bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Sozial gesehen sind die Bauern wie Kinder.» Zwischen Didaktik, Repräsentation und Traditionalisierung – Der Erste Mai im zentralrussischen Dorf, 1929–1941
Authors: Braun Matthias
Published: February 2015

«Considered Socially the Peasants are like Children.» Teaching, Representing, Traditionalizing – May Day in the Central Russian Village, 1929–1941

The article examines Soviet village festival culture during the pre-World War II Stalinist period. It focuses on the Central Russian region of Riazan. Festival culture is defined as a specific configuration of festive places, cultural practices and role models as demonstrated by leading festival performers. The article's findings are that: a) The Soviet festival was designed to teach the general populace. The Bolsheviks expected their festivals to shape not only the participant's attitude towards the regime, but the participant's ‹ self ›. b) The Soviet festival was a counterfestival. It was implemented to openly oppose church or pagan festivals. c) During pre-war Stalinism, Soviet and traditional festivals coexisted in the village. There were many elements in Soviet festival culture which referred to traditional festival culture.
Einleitung: Musik als nationale und transnationale Praxis im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Müller Sven Oliver
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Music as a National and Transnational Practice in 19th Century History

During the 19th Century serious music was increasingly assessed in national terms. «National» music was created to fulfil political needs and to express cultural aspirations. People in all major European capitals tried to establish national schools of music and national opera traditions. The rise of «national» music meant to exchange, to communicate and to imitate styles and practices, but at the same time to demarcate differences between musical traditions. The nationalistic conflicts and enmities of the 19th century actually encouraged cultural transfers between nations rather than inhibited them. The importance of the assessment of music for the history of European culture allows for the study of common European practices and traditions.
Stellvertreterkriege. Politik mit Musik des deutschen und englischen Bürgertums im frühen 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Budde Gunilla
Published: February 2015

Proxy Wars. The Politics of Music of the German and English Middle-class in Early 19th Century

The European middle-classes used opera houses and concert halls as public arenas to establish their own identity. In these spheres they could celebrate their cultural and political ideals and thereby mark the differences with the aristocracy. The article focuses on the middle-class discourses about music and on the behaviour of audiences. The middle-classes used their allegedly superior musical understanding to deprecate the nobility. Especially in England, but to some extent in Germany as well, the love for Italian opera was regarded as a distinctly aristocratic fashion, while in both countries the middle-class believed in the superiority of instrumental music. This phenomenon raises the question how and why images of «true» and «superficial» artists were created and how seemingly non-political assessments became political issues.
Endstation Vertreibung: Minderheitenfrage und Zwangs - migrationen in Ostmitteleuropa, 1919–1949
Authors: Cattaruzza Marina
Published: February 2015

Final Destination: The Question of Minorities: Expulsion and Enforced Migration in Central and East Europe, 1919–1949

This article seeks to give a bird's-eye view of the phenomenon of large-scale enforced migration, expulsion, or mass deportation, in eastern Europe at different moments in time, by linking it to the ‹nationalities› question from the start of the twentieth century and to the ‹minorities› question of the inter-war period. It argues that the collective expulsion of ethnic minorities from the former ‹master nations› (Lewis B. Namier's phrase) cannot be understood merely as the product of nationstatism. Instead it portrays mass migrations as the result of factors that trans - cended the nation-state question, such as the defeat of the ‹revisionist› states in the First World War, the perception of minorities as ‹trouble-makers›, and the Soviet Union's strategy of expansion in East Central Europe. Particular attention is paid to the special circumstances of nation-creation in the territories of the Habsburg Empire, Tsarist Russia and the eastern border regions of imperial Germany. It was there that the political mobilisation of significant parts of the population led to militant nationalism among certain sections of society. The foundation of the Habsburg Empire's successor states brought radical changes among the political elites. This led, on the one hand, to revanchist sentiments among the dispossessed groups; and on the other, to the displacement of supranational elites as part of the ‹nation building› process in the new states that followed in the wake of societal modernisation and the expansion of political participation.
Histoire, mémoire et politique: Débats actuels sur la traite d'esclaves et le colonialism
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: February 2015

History, Memory, and Politics: Recent Debates about the Slave Trade and Colonialism

French colonial past is often the apple of discord between French historians. This article tries to analyze three reasons for these quarrels: a significant and pioneering historical literature has been forgotten; French education at school has been deficient and silent on the French slave trade and slavery; and many historians refuse to realize that it is a political question that is related to the «national identity », an interrogation including also the public use of history and the – easily committed – confusion between history and memory.
Deutschland, der atlantische Sklavenhandel und die Plantagenwirtschaft der Neuen Welt
Authors: Weber Klaus
Published: February 2015

Germany, the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Economy Based on Plantations of the New World (15th until 19th Century)

In contrast with the widespread image of Germany as a country that was commercially backward in comparison with its Western neighbours, and hardly integrated with the Atlantic economy, German financiers and manufacturers were heavily involved with the development of the Atlantic plantation economy and with the slave trade. They not only oversaw slave ships under the Portuguese, French, Spanish, British, or Danish flag, but also ran plantations in the respective colonial empires. Even more important for the development of Central European economies was the high proportion of their products among the commodities exchanged for slaves, since the earliest phases of the trade. Many slavers leaving Europe had far more than half of their cargo made up of German textiles, brass and metalware. Lower labour costs in central European proto-industrial regions provided a key advantage against western European competitors. By the early 18th century, these regions entered into competition even with Indian calico producers. As German products were widely paid for with barter goods such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco, the same regions also became important markets for colonial goods. They stimulated the plantation economy both by the input of manufactures and by the absorption of its products and thus formed one of its integral elements, hitherto neglected by most scholarly works on the economic effects of the slave trade.
British Colonial Expertise, Post-Colonial Careering and the Early History of International Development
Authors: Hodge Joseph M.
Published: February 2015

British Colonial Expertise, Post-Colonial Careering and the Early History of International Development

This article examines the connection between late colonial development efforts and post-colonial, rural development policies and programmes. It does this by mapping the contributions of several technical officers who had their professional start as part of the British colonial service in the 1940s and 1950s, but who later went on to subsequent careers in international development. Many of these officials were recruited to work for Britain's overseas development administration or the UN's specialist agencies and the World Bank. Others were hired as advisers by international charities or consultancy companies, bringing with them the development strategies first devised during their formative years as colonial experts. After a brief overview of the early background and experiences of the colonial officials surveyed for this research, the article examines two important development schemes implemented in Kenya in the 1950s and 1960s: the Swynnerton Plan and the Million-Acre Settlement Scheme. It highlights the careers of several agricultural officers involved in these projects, who later rose to positions of leadership with the World Bank. These former colonial experts were instrumental in formulating some of the institution's most high profile, Integrated Rural Development programmes, including the Lilongwe Land Development Project in Malawi and the Transmigration Program in Indonesia.
Writing the History of Development
Authors: Cooper Frederic
Published: February 2015

Writing the History of Development

Although some scholars think of economic development as a project of self-evident benevolence and others consider it as the imposition of an unwanted modernity, recent scholarship, such as the articles in this volume, suggests a more complex history. Colonial governments from the late 1930s sought to assert legitimacy and foster the co-operation of colonized people via development programmes, but development quickly became politicized – a basis for claims on the resources of empire, an insistence on voice in deciding what development policies should be. The history of development suggests that in the future as in much of the past the consequences of actions cannot be evaluated by generalizations about «modernity », neither by advocates of development initiatives nor by their critics. There is no substitute for specific analysis of who might find opportunities or constraints in programmes for economic change. Through the politics of development, poverty became an issue not only in remote parts of Africa or Asia, but also in New York and Geneva. Most important of all, the history of development is a history of changing expectations.
Soviet Lessons for Arab Modernization: Soviet Educational Aid towards Arab Countries after 1956
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin
Published: February 2015

Soviet Lessons for Arab Modernization: Soviet Educational Aid to Arab Countries after 1956

This paper examines the Soviet-Arab cooperation in the domain of higher education and particularly the education of Arab students in the USSR. It argues that educational cooperation took shape on the ground of shared beliefs about the role of the state in the process of economic development and modernization. Soviet educational aid constituted a major vehicle for the transfer and implementation of Soviet ideas about modernization. It played a significant role in the development of Arab countries and marked the Soviet-Arab partnership.
Die Farbe der Religion. Topografie und Topik der «Deux France»
Authors: Schneider Ute
Published: February 2015

The Colour of Religion. Topography and Topic of «Two Frances»

The disputes about the public space between the state and the church which were hold since the nineteenth century in numerous European countries are the point of departure. To make the religious and confessional structuring of the national space tangible, helpful argumentation aides were visualisations and cartographic techniques. In France, since the end of the eighteenth century and in the context of the debates between the state and the church, an established argumentative pattern – the topic of «two Frances» – was visualised on the basis of statistical surveys. The thesis is that the multiple reading possibilities of the cartographic visualisations were shifting from a model of inclusion to a model of exclusion during the nineteenth century. Finally, in the course of the disputes, the visualisations became independent and the «two Frances» became a discursive reference location as mental representations of the national space and did not need any more media presence. In contrast: In the European context, cartographic visualisations remained the object and the negotiation lieu of national rivalries.
Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s
Authors: King Steven
Published: February 2015

Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s

This article is concerned with the models that might be used to classify and compare welfare regimes in different European states prior to the broad convergence of welfare debates and structures of the late-nineteenth century. Reviewing existing models («Nordic» welfare systems, confessional divides, welfare peripheries, etc.) the article contends that a more sensitive set of comparative yardsticks is needed if welfare historians are to break out of a cycle of research that has come to focus overwhelmingly on intra-state regional and intraregional differences in welfare inputs and outputs. It suggests that welfare historians might talk in terms of four broad regime types – entitling, exclusionist, obligatory and disciplinary – anchored less in how welfare was funded or organised and more in issues of sentiment and intent. Taking up such a model, the article argues, allows a much more sophisticated frame of comparative reference than one which is based upon broad confessional divides or the sense that countries like England and Wales were somehow «different».
The Making and Remaking of a Boundary – the Redrafting of the Eastern Border of Italy after the two World Wars
Authors: Cattaruzza Marina
Published: February 2015

The Making and Remaking of a Boundary – the Redrafting of the Eastern Border of Italy after the two World Wars

This article deals with the changes to Italy's eastern border between 1918 and 1954 and attempts to explain the reasons for its instability. In accounting for Italy's failure to keep possession of the border territories, the following three factors are examined: 1) Italy's position in the sphere of international relations, fatally weakened after the First World War by President Woodrow Wilson's opposition to Italian claims to Dalmatia and his unwillingness to acknowledge her status as a great power; unlike after the Second World War, when Italy, though defeated, was able to recover Trieste back because of the Cold War and the introduction of a communist system in Yugoslavia, 2) the widespread processes of Nationalisation, which in the Habsburg era had involved the Italians, Slovenes and Croats living in the area, and 3) the structural weakness of the Italian state, which despite Fascist «statolatry» meant that Italy was incapable of maintaining control over the territories and which explains the disastrous military failures in the Second World War. The relationship between the centre (Rome) and the eastern periphery also helps to explain the rise to power of the Fascist movement and the failure of two attempts at a diplomatic détente with Yugoslavia, made by Fascist Italy in 1925 and 1937.
Dorf, Religion und Nation. Über den Wandel vorgestellter Gemeinschaften im Balkanraum
Authors: Sundhaussen Holm
Published: February 2015

Village, Religion, Nation. About the Changes of Imagined Communities in the Balkan Area

In the former European territories of the Ottoman Empire, community-building was based on local and regional contexts (village or tribe) on one side, and religious affiliations within the millet-system on the other. As part of the process of nationbuilding, these communities were disbanded from the 19th century on. The affiliation to religious communities was nationalised and ethnicised – with the following result: Even the Orthodox church broke up into competing national Churches. At the same time, the newly emerging nation-states integrated the village communities in their administrative and judicial systems as local unities. Simultaneously, competing concepts of nation developed by combining or excluding «objective» characteristics like race, language or religion in different ways. Thus, starting in the 19th century the Balkans became an experimentation field for different types of national communitarisation models.
Lalaevs Haus brennt. Das Februarpogrom von 1905 in Baku – Paralysierter Staat und Massengewalt im Russischen Reich
Authors: Wiese Stefan
Published: February 2015

Lalaev's House is Burning. The 1905 February Pogrom in Baku – Paralysed State and Mass Violence in the Russian Empire

Previous studies on the February Pogrom in Baku concentrated on the social tensions between Armenians and Turks. In this article, the pogrom is interpreted as an example for working and failing leadership on the periphery of the Russian Empire. Contrary to the generally accepted interpretation that the state initiated or tolerated the violence expecting additional advantages, a detailed analysis shows that the inactivity of the authorities can be explained by their respective logics of action and the tensions (civil/military, formal/informal) between them. Furthermore, the article discusses the rumours accompanying the whole pogrom as well as their possible interpretations. Decisive for the conduct of the aggressors and the spectators, the rumours informed the reactions at crucial points. They kept the crowds on the streets and made firm action by the authorities difficult. However, the «dense description» of one part of the pogrom shows that there was nevertheless room for the authorities to take decisive and successful action. From this point of view, the February Pogrom allows conclusions about the dynamics of mass violence and the conditions of leadership on the periphery of the Russian Empire.
Expeditionen in den Methodendschungel. Herausforderungen der Zeitgeschichtsforschung im Fernsehzeitalter
Authors: von Hodenberg Christina
Published: February 2015

Expeditions into the Jungle of Methods. The Challenges of Contemporary Historical Research in the Age of Television

Writing history in the television age involves particular challenges. How can contemporary historians adapt to the rising importance of audio-visual, electronic mass media since the second half of the twentieth century? The article highlights a number of new approaches, all of which go beyond the understanding of mass media as a mere mirror of developments and emphasise their specific historical agency. Five different swathes will be cut through the methodological and theoretical jungle: (1) actor-centred models, (2) international comparison and transnational entanglements, (3) intermedial comparison, (4) medialisation and (5) reception history in the «era of limited choice» using the concepts reach, standing, framing and agenda-setting. The article summarises the state of the field in both media studies and history and explores the possibilities of interdisciplinary dialogue.
The Emergence of Television as a Conservative Media Revolution: Historicising a Process of Remediation in the Post-War Western European Mass Media Ensemble
Authors: Fickers Andreas
Published: February 2015

The Emergence of Television as a Conservative Media Revolution: Historicising a Process of Remediation in the Post-War Western European Mass Media Ensemble

This article claims that the emergence of television in the 1950s must be interpreted as a conservative media revolution. It aims at revisiting some of the popular narratives about the emergence of television as a revolutionary moment in media history and questions the newness of television in the European mass media ensemble. Focusing on a set of privileged sites of negotiation where the tensions between the conservative and modernising agencies of the medium became most visible or explicit, the article emphasizes the ambiguous and contested nature of television as a new medium. Finally, the author pleas for an integral approach to media history that studies the intermedial relationships and interdependencies between television and other mass media.
Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model among Agricultural Students at Razi University
Authors: Shiri N. , Rostami F. , Pirmoradi A.H.
Published: February 2015

The present study was conducted to testing the entrepreneurial intention model among agricultural students at Razi University. The population of this study consisted of all fourth year agricultural students at Razi University (N=276), that 154 of them were selected the sample using the proportionate stratified random sampling. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed by SPSSwin21 software. Findings of this study revealed that attitudes towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial self-efficacy had positive and significantly effects on entrepreneurial intentions among agriculture students at Razi University, but social norms had not effect on entrepreneurial intention of them. Hence, entrepreneurial intention model was accepted among agricultural students at Razi University by deleted the variable of social norms. The results of this study, in additional on contribute to the literature of entrepreneurial intentions; have applications for planners of higher agricultural education system in order to improving the agricultural student's entrepreneurial intention.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i1.11918 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.9(1) 2015 1-5
Effect of Built Environment on Gasoline Consumption in a Developing Megacity
Authors: Abe Ryosuke , Kato Hironori
Published: February 2015

This paper analyzes the effect of the built environment on household gasoline consumption with data collected from 948 households in the metropolitan area of Jakarta, Indonesia. A structural equations model is developed to explain household gasoline consumption with motorcycle and car ownership as mediating variables. The results show that a smaller residence lot size and shorter access time to the nearest bus stop significantly decrease gasoline consumption. The access time to the nearest bus stop does not have an indirect effect through the ownership of cars or motorcycles but has a direct effect on gasoline consumption. In addition, the distance to the nearest regional core affects gasoline consumption positively through motorcycle ownership but does not affect it directly. Population density and neighborhood accessibility have a less significant impact on gasoline consumption, a finding supported by previous studies of developing cities. The results also show that the effect of residential self-selection is less significant. Finally, the estimated model is used to compute the potential impact of urbanization on gasoline consumption.
Consumer Choice of E85 Denatured Ethanol Fuel Blend
Authors: Liu Changzheng , Greene David L.
Published: February 2015

The promotion of greater use of E85, a fuel blend of 85% denatured ethanol, by flex-fuel vehicle owners is an important means of complying with the Renewable Fuel Standard 2. A good understanding of factors affecting E85 demand is necessary for effective policies that promote E85 and for developing models that forecast E85 sales in the United States. In this paper, the sensitivity of aggregate E85 demand to E85 and gasoline prices is estimated, as is the relative availability of E85 versus gasoline. The econometric analysis uses recent data from Minnesota, North Dakota, and Iowa. The more recent data allow a better estimate of nonfleet demand and indicate that the market price elasticity of E85 choice is substantially higher than previously estimated.
Regional Credit Trading
Authors: Rubin Jonathan , Leiby Paul N. , Brown Maxwell L.
Published: February 2015

The economic implications of various designs for a U.S. national low carbon fuel standard (NLCFS) for the road transportation sector are examined. An NLCFS based on the average carbon intensity (CI) of all fuels sold in the gasoline and diesel markets generates an incentive for fuel suppliers to reduce the measured CI of their petroleum fuels. Recent work examined the implications of different designs for an NLCFS in terms of compliance costs, credit price volatility, energy security, and possible savings from different credit trading systems for the on-road transportation sector. This paper builds on previous nationally aggregated modeling by taking into account regional differences in the supply, CI, and price of fuels. The impact of California's regional LCFS on compliance costs of an NLCFS is also examined. Significantly different costs are found for compliance by region. At the same time, flexibility mechanisms in terms of credit trading and banking can lower costs substantially.
Oregon Statewide Transportation Strategy
Authors: Pietz Amanda Joy , Gregor Brian J.
Published: February 2015

Challenged by the state legislature to find a way of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions substantially, the Oregon Department of Transportation embarked on a 2-year effort to determine the best strategies for reducing transportation-related emissions. The resulting Statewide Transportation Strategy: A 2050 Vision for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction (STS) was accepted by Oregon's Transportation Commission in early 2013. The report charts a potential path forward to help meet Oregon's 2050 goal of a 75% reduction in GHG emissions compared with 1990. The STS development process was inventive and rigorous. A new policy-level analysis model, GreenSTEP, was created and was enhanced throughout the effort; GreenSTEP is being used by several metropolitan areas throughout the state and has been adapted nationally. During the development of the STS, analytical and political hurdles were overcome and lessons were learned. Some of those lessons are described in this paper, and a methodological approach is offered for others to follow.
Charging Behavior Impacts on Electric Vehicle Miles Traveled
Authors: Tal Gil , Nicholas Michael A. , Davies Jamie , Woodjack Justin
Published: February 2015

The growing market for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) features new models of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with varying battery sizes and electric driving ranges. How are the various models being used in the real world? A common assumption in PEV impact analysis is that PEV owners will maximize their vehicle's utility by appropriately sizing the battery to their driving needs and by charging their vehicle as much as possible to recover the cost of the vehicle purchase. On the basis of these assumptions, a high correlation between PHEV owner use of the vehicle and the number of plug-in events is expected, and drivers of PHEVs with a small battery are expected to plug in more than do owners of vehicles with a larger battery and similar driving patterns. The assumptions presented are examined through a survey of more than 3,500 PEV owners conducted in California in May and June 2013. The online survey included extensive data on driving and charging behavior using web map questions. Owners of all PEV models on the market, including more than 600 Volts and 800 Prius Plug-Ins, were surveyed. The results show that small-battery PHEV electric vehicle miles traveled are lower than longer-range PHEV or BEV electric vehicle miles traveled not only because of battery size but also because of public charging availability and charging behavior. Higher electric-range PHEV and BEV drivers charge more often and report more charging opportunities in areas where smaller-battery PHEVs could not find chargers.
Stochastic Modeling of Battery Electric Vehicle Driver Behavior
Authors: Dong Jing , Lin Zhenhong
Published: February 2015

A stochastic modeling approach is proposed to characterize battery electric vehicle (BEV) drivers’ behavior. The approach uses longitudinal travel data and thus allows more realistic analysis of the impact of the charging infrastructure on BEV feasibility. BEV feasibility is defined as the probability that the ratio of the distance traveled between charges to the BEV range is kept within a comfort level (i.e., drivers are comfortable with driving the BEV when the battery's state of charge is above a certain level). When the ratio exceeds the comfort level, travel adaptation is needed–-use of a substitute vehicle, choice of an alternative transportation mode, or cancellation of a trip. The proposed stochastic models are applied to quantify BEV feasibility at different charging infrastructure deployment levels with the use of GPS-based longitudinal travel data collected in the Seattle, Washington, metropolitan area. In the Seattle case study, the range of comfort level was found to be critical. If BEV drivers were comfortable with using all the nominal range, about 10% of the drivers needed no or little travel adaptation (i.e., they made changes on less than 0.5% of travel days), and almost 50% of the drivers needed travel adaptation on up to 5% of the sampled days. These percentages dropped by half when the drivers were only comfortable with using up to 80% of the range. In addition, offering opportunities for one within-day recharge can significantly increase BEV feasibility, provided that the drivers were willing to make some travel adaptation (e.g., up to 5% of drivers in the analysis).
Pricing Workplace Charging
Authors: Williams Brett , DeShazo J. R.
Published: February 2015

Overnight home charging is expected to be the most common and cost-effective way of refueling plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Workplace charging is also expected to play a prominent role and provide various benefits, such as extending the number of electric miles driven and enabling PEV adoption by drivers in difficult residential charging environments. This paper assesses workplace charging from two perspectives: ( a) employers investing in workplace charging facilities and pricing their use and ( b) employee drivers. The finding is that pricing levels likely to provide drivers with financial motivation to fuel at work relative to gasoline refueling may provide limited opportunity to recover station costs. For example, a $0.20/kW-h markup on top of average commercial electricity costs–-a level some drivers may even find uncompetitive–-might only cover $1,500 in all-in facility investment costs per PEV served. Similarly, drivers may balk at workplace charging prices at or exceeding $1.25/h or $35/month, which provide comparable cost-recovery potential. In addition, the differential, “discriminatory” impact of various pricing structures is discussed. Across pricing structures, increasing the utilization of a facility (i.e., increasing the economies of scale in use) is key to improving financial viability. This might prove difficult, given the associated costs described. Solutions that increase utilization while minimizing per vehicle costs (e.g., “multiplexed,” perhaps lower-power facilities) might help address these constraints. Monte Carlo simulation is presented to highlight the key uncertainties of station profitability and of refueling costs. It indicates that employers’ choice of pricing structure will differentially affect their ability to remain financially viable in the face of uncertainty.
Optimizing the Use of Electric Vehicles in a Regional Car Rental Fleet
Authors: de Almeida Correia Gonçalo Homem , Gonçalves Santos Raquel Filipa
Published: February 2015

The use of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is increasing in household vehicle fleets and carsharing systems. However, the car rental industry has only timidly adopted this technology. This paper presents a mathematical model for optimal trip assignment of electric and conventional vehicles (CVs) in a regional car rental company. The model was built by using a time–space network, and all BEV charging constraints were part of the formulation. The model needed to satisfy all existing demand, and two objectives were considered: maximizing the number of trips by BEVs and maximizing profit. The model was applied to the Portuguese central region, and the conclusion was that BEVs were considerably less profitable than CVs, because BEVs were less useful for intercity trips. Even if the costs and revenues were the same as for CVs, BEVs were still outperformed by CVs because the recharging time was a drawback in some trips. However, BEVs do not necessarily imply a financial loss for the companies, and a cost–benefit analysis may well prove the existence of considerable profit from including these vehicles, because marketing and environmental effects are not being valued at the moment.
Estimating Energy Consumption on the Basis of Microscopic Driving Parameters for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Yao Enjian , Wang Meiying , Song Yuanyuan , Zhang Yongsheng
Published: February 2015

Energy, the environment, and global climate have been placed under great pressure recently by the rapid growth of gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles. Battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted attention because they produce less pollution and low noise and are highly energy efficient. However, limited battery capacity and a short cruising range have hindered the widespread use of EVs. This paper proposes an energy consumption estimation approach for EV route planning and dynamic route guidance, to provide EV drivers with optimal energy-efficient routes and fulfill recharging needs. The impacts of microscopic driving parameters (instantaneous speed and acceleration) and of vehicle-specific power on the EV energy consumption rate are fully analyzed. Energy consumption rate models for the various operation modes (accelerating, decelerating, cruising, and idling) are established on the basis of the data collected with the chassis dynamometer test according to the New European Driving Cycle. Finally, model validation demonstrates that the energy consumption rate models produce estimates relatively close to measured energy consumption.
Assessment of Level 1 and Level 2 Electric Vehicle Charging Efficiency
Authors: Sears Justine , Forward Evan , Mallia Eric , Roberts David , Glitman Karen
Published: February 2015

North American plug-in electric vehicle (EV) sales are projected to grow steadily in the next decade, and EVs are expected to become a significant portion of the vehicle feet. Widespread electrification of personal transport will require coordination between the electricity and transportation sectors. The coordination could include application of electric efficiency incentives that are commonly used in the energy sector for more efficient products, such as energy star appliances. The use of incentives for more efficient vehicles and charging equipment will facilitate a faster transition to this transformative technology. If EVs and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) are found to be eligible for incentives, electric utilities could create programs that would accelerate EV deployment. The efficiency of 120-V Level 1 and 240-V Level 2 EVSE was compared with FleetCarma logger data collected from 1,008 Chevrolet Volt charging events. On average, Level 2 charging was 3% more efficient than Level 1 charging, but this percentage increased with shorter charge times. When less than 2 kW-h was drawn from the grid, Level 2 charging was 13% more efficient than Level 1. Although Level 2 charging was more efficient at all temperatures, the differences in efficiency were greater at high (above 708F) and low (less than 538F) temperatures. The greatest efficiency gains for Level 2 charging are expected at public charging locations, where charge times tend to be shorter and weather conditions more variable, as opposed to residential sites. Providing incentives for efficient EV charging infrastructure through utility and government programs will ensure optimal long-term investment in this new technology, reduce energy use, and facilitate more rapid uptake of EVs. EV charging infrastructure is eligible for federal funding under the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act. Thus, transportation agencies could include efficiency benchmarks as a requirement for project financing.
User Equilibrium–Based Location Model of Rapid Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles with Batteries that have Different States of Charge
Authors: Lee Yong-Gwan , Kim Hyo-Seung , Kho Seung-Young , Lee Chungwon
Published: February 2015

A model was developed for the location of rapid charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) in urban areas, taking into account the batteries’ state of charge and users’ charging and traveling behaviors. EVs are one means of preparing for the energy crisis and of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To help relieve range anxiety, an adequate number of EV charging stations must be constructed. Rapid charging stations are needed in urban areas because there is inadequate space for slow-charging equipment. The objective function of the model is to minimize EVs’ travel fail distance and the total travel time of the entire network when the link flow is determined by a user equilibrium assignment. The remaining fuel range (RFR) at the origin node is assumed to follow a probabilistic distribution to reflect users’ charging behavior or technical development. The results indicate that the model described in this paper can identify locations for charging stations by using a probabilistic distribution function for the RFR. The location model, which was developed on the basis of user equilibrium assignment, is likely to consider the congested traffic conditions of urban areas, to avoid locating charging stations where they could cause additional traffic congestion. The proposed model can assist decision makers in developing policies that encourage the use of EVs, and it will be useful in developing an appropriate budget for implementing the plan.
A comparative study for evaluating flurbiprofen effectiveness in postoperative pain
Authors: Alreshidi Ibrahim Dughaim , Feng Yu , Han Xie
Published: February 2015

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of flurbiprofen, which is a member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug group (NSAIDs), on postoperative pain treatment. From September 2013 to May 2014, total of 250 patients were surveyed to perform a systematic evaluation of postoperative pain by comparing flurbiprofen with two other kinds of NSAIDs (diclofenac and ketorolac) and isotonic saline in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomized for treatment: 65 cases received flurbiprofen, 60 cases received diclofenac sodium, 60 cases received ketorolac and 65 cases received the placebo (0.9% isotonic saline) (control group). After 24-hours of surgery patients treated with flurbiprofen, ketorolac, and diclofenac showed the lowermost PPI scores compared with those treated with 0.9% isotonic saline (P<0.05). Moreover, flurbiprofen-treated patients also had the lowest PRI(R)T scores (P<0.05). When the pain rating index was examined by subclass, a significantly lower PRI(R)S score was detected in the flurbiprofen group at 24 hours (P<0.05). However, at the 96-hour time point, no differences that were found in PPI and PRI[R] scores between the ketorolac, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen groups, whereas the control group was significantly less effective than the NSAID drugs. Flurbiprofen seemed to be the most effective NSAID for the treatment of pain after internal fixation of fracture, even though at 24 hours after surgery pain was at a maximum.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v4i3.21935 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2015, 4(3): 367-369
Causes, management and complications of ascites: a review
Authors: Tasneem Hirra , Shahbaz Huda , Sherazi Bushra Ali
Published: February 2015

Ascites is the pathological state in which fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity. Fluid accumulation may be due to infection and malignancy or due to other diseases like liver disease, heart failure, and renal disease. The ascitic fluid can be graded into Transudative and Exudative fluid based on the serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG). The prominent cause of ascites is found to be Liver Cirrhosis. The most common symptom of Ascites is recent weight gain, increased abdominal girth and dyspnea. The first line treatment of ascites includes education regarding dietary sodium restriction and oral diuretics. However, other mechanical methods can also be used if the patient is unresponsive to this approach. But, there are some limitations while using these mechanical methods. Ascites is also associated with certain complications like spontaneous bacterial perotinitis, hepatorenal syndrome and dilutional hyponatremia. Ascites itself is not fatal unless it becomes infected. So, early diagnosis and effective treatment should be ensured in order to avoid further complications. This review focuses on the grades, causes, symptoms, management and complications of Ascites.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v4i3.21936 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, February 2015, 4(3): 370-377
Identification of stable and adaptable hybrid Rice genotypes
Authors: Hasan MJ , Hossain MM , Akond Z , Rahman MM
Published: February 2015

Development of varieties with high yield potential coupled with wide adaptability is an important plant breeding objective. Presence of genotype and environment (G×E) interaction plays a crucial role in determining the performance of genetic materials, tested in different locations in different years. This study was under taken to assess yield performance, stability and adaptability of seventeen hybrid rice genotypes evaluated over 12 environments. The analysis of variance for growth duration and grain yield (t ha-1) for genotype, environment year, environment × genotype, year × environment, year × genotype and year × environment × genotype were highly significant (p<0.01) showing the variable response of the genotype across environments and year. GE interaction patterns revealed by AMMI biplot analysis indicated that the hybrid rice genotypes are broadly adapted. Genotypes BRRI53A/BRRI26R, Jin23A/507R, Jin23A/BR7881-25-2-3-12 and IR79156A/F2277R were best for the environment: Gazipur and Rangpur at second and third year. Genotypes Jin23A/PR344R, BRRI11A/AGR and IR79156A/BRRI20R showing high yield performance and widely adapted to all environments. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21912 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 1-15 (2014)
Effect of seed coating material and storage containers on Germination and seedling Vigour of soybean (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Verma Omvati , Verma RS
Published: February 2015

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different seed coating materials and storage containers on germination, seedling vigour and suitability of packaging material for soybean seed. Seed of soybean varietyPS1024 was used for coating purpose with 6 coating treatments viz., T0 (control), T1 (Polymer coating i.e. Polykote @ 3 ml kg-1 of seed diluted with 5 ml of water), T2 (Flowable Thiram i.e. Royal flow 40 SC @ 2.4 ml kg-1 of seed), T3 (T1 + T2), T4 (Vitavax 200 i.e.thiram 37.5 % and carboxyl 37.5% @ 2 g kg-1 of seed and T5(T1+ T4). The coated seeds were stored in two kinds of containers i.e. jute canvas bag, high density poly ethylene (HDPE) non- laminated bag and bimonthly observation on germination and seedling vigour were recorded. After 8th month of storage, germination and vigour index in polythene bag stored seeds were significantly higher than the seed stored in cloth bag. Among seed coating treatments, maximum %germination was recorded in polymer coating @ 3 ml kg-1 followed by vitavax 200 @ 2 g kg-1of seed treatment (T5) which was significantly higher than rest of the coated treatment including untreated control seeds (T0 ). Similarly, maximum seed vigour index was observed in T5 and minimum vigor index was recorded with T0 (untreated control). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21913 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 16-24 (2014)
Genetic diversity in eggplant genotypes for heat tolerance
Authors: Uddin MS , Rahman MM , Hossain MM , Mian MAK
Published: February 2015

Genetic divergence in eighteen eggplant genotypes was studied at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh during February 2007 to December 2008 using multivariate analysis. Eggplant genotypes were evaluated for different quantitative characters. Among the genotypes wide variations were observed for plant, flower and fruit size, shape and color. Out of 18 genotypes only 8 were found to be suitable for summer and summer rainy season cultivation as heat tolerance. The 18 genotypes were grouped into four distinct clusters. Cluster I comprised of 2 genotypes, cluster II had 3, cluster III had 3 and cluster IV had 10 genotypes. Clustering pattern of the genotypes was not correlated with their geographical distribution. The highest inter cluster distance was between cluster I and IV (764.67) while, it was the lowest between cluster II and III (213.30). The highest and lowest intra cluster distance was displayed in cluster II (94.14) and cluster I (28.79) respectively. Yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant canopy, fruit weight, fruit length and number of harvest had the highest contribution towards total divergence. Moderate to high Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (SWDI) was found among the genotypes for most of the studied qualitative characters. Quantitative vegetative characters had high diversity among the genotypes, while it was moderate to high diversity for both flower and fruit characters. Eight eggplant genotypes were selected as heat tolerance based on genetic diversity of morphological characters in eggplant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21914 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 25-39 (2014)
Genetic variability, association and diversity analysis in upland Rice (Oryza sativa L)
Authors: Khare R , Singh AK , Eram S , Singh PK
Published: February 2015

High heritability coupled with high to moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for grain yield per plant, plant height, test weight, fertile spikelet per panicle, total grains per panicle and number of effective tillers per plant. Positive and significant association were observed for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, fertile spikelet per panicle, total grains per panicle and spikelet fertility with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level, while highest positive direct effect on grain yield was recorded by fertile spikelet per panicle, total number of grains per panicle, plant height and days to 50% flowering. Based on ten quantitative traits the accessions were clustered into seven groups, the cluster III contained highest 14 accessions, followed by clusters I comprised 11 accessions and cluster VI, VII, V, IV and II have 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5 accessions, respectively. The first four principal components accounted for 77.13% of total variation of all the traits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21915 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 40-51 (2014)