bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of the spatial positioning of items on the reliability of questionnaires measuring affect
Authors: Leo Leigh , Kolsch Sebastian , Beukes Azaria , Crous Freddie , Scheepers Johann
Published: August 2016

Orientation: Extant research has shown that the relationship between spatial location and affect may have pervasive effects on evaluation. In particular, experimental findings on embodied cognition indicate that a person is spatially orientated to position what is positive at the top and what is negative at the bottom (vertical spatial orientation), and to a lesser extent, to position what is positive on the left and what is negative on the right (horizontal spatial orientation). It is therefore hypothesised, that when there is congruence between a respondent’s spatial orientation (related to affect) and the spatial positioning (layout) of a questionnaire, the reliability will be higher than in the case of incongruence.Research purpose: The principal objective of the two studies reported here was to ascertain the extent to which congruence between a respondent’s spatial orientation (related to affect) and the layout of the questionnaire (spatial positioning of questionnaire items) may impact on the reliability of a questionnaire measuring affect.Motivation for the study: The spatial position of items on a questionnaire measuring affect may indirectly impact on the reliability of the questionnaire.Research approach, design and method: In both studies, a controlled experimental research design was conducted using a sample of university students (n = 1825).Major findings: In both experiments, evidence was found to support the hypothesis that greater congruence between a respondent’s spatial orientation (related to affect) and the spatial positioning (layout) of a questionnaire leads to higher reliability on a questionnaire measuring affect.Practical implications: These findings may serve to create awareness of the influence of the spatial positioning of items as a confounding variable in questionnaire design.Contribution/value-add: Overall, this research complements previous studies by confirming the metaphorical representation of affect and enhances our understanding of embodiment-related conceptual processing and its subsequent influence on self-evaluations versus external evaluations on an unconscious level, specifically in relation to measuring affect.
Environmental reporting through newspapers in South Africa: A comparative study
Authors: Van der Walt Adriaan J.
Published: August 2016

In the last three decades of the 20th century the world witnessed an increased awareness of the global environment and the impact of human actions. From an environmental perspective, the mass media contributed to the heightened environmental awareness and, rightly or wrongly, focused the attention of the public on specific environmental issues. This vital source of information to the public (the mass media), can take on many forms, including television, magazines, newspapers and pamphlets. In general, newspapers have been found to be one of the most predominant sources of information available to the public. Therefore, this paper focuses on environmental reporting through national newspapers in South Africa and whether the reporting is sufficient to hone public awareness. Copies of two national newspapers, one English (Sunday Times) and one Afrikaans (Rapport) were obtained from the main library in Bloemfontein and were analysed over a two-year period,that is 2007 and 2008. The objectives were to determine the number of environmental articles; the type and/or category of articles and the importance (page number) of articles in both national newspapers. The results were compared and show a very interesting flow of environmental information. Preliminary results indicate that there was a decrease in environmental related articles over the years studied; and that most environmental articles fall into the main category of biodiversity. The Afrikaans paper focused predominantly on national news, while the English paper showed an even distribution between national and international environmental news.
Welcoming Africa's children: The nature and implications of being a missional church
Authors: Knoetze Johannes J.
Published: August 2016

�This article presents a brief overview of the historical development of the missional church from the understanding of the missio Dei. From this perspective, it attends to the African context. With regard to African children, the African independent churches are looked at from a missional church perspective. The nature of the missional church is described as being a Biblical, Trinitarian, discerning, evangelistic, hermeneutic and agogic community. The implication of being missional in accordance with the mentioned characteristics is then linked to the five solas of the Reformed tradition. It is concluded that the African independent churches and the mainline missionary churches need each other in order to be truly missional in Africa and to reach the children of Africa.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Children and Youth Ministry is challenged by the context of Africa, when some relevant characteristics of the African independent or initiated churches (AICs) are described and related to the Reformed tradition. The (missional) ecclesiology of the AICs and the Reformed tradition is challenged by children�s ministry
Integration of Dermatology-Focused Physical Diagnosis Rounds and Case-Based Learning within the Internal Medicine Medical Student Clerkship
Authors: Scott Brian L. , Barker Blake , Abraham Reeni , Wickless Heather W.
Published: August 2016

Background

Over half of dermatologic conditions are seen by nondermatologists, yet medical students receive little dermatology education. Medical students in the clinical years of training at our institution felt insecure in their physical diagnosis skills for dermatologic conditions.

Objective

The objective of this study was to implement dermatology-focused curricula within the Internal Medicine (IM) Core Clerkship to increase student confidence in diagnosing skin diseases.

Methods

Two dermatology-focused sessions were integrated into the IM Clerkship. A faculty dermatologist leads students on a dermatology-focused physical diagnosis “Skin Rounds”, where patients are seen at the bedside and students practice describing skin lesions and forming a differential diagnosis. Students also participate in a case-based active learning session. A dermatologist selects images of common skin conditions that students describe utilizing appropriate terminology and offer a differential diagnosis. The impact of these sessions was assessed through survey-based student feedback and by comparing the results from the IM Shelf Exam before and after intervention.

Results

A total of 74 students completed the skin rounds survey (32% response rate). About 99% ( n = 73) of students felt that skin rounds were effective and useful, and 92% ( n = 68) of students reported that they felt more confident in describing skin lesions afterward. A total of 43 students completed the case-based learning session survey (37% response rate), and 98% ( n = 42) of students strongly agreed or agreed that the session was effective and useful. Performance on the dermatologic questions of the IM Shelf Exam was analyzed. While not statistically significant at P < 0.05, students improved from an average of 77% correct responses before intervention to 79% afterward ( P = 0.60).

Conclusions

Our case-based and bedside teaching interventions were met with high satisfaction from medical students and increased their confidence in describing skin lesions. This intervention can serve as a model to improve dermatology education and can be adapted to utilize the IM clerkship to address curriculum inadequacies at other institutions.
Practical Techniques in Ghost Fluid Method for Compressible Multi-Medium Flows
Authors: Xu Liang , Feng Chengliang , Liu Tiegang
Published: August 2016

The modified ghost fluid method (MGFM), due to its reasonable treatment for ghost fluid state, has been shown to be robust and efficient when applied to compressible multi-medium flows. Other feasible definitions of the ghost fluid state, however, have yet to be systematically presented. By analyzing all possible wave structures and relations for a multi-medium Riemann problem, we derive all the conditions to define the ghost fluid state. Under these conditions, the solution in the real fluid region can be obtained exactly, regardless of the wave pattern in the ghost fluid region. According to the analysis herein, a practical ghost fluid method (PGFM) is proposed to simulate compressible multi-medium flows. In contrast with the MGFM where three degrees of freedomat the interface are required to define the ghost fluid state, only one degree of freedomis required in this treatment. However, when these methods proved correct in theory are used in computations for the multi-medium Riemann problem, numerical errors at the material interface may be inevitable. We show that these errors are mainly induced by the single-medium numerical scheme in essence, rather than the ghost fluid method itself. Equipped with some density-correction techniques, the PGFM is found to be able to suppress these unphysical solutions dramatically.
Finite Element Algorithm for Dynamic Thermoelasticity Coupling Problems and Application to Transient Response of Structure with Strong Aerothermodynamic Environment
Authors: Li Zhihui , Ma Qiang , Cui Junzhi
Published: August 2016

As an exploratory study for structural deformation and thermodynamic response induced by spacecraft reentry aerodynamic force and thermal environment, a finite element algorithm is presented on the basis of the classic Fourier heat conductive law to simulate the dynamic thermoelasticity coupling performance of the material. The Newmark method and Crank-Nicolson scheme are utilized to discretize the dynamic thermoelasticity equation and heat conductive equation in the time domain, respectively, and the unconditionally stable implicit algorithm is constructed. Four types of finite-element computing schemes are devised and discussed to solve the thermodynamic coupling equation, all of which are implemented and compared in the computational examples including the one-dimensional transient heat conduction in considering and not considering the vibration, the transient heat flow for the infinite cylinder, and the dynamic coupling thermoelasticity around re-entry flat plate from hypersonic aerothermodynamic environment. The computational results show that the transient responses of temperature and displacement field generate lag phenomenon in case of considering the deformation effect on temperature field. Propagation, rebounding, attenuation and stabilized phenomena of elastic wave are also observed by the finite-element calculation of thermodynamic coupling problem considering vibration and damping, and the oscillation of the temperature field is simultaneously induced. As a result, the computational method and its application research platform have been founded to solve the transient thermodynamic coupling response problem of the structure in strong aerodynamic heating and force environment. By comparing various coupling calculations, it is demonstrated that the present algorithm could give a correct and reliable description of transient thermodynamic responses of structure, the rationality of the sequentially coupling method in engineering calculation is discussed, and the bending deformation mechanism produced by the thermodynamic coupling response from windward and leeward sides of flying body is revealed, which lays the foundation in developing the numerical method to solve material internal temperature distribution, structural deformation, and thermal damage induced by spacecraft dynamic thermoelasticity coupling response under uncontrolled reentry aerothermodynamic condition.
Extended Hydrodynamic Models and Multigrid Solver of a Silicon Diode Simulation
Authors: Hu Zhicheng , Li Ruo , Qiao Zhonghua
Published: August 2016

Extended hydrodynamic models for carrier transport are derived from the semiconductor Boltzmann equation with relaxation time approximation of the scattering term, by using the globally hyperbolic moment method and the moment-dependent relaxation time. Incorporating the microscopic relaxation time and the applied voltage bias, a formula is proposed to determine the relaxation time for each moment equation, which sets different relaxation rates for different moments such that higher moments damp faster. The resulting models would give more satisfactory results of macroscopic quantities of interest with a high-order convergence to those of the underlying Boltzmann equation as the involved moments increase, in comparison to the corresponding moment models using a single relaxation time. In order to simulate the steady states efficiently, a multigrid solver is developed for the derived moment models. Numerical simulations of an n+-n-n+ silicon diode are carried out to demonstrate the validation of the presented moment models, and the robustness and efficiency of the designed multigrid solver.
Field-Free Molecular Orientation Induced by a Single-Cycle THz Laser Pulse Train
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Miao , Li Jian , Yu Jie , Cong Shu-Lin
Published: August 2016

We investigate theoretically the field-free orientation of CO molecules induced by a single-cycle THz laser pulse train. It is shown that the molecular orientation can be obviously enhanced by applying the pulse train. The laser intensity and pulse number have some effects on the molecular orientation. The high degree of field-free molecular orientation |⟨cosθ⟩|max=0.9246 is obtained at temperature T=0 K. The variations of the maximum orientation degree with the experimentally available pulse number and peak intensity are given. Temperature T has a considerable influence on the field-free molecular orientation. The maximal field-free molecular orientation at T=0, 10, 20 and 30 K for N=14 and E0=1.8 MV/cm are |⟨cosθ⟩|max=0.9188, 0.7338, 0.6055 and 0.5154 in order, and the corresponding effective duration times of molecular orientation are Δt=0.759, 0.432, 0.297 and 0.117 ps.
Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Amlodipine Besylate Oral Suspensions
Authors: Friciu Mihaela , Zaraa Sarra , Leclair Grégoire
Published: August 2016

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New Antilipid Drugs: Do the Known Benefits Justify the Expense?
Authors: Kertland Heather , Pearson Glen J
Published: August 2016

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К вопросу об осцилляционности функции Грина разрывной краевой задачи четвертого порядка
Authors: Kulaev Ruslan Chermenovich
Published: August 2016

Работа посвящена изучению условий осцилляционности
функции Грина многоточечной краевой задачи для
уравнения четвертого порядка, описывающей малые
деформации стержня, скрепленного со сплошным упругим
основанием и, кроме того, имеющего в отдельных точках
"сосредоточенные" упругие опоры. Показано, что условие
положительности функции Грина является необходимым
и достаточным для того, чтобы функции Грина обладала
осцилляционными свойствами.
Библиография: 24 названия.
The Global Omnivore: Identifying Musical Taste Groups in Austria, England, Israel and Serbia
Authors: Leguina Adrian , Widdop Paul , Tampubolon Gindo
Published: August 2016

This research offers a unique opportunity to revisit the omnivore hypothesis under a unified method of cross-national analysis. To accomplish this, we interpret omnivourism as a special case of cultural eclecticism ( Ollivier, 2008 ; Ollivier, Gauthier and Truong, 2009 ). Our methodological approach incorporates the simultaneous analysis of locally produced and globally known musical genres. Its objective is to verify whether cultural omnivourism is a widespread phenomenon, and to determine to what extent any conclusions can be generalised across countries with different social structures and different levels of cultural openness. To truly understand the scope of the omnivourism hypothesis, we argue that it is essential to perform a cross-national comparison to test the hypothesis within a range of social, political and cultural contexts, and a reflection of different historical and cultural repertoires ( Lamont, 1992 ).
Resisting ‘Austerity Gentrification’ and Displacement in Southern Europe
Authors: Annunziata Sandra , Lees Loretta
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses ‘austerity gentrification’, austerity eviction/displacement, and resistance to them in Southern Europe during the current crisis. We focus on three cities, which until recently have barely featured in gentrification studies: Athens, Madrid and Rome. We show that eviction/displacement is being framed as a collective problem by anti-eviction/gentrification movements in Southern Europe but that more inter-class solidarity will be needed in the future. Northern European cities would do well to look at the resistance practices operating in Southern European cities.
Fighting gentrification in the neoliberal university: Displacing communities, researchers and the very possibility of radical critique
Authors: Ferreri Mara , Glucksberg Luna
Published: August 2016

The demolition of social housing figures prominently in the most recent wave of state-led gentrification in London: fighting these processes as academics and activists presents ethical, methodological and strategic issues. We have chosen to address these issues by cautiously drawing a symbolic parallel between the conditions faced by social tenants in London, threatened with the destruction of their homes and communities, and the challenges faced by researchers who study and work within these communities, often on part-time, temporary and insecure contracts, themselves under threat of eviction from the very city they research and from academia. Navigating professional precarity and the precarity of place, we stress the need for longitudinal and ethnographic research into the effects of demolition and regeneration, whilst warning against critical urban research becoming more and more the province of tenured middle class scholars.
It's the State, Stupid: 21st Gentrification and State-Led Evictions
Authors: Paton Kirsteen , Cooper Vickie
Published: August 2016

In this paper we show how the form and effects of gentrification have advanced in the post crash, recessionary context. As such, we argue that state-led gentrification contributes to state-led evictions. The cumulative impacts of government cuts and the paradigmatic shift of housing from a social to financialised entity not only increases eviction risk amongst low income households but, through various legal repossession frameworks that prioritise ownership, the state actively endorses it. Given the nature and extent of these changes in housing, we argue that the state-led gentrification has advanced further. Evictions, we argue, are the new urban frontier and this is orchestrated by the state in fundamental ways.
Holiday Rentals: The New Gentrification Battlefront
Authors: Gant Agustín Cócola
Published: August 2016

In this paper, I explore the impacts of holiday rentals in the historic centre of Barcelona. The intention is to contribute towards a conceptualisation of this unexplored phenomenon with the aim of better understanding why it represents the new gentrification battlefront in several tourist destinations. I suggest that the rhetoric of the sharing economy conceals the fact that holiday rentals are actually a new business opportunity for investors, tourist companies and individual landlords and, for this reason, long-term residents represent a barrier to capital accumulation. I show that there is an increasing conversion of housing into accommodation for visitors and that such conversion involves different forms of displacement. Importantly, when residents move out, the only buyers tend to be tourist investors. In such a context, I suggest that the growth of vacation flats produces conditions that solely enable the reproduction of further accommodation for visitors, rather than for long-term residential use. I call this process ‘collective displacement’, that is to say, a substitution of residential life by tourism. Ultimately, throughout this paper I suggest the importance of undertaking critical research relevant to those experiencing urban inequalities. Documenting and producing data about the way in which displacement takes place can be a crucial political tool for those who are fighting for staying put.
Is Banning Significance Testing the Best Way to Improve Applied Social Science Research? – Questions on
Authors: Spreckelsen Thees F , Van Der Horst Mariska
Published: August 2016

Significance testing is widely used in social science research. It has long been criticised on statistical grounds and problems in the research practice. This paper is an applied researchers’ response to Gorard's (2016) ‘Damaging real lives through obstinacy: re-emphasising why significance testing is wrong’ in Sociological Research Online 21(1). He participates in this debate concluding from the issues raised that the use and teaching of significance testing should cease immediately. In that, he goes beyond a mere ban of significance testing, but claims that researchers still doing this are being unethical. We argue that his attack on applied scientists is unlikely to improve social science research and we believe he does not sufficiently prove his claims. In particular we are concerned that with a narrow focus on statistical significance, Gorard misses alternative, if not more important, explanations for the often-lamented problems in social science research. Instead, we argue that it is important to take into account the full research process, not just the step of data analysis, to get a better idea of the best evidence regarding a hypothesis.
From Playing to Programming: The Effect of Video Game Play on Confidence with Computers and an Interest in Computer Science
Authors: Sevin Rebecca , Decamp Whitney
Published: August 2016

Research on the effects of playing video games has been limited by a preoccupation with possible negative repercussions. Nevertheless, research has shown that video games can have positive effects on young players’ social lives. The existing body of research, however, has largely ignored the more computer-related aspects of video game play and its effects. This study provides empirical evidence to support theoretical arguments about the relationship between playing video games and computers. The type of scientific thinking encouraged by video games and the technological abilities needed to play video games is suggested to result in an increase in players’ confidence with computers and interest in computer science. These potential relationships are examined using data from over 1,000 undergraduate students to empirically assess the relationship between video game play and: 1) confidence with computers, and 2) interest in computer science. The results indicate that game play is statistically significant as a predictor of confidence and interest. In comparison to the other predictors in the model, the strength of the effect from playing video games is relatively very strong. The findings suggest that exposure to video games as a recreational technology help inform players’ abilities with non-recreational technology and build an interest in technology in general.
Impact of molecular structure on secondary organic aerosol formation from
aromatic hydrocarbon photooxidation under low-NOx conditions
Authors: Li Lijie , Tang Ping , Nakao Shunsuke , Cocker III David R.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The molecular structure of volatile organic compounds determines their oxidation pathway, directly impacting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study comprehensively investigates the impact of molecular structure on SOA formation from the photooxidation of 12 different eight- to nine-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons under low-NOx conditions. The effects of the alkyl substitute number, location, carbon chain length and branching structure on the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons are demonstrated by analyzing SOA yield, chemical composition and physical properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons, categorized into five groups, show a yield order of ortho (o-xylene and o-ethyltoluene) > one substitute (ethylbenzene, propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene) > meta (m-xylene and m-ethyltoluene) > three substitute (trimethylbenzenes) > para (p-xylene and p-ethyltoluene). SOA yields of aromatic hydrocarbon photooxidation do not monotonically decrease when increasing alkyl substitute number. The ortho position promotes SOA formation while the para position suppresses aromatic oxidation and SOA formation. Observed SOA chemical composition and volatility confirm that higher yield is associated with further oxidation. SOA chemical composition also suggests that aromatic oxidation increases with increasing alkyl substitute chain length and branching structure. Further, carbon dilution conjecture developed by Li et al. (2016) is extended in this study to serve as a standard method to determine the extent of oxidation of an alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
Technical note: Mineralogical, chemical, morphological, and optical
interrelationships of mineral dust re-suspensions
Authors: Engelbrecht Johann P. , Moosmüller Hans , Pincock Samuel , Jayanty R. K. M. , Lersch Traci , Casuccio Gary
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This paper promotes an understanding of the mineralogical, chemical, and physical interrelationships of re-suspended mineral dusts collected as grab samples from global dust sources. Surface soils were collected from arid regions, including the southwestern USA, Mali, Chad, Morocco, Canary Islands, Cabo Verde, Djibouti, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Serbia, China, Namibia, Botswana, Australia, and Chile. The  <  38 µm sieved fraction of each sample was re-suspended in a chamber, from which the airborne mineral dust could be extracted, sampled, and analyzed. Instruments integrated into the entrainment facility included two PM10 and two PM2.5 filter samplers, a beta attenuation gauge for the continuous measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate mass fractions, an aerodynamic particle size analyzer, and a three-wavelength (405, 532, 781 nm) photoacoustic instrument with integrating reciprocal nephelometer for monitoring absorption and scattering coefficients during the dust re-suspension process. Filter sampling media included Teflon® membrane and quartz fiber filters for chemical analysis and Nuclepore® filters for individual particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The  <  38 µm sieved fractions were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction for their mineral content while the  >  75,  <  125 µm soil fractions were mineralogically assessed by optical microscopy. Presented here are results of the optical measurements, showing the interdependency of single-scattering albedos (SSA) at three different wavelengths and mineralogical content of the entrained dust samples. To explain the elevated concentrations of iron (Fe) and Fe ∕ Al ratios in the soil re-suspensions, we propose that dust particles are to a large extent composed of nano-sized particles of micas, clays, metal oxides, and ions of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+) evenly dispersed as a colloid or adsorbed in amorphous clay-like material. Also shown are differences in SSA of the kaolinite/hematite/goethite samples from Mali and those from colloidal soils elsewhere. Results from this study can be integrated into a database of mineral dust properties, for applications in climate modeling, remote sensing, visibility, health (medical geology), ocean fertilization, and impact on equipment.
About the effects of polarising optics on lidar signals and the
Δ90 calibration
Authors: Freudenthaler Volker
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This paper provides a model for assessing the effects of polarising optics on the signals of typical lidar systems, which is based on the description of the individual optical elements of the lidar and of the state of polarisation of the light by means of the Müller–Stokes formalism. General analytical equations are derived for the dependence of the lidar signals on polarisation parameters, for the linear depolarisation ratio, and for the signals of different polarisation calibration setups. The equations can also be used for the calculation of systematic errors caused by nonideal optical elements, their rotational misalignment, and by non-ideal laser polarisation. We present the description of the lidar signals including the polarisation calibration in a closed form, which can be applied for a large variety of lidar systems.
Current challenges of implementing land-use and land-cover change
in climate assessments
Authors: Prestele Reinhard , Arneth Almut , Bondeau Alberte , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Sitch Stephen , Stehfest Elke , Verburg Peter H.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) represents one of the key drivers of global environmental change. However, the processes and drivers of anthropogenic land-use activity are still overly simplistically implemented in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs), whose published results are used in major assessments of processes and impacts of global environmental change such as the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In the absence of coupled models of climate, land use and biogeochemical cycles to explore land use – climate interactions across spatial scales, information on LULCC is currently provided as exogenous data from the land-use change modules of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to ESMs and DGVMs, while data from dedicated land-use change models (LUCMs) are rarely considered. In this article, we discuss major uncertainties and existing shortcomings of current implementation strategies originating in both LULCC data-provider and LULCC data-user communities. We identify, based on literature review and the analysis of empirical and modeled LULCC data, three major challenges related to LULCC representation, which are currently not or insufficiently accounted for: (1) provision of consistent, harmonized LULCC time series spanning from historical reconstructions to future projections while accounting for uncertainties due to different land-use modeling approaches, (2) accounting for sub-grid processes and bi-directional changes (gross changes) across spatial scales and (3) the allocation strategy of LULCC at the grid cell level in ESMs and DGVMs. Based on these three challenges, we discuss the reasons that hamper the development of implementation strategies that sufficiently account for uncertainties in the land-use modeling process and conclude that both providers and users of LULCC data products often miss appropriate knowledge of the requirements and constraints of one another’s models, thus leading to large discrepancies between the representation of LULCC data and processes in both communities. We propose to focus future research on the joint development and evaluation of enhanced LULCC time series, which account for the diversity of LULCC modeling and increasingly include empirically based information about sub-grid processes and land-use transition trajectories.
Simulating climate warming scenarios with intentionally biased bootstrapping and its implications for precipitation
Authors: Lee Taesam
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The outputs from GCMs provide useful information about the rate and magnitude of future climate change. The temperature variable is the most reliable of the GCM outputs. However, hydrological variables (e.g., precipitation) from GCM outputs for future climate change possess an uncertainty that is too high for practical use. Therefore, a method, called intentionally biased bootstrapping (IBB), that simulates the increase of the temperature variable by a certain level as ascertained from observed global warming data is proposed. In addition, precipitation data was resampled by employing a block-wise sampling technique associated with the temperature simulation. In summary, a warming temperature scenario is simulated and the corresponding precipitation values whose time indices are the same as the one of the simulated warming temperature scenario. The proposed method was validated with annual precipitation data by truncating the recent years of the record. The proposed model was also employed to assess the future changes in seasonal precipitation in South Korea within a global warming scenario as well as in weekly time scale. The results illustrate that the proposed method is a good alternative for assessing the variation of hydrological variables such as precipitation under the warming condition.
Large-eddy simulation and stochastic modeling of Lagrangian particles for footprint determination in the stable boundary layer
Authors: Glazunov Andrey , Rannik Üllar , Stepanenko Victor , Lykosov Vasily , Auvinen Mikko , Vesala Timo , Mammarella Ivan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Large-eddy simulation (LES) and Lagrangian stochastic modeling of passive particle dispersion were applied to the scalar flux footprint determination in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. The sensitivity of the LES results to the spatial resolution and to the parameterizations of small-scale turbulence was investigated. It was shown that the resolved and partially resolved (“subfilter-scale”) eddies are mainly responsible for particle dispersion in LES, implying that substantial improvement may be achieved by using recovering of small-scale velocity fluctuations. In LES with the explicit filtering, this recovering consists of the application of the known inverse filter operator. The footprint functions obtained in LES were compared with the functions calculated with the use of first-order single-particle Lagrangian stochastic models (LSMs) and zeroth-order Lagrangian stochastic models – the random displacement models (RDMs). According to the presented LES, the source area and footprints in the stable boundary layer can be substantially more extended than those predicted by the modern LSMs.
A Budyko framework for estimating how spatial heterogeneity and lateral moisture redistribution affect average evapotranspiration rates as seen from the atmosphere
Authors: Rouholahnejad Elham , Kirchner James W.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Most earth system models are based on grid-averaged soil columns that do not communicate with one another, and that average over considerable sub-grid heterogeneity in land surface properties, precipitation (P), and potential evapotranspiration (PET). These models also typically ignore topographically driven lateral redistribution of water (either as groundwater or surface flows), both within and between model grid cells. Here we present a first attempt to quantify the effects of spatial heterogeneity and lateral redistribution on grid-cell-averaged evapotranspiration (ET) as seen from the atmosphere over heterogeneous landscapes. Our approach uses Budyko curves, as a simple model of ET as a function of atmospheric forcing by P and PET. From these Budyko curves, we derive a simple sub-grid closure relation that quantifies how spatial heterogeneity affects average ET as seen from the atmosphere. We show that averaging over sub-grid heterogeneity in P and PET, as typical earth system models do, leads to overestimates of average ET. For a sample high-relief grid cell in the Himalaya, this overestimation bias is shown to be roughly 12 %; for adjacent lower-relief grid cells it is substantially smaller. We use a similar approach to derive sub-grid closure relations that quantify how lateral redistribution of water could alter average ET as seen from the atmosphere. We derive expressions for the maximum possible effect of lateral redistribution on average ET, and the amount of lateral redistribution required to achieve this effect, using only estimates of P and PET in possible source and recipient locations as inputs. We show that where the aridity index P/PET increases with altitude, gravitationally driven lateral redistribution will increase average ET (and models that overlook lateral redistribution will underestimate average ET). Conversely, where the aridity index P/PET decreases with altitude, gravitationally driven lateral redistribution will decrease average ET. The effects of both sub-grid heterogeneity and lateral redistribution will be most pronounced where P is inversely correlated with PET across the landscape. Our analysis provides first-order estimates of the magnitudes of these sub-grid effects, as a guide for more detailed modeling and analysis.
Rain or Snow: Hydrologic Processes, Observations, Prediction, and Research Needs
Authors: Harpold Adrian A. , Kaplan Michael , Klos P.  Zion , Link Timothy , McNamara James P. , Rajagopal Seshadri , Schumer Rina , Steele Caitriana M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The phase of precipitation as snow or rain controls numerous hydrologic processes that are fundamental to effective hydrological modeling. Despite its foundational importance to terrestrial hydrology, typical phase prediction methods (PPM) use overly simplistic estimates based on near-surface air temperature. The review conveys the diversity of tools available for PPM in hydrological modeling and the advancements needed to improve predictions in complex terrain characterized by large spatiotemporal variations in precipitation phase. Initially, we review the processes and physics that control precipitation phase as relevant to hydrologists, focusing on the importance of processes occurring aloft. There are a wide range of options for field observations of precipitation phase, but a lack of a robust observation networks in complex terrain. New remote sensing observations have the potential to increase PPM fidelity, but generally require underlying assumptions and field validation before they are operational. We review the types and accuracy of common PPM to show accuracy is generally increased at finer time steps and by including humidity. One important tool for PPM development is atmospheric modeling, which offers numerous models and microphysical schemes that have not been effectively linked to hydrological models or validated against near-surface precipitation phase observations. One important tool for PPM development is atmospheric modeling, which offers numerous models and microphysical schemes that have not been effectively linked to hydrological models or validated against near-surface precipitation phase observations. The review concludes by describing key research gaps and recommendations to improve PPM. Recommendations include incorporate humidity information and atmospheric information into models, develop observation networks at high temporal resolutions, compare and validate different PPM, develop spatially resolved products, and characterize regional variability. PPM is a critical research frontier in hydrology that requires scientific cooperation between hydrological and atmospheric modelers with field hydrologists.
Adjoint Optimization of Wind Plant Layouts
Authors: King Ryan N. , Dykes Katherine , Graf Peter , Hamlington Peter E.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Using adjoint optimization and three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations, we present a new gradient-based approach for optimally siting wind turbines within utility-scale wind plants. By solving the adjoint equations of the flow model, the gradients needed for optimization are found at a cost that is independent of the number of control variables, thereby permitting optimization of large wind plants with many turbine locations. Moreover, compared to the common approach of superimposing prescribed wake deficits onto linearized flow models, the computational efficiency of the adjoint approach allows the use of higher-fidelity RANS flow models which can capture nonlinear turbulent flow physics within a wind plant. The RANS flow model is implemented in the Python finite element package FEniCS and the derivation of the adjoint equations is automated within the dolfin-adjoint framework. Gradient-based optimization of wind turbine locations is demonstrated on idealized test cases that reveal new optimization heuristics such as rotational symmetry, local speedups, and nonlinear wake curvature effects. Layout optimization is also demonstrated on more complex wind rose shapes, including a full annual energy production (AEP) layout optimization over 36 inflow directions and 5 windspeed bins.
Implications of New Keynesian Theory for Benchmarking of Monetary Efficiency
Authors: Adewale Obrimah Oghenovo
Published: August 2016

Relative to free floating exchange rate regimes, I find the adoption of a hybrid exchange rate regime induces alternate monetary policy responses within the context of new Keynesian theory. Specifically, while the efficiency with which an economy is managed can be derived from comparisons of effects of inflation or balance of payments on exchange rates within a cross-section of countries that run free floating exchange rate regimes, this is not the case within a cross-section of countries that operate hybrid exchange rate regimes. In countries that operate hybrid exchange rate regimes, the efficiency with which an economy is managed is derived from comparisons of the effects of exchange rates on inflation or balance of payments situations. In so far as measurement of economic distortions are concerned, while relations between deposit or lending interest rates and inflows of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into countries with hybrid exchange rate regimes yield insights into the extent to which inflows of foreign capital induce distortionary effects on price equilibriums, these relations do not yield similar insights within a cross-section of countries that run free floating exchange rate regimes. These findings, generated within the context of new Keynesian theory, identify theoretically appropriate differences in benchmarking of economic efficiency conditional on differences in exchange rate regimes.
An Evolutionary Overview of the Joint Researches on B2B Marketing and COO Effect
Authors: Silva Marcus Vinicius Costa de Melo , Giraldi Janaina De Moura Engracia
Published: August 2016

This paper is the result of a literature review on business-to-business marketing, and the country-of-origin effect, presenting an evolutionary overview on these topics throughout four decades. The findings indicate that the1970s served as scenario for the introduction of country-of-origin and B2B marketing altogether. During the 1980s, the topic was scarcely explored, being revisited in the next decade, with the addition of more countries and dimensions to the analysis. In the 1990s, the construct country-of-origin effect was dismembered into three others: country of assembly, design, and manufacturing. Finally, the 2000s served as setting for the most complex research of four decades analyzed. The conclusion of this literature review brings a graphical representation that displays the cited authors and their research, the countries involved in the assessments and, the theoretical gaps for further studies.
SENTENÇAS DE MEDIDA SOCIOEDUCATIVA DE INTERNAÇÃO E GÊNERO – O OLHAR DOS MAGISTRADOS EM PERNAMBUCO SOBRE AS ADOLESCENTES EM CONFLITO COM A LEI
Authors: Machado Érica Babini Lapa do Amaral , Silva Williams França da , Silva Andrielly Stephany Gutierres
Published: August 2016

O atual contexto de elevação das taxas de medidas de internação de adolescentes do sexo feminino – sob o olhar teórico da criminologia crítica feminista subsidiada pela Teoria dos Rótulos – justifica e impõe a seguinte indagação: as percepções do magistrado referentes a gênero, tais como “o papel da mulher” e a expectativa sobre este “papel”, decorrentes da estrutura patriarcal da sociedade, influenciam na decisão de aplicação da sentença? A pesquisa, pois, objetivou investigar a existência, por parte do magistrado, de estereótipos consistentes em elementos de gênero. Para tal, foram utilizados os métodos dedutivo de análise de bibliografia que aborda a problemática de gênero no seio das relações sociais e a análise de conteúdo (AC) de vinte e oito sentenças proferidas nos anos de 2010 a 2012, no estado de Pernambuco. Identificaram-se argumentos dos magistrados referentes às concepções patriarcais, classificados em categorias, os quais subscrevem uma visão estereotipada de gênero, imbuída de um desejo camuflado de controle do feminino, de modo que a atividade judicante funciona como um mecanismo público de punição àquelas meninas que escapam ao controle informal, reforçando o controle patriarcal ao criminalizá-las em situações específicas, especialmente quando transcendem o ethos reservado ao papel feminino.
MISCIGENANDO O CÍRCULO DO PODER: AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS, DIVERSIDADE RACIAL E SOCIEDADE DEMOCRÁTICA
Authors: Moreira Adilson José
Published: August 2016

Este artigo defende a constitucionalidade de cotas raciais em concursos públicos a partir da reconstrução de um argumento comumente utilizado por muitos de seus opositores. Muitos deles afirmam que ações afirmativas são inerentemente problemáticas por causa da miscigenação do povo brasileiro, um claro empecilho à identificação de seus beneficiários. Segundo esses atores sociais, nosso amalgamento racial e cultural permitiu a construção de uma moralidade pública responsável pela formação de relações harmônicas entre negros e brancos. Embora este trabalho reconheça a relevância do pluralismo racial na formação da identidade nacional brasileira, ele afirma que ações afirmativas em concursos públicos são cabíveis porque o grupo que controla quase todas as instituições públicas e privadas brasileiras é racialmente homogêneo. Tal fato é produto de processos sistemáticos de exclusão social que afetam brasileiros cujos fenótipos denotam origem africana ou ameríndia, a mesma razão pela qual oportunidades profissionais estão concentradas nas mãos dos membros do grupo racial dominante. Com o intuito de contribuir para a transformação dessa situação, este ensaio faz uso do conceito substantivo de diversidade e de certos princípios da Administração Pública para advogar a miscigenação dos círculos do poder por meio de ações afirmativas. Pensamos que isso deve ser visto como um requisito essencial para o avanço da democratização da sociedade brasileira.
ENTRE BOLONHA E PORTUGAL: A EXPERIÊNCIA POLÍTICA DO CONCEITO DE IURISDICTIO (SÉCULOS XII E XIII)
Authors: Coelho Maria Filomena
Published: August 2016

Dizer o direito (iurisdictio) era a concretitude da política na Idade Média. A importância dessa ação para o exercício do poder pressupunha diversos níveis, entre eles o que se classificaria hoje como teórico, pelo qual se conhece a reflexão dos principais juristas de então. Entre os séculos XII e XIII, Bolonha foi o centro de referência para os estudos jurídicos e por lá passaram importantes nomes ligados ao nascente reino de Portugal. Silvestre Godinho e Vicente Hispano são algumas das referências famosas que dão identidade a essas trocas no âmbito da cultura jurídica. Neste artigo pretende-se apresentar alguns problemas de pesquisa em torno do entrelaçamento do conceito de iurisdictio que emanava de Bolonha, entre os séculos XII e XIII, e as maneiras como era apropriado/experimentado no cenário político português.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Tomio Fabricio Ricardo de Limas , Lobo Judá Leão , Venturi Eliseu Raphael , Zuba Márcio Eduardo
Published: August 2016

EDITORIAL