bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ni-Ti Content on Mechanical Properties of Laser Cladding A100-(Ni-Ti) Coatings
Authors: Han Tengfei , Yao Xinyu , Mao Xusheng , Wen Bo , Liang Penghui , Yan Tangya , Zhu Xinghui
Published: February 2025

Among many methods to enhance the crack resistance of laser cladding coatings, adjusting the composition of laser cladding material is the most simple, feasible, and effective method. To improve the plastic toughness and crack resistance of A100 laser cladding coating, Ni and Ti powders of an equal molar ratio were added to A100 powder as laser cladding powder. Laser cladding technology prepared A100-(Ni-Ti) coatings without crack defects. The cladding coatings’ phase composition and microstructure were analyzed using XRD and SEM, respectively. A ring-block friction and wear tester tested the wear resistance of the A100-(Ni-Ti) cladding coatings. A100-(Ni-Ti) cladding coatings mainly contain martensite and austenite. The elements Ni and Ti are distributed primarily in the austenitic phase region. The results show that adding Ni and Ti elements can reduce the microhardness of A100 cladding coatings. The average microhardness of the A100-0%(Ni-Ti) cladding coating is 532.50 HV, and the average microhardness of the A100-10%(Ni-Ti) cladding coating is 430.99 HV, while the average microhardness of the A100-30%(Ni-Ti) cladding coating is only 307.49 HV. The wear surface of the A100-10%(Ni-Ti) cladding mainly shows pits and a small amount of adhesive wear. The A100-20%(Ni-Ti) and A100-30%(Ni-Ti) cladding coatings show severe adhesive wear. The A100-10%(Ni-Ti) cladding with high microhardness and good run-in performance exhibits the best wear resistance.
Blind Source Separation Using Time-Delayed Dynamic Mode Decomposition
Authors: Nedzhibov Gyurhan
Published: February 2025

Blind Source Separation (BSS) is a significant field of study in signal processing, with many applications in various fields such as audio processing, speech recognition, biomedical signal analysis, image processing and communication systems. Traditional methods, such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA), often rely on statistical independence assumptions, which may limit their performance in systems with significant temporal dynamics. This paper introduces an extension of the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) approach by using time-delayed coordinates to implement BSS. Time-delay embedding enhances the capability of the method to handle complex, nonstationary signals by incorporating their temporal dependencies. We validate the approach through numerical experiments and applications, including audio signal separation, image separation and EEG artifact removal. The results demonstrate that modification achieves superior performance compared to conventional techniques, particularly in scenarios where sources exhibit dynamic coupling or non-stationary behavior.
Comparison of the Corrosion Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Steel and Polypropylene Fibers in an Acidic Environment
Authors: Kroviakov Sergii , Kryzhanovskyi Vitalii , Hedulian Daria
Published: February 2025

Rigid road pavements and industrial floors are not only subjected to moving traffic loads, but can also be exposed to environmental influences such as acid attack. The strength and corrosion resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete with steel fibers (15–25 kg/m3) and polypropylene fibers (2–3 kg/m3) in an acidic environment were compared. The influence of the amount and type of dispersed reinforcement on water absorption and the volume of permeable voids, which in turn characterizes the durability of fiber-reinforced concrete under the action of acids, was determined. The change in the compressive strength of the studied fiber-reinforced concrete after 12 months of exposure in an acidic environment was studied. At low dosages of fibers (15 kg/m3 for steel and 2 kg/m3 for polypropylene fibers), dispersed reinforcement has little effect on the corrosion resistance of concrete. In turn, the decrease in the compressive strength of concrete without fibers after 12 months of aging in acid medium led to a reduction in the design class of the concrete from C25/30 to C20/25. At a higher consumption of dispersed reinforcement (25–30 kg/m3 of steel fiber and 2.5–3.0 kg/m3 of polypropylene fiber), fiber-reinforced concrete had a higher corrosion resistance while maintaining the design compressive strength class C25/30. Structural changes in fiber-reinforced concrete after aging in an acidic environment were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and compared with samples aged in water. It has been experimentally confirmed that the efficiency of polypropylene fibers in an acidic environment is not lower than that of steel fibers. However, the use of polypropylene fibers is economically advantageous.
Nonlinear Optical Bistability in a Bragg Reflector Multilayered Structure with MoS2
Authors: Tang Songqing , Dong Xilei , Jiang Leyong , Chen Haishao , Sun Zhuoya , Zhang Fuping , Zhu Yangbin , Ye Yunyang
Published: February 2025

The special band structure of bilayer MoS2 makes it show strong nonlinear optical characteristics in the visible band, which provides a new way to develop visible nonlinear devices. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the optical bistability (OB) in a silver–Bragg reflector structure by embedding bilayer MoS2 at the visible band. The nonlinear OB phenomenon is achieved due to the nonlinear conductivity of the bilayer MoS2 and the excitation of the optical Tamm state at the interface between the silver and the Bragg reflector. It is found that the hysteresis behavior and the threshold width of the OB can be effectively tuned by varying the incident light wavelength. In addition, the optical bistable behavior of the structure can be adjusted by varying the position of the MoS2 inset in the defect layer, the incident angle, and the structural parameters of the spacer layer. We believe the above results can provide a new paradigm for the construction of controllable bistable devices.
Ecological Traits and Intraguild Competition Mediate Spatial and Temporal Overlaps Among Sympatric Mesocarnivores
Authors: Tsunoda Hiroshi , Peeva Stanislava , Raichev Evgeniy , Kaneko Yayoi
Published: February 2025

In terrestrial mammalian carnivore guilds, interspecific competitions (interferences and resource competitions) among sympatric species induce their ecological and behavioral patterns and population dynamics, thereby shaping community structures. Competitive species must partition their ecological niches for sympatry, while the extent of niche overlaps is mediated by either the ecological traits (e.g., body size differences) or environmental features. We aimed to elucidate the patterns of spatial and temporal niche overlaps in mesocarnivore guilds, which are mediated by their ecological traits, regional environments, and anthropogenic disturbances. We investigated the spatial occurrence and diel activities of six mesocarnivore species and estimated their spatial and temporal overlap indices in various landscapes with different anthropogenic disturbances in central Bulgaria. Statistical modeling demonstrated that spatial overlap among mesocarnivores declined when mesocarnivore pairs were within the same family and when large carnivores (particularly wolves, Canis lupus) were present. Furthermore, we found that the extent of their temporal overlaps was associated with taxonomic and body size differences in mesocarnivore pairs as well as their trophic competitions. Our findings indicated that the intensity of interferences among mesocarnivore species was key for the decline of spatial or temporal niche overlap to relax antagonistic interactions.
Morphometry of the Scapular Notch and Its Clinical Implication in Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment
Authors: Duque-Colorado Jhonatan , Alzate-Mejia Oscar Andrés , del Sol Mariano
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the type of scapular notch (SN), the morphometry of the SN, and the area of the suprascapular nerve (SSN). In addition to determining whether scapular notches other than Type VI, according to the classification of Rengachary, can generate a predisposition to SSN entrapment neuropathy. Methods: One hundred and sixty-nine dry scapulae were examined, the scapular notches were classified, according to the classification of Rengachary, and for each SN, the superior transverse diameter (STD), longitudinal diameter (LD), and area of the SN were determined. The SSN was dissected in five shoulders and its area was calculated. The data were analyzed in the statistical software SPSS. Results: The values for the STD, LD, and area of the SN showed significant differences between the types of scapular notches (p < 0.0001). Along the same lines, a considerable positive correlation (r = 0.79; p < 0.0001) was established between the area of the SN and the STD. Similarly, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001) was established between the area of the SN and the LD. This indicated that, as the STD and the LD increase, the area of the SN increases. Conclusions: Although different studies have reported an association between SN Type VI and the compression of the SSN by the formation of a bony hole that reduces the area of the notch, we have found that SN Type IV presented a smaller area among the types of notches and a smaller area than the SSN, which exposes the SSN to be closer to or in contact with the superior transverse ligament of the scapula, potentially subjecting the nerve to greater pressure and potentially resulting in SSN entrapment. This is evidence that should be considered in the clinical diagnosis of patients with entrapment neuropathy, since the type of SN and the area of the SSN can be determined by ultrasound, which contributes to a more accurate preoperative evaluation and diagnosis.
Clinical Utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Béchade Dominique
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the combination of endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound has enabled “medical exploration” of the mediastinum for the study of mediastinal lymphadenopathies. These techniques are particularly important for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancers. Progress has been made with the availability of new-generation cutting needles for endoscopic ultrasound and new cryobiopsy needles for endobronchial ultrasound to improve the quality of samples.
Current and Evolving Concepts in the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Authors: Candan Burcu , Gungor Semih
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by severe pain and reduced functionality, which can significantly affect an individual’s quality of life. The current treatment of CRPS is challenging. However, recent advances in diagnostic and treatment methods show promise for improving patient outcomes. This review aims to place the question of CRPS in a broader context and highlight the objectives of the research for future directions in the management of CRPS. Methods: This study involved a comprehensive literature review. Results: Research has identified three primary pathophysiological pathways that may explain the clinical variability observed in CRPS: inflammatory mechanisms, vasomotor dysfunction, and maladaptive neuroplasticity. Investigations into these pathways have spurred the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies focused on N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists (NMDA), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), α1 and α2 adrenoreceptors, as well as the identification of microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers. Treatment methods being explored include immune and glial-modulating agents, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, plasma exchange therapy, and neuromodulation techniques. Additionally, there is ongoing debate regarding the efficacy of other treatments, such as free radical scavengers, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators such as metformin, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors such as tadalafil. Conclusions: The controversies surrounding the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of CRPS have prompted researchers to investigate new approaches aimed at enhancing understanding and management of the condition, with the goal of alleviating symptoms and reducing associated disabilities.
Training State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Algorithms with Visible and Extended Near-Infrared Multispectral Images of Skin Lesions for the Improvement of Skin Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Rey-Barroso Laura , Vilaseca Meritxell , Royo Santiago , Díaz-Doutón Fernando , Lihacova Ilze , Bondarenko Andrey , Burgos-Fernández Francisco J.
Published: February 2025

An estimated 60,000 people die annually from skin cancer, predominantly melanoma. The diagnosis of skin lesions primarily relies on visual inspection, but around half of lesions pose diagnostic challenges, often necessitating a biopsy. Non-invasive detection methods like Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) using Deep Learning (DL) are becoming more prominent. This study focuses on the use of multispectral (MS) imaging to improve skin lesion classification of DL models. We trained two convolutional neural networks (CNNs)—a simple CNN with six two-dimensional (2D) convolutional layers and a custom VGG-16 model with three-dimensional (3D) convolutional layers—using a dataset of MS images. The dataset included spectral cubes from 327 nevi, 112 melanomas, and 70 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). We compared the performance of the CNNs trained with full spectral cubes versus using only three spectral bands closest to RGB wavelengths. The custom VGG-16 model achieved a classification accuracy of 71% with full spectral cubes and 45% with RGB-simulated images. The simple CNN achieved an accuracy of 83% with full spectral cubes and 36% with RGB-simulated images, demonstrating the added value of spectral information. These results confirm that MS imaging provides complementary information beyond traditional RGB images, contributing to improved classification performance. Although the dataset size remains a limitation, the findings indicate that MS imaging has significant potential for enhancing skin lesion diagnosis, paving the way for further advancements as larger datasets become available.
The Epistemic Uncertainty Gradient in Spaces of Random Projections
Authors: Queißer Jeffrey F. , Tani Jun , Steil Jochen J.
Published: February 2025

This work presents a novel approach to handling epistemic uncertainty estimates with motivation from Bayesian linear regression. We propose treating the model-dependent variance in the predictive distribution—commonly associated with epistemic uncertainty—as a model for the underlying data distribution. Using high-dimensional random feature transformations, this approach allows for a computationally efficient, parameter-free representation of arbitrary data distributions. This allows assessing whether a query point lies within the distribution, which can also provide insights into outlier detection and generalization tasks. Furthermore, given an initial input, minimizing the uncertainty using gradient descent offers a new method of querying data points that are close to the initial input and belong to the distribution resembling the training data, much like auto-completion in associative networks. We extend the proposed method to applications such as local Gaussian approximations, input–output regression, and even a mechanism for unlearning of data. This reinterpretation of uncertainty, alongside the geometric insights it provides, offers an innovative and novel framework for addressing classical machine learning challenges.
Effects of Multiplicative Noise in Bistable Dynamical Systems
Authors: Quintanilha Valente Sara C. , da Costa Lima Bruni Rodrigo , González Arenas Zochil , Barci Daniel G.
Published: February 2025

This study explores the escape dynamics of bistable systems influenced by multiplicative noise, extending the classical Kramers rate formula to scenarios involving state-dependent diffusion in asymmetric potentials. Using a generalized stochastic calculus framework, we derive an analytical expression for the escape rate and corroborate it with numerical simulations. The results highlight the critical role of the equilibrium potential Ueq(x), which incorporates noise intensity, stochastic prescription, and diffusion properties. We show how asymmetries and stochastic calculus prescriptions influence transition rates and equilibrium configurations. Using path integral techniques and weak noise approximations, we analyze the interplay between noise and potential asymmetry, uncovering phenomena such as barrier suppression and metastable state decay. The agreement between numerical and analytical results underscores the robustness of the proposed framework. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for studying noise-induced transitions in stochastic systems, offering insights into a broad range of applications in physics, chemistry, and biology.
Motivation for Participation in Civil Wind Bands: Contributions for Non-Formal Educational Contexts
Authors: Cidade José , Costa Alexandra Sá , Caramelo João
Published: February 2025

Portuguese civil wind bands have operated as voluntary, non-profit organisations since the 19th century and serve as presentational and communal platforms for amateur music-making. Their core mission centres on providing music instruction and practical training for amateur musicians. This study examines the motivational factors driving adult musicians’ participation in civil wind bands. The research involved 617 adult wind band musicians nationwide who completed an online questionnaire. The findings indicate that fellowship consistently ranks as the primary motivator for participation, regardless of gender, age, and formal music education level. Musicianship emerged as the second most influential factor, with younger and older musicians placing substantial value on personal musical growth. Conversely, conductor leadership was the least important motivator, particularly among older musicians and those with higher levels of formal music training. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of motivations for sustained participation in civil wind bands. The implications suggest that music directors and organisational managers can leverage insights from motivational studies to foster inclusive, self-rewarding, and intergenerational participation.
Personalised Writing in Centralised Curriculum: Critical Gaps in New South Wales Stage 1 English Units
Authors: Brosseuk Deb , Poulton Phillip
Published: February 2025

Curriculum reform in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, emphasises the need for change, arguing that current educational arrangements must better meet children’s future needs. A key recommendation advocates for greater flexibility in teaching and learning to support personalisation, addressing the wide variation in children’s learning needs. This qualitative study critically examines four Stage 1 narrative writing units, focusing on whether personalised writing practices—such as opportunities for scaffolding and feedback, choice in writing topics, and flexibility in pacing—are embedded in these centralised curriculum materials. Drawing on Bernstein’s theoretical concept of framing, we analyse the extent to which these practices are integrated into the units. Our analysis reveals a predominance of strong framing, characterised by tightly controlled writing organisation, limited topic choices, and rigid pacing. These constraints offer few opportunities for personalisation. This study highlights critical gaps in the Stage 1 narrative writing units, suggesting that without critical adaptation by teachers, these units risk perpetuating ineffective writing instruction and hindering children’s writing development. This study calls for further research into the impact of centralised curriculum materials on teachers’ writing instruction and the development of children’s writing knowledge and skills, with a particular focus on how personalisation can be integrated within these units to improve writing outcomes for all children.
A Zero-Shot Framework for Low-Resource Relation Extraction via Distant Supervision and Large Language Models
Authors: Han Peisheng , Liang Geng , Wang Yongfei
Published: February 2025

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced various benchmarks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), the challenge of low-resource tasks persists, primarily due to the scarcity of data and difficulties in annotation. This study introduces LoRE, a framework designed for zero-shot relation extraction in low-resource settings, which blends distant supervision with the powerful capabilities of LLMs. LoRE addresses the challenges of data sparsity and noise inherent in traditional distant supervision methods, enabling high-quality relation extraction without requiring extensive labeled data. By leveraging LLMs for zero-shot open information extraction and incorporating heuristic entity and relation alignment with semantic disambiguation, LoRE enhances the accuracy and relevance of the extracted data. Low-resource tasks refer to scenarios where labeled data are extremely limited, making traditional supervised learning approaches impractical. This study aims to develop a robust framework that not only tackles these challenges but also demonstrates the theoretical and practical implications of zero-shot relation extraction. The Chinese Person Relationship Extraction (CPRE) dataset, developed under this framework, demonstrates LoRE’s proficiency in extracting person-related triples. The CPRE dataset consists of 1000 word pairs, capturing diverse semantic relationships. Extensive experiments on the CPRE, IPRE, and DuIE datasets show significant improvements in dataset quality and a reduction in manual annotation efforts. These findings highlight the potential of LoRE to advance both the theoretical understanding and practical applications of relation extraction in low-resource settings. Notably, the performance of LoRE on the manually annotated DuIE dataset attests to the quality of the CPRE dataset, rivaling that of manually curated datasets, and highlights LoRE’s potential for reducing the complexities and costs associated with dataset construction for zero-shot and low-resource tasks.
Molecular Layer Doping ZnO Films as a Novel Approach to Resistive Oxygen Sensors
Authors: Bulowski Wojciech , Socha Robert P. , Drabczyk Anna , Kasza Patryk , Panek Piotr , Wojnicki Marek
Published: February 2025

In the modern world, gas sensors play a crucial role in sectors such as high-tech industries, medicine, and environmental monitoring. Among these fields, oxygen sensors are the most important. There are several types of oxygen sensors, including optical, magnetic, Schottky diode, and resistive (or chemoresistive) ones. Currently, most oxygen-resistive sensors (ORSs) described in the literature are fabricated as thick layers, typically deposited via screen printing, and they operate at high temperatures, often exceeding 700 °C. This work presents a novel approach utilizing atomic layer deposition (ALD) to create very thin layers. Combined with appropriate doping, this method aims to reduce the energy consumption of the sensors by lowering both the mass requiring heating and the operating temperature. The device fabricated using the proposed process demonstrates a response of 88.21 at a relatively low temperature of 450 °C, highlighting its potential in ORS applications based on doped ALD thin films.
On the Rheological Behavior of Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Shavings and the Briquettes Obtained from Them
Authors: Spirchez Cosmin , Lunguleasa Aurel , Șova Daniela , Gorbacheva Galina
Published: February 2025

The aim of this paper is to carry out a rheological study of the pressing of pine wood sawdust, after which obtaining briquettes from the same wood material with a hydraulic installation and analyzing their properties. In order to know the rheological behavior during pressing, the fractions resulting from sorting the sawdust with 4 × 4, 3 × 3, 2 × 2, and 1 × 1 mm2 sieves were used, respectively, six fractions (the fraction larger than 4 × 4 mm2 and the smaller one of 1 × 1 mm2 are added) and a specific pressing device, placed on a universal testing machine. The results obtained in the rheological study showed that the obtained density does not increase proportionally with the pressure, the best results (density of 1030 kg/m3) being obtained at a pressure of 180 MPa. Within the briquettes, higher densities were obtained for the sawdust fraction smaller than 1 × 1 mm2, but the breaking strength was higher for the fraction larger than 4 × 4 mm2. As a general conclusion, it was found that pine sawdust is easily compressible, and the briquettes obtained from it have good properties for use in combustion.
Comparative Transcriptomic Responses Directed Towards Reporter Metabolic Routes of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 for Growth Adaptation and Lipid Overproduction
Authors: Li Fanyue , Htwe Nang Myint Phyu Sin , Patumcharoenpol Preecha , Yang Junhuan , Laoteng Kobkul , Song Yuanda , Vongsangnak Wanwipa
Published: February 2025

Research into the cellular metabolic adaptations of Mucor circinelloides has gained significant interest due to its capability for lipid production, which has critical industrial applications. To address the regulatory mechanisms at the systems level, this study aimed to explore the global metabolic responses associated with lipid production in high and low lipid-producing strains of M. circinelloides, WJ11 and CBS277.49, respectively, through comparative transcriptome analysis and genome-scale model-driven analysis. The transcriptome analysis of expressed genes in M. circinelloides WJ11 (6398 genes), and CBS277.49 (6008 genes) were analyzed and compared. The results revealed 2811 significantly differentially expressed genes and highlighted strain-dependent differences in growth behavior and lipid production of M. circinelloides at the fast-growing stage, driven by transcriptional regulation across key metabolic pathways. Through genome-scale model-driven analysis, we identified 20 significant reporter metabolites that provide insights into the mechanisms employed by the WJ11 strain to optimize growth for lipid production in the subsequent lipid-accumulating stage. These interplay mechanisms are primarily involved in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, leucine metabolism, energy metabolism, and one-carbon metabolism towards lipid metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying lipid production in Mucor and highlight potential pathways for genetic and physiological optimization in high lipid-producing strains like WJ11. This research advances our understanding of how metabolic networks are interconnected and how they can be leveraged for more efficient lipid overproduction.
Enzymes Produced by the Genus Aspergillus Integrated into the Biofuels Industry Using Sustainable Raw Materials
Authors: Rosas-Vega Fernando Enrique , Pozzan Roberta , Martínez-Burgos Walter Jose , Letti Luiz Alberto Junior , de Mattos Patricia Beatriz Gruening , Ramos-Neyra Lucia Carolina , Spinillo Dudeque Gabriel , Amaro Bittencourt Gustavo , dos S. Costa Gabriela , Porto de Souza Vandenberghe Luciana , Soccol Carlos Ricardo
Published: February 2025

Renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, represent promising alternatives to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. Their production through enzymatic hydrolysis has gained relevance by converting agro-industrial waste into fermentable sugars and residual oils, which are essential for the generation of bioethanol and biodiesel. The fungus Aspergillus stands out as a key source of enzymes, including cellulases, xylanases, amylases, and lipases, which are crucial for the breakdown of biomass and oils to produce bioethanol and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This review examines the current state of these technologies, highlighting the significance of Aspergillus in the conversion of energy-rich waste materials. While the process holds significant potential, it faces challenges such as the high costs associated with enzymatic production and final processing stages. Agro-industrial waste is proposed as an energy resource to support a circular economy, thereby eliminating reliance on non-renewable resources in these processes. Furthermore, advanced pretreatment technologies—including biological, physical, and physicochemical methods, as well as the use of ionic liquids—are explored to enhance process efficiency. Innovative technologies, such as genetic engineering of Aspergillus strains and enzyme encapsulation, promise to optimize sustainable biofuel production by addressing key challenges and advancing this technology towards large-scale implementation.
Exploring CAZymes Differences in Pediococcus acidilactici Strain OM681363 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Strain ON606241 Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Lin Miao , Jama Shakib Mohamed , Cheng Zhiqiang , Zong Yujie , Su Yanjing , Liu Wengboyang , Liu Li
Published: February 2025

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a collective term for bacteria capable of producing lactic acid from fermentable carbohydrates. Despite their widespread presence in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals, where they play important physiological roles, functional analysis of specific strains from particular sources requires further enrichment. The objective of this study was to explore the differences between Pediococcus acidilactici OM681363 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ON606241, both isolated from the rumen of Chinese Holstein dairy cows, using whole-genome sequencing. The results indicate that P. acidilactici OM681363 contained three CRISPR fragments and numerous enzymes involved in carbohydrate degradation. Additionally, P. acidilactici OM681363 possessed more genes related to fiber degradation, especially cellobiose, and the sole carbon source experiment also confirmed this. However, it lacked genes associated with polysaccharide lyase. In contrast, L. paracasei ON606241 was found to be more specialized in breaking down non-fiber carbohydrates, producing more acetic and lactic acids. Overall, P. acidilactici OM681363 may have a greater capacity to degrade complex carbohydrates, while L. paracasei ON606241 appears to specifically target non-fiber carbohydrates.
Exploring the Fermentation Potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus NS127 for Single-Cell Protein Production
Authors: Dong Lichao , Wu Yanyan , Li Mingxia , Zhang Chan , Cao Jialu , Ledesma-Amaro Rodrigo , Zhao Weiwei , Kang Dingrong
Published: February 2025

Kluyveromyces marxianus is a food-grade yeast known for its diverse beneficial traits, making it an attractive candidate for both food and biotechnology applications. This study explores the potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus as a promising alternative protein source for single-cell protein (SCP) production. Various Kluyveromyces strains were isolated and screened from traditional fermented dairy products, with Kluyveromyces marxianus NS127 identified as the most promising strain due to its superior growth characteristics, high SCP yield, and environmental tolerance. Notably, Kluyveromyces marxianus NS127 demonstrated significant substrate conversion capacity with a biomass yield of 0.63 g biomass/g molasses, achieving a dry biomass concentration of 66.64 g/L and a protein yield of 28.37 g/L. The protein extracted from the dry biomass exhibited excellent solubility (62.55%) and emulsification properties (13.15 m2/g) under neutral conditions, alongside high foaming stability (93.70–99.20%) across a broad pH range (3–11). These results underscore the potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus NS127 as a viable alternative protein source and provide a solid theoretical foundation for its industrial application.
Two-Stage Bioconversion of Cellulose to Single-Cell Protein and Oil via a Cellulolytic Consortium
Authors: Peterson Eric Charles , Hermansen Christian , Yong Ashriel , Siao Rowanne , Chua Gi Gi , Ho Sherilyn , Busran Coleen Toledo , Teo Megan , Thong Aaron , Weingarten Melanie , Lindley Nic
Published: February 2025

A novel approach for converting non-edible plant biomass into single-cell protein and oil (SCPO) via consolidated bioprocessing has been established, leveraging aerotolerant thermophilic cellulolytic consortia consisting mainly of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, Sporolactobacillus spp. and Clostridium sensu stricto to achieve the rapid and complete conversion of crystalline cellulose into a consistent cocktail of lactate, acetate and ethanol. This cocktail is an excellent substrate for cultivating organisms for SCPO production and food and feed applications, including Cyberlindnera jadinii, Yarrowia lipolytica and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Cultivation on this cocktail resulted in yields (YX/S) of up to 0.43 ± 0.012 g/g, indicating a yield from cellulose (YX/Cellulose) of up to 0.27 ± 0.007 g/g (dwb). The resulting SCPO was rich in protein (42.5% to 57.9%), essential amino acids (27.8% to 43.2%) and lipids (7.9% to 8.4%), with unsaturated fatty acid fractions of up to 89%. Unlike fermentation feedstocks derived from easily digested feedstocks (i.e., food waste), this approach has been applied to cellulosic biomass, and this mixed-culture bioconversion can be carried out without adding expensive enzymes. This two-stage cellulosic bioconversion can unlock non-edible plant biomass as an untapped feedstock for food and feed production, with the potential to strengthen resiliency and circularity in food systems.
AI Agents Meet Blockchain: A Survey on Secure and Scalable Collaboration for Multi-Agents
Authors: Karim Md Monjurul , Van Dong Hoang , Khan Sangeen , Qu Qiang , Kholodov Yaroslav
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the interplay between AI agents and blockchain has enabled secure and scalable collaboration among multi-agent systems, promoting unprecedented levels of autonomy and interoperability. AI agents play a vital role in facilitating complex decision making and improving operational efficiency in blockchain systems. This collaborative synergy is particularly evident in how multi-agent systems collectively tackle complex tasks to ensure seamless integration within these frameworks. While significant efforts have been made to integrate AI agents and blockchain, most studies overlook the broader potential of AI agents in addressing challenges such as interoperability, scalability, and privacy issues. In this paper, we bridge these gaps by illustrating the interplay between AI agents and blockchain. Specifically, we explore how AI agents enhance decentralized systems and examine blockchain’s role in enabling secure and scalable collaboration. Furthermore, we categorize practical applications across domains, such as Web3, decentralized finance (DeFi), asset management, and autonomous systems, providing practical insights and real-world use cases. Additionally, we identify key research challenges, including the complexities of multi-agent coordination, interoperability across diverse systems, and privacy maintenance in decentralized frameworks. Finally, we offer future directions in terms of governance, sovereignty, computation, and interpretability to promote a secure and responsible ecosystem.
Cross-Domain Fake News Detection Through Fusion of Evidence from Multiple Social Media Platforms
Authors: Ferdush Jannatul , Kamruzzaman Joarder , Karmakar Gour , Gondal Iqbal , Das Rajkumar
Published: February 2025

Fake news has become a significant challenge on online social platforms, increasing uncertainty and unwanted tension in society. The negative impact of fake news on political processes, public health, and social harmony underscores the urgency of developing more effective detection systems. Existing methods for fake news detection often focus solely on one platform, potentially missing important clues that arise from multiple platforms. Another important consideration is that the domain of fake news changes rapidly, making cross-domain analysis more difficult than in-domain analysis. To address both of these limitations, our method takes evidence from multiple social media platforms, enhances our cross-domain analysis, and improves overall detection accuracy. Our method employs the Dempster–Shafer combination rule for aggregating probabilities for comments being fake from two different social media platforms. Instead of directly using the comments as features, our approach improves fake news detection by examining the relationships and calculating correlations among comments from different platforms. This provides a more comprehensive view of how fake news spreads and how users respond to it. Most importantly, our study reveals that true news is typically rich in content, while fake news tends to generate a vast thread of comments. Therefore, we propose a combined method that merges content- and comment-based approaches, allowing our model to identify fake news with greater accuracy and showing an overall improvement of 7% over previous methods.
Transmission Power Control in Multi-Hop Communications of THz Communication Using a Potential Game Approach
Authors: Spyrou Evangelos D. , Kappatos Vassilios , Stylios Chrysostomos
Published: February 2025

Terahertz (THz)-band communications are a possible candidate for fast communication. Transmission power needs to be optimised in order to satisfy the requirements of such a network of nodes. Multi-hop communication can be used in THz communications to add relays when obstacles or other interference is evident. This paper investigates the domain of multi-hop THz communications, acknowledging the possibility of interference from other devices affecting the communication process and utilises interference cancellation. It formulates the Transmission Power Control (TPC) problem within a game-theoretic framework, specifically as a potential game, with the assurance of convergence to a Nash equilibrium in the majority of scenarios. Bounds of the Price of Anarchy (PoA) and the Price of Stability (PoS) are provided, given assumed factors. Also, asymptotic Lyapunov stability is shown. The findings from simulations conducted to assess the effectiveness of this approach are then discussed. In particular, the final utilities when utilising interference cancellation show an improvement compared to without-interference cancellation between 19.30 and 67.30% for five simulated players.
“No One Is Safe”: Agricultural Burnings, Wildfires and Risk Perception in Two Agropastoral Communities in the Puna of Cusco, Peru
Authors: Taboada-Hermoza Rossi , Martínez Alejandra G.
Published: February 2025

By developing a conceptual framework that integrates the use of fire in agricultural activities, the occurrence of wildfires, and the perception of wildfire risk, this article examines the interplay among these three elements within both wet and dry Puna grasslands. The analysis focuses on two peasant and agropastoral communities, Vilcabamba and Apachaco, both located in the Cusco region—an area with the highest incidence of wildfires in Peru. This study highlights the sociocultural significance and persistence of agricultural burnings within Puna agropastoral communities and the necessity of considering changes in agricultural activity, mutual aid systems, and communal institutions—particularly regarding land ownership—to understand the factors contributing to wildfire occurrence. Furthermore, it reveals the widespread recognition of wildfire risk among community members, who are acutely aware of both the likelihood and potential severity of wildfire events, while governmental policies aimed at addressing this hazard predominantly focus on raising awareness and enforcing bans on agricultural burning, with limited consideration of these complex sociocultural dynamics.
Towards Efficient Bio-Methanation: A Comparative Analysis of Disperser Designs and Process Optimization in Bubble Columns
Authors: Klapal Florian , Hlawitschka Mark Werner
Published: February 2025

This study aims to contribute to the optimization of bio-methanation in bubble columns, making it a more viable alternative to stirred tank reactors. The primary challenge to be addressed is the enhancement of mass transfer, which strongly depends on parameters such as bubble size and gas hold-up. Various disperser designs were examined in a 0.14 mm diameter column, comparing their performance in terms of bubble diameter distribution and gas hold-up. The results indicate that an optimized plate disperser featuring a porous structure outperformed other designs by maintaining high gas retention without significant coalescence. Additionally, newly developed plug-in dispersers allowed for counter-current flow operation, enhancing process flexibility. Commercially available porous pin dispersers produced smaller bubbles compared to the other designs, yielding high gas hold-ups at lower gas velocities. Correlations between disperser type and column design parameters were established, laying the foundation for apparatus optimization. The findings contribute to the development of digital twin models, facilitating the refinement of bio-methanation processes within bubble columns for increased efficiency.
Visualization and Parameters Determination of Supersonic Flows in Convergent-Divergent Micro-Nozzles Using Schlieren Z-Type Technique and Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Mendoza-Anchondo Reyna Judith , Alvarez-Herrera Cornelio , Murillo-Ramírez José Guadalupe
Published: February 2025

Small-scale and supersonic convergent-divergent type micro-nozzles with characteristic sizes of around a few centimeters and exit and throat radii of tenths of millimeters were the subjects of this study. Using the schlieren Z-type optical technique, the supersonic airflows established at the exit of seven nozzles were visualized. The dependence of the shock cell characteristics on the nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), defined as the ratio of stagnation pressure to atmospheric pressure, was analyzed. The dependence of the nozzle thrust and the specific impulse on the NPR ratio and the mass flow rate was also studied using a simple device based on concepts of fluid mechanics. The results obtained are in agreement with similar results obtained in recently published research on double-bell nozzles. The thrust of all nozzles depends linearly on the shock-cell spacing, which is one of the most relevant findings of this research. In other words, the output airflow structure determines the performance of the nozzles, such as the thrust or the specific impulse they produce. These small nozzles offer significant advantages over conventional nozzles in low energy consumption and lower manufacturing cost, making them suitable for scientific research in space micro-propulsion and cooling microelectronic systems, among other applications.
Phylogenetic Perspectives and Ethnobotanical Insights on Wild Edible Plants of the Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa
Authors: Alrhmoun Mousaab , Sulaiman Naji , Pieroni Andrea
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the phylogenetic and geographical distribution of wild food plants (WFPs) across 30 Mediterranean and North African (MENA) regions, focusing on the intersection of evolutionary lineage, ecological adaptation, and cultural utilization. A phylogenetic analysis of 111 genera of WFPs used in traditional diets reveals clusters reflecting shared ancestry, functional adaptations, and ecological resilience. Key regions such as Lebanon and Ikaria stand out as potential centers for the diversity of wild food plant use, suggesting that the Eastern Mediterranean may be a primary origin area, especially for species adapted to semi-arid climates. Major plant families including Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae form distinct clusters that underscore their common ancestry and adaptability, making them foundational to traditional diets and medicinal applications across various environments. Geographical analysis indicates historical connections, such as those between Malta and Egypt, supporting the hypothesis that ancient trade routes influenced the spread and cultural exchange of wild food plant use across the Mediterranean. The study emphasizes the integration of phylogenetic and ethnobotanical perspectives, shedding light on how biodiversity, ecological adaptation, and cultural practices intersect in these regions. This research demonstrates that WFPs serve as both ecological and cultural assets, crucial for preserving traditional diets and supporting biodiversity conservation amid environmental changes. Integrating evolutionary and cultural knowledge can enrich ecological understanding and contribute to the sustainable use of plant resources in the MENA regions.
Quantitative Analysis of Peanut Skin Adulterants by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics
Authors: Luo Wangfei , Deng Jihong , Li Chenxi , Jiang Hui
Published: February 2025

Peanut skin is a potential medicinal material. The adulteration of peanut skin samples with starchy substances severely affects their medicinal value. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the adulterants present in peanut skin using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Two adulterants, sweet potato starch and corn starch, were included in this study. First, spectral information of the adulterated samples was collected for characterization. Then, the applicability of different preprocessing methods and techniques to the obtained spectral data was compared. Subsequently, the Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) algorithm was used to extract effective variables from the preprocessed spectral data, and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), a Support Vector Machine (SVM), and a Black Kite Algorithm-Support Vector Machine (BKA-SVM) were employed to predict the adulterant content in the samples, as well as the overall adulteration level. The results showed that the BKA-SVM model performed excellently in predicting the content of sweet potato starch, corn starch, and overall adulterants, with determination coefficients (RP2) of 0.9833, 0.9893, and 0.9987, respectively. The experimental results indicate that FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with advanced machine learning techniques can effectively and accurately detect adulterants in peanut skin, providing a reliable technological support for food safety detection.
Impact of Roasting on Functional Properties of Hard-to-Cook Beans Under Adverse Storage Conditions
Authors: Koriyama Takako , Teranaka Kiriko , Kumagai Michiyo
Published: February 2025

This study examined the responses of four legumes—chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Taishokintoki), adzuki beans (Vigna angularis), and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)—to storage and roasting under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions (HTC beans). Roasting enhanced antioxidant activity in HTC chickpeas and peanuts, with chickpeas also showing increased resistant starch. In contrast, kidney beans showed reduced resistant starch after storage, with minimal recovery upon roasting, while refrigeration better preserved resistant starch. For adzuki beans, roasting reduced resistant starch in control samples but not in HTC samples. Reducing sugars decreased in all beans after roasting. These findings highlight roasting as a promising method for repurposing HTC chickpeas and peanuts for functional food applications. Limitations include variability among legumes and the need for further mechanistic and sensory studies.