bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRESTRESSED MEMBERS UNDER NATURAL FIRES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE RESIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Kalaba Natasa , Bamonte Patrick , Felicetti Roberto
Published: January 2016

The present work is aimed at investigating the residual behaviour of prestressed concrete members exposed to natural fires, since experience has shown that substantial losses of the load bearing capacity may take place during the cooling phase. This topic is of great practical significance, because the knowledge of the residual response can help the engineers to decide whether a structure can be refurbished after being exposed to fire, with minor costs, or whether demolition is inevitable.Sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was performed on typical inverted T and double T-beam sections, subjected to heating and subsequent cooling.The results show that the residual deflection is primarily governed by the load level and the section shape and that the magnitude of the residual deflection can be even several times higher than the initial value.
THE MECHANICS OF TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION IN COMPOSITE SLABS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Alskeif Ali , Burgess Ian W. , Huang Shan-Shan
Published: January 2016

The mechanics of tensile membrane action of thinlightly-reinforced concrete slabs has been re-examined during the last two years.The re-examination is based on large-deflection plastic yield-line analysis, applied to flat slabs. As deflection increases beyond the optimum yield-line pattern, tensile membrane action is mobilized and further load carrying capacity is provided. This paper represents an extension of this re-examination to include composite slabs at high temperatures. As temperature increases, the unprotected downstand steel beams significantly lose capacity, allowing for further deflection until the overall capacity degrades to the applied load. Tensile membrane action then allows further increase of steel temperature until a maximum is reached.
PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS USING FEM ANALYSIS
Authors: Kim Sun-Hee , Yom Kyong-Soo , Choi Sung-Mo
Published: January 2016

Fires in buildings cause not only economic losses but also many casualties. A prolonged fire involves the possibility of the damage to structural members, which calls for the repair or reinforcement of the building. Since it is critical to decide whether structural members need reinforcement, the technique to determine the degree of the damage to structural members caused by a fire should be established.  CFT columns are superior to generic steel columns in terms of fire resistance performance thanks to the thermal storage effect of the concrete inside the columns.  Studies have suggested how to reinforce the concrete to further improve the structural strength and fire resistance performance of CFT columns. When CFT columns of a building are damaged by a fire, it is required to determine preciously how serious the structural deterioration of the members is.  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the residual strength of CFT columns damaged by a fire by evaluating the temperature distribution inside the columns and determining the degree of deterioration in the load capacity of concrete and steel in relation to temperature distribution.
A FULLY GENERALISED APPROACH TO MODELLING FIRE RESPONSE OF STEEL-RC COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Authors: Kolšek Jerneja , Hozjan Tomaž , Saje Miran , Planinc Igor
Published: January 2016

In the paper a new generalised three–phase finite–element numerical model for the fire analysis of beam–like steel–concrete composite structures is presented. In addition, the influence of contact stiffness in a standard trapezoidal RC plate to its ultimate fire resistance is presented employing the proposed numerical procedure.
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS AXIAL FORCE-BENDING MOMENT FOR FIRE EXPOSED STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE SECTIONS
Authors: Milanovic Milivoje , Cvetkovska Meri
Published: January 2016

The bearing capacity of the column cross section can be determined from the interaction diagram moment-axial force (M–N). Fire induced temperatures cause reduction of the load-bearing characteristics of the constitutive materials, steel and concrete, and this effect directly reflects on the reduction of the axial force and the bending moment that could be accepted by the column cross section, respectively the interaction diagram of the column cross section is changed. The load bearing capacity of the steel-concrete composite columns exposed to fire from all four sides and loaded by axial force and uni-axial or bi-axial bending moments, was estimated on the basis of the changes in the interaction diagrams moment-axial force amd the results are presented in this paper. Different types of composite columns made of totally or partially encased steel sections, or concrete filled hollow sections were analyzed and a detailed discussion on the effects of the shape of the cross section and the cross sectional dimensions are presented.
STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF ULTRA-HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE UNDER THE ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND 0.25FCK LOADING
Authors: Kim Gyu Yong , Lee Young Wook , Gucunski Nenad , Choe Gyeong Cheol , Yoon Min Ho
Published: January 2016

The high-temperature creep of Ultra-High-Strength Concrete (UHSC) has been investigated in this study. The purpose of this study is to evaluated total strain and high-temperature creep at elevated temperatures under loading condition of UHSC. To evaluate the strain behaviour of UHSC at elevated temperatures, ϕ100 mm × 200 mm cylindrical specimens of UHSC with compressive strengths of 80, 130 and 180 MPa concrete were heated to 700 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. The total strain and high-temperature-creep were measured under the loading condition of 0.25 of the compressive strength at room temperature. As results, Total strain of UHSC increased showing shrinkage with increasing compressive strength. The high-temperature creep of UHSC increased with the temperature and higher level of compressive strength showed bigger high-temperature creep.
TO TESTING OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
Authors: Goremikins Vadims , Blesak Lukas , Novak Josef , Wald Frantisek
Published: January 2016

Addition of steel fibres improves properties of concrete. The lack of information considering tensile and post cracking behaviour of SFRC at elevated temperatures is an obstacle on the wide use of this composite material. This work presents an experimental study of steel fibre reinforced concrete subjected to high temperature. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultimate bending strength were evaluated. The specimens were heated by ceramic heaters and then repacked for testing.
REUSED TYRE POLYMER FIBRE FOR FIRE-SPALLING MITIGATION
Authors: Huang Shan-Shan , Angelakopoulos Harris , Pilakoutas Kypros , Burgess Ian
Published: January 2016

Polypropylene fibres (PPF) are used in concrete principally to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking, but also to prevent explosive spalling of concrete exposed to fire. In the EU alone, an estimated 75,000 tonnes of virgin PPF are used each year. At the same time an estimated 63,000 tonnes of polymer fibres are recovered from end-of-life tyres, which are agglomerated and too contaminated with rubber to find any alternative use; currently these are mainly disposed of by incineration. The authors have initiated a study on the feasibility of reusing tyre polymer fibres in fresh concrete to mitigate fire-induced spalling. If successful, this will permit replacement of the virgin PPF currently used with a reused product of equal or superior performance. A preliminary experimental investigation is presented in this paper. High-strength concrete cubes/slabs have been tested under thermo-mechanical loading. This study has shown promising results; the specimens with the tyre polymer fibres have shown lower vulnerability to spalling than those of plain concrete.
EFFECTS OF A TRAVELLING FIRE ON A CONCRETE COLUMN – TISOVA FIRE TEST
Authors: Rush David , Lange David , Maclean Jamie , Rackauskaite Egle
Published: January 2016

The Tisova Fire Test was a large fire test conducted in the Czech Republic in January 2015 inside of a 4-storey concrete frame building, with concrete and composite deck floors. The test compartment was on the ground floor and the fire compartment had a total area of ca. 230m2 with a height of 4.4m. The fire compartment included four columns from the original 1958 concrete construction, one of which was instrumented for temperatures, chosen due to its higher likelihood of observable structural response both during and after the fire. This paper presents selected results of the test, concentrating on the thermal environment around the column showing the variability of temperaturesthrough the compartment height. The paper also present the columns thermal response, as well as a post-fire assessments of the columns visual condition.
FIRE DYNAMICS IN FAÇADE FIRE TESTS, Measurement, modeling and repeatability
Authors: Anderson Johan , Boström Lars , Jansson Robert , Milovanović Bojan
Published: January 2016

Presented is a comparison between full-scale façade tests where SP Fire 105 and BS 8414-1 were used regarding repeatability and the use of modelling to discern changes in the set-ups. Results show that the air movements around the test set-up (the wind) may have a significant impact on the tests and that the heat exposure to the façade surface will among other depend on the thickness of the test specimen. Also demonstrated was that good results could be obtained by modelling of the façade fire tests giving us the opportunity to use these methods to determine the effect of a change in the experimental setup.
INFLUENCE OF SURROUNDING BOUNDARIES ON FIRE COMPARTMENT TEMPERATURE
Authors: Byström Alexandra , Wickström Ulf
Published: January 2016

This paper shows and demonstrates how an analysis of the energy and mass balance of a fully developed (ventilation controlled) compartment fire can be used as a basis for simple and accurate predictions of fire temperatures. The model has been applied on compartments of light weight concrete structures. A finite element FE analysis has been used to solve the heat transfer equation.  Effects of moisture were considered for material properties of the surrounding structure. The results were validated with experiments. The model then accurately predicted the fire temperatures and among other things it showed the influence of moisture in the surrounding structure on the fire temperature. Parametric temperature curves according to EN 1991-1-2, 2002 were shown to overestimate the fire temperature.
IMPROVED TRAVELLING FIRES METHODOLOGY - iTFM
Authors: Rackauskaite Egle , Hamel Catherine , Rein Guillermo
Published: January 2016

Current design codes and most of the understanding of behaviour of structures in fire are based on small enclosure fires. The World Trade Centre Tower fires in 2001 have highlighted the need of a more realistic design tools to represent fires in large compartments. Following the events Travelling Fires Methodology (TFM) has been developed by Stern-Gottfried and Rein to account for the travelling nature of fires. In this study the TFM is refined to account for more realistic fire dynamics. Equations are introduced to reduce the range of possible fire sizes. The analytical equations describing reducing far-field temperatures are presented. The concept of flame flapping is introduced to account for variation of temperatures in the near-field region due to natural fire oscillations. The need for more fundamental research and experimental evidence in large compartments for further development of and improvements on TFMis highlighted.
SANDWICH PANELS – BEHAVIOR IN FIRE BASED ON FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS
Authors: Roszkowski Paweł , Sulik Paweł
Published: January 2016

Sandwich panel is the material that is easy and quickly to install. Basing on a great experience in the area of determination of the fire resistance class of construction building elements the authors describe the properties and behavior of building elements made of the sandwich panels exposed to fire. The article presents the results of fire resistance tests carried out in accordance with EN 1364-1 non-bearing walls made of sandwich panels with use of different cores.
The following parameters were analyzed: temperature rise on unexposed side (I – thermal insulation), integrity (E) depending on the orientations and on the width of the sandwich panels, deflection depending on the thickness of the boards. Conclusions were made on the base of the analysis from fire resistance tests.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF ENERGY EFFICIENT FLOOR STRUCTURES
Authors: Cvetkovska Meri , Milanovic Milivoje , Lazarevska Marijana , Gavriloska Ana Trombeva
Published: January 2016

This paper presents the numerically achieved results for the fire resistance of several types of floor structures which are mostly used in our residential and rural buildings and in same time fulfil the energy efficient criteria, as: semi-prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs system FERT and STIRODOM (with infill of extruded polystyrene -XPS), timber-concrete composite floor structure and traditional timber floor structure. The solid RC slab was analysed only for comparison. Using the computer programs SAFIR, the effect of the intensity of the permanent and variable actions and the effect of the thermal isolation on the fire resistance of simply supported slabs were analyzed. The fire resistance was defined with respect to the criteria of usability of the structures in fire conditions, according to Eurocodes and the standards in force.
CAPACITY BUILDING IN HIGHER EDUCATION, Resilience improvement in Balkan region
Authors: Laban Mirjana , Popov Srđan , Radonjanin Vlastimir , Milanko Verica , Frank Ana , Suzana Vukoslavčević
Published: January 2016

In order to improve the resilience of the region to hazards, it is necessary to provide the required number of experts that is to modernize and develop higher education at the regional higher education institutions in the field of Disaster Risk Management and Fire Safety Engineering. A master study program should be developed to satisfy various criteria, according to regional needs for resilient society, such as the shift from reactive to proactive actions, developing a culture of prevention in built environment and learning to live with risks. Final goal is to produce capable experts, to be able to withstand difficult requirements of today and tomorrow. Compliance of the regional master program with similar programs, developed in the EU countries, strengthens the capacity of individual countries and the region as a whole in the process of European integration.
FIRE RESISTANCE GLAZED CONSTRUCTIONS CLASSIFICATION, Changes in the field of application
Authors: Kinowski Jacek , Sędłak Bartłomiej , Sulik Paweł , Izydorczyk Daniel
Published: January 2016

The most common fire resistance glazed constructions are arguably doors and non – loadbearing walls (partitions, curtain walls, external walls). In 2014 we welcomed revisions of fire resistance testing standards for doors (EN 1634-1) and curtain walls (EN-1364-3), while revision of EN 1364-1 standard for non – loadbearing walls is planned to be implemented by the end of the year 2015. Taking into account the existence of several EXAP’s for all these kind of constructions, selection of test specimen(s) with best possible configuration is getting more significant nowadays. But equally important question appears - how to treat previously performed fire resistance tests?
This paper discusses some interpretation concerns regarding fire resistance classifications of aluminium glazed, non – loadbearing constructions in light of rapidly changing regulations. The paper also points out same examples of testing evidence with regard to outlined concerns.
THERMAL INSULATION OF SINGLE LEAF FIRE DOORS, Test results comparison in standard temperature-time fire scenario for different types of doorsets
Authors: Izydorczyk Daniel , Sędłak Bartłomiej , Sulik Paweł
Published: January 2016

Fire resistant door assemblies (doors) for pedestrian or industrial traffic with frame, leaf or leaves, rolled or folded curtain etc. are designed for installation in the openings of the building’s vertical internal partitions. The building and its associated equipment shall be designed and made so that in case of fire it ensures the necessary load bearing capacity of the structure for the time specified in national regulations, limitation of fire and smoke propagation within the building, limitation of fire propagation onto the adjacent buildings and evacuation of people, and it provides safety of the rescue teams. The mentioned requirements are not usually considered individually (e.g. ensuring proper evacuation is connected with the structural load bearing capacity, fire and smoke propagation within the building, and rescue team safety), therefore individual elements of buildings can play several roles during a fire.

This also refers to the building elements such as doors which are usually required in terms of design and execution to ensure that in case of fire they shall, for a specific period of time prevent its development from the room or a specific zone where the fire started to other rooms or zones, allow evacuation of people by limiting heat radiation, and facilitate rescue team activities. Therefore, fire doors have a major role in the fulfillment of the rules of buildings fire safety.
This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of fire doors (tests methodology and way of classification) and presents a comparison of temperature rises on unexposed surface of fire doors test specimens depending on the type of structure and side of fire exposure. Temperature rises have been compared on unexposed surface of timber, aluminum and steel single leaf doorset which have fulfill the requirements of the EI2 30 fire resistance class, in case of the fire acting from the hinge side and the side opposite to the hinges.
Extremum properties of lattice packing and covering with circles
Authors: Gruber Peter M.
Published: January 2016

Recent results on extremum properties of the density of lattice packings of smooth convex bodies and balls extend and refine Voronoĭ’s classical criterion for balls. This article treats in more detail the special case of lattice packings and coverings with circular discs. The aim is to determine those lattices for which the densities of the corresponding packings and coverings with circular discs, and certain products and quotients thereof, are semi-stationary, stationary, extreme, and ultra-extreme. The latter notion is a sharper version of extremality. It turns out that in all cases where solutions exist, the regular hexagonal lattices are solutions. Unexpectedly, in a few cases the square lattices and in one case special parallelogram lattices are solutions too. A further surprise is the fact that the lattices forwhich the circle packing density is extreme coincide with the lattices with ultra-extreme density. For semi-stationarity, stationarity and ultra-extremality the duality between packing and covering results breaks down. All results may be interpreted in terms of binary positive definite quadratic forms.
Modelling Of Flotation Processes By Classical Mathematical Methods – A Review
Authors: Jovanović Ivana , Miljanović Igor
Published: January 2016

Flotation process modelling is not a simple task, mostly because of the process complexity, i.e. the presence of a large number of variables that (to a lesser or a greater extent) affect the final outcome of the mineral particles separation based on the differences in their surface properties. The attempts toward the development of the quantitative predictive model that would fully describe the operation of an industrial flotation plant started in the middle of past century and it lasts to this day.

This paper gives a review of published research activities directed toward the development of flotation models based on the classical mathematical rules. The description and systematization of classical flotation models were performed according to the available references, with emphasize exclusively given to the flotation process modelling, regardless of the model application in a certain control system. In accordance with the contemporary considerations, models were classified as the empirical, probabilistic, kinetic and population balance types. Each model type is presented through the aspects of flotation modelling at the macro and micro process levels.
New-Generation Sealing Slurries For Borehole Injection Purposes
Authors: Stryczek Stanisław , Gonet Andrzej , Wiśniowski Rafał , Złotkowski Albert
Published: January 2016

The development of techniques and technologies thanks to which parameters of the ground medium can be modified makes specialists look for new recipes of geopolymers – binders for the reinforcing and sealing of unstable and permeable grounds. The sealing slurries are expected to meet a number of strict requirements, therefore it is important to find new admixtures and additives which could modify the fresh and hardened slurry. Special attention has been recently paid to the fluid ash – a by-product of the combustion of hard coals. However, the use of this additive is associated with the application of appropriate superplastifier.

Laboratory analyses of rheological parameters of fresh sealing slurries and the ways of improving their liquidity by a properly selected third-generation superplastifier are presented in the paper. The slurries were based on Portland cement CEM I, milled granulated large-furnace slag and fly ash from fluidized-bed combustion of hard coal.
Experimental Study On The Effect Of Micro-Cracks On Brazilian Tensile Strength
Authors: Wang Xiangyu
Published: January 2016

For coal mine ground control issues, it is necessary to propose a failure criteria accounting for the transversely isotropic behaviors of rocks. Hence, it is very helpful to provide experimental data for the validation of the failure criteria. In this paper, the method for preparing transversely isotropic specimens and the scheme of the Brazilian tensile strength test are presented. Results obtained from Brazilian split tests under dry and water-saturated conditions reflect the effect of the development direction β of the structural plane, such as the bedding fissure, on the tensile strength, ultimate displacement, failure mode, and the whole splitting process. The results show that the tensile strength decreases linearly with increasing β. The softening coefficient of the tensile strength shows a sinusoidal function. The values of the slope and inflection point for the curve vary at the different stages of the Brazilian test. The failure mode of the rock specimen presented in this paper generally coincides with the standard Brazilian splitting failure mode. Based on the test results, the major influencing factors for the Brazilian splitting strength are analyzed and a mathematical model for solving the Brazilian splitting strength is proposed. The findings in this paper would greatly benefit the coal mine ground control studies when the surrounding rocks of interest show severe transversely isotropic behaviors.
Analysis Of The Impact Of The Coal Bed Inclination And The Direction Of Exploitation On Surface Deformation
Authors: Kowalski Andrzej , Polanin Piotr
Published: January 2016

The article presents deformation indexes for three examples, for which the quantitative relations of extreme values were described, including the influence of a coal bed dip and a direction of exploitation. The conclusion regards the mining prevention on minimizing longwall deformation. New experience allows improving methods of theoretical description of deformation, which is the aim of the research continuing at the Central Mining Institute.
Nitrogen Injection To Flush Coal Seam Gas Out Of Coal: An Experimental Study
Authors: Zhang Lei , Aziz Naj , Ren Ting , Nemcik Jan , Tu Shihao
Published: January 2016

Several mines operating in the Bulli seam of the Sydney Basin in NSW, Australia are experiencing difficulties in reducing gas content within the available drainage lead time in various sections of the coal deposit. Increased density of drainage boreholes has proven to be ineffective, particularly in sections of the coal seam rich in CO2. Plus with the increasing worldwide concern on green house gas reduction and clean energy utilisation, significant attention is paid to develop a more practical and economical method of enhancing the gas recovery from coal seams. A technology based on N2 injection was proposed to flush the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) out of coal and enhance the gas drainage process. In this study, laboratory tests on CO2 and CH4 gas recovery from coal by N2 injection are described and results show that N2 flushing has a significant impact on the CO2 and CH4 desorption and removal from coal. During the flushing stage, it was found that N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CH4 than CO2. Comparatively, during the desorption stage, the study shows gas desorption after N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CO2 than CH4.
Orbit Design and Simulation for Kufasat Nanosatellite
Authors: Mahdi Mohammed Chessab
Published: January 2016

Orbit design for KufaSat Nano-satellites is presented. Polar orbit is selected for the KufaSat mission. The orbit was designed with an Inclination which enables the satellite to see every part of the earth. KufaSat has a payload for imaging purposes which require a large amount of power, so the orbit is determined to be sun synchronous in order to provide the power through solar panels. The KufaSat mission is designed for the low earth orbit. The six initial Keplerian Elements of KufaSat are calculated. The orbit design of KufaSat according to the calculated Keplerian elements has been simulated and analyzed by using MATLAB first and then by using General Mission Analysis Tool.
Accuracy Assessment Study of UNB3m Neutral Atmosphere Model for Global Tropospheric Delay Mitigation
Authors: Farah Ashraf
Published: January 2016

Tropospheric delay is the second major source of error after the ionospheric delay for satellite navigation systems. The transmitted signal could face a delay caused by the troposphere of over 2m at zenith and 20m at lower satellite elevation angles of 10 degrees and below. Positioning errors of 10m or greater can result from the inaccurate mitigation of the tropospheric delay. Many techniques are available for tropospheric delay mitigation consisting of surface meteorological models and global empirical models. Surface meteorological models need surface meteorological data to give high accuracy mitigation while the global empirical models need not. Several hybrid neutral atmosphere delay models have been developed by (University of New Brunswick, Canada) UNB researchers over the past decade or so. The most widely applicable current version is UNB3m, which uses the Saastamoinen zenith delays, Niell mapping functions, and a look-up table with annual mean and amplitude for temperature, pressure, and water vapour pressure varying with respect to latitude and height. This paper presents an assessment study of the behaviour of the UNB3m model compared with highly accurate IGS-tropospheric estimation for three different (latitude/height) IGS stations. The study was performed over four nonconsecutive weeks on different seasons over one year (October 2014 to July 2015). It can be concluded that using UNB3m model gives tropospheric delay correction accuracy of 0.050m in average for low latitude regions in all seasons. The model's accuracy is about 0.075m for medium latitude regions, while its highest accuracy is about 0.014m for high latitude regions.
Multi-gnss as a combination of gps, glonass and beidou measurements carried out in real time
Authors: Siejka Zbigniew
Published: January 2016

In this paper the advantages of using combination of different GNSS including GPS,
GLONASS and BeiDou with respect to singe GPS are presented. It was shown that an
improvement of satellite conditions at the chosen measurement point due to increase of the
number of visible satellites has an impact on RTK measurement errors. Additionally, it was
shown that there are systematic errors in RTK measurements that can be eliminated to get
more precise results of them, especially in the case of height determination.
New feed supplement from macroalgae
as the dietary source of microelements for pigs
Authors: Michalak Izabela , Chojnacka Katarzyna , Korniewicz Daniel
Published: January 2016

The aim of the study was to perform feeding experiments on growing pigs in order to assess the impact of macroalga Enteromorpha sp. enriched with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions via the biosorption process on the mineral composition of blood, meat, liver, feces and urine. In the control group, microelements were supplemented as inorganic salts, whereas in the experimental groups they were replaced by enriched macroalga. After 3 months of the feeding experiment, it was found that the meat was biofortified with Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. The average content of Zn in the blood from the pigs fed with algae was higher by 9.5%, compared to that in the blood from pigs in the control group. The liver of growing pigs from the experimental group contained 16% less Cu and 18% less Zn than the liver in the control group. Growing pigs fed with macroalgae excreted in feces 27% more Zn than growing pigs in the control group, but 3.5 times less Cu. It could be concluded that the bioavailability of microelements to pigs from algae was higher than from the inorganic salts. Baltic macroalgae enriched with microelement ions could be potentially used as a biological feed additive.
Kinetic determination of tannic acid using a Belousov-Zhabotinskii oscillating system catalyzed by a macrocyclic complex
Authors: Liu Tingting , Chen Yangyang , Hu Gang , Shen Xiaofeng , Song Jimei , Hu Lin
Published: January 2016

An analytical method for the determination of tannic acid is proposed by the sequential perturbation caused by different amounts of tannic acid on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii oscillating system. The oscillating system is catalyzed by tetraazamacrocyclic complex [CuL](ClO4)2, where L is 5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene. The method relies on the linear relationship between the changes in the inhibition time and the logarithm of the concentration of tannic acid. The calibration curve obeys a linear equation very well when the concentration of tannic acid is over the range of 6.25 × 10-7 ~ 1.56 × 10- 5 M (n = 16, R = 0.9984). This analytical method, equipped with a simple instrument, provides a new way to accurate determination of tannic acid.
An Adaptive Finite Element Multi-Mesh Approach for Interacting Deformable Objects in Flow
Authors: Ling Siqi , Marth Wieland , Praetorius Simon , Voigt Axel
Published: January 2016

We consider a hydrodynamic multi-phase field problem to model the interaction of deformable objects. The numerical approach considers one phase field variable for each object and allows for an independent adaptive mesh refinement for each variable. Using the special structure of various terms allows interpolating the solution on one mesh onto another without loss of information. Together with a general multi-mesh concept for the other terms speedup by a factor of two can be demonstrated which improves with the number of interacting objects. The general concept is demonstrated on an example describing the interaction of red blood cells in an idealized vessel.
On professional and non-professional interpreting in healthcare services: the case of intercultural mediators
Authors: Baraldi Claudio , Gavioli Laura
Published: January 2016

A debate that has revolved around the organisation of Italian healthcare interpreting services concerns the choice adopted by most institutions to employ intercultural mediators rather than professional interpreters. Intercultural mediators do not necessarily have a professional training in interpreting, they are, however, preferred to professional interpreters in that they are considered more competent in mediating the possibly different perspectives of healthcare providers and migrant patients. This preference provides food for thought for reflections on professionalism in interpreter-mediated interaction in healthcare. Drawing form a 10-year research on mediator-interpreted interactions in healthcare and a set of data comprising around 250 consultations, our contribution sets out as an attempt to clarify what is involved in this mediating work. Our analysis shows that mediators’ agency is relevant both in providing renditions of participants’ utterances and in promoting their active participation in the interaction. We describe the different ways in which mediators’ agency is displayed in interactions and the interactional constraints on mediators’ choices of action. Suggestions derived from our analysis may have an impact on the improvement of both mediators’ and interpreters’ professionalism with particular reference to facilitating communication with migrant patients, an aspect that has been recognized as highly problematic in the literature.
Preliminary analysis of the forest health state based on multispectral images acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Czapski Paweł , Kacprzak Mariusz , Kotlarz Jan , Mrowiec Karol , Kubiak Katarzyna , Tkaczyk Miłosz
Published: January 2016

The main purpose of this publication is to present the current progress of the work associated with the use of a lightweight unmanned platforms for various environmental studies. Current development in information technology, electronics and sensors miniaturisation allows mounting multispectral cameras and scanners on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that could only be used on board aircraft and satellites. Remote Sensing Division in the Institute of Aviation carries out innovative researches using multisensory platform and lightweight unmanned vehicle to evaluate the health state of forests in Wielkopolska province. In this paper, applicability of multispectral images analysis acquired several times during the growing season from low altitude (up to 800m) is presented. We present remote sensing indicators computed by our software and common methods for assessing state of trees health. The correctness of applied methods is verified using analysis of satellite scenes acquired by Landsat 8 OLI instrument (Operational Land Imager).
Stakeholder analysis in the biomass energy development based on the experts’ opinions: the example of Triglav National Park in Slovenia
Authors: Grilli Gianluca , Garegnani Giulia , Poljanec Aleš , Ficko Andrej , Vettorato Daniele , De Meo Isabella , Paletto Alessandro
Published: January 2016

The paper presents a method for identifying and classifying local stakeholders involved in renewable energy development. The method is based on the expert assessment and comprises three main steps: (1) identification of the independent experts considering their expertise and knowledge of the local context; (2) identification of the local stakeholders based on expert assessment; and (3) analytical categorisation of stakeholders taking into account the professional relationship network. Using forest biomass (bioenergy) production as example, the stakeholder analysis is illustrated on the case study of Triglav National Park, which is characterised by a high potential of woody biomass production and a large number of stakeholders involved in land use and management. The first stage of stakeholder analysis identifies the key stakeholders to be involved in bioenergy development, through a survey with local experts. The results highlight eight key stakeholders and several primary and secondary stakeholders that should be involved to ensure socially acceptable decision-making about the renewable energy development in the Triglav National Park.
Effect of winter conditions on wild ungulates mortality in the Owl Mountains (Poland)
Authors: Warchałowski Marcin , Nowakowski Piotr , Dancewicz Andrzej
Published: January 2016

Relations between climatic factors during the winter season (n days with frost <0oC and −10oC; n days with snow cover: >1 cm, >10 cm and >30 cm; maximum snow cover during season [cm]) and mortality in free-living ungulates (red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, roe deer Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 and mouflon Ovis aries musimon Linnaeus, 1758) in the Owl Mountains (Lower Silesia – Poland) in years 1998–2010 were investigated. Significant effects of all analysed climatic factors on ungulates mortality were documented. Correlations (Pearson) between such weather factors as the depth of snow cover and number of days with frost and recorded mortality in total animal populations analysed ranged from r = 0.33 to r = 0.77. The least adapted to local weather conditions was mouflon introduced to this area ca. 100 years ago from more southern parts of Europe. Roe deer species seems to be environmentally plastic, and are doing quite well in severe winters. Tolerance of red deer to the snow cover is much lower at low temperatures due to the fact that this species, during the period of snow cover, has limited access to the plants covered with snow and difficult access to food base.
Polish Notation
Authors: Huuskonen Taneli
Published: January 2016

This article is the first in a series formalizing some results in
my joint work with Prof. Joanna Golinska-Pilarek ([12] and [13]) concerning a
logic proposed by Prof. Andrzej Grzegorczyk ([14]).

We present some mathematical folklore about representing formulas in “Polish
notation”, that is, with operators of fixed arity prepended to their arguments.
This notation, which was published by Jan Łukasiewicz in [15], eliminates the
need for parentheses and is generally well suited for rigorous reasoning about
syntactic properties of formulas.
Grzegorczyk’s Logics. Part I
Authors: Huuskonen Taneli
Published: January 2016

This article is the second in a series formalizing some results in my joint work with Prof. Joanna Golinska-Pilarek ([9] and [10]) concerning a logic proposed by Prof. Andrzej Grzegorczyk ([11]).

This part presents the syntax and axioms of Grzegorczyk’s Logic of Descriptions (LD) as originally proposed by him, as well as some theorems not depending on any semantic constructions. There are both some clear similarities and fundamental differences between LD and the non-Fregean logics introduced by Roman Suszko in [15]. In particular, we were inspired by Suszko’s semantics for his non-Fregean logic SCI, presented in [16].
Convergent Filter Bases
Authors: Coghetto Roland
Published: January 2016

We are inspired by the work of Henri Cartan [16], Bourbaki [10] (TG. I Filtres) and Claude Wagschal [34]. We define the base of filter, image filter, convergent filter bases, limit filter and the filter base of tails (fr: filtre des sections).
Polynomially Bounded Sequences and Polynomial Sequences
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki , Futa Yuichi
Published: January 2016

In this article, we formalize polynomially bounded sequences that plays an important role in computational complexity theory. Class P is a fundamental computational complexity class that contains all polynomial-time decision problems [11], [12]. It takes polynomially bounded amount of computation time to solve polynomial-time decision problems by the deterministic Turing machine. Moreover we formalize polynomial sequences [5].
Fermat’s Little Theorem via Divisibility of Newton’s Binomial
Authors: Ziobro Rafał
Published: January 2016

Solving equations in integers is an important part of the number theory [29]. In many cases it can be conducted by the factorization of equation’s elements, such as the Newton’s binomial. The article introduces several simple formulas, which may facilitate this process. Some of them are taken from relevant books [28], [14].

In the second section of the article, Fermat’s Little Theorem is proved in a classical way, on the basis of divisibility of Newton’s binomial. Although slightly redundant in its content (another proof of the theorem has earlier been included in [12]), the article provides a good example, how the application of registrations could shorten the length of Mizar proofs [9], [17].
The Orthogonal Projection and the Riesz Representation Theorem
Authors: Narita Keiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2016

In this article, the orthogonal projection and the Riesz representation theorem are mainly formalized. In the first section, we defined the norm of elements on real Hilbert spaces, and defined Mizar functor RUSp2RNSp, real normed spaces as real Hilbert spaces. By this definition, we regarded sequences of real Hilbert spaces as sequences of real normed spaces, and proved some properties of real Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, we defined the continuity and the Lipschitz the continuity of functionals on real Hilbert spaces.

Referring to the article [15], we also defined some definitions on real Hilbert spaces and proved some theorems for defining dual spaces of real Hilbert spaces. As to the properties of all definitions, we proved that they are equivalent properties of functionals on real normed spaces. In Sec. 2, by the definitions [11], we showed properties of the orthogonal complement. Then we proved theorems on the orthogonal decomposition of elements of real Hilbert spaces. They are the last two theorems of existence and uniqueness. In the third and final section, we defined the kernel of linear functionals on real Hilbert spaces. By the last three theorems, we showed the Riesz representation theorem, existence, uniqueness, and the property of the norm of bounded linear functionals on real Hilbert spaces. We referred to [36], [9], [24] and [3] in the formalization.
Cząstki węglowe w popiołach lotnych ze spalania węgla z polskich złóż
Authors: Misiak Jacek
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

Niespalona substancja organiczna w popiołach lotnych występuje najczęściej w formie ziaren masywnych lub porowatych, niekiedy przyjmujących postać cenosfer. W badanych popiołach lotnych ze spalania węgli brunatnych i kamiennych pochodzących z elektrowni cieplnych stwierdzono występowanie mikrocząstek należących do następujących grup: glinokrzemiany (kwarc, mulit), tlenki żelaza, węglany oraz niespalona substancja organiczna.

Substancja organiczna w badanych próbkach występuje w ilości 3,6–9,5%. Cząstki węglowe wykazują duże zróżnicowanie zarówno pod względem wielkości jak i morfologii. Ich wielkość waha się w przedziale od kilku μm do około 1 mm. Można wyróżnić kilka form ich występowania. Są to formy sferyczne porowate cienkościenne i grubościenne. Ponadto niespalona substancja organiczna tworzy nieregularne ziarna porowate, których ścianki są o zmiennej grubości. W badanych próbkach występuje również substancja organiczna inertynitowa w formie fuzynitu wykazującego strukturę komórkową lub niekiedy są to formy masywne lub zwarte. Częstą formą występowania substancji organicznej w badanych popiołach lotnych są cząstki detrytyczne o wymiarach poniżej 10 μm. Występują również cząstki węglowe zawierające domieszki mineralne. W przypadku, gdy ilość substancji mineralnej przekracza 50%, cząstki te klasyfikowane są jako mineralne.

W celach dokumentacyjnych oraz do określenia porowatości wykonano zdjęcia mikroskopowe obserwowanych cząstek węglowych. Porowatość określono stosując komputerową analizę obrazu poprzez binaryzację i progowanie odcieni szarości. Dla struktur porowatych obliczono współczynnik porowatości jako iloraz wartości powierzchni zajmowanej przez pory do powierzchni substancji węglowej, w obrębie której występują pory. Wielkość ta jest największa dla ziaren cienkościennych o kształcie nieregularnym oraz cenosfer i osiąga wartości powyżej 80%, maksymalnie 87%. Współczynnik porowatości dla cząstek o podobnym kształcie ale grubościennych osiąga wartości od powyżej 50 do 79%, co jest pomierzoną wartością maksymalną. Dla struktur typu fusinoid/solid porowatość wynosi od kilku do 80%.
Znaczenie i rola standardu JORC jako podstawy bankowego studium wykonalności projektów górniczych dla oceny rentowności projektu
Authors: Szamałek Krzysztof , Wierchowiec Jan
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

Wymagania stawiane przez międzynarodowe instytucje finansowe w zakresie raportowania wyników prac geologicznych, klasyfikacji zasobów kopalin oraz oceny rentowności projektów górniczych dla potrzeb ich finansowania wymuszają w tym zakresie konieczność stosowania jednolitych standardów. Podstawowym celem tej standaryzacji jest umożliwienie porównania wartości ekonomicznej zasobów kopaliny według jednolitych zasad i traktowania tych zasobów jako składnika aktywów przedsiębiorstwa górniczego. Potrzeba takiej standaryzacji pojawia się również w Polsce. Obecnie na świecie najczęściej jest stosowany australijski system raportowania wyników rozpoznania złoża oraz oceny jego zasobów znany pod nazwą JORC Code.

Złożoność projektów górniczych (surowcowych) oraz wielostronne czynniki ryzyka związane z ich oceną i wdrożeniem wymuszają w fazie przedinwestycyjnej projektu konieczność przygotowania optymalnej koncepcji zagospodarowania złoża – Bankowego Studium Wykonalności (BSW). Celem BSW jest optymalizacja decyzji inwestora o najmniejszym ryzyku w świetle posiadanej wiedzy na temat technicznej i finansowej wykonalności danego projektu górniczego. BSW jest zatem narzędziem (instrumentem) wykorzystywanym do podjęcia obiektywnych (najlepiej trafnych) i obarczonych możliwie niskim ryzykiem decyzji inwestycyjnych. Kompleksowa ocena rentowności projektu górniczego z uwzględnieniem wszelkich czynników geologiczno-górniczych, technicznych, ekonomicznych, marketingowych, prawnych, środowiskowych oraz istotnych względów społecznych i administracyjnych podjęta na etapie koncepcyjnym (studium), pozwala na ograniczenie ryzyka w fazie wykonania projektu (budowa zakładu górniczego). Tym samym BSW jest instrumentem oceny rentowności projektu oraz efektywnym narzędziem minimalizacji ryzyka przyjęcia do realizacji projektu, który jest niewykonalny albo nieracjonalny.
Underground exploitations inside safety pillar shafts when considering the effective use of a coal deposit
Authors: Sroka Anton , Knothe Stanisław , Tajduś Krzysztof , Misa Rafał
Published: January 2016

Underground mining exploitation creates damage in surface building structure and in underground constructions as well. For this reason, many mining companies gave up carrying out excavations in safety pillar shafts. Currently, the situation on the market is changing. The continuous increase in excavation depth combined with an increase in exploitation costs resulted in many mining companies trying to find cheaper solutions. One of the methods is to carry out partial exploitations inside safety pillar shafts. Such exploitation is much cheaper than ordinary, because it decreases the exploitations depth, the length of transportation drifts, etc. The functionality of the shaft and its infrastructure have to be fulfil.

The authors present a methodology for calculating the effects of mining on mine shafts using geometric integral methods. The paper presents the assumption of the first method developed by Bals (1939), a method based on the so-called Professor Knothe Theory (1951) and the German method of Ruhrkohle (Ehrhardt and Sauer 1961). Based on these methods, operational planning rules are given for mining in protective pillars during coal bed exploitation; additionally, the dimensioning method for shaft pillars is specified. Presented solutions are illustrated with examples from mining practice, where the continuous miner system was planned in the direct area of the mining shaft.