bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Task Characteristics on the Organisation of the Team
Authors: Hallam John , Stammers Robert B
Published: July 2017

In the multiman-machine system, the organisation of the team appears to depend to a great extent on the characteristics of the tasks to be performed. After a discussion of the factors contributing to team performance, and the demands imposed by tasks, the results of a series of experiments are described in which certain task characteristics (complexity and organisation) of simulated command-and-control tasks are varied to investigate the performance of two-man teams working in either a vertical (serial) or a horizontal (parallel) team organisation. Evidence from this experimental work suggests that both types of team organisation may have their advantages and disadvantages in relation to different task characteristics.
Pilot Workload - A Practitioner's Problem
Authors: Way Thomas C.
Published: July 2017

The selection of a new military or commercial aircraft is based, in part, on life-cycle cost or cost-of-ownership. These parameters include both acquisition and operating costs. In the latter, personnel cost is an increasingly important factor. This leads directly to reduction in crew size and automation or reallocation of tasks previously assigned to the now-missing crewmen. It is also common to find that a new aircraft is more complex than the one it replaced. Frequently then, in new aircraft there are fewer crewmen and at least as many functions to be performed as in older aircraft. The challenge to designers of flight decks and avionics suites is to configure the crew station in such a way that required tasks can be accomplished with the allotted crew complement and workload is held within reasonable limits. The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of the human factors practitioner in meeting this challenge, particularly our role in predicting and measuring workload.

The process of producing a new system can be broken into (a) statement of functional requirements, (b) design and manufacture, and (c) verification that the design, and finally the system, meets the requirements. In practice, these stages are iterated several times from preliminary design to detailed design to prototype and final production.

As good empiricists, we recognize the verification stage to be a test of the hypothesis that the test article meets the requirement. The functional requirements must be stated in quantitative terms and the verification must have all the characteristics of a good experiment.
The Future of the Industrial Inspector
Authors: Drury C. G.
Published: July 2017

The human inspector is being challenged by increasingly stringent quality demands and by the advent of automated inspection devices. This panel discussion follows on from the interactive session ‘Industrial Inspection - Present and Future’.

The panel will discuss the implications of tightened standards and automation on both the inspector and the research needs. The question posed is: Have we reached the point where no more needs to be known about inspectors because there will be fewer and fewer inspectors.

A short presentation on automated inspection, by the Chairman and M.A. Sinclair, will be followed by position outlines by the panelists. Panelists include:

M.A. Sinclair, University of Loughborough

L.H. Geyer, Northeastern University

S.M. Gupta, Northeastern University

and all presenters from the Industrial Inspection interactive session.

Discussion of topics raised by panelists and audience will follow. The final section of the session will be spent planning future research and implementation needs to ensure the efficiency and well-being of the industrial inspector.
Cognitive Task Performance Time During Tracking
Authors: Ings David M. , Buck James R.
Published: July 2017

This study was a test on the feasibility of creating a synthetic time system for cognitive tasks performing during flying. Four types of cognitive tasks were employed (coding, verifying, calculating, and identifying; each at two levels of complexity). Compensatory tracking was performed at two levels of difficulty where RMS statistics were taken within and between the discrete cognitive tasks. The task types and complexity levels were found to significantly affect the performance time (accounting for about 50% of the time variability) and the tracking accuracy. However tracking accuracy was also affected by other factors. Results of this research support the feasibility of a synthetic time system for the class of tasks.
An Experimental Paradigm for Analyzing Human Information Processing During Motor Control Tasks
Authors: KvåLseth Tarald O.
Published: July 2017

This paper outlines an experimental paradigm as an alternative to the classical paradigm by Fitts (1954). It is pointed out that Fitts’ paradigm is based on some inappropriate assumptions and analogies invalidating its information-theoretic foundation. The new paradigm, which has more general applicability than Fitts’, uses some informational statistics that are claimed to be rigorous and based on only a few weak assumptions that can also be tested empirically. Emphasis is placed on the utility of the new paradigm for analyzing the speed-accuracy tradeoff characteristics using some simple and concise functional relationships. Finally, a method is outlined whereby this paradigm may be implemented on a digitizer-microcomputer unit making the data acquisition and analysis into a fully automated process.
Individual Differences and Consistency of Performance During the Acquisition of a Complex Skill
Authors: Secunda Michael D. , Morgan Ben B.
Published: July 2017

Acquisition of complex multidimensional skills as presented by the MTPB was examined in this investigation. Results indicate individual differences in the acquisition of tasks as measured within this multiple-task battery. In addition, subjects had different acquisition rates across tasks. An additional finding was that there was a fair degree of consistency with respect to the subjects’ relative level of performance on the different tasks at any given point in training.
User-Initiated Commands for Text Formatting: Information and Syntax
Authors: Williams Evelyn
Published: July 2017

The study examined the effects of information load and syntax in user-initiated text formatting commands on the performance of computer-naive operators. Information load was varied through the number of parameters following the command and the number of alternatives for each parameter. Parameter values were specified using two types of syntax: mnemonic words and sequential numbers. Measures of operator response time and accurracy were taken on tests of command specification and command interpretation. Increases in the number of command parameters and number of alternatives per parameter contributed equally to increases in response time. Response time for word syntax was slower than numeric syntax. Performance improvements over tests were greater for word syntax than numeric syntax. The findings were interpreted as indicating the importance of the association value of words used in software languages which use English words.
Constructing an Industrial Inspection Model to Predict Operator's Performance
Authors: Noro Kageyu , Okada Yoshitomo
Published: July 2017

Since inspection is subordinated to production at the factory, the time and working conditions allowed for inspection frequently depend on the capacity of production machinery and the target production volume for the month. The time thus determined is not necessarily suited to maintain the required reliability and liable to exceed the limit of man's visual capability. For this reason, it is necessary to establish a procedure for working conditions and standard time using biological information and find standard time by the established procedure. This paper describes the procedure to establish working conditions and standard time from visual information.
Pilot Selection: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: July 2017

The paper provided an overview of pilot selection procedures used in the Canadian Forces. Both current and proposed selection tests were discussed. The current selection system focuses on paper-and-pencil tests and the use of the Singer General Aviation Trainer (GAT 1). Proposed selection testing includes the extension of paper-and-pencil tests to new domains, the automation of GAT 1 testing, and microcomputer-based tests.
Incorporation of a Test of Selective Attention in a Pilot Selection Battery
Authors: Gopher Daniel
Published: July 2017

Incorporation of a dichotic listening test of focused attention in the pilot selection battery of the Israel Air Force was studied using a group of 2000 flight cadets. In this test, subjects are presented with 48 dichotic messages, composed of strings of words and digit names. Subjects are required to detect digit names in one ear, ignore information in the other, and reconsider ear relevance upon indication. Three types of selective listening errors are recorded: omissions, intrusions and switching errors. Flight cadets who completed a two year training program had significantly lower error scores on all attention measures. In addition, these measurs had low correlations with all other tests of the pilot selection battery. Attention capabilities appear to an independent new dimension that improves the predictive validity of the present battery.
Team Performance Measures for Computerized Systems
Authors: Connelly Edward M. , Johnson Pamela
Published: July 2017

A theory of system performance measures that permits evaluation of the effects on mission performance of the performance of each constituent mission task was extended to tactical data processing systems. This system performance permits the evaluation of both teams and individual team members on either a mission or any portion of a mission, including specific tasks or task types.
Factors Influencing the Performance Advantage of Speech Technology
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Vidulich Michael , Sandry Diane
Published: July 2017

This report addresses two factors that potentially influence the use of auditory displays and speech responses in a time-sharing environment. (1) S-C-R compatibility is proposed as a condition of enhanced performance when a verbal task employs the auditory/speech (A/S) modes and a spatial task employs the visual/manual (V/M) modes of input and output. (2) Task interference is enhanced to the extent that tasks performed concurrently compete for common input and output modes. An experiment is described in which a tracking task (V/M) is time-shared with a Sternberg Memory Search Task employing all four i/o combinations. As predicted by factor (2), dual task interference increased as a function of shared modalities between tasks. An asymmetry of interference effects was observed such that tracking was most disrupted by common output channels while RT was disrupted by common input modes.
Latencies in Vehicle Steering: It is Possible to Measure Drivers’ Response Latencies and Attention Unobtrusively on the Road
Authors: Summala H.
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews results from a series of studies in which latencies in driver/ vehicle steering responses were measured on the road, unobtrusively, and with representative samples of unsuspecting drivers. Based on the fact that an obstacle on the road shoulder induces an avoidance response, i.e., a lateral displacement towards the middle of the road, a stimulus event was introduced at various distances when a car was approaching so that the time available to drivers for an avoidance response was known. It was found, first, that the average steering response started at latencies greater than 1 s, reached the half-way point at 2.5 s and the maximum at 3-4 s, depending on the situation. Second, this method was applied in a project on the effects of a warning flasher on driver behavior in school zones. It was found that the flasher reduced the drivers’ steering response latencies. This was supposedly the first time to measure drivers’ attention unobtrusively.
The Limitation of Human Performance in Extreme Heat Conditions
Authors: Hancock P. A.
Published: July 2017

The current communication seeks to extend the description of human performance in thermally stressful environments and reports on the systematic changes in impairment onset with tasks requiring differing levels of response complexity in varying time, Effective Temperature (E.T.) conditions. These thresholds of performance decrement are subsequently equated with absolute rises in operator deep body temperature.
Data Entry Performance on Color Versus Monochromatic Displays
Authors: Keister R. S.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments compared data entry tasks using color or monochromatic displays. Overall, small consistent improvements in throughput rates were demonstrated for subjects (Ss) who used color displays. Further analyses pointed out some of the conditions under which color is beneficial and related the effectiveness of color to task complexity and the number of tasks performed. Several guidelines for the use of color displays are offered.
Comparative Analysis of the Normal Working Area in the Horizontal Plane
Authors: Das Biman , Grady Robert M.
Published: July 2017

The normal working areas in the horizontal plane as developed by Farley and Squires were compared, in terms of one-handed, two-handed and total normal working areas and front and side ranges of the normal working areas, for the general male, female and combination of male and female operators and the individual male and female operators for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. Squires’ method provided a considerable gain in the one-handed, two-handed and total normal working areas and the front range of the normal working area for all types of operator population and resulted in a relatively small loss in the side range of the normal working area in all but one instance. In consideration to the dynamic nature of the arm, while the hand sweeps an arc in the normal working area in the horizontal plane and the stated overall gain in the normal working area, Squires’ method should be used in preference to the most frequently employed Farley's method.
There's no Such Thing as a Man's Job: Eliminating Strength and Size Barriers to Women in A Material Slitting Area
Authors: Slater Virginia M.
Published: July 2017

A study was undertaken to ascertain if women could adequately perform a slitting job, and to determine any corresponding necessary female anthropometry. Present operators and machinery were measured, and photographic and observational task analyses were used in developing solutions.

Inexpensive modifications to commercially available material handling trucks would replace an overhead hoist system now in use. This would result in a significant decrease in operator motion affecting the lower back, eliminate hazardous situations when using the hoist, and decrease machine set-up time by 10%.

To decrease even further the muscle straining aspects and unsafe practices, lighter weight arbors, arbor release levers, and slit roll loading and storage were investigated.
The Effects of Body composition (Percent Fat) On Acclimatization to Heat
Authors: Loewenthal Alex , Cochran David J. , Riley Michael W.
Published: July 2017

Nine fully acclimatized men falling in the lean, medium and obese categories of body composition were observed during heat exposure periods for four days following acclimatization decay periods of various lengths in order to determine the effects of body composition on the decay and reinduction of acclimatization. The physiological variables taken into consideration were core temperature, “DuBois” mean skin temperature, heart rate, weight loss due to perspiration and the temperature differential between the core and surface. All of the men were subjected to an acclimatization schedule of twelve daily sessions in order to insure that they were all fully acclimatized. Three decay, or non-exposure, periods of four, eight and twelve days were each followed by four days of reinduction. It was determined that body composition does not affect the rate of decay or reinduction of acclimatization, although this parameter as well as the extent of decay and the duration of the reinduction period does affect the physiological variables monitored in this study.
Electromyographic Evaluation of Operation of a Railroad Hand Brake
Authors: Vasko Susan D. , Rockwell Thomas H. , Weber Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Ten male subjects performed four methods of setting a vertical boxcar hand brake. Muscle activity was recorded in arm, leg, and back muscles. Each method was rated in terms of adherence to principles of work design and rated by subjects in order of comfort. Maximum braking force was recorded for each method and the subjects were videotaped to analyze postures. Biographical and strength data were recorded. The study found that as equipment arrangements allowed the operator to assume a more upright posture, braking force tended to increase, comfort ratings improved, EMG signals tended to decrease, and the task adhered to more principles of physiologically sound work design. Strength of the left arm was the major predictor of braking force, and back muscle activity tended to increase as braking force increased.
Mapping The Human Potential as a Motor
Authors: Bathurst James R. , Melson Jasen , Eike David R.
Published: July 2017

Approximately 200 articles were reviewed to discover what new techniques are being employed to tap the human muscle power potential to perform work. A near absence of published information was found addressing the problem. Consequently, a discussion is presented touching on the physical properties that must exist for humans to serve as motors. Also presented is a suggested approach to effectively exploiting our potential to assume this function.
An Evaluation of Nuclear Power Plant Safety Parameter Display Systems
Authors: Woods David D. , Wise John A. , Hanes Lewis F.
Published: July 2017

Two proposed safety parameter display systems, of the type to be required in nuclear power plant control rooms, were evaluated using a training simulator and experienced crews undergoing refresher training. A decision analysis approach was used. The discussion addresses the effectiveness of the training situation as an evaluation tool and methodological issues.
Control-Display Integration on Large, Multi-System Control Panels
Authors: Farbry John , Harding Tom , Mallory Ken
Published: July 2017

Several potential benefits of control-display integration are examined in conjunction with the variable of horizontal and vertical formats of component sequence. Measures of eye travel distance favor an integrated sequence in a horizontal format.
Principles of Centaurian Design
Authors: Wise James A. , Fey David
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the form and example results of the “Centaurian Design Exercise”. This is an assignment that requires design students to discover and utilize ergonomic and behavioral considerations to deduce appropriate design solutions for a hypothetical sentient centaurian society. The value of introducing ergonomic concerns through the centaurian mode is that the basic aspects of spatial orientation and arrangement that most students have long taken for granted for themselves become visibly questionable. This consequently reveals the subtle constraints on the design of artifact and environment imposed by biological form and behavior. Included are charts, rationale and annotated examples that should permit any interested instructor to repeat this exercise for their own educational purpose.
How to Get a Grip on TADS/PNVS
Authors: Trabold Fredrick W. , Housman Mark T.
Published: July 2017

This article describes the methodology, trade studies, subjective evaluation, and applied experimental techniques employed in the design of multi-function handgrip controls. These handgrips, used in acquiring and tracking ground targets from a helicopter, were developed as part of the Target Acquisition Detection System (TADS) and Pilot's Night Vision System (PNVS) integrated in the AAH-64 Advanced Attack Helicopter.

Although the studies contained in this article were directed toward designing a specific set of handgrips, the basic criteria and techniques can serve as guidelines for future handgrip designs.
Industrial Ergonomics in Europe
Authors: Drury Colin G. , Fox John G.
Published: July 2017

Industrial Ergonomics has been practiced in Europe for the last twenty years or so and is now an accepted part of the fabric of industrial life. With Industrial Ergonomics beginning to play a role in North American industry, this panel raises the issues of what we can learn from Europe and what we can contribute to our own unique style of Industrial Ergonomics. The panelists will discuss the following topics:
Sustained Search: Number of Background Characters, Target Type, and Time on Watch
Authors: Percival Lynn C.
Published: July 2017

Search for emerging targets was evaluated in discrete trials and in a period of continuous watch. Search time increased with number of background characters (NBC) and was faster for targets added to the display than for those which changed from background characters into targets. The rate of increase with NBC was the same for both target types in discrete trials but not in continuous watch. No vigilance decrement occurred, but the conditions under which one might be expected are described.
Evaluation of Bent Hammer Handles
Authors: Granada Mike , Konz Stephan
Published: July 2017

John Bennett has developed a family of handles with a 19 degree bend. This study evaluated acceptance of the 19 degree bend in two hammers (one normal length and one short) vs a conventional handle. After hammering nails with all three hammers, 104 subjects completed a 10 item semantic-differential questionnaire. Defining the vote for the conventional hammer as 100%, the vote for the short Bennett hammer was 110% and the normal length Bennett hammer was 113%. Personal characteristics were related to preference. People like the Bennett handles if they were younger and female. The short handle also was more preferred by heavier weight people and people with less hammering experience.
Interdigit Keying Intervals on a Membrane Keyboard
Authors: Simonelli Nicholas M.
Published: July 2017

Fifty-three company personnel were asked to perform several copying tasks using a copier with a flat membrane keyboard. The digit portion of the keyboard was a 3 x 4 keypad. The time it took to key in seven particular two-digit numbers was electronically timed and recorded. The longest keying time was 1.75 s. Age had a reliable effect, though very small. Those over 45 took .1 s longer on average. There was no gender difference in keying times. Various reasons for much longer than average times are discussed. It was also noted that horizontal keying movement seemed faster than vertical movement.
Noise, Task Complexity and Rated Annoyance
Authors: Corso Gregory M. , Howell Leonard L.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments investigating rated annoyance as a function of noise and task complexity were conducted. Task complexity was defined operationally as the number of stimulus alternatives. In the first experiment, two groups of subjects performed an information reduction task either to the onset of one of four stimuli or to the onset of one of eight stimuli while continually exposed to noise. Ratings of the noise on a bipolar scale were obtained after completing the task. An analysis showed a significant decrease in annoyance as the number of stimuli increased. In the second experiment, four groups of subjects performed the task at the two levels of complexity used in the first experiment. However, for each level of complexity, one group of subjects performed the task while exposed to noise, while another group performed the task in the absence of noise. Ratings of the task on the bipolar scale used in the first experiment were obtained. A main effect for the occurrence of noise was the only significant finding. The implication from this experiment suggests that the noise was considered to be part of the task, and was included in the rating. The implications of these results for the application of the traditional noise and annoyance findings are discussed.
Human Factors Engineering in Industry - How do You Begin?
Authors: Alexander D. C. , Givens C. G. , Kaudewitz H. R.
Published: July 2017

Recently, information has become available about starting a human factors engineering program in industry. It appears that there is room for further practical information on this subject. This article will cover many aspects of beginning a “real world” human factors engineering program in a production industry. Tennessee Eastman Company began a human factors engineering program several years ago; this article is based on our experiences as well as some of the experiences that other companies have had.
The Inherent Organization of the Paper Office: Implications for Electronic Document Management Systems
Authors: Irving Gary W. , Van Praag John , Gilfoil David
Published: July 2017

As the technological availability of electronic document management systems approaches, questions concerning the appropriate user interface design must be investigated and answered. Much of this investigation must focus on the characteristics of the paper office which the electronic system is intended eventually to replace. Of immediate interest are the physical organization of the paper office and the organization of the mental model which users reference to aid their document management tasks. An exploratory investigation analyzed a small number of existing paper offices, modeled their physical organizations, and studied the behaviors of their owners in document filing and retrieval tasks. Multi-dimensional scaling techniques were used to discover the inherent dimensionality of the mental models the users had created of their paper offices. Protocol analysis was employed to infer cues used for aiding retrieval based on incomplete information. This set of cues was evaluated for candidate dimensions in the mental model of the paper office.

The results of the exploratory investigation were evaluated for user interface requirements of electronic document management systems. Classical DBMS query languages and data models were evaluated against the user interface requirements. These were found insufficient in the key requirements of simple filing procedures and retrieval based on incomplete and/or partially erroneous information. A user interface and data model is recommended that might provide higher performance. A research plan for a thorough investigation is outlined.
America's Campaign of Truth Throughout the World
Authors: Fitzpatrick Dick
Published: July 2017

Operation of the government's program to combat Russian misrepresentation and vilification is described by the audience research officer in the International Press Division of the State Department. Mr. Fitzpatrick is widely known for his writings in the field of public opinion and communications.
The Role of Advertising in Modern Society
Authors: Sandage C. H.
Published: July 2017

The case for advertising is succinctly stated by the chairman of the advertising department in the School of Journalism and Communications at the University of Illinois. This paper was written for a symposium on marketing which is soon to be published in book form by the University of Illinois Press.
Community Patterns of Idea Intake
Authors: Thompson James D.
Published: July 2017

The effects of the mass media can be understood better if the role of other elements of the social system in passing along and interpreting ideas also is considered. The author, a member of the Wisconsin journalism faculty, is working toward the Ph.D. in sociology at the University of North Carolina.
H. G. Wells: Literary Journalist
Authors: Costa Richard H.
Published: July 2017

Wells believed that the novel, as well as the newspaper and the periodical, should be a journalistic medium. This article deals with the difficulties he encountered in carrying out this idea. Mr. Costa is director of public relations and instructor in journalism at the Utica (N. Y.) College of Syracuse University.
Red China Patterns Controls of Press on Russian Model
Authors: Shieh Milton
Published: July 2017

The publisher-editor of the Shin Sheng Pao Daily News, Taipeh, Formosa, analyzes the techniques by which Communist leaders dominate newspapers and other communications. Mr. Shieh was educated in journalism at the University of Missouri and the University of Minnesota and is a former journalism teacher.
Report on Journalism Research in Progress, 1950-51
Authors: Swanson Charles E.
Published: July 2017

This report includes research in progress by staff members and doctoral candidates in American schools and departments of journalism, unless otherwise noted. It does not include confidential research, or work published or scheduled for publication prior to April 1, 1951.
The Radio Newsroom: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Charnley Mitchell V.
Published: July 2017

A member of the Council on Radio Journalism since its origin and its chairman for two years, Professor Charnley—of the University of Minnesota School of Journalism—presents here some of the findings from a study designed to give quantitative values to a definition of the radio newsroom.
The Case of General Yamashita: A Study of Suppression
Authors: Peterson Ted , Jensen Jay W.
Published: July 2017

What happens when a publisher brings out a book criticizing the Army's policies in dealing with a defeated enemy is told here by two members of the University of Illinois journalism faculty. The implications are obvious for those who wish to promote the free flow of ideas so essential to democracy.
Severance Pay and the American Newspaper Guild
Authors: Rosen Sam
Published: July 2017

More than any other union, the Guild has made severance pay a permanent fixture in its jurisdiction. This is due largely to special conditions in the newspaper industry. The causes and effects are described by Mr. Rosen, who is assistant professor of economics at the University of Wyoming.
The Creed of a Propagandist: Letter from a Confederate Editor
Authors: Harwell Richard Barksdale
Published: July 2017

Some amazingly modern views on journalism are contained in a letter written in 1864 by Henry Hotze, propaganda agent of the Confederacy in England. Mr. Harwell, who uncovered the document, is assistant librarian in charge of special collections at Emory University, Atlanta.
The Newspaper Chain of W. B. Harris
Authors: Scheiber Thomas J.
Published: July 2017

This Indiana publisher received second-class mailing permits for 138 newspapers. He probably had the most extensive chain of small-town weeklies in the nation's history. Mr. Scheiber wrote his master's thesis on Harris at Indiana University. He is now teaching journalism at St. Joseph's College, Rensselaer, Ind.
The Totalitarian Pattern in Peron's Press Campaign
Authors: Kane Joseph F.
Published: July 2017

Measures taken to throttle communications in Argentina are rationalized under the emergent Peronista doctrine, a compounding of the leadership myth, the theory of the “justicialist” state, and extreme nationalistic and class warfare symbols. This article analyzes the authoritarian pattern.
Research in Brief
Authors: Bush Chilton R.
Published: July 2017

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Reborn Denver “Post” Has Prestige and Power
Authors: Waldrop A. Gayle
Published: July 2017

In “A Chinook Blows on Champa Street,” published in the June 1947 QUARTERLY, Mr. Waldrop reported on Palmer Hoyt's first 10 months as editor and publisher of the Post. In this article he tells the story from 1946 to the end of 1950. The author is director of the College of Journalism at the University of Colorado.
British National Newspapers and the 1950 General Election
Authors: Higbie Charles E.
Published: July 2017

During the British campaign Dr. Higbie was in England and observed the organization, strategy and campaign events of the party struggle. In this article the writer, now assistant professor of journalism at the University of Wisconsin, analyzes the behavior of the mass-circulation dailies.
William Randolph Hearst: A Tentative Appraisal
Authors: Emery Edwin
Published: July 2017

The death of America's most widely known chain publisher raises again the question of his rank in journalism. Dr. Emery weighs the available facts while awaiting the final judgment that only time and further research can give. The author is an associate professor of journalism at the University of Minnesota.
Radio Editorializing aboard the “New Mayflower”
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: July 2017

A survey of 35 stations—all leaders in the field of radio news—indicates that few broadcasters are making use of the freedom to “editorialize with fairness.” The author is associate professor of journalism and chairman of the department at Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio.
Research in Brief
Authors: Flesch Rudolph , Griffin Philip F.
Published: July 2017

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Genesis of Newspaper War Correspondence
Authors: Mathews Joseph J.
Published: July 2017

This re-examination of the early history of newspaper war correspondence is part of a forthcoming volume on the evolution of war news. Dr. Mathews, professor of history at Emory University, is spending the year 1951-52 in Europe on a Guggenheim fellowship to study the development of foreign correspondence.
Publishers and Newsmen Debate Composition of British Council
Authors: Casey Ralph D. , Urlik J. P.
Published: July 2017

Working journalists, who initiated the inquiry of the British Royal Commission on the Press, seem determined to see a permanent, voluntary agency established in accordance with the Commission's proposals. If successful, the experiment might inspire similar efforts at self-improvement in other countries.
News Notes
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section… activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like… should be sent to Professor Price, School of Journalism, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Notes for the next issue should reach him by April 1.
Responsibility of National States for Hostile Propaganda Campaigns
Authors: Schwarzkopf Dietrich G.
Published: July 2017

This is a two-part study analyzing the international law governing the dissemination of subversive communication content from one nation into the territory of another. Mr. Schwarzkopf is in the foreign department of Der Tagesspiegel, Berlin, and holds the M.A. degree in journalism from Minnesota.
Trends in Public Relations Training and Research
Authors: Harral Stewart
Published: July 2017

The Director of Public Relations Studies at the University of Oklahoma School of Journalism surveys present offerings in the field and suggests problems for further study* Professor Harral is the author of five books and many articles on public relations. He also has served as journalism director at Oklahoma.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Gerald J. Edward ,   Assisted, Charnley Mitchell V. , Jensen William P. , Schneider Maarten
Published: July 2017

During the period of these notes, British newspapers raised their prices again and the upward trend in circulation figures ended abruptly. Fear of retrenchment haunted Fleet Street and nervousness cropped out in a spontaneous strike in the office of one of the national dailies. Similar uneasiness was reported in Norway and, in France, the plight of the intellectual became worse in a period of rising prices and low wages.

French journalists continued restive not only because of the economic situation but because of the uncertainties in governments role. The anti-collaborationist laws which clouded the title to some newspaper properties, and even impaired freedom of press itself, have not been clarified to the satisfaction of journalists.

Censorship was reported in Pakistan and Egypt. In Bermuda a newspaper felt the lash of unfriendly government. The Times of London was indicted on charges resulting from publishing an election advertisement.

British newspapers have long complained that government newsprint rules favor magazines and The Times took advantage of the rules to establish a weekly newsmagazine. In Paris, études de Presse, scholarly quarterly of the French Press Institute which had been suspended in 1947, was revived under direction of Georges Bourgin. The first three issues presented research material of uniformly good quality.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Gerald J. Edward
Published: July 2017

The first issues of the I. P. I. Report, published by the International Press Institute, appeared during this quarter. They furnish an unequalled report on communications around the world. L'Echo de la Presse became a weekly on April 11, realizing a seven-year dream of Editor Jacquemart.

News developments included progress on reform of the British law of libel, evidence of the growth of advertising in Great Britain during the Socialist emphasis on the welfare state, and consideration of new basic press laws in West Germany, Pakistan and France. The chief editor of a leading Catholic daily in The Netherlands was dismissed. La Prensa of Buenos Aires reappeared as the painted darling of the Peron dictatorship and La Razon of La Paz appeared dead of intimidation by Estenssoro's revolutionary gangs. A leading Communist editor went to jail in France as part of the government's gesture of warning against armed agitation. A new international federation of journalists, the West's answer to the Communist IOJ, elected a famed British labor leader as president.
Breast Surgery International — Breast Cancer in Developing Countries
Authors: Sandelin K. , Apffelstaedt J. P. , Abdullah H. , Murray E. M. , Ajuluchuku E. U.
Published: July 2017

Breast Surgery International (BSI) was formed in 1999 as an integrated society within the International Surgical Society ISS/SIC. One goal is to promote breast surgery world wide and focus on the situation in the developing countries.

An edited summary of a symposium on locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and the current situation in two African countries and in Malaysia is reported.

Diagnosis, management and treatment options differ from recommendations that prevail due to lack of resources, lack of access to facilities and cultural and socioeconomic barriers. Younger age at onset, more men are affected and locally advanced breast cancer dominates the clinical panorama. A rational treatment plan for LABC should have chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy as armaments.

A unique opportunity exists for international interchange within a professional organization such as BSI, for providing training opportunities, for clinical and experimental studies of the world's most common female malignancy.
Logistics of Referral, Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment of Patients with Breast Symptoms and Signs
Authors: Kåresen R. , Jensen H. H. , Sauer T. , Schlichting E. , Skaane P. , Wang H.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

The logistics of diagnosis and treatment in a hospital with slightly above 400 new cases of breast cancer per year is analysed.

Materials and Methods:

The patient flow from referral, through the diagnostic procedures and through surgical treatment is described.

Results and Conclusions:

The basic principle of the diagnostic assessment is the triple diagnostic procedure including mammography supplemented by ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration cytology and clinical examination. The radiologist and pathologist are working together in the breast diagnostic centre and are thus able to give a “single visit diagnosis” in most cases. The surgeon sees the patient either the same day or the next. A “consensus meeting” held each week with representatives for all specialities present has an important function in quality assurance and education. If one or more of the triple diagnostic components reach conclusion level “suspicious lesion”, surgery is indicated. In hospital management is based on day surgery for all biopsies, wide excisions with or without sentinel node and some ablatio simplex mammae. For wide excision and ablation with complete axillary node clearance, the patients are transferred from the day surgery unit to a patient hotel after 3–4 hours of observation and stay till the drain can be removed. Only in rare case of high cardiopulmonary risk, beds in ordinary wards are used. This is a highly cost efficient logistic saving the hospital approximately 400 000 EUR a year compared to ordinary in hospital treatment.
Hereditary Breast Cancer and Handling of Patients at Risk
Authors: Eerola H. , Aittomäki K. , Asko-Seljavaara S. , Nevanlinna H. , von Smitten K.
Published: July 2017

The identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2, the two known genes causing a dominantly inherited susceptibility for breast and ovarian cancer has allowed genetic testing and identification of high risk individuals in a proportion of breast cancer families. In the future, when both the surveillance methods and prophylactic measures will be further developed this will have even more important clinical value in the management of breast cancer families. To date, as prophylactic mastectomy and/or oophorectomy have been shown to offer a significant risk reduction, these should be considered at least for known mutation carriers. Before considering this, patients should be referred for genetic counseling including risk assessment and genetic testing. Identification of a mutation in the family facilitates carrier detection by allowing predictive testing of healthy individuals. In mutation positive families, a negative test result for an individual has great value as it releases from coping with high risk of cancer and from intensive surveillance. When prophylactic surgery is considered, young age is an important determinant. A skin-sparing mastectomy with implant or autologous tissue transfer is the reconstruction method of choice. Other options like surveillance or chemoprevention can be accepted, but their uncertainty should be pointed out.
Fatal Firearm Injuries in Finland: A Nationwide Survey
Authors: Mäkitie I. , Pihlajamäki H.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

Treatment of life-threatening firearm injuries represents major challenges to the involved medical staff. The aim of the study was to assess numbers, natures and injury patterns of fatal incidents by firearms in Finland over a 10-year period.

Material and Methods:

Retrospective analysis of all firearm-related deaths during the 10-year period from January 1990 to December 1999. Death certificates were obtained and reviewed with detailed analysis of non-suicidal deaths.

Results:

Over the 10-year period 1990 to 1999, 452 individuals (equivalent to 1.8 cases per 100 000 person-years) died in Finland as a result of accidental or violent shooting. There were no significant changes in numbers of cases from year to year. The malefemale ratio was 7:3. The mean age of the victims was 32 years. The shooting incident had been classified as an assault in 78 % of cases. Its nature was unspecified in 13 % of cases and clearly accidental in 9 %. The predominant anatomical site of fatal injury following assault was the chest in 43 %, the head in 42 % and the abdomen in 8 % of the cases. After accidental or unspecified nature shooting, the predominant site of injury was the head in 68 %, followed by the chest in 16 % and the abdomen in 10 % of the cases. Most victims (86 %) died at the scene of the shooting. Only 14 % were alive at hospital admittance. Most hospitalised victims died within 24 hours of admission.

Conclusions:

The annual incidence of fatal non-suicidal firearm injuries did not change significantly in Finland between 1990 and 1999. Victims of such injuries required only minimal hospital resources because in most cases they died at the scene of the shooting. The results of the study reported indicate that efforts to prevent fatal injuries from use of firearms or diminish their number should be focused mainly on prevention of firearm related assault.
Inguinal Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Staging Anal Cancer
Authors: Péley G. , Farkas E. , Sinkovics I. , Kovács T. , Keresztes S. , Orosz Z. , Köves I.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

The optimal treatment of clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes in patients with primary anal cancer has not yet been clearly defined. The presence of metastases in the inguinal lymph nodes is an adverse prognostic factor for anal cancer. In the present study the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for staging anal cancer was investigated.

Patients and Methods:

From September 1999 to March 2002, 8 patients with biopsy proven primary anal cancer underwent lymphoscintigraphy and dual-agent guided inguinal SLNB for nodal staging before starting multimodality treatment.

Results:

Inguinal SLNB was successful in all 8 patients (13 groins). A total of 20 hot and blue SLNs (mean 1,5 (1–2) per groins) were removed. In 2 patients (25 %) the SLN was positive for metastasis.

Conclusions:

Lymphoscintigraphy followed by dual-agent guided inguinal SLNB is technically feasible for staging patients with primary anal cancer. The detection of metastases in the removed sentinel lymph node(s) may alter the treatment and thus may improve the locoregional control and overall survival of these patients.
The Fate of AAA Patients Referred Electively to Vascular Surgical Unit
Authors: Heikkinen M. , Salenius J. , Zeitlin R. , Saarinen J. , Suominen V. , Metsänoja R. , Auvinen O.
Published: July 2017

Background:

The ideal treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is to operate aneurysms likely to rupture, without exposing other cases to major surgery. The purpose here was to analyse retrospectively the management of AAA in a well-defined geographical region in the 1990's.

Methods:

194 new vascular surgical outpatient consultations due to AAA were done to the regional vascular centre during the years 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998. Data were collected from case records. Statistics Finland provided causes and dates of death.

Results:

The mean observed annual AAA incidence was 9.0 per 100 000 inhabitants and it rose significantly (33.3 %) during the study period. The duration of follow-up varied between 0 and 129 months. The 5/8-year cumulative mortality was 37.3/50.7 %. The most common causes of death were AAA-related (31.7 %), cardiac (29.1 %) or malignancy (19.0 %). Twenty-five patients with small AAA were referred to primary health care sector for further follow-up. There were no RAAA (ruptured AAA) deaths in this group. The cumulative 5/8-year mortality was 43.2/49.9 %. One hundred patients underwent an elective aneurysm repair with in-hospital mortality of 7.0 %. The cumulative 5/8-year mortality was 23.7/35.4 %. Twelve patients refused elective treatment. The cumulative 5/8-year mortality was 45.1/63.4 % and 5/7 deaths were due to RAAA. Twenty-three patients were unfit for elective repair. The cumulative 5/8-year mortality was 87.0 %/100 % and 5/20 deaths were caused by RAAA. The cumulative 5/8-year RAAA-rate in the patients with AAA more than 5.0 cm in diameter and outside elective aneurysm-repair (n = 23) was 51.9 %/100.0 %.

Conclusion:

The observed incidence of AAA increased during the 1990's. Half of the patients underwent an elective procedure. Patients unfit for surgery died mainly for other reasons than RAAA. Most patients with AAA over 5.5 cm not subjected to elective procedure, died of rupture.