bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Maternal and Community Factors With Enrollment in Home Visiting Among At-Risk, First-Time Mothers
Authors: Goyal Neera K. , Hall Eric S. , Jones David E. , Meinzen-Derr Jareen K. , Short Jodie A. , Ammerman Robert T. , Van Ginkel Judith B.
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We identified individual and contextual factors associated with referral and enrollment in home visiting among at-risk, first-time mothers.

Methods. We retrospectively studied referral and enrollment in a regional home visiting program from 2007 to 2009 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Using linked vital statistics and census tract data, we obtained individual and community measures on first-time mothers meeting eligibility criteria for home visiting (low income, unmarried, or age < 18 years). Generalized linear modeling was performed to determine factors associated with relative risk (RR) of (1) referral to home visiting among eligible mothers and (2) enrollment after referral.

Results. Of 8187 first-time mothers eligible for home visiting, 2775 were referred and 1543 were enrolled. Among referred women, high school completion (RR = 1.10) and any college (RR = 1.17) compared with no high school completion were associated with increased enrollment, and enrollment was less likely for those living in communities with higher socioeconomic deprivation (RR = 0.71; P < .05).

Conclusions. Barriers to enrollment in home visiting persisted at multiple ecological levels. Ongoing evaluation of enrollment in at-risk populations is critical as home visiting programs are implemented and expanded.
Trends in Maternal Morbidity Before and During Pregnancy in California
Authors: Fridman Moshe , Korst Lisa M. , Chow Jessica , Lawton Elizabeth , Mitchell Connie , Gregory Kimberly D.
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We examined trends in maternal comorbidities in California.

Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1 551 017 California births using state-linked vital statistics and hospital discharge cohort data for 1999, 2002, and 2005. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify the following conditions, some of which were preexisting: maternal hypertension, diabetes, asthma, thyroid disorders, obesity, mental health conditions, substance abuse, and tobacco use. We estimated prevalence rates with hierarchical logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic shifts, and also examined racial/ethnic disparities.

Results. The prevalence of these comorbidities increased over time for hospital admissions associated with childbirth, suggesting that pregnant women are getting sicker. Racial/ethnic disparities were also significant. In 2005, maternal hypertension affected more than 10% of all births to non-Hispanic Black mothers; maternal diabetes affected nearly 10% of births to Asian/Pacific Islander mothers (10% and 43% increases, respectively, since 1999). Chronic hypertension, diabetes, obesity, mental health conditions, and tobacco use among Native American women showed the largest increases.

Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal comorbidities before and during pregnancy has risen substantially in California and demonstrates racial/ethnic disparity independent of demographic shifts.
Association of Prenatal Participation in a Public Health Nutrition Program With Healthy Infant Weight Gain
Authors: Edmunds Lynn S. , Sekhobo Jackson P. , Dennison Barbara A. , Chiasson Mary Ann , Stratton Howard H. , Davison Kirsten K.
Published: December 2013

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that early enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is associated with a reduced risk of rapid infant weight gain (RIWG).

Methods. We used a longitudinal cohort of mother–infant pairs (n = 157 590) enrolled in WIC in New York State from 2008 to 2009 and estimated the odds of RIWG, defined as a 12-month change in weight-for-age z score of more than .67, comparing infants of mothers enrolled during the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy with those who delayed enrollment until the postpartum period.

Results. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of RIWG (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74, 0.79) were significantly lower for infants of women enrolling during the first trimester versus postpartum. Birth weight-for-gestational-age z score (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.33) attenuated the estimate of prenatal versus postpartum enrollment (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.95; first-trimester enrollees).

Conclusions. The results demonstrate that prenatal WIC participation is associated with reduced risk of RIWG between birth and age 1 year. Improved birth weight for gestational age may be the mechanism through which early prenatal WIC enrollment protects against RIWG.
Rapid and Fully Automated Measurement of Water Vapor Sorption Isotherms: New Opportunities for Vadose Zone Research
Authors: Arthur Emmanuel , Tuller Markus , Moldrup Per , Wollesen de Jonge Lis
Published: December 2013

Eminent environmental challenges such as remediation of contaminated sites, the establishment and maintenance of nuclear waste repositories, or the design of surface landfill covers all require accurate quantification of the soil water characteristic (SWC) at low water contents. Furthermore, several essential but difficult‐to‐measure soil properties, including clay content and specific surface area, are intimately related to water vapor sorption. Until recently, it was a major challenge to measure detailed water vapor sorption isotherms accurately within a reasonable time frame. This priority communication illustrates potential applications of a new, fully automated, and rapid Vapor Sorption Analyzer (VSA) to pertinent issues in vadose zone research. Detailed vapor sorption isotherms for 25 variably textured soils were measured with the VSA within 1 to 3 d. Links between generated isotherms and pesticide volatilization, toxic organic vapor sorption kinetics, and soil water repellency are illustrated. Several methods to quantify hysteresis effects and to derive soil clay content and specific surface area from VSA‐measured isotherms are presented. Besides above mentioned applications, potential relationships to percolation threshold for solute diffusion in unsaturated soil and to soil cation exchange capacity are discussed to stimulate new and much‐needed vadose zone research.
Analysis on LID for highly urbanized areas’ waterlogging control: demonstrated on the example of Caohejing in Shanghai
Authors: Liao Z. L. , He Y. , Huang F. , Wang S. , Li H. Z.
Published: December 2013

Although a commonly applied measure across the United States and Europe for alleviating the negative impacts of urbanization on the hydrological cycle, low impact development (LID) has not been widely used in highly urbanized areas, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries like China. In this paper, given five LID practices including Bio-Retention, Infiltration Trench, Porous Pavement, Rain Barrels, and Green Swale, an analysis on LID for highly urbanized areas’ waterlogging control is demonstrated using the example of Caohejing in Shanghai, China. Design storm events and storm water management models are employed to simulate the total waterlogging volume reduction, peak flow rate reduction and runoff coefficient reduction of different scenarios. Cost-effectiveness is calculated for the five practices. The aftermath shows that LID practices can have significant effects on storm water management in a highly urbanized area, and the comparative results reveal that Rain Barrels and Infiltration Trench are the two most suitable cost-effective measures for the study area.
Influences on the establishment and dominance of vegetation in stormwater infiltration basins
Authors: Bedell J-P. , Mourier B. , Provot J. , Winiarski T.
Published: December 2013

Infiltration basins are widely used in urban environments as a technique for managing and reducing the volume of stormwater. These basins can be spontaneously colonized by wild plants, which can be used as bioindicators of edaphic characteristics. As the basins are anthropogenic environments, the description of plant biodiversity allows the determination of which species colonize such environments and identification of the relationships between plants, basin type and operation. Nineteen infiltration basins were selected according to their catchment types (industrial, urban, agricultural). The dominant species were identified and sampled. Rumex sp., Taraxacum sp. and Artemisia sp. are the three types most represented (88, 61 and 55% respectively of the basins studied). Their families and their respective orders are those most commonly found (Caryophyllales, Asterales and Polygonaceae, Asteraceae). Poaceae is the family grouping with the largest number of different species (11). Although each species occupies only 1 or 2 basins, plants of this family occupy 61% of the basins. Although the catchment characteristics of the 19 basins do not play a direct role in the diversity of plant families, they can influence the presence or absence of certain species. Thus, these plants can be used as bio-indicators of basin soil and operating characteristics, such as sediment depths, inundation frequency and duration.
Peracetic acid for secondary effluent disinfection: a comprehensive performance assessment
Authors: Antonelli M. , Turolla A. , Mezzanotte V. , Nurizzo C.
Published: December 2013

The paper is a review of previous research on secondary effluent disinfection by peracetic acid (PAA) integrated with new data about the effect of a preliminary flash-mixing step. The process was studied at bench and pilot scale to assess its performance for discharge in surface water and agricultural reuse (target microorganisms: Escherichia coli and faecal coliform bacteria). The purposes of the research were: (1) determining PAA decay and disinfection kinetics as a function of operating parameters, (2) evaluating PAA suitability as a disinfectant, (3) assessing long-term disinfection efficiency, (4) investigating disinfected effluent biological toxicity on some aquatic indicator organisms (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum), (5) comparing PAA with conventional disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, UV irradiation). PAA disinfection was capable of complying with Italian regulations on reuse (10 CFU/100 mL for E. coli) and was competitive with benchmarks. No regrowth phenomena were observed, as long as needed for agricultural reuse (29 h after disinfection), even at negligible concentrations of residual disinfectant. The toxic effect of PAA on the aquatic environment was due to the residual disinfectant in the water, rather than to chemical modification of the effluent.
Removal of PCP-Na from aqueous systems using monodispersed pompon-like magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents
Authors: Liu Yu , Yu Hongbing , Zhan Sihui , Li Shengjun , Yang Hui , Liu Bo
Published: December 2013

Novel monodispersed pompon-like magnetite/chitosan (Fe3O4/CS) composite nanoparticles were synthesized by a solvothermal method and used as adsorbents for the removal of toxic sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) from aqueous media. The adsorption behavior of PCP-Na on Fe3O4/CS obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, the adsorption was strongly pH-dependent. The results of XPS, thermodynamics, pH-dependent and desorption studies suggested that electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions were all believed to play a role in PCP-Na adsorption on Fe3O4/CS. Having a saturation magnetization of 22.2 emu · g−1, the Fe3O4/CS can be easily separated from water with magnets within 2 min. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved quite rapidly (within 30 min) and the maximum removal of PCP-Na (91.5%) was obtained at 25 °C and pH 6.5. The Fe3O4/CS investigated can be used to remove PCP-Na and other contaminants from wastewater.
A Comparative Study of Overall Stability Calculation of Bending Members by Specifications for Design of Steel Structures Between China and USA
Authors: Kongpei Zhou , Wanli Pu
Published: December 2013

For the issues of overall stability design of bending members in the three specifications for design of steel structures GB 50017-2003, GB 50017-201X(exposure draft) and AISC 360-10, we compared the detailed differences be-tween the three specifications mainly from the aspect of calculation principle of the critical moment Mcr and stability design formulas. The differences can be compared and obtained by applying the design methods to practical problems of stability design of bending members. On the other hand, it can provide some references for the subsequent revision of Chinese code for design of steel structures.
Effects on taxation on the forecasting of income inequality: Evidence from Germany, Greece, and Italy
Authors: D’Amico Guglielmo , Di Biase , Manca Raimondo
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the fiscal system on wealth
redistribution in Germany, Greece, and Italy. We demonstrate the application
of the model to the data of the quoted countries. We obtain the gross income
distributions by starting from the net income distributions downloaded from
the Eurostat website and by using the individual income tax rates of each
country. We evaluate the Dynamic Theil's Entropy that allows us to recover
the total inequality between the net and gross income distributions for each
of these countries. Such a comparison allowed us to understand how the fiscal
systems affect wealth distribution. These results can be used for planning
welfare policies.
Challenging the Raison d’etre of internal devaluation in the context of the Greek economy
Authors: Alexiou Constantinos , Nellis Joseph
Published: December 2013

This paper provides a critical assessment of the austerity measures that are
being implemented in the crisis-stricken countries of the Eurozone, and in
particular, the implications of internal devaluation for the Greek economy.
The theoretical underpinnings and phases of internal devaluation are
explored. A detailed statistical analysis of key macroeconomic indicators
pertaining to the Greek economy is carried out. Alternatives to internal
devaluation are proposed in this paper, laying the foundations for a
reassessment of the policy of austerity and the implications for recovery and
sustainability of economic activity in Greece and other countries of the
Eurozone.
Experimental study of the effects of swirl and air dilution on biogas non-premixed flame stability
Authors: Rowhani Amir , Tabejamaat Sadegh
Published: December 2013

An experimental investigation of the stability limits of biogas in a swirling
non-premixed burner has been carried out. A mixture of 60% methane (CH4) and
40% carbon dioxide (CO2) was used to reach the typical biogas composition.
Vane swirlers with 30?, 45? and 60? angles were used to make the swirling
air. The biogas stability limits and flame behavior under swirling conditions
were tested. Besides, effects of air dilution with nitrogen (N2) and CO2 on
biogas stability limits were investigated. The results show that using swirl
can enhance the flame stability limits approximately four or five times
comparing to non-swirling air stream. Adding N2/CO2 to the air had negative
effects on the flame stability but no changes were observed in the flame
structure. The maximum air dilution was also obtained when 27% and 15% N2 was
added to the swirling air under strong and weak swirl, respectively.
Thermal behavior of premises equipped with different alveolar structures
Authors: Lajimi Nour , Boukadida Noureddine
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a numerical study of local thermal behavior. Vertical
walls are equipped with alveolar structure and/or simple glazing in East,
South and West frontages. Local temperature is assumed to be variable with
time or imposed at set point temperature. Results principally show that the
simple glazing number has a sensitive effect on convection heat transfer and
interior air temperature. They also show that the diode effect is more
sensitive in winter. The effect of alveolar structure and simple glazing on
the power heating in case with set point temperature is also brought out.
Interrogating Social Justice in Early Years Education: How Effectively Do Contemporary Policies and Practices Create Equitable Learning Environments for Indigenous Australian Children?
Authors: Herbert Jeannie
Published: December 2013

This article examines some of the contemporary policies and practices in Australian early years education to provide an insight into why social justice is such a critical element in preparing Australia's Indigenous children to engage in learning experiences in ways that will enable them to establish sound foundations for their future learning journeys. In order to understand why social justice and equity are central to delivering quality early years education to Indigenous children, it is vital that the modern educator has some knowledge of educational history, in particular the role of education in promoting and maintaining the status quo, thus ensuring the continuing dominance of those who occupied positions of power. Viewing the expectations of contemporary early years education against the backdrop of past realities serves to highlight the way in which education sets the scene for the cultural destruction and dispossession that has, in too many parts of the world, been the long-term outcome of education for Indigenous peoples. Examining the themes and forms of discourse that have informed the theorising and practice underpinning the development of concepts around social justice demonstrates the importance of addressing diversity in early years education contexts.
Imagining Social Justice
Authors: McArdle Felicity , Knight Linda , Stratigos Tina
Published: December 2013

This article examines how creativity and the arts can assist teachers who teach from a social justice perspective, and how knowledge built through meaningful experiences of difference can make a difference. Just as imagining is central to visual arts practice, so too is the capacity to imagine a necessity for social justice. The authors ask what art can do, and how art can work, to bring about greater understandings and practices around social justice and the early years. A version of social justice that is built on a recognition of differences requires the capacity to be sensitive to the multiple voices that need to be heard, and the ability to imagine how lives might be lived differently. The arts can provide powerful means for thinking social justice, and the experiences described in this article can have application in addressing social justice in the professional preparation of prospective teachers. Three teacher educators who teach from a social justice perspective apply a collective biography methodology to their stories of art activity. Data was collected from three sites: transcripts, notes and digital images from a salon evening; ethnographic observations, field notes and artefacts from a school classroom; and a/r/tographic data generated in a university art classroom. The data was analysed using Foucault and the conceptual work of other post-structuralist philosophies in order to explore how aesthetic and creative artistic activity could excite imaginations and open up multiple possibilities for richer forms of educational outcomes — for teacher educators, their students and, ultimately, for young children.
The Effect of Fair Value versus Historical Cost Reporting Model on Analyst Forecast Accuracy
Authors: Liang Lihong , Riedl Edward J.
Published: December 2013

This paper examines how the reporting model for a firm's operating assets affects analyst forecast accuracy. We contrast U.K. and U.S. investment property firms having real estate as their primary operating asset, exploiting that U.K. (U.S.) firms report these assets at fair value (historical cost). We assess the accuracy of a balance-sheet-based forecast (net asset value, or NAV) and an income-statement-based forecast (earnings per share, or EPS). We predict and find higher NAV forecast accuracy for U.K. relative to U.S. firms, consistent with the fair value reporting model revealing private information that is incorporated into analysts' balance sheet forecasts. We find this difference is attenuated when the fair value and historical cost models are more likely to converge: during recessionary periods. Finally, we predict and find lower EPS forecast accuracy for U.K. firms when reporting under the full fair value model of IFRS, in which unrealized fair value gains and losses are included in net income. This is consistent with the full fair value model increasing the difficulty of forecasting net income through the inclusion of non-serially correlated elements such as these gains/losses. Information content analyses provide further support for these inferences. Overall, the results indicate that the fair value reporting model enhances analysts' ability to forecast the balance sheet, but the full fair value model reduces their ability to forecast net income.
Deficiency in Type I Interferon Signaling Prevents the Early Interferon–Induced Gene Signature in Pancreatic Islets but Not Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice
Authors: Quah Hong Sheng , Miranda-Hernandez Socorro , Khoo Aimee , Harding Ashley , Fynch Stacey , Elkerbout Lorraine , Brodnicki Thomas C. , Baxter Alan G. , Kay Thomas W.H. , Thomas Helen E. , Graham Kate L.
Published: December 2013

Type I interferons (IFNs) have been implicated in the initiation of islet autoimmunity and development of type 1 diabetes. To directly test their involvement, we generated NOD mice deficient in type I IFN receptors (NOD.IFNAR1−/−). Expression of the type I IFN-induced genes Mx1, Isg15, Ifit1, Oas1a, and Cxcr4 was detectable in NOD islets as early as 1 week of age. Of these five genes, expression of Isg15, Ifit1, Oas1a, and Mx1 peaked at 3–4 weeks of age, corresponding with an increase in Ifnα mRNA, declined at 5–6 weeks of age, and increased again at 10–14 weeks of age. Increased IFN-induced gene expression was ablated in NOD.IFNAR1−/− islets. Loss of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) resulted in reduced islet expression of Mx1 at 2 weeks of age, but TLR2 or TLR9 deficiency did not change the expression of other IFN-induced genes in islets compared with wild-type NOD islets. We observed increased β-cell major histocompatibility complex class I expression with age in NOD and NOD.IFNAR1−/− mice. NOD.IFNAR1−/− mice developed insulitis and diabetes at a similar rate to NOD controls. These results indicate type I IFN is produced within islets in young mice but is not essential for the initiation and progression of diabetes in NOD mice.
Hall effect on MHD flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching wedge in the presence of velocity slip and Joule heating
Authors: Su Xiaohong , Zheng Liancun
Published: December 2013

This paper deals with the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching wedge with velocity-slip boundary conditions. In this analysis, Hall effect and Joule heating are taken into consideration. Four different types of water-base nanofluids containing copper (Cu), silver (Ag), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2) nanoparticles are analyzed. The partial differential equations governing the flow and temperature fields are converted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation. The resulting similarity equations are then solved by using the shooting technique along with the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of types of nanoparticles, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the magnetic parameter, the Hall parameter, the wedge angle parameter, and the velocityslip parameter on the velocity and temperature fields are discussed and presented graphically, respectively.
Skin extracellular matrix components accelerate the regenerative potential of Lin− cells
Authors: Ramanauskaitė Giedrė , Žalalytė Dovilė , Kašėta Vytautas , Vaitkuvienė Aida , Kalėdienė Lilija , Biziulevičienė Genė
Published: December 2013

Due to their unique properties, bone marrow-derived Lin− cells can be used to regenerate damaged tissues, including skin. The objective of our study was to determine the influence of the skin tissue-specific microenvironment on mouse Lin− cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Cells were analyzed for the expression of stem/progenitor surface markers by flow cytometry. Proliferation of MACS-purified cells in 3D cultures was investigated by WST-8 assay. Lin− cell migration was evaluated by in vitro scratch assay. The results obtained show that basement membrane matrix is more effective for Lin− cell proliferation in vitro. However, type I collagen matrix better enhances the re-epithelization process, that depends on the cell migratory properties. These studies are important for preparing cells to be used in transplantation.
Neurocognitive deficits and diffusion MR imaging abnormalities in a case of adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy
Authors: Laforce Robert , Roy Martin , Descoteaux Maxime , Berthelot Christian , Bouchard Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2013

Autosomal dominant adult-onset leukodystrophy (ADLD) is a progressive hereditary disease caused by duplication of Lamin B1 on chromosome 5q23.2. It is characterized by autonomic dysregulation, pyramidal signs, and cerebellar dysfunction. Since the first description in 1984, no authors have reported on its neurocognitive sequelae or attempted to quantify the severity of white matter changes. Herein we report a case of ADLD presenting with progressive cognitive changes leading to dementia and its associated white matter damage using diffusion MR imaging.
Social cognition in major depressive disorder: A new paradigm?
Authors: Billeke Pablo , Boardman Samantha , Doraiswamy P.
Published: December 2013

Social cognition refers to the brain mechanisms by which we process social information about other humans and ourselves. Alterations in interpersonal and social functioning are common in major depressive disorder, though only poorly addressed by current pharmacotherapies. Further standardized tests, such as depression ratings or neuropsychologic tests, used in routine practice provide very little information on social skills, schemas, attributions, stereotypes and judgments related to social interactions. In this article, we review recent literature on how healthy human brains process social decisions and how these processes are altered in major depressive disorder. We especially focus on interactive paradigms (e.g., game theory based tasks) that can reproduce daily life situations in laboratory settings. The evidences we review, together with the rich literature on the protective role of social networks in handling stress, have implications for developing more ecologically-valid biomarkers and interventions in order to optimize functional recovery in depressive disorders.
‘A More Exact Purity’: Legal Authority and Conspicuous Amalgamation in Early Modern English Law Guides and the Oxford Law Lectures of Sir Robert Chambers and Samuel Johnson
Authors: Wright Nicole M.
Published: December 2013

This paper finds that early modern and later texts explaining legal vocabulary and history to non-professionals bring into focus two vying conceptions of enforcing narrative and terminological purity (a notion inextricably bound up with the authority to produce legal narratives): decontamination, according to one perspective, and enrichment to strengthen an essence, according to another view. The lexicons generally promote a notion of ‘purity’ that does not connote the removal of contaminants or foreign matter but rather depends on adulteration and heterogeneous additions. This paper argues that legal guide writers believed that cultivating impressions, and even illusions, of corporate authorship was key to attracting readers, who (the writers expected) perceived conspicuous reliance on numerous, diverse (foreign as well as domestic) sources as a mark of legitimacy.
Law’s Empire Writes Back: Legal Positivism and Literary Rejoinder in Wilde’sDe Profundis
Authors: Barleben Dale
Published: December 2013

“Law’s Empire Writes Back” queries the relationships among subjectivity, agency, and liberal jurisprudence against the backdrop of Oscar Wilde’s De Profundis . Examining the trial proceedings that led to Wilde’s eventual incarceration and, arguably, demise, Dale Barleben argues that the trial apparatus, which searches for “truth,” instead manufactures guilt in many instances. Juxtaposing contemporary literary and legal scholarship with accounts of Wilde’s trials, Barleben extrapolates theories of trauma and confession, focusing on the trial as a performance in which the actors often become the characters they play. The ontological shift in Wilde’s writing before and after trial evidences the change in Wilde’s thinking about his subjectivity and identity—changes, argues Barleben, which are direct results of the traumas of trial procedure.
Seasonal and interannual ice velocity changes of Polar Record Glacier, East Antarctica
Authors: Zhou Chunxia , Zhou Yu , Deng Fanghui , AI Songtao , Wang Zemin , E Dongchen
Published: December 2013

We present a study of seasonal and interannual ice velocity changes at Polar Record Glacier, East Antarctica, using ERS-1/2, Envisat and PALSAR data with D-InSAR and intensity tracking. Ice flow showed seasonal variations at the front of the glacier tongue. Velocities in winter were 19% less than velocities during summer. No significant interannual changes were detected. Ice velocities in the grounding zone and grounded glacier did not show clear seasonal or interannual changes. The distribution of the seasonal variations suggests that the cause for the changes should be localized. Possible causes are seasonal sea-ice changes and iceberg blocking. Satellite images show that the sea ice surrounding Polar Record Glacier undergoes seasonal changes. Frozen sea ice in winter slowed the huge iceberg, and provided increased resistance to the glacier flow. The interaction between the glacier tongue, iceberg and sea ice significantly influences their flow pattern.
Time Trends of Italian Former Smokers 1980–2009 and 2010–2030 Projections Using a Bayesian Age Period Cohort Model
Authors: Carreras Giulia , Gorini Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

This study aimed to describe past time trends of the prevalence of former smokers in Italy and to estimate prevalence projections using a Bayesian approach. An age-period-cohort (APC) analysis has been carried out in order to investigate the effect of the age, period and birth cohort on the prevalence of former smokers during 1980–2009. A Bayesian APC model with an autoregressive structure for the age, period and cohort parameters has been used to estimate future trends. Results showed that awareness of harm from smoking occurred at younger ages with each advancing cohort, and that women were more likely to attempt to stop smoking during pregnancies and breastfeeding, whereas men attempted to quit only when smoking-related diseases became evident. Projections of future trend recorded a further increase in the number of former smokers in future decades, showing an estimate of the “end of smoking” around years 2060 and 2055 in men and women, respectively. The application of the APC analysis to study the prevalence of former smokers turned out to be a useful method for the evaluation of past smoking trends, reflecting the effects of tobacco control policies on time and generations, and to make projections of future trend.
Climate Change and Public Health Policy: Translating the Science
Authors: Braks Marieta , Van Ginkel Rijk , Wint William , Sedda Luigi , Sprong Hein
Published: December 2013

Public health authorities are required to prepare for future threats and need predictions of the likely impact of climate change on public health risks. They may get overwhelmed by the volume of heterogeneous information in scientific articles and risk relying purely on the public opinion articles which focus mainly on global warming trends, and leave out many other relevant factors. In the current paper, we discuss various scientific approaches investigating climate change and its possible impact on public health and discuss their different roles and functions in unraveling the complexity of the subject. It is not our objective to review the available literature or to make predictions for certain diseases or countries, but rather to evaluate the applicability of scientific research articles on climate change to evidence-based public health decisions. In the context of mosquito borne diseases, we identify common pitfalls to watch out for when assessing scientific research on the impact of climate change on human health. We aim to provide guidance through the plethora of scientific papers and views on the impact of climate change on human health to those new to the subject, as well as to remind public health experts of its multifactorial and multidisciplinary character.
Detecting Large-Scale Landslides Using Lidar Data and Aerial Photos in the Namasha-Liuoguey Area, Taiwan
Authors: Lin Meei-Ling , Chen Te-Wei , Lin Ching-Weei , Ho Dia-Jie , Cheng Keng-Ping , Yin Hsiao-Yuan , Chen Mei-Chen
Published: December 2013

Large-scale landslides often cause severe damage to lives and properties; therefore, their identification is essential in order to adopt proper mitigation measures. The objective of this study was to set up a methodological approach to help identify large-scale landslides using Lidar data, aerial photos and field investigation. The selected study areas were the Namasha and Liuoguey Areas in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, both of which were severely hit by the Typhoon Morakot in 2009. The identification of large-scale landslides was performed based on Lidar high-resolution topographic information. The linear structures were mapped according to the shading map, with aspect in different azimuth to show good details of the structures. The scarps of the landslides were also identified. Validation of the results was done using both aerial photos and field investigations. In addition, stability analyses were performed on designated cases to further validate the results of Lidar identification.
Performance Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of SubCarrier Modulation Wake-up Radio Systems for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Oller Joaquim , Demirkol Ilker , Casademont Jordi , Paradells Josep , Gamm Gerd , Reindl Leonhard
Published: December 2013

Energy-efficient communication is one of the main concerns of wireless sensor networks nowadays. A commonly employed approach for achieving energy efficiency has been the use of duty-cycled operation of the radio, where the node’s transceiver is turned off and on regularly, listening to the radio channel for possible incoming communication during its on-state. Nonetheless, such a paradigm performs poorly for scenarios of low or bursty traffic because of unnecessary activations of the radio transceiver. As an alternative technology, Wake-up Radio (WuR) systems present a promising energy-efficient network operation, where target devices are only activated in an on-demand fashion by means of a special radio signal and a WuR receiver. In this paper, we analyze a novel wake-up radio approach that integrates both data communication and wake-up functionalities into one platform, providing a reconfigurable radio operation. Through physical experiments, we characterize the delay, current consumption and overall operational range performance of this approach under different transmit power levels. We also present an actual single-hop WuR application scenario, as well as demonstrate the first true multi-hop capabilities of a WuR platform and simulate its performance in a multi-hop scenario. Finally, by thorough qualitative comparisons to the most relevant WuR proposals in the literature, we state that the proposed WuR system stands out as a strong candidate for any application requiring energy-efficient wireless sensor node communications.
Critical Sustainability: Setting the Limits to Growth and Responsibility in Tourism
Authors: Saarinen Jarkko
Published: December 2013

The idea of sustainable development has been discussed in tourism research for almost a quarter of a century. During that time, sustainability has become an important policy framework for tourism and regional developers guiding their planning and development thinking. Sustainability has also emerged academically as an important field of research with an emphasis on defining the limits to growth and responsibilities in tourism. However, while there are urgent needs to incorporate sustainability into tourism, there is also a growing amount of frustration among scholars on the conceptual nature of sustainability and how tourism as a private-driven economic activity relates to the ideals of sustainable development. This has created an increasing need to understand and potentially reframe the concept. The purpose of this paper is to overview the conceptual dimensions of sustainable tourism and discuss some of the main sources of frustration. Based on this, it is concluded that while a conceptual plurality seems to be unavoidable, there is a need to re-frame i.e., rescale and decentralize tourism in policy frameworks and practices aiming towards sustainability.
Humans and the Water Environment: The Need for Coordinated Data Collection
Authors: Braden John , Jolejole-Foreman Maria , Schneider Daniel
Published: December 2013

Efforts to observe humans in relation to nature over time and at large scale are few and disjointed in ways that impede progress in building scientific foundations for sustainability. Two water-oriented national-scale case studies highlight the challenges of integrating existing natural system and social system data: one concerns the influence of environmental attitudes and water quality on water conservation efforts; the other explores relationships between environmental attitudes, water quality and recreation behavior. The case studies show that coupled research conducted at large scale can yield new insights, but uncoordinated data limit meaningful inference. We propose salient features of a coordinated observation program for water.
Germany's psychological war against France (1939-1945)
Authors: Lahoueld Badra
Published: December 2013

Au cours de la période 1939-1945, parallèlement aux batailles militaires, les Allemands se livrèrent à une véritable guerre psychologique contre le gouvernement colonial français en essayant de soulever les autochtones algériens. Dans leur entreprise de diviser pour régner, ils s'appuyèrent notamment sur les prisonniers, les travailleurs en zone occupée et les leaders politiques. Mais leurs efforts échouèrent. En effet, à l'exception de quelques réactions germanophiles isolées, l'ensemble de la population algérienne adopta une attitude loyale. Au niveau des partis politiques, l'aile radicale du PPA finit par rejoindre les éléments modérés à cause des ambitions territoriales des puissances de l'Axe, l'AUMA demeura prudente tandis que le PCA manifesta franchement son hostilité.
Les catéchismes à la Martinique dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle révélateurs d'un réveil missionnaire
Authors: Delisle Philippe
Published: December 2013

De 1815 au début des années 1830, les catéchismes utilisés à la Martinique reflètent la diversité et le manque de formation missionnaire d'un clergé recruté dans les diocèses français. En 1835, une première évolution se dessine avec la publication par le séminaire du Saint-Esprit d'un catéchisme unique pour les colonies. Mais le pas décisif est franchi au début des années 1840, sous l'impulsion du ministère de la Marine. Un essai de créolisation véritable du catéchisme est alors tenté par l'abbé Goux, significatif de l'élan d'une partie de l'encadrement vers la mission des Noirs.
L'Indochine repensée par les « Indochinois » : Pham Qùynh et les deux débats de 1931 sur l'immigration, le fédéralisme et la réalité de l'Indochine
Authors: Goscha Christopher E.
Published: December 2013

Si l'on accepte facilement la réalité de l'« Indonésie » sur la carte aujourd'hui, on a plus de difficulté à imaginer une nation « indochinoise » sur la péninsule sud-est asiatique. Et pourtant, dans les années trente, la question de la réalité de l'« Indochine » comme un aboutissement dans l'évolution étatique des possessions françaises était un sujet vivement discuté par beaucoup de Vietnamiens, Laotiens et Cambodgiens. A travers deux débats inédits publiés en 1931 et liés à l'intellectuel bien connu, Pham Quynh, nous montrons dans cet article à quel point l'idée de l'« Indochine » a tenté plusieurs nationalistes vietnamiens de se penser indochinois et comment les peuples ethniquement non-viêt ont fini par voir dans ce vocable « Indochine » une alliance spécifiquement franco-vietnamienne et non pas laotienne ou cambodgienne. Ce sujet se résuma dans un débat entre Pham Quynh et le prince Phetsarath sur l'immigration vietnamienne au Laos et un deuxième entre Quynh et Nguyên Van Vinh sur le fédéralisme indochinois et les limites géographiques du nationalisme vietnamien. Dans une historiographie indochinoise toujours dominée par le « Vietnam », cet article essaie d'explorer les relations intra-indochinoises et surtout la ligne de fracture ethnique et culturelle qui séparait les peuples « indochinois » et qui continue à poser des problèmes dans ce qui avait été circonscrit par l'« Indochine française ».
Entre nature et culture : la végétation dans les villes coloniales (Conakry, Freetown)
Authors: Goerg Odile
Published: December 2013

En concevant les villes en Afrique, sièges des pouvoirs, les colonisateurs imprimèrent leur marque sur tous les plans : urbanisme, architecture, mouvements de populations... mais aussi devenir de la végétation. Selon les époques (du milieu du XIXe siècle à l'apogée de l'impérialisme colonial) et les théories médicales (du primat des miasmes à l'hygiénisme), les pratiques et les lois diffèrent. Le contexte joue ainsi de façon déterminante pour expliquer les nuances des politiques appliquées à Conakry et à Freetown, que celles-ci concernent les milieux naturels dans les zones urbanisées (arbres tolérés ou abattus, herbes domptées) ou les éléments végétaux valorisés et parfois rendus obligatoires en milieu urbain. Autant la nature sauvage entrait en contradiction ou se situait dans un rapport d'hostilité avec le fait colonial, autant la végétation domestiquée et clairement circonscrite constitua un facteur fondamental de la définition des villes coloniales.
Paysage de la Guadeloupe à la fin du XVIIIe siècle d'après le poète créole Léonard
Authors: Hatzenberger Françoise
Published: December 2013

En 1783, lorsque Nicolas-Germain Léonard parcourt la Guadeloupe et une de ses dépendances, l'île semble proche de son état originel. La forêt dense est « sauvage ». Des odeurs suaves et « exotiques » frappent le voyageur. La lisière formée par les cultures littorales s' accrochant au bas des mornes contraste avec l'aridité de la Désirade. L'homme a déjà modifié l'environnement... jusqu'au niveau de la forêt dense. Défrichement, apport de nouvelles espèces ont perturbé le paysage dans son aspect général, mais aussi dans sa spécificité.
Les « trous de mémoire » dans l'histoire africaine. La Sanûsiyya au Tchad : le cas du Ouaddaï
Authors: Triaud Jean-Louis
Published: December 2013

Defeated during the twentieth century by three colonial powers, although only after a long and energetic resistance, victim of an enduring French « black legend » which portrayed it as a malevolent Muslim brotherhood, compromised by the diplomatic rivaties of the Great Powers from the time ofthe First World War, and deprived of its history and legitimacy by the regime of Colonel Gaddafy, the Sanusiyya was a major actor in the recent history of northern Africa, both in terms of the geographical extent of its influence and the duration of its presence on the historical scene (ca. 1840-1969). The case under study here is that of Wadday which, in the nineteenth century, was the most important political formation in the Chadian region and, from the 1860s, the favoured diplomatic and commercial partner of the brotherhood inprotecting the new economic axis of Benghazi-Kufra-Abeche. This article is a critical reassessment of available sources concerning Chado-Sanusi relations. Here, too, the « black legend » had its impact, constantly interpreting Sanusi activities south of the Sahara in terms of conspiracies and subversion. A well-informed French text, written by the interpreter Djian and until recently unavailable, provides a more balanced view of the role of the brotherhood, which appears to have functioned more on the Sharifian model of mediator among powers rather than that of seeking to challenge or seek power for itself
La naissance d'une classe moyenne paysanne musulmane après la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Henni Ahmed
Published: December 2013

The economical dynamics of Algeria's colonial history is usually considered as a continuous process, since 1830 until 1954, of paupérisation, if not « hoboeisation » or even leading to sub proletarization ; this phenomenon could obviously explain the harsh outburst of 1954, with the start of the long national liberation war. However, a deeper look of this history gives evidence that, following a slow regression, one can observe as soon as the end of 19th century, an awakening of demographic trends, sign post of future changes in the material conditions of living. This change is more accentuated for a minority of peasants which, choosing to integrate themselves in the colonial System of profit-seeking agriculture, begin, after World War I, to develop typically colonial speculations (like vineyards for instance), to convert themselves towards an exportation oriented economy which in return allow a rising financial welfare, affording itself a broader real estate based status among algerian peasantry, and even more allowing to acquire some parts of colonial estate. By the end of the thirties this minority became sufficiently relevant in order to allow us to characterize the emergence of an Algerian agricultural middle class between the 1st and 2nd World War.
Diplomatie et politique coloniale. La médecine française au Yunnan de 1898 à 1931 d'après les sources coloniales françaises et des études chinoises
Authors: Bretelle-Establet Florence
Published: December 2013

The création of French consular medical dispensaries, in Southern China, at the end of the nineteenth century, had two objectives : to extend the French influence in China, and particularly in Yunnan province ; and to constitute a cordon sanitaire for the sake of public health of Indochina. From 1898, French military doctors were sent to Yunnan province and played a prominent part in the history of French consular medical activities and also in the intégration of occidental medicine among the Chinese people. Financially supported by Indochina, France, and increasingly by the Chinese themselves, the French doctors working in Yunnan province progressively succeeded in attracting a diverse Chinese clientele.
Colonisation, christianisation et émancipation. Les sœurs de Saint-Joseph de Cluny à Mana (Guyane française), 1828-1846
Authors: Delisle Philippe
Published: December 2013

From 1828 to 1846, the Sisters of Saint-Joseph de Cluny managed the colony of Mana infrench Guyana. This experiment was extremely complex. White settlers and Africans are concerned successively. Mana took part in a humanitarian movement which asked for the abolition of the slave trade. It was like a monastery isolated in the equatorial forest. But it was also an attempt at schooling young blacks and at developing the region. In any case it was an essential stage in construction of a creolian identity.