bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance (Reach Sambath, Public Affairs, and “Justice Trouble”)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 shifts from aesthetics to performativity, even as the two are intertwined. Just as the parties came together at Tuol Sleng in a performance of transitional justice and law, one that seemed to realize the transitional justice imaginary’s aspiration for transformation, so too did the civil parties enter into legal proceedings that had clear performative dimensions, including an ethnodramatic structure that led some to refer to it as “the show.” Indeed, justice itself is a momentary enactment of law, structured by power including legal codes and the force of law, which is plagued by the impossibility of realizing the universal in the particular, a dilemma Derrida has discussed in terms of justice always being something that is “to come.” Other scholarship, ranging from Butler’s ideas about the performativity of gender to Lacan’s theorization of the self, similarly discusses how idealizations break down even as they are performatively asserted with the momentary manifestation of the particular never able to fully accord with idealized aspirations—including those of the transitional justice imaginary and its facadist externalizations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the ways in which Vann Nath’s testimony illustrates the ways the court seeks to performatively assert justice through courtroom rituals, roles, and discourses. The chapter then turns to examine the related work of the court’s “public face,” the Public Affairs Section (PAS), which promoted its success in busing in tens of thousands of Cambodians as evidence of public engagement with the court. The chapter discusses some of the ways in which the head of the PAS, Reach Sambath, who was sometimes referred to as “Spokesperson for the Ghosts,” translated justice when interacting with such Cambodians with many of whom he shared a deep Buddhist belief. I then explore the issues of “Justice Trouble,” or some of the ways in which the instability of the juridical performance at the ECCC broke down, including Theary Seng’s later condemnation of the court.
Breaking the Silence
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

This Preamble to Part III begins with a description of a play performed in collaboration with the Documentation Center of Cambodia and the Cambodian Branch of AMRITA Performing Arts. This part focusses on the lived experience of victim participation and how the transitional justice imaginary ideas of reconciliation and healing did not necessarily accord with the understandings of Cambodians.
Preface
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Uncle San’s eyes are closed.

He dozes in a dirty white hammock knotted to the trunk of a tree, thick roots sunk deep into the ground. He clasps his hands behind his head, his lips curled into a frown. Uncle San dreams, nightmares of violence and suffering, memories from the past. While sitting on a raised platform and sipping tea in his rural Cambodian village, Uncle San explains what happened....
Inner Sense
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

According to the inner-sense theory, one finds out about one’s own mind by deploying a (quasi-)perceptual mechanism, or “internal scanner.” The theory defended in TS&K is not a version of the inner-sense theory, but there are commonalities. This chapter examines eight leading objections to the inner-sense theory, and argues that they leave it pretty much unscathed. However, as explained at the end, there are some residual puzzles. Although the inner-sense theory offers a nice explanation of peculiar access, it offers none at all of privileged access. Further, it gives no explanation of why Shoemakerian “self-blindness” does not actually occur. This motivates an examination of some leading alternatives.
The Puzzle of Transparency
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

In The World Without, the Mind Within, André Gallois points out that the inference from ‘p’ to ‘I believe that p’ is neither deductively valid nor inductively strong. This is (a version of) the puzzle of transparency—how can such an inference yield knowledge? This chapter examines the puzzle in depth, as it arises for belief, perception, and sensation. Gallois’s own solution to the puzzle is criticized, as are those offered by Richard Moran and Fred Dretske. The puzzle of transparency in the special case of sensations is also discussed, as is the puzzle’s connection with the problem of other minds as discussed by Kripke in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, and with Hume’s remarks on the self in the Treatise.
Perception and Sensation
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

This chapter extends the transparent epistemology of belief and knowledge given in Chapter 5, first to perception and then to sensation. It turns out that these two topics are very closely related. According to a widespread view, to have a bodily sensation—a headache, a tickle in one’s throat, an itch on one’s neck—is to perceive something occurring in one’s body. The chapter argues that this perceptual theory of sensation is correct. The epistemology of one’s bodily sensations thus becomes a special case of the epistemology of one’s perceptions, and the basic transparency account for perception applies. As one might expect, there are some complications.
Of Rebels, Insurgents, and Belligerents
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

The first chapter opens the substantive analysis of the organization requirement for non-state parties to armed conflicts. First, it briefly examines why the laws of war have originally been state-focused, and shows how this state focus coined international law requirements of main characteristics of a party to an armed conflict. Second, it analyses how philosophers broadened the legal notion of ‘war’ as to include conflicts involving certain non-state entities. Subsequently, this chapter examines state practice to identify which qualities a non-state armed group needed to possess to obtain the ‘belligerent’ status. It also examines the question of which kind of entities could qualify as ‘insurgents’ or ‘rebels’.
Conceptual Considerations on the Notion of ‘Crimes against Humanity’
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

When considering which kinds of armed groups could form the entity behind crimes against humanity, legal debate has turned around the question of whether these groups need to be ‘state-like’ or not. As the law could support different interpretations, this first chapter on crimes against humanity engages with the rich philosophical debate on the crime’s main characteristics. Discussing a variety of philosophical works on this issue, this chapter develops a new approach, arguing that crimes against humanity should be understood as large-scale crimes committed in a context in which victims are deprived of any effective protection. It shows that such situations not only occur if states are involved in the crime, but also if armed groups commit large-scale crimes and the state is either unwilling or unable to halt them.
Non-State Entity Involvement in Genocide
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

The question of what kind of non-state entities might commit genocide has been hardly addressed until present. This chapter starts by examining whether the definition of genocide under international law requires any collective entity involvement in the crime. It shows that, strictly speaking, this is not the case. Yet, it is also argued that an individual might only exceptionally commit genocide alone. In most cases, some collective entity involvement is required. In that case, this chapter argues that the nature of such entities should—as with regard to crimes against humanity—not be determined in the abstract but concretely with regard to how the entity relates to the crimes. Consequently, it is shown that different capacities are needed to instigate or commit genocide.
Regulating Electricity Storage in the European Union
Authors: van Leeuwen Matthijs , Roggenkamp Martha
Published: May 2018

The chapter discusses the EU regulatory framework governing electricity storage. The obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent increase of electricity production from intermittent renewable energy sources is causing problems for balancing demand and supply, thus also balancing networks. Electricity storage is key to managing any excess electricity production and avoiding negative prices. However, this development takes place in a liberalized energy market, where network operators must act independently from production and supply. Establishing the purpose of electricity storage and where storage can or should be placed is crucial. The authors present the reasons for and the types of electricity storage available; analyse the EU legal framework ; identify potential obstacles; and present pros and cons for positioning storage in the electricity system. Finally, they discuss whether the EU Commission’s proposal to legislate electricity storage meets the requirements for providing cost efficiency and thus provides sufficient regulatory certainty.
The Coal Dilemma
Authors: Montoya Milton Fernando
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the need to promote and implement technologies that allow the efficient and low production of carbon dioxide emissions generated by coal-fired power plants in Colombia. This takes place in a context where the country seeks to guarantee the reliability and energy security of the electric system. Besides, in seeking to honour the commitments made in matters of greenhouse gas reduction according to the COP21 Paris Agreement. Thus, in the Colombian case, where dependence on hydraulic technology is evident, it is necessary to boost thermal generation, using available energy resources such as coal, making use of new developments and new thermal generation technologies such as supercritical plants, which operate with low emission levels and greater efficiency, thus implying new stimuli aimed at facilitating the implementation of this technology, and even discussing the principle of technological neutrality.
Unconventional Gas Development 2.0
Authors: Smith Don C
Published: May 2018

Unconventional development has revolutionized natural gas production, an advance that could play a major role in reducing dangerous greenhouse gas emissions implicated in global climate change. However, the ‘net carbon reduction benefits’ associated with natural gas (ie fuel switching from coal to natural gas for electricity generation) will dissipate if the environmental footprint of unconventional development is not addressed. New and developing technologies can help reduce the environmental footprint. For example, new technologies to identify methane leaks in natural gas systems can ensure that the carbon benefit is secured. And there are other challenges related to reducing the environmental footprint including improved water management and preventing earthquakes linked to unconventional gas development. One US state, Colorado, has proven that workable efforts can successfully be undertaken to require deployment of new technology to reduce methane emissions—the result of a first-in-the US collaboration involving political leaders, industry, environmental groups, and regulators.
Transitioning to a Lower Carbon Future
Authors: Bankes Nigel
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the legal and policy issues associated with adopting an aggressive transition to renewable and lower carbon fuels in Alberta’s electricity market. The chapter describes the evolution of Alberta’s electricity sector and restructuring that will involve the addition of a capacity market to supplement the existing energy only market. The chapter examines Canada’s international commitments with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, coal phase-out, and developments in climate change and energy efficiency policy at both the federal level and for Alberta, which currently has a carbon-intensive energy mix. The chapter then presents Alberta’s current climate change policy and the Climate Leadership Plan, focussing on the implications of this policy for the electricity sector and for market design within that sector.
Smart Infrastructure: Innovative Energy Technology, Climate Mitigation, and Consumer Protection in Australia and Germany
Authors: Godden Lee , Kallies Anne
Published: May 2018

‘Smart infrastructure’, such as smart meters, are innovative, information-based energy technologies designed to promote systemic energy efficiency, cost savings, and to transition energy markets toward sustainable outcomes, including reducing climate change impacts. Smart meters promise innovation in electricity markets–as an enabler of demand-side services and a more distributed energy system. The chapter examines three case studies of legal reform for smart meter introduction in Australia and Germany. It concludes that the realization of the innovation promise of smart infrastructure requires the legal system to address consumer-oriented social and economic changes. While legal responses are growing in sophistication, significant questions around consumer protection remain, although Germany emphasizes consumer privacy more than Australian case studies. Finally, Germany most closely links innovation to climate change and electricity system transitions, whereas, increasingly, Australian policies emphasize the consumer benefits and innovation in the business models for electricity distribution.
The Inspired Scriptures
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

Unlike the living, interpersonal events of divine revelation, the inspired Scriptures are written texts. They record and interpret events and words of revelation, but also witness to and interpret other matters (e.g. Leviticus and Song of Songs). While being under a special, God-given impulse to write, the sacred authors yet used their human abilities: some were more gifted than others (compare 1 Chronicles with Luke), and they wrote in different genres (e.g. proverbs, letters, psalms, gospels, and apocalypses). Although some biblical writers produced works of considerable beauty, their literary level was not necessarily exceptional. Nor did they automatically enjoy the potency of some later, non-inspired works (e.g. Augustine’s Confessions and the Imitation of Christ). Like the charisms of prophecy and apostleship, the gift of inspiration was not uniform. All those responsible for producing biblical books were inspired, but some (e.g. Paul and the evangelists) enjoyed a ‘higher’ degree of inspiration.
The ECB Hesitates, the Italian Fault Line Deepens, 2014–2017
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter assesses the effect of the legacies of the global financial crisis in Italy. By the early 1990s, Italian economic growth had slowed, the unemployment rate was racing up towards 10 percent, and the government was running large fiscal deficits of around 10 percent of GDP and racking up debt at an alarming pace. Generations of Italian leaders and policymakers believed that the single currency was Italy's magical path to economic prosperity. However, after the launch of the euro, Italy's fractious political system had remained unable to deal with the country's endemic problems. Since the start of the crisis in 2007, Italians had actually become poorer: average Italian incomes had dropped sharply. The crisis had struck at all of Italy's economic and financial fragilities. The Italian economy had suffered from near-zero productivity growth, the government's debt burden had remained high, and the banks had remained unstable.
The Final Act
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Eurozone's decline in the global economic leagues. On top of the historically low productivity growth, insufficient monetary and fiscal stimulus through 2014 did material damage not just at the time but also to future growth potential. Eurozone economies will grow at a significantly slower average pace over the next decade than they did in the decade before the global financial crisis began. In combination, reinforcement of the long-term productivity growth lag by the setback of the prolonged crisis practically ensures that Eurozone economies will fall further behind the world's most dynamic economies. These economic and financial vulnerabilities are especially serious in the Eurozone's south. As the economic disparities between the south and the north have increased, political tensions between the leaders of these two groups of countries have grown. These tensions will limit the prospect of finding collective solutions to Europe's problems.
Introduction
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the landscape of data collection and impact measurement among nonprofit and social sector organizations. New technologies for collecting data as well as increasing donor demand for accountability create a culture of impact. However, this push to measure impact has also led to a proliferation of misguided efforts to do so. Many organizations fall into one of three traps when monitoring and evaluating their programs: too few data, too much data, or the wrong data. This chapter introduces the CART principles, which guide organizations to collect data that are credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable. It also outlines the structure of the book and describes the case studies that illustrate the CART principles in action. The chapter explains how the book can be used by both social sector organizations and their funders to develop data systems that support learning, improvement, and impact.
The CART Principles in More Detail
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 discusses the CART principles in more detail, showing how they can help organizations make difficult tradeoffs about the data they should collect. To ensure credibility, organizations should collect high-quality data and analyze them accurately. This means that all data collected must be valid, reliable, and appropriately used. Actionability requires that organizations only collect data they can commit to use. This chapter explains how the actionable principle, combined with a well-articulated theory of change, guides organizations to only collect data that will have a specific use. It then explains that, for credible data collection, organizations must ensure that the benefits of data collection outweigh the costs. All data have opportunity costs—the money and time spent collecting data could also be spent implementing programs. Finally, it explains how organizations can collect transportable data that can generate knowledge for other programs.
Educate! Developing a Theory of Change for “Changemakers”
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

A theory of change can build consensus on a program’s vision and guide the development of a right-fit monitoring and evaluation system. This case examines how the Uganda-based youth empowerment NGO Educate! used the theory of change process to clearly define its intended impact and decide how to measure it. After analyzing the process Educate! used to develop its theory of change, readers will be able to discuss the value of gathering internal perspectives and conducting field research to develop a theory of change. Readers will also assess how successive iterations of the theory of change provide clarity on program design and objectives and determine whether the final theory of change is sufficient to design a monitoring and evaluation plan that adheres to CART principles.
Un Kilo de Ayuda
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

This case explores two common challenges facing organizations around the world: how to collect the right amount of data, and how to credibly use outcome data collected during program monitoring. Health promoters at Un Kilo de Ayuda (UKA) in Mexico use regularly collected health data on more than 50,000 children to structure their work, track their progress, and identify at-risk children in time to treat health problems. In this case, readers will assess the tradeoffs between actionability and responsibility that UKA faces in determining how much data to collect. They will also examine the challenges of monitoring data on a program’s outcomes instead of outputs, particularly when it comes to asserting a program’s impact on those outcomes. Finally, readers will propose ways to generate credible data on one of the organization’s programs when plans for an impact evaluation fall through.
Butch Bodies, Big Drums
Authors: Ahlgren Angela K.
Published: May 2018

The chapter contends that performances by the all-women’s taiko group Jodaiko highlight the intersectional nature of identity for the queer Asian, Asian American, and Asian Canadian women who make up the group. Jodaiko performs annually at two events in Vancouver, BC: the Powell Street Festival and a queer performance series connected to LGBTQ Pride. This chapter argues that Jodaiko queers North American taiko and demonstrates this in three ways: through an exploration of group members’ everyday gender performances of female masculinity; by analyzing the group’s “homo-geneity,” or uniformly Asian American queerness in a performance of Tiffany Tamaribuchi’s song “Kokorozashi,”; and through a close performance analysis of Tamaribuchi’s queer re-working of traditional Japanese masculinity in her solo performances on the o-daiko. Such readings are enabled by the erotic valences of taiko, which spectators experience kinesthetically when they watch live taiko performances.
Political Economy and Partisan Government
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

This is one of key chapters of the book presenting the argument of partisan government. This chapter interrogates the subnational variation in labour reforms through partisan governments and suggests regional political economy as critical to shaping orientation of partisan governments. It critically analyses the existing party-based interpretation of reform and shows that it is the instrumental interest assuaging the interests of support base that explain government orientation to labour reform. Through a caste/class analysis of political parties, the chapter highlights that significant business support and socio-economically homogeneous dominant support base characterize states with greater market flexibility. In contrast, when the dominant support base of party is heterogeneous and wide, the pace of reform is significantly muted. Partisan configuration—the socio-economic support base of government—determines not only the orientation of policies but also the interrelation between government and various interest groups in society.
China’s Evolving Strategy in the Indian Ocean Region
Authors: Jacob Jabin T.
Published: May 2018

Jabin T. Jacob, an Indian analyst on China, provides a more skeptical view on the MSR and the risks China faces in that initiative. Jacob argues that the challenge of the MSR initiative for China is not just the obvious strategic benefits, but also the consequences of the potential failure of the strategy. This might happen due to China’s current economic slowdown which would affect China’s neighbours too. The potential failure of Xi Jinping’s grand foreign policy project also has consequences for his own credibility at home and for the Communist Party of China. If the cash runs out and the going gets tough, might China resort to tested methods of focusing on military assistance, not only in Pakistan, but in other South Asian countries, with potential adverse consequences for India?
Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 examines ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of nonmoral error: responses which seek to identify a normatively acceptable moral code that is universally usable by all agents. Some proposed ideal codes are objectivized (an act’s rightness depends on its objective features), whereas others are subjectivized (an act’s rightness depends on the features its agent believes it to have). An ideal Pragmatic code would fulfill at least some of the conceptual and goal-oriented rationales for requiring a code to meet the Usability Demand. The most promising candidate code is the moral laundry list, which consists of a list of individual actions, each described in terms the agent can unerringly apply. However, since no agent has the knowledge to identify the correct moral laundry list, the chapter finds no Pragmatic Response that provides an effective remedy for the problem of error.
Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.
Assessing the Hybrid Solution
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 13 completes the development and assessment of the Hybrid approach. Final developments involve introducing the concept of an action’s being “decision-mandated,” redefining “subjective obligatoriness” using this concept, and requiring (in order to avoid reemergence of the moral laundry list) that rankings of the guides at all levels be modally robust relative to the governing Code C. Nonetheless some agents may experience forms of sophisticated uncertainty about which act should be chosen according to this Constrained Standards Hybrid approach. In such cases, hopefully rare, there is no subjectively obligatory act and there is no way for the agent to indirectly apply her moral theory. Even so, the Constrained Standards Hybrid approach appears to be the best solution to the problems of error and uncertainty despite the fact that it cannot wholly solve the epistemic limitations that agents may confront.
Childhood and the Classics
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This book explores the childhood reception of classical antiquity in Britain and the United States over a century-long period beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, with a focus on two genres of children’s literature– the myth collection and the historical novel—and on adults’ literary responses to their own childhood encounters with antiquity. The book recognizes the fundamental role in writing for children of adults’ ideas about what children want or need, but also attends to the ways in which child readers make such works their own. The authors first trace the tradition of myths retold as children’s stories (and as especially suited to children) from Nathaniel Hawthorne and Charles Kingsley to Roger Lancelyn Green and Ingri and Edgar Parin D’Aulaire, treating both writers and illustrators. They then turn to historical fiction, particularly to the roles of nationality and of gender in the construction of the ancient world for modern children. They conclude with an investigation of the connections between childhood and antiquity made by writers for adults, including James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Naomi Mitchison, and H.D., and with a reading of H.D.’s novella The Hedgehog as a text on the border between children’s and adult literature that thematizes both the child’s special relation to myth and the adult’s stake in children’s relationship to the classics. An epilogue offers a brief overview of recent trends, which reflect both growing uncertainty about the appeal of antiquity to modern children and an ongoing conviction that the classical past is of perennial interest.
Prime Ministers as National Leaders
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Prime ministers are the national representatives in international forums. They always were. However, the meetings now occur with much greater regularity; prime ministers must deal with their international counterparts at an ever-increasing number of summits and forums: G7, G20, APEC, EC, Pacific Forum. Expectations of attendance are high. Modern transport allows leaders to travel with an ease that has led to the reality that, when it matters, they have to be there. International commitments are time-consuming, demanding, and, they sometimes reflect, often rather fun. As leaders meet regularly, personal chemistry can become important. Prime ministers are often surprised at the extensive time they must spend on international affairs, activities that only they, as heads of government dealing with other heads of government, can really fulfil, but which, they will be reminded, bring no votes.
Poets
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the development of poetry at court and among Chancery clerks. It looks at the cultural processes behind the migration of humanist and neo-Latin culture to Moscow and the slow assimilation of rhetoric and a new poetics in a challenging context controlled by the church. Active outside the court, although still in the vicinity, a group known as Chancery poets adapted lyric forms in syllabic verse to their own expressive needs. The chapter provides an introduction to Polotsky’s major collections, and discusses the verbal, prosodic, and visual techniques that Polotsky and his followers used in their vast production of work for the court, exemplified in the use of the poetic labyrinth and calligraphic poetry. In describing how a transitional print culture impinged on Polotsky’s poetic production, the chapter also addresses the question of Polotsky’s legacy and the balance between continuity and discontinuity with the eighteenth century.
Prose Fiction
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the prose genres that developed in the period and their relative artistic success and limitations, recognizing that poetry had been much more open to innovation than prose. Forms such as the memoir (fictional as well as real), autobiography, letter writing, the allegorical novel, and the short story conform to the general pattern of literary norms adapted from European models. The chapter explains that a gap opened between literary fiction in translation and novels written in Russia, arguing that Russian writers chose not to emulate the contemporary European novel, revising instead picaresque and quixotic fictions associated with the seventeenth century and the romance tradition.
The literary field
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

With the transition from amateur societies to professional literary institutions nearing its end, the chapter turns to the so-called thick journals and their role in promoting professionalization of literature, supporting the development of literary movements such as the Natural School, and fostering the rise of mass readership in metropolitan Russia and in the provinces. The chapter also examines how institutions such as censorship, economic factors such as the growing book market, and literary factors such as mature literary criticism informed authorial choices and shaped their identity. A case study of the career and reputation of Nikolai Gogol illustrates many of these points.
Heroines and emancipation
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter builds on historical research to elucidate the social and legal status and the everyday lives of women of all classes, aspects that informed fiction about women and their representation, and influenced women who wrote (or did not write) fiction, poetry, and diaries. The chapter examines the interrelation of fictional models/behavioral types and historical and fictional actors. With changing educational opportunities, sexual norms, and social roles, women in literature respond differently to patriarchal norms of society, and the chapter compares gendered identity formation of heroes and heroines and surveys types of heroines, such as mothers, wives and mistresses, fallen women and temptresses. Political novels and novels of adultery, with their sense of freedom and punishment, show women testing boundaries, from extreme cases such as terrorists down to the quotidian yet surprisingly ambivalent role of the mother in Russian nineteenth-century literature.
The poetics of subjectivity
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter explores the poetic systems that evolved to represent and simultaneously shape new subjectivities, a rich and abiding topic in Russian poetry. The chapter surveys the organization and aesthetic outlook of key aesthetic movements (Symbolism, Acmeism, and Neo-Romanticism, among others) and concentrates on poetic representations of identity that emanate from group affiliations or artistic trends (such as zhiznetvorchestvo, an aesthetic that privileges the interplay of life and art). The chapter traces the emergence of discourses through which writers negotiated between a commitment to individual freedom and the larger state context. An Interlude between Chapters 2 and 3, “Misfits,” treats the poetics and poetry of authors whose approach to subjectivity and language thwart attempts to assign them to schools or specific trends.
Mors Immatura II
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

To gain insight into the family’s investment in and attachment to infants, as expressed in burial rituals, cemetery data are explored in Chapter 7. In order to recognize whether infants were afforded special treatment based on their age, the various ways in which their bodies were treated and prepared for burial are examined. The chapter also seeks to detect regional and perhaps cultural differences in the deposition of an array of grave goods that accompanied infants, and to understand possible patterns and meanings in those assemblages. In addition to evidence from Argenton, Beaumont, Kempten, Marseille, Poundbury, Sétif and Tavant, material from many other sites is also discussed in this chapter.
Funerary Commemoration of Infants
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 studies the commemoration of the youngest members of society and their depiction in funerary art in Europe and the Mediterranean. Epigraphic evidence for age at death and familial relationships allows us to explore whether and how the status, class, and sex of an infant influenced the chances of it being commemorated. The main conventions in visually portraying infants on their own, or with parents, siblings, and other adults, are assessed. The chapter also explores the significance of dress and gesture as a reflection of the status, gender, and citizenship of the commissioners and commemorators, as well as their aspirations for themselves and their children.
Conclusions and Further Tasks
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The chapter starts by telling a narrative to explain how and why the author came to reject the mistaken assumptions with which the research began, and how these initial assumptions had assumed false dichotomies familiar from existing work in the field. The chapter thereby explains why the results presented in Chapters 1–12 might seem unexpected. It draws together the chief philosophical lessons of those chapters, highlighting the fact that Plato is right about (i) how conceptual knowledge differs from both propositional knowledge and recognition of tokens, (ii) the different sense of ‘being’ involved in knowing ‘what it is’, about a type, (iii) the value of images and icons in the philosophical method, and (iv) the irrelevance of Socratic definitions and other bogus criteria for knowledge. Finally, it sketches some possible ways in which a further volume might apply the results to other dialogues.
Fargo’s Whitened Spaces
Authors: Lurie Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter reads the Coens’ film Fargo as a typical Gothic narrative, replete with paternal sin, uncanny doubles, and a dark historical past that returns to trouble a violent present. It traces the Gothic’s history in the United States and notes its uniquely American features in describing Fargo’s affinity with writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville, in the latter case by way of the film’s concern with whiteness—both the visual field of the film’s mise-en-scéne and the ethnic whiteness (or historical whitening) of the American interior. It shows a particularly cinematic version of the Gothic due to Fargo’s use of an offscreen, “unlawful” space associated with the film’s criminal element. It posits a postmodern sublime in the film’s tonal and visual ironies and, by way of postmodern theory, in a stubbornly immanent sublimity through affinities between the snowbound scene and the screen’s planar surface.
Different protein localizations on the inner and outer leaflet of cell-sized liposomes using cell-free protein synthesis
Authors: Uyeda Atsuko , Watanabe Takayoshi , Hohsaka Takahiro , Matsuura Tomoaki
Published: May 2018

Membranes of living cells possess asymmetry. The inner and outer leaflets of the membrane consist of different phospholipid compositions, which are known to affect the function of membrane proteins, and the loss of the asymmetry has been reported to lead to cell apoptosis. In addition, different proteins are found on the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane, and they are essential for various biochemical reactions, including those related to signal transduction and cell morphology. While in vitro lipid bilayer reconstitution with asymmetric phospholipid compositions has been reported, the reconstitution of lipid bilayer where different proteins are localized in the inner and outer leaflet, thereby enables asymmetric protein localizations, has remained difficult. Herein, we developed a simple method to achieve this asymmetry using an in vitro transcription–translation system (IVTT). The method used a benzylguanine (BG) derivative-modified phospholipid, which forms a covalent bond with a snap-tag sequence. We show that purified snap-tagged protein can be localized to the cell-sized liposome surface via an interaction between BG and the snap-tag. We then show that IVTT-synthesized proteins can be located at the lipid membrane and that different proteins can be asymmetrically localized on the outer and inner leaflets of liposomes.
Does Orthopaedic Outpatient Care Reduce Emergency Department Utilization After Total Joint Arthroplasty?
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Lange Jeffrey K. , Pak Linda M. , Blucher Justin A. , Barton Lauren B. , Sturgeon Daniel J. , Koehlmoos Tracey , Haider Adil H. , Schoenfeld Andrew J.
Published: May 2018

Background

Emergency department (ED) visits after elective surgical procedures are a potential target for interventions to reduce healthcare costs. More than 1 million total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) are performed each year with postsurgical ED utilization estimated in the range of 10%.

Questions/purposes

We asked whether (1) outpatient orthopaedic care was associated with reduced ED utilization and (2) whether there were identifiable factors associated with ED utilization within the first 30 and 90 days after TJA.

Methods

An analysis of adult TRICARE beneficiaries who underwent TJA (2006-2014) was performed. TRICARE is the insurance program of the Department of Defense, covering > 9 million beneficiaries. ED use within 90 days of surgery was the primary outcome and postoperative outpatient orthopaedic care the primary explanatory variable. Patient demographics (age, sex, race, beneficiary category), clinical characteristics (length of hospital stay, prior comorbidities, complications), and environment of care were used as covariates. Logistic regression adjusted for all covariates was performed to determine factors associated with ED use.

Results

We found that orthopaedic outpatient care (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.77) was associated with lower odds of ED use within 90 days. We also found that index hospital length of stay (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10), medical comorbidities (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24), and complications (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 2.24-2.72) were associated with higher odds of ED use.

Conclusions

When considering that at 90 days, only 3928 patients sustained a complication, a substantial number of ED visits (11,486 of 15,414 [75%]) after TJA may be avoidable. Enhancing access to appropriate outpatient care with improved discharge planning may reduce ED use after TJA. Further research should be directed toward unpacking the situations, outside of complications, that drive patients to access the ED and devise interventions that could mitigate such behavior.

Level of Evidence

Level III, therapeutic study.
Trigeminal ganglion transcriptome analysis in 2 rat models of medication-overuse headache reveals coherent and widespread induction of pronociceptive gene expression patterns
Authors: Buonvicino Daniela , Urru Matteo , Muzzi Mirko , Ranieri Giuseppe , Luceri Cristina , Oteri Claudia , Lapucci Andrea , Chiarugi Alberto
Published: May 2018

We attempted to gather information on the pathogenesis of medication-overuse headache, as well as on the neurochemical mechanisms through which symptomatic medication overuse concurs to headache chronification. Transcriptional profiles were therefore evaluated as an index of the homeostasis of the trigeminovascular system in the trigeminal ganglion of female rats exposed for 1 month to daily oral doses of eletriptan or indomethacin. We report that both drug treatments change trigeminal ganglion gene expression to a similar extend. Of note, qualitative transcriptomic analysis shows that eletriptan and indomethacin prompt nearly identical, increased expression of genes coding for proteins involved in migraine pathogenesis and central pain sensitization such as neuropeptides, their cognate receptors, prostanoid, and nitric oxide–synthesizing enzymes, as well as TRP channels. These genes, however, were not affected in thoracic dorsal root ganglia. Of note, lowering of orofacial nociceptive thresholds, as well as forepaw hyperalgesia occurred in both indomethacin- and eletriptan-treated rats. Our study reveals that chronic rat exposure to 2 acute headache medications with completely different mechanisms of action prompts pain sensitization with highly similar induction of pronociceptive genes selectively within the trigeminal ganglion. Data further our understanding of medication-overuse headache pathogenesis and provide hints for specific mechanism–based treatment options.
Should thoracic paravertebral blocks be used to prevent chronic postsurgical pain after breast cancer surgery? A systematic analysis of evidence in light of IMMPACT recommendations
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Shastri Uma , McCartney Colin J.L. , Gilron Ian , Fillingim Roger B. , Clarke Hance , Katz Joel , Juni Peter , Laupacis Andreas , Wijeysundera Duminda , Abdallah Faraj W.
Published: May 2018

The role of thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) in preventing chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after breast cancer surgery (BCS) has gained interest, but existing evidence is conflicting, and its methodological quality is unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates efficacy of PVB, compared with Control group, in preventing CPSP after BCS, in light of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) recommendations. Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials comparing PVB with Control group for CPSP prevention after BCS. Eligible trials were assessed for adherence to IMMPACT recommendations. The primary outcomes were CPSP at 3 and 6 months, whereas secondary outcomes were PVB-related complications. Data were pooled and analyzed using random-effects modelling. Trial sequential analysis was used to evaluate evidence conclusiveness. Data from 9 studies (604 patients) were analyzed. The median (range) of IMMPACT recommendations met in these trials was 9 (5, 15) of 21. Paravertebral block was not different from Control group in preventing CPSP at 3 months, but was protective at 6 months, with relative risk reduction (95% confidence interval) of 54% (0.24-0.88) (P = 0.02). Meta-regression suggested that the relative risk of CPSP was lower when single-injection (R
2 = 1.00, P < 0.001) and multilevel (R
2 = 0.71, P = 0.01) PVB were used. Trial sequential analysis revealed that 6-month analysis was underpowered by at least 312 patients. Evidence quality was moderate according to the GRADE system. Evidence suggests that multilevel single-injection PVB may be protective against CPSP at 6 months after BCS, but methodological limitations are present. Larger trials observing IMMPACT recommendations are needed to confirm this treatment effect and its magnitude.
The Control of Infectious Disease in Orthotics and Prosthetics
Authors: Muller Ashley , Fiedler Goeran
Published: May 2018

Introduction

It is generally expected that medical professionals use methods in their practice to prevent the spread of infectious disease. Although these methods are typically observed in patient examination rooms, practitioners and other professionals in the industry of orthotics and prosthetics (O&P) face the unique challenge that patient care continues without the patient in other locations where disease may spread: the laboratory and the storage room. Orthotics and prosthetics laboratories use tools throughout the day to fabricate and/or modify multiple devices for different patients. Commonly, little to nothing is done to prevent cross-contamination from one device to another. Items kept in storage rooms have potential for use by more than one patient, primarily for sizing or casting purposes, but may not be cleaned in any way before being restocked. Despite the inherent risk of infection spreading as a result of cross-contamination from the laboratory or restocked items, no standard protocol for this issue has been set in place by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or by any O&P facility accreditation bodies.

Materials and Methods

A survey emailed to subscribers of OANDP-L, an online email discussion list consisting of members of the O&P community, inquired about current O&P infection control methods used outside of patient examination rooms, general knowledge of terms regarding infection control, and perception of risk of infection in the O&P industry. The survey results were used to assess the current climate of infection control in O&P so that future research can lead to a standard protocol designed to protect patients and professionals from infectious disease.

Results

A total of 123 O&P professionals completed the survey. Roughly two-thirds of respondents agreed that cross-contamination from devices poses infection risks. Only about half of the sample reported washing hands for the recommended 15 seconds or longer. A total of 44% and 76c of respondents, respectively, reported mostly not cleaning patient devices and tools.

Discussion

Findings show a deficit in awareness by a substantial number of respondents. Infection control in O&P work environments has potential for improvement. A key aspect in fostering those improvements is, next to educational efforts, a change in reimbursement policies that account for the staff time required to follow recommended procedures.