bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FUNCTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FLINT ARTIFACTS FROM PINCEVENT SECTION 36 LEVEL IV 40
Authors: MOSS EMILY H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. A recently excavated Magdalenian habitation at Pincevent (Seine‐et‐Marne, France) provided flint material, which is the subject of a new functional analysis. The analysis is built upon and compared with previous work on the technology and functions of stone tools at Pincevent and other European sites. The new sample is very fresh and, therefore, unbiased by the effects of differential preservation. The artifacts, distributed around a hearth, show uses associated predominantly with hide, suggesting that the locality may be an ‘extensive’, or out‐lying activity area, rather than a domestic living floor. A fuller interpretation will be possible after all of the archaeological results have been integrated.
KING DEN IN OXFORD
Authors: WHITEHOUSE HELEN
Published: May 2007

Summary.Conservation treatment of two Egyptian objects of the early Dynastic period in the Ashmolean Museum has revealed inscriptions which include the name of King Den, of the 1st Dynasty (c. 2920–2770 B.C.). One object is a fragmentary ivory from the cache found in the “Main Deposit” at Hierakonpolis; the other is a copper bowl from Tomb U in the Royal Cemetery at Abydos.
MYCENAEAN POTTERY FROM CILICIA IN OXFORD
Authors: SHERRATT E. S. , CROUWEL J. H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The Ashmolean Museum possesses a small group of Late Mycenaean (Late Helladic IIIC) sherds from Kazanli in Southern Cilicia, which it acquired in 1930. These are of interest since, although similar pottery is known from nearby Tarsus, they appear to be slightly later in date than most of the other pottery from Kazanli recovered by excavation or surface survey. One of them has a pictorial representation of an unusual nature.

The appearance of Mycenaean pottery in Cilicia has often been associated with the arrival of Mycenaean settlers (particularly refugee settlers) around 1200 B.C. However, it is doubtful whether the pottery really justifies this interpretation. Where identifiable, the Cilician Mycenaean seems to display closer links with Cyprus and the East Aegean than with the Greek Mainland; and, when other evidence is taken into account, there seems little reason to suppose that it is necessarily the result of colonisation from Mycenaean Greece.
DECORATIVE STONES FOR ARCHITECTURE IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Authors: DODGE HAZEL
Published: May 2007

Summary. A general summary of the present knowledge of the Roman marble trade is given, with particular reference to uses in architecture. The Greek background is given briefly and evidence from the literary sources is discussed. The main features of the organisation set up in the mid 1st century AD for the transport of decorative stones are examined and an appendix details the main sources of supply. General observations are made about the distributions of certain types of marble and granite.
HOARDS D'OEUVRES: OF METALS & MEN ON BRONZE AGE CYPRUS
Authors: KNAPP A. BERNARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. Diverse streams of archaeological and metallurgical research have demonstrated that Cyprus was an important regional copper producer and supplier during the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, at least from 1700–1100 BC. Until recently, research into metallurgical production and exchange on Bronze Age Cyprus necessarily focused on technological change and chronological division. Metals' provenience studies have begun to mature, and economic approaches related to copper production and exchange have begun to appear. In stark contrast to recent literature on “hoarding” activity in Bronze and Iron Age Europe, virtually no attention has been paid to the manner in which metals enter the archaeological record. In response to a growing body of theoretical literature, this study examines the gift‐commodity model and finds it wanting; instead the deposition of Cypriote hoards is considered from a politico‐economic perspective, and in light of socio‐historical and metallurgical data relevant to interregional developments in the contemporary Mediterranean world.
A NEW STUDY OF THE CURSUS COMPLEX AT DORCHESTER ON THAMES
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD , CHAMBERS RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary.This paper reviews some recent developments in the study of non‐utilitarian monuments in relation to a new analysis of a group of earthworks at Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire, excavated between 1946 and 1981. It traces the changing character of these different sites in the light of a series of radiocarbon dates, and argues that analysis at this broad chronological and geographical scale is likely to be more informative than piecemeal investigation of individual ‘types’of monument.
REDATING THE ‘PHILISTINE SWORD’ AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM: A CASE STUDY IN TYPOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: SHALEV SARIEL
Published: May 2007

Summary. The famous sword exhibited in the British Museum is to date still the sole example known of the Sea People's weapons. Although its archaeological context is not known and its dating is purely typological, it is still accepted among scholars as a Shardanian weapon also used by the Philistines, from Beth‐Dagon, near Jaffa. The aim of this article is to examine these ‘facts’ in the light of a combined typological and technological study.
A ROOM WITH A VIEW: AN EXAMINATION OF ROUND‐HOUSES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NORTHERN BRITAIN
Authors: REID MALCOLM L
Published: May 2007

Summary. The arrangement of space is fundamental to architectural study. The physical structure of a building is the means of transforming and containing space. The spatial order thus created reflects and reinforces the relations between people. As such, changes in the spatial arrangement within and between buildings are seen as a means of detecting changes in social organization at a domestic level. Approaches to the study of settlement space and later prehistoric buildings are reviewed and form the basis for a re‐examination of prehistoric round‐houses in northern Britain. Particular emphasis is placed on the various activities that were carried out in these buildings. The reorganization of space within settlements at times of political and economic pressure is also considered.
THE TALAYOTIC MONUMENTS OF MALLORCA: FORMATION PROCESSES AND FUNCTION
Authors: CHAPMAN ROBERT , GRANT ANNIE
Published: May 2007

Summary. Talayots are stone monuments which were constructed singly, or as part of fortified settlements, in the Balearic islands during the late second and first millennia bc. Along with comparable monuments in Sardinia (‘nuraghi') and Corsica (‘torri'), there has been debate over their function(s) within Bronze and Iron Age societies. In recent intra‐site analyses, the material and faunal remains within such monuments have been contrasted with those found in surrounding, domestic structures. Interpretations of talayots as elite residences, or locations for ceremonial feasting, butchery and storage have been evaluated. Using data from talayot 4 at Son Ferrandell Oleza, the authors argue that an understanding of formation processes is an essential basis for any attempt to make such inferences about functional differentiation within Bronze and Iron Age settlements on West Mediterranean islands.
STONE AXES OF NORTH LEINSTER
Authors: COONEY GABRIEL
Published: May 2007

Summary. The importance of stone axes as an aspect of the archaeological record for the prehistory of north Leinster, Ireland is assessed using a number of approaches. The number, date of discovery and details of the location and context of axes in the region are discussed. Attention is drawn to the extensive distribution of stone axes and its implications. Some preliminary comments are made on the morphology of known complete examples and the petrology of the axes is discussed in some detail. Throughout the paper consideration is given to the post‐depositional factors which influence our knowledge of the axes. In the concluding discussion the formative processes behind the contextual and distributional patterns seen in the evidence are considered.
URBANIZATION AS A PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL HISTORY
Authors: ANDREEV Y.V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The prime question considered is the process by which a village is transformed to a city. Two intermediate stages are defined: the quasi‐city and the proto‐city, the principal differences being that the proto‐city serves as a central place in a region, has a higher level of social production and contains a high percentage of people engaged part time or full time in specialist activities. The role of craftsmen, traders and palace/temples are discussed. The full city emerges only with a fully developed class society.
WHO AND WHY IN PALAEOLITHIC ART
Authors: RUSSELL PAMELA
Published: May 2007

Summary. No consideration has ever been given to the possibility that women may have had a part in the execution of European Upper Palaeolithic art; however, an examination of the history of research in this field suggests that preconceptions, prejudice, and the acceptance of unproved theories have perhaps been responsible for the view that it was a male‐only activity.

Some of its so‐called ‘religious’ aspects are reconsidered, and re‐explained from a female perspective in the light of an experimental attempt to reproduce Palaeolithic plaques with superimpositions. The results of this experiment suggest that Palaeolithic art may well have been multipurpose, at least some being illustrative and part of a general visual communication system — perhaps a forerunner of written communication. It seems probable that all members of society, especially women, were involved.
DARKNESS AND LIGHT IN THE DESIGN OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. Megalithic tombs exhibit a wide variety of chamber plans. This paper suggests that one feature which influenced their design was a wish to create areas of light or darkness within the monument. The argument is illustrated by the changing layout of passage graves in southern Brittany.
PERSPECTIVES ON ROMAN TECHNOLOGY
Authors: GREENE KEVIN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper considers the very different views on Roman technology expressed by K.D. White, O. Wikander and J.P. Oleson. The concept of Roman technology is explored in the light of recent archaeological research into boats, vehicles, water‐lifting devices and water‐mills. It is argued that the application of appropriate, evolving, and occasionally innovative technology can be detected in several spheres of civil and military engineering, such as water‐supply and architecture. However, the application of technology is most impressive in the context of food production and transport. Whilst agreeing that the Roman empire was not fertile ground for an Industrial Revolution of the kind experienced in eighteenth‐century England, I hope to demonstrate that this conclusion does not require a wholesale rejection of the possibility of technical innovation.
BEYOND THE ROMAN EMPIRE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN GUDME ON FUNEN, DENMARK
Authors: RANDSBORG KLAVS
Published: May 2007

Summary. More than one hundred years ago in the Gudme area on Funen, Denmark, Frederik Sehested carried out probably the earliest regional survey in world archaeology. This was subsequently published in two magnificent volumes. Today the Gudme‐area is the focus of the main research project of Danish archaeology, investigating a truly massive ‘royal’ settlement of some two hundred hectares near Gudme with the adjacent emporium at Lundeborg on the nearby coast of the Greater Belt. The settlements, cemeteries, and hoards of precious metals of the region date in the main from 200–600 A.D., the late Roman and migration periods of European history. The royal settlement is seemingly made up of farms with longhouses of ordinary type, but with very rich finds, including many Roman and Frankish imports, and remains of luxury crafts. The emporium antedates the well‐known Carolingian and Viking establishments by several centuries and was founded when Roman cities still flourished, e.g., in the Rhinelands.
STONE AXES OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS: NEOLITHIC EXCHANGE IN AN INSULAR CONTEXT
Authors: PATTON MARK
Published: May 2007

Summary. The petrology of stone axes found in the Channel Islands is examined. Recent research has resulted in the identification of an axe production centre at Le Pinacle, Jersey, and axes produced there have been recorded on Guernsey, Alderney and Sark. The Channel Island assemblages also include axes of Type A dolerite, flint, jadeite, eclogite and fibrolite, produced at known centres on the European mainland: together, these ‘exotic’ axes account for around 32% of the total Channel Island sample. A marked fall‐off is noted between Jersey and the other islands in terms of the occurrence of these imported axes, and this can perhaps be explained in relation to factors affecting navigation. The social significance of inter‐island and island/mainland interaction is explored.
EARLY GREEK POTTERY ON BLACK SEA SITES?
Authors: BOARDMAN JOHN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Alleged evidence for the presence of eighth‐century B. C. Greek pottery on Black Sea sites – Geometric (and Cypriot) at Histria and Berezan – is examined and found wanting.
THE ORIGIN of METAL OBJECTS FROM the EARLY BRONZE AGE SITE of THERMI ON the ISLAND of LESBOS
Authors: STOS‐GALE ZOFIA
Published: May 2007

Summary: Lead isotope analysis of metal are deposits in the Mediterranean provides an important database for provenance studies of ancient metal artefacts. the Isotrace laboratory at Oxford has accumulated during the past decade well over 2000 lead isotope data on copper and lead ores and these data (in addition to analyses published by other groups) can be used for comparisons with lead isotope compositions of ancient metal objects. In a search for the roots of Early Bronze Age metallurgy in Europe we have analysed 34 copper‐based objects from the Early Bronze Age strata of the town of Thermi on the Aegean island of Lesbos. the results of lead isotope analysis show that the metal objects on this site have a quite varied origin. Some of the objects are made of copper consistent with an origin from the mineral deposits of the Troad whilst others might be made of copper from the Cyclades. However, there are also some objects which are not made of copper from any of the Aegean deposits. These imports have later parallels on the site of Kastri on Syros and amongst the objects excavated by Schliemann at Troy.
PLATO'S ATLANTIS ACCOUNT ‐ A DISTORTED RECOLLECTION of the TROJAN WAR
Authors: ZANGGER EBERHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary:Parts of the lower town of Mycenaean Tiryns, Greece, became devastated and buried 3‐5 meters deep during a torrential flood which coincided with a major earthquake at the transition from Late Helladic IIIB2 to Late Helladic IIIC1 (c. 1200 BC). These catastrophes contributed locally to the rapid demise of the Mycenaean civilization which commenced at this chronological boundary. Such a collapse of an early Greek civilization accompanied by a simultaneous earthquake and flood is described by Plato (Timaeus 25D) in the legendary Atlantis account. Plato's report revolves around a war between an ancient Greek civilization and a mighty force abroad, called Atlantis. If the former coincides with Mycenaean Greece, the most obvious candidate for the latter must be Troy. Hence, the thus far inexplicable story of Atlantis might well represent an Egyptian recollection of Troy and the Trojan War, distorted by transmission and translation.
THE WEST PONTIC ‘MARITIME INTERACTION SPHERE’: A LONG‐TERM STRUCTURE IN BALKAN PREHISTORY?
Authors: PRICE R.P.S.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Research in the west Pontic region over the last twenty‐five years has considerably increased the information available from the mesolithic through to the beginning of the Bronze Age, but, it is argued, there has been little consideration of the long‐term cultural structure of the region. Taking the accepted differentiation of coastal and inland cultures throughout the period as reflecting ‘structured’interaction, the article reviews the current state of evidence and discusses the similarities and differences between the two regions through time. It is argued that the cultural structure is maintained principally through ritual activities which show considerable continuity over time. the importance of these long‐term phenomena in the interpretation of social organization in the region is stressed.
RETHINKING the OPPIDA
Authors: WOOLF GREG
Published: May 2007

Summary: The appearance of large sites known as oppida, and generally qualified as urban or proto‐urban, is a central feature of all accounts of late Iron Age Europe. But the category of oppidum groups together sites that are very diverse in morphology, scale and function, and excludes other sites that share many of the same features, but lack fortifications and/or are located outside the supposed heartland of the oppida civilisation. Few oppida seem to be at the centre of differentiated settlement networks of the kind usually associated with urbanism, and few display a higher level of intra‐site zoning than do rural farms or hamlets. A reassessment of late La Tène settlement, focusing on its technological and cultural unity, contributes to an analysis of late prehistoric Europe which stresses the contrasts between the social trajectories of temperate European and Mediterranean societies.
AFTER HILLFORTS
Authors: CUNLIFFE BARRY
Published: May 2007

Summary.Hillforts constitute a dominant element in the settlement pattern of Iron Age Wessex. This paper examines the nature of hillforts in the light of recent excavations, and seeks to demonstrate how, over the Early and Middle Iron Age (c. 600–100 BC), these focal places acquired a range of functions central to the articulation of the socio‐economic system. At developed hillforts, cycles of exchange were orchestrated by the elite. The demise of hillforts about 100 BC is considered in the light of indigenous developments and external factors. Explanations are sought for this transformation from which the very‐different Late Iron Age system emerged.
THE ORCE BASIN (ANDALUCÍA, SPAIN) AND THE INITIAL PALAEOLITHIC OF EUROPE
Authors: ROE DEREK A.
Published: May 2007

Recent excavations in southern Spain have led to claims that humans were present in this part of Europe much earlier than had been generally believed — perhaps as early as 1.8–1.4 million years ago. The evidence from the Orce basin is summarized and discussed. Initial work at a newly discovered site, Fuentenueva 3a, indicates a good chance that genuine artefacts may indeed be present in early Pleistocene levels. Further excavation at this site can be expected to settle the matter in due course.
WINE, OIL AND THE DIALECTICS OF POWER IN BRONZE AGE CRETE: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
Authors: HAMILAKIS YANNIS
Published: May 2007

‘Mediterranean polyculture’(the systematic exploitation of olives and vines in addition to cereals from the beginning of the Bronze Age) has been considered as one of the main factors which led to the development of palatial institutions in Bronze Age Crete and mainland Greece. This paper reviews all the available, direct archaeological evidence for olive and vine exploitation and oil and wine production and use from Bronze Age Crete (microbotanical, macrobotanical, artefactual, epigraphic), discussing at the same time their taphonomic, analytical and interpretative problems. It is suggested that, at present, there is no reliable direct archaeological evidence to substantiate the ‘Mediterranean polyculture’model. More significantly, research on wine and oil, if disconnected from the discourse of subsistence and the cultural‐evolutionary models such as that of subsistence‐redistribution and viewed within the framework of the anthropology of consumption, can more fruitfully illuminate important issues related to the dialects of power such as establishment and legitimation of authority, exploitation of labour and factional competition.
ROBERT DREWS AND THE ROLE OF CHARIOTRY IN BRONZE AGE GREECE
Authors: LITTAUER M.A. , CROUWEL J.H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Chariots figure prominently in two recent books by Robert Drews. He considers these fast, horse‐drawn vehicles as having revolutionized warfare in Greece and the Near East in the second millennium B.C., with serious political and social implications. The present article, to a considerable extent based on earlier works by the authors, shows that several of Drews’ assertions are untenable and that chariots played a much less significant role than he would have us believe.
Malathion applied at standard rates reduces fledgling condition and adult male survival in a wild lesser kestrel population
Authors: Ortego J. , Aparicio J. M. , Muñoz A. , Bonal R.
Published: May 2007

The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni is a globally threatened colonial bird that has suffered a generalized population decline in Europe. Recent studies have suggested that the land‐use changes linked to agriculture intensification are the main factors accounting for the population regression. However, there has been little analysis of the role of pesticide applications. In this study, we examined the consequences of a malathion treatment in a wild population of lesser kestrels, specifically its effects on breeding performance, adult survival and population size. We found that the larger the area treated with malathion around the colony, the lower the size and the body condition of the fledglings, although no effects were found on the number of fledged chicks per pair or their sex ratio. Survival of adult males, but not females, was lower in the malathion‐treated areas. These results show that organophosphorus pesticides applied at standard rates might disrupt the lesser kestrel population dynamics by reducing their breeding performance and increasing adult mortality in a sex‐biased way. The proportional area treated around the colony did not affect colony size in the following year, indicating that an increased adult male mortality was not enough to lead to a detectable population size reduction and/or that the arrival of immigrants could have masked it. Both the direct malathion toxic effects and the expected reduction in prey availability due to fumigation are likely to underlie the observed effects. Hence, keeping non‐treated buffer areas around kestrel colony centers should be a strictly applied conservation measure to avoid the observed negative side effects of malathion applications.
Relationship of inbreeding with sperm quality and reproductive success in Mexican gray wolves
Authors: Asa C. , Miller P. , Agnew M. , Rebolledo J. A. R. , Lindsey S. L. , Callahan M. , Bauman K.
Published: May 2007

The ultimate goal of the Mexican gray wolf Canis lupus baileyi captive management program is reintroduction of healthy individuals into wild habitats. To this end, zoo population managers work to provide not only for the physical well‐being but also for the genetic health of these animals. However, the very limited genetic founder base, exacerbated by breeding within three distinct lineages, resulted in very high coefficients of inbreeding. Because support for measurable levels of inbreeding depression in the captive wolf population, as defined by reductions in common fitness measures such as juvenile survival or reproductive success, has been weak, we investigated the potential effects on male reproductive capacity. We analyzed semen samples from wolves from all three lineages and compared them with samples from subsequent lineage crosses and from generic gray wolves. We not only found a significant effect of inbreeding on sperm quality but we related both inbreeding and sperm quality to reproductive success. Samples from male offspring of lineage crosses, with inbreeding coefficients of zero were similar in quality to those from generic gray wolves. However, samples from a limited number of offspring from back‐crosses were of extremely poor quality. Although it is reassuring that sperm quality was so much improved in male offspring of lineage crosses, the concomitant reduction in inbreeding coefficient does not eliminate the potentially deleterious alleles. Our results demonstrate that sperm quality is an important indicator of fertility and reproductive success in Mexican wolves. In addition, our data lend further support to the presence of inbreeding depression in this taxon.
Systematics and conservation of the hook‐billed kite including the island taxa from Cuba and Grenada
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Thorstrom R. , Mindell D. P.
Published: May 2007

Taxonomic uncertainties within the genus Chondrohierax stem from the high degree of variation in bill size and plumage coloration throughout the geographic range of the single recognized species, hook‐billed kite Chondrohierax uncinatus. These uncertainties impede conservation efforts as local populations have declined throughout much of its geographic range from the Neotropics in Central America to northern Argentina and Paraguay, including two island populations on Cuba and Grenada, and it is not known whether barriers to dispersal exist between any of these areas. Here, we present mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; cytochrome B and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) phylogenetic analyses of Chondrohierax, with particular emphasis on the two island taxa (from Cuba, Chondrohierax uncinatus wilsonii and from Grenada, Chondrohierax uncinatus mirus). The mtDNA phylogenetic results suggest that hook‐billed kites on both islands are unique; however, the Cuban kite has much greater divergence estimates (1.8–2.0% corrected sequence divergence) when compared with the mainland populations than does the Grenada hook‐billed kite (0.1–0.3%). Our findings support species status for the Cuban form, as Chondrohierax wilsonii, and subspecific status for the Grenada form. For mainland taxa, we do not find support for the currently recognized subspecies Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis in western Mexico, but we do find evidence for a genetic subdivision between populations in Central and South America, a difference previously unsuspected. The results of this study help identify conservation priorities associated with these unique Neotropical raptors. This information is of immediate interest because the Cuban kite has not been reliably seen since 1992, and <50 hook‐billed kites currently inhabit Grenada.
Effects of caffeine on anticipatory control processes: Evidence from a cued task‐switch paradigm
Authors: Tieges Zoë , Snel Jan , Kok Albert , Plat Niels , Ridderinkhof Richard
Published: May 2007

Effects of caffeine on task switching were studied using ERPs in a cued task‐switch paradigm. The need for advance preparation was manipulated by varying the number of task‐set aspects that required switching. In a double‐blind, within‐subjects experiment, caffeine reduced shift costs compared to placebo. ERPs revealed a negative deflection developing within the preparatory interval, which was larger for shift than for repeat trials. Caffeine increased this shift‐induced difference. Furthermore, shift costs increased as a function of the number of task‐set features to be switched, but this pattern was not modulated by caffeine. The results suggest that caffeine improves task‐switching performance by increasing general effects on task switching, related to task‐nonspecific (rather than task‐specific) anticipatory processes. Caffeine's actions may be mediated by dopaminergic changes in the striatum or anterior cingulate cortex.
Perceived Parenting, Positive and Negative Perceptions of Parents, and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment
Authors: McKinney Cliff , Donnelly Reesa , Renk Kimberly
Published: May 2007

Many studies have established that warm, authoritative parenting is associated with positive adjustment in children and adolescents. Fewer studies, however, have examined the potential mechanisms driving this relationship. The current study explores the effects of late adolescents’ positive and negative perceptions of their parents in the association between perceived parenting and late adolescent emotional adjustment (depression, anxiety, and self‐esteem). The sample consisted of 151 males and 324 females ranging in age from 18‐ to 22‐years. Data were analysed with structural equation modeling. Results of the study suggested that perceived parenting, positive and negative perceptions of parents, and emotional adjustment as reported by late adolescents all are correlated significantly. The effects of perceived parenting on late adolescents’ emotional adjustment, however, were not statistically significant when analysed simultaneously with late adolescents’ positive and negative perceptions of parents. Also, the relationship between late adolescents’ positive and negative perceptions of parents and late adolescent emotional adjustment became non‐significant when examining father relationships. Overall, the importance of considering parenting in the context of parent and adolescents’ sex as well as other variables is emphasised.
A Feather Bed Dictionary: Colonialism and Sexuality
Authors: Milner‐Thornton Juliette
Published: May 2007

In this paper I utilise ‘autoethnography’. In dialogue with my white ancestor's Dr Sidney Spencer Kachalola Broomfield's autobiography Kachalola or the Mighty Hunter (1931), I examine his representation of the black female body in Northern Rhodesia (present day Zambia). Broomfield presents the black female body as decadent, demonised and sexualised, accusing it of conquering white men regardless of education, class and religious affiliation. Firstly, I question how the black female body sexuality and reproduction became site of social, political and racial contest and entanglement and contradictorily also the site of collaboration between white and black men; secondly, I examine the ongoing legacies of Broomfield's representation.
Direct Vasodilators and their Role in Hypertension Management: Minoxidil
Authors: Sica Domenic A. , Gehr Todd W.B.
Published: May 2007

Minoxidil is a direct vasodilator that has been in use for over two decades. It is used primarily to reduce blood pressure in hypertensives who have been poorly controlled on various multidrug regimens. Although minoxidil is extremely effective, its usefulness is limited by its tendency to increase the pulse rate and to trigger salt and water retention. The latter may be incapacitating in some patients. Therefore, minoxidil is typically administered with both a diuretic and an agent that can control the pulse rate, such as a β blocker. Minoxidil has several other side effects that may limit its use, including hypertrichosis, aggravation of myocardial ischemia and/or left ventricular hypertrophy, and (infrequently) pericardial effusions. If a patient's hypertensive pattern is sufficiently severe to warrant contemplation of minoxidil therapy, referring the patient to a hypertension specialist should be strongly considered.
Combination Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Sica Domenic A.
Published: May 2007

Effective control of blood pressure is usually achieved only with the use of two or more antihypertensive medications. The treatment options for hypertension are numerous, and the number of possible combinations large. The selection of a specific combination drug regimen has often been linked to the perceived need for diuretic therapy as first‐ or second‐step therapy; thus, the popularity of such drug combinations as an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/diuretic, an angiotensin‐receptor blocker/diuretic, or a β blocker/diuretic. Rational alternatives exist, including an ACE inhibitor/calcium channel blocker (CCB) or a dihydropyridine CCB/β blocker combination. Traditionally, recommendations have advised against the use of combination therapy with two drugs from the same therapeutic class. However, because of the different binding and pharmacologic characteristics of CCBs, a rationale exists for combining different agents in this class in the management of hypertension and/or symptomatic coronary artery disease. In the treatment of either hypertension or angina, combination CCB therapy can prove uniquely successful.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: From Correlative to Causative Relationship
Authors: Lavie Peretz , Silverberg Donald , Oksenberg Arie , Hoffstein Victor
Published: May 2007

Sleep‐disordered breathing, manifested by repetitive episodes of partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep associated with brief arousal and autonomic activation, is estimated to affect as many as 4% of adult men and 2% of adult women. Studies conducted during the 1980s revealed a strong association between sleep‐disordered breathing and hypertension. The results of these early studies, which relied on relatively small samples of patients, have been confirmed in recent years by large‐scale epidemiologic studies that are controlled for all possible confounding factors. This paper reviews the evidence suggesting a causative relationship between hypertension and disordered breathing in sleep. The authors discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of the two entities and address the clinical implications of this relationship. They conclude by recommending a proactive approach to the diagnosis of breathing disorders in sleep, in order to prevent the cardiovascular sequelae of this syndrome.
Management of High‐Risk Hypertensive Patients with Diabetes: Potential Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Weber Michael A. , Weir Matthew R.
Published: May 2007

Uncontrolled hypertension leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Hypertensive patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes are at even greater risk of cardiovascular complications; also, this high‐risk patient population is at increased risk of renal disease and, ultimately, renal failure. Prospective morbidity and mortality trials have demonstrated that tight blood pressure control improves the cardiovascular prognosis and provides target organ protection. Current treatment guidelines recommend a target blood pressure of <130/85 mm Hg for patients with hypertension and diabetes. Angiotensin II (A‐II), a major component of the renin‐angiotensin system, plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and diabetes‐related renal disease. Currently, the treatment of choice for hypertensive patients with diabetes is angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, but most of the data are limited to patients with type 1 diabetes. Although ACE inhibition is clearly a mechanism for blocking A‐II formation, inhibition at this site may not be complete, as alternate pathways exist for A‐II formation. Thus, for interrupting the renin‐angiotensin system, A‐II receptor antagonists theoretically provide advantages over ACE inhibitors in that they directly inhibit A‐II by binding to the AT1 receptor subtype. The objectives of this review are to: 1) provide an overview of the associated risk of cardiovascular complications with concomitant hypertension and diabetes; 2) demonstrate the cardiovascular benefits of effective blood pressure control in this patient population; 3) review the current treatment guidelines for managing high‐risk hypertensive patients; and 4) discuss major, ongoing clinical studies with A‐II receptor antagonists in patients with concomitant hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and renal disease.
Endothelins and Markers of Renal Damage in Recently Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Maldonado‐Martín Antonia , Rueda‐Illescas Mª Dolores , Gil‐Extremera Blas , Soriano‐Carrascosa Leticia , Alonso‐Morales Trinidad , García‐Pérez Francisco , García‐Chicano Mª José , Castillo Juan de Dios Luna del
Published: May 2007

Endothelin has been identified as a potent vasoconstrictor. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary endothelins and their relation to other markers of renal damage, such as microalbuminuria, creatinine, and N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase (NAG), in a group of recently diagnosed (less than 1 year) hypertensive subjects and a control group. We selected 50 subjects and divided them into two groups: 27 hypertensive patients (15 females and 12 males) without previous pharmacologic therapy, and 23 healthy, normotensive subjects (12 females and 11 males). All patients underwent a history and physical examination, chest x‐ray, electrocardiography, funduscopy, and hematologic and biochemical analyses. Endothelins, microalbuminuria, creatinine, and NAG values were also determined in 24‐hour urine samples. Creatinine, microalbuminuria, and NAG values were found to be higher in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. The hypertensive group showed a nonsignificant elevation of total endothelin. In conclusion, the determination of elevated urinary endothelin does not appear to be an early marker of organ damage in hypertensive subjects. The urinary excretion of protein, creatinine, and NAG was higher in hypertensive subjects. A positive correlation was found between the urinary excretion of endothelins and markers of renal damage, microalbuminuria and NAG values. The relationship between endothelins and hypertension was without statistical significance.
Psychological Characteristics and Responses to Antihypertensive Drug Therapy
Authors: Mann Samuel J. , Gerber Linda M.
Published: May 2007

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between psychological characteristics and responses to antihypertensive drug therapy. Twenty‐two hypertensive subjects underwent psychological evaluation and treatment with 1) a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ); 2) an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinapril; and 3) combined α+β blockade (doxazosin + betaxolol). Anger‐Out scores on the State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory were positively correlated with the HCTZ‐induced fall in systolic blood pressure (p<0.01); Anger‐In was negatively correlated with the quinapril‐induced fall in systolic pressure (p<0.05). The target systolic blood pressure (130 mm Hg) was achieved with either HCTZ or quinapril in 79% of subjects without, vs. 25% of subjects with, childhood trauma (p=0.03). Responses to doxazosin + betaxolol were not correlated with psychological characteristics. The authors conclude that both inhibited anger expression and childhood trauma are associated with reduced response to a diuretic or ACE inhibitor. Combined α/β blockade may be preferable to an ACE inhibitor or diuretic in treating selected hypertensive patients. Further studies should include examination of psychological factors in terms of the response to combined ACE inhibitor + diuretic therapy.
Type 2 Diabetes: RENAAL and IDNT—The Emergence of New Treatment Options
Authors: Sica Domenic A. , Bakris George L.
Published: May 2007

The Reduction in End Points in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study and the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) are two recently reported trials with hard end points, conducted in patients in advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy. Two other studies—the Irbesartan Microalbuminuria Study (IRMA)‐2 and the Microalbuminuria Reduction with Valsartan study (MARVAL)—were trials conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria, a cardiovascular risk factor associated with early‐stage diabetic nephropathy. These trials all had a common theme—that is, does an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) interfere with the natural history of diabetic nephropathy in a blood pressure‐independent fashion? Without question, the results of these trials legitimatize the use of the ARB class in forestalling the deterioration in renal function, which is almost inevitable in the patient with untreated diabetic nephropathy. These data can now be added to the vast array of evidence supporting angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use in patients with nephropathy associated with type 1 diabetes. It now appears a safe conclusion that the patient with diabetic nephropathy should receive therapy with an agent that interrupts the renin‐angiotensin system. These studies have not resolved the question as to whether an ACE inhibitor or an ARB is the preferred agent in people with nephropathy from type 1 diabetes, though the optimal doses of these drugs remain to be determined. Head‐to‐head studies comparing ACE inhibitors to ARBs in diabetic nephropathy are not likely to occur, so it is unlikely that comparable information will be forthcoming with ACE inhibitors. An evidence‐based therapeutic approach derived from these trials would argue for ARBs to be the foundation of therapy in the patient with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
The Quality of Life of Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Stein Joshua D. , Brown Gary C. , Brown Melissa M. , Sharma Sanjay , Hollands Hussein , Stein Harold D.
Published: May 2007

The authors evaluated the self‐reported quality of life in patients with systemic arterial hypertension and assessed whether clinicians and normotensive respondents from the general public appreciate the impact that hypertension has on health‐related quality of life. A quality‐of‐life questionnaire was completed by 385 individuals: persons with hypertension (n=188), normotensive persons (n=148), and clinicians (n=49). A utility score, which represents one's self‐perceived health‐related quality of life, was generated for each group by using standardized time tradeoff questionnaires. Quality of life with hypertension was judged to be significantly higher according to affected individuals (mean utility score, 0.980), compared with normotensive persons (mean utility score, 0.948) and clinicians (mean utility score, 0.942), who were asked to assume that they had hypertension (p<0.0005). Clinicians and normotensive individuals tend to overemphasize the impact that hypertension has on quality of life, as compared to affected patients. The relatively low impact that hypertensive individuals indicate high blood pressure has on their quality of life May contribute to their lack of compliance with treatment regimens
Should β Blockers Be Used in the Treatment of Hypertension in the Elderly?
Authors: Prisant L. Michael
Published: May 2007

The lack of benefit and the potential negative side effects of β blockers are overstated, especially in the elderly. This emphasis has led to recommendations by some investigators that these agents not be used in the management of hypertension in this age group. There are numerous reasons why these recommendations should not be followed. The use of β blockers in the elderly hypertensive has resulted in a reduction in strokes and congestive heart failure. In addition, it should be emphasized that elderly patients are more likely to have silent coronary artery disease or sustain myocardial infarctions. There is abundant evidence that β blockers are effective therapy in reducing mortality once a myocardial infarction has occurred. In fact, there is a clear reduction in sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, national statistics document that elderly patients have a prevalence of congestive heart failure that varies from 6%–10%. Multiple studies have now documented that β blockers are additive to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing mortality for congestive heart failure. Thus, elderly hypertensive patients may benefit from the use of β blockers, especially if there is evidence of ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, or congestive heart failure.
Roundtable Discussion: Problems in the Management of Hypertension
Authors: Moser Marvin , Bakris George L. , Black Henry
Published: May 2007

Following a symposium on hypertension sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Chicago, IL on October 3, 2001, a panel was convened to discuss various aspects of hypertension treatment. Moderating the panel was Dr. Marvin Moser, Clinical Professor of Medicine at The Yale University School of Medicine. Panel members included Dr. George Bakris, Professor of Preventive Medicine and Director, Hypertension/Clinical Research Center at the Rush‐Presbyterian‐St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois and Dr. Henry Black, Professor of Medicine, Associate Vice President for Research, and Chairman of the Department of Preventive Medicine at Rush‐Presbyterian.
Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Manger William M. , Gifford Ray W.
Published: May 2007

Pheochromocytoma, a relatively rare (<0.05% of hypertensives), catecholamine‐secreting tumor, is almost always lethal unless recognized and appropriately treated. Clinical and biochemical manifestations are mainly caused by excess circulating catecholamines and hypertension. Manifestations mimic many conditions, which may result in erroneous diagnoses and improper treatment. Sustained or paroxysmal hypertension associated with headaches, sweating, or palpitations, occurs in 95% of patients, but at least 5% are normotensive. All patients with manifestations of hypercatecholaminemia or coexisting neoplasms should be investigated for pheochromocytoma. Plasma free metanephrines and fractionated urinary metanephrines are the most sensitive (≊100%) chemical tests for diagnosing sporadic and familial pheochromocytomas; plasma and urinary catecholamines and total metanephrines are fairly sensitive for identifying sporadic cases but are less sensitive for familial tumors. The clonidine suppression test helps exclude other conditions that may elevate plasma and urinary catecholamines and their metabolites. Magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive than computed tomography for localizing pheochromocytomas; iodine‐131‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I‐MIBG) tumor uptake confers specificity. Surgical resection is successful in 90% of cases, but 10% of tumors are malignant. Pheochromocytomas <5 cm in diameter can be removed laparoscopically; larger tumors should be removed by open surgery. Drug treatment prior to and during surgery is mandatory; drug treatment, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are used to treat malignant lesions.
Comparison of Telmisartan vs. Valsartan in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hypertension Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Bakris George
Published: May 2007

A prospective, randomized, open‐label, blinded end‐point trial compared telmisartan and valsartan for treating mild to moderate hypertension. Efficacy for 24‐hour control of blood pressure was assessed using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Mean changes in diastolic blood pressure for the last 6 hours before dosing and the nighttime period were significantly greater with telmisartan than with valsartan (p<0.01 for the last 6 hours before dosing; p<0.05 for the nighttime period). Mean changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures for the 24‐hour interval, the morning, and the daytime periods were significantly greater with telmisartan than with valsartan (p<0.01). The incidence of all adverse events and the most common adverse events were comparable for patients receiving telmisartan and patients receiving valsartan. Neither treatment was associated with cough. These data suggest greater efficacy for telmisartan than valsartan in controlling blood pressure throughout the 24‐hour dosing interval, including the last 6 hours before dosing, and the two agents were similarly well tolerated.