometrical problems, namely, differential geometry.
The Revival of Projective Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

For over one hundred years after the introduction of analytic geometry by Descartes and Fermat, algebraic and analytic methods dominated geometry almost to the exclusion of synthetic methods. During this period some men, for example the English mathematicians who persisted in trying to found the calculus rigorously on geometry, produced new results synthetically. Geometric methods, elegant and intuitively clear, always captivated some minds. Maclaurin, especially, preferred synthetic geometry to analysis. Pure geometry, then, retained some life even if it was not at the heart of the most vital developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the early nineteenth century several great mathematicians decided that synthetic geometry had been unfairly and unwisely neglected and made a positive effort to revive and extend that approach.
The Foundations of Mathematics
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

By far the most profound activity of twentieth-century mathematics has been the research on the foundations. The problems thrust upon the mathematicians, and others that they voluntarily assumed, concern not only the nature of mathematics but the validity of deductive mathematics.
Reading-To-Write
Authors: Flower Linda , Stein Victoria , Ackerman John , Kantz Margaret J , Mccormick Kathleen , Peck Wayne c.
Published: November 2023

This book examines the process of reading (when one’s purpose is to create a text of one’s own) and writing (which includes a response to the work of others). This is a central process in most college work and at the heart of critical literacy. The study observed students in the transition from high school to college, and in the process of trying to enter the community of academic discourse. The study draws on the methods of textual analysis, teacher evaluation, and interviews to examine students’ writing and revising.
Students’ Self-Analyses and Iudges’ Perceptions: Where Do They Agree?
Authors: Ackerman John
Published: November 2023

The task of forming a clear representation of an assignment is a challenge for both teachers and students of writing. From the standpoint of the teacher, assignments constitute the heart of the writing course in which theories of learning, semester objectives, and target skills are translated into an occasion for practice and assimilation (Bartholomae, 1983). For the student a writing assignment is an exercise in pragmatics. Each student must decide how to represent the information before her, mediating the teachers’ explicit and implicit requirements while at the same time reconciling what is possible and desirable.
Exploring the Cognition of Reading-to-Write
Authors: Stein Victoria
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have explored the complex and highly variable nature of the reading-to-write task. Students may have differing representations of this task that in turn may affect the processes they bring to bear on performing it. Similarly, teachers’ representations of the task may differ from those of their students, yet because they may be unaware of this difference, they may not be giving students the kind of instruction they need to do more highly valued forms of the task.
The Meaning of Argumentation
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

The very nature of deliberation and argumentation is opposed to necessity and self-evidence, since no one deliberates where the solution is necessary or argues against what is self-evident. The domain of argumentation is that of the credible, the plausible, the probable, to the degree that the latter eludes the certainty of calculations.
Split Signals
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Television has changed drastically in the Soviet Union over the last three decades. In 1960, only five percent of the population had access to TV, but now the viewing population has reached near total saturation. Today's main source of information in the USSR, television has become Mikhail Gorbachev's most powerful instrument for paving the way for major reform. Containing a wealth of interviews with major Soviet and American media figures and fascinating descriptions of Soviet TV shows, Ellen Mickiewicz's wide-ranging, vividly written volume compares over one hundred hours of Soviet and American television, covering programs broadcast during both the Chernenko and Gorbachev governments. Mickiewicz describes the enormous significance and popularity of news programs and discusses how Soviet journalists work in the United States. Offering a fascinating depiction of the world seen on Soviet TV, she also explores the changes in programming that have occurred as a result of glasnost.
From Adversariness to Resolution: Lawyers, Clients, and the World of Deals
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the way meanings are constructed and power is exercised as lawyer and client assess the strategies and tactics necessary to move from contention to the resolution of the divorce. Given the portrait of the legal process described in Chapter 4, lawyers and their clients must confront the question of how divorce disputes should be managed. This concern is central in most of the cases that we observed, and it is an issue that may recur as lawyer and client discuss each of the major issues in a divorce case. Generally the question is whether the client should attempt to negotiate a settlement or insist on resolution by a judge. This question is sometimes posed issue by issue and sometimes across many issues.
Robert E. Speer and the Board of Foreign Missions
Authors: Longfield Bradley J
Published: November 2023

Even as Machen was fighting desperately to preserve the “old Princeton” in the spring of 1929, he was gearing up for combat with Robert E. Speer, senior secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions, over the orthodoxy of the board. Machen had long held suspicions about the faithfulness of many missionaries sent out by the board but, at least until the middle of the 1920s, had been able to support this enterprise. In a 1925 letter he allowed, “It is not now contrary to my conscience to give to our Foreign Board, though I cannot say that I give with much enthusiasm.” By 1929 his distrust of the board and of Speer had intensified to such a degree that he composed an essay entitled, “Can Evangelical Christians Support Our Foreign Board?” and sent it to Speer for his examination and comment.
Daylight to fight by.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Christmas was over with its wholesome merriment and its indigestible food. The day’s work was as monotonous as before, and Sarah Miles wondered if ever a change would give her something to hope for and something to do. True, the singing was a great interest, and it grew and grew.·
Words and Praxis
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

Two constantly recurring questions found in the Sayings remind us of the inextricable bonds that connected words and praxis for the desert monks. The first—“Abba, give me a word”—is more of a plea than a question, but nevertheless implies a multitude of questions. The other—“Abba, what should I do?” —reveals the concrete and practical character of the monks’ concerns and complements the first. Together, these two questions provide an entree into a world characterized by an extraordinary sensitivity to words and their effects, both those of Scripture and those of the elders. Those who came to the elders seeking “a word” did so not because they wanted or needed an extended spiritual discourse. They sought instead to have their very particular needs and concerns addressed by direct, immediate words of salvation, power, truth, assurance, and even tenderness. “The answers were not intended to be general, universal prescriptions. Rather, they were originally concrete and precise keys to particular doors that had to be entered, at a given time, by given individuals. They had a practical and existential quality.” The elders themselves made it abundantly clear that these words were spoken only for the sake of being taken up and integrated into the hearts, minds, and actions of those who received them. Therefore, the question of how to realize or fulfill the meaning of these words became one of the paramount concerns of the desert. The concern for words of salvation and how to bring them to realization are the primary elements necessary for understanding how the culture of the Word was formed in the desert.
The Humble Way of Christ
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

“First of all, the monk must gain humility; for it is the first commandment of the Lord who said: ‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (Mt 5:3).’ ”1 This saying of Abba John of Thebes expresses well the significance this beatitude had in the imagination of the desert fathers. Humility was the starting point for the desert monks, both because it was the first commandment and because they knew that without the self-emptying which humility implied, the treasures for which they had come to the desert would forever elude them. The Sayings is filled with questions about the meaning of humility and about how to acquire and cultivate it: its importance was equalled only by its elusiveness. The monks’ questions about humility focused on and drew upon various words of Scripture and in particular the witness of Christ. In pursuing humility, they were attempting to realize in their own lives the call to self-emptying exemplified in the words and witness of Jesus.
Preparations For Travel: Naipaul’s Conradian Atavism
Authors: Nixon Rob
Published: November 2023

Emotionally and culturally, Naipaul’s childhood had prepared him for a Victorian Britain that had long since passed. He never fully recovered from that chimera. Thus, when he speaks of being educated toward the Old World, the epithet Old takes on a particular resonance: Coming from a place like Trinidad, which I always felt existed on the edge of the world, far away from everything else, not only physically but also in terms of culture, I felt that I had to try very hard to rejoin the Old World. In his symptomatic phrasing, “rejoin” testifies to the ease with which he confuses the feeling that he ought to have belonged to the Old World with the illusion that he once did. And in fantasy, his bond is not to Every detail of behaviour is regulated-the bowels to be cleared before breakfast and never after, for instance, the left hand and not the right to be used for intimate sexual contact, and so on. Relationships are codified. Here Naipaul the moody traveler is withheld from view and Indian cultural practices are brought center-stage. He comes closer to a style of ethnography: the language is unemotive, diagnostic, nonnarrative, and he strives to sound formal and impartial.
African-American Muslim Women
Authors: McCloud Beverly Thomas
Published: November 2023

Most scholars writing about Islam in the African-American Muslim community have focused their efforts on the examination of the teachings of the Nation of Islam.1 In particular, their interest seems to have centered on a critique of the Nation’s philosophy concerning the origin of the Caucasian race, a preoccupation of non-Muslim as well as Muslim writers.2 This obsession with the teachings about race has led to two major lacunae in our understanding of the dynamics of Islam in society. First, we have relatively little informed data about the growth and development of an equally large Islamic population outside the Nation of Islam, that of the Sunni African Americans who have been active in the major urban areas of the United States since the first quarter of this century. Second, there is no analytical writing about the role of women in the African-American Muslim community, including the Nation of Islam.
Direct Cinema and the Myth of Informed Consent: The Case of Titicut Follies
Authors: Anderson Carolyn , Benson Thomas W
Published: November 2023

As an amalgam of art, journalism, and social science, the direct cinema documentary can make strong claims to artistic license, First Amendment protection, and the autonomy of observational research, but it also shares the ethical dilemmas of these three fields. Thus, recent discussions of the uses, and abuses, of human subjects in art, news, and scientific inquiry become germane when considering the ethical boundaries of documentary film. Even for the most scrupulous documentary film-maker and the most knowledgeable subject, the unstaged, relatively unobtrusive procedures of direct cinema filming and the generally inductive method of editing place unusual burdens on film-makers and subjects who subscribe to notions of informed consent.
Perspectives on the Television Arab
Authors: Shaheen Jack g.
Published: November 2023

Many of our perceptions of the world--Of people, issues and eventscome not from direct experience, but from second-hand information. Such information, Walter Lippmann observed, forms a large portion of our ideas-ideas that create long-lasting “pictures in our heads.” This information causes us to view people in particularly limiting ways, as mere stereotypes.
Out of South Africa: The Gods Must Be Crazy
Authors: Volkman Toby Alice
Published: November 2023

In 1981 an obscure South African film opened in movie theatres in half a dozen U.S. cities and closed soon afterward without a ripple. In Europe, Japan, and South America, however, The Gods Must Be Crazy created major waves. Perhaps inspired by its international success, 20th Century-Fox acquired the film and opened it in New York in the spring of 1984. Since then, Gods has become a raging success in North America. In less than one year it grossed $1 mil1ion at New York’s 68th Street Playhouse, with minimal advertising. Nor is it just a New York phenomenon: it has played continuously in cities throughout the country, and remains, according to 20th Century-Fox, “hard as nails.” Internationally, it has earned more than $90 million since 1981, including $40 million in Japan alone. The film has inspired rave reviews, picket lines, and a protest resolution at the 1984 meetings of the American Anthropological Association.
Introduction
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

This book seeks to describe and understand what Zen Buddhism has done to and for Japanese warriors, both medieval and modern. The first question that naturally comes to mind when one reads about warriors using a form of Buddhism to make them better fighters is that voiced by D. T. Suzuki, an eloquent expositor of Zen to the West, writing some five years after World War II:
The Japanese Warrior Adopts Zen
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

Zen Buddhism first became an important factor in the training and life of the Japanese warrior class in the thirteenth century. During the late-twelfth-century struggle of the Genji and Heike clans, Jōdo (Pure Land) Buddhism—in which Amida and his infinite mercy and forgiveness were paramount—was perhaps the soldier’s favorite religious loyalty, especially in the hour of death. But with the coming of the Hōjō regency to power, Zen Buddhism increasingly took the leading role.
“Bring Her Home”: Louise Erdrich
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Indi’n humor breathes life into a native legacy of dispossession that would mute survival. “Humor is a primary means of reconciling the tradition of continuance, bonding, and celebration with the stark facts of racial destruction,” Paula Allen sees in The Sacred Hoop. Intertribal jokes bond clans against outsiders, as they humanize cross-cultural lines of defense. Comedy opens exchange with “others”; it softens battle lines toward some measure of tolerance, if not intercultural trade. Laughter in these charged circumstances spills across cultural boundaries, opens ethnic blockages, and reconfirms tribal pride to counter xenophobic fear. A people’s humor can both focus and release tension—a way of “economizing” the psyche’s suffering, Freud contends, and relieving the ego’s defensive need to control. Hence Indi’n humor draws the people together tribally, drives out an ethnocentric aggressor, and redirects expectations toward a more collaborative future.
The Psychopathology of Religion: European Historical Perspectives
Authors: Betzen Jacob A
Published: November 2023

Nearly inextricable with human culture, religion has woven itself into the very existence of the human being throughout a long and complex history. As such, a culture theory can only abstractly distinguish religion as an “ideological system” from techno-economics, social structure, and individual personality (Kaplan & Manners, 1972). Everywhere and in multivarious forms, religion reveals itself in the histories of cultures. It has inspired the highest and the best in people. On our travels we admire temples and cathedrals. In concert halls we enjoy the compositions of religious themes, and in museums we devote ourselves to so-called religious art. At the same time, however, the history of religion has been a sad tale wherein it has constituted, legitimized, and enforced inequitable relations in the spheres of labor and society. Whereas religion has at times promoted people’s best, it has also defamed and oppressed people, and it has persecuted other-believers and nonbelievers.
Religion and Self-Actualization
Authors: Tamney Joseph B
Published: November 2023

Since the l 960s self-actualization has been a popular symbol for people critical of established culture. The works of Abraham Maslow remain readily available, and it is these books more than anything else that has shaped the understanding of self-actualization. Given the countercultural context for the championing of this personal ideal, it is not surprising that researchers have tended to assume that established religion is inimical to self-actualization.
Religion, N euroticism, and Psychoticism
Authors: Francis Leslie J
Published: November 2023

Attempts to synthesize the findings of research concerned with the relationship between religion and mental health confront three fundamental problems. Two of these problems involve definition of the central constructs “religion” and “mental health.” The third is concerned with the methodology of demonstrating a relationship between such constructs. Concluding their review of the area, Spilka and Werme (197 l) argued that studies locating mental health within a dimensional model of personality might offer a new and potentially fruitful approach to the question. Two decades later their suggestion still remains inadequately explored. Therefore, the present chapter explores, from theoretical and empirical perspectives, a possible reconceptualization of both mental illness and religiosity as continuous (rather than discrete) variables. Such a reconceptualization places the question about the relationship between religion and mental illness within the context of a psychometric equation, amenable to analysis by means of multiple correlational techniques, analogous to other psychometric equations.
Religion and Mental Health in Early Life
Authors: Shafranske Edward P
Published: November 2023

Religion is both a personal enterprise and a cultural institution through which people are initiated into a sense of purpose and place within the social and ontological universes. Religion provides a language that captures, within the limits of discourse, an individual’s apprehension of the meaningfulness and, at times, the anomie that existence presents. As Erikson (1962/1958) noted, religion “elaborates on what feels profoundly true even though it is not demonstrable: it translates into significant words, images, and codes the exceeding darkness which surrounds man’s existence, and the light which pervades it beyond all discrete comprehension” (p. 21). Religion informs the individual of the moral values, and prescribed behaviors which will sustain fruitful participation within family, neighborhood, and society. Religion holds an integral role in the fabric of the culture and in the individual life of the person. Religion provides a cultural “binding,” as its etymology suggests, to the realm of personal meaning and human relations. Embedded within the weave of culture, religion appears for some as a predominant strand, and, for others, as a nearly unnoticeable thread in the course of their life. Religion, as a preeminent institutional force, shaping fundamental beliefs and behaviors, whether explicitly or implicitly, has import as a factor in the psychological functioning of the individual. In light of this observation, it is suggested that religion plays a significant role in mental health. This chapter examines the role of religion in mental health with an eye toward its seminal influence within the early life of the person. It presents a theoretical model through which the religious life of children may be apprehended as relevant to their development in toto, and as a staging arena upon which mature faith takes root. We will examine those processes, falling within the rubric of “religious,” which contain the potential to affirm and to support the mental health of children.
Biblical Narrative and Modern Consciousness
Authors: Schneidau Herbert N
Published: November 2023

The first point I want to make is one that is implicit in much else in this volume: that narrative is of the essence, if one may use the term, of the Bible, it is not merely a vehicle or adjunct or epipheomenon. This point needs emphasis because it tends to be eclipsed by the assumption that the Bible consists of a set of doctrinal propositions, with illustrative stories: of all the idees refues about the Bible, this one is surely the most stultifying. Probably most of those who read the Bible, speaking statistically, do so to find doctrinal guidance, or to buttress already fixed precepts. Yet this exercise effaces the historical character, and hinders recognition of some important consequences of that. The framers of the Pentateuchal laws were wiser, who put them all into a narrative framework, and thus showed that they recognized what they had in hand.

Even theologians whose interest is primarily in doctrinal questions can recognize the danger of treating the narratives as merely instrumental. James Barr poses for himself the question of why the Bible was for believers so “unquestionedly central, so inevitable and necessary, so sufficient and so authoritative?” And the answer, he says, “lies in the literary character of the Bible ... [for it] is not in itself a work of doctrine or theology.’’
The Behavior and Customs of Renouncers
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Although renunciation is defined as an essentially negative and even antinomian state, in practice, however, the renouncer’s way of life was regulated by clear rules and characterized by established patterns of behavior. Our Upaniāsads devote considerable space to exhorting renouncers to follow these rules and customs.
Introduction
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

This book is about how and why pace-setting American universities are defined as they are. Particularly it is concerned with how and why they are defined with respect to religion. These two questions are closely connected since those who originally set the standards for American universities in the late nineteenth century were shaped by their strongly Protestant heritage. Most of the first generation of university builders were active Protestants and many were ardent believers. Even if they gave up the particulars of the evangelicalism of their mentors’ generation, they retained a dedication to liberal Christianity. Through the second and third generations of the evolution of American universities, until the early 1960s, almost all the leaders of the pace-setting institutions were of Protestant stock, had outlooks shaped by a Protestant ethos, and on occasion would honor their Christian heritage. In the late nineteenth century, when American universities took their shape, the Protestantism of the major northern denominations acted as a virtual religious and cultural establishment. This establishmentarian outlook was manifested in American universities, which were the first half of the twentieth century built impressive chapels signaling their respect for their Christian heritages. As late as the 1950s it was not unusual for spokespersons of leading schools to refer to them as “Christian” institutions. Such vestiges of the Protestant establishment are significant not simply
California: Revolution without Much Ideology
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Rather than warfare, the typical motif in the transition from the old-time colleges to the new universities was peaceful revolution. Few of the old guard were willing to take a stand, as Porter did, that would risk looking sectarian. On the other side, most of the revolutionaries were sons of the evangelical college tradition and wished to emphasize that they were the true heirs to its ideals. While they were well aware of a need for a break from the past, they also saw continuity between the old colleges and the new universities. Nowhere were such continuities suggested in a more intriguing way than in the origins of the University of California out of the College of California. On October 9, 1867, the trustees of the College of California, a private college, voted to cede all its assets to the proposed new state university. The College of California, which had opened its doors in Oakland in 1860, was a typically New England enterprise, conducted by New School Presbyterians and Congregationalists, aspiring to establish the “Yale of the West.” Although the college was struggling and had few students, it was not entirely impoverished. Its most valuable tangible asset, which it donated to the state, was a magnificent tract of land in a nearby area that the college leaders had named Berkeley.
Making the World Safe from the Traditionalist Establishment
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Recognition of the commonalities shared by leading American Protestant educators in their assumptions that they should shape a unified national culture sets the stage for understanding Princeton during the very different administrations of Francis Patton (1888-1902) and Woodrow Wilson (1902-1910). Patton was every bit as triumphalistic as his friend Benjamin Warfield. “If Calvinism is true, Arminianism is false,” Patton declared a few years before becoming president of the college. “If the Baptists are right Paedobaptists are wrong. The positions ... being contradictory, we are shut up to one or the other of them....Believing in Calvinism, we believe that if Christendom shall ever have a unanimous faith, it will be a Calvinistic faith, which was the faith of Augustine, which was the faith of Paul.”1One might well find it incredible that during the 1890s a respected American university would have a president who held such views.2 It is less remarkable when one remembers, however, that Patton made a clear distinction between what was appropriate for the church and what was appropriate for the college, which, despite control by Presbyterian trustees, was not an agency of the church.
The Elusive Ideal of Academic Freedom
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

While concerns of the modern market, represented by business supporters, students, and public opinion, were sometimes blindly pushing emerging universities away from their distinctive Christian emphases, the persons most explicitly seeking a rationale for freedom from religious restraints were the progressive professors. By the early decades of the twentieth century professors were beginning to emerge from under the shadow of administrators and to set their own professional standards for academic culture. The rumors were true that on matters religious the most prominent professors were also likely to be the most outspoken progressives at a university. What Harold Boice had expressed with alarm to Cosmopolitan readers in 1909, James Leuba documented with approval in 1916. Leuba, a professor of psychology at Bryo Mawr College, had been a student ofG. Stanley Hall, and his 1916 volume The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological, Anthropological and Statistical Study was both an early effort to apply the scientific uses of statistics and a pragmatist tract for scientifically created religion.As a tract, Leuba’s study may be seen as an early effort not only to bring out of the closet the widespread academic skepticism regarding traditional Christianity, but also to proclaim skepticism’s intellectual superiority and domination. Leuba’s essential thesis was that as intelligence and education increase traditional religious beliefs will inevitably decrease. This was a thesis that Thomas Paine, Thomas Cooper, or Thomas Jefferson would have subscribed to, but in the United States its proclamation had been muffled for nearly a century as evangelicals and their immediate heirs had held much of the field in academia. Now armed with the prestige of the new evolutionary sciences and with the reassuring idealist versions of a Jeffersonian Sermon-on-the-Mount civil religion, the cause could reemerge in an irrepressible form.
Searching for a Soul
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

In the interwar years American cultural leaders faced a new crisis of faith, not simply concerning Christianity but concerning liberal Western culture itself. This intellectual crisis, which emerged in the 1920s and heightened during the 1930s and the war years, undercut the ideological rationale for the universities as servants of democratic civilization. The universities were unreservedly committed to two things: science and the highest ideals of Western culture. Now a distressing realization began to dawn, although only a few prophets were willing to face its full implications, that these two ideals might be incompatible. This crisis of cultural faith was sharply intensified by the general crisis of Western culture. By the early 1930s Americans were becoming aware of the dimensions of the worldwide crisis and at the same time facing the severest domestic challenges since the Civil War. The failure of democracies abroad and the rise of totalitarianism underscored the revived question of whether the American experiment would long endure. The unprecedented economic depression changed what had been previously a theoretical question into an engrossing concern, impossible to ignore. People were bound to ask what held American society together, or, for that matter, what would hold together any democracy. Was a democracy merely a pragmatic arrangement or did it require a body of shared ideas in order to function?American universities, which only recently had emerged as major players in the national culture, mirrored the national crisis. The painful economic constraints of the depression era were, of course, the most immediate concern, but the questions debated at universities went deeper. Many of those who were used to looking for underlying explanations were becoming acutely aware that the cultural upheaval of the past half-century had undermined what had been thought to be the very foundations of Western civilization. Having been among the major promoters of these changes, intellectual leaders in the university had to face the question of whether the new culture for which they spoke had anything to offer in place of, or at least to shore up, the old verities.For humanists, who were most likely to be debating such issues, the fear of losing moral compass was exacerbated by recognition that the dominant forces shaping the universities were functional and mundane.
Before the Enlightenment
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time, say, at the turn of the century, arbitration was neither a new nor an uncommon practice in the United States, particularly in such great commercial and financial centers as New York and Chicago. A robust and active law of arbitration also existed. This arbitration law was both statutory and judge-made, although arbitration statutes were in effect in most states.4 It is easy to lose sight of these older statutes; almost all have been replaced by “modern” arbitration statutes.
The Beginning of Reform
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

Without putting too fine a point on causation, it may be said that the reform movement first flowering in New York had many roots. Undoubtedly the most important was the actual practice of arbitration, including the custom of including clauses relating to future disputes and abiding by those clauses in spite of their unenforce ability at law. New York had long been a center of arbitration activity,1 especially among members of financial and trade associations of various kinds. The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and its institutional forebears had been active in arbitration since 1768.
The USAA: Enactment
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

Armed with American Bar Association’s approval of the 1923 USAA draft,1 the A.B.A. committee returned to the fray. After Senator Sterling and Congressman Mills resubmitted the new A.B.A. draft in December,2 a joint hearing was held on January 9, 1924, by subcommittees of the two committees on the judiciary, Senator Sterling presiding.
The Critique of the Public/Private Distinction
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In the eighteenth century, most American lawyers did not assume that all political and economic actors should be classified either as private parties or as public officials. Instead, they recognized that a variety of institutions and organizations-for example, business corporations, municipal corporations, guilds, churches, and proprietors of the common fields-were most accurately described as partly private and partly public in character. The objectives of such bodies typically included both enrichment of their members and pursuit of the common weal; they enjoyed many powers (like the capacity to tax members or exercise eminent domain) typically associated with government; many of them owned substantial amounts of property and conducted their affairs partly through its management; and not all individual citizens had access to them.

During the nineteenth century, a growing number of lawyers found increasingly problematic the continued exercise by these organizations of their special powers and privileges. The public and private “spheres,” judges and commentators asserted with growing frequency, ought to be kept separate.2 In tum, that shift in attitude inspired a number of important doctrinal reforms: Business corporations were stripped of some of their more “public” powers, and “general incorporation” statutes made the corporate form available to all persons.3 Corporations “privatized” through this process were provided protections against govern­ mental regulation comparable to the protections enjoyed by individual persons.4 Municipal corporations, once differentiated from private corporations, were stripped of many of their proprietary functions and rendered increasingly dependent for their regulatory authority on formal delegations of power from the state legislatures.5 The notion that government officials had property interests in their posts was repudiated.6