bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: implications for climate finance in Africa
Authors: Olutola Oluwole
Published: November 2019

Relying on complex interdependence as a theoretical approach, this paper investigates the hypothetical damage that the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement could represent for Africa in terms of climate finance. In June 2017, President Donald Trump publicly declared the U.S. intention to withdraw from further participating in the multilateral Paris Agreement. To keen followers and analysts of the U.S. climate policy beyond its borders, such unilateral action was never a surprise. Rather, it is nostalgic of the experience of the Kyoto Protocol, particularly how more or less similar move unduly prolonged the global climate negotiations up till late 2015 when the Paris Agreement came about. Although the Paris Agreement is remarkable as it represents the first states-wide climate deal, it however left a number of issues unresolved. Notable among which is climate finance which has remained the most contentious and of critical concern to developing countries, particularly in Africa. Pitted against the fact that Africa contributes less to climate change and, ironically, the hardest-hit by the phenomenon, the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement aggravates concerns around climate finance and, indeed, portends additional burdens for a continent that is still struggling to cope with the untoward fallout of climate change.
Outer hair cell electromotility is low-pass filtered relative to the
molecular conformational changes that produce nonlinear
capacitance
Authors: Santos-Sacchi Joseph , Iwasa Kuni H. , Tan Winston
Published: November 2019

The outer hair cell (OHC) of the organ of Corti underlies a process that enhances hearing, termed cochlear amplification. The cell possesses a unique voltage-sensing protein, prestin, that changes conformation to cause cell length changes, a process termed electromotility (eM). The prestin voltage sensor generates a capacitance that is both voltage- and frequency-dependent, peaking at a characteristic membrane voltage (Vh), which can be greater than the linear capacitance of the OHC. Accordingly, the OHC membrane time constant depends upon resting potential and the frequency of AC stimulation. The confounding influence of this multifarious time constant on eM frequency response has never been addressed. After correcting for this influence on the whole-cell voltage clamp time constant, we find that both guinea pig and mouse OHC eM is low pass, substantially attenuating in magnitude within the frequency bandwidth of human speech. The frequency response is slowest at Vh, with a cut-off, approximated by single Lorentzian fits within that bandwidth, near 1.5 kHz for the guinea pig OHC and near 4.3 kHz for the mouse OHC, each increasing in a U-shaped manner as holding voltage deviates from Vh. Nonlinear capacitance (NLC) measurements follow this pattern, with cut-offs about double that for eM. Macro-patch experiments on OHC lateral membranes, where voltage delivery has high fidelity, confirms low pass roll-off for NLC. The U-shaped voltage dependence of the eM roll-off frequency is consistent with prestin’s voltage-dependent transition rates. Modeling indicates that the disparity in frequency cut-offs between eM and NLC may be attributed to viscoelastic coupling between prestin’s molecular conformations and nanoscale movements of the cell, possibly via the cytoskeleton, indicating that eM is limited by the OHC’s internal environment, as well as the external environment. Our data suggest that the influence of OHC eM on cochlear amplification at higher frequencies needs reassessment.
Magnetic control of nonlinear electron resonance heating in a capacitively coupled radio frequency discharge
Authors: Oberberg M , Engel D , Berger B , Wölfel C , Eremin D , Lunze J , Brinkmann R P , Awakowicz P , Schulze J
Published: November 2019

In magnetized capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF) plasmas operated at low pressure, the magnetic asymmetry effect (MAE) provides the opportunity to control the discharge symmetry, the DC self-bias, and the ion energy distribution functions at boundary surfaces by adjusting a magnetic field, that is oriented parallel to the electrodes, at one electrode, while leaving it constant at the opposite electrode. This effect is caused by the presence of different plasma densities in regions of different magnetic field strength. Here, based on a balanced magnetron magnetic field configuration at the powered electrode, we demonstrate that the magnetic control of the plasma symmetry allows to tailor the generation of high frequency oscillations in the discharge current induced by the self-excitation of the plasma series resonance (PSR) through adjusting the magnetic field adjacent to the powered electrode. Experimental current measurements performed in an argon discharge at 1 Pa as well as results of an equivalent circuit model show that nonlinear electron resonance heating can be switched on and off in this way. Moreover, the self-excitation of the PSR can be shifted in time (within the RF period) and in space (from one electrode to the other) by controlling the discharge symmetry via adjusting the magnetic field.
Maximum entropy method for flood frequency analysis: A case study of the Grand River in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Deng J
Published: November 2019

Flood frequency analysis provides the fundamental information for the design of hydraulic and civil infrastructure facilities as well as water resources management. The available procedures to determine flood distributions and their parameters from historical data suffer from restriction on the family of presumed standard classical distributions, such as gamma distribution and extreme value distributions. This paper presents a distribution-free approach for flood frequency analysis by using the combination of maximum entropy method and Akaike’s information criterion. The determination procedure is given in a flowchart. It is distribution-free because no classical distributions were presumed in advance and the inference result gives a universal form of probability curves. Comparative studies from historical flood data show that the proposed method can, accurately and reasonably, characterize the probabilistic information of observed or transformed flood data.
Degradation of metformin in water using electro-Fenton process
Authors: Orata E D , De Leon P D P , Doma B T
Published: November 2019

Metformin has become an emerging contaminant in water compartments like many other pharmaceutical drugs. Moreover, conventional treatment methods are not enough to remove metformin in water. The use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may be a solution to this problem. Electro-Fenton is an AOP that combines electrolysis and Fenton process to form reactive specie used to treat contaminants in water. The effects and optimum values of parameters for metformin degradation with electro-Fenton namely Fe2+ concentration, applied current, and pH were observed and gathered in this study, as well as rate constants of the degradation. The experimental solutions were contained in a continuously stirred vessel with boron-doped diamond as anode and carbon felt for the cathode. It was observed that the optimal values for each parameter are 0.1 mM for Fe2+ concentration, 300 mA for current, and pH=3. At these optimum conditions, a percent removal of 99.57 % was observed after 27 min of electrolysis. The value of the absolute rate constant (kabs) was found out to be (5.2658 ± 0.0656) × 109 M−1 s−1, which was calculated based on the competition kinetics and Vierordt’s methods.
The role of drinking water source, sanitation, and solid waste management in reducing childhood stunting in Indonesia
Authors: Irianti S , Prasetyoputra P , Dharmayanti I , Azhar K , Hidayangsih P S
Published: November 2019

Indonesia still bears a significant public health problem of stunting among under-5 (U-5) children. Environmental factors have been demonstrated to be associated with stunting as indirect causes. However, the extent to which the environmental factors determine the stunting burden in rural Indonesia is stil underexplored. Hence, this study investigates environmental factors that determine stunting among U-5 children in the rural areas of Indonesia. We employed data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014/2015 (IFLS5) and selected a sample size of 2,571 children under five years of age residing in rural areas. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis and estimated the “population attributable fraction” (PAF) of drinking water, sanitation, and garbage collection on stunting. The results suggest that unimproved drinking water source and improper garbage collection correspond with higher odds of child stunting. Inadequate sanitation facility, however, was not found to be significantly influencing the odds of stunting. Moreover, household wealth is protective of risk of stunting. Furthermore, the PAF analysis demonstrated that 21.58% of the stunting burden among U-5 children residing in rural areas are preventable by providing access to an improved drinking water source and better household solid waste management to prevent repeated infections.
Using HEC-RAS for analysis of flood characteristic in Ciliwung River, Indonesia
Authors: Sholichin Moh , Prayogo T B , Bisri M
Published: November 2019

Jakarta is a large city with a population of around 10 million who still suffer flooding during the rainy season. A program that is being implemented to reduce flooding that occurs every year is called “Total Solution for Ciliwung”. One of the programs is to build 3 (three) diversion channels on the Ciliwung River located in Kalibata, Kebon Baru, and Kampung Melayu respectively. This paper only discusses the problem of flooding in Jakarta in the aspect of hydraulics. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the character of floods in the Ciliwung River based on variations in the choice of diversion channel locations. Analysis of flood characteristics using the HEC-RAS 4.1 Program. The results of the analysis provide conclusions, that variation 7 (seven) provides the most optimal reduction in flooding. The main result is, the water level profile in point 260, the water flow is sub-critical which the water level at +18.50 m or decreases by 0.5 m from the existing condition at +19.00 m. While the inundation area become of 2,414 km2 is reduced by 0.60 km2 or by 20% from the existing condition 3,018 km2.
Biosorption of Cd2+ using an admixture of Ulva lactuca and fly ash from coal-fired power plant
Authors: Nieva A D , Buenafe R J Q , Amante R E , Martinez C M
Published: November 2019

This study investigated the adsorption of Cd2+ in a simulated wastewater using green macro alga, U. lactuca and fly ash from coal-fired power plant, individually and as an admixture (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25). The maximum adsorption capacities for 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 ratios of U. lactuca and fly ash were 6.47, 6.28, 6.27, 6.19, and 6.39 mg/g adsorbent, respectively. The optimum adsorption was found to occur at an initial Cd2+ concentration of 70 mg/L at 293 K, pH 5, 120-minute contact time, 300 rpm agitation speed, and 10 g/L biosorbent dosage. The obtained results fitted well with Langmuir Isotherm, suggesting a monolayer adsorption with adsorption capacity of 6.852 mg/g adsorbent. The highest adsorption capacity was observed using fly ash while the lowest was observed using 75:25 U. lactuca to fly ash ratio.
Study of the zooplankton community as an indicator of the trophic status of reservoirs of the Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
Authors: Mashkova I V , Kostriykova A M , Trofimenko V V , Slavnaya A I
Published: November 2019

To date very little research has been carried out on zooplankton ecology in artificial reservoirs in Chelyabinsk region. The paper considers the current state of the zooplankton community in six reservoirs of the Chelyabinsk region (Russia). The species composition (32 species) and quantitative characteristics of the zooplankton community of reservoirs in summers of 2016 and 2017 were studied. The species common to all reservoirs belong to widespread palearct or cosmopolitan. It is studied the ratio of major groups. The results of the study showed that the share of Cladocera in mesotrophic reservoirs is 2.5 times higher than in eutrophic reservoirs. Unlike Cladocera, the Rotifera group is 10 times more abundant in eutrophic reservoirs compared to mesotrophic ones. Copepoda were common to all bodies of water, as they belong to widespread Palearctic or cosmopolitan. Changes in species diversity were recorded depending on the eutrophication of the reservoir. The increased anthropogenic load influenced the decrease in both the composition and the structure of zooplankton communities in water bodies.
Evaluation of the water quality at Bogdalen watershed near Kvitfjell and Raudfjell wind farm area
Authors: Lu J , Bui M T , Yuan F
Published: November 2019

Wind energy is one of the important renewable energies that get fast development in recent years. The development of wind turbines can have potential environmental impact on the surrounding environment. Especially when the wind turbines are built near the watersheds, water quality in the watershed may be degraded. In this study, the water quality in Bogdalen watershed that in or surrounding Kvitfjell and Raudfjell wind farm, the biggest wind farm in the North of Norway was studied. The water was collected at 3 wind turbine points and one accumulation point in the watershed far from the wind turbine. The collected water samples were tested pH, the concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and bacteria account of Intestinal enterococci, E.coli, clostridium perfringens and coliform. The results showed that the water in the watershed accumulation point has high bacteria account of Intestinal enterococci, E.coli, clostridum perfringens and coliform. The water has different degree of faecal pollution. The pollution is especially significant in the summer season. The water in the wind turbine point has high concentration of Al and Mn. However, the Al can easily remove by filtering the water through a filter paper. The Mn concentration didn’t reduce much after the filtration. The concentration of Mn in the water is still higher than the limit values set by Ireland EPA.
On the variability of a river water flow under seasonal conditions: Case study
Authors: Mocanu-Vargancsik C A , Barbulescu A
Published: November 2019

Precipitation regime and anthropogenic activities are the main factors that influence the river flow along the time. To assure the flow regulation and the flood mitigation some structural measures must be implemented. Building dams represents one of these measures. Their impact on the stream flow and climate change must be studied for avoiding negative effects on the environment. Therefore, our study focuses on the variability of the Buzau River (in Romania) water flow and its seasonal variation. The analysis is done for the period before and after the moment when the Siriu Dam (Romania) was built. The stationarity and the trend existence are analysed and the results are compared by statistical methods.
Impact of concrete on riparian ecosystems
Authors: Purdy K , Wright I A
Published: November 2019

Throughout the world, concrete is used extensively in urban development. Due to its convenience and durability, most paths, carparks, dams, and even drainage systems are constructed from concrete. However, recent studies indicate that concrete significantly affects water chemistry and that concrete infrastructure may have a major effect on the chemistry of nearby streams. This is particularly relevant for sensitive waterways such as those in the Blue Mountains region in Sydney, Australia. This study aimed to investigate the chemical changes associated with concrete exposure by conducting water recirculation experiments. Water collected from a pristine Blue Mountains Upland Swamp (BMUS) was mildly acidic (average pH of 4.65) with a low electrical conductivity (EC of 57.99μS/cm) before concrete exposure. After the water was continuously recirculated through a concrete pipe for 120 minutes, pH and EC increased significantly, to 7.87 and 137.72μS/cm respectively. Significant increases in concentrations of ions such as bicarbonate, calcium and sulphate were also observed. Results verify previous findings that concrete significantly and rapidly affects water chemistry and support the hypothesis that concrete plays a significant role in the chemical differences seen between urban and non-urban waterways. Results also indicate that concrete is a source of metals such as copper, chromium, strontium, titanium, and lithium. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate whether these metals have the potential to affect ecosystems more broadly. Salix babylonica, a common invasive plant species in the Sydney region, was grown in pristine BMUS water and concrete-recirculated BMUS water. Plants grown in concrete-recirculated water had significantly greater new growth and the tissue of these plants was significantly higher in concentrations of barium, copper, lead, manganese, and strontium. As metals in the water appear to be moving into plant tissue, results suggest that these metals are bioavailable and thus have the potential to move into higher trophic levels and the ecosystem more generally. Further investigation is required to determine how far these metals may permeate the food chain.
Effect of wheat straw as organic matter and different water quality on some chemical soil properties and growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Mohammed R J , Abdulkadhim K A , Hassan D F , Kadhim T F
Published: November 2019

A field experiment was carried out in the area of Al-Mahtahia in Babil province. The experiment was aimed at studying the effect of using different levels of plant waste (wheat straw) as organic fertilizer and using different water types (river water, drainage water and well water) In the growth and yield of pepper and some chemical soil properties measured. Use Randomized Complete Block Design was used to implement the experiment. The results showed that the values of plant height were 52.33 cm, 25 fruit / plant for fruit number, 24.11 sp. For chlorophyll and 54.24 g / fruit for the weight of thyme, adding organic matter to 20 ton / ha. It was also the highest value for the use of different irrigation water when using the river water and all the characteristics of the plant as its values in plant height 52.76 cm compared to other water types. As for the chemical soil properties, the results showed that the effect of adding the organic matter on the Ph soil, which was 7.3 when adding organic matter to the level of 20 tons / ha compared with the comparison treatment, which amounted to 7.7 g / kg. Soil salinity values were 4.5 ds.m-1 when organic matter was added to the 20 ton / ha level compared with the comparison treatment of 3.4 ds.m-1, and the organic matter values were 2.267 g.kg-1 When adding organic matter to the level 20 ton / ha compared to the comparison treatment of 0.86 g.kg-1. Interaction between straw and water quality was found to have a good effect in reducing the salinity effect of water used by wheat straw.
Determination of gas hold-up of Pasig River using dynamic gassing out method in a bubble column reactor
Authors: Santos R G , Galvez R C , Extremadura K M , Aquino R R , Bernabe D P , Salvacion J L
Published: November 2019

This study determines the gas hold-up of Pasig River in a bubble column reactor using dynamic gassing out method by sparging air at different initial liquid height (13 and 25 inches) and superficial gas velocity (0.15, 0.20 and 0.24 cm/s) under atmospheric condition. Discrete grab water sampling was used for water sample collection. Experimental findings showed that the gas hold-up profiles were linear with respect to superficial gas velocity with R2 of 0.997 and 0.999 for 13 inches and 25 inches of liquid height, respectively. The values of gas hold-up decreased with increased liquid height to compensate for the increased in liquid holdup in the column. Experimental results showed that the desired sparging conditions was at high superficial gas velocity and at low initial liquid height in the reactor. The highest dissolved oxygen concentration resulted to the highest gas hold-up in the bubble column reactor. With the results of the study, the data of gas hold-up can be used for future studies to better understand the mass transfer mechanism of the aerated water sample in Pasig River, which eventually leads to the design and scale up of bubble column reactors and aerators for future rehabilitation projects of Pasig River to increase dissolved oxygen content.
Natural coagulant of laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl) for turbidity water treatment
Authors: Fenditasari K , Suparno  , Jannah Z , Usiana W , Susanti D , Indartono S
Published: November 2019

The groundwater physical condition in Sleman Regency, Indonesia is generally cloudy and contains high amount of iron (Fe) so it is not sufficient to use for daily needs drinking water. High levels of Fe are dangerous for humans. This study aims to process and purify ground water and reduce iron content using laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl). This media was chosen because it is a local waste furniture industry in Sleman Regency. Indeed, it is conducted as charcoal. Then, the charcoal is chemically activated by soaking with H2SO4 for 24 hours. Furthermore, it is activated physically by heating up to 120°C for 30 minutes. Laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl) activated charcoal was characterized using UV-Vis to determine iron (Fe) levels after filtration. In addition, the filtration water is measured using a pH meter to determine the degree of acidity, TDS meter and the efficiency of light transmission to determine the turbidity. To summarize, Laban wood activated charcoal was effectively used as a filtration media. It gives an effect for increasing the light transmission efficiency, decreasing TDS value, and absorption of iron (Fe) levels efficiency. However, it does not affect the pH value. The highest light transmission efficiency value is found in the adsorbent type of laban activated charcoal which is equal to (6.91 ± 0.005)% at a mass of 500 grams. As for the TDS value, the highest decrease in TDS value was TDS value of (140.0 ± 0.5) ppm when it was 500 grams. The highest efficiency of absorption of iron content is found in the composition of laban activated charcoal which is equal to Fe to (87.27 ± 0.2)%. This activated charcoal can be used as a medium to reduce iron content up to (2.27 ± 0.005) mg / L. Therefore, laban active charcoal which is chemically activated with H2SO4 for 24 hours effective to reduce iron (Fe) levels according to the stipulated clean water requirements Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 416 / MENKES / PER / IX / 1990.
Study on the effect of temperature on the leaching of contaminants from Ballangen Tailings Deposit, Norway-A statistical method
Authors: Yuan F , Lu J
Published: November 2019

Temperature is one important factor that affects the leaching of contaminants from tailings deposit. However, randomness issue due to the precision of the instrument, the variation of ambient temperature, the individual skill of the lab technician etc., is inevitable and will affect the results when we evaluate the dependence of two parameters. In this study, a statistical method was developed to analyze the experimental data to reduce randomness. The experiment data from a laboratory batch leaching experiment on the tailings at Ballangen deposit, Northern Norway were used to analyze the dependency of concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in the leachate on temperature. The dependency of concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in the leachate is determined by testing the significance of the slope coefficient of regression analysis. The results show that the concentrations of Cr and Zn do not show dependency on the temperature. However, the temperature shows evident impact on the concentrations of Cu and Ni. High temperature will produce higher Cu and Ni concentration in the leachate.
Impacts of temperature effect removal on rainfall estimation from soil water content by using SM2RAIN algorithm
Authors: Hoang K O , Lu M J
Published: November 2019

Rainfall data is the most basic and essential input for many studies in hydrology, climatology, or water management. However, rainfall data is quite limited in poorly equipped regions such as high mountain regions, developing countries, and savannahs. In recent years, a new approach named SM2RAIN that has been proposed to assess rainfall amount on a daily scale. This method uses the relative saturation of soil (Se) as the input to infer rainfall. Some of these studies showed promising results in evaluating rainfall by using SM2RAIN. Over past decades, however, some other studies have also found that the soil water content (SWC), which is used to calculate the Se, has errors associated with diurnal temperature fluctuation. As soil water content is the primary input variable of SM2RAIN, this error must have impacts on the performance of SM2RAIN. In this study, the authors have assessed and cleared the impact of temperature on SM2RAIN performance. Thus, an effective temperature correction method has been applied to remove the impact of temperature on soil water content at 19 sites over the United States, Africa (Senegal) and Europe (Romania) in varies climatic conditions to assess the impact of temperature effect removal on results of SM2RAIN algorithm. The criteria to evaluate the program such as Nash-Sutcliff has increased up to 53% depending on the initial results and climatic condition. The correlation coefficient has positive change as well. As a result, this removing makes the performance of the algorithm better.
Microfacies characteristics and depositional evolution of typical wave-dominated littoral deposits – A case of Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’ in Hudson Oilfield, Tarim basin, NW China
Authors: Li W L , Gao S Y , Tian X D , Han C H , Wei G H , Xu H M
Published: November 2019

Hudson Oilfield, which located in the northern Uplift of Tarim Basin, is considered to be the largest whole-shaped oilfield in China, and the extensive Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’, one of the most important marine sandstones units for oil and gas exploration in Tabei Uplift, constitutes the main reservoir. However, not all this sandstones are with good physical properties, and hence, the sedimentary characteristics and depositional evolution is believed to be critical to prediction of reservoir. It is determined that wave-dominated clastic littoral deposits with no barrier are the main depositional environment based on the modern sedimentary theory and related data analysis including ancient landform characteristics. And transitional zone, shoreface, foreshore, backshore and dune are considered as the five subenvironments. Through data of high resolution dipmeter logging and imaging logging, different sedimentary structures and other facies marks observed from cores of research regions are demarcated, and thirteen microfacies are further identified. Based on the detailed microfacies types, the evolution process of Carboniferous ‘Donghe sandstones’ can be divided to four main periods, in which, early highstand systems tract (HST) deposits in Period 1-2, and late HST deposits in Period 3-4.
The coupling relation of man-land system based on temporal evolution analysis in Guangxi Xijiang River Basin
Authors: Yan Y , Huang K Y , Hu F L , Zhang J B , Hu B Q
Published: November 2019

The man-land system is a macro system consisted of nature, society and economy, which is of great significance to the regional management and sustainable development. However, the system presents many challenges and disharmonies especially in river basin regions. It is not only the largest area where human disturbances occur but also the most concentrated area of anthropogenic activities. So, the Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi, which is one of the emerging national strategies, was taken as the study area. And the man-land system of the study area can come down to the resources and environment subsystem and social economy subsystem. First, the evaluation index system was established by selecting 25 relatively evaluation indexes. The variable coefficient was applied to calculate the index weight. Then, the coupling model, which was developed based on system theory, was introduced to figure out the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of the man-land system of the study area. The results indicated that the development of social economy system presented ascending trend accompanied with resources and environment system presented fluctuated ascending trend. From 2005 to 2014, the coupled states of the man-land system developed from low level harmonize to medium level harmonize.
Effectiveness evaluation of LIDs through SWMM: A case study of typical urban unit in Handan, China
Authors: Huo Y C , Wu X , Luan Q H , Liu J H , Ma D
Published: November 2019

LIDs are frequently utilized measures in urban waterlogging management in the world and the evaluation of their effectiveness through model gets a lot of attention in urban hydrological research. In this study, a typical urban unit of Handan, China was selected, and regional SWMM model was calibrated and validated through measured maximum waterlogging depths (MWD) of typical positions; the LIDs effectiveness on runoff process in different return period events were evaluated through the SWMM. The results show that LIDs have an effect on decreasing total runoff quantity and peak discharge and the effectiveness is more significant when the return period is small. The research provides a technical support to the scientific management of local flood and waterlogging and supplies a reference to local Sponge City planning.
Influence of slope on runoff process in typical soil unit, North China
Authors: Sun C W , Luan Q H , Qin T L , Man Z H , Niu Y Z
Published: November 2019

Runoff is a crucial process of water cycle and the related research is also important for hydrology. In this study, an experiment of artificial rainfall runoff was conducted on the Linmingguan Test Base of Hebei University of Engineering, China. The results show that the typical rainfalls runoff process in flood season and non-flood season are different on the same slope units; the initial time of runoff yield, the peak time & discharge and recession hydrograph of surface runoff and interflow are various on different slope units. This research can sustain development of principle analysis of runoff yield and concentration and provide technical support for parameter optimization of hydrological model in unsaturated zone of North China.
Hydrochemical properties and groundwater quality evaluation in Suzhou City, lower Yangtze Delta, China
Authors: Zhu X M , Pan Z R , Zhao D H , Zhang W , Ruan X H
Published: November 2019

Detailed study of the chemical analysis results of 49 groundwater samples collected from the region’s second confined aquifer were carried out in an attempt to identify the samples’ hydrochemical properties and to assess the quality and usability of groundwater in Suzhou city, China. The results revealed that sodium, calcium and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in the groundwater samples. Na-HCO3, mixed Na-Ca-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-Cl type were the four major hydrochemical facies identified by a Piper Trilinear diagram. It was observed that the concentration of ammonia and nitrite in most of the samples in study area exceeded the permissible limit values prescribed by the national (China) and international (WHO) drinking water guidelines. Anthropogenic activities have been shown to be largely responsible for groundwater contamination. Scatter diagrams and factor analysis suggest that natural weathering processes, along with anthropogenic activities, control the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. On the basis of the analytical results of the 49 groundwater samples as compared to water quality standards, it was found that majority of groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking or for industrial uses directly. Toxic metals and high levels of ions must be removed to render the groundwater suitable for drinking and industrial purposes. However, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium percentage (Na%) values indicate that most of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes.
Numerical simulation of effects of inlet water depth of ecological fishway on the suitability of passing fish
Authors: Ma B , Dong F , Peng W Q , Liu X B , Huang A P , Chen X K , Hou L , Wang W J , Si Y , Yao J W
Published: November 2019

Ecological fishways can not only restore the free passages of migratory organisms, but also play the role of ecological corridor. Currently, the behavior and ecology of the target fish were not fully taken into account in the design of fishways. So this paper takes the swimming ability of Hueho taimen, Brachymystax lenok and Thymallus arcticus in Buhe River as indicators, presents a systematic numerical investigation on effects of different inlet water depth in ecological fishway using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (EFDC). The numerical results indicate that the inlet water depth is a key factor in the ability to pass fish. It is shown that the two schemes with different slopes and roughness have significant differences in the flow field distribution under the same inlet water depth; the differences are the location where the maximum velocity occurs and the range beyond the upper limit of the velocity. In addition, when the inlet water depth increases to 0.8m, the flow field distribution of both designs are more suitable for fish passage. The outcomes of this study will be helpful to improve the design of the entrance of Buhe River fishway and make the target species more suitable for passing through.
Study on safety monitoring model of crack opening displacement for high-pile wharf
Authors: Chen X D , Li J J , Huo Z Y
Published: November 2019

Safety monitoring is an important measure for the safe operation of water conservancy projects. The monitoring model plays an important role in monitoring data analysis, widely used in reservoirs and dams. However, relevant theories and studies are rarely applied in port terminals. Since high-pile wharves are different from reservoirs or dams in working environment and working behaviour, it is necessary to develop a monitoring model for high-pile wharves considering the working characteristics. In this paper, it was proposed that principal effect factors of crack opening displacement of high-pile wharves were temperature component, wind component, heap load component, and time effect, according to the change law of dependent and independent variables. The expressions of these factors were given. On the basis of it, the statistical model and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) model of crack opening displacement (COD) was established respectively. The evaluation method for these models was developed. Models were used in fitting and prediction with data series of COD of a high-pile wharf to verify the effectiveness and reasonableness. The results showed that the proposed models with high precision and certain prediction ability can provide scientific principles for data analysis and safety monitoring of high-pile wharves.
The simulation of water quality in Chanba Ecological District
Authors: Chen J , Wu C , Bao Z M , Gong Y , Wang Y
Published: November 2019

In order to investigate the characteristic of migration and transformation of various pollutants in rivers, the river in Chanba Ecological District was selected as the research object. The MIKE21 FM model coupled with Ecolab module was employed to establish the twodimensional water quality model to simulate the distribution characteristic of different water quality parameters, which were Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Ammonium Nitrogen (NH3-N), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Chlorophyll a (Chla), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) separately. The results demonstrated that the concentration values of TP, NH3-N, and COD in Chanhe River were greater than them in Bahe River before the water flowed into the junction zone. The TN concentration value in the calculation zone except the region which held poor hydraulic conditions exceeded the standard of Grade V (GB3838-2002). Because the water in Bahe River was disturbed by water in Chanhe River and point sources in Bahe River, COD and NH3-N concentration values increased clearly after the water passed from the NO.4 Dam in Bahe River.
Transformation of nitrogenous compounds in the water-sediment-microbiological system from the Yangtze River
Authors: Lu G H , Xu H P , Pan T
Published: November 2019

The water-sediment-microbiological system was constructed by flow-through technique in the laboratory using the undisturbed sediment cores collected from Nanjing section of Yangtze River to determine nitrification, denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes of nitrogenous compounds. The nitrification rates ranged from 11.95 to 19.29 μmol N m−2 h−1 in the sediments and the rates of denitrification and anammox ranged from 11.98 to 65.86 μmol N m−2 h−1 and 0.40 to 8.04 μmol N m−2 h−1, respectively. Denitrification dominated nitrogen removal process, especially non-coupling nitrification process. The decrease of total organic carbon (TOC) and electrical conductivity (EC) in sediments increased the activity of ammonia monooxygenase and promoted the rate of nitrification. The denitrification rates were related to NO3
−-N concentrations in the overlying water, and TOC, pH and EC affected the activity of the nitrate reductase. The increase of TOC and clay content and the decrease of EC corresponded to the increase of nitrate reductase activity and anaerobic ammonia oxidation rate. The optimum temperature was 35°C for denitrification and 25°C for nitrification. The pH values influenced nitrogen conversion, denitrification occurred more easily in neutral environment, and the nitrogen conversion rates in the light were higher than in the dark.
Research on the transport and dispersion of Asian carp eggs in the “man-made flood pulse” in the middle Yangtze River by Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation
Authors: Yang Q H , Zhou J Y , Zhang L , Wang J S
Published: November 2019

Eggs and early larvae of fishes is important to the early life stages of fish, it is closely related to the fish hatching and resource supplementation, the fish egg movement is essential to studied for re-operation ecological-flow determination, re-operation effect evaluation and fish spawning ground repair. In this paper, fish eggs of Four major Chinese carps were used as the object of study, and the fish eggs were generalized to sediment-like particles. Assuming that their diameter was constant and other mechanical properties were given, the analytic solution considering the change of lateral velocity along the curve were proposed, and the improved three- dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the distribution characteristics of the fish eggs of the sediment - like particles in the curved channel. (1) cross-section: In straight river section, cross-section of eggs distribution is more uniform in vertical direction, the middle concentration is slightly larger than the two sides in horizontal direction; in the bent river, from the convex bank to the depression concentration gradually reduced. (2) Longitudinal section: the overall concentration of eggs showed a decreasing trend along the trend, the bank near the shore, the egg concentration is increase in a certain time and region, affected by the flow field conditions. The research results can provide the basis for the egg movement simulation by the sink channel and the law of its movement.
The evolution characteristics and dynamic mechanism of the mouth reach in the Yellow River Estuary
Authors: Ji Z W , Zhao X , Lu Q , Wang D W
Published: November 2019

The Yellow River Estuary is a depositional microtidal estuary which is dominated by dynamic runoff. In the present study, based on actual measured hydrological data and remote sensing images, the evolution characteristics of the sand spit, gully, branch channels, and mouth bar of the Yellow River Estuary were analysed. It was determined that prior to 1998, the incoming flow and sediment had been large, and the deposition and extension speed of the sand spit had been relatively fast, with the mouth bar becoming highly developed. However, after 1998, the incoming flow and sediment entering the Yellow River Estuary had become significantly decreased. It was observed that erosion had occurred in the sand spit, and the mouth bar had become shrunken. Currently, there are many types of gullies and branch channels in the mouth reach area, including main channels, branch channels, flood gullies, and tidal gullies which can be transformed into each other. By establishing the relationship between the incoming sediment and the epeirogenic area, it was found that the incoming sediment level from the Yellow River Estuary of 300 million tons was the equilibrium point of the sand spit deposition and erosion, and there was an approximate linear relationship observed. The evolution characteristics of the mouth reach included two categories: persistent influencing factors and accidental influencing factors. Among those, the incoming flow and sediment were determined to be the main continuous dynamic actions, and storm surges, channel oscillations, and water-sediment regulations were considered to be accidental factors. Although the time period was short, the impacts were found to have been significant. This study’s research results potentially provide a scientific basis for the future comprehensive planning of flow path stability.
Effect of ENSO on the annual precipitation anomaly in Guanzhong Basin and southern Shaanxi China
Authors: Chen Y , Guo M , Qian H
Published: November 2019

East Asia has a unique geographic location, a vast territory, complex terrain, and a large population. In recent decades, the frequency of climatic oscillations in East Asia has increased, and many factors affect the climate of East Asia, with El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) serving as one of the most important factors. In this study, through the collection and collation of 50 years’ worth of meteorological data for southern Shaanxi and central Shaanxi, the characteristics of climate change in these regions is analysed since 1951, and the correlation between precipitation, drought conditions, and ENSO is evaluated. Results show that the rainfall in the study region during an El Niño year is less than that of a ENSO neutral year, often triggering extremely dry weather. Moreover, the rainfall in a La Niña year is increased compared an ENSO neutral year, confirming that ENSO does affect the rainfall through “teleconnections”. Furthermore, given that the Qinling Mountain tectonic belt serves to diminish the ENSO signal, a large difference in rainfall exists between the foothills in the south and those to the north of the Qinling Mountains. The response mechanism in the north and south regions of Qinling Mountains acting on ENSO is consistent, indicating that the blockage effect of the Qinling Mountains on water vapour is strong related to low-level airflow. Through this research, we can begin to understand the physical mechanisms behind this phenomenon it in the central region of China and how we can effectively improve China’s short-term climate predictions. Such knowledge is tremendously important to China’s national livelihood and long-term economic development.
Study on key technologies of ammonia nitrogen on-line monitor based on distillation-conductivity method
Authors: Liu Z Y , Cai Y J , Liu T , Pan H T , Sun X F
Published: November 2019

The ammonia nitrogen on-line monitor based on distillation-neutralization titration (HJ 537-2009) is mainly suitable for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. It has the advantages of wide measuring range, non-toxicity of reagents and waste liquor, etc. Focused on the water sample pretreatment system, conductance detection system and its key technologies to solve the problems including difficulty in precise sampling of water, difficulty in automatic addition of solid pH regulator, the low efficiency of distillation, the short stabilization time of mixing indicator, difficult to determine titration endpoints automatically and accurately (indicator discolouring point), long titration analysis time and so on. Meanwhile, a new ammonia nitrogen on-line monitor base on distillation-conductivity method was designed to measure some metering performance indexes, method detection limit (MDL) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The results showed that the maximum absolute error of 0.02 mg/L on low concentration sample analysis (≤2 mg/L), the relative error reached -3.7 % on high concentration sample analysis (>2 mg/L). The method detection limit and limit of quantitation were 0.08 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L, respectively, which could satisfy the metering performance requirements in verification regulation of ammonia nitrogen automatic monitor.
Analysis on the present situation of the whole life cycle monitoring technology of standing pile wharf
Authors: Hong Z T , Huo Z Y , Wang C J , Ye S Q
Published: November 2019

The standing pile wharf long-term service in abominable natural conditions,it is easy to be damaged and may affect the structure safety of wharf. There are some hidden dangers in traditional testing methods. Therefore, it is very important to establish a set of whole life cycle monitoring system for wharf structure. This paper discusses the application status of monitoring technology in domestic and foreign engineering, discusses the components of the whole life monitoring system of high pile wharf and makes a brief analysis of its mechanism, focusing on the detailed discussion of the sensor module. The selection and arrangement of all kinds of sensors are discussed, and a new idea of sediment thickness monitoring is put forward.Then in light of the current research status of the monitoring system for the whole life surface of the high-pile wharf, the author puts forward some suggestions.
Multi-source heterogeneous data model for marine biological monitoring at intake of nuclear power plant
Authors: Meng Y H , Ai D W , Liu X L , Qin L , Lu H R
Published: November 2019

The reliability of the cold source is an important guarantee for the safe operation of the nuclear power plant, and the life of the sea threatens the safety of the cold source of the nuclear power plant. The threat of cold source in nuclear power plant is studied and analysed. Several methods of marine biological detection are proposed, including multi-source heterogeneous ontology extraction method based on sonar, underwater camera, water quality sensor and flow sensor. We suggest that a nuclear power plant in the biological monitoring and early warning procedures of cold source, and establish and monitoring model of sonar-optic composite monitoring model, and marine biological monitoring model, including spatial domain, these models are all consistent with the sea creatures that threaten the safety of nuclear power sources.
Research on the hydrological emergency monitoring system of high-risk Barrier Lake based on PDCA theory
Authors: Mei J Y , Zhang M B , Zhou B
Published: November 2019

In recent years, there have been some barrier lakes formed by earthquakes or landslides in China, such as the Tangjiashan barrier lake in 2008 and the Baige barrier lakes (twice) in 2018. The barrier lake often brings huge destructive risks to the upstream and downstream affected areas. In order to protect the lives and property of the people, it is necessary to carry out corresponding scientific disposal. The premise of disposal is to obtain detailed and reliable dynamic monitoring information. And hydrological monitoring information is the basis of various types of information. Therefore, hydrological emergency monitoring must be carried out to obtain the information. This paper summarizes and puts forward the design of the high-risk barrier lake hydrological emergency monitoring system based on PDCA theory, which can provide support and guidance for the implementation of hydrological emergency monitoring in the future, and it has a strong practical significance.