bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between greedy parsing and symbolwise text compression
Authors: Bell Timothy C. , Witten Ian H.
Published: July 2002

Text compression methods can be divided into two classes:
symbolwise
and
parsing
. Symbolwise methods assign codes to individual symbols, while parsing methods assign codes to groups of consecutive symbols (phrases). The set of phrases available to a parsing method is referred to as a
dictionary
. The vast majority of parsing methods in the literature use
greedy
parsing (including nearly all variations of the popular Ziv-Lempel methods). When greedy parsing is used, the coder processes a string from left to right, at each step encoding as many symbols as possible with a phrase from the dictionary. This parsing strategy is not optimal, but an optimal method cannot guarantee a bounded coding delay.

An important problem in compression research has been to establish the relationship between symbolwise methods and parsing methods. This paper extends prior work that shows that there are symbolwise methods that simulate a subset of greedy parsing methods. We provide a more general algorithm that takes any
nonadaptive
greedy parsing method and constructs a symbolwise method that achieves exactly the same compression. Combined with the existence of symbolwise equivalents for two of the most significant
adaptive
parsing methods, this result gives added weight to the idea that research aimed at increasing compression should concentrate on symbolwise methods, while parsing methods should be chosen for speed or temporary storage considerations.
HyperActive: extending an open hypermedia architecture to support agency
Authors: Sánchez J. Alfredo , Leggett John J. , Schnase John L.
Published: July 2002

Agency and hypermedia have both been suggested as powerful means to cope with future information management and human-computer interaction requirements. However, research projects have included interface agents only marginally in the context of hypermedia systems. This article proposes a set of criteria for characterizing interface agents and offers a perspective view of ongoing research in the field using those criteria as a framework. The need to provide a supporting infrastructure that facilitates testing and experimentation of interface agents is stressed. The article describes an existing open hypermedia architecture and introduces an extended architecture that includes provisions to support the development and operation of interface agents. A prototype instantiating this system architecture is presented, as well as an initial assessment of the potential and requirements of interface agents in a hypermedia environment.
The Internet is not TV
Authors: Press Larry
Published: July 2002

Don't turn the page. This is not yet-another article on how great the World-Wide Web is, and how fast it is growing. By now you must have read many of those, and surfed the Web a bit. But, the Internet is not television—are you ready to become a Web author? This article describes tools and considerations for publishing on them Web, and looks toward the future. Let's start with server platfroms.
Reassessing the crypto debate
Authors: Neumann Peter G.
Published: July 2002

This month we summarize the main issues relating to the increasing use of cryptography in the world—for example, in enhancing confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity in computers and communications. Earlier columns have considered some related topics [1].
Reforming telecommunications law
Authors: Weingarten Fred W.
Published: July 2002

The heroic effort to rewrite the nation's 60-year-old telecommunications law failed in September when Sen. Fritz Hollings (D-S.C.), chair of the Senate Commerce Committee, gave up trying to bring his vehicle for reform, Bill S-1822, to the floor for a vote before adjournment.
Inside risks: Computers as substitute soldiers?
Authors: Demchak C. C. , Goodman S. E.
Published: July 2002

Technological edge has been sought throughout military history, and today's versions of the longer lance are the computerized, integrated systems that reach pervasively into enemy space. They are intended to provide efficiencies in information gathering, processing, and disseminating so that a minimal number of humans can prevail against an enemy. The 1991 Gulf War encouraged belief in the power of electronics to defeat numerically large enemies with small friendly losses. The allies used the magic of complex electronics to pound away at an Iraqi army of over a half-million soldiers. A vision was seemingly confirmed: that those with the best computer systems will win by seeing furthest, targeting best, moving quickest, and blasting most precisely.
Knowledge-based editing and visualization for hypermedia encyclopedias
Authors: Hüser Christoph , Reichenberger Klaus , Rostek Lothar , Streitz Norbert A.
Published: July 2002

One of the main goals in developing digital libraries is to provide users with opportunities for accessing and using information in highly flexible and user-oriented ways not available in current information repositories. This implies a focus on supporting the intellectual access to information and to consider the context of the information request. Systems for digital libraries should be able to select the appropriate type and amount of information from a comprehensive pool and compose it on the fly for a meaningful and coherent presentation which might have never occurred before or never will again after this event because it is customized to the current situation.
A theory of using history for equational systems with applications
Authors: Verma Rakesh M.
Published: July 2002

Implementation of programming language interpreters, proving theorem of the form A=B, implementation of abstract data types, and program optimization are all problems that can be reduced to the problem of finding a normal form for an expression with respect to a finite set of equations. In 1980, Chew proposed an elegant congruence closure based simplifier (CCNS) for computing with regular systems, which stores the history of it computations in a compact data structure. In 1990, Verma and Ramakrishnan showed that it can also be used for noetherian systems with no overlaps.

In this paper, we develop a general theory of using CCNS for computing normal forms and present several applications. Our results are more powerful and widely applicable than earlier work. We present an independent set of postulates and prove that CCNS can be used for any system that satisfies them. (This proof is based on the notion of
strong closure
). We then show that CCNS can be used for consistent convergent systems and for various kinds of priority rewrite systems. This is the first time that the applicability of CCNS has been shown for priority systems. Finally, we present a new and simpler translation scheme for converting convergent systems into effectively nonoverlapping convergent priority systems. Such a translation scheme has been proposed earlier, but we show that it is incorrect.

Because CCNS requires some strong properties of the given system, our demonstration of its wide applicability is both difficult and surprising. The tension between demands imposed by CCNS and our efforts to satisfy them gives our work much general significance. Our results are partly achieved through the idea of effectively simulating “bad” systems by almost-equivalent “good” ones, partly through our theory that substantially weakens the demands, and partly through the design of a powerful and unifying reduction proof method.
Deterministic on-line routing on area-universal networks
Authors: Bay Paul , Bilardi Gianfranco
Published: July 2002

Two deterministic routing networks are presented: the
pruned butterfly
and the
sorting fat-tree
. Both networks are area-universal, that is, they can simulate any other routing network fitting in similar area with polylogarithmic slowdown. Previous area-universal networks were either for the off-line problem, where the message set to be routed is known in advance and substantial precomputation is permitted, or involved randomization, yielding results that hold only with high probability. The two networks introduced here are the first that are simultaneously deterministic and on-line, and they use two substantially different routing techniques. The performance of their routing algorithms depends on the difficulty of the problem instance, which is measured by a quantity λ known as the load factor. The pruned butterfly runs in time
O
(λlog
2
N
), is the number of possible sources and destinations for messages and λ is assumed to be polynomial in
N
. The sorting fat-tree algorithm runs in
O
(λ log
N
+ log
2
N
) time for a restricted class of message sets including partial permutations. Other results of this work include a “flexible” circuit that is area-time optimal across a range of different input sizes and an area-time lower bound for routers based on wire-length arguments.
XMovie
Authors: Keller Ralf , Effelsberg Wolfgang , Lamparter Bernd
Published: July 2002

We describe a system for storing, transmitting, and presenting digital movies in a computer network. The hardware used in the system is standard hardware, as found in typical workstations today; no special hardware is required, but if available it can be used to provide better performance. The XMovie system has several innovative features. First, it contains a new algorithm for the gradual adaptation of the color lookup table during the presentation of the movie to ensure optimal color quality on low-end workstations. Second, it is a multistandard system supporting the compression techniques MPEG, Motion JPEG, and a newly developed extension to the well-known Color Cell Compression method. Third, it contains AdFEC, a new adaptable forward error correction method for our movie transmission protocol.
Algorithm 749: fast discrete cosine transform
Authors: Sherlock Barry G. , Monro Donald M.
Published: July 2002

An in-place algorithm for the fast, direct computation of the forward and inverse discrete cosine transform is presented and evaluated. The transform length may be an arbitrary power of two.
A remark on Algorithm 644
Authors: Amos D. E.
Published: July 2002

Algorithm 644 computes all major Bessel functions of a complex argument and of nonnegative order. Single-precision routine CBESY and double-precision routine ZBESY are modified to reduce the computation time for the
Y
Bessel function by approximately 25% over a wide range of arguments and orders. Quick check (driver) programs that exercise the package are also modified to make tests more meaningful over larger regions of the complex plane.
Some Mathematical Considerations of Time-Sharing Scheduling Algorithms
Authors: Shemer Jack E.
Published: July 2002

A mathematical derivation of expected response time is presented for selected cyclic and priority scheduling disciplines, thereby demonstrating analytic techniques which may be utilized to evaluate such servicing doctrines. To illustrate the constant time quantum (round-robin) results, a hypothetical is defined and resolved.
Continuous Skeletons from Digitized Images
Authors: Montanari Ugo
Published: July 2002

An algorithm for the determination of the skeleton of a polygonal figure is presented. The propagation of the figure contour is simulated analytically. All skeleton branch points are obtained, in an order which depends on their distance from the contour, together with the equations of the skeleton branches connecting them. The computing time for polygons with few concave vertices is roughly proportional to the number of sides.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Coding Techniques for the Primal Transportation Algorithm
Authors: Srinivasan V. , Thompson G. L.
Published: July 2002

A computer code for the transportation problem that is even more efficient than the primal-dual method is developed. The code uses the well-known (primal) MODI method and is developed by a benefit-cost investigation of the possible strategies for finding an initial solution, choosing the pivot element, finding the stepping-stone tour, etc. A modified Row Minimum Start Rule, the Row Most Negative Rule for choice of pivot, and a modified form of the Predecessor Index Method for locating stepping-stone tours were found to perform best among the strategies examined. Efficient methods are devised for the relabeling that is involved in moving from one solution to another. The 1971 version of this transportation code solves
both
100 × 100 assignment and transportation problems in about 1.9 seconds on the Univac 1108 Computer, which is approximately the same time as that required by the Hungarian method for 100 × 100 assignment problems.

An investigation of the effect on mean solution time of the number of significant digits used for the parameters of the problem indicates that the cost parameters have a more significant effect than the rim parameters and that the solution time “saturates” as the number of significant digits is increased. The Minimum Cost Effect, i.e. the fact that total solution time asymptotically tends to the time for finding the initial solution as the problem size is increased (keeping the number of significant digits for the cost entries constant), is illustrated and explained. Detailed breakup of the solution times for both transportation and assignment problems of different sizes is provided. The paper concludes with a study of rectangular shaped problems.
An axiomatic treatment of three qualitative decision criteria
Authors: Brafman Ronen I. , Tennenholtz Moshe
Published: July 2002

The need for computationally efficient decision-making techniques together with the desire to simplify the processes of knowledge acquisition and agent specification have led various researchers in artificial intelligence to examine qualitative decision tools. However, the adequacy of such tools is not clear. This paper investigates the foundations of
maximin, minmax regret,
and
competitive ratio
, three central qualitative decision criteria, by characterizing those behaviors that could result from their use. This
characterizaton provides two important insights: (1)under what conditions can we employ an agent model based on these basic qualitative decision criteria, and (2) how “rational” are these decision procedures. For the
competitive ratio
criterion in particular, this latter issue is of central importance to our understanding of current work on on-line algorithms. Our main result is a constructive representation theorem that uses two choice axioms to characterize
maximin, minmax regret,
and
competitive ratio
.
Systematic generation of Hamiltonian circuits
Authors: Roberts S. M. , Flores Benito
Published: July 2002

For a combinatorial matrix which may specify both directed and nondirected arcs, the paper describes a computer program which generates systematically and exhaustively all the Hamiltonian circuits. Specific application is made to the “traveling salesman” problem.
Computer-aided design
Authors: Ross Douglas T.
Published: July 2002

This project is engaged in (a) a program of research into the application of the concepts and techniques of modern data processing to the design of mechanical parts, and (b) the further development of automatic programming systems for numerically controlled machine tools. The project is a cooperative venture between the Computer Applications Group of the Electronic Systems Laboratory and the Design and Graphics Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department, and is sponsored by the Manufacturing Methods Division of the USAF Air Material Command through Contract AF-33(600)-40604.
Multicolor reordering of sparse matrices resulting from irregular grids
Authors: Melhem Rami G. , Ramarao K. V. S.
Published: July 2002

Many iterative algorithms for the solution of large linear systems may be effectively vectorized if the diagonal of the matrix is surrounded by a large band of zeroes, whose width is called the zero stretch. In this paper, a multicolor numbering technique is suggested for maximizing the zero stretch of irregularly sparse matrices. The technique, which is a generalization of a known multicoloring algorithm for regularly sparse matrices, executes in linear time, and produces a zero stretch approximately equal to
n
/2σ, where 2σ is the number of colors used in the algorithm. For triangular meshes, it is shown that σ ≤ 3, and that it is possible to obtain σ = 2 by applying a simple backtracking scheme.
With microscope and tweezers: the worm from MIT's perspective
Authors: Rochlis Jon A. , Eichin Mark W.
Published: July 2002

The actions taken by a group of computer scientists at MIT during the worm invasion represents a study of human response to a crisis. The authors also relate the experiences and reactions of other groups throughout the country, especially in terms of how they interacted with the MIT team.
DEFENSIVE RESIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN CONIFERS
Authors: Trapp Susan , Croteau Rodney
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Tree killing bark beetles and their vectored fungal pathogens are the most destructive agents of conifer forests worldwide. Conifers defend against attack by the constitutive and inducible production of oleoresin, a complex mixture of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids that accumulates at the wound site to kill invaders and both flush and seal the injury. Although toxic to the bark beetle and fungal pathogen, oleoresin also plays a central role in the chemical ecology of these boring insects, from host selection to pheromone signaling and tritrophic level interactions. The biochemistry of oleoresin terpenoids is reviewed, and the regulation of production of this unusual plant secretion is described in the context of bark beetle infestation dynamics with respect to the function of the turpentine and rosin components. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of terpenoid biosynthesis provide evidence for the evolutionary origins of oleoresin and permit consideration of genetic engineering strategies to improve conifer defenses as a component of modern forest biotechnology.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS AND SATELLITES
Authors: James Philip B. , Lee Steven W.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Although exploration by remote, in situ spacecraft has been the primary tool used in scientific exploration of the planets and other solar system objects for the last three decades, the unique capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have made it an invaluable tool for solar system research and have led to many important discoveries. HST's extended lifetime has made it possible to continue observations of planets and satellites that were started by earlier space missions and has thereby provided new insight into dynamic surface and atmospheric phenomena on these bodies. The ultraviolet capability of HST has made it possible to study important time-variable phenomena such as the auroras on Jupiter and Saturn and the circulation of planetary atmospheres. This review provides an overview of HST observations of and discoveries relating to planets and satellites in the solar system.
Breakthroughs in our Knowledge and Understanding of the Earth and Planets
Authors: Schubert G
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

▪ Abstract  During the last 35 years the planets and moons of our solar system have been visited for the first time, and the plate tectonics paradigm has revolutionized earth science and led to the acceptance of mantle convection as the cause of plate tectonics. The author has been a fortunate participant in these extraordinary events and he offers some reminiscences and recollections of his involvement. He also recalls his former colleague William M Kaula and dedicates this prefatory chapter to him.
Species Turnover and the Regulation of Trophic Structure
Authors: Leibold Mathew A. , Chase Jonathan M. , Shurin Jonathan B. , Downing Amy L.
Published: July 2002

Trophic structure, the partitioning of biomass among trophic levels, is a major characteristic of ecosystems. Most studies of the forces that shape trophic structure emphasize either “bottom-up” or “top-down” regulation of populations and communities. Recent work has shown that these two forces are not mutually exclusive alternatives, but efforts to model their interaction still often yield unrealistic predictions. We focus on the problems involved with modeling situations in which community composition, including both the number of trophic levels and the species composition within a trophic level, can change. We review the development of these ideas, emphasizing in particular how compositional change can alter theoretical expectations about the regulation of trophic structure. A comparison of studies on the effects of predators and resource productivity in limnetic ecosystems reveals an intriguing disparity between the results of manipulative experiments and those of correlational studies. We suggest that this contrast is a result of the difference in the temporal scales operating in the two types of studies. Ecosystem-level variables may appear to approach an equilibrium in short-term press experiments; however, processes such as invasion and extinction of species will not have time to play out in most such experiments. We found that the responses of ecosystems to short-term experimental treatments involve less change in species composition than is found in natural communities that have diverged in response to local conditions over longer periods. We argue that the results of short-term experiments support the predictions of models in which the species pool does not change, whereas correlational studies among systems support theories that incorporate compositional change.
TRANSITION-COST ISSUES FOR US ELECTRICITY UTILITIES
Authors: Hirst Eric , Baxter, and Lester , Hadley Stan
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The US electric-utility industry is in the midst of major changes. These changes include deintegration of the industry and substantial increases in competition. A major consequence of these changes is the exposure of transition costs. These costs, which amount to $100–$200 billion nationwide, reflect the differences between regulated prices for electricity generation and the prices that might occur in fully competitive power markets. The large financial stakes, equivalent to nearly the total value of US electric-utility common stock, guarantee controversy. Debates occur over transition-cost amounts; analytical and market methods to estimate these costs; the assets and liabilities to include in such calculations; the assumptions used in developing these estimates; approaches that can be used to offset some of these costs; the allocation of the remaining costs among utility shareholders, different classes of retail customers, independent power producers and other wholesale suppliers, and taxpayers; and appropriate cost-recovery mechanisms.
MEXICAN ELECTRIC END-USE EFFICIENCY: Experiences to Date
Authors: Friedmann Rafael , Sheinbaum Claudia
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Mexican government energy-efficiency programs since 1989 are reviewed to provide guidelines for other developing countries.

Energy-efficiency efforts must be multifaceted, flexible, and emphasize evaluation to allow learning-while-doing. Including the private sector incorporates their marketing expertise and accelerates a mature energy-efficiency market. Foreigners provide support and ideas, and serve as catalysts.

Initially, efforts can focus on creating an awareness of energy efficiency's benefits and potential, and support the evolution of an energy-efficiency infrastructure. Establishing institutions to coordinate government actions and others to finance implementation may be appropriate. Institutional effectiveness is enhanced by stipulating goals and mandates, and by providing adequate and secure budgets and staff. Marketing of efficient technologies succeeded when incentives were combined with financing. Minimum energy-efficiency standards for appliances were introduced quickly, but enforcement has been harder. Mexican programs under way are expected to save 8 TWh and 1.4 GW by the year 2000.
DAVID CRIGHTON, 1942–2000: A Commentary on His Career and His Influence on Aeroacoustic Theory
Authors: Ffowcs Williams John E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  David Crighton, a greatly admired figure in fluid mechanics, Head of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge, and Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, died at the peak of his career. He had made important contributions to the theory of waves generated by unsteady flow. Crighton's work was always characterized by the application of rigorous mathematical approximations to fluid mechanical idealizations of practically relevant problems. At the time of his death, he was certainly the most influential British applied mathematical figure, and his former collaborators and students form a strong school that continues his special style of mathematical application. Rigorous analysis of well-posed aeroacoustical problems was transformed by David Crighton.
HEPATITIS C: An Overview
Authors: Bhandari, M.D Bhupinder N. , Wright, M.D Teresa L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with acute and chronic posttransfusion and with sporadic non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cloning of the sequence encoding an antigenic component of HCV in 1989 led to the development of tests to detect antibody to HCV in serum. Viral HCV RNA can be detected and estimated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and branched-chain DNA (bDNA) signal amplification tests. The entire viral genome has been sequenced. The HCV envelope region varies considerably, and infections with mutant HCV have been described. Approximately 0.5–1.5% of healthy blood donors test positive, and HCV infection can be acquired by blood transfusion or i.v. drug abuse. Vertical and sexual transmission of the virus is rare, and the transmission mode remains obscure in a large group of patients. Acute hepatitis C is mild and often asymptomatic. Chronic hepatitis C has an indolent course but may progress to cirrhosis and HCC. Recombinant alpha interferon (IF) is used to treat chronic HCV disease, but no consensus has been reached on patient selection, dose, and duration of treatment. Approximately 50% of treated patients respond, but 50–80% of responders relapse over time. Liver transplantation in patients with end-stage, HCV-related liver disease is often followed by allograft infection. Short-term survival with reinfection is good, but the long-term consequences remain to be defined.
CATHETER ABLATION IN SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Authors: Deshpande, M.D Sanjay , Jazayeri, M.D Mohammad , Dhala, M.D Anwer , Blanck, M.D Zalmen , Sra, M.D Jasbir , Bremner, R.N., MPH Siobhan , Akhtar, M.D Masood
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The evolution of catheter ablation for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias represents a major advance in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Excellent results in the majority of patients undergoing the procedure, together with a low rate of early complications and a brief hospitalization, make catheter ablation a highly cost-effective permanent cure. At present, however, its place in relation to alternate therapies in the management of supraventricular tachycardias has not been clearly established owing to unresolved risk-benefit issues. Continuing technical advances will likely enable catheter ablation to be successfully applied to a broader range of cardiac arrhythmias.
THE MANAGEMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Hanauer, M.D Stephen B. , Baert, M.D Filip J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains empiric because of undetermined etiology and pathogenesis and incomplete understanding of the underlying immunoinflammatory events. However, considerable progress has been made in the management of this disease with the availability and wider use of newer aminosalicylates and immunomodulating agents. The clinician confronted with a patient with chronic ulcerative colitis must weigh the advantages of continued medical therapy against the potential curability with improved surgical techniques. After a brief discussion of the current classes of medicines and their pathophysiological basis of action, we focus on standard approaches to the different clinical syndromes and their complications.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR
Authors: Gillis M.D., FRCPC Anne M.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Since its initial application in 1980, the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has evolved into a highly sophisticated device that offers programmable tiered therapy (antitachycardia pacing, cardioversion, and defibrillation) for ventricular tachyarrhythmias and backup pacing for bradycardia. It also provides diagnostic information about detected events. Successful implantation of nonthoracotomy systems is now routine. The availability of nonthoracotomy systems has reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality as well as hospital costs. Although the ICD has virtually eliminated sudden cardiac death in recipients, overall cardiac mortality remains considerable in these patients. Several prospective randomized clinical trials comparing ICD therapy to antiarrhythmic drug therapy are under way.
Dialysis or Transplantation: Fitting the Treatment to the Patient
Authors: Berkoben, MD Michael , Schwab, MD Steve
Published: July 2002

Early referral of the patient with chronic renal failure will give the nephrologist time to fit the treatment to the patient. Planning for dialysis and transplantation should be undertaken concurrently. If the patient is not of advanced age and is not afflicted with severe comorbid illness, renal transplantation is the preferred form of renal replacement therapy. Living donor transplantation is preferred to cadaveric transplantation. For the patient who awaits or who cannot undergo transplantation, either peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis may be chosen. Although the mortality rate for peritoneal dialysis appears to be higher than that for hemodialysis, especially among elderly diabetic patients, peritoneal dialysis remains an acceptable therapy for the highly motivated patient. In the United States, the mortality rate for chronic dialysis patients is high. We expect mortality rates for both peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis to fall, however, as we strive to achieve optimal solute clearance and to more effectively treat comorbid illness.
MEMORIES OF MICROBESAND METABOLISM
Authors: Broquist Harry P.
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

▪ Abstract  As Jackie Gleason was wont to say: “How sweet it really is!” And—reflecting on the 1940s–1980s, when studies of microbial nutrition revealed exciting structure-function relationships of the B-complex vitamins with relevance to metabolism in humans—it really is. A chemistry degree from Beloit College and a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin set the stage for my life's work at Lederle Laboratories, the University of Illinois, and Vanderbilt University. At Lederle my research contributed to folic acid chemistry: coenzyme forms and function; antimetabolites and cancer chemotherapy. My subsequent university studies centered on lysine biosynthesis and metabolism, e.g. its precursor role in carnitine and in indolizidine alkaloids of physiological interest. There were also many opportunities to reach out and give something back to the system via teaching and diverse service activities, all of which has led to a happy, fulfilling career, one for which I am ever thankful.
PLASMA LIPID TRANSFER PROTEINS, HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, AND REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT
Authors: Bruce Can , Chouinard Roland A. , Tall Alan R.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) are members of the lipid transfer/lipopolysaccharide binding protein gene family. Recently, the crystal structure of one of the members of the gene family, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, was solved, providing potential insights into the mechanisms of action of CETP and PLTP. These molecules contain intrinsic lipid binding sites and appear to act as carrier proteins that shuttle between lipoproteins to redistribute lipids. The phenotype of human CETP genetic deficiency states and CETP transgenic mice indicates that CETP plays a major role in the catabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl esters and thereby influences the concentration, apolipoprotein content, and size of HDL particles in plasma. PLTP also appears to have an important role in determining HDL levels and speciation. Recent data indicate that genetic CETP deficiency is associated with an excess of coronary heart disease in humans, despite increased HDL levels. Also, CETP expression is anti-atherogenic in many mouse models, even while lowering HDL. These data tend to support the reverse cholesterol transport hypothesis, i.e. that anti-atherogenic properties of HDL are related to its role in reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, another key molecule involved in this pathway was identified, scavenger receptor BI; this mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters in the liver and thus constitutes a pathway of reverse cholesterol transport parallel to that mediated by CETP. Reflecting its role in reverse cholesterol transport, the CETP gene is up-regulated in peripheral tissues and liver in response to dietary or endogenous hypercholesterolemia. An analysis of the CETP proximal promoter indicates that it contains sterol regulatory elements highly homologous to those present in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; the CETP gene is transactivated by the binding of SREBP-1 to these elements. A challenge for the future will be the manipulation of components of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, such as CETP, PLTP, or scavenger receptor BI for therapeutic benefit.
REDEFINING BODY COMPOSITION: Nutrients, Hormones, and Genes in Meat Production
Authors: Wray-Cahen C. Diane , Kerr David E. , Evock-Clover Christina M. , Steele Norman C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Growth rate and body composition of livestock can be optimized to meet consumer needs for a leaner product and to improve the efficiency of meat-animal production. Optimization strategies have traditionally focused on genetic selection and cost-effective ration formulation to achieve the genetic potential. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of growth and its control have led to additional opportunities for its manipulation. These include nutritional manipulation, the use of growth promotants, and, more recently, the ability to change the genetic potential through genetic engineering. Selection of appropriate candidate genes for manipulation depends on understanding the mechanisms underlying differentiation and growth of embryonic muscle cells. Recent advances in genetic engineering techniques, including gene therapy and germline transgenesis, will likely hasten the genetic progress toward a leaner carcass in domestic livestock. Such strategies may prove to be more beneficial than the controlled enhancement of somatotropin expression.
SOME CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Gordon J. E. , Phillips Norman E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The history of superconductivity, including superconductivity in the high-Tc cuprates, is reviewed very briefly, and the differences between conventional superconductors and the high-Tc cuprates are summarized. The basic crystal structures of the major series of high-Tc cuprates are described and compared. The relation of structures to superconducting properties is reviewed with an emphasis on the orthorhombic-tetragonal transition in (La2−x Srx)CuO4; the corresponding transition, and also the transition to the low-temperature tetragonal phase in (La2−xBax)CuO4; and the effects of oxygen vacancies, oxygen-vacancy ordering, frozen-in disorder, and occupation of the off-chain O(5) sites in YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The effects of chemical substitutions of lanthanide elements on the La/Sr sites in (La2−xSrx)CuO4 and on the Y sites in YBa2Cu3O7−δ, and of 3d elements and sp elements on the Cu sites in both systems are reviewed. The difference between the effects of the lanthanide substitutions, particularly Pr, in the two systems are considered. Major properties of the Bi-, Tl-, and Hg-cuprates, are described briefly. A comparison of the high-Tc cuprates with noncuprate oxide superconductors is given.
Helen Hart, Remarkable Plant Pathologist (1900–1971)
Authors: Wilcoxson Roy D.
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

Helen Hart was a Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota from 1924 until retirement in 1966. Born in Janeville, Wisconsin, she died at Grants Pass, Oregon. Her scholarly research concentrated on wheat stem rust to understand host pathogen relationships and to develop rust–resistant cultivars. She did not teach formal courses but was heavily involved in making seminars a vital part of instruction, in teaching languages needed for graduate studies, and as an informal advisor for most rust research theses. She had common sense, excellent scientific judgment, and sound instincts on personnel matters that served the department well. A talented science writer, Hart served as editor of hundreds of theses and departmental manuscripts for publication. Her writing and editing skills were used as associate editor of Phytopathology for two years and as editor-in-chief from 1944–1951. A strong advocate of The American Phytopathological Sociecty, Helen Hart served on Council for 12 years and as President in 1956. Helen Hart was a great professional scientist who had a far-reaching impact on plant pathology during the twentieth century.
THEORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT, ANDPOSSIBLEDECLINE OF THEMODERNSTATE
Authors: Spruyt Hendrik
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Some contemporary states seem subject to aggregational dynamics that bring them together in larger regional associations, whereas others fall prey to centrifugal forces that pull them apart. The autonomy of all states has been drawn into question by the globalization of trade and finance. For these reasons, scholars have returned to examining the historical origins and development of the modern state in the hope that this may shed light on its future, and on the process through which new logics of organization may be emerging that might displace the state. This essay discusses various accounts of the emergence and development of the modern state, comparing security, economic, and institutionalist approaches. It then links these approaches to insights regarding contemporary statehood. Arguments regarding the autonomy of the state must be distinguished from discussions of territorial sovereignty as a constitutive principle of international relations. The latter, juridical notion of sovereignty as a regulative device in international relations has retained its influence, even if the autonomy of the state has declined.
Protein Kinase A Phosphorylates Titin’s Cardiac-Specific N2B Domain and Reduces Passive Tension in Rat Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: Yamasaki R. , Wu Y. , McNabb M. , Greaser M. , Labeit S. , Granzier H.
Published: July 2002

β-Adrenergic stimulation of cardiac muscle activates protein kinase A (PKA), which is known to phosphorylate proteins on the thin and thick filaments of the sarcomere. Cardiac muscle sarcomeres contain a third filament system composed of titin, and here we demonstrate that titin is also phosphorylated by the β-adrenergic pathway. Titin phosphorylation was observed after β-receptor stimulation of intact cardiac myocytes and incubation of skinned cardiac myocytes with PKA. Mechanical experiments with isolated myocytes revealed that PKA significantly reduces passive tension. In vitro phosphorylation of recombinant titin fragments and immunoelectron microscopy suggest that PKA targets a subdomain of the elastic segment of titin, referred to as the N2B spring element. The N2B spring element is expressed only in cardiac titins, in which it plays an important role in determining the level of passive tension. Because titin-based passive tension is a determinant of diastolic function, these results suggest that titin phosphorylation may modulate cardiac function in vivo.
Breaking the Art and Science Standoff
Authors: Brown Paul
Published: July 2002

This review of the First Iteration Conference held in Melbourne in December 1999 discusses several of the presentations made and includes brief summaries of the keynotes. Related issues like the problems of gender representation as well as shortcomings in the education of artists are also mentioned.
Iterated Nonlinear Functions as a Sound-Generating Engine
Authors: Scipio Agostino Di
Published: July 2002

This article describes a method of digital sound synthesis and algorithmic composition based on iterated nonlinear functions. The mathematical framework of Functional Iteration Synthesis (FIS) is outlined, and the dynamics of a specific FIS model are explained. Given the model's peculiarly chaotic system dynamics, an empirical, exploratory attitude is needed in order to achieve compositionally relevant controls. The required method of this exploration is interactive computer music systems. Some examples are discussed bearing on the author's compositional experience with his Sound & Fury project. The approach is described in terms of real-time interaction with a source of chaotic but structured flow of sonic information. The relevance of an “ecological” view of composing is emphasized.
Buildings and Human Figures Aware of Each Other
Authors: Arnheim Rudolf
Published: July 2002

The visual relationship between buildings and human beings is treated as the interaction between two systems: the reality system, dealing with the physical world in and of itself, and the apprehension system, dealing with the world looked at and represented by viewers. The two systems interact in a unitary physical world and can also be depicted in the visual arts.
A Low-Sensitivity Recurrent Neural Network
Authors: Back Andrew D. , Tsoi Ah Chung
Published: July 2002

The problem of high sensitivity in modeling is well known. Small perturbations in the model parameters may result in large, undesired changes in the model behavior. A number of authors have considered the issue of sensitivity in feedforward neural networks from a probabilistic perspective. Less attention has been given to such issues in recurrent neural networks. In this article, we present a new recurrent neural network architecture, that is capable of significantly improved parameter sensitivity properties compared to existing recurrent neural networks. The new recurrent neural network generalizes previous architectures by employing alternative discrete-time operators in place of the shift operator normally used. An analysis of the model demonstrates the existence of parameter sensitivity in recurrent neural networks and supports the proposed architecture. The new architecture performs significantly better than previous recurrent neural networks, as shown by a series of simple numerical experiments.
Improved Multidimensional Scaling Analysis Using Neural Networks with Distance-Error Backpropagation
Authors: Garrido Luís , Gómez Sergio , Roca Jaume
Published: July 2002

We show that neural networks, with a suitable error function for back-propagation, can be successfully used for metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) (i.e., dimensional reduction while trying to preserve the original distances between patterns) and are in fact able to outdo the standard algebraic approach to MDS, known as classical scaling.
Between Now and Then: The Auto-Interview of a Lapsed Musician
Authors: Glanville Ranulph
Published: July 2002

The author reflects on his experiences in the English experimental music scene of the 1960s and early 1970s, describing the limitations and possibilities he and his colleagues encountered and the results that followed from them. He also discusses the connections and discontinuities between this musical work and his current career in cybernetics. This discussion takes the form of a dialogue between his past self, the experimental composer, and his present identity as a researcher in cybernetics.
Rorschach Audio: Ghost Voices and Perceptual Creativity
Authors: Banks Joe
Published: July 2002

The author considers research into allegedly supernatural “Electronic Voice Phenomena” (EVP) in light of both anecdotal reports and formal experimental studies of related aspects of human auditory perception. He offers the primary hypothesis that an understanding of the relevant aspects of psychoacoustics provides a complete explanation for most EVP recordings, and a secondary hypothesis that an informed understanding of these processes is as relevant to the emergent field of sound art as studies of optical illusions have been to the study of visual art.
The Structure of Dialectic in the Meno
Authors: Franklin Lee
Published: July 2002

In this paper I offer a new interpretation of the philosophical method of the Meno. In the opening discussion of the dialogue, Plato introduces a restriction on answers in dialectical inquiry, which I call the Dialectical Requirement (DR). The DR is applied twice in the Meno, in different ways (75d5-7, 79d1-3). In the first section of the paper, I argue that the two applications of the DR represent the beginning and end of dialectic. This shows that dialectical inquiry starts from our linguistic competence with the name of the property we investigate, and ends only when we have an account saying what is common to and explanatory of the bearers of that property. Dialectic begins in our ordinary ability to speak and think about the world, and ends in genuine grasp of the underlying causes of nature. In the second section, I describe the resources of linguistic competence, and their role in dialectical progress. Our linguistic competence with the name of a property enables us to make a wide variety of statements about the property and its bearers in ordinary discourse. In dialectic, these ordinary statements act as a portfolio in which the property under investigation is presented to us writ large, through its instances, types, species, etc. We seek to develop an account that says what is common to, and explanatory of the phenomena in the portfolio. When an account is inconsistent with one of the things we tend to say, this demands revision either in the account, or in the portfolio of statements. In this way, the process by which we develop our account also helps to organize and revise the statements in our portfolio so that they and the account ultimately form a coherent, explanatory body of statements.
Genetic differentiation of the common toad (Bufo bufo) in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Scholl Adolf , Lüscher Beatrice , Grossenbacher Kurt
Published: July 2002

We analysed the genetic differentiation of tadpoles from 24 Swiss populations of Bufo b. bufo and B. b. spinosus, using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of eight enzymes coded by ten loci. For comparison, we included ten populations from more distant localities. Populations of Bufo calamita were included as outgroup. A very low level of genetic differentiation was found among populations from the Alpine region, including B. b. bufo populations from the Czech Republic and northern Germany, and B. b. spinosus populations from northern Italy. Genetic differentiation within populations was much higher than differentiation among populations or regions. In contrast, the southern French B. b. spinosus populations were clearly differentiated by allele substitution at three out of ten loci scored. These alleles of the French populations, however, were also found in low frequencies in some populations from western Switzerland and Italy. This is interpreted to result from gene flow. Morphometric data of adult B. bufo (13 populations, 174 adult toads) turned out to be strongly size dependent. However, relative arm length and density of large warts ventral to the parotoids showed differences between the two subspecies.