bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tree Condition and Analysis Program – Detecting Forest Disturbance at the Tree Level across the Contiguous United States with High Resolution Imagery
Authors: Wegmueller Sarah A , Monahan William B , Townsend Philip A
Published: November 2023

Effective management of forest insects and diseases requires detection of abnormal mortality, particularly among a single species, sufficiently early to enable effective management. Remote detection of individual trees crowns requires a spatial resolution not available from satellites such as Landsat or Sentinel-2. In the United States, there are currently few operational systems capable of effectively and affordably detecting and mapping tree mortality over broad landscapes using high-resolution imagery. Here, we introduce the Tree Condition and Analysis Program (TreeCAP), an open-source system that uses freely available imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) to create maps of tree condition (healthy or damaged). We demonstrate the potential applications of TreeCAP in four study sites: (1) beetle-killed pines in California, (2) emerald ash borer progression in Wisconsin, (3) hemlock wooly adelgid mortality in Pennsylvania, and (4) drought damage in Texas. We achieved an average overall accuracy of 87% across all study sites.
Buying time! VA-ECMO as a bridge to successful reoperative cardiac surgery in a case of traumatic tricuspid valve injury
Authors: Jacob Abiah , Okafor Donatus K , Bhattacharyya Sanjeev , Wong Kit
Published: November 2023

Cardiac surgery performed on patients in cardiogenic shock is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Preoperative Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in cardiogenic shock gives critically-ill patients a chance for surgical intervention and is associated with better surgical outcomes. We present a 29-year-old male who had a ventricular septal defect closure as a child and presented with multi-organ injuries following polytrauma. He was in cardiogenic shock despite maximal inotropic support. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated torrential tricuspid regurgitation (TR) from a flail tricuspid valve (TV) leaflet as the cause of cardiogenic shock. He was stabilized on Veno-Arterial ECMO and underwent reoperative cardiac surgery. Intra-operatively, the anterior leaflet of his TV and its papillary muscle was detached from the right ventricle. He had a successful tissue TV replacement. Early surgery was indicated to treat right ventricular failure due to torrential TR, but due to his restricting non-cardiac injuries, ECMO was successfully used as a short-term support strategy and as a bridge to definitive surgery.
Parallelism
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

Robert Alter makes an interesting comparison between the use of parallelism in Hebrew poetry and the ways in which images are thrown on to the cinema screen. Just as the screen enhances and reinforces an association of ideas in our imagination by the reperition of a particular image, so parallelism achieves the same effect by the ordering of words rather than pictures. By creating similar images with different words, the intensification of meaning is achieved.
The Psalmists as Poets
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

The issue of a ‘setting-in-life’ and a ‘setting-in-literature’ is quite different with respect to the poetry of the psalms. The absence of a narrative context means that each psalm is a self-sufficient unit, and as its meaning is not controlled by an editor’s narrative commentary, a ‘setting-in-life’ has to some extent still been preserved. Clearly there is some interpretative framework-for example, the superscriptions which identify particular psalms with events in the life of King David, and the interrelationship between one psalm and its neighbour within the collection-but this has not the same effect as the lengthy narrative framework which surrounds nonpsalmic poetry; it most certainly does not predetennine the overall meaning of a psalm.
The pharmacology of sedative agents
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider the pharmacology of the commonly used sedative agents, particularly the benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide. Newer inhalation agents which have been used for sedation and propofol, an intravenous anaes thetic agent will also be discussed. Pharmacology can be considered as having two components, pharmacody namics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics can be defined as the effect that drugs have on the patient, while pharmacokinetics can be defined as the effect that the patient has on the drug. Pharmacodynamics considers both the therapeutic and the unwanted or side effects of the drugs, whereas pharmacokinetics will consider the way the drug is absorbed into the body, distributed around it, and subsequently eliminated. The standard measure of the elimination of drugs from the body is the half-life, or the time that it takes for the body to reduce the amount of available drug to half of the initial dose.
Oral sedation and premedication
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

The administration of oral preparations to patients is one of the simplest tech niques available to the practising dentist. It is therefore attractive when compared with other methods which either require complicated techniques of administra tion, or expensive equipment. However, such apparent simplicity may be misleading. It is helpful, initially, to define the terms ‘oral sedation’ and ‘premed ication’.
Intravenous sedation
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

As with all the other techniques discussed in this book, intravenous sedation can be used for any of the indications described in Chapter 13. There are a number of situations where the use of intravenous sedation has advantages over other techniques. There is a general, somewhat erroneous belief that inhalation sedation (see Chapter 17) is less effective in adult patients. This relates to the fact that children are more susceptible to hypnotic suggestion, and thus easier to treat with inhalation sedation. However, many adults do appear to prefer the amnesia associated with intravenous sedation.
Analgesics in dentistry
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the pharmacological properties of the analgesics used in dentistry. Although pain arising from the teeth and other oral structures can vary in both its intensity and pathogenesis, the main indication for pre scribing analgesics is in the management of post-operative dental pain (i.e. pain arising after a dental surgical procedure). Information on the nature of this type of dental pain has come mainly from investigations on the post-operative course after the removal of impacted third molars. This operative procedure results in an acute inflammatory response in the tissues adjacent to the third molar area. In addition to pain, there is an accompanying trismus and buccal swelling.
Muscular dystrophy – an evolving concept
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

Muscular dystrophy is one of the fastest growing fields in medicine, at both the clinical and laboratory level. Over the last 50 years or so, many important innovations in medical science have actually been initiated in studies of muscular dystrophy (Emery and Emery 1995). For example, the first application in medicine of discriminant function statistical analysis was in the 1950s for resolving clinical and genetic heterogeneity in these diseases. A little later the first application of Bayseian statistics was in risk calculations in muscular dystrophy, a statistical method of reverse genetics or, more precisely, positional cloning. This technique has subsequently been applied with great success to other forms of dystrophy as well as to many other genetic disorders.
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Upadhyaya Meena , Cooper David N
Published: November 2023

The defining clinical features include the onset of weakness of the facial or shoulder girdle muscles, leading eventually to the wasting of these muscles (Fig. 8.1). Significant facial weakness is evident in more than half of all affected FSHD patients. As the disease progresses, the muscles of the shoulder girdle, the scapula fixators, and the upper arm muscles (especially the biceps and triceps) may become affected. Weakness and atrophy may eventually involve many other skeletal muscles, including the musculature of the pelvic girdle and the foot extensor muscles may become involved, resulting in footdrop. Some patients may display involvement of the proximal muscles of the lower limb prior to any evidence of weakness of the distal muscles. Involvement of the musculature of the pelvic girdle is observed infrequently. However, patients who exhibit pelvic girdle muscle weakness before the age of 20 years are more likely to become wheelchair-bound, and at an earlier age. Studies have indicated that although 10–20 per cent of all FSHD gene carriers will require a wheelchair by their fourth decade, a further 22–30 per cent of carriers will only be mildly affected, or may even remain virtually asymptomatic throughout their lives.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and related cardiac disorders in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Urtizberea J Andoni , Duboc Denis , Schwartz Ketty , Bonne Gisèle
Published: November 2023

Heart dysfunction in muscular dystrophy has been noted a long time ago but did not draw much attention until recently. As Duchenne patients live longer and better now a- days, this complication has become, over the years, a major concern as well as a growing cause of death. The spectrum of cardiac abnormalities turned out to be much broader than originally thought: congestive heart failure, secondary to left ventricular dysfunction, is the commonest risk in many muscular dystrophies but rhythm disturbances and/or conduction defects can also be complications of their own, sometimes (DCM) with the same momentum. In the meantime, the spectrum of genetic diversity in muscular dystrophies has expanded formidably and generated new insights into muscle physiology.
Respiratory care in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Simonds Anita K
Published: November 2023

Loss of lung volume in neuromuscular disease is due to a combination of inspiratory muscle weakness and decrease in chest wall and pulmonary compliance, creating a restrictive ventilatory defect. Longitudinal studies (Baydur et al. 1990; Rideau et al. 1981) of lung volume in DMD patients have shown that absolute values of forced vital capacity (FVC) increase during childhood until around 10 years of age then plateau as the disease advances. The mid to late teenage years are characterized by a fall in FVC as respiratory muscle strength declines and a thoracic scoliosis commonly develops. Plateau FVC values tend to be around 1500 ml. Daytime hypercapnia is likely once vital capacity falls below 500 ms but a fairly wide variation is seen. Brooke et al.
Ten Questians and their Answers
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

Many things in the world have a mathematical side to them and it is the business of mathematics to try to understand that facet of their nature. Mathematical reasoning can often explain things that otherwise remain obscure or baffling, and sometimes the reasoning involved is easy to understand once it is presented to you. This introductory chapter consists of a series of examples meant to prove my point. If you feel yourself any the wiser after reading them through, I invite you to read on. This book makes no claim to great depth, but through it I hope to convey the flavour of modern mathematics. It may also serve to clarify some aspects of school algebra and geometry, and even arithmetic, about which you may have always felt somewhat uneasy. It is perfectly possible, for instance, for anyone to understand the theorem of Pythagoras as well as a professional mathematician; the level of difficulty encountered is only that met when assembling a jigsaw puzzle of half a dozen pieces. There is no reason why such genuinely interesting aspects of mathematics need remain a mystery-indeed, most thoughtful people, with a little patience, can understand such things completely. Even some profound aspects of twentieth-century mathematics are quite accessible, and I hope to give the reader the satisfaction of seeing some parts of the mathematical world that were never revealed to even the greatest minds of the past.
Linguistic Criticism
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

A fruitful, well-established development in literary studies has been the application of ideas drawn from linguistics. Precise analytical methods help the practical criticism of texts, while at the same time the theory of language has illuminated literary theory. Linguistic Criticism is an introduction to the subject by one of its most experienced practitioners. Roger Fowler sets out clearly and simply a variety of analytical techniques whose application he demonstrates in discussion of a wide range of texts drawn from fiction, poetry, and drama. He concentrates on structures which relate literature to ordinary language, stressing the importance of the reader's every day language skills. This second edition gives clarified and expanded sections dealing with the role of the reader in literary criticism, and includes more twentieth-century texts and examples for analysis and discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

Some of the best twentieth-century literary criticism has been that which has focused on the language of the works being discussed: in Great Britain, William Empson’s Seven Types. of Ambiguity (1930) and the Cambridge tradition of ‘practical criticism’ which Empson’s work and that of I. A. Richards inspired and sustained; in the United States, the ‘New Criticism’ of the 1940s and 1950s (e.g. Cleanth Brooks’s The Well Wrought Urn, 1947); in France, the earlier work of the ‘Structuralists’ such as that of Roland Barthes in the 1960s and early 197os (e.g. Barthes’s brilliant book S/Z, 1970). The values and the terminologies employed by the critics in those movements might today seem somewhat quaint, but a general principle of attentiveness to language seemed to be tacitly agreed. These critics routinely anchored their interpretative and evaluative commentaries to specific linguistic constructions within the texts: to distinctive word-orders, choices of vocabulary, patterns of sound and rhythm, complexities and idiosyncracies of meaning, and so on. One might disagree with their views on the texts, but, thanks to the fact that these critics do refer to real structures of language, it is at least possible to query and discuss the claims being made in relation to the evidence being offered.
Introduction: The Tradition before c. 1660
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

Oxford’s history can be traced back as far as the year 912. Parts of its early fortifications are still visible today in the remains of the city walls (some of which were incorporated into the colleges) and the castle tower, built for William the Conqueror in w71. The two great Augustinian priories of St Frideswide’s and Oseney Abbey, dating from 1122 and n29 respectively, promoted an environment of learning which contributed to the development of the university towards the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries: the appointment of a chancellor of the university was first mentioned in a document of 1214.
Personalities: The Goodsons, William and Philip Hayes, Crotch, and Malchair
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

In the line of holders of the Heather Chair of Music during the eighteenth century, the Goodsons (father and son) have only a shadowy effect compared with what is known of their successors in the post, William and Philip Hayes, and William Crotch. Their musical activity as composers seems to have been closely bound up with university ceremonial.’ Again, a lack of clarity exists over the attribution of works to the older and younger Goodsons. Neither appears to have been widely known as either composer or performer outside Oxford. In Oxford they contributed as organists to college chapel music. And in an interesting parallel to the early performance history of Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas, Goodson senior provided music for the production of a dramatic version of the Orpheus legend at an Oxfordshire school, in Besselsleigh, in 1697.
Music in an Academic Context, II
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

For music in Oxford, as for many other spheres of activity, the period from 1800 to 1914 was very much an age of documentation.’ In the university context, the official records of the time contain some quite intense arguments relating to music that emerged during the processes of reform. Evidently these matters aroused considerable feeling among participants and observers. As one (himself clearly much agitated) writer put it: ‘Music is now the great question that agitates the whole nation.’ This was probably to some extent true. Many major changes, upheavals and experiments were taking place in the musical world of later nineteenth-century Britain. The reports of the University’s Hebdomadal Council, and later (from 1g11) those of the Music Board, afford numerous insights into the workings of university committees and their business during this period.
Mountain Guerrilla
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Ted Carpenter was a self-described “’60s run-around activist” who was interested in adult education. In 1968 the young Canadian came to the Upper Cumberland area of Appalachia to work as a VISTA volunteer.1 Appalachia’s problems were varied and complex, and government and private programs often neglected the people of the region, concentrating instead on industrial and natural resource development. Carpenter supervised VISTA’s community development programs for several surrounding counties in eastern Tennessee.
Broadside TV
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

A two-year seed grant from the Appalachian Regional Commission allowed the 26-year-old Ted Carpenter to move to Johnson City, Tennessee, in 1972 and found Broadside TV, an extraordinary communications experiment based on a regional planning and development model. Building on his “living newsletter” experience, Carpenter determined to construct an economically viable, self-sustaining community media utility, an entity virtually unique in the nation.
Super Video
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1975 TVTV was working on several projects simultaneously and had to hire two people to help with the work: Karen Murphy as secretary and Steven Conant as equipment manager. The staff was earning $150 a week while the seven partners pulled salaries of $175. With investors like the Point Foundation, the Vanguard Foundation, and family members, TVTV was able to meet their basic operating costs of $10,000 to $12,000 a month. They owned $26,000 in equipment, which included three color cameras, a portapak camera with a low-light tube, a brand new three-quarter-inch cassette editor and various portable decks, cassette recorders, editors, playback machines, and monitors.
On the Sentential Calculus
Authors: Tarski Alfred
Published: November 2023

The constants with which we have to deal in any scientific theory may be divided into two large groups. The first group consists of terms which are specific for a given theory. In the case of arithmetic, for instance, they are the terms denoting either individual numbers or whole classes of numbers, relations among numbers, operations on numbers, etc.; the constants which we used in Section 1 asexamples belong here, among others. On the other hand, in most statements of arithmetic there are also terms of a much more general character-terms which are encountered constantly in considerations of everyday life and in every possible field of science.
You Ought To Be In Pictures
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Allan Dwan, one of the pioneer film directors, found his career by accident. He was working as an engineer for a Chicago-based movie company, which sent him out to California to investigate a production in trouble. Dwan arrived in San Diego and found a bunch of actors waiting around for the director, who had disappeared on a binge. He telegraphed the home office, and a wire came back instructing him to take over the project.
Social Studies
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

What I Want for Christmas William Randolph Hearst and Marion Davies gave parties not only on the West Coast but also in New York. Anita Loos recalled one Christmas party ( when Hearst had given his mistress the Ritz Tower building on Park Avenue as her Christmas present) to which Mabel Normand arrived late, disheveled and without her then constant companion, none other than Samuel Goldwyn.
The End-That’s All Folks!
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

It’s Not My Funeral Jack Warner feuded so much with his brother Harry that in 1958, when Jack’s car collided with a truck on the French Riviera, word spread through Hollywood that Harry must have been driving it. In the end, it was Harry who died first. After fifty years of working together, Jack did not attend his brother’s funeral. Another pair named Jack and Harry ran Columbia Pictures. Jack Cohn managed the business side in New York, while his brother Harry made pictures in Hollywood, managing to look trim well past middle age.
Early Poems (with Some Glances Ahead)
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

Yeats’s earlier poems, even the love poems, are “youthful” but never quite carefree. When he was twenty, for instance, the Dublin University Review published his mostly unreadable pastoral play The Island of Statues, which did however contain some magical passages. One of them, later reprinted in revised form as the poem “The Cloak, the Boat, and the Shoes,” begins:The easy linking of sorrow and beauty here has its sentimental side, but the gentle lyrical spell of the lines is compensation enough. And despite the vague base of the association, there are enough poetic antecedents--in Sappho and Catullus, in folk songs, in the songs in Shakespeare’s plays, and in Blake and Byron and Keats among
Early Drama (with Some Glances Ahead)
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

Yeats began writing plays in the late 1890’s. Although a few were fairly successful as theater pieces, or because they were politically stirring, he was not a dramatist in the same full sense as Shaw, O’Casey, Wilde, or even Synge. But he did have an instinct for a kind of dramatic dialogue, sometimes in the form of an inward debate of the self. As we have seen, this instinct helped him cultivate a powerful, flexible technique in handling contradictory elements in his poems. Writing plays, and his serious involvement with theatrical production-which began in 1898 and intensified after he helped found the Abbey Theatre in 1904-brought his structural mastery to new levels.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

In Robert Coover’s The Origin of the Brunists (1971) Justin Miller, editor of the local newspaper, reflects on the fact that he “had read Revelations at the age of thirteen and never quite got over it.” That happens to a lot of people who read the Book of Revelation - even so-called scholars - and it is from a scholarly point of view (specifically that of a literary and social historian of early Christianity) that the following chapters have been written. A book like Revelation can grip people in different ways, and it is not easy to explain just how the scholarly “grip” differs from, for example, Coover’s Brunists who use the Book of Revelation to illumine an unfinished note of a preacher-miner killed in a mining explosion. Nor is the scholar likely to be gripped by the book as a window into the future of Middle Eastern affairs, with the number of the beast, 666, enigmatically identifying the Soviet Union or Iran. I could say that the scholar is systematic in his or her approach to the Book of Revelation. But the Brunists and other millenarians, as they decode the book, are probably just as systematic as a social or intellectual historian of early Christianity, though in a different way.
The Linguistic Unity of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

The language of Revelation transmits a tremendous amount of information; the task is to make that language disclose its secrets — about the message that John is sending, the vision of the world that informs his message, his situation in the church and the Roman Empire, the network of social relationships inside and outside the Christian communities addressed by the seer, and the shape of the language itself — its syntax, genre, and ordinary and metaphoric significance. All of that information is interwoven in the seer’s language. For analytic purposes, however, we shall consider first the language itself and the vision created by it. No synopsis can remain simple and at the same time reflect the subtle connections among words, phrases, sentences, and scenes of Revelation. The seer’s text can, however, be blocked out into sections by following certain organizational principles suggested in Revelation itself. The following outline is both approximate and preliminary.
Christians in the Province of Asia
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

On the basis of the previous chapter it would at best be hazardous to assume an empire wide political crisis during Domitian’s reign. Writers such as Pliny, Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dio Chrysostom cannot be appealed to uncritically as evidence for corruption, terror, and intensification of imperial demands for divinity under Domitian. As we have seen, Domitian served those writers as foil for Trajan: Trajan’s rule as proper “leader” (princeps) was enhanced by portraying Domitian as a tyrant, just as Trajan’s proper humanity was enhanced by Domitian’s exaggerated divinity. Domitian was no more or less demanding an emperor than those who came before or after him. It would be a mistake to interpret the Book of Revelation as a response to Domitian’s supposed excessive claims to divinity or to a reign of terror at the end of Domitian’s rule. Domitian provided economic and political stability for the whole empire at least as well as did other emperors at the end of the first century and the beginning of the second. John of Revelation is concerned, however, with Christian life in a very specific location in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He writes to seven churches in seven cities in the province of Asia along the western edge of Asia Minor. He experienced his visions on the island of Patmos, off the city of Miletus. Thus, within the Roman Empire, Revelation is to be associated with urban life in the province of Asia. Conditions there are more important to him than life at Rome, and the social and political institutions and arrangements in those cities of Asia are the backdrop for Revelation. For that reason we turn now to local conditions in Asia. The procedure will be to move in ever-larger concentric circles, beginning with Christian life in the province of Asia (the present chapter), then Jewish life in that province (chap. 8), and finally, social, economic, and political life in the cities of Asia where Christians lived and worked (chap. 9). Throughout these chapters special attention will be given to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea-the cities of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
Urban Life in the Province of Asia
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

The last two chapters have shown that Christians and Jews in Asia were not isolated from economic and political social structures in the cities where they worshipped and worked. In this chapter I shall consider more systematically some of the features of urban life only alluded to in the previous two chapters. The focus here win be on the organization of cities and the economic and political connections between the cities in Asia and the larger empire. Implicit throughout the chapter is the thesis that political, economic, and social relations within the cities and between the cities and the empire were stable. Those relations provide no basis for assuming crises between empire and province or among classes within the cities of the province. Life in the cities was fairly prosperous and the social structures provided benefits for all; though, allways, the wealthy received more benefits than the poor. In other words, life in the provinces under Domitian was carried on much as it had been and would be for at least another century. Where possible, I provide examples of this life from Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, the circle of seven cities in the Book of Revelation.
Postscript: Religious Language and the Social Order
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

Where are the Christian-filled lions? Where is crazed Domitian who sends out his legions against hapless Christians? Where are the oppressed slaves with crosses proudly worn inside their tunics? Where is the crazed seer caught in a state of spiritual madness? It all seems so ordinary: an emperor who negotiates political decisions with senators and provincials so as to assure stability in the empire; economic prosperity and social integration of cities in the Asian province where John and his audience live; for the most part a coincidence between life-styles and attitudes of Christians and non-Christians in those cities. The Book of Revelation does not contradict this portrait: there are few indications of crises involving institutions outside the Christian communities, every indication that the seer is writing in a particular generic tradition that influences his choice of images, his construction of scenes, and his portrait of the world. His audience is made up of ordinary people committed to Christianity: people sharing in the provincial prosperity, albeit some more than others; a diverse group from different social locations who find an alternative vision to the public order attractive.
Introduction
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

From a Western-especially an American-perspective, Japan appears to share many characteristics of other East Asian societies. The legacy of Chinese influence is manifest in Japan’s language, its arts, religion, and the most basic perceptions of the individual’s relationships to family, community, and nation. These include prevailing social definitions of authority and the role of the state. The Japanese like their East Asian neighbors seem to accept the perogative of those who rule to intervene and regulate nearly all aspects of community life subject, however, to a moral obligation to govern with empathy and benevolence.
Lawsuits and Lawyers: The Making of a Myth
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

Historically the Japanese have been quite litigious. Adjudication, as we have seen, is among the oldest and most developed processes for social control in Japan. By the end of the eighteenth century, the substantive rules of Japanese law were as much the product of a well-established judicial process of articulation and enforcement as administrative fiat. Japanese procedural law rivaled the rationality and sophistication of any European system. Judicial duties had become a major function of the daikan, the frontline Tokugawa samurai official. Even a prevenient legal profession had emerged; In a narrowly defined class of claims recognized as “money suits,” an adjudicatory enforcement process had evolved and expanded with the rise of commerce in the eighteenth century.
Bureaucrats and Business: Administrative Power Constrained
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

The paradigm of the administrative state has long been the dominant vision of governance in the modern Japanese state. Governmental intrusion into all areas of life has been widely viewed as characteristic of Japan since the Meiji era. The power, prestige, and ubiquitous presence of Japanese officialdom has been a constant theme. Views may vary from Robert Ward’s restrained understatement that “since the Meiji restoration ... the bureaucracy has been very important in the Japanese political system” to Dan Henderson’s hyperbole that in Japan, “[r]ather than a rule of law, a rule of bureaucrats prevails.”
Epilogue
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

For Thoreau, "to speak somewhere without bounds" was to speak "like a man in a waking moment, to men in their waking moments ..." (Walden 289). Gothic romancers choose instead to speak in the language of dreams-those moments when, in their view, the mind is most free "to expatiate through the boundless realms of invention." Pierre's sublime journey into the mountains takes place not in a waking moment but in a sightless state of "torpor-some horrible foretaste of death itself," "a state of semi-unconsciousness" (476).
Gothic Romance and Women’s Reality in Jane Eyre
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth-century writer who gave most audacious expression to the latent, subversive message of women’s Gothic, and to the anger it implied, was Charlotte Bronte. Because Jane Eyre itself became a prototype for so much later women’s Gothic and perhaps because Villette did not, the subtlety of Bronte’s transformation of the genre in those two works has never received the attention it deserves. This extraordinary transformation develops the submerged meanings of the genre through an interlocking treatment of the themes of self-defense, knowledge, repetition, and transcendence.
Epilogue
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

Charlotte Bronte's importance as an artist in the Gothic tradition cannot be overestimated. It was she, among nineteenth-century writers, who saw most clearly the confusion of me and not-me in women's most terrifying experience of themselves-who saw the hidden identity of the ghostly other selves that haunt the female mind and the forces of oppression whose violence shapes those ghosts in its own image, making them at the sanle time both self and fearful Other.
Introduction
Authors: Finn John E
Published: November 2023

In Book Twelve of The Odyssey, Lady Kirke draws Odysseus aside from the celebration of his success at the houses of death to warn of the trials that still await him on his long journey home.’ The loveliest and most perilous of these are the Seirenes, whose soulful melodies bewitch and entrance mere men. Anxious to hear their serenade and yet keep his mind, Odysseus, with Kirke’ s assistance, devises a plan: His crew must lash him to the mast of his ship and plug up their ears with beeswax so as to hear neither the Seirenes nor his cries to release him. Odysseus must then remain there, back to the mast, lashed to the mast, until the Seirenes’ song is faint in the distance.
A Theory of Constitutional Maintenance and Constitutional Crises
Authors: Finn John E
Published: November 2023

Crises pose two distinct challenges to any constitution’ s claim to perpetuity. In the first, narrower, instance, crises raise issues of how (and when) to interpret specific provisions in a constitutional document. Almost every modern constitution makes some explicit provision for crisis government. Article I, Section 9, of the U.S. Constitution authorizes suspension of the writ of habeas corpus “when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” Section 8 also empowers Congress to declare war, raise armies, and provide militia to suppress insurrections.
Political Violence and Antiterrorism Legislation in Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Authors: Finn John E
Published: November 2023

Constitutional maintenance has at least two dimensions. As we saw in the preceding chapter, one concerns the reconstruction of constitutional forms and structures in societies where particular constitutional orders have failed. Fidelity to constitutional values in such cases requires that the process of reconstruction take place in certain ways. If the process is to succeed, it must also take place in certain types of conditions, conditions in which constitutionalism’ s commitment to reason can flourish. That commitment cannot prosper in communities where reason has been supplanted by or must compete with violence as the primary means of politics.
Constitutional Reconstruction, Militant Democracy, and Antiterrorism Legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Finn John E
Published: November 2023

In 1989 the Federal Republic of Germany celebrated the fortieth anniversary of its constitutional charter, the Basic Law. The remarkable success and continuing vitality of constitutional democracy in the Federal Republic-at four decades, it has proven Germany’ s most durable democratic state-has, of course, much to do with the country’ s economic renewal and the particular historical forces that conditioned its founding. Germany’ s second defeat in a world war, unlike its first, did not give rise to a stab in the back myth or to internal recriminations that prevented the new regime from consolidating legitimacy.
The Bear and the Porcupine
Authors: Hannay Margaret P
Published: November 2023

Mary Sidney, daughter of Mary Dudley and Henry Sidney, was born into a family alliance that achieved great power in England, Ireland, and Wales. ·The families of both her father and her mother had come from relative obscurity to prominence under Henry VIII, flourished under young Edward VI, survived the reign of Queen Mary, and returned to power in the early years of Queen Elizabeth I. The Dudleys, however, repeatedly rose higher and fell farther than the Sidneys. To Sir William Sidney, who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Flodden, Henry VIII entrusted his son. As chamberlain for the infant Edward, Sidney presided over a household at Hampton Court that included his wife as governess and his sister-in-law Sybil Penne as dry nurse. Because of the king’s desperate que,st for a male heir, extraordinary precautions were taken with “the hall realmes most pretyou.,;e Ioyall”; Sidney and his staff were instructed to “forsee that all dangiers and aduersaryes of malikious persones and kasual harmes (if any be) shall be vigilanty forseene and auoyded.”1 Sidney was to procure the best food, make certain that the prince’s linen was “purely washed,” and have all new clothing made clean and perfumed “soe that . . . his grace make haue no harme” (f 46).
“A Most Heroical Spirit”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P
Published: November 2023

Mary Sidney’s life was divided neatly into segments by family deaths. The deaths of her father, her mother, and particularly her brother Philip had impelled her Phoenix-like rise as a writer and patron. The death of Pembroke abruptly ended that role, for widowhood brought the loss of position, money, prestige, and-at least for a time-the leisure necessary to write. Her business letters from the early years of her widowhood, together with court records, demonstrate her involvement in politics and administration. Despite the prevailing assumption that her life was “quiet” and that “records of her life become scanty’’ after her husband’s death, recently discovered letters and court cases make those first years of the Stuart era the best-documented years of her life, as she sought to establish her family in the new regime.1 Five of her letters, four to Sir Julius Caesar and one to the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury, concern a “fowleabuce” committed against her by “that bace Mathew.” Written in 1603 and 1604, after the death of Pembroke and of Queen Elizabeth, they evidence the increasing frustration that Mary Sidney felt in her attempts to obtain justice against her former employee Edmund Mathew, who had defied her authority in Cardiff, stolen her jewels, planned the murder of her trusted servant Hugh Davyd, and yet succeeded in convincing the new king that she was merely a hysterical woman slandering Mathew himself; even her son William seems to have turned against her, although she was defending his rights. For recourse, she turned first to Sir Julius Caesar, Knight of His Majesty’s Requests, and then to her son’s prospective father-inlaw, the Earl of Shrewsbury.
Wordsworth, Margaret, and The Pedlar
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

“On the whole poets are known by the best versions of their works: Wordsworth is almost exclusively known by his worst.” So wrote Jonathan Wordsworth, provocatively; to diminish such misrepresentation, he published in 1969 MS. D of the poem which later became Book I of The Excursion.In that middle stage the poet separated the two parts that had been together in MS.
Michael, Luke, and Wordsworth
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

Michael is one of the most warmly praised of Wordsworth’s poems; few will dissent from the verdict of Karl Kroeber in his Romantic Narrative Art that it is “the high point of Wordsworth’s narratives.”1 To account for the moving power of the story, however, is not easy: the final effect on us is greater than analysis of its naturalistic texture can explain. “Unimpressive detail” and a “paucity of notable incident,” in Kroeber’s words, yield a poem that yet engages our deepest feelings. This chapter seeks the source of the engagement in the unspoken emotional tension underlying the narrative, generated in particular about the figure of Luke and by the major silences of the poem.
Wordsworth and Gray’s Sonnet on the Death of West
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

If, despite all demonstrations of continuity with the eighteenth century, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads (1800) is still taken as a turning point in English literary history, it is largely because Wordsworth presents himself as making such a rupture with the past. Thomas Gray figures largely in his act of self-definition. Concerned to advance the view that there “neither is nor can be any essential difference” between the language of prose and that of good poetry, Wordsworth embodies its opposite in Gray, whom he describes as “more than any other man curiously elaborate in the structure of his own poetic diction.”
Tales and Politics: The Corsair, Lara, and The White Doe of Rylstone
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

The phrase poetry and politics evokes two immediate and more or less obvious meanings: the political milieu in which poems are written and published, and the political attitudes explicitly or tacitly evinced in poems. But there is another politics of poems, one that is usually lost to later generations of readers. It is a politics of physical presentation, of dedications, appendices, prices and sizes of volumes, illustrations, and other contextual matters. When we come to the same poems in collected works, anthologies, or whatever forms of subsequent publication we meet with, that original aspect has become invisible.
The Hone-ing of Byron’s Corsair
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

Attention to the technology of reproduction reveals, as does scarcely any other line of inquiry, the decisive importance of reception; it thereby allows the correction, within limits, of the process of reification undergone by the work of art. Consideration of mass art leads to a revision of the concept of genius; it is a reminder not to overlook the invoice which alone allows the inspiration involved in the genius of a work of art to become fruitful. “ You should not let those fellows publish false ‘Don Juans,’” Byron protested to his publisher, John Murray, on learning that William Hone had brought out a spurious third canto of his poem.
“Will No One Tell Me What She Sings?”: The Solitary Reaper and the Contexts of Criticism
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

Wordsworth once told an acquaintance that “although he was known to the world only as a poet, he had given twelve hours of thought to the conditions and prospects of society, for one to poetry.”1 Despite such an important study as Carl Woodring’s Politics in English Romantic Poetry (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), criticism of Wordsworth until fairly recently often read as if he were imagined to possess a bicameral mind, with one chamber for society and another, walled apart, for poetry, as if, that is, Wordsworth’s lyrics stood apart from the recognized political aspirations of The Prelude and the conservatism of his later years.
The Unseen Seer and the Field: Consciousness in Sāmkhya and Yoga
Authors: Chapple Christopher
Published: November 2023

From the earliest text of Indian philosophy, the g Veda, comes an image that has profoundly influenced the Upanisads, the formal schools of Saryikhya and Yoga as well as epic and purānic literature. This image is a simple one: two birds in the same tree, one active, the other looking on. The identical passage quoted in the epigraph is repeated in the Mu0cjaka Upani ad (Ill:1: 1) and the Śvetāśvatara Upani ad (4:6). At first glance, this verse might appear to be a direct reference to dualism: two diametrically opposed birds are portrayed; one bird eats, the other does nothing. However, the tree, the universal symbol of life, brings the two together, linking them for as long as the one bird looks on or for as long as the other bird is not satisfied.
The Second Renaissance
Authors: Curran Stuart
Published: November 2023

The advent of British Romantic poetry in the 1790s coincides with a decade of unparalleled intellectual tumult fostered by a strange, jostling mix of the new industrialism, religious enthusiasm, middle-class education, and political instability of a kind not witnessed for a century, all of it hovered over by the revolution in France.
Subjectivities
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: November 2023

The author suggests that whereas bourgeois subjectivity ordinarily resembles the central and progressively developing self of such novels as David Copperfield, working class subjectivity consists of attention to working environment and community that diminishes the concern with self. These differences account for the relative valuations placed on middle class and working class autobiographies by the literary establishment.
Biographical Overview
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

For much of their adult lives, Howells and James had to suffer the conjunction that made them into a collective noun: the grammar of literary history can be peculiar. While destiny brought the two men together, the formative circumstances of their early lives probably could not have been more dissimilar. William Dean Howells grew up in a series of frontier towns and villages, where he seldom had the benefit of formal education; he found a schoolroom wherever his improvident father occasionally set up shop to publish newspapers. The Jameses could afford to be more glamorously itinerant, since the family patriarch derived an annual income of ten thousand dollars from inherited property and investments. Whatever their later affinities, no one would ever suspect that Henry James could have written My Year in a Log Cabin. A familiar string of paired opposites describes these authors well: East/West, urban/rural, cosmopoli- tan/provincial, patrician/democratic. A reader of their correspondence will often feel the tensions suggested by such juxtapositions Beneath these obvious differences, though, less tangible correspondences exist. Paternal idealisms, inspired by the reformed Christian doctrines of Emmanuel Swedenborg, flickered brightly in both families. The spirit of utopian socialism suffuses almost all of Henry James Sr.’s published work (the true destiny of man, he fervently believed, could only be realized through society, not selfish individualism).