bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is benzoyl peroxide 3% topical gel effective and safe in the treatment of acne vulgaris in Japanese patients? A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, parallel‐group study
Authors: Kawashima Makoto , Hashimoto Hirofumi , Alio Sáenz Alessandra B. , Ono Makoto , Yamada Masahiro
Published: August 2014

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an anti‐acne medication is not yet approved in Japan. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a once‐daily topical application of BPO 3% gel versus an inert vehicle gel in Japanese acne patients. Three hundred and sixty patients were randomized to receive BPO 3% or vehicle for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end‐point was absolute change in number of total lesions (TL) from baseline to week 12 to demonstrate the superiority of BPO 3% versus vehicle. Secondary efficacy end‐points were absolute and percent change in TL, inflammatory lesions (IL), non‐inflammatory lesions (non‐IL) and Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA). Change in TL counts from baseline to week 12 for BPO 3% was superior to vehicle (difference, −21.0; P < 0.001). Absolute and percent reductions in TL, IL and non‐IL counts were greater for BPO 3% at all study visits. The proportion of patients with improvement in ISGA scores was significantly higher with BPO 3% than with vehicle from week 2. All adverse events were mild or moderate. Adverse drug‐related reactions were higher for BPO 3% (30%) than with vehicle (5%). Local tolerability scores of grade 1 or more (slight to moderate) were more frequent with BPO 3% than vehicle with the most significant differences observed in dryness (56% vs 27% at week 1–4), peeling (19% vs 9% at week 1–2) and burning/stinging (58% vs 15% at week 1–12). These results indicate that BPO 3% is effective while maintaining a favorable safety and tolerability profile in Japanese acne patients.
Epstein–Barr virus‐associated T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder affecting skin and lung in an elderly patient
Authors: Hoshino Tomomi , Tatsuno Kazuki , Shimauchi Takatoshi , Okada Satoko , Ito Taisuke , Ono Takaaki , Ohshima Koichi , Tokura Yoshiki
Published: August 2014

A 70‐year‐old man presented with papular skin lesions and was diagnosed with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder (T‐LPD). The patient showed infiltration of a large number of EBV‐encoded RNA‐positive T cells in the skin and lung, presence of EBV load in the peripheral blood, and expansion of clonal EBV‐infected γδ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the blood and skin, as assessed by EBV‐terminal repeat Southern blot, T‐cell receptor polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analyses. In the Japanese or East Asian fatal cases of EBV‐associated T/natural killer (NK)‐LPD, there are two peaks in age at death, approximately 20 years and 60 years. The former age group is associated with chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), and the latter group typically suffers from extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma. Our case is characterized not only by the unique skin and lung manifestations but also the late onset age of the disease, indicating that the skin manifestation of CAEBV can be seen even in elderly patients.
VARIETIES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
Authors: WIDOM CATHY SPATZ
Published: August 2014

There is an implicit assumption of homogeneity across violent behaviors and offenders in the criminology literature. Arguing against this assumption, I draw on three distinct literatures [child abuse and neglect (CAN) and violence, violence and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and CAN and PTSD] to provide a rationale for an examination of varieties of violent behaviors. I use data from my prospective cohort design study of the long‐term consequences of CAN to define three varieties of violent offenders using age of documented cases of CAN, onset of PTSD, and first violent arrest in a temporally correct manner [CAN → to violence, CAN → PTSD → violence (PTSD first), and CAN → violence → PTSD (violence first)], and a fourth variety, violence only. The results illustrate meaningful heterogeneity in violent behavior and different developmental patterns and characteristics. There are three major implications: First, programs and policies that target violence need to recognize the heterogeneity and move away from a “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach. Second, violence prevention policies and programs that target abused and neglected children are warranted, given the prominent role of CAN in the backgrounds of these violent offenders. Third, criminologists and others interested in violence need to attend to the role of PTSD, which is present in about one fifth (21 percent) of these violent offenders, and not relegate the study of these offenders to the psychiatric and psychological literatures.
The Closure of Melbourne's North–South Pipeline: A Case of Hydraulic Autarky
Authors: Crase Lin , Pawsey Nicholas , Cooper Bethany
Published: August 2014

This paper considers the current status of the water held on behalf of Melburnians that was to have been delivered via the north–south pipeline that connects irrigation areas in northern Victoria with metropolitan Melbourne. We focus on the political decision to now limit the use of this water and the impacts on current water customers. Attention is also given to the longer‐term consequences and how excising the option of low‐cost access to water via the pipeline is shaping water planning for Melbourne. We conclude that the lack of transparency on these matters undermines the so‐called cost‐effectiveness analysis being offered to support future water plans.
Rarefaction and extrapolation of phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Chao Anne , Chiu Chun‐Huo , Hsieh T. C. , Davis Thomas , Nipperess David A. , Faith Daniel P.
Published: August 2014

Traditional species diversity measures do not make distinctions among species. Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD), which is defined as the sum of the branch lengths of a phylogenetic tree connecting all species, takes into account phylogenetic differences among species and has found many applications in various research fields. In this paper, we extend Faith's PD to represent the total length of a phylogenetic tree from any fixed point on its main trunk.

Like species richness, Faith's PD tends to be an increasing function of sampling effort and thus tends to increase with sample completeness. We develop in this paper the ‘PD accumulation curve’ (an extension of the species accumulation curve) to depict how PD increases with sampling size and sample completeness.

To make fair comparisons of Faith's PD among several assemblages based on sampling data from each assemblage, we derive both theoretical formulae and analytic estimators for seamless rarefaction (interpolation) and extrapolation (prediction). We develop a lower bound of the undetected PD for an incomplete sample to guide the extrapolation; the PD estimator for an extrapolated sample is generally reliable up to twice the size of the empirical sample.

We propose an integrated curve that smoothly links rarefaction and extrapolation to standardize samples on the basis of sample size or sample completeness. A bootstrap method is used to obtain the unconditional variances of PD estimators and to construct the confidence interval of the expected PD for a fixed sample size or fixed degree of sample completeness. This facilitates comparison of multiple assemblages of both rarefied and extrapolated samples.

We illustrate our formulae and estimators using empirical data sets from Australian birds in two sites. We discuss the extension of our approach to the case of multiple incidence data and to incorporate species abundances.
Evaluation of the Impact of Implementing the Emergency Medical Services Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Arizona: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study Methodology
Authors: Spaite Daniel W. , Bobrow Bentley J. , Stolz Uwe , Sherrill Duane , Chikani Vatsal , Barnhart Bruce , Sotelo Michael , Gaither Joshua B. , Viscusi Chad , Adelson P. David , Denninghoff Kurt R.
Published: August 2014

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) exacts a great toll on society. Fortunately, there is growing evidence that the management ofTBIin the early minutes after injury may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. In response, evidence‐based prehospital and in‐hospitalTBItreatment guidelines have been established by authoritative bodies. However, no large studies have yet evaluated the effectiveness of implementing these guidelines in the prehospital setting. This article describes the background, design, implementation, emergency medical services (EMS) treatment protocols, and statistical analysis of a prospective, controlled (before/after), statewide study designed to evaluate the effect of implementing theEMS TBIguidelines—the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study (NIH/NINDSR01NS071049, “EPIC”; and 3R01NS071049‐S1, “EPIC4Kids”).

The specific aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that statewide implementation of the international adult and pediatricEMS TBIguidelines will significantly reduce mortality and improve nonmortality outcomes in patients with moderate or severeTBI. Furthermore, it will specifically evaluate the effect of guideline implementation on outcomes in the subgroup of patients who are intubated in the field. Over the course of the entire study (~9 years), it is estimated that approximately 25,000 patients will be enrolled.
Vertical integration in West Africa's cotton industry: are parastatals a second best solution?
Authors: Tumusiime Emmanuel , Brorsen B. Wade , Vitale Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2014

This article provides a framework to compare market outcomes among vertically integrated monopsonies in the cotton sector of West Africa and alternative, more competitive market structures. Based on a principal agent framework, in the presence of factor market constraints, as well as capital market failure, efficiently operated cotton parastatals increase sector welfare and efficiency by providing input credits. In equilibrium, outcomes with the principal agent model suggest growers receive the reservation income to participate in cotton production while the principal (cotton company) extracts the surplus above the reservation income. Competitive markets entail more equitable distribution of benefits than with parastatal vertical integration, but credit and factor market constraints can still persist. Promotion of a competitive market system will not support cotton productivity growth unless stakeholders pursue complementary programs to develop credit markets and research and extension institutions. In the presence of current market failures, parastatals may be a second‐best solution.
Assessing quality of life questionnaires in urogynaecology – tick or type?
Authors: Linehan Laura A. , O'Sullivan Orfhlaith E. , Babiker Elwaleed , Khashan Ali S. , O'Reilly Barry A. , O'Sullivan Suzanne
Published: August 2014

It is recognised that urogynaecological symptoms can have a significant impact on patient quality of life (QoL). Many of the QoL questionnaires are long and provide a burden to patients. The aim of this study was to compare patients' responses to utilising equivalent QoL questionnaires in different formats. The electronic personal assessment questionnaire, ePAQ‐PF, was compared to the paper‐based Queensland questionnaire. ePAQ‐PF appeared to be of greater value but not more burdensome. However, women were more likely to complete the sexual function section using the Queensland questionnaire.
Treatment cessation in noncirrhotic, e‐antigen negative chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective following prolonged anti‐viral suppression with nucleosides/nucleotides
Authors: Patwardhan V. R. , Sengupta N. , Bonder A. , Lau D. , Afdhal N. H.
Published: August 2014

Background

The treatment of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is considered to be open‐ended, with no guidelines for treatment cessation.

Aim

To evaluate biochemical and virological relapse requiring retreatment in noncirrhotic HBeAg‐negative CHB in patients who stopped treatment following a period of prolonged viral suppression with nucleotides/nucleosides.

Methods

We performed a single‐centre retrospective chart review of patients with HBeAg‐negative CHB who maintained viral suppression for 4–5 years on anti‐viral treatment, and thus subsequently stopped treatment. The primary end point of composite relapse was defined by an increase in HBV DNA >2000 IU/mL, ALT elevation above 1.25 ×  normal or doubling of ALT from cessation, and re‐initiation of anti‐viral therapy.

Results

We identified 33 patients with HBeAg‐negative CHB who stopped treatment following viral suppression. Mean treatment duration was 5.28 ± 2.73 years. Patients were treated with lamivudine (3), adefovir (14), entecavir (4), and tenofovir (12). Eleven (33%) patients met the primary end point of composite relapse. For individual end points, 21 (63%) patients had a viral relapse, 16 (48%) had a biochemical relapse, and 16 (48%) restarted treatment, leaving 17 (52%) patients who remained treatment‐free over a median 36 months of follow‐up. Lower pre‐treatment ALT and detectable HBV DNA within the first month after treatment discontinuation were associated with increased rates of composite relapse (HR 1.01; P = 0.022 for ALT and HR 1.01; P = 0.038 for HBV DNA).

Conclusion

Patients with noncirrhotic HBeAg‐negative CHB can stop treatment after greater than 4–5 years of suppressive therapy with nucleosides/nucleotides with more than 50% remaining treatment‐free.
Polymorphisms of HLA‐DP are associated with response to peginterferon in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Brouwer W. P. , Sonneveld M. J. , Tabak F. , Simon K. , Cakaloglu Y. , Akarca U. S. , Zeuzem S. , Ferenci P. , Heathcote J. E. , de Knegt R. J. , Boonstra A. , Hansen B. E. , Janssen H. L. A.
Published: August 2014

Background

Polymorphisms of the HLA‐DP gene are associated with the natural clearance of the hepatitis B virus in Asian patients.

Aim

To investigate the association of HLA‐DP polymorphisms with response to peginterferon (PEG‐IFN) in Caucasian chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

Methods

We studied 262 Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients infected with HBV genotype A or D, treated with PEG‐IFN for 1 year in two randomised controlled trials (HBV 99‐01 and PARC study). Response was defined as an HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL at 6 months post‐treatment. Variations at HLA‐DPA1 and HLA‐DPB1 were genotyped.

Results

Of the 262 patients, 58% was HBeAg‐positive and HBV genotype A and D was observed in 32% and 68%, respectively. At 6 months post‐treatment, 57 (22%) patients had achieved an HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL. HLA‐DPB1 was independently associated with virological response [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.1–3.0, P = 0.025], and with an undetectable HBV DNA (adjusted OR 2.4 95% CI: 1.2–4.7, P = 0.015) when adjusted for HBeAg status and other known response modifiers. In HBeAg‐positive patients, combined HBeAg seroconversion with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL was increasingly observed with each addition of an HLA‐DPB1 G‐allele (adjusted OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–5.9, P = 0.012). Furthermore, HLA‐DPA1 and HLA‐DPB1 haplotype block GG showed comparable results for virological and combined response.

Conclusion

In this large cohort of Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients infected with HBV genotypes A or D, polymorphisms of HLA‐DP are independently associated with both virological and serological response to PEG‐IFN therapy at 6 months post‐treatment.
Systematic review: the effect of prunes on gastrointestinal function
Authors: Lever E. , Cole J. , Scott S. M. , Emery P. W. , Whelan K.
Published: August 2014

Background

Prunes (dried plums) are high in fibre and are perceived to promote healthy gastrointestinal (GI) function.

Aim

To assess the effect of prunes on GI function through a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Sixteen electronic databases were searched, a hand search was performed and key opinion leaders were contacted. RCTs investigating the effect of prunes on GI function were included. Two reviewers independently screened relevant articles, extracted data and assessed risk of bias.

Results

Four trials met the inclusion criteria, one in constipation and three in non‐constipated subjects. In constipation, 3 weeks of prune consumption (100 g/day) improved stool frequency (3.5 vs. 2.8 CSBM per week, P = 0.006) and stool consistency (3.2 vs. 2.8 on Bristol stool form scale, P = 0.02) compared with psyllium (22 g/day). In non‐constipated subjects, prunes softened stool consistency in one trial and increased stool weight (628 g vs. 514 g/72 h wet weight, P = 0.001) in another trial, compared with control. No trials found differences in GI symptoms between prunes and comparator. Meta‐analysis was not appropriate due to heterogeneity in populations and methods. Two of the trials were limited by unclear risk of bias.

Conclusions

In constipation, prunes appear superior to psyllium for improving stool frequency and consistency, however, the evidence for other outcomes and the effects in non‐constipated subjects is weak. Although prunes may be a promising intervention for the management of constipation and increasing stool weight, this needs to be confirmed by further rigorous research.
A generalized linear factor model approach to the hierarchical framework for responses and response times
Authors: Molenaar Dylan , Tuerlinckx Francis , van der Maas Han L. J.
Published: August 2014

We show how the hierarchical model for responses and response times as developed by van der Linden (2007), Fox, Klein Entink, and van der Linden (2007), Klein Entink, Fox, and van der Linden (2009), and Glas and van der Linden (2010) can be simplified to a generalized linear factor model with only the mild restriction that there is no hierarchical model at the item side. This result is valuable as it enables all well‐developed modelling tools and extensions that come with these methods. We show that the restriction we impose on the hierarchical model does not influence parameter recovery under realistic circumstances. In addition, we present two illustrative real data analyses to demonstrate the practical benefits of our approach.
Who Benefits Most From Head Start? Using Latent Class Moderation to Examine Differential Treatment Effects
Authors: Cooper Brittany Rhoades , Lanza Stephanie T.
Published: August 2014

Head Start (HS) is the largest federally funded preschool program for disadvantaged children. Research has shown relatively small impacts on cognitive and social skills; therefore, some have questioned its effectiveness. Using data from the Head Start Impact Study (3‐year‐old cohort; N = 2,449), latent class analysis was used to (a) identify subgroups of children defined by baseline characteristics of their home environment and caregiver and (b) test whether the effects of HS on cognitive, and behavioral and relationship skills over 2 years differed across subgroups. The results suggest that the effectiveness of HS varies quite substantially. For some children there appears to be a significant, and in some cases, long‐term, positive impact. For others there is little to no effect.
RAS mutations in indeterminate thyroid nodules are predictive of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: An Jee Hyun , Song Kee‐Ho , Kim Suk Kyeong , Park Kyoung Sik , Yoo Young Bum , Yang Jung‐Hyun , Hwang Tae Sook , Kim Dong‐Lim
Published: August 2014

Objective

RAS mutations are the most common mutations in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and are mutually exclusive with BRAF mutations. However, the diagnostic utility of RAS mutation analysis is uncertain. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of RAS mutation analysis in indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Design, patients, and measurements

A total of 155 thyroid nodules (90 benign and 65 indeterminate) negative for BRAFV600E mutations on FNAC were analysed for mutations in RAS codon 61 using pyrosequencing methods. We evaluated diagnostic accuracy of RAS mutation for predicting thyroid malignancy based on the surgical pathologic diagnosis.

Results

Among the 65 BRAFV600E‐negative indeterminate thyroid nodules identified by FNAC, 25 (38·5%) exhibited point mutations in RAS 61 consisting of 18 NRAS 61 (72%), and 7 HRAS 61 (28%) mutations. In contrast, only five of 90 (5·6%) nodules with benign cytology had RAS mutations. Only two of 25 (8·0%) RAS 61+ indeterminate nodules exhibited malignant ultrasonographic features. Of the 15 patients with RAS 61+‐indeterminate nodules who underwent thyroid surgery, 14 (93·3%) were diagnosed as malignant, including 13 follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FVPTC), and one follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The average tumour size was 1·79 ± 0·62 cm. Multifocality was seen in 28·6% of cases, with 7·1% exhibiting extrathyroidal extension; no lymph node or distant metastases were evident. Based on the surgical pathologic diagnosis results, preoperative RAS 61 mutation analysis on FNAC exhibited 93·3% sensitivity, 75·0% specificity, 93·3% positive predictive value, 75·0% negative predictive value and 89·5% diagnostic accuracy for predicting malignancies.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that RAS mutation analysis holds great promise as a preoperative diagnostic tool for predicting FVPTC in cytologically and sonographically indeterminate nodules negative for BRAF mutations.
Analysis of vigabatrin treatment causing visual field defects in infantile spasms
Authors: Chiron Catherine , Dulac Olivier
Published: August 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Riikonen et al. on pages 60–67 of this issue.
Relationship of hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction with incident diabetes and pre‐diabetes: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Derakhshan A. , Tohidi M. , Arshi B. , Khalili D. , Azizi F. , Hadaegh F.
Published: August 2014

Aims

To examine the association of fasting insulin, insulin resistance and reduced β‐cell function with incident Type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes (isolated impaired fasting glucose/isolated impaired glucose tolerance and combined impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance).

Methods

An Iranian population comprising 1532 men and 2221 women, aged ≥ 20 years, with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance at baseline, were enrolled in the study. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the hazard ratios and 95% CIs of fasting insulin, updated homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance and β‐cell function for incident Type 2 diabetes, isolated impaired fasting glucose, isolated impaired glucose tolerance and combined impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 9.2 years, the annual incidence rates (95% CI) of diabetes were 3.73 (2.74–4.94) and 4.06 (3.21–5.06) per 1000 person‐years in men and women, respectively. In both men and women, fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (≥ 75th percentile) were significantly associated with incident diabetes and combined impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance; however, reduced β‐cell function as measured by homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (< 25th percentile) was associated with incident isolated impaired fasting glucose solely in men [hazard ratio 1.35 (95% CI 1.02–1.78)] in multivariable analysis including waist–hip ratio). Hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction were not related to the incidence of isolated impaired glucose tolerance in either gender.

Conclusions

Fasting hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance were strong risk factors for progression to diabetes and combined impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance in a population with normal fasting glucose/normal glucose tolerance. In addition, impaired β‐cell function at baseline was related to the development of isolated impaired fasting glucose only in men and, in both men and women, neither insulin resistance nor β‐cell dysfunction were associated with incident isolated impaired glucose tolerance.
Accuracy of two continuous glucose monitoring systems: a head‐to‐head comparison under clinical research centre and daily life conditions
Authors: Kropff J. , Bruttomesso D. , Doll W. , Farret A. , Galasso S. , Luijf Y. M. , Mader J. K. , Place J. , Boscari F. , Pieber T. R. , Renard E. , DeVries J. H.
Published: August 2014

Aims

To assess the accuracy and reliability of the two most widely used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems.

Methods

We studied the Dexcom®G4 Platinum (DG4P; Dexcom, San Diego, CA, USA) and Medtronic Paradigm Veo Enlite system (ENL; Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA) CGM systems, in 24 patients with type 1 diabetes. The CGM systems were tested during 6‐day home use and a nested 6‐h clinical research centre (CRC) visit. During the CRC visit, frequent venous blood glucose samples were used as reference while patients received a meal with an increased insulin bolus to induce an aggravated postprandial glucose nadir. At home, patients performed at least six reference capillary blood measurements per day. A Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was performed using all data points ≥15 min apart.

Results

The overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD) value [standard deviation (s.d.)] measured at the CRC was 13.6 (11.0)% for the DG4P and 16.6 (13.5)% for the ENL [p < 0.0002, confidence interval of difference (CI Δ) 1.7–4.3%, n = 530]. The overall MARD assessed at home was 12.2 (12.0)% for the DG4P and 19.9 (20.5)% for the ENL (p < 0.0001, CI Δ = 5.8–8.7%, n = 839). During the CRC visit, the MARD in the hypoglycaemic range [≤3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl)], was 17.6 (12.2)% for the DG4P and 24.6 (18.8)% for the ENL (p = 0.005, CI Δ 3.1–10.7%, n = 117). Both sensors showed higher MARD values during hypoglycaemia than during euglycaemia [3.9–10 mmol/l (70–180 mg/dl)]: for the DG4P 17.6 versus 13.0% and for the ENL 24.6 versus 14.2%.

Conclusions

During circumstances of intended use, including both a CRC and home phase, the ENL was noticeably less accurate than the DG4P sensor. Both sensors showed lower accuracy in the hypoglycaemic range. The DG4P was less affected by this negative effect of hypoglycaemia on sensor accuracy than was the ENL.
Beyond Tariffs: The Role of Non‐Tariff Barriers in Dairy Trade in the East African Community Free Trade Area
Authors: Gelan Ayele , Omore Amos
Published: August 2014

This study used a spatial equilibrium modelling approach to quantify the relative welfare impacts of eliminating tariffs and non‐tariff barriers on trade in dairy products among East African Community (EAC) member countries. The results indicated that removing tariffs only would not produce any significant welfare improvements unless it was accompanied by trade‐enhancing measures such as reductions in non‐tariff barriers and transport costs. In the current modelling framework, net welfare gains were higher in relatively lower‐income countries like Burundi than in higher‐income countries like Kenya. This indicates that reductions in trade costs may reduce regional imbalances in the EAC.
The Chinese Cashmere Industry: A Global Value Chain Analysis
Authors: Waldron Scott , Brown Colin , Komarek Adam M.
Published: August 2014

Growth and internationalisation of the Chinese economy have reconfigured the global value chains of many commodities with important implications for industry and rural and regional development both in and outside China. This article analyses the chain for cashmere, all stages of which have gravitated to China, and the impacts on rural development, especially for herders in remote pastoral regions. Traditionally a high‐value product, cashmere has become increasingly generic and adulterated over the past decade. More formal and closer integration of Chinese actors into the global industry and re‐orienting policy from supply‐side intervention to the enforcement of standards would enhance the competitiveness of Chinese cashmere in international fibre markets.
SGACA: The Rise and Paradoxical Demise of a Political‐Economy Instrument
Authors: Hout Wil , Schakel Lydeke
Published: August 2014

This article discusses the Strategic Governance and Corruption Analysis (SGACA) introduced in 2007 by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a tool for political‐economy analysis of governance structures in aid‐receiving countries. It suggests an explanation of the paradox that SGACA was generally seen as a strong analytical instrument, yet was discarded within one 4‐year policy cycle. Drawing on the literature on policy innovations, it argues that there are three main causes of this demise: first, the collective‐action problems involved in getting innovations implemented in the apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; second, the fact that the policy window opened for SGACA by the mid‐2000s did not stay open throughout the implementation process; and third, the bureaucratic politics played out in the environment in which SGACA had been developed.
The Current Status of Fluoroscopy and Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis—A Review Article
Authors: Gürsoy Mustafa Ozan , Kalçik Macit , Karakoyun Süleyman , Özkan Mehmet
Published: August 2014

Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is a potentially life‐threatening complication of heart valve replacement. Early diagnosis is crucial for the prevention of significantly morbid and lethal complications. Cinefluoroscopy (CF) and echocardiography have been widely used for diagnosing PVT. In recent years, the role of CF has declined since the introduction of transesophageal echocardiography and the great improvements in ultrasound technology including real time three‐dimensional imaging. Nevertheless, both echocardiography and CF provide different kinds of information on prosthesis function, and therefore they are considered as complementary and not alternative. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current status of CF and echocardiography in the diagnosis of PVT.
Evolutionary Change Mimicking Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Patient with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hwang Hui‐Jeong , Lee Hyae‐Min , Yang In‐Ho , Kim Dong‐Hee , Byun Jong‐Kyu , Sohn Il Suk
Published: August 2014

In this report, we introduce a case of thickening of the involved left ventricular apical segment on echocardiography and deep T‐wave inversions in precordial leads on electrocardiography transiently seen in the course of recovery from biventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy, mimicking apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This result suggests that the echocardiographic finding of transient myocardial edema can be identified by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Additionally, it persisted a few weeks after full functional recovery. We believe that this case will contribute in part toward clarifying the pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
FNDC5 could be regulated by leptin in adipose tissue
Authors: Gutierrez‐Repiso Carolina , Garcia‐Serrano Sara , Rodriguez‐Pacheco Francisca , Garcia‐Escobar Eva , Haro‐Mora Juan J. , Garcia‐Arnes Juan , Valdes Sergio , Gonzalo Montserrat , Soriguer Federico , Moreno‐Ruiz Francisco J. , Rodriguez‐Cañete Alberto , Martinez‐Ferriz Abelardo , Santoyo Julio S. , Perez‐Valero Vidal , Garcia‐Fuentes Eduardo
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Irisin activates the thermogenic function in adipose tissues. However, little is known on the association between human irisin and different cardiometabolic risk factors. We analyse the influence of morbid obesity on irisin levels and its relation with leptin and different cardiovascular risk factors.

Material and methods

We measured the serum irisin level and the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) expression in adipose tissue from 33 morbidly obese subjects and 12 nonobese subjects. We also studied the effect of leptin on FNDC5 expression.

Results

Serum irisin was higher in the nonobese subjects than in morbidly obese subjects, both before (P = 0·043) and after bariatric surgery (P = 0·042). The variable that best explained the serum irisin levels in a multiple linear regression model was the waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (R2 = 0·201) (Beta = −0·357, P = 0·046). Those morbidly obese subjects with android‐type obesity had lower serum irisin levels than those with gynecoid‐type obesity, both before (P = 0·027) and after bariatric surgery (P = 0·006). Only the percentage change in WHR was associated with serum irisin levels after bariatric surgery (r = −0·529, P = 0·005). FNDC5 expression levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were higher in the nonobese than in the morbidly obese subjects (P = 0·042). In SAT explants from nonobese subjects, leptin (20 and 150 ng/mL) produced a decrease in FNDC5 expression (P = 0·009 and P = 0·037, respectively).

Conclusions

We showed decreased serum irisin levels in morbidly obese subjects, related mainly to WHR. FNDC5 expression could be regulated by leptin.
Technical Progress, Urban Unemployment and Heterogeneous Firms
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Oladi Reza
Published: August 2014

We construct a general equilibrium model of urban unemployment with a continuum of heterogeneous urban firms producing differentiated products in a monopolistic competitive market. We introduce a notion of pattern of technical progress among the heterogeneous urban firms and show that this pattern plays a crucial role in determining the effects of urban technical progress in a developing economy. In particular, we show that the possibility of immiserizing technical progress depends on the pattern of progress among the heterogeneous urban firms.
Wind dispersal of Puccinia psidii urediniospores and progress of eucalypt rust
Authors: Zauza E. A. V. , Lana V. M. , Maffia L. A. , Araujo M. M. F. C. , Alfenas R. F. , Silva F. F. , Alfenas A. C.
Published: August 2014

To identify and implement Puccinia psidii control strategies, it is essential to understand the role of environmental factors on rust‐disease development and spread among eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations. In this study, we evaluated the wind dispersal of P. psidii urediniospores and the progress of eucalypt rust in a field trial in Brazil. Urediniospores of P. psidii were trapped in a Burkard® spore trap from July 2004 to June 2005. To evaluate the progress of eucalypt rust, plots were established in March 2002 using a clonal hedge scheme. The incidence of both branches and leaves with rust was assessed weekly from February 2003 to October 2005. Disease progress was studied using time‐series analysis. Urediniospores were trapped on 77% of the days sampled. The highest average urediniospore concentration was detected from July to November, and most of the urediniospores (58%) were trapped at night. Urediniospore concentration was negatively correlated with rainfall, light intensity, minimum, average and maximum temperatures and wind speed, whereas urediniospore concentration was positively correlated with leaf‐wetness duration and relative humidity. From December 2004 to June 2005, average urediniospore concentration was 0.22 spores m−3 air h−1 and had no correlation with meteorological data. The highest average urediniospore concentration was associated with a combination of low average temperature, low light intensity, low wind speed, high relative humidity and high leaf wetness, which reflect conditions observed at night. The disease incidence was positively correlated with the urediniospores trapped at 12 days prior to disease assessment. According to the models obtained by the time series, a seasonal yearly effect was found on rust progress. Using our models, we were also able to forecast disease incidence up to 3 months after the last field assessment.
Multiple Facets of Exploratory Behavior in House Crickets (Acheta domesticus): Split Personalities or Simply Different Behaviors?
Authors: Dochtermann Ned A. , Nelson Andrew B.
Published: August 2014

Behavioral ecologists are increasingly interested in patterns of repeatable variation in behaviors. The study of this variation, under the label ‘animal personality’, frequently makes assumptions both in regards to what the ecological significance of particular behavioral responses might be and whether different methodologies in fact test the same behavior. Here, using house crickets (Acheta domesticus), we tested whether stereotypical approaches to quantifying repeatable variation in exploratory behavior measured the same behaviors. We found that house cricket exploratory behavior was highly repeatable in two populations (repeatability: 0.37–0.51). However, exploratory behavior across two different testing methods was not strongly correlated (r = −0.17 to 0.14). This suggests that either different behaviors or distinct components of exploratory behavior were being measured. Our results also support recent criticisms that care needs to be taken in describing personality traits.
Museum DNA reveals the demographic history of the endangered Seychelles warbler
Authors: Spurgin Lewis G. , Wright David J. , van der Velde Marco , Collar Nigel J. , Komdeur Jan , Burke Terry , Richardson David S.
Published: August 2014

The importance of evolutionary conservation – how understanding evolutionary forces can help guide conservation decisions – is widely recognized. However, the historical demography of many endangered species is unknown, despite the fact that this can have important implications for contemporary ecological processes and for extinction risk. Here, we reconstruct the population history of the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis) – an ecological model species. By the 1960s, this species was on the brink of extinction, but its previous history is unknown. We used DNA samples from contemporary and museum specimens spanning 140 years to reconstruct bottleneck history. We found a 25% reduction in genetic diversity between museum and contemporary populations, and strong genetic structure. Simulations indicate that the Seychelles warbler was bottlenecked from a large population, with an ancestral Ne of several thousands falling to <50 within the last century. Such a rapid decline, due to anthropogenic factors, has important implications for extinction risk in the Seychelles warbler, and our results will inform conservation practices. Reconstructing the population history of this species also allows us to better understand patterns of genetic diversity, inbreeding and promiscuity in the contemporary populations. Our approaches can be applied across species to test ecological hypotheses and inform conservation.
Understanding genetic variation in in vivo tolerance to artesunate: implications for treatment efficacy and resistance monitoring
Authors: Pollitt Laura C. , Sim Derek , Salathé Rahel , Read Andrew F.
Published: August 2014

Artemisinin‐based drugs are the front‐line weapon in the treatment of human malaria cases, but there is concern that recent reports of slow clearing infections may signal developing resistance to treatment. In the absence of molecular markers for resistance, current efforts to monitor drug efficacy are based on the rate at which parasites are cleared from infections. However, some knowledge of the standing variation in parasite susceptibility is needed to identify a meaningful increase in infection half‐life. Here, we show that five previously unexposed genotypes of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi differ substantially in their in vivo response to treatment. Slower clearance rates were not linked to parasite virulence or growth rate, going against the suggestion that drug treatment will drive the evolution of virulence in this system. The level of variation observed here in a relatively small number of genotypes suggests existing ‘resistant’ parasites could be present in the population and therefore, increased parasite clearance rates could represent selection on pre‐existing variation rather than de novo resistance events. This has implications for resistance monitoring as susceptibility may depend on evolved traits unrelated to drug exposure.
The Undergraduate Spanish Major Curriculum: Realities and Faculty Perceptions
Authors: Hertel Tammy Jandrey , Dings Abby
Published: August 2014

This article presents the quantitative and qualitative results of a nationwide survey of Spanish department faculty on the components of their undergraduate Spanish major curriculum and their perceptions of these components, as well as their perceptions of recent Modern Language Association (MLA) reports (2007, 2009) and the reports' influence on curricular change in their programs. Results indicate that, while institutions required and offered a wide variety of courses, literature courses composed the core of the curriculum. Faculty perceptions regarding the importance of particular courses varied, but courses that were more frequently offered and required, such as Advanced Language, Culture/Civilization, and Introduction to Literature, were rated the most highly, while courses that have not traditionally been part of the major, such as Spanish for the Professions, Translation, and less frequently taught linguistics courses, were rated among the lowest. Many faculty were familiar with the MLA reports, and many departments had recently made curricular changes, some of which were influenced by the reports' recommendations. Implications are discussed, including the need for professional development and graduate student education.
Relationship between oral bacteria count and pneumonia onset in elderly nursing home residents
Authors: Kikutani Takeshi , Tamura Fumiyo , Tashiro Haruki , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Konishi Kiyoshi , Hamada Ryo
Published: August 2014

Aim

Oral bacteria, which are a source of infection for aspiration pneumonia, were examined in frail older adults with the aim of establishing a standard bacteria count that indicates the risk of pneumonia onset in this group.

Methods

A survey of bacteria count in the saliva using a simple instrument for measurement of the number of oral bacteria, along with factors including swallowing function and nutritional status, was carried out in 691 elderly individuals requiring care (137 men; mean age 82.6 ± 8.3 years; 554 women; mean age 88.0 ± 7.1 years; total mean age 86.7 ± 7.8 years) at 16 nursing homes in Japan. All participants gave their consent for inclusion in the present study. During a 6‐month follow‐up period, participants who developed pneumonia were identified, and relationships between the factors measured at the start of the period and pneumonia onset were examined.

Results

During the 6‐month follow‐up period, 33 participants (4.8%; 5 men, 28 women; mean age 88.3 ± 7.4 years) developed pneumonia. Pneumonia onset was significantly associated with reduced activities of daily living, swallowing dysfunction and undernourishment. Logistic regression analysis identified a saliva bacteria count of 108.5 colony‐forming units/mL as an independent explanatory factor for pneumonia onset (P = 0.012, RR = 3.759).

Conclusions

Oral bacteria count of 108.5 colony‐forming units/mL saliva in an elderly person requiring care was identified as a risk factor for pneumonia onset. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 417–421.
In‐situ hybridization‐based quantification of hTR: a possible biomarker in malignant melanoma
Authors: Vagner Josephine , Steiniche Torben , Stougaard Magnus
Published: August 2014

Aims

Telomerase is reactivated in most cancers and there is accumulating evidence that this is a driver event in malignant melanoma (MM). Thus, our aim was to evaluate if in‐situ hybridization (ISH)‐based quantification of telomerase RNA (hTR) could be used to distinguish MM from naevi, and if there was a correlation with the Breslow thickness.

Results and methods

We created a tissue microarray (TMA) from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from 17 MM and 23 naevi, performed ISH targeting hTR, and quantified the signals. We found a more than eightfold greater number of hTR signals per nucleus in the MM samples compared to the naevi, and a positive correlation (P = 0.0381) between the number of hTR signals per nucleus and the Breslow thickness.

Conclusion

Quantification of hTR ISH signals clearly distinguish MM from naevi (P < 0.0001) and the number of signals per nucleus correlates with the Breslow thickness, suggesting that hTR might be a valuable biomarker in MM. Furthermore, as ISH‐based detection requires the presence of both hTR and telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), it might be an indicator of active telomerase and thus have future relevance as a predictive biomarker for anti‐telomerase treatment.
Atypical umbilical naevi: histopathological analysis of 20 cases
Authors: Arps David P , Fullen Douglas R , Chan May P
Published: August 2014

Aims

Melanocytic naevi on the umbilicus have been described as a form of flexural naevi, with the most common feature being a ‘nested and dyshesive pattern’. We have encountered a distinct group of umbilical naevi with more significant atypia and prominent fibrosis, not reported previously. This study aimed to characterize these naevi more clearly.

Methods and results

Eighty‐one umbilical naevi from 2000 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively, 20 cases of which showed lamellar fibrosis and atypia and were designated as atypical umbilical naevi (AUN). Lamellar fibrosis in AUN was extensive and frequently entrapped dermal melanocytes, resulting in low‐grade cytological atypia (74% of cases) and impaired maturation (47%) of the dermal component. Other common features included bridging (95%), shoulder architecture (94%), lentiginous growth (85%) and high‐grade junctional cytological atypia (85%). ‘Nested and dyshesive pattern’ was observed in only 20% of AUN. Ki‐67 immunostaining performed on 12 AUN revealed a consistently low proliferation index of <1%. All AUN in this series lacked junctional confluence, florid pagetoid spread and dermal mitoses.

Conclusion

A subset of special site naevi in the umbilical region demonstrate characteristic lamellar fibrosis, architectural disorder and cytological atypia. Familiarity with these site‐related atypical features would avoid overdiagnosis of melanoma.
Dielectric Properties and Applications of Low‐Loss (1−x)(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4‐xSrTiO3 Ceramic System at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Shen Chun‐Hsu , Pan Chung‐Long
Published: August 2014

The microwave dielectric properties of conventional solid‐state route prepared (1−x)(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4–xSrTiO3 ceramic system have been investigated. A two‐phase system was confirmed by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. (Mg0.95Ni0.05)TiO3 was also detected as a second phase in the system. The microwave dielectric properties are strongly related to the density and the morphology of the specimens. The presence of the second phase, however, would cause no significant variation in the dielectric properties of the specimen because it possesses similar properties compared with that of the main phase (Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4. Specimen using 0.93(Mg0.95Ni0.05)2TiO4–0.07SrTiO3 leads to a good combination of microwave dielectric properties with an εr of 24.88, a Q×f of 98,400 (at 9.8 GHz) and a τf value of 1.43 ppm/°C. It is proposed as a candidate dielectric for applications in GPS patch antennas, 3G and 4G passive components. Moreover, an open stub band‐pass filter with central frequency of 2.4 GHz was also designed and fabricated employing the proposed dielectric to study its performance. It also showed a substantial reduction in both insertion loss and size in comparison with other dielectrics FR4 and alumina.