bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health, Safety and Environment Visual Presentation H01: From port to disposal: a strategic view to Australia’s O&G decommissioning success across the value chain
Authors: Wild Erin
Published: June 2024

Health, Safety and Environment Visual Presentation H01 Australia’s decommissioning portfolio is forecasted to increase substantially over the next 50 years amounting to US$40.5 billion nationally, with 90% of decommissioning by 2060. High costs, the complexity of our infrastructure geography, ensuring circular economy and carbon efficient principles, will be challenges the industry will need to collaborate through. But Australia has a skilled workforce, a strong sustainability commitment, a mindset of partnership and collaboration as well as a tradition for innovation. These strategic advantages will enable the establishment of new industries early to be a regional player in decommissioning. As the assets are decommissioned offshore, travel to the beach, transported to identified waste providers and go through final end-of-life cycle management including recycling and repurposing, strategic linkages of the value chain will be key for a successful decommissioning industry set up. Understanding the oil and gas (O&G) decommissioning industry’s needs, opportunities and challenges early will strategically enable Australia to pave the way for building decommissioning expertise, critical infrastructure, and sustainable practices. This includes understanding where ports should intersect with waste storage, processing, recycling and disposal capabilities, as we have an opportunity to think differently about turning waste into new resources. And most importantly, how do we ensure availability of a skilled workforce in an already resource-crunched market? As we analyse the port to disposal value chain, it is important to overlay the carbon footprint, regulation, and socio-economic lenses on the journey to support the industry and to ensure long-term viability to minimise conflict with other competing industries or activities. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Prescribing deprescribing for polypharmacy in Aotearoa New Zealand; experiences of a medication review activity in final year medical students on a general practice module
Authors: Murton Samantha A. , McBain Lynn , Morris Caroline , Jaine Estelle , Gray Lesley
Published: June 2024

Introduction This study explored the experiences of students and their supervisors undertaking a medication review activity during a 6-week general practice module in their final year of medical school at University of Otago, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. Aim The study sought the self-reported value of the activity in learning about prescribing, reflecting on polypharmacy, deprescribing, and changes to future practice for both student and supervisor. Methods All students in the final year general practice module were invited to complete a survey over a 12-month period, as were their supervisors. An abductive thematic analysis of survey results was performed. Results Fifty-eight percent (48/87) of students and 30% (10/33) of supervisors completed surveys. Five themes were identified in the analysis of qualitative data: value of the medication review, complexities of medicines, importance of monitoring, value of resources, and supervisor reflections on value to the student. Student and supervisor responses reflected on prescribing practice beyond what medication to give when. All responses described benefit to patients and the majority expressed thoughts on how it would change their future prescribing. Discussion The medication review activity in the final year general practice module provides learning opportunities for both student and general practitioner supervisor. This activity emphasises the risks of polypharmacy and how to deprescribe. This study underlines the value of medication reviews as intraprofessional communication activities, allowing reflection beyond what medication to prescribe and for what condition. The results underline the importance of reflecting on practice and aids quality improvement benefit to patients.
Geometric phase predicts locomotion performance in undulating living systems across scales
Authors: Rieser Jennifer M. , Chong Baxi , Gong Chaohui , Astley Henry C. , Schiebel Perrin E. , Diaz Kelimar , Pierce Christopher J. , Lu Hang , Hatton Ross L. , Choset Howie , Goldman Daniel I.
Published: June 2024

Self-propelling organisms locomote via generation of patterns of self-deformation. Despite the diversity of body plans, internal actuation schemes and environments in limbless vertebrates and invertebrates, such organisms often use similar traveling waves of axial body bending for movement. Delineating how self-deformation parameters lead to locomotor performance (e.g. speed, energy, turning capabilities) remains challenging. We show that a geometric framework, replacing laborious calculation with a diagrammatic scheme, is well-suited to discovery and comparison of effective patterns of wave dynamics in diverse living systems. We focus on a regime of undulatory locomotion, that of highly damped environments, which is applicable not only to small organisms in viscous fluids, but also larger animals in frictional fluids (sand) and on frictional ground. We find that the traveling wave dynamics used by mm-scale nematode worms and cm-scale desert dwelling snakes and lizards can be described by time series of weights associated with two principal modes. The approximately circular closed path trajectories of mode weights in a self-deformation space enclose near-maximal surface integral (geometric phase) for organisms spanning two decades in body length. We hypothesize that such trajectories are targets of control (which we refer to as “serpenoid templates”). Further, the geometric approach reveals how seemingly complex behaviors such as turning in worms and sidewinding snakes can be described as modulations of templates. Thus, the use of differential geometry in the locomotion of living systems generates a common description of locomotion across taxa and provides hypotheses for neuromechanical control schemes at lower levels of organization.
Evaluating the persuasive influence of political microtargeting with large language models
Authors: Hackenburg Kobi , Margetts Helen
Published: June 2024

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have raised the prospect of scalable, automated, and fine-grained political microtargeting on a scale previously unseen; however, the persuasive influence of microtargeting with LLMs remains unclear. Here, we build a custom web application capable of integrating self-reported demographic and political data into GPT-4 prompts in real-time, facilitating the live creation of unique messages tailored to persuade individual users on four political issues. We then deploy this application in a preregistered randomized control experiment (
n
= 8,587) to investigate the extent to which access to individual-level data increases the persuasive influence of GPT-4. Our approach yields two key findings. First, messages generated by GPT-4 were broadly persuasive, in some cases increasing support for an issue stance by up to 12 percentage points. Second, in aggregate, the persuasive impact of microtargeted messages was not statistically different from that of non-microtargeted messages (4.83 vs. 6.20 percentage points, respectively,
P
= 0.226). These trends hold even when manipulating the type and number of attributes used to tailor the message. These findings suggest—contrary to widespread speculation—that the influence of current LLMs may reside not in their ability to tailor messages to individuals but rather in the persuasiveness of their generic, nontargeted messages. We release our experimental dataset,
GPTarget2024
, as an empirical baseline for future research.
Multilingual mindset
Authors: Lising Loy
Published: June 2024

In this paper, I examine the changing currency of languages in the context of migration and mobility based on case
studies of Filipino migrants in Australia. Drawing on two sociolinguistic studies conducted with and for Filipino migrants, I
highlight how the “monolingual mindset” (Clyne, 2008) reinforced by the “White-English
complex” (Piller, Torsh, & Smith-Khan, 2023) negatively impact on the value and
currency of Philippine languages. As an alternative, I offer the concept multilingual mindset as an inclusive
framework for valuing multilingual migrants in the diaspora.

I first introduce the linguistic ecology and national language policies of both the Philippines and Australia to
set the scene for my argument. I then map out the migration trends in both countries and the simultaneous socio-political events
that have driven the growth of Filipino migration in Australia and introduce the two sociolinguistic studies with and for (Blackledge, 2006; Tetteh, 2015) Filipino
migrants. This is followed by the presentation and critical discussion of three key conceptual arguments of this paper derived
from these studies. Employing the “monolingual mindset” (Clyne, 2008) and
“White-English complex” (Piller et al., 2023) as lenses, I then critically discuss how
these concepts are detrimental to heritage language maintenance and inclusive multilingualism and argue that the
maintenance of migrant languages in the diaspora would best be facilitated by an adoption of a multilingual
mindset. The paper concludes with a discussion on the significance of the multilingual mindset to
sociolinguistic studies and migration linguistics (Borlongan, 2023), in general, and to
language attitudes, language practices, and language policies across different sectors, in particular.
Pragmatic perspectives on disagreement
Authors: Schumann Jennifer , Oswald Steve
Published: June 2024

The introduction to this special issue provides an overview of the notion of disagreement in relation to
argumentative practices and presents the rationale for investigating disagreement management in argumentative discourse from a
pragmatic perspective. It describes how existing accounts of disagreement in argumentation have focused on limited instances of
the phenomenon, both in terms of its pragmatic embedding (which has predominantly focused on assertive speech acts) and of its
scope (which usually covers the normative dimension of argumentative quality). The contributions to this special issue are then
presented and contextualised within this broader topic to expound how each of them addresses key pragmatic aspects of disagreement
management in argumentative discourse.
Justifying the accusation
Authors: Liberatore Diane
Published: June 2024

Accusations of trolling (deceiving participants about one’s
communicative intention, conducted for amusement, Dynel 2016; Hardaker 2013) and bad faith (dishonestly denying a speaker’s
committing meaning, de Saussure and Oswald
2009; Oswald 2022) abound
in digitally mediated communication. The labels chosen by
posters significantly impact the outcome of discussions, as accusations of
trolling tend to result in more abrupt settlements of disputes compared to
accusations of bad faith. However, proving these deceptive activities can be
challenging for posters. As a result, they often substantiate the “bad faith”
label by mentioning in their accusations what they perceive as strategies
indicating their interlocutors’ bad faith.

In this paper, I examine 161 accusations of trolling and bad
faith gathered from a forum. The analysis draws on Hardaker’s (2010, 2013) research and proposes a comparison of the
strategies mentioned in these accusations. The aim is to describe the ways in
which posters justify the label they opt for when confronted with deceptive
activities.
The bioenergetics of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Authors: Luxton G.W. Gant
Published: June 2024

How nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) rates change due to cellular physiology-mediated fluctuations in GTP availability remains unclear. In this issue, Scott et al. (https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202308152) demonstrate that cell migration, spreading, and nucleocytoskeletal coupling impact GTP levels, thereby regulating NCT, RNA export, and protein synthesis.
Urine scRNAseq reveals new insights into the bladder tumor immune microenvironment
Authors: Tran Michelle A. , Youssef Dina , Shroff Sanjana , Chowhan Disha , Beaumont Kristin G. , Sebra Robert , Mehrazin Reza , Wiklund Peter , Lin Jenny J. , Horowitz Amir , Farkas Adam M. , Galsky Matthew D. , Sfakianos John P. , Bhardwaj Nina
Published: June 2024

Due to bladder tumors’ contact with urine, urine-derived cells (UDCs) may serve as a surrogate for monitoring the tumor microenvironment (TME) in bladder cancer (BC). However, the composition of UDCs and the extent to which they mirror the tumor remain poorly characterized. We generated the first single-cell RNA-sequencing of BC patient UDCs with matched tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). BC urine was more cellular than healthy donor (HD) urine, containing multiple immune populations including myeloid cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in addition to tumor and stromal cells. Immune UDCs were transcriptionally more similar to tumor than blood. UDCs encompassed cytotoxic and activated CD4+ T cells, exhausted and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, macrophages, germinal-center-like B cells, tissue-resident and adaptive NK cells, and regulatory DCs found in tumor but lacking or absent in blood. Our findings suggest BC UDCs may be surrogates for the TME and serve as therapeutic biomarkers.
Diagnosing Thermalization Dynamics of Non-Hermitian Quantum Systems via GKSL Master Equations
Authors: Mao 毛 Yiting 奕廷 , Zhong 钟 Peigeng 佩耕 , Lin 林 Haiqing 海青 , Wang 王 Xiaoqun 孝群 , Hu 胡 Shijie 时杰
Published: June 2024

The application of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis to non-Hermitian quantum systems has become one of the most important topics in dissipative quantum chaos, recently giving rise to intense debates. The process of thermalization is intricate, involving many time-evolution trajectories in the reduced Hilbert space of the system. By considering two different expansion forms of the density matrices adopted in the biorthogonal and right-state time evolutions, we derive two versions of the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad (GKSL) master equations describing the non-Hermitian systems coupled to a bosonic heat bath in thermal equilibrium. By solving the equations, we identify a sufficient condition for thermalization under both time evolutions, resulting in Boltzmann biorthogonal and right-eigenstate statistics, respectively. This finding implies that the recently proposed biorthogonal random matrix theory needs an appropriate revision. Moreover, we exemplify the precise dynamics of thermalization and thermodynamic properties with test models.
Graphene resonant pressure sensor with ultrahigh responsivity-range product
Authors: More Swapnil , Naik Akshay
Published: June 2024

Graphene has good mechanical properties including large Young’s modulus, making it ideal for many resonant sensing applications. Nonetheless, the development of graphene-based sensors has been limited due to difficulties in fabrication, encapsulation, and packaging. Here, we report a graphene nanoresonator-based resonant pressure sensor. The graphene nano resonator is fabricated on a thin silicon diaphragm that deforms due to pressure differential across it. The deformation-induced strain change results in a resonance frequency shift of the graphene nano resonator. The pressure sensing experiments demonstrate a record high responsivity of 20 kHz kPa−1 over a range of 270 kPa. The design has the potential to reach responsivities up to 500 kHz kPa−1. The reported responsivity is two orders of magnitude higher than the silicon-based resonant pressure sensors. The estimated resolution of pressure sensing is 90 Pa, which is 0.03% of the full-scale range of the pressure sensor. This exceptional performance is attributed to two factors: maintaining a high-quality vacuum environment for the nanoresonator and introducing stimuli through a thin silicon diaphragm. The proposed pressure sensor design provides flexibility to adjust responsivity, range and footprint as needed. The fabrication method is simple and has the potential to be integrated into the modern semiconductor foundries.
A scandium doped aluminum nitride thin film bulk acoustic resonator
Authors: Gao Chao , Wang Yaxin , Cai Yao , Lin Binghui , Zou Yang , Xu Qinwen , Yang Tingting , Liu Wenjuan , Liu Yan , Guo Shishang , Sun Chengliang
Published: June 2024

Currently, we stand at the forefront of revolutionary advancements in communication technology. The escalating demands of advanced communication necessitate enhanced performance from materials and radio frequency devices. This paper aims to enhance film performance by depositing scandium-doped aluminum nitride (ScAlN) directly onto a Si substrate. Additionally, ScAlN was deposited on SiO2/AlN/Mo functional layers for comparison purposes. The ScAlN directly deposited on Si demonstrated superior performance in terms of crystalline quality and surface roughness, with a full width at half maximum of 1.7° and a roughness of 1.76 nm. Furthermore, a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) based on the ScAlN film directly deposited on Si was successfully fabricated through thin-film transfer, with critical processes achieved via bonding and wet-etching of the substrate. The ScAlN in the fabricated resonator exhibited a favorable c-axis preferred orientation. The resulting ScAlN-based FBAR displayed a quality factor of 429. This study lays the groundwork for exciting opportunities in the development of higher-performance piezoelectric materials and devices.
Development of piezoresistive flexible sensor with dual-height cylindrical microstructure surfaces to achieve vehicle vibration monitoring
Authors: Zhang Decheng , Xie Jiaqing , Meng Xiaoyu , Pang Haoran , Sun Ruqian , Fan Haiyan , Nan Xiaohui , Zhou Zhikang
Published: June 2024

This research proposed a vibration monitoring device based on a piezoresistive flexible sensor with microstructured surfaces to achieve a simple acquisition of vibration information in the driver’s cabin of automobiles. The shape, size and arrangement mode of microstructures on the piezoresistive flexible sensor performance were investigated by finite element simulation. The polydimethylsiloxane/hydroxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (PDMS/MWCNTs-COOH) composite membranes were prepared by the combination of high-pressure spraying and spinning coating method. The electromechanical response curves of the piezoresistive flexible sensor composed of a double-layer PDMS/MWCNTs-COOH composite membranes based on a dual-height cylindrical microstructure were tested. A vibration monitoring device was developed to process the signals obtained by the fabricated piezoresistive flexible sensor, and the vibration response of the car cab under different driving conditions was investigated. The results indicated that the cylindrical microstructure with small size can improve the sensitivity of the fabricated piezoresistive flexible sensor. Compared with the single-height and dual-height cylindrical microstructure, the piezoresistive flexible sensor with dual-height cylindrical microstructure can expand the detection range, and improve the linearity and sensitivity. The piezoresistive flexible sensor exhibits excellent performance, with a sensitivity of 1.774 kPa−1 and a detection range is 0–0.5 kPa. The above advances can improve the authenticity of the collected data, and provide a basis for the processing and analysis of the vibration signal before improving the noise, vibration and harshness performance of the vehicle.
Investigation into negative corona discharge in steam jets and distribution characteristics of charged steam jets
Authors: Zhan Wei , Yang Lanjun
Published: June 2024

Electricity provides a wide range of benefits for plant growth, and the electric field created by a charged steam jet exhibits significant potential for application in this field. This study investigates the electrical characteristics of charged steam jets, including the corona-discharge process, distribution of electric fields, and deposition currents. By installing a needle-ring electrode near the steam-jet exit, high-potential charged steam is generated within a confined space through the corona charging of droplets in the steam. The humid environment inside the steam jet considerably reduces the corona current compared with that of air. The outlet current is identified as a critical factor for assessing the charged steam-jet behaviour, with a higher outlet current indicating a stronger electric field and deposition current. The configuration of the electrode and the steam operational conditions, particularly the latter, affect the outlet current. Experimental results highlight the different electrical distribution characteristics of wet and saturated steam jets. Notably, the distributions of electric field and deposition currents, along with the depositional droplets and absolute-humidity increments exhibit asymmetry above and below the steam jet. This paper presents a discussion on the formation, development, and dissipative processes of charged droplets and an analysis into their possible movement trajectories under various forces. Generally, the asymmetric distribution of charged steam jets is caused by the asymmetric distribution of charged droplets or water-cluster molecules, which becomes more pronounced as one departs further from the steam-jet exit.
Dielectric anisotropy in self-assembling MXene-based lyotropic nematic compounds
Authors: Olariu Marius Andrei , Vlad-Bubulac Tăchiță , Filip Tudor Alexandru , Turcan Ina
Published: June 2024

The formation of a lyotropic liquid crystal phase at the level of MXene-based aqueous dispersions due to the self-assembling capacity of these two-dimensional (2D) materials has been previously successfully reported. However, the influence of electrical external factors has been less studied in spite of the fact that understanding the electrical behaviour of 2D-based liquid crystal compounds is vital for fostering the development of new innovative applications. Consequently, within this paper, we report an in-depth evaluation of the dielectric properties of liquid crystalline phases in Ti3C2 MXene aqueous dispersions. The dependence on the low voltage of planar

ε
⊥
′

to homeotropic

ε
∥
′

orientational transition is emphasized and discussed, while the influence of the electric field frequency at the level of dielectric anisotropy is assessed in respect to various concentrations of MXene flakes within the same 2D-based compounds. Nonetheless, dielectric spectroscopy highlights the biphasic nature (containing both nematic and isotropic phases) of the studied aqueous Ti3C2 MXene inks visible up to 20% MXene. Above this concentration, the existence of a pure nematic phase in the dispersion of highMXene concentration (>20 wt%) was detected based on the evaluation of dielectric permittivity against various voltage values.
ILC sensitivity for leptophilic scalar dark matter
Authors: Rawat Bharti
Published: June 2024

We explore the viability of detecting a leptophilic scalar dark matter (DM) at the International Linear Collider (ILC) in a simplified model approach. We present the constraints on the couplings of scalar DM with the standard model fermions ensuing from the relic density bounds deduced from the 2018 Planck data. We, then, present the reach of the ILC in terms of Λ, the scale of the effective theory, by performing a detailed analysis for the Z associated DM pair production (i.e. e
+
e
− → 2 jets +

E

T

, e
+
e
− → μ
+
μ
− +

E

T

and e
+
e
− → e
+
e
− +

E

T

). We present the results for various run scenarios as 3σ contours in the m

ϕ
− Λ plane. We also analyze the effect of beam polarization on the sensitivity of this search. We find that for the process with two hadronic jets in the final state, ILC can probe Λ up to 1.76 TeV for

s

=
1

TeV that can further enhance to 1.99 TeV, after the inclusion of polarization effects.
Functional group induced transformations in stacking and electron structure in Mo2CT
x
/NiS heterostructures
Authors: Liu Jiamin , Li Guo , Zhang Xinxu , Wei Jiahao , Jia Hui , Wu Yulong , Liu Changlong , Li Yonghui
Published: June 2024

The two-dimensional transition metal carbide/nitride family (MXenes) has garnered significant attention due to their highly customizable surface functional groups. Leveraging modern material science techniques, the customizability of MXenes can be enhanced further through the construction of associated heterostructures. As indicated by recent research, the Mo2CT
x
/NiS heterostructure has emerged as a promising candidate exhibiting superior physical and chemical application potential. The geometrical structure of Mo2CT
x
/NiS heterostructure is modeled and six possible configurations are validated by Density Functional Theory simulations. The variation in functional groups leads to structural changes in Mo2CT
x
/NiS interfaces, primarily attributed to the competition between van der Waals and covalent interactions. The presence of different functional groups results in significant band fluctuations near the Fermi level for Ni and Mo atoms, influencing the role of atoms and electron’s ability to escape near the interface. This, in turn, modulates the strength of covalent interactions at the MXenes/NiS interface and alters the ease of dissociation of the MXenes/NiS complex. Notably, the Mo2CO2/NiS(P63/mmc) heterostructure exhibits polymorphism, signifying that two atomic arrangements can stabilize the structure. The transition process between these polymorphs is also simulated, further indicating the modulation of the electronic level of properties by a sliding operation.
Structural phase transition and potential superconductivity initiated by pressure-driven in 1T–CrSe2
Authors: Wu Ming , Lv Xindeng , Zhao Wendi , Liu Sirui , Dan Yaqian , Fang Yuqiang , Huang Yanping , Cui Tian
Published: June 2024

The exploration of the superconducting properties of antiferromagnetic parent compounds containing transition metals under pressure provides a unique idea for finding and designing superconducting materials with better performance. In this paper, the close relationship between the possible superconductivity and structure phase transition of the typical van der Waals layered material 1 T–CrSe2 induced by pressure is studied by means of electrical transport and x-ray diffraction for the first time. We introduce the possibility of pressure-induced superconductivity at 20 GPa, with a critical T
c of approximately at 4 K. The superconductivity persists up to the highest measured pressure of 70 GPa, with a maximum T
c ∼ 5 K at 24 GPa. We observed a structure phase transition from P-3 m1 to C2/m space group in the range of 9.4–11.7 GPa. The results show that the structural phase transition leads to the metallization of 1 T–CrSe2 and the further pressure effect makes the superconductivity appear in the new structure. The material undergoes a transition from a two-dimensional layered structure to a three-dimensional structure under pressure. This is the first time that possible superconductivity has been observed in 1 T–CrSe2.
Zero-field magnetic skyrmions in exchange-biased ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic bilayers
Authors: Pankratova M , Eriksson O , Bergman A
Published: June 2024

We report on the stabilization of ferromagnetic skyrmions in zero external magnetic fields, in exchange-biased systems composed of ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic (FM-AFM) bilayers. By performing atomistic spin dynamics simulations, we study cases of compensated, uncompensated, and partly uncompensated FM-AFM interfaces, and investigate the impact of important parameters such as temperature, inter-plane exchange interaction, Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, and magnetic anisotropy on the skyrmions appearance and stability. The model with an uncompensated FM-AFM interface leads to the stabilization of individual skyrmions and skyrmion lattices in the FM layer, caused by the effective field from the AFM instead of an external magnetic field. Similarly, in the case of a fully compensated FM-AFM interface, we show that FM skyrmions can be stabilized. We also demonstrate that accounting for interface roughness leads to stabilization of skyrmions both in compensated and uncompensated interface. Moreover, in bilayers with a rough interface, skyrmions in the FM layer are observed for a wide range of exchange interaction values through the FM-AFM interface, and the chirality of the skyrmions depends critically on the exchange interaction.
Design of higher Chern number two-band structures from topological defect perspective
Authors: Chang Zhi-Wen , Hao Wei-Chang , Liu Xin
Published: June 2024

In this article, we propose two methods for designing higher Chern number models from the topological defect perspective. Based on the fact that the Chern number is equal to a summation of the charges of meron defects, we show that the higher Chern number structures can be realized by either moving the positions of merons or increasing the amount of them. The combination of the two methods is also verified to be a viable approach. We shall construct several models and investigate their energy spectrum. More than one gapless state can be observed on the edges of these models. Expectedly, our theory promises to provide not only a simple approach to obtain the Chern number without computing any integrals, but also a practical technique for new material design.
Intra-strand phosphate-mediated pathways in microsolvated double-stranded DNA
Authors: Polycarpou Georgia , Skourtis Spiros S
Published: June 2024

We argue that dry DNA charge transport in molecular junctions, over distances of tens of nanometers, can take place via independent intra-strand pathways involving the phosphate groups. Such pathways explain recent single-molecule experiments that compare currents in intact and nicked 100 base-pair double-stranded DNA. We explore the conditions that favor independent intra-strand transport channels with the participation of the phosphate groups, as opposed to purely base-mediated transport involving the pi-stacked bases and inter-strand transitions. Our computations demonstrate how long-distance transport pathways in DNA are tuned by the degree of solvation, which affects the level of dynamic disorder in the pi-stacking, and the energies of phosphate-group molecular orbitals.
Room temperature thermal rectification in suspended asymmetric graphene ribbon
Authors: Islam Mohammad Razzakul , Yongzheng Liu , Kareekunnan Afsal , Mizuta Hiroshi
Published: June 2024

Thermal rectifiers are essential in optimizing heat dissipation in solid-state devices to enhance energy efficiency, reliability, and overall performance. In this study, we experimentally investigate the thermal rectification phenomenon in suspended asymmetric graphene ribbons (GRs). The asymmetry within the graphene is introduced by incorporating periodic parallel nanoribbons on one side of the GR while maintaining the other side in a pristine form. Our findings reveal a substantial thermal rectification effect in these asymmetric graphene devices, reaching up to 45% at room temperature and increasing further at lower environmental temperatures. This effect is attributed to a significant thermal conductivity contrast between pristine graphene and nanoribbon graphene within the asymmetric structure. We observe that the incorporation of nanoribbons leads to a notable reduction in thermal conductivity, primarily due to phonon scattering and bottleneck effects near the nanoribbon edges. These findings suggest that graphene structures exhibiting asymmetry, facilitated by parallel nanoribbons, hold promise for effective heat management at the nanoscale level and the development of practical phononic devices.
Silicon nanowire piezoresistor and its applications: a review
Authors: Raman Srinivasan , K V Meena , S Vetrivel , Sankar A Ravi
Published: June 2024

Monocrystalline bulk silicon with doped impurities has been the widely preferred piezoresistive material for the last few decades to realize micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors. However, there has been a growing interest among researchers in the recent past to explore other piezoresistive materials with varied advantages in order to realize ultra-miniature high-sensitivity sensors for area-constrained applications. Of the various alternative piezoresistive materials, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are an attractive choice due to their benefits of nanometre range dimensions, giant piezoresistive coefficients, and compatibility with the integrated circuit fabrication processes. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of piezoresistance and its existence in various materials, including silicon. It comprehends the piezoresistance effect in SiNWs based on two different biasing techniques, viz., (i) ungated and (ii) gated SiNWs. In addition, it presents the application of piezoresistive SiNWs in MEMS-based pressure sensors, acceleration sensors, flow sensors, resonators, and strain gauges.
Existence and multiplicity of peaked bound states for nonlinear Schrödinger equations on metric graphs
Authors: Chen Haixia , Dovetta Simone , Pistoia Angela , Serra Enrico
Published: June 2024

We establish existence and multiplicity of one-peaked and multi-peaked positive bound states for nonlinear Schrödinger equations on general compact and noncompact metric graphs. Precisely, we construct solutions concentrating at every vertex of odd degree greater than or equal to 3. We show that these solutions are not minimizers of the associated action and energy functionals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exhibiting solutions concentrating at vertices with degree different than 1. The proof is based on a suitable Ljapunov–Schmidt reduction.
Using storytelling to foster the teaching and learning of gravitational waves physics at high-school
Authors: Tuveri M , Steri A , Fadda D
Published: June 2024

Studies in Physics Education Research show that interdisciplinary approaches in education foster students’ motivation, creativity, curiosity, and interest in physics. We discuss their features and potential role in bringing contemporary physics topics to high school and how to use them to integrate formal educational programs. We make an explicit example of the use of storytelling and theatrical techniques to introduce secondary school students to black holes and gravitational wave topics. The Educational Division of the Physics Department at the University of Cagliari designed the activity. Participants were 200 high-school students (17 to 19 years old) from five schools (scientific, humanities) in Sardinia. Through a research questionnaire, we measure the efficacy of using artistic tools to communicate and teach the proposed subjects. We collected 76 answers. Results show that our methodology helps introduce students to contemporary physics themes, fostering their interest and learning of such content. Students from the humanities significantly appreciated the use of poetry and artistic tools more than their scientific peers. Finally, we discuss the potentiality of our approach in orientating students towards a STEAM (STEM and Arts) career.
Machine learning-based atrial fibrillation detection and onset prediction using QT-dynamicity
Authors: Grégoire Jean-Marie , Gilon Cédric , Vaneberg Nathan , Bersini1 Hugues , Carlier Stéphane
Published: June 2024

Objective. This study examines the value of ventricular repolarization using QT dynamicity for two different types of atrial fibrillation (AF) prediction. Approach. We studied the importance of QT-dynamicity (1) in the detection and (2) the onset prediction (i.e. forecasting) of paroxysmal AF episodes using gradient-boosted decision trees (GBDT), an interpretable machine learning technique. We labeled 176 paroxysmal AF onsets from 88 patients in our unselected Holter recordings database containing paroxysmal AF episodes. Raw ECG signals were delineated using a wavelet-based signal processing technique. A total of 44 ECG features related to interval and wave durations and amplitude were selected and the GBDT model was trained with a Bayesian hyperparameters selection for various windows. The dataset was split into two parts at the patient level, meaning that the recordings from each patient were only present in either the train or test set, but not both. We used 80% on the database for the training and the remaining 20% for the test of the trained model. The model was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. Main results. The mean age of the patients was 75.9 ± 11.9 (range 50–99), the number of episodes per patient was 2.3 ± 2.2 (range 1–11), and CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.9 ± 1.7 (range 1–9). For the detection of AF, we obtained an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.99 (CI 95% 0.98–0.99) and an accuracy of 95% using a 30 s window. Features related to RR intervals were the most influential, followed by those on QT intervals. For the AF onset forecast, we obtained an AUROC of 0.739 (0.712–0.766) and an accuracy of 74% using a 120s window. R wave amplitude and QT dynamicity as assessed by Spearman’s correlation of the QT-RR slope were the best predictors. Significance. The QT dynamicity can be used to accurately predict the onset of AF episodes. Ventricular repolarization, as assessed by QT dynamicity, adds information that allows for better short time prediction of AF onset, compared to relying only on RR intervals and heart rate variability. Communication between the ventricles and atria is mediated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The variations in intraventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization changes resulting from the influence of the ANS play a role in the initiation of AF.
Tokamak to stellarator conversion using permanent magnets
Authors: Madeira M , Jorge R
Published: June 2024

With the advances in the optimization of magnetic field equilibria, stellarators have become a serious alternative to the tokamak, bringing this concept to the forefront of the pursuit of fusion energy. In order to be successful in experimentally demonstrating the viability of optimized stellarators, we must overcome any potential hurdles in the construction of its electromagnetic coils. Finding cost-effective ways of increasing the number of operating optimized stellarators could be key in cementing this magnetic confinement concept as a contender for a reactor. In this work, an alternative to modular coils, permanent magnets, are studied and are shown to enable the possibility of converting a tokamak into a stellarator. This is then applied to the case of ISTTOK tokamak, where an engineering design study is conducted.
Spectral simulation of multivalent collisional-radiative model for W25+–W28+ from EBIT to tokamak plasmas
Authors: Li B L , Qu F H , Xie Y M , Liu X , Zhang X W , Yao K , Yang Y , Wei B , Zou Y , Xiao J
Published: June 2024

Accurate and reliable atomic modeling of tungsten ions holds significance for both spectral data analysis and the investigation of tungsten behavior within fusion plasma. To examine the impact of various atomic processes on spectral lines, a collisional-radiative model (CRM) involving multiple charge states for tungsten ions was performed with level-to-level processes with configuration interaction, including spontaneous emission, electron collisional ionization, collisional (de)excitation, radiative recombination, charge exchange, resonant capture, and autoionization. The evolution of M1 spectral lines of W25+–W28+ in the 330–540 nm range was measured using the SH-HtscEBIT and was successfully replicated by the multivalent CRM. The photon emission coefficients (PECs) associated with these M1 transitions in fusion plasma have also been furnished, revealing their minimal sensitivity to the influence of recombination and ionization processes. The verification of these PECs’ properties holds potential for the forthcoming density diagnosis of tungsten ions in Tokamak. Subsequently, the multivalent CRM was also conducted to explore the impact of dielectronic recombination on extreme ultraviolet spectra. While resonant capture does lead to an augmentation in the population of autoionizing levels, the contribution of dielectronic recombination to spectral lines for W26+ and W27+ within the 2–8 nm range remains relatively insignificant.
Effect of stress control by growth adjustment on the edge thread dislocation density of AlN grown on the sapphire
Authors: Zhang Yuheng , Yang Jing , Liang Feng , Liu Zongshun , Hou Yufei , Liu Bing , Zheng Fu , Liu Xuefeng , Zhao Degang
Published: June 2024

The relationship between stress and dislocation density in MOCVD epitaxial AlN was studied. It has been found that the aluminum nitride (AlN) epitaxial layer generates tensile stress when the crystal islands are merged. By controlling the size and density of crystal islands at the end of 3D growth, the tensile stress generated during epitaxy can be effectively reduced. Mechanical calculations show that there is a linear relationship between the edge thread dislocations density of AlN and the tensile stress during growth. By controlling the stress during AlN growth below 0.1 Gpa, a high-quality AlN sample with an edge thread dislocation density of 6.31 × 107 cm−2 was obtained.
Anomalous Hall effect sensitive to magnetic monopoles and skyrmion helicity in spin–orbit coupled systems
Authors: Mochida Jun , Ishizuka Hiroaki
Published: June 2024

Magnetic textures, such as skyrmions and domain walls, engender rich transport phenomena, including anomalous Hall effect and nonlinear response. In this work, we discuss an anomalous Hall effect proportional to the net magnetic monopole charge and dependent on the skyrmion helicity that occurs by a skew scattering in a noncentrosymmetric two-dimensional magnet. This mechanism, which arises from the spin–orbit interaction (SOI), gives rise to a finite anomalous Hall effect in a ferromagnetic domain wall whose spins rotate in the xy plane despite no out-of-plane magnetic moment. We show that the presence and absence of the monopole contribution is related to crystal symmetry, which gives a guideline for finding candidate materials beyond the Rashba model. The results demonstrate the rich features arising from the interplay of SOI and magnetic textures, and their potential for detecting various magnetic textures in micrometer devices.
Polarization-multiplexing graphene-based coding metasurface for flexible terahertz wavefront control
Authors: Lu Jinliang , He Xunjun , Jiang Jiuxing , Yao Yongtao , Zhang Ying
Published: June 2024

In terahertz wireless communication systems, flexible wavefront control devices based on various structure metasurfaces have attracted enormous attention for next-generation communication. In general, tunable terahertz metasurfaces integrated with active materials or MEMS technologies are used for dynamic wavefront control. However, most existing metasurfaces suffer from various limitations, including intrinsic properties of active materials, low reliability of MEMS technologies, and single polarization mode of incident waves, which hinders their development and application. To address these challenges, herein, we design two types of reflective graphene-based coding metasurfaces for active wavefront control. The metasurface coding meta-atom is composed of a graphene split-ring resonator, a dielectric layer, and a metal ground plane. By simply rotating the coding meta-atom, independent 2π phase coverage for circularly polarized (CP) or linearly polarized (LP) illumination can be achieved, enabling polarization multiplexing. Thus, a metasurface (MS-1) is constructed based on the vortex phase profile to generate different wavefronts. Moreover, these wavefronts can be actively switched between a vortex beam, a multi-beam, and a specular reflection beam by altering the polarization mode of the incident waves and the Fermi level of the graphene coding regions Additionally, another metasurface (MS-2) is developed according to the parabolic phase profile to create a tunable metalens that allows active control over focal intensity and depth by adjusting the Fermi level of graphene. Such wavefront-controlled metasurfaces have high capacity and integration, making them very promising for potential applications in terahertz communication and imaging systems.
A novel discretized physics-informed neural network model applied to the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Khademi Amirhossein , Dufour Steven
Published: June 2024

The advancement of scientific machine learning (ML) techniques has led to the development of methods for approximating solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) with increased efficiency and accuracy. Automatic differentiation has played a pivotal role in this progress, enabling the creation of physics-informed neural networks (PINN) that integrate relevant physics into machine learning models. PINN have shown promise in approximating the solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, overcoming the limitations of traditional numerical discretization methods. However, challenges such as local minima and long training times persist, motivating the exploration of domain decomposition techniques to improve it. Previous domain decomposition models have introduced spatial and temporal domain decompositions but have yet to fully address issues of smoothness and regularity of global solutions. In this study, we present a novel domain decomposition approach for PINN, termed domain-discretized PINN (DD-PINN), which incorporates complementary loss functions, subdomain-specific transformer networks (TRF), and independent optimization within each subdomain. By enforcing continuity and differentiability through interface constraints and leveraging the Sobolev (H
1) norm of the mean squared error (MSE), rather than the Euclidean norm (L
2), DD-PINN enhances solution regularity and accuracy. The inclusion of TRF in each subdomain facilitates feature extraction and improves convergence rates, as demonstrated through simulations of threetest problems: steady-state flow in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity, the time-dependent cylinder wake, and the viscous Burgers equation. Numerical comparisons highlight the effectiveness of DD-PINN in preserving global solution regularity and accurately approximating complex phenomena, marking a significant advancement over previous domain decomposition methods within the PINN framework.
Industrial zone-based harmful gas sensor using pure WS2 via doping transition metals (Co, Ni) - a DFT approach
Authors: Poornimadevi C , Preferencial Kala C , John Thiruvadigal D
Published: June 2024

Tungsten disulphide (WS2) has received a lot of interest for its usage in a variety of fields due to its acceptable bandgap and various traits/characteristics. Presently, density functional theory (DFT) has been deployed to thoroughly study the adsorption characteristics of gases (NO, NO2, NH3, BCl3, & SO2) on Y-WS2 (Y = Co, Ni) by determining the adsorption distance, adsorption energy, electron difference density, charge transfer, electron localisation function, recovery time, & work function, also by comparing the band structure, the density of states and the projected density of states. Our results show that Y-WS2 has better conductivity and enormous charge transfer than pure WS2. Additionally, the Y-WS2 exhibits stronger adsorption of more than −0.5 eV for the harmful gases NO2, BCl3, and SO2. Subsequently, for Y-WS2, there is electron localisation overlap only for the BCl3 gas adsorbed system, which highlights the chemisorption character of the gases. Due to the high adsorption energy, Y-WS2 takes a longer time to recover NO2, BCl3, and SO2 gases at ambient temperature. However, by raising the temperature to 673 K, we can quickly recover these molecules from Y-WS2 in a few microseconds. We came to the conclusion that Y-WS2 is the right approach for NO2, BCl3, and SO2 gas-sensing applications.