bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Variations of Uncinate Process in a Tertiary Care Hospital of a Coastal city in Karnataka
Authors: Jacob Carol , Aramani Anita , N. Biradar Basavaraj , Naaz Shaista
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Superior attachment of uncinate process is the most important anatomical landmark in frontal recess surgery. The uncinate process is an integral struc­ture of osteomeatal complex and prevents the direct contact of the inspired air with the maxillary sinus. It acts as a shield and also plays a role in muco-ciliary activity. Anatomic variations of the uncinate process have surgical implications.

Aim: This study was done to know the different variations of superior attachment of uncinate process.

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective observational descriptive study, Computed Tomography (CT) scans of Para Nasal Sinuses (PNS) of 256 patients from Sept 2018 to May 2020 were studied. The results were expressed in percentages and proportions.

Results: Among 256 CT images, 139 belonged to males and 117 females. In the CT films examined, on the right side, the most common attachment of uncinate was to lamina papyracea which was (64.8%) followed by skull base (19.5%) and to the middle turbinate(15.6%). Similar findings were seen on left side.

Conclusion: Uncinate process shows different variations in its superior attachment. Superior attachment to lamina papyracea was the most common attachment of uncinate in our study.
Efficacy of Budesonide, Epinephrine and Salbutamol Inhalation for Treatment of Transient Tachypnea of Newborn: Prospective Controlled Study
Authors: El-Badawy Ahmed M. , M. Ibrahim Ashraf , M. El-Mashad Abd El Rahman , M. Awny Mostafa
Published: December 2021

Background: Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a neonatal lung disease which has a picture of lung edema due to delayed resorption of lung fluids. It is commonly seen in full-term or late-preterm in­fants with an occurrence rate of 5.7 in 1,000 infants. The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of inhaled budesonide, epinephrine and salbutamol for treatment of TTN.

Methods: This prospective controlled study was conducted on a100 full term neonates with presumed diagnosis of TTN. They were randomly assigned into four groups equally. Group I received nebulized budesonide, Group I received nebulized epinephrine, Group III received nebulized salbutamol and Group IV received nebulized normal saline.

Results: Salbutamol significantly decreased respiratory rate and TTN clinical score, duration of respiratory support along with hospitalization time and helped with reaching full feeding earlier compared to other groups.

Conclusions: Inhaled salbutamol significantly decreased TTN clinical score, shorter duration of respiratory support, hospitalization and earlier initiation of enteral feeding compared to placebo. Inhaled budesonide and epinephrine did not significantly reduce the duration of oxygen treatment, with no other significant effect on TTN.
Colostrum as a Therapeutic: A Meta Review
Authors: Kwatra Bharat , Chaudhary Anusha , Patil Lubdha , Yadav Priti , Saha Rituparna
Published: December 2021

This meta-review is an examination of the therapeutic properties of colostrum. The scientific development and subsequent implementation of new therapeutics continues to influence researchers all over the globe today. Therefore, this review examines previously published research on colostrum and its effects on physiological functioning to determine its role as a potential therapeutic. Additionally, this review explores options for the potential therapeutic use of colostrum in immunology, IBS, diabetes and thyroid. There is abundant research supporting the immunomodulatory properties of colostrum, while also implicating its roles in alleviating IBS which is presented in this review. There is also evidence for the presence of IGF-1, T4, T3 and iodine in colostrum. Therefore, this review will also examine the current research examining the detection and respective physiological relevance for diabetes and thyroid functioning.
Electronic Type and Diameter Dependence of the Intersubband Plasmons of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Futian , Yang Dehua , Li Linhai , Liu Yumin , Wei Xiaojun , Zhou Weiya , Kataura Hiromichi , Liu Huaping , Xie Sishen
Published: December 2021

The intersubband plasmons (ISBPs) of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) endow SWCNT‐based optoelectronic devices with more functions. However, the structural dependence of the ISBPs of SWCNTs is not fully understood. Here, the effect of electronic types and diameters of SWCNTs on the energy and intensity of their ISBPs is investigated systematically. The results show that the ISBP energy of semiconducting SWCNTs is ≈50–250 meV larger than that of metallic SWCNTs with the same diameters, while the ISBP integral intensity is approximately 1.25 to 4 times stronger. Diameter dependence of ISBPs for both semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs is also observed. With a decrease in diameter, the ISBPs shift to higher energies, while the intensity decreases dramatically. When the diameter is reduced to less than 1 nm, the ISBPs become unobservable. Interestingly, the energy separation between the ISBPs and interband transition S22 (M11) decreases with an increase in diameter. Theoretical calculations show that the structure‐dependent ISBP characteristics are dominated by the electronic states of SWCNTs. Based on the ISBP characteristics of different SWCNTs, high‐performance SWCNT‐based near‐infrared electrochromic devices are fabricated by mixing small‐diameter metallic SWCNTs with semiconducting SWCNTs due to their high conductivity and negligible ISBP signals.
Advanced Biomaterials for Regulating Polarization of Macrophages in Wound Healing
Authors: Mao Jiayi , Chen Lu , Cai Zhengwei , Qian Shutong , Liu Zhimo , Zhao Binfan , Zhang Yuguang , Sun Xiaoming , Cui Wenguo
Published: December 2021

Macrophage immunotherapy is an emerging treatment strategy that modulates the immune system to promote wound healing. The functionality and regeneration of tissue depend on spatially and temporally regulating the biophysical and biochemical microenvironmental with poorly understood mechanisms. Biomaterials are carefully crafted to display and deliver macrophage regulatory signals in a precise and near‐physiological way, serving as powerful artificial microenvironments in which to explore and direct the fate of macrophages. The review starts with discussing the classification and function of macrophages, and then introduces the polarization of macrophages in different microenvironments of conventional wounds and chronic wounds. Recent advances in biomaterials that balance the phenotypes of macrophages in wound healing are emphasized. Finally, looking ahead, the potential ability of biomaterial scaffolds to modulate immune signaling to produce an environment conducive to regeneration is discussed.
Advancing the Mechanical Performance of Glasses: Perspectives and Challenges
Authors: Wondraczek Lothar , Bouchbinder Eran , Ehrlicher Allen , Mauro John C. , Sajzew Roman , Smedskjaer Morten M.
Published: December 2021

Glasses are materials that lack a crystalline microstructure and long‐range atomic order. Instead, they feature heterogeneity and disorder on superstructural scales, which have profound consequences for their elastic response, material strength, fracture toughness, and the characteristics of dynamic fracture. These structure–property relations present a rich field of study in fundamental glass physics and are also becoming increasingly important in the design of modern materials with improved mechanical performance. A first step in this direction involves glass‐like materials that retain optical transparency and the haptics of classical glass products, while overcoming the limitations of brittleness. Among these, novel types of oxide glasses, hybrid glasses, phase‐separated glasses, and bioinspired glass–polymer composites hold significant promise. Such materials are designed from the bottom‐up, building on structure–property relations, modeling of stresses and strains at relevant length scales, and machine learning predictions. Their fabrication requires a more scientifically driven approach to materials design and processing, building on the physics of structural disorder and its consequences for structural rearrangements, defect initiation, and dynamic fracture in response to mechanical load. In this article, a perspective is provided on this highly interdisciplinary field of research in terms of its most recent challenges and opportunities.
Materials Engineering Strategies to Control Metal Oxides Nanowires Sensing Properties
Authors: Kaur Navpreet , Singh Mandeep , Comini Elisabetta
Published: December 2021

Metal oxides (MOXs), in the form of nanowires, have proved to be an excellent active sensing layer of chemoresistive sensors due to their unique physical/chemical properties such as single crystallinity, exceptional electrical properties, and so on. Indeed, MOXs nanowires‐based gas sensors show fast dynamic response with excellent reproducibility, stability, and reactivity toward various gas analytes. However, their limited selectivity and high operation temperature that lead to high power consumption are still major issues that need to be addressed. To improve these characteristics, researchers nowadays are working in the direction of modifying nanowires with different strategies. These strategies include nanowires heterostructures, decoration with particles (metals and metal oxides), core–shell structures, and surface functionalization with self‐assembled monolayers and modification with graphene (pristine and oxidized). By employing these strategies, nanowires sensing performances, especially their selectivity, sensitivity, and response, can immensely enhance. Hence, in this review article, the above‐mentioned strategies to improve the sensing performance of MOXs nanowires are reviewed. Attention is paid to underlying sensing mechanisms and improved sensing characteristics. In addition, MOXs gas sensing mechanism, working principle of conductometric gas sensors, and different synthesis techniques, used to modify nanowires, are also briefly discussed.
Sequential Cobalt/Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Aromatic Aldehydes with Acrylates for Preparing 3‐Substituted Phthalides in Oxygen Atmosphere and Neat Water
Authors: Li Xin‐Ran , Li Wan‐Di , Wei Wen‐Ting , Fan Juan , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Shi Xian‐Ying
Published: December 2021

Metal‐catalyzed C−H activation/tandem reactions of aromatic acids and functionalized alkenes is profound for constructing phthalide skeleton. However, most of these reactions employ stoichiometric amounts of metal additives and metal oxidants/toxic organic solvents. Herein, we describe a sequential cobalt/rhodium‐catalyzed tandem cyclization of aromatic aldehydes and acrylates for preparing 3‐substituted phthalides in one pot. This protocol features the use of water as a sustainable solvent and oxygen as the singular oxidant free of any additives. The use of aromatic aldehydes instead of aromatic acids as starting materials renders this route high atom economy, and the formation of water as a sole byproduct makes this process practical and environmentally benign.
Dual‐Regulation of Defect Sites and Vertical Conduction by Spiral Domain for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tong Xipeng , Zhao Yang , Zhuo Zhiwen , Yang Zhenhong , Wang Shuzhe , Liu Youwen , Lu Ning , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: December 2021

Insufficient active sites and weak vertical conduction are the intrinsic factors that restrict the electrocatalytic HER for transition‐metal dichalcogenides. As a prototype, we proposed a model of spiral MoTe2 to optimize collectively the above issues. The conductive atomic force microscopy of an individual spiral reveals that the retentive vertical conduction irrespective of layer thickness benefits from the connected screw dislocation lines between interlayers. Theoretical calculations uncover that the regions near the edge step of the spiral structures more easily form Te vacancies and have lower ΔGH* as extra active sites. A single spiral MoTe2‐based on‐chip microcell was fabricated to extract HER activity and achieved an ultrahigh current density of 3000 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 0.4 V, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than the exfoliated counterpart. Profoundly, this unusual spiral model will initiate a new pathway for triggering other inert catalytic reactions.
Novel hydroxyl‐containing and thermo‐dehydrocyclizable polycondensation polymers for multifunctional materials: Synthesis, properties, application
Authors: Lebedeva Galina , Kononova Svetlana , Kruchinina Elena , Vlasova Elena , Gofman Iosif , Bol'shakov Maxim , Romashkova Kira
Published: December 2021

Novel poly(amide‐imide)s and poly(amide‐o‐hydroxy‐imide)s were synthesized in the process of low‐temperature polycondensation of diacid chloride of 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dioxoisoindoline‐5‐carboxylic acid with a single diamine of 5,5′‐methylenebis(2‐aminophenol (DADHyDPhM) or of 4,4′‐methylenebis(benzeneamine) (DADPhМ), and also with a mixture of named diamines (molar ratios of DADHyDPhM to DADPhМ being equal to 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7). The influence of hydroxy‐imide modifying units (fragments) introduced into the basic poly(amide‐imide) on its thermal stability (the processes of polymers destruction proceed intensively in the temperature range from 400 to 600°C and has a complex character); parameters of pervaporation through heat‐resistant films prepared from polymer solutions were analyzed. Polymer films are rigid materials (modulus of elasticity–3 to 4 GPa) with a strength above 100 MPa. Heating up to 300°C leads for all three compositions to a noticeable increase in the elastic modulus and to a pronounced tendency to increase the strength characteristics.
Using joint control to teach activities of daily living and vocational tasks to students with autism
Authors: Hozella Willow , Garcia Yors A. , Ackerlund Brandt Julie A. , Mahoney Amanda
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a self‐rehearsal procedure to teach five individuals with autism to follow multiple‐step selection of stimuli. Within a multiple probe design across participants, participants were taught to echo the experimenter's instruction, self‐echo, and then select multiple pictorial stimuli in order from an array of directly trained and untrained sets of stimuli. Self‐rehearsal and selection related to activities of daily living in the natural environment required direct training. Probes of novel multiple‐step tasks were conducted. Implications for the role of joint control in developing skills sequences to teach generative responding, conceptual analyses of covert verbal behavior, and designing instructional goals related to transition from formal education settings are discussed.
Sarcopenia predicts an adverse prognosis in patients with combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma after surgery
Authors: Hou Gui‐min , Jiang Chuang , Du Jin‐peng , Yuan Ke‐fei
Published: December 2021

Background

The prognostic value of sarcopenia in combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC‐CC) patients after surgery has not been evaluated, while the efficacy of the available tumor stage for cHCC‐CC remains controversial.

Methods

All consecutive cHCC‐CC patients after surgery were retrieved. The patients were stratified by the sex‐specific medians of the psoas muscle index into groups with or without sarcopenia. Prognosis was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier (K–M) method, and the K–M curves were adjusted by inverse probability weighting (IPW). A nomogram based on Cox regression analysis was established and further compared with primary liver cancer (PLC) stages by internal validation based on bootstrap resampling and k‐fold cross‐validation.

Results

A total of 153 patients were stratified into sarcopenia and non‐sarcopenia groups. The sarcopenia group revealed statistically worse overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) using the K–M method and K–M curves adjusted by IPW. Multivariate Cox regression analyses suggested sarcopenia as an independent risk factor for OS (HR = 1.55; p = 0.040) and DFS (HR = 1.55; p = 0.019). Subgroup analysis based on baseline variables showed sarcopenia as a stable risk factor for the prognosis. Our nomogram outperformed PLC stages in prognostic prediction, as evidenced by the best c‐index, area under the curve, and positive improvement of the net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement. A fivefold cross‐validation revealed consistent results. Decision curve analysis revealed higher net benefits of the nomogram than PLC stages.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia is an independent and stable risk factor for the prognosis of cHCC‐CC patients after surgery. Our nomogram might aid high‐risk patient identification and clinical decisions.
A Review on Recent Progress in Membrane Distillation Crystallization
Authors: Wan Osman Wan Nur Aisyah , Mat Nawi Normi Izati , Samsuri Shafirah , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Wibisono Yusuf , Hernández Yáñez Eduard , Md Saad Juniza
Published: December 2021

Membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) is a promising hybrid separation technology that can play an important role in desalination, mineral recovery from liquid solution as well as in carbon dioxide fixation. MDC combines membrane distillation and crystallizer into one integrated unit that allows excellent recovery of clean water and high purity salt from highly concentrated salts solution (i.e., brine), which is otherwise detrimental when discharged to the environment. The process intensification addresses the limitation of standalone membrane distillation and a standalone crystallizer (i.e., temperature and concentration polarization, membrane properties) when operated as individual technology. This review discusses the fundamental of MDC focused on how the process intensification addresses those standalone units' limitations. Later, MDC's potential applications in addressing some pressing issues such as water scarcity and climate change are also evaluated. Lastly, current trends in the MDC research are discussed to project the required future developments.
Implementing a Social Justice Leadership Framework in Career Counseling
Authors: Hill Jehan , Testa Jessica , Baquet Sarah N. , Muirhead Kathleen N.
Published: December 2021

The consequences of the global COVID‐19 health crisis and racial disparities have an impact on the employment opportunities of individuals with marginalized identities. The heightened need to address systemic oppression calls for advocacy‐focused and social justice–informed career practitioners to provide culturally centered interventions to assist clients' career development. Practitioners need to be aware of the multiple sources of oppression affecting their clients and develop the skills necessary to understand their worldview. Using a case study and Furman's (2012) social justice leadership framework, we discuss the importance of career practitioners implementing praxis across internal and external dimensions.
Conceptualizing COVID‐19‐Related Career Concerns Using Bioecological Systems: Implications for Career Practice
Authors: Belser Christopher T. , Prescod Diandra J.
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected many aspects of the global society, including the workforce, with many effects yet to be seen. Career professionals in various settings are positioned to support clients and students through pandemic‐related career concerns. Bronfenbrenner's (1979, 2001, 2005) bioecological systems model provides a framework that can aid in conceptualizing clients' and students' presenting issues within the complex nature of their environments. In this theoretical article, we contextualize COVID‐19‐related career concerns through a bioecological systems lens and integrate four contemporary approaches to career work. Two fictional case studies illustrate how career professionals can integrate these approaches.
Nanostructured Manganese Oxides within a Ring‐Shaped Polyoxometalate Exhibiting Unusual Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Sato Kai , Yonesato Kentaro , Yatabe Takafumi , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Suzuki Kosuke
Published: December 2021

Nanosized manganese oxides have recently received considerable attention for their synthesis, structures, and potential applications. Although various synthetic methods have been developed, precise synthesis of novel nanostructured manganese oxides are still challenging. In this study, using a structurally defined nanosized cavity inside a ring‐shaped polyoxometalate, we succeeded in synthesizing two types of discrete 18 and 20 nuclear nanostructured manganese oxides, Mn18 and Mn20, respectively. In particular, Mn18 showed much higher catalytic activity than other manganese oxides for the oxygenation of alkylarenes including electron‐deficient ones, and the reaction proceeded through a unique reaction mechanism due to its unusual manganese oxide structure.
Prodrugs of E‐selectin Antagonists with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Properties
Authors: Dätwyler Philipp , Jiang Xiaohua , Wagner Beatrice , Varga Norbert , Mühlethaler Tobias , Hostettler Katja , Rabbani Said , Schwardt Oliver , Ernst Beat
Published: December 2021

Because of their large polar surface area, carbohydrates often exhibit insufficient pharmacokinetic properties. Specifically, the carboxylic acid function of the tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewisx, a pharmacophore crucial for the formation of a salt bridge with selectins, prevents oral availability. A common approach is the transfer of carboxylic acid into ester prodrugs. Once the prodrug is either actively or passively absorbed, the active principle is released by hydrolysis. In the present study, ester prodrugs of selectin antagonists with aliphatic promoieties were synthesized and their potential for oral availability was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The addition of lipophilic ester moieties to overcome insufficient lipophilicity improved passive permeation into enterocytes, however at the same time supported efflux back to the small intestines as well as oxidation into non‐hydrolysable metabolites. In summary, our examples demonstrate that different modifications of carbohydrates can result in opposing effects and have to be studied in their entirety.
A hue and warm‐cool model for warm‐cool based correlated color temperature calculation
Authors: Oh Semin , Kwak Youngshin
Published: December 2021

Correlated color temperature is widely used to describe colors of lights, but it has been questionable if it is well correlated to real perception. This study approached this issue with warm‐cool feelings, that is, the same correlated color temperature would evoke the same level of warm‐cool feelings. Since warm‐cool feeling is widely accepted to correlate closely with hue, a psychophysical experiment was performed to collect visual data of lights in terms of both hue and warm‐cool feelings. As a result, the hue and the warm‐cool prediction models were, respectively, proposed. The proposed hue model has the same structure with CAM16 with new degree of adaptation considering the luminance and chromaticity and unique hue angle settings for lights. The warm‐cool model can be used in conjunction with the hue model, which enables to assign the correlated color temperature based on the warm‐cool feelings as a new calculation method for correlated color temperature that is expected to achieve a better visual resemblance.
Evaluation of environment and cultivar impact on lentil protein, starch, mineral nutrients, and yield
Authors: Chen Chengci , Etemadi Fatemeh , Franck William , Franck Sooyoung , Abdelhamid Magdi T. , Ahmadi Jafar , Mohammed Yesuf Assen , Lamb Peggy , Miller John , Carr Patrick M. , McPhee Kevin , Zhou Yi , Torabian Shahram , Qin Ruijun
Published: December 2021

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important source of protein, starch, and mineral nutrients in many parts of the world. However, the impact of environment and cultivar on the enrichment of these nutrients is not well understood. Four lentil cultivars (‘Avondale’, ‘CDC Richlea’, ‘CDC Maxim’, and ‘CDC Imvincible’) varying in color, seed size, and maturity were evaluated at five Montana locations with diverse climatic and soil conditions over 3 yr. Significant cultivar, location, and year effects were found for yield, protein, starch, and minerals. Grain protein concentration was the highest at Moccasin (262 g kg−1) and lowest at Richland (246 g kg−1), whereas starch concentration was the highest at Richland (455 g kg−1) and lowest at Moccasin (441 g kg−1). Among cultivars, Avondale was the top yielding cultivar (1965 kg ha−1) and adaptable to most of the environments; CDC Imvincible was the top protein producer (265 g kg−1); and CDC Richlea is the leading starch producer (456 g kg−1). Grain protein concentration was negatively correlated with starch. Lentil grains varied in nutrient concentrations across locations, with the northcentral Montana region producing 10‐ to 20‐times greater selenium concentration than other locations. CDC Maxim had the highest iron (62.1 mg kg−1) and zinc (31.5 mg kg−1) concentrations. Seed protein concentration was positively correlated with phosphorus, sulfur, copper, and boron. Seed starch is positively correlated with magnesium and manganese. Results suggest that plant breeding and production site selection could enrich lentil nutrient concentrations to help combat malnutrition in the world.
Predicting spatial‐temporal patterns of diet quality and large herbivore performance using satellite time series
Authors: Kearney Sean P. , Porensky Lauren M. , Augustine David J. , Derner Justin D. , Gao Feng
Published: December 2021

Adaptive management of large herbivores requires an understanding of how spatial‐temporal fluctuations in forage biomass and quality influence animal performance. Advances in remote sensing have yielded information about the spatial‐temporal dynamics of forage biomass, which in turn have informed rangeland management decisions such as stocking rate and paddock selection for free‐ranging cattle. However, less is known about the spatial‐temporal patterns of diet quality and their influence on large herbivore performance. This is due to infrequent concurrent ground observations of forage conditions with performance (e.g., mass gain), and previously limited satellite data at fine spatial and temporal scales. We combined multi‐temporal field observations of diet quality (weekly) and mass gain (monthly) with satellite‐derived phenological metrics (pseudo‐daily, using data fusion and interpolation) to model daily mass gains of free‐ranging yearling cattle in shortgrass steppe. We used this model to predict grazing season (mid‐May to October) mass gains, a key management indicator, across 40 different paddocks grazed over a 10‐year period (n = 138). We found strong relationships between diet quality and the satellite‐derived phenological metrics, especially metrics related to the timing and rate of green‐up and senescence. Satellite‐derived diet quality estimates were strong predictors of monthly mass gains (R2 = 0.68) across a wide range of aboveground net herbaceous production. Season‐long predictions of average daily gain and cattle off‐mass had mean absolute errors of 8.9% and 2.9%, respectively. The model performed better temporally (across repeated observations in the same paddock) than spatially (across all paddocks within a given year), highlighting the need for accurate vegetation maps and robust field data collection across both space and time. This study demonstrates that free‐ranging cattle performance in rangelands is strongly affected by diet quality, which is related to the timing of vegetation green‐up and senescence. Senescing vegetation suppressed mass gains, even if adequate forage was available. The satellite‐based pseudo‐daily approach presented here offers new opportunities for adaptive management of large herbivores, such as identifying within‐season triggers to move livestock among paddocks, predicting wildlife herd health, or timing the grazing season to better match earlier spring green‐up caused by climate change and plant species invasion.
Recruitment variability and sampling design interact to influence the detectability of protected area effects
Authors: Hopf Jess K. , Caselle Jennifer E. , White J. Wilson
Published: December 2021

Correctly identifying the effects of a human impact on a system is a persistent challenge in ecology, driven partly by the variable nature of natural systems. This is particularly true in many marine fishery species, which frequently experience large temporal fluctuations in recruitment that produce interannual variations in populations. This variability complicates efforts to maintain stocks at management targets or detect the effects of rebuilding efforts. We address this challenge in the context of no‐take marine reserves by exploring how variable larval recruitment could interact with the timing of reserve establishment and choice of sampling design to affect population dynamics and the detectability of reserve effects. To predict population changes in the years following a no‐take reserve implementation, we first tested for periodicity in larval recruitment in an important U.S. Pacific coast recreational fishery species (kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus) and then included that pattern in a population model. We also used this model to determine the detectability of population increases under alternative sampling approaches and minimum age sampled. Kelp bass larval recruitment in the Channel Islands, California, peaked every about six (major) and about two (minor) years. Our model showed that establishing a reserve during a peak or trough enhanced or delayed, respectively, the post‐reserve population increases. However, establishing a reserve during a recruitment peak could obscure a failing reserve, that is, a reserve that is unable to secure longer‐term metapopulation persistence. Recruitment peaks and troughs also interacted with sampling design to affect the detectability of reserve effects. Designs that compared inside‐outside were the most robust to variable recruitment, but failed to capture whether the reserve has improved metapopulation growth. Designs that included a time element (e.g., before‐after) are more suited to assessing reserve effectiveness, but were sensitive to recruitment variation and detectability can change year‐to‐year. Notably, detectability did not always increase monotonically with reserve age; the optimal time for detectability depended on the minimum age of organisms sampled and was greatest when the cohort of a major recruitment peak first appeared in the sampling. We encourage managers to account for variable recruitment when planning monitoring and assessment programs.
Critical summer foraging tradeoffs in a subarctic ungulate
Authors: Ehlers Libby , Coulombe Gabrielle , Herriges Jim , Bentzen Torsten , Suitor Michael , Joly Kyle , Hebblewhite Mark
Published: December 2021

Summer diets are crucial for large herbivores in the subarctic and are affected by weather, harassment from insects and a variety of environmental changes linked to climate. Yet, understanding foraging behavior and diet of large herbivores is challenging in the subarctic because of their remote ranges. We used GPS video‐camera collars to observe behaviors and summer diets of the migratory Fortymile Caribou Herd (Rangifer tarandus granti) across Alaska, USA and the Yukon, Canada. First, we characterized caribou behavior. Second, we tested if videos could be used to quantify changes in the probability of eating events. Third, we estimated summer diets at the finest taxonomic resolution possible through videos. Finally, we compared summer diet estimates from video collars to microhistological analysis of fecal pellets. We classified 18,134 videos from 30 female caribou over two summers (2018 and 2019). Caribou behaviors included eating (mean = 43.5%), ruminating (25.6%), travelling (14.0%), stationary awake (11.3%) and napping (5.1%). Eating was restricted by insect harassment. We classified forage(s) consumed in 5,549 videos where diet composition (monthly) highlighted a strong tradeoff between lichens and shrubs; shrubs dominated diets in June and July when lichen use declined. We identified 63 species, 70 genus and 33 family groups of summer forages from videos. After adjusting for digestibility, monthly estimates of diet composition were strongly correlated at the scale of the forage functional type (i.e., forage groups composed of forbs, graminoids, mosses, shrubs and lichens;r = 0.79,p < .01). Using video collars, we identified (1) a pronounced tradeoff in summer foraging between lichens and shrubs and (2) the costs of insect harassment on eating. Understanding caribou foraging ecology is needed to plan for their long‐term conservation across the circumpolar north, and video collars can provide a powerful approach across remote regions.
Silica‐gel incorporated carbon paste sensor for the electrocatalytic oxidation of famotidine and its application in biological sample analysis
Authors: Vernekar Pramod Ramachandra , Shanbhag Mahesh Mohan , G Manasa , Shetti Nagaraj Pundlik , Mascarenhas Ronald Jerald
Published: December 2021

Famotidine (FAM) is an efficacious competitive drug, and a reversible inhibitor of H2‐histaminergic receptor action used to manage acid production in the stomach. Among the elderly population, this drug poses the risk of kidney failure and impaired mental health conditions. Additionally, FAM is an environmental contaminant. Thus, FAM quantification was undertaken in urine and tablet dosage forms utilizing an uncomplicated, inexpensive, silica‐gel blended carbon paste electrode (SG/CPE) as an electrochemical sensor. In contrast to bare CPE, the existence of the modifier effectively enhanced the oxidation peak current for FAM. The impact of diversified factors such as time of accumulation, pH, sweep rate, and concentration variation was examined. Phosphate buffer solution (0.2 M) was employed for electro‐oxidation of FAM, and the optimum results were obtained at pH 3.0. The overall reaction at the sensing platform was under diffusion control with the involvement of a single electron transfer. The estimated heterogeneous rate constant (k°) was 3.493 × 103 s–1. Using the calibration curve, the calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 11.72 × 10–8 M and 39.06 × 10–8 M, respectively. Among a variety of common interferents, the sensor demonstrated exceptional discrimination capabilities. Thus the proposed sensing platform displayed adequate sensitivity, selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for FAM in spiked human urine (91.40–97.50%) and tablet dosage forms (90.33–96.70 %), attesting the SG/CPE as a promising candidate for real‐time analysis.

Novelty Statement: Silica gel/CPE as an electrochemical sensing platform exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity together with high sensitivity and selectivity for the quantitative determination of Famotidine (FAM). The developed method was validated by evaluating the accuracy, precision, stability, and anti‐interference properties. The lowest detection limit of 11.72 × 10–8 M was achieved, and the analytical advantage of the sensor is the quick quantification of FAM in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.
Fast approach for evaluating H2S poisoning effects on solid oxide fuel cells fueled by carbon‐containing fuels such as biogas
Authors: Langnickel Hendrik , Hagen Anke
Published: December 2021

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) convert a variety of fuels like hydrogen, e‐gas, or biogas into electricity with high efficiency. Such fuels are interesting for reaching a production of electricity entirely from renewable energy sources. Sustainable fuels will play an important role because they are independent of fluctuating sources such as solar and wind. E‐gas is a product of power‐to‐X concepts using electricity from renewable sources. Biogas is a renewable source and consists of 40%–70% CH4 and 30%–60% CO2. One advantage of the SOFC is that direct internal reforming of biogas or other hydrocarbons is possible. Impurities like sulfur components, which are present in fuels like biogas, can have negative effects on the internal reforming of the fuel in the SOFC and the electrochemical reaction as well. These effects have been widely investigated. The current study presents a new, time‐efficient approach to investigating sulfur poisoning. It analyses how the electrochemical reaction and the methane reforming process are affected by H2S via the evaluation of iV‐curves recorded with and without sulfur. It yields the well‐known parameter voltage drop occurring due to sulfur exposure.
Suppressed farnesoid X receptor by iron overload in mice and humans potentiates iron‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Xiong Hui , Zhang Chunze , Han Lifeng , Xu Tong , Saeed Khawar , Han Jing , Liu Jing , Klaassen Curtis D. , Gonzalez Frank J. , Lu Yuanfu , Zhang Youcai
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Iron overload (IO) is a frequent finding in the general population. As the major iron storage site, the liver is subject to iron toxicity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid metabolism and is implicated in various liver diseases. We aimed to determine whether FXR plays a role in regulating iron hepatotoxicity.

Approach and Results

Human and mouse hepatocytes were treated with ferric ammonium citrate or iron dextran (FeDx). Mice were orally administered ferrous sulfate or injected i.p. with FeDx. Wild‐type and Fxr−/−
mice were fed an iron‐rich diet for 1 or 5 weeks. Mice fed an iron‐rich diet were coadministered the FXR agonist, GW4064. Forced expression of FXR was carried out with recombinant adeno‐associated virus 1 week before iron‐rich diet feeding. Serum levels of bile acids and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were quantified in adults with hyperferritinemia and children with β‐thalassemia. The data demonstrated that iron suppressed FXR expression and signaling in human and mouse hepatocytes as well as in mouse liver and intestine. FXR deficiency potentiated iron hepatotoxicity, accompanied with hepatic steatosis as well as dysregulated iron and bile acid homeostasis. FXR negatively regulated iron‐regulatory proteins 1 and 2 and prevented hepatic iron accumulation. Forced FXR expression and ligand activation significantly suppressed iron hepatotoxicity in iron‐fed mice. The FXR agonist, GW4064, almost completely restored dysregulated bile acid signaling and metabolic syndrome in iron‐fed mice. Conjugated primary bile acids were increased and FGF19 was decreased in serum of adults with hyperferritinemia and children with β‐thalassemia.

Conclusions

FXR plays a pivotal role in regulating iron homeostasis and protects mice against iron hepatotoxicity. Targeting FXR may represent a therapeutic strategy for IO‐associated chronic liver diseases.
Comparative study of hydrophobically modified gelatin‐based sealant with commercially available sealants
Authors: Mizuno Yosuke , Watanabe Shiharu , Katano Mayumi , Yanagihara Takahiro , Maki Naoki , Sato Yukio , Taguchi Tetsushi
Published: December 2021

Air leakage is one of the major complications related to pulmonary surgeries. To reduce this complication, we developed a decyl group (C10)‐modified Alaska pollock gelatin (ApGltn) (C10‐ApGltn) sealant and evaluated its practical performance against commercially available sealants, Beriplast® and DuraSeal®. C10‐ApGltn was synthesized by reductive amination of the amino groups in ApGltn with decanal. C10‐ApGltn was crosslinked with a poly(ethylene glycol)‐based crosslinker to form a tissue sealant. The crosslinking time of the C10‐ApGltn sealant was fast enough for curing on tissue and application as a spray system. Although the percent swelling of C10‐ApGltn and DuraSeal was significantly greater than Beriplast, C10‐ApGltn and DuraSeal exhibited excellent tissue sealing properties on pleura tissue under a long‐term moist condition. Additionally, C10‐ApGltn and DuraSeal did not cause severe inflammatory responses in a rat subcutaneous example. Therefore, C10‐ApGltn sealant had comparable tissue sealing properties to DuraSeal under a moist condition, indicating the potential of C10‐ApGltn sealant for pulmonary surgeries.
The Posterior Part Influences the Anterior Part of the Mouse Cranial Base Development
Authors: Zhang Honghao , Louie Ke'ale W , Kulkarni Anshul K , Zapien‐Guerra Karen , Yang Jingwen , Mishina Yuji
Published: December 2021

The cranial base is a critical structure in the head, which is composed of endoskeletal and dermal skeletal. The braincase floor, part of the cranial base, is a midline structure of the head. Because it is a midline structure connecting the posterior skull with the facial region, braincase floor is critical for the orientation of the facial structure. Shortened braincase floor leads to mid‐facial hypoplasia and malocclusions. During embryonic development, elongation of the braincase floor occurs through endochondral ossification in the parachordal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage, and trabecular cartilage, which leads to formation of basioccipital (BO), basisphenoid (BS), and presphenoid (PS) bones, respectively. Currently, little is known about whether maturation of parachordal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage, and trabecular cartilage occurs in a simultaneous or sequential manner and if the formation of one impacts the others. Our previous studies demonstrated that loss of function of ciliary protein Evc2 leads to premature fusion in the intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS). In this study, we take advantage of Evc2 mutant mice to delineate the mechanism governing synchondrosis formation. Our analysis supports a cascade mechanism on the spatiotemporal regulation of the braincase floor development that the hypertrophy of parachordal cartilage (posterior side) impacts the hypertrophy of hypophyseal cartilage (middle) and trabecular cartilage (anterior side) in a sequential manner. The cascade mechanism well explains the premature fusion of the ISS in Evc2 mutant mice and is instructive to understand the specifically shortened anterior end of the braincase floor in various types of genetic syndromes. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interpersonal stress, interpersonal competence, and gender matter for adolescents’ depressive symptoms: Considerations for counselors
Authors: Smith‐Adcock Sondra , Kerpelman Jennifer L.
Published: December 2021

Gender differences in adolescents’ depressive symptoms associated with interpersonal stress and competence were examined in a sample of 2157 high school students in the southeastern United States. How interpersonal competencies directly influenced depressive symptoms, and moderated associations among interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms were tested. Key findings showed that stress across different contexts positively predicted depressive symptoms. Initiating new relationships was shown to be a protective factor while providing emotional support and negative assertion were associated with greater depressive vulnerability for girls. Moderation results showed that girls have stronger associations between parent and peer stress and depressive symptoms. Recommendations are made for the assessment of interpersonal stress and competence, as well as prevention and early intervention for depressive symptoms. Assessing diverse interpersonal competencies and contexts of stress may be useful for enhancing adolescents’ capacity to address interpersonal stress and help diminish associations between stress and depressive symptoms.
A 47‐year‐old man passing putrid semen through saliva and sweat: A case of Dhat syndrome
Authors: Arafat S. M. Yasir , Mondal Firoj , Ghimire Sabina
Published: December 2021

Dhat syndrome is a culture‐bound syndrome in which patients believe that they pass Dhat (semen) with their urine, feces, sweat, and saliva that causes lethargy, apathy, dysphoria, and depression. Here, we report a case of a 47‐year‐old man who presented with complaints of burning sensation in the whole body, especially in the pubic region, and insomnia for the last 5 years. This case could be enlightening for clinicians in South Asia in daily clinical practice and family physicians in Western countries where immigrants from Dhat syndrome prevailing countries could present with complex cultural myths and superstitious beliefs.
An Investigation into the Association Between Dopamine Receptor D1 Multilocus Genetic Variation, Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Antidepressant Treatment
Authors: Sun Yurong , Wang Xinyi , Tian Shui , Chen Zhilu , Wang Huan , Xue Li , Yan Rui , Yao Zhijian , Lu Qing
Published: December 2021

Background

Combining genetic variants with neuroimaging phenotypes may facilitate understanding of the biological mechanisms for the etiology and pharmacology of antidepressant treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Purpose

To explore the latent pathway of dopamine gene–hierarchical brain network–antidepressant treatment.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

One hundred and sixty‐eight MDD inpatients divided into responders (N = 98) or nonresponders (N = 70) based on the treatment outcome of antidepressant.

Field Strength/Sequence

Diffusion tensors imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0T using echo‐planar sequence.

Assessment

Four genetic variations of the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) were genotyped. Strengths of rich‐club, feeder, and local connections were calculated based on the rich‐club organizations of structural and functional brain networks at baseline and following 4 weeks of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy.

Statistical Tests

Logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze the impact of DRD1 multilocus genetic profile score on the treatment response of SSRI, and their associations with strengths of rich‐club, feeder, and local connections. Mediation models were developed to explore the mediation role of rich‐club organizations on the relationship between DRD1 and SSRI therapy response. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Multiple genetic variations of DRD1 were significantly related to the strengths of feeder connections both in structural and functional networks, and to the treatment response of SSRI. Furthermore, the strength of the structural feeder connection significantly modulated the effect of DRD1 variants on SSRI treatment outcome.

Data Conclusion

DRD1 displayed close connections both with SSRI treatment outcome and rich‐club organizations of structural and functional data. Moreover, structural feeder connection played a mediating role in the relationship between DRD1 and antidepressant therapy.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

4