bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Fauna of the Lower Devonian Beds of Torquay
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Drevermann has already described and figured this species, and there can be no doubt that the shell from Smugglers' Cove described by Etheridge as ‘O. hipparionix (sic) or striatula’ belongs to it. There are several much better examples in the Sedgwick Museum from Smugglers' Cove, which fully confirm this conclusion. The specimen from Looe, figured by Davidson (op. cit. supra) as O. hipparionyx ? is believed by Drevermann to belong to O. provulvaria, but he does not mention Etheridge's shell from Smugglers' Cove. There is also one imperfect example in the Sedgwick Museum from the New Cut. Williams and Breger consider Schnur's Orthis hipparionyx (non Vanuxem) from Prtim in the Eifel, to be identical with Hall's Schuchertella woolworthana from the Lower Helderberg of New York.
Cummingtonite-bearing Rocks from the Lewisian
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

Manganiferous schists carrying cummingtonite or grunerite are now known from several areas of the Lewisian of Scotland. Cummingtonite in paragneisses was first described from the Gairloch area (1)1 and it has since been met with at two localities in the Lewisian inlier of Glenelg—at Druideag Lodge, Loch Duich (2), in association with eulysites, and in the gorge of Glen Beag, 5½ miles south of this points—here associated with rhodonite and pyroxman-gite (3).
Density Currents in connection with the problem of Submarine Canyons
Authors: Kuenen Ph. H.
Published: May 2009

The investigation of submarine canyons has been actively pursued in the United States of latter years, principally due to the activities of F. P. Shepard. The Coast and Geodetic Survey has mapped a large number of these interesting chasms, both along the Atlantic and Pacific continental slopes, by sonic soundings; Shepard himself added data by soundings and dredgings along the Californian coast; Stetson performed current measurements, dredgings, and sampling in the canyons off the east coast. The number of data is steadily increasing in the United States, and it is to be hoped other nations will also become active, for much still remains to be learned before a comprehensive view of the many-sided problem can be obtained.
The Petrology of Katungite
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

The specimens representing the Katunga lavas are compact fine-grained porphyritic rocks of lustrous stone-grey to deep blue-grey colour, the phenocrysts being olivine (up to 3 mm. long) of various tints from nearly colourless to yellow-green, and melilite (up to 2 mm. square) in thin tabular, less conspicuous crystals which, megascopically, have a shining grey to black appearance. Some of the specimens from near the sources of the flows are internally altered and have become fawn or buff in colour, mottledby white zeolitic specks and reddish brown ferruginous pseudomorphs after olivine and melilite. Some weathered specimens have a brown ochreous crust, but within this the rock is normally fresh.
The Age of the Jamaica Granodiorite and its Associated Rocks
Authors: Matley C. A.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in 1929 on “The Basal Complex of Jamaica, with Special Reference to the Kingston District” (Matley, 1929, 440–92) I gave an account of the nature and structural relationships of a complex of rocks consisting partly of plutonic rocks (granodiorite and serpentines) and partly of metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks, now chiefly in the condition of amphibolites, hornblende- and chlorite-schists, quartz-sericiteschists, and marbles. The paper, which contained an important Appendix by F. Higham on the petrography, presented the results of many months' arduous work in the field, including the detailed mapping of the Kingston District, for which a good contoured map as available on the scale of 2½ inches to the mile. The geology of the area is so difficult that, in my opinion, the only way of arriving at sound conclusions is by adequate field-mapping.
Preliminary Note on the Rocks of Darfur
Authors: Lynes Captain Hubert , Smith W. Campbell
Published: May 2009

IN the course of a journey from El Obeid to Jebel Marra, in Darfur, Captain Hubert Lynes collected a number of the rocks from the volcano of Dereiba and from various other points on the route, shown in the map (Fig. 1). The rocks of this area have not been described hitherto. The following notes give a brief description of the nature of the country, with petrological details of the rocks collected.
Precambrian Para-Gneisses of Southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

IN an earlier paper a description of certain dolomites and calc-magnesian silicate rocks of the oldest group recognized in southern Eyre Peninsula—the Hutchison series—has been given.
Andalusite and Sillimanite in Uncontaminated Igneous Rocks
Authors: Hills Edwin Sherbon
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of andalusite and sillimanite in unaltered igneous rocks is, according to the orthodox view expressed in most standard textbooks (see, e.g., Tyrrell, 1934, pp. 50, 164; Shand, 1927, pp. 62, 146; Grout, 1932, p. 230), always to be ascribed to contamination of magmas by highly aluminous sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Having been given cause to doubt the correctness of this view by the recognition at Pyramid Hill, Victoria, of andalusite-bearing granites and aplites in which evidence of assimilation is lacking, I was then very interested to discover that the opinion has often been expressed, and evidence adduced in support of it, that both andalusite and sillimanite may be normal pyrogenetic constituents of igneous rocks.1 That is, they may under certain conditions crystallize from uncontaminated magmas. Some authors, while admitting that andalusite and sillimanite may crystallize from magmas, regard such pyrogenetic occurrences of these minerals as caused by the development of local excess of alumina, due to the assimilation of shales (e.g. Wells, 1931; Shand, 1927, p. 62). Others do not make their position clear, merely classing andalusite and sillimanite as assimilation minerals (sic), but Tyrrell goes so far as to state that they are “never of pyrogenetic oiigin” (1934, p. 50). Because of the reliance that is placed upon accessory minerals in igneous rocks as indicators of consanguinity of magmas and of the role of assimilation and other processes in pedogenesis, it is important that the status of each mineral should be thoroughly understood. In most classifications of accessory minerals andalusite and sillimanite are either classed as “contamination accessories” (Wells, 1931) or grouped with minerals that are commonly due to contamination (Wright, 1932), and Wright regards them as “of little value for correlation purposes”. Chatterjee, however, was able to use andalusite as an indicator, on the one hand, of relationship between the Falmouth and Bodmin Moor granites, both of these containing a purple variety in fair amount, and, on the other, of the distinction of these granites from those of Dartmoor and St. Austell, in which andalusite is colourless and rare. The rare, sporadically developed andalusite in the Dartmoor granite is considered by Brammall and Harwood (1923) to be a contamination mineral, but Teall suggested (1887) that the andalusite in the Cheesewring granite is probably an “original constituent” (i.e. not mechanically incorporated with the granite, as strew from xenoliths or wall rocks), and the relative abundance and uniformity of distribution of andalusite in the normal type of the Bodmin Moor granite, as exhibited at the Cheesewring (see Ghosh, 1927), lend support to this suggestion.
Anemetocrinus N.G. A Five-armed Poteriocrinid from the Lower Carboniferous Limestones of Scotland
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In the Scottish Lower Carboniferous limestones there are known to occur at least sevenspecies of Dicyclic Inadunate crinoids belonging to the family Poteriocrinidae, one of the main characters of which is the possession of five simple unbranched arms. One species is also known from the Carboniferous of the Isle of Man. Two of the Scottish species have been assigned to the genus Ulocrinus, viz. U. globularis de Koninck and U. doliolus Wright. The former species is now referred to U. bockschii (Geinitz), which has priority, and the Scottish specimens as they commonly occur appear to be indistinguishable from it. The cup in these two species is specially characteristic, the shape being for the most part globular and the anal area, while sometimes of normal character, is more commonly occupied by a large RA with anal X and rt surmounting it and comparatively small. The arms are rather long, uniserial, and formed of narrow cuneiform brachials (Plate XIV, Figs. 1–6). (Bather, 1916–17; Wright, 1927, 1936.)
Contributions to the Petrology of Barnavave, Carlingford, I.F.S. 3: On some Hybrids from the E. and S.E. Slopes of Barnavave Mountain
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

The rocks about to be described are found in various parts of the eastern and south-eastern portions of the eucrite mass which forms the bulk of Barnavave Mountain. They are best displayed, however, between the 700 and 800 foot contours in the area just north of the large N.W. fault which crosses the region.1 The main characters of the normal eucrite are already well known from Sollas's now classical researches on the western side of the mountain.2 The normal eucrite of the eastern part of Barnavave is very similar to that occurring in the west. It is composed essentially of a diallagic pyroxene and a basic plagioclase, with or without a small but variable quantity of rhombic pyroxene (Text-fig. 1A). The plagioclase varies from Ab19An81 to Ab30An70, but the bulk centres round the more acid of these extremes. When subjected to metamorphism by the later acid intrusions, it shows very fine “clouding” and may appear black in hand specimen. The diallagic pyroxene is almost colourless in thin section but has a pale brown colour in thicker pieces. It has a % 1.680 ±.003, γ % 1.703 ±.003, γΛc % 41°, (+) 2V % 63°±4°, dispersion moderate p>v. Achemical analysis will be found on p. 477. In places it has a well defined schiller structure. The rhombic pyroxene (enstatite), when present, is colourless and non-pleochroic in thin section and also shows schiller structure. The accessory constituents include some titaniferous magnetite or ilmenite (normally enclosed in pyroxene). Apatite appears to be negligible in quantity.
The Foraminifera of the Fenland Clays at St. Germans, near King’s Lynn
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

The complete sequence of Fenland deposits at St. Germans consists of five clays interbedded with four peats; the whole is apparently of post-Glacial age, and the later beds at least were laid down in historic times. Fourteen specimens were collected from the clays, and all yielded foraminifera. Forty-one species of these are indigenous, five are derived from the Chalk, and twelve from the Kimmeridge Clay. Of the indigenous species nearly all are forms tolerant of brackish-water, while species intolerant of this are almost lacking. From this fact and from the presence of many fragments of peat in the clays it is concluded that these are of brackish-water origin. From the presence of a proportion of micaceous silt in many of the clays, accompanied by and correlated with foraminiferal species less tolerant of brackish water, occasional ingress of estuarine water is presumed.
The Glacial Deposits of Gower
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: May 2009

A general description of the drifts of Gower has been given in the memoirs of the Geological Survey,1 in which, however, no distinction was made between deposits of different ages. But it has long been known that there are at least two series of Glacial deposits in South-Western Britain, though until recently their relative extents were only surmised: in South Wales the relations of the drifts have been determined only within the last few years.2 As a consequence of this recent work it is clear that the Newer Drift does not extend into Gower much beyond the Sketty-Fairwood-Mumbles neighbourhood, and while the margin of this Newer Drift as determined by Charlesworth may be questioned in detail, especially further west along the Towy Valley,3 yet it is at least certain that the greater part of Gower is (or was) covered by Boulder Clay and gravels of the older drift. The general absence of deposits characteristic of terminal moraines, the “ mature ” topography, and the great amount of erosion that the drift has suffered are sufficiently distinctive, even apart from the extensive mounds of sand and gravel that mark the boundary of the Newer Drift further east.
The Dalradian Succession in the Pass of Brander District, Argyll
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

Between the Cruachan Granite complex and the Glen Strae fault, to the south-east, and the Pass of Brander fault, to the south-west, there is a strip of Dalradian rocks (Fig. 1). These all lie within 1 in. Sheet 45 (Scot.) of the Geological Survey and are described in the Oban and Dalmally Memoir (Hill, 1908, pp. 19–28; Kynaston, 1908, pp. 38–40). Bailey has later distinguished the three great structural divisions into which he has divided the South-West Highlands. These are, in ascending structural succession: the Ballapel Foundation, represented south-east of the granite by Eilde Flags, Glencoe Quartzite, Leven Schists, and Ballachulish Limestone, and south-west of the same by Leven Schists; the Iltay Nappe, represented in both these positions by Islay Quartzite and Easdale Slates; and the Loch Awe Nappe, represented south of the granite by Ardrishaig Phyllites (Bailey, 1922).
The Occurrence of Markfieldite at Nuneaton
Authors: Jones Francis
Published: May 2009

The description of new sections of the junction between Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian rocks in Messrs. Boons quarry by Dr. Wills and Mr. Shotton in the November, 1934, issue of the Geological Magazine is of exceptional interest to me. I discovered the grano-phyric rock in 1932 and along with it the peculiar microdiorite which they describe, and have included description of both rocks and an analysis of the granophyre in a thesis recently submitted to London University.
Note on a Marine Band in the Denbighshire Coalfield
Authors: Simpson Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In many coalfields in the zone of Anthracomya pulchra and Carbonicola similis there is a marine band, viz. Mansfield, Yorkshire; Dukinfield, S.E. Lancashire; The Gin Mine, North Staffordshire; Rimbert, North of France; but, apart from a doubtful Lingula from the roof of the Brassy coal at Bersham Colliery, no marine fossils have previously been recorded from undisputed Coal Measures of the Denbighshire Coalfield.
On the Age of Certain Species of Trigonia from the Jurassic Rocks of Kachh (Cutch)
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

One of the problems left unsolved in my “Revision of the Jurassic Cephalopod Fauna of Kachh” consisted of the determination of the exact age of certain Jurassic beds that had yielded (in addition to ammonites) species of Trigonia. Among these, T. smeei J. de C. Sowerby is of unusual, general interest; and, as readers of the Geological Magazine may remember, this species has been the subject of much controversy. It was one of the species whose “morphological position, viewed from the evolutionary standpoint”, caused them to be described as Cretaceous. Thanks to the continued researches of Mr. J. H. Smith, of Bhuj, who has been good enough to send me new collections from various critical sections in Kachh, I am now in a position to add to the evidence for a Jurassic age of a number of these species of Trigonia. If it be asked why, in a work on cephalopods, I have gone out of my way to express scepticism regarding the use of species of Trigonia for correlation, I can only say that this genus happened to be represented among the ammonite material sent to me. There is no reason, so far as I can see, why Trigonia should not be quite as useful for zonal purposes as ammonites. I have been equally sceptical about Stolley’s work on belemnites. But in either case I will leave the results to speak for themselves. It seems to me that if Upper Oxfordian species like Trigonia smeei and such allies as T. tenuis, T. tra-peziformis, T. remota Kitchin, not to mention the associated Astarte, Gervillia, Cucullaea, Exogyra, etc., could be claimed to be of Cretaceous age by one of the most eminent authorities, then it is time to remind the general palaeontologist again of what workers on ammonites have realized long ago.
A Note on the Origin of Basic Xenoliths in Plutonic Rocks, with special reference to their Grain-size
Authors: Joplin Germaine A.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

It has been suggested that the grain-size of coarse basic plutonic rocks may be reduced in one or all of three ways:—
(1) If the temperature of the invading magma be sufficient, the reduction may be effected by the formation of a granoblastic structure. It is pointed out that recrystallized inclusions are found more often in basic plutonic masses, where the earlier crystalloblastic structures are not obliterated by superimposed hybridization. In 1933 (p. 156) the writer suggested that relict felspars with granular inclusions (or clouding) may be useful criteria of a recrystallization antedating hybridization.
(2) The grain-size may be reduced by the development of highly poikilitic crystals of hornblende and/or biotite, and by the final disruption of these. Such crystals may be formed as poikiloblasts in the initial recrystallization; but more often they may be attributed to hybridization, and in this process hornblende plays an important rôle.
(3) The grain-size may be reduced by the formation of granular masses of pyroxene or by criss-cross flakes of biotite during hybridization.
Thomas and Campbell Smith (1932) and Nockolds (1932) have discussed the development of large felspars within the fine grained xenolith and its final incorporation in the acid magma, but it is not the purpose of the present paper to deal with this stage. It is hoped that this discussion may have indicated a means by which coarse basic plutonic rocks may become fine grained xenoliths, and it is finally urged that it is not always necessary to postulate a fine grained origin for these inclusions.
The Exogenous Contact-zone at Ben Bullen, New South Wales
Authors: Joplin Germaine A.
Published: May 2009

Recently an account of the endogenous contact-zone of the non-magnesian limestones at Ben Bullen was published in this Magazine (Joplin, 1935 a), and it is now proposed to examine the effects of normal contact metamorphism in the aureole of the Ben Bullen plutonic complex.
Significance of the British Quaternary Strand-line Oscillations
Authors: Johns Cosmo
Published: May 2009

It is proposed in this communication to describe the results obtained, and methods employed, in an investigation of the British strand-line oscillations and to discuss related episodes on the Continent. The original object was to determine the nature of the movements and, if possible, to discover their time relations, but the unexpected correlations that emerged rendered it necessary to extend the scope of the investigation. The data available include the pre-Glacial, 100-ft. and 25-ft. raised beaches together with the knowledge that the land stood high above the prevailing sea-level and was glaciated between the first and second beaches mentioned, and that there was a re-advance of the ice between the second and third. The most interesting feature of the oscillations is that they constitute a complete cycle; for the sea which left the pre-Glacial beach at the beginning of Quaternary time, practically returned to it at the close. This cyclic nature of the movements suggested that if the first, or determining, movement could correctly be assumed, it should be possible to depict the changing relations of sea and land in a simple bi-axial diagram; the movements being given absolute value by reference to the earth’s centre.
Subsidence in the European Area
Authors: Lewis R. G.
Published: May 2009

The structure of the earth was supposed by Suess to be tripartite, there was an outer layer of rocks mainly granitic, the sal, or sial as it is usually now called. This rested, or “floated”, on a dense layer called the sima, of basaltic character, within which was the earth’s core, or nife, metallic in nature. Such a simple conception has been modified in the light of later knowledge: geologically there is much evidence pointing to the existence of several shells of increasing density within the crust. This is to some extent supported by the evidence of seismology, the layers below the upper sedimentary layer being the Granitic, the Intermediate (of tachylyte or diorite) and Lower Layers (dunite, peridotite, or eclogite) (1). According to the latest information there are four layers intermediate between the granitic and lower layers: the thickness of the sedimentary layer varies from about 2 to 6 kilometres in mountainous regions: the thickness of the granitic layer varies, being about 10 to 12 kilometres in Central Europe. In low-lying regions the total thickness of these two layers is probably about 6 kilometres less than in mountainous regions: “the thicknesses of the other layers are very difficult to determine; the upper two probably have together a thickness of about 15 kilometres, but the others can hardly be determined from the observations” (2).
Some Spherulitic Growths from Queensland
Authors: Bryan W. H.
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to bring before the notice of those interested a number of examples of spherulitic structures which seem to throw some light on the nature of the processes by which spherulites, lithophysae, and pyromerides are formed.
Quaternary Raised Beaches and the Coral Reef Problem
Authors: Johns Cosmo
Published: May 2009

In a previous communication (1) it was shown that a temporary lowering of ocean-level, of the order of 1,000 metres, served not only to elucidate the nature of the British Quaternary strand line oscillations, but was also competent to explain the climatic changes that occurred during that period over a region that extended from North-West Europe to the pluviated lands south of the Mediterranean. It was also pointed out that a change in ocean-level of such magnitude must, being world-wide in extent, have recorded its effects in distant regions. There should, therefore, be a wide choice of areas where the hypothesis might be subjected to a critical and possibly decisive test.
New Scottish and Irish Fossil Crinoids
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this paper is to place on record some interesting occurrences of crinoids in the Scottish and Irish Carboniferous Limestones. Some of the descriptions of new species are preliminary to a fuller study of the subject.
The Granitic and Basaltic Areas of the Earth's Surface
Authors: Hills G. F. S.
Published: May 2009

There are many reasons for believing that the floor of the oceans, at least of the Pacific, consists of basaltic rocks as distinct from the granitic rocks which form the continents. It is here suggested that this non-uniform distribution of rocks over the earth’s surface may have been caused by the particular kind of cooling mechanism which was adopted in the early stages of the earth’s history. A stage would be reached when granite would separate out as a lighter mass resting on the heavier and still liquid viscous basalt.
Age-Problems of the Moine Series of Scotland
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

The Chapters on the Geology of Scotland, by B. N. Peach and John Home, reveals very clearly the complete divergence in the views of these two masters concerning certain fundamental problems of the Moine Series. Peach (1, pp. 199–200) regards the Moine Series as the equivalent of the Torridonian and its metamorphism as entirely post-Cambrian. Home (1, pp. 200–1), on the other hand, believes the Moine Series to consist mainly of sedimentary schists of pre-Torridonian age which formed part of the land-barrier separating the Cambrian sea in the North-West Highlands from that in which the fossiliferous Highland Border Rocks (Cambro-Ordovician) were laid down.
Petrographical Notes on Rocks from the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The following notes refer to a collection of rock specimens made by the late Capt. T. Alex. Barns, F.R.G.S. Along with a summary of the geology of the four main islands in the Gulf of Guinea by the late Prof. J. W. Gregory it was intended to publish them as an appendix to a travel book by Capt. Barns. This book was never published as Capt. Barns was killed at Chicago in a motor accident on the 5th March, 1930. He had, however, already published an account of his journeys in the Geographical Journal. Prof. Gregory's manuscript on the geology of the islands cannot now be found. It is felt, however, that the petrographical notes and the two new chemical analyses that accompany them, should be placed on record.
The Production of Normal Rock Types by Contamination and their bearing on Petrogenesis
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper the author attempted to explain something of the mechanism of contamination in acid magmas, but nothing was said about the tendency, of contamination to produce normal rock types. It is to repair this deficiency that the present communication is presented.
Notes on the Petrology of the Gadabusi Country, British Somaliland
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

During the course of several journeys from the port of Zeilah southwards across the Ban or Plain to Buramo on the Abyssinian frontier, collections were made of characteristic crystalline rock groups in the hope of elucidating to some degree the composition and early history of the district. Permission to publish these notes was kindly given by the Colonial Office.
New Scottish Carboniferous Crinoids
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

Itwas indicated in a previous paper (Geol. Mag., LXXII, 1935, p. 208) that the Scottish Lower Carboniferous crinoid fauna contains a number of species which have never been adequately described. In the present communication, ten of these are discussed, the remainder, another ten or eleven species, will be dealt with later. All the specimens except four were collected by myself many years ago, but it was only recently that the requisite leisure was found to develop and clean them thoroughly.
The Origin of the Structure known as Guilielmites
Authors: Wood Alan
Published: May 2009

During the course of palaeontological work in the North Wales coalfield, shining discoidal bodies were noticed on the bedding planes of various shales. They were found to be identical with objects described asGuilielmitesby Geinitz (4) in 1858. The literature concerning them is reviewed below, and a new theory of their origin is advanced.
On the Lower Kimeridgian Ammonite Genera Pictonia, Rasenia, Aulacostephanus and Ataxioceras
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The four genera discussed below are mentioned in almost every paper, memoir, and monograph dealing with the Lower Kimeridge Clay in this country and abroad. The first three were given currency in the literature of the Upper Jurassic when species belonging to them were chosen as index-fossils for the three lowest zones of the Kimeridge Clay by Salfeld (1913–14). Ataxioceras, though not comprising any zonal index fossils, is almost as important and has been repeatedly cited for 56 years from all parts of the world.
The March-Nar Sea
Authors: Harrison Kenneth
Published: May 2009

In 1836 Rose (Phil. Mag., viii, p. 30) described a series of marine deposits in the Nar Valley, associated with the brick clay of that neighbourhood. Later work revealed that these beds were widely distributed to the south-east and east of King’s Lynn, and were to be correlated with very similar gravels at March and Whittlesey. Further correlation outside this area is uncertain, but following Boswell’s scheme (1932, pp. 72, 75) the March-Nar marine episode may be classed with the well-known estuarine sections at Kirmington, Lines.: moreover, he refers all gravels containing Corbicula (including the Barrington gravels) to this period. The same author regards the uppermost boulder clay at Kirmington as of Upper Purple age, and “apparently not the equivalent…of the Brown boulder clay of Hunstanton”.
Some Pleistocene Deposits at Kirmington and Crayford
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: May 2009

The series of estuarine deposits which occurs at Kirmington, North Lincolnshire, situated between Brown Boulder Clay and Purple Boulder Clay, has long been recognized as of considerable importance owing to its inter-glacial position. The best description of the complete sequence of beds overlying the Chalk at this locality has been afforded by a Committee of the British Association (1).
On the Permian Coelacanth, Coelacanthus granulatus, Ag
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A. , Westoll T. S.
Published: May 2009

1.Introduction

Although the Permian species of Coelacanth, Coelacanthus granulatus, has been known since 1829, and although many authors have described specimens of it, it has remained unfortunately one of the lesser known of all Coelacanths. Since C. granulatus is the genotype of Coelacanthus, and since all the Carboniferous and some Triassic species have been assigned to this genus, it is surprising that further description has not been forthcoming. One of us (J. A. M. T.) has for some time been working on the Carboniferous Coelacanths, and it has been impossible to determine whether these really belong to the genus Coelacanthus. Accordingly it was hoped that by re-examining all the available material a more diagnostic description might be given. In doing this the authors have only been partly successful, as some of the most important generic characters—the dermal bones of the cheek and snout—were not preserved in any of the material examined. However, sufficient diagnostic characters have been provided by this research to distinguish the Carboniferous forms from this Permian genus.
The Periproctal Plates of Discoidea
Authors: Holmes S. C. A.
Published: May 2009

The periproctal plates of three specimens are here described and a comparison made with related genera, the latter including a description of the periproctals of Pseudodiscoidea.
Notes on some Fossil Echinoids
Authors: Mortensen Th.
Published: May 2009

For a long period it was customary to base Echinoid classifi-cation exclusively on the characters of the test alone. It was not until the beginning of this century that other characters were also taken into consideration, starting with my work on the “Ingolf” Echinoidea I, 1903, in which I pointed out that characters of great classificatory value were found also in the structure of the pedicellariae and spicules. Through using these characters it was found that the numerous forms of Regular Echinoids, referred on account of the great uniformity of their test-characters to some few large “genera”, e.g. Echinus, Strongylocentrotus, Cidaris, in reality belonged to a number of various generic types, even to different families. In the following year, 1904, in my “Siam” Echinoidea, I pointed out that also the structure of the teeth was of primary classificatory importance, this being further worked out by Jackson, 1912, in his Phytogeny of the Echini, where the characters of the whole dental apparatus were found to afford characters of the greatest importance, and where the excellent names Aulodonta, Stirodonta, and Camarodonta were coined, names which will have to be adopted in Echinoid classification.
On an Ultrabasic Epidiorite from St. Catherine's, Loch Fyne
Authors: Wiseman John D. H.
Published: May 2009

The epidiorite with which this note is concerned is exposed in a small overgrown quarry 50 yards north of St. Catherine’s old Chapel, Loch Fyne. The rock is soft and is easy to cut, and it is said that some was used in the building of Inveraray Castle.
The Geology of the Hangman Grits of the Quantock Hills
Authors: Hallam A. D.
Published: May 2009

The Hangman Grits of the Quantocks consist of a series of sand-stones, now, in most instances, practically converted into quartzites by the great pressure to which they were subjected during the Armorican movements, and occasional shales, which sometimes show cleavage. There are also beds, never of any great thickness, which bear a strong resemblance to the Keuper Marls. Fossils, other than a few obscure plant-remains, are unknown, except in the beds which are usually regarded as forming the top of the series, where marine fossils occur as casts in what is evidently a decalcified calcareous sandstone.
Collapse Structures
Authors: Harrison J. V. , Falcon N. L.
Published: May 2009

RECENT reconnaissance surveys in south-west Persia have brought to our notice many examples of enigmatical structures preserved in massive limestones beautifully exposed in the naked mountains of that region. Application of many hypotheses involving faulting and thrusting proved impossible to satisfy the facts we had observed. We were at length forced to explain some of the structures we encountered as being produced by collapse of great sheets of limestone after removal of their original supporting cover accompanied by unsticking from their basement. Gravity alone provided the motive force. Simple folds, erosion, a shaly substratum, and gravity have induced massive beds of limestone to behave in an entirely unexpected manner. Examples are described below with sketches.
On the Effect of the Mino-Owari Earthquake of 1891 on the Seismic Activity of other Districts in Japan
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

THE sudden movement that causes a great earthquake must alter the conditions of strain in the surrounding crust. The strain may be increased in some regions and decreased in others and the changes may be great enough to precipitate or prevent the occurrence of what Mr. Oldham has called “sympathetic earthquakes”. It thus becomes of some interest to ascertain how far the influence of a great earthquake may extend from its source, and the present brief note is an attempt to examine this point in the case of one well-known and well-studied earthquake, that of Mino-Owari in Japan on 28th October, 1891.
“The Anatomy of the Earth”—A Seventeenth-century Cosmogony
Authors: North F. J.
Published: May 2009

THE theories of earth-formation and earth-structure of which the seventeenth century was so prolific, are illustrated in the works of Woodward and Burnett, of Ray and Steno, and others who are usually cited when the history of geology is being discussed, but occasionally one meets with a cosmogony that seems to have remained unnoticed by subsequent writers. In such cases the neglect is, no doubt, to be attributed to the fact that some of the views put forward were too preposterous to command serious consideration even in days when speculation and credulity were more rife than observation and common sense: and if a book was not discussed by contemporary writers it would, in all probability soon join the limbo of things forgotten. This seems to have been the fate of a little pamphlet entitled The Anatomy of the Earth, written by Thomas Robinson, Rector of Ousby, in Cumberland, and “printed for J. Newton, at the Three Pigeons in Fleet Street” in 1694.
Pre-Cambrian Association.
Authors: Kranck E. H. , Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J.
Published: May 2009

THE Pre-Cambrian Association (Association Internationale pour l’Étude du Précambrien et des Vieilles Chaînes de Montagnes) was founded through the efforts of the late Professor J. J. Sederholm. It held its first excursion in Finland, 1931. Officers were elected, including Professor Sederholm as President and Drs. C. E. Wegmann and E. H. Kranck as Secretaries, but no definite policy was adopted. Since then about 130 geologists from many different parts of the world have expressed their interest in the enterprise. At the International Geological Congress in Washington, 1933, two meetings of the Association were held, and Professor E. B. Bailey was asked to organize an excursion to Scotland. This invitation he accepted for 1934, with Dr. W. J. McCallien as local secretary. In anticipation of the Scottish excursion Professor Sederholm and Dr. Kranck, in the absence of Dr. Wegmann, drafted provisional by-laws, and these were circulated.
Outgrowths on Zircon
Authors: Butterfield J. A.
Published: May 2009

WHILST working through a batch of slides of heavy minerals of the Millstone Grit of the Pennine region some interesting outgrowths on zircon have been noticed which are worthy of record. The writer is not aware that they have been recorded before, but they must have a wider distribution than the Millstone Grit of this area, and therefore this mention of them may lead to further records being made known.
Cymatelasma, a new Genus of Silurian Rugose Corals
Authors: Hill Dorothy , Butler A. J.
Published: May 2009

THIS paper describes and discusses the affinities of a new genus of Rugose corals, and indicates the trends of development affecting it; the stratigraphical distribution of the four new species which compose the genus is recorded, and the structure, insertion, and symmetry of their septa are described in some detail.
An Ordovician Species of Chaetetes
Authors: Oakley Kenneth P.
Published: May 2009

THE fossil material collected from the Ordovician limestones of Akpatok Island, N.W.T., by Mr. Ian Cox during the Oxford Hudson Straits Expedition in 1931, included a specimen whose affinities could not be determined from a superficial examination. In asking me to report on the Polyzoa from these rocks, Mr. Cox suggested that I might also investigate this doubtful form, since it resembled in many respects certain massive Polyzoa. Critical examination by means of thin sections has shown, however, that it is not a Polyzoan but a Tabulate Coral referable to the genus Chaetetes.
The Stratigraphical Order of the Dalradian Rocks of the Banffshire Coast
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

IN the investigation of the somewhat poorly exposed Dalradian rocks of North-East Scotland, the Banffshire coast-section is of inestimable value. Excellent exposures are presented for study throughout a dip-section some 25 miles in length. The general characters, subdivisions, and relationships of the Dalradian rocks of this section were dealt with by me (1, 2, 3) before the importance of current-bedding and graded bedding in the investigation of the stratigraphical order of metamorphic rocks had been realized. In this paper an account is given of the examination of the section along the lines developed by Professor E. B. Bailey and the Glasgow school (5, 6, 7, 8, 9). I have to thank especially Professor Bailey and Dr. W. J. McCallien for their instruction in the study of current-bedding in metamorphic rocks during excursions to the Kinloch-leven and Schichallion districts.
Some Coastal Features of North Cardiganshire
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

The Cardiganshire coast shows various geological features of considerable interest. The present paper deals chiefly with the character and evolution of the coastal slopes and cliffs in the north of the county, between Borth and Aberayron.
A Contribution to the Correlation of the Dalradian Rocks of Scotland and Ireland
Authors: McCallien William J.
Published: May 2009

The following is a tabular summary of the rocks of north-eastern Antrim.
Note on Rocks from the Sahara collected by Captain D. R. G. Cameron
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: May 2009

The collection of rocks from the Sahara to be discussed was made by Captain D. R. G. Cameron, of the Royal Scots, during a journey across the Sahara from Kano to Algeria. The journey is described by Captain Cameron in his book A Saharan Venture (1928) and in a paper published in the Geographical Journal (lxxi, 1928, 538–59). The specimens were not collected in situ, which reduces their value somewhat. When one considers, however, that the collecting area is desert country where outcrops are comparatively scarce it is apparent that conclusions based on pebbles are not without value.
The Stratigraphical Relations of the Red Rock at Hunstanton
Authors: Kitchin F. L. , Pringle J.
Published: May 2009

IN his interesting paper entitled “ The Petrography of the Hunstanton Red Rock”1 Dr. R. H. Rastall arrived at conclusions regarding the relation of the Red Rock to the strata below and above it which are strikingly at variance with the result of our own examination of the series exposed in the well-known cliffsection at Hunstanton.2 While we considered that the Red Rock has no connection with the underlying Carstone, though resting on it with apparent conformity, and that the junction between these contrasted, beds marks a stratigraphical gap of great magnitude, we found no reason to recognize a break between the top of the Red Rock and the overlying Chalk. Dr. Rastall, on the other hand, impressed by the fact that there is a certain gradation and an appearance of conformability between the Carstone and the Red Rock, took this as showing continuity between these deposits; while the appearance of a physical break at the top of the Red Rock seemed to him to contradict our view that the top bed of the Red Rock and the Chalk above (“ Sponge Bed ”) are inseparable geologically.
On the Volcanic Zebayir Islands, Red Sea
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

THE published amount of precise geological information concerning the relatively recent volcanic islands in the southern part of the Red Sea is remarkably small, being restricted, to the writer’s knowledge, to a single paper on Perim Island (1); even in this case the visit and the collection of specimens were made by one who was apparently not a geologist.
The Conglomerates of Allt Goch and Mathrafal-ffrîdd (Montgomeryshire)
Authors: Platt John I.
Published: May 2009

The following is a description of the conglomerates which crop out at Allt Goch and Mathrafal-ffrîdd near Meifod (Montgomeryshire) and which were examined on the suggestion of Professor W. B. R. King. Allt Goch is about 4 miles north of Mathrafal-ffrîdd, and the two localities lie on opposite flanks of the anticlinal structure which passes through Pont Robert and which, brings up Ashgillian and Caradocian rocks. The conglomerates themselves are at, or near, the base of the Valentian. At other places in the neighbourhood the basal member of the Silurian consists of coarse deposits (sandstones, etc.), but “they very probably do not represent the lowest zones that are found in Central Wales” (I).
On an Area of Ultrabasic Rocks in the Kassala Province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Wilcockson W. H. , Tyler W. H.
Published: May 2009

The following article is an account of an area of some 1,000 square miles in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, crossed by latitude 13·30 N. and longitude 35·00 E. which was surveyed on the 1/50,000 scale during the years 1930 to 1932 by W. H. Tyler, who has published a brief note on the general geology (13).1 W. H. Wilcockson is responsible for the petrology.
Note on Glacial Boulders at Verulamium (St. Albans)
Authors: Mantle H. G.
Published: May 2009

During the month of August, 1931, the writer visited the scene of the extensive works at St. Albans, undertaken by the Verulamium Excavation Committee under the directorship of Dr. R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, on the sites of the Roman cities of Verulamium.
The Dusky Apatites of the Eskdale (Cumberland) Granite
Authors: Simpson Brian
Published: May 2009

A Patite was first recorded from the Eskdale granite by R. H. Rastall and W. H. Wilcockson in 1915 (I).1 Recently, the author, in carrying out work on the granite, has noticed the peculiar character of the apatites, in that they are mostly of a dusky type occasioned by the presence of large amounts of finely-divided inclusions. Similar apatites have been recorded from the Leinster granite (2), Gault Clay, Thanet Sands, Chausey Islands (3), Jersey (4), the Old Red Sandstone of the Cardiff District (5), and the Dublin district (6), but nearly all show a sharply defined core. The Eskdale ones, although presenting a dense centre, show no clear-cut division between the core and the outer zone of the apatite. Invariably the outer zone of the apatite carries some inclusions.
The Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate on the Great Bahama Bank
Authors: Black Maurice
Published: May 2009

In the spring of 1930 the International Expedition to the Bahamas made several traverses over the shoals west of Andros Island in order to study the sedimentation of calcium carbonate in this region, and along three of these lines water samples were collected at regular intervals. The chlorine content of each of these samples was determined by the author in the Chemical Laboratory at the University of Princeton, New Jersey, and the total salinity was obtained by calculation.
A Search for the Mechanism of Earth Movements
Authors: Lewis R. G.
Published: May 2009

There is reason to suppose that a rise and fall of any part of the earth's surface may be due to anticlines travelling through the crust either (a) at the depth at which isostatic compensation becomes effective, which may be likened to the “surface” on which the crust “floats”, or (6) at a less depth, in a layer which becomes molten through the action of radioactivity.

In the case of (a) the cause would seem to be mountain-building in the crust above and the anticlines are outflows of rock-material: the rise and fall may be about equal: there is also some slight reason to suppose that an oscillation, analogous to that occurring when a buoyant object is thrown into water, with the production of a series of waves of diminishing amplitude, has occurred, but it is not yet clear whether such an oscillation is possible.

In the case of (6) the cause of the anticlines is the collapse of a portion of the crust which squeezes out plastic material below: a small rise is followed by a long, slow fall: a rise in one region is accompanied by a fall in an adjacent region : areas may be raised into domes by collapse of surrounding areas, in which case the central area will be a seat of vulcanicity.
Diorite-Limestone Reaction at Ben Bullen, New South Wales: A Study in Contamination
Authors: Joplin Germaine A.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

It has been shown that diorite tongues invading limestone have given rise to a series of contaminated rocks in which definite mineral assemblages may be recognized. These assemblages are sharply defined and occur in rude concentric arrangement about the tongues.
The Permian Shell-Limestone Reef beneath Hartlepool
Authors: Hills Edwin Sherborn
Published: May 2009

THE question whether the Permian Shell Limestone Bryozoa Reef of the Middle Magnesian Limestone exists below the Upper Magnesian Limestones in the Hartlepool district was answered in the affirmative about two years ago, when a boring was sunk to a depth of 225 feet at West Hartlepool Waterworks (W on the sketch-map).
Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield
Authors: Bruce E. L. , Jewitt Walter
Published: May 2009

Intensive study of the heavy accessory minerals and comparison of the suites of them occurring in igneous rocks has recently received much attention. In 1915 Rastall and Wilcockson examined the heavy accessories from granites of the English Lake District in connection with a study of the mineral constitution of certain sandstones. They found a wide variation in the accessory minerals of the granites, but a distinct similarity in those from all phases of the igneous mass.
Age-Problems of the Lundy Island Granites
Authors: Dollar A. T. J.
Published: May 2009

A RECENT communication from Mr. E.H. Davison relating to the possible age of the “ Lundy Island granite ” is interesting as affording several points of contrast with the results of detailed researches in structural and petrological characters of this some-what inaccessible island in the Bristol Channel, which the author has been carrying out for some time.