bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sunday Reading
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter takes up the feel of the Victorian Sunday and its reputation for unrelenting lassitude and inertia. Sunday reading was, however, one means to address this temporal void, provided the reading materials were deemed acceptable. A list of suitable books for that day is frequently detailed in memoirs concerning the devout Evangelical upbringings of their authors. In the context of Victorian Sabbatarian debates, this chapter looks on the affects of Sunday boredom as an instance of stalled, long time before turning to a solution of sorts: Sunday-reading periodicals that, as the case of the weekly Evangelical periodical The Sunday at Home illustrates, offered a diversionary reprieve that could multiply readers’ experience of time, and even render the feeling of eternal waiting as more welcome moments of leisure. This kind of reading shows us how what we might think of as devotional contemplation was being re-temporalized as diversion.
Apportioning the Devotional Day
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter pursues the systematic dailiness of devotional reading in the form of daily-reading “textbooks,” which came on the market toward the end of the nineteenth century, not all of them explicitly religious. Textbooks extracted and re-arranged for diurnal re-reading of the works of well-regarded writers of the century. These included Alfred Tennyson, whose In Memoriam, famous for its theme of protracted mourning but also for its reputation to console the bereaved, was re-published in excerpted form as Day to Day With Tennyson and many other similar titles. With its assumption of daily and apportioned reading the textbook aligns, furthermore, with Victorian reading systems and with discourses of time-thrift. In other words, late-Victorian devotion was often less about inculcating theological content than it was about materializing reading as non-narrative, modular portions and returning the reader regularly to a sense of time as a series of renewable moments.
Figures of Dialogue
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

The first half of this chapter uses the simplified model of turn sequencing outlined in Chapter 1 to develop a more precise vocabulary with which to talk about dialogical form. It proposes three new terms to describe how sequences of turns are built: intervention, blanking, and apostrophe. The second half of the chapter tests this approach on a series examples culled from the work of other critics: Mick Short on Buckingham’s attempt to claim his reward from the newly crowned Richard (Richard III, 4.2); Lynne Magnusson on Desdemona’s insistence that she follow her husband to Cyprus (Othello, 1.3); and Stephen Orgel on the reassignment of the ‘Abhorred slave’ speech from Miranda to Prospero (Tempest, 1.2). In each case, the turn-taking approach yields fresh insights, enabling us to make distinctions at a greater level of detail than had previously been possible.
The Terminal Comma
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between turn-taking and punctuation. On the one hand, punctuation seems to offer a way of resolving precisely those ambiguities over timing with which the second half of this book is concerned. On the other hand, the punctuation of Shakespeare’s texts is notoriously unreliable. No firm set of typographical conventions had yet evolved for the presentation of plays in print, and the punctuation they contain is more likely to be compositorial than authorial. In spite of these problems, the chapter argues for greater attention to punctuation at the ends of speeches and, in particular, to what it calls the ‘terminal comma’ in the early quartos of A Midsummer Night’s Dream and King Lear. Although largely ignored by editors and critics, these commas are often employed with a purpose and subtlety that is hard—but not impossible—to attribute to a compositor.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

The first half of this chapter provides a clear and non-technical explanation of what turn-taking is and why it matters. According to William Empson, the most important step in the solution of any literary critical problem is to identify ‘the right handle to take hold of the bundle’. The claim made here is simple: when the bundle is Shakespearean dialogue, the right handle is the turn at talk. This claim is then illustrated with a pair of examples—Isabella’s petitioning of Duke Vincentio in 5.1 of Measure for Measure and the final meeting between Hal and his father in 4.3 of 2 Henry IV—each of which yields fresh insights when analysed as an exchange of turns rather than speeches. The second half of the chapter situates the turn-taking approach in relation to previous work on Shakespearean dialogue, literary linguistics, and dramatic discourse.
To Be ‘Languaged’
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

What did it mean to be able to speak another language in early modern England? Linguistic competence was more complicated than a simple binary between fluent and not. Just as historians have argued for the existence of multiple literacies in early modern England, so too were there multiple linguistic competences, depending on the speaker’s status, age, gender, origin, and occupation. Male and female language-learners had to master different ways of expressing superiority or deference and of managing ritualised interactions. Immigrants to England had to learn a new vernacular while accommodating themselves to new customs and rules of conversation. Reading the corpus of conversation manuals alongside broader discourses of gender, civility, speech, and behaviour, this chapter uncovers the dynamics of multilingual speech and silence in an age of encounter. More broadly, it offers a new framework for thinking historically about linguistic competence.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher John
Published: October 2019

The introduction argues for the importance of language-learning and multilingualism in the history of early modern England. English-speakers who ventured beyond Dover could not rely on English and had to become language-learners, while even at home English urban life was often multilingual. It brings together early modern concepts of linguistic ability with approaches from sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and the social history of language in order to show how we can think about linguistic competence in a historical perspective. It demonstrates the importance of ‘questions of language’ to the social, cultural, religious, and political histories of early modern England, and to the question of England’s place in a rapidly expanding world. After an overview of the book’s structure, aims, and parameters, it closes by asking how taking a polyglot perspective might shift our understandings of early modern English history.
Minding the Machine v2.0
Authors: Bygrave Lee A
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on Articles 22 and 25 of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation 2016/679). It examines how these provisions will impact automated decisional systems. Article 22 gives a person a qualified right ‘not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her’. Article 25 imposes a duty on controllers of personal data to implement technical and organizational measures so that the processing of the data will meet the Regulation’s requirements and otherwise ensure protection of the data subject’s rights. Both sets of rules are aimed squarely at subjecting automated decisional systems to greater accountability. The chapter argues that the rules suffer from significant weaknesses that are likely to hamper their ability to meet this aim.
A Brief Argument for the Overwhelming Importance of Shaping the Far Future
Authors: Beckstead Nick
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Nick Beckstead argues that the best available interventions gain most of their expected value via the effects that they have on the long-run future, rather than via their more immediate effects. Because of the vastness of humanity’s possible future, this line of argument tends to favour actions that reduce risks of premature extinction, and actions that increase probabilities of other significantly beneficial “trajectory changes” to the course of humanity’s long-run future, even where the change in probabilities that we are able to bring about is very small.
Effective Altruism, Global Poverty, and Systemic Change
Authors: Gabriel Iason , McElwee Brian
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Iason Gabriel and Brian McElwee examine the status of interventions aimed at bringing about large-scale systemic change. According to Gabriel and McElwee, in the domain of global poverty, (i) philanthropic interventions favoured by effective altruists tend to take the form of “low-value/high-confidence” narrowly focused practical interventions, but (ii) it is quite likely that there are “medium-value/medium-confidence” interventions tackling global poverty via systemic change that are ex ante better. In other contexts, effective altruism definitely does take seriously “high-value/low-confidence” interventions (namely, efforts to mitigate extinction risk), so there does not seem to be any simple bias towards high confidence at work here. The explanation Gabriel and McElwee suggest lies in an understandable yet still misguided preference for political neutrality within the effective altruism movement.
Measuring the CosmosParallax and the Transit of Venus
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

A review of the methods the ancient Greeks used to measure the distances between the Earth and the Sun, and the Earth and the Moon, and the size of the Earth, and the lives of the personalities involved. The remarkable Jeremiah Horrocks. He was the first observer in 1639 of a transit of Venus to use it to deduce the distance from the Earth to the Sun, using the method of parallax, which is simply explained. The story of Halley’s proposal for the first international collaboration to observe a transit in 1671 and of his life. The adventures and misadventures of those who set out around the globe for this and the later transit observations of 1769, including Captain Cook in Tahiti. These produced the first reasonably accurate dimensions for our solar system.
James Bradley, Sailing on the Thames
Authors: Spence John C. H.
Published: October 2019

The story of the astronomical observations of James Bradley in the eighteenth century, whose measurements of the small movements of a star throughout the year provided an independent estimate of the speed of the Earth around the Sun relative to the speed of light. His work provided the first experimental evidence in support of Copernicus’s theory that the earth is in motion, and against the idea that it is stationary at the center of the universe. His simple telescope at home, his brilliant idea and perseverance, and his life’s work and influence. The importance of his result for the development of Einstein’s theory of relativity and for theories of the Aether in the following centuries.
Contestatory Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole
Published: October 2019

Contestatory publics refer to the arena of confrontational claim-making which demands responsiveness and accountability to decision-makers. They are confrontational as far as they aggressively lay blame on parties they consider to be the cause of their suffering. Beyond critique, they also offer alternative visions for reconstruction by drawing on their experiences as communities who suffered from the disaster. The repertoire used in their contestations are visceral. In protests, public displays of grief, and emotional speeches, the weight of claims are established through performances of mourning and indignation. For contestatory publics, misery has a productive political power. This chapter focuses on the case of People Surge, a network of peasants, fisherfolk, urban poor communities, students, and members of religious organizations which led protest action in exceptionally challenging circumstances.
Populist Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole
Published: October 2019

In May 2016, the Philippines elected a self-confessed mass murderer as president of one of Asia’s oldest democracies. There are many interpretations for Rodrigo Duterte’s rise to power. This chapter offers a distinct perspective from disaster-affected communities who actively campaigned for Duterte. It argues that the emergence of ‘populist publics’ cannot be reduced to a simple case of a demagogue manipulating the sentiments of desperate citizens. Instead, the chapter argues that the relationship between Duterte and disaster survivors is negotiated and contingent, conditional and not fanatical, morally complex and not based on hasty judgment. The chapter argues that populists must also be understood not only in terms of what they say but also how they engage in affective forms of attunement, which allows them to effectively respond to hidden injuries of communities of misery.
Postlude
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: October 2019

The virtue of greatness identified as a distinctive element of the ideals of character developed in the Arabic tradition—greatness of spirit—has much to tell us about the nature of these ideals and the intellectual processes that shaped them. Yet does this historical lesson exhaust the interest contemporary readers might take in this particular ideal? Is there anything in it to engage the attention of contemporary philosophers of the virtues? The Postlude seeks to answer these questions. This involves first confronting a more basic question: What kind of virtue is this? The author considers two different ways of construing its identity, one as a meta-virtue, another as a substantive virtue that has an affinity with the trait of ‘emulousness’ as theorized in recent philosophical work. It is the latter construal that enables us to pick out the distinctive commitments that constitute the virtue, above all its emphasis on open-ended moral aspiration. Philosophers of the virtues may find these commitments contentious. The Postlude outlines a number of ways in which this virtue can be defended. Yet the greatest value of engaging with this ideal may lie in the very space for debate it opens and in persuading us that this debate is worthwhile.
The Stoics on Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada
Published: October 2019

After Plato’s Forms, and Aristotle’s substances, the Stoics posit the fundamental reality of lekta, the meanings of sentences, distinct from the sentences themselves. It is the first time in the tradition of Western philosophy that what is signified is properly distinguished from signs and signifiers. This book explores the many implications of this distinction which gives an existential autonomy to lekta. Language can only ever express meanings, but what happens to meanings which are there, ready to be said but which are never actually expressed? The book analyses the deep shift in ontological paradigm required by the presence of lekta in reality. A unique, complex, and consistent cosmic view is revealed in which the lekta are the keystones of the structure of reality. This means that we cannot not speak or think in terms of lekta, and for this reason, they are all there is to say. The Stoic position has ignited many fiery debates in antiquity and in modern times. The Stoics were the first to be concerned with questions about language and grammar, and the first to put the relation of language to reality at the heart of the enquiry into human understanding, and the place of man in the cosmos. These questions remain central to this day in life and philosophy.
Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada
Published: October 2019

The focus of this chapter is on the sense of ‘saying’ that grounds the notion of a lekton. A first point of reference is identified in Plato’s Sophist and the distinction made there between naming and saying. The Stoics take this first distinction further by distinguishing saying from uttering, relying on the initial distinction they make between signifiers and things signified. The result is that the lekton, as that which is said, is shown to be removed from linguistic concerns. Whether it is ever uttered or not, the lekton is that which can be said, and as such is there to be said. Saying has thus more to do with ontology than with language. But language in the rational cosmos is by its very nature a reflection of ontological structure, and so all that language has to express is what constitutes that structure, namely lekta. The Stoics thus risk falling into a circularity which could trivialize their view. The critiques, ancient and modern, are assessed, from the talking parrot to the question of whether we can think without language, and the question of the unity of the lekton threatened by the plurality of words used to express it. The discussion straddles topics from the philosophy of mind, language, and metaphysics, laying out the foundations for a Stoic philosophy of language and grammar.
Lekta and the Foundations of a Theory of Language
Authors: Bronowski Ada
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the katēgorēma. It examines its relational nature as that which is always attributed to something else, showing that the katēgorēma is at the heart of a nuclear relation cementing the unity of every state-of-affairs in reality. Everything in reality is part of at least one relation of attribution, and therefore holds true of it, and of many which are false. The further claim is put forward that all katēgorēmata are already embedded within an axiōma in such a way that there are no incomplete lekta in reality. Incompleteness is put down to a question of language and different degrees of success in expressing what there is in reality to say. The infinitival and conjugated forms of the verbs are thus expressive only insofar as a complete lekton in reality is thereby, however partially, picked out. This introduces the question of the limits of a given language and whether translation is possible because the flexibility of one language is not paralleled in another. Three things are ‘yoked together’: the expression, the lekton, and the tunchanon, the last being an odd term for an even odder item: half and half between the case-ptōsis and the external object. This hybrid status, it is argued, results from the overlap between the ontological status of a lekton as subsisting or obtaining, and its subsequently being true or false.
‘Let history judge who was to blame’, 1990–1998
Authors: Scull Margaret M.
Published: October 2019

Individuals within the Church, rather than the institution as a whole, became the main negotiators for peace after the revelations of clerical child abuse in the early 1990s. Priests like Fathers Alec Reid, Gerry Reynolds, and Denis Faul worked privately to convince paramilitary groups to lay down their weapons. The Church hierarchy was forced into a defensive position in order to protect its reputation as a moral arbiter after the child abuse revelations. The institutional Catholic Church was no longer able to play a role in the peace process by this point. However, individual priests who fostered relationships with their Protestant counterparts continued to act as negotiators for an end to the conflict. The signing of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement marked one step in the peace process but after this point the Catholic Church had no influence on these policies.
Introduction
Authors: Scull Margaret M.
Published: October 2019

The introduction positions this book within the context of the existing historiography and provides a succinct survey of the various approaches previously employed to present and explain the behaviour of priests, women religious, and bishops during the conflict. It offers a brief overview of the relationship between Irish Catholicism and nationalism. Through an analysis of St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, the introduction traces the evolving nature of the Catholic Church in twentieth century Ireland. The introduction sets out a case for examining not just the Irish Catholic Church’s response to the conflict but that of the English and Welsh Catholic Church, arguing for an ‘entangled history’ approach. It explains the archival, oral, memoir, and newspaper sources examined for the monograph.
The ‘Social Warfare State’
Authors: Compton Mallory E.
Published: October 2019

The Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944, also called the GI Bill or the ‘New Deal for Veterans’, constituted one of the most expansive social policies in US history. In one deft move, a bi-partisan coalition passed a surprisingly and under-appreciatedly progressive social agenda providing training vouchers, family allowances, up to a year’s worth of transitional unemployment payments, and low-interest, federally guaranteed loans for homes, farms, and businesses to nearly 8 million citizens. Every Second World War military service member was made eligible, regardless of race or ethnicity. The bill extended access to higher education, social support, and homeownership to 75 per cent of the young male cohort in post-Second World War America. As a consequence, higher educational attainment grew by 20 per cent. More generally, the bill boosted social mobility, creating the ‘civic generation’. The policy was so successful and popular that it has been routinely expanded and renewed for veterans in the seventy years since. It endures as a core component of compensation for service members today.
Infrastructure Partnership Success in Southern California
Authors: Callahan Richard F.
Published: October 2019

The Alameda Corridor rail project became a tale of two cities: Los Angeles and Long Beach, California. It started as a story including each of the six cities in between. The Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority transformed a tangled web of rail lines, each owned and operated by three competing railroads, into one line. The new corridor created public value in eliminating grade rail crossing that backed up truck and car traffic in six mid-corridor cities, and through the reduction of air pollution emissions and groundwater contamination. The line moved the harbours from reliance on nineteenth-century rail technology to a twenty-first-century system aligned with the technology needed to compete in a globalized goods movement world. Public expense was significantly reduced as the line was built primarily with private sector debt financing, which was paid off by fees on private sector container cargo. The move to governance by only the cities of Long Beach and Los Angeles contained costs and kept the project on time to reduce the financial uncertainty that would have adversely affected the costs of borrowing. This efficient decision-making structure based on those with a financial stake in cost containment came at the expense of participation in decision-making by mid-corridor cities.
The Bank Culture Debate
Authors: Macartney Huw
Published: October 2019

Following the global financial crisis and repeated scandals, US and UK state managers made substantial efforts to reform the culture of their banking sectors. This book argues though that they focused on an extremely narrow definition of bank culture. They did so for two reasons: firstly, because the structural pressures of financialization—which are a far more important driver of the problematic features of bank culture in Anglo-America—are harder to remedy; but secondly, state managers also used their bank culture response to tackle a legitimacy crisis facing their institutions of government. In so doing they abdicated responsibility for the real problems—of inequality and instability—associated with their respective financial systems. Drawing on interviews with over 150 bankers this book explains the strategies employed by state managers before then examining what has and has not changed in the culture of banking in the US and UK.
What Has Changed
Authors: Macartney Huw
Published: October 2019

This chapter shows the impact that the narrower bank culture debate has had on life in the banks of Anglo-America. Using interview material and a range of official reports the chapter shows changes to risk-taking, performance-monitoring, compliance, and pay. It shows that culture and values certainly became central features in the rhetoric of the banks. But tangible, conduct-related improvements were also evident. Risk-taking was moderated, even though this may have just been a temporary change. New compliance monitoring measures certainly made the work environment more challenging for employees, and promoted a more cautious culture.
What Has Not Changed
Authors: Macartney Huw
Published: October 2019

This chapter begins by explaining that financialization since the financial crisis has continued. The chapter then shows how the real culture of banking has not changed as a result. It examines the business models of the largest Anglo-American banks and the impact of Quantitative Easing to show the disconnect between the banks and their respective economies. It then examines rising household indebtedness, and the lending practices of the banks that exploit the heavily indebted. Finally it explores pay in the financial sector, showing that fixed and variable remuneration remain out of proportion to the value-added of the banking sector, and disproportionately high compared to pay in most other sectors. The conclusion we should draw is that bank culture has actually changed very little.
The Political Foundations of Judicial Independence in Dictatorship and Democracy
Authors: Epperly Brad
Published: October 2019

This book argues that explaining judicial independence—considered the fundamental question of comparative law and politics—requires a perspective that spans the democracy/autocracy divide. Rather than seeking separate explanations in each regime context, in The Political Foundations of Judicial Independence in Dictatorship and Democracy, Brad Epperly argues that political competition is a salient factor in determining levels of de facto judicial independence across regime type, and indeed of greater import in autocracies. This is because a full “insurance” account of independence requires looking not only at the likelihood those in power might lose elections but also the variable risks associated with such an outcome, risks that are far higher for autocrats. First demonstrating that courts can and do provide insurance to former leaders, he then shows via exhaustive cross-national analyses that competition’s effects are far higher in autocratic regimes, providing the first evidence for the causal nature of the relationship. Epperly argues that these findings differ from existing case study research because in democratic regimes, a lack of political competition means incumbents target the de jure independence of courts. This argument is developed via in-depth case study of the Hungarian Constitutional Court after the country’s 2010 “constitutional revolution,” and then tested globally. Blending formal theory, observational and instrumental variables models, and elite interviews of leading Hungarian legal scholars and judges, Epperly offers a new framework for understanding judicial independence that integrates explanations of both de jure and de facto independence in both democratic and autocratic regimes.
Examining Insurance across Regime Type
Authors: Epperly Brad
Published: October 2019

Chapter 3 consists of direct tests of the empirical implications of the theoretical model forwarded in Chapter 1. It begins by revisiting the logic of insurance, specifically what it is about the electoral environment that should induce leaders to maintain or further judicial independence, addressing issues of concepts and measures at length. Panel models show that competition is strongly associated with de facto judicial independence in autocratic regimes, but less so in democratic. These results hold up not only accounting for potential confounding variables, but also against numerous competing explanations and further robustness checks. Recognizing that these analyses are purely observational, it argues for the appropriateness of two instruments of competition. Two-stage least squares models show the effectiveness of these instruments of competition, and offer the first attempt to assess the relationship between competition and independence in a causal manner. The results are strongly supportive of the theory of autocratic insurance, but far less so for democratic: the relationship between competition and independence in democracies, weak already in the linear models, becomes non-existent in the instrumental variables analysis.
Integrating De Jure Independence
Authors: Epperly Brad
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 addresses the disconnect between the results in Chapter 3 and existing case studies of competition and independence. It argues that in democracies, changes in the competitiveness of the electoral arena should primarily be associated changes in the formal, de jure provisions for courts. This is because the costs and benefits of infringing on de jure vs. de facto insurance vary across regime type. In democracies, the stronger effects of constitutionalism mean that flouting the rules has a greater likelihood of producing public backlash. The main test of this argument is an in-depth case study of the de jure attacks on the independence of the judiciary in Hungary after the 2010 election. This case study draws on extensive expert interviews with leading legal scholars, government officials, and Hungarian Constitutional Court justices. Recognizing that theories should be tested “out of sample” whenever possible, it ends by assessing the argument cross-nationally, and demonstrates that in democracies changing levels of competition are associated with changes in de jure rather than de facto independence.
Acting and Thinking
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: October 2019

This chapter has two main objectives. First, to defend the existence of a broad sense of action, which does not involve that anything is done intentionally, for instance, a reflex action. Such actions are simply causing something to happen. Secondly, to argue that, as opposed to thinking whether something is the case, occurrently thinking that something is the case, which is an actualization of the disposition of believing that it is the case, is not an action. Since these two claims are true, the broad sense of action and of thinking that something is the case can be employed in an account of acting intentionally for a reason which is reductionist in the sense of not using any concepts that are distinctive of action theory.
Reasoning about Means
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: October 2019

An advantage of using conditionals as the standard formula for reasons for action is that the conditional form can also be used to bring out the structure of reasons for belief—thus making possible a close comparison between these kinds of reasons and reasoning. It then becomes apparent that the direction of derivation is the reverse in the practical case when we reason our way to desiring sufficient means to an end from desiring the end to the theoretical case when we derive beliefs from sufficient conditions for their truth. This reversal reflects the opposite direction of fit of beliefs and desires. The implications of this account of reasoning with desires for the moral doctrine of the double effect and for reasoning with respect to emotions are briefly considered.
Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact
Authors: Benin Samuel
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines trends in public agricultural spending between 1961 and 2012 and disaggregates that spending into the cocoa and noncocoa sectors. The majority of total spending has gone into the cocoa subsector, while the noncocoa subsector, which includes all the country’s food staples, has been neglected. The government’s public spending on agriculture has fallen short of 10 percent of its total expenditure in most years since 1961, and in recent times the share has averaged only 2 to 3 percent, which is low even by African standards. The government has also spent relatively little on complementary investments in rural roads and other essential rural infrastructure. Econometric analyses then estimate the impact of public spending on agricultural productivity growth, insights into the marginal returns to public investments in the cocoa and noncocoa subsectors, and by type of public investment. This is followed by a discussion of some of the government’s recent attempts to promote noncocoa agricultural growth through several new subsidy and investment programs.
Successes
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel
Published: October 2019

The set of principles formulated in 1915-1918, and now collectively called the old quantum theory, were successfully applied to a number of problems in atomic and X-ray spectroscopy. The three most notable successes are all associated with the Munich school headed by Arnold Sommerfeld. First, there was the derivation of a relativistic fine-structure formula which predicted splittings of stationary state energies for orbits of varying eccentricity at a given principal quantum number. These splittings were empirically verified by Paschen for ionized helium, and constituted the first quantitative confirmation of the special relativistic mechanics introduced by Einstein a decade earlier. The relativistic fine-structure formula was also applied successfully to the splitting of lines in the X-ray spectra of atoms of widely varying atomic number. Finally, the principles of the old quantum theory (in particular, the use of Schwarzschild quantization in combination with Hamilton-Jacobi methods of classical mechanics) were successfully applied to explain the first order splitting spectral lines in the presence of an external electric field (Stark effect).
Time of Trial
Authors: Howard-Snyder Frances
Published: October 2019

Some philosophers have argued that value and modality might be such that even God, an omnipotent being, could be forced into a tragic dilemma where every available choice is wrong, and hence fail to be morally perfect. The short story, “Time of Trial,” imagines a young man, Seth, who, through no fault of his own, is forced into an intolerably difficult moral situation. If tragic choices imply that moral perfection is impossible, then Seth must act wrongly and lose his moral integrity. If not, then perhaps God can be the morally best possible being (perfect) even in such a universe.
Organic Unities, Summation, and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Lemos Noah
Published: October 2019

Many attempts to respond to the problem of evil appeal to the concept of an organic unity. The first part of Chapter 8 explains Roderick Chisholm’s views on organic unities, the concept of defeat, and how he thinks they bear on the problem of evil. The second part examines three prominent and recent objections to the principle of organic unities. Roughly, the objections are that (1) the principle of organic unities is incoherent, (2) it leads to “evaluative schizophrenia,” and (3) the examples that allegedly support it, do not, in fact, do so. It is argued that these objections give us no good reason to reject the principle of organic unities.
Unrestricted Actualization and Divine Providence
Authors: Langtry Bruce
Published: October 2019

Chapter 10 critiques Michael Almeida’s case for God’s having providential options involving unrestricted actualization. Almeida holds that as well as strong actualization and weak actualization, there are two other approaches to world-actualization open to God: restricted actualization and unrestricted actualization. The latter consists in God’s bringing about a finite person’s freely performing an undetermined action merely by God’s predicting it. The alleged availability of unrestricted actualization yields a novel libertarian account of divine providence, incorporating, for example, the thesis that necessarily God can actualize every morally perfect world, i.e., every world in which there are significantly free beings, each of whom performs morally significant actions and “goes right” with respect to each of them.
The Big Spenddown: Digital Investment Advice and Decumulation
Authors: Polansky Steven , Chandler Peter , Mottola Gary R.
Published: October 2019

Digital investment advice providers have traditionally focused on the process of assets accumulation. But as Baby Boomers and Gen Xers age, they will need to shift from accumulation to decumulation, and there is less agreement about how to manage payouts during retirement. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the development of digital investment advice services, followed by a review of the challenges of asset decumulation in retirement, many of which apply to both traditional and robo-advisors. Yet because robos operate primarily in a realm of electronic communications, they face a number of unique demands. The chapter briefly discusses the issues with which digital advice providers wrestle as they try to provide decumulation services for their clients and it ends by discussing implications for the robo marketplace.
Laurence Sterne in the Romantic Anthology
Authors: Britton Jeanne M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes the fictional forms by which Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey present confrontations between characters separated by differences of ethnicity, race, and species, particularly in episodes that were frequently republished in popular anthologies. Around the turn of the nineteenth century, readers encountered a version of Sterne’s sentimental fiction that is incompatible with a critical consensus about his novels. While Sterne has been understood to base subject-formation on the appropriation of another’s sentiments through the experience of sympathy, popular anthologized forms of his works, by contrast, emphasize emotional disturbance and preclude the return to a stable, narrating self. Anthologized versions of Sterne mobilize aspects of his original works—the structure of the frame tale, an interest in giving voice to figures of radical difference (including animals and former slaves), and the experience of shared affect and narrative—and specify Romantic-era fiction’s revision of sympathy.
Novelistic Sympathy in Frankenstein
Authors: Britton Jeanne M.
Published: October 2019

In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, a pivotal scene shows the monster weeping together with the Arabian Safie over the fate of Native Americans. The monster embodies an unrecognizable difference that Shelley’s novelistic model of sympathy seeks to accommodate through acts of vicarious narration, and his telling and transcription of Safie’s story are not only the structural center of the novel’s narrative levels but also the conceptual pivot of Shelley’s reformulation of sympathy. Frankenstein explicitly puts forth the genre of the novel as compensation for the impossibility of sympathetic experience. Throughout this novel, moments of narration, transcription, and transmission consistently intersect with experiences of sympathy, which produce the impetus for narrative to be both told and recorded. The shifts in perspective around which Smith centers his definition become, in Shelley’s novelistic sympathy, acts of narrative framing and novel-writing that attempt to overcome difference that defies classification.
Coda
Authors: Britton Jeanne M.
Published: October 2019

The coda explores the relationship between the framed narratives discussed in previous chapters and free indirect discourse. Fiction’s redefinition of sympathy arises from the attempt to represent, in the first person, the experience of being another person. Through grammars and structures of vicarious narrative, one character tells another’s story after a shift in perspective. Similar modifications of perspective characterize free indirect discourse, which often follows the cognitive patterns that Smith identifies in the workings of sympathetic response. The similarities between vicarious narratives and free indirect discourse betray a fundamental aspect of the novel—a pervasive interest in witnessing the attempt to uncover and inhabit another person’s present emotional state and past lived experience. Shifts in narrative levels that are indexed by strained experiences of sympathy, however, show how novelistic structures, and fiction itself, can stand in for human sympathies in their absence.
Asset-Liability Management
Authors: Shin Hyun Song
Published: October 2019

Life insurers and pension funds have obligations to policy holders and beneficiaries and hold fixed income assets to meet those obligations. Asset-liability management matches the duration of assets to duration of liabilities to minimise risks from interest rate changes. However, this rule can lead to upward sloping demand curves for fixed income assets and can lead to overshooting of long-term interest rates.
Case of Northern Rock
Authors: Shin Hyun Song
Published: October 2019

The UK bank Northern Rock suffered a bank run in 2007. Withdrawal of retail deposits was covered extensively in the media, but Northern Rock’s failure was due to the silent run on wholesale funding in the summer of 2007 that preceded the retail depositor run. The securitisation vehicles of Northern Rock left it particularly vulnerable to the deleveraging by wholesale creditors in 2007, and poses many pertinent questions for the management of financial risks in an era when banking and capital markets are intertwined.
Charter Schools
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: October 2019

Whatever is good about market society at its observable, realistic best boils down to the bilateral right to say no. Whatever is good about market society boils down to how well it works as a way of institutionalizing an expectation that people will respect each other as self-owners. At the other end of the realistic spectrum, markets at their observable worst are heavily subsidized, with products that over time become increasingly expensive and obsolete. This indefensible variation on the theme of market logic operates in many industries, including publicly funded and publicly delivered systems of education.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Brighouse Harry
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 will set out the assumptions behind the argument, and the theoretical framework within which it is made. Chapter 2 will set out and argue for a set of aims for an education system. Chapter 3 will outline the extent to which markets already, and unavoidably, play a role in the way educational opportunities are created and allocated. Chapter 4 provides first a theoretical argument that a fully marketized system is unlikely to further the aims outlined in chapter 2, and then an argument, grounded in careful consideration of the existing empirical research, that recent market reforms have not, in fact, furthered those aims. Chapter 5 outlines a sketch of some more promising reforms.
How to Improve Education
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines and proposes alternative measures aimed at making schooling more efficient and improving schooling for less advantaged and lower achieving students. Out of school measures would include: reducing child poverty, improving child healthcare provision, and improving pre- and postnatal nursing and medical care access for poor children. School-based measures would include improving early childhood education provision, offering better preparation for teachers and principals and reducing the barriers for teachers becoming principals, establishing an infrastructure that supports continuous improvement in teaching and learning, rewarding and supporting good teaching, and changing funding arrangements so that more resources are targeted to lower-income students.
Intertheoretic Reduction
Authors: Sprenger Jan , Hartmann Stephan
Published: October 2019

We reconsider the Generalized Nagel-Schaffner (GNS) model of reduction and argue that, contrary to a widely held view, it is the right analysis of intertheoretic reduction. In particular, it provides a convincing analysis of the reductive relationship between statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Then we proceed to a Bayesian analysis of the epistemic value of reduction, showing that intertheoretic (GNS) reduction facilitates flow of confirmation between the reducing and the reduced theory. Specifically, we show that evidence which prior to reduction supported only one of the theories, comes to support the other theory as well. Moreover, a successful reduction increases both the prior and posterior probability of the conjunction of both theories.
Scientific Objectivity
Authors: Sprenger Jan , Hartmann Stephan
Published: October 2019

Subjective Bayesianism is often criticized for a lack of objectivity: (i) it opens the door to the influence of values and biases, (ii) evidence judgments can vary substantially between scientists, (iii) it is not suited for informing policy decisions. We rebut these concerns by bridging the debates on scientific objectivity and Bayesian inference in statistics. First, we show that the above concerns arise equally for frequentist statistical inference. Second, we argue that the involved senses of objectivity are epistemically inert. Third, we show that Subjective Bayesianism promotes other, epistemically relevant senses of scientific objectivity—most notably by increasing the transparency of scientific reasoning.
Employer-mandated obstructive sleep apnea treatment and healthcare cost savings among truckers
Authors: Burks Stephen V , Anderson Jon E , Panda Bibhudutta , Haider Rebecca , Ginader Tim , Sandback Nicole , Pokutnaya Darya , Toso Derek , Hughes Natalie , Haider Humza S , Brockman Resa , Toll Alice , Solberg Nicholas , Eklund Jesse , Cagle Michael , Hickman Jeffery S , Mabry Erin , Berger Mark , Czeisler Charles A , Kales Stefanos N
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate the effect of an employer-mandated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis and treatment program on non-OSA-program trucker medical insurance claim costs.

Methods

Retrospective cohort analysis; cohorts constructed by matching (randomly, with replacement) Screen-positive Controls (drivers with insurance screened as likely to have OSA, but not yet diagnosed) with Diagnosed drivers (n = 1,516; cases = 1,224, OSA Negatives = 292), on two factors affecting exposure to medical claims: experience level at hire and weeks of job tenure at the Diagnosed driver’s polysomnogram (PSG) date (the “matching date”). All cases received auto-adjusting positive airway pressure (APAP) treatment and were grouped by objective treatment adherence data: any “Positive Adherence” (n = 932) versus “No Adherence” (n = 292). Bootstrap resampling produced a difference-in-differences estimate of aggregate non-OSA-program medical insurance claim cost savings for 100 Diagnosed drivers as compared to 100 Screen-positive Controls before and after the PSG/matching date, over an 18-month period. A two-part multivariate statistical model was used to set exposures and demographics/anthropometrics equal across sub-groups, and to generate a difference-in-differences comparison across periods that identified the effect of OSA treatment on per-member per-month (PMPM) costs of an individual driver, separately from cost differences associated with adherence choice.

Results

Eighteen-month non-OSA-program medical claim costs savings from diagnosing (and treating as required) 100 Screen-positive Controls: $153,042 (95% CI: −$5,352, $330,525). Model-estimated effect of treatment on those adhering to APAP: −$441 PMPM (95% CI: −$861, −$21).

Conclusions

Results suggest a carrier-based mandatory OSA program generates substantial savings in non-OSA-program medical insurance claim costs.
Dealing with data protection in practice—considerations for trustees
Authors: Buckle Paul
Published: October 2019

This article, the second of two on data protection and trusts, considers the non-access-related challenges that trustees might encounter in practice.