bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofilm cultivation of marine dinoflagellates under different temperatures and nitrogen regimes enhances DHA productivity
Authors: Tsirigoti Amerssa , Tzovenis I. , Koutsaviti A. , Economou-Amilli A. , Ioannou E. , Melkonian M.
Published: January 2020

Dinoflagellates contain large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, including the nutritionally important docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, their cultivation in suspensions is characterized by low growth rates. Twin-layer porous substrate photobioreactors (TL-PSBRs) have been shown to support growth of different microalgal species, including the robust dinoflagellate Symbiodinium voratum. In the present study, the potential of cultivating marine autotrophic dinoflagellate species in a TL-PSBR for DHA production was explored. Based on initial screening experiments, two Symbiodinium species with high biomass and DHA productivities were selected: the symbiotic Symbiodinium microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B and the free-living Symbiodinium voratum CCAC 3869 B. The effects of three different temperatures (17, 22 and 27 °C) and nitrogen regimes (nitrate, ammonium and nitrogen-free) on biomass growth, total lipid accumulation and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content, with emphasis on DHA, were evaluated. The two lower temperatures (17 and 22 °C) enhanced growth and total lipid accumulation of S. microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B and S. voratum CCAC 3869 B. Cultivation at 22 °C and nitrogen limitation led to a significant positive effect on DHA productivity. Symbiodinium. microadriaticum CCAC 2475 B reached a DHA productivity of 145.4 mg m−2 day−1 and DHA content in the dry biomass of 2% (w/w) after 4 days of nitrogen depletion. The results of the present study demonstrated that autotrophic dinoflagellates, when cultivated on a TL-PSBR, produce comparable amounts of lipids and fatty acids to other commercially used microalgal species including the valuable DHA.
Dynamical Gibbs–Non-Gibbs Transitions in Lattice Widom–Rowlinson Models with Hard-Core and Soft-Core Interactions
Authors: Kissel Sascha , Külske Christof
Published: January 2020

We consider the Widom–Rowlinson model on the lattice $${\mathbb {Z}}^d$$Zd in two versions, comparing the cases of a hard-core repulsion and of a soft-core repulsion between particles carrying opposite signs. For both versions we investigate their dynamical Gibbs–non-Gibbs transitions under an independent stochastic symmetric spin-flip dynamics. While both models have a similar phase transition in the high-intensity regime in equilibrium, we show that they behave differently under time-evolution: the time-evolved soft-core model is Gibbs for small times and loses the Gibbs property for large enough times. By contrast, the time-evolved hard-core model loses the Gibbs property immediately, and for asymmetric intensities, shows a transition back to the Gibbsian regime at a sharp transition time.
Die gesundheitsförderliche Selbstführungskompetenz – das Stärken- und Ressourcentraining
Authors: Krick Annika , Felfe Jörg
Published: January 2020

Das Stärken- und Ressourcentraining bietet eine Möglichkeit, die gesundheitsförderliche Selbstführungskompetenz zu stärken. Eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation des Trainings zeigt, dass es auf positive Resonanz stößt und wichtige Anregungen liefert, um Ressourcen im Arbeitsalltag zu fördern. Neben der Verbesserung von subjektiven Erfolgskriterien wie Achtsamkeit und gesundheitsförderlicher Selbstführung konnten auch auf physiologischer Ebene positive Effekte gezeigt werden. Für die Nachhaltigkeit wurde zudem eine Train-the-Trainer-Schulung konzipiert und erfolgreich evaluiert.
Correction to: Transfer Hierarchical Attention Network for Generative Dialog System
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yang Qiang
Published: January 2020

The article Transfer Hierarchical Attention Network for Generative Dialog System written by Xiang Zhang and Qiang Yang, was originally published on vol. 16, no. 6 of International Journal of Automation and Computing without Open Access. After publication, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Correction to: Zero-shot Fine-grained Classification by Deep Feature Learning with Semantics
Authors: Li Ao-Xue , Zhang Ke-Xin , Wang Li-Wei
Published: January 2020

The article Zero-shot Fine-grained Classification by Deep Feature Learning with Semantics written by Ao-Xue Li, Ke-Xin Zhang and Li-Wei Wang, was originally published on vol. 16, no. 5 of International Journal of Automation and Computing without Open Access. After publication, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
SNHG3 Functions as miRNA Sponge to Promote Breast Cancer Cells Growth Through the Metabolic Reprogramming
Authors: Li Yan , Zhao Zhenhui , Liu Wei , Li Xun
Published: January 2020

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important ingredient in tumor microenvironment. The dynamic interplay between CAFs and cancer cells plays essential roles during tumor development and progression. However, the mechanisms of intercellular communication between CAFs and cancer cells remain largely unknown. We characterized exosomes secreted from breast cancer patient-derived CAFs by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of SNHG3, miR-330-5p, and PKM (Pyruvate Kinase M1/M2) was examined by real-time QPCR and immunoblot. The function of SNHG3 on the growth and metabolism of tumor cells was used by CCK8 and mitochondrial oxygen consumption assays. The binding between SNHG3, miR-330-5p, and PKM was examined by dual luciferase reporter assays. Orthotopical xenograft of breast tumor experiments was performed to determine the function of SNHG3 in vivo. We demonstrated that exosomes secreted from CAFs reprogram the metabolic pathways after tumor cells uptake the exosomes. CAF-secreted exosomal lncRNA SNHG3 served as a molecular sponge for miR-330-5p in breast cancer cells. Moreover, PKM could be targeted by miR-330-5p and was controlled by SNHG3 in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, SNHG3 knockdown in CAF-secreted exosomes suppressed glycolysis metabolism and cell proliferation by the increase of miR-330-5p and decrease of PKM expression in tumor cells. SNHG3 functions as a miR-330-5p sponge to positively regulate PKM expression, inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase glycolysis carboxylation, and enhance breast tumor cell proliferation. Overall, SNHG3 could play a major role in the development and progression of breast cancer and support the therapeutic potential of targeting communication between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment.
Data storage and data re-use in taxonomy—the need for improved storage and accessibility of heterogeneous data
Authors: Gemeinholzer Birgit , Vences Miguel , Beszteri Bank , Bruy Teddy , Felden Janine , Kostadinov Ivaylo , Miralles Aurélien , Nattkemper Tim W. , Printzen Christian , Renz Jasmin , Rybalka Nataliya , Schuster Tanja , Weibulat Tanja , Wilke Thomas , Renner Susanne S.
Published: January 2020

The ability to rapidly generate and share molecular, visual, and acoustic data, and to compare them with existing information, and thereby to detect and name biological entities is fundamentally changing our understanding of evolutionary relationships among organisms and is also impacting taxonomy. Harnessing taxonomic data for rapid, automated species identification by machine learning tools or DNA metabarcoding techniques has great potential but will require their review, accessible storage, comprehensive comparison, and integration with prior knowledge and information. Currently, data production, management, and sharing in taxonomic studies are not keeping pace with these needs. Indeed, a survey of recent taxonomic publications provides evidence that few species descriptions in zoology and botany incorporate DNA sequence data. The use of modern high-throughput (-omics) data is so far the exception in alpha-taxonomy, although they are easily stored in GenBank and similar databases. By contrast, for the more routinely used image data, the problem is that they are rarely made available in openly accessible repositories. Improved sharing and re-using of both types of data requires institutions that maintain long-term data storage and capacity with workable, user-friendly but highly automated pipelines. Top priority should be given to standardization and pipeline development for the easy submission and storage of machine-readable data (e.g., images, audio files, videos, tables of measurements). The taxonomic community in Germany and the German Federation for Biological Data are researching options for a higher level of automation, improved linking among data submission and storage platforms, and for making existing taxonomic information more readily accessible.
Characterization and frequency analysis of flooding solid flow in semi-arid zone: case of Mekerra catchment in the north-west of Algeria
Authors: Diaf M. , Hazzab A. , Yahiaoui A. , Belkendil A.
Published: January 2020

In this study, we evaluate the soil erosion and solid transport in the oued Mekerra watershed in north-west Algeria. The study area is subject to a semi-arid climate characterized by irregular rainfall and showers, which are often accompanied by significant floods. These floods of large volumes transport large amounts of solid input to the Sarno dam, which is in the outlet of oued Mekerra. Therefore, the water storage capacity of this dam is gradually decreasing, and it might reach the volume of dead water. For this study, we utilized the hydrometric database provided by the National Agency of Water Resources (ANRH). The operating period was 24 years, from 1988 to 2012. This period was extended by classic regression to 65 years, which allowed extracting a series of annual maximum instantaneous flow rates (QIXA) and subsequently quantified the sediment yield during floods. The specific degradation mean created by the 11 floods was quite high, in the order of 20 t km2 year−1. The highest value of solid contribution was observed during the floods of October 2000 (250,000 t), and the value of liquid contribution was 7,151,608 m3. The extracted results from the analysis of the graphs of concentration as a function of the liquid flow (C = f′(Ql)) showed four types of hysteresis curves: clockwise loop, counterclockwise loop, shape of eight, and straight line curve. Class II (clockwise loop) was the dominant class in the four events, namely the floods that occurred on 09/22/1992, 09/21/1998, 09/27/1999, and the 08/24/2002. From these results, the water resource sector managers could formulate various methods for protection from floods and against the risk of sedimentation in storage structures.
Perovskite-Inspired Lead-Free Ag2BiI5 for Self-Powered NIR-Blind Visible Light Photodetection
Authors: Pecunia Vincenzo , Yuan Yue , Zhao Jing , Xia Kai , Wang Yan , Duhm Steffen , Portilla Luis , Li Fengzhu
Published: January 2020

In recent years, solution-processible semiconductors with perovskite or perovskite-inspired structures have been extensively investigated for optoelectronic applications. In particular, silver–bismuth–halides have been identified as especially promising because of their bulk properties and lack of heavily toxic elements. This study investigates the potential of Ag2BiI5 for near-infrared (NIR)-blind visible light photodetection, which is critical to emerging applications (e.g., wearable optoelectronics and the Internet of Things). Self-powered photodetectors were realized and provided a near-constant ≈ 100 mA W−1 responsivity through the visible, a NIR rejection ratio of > 250, a long-wavelength responsivity onset matching standard colorimetric functions, and a linear photoresponse of > 5 orders of magnitude. The optoelectronic characterization of Ag2BiI5 photodetectors additionally revealed consistency with one-center models and the role of the carrier collection distance in self-powered mode. This study provides a positive outlook of Ag2BiI5 toward emerging applications on low-cost and low-power NIR-blind visible light photodetector.
The people problem: how cyber security's weakest link can become a formidable asset
Authors: Fielding Jon
Published: January 2020

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) finally began to bare its teeth last summer, with British Airways and the Marriott hotel chain both being hit with massive fines of £183m and £99.2m respectively for breaching the rules. 1, 2 Organisations saw that the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) meant business when it came to applying its new powers, and this appears to have helped trigger a new wave of investment in cyber security.

While the prospect of major fines has woken boardrooms up to the importance of cyber risk management, it has not necessarily led to money being spent in the right areas.

The insider threat has increased as working practices have evolved and new technologies have been adopted. Collaboration platforms, cloud services, smart devices and mobile apps all represent varying forms of cyber risk. To tackle this effectively requires a mix of technical and process-driven measures, says Jon Fielding of Apricorn.
Anne Conway as a Priority Monist: A Reply to Gordon-Roth
Authors: THOMAS EMILY
Published: January 2020

For early modern metaphysician Anne Conway, the world comprises creatures. In some sense, Conway is a monist about creatures: all creatures are one. Yet, as Jessica Gordon-Roth (2018) has astutely pointed out, that monism can be understood in very different ways. One might read Conway as an ‘existence pluralist’: creatures are all composed of the same type of substance, but many substances exist. Alternatively, one might read Conway as an ‘existence monist’: there is only one created substance. Gordon-Roth has done the scholarship a great favor by illuminating these issues in Conway. However, this article takes issue with Gordon-Roth's further view that Conway ‘oscillates’ between the extremes of existence pluralism and monism. In its place, I argue we should read Conway as a priority monist: the whole of creation is ontologically prior to its parts.
Radiation Emergency Readiness Among US Medical Toxicologists: A Survey
Authors: Murray Brian P. , Kim Eungjae , Ralston Samuel A. , Moran Tim P. , Iddins Carol , Kazzi Ziad
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

Large scale radiologic and nuclear disasters are rare; however, recent events such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor emergency in Japan and current global political tensions have highlighted the need for health-care providers with expertise in managing radiation injuries. Medical Toxicologists have the ability to collaborate with other specialists in filling this critical role.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the attitudes, experiences, and knowledge of medical toxicologists through the assistance of the American College of Medical Toxicology.

Results:

The survey was completed by 114 medical toxicologists during the enrollment period. Medical toxicologists who had a willingness to participate in radiologic or nuclear emergencies or who had taken care of patients contaminated with radioactive material were more likely to perform well on the knowledge assessment.

Conclusion:

We identified that there is a group of medical toxicologists who have the willingness, experience, and knowledge to help manage patients in the event of a radiologic or nuclear emergency.
OPTIMAL LINE PACKINGS FROM FINITE GROUP ACTIONS
Authors: IVERSON JOSEPH W. , JASPER JOHN , MIXON DUSTIN G.
Published: January 2020

We provide a general program for finding nice arrangements of points in real or complex projective space from transitive actions of finite groups. In many cases, these arrangements are optimal in the sense of maximizing the minimum distance. We introduce our program in terms of general Schurian association schemes before focusing on the special case of Gelfand pairs. Notably, our program unifies a variety of existing packings with heretofore disparate constructions. In addition, we leverage our program to construct the first known infinite family of equiangular lines with Heisenberg symmetry.
‘I can speak on this here’: empowerment within an Aboriginal adult literacy campaign
Authors: Williamson Frances , Boughton Bob
Published: January 2020

Abstract This case study details the impacts of an Aboriginal-led adult literacy campaign in Brewarrina between 2015 and 2017. Forming part of a wider investigation into literacy as a social determinant of health, the study explores the relationship between involvement in the literacy campaign and the capacity of graduates to take greater control of the conditions affecting their lives. Empowerment is used here as the central explanatory construct despite robust criticism of theoretical slippage. We argue that empowerment remains relevant particularly in the context of ongoing and entrenched disenfranchisement of the low-literate in Australian Aboriginal communities. Drawing on in-depth ‘yarning’ interviews, we find strong evidence of individual empowerment among graduates of the adult literacy campaign, particularly in terms of increased self-control and confidence. However, collective change such as increased participation and organisation at the community level is less apparent. This finding underscores two important aspects of empowerment. Firstly, like learning to read and write, the task of regaining personal and collective power can be a slow and difficult undertaking. Secondly, achieving empowerment is intimately linked to addressing the causes of disempowerment. This ultimately means tackling those power relations which impact choices, opportunities and well-being beyond the borders of individual's lives and communities.
Ficus deltoideaextract down-regulates protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new insight into its antidiabetic mechanism
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Rehab F. , Ezzat Shahira M. , Ogaly Hanan A. , Abd-Elsalam Reham M. , Hessin Alyaa F. , Fekry Mostafa I. , Mansour Dina F. , Mohamed Shanaz O.
Published: January 2020

Ficus deltoideavar.deltoideaJack (FD) is a well-known plant used in Malay folklore medicine to lower blood glucose in diabetic patients. For further research of the antihyperglycemic mechanisms, the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-inhibitory effect of FD was analysed bothin vitroandin vivo.To optimise a method for FD extraction, water, 50, 70, 80, 90 and 95 % ethanol extracts were prepared and determined for their total phenolic and triterpene contents, and PTP1B-inhibition capacity. Among the tested extracts, 70 % ethanol FD extract showed a significant PTP1B inhibition (92·0 % inhibition at 200 µg/ml) and high phenolic and triterpene contents. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the 70 % ethanol extract led to the isolation of a new triterpene (3β,11β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-23-oic acid; F3) along with six known compounds.In vivo, 4 weeks’ administration of 70 % ethanol FD extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/d) to streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats reversed the abnormal changes of blood glucose, insulin, total Hb, GLUT2, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in liver and pancreas. Moreover, FD reduced the mRNA expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase) and restored insulin receptor and GLUT2 encoding gene (Slc2a2) expression. In addition, FD significantly down-regulated the hepatic PTP1B gene expression. These results revealed that FD could potentially improve insulin sensitivity, suppress hepatic glucose output and enhance glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes mellitus through down-regulation of PTP1B. Together, our findings give scientific evidence for the traditional use of FD as an antidiabetic agent.
A new mound-building biota from the lower Carboniferous of Alabama
Authors: Kopaska-Merkel David C. , Haywick Douglas W. , Keyes Richard G.
Published: January 2020

A small (1.2 m) columnar carbonate mound in shaley strata equivalent to the Hartselle Sandstone (lower Serpukhovian) near Woodville, northeastern Alabama, was built by a consortium of species unlike those of other Carboniferous mounds in the southeastern United States. The mound contains a new problematic microencruster,Aphralysia anfractanew species, along with encrusting bryozoans (FistuliporaM'Coy, 1849), nonskeletal microbes, and other microencrusters, includingAphralysia caprioraeMamet and Roux, 1975, in a carbonate mud matrix. Mound cavities are filled with three generations of carbonate and siliciclastic sediment. Other biotic constituents of the mound include oncoids, sponges (includingPileospongiaRigby, Keyes, and Horowitz, 1979), gastropods, crinoids, a tabulate coral, and coenobionts, including coccoid calcimicrobes. The mound biota, especially the microencrusters, is dramatically different from those of other Serpukhovian mounds that have been described from Alabama (made by various consortia of rugose corals, fenestrate bryozoans, crinoids, sponges, and nonskeletal microbes). Indeed, the Woodville mound extends the range of the lower Carboniferous encrusterAphralysiaGarwood, 1914 to North America.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/d3988875-a7fb-4382-bd14-b17c083d87ad
Depth vs. Breadth: Network Strategy in Emerging Markets
Authors: Prashantham Shameen , Zhou Abby Jingzi , Dhanaraj Charles
Published: January 2020

Using survey data from China and India, we explore the impact of network strategy of new ventures in emerging markets. We focus on two critical dimensions of network strategy, namely, broadening and deepening the network and two types of knowledge: market knowledge and technological knowledge. We find that proactive network deepening is associated with market knowledge and network broadening with technological knowledge. From a network perspective, our work highlights the counterintuitive outcomes of breadth versus depth orientation in network strategy, highlighting differences between advanced and emerging economies. We use a post-hoc multi-group analysis to show the differences even within the two emerging markets: India and China. The direct effect of partnering proactiveness on market knowledge in India is significantly higher than that in China but there is no significant difference as to the effect of technological knowledge. We use this exploratory study to highlight the opportunities for network and entrepreneurship scholars to study emerging markets and, in particular, undertake comparative studies between new ventures in China and India.
On fast and scalable recurring link’s prediction in evolving multi-graph streams
Authors: Tabassum Shazia , Veloso Bruno , Gama João
Published: January 2020

The link prediction task has found numerous applications in real-world scenarios. However, in most of the cases like interactions, purchases, mobility, etc., links can re-occur again and again across time. As a result, the data being generated is excessively large to handle, associated with the complexity and sparsity of networks. Therefore, we propose a very fast, memory-less, and dynamic sampling-based method for predicting recurring links for a successive future point in time. This method works by biasing the links exponentially based on their time of occurrence, frequency, and stability. To evaluate the efficiency of our method, we carried out rigorous experiments with massive real-world graph streams. Our empirical results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art method for recurring links prediction. Additionally, we also empirically analyzed the evolution of links with the perspective of multi-graph topology and their recurrence probability over time.
VISUALISING HUGH MAY’S ELTHAM LODGE
Authors: Drury Paul , Jeffery Sally , Smith Pete , Wrightson David
Published: January 2020

Following publication in The Antiquaries Journal volume 96 (2016) of ‘Moor Park in the Seventeenth Century’, by Drury, Jeffery and Wrightson, this article presents the results of research by the present four authors on another house by Hugh May – Eltham Lodge, Kent – which survives rather better. Its exterior is often referred to as being relatively unaltered, but analysis of the surviving fabric and much new documentary evidence have nevertheless revealed many interventions, both inside and out, permitting a clearer understanding of the original appearance, layout and setting of this important Restoration house.
Comment on Reuel Schiller: The Curious Origins of Airline Deregulation: Economic Deregulation and the American Left
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: January 2020

Air travel is unpleasant for many reasons, particularly in the post-9/11 age. Yet, blame for the cramped accommodations, bag fees, and lack of direct flights has to be assigned in part to the deregulation of the airline industry in the late 1970s. Airline deregulation and its consequences symbolize the ways in which neoliberal ideas and practices have come to shape economic policies as well as the daily lives of ordinary Americans.
Comment on Anne Fleming: Anti-Competition Regulation
Authors: Allensworth Rebecca Haw
Published: January 2020

In her essay “Anti-Competition Regulation,” Anne Fleming explores the history and political economy of “certificates of public convenience.” For most regulation, repression of competition is an unfortunate side effect—something to be traded off for a safer, healthier, and more equal society. But for certificates of public convenience, repression of competition is itself the goal. Free competition can yield bad results, for consumers or firms (arguments emphasize one or the other depending on the ideology of the time). Certificates cut to the heart of the problem by limiting new entry into a market only when, as one early statute put it, new entry would “promote the convenience and advantage of the community.”
Morphosyntactic weaknesses in Developmental Language Disorder: the role of structure and agreement configurations
Authors: MOSCATI Vincenzo , RIZZI Luigi , VOTTARI Ilenia , CHILOSI Anna Maria , SALVADORINI Renata , GUASTI Maria Teresa
Published: January 2020

Agreement is a morphosyntactic dependency which is sensitive to the hierarchical structure of the clause and is constrained by the structural distance that separates the elements involved in this relation. In this paper we present two experiments, providing new evidence that Italian-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), as well as Typically Developing (TD) children, are sensitive to the same hierarchical and locality factors that characterise agreement in adult grammars. This sensitivity holds even though DLD children show accrued difficulties in more complex agreement configurations. In the first experiment, a forced-choice task was used to establish whether children are more affected in the computation of S-V agreement when an element intervenes hierarchically or linearly in the agreement relation: DLD children are more subject to attraction errors when the attractor intervenes hierarchically, indicating that DLD children discriminate between hierarchical and linear configurations. The second experiment, also conducted through a forced-choice task, shows that the computation of agreement in DLD children is more ‘fragile’ than in TD children (and also in children with a primary impairment in the phonological domain), in that it is more sensitive to the factors of complexity identified in Moscati and Rizzi's (2014) typology of agreement configurations. To capture the agreement pattern found in DLD children, we put forth a novel hypothesis: the FragileComputation ofAgreementHypothesis. Its main tenet is that DLD children make use of the same grammatical operations employed by their peers, as demonstrated in Experiment 1, but difficulties increase as a function of the complexity of the agreement configuration.
Species protection in areas conserved through community-driven direct democracy as compared with a large private land trust in California
Authors: Crain Benjamin J , Sanchirico James N , Kroetz Kailin , Benefield Amy E , Armsworth Paul R
Published: January 2020

Protected area systems include sites preserved by various institutions and mechanisms, but the benefits to biodiversity provided by different types of sites are poorly understood. Protected areas established by local communities for various reasons may provide complementary benefits to those established by large-scale agencies and organizations. Local communities are geographically constrained, however, and it remains unclear how effectively they protect biodiversity. We explored this issue by focusing on protected areas established through direct democracy via local ballot initiatives whereby communities vote to tax themselves for open space preservation. We compared the effectiveness of local ballot-protected areas to areas protected by a large-scale conservation actor, The Nature Conservancy (TNC). We evaluated how well the two protected area types correspond with amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and special status elements of natural diversity. Local ballot-protected areas differed from those of TNC in terms of size, location, proximity to urban areas and habitat diversity. In terms of potential habitat coverage, local ballot-protected areas outperformed TNC sites for all species groups with the exception of special status elements of natural diversity. While not necessarily targeting wildlife and habitats, we conclude that locally established protected areas can make an important contribution to biodiversity conservation.
Crystal structure of ipratropium bromide monohydrate, C20H30NO3Br(H2O)
Authors: Bhaskar Shivang , Golab Joseph T. , Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: January 2020

The crystal structure of ipratropium bromide monohydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional techniques. Ipratropium bromide monohydrate crystallizes in the space group P21/c (#14) with a = 8.21420(7) Å, b = 10.54617(13) Å, c = 24.0761(39) Å, β = 99.9063(7) °, V = 2054.574(22) Å3, and Z = 4. Both hydrogen atoms of the water molecule act as donors to the bromide cation, forming a ring with the graph set R2,4(8). The hydroxyl group also acts as a donor to Br. Several C–H⋯Br hydrogen bonds are present. The water molecule acts as an acceptor in two C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds from methyl groups. The ketone acts as an acceptor in C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds from methyl groups, a methylene group, and a methyne group. The hydroxyl group acts as an acceptor in a C–H⋯O hydrogen bond from a phenyl carbon atom. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-066-1611.
Long-distance major place harmony
Authors: Danis Nick
Published: January 2020

In previous surveys of long-distance consonant harmony, the major place features [labial], [dorsal] and [coronal] are conspicuously absent from the set of possible harmonising features. Ngbaka Minagende displays major place harmony between labial-dorsal segments and simple labials and velars, thus filling this empirical gap. The presence of complex segments with multiple place is crucial to seeing this harmony pattern clearly. These patterns are best handled in the Agreement by Correspondence framework with an active CC-Ident[place] constraint. Other analyses either cannot capture the pattern at all or require fundamental changes elsewhere in phonological theory. The data are supported by a new digitisation and statistical analysis of a Ngbaka Minagende dictionary.
The Old Testament Also Needs Annotations: The National Bible Society of Scotland's Annotated Edition of the Book of Proverbs in the MandarinUnion Version
Authors: MAK GEORGE KAM WAH
Published: January 2020

This article explores the path of the National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS) to publishing its annotated edition of Proverbs in the MandarinUnion Versionin China during the Republican era. After providing an overview of how the NBSS became the first Bible society to publish annotated Chinese Gospels and Acts in the 1890s, this article examines why it took more than three decades thereafter for the NBSS to publish an annotated edition of another biblical book. It argues that one of the main reasons was that the NBSS had difficulty securing reputable scholarly Protestant missionaries’ services to prepare the necessary annotations. Moreover, this article suggests that the familiarity of the Chinese people with short and pithy sayings was a condition favourable for the reception of Proverbs in China. This, together with the status of the MandarinUnion Versionas the standard biblical text for Chinese Protestants, helps explain why the NBSS eventually published an annotated edition of Proverbs in the MandarinUnion Version. Annotations in that edition of Proverbs are analysed to understand how they could help bridge the gaps between Proverbs and its Chinese readers, so as to shed light on why such an edition of Proverbs was well-received as an evangelistic tool.
Error-related negativity (ERN) and ‘hot’ executive function in bilingual and monolingual preschoolers
Authors: Nayak Srishti , Tarullo Amanda R.
Published: January 2020

Early regular experience with dual-language management is thought to shape executive function (EF) circuitry during development. However, previous investigations of bilingual children's EF have largely focused on behavioral measures, or on cognitive aspects of EF. The first part of this study compared monolingual and bilingual preschoolers’ performance on more purely cognitive and more affective versions of a card-sort task, and the second part investigated Error-related negativity (ERN) event-related potential (ERP) waveforms to understand error-awareness mechanisms underlying task performance. Behavioral results showed bilingual advantages in reaction times but not accuracy, and interaction effects of language background, level of challenge, and affective/motivational salience on reaction times. Electrophysiological results revealed smaller ERN peak amplitudes in bilinguals compared to monolinguals in frontal and frontocentral midline regions. Results highlight that bilingualism may shape motivational mechanisms and neural learning mechanisms such as error-detection, such that bilinguals may be less focused on their errors.
Relationships between children’s sugar consumption at home and their food choices and consumption at school lunch
Authors: Baghlaf Khlood , Muirhead Vanessa , Pine Cynthia
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To investigate the relationships between children’s food and drink choices at school lunch for children who consume high and low sugar intakes at home.

Design:

Children’s food and drink consumption at home was assessed using diet diaries over three consecutive days. Children were classified as ‘high’ or ‘low’ sugar consumers at home using the WHO recommendation that free sugars should be less than 10 % of their daily total energy intake. A purposive sample of children was then selected and observed during school lunch, recording food selections, food left on plates and content of packed lunches.

Setting:

Six primary schools in Newham and Kent, England.

Participants:

Parents and children aged 6–7 years.

Results:

Seventy-one parents completed diet diaries. From the seventy-one, thirty-nine children were observed during school lunch. Twenty children were high sugar consumers, nineteen children were low sugar consumers; thirty-one children had a school meal. Eleven of the fifteen children (73 %) who had school meals and who were high sugar consumers selected a high-sugar dessert rather than fruit. Only five of the sixteen (31 %) children who had school meals and were low sugar consumers at home chose a high-sugar dessert. Most of the children who had packed lunches had sweet items, despite school policies.

Conclusions:

Children who consumed high sugar intake at home tended to select foods high in sugar for school meals or had packed lunches containing high-sugar foods. The implications for public health programmes include healthy eating workshops and implementing school food policies.
The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Leibbrand Christine , Massey Catherine , Alexander J. Trent , Genadek Katie R. , Tolnay Stewart
Published: January 2020

The Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whether migrants from the South and their children experienced higher or lower levels of segregation in 1940 relative to their counterparts who were born in the North or who remained in the South. Next, we extend our analysis to second-generation Great Migration migrants and their segregation outcomes by observing their location in 2000. Additionally, we assess whether second-generation migrants experience larger decreases in their exposure to segregation as their socioeconomic status increases relative to their southern and/or northern stayer counterparts. Our study significantly advances our understanding of the Great Migration and the “segregated century.”
The Lynching of the Impious
Authors: Kloppe-Santamaría Gema
Published: January 2020

This article analyzes the impact that religion had on the act of lynching and its legitimation in postrevolutionary Mexico. Basing its argument on the examination of several cases of lynching that took place after the religiously motivated Cristero War had ended, the article argues that the profanation of religious objects and precincts revered by Catholics, the propagation of conservative and reactionary ideologies among Catholic believers, and parish priests’ implicit or explicit endorsement of belligerent forms of Catholic activism all contributed to the perpetuation of lynching from the 1930s through the 1950s. Taking together, these three factors point at the relationship between violence and the material, symbolic, and political dimensions of Catholics’ religious experience in postrevolutionary Mexico. The fact that lynching continued well into the 1940s and 1950s, when Mexican authorities and the Catholic hierarchy reached a closer, even collaborative relationship, shows the modus vivendi between state and Church did not bring an end to religious violence in Mexico. This continuity in lynching also illuminates the centrality that popular – as opposed to official or institutional - strands of Catholicism had in construing the use of violence as a legitimate means to defend religious beliefs and symbols, and protect the social and political orders associated with Catholic religion at the local level. Victims of religiously motivated lynchings included blasphemous and anticlerical individuals, people that endorsed socialist and communist ideas, as well as people that professed Protestant beliefs and practices.
Control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) at two heights with POST herbicides in Nebraska popcorn
Authors: Barnes Ethann R. , Knezevic Stevan Z. , Lawrence Nevin C. , Irmak Suat , Rodriguez Oscar , Jhala Amit J.
Published: January 2020

Velvetleaf is an economically important weed in popcorn production fields in Nebraska. Many PRE herbicides in popcorn have limited residual activity or provide partial velvetleaf control. There are a limited number of herbicides applied POST in popcorn compared with field corn, necessitating the evaluation of POST herbicides for control of velvetleaf. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of labeled POST herbicides for controlling velvetleaf that survived S-metolachlor/atrazine applied PRE and (2) determine the effect of velvetleaf height on POST herbicide efficacy, popcorn injury, and yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 near Clay Center, Nebraska. The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. The main plot treatments were velvetleaf height (≤15 cm and ≤30 cm) and subplot treatments included a no-POST herbicide control, and 11 POST herbicide programs. Fluthiacet-methyl, fluthiacet-methyl/mesotrione, carfentrazone-ethyl, dicamba, and dicamba/diflufenzopyr provided greater than 96% velvetleaf control 28 d after treatment (DAT), reduced velvetleaf density to fewer than 7 plants m−2, achieved 99% to 100% biomass reduction, and had no effect on popcorn yield. Herbicide programs tested in this study provided greater than 98% control of velvetleaf 28 DAT in 2019. Most POST herbicide programs in this study provided greater than 90% control of up to 15 cm and up to 30 cm velvetleaf and no differences between velvetleaf heights in density, biomass reduction, or popcorn yield were observed, except with topramezone and nicosulfuron/mesotrione 28 DAT in 2018. On the basis of contrast analysis, herbicide programs with fluthiacet-methyl or dicamba provided better control than herbicide programs without them at 28 DAT in 2018. It is concluded that POST herbicides are available for control of velvetleaf up to 30-cm tall in popcorn production fields.
Training Three Facets of Executive Functions
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Förster Georg
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Given the importance of executive functions for everyday life, recent years have seen a tremendous interest in whether the basic cognitive abilities involved can be improved by training. The present research investigated whether, compared to an active control group, the three main facets of executive cognitive functions – task switching, updating, and inhibition ( Miyake, Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, & Howerter, 2000 ) – can be trained jointly via intense adaptive online training of 5 weeks. Using a large sample and two training tasks per facet, we obtained clear evidence for increased task performance on all six tasks, suggesting that the three facets can be trained simultaneously, with some tasks showing very large in-task training gains. However, the evidence for correlated in-task training gains and for intermediate transfer effects on related but untrained tasks from pre- to posttest was very weak. Further random slopes analyses suggested that individuals benefit differently from training. These results warrant caution against general and sweeping claims about the far-reaching impact of cognitive training. They rather are in line with a more nuanced view according to which the training of executive functions is specific in at least three important ways.
Measuring a dynamical topological order parameter in quantum walks
Authors: Xu Xiao-Ye , Wang Qin-Qin , Heyl Markus , Budich Jan Carl , Pan Wei-Wei , Chen Zhe , Jan Munsif , Sun Kai , Xu Jin-Shi , Han Yong-Jian , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can
Published: January 2020

Quantum processes of inherent dynamical nature, such as quantum walks, defy a description in terms of an equilibrium statistical physics ensemble. Until now, identifying the general principles behind the underlying unitary quantum dynamics has remained a key challenge. Here, we show and experimentally observe that split-step quantum walks admit a characterization in terms of a dynamical topological order parameter (DTOP). This integer-quantized DTOP measures, at a given time, the winding of the geometric phase accumulated by the wavefunction during a quantum walk. We observe distinct dynamical regimes in our experimentally realized quantum walks, and each regime can be attributed to a qualitatively different temporal behavior of the DTOP. Upon identifying an equivalent many-body problem, we reveal an intriguing connection between the nonanalytic changes of the DTOP in quantum walks and the occurrence of dynamical quantum phase transitions.
Raman lasing and soliton mode-locking in lithium niobate microresonators
Authors: Yu Mengjie , Okawachi Yoshitomo , Cheng Rebecca , Wang Cheng , Zhang Mian , Gaeta Alexander L. , Lončar Marko
Published: January 2020

The recent advancement in lithium-niobite-on-insulator (LNOI) technology is opening up new opportunities in optoelectronics, as devices with better performance, lower power consumption and a smaller footprint can be realised due to the high optical confinement in the structures. The LNOI platform offers both large χ(2) and χ(3) nonlinearities along with the power of dispersion engineering, enabling brand new nonlinear photonic devices and applications for the next generation of integrated photonic circuits. However, Raman scattering and its interaction with other nonlinear processes have not been extensively studied in dispersion-engineered LNOI nanodevices. In this work, we characterise the Raman radiation spectra in a monolithic lithium niobate (LN) microresonator via selective excitation of Raman-active phonon modes. The dominant mode for the Raman oscillation is observed in the backward direction for a continuous-wave pump threshold power of 20 mW with a high differential quantum efficiency of 46%. We explore the effects of Raman scattering on Kerr optical frequency comb generation. We achieve mode-locked states in an X-cut LNOI chip through sufficient suppression of the Raman effect via cavity geometry control. Our analysis of the Raman effect provides guidance for the development of future chip-based photonic devices on the LNOI platform.
P53 and Parkin co-regulate mitophagy in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote the repair of early steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Zhang Fei , Peng Wuxun , Zhang Jian , Dong Wentao , Wu Jianhua , Wang Tao , Xie Zhihong
Published: January 2020

Survival and stemness of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in osteonecrotic areas are especially important in the treatment of early steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We had previously used BMSCs to repair early steroid-induced ONFH, but the transplanted BMSCs underwent a great deal of stress-induced apoptosis and aging in the oxidative-stress (OS) microenvironment of the femoral-head necrotic area, which limited their efficacy. Our subsequent studies have shown that under OS, massive accumulation of damaged mitochondria in cells is an important factor leading to stress-induced apoptosis and senescence of BMSCs. The main reason for this accumulation is that OS leads to upregulation of protein 53 (P53), which inhibits mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and activation of Parkin’s E3 ubiquitin ligase, which decreases the level of mitophagy and leads to failure of cells to effectively remove damaged mitochondria. However, P53 downregulation can effectively reverse this process. Therefore, we upregulated Parkin and downregulated P53 in BMSCs. We found that this significantly enhanced mitophagy in BMSCs, decreased the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in cells, effectively resisted stress-induced BMSCs apoptosis and senescence, and improved the effect of BMSCs transplantation on early steroid-induced ONFH.