bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
For God, King, and People
Authors: Haskell Alexander B.
Published: January 2018

This book resituates the beginnings of English colonization in America in a Renaissance and post-Reformation context in which providential thought and conceptualizations of sovereignty were complexly entwined. Fearful that God resented the timidity with which English monarchs brandished their divinely granted power, colonizers encouraged a bold reimagining of royal duties as extending across the vast Atlantic. At the same time, they theorized colonization as a calling to which all resolute Christians were lawfully bound, thus setting into motion a Virginian colonizing enterprise in which planters, even more than monarchs themselves, determined the contours of licit conduct on the other side of the ocean. In reconstructing the evolution of the Virginia venture from the era of Elizabethan captains to the Jacobean Virginia Company to the seventeenth-century politics of forging an English commonwealth in the New World, the book recovers especially the extent to which American colonization emerged from the same late Renaissance search for an enduring basis for civil polity that would also spur Thomas Hobbes to formulate his revolutionary idea of the sovereign state. Yet, Hobbes's notion of state sovereignty was a distinctly late arrival in the history of English colonization in America. As a result, Virginia's commonwealth set a precedent for colonies that treated their own civil integrity as comparable to that of the kingdom from which they had sprung.
Widening The Scope on the Indians’ Old Northwest
Authors: Hancock Jonathan Todd
Published: January 2018

The northwestern theater of the War of 1812 brought the complex nature of tribal politics and diplomacy into full relief. While the militant, inter-tribal coalition led by Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa was one Indian strategy for reckoning with U.S. territorial expansion, the historiographical focus on the Shawnee brothers and their movement has obscured a range of shifting Indian objectives and strategies for negotiating the wartime upheaval. By closely examining inter-tribal rivalries and coalitions, as well as tensions within Indian polities, we see a broader spectrum of Indian agendas in action during the War of 1812. Those agendas included neutrality, spying for or outright alliance with the United States, and situational Indian participation in the conflict when the British made gains early in the war. Well after Tecumseh’s death, we also see the geopolitical influence of western Indian forces, particularly the Potawatomis, Sauks, and the Sioux, on the conflict. For an era so closely associated with Indian prophecy and millenarianism, pragmatism most often reigned.
“Borders Thick and Foggy”
Authors: Marrero Karen L.
Published: January 2018

This paper examines transnational movements at the northern border in 1838, a pivotal year in United States, British, and indigenous relations. In that year, the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions were launched from Maine to Detroit as an attempt by local people on both sides of the border to over throw a small cadre of British elites who dominated a conservative political machine. That same year, Potawatomi of the southern Great Lakes who had traditionally freely crossed the border due to treaty arrangements negotiated at the end of the eighteenth century, utilized these transnational options to flee forced removal by the U.S. government. Similarly, indigenized French, individuals who were the products of over a century of integration into Native communities, were migrating away from these communities as British Indian agents attempted to protect indigenous homelands. At Detroit, a key location for migrating Potawatomi and other Anishinaabe, the movements of these three groups came together, dislocating and relocating families, and at times breaking out into armed conflict that threatened a British/American neutrality agreement. Detroit’s location at the apex of the indigenous buffer zone made the performance of indigeneity a crucial means to negotiate and sometimes thwart the agendas of the two Euro-American nations. Of the three groups, Potawatomi were most successful in maintaining their communities.
The Woman in the Woods
Authors: Elizondo Griest Stephanie
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, the author reconstructs the dead immigrant woman’s probable journey upon crossing the U.S. borderline, starting with a stash house that recently got busted for holding 115 immigrants hostage in Edinburg, Texas. Next, she visits a ranch where immigrants congregate after evading the Falfurrias checkpoint, the Guatemalan Consulate, an offshoot of the Minuteman Project called the Texas Border Volunteers, and the funeral home that received so many of Brooks County’s corpses in 2012, they had to buy another freezer to store them all. Her investigation concludes at Sacred Heart Burial Park in Falfurrias, where she tries in vain to find a trace of the woman in the woods.
Bohemian Groves in Southern Soil
Authors: Bingham Shawn Chandler
Published: January 2018

This chapter defines the overall goals and aims of the collection, The Bohemian South. In addition to reviewing the broader history of bohemia in America, the author reviews bohemia’s long history within the American South. The chapter ends by outline the structure of the collection.
Trash Food
Authors: Offutt Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the tensions of navigating cultured bohemian circles that sometimes touch the worlds of writing and academia. In particular, the author examines the links between social class and food, as well as the ways in which these can divide us and provoke suspicion and even shame.
My Yankee Traitor Heart
Authors: Shelton Allen C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter ponders the unmistakeable draw of the South for a bohemian prodigal son. The author’s return South to Alabama is seen through time and memory from his current life in the city of Buffalo, New York. In this personal essay, a sociology of exile, the author confronts ghosts and memories of his past and the tensions of his ties to the region.
Runaway
Authors: Chaney Anthony
Published: January 2018

The anthropologist Gregory Bateson has been called a lost giant of twentieth-century thought. In the years following World War II, Bateson was among the group of mathematicians, engineers, and social scientists who laid the theoretical foundations of the information age. In Palo Alto in 1956, he introduced the double-bind theory of schizophrenia. By the sixties, he was in Hawaii studying dolphin communication. Bateson’s discipline hopping made established experts wary, but he found an audience open to his ideas in a generation of rebellious youth. To a gathering of counterculturalists and revolutionaries in 1967 London, Bateson was the first to warn of a “greenhouse effect” that could lead to runaway climate change.
Blending intellectual biography with an ambitious reappraisal of the 1960s, Anthony Chaney uses Bateson’s life and work to explore the idea that a postmodern ecological consciousness is the true legacy of the decade. Surrounded by voices calling for liberation of all kinds, Bateson spoke of limitation and dependence. But he also offered an affirming new picture of human beings and their place in the world—as ecologies knit together in a fabric of meaning that, said Bateson, “we might as well call Mind.”
Faith and Fight
Authors: Chaney Anthony
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores double-bind theory and the concept of power, including the sexist tendency among proponents to blame the mother. Similarly, radicals, liberals, and secular existentialists challenged the “tragic turn” as bourgeois accommodation to status quo power relations. The holism of systemic approaches foregrounded the old problem of whether nature supplies an ethic. Bateson and the double-bind research team struggled to account for power in the schizophrenic family in a way that blamed neither victim nor victimizer. Bateson's recognition of progressive stalemate in the schizophrenic family drew on the systems theory concept of runaway. Runaway in arms race policies, in turn, reflected political and theoretical conflicts between Norbert Weiner and John von Neumann, the leading mathematicians of the Macy Conferences on Cybernetics. In two essays, Bateson critiques the centrality of power in von Neumann's game theory. Meanwhile, Bateson's conflicts with the more pragmatic research team members, such as Jay Haley, lead him to cast about for a new direction. His eulogy for Frieda Fromm-Reichmann echoed a similar debate over political quietism between Reinhold Niebuhr and Richard Niebuhr.
Animal Stories
Authors: Chaney Anthony
Published: January 2018

This chapter narrates Bateson's cultivation of Konrad Lorenz as a friend and colleague in the spring of 1966. The Austrian Lorenz was a famed expert on animal behavior and one of the fathers of ethology. Lorenz and Bateson shared a foundation in natural history and a dislike of behaviorism. These matters featured a debate among scientists over the usefulness of the term "instinct" and were specialized versions of a broader nature-nurture debate. Lorenz sent Bateson his newly-published masterpiece of popular ethology, On Aggression. Lorenz's argument in the book is summarized with examples from the behavior of cichlids, geese, and rats. The chapter touches on suspicions of Lorenz's early work as sympathetic to Nazi ideology and, in turn, suspicions of holist approaches to biology in general as politically reactionary. Bateson's engagement with On Aggression was contemporaneous with a reading of T. H. White's The Sword and the Stone, and the chapter explores the resonance between the two books. Both reflect a postwar rehabilitation of the animal as a symbol of brutality and amorality. They spoke to Cold War anxieties concerning whether aggression in humans was instinctive.
Love and Trust
Authors: Chaney Anthony
Published: January 2018

This chapter interrogates Gregory Bateson's message to the Congress on the Dialectics of Liberation in particular, and his ecology of mind in general, on the question of defeatism and despair. If human partiality and purposive action introduce errors into the larger system, and if at scale, these errors are systemically destructive, how are human beings to respond to the social and environmental problems they face? Transcripts from Bateson's final appearance on a congress panel dramatize these questions. Actions and answers offered by Stokely Carmichael, R. D. Laing, and Emmett Grogan, the congress's most discussed participants, are examined. These figures took the position that solutions can be found in the ancient call for individual heroism. Bateson, in contrast, called for an indirect, non-purposeful class of actions that generate love of systemic integrity. These actions include the practices of art, ritual, non-utilitarian science, and "the best of religion." These practices may provide pathways to systemic correction. Because they come from a position of dependence, they call for trust. The debate between Reinhold Niebuhr and Richard Niebuhr is revisited concerning the moral significance of human agency in order to underscore Bateson's argument for the immanence of mind in nature.
Spanish Immigrants, the Mexican State, and the Fight for Cuba Española
Authors: Muller Dalia Antonia
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 shifts attention away from Cubans and their Mexican supporters to examine the mind set and experiences of Spanish immigrants in Mexico and the Mexicans who rallied to the cause of Spanish colonialism, or “Cuba Española.” Starting with an exploration of Spanish ideas about nation and empire in late nineteenth century Spain and Mexico, the chapter goes on to consider the Mexican states’ strategic alliance with Spain and the ensuing verbal and physical battles between Spaniards, Cubans and Mexican in Mexico over the fate of the island of Cuba and Mexico’s allegiances. The chapter ends with a debate between two prominent Mexican intellectuals regarding Mexico’s diplomatic or historical responsibility toward Cuba in the on going crisis, which was intended to quell the passions of all parties involved by making a case for Mexico’s neutrality, but instead made clear the alliance between Mexican conservatives and Spanish immigrants and the links between late nineteenth-century liberalism and Pan-Hispanism.
Affirming Americanismo
Authors: Muller Dalia Antonia
Published: January 2018

This chapter contextualizes Cuban and Mexican responses to the War of 1895 between Cuba and Spain and to the events of 1898 by situating them in the context of the long story of Cuban and Mexican relations. Looking beyond the binary that pits Spain against the United States in a battle for primacy in the Americas allows for the appreciation of the place and role of Latin America in relation to debates surrounding the Cuban struggle. Ultimately, Cuba Libre came to stand for much more than Cuban independence: it came so symbolize freedom and republicanism across the Americas and beyond. The ideology that bound Cubans and Mexicans as well as other likeminded Latin Americans at the time was neither Pan-Americanismo nor Pan-Hispanism, but americanismo, a concept that drew inspiration from the discourses of both, but was not reducible to either. In fact, as this chapter demonstrates, Cubans in exile rarely expressed anti-Hispanist sentiments, preferring instead to emphasize the distinction between Spanish colonialists who they detested and the anti-colonialist Spaniards who were their friends. Like-minded Cubans, Mexicans and Spaniards believed that Spain needed to be liberated from its imperial past and its colonial present in order to advance as a nation. They were equally critical of U.S. imperialism and thus rejected all U.S. aggressions toward Latin America.
Introduction
Authors: Ewoodzie Joseph C.
Published: January 2018

It focuses on a crucial span of time surprisingly under-examined in previous studies: 1975-79, a period after the rise of Kool DJ, Afrika Bambaataa, and Grandmaster Flash and before The Sugar Hill Gang. This introductory chapter begins by pointing out three limitations in the literature on the history of hip hop: its present to past approach, its focus either on cultural influences or social-structural influences, and its mythicization of the founding fathers. The chapter shows how work on symbolic boundary formation can help to overcome these limitations
Epilogue
Authors: Gaines Alisha
Published: January 2018

This Epilogue considers the curious case of Rachel Dolezal, a born white woman publically outed for passing for black in 2015. The story quickly went viral and ignited a controversial debate around race, authenticity, identity, and what some wrongly call “transracial.” Unlike the previous impersonators discussed in this book, Dolezal is singular in her defiant, fake blackness. Ultimately, the Epilogue argues that Dolezal continues to exercise the privilege of her assumed, American birthright—to define and redefine herself, Gatsby-style. It is an exercise poking holes in the conclusion to this book’s Introduction, the assumption that “once you go black, you go back.” Instead, Dolezal reminds how blackness can be seductive, provocatively indexing a rather wonderful idea about blackness and authentic black embodiment. This Epilogue argues that, even in its vulnerability, pain, and suffering, blackness is an identity worth performing and pursuing. In a strange way, born white Dolezal’s stubbornly insistent blackness confirms the importance and value of “real” black lives.
The Roots of Decline
Authors: Minchin Timothy J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter surveys the AFL-CIO’s history between 1955, when it was founded, and 1979, when Lane Kirkland replaced George Meany as president. For this entire period, George Meany served as president. The chapter focuses on the AFL-CIO’s power during this period, particularly in enacting a great deal of progressive legislation during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Meany’s ideas – such as his anti-communism and strong leadership characteristics –are also covered. The chapter surveys the Meany era in considerable detail, emphasizing that he left Lane Kirkland a troubled legacy, especially as he was slow to recognize the ‘’roots of decline” and organize new members. Meany was particularly slow to respond to the entry of women into the American work force, and the AFL-CIO’s Executive Council remained all-male throughout his presidency.
A New President and a New Decade
Authors: Minchin Timothy J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter surveys the early period of the Kirkland presidency, from when he took office in November 1979 through to the summer of 1981. It explores Kirkland’s character and personality in unprecedented detail. It shows how Kirkland – and the AFL-CIO – enjoyed a brief honeymoon in the closing days of the Carter administration. Kirkland undertook some important reforms e.g. he placed the first woman (Joyce Miller) on the AFL-CIO’s Executive Council. Two events – the 1980 election and the 1981 air traffic controllers’ strike – transformed the political climate, placing the AFL-CIO on the defensive, or “under fire.” Kirkland’s presidency was thrown into crisis, his leadership questioned. It was the start of a new era, one in which the AFL-CIO operated in a hostile economic and political climate. For Kirkland, the turnaround was a shock, and he struggled - at least initially - to respond. His leadership was questioned by the press, especially after the 1980 election, which saw Ronald Reagan elected comprehensively, receiving many blue-collar votes in the process.
Government and Women’s Business Ownership
Authors: Sparks Edith
Published: January 2018

Lewis, Beech and Rudkin all took advantage of government opportunities and actively resisted its intrusions, and this was essential to their success. Close examination of the World War II and Korean War eras—key episodes in the expansion of the federal government as regulator and customer—shows that for these businesswomen building a relationship with government was both necessary and important. Military contracts and Reconstruction Finance Corporation loans kept Lewis and Beech in business while Excess Profits Tax posed a real threat that both women fought and wartime rationing as well as regulations by the Office of Price Administration fundamentally shaped Rudkin’s business strategy and success. Prevailing scholarly interpretations have argued that women’s businesses were too small to attract federal attention but the experience of these entrepreneurs reveals that for women who operated businesses big enough to cater to a national market, government programs were fundamental to their success and federal regulation threatened significant losses in profit. By the mid-twentieth century, in fact, developing a relationship with the federal government was hardly a choice; a strategic one could determine a business’ future.
Asserting Self-Worth
Authors: Sparks Edith
Published: January 2018

Asserting self-worth was necessary for twentieth-century female business owners in order to be successful and Lewis, Beech and Lewis each did it skilfully yet differently—respectively positioning herself in terms of stature, the irrelevance of gender or competence. They had to generate a positive valuation of themselves at a time when gender roles and stereotypes triggered an automatic discount to their worth expressed in lower pay, questions about their abilities, and the trenchant hold of the “family claim” positing that their job, first and foremost, was to care for husbands, children and homes. Articulating a counternarrative that established their value to their companies was important for female business owners and had an impact on the bottom line. Additionally, all three came from non-traditional backgrounds, making an unorthodox entrance into corporate leadership positions from secretarial jobs. This in combination with a lack of formal education beyond high school or even elementary school and the fact that they operated businesses in the highly male-dominated manufacturing sector, meant that the task of self-presentation was both complex and essential in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome for her company and herself.
Introduction
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Insurrection, Revolution, Invasion
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter furnishes a sociohistorical account of those main events and turning points of the armed struggle against the tyranny of Fulgencio Batista, beginning with Fidel Castro’s first assault on the dictator’s troops in 1953. It also examines how the Revolution was being made at the time that Mills visited Cuba in 1960 as well as how the revolutionary project was threatened by the U.S.-sponsored military invasion at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. The main period in Cuban history analyzed in this chapter is roughly between 1953 and 1961.
Mills on Individuals, Intellectuals, and Interviewing
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the conceptual and empirical methods Mills applied in understanding the Cuban revolutionaries, whose thoughts and sentiments he so eloquently and passionately expressed in Listen, Yankee. These have to do with his view of individuals as seekers of freedom, of intellectuals as agents of social change, and of interviewing as a way of discerning people’s character structure—their symbols, their self-images, their personalities.
Recorded Interviews with Cuban Citizens
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter includes Mills’s recorded interviews with 3 private citizens who provide unique insights into life in Cuba before and during the Revolution. All of the interviewees witnessed revolutionary events at firsthand. The interviewees include: the clinical psychologist Franz Stettmeier; Stettmeier’s wife, Elvira Escobar; and housekeeper Elba Batista. These civilians Mills interviewed were those “Cubans who were close to events.”
Diasporic Dreams, African Nation-State Realities
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the clash between Rastafarian diasporic dreams and African nation-state realities. Even as the Rastafarian notion of diaspora transcended the state, Rastas were at the mercy of the Tanzanian state apparatus. The state granted them official “right of entry” in 1985,but it was not codified into law, and this made for a less than smooth process. The fissures that came to the fore turned on the legal, economic, cultural, and religious realities of repatriation. Notwithstanding these difficulties, Rastafarians and Tanzanian state officials continued to trod diaspora and to make claims about the relationship between race and citizenship.
Negotiating Fragmented Subjectivities from within the Archive
Authors: Roybal Karen R.
Published: January 2018

This final chapter describes how the women in this study contribute to an ever-expanding archive and cultural history of the Southwest that aids contemporary scholars in understanding the residual effects of colonialism and the reasons why Chicanas/os struggle with fragmented subjectivities that leave them within a liminal, or in-between space. The chapter suggests that Mexican American women in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were precursors to the more radical involvement of women in social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter also calls attention to the importance of acknowledging the importance of gender displacement alongside the physical displacement experienced by Mexican Americans across the U.S. Southwest just after the Mexican-American War in our understanding of Borderlands, Chicana/o, and feminist history.
Across Peach Tree Creek, July 19
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2018

Sherman wanted Thomas to move south toward Atlanta and cross Peach Tree Creek on July 19, as McPherson approached the city from the east. Schofield still had the assignment of trying to fill the gap between Thomas and McPherson. Federal efforts resulted in less progress than expected. Thomas pushed some of his men across the creek that day. After a small fight, Thomas J. Wood's division established a bridgehead where the Buck Head and Atlanta Road crossed the creek. It took a longer, bloodier battle for Caleb Dilworth's brigade of Jefferson C. Davis' division, Fourteenth Corps, to cross at the mouth of Green Bone Creek. Here Confederate General Daniel H. Reynolds' Brigade fought hard but was forced back. Davis then formed a bridgehead on the south side of the creek. Also, John W. Geary's division of the Twentieth Corps and Richard W. Johnson's division of the Fourteenth Corps crossed the creek between those two bridgeheads. In the Confederate army, Hood wanted to attack Thomas that day but his army was in disarray with many high level commanders shifting their responsibilities because of his elevation to army leadership. Hood also needed time to acclimate himself to his new position.
Our Masters
Authors: Demas Lane
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses black professional players and the little-known history of the United Golfers Association (UGA), a black golf organization that was founded in 1925 and served as a parallel institution to the all-white Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) that formed nine years earlier in 1916. Along with many other activities, the UGA operated a national golf tour for professionals, amateurs, and intercollegiate golfers, and it continued to host events well after the desegregation of the PGA in 1961. Similar to the story of baseball’s Negro Leagues and their central place in American culture, the UGA also featured African Americans who used professional sport to carve out autonomous sites for leisure, business, and fandom. As the only national professional golf tour for black players in American history, virtually every black pro before Tiger Woods experienced playing in UGA events, a long list that includes John Shippen, Robert “Pat” Ball, John Brooks Dendy, Howard Wheeler, Charlie Sifford, Bill Spiller, Ted Rhodes, and Lee Elder. The UGA also supported a full women’s division, which over time featured gifted stars like Marie Thompson, Lucy Williams, Geneva Wilson, Ann Gregory, Thelma Cowans, Ethel (Powers) Funches, Althea Gibson, and Renee Powell.
They Should Stay There
Authors: Alanís Enciso Fernando Saúl , Overmeyer-Velazquez Mark
Published: January 2018

This book provides an overview of the story of Mexican migration to the United States and the astonishing forced repatriation of hundreds of thousands of people to Mexico during the worldwide economic crisis of the Great Depression. While Mexicans were hopeful for economic reform following the Mexican revolution, by the 1930s, large numbers of Mexican nationals had already moved north and were living in the United States in one of the twentieth century’s most massive movements of migratory workers. Fernando Saúl Alanís Enciso provides an illuminating backstory that demonstrates how fluid and controversial the immigration and labor situation between Mexico and the United States was in the twentieth century and continues to be in the twenty-first. This book details how, at the Great Depression’s advent, the United States stepped up its enforcement of immigration laws and forced more than 350,000 Mexicans, including their U.S.-born children, to return to their home country. While the Mexican government was fearful of the resulting economic implications, President Lázaro Cárdenas fostered the repatriation effort for mostly symbolic reasons relating to domestic politics. In clarifying the repatriation episode through the larger history of Mexican domestic and foreign policy, this book connects the dots between the aftermath of the Mexican revolution and the relentless political tumult surrounding today’s borderlands immigration issues.
The End of the Project, 1939–1940
Authors: Fernando Saúl Alanís Enciso , Davidson Russ
Published: January 2018

This chapter concludes Enciso’s exploration of the Mexican government’s attempts to repatriate its citizens, as well as its 1939 decision to end its official plan for organized repatriation. This chapter also explores how the official end of the repatriation plan impacted immigration and deportation measures in the U.S., as well as how the threat of a mass deportation once again spurred the Cardenas administration to announce plans to repatriate 1,000 Mexican nationals each month. Chapter 8 also notes the impact that the United States’ war effort had on migration and repatriation levels, as well as concludes that the Mexican government’s struggle to successfully repatriate its citizens during the Great Depression has greatly impacted the attitude and policies of both Mexico and the U.S. concerning immigration today.
Engineering the Drought Zone
Authors: Buckley Eve E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the rise of civil engineers as federal employees within the Federal Inspectorate for Works to Combat Drought (Inspetoria Federal de Obras Contra as Secas), and the influence of August Comte’s positivism on their approach to sertão development. It outlines the priorities and accomplishments of IFOCS’s first director, Miguel Arrojado Lisboa, and the climate theories and regional development models that guided him—most notably the work of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The analysis highlights that both elite and popular resistance to smallholder irrigated cultivation influenced the drought agency’s preference for dam-building over other development efforts. National resistance to aiding the sertão is emphasized, along with the need drought engineers felt to retain the support of northeastern legislators—by providing them the infrastructure landowners desired—in the face of southern Brazilians’ opposition to supporting the drought agency. The chapter closely examines the experience of engineers on the front lines of drought aid: their disillusionment in the face of extreme misery and inequality, and their negotiations on behalf of the men “enrolled” as workers on their public works projects. Two final sections focus on drought-related policy decisions and debates under northeastern President Epitácio Pessoa during the 1920s.
Colonization’s New Epistemology
Authors: Hunter Douglas
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the rise of scientific American archaeology in the early nineteenth century and its role in the justification of westward colonization and displacement of Indigenous people. Theorists construct two competing migrations: the transatlantic Gothicist one out of Northern Europe that is colonizing America, and the pre-Contact one of Tartars that arrived in America to displace the superior Mound Builders. American colonization is defended as a just displacing of Native Americans, who had previously displaced the Mound Builders. President Andrew Jackson relies on this scenario in 1830 in arguing for his forced removal policy that will cause the deaths of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes on the Trail of Tears in 1838
Shingwauk’s Reading
Authors: Hunter Douglas
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores efforts by the pioneering American ethnologist Henry Rowe Schoolcraft to understand Dighton Rock, with the aid of the Ojibwa leader Shingwauk, using drawings in Antiquitates Americanae. It situates the rock’s interpretation within the rise of American ethnology, Schoolfcraft’s personal life, his coining of terminology for Native Americans, his view of the Mound Builders, his relationship with the men behind Antiquitates Americanae, and the polygenism versus monogenism debate for the origins of races. Artist George Catlin defends the Indigeneity of Dighton Rock.
Using Mammon for Righteousness
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 explores what happened when women approached existing coeducational schools offering restricted gifts to benefit women. These donations either forced a school to open its doors to women or increased the number of women admitted by providing scholarships for women or erecting a women’s building or a women’s dormitory. Like the college founders, these donors believed that women were capable of the same intellectual achievement as men but found that many of America’s best universities resisted coeducation. The women in this chapter, including Mary Garrett, and Phoebe Hearst and the gifts they gave show how money could be wielded to force changes that would benefit women, in the form of access to education and professions formerly restricted to men. Moreover, coeducation at these schools, including Johns Hopkins, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of California, Berkeley, was especially significant. If women were welcomed at these important institutions, they could demonstrate their intellectual and professional capabilities and equality with men.
Jim Crow’s Investigation
Authors: Cox Karen L.
Published: January 2018

Maurice O’Neill’s arrival sends the investigation into the black community after Minor’s “strange negro” reference. Local blacks are rounded up and the name Lawrence Williams emerges. Separately, a black man is shot and killed in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. His name is George Pearls and the police chief in Pine Bluff thought he might be the person to have killed Merrill. Book Roberts initially disregards the call. The investigation continues until someone tips Roberts off that a man named Williams was staying with Emily Burns and her mother Nellie Black. Deputies go to their home, find Williams trunk, and discover papers with the name George Pearls. Pearls/Williams are the same person. Emily is arrested alongside her mother. Emily is browbeaten and threatened with being whipped before she offers a “confession.” She remained in jail without an attorney. Her only visitor, her minister from Antioch Baptist Church, Charles Anderson.
The White House
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

FDR's election was daunting to Eleanor, who feared giving up her newly acquired independence. Marion and Nancy helped moved her personal belongings into the White House, as they had helped move her to the NY Governor's Mansion. They were frequent visitors, perhaps unaware of the frequency of visits from Eleanor's new friend, Lorena "Hick" Hickok, who had been an AP reporter assigned to cover the First Lady until within a few months Hick realized that her friendship prevented her objectivity and she resigned. Eleanor helped her get a job traveling to report to Harry Hopkins on conditions in the worst of the small towns of America. Eleanor begins her daily "My Day" syndicated column. Eleanor continued to make friends, especially Joe Lash, a young liberal who introduced Eleanor to the Youth Division of the National Democratic Committee. Marion and Nan increasingly were outside the White House circle
Arthurdale
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

Hickok reported to Eleanor on the squalid conditions of a mining town in West Virginia called Scott's Run, and Eleanor, often with Nancy Cook, immediately went to see for herself. In the first New Deal resettlement housing projects she and Nancy, which frequent car trips, helped set up a self-sufficient community and advised the residents on housing, which Louis Howe had supervised the purchase of inadequate prefabs. It was Eleanor's pet project, but soon the Congress rebelled against funding what they regarded as a failed enterprise. Eleanor continued to support it, even after it has lost federal funding and the homes had been sold to residents. Today it is a historic site called Arthurdale.
Emotion Strained through a Thinking Mind: Fannia Cohn, the ilgwu, and the Struggle for Workers’ Education, 1915–1945
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

From the moment that garment workers began reading to each other on the garment shop floor to make up for their inability to attend school, the drive for education was a central thrust of industrial feminists in the labor movement. Fannia Cohn, long-time activist in the ILGWU Education Department was a visionary in that struggle. This chapter traces her commitment to educate workers and her isolation by male leaders of the ILGWU. Also it examines cross-class collaborations such as the Bryn Mawr School for Women Workers.
Introduction
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

Introduces Rose Schneiderman, Pauline Newman, Clara Lemlich Shavelson and Fannia Cohn. Argues that they represented a vision of “industrial feminism.” Taken collectively, their biographies revise historical understanding of U.S. labor, political, immigrant and women’s history.
Radical Modernists
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

The history of Partisan Review is recounted, with special attention to its relations with the Communist Party and Trotskyism, and the leadership of Philip Rahv and William Phillips. From the perspective of debates about literary modernism, the ideas of Trotsky, the intervention of the New Masses, and the careers of James T. Farrell, F. W. Dupee and Edmund Wilson are also surveyed.
The Moscow Trials
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

The impact of the Moscow Purge Trials is discussed from several angles. One concerns the activities of the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, and especially the hearings held in Mexico over which John Dewey presided. Another is the impact of the trials in encouraging a flowering of cultural activity and a closer relationship between Trotsky and United States writers. A third is the political demoralization that set in as the United States drew closer to involvement in the Second World War. Edmund Wilson’s To the Finland Station is among writing explored.
The Second Imperialist War
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains the difficulties caused for the Trotskyist movement and like-thinking Marxists by World War II, due to its combination of vexing features. Writings by James P. Cannon on “the proletarian military policy” and by Albert Goldman in the pages of the Militant newspaper are used to explain the strategy by which resistance to fascism was theorized. The alternative thinking of Dwight Macdonald and the perspectives of Meyer Schapiro and Edmund Wilson are also discussed, as well as new developments in literary criticism.
Prologue
Authors: Mueller Max Perry
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces three of the main figures of the book, Joseph Smith Jr., Jane Manning James, and Wakara. It also introduces how these different Mormons conceptualized their relationship with God, and their relationship with other members of the Mormon people, especially members of different races. The founder of Mormonism, Smith believed that he was divinely mandated to create a religious movement that would end all divisions within the human family, including racial divisions. The Ute chief, Wakara, and his brother Arapeen believed that they were divinely called to share the lands of Utah with white settlers, but also called to fight against Mormon efforts to destroy the Ute way of life. An early black Mormon pioneer, James believed that she was divinely called to prove her Mormonness, which would help her shed her supposed black accursedness.
Epilogue
Authors: Mueller Max Perry
Published: January 2018

This chapter concludes the book with a survey of the history of Mormonism and race after Brigham Young’s death in 1877 to the present. For more than a century, the church worked to fortify the racial boundaries around the Mormon identity that Brigham Young erected during his tenure as president and prophet. And yet, pressures from inside as well as outside the church continually contested these boundaries. This chapter also meditates on how and why the church has recently renewed its universalism, and done so in relation to a rereading of the Book of Mormon. Yet this contemporary Mormon universalism is a new universalism. It is cast explicitly in a different shade than the white universalism that was proposed, and in some ways practiced, by the church that Joseph Smith founded in 1830.
High gas-phase mixing ratios of formic and acetic acid in the High Arctic
Authors: Mungall Emma L. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Wentzell Jeremy J. B. , Wentworth Gregory R. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Kunkel Daniel , Gute Ellen , Tarasick David W. , Sharma Sangeeta , Cox Christopher J. , Uttal Taneil , Liggio John
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Formic and acetic acid are ubiquitous and abundant in the Earth's atmosphere and are important contributors to cloud water acidity, especially in remote regions. Their global sources are not well understood, as evidenced by the inability of models to reproduce the magnitude of measured mixing ratios, particularly at high northern latitudes. The scarcity of measurements at those latitudes is also a hindrance to understanding these acids and their sources. Here, we present ground-based gas-phase measurements of formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (AA) in the Canadian Arctic collected at 0.5 Hz with a high resolution chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer using the iodide reagent ion (Iodide HR-ToF-CIMS, Aerodyne). This study was conducted at Alert, Nunavut, in the early summer of 2016. FA and AA mixing ratios for this period show high temporal variability and occasional excursions to very high values (up to 11 and 40 ppbv respectively). High levels of FA and AA were observed under two very different conditions: under overcast, cold conditions during which physical equilibrium partitioning should not favour their emission, and during warm and sunny periods. During the latter, sunny periods, the FA and AA mixing ratios also displayed diurnal cycles in keeping with a photochemical source near the ground. These observations highlight the complexity of the sources of FA and AA, and suggest that current chemical transport model implementations of the sources of FA and AA in the Arctic may be incomplete.
A Machine Learning Approach to Aerosol Classification for Single
Particle Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Christopoulos Costa D. , Garimella Sarvesh , Zawadowicz Maria A. , Möhler Ottmar , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Compositional analysis of atmospheric and laboratory aerosols is often conducted via single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS), an in situ and real-time analytical technique that produces mass spectra on a single particle basis. In this study, machine learning classifiers are created using a dataset of SPMS spectra to automatically differentiate particles on the basis of chemistry and size. Machine learning algorithms build a predictive model from a training set for which the aerosol type associated with each mass spectrum is known a priori. Classification models were also created to differentiate aerosol within four broad categories: fertile soils, mineral/metallic particles, biological, and all other aerosols. Differentiation was accomplished using ~ 40 positive and negative spectral features. For the broad categorization, machine learning resulted in a classification accuracy of ~ 93 %. Classification of aerosols by specific type resulted in a classification accuracy of ~ 87 %. The ‘trained’ model was then applied to a ‘blind’ mixture of aerosols which was known to to be a subset of the training set. Model agreement was found on the presence of secondary organic aerosol, coated and uncoated mineral dust and fertile soil.
Transfer entropy and cumulant based cost as
measures of nonlinear causal relationships in space
plasmas: applications to Dst
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Wing Simon , Camporeale Enrico
Published: January 2018

Abstract. It is well known that the magnetospheric response to the solar wind is nonlinear. Information theoretical tools such as mutual information, transfer entropy, and cumulant based analysis are able to characterize the nonlinearities in the system. Using cumulant based cost, we show that nonlinear significance of Dst peaks at 3–12 hours lags that can be attributed to VBs which also exhibit similar behavior. However, the nonlinear significance that peaks at lags 25, 50, and 90 hours can be attributed to internal dynamics, which may be related to the relaxation of the ring current. These peaks are absent in the linear and nonlinear self-significance of VBs. Our analysis with mutual information and transfer entropy show that both methods can establish that there are a strong correlation and transfer of information from Vsw to Dst at a time scale that is consistent with that obtained from the cumulant based analysis. However, mutual information also shows that there is a strong correlation in the backward direction, from Dst to Vsw, which is counterintuitive. In contrast, transfer entropy shows that there is no or little transfer of information from Dst to Vsw, as expected because it is the solar wind that drives the magnetosphere, not the other way around. Our case study demonstrates that these information theoretical tools are quite useful for space physics studies because these tools can uncover nonlinear dynamics that cannot be seen with the traditional analyses and models that assume linear relationships.
Global soil organic carbon removal by water erosion under
climate change and land use change during 1850–2005 AD
Authors: Naipal Victoria , Ciais Philippe , Wang Yilong , Lauerwald Ronny , Guenet Bertrand , Van Oost Kristof
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The onset and expansion of agriculture has accelerated soil erosion by rainfall and runoff substantially, mobilizing vast quantities of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally. Studies show that at timescales of decennia to millennia this mobilized SOC can significantly alter previously estimated carbon emissions from land use change (LUC). However, a full understanding of the impact of erosion on land-atmosphere carbon exchange is still missing. The aim of our study is to better constrain the terrestrial carbon fluxes by developing methods compatible with Earth System Models (ESMs) in order to explicitly represent the links between soil erosion by rainfall and runoff and carbon dynamics. For this we use an emulator that represents the carbon cycle of a land surface model, in combination with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model. We applied this modeling framework at the global scale to evaluate the effects of potential soil erosion (soil removal only) in the presence of other perturbations of the carbon cycle: elevated atmospheric CO2, climate variability, and LUC. We found that over the period 1850–2005 AD acceleration of soil erosion leads to a total potential SOC removal flux of 100 Pg C of which 80 % occurs on agricultural, pasture and natural grass lands. Including soil erosion in the SOC-dynamics scheme results in a doubling of the cumulative loss of SOC over 1850–2005 due to the combined effects of climate variability, increasing atmospheric CO2 and LUC. This additional erosional loss decreases the cumulative global carbon sink on land by 5 Pg for this specific period, with the largest effects found for the tropics, where deforestation and agricultural expansion increased soil erosion rates significantly. We also show that the potential effects of soil erosion on the global SOC stocks cannot be ignored when compared to the effects of climate change or land use change on the carbon cycle. We conclude that it is necessary to include soil erosion in assessments of LUC and evaluations of the terrestrial carbon cycle.