bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timesharing jako instytucja rynku usług turystycznych
Authors: Piskozub Piotr
Published: February 2018

Niniejsza publikacja jest poświęcona problematyce timesharingu – stosunkowo nowej, lecz dynamicznie rozwijającej się instytucji rynku turystycznego. Autor przybliża samo pojęcie timesharingu, z uwzględnieniem krótkiego rysu historycznego, wskazując na akty prawne regulujące tytułową problematykę. W publikacji podjęto ponadto próbę sklasyfikowania usług timesharingowych jako segmentu rynku usług turystycznych, w szczególności poprzez odniesienie ich do kategorii usług hotelarskich.
Imprezy biegowe jako specyficzny rodzaj wydarzeń sportowych
Authors: Dzięgiel Andżelika , Lubowiecki-Vikuk Adrian P.
Published: February 2018

W XXI w. na świecie zaczęto z zamiłowaniem uprawiać biegi rekreacyjne. Od 2013 r. jogging stał się najbardziej popularną aktywnością fizyczną wśród Polaków. Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie, że bieganie rekreacyjne, które jest nie tylko aktywnością ruchową służącą utrzymaniu właściwej kondycji fizycznej, ale także „sportem dla wszystkich”, zaczyna przybierać rangę specyficznego produktu turystyczno-sportowego – imprezy biegowej. W pracy do analizy wybrano toruńskie zawody biegowe i wydarzenia im towarzyszące, a także wykorzystano dane statystyczne dotyczące organizacji imprez biegowych w Polsce.
Apiturystyka jako forma turystyki zrównoważonej
Authors: Woś Barbara , Bień Wojciech
Published: February 2018

W dobie wzrastającej ingerencji człowieka w środowisko naturalne i dynamicznego rozwoju
turystyki niezwykle istotne zdaje się być takie korzystanie z potencjału przyrodniczego i kulturowego
regionu, aby tworzyć ciekawą turystycznie ofertę, pozwalającą zachować specyfikę
i unikalność poszczególnych walorów turystycznych. Doskonałym przykładem takiej aktywności
jest apiturystyka, która stanowi formę turystyki związaną z pszczelarstwem, jako tradycyjnym
zawodem, i produktami pszczelimi w aspekcie ekologicznym, spożywczym i leczniczym.
Problemy rozwoju ekologicznych hoteli w Polsce na przykładzie województwa wielkopolskiego
Authors: Klos Anna
Published: February 2018

The aim of this article is to reveal the problems which the hotels deal with if they want to become more ecological. The issue is explained on the example of Wielkopolska province. Based on this analysis it can be concluded that there are many obstacles in the development of green hotels in Poland. The main problems here are high costs of implementation of eco-friendly solutions in buildings which many of them cannot afford. Another obstacle is a low environmental awareness of Polish society. Both, tourism personnel and tourists are still not interested adequately in environmental protection issue. Furthermore, the government offers little help. However, eco-hotels have become more and more popular over the last few years and the prognoses for their development in our country are favourable.
Wycieczka jako metoda pracy wychowawczej
Uniwersytetu Ludowego w koncepcji Feliksa
Popławskiego
Authors: Błaszczyk Iwona
Published: February 2018

Przybliżenie idei i koncepcji wychowania Feliksa Popławskiego realizowanej w UL ma na celu
ukazanie trafności, piękna i aktualności jego poglądów na szerokie zastosowanie turystyki
edukacyjnej w pracy dydaktyczno-wychowawczej, w kontakcie z przyrodą, ludźmi i ich kulturą,
z zabytkami cywilizacji i śladami przeszłości.
Investigation of the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Needle Punched Nonwoven Fabrics Produced from Stainless Steel and Carbon Fibres
Authors: Ozen Mustafa Sabri , Ozen Mustafa Sabri , Usta Ismail , Yuksek Metin , Sancak Erhan , Sancak Erhan , Soin Navneet
Published: February 2018

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ROZWÓJ TURYSTYKI EVENTOWEJ W POLSCE
Authors: BOLESŁAW IWAN
Published: February 2018

Turystyka eventowa jest integralną częścią turystyki biznesowej, a jednocześnie ważnym produktem
turystyki kulturowej. Głównym celem niniejszego opracowania jest charakterystyka
i analiza turystyki eventowej w Polsce na tle turystyki biznesowej oraz kulturowej. Artykuł zawiera
ponadto treści dotyczące takich zagadnień jak turystyka kulturowa, turystyka biznesowa.
W opracowaniu zawarto także analizę istoty eventów oraz turystyki eventowej i jej rodzajów.
Autor dokonał także charakterystyki event marketingu i potencjalnych korzyści z niego dla
przedsiębiorstw i destynacji turystycznych, gdzie odbywają się eventy. Końcowa część opracowania
zawiera prezentację wybranych eventów w formie festiwali odbywających się w Polsce.
Turystyka eventowa wpływa bez wątpienia na rozwój turystyki, w tym kulturowej i przyjazdowej.
TURYSTYKA KULINARNA NA PODHALU
Authors: KRUCZEK ZYGMUNT , KRAUZOWICZ MAGDALENA
Published: February 2018

Turystyka kulinarna jest jednym z najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijających się trendów podróży
tematycznych na rynku usług turystycznych na całym świecie.
Celem podjętych badań było określenie profilu turysty kulinarnego odwiedzającego Podhale,
a także opisanie specyfiki kuchni podhalańskiej przez prezentację najpopularniejszych regionalnych
dań wskazanych przez respondentów. Innym celem badań była próba oceny szlaków
kulinarnych znajdujących się na terenie Podhala.
W artykule wykazano, że Podhale ze względu na bogate i różnorodne dziedzictwo kulinarne stoi
przed ogromną szansą rozwoju tej gałęzi turystyki. Region ten jest swego rodzaju „kopalnią” smaku, bogatą w różnorodne aromaty produktów i potraw przyrządzanych według staropolskich
tradycyjnych receptur.
TANATOTURYSTYKA – NATURALNE ZJAWISKO
W PODRÓŻNICTWIE CZY KONTROWERSYJNY TREND
ŚWIATOWEJ TURYSTYKI KULTUROWEJ?
Authors: GORĄCZKO JOANNA
Published: February 2018

W niniejszym artykule dotyczącym tanatoturystyki opisano zjawisko „ciemnej turystyki”, jej definicje
oraz kategorie. Tanatoturystyka to złożony rodzaj turystyki, który dotyczy miejsc zlokalizowanych
zarówno w Polsce, jak i na całym świecie. W opracowaniu wymieniono najważniejsze z takich
obiektów. Analizie poddano motywy, jakie kierują turystami decydującymi się na wyjazdy związane
z tematyką śmierci, a także nakreślono problem komercyjnej strony „ciemnej turystyki”.
WPŁYW RUCHU LOTNICZEGO NA WIELKOŚĆ RUCHU TURYSTYCZNEGO W WYBRANYCH REGIONACH POLSKI W LATACH 2010–2014
Authors: PUKOWIEC KATARZYNA , KURDA WOJCIECH
Published: February 2018

Dynamiczny rozwój transportu lotniczego powoduje zmiany w poszczególnych dziedzinach
gospodarki światowej, w tym i turystyki. Rozbudowa infrastruktury lotniczej i zwiększenie liczby
połączeń lotniczych mogą spowodować wzrost międzynarodowego ruchu turystycznego
w regionach, w których zlokalizowane są porty lotnicze o międzypaństwowym znaczeniu. Celem
artykułu jest stwierdzenie, czy występuje zależność między wielkością ruchu lotniczego
a wielkością międzynarodowego przyjazdowego ruchu turystycznego w wybranych regionach
w Polsce. Określono również, w jakich warunkach oczekuje się występowania pełnej korelacji
między przyjętymi wskaźnikami oraz co w przypadku Polski powoduje, że nie można stwierdzić
uzależnienia wielkości międzynarodowego ruchu turystycznego od transportu lotniczego.
Flexural Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Aspect Ratios
Authors: Frydrych Iwona , Elangovan G. , Das K. Mohan
Published: February 2018

The performance of conventional concrete is enhanced by the addition of fibres in concrete. Consequently the brittleness in concrete is reduced, and its acceptable ductility is also ensured by this addition. In this paper the strength of concrete cubes, cylinders and beams cast using M25 grade concrete and reinforced with steel and polypropylene fibres is presented. Also hybrid fibres with crimped steel and polypropylene were used in a concrete matrix to study improvements in the strength properties of steel, polypropylene and hybrid polypropylene as well as steel (crimped) fibres of various proportion i.e., 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 0.5% (0.25% of steel and 0.25% of polypropylene), 0.75% (0.5% of steel and 0.25% of polypropylene, 0.25% of steel and 0.5% of polypropylene) and 1% of various combinations of hybrid fibres for 7,14 and 28 days. The main reason for synthetic fibres in the concrete matrix is to improve the post cracking response of the concrete to improve the energy absorption capacity and ductility as well as to provide crack resistance and control. The introduction of this type of concrete was brought in as a solution to develop concrete with enhanced flexural and tensile strength. In this paper we analysed and present a comparison between conventional concrete and fibre reinforced concrete, leading to a crack free structure.
Filter Based Impedance Tube for Selection of Technical Textile Materials
Authors: Frydrych Iwona , Neelakrishnan Subramanyan , Subha Rani Sundaresan , Archana Naganathan
Published: February 2018

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4613 Investigation on Wear Performance of Alkali Treated Banana fibre Mat Reinforced Polymer Gears
Authors: Bodek Andrzej
Published: February 2018

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Influence of Structure Variation and Finishing on Woven Fabric Thermal Properties
Authors: Frydrych Iwona , Demboski Goran
Published: February 2018

The paper investigates the influence of fabric structure variations and finishing on the thermal properties of woven fabrics for a tailored garment. Four distinctive pairs of fabrics were investigated, where the weft density, weft yarn count or type and finishing were varied within the fabrics in each pair. Several thermal properties such as conductivity, diffusivity, absorptivity, resistance, the ratio of maximal and stationary heat flow density and the stationary heat flow density were measured using an Alambeta device. The results obtained showed that variation of the weft yarn count and finishing have a significant effect on several thermal properties. Increasing the weft count increased the thermal conductivity, absorptivity, resistance and the ratio of maximal and stationary heat flow density. The application of oilproof and waterproof finishing affected thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity and thermal resistance. Milled finishing contributed to increasing the thermal resistance.
COMPENSATION OF SYSTEMATIC ERRORS OF DAMAGED PROBE
FOR ON-MACHINE MEASUREMENT
Authors: WOZNIAK Adam , JANKOWSKI Michal
Published: February 2018

Spatial characteristic of triggering radius of the damaged probe for the CNC machine tools has been presented. In such case a clear distortion of the probe performance characteristic and a significant increase in probe errors have been observed. Then, to such a damaged probe, a variable speed correction method of systematic errors was used. By setting proper measurement speeds, varying for different measurement directions, errors of the probe can be significantly reduced.
El Universo Tagore
Authors: Elio Mendizabal Carlos
Published: February 2018

Dentro de lo que constituye “el pensamiento de la India” reciente, Tagore, representa mediante su vida y su obra la actitud del artista y del intelectual moderno que sin renunciar nunca a sus orígenes es capaz de abrirse a nuevos horizontes. Comprometido con sus creencias y comprometido con su tierra y su tiempo, es hoy uno de los referentes para entender que el diálogo entre culturas es algo necesario.
Los Apologi ad voluptatem de Marsilio Ficino una exploración ontológica del placer
Authors: Vilar Mariano Alejandro
Published: February 2018

Se conoce como Apologi ad voluptatem a cuatro relatos breves compuestos por Marsilio Ficino mientras elaboraba su Comentario al Filebo. Estos apólogos narran el origen del placer y su lugar en la creación del Universo, así como también su interacción con los distintos agentes que pueblan el cosmos. En todos ellos la voluptas ocupa un lugar ambiguo en relación con la bonitas, lo que implica que ante cada placer es necesario realizar un esfuerzo intelectual para comprender si está relacionado con el bien (el ascenso del alma) o con el mal (las limitaciones de la vida terrenal). En este artículo se propone un análisis de cada uno de los apólogos y una comparación con algunos textos filosóficos de Ficino.
HEIDEGGER, M. (2015): Construir Habitar Pensar (Bauen Wohnen Denken), Barcelona: LaOficina. (Edición bilingüe: traducción española de Jesús Adrián Escudero y Arturo Leyte).
Authors: Rodríguez Pérez Jezabel
Published: February 2018

Reseña del libro: Heidegger, M. (2015): Construir Habitar Pensar (Bauen Wohnen Denken), Barcelona: LaOficina. (Edición bilingüe: traducción española de Jesús Adrián Escudero y Arturo Leyte).
KANT, Immanuel (2016): Lecciones de Filosofía Moral Mrongovius II. Salamanca: Sígueme. Edición bilingüe de Alba Jiménez.
Authors: Pedrazuela Idoeta Luis Javier
Published: February 2018

Reseña del libro: KANT, Immanuel (2016): Lecciones de Filosofía Moral Mrongovius II. Salamanca: Sígueme. Edición bilingüe de Alba Jiménez.
Normes juridiques et sociales dans la reconnaissance de la propriété intellectuelle des PME et des salariés dans les liens de quasi-subordination : des tensions émergentes ?
Authors: Gadille Martine , Schockaert Isabelle
Published: February 2018

Cet article traite des tensions autour de la propriété intellectuelle (PI) des « knowledge workers » et des PME dans la relation à des entreprises plus bureaucratiques. Une conception performative de la PI selon une approche juridique, sociale et en gestion, permet d’identifier les conditions d’émergence de ces tensions dans la reconnaissance de cette PI. Les cas étudiés d’inventions mais aussi de créations d’oeuvres originales, suggèrent que la non-reconnaissance de la PI dans les relations de (quasi)-subordination reflète un cadre normatif inapproprié vis à vis des travailleurs créatifs.
Reverse Innovation Reconceptualised: Much Geo-Economic Ado about Primary Market Shift
Authors: Radojević Nebojša
Published: February 2018

Present concept of reverse innovation urges multinational enterprises from developed countries to innovate for emerging markets, and to subsequently diffuse the outcome back to their home countries. The concept hence appears exclusively reserved for enterprises of particular size or origin, and for specific host countries or levels of development. This paper repositions the concept relatively to any enterprise’s dominant innovation logic, rather than relatively to its geo-economic environment. Reverse innovation thus becomes a template that any enterprise innovating for a new primary market abroad may customise to its specific situation regarding exogenous distances, endogenous distances, and managerial response.
Militantisme au sein des groupes de défense des droits des personnes locataires : pratiques démocratiques et limites organisationnelles
Authors: Breault Geneviève
Published: February 2018

Cet article s’intéresse aux limites organisationnelles et aux pratiques démocratiques visant le développement des personnes mobilisées au sein de groupes communautaires montréalais de défense de droits des personnes locataires. Ces organismes sont, selon l’appellation de Mathieu et Mercier (1991), des groupes d’intérêts ayant pour champ d’action l’amélioration des conditions de vie des personnes locataires et se définissant et se structurant à partir des rapports problématiques que ces personnes entretiennent sur le plan structurel. Or, les entrevues menées avec sept travailleuses et travailleurs issus de ces groupes nous révèlent que la place accordée aux militantes et militants dans les espaces de délibération, ainsi que dans l’orientation des actions, alimente d’importants questionnements idéologiques et professionnels. Près de quarante ans après la création de ces premiers groupes, nous proposons un regard critique sur leurs modes d’appréhension de l’idéal démocratique dans un contexte de renouvellement des pratiques démocratiques.
16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals effects of photoperiod on cecal microbiota of broiler roosters
Authors: Wang Jun , Nesengani Lucky T. , Gong Yongsheng , Yang Yujiang , Lu Wenfa
Published: February 2018

Photoperiod is an important factor in stimulating broiler performance in commercial poultry practice. However, the mechanism by which photoperiod affects the performance of broiler chickens has not been adequately explored. The current study evaluated the effects of three different photoperiod regimes (short day (LD) = 8 h light, control (CTR) = 12.5 h light, and long day (SD) = 16 h light) on the cecal microbiota of broiler roosters by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA genes. At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria were Firmicutes (CTR: 68%, SD: 69%, LD: 67%) and Bacteroidetes (CTR: 25%, SD: 26%, and LD: 28%). There was a greater abundance of Proteobacteria (p < 0.01) and Cyanobacteria (p < 0.05) in chickens in the LD group than in those in the CTR group. A significantly greater abundance of Actinobacteria was observed in CTR chickens than in SD and LD chickens (p < 0.01). The abundance of Deferribacteres was significantly higher in LD chickens than in SD chickens (p < 0.01). Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were more abundant in SD chickens than in CTR and LD chickens. The predicted functional properties indicate that cellular processes may be influenced by photoperiod. Conversely, carbohydrate metabolism was enhanced in CTR chickens as compared to that in SD and LD chickens. The current results indicate that different photoperiod regimes may influence the abundance of specific bacterial populations and then contribute to differences in the functional properties of gut microbiota of broiler roosters.
Músculo piramidal: estudo de 341 casos
Authors: Souza Sandro Cilindro de , Rosa Fabiana Paim
Published: February 2018

Introdução: O estudo do piramidal, a despeito do tamanho reduzido e da função rudimentar desse músculo, tem revelado interesse renovado devido à sua utilidade em diversas condições clínicas. Objetivo: Identificação do músculo piramidal em um grupo de cadáveres de mestiços provenientes das duas principais regiões metropolitanas do estado da Bahia (Salvador e Feira de Santana). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de necropsias nas quais os piramidais foram expostos para visualização e contagem direta. Resultados: Músculo piramidal bilateral: 73,3%; unilateral: 5%; ausente: 21,7%. Conclusões: Os achados sugerem que a presença do músculo foi correlacionada fracamente com características demográficas regionais em uma população miscigenada.
Avaliação da condição bucal de pacientes portadores de Asma-série de casos
Authors: Queiroz Rebeca Menezes Vaz , Mathias Paula
Published: February 2018

Introdução: A relação entre a asma e doenças bucais tem sido avaliada em diversos estudos, tanto pelas características inflamatórias, próprias das patologias, como também pela análise das alterações metabólicas advindas do uso de medicamentos para o controle da asma. Objetivo: Este estudo descritivo reúne uma série de casos e tem como objetivo avaliar a condição bucal dos pacientes portadores de asma, assistidos no ambulatório de Pneumologia do Ambulatório Magalhães Neto do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos. Metodologia: Foram avaliados 14 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de asma. Verificou-se o índice da condição periodontal, a presença de alterações em tecidos moles, o índice de placa corada e sangramento à sondagem. Resultados: O número médio de dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados foi de 18,14. O Índice de Placa Corada evidenciou, do total avaliado, 3 pacientes com IPC≤ 50% e 11 com IPC > 50 %, sendo que constatou-se uma média do índice equivalente a 65,42. Quanto ao grau de severidade da doença, 3 pacientes apresentaram doença periodontal moderada e 11 doença periodontal severa. Do total avaliado, 14 pacientes foram diagnosticados com periodontite crônica, sendo que, destes, 12 apresentaram distribuição da doença localizada e 2, generalizada. Não foram observadas quaisquer alterações em tecidos moles. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento do presente estudo, juntamente com os estudos realizados até então, ratificam a necessidade de uma melhor investigação a respeito da interferência da atuação dos patógenos periodontais no sistema imune de pacientes com asma, bem como a relação inversa.  
Influência da exposição à água de piscina na sorção de água e solubilidade de duas resinas compostas
Authors: Schitini Junior Osvaldo , Lins Renata Bahia Accioly , Cavalcanti Andrea de Nóbrega , Mathias Paula
Published: February 2018

Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da água de piscina (ozonizada e clorada), na sorção e solubilidade de duas resinas compostas: nanoparticulada Filtek Z350XT e micro-híbrida, Filtek Z250XT. Metodologia: foram confeccionados 80 corpos de prova, utilizando uma matriz de aço inoxidável (7,0 mm diâmetro x 1,0 mm espessura). A resina composta foi inserida em um único incremento, recoberta com tira de poliéster e placa de vidro e fotoativada por 55s. Os corpos de prova foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=10), para cada tipo de material: G1 (controle negativo – armazenado em estufa), G2 (controle positivo – água destilada), G3 (água ozonizada) e G4 (água clorada). Os corpos de prova foram pesados em balança analítica de precisão para obtenção da massa constante (m1). Posteriormente, foram expostos aos meios líquidos durante 60 dias consecutivos, sendo as águas de armazenamento trocadas diariamente. Após esse período, os corpos de prova foram pesados para obtenção de m2. Após essa etapa, novo ciclo de dessecação e pesagem foi realizado para obtenção de m3. Os valores de sorção de água e de solubilidade foram calculados e analisados estatisticamente ao nível de 5% de significância (ANOVA e teste Tukey). Conclusão: as duas resinas testadas não diferiram quanto à sorção de água, quando expostas à água destilada ou às águas de piscina (clorada ou ozonizada). A resina nanoparticulada apresentou valor de sorção de água estatisticamente superior no controle água destilada e na água ozonizada, já a resina micro-híbrida, apresentou o maior valor de sorção na água clorada. Em relação à solubilidade, ambos os compósitos apresentaram maiores valores quando expostos aos meios líquidos (água destilada, água clorada e água ozonizada), mais do que na condição controle seco. Assim, concluiu-se que a exposição ao meio aquoso aumentou a sorção de água e a solubilidade dos materiais resinosos testados.
Integrating Algae with Bioenergy Carbon Capture and Storage (ABECCS) Increases Sustainability
Authors: Beal Colin M. , Archibald Ian , Huntley Mark E. , Greene Charles H. , Johnson Zackary I.
Published: February 2018

Bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been proposed to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but concerns remain about competition for arable land and freshwater. The synergistic integration of algae production, which does not require arable land or freshwater, with BECCS (called “ABECCS”) can reduce CO2 emissions without competing with agriculture. This study presents a technoeconomic and life‐cycle assessment for colocating a 121‐ha algae facility with a 2,680‐ha eucalyptus forest for BECCS. The eucalyptus biomass fuels combined heat and power (CHP) generation with subsequent amine‐based carbon capture and storage (CCS). A portion of the captured CO2 is used for growing algae and the remainder is sequestered. Biomass combustion supplies CO2, heat, and electricity, thus increasing the range of sites suitable for algae cultivation. Economic, energetic, and environmental impacts are considered. The system yields as much protein as soybeans while generating 61.5 TJ of electricity and sequestering 29,600 t of CO2 per year. More energy is generated than consumed and the freshwater footprint is roughly equal to that for soybeans. Financial break‐even is achieved for product value combinations that include 1) algal biomass sold for $1,400/t (fishmeal replacement) with a $68/t carbon credit and 2) algal biomass sold for $600/t (soymeal replacement) with a $278/t carbon credit. Sensitivity analysis shows significant reductions to the cost of carbon sequestration are possible. The ABECCS system represents a unique technology for negative emissions without reducing protein production or increasing water demand, and should therefore be included in the suite of technologies being considered to address global sustainability.
Program Planning in Health Professions Education
Authors: Schmidt Steven W. , Lawson Luan
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the major concepts from program planning in adult education will be applied to health professions education (HPE). Curriculum planning and program planning will be differentiated, and program development and planning will be grounded in a systems thinking approach.
Assessment of Learning and Program Evaluation in Health Professions Education Programs
Authors: Moore Donald E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter proposes approaches for assessing learners and evaluating courses and curriculum that could be used by directors of health professions education (HPE) programs to determine the effectiveness and impact of their programs.
Adult, Continuing, and Health Professions Education: Moving Forward Together
Authors: Daley Barbara J. , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: February 2018

In this final chapter, we summarize the themes of this sourcebook along with the issues and trends in health professions education (HPE) identified by the chapter authors. By comparing and contrasting HPE and adult and continuing education, we discuss ways in which the two can be integrated.
Shielding verification and neutron dose evaluation of the Mevion S250 proton therapy unit
Authors: Prusator Michael T. , Ahmad Salahuddin , Chen Yong
Published: February 2018

For passive scattering proton therapy systems, neutron contamination is the main concern both from an occupational and patient safety perspective. The Mevion S250 compact proton therapy system is the first of its kind, offering an in‐room cyclotron design which prompts more concern for shielding assessment. The purpose of this study was to accomplish an in‐depth evaluation of both the shielding design and in‐room neutron production at our facility using both Monte Carlo simulation and measurement. We found that the shielding in place at our facility is adequate, with simulated annual neutron ambient dose equivalents at 30 cm outside wall/door perimeter ranging from background to 0.07 mSv and measured dose equivalents ranging from background to 0.06 mSv. The in‐room measurements reveal that the H*/D decreases when the distance from isocenter and field size increases. Furthermore, the H*/D generally increases when the angle around isocenter increases. Our results from in‐room measurements show consistent trends with our Monte Carlo model of the Mevion system.
Are Older Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis Less Active Than the General Population? Analysis From the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Thoma Louise M. , Dunlop Dorothy , Song Jing , Lee Jungwha , Tudor‐Locke Catrine , Aguiar Elroy J. , Master Hiral , Christiansen Meredith B. , White Daniel K.
Published: February 2018

Objective

To compare objectively measured physical activity in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) with similarly aged adults without osteoarthritis (OA) or knee symptoms from the general population.

Methods

We included people ages 50–85 years with symptomatic knee OA from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI, n = 491), and ages 50–85 years from the general population using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 449) data. A uniaxial accelerometer was worn for ≥10 hours/day for ≥4 days in the NHANES group in 2003–2004 and in the OAI group in 2008–2010. We calculated time spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA in minutes/day) and described differences in MVPA and demographic variables between the samples. We conducted matched‐pairs sensitivity analyses to further evaluate the role of potential confounders.

Results

Both cohorts had similarly low levels of physical activity in age‐ and sex‐specific strata. Time in MVPA ranged from a median of 1–22 minutes/day in people with symptomatic knee OA, and from 1–24 minutes/day in the general population without OA or knee pain. These results were similar in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Time spent in MVPA was similarly low in those with symptomatic knee OA as in older adults without knee pain or OA.
Characterization and Manipulation of Spin Orbit Torque in Magnetic Heterostructures
Authors: Qiu Xuepeng , Shi Zhong , Fan Weijia , Zhou Shiming , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: February 2018

Electrical‐current‐induced magnetization switching is a keystone concept in the development of spintronics devices. In the last few years, this field has experienced a significant boost with the discovery of spin orbit torque (SOT) in magnetic heterostructures. Here, the recent results as to the characterization and manipulation of SOT in various heavy‐metal/ferromagnet heterostructures are summarized. First, different electrical measurement methods that allow the physical features of SOT to be revealed are introduced. Second, it is shown that SOT in magnetic heterostructures can be manipulated via various material engineering approaches. The interfacial and bulk contributions of SOT are also discussed. These results advance the understanding of SOT and provide novel approaches toward energy‐efficient spintronic devices.
Preparation of a Super‐Hydrophobic Zinc Coating with a Hierarchical Structure Inherited from the Indicalamus Leaf through Electroplating
Authors: Wang Tianchi , Chen Kai , Sun Xin , Kong Jian
Published: February 2018

Inspired by the idea of deriving morph‐genetic materials from natural templates, the indicalamus leaf is used as a template in an electroplating method designed to prepare a zinc surface with a hierarchical microstructure similar to that of the indicalamus leaf. The leaf templates are first sintered at high temperature under vacuum to leave the carbon skeleton of indicalamus leaf behind; a layer of zinc is then plated directly onto this surface. The zinc coating inherits both the nanoscale slice structures and micrometer‐scale mastoid structures of the leaf. This hierarchical structure confers the hydrophobicity of the leaf onto the zinc coating. The resulting surface exhibits super‐hydrophobicity with low adhesion and a contact angle as high as 167°. The influence of various current densities on the hydrophobic properties of the fabricated zinc surfaces is studied, and the optimal parameters for the preparation of the super‐hydrophobic zinc surface are determined.
The Crucial Role of Charge in Thermoresponsive‐Polymer‐Assisted Reversible Dis/Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Turek Vladimir A. , Cormier Sean , Sierra‐Martin Benjamin , Keyser Ulrich F. , Ding Tao , Baumberg Jeremy J.
Published: February 2018

Dynamic control of the spacing between Au nanoparticles using nanoarchitectures incorporating the thermoresponsive polymer poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) has the capability to induce strong color changes from the plasmon shifts. PNIPAM self‐assembles on the surface of Au nanoparticles regardless of its terminal group. However, in many cases, the collapse of this PNIPAM coating at elevated temperatures fails to cause a color change, due to electrostatic and steric repulsion between the Au nanoparticles. Here, it is shown how tuning the charge repulsion between the nanoparticles is crucial to achieve large, reversible shifts of the plasmon resonances. Using NH2 terminal groups of the PNIPAM is most effective, compared with SH, COOH, and H terminations, due to their synergistic role in citrate stripping and charge neutralization. This detailed understanding of the Au–PNIPAM system is vital to enable temperature‐responsive plasmonic systems with large tuning ranges, suitable for applications such as plasmonic actuators, displays, and Raman switches.
Dye‐Incorporated Polynaphthalenediimide Acceptor for Additive‐Free High‐Performance All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Dong , Yao Jia , Chen Lie , Yin Jingping , Lv Ruizhi , Huang Bin , Liu Siqi , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Yang Chunhe , Chen Yiwang , Li Yongfang
Published: February 2018

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) can offer unique advantages for applications in flexible devices, and naphthalene diimide (NDI)‐based polymer acceptors are the widely used polymer acceptors. However, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags behind that of state‐of‐the‐art polymer solar cells, due to low light absorption, suboptimal energy levels and the strong aggregation of the NDI‐based polymer acceptor. Herein, a rhodanine‐based dye molecule was introduced into the NDI‐based polymer acceptor by simple random copolymerization and showed an improved light absorption coefficient, an up‐shifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level and reduced crystallization. Consequently, additive‐free all‐PSCs demonstrated a high PCE of 8.13 %, which is one of the highest performance characteristics reported for all‐PSCs to date. These results indicate that incorporating a dye into the n‐type polymer gives insight into the precise design of high‐performance polymer acceptors for all‐PSCs.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Enigmazole A
Authors: Sakurai Keisuke , Sasaki Makoto , Fuwa Haruhiko
Published: February 2018

Total synthesis of (−)‐enigmazole A, a marine macrolide natural product with cytotoxic activity, has been accomplished. The tetrahydropyran moiety was constructed by means of a domino olefin cross‐metathesis/intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition of a δ‐hydroxy olefin. After coupling of advanced intermediates, the macrocycle was formed through gold‐catalyzed rearrangement of a propargylic benzoate, followed by ring‐closing metathesis of the resultant α,β‐unsaturated ketone.
Crystallization Behavior of Molecular Compound in Binary Mixture System of 1,3‐Dioleoyl‐2‐Palmitoyl‐sn‐Glycerol and 1,3‐Dipalmitoyl‐2‐Oleoyl‐sn‐Glycerol
Authors: Nakanishi Kengoh , Mikiya Yumi , Ishiguro Takashi , Ueno Satoru
Published: February 2018

Previous studies showed that the stable β‐form of molecular compound (MC) crystals having a double‐chain‐length structure is formed in a binary mixture system of 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (OPO) and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (POP) with a 1:1 concentration ratio of OPO and POP. The use of MC crystals made of POP and OPO for edible applications, such as margarine, is advantageous due to no‐trans, low‐saturated, and high‐oleic fats. Industrial manufacturing technology involves rapid cooling processes, and the kinetic properties of crystallization of MC of OPO and POP are required. In this study, we clarified the crystallization of MC of OPO and POP under rapid cooling at rates of 1–150 °C min−1, using synchrotron radiation time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry methods. The main results are as follows: (1) POP and OPO crystallized in separate manners without the formation of MC crystals under rapid cooling (>40 °C min−1), while MC crystals started to form with decreasing rates of cooling in addition to the POP and OPO crystals (<30 °C min−1); (2) metastable and stable forms sub‐α, α, β′, and β of POP and OPO were formed, whereas the MC crystals of β were formed during the cooling processes; and (3) the heating processes after crystallization by rapid cooling caused separate melting of the metastable and stable forms of POP and OPO crystals and the formation of MC crystals of β made of POP and OPO, as well as melting of the MC crystals alone.
Effects of fluid type and pressure order on performance of convergent–divergent nozzles: An efficiency model for supersonic separation
Authors: Niknam Pouriya H. , Mortaheb H.R. , Mokhtarani B.
Published: February 2018

A deep analysis on the hydrodynamics of convergent–divergent nozzles is performed by changing the working conditions and fluid type. The nozzle geometry lowers the temperature of the flowing fluid, which contributes to condensation and phase change. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the nozzle performance and cooling capacity in terms of temperature, pressure, and gas type in a fixed geometry of Sajben Laval nozzle. The analysis has been conducted via a 2‐dimensional turbulent computational fluid dynamics simulation for illustrating the behavior of the fluid. A criterion for the nozzle performance is provided by prediction of exact shock wave position. An investigation on 6 different gas types demonstrates that heat capacity and thermal conductivity are the most rolling fluid properties of the nozzle performance. Furthermore, it is found that the shock wave position is unchanged during alteration of fluid type or pressure scale.

A new model is provided for prediction of convergent–divergent nozzle performance in the supersonic conditions for dehydration of natural gas as a well‐known industrial application of the nozzles. The model is developed by the genetic algorithm as a multivariable optimization method.
Molecularly Selective Regulation of Delivery Fluxes by Employing Supramolecular Interactions in Layer‐by‐Layer Films
Authors: Huang Tao , Luan Xinglong , Xia Qi , Pan Shaofeng , An Qi , Wu Yaling , Zhang Yihe
Published: February 2018

The molecularly selective regulation of molecular fluxes in a biomaterial that delivers multiple chemical species simultaneously is still beyond the reach of materials scientists. A delivery material was developed by means of the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. This material discriminatively regulates the delivery flux of bioactive small molecules, as represented by a peptide containing the RGD fragment and the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX). Molecularly selective flux regulations in LbL films are realized through fast, reversible supramolecular interactions between cyclodextrin and its guests. The mechanism underlining the delivery strategy is that supramolecular interactions promote molecular loading and slow down diffusion‐dependent release. In a preliminary survey of materials parameters, a maximum difference in cell viability between healthy human bronchial epithelial cells and cancer cells (A549) was realized.
Low tumor necrosis factor‐α levels predict symptom reduction during electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder
Authors: Sorri Annamari , Järventausta Kaija , Kampman Olli , Lehtimäki Kai , Björkqvist Minna , Tuohimaa Kati , Hämäläinen Mari , Moilanen Eeva , Leinonen Esa
Published: February 2018

Objective

Changes in the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Findings concerning the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the TNFα level have been contradictory. The aim was to examine the immediate and long‐term changes in the TNFα level and their associations with symptom reduction in patients with MDD during ECT.

Method

The study included 30 patients with MDD. Their TNFα levels were measured at baseline and 2 and 4 hr after the first, fifth and last ECT session. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).

Results

The TNFα level decreased from baseline to the 2‐ and 4‐hr measurements. There was a correlation between the first ECT session TNFα levels and the relative symptom reduction according to the MADRS score after the ECT series. Both the first (baseline) ECT and 4‐hr TNFα levels were lower in responders than in nonresponders.

Conclusion

ECT consistently induced a decrease in the TNFα level after each studied session. A low TNFα level at the first ECT appeared to predict a symptom reduction. These findings suggest that TNFα might have a role in the pathogenesis in MDD and in the mechanism of action of ECT.
Peripheral blood clinical laboratory variables associated with outcomes following combination nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy in melanoma
Authors: Rosner Samuel , Kwong Erica , Shoushtari Alexander N. , Friedman Claire F. , Betof Allison S. , Brady Mary Sue , Coit Daniel G. , Callahan Margaret K. , Wolchok Jedd D. , Chapman Paul B. , Panageas Katherine S. , Postow Michael A.
Published: February 2018

Both the combination of nivolumab + ipilimumab and single‐agent anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy have demonstrated survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. As the combination has a high rate of serious side effects, further analyses in randomized trials of combination versus anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy are needed to understand who benefits most from the combination. Clinical laboratory values that were routinely collected in randomized studies may provide information on the relative benefit of combination immunotherapy. To prioritize which clinical laboratory factors to ultimately explore in these randomized studies, we performed a single‐center, retrospective analysis of patients with advanced melanoma who received nivolumab + ipilimumab either as part of a clinical trial (n = 122) or commercial use (n = 87). Baseline routine laboratory values were correlated with overall survival (OS) and overall response rate (ORR). Kaplan–Meier estimation and Cox regression were performed. Median OS was 44.4 months, 95% CI (32.9, Not Reached). A total of 110 patients (53%) responded (CR/PR). Significant independent variables for favorable OS included the following: high relative eosinophils, high relative basophils, low absolute monocytes, low LDH, and a low neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio. These newly identified factors, along with those previously reported to be associated with anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy outcomes, should be studied in the randomized trials of nivolumab + ipilimumab versus anti‐PD‐1 monotherapies to determine whether they help define the patients who benefit most from the combination versus anti‐PD‐1 alone.
Clip versus suture toe to toe: Perspectives on and beyond the evidence base
Authors: Turi Zoltan G.
Published: February 2018

Key Points

The evidence that StarClose is associated with a higher complication rate than Perclose is reasonable if less than robust.

Closure results are affected by access technique.

The rationale for using closure devices in small hole puncture is questionable both from a clinical as well as financial standpoint.
First follow‐up of a breakable stent for implantation in infants dedicated for a life‐long stay
Authors: Zartner Peter A. , Neudorf Ulrich , Bierbach Benjamin , Hart Chris , Schneider Martin B.
Published: February 2018

Objective and methods

The use of conventional metal stents in infants is severely limited by subsequent somatic growth. The use of a breakable balloon expandable stent (BS) designed for initial implant at small diameters but with properties that allow unlimited dilation in line with growth has potential advantages in this patient group. This study reports our experience with this stent between 2010 and 2014. A total of 17 BS were implanted in 14 infants (mean age 4.8 months). All but one stent was placed into the aorta to treat coarctation.

Results

All implantations were successful and initial gradients dropped from a mean of 25–6 mm Hg (range from 1–50 down to 0–24 mm Hg). Mean follow‐up was 3.3 years (range 5 days to 7 years) with a total cumulative follow‐up of 46.7 patient years. Stent redilation was performed a median of 2.5 times (range 0–5). Sixteen stents in 13 patients remain in place. Following redilation beyond 10 mm, circumferential integrity of the BS was lost in 10 patients. No further stent implantation or related surgery was necessary. A 3 mm dissection occurred in one patient after redilation.

Conclusions

The BS performed well in terms of relief of stenosis and could be successfully dilated during the phase of the infants' most rapid growth. Mild intimal proliferation occurred in some patients early after implantation. In the course of the stepwise redilations and growth adjustments, both, planned longitudinal and transverse fractures occurred without allowing a collapse of the stented area.
Design, Synthesis, and Crystallization‐Induced Emission of Boron Difluorides β‐Ketoiminates
Authors: Fedorenko Elena V. , Mirochnik Anatolii G. , Beloliptsev Anton Yu. , Svistunova Irina V. , Tretyakova Galina O.
Published: February 2018

A series of new nitrogen‐containing analogues of boron difluoride benzoylacetonates with hydrogen and methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom have been synthesized. A comparative study of boron difluoride β‐ketoiminates and their oxygen‐containing analogues by means of luminescence and IR spectroscopic methods as well as quantum chemistry simulations was also performed.
Ecological autocatalysis: a central principle in ecosystem organization?
Authors: Veldhuis Michiel P. , Berg Matty P. , Loreau Michel , Olff Han
Published: February 2018

Ecosystems comprise flows of energy and materials, structured by organisms and their interactions. Important generalizations have emerged in recent decades about conversions by organisms of energy (metabolic theory of ecology) and materials (ecological stoichiometry). However, these new insights leave a key question about ecosystems inadequately addressed: are there basic organizational principles that explain how the interaction structure among species in ecosystems arises? Here we integrate recent contributions to the understanding of how ecosystem organization emerges through ecological autocatalysis (EA), in which species mutually benefit through self‐reinforcing circular interaction structures. We seek to generalize the concept ofEAby integrating principles from community and ecosystem ecology. We discuss evidence suggesting that ecological autocatalysis is facilitated by resource competition and natural selection, both central principles in community ecology. Furthermore, we suggest that pre‐emptive resource competition by consumers and plant resource diversity drive the emergence of autocatalytic loops at the ecosystem level. Subsequently, we describe how interactions between such autocatalytic loops can explain pattern and processes observed at the ecosystem scale, and summarize efforts to model different aspect of the phenomenon. We conclude thatEAis a central principle that forms the backbone of the organization in systems ecology, analogous to autocatalytic loops in systems chemistry.
Bitterness Reduction of Cold Pressed Grapefruit Seed Oil by Adsorbent Treatment
Authors: Aydeniz Güneşer Buket , Yilmaz Emin
Published: February 2018

The goal of this study is to remove bitterness of cold pressed grapefruit seed oil by adsorbent treatments. The oil is treated with amberlites XAD7, IR120, and IRA400 resins, and natural zeolite, sepiolite, and montmorillonite at 3% (w/w) level. Oil physicochemical properties, oil flavonoid, phenolic acid and phytosterol compositions, oil sensory descriptive analysis, oil consumer preferences as well as properties of the adsorbents are determined. The largest surface area, pore radius, pore volume, and oleic acid adsorption capacity are observed for natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 amberlite. Adsorbent treatment usually reduced oil viscosity, free acidity, and soap content. In removal of flavonoids, natural sepiolite, zeolite and XAD7 resin are the most successful. Reductions from 3.0 to 60.0% are quantified. Phytosterol composition is not changed significantly by adsorbent treatment. Quantitative sensory descriptive data shows that natural sepiolite at first, followed by natural zeolite and amberlite XAD7 reduced bitterness and throatcatching scores almost by half, but consumer preference test results shows that these reductions were not enough for consumers to accept the taste/flavor of the treated oils. Hence, bitterness removal from grapefruit seed oil still remains as a research challenge.

Practical Applications: To utilize cold pressed grapefruit seed oil for direct human consumption, the inherent bitterness needs to be removed. This study shows that almost half levels of sensorially perceived bitterness could be removed by natural sepiolite, zeolite, and amberlite XAD7 adsorbents. Although consumers find the treated oils still bitter, the treated oils could be used in formulated food preparations or in blend with other vegetable oils.

Cold pressed grapefruit seed oils are treated with various adsorbents to remove bitterness, and then evaluated by analytical techniques and sensory evaluations.