bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role Strains and the Transition to Middle School
Authors: Fenzel L. Mickey
Published: March 2007

The present longitudinal study responds to a need for new perspectives and research tools for studying school transition stress by identifying changes in student role strains and assessing sex differences in strain changes during the transition from elementary school to a sixth-through eighth-grade middle school Findings, consistent with predictions, include (a) students did not experience more strain in the team-taught middle school program than in elementary school, (b) boys experienced more strains in elementary school than did girls but were not more bothered by the strains, and (c) boys exhibited relatively greater declines in the number and magnitude of strains during the transition to middle school than did girls. The role strain approach promises to be a useful tool for identifying strains that may affect early adolescents' adjustments to school transitions. This type of research also may help practitioners construct school environments that maximize opportunities for human development.
Family Structure and the Development of Autonomy During Adolescence
Authors: Sessa Frances M. , Steinberg Laurence
Published: March 2007

This article provides a theoretical analysis of how the normative autonomy-related transitions of adolescence are negotiated in single parent and stepfamily homes. It is proposed that the development of autonomy is different for children and adolescents in nontraditional families, and that divorce and remarriage may affect this developmental task in two ways. First, when marital change occurs during preadolescence or early adolescence, it can instigate the autonomy process by initiating changes in the parent-adolescent relationship. Second, when marital change occurs prior to adolescence, it can transform the context in which the development of autonomy unfolds, changing the nature of this psychosocial task.
On the Dialectics of Pubescence and Psychosocial Development
Authors: Adams Gerald R. , Day Tom , Dyk Patricia H. , Frede Ellen , Rogers Donna R. B.
Published: March 2007

Research on the association between pubescence and psychosocial development is expanding, but comparative development of theoretical frameworks lags behind. To expand a dialogue on the use of dialectic theory for understanding adolescent development, this article presents an overview of the basic tenets of a dialectical perspective regarding development. One conceptualization of the dialectic process and a general portrait of the dialectics of physical development and appearance are offered to demonstrate how this theoretical perspective could be used to provide structure to current knowledge regarding research on pubescence. Specific attention is given to the meaning and utility of the contrast between congruence and discordance, tranquility and tension, and constructive and destructive reconciliation. Methodological challenges are briefly discussed
An Analysis of the Functional Nature of Adolescents' Supportive Relationships
Authors: Munsch Joyce , Blyth Dale A.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 359 seventh and eighth graders completed the Social Support Functions Inventory to describe the amount of support they received in eight separate dimensions of social support from mothers, fathers, nonparental adults, and peers who helped them cope with a recent stress event. Similar levels of support were found across several of the relationship categories, suggesting that, with the exceptions of distraction and substance use, which are primarily available from peers, support functions are not highly specialized in particular relationships. Additional analyses (one that examined support from mothers and one that examined support from peers) found that the amount of support provided by a given relationship can vary considerably when that same relationship appears in different network structures. These findings suggest that the functionality of a supportive relationship should not be studied independent of the network structure in which it is embedded.
Family Emotional Expressiveness as a Predictor of Early Adolescent Social and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Bronstein Phyllis , Fitzgerald Martha , Briones Maria , Pieniadz Jean , D'Ari Adele
Published: March 2007

Parents' support of their children's emotional expressiveness was examined in relation to the children's social and psychological adjustment over a 3-year period. Nonhostile expression of emotion within the family (both observed and self-reported) appears to have provided a buffer against psychological problems over the transition to middle school and to have enhanced concurrent and long-term developmental outcomes, as evidenced by greater peer popularity, more positive self-concept for girls, and more positive social behavior in the classroom for boys. Parents' and children's levels of observed emotionality were highly intercorrelated, suggesting that parents were modeling a level of emotional expressiveness that was similar to the level they allowed or supported in their children.
On the "Invention" of Adolescence
Authors: Fasick Frank A.
Published: March 2007

The "invention" of adolescence owes much to three factors in the development of the North American urban-industrial society. They are: (a) The application of technology to improve productivity, (b) the affluence that this process generated, and (c) the accompanying demographic transition. The structural changes related to these factors that have contributed to adolescence include: (a) the rise of the biologically stable small-family system, (b) population increase, (c) movement of adolescents from the workplace to the school, (d) the dependence of adolescents on their parents, (e) the growth of commercial enterprises geared to adolescents, (f) the diversification of occupations, and (g) urbanization. This article is an exploration of ways in which each of these structural components have contributed to the "invention" of adolescence.
Psychosocial Adjustment and Self-Reported Patterns of Alcohol Use among Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Alva Sylvia Alatorre , Jones Melanie
Published: March 2007

There is growing evidence that a host of factors, commonly referred to as protective resources, can serve to mediate patterns of alcohol use commonly found in at-risk groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of two protective resources-(a) self-concept and (b) attitudes pertaining to the benefits of alcohol-to differentiate between self-reported alcohol users and nonusers in a sample of Hispanic junior high school students (N = 207). Generally, the results revealed that Hispanic adolescents with more positive self-concepts were less likely to use alcohol or to have friends who use alcohol. The number of benefits ascribed to alcohol was found to vary by grade level and to be positively linked with using alcohol or associating with peers who use alcohol. The importance of prevention and intervention programs at the junior high school level or earlier is discussed
The Relation among Financial Strain, Parenting, Parent Self-Esteem, and Adolescent Self-Esteem
Authors: Mayhew Kathryn P. , Lempers Jacques D.
Published: March 2007

In this study, it was hypothesized that mothers' and fathers' financial strain would be associated negatively with adolescent global self-esteem indirectly through mothers `and fathers `global self-esteem and the adolescents `perceptions of supportive parenting. The 198 daughters and 200 sons in this study came from intact homes in the rural Midwest, a geographic area characterized by economic uncertainty and decline. The results showed that mothers' and fathers `financial strain was related negatively to global self-esteem for mothers and fathers. For mother/daughter and father/daughter dyads, parental financial strain was related negatively and indirectly to daughters' global self-esteem through parental global self-esteem. In mother/son dyads, maternal financial strain was associated negatively with supportive parenting. In father/daughter and father/son dyads, paternal financial strain was associated negatively with supportive parenting. This lack of parental support of mothers for sons, and of fathers both for daughters and sons, was related to lower self-esteem for adolescents.
Interpersonal Relationships, Emotional Distress, and Prosocial Behavior in Middle School
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R. , McNamara Carolyn C.
Published: March 2007

Investigated in this study was the contribution of peer acceptance, perceived support from peers, and family cohesion to prosocial behavior in young adolescents. Based on theories of peer socialization, it was hypothesized that being accepted by peers would have a direct relation to prosocial behavior. In addition, emotional distress was examined as a possible mediator between adolescents’ perceptions of family and peer relationships and prosocial outcomes. In a sample of 167 sixth-grade students, hypotheses were supported in that peer acceptance was related directly to prosocial behavior and emotional distress mediated relations between perceived support from peers and prosocial behavior. Family cohesion was related negatively to distress but not to prosocial outcomes. The roles of parents and peers in promoting young adolescents’ social competence, as well as the importance of emotional well-being for positive social adjustment in middle school are discussed.
Using the Theory of Constraints’ Thinking Processes to Improve Problem-Solving Skills in Marketing
Authors: Cooper Marjorie J. , Loe Terry W.
Published: March 2007

Businesses actively seek college graduates who have problemsolving skills, and universities must equip their students with such skills. One of the greatest difficulties when solving problems is correctly identifying the core issue. This article offers instructors tools that instill problem identification and situation analysis skills in students. Eli Goldratt’s theory of constraints’ thinking processes are provided as a model along with guidelines for implementing these tools in marketing.
Relating Pedagogical Preference of Marketing Seniors and Alumni to Attitude toward the Major
Authors: Davis Richard , Misra Shekhar , van Auken Stuart
Published: March 2007

Learning styles of marketing students have changed over the years. Changes have also occurred in emphases placed by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business, universities, schools, and departments on meeting student learning needs. This study measures the pedagogical preferences of marketing seniors and alumni and relates them to a global attitude toward the marketing major. This approach may be used in any marketing program as a potential attitudinal enhancement mechanism, since key pedagogies can be identified. In turn, the motivation and learning potential of pedagogies can be evaluated. Results indicate an association between in-class activities and overall attitude toward the marketing major.
Windowed, Wired, and Webbed—Now What?
Authors: Young Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Integrating technology into teaching and learning is increasing exponentially; however, nonanecdotal evidence of its effectiveness is lacking. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, the impact of implementing a technology-rich learning environment in a marketing curriculum is investigated. A quasi-experimental approach used (1) a pre-laptop program assessment based on perceptual mapping and concept studies, (2) a treatment (laptops and pedagogy changes) assessment based on social cognitive theory, and (3) a post-laptop assessment of perceptual mapping and enrollment data. Faculty and student responses to the new laptop-based environment are provided along with a discussion based on this experience.
Teaching Portfolios: Uses and Development
Authors: Babin Laurie A. , Shaffer Teri Root , Tomas Amy Morgan
Published: March 2007

There is a trend in higher education to take teaching more seriously. Concurrent with this trend is a shift in undergraduate education from an instructional paradigm where the emphasis is on delivering instruction and transferring knowledge to a learning paradigm where the emphasis is on designing, developing, and creating a powerful learning environment. With these trends comes the dilemma of how to evaluate and improve teaching effectiveness. This has contributed to the growing popularity of the teaching portfolio. This article explores the concept and usefulness of a teaching portfolio for marketing educators. By defining a teaching portfolio, describing its uses, and providing guidelines for developing a teaching portfolio, the authors hope to encourage the implementation of teaching portfolios by marketing educators.
Conceptualization vs. Vocationalism: Defining the Role of Marketing Education in a Liberal Arts Context
Authors: Rudolph Bennett L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the reasons for the dramatic change in emphasis from a conceptual orientation to vocationalism which has occurred on many campuses during the past few years. The arguments for and against this change and the consequences of the change are examined from a social perspective. An attempt is made to delineate the proper roles for conceptual theory and vocationalism in a marketing program defined in a liberal arts context.
Improving MBA Teaching Evaluation: Insights from Critical Incident Methodology
Authors: Spivey W. Austin , Caldwell David F.
Published: March 2007

Improvement of the quality of MBA teaching requires use of evaluation instruments unique to the problems and concerns of MBA students. This study used critical incident methodology to develop and evaluate a behaviorally based system to gauge the perception of MBA students regarding teaching quality. Perceptions fell into five distinct categories: instructor's accessibility to the student; instructor's application of course material; instructor's knowledge of the subject; instructor's preparation and organization; and instructor's empathy for the student.
Industrial Marketing Education: Current Status and Future Needs
Authors: LaPlaca Peter J. , St. John Harry M.
Published: March 2007

The subject of industrial marketing education has been discussed, debated, and written about extensively over the last several decades, but there has been relatively little progress made towards making this topic a significant part of the curriculum in United States business schools. This article is intended to provide a measure of the level of industrial marketing education today, the need for improving that level, and some steps that might be taken toward accomplishing that goal.
Procurement: Academia's Stepchild
Authors: Burt David N.
Published: March 2007

There has been a continuing debate among procurement, marketing, and management educators as to the proper "intellectual home "for procurement. In the following two articles, two leading procurement educators address this issue and offer their opinions and observations.

We hope that these articles will help acquaint many of you with the tremendous changes and challenges in the field of procurement and stimulate your support for increasing emphasis on this rapidly evolving discipline.
Industry and University Initiatives and the Industrial Marketing Course
Authors: Mason J. Barry , Allaway Arthur
Published: March 2007

Industrial marketing courses suffer from lack of hands-on experiences for students. This article describes a method for implementing industry-university joint ventures which provide practical experience for students.
A Procedure Designed to Assist Students to Improve their Presentation Skills as Part of a Marketing Planning Team
Authors: Quirk Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a teaching procedure which has been used in the basic marketing course to allow students to work as part of a team to design the marketing plan for a new product or service and to present this plan orally to the class.
Job Satisfaction Level of Marketing Faculty
Authors: Weaver Pamela
Published: March 2007

A survey conducted of members of the American Marketing Association evaluated faculty job satisfaction. The study reports satisfaction levels of faculty, area of the country in which these faculty reside, and the reasons faculty have for wanting to remain at or leave their present positions.
The Marketing Research Course as Taught in U.S. Business Schools
Authors: Ganesh Gopala K.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the Marketing Research course, as taught in U.S. business schools. The results are based on responses by 229 faculty members at AACSB schools who have taught this class. The article presents, in substantial detail, the scope and depth of topics covered and the different types of assignments used. In addition, use of computer software to teach Marketing Research and availability of computer resources are discussed in substantial detail.
Broadening the Marketing Curriculum with High Technology: An Academic Response to "World-Class" Industrial Evolution
Authors: Gomes Roger , Pickett Gregory M. , Duke Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Extensive cross-disciplinary expertise needed by high technology marketers argues for increased academic exposure to science and technology. Current employer technical expectations of new graduates were explored. A curriculum is proposed to broaden marketing education to better match the needs of the high-technology business segment.
Teaching Customer Service Hands-on: A Sink-or-Swim Experience
Authors: Ruyter Ko de , Crask Millard F.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an innovative, hands-on approach to teaching customer service that was initiated at Purdue University's School of Consumer Sciences and Retailing in 1992. The course does not follow the structure of a traditional classroom setting. Instead, the customer service function from the business world is simulated for a university setting. Participants in the course are responsible for operating and managing a consumer hot line for their school so that feedback from students, faculty, and staff can be gathered. This feedback is subsequently processed with the help of a special computer program in order to obtain actionable information for university administrators. The implementation of this experimental course frequently proved to be a "sink-or-swim" (that is, problem-solving) experience. Therefore, in addition to a description of teaching method, course content, and evaluation, considerable attention is paid to the lessons learned from solving a number of unforeseen problems. These are especially relevant to marketing educators.
Integrating Skills and Content Knowledge in the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Lamb Charles W. , Shipp Shannon H. , Moncrief William C.
Published: March 2007

Business schools are frequently criticized for focusing too much attention on theories and concepts and not enough attention on communication, decision making, and other skills that are at least as important to career success as content knowledge. This article presents a six-step approach that has been used successfully to integrate skills training into an undergraduate marketing curriculum. The process is general and appropriate for other faculty groups considering systematic integration of skills training into their curricula.
Faculty Perceptions of Marketing Journals
Authors: Hult G. Tomas M. , Neese William T. , Bashaw R. Edward
Published: March 2007

The qualitative assessment of scholarly journals plays an important role in promotion and tenure decisions, recognition, scholarly dialogue, and the contribution to the knowledge base of marketing. To aid marketing faculty and administrators in this assessment, the latest perceptions among marketing faculty regarding the relative hierarchical positioning of scholarly marketing journals are reviewed. Besides the overall ranking, the study segments journals along two dimensions: AACSB- / non-AASCB-accredited institutions (American Assembly of College Schools of Business) and marketing doctorate- / non-doctorate-granting institutions. The results of this study can be used by various marketing faculty constituencies to aid in evaluating publication importance via their selected reference groups.
A Cross-National Investigation of Student Attitudes toward Personal Selling: Implications for Marketing Education
Authors: Lysonski Steven , Durvasula Srinivas
Published: March 2007

Recruiting future salespeople from the ranks of university undergraduates has become a major goal of many businesses. Until recently, however, students have not viewed a career in personal selling favorably. This article reports a multicultural study that examines the thoughts of students in New Zealand, Singapore, India, and the United States regarding personal selling. The results indicate variation among the countries but more similarities than differences in the thoughts associated with personal selling. The article concludes with implications for marketing educators.
The Ethics of Publisher Incentives in the Marketing Textbook Selection Decision
Authors: Smith Kenneth J. , Muller H. Reed
Published: March 2007

This study examines marketing textbook selection practices as well as the relative importance of designated textbook selection criteria to 235 randomly selected marketing educators from Hasselback's 1996-97 Marketing Faculty Directory. It also investigates whether marketing textbook publishers have been adhering to the Association of American Publisher's (AAP's) Statement of Principles for College Publishing with respect to incentive offerings for textbook adoptions. There is universal agreement among faculty that student ability to comprehend text material is of paramount importance, followed by relevance, text exposition quality, timeliness, and accuracy of text and basic support material. With respect to publisher incentives, 32 respondents reported that they had been offered and 18 reportedly received an inducement from a publisher related to textbook adoption that appears to be in violation of the guidelines set forth in the AAP's Statement of Principles of College Publishing.
Public Administration in Prisons
Authors: Heim Theodore L.
Published: March 2007

Our survey of administration in areas on the frontiers of public administration has led us from churches to hospitals. Now we come to prisons. Structures of authority are obviously different in these institutions, but the administrative problems they all face have been approached, to say the least, in a rather ambiguous fashion. The reader of these three contributions will certainly notice the similarities our authors emphasize by implication. In the next issue we will turn to an area more definite and clear in its approach to administration - the military. It will be possible then to begin to notice also major discrepancies and differences in the frontiers we are surveying.
Challenge: With or Without Better Finances, Make Local Government More Responsive to Urban Problems
Authors: Miller Lawrence E.
Published: March 2007

We are introducing a new column designed especially for the practitioner of public administration. We hope to bring in it viewpoints reflecting concerns of the people facing administrative problems in their daily activities.
Top-Down Budgeting, Fiscal Stress and Budgeting Theory
Authors: Hendrick Rebecca
Published: March 2007

Recent budgeting literature argues that many governments budget in a top-down manner, especially under fiscal stress, and that incremental budgeting theory is accurate only for bottom-up budgeting procedures when resources are plentiful. However, few studies systematically compare changes under different conditions to assess their claims. This study addresses this problem by testing a model that contains both managerial and incremental indicators of behavior. The model is estimated using pooled, cross-sectional, time-series analysis under four different environmental conditions: fiscal austerity/top-down budgeting, fiscal austerity/bottom-up budgeting, fiscal prosperity/top-down budgeting and fiscal prosperity/bottom-up budgeting. The results indicate that incremental decision making may still operate under austerity and top-down budgeting, but that more detailed decision making criteria are also important under these conditions. Furthermore, agencies seem less sensitive to fiscal conditions than upper-level officials, while agencies are more sensitive to organizational procedures.
Perceptions of Public versus Private Sector Personnel and Informal Red Tape: Their Impact on Motivation
Authors: Baldwin J. Norman
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings from a survey of public and private sector managers' perceptions of the formal and informal red tape encountered in their organizations. Formal red tape is perceived to be the result of personnel procedures, whereas the informal red tape is perceived as the constraint caused by the informal influence of the media, public opinion, political parties, and public officials. The article thereby also provides a partial test of the voluminous traditional literature containing assertions that public organizations experience more red tape than private organizations and the contemporary literature containing assertions that private organizations experience equivalent or greater red tape than public organizations. Going beyond typical public-private comparisons that do not consider the consequences of sector differences, the impact of personnel and informal red tape on a significant dependent variable-worker motivation-also is explored in this article.
Key Issues in Intergovernmental Relations in the Post-Reagan Era: Implications for Change
Authors: Gage Robert W.
Published: March 2007

The author identifies key issues that were judged to be of critical importance to intergovernmental relations at the end of the Reagan administration. Judgments were made by two panels of intergovernmental experts, selected by reputational technique, as part of an exploratory study conducted at the U.S. General Accounting Office. The purpose of the research was to provide data useful for thinking about likely directions of intergovernmental change in the 1990s, thereby updating the literature on key intergovernmental issues. The results suggest that there will be limited change in the direction of a Madisonian middle ground, with some increasing importance of the intergovernmental roles of state and local governments. Given the present pattern of symbolic presidential leadership in intergovernmental relations, the narrowing of the federal grants-in-aid role in domestic affairs is expected to continue.
Performance Appraisal as an Aid in Personnel Decisions: Linkages between Techniques and Purposes in North Carolina Municipalities
Authors: Daley Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

This study surveys general factors essential to effective performance appraisal (related to the employment of performance standards and employee participation in their construction), examines specific types of appraisal systems (graphic rating scales, forced-choice, paired-comparison, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and appraisal-by-objectives), and explores system add-on options (critical incident, appraisal interview, self-appraisal, interim appraisals, and special management appraisals) that enhance the effectiveness of appraisal. These are examined vis-à-vis the purposes to which performance appraisals are put (training, reassignment, reinstatement, promotion, demotion, retention, dismissal, merit pay, and bonuses).

General performance standards, specific appraisal types, or various productivity add-ons appear to be moderately linked (with Phi-statistics measured between .2 and .4) to their employment as aids in personnel decision making. Although we must note that these associations are not themselves causal evidence, these practices are indeed designed as aids for making personnel decisions. Their introduction into municipal performance appraisal is clearly tied to a willingness among those cities to employ those appraisals as aids in making substantive personnel decisions.
Vertical Fiscal Balance and Horizontal Fiscal Diversity in the U.S. Federal System: What Might Common Shared Taxes do?
Authors: Mikesell John L.
Published: March 2007

}The American federal system shows substantial vertical fiscal balance: the level of government that spends closely corresponds to the level that raises revenue to finance that expenditure. This responsibility allows state-local governments great freedom in regard to the size of their public sectors relative to their state economic base, in how they arrange revenue structures to distribute the cost of their public programs through their economies, and in how they allocate their public budgets across service categories. This freedom results in great horizontal diversity in both expenditure and revenue choices. Revenue decisions are somewhat more diverse than expenditure allocations. If a considerably expanded federal tax sharing program were adopted, as some have proposed, vertical balance would decline somewhat and, most likely, so would the regional diversity that characterizes the American system.
Accountability in Municipalities: The Use of Internal Auditors and Audit Committees
Authors: Montondon Lucille
Published: March 2007

Through the assistance of professional internal auditors and well-designed audit committees, municipalities can run a leaner operation and monitor the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations. To be effective, professionally independent internal auditors should report their findings to an unbiased audit committee, which oversees any necessary implementations. Unfortunately, the results of this study indicate that only 11 percent of the respondents are employed in municipalities that have both internal auditors and an audit committee. Further, many existing audit committees only select external auditors and receive their final report. In such cases, utilization of the services of internal auditors and audit committees is suboptimal. Effectiveness of both can be increased by adhering to the professional standards developed by the Institute of Internal Auditors and the auditing standards developed by the federal government.
A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Bureaucratic Politics and Autonomy
Authors: Ellison Brian A.
Published: March 2007

Although many scholars recognize that bureaucracy plays a fundamental role in governing, few have systematically examined how agencies use their resources to achieve their goals. The conflicts inherent in the use of the term "bureaucratic power" to describe an agency's ability to accomplish its objectives is one reason for this deficiency. I suggest, based on the work of several scholars, that the concept of agency autonomy is a better mechanism for explaining bureaucratic behavior. In this paper, I develop a conceptual framework of bureaucratic politics and autonomy. The conceptual framework is composed of two independent variables-expertise and constituency support-plus two intervening variables-organizational vitality and leadership. I define the dependent variable, autonomy, and present indicators. Finally, I discuss each variable and propose hypotheses.
Evidence of a Marketing Periodic Literature within the American Economic Association: 1895-1936
Authors: Bussière Dave
Published: March 2007

There is ample evidence that economists participated in the development of marketing thought. There has not, however, been a comprehensive review of the early marketing periodic literature within economic journals. The objective of this article is to verify and extend the historical marketing record. Specifically, the author examines and documents the marketing periodic literature within pre-1936 publications of the American Economic Association. This study finds that marketing articles began appearing in American Economic Association publications in 1894-twenty years before Weld’s noted article on market distribution.
The Role of Codes of Conduct in the Advertising Self-Regulatory Framework
Authors: Harker Debra , Harker Michael
Published: March 2007

Advertising is the most visible element of modern marketing communication and an essential component of trading. However, when advertising does offend, mislead, or is untruthful, countries often opt for a self-regulatory approach to deal with such advertising. This article focuses on the role of codes of conduct in improving the effectiveness of advertising self-regulatory frameworks. The key findings of an Australian study, where its scheme has recently failed, are presented and discussed in this context.
The Doctrine of Invited Misuse: A Societal Response to Marketing Promotion
Authors: Timmerman Ed , Reid Brad
Published: March 2007

Although attention to product liability has been traditionally focused on the producer, the judicial gaze is being turned with greater frequency toward marketing's participation in consumer harm. Unlike recent efforts (Morgan 1982), this article takes marketing liability beyond the limits of simply misrepresentation to a "new" problem of encouraged consumer misuse of products. In particular, the doctrine of invited misuse represents a hallmark transition to the sharing of blame by those who promote products in a manner that invites product misuse.
Perceived Societal Benefit of Selected Product Classes: A Test of a Product Differentiation Framework
Authors: Leigh James H. , Murphy Patrick E. , Enis Ben M.
Published: March 2007

Products can be differentiated in many ways. Some are more socially useful than others. The purpose of the present research was to test empirically the relative positioning of selected goods and services on a product differentiation framework which uses long-term societal welfare as the benchmark. Three different samples believed to hold divergent views regarding product differentiation strategies-consumerists, Federal Trade Commission staff members, and American Marketing Association practitioners-were studied via a mail survey. Results of the analyses provided general support for the relative ranking proposed by Murphy and Enis (1974-75), although several departures from prediction also were found. Implications are drawn for managers, policy makers, and researchers for expanding the use of the framework. These implications concerning the ecological and societal effects of marketing activities are particularly important for macromarketing research.
Evolution of Ethnodominated Marketing Channels: Evidence from Oman and Sudan
Authors: Speece Mark
Published: March 2007

Ethnic domination of marketing channels is very common throughout the developing work. The phenomenon often has become closely associated with volatile political issues, such as unequal distribution of wealth or perceived foreign domination of the national economy. Ethnodomination arises when an external commercially oriented economy penetrates a subsistence agricultural economy. Historical records on Oman show in detail how such a system functioned before the era of modern economic development. A cultural boundary separates market-oriented outsiders who operate wholesale and retail firms from the subsistence farmers who are brought into the market economy as petty producers and consumers. Such trade contact starts a process of cultural assimilation.

Fieldwork and historical records from Sudan show how such systems can evolve under development. When the cultural boundary has shifted downward in the marketing channel, local people begin to acquire commercially oriented values which allow them to participate more fully in economic activities. However, actually moving into marketing channel activities requires capital, most of which is still controlled by the ethnic group dominating the channels. Modern development brings infusions of capital from outside the marketing system, and local people can begin moving into lower level channel activities easily. Once that happens, successful small retailers accumulate capital to move into wholesaling, and so on. The ethnic group which traditionally had controlled channels shifts investments from marketing into industrial production, and eventually ethnodomination of marketing will decline.
Effects of Public Policy on Marketing Channels in Transitional Economies: The Case of Poland
Authors: Cordell Victor V.
Published: March 2007

A field study in Poland assessed the effects of government actions on distribution activities in the private sector. The research showed that politically expedient decisions targeted at weakening craftsmen's cooperatives were prejudicial to small manufacturers that relied on co-ops for intermediary functions. Findings suggest that economies undergoing major transformations should view the structures of business systemically. Redirection of cooperatives' work activities is also recommended.
Informal-Underground Retailers in Less-Developed Countries: An Exploratory Research from a Marketing Point of View
Authors: Arellano Rolando
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to provide further insight into the characteristics of the activities of informal retailers, in order to reveal the existence of a marketing logic that could help to explain their growth in LDC markets. The analysis of the activities of informal retailers in Lima, Peru, suggest that most of the characteristics of this activity may be classified into three main categories: low prices, high mobility, and a very efficient use of its resources.
International Tourism: An Assessment and Overview
Authors: Belk Russell W. , Costa Janeen Arnold
Published: March 2007

Marketers typically hail tourism as an economic panacea. This article provides an assessment of international tourism, with specific emphasis on the Third World. The analysis is based on a variant of world-systems theory in which the relative power imbalance between the developed core countries and less-developed periphery countries of the world brings about the dependence and de facto exploitation of the latter We conclude with a summary of the positive and negative effects of tourism on host cultures and a call for more careful and balanced consideration of these aspects of tourism, in both planning by developing nations and tourism research by marketing academics.
Masks without Meaning: Notes on the Processes of Production, Consumption, and Exchange in the Context of First World-Third World Tourism
Authors: Jamison David J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of tourism on a coastal community in Kenya within the framework of a series of exchanges between Kenyans and tourists and among Kenyans themselves. The goal of this article is to describe and analyze the processes of demand, production, and consumption within the specific context of tourism in Kenya and to relate these processes to larger theoretical and empirical concerns relating to the nature of exchange between the developed and underdeveloped world. Ethnographic fieldwork is used to examine the experiences of a specific group of Kenyans for whom exposure to tourists is intense, knowledge of tourists required, and the impact of tourism immediate.
Some Late Nineteenth-Century Antecedents of Marketing Theory
Authors: Dixon Donald F.
Published: March 2007

Late nineteenth-century economists discussed marketing in the context of system-environment interactions. Although Alderson’s work during the mid-twentieth century was concerned with system-environment interactions in marketing, relevant earlier work in economics was overlooked. Recognition of this earlier work would have broadened the scope of mid-century marketing thought.
An Approach to Parallel Processing of Dynamic Robot Models
Authors: Vukobratović M. , Kirćanski N. , Li S.G.
Published: March 2007

A new parallel-processing scheme for robot dynamics compu tation on a multiprocessor system is described. The model to be processed is the customized numeric-symbolic dynamic model developed in our previous works (1983; 1985a, b), where each element of the dynamic model matrices is com puted by an independent procedure (subtask). This feature is very convenient for multiprocessing since the precedence relations are reduced to a minimum. The parallel-processing scheme employs the distribution of subtasks among CPUs according to a modified branch-and-bound (BB) method combined with the largest-processing-time-first (LPTF) algo rithm. Further, this method is extended to cover the parallel computation of driving torques, once the dynamic model matrices have been computed. The method is extremely effi cient. The computational time for the Stanford manipulator was reduced 5.96 times by the use of six processors; i.e., the processors were active 99.4% of time. The programs to be executed on the processors with a given manipulator are computer generated, so no human intervention is needed to handle a new robot. The data transfer between the processors is almost negligible. The method is illustrated by two exam ples.
Generalized Standard Foot Trajectory for a Quadruped Walking Vehicle
Authors: Hirose Shigeo , Kunieda Osamu
Published: March 2007

This article discusses a generalized method to produce stan dard foot trajectories for a quadruped walking vehicle having arbitrary reachable ranges and walking on uneven and in clined surfaces in random posture. The standard supporting foot trajectories are one of the most basic parameters for gait control, because the legs have to follow the trajectories as long as the irregular degree of terrain and posture conditions are maintained. The introduced method goes through the processes of (1) projection of the gait scheme on a horizontal plane, (2) definition of the effective searching areas, (3) selec tion of a crab-walking pattern between x and y types, (4) generation of the stroke contour maps, and (5) selection of the longest stroke and its existing areas. The validity of the proposed method is verified by several computer simulations.
Motion Control of a Legged Machine in the Supportless Phase of Hopping
Authors: Lapshin V.V.
Published: March 2007

The problem of providing a required orientation of a hop ping machine's body at touchdown time by changing the movement of the legs during the flight phase is investi gated.
Analysis of Motion and Internal Loading of Objects Grasped by Multiple Cooperating Manipulators
Authors: Walker Ian D. , Freeman Robert A. , Marcus Steven I.
Published: March 2007

The motion and internal loads induced on an object manipulated by two or more robotic mechanisms are con sidered. In particular, for a desired motion trajectory of the object, the question of load distribution among the arms is analyzed, with particular attention given to the internal loading of the object. A new representation of the load distribution problem is given by the introduction of a particular "nonsqueezing" pseudoinverse, which is shown to possess properties that expose the underlying structure of the problem. It is expected that by using this pseudoin verse new insight will be gained and necessary analysis simplified in a number of aspects of multiple manipulator research. A number of these aspects are detailed and illustrated using a two-armed example.
Teleoperation Performance with a Kinematically Redundant Slave Robot
Authors: Hwang Dal-Yeon , Hannaford Blake
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the effects of three methods of kinematic redun dancy resolution on teleoperation performance with a redundant slave robot in telemanipulation. First, we derive three kinematic redundancy control modes expressing different trade-offs between kinetic energy, joint usage, and joint-limit avoiding. To validate our algorithms, we perform simulations, autonomous robot tests, and teleoperation experiments. The trade-off between kinetic en ergy and joint-limit index is clearly shown in the autonomous test. For teleoperation, four tasks and seven indices are defined. A three-degrees-of freedom (DOF), pen-based master and a 5-DOF, mini-direct-drive robot are used with position-to-position control in Cartesian space. Tasks are x-, y-, and z-positioning and contact- force control giving 2-DOFkinematic redundancy in the slave robot. Overall, the inertia-weighted pseudo-inverse, proposed by Whitney in 1969, shows best performance, while the least-square mode (us ing no inertial information) shows the worst performance.
The Geometric Mechanics of Undulatory Robotic Locomotion
Authors: Ostrowski Jim , Burdick Joel
Published: March 2007

This paper uses geometric methods to study basic problems in the mechanics and control of locomotion. We consider in detail the case of "undulatory locomotion" in which net motion is generated by coupling internal shape changes with external nonholonomic con straints. Such locomotion problems have a natural geometric inter pretation as a connection on a principal fiber bundle. The properties of connections lead to simplified results for studying both dynamics and issues of controllability for locomotion systems. We demonstrate the utility of this approach using a novel "snakeboard" and a mul tisegmented serpentine robot that is modeled after Hirose's active cord mechanism.
Development and Experimental Validation of an Underwater Manipulator Hydrodynamic Model
Authors: McLain Timothy W. , Rock Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Hydrodynamic forces can be large, and hence have a significant effect on the dynamic performance of underwater manipulation sys tems. This paper investigates these forces for a cylindrical single- link arm undergoing motions that are characteristic of a robotic manipulator. Based on flow visualization, theoretical analysis, and experimental measurements, a new model is developed that describes these forces. This model differs from previous models in that the drag and added mass coefficients are state-dependentfunctions that depend on the distance traveled by the arm. A factor of four improve ment in accuracy is demonstrated over standard constant-coefficient models.
Dikin-Type Algorithms for Dextrous Grasping Force Optimization
Authors: Buss Martin , Faybusovich Leonid , Moore John B.
Published: March 2007

One of the central issues in dextrous robotic hand grasping is to balance external forces acting on the object and at the same time achieve grasp stability and minimum grasping effort. A compan ion paper shows that the nonlinear friction-force limit constraints on grasping forces are equivalent to the positive definiteness of a certain matrix subject to linear constraints. Further, compensation of the external object force is also a linear constraint on this ma trix. Consequently, the task of grasping force optimization can be formulated as a problem with semidefinite constraints.

In this paper, two versions of strictly convex cost functions, one of them self-concordant, are considered. These are twice-continuously differentiable functions that tend to infinity at the boundary of posi tive definiteness. For the general class of such cost functions, Dikin- type algorithms are presented. It is shown that the proposed algo rithms guarantee convergence to the unique solution of the semidef inite programming problem associated with dextrous grasping force optimization. Numerical examples demonstrate the simplicity of im plementation, the good numerical properties, and the optimality of the approach.
The Effects of Design Parameters on the Workspace of a Turin Parallel Robot
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco , Sorli Massimo
Published: March 2007

In this paper an investigation is carried out to determine topologi cal and design characteristics of the workspace of a Turin parallel robot named TuPaMan. We propose a procedure for the dimensional design of the device components. We mainly emphasize the motion capability of parallel robots, whose mechanical design may be scaled with respect to existing prototypes, by means of a characterization of the TuPaMan workspace. Additionally, orientation capability of the robot is evaluated through determining the workspace for a given orientation of the movable plate. The numerical results of the effects of the design parameters and the robot's workspace constraints are provided as three-dimensional plots and cross-sections of the most interesting workspaces. Finally, a parametric analysis is carried out as a function of the device size, using the overall dimensions and the area of the middle cross-section of the workspace as synthetic performance indices.