bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SETTING THE REAL-TIME FLOOD FORECASTING MODELS IN UKRINA, TINJA AND BRKA UNGAUGED BASINS
Authors: Topalović Žana , Rosić Nikola , Udo Job
Published: December 2023

Flood forecasting (FF) is one of the most challenging problems in Hydraulic Engineering. It is also most important due to tremendous contribution in reducing economic and life losses that usually occurs during flooding. Major part of the FF system is hydrologic and hydraulic model that simulate runoff and corresponding water levels in rivers, based on the input data that are results from the meteorologic forecasting model. Major uncertainty of the FF systems that operates in real time usually stems from combined hydrologic-hydraulic model, apart from the large uncertainty that comes from the meteorological model. This uncertainty significantly rises when the catchments of interests are ungauged. In this paper, methodology of setting hydrological and hydraulic model that operates in real time FF and early warning system is presented. Case study are ungauged basins of Ukrina, Tinja and Brka, tributaries of Sava River.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE URBAN GREEN MATRIX THROUGH URBAN REGULATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF UNDEVELOPED SPACES - CASE STUDY OF LAUSH SETTLEMENT IN BANJALUKA
Authors: Trkulja Tanja , Došenović Ljiljana , Rodić Nataša
Published: December 2023

This paper aims to examine the state of undeveloped spaces in urban areas. The first part of the paper focuses on the state of the urban landscape's undeveloped spaces. To recognize their character and quality, the Narrative Spatial Analytics (NSA) method was proposed. It integrates three design research techniques which enable landscape designers to expand the scope of their research practice. The second part of the paper discusses a case study of neglected green space in the Laush settlement in Banjaluka, which could be incorporated into the Banjaluka green matrix. The phases of the solution concept for the arrangement of a new park and the elaboration details were analyzed, which completed the process of improving the Banjaluka green matrix.
SHRINKING RURAL AREAS OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
Authors: Vujičić Tijana
Published: December 2023

Globalization produced a disparity manifested through spatial polarization - growing and shrinking territories. Shrinkage is an increasingly global phenomenon that affects cities, villages, and entire regions around the world. Population loss and economic decline make these areas vulnerable - its vitality and sustainability are endangered. Starting from the assumption that the rural areas are particularly affected by shrinkage, this research addresses stagnant trends in the northwest region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this research is to identify and assess the level of rural shrinkage in the region, as well as to underline directions for future action in response to these negative trends. The results of the research are presented cartographically using Arc GIS software.
IPHONE 13 PRO VS PROFESSIONAL TLS FOR 3D INDOOR MAPPING
Authors: Jakovljević Gordana , Govedarica Miro , Alvarez Taboada Flor
Published: December 2023

In recent years, fast and simple acquisition of geospatial data, fast processing, and distribution is a trend that characterizes geoinformation technologies. The primacy of the acquisition is based on image processing technology and laser scanning. This paper attempts to answer how acceptable these technologies are incorporated into smartphones which can be used for data acquisition. A comparative analysis of the results collected by smartphone and professional laser scanners has been made. The results presented in the paper confirm the usability of the iPhone LiDAR device in the acquisition of point cloud and the development of 3D models of indoor spaces.
GEOIDS AS TWO DIMENSIONAL HYPERSURFACES
Authors: Milijević Mirjana , Tsuchida Asahi
Published: December 2023

We propose a research of geoids as real hypersufaces. Moreover, we give adjustment of some classical results on hyperusrfaces to CR submanifolds. Our main focus is to study the properties of second fundamental form which give us information on the shape of a hypersurface. Keywords: geoids, hypersurfaces, shape operator, CR submanifolds.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE ACHIVEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Authors: Kosić-Jeremić Sandra , Malinović Miroslav , Maksimović Snježana , Stojisavljević Đorđe , Preradović Ljubiša
Published: December 2023

The paper analyzes gender differences in the length of study and average grade between the number of enrolled and graduated students at the Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy in Banjaluka, during the period from 1996 to 2015. It was concluded that women, in civil engineering studies, are just as successful as men. However, it is noticeable that women in Bosnia and Herzegovina, enroll much less in engineering studies. Engineering studies need to be more popularized among women. The results of the analysis are presented using the SPSS statistical analysis software package.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVMENTS OF THE BUILDING STOCK: REPUBLIC OF SERBIA LEGISLATION COMPLIANCE TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Pavlović Jelena , Šabanović Ana , Ćuković Ignjatović Nataša
Published: December 2023

The paper analyses the notion of improving energy efficiency, as a means of increasing sustainability by lowering energy demand in the building sector globally, also acknowledged in Serbian law-making through regulations aimed towards its advancement. EU Candidate Country status imposes changes to the existing legislative and strategic framework regarding following its directives, which then become incorporated into the laws, regulations, and standards of the Republic of Serbia. By means of descriptive content analysis, official documents related to energy efficiency in architectural design and construction are reviewed in order to determine its scope and raise awareness of the levels and opportunities of upgrading the building stock that such legislative framework supports.
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR OF ROAD BRIDGES – ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
Authors: Latinović Krndija Marina , Dujaković Dejana , Popović Marko , Broćeta Gordana , Cumbo Anđelko
Published: December 2023

This paper discusses the problem of theoretical and experimental determination of dynamic factors of road bridges. Various parameters influencing the dynamic behavior of bridges are briefly described and a review of regulations in this field is given. Also, an example of the numerical determination of the dynamic amplification factor on a specific bridge structure using dynamic time history analysis in SAP2000 software is presented. Some established methods for the experimental control of the design dynamic amplification on real structures are given, as well as a data and analysis of experimentally obtained results on a series of concrete bridges on the Banja Luka-Doboj highway.
DETERMINATION OF VENTILATION HEAT LOSSES THROUGH BUILDING ENVELOPE – A CASE STUDY
Authors: Ilić Snežana , Mirković Marjanović Milica , Malešev Mirjana , Kijanović Aleksandar
Published: December 2023

In this paper the experimental procedure for the determination of ventilation heat losses across building envelopes has been shown. The alternative name for this method is Blower Door Test or Fan Pressurization method. This text is a user manual for the determination of ventilation heat losses and parameters which is used to describe the air permeability of buildings. The experiment examination was performed at the office with old and after with new windows. The results were compared, and a significant contribution of new windows was shown.
CRANE GIRDER DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE – NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A CRANE GIRDER IN A HYDROPOWER PLANT
Authors: Vukomanović Radovan , Popadić Slobodan , Milovanović Snježana
Published: December 2023

With the adoption of Eurocodes in the field of civil engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, analysis of structures becomes more complex compared to previous regulations. Consequently, the analysis of crane track girders becomes more detailed, with a higher degree of analysis controls during dimensioning. This paper presents the load analysis and design checks of crane girders for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, according to Eurocode, with the presentation of the most important parameters and design limitations, such as load classifications, dynamic coefficients, limitations for serviceability states. Furthermore, a numerical example of a crane track support for a bridge crane in the machine building of a 25t hydropower plant is given.
PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION FOR REGISTRATION OF CONDOMINIUM OWNERSHIP
Authors: Šutalo Vinko , Macanović Dragan , Skorup Dragana
Published: December 2023

For efficient state development, regulated land administration is core. The biggest part of achieving this goal is the activity on organizing efficient land administration. Implementing the number of projects in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Srpska is partially managed to get the administration to another level. The activity aims are to provide unambiguous data in and land register and to connect them with the real situation on the land. Recording of condominium units improves land administration and contributes to the development of the real estate market, making planning documents and economic development.
Algoritma ve Programlama Dersinin Matematik Öğretmen Adayları Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: GÜNBAŞ Nilgün , İLGÜN Şükrü
Published: December 2023

Programlama becerisi 21. yüzyıl becerileri arasında öne çıkan becerilerden biridir. Yükseköğrenim Kurulu tarafından, 2018-2019 yılı itibariyle eğitim fakülteleri ilköğretim matematik öğretmenliği lisans programlarına dahil edilen Algoritma ve Programlama dersi ile matematik öğretmen adaylarının programlama becerilerini geliştirmeleri hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma eğitim fakültelerinde güncellenmiş müfredatla birlikte Algoritma ve Programlama Dersi ile ilgili öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır. Aynı zamanda dersin öğretmen adaylarının teknoloji, matematiksel beceriler, matematiksel düşünme, analitik düşünme gibi becerilerine olan katkılarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Programlama ile doğrudan ilişkisi olmamasına rağmen, Algoritma ve Programlama dersi ilköğretim matematik eğitimi programında zorunlu dersler listesinde yer almaktadır. Bu derse ilişkin öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerini almak ve dersin etkililiğini sorgulamak amacıyla nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen matematik öğretmen adaylarıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler, içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre öğretmen adaylarının Algoritma ve Programlama dersine karşı olumlu görüşe sahip olup, dersin teknoloji kullanım becerisini artırdığı, matematiği eğlenceli hale getirdiği, dijital matematik anlayışlarını geliştirdiği ve yaratıcı düşünme ile analitik düşünme gibi becerileri geliştirdiği yönünde görüş bildirmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, dersin ilköğretim matematik eğitimi programlarında verilmesinin uygun olduğu, matematik öğretmen adaylarının kolaylıkla edinebileceği bir kazanım olduğu, öğretmen adaylarının düşünme becerilerini, teknolojik yeterliliklerini ve farklı öğretim yöntemleri konusundaki farkındalıklarını artırdığı düşünülmektedir.
Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels in Relation to the Severity of Pain in Cancer Patients: A Case-control Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in North East India
Authors: Begum Firdushi , Deka Sumi , Deka Arun , Boiragi Archita
Published: December 2023

Introduction: With increased levels of ferritin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and the proinflammatory cytokine Intrleukin-6 (IL-6) frequently seen in cancer patients, inflammation is acknowledged as a critical component in the context of cancer. For medical professionals, managing pain in cancer patients, whether from the illness or its treatment, remains a constant struggle. Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation between controls and cancer patients with pain and to correlate the degree of pain and IL-6 levels in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022 on 45 age-matched controls and 40 cancer patients with varied levels of pain who were included in the Palliative Care Unit of a State Cancer Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India. The intensity of pain was measured using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Blood samples were taken to assess the levels of IL-6, ferritin, and CRP. The data were analysed statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and linear regression, and were presented as mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Results: Compared to controls, cancer patients had significantly higher levels of IL-6, CRP, and ferritin (p-value <0.001). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a positive link between pain intensity and IL-6 (p-value<0.001, r-value=0.516) and between pain and CRP (p-value=0.002, r-value=0.474) was found using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Conclusion: The study results suggest a possible role for IL-6 in cancer-related pain by indicating a clear correlation between elevated IL-6 levels and the severity of pain experienced by cancer patients. This lays the foundation for investigating IL-6 antagonists as potential painkillers for cancer patients.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Presenting with Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia: A Case Report
Authors: Kaddari F. , Rouam H. , Eshaq Y. , Eljamili M. , Elhattaoui M.
Published: December 2023

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a cardiomyopathy characterized pathologically by fibrofatty tissue replacement of the myocyte of the right ventricle (RV) and clinically by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in young people. It is a major cause of sudden death. We present the case of a 60-year-old man with cardiovascular risk factors, was admitted for unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT) treated immediately with synchronized cardioversion. After the stabilization of the patient, Electrocardiogram demonstrated an epsilon wave in precordial leads and diffuse T-wave inversions. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dilated, hypokinetic right ventricle with moderately reduced function and a focal area of dyskinesia. The diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) was made and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was indicated for secondary prevention. This case report will present the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of this rare disease.
Exploring the Therapeutic and Nutritional Significance of Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as a Feed Additive in Aquaculture
Authors: Swamy Jayashri M. , Patil Akshata , Biradar Preeti , Yadav Somnath R. , Ganpathi Naik M.  , Bhosle Rameshwar , Tipale Jayanta
Published: December 2023

The exploration of medicinal plants as natural and benign compounds in aquaculture presents a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics and immune prophylactics. In the domain of aquaculture, these plants serve dual roles as both chemotherapeutics and feed additives. Many plants and their derivatives contain an array of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic, polyphenolic, alkaloid, quinone, terpenoid, lectin, and polypeptide compounds, showcasing their effectiveness as alternatives to antibiotics, chemicals, vaccines, and synthetic compounds. Extensive research highlights the positive impact of incorporating herbs into fish diets, contributing to enhanced growth and disease resistance.

The incorporation of herbs and herbal products into fish diets not only proves cost-effective but also aligns with environmental sustainability, exhibiting minimal side effects on both fish and consumers. Plant extracts are recognized for their diverse benefits, including growth promotion, appetite stimulation, tonicity enhancement, immunostimulation, facilitation of cultured species maturation, and properties such as stress reduction, sexual stimulation, and antipathogenic effects in fish.

This comprehensive review focuses on the significant role of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) in aquaculture, serving as a growth promoter, immunostimulant, and antioxidant. Bay laurel emerges as a medicinal herbal plant, offering a viable alternative to antibiotics with a multifaceted impact on aquaculture production and development. The review delves into the mode of action through which bay laurel enhances various aspects of aquaculture, emphasizing its potential as a valuable asset in sustainable and health-conscious fish farming practices. By exploring the diverse bioactive compounds present in bay laurel, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of its applications and implications in the ever-evolving landscape of aquaculture.
Analysis of Environmental and Energy Policies in Turkey, the European Union and the United States
Authors: Pehlivanzade Gülben Gülcan , Zaimoğlu Zeynep
Published: December 2023

Energy consumption plays a pivotal role in the development of societies. Sustainable Energy Resources are vital inputs for daily life, and energy and industrial products are essential for economic growth (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). Consequently, those responsible for managing a country's energy sector must ensure the uninterrupted, reliable, timely, clean, and affordable supply of energy, as well as diversify energy sources to enhance energy security.

The concept of "sustainable development" has emerged in response to the need to prevent irreversible environmental damage caused by conventional energy sources and outdated technologies while ensuring access to energy as a fundamental human right under optimal conditions (Pamir, N 2005). Developed societies have transitioned from planning based solely on energy source acquisition and production to a planning approach that carefully considers the energy-economy-ecology balance (3E) while taking into account resource diversity and geopolitical realities (Energy Policies and Global Developments, emo.org.tr).

Turkey remains heavily dependent on energy imports, accounting for approximately 74% of its energy needs (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2023). The multifaceted nature of Turkey's energy strategy and its energy dependence emphasize the importance of international relations in this field.

U.S. energy policies have global ramifications, particularly in areas such as energy resource utilization, energy trade, and energy independence (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). U.S. energy policies play a significant role in international relations, impacting relationships with other countries, especially in matters related to energy exports and imports.

In Europe, there is uneven progress towards clean electricity, with both successes and challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon energy system. While the European energy sector has taken significant steps towards decarbonization, there has been limited progress in some countries, and much more progress is needed. Achieving a fully decarbonized energy system in Europe requires united efforts and coordination to address the challenges posed by fossil fuel dependence and climate change.
Implementing Fractal to Define Balinese Traditional Architectural Facade Beauty: The Kori Agung
Authors: Aisyah Khansa Salma , Noerwasito Vincentius Totok , Novianto Didit
Published: December 2023

Fractals have been theoretically used to explain visual beauty from the urban scale to the context of architectural facades. How we perceive the visual beauty of architecture is likely dependent on subjectivity. However, the fractal is applicable for defining visual beauty and as a quantifiable method that provides objectivity for analysis. Previous research has used fractals, particularly in faca­des, to determine the beauty in complex geometry and quantify the complexity. However, the application of fractals in traditional architecture remains to be explored. Therefore, this article will discuss in detail how fractal is a suitable method to study the visual beauty of traditional architectural facades using fractal geometry and fractal dimension index. The case used to illustrate the imple­mentation is Kori Agung of Balinese traditional architecture, known for its grandeur and luxurious facade images. It embodies the visual beauty of its facade due to its textured, layered, and complex visual appearance.
Valued Objects Dynamics and Adaptability of Domestic Workspaces
Authors: Zanjabila Elmira , Paramita Kristanti Dewi
Published: December 2023

This paper discusses the dynamic value of objects that influence the spatial organization of a home-based workspaces. Spatial organization of workspace at home becomes significant with the emerging work-from-home arrangement during and post COVID-19 pandemic. The physical and psychological needs of working from home require adaptations on the domestic setting through the use and placement of objects in relation to how humans produce and experience space. This paper examines the value mechanism of remote workers with regards to their everyday objects and how such mechanism affects the overall workspace organization them. The study explores the workspace of 3 remote workers with different activities and preferences. The study shows that the dynamic value of objects shapes the workplace arrangements, enabling better accessibility, supporting the need for comfortable and pleasant qualities of space, as well as demonstrating self-identity. The study expands discussions on the spatial adaptation driven by dynamic system of objects.
Daylight Performance of Fiber Optic Daylighting in Deep Plan Office Room
Authors: Angelica Felicia Ranita , Arifin Liliany Sigit , Elsiana Feny
Published: December 2023

Most buildings have spaces far from the windows that require artificial lighting for illumination throughout the day. In fact, artificial lighting contributes to the second highest electrical energy consumption, especially in educational institutions that require more lighting. One of the appropriate solutions to illuminate areas far from windows is using a fiber optic daylighting system. FOD is used to distribute sunlight into the spaces away from the window. This research tested the lighting levels produced by alternative collector and diffuser models of FOD systems to meet the lighting level standards (lux) in discussion room P. 06. 05. Petra Christian University. This research uses experimental methods under actual weather exposure and simulation with DIALux software. Simulation results show that the room requires 6 collectors and 2 diffusers, arranged centrally and symmetrically. It produces 365 lux and a uniformity ratio of 0.59, which meets the standard. The lighting level data used was at 10:30 AM during partially cloudy conditions.
Precursor-concentration-controlled Morphology of TiO2 Nanorod/Nanoflower Films for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Investigating Their Growth Mechanism
Authors: Anaam Sawsan Abdullah Abduljabbar , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan
Published: December 2023

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been considered as one of the most promising photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to improving its PEC water splitting performance. In this study, TiO2 nanorod/nanoflower (NRF) films with controlled morphology were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by following a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The TiO2 NRF films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. FE-SEM showed that the TiO2 films are composed of a simultaneous growth of a primary layer of TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and a second layer of TiO2 nanoflowers (NFs). The proposed growth mechanism highlighted the influence of precursor concentration on nucleation sites, affecting the preferred crystallographic plane growth of rutile TiO2 and nanorod alignment on the FTO substrate. Intriguingly, TiO2 NRF films prepared with 1.0 mL of titanium butoxide exhibited a maximum photocurrent density of 3.58 mA.cm−2 at 1.23 V versus (vs.) the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), along with a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.69%. The enhanced photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency were attributed to the optimum thickness in the range of 4.52-7.31 µm, which caused the film to be formed with a unique morphology of the primary layer with well-vertically aligned nanorods and the second layer of flowers consisting of numerous rods stacked on top of one another. This study demonstrates the importance of designing semiconductors with 1D nanorod/3D nanoflower structures as high-performance photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Nie Linda H. , Spitz Henry
Published: December 2023

Ionizing radiation is one of the most intensely studied of all toxic agents. It is applied in many fields, especially in energy generation and medical applications, due to its unique features. This chapter introduces physical features of radiation, types of radiation and radiation exposure, the toxicity of radiation exposure at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level, and health effects of radiation exposure. Background exposure is described. The latest epidemiological studies on radiation exposure and health outcomes are summarized, low‐dose radiation and linear no‐threshold model are discussed, and the radiation protection policies for different populations are illustrated.
The Lanthanides, Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Darby Paul S.
Published: December 2023

The lanthanides, known also as lanthanoids or rare earth elements (REEs), consist of 17 elements with remarkable properties that have made them emerge in the twenty‐first century as a highly‐valued commodity by the world's industrialized nations. REEs form the largest chemically coherent group in the periodic table. China has led the world production of REEs for decades. The diverse applications of REEs for national defense, energy production and storage, high‐strength magnets, lasers, and medical diagnostics and therapeutics, combined with China's restrictions on supply beginning in 2010, have led to a near‐crisis consisting of national stockpiling, frantic exploration for new deposits, and intense efforts to conserve, recycle and substitute for REEs. The unique physical, chemical and magnetic properties of REEs become particularly interesting at the nanoparticle size, leading to an explosion of research in the last two decades. For these reasons, the commercial and academic pressure to explore new applications of REEs risks outpacing essential research on the toxicology of REEs.
Alkaline Materials: Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Lithium
Authors: Jefferson Robert , Smallets Sarah
Published: December 2023

Alkaline materials are abundant in daily life and have applications in many industries. While grouped based on shared alkalinity, these widely studied chemicals behave differently from one another and pose varying degrees of potential health concerns. This chapter discusses the following alkaline materials: Potassium, Potassium Hydroxide, Sodium, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Peroxide, Trisodium Phosphate, Sodium Metasilicate, Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Lithium. Through review of the literature and expert knowledge, each of the sections in this chapter provide a toxicological summary for each chemical including chemical and physical properties, production and use, exposure assessment, toxicity information, exposure regulations and guidelines, as well as environmental hazards.
Miscellaneous Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
Authors: Freeman Elaine , Loccisano Anne
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents information on chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides belong to a structural class containing carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine; some contain oxygen. Although many pesticides can meet this basic definition, organochloride hydrocarbons, the focus of this chapter, share basic characteristics of high persistence (where persistence is defined as halflife greater than 2 months in water or 6 months in soil sediment), low polarity, low aqueous solubility and high lipid solubility. This group contains pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), lindane. chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex. Based on their persistence in the environments, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Optimization of low‐carbon cold chain logistics distribution path for agricultural products based on two‐stage algorithm
Authors: Guo Lina , Liu Mengmeng
Published: December 2023

With the development of market economy, cold chain logistics has become the mainstream of the current transportation industry. Reducing transportation costs and optimizing transportation routes from an environmentally friendly perspective is the main research focus. This study starts with an emphasis on environmental protection and cost savings and optimizes existing cold chain logistics expenses. Using the clustering and annealing algorithms, the path optimization model with the lowest cost is constructed and analyzed. The K‐means algorithm is utilized to cluster and partition logistics areas, and then optimized simulated annealing algorithm is used to control and utilize logistics costs and resources. The experimental results show that the optimized algorithm reduces costs by 11.36% and increases the loading rate of the vehicle by 11.95%. The delivery time has been reduced by 18.1%. The two‐stage algorithm can optimize and improve the path model, reduce transportation costs, improve cold chain transportation efficiency, and verify the feasibility of the model.
Waterproof and Flexible Perovskite Photodetector Enabled By P‐type Organic Molecular Rubrene with High Moisture and Mechanical Stability
Authors: Xing Ruofei , Li Ziqing , Zhao Wenxiao , Wang Dong , Xie Ranran , Chen Yanxue , Wu Limin , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: December 2023

Metal halide perovskite films have gained significant attention because of their remarkable optoelectronic performances. However, their poor stability upon the severe environment appears to be one of the main facets that impedes their further commercial applications. Herein, a method to improve the stability of flexible photodetectors under water and humidity environment without encapsulation is reported. The devices are fabricated using the physical vapor deposition method (Pulse Laser Deposition & Thermal Evaporation) under high‐vacuum conditions. An amorphous organic Rubrene film with low molecular polarity and high elastic modulus serves as both a protective layer and hole transport layer. After immersed in water for 6000 min, the photoluminescence intensity attenuation of films only decreased by a maximum of 10%. The demonstrator device, based on Rubrene/CsPbBr3/ZnO heterojunction confirms that the strategy not only enhances device moisture and mechanical stability but also achieves high sensitivity in optoelectronic detection. In self‐powered mode, it has a fast response time of 79.4 µs /207.6 µs and a responsivity 124 mA W−1. Additionally, the absence of encapsulation simplifies the fabrication of complex electrodes, making it suitable for various applications. This study highlights the potential use of amorphous organic films in improving the stability of perovskite‐based flexible devices.
In Situ Infrared and UV–Vis Ellipsometries to Probe The Varnish Ageing and Swelling of G. Bellini “Transfiguration”
Authors: Pasco Hélène , Lesaine Arnaud , Cerasuolo Angela , Boissière Cédric , Walter Philippe , Sanchez Clément , de Viguerie Laurence , Faustini Marco
Published: December 2023

Varnish layers are optical coatings that act as physico‐chemical barrier between the historical paint layers and the environment. Understanding how varnish materials protect historical paintings over time and in the presence of humidity or organic vapors is of central importance for art preservation. However, probing the behavior of varnish after aging in real conditions remains a challenge. Here the question is addressed by “reshaping” the varnish material from the masterpiece of G. Bellini, the “Transfiguration”, into an optical layer; coupling in situ Ultraviolet‐Visible (UV–vis) and Infrared (IR) ellipsometries, the chemical state is correlated, optical properties and swelling of the varnish in presence of water and organic vapors. It shows that the varnish material aged since the 1950s still exhibits effective water repellence. The methodology may be applied to other relevant historical systems beyond paintings and may help in establishing more efficient preservation strategies for historical artworks.
Terahertz Cavity Magnon Polaritons
Authors: Kritzell T. Elijah , Baydin Andrey , Tay Fuyang , Rodriguez Rodolfo , Doumani Jacques , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Everitt Henry O. , Barsukov Igor , Kono Junichiro
Published: December 2023

Hybrid light–matter coupled states, or polaritons, in magnetic materials have attracted significant attention due to their potential for enabling novel applications in spintronics and quantum information processing. However, most magnon‐polariton studies in the strong coupling regime to date have been carried out for ferromagnetic materials with magnon excitations at gigahertz frequencies. Here, strong resonant photon–magnon coupling at frequencies above 1 terahertz is investigated for the first time in a prototypical room‐temperature antiferromagnetic insulator, NiO,  inside a Fabry–Pérot cavity. The cavity is formed by the crystal itself with a thickness adjusted to an optimal value. Terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy measurements in magnetic fields up to 25 T reveal the evolution of the magnon frequency through Fabry–Pérot cavity modes with photon–magnon anticrossing behavior, demonstrating clear vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding the polariton linewidths. These results show that NiO is a promising platform for exploring antiferromagnetic spintronics and cavity magnonics in the terahertz frequency range.
Designing of Z‐Scheme MgFe2O4/Fe2O3 Coupled CoCr2O4 Heterojunction with High Photocatalytic Activity for the Removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Wastewater
Authors: Gao Huajing , Angadi Jagadeesha , Wang Shifa , Zhou Xianju , Yang Hua , Al‐Enizi Abdullah M. , Ubaidullah Mohd , Pandit Bidhan , Li Dengfeng , Gupta Manish
Published: December 2023

A simple solution combustion method is used to synthesize spinel type MgFe2O4 (MFO) and CoCr2O4 (CCO) oxides, which are combined with the mechanical mixing method to construct a Z‐scheme MFO/wt%CCO heterojunction, which effectively degraded tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under simulated sunlight irradiation. Various characterization techniques are used to confirm the phase structure, composition, near‐spherical morphology, ferromagnetic behavior, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of Z‐scheme MFO/wt%CCO heterojunction. A variety of environmental experimental parameters confirmed that when the optimal initial TC concentration is 50 mg L−1, the catalyst content is 1 g L−1, and pH 13, the degradation percentage of TC by the MFO/75%CCO composites reached 89%. Active species verification experiments showed that the hole (h+), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and superoxide radical (•O2
−) are the main active species in photocatalytic reactions. Based on mass spectrometry, toxicity analysis, and energy band theory, the degradation pathway, toxicity, and photocatalytic mechanism of MFO/75%CCO composites for the degradation of TC are discussed in detail.
Multiscale Structural Design of 2D Nanomaterials‐based Flexible Electrodes for Wearable Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Chao Yunfeng , Han Yan , Chen Zhiqi , Chu Dewei , Xu Qun , Wallace Gordon , Wang Caiyun
Published: December 2023

2D nanomaterials play a critical role in realizing high‐performance flexible electrodes for wearable energy storge devices, owing to their merits of large surface area, high conductivity and high strength. The electrode is a complex system and the performance is determined by multiple and interrelated factors including the intrinsic properties of materials and the structures at different scales from macroscale to atomic scale. Multiscale design strategies have been developed to engineer the structures to exploit full potential and mitigate drawbacks of 2D materials. Analyzing the design strategies and understanding the working mechanisms are essential to facilitate the integration and harvest the synergistic effects. This review summarizes the multiscale design strategies from macroscale down to micro/nano‐scale structures and atomic‐scale structures for developing 2D nanomaterials‐based flexible electrodes. It starts with brief introduction of 2D nanomaterials, followed by analysis of structural design strategies at different scales focusing on the elucidation of structure‐property relationship, and ends with the presentation of challenges and future prospects. This review highlights the importance of integrating multiscale design strategies. Finding from this review may deepen the understanding of electrode performance and provide valuable guidelines for designing 2D nanomaterials‐based flexible electrodes.
Bioelectronic Neural Interfaces: Improving Neuromodulation Through Organic Conductive Coatings
Authors: Duan Wenlu , Robles Ulises Aregueta , Poole‐Warren Laura , Esrafilzadeh Dorna
Published: December 2023

Integration of bioelectronic devices in clinical practice is expanding rapidly, focusing on conditions ranging from sensory to neurological and mental health disorders. While platinum (Pt) electrodes in neuromodulation devices such as cochlear implants and deep brain stimulators have shown promising results, challenges still affect their long‐term performance. Key among these are electrode and device longevity in vivo, and formation of encapsulating fibrous tissue. To overcome these challenges, organic conductors with unique chemical and physical properties are being explored. They hold great promise as coatings for neural interfaces, offering more rapid regulatory pathways and clinical implementation than standalone bioelectronics. This study provides a comprehensive review of the potential benefits of organic coatings in neuromodulation electrodes and the challenges that limit their effective integration into existing devices. It discusses issues related to metallic electrode use and introduces physical, electrical, and biological properties of organic coatings applied in neuromodulation. Furthermore, previously reported challenges related to organic coating stability, durability, manufacturing, and biocompatibility are thoroughly reviewed and proposed coating adhesion mechanisms are summarized. Understanding organic coating properties, modifications, and current challenges of organic coatings in clinical and industrial settings is expected to provide valuable insights for their future development and integration into organic bioelectronics.
A reconsideration of food insecurity trends in the United States
Authors: Gundersen Craig
Published: December 2023

The food insecurity status of a household in the United States is generally put into the categories of food secure, low food secure, or very low food secure. Substantial differences in the level of need within categories are then ignored. In response, I establish a class of food insecurity measure using the binary measure of food insecurity combined with a measure of “dollars needed to be food secure.” Using data from the 2010 to 2021 Current Population Survey, I examine whether patterns of food insecurity differ by choice of measure. The two most notable findings are, first, that changes in food insecurity are similar across measures up until 2019 when they began to diverge and, second, that while aggregate rates fell from 2010 to 2021 under all measures, groups especially vulnerable to food insecurity saw smaller declines in the food insecurity rate and increases over other measures.
Geriatric prognostic scoring system predicts survival after hepatectomy for elderly patients with liver cancer
Authors: Sakano Yoshihiro , Noda Takehiro , Kobayashi Shogo , Akasaka Hiroshi , Kato Kazuya , Sasaki Kazuki , Iwagami Yoshifumi , Yamada Daisaku , Tomimaru Yoshito , Takahashi Hidenori , Asaoka Tadafumi , Shimizu Junzo , Rakugi Hiromi , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi
Published: December 2023

Aim

The number of elderly patients with liver cancer is increasing with the aging society. The Geriatric Prognostic Scoring System is useful in predicting the postoperative prognosis for elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive ability of the geriatric prognostic scoring system for postoperative survival in elderly patients with liver cancer.

Methods

Eighty‐eight patients aged ≥75 years who were treated for primary liver cancer and metastatic liver tumor were retrospectively analyzed. The Geriatric Prognostic Score (GPS) was created by several clinical parameters such as age, sex, type of cancer, stage, performance status, body mass index, and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Each patient was divided into two groups of high‐risk to low‐risk according to their GPS: ≧30 high‐risk group and <30 low‐risk. The predictive ability of geriatric prognostic scoring system for postoperative survival was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Of the 88 patients, 75 were diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma and 13 as colorectal liver metastasis. After geriatric prognostic scoring system assessments, 26 patients were diagnosed as high‐risk and the remaining 62 as low‐risk. The 3‐year overall survival rates were 78.5% in the low‐risk group and 35.1% in the high‐risk group (p < 0.001). The univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival identified high GPS as an independent significant factor (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We could conclude that the geriatric prognostic scoring system is useful in predicting patients' prognosis after hepatectomy and it can provide helpful information to surgeons for determining treatment strategies for elderly patients with liver cancer.
Exploiting π and Chalcogen Interactions for the β‐Selective Glycosylation of Indoles through Glycal Conformational Distortion
Authors: Guo Hao , Kirchhoff Jan‐Lukas , Strohmann Carsten , Grabe Bastian , Loh Charles C. J.
Published: December 2023

Harnessing unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a formidable synthetic approach in difficult‐to‐access glycosidic chemical space. C‐Glycosylation, in particular, has gained a flurry of recent attention. However, most reported methods are restricted to the relatively facile access to α‐C‐glycosides. Herein, we disclose a β‐stereoselective glycosylation of indoles by employing a phosphonoselenide catalyst. The robustness of this protocol is exemplified by its amenability for reaction at both the indolyl C‐ and N‐ reactivity sites. In contrast to previous reports, in which the chalcogens were solely involved in Lewis acidic activation, our mechanistic investigation unraveled that the often neglected flanking aromatic substituents of phosphonoselenides can substantially contribute to catalysis by engaging in π‐interactions. Computations and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the chalcogenic and aromatic components of the catalyst can be collectively exploited to foster conformational distortion of the glycal away from the usual half‐chair to the boat conformation, which liberates the convex β‐face for nucleophilic attack.
Enzyme‐Activatable Near‐Infrared Photosensitizer with High Enrichment in Tumor Cells Based on a Multi‐Effect Design
Authors: Li Yuyao , Zhang Chaoying , Wu Qingyi , Peng Yan , Ding Yiru , Zhang Zhengwei , Xu Xiaoyong , Xie Hexin
Published: December 2023

Enzyme‐activatable near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes and photosensitizers (PSs) have emerged as promising tools for molecular imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, in living organisms selective retention or even enrichment of these reagents after enzymatic activation at or near sites of interest remains a challenging task. Herein, we integrate non‐covalent and covalent retention approaches to introduce a novel “1‐to‐3” multi‐effect strategy—one enzymatic stimulus leads to three types of effects—for the design of an enzyme‐activatable NIR probe or PS. Using this strategy, we have constructed an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)‐activatable NIR fluorogenic probe and a NIR PS, which proved to be selectively activated by ALP to switch on NIR fluorescence or photosensitizing ability, respectively. Additionally, these reagents showed significant enrichment (over 2000‐fold) in ALP‐overexpressed tumor cells compared to the culture medium, accompanied by massive depletion of intracellular thiols, the major antioxidants in cells. The investigation of this ALP‐activatable NIR PS in an in vivo PDT model resulted in complete suppression of HeLa tumors and full recovery of all tested mice. Encouragingly, even a single administration of this NIR PS was sufficient to completely suppress tumors in mice, demonstrating the high potential of this strategy in biomedical applications.
Selective 1,2‐Hydroarylation(Alkenylation) of gem‐Difluoroalkenes to Access (−CF2H) Motifs
Authors: Lin Leroy Qi Hao , Rentería‐Gómez Ángel , Martin Robert T. , Zhang Ying‐Qi , Ong Kelvin Zhi Wei , Parris Adam B. , Gutierrez Osvaldo , Koh Ming Joo
Published: December 2023

An emerging class of C−C coupling transformations that furnish drug‐like building blocks involves catalytic hydrocarbonation of alkenes. However, despite notable advances in the field, hydrocarbon addition to gem‐difluoroalkenes without additional electronic activation remains largely unsuccessful. This owes partly to poor reactivity and the propensity of difluoroalkenes to undergo defluorinative side reactions. Here, we report a nickel catalytic system that promotes efficient 1,2‐selective hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation, suppressing defluorination and providing straightforward access to a diverse assortment of prized organofluorides bearing difluoromethyl‐substituted carbon centers. In contrast to radical‐based pathways and reactions triggered by hydrometallation via a nickel‐hydride complex, our experimental and computational studies support a mechanism in which a catalytically active nickel‐bromide species promotes selective carbonickelation with difluoroalkenes followed by alkoxide exchange and hydride transfer, effectively overcoming the difluoroalkene's intrinsic electronic bias.