bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Психологическое сопровождение людей с деменцией при болезни Альцгеймера
Authors: Митус О.Д. , Гильванова К.М.
Published: July 2021

В данной статье представлены разные взгляды на изучение клиникопсихологического сопровождения людей с болезнью Альцгеймера. Рассматриваются теоретические аспекты в области данной тематики, ее теории развития. Данная статья направлена не только на теоретическое обоснование имеющихся концепций, а также изучение ранее предложенных стратегий сопровождения пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера. В работе широко представлены диагностические материалы и практический опыт работы с пациентами. В заключении сделаны выводы.
No One is on My Side: The Role of Abuse in Eating Disorders
Authors: Seijo N.
Published: July 2021

Eating disorders are considered some of the most difficult to treat and have the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders (Agras, 2001). Among them, anorexia nervosa is one of the psychiatric diagnoses with the highest mortality rate (Arcelus et al., 2011). In a longitudinal study conducted by Bulkin et al. (2007) from 1980 to 2005, it was found that applying medication and working with behavior yielded inconclusive results (Openshaw, et al. 2004). If eating disorders were solely dependent on food, it would make sense that changing eating behaviors makes it easier to get out of the disorder. Unfortunately, however, this is often not the case. The clinical case presented here is a clear example of the relationship between eating disorders and trauma, particularly sexual, emotional, power, and physical abuse.
Отношения молодого поколения к казахстанским молодежным объединениям
Authors: Калиева Ж.А. , Узакова С.А. , Балжанова Г.Ж.
Published: July 2021

В статье по результатам анализа общественного мнения молодежи выделяются три подхода в развитию молодежных организаций – как политико-идеологической структуры (доминантный), как социального механизма социализации, и как ответа на проблемы, потребности и запросы молодежи. Вместе с тем, исследование позволило выявить четыре модели отношения казахстанской молодежи к своим объединениям: 1) активистско - конформистское, ориентированное на достижение успеха в рамках социальных норм (каждый пятый казахстанец); 2) радикально-протестное (1-2%); 3) пассивное большинство; 4) абсентеистское (около 20%). Самый значительный сегмент (большинство опрошенных) молодежи демонстрирует ее пассивность, которая объясняется слабостью развития институтов парламентской демократии, и особенностями политического режима, в рамках которого политическим партиям и молодежным объединениям отводится очень скромное место в системе принятия государственных решений.
Erythrocyte Plasmalemma and Its Changes During the Cell Lifespan
Authors: Boronikhina T. V. , Lomanovskaya T. A. , Yatskovskii A. N.
Published: July 2021

The article reviews literature on the organization of the erythrocyte plasmalemma and its rearrangements at different periods of the cell lifespan. In the absence of a nucleus and organelles, the plasmalemma is the only structural element of erythrocytes involved in all processes of their vital activity. The plasmalemma supports the disk-like shape of the erythrocyte, provides its ability to reversible deformation, maintains intracellular homeostasis, participates in gas transport and energy metabolism, also transfers hormones, enzymes, antibodies, medicines and other substances on its surface. The polyfunctionality of the plasmalemma is provided by the peculiarities of its lipid, protein, and carbohydrate composition, as well as by the presence of a unique cytoskeleto n, morphologically associated with the erythrocyte membrane. The plasmalemma has the substantial modifications during the erythrocyte lifespan, namely, in maturation of reticulocytes, in the processes of functioning, aging, and cell death. Biochemical  rearrangements  of  the  plasmalemma  serve  as  triggers  for  events  such  as  membrane  vesiculation, eryptosis,  and  elimination  of  senescent  erythrocytes  by  macrophages.  Age-related  changes  in  the  erythrocyte plasmalemma  are  adoptive  in  nature  and  aimed  at  maintaining  cellular  homeostasis  and  functional  activity  of these formed elements during a four-month stay in the bloodstream.
Medical instruments in Imperial Russia: from a blacksmith to a factory for medical instruments, headed by a leading surgeon N.L. Bidloo
Authors: Hendriks I. F. , Yastrebinskii G. B. , Zhuravlev D. A. , Boer F. , Gaivoronskii I. V. , Hogendoorn P. C. W.
Published: July 2021

The two Grand Embassies to Europe and his view on the world helped Peter the Great to start reforms.Already as a child, he had abroad interest in medicine. Peter often followed a two-track policy. One for immediate application in the current practice and one for the development of specialists in collaboration with science. Peter established a medico-surgical hospital school in Moscow to prepare the students to become doctor medicinae and learn to make their own medical instruments along the line of the Leiden medical school. In Saint Pe tersburg, he opened a navy and an army hospital, intended to train students as a barber-surgeon for the army and navy. Also in Saint Petersburg Peter built the first factory for "mass" production to provide the military with medical instruments.His successors followed his two-track policy. Catherine the Great started to merge the two tracks. During the reign of Tsar Aleksander I and his brother Nicholas I, the merger came together and was further developed. They understood that strong cooperation between a physician and a designer is essential to create and produce useful medical instruments. If correctly designed, medical instruments and devices increase safety for the patient. We will shed light on the development and manufacture of medical instruments and appliances in Imperial Russia, an underdeveloped subject in the world medical history.
(Nie)planowane (nie)powroty Ukraińców pracujących w Polsce w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Czynniki warunkujące przeobrażenia migracji czasowych w osiadłe
Authors: Zielińska Maria , Szaban Dorota
Published: July 2021

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest podjęcie próby odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, co może spowodować przeobrażenia migracji czasowych Ukraińców przebywających w Polsce w pobyty stałe/migracje osiadłe; jakiego rodzaju „kotwice” są potrzebne (i realizowane) w procesie przekształcania się charakteru i wzoru migracji? Empiryczną podstawę do realizacji tak postawionego celu daje 36 wywiadów przeprowadzonych wśród obywateli ukraińskich zatrudnionych w Polsce w 2019 r. Teoretycznej inspiracji dostarczyła koncepcja społecznego zakotwiczania, która odnosi się do procesu poszukiwania życiowych punktów oparcia – kotwic, pozwalających jednostkom na osiągnięcie psychospołecznej stabilizacji i na efektywne funkcjonowanie w nowych warunkach.
Charakterystyka ruchu turystycznego w wybranych skansenach w Polsce
Authors: Stasiak Andrzej
Published: July 2021

W artykule zaprezentowano krótką charakterystykę ruchu turystycznego w wybranych polskich skansenach. Analiza porównawcza dotyczy takich cech ruchu turystycznego, jak: wielkość, struktura i sezonowość frekwencji, a także zasięg przestrzennego oddziaływania poszczególnych placówek.
Wybrane problemy rozwoju turystyki w Krakowie u progu XXI wieku
Authors: Kurek Włodzimierz , Faracik Robert
Published: July 2021

Początek XXI w. przyniósł znaczące zmiany w przebiegu zjawisk turystycznych w Polsce. Do głębokich przeobrażeń przestrzenno-funkcjonalnych pod wpływem turystyki dochodzi w dużych miastach. Kraków jako ośrodek turystyczny podlega procesowi intensywnego rozwoju turystycznego zarówno z punktu widzenia ruchu turystycznego, jak i bazy turystycznej. Tradycyjny ośrodek krajoznawczej turystyki krajowej zmienia współcześnie charakter w kierunku wielofunkcyjnego centrum turystyki międzynarodowej.
​​Effect of Hermetic Storage on Seed Quality Maintenance of Dolichos Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) var Typicus Prain]
Authors: Vanitha K. , Saidaiah P. , Harikishan S. , Geetha A. , Reddy K. Ravinder
Published: July 2021

Background: Dolichos bean is one of the important vegetable legume crops. During storage, protection of seed from bruchid attack is a major problem worldwide. Once the bruchid attacks, the extent of damage could be up to 100%, leading to both quantitative and qualitative loss by making it unfit for consumption. Existing traditional methods are less effective or impractical and the use of chemical methods can be harmful to the farmers and consumers. So, there is urgent need of hermetic storage method for seed quality maintenance. Keeping in view, the present study was carried out to investigate on hermetic storage practices for seed quality maintenance. Methods: Triple-layer PICS technology, a chemical-free hermetic storage was evaluated for storage of dolichos bean to moisture content, germination and quality. Four different types of storage bags viz., jute bags, polythene bags, triple layer PICS bags and jute bags treated with chlorpyrifos were used for evaluating their efficacy in managing dolichos bean seed attributes. The data on various parameters pertaining to seed characteristics and changes in biochemical composition of dolichos bean seeds stored in different bags was recorded at every two month intervals for 3 times (2,4, and 6 months) by using standard protocols. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) was used for the data analysis. The data was subjected to statistical analysis as per the methods suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985). Result: Results on moisture content showed that, in case of storage in PICS bags, there was no decrease in seed moisture content at 2, 4 and 6 months respectively and germination percent in triple-layer PICS bag at 2, 4 and 6 months storage was highest among all bag types. Test weight (g), protein content (%) and carbohydrate content (%) at 2, 4 and 6 months storage respectively were higher in triple layer PICS bag. The mean fat content recorded was highest in jute bag (1.25%) and lowest in triple layer PICS bag (0.63%). Our study concludes that the triple layer PICS bags hermetic technology is efficient in managing maintaining same level of moisture content percent, germination percent and test weight compared to other bags over 3 different periods of storage. The triple layer PICS bags are also highly useful for retaining carbohydrate percent and protein percent at almost the same levels compared to initial values.
​Effects of Microbial Fertilizer and Vermicompost Applications on the Yield and Yield Related Parameters of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) under Eastern Mediterranean Highland Agroclimatic Conditions
Authors: Uçar Özge
Published: July 2021

Background: This study was conducted to determine the effects of microbial fertilizer and vermicompost applications on the yield and yield related parameters of broad beans (Vicia faba L.) under zero chemical fertilizer applied conditions. Trial area was a highland remote to sea under Mediterranean climate in South Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. It is located in fertile crescent and 180 km away to Karacadag Mountains (Diyarbakir) where Einkorn wheat (Aegilops monococcum L.) was first cultivated in history approximately ten thousand years ago. The broad bean was also among the founder crops of the Near East including the trial location. Methods: Rhizobium leguminosarum inoculant were used as microbial fertilizer in the experiments. Applied vermicompost doses were 0, 400, 800 and 1200 kg ha-1. The trials was conducted for two years and replicated thrice in a randomized block deign. Conclusion: Application of vermicompost was found significantly effective on the plant height, first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 grain weight and grain yield. Aapplication of 800 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 vermicompost along with Rhizobium leguminosarum inoculation was found superior for grain yield.
Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Mediated Amelioration of Lead (Pb) Stress- Physiological Indices of Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
Authors: Saleem Sana , Yasin Ghulam , Haq Ikram Ul , Altaf Adeela , Hussain Khalid , Nawaz Khalid
Published: July 2021

Background: Heavy metals have their adverse effects on growth and physiology of plant. Plant growth regulators help in improving the growth and physiological phenomenon in plants. A pot culture experiment was devised to explore the ameliorative potential of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) for toxicity of rhizospheric lead (Pb) on two varieties of Mung bean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wickzek]. Methods: Seeds of two varieties i.e., M- 8 and MN-92 were grown in earthen pots filled with sandy loam soil and were arranged under complete randomization. Fifteen days after germination, the lead (Pb) was added @ 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg soil as solution Pb NO3. Indole Acetic Acid @100.0mM was foliarly sprayed twice at 15 and 30 days of plants emergence. Physiological parameters i.e., Photosynthetic Rate, Transpiration Rate, Stomatal conductance, Sub Stomatal CO2 Concentration and biomass production in the form of stem, root and leaf dry weights were determined at the age of physiological maturity for three replicates. Result: By application of IAA, photostnthetic rate reduction was declined from 24.61% to 17.78% under 10mg Pb stress and from 55.54% to 27.35% under 20mg Pb stress. Stomatal conductance reduction was declined from 0.56% to 0.28% under 10mg Pb stress and from 3.37% to 1.68% under 20mg Pb stress. Alleviation of Pb stress by IAA for transpiration rate was non significant. Similarly, the role of IAA for alleviation of Pb stress in term of dry weights of stem,root and leaves were non significant statistically.
Training Underrepresented Early-Career Faculty in Cardiovascular Health Research during COVID -19: Structural Inequities and Health Disparity
Authors: Diallo Ana F. , Alabi Olamide , Groves Angela , Johnson Amber E. , Okoro Florence , Ramos S. Raquel , Nelson Rochelle K. , Boutjdir Mohamed
Published: July 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted race-based health disparities and structural racism in the United States. Enhancing the training of early-career academic and health scientists from underrepresented minority groups (URM) is critical to reduce disparities affecting underserved population groups. A dedicated training program that has been proven to support URM can facilitate career development for junior faculty during the pandemic. This critical support ensures the retention of talented, racially diverse junior faculty who are poised to mitigate struc­tural racism, rather than perpetuate it. We describe how the Cardiovascular Disease Programs to Increase Diversity Among Indi­viduals Engaged in Health-Related Research (PRIDE-CVD) summer institute successfully transitioned from a face-to-face format to a virtual format during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, early-career faculty continued to receive the PRIDE-CVD train­ing on research methodology, grantsman­ship, career development, and CVD health disparities, especially as related to the pandemic. In addition, the virtual format facilitated networking, promoted mental wellness, and allowed continual mentor­ship. Collectively, the program provided timely and relevant career development in the COVID-19 era and helped partici­pants navigate the psychosocial challenges of being a URM in cardiovascular health research.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):411-416; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.411
Neighborhood-level Asian American Populations, Social Determinants of Health, and Health Outcomes in 500 US Cities
Authors: Spoer Ben R. , Juul Filippa , Hsieh Pei Yang , Thorpe Lorna E. , Gourevitch Marc N. , Yi Stella
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The US Asian American (AA) population is projected to double by 2050, reaching ~43 million, and currently resides primarily in urban areas. Despite this, the geographic distribution of AA subgroup populations in US cities is not well-characterized, and social determinants of health (SDH) and health measures in places with significant AA/AA subgroup populations have not been described. Our research aimed to: 1) map the geographic distribution of AAs and AA subgroups at the city- and neighborhood- (census tract) level in 500 large US cities (population ≥66,000); 2) characterize SDH and health outcomes in places with significant AA or AA subgroup populations; and 3) compare SDH and health outcomes in places with significant AA or AA subgroup populations to SDH and health outcomes in places with significant non-Hispanic White (NHW) populations.Methods: Maps were generated using 2019 Census 5-year estimates. SDH and health outcome data were obtained from the City Health Dashboard, a free online data platform providing more than 35 measures of health and health drivers at the city and neighborhood level. T-tests compared SDH (unemployment, high-school completion, childhood poverty, income inequality, racial/ ethnic segregation, racial/ethnic diversity, percent uninsured) and health outcomes (obesity, frequent mental distress, cardiovas­cular disease mortality, life expectancy) in cities/neighborhoods with significant AA/AA subgroup populations to SDH and health outcomes in cities/neighborhoods with sig­nificant NHW populations (significant was defined as top population proportion quin­tile). We analyzed AA subgroups including Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Other AA.Results: The count and proportion of AA/ AA subgroup populations varied sub­stantially across and within cities. When comparing cities with significant AA/AA subgroup populations vs NHW populations, there were few meaningful differences in SDH and health outcomes. However, when comparing neighborhoods within cities, areas with significant AA/AA subgroup vs NHW populations had less favorable SDH and health outcomes.Conclusion: When comparing places with significant AA vs NHW populations, city-level data obscured substantial variation in neighborhood-level SDH and health outcome measures. Our findings empha­size the dual importance of granular spatial and AA subgroup data in assessing the influence of SDH in AA populations.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):433-444; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.433
Calidad de vida laboral y Motivación laboral en trabajadores de una empresa avícola peruana
Authors:   , Olivera Gal'Lino Lía Valeria María
Published: July 2021

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación existente entre las dimensiones de Calidad de vida laboral y las dimensiones de Motivación laboral en trabajadores de una empresa avícola peruana. Para ello, se aplicó el cuestionario CVT-Gohisalo y el cuestionario de Motivación laboral de Steers y Braunstein en una muestra de 179 trabajadores de una empresa avícola privada. Entre los resultados se obtuvo correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones de Calidad de vida laboral y las dimensiones de Motivación laboral. Asimismo, se encontró diferencias significativas en las dimensiones de Soporte institucional, Bienestar logrado a través del trabajo y Desarrollo personal, según género y en las dimensiones de Bienestar logrado a través del trabajo y Administración del tiempo libre, según sede de trabajo.
Improper Multivariate Receiver Operating Characteristic (iMROC) Curve
Authors: Balaswamy S , V. Vardhan R , Sameera G
Published: July 2021

In a multivariate setup, the classification techniques have its significance in identifying the exact status of the individual/observer along with accuracy of the test. One such classification technique is the Multivariate Receiver Operating Characteristic (MROC) Curve. This technique is well known to explain the extent of correct classification with the curve above the random classifier (guessing line) when it satisfies all of its properties especially the property of increasing likelihood ratio function. However, there are circumstances where the curve violates the above property. Such a curve is termed as improper curve. This paper demonstrates the methodology of improperness of the MROC Curve and ways of measuring it. The methodology is explained using real data sets.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Gastrointestinal Involvement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Monica Moryella , Kurniawan Andree
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) toward the end of January 2020. There is still limited evidence to explain the gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to further investigate current evidence describing the gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181584). A systematic search of literature for observational and randomized controlled trial was conducted in PubMed, PubMed central, and Google Scholar through April 16, 2020. Two reviewers independently searched and selected. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment tool.

Results: A total of 1,480 articles were screened from which 12 articles with 5584 subjects were selected. SARS-CoV-2 can invade human body by binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor which also located to small intestinal epithelial cells, crypt cells and colon. The virus itself may cause disorders of the intestinal flora. The diagnosis should be based on a set of symptoms diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort or pain, combined with positivity of faecal PCR test. Treatment of COVID-19 mainly is supportive care. The probiotic may modulate the gut microbiota to alter the gastrointestinal symptoms and reduced enteritis, ventilator associated pneumonia, and reverse certain side effect of antibiotics.

Conclusion: Our synthesis of literature showed that there was no good evidence yet in overall area of gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19. Future research is needed to explore all areas, especially in mechanism and treatments
Late Intra-Uterine Fetal Demise with Fetal Hydrops: Challenges of Management Planning in Indonesia
Authors: Hermawan Gezta Nasafir , Wibisono Jacobus Jeno , Nainggolan Julita D.L.
Published: July 2021

Intra-Uterine Fetal Demise (IUFD) is defined as death of human conception at age of 20 weeks’ gestation or older or with a minimum 500-g birthweight before complete delivery from the mother and induced termination involved. In 2015, Indonesia has contributed a stillbirth rate of 13 out of 1,000 total births in which 17.1% of the cases were caused by congenital anomalies. Fetal Hydrops as a pathological condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in fetal soft tissues and serous cavities. With the advancements of sonographic technology, identification of fetal hydrops has become uncomplicated. However, what remains a challenge is to investigate etiology and determine management. In order to plan proper management, the etiology of fetal hydrops must first be determined to predict the prognosis of fetal hydrops. In Indonesia; limited facilities and experts combined with high costs in etiology determination and management have complicated the matter. Furthermore, the strong influence of several Eastern communities’ norms and religious views have further complicated both physicians and patients in decision making. In this report, we present a case of late intra-uterine fetal demise with fetal hydrops, whom was admitted on her 35 weeks age gestation. We performed elective Caesarean Section in order to deliver the stillborn fetus, with no significant post-operative complication. Unfortunately, this condition was actually diagnosed earlier during 20th weeks of gestation, hence advised to continue the pregnancy without further evaluation and information to the mother regarding the hydrops condition.
Correlation Between Aphasia in Stroke Patients and Severe Depression of Family Members as Primary Caregivers.
Authors: Gunawan Pricilla Yani , Iswara Kalista Ardelia
Published: July 2021

Background and Objective: Stroke is a disease with an increasing annual prevalence. One of the most frequent clinical manifestation seen in stroke patients is aphasia which greatly affects the patient’s ability to communicate. The burden and the pressure of taking care of the patient placed on the family members often results in psychological impacts such as depression.  We intend to know the association between aphasia in stroke patients with severe depression on family members. 

Methodology: This was a cross sectional study, using an unpaired categorical comparative analysis. Inclusion criteria were family members of patients with and without aphasia. Patients and caregivers who gave their consent verbally were guided to fill in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale questionnaire. The association between aphasia status and the depression scale was analyzed using Chi-Square.

Results:  Out of 54 respondents included in the study, there were 25 caregivers (46,3%) taking care stroke patients without aphasia, and 29 caregivers (53,7) taking care stroke patients with aphasia. As much as35 (64.8%) were categorized as normal- moderate level of depression and 19 (35.2%) categorized as major depression. From those with major depression, 14 (73.7%) were found in the aphasic group and 5 were in the non-aphasia group. Chi-Square analysis shows a significant correlation [P=0.03; OR=3.73 (1.1-12.7)] between aphasia in stroke patients and severe depression of the caregivers.

Conclusion: There is a significant association between aphasia in stroke patients and the incidence of severe depression on their caregivers.
PARQUE URBANO: PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA UNIDADE DE CONSERVAÇÃO PARQUE DA JAQUEIRA, RECIFE-PERNAMBUCO
Authors: Barbosa Marilene Vieira , Costa Ana Márcia Moura da , Santos Luana Cândido dos , De Santana Valdilene Valdice , Souza Amanda Cristina Perboire Emerenciano de
Published: July 2021

A problemática socioambiental tem evidenciado a importância de ações de proteção à natureza que considere a sociedade como parte do processo de planejamento e gestão, sendo o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, importante ferramenta na implantação destas. Os Parques Urbanos constituem de espaço natural protegido, dispondo, geralmente, de estrutura para realização de diversas atividades contribuindo para o bem-estar das pessoas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a percepção socioambiental de frequentadores do Parque da Jaqueira na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco. Por meio de uma abordagem qualiquantitativa, foram aplicados 70 questionários semiestruturados. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com a metodologia de Análise do conteúdo. Os entrevistados possuíam idades entre 18 a 64 anos, 74,3% já ouviram falar sobre Unidades de Conservação e as descreveram como espaço com elementos naturais sem interferência humana que devem ser protegidas, 47,8% relataram desconhecer que o Parque se trata de Unidade de Conservação. A infraestrutura e atividades realizadas no Parque foram apontadas como principais atrativos. Notou-se que apesar dos diferentes significados apresentados para natureza e Unidades de Conservação, se entende a importância da proteção e influência destas na qualidade de vida da população e preservação do meio ambiente.
USO DE BIOINDICADORES NO MONITORAMENTO DA QUALIDADE DO AR “INDOOR” NUMA PLANTA DE TRATAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DE SAÚDE
Authors: Irazusta Silvia Pierre , Asano Ligia Miyiuki Nagao , Teixeira Elisabeth Pelosi , Balsamo Paulo José , Degasperi Francisco Tadeu
Published: July 2021

A emissão de poluentes atmosféricos acima de concentrações-limite denomina-se poluição atmosférica, que pode ser encontrada, inclusive, em ambientes ocupacionais, cujas concentrações podem ser superiores às de áreas abertas, pela ausência de sistemas de ventilação adequados. A partir de uma situação problema numa planta de tratamento de resíduos de saúde suspeitou-se da possibilidade de exposição ocupacional a vapores tóxicos. O objetivo foi avaliar, por meio de bioindicadores o potencial risco à saúde dos trabalhadores e a T. pallida foi usada como bioindicador de mutagênese. As plantas foram cultivadas em condições controladas e colocadas em 5 pontos escolhidos dentro da planta de tratamento de resíduos durante 30 dias. Observou-se atividade mutagênica nas plantas expostas, principalmente no ponto próximo à saída de vapores da autoclave. Os resultados ressaltam a importância de se realizar o monitoramento do ambiente de trabalho e oscuidados devem anteceder a planta de tratamento, pois a presença de compostos químicos denota falhas de segregação na origem.
The analysis of the possibilities of fulfillment of EU carbon dioxide emission requirements through non-construction methods
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , RADZIMIRSKI Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents comparison of new emission legislation related to vehicles of homologation category M and N introduced in the EU in recent years with the currently applicable regulations. The structure and form of the new legislation has been discussed along with the principles of new division of vehicles into light duty and heavy-duty vehicles. The authors put emphasis on the vehicle control in terms of emissions and emission related parameters (fuel consumption, engine power output, exhaust opacity).
Numerical study of EGR effects on the combustion process parameters in HCCI engines
Authors: JAMROZIK Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

One of the main problems in the HCCI engine is the control and operation of the combustion process. At present the primary method of control of the combustion process in an HCCI engine system is EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The paper presents the results of three-dimensional modeling of combustion in a single-cylinder HCCI engine powered with DMEfuel with a cooled external EGR. 3D modeling was performed in A VL Fire code. This -work investigates the effects of EGR rate on the basic combustion parameters including start of the ignition (SOI), burn duration (BD), indicated pressure (pj and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. The modeling results show that increasing of the EGR rate in HCCI engine can delay the start of ignition (SOI) effectively and leads to a prolongation of the burn duration (BD). Delayed ignition in the HCCI engine through EGR, can provide similar performance (p) compared to conventional CI engine and at the same timeprovide a significant reduction in NOx emissions.
Research into diesel particulate filter passive regeneration under operating conditions
Authors: ZAIGRAYEV Leonid , SHEKHOVTSOV Yury , IGNATOV Oleg
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the design procedure and results of computational and theoretical research of passive regeneration of the diesel soot filter with a catalytic coating at different operation diesel modes. As the parameters of regeneration the accumulation rate of the filter, burning rate of soot and the maximum filter temperature have been selected. The equations for parameters represent a function of engine speed and its power, flow and temperature of the exhaust gases, and the mass of soot accumulated in the filter.
Analysis of current and future trends in automotive emissions, fuels, lubricants and test methods
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

BOSMAL hosted the 2nd International Exhaust Emissions Symposium, entitled Current and future trends in automotive emissions, fuels, lubricants and test methods, which featured a total of eighteen presentations from experts on automotive emissions and aftertreatment and the fuel and lubricant industries. The symposium’s technical programme consisted of two keynote lectures and four themed presentation sessions. The symposium also featured the opening of new engine test cells at BOSMAL. The entire event was an unqualified success, building on the achievements of thepreviousyear’s event. Some of the most important trends mentioned during the symposium included: changes to test procedures to reflect the challenge of quantifying ever decreasing emission levels, as well as measuring new compounds, the continued key role of catalytic aftertreatment systems in achieving low emission levels of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter, and the potential rolefor electrified powertrains and alternative fuels from various sources to meet our transportation energy needs over the coming decades.
The production of effective power from a vehicle engine waste heat
Authors: KNEBA Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper presents an overview of selected items of literature related to the possible use of the heat from a vehicle engine exhaust that is normally released to the environment. Systems of new standards, still on the testing stage not currently in use have been analyzed. The disadvantages such as large mass and high costs of the steam systems have been indicated. Thermo-generators, in turn, are characterized by low electric power per unit weight. In the last chapter the authors discuss the accumulation of heat in order to reduce the engine warm-up time.
Stationary simulation tests of exhaust emission in dynamic tests for Diesel engines with various applications
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The significant problem of evaluation of effective properties of Diesel engines, including, among others, ecological
properties, is adoption of conditions of engine operation corresponding to conditions of use in testing procedures. The
paper presents examples of stationary tests simulating the American dynamic test, i.e. Heavy Duty–Diesel–Transient–
Test (HD–D–T–T). An engine with self-ignition and direct injection was tested during dynamic tests, i.e. HD–D–T–T and
during stationary tests simulating HD–D–T–T. Results of the tests were analysed. The authors found high sensitivity of
results of ecological tests on engine properties to conditions of tests as well as criteria of similarity of engine test conditions
to conditions of operation of the engines. It was found that in relation to Diesel engines with other than vehicle
applications, i.e. which are less commonly used than in automotive industry, it is necessary to prepare statistics of the
results of research test synthesis.
On-board diagnostic system for vehicle state assessment
Authors: BOGUŚ Piotr , GRZESZCZYK Rafał , MERKISZ Jerzy , WRONA Adam
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a concept of an on-board diagnostic system for the assessment of vehicle state in critical situation.
A vehicle state assessment is done by an analysis of given signals recorded by on-board devices. A vehicle state is
described by providing its position, velocities, accelerations, rotations and also powetrain data related to engine and
other vehicle parts in operation. The first prototype of this device has already been developed. It registers signals taken
from inertial modules such as linear and angular accelerometers (gyroscopes) and geographical coordinates from GPS.
The data from GPS together with the data from inertial modules are written into a text file and can then be visualized by
geo-information software. Accelerometers will be used for detection of engine malfunctions using vibroacoustic signals
analysis and for vehicle position identification and the support of GPS.
Adaptive search for a PEM fuel cell maximum net power
Authors: MAŁEK Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

Supply method of the fuel cell cathode side significantly affects the durability and efficiency of the hydrogen energy
conversion. A fuel cell is a stochastic object. The paper presents air flow control of the PEM fuel cell in order to find
and hold the maximum value of the net power produced by the fuel cell stack, regardless of changes of the parameters
of the object of control and its outer environment. The Application of an adaptive extremum control with bi-parameter
identification provide automatic adjustment of the parameters of a controller to the changing characteristics of an object.
The adaptive algorithm contains a number of variables and signals that support the estimation process. The quality and
speed of finding an optimal point depends on their values.
Dual fuelling SI engine with alcohol and gasoline
Authors: LARISCH Jerzy , STELMASIAK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The Department of Internal Combustion Engines and Vehicles, Technical University of Bielsko-Biala has carried out work on alternative fuels in the area of dual-fueling of SI engines. The paper presents the concept of dual fuel (alcohol and gasoline) MPI injected spark-ignition engine using a fuel mixing device. The solution consists in mixing the fuel (gasoline and alcohol) before or in the fuel rail, which ensures a variable share of alcohol in the mixture in the range from 0÷100%, depending on the engine operating conditions (engine revolutions and load), and its thermal state. The fuels are delivered to the mixing chamber through the solenoid valves that allow a proper selection of the proportion of alcohol and gasoline. The pre-prepared mixture is injected through the original injectors to the intake manifold, around the intake valve. This paper presents the prototype of the mixer that allows mixing of the gasoline and alcohol in any proportion using a PWM.
A technical discussion of the emission of ammonia from SI vehicles fitted with three-way catalysts
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , ŚWIĄTEK Antoni , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

Ammonia emissions from motor vehicles have risen significantly in recent decades, due to the rollout of three-way
catalysts within the spark ignition vehicle fleet. Vehicular ammonia emissions are currently unregulated, even though
ammonia is harmful for a variety of reasons, and the gas is classed as toxic. Having reached its light-off temperature,
a three-way catalyst can produce substantial quantities of ammonia through various reaction pathways. Emission is
markedly higher during periods where demand for engine power is higher, when the engine will be operating under
open-loop conditions. The air-to-fuel ratio, cylinder temperature and rate of formation of carbon monoxide and nitrogen
monoxide all correlate to varying degrees with ammonia production. Ammonia emissions could represent a serious threat
to air quality, particularly in urban settings. Further investigation is imperative to minimise the risks posed by this as
yet unregulated exhaust emission component.
The reduction of the reaction torque of a straight four-cylinder four-stroke engine
Authors: MOSAKOWSKI Ryszard
Published: July 2021

The paper presents both the exact and simplified relations on the course of the reaction torque of a single and multi-cylinder engine, which is transmitted to the vehicle frame or foundation. The formula for the distance between the balance shafts along the vertical axes ensuring a complete elimination of the impact of the forces of inertia on the course of the reaction torque in four-stroke four-cylinder engines is derived in the paper. The criteria for selecting the optimum value of the distance are also derived in the paper. The dependence of the optimum value of the distance on the state of the engine operation and design parameters of the vehicle propulsion system is indicated in the paper. The paper proposes the selection of the optimum shafts distance, for a given type of vehicle, in areas of the engine most frequently used operating states.
A summary of twelve months’ operation of the new biogas cogeneration set in the WARTA S.A. Waste Treatment Plant in Częstochowa
Authors: DUŻYŃSKI Adam , BAWOR Wiesław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a summary of twelve months’ commercial operation of the new biogas cogeneration set with the GE JENBACHER engine, type JMS 316 GS-B.LC, which was installed at the end of December 2008 in the WARTA S.A. Waste Treatment Plant in Częstochowa. The summary of the first six months of operation of this set is discussed in reference [4].
A research into a gasoline HCCI engine
Authors: HUNICZ Jacek , NIEWCZAS Andrzej , KORDOS Paweł
Published: July 2021

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is nowadays a leading trend in the development of gasoline internal combustion engines. The application of this novel combustion system will allow to comply with future legislations concerning the exhaust emissions including carbon dioxide. This paper presents a design and implementation of a research engine with a direct fuel injection and the capability of HCCI combustion via an internal gas recirculation and a negative valves overlap (NVO). The technical approach used in the engine allowed an autonomous HCCI operation at variable loads and engine speeds without the need of a spark discharge. Experiments were conducted at a wide range of valve timings providing data which allowed an assessment of a volumetric efficiency and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. Permissible range of air excess coefficient, providing stable and repeatable operation has also been identified. The use of direct gasoline injection benefited in the improvement of the start of the combustion (SOC) and heat release rate control via the injection timing.
The evaluation of cycle by cycle mixture composition in an indirect injection engine
Authors: NITA Józef , WOŁCZYŃSKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The investigations on an indirect injection unsupercharged engine fitted with a two state oxygen sensor have shown
a particularly high fluctuation of mixture composition in transient states of the engine, represented by the rev up and
rev down of the engine without a load and with a steady load. The spread of the maximum and average cycle by cycle
mixture compositions in these states determined by a method developed by the authors (this method shall be a subject
of a separate publication) is larger if the engine load is lower. It has been proved that the biggest fluctuation of the
mixture composition occurs in the first part of the rev down phase i.e. in the phase of stepwise throttle closing when the
injectors are still activated. In steady states represented by typical operating states of the engine the highest fluctuation
of the mixture composition occurs at high engine speeds and low engine loads, and the lowest at low engine speeds and
high engine loads. It has been confirmed that the fluctuation of the cycle by cycle mixture composition in the transient
states is almost one order of magnitude larger than in the steady states. The investigations have been performed on a
1.6l Euro 3 engine fitted with a control unit made by a reputable manufacturer.
The methods of synthetic assessment of emissions from combustion engines
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the possibilities of a synthetic assessment of a harmful impact of combustion engine emissions on
humans and their natural environment. The ways of air quality evaluations have been analyzed. The authors analyzed
the relations of emission charges for combustion engines as per the proposal of the directive of the European Parliament
and the European Council in line with the Announcement of the Minister of Environment. A synthetic assessment of the
emissions from combustion engines has been proposed. The method of emission assessment was used for the research on
the ecological properties of a classic EURO IV diesel engine and a diesel engine fuelled with E95 bioethanol fuel.
A comparative analysis of diesel fuel injection parameters in piezoelectric and electromagnetic fuel injectors
Authors: CZAJKA Jakub , PIELECHA Ireneusz , WISŁOCKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the changes in the injection spray shape and penetration and its vertex angle during the injection through piezoelectric and electromagnetic fuel injectors. The results of the observation of the fuel spray with the use of high speed camera (100 ms frame frequency) have been presented. Moreover, the parameterization and digital processing (including its automation) of the obtained image have too been presented. The influence of the pressure and the timing of the injection on the variable-in-time spray parameters have been shown. A mathematical model describing these relations has been proposed.
A novel in-cylinder fuel reformation approach to control HCCI engine combustion on-set
Authors: GNANAM Gnanaprakash , HAGGITH Dale , SOBIESIAK Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines have the potential to deliver high thermal efficiencies (when compared to spark ignition engines) coupled with ultra-low NOx emissions and Particulate Matter (PM) for partial-load operating regions. However, the inherent absence of Start of Combustion (SOC) or combustion on-set control has been a major obstacle for implementing this technology into production engines. In the present work, a new in-cylinder reformation strategy to control the on-set of combustion has been incorporated into a HCCI engine fuelled with lean ethanol/air mixtures. The objective of the in-cylinder reformation process is to generate hydrogen enriched gas (which includes other intermediate species) from ethanol reformation, which is then used to control the subsequent HCCI cycle combustion on-set. The experimental engine used for the study is a four-stroke, three cylinder In-Direct Injection (IDI) type compression ignition engine which was converted to single cylinder operation for HCCI combustion. A proto-type reformation chamber has been designed and fabricated with direct injection capabilities to examine the proposed in-cylinder reformation process. In order to clarify the effects of reformation products on HCCI combustion on-set, experiments were conducted with constant engine speed, initial charge temperature, and engine coolant temperature. The engine performance was evaluated based on cycle-resolved in-cylinder pressure measurements and regulated engine-out emissions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed in-cylinder reformation strategy is an effective method for controlling HCCI combustion on-set (SOC) and reduces the regulated engine-out emissions. Furthermore, the experimental results indicate that there is an optimal in-cylinder reformation fuelling percentage which will have a positive impact on regular HCCI combustion at given operating conditions.
Development of an optical swirl sensor for DI-diesel engines
Authors: VANHAELST Robin , HENTSCHEL Werner , MÜLLER Christian , CZAJKA Jakub
Published: July 2021

In this paper the systematic development of an optical swirl sensor to measure the swirl ratio in an operating serial
turbocharged DI-diesel engine is described. The optical sensor detects the visible light of the combustion, in particular
the emission of the sooting flame in a wavelength range from 600 nm up to 1000 nm. The acceptance angle is so small
that the soot clouds from every spray can be detected as they are being turned under the optical sensor by the swirling
flow. In a first part the new optical probe method was validated on a transparent engine by comparison with high speed
video recordings. In the second part several hardware variations were made on a serial DI-diesel engine which was
equipped with a variable swirl valve. The influence of the opened- and closed swirl valve constellation and the piston
geometry on the swirl ratio was measured with the optical probe technique. The results were compared with a zero
dimensional simulation model. There was a good agreement between the swirl measurements and the 0D-model. The
optical swirl sensor has proven to be a powerful tool to optimise the combustion process. Without any modifications on
the cylinder head, the effect of application parameters and hardware parts on the swirl strength can be quantified for
all engine loads and speeds.