bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riluzole promotes neurological function recovery and inhibits damage extension in rats following spinal cord injury: a meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Zhou Long‐yun , Tian Zi‐rui , Yao Min , Chen Xu‐qing , Song Yong‐jia , Ye Jie , Yi Nan‐xing , Cui Xue‐jun , Wang Yong‐jun
Published: February 2019

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that has few treatment options. Riluzole, a sodium channel blocker used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has been initially trialed in human SCI. We performed a systematic review to critically assess the efficacy of riluzole in locomotor recovery and damage extension in SCI rat models, and the potential for clinical translation. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Chinese databases were searched from their inception date to March 2018. Two reviewers independently selected animal studies that evaluated neurological recovery and lesion area following riluzole treatment in SCI rat models, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Pairwise meta‐analysis, subgroup analysis, and network meta‐analysis were performed to assess the effects of riluzole on SCI. Ten eligible studies were included. Two studies had high methodological quality. Overall, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were increased in riluzole‐treated animals versus controls, and effect sizes showed a gradual increase from the 1st (five studies, n = 104, mean difference = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.11 to 2.37, p = 0.03) to 6th week after treatment (five studies, n = 120, mean difference = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.26 to 3.42, p < 0.0001). Riluzole was associated with improved outcomes in the inclined plane test and the tissue preservation area. Subgroup analyses suggested an association of locomotor recovery with riluzole dose. Network meta‐analysis showed that 5 mg/kg riluzole exhibited greater protection than 2.5 and 8 mg/kg riluzole. Collectively, this review suggests that riluzole has a protective effect on SCI, with good safety and a clear mechanism of action and may be suitable for future clinical trials or applications. However, animal results should be interpreted with caution given the known limitations in animal experimental design and methodological quality.

image
Examining the contribution of surrounding intact skin during cutaneous healing
Authors: Aljghami Makram E. , Jeschke Marc G. , Amini‐Nik Saeid
Published: February 2019

Severe cutaneous wounds expose the body to the external environment, which may lead to impairments in bodily functions and increased risk of infection. There is a need to develop skin substitutes which could effectively promote complete skin regeneration following an injury. Murine models are used to test such skin substitutes, but their healing involves contraction of the dermis not found in human wounds. We have previously described a device called a dome, which comes in two models, that is used to prevent skin contraction in mice. One model provides a physical barrier to minimize contraction, and the other model has additional perforations in the barrier to allow cellular contribution from the surrounding intact skin. Taking advantage of an enhanced version of these two models, we compared granulation tissue formation, the extent of vascularization, and the transition to myofibroblastic phenotype between the models. We enhanced the dome by developing a twist open cap dome and applied the two models of the dome into the excisional wound biopsy in mice. We demonstrate that the dome can be used to prevent skin contraction in mice. The control model prevented skin contraction while barricading the contribution of surrounding intact skin. When not barricaded, the intact skin enhances wound healing by increasing the number of myofibroblasts and neovascularization. Using a novel model of inhibition of skin contraction in rodents, we examined the contribution from the surrounding intact skin to granulation tissue formation, myofibroblastic differentiation, and neovascularization during the course of skin healing in mice.
In vivo prediction of temporomandibular joint disc thickness and position changes for different jaw positions
Authors: Sagl Benedikt , Schmid‐Schwap Martina , Piehslinger Eva , Kronnerwetter Claudia , Kundi Michael , Trattnig Siegfried , Stavness Ian
Published: February 2019

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are common dysfunctions of the masticatory region and are often linked to dislocation or changes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for TMJ imaging but standard clinical sequences do not deliver a sufficient resolution and contrast for the creation of detailed meshes of the TMJ disc. Additionally, bony structures cannot be captured appropriately using standard MRI sequences due to their low signal intensity. The objective of this study was to enable researchers to create high resolution representations of all structures of the TMJ and consequently investigate morphological as well as positional changes of the masticatory system. To create meshes of the bony structures, a single computed tomography (CT) scan was acquired. In addition, a high‐resolution MRI sequence was produced, which is used to collect the thickness and position change of the disc for various static postures using bite blocks. Changes in thickness of the TMJ disc as well as disc translation were measured. The newly developed workflow successfully allows researchers to create high resolution models of all structures of the TMJ for various static positions, enabling the investigation of TMJ disc translation and deformation. Discs were thinnest in the lateral part and moved mainly anteriorly and slightly medially. The procedure offers the most comprehensive picture of disc positioning and thickness changes reported to date. The presented data can be used for the development of a biomechanical computer model of TMJ anatomy and to investigate dynamic and static loads on the components of the system, which could be useful for the prediction of TMD onset.
The forgotten mothers of extremely preterm babies: A qualitative study
Authors: Fowler Cathrine , Green Janet , Elliott Doug , Petty Julia , Whiting Lisa
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of mothers of extremely premature babies during their Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay and transition home.

Background

Mothers of extremely preterm infants (28 weeks’ gestation or less) experience a continuum of regular and repeated stressful and traumatic events, during the perinatal period, during the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit stay, and during transition home.

Method

An interpretive description method guided this study. Ten mothers of extremely premature infants who had been at home for less than six months were recruited via a Facebook invitation to participate in semi‐structured telephone interviews exploring their experiences in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the transition home. The data were examined using a six‐phase thematic analysis approach. The COREQ checklist has been used.

Results

Two main themes emerged: (a) things got a bit dire; and (b) feeling a failure as a mother. Participants had a heightened risk of developing a mental disorder from exposure to multiple risk factors prior to and during birth, as well as during the postnatal period in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and their infant's transition to home. Mothers highlighted the minimal support for their mental health from healthcare professionals, despite their regular and repeated experience of traumatic events.

Conclusion

The mothers were at high risk of developing post‐traumatic stress symptoms and/or other mental health issues. Of note, study participants relived the trauma of witnessing their infant in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, demonstrated hypervigilance behaviour and identified lack of relevant support needed when their infant was at home.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This study highlights the need for nurses to include a focus on the mothers’ psychosocial needs. Supporting maternal mental health both improves maternal well‐being and enables mothers to be emotionally available and responsive to their extremely preterm infant.
Gender differences in lifestyle and risk factors of metabolic syndrome: Do women have better health habits than men?
Authors: Chang Shu‐Hung , Chang Yi‐Ya , Wu Li‐Yu
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To examine the gender‐specific lifestyles of adults with metabolic syndrome in the Taiwanese community.

Background

Many studies show different prevalence of metabolic syndrome in males and females; however, few studies have investigated gender‐specific lifestyle risk factors, which are important for effectively reducing prevalence.

Design

A cross‐sectional study design was used.

Methods

Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 1,066 individuals were recruited in northern Taiwan. Data were collected by questionnaires and analysed by descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests and logistic regression. This study followed the STROBE guidelines.

Results

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.8% in men and 36.0% in women. Women had healthier dietary habits, a higher rate of moderate–vigorous physical activity, and a lower rate of smoking and obesity than men. Men, who were overweight or obese, lacked vigorous physical activity, often consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and seldom consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended to have metabolic syndrome. Women with an unhealthy metabolism tended to be overweight or obese and seldom consumed dairy products.

Conclusions

Men, who had normal body weight, performed vigorous physical activity, seldom consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and often consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended not to have metabolic syndrome. Women with a healthy metabolism were of normal body weight and often consumed dairy products. There exist gender differences in health habits with metabolic syndrome.

Relevance to clinical practice

Although the associated risk factors differed between men and women, controlling body weight and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Effects of a safe transition programme for discharged patients with high unmet needs
Authors: Oh Eui Geum , Kim Jeong Hyun , Lee Hyun Joo
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To examine the effects of the Patient‐Oriented Safe Transition programme on 30‐day unplanned readmissions and emergency department visits, medical costs, caregiver burden and patient health‐related quality of life.

Background

With the success of hospitals' quality improvement efforts, the number of discharged patients has been increasing. Successful management of discharged patients is needed in order to reduce unplanned readmissions and to improve patient health outcomes.

Design

A nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest design.

Methods

This study was conducted by following TREND guideline. Eighty‐three patients were assigned to either the intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 43) group. The intervention group received individual discharge planning by case managers and home visits by homecare nurses followed by telephone calls throughout the month following discharge. The outcome variables measured were 30‐day unplanned readmissions and emergency department visits, medical costs, caregiver burden and patient health‐related quality of life. Data were analysed by paired t test, multivariate analysis of variance and repeated‐measure analysis of variance.

Results

The baseline characteristics of the two groups were homogeneous with respect to gender, age, length of hospital stay and medical conditions. In the intervention group, the caregiver burden decreased 30 days after discharge, whereas the control group increased (F = 12.888, p = 0.001). The patient physical (p = 0.005) and mental (p < 0.001) quality of life of the intervention group were improved more than the control group.

Conclusions

This study suggests that nurses can play a significant role during discharge transitions in improving patient outcomes. The Patient‐Oriented Safe Transition programme could be a beneficial service for discharged patients expected to experience high unmet needs.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of this study provide the evidences on the needs of transition programmes for discharged patients with high unmet needs.
Maternal health outcomes for incarcerated women: A scoping review
Authors: Paynter Martha Jane , Drake Emily K. , Cassidy Christine , Snelgrove‐Clarke Erna
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To inform a systematic synthesis of what is known about the maternal health outcomes of incarcerated women, this scoping review uses a theoretical framework of intersectional feminism.

Background

Despite rising imprisonment of women, there is a lack of research, from a feminist perspective, on perinatal health outcomes among incarcerated women.

Design

Systematic scoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology.

Methods

In consultation with a medical research librarian, key databases and journals were searched for English and French‐language articles published up to February 2018. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts to identify articles for full‐text review. Study quality was appraised using the McGill Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The study adheres to PRISMA‐EQUATOR guidelines.

Results

Forty‐five studies met the preset criteria and were reviewed in full text. In addition, 13 studies met consensus for inclusion. Method, setting, participants, sample, relevant outcomes and relevant findings were extracted from each study for synthesis. Included studies had varied methods and were published from 1989–2014. Participants included women imprisoned during the perinatal period up to six months postpartum. All studies were conducted in carceral contexts, with 12 based in the USA and one in Australia. Outcomes of interest included breastfeeding, operative deliveries, gestational complications, depression, stress, experiences, bonding and sterilisation.

Conclusion

The research on maternal health outcomes pertaining to incarcerated women is limited. There is a need for in‐depth examination of breastfeeding with this population. Researchers need to examine the prevalence and impact of carceral force, such as shackling, solitary confinement, strip‐searching and restraints in pregnancy. There is a need for research that asks what health outcomes matter to the women themselves.

Relevance to clinical practice

Providers must be conscious of intersecting layers of discrimination and trauma incarcerated women experience and its impact on maternal health in the perinatal period and advocate for women.
Longitudinal Analysis of Quantitative Brain MRI in Astronauts Following Microgravity Exposure
Authors: Riascos Roy F. , Kamali Arash , Hakimelahi Reza , Mwangi Benson , Rabiei Pejman , Seidler Rachael D. , Behzad Barzin B. , Keser Zafer , Kramer Larry A. , Hasan Khader M.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Assessment of the effects of microgravity on astronauts’ brains using microstructural measures by utilizing quantitative MRI, before and after spaceflight would help understand the structural changes.

METHODS

Quantitative MRI data sets in 19 astronauts were acquired before and after space missions. Both diffusion tensor metrics and volumetric measures were analyzed in the brain regions involved in the visual function.

RESULTS

The fractional anisotropy was reduced in the right posterior thalamic radiations (P = .0009) and remained significant after a false discovery rate (FDR) correction (P = .03). A trend of increase in the mean diffusivities of different subregions of the occipital cortex on the right side, including calcarine, middle occipital, inferior occipital, and fusiform gyri, was noted and became insignificant after FDR correction. Similarly, there was a trend of cortical thinning involving the right occipital lobe and bilateral fusiform gyri, volume reduction of the left thalamus, and increase in lateral ventricular volume in the postflight scans.

CONCLUSION

Gray and white matter alterations are detected by quantitative MRI before and after space flight. Our findings may be used to understand the neuroanatomical mechanisms of possible brain dysfunction or neuroplasticity in microgravity condition in the future studies.
Burden, access and disparities in kidney disease
Authors: Crews Deidra C. , Bello Aminu K. , Saadi Gamal ,   for the World Kidney Day Steering Committee
Published: February 2019

Kidney disease is a global public health problem, affecting over 750 million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of its care are defined by socio‐economic, cultural and political factors leading to significant disparities. World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease and highlight disparities in its burden and current state of global capacity for prevention and management. Here we highlight the need for strengthening basic infrastructure for kidney care services for early detection and management of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease across all countries and advocate for more pragmatic approaches to providing renal replacement therapies. Achieving universal health coverage worldwide by 2030 is a World Health Organization Sustainable Development Goal. While universal health coverage may not include all elements of kidney care in all countries, understanding what is locally feasible and important with a focus on reducing the burden and consequences of kidney disease would be an important step towards achieving kidney health equity.
The Crisis in Social Psychology Under Neoliberalism: Reflections from Social Representations Theory
Authors: Gjorgjioska Marija Adela , Tomicic Ana
Published: February 2019

This article examines the material and ideational conditions in academia and broader society under neoliberalism and their effects on social psychology, both as an academic community and as a source of knowledge production. Social representations theory (SRT)—embedded in the discipline of social psychology—is taken as a case study, which mirrors not only the specific impacts of neoliberalism on the theory and scientific community of SRT, but by extension also on social psychology as a whole. Specifically, we observe how neoliberalism has impacted SRT's ability to address those features of social psychology which led many scholars to label it “a discipline in crisis” by the 1960s and which included its reliance on a realist ontology, positivist epistemology, and quantitative methods, as well as the absence of an axiological frame which led to its distancing away from a humanistic, action‐oriented social psychology. Rather than lessening these challenges, it is argued that neoliberalism has, in fact, further entrenched them in two interconnected ways. First, at the level of academic practice, neoliberalism has structured academic work or labor in the neoliberal university/academia in ways that are more consistent with the production of knowledge that subscribes to positivist principles. Second, on a conceptual level, the hegemony of neoliberalism has been accompanied by a corresponding hegemony of conceptual and methodological individualism in the social sciences. This in turn has led to an environment conducive to and encouraging of positivist approaches in social psychology.
Combination of phytase and citric acid, but not phytase alone, ensures regular rates of growth and bone mineralization in quails under severe phosphorus restriction
Authors: Vieira Bruno S. , Caramori Junior Joao G. , Correa Gerusa S. S. , Colvara Ines G. , Brusamarelo Emanuele , Pereira Thuani V. S. , Barbosa Silvana A. P. V. , Oliveira Cleber F. S.
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase (PHY), alone or in combination with citric acid (CA), on growing Japanese quails under moderate and severe phosphorus (P) restriction. For this, 504 one‐day‐old female quails were distributed in a completely randomised design with seven treatments and six replications. Treatments consisted of the following diets: (a) positive control (PC): formulated according to quails nutritional requirements; (b) negative control 40% (NC40): PC with 40% less aP; (c) NC40+PHY; (d) NC40+PHY+CA; (e) negative control 65% (NC65): PC with 65% less aP; (f) NC65+PHY; (g) NC65+PHY+CA. Phytase and CA were included at 300 FTU/kg and 40 g/kg, respectively. Performance, bone mineralization and plasma mineral concentration were evaluated at day 35; calcium (Ca) and P metabolism, between days 36 and 39. No significant differences in performance, plasma Ca and P were detected between quails fed PC or NC40; however, NC40 decreased tibia ash (p < 0.01). Treatment NC65 impaired daily weight gain (p = 0.01), tibia ash (p < 0.01), and tibia optical densitometry (p = 0.03), as well as modified plasma Ca (p < 0.01) and P (p = 0.03) concentrations when compared to PC. Both NC40 and NC65 reduced P excretion (p < 0.01). Phytase alone restored tibia ash of NC40 quails to regular rates. Nevertheless, only PHY and CA combined returned plasma P, tibia ash, tibia optical densitometry, and daily weight gain of quails fed NC65 to similar values as those observed in PC. In conclusion, PHY alone suppresses the negative effects of moderate P restriction in growing Japanese quails, but fails in this task under severe P restriction. In such a situation, only the combination of PHY and CA ensures regular rates of growth and bone mineralization. This concept should be better explored by producers in order to take full advantage of the reduction in P excretion achieved by lowering dietary P concentrations.
Evaluation of duodenal perfusion by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma
Authors: Nisa Khoirun , Lim Sue Yee , Shinohara Masayoshi , Osuga Tatsuyuki , Yokoyama Nozomu , Tamura Masahiro , Nagata Noriyuki , Sasaoka Kazuyoshi , Dermlim Angkhana , Leela‐Arporn Rommaneeya , Morita Tomoya , Sasaki Noboru , Morishita Keitaro , Nakamura Kensuke , Ohta Hiroshi , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi
Published: February 2019

Background

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion in healthy dogs. It is helpful for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory bowel disease in humans and could be useful for dogs with chronic intestinal diseases.

Objectives

To examine duodenal perfusion in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and intestinal lymphoma.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with CIE (n = 26) or intestinal lymphoma (n = 7) and dogs with gastrointestinal signs but histopathologically normal duodenum (controls, n = 14).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, dogs with CIE were classified into remission (n = 16) and symptomatic (n = 10) groups based on clinical scores determined at the time of CEUS. The duodenum was scanned after IV injection of Sonazoid® (0.01 mL/kg). CEUS‐derived perfusion parameters, including time‐to‐peak, peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), and wash‐in and wash‐out rates were evaluated.

Results

The PI was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (median (range); 105.4 (89.3‐128.8) MPV) than in the control group (89.9 (68.5‐112.2) MPV). The AUC was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (4847.9 (3824.3‐8462.8) MPV.sec) than in the control (3448.9 (1559.5‐4736.9) MPV.sec) and remission CIE (3862.3 (2094.5‐6899.0) MPV.sec) groups. The PI and clinical score were positively correlated in the CIE group. No significant differences in perfusion parameters were detected between the lymphoma and CIE groups or the lymphoma and control groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The PI and AUC can detect duodenal inflammation and hence are potentially useful for excluding a diagnosis of CIE.
Effect of antimicrobials, salinity, and contamination by air on bacterial and fungal growth in cyprid cultures of Amphibalanus improvisus
Authors: Ochi Agostini Vanessa , Macedo Alexandre José , Muxagata Erik
Published: February 2019

Barnacles are crustaceans of ecological and economic importance. Larvae of barnacles such as Amphibalanus improvisus are cultivated in laboratories in order to study their biology and ecology. However, the culturing of invertebrates promotes the growth of microorganisms, which can eventually kill the invertebrates. The use of antimicrobials combined with aseptic techniques can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of antimicrobials on bacterioplankton and mycoplankton growth in cyprid cultures of A. improvisus at different salinities, with or without air exposure. For this, we evaluated the survival and settlement of A. improvisus cyprids and free‐living and biofilm bacterial inhibition in an antimicrobial medium exposed to different salinities (1, 15, and 25) and under uncovered and covered (PVC film) cultures. With the data obtained, we observed the absence of negative effects on the survival and settlement of A. improvisus and determined the antimicrobial treatment efficacy (using a combination of 0.025 g/L of penicillin G potassium, 0.08 g/L of streptomycin sulfate, 0.04 g/L of neomycin sulfate, and 0.005 g/L of nystatin) in inhibiting free‐living and biofilm microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). This treatment could be used to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth in marine cultures with a salinity above 25. The effectiveness of the treatment is considerably enhanced by covering the cultures to reduce contamination by air.
Very low‐energy and low‐energy formula diets: Effects on weight loss, obesity co‐morbidities and type 2 diabetes remission – an update on the evidence for their use in clinical practice
Authors: Brown A. , Leeds A. R.
Published: February 2019

The role of formula very low‐energy diets (VLEDs, <800 kcal/day) and low‐energy diets (LEDs, 800–1200 kcal/day) within clinical practice has regained attention over the last few years. Formula diets can achieve clinically significant weight reduction in the short‐term (3–5 months) and new evidence demonstrates that long‐term weight loss maintenance (up to 4 years) is achievable. Weight reductions of between 10% and 15% bodyweight have been reported, which is associated with clinically meaningful health outcomes in a number of obesity‐related co‐morbidities including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obstructive sleep apnoea and osteoarthritis. Recent evidence indicates that using a formula LED with a weight loss maintenance programme can help people with overweight or obesity and T2D achieve remission. Despite this, few healthcare professionals in the UK routinely use LEDs. Concerns about adherence, risk of precipitating eating disorders, safety, cost and long‐term efficacy may, in part, contribute to their under use. To help inform healthcare professionals on the use of formula diets within clinical practice, this review examines the current evidence for the use of VLEDs and LEDs for weight loss and weight loss maintenance, and in the treatment of obesity‐related co‐morbidities, including T2D, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, obstructive sleep apnoea and secondary coronary prevention, with a particular focus on T2D remission.
Belly dancer's dyskinesia in a 62‐year‐old man
Authors: Al‐Sibahee Essam , Fawzi Muhammed
Published: February 2019

Belly dancer's dyskinesia is a rare condition characterized by involuntary, rhythmic movements of the abdominal wall. In this report, we present a case of 62‐year‐old man who presented to emergency department due to sudden onset of rhythmic, painless movements of the abdominal wall. He had a previous attack which resolved spontaneously. Examination and routine investigations were normal.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review of disease definitions and diagnostic criteria utilized in randomized clinical trials
Authors: Ariyawardana Anura , Chmieliauskaite Milda , Farag Arwa M. , Albuquerque Rui , Forssell Heli , Nasri‐Heir Cibele , Klasser Gary D. , Sardella Andrea , Mignogna Michele D. , Ingram Mark , Carlson Charles R. , Miller Craig S.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To conduct a systematic review analyzing disease definitions and diagnostic criteria used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving burning mouth syndrome (BMS).

Methods

A systematic search conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database/Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar that included RCTs on BMS published between 1994 and 2017 was performed.

Results

Considerable variability in BMS disease definitions and diagnostic criteria used created substantial heterogeneity in the selection of participants and weakened the rigor of the 36 RCTs identified. The analyzed RCTs routinely under‐reported the methods used to rule in or out study participants and the number of individuals excluded from BMS RCTs.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that a large proportion of participants enrolled in these studies may have had an underlying condition that could have explained their BMS symptoms. Thus, outcomes of therapeutic interventions from these BMS RCTs should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneous disease definitions and diagnostic criteria. In order to improve the quality of clinical trials, future research should focus on establishing consensus for a single definition of BMS that includes specific inclusion and exclusion criteria that should be used to select study participants for clinical trials.
Novel PHOX2B mutations in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: Sasaki Ayako , Kishikawa Yumiko , Imaji Reisuke , Fukushima Yu , Nakamura Yukiko , Nishimura Yutaka , Yamada Megumi , Mino Yoichi , Mitsui Tetsuo , Hayasaka Kiyoshi
Published: February 2019

Background

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is caused by mutation of paird‐like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B). Approximately 90% of patients were found to carry polyalanine repeat expansion mutation (PARM), and the remaining 10% had non‐PARM (NPARM). In PARM, the length of the polyalanine expansion correlates with clinical disease severity. Most patients with NPARM have hypoventilation symptoms in the neonatal period and complications of Hirschsprung disease, dysregulation of autonomic nervous system, and tumors of neural crest origin. Data on the genotype–phenotype association may contribute to the clinical management of the disease.

Methods

We studied the genetic background of Japanese CCHS patients according to PHOX2B sequencing.

Results

Of 133 Japanese CCHS patients we identified 12 patients carrying 11 different NPARM (approx. 9% of the patients) and described the clinical manifestations in seven of them with the following novel mutations: c.941‐945del5, c.678_693dup16, c.609_616del8, c.620_633del14, c.663_711del 49, c.448C>G and c.944G>C. All patients had hypoventilation in the neonatal period and also had Hirschsprung disease, with the exception of two patients carrying c.620_633del14 and c.663_711del49 mutations. The patient carrying the c.609_616del8 mutation also had a benign mediastinal tumor.

Conclusion

Most patients carrying NPARM had severe symptoms with frequent complications, as in previous reports, and should be carefully monitored for various complications, including neural crest‐derived tumor.
Gastrostomy tubes appear to be safe following pediatric orthotopic heart transplant
Authors: Vavolizza Rick D. , Grabski David F. , Levin Daniel E. , Gander Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2019

Background

Gastrostomy tube (GT) placement is a common pediatric surgical procedure typically indicated for oral aversion. This may develop in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) who require an orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). The safety profile of GT placement in OHT patients who are immunosuppressed is unknown. Given the potential increased risk of wound site complications on a patient receiving immunosuppression, we sought to determine the safety profile of GT placement in pediatric patients with OHT.

Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective case series of all pediatric OHT recipients who subsequently underwent GT placement from January 1, 2009, to August 1, 2018, at the University of Virginia Children's Hospital. Major GT complications of wound breakdown, wound infection, peristomal GT leakage, ileus, or persistent emesis, and minor GT complication including the presence of granulation tissue are reported.

Results

Six patients who had a pediatric OHT subsequently underwent GT placement over the study period. There were no major 30‐day or 90‐day GT complications. One patient had excessive granulation tissue at their GT site. There were no accounts of acute kidney injury, urinary tract infection, sepsis, or pneumonia.

Conclusion

Gastrostomy tube (GT) placement appears to be safe in pediatric OHT patients who are on immunosuppressive medications and unable to feed orally. This is the first study documenting the safety profile of GTs in pediatric OHT patients and may aid clinicians to make decisions regarding this intervention.
Antipsychotic drug use and favourable natures of emotional functions in patients with dementia
Authors: Fujii Masahiko , Butler James P. , Sasaki Hidetada
Published: February 2019

Aim

To characterise the effects of antipsychotics on brain functions of patients with behavioural psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

Methods

Studies were performed during 6 weeks of intervention with either a nonantipsychotic drug (group A, n = 38) or an antipsychotic drug (group B, n = 10).

Results

Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores were significantly decreased in both groups. Scores on the Mini‐Mental State Examination did not change with intervention. By contrast, favourable natures of emotional functions, scored using the Delightful Emotional Index of 10 items, were significantly lower in the antipsychotic drug treatment group B relative to scores in the nonantipsychotic drug treatment group A.

Conclusions

Antipsychotics reduce favourite emotions as well as BPSD, and this should be considered in prescribing medications for patients with dementia.
Activin‐A receptor expression patterns in prepubertal goat oocytes and derived embryos
Authors: Morató Roser , Hammami Sondes , Paramio Maria Teresa , Izquierdo Dolors
Published: February 2019

Contents

This study examines the presence of activin IIA and IIB receptors (ActR‐IIA and ActR‐IIB) by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in immature and IVM‐oocytes, 2 to 8‐cells embryos and blastocysts from prepubertal goats. Western blotting revealed that activin receptors are synthesized during oocyte maturation and embryo development. In the immunocytochemistry experiments, no immunostaining for either receptor was detected in oocytes while both receptors were immunolabelled in all the cells of cleaved embryos. In blastocysts, while ActR‐IIA expression appeared evenly distributed in the two cell lineages, inner cell mass and trophectoderm, the ActR‐IIB immunosignal was restricted mainly to the inner cell mass. Our findings reveal the presence of activin type II receptors (ActR‐IIA and ActR‐IIB) in in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes and blastocyst‐stage embryos. The expression of these receptors could be a key factor in understanding differences between competent and incompetent oocytes.
The use of human and bovine commercial media for oocyte maturation and embryo development in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Prochowska Sylwia , Nizanski Wojciech , Partyka Agnieszka , Kochan Joanna , Młodawska Wiesława , Nowak Agnieszka , Skotnicki Józef , Grega Teresa , Pałys Marcin
Published: February 2019

Contents

The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of commercial media designed for humans and cattle for oocyte maturation and embryo culture in the domestic cat. In Exp. I, feline oocytes collected ex vivo were subjected to in vitro maturation in a laboratory‐made culture medium (based on M199) or a commercial medium designed for cattle cells (BO‐IVM®). In Exp. II, ICSI‐derived feline embryos were cultured for 7 days in a commercial human (Continuous Single Culture®) or bovine (BO‐EC®) cell medium. The rates of cleavage, morula and blastocyst formation were evaluated at 24 hr, 6 days and 7 days after ICSI, respectively, and compared between experimental groups. At the end of culture, embryos were assessed for viability and apoptotic changes. In Exp. I, no statistically significant difference in oocyte maturation outcome between laboratory‐made (52.7%) and commercial media (58.9%) was observed. However, the use of a commercial medium prepared for use with bovine cells resulted in a significantly lower variance of the maturation rate. In Exp. II, no statistically significant differences between two commercial media were observed for cleavage (67.5% and 64.5%), morula (39.3% and 47.1%) and blastocyst rates (25.0% and 19.6%), as well as for the percentage of late apoptotic blastomeres. Morulae cultured in medium marketed for humans exhibited significantly more early apoptotic (43.2 ± 31.2% vs. 23.4 ± 23.2%) and necrotic (60.6 ± 47.6% vs. 29.4 ± 22.6%) blastomeres. In conclusion, both commercial media tested are suitable for in vitro oocyte maturation and embryo culture procedures in cats. It is remarkable that a culture medium designed for use in cattle for in vitro maturation of cat oocytes provides more reproducible results.
Associations between FCGR polymorphisms and immune thrombocytopenia: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Gang , Gao Lan , Ma Rufei , Tian Wenqian , Mingzhi Ling
Published: February 2019

Several studies already explored associations between Fc gamma receptor (FCGR) polymorphisms and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but the results of these studies were not consistent. Consequently, we conducted a meta‐analysis of relevant studies to better analyse the effects of FCGR polymorphisms on individual susceptibility to ITP. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CNKI were searched for eligible studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Totally 17 studies were eligible for analyses (1200 cases and 1723 controls). Significant associations with ITP were observed for FCGR3A F158V polymorphism in dominant (P < 0.0001, OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.39‐0.57), recessive (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.58‐2.61), overdominant (P < 0.0001, OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.19‐1.69) and allele (P < 0.0001, OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.51‐0.65) models in overall analyses. But we did not observe any significant associations with ITP for FCGR2A H131R and FCGR2B I232T polymorphisms in overall analyses. Subgroup analyses by ethnicity yielded similar positive results for FCGR3A F158V polymorphism in both Asians and Caucasians. Furthermore, subgroup analyses by type of disease revealed that FCGR2A H131R polymorphism was significantly associated with childhood‐onset ITP, and FCGR3A F158V polymorphism was significantly associated with both childhood‐onset and adult‐onset ITP. In summary, our findings suggested that FCGR2A H131R polymorphism may serve as a potential genetic biomarker of childhood‐onset ITP, while FCGR3A F158V polymorphism may serve as a potential genetic biomarker of both childhood‐onset and adult‐onset ITP.
Identification of the novel HLA‐A*01:289 allele in an Italian patient
Authors: Galluccio Tiziana , Locatelli Franco , Troiano Maria , Testa Giuseppe , Andreani Marco
Published: February 2019

The new allele HLA‐A*01:289 differs from HLA‐A*01:95 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 2.
Comprehensive mass spectrometry‐guided phenotyping of plant specialized metabolites reveals metabolic diversity in the cosmopolitan plant family Rhamnaceae
Authors: Kang Kyo Bin , Ernst Madeleine , van der Hooft Justin J. J. , da Silva Ricardo R. , Park Junha , Medema Marnix H. , Sung Sang Hyun , Dorrestein Pieter C.
Published: February 2019

Plants produce a myriad of specialized metabolites to overcome their sessile habit and combat biotic as well as abiotic stresses. Evolution has shaped the diversity of specialized metabolites, which then drives many other aspects of plant biodiversity. However, until recently, large‐scale studies investigating the diversity of specialized metabolites in an evolutionary context have been limited by the impossibility of identifying chemical structures of hundreds to thousands of compounds in a time‐feasible manner. Here we introduce a workflow for large‐scale, semi‐automated annotation of specialized metabolites and apply it to over 1000 metabolites of the cosmopolitan plant family Rhamnaceae. We enhance the putative annotation coverage dramatically, from 2.5% based on spectral library matches alone to 42.6% of total MS/MS molecular features, extending annotations from well‐known plant compound classes into dark plant metabolomics. To gain insights into substructural diversity within this plant family, we also extract patterns of co‐occurring fragments and neutral losses, so‐called Mass2Motifs, from the dataset; for example, only the Ziziphoid clade developed the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, whereas the Rhamnoid clade predominantly developed diversity in flavonoid glycosides, including 7‐O‐methyltransferase activity. Our workflow provides the foundations for the automated, high‐throughput chemical identification of massive metabolite spaces, and we expect it to revolutionize our understanding of plant chemoevolutionary mechanisms.
Production of RBC autoantibody mimicking anti‐D specificity following transfusion in a patient with weak D Type 15
Authors: Takeuchi‐Baba Chikako , Ito Shoichi , Kinjo Rie , Miyagi Hitomi , Yasuda Hiroyasu , Ogasawara Kenichi , Ohto Hitoshi
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Weak D‐type RBCs have fewer D epitopes, but it remains unclear whether individuals with certain types of weak D produce alloanti‐D directed at D epitopes absent from the RBCs, and whether it is an alloantibody or an autoantibody. We report the first case of a patient with a weak D Type 15 who produced autoantibodies mimicking alloanti‐D.

CASE REPORT

A 52‐year‐old Japanese male with weak D developed anti‐D 3 months after transfusion of D‐negative and ‐positive RBCs, and the antibody persisted for 24 months with a consistently negative direct antiglobulin test. Eluates from the patient's RBCs demonstrated anti‐D specificity. The recipient did not exhibit any signs of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. As his anti‐D was removed by the different adsorbing cells of weak D Type 15 and autologous as well as D positive, D negative, weak D Type 24, and partial DVa, it was thought to be an autoantibody mimicking anti‐D rather than an alloantibody. The patient's RBCs reacted weakly with the 13 anti‐D reagents used in the study. Polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing revealed that the patient had an RHD genotype of RHD*01N.01/RHD*15.

CONCLUSION

Anti‐D, produced in a patient with weak D Type 15 after transfusion, was found to be mimicking autoanti‐D. Alloanti‐D was excluded by an adsorption study with different RBC types.
Evaluation of the i‐STAT analyzer for determination of ionized calcium concentrations in bovine blood
Authors: Yilmaz Oznur , Karapinar Tolga
Published: February 2019

Background

Information regarding the performance of the i‐STAT, a point‐of‐care analyzer, to determine ionized calcium (iCa2+) concentration in bovine blood is limited.

Objective

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the agreement of the i‐STAT against a traditional bench‐top blood gas analyzer (Radiometer ABL800 FLEX) in the measurement of iCa2+in the blood of cattle with various disorders.

Methods

In this study, 121 cattle with various diseases were used. Venous blood samples were run on the i‐STAT and the Radiometer ABL800 FLEX for determination of blood iCa2+concentrations. Data were subjected to Passing‐Bablok regression and Bland‐Altman plots. The Radiometer ABL800 FLEX was the reference method and the i‐STAT was the test method. The i‐STAT performance was evaluated at two different cutoff values for iCa2+concentrations (<1.00 and <1.18 mmol/L) using the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The Passing‐Bablok regression equation that fit the iCa2+concentration as measured with the i‐STAT (Y) and the Radiometer ABL800 FLEX (X), wasY = −0.108276 [−0.15/−0.06] + 1.103448 [1.06/1.14] × X, with a residual deviation of 0.02. The deviation from the identity line was not significant (P = 0.64). The Bland‐Altman difference plot revealed no bias between the i‐STAT and the Radiometer ABL 800 FLEX. The i‐STAT had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 87.7‐100.0) and 94.8% (95% CI, 87.2‐98.6) at the iCa2+concentration cutoff values of <1.00 and <1.18 mmol/L, respectively.

Conclusions

iCa2+concentrations in bovine blood measured with the i‐STAT agreed with those of the Radiometer ABL800 FLEX. In particular, the i‐STAT predicted hypocalcemia with a high sensitivity.
“Molecular analysis of the rare S–s– red blood cell phenotype in blood donors and patients in south‐east Brazil”
Authors: Santos Flávia Leite Souza , Cuter Talitha Baldin , Rodrigues Evandra Strazza , Bettarello Êmile Cristina , Ubiali Eugenia Maria Amorim , Castilho Lilian Maria , Kashima Simone , Covas Dimas Tadeu
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

The rare S–s– phenotype has two main molecular backgrounds. GYPB deletions give rise to the S–s–U– phenotype, which loses the expression of the U antigen, while variant GYPB alleles usually lead to the S–s–U+var phenotype, which express a variant U antigen. The S–s– phenotype is typically found in people of African origin and represents a challenge in transfusion sets, especially when S–s– patients develop anti‐U. Molecular analysis is the most reliable method for determining U antigen status. We studied the molecular basis of the S–s– phenotype in donors and patients at Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto.

Material and Methods

Five patients and 25 donors with the S–s– phenotype were investigated through real‐time PCR for the GYPB*S/s polymorphism, followed by an allele‐specific/RFLP‐PCR for GYPB deletion (GYPB*Null) and for its main variants: GYPB*P2 and GYPB*NY. DNA sequencing was conducted in one sample.

Results

Two samples were heterozygous GYPB*P2/GYPB*NY, eight were homozygous/hemizygous for GYPB*P2 and 19 samples were homozygous for GYPB*Null. A hybrid gene (GYPB‐E‐B.Ros) was found in one sample after discrepant results in the initial tests.

Conclusion

GYPB deletion is the main mechanism responsible for the S–s– phenotype in our donors and patients. It is essential to evaluate the main GYPB variant alleles when genotyping in order to obtain the correct prediction of the phenotype. Hybrid genes lead to discrepancies between genotype and phenotype and may not be detected by conventional molecular assays.