bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notas sobre o estudo dos intelectuais: as contribuições teóricas de Bourdieu para o estudo de trajetórias intelectuais de agentes e instituições
Authors: Teles Martins Jefferson
Published: May 2020

Este artigo busca fornecer algumas reflexões sobre o estudo dos intelectuais e as possibilidades de aproximação metodológica com o tema. A partir de duas experiências de investigação, uma no mestrado e outra no doutorado ligadas ao universo dos intelectuais, o texto busca trazer apontamentos que possam servir aos que se interessam nessa área de estudos. A primeira parte aborda as contribuições teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu para o estudo dos intelectuais associadas ao método prosopográfico e ao estudo de redes; a segunda parte busca fazer uma aproximação metodológica para a definição do grupo a ser investigado na pesquisa sobre intelectuais.
Aos Bragança, Angola: a obra manuscrita de Oliveira de Cadornega como moeda de troca para permanecer em Angola (século XVII)
Authors: Weber Priscila Maria
Published: May 2020

Nesse artigo, observamos algumas experiências (con)textuais e de História geral das guerras angolanas (HGGA), de António de Oliveira de Cadornega. Essas experiências se relacionam com o dedicar da obra HGGA a D. Pedro II e com o forjar de um sentimento de fidelidade à Casa dinástica dos Bragança em seus escritos. Para tanto, consideramos Oliveira de Cadornega como um autor, descrevendo os passos teórico-metodológicos que embasam tal conjectura e que sugerem um esforço analítico para o emprego de obras como a de Cadornega como fonte documental, evitando anacronismos e o suprimir dos conteúdos escritos pelo autor.
Sentimentalismo e kitsch: pontos cegos no modernismo artístico
Authors: Trombetta Gerson Luís
Published: May 2020

Na visão histórica de Clemente Greenberg, o modernismo é caracterizado pelo “purismo”, ou seja, pela recusa de agentes contaminantes na constituição das formas específicas de arte. O kitsch, no polo oposto, representa o conjunto dos elementos recusados pela opção modernista. Com base neste cenário, o artigo examina brevemente a história do kitsch, desde seu aparecimento nas “vitrines” (século XIX), destacando seus efeitos sentimentalistas. A hipótese da argumentação é que tanto o kitsch quanto o sentimentalismo representam pontos cegos do projeto modernista na compreensão da complexidade do ser humano.
El menú del agronegocio: monocultivo y malnutrición del productor al consumidor (1996-2019)
Authors: Blacha Luis Ernesto
Published: May 2020

El pasaje de la agricultura al agronegocio transforma los usos del territorio y el vínculo social con los alimentos. El monocultivo permite un incremento de la productividad por hectárea que no puede transladarse a la calidad nutricional. Son saberes expertos que permiten simplificar los ecosistemas y promueven la estandarización de todos los componentes de las cadenas agroalimentarias que reducen el carácter omnívoro de la dieta y lleva a la malnutrición por exceso. Es una coyuntura donde la consolidación del agronegocio como modelo productivo, que distancia a productores de consumidores, termina incrementando la influencia delas grandes empresas transnacionales que comercializan alimentos. Surgen nuevas desigualdades, las nutricionales, aún en países con patrones alimentarios consolidados que permitieron hasta finales del siglo XX el acceso a proteínas de alto valor biológico.
La Agroindustria Yerbatera Argentina: Agro, conflictos y políticas públicas en los márgenes. Misiones (1953- 2013)
Authors: Rodríguez Lisandro
Published: May 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la construcción social e histórica de la Región Yerbatera Argentina. El eje de análisis se detiene en examinar las transformaciones del modelo económico y sus repercusiones en esta agroindustria. La propuesta consiste en describir las estrategias y metodologías desplegadas por el Estado para la promoción del desarrollo rural. Al mismo tiempo, se pretende reconocer las relaciones de poder y los conflictos agrarios que se suscitan en un territorio marginal y de frontera como lo es la actual provincia de Misiones. La premisa es identificar los desequilibrios agrarios al interior de esta región como consecuencia de la concentración e integración en la actividad.  Boletines oficiales de la Comisión Reguladora de la Yerba Mate (CRYM); datos del Instituto Nacional de la Yerba Mate (INYM), documentos originales de las cooperativas yerbateras (memorias y balances), publicaciones periódicas del Movimiento Agrario de Misiones y entrevistas a actores claves conforman el corpus documental de este abordaje.
Sports journalism, culture and politics in Brazil: An analysis of the role of the press in the formation of Rio de Janeiro’s football supporters groups during the 1960s
Authors: Borges Buarque de Hollanda Bernardo
Published: May 2020

The year of 1968 was also marked by unrest and riots in the stands of Maracanã stadium. In a period of poor performance of their teams, groups of young football fans threw themselves into the fight against directors of big clubs in Rio, through protests, demonstrations and even marches outside Rio de Janeiro’s stadium. Inspired by the international slogan Youth Power, these newly formed groups adopted similarly a critical stand on the traditional model of supporters, the “Charangas” (small music bands), originated in the 1940s, characterized by the prevalence of a single charismatic leader, recognized by the Club and by the majority of its fans. During the 1970s, the dissident Young Supporters Groups are established on the sports scene and make possible the emergence of a multitude of small and medium-sized associations, giving the supporting activity associative and cultural meanings, recreational and social, until then non-existent in a period of civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985). By gathering these events derived from the serial reading of journalistic narratives, obtained in sports newspapers archives, this article aims to show how a particular type of association, based on club idolatry, took shape on a national and international scale in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, and assumed historical and cultural particularities in professional football in Rio de Janeiro. We sought to demonstrate how this phenomenon from the second half of the 20th century met the new demands for participation and differentiation of urban populations, especially its young protagonists, in an increasingly competitive, massified and commodified professional field.
Post-Vietnam Syndrome: Psychiatry, Anti-War Politics, and the Reconstitution of the Vietnam Veteran
Authors: Grant Lenny
Published: May 2020

Using primary source materials from medical, government, and journalism archives, this study of public medical discourse reveals the role of argumentation in posi­tively shaping public perceptions of traumatized soldiers and locates the contem­porary origins of the trope of “soldier as psychological victim of war”—a perception that continues to inform public policy and medical research. Using Jasinski’s (1998) concepts of interior and exterior constitutive potential to analyze the public writ­ings, interviews, and Congressional testimony of VVAW-affiliated psychiatrists, the study finds that the radical psychiatrists’ interior (directed at veterans) and exte­rior (directed at public and medical institutions) rhetorics were (and arguably remain) mutually effective in creating an identity for veterans to occupy that exculpated them from their involvement in war, while allowing them to garner benefits for their ser­vice. The article concludes with two examples of the “veteran as psychological vic­tim of war” trope as it shapes the contemporary rhetorical ecology of former servicemembers.
No Time to Relax – wie eine neue EU-Russlandstrategie aussehen sollte
Authors: von Homeyer Henrik
Published: May 2020

After years of crisis, 2019 has witnessed possible signs for a thaw in the relations between the European Union (EU) and Russia. The strongest proponent of a rapprochement between the two actors is the French President Emmanuel Macron. He believes that European sovereignty and security can only be secured together with Russia. His proposal, however, demonstrates a lack of understanding for the causes of the crisis in the relationship as well as for Russian foreign policy interests and motives. Yet, his call for a new EU Russia strategy is important and timely. This new strategy must take Russian interests into account as well as build on European interests and realistic goals.
“LET THE FLESH INSTRUCT THE MIND”: CORPO, DESEJO E SINESTESIA NAS CRÔNICAS VAMPIRESCAS DE ANNE RICE
Authors: Santos Andrio De Jesus Rosa dos , Tavares Enéias Farias
Published: May 2020

Na obra da autora norte-americana Anne Rice, questões aparentemente paradoxais como materialidade/espiritualidade, profano/sagrado e natural/sobrenatural, ganham destaque, em enredos que ou orbitam discussões especulativas sobre a origem material do universo e suas possibilidades espirituais ou uma densa reflexão sobre os limites potenciais dos sentidos corpóreos, intensificados pela observação da natureza ou pela apreciação da arte. Isso quando a autora não contrapõe essas duas dimensões, como em A História do Ladrão de Corpos (1992) Lasher (1993), Memnoch (1995) e O Servo dos Ossos (1996), nos quais essas dimensões estão emparelhadas tanto na esfera do enredo quanto na da linguagem. Neste ensaio, nos debruçaremos sobre um desses eixos, aquele que tem a ver com a descrição, compreensão e intensificação dos sentidos corpóreos, esses intensificados pela natureza vampírica de seus protagonistas, em seu primeiro romance Entrevista com o Vampiro (1976). A partir das reflexões de Katherine Ramsland, Jennifer Smith e Terri R. Liberman, entre outros, demonstraremos como, através dos dramas de seus monstros, Rice indiretamente propõe uma intensificação das percepções corpóreas e sensitivas, não apenas no que concerne à percepção da natureza e da arte, como também ao próprio corpo e sua capacidade de perceber/vivenciar/recriar o entorno material.
BRASIL, DESENVOLVIMENTISMO E POLÍTICAS SOCIAIS: as marchas e contramarchas do aporte teórico às evidencias empíricas
Authors: Reis Carlos Nelson dos , Rotta Edemar
Published: May 2020

normalmente a discussão sobre desenvolvimentismo no Brasil se assemelha a de crescimento econômico. Neste artigo, ao comparar dois importantes momentos, se busca mostrar o quanto as orientações para o crescimento são dissonantes das de desenvolvimento social. Para tanto, se compara dois planos de desenvolvimento implantados no País levando em conta referenciais de ideias desenvolvimentista: O Plano de Metas e o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC). A proposta é detectar semelhanças, no que tange: a aspectos históricos; as bases de sustentação ideológicas; políticas sociais; volume de recursos, áreas prioritárias; entre outros. A reflexão leva em conta os contraditórios e tem como instrumentos a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Destaca-se que o desenvolvimento apresenta um núcleo comum, tanto em suas bases teóricas quanto em suas experiências concretas, centrado em ideias de um projeto nacional, na intervenção consciente e deliberada do Estado e na industrialização como o meio para o desenvolvimento. O Plano de Metas projetou a consolidação da industrialização brasileira e sua definitiva inserção no cenário internacional. Por seu turno, o PAC repõe o Estado brasileiro como o agente na agenda de desenvolvimento.
Metals by Micro‐Scale Additive Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Reiser Alain , Koch Lukas , Dunn Kathleen A. , Matsuura Toshiki , Iwata Futoshi , Fogel Ofer , Kotler Zvi , Zhou Nanjia , Charipar Kristin , Piqué Alberto , Rohner Patrik , Poulikakos Dimos , Lee Sanghyeon , Seol Seung Kwon , Utke Ivo , van Nisselroy Cathelijn , Zambelli Tomaso , Wheeler Jeffrey M. , Spolenak Ralph
Published: May 2020

Many emerging applications in microscale engineering rely on the fabrication of 3D architectures in inorganic materials. Small‐scale additive manufacturing (AM) aspires to provide flexible and facile access to these geometries. Yet, the synthesis of device‐grade inorganic materials is still a key challenge toward the implementation of AM in microfabrication. Here, a comprehensive overview of the microstructural and mechanical properties of metals fabricated by most state‐of‐the‐art AM methods that offer a spatial resolution ≤10 μm is presented. Standardized sets of samples are studied by cross‐sectional electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microcompression. It is shown that current microscale AM techniques synthesize metals with a wide range of microstructures and elastic and plastic properties, including materials of dense and crystalline microstructure with excellent mechanical properties that compare well to those of thin‐film nanocrystalline materials. The large variation in materials' performance can be related to the individual microstructure, which in turn is coupled to the various physico‐chemical principles exploited by the different printing methods. The study provides practical guidelines for users of small‐scale additive methods and establishes a baseline for the future optimization of the properties of printed metallic objects—a significant step toward the potential establishment of AM techniques in microfabrication.
Stretchable and Transparent Conductive PEDOT:PSS‐Based Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics and Strain Sensors Applications
Authors: Dauzon Emilie , Lin Yuanbao , Faber Hendrik , Yengel Emre , Sallenave Xavier , Plesse Cedric , Goubard Fabrice , Amassian Aram , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: May 2020

The development of transparent, conducting, and stretchable poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)‐based electrodes using a combination of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer network and the surfactant Zonyl is reported. The latter improves the ductility of PEDOT:PSS and enables its deposition on hydrophobic surfaces such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers, while the presence of a 3D matrix offers high electrical conductivity, elasticity, and mechanical recoverability. The resulting electrode exhibits attractive properties such as high electrical conductivity of up to 1230 S cm−1 while maintaining high transparency of 95% at 550 nm. The potential of the electrode technology is demonstrated in indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free solar cells using the PBDB‐T‐2F:IT‐4F blend with a power conversion efficiency of 12.5%. The impact of repeated stretch‐and‐release cycles on the electrical resistance is also examined in the effort to evaluate the properties of the electrodes. The interpenetrated morphology of the PEDOT:PSS and polyethylene oxide network is found to exhibit beneficial synergetic effects resulting in excellent mechanical stretchability and high electrical conductivity. By carefully tuning the amount of additives, the ability to detect small changes in electrical resistance as a function of mechanical deformation is demonstrated, which enables the demonstration of stretchable and resilient on‐skin strain sensors capable of detecting small motions of the finger.
Rechargeable Na–SO2Battery with Ethylenediamine Additive in Ether‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Xizheng , Ma Wenqing , Lei Xiaofeng , Zhang Shichao , Ding Yi
Published: May 2020

Rechargeable metal–SO2batteries have drawn tremendous attention because it can accelerate SO2fixation/utilization and offer high energy density. Herein, a rechargeable Na–SO2battery based on an ether‐based liquid electrolyte with an ethylenediamine (EDA) additive is realized via the reversible formation/decomposition of Na2S2O4. Experimental investigations reveal that the EDA additive provides three benefits by simultaneously decreasing the overall electrode polarization, increasing the full discharge capacity, and improving battery cyclability. At a current density of 250 mA g−1, the full discharge capacity of the battery with the EDA additive is more than twice of a similar system in the absence of EDA. In addition to the significantly enhanced capacity, the as‐assembled Na–SO2battery demonstrates excellent cyclic stability after 200 cycles, which is equivalent to a total duration of 1600 h. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of Na anode is strengthened with the aid of EDA in the SO2‐containing liquid electrolyte. This work will pave the way for Na–SO2batteries as a promising battery technology toward both pollutant gas utilization and energy storage.
Fibril Network Strategy Enables High‐Performance Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Yuanpeng , Cai Yunhao , Zhu Lei , Xia Ruoxi , Ye Linglong , Feng Xiang , Yip Hin‐Lap , Liu Feng , Lu Guanghao , Tan Songting , Sun Yanming
Published: May 2020

The development of semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) represents a significant step toward the commercialization of OSCs. However, the trade‐off between power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT) restricts further improvements of ST‐OSCs. Herein, it is demonstrated that a fibril network strategy can enable ST‐OSCs with a high PCE and AVT simultaneously. A wide‐bandgap polymer PBT1‐C‐2Cl that can self‐assemble into a fibril nanostructure is used as the donor and a near‐infrared small molecule Y6 is adopted as the acceptor. It is found that a tiny amount of PBT1‐C‐2Cl in the blend can form a high speed pathway for hole transport due to the well distributed fibril nanostructure, which increases the transmittance in the visible region. Meanwhile, the acceptor Y6 guarantees sufficient light absorption. Using this strategy, the optimized ST‐OSCs yield a high PCE of 9.1% with an AVT of over 40% and significant light utilization efficiency of 3.65% at donor/acceptor ratio of 0.25:1. This work demonstrates a simple and effective approach to realizing high PCE and AVT of ST‐OSCs simultaneously.
Metal–Organic Framework Assisted and Tumor Microenvironment Modulated Synergistic Image‐Guided Photo‐Chemo Therapy
Authors: Wang Yuanbo , Wu Wenbo , Mao Duo , Teh Cathleen , Wang Bo , Liu Bin
Published: May 2020

The complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and nonspecific drug targeting limit the clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy in combination with chemotherapy. Herein, a metal–organic framework (MOF) assisted strategy is reported that modulates TME by reducing tumor hypoxia and intracellular glutathione (GSH) and offers targeted delivery and controlled release of the trapped chemodrug. Platinum(IV)‐diazido complex (Pt(IV)) is loaded inside a Cu(II) carboxylate‐based MOF, MOF‐199, and an aggregation‐induced‐emission photosensitizer, TBD, is conjugated to polyethylene glycol for encapsulating Pt(IV)‐loaded MOF‐199. Once the fabricated TBD‐Pt(IV)@MOF‐199 nanoparticles are internalized by cancer cells, MOF‐199 consumes intracellular GSH and decomposes to fragments to release Pt(IV). Upon light irradiation, the released Pt(IV) generates O2 that relieves hypoxia and produces Pt(II)‐based chemodrug inside cancer cells. Concomitantly, efficient reactive oxygen species generation and bright emission are afforded by TBD, resulting in synergistic image‐guided photo‐chemo therapy with enhanced efficacies and mitigated side effects.
High‐Safety and High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Metal Batteries in a Novel Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhu Guanzhou , Zhu Yuanmin , Lin Meng‐Chang , Chen Hui , Li Yuan‐Yao , Hung Wei Hsuan , Zhou Bo , Wang Xi , Bai Yunxiang , Gu Meng , Huang Cheng‐Liang , Tai Hung‐Chun , Xu Xintong , Angell Michael , Shyue Jing‐Jong , Dai Hongjie
Published: May 2020

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are next generation energy storage devices with high energy density, but face challenges in achieving high energy density, high safety, and long cycle life. Here, lithium metal batteries in a novel nonflammable ionic‐liquid (IL) electrolyte composed of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (EMIm) cations and high‐concentration bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) anions, with sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) as a key additive are reported. The Na ion participates in the formation of hybrid passivation interphases and contributes to dendrite‐free Li deposition and reversible cathode electrochemistry. The electrolyte of low viscosity allows practically useful cathode mass loading up to ≈16 mg cm−2. Li anodes paired with lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, NCM 811) cathodes exhibit 99.6–99.9% Coulombic efficiencies, high discharge voltages up to 4.4 V, high specific capacity and energy density up to ≈199 mAh g−1 and ≈765 Wh kg−1 respectively, with impressive cycling performances over up to 1200 cycles. Highly stable passivation interphases formed on both electrodes in the novel IL electrolyte are the key to highly reversible lithium metal batteries, especially for Li–NMC 811 full batteries.
Investigating Thermoelectric Stability under Encapsulation Using PEI‐Doped CNT Films as a Model System
Authors: Abdallah Fatma , Ciammaruchi Laura , Jiménez‐Arguijo Alex , Duraia El‐Shazly M. , Ragab Hossam. S. , Dörling Bernhard , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano
Published: May 2020

The stability of organic semiconductors is an important topic, which in the case of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), has not yet got the attention it deserves. This work presents a simple method which allows to characterize the stability of OTEs, using patterned ITO substrates to electrically contact encapsulated samples. The method is applied to n‐doped carbon nanotube films, a well‐suited reference system due to their sensitivity to changes in doping level, and used to compare the effectiveness of different encapsulation methods. In the observed films, oxygen adsorption leads to a gradual p‐doping. Among the investigated barrier materials, glass performs best. Flexible alternatives like transferred films of barrier polymers also show promise, while barrier films deposited by dropcast performed worse, likely due to their inhomogeneity. Finally, Raman imaging is shown to be a useful technique to investigate degradation in OTEs.
Energy Barriers Restrict Charge Carrier Motion in MAPI Perovskite Films
Authors: Jasiūnas Rokas , Gegevičius Rokas , Franckevičius Marius , Jašinskas Vidmantas , Gulbinas Vidmantas
Published: May 2020

Understanding of charge trapping processes in halide perovskites is vital to further improve performance of perovskite optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, and LEDs. In this work, transient photocurrent, time‐delayed collection field and transient fluorescence techniques along with numerical simulations are combined to address charge carrier trapping processes during their lateral motion in prototypical methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films formed on interdigitated electrodes. Carrier mobility decreases on hundreds of ns timescale, and its rate depends on the motion character—it is faster when charge carriers drift in the electric field and slower when the motion is caused by diffusion only. This difference becomes particularly evident at low temperatures. Based on the time‐delayed collection field data and carrier motion modelling results, it is demonstrated that the rapid mobility decay at low temperatures is mainly caused by the energy barriers, most likely formed at crystallite boundaries. Even though these barriers are surmountable at room temperature, they still play a major role in determining carrier mobility and diffusion rates. Suggested concept of the potential barriers moves beyond the conventional understanding of carrier mobility, diffusion, and recombination processes in hybrid perovskites.
Sub‐Wavelength Passive Optical Isolators Using Photonic Structures Based on Weyl Semimetals
Authors: Asadchy Viktar S. , Guo Cheng , Zhao Bo , Fan Shanhui
Published: May 2020

The paper presents the design of sub‐wavelength high‐performing nonreciprocal optical devices using recently discovered magnetic Weyl semimetals. These passive bulk topological materials exhibit anomalous Hall effect which results in magneto‐optical effects that are orders of magnitude higher than those in conventional materials, without the need of any external magnetic bias. Two optical isolators of both Faraday and Voigt geometries are designed. The isolators have dimensions that are reduced by three orders of magnitude compared to conventional magneto‐optical configurations. The designed structures demonstrate that the magnetic Weyl semimetals may open up new avenues in photonics for the design of various nonreciprocal components.
Electric Symmetric Dipole Modes Enabling Retroreflection from an Array Consisting of Homogeneous Isotropic Linear Dielectric Rods
Authors: Cao Xiyuan , Wang Qianjing , Wan Pengcheng , Zhang Weiping , Lin Zhifang , Chui Siu Tat , Du Junjie
Published: May 2020

Linear‐dielectric‐based in‐plane optical design is attractive yet challenging in nano‐optical technologies when combined with the compatibility with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology. Here, by exciting an electric symmetric dipole mode (ESDM), exploiting the interplay between an electric quadrupole mode and a magnetic dipole mode in a homogeneous isotropic linear dielectric rod, an in‐plane retroreflector is successfully realized in the case of no dependence on asymmetry arising from anisotropic/bianisotropic materials, complex unit cell, or asymmetric environments. The ESDM is analogous to an electric dipole (ED) in the sense that its radiation is overwhelmingly dominant in the forward and backward directions, while its phase symmetry is in stark contrast to the antisymmetry of ED modes. The studies herein show symmetric dipole modes are one of general mechanisms for retroreflection. Such a retroreflector combines many other outstanding advantages such as low loss, unitary efficiency, and simple configuration with low fabrication demands. The in‐plane manipulation for waves makes it an appealing platform for manipulating particles and developing on‐chip optical cavities, light sources in integrated optical circuits, optical parametric oscillators, and interferometers.
Plasmonic Seasoning: Giving Color to Desktop Laser 3D Printed Polymers by Highly Dispersed Nanoparticles
Authors: Hupfeld Tim , Wegner Andreas , Blanke Meik , Doñate‐Buendía Carlos , Sharov Vladyslav , Nieskens Simon , Piechotta Markus , Giese Michael , Barcikowski Stephan , Gökce Bilal
Published: May 2020

Material development is key for continuing the exponential growth in the field of 3D printing. However, 3D printing of polymers by laser powder bed fusion (PBF‐LB) still is limited to a few polymer powder materials, which restricts the range of applications. Tailoring the chemical, rheological, mechanical, or optical properties of the feedstock powder to the requirements of the laser printing process poses a significant challenge. In order to meet global trends in the commercialization of desktop 3D printers, the use of inexpensive and compact diode lasers for PBF‐LB in the visible or near‐infrared range is highly desired. However, at present, only black objects can be printed by desktop laser printers since only commercial carbon black‐based composite powders meet their laser absorption requirements. In this study, a route for tuning the absorption properties of thermoplastic polyurethane polymers and incorporating color into printed objects by using minute amounts (i.e., 0.01 vol%) of highly dispersed plasmonic silver nanoparticles is reported, presenting a new way for colored parts to be produced through laser 3D printing.
Fast Determination of Lithium Content in Spent Cathodes for Direct Battery Recycling
Authors: Li Xuemin , Dogan Fulya , Lu Yingqi , Antunes Christopher , Shi Ying , Burrell Anthony , Ban Chunmei
Published: May 2020

Determination of the lithium ion content in cathode materials, which is currently performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP−MS), involves tedious procedures and error‐prone preparation. This work introduces a new methodology to quickly determine the lithium content in spent cathode materials (LiNixMnyCozO2, x + y + z = 1, NMC) using a thermalgravimetric analysis, which bypasses the use of ICP−MS and significantly reduces the cost and time required for determining the lithium content. Based on this new method, a new approach is developed to identify spent cathode materials suitable for direct relithiation recycling. Finally, these new methods have been applied to investigate the effectiveness of direct electrochemical−relithiation on recycling the spent cathodes, and provide insights for future development of direct battery materials recycling.
Alkaline Water Electrolysis at 25 A cm−2 with a Microfibrous Flow‐through Electrode
Authors: Yang Feichen , Kim Myung Jun , Brown Micah , Wiley Benjamin J.
Published: May 2020

The generation of renewable electricity is variable, leading to periodic oversupply. Excess power can be converted to H2 via water electrolysis, but the conversion cost is currently too high. One way to decrease the cost of electrolysis is to increase the maximum productivity of electrolyzers. This study investigates how nano‐ and microstructured porous electrodes can improve the productivity of H2 generation in a zero‐gap, flow‐through alkaline water electrolyzer. Three nickel electrodes—foam, microfiber felt, and nanowire felt—are studied to examine the tradeoff between surface area and pore structure on the performance of alkaline electrolyzers. Although the nanowire felt with the highest surface area initially provides the highest performance, this performance quickly decreases as gas bubbles are trapped within the electrode. The open structure of the foam facilitates bubble removal, but its small surface area limits its maximum performance. The microfiber felt exhibits the best performance because it balances high surface area with the ability to remove bubbles. The microfiber felt maintains a maximum current density of 25 000 mA cm−2 over 100 h without degradation, which corresponds to a hydrogen production rate 12.5‐ and 50‐times greater than conventional proton‐exchange membrane and alkaline electrolyzers, respectively.
Risk‐based, response‐adapted therapy for early‐stage extranodal nasal‐type NK/T‐cell lymphoma in the modern chemotherapy era: A China Lymphoma Collaborative Group study
Authors: Qi Shu‐Nan , Yang Yong , Zhang Yu‐Jing , Huang Hui‐Qiang , Wang Ying , He Xia , Zhang Li‐Ling , Wu Gang , Qu Bao‐Lin , Qian Li‐Ting , Hou Xiao‐Rong , Zhang Fu‐Quan , Qiao Xue‐Ying , Wang Hua , Li Gao‐Feng , Zhu Yuan , Cao Jian‐Zhong , Wu Jun‐Xin , Wu Tao , Zhu Su‐Yu , Shi Mei , Xu Li‐Ming , Yuan Zhi‐Yong , Su Hang , Song Yu‐Qin , Zhu Jun , Hu Chen , Li Ye‐Xiong
Published: May 2020

We aimed to determine the survival benefits of chemotherapy (CT) added to radiotherapy (RT) in different risk groups of patients with early‐stage extranodal nasal‐type NK/T‐cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and to investigate the risk of postponing RT based on induction CT responses. A total of 1360 patients who received RT with or without new‐regimen CT from 20 institutions were retrospectively reviewed. The patients had received RT alone, RT followed by CT (RT + CT), or CT followed by RT (CT + RT). The patients were stratified into different risk groups using the nomogram‐revised risk index (NRI). A comparative study was performed using propensity score‐matched (PSM) analysis. Adding new‐regimen CT to RT (vs RT alone) significantly improved overall survival (OS, 73.2% vs 60.9%, P < .001) and progression‐free survival (PFS, 63.5% vs 54.2%, P < .001) for intermediate‐risk/high‐risk patients, but not for low‐risk patients. For intermediate‐risk/high‐risk patients, RT + CT and CT + RT resulted in non‐significantly different OS (77.7% vs 72.4%; P = .290) and PFS (67.1% vs 63.1%; P = .592). For patients with complete response (CR) after induction CT, initiation of RT within or beyond three cycles of CT resulted in similar OS (78.2% vs 81.7%, P = .915) and PFS (68.2% vs 69.9%, P = .519). For patients without CR, early RT resulted in better PFS (63.4% vs 47.6%, P = .019) than late RT. Risk‐based, response‐adapted therapy involving early RT combined with CT is a viable, effective strategy for intermediate‐risk/high‐risk early‐stage patients with ENKTCL in the modern treatment era.
Patient‐reported outcomes in sickle cell disease and association with clinical and psychosocial factors: Report from the sickle cell disease implementation consortium
Authors: Knisely Mitchell R. , Pugh Norma , Kroner Barbara , Masese Rita , Gordeuk Victor , King Allison A. , Smith Sharon M. , Gurney James G. , Adams Robert , Wun Ted , Snyder Angela , Glassberg Jeffrey , Shah Nirmish , Treadwell Marsha ,   Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium
Published: May 2020

Understanding patient experiences, quality of life, and treatment needs in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) is essential in promoting health and well‐being. We used measures from the Adult Sickle Cell Quality of Life Measurement Information System (ASCQ‐Me), Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (NeuroQol) to evaluate pain impact, sleep impact, social functioning, depressive symptoms, tiredness, and cognitive function (collectively, patient reported outcomes [PROs]) and to identify associated demographic and clinical characteristics. Participants (n = 2201) between 18 and 45 years were recruited through the eight Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC) sites. In multivariate models, PROs were significantly associated with one another. Pain impact was associated with age, education, employment, time since last pain attack, hydroxyurea use, opioid use, sleep impact, social functioning, and cognitive function (F = 88.74, P < .0001). Sleep impact was associated with household income, opioid use, pain impact, social functioning, depressive symptoms, and tiredness (F = 101.40, P < .0001). Social functioning was associated with employment, pain attacks in the past year, autoimmune/inflammatory comorbidities, pain impact, sleep impact, depressive symptoms, tiredness, and cognitive function (F = 121.73, P < .0001). Depressive symptoms were associated with sex, sleep impact, social functioning, tiredness, and cognitive function (F = 239.51, P < .0001). Tiredness was associated with sex, education, sleep impact, social functioning, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function (F = 129.13, P < .0001). These findings reflect the baseline PRO assessments among SCDIC registry participants. Further research is needed to better understand these outcomes and new targets for interventions to improve quality of life and function in people with SCD.
The burden of chronic disease, multimorbidity, and polypharmacy in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Carfì Angelo , Romano Allegra , Zaccaria Giulia , Villani Emanuele Rocco , Manes Gravina Ester , Vetrano Davide Liborio , Bernabei Roberto , Onder Graziano
Published: May 2020

Data on clinical characteristics of adults with Down syndrome (DS) are limited and the clinical phenotype of these persons is poorly described. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of chronic diseases and pattern of medication use in a population of adults with DS. Participants were 421 community dwelling adults with DS, aged 18 years or older. Individuals were assessed through a standardized clinical protocol. Multimorbidity was defined as the occurrence of two or more chronic conditions and polypharmacy as the concomitant use of five or more medications. The mean age of study participants was 38.3 ± 12.8 years and 214 (51%) were women. Three hundred and seventy‐four participants (88.8%) presented with multimorbidity. The most prevalent condition was visual impairment (72.9%), followed by thyroid disease (50.1%) and hearing impairment (26.8%). Chronic diseases were more prevalent among participants aged >40 years. The mean number of medications used was 2.09 and polypharmacy was observed in 10.5% of the study sample. Psychotropic medications were used by a mean of 0.7 individuals of the total sample. The high prevalence of multimorbidity and the common use of multiple medications contributes to a high level of clinical complexity, which appears to be similar to the degree of complexity of the older non‐trisomic population. A comprehensive and holistic approach, commonly adopted in geriatric medicine, may provide the most appropriate care to persons with DS as they grow into adulthood.
Current survey of early childhood intervention services in infants and young children with sex chromosome aneuploidies
Authors: Thompson Talia , Howell Susan , Davis Shanlee , Wilson Rebecca , Janusz Jennifer , Boada Richard , Pyle Laura , Tartaglia Nicole
Published: May 2020

Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are the most commonly occurring aneuploidies in children with a collective prevalence rate of 1 in 500 live births. Prior research has documented SCAs are associated with an increased risk for early expressive language and gross motor delays, learning disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, and executive function problems. Although SCAs have been historically underdiagnosed in young children, recent advances in noninvasive prenatal testing have resulted in an increasing nationwide cohort of infants with confirmed diagnoses. Consequently, early childhood support systems must prepare for an influx of children with known risks for associated developmental delays and potential school problems. This national survey aimed to update our understanding of current early childhood intervention services for young children with SCA in the United States and to describe parent perspectives and priorities. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and logistic regression models controlling for parent education revealed a majority of respondents reported receiving public early childhood intervention services with speech therapy as the most common service. There were significant differences in early childhood intervention services by timing of diagnosis (prenatal vs. postnatal), number of sex chromosomes (trisomy vs. tetra/pentasomy), and geographic location. Parents described interventions as desirable and effective yet also difficult to obtain due to issues with the SCA phenotype, lack of provider knowledge, and challenges navigating the intervention systems. Results support the need for enhanced provider training in SCAs, policy change for early childhood intervention qualification criteria for SCA conditions, and collaboration between medical and early childhood settings.
Reassessment of the TM 1517 odonto‐postcranial assemblage from Kromdraai B, South Africa, and the maturational pattern of Paranthropus robustus
Authors: Cazenave Marine , Dean Christopher , Zanolli Clément , Oettlé Anna C. , Hoffman Jakobus , Tawane Mirriam , Thackeray Francis , Macchiarelli Roberto
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The Pleistocene taxon Paranthropus robustus was established in 1938 following the discovery at Kromdraai B, South Africa, of the partial cranium TM 1517a and associated mandible TM 1517b. Shortly thereafter, a distal humerus (TM 1517g), a proximal ulna (TM 1517e), and a distal hallucial phalanx (TM 1517k) were collected nearby at the site, and were considered to be associated with the holotype. TM 1517a‐b represents an immature individual; however, no analysis of the potentially associated postcranial elements has investigated the presence of any endostructural remnant of recent epiphyseal closure. This study aims at tentatively detecting such traces in the three postcranial specimens from Kromdraai B.

Materials and Methods

By using μXCT techniques, we assessed the developmental stage of the TM 1517b's C‐M3 roots and investigated the inner structure of TM 1517g, TM 1517e, and TM 1517k.

Results

The M2 shows incompletely closed root apices and the M3 a half‐completed root formation stage. The distal humerus was likely completely fused, while the proximal ulna and the distal hallucial phalanx preserve endosteal traces of the diaphyseo‐epiphyseal fusion process.

Discussion

In the hominin fossil record, there are few unambiguously associated craniodental and postcranial remains sampling immature individuals, an essential condition for assessing the taxon‐specific maturational patterns. Our findings corroborate the original association of the craniodental and postcranial remains representing the P. robustus type specimen. As with other Plio‐Pleistocene hominins, the odonto‐postcranial maturational pattern of TM 1517 more closely fits an African great ape rather than the extant human pattern.
Layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly of collagen and chitosan biomolecules on polyurethane films
Authors: Bahrami Narges , Nouri Khorasani Saied , Mahdavi Hamid , Khalili Shahla
Published: May 2020

Polyurethane (PU) films used in wound dressing applications often have appropriate properties. Still, surface modification is necessary to increase the biocompatibility. In this research, the surface of the PU films was modified with collagen and chitosan biomolecules through layer by layer (LbL) self‐assembly process. The PU films were synthesized from castor oil and hexamethylene diisocyanate. Then, they were treated with low‐pressure nitrogen plasma to graft with poly(acrylic acid). Before performing the LbL process, the surfaces of the PU films were modified using three different reagents, including (A) NaOH solution, (B) EDC/NHS solution, or (C) hexamethylene diamine. Then, the collagen and chitosan deposited in three and five layers on the surface. The images of FESEM, confocal microscopy, and AFM showed that the best performance of the LbL deposition process was after the surface modification with hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). The MTT assay showed that the presence of these biomolecules had boosted the proliferation of fibroblast cells. Increasing the number of the deposited layer from three to five, decreased the cell viability and antibacterial activity of the films. The obtained results propose the modification with HMDA and the deposition of three layers of collagen and chitosan on the PU films to improve its biocompatibility.
Hyaluronan Degradation Promotes Cancer via Hippo‐YAP Signaling: An Intervention Point for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ooki Takuya , Hatakeyama Masanori
Published: May 2020

High‐molecular‐weight hyaluronan acts as a ligand of the tumor‐suppressive Hippo signal, whereas degradation of hyaluronan from a high‐molecular‐weight form to a low‐molecular‐weight forms by hyaluronidase 2 inhibits Hippo signal activation and thereby activates the pro‐oncogenic transcriptional coactivator yes‐associated protein (YAP), which creates a cancer‐predisposing microenvironment and drives neoplastic transformation of cells through both cell‐autonomous and non‐cell‐autonomous mechanisms. In fact, accumulation of low‐molecular‐weight hyaluronan in tissue stroma is observed in many types of cancers. Since inhibition of YAP activity suppresses tumor growth in vivo, pharmacological intervention of the Hippo‐YAP signal is an attractive approach for future drug development. In this review, pharmacological intervention of excessive hyaluronan degradation as a novel approach for inhibition of the Hippo‐YAP signal is also discussed. Development of hyaluronidase inhibitors may provide novel therapeutic strategies for human malignant tumors.
Testing against umbrella or tree orderings for binomial proportions with an adaptation of an insect resistance case
Authors: Franco‐Pereira A. M. , Nakas C. T. , Athanassiou C. G. , Pardo M. C.
Published: May 2020

Alternative hypotheses for order restrictions, such as umbrella or inverse umbrella (a.k.a tree) orderings, have been studied extensively in the literature, although less so when the studied response for each individual is the presence or absence of the event of interest. Two families of test statistics for solving the problem of testing against an umbrella or a tree ordering when the responses are binomial proportions are studied in this work and their asymptotic distributions are derived. A simulation study is conducted to compare the empirical power of some members of the derived families of test statistics with competing approaches. The methodology developed here was driven by an applied problem arising in stored products research where despite universal mortality in the case of doses of 1000 ppm of the insecticide phosphine, unexpected survival was noted at higher doses.
Anticancer targets and mechanisms of calycosin to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Liu Fangxian , Pan Qijin , Wang Liangliang , Yi Shijiang , Liu Peng , Huang Wenjun
Published: May 2020

Calycosin is a naturally occurring phytoestrogen, and it has the anti‐nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) action played by calycosin. However, the elaborate mechanisms of calycosin treating NPC remain to be unrevealed. In current report, a promising tool of network pharmacology method was used to uncover the anti‐NPC targets and therapeutic mechanisms played by calycosin. Furthermore, were conducted to validate the bioinformatic findings in human and preclinical studies. As results, the bioinformatic findings showed the core anti‐NPC targets played by calycosin included tumor protein p53 (TP53), mitogen‐activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), caspase 8 (CASP8), mitogen‐activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), caspase 3 (CASP3), receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), proto‐oncogene c (JUN), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). Concurrently, the top 20 biological processes and top 20 pharmacological pathways of calycosin treating NPC were identified and illustrated. In clinical data, NPC samples showed up‐regulated expression of MAPK14, reduced TP53, and CASP8 expressions in comparison with those in non‐NPC controls. As revealed in experimental data, calycosin‐treated NPC cells resulted in reduced cell survival rate, increased cell apoptosis. In apoptosis‐specific staining, calycosin‐treated NPC cells exhibited elevated apoptotic cell number. Following the immunostaining assays, the results indicated increased TP53‐, CASP8‐positive cells, and reduced MAPK14‐positive cells in calycosin‐treated NPC cells and xenograft tumor sections. Altogether, the bioinformatic findings from network pharmacology reveal all core targets and mechanisms of calycosin treating NPC, and some of bioinformatic findings are identified using human and preclinical experiments. Notably, the screened biotargets may be potentially used to clinically treat NPC.
High‐efficient and synergetic antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel with quaternized chitosan/Ag nanoparticles prepared by one‐pot UV photochemical synthesis
Authors: Xiao Xiaolin , Zhu Yuyuan , Liao Jiexin , Wang Tao , Sun Weixiang , Tong Zhen
Published: May 2020

Hydrogel dressings have significant advantages such as absorption of tissue exudate, maintenance of proper moist environment, and promotion of cell proliferation. However, facile preparation method and high‐efficient antibacterial hydrogel dressings are still a great challenge. In this study, a facile approach to prepare antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogel dressing to accelerate healing was explored. The hydrogels consisted of quaternized chitosan and chemically cross‐linked polyacrylamide, as well as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized by chitosan. The synthesis of the hydrogels including the formation of AgNPs and polymerization of acrylamide was accomplished simultaneously under UV irradiation in 1 hour without adding initiator. The hydrogels showed favorable tensile strength of ∼100 kPa with elongation at break over 1000% and shear modulus of ∼104 Pa as well as suitable swelling ratio, which were appropriate for wound dressing. The combination of quaternized chitosan and AgNPs exhibited high‐efficient and synergetic antibacterial performance with low cytotoxicity. In vivo animal experiments showed that the hydrogel can effectively prevent wound infection and promote wound healing. This study provides a facile method to produce antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing materials.