bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FUZZY‐FUZZY AUTOMATA
Authors: MIZUMOTO M. , TANAKA K.
Published: February 2008

Based on the concept of fuzzy sets of type 2 (or fuzzy‐fuzzy sets) defined by L. A. Zadeh, fuzzy‐fuzzy automata ate newly formulated and some properties of these automata are investigated. It is shown that fuzzy‐fuzzy languages characterized by fuzzy‐fuzzy automata are closed under the operations of union, intersection, concatenation, and Kleene closure in the sense of fuzzy sets of type 2, but are not closed under complement. The power of fuzzy‐fuzzy automata as an acceptor is the same as that of ordinary fuzzy automata and finite automata, though fuzzy‐fuzzy automata include fuzzy automata and finite automata as special cases. Finally, fuzzy‐fuzzy grammars are illustrated and it is shown that fuzzy‐fuzzy grammars with context‐free rules can generate context‐sensitive languages.
DISCRIMINANT DIAGNOSTICS WITH INCOMPLETE SYMPTOMATICS
Authors: URBAKH V. YU.
Published: February 2008

Diagnostics by means of the linear discriminant function X = ∑pi=1bixi requires a knowledge of all the p symptoms that are arguments of this function. However, some responses are often missing. One may overcome this difficulty by constructing two acceptance zones whose boundaries depend on the number of the utilized symptoms. One of the two alternatives is accepted if the “incomplete” sum Xp−j = ∑p−ji=1bixi, j being the symptom number counted from the end of the list, crosses one of the boundaries. Otherwise the next symptom must be enlisted. Formulae defining the boundaries of the acceptance zones and the percentage of the patients whose diagnosis requires not more than p‐j symptoms are given. When the sum Xp−1 remains in the indifferent zone one may obtain the full discriminant function by replacing the missing data xi with the mean value xi. The increase of the probability of misclassification due to this procedure is calculated.
MAPPING AND RECOGNITION OF EVENTS IN ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY
Authors: DROZEN V.
Published: February 2008

In the first part, the author sums up general features of his model of holographic associative memory, consisting of a short‐time component and the associative layer, bearer of permanent records, realized as changes of synaptic weights according to a suitable algorithm. In living systems, some means are necessary to safeguard the memory from overflooding with irrelevant information. It is shown that the selection of biologically important patterns and events may be based upon the system of pre‐determined unconditioned reflexes. One possible way of introducing this principle is by allowing the unconditioned stimulus to activate the mechanism of synaptic changes so that the preceding event, still kept in the short‐time memory, may be recorded permanently, while other patterns and events occurring in the inactivated state are remembered only after numerous repetitions.
PROCESSES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS
Authors: FLYNN MICHAEL J. , RAO KOSARAJU S.
Published: February 2008

Coordination of processes may be explicit through logical control signals (asynchronous) or implicit through the use of a specified time base (synchronous). In addition, these interprocess communications can be neighborhood restricted or global in space. These interactions are explored and significant developments and problems are reviewed in this paper.
THE “COMPARATOR” FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF MENTAL LIFE
Authors: BIZE P.R.
Published: February 2008

A canonical regulation device consists of three operators, the principal one of which is the comparator. The paper considers the comparator in neuro‐psychology and its role according to the level and form of thought.
INFORMATION AND PATTERN
Authors: BELL D.A.
Published: February 2008

A concept of very general human interest is that of pattern which may not be amenable to the communication engineer's measure of “information”. The ideas of structure and complexity can be quantified in relation to strictly geometrical patterns, and appear to have some qualitative applications to visual art and to music. But some degree of irregularity also contributes to aesthetic experience, and this is not easily quantified.
A NOTE ON CAUSALITY AND MODELS
Authors: MILNER D.
Published: February 2008

An argument is given that a purely deductive logic is not capable of modelling the process of perception, since perception relies on some method of inference of the (causal) relationships between events. The similarity between scientific explanation and perception is also hinted at, and an addendum briefly gives a possible representation for the inference of causal relationships.
A PLANNING SYSTEM TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPLIED TO ROUTE SELECTION
Authors: DOOLEY JAMES E. , NEWKIRK ROSS T.
Published: February 2008

The authors describe a computer‐based planning system which can be used to find continuous near‐linear routes for utilities subject to numerous constraints. A major difficulty resolved was to analyse accurately the discrete valued impact surface over an area in excess of 2700 square miles in extent. The planning system involves the application of computer procedures to an extensive data bank and the use of computer graphics techniques. The authors discuss the determination of orthogonal impact factors, data base development and the development of computational modules to provide discrete impact scaling. Of particular importance is the development of the Newkirk Cascade Algorithm to combine impact predictions.
THE RATE DISTORTION THEORY AND PROBABILITY MODELS
Authors: TZANNES NICOLAOS S.
Published: February 2008

The Rate Distortion Theory is a branch of the Information Theory applicable to the case when the entropy of the source exceeds the capacity of the Channel. A rate distortion function R(D) is defined between the input and output alphabets X, Y of a channel. It can be shown that it is possible to design a communication system which achieves a fidelity D when the capacity of the channel C is greater than R(D). In this paper, the formulation of the Rate Distortion Theory is used for the problem of derived probability models. The variables X, Y and the Channel are given new interpretations, and the result is an ability to pick a derived probability model for Y when X is of a known probability structure. The fidelity criterion assumes the rle of an error function in this terminology. Two specific cases are discussed.
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS—A SURVEY OF PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: DRISCOLL L.C.
Published: February 2008

A central problem of industrial robotics today is the development of systems for real‐world automatic assembly operations. Research groups in the US, UK, and Japan are currently taking a systems approach to computer‐controlled manipulation and are emphasizing hand/sensor/assembly‐task interactions. This paper surveys memory + sensory control prototypes and eye‐hand coordination prototypes at IBM, University of Nottingham, Hitachi, and Mitsubishi.
A DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO PURPOSEFUL SYSTEMS AND INTELLIGENCE
Authors: RICHARDS DEREK J.
Published: February 2008

In order to survive, the actions of a purposeful system must be governed in such a way that its more prepotent needs are satisfied. A purposeful system's actions are largely governed by its representation of its world, and hence if it has an inappropriate representation it will not survive. Our premise is that intelligence is a property only reasonably attributable to purposeful systems which compute a representation of their world. Using this premise, we consider cognition to be the continual process of computing/recomputing representations and argue that it implies forms of computation, described in this paper, which make distinctions.
FEEDBACK MODELS OF MONOPOLISTIC BUSINESS POLICIES
Authors: BAETGE J. , BALLWIESER W. , BOLENZ G. , HÖMBERG R. , WULLERS P.
Published: February 2008

This is the first of two parts of a paper in which we shall develop microeconomic price models of monopolistic competition using methods and tools of feedback theory. The models discussed are based on an approach presented by Billstroem and Thore in 1964. In the second part we will develop a different approach which can better deal with real problems. All feedback models will be simulated by means of the simulation language CSMP/360 III.
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SOCIO‐ECONOMIC PLANNING
Authors: STOJANOVIĆ RADMILA
Published: February 2008

Society is considered as a large system and, therefore, the inevitable planning of its development as a whole must be such that the focus is on the interaction: nature — man — society. The following topics will be discussed: The participation and coordination of natural and social sciences in the formation of the future of the human society, in general, and of various given social systems in particular; the most important reasons favouring the systems approach to socio‐economic planning; the consideration of the whole planning — action feedback cycle, i.e. the simultaneous planning of both large wholes and their parts alongside the continuous coordination of interests and goals at various levels of management in the economy as well as in the whole society (the so‐called convergence planning); three levels of the development plan of any economic system (the technical, the economic and the social plan of development and their unity. Technical, economic and social proportions in the process of development); the relationship of development policy planning and the technology of planning (development policy planning as a general social activity. Optimality of the planning system).
ON HEALTH INDICATORS AND THEIR MARGIN OF ERROR
Authors: THEODORIDIS GEORGE C. , ATTINGER ERNST O.
Published: February 2008

Possible approaches to the formulation of health indicators and the uncertainties that should be associated with such indicators are discussed. As an illustration, two health indicators are formulated, one reflecting the degree of premature mortality in a population, and one reflecting the impact of health on the ratio between the productive and the dependent age groups in a population. Illustrative values of these indicators are computed for various countries and are compared with the corresponding values of the customary health indicators of life expectancy and infant mortality. The indication of the margin of error that should be attached to such indicators if they are to be regarded as measures of population “health” is obtained by observing the extent to which these different indicators correlate with each other when their values for various countries are considered.
A LEARNING MACHINE WHICH LEARNS, REMEMBERS AND REPRODUCES SEQUENCES WITHOUT THE USE OF DELAYS
Authors: WALKER J.J. , YOUNG J.F.
Published: February 2008

In the past, there have been several attempts to produce a machine which is able to learn sequences. The early attempts of Uttley and Taylor involved sequence recognition, and are valuable in that they define the problems involved in this type of approach. More recently Fukushima has described a system which reproduces the sequences that are presented to it, and has shown that this approach overcomes many of the difficulties involved in the early work. The present paper describes a system which uses the reproduction approach, but which does not involve the assumption that sequence reproduction must involve delays. Instead a learning theorem is adopted which used interaction between short‐term and long‐term memories, and which therefore obviates the need for complex systems of delay elements. The sensitivity to sequences is inherent in the learning theorem. Simulation of the system on a digital computer has shown that it can learn to reproduce any combination of the ten inputs in sequences of up to eight different elements.
FEEDBACK MODELS OF MONOPOLISTIC BUSINESS POLICIES
Authors: BAETGE J. , BALLWIESER W. , BOLENZ G. , HÖMBERG R. , WULLERS P.
Published: February 2008

In the previous issue of this Journal, the authors described, analysed and enlarged a micro‐economic model by Billstroem and Thore. In this part they present their own simulation model. The model is a three loop system of price‐, advertising‐, production‐, and stock‐policy. Main differences compared with the Billstroem/Thore‐approach are: The model includes interactions between the different business policies mentioned. Both control‐variables and exogenous disturbance‐variables have been included. Each of three subsystems is controlled by a regulator and feed‐forward control unit. Therefore the model of Billstroem/Thore can be called a feedback approach, while the model to be introduced is a feedback‐feed‐forward system with disturbance.
DECISION‐MAKING IN VAGUE CONDITIONS
Authors: NAPLATANOFF N. , LAKOV D.
Published: February 2008

Formalization of the decision‐making process in vague conditions is urgent not only in studying man's function in a man‐machine system, but in designing the informational exchange conditions between the operator and the information computer which works like an adviser. On the basis of Zadeh's fuzzy sets notion a linguistically conceivable estimate of vague system conditions is proposed. An algorithm for informational exchange in a man‐machine system is developed as a step in adapting the machine computation facilities to man's intellectual abilities. This algorithm is used for designing a man‐machine dialogue for decision‐making processes. A possible application to a distribution power system (decision‐making for exchange power) is pointed out.
STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS IN THE INFORMATION DOMAIN
Authors: REISIG G.H.R.
Published: February 2008

The presented principal objective is information retrieval from tepetitiously generated data sets. In contrast to conventional, formally statistical analysis, the genesis of data is postulated as the principal feature of analysis for obtaining the optimum of information from any data set. Consequently, arbitrary randomization of naturally sequential data, formal averaging, and “amplitude‐classification” of formal statistics are rejected because of suppression of information. Preservation of information is accomplished by pattern classification of coherent data sets into characteristic pattern prototypes. Examples are given.
RESPONSIBILITY FOR CLEANING POLLUTION:
Authors: CHATTERJI MANAS
Published: February 2008

Significant amount of pollution can be generated in one region but its output is used directly and indirectly for providing final goods in other areas. Pollution of an upstream area may be carried downstream and air pollution generated in one area may be diffused to other areas. An integrated interregional input‐output and linear programming model has been presented through which responsibility for cleaning pollution can be established and optimum relocation of industries can be achieved in the framework of technological and economic constraints.
HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS AND FUZZY‐SET THEORY
Authors: POLLATSCHEK M.A.
Published: February 2008

Levels of hierarchical systems are characterized by different degrees of detail and are capable of mathematical modeling with the aid of the fuzzy‐set theory. The degree of fuzziness is proposed as the means for this characterization, and is examined for different systems drawn from life and from various sciences.
SOCIAL CHOICE AND SELF‐ORGANIZATION UNDER FUZZY MANAGEMENT
Authors: DIMITROV V.D.
Published: February 2008

A complex human system, whose description is only possible in a fuzzy way, was put into correspondence with management in the form of fuzzy instructions, which expressed unprecisely formulated actions and led to more than one way of their understanding and realization. We call such management fuzzy. The self‐organization processes in the human systems under fuzzy management are considered — building coalitions, forming a hierarchy, etc. The principle of Gause‐Arrow is presented, according to which in every human system under fuzzy management there is at least one “leader” who possesses the highest ability of generating variety of alternatives in response of fuzzy instructions. The following statement is proved: For each coalition formed under a stable fuzzy management there is a group choice rule which is socially satisfactory in the sense of Arrow.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY LANGUAGES TO PATTERN RECOGNITION
Authors: LEE E.T.
Published: February 2008

The concept of a fuzzy language is applied to pattern recognition using geometric figures, chromosomes and leukocytes as illustrative examples. For chromosomes, an algorithm for classifying a chromosome image as an “approximate median chromosome,” “approximate sub‐median chromosome” or “approximate acrocentric chromosome” is presented. For leukocytes, an equal‐perimeter circular shape measure and an equal‐area circular shape measure are proposed, and various properties, results, and the relationship between these two measures are presented. Quantitative measures of other visual concepts such as elongated, spiculed, indented, slightly indented and deeply indented arc also presented and illustrated by examples. The results obtained in this paper may have useful applications in pattern recognition, cybernetics and fuzzy systems.
TOLERATING FUZZINESS IN KEYWORDS BY SIMILARITY SEARCHES
Authors: SCHEK H.J.
Published: February 2008

One feature of a user‐friendly system is the capability to tolerate fuzziness in the form of names or keywords. The following remarks are a first step towards a model for the intuitive human‐like notion of similarity. This model is characterized by using only the context within single words for a definition of similarity measures. These measures are based on maximal common substrings and abstract syllables. In order to obtain an efficient computation of this formal similarity in large lists, a preselection method is given which uses a simple distance between strings and a precomputed binary relation between character‐pairs and keywords.
ON DISCRIMINATION OF FUZZY STATES IN PROBABILITY SPACE
Authors: ASAI K. , TANAKA H. , OKUDA T.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the discrimination problem of the states which involve two types of uncertainty: “randomness” and “fuzziness.” This problem is very important in the fields of soft science such as management science, sociology, eta, since the object of discrimination involves these types of uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a discrimination system of fuzzy states on a probability space and derive the decision rule which minimizes the average of error probability of discrimination. In our formulation of the discrimination system there exists the case that a large number of observations does not necessarily make the average of error probability small, so that an index for decision of an upper limit of number of observations is also derived.
ON FUZZY OPTIMIZATION
Authors: NEGOITA C.V. , RALESCU D.A.
Published: February 2008

By fuzzy optimization we here mean optimization in a fuzzy environment, i.e., optimization with fuzzy constraints. Such a problem can be reduced to a family of ordinary optimization problems by using the representation theorem which states that a fuzzy set is a family of ordinary sets. Since it is difficult to work with a family of sets, in this paper a fuzzy set is approximated by an ordinary set. The Chebyshev norm is introduced into the set of all fuzzy sets, and a set is said to approximate a fuzzy set if the norm of a difference of its characteristic functions is smaller than a given number.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY SET THEORY TO ECONOMICS
Authors: CHANG S.S.L.
Published: February 2008

Fuzzy set theory is applied to three areas of economic modeling, economic forecasting and economic policy. In modeling it gives expression to the fact that after structural equations are obtained from theoretical considerations, the parameters cannot be estimated accurately. In forecasting a solution is given to the multiple model problem. In economic policy, it offers a range of optimum policies depending on a risk parameter and leaves the final policy choice to the decision maker.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE—A NEW DISCIPLINE IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCES (A VIEWPOINT)
Authors: BROWN D.J.H.
Published: February 2008

Some recent work in Artificial Intelligence concerning machine vision, game‐playing and automatic language processing is reviewed and related to Turing's early requirements for an “intelligent machine”. The relationship between computer science and artificial intelligence is discussed from the software angle — programming and programming languages.
CONTROL ANALYSIS IN BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE
Authors: HIRSIG R.
Published: February 2008

An off‐line optimization method is described which allows the determination of “optimal” control strategies in a behavioural systems analysis. The method is based on the theory of learning systems, using a phenomenalistic model of the behavioural process for control experiments. There are no restrictions concerning the degree or order of this model. An outline of an investigation in social psychology demonstrates an application of the proposed method. The analysed data are the same as those used in a report on “System identification in behavioural science” previously published in this journal. This allows comparison of two different approaches to behavioural systems analysis by means of a phenomenalistic model.
THE CYBERNETICS OF LYING
Authors: MUSÈS C.
Published: February 2008

In this paper the author discusses the rather subtle and unquestionably fascinating cybernetics involved in the psychophysiology of human deception and its detection by the now sophisticated psychobiofeedback techniques of the polygraph; this was first developed by Leonarde Keeler, then improved further by John Reid, and finally made into a reliable technique by Cleve Backster, with an interpretative and numerical scoring system lending itself to the next development, now being addressed by the present writer: computerized chart‐marking with print‐out interpretation. “Polygraph” means “multiple record” and the 1921 original had two (heart and breath) in response to induced emotional change. Earlier (some in 19th century) devices using one parameter only were not polygraphs and did not use induced affect.
INFORMATIONAL LOAD AS A DESIGN PARAMETER FOR TASKS INVOLVING MANUAL MOTIONS AND DECISIONS
Authors: RAOUF A.
Published: February 2008

Increased acceptance of automation by management has changed the role of a typical industrial worker. These days workers are required more and more to use their manual and decision making capabilities. The designers of man‐machine systems, who are required to predict the performance of such systems, do not have available to them well‐tested techniques suitable for making such predictions. Some methodologies are available which assume the additivity of manual and decision times. Current experimental work has indicated that a certain informational load does not affect equally the performance time for various sub‐sections of a given task when discrete type motions are made. Various types of motions, i.e., move, position, etc., having different magnitudes have been investigated to study the effect of informational load on performance time. Informational loads were varied by changing the set size and the statistical structure of the same set. In addition to the description of Type II Tasks, findings of four studies are discussed. Based on the findings a set of guidelines is presented which may be used by the designers of tasks involving human decision making and manual motions.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPOMETABOLISM SYSTEMS AND USE OF SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR CONTROL
Authors: ANTOMONOV YU. , KIFORENKO S. , ALLAMIYAROV B. , MIKUL'SKAYA I. , PAROKONNAYA N.
Published: February 2008

A model is constructed describing the interaction of systems of carbohydrate and fatty‐lipoid metabolism. The model equations can be presented in the form of a system of linear differential equations which combines 36 velocities of different metabolic and hormonal variances in different tissues into a system of combined feedback loops. A simplified variant is given of the model of a system of regulating sugar in blood. The mathematical model being available, it is possible to choose proper dosage. Mathematical models are used for practical medical applications.
RECURSIVE STRUCTURALIZATION IN ALGORITHM CYBERNETICS
Authors: JONES BUSH
Published: February 2008

An approach to the cybernetic design of a wide class of algorithms is presented. The approach allows the implicit elimination of symbolic forms for an algorithm, while the search for a symbolic form can be dynamically restricted to a narrow space of symbolic forms. The immediate practical use of the design concept is demonstrated.
PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION AND CONTROL
Authors: SAHAL DEVENDRA
Published: February 2008

Certain general principles of regulation and control are developed and substantiated by means of evidence from a variety of fields. First, success in regulation is a function of several variables including adaptability, use of heuristic devices, system structure and characteristics of its constituent parts. Second, both internal specialization of a system and the variety of its dependencies on the environment are important. However, while the variety is important only in the short‐run, system structure is important both in the short‐run and the long‐run. Third, according to the contemporary cybernetic paradigm, a self‐regulatory system must be an open system. This is concluded to be a myth. The theory is developed and illustrated.
CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY IN THE OPTIMAL CONTROL OF LINEAR ECONOMETRIC MODELS
Authors: MYOKEN HAJIME
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with the state‐space approach to optimal control problems of dynamic econometric systems. We show how the state‐space approach can be integrated into the traditional econometric method, and how much could be gained by this consolidated approach.
A FREQUENCY RESPONSE NEURON MODEL: INTERACTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AND FURTHER SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: COVINGTON A.R. , SAMPSON J.R. , PEDDICORD R.G.
Published: February 2008

This paper reports further development and applications of a computational model permitting analysis of frequency response characteristics of simulated neurons. The original single‐neuron model, as described by Peddicord and Sampson in 1974, is briefly reviewed here. There follows a thorough description of a new interactive implementation of the model on a PDP‐11/45. The implementation permits high‐speed simulation of large neural networks, and is designed for easy use by investigators with no special knowledge of computers or programming. Experiments with the new system have included the design of improved bandpass filters, pacemaker neurons and networks, and a cerebellar circuit. Simulation results are presented and, in the last case, compared with available physiological data. The paper concludes with a critique of the system, suggestions for further experiments, and a comparison with the simulation system developed by Perkel. Two appendices document the system data structures and show a sample simulation run.
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS: KNOWLEDGE ASSOCIATION AND RELATED DEDUCTIVE PROCESSES
Authors: KOENIG ELDO C.
Published: February 2008

Important to the performance of intelligent systems is the ability of its members to deduce conclusions as responses from premisses received as knowledge during different time periods. Two types of knowledge associations are established for combing knowledge structures received during different time periods into fewer coherent structures. The knowledge system used has the graphs for a general automaton as a formal way of storing knowledge in a computer. Basic types of arguments arising from the natural deductive processes are identified and established as valid through the procedures for formal logic.
DEVELOPING APARTMENT MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS AS URBAN OPERATIONS
Authors: RAOUF A. , KETTUNEN O.V.
Published: February 2008

There are about 600 million accommodation units in the world. The maintenance of the accommodation is essentially similar in every country. Research work in accommodation maintenance has been minimal so far. This study deals with some fundamental models of building maintenance. The paper gives the most important development projects in the following groups: maintenance group, maintenance area, city, and state. Special attention is concentrated on the strategic and normative planning of area maintenance system in a city connected with other related urban operations. The running costs of housing accommodation by the methods mentioned in the paper can be reduced by about 30%.
A SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION FOR WORLD CULTURE
Authors: DODD S.C. , WEBB B.
Published: February 2008

All cultures have models of the universe. These models explain the structure of the world, the proper structure of society, the important events in life and the relationship of mystical and rational consciousness. Science has four goals; describing the present, explaining the past, predicting the future and understanding fundamental processes. The Pan‐Acts model maintains that the foundation of reality is an ocean of infinitesimals of energy in ceaseless, random motion. Eight levels of organized phenomena are created by the combinations and permutations of these infinitesimals. This model could serve as a basis for the evolution of a humanistic planetary culture.
DISCRETE‐DYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF ONSET AND PROPAGATION OF MONOSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS (PSP)
Authors: ANTOMONOV YU. , KOTOVA A.
Published: February 2008

The equations take into account structural and geometrical parameters (sizes and a configuration of the synapse, geometrical properties of the neuron membrane, local changes of concentrations and potential) and determine changes of concentrations and the potential on the membrane and in hemispheres for discrete areas of the cytoplasm and the adjacent membrane part. Their investigation demonstrated that the equations may form the basis of sufficiently complete neuron description with due allowance for the fundamental physico‐chemical laws of motion and for the structural properties of separate parts of the nerve‐cell.
THE THIRD CYBERNETICS AND TEMPORAL LOGIC
Authors: TASCHDJIAN E.
Published: February 2008

This paper aims to link up the concepts of system bifurcation and system catastrophe with temporal logic in order to show the applicability of dialectical reasoning to metamorphic system transformations. A system catastrophe is an innovation resulting from reorganization resulting from a switch from positive to negative feedback or vice versa. The subsystems would then be oscillators and the truth of any descriptive statement is then distributive. Such oscillations would produce an uncertainty in the temporal trajectory of the system which would increase both towards the past and the future. This means that time is not a scalar dimension, but a quadratic paraboloid distribution of converging and diverging transition probabilities. A social system composed of such oscillators would be heterarchical rather than hierarchical.
WAVE MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ECG—VCG's USING A LINEAR REGRESSION TECHNIQUE
Authors: LIEDTKE CLAUS‐E. , TUNA NAIP
Published: February 2008

After a brief introduction to statistical decision theory, the paper describes the approximation of the probability p(x, 0 of a measurement vector x and a diagnostic category i by a linear function in x using multiple multivariate regression techniques. The classification algorithm thus obtained is evaluated for increasing number of predictive measurements in terms of the percentage of correct classification for each diagnostic category, the overall percentage of correct classification and the sensitivity and specificity. For a fixed number of 16 ECG—VCG measurements the classification method is characterized by its misclassification matrix and its diagnostic operating curve. Based on a large test set of cases containing single and mixed diagnoses it could be shown that the algorithm gives very good results not only for single diagnostic cases but also in those situations where patients have several pathological conditions at a time.
SOME RESULTS ON THE BIAS AND MEAN SQUARED ERROR IN THE METHOD OF FREQUENCY MOMENTS
Authors: HIGGINS J.J. , TICHENOR D.M.
Published: February 2008

Let f (x) be a probability density function. The problem of estimating the functional ∫f2(x) dx by the Method of Frequency Moments is considered. An expression for the asymptotic mean squared error of the proposed estimator is given. The results are applied to the estimation of the reciprocal of the scale parameter in the Cauchy and Pareto distributions. An approximation for the bias in the Method of Frequency Moments is given, and a two step estimation procedure is discussed.
STOCHASTIC ECOLOGY MODELS FOR TWO INTERACTING POPULATIONS
Authors: SMITH TRUETT L. , TSOKOS CHRIS P.
Published: February 2008

The interaction of two species can be considered to be either mutually competitive, the “co‐predator” case, or dominated by one species, the “predator‐prey” model. The study of stochastic versions of these models has been impeded by the occurrence of nonlinear expressions in the characterization of the resulting probability structure. Generating function methods are used to study the bivariate and conditional probability distributions and their moments. The results are illustrated using a Laplace transform technique for obtaining numerical values. These methods can be used in the development of ecological prediction techniques and can be extended easily to the bivariate logistic model.
DICHOTIC PROPERTY AND TELEOGENESIS
Authors: PARKS M.S. , STEINBERG E.
Published: February 2008

The problem of goal generation (teleogenesis) is addressed by the development of a system framework based upon the property of hemispheric lateralization of functions. Micro‐information structure is examined to establish the role of replication in molecular, cellular and functional interactions. From the framework presented, conditions are derived under which output functions can be related to the evolution of the dichotic system and the inverse mappings between the system components. The holographic communication form is examined both in relation to the invertability requirement of the Fourier series and the source of the periodicity for an incident signal.
MOLECULAR CYBERNETICS: THE NEXT STEP?
Authors: WALLACE M.R.
Published: February 2008

Recent developments in genetic engineering have dramatic implications for cybernetics. The possibility of rearranging the instructions on a DNA molecule to any given specification is now accepted as inevitable by biologists. In this paper, we demonstrate that this opens up the possibility of using DNA and the genetic code for storing information of any kind whatsoever including computer programs. The self‐replicating nature of the double helix, its remarkable stability and its infinitessimal size offer considerable scope for the use of this molecule as a generalized means of storing information over and above its biological function in evolution.
SIMULATION OF DRUG EFFECTS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: BENDALL M.
Published: February 2008

Pharmacological experiments involving the determination of sites of action and mode of action of drugs in the central nervous system provide results which may be difficult to interpret with certainty. Difficulties arise mainly from the highly complex, interactive nature of the system under study. Despite gross simplifications the problems still present serious limitations to the use which can be made of the results. A computer simulation is described which, given information defining the possible structure of the system under investigation, the drug effects and experimental factors, will provide information relating to changes in behaviour of the system.
REMARKS ON THEORIES OF COMPUTATION AND SEMANTICS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Authors: GHOSE A.
Published: February 2008

Theories of computation related to the semantics of programming languages, like those of McCarthy and Scott, rely on non‐constructive mathematical “ideas.” Turing's theory does not assume any mathematical “ideas.” In the approaches of Floyd, McCarthy and Scott the attempt is to develop a general theory of “meaning of programs” and then to consider the problem of correctness and equivalence. From a constructive point of view, suggested in this paper, correctness is considered only from that of meaning of a particular program. A general theory of meaning is rejected because of its ontological assumptions. It is shown why for a constructive semantics of programming languages the distinction in ontology between a “mathematical algorithm” and the corresponding program is so fundamental.
A STUDY OF TIME‐SHIFTED SIGNALS AND THEIR EXPANSIONS
Authors: TZANNES N.S.
Published: February 2008

A simple extension of the concept of the inner product leads to orthonormal expansions of time‐shifted signals with coefficients dependent on the shift variable. It is shown that such expansions have their counterparts of Parseval's identity and Bessel inequality. The Projection Theorem holds, and a version of Mercer's theorem and Karhumen—Loeve's expansion are also shown to hold, in a non‐stochastic regime. The approach leads to new interpretations of time correlation functions and Fourier Series expansions.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING k‐NEAREST NEIGHBOURS
Authors: KITTLER JOSEF
Published: February 2008

All the modified Nearest Neighbour methods of pattern classification2–6 developed to reduce the amount of computer storage and time needed for the implementation of a NN classifier require prohibitively costly data preprocessing which involves detailed examination of the neighbouring points to the elements of the reference set. In this paper a method for determining k‐nearest neighbours to a given point is described. The method uses the computationally efficient city block distance to select candidate points for the set of k‐nearest neighbours. In this way the preprocessing time is considerably reduced.
Contemporary Cybernetics
Authors: RUDALL B.H.
Published: February 2008

A LASER METHOD FOR DATA STORAGE Dr. George Castro and his colleagues of the Physical Science Department of IBM's San Jose Laboratory have patented a laser method of recording data. They suggest the method would enable the brain's capacity to be put on a square surface about a yard across, assuming that the human memory can hold only a million billion bits of basic information.
CYBERNETICS AND GENERAL SYSTEMS—A UNITARY SCIENCE?
Authors: DUTTA MAJUMDER D.
Published: February 2008

The historical perspective of the emergence of cybernetics as the science of control, communication and computation in machines and living tissues, and integrated and complex man‐machine systems as a unitary discipline of General Systems Theory is presented. In the second section both the theories of cybernetics and general systems are shown to be the same in motivation, requirements, characteristics, attributes and behaviour. In the third section cybernetic systems such as the class of finite state machines are established as a subclass of general dynamical systems. In the last section the cybernetics as a general and universal theory of action, including social praxis in general comprehending technical and moral praxis, is presented.
CYBERNETICS AND GENERAL SYSTEMS—A UNITARY SCIENCE?
Authors: ZELENY M.
Published: February 2008

After considering some ideas propounded in the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, the author discusses the concepts of “cybernetyka,” “tektology” and “holism.” Particular attention is paid to the ideas of Trentowski in respect of cybernetics. The problem of tektology is then studied in detail as enunciated by Bogdanov. This is followed by an analysis of holism based on Smuts' ideas. In the epilogue the author combines all these ideas and shows how cybernetics and general systems may become unitary.
ON THE UNITY BETWEEN CYBERNETICS AND GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY
Authors: GERGELY T.
Published: February 2008

This paper first sketches the most important properties of cybernetics and general system theory and their connections. In order to determine their relationship we then describe the main stages in the development of cybernetics as well as its connection with the general system theory. Cybernetics and GST remain autonomous, maintaining their own internal logics and methods. Nevertheless, whenever they have to unite their forces for solving certain problems, like those of constructing complex systems with some kind of intelligence, they may cooperate in such a way that the complementary results they achieve may yield a complete picture.
RESOLUTION DES EQUATIONS D'UN MODELE DE LA RESPIRATION
Authors: CHERRUAULT Y. , GUILLEZ A.
Published: February 2008

Reprenant les equations d'un modèle d'échanges gazeux alvéolo‐capillaires établi par J. Brocas et Y. Cherruault, les auteurs montrent que l'on peut résoudre ces équations, trouver les solutions explicites et les identifier. Starting from the model of alveolo‐capillary gas exchanges of Professors J. Brocas and Y. Cherruault, the authors solve equations, find explicit solutions by an original method and identify these.
Contemporary Cybernetics
Authors: RUDALL B.H.
Published: February 2008

AUTOMATION IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY The results of the rapid expansion in the fields of Process Control and Automation since the 1960's are now being seen in industrial applications. Although these industrial applications vary, they now cover the wide range of control systems, from small single processor monitoring systems to large mutli‐processor configurations. The Steel industry provides many examples of the intelligent application of such systems, particularly in controlled instrumentation. Earlier developments in this field produced units which were simply additions of existing Analogue and Digital computers to basic spectrographic equipment for calculation purposes. Since the 1970's, however, the complete control of the Analytical instrument has been the common practice.
A SMALL STORE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION ESTIMATOR FOR INCOMPLETE DATA CLASSIFICATION
Authors: KITTLER JOSEF
Published: February 2008

In the paper the problem of designing a pattern recognition system for processing incomplete pattern vectors is considered. An efficient method of integrating the small core probability density function (p.d.f.) estimator employing Gaussian kernels with general parameter matrices has been proposed. As a result these general kernels satisfy the basic requirements of integrability and, therefore, they can be used in p.d.f. estimators for classification systems processing incomplete pattern vectors. In comparison with the Gaussian kernel having a diagonal parameter matrix, the general kernel is better suited for reconstructing multivariate p.d.f. of pattern vectors with correlated components. Also determination of the optimal parameters of the general kernel is much simpler for the use of the computationally demanding maximum likelihood parameter estimation method can be obviated.
A SEARCH FOR UNIVERSAL MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS
Authors: NELSON P.P.
Published: February 2008

In order to obtain a universal description of neurons, we review the main experimental data in regard to gates, ionic channels and post‐synaptic pores. Some theoretical discussions allow us to conclude that (a) the synaptic gates are always optimized to give a linear answer; (b) there is only one kind of sodium channels and gates; (c) there is only one kind of potassium gates in the somatic part of true neurons; (d) the delays in the opening of the gates differ slightly from one neuron to another; (e) the ionic concentrations inside the neurons are related to the values of these delays.
A BRANCH‐AND‐BOUND ALGORITHM FOR THE MULTISTAGE CONTROL OF A FUZZY SYSTEM IN A FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
Authors: KACPRZYK J.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, the problem of determining a maximizing decision in the multistage control of a fuzzy system in a fuzzy environment is considered. In the fuzzy system under control, the state is assumed to be fuzzy, while the control, not fuzzy. The fuzzy environment is given by fuzzy constraints and fuzzy goals imposed on particular control stages. The number of control stages, i.e. the termination time, is assumed to be fixed and specified; the same applies to the initial state. The fuzzy decision is defined as the intersection of fuzzy goals and fuzzy constraints. For solving the above problem, a branch‐and‐bound algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is simple and relatively efficient. Two examples are given.
RISK MINIMIZATION BY LINEAR FEEDBACK
Authors: STÖPPLER S.
Published: February 2008

This paper offers an introduction to dynamic economic planning under uncertainty, i.e. the use of econometric models together with mathematical optimization methods for the analysis and quantitative determination of optimal economic policies. The corresponding basic methodology (optimal feedback stochastic control of linear econometric models given a quadratic cost functional) is presented with particular regard to its practical application. The method is then applied for demonstration purposes to an econometric model of the Federal Republic of Germany.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF STATE‐SPACE REPRESENTATIONS FOR MULTIVARIABLE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
Authors: MYOKEN H.
Published: February 2008

This paper offers various state‐space representations in the context of applications of the system control theory to dynamic economic systems and examines interrelationships between the alternative representations in both economics literature and system control engineering literature. In particular, some characteristics of various state‐space forms are assessed with respect to the structural properties of each form, thereby demonstrating the relative advantages and disadvantages of different realization methods presented in this paper.
WHEREOF ONE CANNOT SPEAK
Authors: ROSENBERG M.J.
Published: February 2008

A working art machine would embody an effective theory of art. What capacities would it need? It is suggested that authorship entails transmitting order and creative authorship finding new order. The works of authorship are “objective” and, where they represent experience, satisfy the least condition for classification as art.
THREE ASPECTS OF INFORMATIONAL PROCESSES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: CHORAYAN O.G.
Published: February 2008

Methods are presented for the quantitative calculation of the amount of statistical, semantic and pragmatic information in the summary information flow in communication systems represented by nerve cells. These methods have been tried in the analysis of spike trains of central neurons during their reliable activity, i.e. adaptation and formation of a conditioned reflex. Some possible mechanisms of ensuring reliability and stability of informational activity of nervous communication systems are discussed.
Establishing Valid Arguments by Computer and Storing their Meanings: a Premiss of form A of Aristotelian Logic
Authors: KOENIG ELDO C.
Published: February 2008

Important to the performance of interactive systems is the ability of its members to establish valid arguments. The type of arguments discussed here contains a premiss of form A of the Aristotelian logic, a second premiss and the conclusion, and the deductive process involves the predicate logic. Knowledge structures for storing the meanings of the arguments are based on principles for general automata and are in the form of graphs. After recognizing the knowledge structures for the premisses by a computer, determining conclusions and storing the meanings of the conclusions become a standard procedure.
PROGRAMMING AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT IN ITALIAN
Authors: BERNORIO M. , BERTONI M. , DABBENE A. , SOMALVICO M.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some considerations about the problem of Natural Language Understanding with respect to the particular semantic domain of Robotics. The goal that makes realistic this research direction is the programming of a robot in Natural Language. A system called DONAU (Domain Oriented NAtural Language Understanding system) written in LISP and in MICROPLANNER has been developed on the UNIVAC 1108 computer of the MP‐AI Project, and experimental results have been obtained. This system represents an advanced contribution in the domain of Robotics and it is also a base for developing a more general Natural Language Understanding System.