bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost Analysis of Medical Students Applying to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency: Implications for the 2020 to 2021 Application Cycle During COVID-19
Authors: Gordon Adam M. , Malik Azeem Tariq , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Goyal Kanu S.
Published: March 2021

Introduction:

Although studies have evaluated the economic burden to medical students desiring an orthopaedic residency broadly, no study has evaluated in detail the application costs, away rotation costs, interview costs, and total costs. Given that the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Orthopaedic Association's Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors have recommended orthopaedic surgery residency programs for the 2021 residency application cycle cancel away rotations and in-person interviews, our objective was to evaluate the cost savings to medical students applying during this time and the potential implications.

Methods:

Using the 2019 to 2020 Texas STAR Dashboard database, we queried responses from applicants applying to orthopaedic surgery residency. The dashboard was queried to record the application costs, away rotation costs, interview costs, and total costs for medical school seniors applying to orthopaedic surgery residency. Demographic information for applicants was also recorded. Mean and median costs were reported with percentile distributions and geographic comparisons. A Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in mean costs by medical school region.

Results:

The 2019 to 2020 Texas STAR Dashboard database had 473 responses from applicants to orthopaedic surgery residency. The mean application costs were $1,990, away rotation costs were $3,182, interview costs were $3,129, and total costs were $8,205. The mean total costs for applicants from Midwest schools were significantly less than Western schools ($7,410/applicant vs. $9,909/applicant) (p = 0.008). There was no significant difference between the mean application fees between regions. Away rotation costs for applicants from schools in the Midwest ($2,413/applicant) were significantly less compared with Northeast ($3,279/applicant), South ($3,343/applicant), and West ($3,913/applicant) (all p < 0.002). Interview costs for applicants from schools in the Northeast ($2,891/applicant) were less than applicants from Western US schools ($3,831/applicant) (p = 0.038).

Conclusion:

In the COVID-19 era, orthopaedic residency applicants could save on average $6,311 through the use of virtual interviews and lack of away rotations. There are geographic implications, with applicants from Western US medical schools potentially saving most.
Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea
Authors: Zhu Zhen , Cao Mingze , Wang Weiwei , Liu Guanhui , Zhou Xuzheng , Li Bing , Shi Yuxiang , Zhang Jiyu
Published: March 2021

Background: The natural hosts of Shigella are conventionally humans and other primates; however, the host range of Shigella has been shown to expand to many animals. Although Shigella is becoming a huge threat to animals, there is limited information on the genetic background of local strains. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of virulence factors and the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea.Methods: From 2014 to 2016, 54 S. flexneri isolates were collected from diarrhea, and their biochemical characteristics were determined according to API20E and virulence factors via PCR. The molecular characteristics of the isolates were studied by MLST, MLVA and PFGE.Results: Fifty-four S. flexneri isolates possessed four typical biochemical characteristics of Shigella. The prevalences of ipaH, virA, ipaBCD, ial, sen, set1A, and set1B were 100%, 100%, 77.78%, 79.63%, 48.15% and 48.15%, respectively. None of the studied strains possessed the stx gene. Regarding the differences in virulence factor distributions, the 54 S. flexneri isolates fell into seven gene profile types. Among these VTs, VT4 and VT6 were the most common, accounting for 74.07% of all VTs. MLVA based on 8 VNTR loci discriminated the isolates into 39 different MTs, PFGE based on NotI digestion divided the 54 isolates into 31 PTs, and MLST based on 15 housekeeping genes differentiated the isolates into 7 STs, with 1 ST (ST227) being novel.Conclusion: Our findings provide baseline information on the distribution of virulence genes in and the molecular characteristics of S. flexneri collected from diarrheal calves, which is a potential threat to public safety. These data will be important for addressing clinical and epidemiological issues regarding Shigellosis.
Re-using Criterion plastic precast gel cassettes for SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis.
Authors: Anderson Reuben , Sattlegger Evelyn
Published: March 2021

Precast gels are made with plastic cassettes which usually are discarded after use. Here we describe how Criterion plastic gel cassettes can be re-used for making SDS-PAGE gels in-house.
Community Perception of COVID-19: A Qualitative Approach through Applying the  Health Belief Model
Authors: Gishe Gamachu , Hailu Tamirat , Aman Rameto , Dango Sisay
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To explore community perception of COVID -19 pandemic. Methods: In depth exploratory design was utilized. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 45 participants from all categories of population. Semi-structured interview guide and observation checklist were used to collect data from participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: in the very beginning when few Corona Virus cases were reported, in general, people were scared to death. But as the number of infected cases reported more and more people have also became immune to the fear of corona virus. Even some section of people associated with a particular political ideology, assume that there is no corona virus at all. Hotels, cafeterias and shopping centers are not as cautious as they were in the beginning. As a result, streets are crowded and the public started living regular life. Therefore, the covid protocol like wearing face masks, using sanitizers, physical distance and all have become just a ritual. Conclusions: It is evident that most of the government workers like bank employees, traffic police and all are well aware of Covid-19 preventive methods and consequences and try their best to make the people to be part of the fight against the pandemic. But the common people from different walks of life, some with ignorance, some with innocence and some with a particular political ideology defy and violate the WHO covid-19 protocol.
Predictive values of serum soluble CD40 ligand in acute appendicitis in children
Authors: Huang Wun-Yan , Lee En-Pei , Chang Yu-Jun , Lin Chieh-Chung , Wu Han-Ping
Published: March 2021

Appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal emergencies in children. Clinicians cannot easily distinguish between non-perforated and perforated appendicitis in children through physical and laboratory tests. An abdominal computed tomography is a common tool for diagnosis. However, excessive radiation exposure is not suitable for children. Serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is an inflammatory biomarker. The purpose of our study was to predict pediatric appendicitis and perforated appendicitis using sCD40L. All pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis were tested for serum sCD40L within 72 h of the symptom onset. sCD40L levels were compared between patients with a normal appendix, appendicitis, and a perforated appendicitis. The diagnostic performance of sCD40L was calculated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn. Of 116 patients, 62 had non-perforated appendicitis, 44 had perforated appendicitis, and 10 had normal appendices. The sensitivity of sCD40L in predicting appendicitis was 1.00, while the specificity in predicting perforation was 1.00. The best cutoff point was found to be 178.00 pg/ml for predicting appendicitis and 308.26 pg/ml for perforation. SCD40L is an excellent predictor of pediatric appendicitis. sCD40L below 90.04 pg/ml can rule out appendicitis and above 301.00 pg/ml can rule in appendicitis.
Universal Health Coverage “Leave No Child Behind “
Authors: Siderius Liesbeth , Neubauer David , Bhattacharya Anjan , Altorjai Péter , Margvelashvili Lali , Copley Sian , Lamabadusuriya Sanath , Mazur Artur , Albrecht Piotr , Giessen Jet van , Gucev Zoran , Tasic Velibor
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Multiple stakeholders are involved in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The estimated over 90 million children with disabilities are among the most vulnerable members of the world’s population. We questioned :‘What would be the least paediatricians could do to contribute to the UHC?’Methods: In a cross sectional study an international network of paediatricians engaged in children with disabling and rare conditions was questioned on eight of the UHC statements regarding child health in relation to primary care services, availability and affordability of diagnostics and therapies as well as digital health.Results: Promotion of paediatric primary care could reduce mortality and morbidity according to 39/48 (81%) respondents. Pediatricians could play an active role providing quality information to increase access to health services for children with disabilities stated 40/48 (83%) responders. Improved data exchange is necessary to deliver primary care as a cornerstone according to 38/48 (79%) responders. Respondents practising in middle economy countries reported significant more frequently than their colleagues in high economies countries about “out of pocket” payments for diagnostics and therapies as well as reduced availability. All respondents agreed that taking no action to support the achievement of UHC, is not an option.Conclusion: The economic gap in diagnostic and therapeutic facilities in paediatric practice should be considered in achieving UHC. An international paediatric network should support achieving the UHC by providing adequate paediatric training and quality (digital) information.
Impact of the Audit and Intervention of Infectologists in the Use of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Silva Ravena Melo Ribeiro da , Câmara Ana Cláudia de Brito , Koga Ellen Karla Chaves Vieira , Lobo Iza Maria Fraga , Silva Wellington Barros da
Published: March 2021

Background: Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed drugs in ICUs, where the use of these drugs is approximately 10 times greater than that of other wards. Even so, it is observed that between 30 to 60% of antimicrobial prescriptions performed in these units are unnecessary or inadequate. Thus, surveillance of antimicrobial prescription is a first and essential step to identify potential overuse or misuse, which could be the target of interventions for antimicrobial administration.Methods: This is an observational, analytical, and prospective study conducted in two adult intensive care units (ICU 1 = surgical and ICU 2 = clinic), with 27 beds each. The study period was divided into pre-intervention (January to June 2019) and post-intervention (July to December 2019).Results: Overall, in the pre- and post-intervention period, 91.4% and 90.0%, respectively, of patients received at least one antimicrobial agent. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial classes were carbapenems (PRE = 26.0% vs POST = 24.9%; p = 0.245) followed by glycopeptides (PRE = 21.0% vs POST = 18.6%; p = 0.056). Overall, there was a significant reduction in the duration of therapy (PRE = 727 LOT / 1000pd vs POST = 680 LOT / 1000pd; p = 0.028). The highest rates regarding the time of use of antimicrobials were observed for carbapenems, followed by glycopeptides, with significant reductions in the time of exposure of glycopeptides (PRE = 284 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 234 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.014) and polymyxin B (PRE = 121 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 88 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.029), and significant increases for penicillins (PRE = 25 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 45 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.009), and tigecycline ( PRE = 3 DOT / 1000pd vs POST = 27 DOT / 1000pd; p = 0.046).Conclusions: In general, the intervention of infectologists in intensive care units had a limited impact on the results evaluated. This may be due to the short period analyzed. Therefore, it is important to monitor the impact of these changes in the long term, drawing a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an intervention, with the implementation of active feedback.
Impact of One Belt,One Road Initiatives on African Infrastructure Development
Authors: Kayembe Helex , Stone Lazarus Obed Livingstong Banda , Mbughi Colleen , Munthali George N. Chidimbah
Published: March 2021

Background: China is one of the developing countries that has witnessed tremendous growth in all sectors of development. One of the strategies that China is using is the reintroduction of the 21st Century Silk Road Economic Belt Development Initiative which moves across the world creating trade partners all around the world. Some of the African countries are among the beneficiaries se in this initiate especially in terms of infrastructure development which is ranked behind as compared to other developments. Aim of the study: This review was aimed at finding out the impacts of OBRI on infrastructure development in African countries. Methods: The data were retrieved from the databases of Scopus, Google Scholars, Web of science with papers that were written in English in the month of September to November 2020. Results: The results of the study indicated that OBRI has positively impacted many participating countries in Africa. However, it is also argued that many African countries over depend on the loans provided through this strategy which acts as a burden. Conclusion: This study recommends that African countries should be underrating clearly the terms of the agreements during the time of signing of the loan agreements by even assessing their capacity to pay back. Besides, African countries should civically educate people on the ownership of these projects for sustainability
The impact of previous cesarean section on the outcome in patients with non-adherent placenta previa
Authors: Sindiani Amer
Published: March 2021

Background: to evaluate the impact of lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) on the maternal and fetal outcomes of women with non-adherent placenta previa (PP). Methods: This is a retrospective study of all women who delivered at our hospital by LSCS with non-adherent PP over a period of 10 years. Data were obtained through hospital registry and medical records search. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20). The differences in demographic and obstetric characteristics, peripartum complications, and fetal outcomes between women with no previous CS and those with previous CS were analyzed using t test or chi-square test wherever appropriate. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 90 women with non-adherent placenta were included, 54 women with no previous CS and 36 women with previous CS. Women with previous CS were significantly more likely to experience organ injury (p-value <0.005), transfusion of ≥ 4 units of PRBC (p-value = 0.034), transfusion of FFP (p-value = 0.034), and hysterectomy or other procedure ( B Lynch, Uterine artery ligation) use (p-value <0.005)Conclusion: There is a significant increase in the incidence of maternal morbidities such as hysterectomy, blood transfusion and organ injury in patients with non-adherent PP with previous CS, with no difference in perinatal outcome in the same group of patients.
Role of Sequential Functional Echocardiography in Predicting Clinically Apparent Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Newborns-An Observational Study
Authors: Bhardwaj Anchala , Saili Arvind , Yadav Dinesh Kumar , Kumar Ajay
Published: March 2021

Background-The management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates continues to be a topic of discussion and controversy. Prolonged ductal patency in preterm neonates has been associated with significant short and long-term morbidities and with increased mortality however, the policy of routine treatment of all during the neonatal period has failed to show significant improvement in the long-term outcome. Echocardiography has emerged as a promising modality to screen newborns at risk of adverse effects of ductal shunting. This helps in identifying PDAs that require treatment to ultimately prevent unnecessary therapy or delay of necessary therapy. There is a multitude of studies that have evaluated a large number of echocardiographic markers for their predictive utility but only a few have included all ductal markers together in a single study. The reported sensitivity (26-100%) and specificity (6-100%) of echocardiographic markers vary over a wide range. Thus, this study was planned to assess the predictive utility of all available ductal markers and their added advantage of having all over few ones in clinically apparent PDA in preterm VLBW newborns.Methods-It was an observational prospective study conducted in tertiary care NICU at Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi. Fifty preterms very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns underwent four sequential Echo scans within the first 72 hrs; the first scan within 12 hours, thereafter at 24 hrs,48 hrs, and 72 hrs of age and were monitored clinically for the signs of PDA up to two weeks of life or discharge whichever comes later.Results-The Ductal diameter, pulsatile ductal flow pattern, Left pulmonary artery (LPA) velocity, Left atrial to aortic width (La/Ao) ratio, Left atrial volume index (LAVI), Left ventricle to aortic width (Lv/Ao) ratio, E/A ratio and Left ventricular output/superior vena cava (LVO/SVC) flow ratio predicted clinically apparent PDA during first 72 hours of life.Conclusion- This study provides insights into the predictive utility of other ductal echo markers along with the routinely measured conventional ones during the first 72 hours of life in preterm VLBW newborns.
Spin-layer locking induced second-order nonlinear effect in centrosymmetric crystals
Authors: Zhao Yanchong , Du Luojun , Liang Jing , Bahramy Mohammad , Yang Mingwei , Guang Yao , Wei Zheng , Liao Mengzhou , Tang Jian , Zhao Jiaojiao , Shen Cheng , Li Xiaomei , Wang Qinqin , Yang Rong , Shi Dongxia , Liu Kaihui , Sun Zhipei , Zhang Guangyu
Published: March 2021

According to the generally accepted nonlinear principles, second-order nonlinear effect (SONE) is strongly inhibited by the crystalline symmetries and thus can manifest only in non-centrosymmetric materials with broken global spatial inversion symmetry. In stark contrast, here we report the observation of direct-current (DC) related SONE, including circular and linear photogalvanic effects, in centrosymmetric bilayer and multilayer MoS2. In conjunction with relativistic first-principles calculations, we uncover that the observed DC-related SONE in inversion-symmetric MoS2 results from the localized electronic states and the locking of spin with the layer and valley pseudospins. Our results provide a new insight into nonlinear physics and would be applicable to other phenomena thus far believed to occur only in non-centrosymmetric systems, such as quantum spin Hall effect, valley Hall effect, piezoelectricity and unconventional Ising superconductivity.
Dysfunction of EAAT3 Enhances LPS-induced Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Ma Yulong , Hou Aisheng , Song Yuxiang , Sui Xin , Liu Wengang , Liu Min , Wang Yongan , Cao Jiangbei , Mi Weidong
Published: March 2021

Background: Studies have shown that excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) function inhibition is related to several neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous studies also found that the EAAT3 function is intimately linked to learning and memory. In this study, we examined the role of EAAT3 in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and explored the potential benefit of riluzole against POCD. Methods: We measured EAAT3 protein expression in hippocampus of male mice at different ages. Next, we established a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV)-mediated shRNA to knockdown EAAT3 expression in the hippocampus of adult male mice. And then the mice received 2μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intracerebroventricular microinjection to construct the POCD model. In addition, we intraperitoneally injected 4mg/kg of riluzole 2 days before LPS microinjection for consecutive 3 days in elderly male mice. Cognitive function was assessed using a Morris water maze 24h after LPS microinjection. Animal behavioral tests, as well as pathological and biochemical assays, were performed to clarify the role of EAAT3 function in POCD and evaluate the effect of activation of EAAT3 function by riluzole. Results: We found that the expression of EAAT3 was significantly decreased in old mice and EAAT3 knockdown in hippocampus aggravated LPS-induced learning and memory deficits in adult male mice. LPS significantly inhibited hippocampal EAAT3 membrane protein expression and GluA1 protein phosphorylation level in adult male mice. Moreover, riluzole pretreatment significantly increased hippocampal EAAT3 membrane protein expression and ameliorated LPS-induced cognitive impairment in old male mice. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the dysfunction of EAAT3 is an important risk factor for POCD susceptibility and riluzole may be a promising strategy for prevention and treating of POCD in the elderly people.
PROLIFERATE: An adaptable framework to evaluate participatory research products
Authors: Plaza Maria Alejandra Pinero de , Archibald Mandy , Lawless Michael , Ambagtsheer Rachel , Mudd Alexandra , McMillan Penelope , Kitson Alison
Published: March 2021

Background: Participatory research (PR) – the practice of involving stakeholders in research processes – is growing in prominence in health research because it can enhance the impact of research and the translation of research-based knowledge. Yet, the literature indicates that the products of PR studies are rarely evaluated empirically to track, demonstrate, and expand their claimed effectiveness and impact. This lack of measurement tools and frameworks can limit the effectiveness of knowledge translation (KT). Methods: We introduce a framework for evaluating the products of PR called PROLIFERATE. We use an inductive combination of formative and summative evaluation methods to pilot test the framework on a Frailty PR communication product (a video) to determine the methods’ functionality.Results: PROLIFERATE demonstrates adeptness for evaluating barriers and enablers of PR product uptake, effectiveness, and impact. It can identify ways to address barriers by assessing knowledge user perspectives on the comprehensibility of the product, emotional resonance, motivation to change, and future accessibility. Conclusions: PROLIFERATE can enable longitudinal and cross-sectional measurement of PR products in implementation and integrated KT efforts. It can evaluate and track the effectiveness and impact of different types of PR products in a situational responsive manner which compares users, platforms, and other factors in a replicable way.
Environmental Sustainability Framework for Plastic Waste Management - A Case Study in Bubble Tea Streets of Ss15, Subang Jaya
Authors: Lee Chie Jian , Chang Lam , Tan Jully
Published: March 2021

Economic growth and rapid industrialisation have led to enormous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) in the urban areas. Lack of waste management alternatives and ineffective waste policy implementation are the major challenges for government to materialise a sustainable solid waste management framework, especially for plastic waste. Booming bubble tea industry has aggravated the situation by generating more plastic waste which are either non-recyclable or rejected by recycling facilities as they have low or no economic values. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the overall environmental performance of existing and alternative waste management technologies that are available in Malaysia based on net greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent per tonne of plastic waste that are analysed through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Waste management technology with better environmental performance is taken into account in environmental sustainability framework development for plastic waste management based on the case study in Bubble Tea Streets of Subang Jaya. Two scenarios of waste management technologies are considered: (A) sanitary landfill; (B) waste to energy (WTE) incineration. Results showed that Scenario B (WTE incineration) is more environmentally preferable as it has a negative net GHG emission of -573.80 kg CO2-eq as compared to GHG emission of existing sanitary landfill (566.15 kg CO2-eq.). Negative net GHG emission in WTE incineration is mainly due to higher GHG saving achieved through cleaner electricity generation as compared to conventional power production. This proposed alternative technology has the potential to reduce the dependence on landfills and is served as the basis of framework development. The environmental sustainability framework for plastic waste management can be baseline for the local authorities or policy makers for other plastic waste generation hotspots other than bubble tea industry to improve plastic waste management via WTE incineration.
A plug-and-play, scalable control method for AC island microgrid
Authors: Feng Yiwei , Wang Xin
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a scalable, plug-and-play (PnP) and system-stable synthesis control method is proposed for the AC island microgrid consisting of a distributed generator unit (DGU) and loads connected by power lines. The proposed method only requires a limited global parameter design controller, so the design process of the controller is decentralized, so that the addition and removal of DGU only need to adjust the controller of the DGU with its physical connection, without affecting the overall stability of the microgrid. In addition, we used the Lyapunov method to proved the stability of the close-loop system. Finally, the simulation verification was carried out with the MATLAB/Simulink and specific cases.
Characterizing the Deep Pumping-induced Subsidence Against Metro Tunnel Using Vertically Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing
Authors: Xin Yunxiao , Li Xiaozhao , Zhang Wei , Wang Qi
Published: March 2021

Continuous pumping of groundwater will induce uneven ground settlement, which may adversely affect the nearby metro tunnels. In this paper, taking Nantong Metro Line 1 crossing Nantong Port Water Plant as an example, the surface level measurement and subsurface deformation monitoring using vertically distributed fiber-optic sensing are implemented to acquire the surface and subsurface settlement of emergency water supply conditions. The fiber optic cable vertically buried in the constant-temperature layer is used to measure the subsurface strain field and deduce the deformation amount of each stratum. The monitoring results show that, during the pumping, the deformation of the aquifer and ground surface is linearly compressed with time; after the pumping, the ground surface continues to settle linearly at a slower rate for about 50 days, followed by a slow linear rebound, and the aquifer is logarithmically rebounded. In addition, deep pumping causes the deformation of the aquifers to be much greater than the surface settlement; the surface settlement lags behind the settlement of the aquifer by 1 to 2 months; the surface rebound recovery also exhibits a similar delay. Fitting models were derived to predict the maximum settlement and curvature radius of the site, which indicates that the adverse effects against the metro tunnel are not negligible once the continuous pumping exceeds 15 days. Those insights can be referred by the practitioners for the control of urban subsidence.
Tibetan Birds Lay Larger Eggs at the Cost of Egg Number
Authors: Guo Yangyang , Lu Xin
Published: March 2021

Life history theory predicts that when breeding in harsh environments, selection favors organisms to allocate more energy into fewer offspring at the expense of offspring number. However, it is unclear whether such a trade-off remains evident in the presence of parental care, which might compromise the maternal investment to offspring quality. We address this question using a comparative approach for phylogenetically-paired passerines breeding in the Tibet Plateau vs. adjacent lowlands, the two systems that sharply differ in environmental hardness. While total biomass of eggs within a clutch became lighter towards Tibet, clutch size decreased and egg size increased. Tibetan birds were more time-constrained in breeding duration but had longer incubation and nestling periods than their lowland counterparts. Despite so, nestlings reared in Tibet were of similar body mass at fledging to those reared in lowlands. Therefore, more investment in fewer eggs as well as in incubation and provisioning young suggests that Tibetan birds are making the best of a bad job to ensure offspring survival under the hard conditions. This research supports a role of adaptive reproductive allocation by animals with parental care in the evolution of life history strategy along elevational gradients.
On Generalized Fractional Dynamical System With Order Lying in (0, 2): Stability Analysis, Chaotic Behaviour, Control and Synchronization
Authors: Abed-Elhameed Tarek , Aboelenen Tarek
Published: March 2021

The generalized fractional dynamical system with order lying in (0, 2) is investigated. We present the stability analysis of that system using Mittag-Leffler function, the Gronwall-Bellman Lemma and Laplace transform. The bifurcation diagram of generalized fractional-order Chen system is given. We investigate a theorem to control the chaotic generalized fractional-order systems by linear feedback control. Two examples to achieve the theorem of control are given. The synchronization between two different chaotic generalized fractional systems is presented. We give a theorem to calculate the control functions which achieve synchronization. This theorem is applied to achieve the synchronization between different generalized fractional-order systems with order lying in (0, 1]. And, also, used to achieve the synchronization between the identical generalized fractional-order L\"{u} systems with order lying in [1, 2). There exist an agreement among analytical results and numerical treatments for stability, control and synchronization theorems.
Conflict or Coordination? The Interactions between Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Evidence from China
Authors: jiang huiqin , Chen Miao-miao , Li Yixuan , Shao Xinxiao , Bao Jianqiang
Published: March 2021

As two important strategies to reduce adverse climate effects, mitigation and adaptation actions can interact, resulting in synergies or trade-offs. Using data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2017, this study employs a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model to study the interactive relationships between mitigation and adaptation. Moreover, based on the coupling coordination model, this paper investigates the coordination degree of mitigation and adaptation in China. The results show that 1) there is Granger causality between mitigation and adaptation, and the positive impact of mitigation on adaptation is greater than the negative impact of adaptation on mitigation. Therefore, an integrated approach that considers these interactions can help enhance synergy and create a win-win situation. 2) The dynamic relationship between mitigation and adaptation in China has reached a barely balanced stage, and there are large regional differences. 3) Compared with the mitigation evaluation value, the adaptation evaluation value has a more positive effect on promoting an increase in the coordination degree. These findings can contribute to the formulation of effective regional sustainable development strategies.
Cumulative Plastic Deformation Characteristics of Saturated Silty Sand under Variable Frequency Cyclic Loading of Subway Entrance/Exit
Authors: Li Zeyao , Zhou Jie , Tian Wanjun , Tang Yiqun , Pei Wansheng
Published: March 2021

The acceleration and deceleration movement of the subway near the subway station have a certain impact on the foundation soil. After the samples have been reconstituted in an inclined slope using sand rain method, undrained dynamic cyclic triaxial experiments were designed under specific variable frequency loading condition according to on-site monitoring data and theoretical calculation results. Effects of subway entrance/exit distance, subway entrance/exit acceleration, vibration amplitude, effective confining pressure on the cumulative deformation characteristics of Nanjing saturated silty sand were explored under experimental program. The results show that the cumulative plastic strain development of the Nanjing silty sand under the variable frequency cyclic loading of subway entrance/ exit can be roughly divided into three stages: explosive growth, rapid growth and gradual stability. The increase of the distance from the subway station can reduce the vibration cycles of subway entrance/exit loading to enter the gradual stabilization phase; it can also lower the shear deformation and increase the vertical deformation. Greater the vibration amplitude or lower the effective confining pressure can also have the same effect on soil deformation characteristics. Instead, greater the subway entrance/ exit acceleration, smaller the vertical deformation and larger the shear deformation. For practical engineering, the initial stage of subway line in operation is the focus of engineering geological disaster prevention. The settlement deformation of the soil in subway entrance interval, the horizontal displacement of the soil in subway exit interval are more serious. The soil closer to subway station is more prone to deformation hazard
Circular RNA, CDR1as, modulates spinal fibrosis via the miR-7a-5p/TGF-βR2 axis and the Smads signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Wenzhao , He Dong , Zhu Peijia , Liu Kaiwen , Wang Shaoyi , Bo Qiyu , Wei Jianlu
Published: March 2021

Damage to the spinal cord is the most serious complication of spinal injury. The method to reduce fibrogenesis after spinal cord injury, to facilitate repair, is an ongoing hurdle despite advancements in research. Non-coding RNA plays an important role in the progression of many diseases, but the study of its role in the progression of spinal fibrosis is still emerging. Here, we investigated the function of circular RNAs, specifically CDR1as, in spinal fibrosis and characterized its molecular mechanism and pathophysiology. The presence of CDR1as in the spinal cord was verified by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction assays. Further, gene and protein expression of miR-7a-5p and TGF-βR2 were measured to evaluate their predicted interactions. The combination miR-7a-5p/TGF-βR2 was predicted by bioinformatics and validated using a luciferase reporter assay. The regulatory effects and activation pathways of miR-7a-5p and CDR1as on spinal fibrosis were subsequently verified by Western blot. miR-7a-5p inhibitor and siCDR1as were transfected and inhibited the effect of siCDR1as. These results indicate that CDR1as/miR-7a-5p/TGF-βR2 interactions may exert important functions and suggest potential therapeutic targets for treating spinal fibrotic diseases.
MTA versus CEM root-end fillings effect on fracture resistance of endodontically treated simulated immature teeth restored with cast metal posts: an in-vitro study
Authors: Grayli Ensieh , Dashtban Abbas , Shadan Leyla , Behnampour Naser , Afshari Elham
Published: March 2021

Background: Endodontically treated immature teeth which are restored with cast metal posts are of the most susceptible teeth to fracture. An apical plug is usually used as root end filling in order to seal the wide apical foramen. The current study was performed to evaluate the effect of different root-end filling materials (MTA and CEM) on fracture resistance of teeth restored with cast metal posts.Methods: A total of 40 extracted intact single-rooted human mandibular premolars (removed for orthodontic reasons) were used in the study. The coronal part of each tooth was removed and root canal preparation was performed. A size 4 Gates Glidden drill was used to enlarge the canal and was passed through the apical foramen in order to simulate an immature apex. Samples were randomly divided into 5 groups according to apical plug (Group 1: No plug, Group 2: 5 mm MTA plug, Group 3: 5 mm CEM plug, Group 4: 2 mm MTA plug, Group 5: 2 mm CEM plug). Post-space preparations were performed and cast metal post-and-cores were fabricated and cemented. Fracture resistance was assessed using a universal testing machine. Fracture thresholds were recorded and data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 with significance level at P value < 0.05. Results The analysis showed a significant difference of fracture resistance between groups (p-value<0.05). The mean fracture resistance of samples in group 1 was significantly lower than group 2 (p-value=0.003). there was no significant difference between other groups (p-value>0.05).Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, the evidence indicated that placement of a 5 mm MTA apical plug increased the fracture resistance in simulated immature teeth which are restored with cast metal posts, compared to control group (gutta-percha and sealer). While the results were not as promising for a 2 mm MTA apical plug or either 2 or 5 mm CEM apical plug.
An Integrated Field Data and Remote Sensing Approach for Impact Assessment of Human Activities on Macro-benthos Biodiversity Along Western Coast of Aqaba Gulf
Authors: El-Naggar Hussein A. , Salem El-Sayed S. , El-Kafrawy Sameh B. , Bashar Mansour A. , Ashour Mohamed , Shaban Walaa M. , El-Gayar Ensaf E. , Abou-Mahmoud Mohamed E.
Published: March 2021

The Egyptian coast of Aqaba Gulf, north of the Red Sea suffers from severe destruction and deterioration in habitat and biodiversity due to anthropogenic activities and flooding. The present work aims to evaluate the impacts of different human activities and flooding on the biodiversity of macro-benthos invertebrates along the Egyptian coast of the Aqaba Gulf. From January 2019 to December 2019, many field trips (12 trips) were conducted to survey macro-benthos-invertebrate communities and monitor water quality at nine sites within three sectors along the study area. Each site was divided into four ecological zones and one of five categories, according to the main activities at each site. Furthermore, satellite data were used to monitor the progress of land use, and turbidity in the study area. Therefore, the current study assessing the relationship between these factors and water quality and macro-benthos-invertebrates distributions, similarity, diversity, dominance and abundance. The results revealed that fifty-three macro-benthos-invertebrates species belonging to four phyla (Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Annelida) were recorded. Echinometra mathaei was the major eudominant species. The northern part of the Gulf was higher abundance and diversity with low land use and lowest water turbidity, while the south part showed the contrary findings. All statics analysis confirmed that the dissolved oxygen concentration was considered the only limiting factor for the abundance and diversity of macro-benthos invertebrates. Also, the variation in activities at investigated sites affected the dominance state of species in each site. Moreover, GPS data confirmed that the tourism activity had the largest influence on marine ecosystems and biodiversity, followed by fishing and desalination practices. Otherwise, flooding has significant influence on marine habitats and creates a habitat in which other certain species can be survived. In the absence of awareness, intervention and disregard for the effective coastal zone management concept, especially for the unique marine ecosystems such as the Gulf of Aqaba, the degradation of biodiversity will continue until extinction, and human life is rendered unsustainable.
Mapping the dynamics of urban land creation from hilltop removing and gulley filling projects in the river-valley city of Lanzhou, China
Authors: quanfu Niu , Bei Jianrong , Cheng Weiming , Dang Xinghai , Wang Guigang , Gao Xiaolong , Wang Yijun
Published: March 2021

To expand urban area and protect farmland effectively, Hilltop Removing and Gulley Filling Projects (HRGFP) in the river-valley city of Lanzhou, China have been carried out over the last decades. However, monitoring the dynamic characteristic and scale of the projects and the impact on the local eco-environment caused by HRGFP is necessary. Here, we conducted field investigations and used aerial remote sensing images and the Spatial Expansion Intensity Index (SEII), Terrain Niche Index (TNI), Biophysical Composition Index (BCI), and Remote Sensing Environment Index (RSEI) to monitor the dynamic characteristics of new plots and changes in the local environment. The total area of the new plots from HRGFP around Lanzhou was about 203.18km2 in 1989–2016 with a continuous shift away from the urban area to the low hills, gentle slopes, and gullies in the north, which has greatly enlarged the urban area and increased economic development. We found that the new plots were converted to new forest and grassland in addition to buildings. RSEI indicated that the environment quality improved in 3984 km2 of the study area, or 55.73% of the total area, after a short period of degradation. Our results indicated that HRGFP in Lanzhou have enlarged the urban area and increased economic development, and improved environment under the guidance of the local government.
Predictive Assessment of Toxicants Migration from Technogenic Gold-Mining Wastes (Case Study of the Tailings Management Facility of Tokur Mill, Amur Region, Russia)
Authors: Radomskaya Valentina Ivanovna , Pavlova Lyudmila Mikhailovna , Shumilova Lyudmila Pavlovna , Voropaeva Elena Nikolaevna , Osipova Nina Aleksandrovna
Published: March 2021

The results of the toxic elements behavior predicting in gold mining technogenic waste during their draining with seasonal precipitation (case study of the tailings management facility of Tokur Mill, Amur Region, Russia) present in this article. The predictive assessment was made on characteristics basis of the tailings management facility material: the geochemical composition, migration ability of elements in model experiments using atomic emission and mass spectral methods, calculation of acid-producing and acid-neutralizing potentials. The substance of the tailing management facility has a high acid-neutralizing potential due to the carbonates in it, which contributes to the neutral and slightly alkaline drainage flows formation. Under these conditions, the migration of Cd, Bi, Pb, Sr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sb risk is low, and water migration of oxygen-containing As risk anions is very high, since the share of its mobile compounds in the tailings management facility material is 90-92%.
Evaluation of Microplastics Ingested by Sea Cucumber Stichopus Horrens in Pulau Pangkor, Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Husin Miftahul Jannah Muhammad , Mazlan Nurzafirah , Shalom Jemimah , Saud Safaa Najah , Sani Muhammad Shirwan Abdullah
Published: March 2021

The widespread presence of microplastics has caused significant concerns on their potential effects on marine ecosystems. Microplastics are classified as plastic products of less than 5 mm in size and are known to be one of the most dangerous aquatic debris to marine species. Sea cucumbers are deposit-feeders living in sediment regions that may collect microplastics in low-energy environments. This research aims to evaluate the types of microplastic isolated from the intestine of Stichopus horrens in Malaysia. Sea cucumber samples collected from Pulau Pangkor, Malaysia were dissected, and their intestines were collected for digestion. Microplastics were extracted using NaOH and filtered using filter paper. Microplastic identification was conducted on the based on the physical characteristics (colour, shape, size) and chemical characterisation was evaluated using FTIR for polymer functional groups. A total of 1446 microplastics were found in Stichopus horrens. Among various types and colors, fibre (90%) and black (59%) were dominant amongst the various particles identified. The majority of microplastics sizes were 0.51 µm and 1–2 µm. Two polymer materials were identified, namely polyethylene and poly(methyl methacrylate). As a conclusion, the findings of the study will serve as primary data for pollution indicators in respective islands.
Hydrogeochemistry and hydrogeology of a fractured urban aquifer in the metropolitan region of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil
Authors: Bernardi Crysthian , Viero Antonio Pedro , Roisenberg Ari
Published: March 2021

This paper was carried out through database of hydrogeological information of tubular wells based on the Groundwater Information System (SIAGAS) from the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM). The geology of the study area shows two main domains, a complex Crystalline Precambrian Shield partially covered by Quaternary sediments. Two main regional directions of tectonic lineaments were defined using satellite images with NE-SW and NW-SE orientations. The average discharges and specific capacities of the wells show values of 13.1 m 3 /h and 0.59 m 3 /h/m respectively. NW-SE linear structures were more productive than NE-SW, however the highest discharge values and the highest average (15.6 m 3 /h) are related to abstractions influenced by both directions simultaneously. Serra do Tabuleiro Granite is the lithology with the greatest productive potential in the region, followed by São Pedro de Alcântara Granite and the Granite-Gneiss-Migmatitic Complex. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate waters are the two main hydrochemical groups that occur in the region. The dissolution of calcium carbonate filling the fractures of the rocks is the main source responsible for the alkalinity of the water. The cationic proportion is defined by Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K + . In some wells, the increasing of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is probably related to the contribution of adjacent Quaternary porous aquifers deposited under marine influence.
Predictors of changes in skeletal muscle mass after esophagectomy in elderly patients with esophageal cancer
Authors: Harada Tsuyoshi , Tatematsu Noriatsu , Ueno Junya , Koishihara Yu , Konishi Nobuko , Fukushima Takuya , Fujiwara Hisashi , Fujita Takeo , Wada Ayako , Tsuji Tetsuya
Published: March 2021

Purpose : Although a change in skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) 4 months after esophagectomy impacts prognosis, predictors of a change in SMI have not been revealed. The purpose of this exploratory retrospective study was to clarify the predictors of a change in SMI after curative esophagectomy in elderly patients with esophageal cancer.Methods : Fifty-four patients who underwent esophagectomy and perioperative rehabilitation from 2015 to 2018 were enrolled. Preoperative and postoperative SMI (cm 2 /m 2 ) were calculated using computed tomography images. The ratio change in SMI was calculated as follows: (postoperative SMI − preoperative SMI) ÷ preoperative SMI × 100%. Potential predictors of a change in SMI ratio were analyzed by multiple regression. Results : The mean ratio change in SMI 4 months after esophagectomy was −7.1% ± 9.4%. The ratio change in quadriceps muscle strength in the first month after surgery ([postoperative strength − preoperative strength] ÷ preoperative strength × 100%) (standardized β = .273, p = .038) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) (standardized β = .398, p = .006) were predictors of the ratio change in SMI independent of age, sex, pathological stage, and preoperative SMI. Conclusion : Quadriceps muscle weakness in the first month after esophagectomy and NAC were predictors of the ratio change in SMI after esophagectomy. Continuous postoperative comprehensive rehabilitation and supportive care may inhibit loss of skeletal muscle mass.