bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences of diagnostic errors in mastitis therapy trials
Authors: Morant Steven V. , Dodd Frank H. , Natzke Roger P.
Published: June 2009

The effect of errors that occur in the diagnosis of intramammary infectious mastitis on the precision of experiments measuring the efficacy of mastitis therapy has been investigated. Diagnostic errors within the range found by experienced workers can create large biases in the apparent cure rate of therapy particularly at cure rates of less than 0·5. Using confirmed methods of diagnosis rather than single samples and reducing the probabilities of false positive and false negative diagnoses to 0·01 and 0·05 respectively, the biases in the apparent cure rates are reduced to acceptable levels. A method is given for calculating the rates of occurrence of false positive and false negative diagnoses from the results of trials using confirmed diagnoses. These errors cannot be calculated from therapy trial data when diagnosis is based on single milk samples.

Because the bias in the measurements of the cure rate is greatest at the lowest levels of elimination, estimates of spontaneous recovery in untreated quarters have the greatest error. For this reason experiments incorporating an untreated control group of infected quarters usually reduce the precision of the therapy trials. An experiment in which the efficacy of a test product is measured relative to a reference product has advantages. It minimizes the difficulties arising from scale of measurement, diagnostic errors and herd differences in response rate, and makes possible comparisons between trials. Further investigations are required on the importance of spontaneous recovery, particularly for studies of Escherichia coli therapy and dry period therapy. The results of this investigation have relevance to all types of mastitis investigation that measure the change in mastitis status of udder quarters, i.e. new infection rates.
Study of the fouling of a mineral microfiltration membrane using scanning electron microscopy and physicochemical analyses in the processing of milk
Authors: Vetier Claudine , Bennasar Michel , de la Fuente Blas Tarodo
Published: June 2009

Soluble proteins and Ca and P salts in the fouling deposit on a mineral microfiltration membrane obtained in static conditions were analysed and compared with those found using dynamic filter conditions in a laboratory pilot installation for milk processing. The serum milk proteins were retained by the porous micellar deposit under both static and dynamic conditions, resulting in progressive fouling of the dynamic micellar membrane, enabling milk to be processed with a mineral microfiltration membrane. Ca and P salts increased fouling probably by allowing better adsorption of casein micelles on the alumina and by acting as intermicellar bonds in the deposit. Fat globules modified porosity, permeability and resistance to matter transfer of the deposit. The dynamic conditions gave a deposit of the same type and structure as with the static conditions although made thinner by the velocity effect.
Surface and emulsifying properties of caseins
Authors: Dickinson Eric
Published: June 2009

The properties of adsorbed films of αs1-, β- and κ-casein and sodium caseinate are compared at the planar oil–water interface, at the surface of emulsion droplets, and at the surface of polystyrene latex particles. Attention is directed towards understanding (i) the relationship between the molecular characteristics of the caseins and their surface activities and surface viscosities at the oil–water interface, (ii) the nature of competitive adsorption between the caseins (particularly αs1- and β-), and (iii) the effect of Na and Ca ion concentrations on electrophoretic mobilities and flocculation behaviour.
Surface properties of the bovine casein components: relationships between structure and foaming properties
Authors: Lorient Denis , Closs Brigitte , Courthaudon Jean Luc
Published: June 2009

In order to optimize the use of caseins as surfactants, the surface tension, foaming capacity and stability were measured as a function of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and polarity (modified by covalent binding of carbohydrates). We found that the caseins differ in their behaviour at the air/water interface with β-casein showing the greatest ability to decrease surface tension and to produce foams, due probably to its amphipathic structure. In experiments carried out at pH values close to pI, with low ionic strength and constant solubility (optimal conditions for foam formation), we observed a high surface hydrophobicity, a good accessibility and flexibility of peptidic side chains (evaluated by proteolysis), and a high foaming capacity parallelled by increased surface pressure. Foam stability of caseins was low compared to those of globular proteins such as β lactoglobulin.
Application of fractal concepts to the study of caseinate aggregation phenomena
Authors: Horne David S.
Published: June 2009

The concepts of fractals and fractal dimension are introduced and applied to the description of the disordered structures of colloidal aggregates. It is demonstrated that the structure of the aggregates produced by ethanol de-stabilization of casein micelles can be quantitatively characterized by a fractal dimension. The values measured are compared to literature predictions from various computer studies simulating different models of the aggregation process.
Lipase redistribution in cows' milk during induced lipolysis: I. Activation by agitation, temperature change, blood serum and heparin
Authors: Cartier Philippe , Chilliard Yves
Published: June 2009

Effects of agitation, temperature change, blood serum and heparin on lipolysis and on distribution of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in cold-stored cows' milk were measured. All individual milks (n = 135) were susceptible to activation treatments. With ‘gentle’ treatments, induced lipolysis was strongly correlated to spontaneous lipolysis (r ≥ 0·74). In contrast, induced lipolysis in response to ‘vigorous’ treatments was more variable (0·7 > r > 0·34) and levelled off in milks with high spontaneous lipolysis. Induced lipolysis always resulted from an increase in LPL associated with cream. Strong correlations (0·79 ≤ r ≤ 0middot;94) were found between free fatty acid levels and cream LPL. All treatments (except heparin addition) also promoted lipolysis/unit cream LPL.
Theoretical analysis of ultraviolet spectroscopic studies on the feathering of cream in coffee
Authors: Pink David A. , Hamboyan Lucie , Aboud Helen
Published: June 2009

Ultraviolet spectra of solutions of instant and filter coffees have been analysed as a linear combination of component Gaussian bands. We show that the ratio, R′, of two of these bands, one at 329 nm due almost entirely to chlorogenic acid, and the other at 272 nm due to a coffee component not appearing in the chlorogenic acid spectrum, is analogous to the ratio R (Hamboyan et al. 1989). The use of R which is easier to measure than R′ has therefore been justified on physical grounds, based on the existence of component spectral bands. Filter coffees appeared to exhibit behaviour similar to that of instant coffees.
Extraction of plasma triacylglycerols by the mammary gland of the lactating cow
Authors: Thompson Gordon E. , Christie William W.
Published: June 2009

The fatty acid content of triacylglycerols (TG) in arterial and mammary venous blood plasma has been analysed in five cows that were close to peak lactation. The fatty acids in arterial TG were extracted by the mammary gland in amounts 14:0 < 16:0 < 18:0and 18:0 > 18:1n – 9 > 18:2. The difference of extraction between palmitate and stearate was similar in different TG species. The fatty acid 18:1n – 7, which was largely the trans isomer, was extracted more than 18:1n – 9. Significant amounts of phytanic acid were acylated in plasma TG, but not extracted by the mammary gland.
Extent of damage to amino acid availability of whey protein heated with sugar
Authors: Desrosiers Thérèse , Savoie Laurent
Published: June 2009

The effect of heat treatments, at various water activities (αw), on digestibility and on the availabilities of amino acids of whey protein samples in the presence of lactose was estimated by an in vitro digestion method with continuons dialysis. Four αw (0·3, 0·5, 0·7 and 0·97), three temperatures (75, 100 and 121 °C) and three heating periods (50, 500 and 5000 s) were selected. The initial lysine: lactose molar ratio was 1:1. Amino acid profiles showed that excessive heating of whey (121 °C, 5000 s) destroyed a significant proportion of cystine at all αw, lysine at αw 0·3, 0·5 and 0·7, and arginine at αw 0·5 and 0·7. At αw 0·3, 0·5 and 0·7, protein digestibility decreased (P < 0·05) as the temperature increased from 75 to 121 °C for a heating period of 5000 s, and as the heating time was prolonged from 500 to 5000 s at 121 °C. Excessive heating also decreased (P < 0·05) the availabilities of ail amino acids at αw 0·3, 0·5 and 0·7. The availabilities of lysine, proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, glycine and serine were particularly affected. Severe heating at αw 0·97 did not seem to favour the Maillard reaction, but the availabilities of cystine, tyrosine and arginine were decreased, probably as a result of structural modifications of the protein upon heating. Heating whey protein concentrates in the presence of lactose not only affected lysine, but also impaired enzymic liberation of other amino acids, according to the severity of heat treatments and αw.
Contribution of plasmin to Cheddar cheese ripening: effect of added plasmin
Authors: Farkye Nana , Fox Patrick F.
Published: June 2009

Plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) was added to cheese milk to assess its contribution to Cheddar cheese ripening; the activity of plasmin in the cheese was increased by levels ranging from 1·5 to 6 times that in the control cheeses. Even at the highest level of added plasmin, no activity was found in the whey. β-Casein was degraded faster in the experimental cheeses than in the controls, and the concentration of γ-caseins increased concomitantly. The total N in the water-soluble extract was up to ˜ 20% higher in the experimental than in the control cheeses but phosphotungstic acid-soluble N was not affected by the plasmin activity in the cheese. Several differences were apparent in the gel electropherograms of the water-soluble extracts of the experimental and control cheeses; some peptides were present at higher concentrations in the former, others in the latter, suggesting that plasmin contributes to both the formation and degradation of water-soluble peptides in cheese. The organoleptic quality of the plasmin-enriched cheeses was judged superior to that of the controls and ripening was considerably accelerated; a plasmin level 3–4 times the indigenous value appeared to be optimal. No bitterness was detected in any of the cheeses.
New αs2-casein variant from caprine milk
Authors: Chianese Lina , Mauriello Rosalba , Intorcia Nunziatina , Moio Luigi , Addeo Francesco
Published: June 2009

A new αs2-casein variant was isolated from goat milk by means of covalent chromatography. With gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH, the αs2-casein variant showed a double band with the highest anodic mobility amongst the casein components. The mobility of the isolated αs2-casein variant was similar to that occurring in three individual samples of whole casein. Two dimensional electrophoresis revealed a more pronounced heterogeneity of this protein. Developing the two dimensional plate with polyclonal antibodies obtained against the four main bovine casein fractions, we demonstrated that the variant in question belongs to the αs2-casein family. Since the αs2-casein fractions, immunospecifically developed, spread along two different zones on the gel, it was concluded that a heterozygous αs2-casein form was present in the sample.
Moisture sorption behaviour of mineral acid, lactic and rennet caseins in the temperature range 27–80 °C
Authors: Diamante Lemuel M. , Munro Peter A. , Weeks Michael G.
Published: June 2009

The moisture desorption isotherms of mineral acid, lactic and rennet caseins were determined at ˜ 28, 55 and 80 °C. The isotherms were all sigmoid type II according to the BET (Brunauer et al. 1938) classification. A modified Henderson equation was found best to describe the relationship of equilibrium moisture content, water activity (aw) and temperature for all three types of casein. BET monolayer moisture contents and heats of desorption of the three types of casein were calculated. Equilibrium moisture contents at aw 0·432 and 30 °C for mineral acid casein made under a range of manufacturing conditions varied significantly depending on the drying conditions. More severe drying conditions produced lower equilibrium moisture contents.
Effect of propylene glycol supplementation around parturition on milk yield, reproduction performance and some hormonal and metabolic characteristics in dairy cows
Authors: Formigoni Andrea , Cornil Marie-Christine , Prandi Alberto , Mordenti Archimede , Rossi Andriana , Portetelle Daniel , Renaville Robert
Published: June 2009

Thirty-nine multiparous Holstein cows were used to measure the effect of propylene glycol treatment around parturition on milk yield, reproductive efficiency and some hormone and metabolite concentrations. Cows were assigned randomly to control (n = 19) or propylene glycol treated (n = 20) groups. Propylene glycol (300g) was administered directly mixed with the diet from day 10 prior to the expected calving date until parturition (day 0) and orally after dilution in 1 l water on days 3, 6, 9 and 12. Blood samples were collected on days −20, −5, 0, 3, 10, 25 and 50 while milk samples were taken weekly until 13 weeks post partum. Body condition scores, recorded on days −20, 15 and 50, were not affected by propylene glycol administration. Propylene glycol did not significantly affect milk yield or composition but linear somatic cell score measured from the first 13 weeks post partum was reduced by propylene glycol administration (P < 0·01). Moreover, propylene glycol reduced milk urea (−25 mg/l, P < 0·05), especially during the first 9 weeks post partum. Plasma insulin concentrations were similar in both groups during the experiment while insulin-like growth factor I (P < 0·05) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (P < 0·001) levels were higher on days 10, 25 and 50 post partum in the propylene glycol group. Propylene glycol administration decreased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (P < 0·05 to P < 0·01) but increased total cholesterol levels (P < 0·01) after parturition while 3-hydroxy-butyrate levels were unaffected by the treatment. Changes in the hormone and metabolic concentrations after propylene glycol administration in the last few days of gestation and the first week of lactation seem to indicate that energy balance in the treated group was probably more positive than in the control group. There was also evidence that propylene glycol administration prevented fatty liver syndrome and hastened the resumption of oestrous cycles (P < 0·001).
Growth characteristics of post-pasteurization contaminants isolated from pasteurized milk
Authors: Stevenson R. Gregory , Wisdom G. Brian , Rowe Michael T. , McConaghy Deirdre A.
Published: June 2009

Nine organisms were isolated from separate pasteurized milk samples after they had been incubated at 6 °C for 5 d (European Union preincubated count, PIC), four from high count samples (> 5 x 106cfu/ml) and five from low count samples (< 103cfu/ml). When the organisms were harvested without overt stress being applied and subjected to a simulated PIC using UHT whole milk, all except one isolate gave comparatively high (> 106cfu/ml) counts. The imposition of a heat stress at 50 °C prior to a simulated PIC resulted in a segregation of the isolates into those giving high and those giving low counts, which reflected the PIC values of the milk samples from which they were originally isolated. When the isolates were subjected to a cold stress (25 to 4 °C) and inoculated into nutrient broth at 4 °C, the high count isolates were found to have significantly (P< 0·05) shorter lag phases than the low count isolates.
319. The formation of carbon dioxide by lactic acid bacteria andBacillus licheniformisand a cultural method of detecting the process
Authors: Gibson T. , Abdel-Malek Y.
Published: June 2009

The amount of CO2formed during the fermentation of sugars by the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria depends on several factors:

(1) The sugar fermented. Gas is produced more readily from glucose than from lactose, even in the case of active lactose fermenters.

(2) The reaction and the buffering capacity of the medium. The optimum initial reaction of the medium is approximatelypH 7 and the greater the buffering capacity the more active is the gas production.

(3) Factors which occur in plant juices and yeast. They may promote gas formation without increasing cell proliferation and apparently have a specific activating effect on the mechanism of the fermentation.

(4) The concentration of sugar, the optimum being about 5%.

The formation of CO2by Bacillus licheniformis is influenced in a similar way, but in this case the optimum initial reaction of the medium is in the region ofpH 8–9 and the factors of (3) have little effect.
323. Observations on cheese starters with reference to bacteriophage and the phageorganism relationships of strains isolated
Authors: Nichols Agnes A. , Wolf J. Z.
Published: June 2009

1. Frequent examination of the mother and bulk starters from several cheese-making creameries during the 1942 season has shown bacteriophage to be prevalent in some factories and apparently absent from others. Outbreaks of phage attack could not be correlated with heat treatment of the cheese milk, and were geographically widespread over the country.

2. The phage-organism relationships of these starter strains and their phage races were studied, and on this basis it was possible to arrive at the relationship and in some cases the identity of some of the strains circulating in commerce. It was found that for the isolation of some phaging strains, milk was a more sensitive medium than broth. Commercial starters appear to be composed of more than one distinct strain, and no starter can be judged by the reactions of one of its component strains.

The nascent phage phenomenon was found not to be common in the selected starter strains. The reaction itself may, however, possibly be used to demonstrate fundamental relationships between strains.
Effect of feed intake on digesta flow and myoelectric activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the preruminant calf
Authors: Sissons John W.
Published: June 2009

The effect of feed intake on abomasal digesta outflow and gastrointestinal motility of preruminant calves given whole milk was studied. Digesta collections were made from calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas. In other calves myoelectric activity was recorded from electrodes implanted on the abomasum and proximal small intestine, sometimes concurrently with recordings from an electromagnetic flow sensor on the duodenum. After a feed of 2–8 kg milk recurring patterns of intestinal myoelectric activity associated with fasting were temporarily interrupted by a period of continuous irregular spike activity; the duration of the post feeding activity increased with intake of milk. Patterns of abomasal digesta flow were characterized by alternating periods of rapid and slower flow with a frequency that corresponded to cyclic change in myoelectric activity of the small intestine. Hourly rates of abomasal emptying of digesta during a 6-h collection period were significantly greater (P < 0·05) after giving feeds of 6–8 kg milk compared with measurements of flow rate when 2 kg feeds were given. It is concluded that myoelectric activity of the proximal small intestine exercises control over abomasal emptying of digesta by a mechanism which adjusts the mixing and propulsive functions of gut motility in accordance with the amount of milk consumed.
A fluorimetric method for the determination of Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 lipase in milk
Authors: Stead Donald
Published: June 2009

A method has been developed, using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate, to measure the activity of the extracellular lipase of the psychrotroph Pseudomonas fluorescens AR11 in milk. Inhibition of lipolysis by constituents of skim-milk was prevented by including both sodium taurocholate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the reaction mixture. Cream also interfered with the reaction and skim-milk was used for high sensitivity. Natural milk lipase was readily inactivated by heat treatment to which AR11 lipase was relatively resistant.
Effect of reducing the block size on the flavour of Cheddar cheese
Authors: Manning Donald J. , Ridout Elizabeth A. , Price John C. , Gregory Richard J.
Published: June 2009

Blocks of Cheddar cheese ranging in weight from ¾ to 44 lb were vacuum-wrapped and stored for up to 6 weeks. Panel assessment after 0, 3 and 6 weeks showed that the quality decreased, and off-flavours increased with decrease in block size. Headspace analysis showed that the volatile substances H2S and CH3SH decreased in concentration in line with quality.
Composition of butters on sale in Britain
Authors: Buss David H. , Jackson Patricia A. , Scuffam David
Published: June 2009

High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the amounts of all-trans retinol, 13-cis retinol and β-carotene in butters on sale in Britain. Samples originating in England and Ireland, New Zealand, Denmark and The Netherlands, and in France were analysed and each type of butter was measured in each season of the year. Fat, water, N and Na contents were also determined. The influence of season and country of origin on vitamin A content and on the level of salting are discussed.
Survival of some non-starter bacteria in naturally ripened and enzyme-accelerated Cheddar cheese
Authors: Bautista Lydia , Kroll Rohan G.
Published: June 2009

Effects of the addition of a proteinase (Neutrase 1–5S) and a peptidase (aminopeptidase DP-102) as agents for accelerating the ripening of Cheddar cheese on the survival of some non-starter bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coliand aSalmonellasp.) were studied throughout a 4-month ripening period. The enzymes were found to have no significant effect on the survival of the Gram-positive bacteria but some significant effects were observed, at some stages of the ripening period, with the Gram-negative bacteria in that lower levels were recovered from cheeses treated with the enzyme system.
The Significance of Infra-specific Variations of Hosts and Parasites in the Epidemiology of Helminths of Medical Importance
Authors: Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

The epidemiology of parasitic infections may be profoundly influenced by infra-specific variations in infectivity for either intermediate or definitive hosts. Such variations will decide the basic ecology of the host-parasite relationship, and variations in virulence and pathogenicity therefore determine different patterns of disease. While some of the evidence of infra-specific variations has been derived from experimental studies, much of it has been recorded by those concerned with investigations of the epidemiology and transmission of parasitic infections and the practical aspects of their control. The unequivocal demonstration of genetic heterogeneity of certain parasites of medical importance has therefore resulted in a better understanding of their epidemiology and, in some cases, is leading to greater precision in attempts to control them.
Ichthybothrium ichthybori gen. et sp. nov. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the African Freshwater Fish Ichthyborus besse (Joannis, 1835)
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

Ichthybothrium ichthybori gen. et sp. nov. (Pseudophyllidea : Ptychobothriidae) is described and figured from specimens collected from the intestine of the African freshwater fish Ichthyborus besse from the White Nile near Khartoum, Sudan. Ichthybothrium and Ptychobothrium show some similarities but can be differentiated by the shape of the scolex and the position of the vitelline follicles. Ptychobothrium cypseluri Rao, 1957 and Plicatobothrium cypseluri Cable and Michaelis, 1967 are congeneric and a new name Plicatobothrium raoi is proposed for the former.
The Use of a Membrane Feeding Technique for Infecting Mosquitoes with Filarial Worms Transported between Laboratories
Authors: Ponnudurai T. , Denham D. A. , Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

Blood containing microfilariae has been successfully transported from various laboratories to London. This blood was used to infect mosquitoes with filarial parasites by means of a membrane feeding system. Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis have been successfully transported in this way.
Primers for polymerase chain reaction to detect genomic DNA of Toxocara canis and T. cati
Authors: Wu Zhiliang , Nagano Isao , Xu Dong , Takahashi Yuzo
Published: June 2009

Primers for polymerase chain reaction to amplify genomic DNA of both Toxocara canis and T. cati were constructed by adapting cloning and sequencing random amplified polymorphic DNA. The primers are expected to detect eggs and/or larvae of T. canis and T. cati, both of which are known to cause toxocariasis in humans.
Intestinal parasites of the grey fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in the central Peruvian Andes
Authors: Moro P.L. , Ballarta J. , Gilman R.H. , Leguia G. , Rojas M. , Montes G.
Published: June 2009

The intestines of 20 grey Peruvian foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) were examined for the presence ofEchinococcus granulosusand other intestinal parasites.Echinococcus granulosuswas not found in foxes butTaenia hydatigenaandT. multicepswere found in 7 and 4 animals respectively. The grey fox may not be a suitable definitive host forE. granulosus. However, it may act as a sylvatic reservoir ofT. hydatigenaandT. multicepsin the central Peruvian Andes.
On the Nomenclature of the Root-gall Nematodes
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Nematodes belonging to two distinct genera are known as the causal organisms of galls on the roots of plants. One of these belongs to the genus Anguillulina=Tylenchus and the other to the genus Heterodera. The former, under the name of Tylenchus hordei Schøyen, 1885, has been known for many years as the producer of galls on the roots of certain grasses and cereals; the latter, under the name of Heterodera radicicola (Greeff, 1872) Müller, 1884, as the producer of galls on the roots of a very large number of wild and cultivated plants both monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
On a Collection of Parasitic Worms from East Africa
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

The following material was sent to the Department of Helminthology of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in three groups; two lots coming from Mr. Aneurin Lewis, of the Veterinary Research Station at Kabete, Kenya Colony, and the third lot from the Director of Veterinary Services, Uganda. For this latter, the writer is indebted to the Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology. The major part of the material was placed at his disposal by Professor R. T. Leiper, F.R.S., to whom he wishes to express his sincere thanks.
On the Pathogenicity of the Stomach and Lung Worms of the Cat
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

In 1890, Müller described, from the lung of the cat, a species of nematode which is now known as Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. In 1928, I was able to show that its true habitat was not the lung substance, but the pulmonary artery and its branches, and that its pathogenic action, was mainly, if not entirely, due to the presence of the developing eggs and larvae distributed throughout the lung tissue by the blood stream.
The mating behaviour of Zygocotyle lunata adults grown in mice
Authors: Nollen P.M.
Published: June 2009

Zygocotyle lunata adults grown in mice were treated in vitro with 3-H-adenosine to label sperm and then transplanted to the caecum of mice singly or with 6 to 8 unlabelled adults. After 6 to 10 days, worms were recovered, processed for autoradiography, and observed for radioactive sperm in their seminal receptacles. Adults would not incorporate radioactive thymidine into dividing cells. Tyrosine was utilized only by juvenile worms and then not enough to label germinal cells for mating studies. Four of 13 (31%) worms transplanted singly self-inseminated, whereas 9 of 10 (90%) labelled worms in multiple infections self-inseminated. When in groups, the labelled worms cross-inseminated with 14 of 43 (33%) unlabelled worms. This mating pattern was unrestricted in that both self- and cross-insemination took place in multiple infections, much like the mating pattern in another paramphistomatid, Megalodiscus temperatus, but unlike the restrictive pattern shown by three species of eyeflukes.
On the Life-History of Heterakis gallinœ
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

During the course of some experiments involving the Nematode worm Heterakis gallinæ, it became necessary to know the exact life history in order to interpret the results. On consulting the literature it became evident that the details of the life history had never been worked out accurately in either this worm or in any of its near relations. Further-more, there was considerable controversy on the subject. For this reason therefore the whole morphology and life history were investigated in detail and some interesting points came to light.
On the Nomenclature of the Vinegar Eelworm
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

This eelworm, only just visible to the naked eye, and quite common in vinegar in all parts of the world, has long been known to zoologists, and indeed was an object of keen interest and discussion to the naturalists of the seventeenth century. Petrus Borellus [3], for instance, enthusiastic over the recent adoption of the microscope for researches in natural history, published in 1656 his “Observationum Microcospicarum Centuria,” in which he leads off with a note “De Vermibus aceti.” In the twelfth edition of the “Systema Naturae” (1767), Linnaeus included a speciesredivivumin that final genus of the Regnum Animale so appropriately namedChaos. This species of animal he says, “Habitat in Aceto & Glutine Bibliopegorum.”.
On Arthrostoma felineum, gen. et sp. nov., a Parasite of Cats
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

This small species of Ankylostome worm was found in the small intestine of a golden cat (Felis temmincki) from Sumatra, in association with numerous specimens of Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense and Strongyloides sp. It has been experimentally transmitted to the domestic cat.

The cuticle shews not only transverse striations but numerous very fine longitudinal striations.

Like Ancylostoma, the body shews a distinct longitudinal torsion, and when the dorsal aspect of the cephalic opening is facing upwards, the posterior extremity is displaced laterally. The body is narrowed anteriorly, terminating in a pyriform buccal capsule which, as in Ancybostoma, opens dorsally. The anterior end does not form a hook– like bend as in Necator and forms allied to it.
On the Anatomy of the Vinegar Eelworm
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

In the extensive literature devoted to this worm axe many anatomical descriptions, the earlier of which are, according to modern standards, vague and superficial. But among recent authors de Man (1910) has given a full and illustrated account with detailed measurements of some forty specimens, an account to which it might seem difficult to add anything of importance. However, the present writer is preparing a paper on the bionomics of the worm, and therefore considers a brief anatomical description to be desirable, particularly as de Man's paper may not be easily accessible to those interested
Preliminary researches on Mustard as a factor inhibiting cyst-formation in Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the failure of the potato crops in South Lincolnshire in areas where the eelworm Heterodera schachtii was known to occur, investigations were undertaken by this Institute to determine to what extent the nematode was responsible for the losses incurred, and to discover some method for its control. This work was begun by Dr. D. O. Morgan in the autumn of 1924. In order to gain a general knowledge of the natural conditions under which the nematode occured, and to obtain some indication of the most promising lines on which fundamental research might be carried out, extensive field observations were made. By this meand much data was accumulated which has been of great service in the carrying out of later laboratory adn field studies.
On the Bionomics of Heterodera schachtii on Potatoes, with Special Reference to the Influence of Mustard on the Escape of the Larvae from the Cysts
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

A preliminary publication recording the discovery of mustard as a factor influencing the cyst formation of Heterodera schachtii, and describing various experiments to demonstrate the effects of this factor, has already been made. Mustard seedlings grown to a height of about three inches and then broken down in soil in which a potato plant was immediately thereafter grown, were found to exert some influence on the development of the nematode, which partially inhibited the formation of cysts on the roots of the potato plant. The reduction in the number of cysts developed on the roots of a plant so treated, as compared with a plant grown in infected soil without mustard, was found to average over 60 per cent.
A Contribution to the Experimental Study of the Life-histories of Hymenolepis fraterna Stiles, 1906, and Hymenolepis longior Baylis, 1922, in the Mouse
Authors: Scott H. Harold , Camb H.
Published: June 2009

Nicoll and Minchin gave an account in 1910, in the Abstract of Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, of their finding a Cysticercoid in the rat-flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, “very like the scolex of Hymenolepis murina Duj. … it [H. murina] was the only rat-tapeworm to which the Cysticercoid could be referred.”
On Gaigeria pachyscelis Railliet and Henry, 1910, a nematode parasite of Ruminants
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

This parasite was described in 1910 by Railliet and Henry from material sent to them by Gaiger from India. Gaiger, in 1911, published a translation of the original description, together with some figures. In 1916, Gedoelst reported its occurrence in the Belgian Congo, but without adding to the description of the worm.
Some Observations on Gape-worm in Poultry and Game Birds
Authors: Morgan D. O , Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

In the literature which deals with the gape-worm, Syngamus trachea, found commonly in England, its presence has been recorded from a fair variety of birds. It has been found several times in the starling—Nathusius (1837), Megnin (1883) and, among others, by Lewis (1925). Dujardin records having found it in the magpie, Corvus pica, (1845) Megnin (1883) found it in the swift (cypselus apus), green woodpecker (Picus viridis), black stork (Ciconia nigra) and in the pheasant and partridge. It has further been recovered by Lewis (1925) from the rook (Corvus frugilegus), thrush (Turdus musicus) and jay (Garrulus glandarius), while in the Ministry of Agriculture Leaflet No. 58, the sparrow and linnet are also cited as being occasional hosts, and Walker (1886) has found it in the robin. The present writers have found a closely related species, S. merulae (Baylis, 1926) in the tracheae of four blackbirds which came into the laboratory during the summer. Though these birds seem to be only occasional hosts, most of the authors stating that the infections occurred only in young birds while the adults are comparatively free from this worm, yet a high percentage of young birds are frequently found to be carrying this parasite: for instance, Elton and Buckland (1928) in a batch of 33 young rooks obtained from the Oxford district, found 31 infected, while of 8 old birds only four were infected and these only lightly. Lewis in 1926 found 35 per cent. of a sample of starlings infected but he did not notice the age of the birds. Morgan examined two nests of young starlings and found that all of one batch harboured S. trachea. He suggests that they may have become infected from the earthworms brought in by the parent birds as food.
On the Development, in Culicoides furens Poey, of Filaria (= Mansonella) ozzardi Manson, 1897
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The life-cycle of Filaria ozzardi was studied in St. Vincent, B.W.I.

2. Culicoides furens Poey, a common sandfly in Calliaqua, where a 37·7% human infection was found, was used in the experimental infections.

3. Two hundred sand-flies, collected at Calliaqua, were given an infective feed of blood of F. ozzardi carriers. Of these flies, fifty-five, i.e., 27·5%, were subsequently found to be infected with developing stages of the parasite. The ingested microfilariae migrated within 24 hours to the thorax, where the entire morphological development takes place. In flies which were kept alive for seven or eight days, advanced stages were found in the thorax and head, and their emergence from the proboscis was induced by slight pressure on the head.

4. The development in the sandfly consists of a metamorphosis from the 1st stage or “sausage” larva to a 2nd stage larva during the first 3 to 4 days, and from this stage to a 3rd stage or infective larva on the fifth or sixth day. Two ecdyses occur during these metamorphoses, which are discussed in relation to the other human filarial parasites.

5. Five per cent. of C. furens caught at Calliaqua were found to be naturally infected with developing larvae, apparently F. ozzardi.

6. The possibility that C. paraensis, another species in Calliaqua, may also act as a vector, is not excluded.
On cyst-like bodies, resembling cysts of Heterodera schachtii of common occurrence in British Soils
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

In 1928 a description of the morphology of three strains of Heterodera schachtii attacking beet, oats and potatoes respectively, was published in the Journal of Helminthology by the present writer. This was followed in 1929 by a second publication in which the morphology of strains of the nematode attacking beet, oats, hops, mangolds and potatoes were described. In the earlier paper it was noted that cysts of the potato-strain in Hertfordshire were smaller both in average and maximum dimensions than were cysts in soil from South Lincolnshire. The Hertfordshire land had been infected by the addition of South Lincolnshire soil and the reduction in cyst-size occurred in adjacent portions of the plot to which the infection had spread during the cultivation of two successive potato crops. It was concluded that this decrease in size was a reaction to the difference in soil type, possibly associated with available oxygen.
Calcium Cyanamide and other Artificial Fertilisers in the Treatment of Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

During the course of experimental work on the factors governing the escape of larvae from the cysts of Heterodera schachtii, a preliminary series of experiments was carried out to determine whether the admixture of artificial fertilisers with infected soil modified in any way the rate of hatching of the larvae. It was thought possible, firstly, that some form of fertiliser might have a lethal effect on the cyst contents or on the larvae during their passage through the soil before they succeeded in entering the roots of the host; secondly, that the fertiliser or its break-down products in soil might neutralise or retard the action of potato-root excretion, which normally stimulates the larvae to escape from the cysts and attracts them towards the roots of the plant; or thirdly, that the larvae might be stimulated to hatch to some extent even in the absence of the host-plant.
Paronchocerca ciconiarumn.g., n.sp. from the Saddle-billed Stork in West Africa
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

At the post mortem examination of a Saddle-billed Stork which died at the London Zoological Gardens, filarial worms were found in the heart and pulmonary artery. These parasites were forwarded for identification to Prof. R. T. Leiper, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining and reporting upon the filariid and for assistance regarding the relevant literature.
The Action of Certain Halogen Compounds on the Potato Eelworm, Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Smedley Enid M.
Published: June 2009

Considerable work has been done in Germany in recent years on the use of bleaching powder in controlling the sugar-beet strain of the nematode Heterodera schachtii. Laboratory work with a view to discovering the manner in which the chemical affects the nematode has been carried on extensively for some years by Molz, who concludes that the nematodes are stimulated to hatch by the supply of an abundance of oxygen, and are furthermore thigmotactically attracted and killed, so that, in the absence of suitable host plants, a large proportion of the nematode population may be destroyed.
Some Experiments and Observations on the Longevity of Diphyllobothrium Infections
Authors: Leiper R. T.
Published: June 2009

In an article on “The Longevity of Diphyllobothrium latum” published in 1935 in the “Recueil des Travaux dédié au 25-me Anniversaire Scientifique du Professeur Eugène Paviosky 1909−1934”, it is suggested that present day conceptions regarding the longevity of this parasite are erroneous and that multiple successive infections are frequently attributed to a single long-lived specimen. Ward gives a detailed review and analysis of the evidence hitherto published both in general works and special monographs and cites as specially important the history of the occurrence of this species on the North American continent. He points out that the age of the parasite is regularly based on the statement that the host had not been in an infected region for the period indicated. To this statement, Ward puts forward the objections that the distribution of the parasite and the natural occurrence of plerocercoid carrying fish are far more extensive than was formerly suspected and, further, that infected fish are distributed commercially as food to regions far outside their natural area of distribution. He also refers to certain records which seem to indicate that there is a “period of inactivity” during the adult life of the parasite and suggests that its alleged occurrence throws doubt upon the supposed longevity of the parasite. In support of this contention, he cites, as a typical instance, a case of human infection with Diphyllobothrium latum reported by me (Leiper, 1928) as a “cryptic infection”; regarding which he erroneously states that I believed was “latent” for 5 years.
Observations on the Epidemiology of Parasitic Gastro-enteritis in Calves
Authors: Michel J. F.
Published: June 2009

Over a period of seven years several series of observations were made on infestations of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora on the herbage of pastures grazed by calves. A regular seasonal pattern was revealed. The concentration of larvae on the herbage falls to a low level in spring. Susceptible calves turned out at this time may begin to contaminate the pasture in mid-May but it is not until July that the infestation on the herbage increases significantly. Generally the increase is to a high level which is maintained with little change until the following spring.

Evidence is presented which indicates that contamination of the pasture in the first half of the grazing season is far more effective in the production of an infestation on the herbage than is contamination in the second half of the season.

In a discussion of the epidemiology of parasitic gastro-enteritis the formerly accepted view, that clinical helminthiasis results from a continuous build-up of infection in the calves and on the pasture is rejected. It appears that the parasites complete little more than one generation each year.

The results of these observations suggest a simple and widely applicable means of controlling parasitic gastro-enteritis in calves.
The Genus Proteocephalus in the Netherlands
Authors: Willemse J. J.
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals with investigations on the occurrence in Netherlands' fresh water fishes and host specificity of tapeworms belonging to the genus Proteocephalus. The species involved are:

P. tetrastomus (Rudoiphi, 1810) in smelt, Osmerus eperlanus.

P. longicollis (Zeder, 1800) in smelt, Osmerus eperlanus.

P. cernuae (Gmelin, 1790) in pope, Acerina cernua.

P. ocellatus (Rudolphi, 1802) in perch, Perca fluviatilis.

P. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825) in eel, Anguilla anguilla.

Seasonal cycles were found in P. telrastomus and P. ocellalus; in the latter species this was certainly induced by low winter temperatures.

Experimental infections showed that a high degree of host specificity exists in all species considered. Infections of an alien host were never successful. Two kinds of infections were carried out: (a) feeding plerocercoids (in the intermediate host), coming from a known source, to a number of fishes, belonging to several species including the original host species, and (b) transplanting worms, collected from the intestine of a fish, to the intestines of a number of other fishes, belonging to several species including the original host species.

Notwithstanding the high degree of host specificity, worms may survive for one or two days, but usually in a bad condition, in the intestine of an alien host. Occasionally they survived up to 14 days: e.g. P. tetratomus in Anguilla anguilla. Consequently sometimes dissections of predator fishes or carrion eating fishes may produce dubious host records because actually Proteocephalus from their prey are recorded. We are convinced that P. tetrastomus found in Salmo trutta, Platichihys flesus and Perca fluviatilis originate from Osmerus eperlanus having been eaten by these species.

Additionally cannibalism may be responsible for the fact that large specimens of some fish species, e.g. smelt, are heavily infected with Proteocephalus while they hardly eat any Cyclops, the intermediate host. This is clearly demonstrated by the transplantation experiments, transplanting worms to the proper host.

From the data recorded it is apparent that representatives of the genus Proteocephalus are not harmful to commercially important fishes in the Netherlands. In these fishes natural infection with the proper species of Proteocephalus is low and successful infection with other species, showing a high incidence in less valuable fishes, is prevented by the high degree of host specificity. Additionally worms of the species studied did not injure the tissues of the intestinal wall by the action of their suckers and piercing of the intestinal wall never occurred. Even smelts infected with large numbers of worms-more than 50 in a single 20 cm. specimen-did not show any abnormalities in genital development or in the amount of fat in the body cavity.