bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining the Best of Two Chelating Titans: A Hydroxypyridinone‐Decorated Macrocyclic Ligand for Efficient and Concomitant Complexation and Sensitized Luminescence of f‐Elements
Authors: Arnedo‐Sanchez Leticia , Smith Kurt F. , Deblonde Gauthier J.‐P. , Carter Korey P. , Moreau Liane M. , Rees Julian A. , Tratnjek Toni , Booth Corwin H. , Abergel Rebecca J.
Published: March 2021

An ideal chelator for f‐elements features rapid kinetics of complexation, high thermodynamic stability, and slow kinetics of dissociation. Here we present the facile synthesis of a macrocyclic ligand bearing four 1‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridinone units linked to a cyclen scaffold that rapidly forms thermodynamically stable complexes with lanthanides (Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+) and a representative late actinide (Cm3+) in aqueous media and concurrently sensitizes them. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed an increase in the Ln/An−O bond lengths following the trend Cm>Eu>Tb and EXAFS data were compatible with time‐resolved luminescence studies, which indicated one to two water molecules in the inner metal coordination sphere of Eu(III) and two water molecules for the Cm(III) complex. Spectrofluorimetric ligand competition titrations against DTPA confirmed the high thermodynamic stability of DOTHOPO complexes, with pM values between 19.9(1) and 21.9(2).
Real‐Time Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in HepG2 Cells Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer
Authors: Espinosa Jether Amos , Pohan Grace , Arkin Michelle R. , Markossian Sarine
Published: March 2021

The liver is the primary organ responsible for drug detoxification. Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of attrition during drug development and is one of the main reasons that drugs are withdrawn from the market. Hence, the prevention of DILI plays a central role in the overall drug‐discovery process. Most of the liver's energy supply comes in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is largely generated by mitochondria. This article describes the evaluation of drug‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Agilent). The described protocols detail the accurate measurement of ATP production rate in HepG2 cells after exposure to a panel of potentially toxic compounds. This assay measures changes in extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as indicators of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration—the two major energy‐generating pathways in a cell. This assay provides a useful model to predict mitochondrial dysfunction‐mediated DILI. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 25 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol: Measurement of cellular ECAR, OCR, and ATP production in live HepG2 cells

Support Protocol 1: Culturing and maintaining of HepG2 cells

Support Protocol 2: Determining optimal cell density per well
Differential expression of gibberellin‐related genes in wild type and dwarf mutant of Poa pratensis implied their roles in regulating plant height
Authors: Gan Lu , Su Haotian , Yan Mengju , Han Liebao , Yin Shuxia
Published: March 2021

Gibberellins (GA) are important hormones in the regulation of plant growth and development, especially plant dwarfism. In the present study, the leaf length and active gibberellin content of a dwarf mutant were lower than that of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) wild type, and the plant height of the dwarf mutant increased following the application of GA3. To gain insights into the GA metabolism pathway in turfgrass and the role of GA‐related genes in the dwarf phenotype, five GA‐related genes in P. pratensis, namely PpKS, PpKO, PpGA20ox1, PpGA3ox1, and PpGA2ox5, were isolated and identified. According to expression analysis, the expression levels of PpKS were lower in the dwarf mutant than in the wild type, whereas the transcript abundances of PpGA20ox1 and PpGA2ox5 were raised in dwarf mutant. Further evaluation of the expression profiles of these genes in response to GA3 showed that the studied genes were differentially regulated after exogenous treatment. Furthermore, it was found that PpGA2ox5‐overexpressing transgenic lines produced the phenotypes of dwarfism and dark green blades, whereas PpGA20ox1 overexpression in Arabidopsis had the opposite effect. Through the result of the diverse expression patterns of GA genes and functional study of PpGA2ox5 and PpGA20ox1, it is indicated that the genes involved in the metabolism of GA are important for regulating plant height and speculated that PpGA2ox5 could be the breeding target that used to cultivate dwarf varieties of Kentucky bluegrass.
Stable image matching for 3D reconstruction in outdoor
Authors: Cao Mingwei , Gao Hao , Jia Wei
Published: March 2021

Stable image matching is still a pursuit goal in the communities of computer vision and graphics because of many potential applications such as 3D reconstruction, object recognition, and visual tracking. In the case of 3D reconstruction, modern structure‐from‐motion methods depend heavily on image‐matching methods for recovering geometric models. Existing methods have tried to exploit various strategies to generate correct feature correspondences for 3D reconstruction. However, there are no efficient methods that can work well in the wild. To defend this drawback, in this paper, we design a stable image‐matching method for 3D reconstruction. The method consists of feature point detection, descriptor extraction, feature matching, and matching verification. Besides, we try to choose a stable algorithm for each module of the proposed method, in which the adopted algorithms are implemented in an optimized approach for acceleration. Finally, we conduct a systematic experiment on several benchmarking datasets to assess the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method has both high matching precision and fast speed.
RGD‐binding integrins and TGF‐β in SARS‐CoV‐2 infections – novel targets to treat COVID‐19 patients?
Authors: Carvacho Ingrid , Piesche Matthias
Published: March 2021

The new coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 is a global pandemic and a severe public health crisis. SARS‐CoV‐2 is highly contagious and shows high mortality rates, especially in elderly and patients with pre‐existing medical conditions. At the current stage, no effective drugs are available to treat these patients. In this review, we analyse the rationale of targeting RGD‐binding integrins to potentially inhibit viral cell infection and to block TGF‐β activation, which is involved in the severity of several human pathologies, including the complications of severe COVID‐19 cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the correlation between ACE2 and TGF‐β expression and the possible consequences for severe COVID‐19 infections. Finally, we list approved drugs or drugs in clinical trials for other diseases that also target the RGD‐binding integrins or TGF‐β. These drugs have already shown a good safety profile and, therefore, can be faster brought into a trial to treat COVID‐19 patients.
Tests of search image and learning in the wild: Insights from sexual conflict in damselflies
Authors: Piersanti Silvana , Salerno Gianandrea , Di Pietro Viviana , Giontella Leonardo , Rebora Manuela , Jones Albyn , Fincke Ola M.
Published: March 2021

Search image formation, a proximal mechanism to maintain genetic polymorphisms by negative frequency‐dependent selection, has rarely been tested under natural conditions. Females of many nonterritorial damselflies resemble either conspecific males or background vegetation. Mate‐searching males are assumed to form search images of the majority female type, sexually harassing it at rates higher than expected from its frequency, thus selectively favoring the less common morph. We tested this and how morph coloration and behavior influenced male perception and intersexual encounters by following marked Ischnura elegans and noting their reactions to conspecifics. Contrary to search image formation and associative learning hypotheses, although males encountered the minority, male‐like morph more often, sexual harassment and clutch size were similar for both morphs. Prior mating attempts or copula with morphs did not affect a male's subsequent reaction to them; males rarely attempted matings with immature females or males. Females mated early in the day, reducing the opportunity for males to learn their identity beforehand. Once encountered, the male‐like morph was more readily noticed by males than the alternative morph, which once noticed was more likely to receive mating attempts. Flexible behavior gave morphs considerable control over their apparency to males, influencing intersexual encounters. Results suggested a more subtle proximal mechanism than male learning maintains these color polymorphisms and call for inferences of learning to be validated by behavior of wild receivers and their signalers.
Integrated analysis of three newly sequenced fern chloroplast genomes: Genome structure and comparative analysis
Authors: Fan Ruifeng , Ma Wei , Liu Shilei , Huang Qingyang
Published: March 2021

Background

Some ferns have medicinal properties and are used in therapeutic interventions. However, the classification and phylogenetic relationships of ferns remain incompletely reported. Considering that chloroplast genomes provide ideal information for species identification and evolution, in this study, three unpublished and one published ferns were sequenced and compared with other ferns to obtain comprehensive information on their classification and evolution.

Materials and Methods

The complete chloroplast genomes of Dryopteris goeringiana (Kunze) Koidz, D. crassirhizoma Nakai, Athyrium brevifrons Nakai ex Kitagawa, and Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) Presl were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 4,000 platform. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), nucleotide diversity analysis, and RNA editing were investigated in all four species. Genome comparison and inverted repeats (IR) boundary expansion and contraction analyses were also performed. The relationships among the ferns were studied by phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genomes.

Results

The whole chloroplast genomes ranged from 148,539 to 151,341 bp in size and exhibited typical quadripartite structures. Ten highly variable loci with parsimony informative (Pi) values of > 0.02 were identified. A total of 75–108 SSRs were identified, and only six SSRs were present in all four ferns. The SSRs contained a higher number of A + T than G + C bases. C‐to‐U conversion was the most common type of RNA editing event. Genome comparison analysis revealed that single‐copy regions were more highly conserved than IR regions. IR boundary expansion and contraction varied among the four ferns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that species in the same genus tended to cluster together with and had relatively close relationships.

Conclusion

The results provide valuable information on fern chloroplast genomes that will be useful to identify and classify ferns, and study their phylogenetic relationships and evolution.
Extreme home range sizes among Eurasian lynx at the northern edge of their biogeographic range
Authors: Linnell John D.C. , Mattisson Jenny , Odden John
Published: March 2021

Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have a wide distribution across Eurasia. The northern edge of this distribution is in Norway, where they reach up to 72 degrees north. We conducted a study of lynx space use in this region from 2007 to 2013 using GPS telemetry. The home range sizes averaged 2,606 (± 438 SE) km2 for males (n = 9 ranges) and 1,456 (± 179 SE) km2 for females (n = 24 ranges). These are the largest home ranges reported for any large felid, and indeed are only matched by polar bears, arctic living wolves, and grizzly bears among all the Carnivora. The habitat occupied was almost entirely treeless alpine tundra, with home ranges only containing from 20% to 25% of forest. These data have clear implications for the spatial planning of lynx management in the far north as the current management zones are located in unsuitable habitats and are not large enough to encompass individual lynx movements.
A Novel GABABR1a Receptor Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Chitosan‐horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Zhao Xiaotong , Wei Lihui , Pang Guangchang , Xie Junbo
Published: March 2021

A novel gamma aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1a (GABABR1a) biosensor modified with double‐layer gold has been developed for the first time. In this work, the synthesized plasmid was transfected into HEK‐293T cells by liposome transfection, and the target protein GABABR1a was obtained. The horseradish peroxidase was used as a signal amplification system to produce a double‐layer gold modified GABABR1a receptor biosensor. The ligand gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), jujuboside A and baclofen were detected by the time‐current method with the biosensor. The results showed that the action regularity of GABA, jujuboside A, and baclofen on GABABR1a receptor was fitted with hyperbolic fitting (R2 was 0.9740, 0.9770 and 0.9770, respectively). The double reciprocal method was used to figure out the affinity constant (Ka) of GABA, jujuboside A, and baclofen with the receptor, i. e. 2.1016×10−15 mol/L, 1.7601×10−14 mol/L, and 1.633×10−14 mol/L, respectively, indicating that these measured compounds exhibited different action strength on the receptor. Based on the above, this study will provide a basis for drug screening and will also provide a new idea and method for investigating quantitatively the interaction between receptors and ligands in the future.
Influence of normal force in metallic sealing
Authors: Fischer Felix , Murrenhoff Hubertus , Schmitz Katharina
Published: March 2021

Metallic ball seat valves are an essential component in almost every hydraulic system in the form of check valves. Despite their wide usage in real‐life applications, the physical sealing mechanism is not yet fully understood and still debated. One promising method is the contact mechanics theory which has been developed by Persson et al. for rubber seals. It can predict the leakage of rubber seals successfully, but its application for metallic seals, where plastic deformation plays an import role, has only been developed recently and is not yet fully validated. This theory is combined with surface scans of investigated seats and simulations that are performed using the finite element method (FEM) for different geometric configurations. This combination allows an efficient calculation of the leakage of ball seat valves depending on their specific design and applied forces and pressures. In this work, the predictions by simulations according to Persson's theory are compared with experimental results. This comparison is done by analyzing the dependency of the leakage of ball seat valves in relation to applied normal forces and for different surfaces in contact. This validates the applicability of Persson's method in this field. The presented experimental method allows the measurement of the leakage of ball seat valves under realistic conditions.
A real‐world dataset and data simulation algorithm for automated fish species identification
Authors: Allken Vaneeda , Rosen Shale , Handegard Nils Olav , Malde Ketil
Published: March 2021

Developing high‐performing machine learning algorithms requires large amounts of annotated data. Manual annotation of data is labour‐intensive, and the cost and effort needed are an important obstacle to the development and deployment of automated analysis. In a previous work, we have shown that deep learning classifiers can successfully be trained on synthetic images and annotations. Here, we provide a curated set of fish image data and backgrounds, the necessary software tools to generate synthetic images and annotations, and annotated real datasets to test classifier performance. The dataset is constructed from images collected using the Deep Vision system during two surveys from 2017 and 2018 that targeted economically important pelagic species in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. We annotated a total of 1,879 images, randomly selected across trawl stations from both surveys, comprising 482 images of blue whiting, 456 images of Atlantic herring, 341 images of Atlantic mackerel, 335 images of mesopelagic fishes and 265 images containing a mixture of the four categories.
Low grade, indolent lymphomas of the head and neck: Comparative toxicity of standard versus very low dose radiation therapy
Authors: Chelius Monica , Chau Karen , Yang Joanna , Hajj Carla , Imber Brandon , Yahalom Joachim
Published: March 2021

National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend radiation therapy (RT) for localized indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (iNHL). Many referring physicians avoid RT to the head and neck (HN) due to fears of toxicity. Very low‐dose radiation (4 Gy) for select patients produces sustained local control and recently gained popularity. We compared early and late toxicities of standard 24–30 Gy to 4 Gy in patients with HN iNHL. We retrospectively analyzed 266 consecutive patients with HN iNHL receiving RT from 1994 to 2017. Patient characteristics, outcomes, and toxicities were collected from medical records. Early (≤2 months post‐RT) and late (>2 months post‐RT) toxicities were graded per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4. Grades 1–2 were defined as “low‐grade” and 3–4 “high‐grade.” Toxicity incidence was compared between 4 and >4 Gy, grouped by treated site (orbit, nonorbital head, neck, skin) and early versus late. Median follow‐up was 23 months (2–145) and 68 months (2–256) for 4Gy and >4 Gy cohorts, respectively. Median dose for the >4 Gy cohort was 30 Gy (10.5–54 Gy). Early and late toxicity incidences were lower in the 4 Gy cohort compared to >4 Gy across all RT‐sites: early toxicity, orbit, 42% versus 96%; nonorbital head, 24% versus 96%; neck, 22% versus 94%; skin, 31% versus 87%; late toxicity, orbit, 20% versus 71%; nonorbital head, 6% versus 66%; neck, 6% versus 57%; skin, 0% versus 46% (4 Gy vs. >4 Gy, respectively). Toxicities among both cohorts were largely low‐grade. High‐grade early and late toxicities did not occur in the 4 Gy cohort. There was 1 high‐grade early toxicity (Grade 3 dry mouth) and 17 high‐grade late toxicities (Grade 3 cataracts) in the >4 Gy cohort. RT to HN for iNHL is associated with minimal short‐ and long‐term toxicity and excellent local control among 4 Gy and >4 Gy treatments. In this setting, “toxicity” concerns should not deter oncologists from potentially curative RT. In select patients where toxicity remains a concern, very low dose 4 Gy could be considered.
Laparoendoscopic single‐site simple nephrectomy and reduced port procedure for inflammatory nonfunctioning kidney
Authors: Kaneko Go , Hattori Seiya , Shirotake Suguru , Kanao Kent , Hara Satoshi , Oyama Masafumi
Published: March 2021

Introduction

To describe laparoendoscopic single‐site simple nephrectomy and reduced port simple nephrectomy for inflammatory nonfunctioning kidney.

Case presentation

Case 1: a 58‐year‐old female with fever was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography demonstrated a markedly atrophic right kidney and mild hydronephrosis. Case 2: a 64‐year‐old male with a history of several intra‐abdominal surgeries visited our hospital with a complaint of left back pain and fever. Computed tomography demonstrated left marked hydronephrosis, thinning of renal parenchyma, and duplicated inferior vena cava. After antibiotic treatment, transperitoneal reduced port simple nephrectomy and retroperitoneal laparoendoscopic single‐site simple nephrectomy were performed in Case 1 and 2, respectively, because the function of the affected kidney was almost lost on renography. Although adhesion was slightly noted around the renal hilum in Case 1, neither conversion to laparotomy nor placement of additional ports was needed.

Conclusion

Laparoendoscopic single‐site simple nephrectomy and reduced port simple nephrectomy for inflammatory nonfunctioning kidney may be options for experienced laparoscopic surgeons.
ALG13 X‐linked intellectual disability: New variants, glycosylation analysis, and expanded phenotypes
Authors: Alsharhan Hind , He Miao , Edmondson Andrew C. , Daniel Earnest J. P. , Chen Jie , Donald Tyhiesia , Bakhtiari Somayeh , Amor David J. , Jones Elizabeth A. , Vassallo Grace , Vincent Marie , Cogné Benjamin , Deb Wallid , Werners Arend H. , Jin Sheng C. , Bilguvar Kaya , Christodoulou John , Webster Richard I. , Yearwood Katherine R. , Ng Bobby G. , Freeze Hudson H. , Kruer Michael C. , Li Dong , Raymond Kimiyo M. , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Sobering Andrew K.
Published: March 2021

Pathogenic variants in ALG13 (ALG13 UDP‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit) cause an X‐linked congenital disorder of glycosylation (ALG13‐CDG) where individuals have variable clinical phenotypes that include developmental delay, intellectual disability, infantile spasms, and epileptic encephalopathy. Girls with a recurrent de novo c.3013C>T; p.(Asn107Ser) variant have normal transferrin glycosylation. Using a highly sensitive, semi‐quantitative flow injection‐electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QTOF/MS) N‐glycan assay, we report subtle abnormalities in N‐glycans that normally account for <0.3% of the total plasma glycans that may increase up to 0.5% in females with the p.(Asn107Ser) variant. Among our 11 unrelated ALG13‐CDG individuals, one male had abnormal serum transferrin glycosylation. We describe seven previously unreported subjects including three novel variants in ALG13 and report a milder neurodevelopmental course. We also summarize the molecular, biochemical, and clinical data for the 53 previously reported ALG13‐CDG individuals. We provide evidence that ALG13 pathogenic variants may mildly alter N‐linked protein glycosylation in both female and male subjects, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.
Combined use of creatinine and cystatin C improves the detection of renal dysfunction in children undergoing home parenteral nutrition
Authors: Matrat Lucie , Ruiz Mathias , Ecochard‐Dugelay Emmanuelle , Loras‐Duclaux Irène , Marotte Stéphanie , Heissat Sophie , Poinsot Pierre , Sellier‐Leclerc Anne‐Laure , Bacchetta Justine , Dubourg Laurence , Peretti Noël
Published: March 2021

Background

Renal dysfunction can complicate home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The aims were, in the context of pediatric HPN, to assess renal function using the measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR), determine the most accurate formula(s) to estimate GFR, and identify possible underlying mechanisms of renal impairment.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in 2 centers. Patients receiving HPN and aged 2–16 years without medical history of nephropathy were included. GFR was measured using iohexol clearance. Estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated using creatinine, cystatin C–based, and combined (eGFRcr+cyst) Schwartz formulas.

Results

A total of 36 patients (18 females) were included; they received HPN for 8 (2–16) years. The primary digestive disease was short‐bowel syndrome for 16 (44%) patients, gastrointestinal motility disorder for 10 (28%), or congenital diarrhea for 10 (28%). The median (range) mGFR was 99 (33–136) ml/min/1.73 m2; 9 (25%) patients had mildly decreased mGFR (<90 and ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2), and 2 (6%) had mildly to severely decreased mGFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2). The eGFRcr+cyst formula was the most accurate and precise to estimate GFR. A significant negative correlation between mGFR and PN duration was found for patients receiving PN for 6–7/7 days (P = .008). Activation of the renin‐angiotensin system was identified in 15 of 36 (42%) patients.

Conclusion

Renal dysfunction was frequent and correlated with the duration of PN only for patients with the most severe intestinal failure. The use of eGFRcr+cyst improves its detection in these patients. Chronic dehydration may be an underlying mechanism.
Investigation of laser‐induced grating spectroscopy of O2 for accurate temperature measurements towards applications in harsh environments
Authors: Hot Dina , Sahlberg Anna‐Lena , Alden Marcus , Li Zhongshan
Published: March 2021

We present an in‐depth investigation of laser‐induced grating spectroscopy (LIGS) for temperature measurements in practical applications using a narrow‐band dye laser with 760 nm wavelength and a pulse duration of 8 ns as the source for the pump beams creating the laser‐induced grating. The pump laser wavelength was set to be either resonant with the
transition from the
band of O2 for generation of thermal LIGS or nonresonant for generation of purely electrostrictive LIGS. Signals were generated in ambient air as well as in high‐pressure or high‐temperature dry air mixtures. Pump laser irradiances up to 11 GW/cm2 were used, which resulted in strong electrostrictive contribution to the overall LIGS signals at atmospheric pressure, with a low thermal contribution due to the weak absorption by the singlet O2
. The advantage and disadvantage of thermal or electrostrictive LIGS for temperature measurements are discussed, as well as potential applications in high‐pressure environments. Furthermore, the precision of the temperature measurement is discussed by comparing different analysis methods.
Predictors and significance of histologic response to neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer
Authors: Rajabnejad Ataollah , Vaida Florin , Valasek Mark , Razzaque Saqib , Fanta Paul , Horgan Santiago , Bouvet Michael , Lowy Andrew M. , Kelly Kaitlyn J.
Published: March 2021

Background

Perioperative therapy is the standard‐of‐care for locally‐advanced gastric cancer but many patients do not respond. There are currently no known factors that predict response to therapy.

Methods

This was a retrospective study aimed to evaluate treatment effect grade (TEG) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy and surgery at a single center. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of TEG, scaled from 0 to 3.

Results

Fifty patients were identified. The majority were male (n = 33) and 50% were Hispanic. The most common regimens given were: 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (n = 23, 46%), epirubicin, cis‐ or oxaliplatin, and 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin or Xeloda (n = 8, 16%), and 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin and oxaliplatin (n = 9, 18%). Twenty‐seven patients (55%) had complete or partial response to therapy (TEG 0–2), and 23 patients (46%) had no response (TEG 3). Of numerous variables analyzed, only race and SRC histology were associated with TEG. TEG was associated with disease free, but not disease specific survival.

Conclusions

In this cohort, 46% of patients had no histologic response to therapy. SRC histology, and possibly race, should be considered in determination of optimal multidisciplinary regimens and in amount of therapy to be given upfront, as patients with SRC histology and those of non‐Asian race are less likely to respond to standard regimens.
Hydrophilic carrageenan functionalized magnetic carbon‐based framework linked by silane coupling agent for the enrichment of N‐glycopeptides from human saliva
Authors: Jin Xueting , Zhu Canhong , Wu Jiani , Yan Yinghua , Ding Chuan‐Fan , Tang Keqi , Zhang Di
Published: March 2021

In this work, a magnetic graphene material coated with mesoporous silica was selected as the substrate, 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and polyethyleneimine were sequentially bonded through chemical reactions, and then carrageenan was successfully introduced by electrostatic interaction; finally, hydrophilic nanocomposite material was prepared. Due to the large number of hydrophilic groups, and polyethyleneimine was connected by means of chemical bonds, this material exhibits good hydrophilicity and stability for glycopeptide enrichment. In the actual enrichment process, nanomaterial exhibits high selectivity (1:500), high sensitivity (2 fmol), and good repeatability (five cycles). In addition, the synthesized material also shows a good enrichment effect in the face of actual complex biological samples, which captured 40 N‐glycopeptides from human saliva, indicating the application potential for enrichment of N‐glycopeptides.
Microglia‐derived galectin‐3 in neuroinflammation; a bittersweet ligand?
Authors: Rahimian Reza , Béland Louis‐Charles , Sato Sachiko , Kriz Jasna
Published: March 2021

Galectins are soluble β‐galactoside‐binding proteins found in all multicellular organisms. Galectins may act as danger‐associated molecular patterns in innate immunity and/or as pattern‐recognition receptors that bind to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. Among different galectin family members, galectin‐3 has been the focus of studies in neurodegenerative diseases in recent years. This lectin modulates brain innate immune responses, microglia activation patterns in physiological and pathophysiological settings in a context‐dependent manner. Galectin‐3 is considered as a pivotal tuner of macrophage and microglial activity. Indeed galectin‐3 acts as a double edged sword in neuroinflammatory context and this multimodal lectin has diverse roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Better understanding of galectin‐3 physiology (its extracellular and intracellular actions) and structure (its C terminus vs. N terminus) is instrumental to design molecules that selectively modulate galectin‐3 function toward neuroprotective phenotypes. Several experimental studies using different approaches and methods have demonstrated both protective and deleterious effects of galectin‐3 in neuroinflammatory diseases. According to the crucial role of galectin‐3 in modulation of innate immune response in brain, it is an attractive target in drug discovery of neurodegenerative diseases. The current insight attempts to provide an updated and balanced discussion on the role of galectin‐3 as a complex endogenous immune modulator. This helps to have a better insight into the development of galectin‐3 modulators with translational value in different neurological disorders including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
A fresh look at the dynamics of a flexible body application to substructuring for flexible multibody dynamics
Authors: Géradin Michel , Rixen Daniel J.
Published: March 2021

The general formulation of the dynamics of an elastic body undergoing arbitrary motion is revisited with emphasis on the orthogonality between rigid body motion and elastic deformation on the one hand, and on the appropriate definition of the relative velocities induced by elastic deformation on the other hand. A mixed displacement–velocity approach is adopted, thus allowing a local frame definition of velocities which results in simplification of the discretization and solution steps. The proposed formulation is applied to model reduction starting from a set of free‐free elastic modes and attachment modes. The Herting–Martinez component mode synthesis method is used to replace the modal intensities by a body‐frame nodal set of elastic degrees of freedom. A body‐to‐global frame transformation is then applied to the system equations in incremental form to avoid the use of Lagrange multipliers for expressing node‐to‐node connections. Examples are presented to assess the methodology proposed and its numerical implementation.
Conservation planning for people and nature in a Chilean biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Martinez‐Harms Maria Jose , Wilson Kerrie A. , Costa Micheli D. P. , Possingham Hugh P. , Gelcich Stefan , Chauvenet Alienor , Pliscoff Patricio , Marquet Pablo A. , Bryan Brett A.
Published: March 2021

The Mediterranean‐type climate region of Chile is a globally unique biodiversity hotspot but its protected area system does not adequately represent the biological diversity, nor does it provide equitable access to people.

We explored options to expand the protected area system to cost‐effectively improve the conservation of forest ecosystem types while simultaneously enhancing social accessibility to protected areas. Social accessibility is defined as the access of municipalities to cultural ecosystem services provided by protected areas which depends on distance to highly demanded protected areas and income of the municipalities.

Using systematic conservation planning methods, we identified priority areas for extending the existing protected area system that: (a) minimise land acquisition cost, (b) maximise social accessibility and (c) optimise for both cost and accessibility.

The results show that it is possible to improve social accessibility while simultaneously minimising land cost. Considering cost alone, the protected area system could be expanded to improve biodiversity conservation by 86% at the cost of $47 million USD, which would also increase the accessibility of protected areas by 12%. Accessibility can be increased by a further 18% by jointly considering cost and accessibility without compromising the cost or biodiversity performance.

New private conservation policy developed in Chile could help offset the costs of conservation through novel public–private partnerships. Our results can provide specific guidance to policymakers to strategically identify new locations for protected areas which cost‐effectively improve biodiversity conservation, while at the same time reducing inequality in social accessibility. The consideration of social access in reserve design could increase the success of protected areas as a conservation tool by bringing people closer to nature.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The impact of regulation changes in the spontaneous reporting system for vaccines on reporting trends and signal detection in Japan
Authors: Miyazaki Makoto , Sakai Takamasa , Obara Taku , Mano Nariyasu
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Spontaneous reporting constitutes one of the most fundamental and important systems for pharmacovigilance. In Japan, important regulation changes in the vaccine spontaneous reporting were implemented between 2009 and 2013; however, no studies had yet assessed the impact of the changes. The objective of this study was to assess the impact on the reporting trends in vaccine reports and on signal detection for vaccines.

Methods

For assessment of the impact on the reporting trends, we performed the joinpoint trend analysis and descriptively considered number of vaccine reports grouped by the timing of the regulation change. For assessment of the impact on signal detection, we performed signal detection using dataset during the pre or postperiod of the regulation changes, and compared their agreement rates, which was calculated with a reference set for vaccines, created by the Global Research in Paediatrics project.

Results

We retrieved 467 635 spontaneous reports, including 12 287 vaccine reports from April 2004 to March 2019. The average number of vaccine reports per year increased from 231 reports during the preperiod to 1227 during the postperiod. The joinpoint trend analysis found two joinpoints and differentiated three trends, significant increased trend of which was observed when regulations had changed. For signal detection, the agreement rate was improved when using data during the postperiod.

Conclusion

We concluded that the regulation changes increased the number of vaccine reports, and could have improved signal detection performance for vaccines by accelerating accumulation of reports, while more spontaneous reports are necessary to optimize signal detection.
Synthesis of waterborne acrylic copolymer resin as a binding agent for the development of water‐based inks in the printing application
Authors: Sharma Bhavna , Sauraj Singh , Kumar Bijender , Pandey Arun , Dutt Dharm , Negi Yuvraj Singh , Maji Pradip K. , Kulshreshtha Anurag
Published: March 2021

In this study, a new waterborne acrylic copolymer resin (acrylic‐co‐resin) was synthesized to develop water‐based printing inks on polyester (PET) film. The synthesized acrylic resin showed good water solubility, high acid value (120 mg KOH/g), about 57% solid content. The developed water‐based inks (cyan, magenta, and yellow) exhibited small particle size (<1 μm) and optimum surface energy within required values (31.5, 32, and 30 mN/m) for good adhesion of ink upon PET films. The developed inks also showed good storage stability for 30 days. Further, to evaluate the application performance, the inks were printed on corona‐treated PET films at room temperature, and the ink drying time was measured. Further, the inks were printed on the corona‐treated PET film to evaluate the application performance. The developed inks showed a short drying time (7–9 s), which indicates their fast drying nature. Moreover, the developed inks showed good printability, color strength, high adhesion, and excellent rub‐resistant properties. Thus, the overall results demonstrated the potential of water‐based inks in printing applications.
Influence of Void Configurations on Hot Spot Temperature in PBXs under Impact Loading
Authors: Liu Chun , Ou Zhuo Cheng , Duan Zhuo Ping , Huang Feng Lei
Published: March 2021

In this study, similarity analysis and mesoscale simulations were performed to investigate hot spot temperatures in triangular voids inside polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs). We found that there are two different void collapse modes, namely single and double hydrodynamic jet modes. The hot spot temperatures achieved in the double hydrodynamic jet mode are much higher than previous predictions, such as predictions based on circular voids, which agrees with recent experimental observations. Additionally, we verified that void configuration (position and shape) plays a significant role in increasing hot spot temperatures, implying that when establishing a mesoscale reaction rate model, it is insufficient to use void volume alone to characterize the impact sensitivity of PBXs. Finally, two semi‐empirical analytical expressions are proposed to represent the dependence of hot spot temperature on both the void configuration and shock intensity. The resulting theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the numerically simulated results. Such mesoscale analytical expressions can be used for establishing theoretical mesoscale hot spot ignition rate models in the future.
High‐precision measurement of phenylalanine and glutamic acid δ15N by coupling ion‐exchange chromatography and purge‐and‐trap continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Lin , Lee Wing‐man (Charlotte) , Kreider‐Mueller Ava , Kuhnel Evelyn , Baca Jesus , Ji Chongxiao , Altabet Mark
Published: March 2021

Rationale

Nitrogen isotopic compositions (δ15N) of source and trophic amino acids (AAs) are crucial tracers of N sources and trophic enrichments in diverse fields, including archeology, astrobiochemistry, ecology, oceanography, and paleo‐sciences. The current analytical technique using gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) requires derivatization, which is not compatible with some key AAs. Another approach using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐elemental analyzer‐IRMS (HPLC/EA/IRMS) may experience coelution issues with other compounds in certain types of samples, and the highly sensitive nano‐EA/IRMS instrumentations are not widely available.

Methods

We present a method for high‐precision δ15N measurements of AAs (δ15N‐AA) optimized for canonical source AA‐phenylalanine (Phe) and trophic AA‐glutamic acid (Glu). This offline approach entails purification and separation via high‐pressure ion‐exchange chromatography (IC) with automated fraction collection, the sequential chemical conversion of AA to nitrite and then to nitrous oxide (N2O), and the final determination of δ15N of the produced N2O via purge‐and‐trap continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (PT/CF/IRMS).

Results

The cross‐plots of δ15N of Glu and Phe standards (four different natural‐abundance levels) generated by this method and their accepted values have a linear regression slope of 1 and small intercepts demonstrating high accuracy. The precisions were 0.36‰–0.67‰ for Phe standards and 0.27‰–0.35‰ for Glu standards. Our method and the GC/C/IRMS approach produced equivalent δ15N values for two lab standards (McCarthy Lab AA mixture and cyanobacteria) within error. We further tested our method on a wide range of natural sample matrices and obtained reasonable results.

Conclusions

Our method provides a reliable alternative to the current methods for δ15N‐AA measurement as IC or HPLC‐based techniques that can collect underivatized AAs are widely available. Our chemical approach that converts AA to N2O can be easily implemented in laboratories currently analyzing δ15N of N2O using PT/CF/IRMS. This method will help promote the use of δ15N‐AA in important studies of N cycling and trophic ecology in a wide range of research areas.
Architectural Engineering Achieves High‐Performance Alloying Anodes for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Songtao , Feng Yuezhan , Wang Libin , Jiang Yingjun , Yu Yan , Hu Xianluo
Published: March 2021

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated to the development of high‐performance electrochemical energy storage devices. The development of lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs) with high energy densities is urgently needed to meet the growing demands for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large‐scale smart grids. Anode materials with high theoretical capacities that are based on alloying storage mechanisms are at the forefront of research geared towards high‐energy‐density LIBs or SIBs. However, they often suffer from severe pulverization and rapid capacity decay due to their huge volume change upon cycling. So far, a wide variety of advanced materials and electrode structures are developed to improve the long‐term cyclability of alloying‐type materials. This review provides fundamentals of anti‐pulverization and cutting‐edge concepts that aim to achieve high‐performance alloying anodes for LIBs/SIBs from the viewpoint of architectural engineering. The recent progress on the effective strategies of nanostructuring, incorporation of carbon, intermetallics design, and binder engineering is systematically summarized. After that, the relationship between architectural design and electrochemical performance as well as the related charge‐storage mechanisms is discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives of alloying‐type anode materials for further development in LIB/SIB applications are proposed.
Crystalline Porous Materials for Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Shi Rongchao , Han Xiao , Xu Jialiang , Bu Xian‐He
Published: March 2021

Crystalline porous materials have been extensively explored for wide applications in many fields including nonlinear optics (NLO) for frequency doubling, two‐photon absorption/emission, optical limiting effect, photoelectric conversion, and biological imaging. The structural diversity and flexibility of the crystalline porous materials such as the metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and polyoxometalates provide numerous opportunities to orderly organize the dipolar chromophores and to systemically modify the type and concentration of these dipolar chromophores in the confined spaces, which are highly desirable for NLO. Here, the recent advances in the crystalline porous NLO materials are discussed. The second‐order NLO of crystalline porous materials have been mainly devoted to the chiral and achiral structures, while the third‐order NLO crystalline porous materials have been categorized into pure organic and hybrid organic/inorganic materials. Some representative properties and applications of these crystalline porous materials in the NLO regime are highlighted. The future perspective of challenges as well as the potential research directions of crystalline porous materials have been also proposed.
Engineering All‐Purpose Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes with High N/O‐Co‐Doping Content to Bridge the Alkali‐Ion Batteries and Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Hua , Jiang Ru , Fan Chao‐Ying , Xie Dan , Li Bao , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Wu Xing‐Long
Published: March 2021

All‐purpose electrode materials (APEMs), which can be effectively available on not only alkali‐ion batteries but also emerging Li metal batteries, are urgently pursued to open up cost‐efficient tactics for practical application of energy storage systems (ESSs), but still remain challenging. Herein, the hierarchical porous carbon nanotubes network (NOPCT) with well‐tailored nanoarchitecture and high N/O‐co‐doping content (20.6 at%) is developed to present large‐span application on ESSs. As for Li/Na‐ion batteries, the NOPCT delivered excellent cycle stability and robust rate performance in a conventional ester‐based electrolyte. Moreover, NOPCT also serving as a metal Li host can effectively guide smooth and uniform Li nucleation/growth to enhance the cycle stability of hybrid Li metal anodes. In addition, the NOPCT played an important role in the sustainability of sulfur electrodes, promising the feasibility of shared NOPCT for practical Li–S batteries. First‐principle calculations demonstrate that graphitic‐N and CO function groups favor for improving electron conductivity while the pyridinic‐N and CO function group make sense for improved Li/Na adsorption and affinity through Lewis acid‐base interaction, enlightening the interplay between various doped categories on improved electrochemical performance of NOPCT. This work provides profound theoretical and experimental insight into the design and development of APEMs for advanced ESSs.
Arrayed MoS2–In0.53Ga0.47As van der Waals Heterostructure for High‐Speed and Broadband Detection from Visible to Shortwave‐Infrared Light
Authors: Geum Dae‐Myeong , Kim Suhyun , Khym JiHoon , Lim Jinha , Kim SeongKwang , Ahn Seung‐Yeop , Kim Tae Soo , Kang Kibum , Kim SangHyeon
Published: March 2021

A high‐speed and broadband 5 × 5 photodetector array based on MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction is successfully demonstrated to take full advantage of the type‐II band‐aligned multilayer MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As. The fabricated devices exhibit good uniformity in the Raman spectrum and clear rectifying characteristics. The fabricated MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As photodetectors show good optical performances at a broad wavelength range showing high responsivities corresponding to the detectivity of ≈1010 Jones at −3 V for the incident broadband light from 400 to 1550 nm. A very fast photoresponse is also obtained with a small rise/fall time in the order of microseconds both for visible (638 nm) and shortwave infrared (1310 nm). Finally, the image scanning properties of MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As devices are demonstrated for visible and infrared light, indicating that the suggested device is one of the promising options for future broadband imager, which can be integrated on the focal plane arrays (FPAs).
Formierung der Montage zur Leitdisziplin des Stahlgroßbrückenbaus in den 1960er‐Jahren (Teil 4)
Authors: Pelke Eberhard , Kurrer Karl‐Eugen
Published: March 2021

Stand im Teil 3 dieser Aufsatzserie die Ausdifferenzierung des Freivorbaus als Hauptmontageverfahren im Zentrum, so wird im Folgenden der Pfadwechsel von der Material‐ zur Arbeitszeitökonomie im bundesdeutschen Stahlbrückenbau der 1960er‐Jahre in seiner Auswirkung auf die Montage exemplarisch dargestellt.