bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capturing Disruptions to Food Availability After Disasters: Assessing the Food Environment Following Hurricanes Florence and María
Authors: Clay Lauren A. , Slotter Rachel , Heath Britta , Lange (Leach) Veronica , Colón-Ramos Uriyoán
Published: June 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to describe the results of food environment assessments completed after Hurricane Florence in North Carolina (2018) and Hurricane María in Puerto Rico (2017), and provide recommendations for assessing disaster food environments.

Methods:

Adapted structured observation protocols were used to conduct rapid assessments of the availability, price, and quality of specific foods in retail markets.

Results:

In both settings, unhealthful food items (soda, chips, fruit-flavored drinks) and milk were widely available and at lower prices than domestic averages. The adapted instrument in Puerto Rico allowed for documentation of greater availability of canned items compared with fresh or frozen foods. In both settings, researchers noted the inability of the instrument to document items that are important to assess postdisaster: ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat foods; food preparation facilities and supplies; hygiene supplies; and empty shelf-space.

Conclusions:

The instruments, despite their limitations, were able to capture food availability issues in postdisaster environments. Future instrument adaptation is necessary to capture availability of all major food groups, healthful and unhealthful options, shelf-stable, ready-to-eat, and ready-to-heat foods versus other formats (fresh, frozen), and cooking and hygiene supplies.
Regional security dialogues in Europe and in Asia: The role of Track 1.5 forums in the practice of international security
Authors: Longhini Anna , Zimmerman Erin
Published: June 2021

The term regional security dialogue brings to mind state-organised conferences and events; however, an under-appreciated subset of such dialogues are organised by non-state actors that have unique formal aspects. These quasi-formal dialogues operate alongside, and sometimes in competition to, state-sanctioned processes. Why do some of these forums appear to be more effective at fostering regional dialogue than strictly formal or informal processes with the same goals? Drawing from heterogenous discourse approaches, we address this question by identifying and expanding the concept of the quality of discursive space, as a key feature for the success of security dialogues. We then apply this concept to two of the most successful so-called Track 1.5 security dialogues: the Munich Security Conference (MSC) in Europe and the Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) in Asia. We analyse these cases using a mix of interviews with participants and organisers, participant observation, and public outputs with the aim of improving the understanding of the role and impact of Track 1.5 diplomacy in the practice of international security. Our findings highlight that it is what we call the quality of discursive space, as a mix of different components in this space, which differentiates effective dialogues from mere policy ‘talk shops’.
Georgia v. Russia (II) (Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber))
Authors: Cerna Christina M.
Published: June 2021

Georgia v. Russia (II) is only the first judgment since Bankovic in which the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has examined the question of jurisdiction in an interstate case involving military operations in the context of an international armed conflict (IAC).
Effect of surfactant on the linear stability of a shear-imposed fluid flowing down a compliant substrate
Authors: Samanta Arghya
Published: June 2021

We study the linear stability of a surfactant-laden shear-imposed fluid flowing down a compliant substrate. The aim is to extend the earlier and recent studies (Carpenter & Garrad,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 155, 1985, pp. 465–510; Alexanderet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2020, A40) in the presence of insoluble surfactant when an external streamwise imposed shear stress acts at the fluid surface. In other words, the current study expands the earlier study (Wei,Phys. Fluids, vol. 17, 2005, 012103) in the presence of a flexible substrate. The Orr–Sommerfeld-type boundary value problem is derived and solved by using the long-wave series expansion as well as the Chebyshev spectral collocation method for disturbances of arbitrary wavenumbers. The long-wave result reveals the existence of two dominant temporal modes, the so-called surface mode and surfactant mode, where the surface mode propagates faster than the surfactant mode. It is found that the surface mode can be stabilized by introducing an insoluble surfactant at the fluid surface even though the spring stiffness$C_K$keeps a lower value than its critical value$C_K^*$. But the imposed shear stress exhibits a dual role in the surface mode in two different regimes of spring stiffness$C_K$, i.e. a stabilizing effect when$C_K< C_K^*$and a destabilizing effect when$C_K>C_K^*$. Further, the surfactant mode becomes more unstable with the increasing values of spring stiffness$C_K$and damping coefficient$C_D$. On the other hand, the numerical result in the arbitrary wavenumber regime reveals the existence of subcritical instability induced by the surface mode. Furthermore, a different temporal mode, the so-called wall mode, appears in the finite wavenumber regime for special values of$C_K$and$C_D$, which becomes weaker with increasing values of the wall parameters$C_K$,$C_D$,$C_B$and$C_T$, but becomes stronger with increasing values of the inclination angle$\theta$and wall parameter$C_I$. Moreover, the temporal growth rate associated with the wall mode enhances with the increasing value of the Marangoni number but attenuates with the increasing value of imposed shear stress. In addition, another temporal mode, the so-called shear mode, emerges in the finite wavenumber regime when the Reynolds number is high and the inclination angle is small. The unstable region generated by the shear mode magnifies with the increasing value of the imposed shear stress but decays with the increasing value of Marangoni number. Further, the shear mode becomes more unstable as soon as the spring stiffness$C_K$and damping coefficient$C_D$increase.
Microstructures in a shear margin: Jarvis Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Gerbi Christopher , Mills Stephanie , Clavette Renée , Campbell Seth , Bernsen Steven , Clemens-Sewall David , Lee Ian , Hawley Robert , Kreutz Karl , Hruby Kate
Published: June 2021

Microstructures, including crystallographic fabric, within the margin of streaming ice can exert strong control on flow dynamics. To characterize a natural setting, we retrieved three cores, two of which reached bed, from the flank of Jarvis Glacier, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska. The core sites lie ~1 km downstream of the source, with abundant water present in the extracted cores and at the base of the glacier. All cores exhibit dipping layers, a combination of debris bands and bubble-free domains. Grain sizes coarsen on average approaching the lateral margin. Crystallographic orientations are more clustered and withc-axes closer to horizontal nearer the lateral margin. The measured fabric is sufficiently weak to induce little mechanical anisotropy, but the data suggest that despite the challenging conditions of warm ice, abundant water and a short flow distance, many aspects of the microstructure, including measurable crystallographic fabric, evolved in systematic ways.
MORE ON FRÉCHET–URYSOHN IDEALS
Authors: FERREIRA SALVADOR GARCÍA , GUZMÁN OSVALDO
Published: June 2021

We study the Rudin–Keisler pre-order on Fréchet–Urysohn ideals on
$\omega $
. We solve three open questions posed by S. García-Ferreira and J. E. Rivera-Gómez in the articles [5] and [6] by establishing the following results:

•

For every AD family
$\mathcal {A},$
there is an AD family
$\mathcal {B}$
such that
$\mathcal {A}^{\perp } <_{{\textsf {RK}}}\mathcal {B}^{\perp }.$

•

If
$\mathcal {A}$
is a nowhere MAD family of size
$\mathfrak {c}$
then there is a nowhere MAD family
$\mathcal {B}$
such that
$\mathcal {I}\left (\mathcal {A}\right ) $
and
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}\right ) $
are Rudin–Keisler incomparable.

•

There is a family
$\left \{ \mathcal {B}_{\alpha }\mid \alpha \in \mathfrak {c}\right \} $
of nowhere MAD families such that if
$\alpha \neq \beta $
, then
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}_{\alpha }\right ) $
and
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}_{\beta }\right ) $
are Rudin–Keisler incomparable.

Here
$\mathcal {I}(\mathcal {A})$
denotes the ideal generated by an AD family
$\mathcal {A}$
.

In the context of hyperspaces with the Vietoris topology, for a Fréchet–Urysohn-filter
$\mathcal {F}$
we let
$\mathcal {S}_{c}\left ( \mathcal {\xi }\left ( \mathcal {F}\right ) \right ) $
be the hyperspace of nontrivial convergent sequences of the space consisting of
$\omega $
as discrete subset and only one accumulation point
$\mathcal {F}$
whose neighborhoods are the elements of
$\mathcal {F}$
together with the singleton
$\{\mathcal {F}\}$
. For a FU-filter
$\mathcal {F}$
we show that the following are equivalent:

•

$\mathcal {F}$
is a FUF-filter.

•

$\mathcal {S}_{c}\left ( \mathcal {\xi }\left ( \mathcal {F} \right ) \right ) $
is Baire.
MÜNCHHAUSEN PROVABILITY
Authors: JOOSTEN JOOST J.
Published: June 2021

By Solovay’s celebrated completeness result [31] on formal provability we know that the provability logic
${\textbf {GL}}$
describes exactly all provable structural properties for any sound and strong enough arithmetical theory with a decidable axiomatisation. Japaridze generalised this result in [22] by considering a polymodal version
${\mathsf {GLP}}$
of
${\textbf {GL}}$
with modalities
$[n]$
for each natural number n referring to ever increasing notions of provability. Modern treatments of
${\mathsf {GLP}}$
tend to interpret the
$[n]$
provability notion as “provable in a base theory T together with all true
$\Pi ^0_n$
formulas as oracles.” In this paper we generalise this interpretation into the transfinite. In order to do so, a main difficulty to overcome is to generalise the syntactical characterisations of the oracle formulas of complexity
$\Pi ^0_n$
to the hyper-arithmetical hierarchy. The paper exploits the fact that provability is
$\Sigma ^0_1$
complete and that similar results hold for stronger provability notions. As such, the oracle sentences to define provability at level
$\alpha $
will recursively be taken to be consistency statements at lower levels: provability through provability whence the name of the paper. The paper proves soundness and completeness for the proposed interpretation for a wide class of theories, namely for any theory that can formalise the recursion described above and that has some further very natural properties. Some remarks are provided on how the recursion can be formalised into second order arithmetic and on lowering the proof-theoretical strength of these systems of second order arithmetic.
WEAK CANONICAL BASES IN NSOP THEORIES
Authors: KIM BYUNGHAN
Published: June 2021

We study the notion of weak canonical bases in an NSOP
$_{1}$
theory T with existence. Given
$p(x)=\operatorname {tp}(c/B)$
where
$B=\operatorname {acl}(B)$
in
${\mathcal M}^{\operatorname {eq}}\models T^{\operatorname {eq}}$
, the weak canonical base of p is the smallest algebraically closed subset of B over which p does not Kim-fork. With this aim we firstly show that the transitive closure
$\approx $
of collinearity of an indiscernible sequence is type-definable. Secondly, we prove that given a total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequence I in p, the weak canonical base of
$\operatorname {tp}(I/B)$
is
$\operatorname {acl}(e)$
, if the hyperimaginary
$I/\approx $
is eliminable to e, a sequence of imaginaries. We also supply a couple of criteria for when the weak canonical base of p exists. In particular the weak canonical base of p is (if exists) the intersection of the weak canonical bases of all total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequences in p over B. However, while we investigate some examples, we point out that given two weak canonical bases of total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequences in p need not be interalgebraic, contrary to the case of simple theories. Lastly we suggest an independence relation relying on weak canonical bases, when T has those. The relation, satisfying transitivity and base monotonicity, might be useful in further studies on NSOP
$_1$
theories .
Masks and racial stereotypes in a pandemic: the case for surgical masks
Authors: Christiani Leah , Clark Christopher J. , Greene Steven , Hetherington Marc J. , Wager Emily M.
Published: June 2021

To contain the spread of COVID-19, experts emphasize the importance of wearing masks. Unfortunately, this practice may put black people at elevated risk for being seen as potential threats by some Americans. In this study, we evaluate whether and how different types of masks affect perceptions of black and white male models. We find that non-black respondents perceive a black male model as more threatening and less trustworthy when he is wearing a bandana or a cloth mask than when he is not wearing his face covering—especially those respondents who score above average in racial resentment, a common measure of racial bias. When he is wearing a surgical mask, however, they do not perceive him as more threatening or less trustworthy. Further, it is not that non-black respondents find bandana and cloth masks problematic in general. In fact, the white model in our study is perceived more positively when he is wearing all types of face coverings. Although mandated mask wearing is an ostensibly race-neutral policy, our findings demonstrate the potential implications are not.
Black Women's Groups, Life Narratives, and the Construction of the Self in Late Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: White Jessica
Published: June 2021

Black British women's centres and groups evolved out of black women's combined exclusion from male-dominated anti-racist activism and the resurgent feminist movement of the late 1960s. And yet, despite their stable presence in many of Britain's inner cities, black women's centres and groups, and the lives of the women who forged them, have evaded historical interrogation. This article explores how black women's centres provided women with the space and time to nurture their personal experiences of sexism and racism, achieve a sense of self-sufficiency, and celebrate their heritage, which placed every member on a path towards self-discovery. This centring of the black female self was not, as black male activists believed, set on undermining the Black liberation movement, but was considered as a vital tool in the overarching mission to defeat white global supremacy. Drawing on a collection of oral history interviews, this article explores how black female activists constructed a sense of self that turned away from the homogenizing white gaze of post-war Britain. Teasing out the complexities around black female activism, selfhood, and memory, this article contributes substantially to the growing body of literature on late twentieth-century black British history.
Demarcating Contextualism and Contrastivism
Authors: Bebb Jon
Published: June 2021

In this paper I argue that there is a significant but often overlooked metaphysical distinction to be made between contextualism and contrastivism. The orthodox view is that contrastivism is merely a form of contextualism. This is a mistake. The contextualist view is incompatible with certain naturalist claims about the metaphysical nature of concepts within whichever domain is being investigated, while the contrastivist viewiscompatible with these claims. So, choosing one view over the other will involve choosing to affirm or deny a significant metaphysical claim. As such, a demarcation ought to be put in place between contextualism and contrastivism.
The effect of second-language orthographic input on the phonological encoding of Mandarin words
Authors: Hao Yen-Chen , Yang Chung-Lin Martin
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have yielded mixed findings regarding the effect of familiar and novel L2 graphemes on learners’ phonological encoding. The current study investigated this topic by comparing the effect of Pinyin and Chinese characters on English speakers’ Mandarin word learning. Different from previous research, this study examined both segmental and tonal encoding and compared participants from different Mandarin proficiency levels. Seventeen Advanced learners, 29 Intermediate learners, and 21 Naïve English speakers participated in a word-learning experiment in which half of the participants were exposed to the Pinyin spelling of the target words while the other half to characters. After the learning phase, they did a meaning – auditory stimulus matching task. Half of the stimuli were complete matches, while in the other half the stimulus mismatched the target either in segments or tones. The results revealed that at the Advanced level, the Character group was more accurate than the Pinyin group in rejecting tonal mismatches to the target words, while the opposite tendency was observed at the Naïve level. This study suggests that novel graphemes facilitate advanced L2 learners’ tonal encoding more than familiar graphemes, which is probably due to the unique nature of Chinese characters.
Integrating primary care and public health to enhance response to a pandemic
Authors: Kinder Karen , Bazemore Andrew , Taylor Melina , Mannie Cristina , Strydom Stefan , George Joe , Goodyear-Smith Felicity
Published: June 2021

Primary health care (PHC) includes both primary care (PC) and essential public health (PH) functions. While much is written about the need to coordinate these two aspects, successful integration remains elusive in many countries. Furthermore, the current global pandemic has highlighted many gaps in a well-integrated PHC approach. Four key actions have been recognized as important for effective integration.

A survey of PC stakeholders (clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers) from 111 countries revealed many of the challenges encountered when facing the pandemic without a coordinated effort between PC and PH functions. Participants’ responses to open-ended questions underscored how each of the key actions could have been strengthened in their country and are potential factors to why a strong PC system may not have contributed to reduced mortality.

By integrating PC and PH greater capacity to respond to emergencies may be possible if the synergies gained by harmonizing the two are realized.
Effective and meaningful participation or limited participation? A study of South African health committee legislation
Authors: Haricharan Hanne Jensen , Stuttaford Maria , London Leslie
Published: June 2021

Background:

Health committees are participatory structures providing community input in health systems. Community participation is a critical tenant in the Alma-Ata Declaration and the Right to Health. In South Africa, national and provincial legislation provides for health committees to be established at all primary health care facilities.

Aims:

This paper aims to analyze whether the Western Cape Health Facility Boards and Committees Act (2016) is likely to result in effective and meaningful participation consistent with a Primary Health Care (PHC) and human rights approach to participation. The paper also explores whether the provincial Act addresses challenges identified in practice.

Methods:

The methods consist of an analysis of the Western Cape Health Facility Boards and Committees Act, which is then compared to the international PHC and human rights approach to participation. Findings from an explorative mixed-methods study with health committees in Cape Town are used to discuss whether the Act addresses shortcomings identified in practised participation.

Findings and analysis:

The paper found that the current legislation is unlikely to lead to effective and meaningful participation. First, the roles prescribed in the Act are narrowly defined. They resemble roles practised and are inconsistent with right-based and PHC frameworks. Second, though the Act provides support, which the empirical research demonstrates is necessary, the support is insufficient, and often contingent. Third, the Act conceptualizes health committees as structures appointed by the Provincial Minister of Health; a formation process likely to lead to structures that do not adequately represent community interests.

Conclusions:

The paper argues that the Western Cape legislation is unlikely to lead to effective and meaningful participation. It suggests using international PHC and human rights frameworks and national policy documents to restructure health committee participation in the Act and the National Health Insurance Bill.
Asian studies “inside-out”: a research agenda for the development of Global Asian Studies
Authors: Sato Jin , Sonoda Shigeto
Published: June 2021

New areas of research and education are emerging under the banner of Global Asian Studies (GAS). This paper examines the intellectual background of the rise of GAS and proposes a research agenda for the further development of GAS to facilitate the extraction of globally relevant findings with the potential to restore an intellectual foundation for connectedness in an increasingly divided world. The paper examines the ongoing repositioning of Asia studies in relation to the Asianization of Asian studies, new methodologies for a new era, the increasing importance of multi-lingual research, and theorizes the potential of area studies “inside-out” in relation to trends in and studies of globalization. Proposing four focal themes as a platform from which a new GAS may depart, this manifesto paper aims primarily to open up a discussion to eventually serve as a foundation for sustained research and education in the field of GAS.
Mapping a causal scheme of indicators in the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Siems Mathias
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 crisis has been accompanied by an extensive use of indicators, such as those related to COVID infections and deaths, but also a good number of COVID policy indicators. This paper discusses these indicators from the perspective of a legal scholar with an interest (and some expertise) in comparative law and empirical legal studies. This means that this paper does not engage in the details concerning epidemiological and medical issues of COVID infections and deaths. Rather, it focuses on two main issues: first, it develops and maps a general causal scheme of indicators and their underlying real-world phenomena in the COVID crisis; second, it shows how such a causal scheme has been, and can be, applied in comparative empirical legal research. Yet, it also notes the difficulties of proving causal relationships and some attempts to overcome them.
Inaugurating the “White Passage”: Art ‘76
Authors: Hera
Published: June 2021

Within an art exhibition, the disposition of space is fundamental in experiencing artworks. A study of the exhibition space as discourse enmeshes art within a framework of relationship and processes instead of viewing art as an isolated and autonomous object. This paper features the case study of Art ‘76, the inaugural exhibition of Singapore's first large-scale institution of art, the National Museum Art Gallery (NMAG). The NMAG's opening in 1976 had been much anticipated by artists and the art audience since the 1960s, it was also an important milestone in the National Museum of Singapore's process of modernisation and revitalisation. During Singapore's post-independent period, the National Museum began to redefine itself as a civic museum focussing on Singapore's history and culture, shifting away from its previous incarnation of a research-focused colonial institution, the Raffles Library and Museum. Singapore was not alone in exploring the role of modern art in nation-building, as neighbouring Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand also began to moot for their own institution of modern art around the same period of time. Art ‘76 and the NMAG represent a case of distinct spatial typology that arose out of unique institutional and socio-political dynamic in post-independent Singapore. In analysing the legacy as well as the relationships and contentions that shaped the spatial articulation of Art ‘76, this paper studies existing visual and oral archive, as well as critically evaluating the concepts of space as a subject of historical study.
Mobility-Related Behavioral Flexibility and Routines
Authors: Penger Susanne , Conrad Kerstin
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Few empirical studies have explored psychological attitudes toward out-of-home mobility in old age. We aimed to validate an instrument to assess mobility-related behavioral flexibility and routines in the context of everyday mobility and successful aging. Data were gathered from face-to-face interviews and travel diaries of 211 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65–92) in Germany. Analysis revealed sufficient reliability and confirmed the factorial and convergent validity of the instrument. Mobility-related behavioral flexibility predicted the number of daily trips, particularly by mobility-impaired participants, and was strongly linked to autonomy and to psychological well-being. However, a preference for routines predicted neither out-of-home mobility nor further outcomes. The results demonstrate the importance of mobility-related flexibility in maintaining an active and independent life in old age.
When the Action to Be Performed at the Stage of Retrieval Enacts Memory of Action Verbs
Authors: Brouillet Thibaut , Michalland Arthur-Henri , Martin Sophie , Brouillet Denis
Published: June 2021

Abstract. According to the embodied approach of language, concepts are grounded in sensorimotor mental states, and when we process language, the brain simulates some of the perceptions and actions that are involved when interacting with real objects. Moreover, several studies have highlighted that cognitive performances are dependent on the overlap between the motor action simulated and the motor action required by the task. On the other hand, in the field of memory, the role of action is under debate. The aim of this work was to show that performing an action at the stage of retrieval influences memory performance in a recognition task (experiment 1) and a cued recall task (experiment 2), even if the participants were never instructed to consider the implied action. The results highlighted an action-based memory effect at the retrieval stage. These findings contribute to the debate about the implication of motor system in action verb processing and its role for memory.
Ocean Reanalysis Data‐Driven Deep Learning Forecast for Sea Surface Multivariate in the South China Sea
Authors: Shao Qi , Hou Guangchao , Li Wei , Han Guijun , Liang Kangzhuang , Bai Yang
Published: June 2021

Most prediction models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are site‐specific and do not provide simultaneous spatial information similar to numerical schemes. Such ANNs do not account for the correlations across grid points or the dynamic balance among different variables, which is an obvious physical defect. Moreover, such methods generally perform well on a single scale, while the actual marine environmental variability is multiscale. To cope with these issues, a data‐driven hybrid model based on ocean reanalysis is developed. This model combines empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) with ANN (referred to as EOF‐CEEMD‐ANN). The results demonstrate that the EOF‐CEEMD‐ANN model is efficient for mid‐term predictions of sea surface multivariate including sea surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), and velocity (SSV) in the entire South China Sea (SCS) region. During the 30 days forecast window, the root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) of this model forecasts for SSH, SST, SSS, U, and V at the end of the forecast window are about 0.042 m, 0.52°C, 0.08 psu, 0.073 m/s, and 0.064 m/s, respectively, which are much smaller than those with persistence and optimal climatic normal (OCN) prediction. The anomaly correlation coefficients (ACCs) are approximately 0.75, 0.66, 0.73, 0.69, and 0.71, respectively. Case studies show that eddies and their evolutions can be simulated well by this model.
Effect of Diagenesis on Geomechanical Properties of Organic‐Rich Calcareous Shale: A Multiscale Investigation
Authors: Charlton T. S. , Goodarzi M. , Rouainia M. , Aplin A. C. , Cubillas P.
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the nano to core‐scale geomechanical properties of a maturity series of organic‐rich, calcareous shales buried to 100°C–180°C, with a focus on: (a) the mechanical properties of organic matter; (b) the elastic response and anisotropy of the shale composite at micro and core scale; and (c) the creep response. Atomic force microscopy was used to target kerogen at nanoscale resolution, and it was found that the elastic stiffness increased with thermal maturity from 5.8 GPa in an immature sample to 11.3 GPa in a mature sample. Nanoindentation testing of the shale matrix showed that diagenesis is a key factor in determining the bulk elasticity, with increasingly intense carbonate cementation at higher thermal maturities contributing to a stiffer response. A multiscale model was formulated to upscale the elastic properties from nanoscale solid clay minerals to a microcracked composite at core scale, with good predictions of the micro and core‐scale stiffness in comparison to indentation and triaxial results. A negative correlation was found between the creep modulus and clay/kerogen content, with greater creep displacement observed in nanoindentation tests in the immature clay‐ and kerogen‐rich sample compared to samples of higher thermal maturity.
Evolution of the Crustal and Upper Mantle Seismic Structure From 0–27 Ma in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43′S
Authors: Vaddineni Venkata A. , Singh Satish C. , Grevemeyer Ingo , Audhkhasi Pranav , Papenberg Cord
Published: June 2021

We present seismic tomographic results from a unique seismic refraction and wide‐angle survey along a 600 km long flow‐line corridor of oceanic lithosphere ranging in age from 0 to 27 Ma in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43′S. The velocities in the crust near the ridge axis rapidly increase in the first 6 Myr and then change gradually with age. The upper crust (Layer 2) thickness varies between 2 and 2.4 km with an average thickness of 2.2 km and the crustal thickness varies from 5.6 to 6 km along the profile with an average crustal thickness of 5.8 km. At some locations, we observe negative velocity anomalies (∼−0.3 km/s) in the lower crust which could be either due to chemical heterogeneity in gabbroic rocks and/or the effects of fault related deformation zones leading to an increase in porosities up to 1.6% depending on the pore/crack geometry. The existence of a low velocity anomaly beneath the ridge axis suggests the presence of partial melt (∼1.3%) in the lower crust. Upper mantle velocities also remain low (∼7.8 km/s) from ridge axis up to 5 Ma, indicating a high temperature regime associated with mantle melting zone underneath. These results suggest that the evolution of the crust and uppermost mantle at this location occur in the first 10 Ma of its formation and then remains unchanged. Most of the structures in the older crust and upper mantle are fossilized structures and could provide information about past processes at ocean spreading centers.
Persistent Multidecadal Variability Since the 15th Century in the Southern Barents Sea Derived From Annually Resolved Shell‐Based Records
Authors: Mette Madelyn J. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Retelle Michael J. , Carroll Michael L. , Andersson Carin , Ambrose William G.
Published: June 2021

In the North Atlantic Ocean, multidecadal variability in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the past several centuries has largely been inferred through terrestrial proxies and decadally resolved marine proxies. Annually resolved proxy records from marine archives provide valuable insight into this variability, but are especially rare from high latitude environments, particularly for centennial timescales. We constructed continuous, absolutely dated records of shell growth (1449–2014 CE; 564 years) and oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Oshell; 1539–2014 CE; 476 years) from shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica from coastal northern Norway, a location sensitive to large‐scale North Atlantic Ocean dynamics. An annual (January–December) SST reconstruction derived from δ18Oshell for the past five centuries suggests an increase of at least 2°C from the mid‐18th century to 2014. The SST reconstruction correlates significantly with instrumental records and with other proxy reconstructions in the southern Barents Sea region. Spectral analysis of the shell growth and isotope records supports evidence for Atlantic multidecadal variability (65–80 year periodicity) extending into polar and subpolar latitudes for the past five centuries. These results provide additional evidence that multidecadal variability in SSTs are a persistent feature of the North Atlantic marine system.
Sub‐City Scale Hourly Air Quality Forecasting by Combining Models, Satellite Observations, and Ground Measurements
Authors: Malings C. , Knowland K. E. , Keller C. A. , Cohn S. E.
Published: June 2021

While multiple information sources exist concerning surface‐level air pollution, no individual source simultaneously provides large‐scale spatial coverage, fine spatial and temporal resolution, and high accuracy. It is, therefore, necessary to integrate multiple data sources, using the strengths of each source to compensate for the weaknesses of others. In this study, we propose a method incorporating outputs of NASA’s GEOS Composition Forecasting model system with satellite information from the TROPOMI instrument and ground measurement data on surface concentrations. Although we use ground monitoring data from the Environmental Protection Agency network in the continental United States, the model and satellite data sources used have the potential to allow for global application. This method is demonstrated using surface measurements of nitrogen dioxide as a test case in regions surrounding five major US cities. The proposed method is assessed through cross‐validation against withheld ground monitoring sites. In these assessments, the proposed method demonstrates major improvements over two baseline approaches which use ground‐based measurements only. Results also indicate the potential for near‐term updating of forecasts based on recent ground measurements.
“Earth Cousins” Are New Targets for Planetary Materials Research
Authors: Kite Edwin , Kreidberg Laura , Schaefer Laura , Caracas Razvan , Hirschmann Marc
Published: June 2021

“Cousin” worlds—slightly bigger or slightly hotter than Earth—can help us understand planetary habitability, but we need more lab and numerical experiments to make the most of this opportunity.
On the Causes of the Slow Solar Wind: 1. The Solar Unipolar Induction Currents
Authors: Lee Lou‐Chuang , Akasofu Syun‐Ichi
Published: June 2021

The cause of the solar wind is sought on a large‐scale (J × B) force resulting from the solar unipolar induction current, rather than coronal heating and small‐scale processes in the corona. In this paper, we consider the unipolar induction system considered by Alfven (1981, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8374-8) the polar current (1.5 × 109 A) flowing out from the polar region of the sun spreads down longitudinally, which produces azimuthal magnetic fields. We considered two models, A and B. In Model A, the current spreads down fairly uniform in five divided regions of the heliosphere (rather than flowing only along the outer surface of the heliosphere). The resulting (J × B) force is mainly directed outward, causing an outward flow of the heliospheric plasmas. However, in this case, the speed at a distance of 1 AU is only 1 km/s, although the acceleration in each divided region is much greater than the solar gravity. In Model B, one third of the dynamo current is assumed to be concentrated in the area between 9.5  and 10.5  (where denotes the solar radius) and B = 10−6 T (103 nT) at 10 . The acceleration is estimated to be 1.4 × 102 m/s2 and the resulting speed at 1 AU is 200 km/s. Therefore, there is a possibility that the solar unipolar induction provides partially a new possibility for the cause of a slow, bulk flow of the solar wind.
A Reference Section Through Fast‐Spread Lower Oceanic Crust, Wadi Gideah, Samail Ophiolite (Sultanate of Oman): Insights From Crystallographic Preferred Orientations
Authors: Mock Dominik , Ildefonse Benoît , Müller Tim , Koepke Jürgen
Published: June 2021

We established a 5,000 m thick profile through the paleo lower oceanic crust of the Samail ophiolite (Sultanate of Oman, Wadi Gideah), in order to investigate accretion processes beneath fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges. The Samail ophiolite is regarded as best on‐land analog for fast‐spread oceanic crust, and Wadi Gideah allows sampling of the entire lower crust along the Wadi bed. Here, we provide microstructural constraints to lower crustal accretion beneath fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges, which reveal changing microstructures and fabrics with depth. Grain size coarsening occurs from the foliated to the layered gabbro section. A ∼350 m thick zone of gabbroic rocks from the profile top, interpreted as frozen fillings of the axial melt lens and defined as varitextured gabbros, shows intergranular textures without crystallographic preferred orientations. Rocks from the varitextured/foliated gabbro transition (∼500 m thick) and from the upper foliated gabbros (∼600 m) are foliated and lineated. The lineation is absent or very weak in the underlying ∼800 m thick lower foliated gabbros. In layered gabbros, the fabric gradually strengthens and becomes more lineated down section with local scattering at small spatial scales. This implies distinct accretion mechanisms in the deep and shallow plutonic crust. For the layered and lower foliated gabbros, our data suggest in‐situ crystallizing individual magma reservoirs. Dominant lineation in the upper foliated gabbros and the varitextured/foliated gabbro transition suggests vertically transported crystal‐laden melts or mushes being consistent with subsiding crystal mushes from the axial melt lens, and/or crystallizing upward migrating melt expelled from the crystal mush beneath.
Isolating Large‐Scale Smoke Impacts on Cloud and Precipitation Processes Over the Amazon With Convection Permitting Resolution
Authors: Herbert Ross , Stier Philip , Dagan Guy
Published: June 2021

Absorbing aerosol from biomass burning impacts the hydrological cycle and radiation fluxes both directly and indirectly via modifications to convective processes and cloud development. Using the ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic modelling framework in a regional configuration with 1,500 m convection‐permitting resolution, we isolate the response of the Amazonian atmosphere to biomass burning smoke via enhanced cloud droplet number concentrations Nd (aerosol‐cloud interactions; ACI) and changes to radiative fluxes (aerosol‐radiation interactions; ARI) over a period of 8 days. We decompose ARI into contributions from reduced shortwave radiation and localized heating of the smoke. We show ARI influences the formation and development of convective cells: surface cooling below the smoke drives suppression of convection that increases with smoke optical depth, while the elevated heating promotes initial suppression and subsequent intensification of convection overnight; a corresponding diurnal response (repeating temporal response day‐after‐day) from high precipitation rates is shown. Enhanced Nd (ACI) perturbs the bulk cloud properties and suppresses low‐to‐moderate precipitation rates. Both ACI and ARI result in enhanced high‐altitude ice clouds that have a strong positive longwave radiative effect. Changes to low‐cloud coverage (ARI) and albedo (ACI) drive an overall negative shortwave radiative effect, that slowly increases in magnitude due to a moistening of the boundary layer. The overall net radiative effect is dominated by the enhanced high‐altitude clouds, and is sensitive to the plume longevity. The considerable diurnal responses that we simulate cannot be observed by polar orbiting satellites widely used in previous work, highlighting the potential of geostationary satellites to observe large‐scale impacts of aerosols on clouds.
ATF3 contributes to brucine-triggered glioma cell ferroptosis via promotion of hydrogen peroxide and iron
Authors: Lu Shan , Wang Xuan-zhong , He Chuan , Wang Lei , Liang Shi-peng , Wang Chong-cheng , Li Chen , Luo Tian-fei , Feng Chun-sheng , Wang Zhen-chuan , Chi Guang-fan , Ge Peng-fei
Published: June 2021

Ferroptotic cell death is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation that is initiated by ferrous iron and H2O2 via Fenton reaction, in which the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) remains elusive. Brucine is a weak alkaline indole alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, which has shown potent antitumor activity against various tumors, including glioma. In this study, we showed that brucine inhibited glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo, which was paralleled by nuclear translocation of ATF3, lipid peroxidation, and increases of iron and H2O2. Furthermore, brucine-induced lipid peroxidation was inhibited or exacerbated when intracellular iron was chelated by deferoxamine (500 μM) or improved by ferric ammonium citrate (500 μM). Suppression of lipid peroxidation with lipophilic antioxidants ferrostatin-1 (50 μM) or liproxstatin-1 (30 μM) rescued brucine-induced glioma cell death. Moreover, knockdown of ATF3 prevented brucine-induced accumulation of iron and H2O2 and glioma cell death. We revealed that brucine induced ATF3 upregulation and translocation into nuclei via activation of ER stress. ATF3 promoted brucine-induced H2O2 accumulation via upregulating NOX4 and SOD1 to generate H2O2 on one hand, and downregulating catalase and xCT to prevent H2O2 degradation on the other hand. H2O2 then contributed to brucine-triggered iron increase and transferrin receptor upregulation, as well as lipid peroxidation. This was further verified by treating glioma cells with exogenous H2O2 alone. Moreover, H2O2 reversely exacerbated brucine-induced ER stress. Taken together, ATF3 contributes to brucine-induced glioma cell ferroptosis via increasing H2O2 and iron.
SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target
Authors: Xia Bingqing , Shen Xurui , He Yang , Pan Xiaoyan , Liu Feng-Liang , Wang Yi , Yang Feipu , Fang Sui , Wu Yan , Duan Zilei , Zuo Xiaoli , Xie Zhuqing , Jiang Xiangrui , Xu Ling , Chi Hao , Li Shuangqu , Meng Qian , Zhou Hu , Zhou Yubo , Cheng Xi , Xin Xiaoming , Jin Lin , Zhang Hai-Lin , Yu Dan-Dan , Li Ming-Hua , Feng Xiao-Li , Chen Jiekai , Jiang Hualiang , Xiao Gengfu , Zheng Yong-Tang , Zhang Lei-Ke , Shen Jingshan , Li Jia , Gao Zhaobing
Published: June 2021

Cytokine storm and multi-organ failure are the main causes of SARS-CoV-2-related death. However, the origin of excessive damages caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains largely unknown. Here we show that the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (2-E) protein alone is able to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like damages in vitro and in vivo. 2-E proteins were found to form a type of pH-sensitive cation channels in bilayer lipid membranes. As observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, heterologous expression of 2-E channels induced rapid cell death in various susceptible cell types and robust secretion of cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. Intravenous administration of purified 2-E protein into mice caused ARDS-like pathological damages in lung and spleen. A dominant negative mutation lowering 2-E channel activity attenuated cell death and SARS-CoV-2 production. Newly identified channel inhibitors exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and excellent cell protective activity in vitro and these activities were positively correlated with inhibition of 2-E channel. Importantly, prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the channel inhibitor effectively reduced both the viral load and secretion of inflammation cytokines in lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2). Our study supports that 2-E is a promising drug target against SARS-CoV-2.
Enhanced mechanosensing of cells in synthetic 3D matrix with controlled biophysical dynamics
Authors: Yang Boguang , Wei Kongchang , Loebel Claudia , Zhang Kunyu , Feng Qian , Li Rui , Wong Siu Hong Dexter , Xu Xiayi , Lau Chunhon , Chen Xiaoyu , Zhao Pengchao , Yin Chao , Burdick Jason A. , Wang Yi , Bian Liming
Published: June 2021

3D culture of cells in designer biomaterial matrices provides a biomimetic cellular microenvironment and can yield critical insights into cellular behaviours not available from conventional 2D cultures. Hydrogels with dynamic properties, achieved by incorporating either degradable structural components or reversible dynamic crosslinks, enable efficient cell adaptation of the matrix and support associated cellular functions. Herein we demonstrate that given similar equilibrium binding constants, hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a large dissociation rate constant enable cell force-induced network reorganization, which results in rapid stellate spreading, assembly, mechanosensing, and differentiation of encapsulated stem cells when compared to similar hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a low dissociation rate constant. Furthermore, the static and precise conjugation of cell adhesive ligands to the hydrogel subnetwork connected by such fast-dissociating crosslinks is also required for ultra-rapid stellate spreading (within 18 h post-encapsulation) and enhanced mechanosensing of stem cells in 3D. This work reveals the correlation between microscopic cell behaviours and the molecular level binding kinetics in hydrogel networks. Our findings provide valuable guidance to the design and evaluation of supramolecular biomaterials with cell-adaptable properties for studying cells in 3D cultures.
Single-molecule amplification-free multiplexed detection of circulating microRNA cancer biomarkers from serum
Authors: Cai Shenglin , Pataillot-Meakin Thomas , Shibakawa Akifumi , Ren Ren , Bevan Charlotte L. , Ladame Sylvain , Ivanov Aleksandar P. , Edel Joshua B.
Published: June 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in post-transcriptional gene expression and are also found freely circulating in bodily fluids such as blood. Dysregulated miRNA signatures have been associated with many diseases including cancer, and miRNA profiling from liquid biopsies offers a promising strategy for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring. Here, we develop size-encoded molecular probes that can be used for simultaneous electro-optical nanopore sensing of miRNAs, allowing for ultrasensitive, sequence-specific and multiplexed detection directly in unprocessed human serum, in sample volumes as small as 0.1 μl. We show that this approach allows for femtomolar sensitivity and single-base mismatch selectivity. We demonstrate the ability to simultaneously monitor miRNAs (miR-141-3p and miR-375-3p) from prostate cancer patients with active disease and in remission. This technology can pave the way for next generation of minimally invasive diagnostic and companion diagnostic tests for cancer.