bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
System behaviour in predator‐prey interaction, with special reference to acarine predator‐prey system
Authors: Takafuji Akio , Tsuda Yoshio , Miki Toshihiro
Published: January 2007

Laboratory experiments on the interaction between phytophagous tetranychid mites and predacious phytoseiid mites in multi‐patch systems showed that it was difficult to obtain a continued interaction between them when prey heavily over‐exploit their host plants. The experiments suggested that the stability conditions concluded from theMaynard Smith model which assumed a stable relationship between prey and resource would be of secondary importance, if the interactive behaviour between prey and resource was unstable.

An acarine predator‐prey system was theoretically analyzed by simulations on the basis of the structure of theMaynard Smith model, but by introducing modifications to the model, considering several properties characteristic to the prey and predacious mites. The simulations showed that if there was resource over‐exploitation by prey, a variety of patterns could be generated in the dynamic behaviour between prey and resource, and depending on the interactive pattern, the predator‐prey system displayed a stable behaviour in some cases but in others it became unstable. To achieve a stable interaction, it was important to lower the rate of local prey extinction and this could be achieved either by predation which prevented the prey from over‐exploiting the resource or by lowering the rate of successful migration of the prey.
Trace analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylates
Authors: Kubeck Edmund , Naylor Carter G.
Published: January 2007

A method for quantitative determination of trace amounts of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) in environmental water is described. Levels of 1 to 3 μg/L can be detected and resolved into their complete oligomer distribution (1EO to 18EO) while maintaining integrity of the oligomer distribution. This is a major improvement over previous methods; for the first time distortion of oligomer distribution due to work‐up conditions of earlier methods has been prevented.

Isolation of the APE from water is achieved using a simple and rapid dual‐column procedure. The first column removes interfering ionic materials, the second traps the APE on alkyl‐bonded silica. Assay of the extract employs HPLC with a fluorescence detector.

The method was used for analyzing treated waste‐water and river water. A much better picture of the biodegradation behavior of APE in the environment has emerged as a result of keeping APE oligomer distribution intact during sample extraction. There is no accumulation of alkylphenol and the low EO oligomers during wastewater treatment, although the oligomer distribution may become skewed toward these species. Concentrations in the receiving waters examined were very low, in the range of 1–2 μg/L total APE species (OEO to 18EO).
An antagonistic effect with antioxidants for unsaturated fats
Authors: Olcott H. S. , Einset E.
Published: January 2007

α‐and γ‐tocopherol act as pro‐oxidants with marine oils containing the antioxidant EMQ. The term “antagonism” is suggested for such phenomena. Antagonism was also demonstrable in purified unsaturated fatty ester acids and triglycerides. Nitrogenous inhibitors (EMQ, DPPD, ADA) are more affected by added tocopherols than are the phenolic antioxidants examined (BHT, BHA, PG, NDGA). Phenolic antioxidants other than tocopherols do not show marked antagonism with EMQ.
Development of color in fats stabilized with amino‐hexose‐reductones
Authors: Cooney Patricia M. , Hodge J. E. , Evans C. D.
Published: January 2007

Amino reductones derived from hexoses were evaluated for color development in heated, oxidizing fat systems. Browning was observed to some extent with all the amino‐hexose‐reductones. The brown color frequently faded upon long heating of the oils. The density of color increased with reductone concentration and varied markedly among the different amino reductones. Morpholino‐hexose‐reductone could be used in lard and vegetable oils at concentrations up to 0.01% without introducing visually detectable amounts of color. Heating soybean oil solutions of the amino reductones at 100°C. under vacuum slowly destroyed the reductone but did not cause development of color. Air or oxygen was required for color production. Addition of citric acid along with the reductone reduced the amount of color developed. Reductones in fat systems show similarities in browning to reductones in aqueous systems. New considerations for the mechanism of antioxidation by polyphenols and reductones in oils are presented.
Differential thermal analysis. III. Melting curves of oils and fats
Authors: Hannewijk J. , Haighton A. J.
Published: January 2007

The application of the differential thermal‐analysis method for studying the melting behavior of oils and fats has proved very useful. The shapes of the curves depend largely on the pretreatment of the fats. From these curves, indications regarding the tempering of the fats can be obtained. DTA curves show the frequent occurrence of mixed crystals in fats. The curves are satisfactorily reproducible, provided that a carefully identical pretreatment is given.
Epoxidized jojoba oil as a stabilizer for vinyl chloride containing plastics
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: January 2007

Epoxidized jojoba oil has been evaluated as a light and heat stabilizer for vinyl chloride containing plastics and its properties, intercompared with those of other epoxides representative of three major classes of oxirane stabilizers. The results obtained show that epoxidized jojoba oil is a satisfactory thermal and ultraviolet stabilizer for both TCP and DOP plasticized stocks and has no adverse effects on the plasticizer properties of these materials. In general, epoxidized jojoba oil was found to be equivalent to or, in some instances, superior to the other epoxides tested.
Urea complexes of technical monoglycerides
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Shah S. N.
Published: January 2007

Technical monoglycerides have been fractionated with urea in methyl alcohol. Complexes were formed more easily with diglycerides than with monoglycerides as shown by Bradley, Mueller, and Shokal and contrary to the observation of Heckles and Dunlap. Further, in stepwise crystallization of commercial monoglycerides, there was no methanolysis of the monoglycerides as observed by Aylward and Wood.
Nitrosyl chloride adduct of methyl oleate
Authors: Miller W. R. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: January 2007

Nitrosyl chloride was added to methyl oleate on a preparative scale to give the adduct in essentially quantitative yield. The chlorine of the adduct was quite labile; was replaced by methoxyl, hydroxyl, acetoxyl, piperidino, and amino groups; and was eliminated to give the unsaturated nitroso compound. Under any conditions only 15舑20% of the nitroso group of the adduct isomerized to oximino. Reduction with zinc and acetic acid gave the hydroxylamino derivative
The determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products
Authors: Pons W. A. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: January 2007

A rapid and simplified procedure is proposed for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in cottonseed products. The method involves extraction of aflatoxins essentially free of lipid contamination by equilibrium extraction with 70% acetone. Interfering gossypol pigments are removed from the aqueous acetone extract by precipitation as insoluble lead salts. Aflatoxins in the centrifugate are quantitatively separated from excess lead salts, residual pigments and carbohydrates by extraction into chloroform to yield final extracts for thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis on silica gel which are low in total solids and pigmentation. The procedure is sensitive to about 1 ppb in cottonseed meats and 4 ppb in cottonseed meal.
The fatty acid composition of the lipids from bovine and porcine reproductive tissues
Authors: Holman Ralph T. , Hofstetter H. H.
Published: January 2007

Beef and pork testes, graafian follicles and the residual ovaries were extracted and the lipids from each were separated into lipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography. The fatty acids from each class were analyzed as their methyl esters by gas‐liquid chromatography. The lipids from the reproductive tissues were found to be relatively rich in polyunsaturated acids, many of which did not correspond to the more commonly encountered unsaturated acids. These less familiar acids were identified by comparing their chromatographic characteristics with standards of established composition.

The polyunsaturated acids of lipids of the reproductive tissues examined are predominantly of the linoleate family. Only in the phospholipids of ovarian tissues did the linolenate family of acids reach high proportions of the total polyunsaturates. Nine members of the linoleate family were identified in the lipids of reproductive tissues. Five higher metabolites of oleate were identified as normal components of these tissues. Diglycerides were found as a significant lipid class only in testis tissue. The diglycerides and cholesteryl esters of beef testis contain tetracosatetraenoic acid as major fatty acids. The triglycerides of reproductive tissues are notably rich in polyunsaturated acids. In the study, 16 polyunsaturated acids were identified by ozonolysis‐reduction and several others were tentatively identified by retention time data. Two acids, previously unreported, are 10,13,16‐docosatrienoic acid and 9,12,15,18‐tetracosatetraenoic acid.
Urethane foams from animal fats I. Oxyethylated 9, 10‐dihydroxystearic acid
Authors: Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga Marta , Wrigley A. N. , Ault W. C.
Published: January 2007

Threo‐ anderythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids were reacted with 2, 4, 6 and 8 moles of ethylene oxide. The oxyethylated polyols from thethreo acid, adjusted to equivalent weight 100 with triisopropanolamine, were converted to satisfactory rigid foams by mixing with corresponding amts of isocyanate‐terminated oxypropylated sorbitol prepolymers of three viscosities. Typical foam properties had maxima for the tetra‐ or hexaoxyethylene polyol, and most properties paralleled prepolymer viscosity.
Processing ironweed (Vernonia anthelmintica) seed in a soybean extraction pilot plant
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Ogg C. L. , Oelshlegel F. J. , Hale Reginald , Hale A. H.
Published: January 2007

High quality domesticVernonia anthelmintica (ironweed) seed was grown on many experimental test plots at a variety of locations during the 1963 season. Quality appeared to be related to seed density as judged by high oil content of 25 to 32%, the oils having oxirane oxygen values of 3.6 to 4.0% with low acidity, less than 2% calculated as epoxyoleic acid. Larger plantings in 1963 made without benefit of test plot data produced poor quality seed. For processing some of this seed was upgraded to fair quality by air‐elutriation. Processing in a small soybean continuous solvent extraction plant was successfully achieved with only minor changes in existing equipment. No enzymatic lipolysis occurred during these operations. The oil obtained was equal in quality to that prepared from the same seed in the laboratory by the best procedures available. Also, the oil was improved in quality by removal of the major portion of its free fatty acids and unsaponifiable material. The chief natural component of the seed oil, trivernolin, was prepared from a substantial quantity of the oil miscella to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of this operation.
An improved separation of aflatoxins
Authors: Wiley Mabry , Waiss A. C.
Published: January 2007

Crude aflatoxin from a chloroform extract ofAspergillus flavus cultures on rice was precipitated with Skelly Solve B and chromatographed on 100–200 mesh silica gel columns, using ethyl acetate as eluant. On this column there was no separation of aflatoxins from each other, but most of the brown, oily material was removed. The next step in the purification was chromatography on 100–200 mesh silica gel columns with chloroform and 5% methanol/chloroform as eluants. A large part of the B1 was purified, but B2, G1 and G2 did not separate, and M1 had a brown oil that prevented crystallization. The M1 was purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH‐20 with chloroform; the brown material was retained while the M1 passed through. The separation of aflatoxin B2, G1, and G2 was achieved by column chromatography on Silica Gel H for TLC. In addition, aspertoxin was separated and identified. The purity and identity of the compounds were established by 100 MHz NMR.
Chlorinated alcohols: III. 9,10‐Dichlorostearylamine
Authors: Grimm R. A. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K.
Published: January 2007

9,10‐Dichlorostearylamine was prepared by the hydrogenation of 9,10‐dichlorostearonitrile, catalyzed by Rh/C, and by the chlorination of oleylamine hydrochloride. The dichloro amine was surprisingly heat‐stable and could be purified by molecular distillation at 170 C (0.1 mm). Also described are the preparations of 9,10‐dichlorostearoyl chloride, 9,10‐dichlorostearamide and 9,10‐dichlorostearonitrile. The chlorination of oleonitrile is not a simple reaction and the 9,10‐dichlorostearonitrile was best prepared by dehydration of the amide.
A wide‐plastic range spread for the Canadian armed forces
Authors: Lemon H. W. , Avis Paul , Haynes J. W.
Published: January 2007

An acetoglyceride type of spread having a wide plastic range has been developed, utilizing hydrogenated edible tallow for the hard component and acetoglycerides made from hydrogenated soybean oil for the liquid component of the spread. The product had good spreadability over a wide temperature range and good acceptability.
Safety aspects of handling heavy fuel oils
Authors: Miller James F.
Published: January 2007

Make sure fuel oil handling facilities conform to N.F.P.A. standards.

Avoid overshot filling lines.

Provide weakened seams on above‐ground tank roofs.

Limit storage tank or day tank temperatures to 125°F. Provide positive control to prevent over‐heating.

Make sure thermostats are located in the hottest part of the oil. Operate storage so as not to uncover either the thermostat or the heating coils.

Do not contaminate fuel oil with water or light hydrocarbon.

Cool tanks and heaters before introducing water for cleaning.

Do not perform hot work repairs above the liquid level on tanks in service.

Do not rely on combustible‐gas‐indicator readings when the temperature of the vapor space being sampled is above atmospheric.

Be wary of boil‐overs when lighting fuel oil tank fires.
Continuous low‐temperature rendering process
Authors: Sullivan Frank E.
Published: January 2007

A new process for rendering animal fat employing low temperature and short contact is described. This system gives an extremely high yield of quality fat and at the same time produces cracklings of low fat‐content.

The individual pieces of equipment are shown along with their functions, which when combined into the continuous process make for a rendering operation of high efficiency.

Plant operating information and material balances combined with flow sheet and actual plant photographs illustrate the efficiency, ease of operation, and compactness of the Centriflow Animal Fat Process.
Products of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds
Authors: Maier Vincent P. , Tappel A. L.
Published: January 2007

A study has been made of the initial and secondary products resulting from the hematin catalyzed decomposition of hydroperoxides. The initial product was found to be the alkoxy free‐radical produced by the homolytic cleavage of the O‐OH bond of the hydroperoxide. The system was arranged so that the alkoxy radicals reacted with a hydrogen donor as they were formed to produce the corresponding alcohol. The alcohol was then identified by standard physical and chemical procedures.

The secondary products resulting from the hematin catalyzed decomposition of linoleate hydroperoxide in the absence of oxygen were found to be composed principally of oxirane, hydroxyl, and carbonyl compounds. Cleavage of the carbon chain, loss of conjugated double bonnds, and polymerization also took place. Reactions to account for these products were proposed, along with a general mechanism of hematin catalysis.
Seasonal variations in the seed oil ofThevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum
Authors: Obasi N. B. B. , Igboechi A. C. , Benjamin T. V.
Published: January 2007

The fixed oil ofThevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (T. neriifolia Juss) was obtained by solvent extraction, and its yield and composition were studied to reflect the effect of seasonal variations.

Ripe and unripe seeds collected in December and February (the dry season) gave average yields of 72 and 52%, v/w, respectively, and those of May and August (the rainy season) gave 56 and 41%, v/w, respectively.

Sitosterol was isolated and identified from the unsaponifiable fraction. Oleic, linoleic, stearic and palmitic acids were shown to be present in all the oils, while myristic, lauric, capric and caprylic acids were identified only in the oil from unripe seeds collected in the rainy season. The physical and chemical constants of the oils are given also.
Synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acids catalyzed by the lipase ofMucor miehei
Authors: Servat F. , Montet D. , Pina M. , Galzy P. , Arnaud A. , Ledon H. , Marcou L. , Graille J.
Published: January 2007

Biotechnological synthesis of a new class of amphiphilic molecules—fatty hydroxamic acids—was carried out using the lipase ofMucor miehei by reacting hydroxyl amine with the fatty acids in their free or methyl ester form. Concurrently with enzymatic synthesis, chemical synthesis of hydroxamic fatty acids has also been developed by adapting methods that already existed for water‐soluble acids. Different parameters were studied to determine the optimum operating conditions: temperature, molar ratio of reagents, quantity of biocatalyst and length of reaction. A general method, whatever the type of fatty acids used, is described.
Histological localization of oil palm fruit lipase
Authors: Mohankumar C. , Arumughan C. , Kaleysa raj R.
Published: January 2007

Development of free fatty acids (FFA) and subsequent deterioration of palm oil quality can be attributed to lipase, an active hydrolytic enzyme present in the mesocarp of oil palm fruit. A histochemical method was used to localize this enzyme in the mesocarp. FFA released from endogenous glycerides were precipitated as lead salt. The deposits were located on the membranes of oil bodies. Enzymatic activity in the mesocarp was also studied under different conditions of fruit storage: ambient temperature, freezing, etc. The enzyme was active after freezing but less active under ambient conditions of fruit storage. Investigations on fruit development indicated that the enzyme activity started appearing between 16–20 weeks after anthesis (WAA) which synchronized with the beginnning of lipid formation. These histochemical studies were supported wity biochemical data on FFA.
Thermal behavior of butterfat fractions and mixtures of tripalmitin and butterfat
Authors: Simoneau C. , Fairley P. , Krochta J. M. , German J. B.
Published: January 2007

The melting and crystallization behavior of blends of tripalmitin and butterfat were compared with that of butterfat fractions, which were prepared by dry fractionation and by solvent extraction. There were marked similarities in the behavior of the blends, the dry fractions and some solvent fractions. This similarity was not shared with the behavior of the hardest solvent fractions. The functionality or hard butterfat fractions seemed to derive from an enrichment in long‐chain saturated triglycerides. Improved functionality could therefore be achieved equally well by blending or by fractionation. Blends of tripalmitin and butterfat could be used as model butterfat fractions, or as an alternative to butterfat fractions in some applications.
Hydrolysis of fats and oils with moist oat caryopses
Authors: Parmar Shantilal , Hammond E. G.
Published: January 2007

To improve the economic feasibility of hydrolyzing fats and oils with moist oat caryopses, various factors affecting the efficiency of the process were studied. Caryopses produced with an impact‐type dehuller exhibited greater lipase activity than those produced by a wringer‐type dehuller. Abrasion of oat caryopses against each other in a fluidized bed released particles rich in lipase. Such lipase concentrates could be added to moist caryopsis reactors to speed fat hydrolysis. Beef tallow, lard, soybean oil and crambe oil were hydrolyzed more efficiently than corn oil, castor oil and milk fat. The poor hydrolysis of castor oil was attributed to the formation of esters with the hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid, and the hydrolysis of castor oil was increased by dilution of the substrate with hexane. Diglycerides inhibited the hydrolysis and accounted for the slower hydrolysis of corn oil. Hydrolysis of milk fat by moist oat caryopses resulted in preferential hydrolysis of C6 to C10 acids. Erucic acid was released from crambe oil at significantly slower rates than the other acyl groups. High conversions of fats and oils to free fatty acids could be attained by (i) exposing the fats and oils to two to three lots of moist caryopses, (ii) the use of special oat varieties with elevated lipase content, (iii) the addition of oat lipase concentrates to moist caryopsis reactors, and (iv) dilution of the substrate with hexane. Estimates of the cost of producing free fatty acids with these processes indicated that the first three should be profitable. Growth ofClostridium sporogenes spores could not be demonstrated in caryopsis reactors. During the incubation of moist oat caryopses immersed in oil, the free fatty acid content of the internal caryopsis lipid increased only slightly, but there were changes in its fatty acid composition.
Alkylethoxyethanesulphonates: Two techniques for improving synthetic conversions
Authors: Hodgson P. K. G. , Stewart N. J. , Grant C. E. , Nicolls A. M.
Published: January 2007

Alkylethoxyethanesulphonates, high‐cost speciality surfactants, are most commonly synthesized from precursor ethoxyalcohols by thionyl chloride chlorination followed by sulphonation with sodium sulphite. Conversions in the sulphonation stage are only moderate with highly hydrophobic ethoxychlorides. Alkylethoxyalcohols with a novel narrow distribution of ethoxy chain lengths recently have been reported. We demonstrate how the conversion in the sulphonation of hexadecanol tetraethoxychloride increases from 65% to 80% when the traditional broad ethoxylate distribution ethoxyalcohol is replaced by narrow range ethoxyalcohol as precursor. Replacement of sodium sulphite by potassium sulphite increases conversion still further, to quantitative, in the sulphonation of the narrow range ethoxychloride. Exploitation of these two techniques in the manufacture of ethoxyethanesulphonate surfactants might be expected to improve the economics of their application.
Surfactant property of linear alkanes with two pyrrolidone moieties in both termini
Authors: Takata Toshikazu , Atobe Ichiro , Kitamura Naoya , Endo Takeshi
Published: January 2007

Linear alkanes with two pyrrolidone groups in both termini [abbreviation: 1,n‐dipyrrolidonyl alkane (1,n‐DPA) (n=3, 5, 9, and 12)] were synthesized. Their surface activities were evaluated in terms of surface tension, and compared with those of a few kinds of surfactants. Among 1,n‐DPAs, 1,3‐, 1,5‐, and 1,9‐DPAs were fully soluble in water and surface‐active: especially 1,9‐DPA showed a surface tension value of γW/A 32.8 mN/m at 5.9×10−2 mol/L or 1.7 wt% and was suggested as a nonionic surfactant with simple structure and moderate activity. Critical miceller concentration (CMC) of 1,9‐DPA was 1.45×10−2 mol/L. Surface tension values of 1,5‐ and 1,9‐DPAs were lower than those of the corresponding monofunctional pyrrolidones, N‐propyl and N‐pentylpyrrolidones. Minimum area per surfactant molecule (Amin) decreased with increase of methylene chain length in the series of 1,n‐DPAs. The results suggested that 1,n‐DPA favorably chooses a loop structure at air/water interface.
Oat (Avena sativa) caryopses as a natural lipase bioreactor
Authors: Lee Inmok , Hammond Earl G.
Published: January 2007

The caryopses of oats, when moistened and immersed in oils, constitute a natural lipase bioreactor. Hydrolysis was monitored by titration of the free fatty acids in the oil phase and by thin‐layer chromatography. The optimum amount of additional water was about 20% of the weight of the caryopses, and the optimum temperature was about 40°C. The reaction was accelerated by gentle agitation, by reducing the viscosity of the oil phase by the addition of nonpolar solvents, and by increasing the amount of lipase on the caryopses. The reaction was inhibited by the accumulation of glycerol in the interior of the caryopses and free fatty acids in the oil phase. The lipase hydrolzyed all three positions of glycerol and there was little accumulation of mono‐ or diglyceride in the lipid phase. The time necessary to obtain 90% hydrolysis varied for a few days to several weeks. Greater degrees of hydrolysis could be obtained by replacing the caryopses when they became inhibited or by diluting the oil phase with hexane. The glycerol that was released could be recovered by extracting the caryopses with water. The moist oat bioreactor also was capable of catalyzing transesterification and interesterification reactions.
A new internal standard for GLC determination of monoglycerides and propylene glycol esters
Authors: See Donita K. , Thornton Kathleen , Hasenhuettl Gerard L.
Published: January 2007

Monoheptadecanoin (monomargarin) has been used as an internal standard for the gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) determination of monoglyceride and propylene glycol ester emulsifiers. The compound is expensive and difficult to prepare. Octadecyl glyceryl ether (batyl alcohol), a less expensive commercially available material, has been found to be acceptable as an internal standard for this determination.
Dynamic polymorphic phase transitions in a model binary triglyceride system measured by position‐sensitive X‐ray diffraction methods
Authors: Cebula Deryck J. , Smith Paul R.
Published: January 2007

X‐ray diffraction measurements have been made on a binary mixture of pure tripalmitin and tristearin which undergoes particular polymorphic phase transitions on heating from the solid. The results were obtained using a position‐sensitive detector which can record the whole diffraction pattern in time periods less than a minute. This allows many patterns to be recorded during the transformations where heating rates can be up to severaloC/min. As such the transitory existence of the intermediate β' phase has been unambiguously identified. The results serve to exhibit the usefulness of the X‐ray apparatus and indicate its potential for future studies in dynamic crystallization and melting.
Use of cyclic anhydrides to remove cholesterol and other hydroxy compounds from fats and oils
Authors: Gu Y. ‐F. , Chen Y. , Hammond E. G.
Published: January 2007

A method for removing cholesterol from animal fats has been developed based on the reaction between the hydroxyl group of cholesterol and cyclic anhydrides. The reaction forms monoesters with acyl chains having a terminal free acid group. The conversion of cholesterol into an acid derivative makes it possible to remove the cholesterol from fats by extraction with aqueous alkali. A study of the reaction in model systems showed that optimal conditions were a molar ratio of cholesterol to succinic anhydride of 1∶3 at 135°C for several hours. Acid catalysts increased the rate of the reaction, and acetic was selected not only because of its catalytic power but also because its reflux prevented the distillation of the cyclic anhydride from the reaction mixture. If all the cyclic anhydride was added at the beginning of the reaction, animal fats such as lard, tallow and milk fats were reduced in their cholesterol content by about 40%. A study of the reaction mechanism showed that the cholesterol reduction could be increased to 60–70% by altering the amount and the addition sequence of cyclic anhydride. The effectiveness of acid catalysts was related inversely to the negative logarithm of their acid dissociation constant (pK), but as their effectiveness increased, so did their tendency to form other, unwanted esters of cholesterol. A mixture of monoethyl fumarate and acetic acid sped the reaction, compared with acetic acid alone, with minimal formation of cholesteryl acetate. Studies with14C‐cholesterol showed little formation of products other than cholesteryl hemiscuccinate during the reaction. The procedure removed some of the tocopherol from the fat but had no other detectable effect on fat stability. The procedure also can be used to concentrate the lactone precursors from milk fat.
Separation of molecular species ofcis‐ andtrans‐triacylglycerols intrans‐hardened confectionery fats by silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Smith K. W. , Perkins J. M. , Jeffrey B. S. J. , Phillips D. L.
Published: January 2007

Silver‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silver nitrate‐loaded silica achieves incomplete separation of major triacylglycerol (TAG) classes present intrans‐hardened fats. The “ChromSpher Lipids” silverloaded cation exchange HPLC column has been found to yield good separations oftrans‐hardened TAG, with molecular species well resolved. Separations comparable to those previously possible for nonhardened fats are now possible fortrans‐hardened fats. The separation is on the basis of number and type (i.e.cis/trans) of double bonds only; the position of the double bond along the acyl group appears not to influence the separation significantly. The analysis of a palm fraction, hardened to a slip melting point of 37°C and chemically randomized, is presented as an example. This technique offers a new approach to understanding and controlling the hydrogenation and processing oftrans‐hardened fats.
Density and viscosity of low‐molecular weight triglycerides and their mixtures
Authors: Eiteman Mark A. , Goodrum John W.
Published: January 2007

The viscosities of tributyrin (C4∶0) and binary mixtures of this triglyceride with a diesel fuel, tricaproin (C6∶0), and tricaprylin (C8∶0) were determined for the temperature range −5 to 85°C and for shear rates of 1.62–64.7 s−1. The resulting dynamic viscosities were fit to a power law model to obtain values for the consistency coefficient and the flow behavior index. These results indicated slightly pseudoplastic flow behavior (indices ranged from 0.94 to 0.99) for tributyrin and its mixtures. The calculated consistency coefficients for tributyrin and those previously obtained for tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin were fit by a least‐squares method to the three‐parameter Vogel model to account for the effect of temperature. An ideal solution relationship and the Kendall‐Monroe model were used to predict the density and consistency coefficients, respectively, for binary and quaternary mixtures of these low‐molecular weight triglycerides.
Effect of enzymatic interesterification on the melting point of tallow‐rapeseed oil (LEAR) mixture
Authors: Forssell P. , Kervinen R. , Lappi M. , Linko P. , Suortti T. , Poutanen K.
Published: January 2007

To reduce the melting point of a tallow‐rapeseed oil mixture, the triglyceride composition of the mixture was altered by enzymatic interesterification in a solvent‐free system. The interesterification and hydrolysis were followed by melting point profiles and by free fatty acid determinations. The degree of hydrolysis was linearly related to the initial water content of the reaction mixture. The rate of the interesterification reaction was influenced by the amount of enzyme but not much by temperature between 50 and 70°C. The melting point reduction achieved by interesterification depended on the mass fractions of the substrates: the lower the mass fraction of tallow, the larger the reduction of the melting point.
Neutron diffraction studies of liquid and crystalline trilaurin
Authors: Cebula Deryck J. , McClements D. Julian , Povey Malcolm J. W. , Smith Paul R.
Published: January 2007

Neutron diffraction has been employed to investigate the structure of trilaurin in both liquid and crystalline states. The combination of long‐wavelength (4.5 Å) neutrons and wide angular ranges of detection (∼6<2θ[o]<∼100) per mitted a large range of momentum transfer to be acceessed (∼0.15<Q[Å−1]<∼2) in a single scan of the detector. The chemical technique of selective deuteration of chosen parts of the triglyceride molecules was used to enhance specific aspects of the diffraction pattern and elucidate structures formed. The well established layer structure in the solid phases was confirmed in the diffraction patterns. It was also established that long‐range ordering in the solid resulting from chain‐chain registry disappeared when the solid melts. However, we found no evidence for long‐range ordering in the form of persistence of a layer‐layer spacing correlation in the liquid state. We postulate from the diffraction patterns a molecular arrangement resembling the arrangement found in the nematic phase of liquid crystals, where the layer structure is relaxed from that smectic‐like arrangement for the crystalline phase. The data also reveal that this lack of order is not dependent on temperature in the liquid phase and persists into the super‐cooled region below the normal β melting point.
One‐step extraction/methylation method for determining the fatty acid composition of processed foods
Authors: Ulberth Franz , Henninger Monika
Published: January 2007

In a one‐step extraction/methylation (OSM) method for determining individual fatty acids (FA) in processed food products, freeze‐dried samples, containing 10–50 mg fat, were transmethylated without prior fat extraction with a mixture of methanol‐HCl/toluene. After washing the organic phase the formed FA methyl esters were ready for separation by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The relative standard deviation for total FA content was <3.5%, regardless of the food type analyzed. Furthermore, the FA composition of selected fatty foods as obtained by the OSM procedure was almost identical with the FA composition of the pure fats extracted by the Soxhlet procedure and with chloroform‐methanol, respectively. The OSM method is inexpensive and simple to perform and is, therefore, well suited for nutrient labeling studies, especially in situations where many samples have to be analyzed for their total FA content.
Analysis of epoxidized soybean oil by gas chromatography
Authors: Han Li‐Ming T. , Szajer G.
Published: January 2007

A fast and cost‐effective procedure to quantitate epoxidized soybean oil by means of an external standard method is reported. This procedure is applicable to commercial epoxidized oils, polymer additive packages and polymers—polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—containing epoxidized oils. The epoxidized soybean oil is converted into fatty acid methyl esters with tetramethylammonium hydroxide, and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame‐ionization detection. In PVC samples, the epoxidized soybean oil was extracted with toluene and followed by derivatization prior to analysis. The methyl esters of monoepoxyoctadecanoic, diepoxyoctadecanoic and triepoxyoctadecanoic acid were separated with a short capillary column.
Leaf wax alcohols inCoincya (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Vioque Javier , Pastor Julio , Vioque Eduardo
Published: January 2007

Free and ester alcohol compositions have been determined for leaf waxes in ten taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Size of leaf wax alcohols in the genusCoincya varies between 20 and 31 carbon atoms. This series is dominated by alcohols with an even number of carbon atoms. The most abundant alcohols are C24, C26 and C28 among even and C25, C27 and C29 among odd alcohols, both in free alcohols and in wax esters.
Panel discussion and symposium: Nonfood uses of coconut oil: Where are we headed?
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V. , Fineberg H. , Molteni H. , Zabel H. , Pattison E. S.
Published: January 2007

Coconut oil prices will exert much influence on synthetic fatty acid commercialization; if domestic oil prices maintain at 12–13¢/lb, demand for coco acids and derivatives could triple during the next three years; however, at an oil price of 22–24¢/lb, about 90% of domestic research and development on lauric acid products would be dropped. Synthetic fatty acids could hold the market if they can be commercialized near present prices. Proportionally higher food uses will be evident for coconut oil for the next several years. Increased demand for short chain (C5–C9) acids in high temperature synthetic lubricants, estimated to grow from the present 25 million lb/year to 50 million lb/year by 1973, will exert an increased demand.
Continuous extrusion cooking of cottonseed kernels and of partially defatted meal
Authors: Clark S. P.
Published: January 2007

Continuous extrusion cooking produces a short time pressure cooking of the material in process. The Wenger extruder‐cooker has been successfully applied by others to soybeans for manufacture of full fat flour. This is a report of an investigation of the extruder‐cooker applied to glanded cottonseed kernels and to partially defatted cottonseed meal. The purpose was production of cottonseed flour for human food. The principal objective in extruder processing was lowering of free gossypol to 0.12% of protein. On full fat kernels the extruder system was effective in lowering free gossypol. Most of the binding occurred in the preconditioner, and the extruder itself was relatively ineffective in binding gossypol. However the contribution of the extruder was necessary to allow free gossypol levels of 0.12% of protein to be reached. Flaked kernels cooked in this manner and then dried were successfully screwpressed. The extruder system was effective also in binding gossypol in ground, screened (through 30 mesh) meal but not in ground, unscreened meal.
Chemical evaluation of defattedvernonia galamensis meal
Authors: Ologunde M. O. , Ayorinde F. O. , Shepard R. L.
Published: January 2007

The defatted meal ofVernonia galamensis is rich in crude protein (43.76±0.17%) with methionine as the first limiting amino acid and lysine the second when calculated based on the FAO Provisional Scoring Pattern. The carbohydrate fraction (6.575) is rich in sucrose (2.36%), fructose (1.90%) and glucose (0.77%). Levels of the macrominerals, calcium (11.08 mg/g), potassium (14.18 mg/g) and magnesium (6.90 mg/g) not only meet nutritional requirements but are also higher than in contemporary oilseeds. The level of phosphorus is high (644 mg/g), perhaps accounting for the fairly high phytate (25.42±0.06 mg/g) content, although this value is slightly less than for American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) standard wheat bran (31.42±0.03 mg/g).

Residual oil content of defatted meal was found to be approximately 0.5%, but could be higher depending on the method of extraction. Lipid analysis of the residual oils shows vernolic acid (76.06±1.80%) as the major component of the saponifiables (97.74±0.20%). C18∶2 (11.64±0.69%), C16∶0 (2.22±0.12%), C18∶0 (2.63±0.11%), C18∶1 (6.58±0.19%), and C20∶0 (trace) were all identified.

Sterols constitute the major (94.65±0.08%) component of the unsaponifiables (2.06±0.16%) with β‐sitosterol (32%) and Δ5‐avenasterol (30%) being the major constituents. Cholesterol was fairly low (4.6%). Phytochemical screening for other possible toxicants did not reveal significant levels of antinutritional components.
Calculation of critical temperatures from the number of carbons in organic molecules
Authors: Fisher Charles H.
Published: January 2007

The linearity of homolog critical temperatures (Tc,K) with the logarithms of chain length (the latter represented by molecular weight, M, or number of carbons, Nc) was used to develop simple equations correlating Tc,K with M (or with Nc+k) for 40 homologous series. Critical temperatures defined by the equations are presumed to be correct, whereas those in substantial disagreement are considered wrong. The equations can be used to estimate many new critical temperatures by interpolation or by prudent extrapolation.
Determination of relative ethoxylation rate constants from supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of ethoxylated alcohols
Authors: Johnson Adrain E. , Geissler Paul R. , Talley Larry D.
Published: January 2007

Based on ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylated alcohols determined by supercritical fluid chromatography, a flexible computer model has been developed and applied to calculate relative ethoxylation rate constants for base‐catalyzed ethoxylations of normal octanol. These distribution coefficients are not substantially affected by the presence of another alcohol and were found to increase with increasing ethylene oxide content of the reactant ethoxylates. Their values, however, change as the average ethylene oxide content of the ethoxylated alcohol reaction medium increases. Using distribution coefficients averaged over an ethylene oxide/alcohol molar ratio range of 2 to 10, model predictions closely match experimentally determined ethylene oxide oligomer distributions.
The composition, active components and bacteriostatic activity of propolis in dietetics
Authors: Bonvehí Josep Serra , Coll Francesc Ventura , Jordà Rossend Escolà
Published: January 2007

The composition and bacteriostatic activities of fifteen propolis samples from various botanic and geographic origins were determined. Twenty‐six phenolic components were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography with array photodiode detector. Acacetin and apigenin were most abundant. Pinocembrin, quercetin, rutin and vanillin were present in lesser quantities. Variance analysis shows significant differences (P≤0.05) in the contents of phenols, flavonoids and active components. The minimum inhibitory concentration of propolis is about 53 times higher than that reported for tetracycline againstBacillus subtilis andStaphylococcus aureus, and about 400 times higher againstEscherichia coli.
Synthesis of methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate from castor oil
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Mani V. V. S.
Published: January 2007

We report here the synthesis of methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate (2‐[7‐methoxycarbonyl‐heptyl]‐5‐hexanyl‐tetrahydrofuran). Methyl ricinoleate (methyl 12‐hydroxy‐9‐cis‐octadecenoate), isolated from castor oil methyl esters was isomerized with diphenyl disulfide as radical initiator under ultraviolet radiation to give thetrans isomer, methyl ricinelaidate. The latter was cyclized by slow addition of 10% bromine solution in dichloromethane to give methyl 10‐bromo‐9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate, which on hydrogenation with Pd/C catalyst gave the title compound, methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate.
Resolution ofvic‐dihydroxy acid diastereomers to four enantiomers by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takagi Toru
Published: January 2007

A chromatographic method is described for resolution of 9,10‐vic‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. Thethreo anderythro isomers are both resolved into two enantiomers as di‐3,5‐dinitrophenylurethane derivatives by chiral‐phase highperformance liquid chromatography on (S)‐proline, (R)‐1‐(α‐naphthyl) ethylamine stationary phase. Simultaneous separation of thethreo anderythro dihydroxy acid mixtures to the four enantiomers is possible by this method.
Chromatographic separation of glucopyranosyl sinapate from canola meal
Authors: Amarowicz Ryszard , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: January 2007

The compound 1‐O‐β‐D glucopyranosyl sinapate (GPS), a phenolic glycoside, was separated from ethanolic extracts of defatted canola meal by a two‐step chromatographic method. The first step involved Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography with methanol as the eluting solvent. The solvent from the fraction containing GPS was evaporated, and glucopyranosyl sinapate was subsequently separated by a semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography method with an RP‐18 column and a mobile phase consisting of water/acetonitrile/acetic acid (88∶10∶2, vol/vol/vol).
Effect of randomization on oxidative stability of vegetable oils at two different temperatures
Authors: Tautorus C. L. , McCurdy A. R.
Published: January 2007

Five vegetable oils were each randomized by chemical means (with the use of a sodium potassium alloy) and by enzymatic means (using a nonspecific lipase). The success of the randomization procedure was confirmed via positional analysis. The oxidative stabilities of the native and chemically randomized oils were determined at storage temperatures of 28°C and 55°C using absorbance at 234 nm as indicative of conjugated diene content. No difference between curves occurred in oils stored at 55°C, however, at the lower temperature all chemically randomized oils had significantly steeper slopes (P<0.05), suggesting a lower stability. When both enzymatically and chemically randomized oils were compared to native oils at 28°C, no significant difference occurred between slopes of native and enzymatically randomized oils, however, the end content of conjugated dienes was significantly higher for chemically randomized canola, corn and soybean oils (P<0.05). No difference was seen between the slopes of the three different oils from either linseed or sunflower. Since both of these oils exhibited higher oxidation rates, it is possible that observation of differences between the stability of native and chemically randomized oild is dependent upon the rate of the reaction.
A chemometric strategy for the classification of lecithins according to process performance
Authors: Kaufmann Peter , Olsson Urban , Herslof Bengt G.
Published: January 2007

Lecithins are widely used as multipurpose additives in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This implies the need for an analytical means for the assessment of process performance prior to full‐scale processing. A general methodology was developed for the classification of lecithins with respect to this property. The strategy developed utilizes pattern recognition methods, fatty acid composition of the phospholipid classes(phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol) and lipid class analysis by high performance liquid chromatography to identify the lecithins with acceptable performance, e.g., emulsifying behavior.
Enzymatic fractionation of fatty acids: Enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid by selective esterification catalyzed by lipases
Authors: Hills Matthew J. , Kiewitt Irmgard , Mukherjee Kumar D.
Published: January 2007

Immobilized lipase preparations from seedlings of rape (Brassica napus L.) andMucor miehei (lipozyme) used as biocatalysts in esterification and hydrolysis reactions discriminate strongly against γ‐linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids/acyl moieties. Utilizing this property, γ‐linolenic acid contained in fatty acids of evening primrose oil has been enriched seven to nine‐fold, from 9.5 to almost 85% by selective esterification of the other fatty acids with butanol. Similarly, docosahexaenoic acid of cod liver oil has been enriched four to five‐fold, from 9.4 to 45% by selective esterification of fatty acids (other than docosahexaenoic acid) with butanol. As long as the reaction is stopped before reaching equilibrium, very little of either γ‐linolenic acid or docosahexaenoic acid are converted to butyl esters, which results in high yields of these acids in the unesterified fatty acid fraction.