bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Select human milk oligosaccharide supplementation in post‐weanling rats affects metabolism and gut microbiota into adulthood
Authors: Noye Tuplin Erin W. , Fernandes Tyra , Lowry Dana E. , Cho Nicole A. , Sales Kate M. , Patterson Riley A. , Reimer Raylene A.
Published: March 2023

Objective

Feeding infants with human milk versus formula can produce long‐lasting benefits, including reduced risk of inflammatory diseases. Most infant formulas do not contain human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are important carbohydrates in human breast milk displaying prebiotic properties. The study's aim was to examine the effect of select HMOs in the post‐weaning period.

Methods

Metabolic and microbial outcomes were measured in female and male rats whose post‐weaning diet was supplemented with 3'sialyllactose and 2'‐O‐fucosyllactose (low dose, 0.75% of each, or high dose, 2% of each). It was determined whether exposure to the HMOs would attenuate metabolic dysfunction associated with a high fat/sucrose (HFS) diet.

Results

HMO supplementation resulted in dose‐dependent and sex‐dependent effects, with the high HMO female group displaying reduced food intake and percentage body fat and an increase in Blautia abundance. Early life HMO supplementation did not prevent the effects of an HFS diet on metabolic outcomes; however, rats that received high dose HMOs followed by the HFS diet were the only HFS group that maintained a measurable abundance of Blautia.

Conclusions

This study highlights the potential for HMOs in follow‐up infant formulas. Further investigation should include variable HMO mixtures and doses to optimize infant nutrition at this critical stage.
Zielsetzung der Studie und allgemeine Forschungsstrategie
Authors: Maly-Motta Hanna
Published: March 2023

Neben einem grundlegenden Verständnis was mit Eltern, Kindern, Paaren und insgesamt Familien in belastungsreichen Phasen geschehen kann, haben sich in den vorherigen Ausführungen zugleich drei zentrale Forschungslücken herauskristallisiert, die in diesem Kapitel noch einmal überblicksartig zusammengefasst werden. Um die dahinterstehenden Forschungsfragen empirisch beantworten zu können, werden der DJI-Survey Aufwachsen in Deutschland: Alltagswelten (AID:A II) sowie das Beziehungs- und Familienpanel (pairfam) in ihren Grundzügen vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus findet die Ausgestaltung von Elternschaft im Bezugsrahmen indiviueller, sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Voraussetzungen statt. Daher werden zentrale Eckpfeiler von Elternschaft wie die finanzielle Situation, das Bildungsniveau oder auch die Erwerbssituation der Eltern anhand einschlägiger empirischer Befunde dahingehend diskutiert, inwiefern sie die Aufgabe des Erziehens und Großziehens von Kindern erschweren oder erleichtern und inwiefern Kinder von diesen familiären und elterlichen Merkmalen betroffen sein können.
Cardioprotective potential of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, mito-TEMPO, in 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: Tambe Prasad Kisan , Mathew A. Jesil , Bharati Sanjay
Published: March 2023

Purpose

The mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MTAs) are known to offer protection against mitochondrial oxidative stress. The recent evidences support their role in mitigating oxidative stress-induced diseases, including cancer. Therefore, this study investigated cardioprotective potential of mito-TEMPO against 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity.

Methods

Mito-TEMPO was administered to male BALB/C mice (intraperitoneally, 0.1 mg/kg b.w. for 7 days) followed by intraperitoneal administration of 5- FU (12 mg/kg b.w. for 4 days). During this period, mito-TEMPO treatment was also continued. The cardioprotective potential of mito-TEMPO was assessed by evaluating cardiac injury markers, extent of non-viable myocardium and histopathological alterations. Mitochondrial functional status and mitochondrial oxidative stress were assessed in cardiac tissue. 8-OHdG expression and apoptotic cell death were assessed using immunohistochemical techniques.

Results

The level of cardiac injury markers CK-MB and AST were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in mito-TEMPO pre-protected group which was further reflected in histopathology as decrease in the percentage of non-viable myocardial tissue, disorganization, and loss of myofibrils. Mito-TEMPO ameliorated mtROS, mtLPO and conserved mitochondrial membrane potential. Further, it had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the activity of mitochondrial complexes and mitochondrial enzymes. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the level of mtGSH, activity of mitochondrial glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase was observed. A decreased expression of 8-OHdG and reduced apoptotic cell death were observed in mito-TEMPO pre-protected group.

Conclusion

Mito-TEMPO effectively mitigated 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress, hence may serve as a protective agent/adjuvant in 5-FU-based combinatorial chemotherapy.
New insights into adaptive enrichment designs
Authors: Baldi Antognini Alessandro , Frieri Rosamarie , Zagoraiou Maroussa
Published: March 2023

The transition towards personalized medicine is happening and the new experimental framework is raising several challenges, from a clinical, ethical, logistical, regulatory, and statistical perspective. To face these challenges, innovative study designs with increasing complexity have been proposed. In particular, adaptive enrichment designs are becoming more attractive for their flexibility. However, these procedures rely on an increasing number of parameters that are unknown at the planning stage of the clinical trial, so the study design requires particular care. This review is dedicated to adaptive enrichment studies with a focus on design aspects. While many papers deal with methods for the analysis, the sample size determination and the optimal allocation problem have been overlooked. We discuss the multiple aspects involved in adaptive enrichment designs that contribute to their advantages and disadvantages. The decision-making process of whether or not it is worth enriching should be driven by clinical and ethical considerations as well as scientific and statistical concerns.
El discurso fúnebre de Quevedo a la muerte del rey Gustavo Adolfo de Suecia: nuevos datos y manuscritos
Authors: Alonso Veloso María José
Published: March 2023

Quevedo wrote a short prose funeral speech dedicated to the Swedish monarch, who died in Lützen in 1632. The text is considered an incomplete letter with an uncertain addressee since Astrana included it in his Epistolary. The purpose of this article is to offer a critical edition of the aforementioned writing, based on five manuscripts, two of them unknown until now and located in a Portuguese archive. The study of all textual sources allows to correct some errors in the text that we know, to rule out that it is a mere fragment, as well as to qualify its dubious ascription to the epistolary genre. As a simple hypothesis in need of new inquiries, a possible relationship with Lope de Vega's letter to the same subject is raised.
Stability for the Erdős-Rothschild problem
Authors: Pikhurko Oleg , Staden Katherine
Published: March 2023

Given a sequence

$\boldsymbol {k} := (k_1,\ldots ,k_s)$

of natural numbers and a graph G, let

$F(G;\boldsymbol {k})$

denote the number of colourings of the edges of G with colours

$1,\dots ,s$

, such that, for every

$c \in \{1,\dots ,s\}$

, the edges of colour c contain no clique of order

$k_c$

. Write

$F(n;\boldsymbol {k})$

to denote the maximum of

$F(G;\boldsymbol {k})$

over all graphs G on n vertices. This problem was first considered by Erdős and Rothschild in 1974, but it has been solved only for a very small number of nontrivial cases. In previous work with Pikhurko and Yilma, (Math. Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 163 (2017), 341–356), we constructed a finite optimisation problem whose maximum is equal to the limit of

$\log _2 F(n;\boldsymbol {k})/{n\choose 2}$

as n tends to infinity and proved a stability theorem for complete multipartite graphs G.

In this paper, we provide a sufficient condition on

$\boldsymbol {k}$

which guarantees a general stability theorem for any graph G, describing the asymptotic structure of G on n vertices with

$F(G;\boldsymbol {k}) = F(n;\boldsymbol {k}) \cdot 2^{o(n^2)}$

in terms of solutions to the optimisation problem. We apply our theorem to systematically recover existing stability results as well as all cases with

$s=2$

. The proof uses a version of symmetrisation on edge-coloured weighted multigraphs.
Polymer and surfactant flows through a periodically constricted tube
Authors: Warwaruk Lucas , Ghaemi Sina
Published: March 2023

The flow of three non-Newtonian fluids, comprising polymer and surfactant additives, in a periodically constricted tube (PCT) are experimentally compared. The radius of the tube walls is sinusoidal with respect to the streamwise direction. The three fluids are aqueous solutions of flexible polymers, rigid biopolymers and surfactants, which are typically used for drag-reduction in turbulent flows. Steady shear viscosity measurements demonstrate that rigid and flexible polymer solutions are shear-thinning, while surfactant solutions have a Newtonian and water-like shear viscosity. Capillary driven extensional rheology demonstrates that only flexible polymer solutions produce elastocapillary thinning. Particle shadow velocimetry is used to measure the velocity of each flow within the PCT at five Reynolds numbers spanning roughly 0.5 to 300. Relative to the Newtonian flows, rigid polymer solutions exhibit a blunt velocity profile. Flexible polymer solutions demonstrate a distinct chevron-shaped velocity contour and zones of opposing vorticity when the Deborah number exceeds 0.1. Using the vorticity transport equation, it is revealed that the opposing vorticity zones are coupled with a non-Newtonian torque. The PCT reveals that the surfactant solutions have similar non-Newtonian features as flexible polymer solutions – those being a chevron velocity pattern, opposing vorticity and a finite non-Newtonian torque. This observation is of practical importance since conventional shear and extensional rheometric measurements are not capable of demonstrating non-Newtonian features of the surfactant solutions. The investigation demonstrates that the PCT serves as a viable geometry for showing the non-Newtonian traits of dilute surfactant solutions.
THE GROWTH OF SOLUTIONS OF MONGE–AMPÈRE EQUATIONS IN HALF SPACES AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: MA SHANSHAN , JIA XIAOBIAO
Published: March 2023

We consider the growth of the convex viscosity solution of the Monge–Ampère equation
$\det D^2u=1$
outside a bounded domain of the upper half space. We show that if u is a convex quadratic polynomial on the boundary
$\{x_n=0\}$
and there exists some
$\varepsilon>0$
such that
$u=O(|x|^{3-\varepsilon })$
at infinity, then
$u=O(|x|^2)$
at infinity. As an application, we improve the asymptotic result at infinity for viscosity solutions of Monge–Ampère equations in half spaces of Jia, Li and Li [‘Asymptotic behavior at infinity of solutions of Monge–Ampère equations in half spaces’, J. Differential Equations269(1) (2020), 326–348].
Role of probiotics in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review of randomised, controlled trials
Authors: Fong P , Lim K , Gnanam A , Charn T
Published: March 2023

Objective

This review evaluated the safety profile and efficacy of probiotics in chronic rhinosinusitis and was registered with Prospero (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination number: 42020193529).

Method

Literature databases were searched through inception to August 2022. Randomised, controlled trials exploring adjunctive probiotics in adult chronic rhinosinusitis patients were included. From 948 records screened, 4 randomised, controlled trials were included.

Results

Probiotics-associated adverse effects comprised epistaxis and abdominal pain. No reduction in Sino-Nasal Outcome Test values before 4 weeks (p = 0.58) or beyond 8 weeks (p = 0.08) of treatment or reduction of severe symptom frequency (p = 0.75) was observed. Symptom relapse in probiotic-treated patients was significantly lower across all timepoints (p = 0.045). Lower sinusitis relapse risks during treatment (risk ratio = 0.49; p = 0.019) and 8 months post-treatment (risk ratio = 0.56, p = 0.013) were observed. Probiotics demonstrated potential in improving Sino-Nasal Outcome Test symptom subscales, including sleep, psychological and rhinology subscales.

Conclusion

The optimal mode of probiotic administration, treatment duration and target patient subgroups requires further study to evaluate the utility of probiotics.
Ancestral Maya domesticated waterscapes, ecological aquaculture, and integrated subsistence
Authors: Palka Joel W.
Published: March 2023

Ancestral Maya engineered wetland fields and canals in floodplains for plant cultivation and water management. Canals and reservoirs, however, also provide aquatic resources to supplement agriculture. Maya created multi-trophic ecological aquaculture by modifying the waterscape to increase the amounts of foods and useful materials, such as fish, turtles, waterfowl, and reeds. While archaeological and ethnographic investigations across the Maya area explore aquatic constructions, technology, and foodstuffs, they have not focused on aquaculture. In the western Maya lowlands, including the site of Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico, ancestral Maya modified floodplains around lakes and rivers for farming fish and aquatic resources near their settlements and fields. These extensive modifications for ecological aquaculture enhanced the productivity and resiliency of natural ecosystems. The domesticated waterscapes near the ritually important Mirador Mountain at Mensabak also followed pan-Mesoamerican beliefs in origin mountains that generated water, plants, and fish for humans. Importantly, Maya integrated subsistence is illuminated by research on domesticated landscapes and ecological aquaculture that examines a range of resources rather than just plants. Certainly across Mesoamerica, ecological aquaculture allowed people to intensify production of “farms” of aquatic species, particularly fish.
Reflective multi-immersion microscope objectives inspired by the Schmidt telescope
Authors: Voigt Fabian F. , Reuss Anna Maria , Naert Thomas , Hildebrand Sven , Schaettin Martina , Hotz Adriana L. , Whitehead Lachlan , Bahl Armin , Neuhauss Stephan C. F. , Roebroeck Alard , Stoeckli Esther T. , Lienkamp Soeren S. , Aguzzi Adriano , Helmchen Fritjof
Published: March 2023

Imaging large, cleared samples requires microscope objectives that combine a large field of view (FOV) with a long working distance (WD) and a high numerical aperture (NA). Ideally, such objectives should be compatible with a wide range of immersion media, which is challenging to achieve with conventional lens-based objective designs. Here we introduce the multi-immersion ‘Schmidt objective’ consisting of a spherical mirror and an aspherical correction plate as a solution to this problem. We demonstrate that a multi-photon variant of the Schmidt objective is compatible with all homogeneous immersion media and achieves an NA of 1.08 at a refractive index of 1.56, 1.1-mm FOV and 11-mm WD. We highlight its versatility by imaging cleared samples in various media ranging from air and water to benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate, dibenzyl ether and ethyl cinnamate and by imaging of neuronal activity in larval zebrafish in vivo. In principle, the concept can be extended to any imaging modality, including wide-field, confocal and light-sheet microscopy.
Restriction of crossing conical intersections: the intrinsic mechanism of aggregation-induced emission
Authors: Peng Jie , He Xin , Li Yao , Guan Jianxin , Wu Baihua , Li Xinmao , Yu Zhihao , Liu Jian , Zheng Junrong
Published: March 2023

Both experimental and computational results suggest that readily crossing conical intersections (CIs) for AIE-gens in solutions significantly reduces fluorescence, whereas crossing CIs is restricted in solids.
Opportunities and challenges in targeting orphan nuclear receptors
Authors: Isigkeit Laura , Merk Daniel
Published: March 2023

Nuclear receptor modulation enables pharmacological control of gene expression and holds great therapeutic potential. Chemical tools are lacking for many nuclear receptors but needed to reveal new therapeutic opportunities.
Carbazole-fused calixarene cavities: single and mixed AIEgen systems for NO detection
Authors: Rawat Varun , Baheti Abhishek , Tiwari Om Shanker , Vigalok Arkadi
Published: March 2023

Novel calixarene scaffolds incorporating fused carbazole moieties demonstrated aggregation-induced emission-based luminogen (AIEgen) properties in aqueous media, and were applied for the host–guest detection of nitric oxide.
Synthesis of P-stereogenic cyclicphosphinic amidesviaelectrochemically enabled cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C–H annulation
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Wangqin , Xu Chao , Xu Zhenhui , Song Dingguo , Qian Wei , Lu Gang , Zhang Chang-Jun , Zhong Weihui , Ling Fei
Published: March 2023

We describe a cobalta-electro-catalyzed enantioselective C–H annulation of arylphosphinamides with alkynes for P-stereogenic compoundsviadesymmetrization and kinetic resolution processes.
Morphology control in the synthesis of [Mo3S13]2−/Co-MOF-74 composite catalysts and their application in the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Gu Jianxia , He Jingting , Zheng Haiyan , Sun Chunyi
Published: March 2023

[Mo3S13]2−can not only regulate the morphology of Co-MOF-74 but also improve the OER performance of [Mo3S13]2−/Co-MOF-74 through synergistic catalysis.
Fabrication of a hybrid phase TiO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction composite with enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB under visible light
Authors: Liu Shuanghui , Wang Changle , Song Yao , Yan Binglin , Ai Bing , Pan Kefeng , Zhang Lipeng
Published: March 2023

Excellent MB adsorption and degradation capacity of hybrid phase TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts based on surface polarization and S-scheme charge transfer.
Features of cutting processing of disperse-filled of aluminum-matrix composite materials
Authors: Kurganova Y. , Vinogradov D. , Ivanova Y.
Published: March 2023

The results of studies of machinability by cutting of experimental samples of promising aluminum-matrix disperse-filled composition materials are presented. The axial force and cutting torque during drilling were measured, the surface roughness of the obtained holes was studied, and the shape of the chips was analyzed. Analysis of the obtained data allowed to determine the composition of aluminum-matrix material, which provides lower cutting forces, roughness of the machined surface and better chip formation. The influence of the filler composition on the machinability by cutting of aluminum-matrix composites is shown.
Evaluation of the influence of storage conditions of dispersed fillers on the properties of composites based on them
Authors: Mukhin V. , Volchenkova A.
Published: March 2023

The results of a study of the effect of storage conditions of dispersed fillers widely used in the repair of machines (mica, boron nitride, aluminum powder, carbon-containing powder) on the properties of composites based on them are presented. The results of the microstructure of the samples after exposure of the fillers under standard storage conditions, as well as high air humidity and a temperature drop, are presented.
Features of production technologies of composite parts for the railway industry
Authors: Tatus N. , Vlasov D. , Zhavyrkin V.
Published: March 2023

The present article presents a comparative analysis of the technologies of manufacturing parts made of polymer fibrous composites. For each technology the advantages and disadvantages of its application are given, as well as the types of manufactured products are indicated. Based on these features, conclusions were made about the possibility and effectiveness of the described technologies for the production of composite parts for the railway industry. In addition to the standard, widely used technologies, 3D printing, which refers to the rapidly developing additive technologies, was considered. The comparison of technologies according to the key parameters is given in tabular form.
Numerical analysis of wave processes under high-speed impact on an object from CFRP
Authors: Khudorozhko M. , Fomina E. , Dumansky A. , Liu Hao
Published: March 2023

Numerical simulation of the impact of an aluminum particle on a composite medium was carried out. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates T300/69 were used as a research object. The behavior of CFRP was analyzed at an impact velocity of 11 km/s and an aluminum particle mass of 1 g. The composite layers were located in planes oriented perpendicular to the direction of reinforcement. The Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method in conjunction with Ansys Autodyn was used for numerical modeling. Since large deformations and fracture of the objects were observed at such high impact velocities, which indicated a violation of the continuity of the material, that makes it incorrect to use of traditional mesh methods. The dependence of the shock wave propagation velocities in CFRP on time was obtained. The minimum thickness of the protective screen made of CFRP was estimated.
Identification of a materials destruction nature with simultaneous exposure to freeze / thaw cycles and chloride environment
Authors: Pashinin V. , Churiukina S. , Sukhov F. , Asmankin E.
Published: March 2023

The article is the first to consider the simultaneous impact on concrete structures of two destructive factors: low temperatures and aggressive environments, which are chloride-deicing agents (CDA). Then the results of experimental data obtained are presented. Finally, it is concluded that that with the simultaneous action of two factors on concrete, instantaneous destruction of concrete occurs due to the action of the Rebinder’s effect, and not to the process of chemical corrosion, as it was thought earlier.
Reasons of university students' susceptibility to intelligent mobility and the use of mobility-as-a-service schemes
Authors: Leontev Mikhail
Published: March 2023

The transition from the current transportation system to intelligent mobility and the MaaS concept, through the introduction of Big Data analytics and digital innovation, is underway. Perceptions, attitudes and other internal factors often have a significant impact on the choice of human behavior in transportation. This paper discussed the characteristics of vehicle choice by type and depending on the goal of the trip. Private car drivers noted that they choose a car mainly because of accessibility, flexibility of use, safety and comfort. For public transportation passengers, safety and cost of travel were determining factors in their choice of public transportation. The main differences between trips with different goals were found for the indicators "time of a trip", "company trip", and "prestige". The results show that there is a positive perception of intellectual mobility among student youth, a tendency to switch from owning vehicles to other ways of using them and participating in MaaS schemes. It can be concluded that MaaS is positively perceived by the young generation of students. Based on the data obtained, proposals for the directions of sustainable development of urban public transport are made.
Evaluation of operational performance parameters of rolling stock when driving over bumpy roads
Authors: Martynenko L.
Published: March 2023

The current situation on the railway network of Russia and the East Siberian Railways in particular, the increase in the number of wagon cuts and unsatisfactory condition of the track and rolling stock, require the search for optimal solutions to these problems. Considering this topical subject it is necessary to touch upon the issues of modern strategies and trends in the development of railway transport with the introduction of modern technologies and technological equipment. As a result of a detailed consideration of the cause-and-effect relationship of the occurrence of factors affecting the dynamics of the car passing the track irregularities, the starting point will be an in-depth analysis of the system of interactions between the wheel and the rail. This analysis will make it possible to objectively assess the causes of existing problems in the field of operation, describe the emerging phenomena with a sufficient degree of justification, offer progressive topical solutions and possible promising developments in this industry. Turning to the statistics on failures over the past 3 years, one can trace the growth of malfunctions associated with defects in the rolling surface of wheel sets. Indeed, an increase in the speed of rolling stock, and in the volume and quantity of transported goods resulted in an increase in the intensity of rolling stock operation. Consequently, there was an increase in loads on the main components of the rolling stock and in the intensity of parts wear.
Resonance production and interaction from low to high energy
Authors: Song Jihye
Published: March 2023

Measurements of short-lived hadronic resonances are used to probe the properties of the hadronic phase in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Since these resonances have lifetimes comparable to that of the produced fireball, they are sensitive to the competitive re-scattering and regeneration effects in the hadronic gas, which modifies the observed particle momentum distributions and yields after hadronization. With different masses, quantum numbers, and quark content, hadronic resonances can provide insight into processes that determine the shapes of particle momentum spectra, strangeness production, and the possible onset of collective effects. The system size and collision-energy dependence of resonance production will be presented.
Diagnostic performance of high-resolution ultrasound in the evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligaments after trauma
Authors: Gitto Salvatore , Albano Domenico , Serpi Francesca , Spadafora Pierino , Colombo Roberta , Messina Carmelo , Aliprandi Alberto , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: March 2023

Purpose To investigate the role of ultrasound (US) in the evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the wrist with magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) as the reference standard.

Materials and Methods This prospective study included patients referred for MRA after wrist trauma. US examination was performed just before MRA. On the dorsal and palmar sides of the wrist, the intrinsic interosseus and midcarpal, extrinsic, and collateral ligaments were evaluated. MRA was performed on a 1.5-T unit. In the first 20 patients included, ligament thickness was independently assessed using US and MRA and thickness reproducibility was calculated. Ligament integrity was evaluated in all patients.

Results 38 patients (22 men, 16 women; mean age: 38 years) were included. Ligament thickness reproducibility ranged between 44% for the palmar ulnocapitate ligament and 71% for the palmar scaphotriquetral ligament. US had a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of 100% in the identification of tears of the palmar (n=8) and dorsal (n=3) bands of the scapholunate ligament and the ulnar collateral ligament (n=3). It had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97%, positive predictive value of 50%, negative predictive value of 100%, and accuracy of 97% in the identification of tears of the palmar ulnolunate ligament (n=1).

Conclusion Compared to MRA, US showed good reproducibility in the assessment of wrist ligament thickness and similar accuracy with respect to identifying tears of the scapholunate, palmar ulnolunate, and ulnar collateral ligaments.
Dominant Fronto-temporal Lobectomy for Refractory Intracranial Hypertension following an Acute Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Child
Authors: Jerath Nameet , Bhati Aditendraditya Singh , Tyagi Sudheer Kumar
Published: March 2023

Fronto-temporal lobectomy for refractory intracranial hypertension following an acute arterial ischemic stroke in a child is rarely performed following failed conventional measures including decompressive craniectomy. We present a case of a 10-year-old child who presented with acute ischemic stroke with intractable cerebral edema and failed conventional measures including decompressive craniectomy and had significant neurological recovery following frontotemporal lobectomy.
Exploring the future of magnetic inertial fusion through similarity scaling
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: March 2023

An analytical framework provides a fast method to extrapolate existing experimental results to high-yield next-generation fusion facilities.
Preprint Highlight: Lateral and longitudinal compaction of PRC1 overlap zones drives stabilization of interzonal microtubules
Authors: Landino Jennifer
Published: March 2023

Midzone microtubules, which support chromosome segregation during anaphase and define the cell division plane, transition from being dynamic in early anaphase to being stable in late anaphase. The mechanism of midzone microtubule stabilization is not well understood. Using photoactivation experiments, the authors find reduced turnover and sliding of midzone microtubules during late anaphase, after 50% cytokinetic furrow ingression. This stabilization depends on the microtubule cross-linker PRC1 and the kinesin Kif4a. Lateral compaction of microtubules by the cytokinetic furrow also contributes to stabilization in late anaphase. This work supports the idea that multiple molecular mechanisms function to stabilize midzone microtubules in late anaphase and that these are essential for successful cell division.

This preprint has been assigned the following badges: New Hypothesis

Read the preprint on bioRxiv ( Fermino do Rosário et al., 2023 ): https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.30.526324 .
3-D forward modelling for DC resistivity method based on smooth multiscale finite-element algorithm
Authors: Qi Yanfu , Li Xiu , Jing Xu , Sun Naiquan , Qi Zhipeng , Zhou Jianmei
Published: March 2023

When the conventional finite-element method is used to simulate the 3-D direct-current (DC) resistivity response over a conductive earth with large complex structures, it requires finely discretized mesh to accurately represent the underground structures. Directly solving the current-conduction problem on the fine mesh will lead to a huge amount of calculation. In this paper, we develop a fast 3-D forward modelling method for DC resistivity method based on smooth multiscale finite-element algorithm. Instead of using the conventional polynomial basis functions, we construct the multiscale basis functions by solving the local boundary-value problems of partial differential equation in parallel on the multiscale meshes. The multiscale basis functions can capture the small-scale heterogeneous information in coarse cells and reflect it to the large scale by assembling macro matrix of coarse mesh. Thus, it enables us to quickly obtain the accurate solution by solving the original current-conduction problem with complex structures on coarse mesh. We further adopt the oversampling technology to improve the forward modelling accuracy. Besides, by combining with the gradient smoothing technology, we avoid establishing the continuous form of multiscale basis functions and their spatial derivative integral operation to rapidly assemble the macro matrix. Finally, the reliability of the proposed algorithm is verified by applying our code to the 3-D complex models and comparing it with the conventional finite-element method.
Implications for the geometry of plate boundaries in NE Asia based on the geodetic analysis of the 2020Mw 6.4 Koryak event
Authors: Svigkas Nikos , Atzori Simone , Kozhurin Andrey , Tolomei Cristiano , Antonioli Andrea , Pezzo Giuseppe
Published: March 2023

On the 9th of January 2020, an Mw 6.4 strike-slip earthquake took place north of the Asian margin of the Bering Sea. The earthquake occurred within the known reverse-right-lateral active fault zone, called Khatyrka–Vyvenka, which transverses the Koryak Highland from SE to NW and is thought to be a surface manifestation of the Asian portion of either the Bering plate boundary or the northern edge of the Alaskan stream. No other strong earthquake has ever been recorded in this remote uninhabited area and the few existing seismic stations provide poor quality earthquake locations. We adopt SAR interferometry (InSAR) technique to define an improved location of the Koryak 2020 earthquake and constrain the seismic source. The analysis of the 2020 event revealed a previously unknown active fault of left-lateral kinematics that is possibly hidden and strikes NW transversely to the Khatyrka–Vyvenka fault zone. Although several mechanisms could account for left-lateral kinematics of this fault, we propose that the structure is part of a more extended NW fault structure, that formed in pre-neotectonic times and has played a role of a pre-existing rheological discontinuity. This revived NW structure together with a similar structure located easterly, so far aseismic, make the plate/stream boundary segmented, step-like in plan view. The step-like boundary geometry may be the result of internal transform deformation of a rigid plate, but it is better explained by deflections of the Alaskan stream edge at local crustal asperities, which are pre-Cenozoic terrains.
When Time Is Short
Authors: Schaulis Monique
Published: March 2023

Patients will present to the emergency department (ED) while actively dying, with minutes, hours, or days to live. ED clinicians can compassionately, effectively, and efficiently manage these patients. It is useful to try and understand the underlying reasons leading to end-of-life ED visits. Often, patients and families do not understand the expected disease trajectory and/or have not been referred in a timely manner to palliative or hospice care. There may also be a misunderstanding about what those services are and what they can provide. Families may also experience caregiver distress and overload as care needs increase. Patients may have inadequate symptom management, an abrupt change in condition (often active dying), or have concerns about dying at home. A communication map that emphasizes providing clear information and responding to emotion helps providers have effective and meaningful conversations near the end of life. ED evaluation and management should balance the benefits and burdens of interventions in the context of the patient’s illness trajectory and the goals of care. Actively dying patients in distress need urgent symptom management, most often for pain, dyspnea, and delirium. Families and caregivers need social and emotional support. Palliative and hospice care can improve both quality and quantity of life in these patients.
“I Don’t Like It Hot”
Authors: Bell Gretchen E. , DeSandre Paul L.
Published: March 2023

Chronic pain, or pain that lasts longer than 3 months, is prevalent in the palliative care population. The overall approach involves adherence to a comprehensive plan of care, optimally driven by a single primary provider. For the emergency clinician, the initial assessment focuses on the functional impact of the pain complaint and identifying any new component of the complaint that might indicate an immediate threat to life or limb. Improvement is a long-term goal, best coordinated with the primary provider whenever possible. Opioids may play a role in managing chronic pain if associated with overall functional improvement. Adjuvant therapies, both nonpharmacological and pharmacological, also play an important role in the comprehensive plan of care.
“Take It Off . . . Now”
Authors: Shreves Ashley
Published: March 2023

Emergency physicians commonly intubate patients and initiate mechanical ventilation in the emergency department (ED). While these interventions can be life-saving, for some patients, particularly those with poor prognoses, they are tools that simply prolong the dying process. Many patients do not want their life artificially extended when death is certain and/or their quality of life would be severely diminished. As more clinical data becomes available during the ED encounter and time allows for careful communication with loved ones, it may become clear that removal of mechanical ventilation is actually the appropriate next step. Withdrawing ventilator support should be within the scope of emergency medicine practice. With the use of ventilator simulation and medications, when necessary, patients can be comfortably transitioned off mechanical ventilation. Opioids and benzodiazepines are effective at palliating the dyspnea and anxiety and/or agitation that can accompany this transition. Prognosis after ventilator withdrawal varies across patient populations, but most patients live for hours, not days. For those with a lengthier prognosis, hospice referral is appropriate.
Judgment Awaits
Authors: Kuntz Joanne
Published: March 2023

The death of a child in the ED is one of the most challenging problems facing emergency health care providers. When compared to deaths in the adult population, pediatric deaths, particularly those that occur unexpectedly or without immediate explanation further compound these challenges. Best practice models include systems in place to care for both the patient and surviving family members as well as the staff involved in the child’s care. This is best achieved by an interdisciplinary approach that includes many different members of the emergency care team and other hospital support staff. In circumstances when there is concern for accidental or intentional injury add even more complexity. Pre-existing collaboration with local law enforcement and investigating authorities helps to ensure a coordinated effort that preserves needed physical evidence as well as the rights of the bereaved family affected by the tragedy. The death of a child is a critical incident. It is crucial for Emergency Medicine personnel to be familiar with best practices to comprehensive to both satisfy the all of the necessary medical and legal responsibilities as well as attending to the care of the acutely bereaved and affected ED staff.
Introduction
Authors: Ho Anita
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the key concepts and technologies driving health-related artificial intelligence (AI), as well as the ethical quandaries that accompany those technologies. Section 1 provides a brief primer on the origins of AI and why there is increasing excitement surrounding its development and deployment in health care and health monitoring. Section 2 explains how the promises of AI in health care are tempered by growing ethical concerns as implementation of these technologies expands. Section 3 introduces the concept of relational autonomy, which will ground the ethical analysis of various emerging AI health monitoring practices. The author concludes with a brief outline of the subsequent chapters.
Artificial Autonomy or Relational Intelligence
Authors: Ho Anita
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains how a liberal account of autonomy is too individualistic and narrow to adequately capture the impact of the rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) health monitoring technologies on people’s ability to determine how they would like health monitoring and data collection/sharing to take place. It follows Catriona Mackenzie’s tripartite conceptualization of autonomy (self-governance, self-determination, and self-authorization) and argues for a constitutively relational approach that problematizes the rapid development and adoption of AI health monitoring technologies. This conceptualization centers relationships and power asymmetries in bioethical analysis, and underscores how relationships can enhance or deprive people’s ability to exercise autonomy.
From One-Way Mirror to Two-Way Street
Authors: Ho Anita
Published: March 2023

This final chapter argues that the concept of relational autonomy can promote a systems approach to ensure that development and utilization of predictive health monitoring will enhance rather than erode users’ practical identities. Section 1 explains how a relational feedback loop can help strengthen therapeutic relationships and ensure that evolving health monitoring technologies will be used as collaborative tools to enhance patients’ care priorities rather than surveillance mechanisms to regulate distrust of patients’ testimonies. Section 2 argues that multilevel dialogic engagement at the individual, technological, professional/institutional, and societal levels may help promote a responsible and responsive feedback loop to guide the development and implementation of AI health monitoring, holding technologists and decision-makers responsible for ensuring valid technologies and providing transparent information. This in turn may improve the social determinants of health and digital literacy, thereby enhancing patients’ capacity to make goal-concordant health monitoring decisions that can advance their autonomy.
Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation
Authors: Christopherson Heather , Crimi Ettore
Published: March 2023

Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood returning to the right side of the heart. SvO2 reflects the balance between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumed by tissues. Normally, SvO2 is 65%–75%. SvO2 can be measured with intermittent blood samples from the pulmonary artery or continuously with the use of oximetric catheters. Determinants of SvO2 are cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration, arterial oxygen saturation, and oxygen consumption. A decrease in oxygen delivery (e.g., cardiogenic shock, anemia, hypoxemia) or increase in oxygen demand (e.g., hyperthermia, shivering, malignant hyperthermia) causes a drop in SvO2. An increase in oxygen delivery (e.g., increased cardiac output, hyperoxia) and decrease in oxygen demand (e.g., hypothermia, anesthesia) cause high SvO2 values. SvO2 in combination with other clinical information can help to identify global tissue hypoxia during the perioperative period and in critically ill patients.
Nebulizers, Humidifiers, Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Abd-Elsayed Alaa
Published: March 2023

Understanding the basic anesthetic drug delivery devices is paramount for the safe delivery of anesthetics to patients. There are several different methods used to deliver anesthetics and medications to patients, which include the variable bypass vaporizer, measured flow vaporizer, nebulizers, and humidifiers. Each of these devices has nuances and specifics that the anesthesiologist should be aware of.
Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation
Authors: Nasim Syed Sohaib , Minear Steven
Published: March 2023

Brain herniation results from increased intracranial pressure, which can be due to different etiologies. Brain herniation is a life-threatening event that occurs when the intracranial pressure increases and leads to brain protrusion through the openings in the cranium. The symptoms can vary from headache and weakness to loss of consciousness, elevated blood pressure, pupillary dilation, cardiac and respiratory arrest, loss of brainstem reflexes, and respiratory arrest. The symptoms depend on the specific part of the brain that herniates, compressing local structures and causing particular symptoms. The neurological signs and symptoms can help identify the location of increased pressure and herniation.
Common Complications of Local Anesthetics
Authors: Hanna Rewais B. , Abd-Elsayed Alaa
Published: March 2023

Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine, are effective in treating localized pain and have been used in a multitude of ways. These medications come in different forms, including topical, infiltrative, injectable, field block, or peripheral nerve block. These drugs are often lauded for their fast onset, high efficacy, and low complication rate. They do this by interrupting neural conduction by inhibiting the influx of sodium ions through channels or ionophores within neuronal membrane, specifically neural fibers with more rapid firing rates. However, the complications of local anesthetics are often overlooked. Complications of local anesthetics include local and systemic neurotoxicity, allergic reactions, and adverse drug-drug interactions causing cardiovascular stimulation.
Diagnosis and Management of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)
Authors: Schroeder Kristopher M. , Pfaff Andrew
Published: March 2023

The provision of regional anesthesia may offer significant benefits to patients with painful conditions or presenting for surgery associated with significant perioperative pain. Improvements in imaging technology, the introduction of novel approaches/techniques, improvements in education, and a broad recognition of the harmful effects of opioid therapy has resulted in an increase in the number of regional anesthesia procedures performed and variety of practitioners performing regional anesthesia procedures. The provision of local anesthetics by surgeons and other nonanesthesia providers, increased use of intravenous lidocaine infusions, and risk of tourniquet failure during intravenous regional anesthesia techniques requires that all anesthesiologists possess a thorough understanding of the presenting symptoms, diagnosis, and management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST).
Anesthetic Implications of Addiction
Authors: Harris Brian , Ferguson Kris
Published: March 2023

Addiction is characterized by psychological dependence, compulsive drug use, and other aberrant behavior. A high proportion of patients will have been or will be addicted to drugs. Complicating the anesthetic plan are the acute and chronic impact of drug use on the patient. Acute intoxication can potentiate anesthetics, leading to overdose. Chronic drug abuse can cause end-organ damage and tolerance to anesthetics and require modification of the anesthetic plan. Further complicating the anesthetic plan are the drugs used in medication assistance treatment programs for patients with addiction. The anesthesiologist should also try to limit the use of medications that may trigger an addiction relapse in a patient who is in recovery.
Arousal Agents
Authors: Nemergut Greta
Published: March 2023

Reversal agents, or arousal agents, are sometimes needed to wake a patient who is having delayed emergence from anesthesia. The anesthetic agents are removed in a way that permits the patient to wake safely. The agent used will depend on the cause of the delayed emergence. There are reversal agents available for opioids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergic drugs, and neuromuscular blocker agents (NMBAs). A complete and accurate medical history needs to be taken pre-operatively to help assess causes and risks for prolonged effects of anesthetics. During the procedure, considerations of drug synergy and potential consequences of concomitant drug use needs to be considered. The chapter reviews these agents and how they are used.
Airway Management in Cervical Spine Disease
Authors: Sharma Balram , Romanov Evgeny
Published: March 2023

Cervical spine injury is particularly common in trauma patients. This can frequently cause airway obstruction or inadequate ventilation, resulting in hypoxia and rapid deterioration of the patient’s status. Observational studies showed that airway obstruction is a major cause of preventable death in trauma patients. Thus, airway evaluation and management are the critical first steps in any trauma patient. Chronic cervical spine disorders can also cause difficult airway. Flexible scope intubation and videoendoscopic intubation are preferred methods for securing an airway in patients with unstable cervical spine. Spinal cord injury commonly co-occurs in patients with an unstable cervical spine. It may lead to a variety of changes in systemic physiology, which must be recognized and treated accordingly. The approach to induction, maintenance, and emergence from anesthesia in patients with cervical spine disease is significantly different from the basic approach, and details are discussed in this chapter.