bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy of magnon–phonon thermal spectra of an in-plane magnetized YIG film in two-dimensional wavevector space
Authors: Dunagin Ryan E. , Serga Alexander A. , Bozhko Dmytro A.
Published: February 2025

Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) spectroscopy is widely used for studying collective acoustic and magnetic excitations. In magnetism, it is employed as a versatile tool for measuring the characteristics of magnetic media, visualizing linear and nonlinear spin-wave spatiotemporal dynamics, investigating magnon–phonon interaction effects, and exploring fundamental phenomena such as the Bose–Einstein condensation of magnons. At the same time, magnetic BLS spectroscopy has so far suffered from a lack of possibilities to resolve short-wavelength magnons in arbitrary wavevector directions. Here, we demonstrate two-dimensional thermal magnon and phonon spectra measured in a single-crystal film of Yttrium Iron Garnet (Y3Fe5O12). The wide-range two-dimensional wavevector selectivity is accomplished in the backscattering geometry via independent rotations of the probing beam and the sample plane. The spectra were measured in the range of magnon and phonon wavelengths down to 400nm and are fully consistent with calculations that take into account exchange, dipole, and elastic interactions. Our results open the way to an in-depth study of the magnon, phonon, and magnon–phonon dynamics of solids.
Valley-contrasting physics, topological bands, and Dirac cone in the charge density wave phase of a 1T-MoS2 monolayer
Authors: Qiu Lv , Zeng Chunhua , Feng Xiaobo , Zhuang Lin , Liu Wuming , Fu Zhaoming
Published: February 2025

Charge density waves (CDWs), valley-contrasting physics, and topological bands have been observed in 1T, 1H, and 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), respectively, but rarely observed together in a single TMD due to the completely different physical origins. This study discovers 1T-MoS2 monolayers can possess the valley-contrasting physics. Furthermore, the topological bands, Dirac cones, diamond-chain, and zigzag CDW can be induced by biaxial strain, indicating the exotic roles of the strain. Our findings not only broaden the way of searching the valley semiconductors but also open a door to study the topological bands and Dirac cone of CDW phases.
Polarization selectivity in single-mode photonic molecule lasers
Authors: Abbasi Media , Hajshahvaladi Leila , Parsanasab Gholam-Mohammad
Published: February 2025

An efficient approach to achieve single-polarization selectivity in single-mode double microring lasers (photonic molecule lasers) is presented in this study. The fabricated microring lasers achieved polarization extinction ratios of 11.3 dB for TM polarization and −12.8 dB for TE polarization. The fabrication process was conducted by direct laser writing on SU-8 photoresist doped with Rhodamine B dye. In order to obtain an optimum single-mode operation with a specified polarization capability, the study employs Vernier effect double microring lasers and investigates the effects of geometric characteristics, surface scattering loss, and coupling efficiency on polarization performance. The finite-difference time-domain method was utilized to conduct simulations, and the results were verified experimentally. The proposed single-polarized microring lasers provide open possibilities for advanced integrated photonic systems with potential applications in quantum photonics, nonlinear optics, and optical sensors.
A multi-degree-of-freedom model-based method for Young's modulus determination of soft tissue by resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Yujie , Lu Kecai , Li Zhuangyu , Zhou Daming
Published: February 2025

Elastic properties of soft tissues are important indicators for disease progression. Previous studies have utilized mechanical resonance spectroscopy to infer elastic properties of soft tissues by extracting their resonance frequencies. However, the method to accurately obtain the elastic modulus from the resonance frequencies remains inconclusive. In this study, we report a method based on a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) model to determine the Young's modulus of soft tissue samples from the measured resonance spectroscopy. Resonance frequencies of agar tissue phantoms with different elastic properties were obtained, and Young's modulus was calculated using the MDOF-based method. The result was validated by mechanical compression tests and finite element method simulations. The results show that the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF)-based method is capable of determining Young's modulus of soft tissue samples with various elasticities and dimensions. This study provides an opportunity to accurately assess the elastic properties of small-sized soft tissue samples.
Bow shock formation in a dusty plasma flowing around an obstacle under microgravity
Authors: Schütt S. , Knapek C. A. , Maier D. , Mohr D. P. , Melzer A.
Published: February 2025

Dust flows around an obstacle in three-dimensionally extended dust clouds have been investigated on parabolic flights. As the obstacle, a tungsten wire has been installed in the midplane between the electrodes of a parallel-plate radio frequency discharge. A periodic dust motion was generated by superimposing a low-frequency modulation on the electrodes, shifting the dust cloud between the electrodes. Due to the periodic nature of the dust motion, several shocks could be observed at varying dust densities. When the dust flow was transonic or supersonic, bow shocks were formed upstream of the wire and propagated away from it at a constant speed. However, at the dust densities needed for the shock formation, dust-density waves also occurred and the two phenomena often intermingled. The role of the streaming ions in driving the shock is therefore discussed. At carefully chosen parameters, it was possible to observe only the bow shock while suppressing the waves. It is reasoned that the shock is excited independently from dust-density waves by a density increase upstream of the obstacle.
Parametric investigation of Rayleigh–Taylor instability under experimental conditions with the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Martins I. T. , Gómez L. Cabezas , Alvariño P. Fariñas
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we explore the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) considering experimental conditions from open literature. In the simulations real properties are considered, facilitated by the dimensional lattice Boltzmann method. First, the numerical solution is validated with the experimental reference. Usually in the literature RTI is employed as a benchmark, comparing their solutions with some numeric or experimental reference. However, not always the same fluid properties are used, only the same Reynolds (Re) and Atwood (At) numbers are kept equal and the comparison is made using a dimensionless timescale. The linear theory already suggests that fixing these two dimensionless numbers may not be enough to guarantee similarity of the results. So, in this paper, we perform a parametric analysis to explore the validity of these two numbers and the impact of some components of Re on the RTI. The results yielded a different flow pattern under equal Re and At numbers, showing that they are not enough to obtain similarity. Also, the influence of Re number changes significantly depending on which parameter is changed for varying Re. Finally, on the basis of linear theory, we propose a new set of nondimensional parameters for the RTI similarity: Re, At, and Eo (Eötvös), which also accounts for the surface tension impact. Simulations are performed to verify this proposition, showing that the proposed set of dimensionless numbers is effective for surface tension values up to certain limit, which depends on the studied case.
Effects of cylinder-wall distance on re-shock interaction with fuel cylinders at near-critical thermodynamic states
Authors: Jiao Yu , Schmidt Steffen J. , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: February 2025

In high-speed propulsion systems, for instance, scramjets and ramjets, shock waves impacting the fuel-environment gas interfaces at near-critical thermodynamic states is a phenomenon that is frequently encountered. The effects of shock waves on fuel cylinders with the inclusion of real-fluid features remains a relatively underexplored area of research. In this study, we investigate the influence of re-shock on the shocked fuel cylinder at near-critical thermodynamic states. The spacing between the fuel cylinder and the wall is varied from 1.5R to 9R. The simulation employs compressible multi-component equations and real-fluid thermodynamic relationships to model the evolution of the cylinder and the dynamics of the surrounding gas flow. A hybrid numerical scheme based on finite volume is used to capture shocks and interfaces. The approach has been validated against reference data and shows excellent agreement. The effects of varying cylinder-wall distances on the evolution of the surface of the re-shocked fuel cylinder are thoroughly analyzed. The analysis presented covers intricate shock and re-shock impingement, cylinder deformation, cylinder displacements, and vortex development. A range of features at different stages of evolution are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. These include wave pattern evolution, pressure redistribution, shift properties (center-of-mass parameters), cylinder geometry deformation characteristics (cylinder width), baroclinic vorticity distribution, circulation histories, and enstrophy progression. The analysis also quantifies changes over time in the characteristic mixing degree between the fuel and ambient gas. Two additional parameters, the area and the mass fraction-weighted area of the mixing region, are included. Current studies could provide valuable insights for experimental design and industrial applications involving gas-fuel mixing processes at near-critical thermodynamic states.
Developing geospatial tools to identify refuges from alien trout invasion in Australia to assist freshwater conservation
Authors: Allan Hugh , Duncan Richard P. , Unmack Peter , White Duanne , Lintermans Mark
Published: February 2025

Context Introduced fish have caused significant range reductions for many native fish, with many threatened species now found in headwater refuges, protected by in-stream barriers such as waterfalls, weirs and culverts. Owing to the remoteness of such refuges, distribution of many native species is poorly understood despite the urgency of determining their distribution because of threats posed by the spread of introduced fish into these refuges. Aims We investigated the application of emerging remote-sensing technology (LiDAR) to improve our ability to locate potential invasion barriers and identify headwater refuges. Methods We used LiDAR-derived digital elevation models to find likely barriers, and conducted fish surveys to determine introduced trout passability and distribution in tributary headwaters. Key results Trout were rarely observed upstream of waterfalls with a gradient of >0.82, whereas native galaxiids were found only in the absence of trout. Of 17 trout barriers surveyed, 9 supported a population of galaxiids upstream, whereas 8 were fishless. Implications LiDAR-based analysis is an effective tool for preliminary site selection and prioritisation for freshwater fish conservation. Discovery of three new populations of galaxiids in this study demonstrates the potential of this technique to locate additional trout-free headwater streams, important for threatened galaxiids and other trout-sensitive aquatic species.
And tonight, shocking revelations about TV news
broadcasts
Authors: Biber Douglas , Reppen Randi , Wizner Stacey
Published: February 2025

TV news broadcasts (TVNBs) represent an unusual mix of
oral/literate situational characteristics. In addition, TVNBs have shifted
historically to become increasingly focused on ‘soft’ human-interest stories.
Thus, we have good reason to predict that present-day TVNBs will incorporate a
hybrid blend of oral and literate lexico-grammatical characteristics.

The present study explores this possibility through a
corpus-based analysis of TVNBs compared to conversation and newspaper writing.
In part, the results confirm these prior expectations. Surprisingly, though, a
more detailed analysis shows that this mixture of situational characteristics
has given rise to a unique grammatical style of discourse rather than a hybrid
style. In particular, TVNBs can be analyzed to a large extent as main clauses
where the finite verb has been deleted. This discourse style is interesting
because it cannot be attributed to challenging production circumstances. Rather,
the functional motivation seems related to creating a perception of urgency and
excitement.
Correlation-pattern-based orbital angular momentum entanglement measurement through neural networks
Authors: Zhao Jiaxian , Liu Zhifeng , Tu Chenghou , Li Yongnan , Wang Hui-Tian
Published: February 2025

High-dimensional (HD) entanglement of photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) is pivotal for advancing quantum communication and information processing, but its characterization remains significant challenges due to the complexity of quantum state tomography and experimental limitations such as low photon counts caused by losses. Here, we propose a pre-trained physics-informed neural network (PTPINN) framework that enables efficient and rapid reconstruction of HD-OAM entangled states under low photon counts. Experimental results show that the fidelity of five-dimensional OAM entanglement reaches F = 0.958 ± 0.010 even with an exposure time as short as 50 ms. This highlights the capability of PTPINN to achieve high-precision quantum state reconstruction with limited photons, owing to its innovative designs, thus overcoming the reliance on high photon counts typical of traditional methods. Our method provides a practical and scalable solution for high-fidelity characterization of HD-OAM entanglement in environments with low photon numbers and high noise, paving the way for robust long-distance quantum information transmission.
Enhancing IoT security with threshold switching-based unified security primitives
Authors: Zhang Guobin , Kan Jianhao , Fan Xuemeng , Luo Qi , Sun Jiabao , Gao Dawei , Zhang Yishu
Published: February 2025

In the era of big data and the Internet of Things (IoT), the surge in data volume and widespread interconnectivity of devices make hardware a key node in a vast network ecosystem. Developing state-of-the-art secure IoT hardware is necessary and critical. In this paper, we have successfully realized a unified security hardware integrating Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) and True Random Number Generator (TRNG) functions by constructing a 32×32 1T1R array based on threshold switching (TS) memristor cells. By analyzing in detail the chemical properties of FeOx films and the electrical properties of TS memristors, we verified that the prepared TS devices have good cyclic stability and randomness. Utilizing these properties, we realized a PUF system with high uniformity, uniqueness, and reliability, and successfully deployed a TRNG based on the CTR_DRBG algorithm. In addition, by passing the NIST-900 test, we further demonstrated that the generated PUFs and TRNGs have excellent randomness, which meets the stringent requirements of IoT devices in terms of security and privacy protection. The proposed unified security hardware not only demonstrates the potential application of TS memristor in hardware security, but also provides new ideas for solving the integration and energy efficiency problems of security hardware in IoT devices.
Modulational instability in quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates
Authors: Otajonov Sherzod , Umarov Bakhram , Abdullaev F Kh
Published: February 2025

In this work, we investigate the modulational instability of plane wave solutions within a modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation framework. The equation features cubic and quartic nonlinearity. It models the behaviour of quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates in symmetric Bose-Bose mixtures of ultra-dilute cold atoms. The cases of equal amplitudes in both species, as well as of unequal amplitudes are studied. Our study demonstrates the pivotal role of the competition between mean-field attractions and quantum fluctuation-induced repulsions. This competition significantly affects the emergence and evolution of modulational instability. By employing linear stability analysis, we identify the essential conditions that lead to modulational instability. We find that the stability of plane wave solutions significantly depends on the interaction among system parameters. Further development of the instability leads to the fragmentation of the BEC into a chain of quantum droplets. We calculated the number of quantum droplets generated during the nonlinear stage of the instability. Our analytical results are corroborated by numerical simulations of the modified quasi-1D Gross-Pitaevskii equation. These simulations vividly depict the formation, interaction, and coalescence of droplets during the nonlinear phase of modulational instability. The investigation shows that the linear stability analysis of the modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation, considering quantum fluctuations, precisely predicts the initial stage of modulational instability phenomena across different domains of parameter space. In contrast, the later nonlinear stage, studied through numerical simulations, reveals the formation and nonintegrable dynamics of quantum droplets.
Impact of error fields and error field correction on heat fluxes in SPARC
Authors: Munaretto Stefano , Kleiner Andreas , Churchill R M , Corona Rivera L.D. , Looby Tom , Scotto d'Abusco Manuel , Wingen Andreas
Published: February 2025

Using a single toroidal array of coils to reduce the m,n=2,1 resonant error field produced by the misalignment of the axisymmetric coils in SPARC can result in the enhancement of the local divertor heat fluxes. Managing high divertor heat fluxes (q∥ ≈ 10 GW/m2) poses a challenge for compact tokamak devices such as SPARC. The presence of non-axisymmetric magnetic field perturbations adds complexity to the problem by generating intricate 3D edge magnetic topologies that alter the heat flux distributions on the target plates.The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of the error field correction (EFC) on the heat fluxes at the divertor plates in SPARC. The MHD code M3DC1 has been used to simulate the 3D magnetic perturbations generated by the shift and tilt of several axisymmetric coils within specified tolerances, as well as from the array of error field correction coils located at the midplane. Using a heuristic model that extends the concept of an axisymmetric heat flux layer to 3D plasmas, the resultant heat flux distributions is derived from magnetic footprints calculated with the MAFOT code. The results show that the EFC could either decrease or further enhance the local heat flux when used to correct the m,n=2,1 resonant error field to enhance the core plasma performance.
Prediction of software defect centralization using ai-based pathology
Authors: Kong Xianglong , Li Hongfa , Ji Wen
Published: February 2025

Software defect centralization is proposed as a metaphor to present the accumulation of various software degradation. It can describe the survival status of projects from the perspective of internal quality and help to fill the gap between quantitative fine-grained drawbacks and qualitative failure of projects. The current work on the detection and repair of software degradation cannot explain why some projects failed unexpectedly. Inspired by AI-based pathology, we define software defect centralization as a certain size of code that is growing and design a supervised prediction model. We build two datasets with 480 open-source Java projects to accomplish the model learning and evaluation. The experimental results show that the prediction model achieves an overall accuracy of 91.7% on the self-built test set. We also find that the degradation of bug-proneness and specific code smells are positively related to the presence of software defect centralization.
Enhanced convolutional neural network for apple shelf life prediction
Authors: Wang Ranran , Kong Xianglu , Xianhao Fang , Wang Jinxing , Yuan Chunhong , Lv Zongying
Published: February 2025

The preservation of apples during storage is associated with the depletion of moisture and nutrients, which significantly impacts their shelf life. This paper introduces an enhanced convolutional neural network model for the recognition of apple shelf life. We have developed a methodology that involves capturing the acoustic and vibrational signatures of apples, followed by mapping their time-domain spectra through windowing, frame segmentation, and discrete Fourier transformation to construct Mel frequency spectrum diagrams. Subsequently, a substantial dataset of these spectral profiles is utilized to train a deep convolutional neural network, culminating in the generation of a predictive model. This model demonstrates a high degree of accuracy, with a test result accuracy of 95%, offering a valuable tool for the prediction of apple shelf life during storage.
An active distribution network optimization method considering new energy scenario access and electric vehicle transportation loads
Authors: Hou Yucheng , Hou Yuxing , Shao Yalin , Hu Yingying , Wang Yao , Ji Zhe
Published: February 2025

China’s rapid renewable energy growth has introduced challenges to the stability and reactive power balance of distribution networks due to the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic (PV) output and the integration of flexible transportation loads. To address these issues, this paper presents an optimization method for active distribution networks. A Monte Carlo-based scenario simulation and a fast scenario reduction technique are used to manage wind and PV uncertainty. Additionally, an optimization model for reactive power is developed to minimize active power losses and voltage deviations while integrating wind, PV, and transportation loads. The model, solved via an improved second-order cone programming method using the GUROBI solver, optimizes transportation load configuration over time. Simulation results based on the IEEE 33-bus system show that the method enhances voltage quality and reduces network losses, achieving cost and efficiency improvements.
Power grid reconfiguration method applying mobile energy storage vehicles for disaster scenarios
Authors: Jiang Bin , Mei Zhongxiong , Lu Ming , Jiang Pinfeng
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes an optimization technology of grid restructuring based on sequential decision-making, aimed at enhancing the resilience of microgrids in damaged scenarios. Through a two-stage restructuring optimization model, the first stage determines the topology of the microgrid and the configuration locations of the mobile energy storage vehicles, while the second stage establishes the transportation routes and output of these vehicles. The research utilizes the IEEE-30 bus system for simulation experiments and addresses mixed-integer stochastic programming problems using an improved L-shaped algorithm based on Benders’ decomposition. The experimental results demonstrate that the model effectively reduces the power outage time for critical loads and enhances the resilience of the power grid. Furthermore, the study considers the characteristics of both the power system and the transportation network, providing a theoretical foundation for future research.
Research on the characteristic impedance model and breakage detection method of high-voltage cable outer sheath
Authors: Wang Yadi , Hang Jiaming , Chen Yanyi , Tang Liang , Hu Xinxin , Dou Hang , Liu Danbing , Ye Yuting , Zhu Wuzhou , Liu Gang
Published: February 2025

The outer sheath of high voltage cables is the “first line of defence”, preventing the internal structure of the cable from being damaged in the first place. However, during cable operation, the outer sheath can break due to termite erosion, external stress, and other factors. In order to detect the broken state of the outer sheath of high-voltage cables and to improve the stability and reliability of the power grid operation, this paper proposes the detection method for the identification and localization of the fault point of cables. First, it establishes a model of the characteristic impedance of high-voltage cables’ outer sheath and the distribution parameters calculation method. Then, it builds the experimental platform consisting of two parallel-laid 110kV single-core XLPE cables as the experimental object to carry out the experimental verification of single-side breakage and bilateral breakage. Finally, it uses the time-frequency domain reflection (TFDR) method to detect and localize the two cables’ fault points with localization relative errors of 0.39% and 1.09%. The model’s accuracy as a high-voltage cable detection model is verified.
Dual-vector model predictive current control for brushless DC motors
Authors: Shao Junchao
Published: February 2025

To overcome the limitations of classical MPCC for brushless DC motors, which allows only one voltage vector per cycle causing tracking issues, we propose a dual-vector MPCC strategy. This divides the voltage vector plane into six sectors and 14 sub-sectors. By identifying the sub-sector, the optimal voltage vector combination is selected, and action times are calculated to minimize the cost function. This uses two voltage vectors per cycle. Effectiveness is confirmed through simulations.
Research on fault diagnosis method of synchronous generator based on ResNet-18
Authors: Xu Jiancheng , Gao Liming , Liu Zhonghua , Yun Qinsheng
Published: February 2025

Based on the excitation fault mechanism model of marine synchronous generators, this paper builds a synchronous generator model and simulates the output waveforms of voltage, current, and speed under different operating conditions. With the help of simulation data, the fault mechanism of synchronous generators is analyzed, and the mathematical morphological features in the output waveforms of synchronous generators are extracted using neural networks. A fault diagnosis model for marine synchronous generators based on the ResNet-18 residual neural network is established. Finally, the test simulation data is input into the fault diagnosis model to obtain the F1 score of the model, which has been verified to meet the accuracy requirements for internal fault diagnosis of marine synchronous generators.
Research on dynamic characteristics and damage mode of impact resistance of multi-layer wrapped high-pressure hydrogen storage tank
Authors: Xue Ruiyuan , Li Linbin , Zhang Juyin , Luo Yongzhi , Wang Xueping
Published: February 2025

The hydrogen storage container of hydrogen refueling stations is closely packed, and the high-energy debris generated by the burst incident may endanger other containers and cause a domino accident effect. In order to provide data for the risk assessment of the hydrogenation station under the influence of domino accident parameters and achieve higher intrinsic safety of hydrogen storage containers, a new PN98 MPa multi-layer wrapped high-pressure hydrogen storage tank was taken as the research object to establish a finite element model for the explosion fragment impact. The damage mode and dynamic response under impact load were analyzed by explicit dynamics method, and the influence of fragment velocity, mass, and shape was explored. As revealed in the research findings, the debris impact turns out to be a local damage behavior, and the debris motion can be separated into two phases: impact and rebound. The damage degree of the container is proportional to the mass and velocity of the debris, but the velocity of the debris has a greater impact, which is reciprocally related to the contact area, and the damage ability of the cone debris is the strongest. The research results show that the new storage tank has good impact resistance, which provides support data for the safety assessment of hydrogenation stations.
Force-thermal coupling analysis of honeycomb sandwich structure
Authors: Ji Xiao , Li Yanbin
Published: February 2025

This article establishes a stress and displacement distribution model of a three-dimensional honeycomb sandwich structure under typical working conditions subjected to aerodynamic thermal and aerodynamic coupling effects. The aerodynamic thermal load is calculated through numerical conversion of cold/hot wall heat flux. In order to facilitate engineering applications, this process is integrated into the ABAQUS plugin for modular operation. Furthermore, static analysis was conducted on the model. The stress and displacement distribution cloud maps of the model were obtained based on the theory of sequential coupling. According to its analysis results, it can be seen that the honeycomb sandwich structure under typical working conditions experiences a maximum stress value of 579Mpa and a maximum displacement value of 0.25mm during service, which can meet the application of combined aerodynamic, thermal, and aerodynamic loads in engineering.
D265-12 diesel engine SCR system fluid simulation analysis
Authors: Wang Jinzhou , Zhang Xiujuan , Peng Baoxin , Hao Yuhua
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a diesel engine after-treatment SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system is investigated to improve NOx emission reduction. Through theoretical analysis and three-dimensional model building, fluid simulation analysis was carried out by using Fluent software. The results show that the system has good fluidity, the pressure drop is less than 10 Kpa, and the denitrification rate reaches 87%. However, there are still problems with eddy current and urea crystallization, which need to be further optimized. The study confirms the effectiveness of the SCR system and points out the direction of improvement.
Comparative study of performance between horizontal link eccentric braced frame and vertical link eccentric braced frame under earthquake load
Authors: Muhammad D F , Handayani A F , Nastiti S F , Sulthon M , Susanto P B , Maulidani A A
Published: February 2025

Building designs that are earthquake-resistant are vital because Indonesia is an earthquake-prone region. The eccentrically braced frame (EBF) is one of the structural systems that may withstand earthquakes. The initial output of this system is intended to be an earthquake fuse. The main beam and EBF with horizontal linkages (EBF-H) are situated together. The main beam will spin vertically during an earthquake, which will have an impact on the building above it. There is a vertical link eccentrically braced frame (EBF-V) to alleviate this problem. EBF V is superior for post-earthquake rehabilitation since it has a separate link from the main beam. EBF-V investigations are relatively uncommon, nevertheless. The structures of EBF-H and EBF-V will be compared in this investigation. The results showed that the structure with EBF-V had better stiffness than EBF-H. EBF-V and EBF-H have almost the same structural weight.
Thermal and Sound Properties of Kenaf Core (Hibiscus Cannabinus) in Compressed Earth Brick (CEB)
Authors: Razman R , Jupri M A , Azmi M A M , Kamaruddin K
Published: February 2025

Manufacture of fired clay brick (FCB), which is used as wall materials harms the environment since it produces carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, alternatives needed for an eco-friendly building material. The study aims to investigate kenaf core’s impact on thermal conductivity (k-value), thermal resistance (R-value), and sound absorption coefficient (SAC) in Kenaf Core-Compressed Earth Brick (KC-CEB). The thermal test used the Guarded Hot Plate, while the sound test employed the Low-Frequency Impedance Tube. Twelve KC-CEB samples were prepared, with three samples for each of the following kenaf core ratios: 0% (control sample), 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. Based on the results, it is evident that kenaf core with 1% concentration exhibits optimal thermal properties, with a thermal conductivity of 0.013 W/m°C and a thermal resistance of 8.728 m²°C/W compared to kenaf core with 0.5% and 1.5% concentration. In contrast, 1.5% kenaf core demonstrates the highest SAC, with values of 0.69, 0.30, and 0.77 at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz, respectively, outperforming kenaf core at 0.5% and 1% concentrations. The study does, however, indicate that a 1% kenaf core ratio provides the best compromise between sound absorption and thermal insulation, making it the optimal choice for the composite material when comparing the three ratios, as well as surpassing the control sample.
Effectiveness of corn husk fibre on the compressive strength and water absorption of concrete containing cockle shells as coarse aggregate replacement materials
Authors: Shamsuddin S M , Wan Ibrahim M H , Sugiyo Yaka Aria M , Ramadhansyah P J , Nindyawati  , Nindyawati  , Sri Umniati B
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of corn husk fibre (CHF) on concrete containing blood cockle shells (BCS) as coarse aggregate replacement materials in terms of compressive strength and water absorption. A total of 84 samples of concrete C30 with water-to cement ratio of 0.54 were prepared with curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. Firstly, blood cockle shells (BCS) were utilised at 10%, 20% and 30% for coarse aggregate replacement by weight labelled as CS1, CS2 and CS3 respectively. CS1 has the highest compressive strength of 31.6 MPa, followed by CS3 and CS4. While CS3 has the highest water absorption at 3.55% in comparison to the control sample. Next, CHF were added to the concrete mixture containing the optimum content of BCS i.e. 10% (CS1) at 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume labelled as CSH1, CSH2 and CHS3. Overall, there is significant reduction in the compressive strength where CSH2 exhibit the highest strength at 20.26 MPa. CSH3 has the highest water absorption at 3.07% in comparison to the control and CS1 sample.
Effect of Link Length Variation on the Performance of Cold Formed Steel EBF Structures
Authors: Nindyawati  , Mahenz N H , Sulaksitaningrum R , Damayanti A V
Published: February 2025

Building damage due to earthquake shocks causes affected victims to potentially lose their homes so that temporary housing is needed. Therefore, strengthening of buildings using bracing is needed to support building resistance to lateral loads in earthquake areas. Bracing can be divided into two types, namely concentric and eccentric. Eccentric braces have links that will form inelastic rotation when yielding occurs due to deformation that occurs in the structure so that they are considered effective in absorbing lateral loads. EBF (eccentric braced frames) have better stiffness when compared to MRF (moment resisting frames) but are able to provide better ductility behavior compared to CBF (concentric braced frames). The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the performance of variations in EBF split-k cold-formed steel wall panel links against lateral loads. The aspects reviewed are maximum load, maximum deviation, and stiffness. The flow of this research is the manufacture, testing of test objects, and data processing. In this study, the following results were obtained: the short link variation obtained the largest maximum load result with 134.62 kg, the smallest maximum deviation of 30.472 mm, and the largest stiffness with 18.363 kg/mm.
Modal Shift Analysis of Malaysian E-Hailing Users’ Preferences in Travelling
Authors: Arbaan A , Othman M H , Ab Ghani A R , Ambak K , Borhan M N , Abdul Sukor N S
Published: February 2025

E-hailing is getting increasingly popular because it could be an alternative for travellers due to its characteristics of being relatively convenient and affordable. Previous studies have not thoroughly explored the preferences of travellers regarding the use of e-hailing or public transportation, considering factors such as travel distance, financial cost, and time. This paper examines the impact of travel distance, cost, and time on e-hailing users’ preferences for e-hailing services or other public transportation modes using the Modal Shift approach. A survey of 377 e-hailing users in Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, and Georgetown was conducted using questionnaires and Modal Shift analysis to understand their travel preferences. Most e-hailing users are aged 18-29 and earn between RM1500-RM2500 per month. The choice of e-hailing or public transportation can be influenced by factors such as travel cost, distance, and time. When the travel distance becomes quite far, estimated at RM21-RM35 and a travel time of 31-34 minutes, leads to people preferring other public transportation over e-hailing for long distances. Therefore, e-hailing can play a role as affordable short distance transportation and as a complement, or ‘first and last miles’ transportation on long-distance trips.
Water Quality Assessment at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Outward Bound Campsite Lake
Authors: Jominis C C , Alias N
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study was to investigate the water quality parameters in Outward Bound Campsite Lake which is located at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor to evaluate and determine the water quality index through the classification of classes establish by Department of Environment (DOE). Outward Bound Campsite is mostly known for its kayak activity besides being a valuable asset for UTM eco-tourism. It was concerned that the quality of the lake gradually deteriorates due to some unknown factors since the turbidity of the lake was displeasing compared to the other lakes around the same area. Therefore, an assessment of water quality was carried out to determine whether the lake truly exposed with concerning pollution or otherwise. To achieve this aim, Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess category of lake. Water samples were collected and tested at FKA Environmental Laboratory apart of the in-situ parameters tested on site. WQI equation utilized the uses of Sub-Index (SI) that considered major parameters such as the saturation percentage of dissolved oxygen and pH value which will be obtained through in-situ testing, biological oxygen demand after five (5) days, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, and ammoniacal nitrogen. Five (5) samples were taken on a different date at the same sampling point. Based on the study, the WQI result for the lake of Outward Bound Campsite was determined to be 58.56 which in the range of Class III for both Water Supply and Fishery characteristics. Therefore, the lake was categorized as slightly polluted where the usage should be limited to livestock drinking only.
Evaluating the effectiveness of different masses of date seeds as natural coagulants in the process of treating textile wastewater
Authors: Abdul-Rahman-Adrin M H , Ngadiman N , Abdullah N H , Hamdan R , Abdullah M S
Published: February 2025

The textile sector is grappling with the challenge of managing its waste, which is laden with diverse colours and chemicals. A standard method for treating this type of industrial effluent is coagulation-flocculation, recognised for its ability to reduce suspended solids, organic compounds, turbidity, and discolouration. However, the employment of chemical coagulants tends to produce considerable amounts of non-biodegradable sludge and metallic contaminants in the treated water, posing significant environmental and health hazards. A potential solution involves using plants or microbial substances instead of chemicals by dissolving dry seed date powder with NaCl to create a natural coagulant in saline solvent form. This study investigates the potential of using date seeds as a natural alternative to chemical coagulants in wastewater treatment. It evaluates the effectiveness of varying masses of date seeds (1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) with a consistent NaCl solvent concentration (1.0M) as a natural coagulant. Jar test was utilised with this extraction form of natural coagulant to determine its effectiveness in treating wastewater from the textile industry. The study assesses Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, colour, and pH to gauge the wastewater’s reaction to the date seed treatment. SEM and XRD analyses were conducted on the dry date seeds to understand their structure, revealing irregular shapes, macro-sized pores, and an amorphous material structure. Results indicated a significant reduction in water turbidity and colouration, with a 71.64% decrease in turbidity achieved using 25 ml of coagulant at a 2.5-gram dry seed mass. Similarly, a 2.0-gram seed mass was found to reduce COD by 80% with a 10 ml coagulant dosage. The most significant colour reduction was 27.70%, achieved with a 2.5-gram seed mass at a 25-ml dosage. This investigation sheds light on the potential for developing organic coagulants for industrial wastewater treatment, offering a more sustainable approach to managing environmental pollutants.
Assessment of Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit Vegetable Waste (FVW) as Potential Biofertilizer
Authors: Seswoya R , Rasit N , Norazman A F , Mohd Hashim S A , Mohd Azman N A F , Muhammad Fauzi S N S
Published: February 2025

The anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) presents a promising approach for sustainable waste management and resource recovery. By characterizing its nutrient profile, this study explores the potential of FVW digestate as an organic fertilizer. FVW, comprising orange, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and tomato, was processed into a slurry and mixed with anaerobic sludge as an inoculum in a pilot plant anaerobic digester. The digestion process, conducted in batch mode under ambient temperature, was monitored over 10 days, achieving a stable pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. Results showed that the FVW digestate contained significant concentrations of essential nutrients: nitrogen (5.4%), phosphorus (6470 mg/Kg), potassium (13700 mg/Kg), calcium (17400 mg/Kg), iron (11500 mg/Kg), magnesium (3840 mg/Kg), copper (88 mg/Kg), and zinc (574 mg/Kg). These findings indicate that FVW digestate is a viable source of organic fertilizer, offering a high nutrient content, particularly in potassium and calcium. However, nutrient concentrations varied from previous studies on food waste digestate, highlighting the influence of feedstock composition on anaerobic digestion outcomes. Future research should focus on assessing heavy metal content and exploring the effectiveness of FVW digestate in sustainable agricultural practices.
Hydraulics and morphodynamics of a meandering channel with angled baffles
Authors: Jamaludin A N I , Jumain M , Ibrahim Z , Wan Mustafah Kamal W N A , Ismail F N A , Abdul Karim M U H , Makhtar M R
Published: February 2025

Riverbank protection is essential in areas vulnerable to erosion that could lead to economic and environmental losses. Baffles are one of the riverbank protection techniques in river engineering. The presence of baffles significantly reduces riverbank erosion, but their effects on flow patterns is not thoroughly examined. Therefore, an experimental investigation on the flow patterns and morphological changes due to presence of baffles in a meandering channel was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM Johor Bahru. Two discharge rates of 0.19 L/s and 0.36 L/s, and two angled baffles, set at 20° and 40° were investigated. Hydraulic parameters such as Manning’s n, velocity distribution, and morphological changes in the channel were examined. The findings revealed that the baffles induced an additional flow resistance in the channel up to 67%. Additionally, the presence of baffles significantly altered the velocity distribution, erosion and deposition processes. The baffles effectively protected riverbanks only when placed at optimum angle under specific discharges. This study enhances understanding of flow characteristics and highlights the effectiveness of baffles in riverbank protection.
Effect of biochar addition on soil properties and durum wheat production in Northeast of Algeria
Authors: Bounouara Z , Negrach R , Larit S , Ouissem L , Lamri M , Ahmed Seghir A , Bouhdiba I
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of biochar, enriched by compost and chemical fertilizers (Nitrogen, Phopsphorus and Potassium), on soil properties and the agro morphological characteristics of durum wheat. To achieve this objective, various soil treatments were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were as follows:control soil, soil amended with 1 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer, soil amended with 2 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer, soil treated with 1 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer and compost, soil amended with chemical fertilizer alone, and soil amended with compost alone. At the end of the study, various physical and chemical properties of the soil were analyzed, and the agro morphological characteristics of the wheat were monitored, including tillering, leaf area, relative water content, and crop yield after harvest.

The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties. It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content. In terms of the wheat crop’s agro morphological characteristics, the same treatment led to increased plant height, leaf area, neck length, and relative water content. It also recorded the highest yield, with 45 quintals per hectare (Q ha−1)) of wheat. The treatment with 2 kg of biochar enriched by chimical fertilizer came in second, yielding 35.66 Q ha−1). Overall, the study demonstrated that the combination of biochar with compost and chemical fertilizers had the most significant positive impact on the growth and yield of durum wheat.
Study of the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum against Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani of Cucurbitaceae in arid regions of Algeria
Authors: Seghir Mehaoua Mohammed , Fadlaoui Soumaia
Published: February 2025

This study aims to evaluate the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum, a strain isolated from the rhizosphere of Biskra region in Algeria, against the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani, which cause significant damage to Cucurbitaceae crops. The aim is to suggest an alternative solution to synthetic phytosanitary products to protect agroecosystems in arid regions. Results showed that T. asperellum recorded significant antagonistic activity towards both pathogens, with inhibition rates of up to 54.12% against F. oxysporum and 56.36% against F. solani when using the direct confrontation method. For indirect confrontation, inhibition rates were 40.6% and 58.22% respectively. In contrast, the fungicide Uniform (Mefenoxam124 g/L + Azoxystrobin 322 g/L) showed less inhibitory activity, with inhibition rates of 32.4% against F. oxysporum and 32.8% against F. solani. The use of T. asperellum as a biological control agent could contribute to a reduction in the use of conventional pesticides, thereby limiting their harmful impact on the environment, human health and biodiversity. These results highlight the potential of T. asperellum as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative against these two major plant pathogenic fungi.