bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecomorphology of the External Flight Apparatus of Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with Different Migration Behavior
Authors: FIEDLER WOLFGANG
Published: July 2005

Abstract:An analysis of the external flight apparatus of 700 blackcaps from eight different populations (sedentary to long‐distance migrators) is presented. With increasing migration distances of populations, (1) wing length, aspect ratio, and wing pointedness increase; (2) wing load decreases; (3) slots on the wing tips become relatively shorter; (4) the alula tends to be shorter in relation to wing length; and (5) the tail is shorter in relation to wing length. Although body mass increases from southern to northern populations, changes in wing length and wing area are two to three times larger than expected for simple isometric relationships. Regarding the aerodynamic background of these changes, it can be stated that traits for energy‐effective flight are more strongly developed and traits for maneuverability are less developed in birds traveling longer distances, presumably as a consequence of trade‐offs. Nonmigratory blackcaps from Madeira and the Cape Verde islands do not always show the traits we would expect in view of their sedentary behavior. This can be seen as a result of recent colonization of these islands by migrants or of selection by factors other than migration behavior. In migratory populations, changes between the first and the second set of primaries during first complete molt show almost the same pattern as the changes from nonmigratory to migratory populations. During molt of the primaries, blackcaps of nonmigratory populations do not show these changes. Hybrids between migrating and nonmigrating blackcap populations (Moscow and Madeira) showed intermediate values between parent populations in wing length, wing shape, and wing area; in the other variables they resembled either parent population.
Is There a “Migratory Syndrome” Common to All Migrant Birds?
Authors: PIERSMA THEUNIS , PÉREZ‐TRIS JAVIER , MOURITSEN HENRIK , BAUCHINGER ULF , BAIRLEIN FRANZ
Published: July 2005

Abstract:Bird migration has been assumed, mostly implicitly, to represent a distinct class of animal behavior, with deep and strong homologies in the various phenotypic expressions of migratory behavior between different taxa. Here the evidence for the existence of what could be called a “migratory syndrome,” a tightly integrated, old group of adaptive traits that enables birds to commit themselves to highly organized seasonal migrations, is assessed. A list of problems faced by migratory birds is listed first and the traits that migratory birds have evolved to deal with these problems are discussed. The usefulness of comparative approaches to investigate which traits are unique to migrants is then discussed. A provisional conclusion that, perhaps apart from a capacity for night‐time compass orientation, there is little evidence for deeply rooted coadapted trait complexes that could make up such a migratory syndrome, is suggested. Detailed analyses of the genetic and physiological architecture of potential adaptations to migration, combined with a comparative approach to further identify the phylogenetic levels at which different adaptive traits for migration have evolved, are recommended.
Expression and Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Placental Villous Fibroblasts
Authors: Lee Men-Jean , Wang Zhen , Yee Herman , Ma Yuehong , Swenson Nicole , Yang Liubin , Kadner Susan S. , Baergen Rebecca N. , Logan Susan K. , Garabedian Michael J. , Guller Seth
Published: July 2005

The human placenta is a glucocorticoid (GC)-responsive organ consisting of multiple cell types including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and trophoblast that demonstrate changes in gene expression after hormone treatment. However, little is known about the relative expression or activity of the GC receptor (GR) among the various placental cell types. Normal term human placentas were examined by immunohistochemistry using either GR phosphorylation site-specific antibodies that are markers for various activation states of the GR or a GR antibody that recognizes the receptor independent of its phosphorylation state (total GR). We found strong total GR and phospho-GR immunoreactivity in stromal fibroblasts of terminal villi, as well as perivascular fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells of the stem villi. Lower levels of both total GR and phospho-GR were found within cytotrophoblast cells relative to fibroblasts, whereas syncytiotrophoblast showed very little total GR or phospho-GR immunoreactivity. This pattern holds true for immunoblot analysis of extracts from cell fractions cultured ex vivo. In cultured placental fibroblasts, phosphorylation of GR increased upon short-term GC treatment, consistent with a role for GR phosphorylation in receptor transactivation. Total GR levels were reduced by nearly 90% after long-term hormone treatment; however, this down-regulation was independent of changes in GR mRNA levels. These findings demonstrate that GR levels in fibroblasts can be modulated by changes in hormone exposure. Such cell type-specific differences in GR protein expression and phosphorylation may provide the means of differentially regulating the GC response among the cells of the human placenta.
The Role of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in the in Vivo Pituitary-Adrenocortical Response to Acute Hypoxemia in the Late-Gestation Sheep Fetus
Authors: Thakor A. S. , Giussani D. A.
Published: July 2005

This study tested the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has a role in mediating the in vivo fetal adrenal glucocorticoid response to acute stress. The hypothesis was tested by investigating the effects of fetal treatment with a selective CGRP antagonist on plasma ACTH and cortisol responses to acute hypoxemia in the late-gestation sheep fetus. Under anesthesia, six fetuses at 0.8 of gestation were surgically instrumented with vascular catheters. Five days later, fetuses were subjected to 0.5-h hypoxemia during treatment with either iv saline or a CGRP antagonist, in randomized order, on different days. Treatment started 30 min before hypoxemia and ran continuously until the end of the challenge. Arterial blood samples were collected for plasma ACTH and cortisol measurements (RIA) and blood gas monitoring. CGRP antagonism did not alter basal arterial blood gas or endocrine status. During hypoxemia, similar falls in arterial partial pressure of oxygen occurred in all fetuses. During saline infusion, acute hypoxemia induced significant increases in fetal ACTH and cortisol concentrations. During CGRP antagonism, the pituitary-adrenal responses were markedly attenuated. Correlation of paired plasma ACTH and cortisol values from all individual fetuses during normoxia and hypoxemia showed positive linear relationships; however, neither the slope nor the intercept of the peptide-steroid relationship was affected by CGRP antagonism. These data support the hypothesis that CGRP is involved in the in vivo regulation of fetal adrenocortical steroidogenesis during acute hypoxemia. In addition, the data reveal that CGRP may have a role in the control of other components of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis during stimulated conditions in fetal life.
Hereditary Hormone Excess: Genes, Molecular Pathways, and Syndromes
Authors: Marx Stephen J. , Simonds William F.
Published: July 2005

Hereditary origin of a tumor helps toward early discovery of its mutated gene; for example, it supports the compilation of a DNA panel from index cases to identify that gene by finding mutations in it. The gene for a hereditary tumor may contribute also to common tumors. For some syndromes, such as hereditary paraganglioma, several genes can cause a similar syndrome. For other syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia 2, one gene supports variants of a syndrome. Onset usually begins earlier and in more locations with hereditary than sporadic tumors. Mono- or oligoclonal (“clonal”) tumor usually implies a postnatal delay, albeit less delay than for sporadic tumor, to onset and potential for cancer. Hormone excess from a polyclonal tissue shows onset at birth and no benefit from subtotal ablation of the secreting organ. Genes can cause neoplasms through stepwise loss of function, gain of function, or combinations of these. Polyclonal hormonal excess reflects abnormal gene dosage or effect, such as activation or haploinsufficiency. Polyclonal hyperplasia can cause the main endpoint of clinical expression in some syndromes or can be a precursor to clonal progression in others. Gene discovery is usually the first step toward clarifying the molecule and pathway mutated in a syndrome. Most mutated pathways in hormone excess states are only partly understood. The bases for tissue specificity of hormone excess syndromes are usually uncertain. In a few syndromes, tissue selectivity arises from mutation in the open reading frame of a regulatory gene (CASR, TSHR) with selective expression driven by its promoter. Polyclonal excess of a hormone is usually from a defect in the sensor system for an extracellular ligand (e.g., calcium, glucose, TSH). The final connections of any of these polyclonal or clonal pathways to hormone secretion have not been identified. In many cases, monoclonal proliferation causes hormone excess, probably as a secondary consequence of accumulation of cells with coincidental hormone-secretory ability.
Development of Peptide Antagonists for the Androgen Receptor Using Combinatorial Peptide Phage Display
Authors: Chang Ching-yi , Abdo Jennifer , Hartney Tanya , McDonnell Donald P.
Published: July 2005

Under the auspices of the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA) , we have undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of targeting nuclear receptor-coactivator surfaces for new drug discovery. The underlying objective of this approach is to provide the research community with reagents that can be used to modulate the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors. Using combinatorial peptide phage display, we have been able to develop peptide antagonists that target specific nuclear receptor (NR)-coactivator binding surfaces. It can be appreciated that reagents of this nature will be of use in the study of orphan nuclear receptors for whom classical ligands have not yet been identified. In addition, because the interaction of coactivators with the receptor is an obligate step for NR transcriptional activity, it is anticipated that peptides that block these interactions will enable the definition of the biological and pharmacological significance of individual NR-coactivator interactions. In this report, we describe the use of this approach to develop antagonists of the androgen receptor by targeting its coactivator-binding pocket and their use to study the coactivator-binding surface of this receptor. Based on our findings, we believe that molecules that function by disrupting the androgen receptor-cofactor interactions will have use in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Apolipoprotein D Expression in Primary Brain Tumors: Analysis by Quantitative RT-PCR in Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Tissue
Authors: Hunter Stephen B. , Varma Vijay , Shehata Bahig , Nolen J.D.L. , Cohen Cynthia , Olson Jeffrey J. , Ou Chin-Yih
Published: July 2005

Apolipoprotein D (apoD) expression has been shown to correlate both with cell cycle arrest and with prognosis in several types of malignancy, including central nervous system astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. ApoD expression was investigated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using RNA extracted from 68 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain specimens. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase was used as an internal control. Quantitation was achieved on all specimens. Sixteen poorly infiltrating WHO grade I glial neoplasms (i.e., pilocytic astrocytomas and gangliogliomas) showed an average 20-fold higher apoD expression level compared with the 20 diffusely infiltrating glial neoplasms (i.e., glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligodendrogliomas; p=0.00004). A small number of exceptions (i.e., two high-expressing glioblastomas and three low-expressing gangliogliomas) were identified. Analyzed as individual tumor groups, poorly infiltrating grade I pilocytic astrocytomas and gangliogliomas differed significantly from each tumor type within the diffusely infiltrating higher-grade category ( p<0.05 for each comparison) but not from each other ( p>0.05). Conversely, each individual tumor type within the diffusely infiltrating category differed significantly from both pilocytic astrocytomas and gangliogliomas ( p<0.05) but did not vary from other infiltrating tumors ( p>0.05). Ependymomas, non-infiltrating grade II neoplasms, expressed levels of apoD similar to or lower than levels expressed by the diffusely infiltrating gliomas. Ten medulloblastomas with survival longer than 3 years averaged slightly higher apoD expression than four fatal medulloblastomas; however, this result was not statistically significant and individual exceptions were notable. In 17 of the medulloblastomas, MIB-1 proliferation rates quantitated by image cytometry did not correlate with apoD expression. In addition, apoD expression was 5-fold higher in the slowly proliferating grade I glial neoplasms compared with non-proliferating normal brain tissue ( p=0.01), suggesting that apoD expression is not simply an inverse measure of proliferation. ApoD expression measured by quantitative RT-PCR may be useful in the differential diagnosis of primary brain tumors, particularly pilocytic astrocytomas and gangliogliomas.
Expression of Cellular Prion Protein in the Frontal and Occipital Lobe in Alzheimer's Disease, Diffuse Lewy Body Disease, and in Normal Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Rezaie Payam , Pontikis Charlie C. , Hudson Lance , Cairns Nigel J. , Lanto Peter L.
Published: July 2005

Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a glycoprotein expressed at low to moderate levels within the nervous system. Recent studies suggest that PrPc may possess neuroprotective functions and that its expression is upregulated in certain neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated whether PrPc expression is altered in the frontal and occipital cortex in two well-characterized neurodegenerative disorders—Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD)—compared with that in normal human brain using immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. The distribution of PrPc was further tested for correlation with glial reactivity. We found that PrPc was localized mainly in the gray matter (predominantly in neurons) and expressed at higher levels within the occipital cortex in the normal human brain. Image analysis revealed no significant variability in PrPc expression between DLBD and control cases. However, blood vessels within the white matter of DLBD cases showed immunoreactivity to PrPc. By contrast, this protein was differentially expressed in the frontal and occipital cortex of AD cases; it was markedly overexpressed in the former and significantly reduced in the latter. Epitope specificity of antibodies appeared important when detecting PrPc. The distribution of PrPc did not correlate with glial immunoreactivity. In conclusion, this study supports the proposal that regional changes in expression of PrPc may occur in certain neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, but not in other disorders such as DLBD.
Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the United States
Authors: Truong Khoa Dang , Sturm Roland
Published: July 2005

Objectives. To better understand health disparities, we compared US weight gain trends across sociodemographic groups between 1986 and 2002.

Methods. We analyzed mean and 80th-percentile body mass index (BMI), calculated from self-reported weight and height, for subpopulations defined by education, relative income, race/ethnicity, and gender. Data were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit-dialed telephone survey (total sample=1.88 million adult respondents).

Results. Each sociodemographic group experienced generally similar weight gains. We found no statistically significant difference in increase in mean BMI by educational attainment, except that individuals with a college degree gained less weight than did others. The lowest-income group gained as much weight on average as the highest-income group, but lowest-income heavier individuals (80th percentile of BMI) gained weight faster than highest-income heavier individuals. We found no differences across racial/ethnic groups except that non-Hispanic Blacks gained more weight than other groups. Women gained more weight than men.

Conclusions. We found fewer differences, especially by relative income and education, in weight gain across subpopulations than we had expected. Women and non-Hispanic Blacks gained weight faster than other groups.
Prevalence of Physical Activity Among Chinese Adults: Results From the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia
Authors: Muntner Paul , Gu Donfeng , Wildman Rachel P. , Chen Jichun , Qan Wenqi , Whelton Paul K. , He Jiang
Published: July 2005

Objectives. Determining physical activity levels in the community provides a context for the development and implementation of programs aimed at increasing these activity levels. Therefore, we assessed overall, work-related, and leisure-time physical activity in a representative sample of Chinese adults, aged 35 to 74 years, using data from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia.

Methods. Being physically active was defined as participating in 30 or more minutes of moderate or vigorous activity daily. Work-related and leisure-time physical activities were defined as being physically active and participating in any moderate or vigorous activity at work or during leisure time, respectively.

Results. In rural and urban China, 78.1% and 21.8% of residents, respectively, were physically active; 75.8% and 16.5%, respectively, participated in work-related activity; and 28.9% and 7.9%, respectively, participated in leisure-time physical activity. In both rural and urban settings, younger adults, men, and southern residents were more likely to be physically active and to participate in work-related and leisure-time physical activity than older adults, women, and northern residents.

Conclusions. Intervention strategies to promote leisure-time physical activity, especially among urban residents, should be considered a major health priority in China.
Race/Ethnicity, Life-Course Socioeconomic Position, and Body Weight Trajectories Over 34 years: The Alameda County Study
Authors: Baltrus Peter T. , Lynch John W. , Everson-Rose Susan , Raghunathan Trivellore E. , Kaplan George A.
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We investigated whether race differences in weight gain over 34 years were because of socioeconomic position (SEP) and psychosocial and behavioral factors (physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, depression, marital status, number of children). We used a life-course approach to SEP with 4 measures of SEP (childhood SEP, education, occupation, income) and a cumulative measure of SEP.

Methods. We used mixed models and data collected from the Alameda County Study to examine the association between race and weight change slopes and baseline weight in men (n=1186) and women (n=1375) aged 17 to 40 years at baseline (in 1965).

Results. All subjects gained weight over time. African American women weighed 4.96 kg (P < .001) more at baseline and gained 0.10 kg/year (P = .043) more weight than White women. Black men weighed 2.41 kg (P= .006) more at baseline but did not gain more weight than White men. The association of race with weight gain in women was largely because of cumulative SEP score.

Conclusions. Interventions to prevent overweight and obesity should begin early in life and target the socioeconomically disadvantaged.
Diabetes Outcomes in the Indian Health System During the Era of the Special Diabetes Program for Indians and the Government Performance and Results Act
Authors: Wilson Charlton , Gilliland Susan , Cullen Theresa , Moore Kelly , Roubideaux Yvette , Valdez Lorraine , Vanderwagen William , Acton Kelly
Published: July 2005

Objectives. We reviewed changes in blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels among American Indians and Alaska Natives between 1995 and 2001 to estimate the quality of diabetes care in the Indian Health Service (IHS) health care delivery system.

Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Indian Health Service Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit.

Results. Adjusted mean Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (7.9% vs 8.9%) and mean diastolic blood pressure levels (76 vs 79 mm Hg) were lower in 2001 than in 1995, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for mean total cholesterol (193 vs 208 mg/dL) and triglyceride (235 vs 257 mg/dL) levels in 2001 and 1995, respectively.

Conclusions. We identified changes in intermediate clinical outcomes over the period from 1995 to 2001 that may reflect the global impact of increased resource allocation and improvements in processes on the quality of diabetes care, and we describe the results that may be achieved when community, health program, and congressional initiatives focus on common goals.
HRTEM Study of Precipitates in Mg‐Zn‐Y Alloys as Cast and after Extrusion
Authors: Rao J. , Zhou Y. , Yoshimoto S. , Yamasaki M. , Kawamura Y.
Published: July 2005

Three kinds of precipitates were newly found, which are Mg3Zn3Y2, MgZn and MgZn2, in Mg‐Zn‐Y alloys both as‐cast and after extrusion due to the composition concentration of Zn and Y on nanometer scale. This figure shows the high‐resolution TEM image of MgZn precipitate in Mg substrate with the crystallographic parameters labeled in details. The boundary between MgZn precipitate and Mg substrate is very clear, no second phases were observed.
Direct Evidence of a Deformation Mechanism Crossover in Nanocrystalline Nickel
Authors: Shan Z. , Mao S. X.
Published: July 2005

Evidence for deformation mechanism crossover, i.e. from dislocation nucleation and motion to grain boundary mediated plasticity, has been sought for many years, but direct experimental confirmation remains elusive. By employing in situ dynamics dark field transmission electron microscope investigation on nanocrystalline nickel films with an average grain size of about 10 nm, the authors show conclusive experimental evidence that grain boundary plasticity has begin to dominate the deformation of as deposited Ni. The physical mechanism that governs the observed phenomenon is discussed.
Hydrogen bonding, miscibility, crystallization, and thermal stability in blends of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates and polar small molecules of 4‐tert‐butylphenol
Authors: Chen Cheng , Yu Peter H. F. , Cheung Man Ken
Published: July 2005

The hydrogen bonding, miscibility, crystallization, and thermal stability of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/4‐tert‐butylphenol (BOH) blends and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB‐3HHx)]/BOH blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, solid‐state13C‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of FTIR spectroscopy and solid‐state13C‐NMR show that intermolecular hydrogen bonds existed between the two components in the blends and that the interaction was caused by the carbonyl groups in the amorphous phase of both polyesters and the hydroxyl groups of BOH. With increasing BOH content, the chain mobility of both the PHB and P(3HB‐3HHx) components was improved. After the samples were quenched, the detected single glass‐transition temperatures decreased with composition, indicating that both PHB/BOH and P(3HB‐3HHx)/BOH were miscible blends in the melt. Moreover, as BOH content increased, the melting temperatures of PHB and P(3HB‐3HHx) clearly decreased, which implied that their crystallization was suppressed by the addition of BOH. Although the crystallinity of PHB and P(3HB‐3HHx) components decreased with increasing BOH content in the blends, their crystal structures were hardly affected after they were blended with BOH, which was further proven by WAXD results. In addition, the thermal stability of PHB was improved by a smaller amount of BOH.
Hydrogen‐bonding interactions between poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) and poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Bennour Sadjia , Metref Farid , Djadoun Said
Published: July 2005

The complexation behavior between poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) of different compositions (SMA‐12 or SMA‐29) and poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) (S4VP‐6 or S4VP‐15) was studied by viscometry and differential scanning calorimetry using tetrahydrofuran (THF) and butan‐2‐one as solvents. This complexation is attributed to the presence of strong intermolecular interactions between the different polymer chains by hydrogen bonding. A single glass‐transition temperature, intermediate between those of the two pure copolymers SMA‐29 and S4VP‐15, was obtained with each composition of the mixture when THF or butan‐2‐one is used as a common solvent. The obtained results showed that the formation of such complexes depends strongly on the nature of the solvent and the contents of the interacting species. The complex formation is inhibited in THF because of the important ability of this latter to interact with the SMA. A quantitative analysis of the interactions between the constituents of these blends was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 806–811, 2005
Effect of different experimental conditions on biodegradable polylactide membranes prepared with supercritical CO2 as nonsolvent
Authors: Xu Qun , Pang Maizhi , Peng Qi , Jiang Yu , Li Jianbo , Wang Hongying , Zhu Mingwei
Published: July 2005

There is increasing interest in the application of supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) in the preparation of polymer membranes. Membrane formation with SCCO2 as a nonsolvent is analogous to the conventional immersion precipitation process using an organic nonsolvent. Polylactide membranes were prepared with SCCO2 as the nonsolvent under different experimental conditions such as different polymer concentrations, different depressurization rates, and different nonsolvent compositions. The effects of these conditions on the cross‐sectional structure were investigated through scanning electron microscopy. In addition, solvent‐induced crystallization and CO2‐induced crystallization were studied. The crystallinity of PLA membranes prepared with different solvents or at different pressures was characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 831–837, 2005
Preparation and characterization of polysiloxane‐modified epoxy resin aqueous dispersions and their films
Authors: Ding Li , Wang Gui You , Hu Chun Pu , Wu Shu Sen
Published: July 2005

Polysiloxane‐modified epoxy resin aqueous dispersions were prepared by the reaction of amino‐polysiloxane (APS) with a graft epoxy resin that was synthesized with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A type epoxy resin and styrene/acrylic acid. The measurements of the epoxy values and FTIR spectra confirmed that this reaction really took place. The modified aqueous dispersion exhibits high viscosity, small particle size, and nearly the same surface tension as the unmodified one. Therefore, this indicates that the siloxane segments could be encapsulated into graft epoxy resin particles during the water dispersion process. For APS‐modified films, the thermal stability and water resistance are remarkably enhanced. Furthermore, lowering of the hardness and surface tension for these films was also observed and the surface composition was measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental data indicate that the siloxane segments easily migrate onto the surface during the film formation process and finally enrich on the surface of the APS‐modified film. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 880–885, 2005
Dipeptidyl peptidase I regulates the development of collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Hu Ying , Pham Christine T. N.
Published: July 2005

Objective

To examine the role of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), a widely expressed lysosomal cysteine protease, in the development of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.

Methods

Wild‐type (WT) and DPPI‐deficient (DPPI−/−) mice backcrossed to DBA/1J mice for 10 generations were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII), and disease susceptibility and severity were assessed over time. Collagen‐specific B cell and T cell responses and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1, and interleukin‐6) were measured. In addition, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT, CII‐sensitized mice was performed to evaluate the specific role of DPPI−/− T lymphocytes.

Results

The majority of DPPI−/− mice were resistant to CIA induction, although clinical disease (i.e., evidence of inflammation and bone erosions) did develop in a small number of DPPI−/− mice. The protection against disease development was not attributable to a defect in the B and T cell response to collagen immunization, because both anticollagen antibody production and T cell proliferation in response to CII were normal. Release of the proinflammatory cytokines was largely unaffected in CII‐stimulated DPPI−/− splenocytes. In addition, when cells isolated from the joints of DPPI−/− mice were stimulated in vitro, they had no intrinsic defect in their ability to release inflammatory cytokines. Last, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT, CII‐immunized mice into naive WT and DPPI−/− mice led to development of arthritis in WT mice but not in DPPI−/− mice.

Conclusion

These results indicate that DPPI regulates a critical step in the development of CIA that is independent of T cell and B cell functions.
The Far‐Infrared Emission of Galaxies
Authors: Kramer Carsten , Poglitsch Albrecht , Stutzki Jürgen , Eckart Andreas
Published: July 2005

C01 Study of local infrared bright galaxies with HERSHCEL‐PACS

C02 PDR modeling of the COBE Far‐Infrared data of the Milky Way

C03 MAMBO observations of BzK‐selected vigorous starburst galaxies at z ∼ 2

C04 Starburst galaxies in the far‐infrared. Modelling the line, PAH and dust continuum emission

C05 The SED from isothermal clouds

C06 PDRs in M83 and M51: The road to HIFI/Herschel and SOFIA

C07 Large Scale Mapping of Molecular Gas in the Vicinity of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud

C08 Modelling far‐infrared emission from dust in gas‐rich galaxies

C09 [CII]/CO(1‐0) Line Ratio at low Metallicities

C10 Gas, Stars and Dust in the Spiral Arms of M51

C11 The ISOPHOT 170 micron Serendipity Survey (ISOSS) catalog of optically identified galaxies

C12 Spitzer Images of M33: A Probe to Radio‐FIR Correlation

C13 Observations of far‐infrared emission from dust in gas‐rich galaxies

C14 Dust and Gas in Nearby Galaxies: First Results from SINGS and THINGS

C15 Sequential Starburst in Arp220?
Guanine‐Rich DNA Nanocircles for the Synthesis and Characterization of Long Cytosine‐Rich Telomeric DNAs
Authors: Hartig Jörg S. , Fernandez‐Lopez Sara , Kool Eric T.
Published: July 2005

Short synthetic oligonucleotides derived from the human telomeric repeat have been studied recently for their ability to fold into four‐stranded structures that are thought to be important to their biological function. Because telomeric DNAs are several kilobases in length, however, their folding might well be affected by cooperative or high‐order interactions in these long sequences. Here, we present a new molecular system that allows for easy synthesis of very long stretches of the cytosine‐rich strand of human telomeric DNA. Small circular DNAs composed of the G‐rich sequence of human telomeres were prepared and used as templates in a rolling‐circle replication mechanism. To facilitate the synthesis of the repetitive G‐rich circles, an orthogonal base‐protection strategy that made use of dimethylformamidine‐protected guanine nucleobases was developed. Nanometer‐scale circles ranging in size from 42 to 54 nucleotides were prepared. Subsequently, we tested the action of various DNA polymerases on these circular templates, and identified DNA Pol I (Klenow fragment) and T7 DNA polymerase as enzymes that are able to generate very long, C‐rich telomeric DNA strands. Purification and initial structural examination of these C‐rich polymeric products revealed evidence of a folded structure in the polymer.
Cover Picture: Fluorescence‐Based Cloning of a Protein Tyrosine Kinase with a Yeast Tribrid System (ChemBioChem 8/2005)
Authors: Clark Daniel D. , Peterson Blake R.
Published: July 2005

The cover picture shows a new approach for the functional cloning of enzymes involved in the post‐translational modification of proteins. This strategy employs a yeast tribrid system: a variant of the yeast two‐hybrid system that couples activation of a reporter gene to expression of an enzyme. The image on the right is a combined differential interference contrast / confocal‐laser scanning micrograph of S. cerevisiae transiently expressing the human Fyn protein tyrosine kinase. Cells expressing this enzyme trigger a reporter gene that encodes enhanced green fluorescent protein; this enables isolation of hits by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. This system is discussed in more detail on p. 1442 ff by B. R. Peterson and D. D. Clark.
Sodium Dithiophosphate(V): Crystal Structure, Sodium Ionic Conductivity and Dismutation.
Authors: Pompetzki Markus , Dinnebier Robert E. , Jansen Martin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrical Properties of Bi1.5ZnSb1.5O7 Pyrochlore Ceramics.
Authors: Kayed T. S. , Mergen A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyazide Chemistry: Preparation and Characterization of Te(N3)4 and [P(C6H5)4]2 [Te(N3)6] and Evidence for [N(CH3)4][Te(N3)5].
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Boatz Jerry A. , Vij Ashwani , Gerken Michael , Schneider Stefan , Schroer Thorsten , Christe Karl O.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modular Ligands Derived from Amino Acids for the Enantioselective Addition of Organozinc Reactions to Aldehydes.
Authors: Richmond Meaghan L. , Seto Christopher T.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Optically Active Functionalized β‐Hydroxy Nitrones Using a Proline‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes with Carbonyl Compounds and Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Boegevig Anders , Poulsen Thomas B. , Zhuang Wei , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of New Chiral P,N Ligands and Their Applications in Enantioselective 1,4‐Conjugate Additions of Diethylzinc to Chalcones.
Authors: Liang Yuxue , Gao Shuang , Wan Huihui , Hu Yuanchun , Chen Huilin , Zheng Zhuo , Hu Xinquan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Flexible Asymmetric Synthesis of anti‐1,2‐Sulfanyl Amines.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Moll Alexander , Schaadt Annette , Raabe Gerhard , Runsink Jan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Allene—Diene Derivatives. Exploring Different Nucleophiles.
Authors: Loefstedt Joakim , Naerhi Katja , Dorange Ismet , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Free‐Radical Functionalization of Vinylcyclopropanes.
Authors: Andrey Olivier , Camuzat‐Dedenis Boris , Chabaud Laurent , Julienne Karine , Landais Yannick , Parra‐Rapado Liliana , Renaud Philippe
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organolanthanide‐Catalyzed Regioselective Intermolecular Hydroamination of Alkenes, Alkynes, Vinylarenes, Di‐ and Trivinylarenes, and Methylenecyclopropanes. Scope and Mechanistic Comparison to Intramolecular Cyclohydroaminations.
Authors: Ryu Jae‐Sang , Li George Yanwu , Marks Tobin J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Toward Transition Metal Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol Without HI as Copromoter: Catalytic Exocyclic Carbonylation of Cycloimino Esters.
Authors: Xu Hongyu , Jia Li
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Versatile Transformations of α,β‐Dibromoesters and Ketones in Basic Media under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Hamelin Jack , Saoudi Aicha , Benhaoua Hadj
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Substituted α,α‐Difluoro‐β‐amino Acids via Reformatsky Reaction Between Davis′ N‐Sulfinylimines and Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate.
Authors: Sorochinsky Alexander , Voloshin Natalia , Markovsky Andrey , Belik Michael , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ono Taizo , Berbasov Dmitrii O. , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis with Enaminones: Novel and Facile Synthesis of Indenopyrimidine, Indenopyridine, Fluorenone, and Indenopyran Derivatives.
Authors: Elmaati Tarek M. Abu , Elghamry Ibrahim , El‐Taweel Fathy M. A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors: Heterocyclic Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Choi Joong‐Kwon , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some Novel Imidazolinones as Potent Anticonvulsant Agents.
Authors: Joshi Hashmukh , Upadhyay Paresh , Karia Denish , Baxi A. J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Bisbenzimidazole‐Derived Chelating Agents.
Authors: Agh‐Atabay Naz M. , Dulger Basaran , Gucin Fahrettin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Chiral N‐Vinyl Oxazolidinones by a Simple General Procedure.
Authors: Gaulon Catherine , Dhal Robert , Dujardin Gilles
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Sulfamylation Reaction of N‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)ethylsulfamides: Synthesis of 2,3,4,9‐Tetrahydro‐1,2‐thiazino[5,6‐b]indole 1,1‐Dioxides.
Authors: Lee Ji Sun , Lee Dong Geol , Park Dong Seub , Kim Sun Hee , Yoon Han Sik , Lee Chai‐Ho
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Practical Synthesis of Iodo Phenothiazines. A Facile Access to Electrophore Building Blocks.
Authors: Sailer Markus , Gropeanu Radu‐Adrian , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trisubstituted 1,3,5‐Triazines. Part 5. Reaction of 2,4,6‐Tris[di(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)nitromethyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine with Nucleophiles.
Authors: Shastin A. V. , Godovikova T. I. , Korsunskii B. L.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
η6‐Arenetricarbonylchromium(0) Complexes in the Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzodiazepines and Its Nucleophilic Substituted Products.
Authors: Santra P. K. , Kishore D. , Jain Pratima
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structures of New Friedelane‐ and Norfriedelane‐Type Triterpenes and Polyacylated Eudesmane‐Type Sesquiterpene from Salacia chinensis Linn. (S. prinoides DC., Hippocrateaceae) and Radical Scavenging Activities of Principal Constituents.
Authors: Kishi Akinobu , Morikawa Toshio , Matsuda Hisashi , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Tetranor‐cycloartane Glycosides from Cimicifuga Rhizome.
Authors: Nishida Makiko , Yoshimitsu Hitoshi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Penicillin Acylase Catalyzed Peptide Synthesis in Aqueous Medium: A Chemo‐Enzymatic Route to Stereoisomerically Pure Diketopiperazines.
Authors: Khimiuk Andrei Y. , Korennykh Alexei V. , van Langen Luuk M. , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A. , Svedas Vytas K.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Monatin, a High‐Intensity Sweetener, Using Chelation‐Controlled Nitrone Cycloaddition.
Authors: Tamura Osamu , Shiro Tomoya , Toyao Atsushi , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acyl Sulfonamide Catalysts for Glycosylation Reactions with Trichloroacetimidate Donors.
Authors: Griswold Keith S. , Horstmann Thomas E. , Miller Scott J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphoramidate Protides of 2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐3′‐fluoroadenosine and Related Nucleosides with Potent Activity Against HIV and HBV.
Authors: Gudmundsson Kristjan S. , Daluge Susan M. , Johnson Lance C. , Jansen Robert , Hazen Richard , Condreay Lynn D. , McGuigan Christopher
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
RNase H Activation by Stereoregular Boranophosphate Oligonucleotide
Authors: Wang Xin , Dobrikov Mikhail , Sergueev Dmitri , Shaw Barbara Ramsay
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Base‐Protected α‐L‐LNA Guanine Nucleoside
Authors: Gaubert Gilles , Wengel Jesper
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of 3′,5′‐C‐Branched Nucleosides.
Authors: Rozners Eriks , Xu Qun
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Standards in LNA Synthesis
Authors: Hansen Henrik F. , Olsen Otto , Koch Troels
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stabilization of RNA Bulges by Oligonucleotides Containing 2′‐Naphthylmethyl‐2′‐deoxytubercidine
Authors: Madder A. , Ehrl R. , Stroemberg R.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel PNA‐Monomer for Recognition of Thymine in Triple‐Helix Structures
Authors: Olesen Anne Goldbech , Dahl Otto , Nielsen Peter E.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Effect of Universal Fluorinated Nucleobases on the Catalytic Activity of Ribozymes
Authors: Kloepffer A. E. , Engels J. W.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α‐CycloPNA: 1‐Aminocylopentane‐1‐carboxylic Acid‐Derived Peptide Nucleic Acid
Authors: Howarth Nicola M. , Wakelin Laurence P. G. , Walker David M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Biotin Phosphoramidites with Super‐Long Tethering Arms
Authors: Morocho A. M. , Karamyshev V. N. , Shcherbinina O. V. , Malykh A. G. , Polushin N. N.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Macrocyclic Diaryl Ether Heptanoids from Boswellia ovalifoliolata.
Authors: Reddy Vanimireddy Lakshmi Niranjan , Ravinder Kodela , Srinivasulu Masuna , Goud Thirumani Venkateshwar , Reddy Samala Malla , Srujankumar Dondapati , Rao Tadikamalla Prabhakar , Murty Upadhyayula Suryanarayana , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Crystalline Stibnite Bundles of Rods by Thermolysis of an Antimony(III) Diethyldithiocarbamate Complex in Ethylene Glycol.
Authors: An Changhua , Tang Kaibin , Yang Qing , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Complex Catalysis in Fine Organic Synthesis. A Personal Account.
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. , Cheprakov Andrei V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reduction and Reductive Alkylation of 3H‐Isobenzofuran‐1‐ones
Authors: Bieniek A. , Epsztajn J. , Kulikiewicz K. K.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Solid‐Phase Synthesis (MASS): Parallel and Combinatorial Chemical Library Synthesis
Authors: Al‐Obeidi Fahad , Austin Richard E. , Okonya John F. , Bond Daniel R. S.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stability of Peroxide‐Containing Uranyl Minerals.
Authors: Kubatko Karrie‐Ann Hughes , Helean Katheryn B. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Burns Peter C.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Chiral Monodentate Phosphite Ligands and Their Use in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Hua Zihao , Vassar Victor C. , Ojima Iwao
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Hydroperoxides as Oxygen Source in the Catalytic Stereoselective Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols by Sandwich‐Type Polyoxometalates: Control of Enantioselectivity Through a Metal‐Coordinated Template.
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Alsters Paul L. , Neumann Ronny , Saha‐Moeller Chantu R. , Seebach Dieter , Beck Albert K. , Zhang Rui
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
SmI2/Water/Amine Mediates Cleavage of Allyl Ether Protected Alcohols: Application in Carbohydrate Synthesis and Mechanistic Considerations.
Authors: Dahlen Anders , Sundgren Andreas , Lahmann Martina , Oscarson Stefan , Hilmersson Goeran
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Olefination Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds. A Study on Stereoselectivity of Alkene Formation.
Authors: Nenaidenko V. G. , Korotchenko V. N. , Shastin A. V. , Tyurin D. A. , Balenkova E. S.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Sonication for the Coupling of Sterically Hindered Substrates in the Phenolic Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Lepore Salvatore D. , He Yuanjun
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc to Acyclic Enones with Fine‐Tunable Phosphite—Pyridine Ligands.
Authors: Wan Huihui , Hu Yuanchun , Liang Yuxue , Gao Shuang , Wang Junwei , Zheng Zhuo , Hu Xinquan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Corey—Chaykovsky Reaction of Chiral Sulfinyl Imines: A Convenient Procedure for the Formation of Chiral Aziridines.
Authors: Morton Daniel , Pearson David , Field Robert A. , Stockman Robert A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure—Activity Relationship of Benzo[b]thiophene‐2‐sulfonamide Derivatives as Novel Human Chymase Inhibitors.
Authors: Masaki Hidekazu , Mizuno Yusuke , Tatui Akira , Murakami Akira , Koide Yuuki , Satoh Shoji , Takahashi Atsuo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Plurisubstituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Bashiardes George , Safir Imad , Barbot Francis , Laduranty Joelle
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors: Catechols.
Authors: Choi Joong‐Kwon , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Carbazole—Terephthalate Cyclophane.
Authors: Tani Keita , Matsumura Koh , Togo Eiichi , Hori Kazushige , Tohda Yasuo , Takemura Hiroyuki , Ohkita Hideo , Ito Shinzaburo , Yamamoto Masahide
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Facile and Convenient Synthesis of Imidazolines.
Authors: Mohammadpoor‐Baltork I. , Abdollahi‐Alibeik M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of 2,4‐Disubstituted 5‐Nitro‐1,2,3‐triazole 1‐Oxides. Part 3. Destructive Nitration of Nitro‐Substituted 2‐Acetonyltriazole Oxides and Azotriazole Oxides.
Authors: Godovikova T. I. , Vozchikova S. A. , Ignat'eva E. L. , Khmel'nitskii L. I. , Korsunskii B. L.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dihydropyridine‐Based MCRs. New Reaction Pathways in the Interaction with Ethyl Glyoxalate and Non‐Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Carranco Ines , Diaz Jose Luis , Jimenez Oscar , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Studies of 1,2‐Dihydroquinoline Derivatives as Inhibitors of Lipid Peroxidation.
Authors: Barta‐Szalai Gizella , Gere Aniko , Takacs‐Novak Krisztina , Domany Gyoergy
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrimido[4,5‐f]quinazolines.
Authors: Tonkikh N. N. , Strakovs A. , Petrova M. V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.