bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusarium eumartii Growth in Resistant and Susceptible Oak Species
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Moricca S. , Dellavalle I. , Turco E.
Published: March 2003

Fusarium eumartii is a fungus associated with declining Quercus robur, in which it is found in the vessels. The response of oak species to infection is known to vary: Q. robur is susceptible, but Quercus cerris and Quercus pubescens are resistant. An experiment was carried out in 1996 and repeated in 1997, to examine how F. eumartii colonization differed in oak species that were susceptible or resistant to the fungus by counting the number of vessels with mycelium at various distances from the inoculation site in infected seedlings and by determining the amount of viable fungus in infected tissue. Infected vessels with mycelium were counted on sections (10 μm thick) cut at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm from the inoculation site on 1‐year‐old inoculated seedlings as well as on sections cut every 2 cm to the seedling tip. The amount of viable fungus was determined by counting the colony forming units (CFUs) in stem segments from the same seedlings. Quercus robur seedlings had the greatest number of infected vessels and the greatest number of CFUs. Forty days after inoculation, the extent of vertical fungal spread was 28.12 cm in Q. robur, 3.15 cm in Q. cerris and 3.00 cm in Q. pubescens. The greatest number of CFUs was found in Q. robur at day 5 after inoculation. Analysis of variance confirmed the results.
Dosage Effect of Lr3 Gene in the Triticum aestivum–Puccinia recondita Specific Interaction
Authors: Sacco F. , Suárez E. Y. , Saione H. A. , Tanos B. E.
Published: March 2003

Gene dosage effects of Lr3 gene were studied in the Triticum aestivum–Puccinia recondita tritici specific interaction. Deletion‐duplication lines carrying different doses of Lr3 gene in chromosome 6B were obtained from a cross between standard Sinvalocho MA wheat and an isogenic translocated Sinvalocho MA 1BS/6BS‐1BL/6BL line. Cytogenetic analysis and assessment of pathogen development revealed evidence for Lr3 gene dosage dependence in the expression of both resistance and avirulence. Increasing doses of chromosome 6B, from nullisomic to tetrasomic condition, increased the resistance, reaching the maximum at the tetrasomic level. The role of reciprocal translocations in the evolution of disease resistance genes in hexaploid wheat, the duplication of genes for resistance as a strategy to be used in plant breeding and the implications of gene‐dosage dependence in host–parasite associations are discussed.
Variability within Clones of Potato cv. Russet Burbank to Infection and Severity of Common Scab Disease of Potato
Authors: Wilson C. R.
Published: March 2003

Significant variability in the level of resistance to common scab disease (to both disease incidence – tuber surface area affected, and severity – lesion depth) within potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Russet Burbank clonal lines and other selected processing cultivars was shown. Across two trials, cvs. Russet Nugget and Shepody and Russet Burbank clone British Columbia were consistently grouped within the cluster of least disease incidence whereas cv. Russet Norkotah and Vancouver unit four were grouped within the cluster showing greatest disease incidence. Russet Nugget and British Columbia were also consistently grouped within the cluster showing least disease severity, whereas Shepody and Russet Burbank clone Starks were grouped within the cluster with greatest severity scores. For some clones, consistency of rating across trials was not always apparent. Of note for the Tasmanian industry, there were differences within the five commercial Vancouver clonal units used interchangeably, with unit 4 showing significantly greater disease severity and incidence than some of the other units. However the extent of increased disease never exceeded 1.75 times the best of the other Vancouver units and the relevance of these results to the relative field performance of unit 4 remains to be tested.
Distribution and Races of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Uganda
Authors: AKELLO B. , HILLOCKS R. J.
Published: March 2003

Surveys in 1995 and 1996 showed that bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum occurs throughout the main cotton growing areas of Uganda, causing seedling blight, angular leaf spot and bacterial boll rot. During the vegetative and early fruiting stages of crop growth, severe symptoms of `blackarm' spread from leaves to the stem, causing loss of fruiting branches. A set of Upland cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum) were then used to determine the races of the blight bacterium present in Uganda. Many of the isolates induced moderate to severe symptoms on all the test hosts except 101–102B, indicating infection with race 10 or 18. The next most common isolate was race 7. Races 16 and 6 were also identified and 23% of isolates caused symptoms on all the differential cultivars including 101–102B, results indicating the presence of a race of the pathogen which may be the same as that identified in countries neighbouring Uganda and designated as race 20.
Effects of Various Elicitors on the Transcription of a β‐1,3‐endoglucanase Gene in Citrus Fruit
Authors: PORAT R. , MCCOLLUM T. G. , VINOKUR V. , DROBY S.
Published: March 2003

Very little is yet known regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen defense responses in citrus fruit. Recently, a basic β‐1,3‐endoglucanase (EC 3.2.2.39) belonging to the pathogenesis‐related (PR) group of proteins, has been purified from Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck cv. `Valencia' orange callus. Specific antibodies raised against the purified protein were used to screen `Valencia' callus and flavedo cDNA expression libraries, and to isolate its corresponding cDNA, designated gns1. The gns1 gene encodes a predicted polypeptide of 336 amino acids with a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa and a basic pI of 9.19, and shares 55–65% identity with several other plant β‐1,3‐endoglucanase proteins. Hereby, we show that the expression of the gns1 gene is markedly induced by wounding and inoculation with Penicillium digitatum (Pers. Fr.) Sacc., and following treatments with various elicitors that induce fruit resistance against P. digitatum. These treatments include UV irradiation, application of jasmonic acid (JA), β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA), Candida oleophila antagonist yeast cells and hot water rinsing and brushing. Overall, based on various RNA gel blot hybridizations, we assume that gns1 is most likely to be part of the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen defense responses in citrus fruit. *
Nattrassia mangiferae, the Cause of Die‐Back and Trunk Cankers of Ficus religiosa and Branch Wilt of Psidium guajava in Iran
Authors: MIRZÂEE M. R. , MOHAMMADI M. , RAHIMIAN H.
Published: March 2003

In 2000, in the Jiroft region, south‐eastern Iran, a fungus subsequently identified as Nattrassia mangiferae was isolated from both Ficus religiosa, which showed branch die‐back and elongated cankers in trunks, and Psidium guajava (guava) trees, which showed branch die‐back. The pathogenicity of the fungus was demonstrated by fulfilling Koch's postulates. These diseases are a potential threat to the citrus industry and P. guajava production in the region. This is the first report of N.  mangiferae inciting die‐back and trunk cankers on F.  religiosa and die‐back on P. guajava.
The Interaction of Plasmodiophora brassicae and Arabidopsis thaliana: Parameters for Disease Quantification and Screening of Mutant Lines
Authors: Siemens J. , Nagel M. , Ludwig‐Müller J. , Sacristán M. D.
Published: March 2003

The soil‐borne obligate pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in species of Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana. The host–pathogen interaction was studied with respect to the age of the plant at the time point of inoculation and to different infection pressures in order to establish a standardization of infection parameters and evaluation of disease extent for A. thaliana lines. Spore number per root weight, root and shoot weight of inoculated and non‐inoculated plants as well as infection rate and disease index (DI) were analysed and correlated. The disease extent of different lines was comparable as measured by the relation of root weight of inoculated and non‐inoculated plants (Ri/Rni index) and the DI. Most of the 71 screened A. thaliana lines turned out to be susceptible. However, the mutant lines tu8, tu3, det1‐1, and rhd3‐1 showed a certain degree of tolerance under specific culture conditions. The reactions of rhd3‐1 indicate that hypertrophy is a prerequisite for maturation of the pathogen. The reactions of the tu3 and tu8 mutants indicate a role of indole glucosinolates and indole‐3‐acetonitrile/IAA in development of clubroot disease.
Influence of Air Temperature on the Release of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Rossi V. , Giosuè S. , Bugiani R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract The influence of air temperature on the release pattern of Venturia inaequalis ascospores was studied by volumetric spore samplers in two spore sampling periods. In the first period (1991–1996; Passo Segni, Ferrara), 15 ascospore dispersal events were considered occurring in daylight, with high spore counts (168–5892 ascospores per m3 air per event), at an average temperature between 8.4 and 20.3°C. Both the length of the ascospore release period and distribution of airborne spores over time were significantly influenced by temperature. A logistic regression model was used to fit the proportion of ascospores trapped from the orchard air as a function of time after the beginning of the discharge event and air temperature. The accuracy of this equation was tested against data collected in the second spore sampling period (1997–2000; Sala Bolognese, Bologna, and Castelfranco, Modena); 16 dispersal events were considered, triggered by rainfall that occurred both in the dark and in daylight, with low to high spore counts (29–458 ascospores per m3 air per event), at an average temperature between 2.8 and 14.3°C. There was a general agreement between the proportion of ascospores trapped from the orchard air during these events and that estimated by using the logistic equation – in most cases, actual and estimated values showed a high coincidence. Statistical comparison showed a significant correlation (r=0.93, P < 0.01) between observed and estimated data.
Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin in Lactating Goats
Authors: Abo El‐Sooud K.
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetics of amikacin was studied in five lactating goats after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations of 7.5 mg kg−1 body weight. After intravenous injection, the plasma concentration–time curve of amikacin was characteristic of a two‐compartment open model with a distribution half‐life of 11.03 min and an elimination half‐life of 114.81 min. The mean residence time was 142.96 min and the volume of the central compartment was 0.06 l kg−1. Following intramuscular injection, amikacin was rapidly absorbed with an absorption half‐life of 20.39 min. The peak plasma concentration was 34.48 μg ml−1 and was attained at 62.15 min. The elimination half‐life of amikacin after intramuscular administration was 122.86 min and the corresponding mean residence time was 205.51 min. The systemic bioavailability of amikacin after intramuscular administration was 98.27 %. Amikacin was not bound to plasma and milk proteins in vitro. Amikacin was detected only at low concentrations in the goat’s milk 2–6 h after intravenous and intramuscular injections. Amikacin urine concentrations were much higher than those of plasma. Thus, amikacin is likely to be efficacious in the eradication of many Gram‐negative urinary tract pathogens.
Acute Enteritis or Gastroenteritis in Young Dogs as a Predisposing Factor for Intestinal Intussusception: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Rallis T. S. , Papazoglou L. G. , Adamama‐Moraitou K. K. , Prassinos N. N.
Published: March 2003

Various types of intestinal intussusception were diagnosed in 29 of 220 young dogs with acute enteritis or gastroenteritis, due to canine parvovirus (85 cases) or presumably to other infectious agents, inflammation or less common hypermotility and metabolic derangements (135 cases). As the other causes of the disease were excluded, acute enteritis or gastroenteritis was considered to be the most likely predisposing factor for the intestinal intussusception. The most common type of intussusception was found to be the ileocolic. Of the 21 dogs that underwent surgical resection and anastomosis of the intestine, 18 dogs recovered completely and three died due to complications. The high survival rate was due to the effective pre‐operative, surgical and post‐operative therapy.
Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress in Growing Pigs by Microplate Assays
Authors: Brambilla G. , Fiori M. , Archetti L. I.
Published: March 2003

The ability of pigs to neutralize the reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in their welfare. Two micromethods were developed to evaluate the oxidative stress and the anti‐oxidative response in sera. We tested these methods for linearity, repeatability and reproducibility. A hydroxyl radicals (HR) test, based on the Fenton reaction, showed a linearity between 0.26 and 4.5 mM H2O2 (r=0.997), with a coefficient of repeatability (CVr) of 1.9 and a coefficient of reproducibility (CVR) of 2.9. An anti‐oxidant power (AOP) test, based on the capability of sera to neutralize a titred hypochlorous acid solution (HClO), showed a linearity between 55 and 880 μM HClO neutralized (r=0.984), with CVr=3.1 and CVR=4.9. We assessed the applicability of such tests in field conditions on three different farms. Farm A recorded a positive anamnesis of Mulberry heart disease. Dietary Vitamin E supplementation was given at 50 p.p.m. in farms A and B and at 150 p.p.m. in farm C, respectively. The group from farm A showed HR sera levels higher than those of farm B and farm C (farm A, mean = 31.61 ± 2.87 mM H2O2, n=10; farm B, 28.53 ± 2.30, n=10; and farm C, 25.63 ± 1.03, n=10; P < 0.01). The AOP test was not able to discriminate between farms. The AOP levels found (mean = 472.50 μM HClO neutralized: n=30) probably represent the maximum response of the organism to compensate the oxidative stress. HR and AOP are stable in sera stored at +4°C. We discuss the application of such methods for the assessment of farmed animals’ welfare.
Adjuvant Post‐operative Chemotherapy in Bitches with Mammary Cancer
Authors: Karayannopoulou M. , Kaldrymidou E. , Constantinidis T. C. , Dessiris A.
Published: March 2003

The survival time in a group of eight bitches with malignant mammary tumours given adjuvant post‐operative chemotherapy was compared with survival in another group of eight bitches with mammary cancer which were treated by surgical excision alone. The same surgical procedure was used in both groups. All bitches had stage III disease according to the World Health Organization clinical staging system. Histologically, 10 of the bitches had complex carcinomas (carcinomatous mixed tumours), the remaining six bitches had carcinosarcomas. The chemotherapeutic protocol used was a combination of 5‐fluorouracil (150 mg/m2 of body surface area) and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/m2) given on the same day, intravenously, every week for four consecutive weeks. Chemotherapy was started one week post‐surgery. Selected haematological parameters (packed cell volume, white blood cell count, platelet count and differential white blood cell count) and serum biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) were measured before and during chemotherapy. Survival analysis indicated that the chemotherapeutic regimen had a positive influence on the disease‐free interval and the survival time of the eight bitches (P < 0.05). Although leucocyte numbers were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) during chemotherapy, the mean leucocyte counts remained within normal limits. Temporary leukopenia was noted only in one bitch. Packed cell volume and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly (P < 0.05) but within normal limits. Creatinine was also increased significantly (P < 0.01) but the mean creatinine concentrations were within normal limits, although in half of the bitches the concentrations occasionally rose above normal.
Gastro‐Oesophageal Reflux during Thiopentone or Propofol Anaesthesia in the Cat
Authors: Galatos A. D. , Savas I. , Prassinos N. N. , Raptopoulos D.
Published: March 2003

Lower oesophageal pH was monitored in 50 cats anaesthetized with either thiopentone or propofol. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux, as evidenced by a decrease in lower oesophageal pH to less than 4.0 or an increase to more than 7.5, occurred in 16 % (4/25) and 12 % (3/25) of the cats anaesthetized with thiopentone and propofol, respectively, the difference between the two groups being non‐significant. Reflux usually occurred shortly after the induction of anaesthesia and had a mean duration of about 23 min. The refluxate was always acidic (pH < 4.0). Gastric contents of pH below 2.5 were refluxed on three occasions, two in the thiopentone group and one in the propofol group. Regurgitation and flow of gastric contents from the mouth occurred in only one cat anaesthetized with propofol. None of the cats that exhibited reflux developed any signs of post‐anaesthetic oesophagitis or stricture formation.
The Effect of Salinomycin on Health Status and Performance of Sows and their Litters: A Dose Titration Study
Authors: Giannakopoulos C. G. , Kyriakis S. C. , Saoulidis K. , Spais A. , Vassilopoulos V. , Alexopoulos C.
Published: March 2003

Two hundred and fifty gilts and sows (Dalland parent stock) were divided randomly and allocated into the following five experimental groups: SAL0 = negative controls, SAL20=20 mg salinomycin per kg of feed, SAL40=40 mg salinomycin per kg of feed, SAL60=60 mg salinomycin per kg of feed and SAL80=80 mg salinomycin per kg of feed. Each gilt and sow was allocated to one of the five groups after the confirmation of the pregnancy using the ultrasonic method and remained under treatment for two consecutive breeding cycles. Throughout the experimental period several parameters related to sow health status, performance and fertility, as well as to health status and performance of their litters were recorded and calculated. Results indicated that salinomycin improves most of the parameters examined, as it leads to significantly higher (P < 0.05): (i) sow body weight gain during gestation; (ii) number of piglets born alive and weaned; (iii) piglet body weight at birth and at weaning, as well as to significantly lower (P < 0.05): (i) prevalence of thin sow syndrome at weaning; (ii) sow body weight loss during lactation; (iii) weaning‐to‐oestrus interval; (iv) piglet diarrhoea score during lactation; and (v) preweaning mortality. The best results were obtained at the inclusion levels of 40 and 60 mg salinomycin per kg of feed.
Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Thrombophlebitis After Post‐Surgical Long‐Term Intravenous Catheterization of Colic Horses: a Study of 38 Cases
Authors: Lankveld D. P. K. , Ensink J. M. , Van Dijk P. , Klein W. R.
Published: March 2003

Thrombophlebitis is a well‐known complication of the use of long‐term in‐dwelling catheters. In humans, catheter material has been shown to strongly influence the occurrence of thrombophlebitis. In the horse, the influence of catheter material has been studied in healthy experimental animals, but information on the relative importance of this factor is lacking. To investigate which factors have most impact on the frequency of jugular vein thrombosis in post‐surgical colic horses, a clinical study was performed on 38 animals. Horses were randomly divided into two groups. In one group a polytetrafluoroethylene catheter was used, in the other a polyurethane catheter. Both groups were clinically monitored and screened for signs of thrombophlebitis. Seven out of 38 horses developed thrombophlebitis. The type of catheter material used had no influence on thrombophlebitis development. Dwell time was significantly longer in horses that developed thrombophlebitis compared with those that did not. There was no relationship between the occurrence of thrombophlebitis and underlying disease or surgical treatment, suggesting that the general state of debilitation these horses experienced was the most important determinant for the development of thrombophlebitis. This was further stressed by the fact that seven horses developed thrombophlebitis of the contralateral vein that had been used for the induction of anaesthesia (this incidence is much higher than in horses anaesthetized for elective surgery). It is concluded that the state of debilitation is the most important determining factor for the occurrence of thrombophlebitis after the use of long‐term in‐dwelling intravenous catheters. This makes a substantial reduction of the incidence of thrombophlebitis difficult, but some progress can be made by consequently restricting dwell time.
Reference Values of Electrolyte Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Piglets During the First 48 Hours of Life
Authors: Wehrend A. , Failing K. , Tschachtschal J. , Bostedt H.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to analyse the plasma concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P) and potassium (K) in mature, healthy suckling pigs during the first 2 days of life in order to obtain more detailed information about this aspect of the neonatal adaptation period. Blood samples were taken from 120 suckling piglets (30 min after birth, and then at 6, 24 and 48 h post‐natum). The control group consisted of 60 piglets at the ages of 1 and 2 weeks. All electrolyte concentrations showed a significant age influence (P < 0.001). Thirty minutes post‐partum a significant correlation between body temperature (T) and both Mg (P < 0.05; b = −0.13) and Ca (P < 0.05, b = −0.09) could be shown. In the sixth hour of life, there was a significant dependency between Ca (P < 0.05, b = 0.48) and body mass, whereas a relationship to sex could be established for P (P < 0.05). After the twenty‐fourth hour of life, there was a significant relationship between body T and both Mg (P < 0.05, b = −2.26) and P (P < 0.05, b = −6.54), as well as between body mass and Ca (P < 0.001, b = 0.89). After the forty‐eighth hour of life, statistically significant correlations between body mass and Na (P < 0.05, b = 25.72), P (P < 0.05, b = 4.92), and Ca (P < 0.001, b = 1.61) became apparent. At this point, K showed a significant dependency on T (P < 0.05, b = −0.80). It may thus be hypothesized that in the first phase following birth, disturbances in temperature regulation exert a primary influence on the level of neonatal vitality, whereas body weight becomes a deciding factor at a later point in time.
Measurement of the Residual Contamination of Post‐Weaning Facilities for Pigs and Related Risk Factors
Authors: Madec F. , Humbert F. , Salvat G. , Maris P.
Published: March 2003

A survey was designed in France to assess residual contamination in post‐weaning rooms within the 2 h prior to restocking when all the pigs of the previous batch had been removed (all in–all out) and after application of the ‘in use’ cleaning procedures. The protocol was based on the results of a pilot study and was considered ‘a good compromise’. Special agar plates (Rodac plates) with a prominent agar medium surface were prepared and used to collect the bacteria. They were applied by impression onto the floors and the partitions between the pens. In all, 24 plates were applied per room. The culture medium was VRBG which mainly permits the growth of enterobacteria. The plates were incubated for 24 h (37°C) and the Colony‐Forming Units (CFU) counted. After sampling, measurements were made and information collected from the farmer to obtain potential explanations for the resulting microbiological data. The same scientist sampled 129 post‐weaning rooms with slatted floors. Of the 3045 plates, 18.4 % were negative and 12.8 % were heavily colonized (>300 CFU). A score combining six criteria based on the counts was produced, and indicated a wide spread of the rooms. The profile of circumstances associated with the different levels of the score was extracted. The following points should be respected to achieve low residual contamination: removal of the slurry from the pit below the slatted floor; damping to be started soon after pig removal; prolonged damping; thorough washing; disinfecting soon after washing; and attention to the recommended dosage of disinfectant. Smooth surfaces were found to be less contaminated than rough ones. It is concluded that cleaning and disinfecting operations must not be considered as minor tasks and should clearly be integrated into the process of pig production.
Prevalence and Seasonal Pattern of Caprine Trichostrongyles in a Dry Area of Central Spain
Authors: Valcárcel F. , Romero C. García
Published: March 2003

A total of 322 gastrointestinal tracts were examined from traditionally reared goats originating from a dry area of central Spain. A large spectrum of gastrointestinal nematodes was observed, Teladorsagia circumcincta and T. trifurcata being the most prevalent species, followed by Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Nematodirus filicollis. Trichostrongylus capricola recorded a high level of infection despite low prevalence. A nematode infection rate of 93 % and an average burden of over 3000 worms indicates the highly prevalent infection in Spanish goats. The seasonal pattern shows a real risk of infection all year round, with two peaks in the summer and autumn. Females were more frequently infected than males.
Evaluation of Radiology as a Tool to Diagnose Pulmonic Lesions in Calves, for Example Prior to Experimental Infection Studies
Authors: Tegtmeier C. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the study was to evaluate radiology as a technique to visualize pulmonary lesions in young calves, e.g. as a selection criterion for reseach animals in order to eliminate animals with lung lesions prior to experimental studies of pneumonia. Five calves with acute clinical signs of pneumonia were included in a direct comparative study of radiological and post mortem findings. Also, a number of animals with no signs of pneumonia were included as controls. The study revealed good agreement between the radiological and post mortem findings. Thus, in conclusion, radiology should be considered as a useful objective tool to predict the presence of pulmonary lesions in young calves.
Pathological and Biochemical Studies on Experimental Hypothyroidism in Growing Lambs
Authors: Sokkar S. M. , Soror A. H. , Ahmed Y. F. , Ezzo O.H. , Hamouda M. A.
Published: March 2003

Secondary iodine deficiency was experimentally produced in growing male lambs by oral administration of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of Thiourea daily for 3.5 months. At the end of the experiment the animals became weak, emaciated, anaemic, significantly reduced in body weight with facial oedema and alopecia at thigh, legs and abdomen. The clinical analysis showed significant reduction in erythrocyte and leucocyte numbers and in levels of triiodothyronine and testosterone at the end of the experiment. The histopathological picture of the thyroid gland revealed hyperplasia of the follicle‐lining epithelial cells which project into the lumen. The lumens of the follicles are devoid of colloid. The testes showed ill‐developed small, empty seminiferous tubules. In the liver, the hepatocytes showed degeneration and vacuolation with proliferation of Kupffer cells, which contain haemosiderin pigment. The kidney showed glomerular lipidosis with accumulation of haemosiderin pigment in the cytoplasm of the renal tubules. Hyperkeratosis of the epidermis associated with excessive keratin formation within the hair follicles was detected. In conclusion, deficiency of iodine causes hypothyroidism which leads to retardation of growth, reduced wool production and interferes with sexual maturity of growing male lambs.
Identification of the Tetracycline Resistance Gene, tet(M), in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Sasaki Y. , Ogikubo Y. , Noguchi N. , Sasatsu M. , Takahashi T.
Published: March 2003

This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of tet(M) in naturally occurring isolates of tetracycline‐resistant Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which causes swine erysipelas. The tet(M) gene was isolated from E. rhusiopathiae strain KY5‐42. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence were 99% identical to the tet(M) gene from Enterococcus faecalis. The gene was necessary and sufficient for the expression of tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli. The presence of the tet(M) gene in the 114 tetracycline‐resistant E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased pigs was detected by the polymerase chain reaction assay. The specific amplified DNA fragment was obtained from all 114 tetracycline‐resistant strains. It was suggested that the tet(M) gene was widely present in the field isolates of E. rhusiopathiae resistant to tetracycline.
Role of Collagen in Adherence of Streptococcus uberis to Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Almeida R. A. , Oliver S. P.
Published: March 2003

We reported previously that pre‐incubation of Streptococcus uberis with collagen induced expression of S. uberis surface proteins. In a subsequent study, we showed that incubation of S. uberis with extracellular matrix proteins, particularly collagen, increased adherence and internalization of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells. In the present report, the potential mechanism by which S. uberis exploits the presence of collagen to enhance adherence to bovine mammary epithelial cells was evaluated. Adherence assays were conducted with S. uberis pre‐treated with and without collagen and co‐cultured in medium supplemented with or without collagen. Pre‐incubation with collagen followed by co‐culture in medium containing collagen up‐regulated ligands that enhanced adherence of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells. Collagen‐up‐regulated ligand(s) also increased adherence of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells in the absence of collagen, but adherence was lower than when collagen was present during the adherence assay. Chloramphenicol was added to the culture medium to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Adherence decreased significantly in chloramphenicol‐treated S. uberis pre‐treated or co‐cultured in the presence of collagen. These results suggest that S. uberis expresses ligands with affinity for collagen that are up‐regulated by collagen. We hypothesize that these ligands increase adherence by using collagen as a bridge between the bacterium and host cell and/or by direct interaction with host cell receptor(s).
Development of a PCR‐Based Method for Specific Identification of Genotypic Markers of Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli Strains
Authors: Osek J. , Dacko J.
Published: March 2003

A simple, rapid and specific PCR‐based method for identification of shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was developed. The procedure involves amplification of the E. coli‐specific universal stress protein A (uspA) gene (uspa‐PCR), with the primer pair described by other authors, which allows differentiation of E. coli (STEC and non‐STEC) from other gram‐negative bacteria followed by identification of the main genetic virulence traits of the uspA‐positive isolates. For this purpose, two multiplex PCR assays, based on previously published primer sequences, were established. Assay 1 (mPCR‐1) uses three primer pairs and detects the genes encoding O157 (rfb), enterohemolysin (ehly) and shiga toxin (stx), generating amplification products of 420, 534 and 230 bp, respectively. Assay 2 (mPCR‐2) uses four primer pairs specific for rfb (E. coli O157), eaeA (intimin), stx1 and stx2 (shiga toxin 1 and 2, respectively), generating PCR amplicons of 420, 840, 348 and 584 bp, respectively. These two assays were validated by testing several E. coli reference strains and 202 previously characterized E. coli isolates originating from calves and from children, and 100% agreement with previous results was obtained. The method developed can be used for specific identification of STEC bacteria including those of the O157 serogroup.
Effects of Thymomimetic Drugs and Zinc Supplementation on the Cellular Immune Response in Hydrocortisone‐suppressed Mice
Authors: Obmińska‐Domoradzka B. , Szczypka M. , Dębowy J.
Published: March 2003

The studies were carried out on Balb/c mice (5–6 weeks of age) exposed to immunosuppression by a single intraperitoneal dose (125 mg/kg) of hydrocortisone. Prior to hydrocortisone injection the mice were treated with diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) intra‐peritoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg, five times at 48 h intervals or calf thymus extract (TFX) at a dose of 10 mg/kg, 10 times at 24 h intervals. The two drugs were used per se or in zinc ions interactions, by adding zinc ions (as sulphate salt) to drinking water at a dose of 72 μg/mouse per day. The results obtained in the study show that hydrocortisone injection drastically decreases the number of thymocytes and splenocytes, which is also accompanied by a decreasing weight ratio of the thymus and spleen. The decreasing number of thymic and spleen cells corresponds to a decreasing percentage of CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ splenocytes and double positive CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Changes in the number of thymic cells affect their activity, which is expressed in a decreased proliferative response of thymocytes stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). It has also been found that a single hydrocortisone dose decreases interleukin (IL)‐1 production by murine intraperitoneal macrophages stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. TFX or DTC counteract hydrocortisone‐induced immunosuppression, which is expressed in partial normalization of the total number of thymic and spleen cells, accelerated regeneration of the two lymphatic organs, shorter suppressive action of hydrocortisone on the percentage of CD4+, CD8+ splenocytes and double positive (CD4+CD8+) and CD4+ thymocytes. Furthermore, total counteraction against the suppressive action of hydrocortisone to proliferative activity of thymocytes stimulated in vitro with Con A and PHA was observed. TFX administered prior to hydrocortisone injection partially prevented the suppressive action of the drug on IL‐1 production by intraperitoneal macrophages, but such an effect was not observed with DTC. The immunorestorative effect of TFX and DTC was augmented by zinc supplementation. The results obtained in the study show that neither TFX nor DTC administration per se and in interaction with zinc supplementation were able to change the suppressive effect of hydrocortisone on the percentage of B splenocytes (CD19+ cells).
Efficacy of Ivermectin Delivered via a Controlled‐Release Capsule against Small Lungworms (Protostrongylidae) in Sheep
Authors: Rehbein S. , Visser M.
Published: March 2003

To evaluate the efficacy of an ivermectin controlled‐release capsule (CRC), which delivers 1.6 mg ivermectin per day intraruminally for 100 days to sheep weighing 40–80 kg (IVOMEC® MaximizerTMCR Capsule for adult sheep, Merial), against small lungworms two studies with 48 naturally infected adult female Merino Landrace sheep were conducted. The sheep were allocated by restricted randomization based on bodyweight to untreated controls or received an ivermectin CRC. Eight sheep per group were necropsied 35, 70 or 105 days post‐treatment. Lungworms were recovered by dissection or peptic digestion of the lungs. Baermann/Wetzel technique was used for faecal lungworm larval counts at weekly intervals. The efficacy of treatment was 100% against Dictyocaulus filaria and Protostrongylus rufescens (P < 0.05) at each necropsy day. The efficacy against Protostrongylus brevispiculum, Cystocaulus ocreatus and Neostrongylus linearis increased from 35 to 105 days after administration of the CRC and was found to be 100% (P < 0.01), 96.6% (P < 0.01) or 99% (P < 0.01), respectively, at 105 days post‐treatment. The reductions of Muellerius capillaris counts varied and were 96.2% (P < 0.05) at 70 days post‐treatment and 44.6% (P > 0.1) at 105 days post‐treatment. Faecal lungworm larvae disappeared nearly completely from at least 3 weeks after the ivermectin CRC administration for all protostrongylid species including M. capillaris so that pasture infectivity will be subsequently significantly reduced.
Investigations into Possible Alternative Decontamination Methods for Salmonella enteritidis on the Surface of Table Eggs
Authors: Davies R. H. , Breslin M.
Published: March 2003

Investigations into various alternative techniques for decontamination of the surfaces of artificially contaminated shell eggs were carried out. Ionized air, exposure to ozone in a dry atmosphere and use of a commercial herbal antibacterial product were not effective. Application of ozone in a humid environment was only partially effective but a commercial ionized water anolyte was highly effective in eliminating Salmonella from egg surfaces.
Habitat and Microhabitat of Mediterranean Clingfishes (Teleostei: Gobiesociformes: Gobiesocidae)
Authors: Hofrichter Robert , Patzner Robert A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This study addresses the habitat and microhabitat of the seven species of gobiesocid fish in the Mediterranean Sea. It is shown that Lepadogaster lepadogaster is closely adapted to large pebbles and boulder fields of rounded stones with a smooth surface. L. candollei is more euryecious and, in addition to inhabiting boulder fields also, occurs close to seagrass meadows, in small cavities and in association with sea urchins. Diplecogaster bimaculata is also euryecious and extends to greater depths. It lives on sand and muddy bottoms as well as on coralline grounds. At some locations this species is found in high abundance during the spawning season under empty bivalve shells or flat stones. Apletodon dentatus is the rarest species of Gobiesocidae in the Mediterranean Sea. It has a close association with seagrass or large brown algae (Cystoseira). Juveniles of A. incognitus are either associated with sea urchins or inhabit Posidonia meadows. Adults prefer the vicinity of seagrass meadows under empty bivalve shells and stones overgrown with red algae. Gouania wildenowi is stenoecious and is restricted to the interstices of roundish coarse gravel near the waterline. Opeatogenys gracilis is also stenoecious and lives only on the leaves of Posidonia and Cymodocea seagrass. The colourations of the different species and their variations are described and discussed.
The Spatial Distribution of Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda):  A Stress Bioindicator in Ceuta  (North Africa, Gibraltar Area)
Authors: Guerra‐García José M. , García‐Gómez José C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) community associated with the alga Cystoseira usneoides (L.) Roberts 1967 was studied on a spatial scale in relation to the influence of environmental factors on the coast of Ceuta (North Africa) using multivariate analyses. Twenty‐two stations were sampled and five environmental factors were tested (hydrodynamics, silting, suspended organic matter, organic matter in silt and suspended solids). The spatial distribution of the caprellid community reflected the physico‐chemical conditions of the coast. Phtisica marina Slabber 1769 was the only species present at the stations of the harbour of Ceuta, characterised by the lowest values of hydrodynamics and the highest values of silting, suspended organic matter and suspended solids. The most exposed stations (high hydrodynamics and low values of silting, dissolved organic matter and suspension solids) were mainly dominated by Caprella danilevskii Czerniavskii 1868 and C. penantis Leach 1814. These two species have developed a “parallel” posture that enables them to attach strongly to the substratum and thus inhabit areas subjected to heavy exposure or strong currents. Caprella acanthifera Leach 1814 and Pseudoprotella phasma (Montagu 1804) preferred stations characterised by moderate values of silting and suspended solids, such as those located in the coastal areas in front of the city of Ceuta, but these species were not found at the most stressed harbour stations.
A Quantitative Assessment of the  Reproductive System of the  Mediterranean Cave‐Dwelling Triplefin BlennyTripterygion melanurus
Authors: Geertjes Gerard J. , Videler John J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract.The breeding biology of the cave‐dwelling Mediterranean triplefin blennyTripterygion melanurus(Pisces, Blennioidei) was studied in the field. Two types of reproductive male were observed, territorial males and non‐territorial males. Territorial males establish territories for mating, but not necessarily for feeding, in caves and crevices at depths between 0.5 and 33 m. Territories can be settled in clusters in a single cave. Non‐territorial males occur in the vicinity of territories and attempt to parasitise matings of territorial males. Gravid females wait near territories where another female is spawning, rather than spawn with currently unmated territorial males. Waiting females intrude in matings and sometimes displace a spawning female. The frequency of mating of the territorial male, of sneaking and of female intrusions are higher in territories that border others than in isolated territories. Females may minimise predation risks both on themselves and on their eggs by spawning in clustered territories and by spawning with males that have more than one clutch of eggs. Territorial males must find a compromise between the benefits of attracting a female and the costs of parasitic spawning by sneaker males. The possibility that territorial males tolerate the proximity of other territorial males and accept a risk of cuckoldry is discussed. Parasitic spawning inT. melanurusis relatively rare and the gonadosomatic index in both non‐territorial and territorial males is low, indicating that sperm competition is probably not intense.
Antifungal action of Hevea brasiliensis latex. Its effect in combination with fluconazole on Candida albicans growth
Authors: Giordani R. , Gachon C. , Buc J. , Regli P. , Jacob J. L.
Published: March 2003

Latex from Hevea brasiliensis and its subcellular fractions (L‐serum and C‐serum) were tested for antifungal activity alone or in combination with fluconazole. Candida albicans growth was inhibited with the same efficacy when yeasts were inoculated into culture medium supplemented over the total growth phase with latex as when latex was added during the exponential phase only: the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 80%) of H. brasiliensis latex was 123 μg protein ml−1. By means of a non‐linear regression analysis of the experimental data, two distinct fixation sites for fluconazole (FCZ) could be determined: one of strong affinity (Kaff=0.0162 μg−1 protein ml) and another of low affinity (Kaff=0.0071 μg−1 protein ml). After addition of a mixture of FCZ and latex during the exponential phase, the affinity constant of yeasts for FCZ was calculated: when latex was in a final concentration of 21 μg protein ml−1 (Kaff=1 μg−1 protein ml) or 42 μg protein ml−1 (Kaff=0. 277 μg−1 protein ml) and without latex (Kaff=0.0502 μg−1 protein ml). In two cases a synergistic effect between latex and FCZ was obtained. The highest efficacy was obtained with a latex concentration of 21 μg protein ml−1. The addition of subcellular fractions of latex, L‐serum and C‐serum, did not cause an antifungal effect. The indispensable role of rubber particles for raising an antifungal effect is demonstrated. Electron microscopy observations indicated a limited cell wall degradation and a high percentage of coagulated yeasts.
Identification of dermatophytes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR)
Authors: Bastert J. , Korting H. C. , Traenkle P. , Schmalreck A. F.
Published: March 2003

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is an established method in the routine diagnosis of various micro‐organisms, including bacteria and yeasts, on a species level. Its possible value in the diagnostics of dermatophytes was analysed using three clinical isolates each of the three most frequently found species, namely Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. The results encourage further work to establish a library which would allow the use of this method in the clinical setting. This might help to make repeated subcultures, which are money‐and time‐consuming, redundant.
Comparison of Etest with the broth microdilution method in susceptibility testing of yeast isolates against four antifungals
Authors: Nedret Koç A. , Gökahmetògˇlu Selma , Ògˇuzkaya Müge
Published: March 2003

A comparative evaluation of the Etest and the broth microdilution methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of 102 clinical yeast isolates against amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole was conducted. The agreements between the Etest and the broth microdilution methods were 93.1% for amphotericin B 85.2% for ketoconazole, 82.3% for itraconazole and 79.4% for fluconazole. These results suggest that the Etest approach to antifungal susceptibility testing may be a viable alternative to the NCCLS reference methods for testing yeasts, but that further evaluations are needed.
In vitro susceptibilities of 11 clinical isolates of Exophiala species to six antifungal drugs
Authors: Meletiadis J. , Meis J. F. G. M. , De Hoog G. S. , Verweij P. E.
Published: March 2003

The antifungal activities of miconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole, UR 9825, voriconazole and amphotericin B against 11 clinical isolates of Exophiala spp. were tested by the broth microdilution method. All drugs were very active against Exophiala spp.. The 90% minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) ranged from 0.125 to 1 μg ml−1. Terbinafine was the most active drug against Exophiala spinifera, Exophiala dermatitidis and Exophiala castellanii and seems to be a promising agent in the treatment of infections caused by these fungi.
Case Report. Mycotic arteritis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a diabetic with retrobulbar aspergillosis and mycotic meningitis
Authors: Nenoff P. , Kellermann S. , Horn L.‐C. , Keiner S. , Bootz F. , Schneider S. , Haustein U.‐F.
Published: March 2003

Summary. A 74‐year‐old man with diabetes mellitus type II, retinopathy and polyneuropathy suffered from exophthalmus, ptosis and diplopia. Magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography showed a space‐occupying process in the right orbital apex. An extranasal ethmoidectomy accompanied by an orbitotomia revealed the presence of septated hyphae. Aspergillus fumigatus was grown from the tissue. After surgical removal of the fungal masses, therapy with amphotericin B (1 mg kg−1 body weight) plus itraconazole (Sempera®, 200 mg per day) over 6 weeks was initiated. Five months later the patient's condition deteriorated again, with vomiting, nausea and pain behind the right eye plus increasing exophthalmus. Antifungal therapy was started again with amphotericin B and 5‐fluorocytosine. Neutropenia did not occur. The patient became somnolent and deteriorated, a meningitis was suggested. Aspergillus antigen (titre 1 : 2, Pastorex®) was detected in liquor. Anti‐Aspergillus antibodies were not detectable. Both the right eye and retrobulbar fungal masses were eradicated by means of an exenteratio bulbi et orbitae. However, renal insufficiency and an apallic syndrome developed and the patient died. At autopsy, a mycotic aneurysm of the arteria carotis interna dextra was detected. The mycotic vasculitis of this aneurysm had caused a rupture of the blood vessel followed by a massive subarachnoidal haemorrhage. In addition, severe mycotic sphenoidal sinusitis and aspergillosis of the right orbit were seen, which had led to a bifrontal meningitis.