bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cartesian “Riddles”
Authors: Cross Donald ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Traditionally, ‘René Descartes’ is synonymous with ‘method.’ The so-called father of modern science, he is perhaps the systematic and methodological philosopher par excellence, a fundamental motivation for his attempt to secede from contemporary thought being the possibility of establishing a universally valid method in the search for truth. In a passage in the Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Descartes contrasts his method with what he calls scholastic “[r]iddles,” verbal equivocations that hinder the acquisition of knowledge. In this paper I analyze this notion of riddling and the Cartesian method to posit that, finally, Descartes cannot avoid replicating the very riddles he criticizes, that his ‘revolutionary’ method only generates more riddles to be methodically solved. In short, Descartes’ method is dependent upon words but also calls for the effacement of the very words that constitute it. Words are both a methodological necessity and limitation; a double bind, there is no method without words, but, at the same time, there can be no method with words, that is, no methodo-logos. In its broadest formulation, Descartes must always at once say too much and too little.
New discoveries for the subfamily Phtisicinae Vassilenko, 1968 (Crustacea: Senticaudata) from the Brazilian coast
Authors: Mauro Fábio da Motta , Nascimento Priscila Soares do , Serejo Cristiana Silveira
Published: January 2020

Amphipod material collected from Brazil on Ilha do Arvoredo, (Santa Catarina), Campos Basin, (Rio de Janeiro) and Espírito Santo Basin (Espírito Santo) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean yielded new taxonomic findings for the subfamily Phtisicinae Vassilenko, 1968. Hemiproto wigleyi McCain, 1968, previously recorded from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea, is herein redescribed and recorded for the first time from the Brazilian coast. The type material of Phtisica verae Quitete, 1979, a poorly described species recorded from Brazil and based only on its original description, was examined and considered herein as a junior synonym of P. marina Slabber, 1769, a well-known and widely distributed species from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In this paper, Phtisica marina is redescribed, with its two morphotypes of male gnathopod two, and compared with previous descriptions. The geographic distribution of both H. wigleyi and P. marina is provided.
“Napoleon Hat” Sign: A Distinctive Cytologic Clue to Reactive Pneumocytes
Authors: Rekhtman Natasha
Published: January 2020

Various types of acute and subacute lung injury can cause severe reactive pneumocyte atypia, which may mimic malignant proliferations and present a major diagnostic pitfall. This particularly applies to cytologic preparations and frozen sections, where background inflammatory injury may be subtle or not apparent. Although several distinguishing morphologic features of reactive pneumocytes have been suggested, there is significant overlap with neoplastic proliferations. In this article, a highly distinctive but underrecognized feature of reactive pneumocytes is highlighted that can serve as a useful diagnostic clue. The feature refers to the distinctive pinched shape of reactive pneumocytes, for which the author has coined the term “Napoleon hat” sign to draw the analogy with the iconic headwear. The analogy vividly captures the distinctive shape of reactive pneumocytes, and can serve as a useful diagnostic and teaching tool in the interpretation of pulmonary specimens.
The ‘Nautch’, the Veil and the Bayadère: The Indian Dance as Musical Nexus
Authors: Walker Margaret E.
Published: January 2020

During the early period of mercantile contact with India, the exotic spectacle of the Bayadères or Nautch Girls seized the imagination of western sojourners and inspired an abundance of artistic production back in Europe. The ‘dancing girl’ is found everywhere in late 18th- and 19th-century orientalist paintings, poetry, novels, and of course, ballets, operas and other musical compositions. Although there are substantial studies exploring musical orientalisms in western art music, little attention has been paid to the role of real-life performances in such musical creation. This chapter explores the influence of the colonial interaction with Indian dance performances over the long 19th century. It argues not only for a nuanced and historicised approach to musical encounter but also, given the centrality of the Nautch in the Indian context, for the crucial inclusion of dance in the global history of music.
European Itinerant Opera and Operetta Companies Touring in the Near and Middle East
Authors: Xepapadako Avra
Published: January 2020

Τ‎his chapter focuses on the activity of musical theatre companies touring in south-eastern Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and Central Asia during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It investigates cultural transfer and amalgamation between the metropolitan culture of the West and the Orient in the domain of opera and operetta. Greece, in particular, functioned as a cultural crossroads between East and West. From 1840 onwards, Italian opera companies began to tour in Greece and its new theatres, and even further towards the Near East; they were followed, from 1870 onwards, by French operetta and vaudeville companies. In the last decades of the 19th century, these French artists expanded their itineraries towards the East, beyond familiar geographical boundaries, tracing their own small odysseys on the map. The chapter charts and presents these traces, attempting to shed light on an unexplored area of the world history of music and theatre.
From ‘Rhapsodic Gypsy’ to ‘Gypsy Rhapsody’
Authors: Piotrowska Ana G.
Published: January 2020

Although rhapsodies—since the mid-19th century predominantly identified as musical compositions without fixed form—were composed by a number of prominent European and American composers, it was Franz Liszt, the author of Rhapsodies hongroises, who played the seminal role in establishing the status of rhapsody as a musical genre intrinsically joined with the imaginary ideal of gypsyness (defined as an intellectual construct). The chapter discusses consequences of uniting the concept of rhapsody with gypsyness, but also underlines the similarities between instrumental rhapsodies and ballads. It argues that although both genres shared a number of resemblances, the distinctive feature of the rhapsody remained its close association with romantic ideals of gypsyness. This strong link, the author claims, has been affecting the development and reception of the rhapsody as a genre.
Convent Autobiography
Authors: Van Hyning Victoria
Published: January 2020

Convent Autobiography explores the ways in which cloistered women articulated their senses of self through genres such as letters, chronicles, accounts, guidance and devotional manuals, and conversion narratives. The book explores writings by early modern English women who elected a double self-exile from home and ‘from the world’, undertakings that shaped and informed so much of their self-writing. These nuns sometimes composed under their own names, but many composed anonymously. Using a combination of close reading, palaeography, manuscript evidence and other data, this book reveals the identities of half a dozen women, including descendants of Sir Thomas More, whose contributions to English literature and history were hitherto unknown. Although anonymous composition was in keeping with monastic norms of humility, Convent Autobiography argues anonymity offered paradoxical freedoms, such as enabling an author to write extensively about her own family, and herself, or to present institutional narratives through the lens of her own experiences. Three case studies devoted to anonymous chronicling reveal the complexity of authorial strategies of self and communal representation. On the basis of these, two new genres of autobiography are proposed: anonymous and subsumed autobiography. These definitions have wider application beyond convent and early modern literature. The book includes a complete edition of the vibrant conversion narrative, lists, and prayers of Catherine Holland, who defied her Protestant father by running away to join the convent of Nazareth where she could practise Catholicism and ‘escape the slavery of marriage’.
Introduction
Authors: Van Hyning Victoria
Published: January 2020

The Introduction maps the landscape of the early modern English convents in exile, and situates the literature of the nuns of St Monica’s and Nazareth within a broader history of monastic literature and culture, medieval to modern, with emphasis on the period shortly after the Reformation, through to the late eighteenth century. The case studies at the heart of the subsequent five chapters are briefly outlined, and reveal a broad range of literary styles and motifs spanning epistolary, chorographical, confessional, and devotional expression, by anonymous as well as named authors. This section introduces the concepts of anonymous and subsumed autobiography, which trouble the still well established, if deeply contested, definitions of autobiography propounded by Philippe Lejeune. These new genres are informed by scholarship of the late twentieth and twenty-first century, devoted to the subjects of women’s writing, and autobiography, self- or life-writing.
Gritos de un mundo desconocido: una aproximación a la muerte violenta de menores a través de la jurisprudencia
Authors: Ramos Vázquez José Antonio
Published: January 2020

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Recensión a Paolo Lobba y Triestino Mariniello (eds.): Judicial Dialogue on Human Rights. The Practice of International Criminal Tribunals. Brill, Leiden y Boston, 2017, 301 páginas.
Authors: Pérez Caballero Jesús
Published: January 2020

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TUTELA DE LAS CONDICIONES LABORALES Y REFORMAS PENALES: ¿EL OCASO DEL DERECHO PENAL DEL TRABAJO?
Authors: Hortal Ibarra Juan Carlos
Published: January 2020

Dos décadas después de la aplaudida reunificación de los delitos laborales en la modificación operada en 1995, se ha procedido a su parcial demolición. El Derecho penal del trabajo nació con la finalidad de garantizar un plus de protección a los empleados por cuenta ajena en tanto parte débil de la relación laboral establecida con el empresario. Sin embargo, esta disciplina ha sido objeto de un proceso de adulteración mediante la asunción de unos intereses tangenciales cuando no opuestos a su auténtico fundamento. Sirva esta contribución para denunciar este preocupante proceder y ofrecer al inflacionista legislador alguna receta político-criminal con la que combatir la irracionalidad que le aqueja. Two decades after the applauded reunification of labor crimes that came about as a result of the modification carried out in 1995, it has been partially «demolished». Criminal labour law was created with the purpose of guaranteeing an extra protection for self-employed as the weak party in the employment relationship established with the employer. However, this discipline has been subject to a process of adulteration through the assumption of tangential interests when not opposed to its true basis. This contribution serves to denounce this worrying practice and offer the inflationist legislator some kind of political-criminal récipe with which to combat the irrationality that afflicts him.
PELIGROSIDAD, ALGORITMOS Y DUE PROCESS: EL CASO STATE vs. LOOMIS
Authors: Martínez Garay Lucía
Published: January 2020

El movimiento contemporáneo tendente a la sustitución de la noción de peligrosidad por el enfoque de la valoración del riesgo (risk assessment), que se inició en el ámbito del derecho penitenciario y de ejecución de las penas, está llegando a otras fases del proceso penal, como la de sentencia. Presentándose como una práctica «basada en la evidencia» (evidence-based sentencing), propugna tomar en consideración las valoraciones estructuradas del riesgo de reincidencia a la hora de determinar la clase y cuantía de la pena a imponer, para adecuarla mejor a las necesidades de prevención especial. El presente trabajo analiza críticamente una de las primeras sentencias de un tribunal supremo estatal de los EEUU que se ha enfrentado a los problemas que plantea esta propuesta, y en particular al siguiente: ¿es compatible con el derecho al debido proceso agravar la pena sobre la base de la valoración de riesgo hecha por un algoritmo, cuyo funcionamiento no se desvela al acusado porque está protegido como secreto de empresa?The contemporary tendency towards replacing the old notion of dangerousness by the risk assessment approach, that began in the correctional settings, is reaching other stages of the criminal justice, particularly the sentencing phase. Presenting itself as an evidence-based practice (evidence-based sentencing), it promotes introducing structured risk assessments in sentencing in order to help the judge impose the penalty that best prevents recidivism. This paper critically examines one of the first State Supreme Court decisions in the USA that has had to face the problems posed by this approach, and especially the following: is it compatible with due process rights to impose an enhanced sentence based on the risk assessment made by a secret algorithm, the details of which are not disclosed to the defendant due to its proprietary nature?
ANTECEDENTES EN ESPAÑA DE LA CRIMINOLOGÍA POSITIVA MODERNA Y DE LA CRIMINOLOGÍA CLINICA
Authors: Serrano Gómez Alfonso
Published: January 2020

La Criminología en España ha sido tutelada por los penalistas. Algunos hicieron aportaciones teóricas. A finales de la década de los sesenta del siglo pasado se inicia una nueva etapa con la aparición de los primeros trabajos empíricos y de Criminología clínica. En los últimos años se ha creado el Grado en Criminología en más de treinta universidades, aunque en el campo de la investigación disponemos de pocos expertos en la disciplina. El futuro científico de la Criminología en nuestro país a corto plazo, e incluso a medio, parece poco prometedor.Criminology in Spain has been protected by criminalists. Some made theoretical contributions. At the end of the decade of the 1960s of the past century, a new stage was initiated with then appearance of the first empirical papers and those on clinical criminology. In recent years the Degree in Criminology has been created in more than thirty universities, although in the field of investigation we have few experts in the discipline. The scientific future of criminology in our country in the short term, even in the medium term, seems quite bleak.
LA MAGIA DEL PRONOMBRE «MÍO». Reflexiones sobre el miedo insuperable con ocasión de la STS 240/2016, de 29 de marzo
Authors: Martín Muñoz Jesús
Published: January 2020

En el presente trabajo reflexionaremos sobre el modo en que doctrina y jurisprudencia caracterizan a la eximente de miedo insuperable, prevista en el artículo 20.6.º del Código Penal español, con ocasión de la reciente Sentencia 240/2016, de 29 de marzo, del Tribunal Supremo, que la aplica de forma incompleta junto con la de legítima defensa.In this paper we will reflect on how the defence of «unconquerable fear» (ordinary fortitude), set in Article 20(6) of the Spanish Criminal Code, is treated in literature and case-law with regard to the recent Sentence of the Spanish Supreme Court 240/2016, of March 29th, which applies it partially together with self-defence.
Fotografía en el aula para el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico
Authors: Gudín de la Lama Enrique , Chávarri Pérez Susana
Published: January 2020

Hace unos años surgió un nuevo planteamiento didáctico fundamentado en el llamado pensamiento histórico o competencia histórica. La accesibilidad a multitud de archivos fotográficos de diferentes ámbitos y la facilidad que proporcionan las nuevas tecnologías educativas para trabajar con la fotografía, la convierten en un recurso adecuado para la comprensión de la historia a través del trabajo en el aula de las diferentes «competencias históricas». Su rendimiento didáctico dependerá de las estrategias que se utilicen. En nuestro caso consideramos que el planteamiento dialógico y las herramientas didácticas ligadas a las principales competencias históricas constituyen apoyos sólidos para sacar rendimiento didáctico a este material. El artículo expone algunas ideas nucleares sobre competencias que permiten articular el pensamiento histórico: evaluación de evidencias, construcción de narrativas, tiempo histórico y análisis de la causalidad. En torno a ellas se proponen actividades didácticas que ilustran cómo trabajar el pensamiento histórico mediante la fotografía.
¿Cómo evaluar la reflexión sobre la práctica docente? Un ejemplo en la formación inicial del profesorado de Biología y Geología
Authors: Sáez Bondía María José , Cortés Gracia Ángel Luis
Published: January 2020

La palabra reflexión aparece en numerosas ocasiones cuando se hace referencia a la formación inicial del profesorado. No obstante, son pocas las ocasiones en las que se define qué se entiende por reflexión y, aún menos, cómo evaluarla de un modo sistemático. Este trabajo, en el contexto de la formación inicial del profesorado de educación secundaria, muestra una estrategia para evaluar la reflexión de estudiantes del máster de profesorado de Biología y Geología sobre una actividad relacionada con las salidas a entornos próximos. Para ello, se realiza el análisis de las declaraciones de los estudiantes sobre las implicaciones didácticas de la secuencia realizada. Los resultados muestran que solo alcanzan niveles medio-altos de reflexión un escaso porcentaje de las declaraciones. Se proponen criterios para categorizar el nivel de reflexión sobre situaciones de aula y se discuten las posibilidades de la metodología de análisis empleada.
Marcel Breuer: un diseñador global. Experiencias en el ámbito de la vivienda prefabricada
Authors: Sanchis Gisbert Salvador José , Peris Blat Ignacio , Ponce Gregorio Pedro
Published: January 2020

En la nueva escuela de la Bauhaus se intentaba formar una serie de artistas capaces de integrar los procesos creativos en un nuevo ideal de diseño. Marcel Breuer pertenece al primer grupo de arquitectos formados según estos principios, capaz de combinar la integración de los nuevos materiales, los procesos industriales y la fabricación en serie para la creación de nuevos proyectos. Este artículo pretende mostrar por una lado la gran polivalencia como diseñador de M. Breuer (mobiliario, interiores, arquitectura y urbanismo) así como recuperar sus investigaciones en el campo de la vivienda prefabricada, cuestiones ambas relacionadas con su singular formación y aprendizaje que marcaron su filosofía del diseño.
Pensar el diseño
Authors: Infante Fernando , Godoy María Jesús
Published: January 2020

Ein Zeichen sind wird, deutungslos
[Somos un signo por interpretar] 
 
Hölderlin, Mnemosyne.
El diseño, la ciudad y un lápiz de labios
Authors: Espiau Mercedes , García Ranedo Mar , Rojas Alejandro
Published: January 2020

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Primeros conodontos del Frasniense en el Complejo Maláguide de Granada (Cordillera Bética)
Authors: Cabrera-Porras Angela , Rodríguez-Cañero Rosario , Martín-Algarra Agustín
Published: January 2020

Un delgado nivel calc.reo, localizado en la unidad tectónica más alta del Complejo Maláguide en la provincia de Granada, ha proporcionado una abundante fauna de conodontos (808 elementos por kg de muestra) integrada por Ancyrodella binodosa, Ancyrodella pristina, Icriodus difficilis, Icriodus symmetricus, Polygnathus decorosus, Polygnathus dengleri y Polygnathus dubius, entre otras especies. Esta asociación corresponde a una biofacies de polygnátidos y ha permitido asignar este nivel a las zonas MN1 y MN2 (Frasniense inicial), cuya presencia ha sido constatada por vez primera en el Complejo Maláguide. Esta es, asimismo, la primera datación del Frasniense en el sector central de la Cordillera Bética. El nivel se intercala entre pelitas con niveles areniscosos, volcanoclásticos y otros delgados horizontes carbonatados del Emsiense y del Fameniense, que yacen bajo la Fm. Falcoña (Carbonífero Inferior). Esta sucesión pre-Falcoña se encuentra en una unidad tectónica diferente a la que incluye la Fm. Santi Petri, con la que se correlaciona, aunque se depositó en ambientes menos distales y menos profundos que dicha formación, que es la más extensamente representada y característica del Devónico maláguide.
Middle Eocene calcareous nannofossils in the Jaca transect (South-central Pyrenees Eocene Basin, Aragón river valley, Huesca)
Authors: González-Lanchas Alba , Remacha Eduard , Oms Oriol , Sierro Francisco J. , Flores Jose Abel
Published: January 2020

The calcareous nanoplankton is studied from the base of the turbidite systems of the Upper Hecho Group (Jaca Basin, middle Eocene of the South-central Pyrenean Basin) up to the Gracionepel instabilities, within the Larrés slope Marls. This new chronostratigraphic contribution is of crucial importance for the improvement of the detailed temporal and spatial correlation framework of the genetically related depositional systems at basin scale. The calcareous nanofossil assemblage is largely dominated by Coccolithus pelagicus, C. formous as well as different species of Reticulofenestra, accompanied by occasional specimens of several species of Sphenolithus and Chiasmolithus. The results obtained, based on the detailed biostratigraphic study of a composite succession 2,500 m thick, allow us to characterize the main biohorizons of the middle Eocene on the basis of global biostratigraphic standards. The studied succession was deposited during the CNE11-CNE15 or NP15-NP16 biozones, within a time span of ~3.45 Myr, between 43.96 and 40.51 Ma (Lutetian/Bartonian). This age range is compatible with the existing scheme for the South-central Pyrenean Basin. The Upper Hecho Group, between the Roncal-Fiscal megaturbidite (MT-5) and the instability facies of Gracionepel, starts in the uppermost part of Zone NP15 continues into Zone NP16. The proposed biozonation provides new data for a correlation between stratigraphic events of other regional sections and facilitates the understanding of the lateral and temporal evolution of the studied systems, as well as the improvement of the general palaeogeographic framework of the basin.
Tafonomía y cronología de la asociación de micromamíferos de la Cueva del Estrecho (Villares del Saz, Cuenca, España)
Authors: Domínguez García Ángel Carmelo , Laplana César , Sevilla Paloma , Guisado Di Monti Juan Carlos , Bernárdez Gómez María José
Published: January 2020

La Cueva del Estrecho (Villares del Saz, Cuenca) es un yacimiento arqueo-paleontológico holoceno prácticamente inédito hasta la fecha. Se han estudiado en torno a 970 restos fósiles craneales pertenecientes a 14 taxones de micromamíferos (roedores, lagomorfos, eulipotiflos y quirópteros), procedentes del paquete sedimentario situado en la entrada de la cueva. Una datación (14C-AMS) realizada sobre hueso arroja una antigüedad de 2289-2154 años cal. BP para la asociación de micromamíferos. El estudio tafonómico realizado ha puesto de manifiesto la existencia de una elevada frecuencia de elementos digeridos en la muestra en la muestra (≥ 70%) que en algunos en algunos casos alcanzan el grado extremo. Además, se han identificado fragmentos de coprolitos adheridos a numerosos restos óseos y dentarios, así como dentición digerida de gazapos. Por todo ello puede afirmarse que el origen de la asociación fue la depredación por parte de mamíferos carnívoros, probablemente mustélidos.
Gliridae from the late Oligocene of the province of Teruel (Spain)
Authors: Freudenthal Matthijs , Martín-Suárez Elvira
Published: January 2020

The Calatayud-Teruel Basin is one of the richest areas of Spain, when fossil mammals are concerned. Around the village of Montalbán many lower Oligocene fossil mammal localities are known and several upper Oligocene localities with rich micromammal faunas are present between the villages of Vivel del Río Martín and Martín del Río. Previous papers on these upper Oligocene localities were dedicated to the Cricetidae and to the zapodid Plesiosminthus, in this work we describe the fauna of Gliridae, composed of the genera Gliravus,Butseloglis, Peridyromys, Microdyromysand Paraglis. Among these the latter genus is very poorly represented. Microdyromysis of special importance because its presence in our material permits a new concept of the phylogeny of the genus.
Analysis of correlated count data using generalised linear mixed models exemplified by field data on aggressive behaviour of boars
Authors: Mielenz Norbert , Spilke Joachim , von Borell Eberhard
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Population-averaged and subject-specific models are available to evaluate count data when repeated observations per subject are present. The latter are also known in the literature as generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). In GLMM repeated measures are taken into account explicitly through random animal effects in the linear predictor. In this paper the relevant GLMMs are presented based on conditional Poisson or negative binomial distribution of the response variable for given random animal effects. Equations for the repeatability of count data are derived assuming normal distribution and logarithmic gamma distribution for the random animal effects. Using count data on aggressive behaviour events of pigs (barrows, sows and boars) in mixed-sex housing, we demonstrate the use of the Poisson »log-gamma intercept«, the Poisson »normal intercept« and the »normal intercept« model with negative binomial distribution. Since not all count data can definitely be seen as Poisson or negative-binomially distributed, questions of model selection and model checking are examined. Emanating from the example, we also interpret the least squares means, estimated on the link as well as the response scale. Options provided by the SAS procedure NLMIXED for estimating model parameters and for estimating marginal expected values are presented.
CXCL12-induced rescue of cortical dendritic spines and cognitive flexibility
Authors: Festa Lindsay K , Irollo Elena , Platt Brian J , Tian Yuzen , Floresco Stan , Meucci Olimpia
Published: January 2020

Synaptodendritic pruning is a common cause of cognitive decline in neurological disorders, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND persists in treated patients as a result of chronic inflammation and low-level expression of viral proteins, though the mechanisms involved in synaptic damage are unclear. Here, we report that the chemokine CXCL12 recoups both cognitive performance and synaptodendritic health in a rodent model of HAND, which recapitulates the neuroinflammatory state of virally controlled individuals and the associated structural/functional deficiencies. CXCL12 preferentially regulates plastic thin spines on layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex via CXCR4-dependent stimulation of the Rac1/PAK actin polymerization pathway, leading to increased spine density and improved flexible behavior. Our studies unveil a critical role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in spine dynamics and cognitive flexibility, suggesting that HAND - or other diseases driven by spine loss - may be reversible and upturned by targeting Rac1-dependent processes in cortical neurons.
Evolutionarily unique mechanistic framework of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants
Authors: Narasimhan Madhumitha , Johnson Alexander , Prizak Roshan , Kaufmann Walter Anton , Tan Shutang , Casillas-Pérez Barbara , Friml Jiří
Published: January 2020

In plants, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) represents the major route for cargo internalisation from the cell surface. It has been assumed to operate in an evolutionary conserved manner as in yeast and animals. Here we report characterisation of ultrastructure, dynamics and mechanisms of plant CME as allowed by our advancement in electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging techniques. Arabidopsis CME appears to follow the constant curvature model and the bona fide CME population generates vesicles of a predominantly hexagonal-basket type; larger and with faster kinetics than in other models. Contrary to the existing paradigm, actin is dispensable for CME events at the plasma membrane but plays a unique role in collecting endocytic vesicles, sorting of internalised cargos and directional endosome movement that itself actively promote CME events. Internalized vesicles display a strongly delayed and sequential uncoating. These unique features highlight the independent evolution of the plant CME mechanism during the autonomous rise of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
The Democracy Development Machine
Authors: Copeland Nicholas
Published: January 2020

What forces hinder decolonization efforts on the neoliberal terrain? In the aftermath of a genocidal scorched earth campaign, Mayas in the town of San Pedro Necta encountered a formidable democracy-development machine designed to displace radical class politics into private market advancement and local, indigenous-led electoral politics. Sampedranos regarded neoliberal democracy and development not as empty, depoliticized forms or colonial impositions, but as hard-won victories that met immediate needs and echoed revolutionary and local struggles. This historical ethnography examines how these governmentalized spaces fell short, simultaneously enabling and disfiguring an ethnic resurgence that fractured in a dispiriting atmosphere of pessimism, self-interest, deception, and mistrust. These dynamics fueled authoritarian populism but also radical reimaginings of democracy and development from below. These findings shed new light on rural politics in Guatemala and across neoliberal and post-conflict settings.
The Mad Housewives of the Neo-Woman’s Film
Authors: Haskell Molly
Published: January 2020

In this chapter Molly Haskell revisits her landmark book, From Reverence to Rape, which argued that the star system of the classical studio period offered leading actresses power, autonomy and even a subversive feminism that was, ironically, undermined by the freedoms offered by the New Hollywood. In retrospect, however, and with a close consideration of specific films and their interesting, idiosyncratic portrayals, Haskell here considers whether in fact these wayward and searching women, characters unglued and actresses without conventional star personae, can be seen as part of the general sense of rebellion against old norms and social strictures.
The Spirit of ’76
Authors: Hoberman J.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter the legendary New York film critic J Hoberman revisits the Bicentennial, 1976, a year characterized by a longing for rebirth and a search for new heroes, in Hollywood and in politics. The nihilistic Taxi Driver, opened in February 1976; it featured the decade’s most compelling anti-hero Travis Bickle, who can be seen as the ultimate expression of the New Hollywood (not least in its critical and popular success). Bickle’s antipode arrived in the person of Sylvester Stallone’s Rocky, protagonist of an even more successful movie that, retrograde in every way, was the first major expression of a reborn Hollywood—a narrative paralleled in the political realm by Jimmy Carter’s “Cinderella” ascension to the White House.
Empire
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how colonial resistance to quartering British soldiers led the British Parliament to authorize the Quartering Act in 1765. Built on the ideal of the unitary empire, the Quartering Act sought to transfer British rights and responsibilities to North America by requiring that the colonists supply and barrack troops, but exempted private houses from billeting soldiers. Enforcement of the Quartering Act was delayed due to the Stamp Act riots, and implementation failed in Canada. From 1766 to 1768, General Gage enforced the law throughout the American colonies, deriving monies for quartering expenses from eight colonies, although he was only able to do so by recognizing the different legislative approaches of the different American colonies and abandoning the ideal of the unitary empire.
Nation
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter establishes how opposition to quartering troops in houses and cities encouraged the American colonists to envision an independent nation. The possibility of war with Spain in 1770-71 led the colonists to raise provincial armies and militias, while muting opposition to the Quartering Act. The Boston Tea Party resulted in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts and occupation of Boston which encouraged colonial cooperation and led to the demise of the Quartering Act. When American soldiers exchanged fire with British regulars at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, quartering policies were inverted as the British army began to supply civilians in Boston. However, Canada, Florida, and the islands did not raise their own armies, but remained loyal to Great Britain as the Americans declared independence.
Introduction
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

The introduction describes how a generation of elites, under the spell of a vision of American modernity, transformed the research university into a new model, the instrumental university. Four modern ideals connected to technocratic progressivism—industrial relations, city planning, administration, and economic development—played prominent roles in this transition. Proponents of the instrumental model reinterpreted the university’s longstanding commitment to serve society as “direct service,” often through organized research on specific public problems. Organized research units proliferated after World War II and became the key structural feature of the instrumental university.
A Use of the University of Michigan
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 examines how Samuel P. Hayes, Jr., an early Point Four official who later helped design the Peace Corps, tried to “use” the University of Michigan to establish a program of multidisciplinary organized research on economic development, the Center for Research on Economic Development (CRED). The resistance he encountered from university administrators and economics department colleagues suggests that traditional academic norms did not always yield completely to interdisciplinary organized research. Yet the establishment of CRED, which had parallels at the University of Chicago, Vanderbilt, and Yale, suggests the importance of economic development as a focus for organized research in the instrumental university. This chapter also provides an account of the new subfield of development economics and of the relationship between the economics discipline and the behavioral science paradigm.
Delhi
Authors: Mendenhall Emily
Published: January 2020

Chapter Three, Chicago, centers around Beatriz, a Mexican immigrant woman with diabetes. This narrative reveals the "VIDDA Syndemic" that compounds impacts of structural violence, immigration, depression, diabetes, and abuse over the life course to shape women's suffering. For instance, multiple traumatic experiences of immigration across the US-Mexico border frame many women's stories, causing worry and persistent, untreated distress. Beatriz and others shared how other social traumas, including violence within the domestic and public spheres, continue to torment their minds and build up in their bodies. This chapter uses women's narratives to systematically demonstrate how these social and psychological factors define their chronic illness, and how depression and diabetes are intimately connected in their everyday negotiations of foods, pharmaceuticals, and self-care. Beatriz's narrative emphasizes further how fundamentally linked financial security and health security become in her everyday life.
East Meets West
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the role of western tourists and hippies in globalizing Afghanistan’s illicit drug trade. Throughout the 1960s, thousands of westerners flocked to Afghanistan to buy and consume hash. This chapter shows that by the 1970s the growing demand for hashish in western markets led to a greater influx of drug traffickers in Afghanistan. Afghanistan was ideal for those involved in the illicit drug trade, because of its cheap and abundant supply, as well as the lax or ineffective enforcement of drug laws. Ultimately, this chapter demonstrates that the hash trade was critical in building the global trafficking networks that would later link western demand for opium and heroin with producers and traders in Afghanistan.
All Goods are Dangerous Goods
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of the Helmand Valley Development Project, the largest American investment project in Afghanistan prior to the Afghan-Soviet War, and the impact on the development of the illicit opium trade. During the 1950s and 1960s, American development projects (through USAID) aimed to transform the Helmand Valley into a rich agricultural zone by building dams, and improving irrigation and farming techniques, to prepare farmers to grow crops for regional and global markets. By the 1970s, shifts in the global supply of illicit opium led drug traffickers to Afghanistan in search of new supply, and farmers in Helmand and surrounding areas began to shift to opium cultivation. In the course of the analysis, the chapter explores the relationship between globalization and development projects, and why the Helmand Valley project played a critical role in the growth of illicit opium production in Afghanistan.
People and Place
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the negotiations that emerged over the jurisdiction and subjecthood of Koreans abroad—between Chosŏn-Qing, Qing-Russia, and Chosŏn-Russia. The presence of Russia, which had acquired Qing lands and a new border with Chosŏn in 1860, and the migration of Koreans there threw into question the Chosŏn-Qing norms of governing the “prohibited zone.” Russia, which stood outside of the tributary system and had no diplomatic relations with Chosŏn, began to allow Koreans to settle on its territory and to naturalize them as Russian subjects. Chosŏn and the Qing disagreed with Russia’s actions. The chapter reveals that officials of the three countries drew upon various strategies to address the jurisdiction of Koreans abroad, including investigations, diplomacy, new and old international treaties, negotiations, and secret missions. By the mid 1880s, Chosŏn and Russia established official diplomatic relations, but the subjecthood question remained unresolved.
Contested Border
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter and the next discuss the divergent experiences of Koreans on Qing (Kando) and Russian territory, respectively. The present chapter explores the competition between officials of Korea, China, and the Japanese empire to make jurisdictional claims on the Korean population in Kando, part of northeast Manchuria, from the late 1870s to 1930s. Dramatic changes in the geopolitics of the region transformed Qing and Chosŏn officials’ views of Kando and its Koreans from a territory and people whose jurisdiction could be taken for granted to those whose jurisdiction needed to be forcefully claimed. The chapter gives an overview of the borderland society that arose in Kando and discusses Chosŏn-Qing disputes about the border and subjecthood of Koreans. After 1905, Chinese and Japanese officials sparred over the proper citizenship of Koreans in Kando, a question that was linked to the ambiguous legal status of Manchuria and its sovereignty.
Civilizational Border
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Russian officials’ debates and policies regarding Koreans in the Maritime Province from 1880 to the 1920s. It sees these policies as part of a broader project to revise the practice of plural jurisdiction, in which the empire ruled its vast territories and peoples through a flexible legal regime. Amidst a growing wave of nativist sentiment, officials aimed to standardize the privileges respectively held by subjects and foreigners and to institutionalize borders. In the Russian Far East, suspicions about the interference of the Korean, Chinese, and Japanese governments led officials to categorize the resident Korean population as subjects and aliens, experiment with policies to ban the settlement of Koreans in the border region, institute border and passport laws, and discuss the benefits and dangers of continued Asian migration to Russia. The chapter further explores how Koreans subverted these laws and policies to their own ends.
Making Them One of Us
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the efforts of tsarist officials to transform the Korean border population into loyal Russian subjects through education and religious missions of the Orthodox Church. It also explores the active accommodation of cultural practices by the population and, after 1905, the attempt by Korean nationalist émigrés to impose a new Korean identity on the people. It shows that while the respective agendas of Russian and Korean nationalists were ostensibly at odds with each other, both subscribed to the idea that to be civilized, a subject needed to exhibit devotion to a single nation and adhere to specific types of moral behavior. By the early 1900s, ideas of civilization had become inseparable from the ideology of the nation. Instead of adopting a single country’s customs and thinking, Koreans proved as adaptable in their customs and behavior as they did in methods of rule and governance.
Sites of Design
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Another site visit illuminates how this happens. Roisin is accompanied by Rob, one of the more senior architects in the practice. The plot has an extensive garden, originally part of the grounds of a bigger Victorian mansion. There is already a house, built in the 1980s. The clients, a middle-aged couple with two children, have acquired the site with a view to demolishing the house and rebuilding. Roisin has been working on initial ideas prior to the site visit. The project is being overseen by Rob. Originally a product designer, he changed direction and retrained as an architect in his late twenties. Though he is deferential to Roisin and respectful of her work, his pronouncements seem subtly to carry more weight. This may partly be an artifact of his greater experience but also manifests itself as a form of distancing from the details of the project: he has oversight in the sense of seeing more through seeing less of these distractions. Both have surveyed maps. Rob remarks on notable trees, conscious there may be tree preservation orders. He is using his phone, held outstretched, to take pictures. He observes the site through its screen, his engagement with the site literally framed by the camera and the photographic conventions that govern its architectural use. “You can never take too many,” he observes, joking that however many pictures you take, the crucial view is always missing when you get back to the office. As much as these are personal aide-mémoires, they are also intended to convey the site to others in the office....
Dripping With History
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

We are on a site visit to St. Andrew’s Church, in Tom’s car, a people carrier. He apologizes for the detritus of children’s toys and discarded food wrappers, the material culture of a family life I have glimpsed only in relief. Sometimes Tom leaves early or arrives late to work when he picks up or drops off his boys at school. He talks often and fondly about them, even as he acknowledges the trials and tribulations of fatherhood, as part of a life packed with too many commitments: “Juggling too many things.” We drive along winding lanes, through the claustrophobically narrow valleys of Stroud, then up onto the tops, where the dark earth of freshly plowed autumn fields exposes a skeleton of drystone walls. This is a familiar landscape for Tom. As we drive he points out places of interest, houses the firm has built and projects that didn’t come off, along with buildings and details of architectural interest....
Between Architect and Client
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Rob is trying to describe the attributes that make for a good architect:

I’d say it’s quite selfless from a designer’s point of view, in that a good designer should really just be a vehicle that responds to the client’s wishes, even if the client doesn’t know what they want. So you’re quite often teasing those ideas out of them and pitching your own ideas for them to grab hold of. I think that’s very difficult, but quite key to recognize, the client as the ultimate designer....
Listen: Channeling or Imposing Ideas?
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Three of the architects are discussing the relationship between architect and client.

MEGAN:

It’s tricky to work out how much to just channel what a client wants or to come up with an idea that we feel strongly about. Would that just be arrogant? And what is our role, actually? Who are we representing?...
Deadlines
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In the practice, time is sometimes seen as an agent of change, as something that does things. Phil and Ronan, both qualified architects in their mid-thirties, make this explicit in a self-recorded discussion. They have chosen to reflect on the importance of time in their work:...
Listen: Creative Time
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Megan, Rob, Tomas, and Phil are reflecting on the difficulties of making time for the things they want to do.

MEGAN:

We’ve tried to free up time to be creative in a few different ways, haven’t we? With ‘hack time’ [this is the name they give to a weekly hour set aside for interesting activities of no overtly instrumental purpose] and things like that. And it happens for a little bit, and then we don’t do it....
Where Knowledge Meets
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Mill House is a Cotswold stone structure, with a grade 2 “listing”—an acknowledgment of the building’s historical significance that affords formal protection through the planning system. Originally a working mill, it was bought by its current owners about a year ago. Mark and Cathy are accountants, in the process of moving from London—for her to retire and for him to commute. Tomas and Megan are here for a project meeting. Already, the broad outlines of the design have been agreed: Mark and Cathy were drawn to the character of the building and want to retain as much of the history as possible; but as they see it, the building has too many small rooms, insufficient light, and a poor connection to the garden. A number of schemes were initially considered. The most radical of these was the one they ultimately decided on; the essence of the plan is simple and was arrived at quickly: a small external courtyard—formed on three sides by the existing house and a barn to the rear—will be enclosed by a glass roof, creating an internal space that other rooms will open onto. As the project moves from concept development to detailing, there are many issues still to resolve. On this occasion considerations of cost are less central than those relating to planning approval and the technical feasibility of the proposed design concept....
Formality and Informality
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In different ways, builders and architects encounter the space between a plan and a physical building as a series of problems and issues. It is possible to resolve these through more or less formal ways of working.

The history of MHW is, in general terms, one of increasing formalization. As the scope and scale of the practice’s projects have expanded, so have the budgets, the number of people involved, and the associated risks. With more to go wrong, contracts provide a way of managing risk. In the practice, architects describe what is gained by working with a contract: greater certainty that the building will be constructed as designed; an ability to control costs; and clarity about the roles of the different people involved in a project—who will do what, when, and how. They are also aware of what can be lost by working in this way....