bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Niobium Carbide from Ammonium Niobium (V) Oxalate Precursor at Low Temperature in Rotating Cylinder Reactor
Authors: Fontes F.A.O. , Gomes K.K.P. , Medeiros Francisca de Fatima P. , Souza C.P. , Sousa J.F. , Gomes Uilame Umbelino
Published: March 2009

The reaction of oxalic precursor {(NH4)3[NbO(C2O4)3]H2O}, was prepared from the Nb2O5, to niobium carbide (NbC) were performed in a rotating cylinder reactor scale-lab designed to niobium carbide powders synthesis at low temperature (1173 K). The NbC was prepared by a oxalic precursor and as well of commercial niobium pentoxide under flowing CH4- H2 mixtures. The reactor was heated through a bi-partied electric furnace with programmable temperature. The reaction overall time was determined from the curve of methane absorption evolution by gas chromatograph (FID) analysis. The preliminary results showed that the conversion function depends on the rotation, temperature, mixture flow, CH4/H2 ratio and heating rate. The niobium carbide was characterized through X-ray diffraction and compared to the commercial products. The reaction of oxalic precursor {(NH4)3[NbO(C2O4)3]H2O} to niobium carbide (NbC) in 3% (v/v) CH4/H2 yielded smallest grain size as well smaller overall time when compared with obtained direct by commercial Nb2O5, however it had small mass conversion due the solid carryover not controlled.
Microstructural Control and DWTT Toughness in Thick-Walled Nb-Ti-V Microalloyed Linepipe Steels
Authors: Banks K.M.
Published: March 2009

Production of thick-walled low C Nb-Ti-V microalloyed linepipe steel has recently commenced in South Africa. Generally, the DWTT failures occurred when the average ferrite grain size was larger than 5µm and the pearlite colonies were coarse. This work examined the hot strip rolling behaviour of Nb-Ti-V microalloyed steel and quantified the most important parameters influencing final grain size and, hence, toughness. A Gleeble 1500 was used to both simulate hot rolling of relatively thick strip and also determine the no-recrystallisation temperature. For a fixed composition, final grain size was mainly controlled by the amount of strain applied below the norecrystallisation temperature, which was determined by the roughing mill exit temperature.
Grain Refinement in Steels through Thermomechanical Processing
Authors: Hodgson Peter  D. , Beladi Hossein , Barnett Matthew R.
Published: March 2009

The development of ultrafine grained microstructures in steels has received considerable attention in recent times. In many cases the aim is to produce high strength structural steels with minimal alloying. It is well established that for an equiaxed ferrite with a uniform dispersion of second phase, both the strength and toughness will be markedly improved if the grain size can be reduced to 1-2 µm, from the typical range of 5-10 µm. Means of achieving this through dynamic strain induced transformation are examined here, following a brief overview of some of the key issues encountered when attempting to refine the austenite in existing mill configurations. A number of deformation microstructure maps are developed to aid the discussion.
Thin Slab Direct Rolling of Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Rodriguez-Ibabe J.M.
Published: March 2009

Thin slab direct rolling (TSDR) of microalloyed steels belongs to a new generation of thermomechanical treatments. TSDR shows some metallurgical peculiarities that significantly differentiate this process from the traditional route. This paper reviews some of these singularities, considering in a more detail those processing aspects which need to be optimized in order to obtain final homogeneous microstructures that bring about the strength and toughness levels required for specific applications.
Characterization of Strain Induced Precipitation of Nb in Microalloyed Austenite Using Classical and Novel Techniques
Authors: Iparraguirre C. , Fernández-Calvo Ana Isabel , López Beatriz , Scott Colin , Rose A. , Kranendonk W. , Soenen B. , Paul G.
Published: March 2009

In this contribution strain induced precipitation of niobium carbides has been analyzed making use of different hot-rolling simulators and combining the advanced precipitation characterization methods of selective chemical extraction and transmission electron microscopy. A laboratory cast Fe-0.1C-0.07Nb alloy has been employed for the study. Thermomechanical simulations were carried out by torsion, plastodilatometry and plane strain compression techniques. The results have shown that, in spite of the different deformation modes a relatively good correlation is obtained between the measurements of the precipitate size and the amount of Nb precipitated in the different experiments.
Nano-Scale Stress Microscopy of Ceramic Materials Using Their Cathodoluminescence Emission
Authors: Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: March 2009

An overview is given of our recent research achievements in nano-scale stress microscopy based on cathodoluminescence (CL) piezo-spectroscopy (PS) studies of ceramics. The main underlying concepts of CL nano-scale microscopy are presented, with emphasis placed on the spatial resolution of the electron probe operating at low voltages in a field-emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The stress assessment technique shown here proves its general validity independent of the physical mechanisms behind the CL emission. A table, including CL spectra from impurities, defects and electron-hole recombination, is given of the stress dependence of the wavelength of selected CL bands from various ceramics of industrial use, including a reliability assessment of these dependences. Finally, some applications of nano-scale stress microscopy are shown and brief comments are offered regarding possible future evolutions and impacts on the development of new materials and devices.
Two Dimensionally Dispersed Fe/FePd Nanocomposite Particles Synthesized by Electron Beam Deposition
Authors: Hirotsu Yoshihiko , Sato Kazuhisa , Kawamura Junichi
Published: March 2009

Isolated nanoparticles composed of bcc-Fe and L10-FePd have been fabricated by successive deposition of Pd and Fe onto NaCl substrate cleaved in air, and their structural characterization has been performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Alloy composition was varied by changing the deposited Fe thickness in the thickness range between 2 and 7.5 nm with respect to the fixed Pd thickness of 1 nm. Post-deposition annealing lead to a formation of dual phase nanocomposite particles with the L10-type ordered phase and the bcc-Fe phase within each particle. The particle size little changed on annealing at 873K, indicating that both alloying and atomic ordering reactions proceeded within each nanoparticle. The size of the bcc-Fe region in Fe/FePd nanoparticles was measured from TEM images and its relation to the change of the maximum energy product was discussed.
The Role of Energy in Formation of Sputtered Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Musil Jindřich , Šůna J.
Published: March 2009

The paper analysis the effect of energy E, delivered to the growing film by bombarding ions and fast condensing atoms, on its (i) structure, (ii) elemental and phase composition and (iii) physical properties. A special attention is devoted to the macrostress s generated in sputtered films under ion bombardment. The conditions under which thick, low-stress sputtered films can be produced are given.
Enhancement of Adhesive Strength of DLC Film by Plasma-Based Ion Implantation
Authors: Kirinuki M. , Tomita Akifumi , Kusuda M. , Oka Yoshihiro , Murakami A. , Yatsuzuka Mitsuyasu
Published: March 2009

The thick diamond-like carbon (DLC) film of good-adhesion was prepared on a stainless steel (SUS304) substrate by a hybrid process of plasma-based ion implantation and deposition using hydrocarbon gases such as methane, acetylene, and toluene. In this process, a high repetition pulsed plasma was produced by RF pulse (13.56 MHz) with the duration of 50 µs and the repetition rate of 0.5 - 1 kHz. Besides, the plasma ions were implanted to the substrate by a negative pulsed voltage of -20 kV and the pulse duration of 5 µs. Ion implantation served to produce a graded interface of carbon component in the boundary region of DLC film and substrate, and also to reduce the residual stress to several MPa, enhancing the adhesive strength of DLC film. Furthermore, the adhesive strength of DLC film was increased above the epoxy resin strength (about 65 MPa) by implantation of mixed Si and C ions.
Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis for Closed-Loop Flexible Manufacturing Systems Using Nonlinear Recursive Method
Authors: Hwang Yunn Lin , Huang Shen Jenn
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a nonlinear recursive method for the dynamic and kinematic analysis of a closed-loop flexible manufacturing system is presented. The kinematic and dynamic models are developed using absolute reference, joint relative, and elastic coordinates as well as joint reaction forces. This recursive method leads to a system of loosely coupled equations of motion. In a closed-loop manufacturing system, cuts are made at selected secondary joints in order to form spanning tree structures. Compatibility conditions and reaction force relationships at the secondary
joints are adjoined to the equations of open-loop manufacturing systems in order to form closed-loop kinematic and dynamic equations. Using the sparse matrix structure of these equations and the fact that the joint reaction forces associated with elastic degrees of freedom do not represent independent variables, a method for decoupling the joint and elastic accelerations is developed. Unlike existing
recursive formulations, this method does not require inverse or factorization of large nonlinear matrices. The application of nonlinear recursive method in kinematic and dynamic analysis of closed-loop manufacturing systems is also discussed in this paper. The use of the numerical algorithm developed in this investigation is illustrated by a closed-loop flexible four-bar mechanism.
An Investigation of Nanoscale Tribological Characteristics for Different Geometrical Sliding Systems
Authors: Jeng Yeau Ren , Su Chien-Chan , Tan Chung Ming
Published: March 2009

The slider geometry has a great influence on tribological behaviors for nanoscale sliding systems. The present study employs the finite element method (FEM) atomic approach to investigate the friction behaviors for rectangular slider and triangular slider on slab. The current investigation chooses diamond-like carbon as the hard material, and copper as the soft material. The atomic configurations following sliding under non-interactive, attractive, and repulsive force field
are observed for sliding system. The relationships between the normal force, the friction force, and the sliding distance are discussed. The present results are in good agreement with those of previous studies using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.
Deformation Characteristics of Wood Structures under Compression
Authors: Yamaguchi Keisuke , Otsubo M. , Motomura Y. , Marumo Yasuo , Shiozaki Hiroyuki , Kawase Tadahiro
Published: March 2009

This study is aimed at investigating the deformation characteristics and mechanisms of wood and its deformation characteristics using long distance microscope and CCD-camera. The structures of actual wood can be treated as micro cell structure and layer one. Several deformation characteristics were obtained in compression process. Characteristics of the deformation were investigated experimentally. The following results were obtained for the deformation of wood. (1) The deformation modes of cell structures and the locations where deformation is generated were
clarified. (2) The characteristics of the compression of layered structures were clarified. (3) The deformation of wood was largely affected by structural features such as the grain, distribution of tree rings, and compression direction. The results obtained are useful in carrying out effective compaction of wood.
An Innovative Technology for Measuring The Dynamic Characteristics of Pressure Sensors
Authors: Chang Ho , Kao Mu Jung , Tsung Tsing Tshih , Wu J.L.
Published: March 2009

This study developed a square-like pressure wave generator as an excitation source to test dynamic characteristics of pressure sensors. The developed generator can generate a square-like pressure wave of as high as 2 kHz and can achieve high-frequency switching by utilizing the differential principle through a series of mechanical rotations between the revolving spindle and revolving ring. The square-like pressure wave generated is input into the hydraulic system while the
output voltage signals given by the pressure sensor can be analyzed by spectrum analysis to obtain dynamic characteristics of the pressure sensor
Micro Fabrication Design of a Planar Methanol Sensor
Authors: Liang Shu Hao , Tsai Chuen Horng , Hsu Chaug Liang
Published: March 2009

This study explains a design of the microfabricated planar methanol sensor and conducts a series of methods to achieve a real device. By utilizing the microfabrication technology, it is possible to develop the miniature planar methanol sensor to integrate with direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The electrochemically reactive area can be adjusted effectively to obtain adequate strength of the
methanol oxidation current. The innovation of the methanol sensor design is on a matrix detecting area with the in-line monitoring functions. Each detecting holes in matrix has been connected together by a serpentine channel to conduct electrochemical reaction at the surface of electrodes. In front side of wafer, the
interdigitate electrode design provides a flexible adjustment in the reactive area for modulating the strength of methanol oxidation current. A compatible fabrication of methanol sensor and DMFC has also been proposed in this work. The serpentine channel and detecting holes of methanol sensor are anticipated to be made in
opposite side of DMFC fuel channels. Also, the through holes have to be formed by the combination of front-side and backside Deep RIE etching. Both of them require a precise double-side alignment. At the end, a simple planar methanol sensor has been made for verifying electrochemical characteristics and the integration solution with micro DMFC has been discussed to benefit the micro DMFC system development.
Elastic Buckling Analysis of Die Fins during Extrusion
Authors: Hwang Yeong Maw , Wu Chi Yu , Shin Ging Ian
Published: March 2009

In this study, elastic buckling criteria for die fins during extrusion of complex-shaped parts are analytically derived. In this analytical model, the fins of the extrusion die are regarded as cantilever beams with a narrow rectangular cross section. The load intensity acting on each fin is assumed to be distributed uniformly, which is quite similar to the actual distribution. The elastic critical load intensity of buckling is successfully obtained by solving simultaneously the moment equilibrium differential equations. A commercial finite element package “DEFORM 3D" is also
employed to simulate the flow pattern of the billet inside the die in extrusion of a CPU heat sink. The stress distribution pattern on the fins of the extrusion die is discussed.
An Interactive Web-Based Learning System for Manufacturing Technology Education
Authors: Jou Min , Zhang Han Wei
Published: March 2009

Manufacturing engineering education is science & technology based subjects that are traditionally the hardest to teach online because of the need for providing practice & hands-on experiences at a distance. Therefore, this research aims to develop an e-learning system to teach manufacturing technology and to enhance the quality, scale, and breadth of technological education. The major results of this research are; (1).Establish interactive on-line teaching material for the computer-aided manufacturing courses including CNC coding method, CNC simulation. (2).Propose the interactive teaching strategies for the students to learn machining process planning through web-based learning system. (3).Integrate multi-media and virtual laboratory in the developed interactive e-learning system to enhance the effectiveness of machining education through web-based system. (4).
Enhance students the ability to extract the manufacturing features from a mechanical drawing in either 2D or 3D. (5). Cultivate the principle of manufacturing process planning through the developed interactive web-based learning system. (6). Discipline CNC programming and CNC machining techniques through Internet.
Optimization of Component Placement Scheduling for SMT Assemblies
Authors: Kuo Chung Hsien , Jeng M.D. , Wing J.J. , Wang Tai Hong
Published: March 2009

The surface mounting of electronic component is the major manufacturing technology for the electronic products in the last decade. The surface mounting technology (SMT) is an assembly process that assembles the surface mountable component (SMC) and the printed circuit board (PCB) together. The SMT mounter is an automatic assembly machine that processes the SMT assemblies in
terms of the optical positioning and robotic handling. The SMT assembly consists of calibrating printed circuit board (PCB); vacuuming components form feeder stations; compensating the orientation of the vacuumed surface mountable component (SMC); and finally placing SMC chips on the PCB. In order to increase the throughput, the synchronous batch vacuuming of SMC components
is designed. In addition, different types of component feeding and mixing in each batch increase the difficulties of finding the best component mounting sequence. In this paper, the optimal component placement scheduler is desired to perform higher assembly performance and to reduce the cycle time. The proposed optimal component placement scheduler is developed based on the rule based heuristic
search approach. In addition, to evaluate the cycle time of each heuristic search, the route oriented Petri nets (ROPN) based SMT assembly models are constructed. The optimal component placement scheduler can be further determined in terms of evaluating the ROPN SMT assembly models. Finally, the practical test PCB board data is discussed in this paper.
Micro-Anode Guided Electroplating (MAGE) Control System
Authors: Lee Dong Liang , Lin Jui Chang , Kao P.F. , Jiang S.B.
Published: March 2009

This article releases the details of the equipment development for the micro-anode guided electroplating MAGE fabrication. The microstepping architecture, electroplating power source, control system architecture, measurement system, man machine interface and the control prodedure will be described. Metallic columns around 100 micrometers in diameter were fabricated up to 2cm long with this equipment to demonstrate its performance. An innovative intermittent MAGE mode is
supported by this equipment so that it can produce micro columns of finer surface morphology and better circumferential uniformity than the conventional continuous electroplating.
Comparison Study of Contouring Control Systems
Authors: Peng C.C. , Chen Chieh Li
Published: March 2009

The main difficulties in dealing with extremely high speed precision contouring control are system uncertainties and external disturbances, which exist in all CNC mechanisms and hard to be eliminated. Up to the present, numerous control strategies for multi-axial contouring control have been proposed. Some of them are only for specific contour conditions. This paper surveys several
formulations in dealing with contouring control system, instead of the controller design. The distinguishing features of these control structures are also addressed.
Control of Micro Press Using Magnetic Actuating Platform
Authors: Chen Chieh Li , Li Kevin S.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a new design of three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) plane motion system actuated by electromagnetic forces is proposed and experimentally studied. The advantages of electromagnetic driven system lie in the elimination of the backlash, friction and wear phenomena. With this new structure design the coupling between the z translation, pitching and rolling motions becomes simpler than the conventional designs. A PI controller is applied and achieves the required
high precision performance of the system. The experimental studies support the effectiveness of the system.
PID Tuning Rules for First-Order Plus Integrator Systems
Authors: Shen Jing Chung , Chiang Huann Keng , Jywe Wen Yuh
Published: March 2009

This paper presents PID tuning rules for first-order plus integrator systems. These
tuning rules are derived by optimizing the integrated absolute errors of set point and load disturbance responses under robustness and bandwidth constrains. For deriving the tuning formulas, PID controllers for some normalized systems were designed. The relationship between the controller parameters, the parameters that characterize the system dynamics and the normalized gain crossover frequency are determined and the tuning formulas are then derived. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of these tuning rules.
Combination of Spray Forming and Metal Powder Productions by the Internal Mixing Atomizer with a Substrate
Authors: Wang Muh Ron , Chen Pin Jen , Yang Je Rei , Chiu Jin Shen , Lin Tien Chu , Lai Teng Sun
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the performance of an atomizer coupled with a substrate which
produces metal powder and spray forming materials simultaneous in the spray chamber. Ultra fine metal powders are produced from this process. The melt is atomized by a twin-fluid atomizer with internal mixing mechanisms. The molten spray injected from the swirling chamber of the atomizer is then impinged upon the substrate to form the two phase impinging flow. The deposition rate of the
molten spray on the substrate is controlled by the diameter of the substrate, the height of the substrate ring and the distance of the substrate from the outlet of the atomizer. This in turn determines the powder production rate of the spraying processes. Experimental results indicate that the deposition
rate of the spray forming material decreases as the distance between the substrate and the atomizer increases. For example, the deposition rate decreases from 48% to 19% as the substrate is placed at a distance from 20cm to 40cm. On the other hand, the metal powder production rate and its particle size increases as the substrate is placed far away from the atomizer. The production of metal powder with
mean particle size as low as 3μ m level has been achieved, a level which is not achievable by the conventional gas atomization processes.
Prediction of Critical Blank-Holding Force Criterion to Prevent Wrinkles in Axi-Symmetric Cup Drawing
Authors: Yoon Hyung Sop , Alexandrov Sergei , Chung Kwan Soo , Dick Robert E. , Kang T.J.
Published: March 2009

The repression of wrinkling during sheet metal forming has been a significant issue in
recent years. In order to provide a reliable and efficient tool to predict the critical blank holding force to prevent wrinkles, an axi-symmetric analytical model for flange wrinkling is introduced here. Using a conventional theory of the critical condition, the critical blank-holding force and wave numbers are numerically predicted. Comparison between the numerical and experimental results shows excellent
agreement for various blank dimensions and materials.
Convolute Cut-Edge Design with a New Anisotropic Yield Function for Earless Target Cup in a Circular Cup Drawing
Authors: Yoon Jeong Whan , Dick Robert E. , Barlat Frédéric
Published: March 2009

A convolute cut-edge design is performed using FEM (Finite Element Method) for a single step cup drawing operation in order to produce an earless cup profile. Mini-die drawing based on a circular blank shape is initially carried out in order to verify the earing prediction of the Yld2004 anisotropic model (Barlat et al. [1]) for a body stock material. Realistic cup geometry is then employed to design a non-circular convolute edge shape. An iterative procedure based on finite element method is initially used to design a convolute shape for an earless target cup height. A
constant strain method is suggested to obtain a new convolute prediction for the next iteration from the current solution. It is proven that Yld2004 model is accurate to predict the anisotropy of the material.
A Study on Rotating Compression Forming of Ring Based on the Upper Bound Method
Authors: Hsu Hung Hsiou , Tzou Gow Yi
Published: March 2009

In this paper, an upper bound approach of rotating compression forming of ring is
established. Using the upper bound approach, the effects of friction factor, reduction, aspect ratio etc upon compression force, radius of neutral surface, internal radius, spiral lead etc are investigated systematically. The experiment of rotating compression forming of ring made of aluminum alloy A6061 was carried out. Comparisons between the analytical results and the experiment are used to
verify the validity of present upper bound approach. The analytical results are in good agreement with the experiment.
Thermo-Mechanical Effect on Nanostructure Formation Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Hsu Jin Ray , Hsiao Chih Chung , Sung Cheng Kuo , Hsu Chaug Liang
Published: March 2009

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the experiment of adhesion force measurement were introduced to study the nanostructure formation process in the atomic force microscopy. The atomic level process of the nanostructure formation and the thermo-mechanical effect caused by the factors of the contact area, the adhesion force, and the temperature were clearly shown and discussed.
The size of the forming nanostructures was found to be positively related to the contact area and temperature, but the adhesion force would decrease as the temperature increase. In the case of higher temperature with smaller adhesion force, however, the larger-size nanostructure could still be made.
Compensation Control of Cutting Tool Position in Machining Non-Axisymmetric Optic Mirror Surface
Authors: Zhang Yuan Liang , Zhou Zhi Min , Zhang Xu
Published: March 2009

Piezoelectric servo mechanism, with its existing nonlinear response and hysteresis,
restricts the precision greatly when applied to manufacturing of non-axisymmetric optic mirror. On the basis of theory analysis and experiments, this paper builds three kinds of feed-forward model of piezoelectric servo cutting system. According to these mathematical models, we make the compensation control to the cutting tool position, which results the maximum displacement error less than 0.04μm. And based on this method, experiments on machining non-axisymmetric optic
surface of wave front corrector shows the Zernike relative error is less than 10%. So the compensation control of feed-forward control model of cutting tools position can efficiently counteract the influence of nonlinear response and hysteresis, which improves machining precision of non-axisymmetric optic mirror surface.
Measurement of Five DOF Motion Errors in the Ultra Precision Feed Tables
Authors: Oh Yoon Jin , Park Chun Hong , Hwang J.H. , Lee Deug Woo
Published: March 2009

Five degrees-of-freedom (DOF) motion errors of an ultra precision feed table were measured in this study. The laser interferometer was used to measure the yaw and pitch errors and the reversal method was used for the roll error measurement. The linear motion errors in the vertical and horizontal directions were measured using the sequential two point method. The influence of angular
motion errors on the linear motion errors while applying the sequential two point method was compensated with the data from the laser interferometer and the reversal method. Capacitive type sensors and an optical straight edge were used while applying the reversal method and the sequential two point method. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our measuring scheme for the ultra precision
feed tables, five DOF motion errors of a hydrostatic table driven by a linear motor were measured and presented. From the measured repeatabilities of 5 DOF error motions, it was estimated that the measuring accuracies were ±0.02 μm for the horizontal and vertical linear motion, ±0.04 arcsec for yaw motion, ±0.05 arcsec for pitch motion and ±0.02 arcsec for roll motion.
Development of Micro Metal Forming Manufacturing System
Authors: Lee Hye Jin , Lee Nak Kyu , Lee Sang Mok , Lee Geun An , Kim Seung Soo
Published: March 2009

The micro metal forming manufacturing system is essentially an ultra precision forming press that can manufacture various micro scale products from metal thin foil and bulk material. In this paper, the micro metal forming manufacturing system has been developed using a micro servo motor. A micro forming system has been developed in Japan with a micro press that is limited to the single
forming process. However, a press with a multi forming process is needed and we set about performing research and development of assorted equipment, including investigation into micro deep drawing and the micro punching process. In order to achieve this goal, exploration into the micro forming process as related to the multi forming process must be preceded first. Material selection and analysis of the micro forming process are accomplished in this paper, and the basis research as to how
to make the actual system is accomplished.
Fabrication of Light Guiding Plate of Double-Side Hot-Embossing
Authors: Chien Chao Heng , Chen Zhi Peng
Published: March 2009

Generally, the light guiding plate is fabricated by injection molding. Polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA) material is used to fabricate the light guiding plate. In order to reduce the space of backlight, the light guiding plate is based on double-side microstructures by using MEMS and hot-embossing technologies. From the experimental results, the minimal illumination is 355 lux and the average illumination is 368.1 lux, the uniformity of illumination is 0.08. The novel integrated light guiding plate is achieved a uniformity of distribution, without any optics sheets. In this paper,
non-prism LGPs, micro-prism LGPs, and the double-side hot embossing LGPs are fabricated.
Fabrication of Micro Components to Silicon Wafer Using EDM Process
Authors: Weng Feng Tsai , Hsu Chen Siang , Lin Wen Feng
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the machining possibilities of silicon wafers by the EDM process are
described. Micro components of silicon wafer were processed by EDM process. A fine tungsten carbide rod was machined as tool electrode for EDM process. Performance was investigated utilizing serious experiments. Micro hole was process with the fine electrode using EDM drilling. Micro slots were also processed on the surface of a silicon plate by a copper section electrode. The
surface roughness of the silicon wafers in the EDM process was investigated. Array-micro-hole was machined by a tungsten carbide multi-electrode. Array micro holes on the coaxial circle were processed by a graphite-copper electrode of Dia.0.45mm. Batch production technology for economical EDM machining of micro holes were proposed.
Study on Optical Properties of Microstructure of Lightguiding Plate for Micro Injection Molding and Micro Injection-Compression Molding
Authors: Shen Yung Kang , Chang H.J. , Lin C.T.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper presents the optical properties of microstructure of lightguiding plate for micro injection molding (MIM) and micro injection-compression molding (MICM). The lightguiding plate is applied on LCD of two inch of digital camera. Its radius of microstructure is from 100μm to 300μm by linearity expansion. The material of lightguiding plate uses the PMMA plastic. This paper uses the luminance distribution to make a comparison between MIM and MICM
for the optical properties of lightguiding plate. The important parameters of process for optical properties are the mold temperature, melt temperature and packing pressure in micro injection molding. The important parameters of process for optical properties are the compression distance, mold temperature and compression speed in micro injection-compression molding. The process of micro injection-compression molding is better than micro injection molding for optical properties.
Parametric Investigation of Laser-Assisted Direct Imprint (LADI) Technique
Authors: Lin C.Y. , Lee Yung Chun , Hsiao Fei Bin , Chuang C.H.
Published: March 2009

Nano-imprinting Lithography (NIL) has been considered as the most promising technique for nano-scaled fabrication and patterning. Recently, a new approach known as Laser-Assisted Direct Imprinting(LADI) has been proposed and demonstrated as an even more efficient way for direct nanofabrication and nanopatterning. In this study, we focused on silicon materials and utilized a
single KrF excimer laser pulse (248 nm wavelength and 30 ns pulse duration) as the heating source. Molds of micro-scaled size have been prepared using conventional photolithography techniques. A working platform based on an Excimer Laser Micro-Machining system is constructed for LADI process. The influence of laser fluence and the imprinted pressure on the resulting structures was
verifying by varying the laser fluence (1.0 ~ 1.2 J/cm2) and the imprinted load (3 ~ 9kg). The results have shown that the morphology and the imprinted depth were directly related to the laser fluence and the imprinted pressure. Quantitative data are obtained and will be addressed.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer in Rotary Shaft of Rotating Machine with Nano-Sized Particles Lubricant
Authors: Tzeng S.C. , Ma Wei Ping , Liu C.H. , Jywe Wen Yuh , Wang Yung Cheng
Published: March 2009

This study presents an analysis of surfactant added by CuO and Al2O3 nano-sized particles of different percentages. After adding suspending nanocrystalline particles into lubricant of machines, the nano-sized particles will augment the heat transfer characteristics of fluids. Some former studies showed that such liquids pose a great potential for heat transfer enhancement. By applying nanofluids to heat transfer of machine lubricant, this paper attempts to explore dominating factors of heat transfer
performance from various weight concentrations of nano-sized particles, the correlation among wall temperature, heat flux, rotational Reynolds number, Nusselt number, Grashof number and rotational Grashof number of four different concentrations. The results show that nano-sized particle lubricant
offer a better heat transfer performance than typical lubricants. Since random movement and diffusing effect of nano-sized particles are one crucial factor for an increased heat transfer coefficient, adding 3.5% weight concentration nano-sized particle lubricant will produce an optimum heat transfer performance among Case I~IV.
Advanced Process Control Expert System of CVD Membrane Thickness Based on Neural Network
Authors: Chang Ming , Chen Jen Cheng , Chang Jui Wen , Heh Jia Sheng
Published: March 2009

A membrane thickness process control expert system of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based on neural network is presented. In general, there are many factors would influence the membrane quality. Most of them can be adjusted by changing the recipe, which are the process parameters of the working machines. Finding out a suitable and steady recipe and on-line real-time controlling the recipe is the target that process engineers devote to. Generally speaking, the recipe adjustment is based on the accumulation of experiences or learning from the try and error results.
However, the process of thin film deposition is a very complicate and nonlinear system. It is very difficult to find out the relationships between the variation of process parameters and membrane quality. Therefore, a system was developed to simulate the CVD’s process using a technique of neural network. An expert system was then set up by extracting out the regular rule between process input
and output from the trained neural network, which would provide references to engineers for the need of on-line recipe adjustment.
On the Wire Sweep Experiments and Predictions of Gold Wire for Semiconductor Wirebonding Technology
Authors: Kung Huang Kuang , Huang Bo Wun
Published: March 2009

This paper studies the elevated-temperature sweep characteristics of wire bond during transfer molding process for semiconductor package. A set of sweep experiments is also conducted to acquire the sweep stiffness of wire bond for several bond spans and bond heights. The results show
the increase of the sweep deflections is more delicate to bond span than bond height. The main objectives of this research are to obtain elevated-temperature material properties of gold wire experimentally and to predict the wire sweep of various bond spans and bond heights subjected to drag force in the compound flow during transfer molding. Based on the analysis results of ANSYS,
the effects of bond span and bond height on wire sweep in the elevated-temperature environment can be obtained. Then, the elevated-temperature deflections of wire sweep can be predicted.
Design and Analysis of SCARA Substrate Transfer Robot for Semiconductor and FPD Processing Cluster Tools
Authors: Yau Chin Horng , Jong Wen Ren , Wang H.H.
Published: March 2009

The design criteria and dynamic analysis of SCARA substrate transfer robot for cluster tools have been investigated in this paper. The design criteria for SCARA robot to meet the application of semiconductor and flat panel display processing have been verified. The dynamic equations of decomposed modules of SCARA substrate transfer robot, such as arm module, friction module, servomotor module, harmonic drive module and belt module are formulated by Lagrange’s
method respectively. Then, the dynamic equations are all built and simulated with MATLAB software. In addition, the elasticity characteristics of belt and harmonic drive are further discussed in this paper. In the aspect of control, the PID controller and force control method are both used to suppress the vibration and improve the transient response.
Nanosecond Time Resolution In Situ Optical Reflection and Transmission Measurements during XeF Excimer Laser Interaction with Amorphous Silicon Thin Films
Authors: Kuo Chil Chyuan , Yeh W.C. , Chen C.B. , Jeng Jeng Ywan
Published: March 2009

XeF excimer laser-induced melting and recrystallization of amorphous silicon was studied using in-situ online time-resolved reflection and transmission measurements with a nanosecond time resolution. The explosive crystallization was observed for 50nm thick amorphous silicon on SiO2 deposited on non-alkali glass substrate upon 25ns pulse duration of excimer laser. Three distinct regrowth regimes were found using various excimer laser fluences. Scanning electron microscopy,
Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to evaluate the excimer laser- irradiated region of the sample. Grain size, surface roughness and melt duration as a function of different laser fluences are also determined.
A New Concept of Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors: Gray Encoding Patterns and a Curve Fitting Method
Authors: Fu Yeh Fen , Shyu Lih Horng , Chen Y.T. , Jywe Wen Yuh , Liu C.H.
Published: March 2009

A new optical encoder system is presented for displacement measurement by the curve fitting method. In this paper, another pondering model is based on the previous development. That is the new measurement method using a homemade periodical gray level code, which can be used to replace the traditional doublet grating. A high precision is achieved by a fitting method with one single-frequency harmonic function. The experiment result shows that the concept is feasible.
Temperature Effect on Tensile Behavior of Helical Multi-Shell Gold Nanowires
Authors: Lin Jenn Sen , Ju Shin Pon , Peng Yu-Lin , Lee Wen Jay
Published: March 2009

This study performs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the tensile behavior of Helical Multi-Shell (HMS) gold nanowires. As their name suggests, these nanowires have a multi-shell helical structure rather than a conventional bulk FCC structure. The mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of the 7-1, 11-4 and 14-7-1 HMS structures are examined under
tensile testing at temperatures between 4K and 300 K and a constant strain rate of 0.003% −1 ps . The results reveal that temperature influences the yielding stress, the Young’s modulus, and the deformation behaviors of HMS nanowires. The yielding stress of the 7-1 structure is found to be higher than that of the 11-4 or 14-7-1 structures. Finally, under different temperature conditions, many different close-packed structures are identified in the nanowires before they fracture.
Modal and Stability Analysis of a Micro-Beam Structure Actuated by Electrostatic Force
Authors: Yoo Hong Hee , Jung Kang Sik , Moon Seung Jae
Published: March 2009

For the design of a vibrating micro-beam structure, modal and stability analyses of the structure actuated by electrostatic force is performed in the present study. Static deflection of the micro-beam caused by the electrostatic force is first obtained by solving the nonlinear equilibrium equation and the modal and stability characteristics are calculated at the static equilibrium position. It is found that the amplitude and the frequency of the applied electrostatic voltage influence the
stability of the structure significantly. A design specification of a vibrating micro-beam structure can be effectively determined from the modal and the stability analysis results.
Experimental Investigation of High-Resolution Injection Technique in Microfluidic Chips
Authors: Wang Yao Nan , Lin Chiufeng , Wu S.T. , Chang C.L. , Chen H.T. , Tsai Chien Hsiung , Fu Lung Ming
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the use of high-resolution injection techniques to deliver sample plugs within electrophoresis microchips. Two novel injection microfluidic chips are proposed, which employ conventional cross-shaped and U-shaped injection system combined with an expander to deliver high-quality sample plugs for detection in separation channel. The valving characteristics on microfluidic devices are controlled through appropriate manipulations of the electric potential strengths during the sample injection and separation steps.
These novel injection techniques developed in this study has an exciting potential for use in high-quality, high-throughput chemical analysis applications and in many other applications throughout the field of micro-total-analysis systems.
A Micropump for Droplet Ejection
Authors: Cheng Chiang Ho , Chen S.C. , Lin Y.C.
Published: March 2009

A micropump with the function of ejecting droplet is designed and fabricated. It consists of the three components including the PZT actuator, pump body and nozzle plate. The pump body is made of the silicon while the nozzle plate is formed by nickel electroforming. The nozzle plate with single orifice is assembled to the pump body. The micropump is designed with the rectangular pressure chamber and the diffuser as the dynamic passive valve. It is driven by the PZT actuator
which deflects the rectangular diaphragm through a bulge on diaphragm. The design of diaphragm with a bulge makes the assembly of the actuator easier and generates sufficient volume displacement. The volume displacement is not only predicted by ANSYS simulation but also verified by 2-dimensional laser scanning vibrometer. And, the prediction and measurement agree to some extent. The ejected droplets are observed by a visualization setup.
Determination of Residual Resist Layer Thickness in E-Beam Lithography Based on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Lee Yung Chun , Chiu Cheng Yu , Liu Chuan Pu , Hsiao Fei Bin , Chen Chun Hung
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we report a method for determining the residual thickness of resist layer during e-beam lithography processes. The method is based on the energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDS) measurements on a silicon substrate deposited with a PMMA layer. The PMMA layer acts as the resist layer in e-beam lithography. From a calibration test, an empirical relationship is established between the EDS signal, electron energy, and PMMA film thickness. Form this empirical
relationship the residual PMMA layer thickness after e-beam exposure and developing can be determined within an accuracy of 83%, which is very important to the subsequent etching processes. An important feature of the proposed method is that its lateral resolution depends only on the focused e-beam spot size and can be in the order of nm. With such resolution, the thickness of the resist layer
under few nm line width can be measured. The proposed method to estimate the residual resist layer thickness plays a vital role in nano-fabrication or nano-patterning based on e-beam lithography technology.
Computational Modeling of Micro-Fluid Flow in a Tubular Microchannel
Authors: Lin Chao Ming , Fang Te Hua , Chang Win Jin
Published: March 2009

This paper develops models for micro-fluid flow in tubular microchannels with uniform
or varying cross-sections. The fluid flow is governed by the pressure drop, the capillary force, and the viscous force. The governing equation developed for the flow incorporates two geometry parameters, namely the cross-section perimeter, S, and the cross-section area, A. In a microchannel with a uniform cross-section, the governing equation reduces to a linear initial value problem which can be solved analytically. However, in the case of a varying cross-section, the two geometry
parameters vary as a function of the flow front position, L, and the nonlinear initial value problem must be solved numerically. The computational models developed in this study will be able to provide accurate predictions of the micro-fluid flow behavior in microchannels with uniform or varying cross-sections.
A Model for Acquisition of Implicit Design Knowledge Based on KDD
Authors: Li Jing Min , Yao Jin , Liu Yong Mou
Published: March 2009

Knowledge discovery in database (KDD) represents a new direction of data processing and knowledge innovation. Design is a knowledge-intensive process driven by various design objectives. Implicit knowledge acquisition is key and difficult for the intelligent design system applied to mechanical product design. In this study, the characteristic of implicit design knowledge and KDD are analyzed, a model for product design knowledge acquisition is set up, and the key techniques
including the expression and application of domain knowledge and the methods of knowledge discovery are discussed. It is illustrated by an example that the method proposed can be used to obtain the engineering knowledge in design case effectively, and can promote the quality and intelligent standard of product design.
The Predicted Model of Surface Roughness in Resharpening End-Mill for Tool Grinder
Authors: Lu H.S. , Lee B.Y. , Chung C.T. , Liu Y.L.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a predicted model of surface roughness of radial relief for
resharpening end-mill. This model is constructed using a polynomial network. The major factors affecting grinding parameters are considered to be wheel spindle speed, feedrate, and grinding depth of cut. Experiments under specified conditions are deliberately designed and conducted to obtain the corresponding tested data for surface roughness that are used for training data of the proposed polynomial network. Consequently, a predicted model for surface roughness is established.
Furthermore, a computer program in VB language is written based on this model. It can quickly calculate predicted values of surface roughness by simply inputting required cutting parameters. According to the experimental results, the developed polynomial network model shows high predicting capability on surface roughness of radial relief, and possesses promising potential in the application of predicting surface roughness in resharpening end-mill operation.