bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of a social norm: tracing the emergence of the housewife in the Netherlands, 1812–19221
Authors: VAN POPPEL FRANS W. A. , VAN DALEN HENDRIK P. , WALHOUT EVELIEN
Published: May 2008

The emergence of the housewife in the Netherlands over the period 1812–1922 was strongly influenced by the social norm that women should withdraw from the labour market on the eve of marriage. Adherence to this norm is most clearly reflected in the emergence of the housewife among the lower classes, especially at the close of the nineteenth century among wives of farmers. Women in urban municipalities, however, set the norm far earlier and differences across social classes were significantly greater in towns than in rural areas. Paradoxically, the rise of the housewife did not change work pressures for lower‐class women.
‘Subclinical MS’: follow‐up of four cases
Authors: Hakiki B. , Goretti B. , Portaccio E. , Zipoli V. , Amato M. P.
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  Subclinical multiple sclerosis (S‐MS) can be defined as the discovery of characteristic lesions at magnetic resonance (MR) or at autopsy, in the absence of clinical evidence consistent with MS. To describe four cases of S‐MS cases followed‐up with clinical and MR examinations.

Methods:  The four patients were initially evaluated because of accidental MRI findings suggestive of MS that fulfilled the Barkhof criteria. At the moment of MR examination, patients were asymptomatic or complained of unspecific symptoms. The objective examinations as well as the clinical history were negative. An extensive diagnostic work‐up excluded alternative diagnoses.

Results:  Case 1: 40‐year woman undergoing MR examination due to trivial cervical trauma. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed an IgG Index of 3.32 and presence of oligoclonal bands (OCB). New MR enhancing lesions were detected in the brain and cervical cord after 2 and 5 years. The patient remained clinically asymptomatic. Neuropsychological assessment (NPS) performed after 5 years revealed moderate deficits of attention/concentration and executive functions. Case 2: 35‐ year man, undergoing MR due to recent‐onset headache. CSF analysis showed an IgG Index of 1.54 and presence of OCB. At baseline, NPS assessment revealed moderate deficit on complex attention tasks. New MR enhancing lesions were detected in the brain after 1 and 3 years. Four years after the first MR, the patient presented double vision with internuclear ophthalmoplegia. He fulfilled Polman’s criteria for MS and he started interferon beta therapy. He remained stable at a 8‐year follow‐up. Case 3: 32‐year man, undergoing MR due to brief loss of consciousness following neck hyperextension. CSF analysis showed absence of OCB and normal IgG Index. At baseline, NPS assessment revealed mild deficits of attention and executive functions. Over a 5‐year follow‐up the subject remained asymptomatic and MR was unchanged. Case 4: 40‐year woman, sister of an MS patient. MR was required during a period of marked tiredness taking into account the family history. The patient did not present any relevant symptoms and MRI remained unchanged over a 6‐year follow‐up. NPS evaluation performed after 7 years showed moderate impairment of memory, attention and executive functions.

Conclusion:  With the increased use of MR, S‐MS cases can be identified more often. In our series, despite the absence of any typical symptoms, an NPS assessment detected cognitive impairments consistent with those reported in MS.
Aortic calcification on plain chest radiography predicts embolic complications during carotid artery stenting
Authors: Gröschel K. , Pilgram S. M. , Ernemann U. , Schnaudigel S. , Nägele T. , Knauth M. , Kastrup A.
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  Aortic arch calcification (AC) on conventional angiograms has recently been shown to be associated with embolic complications during carotid artery stenting (CAS). Because conventional angiography is not routinely carried out in patients prior to CAS, a less invasive, commonly available diagnostic modality is warranted to identify AC.

Methods:  We investigated the occurrence of AC on routinely acquired chest radiographs and its influence on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) lesions as surrogate markers for stroke.

Results:  A total of 152 patients (mean age: 67.5 ± 8.9 years, 112 men) underwent CAS and completed pre‐ and post‐procedural DWI. AC larger than 1 cm in length was classified as relevant and could be detected in 63 patients (41.4%) on plain chest radiographs. In patients with AC, significantly more new DWI‐lesions were found than in patients without AC [median 2; interquartile range (IQR): 0–7 vs. median 1, IQR: 0–2; P < 0.05]. After multivariate regression analysis, AC was independently associated with new post‐procedural DWI lesions.

Discussion:  AC is a common finding in patients with a high‐grade carotid stenosis and predicts embolic complications during CAS. Since AC can be detected on plain chest radiography, this diagnostic tool is useful to identify high‐risk patients for CAS.
Inflation Targeting in a Small Open Economy*
Authors: Cuche‐Curti Nicolas A. , Dellas Harris , Natal Jean‐Marc
Published: May 2008

In this paper we offer a justification for the observed wide variation in monetary practices across industrial countries. We claim that differences in the monetary policy rule adopted may simply reflect differences in economic structure and, in particular, in the types of shocks encountered and nominal rigidities present in various countries. We find that a case for inflation targeting can be made when external shocks are the prevalent source of volatility in the economy – a likely scenario for a small open economy. A policy of strict inflation targeting performs best when the main source of nominal rigidity is to be found in the labour market, while a policy of flexible inflation targeting that also puts some emphasis on exchange rate volatility has superior performance when the main source of nominal rigidity is in the goods market. Domestic supply shocks, on the other hand, call for greater tolerance of short‐run inflation movements, especially in the presence of nominal wage rigidities.
Cognitive Functioning and Survival in the Elderly: The SSADH C538T Polymorphism
Authors: De Rango F. , Leone O. , Dato S. , Novelletto A. , Bruni A. C. , Berardelli M. , Mari V. , Feraco E. , Passarino G. , De Benedictis G.
Published: May 2008

The variability of the Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase (SSADH, or ALDH5A1) gene affects both pathological and normal phenotypes correlated to cognitive function. We tested the association between the C538T polymorphism of the SSADH gene and preservation of cognitive function in the elderly, and its possible effects on survival. A sample from southern Italy (514 subjects; 18–107 years) was screened for C538T variability. We found that, within the 65–85 years age range, the T/T genotype is overrepresented in subjects with impaired cognitive function (MMSE ≤ 23) compared to those with conserved cognitive function (MMSE > 23). Furthermore, we found that the T/T genotype affects survival after 65 years of age. In fact, after this age, the survival function of T/T homozygous subjects is lower than that of the others. Given that the enzymatic activity of the protein encoded by allele T is 82.5% of the activity of the protein encoded by allele C, our results suggest that the efficiency of the SSADH enzyme is important for the preservation of cognitive function and survival in the elderly.
A Genome‐wide Scan in an Amish Pedigree with Parkinsonism
Authors: Lee S. L. , Murdock D. G. , McCauley J. L. , Bradford Y. , Crunk A. , McFarland L. , Jiang L. , Wang T. , Schnetz‐Boutaud N. , Haines J. L.
Published: May 2008

The identification of familial Parkinson Disease (PD) genes is yielding important molecular pathogenetic insights. In an effort to identify additional PD genes, we studied an eight generation Amish pedigree with apparent autosomal dominant parkinsonism with incomplete penetrance. Phenotypic variability ranged from idiopathic PD to progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), with the average age at onset 53 years (range of 39 to 74 years). We identified markers on chromosome 3 and 7 that were significant at a genome‐wide level by parametric and nonparametric criteria, lod > 3 and non‐parametric P‐value < 0.10, respectively. We also identified markers on chromosomes 10 and 22 with lod > 3. These data suggest that parkinsonism in this pedigree is genetically complex, with contributions from several loci.
Four SNPS on Chromosome 9p21 Confer Risk to Premature, Familial CAD and MI in an American Caucasian Population (GeneQuest)
Authors: Abdullah K. G. , Li L. , Shen G.‐Q. , Hu Y. , Yang Y. , MacKinlay K. G. , Topol E. J. , Wang Q. K.
Published: May 2008

Genome‐wide association studies have separately identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 9p21 that confer susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). This study presents the first analysis of these SNPs (rs10757274, rs2383206, rs2383207, and rs10757278) in a premature, familial CAD/MI population (GeneQuest). We performed a case‐control analysis of the GeneQuest Caucasian population with 310 cases with premature CAD and MI (average age at onset of 40.3 ± 5.1) and 560 non‐CAD controls to determine if these SNPs are associated with risk of CAD using both the population‐based and family‐based association study designs. The four SNPs are significantly associated with premature and familial MI and CAD in the GeneQuest Caucasian population (allelic P= 6.61 × 10−7 to 1.87 × 10−8). Sib‐TDT analysis showed that three of the four SNPs could confer significant susceptibility to premature CAD and MI. These results indicate that the four SNPs on chromosome 9p21 are also associated with premature, familial CAD.
Swimming behavior in relation to buoyancy in an open swimbladder fish, the Chinese sturgeon
Authors: Watanabe Y. , Wei Q. , Yang D. , Chen X. , Du H. , Yang J. , Sato K. , Naito Y. , Miyazaki N.
Published: May 2008

The swimbladder of fishes is readily compressed by hydrostatic pressure with depth, causing changes in buoyancy. While modern fishes can regulate buoyancy by secreting gases from the blood into the swimbladder, primitive fishes, such as sturgeons, lack this secretion mechanism and rely entirely on air gulped at the surface to inflate the swimbladder. Therefore, sturgeons may experience changes in buoyancy that will affect their behavior at different depths. To test this prediction, we attached data loggers to seven free‐ranging Chinese sturgeons Acipenser sinensis in the Yangtze River, China, to monitor their depth utilization, tail‐beating activity, swim speed and body inclination. Two distinct, individual‐specific, behavioral patterns were observed. Four fish swam at shallow depths (7–31 m), at speeds of 0.5–0.6 m s−1, with ascending and descending movements of 1.0–2.4 m in amplitude. They beat their tails continuously, indicating that their buoyancy was close to neutral with their inflated swimbladders. In addition, their occasional visits to the surface suggest that they gulped air to inflate their swimbladders. The other three fish spent most of their time (88–94%) on the river bottom at a depth of 106–122 m with minimum activity. They occasionally swam upwards at speeds of 0.6–0.8 m s−1 with intense tailbeats before gliding back passively to the bottom, in a manner similar to fishes that lack a swimbladder. Their bladders were probably collapsed by hydrostatic pressure, resulting in negative buoyancy. We conclude that Chinese sturgeons behave according to their buoyancy, which varies with depth due to hydrostatic compression of the swimbladder.
Ocelot home range, overlap and density: comparing radio telemetry with camera trapping
Authors: Dillon A. , Kelly M. J.
Published: May 2008

Because ocelots Leopardus pardalis and other solitary carnivores are elusive and hard to study, little is known about their density and population status. In the past few years, camera trapping and mark–recapture statistics have been used to estimate the density of a number of felids. Although camera trapping is now providing baseline data for managers and conservationists alike, recent doubts have been raised concerning the accuracy of the standard camera trapping procedure. We used radio telemetry to gain new information on ocelot home‐range size and spatial organization in Central America, and compared the radius of our average ocelot home range with the standard camera trapping buffer. We compared the resulting density estimates to assess the current camera trapping methodology's ability to estimate animal density. Five adult ocelots (two male and three female) were tracked to determine an average ocelot home range of 26.09 km2 (95% fixed kernel) and 18.91 km2 (100% minimum convex polygon), with males demonstrating larger ranges than females. All ocelots had larger home ranges in the dry season. Male–male home‐range overlap averaged 9% while female–female overlap averaged 21%. Males shared 56% of their range with a primary female and 16% with a second and third female, while females shared 58% of their home range with a primary male and 3% with a secondary male. Density estimates based on the average home‐range radius (11.24–12.45 ocelots per 100 km2) were less than those determined from standard camera trapping methods (25.88 ocelots per 100 km2), but similar to those determined using twice the camera trapping buffer to estimate density (12.61 ocelots per 100 km2). Our results suggest that a standard camera trapping protocol may overestimate ocelot density. Accurate representation of animal densities and standardization of density estimation techniques are paramount for comparative analyses across sites and are vital for felid conservation.
Age‐specific feeding cessation in male red deer during rut
Authors: Mysterud A. , Bonenfant C. , Loe L. E. , Langvatn R. , Yoccoz N. G. , Stenseth N. C.
Published: May 2008

Tactics for resource‐use involve both using stored reserves (capital breeding) and feeding while reproducing (income breeding). In polygynous ungulates, males often use an income breeding strategy when young and shift to a capital breeding tactic at prime age. Little is known regarding why prime‐aged males stop or largely reduce eating during rut but still remain inactive for as much time as before rut. A detailed exploration of how rumen content correlates with age and date may shed light on the ultimate causes of why some males stop eating. We provide quantitative empirical data on rumen content from red deer Cervus elaphus during the rutting season in Norway. In male red deer, rumen content declined with age, up to around 6 years of age. Above this age, rumen content was low and stable. A time‐of‐year effect on rumen content was best described with a second‐order polynomial term, as rumen fill was lowest during mid‐October when the mass loss of males and the ovulation rate of females both peak. We present two new hypotheses related to why males reduce eating (physical rest and parasite hypotheses). Two related patterns need to be explained and better documented: (1) why are resting times stable before, after and during rut, and (2) why do non‐prime‐aged males eat more between rutting activities?
Vascularization of the lateral line organ in the Atlantic cod: involvement of the secondary vascular system
Authors: Bielecki J. , Skov P. V. , Tranum‐Jensen J. , Steffensen J. F.
Published: May 2008

Sections of the lateral line organ, primary and secondary blood vessels and skin from the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, Linnaeus 1758, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lateral line organ showed a structural analogy to the semicircular canals of the mammalian inner ear. A pericanalicular sinus (PCS), a canal of very loose connective tissue, surrounded the lateral line canal (LLC), separated by a multilayered epithelial wall. Located dorsal and ventral to the lateral line organ secondary vessels of capillary dimensions were found in association with the PCS. TEM of the wall of these dorso‐ventral vessels showed single tight junction contacts between the endothelial cells, allowing paracellular fluid exchange between the secondary vascular system and the PCS, an indication supported by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer experiments, which showed reaction products in the PCS within 2 h after injecting HRP into the systemic circulation. The multilayered epithelial wall of the LLC showed multiple tight junctions between cells, making this boundary permeable only through transcellular transport.
Turning blue and ultraviolet: sex‐specific colour change during the mating season in the Balkan moor frog
Authors: Ries C. , Spaethe J. , Sztatecsny M. , Strondl C. , Hödl W.
Published: May 2008

Visual signals are hitherto assumed to play only a minor role in intra‐specific communication in temperate anurans. However, in contrast to most species, males of the Balkan moor frog Rana arvalis wolterstorffi develop a conspicuous dorsal body coloration during the breeding season; its functional significance, however, remains to be clarified. In a first step, we quantified the colour change by measuring the spectral reflection of the eardrum, flank and back of males during immigration and the spawning climax by means of a spectrophotometer between 300 and 700 nm. We found that males change their body colour from dull brown with a more equal reflection spectrum to a bright ultraviolet (UV)‐blue with strong reflection between 350 and 450 nm. In contrast, females stay dull brown. A cage experiment revealed no effect of the presence/absence of direct physical contact between females and males on the UV‐blue body coloration in males. Moreover, none of the measured colour parameters, that is overall intensity, peak wavelength, UV and blue chroma, were found to correlate with the body condition index of males, indicating that body coloration is not affected by the physical condition of the male. Based on our results and data reported in the literature, we hypothesize that the UV‐bluish nuptial coloration, additionally to its assumed function as fitness indicator of the males, may constitute an intra‐sexual signal to prevent males from mispairing with other males in high‐density mating aggregations.
Innate sound production in the cichlid Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Longrie N. , Fine M. L. , Parmentier E.
Published: May 2008

The mouthbrooding cichlid Oreochromis niloticus is one of the world's best‐studied fish and is raised extensively for aquaculture. Although it is a common behavioural model, its acoustic communication has been neglected. Because of extensive parental care, the species is a good candidate for vocal learning. In male O. niloticus, we investigated for the first time sound production in agonistic interactions during nest construction. Males produce short‐duration (250–400 ms), often double‐pulse sounds. Most energy is below 200 Hz and includes three main low‐frequency peaks although energy extends beyond 1 kHz. Males (separated as eggs and raised in isolation) produce similar sounds in the same context as parental fish, indicating that the ability to produce sounds and the basic properties of the sounds are innate.
Capnovolumetry: a new tool for lung function testing in children with asthma
Authors: Steiß J. O. , Rudloff S. , Landmann E. , Zimmer K. P. , Lindemann H.
Published: May 2008

In capnovolumetry, the expiratory CO2 concentration of exhaled air is plotted against the volume and thereby allows to determine functional dead space volumes. This method might offer additional information in lung function testing in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma. We aimed at determining whether a bronchospasmolysis (BSL) effect in the lower airways could also be detected by capnovolumetry as reflected by changes in the functional threshold dead space volumes (VDT). In 47 patients (aged 4–16 years) with a mild persistent bronchial asthma, VDT were determined before and after bronchodilation prior to starting therapy with inhaled steroids and after 6 months of treatment. Additionally, spirometry and body plethysmography were performed in all patients. There were significantly higher VDT values after BSL before and after 6 months of therapy (P<0·0001). VDT values before BSL were tendatively higher after 6 months of therapy compared with baseline values (P = 0·07). VDT values correlated with parameters derived from conventional pulmonary function testing, i.e. vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flow (MEF50). As VDT values particularly reflect the volumes of the lower bronchi this method may provide supplementary information to conventional lung function tests which are based on breathing mechanics. This seems to be especially helpful in situations where body plethysmography is not available or cooperation in forced expiration manoeuvres is insufficient.
Immediate functional loading of implants in single tooth replacement: a prospective clinical multicenter study
Authors: Donati Mauro , La Scala Vincenzo , Billi Mauro , Di Dino Biagio , Torrisi Paolo , Berglundh Tord
Published: May 2008

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of immediate functional loading of implants in single‐tooth replacement using two different installation procedures.

Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty‐one subjects, who required single‐tooth rehabilitation in the area of 15–25 and 35–45, were enrolled in eight private clinics in Italy. The implant sites were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups. In the control group, in which a standard preparation procedure for implant placement and submerged healing of the implant was used, abutment connection and loading of the implants were performed 3 months after installation. In the test group 1, a standard preparation procedure for the implant placement and immediate functional loading of implant was carried out. In the test 2 group, however, a modified implant installation procedure (osteotome technique) was used followed by immediate functional loading of the implant. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at 3 and 12 months of follow‐up at all sites.

Results: Three implants (5.5%) from the test 2 group (osteotome preparation) and one (2%) from the test 1 group (conventional drill preparation) failed to integrate and were removed one and three months after implant installation. The mean marginal bone loss assessed at 12 months was 0.31 mm (test 1), 0.25 mm (test 2) and 0.38 mm (control) (no statistically significant differences were found between the three treatment groups.)

Conclusion: It is suggested that immediate functional loading of implants that are placed with a conventional installation technique and with sufficient primary stability may be considered as a valid treatment alternative in a single‐tooth replacement.
Aesthetic perception after root coverage procedure
Authors: Rotundo Roberto , Nieri Michele , Mori Massimiliano , Clauser Carlo , Pini Prato Giovanpaolo
Published: May 2008

Aim: To investigate the aesthetic perception of the clinical outcomes of a simulated root coverage procedure in three different groups: patients, dentists, and periodontists.

Material and Methods: 100 patients, 107 general dentists affiliated with the Dental Association of Prato, Italy, and 81 active members of the Italian Society of Periodontology were recruited for this study. The following variables: age, gender, level of education, place of residence, and years of practice (only for dentists and periodontists) were recorded by means of a questionnaire administered to each subject within the three different groups. In addition, the participants in the study were requested to assign scores to images of eight simulated clinical cases of gingival recessions: a pre‐ and post‐treatment image for each case.

Results: Statistically significant differences between groups were not detected in most of the scores. Gender and residence were not significantly associated with the scores, while age was correlated for two clinical cases (p=0.0014 and 0.0017). All the cases of complete root coverage showed the highest scores among all the participants.

Conclusions: These results showed that complete root coverage following root coverage procedure is perceived as the most successful outcome by patients, dentists, and periodontists.
Differential effects of temperature on fruit development and bean quality of contrasting genotypes of cacao (Theobroma cacao)
Authors: Daymond A.J. , Hadley P.
Published: May 2008

The effects of temperature and light integral on fruit growth and development of five cacao genotypes (Amelonado, AMAZ 15/15, SCA 6, SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) were studied in semi‐controlled environment glasshouses in which the thermal regimes of cacao‐growing regions of Brazil, Ghana and Malaysia were simulated. Fruit losses because of physiological wilt (cherelle wilt) were greater at higher temperatures and also differed significantly between genotypes, reflecting genetic differences in competition for assimilates between vegetative and reproductive components. Short‐term measurements of fruit growth indicated faster growth rates at higher temperatures. In addition, a significant negative linear relationship between temperature and development time was observed. There was an effect of genotype on this relationship, such that time to fruit maturation at a given temperature was greatest for the clone UF 676 and least for AMAZ 15/15. Analysis of base temperatures, derived from these relationships indicated genetic variability in sensitivity of cacao fruit growth to temperature (base temperatures ranged from 7.5°C for Amelonado and AMAZ 15/15 to 12.9 for SPEC 54/1). Final fruit size was a positive function of bean number for all genotypes and a positive function of light integral for Amelonado in the Malaysia simulated environment (where the temperature was almost constant). In simulated environments where temperature was the main variable (Brazil and Ghana) increases in temperature resulted in a significant decrease in final pod size for one genotype (Amelonado) in Brazil and for two genotypes (SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) in Ghana. It was hypothesised that pod growth duration (mediated by temperature), assimilation and bean number are all determinants of final pod size but that under specific conditions one of these factors may override the others. There was variability between genotypes in the response of bean size and bean lipid content to temperature. Negative relationships between temperature and bean size were found for Amelonado and UF 676. Lipid concentration was a curvilinear function of temperature for Amelonado and UF 676, with optimal temperatures of 23°C and 24°C, respectively. The variability observed here of different cacao genotypes to temperature highlights the need and opportunities for appropriate matching of planting material with local environments.
Humic acids crossinteractions with root and organic acids
Authors: Canellas L.P. , Teixeira Junior L.R.L. , Dobbss L.B. , Silva C.A. , Medici L.O. , Zandonadi D.B. , Façanha A.R.
Published: May 2008

The apparent high molecular mass of humic acids (HAs) hardly seems compatible with their direct effects in plant physiology. However, previous evidence has indicated that HAs are non‐covalent associations of relatively small molecules, which can be broken down by the action of organic acids. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of organic acids on the structure of HAs by spectroscopy and on their bioactivity by following the responses of maize root growth. Changes in the exudation of organic acids from maize seedlings treated with HAs at 50 mg C L−1 were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results are in agreement with the concept that HAs are chemical aggregates that acquire characteristics typical of low‐molecular‐mass humic substances when exposed to organic acids exuded by the roots. Maize seedlings grown in solutions supplemented with HAs plus citric acid at 0.0005, 0.005 and 0.05 mM exhibited significant changes in their root area, primary root length, number of lateral roots and lateral root density and increases in plasma membrane H+‐ATPase activity. Furthermore, the root exudation profile of plants treated with HAs exhibited an increase in the efflux of oxalic and citric acids, with a concurrent decrease in malic and succinic acids. These data reveal a crosstalk between HAs and plants where the exudation of organic acids from the roots influences and is influenced by bioactive molecules released from HAs during root development.
Identification and detection of Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein‐banding virus in different bougainvillea cultivars in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai C.‐H. , Su H.‐J. , Wu M.‐L. , Feng Y.‐C. , Hung T.‐H.
Published: May 2008

A new virus disease of bougainvillea occurred in Taiwan and proved to be caused by a Badnavirus, which is similar to the pathogen tentatively named ‘Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein‐banding virus (BsCVBV)’ in Brazil according to pathological and molecular results. In electron microscopic observations, typical bacilliform virions measuring 130–158 × 27–42 nm were observed in infected bougainvillea tissues. The transmission tests demonstrated that the virus could be easily transmitted among different bougainvillea cultivars by bud grafting but not by mechanical inoculation. BsCVBV showed different pathogenicity to various bougainvillea cultivars in our inoculation tests. The Taipei‐Red and Thimma cultivars showed the apparent foliar symptoms of chlorosis, chlorotic spots, wrinkling and leaf‐distortion; the original species of Bougainvillea glabra produced chlorotic spots and vein clearing on leaves without wrinkling or leaf distortion; both ‘Mrs. Eva Mauve Variegata’ and Hati Gadis showed mild mottling and faint spots of leaves; Helen Johnson was tolerant to BsCVBV. Our devised PCR‐based assays demonstrated that BsCVBV could replicate and persistently survived in all tested bougainvillea cultivars used in this study although it induced different symptoms in them. The BsCVBV‐1 primer pair devised from our cloned BsCVBV‐specific DNA fragments proved to be efficient in the PCR assays for the rapid and specific detection of BsCVBV in Taiwan, and this PCR‐based method is helpful in the quarantine, inspection and ecological studies for BsCVBV in Taiwan.
Viruses infecting sweet potato in Rwanda: occurrence and distribution
Authors: Njeru R.W. , Bagabe M.C. , Nkezabahizi D. , Kayiranga D. , Kajuga J. , Butare L. , Ndirigue J.
Published: May 2008

A survey of sweet potato virus diseases was conducted in the major sweet potato production areas in low, medium and high altitude zones of Rwanda. A total of 205 symptomatic and 103 asymptomatic samples were collected from 51 sweet potato fields and assayed for Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV), Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV), Sweet potato latent virus (SwPLV), Sweet potato caulimo‐like virus (SPCaLV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using nitrocellulose membrane enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The viruses detected in the samples were SPFMV, SPMMV, SPCSV, SPCFV and SwPLV. Viruses were detected in 83% and 31% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic samples, respectively. SPFMV was detected in 49% of the samples. SPCSV, the second most common virus, was detected in 28% of samples collected from 73% of the fields. About 19% of the samples were tested positive for SPMMV. Thirteen combinations of multiple virus infections were detected in the samples. Viruses were detected in samples from all the fields surveyed, and the frequency of detection was greatest in samples from low altitude zones.
Survey of the incidence and distribution of five viruses infecting yams in the major yam‐producing zones in Benin
Authors: Eni A.O. , Hughes J.d’A. , Rey M.E.C.
Published: May 2008

Surveys were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine the incidence and distribution of viruses infecting yams in four major yam‐producing agro‐ecological zones in Benin. Yam leaves collected from 69 fields and one experimental screen house were indexed for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Dioscorea mottle virus (DMoV), Yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV), Yam mosaic virus (YMV) and yam‐infecting badnaviruses [Dioscorea alata bacilliform virus (DaBV) and Dioscorea sansibarensis bacilliform virus (DsBV)] by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunocapture polymerase chain reaction. Eighty‐two per cent and 66% of leaf samples tested in 2004 and 2005, respectively, were infected with CMV, YMMV, YMV and/or badnaviruses. DMoV was not detected. Yam‐infecting badnaviruses were the most prevalent virus infection, detected in 45% of the total leaves sampled followed by YMV (31%), YMMV (27%) and CMV (2%). Although the occurrence of CMV was low, this is the first record of CMV in yams in Benin. Mixed virus infections were detected in 48% (2004) and 39% (2005) of the infected leaves. A mixture of YMMV and badnaviruses (DaBV or DsBV) was the most common mixed infection detected. Dioscorea alata, with a higher incidence of badnavirus infection (81%), YMMV (51%) and CMV (8%) was more heavily infected than Dioscorea rotundata.
Origin of tetraploid cultivated asparagus landraces inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers’ polymorphisms
Authors: Moreno R. , Espejo J.A. , Cabrera A. , Gil J.
Published: May 2008

The genus Asparagus includes a group of wild species that are closely related to the cultivated Asparagus officinalis (2n = 2× = 20). The narrow genetic background present in the asparagus cultivars shows the importance of asparagus landraces and the wild related species. The study of both genetic resources becomes necessary to facilitate their effective use in the breeding programmes. ‘Morado de Huetor’ (MH) and ‘Violetto d’Albenga’ (VA) are tetraploid asparagus landraces (2n = 4× = 40) cultivated in Spain and Italy, respectively, and whose origin remains unknown. To discover the origin of these landraces, a phylogenetic study was conducted based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). The sequence of the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) flanking the nrDNA5.8S gene (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) were analysed for RFLP in 11 populations including both landraces (MH and VA), A. officinalis (wild and cultivated) and a group of closely related wild species (Asparagus maritimus, Asparagus prostratus, Asparagus pseudoscaber and Asparagus tenuifolius) with a European distribution. Restriction fragment patterns of both cultivated asparagus (2×) and two populations of A. maritimus (6×) from the Adriatic Sea area were present in the MH landrace. However, VA showed a similar pattern to A. officinalis. This study revealed that MH seems to be a hybrid between A. officinalis and A. maritimus that may have occurred in the Adriatic Sea region where hybridisations between cultivated diploid and wild species may have taken place. The origin of another tetraploid landrace (VA) might have had a similar origin but followed a different evolutionary path. Therefore, these landraces constitute a valuable genetic resource that could be used to enlarge the genetic background of modern cultivars. The ploidy levels of the populations employed in this study were analysed and levels not described previously were detected: A. maritimus (12×), A. tenuifolius (6×) and A. pseudoscaber (2×).
Canine Diabetes Mellitus—A Report of Fourteen Cases
Authors: DIXON JOAN B. , SANFORD J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Fourteen cases of canine diabetes mellitus are described. Eleven were bitches and three were male dogs and the average age at diagnosis was seven years. The most constant symptoms were polydipsia with polyuria, persistent hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and ketonuria. Seven cases were treated by daily injections of a long‐acting preparation of insulin supported by a low‐carbohydrate diet. Treatment with tolbutamide was attempted without success in three cases.
Streptococcus L Infection in the Dog
Authors: MANTOVANI A. , RESTANI R. , SCIARRA D. , SIMONELLA P.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The authors review the literature on streptococcal infection in the dog. A beta‐haemolytic Streptococcus (type L) was isolated from a natural outbreak of a disease whose predominant symptoms were abortion and sterility in bitches. Experimental reproduction of the disease produced in bitches a type that was localized in the genital tract, as well as a more generalized syndrome; in the newborn puppies “fading” with death was seen. The authors conclude that canine Streptococcosis may be a specific disease involving both the genital tract and parenchymatous viscera. Promising results in the prevention of the disease by the use of chloramphenicol were obtained.
Some Aspects of Dental Development in the Dog—III Some Common Variations in the Dentitions
Authors: ARNALL L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Two small series of dogs, one investigated radiographically in cadavers (50), the other examined clinically in living dogs (140), were studied for the incidence of common anomalies. The commonest conditions, partial anodontia and additional teeth, are discussed in some detail and the former is represented in the form of a histogram.
Cerebral Angiography in the Dog
Authors: SPOONER R. L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The literature on cerebral angiography has been reviewed with the aim of developing a technique that can be used as an aid to ascertain the neuro‐anatomical localization of intracranial tumours in the dog. Information has been gained from cerebral angiography in man, toxicity experiments on contrast media in cats and dogs, and all the available literature on cerebral angiography in the dog. Anatomy, techniques of injection, and complications, have been included.

Using concentrated contrast media in small quantities (1 ml) good angiograms of the anterior cerebral circulation can be obtained, and with larger quantities (up to 10 ml) all of the cerebral arteries have been demonstrated. No venograms have been obtained.

In most reports expensive cassette changers have been used, but single exposures can produce equally good results.
Canine Otocariasis
Authors: FROST R. CHURCHILL
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The importance of Otodectes cynotis as a cause of otitis externa in the dog is discussed. The pathogenesis, incidence and treatment are described.
Canine Leptospirosis in Denmark
Authors: OTTOSEN H. E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A report is presented on the rise in incidence of canine leptospirosis in Denmark between 1936 and 1945, when a peak was reached, and the decrease to 1951. During the last 10 years leptospirosis in dogs has been of rare occurrence.

The development of a vaccine in 1941 and its subsequent trial is described.
A Preliminary Report on the Clinical Use of Chlorprothixene as a Sedative, Narcotic and Premedicant in the Dog*
Authors: SUMNER‐SMITH G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Observations on the effects of chlorprothixene on thirty‐nine dogs attended in practice are reported. The use of the drug as a sedative, narcotic and premedicant is discussed and the opinion is expressed that it is a useful improvement in its field. A notable feature is the marked potentiation of general anaesthesia with very smooth induction and recovery.
Thoraco‐Lumbar Myelography with Water‐Soluble Contrast Medium in Dogs II. Appearance of the Myelogram in Disk Protrusion and its Relation to Functional Disturbances and Patho‐anatomic Changes in the Epidural Space
Authors: FUNKQUIST B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Myelography by lumbar injection of a water‐soluble contrast medium has been performed in 151 dogs with symptoms of spinal cord compression. In 138 of these animals the contrast medium passed beyond the site of the compression in such an amount that the cranial as well as the caudal borderline of the compression was demonstrated. The myelograms obtained have shown highly satisfactory agreement with the changes in the epidural space (disk protrusion) observed by laminectomy or autopsy.
Ectopic Ureteral Orifice Causing Urinary Incontinence in a Dog
Authors: OLSSON STEN‐ERIK
Published: May 2008

Abstract— Report of a case with one ureteral orifice in the urethra. The anomaly was diagnosed roentgenologically. The clinical sign was urinary incontinence. Treatment was surgical with implantation of the ureter into the bladder.
Canine Hookworm Disease
Authors: CLAPHAM PHYLLIS A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A general account of hookworm disease in the canine species is given with some observations on its economic importance and treatment. A description of the condition called cutaneous larva migrans is added.

Résumé— Aperçu généial sur I'ankylostomose du chien avec considérations relatives à l'importance de la maladie et à son traitement. Il s'y ajoute une description de la “larva migrans” cutanée.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein allgemeiner Überblick über die Hakenwurmkrankheit der Hunde gegeben und es werden einige Beobachtungen über ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und Behandlung mitgeteilt. Zusätzlich werden Erscheinungen beschrieben, welche die Folge kutaner Larvenwanderungen sind.
Tetanus and Dog Bites
Authors: ERIKSSON EJNAR , ULLBERG‐OLSSON KARIN
Published: May 2008

Abstract— All breeds of dogs bite. None of the breeds in this investigation in Sweden were found to be particularly dangerous. Dog bites should always be regarded as contaminated wounds and they should be treated accordingly. Although the risk of tetanus must be taken into consideration in all wounds, it is of no greater significance in dog bites.

Résumé— Les chiens de toutes races mordent. Une enquête poursuivie en Suède n'a pas permis de noter qu'une race soit plus dangereuse qu'une autre en cette matière. Les morsures de chiens doivent toujours être considérées comme des blessures infectées et traitées en conséquence. Bien que, pour toute blessure, on doive évoquer le risque de tétanos, ce risque n'est pas plus grand lors de morsures de chiens.

Zusammenfassung— Alle Hunderassen beissen. Keine der im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchungen in Schweden angetroffenen Rassen war besonders gefährlich. Hundebisse sollten immer als kontaminierte Wunden angesehen und entsprechend behandelt werden. Die Möglichkeit eines Tetanus muss bei alien Wunden in Betracht gezogen werden, doch tritt er nach Hundebissen keineswegs öfter als nach anderen Verletzungen auf.
The Nutrition of Chinchillas Observations on Pelleted Diets, Hay Roughage, and Fur Chewing
Authors: BOWDEN R. S. T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The apparent confusion existing concerning the nutrition of chinchillas led the author to carry out a practical experiment using three brands of commercial chinchilla pellets and one brand of rabbit pellets fed in groups both with and without hay roughage. Fifty‐eight animals were used divided into nine groups and the average period of observation for each group was 12·5 months. It was not the purpose of the experiment to prove that chinchillas should not be fed hay, but it was noted that a group of animals maintained health and bred on a pelleted ration without hay for fifteen months. From the diets used it was concluded that nutrition was not related to fur chewing and that the practical feeding of chinchillas did not present any serious problem.

Résumé— L'actuelle confusion apparente concernant la nutrition des chinchillas a conduit l'auteur à entreprendre une expérience pratique utilisant trois sources commerciales de granulés pour chinchillas et une source de granulés pour lapins distribuées à des groupes d'animaux recevant ou non du foin. Les cinquante‐huit animaux utilisés ont été divisés en nuit groupes, la période moyenne d'observation pour chaque groupe a été de douze mois et demi. Il n'entrait pas dans le but de l'expérience de démontrer que les chinchillas ne doivent pas recevoir de foin mais il a été noté qu'un groupe d'animaux s'est maintenu en bonne santé et a reproduit avec des rations de granulés sans foin pendant 15 mois. On peut conclure qu'avec le régime utilisé il n'y eut pas d'influence sur l'ingestion de poils et que l'alimentation dans la pratique des chinchillas ne présente aucune difficulté sérieuse.

Zusammenfassung— Die augenscheinlich herrschende Verwirrung bezüglich der Ernährung der Chinchillas hat den Autor veranlasst, praktische Fütterungsversuche vorzunehmen, für die er drei pelletierte Handelsfutter für Chinchillas und ein pelletiertes Handelsfutter für Kaninchen verwendete. Die Versuche wurden vergleichsweise mit und ohne Rauhfuttergaben (Heu) durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden acht unt funfzig Tiere für den Versuch verwendet, die in neun Gruppen geteilt waren. Jede Gruppe wurde durchschnittlich 12 1/2 Monate lang beobachtet. Es war nicht der Zweck der Versuche nachzuweisen, dass Chinchillas kein Heu bekommen sollten, es konnte aber bei einer Gruppe festgestellt werden, dass sie durch 15 Monate gesund und zuchtfähig blieben bei der blossen Fütterung von Pellets und ohne Heu. Auf Grund der mit den genannten Futtermitteln durchgefúhrten Versuche wird angenommen, dass keine Beziehungen zwischen Fütterung und Fellfressen bestand und dass die praktische Fütterung der Chinchillas keinerlei ernstere Probleme aufwirft.
Fracture Repair of a Humerus of a Io‐week‐old Kitten with a Jonas Splint
Authors: JONAS SALO
Published: May 2008

Abstract— This clinical case describes the successful repair with a Jonas splint of a transverse fracture of a humerus in a 10‐week‐old kitten, complicated by small and deep lacerations, which were contaminated with hair and sand.

A lateral approach was used to expose the fractured fragments for the implantation of the shortest available Jonas splint; this was 1 1/4 cm longer than the sum total length of the medullary canal of both fragments. Radiography showed that there was a visible distraction between both fragments caused by the too long splint. However, follow‐ups taken 113 days after the operation showed that the gap between both fragments had filled in with new bone.

Comparative measurements of both humeri from several angles showed that the fractured humerus is 1/2 cm longer than the unfractured one and the diameter of the shaft over 50 per cent wider.

Résumé— Ce cas clinique décrit la réparation avec succès d'une fracture transverse de I'humérus mise sous pansement pendant 10 semaines avec un “Jonas Splint”. Gette lésion se compliquait de plaies petites et profondes, contaminées par des poils et du sable.

Une incision latérale aussi courte que possible avait été pratiquée afin de mettre en évidence les éléments fractureés pour effectuer la pose du “Jonas Splint”. Elle faisait 1 cm 5 de plus que la longueur totale additionée du canal médullaire des 2 fragments.

La radio montrait qu'il y avait un espace entre les 2 abouts, par suite de la trop grande longueur du Splint (attelle). Cependant, dans les 113 jours qui suivirent l'opéation, la radio montra que l'espace entre les 2 abouts avait été comblé d'os. La mesure comparative des 2 humérus dans 1 es 2 sens a montré que l'humérus fractureé est 1/2 cm plus long et de diamètre double de l'os sain.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird die erfolgreiche Behandlung einer Humerusquerfraktur bei einem 10 Wochen alten Welpen mit Hilfe eines Jonas‐Splints beschrieben. Der Fall war durch kleine und tiefe Verletzungen kompliziert, die mit Haaren und Sand verunreinigt waren.

Die Operation wurde von der lateralen Seite aus vorgenommen, urn die frakturierten Fragmente für die Implantation des kürzesten erhältlichen Jonas‐Splints zugänglich zu machen. Dieser Splint war immer noch 1 1/4 cm länger als die Gesamtlänge des Mark‐kanals beider Fragmente. Röntgenologisch konnte infolge des zu langen Splints eine sichtbare Trennung zwischen beiden Knochenfragmenten nachgewiesen werden. Eine Kontrolle nach 113 Tagen ergab jedoch, dass der Zwischenraum sich mit neuem Knochengewebe ausgefüllt hatte.

Vergleichsmessungen beider Humeri von mehreren Winkeln ergaben, dass der frakturierte Humerus um 1/2 cm länger und sein Querdurchmesser um 50 prozent grösser war als der nicht gebrochene.