bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft Power on the Sidelines
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter shows how Soviet cultural interventions, increasingly aggressive and insensitive to Polish conditions, alienated even those Polish communists and cultural figures who were Stalin's most loyal allies. Developments in the USSR and Poland's forced transformations of 1948–54 affected Soviet soft power in a couple of ways. First, as Stalin unleashed a new wave of terror in the USSR, the Stalinist administrative machine shoved effective Soviet soft power initiatives to the sidelines—paralyzing independent initiative, empowering opportunism, and promoting low-quality, aggressive propaganda on behalf of the Soviet state. Second, most Polish cultural figures and functionaries found little fulfillment—and often much shame—in their roles as impresarios of Stalinism, with its adulation of the Soviet leader, pseudoscience, and senseless propaganda. They found themselves increasingly unwilling to interpret the culture that the Soviets were forcing them to accept. Coercion took hold over Polish culture; as a result, the hitherto open Soviet-Polish confrontations over meaning and form in all spheres of cultural activity moved to the back stage.
Introduction
Authors: Berrey Stephen A.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter discusses Richard Wright's essay, “The Ethics of Living Jim Crow,” that recounts the author's childhood experience of racial discrimination. It presents two particular accounts which highlight the racialized nature of his childhood during Jim Crow. First, Wright described how he had borrowed books from a whites-only public library, approaching the librarian with a note—ostensibly written by a white patron—that read, “Please let this nigger boy have the following books.” Second, he recalled how he was having difficulty expressing his thanks to a white man because of their racial difference. In each of these moments, Wright said that he was performing race. Through the essay, he painted Jim Crow as a world of audiences and performers playing a particular role in a racial routine. In relation to these, the book explores race relations and the everyday culture of race in Mississippi from the 1930s to the 1960s.
Fortification and Siege
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the renovation of Fort Sumter within the recentering of the Charleston economy on tourism. The shaping of the Fort Sumter National Monument was the single largest restoration project of mid-twentieth-century Charleston. While federal historical interpretation initially reinforced the landscape of Confederate memory built up in the city since the death of John C. Calhoun, intersectional partnership also heightened the vulnerability of the Lost Cause to a national ideological upheaval. The centennial anniversary of the first shots of the war exploded into a symbolically significant episode in the acceleration of the civil rights revolution. The ensuing transformation of Civil War memory would repudiate the Charleston Renaissance premises for the veneration of Fort Sumter.
Map
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s main themes. This book revisits a set of public monuments, historic buildings, and other memorials that define the didactic landscape of a would-be nation, the Confederate States of America. The focus is on South Carolina for three sets of reasons grounded in political, social, and intellectual history. First, the state was the core of the Confederacy. The construction of modernity across South Carolina history provides a second reason to focus on the state. A third reason to focus on South Carolina is the density of the state intellectual tradition. This study also complicates the familiar narrative of white oppression and black resistance by foregrounding the instability of remembered racial identity. It explores the relationship of Confederate memory to modernity in settings ranging the cityscape of the antebellum era to the virtual reality of the digital age. It shows how commemoration repeatedly facilitated white southerners’ embrace of new ideas as well as new social structures.
Introduction
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter examines the strong emphasis of print media in northern Civil War culture. All across the nation, civilians had become desperate for reports from the front, even if that news was distorted or at best a partial truth. Even a casual glance at the personal writings of ordinary civilians suggests that Americans across the nation were aware of fairly distant publications and regularly shared and discussed the latest periodicals. Thus, public fascination for war reporting increased the demand for newspapers. Not content to report from the battlefield, northern periodicals also wrestled with behavior at home. Throughout the North, newspapers and journals increasingly became part of a shared national discourse, much of which centered on what men and women could be, and what they “must not be.”
The Crisis of Evangelical Realism
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter traces the developing crisis of evangelical realism in the 1890s caused by radical evangelicals, the scandal at the Moody Bible Institute involving the faith healer John Alexander Dowie, and new strategies of interpreting the Bible developed to counter that challenge. Moody's pragmatic orientation had facilitated a theologically diverse network of Christian workers in the 1890s, but the diversity of Christian workers allowed for a diversity of how “Christian work” was expressed. New, sometimes disruptive ideas emerged regarding what the “plainly” interpreted Bible taught, what a personal relationship to God required, and what fruits an active faith might produce. Moody's death would mark the end of respectable evangelicalism's hermeneutical innocence, when a “plain” meaning of the Bible could be embraced, at least ostensibly, without concern of negative externalities.
Putting Down Roots in the Goldeneh Medina
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the early life of Harry Golden during his stay in New York’s Lower East Side. It highlights how the Goldhirsch family adjusted with living in the goldeneh medina (golden land) after emigrating from Ukraine, and also how Golden’s father, Leib Goldhirsch influenced him. Leib indulged his commitment to things both secular and religious so satisfactorily when it came to his family, which left a deep impression on his son. When Golden later wrote of America as a land of opportunity, he was not simply cleaving to a rags-to-riches storyline but was celebrating the freedom to live as Leib had. The chapter explores Golden’s first job as a newspaper seller before working at a hat factory, the place where he had gotten his first taste of labor politics. It also recalls his imprisonment in federal prison due to mail fraud.
Grief, Hope, and Black Power
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter delves deeper into Harry Golden’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s, highlighting his support for President Lyndon B. Johnson over matters concerning racial discrimination and human rights. Like his predecessor, Johnson sought the eradication of inequality by working together with various organizations such as the NAACP. The climax of Johnson’s support to the movement was the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the Voting Rights Act. The chapter also describes Golden’s reaction to the rise of black militancy. Golden believed that the hard-fought gains made by black nonviolence were being destroyed by the rise of “black power” and could undo progress. He criticized Malcolm X’s “ballot or bullet” school of speechmaking which urged blacks to take a militaristic stance in the fight for equal rights.
The Real Iron Curtain
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the closing of the Carolina Israelite in 1968 by Harry Golden, who decided that he was simply “too old” for the younger Americans. It emphasizes three major factors that support this notion, the first of which is the rise of Black Power as a result of Martin Luther King’s assassination. King’s death launched nationwide protests that advocated the ideas of Black Nationalism. Golden wrote against these ideas and continued to promote nonviolence. The second factor is Golden’s support for President Lyndon B. Johnson, who saw his popularity dwindle as a result of the Vietnam War. The last factor was the changing focus of the American Jewish Community, who turned their energies toward building a community that reflected their contemporary needs and views. The chapter also mentions a health factor, as the aging Golden suffered an illness in 1966, which left him in a coma for four days.
Metis and the Medicine Line
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

Born of encounters between Indigenous women and Euro-American men in the first decades of the nineteenth century, the Plains Metis people occupied contentious geographic and cultural spaces. Living in a disputed area of the northern Plains inhabited by various Indigenous nations and claimed by both the United States and Great Britain, the Metis emerged as a people with distinctive styles of speech, dress, and religious practice, and occupational identities forged in the intense rivalries of the fur and provisions trade. This book explores how, as fur trade societies waned and as state officials looked to establish clear lines separating the United States from Canada and Indians from non-Indians, these communities of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry were profoundly affected by the efforts of nation-states to divide and absorb the North American West.
Writing Reconstruction
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

After the Civil War, the South was divided into five military districts occupied by Union forces. Out of these regions, a remarkable group of writers emerged. Experiencing the long-lasting ramifications of Reconstruction firsthand, many of these writers sought to translate the era’s promise into practice. In fiction, newspaper journalism, and other forms of literature, authors including George Washington Cable, Albion Tourgee, Constance Fenimore Woolson, and Octave Thanet imagined a new South in which freedpeople could prosper as citizens with agency. Radically re-envisioning the role of women in the home, workforce, and marketplace, these writers also made gender a vital concern of their work. Still, working from the South, the authors were often subject to the whims of a northern literary market. Their visions of citizenship depended on their readership’s deference to conventional claims of duty, labor, reputation, and property ownership. The circumstances surrounding the production and circulation of their writing blunted the full impact of the period’s literary imagination and fostered a drift into the stereotypical depictions and other strictures that marked the rise of Jim Crow. This book blends literary history with archival research to assess the significance of Reconstruction literature as a genre. Founded on witness and dream, the work of its writers made an enduring, if at times contradictory, contribution to American literature and history.
Owning Up to Citizenship
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter briefly describes how Reconstruction writers explored the new constitutional guarantee of citizenship for the freedpeople living in the Southern United States. It analyzes the ways in which they produced work that advocated political and social change. These works played an important role in affecting the course of the Reconstruction, by influencing public opinion and by giving voice to the aspirations of millions of freedpeople. The writers—Constance Fenimore Woolson, Albion Tourgée, George Washington Cable, Octave Thanet, activist students from the historically black Storer College—created distinctive visions from the bitterness and hope of the created districts which were made by the Union after the Civil War. The chapter also discusses the ways in which this literature influenced and was influenced by military districting and its aftermath.
Prologue
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This book is about the response of the People's Republic of China to the crisis that arose in the Tibetan frontier after the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa in 1959. It argues that the Chinese state was weak in the Tibetan borderlands and that the PRC government addressed that weakness by shifting from empire-lite to a harder, heavier imperial formation. It also considers how this transformation in the PRC structure affected the country's foreign policy during the Cold War, especially with regard to its neighbors. The book challenges understandings of Cold War international history while offering useful insights on comparative imperialism, the problems of state formation and transnational movements, boundaries in the Himalayas, and the difficulties of counterinsurgency in a mountainous yet cosmopolitan realm.
Beginnings
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the role of the hotel as a regenerative space, as it assesses time differently—especially when compared with the rigors of modernity. Offering the anxious laborer a temporary respite from the very market that requires that they move from client to client and city to city with ever-greater frequency, the hotel becomes both a hiatus and a haven. The hotel emphasizes a transcendent recovery of the spirit worn down by the daily grind, even if that new start ultimately enables the weary traveler to continue to function within the larger context of global capitalism. In this instance, the hotel as purveyor of the therapeutic wraps the constantly mobile traveler in a space resembling a cocoon, gesturing inward and encouraging a gestation that promises nothing less than a second coming and new life—a rebirth and reawakening into one’s true and authentic self.
Failure
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter attends to the hotel’s failures of service—to what happens when the hotel cannot or will not deliver on its promise of rest, restoration, and refreshment and when it seems to purposefully and maliciously withhold luck. In its utopian guise, the hotel presents itself as a rationally organized space, designed for maximum comfort and profit, attentive and nurturing. At its very worst, the hellish hotel is a playful reversal of the sovereign reign of rationality and order, a carnivalesque reimagining of what is normal and expected. Rooms that are meant to be clean become dirty, foul, and unholy. Safe spaces become dangerous, even murderous. The hotel-as-hell is a principal expression of the world turned suddenly and seemingly irreversibly upside down. The rational guest stands as the active agent of modernity, straining to maintain composure in the face of perdition.
Reassessing the 1979 War
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter reviews the Sino-Vietnamese conflict's political and military repercussions and the lessons learned according to the Chinese themselves. It argues that despite significant differences between the Western and Chinese perspectives on the 1979 conflict, the two are consistent in some aspects of their review of how Chinese leaders approached matters of war and strategy. First, Chinese leaders were deliberative and calculating about when and how military power was to be used but did not hesitate to go to war once they decided that China's national interests were at stake. Second, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) demonstrated a preference for seizing and maintaining operational initiatives by deploying superior and more powerful forces. Third, the Chinese sense of military victory lay more in their evaluation of the geopolitical outcomes than in their judgment of operational performance on the battlefield. Fourth, political work remains a unique PLA approach to ensure the effectiveness of its forces on the battlefield.
And the Women Also Knew
Authors: Finch Aisha K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter begins by exploring the gendered intersection of betrayal, infidelity, antiblack violence, and state terror in the historical memory of 1844. Alongside the trope of duplicity, the most pervasive theme of black women's involvement in this and other slave movements is their silence and invisibility. This chapter calls attention to the scores of rural black women who molded the 1844 resistance in visible and public ways, and to those who shaped the movement through means often obscured or unnoticed. The chapter focuses special attention on small groups of women who stand out in the insurgent organizing, some of whom were cited as rebel queens and others of whom were named as field lieutenants or captains. But the chapter also looks at those women who negotiated complex relationships to the movement and to masculine-defined practices of freedom in ways that were less visible in the trial record, yet arguably map out new ways to think about movement participation.
Longing for the Bomb
Authors: Freeman Lindsey A.
Published: January 2016

Tucked into the folds of Appalachia and kept off all commercial maps, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, was created for the Manhattan Project by the U.S. government in the 1940s. The city has experienced the entire lifespan of the Atomic Age, from the fevered wartime enrichment of the uranium that fueled Little Boy, through a brief period of atomic utopianism after World War II when it began to brand itself as “The Atomic City,” to the anxieties of the Cold War, to the contradictory contemporary period of nuclear unease and atomic nostalgia. This book shows how a once-secret city is visibly caught in an uncertain present, no longer what it was historically yet still clinging to the hope of a nuclear future. It is a place where history, memory, and myth compete and conspire to tell the story of America’s atomic past and to explain the nuclear present.
The Bigest Kinde of a Rot
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter chronicles Lee's and Brown's attempts to break the Union position, by sending Clayton's division, and later, Manigault's brigade, into the battlefield. Major General Henry D. Clayton's Division had moved out along Lick Skillet Road and toward the sound of combat an hour after the start of Brown's attack on July 28, though in the end, Clayton used only two of the three brigades available to him in an effort to fulfill Lee's urge to push the enemy back. Soon after Clayton suspended further attacks against the angle in the Union line, Lee prompted a renewal of action by a part of Brown's Division farther west. Brigadier General Arthur M. Manigault's Alabama and South Carolina brigade had been waiting in a reserve position all this while, and Lee next wanted the men to try their luck against the formidable Union position, albeit to little success.
Nerve and Persistency
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the movement of Federal and Confederate troops during the latter part of July 28. The fierce Confederate attacks had started about noon and lasted for at least five hours, yet despite these repeated attacks, the Confederates still had not fully secured Lick Skillet Road, which Lee had been assigned to secure. The Confederate forces ended up hurt and spent a while standing on or near that road late in the afternoon. The Federals had skirmished aggressively all during the Atlanta campaign, usually outfighting their gray-clad opponents between the lines. Soon after the firing stopped, a few Federals were tempted to cross the breastwork and see the sights of the battlefield. They got more than they expected. The field of Ezra Church, freshly littered with thousands of dead and wounded, presented nothing but a feast of visual horror to the observer that evening.
Country Soul
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

In the sound of the 1960s and 1970s, nothing symbolized the rift between black and white America better than the seemingly divided genres of country and soul. Yet the music emerged from the same songwriters, musicians, and producers in the recording studios of Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama—what this book calls the “country-soul triangle.” In legendary studios like Stax and FAME, integrated groups of musicians like Booker T. and the MGs and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section produced music that both challenged and reconfirmed racial divisions in the United States. Working with artists from Aretha Franklin to Willie Nelson, these musicians became crucial contributors to the era's popular music and internationally recognized symbols of American racial politics in the turbulent years of civil rights protests, Black Power, and white backlash.
I Got What I Got the Hard Way
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the emergence of the “Memphis Sound” during the mid-1960s. Heralded as the era's “blackest” pop music, the sub-genre became an internationally recognized symbol for racial progress and reconciliation. Musicians claimed that the Memphis Sound owed its distinctiveness to the interracial group of musicians who blended the South's musical traditions into a unique and transformative mixture. Despite its black roots, the larger appreciation of the Memphis sound as both sound and ideology was increasingly framed around its redemptive effect on white people. This erasure of African Americans paralleled a broader distortion in which southern recording studios became known as colorless utopias that were free from racial conflict. This notion remains central to the historical presentation of southern soul and denies a more complex history that can only be revealed by understanding how the Memphis Sound developed as both music and mythology.
The South’s Gonna Do It Again
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the emergence of three insurgent music genres during the 1970s—swamp music, outlaw country, and southern rock. These genres asserted their racial tolerance and cultural progressivism as an explicit alternative to country music's conservatism and racial exclusivity. Additionally, all three genres took creative inspiration (and sometimes had literal origins) in the studios of the country-soul triangle and their artists foregrounded their love of soul music as part of their larger critique of the restrictions of country. The chapter discusses how the artists of these genres became symbols of a musical “New South” renaissance that accompanied an economic boom and political resurgence. This resurgence however had dual effects on African American music: it resulted in a further loss of employment opportunities and framed their work as the nostalgic voice of the past.
Disco and Down Home Blues
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter explores the musical genres of country and soul during the 1970s and beyond. It first discusses country, who interpolated disco, the newest sound in black-identified music, affirming the new genre as the soundtrack of the modern South and the changing nation. Southern soul, meanwhile, ended the decade as a primarily regional and heavily nostalgic music, with the visionary politics of the late 1960s and early 1970s replaced by a backward-looking focus on cultural tradition. Facing commercial decline and cultural irrelevance in the wake of disco, soul musicians turned to the past, celebrating—in the words of the period's most popular southern soul song—the “Down Home Blues” of the black South's roots. Many soul recordings, including Down Home Blues, were produced at Malaco Records, a Mississippi-based label that recruited many triangle soul veterans to join its personnel and marketed itself as the “last soul company.”
Black Women and Convict Leasing in the “Empire State” of the New South
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter underscores the centrality of prison labor in fulfilling the postbellum vision of modernization and industrial prosperity. According to Henry Woodfin Grady, a prominent Georgian and proverbial “spokesman” of the New South, industrialization was to benefit whites exclusively, and industrial progress would hinge on the perpetuation of white supremacy. Consequently, the apparatus of convict leasing was put in place to secure racial hegemony and to dispossess freedwomen and freedmen of their newly acquired liberties. However, during the 1890s, Georgia industrialists had struggled to maintain the vision of New South prosperity while negotiating the female felons' place within the state's convict lease system. Thus, Southern entrepreneurs had been forced to regulate their industrial aspirations to accommodate a growing public and political desire to see black women prisoners moved beyond the bounds of masculine confinement, and utilized in more traditional customs of labor.
Sustaining the “Weak and Feeble”
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explains the development of Georgia's state prison farm, exploring how black female convicts helped transform the public industrial plantation into a “self-sustaining” entity. These women had assumed the burden of fieldwork, had implemented skilled trades, and had assisted male inmates who were, “by reason of age, infirmity, or disease, incapable of performing necessary labor.” They also supported the scant population of white women prisoners who were enfeebled by their race. Thus, these black female felons became the state farm's most vital asset and its most productive and skilled source of labor. Just as black male captives formed the backbone of the state's industrial penal enterprises, African-American women prisoners buttressed the agro-industrial penal complex of the New South.
Prologue
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2016

This prologue examines the main subjects of this book—a group of women who were sentenced to forced labor in Troup County, Georgia—focusing particularly on Robert Burns' exposé, I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang. The women are described as persons who “[have] long been silent.” The memoir notes that, nearly two hundred others had been forced to toil in labor camps scattered throughout the state of Georgia. The chapter argues that “respectable” ladies, including the author's grandmother, as well as the more rebellious echelon of freedom's daughters, were all burdened by southern injustice. Thus, the book attempts to excavate the memories of the author's grandmother to give voice to the women “still waiting to be heard.”
End of the Tether
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines President Andrew Johnson's controversial attempt to remove Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of the War Department. Even as he declined Johnson's request to resign, Stanton must have known the president would take further steps to push him out of office. On August 12, 1867, when he conceded at least temporary defeat in his battle to remain in office, Stanton sent a note to his wife Ellen, telling her that his removal would let them go on the northern vacation she had been hoping for. The rest of this chapter considers Stanton's activities following his departure as secretary of war; Johnson's concern that Ulysses S. Grant, whom he was grooming as Stanton's successor, was sympathetic to Congress and to Stanton; Stanton's first days back as secretary of war; Johnson's attempt to remove Stanton outright; Johnson's impeachment trial; and Stanton's decision to relinquish control finally of the War Department.
The Golden Triangle
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's travails as a lawyer and his political fortunes as a Democrat. The presidential campaign of 1844 proved as tumultuous as any since the rise of Andrew Jackson. Texas loomed so large that it virtually decided the race, dooming both the presumptive Democratic Party nominee Martin Van Buren and his Whig rival Henry Clay. The October elections in Ohio were disastrous to Democrats, in large part because of uncertainty over gubernatorial candidate David Tod's attitude toward banks. The rest of this chapter discusses the trial of Caleb McNulty, who was charged with embezzlement of public funds while he was Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives, and his acquittal thanks in part to the defense put up by Stanton, one of his lawyers. It also considers Stanton's friendship with Salmon P. Chase.
Metamorphosis
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's metamorphosis after he was appointed secretary of war by President Abraham Lincoln. Stanton succeeded Simon Cameron as the War Department's top honcho after the latter resigned in the wake of complaints about his incompetence and cronyism. Having heard the worst about Cameron, Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, and others in the Lincoln cabinet from Stanton, Christopher Wolcott advised New York bankers not to lend a dollar to the Treasury Department until Lincoln had fired the secretaries of war and the navy. While Cameron seemed fully aware of the campaign against him, he had no idea that his sternest critics included Stanton, his legal adviser. The rest of this chapter discusses Stanton's decisions as secretary of war, including the issuance of an order to arrest Brigadier General Charles P. Stone, his ouster of Colonel Clement A. Finley as army surgeon, and his effort to edge Major General George B. McClellan out of the limelight.
Prisoners of Circumstance
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's role as secretary of the War Department in the exchange of prisoners between the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War. Stanton received a telegram from Charles Dana disparaging Alexander M. McCook. He gave the letter to President Abraham Lincoln, who showed it to Gideon Welles and William H. Seward, remarking that he was being urged to remove William S. Rosecrans. The next day Henry W. Halleck telegraphed Ulysses S. Grant, at Vicksburg, that Rosecrans needed all the troops he could spare, and suggested that Grant go to Nashville to oversee the transfer. The rest of this chapter discusses Stanton's attempt at a special prisoner exchange for Major Harry White, his order to General John A. Dix to negotiate a cartel, and his rift with Surgeon General William Hammond.
The Real Responsibility Is on You!
Authors: Silver Lauren J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter looks closely at how young mothers have presented their identities during official negotiations. The youth seemed to have been aware of the need to appear worthy of public investment and capable of self-reform. Particularly when clients have been afraid of being discharged, they have attempted to align their identities with official expectations. Ideologies of self-sufficiency complicate and compromise open, flexible, and fluid identities. These youth are in the process of becoming; they learn who they are and who they will be through interacting with others. Punitive and shortsighted representations become mirrors in which the youth reflect back what they see, if they do not contest the images outright. In the formal service situations described in this chapter, the youth have been especially careful to maintain the impressions of their regulators.
The Piano Man was it! the Man in Charge
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores some of the social and cultural influences that shaped new forms of black identity in New York during the first decade and a half of the twentieth century. Ragtime identities called attention to the ways Tenderloin residents participated in the formation of Manhattan commercial leisure, and how they shaped their entertainments through their pocketbooks and personal tastes as much as popular entertainments fueled their own sense of themselves as modern New Yorkers. When Tenderloin residents spent their nights out, they financed the development of black-owned nightclubs, cafes, saloons, and cabarets—new commercial spaces that provided the terrain for the cultural innovation and social interactions that led to black New Yorkers' crafting of new senses of self.
Epilogue
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter discusses the diminishing influence of ragtime at the onset of the 1920s and the rise of jazz music. Although necessary to the development of jazz and subsequent genres, ragtime music and the struggles of ragtime musicians continue to elude historians of music. Such an omission is regrettable, as ragtime has, after all, come to express a rejection of black slavery and caricatures, even as it shaped black modernity within a white supremacist world wholly insistent on black primitivism. The efforts of the ragtime musicians in debunking stereotypes and relentlessly pursuing the dream of cultural pluralism in America ultimately constructed another kind of racial divide, yet these black ragtimers had left in their place room for future generations to establish themselves within a changing cultural milieu.
The Glory Is Departed
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter introduces the central themes of the uses and abuses of state power that appear throughout the narrative of the Christian Reconstruction. As a young missionary on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation in Nevada in the 1940s, Rushdoony had built remote connections with a surprisingly diverse body of intellectual figures that fundamentally shaped the project of Christian Reconstruction. As he engaged with these thinkers, Rushdoony refused to constrain his intellectual development to a narrow disciplinary horizon and instead aspired to use the entire arch of Western Christian tradition to illuminate contemporary religio-political problems, including the threats of fascism and communism and the closing of the American frontier as embodied in the reservation system.
A Christian Renaissance
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter outlines Rushdoony’s connections with the emerging grassroots infrastructure of the Southern Californian conservative movement, with its epicenter in Los Angeles and Orange County. Situating Rushdoony firmly in this grassroots matrix, the chapter details his relationship with Women for America, Inc., a patriotic women’s study group who, among others, offered Rushdoony the resources to found the Chalcedon Foundation. With the creation of Chalcedon, Rushdoony began to articulate an intellectually rigorous, philosophically sophisticated, and practically accessible familial project designed to relocate the discipline and governance of human beings from the state to the family. This project, which he first called a “Christian renaissance” and then “Christian Reconstruction,” found an audience among women and men sympathetic to the John Birch Society and other contemporary action groups seeking a coherent religious foundation for their political ideas.
Crescent City Girls
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

What was it like to grow up black and female in the segregated South? To answer this question, this book blends social history and cultural studies, recreating children's streets and neighborhoods within Jim Crow New Orleans and offering a rare look into black girls' personal lives. The book argues that these children faced the difficult task of adhering to middle-class expectations of purity and respectability even as they encountered the daily realities of Jim Crow violence, which included interracial sexual aggression, street harassment, and presumptions of black girls' impurity.
A Street Where Girls Were Meddled
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This chapter analyzes young black women's experiences on two specific streets in New Orleans, Canal Street and Rampart Street, during the Jim Crow era. It examines how black girls learned racial difference through harassment and insult. These streets demonstrate the spatial relations of sexuality—black girls knew, for example, the spaces that carried the threat of insult, sexual violence, and sexual harassment. These spaces are where young women were defined as “respectable” or “bad,” the spaces where black girls were defined as outsiders, and the spaces that provided some measures of safety. The chapter describes that the history of insults is a reminder that black female subjectivity and a black female “sense of place” was inflected by unspeakable (unmapped) and speakable (mapped) displacements. For girls growing up under Jim Crow, these displacements were based on “racial-sexual domination,” “uneven geographies,” and moral geographies with their intraracial class biases.
A Quest for Harmony: The Role of Music in Robert Owen’s New Lanark Community
Authors: Davidson Lorna
Published: January 2016

As owner of the New Lanark cotton-mills from 1800, Robert Owen carried out a social experiment designed to transform the lives of his community of millworkers, through improved living and working conditions, free medical care and education. He intended to demonstrate how his ideas, if universally adopted, could transform society in general.

Central to this experiment was his innovative and enlightened system of education in the Institute for the Formation of Character. This article looks in particular at the musical life of New Lanark and explores Owen’s belief in the power of music to bind together people from different backgrounds, and to assist in the creation of a harmonious community. Lavishly funded musical activities played a major part in the curriculum, and in the life of the community as a whole. All this is well documented and fascinating insights into the lives of the New Lanark people are included in the travel journals and letters, some previously unpublished, of the many visitors who came to see Owen’s model community.
A Driving Image of Revolution: The Irish Harp and Its Utopian Space in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: O’Donnell Mary Louise
Published: January 2016

In this article the Irish harp tradition is re-configured as a space consisting of visual and sonic dimensions. The visual dimension of the Irish harp space incorporates the employment of the instrument in contemporary iconography; the sonic dimension includes the employment of the instrument as a metaphor in contemporary literature and songs. By employing Bloch’s concept of surplus and tracing the path of the Irish harp from its earliest employment in Christian iconography, its prominence as an icon of colonial and Ascendancy rule, and finally its utilisation as an utopian tool to inspire members of the Volunteer and United Irish movements in the late eighteenth century, I identify how the accumulation of centuries of utopian surplus resulted in the creation of an utopian icon that had the capacity to inspire a generation of Irish men and women to critique the prevailing social and political order in the eighteenth century.
The Music of Change: Utopian Transformation in Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny and Der Silbersee
Authors: Hunter Robert
Published: January 2016

On the cusp of the Weimar Republic’s transition to the Nazi era the production and public reception of these works of music theater by Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht and Georg Kaiser embody the social and ideological conditions of the time and were founded on a critique of these same conditions.

Weill’s and Brecht’s opera unfolds in a mythical place which serves as a parable for capitalist utopia/dystopia, Mahagonny being the emblematic city of dreams and disillusionment. Kaiser’s play, with music by Weill, takes utopian longings as its subject in various ways, from petty bourgeois aspirations to liberation for the workers. Silbersee combines a sharp political allegory about the rise of Nazism with a symbolist drama about the promise of a better world.

Using examples of Weill’s music this article will explore how these works dramatize Utopia as explicitly modelled content, represented desire and transformative agency.
Word Frequency Effects for LEET Lettering in Word Recognition
Authors: Grabbe Jeremy W.
Published: January 2016

letter substitution has been shown to have a cost to word recognition performance, such as increased reaction time. the use of orthographically similar numbers or symbols as a substitute for letters is known as leet. Perea, duñabeitia, and carreiras (2008) showed that word recognition was not affected when leet substitutions were used as primes. this study examined whether the effects of leet prime substitutions would remain constant across word frequency. the apparent lack of substitution costs may have been an effect of word- level processing such as holistic bias for high- frequency words. evidence that leet does not have an appreciable cost to performance across word frequency suggests that such orthographic substitutions are processed much like normally lettered words, which supported Perea et al.’s findings. it was suggested that leet substitutions offset substitution costs because of orthography (because of more complete processing of nonsubstituted letters) rather than lexical effects (i.e., holistic bias).
Familiarity and Aptness in Metaphor Comprehension
Authors: Damerall Alison Whiteford , Kellogg Ronald T.
Published: January 2016

The career of metaphor hypothesis suggests that novel metaphors are understood through a search for shared features between the topic and vehicle, but with repeated exposure, the figurative meaning is understood directly as a new category is established. the categorization hypothesis argues that instead good or apt metaphors are understood through a categorization process, whether or not they are familiar. only poor metaphors ever invoke a literal comparison. in experiment 1, with aptness equated, we found that high familiarity speeded comprehension time over low- familiarity metaphors. in experiment 2a, providing a literal prime failed to facilitate interpretation of low- familiarity metaphors, contrary to the career of metaphor hypothesis. in experiment 2b, with familiarity equated, high- and low- aptness metaphors did not differ, contrary to the categorization hypothesis.
Structural Modeling of Glutathiones Containing Selenium and Tellurium
Authors: Nascimento Valter A. , Melnikov Petr , Lanoa André V. D. , Silva Anderson F. , Consolo Lourdes Z. Z.
Published: January 2016

The comparative structural modeling of reduced and oxidized glutathiones, as well as their derivatives containing selenium and tellurium in chalcogen sites (Ch = Se, Te) has provided detailed information about the bond lengths and bond angles, filling the gap in the structural characteristics of these tri-peptides. The investigation using the molecular mechanics technique with good approximation confirmed the available information on X-ray refinements for the related compounds. It was shown that Ch-H and Ch-C bond lengths grow in parallel with the increasing chalcogen ionic radii. Although the distances C-C, C-O, and C-N are very similar, the geometry of GChChG glutathiones is rich in conformers owing to the possibility of rotation about the bridge Ch-Ch. It is confirmed that the distances Ch-Ch are essentially independent of substituents in most of chalcogen compounds from elemental chalcogens to oxydized glutathiones. The standard program Hyperchem 7.5 has proved to be an appropriate tool for the structural description of less-common bioactive compositions when direct X-ray data are missing.
Genre and Actuality in Belinskii, Herzen, and Goncharov: Toward a Genealogy of the Tragic Pattern in Russian Realism
Authors: Kliger Ilya
Published: January 2016

In this article, Ilya Kliger describes the workings of “tragic realism” during the early to mid-1840s in Russia by engaging with the critical essays and letters of Vissarion Belinskii as well as with the first novels of Ivan Goncharov and Aleksandr Herzen. Kliger seeks to show that the concepts and forms produced by the authors standing at the inception of the realist tradition in Russia can be usefully seen as transpositions of the Hegelian theorization of modernity and of its privileged formal companion, theBildungsroman.Seen against the background of Hegel's post-tragic conception of contemporary “actuality,” these authors can be understood as developing a historico-formal paradox, a vision of tragic realism. Tragic realism grasps contemporary life in terms of destructive and irreconcilable collisions and presupposes the broader historiographic vision of Russia's anachronistic position vis-à-vis the Hegelian vision of modern life.
An Odessa Odyssey: Vladimir Jabotinsky‘sThe Five
Authors: Scherr Barry P
Published: January 2016

Vladimir (later known as Ze'ev) Jabotinsky is remembered today largely for his Zionism, but in his younger years he had gained recognition for his literary career, which he never entirely abandoned. His final novel,The Five(1936), written in Russian long after he had left his native country, depicts Jewish life in his native Odessa at the beginning of the twentieth century. The novel contains two main narrative lines. One involves a paean to the Odessa of Jabotinsky's youth—to its vibrancy, its physical charms, and even its peculiar dialect of Russian. The other chronicles the decline of a family, through the fates of its five children, as well as of an entire way of life, in a manner reminiscent of that employed by Sholem Aleichem inTevye the Dairyman.The chief link between these outwardly disparate and even opposing lines is the semi-autobiographical narrator, a figure who has heretofore received less attention than deserved. In this analysis by Barry P. Scherr, the narrator appears not only to unify the fragmentary elements of the work but also, through his Zionism, to suggest a way out of the malaise that afflicted many of his contemporaries.
The Poetics of Peat in Soviet Literary and Visual Culture, 1918-1959
Authors: Bird Robert
Published: January 2016

One of the sites of socialist construction that grabbed Soviet public attention in the 1920s and 1930s, peat also dramatized the difficulties faced by Soviet artists in devising representational modes appropriate to their new tasks. In the mid-1920s stories by Mikhail Prishvin, Aleksandr Peregudov, and Aleksandr Iakovlev granted a voice to peat workers by augmenting existing literary forms with documentary and agitational methods. In the 1930s, artists (including Peregudov and Arsenii Tarkovskii) focused on Peat’s role in the powering of socialism, dissolving the stuff of peat in the imaginary map of social and cultural forces. Analogous strategies of mechanics and energetics can be seen in film and graphic art of the 1920s and 1930s. Later works on peat by Prishvin and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn register the resistance of nature—including language and other artistic media—to engineered or speculative solutions, calling into question the very possibility of representing Soviet political, economic and social values.
History Done Right: War and the Dynamics of Triumphalism in Contemporary Russian Culture
Authors: Carleton Gregory
Published: January 2016

So far in the twenty-first century, triumphalism has dominated Russian culture. As manifest in popularized history and film, this wave has often been described by recourse to interpretive paradigms derived from a neo-Soviet or neo-socialist realist orientation, particularly when the subject is war. While understandable, this interpretive practice cannot account for salient productions that upstage Soviet conventions by reconfiguring the Russian historical experience along a narrative trajectory anchored by two scenarios diat constitute the alpha and omega of national achievement and pride: Aleksandr Nevskii and the Time of Troubles. Tapping into deep structures of myth, contemporary reproductions of these two tie their significance explicitly to the post-Soviet period. Supported by the state and church, their increasing traction in war narratives facilitates a new discourse of nationalism that supersedes Soviet precedent, reconfigures traditional domains of triumphalism, and sets a standard for future constructions of Russian history that eclipses key problems of the real or imagined past.