bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighted scales: American newspaper coverage of the trial of the major war criminals at Nuremberg
Authors:   , Gribben Brian
Published: February 2023

The Trial of the Major War Criminals at Nuremberg, the personalities associated with the trial, the verdicts rendered, and criticisms directed toward both those verdicts and the tribunal itself have generated a multitude of historical works. However, few historians have explored the American print media's coverage of the trial and even fewer have studied how a newspaper's disposition towards the trial reflected that publication's political ideology and influenced the newspaper's coverage of the trial itself. For this reason, it is the objective of this thesis to examine this neglected area, thus contributing to the scholarship of the first Nuremberg Trial. The newspapers chosen for assessment reflect varying degrees of ideological affiliation and are somewhat diverse geographically. Of the five publications selected, two, The Wall Street Journal and Chicago Daily Tribune, were recognized to be solid supporters of the political right. Likewise, during the period examined, the other publications, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times, were considered politically moderate to liberal in their ideology. This study examines editorials, columns (both unique to the specific publication and those syndicated nationally), and letters to the editor dedicated to the trial, in conjunction with the actual reports filed by the newspaper's correspondents and wire services. This thesis also examines the regularity of each newspaper's coverage of the trial and its selection of the information published within its pages, including a comparison with the other publications. After an intense examination of the materials listed above, this study finds that there exists a strong correlation between the political ideology associated with the individual newspapers and their disposition towards the trial, a bias that often manifested itself in the newspaper's coverage of the proceedings. As one might expect, those publications considered traditionally moderate to liberal endorsed the trial and viewed it as a positive step towards strengthening international law and establishing global security. Those newspapers often identified as being politically conservative questioned the trial's legitimacy, believing that its mechanisms were anathematic to western legal principles and infringed on national sovereignty.
Identification And Characterization Of Tri-Colored Bat Hibernaculum In Russell County, Kansas
Authors:   , Sprague Angelica
Published: February 2023

Caves are often essential during hibernation, a sensitive stage in the life cycle of bats. Caves offer more stable conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, during the changing seasons when food supply is limited, and weather is unstable. As caves in North-Central Kansas are sparse, the hibernating status of tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) is not well known. Bats are experiencing substantial population declines within the United States, caused primarily by white nose-syndrome, as well as habitat loss and degradation, and increased wind-power facilities. In the winter seasons of 2015 and 2016, I studied tri-colored bat hibernacula. A man-made “cave” in Russell County, Kansas was the focal study area of my research. The tri-colored bat was the most common species found within the mixed-species hibernaculum. I described the cave by establishing microhabitat and macrohabitat parameters, which included at roost sites and overall characteristics within the cave. I placed Hygrochron iButtons at individual roost sites to automatically record environmental data. The hibernating tri-colored bat was more often located in areas that were closer to the ceiling than the ground and that were farther from the entrance. The cave provided unlimited access to water, subsequently this variable was not significant in roost site preference. At individual locations, the tri-colored bat was almost always roosting at sites that had constant temperatures and fluctuating relative humidity. Continuing to study bat caves and roost site preference increases the understanding of bat natural history. Understanding bat behavior and how they are responding to environmental changes can be beneficial in determining potential protected habitat and to ensure the populations continued survival.
Some Practical Applications of Paper Electrophoresis.
Authors:   , McDougall William
Published: February 2023

Due to the increased interest in electrophoresis as a clinical tool for diagnosis , it seems evident that an attempt should be made to obtain equipment for use in the small hospital. The cost of commercially produced equipment prohibits the use of the electrophoretic procedure in the small hospital unless some method employing the basic theories can be found at lower cost. This paper attempts to show how a small hospital will have the essentials f or this procedure at a cost of one-tenth of the commercially produced equipment. The completed electrophoretic patterns may then be sent to a larger hospital which may have an 11 An.alytrol11 or some other densitometer for obtaining the percentage of the serum albumin and globulins. The graphs can then be interpreted and sent back to the small hospital for diagnosis. During the summer of 1956 the writer observed the equipment in use at the Naval Medical Hospital , Bethesda, Maryland. The results of the equipment there were compared to the results of this present investigation. The separation obtained at Hays corresponded so closely to that at the naval Hospital, that the results of this investigation may be considered valid. The present investigation was conducted at the St. Anthony Hospital at Hays , Kansas. It was designed to check the relative accuracy of an improvised instrument with an expensive commercial model, and to verify the use of such an instrument as a diagnostic tool.
The Effect of Copying Complex Figures on the Experience of Time Duration
Authors:   , Hansen Michael
Published: February 2023

The present study attempted to clarify the effect of copying complex figures on the experience of time duration. The subjects were 30 volunteers from psychology classes at Fort Hays Kansas State College. The task required subjects to copy complex figures of either 5, 9, or 13 interior angles during a standard interval of either 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 seconds and then reproduce an equal interval while copying different figures. The hypotheses of this study were: (1) that copying less complex figures during the standard interval would cause overestimation of the reproduced interval in which more complex figures were drawn; (2) that copying more complex figures during the standard interval would cause underestimation of the reproduced interval in which less complex figures were drawn. The results indicated that complexity as defined here did not affect the experience of time duration. Length of the standard interval did effect the duration reproduced, but this effect disappeared when the times were transformed into ratios. Thus, length of time only effected duration reproduction directly and did not interact with the other variables. The conclusions of the present study are that copying complex figures may allow subjects to use strategies that enable them to disregard the complexity of the whole figure.
Meaning in Life: Its Relation to \Will-To-Pleasure\ and Preoccupation with Death
Authors:   , Taylor Charles
Published: February 2023

This study investigated Viktor Frankl's concept of meaning in life. Meaning in life was examined in its relation to the \will-to-pleasure,\ using Crumbaugh and Maholick's Purpose in Life Test as a measure of meaning in life. The subjects were 110 male and 120 female college students. They were administered numbered copies of the PIL and asked to remove the numbers for future reference. Two weeks later, a sexual behavior questionnaire, a drug involvement questionnaire, and the Dickstein and Blatt death concern scale were administered. Only 71 males and 84 females remembered their code numbers. The results confirmed the hypotheses that: (l) subjects showing a lack of meaning in life participate in sexual behaviors to a significantly greater extent than do subjects who feel they have meaning in life, (2) subjects lacking meaning in life have a higher incidence of drug involvement than do subjects with meaning in life, and (3) subjects with a low level of meaning in life worry more about death. These results support Frankl's theory and the construct validity of the PIL. A principal components factor analysis was performed on the 230 PIL test protocols and a Varimax rotation was performed. Four factors were extracted, three of which were interpreted. The main factor, interpreted as world view, accounted for 41.6% of the variance. Factors II and III, interpreted as measuring meaning in life, accounted for 6.l% and 5.8% of the variance, respectively. Sex differences were noted on the PIL. Possible explanations for the results and future considerations were discussed.
Creative Expression in Sculpture and Ceramic Forms
Authors:   , Friesen Paul
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of metallic oxides and the process of wax resist in ceramic decoration; and the relationship of space and mass in sculpture. / The clay used for the ceramic problems was a stoneware body, except for the clay sculpture which was cast form a low fire slip. Metallic oxides were applied as stains during the green ware stage. Following the bisque firing, the ceramic pieces were glazed with a mixture of Horton’s and Matt # 3 glazes. / The use of wax resist, as a ceramic decoration, produced some very interesting results; many of which resemble those achieved in the field of graphics. To achieve these results, the design was first painted onto the clay with liquid wax. When the wax had set up, attain was applied to the entire outside surface. In the case of the vase pictured at the back of this abstract, a second application of wax was applied, covering both the first coat of wax and stain. Through this second application of wax, added design was incised into the clay and stained with another color. During the bisque firing the wax was burned out, preparing the piece for glazing. The possibilities of this method of decoration are by no means limited, and the freedom which the technique demands makes wax resist all the more fascinating. / The woods chosen for the wood sculpture are walnut and Osage orange (hedge). These were chosen for their hardness and active grain. On the walnut forms, spackle was applied to the entire surface as a filler. After sanding, a fruit wood stain was used to retain the natural color of the walnut wood. The final finish applied to all the wood sculpture was a mixture of bees wax and turpentine. / The form “Granted Petition” was the first of the wood pieces to be completed. The center of this particular piece of material was rotten and partially hollowed out; consequently, to achieve a satisfactory form, the lement of space was given a prominent role. The use of space and its relationship to mass in this form, gave new insight into the expressive quality of space. It took on not only definite shape and content, but made the form more a part of earth and light and expressive of life. Space was treated as being integral and equally as important as line, color, form and texture. / The writer in no way claims to have exhausted the possibilities of wax resist, but does feel that he has found the most gratifying technique of ceramic decoration for expressing himself in that material. With a greater use of space in sculpture, there was has been experienced a deeper appreciation for the element’s sculptural quality, and its potentiality for the expression of content.
Paleontology and Systematic Relationships of Short-Tailed Shrews (Genus Blarina)
Authors:   , Jones Cheri
Published: February 2023

Dental measurements of Pleistocene and Holocene shrews of the genus Blarina were analyzed in a multivariate assessment of evolution and paleoecology in the genus. Blarina brevicauda, or an indistinguishable precursor, apparently was the ancestral form. Two species, comparable to Holocene brevicauda and carolinensis, appeared during the Irvingtonian and were present throughout the Rancholabrean. Increasing continentality since mid-Wisconsinan time has caused further segregation of the members of the genus, with the species hylophaga appearing in the late Wisconsin. Fossils of Blarina were found in warm- moist and cool - moist faunas. The fossil record of the genus is summarized.
Enhancing the sight word vocabulary of young adult students with mental retardation using signing
Authors:   , Muck Nancy
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the study was to determine if sign language increased the rate in which students learn to read new vocabulary words. A single subject, multiple treatment research design was implemented for use with this study. All of the Saxon Phonics 1 sight words were pre-tested to develop a list of 40 words that were unknown to both participants. These forty sight vocabulary words were then randomly separated into two groups of twenty. The first group of twenty was taught using only the Saxon Phonics 1 program, while the second group of twenty was taught using sign language of the twenty words along with the Saxon Phonics program. A daily checklist was kept to determine sight word vocabulary growth. The researcher hypothesized students would demonstrate a greater increase in their sight word vocabulary when the words were taught using sign language along with their Saxon Phonics program versus when the sight words were taught using the Saxon Phonics program without signs. Results were presented in graphic form. Analysis was based upon a visual inspection of the graphs for magnitude and direction of the learning curve. Visual inspection of the graphs indicated that, while one student began with lower results using signs, eventually both students learned the sight words faster when signing was included in the teaching. The researcher also noted that the students were excited about participating during sign training and talked about how much fun it was to learn the signs for the words.
Reading Styles Preferences of Third, Fourth and Fifth Grade Students
Authors:   , Howie Aletha
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the reading styles of third, fourth, and fifth grade students. The independent variables investigated were gender, grade level, and at-risk status. The dependent variables consisted of scores from the Reading Styles Inventory- Intermediate. The sample was from an elementary school in McPherson County servicing students in the Rice County and McPherson County area around Little River and Windom. The sample consisted of 57 students in grades 3, 4, and 5, 24 females and 33 males. One composite null hypothesis was tested employing analysis of variance (general linear model) using a 2X3X3 factorial design. A total of 224 comparisons were made. Of the 224 comparisons, 96 were main effects and 128 were interactions. Of the 96 main effects, 9 were statistical significant at the .05 level. Of the 128 interactions 6 were statistically significant at the .05 level. The results of the present study appeared to support the following generalizations: 1. female students have greater preference for music while reading than males, 2. male students have a greater preference for choices in reading than females, 3. students in fourth grade have greater preference for directions than students in grade 5, 4. grade level and at-risk status of students should be interpreted concurrently for light preference while reading, 6. grade level and at-risk status of students should be interpreted concurrently for adult-motivated preference. 7. gender and at-risk status for students should be interpreted concurrently for preference in the frequency of work checked, 8. gender and grade level for students should be interpreted concurrently for preference of work checked by whom. 9. gender and at-risk status for students should be interpreted concurrently for preference of work checked by whom, and 10. the gender and grade level for students should be interpreted concurrently for mobility preference.
Relationship of Perceived Wellness and Amount of Sleep in Undergraduate College Students
Authors:   , Fletcher Janice
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of perceived wellness and amount of sleep in undergraduate students. The literature suggested that a possible relationship exists. A pilot study was conducted prior to the inquiry to examine planned investigation methods.
Ellsworth, Kansas : The History of A Frontier Town, 1854-1885
Authors:   , Choitz John
Published: February 2023

Frontier towns have developed along the same pattern. First, a lawless element ruled the locality with its threat of sudden death. Dead men, carried out with their boots on, gave mute proof to the skeptical that such threats were not idly given. Next, enterprising citizens, organizing in the dead of the night, brought some respect for decency and order by swinging one end of a rope over a projecting limb of a cottonwood tree and knotting the other end around the neck of a lawless ringleader. Then justice courts and law officers were introduced as the civilized - though many of them crude - means of establishing law and order on a more secure basis. Enforcement came with the flash of the six-shooter, and the man who could pull his pistol quickly had the respect of all men whether he .as on the side of the law or against it. Gradually, out of all this, came the time when men resorted to fistfights alone or went to law courts and lawyers to settle their differences. Ellsworth, Kansas, came through all of these stages and finally became a decent town in which a respectable citizen could hoe his backyard garden in peace and contentment.
Achievement In Spelling In The Elementary School With and Without The Use of Textbooks In The Hands of Pupils
Authors:   , Allbert Ernest
Published: February 2023

The specific problem of this thesis is to determine the relative worth of two methods of instruction in spelling, namely: (1) achievement in spelling when pupils study the spelling lesson then the words are written on the blackboard, and (2) when the spelling words are studied in the orthodoxy way – from the textbook. In so far as the writer has been able to determine there is little in the literature of education concerning experimental investigations of the relative worth of these two methods.
A Study of the School Business Manager in the State of Kansas
Authors:   , McCullough James
Published: February 2023

In light of the above, therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the status of the school business manager in Kansas in regard to the following: a. His official school title. b. His qualifications and. training. c. His major areas of responsibility. In addition, it was anticipated that a program of study might be suggested, for people entering the ranks of school business managers, which would give them a well-rounded background for the work and to recommend the college department in which particular courses outlined might logically be offered. A final purpose was to determine to what extent opportunity exists in Kansas for people who wish to earn a college degree in school business administration.
Summer Habitat of Sharp-Tailed Grouse, Pedioecetes Phasianellus (Linnaeus), in the Nebraska Sandhills
Authors:   , Walker Jerry
Published: February 2023

The summer habitat of sharp-tailed grouse was studied in the Nebraska Sandhills during the summers of 1964 and 1965 to determine the importance of physiographic exposures, climatological factors, and vegetation to sharp- tailed grouse habitat preferences. Vegetation samples were taken where sharp- tailed grouse were observed and in areas of uniform vegetation on certain physiographic exposures. Climatological data were obtained from four stations during the summer of /1965. Sharp-tailed grouse appear to select habitat types in the Sandhills that are most like their northern habitats. Displaying sharp- tailed grouse prefer open areas on relatively level ground; nesting sharp-tailed grouse pick rough topography with an abundance of previous years' vegetation; brooding sharp-tailed grouse select level or gentle terrain; and loafing sharp-tailed grouse choose steep slopes with half-shrubs in abundance. This study is of value for formulating management plans concerning this upland game bird in an area of moderate sharp-tailed grouse population density.
Unique Content in Painting
Authors:   , Holzrichter Elmer
Published: February 2023

Why and how a painting is created are questions which have received much contemplation and a variety of reasonable answers. To reduce the answers to these questions to formulas would make painting a mere craft to be mastered and strip the creative act of the mysteries which make it a lifetime challenge. It is the purpose of the writer to review his experience in painting and to make a statement of what he believes to be important with regard to the content of the paintings which make up this thesis.
Small Mammals of Ford County, Kansas
Authors:   , Adrian Gilbert
Published: February 2023

A study of the small mammals of Ford County, Kansas was made between January 23, 1958, and December 30, 1958. Four principal methods were employed to study the small mammals of Ford County. Snap trapping: Seventy-four sites were selected at various sections of the county representing ever type of available habitat. Areas were selected for trapping on the basis of: (1) plant communities, (2) soil types and (3) areas which were relatively undisturbed, except in the case of farm land. Trap lines were established across the selected areas, with 30 clusters of three traps at 50 foot intervals. Two regular mouse traps and one museum special trap were set in each cluster, and placed in the best possible position to catch the small mammals. Traps were baited with a rolled oats-peanut butter paste and were maintained at each site for three consecutive nights. Traps were run early each morning, the specimens removed, weighed, measured and stomach contents removed. A total of 17,280 trap nights gave a catch of 2,288 specimens representing 13 species. Road kills: Road-killed specimens were collected whenever possible. The animals were weighed, measured, and stomach contents removed. Observation: Observations were made whenever possible and the actions and behavior of small mammals in their natural habitats were recorded. Scat and pellet analyses: Scat, pellets and fecal pellets were collected in the field and analyzed in the laboratory to determine the food habits and predators of several mammals. Remains of small mammals found in the scat and pellets were identified. Food habits of the small mammals were determined, from an analysis of stomach contents, fecal material and from the literature.
Relationship Between Food Intake and Expression of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Messenger RNA in Channel Catfish
Authors:   , Abernathy Oaklee
Published: February 2023

Food intake regulation is a complex neural process that involves the coordination of multiple mechanisms. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is a neural nutrient sensor that aids in regulating satiety in mammals. Compared to mammals, little is known about function and regulation of OGT expression in fish. It was hypothesized changes in food intake are associated with changes in OGT expression in channel catfish. The objectives of this study were to examine tissue distribution of OGT mRNA and determine the possible relationship between food intake and OGT mRNA in channel catfish. Screening of the catfish genome database yielded four highly homologous transcript variants. The predicted amino acid sequence of channel catfish OGT variants was highly homologous ( > 90%) to those of other fish and mammals. Expression of OGT was detected in many tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle, but was most readily detectable in the brain. Prolonged fasting, as well as fasting followed by refeeding, decreased expression of total OGT in the brain. In contrast, prolonged fasting increased expression of total OGT in the liver, and refeeding fish after fasting restored total OGT expression in the liver to a level similar to that of fish that received food daily. Additionally, a correlation between increased feeding and increased expression of total OGT was observed in the brain of channel catfish. Compared to total OGT, expression of OGT variant X1 and X3 was not affected by changes in food intake. These results suggest that OGT expression appears to be influenced by the nutritional status of channel catfish. The results of this study also indicate that changes in OGT expression are not associated with the expression of OGT variant X1 and X3.
A Further Validation of Role Therapy
Authors:   , Robinson Alexander
Published: February 2023

This study has been planned as a means of throwing more light on certain psychotherapeutic techniques and methods in order that a more valuable, direct, and understandable method of treating neurotic patients may some day be worked out. The specific problem is to understand and recognize more clearly various actions in Edwards and Kelly's (5) \Role Therapy” to learn what in the therapy benefited the patient, and discover how and to what kind of disorders it might be most effectively applied. This paper is an attempt to help explain, criticize, and continue with the problem, as described and studied by its authors in 1940 . The present study is attempting to prove no hypothesis or theories. Rather it is exploratory in nature. Edwards has already shown that her method was helpful as an economical treatment for some disorders. This investigation is only an application of her methods to cases and, through seeing what they do or do not do, work out certain improvements or modifications whereby her techniques may be refined and validated.
Isolation and Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria from Human Gallbladders and Miscellaneous Specimens
Authors:   , Ruder Carla
Published: February 2023

A protocol was developed to isolate and identify anaerobic bacteria from surgical specimens. This scheme incorporated specialized media, biochemical tests, a miniaturized biochemical differentiation system, gas liquid chromatography, and the use of a flexible anaerobic glove box. Twenty-five specimens of gallbladder bile were cultured for anaerobes and aerobes. Eleven specimens (44%) were positive, eight (32%) contained at least one anaerobe, and five (20%) grew anaerobes only. Of the 13 anaerobic isolates, Clostridium spp. were most frequently recovered (61.5%). Fourteen miscellaneous surgical specimens also were cultured for anaerobes and aerobes. All 14 specimens were positive, nine (64.3%) grew anaerobes, and three (21.4%) contained anaerobes only. Bacteroides spp. were the most commonly recovered anaerobes (32.1%) from the 28 anaerobic isolates. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the protocol used for the isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria.
Malaria
Authors:   , Jury Theodore
Published: February 2023

The purposes of this study were to show in abbreviated form the progress of knowledge of malaria from the earliest records to the present; to show, through description of the disease, its importance as a world medical problem.
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Styrenes and Related Compounds
Authors:   , Holstein Alfred
Published: February 2023

This study is a survey of the effects on the chemical shift of the olefinic protons of cinnamic acids and some other styrenes when various substituents are present. Cinnamic acids were chosen as the model compounds because they are easily synthesized, handled, and purified. Compared to many of the other olefinic compounds, they give simple and uncomplicated spectra. They also provide applications of many of the basic principles that regulate the chemical shift. All of the types of shielding are found in these compounds, caused either by the ring or the substituents on the ring. Effects of stereochemistry can be seen on the ortho substituted compounds, such as in the ciscinnamic acids.
The Academic Engagement and Social Skills Behaviors of Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities Within Resource, Inclusion, and General Education Classroom Settings
Authors:   , Linenberger Jessica
Published: February 2023

The primary purpose or the current study was to explore the academic engagement and social functioning that was exhibited by students with learning disabilities (LD) when instructed in the resource room and in regular education with and without the provision of special services. Four male fourth grade students with LD were observed in their naturalistic instructional settings. For comparison purposes two male fourth grade students without an exceptionality were randomly selected from the general education population. Observations were conducted using the Ecobehavioral Assessment Systems Software (EBASS) for recording academic responding (AR) and a manually completed data sheet for coding social interactions. Students were observed for eight days du ring a three week period. Each observation day, the students were observed for 10 minutes in their respective educational settings. Results indicated that academic responding was the highest in resource rooms followed by inclusive and then general education settings. The highest number or social interactions occurred in the resource room. Implications of the current study and recommendations for future research arc discussed.
Radioactive Properties of The Subterranean Waters of Ellis County, Kansas.
Authors:   , Lippert Verne
Published: February 2023

Soon after the discovery of Becquerel rays in 1896, tests were made on ordinary matter to see if all matter were radioactive. Although there is evidence to show that all matter is radioactive, to a degree and under certain conditions, it has been found that the greater part of the observable effect is due to traces of radioactive material permeating all matter in general. Thus, radium and its products being the most active of radioactive substances, the surface of the earth is covered with traces of these radioactive substances but the amount varies from place to place. Moreover, determinations of radioactivity have been made in relatively few localities. Besides the scientific interest pertaining to radium and its products, there is another, the therapeutical interest. It has been found that the noted European and American springs and baths show an unusual amount of radioactivity. Hence, the theory has been advanced that the curative properties of these springs are due to the radioactivity of the water. Since little work has been carried out on in this part of the country on the radioactive properties of subterranean waters, the following problem was thought worthy of consideration: To determine the radioactive properties of the subterranean waters of Ellis County, Kansas; to determine the relation between these properties and depth, if nay; to determine the half-life period of emanation; and, to determine the relation between the natural leak and the relative humidity, if any.
Anatomy, Biostratigraphy, Paleoecology, and Systematics of Ectenosaurus Clidastoides (Squamata, Mosasauridae
Authors:   , Valerio Kyle
Published: February 2023

Current data regarding the anatomy, biostratigrahpy, ecology, and phylogeny of the basal plioplatecarpine Ectenosaurus clidastoides (FHSM VP-401), the most complete specimen available, is reviewed. The most noticeable autapomorphies of this species include an elongated snout, a long frontal bone, a quadrate with fused processes and high tympanic crest, vertically-ridged teeth, and a set of seven carpal bones. VP-401 is designated the neotype for E. clidastoides due to the loss the holotype skeleton. E. clidastoides was most likely a piscivore due its small teeth with unserrated carinae, variable angles of curvature, pointed tips, and slender to robust shape. Ectenosuarus relied on ambush tactics and maneuverability to capture its prey because of the slow speeds its body generated. Prey was swallowed whole using a highly kinetic skull. E. clidastoides inhabited a part of the Western Interior Sea between the end of the Coniacian and the earliest Campanian. Fauna contemporaneous with E. clidastoides consisted mostly of inoceramid bivalves and a large variety of osteihthyans, in addition to small variety of other invertebrates and reptiles, and one bird.
Flowering Dynamics and Biomass Allocation in Yucca Glauca Nutt
Authors:   , Hampton Colleen
Published: February 2023

A four-year study from 1980 through 1983 assessed the population dynamics, flowering dynamics, and biomass allocation in a population of Yucca glauca. The number of plants that flowered during the four-year period ranged from 57 in 1983 to 282 in 1982, with several plants flowering in each of three consecutive years. The plants were grouped into twelve size classes and it was found that most flowering occurred in the size classes 5-7. The number of stalks, buds, flowers, and pods produced by a plant depended on the size of the plant and probably was related to stored energy reserves. From bud initiation to mature pod, there was a 91.9% average mortality rate; most mortality occurred between the flower stage and the first pod census (taken shortly after the flowers wilted). The number of flowers maturing to fruits averaged 4.5 to 11.2%. The total reproductive effort for the population, using calculations of biomass allocations to different morphological structures, was estimated to be 16%. If belowground biomass were included in the estimate, then reproductive effort deceased to 8.0%. Average reproductive effort per individual for Yucca glauca was 44.6% (aboveground biomass only) and 22.3% (aboveground + belowground biomass). Because Yucca glauca usually flowers every 2 or 3 years, the amount of energy used for sexual reproduction over the life span of the plant is further reduced.
An Analysis of Seed Production of Native Kansas Grasses During The Drought of 1939
Authors:   , Branson Lester
Published: February 2023

The present interest in the control of soil erosion and the stabilization of agriculture has initiated a great amount of research to find suitable grasses and methods for restoring grass production. The results of these investigations have shown that the native climax grasses are best suited for reseeding in arid and semi-arid regions
Identification and Characterization of the Contact Zone Between Two Species of Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina) in Southwestern Iowa and Northwestern Missouri
Authors:   , Thompson Cody
Published: February 2023

Short-tailed shrews (Blarina spp.) are characterized by divergent karyotypes and can be distinguished genetically, but they are identical morphologically and similar morphometrically. Possibly as a result of this similarity, distributions of Blarina species tend to be parapatric along well-defined contact zones. The best studies contact zone separates the northern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda) and the Elliot’s short tailed shrew (B. hylophaga) in Nebraska. However, an earlier study suggested that these species occur sympatrically where their ranges extend eastward into Iowa and Missouri. To evaluate this situation, 179 Blarina specimens were collected in southwestern Iowa and northwestern Missouri in the summers of 2004 and 2006. Total length and Karyotypes were used for field identification and to help locate the contact zone. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to verify species identification at and to investigate the extent of hybridization based on comparison with reference samples from outside the contact zone. Field identification and AFLP analysis grouped 178 of the 179 specimens into either B. brevicauda or B. hylophaga. The unidentified specimen, despite having a B. brevicauda karyotype (2n=50, FN+48), did not group with either species in the AFLP analysis. In addition, the individual had all 4 fixed loci for both species, which indicated it as a potential hybrid. This specimen was trapped with specimens of B. brevicauda and just north of B. hylophaga locality. No locality yielded both species; however, both species were found approximately 3.71 km from each other at the narrowest point. Therefore, the one possible hybrid specimen indicates a low rate of hybridization and a parapatric contact zone between the 2 species.
Influence of Season of Grazing and Intensity of Grazing on Vegetative Composition and Yields
Authors:   , Miller Samuel
Published: February 2023

Mixed prairie range sites vary in ability to produce for age for livestock consumption. One reason for the difference in variation is the degree of utilization of the ranges in past years. The purpose of the study was to determine variation in composition, cover and yields of grasses due to different intensities of grazing and season of use on two break range sites in the central Mixed Prairie. Four pastures were selected for study: a moderately summer-grazed, moderately year-long grazed, heavily winter-grazed, and heavily over-grazed summer and fall. All areas were compared to the cover, composition and yields of forbs and grasses on a nearby non-grazed area. Study areas were about the same size, well-watered and in a one-square-mile area. An accurate fifteen-year history on season of grazing and the number of cattle on each area except the heavily overgrazed pasture was available. On the basis of vigor illustrated by the decreaser forb, lead plant, the heavily grazed winter pasture supports a more vigorous type of plant life than any other area studied. The non-grazed area had the highest composition of climax species, such as big bluestem, little bluestem, side-oats grama, switch grass, and Indian grass. The heavily winter grazed pasture had a composition of climax species similar to that of the non-grazed area. But, as the intensity of grazing increased (with the exception of the heavily winter grazed pasture) composition of climax species decreased. Statistical comparisons of composition of big bluestem, little bluestem and side-oats grama showed no significant difference between the non-grazed area and the heavily winter-grazed pasture on the deep break site. However, when composition of the three grasses on the non-grazed area was compared to that of the moderately year-round grazed pasture and the heavily overgrazed pasture there was a significant decrease in the grasses with grazing at the 99 percent confidence limits. The density of forbs per square foot, and total number of species generally increased with increased grazing intensity. The number of plants generally increased as the grazing intensity increased. In general, forage production was greater in the heavily winter-grazed pasture than all others. When intensity of grazing increased on both deep and shallow break sites, total yield of forbs was higher (except on the heavily winter grazed pasture) and the total yield of mulch was lower.
Images in Formal Space
Authors:   , Gordon Cathy
Published: February 2023

“Images In Formal Space” began as an exercise in reduction. I devoted myself to reevaluating traditional spatial relationships and limiting the recession of space. Through systematic elimination of the normal techniques of three-dimensional illusion, such as linear perspective, logical spatial sequences, and eventually all modeling and shading devices, my pictorial surface was reduced to highly contrasted shapes.
The Effects of Individualized Literacy Interventions on Eighth-Grade Students’ Perceived Self-Efficacy in Content Reading and Reading Achievement
Authors: Kellogg Sara , null null , null null , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

Many middle school students struggle to reach proficiency in reading. The implications of their struggle for success in high school and beyond are far-reaching. Literacy interventions at the middle school level are vital to addressing skill deficiencies and related challenges facing adolescents in the United States. Using individualized literacy interventions featuring fluency, guided reading, word study, and academic vocabulary this study examined grade equivalencies of 41 eighth-grade students over a four-month period. Twenty of the 41 students were randomly selected and randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a) weekly one-to-one self-efficacy debriefing sessions (experimental, n=9) and (b) no debriefing sessions (control, n=10). (One student left the school district during the study.) The Self-Efficacy Formative Questionnaire was administered on a pre-test/post-test basis to the 19 randomly selected students. Results were analyzed using an independent sample t-test to determine the effectiveness of the conferencing interventions and indicated a clear, yet non-significant pattern of a sense of literacy-related selfefficacy on the part of the 9 students who received the weekly self-efficacy debriefing sessions.
The Effects of a Kansas Education Class on Students' Knowledge and Attitudes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors:   , Sager R.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of 8th, 9th, and 10th grade students pertaining to HIV/AIDS.
Studies of Increment, Height-Weight, and Moisture Content of Important Western Kansas Grasses.
Authors:   , Launchbaugh John
Published: February 2023

A logical approach to the question of how much forage is taken by livestock would be, it seems, to study first the growth habits of the important species of p:i.sture and range grasses in the areas where they are used. The purpose of this report, therefore, was to stud y the development of several species of perennial grasses in the mixed prairie of west-central Kamas from near the beginning of the grazing season until the grasses had reached maturity.
College Environmental Factors Which Determine Satisfaction of Community College Students
Authors:   , Picking Margaret
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the researcher was to investigate the satisfaction of community college students with academics, admissions and registration procedures, non-academic college atmosphere, and facilities. The sample consisted of 142 sophomore community college students. The instrument employed was the American College Testing Student Opinion Survey 2-Year College Form (ACTSOS). Seven independent variables were investigated: 1) age, 2) gender, 3) grade point average, 4) employment status, 5) enrollment status, 6) career decisiveness, and 7) place of residence. The dependent variables employed were satisfaction with academics, admissions and registration procedures, non-academic college atmosphere, facilities, and total. A status survey design with predetermined categories and post hoc groupings was employed. Five composite null hypotheses were tested employing a three-way analysis of variance. A total of 105 comparisons, plus 70 replications, were made and two were statistically significant at the .05 level. The main effect null hypothesis which was rejected pertained to gender. The results indicated that sophomore males reported greater satisfaction with academics than sophomore females. The interaction null hypothesis which was rejected pertained to gender and enrollment status for the dependent variable, facilities. This interaction indicated that full-time females reported numerically greater satisfaction with facilities than part-time females. Full-time males were numerically less satisfied than part-time males. In addition, full-time males were slightly more satisfied than full-time females and part-time males were much more satisfied than part-time females.
Power Relationships Among Personnel and Patients in Neuropsychiatric Hospitals
Authors:   , Ball Joan
Published: February 2023

In this study on power relationships in neuropsychiatric hospitals, a number of problems were investigated. These may be enumerated as follows: 1. How do five groups of professional personnel (psychiatric aide, nurse, physician, psychologist, and social worker) and one group of patients view their own group and the other five groups as to the amount of dominance present in psychiatric treatment as indicated by the power axis in Leary’s system of interpersonal diagnosis? 2. To what degree or level are these differences between the groups perceived significant? We were interested in testing the hypothesis that there will be no significant difference in the way the groups are seen as to their position on the power axis of the Leary.
The Influence of Removal Trapping on the Movements of Selected Small Mammals in West Central Kansas
Authors:   , Ittner Dwight
Published: February 2023

The minimum, exclusive boundary strip, and composite home ranges as well as the density and adjusted range length were determined for six species of mammals in the Mixed Prairie association. A portion of the population was removed and the affect [sic] of the low density center created on the remaining animals was studied. After the resident animals were removed from the center of the area, some of those animals with home ranges outside the removal area moved into it. Nine animals moved into the removal area in an apparent response to the low density and were caught. The greatest distance moved was 414 feet by a P. maniculatus and the shortest movement was 133 feet also by a P. maniculatus. Other species which moved into the removal area were R. megalotis and M. ochrogaster. A shift of home range towards the removal area was detected in three animals of three species, P. maniculatus, S. hispidus, and O. leucogaster. Movement of the home range away from the removal area was detected in two male P. maniculatus.
Genetic Analysis of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci isolated from wild songbirds
Authors:   , Ishihara Shingo
Published: February 2023

The antibiotic vancomycin was developed by Eli Lilly in the 1950s in response to the growing number of Staphylococcus aureus infections that were resistant to penicillin. Vancomycin was not widely used at the time because of its high toxicity. However, use of vancomycin in the United States has increased dramatically since the 1980s because of the emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus species. There are three known mechanisms for vancomycin resistance: 1) target site modification by van genes, 2) biofilm formation, and 3) bacterial cell wall thickening. Of these mechanisms, target site modification is the most common. In this study, we analyzed cultivable highly vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria from the saliva of migratory songbirds, which were captured at the bird banding station at Fort Hays State University in previous work. Individual bacterial isolates were identified by partial 16S rRNA sequencing. The majority of the identified bacteria were Staphylococcus succinus, with the majority being isolated from American Robin, which is commonly found in all of North America. Some of these bacteria carry vanA, vanB, and vanC genes and also have the ability to form biofilms. One of the van gene-carrying isolates is also coagulase-positive which is also considered a strong virulence factor. Given the wide range of the American Robin and ease of gene transfer between Gram-positive cocci, we postulate that these organisms could serve as a source of vancomycin resistance genes in human pathogens.