bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An ecological study of the branchiobdellid commensals (Annelida-Branchiobdellidae) of some mid-western Ontario crayfish
Authors: Bishop John E.
Published: August 2008

Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus robustus from the Speed River, Sunfish Lake, and Laurel Creek, harbor two branchiobdellids, Cambarincola chirocephala and Pterodrilus distichus. Both adult and cocoon populations of the dominant species (C. chirocephala) are proportional to the size of the host throughout the year, except that first-year crayfish are free of cocoons. The reduction in total number of commensals from autumn to spring can be attributed to severe winter conditions. A subrostral site of preference for adult branchiobdellid attachment, and a dominant abdomen I and II site for cocoon deposition are indicated for O. propinquus. On C. robustus, adults are most commonly found on the antennal bases and among the maxillipeds, and cocoons on the last live abdominal sternites. No host specificity is evident although an unidentified Cambarus sp. from Sunfish Lake is free of commensals. Host incompatibility may explain this, but data from Laurel Creek indicate that silting of the microhabitat is responsible for loss of branchiobdellid population. The crayfish–branchiobdellid relationship is commensal, or at most facultatively parasitic, as adult worms can live without a host for extended periods. Serological testing of rabbit serum containing branchiobdellid antibodies against crayfish serum is negative. The dependence of the egg stage on the host for some undetermined factor or factors is discussed. An Asellus sp. fails to pick up the commensals even when exposed under ideal conditions for colonization.
Helminth parasites of some birds in Newfoundland
Authors: Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

One hundred and thirty-two birds of 33 species were examined for helminth parasites in Newfoundland, Canada, during the period December, 1965, to March, 1968. A total of 27 species of helminths were identified, including five new host records. Five species of trematodes, 13 of cestodes, 7 of nematodes, and 2 of acanthocephala were recovered. The food found in the stomachs of the birds examined was also recorded.
On Urceolaria mitra (Protozoa, Peritricha) epizoic on North American flatworms
Authors: Ball Ian R. , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Urceolaria mitra (von Sieb.) is described for the first time from North America, and new host and geographic records are given. Brief biological data on host specificity, distribution and dispersal, and survival of the epizoite in temporary waters are also provided.
Morphology and relationships of Periplectus labiosus n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda:Plectinae) with remarks on its evolutionary significance
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Periplectus labiosus n. gen., n. sp., a soil-inhabiting nematode from the Lake Hazen area of the Canadian Arctic, is described and illustrated. The description includes morphological details to the extent that was possible through the study of a limited number of preserved and processed specimens. The relationships of the genus are discussed with the genera Plectus Bastian, 1865, Anaplectus De Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933, and Pakira Yeates, 1967, with remarks on the possible evolutionary significance of the new genus.
Hymenolepis (Hym.) deblocki sp. n., and records of other helminths from charadriiform birds
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Neiland Kenneth A.
Published: August 2008

Records are presented of 18 species of cestodes and trematodes collected from shorebirds near Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1960. Hymenolepis (Hym.) deblocki sp. n. is described from Limnodromus griseus (Gmelin). It differs from all other species in the genus in possessing an unarmed accessory sac, unarmed suckers, vagina swollen and armed, and cirrus with stylet.
Mermithid parasites of the mosquito Aedes vexans Meigen in British Columbia
Authors: Trpiš Milan , Haufe W. O. , Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: August 2008

Newly emerged and apparently healthy female adults of Aedes vexans Meigen were collected in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, After they had fed once on man at the time of collection and daily on guinea pigs thereafter in the laboratory, they were found to be infected with mermithid worms that developed rapidly at 25 °C. The parasites suppressed ovarian development and caused nearly 100% mortality within 10 days. They started to leave morbid hosts within 7 days. More detailed studies of the life cycle of the mermithid parasites are needed to assess their effectiveness and specificity in the biological control of A. vexans.
An improved method for embedding and sectioning eggs of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Fab. (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Ewen A. B.
Published: August 2008

A new method for preparing eggs of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Fab., for serial sectioning is described. The fixative is Carnoy's fluid; dehydration and clearing are accomplished in dioxane and benzene. After infiltration and embedding, tissues are exposed on the microtome and then soaked in a detergent solution for 4 hours or longer. The entire procedure from fixation to sectioning can be completed in 16 to 20 hours, but one or more overnight stops may be included.
Uncinaria rauschi (Strongyloidea: Nematoda), a new species of hookworms from Alaskan bears
Authors: Olsen O. Wilford
Published: August 2008

Uncinaria rauschi n. sp. is described from bears, Ursus americanus and U. arctos, from Alaska. A key to the species of the genus plus figures of the bursa of each recognizable species are included.
The function of the sphaeridia of sea urchins
Authors: Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

The sphaeridia of four species of echinoids were examined and found to be organs of equilibrium. In the three epifaunal forms, Tripneustes esculentus, Diadema antillarum, and Echinometra lucunter, the sphaeridia are functional statocysts with numerous statoliths. In the infaunal form, Mellita, the organ consists of a single statolith in an enclosed cavity.
The effect of parasitism by the trematode Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) on zonation and winter migration of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.)
Authors: Lambert T. C. , Farley J.
Published: August 2008

Analysis of eight monthly samples of Littorina littorea taken between November and June from a rocky shore in Nova Scotia showed that there were four basic component populations with new brood settling in January and June. The brood settled subtidally after which they migrated up the shore to attain their adult positions at the end of their first year. Various tests showed that the snails migrated down the beach in the winter, the peak of migration occurring in February.Examination of snails on the beach and in a tide-simulating machine showed that, during the winter, those infected with Cryptocotyle lingua migrated more slowly and to a lesser extent than the non-infected snails. There was also indication that parasitized snails occurred lower on the beach, this being also duplicated in the tide-simulating machine.Subtidal snails were larger than their intertidal counterparts, suggesting that immersion was a more important factor than temperature in snail growth.
The postcranial skeleton of the Permian microsaur Pantylus
Authors: Carroll Robert L.
Published: August 2008

The description of the postcranial skeleton of Pantylus is based on four specimens from the Putnam Formation, Wichita Group, and material from the Clyde Formation, Clear Fork Group, Lower Permian of Texas. The presence of haemal arches, only 24 presacral vertebrae, and an astragalus and calcaneum are reptilian features, but the anatomy of the cervical vertebrae, the absence of trunk intercentra, and the nature of the scales as well as the anatomy of the skull indicate that this genus is a microsaur. The carpals, described for the first time in any microsaur, resemble those of rhachitomous amphibians in having a large proximal centrale. There are four manus digits and five in the pes. Pantylus was apparently a fully terrestrial form, with stout although short limbs. The presence of heavy ventral armor suggests that it dragged itself along the ground, or was a burrowing form. The extensive wear shown by the massive tooth plates indicates a diet of hard-shelled invertebrates or plant food. Pantylus is most clearly related to the Early Pennsylvanian microsaur Trachystegos. Although both genera may be related to the gymnarthrids Cardiocephalus and Euryodus, they are sufficiently distinct to be placed in a separate family.
The helminths of wolves and coyotes from the forested regions of Alberta
Authors: Holmes John C. , Podesta Ronald
Published: August 2008

Ninety-eight wolves and 75 coyotes from the forested regions of Alberta were examined for helminths. Fourteen species (2 trematodes, 8 cestodes, and 4 nematodes) were recovered from wolves, with a mean of 2.6 and a maximum of 6 species per wolf; 18 species (3 trematodes, 8 cestodes, and 7 nematodes) were recovered from coyotes, with a mean of 2.0 and a maximum of 6 species per coyote. Helminths common in wolves were Taenia hydatigena (79% of the wolves infected), Echinococcus granulosus (72%), Taenia krabbei (52%), Toxascaris leonina (14%), and Taenia pisiformis (13%), Toxascaris leonina (52%), Alaria americana (33%), Taenia pisiformis (31%), Uncinaria stenocephala (16%), and Filaroides osleri (15%) were common in coyotes. Metorchis conjunctus, Taenia omissa, and T. taeniaeformis appear to be new records for wolves and M. conjunctus, Taenia twitchelli, Diphyllobothrium sp., and Capillaria aerophila appear to be new for coyotes.High indexes of similarity (and comparable indexes of diversity) suggest that the helminth faunas of wolves in various regions of North America are basically similar. This similarity is probably due to similar food habits of wolves from various regions.The helminth fauna of coyotes appears to vary extensively in diversity and in species between the regions studied. The fauna from the coyotes from the area around Lac la Biche, Alberta, differed markedly from that of the other samples, with a generally richer fauna of different species, more equitably distributed. The helminths, particularly the cestodes, from coyotes from Minnesota and from Banff National Park were as similar to those of wolves as they were to those of coyotes from other areas. These features may be due to the food habits of the host coyotes.
Propagation of a cerambycid borer on a meridic diet
Authors: Harley K. L. S. , Willson B. W.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of a cerambycid borer, Plagiohammus spinipennis, have been reared from hatching to pupation on a meridic diet. Larvae developed faster, were larger, and showed higher larval survival and oviposition rates than those reared on the insects' normal host Lantana camara. A rearing technique using this artificial diet was adapted to large-scale propagation of this bio-control insect.
A contact sex pheromone and some response parameters in lycosid spiders
Authors: Hegdekar B. M. , Dondale C. D.
Published: August 2008

The sexual response of male Schizocosa crassipalpis (Emerton), S. avida (Walckenaer), Pardosa moesta Banks, and P. saxatilis (Hentz) to filter paper discs previously exposed to females was studied in the laboratory. Evidence indicates that the females secrete a nonvolatile substance which the males receive through contact chemoreception and which excites them sexually. Attempts to demonstrate an olfactory cue in the sexual response were unsuccessful. The substance was found to be species specific except in S. crassipalpis. It was produced by adult females regardless of age or mating history. Male response was similarly not affected. The substance was active for about 4 weeks. It was labile to treatment with ether or benzene and could not be extracted with either solvent. The sites of its secretion and perception have not been ascertained.
In vivo uptake of radiothyroxine by the tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr, presmolt, and smolt
Authors: Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Tissue uptake of radiothyroxine in Atlantic salmon parr, presmolts, and smolts held at 10.5 to 13.5 °C was assessed by measuring T/S ratios (tissue radioactivity/serum radioactivity) from 1 hour to 10 days after intraperitoneal injection of L-thyroxine–125I.T/S ratios were highest for gall bladder, liver, and gut, indicating a biliary thyroxine excretion route. Somewhat less uptake occurred in spleen, kidney, and gill. T/S ratios were lower still for skin and muscle but the pattern of T/S change with time suggested some radiothyroxine uptake by these tissues. Little uptake occurred in brain where low T/S ratios were consistently found.For most tissues there was no difference in thyroxine uptake between parr, smolts, and presmolts. However, for presmolts the means of gill T/S ratios were much higher than those for parr or smolts while the biliary thyroxine excretion route was most prominent in parr.The biological half-life of serum radioactivity after intraperitoneal injection of L-thyroxine–125I was similar for parr, presmolt, and smolt. Most of the serum radioactivity was not protein-bound and was probably free radiothyroxine. The injected radiothyroxine may have so increased the serum free thyroxine pool that serum protein thyroxine-binding sites were saturated.
Measurement of radiation dose distribution in a pond habitat by lithium fluoride dosimetry
Authors: Guthrie J. E. , Scott A. G.
Published: August 2008

Thermoluminescent dosimetry has been used to measure the radiation dose accumulated by Chironomidae larvae inhabiting a 19-m diameter pond contaminated with cesium-137. Small plastic tubes filled with lithium fluoride powder were arranged in parallel rows along the pond bottom. The accumulated gamma dose was greatest at the pond margin.
Intracellular distribution of β-glucuronidase activity during metamorphosis of the housefly, Musca domestica L.
Authors: Hegdekar B. M. , Smallman B. N.
Published: August 2008

β-Glucuronidase and glucuronyl transferase activities were determined in various stages of third instar larvae and pupae of M. domestica. Most of the β-glucuronidase activity was found in the particulate fractions: lysosomes and microsomes. No enzyme activity could be detected in the early third instar larvae. It increased by 10-fold in the pupal stage and has a pH optimum of 4.0. The enzyme activity in the soluble fraction increased from 30% in the late larval stage to 45% in the late pupal stage. About 56% of lysosomal β-glucuronidase activity exhibited structure-linked latency. The free activity of the lysosomal fractions increased from 44% in the late larval stage to over 64%, in the late pupal stage. Glucuronyl transferase activity was low at all times during metamorphosis. The rapid rate of β-glucuronidase synthesis during pupal and late pupal stages and the increase in the lysosomal free activity has been discussed in relation to the cellular dissolution and tissue reconstitution during metamorphosis.
Shell regeneration in Helix pomatia
Authors: Saleuddin A. S. M. , Wilbur Karl M.
Published: August 2008

The early stages of the shell regeneration in Helix pomatia have been studied by electron microscopy. Within 1 hour after the removal of a piece of shell, minute crystals of CaCO3 appear in the injured area. Electron diffraction study showed these crystals to be aragonite. Calcite crystals were also present at later stages of regeneration (after 3 hours) as shown by polarizing microscope and X-ray diffraction. Vaterite was found in 1 of 12 cases. Spherulites were observed in regeneration at the shell edge but not elsewhere.
The physiology of the woodlouse, Porcellio laevis Latreille (Porcellionidae, Peracarida). I. Studies on the gut epithelium cytology and its relation to the maltase secretion
Authors: Alikhan M. A.
Published: August 2008

Some of the characteristics of the maltase extracted from the Porcellio laevis midgut are described, and evidence is presented to show that in addition to the digestive caeca, the epithelial cells of the gut also play an important part in the secretion of this enzyme. The process of the production of cytoplasmic extrusions, somewhat similar to that which in the past has been described as evidence of holocrine secretion, is demonstrated to be a response to starvation.The significance of these findings is discussed.
The distribution of eosinophilic and heterophilic granulocytes in the rabbit thymus
Authors: Westermann Jean E. Mills , Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

Sections of thymuses from rabbits aged 3 days, 2–3 weeks, and 4 weeks, from young adults (normal and parasitized with coccidiosis), and from old adults were examined for the distribution of eosinophils and heterophils. Developmental and mature stages or lobated and mononuclear eosinophils and lobated heterophils were found. The two lobated granulocytic series, showing transformational stages from myelocyte (macromyelocyte) to lobed forms, as in the bone marrow, were present in the connective tissue of the capsule, interlobular septa, and trabeculae, in the peripheral zone of the cortex, and in the medulla. They were usually found in nests of cells which occasionally showed mitosis. The mononuclear eosinophils, the micromyelocytic line, were found almost exclusively in the medulla, never in nests nor in mitosis. The association of granulocytes with Hassall's corpuscles was variable; granulocytes were seen within some corpuscles, in the vicinity of others, or were not present near others. Thymuses from all rabbits showed granulocytes. The thymuses of the 3-day-old rabbits contained the least concentration of lobed granulocytes and no or very few mononuclear eosinophils. Greatest concentrations of granulocytes were found in old rabbits and parasitized animals. Some possible functions for granulocytes in the thymus are presented.
Wolf milk. I. Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) and husky milk: gross composition and fatty acid constitution
Authors: Lauer B. H. , Kuyt E. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from an Arctic wolf which was captured on Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories, in 1961 and held in captivity for 5 years before the collection of the sample, and from two huskies. The gross composition of the milks and the fatty acid constitution of the milk fats were determined.
Studies on sylvatic echinococcosis. II. The occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuck. 1863 in Manitoba
Authors: Leiby P. D. , Lubinsky G. , Galaugher W.
Published: August 2008

Cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuck. 1863 were found in 15 of 99 deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner), from a dolomite quarry and a gravel pit 12 and 20 miles north northeast of Winnipeg respectively, in the Stony Mountain – Argyle area. This is the first report on the occurrence of E. multilocularis in Manitoba rodents. It extends northeast the known area of distribution of this cestode in the North American prairies.
Induction of scleral cartilage in the chorioallantois of the chick embryo
Authors: Wedlock D. E. , McCallion D. J.
Published: August 2008

The optic vesicle of the young chick embryo explanted to the chorioallantois of host embryos induces the formation of scleral cartilage in the chorioallantoic mesenchyme. The part of the optic vesicle responsible for the induction of cartilage is the pigmented retina. Neural retina does not induce cartilage formation.
Cytological studies of Antipodean Teleogryllus species and their hybrids (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Lim Hai-Choo , Vickery V. R. , Kevan D. K. McE.
Published: August 2008

Testes from nymphs of the last three instars of 10 populations of Australasian "black" field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus and T. oceanicus, and some of their hybrids, were examined to determine the number and morphology of their chromosomes. All populations gave counts of 2n = 27 in the male. The karyotypes of different populations and the hybrids are presented in tabular form with illustrations and idiograms. Some anomalies in chromosome numbers and structure were found, notably the occurrence of polyploid cells in the hybrids of T. commodus populations and in the interspecific hybrids.Chromosomal polymorphism was found to be common, except in some non-continental populations. Lampbrush-like chromosomes were found in metaphase 1 of interspecific hybrids and in the intraspecific hybrids of T. oceanicus. Achromatic gaps occur in T. oceanicus and in a population of T. commodus from Victoria, Australia.
Further records of helminths from Newfoundland mammals
Authors: Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

One hundred and thirty-eight mammals of 16 species were examined for helminth parasites. A total of 45 animals (32%) of seven species were found to be infected with 18 species of helminths (8 species of cestodes, 10 of nematodes). Examination of canine and equine faecal samples revealed the presence of five other species of nematodes in Newfoundland mammals (two in dogs, three in horses). Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch 1824) was recovered from a cat, this being the first time it has been found in a cat under natural conditions.
The effects of light and temperature on isolated melanophores in Fundulus heteroclitus L.
Authors: Abbott Frank S.
Published: August 2008

The effects of light and increasing and decreasing temperature upon the distribution of melanin in melanophores in isolated scales from Fundulus heteroclitus L. have been studied. Light had no effect. Increasingand decreasing temperatures caused aggregation which could be reversed. These results are discussed in relation to certain hypotheses concerning melanophore control and it is concluded that they favor the view that isolated melanophores may act as independent effectors.
Visual isolation and stress in female ranch mink particularly during the reproductive season
Authors: Gilbert F. F. , Bailey E. D.
Published: August 2008

Blood samples taken by cardiac puncture from female mink in visually isolated and control social regimens showed little meaningful difference in erythrocyte and leucocyte counts. However, the numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes were lower in the visual isolates during anoestrus and higher during oestrus.Twenty-two control females weighed near the beginning of the oestrous period showed greater body weight losses during oestrus and pregnancy or pseudopregnancy than did 22 visually isolated females. Similar observations were recorded for six females of each regimen that were transferred to the opposite social condition postbreeding.Adrenal weights were higher and spleen weights lower during oestrus and pregnancy or pseudopregnancy in the control females. Females moved to visual isolation postbreeding showed both adrenal and spleen hypertrophy after parturition when compared with females moved to control cages.Visual isolation is apparently more stressful to female mink during the anoestrous period but reduces stress during oestrus and pregnancy. The increased adrenal steroid output of control mink as part of the stress syndrome during the critical reproductive period might be responsible for increased in utero losses. But increased adrenocortical output associated with the stress of long term visual isolation might result in insufficient gonadal stimulation resulting in fewer pregnancies. Splenic atrophy appears to be symptomatic of a stress condition and adrenal hypertrophy may only be indicative of stress when accompanied by this atrophy.
Locomotory responses to temperature in the grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Kerr W. D.
Published: August 2008

The speed or orthokinesis and turning rates or klinokinesis of individual adults of the grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), were affected by both the rearing temperature and the testing temperature. In general, orthokinesis decreased with a decrease in temperature, but weevils reared at a low temperature showed a smaller decrease than those reared at a high temperature. Klinokinesis was greater when differences between rearing and test temperatures were large and least when the differences were small or absent. Effects of differences between rearing and test temperatures were less if weevils were kept at the test temperature for 24 hours before testing and absent if beetles were at the test temperature for 2 weeks. Orthokinesis was shown to be an unsatisfactory orientation mechanism at low temperatures although it may operate with some efficiency at moderately high temperatures. Klinokinesis was much more effective at extreme temperatures and is probably the chief locomotory mechanism of orientation to temperature in this species.
Alaria taxideae Swanson and Erickson 1946 in pine marten from central Alaska (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae)
Authors: Sekerak Aaron D.
Published: August 2008

This report extends the range of Alaria (Paralaria) taxideae Swanson and Erickson 1946 to central Alaska. While a gap still remains in northeastern Canada, its known distribution corresponds closely with that of the Mustelidae.
Comparison of the helminth fauna of California gulls, Larus californicus, and ring-billed gulls, Larus delawarensis, at Beaverhill and Miquelon Lakes, Alberta
Authors: Vermeer Kees
Published: August 2008

The helminth fauna of California and ring-billed gulls at Beaverhill and Miquelon lakes, Alberta, was studied. The extensity of the occurrence of Plagiorchis elegans, Diplostomum spathaceum, Hymenolepis californicus, and Aprocta turgida and the intensity of Plagiorchis elegans and Paricterotaenia porosa were significantly greater in the ring-billed gull than in the California gull. The greater occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Schistocephalus solidus, Diplostomum spathaceum, and Cotylurus erraticus in the ring-billed gull indicates that this bird eats more infected fish, in the vicinity of Beaverhill and Miquelon Lakes, than does the California gull.
On the identity of the ostracode genera Cypriconcha and Megalocypris
Authors: Delorme L. D.
Published: August 2008

Comparison of shell and appendage morphology between the South African Megalocypris Sars, 1898 and the North American Cypriconcha Sars, 1926 indicates that the genera are congeneric, with Megalocypris having priority. The genera Herpetocypris Brady and Norman, 1889 and Stenocypris Sars, 1889 are morphologically closely related to Megalocypris. There are five South African and six North American species belonging to the genus, including a new Canadian form, Megalocypris pseudoingens n. sp.
The labium of Aphelocheirus aestivalis F. as compared with that of typical Naucoridae (Heteroptera)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

Aphelocheirus is a rare insect whose unique method of respiration differs from that of all other aquatic Heteroptera. Although usually given family status, Aphelocheirus is sometimes considered to be a subfamily of the Naucoridae. Its unusually long labium, however, sets it apart from the typical Naucoridae and from most other water bugs in which the labium is shortened. The labium of Aphelocheirus is here described and compared with, that of the Naucoridae and other aquatic Heteroptera. On the basis of labial morphology, Aphelocheirus differs from the Nepidae, Belostomatidae, and Corixidae; bears some resemblance to the Gelastocoridae and Ochteridae; and is most similar to the Notonectidae and Naucoridae.
The development of Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Cyclops bicuspidatus in relation to temperature
Authors: Ko Ronald C. , Adams James R.
Published: August 2008

Development of Philonema oncorhynchi was followed in Cyclops bicuspidatus kept at 4°, 10°, and 15 °C. The nematode molted twice in the haemocoel of copepods. Three larval stages are described. The final size of the infective stage was unaffected by temperature. The rate of larval development was directly proportional to temperature between 4° and 15 °C. An increase of 5 °C halved the rate. The significance of these findings to the natural infection of sockeye salmon in Cultus Lake, British Columbia, is discussed.The development of P. agubernaculum from the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was studied at 10 °C by the same methods. Morphological features and rate of development were similar to those of P. oncorhynchi.
The histology and histochemistry of the developing chorioallantoic membrane in the chick (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Flumerfelt B. A. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The chorioallantoic membrane is composed of three layers. (1) An outer chorionic epithelium consisting of a thin outer layer of cells, an inner stratified cell layer, and a central blood sinus lined with flattened ectodermal cells. (2) A middle connective tissue which provides support and a pathway for the distribution of blood and lymphatic vessels. Numerous capillaries pass from this layer to the chorionic sinuses. (3) An inner allantoic epithelium composed of secretory cells. The components of all three layers increase in number and concentration during the first part of the incubation period. After day 17, however, there is a rapid decrease in the composition of each layer. The allantoic epithelium is rich in secretory granules. These granules include a sulfated mucopolysaccharide component. It is suggested that the liberation of this secretion provides a surface coating which protects the underlying tissues against the increasing toxicity of the allantoic contents.
The pedal disc of the swimming sea anemone Stomphia coccinea during detachment, swimming, and resettlement
Authors: Ellis Virginia L. , Ross D. M. , Sutton L.
Published: August 2008

The pedal disc was studied during the "swimming" response of Stomphia coccinea by use of photography and visual aids, certain experimental procedures, and histological preparations. At the moment of release, deep ridges and clefts appeared along the lines of the mesenteries, reducing the surface area by about one-half. Circular muscles on the pedal disc and vertically inserted muscles at the bases of the mesenteries were seen. These together would account for the observed pattern. The breaking of the adhesive sole by the furrowing of the surface, the concavity of the pedal disc produced by parietobasilar contractions, and the dissolution of an adhesive substance seemed all to be involved in the detachment of the animal in response to a swimming stimulus. During the resettling of S. coccinea after swimming, the pedal disc became very sticky, especially if the tentacles had touched the shell. This stickiness coincided with a general discharge of nematocysts (microbasic p-mastigophores) from the pedal disc. The active functions of the pedal disc in the release and resettlement of S. coccinea were discussed and it was pointed out that the basal area is by no means a passive element in the behavior patterns of actinians.
The response of a predator, Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acarina:Laelapidae), to two species of prey
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: August 2008

The effect of two prey species, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Glycyphagus domesticus (de Geer), on the oviposition of the predator Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) was studied. The H. aculeifer females fed on T. putrescentiae laid more eggs and lived longer than those fed on G. domesticus. Predators fed on G. domesticus laid more eggs per day and had a shorter mean generation than predators fed on T. putrescentiae. The greatest finite rate of increase of H. aculeifer was obtained when G. domesticus was the prey.
Survival of sporozoites of Leucocytozoon in birds for 11 days
Authors: Khan R. A. , Desser S. S. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

Sporozoites of Leucocytozoon simondi were found in impression smears from the livers of ducks which had received sporozoites up to 114 hours previously. Sporozoites of L. dubreuili were found in impression smears of the livers of robins which had received sporozoites up to 11 days previously and in the heart of one 84 hours after it had received sporozoites. Successful transmission of these parasites by subinoculations of blood from birds which received sporozoites are reported. The persistence of sporozoites for several days in blood would explain the transmission of parasites by subinoculations of blood before completion of an asexual cycle.
The embryology of Lytta viridana Le Conte (Coleoptera: Meloidae). IV. Chromatin elimination
Authors: Rempel J. G. , Church N. S.
Published: August 2008

Chromatin elimination occurs in most of the embryonic tissues of Lytta viridana during the first fifth of the period of embryogenesis. Equatorial disks or chromosome-like bodies that stained densely with iron-hematoxylin were found in anaphase and telophase cells of the amnion, germ cell rudiment, ectoderm, neuroblasts, and mesoderm as well as in the maturing oocyte and cleavage cells.
Tracheliastes chondrostomi n.sp. (Copepoda:Lernaeopodidae) from Chondrostoma nasus (L.) in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Hanek George
Published: August 2008

Tracheliastes chondrostomi n.sp. is described from Chondrostoma nasus, collected during parasitological investigations in eastern Czechoslovakia.
Observations on locomotion of the short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821), in captivity
Authors: Bradbury Helen E. , Aldrich Frederick A.
Published: August 2008

Locomotion of captive short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus) was observed and analyzed in terms of definitive interpretations by the Russian biophysicist, G. V. Zuev. Resting, lift-off, soaring, set-down, turning, and jetting are described. New to the analysis of the creation of the propulsive hydrojet is the inclusion of the role played by the mantle valves.
Effect of prolactin on the density of mucous cells on the gill filaments of the marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.
Authors: Leatherland J. F. , Lam T. J.
Published: August 2008

The density of the mucous cells on the gill filaments of the marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) was investigated after changes of ambient salinity and intraperitoneal injection of ovine prolactin. Prolactin treatment appears to have no effect on the mucous cells of the seawater-adapted fish. Prolactin-treated fish showed a significantly higher density of gill mucous cells after 5 hours in fresh water when compared with solvent-injected controls. The differences among the prolactin-injected, solvent-injected, and uninfected groups were less marked after 1 and 4 days in fresh water. After 8 days in fresh water, however, the solvent-treated controls again had a significantly lower gill mucous cell density than their prolactin-treated contemporaries. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the osmotic and (or) ionic regulating properties of prolactin.
The influence of the host plant or males on ovarian development or oviposition in the diamondback moth Plutella maculipennis (Curt.)
Authors: Hillyer R. J. , Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: August 2008

The conditions of larval development, especially food quality and larval density, affected appreciably the length of the adult prereproductive period. The isolation of females from males after adult eclosion did not affect this prereproductive period but increased the preoviposition period. The presence of host tissue reduced the prereproductive period of adult females. Presence of non-host plants (wheat broad bean, and pea) did not significantly affect the length of the prereproductive period. The effect of the host on egg production was successfully simulated by exposing females to allyl isothiocyanate, a characteristic constituent of the food plants. The processes regulating number of eggs produced were discussed.
Osmotic regulation and rectal absorption in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala
Authors: Phillips J. E.
Published: August 2008

The osmoregulatory ability of blowflies was investigated by measuring osmotic pressures and chloride concentrations of haemolymph, urine, and, under some conditions, crop and hindgut fluids from water-fed and water-deprived animals. Blood levels were kept within narrow limits by production of either very hyposmotic or strongly hyperosmotic urine. Water and chloride reabsorption from isolated recta were measured directly in vivo. While no positive evidence was obtained that ion reabsorption in the rectum plays an important role in production of hyposmotic urine, it was clearly established that hyperosmotic urine resulted from absorption of water against an increasing osmotic gradient in the latter organ. The rate of water absorption was dependent on the osmotic gradient across the rectal wall and occurred from an initially pure sugar solution as well as from saline. Current ideas on the possible mechanism of water transport in the insect rectum are discussed and assessed.
Effect of prolactin on loss of solutes via the head region of the early-winter marine threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., form trachurus) in fresh water
Authors: Lam T. J.
Published: August 2008

Net loss of sodium chloride and 14C-inulin (at least 14C from injected 14C-inulin) via the head region of the early-winter marine threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., form trachurus) was studied in an apparatus which permits the suspension of a fish by a rubber diaphragm with its head (including the gills) in continuously oxygenated dechlorinated fresh water, and its trunk in paraffin oil. Under this condition, prolactin injections significantly reduced the net loss of the solutes. Despite this finding with regard to I4C, the prolactin-injected fish showed a lower terminal plasma 14C activity per microliter than the solvent-injected fish. The significance of these findings was discussed.
Bimonthly progress of a non-lethal infection by Glugea hertwigi in young-of-the-year smelt, Osmerus eperlanus mordax
Authors: Delisle Claude
Published: August 2008

At regular intervals, during the summer of 1967, a total of 2923 smelts of age 0 were captured by means of the positive phototaxy shown by the young-of-the-year during night under artificial light.From June 22 to September 30, the Glugea hertwigi infection rate increased from 6.7 to 93.2%. The average number of Glugea cysts per specimen rose also from 0.08 to 57.44 during the same interval. The critical number of 250 Glugea cysts per specimen is not the only criteria of the lethal state of infection. Some young-of-the-year kept in captivity and having no apparent signs of Glugea infection enabled us to establish that Glugea cysts became apparent after 3 days of observation.
A taxonomic synopsis of the Tribe Loricerini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Ball George E. , Erwin Terry L.
Published: August 2008

An account is given of the taxonomy of the Tribe Loricerini, based on a study of the characteristics of representative adults of all known species, the larvae of four species, and the pupa of one species. A single genus, Loricera Latreille, is recognized, the monotypic Elliptosoma Wollaston being ranked as a subgenus. Nine species belonging to the subgenus Loricera (sensu stricto) are recognized, including the newly described L. aptena (type locality, Durango, Mexico). The names L. stevensi Andrewes and L. aparupa Andrewes are synonymized. The species of Loricera (sensu stricto) are arrayed in three species groups.A hypothetical phylogeny and account of zoogeography are presented, the chief conclusions of which are that L. wollastoni is a phylogenetic and zoogeographic relic, and that the Nearctic–Holarctic species are more closely related to one another than to the species of Central Asia. Evolution of closely related species is related to events of the Pleistocene.
Synergistic evolution of halictine nest architecture and social behavior
Authors: Knerer G.
Published: August 2008

Halictinae are a large and taxonomically diverse group of ground-nesting bees. Solitary and social members coexist in all faunal zones, and several distinct evolutionary pathways to higher social levels can be discerned among extant species. The genus Evylaeus embraces the most advanced halictine societies known. These are made up of a queen and numerous small, unmated and nonreproductive workers. A strong correlation exists between architectural complexity and the level of socialization attained in those forms, since only a structural preadaptation permits a development of large colonies possessing a division of labor and intensive brood care.
The winter metabolic depression in Arctic beavers (Castor canadensis Kuhl) with comparisons to California beavers
Authors: Aleksiuk Michael , Cowan Ian McTaggart
Published: August 2008

No major seasonal changes were observed in California beavers kept under Vancouver climatic conditions, with a constant ration made available ad libitum, but Arctic beavers kept under the same conditions showed a growth cessation, a 40% reduction in food intake, and a depression in the 131PBI conversion ratio during the winter. These findings strongly indicated that the observed changes in the Arctic form are inherent attributes.Manipulation of light conditions had no detectable effects on California beavers but exposure of Arctic beavers to constant darkness, beginning in October, resulted in a reduction of food intake to zero after 17 and 22 days in two animals respectively, a weight loss, and a complete muscular paralysis of unknown nature. Exposure to constant incandescent light after 24 days of darkness erased these effects.It was concluded that northern beavers possess a winter metabolic depression induced by decreasing light intensity in the autumn. The normal mechanism for reversal is unknown, but restoration of light can accomplish reversal. The metabolic depression is poorly understood, but is characterized by an absence of growth, low thyroid activity, low food intake, a normal body temperature, and possibly a peripheral control of activity. The physiology of the apparent control mechanism is unknown.
Prolactin and survival in deionized water of the marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.
Authors: Leatherland J. F. , Lam T. J.
Published: August 2008

The marine form (trachurus) of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) showed rapid mortality in deionized water in the early winter, and prolactin injection could significantly reduce this mortality although it could not completely prevent it. A single prolactin injection 24 h before transfer of fish to deionized water was apparently as effective as three prior injections (on alternate days). There was no obvious dose–response relationship. However, there appears to be an optimum range since both a low dose of 1 μg/g and a high dose of 30 μg/g were less effective than the intermediate doses which did not differ significantly amongst themselves.On the other hand, prolactin was ineffective when the fish were transferred to deionized water only 3 h after the injection. Both the solvent-injected and prolactin-injected fish in this case showed a more rapid mortality rate than the uninjected fish.When the fish were transferred 48 h after the injection, prolactin appeared to be even more effective than when the fish were transferred 24 h after the injection, but in this case slightly larger doses were apparently required.
Torpidity of freshwater ostracodes
Authors: Delorme L. D. , Donald D.
Published: August 2008

The freshwater ostracode Candona rawsoni Tressler can survive in a torpid state. The time required for rejuvenation of the torpid ostracode depends upon the temperature of the water and the soil-moisture content.
Five new species of Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda:Tylenchidae) from the Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Five new species of Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 from the Canadian high Arctic are described. T. neodavainei n. sp., differs from T. davainei in having finer annules on the lip region and a more slender body. T. stylolineatus n. sp. differs from T. (Tylenchus) arcuatus in having a lower lip region, finer lip annulation, and spear knobs rounded. T. hazenensis n. sp. differs from T. (Filenchus) thornei in not having an offset lip region which is finely annulated and a needle-shaped tail terminus. T. hazenensis differs from T. (Filenchus) ruatus in the ratio between the anterior and posterior portions of the spear length, the tail proportionally shorter and broader, and the basal esophageal bulb not exceptionally elongated. T. aquilonius n. sp. differs from T. (Filenchus) orbus in having a more slender spear, an ovate median bulb, excretory pore well posterior to the nerve ring, and coarser body annulation. T. cylindricaudus n. sp. differs from T. aquilonius n. sp. in having a slender body, the tail more cylindrical, and body annulation indistinct.
Experimental studies of competitive interaction in a two-species system. I. Microtus and Clethrionomys species in enclosures
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

A 17-week experiment was performed in 1966 to determine under what conditions Microtus pennsylvanicus and Clethrionomys gapperi leave their usual habitat and enter another, and the significance of interspecific interaction. Three 1-ac enclosures were used, each containing equisized blocks of deciduous woodland and grassland. Into one enclosure three pairs of the woodland species Clethrionomys gapperi only were introduced. Into another, four pairs of the grassland species Microtus pennsylvanicus only were introduced. Into the remaining enclosure three pairs of Clethrionomys gapperi and four pairs of Microtus Pennsylvanicus were introduced. All these were placed in the appropriate habitats. Subsequent movements of the animals were determined by live-trapping with Longworth traps arranged in a grid pattern and used on one to three consecutive nights and (or) days per week. Both species reproduced. Because of poor recruitment, the population densities of Clethrionomys gapperi changed very little. Microtus pennsylvanicus reproduced with greater success, and the final densities were about three times greater than the starting densities.But for one individual, Microtus pennsylvanicus stayed entirely within the grassland habitat. From the beginning, and throughout the experiment, Clethrionomys gapperi individuals moved into the grassland habitat. Recruits entered the grassland proportionately more frequently than did the adults, but the adults entered the grassland more frequently in the second half of the experiment than in the first half. One adult female and her presumed offspring were trapped only in the grassland. Several data implicate density effects as contributors to the movement of Clethrionomys gapperi into the grassland habitat. It is proposed that the carrying capacity of the woodland habitat was exceeded by the initial number of animals introduced, and that the stimulus or stimuli to move into the grassland arose from social interaction above a threshold level.Many more Clethrionomys gapperi were trapped in the grassland (I) without Microtus pennsylvanicus (except for occasional transgressors) than in the grassland (II) with Microtus pennsylvanicus. After a possible trapping bias is taken into account it is estimated that the difference is no less than 40% of the larger number. It is suggested that interactions with Microtus pennsylvanicus, possibly reinforced by the signs of that species, were responsible for the fewer movements of Clethrionomys gapperi into the grassland of enclosure II.
Capillaria salvelini Polyanski, 1952 from Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Authors: Threlfall William , Hanek George
Published: August 2008

Capillaria salvelini Polyanski, 1952 is recorded, and figured, from Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) caught near St. John's, Newfoundland. This is the first record of this parasite from North America, and from the present host.
The catalase of a freshwater bivalve
Authors: Hobden D. J.
Published: August 2008

The catalase activity of various tissues of a freshwater mussel was studied. The concentration in the digestive gland is about three times that of the viscera and seven times that of mantle and muscular tissue. Semipurified digestive gland catalase has optimal activity at 10 °C and pH 7.8.