bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatin Conformation Links Putative Enhancers in Intracranial Aneurysm–Associated Regions to Potential Candidate Genes
Authors: Laarman Melanie D. , Geeven Geert , Barnett Phil ,   Netherlands Brain Bank, Rinkel Gabriël J. E. , de Laat Wouter , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Bakkers Jeroen
Published: April 2019

Background

We previously showed that intracranial aneurysm (
IA
)–associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are enriched in promoters and putative enhancers identified in the human circle of Willis, on which
IA
s develop, suggesting a role for promoters and enhancers in
IAs
. We further investigated the role of putative enhancers in the pathogenesis of
IA
by identifying their potential target genes and validating their regulatory activity.

Methods and Results

Using our previously published circle of Willis chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing data, we selected 34 putative enhancers in
IA
‐associated regions from genome‐wide association studies. We then used a chromatin conformation capture technique to prioritize target genes and found that 15 putative enhancers interact with the promoters of 6 target genes:

SOX
17

,

CDKN
2B

,

MTAP

,

CNNM
2

,

RPEL
1

, and

GATA
6

. Subsequently, we assessed the activity of these putative enhancers in vivo in zebrafish embryos and confirmed activity for 8 putative enhancers. Last, we found that all 6 target genes are expressed in the circle of Willis, on the basis of
RNA
sequencing data and in situ hybridization. Furthermore, in situ hybridization showed that these genes are expressed in multiple cell types in the circle of Willis.

Conclusions

In 4 of 6
IA
‐associated genome‐wide association study regions, we identified 8 putative enhancers that are active in vivo and interact with 6 nearby genes, suggesting that these genes are regulated by the identified putative enhancers. These genes,

SOX
17

,

CDKN
2B

,

MTAP

,

CNNM
2

,

RPEL
1

, and

GATA
6

, are therefore potential candidate genes involved in
IA
pathogenesis and should be studied using animal models in the future.
Manipulating Stem Cells in New Media Labs: Developing a Protocol Template Toward an Innovative Understanding of Cancer
Authors: Ahmedien Diaa Ahmed Mohamed
Published: April 2019

This statement presents a draft of a protocol template designed to manipulate stem cells within the context of a cooperation between biology labs and new media arts labs. This protocol aims at building a methodological synthesis to understand cancerous cells using not only lab facilities but also new media arts tools, applications and vision. The template illustrates potential technical, conceptual and aesthetic inputs derived from a new media arts lab. On the other hand, three output channels have been emphasized to contribute to stem cell research, new media arts research and public engagement.
Biofeedback Painting: Let the Heart Lead the Brush
Authors: Yu Bin , Arents Rogier
Published: April 2019

The authors have collaborated on a project visualizing heart rate variability with the assistance of a pen plotter. The authors present artworks produced at the interface between biofeedback techniques and visual art. This biofeedback project created a new process of drawing and painting driven by participants' heart activity, which itself is influenced by their mental, physical and emotional states.
Sexual dimorphism in Xenodon neuwiedii skull revealed by geometric morphometrics (Serpentes; Dipsadidae)
Authors: Murta-Fonseca Roberta Azeredo , Machado Alessandra , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Fernandes Daniel Silva
Published: April 2019

Sexual dimorphism in snake head/skull is poorly known, although analyses in other vertebrate groups have already pointed this kind of morphological difference. Herein we evaluated the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skull of Xenodon neuwiedii through Geometric Morphometrics (GM). We found that females have larger skulls than males using centroid size data. Considering the ventral view of the palatomaxillary apparatus, compared to females, males tend to have longer maxilla, ectopterygoid slightly laterally shifted, palatine slightly shorter, and longer pterygoid. For the dorsal view, males showed larger snout, more oblique frontoparietal suture, posterior region of the skull more tapered, larger supraoccipital, and larger and more oblique supratemporals. Xenodon neuwiedii showed static allometry only for the symmetric component of the dorsal view, with 9.7% of shape variation explained by size. The present study is the first evaluating and describing sexual dimorphism in skull shape for snakes independently of size. We compared our results with other studies and concluded that to accurately perform intraspecific analyses or to better understand sexual and/or natural selection, sexual dimorphism should be considered, even for structures (e.g. skull) that are traditionally not used for this purpose.
Seasonal, annual and decadal change in tadpole populations in tropical Australian streams
Authors: Schmidt Katrin , Richards Stephen , Pearson Richard G. , Alford Ross A. , Puschendorf Robert
Published: April 2019

Declines due to fungal disease (chytridiomycosis) have affected many stream-dwelling frog species, especially in the tropics, leading to reduced abundance and diversity of their tadpoles. Studies in the Australian Wet Tropics have demonstrated that some frog species have declined or disappeared, while others have persisted. To assess the occurrence of stream-breeding frogs, we monitored tadpole populations of five frog species in Wet Tropics streams in the early 1990s (uplands, before chytridomycosis emergence), and in 2011-2013 (uplands and lowlands, after chytridiomycosis emergence), and investigated environmental factors that might influence tadpole abundance. Riffle-dwelling tadpoles of two frog species disappeared from the upland stream site during the 1990s, reflecting reported losses of adult populations. Tadpoles of one upland pool species initially declined but had recovered by 2011-2013. Samples from the lowlands in 2011 to 2013 indicated no similar loss. Chytridiomycosis was the likely cause of changes in tadpole abundances between the two survey periods, given its known occurrence and documented effects on adult frogs in these systems; however, we did not measure its prevalence in this study. Tadpole populations fluctuated seasonally, with abundances highest in spring and summer, reflecting the timing of frog reproduction. The most important biophysical influence on the assemblages that we measured was current velocity. Tadpole peak abundances suggest that they make a substantial contribution at the consumer level of food webs, and that their loss has altered food webs substantially in upland streams.
Territorial behaviour in southern red-backed and Ozark zigzag salamanders: effects of sex, species and ownership
Authors: Lynn Colton S. , Dalton Benjamin , Mathis Alicia
Published: April 2019

When both males and females are territorial, spatial and aggressive behaviour can vary between the sexes. We examined differences in exploratory and competitive behaviour between males and females and residents and intruders of two species, the Ozark zigzag (P. angusticlavius) and southern red-backed (P. serratus) salamanders. For exploratory behaviour, males and females differed in distance traveled based on species, but females of both species were significantly more cautious than males about leaving territories. In competition trials, male and female territory residents (owners) did not differ in defensive behaviour, but female intruders were more aggressive than male intruders. Overall, P. angusticlavius showed more aggressive behaviour, explored more, and were less cautious about leaving territories than P. serratus. Female intruders of both species fight harder, potentially to gain territories, and are more cautious about leaving territories, which may indicate that the cost of not having a territory is greater for females.
Individual variation in boldness in turtles is consistent across assay conditions and behavioural measures
Authors: Pich Joseph M. , Belden A.J. , Carlson Bradley E.
Published: April 2019

Temperament traits are often measured under artificial conditions, which may not necessarily predict behaviour in naturalistic contexts. A reliable behavioural assay should yield similar results as tests performed under alternative conditions, but this is not frequently evaluated in free-living animals. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) exhibit individually consistent boldness behaviour in an artificial confinement assay, so we tested turtles repeatedly using the confinement assay along with a simulated predator attack assay. Turtles that were bolder during the confinement assay tended to also be bolder after the simulated predator attack, suggesting temperament is not context-specific. Bolder turtles also employed active defences (e.g., fleeing or biting) more often, demonstrating that different behavioural measures yield similar findings. Boldness in these turtles appears to be a generalized temperament trait, and similar procedures could be used in other species as well to establish the sensitivity of behavioural assessments in the field to assay conditions.
Complex spatiotemporal variation in processes shaping song variation
Authors: Curry Claire M. , Patten Michael A.
Published: April 2019

Understanding factors that contribute to song divergence bolsters our understanding of signal evolution and reproductive isolation. Hybrid zones often occur across environmental gradients; as such, they are excellent places to examine how signals diverge and how differentiation is maintained. We studied song variation across two hybrid zones, one old and one recent, of Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) and Black-crested Titmouse (B. atricristatus), across an environmental gradient where the two titmouse populations meet. In the recent zone, noise and vegetation structure were correlated with several song characteristics, but in the older zone, these features did not correlate despite similar gradients in song features. Our data, combined with previous studies, suggest that despite overall similarities in characteristics, songs in the older zone may be more shaped by sexual selection, whereas songs in the young zone are shaped by environment. Thus, even within the same species, processes shaping signal structure can vary spatially and temporally.
Observations on the behaviour of the dugong (Dugong dugon Müller, 1776) from waters of the Lease Islands, eastern Indonesia
Authors: de Iongh H.H. , Bierhuizen B. , van Orden B.
Published: April 2019

A small population of dugongs was discovered in coastal waters of the Lease islands in eastern Indonesia. Studies on behaviour and feeding ecology revealed information on the interaction with seagrass meadows, modes of surfacing and submergence times and behaviour in the presence of scuba divers. Regular concentrated feeding was observed in a grazing sward at a subtidal monospecific Halophila ovalis meadow, confirming earlier observations of regular recropping by dugongs of grazing swards, covered by monospecific Halodule uninervis, inside an intertidal multi-species meadow.
Micromorphology in Mycale taxonomy (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with the description of two new micracanthoxea-bearing species
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Hajdu Eduardo
Published: April 2019

Two new species of Mycale with micracanthoxeas are described: Mycale (Aegogropila) lilianae n. sp., mainly characterized by the presence of toxas as large as 300 μm, and Mycale (Carmia) urizae n. sp., the first Mycale with micracanthoxeas described from Africa, characterized by the presence of anisochelae-III with the falx projecting downwards from the middle basal portion of the frontal alae of the head, and by the presence of two morphologically distinct size classes of toxas, with toxas-II being notably oxea-shaped. A discussion of all species of Mycale with micracanthoxeas is included. It is postulated that a comprehensive assessment of the distribution of this character, as well as of other micromorphological features of Mycale spicules, may shed light on the affinities and redefinition of obscure subgenera such as Aegogropila and Carmia.
On a mounted skeleton of apparently the extinct Cape Lion, Panthera leo melanochaita (Ch. H. Smith, 1842)
Authors: van Bree P.J.H.
Published: April 2019

Recently, the skeleton of apparently a Cape Lion was discovered in the Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam. The history of the specimen as far as known is summarized and its attribution to Panthera leo melanochaita is elucidated with some measurements taken from the skeleton and the study of fur colours and manes’ development on an oil painting of the same animal in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Both the animal and the painting once belonged to King Louis Napoléon Bonaparte of Holland.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Antarctic genus Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae, Kirchenpaueriidae)
Authors: Peña Cantero Alvaro L. , Marques Antonio C.
Published: April 2019

A cladistic study was carried out on known species of the characteristically Antarctic genus Oswaldella, adopting as out-groups some other genera included in the family Kirchenpaueriidae. The analysis resulted in a cladogram with low CI in which no relationship between genera can be depicted. However, the hypothesis of monophyly of the genus Oswaldella is corroborated, being supported in our cladogram by five synapomorphies (although all are homoplastic with other taxa or reversed within the species of the genus). The basal relationships of the genus are uncertain, but three species groups are distinguishable within Oswaldella: 1) the O. incognita group, 2) the O. Antarctica group, and 3) a clade formed by (O. garciacarrascosai, O. elongate (O. blanconae (O. gracilis O. herwigi, Oswaldella sp. two)))).
Philosciids with pleopodal lungs from Brazil, with description of a new species (Crustacea, Isopoda)
Authors: Araujo Paula Beatriz , Leistikow Andreas
Published: April 2019

Several species of “philosciid” Oniscidea are known from Brazil, most of them were found in the southern and eastern parts of this country. The genera Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981, Benthana Budde-Lund, 1908 and Balloniscus Budde-Lund, 1908, the latter considered to represent a separate family Balloniscidae Vandel, 1963, are considered the only neotropical philosciids bearing respiratory areas on their pleopods. Therefore, representatives of these genera are re-examined to shed new light on the question whether these species can be considered to be a monophylum with the autapomorphy “respiratory areas present”, The phylogeny of the above-mentioned genera is discussed under morphological and biogeographical aspects. Furthermore, a remarkable new species of Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981, which bears pleopodal lungs in all five pairs of pleopods, is described. In regard to this character, it differs from its sister species Atlantoscia floridana (Van Name, 1940). Additionally, the hitherto unknown male of Benthana convexa Lemos de Castro, 1958 will be described; it is evident that this species is different from its closest relative B. schubarti Lemos de Castro, 1958, which is also found in Brazil.
Large elapids and arboreality: the ecology of Jameson’s green mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) in an Afrotropical forested region
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Angelici Francesco M. , Akani Godfrey C.
Published: April 2019

Several aspects of the ecology of Jameson’s green mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni (Traill, 1843), a large-sized arboreal elapid snake, are studied in southern Nigeria. This species is common and widespread in the region studied. On the basis of the analysis of both the habitats of capture of the various specimens and the results of a logistical regression model, it seems that this species inhabits a wide variety of habitats (including secondary forest patches and the plantation-forest mosaic), and that its local distribution is not influenced by the presence of any macrohabitat parameter. Green mambas were observed both in the dry and in the wet season, without any statistical bias toward a particular season. Adult sex-ratio was approximately 1 : 1. Males were significantly longer than females. All adult mamba dietary records involved warm-blooded prey (mainly birds), whereas young mambas fed also upon lizards and toads. Nearly all the prey eaten by adult mambas were arboreal, and thus there was no support for the recent hypothesis that adult mambas develop an orientation to forage on terrestrial rodents. Male-male combats and matings were observed in December, January, and February (dry season), and gravid females were collected in April, May, and June (wet season). Females produced 7-16 eggs (mean 10.9), and litter size was Positively correlated with maternal length.
Geographic distribution of ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae
Authors: Nijman Vincent
Published: April 2019

As one of the fundamental units of ecology and biogeography, the geographic distribution of the endemic and threatened ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok (Indonesia) has been assessed. All localities where the species has been collected are listed, and forty-two areas (each in itself consisting of numerous smaller sites) where the species has been recorded are discussed. The species occurs in a large variety of forest types, including mangrove, beach, and freshwater swamp forest; everwet lowland and hill forest; dry decidious forest; montane forest up to 3,000 - 3,500 m a.s.l.; and in some forest plantations (teak Tectona grandis, rasamala Altingia excels, acacia Acacia spp). In East Java, certain populations are dimorphic, containing, besides the more common melanic individuals, also erythristic individuals. This erythristic pelage morph only occurs in the easternmost part of Java of which the line between Mt. Penanggunang and the surroundings of Mojokerto running southwards, via Wonosalam and Blitar, to Mts Kidul roughly forms the western boundary. Localities where individuals of the erythristic pelage morph have been collected or observed are given.
A new genus of Oniscidea from South America and a phylogenetic analysis of related genera (Crustacea: Isopoda: Philosciidae)
Authors: Leistikow Andreas
Published: April 2019

In a collection of terrestrial isopods from Venezuela, a distinct species was identified which does not fit any of the known genera. Therefore, a new taxon Metaprosekia gen.n. is instituted to accomodate the new species. An analysis of its morphological characters revealed a close relationship to the genus Prosekia Vandel, 1968 and allied genera. The phylogeny of this group is discussed and one of its poorly known representatives, Xiphoniscus mirabilis Vandel, 1968 is redescribed on the basis of the type material.
Spondyloarthropathy and osteoarthrosis in three Indomalayan bears: Ursus ursinus Cuvier, 1823, Ursus thibetanus Raffles, 1821, and Ursus malayanus Shaw & Nodder, 1791 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ursidae)
Authors: Kompanje Erwin J.O. , Klaver Peter S.J. , de Vries Gilbert Th.
Published: April 2019

In the skeletons of three species of Indomalayan bears, pathological changes are described that could be diagnosed as spondyloarthropathy and as discarthrosis/osteoarthrosis.
Molecules, morphology, and the monophyly of diapsid reptiles
Authors: Lee Michael S.Y.
Published: April 2019

The morphological and molecular evidence for higher-level reptile relationships is reassessed. A combined analysis of 176 osteological, 40 soft anatomical, and 2903 (1783 aligned) molecular characters in 28 amniote taxa yields the traditional reptile tree. Synapsids (including mammals) are the sister taxon to all other amniotes, including all extant reptiles. Turtles group with anapsid parareptiles and fall outside a monophyletic Diapsida. Within diapsids, squamates and Sphenodon form a monophyletic Lepidosauria, and crocodiles plus birds form a monophyletic Archosauria. This tree is identical to the tree strongly supported by the osteological data alone when fossils are included. In a combined analysis the strong osteological signal linking turtles with anapsids is sufficient to override a soft anatomical signal placing turtles next to a heterodox archosaur-mammal clade, and a weaker molecular signal linking turtles with archosaurs. However, the turtle-archosaur clade cannot be statistically rejected. When fossils are ignored, the signal in the osteological data set disappears and, in a combined analysis of morphology and molecules, the molecular (turtle-archosaur) signal prevails. These results highlight the importance of fossils, not just in osteological studies, but even in “combined” analyses where they cannot be scored for the majority of characters (soft anatomy and molecules). Although the total number of molecular traits (2903) is much greater than the total number of morphological taits (216), when only characters informative at the relevant levels are considered, the two data sets are approximately equal in size. The partition homogeneity test yields unreliable results unless uninformative (invariant and autapomorphic) characters are excluded. Analyses of the mitochondrial data suggest that recent evidence from nuclear genes for a heterodox turtlecrocodile clade (excluding birds) might be an artefact of inadequate sampling of a diverse outgroup (mammals) and thus, problems with rooting the reptile tree.
Polymorphy and extinction of the Late Cretaceous burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi and first record of the genera Corallianassa and Calliax (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinoidea) from the Cretaceous
Authors: Swen Krista , Fraaije René H.B. , van der Zwaan Gijsbert J.
Published: April 2019

A biometric study of chelae of the burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi ( Desmarest, 1822), from the late Maastrichtian of the Maastrichtian type area, The Netherlands, has revealed three morphotypes. These types are interpreted as sexual dimorphs (male and female) and earliest ecdysis stages (immature male). Among the studied material are fifteen specimens of a new Cretaceous callianassid, Corallianassa acucurvata new species, one specimen provisionally assigned to the genus Calliax and a callianassid from the Danian.

Burrows preserving callianassid chelae in situ are discussed. Based on burrow morphology a suspension feeding mode of life for P.faujasi is inferred, whereas C. acucurvata n. sp. probably was an active omnivorous analogue of its closest Recent relatives. The extinction of P. faujasi in the Meerssen Member appears to correspond to the increase in seagrass vegetation. The Protocallianassa-Corallianassa faunal changeover took place about 100,000 yrs before the K/T boundary in this region.
Poecilia kykesis nom. nov., a new name for Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866, and redescription, revalidation and the designation of a lectotype for Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866 (Teleostei: Poeciliidae)
Authors: Poeser Fred. N.
Published: April 2019

Poecilia petenensis Günther, 1866 (= Mollienesia gracilis Regan, 1913) is redescribed and is revalidated from synonymy of P. Sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 and a lectotype is designated. Mollienesia petenensis Günther, 1866 is renamed as P. kykesis to avoid homonymy with Poecilia petenensis.
A note on the systematic position of the Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) using molecular evidence
Authors: Camacho Ana Isabel , Rey Isabel , Dorda Beatriz A. , Machordom Annie , Valdecasas Antonio G.
Published: April 2019

Molecular data for the mt 16S rDNA gene fragment of a bathynellacean is here presented for the first time and used to analyze the relationship of the group within the crustacean class Malacostraca (Arthropoda, Bathynellacea). Two contrasting views have classified the bathynelids as being either within the order Syncarida or in a separate super-order Podophallocarida belonging to the infra-class Eonomostraca, a disagreement based mainly on debates over external and internal morphology. The preliminary analyses offered here in question the placement of this Bathynellacea within the Syncarida, and suggest the need for a further study of relationships among the malacostracan groups.
Possible lattice organs in Cretaceous Thylacocephala
Authors: Lange Sven , Schram Frederick R.
Published: April 2019

Structures, reminiscent of the lattice organs in thecostracan crustaceans, are described from the carapace cuticle of Cretaceous thylacocephalans. The new lattice organ like structures occur in pairs along the dorsal midline. While these have a similar outline to true lattice organs, they seem to lack pores and do not occur in the highly apomorphic pattern found in thecostracans. These discrepancies do not easily support earlier ideas of a position of the thylacocephalans within the thecostracans. The significance of the possible lattice organs for inferring a relationship between thylacocephalans and thecostracans is discussed.
Ingolfiellidea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Amphipoda): a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis
Authors: Vonk Ronald , Schram Frederick R.
Published: April 2019

The suborder Ingolfiellidea currently consists of 39 named species. An historical overview is presented and phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses are made. The result of the phylogenetic analysis suggests the definition of two new genera within an African freshwater group, namely Paraleleupia n. gen. and Proleleupia n. gen. Re-examination of a supposedly Italian relict species, Metaingolfiella mirabilis, with the aid of SEM techniques reveals a half-fusion of the head region with the first pereionite. The issue of the function of the ‘eyelobe’ is addressed and an explanation presented after examining with SEM such lobes in different species. Furthermore, additional descriptions are given based on the type-material of Metaingolfiella mirabilis, Trogloleleupia eggerti, Trogloleleupia leleupi, Ingolfiella littoralis, I. tabularis, I. margaritae, I. quadridentata, and I. abyssi. An attempt to relate the geographic distribution and ecological characteristics to the phylogeny of the Ingolfiellidea results in a paleogeographic scenario that points to a freshwater subterranean origin for the group that dates from at least Triassic times.
Early Cretaceous decapod Crustacea from the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina
Authors: Aguirre-Urreta María Beatriz
Published: April 2019

Marine deposits of the Neuquén Basin of west-central Argentina (southern South America) are richly fossiliferous; its Mesozoic invertebrate faunas, represented mostly by molluscs, have been extensively studied since the nineteenth century. However, Early Cretaceous decapod crustaceans are far less known, although part of the systematic framework has been published (Aguirre-Urreta, 1989). The aim of the present note is to provide updated information based on ongoing research into the systematics and taphonomy of this crustacean group in the Neuquén Basin.
Evolution of reef-associated decapod crustaceans through time, with particular reference to the Maastrichtian type area
Authors: Fraaije R.H.B.
Published: April 2019

The result of some twenty years of intensive collecting from strata in the Maastrichtian type area is a collection of more than 1,200 generally small-sized anomuran and brachyuran remains. The stratigraphical ranges of the thirty-one species known to date from the Maastricht Formation (Late Maastrichtian) are shown and five successive decapod assemblages are discussed. For the first time, decapod crustacean remains now turn out to be useful biostratigraphic tools on a local to regional scale.
The Tenasserim Lutung, Trachypithecus barbei (Blyth, 1847) (Primates: Cercopithecidae): Description of a live specimen, and a reassessment of phylogenetic affinities, taxonomic history, and distribution
Authors: Geissmann Thomas , Groves Colin P. , Roos Christian
Published: April 2019

The Tenasserim lutung Trachypithecus barbei was previously known from museum specimens and field observations only. We discovered a zoo specimen and present the first confirmed evidence for the continued existence of the species since 1967. We describe the cranial pelage and coloration characteristics of this species which were previously unknown. We present first molecular evidence for recognizing T. barbei as a distinct species and for assessing its phylogenetic affinities relative to other members of the genus Trachypithecus. We document the taxonomic history of T. barbei and present a distribution map based on a compilation of all known locality records.
Promises to Keep: French Canadians as Revolutionaries and Refugees, 1775–1800
Authors: Lacroix Patrick
Published: April 2019

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 brought the American War of Independence to a formal end. But all was not resolved with the return of peace to North America. Loyalists had to build new lives in Canada and elsewhere across the British empire. Similarly, Canadians who had supported and fought for the revolutionary cause were no longer welcome in their ancestral homeland. After years of hardship in the ranks of the Continental Army, they remained south of the border. Both in and out of military service, Canadian soldiers and their families held the political and the military authorities of the United States to the lofty pledges they had made in 1775–1776. In response, despite acute financial constraints, American leaders sought to honor their word. Through varied forms of compensation, policymakers aimed to uphold the moral character of the young nation and to ensure that all those who sacrificed for liberty might reap the blessings of independence.
Multistakeholder Partnerships for the SDGs: Actors’ Views on UN Metagovernance
Authors: Beisheim Marianne , Simon Nils
Published: April 2019

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations assigned an important role to multistakeholder partnerships for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Since partnerships show a mixed success record, this article analyzes whether relevant actors in the UN context are inclined to translate lessons learned and the increased knowledge about partnerships’ conditions for success into an improved “UN metagovernance.” Criticizing the current institutional setup, most of the interviewed actors proposed that partnerships should be metagoverned by the UN through systemwide principles, rules, and procedures. There is, however, little consensus as to how that should be done. Drawing on assumptions from the literature and extensive empirical research, the article identifies patterns in actors’ perspectives on the issue.
The World Bank and the “Equity Agenda”: An Assessment After Ten (or So) Years
Authors: Oestreich Joel E.
Published: April 2019

The theme of the World Bank’s 2006 World Development Report was Equity and Development. This article reviews the origins of the 2006 WDR, and why this was a controversial and political decision. It explains why equity is different from equality. It then considers what the World Bank and other agencies are doing to promote greater equity. Proequity policies require concern about distribution of both wealth and income, and the things that create greater opportunity. These issues are framed in terms of what some economists refer to as the “growth-inequality-poverty triangle.” Resolving some of the contradictions of this triangle—how pro-growth policies and a concern for the distribution of gains does or does not resolve the problem of absolute poverty—explains many of the problems that remain.
Dispensing With the Indispensable Nation?
Authors: Fehl Caroline , Thimm Johannes
Published: April 2019

Since entering office, US president Trump has reversed key multilateral achievements of his predecessors, initiating a new US retreat from multilateral cooperation. For other governments wishing to preserve and deepen existing global agreements, this has posed the question of whether and how multilateral cooperation can work without the leadership and support of the dominant global power. International relations scholars have already debated the possibility of “nonhegemonic cooperation” in earlier periods marked by US unilateralism. This article draws on these previous analyses to evaluate the current prospects and limits of a “multilateralism minus one” in three key global policy areas: nuclear arms control, climate change, and trade.
Chronic Stress Impairs Temporal Memory
Authors: Cocenas-Silva Raquel , Droit-Volet Sylvie , Gherardi-Donato Edilaine Cristina Silva
Published: April 2019

Temporal memory is formed from processes encoding and consolidating durations in memory. These processes can be enhanced in acute stressful contexts, which increase the arousal level, typical of the alert phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, prolonged stressful experiences (chronic stress) can cause damage to the storage of duration in memory. This study investigated the effects of psychological and physiological stress on the temporal memory of 50 nurses working in an emergency situation. They performed a temporal generalization task with a retention delay of 24 hours between the learning of a standard duration (4 s) and testing. Their blood was collected to examine circulating inflammatory markers related to stress. Their feeling of stress was also examined with two self-reported questionnaires, the Job Stress Scale (JSS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The results show that temporal judgment is more variable when participants have high exposure to occupational stress (JSS). A quadratic relationship was also observed between the accuracy of time judgment and the level of perceived stress. Indeed, the proportion of accurate responses increased until a certain threshold of perceived stress, and then decreased. The results also showed a significant quadratic relationship between nitric oxide and the proportion of accurate responses. A low stress level is positively related to improving memory for a time, consistent with the reaction triggered in the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, above a certain level of stress, psychological and physiological stress damages temporal memory.