bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Mice
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

What is a mouse? Ask any small child and you will hear the answer—a small furry creature with big ears and a big smile. Today, in Japan, Europe, America, and elsewhere, this question evokes images of that quintessential mouse icon— Mickey; but even before the age of cinema, television, and theme parks, mice had entered the cultures of most people. In the English-speaking world, they have come down through the ages in the form of nursery rhymes sung to young children including ‘‘Three blind mice” and “Hickory, dickory dock, the mouse ran up the clock “Artistic renditions of mice in the form of trinkets, such as those shown in Fig. 1.1, are sold in shops throughout the world. Why has the mouse been in the minds of people for so long? The most obvious reason is that one particular type of mouse—the so-called house mouse—has lived in close association with most, if not all, human populations since the dawn of civilization.
Laboratory Mice
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

One of the unique advantages of working with mice, rather than other experimental organisms, is the availability of standard strains such as C57BU6 (abbreviated B6), BALB/c, and many others that are used in thousands of laboratories around the world each year. With the use of the same standard inbred strain, it is possible to eliminate genetic variability as a complicating factor in comparing results obtained from experiments performed in Japan, Canada, Germany, or any other country in the world. Furthermore, for the most part, results obtained in 1992 can be directly compared to results obtained in 1962 or any other year. But, where do these standard strains come from and how can one be sure that a mouse advertised as BALB/c is actually a BALB/c mouse?

When two animals have the same strain name, such as BALB/c, it means that they can both trace their lineage back through a series of brother-sister atings to the very same mating pair of inbred animals.
National Systems Supporting Technical Advance in Industry: The Brazilian Experience
Authors: Dahlman Carl J , Frischtak Claudio R
Published: November 2023

Brazil has the ninth largest GDP in the world, the sixth largest population, and the fifth largest area. Its per capita income in 1987 was US$224 l, slightly above Mexico but below Argentina, South Korea, and Taiwan. The country is well endowed with natural resources, has a productive agriculture sector, and a mature and diversified industrial base. Manufacturing value-added in 1987 was US$79 billion, the ninth largest in the world, about 15% larger than that of Canada, two times that of Mexico or Korea, and almost three times that of Australia.
Racial Disproportion in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Three findings about race, crime, and punishment stand out concerning blacks. First, at every criminal justice system stage from arrest through incarceration, blacks are present in numbers greatly out of proportion to their presence in the general population. In 1991, for example, blacks made up a bit under 13 percent of the general population but 44.8 percent of those arrested for violent felonies and nearly 50 percent of those in prison on an average day. Second, although black disproportions in the front of the systemas offenders and arrestees-are essentially stable, since the early 1980s they have steadily grown worse at the back. Between 1979 and 1990, for example the percentage of blacks among persons admitted to state and federal prisons grew from 39 to 53 percent. By contrast, 44.1 percent of violent crime arrests in 1979 were of blacks, virtually the same as the 1992 figure. Third, perhaps surprisingly, for nearly a decade there has been a near consensus among scholars and policy analysts that most of the black punishment disproportions result not from racial bias or discrimination within the system but from patterns of black offending and of blacks’ criminal records. Drug law enforcement is the conspicuous exception. Blacks are arrested and confined in numbers grossly out of line with their use or sale of drugs.
The Coevolution of Technical and Institutional Events in the Development of an Innovation
Authors: Ven Andrew H Van De , Garud Raghu
Published: November 2023

How and why are technological innovations developed and commercialized? Answers to these how and why questions have significant practical implications for public policymakers, entrepreneurs, investors, and managers engaged in the highly uncertain and novel development of innovations. The how question requires a process description of the temporal sequence of events that occur to create and transform basic scientific knowledge into commercially viable products or services. Based on an intensive longitudinal field study, this chapter provides such a process description by narrating the events that were observed to occur over a 35-year period to develop and commercialize the cochlear implant, a new-to-the-world biomedical technology that provides hearing to profoundly deaf people. The why question calls for a theory of change that explains this observed process. This chapter examines the utility of a social evolutionary theory of change for explaining the development and commercialization of cochlear implants. A growing interest in biological analogies of evolution throughout the social sciences (Hannan and Freeman, 1989) led a growing number of scholars in the 1980s and 1990s to explain the dynamics that govern technical and institutional change as a social evolutionary process of variation, selection, and retention. Variation is the creation of a novel technical or institutional form within a population under investigation. Selection occurs principally through competition among the alternative novel forms that exist, and actors in the environment select those forms which optimize or are best suited to the resource base of an environmental niche (Hannan and Freeman, 1977:939). Retention involves the forces (including inertia and persistence) that perpetuate and maintain certain technical and institutional forms that were selected in the past (Aldrich, 1979).
Comparative Advantage and Competitive Advantage: An Introduction
Authors: Agmon Tamir , Drobnick Richard L
Published: November 2023

Two major trends have dominated the international business environment in the last twenty years. One is market integration, with global markets forming in many industries and services. The other is the emergence of large international corporations as the main actors in those markets.
United States Trade Laws as Barriers to Globalization
Authors: Rugman Alan M , Gestrin Michael V
Published: November 2023

An axiom of international business states that in order to survive glob ally, a firm needs to develop a sustainable competitive advantage, usually a proprietary firm-specific advantage (FSA) in technology, management, or marketing skills. The source of the FSA can often be found within a nation’s “diamond” of international competitiveness, to use Michael Porter’s terminology. Porter also explains that FSAs can be rein forced by the use of competition-based entry barriers, which can be classified according to whether they are cost reducing or differentiation enhancing. These strategies are ultimately efficiency based and capable of increasing national economic welfare.
Vindicating the Race
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

The history of African American Christianity is bound up with the history of American slavery. African Americans encountered Christianity in the context of enslavement, and it was as captives that they began the long process of making the gospel their own. The process varied across time and space and defies generalization or easy description. Sometimes conversion came quickly, in explosive moments of “awakening”; more often, it unfolded over generations, as Christian beliefs and practices insinuated themselves into slaves’ daily rounds. In some settings, the new creed seems almost completely to have displaced older religions, which survived only in a handful of disembodied beliefs and rituals. In other places, Christian usages were grafted onto still vital African religious traditions, producing dynamic, richly syncretic creeds. Yet whatever the pace or pathway, slaves across the Americas were drawn into the dialectic of conversion, transforming the religion of their captors even as it transformed them.
Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

After reading the first two chapters of this book, one might be forgiven for asking what was “African” about African Methodism. Notwithstanding its name, the AME Church was clearly the most respectable and “orthodox” of black American independent churches. While some recognizably African elements surfaced in services, AME leaders tended to disdain if not actively to suppress those beliefs and practices that scholars today celebrate as signs of Africa’s persistence in the New World. The whole point of “racial vindication” was to demonstrate blacks’ capacity to uphold “recognized standards” in their personal and collective lives and thereby to hasten abolition and full inclusion in American society. Surely people interested in connections between black America and Africa should look elsewhere than the AME Church.

Better yet, they should rephrase the question. With a few notable exceptions, historians of black America have been so preoccupied with finding evidence of Africa in the realm of culture that they have overlooked the continent’s pervasiveness in black intellectual and imaginative life. In a nation ruled by the descendants of Europe, Africa is and has always been the touch stone of black distinctiveness, the literal and figurative point of departure for the construction of African American identity, whatever one conceives it to be. And nowhere was the question of African Americans’ relationship with Africa more explicitly confronted than in the AME Church.
Stretch Forth Thy Hands
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

In 1892, one hundred years after Richard Allen and his comrades walked out of Philadelphia’s St. George’s Methodist Church, a group of black Methodists in Pretoria, South Africa, withdrew from the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society and established an independent African Methodist church. They called their movement the Ethiopian Church, or Tiyopia, after the prophecy of African redemption in Psalms 68. Through a seemingly providential series of contingencies and chance encounters, the leaders of the South African Ethiopian Church came into contact with Bishop Henry Turner and the leaders of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. In 1896 the Ethiopians were formally accepted into the AME connection.

The chapter which follows examines the history of the Ethiopian Church from its origins in nineteenth-century European missions through its amalgamation with the AME Church. In effect, the chapter charts the other side of the looking glass, exploring the origins and politics of African independent churches, as well as African Christians’ complex reflections on the subject of black America. At the same time, it represents an attempt to repopulate “Ethiopianism,” to give historical specificity and human faces to a movement that is too often treated as a kind of generic African phenomenon.
African Methodism as a Social Movement, I
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

The amalgamation of the Ethiopian and AME churches culminated a remarkable historical convergence between black Christians at opposite corners of the Atlantic. For African American Christians, the opening of the African mission field helped salve the pain of the past: slavery, for all its horror and brutality, had been progressive, a part of God’s unfolding plan for the redemption of Africa. For Mangena Mokone and his comrades, the prospect was equally invigorating. Seen through the prism of black America, their humble rebellions in places like Marabastad and the Waterberg resolved themselves into the stuff of prophecy. As Jacobus Xaba put it, “The prophecy predicted by the Psalmist, 68, approaches its perfection.”

Ultimately, however, the handful of leaders gathered around Mokone neither encompassed African Methodism nor exhausted its meanings. If the South African church had remained the province of a handful of dissident clerics, it would scarcely have generated the enthusiasm it did or struck such fear into the hearts of colonial officials. In the decade and a half after its founding—a period that encompassed the South African War, imperial reconstruction, and the creation of the Union of South Africa—African Methodism exploded across the southern African subcontinent.
“The Seed You Sow in Africa”
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

During the height of the Ethiopian panic in the early twentieth century, white South Africans leveled every variety of charge against the AME Church. The church was blamed for the Bambatha rebellion in Natal, for impertinent farm laborers in the Free State, and for restive domestic servants on the Rand. Nothing so exercised white observers, however, as the spectacle of guileless young Africans being dispatched to the United States for education. A European missionary, writing in 1904, admirably summarized the case, packing a universe of racist assumptions into two short paragraphs:

Each year an increasing number of young men and women are sent from Africa, at the expense of the American Methodist Episcopal body, to study in the Negro universities of the United States. There they obtain a superficial veneer of knowledge, while breathing the atmosphere of race hatred which pervades these so-called seats of learning.

After the attainment of a more or less worthless degree, these students return to their own country to preach, with all the enthusiasm of youth and the obstinate conviction of the half-taught mind, a gospel usually far more political than religious.
Prologue: The Defeat of the Past
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

January 1, 1815, dawned faintly through the dense fog over southern Louisiana. Six miles downstream from New Orleans, two hostile armies hid from each other in the enveloping mists. The invaders consisted of eight thousand British soldiers, some still in ships offshore, commanded by Major General Edward Pakenham. To defend the city, the United States had so far gathered no more than four thousand men under Major General Andrew Jackson. Though small by the standards of Napoleonic Europe, these were large armies for North America. A severe winter all over the Atlantic world slowed communication and made transportation difficult. Neither army knew that across the ocean, representatives of their respective countries had signed a treaty of peace eight days earlier. They did know that heavy rains had fallen on them almost every day since the British landing two weeks before and that the nights were frosty and chill. The British had to operate at the end of a tenuous supply line, without tents and on short rations. Suffering especially were the eleven hundred black colonial troops from the British West Indies. Not acclimated to winter weather and still wearing thin tropical uniforms, some of these men died of hypothermia.
The Continental Setting
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

In the thirty-three years following the Battle of New Orleans, the United States would extend its imperial reach across a continent vast, diverse, and already inhabited. The history of the United States can be understood only in relation to the continental setting within which it unfolded. The human geography of North America in 1815 included peoples of several races, many languages, and sometimes incompatible aspirations. Innumerable tribes of Native Americans maintained de facto independence of three great mainland empires: the United States, Mexico, and British North America. The imposition of U.S. authority all the way to the Pacific, so clear by 1848, represented an astounding transformation when one considers the state of North America in 1815.
From the Jaws of Defeat
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Mail coming from New Orleans to Washington, traveling across the Natchez Trace route, usually took about three weeks, but the harsh winter of 1814–15 made it slower. While Washington waited “in awful suspense,” news of the great victory at New Orleans took a full four weeks by the fastest horsemen, arriving on Saturday, February 4. It provoked delirious rejoicing; all that night the District of Columbia blazed with candles and torches, as if to mimic in celebration the horror of the burning of the White House and Capitol by enemy invaders only five months earlier. Never has good news been more badly needed or more anxiously awaited. By act of Congress and presidential proclamation, January 12 had been a day of national prayer and fasting; though they did not know it, the people’s prayers had already been answered.2 On Monday, February 6, President James Madison issued another proclamation: This time, coming after a weekend of festivities, it was a full pardon for the pirates of Louisiana who had rallied to Jackson’s call. (Alas, the pirates proved incorrigible, and within the year the president needed to order out the navy against them again.)
Awakenings of Religion
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

When the state of Connecticut disestablished religion in 1818, the prominent revival preacher Lyman Beecher fell into depression and apprehension. He had fought hard to protect his faith from political defeat, and he had lost. “It was as dark a day as ever I saw,” he recalled. “The injury done to the cause of Christ, as we then supposed, was irreparable. For several days I suffered what no tongue can tell for the best thing that ever happened to the State of Connecticut. It cut the churches loose from dependence on state support. It threw them wholly on their own resources and on God.”1 As Beecher came to realize, the change in status proved an advantageous trade-off for organized religion.
Overthrowing the Tyranny of Distance
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

No sooner was President Monroe reelected in 1820 than campaigning began for the election of 1824. By the spring of 1822, a journalist could already comment that the “electioneering begins to wax hot.”1 All the rival presidential candidates called themselves Republicans, and each claimed to be the logical successor to the Jeffersonian heritage. Ironically, what the campaign produced was the breakup of the party and the traditions everyone honored. One-party government proved an evanescent phase in American history.
Pursuing the Millennium
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Many people shared John Quincy Adams’s view of America as the country where God would bring His plans for humanity to fulfillment. But the blueprints for realizing this providential destiny could be far bolder and more presumptuous than Henry Clay’s American System. Some Americans actually hoped to cooperate in hastening the Second Coming of Christ, which would usher in the end of history. Almost all Americans regarded their country as an example and a harbinger of popular government to the rest of the world, and even non-church-members found millennial expectations an appropriate metaphor for this destiny. To appreciate the seriousness with which Americans of the early nineteenth century took the millennium, one must enter a world many readers will find alien and full of arcane lore. Millions of twenty-first-century Americans, however, still live in that world.
Andrew Jackson and His Age
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Dressed in deepest mourning black, Andrew Jackson presented a somber figure at his presidential inauguration on March 4, 1829. His beloved wife, Rachel, had suffered a heart attack on December 17 and died five days later at the age of sixty-one. She had been much upset when the propriety of her relationship with Andrew had been made an issue in the campaign. Her husband blamed her death on his political enemies, who had “maligned that blessed one who is now safe from suffering and sorrow, whom they tried to put to shame for my sake!” His resentment may well have been exacerbated by guilt, since Rachel had begged him to retire to private life. Unfashionably stout and self-conscious about her provincial manners, she had been dreading the role of White House first lady. Now she would not have to perform it. A depressed and bitter president-elect managed to avoid the celebration that had been planned to welcome him to Washington at the end of his three-week trip from Nashville. He refused to pay the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, who reciprocated by not attending the inaugural. Public speaking had always been an ordeal for Jackson even in the best of times. Under the circumstances, the incoming president kept his inaugural address brief and almost entirely ambiguous. Few could hear his words, but thousands watched with pleasure when he bowed to the crowd in a sign of respect for popular sovereignty.
Introduction:A Fatal Vision
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

One day in the spring of 1921 a battleship recently surrendered to the American Navy by the vanquished German High Seas Fleet swung placidly at anchor in the middle of Chesap ake Bay. Several smaller craft soon arrived on the scene · and took stations ·around the great warship. Aboard those latecomers were a number of important observers, including the civilian head of the Navy Depart¬ ment, a former secretary of war, several influential senators and representatives, a large body of admirals and other high-ranking officers, and numerous members of the press. All attention was focused on the German dreadnought, stolid and defiant, bristling with guns, aesthetically the very epitome of belligerence. Squatting there in the water, it must have seemed to most of the gathered dignitaries virtually invulnerable.
Upon This Rock: The Technological Revolution and the Prophet Mahan
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

The advent of the reciprocating steam engine as a practical means of propulsion for vessels upon the water initiated a chain reaction that revolutionized naval warfare.1 This fundamental sequence of innovation provided the components from which the modern battleship would grow and be perfected. Like so many strings of technology, each step in the progression logically followed its predecessor; the whole process had a superficial air of inevitability that obscured alternatives.
Crusaders in Blue and the Grail of Seapower
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

In Newport, Rhode Island, amid the summer palaces of the moneyed elite, stood the Naval War College. A haven for intellectuals, the college was merely tolerated by the majority of officers.1 Nevertheless, it was there that Mahan’s theories were reduced to specifics and that a detailed vision of naval policy emerged to guide Annapolites through the troubled waters of technological change.
Introduction: Fractals Really Are Everywhere
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Fractals and chaos bring to us new sets of ideas and thus new ways of looking at nature. With this fresh viewpoint come new tools to analyze experimental data and interpret the results.
Guiding Visions
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

The forward momentum of innovative companies is driven by the creative power of thousands of employees. A company’s future success depends in particular on the contributions of individuals working on development teams, the focus of this book. Each day team members in the laboratory, at the workbench, and in meeting rooms face dozens of seemingly small decisions that collectively determine whether a product or process will succeed or fail. Every time a person makes a decision about a material, a color, the location of a switch, the functionality of a component, or the importance of a software subroutine, the project as a whole moves closer or farther away from the targeted product and the expected contribution to corporate capabilities.
Pushing the Performance Envelope
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

In the decades following World War II, stable markets and wellestablished patterns of competition allowed leading companies to maintain competitive positions with a relatively relaxed approach to product and process development. Substantial innovations in products or technology were the exception not the rule. Product life cycles were measured in years if not decades. For the most part companies turned out familiar products using well-known technologies. But in the early 1980s all this changed. No longer was it possible for companies to approach product and process development in this manner. The cliche about the explosion of knowledge and technology is in fact evident on numerous fronts including the proliferation of new and innovative products, the availability of highly educated and experienced scientists, engineers, and managers to enterprises located almost anywhere on the globe, and the rapid dissemination of newly generated and codified knowledge to any company interested in using it to create new products, services, or processes. The contemporary business environment, characterized by competitive stresses and rapid change, demands that a company work constantly to improve its products, manufacturing processes, and internal capabilities.
Project Leadership and Organization
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

Developing a new product or process is much like setting off on a journey into territory only partially mapped. For example, the product under development will be introduced into the market sometime in the future, and that future, at least for most businesses today, is fraught with uncertainty. Where technologies are changing and evolving, customer demands are dynamic, and competition is intense, it is difficult to predict with certainty which design concepts will dominate the market, which product features and attributes customers will find most attractive, and what competitors are likely to do. But there may be another challenge as well. Not only is the future customer and technical environment uncertain, but the product itself may be quite complex. Development will thus involve many different people, bringing different kinds of expertise, working together over an extended period of time.
Prototyping: Rapid Learning and Early Testing
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

The competitive pressures of recent years have imposed severe demands on the marketplace. World-class products and processes must be completed in minimum time and provide the greatest possible value to customers through their features, quality, and lifetime costs.1 Development projects are no longer endurance races; they are sprints. Companies who want to lead the way to the finish line must get up to full speed quickly and cannot afford any missteps.
Integration Within Projects
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

In 1988. management at Digital Equipment Corp. gave a small team in its Networks and Communications Group the opportunity to design the company’s second-generation local area network bridge, a communications network that would link several computer networks. The first product had been a great success, commanding a. dominant market share. On the team were people from manufacturing engineering, marketing, customer service engineering, and the lead group--design engineering.
Chaparral Steel Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

Chaparral Steel is a steel minimill in Midlothian, Texas (near Dallas). Begun in 1975, it is a relative newcomer to an old and battled industry, but Chaparral has rapidly grown to become the tenth largest steel producer in the United States. In 1991 it had sales exceeding $400 million and employed 930.
Digital Equipment Corporation
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

Digital Equipment Corporation is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of networked computer systems, software, and services, and is a leader in the integration of computer systems from disparate vendors. The company, usually referred to as “Digital” by its employees and “DEC” by the computer and financial industries, opened its doors in 1957 in a pre-Civil War woolen mill in Maynard, Massachusetts. In the 1960s, founder (and chairman until 1992) Ken Olsen quickly established DEC as the creator of the minicomputer industry. Today DEC designs, manufactures, and services a full range of desktop, client/server, production, and mainframe hardware and software systems for local and worldwide enterprise wide computing. As another major round of restructuring occurred in the computer industry in the early 1990s, DEC began the decade with an employment level of 120,000 people at 1200 sales, service, manufacturing, and engineering sites in 83 countries. A major element in DEC’s competitive strength is the distributed nature of its manufacturing organization, spread across 52 sites in 12 countries. Sales now surpass $13 billion, more than half of which are outside the United States.
Issues in the Syntax of Sentential Negation
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

The discussion in this book is organized around a distinction that has both empirical and theoretical relevance: the distinction between pre- and post-verbal negative markers. I introduce this distinction now, as it will help me outline the organization of the book.
The Conjunctive as “Con-Joiner”
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Languages are by and large different solutions for the same problem. It comes therefore as no surprise that most Egyptian grammatical categories have approximate equivalents in other languages, though the external form of these equivalents may differ considerably. Since the conjunctive is so common in Egyptian and Coptic, there are bound to be equally common grammatical features in English and other languages which roughly correspond to it.
The Conjunctive Following Second Tenses
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

If the conjunctive were truly a chameleon (§ 1), any conjunctive following a second tense would “become like” a second tense and emphasize an adverbial expression of its own. But in fact, as a rule, only one adverbial expression is emphasized in conjunctive chains headed by a second tense. Since, in such instances, the conjunctive does not copy an essential property of the preceding conjugation base, it should be doubted that it ever can.
The Conjunctive Following The Negative Imperative Of Gmj “Find” and Nau “See”
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Lange suggested that gmJ might be used here erroneously. Indeed, it makes poor sense to order someone not to find something, since finding is accidental. Faced with the same problem, Griffith assumed that gmJ might be “a legal term if it is not an error of the scribe.”
Negations in the Conjunctive Chain
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

It was suggested previously that the conjunctive chain unifies verbal notions into a single compound action (see § 4). Two levels can therefore be distinguished in the hierarchy of the conjunctive chain.
Morphological and Syntactic Criteria
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

All the examples that will be discussed below comply with the last four criteria listed in § 12. In fact, many of these examples have been singled out in previous studies for their unusual features, especially the reverse order of the events.
Sdm.hr=f/hr=f Sdm=f as Contingent Aorist
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

This shift in function from b,r to sa is obvious when one studies the verb forms expressing action Bin statements of the type “Whoever does A does B.” Action B can be expressed in Coptic by the aorist sa=f-sotm.
Architectures for Innovation and Renewal
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Globally, Knowledge Works—multifunction, multiproduct, and multifocal manufacturing sites—represent best practice for the generation and application of knowledge as product. They acquire, create, accumulate, and transform knowledge into new and improved products, manufacturing and assembly processes more effectively and faster than any other model of industrial production. The quality, reliability, and speed with which these tasks are accomplished bestow obvious competitive advantages on Toshiba.
Iraq’s Historical Claims to Kuwait
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

Ever since Iraq became a nation-state, almost three-quarters of a century ago, it has on more than one occasion asserted ter¬ritorial claims to Kuwait. The claims have varied considerably from a relatively modest request, to modify de facto borders, to a demand for full territorial sovereignty. These claims, however, have never been formulated in a completely coherent and documented primafacie evidence. Taken together, they fall into three categories: historical, legal, and strategic. In this chapter, discussion will focus mainly on the so¬ called “historical claim,” which Iraq has often presented as justification for its claims. Even in unofficial circles, whether in the press or in private conversations, the Iraqi people ( the elderly often cite personal experiences) firmly maintain that Kuwait was but a part of southern Iraq and should rejoin the mainland.
Kuwait’s Attempt at Unity with Iraq
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

Before independence, when Iraq was still under British control, Iraq’s borders with Kuwait were never contested whenever the question came under discussion with the British authorities. Iraq’s main concern in dealing with the British was not about frontiers, but about when the British Mandate over Iraq would be brought to an end at the earliest possible moment. After winning its independence, Iraq began first to pay attention to the Syrian and Palestinian struggle against French and British domination, before it was drawn into Kuwaiti affairswhen conditions in Kuwait were favorable for Iraqi intervention.
Iraq under the Aegis oi the United Nations
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the dozen Resolutions that the Security Council had adopted before the resort to force under Resolution 678was to put pressure on Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by using economic sanctions. But no sooner had the Coalition powers driven the Iraqi forces from Kuwait than almost another dozen Resolutions were issued by the Security Council under which Iraq was subjected to further demands concerning the demolition of weapons of mass destruction, pay¬ ment for foreign debt to countries that supplied weapons to Iraq, and reparations to all the parties concerned that suffered iajury before as well as during the Coalition War. Since the Iraq regime was weakened by the defeat of its forces, the opposition leaders, mainly among dis¬ satisfied Shi’i elements in the southern and Kurdish elements in the northern areas revolted against the regime leading to civil war which prompted the central authorities in Baghdad to crush the uprisings. While the Shi’i uprising, receiving half-hearted support from Iran, was suppressed, the Kurds in the northern area sought refuge in Iran and Turkey. The Kurdish exodus called for foreign intervention which prompted the Security Council to issue further Resolutions which restricted the central government’s control in the northern area.
Demarcation of the Frontiers
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The border disputes between Iraq and Kuwait, a perennial issue between the two countries, influenced several other issues suchas the claim to adjacent islands and the demarcation of boundaries that Kuwait sought to resolve in order to assert its sovereign independence. Small wonder that Kuwait found in the Coalition War, when Iraq was at the mercy of the Security Council, an opportunity not only to assert its sovereignty and territorial integrity, but also to settle once and for all the border disputes with Iraq.
Standards oi Responsibility
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

Responsibility, etymologically defined, is that for which the individual “must answer.” Just as every individual, as a memberof a community, is under obligation to respect the rights and privileges of other members, so also in the relationship among nations, each nation today is under obligation to respect the rights and privileges of other nations-the rights of sovereign equality, independence, territorial integrity, and others-for the breach of which it would be held responsible.
Setting the Stage:Baltimore and the NAACP
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

In the late 1920s, Charles Hamilton Houston implemented a plan to transform the law school at Howard University, Washington’s university for African-Americans, into a place where the African-American community could find leaders to fight the racial discrimination embedded in the law. Until 1930, Howard’s law school had been a typical municipal law school, operating in the evening so that working students could obtain law degrees. Most instructors were practicing attorneys who took their affiliation with the law school as a distinctly secondary part of their work. Houston was a 1922 graduate of Harvard Law School, where he had been the first African-American chosen, on the basis of his grades, for membership on the prestigious Law Review. His academic work attracted the attention of Felix Frank-furter of Harvard’s faculty, who sponsored him for an overseas fellowship and supervised his post-graduate work at Harvard. Houston joined Howard’s faculty in 1924, while he practiced law with his father in Washington, and he became its academic dean at the end of the decade.
’Passing Through a Transition’Education Cases, 1939-1945
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Attacking the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson in education was probably the center of the NAACP’s efforts. Achieving voting rights and eliminat-ing kangaroo courts were important, of course, but segregated education was different. Every African-American in the South was subjected to segregated edu-cation in grossly inadequate schools. Segregated schools were the central symbol of African-American subordination, a visible and daily demonstration to children as they were growing up that whites did not consider them fit to associate with. Although it was not inevitable that Marshall’s triumph came in cases challenging segregated education, it was certainly appropriate. From 1935 to 1950, the NAACP’s lawyers attacked unequal salaries for school teachers and challenged segregated universities. By the late 1940s they were confi-dent that the time had come for a broader attack on segregation. As they saw it, the salary and university cases were successes, and their attachment to the Constitu-tion led them to believe that, once they persuaded the courts that school segrega-tion was unconstitutional, desegregation would also succeed. In the event, their success was limited by others in ’Judge and Company.’ The Supreme Court’s justices were unwilling to order immediate desegregation, and the NAACP’s oppo-nents evaded the Supreme Court’s mandate and, ultimately, simply resisted the Court’s interpretation of the Constitution. Until the mid-1940s, Marshall’s education cases dealt primarily with teachers’ salaries. They had a number of attractions. African-American teachers provided a relatively large pool of potential plaintiffs; as Marshall’s experience showed, if one teacher was fired or became nervous about fighting the school board, another teacher might well step forward. Teachers were found everywhere in the South, and during World War II, the large number of female teachers provided a stable source of potential plaintiffs; in voting or university cases, a male plaintiff might be drafted. Seeking salary increases, the teachers had reasonably strong incentives to make winning the cases their primary concern and to put aside personality con-flicts and political differences that could overwhelm the litigation effort in cases,
The Evolution of the National Security Appropriation Process
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Congress exercises what we call the “appropriation power” by a range of actions providing funds for national security purposes. According to budget theory, the appropriation process follows a fixed chronological sequence. First the executive requests funds. Next, after deliberation, Congress authorizes the programs and activities for which the funds are sought. Typically, an authorization “sets up or continues the legal operation of a Federal program or agency either indefinitely or for a specific period of time or sanctions a particular type of obligation or expenditure within a program.” An appropriation authorization “authorizes the appropriation of funds to implement organic [enabling] legislation,” even though an appropriation may be enacted without or in excess of a limit imposed by an authorization.
Introduction
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

On February 15, 1942, Winston Churchill broadcast an address to the world. Still flushed with the news of Pearl Harbor and fresh from a visit to Washington, he gloried in the United States’ entry into World War II as an event that he had “dreamed of, aimed at, and worked for.” The admission was unfortunate. The British ambassador to Washington, Lord Halifax, immediately warned that the words worked for were “troublesome” to American ears, giving “the idea that a simple innocent people have been caught asleep by others cleverer than themselves.” This was no way to begin the Anglo-American partnership. But as both men knew well, Churchill had spoken the truth. That “work” is the subject of this book.
The Gathering Storm: Britain’s American Propaganda Policy, 1937 to 1939
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

By January 1937, Britain faced its worst international crisis since the end of World War I. The trouble had begun six years before, when the Japanese army seized Manchuria. Now the threat of further Japanese expansion into China had been augmented by growing instability in Europe. While the League of Nations fumbled with the Abyssinian crisis, Mussolini had drifted toward an alignment with the new menace of Hitler’s Germany. Then, in March 1936, the German army marched into the Rhineland, shattering the foundations of the postwar European peace. With the Spanish Civil War beckoning the dictators to intervene, further conflict seemed inevitable. In London, the Conservative government of Stanley Baldwin responded with fullscale rearmament but was fully conscious that Britain could not muster a credible deterrent before 1939 at the earliest. The French begged Britain to make a commitment to uphold the European order; but the British, wary of stretching their reduced naval strength across three possible theaters of war, felt unable to act without a guarantee of American support. By 1937, the British had good reason to fear that this support would never be offered.
“London Can Take It”: British Propaganda and the Blitz, September to December 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of September 7, 1940, approximately 200 German bombers took off from airfields in Belgium and Northern France. They assumed formation over the English Channel and set course for London. That night, and for the fifty-seven nights that followed, the Luftwaffe pounded the capital without mercy. Many German bombs found their mark. The Surrey Docks erupted into flames, drawing the raiders to London’s densely populated East End. Firemen struggled to contain the blaze, but it seemed to them that “the whole bloody world” was on fire. The scale of the attack carried an obvious message. The War Cabinet issued the “invasion imminent” signal and then waited. But the invasion never came, and London held firm. On September 10, London hit back. As the Germans approached, searchlights swept across the darkness, and anti-aircraft batteries began to fire. Londoners heard this noise-their noise-and took heart. But the raids continued unabated, by night and day. It was going to be a long campaign.
War Comes to America: the road to pearl harbor,augest to December 1941,
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

Hope added Caught in the Draft. Even Walt Disney injected a hint of belligerence into Dumbo. In the film’s closing moments, the baby elephant’s giant ears inspire a breakthrough in military aviation: “Dum bombers for our defense!” Of all Britain’s allies in Hollywood, Walter Wanger remained the most enthusiastic. But Britain could not always repay his devotion. Hitchcock recalled Sidney Bernstein gently explaining to Wanger that he could not be given exclusive film rights to the Nazi invasion of Britain.115 The year 1941 brought a more serious strain on the Mol’s romance with Wanger. Inspired by London Can Take It, Wanger proposed that he and the MoI cooperate to produce a documentary-feature on the newly formed Eagle Squadron. Wanger hoped that this would be “the greatest picture of aviation ever produced,” but instead it showed the limits to which the documentary genre was subject during wartime. Work on Wanger’s Eagle Squadron started well. The MoI agreed to co operate so long as the film did not overlap with A Yank in the RAF. Wanger hired Harry Watt of the Crown Film Unit to direct and C. S. Forrester of BIS to write the fictional continuity scenes. By the summer of 1941, his production staff were en route for England. Then the problems began.
Justice in the Allocation of Health Care Resources: A Feminist Account
Authors: Nelson Hilde Lindemann , Nelson James Lindemann
Published: November 2023

American health care is so conspicuously unjust that the need for reform is now politically as well as philosophically inescapable. The numbers that testify to this need are becoming grimly familiar but are still worth rehearsing. In 1991 the United States spent 13.2 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care—$751.8 billion—more than was devoted to education and defense combined. The expenditure curve is rising steeply. If its slope is unchanged, by the century’s end 18 percent of our substance will be devoted to health care, while education, housing, the arts, and other social goods will have to go underfunded. Despite the glut of spending, over 14 percent of those living in the United States have no health insurance, and an even greater percentage—amounting to perhaps 60 million Americans-are significantly underinsured.

But the full story of the inequities in our system is not revealed by these figures, and will remain untold unless the special position of women and other oppressed groups is carefully and sympathetically perceived. Further, the best options for responding to those inequities are not likely to be visible from perspectives that implicitly take on the moral and political values of powerful white men.
Kangaroo Care Of The Premature Infant
Authors: Anderson Gene Cranston
Published: November 2023

At birth, both full-term and preterm infants enter a foreign environment that lacks the skin-to-skin contact and close containment of extremities in the womb. This shock can be ameliorated by placing infants skin-to-skin with their mothers as soon as possible post birth. When they are with their mothers, infants are in their ideal physiological and environmental milieu, that is, their ecological niche, which fosters a close dyadic relationship (Anderson, 1977). For preterm infants, however, the return to the mother may be delayed indefinitely.