bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Largest reported groups for the Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) found in Algoa Bay, South Africa: Trends and potential drivers
Authors: Bouveroux Thibaut N. , Caputo Michelle , Froneman Pierre W. , Plön Stephanie
Published: January 2018

This study investigates how group size of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) changes temporally, spatially, and/or with predominant behavior at two discreet sites along the Eastern Cape coastline of South Africa: Algoa Bay and the Wild Coast. The mean group size of bottlenose dolphins was large with an average of 52 animals. Significantly larger groups were observed in Algoa Bay ( = 60, range = 1–600) than off the Wild Coast ( = 32.9, range = 1–250). In Algoa Bay, the mean group size increased significantly over the study period, from an average 18 animals in 2008 to 76 animals in 2016. Additionally, the largest average and maximum group sizes ever reported both in South Africa and worldwide, were recorded in Algoa Bay (maximum group size = 600). Neither season nor behavior had a significant effect on mean group size at both sites. Similarly environmental variables such as the depth and substrate type also had no influence on group size. It remains unclear which ecological drivers, such as predation risk and food availability, are leading to the large groups observed in this area, and further research on abundance and distribution of both predators and prey is necessary.
Conflict Intelligence and Systemic Wisdom: Meta‐Competencies for Engaging Conflict in a Complex, Dynamic World
Authors: Coleman Peter T.
Published: January 2018

Over the last one hundred years, conflict researchers have developed a host of theories about which competencies and skills are most conducive to the constructive management of conflict. Our standard models and methods for conflict resolution, however, are particularly challenged in the face of the world's increasing complexity, dynamism, and unpredictability. In this article, I describe a new framework for addressing these challenges. Based on insights from research in complexity science, psychology, and peace and conflict studies, this framework comprises two meta‐competencies that help individuals resolve conflict and promote more constructive and peaceful relations in our rapidly changing world.
Cognitive Maelstroms, Nested Negotiation Networks, and Cascading Decision Effects: Modeling and Teaching Negotiation Complexity with Systemic Multiconstituency Exercises
Authors: Bell Arvid , Mandell Brian
Published: January 2018

Negotiation practitioners today struggle to manage complex political, economic, and cultural disputes that often involve an array of intertwined issues, parties, process choices, and consequences – both intended and unintended. To prepare next‐generation negotiators for these multifaceted challenges, negotiation instructors must keep pace with the rapidly evolving complexity of today's world. In this article, we introduce systemic multiconstituency exercises (SMCEs), a new educational tool for capturing this emerging reality and helping to close the experiential learning gap between the simulated and the non‐simulated environment.

We discuss our pedagogical rationale for developing The Transition, a seventy‐two‐party SMCE inspired by the complex conflicts in Afghanistan and Central Asia and then describe our experiences conducting multiple iterations of this simulation at Harvard University. We argue that SMCEs, in which stakeholders are embedded in clusters of overlapping networks, differ from conventional multiparty exercises because of their immersive character, emergent properties, and dynamic architecture. This design allows for the creation of crucial negotiation complexity challenges within a simulated exercise context, most importantly what we call “cognitive maelstroms,” nested negotiation networks, and cascading decision effects. Because of these features, SMCEs are uniquely suited for training participants in the art of network thinking in complex negotiations. Properly designed and executed, systemic multiconstituency exercises are next‐generation teaching, training, and research platforms that carefully integrate negotiation, leadership, and decision‐making challenges.
From Lab Experiments to Real Negotiations: An Investigation of International Iron Ore Negotiations
Authors: Yao Jingjing , Ma Li , Zhang Lin
Published: January 2018

Negotiation researchers have conducted a large number of experimental lab studies to identify the factors that affect negotiation outcomes, but it remains unclear whether those results can be generalized to real‐world negotiations. To explore this question, we analyzed the dynamic international iron ore annual negotiations that took place from 2005 to 2009. We found evidence that supports two important findings from previous experiments. Specifically, we focused on the impact of negotiators’ best alternatives and first offers on negotiation prices using multiple case study analysis. We found that iron ore prices increased more when the gap between the previous year's negotiated price and the price on the alternative spot market, a public market in which commodities are traded for immediate delivery, was larger, which suggested that buyers were sensitive to the strength of this alternative, supporting the literature on the role of alternatives. We also found that the first offer price significantly influenced the final price. Our findings extend two important experimental findings from the negotiation literature to large‐scale business negotiations in the real world.
The unfolding landscape of the congenital myasthenic syndromes
Authors: Engel Andrew G. , Shen Xin‐Ming , Selcen Duygu
Published: January 2018

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are heterogeneous disorders in which the safety margin of neuromuscular transmission is impaired by one or more specific mechanisms. Since the advent of next‐generation sequencing methods, the discovery of novel CMS targets and phenotypes has proceeded at an accelerated rate. Here, we review the current classification of CMS and describe our findings in five of these targets identified and investigated in our laboratory in the past 5 years. Defects in LRP4 hinder synaptic development and maintenance; the defects in PREPL are predicted to diminish filling of the synaptic vesicle with acetylcholine; and defects in SNAP25, Munc13‐1, and synaptotbrevin‐1 impede synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
Utility values for childhood obesity interventions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the evidence for use in economic evaluation
Authors: Brown V. , Tan E. J. , Hayes A. J. , Petrou S. , Moodie M. L.
Published: January 2018

Rigorous estimates of preference‐based utilities are important inputs into economic evaluations of childhood obesity interventions, yet no published review currently exists examining utility by weight status in paediatric populations. A comprehensive systematic literature review and meta‐analysis was therefore undertaken, pooling data on preference‐based health state utilities by weight status in children using a random‐effects model. Tests for heterogeneity were performed, and publication bias was assessed. Of 3,434 potentially relevant studies identified, 11 met our eligibility criteria. Estimates of Cohen'sdstatistic suggested a small effect of weight status on preference‐based utilities. Mean utility values were estimated as 0.85 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0.84–0.87), 0.83 (95% UI 0.81–0.85), 0.82 (95% UI 0.79–0.84) and 0.83 (95% UI 0.80–0.86) for healthy weight, overweight, obese and overweight/obese states, respectively. Meta‐analysis of studies reporting utility values for both healthy weight and overweight/obese participants found a statistically significant weighted mean difference (0.015, 95% UI 0.003–0.026). A small but statistically significant difference was also estimated between healthy weight and overweight participants (0.011, 95% UI 0.004–0.018). Study findings suggest that paediatric‐specific benefits of obesity interventions may not be well reflected by available utility measures, potentially underestimating cost‐effectiveness if weight loss in childhood/adolescence improves health or well‐being.
Beyond pathways: genetic dissection of tocopherol content in maize kernels by combining linkage and association analyses
Authors: Wang Hong , Xu Shutu , Fan Yaming , Liu Nannan , Zhan Wei , Liu Haijun , Xiao Yingjie , Li Kun , Pan Qingchun , Li Wenqiang , Deng Min , Liu Jie , Jin Min , Yang Xiaohong , Li Jiansheng , Li Qing , Yan Jianbing
Published: January 2018

Although tocopherols play an important role in plants and animals, the genetic architecture of tocopherol content in maize kernels has remained largely unknown. In this study, linkage and association analyses were conducted to examine the genetic architecture of tocopherol content in maize kernels. Forty‐one unique quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified by linkage mapping in six populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). In addition, 32 significant loci were detected via genome‐wide association study (GWAS), 18 of which colocalized with the QTLs identified by linkage mapping. Fine mapping of a major QTL validated the accuracy of GWAS and QTL mapping results and suggested a role for nontocopherol pathway genes in the modulation of natural tocopherol variation. We provided genome‐wide evidence that genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, chlorophyll metabolism and chloroplast function may affect natural variation in tocopherols. These findings were confirmed through mutant analysis of a particular gene from the fatty acid pathway. In addition, the favourable alleles for many of the significant SNPs/QTLs represented rare alleles in natural populations. Together, our results revealed many novel genes that are potentially involved in the variation of tocopherol content in maize kernels. Pyramiding of the favourable alleles of the newly elucidated genes and the well‐known tocopherol pathway genes would greatly improve tocopherol content in maize.
Religious fictionalism
Authors: Scott Michael , Malcolm Finlay
Published: January 2018

Religious fictionalism is the theory that it is morally and intellectually legitimate to affirm religious sentences and to engage in public and private religious practices, without believing the content of religious claims. This article discusses the main features of fictionalism, contrasts hermeneutic, and revolutionary kinds of fictionalism and explores possible historical and recent examples of religious fictionalism. Such examples are found in recent theories of faith, pragmatic approaches to religion, and mystical traditions in religious theology.
Wittgenstein and Communication Technology – A Conversation between Richard Harper and Constantine Sandis
Authors: Harper Richard , Sandis Constantine
Published: January 2018

This paper documents a conversation between a philosopher and a human computer interaction researcher whose research has been enormously influenced by Wittgenstein. In particular, the in vivo use of categories in the design of communications and AI technologies are discussed, and how this meaning needs to evolve to allow creative design to flourish. The paper will be of interest to anyone concerned with philosophical tools in everyday action.
Toward a reliable, automated method of individual alpha frequency (IAF) quantification
Authors: Corcoran Andrew W. , Alday Phillip M. , Schlesewsky Matthias , Bornkessel‐Schlesewsky Ina
Published: January 2018

Individual alpha frequency (IAF) is a promising electrophysiological marker of interindividual differences in cognitive function. IAF has been linked with trait‐like differences in information processing and general intelligence, and provides an empirical basis for the definition of individualized frequency bands. Despite its widespread application, however, there is little consensus on the optimal method for estimating IAF, and many common approaches are prone to bias and inconsistency. Here, we describe an automated strategy for deriving two of the most prevalent IAF estimators in the literature: peak alpha frequency (PAF) and center of gravity (CoG). These indices are calculated from resting‐state power spectra that have been smoothed using a Savitzky‐Golay filter (SGF). We evaluate the performance characteristics of this analysis procedure in both empirical and simulated EEG data sets. Applying the SGF technique to resting‐state data from n = 63 healthy adults furnished 61 PAF and 62 CoG estimates. The statistical properties of these estimates were consistent with previous reports. Simulation analyses revealed that the SGF routine was able to reliably extract target alpha components, even under relatively noisy spectral conditions. The routine consistently outperformed a simpler method of automated peak detection that did not involve spectral smoothing. The SGF technique is fast, open source, and available in two popular programming languages (MATLAB, Python), and thus can easily be integrated within the most popular M/EEG toolsets (EEGLAB, FieldTrip, MNE‐Python). As such, it affords a convenient tool for improving the reliability and replicability of future IAF‐related research.
Monitoring changes in back fat thickness and its effect on the restoration of ovarian activity and fertility in Bos indicus cows
Authors: Díaz BR , Galina CS , Rubio I , Corro M , Pablos JL , Orihuela A
Published: January 2018

Contents

With the objective of testing the hypothesis if animals with a stable layer of body fat (FAT) during the peripartum have a better chance of becoming pregnant after calving, fifty‐nine multiparous Brahman cows in their last trimester of pregnancy were used. Animals averaged four parturitions and were stocked at a rate of 1.25 animal units per hectare and divided into two groups depending on the time postpartum (dpp) that the intravaginal releasing device CIDR was inserted; Group 1 (<30 dpp; n = 30) received the implant at 25.2 ± 4.21 and withdrawn 9 days later. Group 2 (≥30 dpp; n = 29) received the CIDR at 38.41 ± 5.8. Animals were AI at detected oestrus until 170 dpp and calculated as pregnant at first service or requiring more than one service (1s and >1s), not pregnant but cycling (not pregnant) and those not cycling at all (anestrus). The FAT measurements were taken twice each month from the last trimester of gestation until 96 dpp. The onset of ovarian activity was monitored through blood levels of progesterone (P4) at days 14 and 9 prior to CIDR insertion and days 10, 13, 30 and 33 after CIDR withdrawal. Animals pregnant did not have any major changes in their fat thickness. In contrast, cows pregnant in the group ≥30 dpp had changes in their FAT homoeostasis, and pregnant animals in the 1s and >1s groups did not show differences in dorsal back fat in the last trimester of pregnancy and early postpartum. In contrast, animals not pregnant and in anestrus FAT values decreased considerably after parturition. Overall, fertility was 49%, but 18% of all the animals remained anestrus losing FAT. Thus, animals with adequate metabolic conditions will have a better chance of pregnancy regardless of the time postpartum when the reproductive programme starts.
Introduction: Firm Level Analysis With Administrative Data
Authors: Arndt Channing , Davies Rob , Gavin Elizabeth , Mcmillan Landon
Published: January 2018

This special issue focuses on a collaborative effort between the National Treasury and the South African Revenue Service (SARS) to employ administrative record data from SARS for economic policy analysis. It contains six research articles plus a synthesis article designed to draw out potential policy implications and to place this research into a broader context. Exploitation of tax administrative record data has become global best practice. We conclude that this effort demonstrates strong prospects for developing a better understanding of the South African economy with positive implications for economic policy formulation.
New Data, New Approaches and New Evidence: A Policy Synthesis
Authors: Arndt Channing
Published: January 2018

The Republic of South Africa faces the imperative of escaping economic stagnation. This article seeks to synthesise results from a series of research efforts, including but not limited to the articles presented in this special issue, and consider policy options for escaping economic stagnation. The focus is on South Africa and South African policies yielding relatively quick dividends in terms of growth and taking the rest of the world as given. Four broad implications are presented. These could form part of a concerted effort to escape from South Africa's long running economic malaise.
A life in academia: My career in brief
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: January 2018

In this article I have summarized some of the main trends and topics of my research career, spanning a time period of 50 years, from its start as a master student at the Department of Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden to seeing the end of a long career, now at the University of Bergen, Norway. This journey has, apart from having been a journey across various disciplines and topics in experimental psychology, psychophysiology and neuropsychology, functional neuroimaging and cognitive neuroscience, also been a social class journey for me personally. I describe my academic career from my arrival as a young student at the University of Uppsala, Sweden in the late 1960s to my graduation as PhD in 1977 at the age of 29 years, brief postdoc period at the University of Pennsylvania, USA, and finally professor at the University of Bergen, Norway. The article focuses on my view of the research and research findings during these years, including studies of hemispheric asymmetry, dyslexia and language, dichotic listening, fMRI, and during the last years, studies of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. I have collaborated with numerous people, both nationally and internationally over the years, far too many to mention in a space‐limited overview article. I apologize for this, and wish that I had time and space to mention all the fantastic colleagues and friends that I have met during my career. This article is what I recall of dates, places, encounters, etc., and any errors and misunderstandings are entirely due to my far from perfect memory, for which I also apologize.
How to get a left‐ear advantage: A technical review of assessing brain asymmetry with dichotic listening
Authors: Westerhausen René , Kompus Kristiina
Published: January 2018

The dichotic‐listening paradigm with verbal stimuli is a widely employed behavioral task for the assessment of hemispheric asymmetry for speech and language processing. Participants with assumed left‐hemispheric dominance report the right‐ear stimulus with higher probability than the left‐ear stimulus. However, there is substantial between‐subject and trial‐to‐trial variability observed in the paradigm, motivating scrutiny of the task set‐up and theoretical models. Here, we give an in‐depth discussion of specific features of stimulus material and experimental parameters, as well as the conditions of stimulus/response selection, which explain a significant proportion of intra‐ and inter‐individual variability. Carefully considering these factors should be at the heart of any experimental planning when using the dichotic‐listening paradigm to achieve an optimal testing situation for measuring laterality and avoid confounds in between‐subject and between‐group comparisons.
The functional and structural asymmetries of the superior temporal sulcus
Authors: Specht Karsten , Wigglesworth Philip
Published: January 2018

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is an anatomical structure that increasingly interests researchers. This structure appears to receive multisensory input and is involved in several perceptual and cognitive core functions, such as speech perception, audiovisual integration, (biological) motion processing and theory of mind capacities. In addition, the superior temporal sulcus is not only one of the longest sulci of the brain, but it also shows marked functional and structural asymmetries, some of which have only been found in humans. To explore the functional‐structural relationships of these asymmetries in more detail, this study combines functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Using a speech perception task, an audiovisual integration task, and a theory of mind task, this study again demonstrated an involvement of the STS in these processes, with an expected strong leftward asymmetry for the speech perception task. Furthermore, this study confirmed the earlier described, human‐specific asymmetries, namely that the left STS is longer than the right STS and that the right STS is deeper than the left STS. However, this study did not find any relationship between these structural asymmetries and the detected brain activations or their functional asymmetries. This can, on the other hand, give further support to the notion that the structural asymmetry of the STS is not directly related to the functional asymmetry of the speech perception and the language system as a whole, but that it may have other causes and functions.
Towards a theory of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS): A meta‐analysis and discussion of usingMRSto measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time
Authors: Mullins Paul G.
Published: January 2018

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate neurochemistry and physiology in vivo. Recently researchers have started to useMRSto measure neurotransmitter changes related to neural activity, so called functionalMRS(fMRS). Particular interest has been placed on measuring glutamate changes associated with neural function, but differences are reported in the size of changes seen. This review discussesfMRS, and includes meta‐analyses of the relative size of glutamate changes seen infMRS, and the impact experimental design and stimulus paradigm may have. On average glutamate was found to increase by 6.97% (±1.739%) in response to neural activation. However, factors of experimental design may have a large impact on the size of these changes. For example an increase of 4.749% (±1.45%) is seen in block studies compared to an increase of 13.429% (±3.59) in studies using event related paradigms. The stimulus being investigated also seems to play a role with prolonged visual stimuli showing a small mean increase in glutamate of 2.318% (±1.227%) while at the other extreme, pain stimuli show a mean stimulation effect of 14.458% (±3.736%). These differences are discussed with regards to possible physiologic interpretations, as well experimental design implications.
Training switching focus with a mobile‐application by a patient suffering from AVH, a case report
Authors: Visser Lucia , Sinkeviciute Igne , Sommer Iris E. , Bless Josef J.
Published: January 2018

Auditory verbal hallucinations complicate many psychiatric disorders. Antipsychotic medication is effective in the majority, but a significant minority experiences high burden from resistant hallucinations. Here, we aim to improve executive control, in an attempt to decrease burden from hallucinations. We describe the use of a cognitive trainings app by a young woman with highly resistant hallucinations. With modest training, a significant decrease in the duration of hallucinations was reached. Possibilities of this training technique are discussed.
Pension system reform in China: Who gets what pensions?
Authors: Zhu Huoyun , Walker Alan
Published: January 2018

This article is the first examination of pension reform in China and its effects on different social groups over the past three decades. China's pension system has undergone radical transition from the state‐employer model to a state‐society one based on the combination of an underlying aim of supporting the economic reforms and learning from international experience. Although the pension system has expanded over the past three decades and the majority of people are now covered by social pensions, this remarkable policy change has created new inequalities. First, an important aspect of social stratification has been reshaped into five distinct pension scheme classes. Second, the new pension model has strengthened the link between benefits and contributions, which privileges the better off. In this newly stratified pension system, those with high human capital and family capital, and who are in the more developed regions are the clear winners. To tackle these inequalities, future pension reform in China should focus on promoting equalization and de‐stratification.
Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies among market workers and food handlers in the central state of Malaysia
Authors: Samsudin S. , Sakinah S. N. S. , Malina O. , Norliza B. A. , Noh M. A. , Fairuz A. , Jamaluddin T. Z. M. T. , Hamat R. A. , Zahiruddin W. M. , Mohd Nazri S. , Sukeri S. , Aziah B. D. , Zawaha I. , Zainudin A. W. , Munirah N. A. , Desa M. N. , Neela V. , Masri S. N.
Published: January 2018

Objective

The high prevalence of leptospirosis in humans is of great public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies and distribution of serovars, and to assess the usefulness of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a screening method for leptospiral antibodies in a high‐risk healthy community.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 231 market workers and food handlers in wet markets and food premises from two localities in central Malaysia. Respondents’ background information was obtained using a questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for leptospiral antibodies using ELISA and microscopic agglutination test (MAT).

Results

Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among healthy workers was 46.3%. Detection of seropositivity was higher by MAT (46%) than ELISA (15%). We observed high seropositivity among local workers (49%), food handlers (49.5%), females (60.8%) and those aged 34 years and older (46.3%). Local strain LEP175 was the predominant serovar, followed by WHO strain Patoc.

Conclusion

Overall seroprevalence among healthy food handlers and market workers was high in this study. The workplace places susceptible individuals at risk of leptospirosis.
A Computational Investigation of Sources of Variability in Sentence Comprehension Difficulty in Aphasia
Authors: Mätzig Paul , Vasishth Shravan , Engelmann Felix , Caplan David , Burchert Frank
Published: January 2018

We present a computational evaluation of three hypotheses about sources of deficit in sentence comprehension in aphasia: slowed processing, intermittent deficiency, and resource reduction. The ACT‐R based Lewis and Vasishth (2005) model is used to implement these three proposals. Slowed processing is implemented as slowed execution time of parse steps; intermittent deficiency as increased random noise in activation of elements in memory; and resource reduction as reduced spreading activation. As data, we considered subject vs. object relative sentences, presented in a self‐paced listening modality to 56 individuals with aphasia (IWA) and 46 matched controls. The participants heard the sentences and carried out a picture verification task to decide on an interpretation of the sentence. These response accuracies are used to identify the best parameters (for each participant) that correspond to the three hypotheses mentioned above. We show that controls have more tightly clustered (less variable) parameter values than IWA; specifically, compared to controls, among IWA there are more individuals with slow parsing times, high noise, and low spreading activation. We find that (a) individual IWA show differential amounts of deficit along the three dimensions of slowed processing, intermittent deficiency, and resource reduction, (b) overall, there is evidence for all three sources of deficit playing a role, and (c) IWA have a more variable range of parameter values than controls. An important implication is that it may be meaningless to talk about sources of deficit with respect to an abstract verage IWA; the focus should be on the individual's differential degrees of deficit along different dimensions, and on understanding the causes of variability in deficit between participants.
Defective XRN3‐mediated transcription termination in Arabidopsis affects the expression of protein‐coding genes
Authors: Krzyszton Michal , Zakrzewska‐Placzek Monika , Kwasnik Aleksandra , Dojer Norbert , Karlowski Wojciech , Kufel Joanna
Published: January 2018

Arabidopsis thaliana contains two nuclear XRN2/3 5′–3′ exonucleases that are homologs of yeast and human Rat1/Xrn2 proteins involved in the processing and degradation of several classes of nuclear RNAs and in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II. Using strand‐specific short read sequencing we show that knockdown of XRN3 leads to an altered expression of hundreds of genes and the accumulation of uncapped and polyadenylated read‐through transcripts generated by inefficiently terminated Pol II. Our data support the notion that XRN3‐mediated changes in the expression of a subset of genes are caused by upstream read‐through transcription and these effects are enhanced by RNA–mRNA chimeras generated in xrn3 plants. In turn, read‐through transcripts that are antisense to downstream genes may trigger production of siRNA. Our results highlight the importance of XRN3 exoribonuclease in Pol II transcription termination in plants and show that disturbance in this process may significantly alter gene expression.
Characteristics of particle removals in a compressible media filter system
Authors: Kim Yeseul , Nam Seong‐Nam , Jeong Seolhwa , Oh Jeill
Published: January 2018

The ability to adjust the properties of the filter medium by altering the degree of the medium compression is important because the different porosities in media affect the ideal filter performance according to the properties of influent wastewater. This study therefore focused on the particle size distribution (PSD) of compressible media filter (CMF) effluents depending on the compression ratio (0–30%) and the filter bed depth (Layers 1–5) in order to evaluate the CMF performance. The results showed that the removal efficiency for particles larger than 10 µm was more than 90% while that for particles smaller than 10 µm was less than 85% of removal efficiency. From the power law fit, substantial decreases in the number of large‐sized particles were observed in the PSD. Particle removal efficiencies increased along with the average compression ratio increase. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that each layer in the bed had a different role in the filter performance, and it was found that a filter bed of about 0.45–0.60 m would be needed for the production of the desired effluent quality in this study. The detachment phenomenon was observed in particles larger than 5 µm, especially in 5–15 µm particles.
Investigation of the effect of coagulation bath composition on PVDF/CA membrane by evaluating critical flux and antifouling properties in lab‐scale submerged MBR
Authors: Razzaghi Mohammad Hossein , Tavakolmoghadam Maryam , Rekabdar Fatemeh , Oveisi Fatemeh
Published: January 2018

Ultrafiltration membranes were prepared from blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/cellulose acetate (CA) via phase inversion method. The effect of different coagulation bath compositions on the morphology and performance of the blend membrane prepared from casting solution of PVDF/CA with ratio of 80/20 was investigated using sewage wastewater. NaCl and ethanol were used as additives of coagulation bath. Fouling analysis was conducted with Bovine Serum Albumin solution and critical flux evaluation was performed using a lab‐scale membrane bioreactor. In terms of morphological structure, the macrovoids decreased and changed to finger‐like structure. The irreversible fouling reduced and the flux recovery ratio (FRR) of the modified membranes increased remarkably while the reversible fouling caused by deposition of foulants on the surface of the membranes increased. The maximum values of FRR and critical flux of irreversibility were reached by the membrane which was prepared in the coagulation bath containing the highest concentration of NaCl.
Loneliness and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) as Causes of Academic Procrastination
Authors: Andangsari Esther Widhi , Djunaidi Achmad , Fitriana Efi , Harding Diana
Published: January 2018

It is now undeniable that young people and the Internet has become inseparable. Nonetheless, the uncontrolled use of it causes many problems among young adults including academic procrastination. Previous studies stated that academic procrastination lead to low of academic achievement. The reason of why young adults use the internet excessively and got negative outcomes in academic life did not stated clearly. The objective of this study was to find out the empirical evidence of PIU as a mediator between loneliness and academic procrastination. Sample consisted of 320 undergraduate students from 10 universities. Age range was 17-25 years old (M=20.17, SD=1.49). They were given three self-report questionnaires such as GPIUS2, SELSA, and TPS. Those instruments were adapted in Indonesian language. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results showed that the model was good fit (χ2=416.541, df=205, p<0.001, CFI=0.902, TLI=0.879, SRMR=0.068, RMSEA=0.057, 90% CI:0.049-0.065, p good to fit 0.05). This study give contribution on loneliness, PIU, and academic procrastination as one model. It also gives implication of social media using among young people and policy making in universities about students life.
Getting New Things Done
Authors: Obstfeld David
Published: January 2018

Mobilizing people to pursue action that “gets new things done” depends critically on the effective orchestration of social networks and knowledge sharing. This orchestration is vital to the pursuit of innovation, especially in a world increasingly reliant on collaborative projects that assemble actors with diverse interests, abilities, and knowledge. This book offers a framework—the BKAP innovation model—for conceptualizing how social networks and knowledge sharing combine to influence success for innovation in general, but especially where innovation is not tied to preexisting routines, as in the case of projects where, for example, an entrepreneur launches a new innovation or venture. The BKAP innovation model asserts that innovators exercise brokerage activity (“B”) and knowledge articulation (“KA”) within networks to mobilize action either in support of routine innovation (e.g., new product development) or, increasingly, in support of nonroutine innovation, that is, creative projects (“P”). Brokerage activity employs a combination of three strategic orientations: (1) conduit (or knowledge transfer); (2) tertius gaudens (or bridging while maintaining separation); and (3) tertius iungens (or connecting people, departments, and companies together). Alongside brokering in networks, innovators orchestrate knowledge through knowledge articulation to increase understanding and enlist innovation support. The BKAP model is applied to organizational innovation and other areas as diverse as artistic movements, entrepreneurship, and collective action.
Intermediaries
Authors: Khaire Mukti
Published: January 2018

Intermediaries are entities—individuals or organizations—that do not have a direct economic stake in the value of goods. Intermediaries can either reinforce and confirm prevailing conventions of appropriateness and value or challenge and change them. The second option results in market creation as value conventions and norms are changed. Pioneer intermediaries may have the greatest potential to effect cultural change; because they are evaluators and endorsers with no economic incentive in the market, their discourse is more credible than that of producers and therefore more influential in changing culture. However, doing business as an intermediary is difficult because, by definition, they cannot capture the value they construct. Intermediaries have to adopt complex two-sided business models and face challenges in balancing revenues with relevance and managing a dual identity. Despite this, the potential for broad cultural impact is an attractive aspect of being an intermediary.
Doing Their Job
Authors: Khaire Mukti
Published: January 2018

This chapter systematically explicates how intermediaries construct the value of cultural goods to better understand the entrepreneurial implications of their functions. Three key properties of cultural goods—high symbolism, proliferation, and subjectivity—juxtaposed against three key valuation elements—categories, criteria, and standards—define the specific functions that intermediaries perform. Intermediaries make cultural goods visible through introduction, the sharing of information. They also instruct consumers, that is, they decode the symbolic meaning and value of the good. Finally, intermediaries perform the inclusion function, selectively validating the quality of certain cultural goods. These functions, although neither sharply demarcated nor linearly executed, result in a value pyramid, where goods at the highest apex of quality fetch either very high aggregate sales or individual prices. Operating as an entrepreneurial intermediary—pioneering or otherwise—that performs one or more of these functions brings different sets of challenges and has different implications for effective market creation.
The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization
Authors: Bernes Jasper
Published: January 2018

The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization provides an original account of the relationship between postindustrial capitalism and postmodern culture. Examining American conceptual art and experimental poetry alongside sociological and historical accounts of postwar labor, this book describes the cultural production of the period as a “counter-laboratory,” a space of speculation and experiment from which new modes of interaction emerged, premised on collaboration, mutability and free association, and utilizing the literary resources of lyric address, free indirect discourse, and the poetic line. As Bernes argues, these artistic models and challenges were eventually absorbed by industry in the long process of capitalist restructuring that followed the crisis of the 1970s, providing the conceptual germ for the eventual corporate grammar of participation, teamwork, flexibility, and creativity. The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization therefore provides a prehistory of the labor-intensive present, examining how the art and writing of the 1960s and 1970s served as a vanishing mediator, a set of challenges to work and the workplace that, unwittingly, assisted in the renewal of work and helped to reverse the trendline of rising wages and falling work hours that had held in most of the industrialized world for the better part of the 20th century. Bringing together an extensive understanding of postwar capitalism and postwar literary and artistic developments, Bernes demonstrates, conclusively, that the work of art and work in general share a common fate.
John Ashbery’s Free Indirect Labor
Authors: Bernes Jasper
Published: January 2018

The early poems of John Ashbery must be read as a meditation on the plight of labor, particularly white-collar labor, in the postwar United States. Beginning with an early poem, “The Instruction Manual” (1956), and its exploration of the ambiguous class position of white-collar workers, this chapter tracks themes of both labor and management in Ashbery’s experimental second book, The Tennis Court Oath. In this book the standpoint of the earlier poem gives way to an explosion of shifting voices as Ashbery’s distinctive use of free indirect discourse and other techniques of point of view registers the contemporary breakdown in labor relations and the crisis for established modes of management. In Ashbery’s mature style of the 1970s, this chaotic play of voices yields to a comparatively measured technology of point of view, which reflects the new modes of management that followed the crises of the 1960s and 1970s.
The Poetry of Feedback
Authors: Bernes Jasper
Published: January 2018

Emerging from the military-industrial research programs of World War II, cybernetics presents an image of social self-regulation based on reciprocal, horizontal, and participatory relations rather than explicit hierarchies. This is appealing both to firms looking for a way to cut administrative bloat and trim costs and to artists and writers interested in developing a “participatory” practice, one that undoes the division of labor between reader and writer, spectator and art maker. Cybernetics promises a mode of collaboration and collectivity that liberates art from the narrow confines of artists. This chapter examines Hannah Weiner’s Code Poems alongside Dan Graham’s Works for Magazine Pages, both of which sit at the interstices of experimental poetry and conceptual art and both of which put cybernetic discourse to work to model alternative social relations. In each case, the laboratory of social relations takes postwar labor as its subject.
The Dual Executive
Authors: Belco Michelle , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: January 2018

The president serves dual roles in the political system: one who “commands” by pursuing his or her agenda using unilateral orders and one who “administers” and who works to continue proper government function, often with the support of Congress. In a reassessment of the literature on unilateral power, this book considers the president’s dual roles during the stages of the policy-making process. Although presidents may appear to act “first and alone,” the reality is often much different. Presidents act in response to their own concerns, as well as assisting Congress on priorities and the need to maintain harmonic government function. The authors find support for both the model of an aggressive president who uses unilateral orders to push his or her agenda, head off unfavorable congressional legislation, and selectively implement legislation, and they find support for a unifying president who is willing to share management of government, support Congressional legislative efforts, and faithfully implement legislation. At the same time, presidents self-check their actions based on the ability of Congress to act to overturn their orders, through a shared sense of responsibility to keep government moving and out of respect for the constitutional balance. The shared nature of unilateral orders does not preclude an active president, as presidents remain strong, central actors in the political system.
The Presidents’ Orders
Authors: Belco Michelle , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 describes the data collected and evaluates the trends over time. The data include executive orders and proclamations, the two most prominent types of unilateral orders. The data set includes a total of more than 2,400 unilateral orders issued from President Gerald Ford to President George W. Bush from 1974 to 2009.
The Source of Authority and Delegation of Powers
Authors: Belco Michelle , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 explores the president’s sources of authority and how they are used. Presidents can rely on their constitutional powers or authority delegated by Congress. They may invoke statute-based and constitution-based sources of authority when issuing unilateral orders although the variation is influenced by the different separate and shared power arrangements. The chapter examines the variation in the sources of authority the president cites, as well as when he or she invokes statute-based or constitution-based sources of authority, and the influence of the extent of authority and discretion delegated by Congress.
An Independent President or Administrator?
Authors: Belco Michelle , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: January 2018

Chapter 7 investigates the dual roles of the executive after laws have been passed by Congress. At this stage, independent presidents issue unilateral orders to adapt legislation to suit their needs and administrators use them to faithfully implement legislation. This is the final stage in the policy-making process and one where the president has the duty to execute law. The challenge for presidents is to shape the outcome of the legislative process to their favor. This is the president’s final opportunity, and at the height of his or her powers the president takes full advantage of this privileged place.
The History of Missed Opportunities
Authors: Galperin William H.
Published: January 2018

This study is about the emergence of the everyday as both a concept and a material event and about the practices of retrospection in which it came to awareness in the romantic period in “histories” of the missed, the unappreciated, the overlooked. Prior to this moment everyday life was both unchanging and paradoxically unpredictable. By the late eighteenth century, however, as life became more predictable and change on a technological and political scale more rapid, the present came into unprecedented focus, yielding a world answerable to neither precedent nor futurity. This alternative world soon appears in literature of the period: in the double takes by which the poet William Wordsworth disencumbers history of memory in demonstrating what subjective or “poetic” experience typically overlooks; in Jane Austen, whose practice of revision returns her to a milieu that time and progress have erased and that reemerges, by previous documentation, as something different. It is observable in Lord Byron, thanks to the “history” to which marriage and domesticity are consigned not only in the wake of his separation from Lady Byron but during their earlier epistolary courtship, where the conjugal present came to consciousness (and prestige) as foredoomed but an opportunity nonetheless. The everyday world that history focalizes in the romantic period and the conceptual void it exposes in so doing remains a recovery on multiple levels: the present is both “a retrospect of what might have been” (Austen) and a “sense,” as Wordsworth put it, “of something ever more about to be.”
Histories of the Present and the Historicity of the Present
Authors: Galperin William H.
Published: January 2018

In the approximately fifteen years during which her first three novels were revisited and revised, Jane Austen achieved an appreciative perspective on her milieu that would have been impossible had that interval been less protracted and less consequential. By process of revision and reflection, a world and milieu that had been written out of history was provisionally restored in a practice inimitably Austenian. This restoration is especially evident in the two novels composed just after the period of revision—Mansfield Park and Emma—whose worlds remained both an unprecedented representation of “real life” to contemporary readers and a resuscitation of a present lost to time. Similarly, the letters that Austen wrote her sister over the course of her life make clear that the “real natural every day” world that she brought vividly to the published page was the only “prospect” when there was increasingly no future for her.
Introduction
Authors: Zur Dafna
Published: January 2018

Children’s literature in Korea emerged in the early twentieth century under Japanese colonial rule. This literature was marked by what Korean writers called the child-heart, the conflation of nature and culture whose shaping and interaction was deeply implicated in colonial modernity. The Introduction argues that what made children’s literature possible was a combination of internal and external factors, including influences from Japan and educational and psychological theories of childrearing from the West. Children’s literature was recognized as important enough to warrant censorship, and as key to shaping ideologies of gender and politics. The movement of the child from the periphery of culture to the center and the interest in visual culture combined to produce a range of visually compelling magazines for children. Writers conveyed their visions of the past and present, and their future aspirations at a time of growing uncertainty about the fate of the Korean nation.