bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phases of Small Worlds: A Mean Field Formulation
Authors: Jackson Andrew D. , Patil Subodh P.
Published: October 2022

A network is said to have the properties of a small world if a suitably defined average distance between any two nodes is proportional to the logarithm of the number of nodes,N. In this paper, we present a novel derivation of the small-world property for Gilbert–Erdös–Renyi random networks. We employ a mean field approximation that permits the analytic derivation of the distribution of shortest paths that exhibits logarithmic scaling away from the phase transition, inferable via a suitably interpreted order parameter. We begin by framing the problem in generality with a formal generating functional for undirected weighted random graphs with arbitrary disorder, recovering the result that the free energy associated with an ensemble of Gilbert graphs corresponds to a system of non-interacting fermions identified with the edge states. We then present a mean field solution for this model and extend it to more general realizations of network randomness. For a two family class of stochastic block models that we refer to as dimorphic networks, which allow for links within the different families to be drawn from two independent discrete probability distributions, we find the mean field approximation maps onto a spin chain combinatorial problem and again yields useful approximate analytic expressions for mean path lengths. Dimorophic networks exhibit a richer phase structure, where distinct small world regimes separate in analogy to the spinodal decomposition of a fluid. We find that is it possible to induce small world behavior in sub-networks that by themselves would not be in the small-world regime.
Molecular dynamics simulation of polypropylene: diffusion and sorption of H2O, H2O2, H2, O2 and determination of the glass transition temperature
Authors: Deckers Fabian , Rasim Karsten , Schröder Christian
Published: October 2022

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the canonical (NVT) and the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble using COMPASS III molecular force fields were performed to study the penetrant diffusion of water (H2O), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2) in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and hydrogen (H2) in iPP and atactic polypropylene (aPP) for time intervals up to 11 ns and in the case of H2O2 up to 22 ns. We found robust cluster formation in the case of H2O and H2O2. Further, the diffusion coefficients for all these systems were estimated by mean-square displacement analysis. Our results are consistent with previously published experimental and computational data except for the diffusion of H2 in polypropylene where our results are one and two orders of magnitude higher, respectively. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were used to determine the sorption loading and saturation concentration of H2O, O2 and H2 in iPP, where we find good agreement for H2O with experimental results. By means of MD simulation the glass transition temperature (Tg) of iPP was estimated to 273.66 ± 4.21 K which is consistent with previously published experimental results.
Fault estimation and fault tolerant control for interval type-2 Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems via membership-function-dependent approach
Authors: Zhou Hongying , Lam Hak-Keung , Xiao Bo
Published: October 2022

This paper investigates the fault estimation (FE)-based fault tolerant control (FTC) technique to achieve the desired control performance for the nonlinear systems suffering from uncertainties, external disturbance and actuator faults using the interval type-2 (IT2) Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model. In this work, an IT2 fuzzy observer is built to simultaneously estimate both the system states and actuator faults, upon which a fault tolerant controller is proposed to guarantee the asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system with a prescribed$$H_{\infty }$$H∞performance level. Considering the bidirectional robustness interactions between the observer and FTC system, an integrated design technique is developed to address observer and FTC units together in one step to realize the required robustness within the whole closed-loop FTC system. By utilizing Lyapunov stability theory combined with the matrix inequality convexification techniques, a membership-function-dependent (MFD) FTC strategy is proposed where the information of membership functions is taken into account in the analysis for relaxation of the stability conditions. Additionally, to offer greater design flexibility and lower implementation cost to the fault tolerant controller, the imperfect premise matching (IPM) scheme is adopted, such that the premise membership functions of the fault tolerant controller can be chosen differently from those of IT2 fuzzy model. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed FTC strategy.
Sign of the Times: Legal Persons, Digitality and the Impact on Personal Autonomy
Authors: Englezos Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Today, data and intervening digital media provide critical lines of communication with our social and business connections. Even those we know personally will typically connect to us via digital means. As a consequence, data and the digital space add a third dimension to the individual: we are now mind, body and digitality. This essay considers how digitality affects outcomes for the individual by exploring the mechanisms of digital influence. By using Peirce’s theory of semiosis to explain the process of digital translation, this essay demonstrates how digitality influences the development of the individual, undermines personal autonomy and changes the nature of legal personhood thereby providing points for future legal intervention.
Comparison of two turbulence parameterisations for the simulation of the concentration variance dispersion
Authors: Ferrero Enrico , Alessandrini Stefano , Meech Scott , Rozoff Christopher , Oettl Dietmar
Published: October 2022

In this work, we compare two different parameterisations for the wind velocity–component standard deviations. The first one is the (Hanna 1982) parameterisation, while the second is the (Scire et al. 2000) parameterisation, which provide the proper values and vertical structure for the wind standard deviations in the convective, neutral and stable layers, needed as input the Lagrangian stochastic model SPRAYWEB. The results of the model simulations carried out using the two parameterisations are compared, in terms of both mean concentration and concentration standard deviation, by evaluating some statistical indexes and trough scatter- and qq-plots.
Co-offending networks among members of outlaw motorcycle gangs across types of crime
Authors: Bright David , Sadewo Giovanni , Cubitt Timothy I. C. , Dowling Christopher , Morgan Anthony
Published: October 2022

Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) have become synonymous with organised crime through engagement in criminal activities including illicit drug production and distribution, firearms trafficking, and serious violent crime. These crimes contribute significant social and economic harms in countries that feature a presence from these groups. The current paper uses network analytics to analyse the extent of co-offending within and across established clubs in Australia, including the relative involvement of senior, or office bearing, members. The majority of affiliates in this sample co-offended with another OMCG affiliate within the sample period, with office bearers, members, nominees and associates represented proportionally among co-offending networks to in the sample at large. However, within these clubs, criminal activities were conducted in small cliques or components of affiliates. This research supports the role of OMCGs as important facilitators of crime, and the role of co-offending in the criminal offending of affiliates. The findings hold important implications for understanding how offending is organised among OMCGs, differences between groups, differing levels of engagement from the club hierarchy.
Plasmazellen als Blaupause für die moderne Biopharmakaherstellung
Authors: Zeh Nikolas , Raab Nadja , Otte Kerstin
Published: October 2022

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the workhorse for industrial production of biotherapeutics, like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). They are derived from ovarian tissue and therefore not specialized for the production of therapeutic mAbs. Contrastingly, plasma cells of the immune system are evolutionary specialized for high-end mAb synthesis. Taking nature as blueprint, we compared naturally specialized plasma cells to CHO cells, by big-data omic analyses, to improve industrial CHO cells.
Antikörperkonjugate — Präzisionswerkzeuge mit grenzenloser Vielfalt
Authors: Schwach Jonathan , Stengl Andreas
Published: October 2022

Antibody conjugates are a prime example of Aristotle’s famous quote: “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”. Connecting the antibody’s high binding specificity with molecules such as toxins, dyes and nucleic acids opens the doors wide to a world of high precision molecules with high versatility. In this article, we outline the concept of antibody conjugates, describe why the conjugation method matters and introduce two prominent examples that have made their way into the clinic and research labs.
A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021
Authors: Meng Yonggang , Xu Jun , Ma Liran , Jin Zhongmin , Prakash Braham , Ma Tianbao , Wang Wenzhong
Published: October 2022

Around 1,000 peer-reviewed papers were selected from 3,450 articles published during 2020–2021, and reviewed as the representative advances in tribology research worldwide. The survey highlights the development in lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology, providing a show window of the achievements of recent fundamental and application researches in the field of tribology.
India’s date with second demographic transition
Authors: Visaria Leela
Published: October 2022

Using data from various sources, this paper discusses the recently documented below replacement level fertility in India in the context of the universality of marriage of girls, most of which are arranged by the parents, and increase in their mean age at marriage, mainly due to decrease in child marriage. There is virtually no increase in divorce rate, cohabitation, or voluntary childlessness, except for some anecdotal evidence from metro cities. The paper shows that the transition to small family in India is not due to cultural shifts towards post-modern attitudes and norms that accept and stress individuality and self-actualization. It is largely due to high aspirations among urban middle-class parents for children which can be fulfilled when they have one or at most two children in view of the rising cost of private English medium education and health care.
Effects of axial loading on dynamic response of laterally loaded single piles in liquefiable layered soil of Kolkata city considering nonlinearity of soil
Authors: Mallick Monirul , Mandal Kalyan Kumar , Sahu Ramendu Bikas
Published: October 2022

In the present study, an advanced nonlinear finite-element based 3D numerical study has been carried out to investigate the effects of axial loading on dynamic response of soil-pile system in liquefiable layered soil deposits of Kolkata city. An advanced soil constitutive law based on multi-yield surface plasticity model implemented in fully-coupled u-p formulation is adopted for soil-fluid interaction and pore water pressure development reasonably. The present model is validated with the past experimental results. Then, a detailed systematic parametric study is performed for numerical simulation of pile failures in layered soil deposit under axial loading by taking into account various soil conditions, pile and ground motion parameters. It is seen that the depth of liquefaction (DL) is decreased from 11.5 to 1.5 m adjacent to the pile when the axial load on pile increases from 0 to 1327 kN. Parametric studies also reveal that the bending moment response of pile under axial loading can be higher in non-liquefiable condition, with reference to the liquefiable condition. The peak lateral displacement decreases by 83.2% in non-liquefiable condition and 60.71% in liquefiable condition due to decrease of axial load from 1327 to 0 kN. Also, peak bending moment developed in the pile decreases by 97.2% in non-liquefiable condition and 82.7% in liquefiable condition when the axial load reduces from 1327 to 0 kN. So, the designer should be considered both extreme scenarios for safe and economical design. Also, it is noticed that the buckling capacity of pile is improved significantly by using larger diameter pile and the bending capacity is increased by selecting higher grade of concrete. It is concluded that the bending and buckling failure mode may be avoided by selecting a suitable combination of material strength and pile geometry.
What is the Optimal Way to Give Thanks? Comparing the Effects of Gratitude Expressed Privately, One-to-One via Text, or Publicly on Social Media
Authors: Walsh Lisa C. , Regan Annie , Twenge Jean M. , Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: October 2022

Numerous investigations to date have established the benefits of expressing gratitude for improved psychological well-being and interpersonal relationships. Nevertheless, the social dynamics of gratitude remain understudied. Do the effects of gratitude differ when it is expressed privately, communicated directly to the benefactor one-to-one, or shared publicly? We tested this question in a preregistered intervention study. An ethnically and economically diverse sample of undergraduate students (N = 916) was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: (1) write gratitude letters and do not share them (private gratitude), (2) share gratitude one-to-one with benefactors via text (1-to-1 gratitude), (3) share gratitude publicly on social media (public gratitude), or (4) track daily activities (control). Participants were asked to complete their assigned activity four times with different people (as applicable) over the course of about a week. Overall, participants assigned to any digital gratitude intervention experienced improvements in state gratitude, positive emotions, negative emotions, elevation, connectedness, support, and loneliness, relative to controls. Relative to all other conditions, participants assigned to text their benefactors showed the biggest boosts in social connectedness and support. Our findings show that easily scalable digital gratitude interventions can advance the well-being of young college students.
Characterization of Iron-Rich Phyllosilicates Formed at Different Fe/Si Ratios
Authors: Dzene Liva , Dutournie Patrick , Brendle Jocelyne , Limousy Lionel , Le Meins Jean-Marc , Michelin Laure , Vidal Loïc , Gree Simon , Abdelmoula Mustapha , Martin Christelle , Michau Nicolas
Published: October 2022

The formation of 2:1 and 1:1 phyllosilicates in Fe–Si–O–H systems occurs in various geological and engineering settings; however, the identification and characterization of these minerals is very challenging due to the limited amount that is accessible, the very small particle size, and often the large degree of heterogeneity of these samples. To overcome these drawbacks, the synthesis of iron-rich phyllosilicates was attempted in this study with an initial Fe/Si molar ratio ranging from 0.50 to 2.33. The synthesis was performed at 150°C under hydrothermal conditions over a period of 7 days. Synthesis products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, by infrared, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and by transmission electron microscopy. Results revealed that the stability field of the 2:1 clay mineral was wider than that of the 1:1 clay mineral. The 2:1 clay mineral was less sensitive to redox conditions compared to the 1:1 clay mineral. In addition, a heterogeneity of phases formed (iron oxides, nontronite, cronstedtite, or greenalite) was identified.
What is in a Meter? A Qualitative Exploration into the Implementation of Electricity Metering Across Mumbai Communities Using Normalisation Process Theory
Authors: Waller Gillian , Crosbie Tracey , Newbury-Birch Dorothy , Bandyopadhyay Santanu , Ghanem Dana Abi , Jana Arnab , Pillai Gobind G. , Krishna Priya G. S. , Sarkar Ahana , Thomas Neenu , Diba Parisa , Divers Andy
Published: October 2022

Metering is fundamental in the efficient operation of electricity networks, as meters facilitate controlled usage and improve health and well-being. However, across the Global South, meters have often been found to be lacking or not fit for purpose. Therefore, this study sought to determine residents’ perceptions and access to electricity metering across a community in Mumbai, with the goal of developing recommendations to support the implementation of meters in the future. Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone, with participants from different areas and socioeconomic classes, within Greater Mumbai. The sample consisted of 20 low-income, 20 middle-income, and 10 high-income participants. The Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) was used to inform the interview schedule and to organise the thematic analysis. Meter accessibility and location was variable across the participant groups, as was the education and awareness of metering technology. Socio-political factors were found to directly affect the use of meters, specifically in the low-income group. The high cost associated with metering was a prominent finding; with a preconception that introducing meters would only increase utility expenditure. Future work should focus around ensuring meters are easy to use, practical and accessible to all residents and supporting education programmes around how to use a meter and how they can reduce utility expenditure. The cost of meters should also be investigated, to establish that the costs, associated with introducing new meters, are not passed disproportionately to consumers.
Analysis on the high-quality development of nuclear energy under the goal of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality
Authors: Chen Ronghua , Su G. H. , Zhang Kui
Published: October 2022

Striving to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality (known as the "Dual-Carbon" goal) is an inevitable requirement for elevating the environmental resource constraints and realizing harmonious coexistence between the mankind and the earth. In the energy system, nuclear energy offers various advantages, such as high energy density, low carbon emission, strong environmental adaptability and large potential for energy co-generation and co-supply. It is one of the supporting energy sources for the transformation and upgradation of the energy system to a clean, efficient and low-carbon way. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges for innovation-driven nuclear energy development in the fields of electricity generation, hydrogen production, heat supply and seawater desalination under the goal of "Dual-Carbon" are discussed and analyzed. Besides, the relevant research on improving the safety and economy of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) conducted by the Nuclear THermal–hydraulic research Lab (NuTHeL) of Xi’an Jiaotong University is briefly introduced.
Numerical Solution of Reaction–Diffusion Equations with Convergence Analysis
Authors: Heidari M. , Ghovatmand M. , Skandari M. H. Noori , Baleanu D.
Published: October 2022

In this manuscript, we implement a spectral collocation method to find the solution of the reaction–diffusion equation with some initial and boundary conditions. We approximate the solution of equation by using a two-dimensional interpolating polynomial dependent to the Legendre–Gauss–Lobatto collocation points. We fully show that the achieved approximate solutions are convergent to the exact solution when the number of collocation points increases. We demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the method by providing four numerical examples and comparing them with other available methods.
Evaluation of surface mass-balance records using geodetic data and physically-based modelling, Place and Peyto glaciers, western Canada
Authors: Mukherjee Kriti , Menounos Brian , Shea Joseph , Mortezapour Marzieh , Ednie Mark , Demuth Michael N
Published: October 2022

Reliable, long-term records of glacier mass change are invaluable to the glaciological and climate-change communities and used to assess the importance of glacier wastage on streamflow. Here we evaluate the in-situ observations of glacier mass change for Place (1982–2020) and Peyto glaciers (1983–2020) in western Canada. We use geodetic mass balance to calibrate a physically-based mass-balance model coupled with an ice dynamics routine. We find large discrepancies between the glaciological and geodetic records for the periods 1987–1993 (Place) and 2001–2006 (Peyto). Over the period of observations, the exclusion of ice dynamics in the model increased simulated cumulative mass change by ~10.6 (24%) and 7.1 (21%) m w.e. for Place and Peyto glacier, respectively. Cumulative mass loss using geodetic, modelled and glaciological approaches are respectively − 30.5 ± 4.5, − 32.0 ± 3.6, − 29.7 ± 3.6 m w.e. for Peyto Glacier (1982–2017) and − 45.9 ± 5.2, − 43.1 ± 3.1, − 38.4 ± 5.1 m w.e. for Place Glacier (1981–2019). Based on discrepancies noted in the mass-balance records for certain decades (e.g. 1990s), we caution the community if these data are to be used for hydrological model development.
Agency and Nation-State Making in Latin American History
Authors: Mahoney James
Published: October 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

Bandits and Liberals, Rebels and Saints: Latin America since Independence. By Alan Knight. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. Pp. xvi + 423. $35.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781496229786.

Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America. By Sebastián Mazzuca. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 448. $50.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780300248951.

Republics of Knowledge: Nations of the Future in Latin America. By Nicola Miller. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020. Pp. ix + 304. $42.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780691176758.

The Mexican Revolution’s Wake: The Making of a Political System, 1920–1929. By Sarah Osten. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 290. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108401289.

Five Republics and One Tradition: A History of Constitutionalism in Chile, 1810–2020. By Pablo Ruiz-Tagle. Translated by Ana Luisa Goldsmith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. x + 314. $110.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108835312.

Liberalism as Utopia: The Rise and Fall of Legal Rule in Post-colonial Mexico, 1820–1900. By Timo H. Schaefer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. x + 248. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316640784.

A Woman, a Man, a Nation: Mariquita Sánchez, Juan Manuel de Rosas, and the Beginnings of Argentina. By Jeffrey M. Shumway. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019. Pp. xvii + 334. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826360908.

Los juegos de la política: Las independencias hispanoamericanas frente a la contrarrevolución. By Marcela Ternavasio. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2021. Pp. 264. Arg$1,720 paperback. ISBN: 9789878010809.

A Life Together: Lucas Alamán and Mexico, 1792–1853. By Eric Van Young. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 833. $50.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780300233919.
Genetic characterization and population structure analysis among different horticultural groups of muskmelon (Cucumis meloL.) using microsatellite markers
Authors: Saha Koushik , Choudhary Harshawardhan , Munshi A. D. , Singh Dharmendra
Published: October 2022

Muskmelon, which is an important cucurbit of the tropical and subtropical region of the world, shows great diversity, with six different botanical or horticultural groups and fifteen varietal groups. In this study, a total of fifty (50) simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 46 muskmelon accessions of different horticultural or varietal groups. Thirty-eight (38) of the fifty SSR markers were highly polymorphic. A total of 99 alleles were generated by the polymorphic markers, with an average of 2.06 alleles per loci. Heterozygosity among accessions for individual loci varied from 0.00 to 0.21, with the highest (0.21) reported for the CMCTN71 marker. The gene diversity and polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied between 0.08 to 0.72 and 0.07 to 0.67, with an average of 0.47 and 0.38, respectively. The primer that showed the highest gene diversity and PIC values was DM0913. The unweighted pair-group method for arithmetic average (UPGMA)-based dendrogram classified all the 46 accessions into two major clusters. Population structure analysis classified 46 muskmelon accessions into 2 subpopulations. The subpopulation I contained 29 accessions from thecantalupensisgroup, and subpopulation II contained 17 accessions frommomordica,inodorusandconomongroups, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that 18 and 68% of variance was due to subpopulations and differences among individuals, respectively. The present study supports the existence of sufficient variation among musk melon genetic resources in India, and their classification based on molecular markers will be helpful to accelerate the breeding programme for specific traits.
Why is there property? A response to Professor Wilson
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: October 2022

A critical response to Bart Wilson's (2022) theory of property, focusing on his assertion of a final cause in the evolution of property. It argues that while Darwin's great achievement was to remove final causes from earthly evolution and thus move the question of how biological life is organized from theology to science, Wilson's apparent restoration of a final cause to the evolution of property would move the question of how social life is organized from science back to theology, a clear step backward.
Interpreting Ecological Calendars for the Public Through Exhibits, Art, and Education
Authors: Skelly Sonja M. , Fiorello Sarah , Potter Jay , Sun Werner , Hull Siobhan
Published: October 2022

This article describes the process educators at Cornell Botanic Gardens undertook to interpret the Ecological Calendar research project for public audiences. An ecological calendar is a way of keeping track of seasonal changes in a habitat. Many communities use and have used such calendars to coordinate their subsistence activities based on these seasonal events. Using interpretive and design planning processes, educators developed an exhibition in the Gardens' welcome center to help the visiting public understand what ecological calendars are, how they are used by communities most impacted by climate change, and their great potential for use by people around the world to adapt to increasing uncertainty associated with changes such as the increase in extreme weather events. To further help the public understand ecological calendars, two artists were invited to create art installations as part of the whole exhibition based on the research and knowledge from participating communities. Finally, project team members worked with educators to develop an environmental education activity that could be used at the Gardens and in primary and secondary schools to educate students about the value of ecological calendars and how to create them. The team was invited to submit a summary of their exhibition development process to this journal, as part of this special issue and to describe the process they took to communicate the ecological calendar research to a public audience. The process, which included an interdisciplinary team of scientists, Indigenous community members, artists, and educators' emphasized co‐creation and the benefits of including multiple voices and viewpoints. It also describes interpretation—a purposeful approach to communication that facilitates meaning and understanding—and offers an example of how this discipline can be used by the scientific community to help convey their work to public audiences.
The Unintended Benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program for Air Quality
Authors: Becker Douglas A. , Maas Alexander , Bayham Jude , Crooks James
Published: October 2022

The link between agriculture and air pollution is well‐established, as are the benefits of the US Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). However, little research has linked CRP to air quality directly. This study aims to address this gap by modeling the relationship between CRP and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at the county level from 2001 to 2016. Several econometric models are estimated with panel data while controlling for drought, population, and wildfire. Results show that CRP has a statistically significant negative effect on PM2.5 concentrations. Using estimates from this model, we project an avoided 1,353 deaths, 1,687 deaths, and 3,022 deaths nationally in 2008 relative to three different counterfactual scenarios: all CRP acreage placed under cultivation, increased drought, and a combination of the first two. The value of the avoided mortality is estimated to be $9.5 billion, $11.8 billion, and $21.2 billion, respectively. These findings provide evidence that CRP may generate economic gains in terms of avoided mortality, well above the cost of the program.
Intensification and Dynamics of the Westward Equatorial Undercurrent During the Summers of 1998 and 2016 in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Huang Ke , Wang Dongxiao , Chen Gengxin , Nagura Motoki , Han Weiqing , McPhaden Michael J. , Feng Ming , Chen Ju , Wu Ying , Zhang Xiaolin , Li Yuanlong , Xie Qiang , Wang Weiqiang , Zhou Feng
Published: October 2022

Using mooring observations and reanalysis, we show that anomalously strong westward Equatorial Undercurrent (wEUC) developed in June–July in 2016 and 1998 in the Indian Ocean, which coincided with extreme Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño events. Simulations show that equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves were excited by winds associated with El Niño and positive IOD events during 2015 and 1997, and their negative phases during 2016 and 1998. The constructive relationship between the delayed‐time contributions of eastern‐boundary‐reflected‐waves that excited by the easterlies in 2015 and 1997 and the direct contributions of wind‐forced‐waves that excited by the westerlies in 2016 and 1998 resulted in the intensified wEUC. Slow intermediate‐order baroclinic‐modes, rather than fast low‐order baroclinic‐modes, dominated the strong wEUC. The eastern‐boundary‐reflected‐waves dominated in 1997–1998 and directly wind‐forced‐waves dominated in 2015–2016. Our results emphasize the importance of constructive interactions of the directly‐wind‐forced and boundary‐reflected waves in driving the interannual variability of Indian Ocean wEUC.
Chronicle of Processes Leading to the 2018 Eruption at Mt. Etna As Inferred by Seismic Ambient Noise Along With Geophysical and Geochemical Observables
Authors: Büyükakpınar Pınar , Cannata Andrea , Cannavò Flavio , Carbone Daniele , De Plaen Raphael S. M. , Di Grazia Giuseppe , King Thomas , Lecocq Thomas , Liuzzo Marco , Salerno Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

This work analyzes temporal variations of seismic velocities at Mt. Etna from August 2018 to February 2019. During this time period, a strong flank eruption accompanied by intense seismicity and ground deformation took place along a fracture that opened on 24 December 2018 at the base of the New South‐East summit crater. Furthermore, two moderate earthquakes—the 6 October 2018 ML 4.7 and 26 December 2018 ML 4.8—associated with the volcanic activity were recorded. In this study, we computed cross‐correlation functions (CCFs) between windows of seismic ambient noise to identify seismic velocity variations within the volcano edifice. We calculated daily CCFs at 16 stations for 120 interstation pairs using the vertical component in the 1.0–1.5 Hz frequency band. We observe that dv/v starts to decrease rapidly from the beginning of October 2018 and reaches approximately −0.45% in the pre‐eruption period. The spatio‐temporal distribution of seismic velocities shows that the reduction of dv/v mostly occurs in the vicinity of the summit and close to the flank area and is interpreted to be affected by magmatic intrusion at 0–3 km depth. To infer the source mechanism of this eruption, we compared these observations with volcano‐tectonic earthquakes, volcanic tremor, volcanic degassing, gravity, and ground deformation data. Our study suggests that a relationship between magma intrusion and associated crack opening is responsible for the decrease of dv/v.
A 28-day, 2-year study reveals that adolescents are more fatigued and distressed on days with greater NO2 and CO air pollution
Authors: Armstrong-Carter Emma , Fuligni Andrew J. , Wu Xiao , Gonzales Nancy , Telzer Eva H.
Published: October 2022

This 2-year, 28-day study examined whether adolescents felt greater fatigue and emotional distress the same day and the day after air quality was worse. We linked objective daily air quality measurements to daily self-reports from 422 Mexican–American adolescents in Los Angeles County, California from 2009 to 2011 (50% girls, MAge = 15 years). A robust, within-subject analysis of 9696 observations revealed that adolescents with ongoing physical complaints reported greater fatigue and emotional distress on days that the air contained higher levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Regardless of physical complaints, adolescents on average also reported greater fatigue the day after NO2 levels were higher. The same-day and next-day associations between air pollution and distress were mediated via daily increases in fatigue. Results were robust when controlling for day of the week, and daily temperature and humidity. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), PM2.5 and PM10 were not related to daily fatigue or distress.
Transcription profiling of feline mammary carcinomas and derived cell lines reveals biomarkers and drug targets associated with metabolic and cell cycle pathways
Authors: Granados-Soler José Luis , Taher Leila , Beck Julia , Bornemann-Kolatzki Kirsten , Brenig Bertram , Nerschbach Verena , Ferreira Fernando , Junginger Johannes , Hewicker-Trautwein Marion , Murua Escobar Hugo , Nolte Ingo
Published: October 2022

The molecular heterogeneity of feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) represents a prognostic and therapeutic challenge. RNA-Seq-based comparative transcriptomic profiling serves to identify recurrent and exclusive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across sample types and molecular subtypes. Using mass-parallel RNA-Seq, we identified DEGs and performed comparative function-based analysis across 15 tumours (four basal-like triple-negative [TN], eight normal-like TN, and three luminal BfHER2 negative [LBfHER2−]), two cell lines (CL, TiHo-0906, and TiHo-1403) isolated from the primary tumours (LBfHER2−) of two cats included in this study, and 13 healthy mammary tissue controls. DEGs in tumours were predominantly upregulated; dysregulation of CLs transcriptome was more extensive, including mostly downregulated genes. Cell-cycle and metabolic-related DEGs were upregulated in both tumours and CLs, including therapeutically-targetable cell cycle regulators (e.g.CCNB1,CCNB2,CDK1,CDK4,GTSE1,MCM4, andMCM5), metabolic-related genes (e.g.FADS2andSLC16A3), heat-shock proteins (e.g.HSPH1, HSP90B1, andHSPA5), genes controlling centrosome disjunction (e.g.RACGAP1andNEK2), and collagen molecules (e.g.COL2A1). DEGs specifically upregulated in basal-like TN tumours were involved in antigen processing and presentation, in normal-like TN tumours encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and in LBfHER2− tumours were associated with lysosomes, phagosomes, and endosomes formation. Downregulated DEGs in CLs were associated with structural and signalling cell surface components. Hence, our results suggest that upregulation of genes enhancing proliferation and metabolism is a common feature among FMCs and derived CLs. In contrast, the dissimilarities observed in dysregulation of membrane components highlight CLs’ disconnection with the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, recurrent and exclusive DEGs associated with dysregulated pathways might be useful for the development of prognostically and therapeutically-relevant targeted panels.
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection has a distinct epidemiological position and acts as a marker for overall hospital-acquired infection trends
Authors: Samia Noelle I. , Robicsek Ari , Heesterbeek Hans , Peterson Lance R.
Published: October 2022

An ongoing healthcare debate is whether controlling hospital-acquired infection (HAI) from methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) will result in lowering the global HAI rate, or if MRSA will simply be replaced by another pathogen and there will be no change in overall disease burden. With surges in drug-resistant hospital-acquired pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic, this remains an important issue. Using a dataset of more than 1 million patients in 51 acute care facilities across the USA, and with the aid of a threshold model that models the nonlinearity in outbreaks of diseases, we show that MRSA is additive to the total burden of HAI, with a distinct ‘epidemiological position’, and does not simply replace other microbes causing HAI. Critically, as MRSA is reduced it is not replaced by another pathogen(s) but rather lowers the overall HAI burden. The analysis also shows that control of MRSA is a benchmark for how well all non-S. aureusnosocomial infections in the same hospital are prevented. Our results are highly relevant to healthcare epidemiologists and policy makers when assessing the impact of MRSA on hospitalized patients. These findings further stress the major importance of MRSA as a unique cause of nosocomial infections, as well as its pivotal role as a biomarker in demonstrating the measured efficacy (or lack thereof) of an organization’s Infection Control program.
Interference patterns in ionization of Kramers–Henneberger atom
Authors: Ivanov I. A. , Kheifets A. S. , Kim Kyung Taec
Published: October 2022

We combine IR pump and XUV probe laser pulses to visualize the Kramers–Henneberger (KH) state of the potassium atom. We demonstrate that ionization of such an atom exhibits some molecular-like features such as low order interference maxima in photoelectron momentum spectra. The locations of these maxima allow to estimate spatial dimensions of the KH atom and can be used for accurate calibration of high intensity laser fields. At the same time, we show that an analogy between the KH atom and a homo-nuclear diatomic molecule cannot be extended too far. In particular, higher order interference maxima are very difficult to observe in the case of the KH state. We attribute this to a particular structure of the KH potential which does not confine electron motion to a well-defined potential well unlike in real diatomic molecules.
Where is the unpaired electron density? A combined experimental and theoretical finding on the geometric and electronic structures of the Co(iii) and Mn(iv) complexes of the unsymmetrical non-innocent pincer ONS ligand
Authors: Sarkar Prasenjit , Sarmah Amrit , Mukherjee Chandan
Published: October 2022

The geometry and electronic structures of the Co and Mn complexes of the pincer H3LONS ligand composed of both hard and soft donor atoms at the coordinating sites are reported.
Advanced approaches of developing targeted covalent drugs
Authors: Gai Conghao , Harnor Suzannah J. , Zhang Shihao , Cano Céline , Zhuang Chunlin , Zhao Qingjie
Published: October 2022

This review highlights developing strategies of covalent drug discovery and successful applications to address challenges of designing effective covalent drugs.
Effects of low work-function lanthanum oxides on stable electron field emissions from nanoscale emitters
Authors: Hayami Wataru , Tang Shuai , Tang Jie , Qin Lu-Chang
Published: October 2022

Lanthanum oxides stabilize nanoscale LaB6 electron field emitters and can serve as electron emitters with a low work function comparable to that of LaB6.
Critical review of RDoC approaches to the study of motivation with animal models: effort valuation/willingness to work
Authors: Salamone John D. , Correa Merce
Published: October 2022

The NIMH research domain criteria (RDoC) approach was instigated to refocus mental health research on the neural circuits that mediate psychological functions, with the idea that this would foster an understanding of the neural basis of specific psychiatric dysfunctions (i.e. ‘symptoms and circuits’) and ultimately facilitate treatment. As a general idea, this attempt to go beyond traditional diagnostic categories and focus on neural circuit dysfunctions related to specific symptoms spanning multiple disorders has many advantages. For example, motivational dysfunctions are present in multiple disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions. A critical aspect of motivation is effort valuation/willingness to work, and several clinical studies have identified alterations in effort-based decision making in various patient groups. In parallel, formal animal models focusing on the exertion of effort and effort-based decision making have been developed. This paper reviews the literature on models of effort-based motivational function in the context of a discussion of the RDoC approach, with an emphasis on the dissociable nature of distinct aspects of motivation. For example, conditions associated with depression and schizophrenia blunt the selection of high-effort activities as measured by several tasks in animal models (e.g. lever pressing, barrier climbing, wheel running). Nevertheless, these manipulations also leave fundamental aspects of hedonic reactivity, food motivation, and reinforcement intact. This pattern of effects demonstrates that the general emphasis of the RDoC on the specificity of the neural circuits mediating behavioral pathologies, and the dissociative nature of these dysfunctions, is a valid concept. Nevertheless, the specific placement of effort-related processes as simply a ‘sub-construct' of ‘reward processing' is empirically and conceptually problematic. Thus, while the RDoC is an excellent general framework for new ways to approach research and therapeutics, it still needs further refinement.
Using debris disk observations to infer substellar companions orbiting within or outside a parent planetesimal belt
Authors: Stuber T. A. , Löhne T. , Wolf S.
Published: October 2022

Context. Alongside a debris disk, substellar companions often exist in the same system. The companions influence the dust dynamics via their gravitational potential.

Aims. We analyze whether the effects of secular perturbations, originating from a substellar companion, on the dust dynamics can be investigated with spatially resolved observations.

Methods. We numerically simulated the collisional evolution of narrow and eccentric cold planetesimal belts around a star of spectral type A3 V that are secularly perturbed by a substellar companion that orbits either closer to or farther from the star than the belt. Our model requires a perturber on an eccentric orbit (e ≳ 0.3) that is both far from and more massive than the collisionally dominated belt around a luminous central star. Based on the resulting spatial dust distributions, we simulated spatially resolved maps of their surface brightness in the K, N, and Q bands and at wavelengths of 70 µm and 1300 µm.

Results. Assuming a nearby debris disk seen face-on, we find that the surface brightness distribution varies significantly with observing wavelength, for example between the N and Q band. This can be explained by the varying relative contribution of the emission of the smallest grains near the blowout limit. The orbits of both the small grains that form the halo and the large grains close to the parent belt precess due to the secular perturbations induced by a substellar companion orbiting inward of the belt. The halo, being composed of older grains, trails the belt. The magnitude of the trailing decreases with increasing perturber mass and hence with increasing strength of the perturbations. We recovered this trend in synthetic maps of surface brightness by fitting ellipses to lines of constant brightness. Systems with an outer perturber do not show a uniform halo precession since the orbits of small grains are strongly altered. We identified features of the brightness distributions suitable for distinguishing between systems with a potentially detectable inner or outer perturber, especially with a combined observation with JWST/MIRI in the Q band tracing small grain emission and with ALMA at millimeter wavelengths tracing the position of the parent planetesimal belt.
Are Am stars and hot-Jupiter planets related?
Authors: Saffe C. , Alacoria J. , Miquelarena P. , Petrucci R. , Arancibia M. Jaque , Angeloni R. , Martioli E. , Flores M. , Jofré E. , Collado A. , Gunella F.
Published: October 2022

Context. Metallic-lined A stars (Am stars) are often components of short-period binary systems, where tidal interactions would result in low rotational velocities and help to develop the chemical peculiarities observed. However, the origin of single Am stars and Am stars that belong to wide binary systems is unclear.

Aims. There is very recent evidence of an Am star hosting a likely synchronized hot brown dwarf (hot BD) and other possible Am stars hosting hot Jupiter planets. Following literature suggestions, we wonder if these hot low-mass companions could play a role in the development of an Am star, that is to say, if they could help to mitigate the “single Am” problem.

Methods. We carried out a detailed abundance determination via spectral synthesis of 19 early-type stars hosting hot BDs and hot Jupiter planets, in order to determine the possible presence of Am stars in this sample. The abundances were determined iteratively for 25 different species by fitting synthetic spectra using the SYNTHE program together with local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) ATLAS12 model atmospheres. The abundances of C I, O I, and Mg I were corrected by non-LTE effects. The complete chemical patterns of the stars were then compared to those of Am stars and other chemically peculiar stars.

Results. We studied a sample of 19 early-type stars, seven of them hosting hot BDs and 12 of them hosting hot Jupiter planets. We detected four Am stars in our sample (KELT-19A, KELT-17, HATS-70, and TOI-503) and two possible Am stars (TOI-681 and HAT-P-69). In particular, we detected the new Am star HATS-70, which hosts a hot BD, and we ruled out this class for the hot Jupiter host, WASP-189. Both stars show a different composition than previously reported. For the first time, we estimated the incidence of Am stars among stars hosting hot BDs (50−75%) and among stars hosting hot Jupiters (20−42%). The incidence of Am stars hosting hot BDs has shown to be higher than the frequency of Am stars in general. This would imply that the presence of hot BDs could play a role in the development of Am stars and possibly help to mitigate the single Am problem, which is different for the case of hot Jupiter planets. Notably, these results also indicate that the search for hot BDs may benefit from the targeting of single Am stars or Am stars in wide binary systems. We encourage the analysis of additional early-type stars hosting hot companions in order to improve the significance of the initial trends found here.