bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subtemporal Hippocampectomy Preserving the Basal Temporal Language Area for Intractable Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Preliminary Results
Authors: Mikuni Nobuhiro , Miyamoto Susumu , Ikeda Akio , Satow Takeshi , Taki Junya , Takahashi Jun , Ohigashi Yoshitaka , Hashimoto Nobuo
Published: July 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Decline in verbal memory as a surgical complication remains an unresolved problem in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Some areas in the temporal lobe associated with the language function, often including the basal temporal language area, have been removed or transected by conventional surgical procedures. The authors defined the basal temporal language area and removed only the epileptogenic zone with a subtemporal approach.

Methods: The basal temporal language area was evaluated by using long‐term subdural electrodes in five patients with language‐dominant–side mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. While preserving this area, the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus were removed by using a combined subtemporal, transventricular, transchoroidal fissure approach. Verbal memory performance was assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS‐R) before and after the operation.

Results: The basal temporal language area, defined as a part of the inferior temporal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, and the parahippocampal gyrus, was spared by entering the temporal horn via collateral sulcus. Verbal memory was significantly improved by 3 months and 1 year after the operation.

Conclusions: In language‐dominant–side mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, preserving the basal temporal language area would have potential to improve verbal memory outcomes after removal of the epileptogenic zone.
Time‐ and dose‐dependent mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor combined with different bone graft materials: an in vitro study
Authors: Dereka Xanthippi E. , Markopoulou Cleopatra E. , Mamalis Anastasios , Pepelassi Eudoxie , Vrotsos Ioannis A.
Published: July 2006

Objectives: In periodontal regeneration, the growth factor concentrations and the delivery system used are of great importance. In an attempt to assess the mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells combined with different bone replacement materials, two allografts of cortical (DFDBA) and cancellous (DFBA) bone and an anorganic bovine material with a synthetic peptide (ABM P‐15) were used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro mitogenic effect of different doses of bFGF alone or in combination with DFDBA, DFBA and ABM P‐15 on human PDL cells in a time‐dependent mode.

Material and methods: PDL cell cultures were derived from the mid‐root of four maxillary premolars. Cells were grown and reached confluence. On day 2 of quiescence, new medium was added along with (1) 1, 5, 10 and 25 ng/ml of bFGF alone, (2) 10 mg of DFDBA, DFBA and ABM P‐15 alone and (3) their combination. The mitogenic effect was determined at 24 and 48 h of culture by using a hemocytometer chamber. The cells were counted under a phase contrast microscope.

Results: The results revealed that bFGF at the highest concentrations and after 48 h exerted a significant mitogenic effect on PDL cells, and also DFDBA and DFBA supported cell proliferation. Furthermore, DFDBA and DFBA enriched with bFGF had a significant mitogenic effect after 48 h of culture. ABM P‐15 with 10 and 25 ng/ml of bFGF up‐regulated PDL cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation.

Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the beneficial role of bFGF combined with DFDBA and DFBA as carriers in periodontal repair.
Oral health inequalities among indigenous and nonindigenous children in the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M. , Armfield Jason M. , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract – Objective: To describe oral health inequalities among indigenous and nonindigenous children in the Northern Territory of Australia using an area‐based measure of socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods: Data were obtained from indigenous and nonindigenous 4–13‐year‐old children enrolled in the Northern Territory School Dental Service in 2002–2003. The Socio‐Economic Indices For Areas (SEIFA) were used to determine socioeconomic relationships with dental disease experience.

Results: Some 12,584 children were examined, 35.1% of whom were indigenous. Across all age‐groups, socially disadvantaged indigenous children experienced higher mean dmft and DMFT levels than their similarly aged, similarly disadvantaged nonindigenous counterparts. Indigenous children aged 5 years had almost four times the dmft of their nonindigenous counterparts in the same disadvantage category (P < 0.05), while indigenous children aged 10 years had almost five times the DMFT of similarly disadvantaged nonindigenous children (P < 0.05). A distinct social gradient was apparent among indigenous and nonindigenous children, respectively, whereby those with the highest dmft/DMFT levels were in the most disadvantaged SES category and those least disadvantaged had the lowest dmft/DMFT levels. In most age‐groups, indigenous children who were least disadvantaged had worse oral health than the most disadvantaged nonindigenous children.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that indigenous status and SES have strong oral health outcome correlations but are not mutually dependent, that is, indigenous status influences oral health outcomes irrespective of social disadvantage. From a health policy perspective, greater oral health gains may be possible by concentrating public health and clinical effort among all indigenous children irrespective of SES status.
Multiple osseous dysplasia arising from impacted teeth: report of a case associated with odontogenic lesions
Authors: Iida Seiji , Kishino Mitsunobu , Sakai Takayoshi , Ishida Hiroyuki , Okura Masaya , Toyosawa Satoru , Kogo Mikihiko
Published: July 2006

We report a case of osseous dysplasia (OD) showing extremely rare clinical features. A 37‐year‐old Japanese woman was referred to our clinic complaining of a left alveolar bony swelling at an impacted canine. Radiographic examinations revealed a mixed radiopaque lesion involving the impacted left canine and also revealed an impacted left wisdom tooth with a cystic change and a clear radiopaque lesion suspected to be odontoma. All the extracted upper teeth and odontoma showed hypercementosis and the canine was fully involved in it. Histopathologically, they showed the same features and were diagnosed as OD. The findings of multiple OD from incompletely erupted teeth and odontoma in our case may well show that OD can arise from any tooth with periodontal ligaments and that focal OD can show expansive growth like the ossifying fibroma.
The ‘Skull from Bangkok’: a skull of a betel quid chewer in the anthropological collection of Rudolf Virchow (Berlin)
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Creutz Ulrich , Scheifele Christian
Published: July 2006

This report describes the ‘Skull from Bangkok’, collected by Rudolf Virchow (Berlin, Germany) in the late 19th century. The skull is part of an extensive anthropological collection of skeletons and skulls from all over the world. The skull was probably brought to Berlin during the years 1882–1883. An inscription on the frontal bone gives the name of the skull: ‘Skull from Bangkok’. The few remaining teeth of the maxilla show brown black stains because of betel quid chewing. In the collection, there is an extensive number of skulls from South‐ and Southeast Asia with similar betel stains. Virchow himself was aware of this habit and has described some of the skulls in detail often mentioning the black stains because of betel quid chewing. The Skull from Bangkok is a proof that betel quid chewing was prevalent in Siam of the late 19th century.
Preeclampsia Activates Circulating Immune Cells with Engagement of the NF‐κB Pathway
Authors: Luppi Patrizia , Tse Hubert , Lain Kristine Y. , Markovic Nina , Piganelli Jon D. , DeLoia Julie A.
Published: July 2006

Problem

Compelling evidence implicates peripheral immune activation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils appear to be the cells most strongly affected, with changes in expression of surface markers and release of granule enzymes. Here, we investigated activation in additional leukocyte populations among women with preeclampsia.

Method

We used flow cytometry to evaluate changes in leukocyte markers in preeclampsia compared with uncomplicated pregnancy. To gain insights into intracellular pathways involved in leukocyte activation, we monitored the NF‐κB signal transduction pathway. Plasma levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were also studied as an additional indication of cellular activation.

Results

Preeclampsia is associated with changes in L‐selectin (CD62L) on neutrophils (P = 0.004), monocytes (P = 0.013), and T cells (P = 0.048) when compared with normal pregnancy. These changes include an increase in nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and increased levels of IL‐6 (P = 0.005).

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with the presence of a generalized phenomenon of immune activation in preeclampsia.
Association of interleukin‐1β polymorphism with recurrent aphthous stomatitis in Brazilian individuals
Authors: Guimarães ALS , De Sá AR , Victória JMN , Correia‐Silva JF , Pessoa PS , Diniz MG , Gomez RS
Published: July 2006

Background:  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of oral ulceration in an otherwise healthy individual. Some reports in the literature indicate that RAS may have immunological, psychological, genetic and microbiological bases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) +3954 (C/T) genetic polymorphism and RAS in a sample of Brazilian patients.

Subjects and methods:  Sixty‐two consecutive subjects affected by minor and major forms of RAS and 62 healthy volunteers were genotyped at IL‐1β (+3954). The chi‐squared test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:  A significant increase in the high production of IL‐1β genotype CT was observed in the group with RAS (P = 0.01). After stratifying RAS patients according to the mean number of lesions per episode, a significant difference was only observed between patients with ≥3 lesions in each episode and control.

Conclusion:  There is an increased frequency of polymorphism associated with high IL‐1β production in RAS patients.
Gender, the Marital Life Course, and Cardiovascular Disease in Late Midlife
Authors: Zhang Zhenmei , Hayward Mark D.
Published: July 2006

Drawing on 5 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the influence of the marital life course on the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease among 9,434 middle‐aged individuals. Results show that compared to continuously married persons, both men and women with a marital loss have significantly higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Men and women, however, differ in the effects of marital loss on the incidence of cardiovascular disease over the course of the study. Women with a marital loss have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in late midlife compared to continuously married women, whereas marital loss is not associated with men’s risk of cardiovascular disease. Emotional distress and socioeconomic status account for the higher risk of cardiovascular disease among divorced women.
Public Attitudes Toward Reporting Partner Violence Against Women and Reporting Behavior
Authors: Gracia Enrique , Herrero Juan
Published: July 2006

Drawing from attitude‐behavior research tradition, this study used a national probabilistic sample of the Spanish adult population (N= 2,432) to test hypotheses regarding correlates of public attitudes toward reporting partner violence against women, and the relationship between attitudes toward reporting and actual reporting behavior. Results show the importance of several correlates of public attitudes toward reporting. Also, our results have suggested a potential disconnect between attitudes and behavior because failure to intervene appears to be a common response of those aware of incidents of partner violence against women.
Pharmacokinetic Effect of Ketoconazole on Solifenacin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Swart Pieter J. , Krauwinkel Walter J. J. , Smulders Ronald A. , Smith Neila N.
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Solifenacin succinate (YM905) is a new, once‐daily, orally administered muscarinic receptor antagonist designed to treat overactive bladder. The metabolism of solifenacin involves hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4; therefore, the pharmacokinetics of solifenacin may be affected by drugs that inhibit CYP3A4. This study aimed to examine the effects of co‐administration of ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of solifenacin in healthy volunteers. In a single‐site, open‐label, monosequence, crossover study, 17 healthy men and women aged 18 to 65 years received a single 10 mg oral dose of solifenacin, which is is the highest available dose. After a 14‐day wash‐out period, they began 20 days of oral ketoconazole at a dose of 200 mg once daily. A single 10 mg dose of solifenacin was administered again on day 7 of ketoconazole treatment. Pharmacokinetics was assessed using the standard measurements of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax, area under the curve (AUC), and elimination half‐life (t1/2). Co‐administration of ketoconazole resulted in a 1.43 times increase in the Cmax of solifenacin and an approximately 2 times increase in AUC. The mean t1/2 of solifenacin was extended from 49.3 to 77.5 hr whereas time to Cmax did not change. No substantial increase in the overall rate of adverse events, and no significant effects on vital signs, electrocardiography, clinical laboratory values, or physical examinations were noted. Administration of 200 mg ketoconazole once daily in healthy male volunteers resulted in a 2 times increase in exposure of a single 10 mg dose of solifenacin. Since ketoconazole is one of the strongest inhibitors of CYP3A4, it is expected that co‐administration of other CYP3A4 inhibitors will not result in a stronger increase in solifenacin exposure.
Spinal Nociception Induced by Intramuscular Injection of Oxytetracycline Preparations in Rats and Pigs
Authors: Svendsen Ove , Andersen Camilla B. , Mørkhøj Carina B. , Lauritzen Brian
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Some drug formulations for intramuscular use may cause damage, which potentially can be associated with pain. In animals, spinal nociception can be assessed by stereological quantification of number of regional dorsal horn neurones containing intranuclear Fos‐protein as a consequence of expression of the c‐fos gene. The aim of the present study was to use c‐fos gene expression as a measure of nociceptive input after intramuscular injection of different oxytetracycline formulations. Rats were given a 0.3 ml intramuscular injection in the thigh of one of two 100 mg/ml oxytetracycline preparations (Maxicyklin Vet.®, Boehringer‐Ingelheim or Engemycin Vet., Intervet; n=6 for both), 0.9% saline (n=4) or 4% formalin (n=2). In addition, five pigs were given an intramuscular injection of Aquacykline Vet.® (Rosco) in a dose of 1.0 ml/10 kg. After three hours the animals were anaesthetised and perfusion fixed and their spinal cords were taken out. Cryostate sections of the spinal cords were stained immunohistochemically for Fos‐protein in dorsal horn neurones and then subjected to stereological quantification of Fos‐positive neurones. Rats receiving a saline injection had 905±586 (mean±S.D.) Fos‐positive neurones, whereas formalin injection increased this number to 11,091±4,825. Rats receiving an injection of Engemycin® had 1,932±893 Fos‐positive neurones, which was not significantly different from the saline group. In contrast, injection with Maxicyklin increased the number of Fos‐positive neurones to 5,488±3,116, which was higher than after injection of saline (P<0.05). In pigs receiving an Aquacyklin® injection, the number of Fos‐positive neurones was 3,493±2,027, which was not significantly higher than the previously determined basal level. The increased neuronal activation after intramuscular injection of Maxicyklin Vet.® may suggest that injection of this drug may be more painful than injection with saline. In contrast, no significant difference in neuronal activation caused by saline and Engemycin Vet.® was found.
An Update on the Long‐Acting Insulin Analogue Glargine
Authors: Thisted Henriette , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Rungby Jørgen
Published: July 2006

Abstract: For both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, tight glycaemic control is vital to reduce the risk of long‐term complications. However, this must be achieved with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia. Glargine is a new long‐acting insulin analogue with an action profile designed to overcome this and has now been in clinical use for a number of years. In many countries glargine is widely used. Here we present an update on the clinical information available on glargine with respect to glycaemic control, the risk of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Safety Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Recombinant Human ω‐Interferon Produced from CHO‐SS Cells
Authors: Buckwold Victor E. , Lang William , Scribner Curtis , Blanchett Dennis , Alessi Tom , Langecker Peter
Published: July 2006

Abstract:Human ω‐interferon (IFN‐ω) has been shown to be well‐tolerated in man and to induce reductions of hepatitis C virus RNA levels in a series of human clinical trials. Here we provide an overview of our preclinical safety evaluation of the fully‐glycosylated human IFN‐ω produced from CHO‐SS cells that is currently being evaluated clinically. IFN‐ω was not associated with any biologically‐relevant adverse effects in a series of 10 safety pharmacology experiments, in the Ames mutagenicity test, in the micronucleus test, or in intraarterial, intravenous, paravenous or subcutaneous local tolerance studies. Acute, subacute, subchronic and reproductive toxicity studies performed in cynomolgus monkeys and rats showed a toxicity profile similar to that of human α interferon (IFN‐α). Except for the acute (single‐dose) toxicology study, all of the other toxicity studies showed evidence for the formation of anti‐IFN‐ω antibodies over time in the animals. These antibodies were found to neutralize IFN‐ω antiviral activityin vitroin a dose‐dependent manner. The average pharmacokinetic parameters following a single subcutaneous dose of IFN‐ω in rabbits, rats and monkeys were determined and found to be similar to that of human IFN‐α. These findings demonstrate that IFN‐ω has a safety profile consistent with that required for its use in man. IFN‐ω might be beneficial for the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis C virus who fail to respond to IFN‐α or as a first‐line treatment option.
Antidotal Efficacy of Pyridinium Chloride Derivatives Against Soman Poisoning
Authors: Vrdoljak Ana Lucić , Lovrić Jasna , Radić Božica , Žlender Vilim
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7.) is an extremely active enzyme necessary for terminating the action of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four mono‐pyridinium compounds 1‐phenacylpyridinium chloride (I), 1‐phenacyl‐2‐methylpyiridinium chloride (II), 1‐benzoylethylpyridinium chloride (III), and 1‐benzoylethylpyridinium‐4‐aldoxime chloride (IV) in the therapy of soman poisoning. Their effect was compared with HI‐6 and TMB‐4 oximes. The inhibitory potency (IC50) of compounds as well as reactivating (%R) and protective potency (P50) with respect to soman‐inhibited AChE were determined for each of the compounds. Their acute intraperitoneal toxicity (LD50 with 95% confidence limits) was tested in mice and observed for 24 hr. The therapeutic effect was expressed as the protective index and as the therapeutic dose. The tested compounds were found to be reversible inhibitors of AChE. In vivo results show that the tested compounds are relatively toxic (their LD50 was from 74.9 to 210.0 mg/kg body weight). The best antidotal efficacy was obtained with compound II, which had the highest affinity for AChE (IC50 was 1.9×10−5 mol l−1) and seems to be an adequate antidote in soman poisoning (its protective index and therapeutic dose were 2.8 and 2, respectively). Our results indicate that its antidotal effect is related to the reactivation or protection of AChE. The type of the substituent in the pyridinium ring generally has a significant influence on toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and on the antidotal efficacy of all new tested compounds.
The Effect of Levosimendan during Long‐Term Amiodarone Treatment in Dogs
Authors: Papp Julius Gy. , Pollesello Piero , Varró András , Végh Ágnes , Udvary Eva
Published: July 2006

Abstract: The haemodynamic and electrophysiological effects of levosimendan were studied in conscious dogs receiving long‐term oral amiodarone treatment. Instrumented dogs were administered increasing doses of levosimendan (up to 0.9 μg/kg/min. intravenously) in three successive 30 min. infusions. This schedule was repeated on the 21st day of treatment with oral amiodarone 100 mg/kg/day. The extent of increase in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and the decrease in left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) seen with levosimendan were similar before and after long‐term treatment with amiodarone. The levosimendan‐induced increases in isovolumic contraction (+dP/dt) and in left ventricular contractility (dP/dt/P) seen prior to amiodarone administration were augmented during amiodarone treatment, an effect that was statistically significant (P<0.05) at the highest doses of levosimendan. A tendency towards a shortening of the QT interval and a rise in heart rate was observed for levosimendan alone but they did not exceed the physiological range when the drug was given in combination with amiodarone. QTc value was unaffected by levosimendan either alone or with amiodarone. These effects were apparent in animals with therapeutically meaningful plasma levels of levosimendan, amiodarone and desethylamiodarone levels. The results of this study show that the improvement in ventricular contractile performance usually associated with administration of levosimendan was somewhat enhanced by chronic oral treatment with amiodarone. It seems reasonable to infer that the inotropic potency and electrophysiological safety of parenteral levosimendan will be maintained in patients with heart failure during long‐term treatment with oral amiodarone.
Number‐Needed‐to‐Treat (NNT) – Needs Treatment with Care
Authors: Christensen Palle Mark , Kristiansen Ivar Sønbø
Published: July 2006

Abstract: The “number‐needed‐to‐treat” (NNT) was introduced about 15 years ago and has gained widespread use. It has been claimed to be “easy to understand” and gives “intuitive meaning”. When used to measure the effectiveness of interventions targeting chronic disease processes e.g. atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, NNT (as well as relative and absolute risk reduction) does not capture the crucial time component, a fact that has important consequences: NNT varies over time, it may not mean that adverse events (fractures, myocardial infarctions etc.) are avoided, but simply that they are postponed. Finally, empirical studies indicate that lay people and doctors misunderstand NNT. We recommend that NNT be used with considerable care. There is probably no single effect measure that is able to convey all necessary information.
Disposition of Valproic Acid in Self‐Poisoned Adults
Authors: Wilimowska Jolanta , Florek Ewa , Piekoszewski Wojciech
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Acute intoxication with valproic acid is increasingly being observed in clinical practice. In Poland, such intoxication frequently occurs as a result of mixing different drugs or alcohol. We studied the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in five intoxicated patients. Apart from valproic acid, barbiturates, chlorprotixene, tricyclic antidepressants, tetrahydrocannabinols and alcohol were detected and measured. The absorption of the drug was rapid and the maximum concentration was observed after the period of 3.5–5.6 hr. The lowering of the valproic acid level in plasma was biphasic, with terminal half‐life ranging between 8.8–30.9 hr. The calculated apparent volume of distribution was 0.17–0.72 l/kg and could be affected by varied levels of doses as well as time of drug intake (data from interviews of patients) used for calculation and reduction in plasma protein binding at higher concentration of valproic acid. Frequent multiple drug poisonings oblige toxicological laboratories not only to monitor valproic acid concentration in serum, but also to perform the toxicological screenings.
Rotigaptide (ZP123) Improves Atrial Conduction Slowing in Chronic Volume Overload‐Induced Dilated Atria
Authors: Haugan Ketil , Miyamoto Takuya , Takeishi Yasuchika , Kubota Isao , Nakayama Jun , Shimojo Hisashi , Hirose Masamichi
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Chronic atrial dilation is associated with atrial conduction velocity slowing and an increased risk of developing atrial tachyarrhythmias. Rotigaptide (ZP123) is a selective gap junction modifier that increases cardiac gap junctional intercellular communication. We hypothesised that rotigaptide treatment would increase atrial conduction velocity and reduce the inducibility to atrial tachyarrhythmias in a model of chronic volume overload induced chronic atrial dilatation characterized by atrial conduction velocity slowing. Chronic volume overload was created in Japanese white rabbits by arterio‐venous shunt formation. Atrial conduction velocity and atrial tachyarrhythmias inducibility were examined in Langendorff‐perfused chronic volume overload hearts (n=12) using high‐resolution optical mapping before and after treatment with rotigaptide. Moreover, expression levels of atrial gap junction proteins (connexin40 and connexin43) were examined in chronic volume overload hearts (n=6) and compared to sham‐operated controls (n=6). Rotigaptide treatment significantly increased atrial conduction velocity in chronic volume overload hearts, however, rotigaptide did not decrease susceptibility to the induction of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Protein expressions of Cx40 and Cx43 were decreased by 32% and 72% (P<0.01), respectively, in chromic volume overload atria compared to control. To conclude, rotigaptide increased atrial conduction velocity in a rabbit model of chromic volume overload induced atrial conduction velocity slowing. The demonstrated effect of rotigaptide on atrial conduction velocity did not prevent atrial tachyarrhythmias inducibility. Whether rotigaptide may possess antiarrhythmic efficacy in other models of atrial fibrillation remains to be determined.
Fungicide resistance in cucurbit downy mildew – methodological, biological and population aspects
Authors: Urban J. , Lebeda A.
Published: July 2006

Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is among the most devastating diseases of cucurbitaceous plants. In spite of improved cultural practices and breeding for resistant cultivars, chemical control is still a very important tool to manage the disease. During the last several decades, many fungicides from various chemical classes have been developed. The occurrence of strains of P. cubensis resistant/tolerant to some fungicides encouraged research of this phenomenon. The first part of this article summarises the many different methodological approaches such as field trials, in vitro testing on active plant tissues or molecular diagnoses developed for the detection of resistant/tolerant strains of P. cubensis, as well as methods to collect and maintain pathogen isolates. The second part outlines the commonly used fungicides to control P. cubensis and their features like systemicity, biological and biochemical mode of action and translocation behaviour within plants. The last part deals with geographical aspects such as first appearance of resistance problems, distribution of resistance, temporal development of resistance under selection pressure by a fungicide, fitness of resistant subpopulations in competition with sensitive ones in the absence of a fungicide, as well as genetic and molecular sources of resistance.
Lysine and threonine biosynthesis in sorghum seeds: characterisation of aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase isoenzymes
Authors: Ferreira R.R. , Meinhardt L.W. , Azevedo R.A.
Published: July 2006

Aspartate kinase (AK, EC 2.7.2.4) and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH, EC 1.1.1.3) have been partially purified and characterised from immature sorghum seeds. Two peaks of AK activity were eluted by anion‐exchange chromatography [diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)‐Sephacel] with 183 and 262 mM KCl, and both activities were inhibited by lysine. Similarly, two peaks of HSDH activity were eluted with 145 and 183 mM KCl; the enzyme activity in the first peak in elution order was shown to be resistant to threonine inhibition, whereas the second was sensitive to threonine inhibition. However, following gel filtration chromatography (Sephacryl S‐200), one peak of AK activity co‐eluted with HSDH and both activities were sensitive to threonine inhibition, suggesting the presence of a bifunctional threonine‐sensitive AK–HSDH isoenzyme with a molecular mass estimated as 167 kDa. The activities of AK and HSDH were studied in the presence of lysine, threonine, methionine, valine, calcium, ethylene glycol bis(2‐aminoethylether)‐N,N,N′N′‐tetraacetic acid, calmodulin, S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), S‐2‐aminoethyl‐l‐cysteine (AEC) and increasing concentrations of KCl. AK was shown to be inhibited by threonine and lysine, confirming the existence of two isoenzymes, one sensitive to threonine and the other sensitive to lysine, the latter being predominant in sorghum seeds. Methionine, SAM plus lysine and AEC also inhibited AK activity; however, increasing KCl concentrations and calcium did not produce any significant effect on AK activity, indicating that calcium does not play a role in AK regulation in sorghum seeds. HSDH also exhibited some inhibition by threonine, but the majority of the activity was not inhibited, thus indicating the existence of a threonine‐sensitive isoenzyme and a second predominant threonine‐insensitive isoenzyme. Valine and SAM plus threonine also inhibited HSDH; however, increasing concentrations of KCl and calcium had no inhibitory effect.
Merging of a massive binary due to ejection of bound stars
Authors: Zier C.
Published: July 2006

From the results of numerical scattering experiments and simulations of a massive black hole (BH) binary in spherically symmetric and shallow cores, it has been deduced that the shrinking process most likely stalls due to loss-cone depletion before emission of gravitational radiation becomes important. Here we follow a different approach and focus on the population of stars which is bound to the binary and so far has not received much attention. With simple assumptions which should not be sensitive to initial conditions we derive a lower limit for the mass of stars which needs to be ejected by the binary in order to coalesce. We also compute this mass as a function of the steepness of the density profile according to which the stars are distributed. Our results are not as pessimistic as earlier conclusions and actually suggest that the BHs merge.
Gasoline Pollution of a Ground‐Water Reservoir — A Case Historya
Authors: Williams Dennis E. , Wilder Dale G.
Published: July 2006

A leak in a product gasoline pipeline near the City of Los Angeles has caused contamination of a valuable groundwater supply. Since 1968, it is estimated that 250,000 gallons of gasoline have seeped into the underground reservoir, limiting the value of a well field adjacent to the contaminated area.

Remedial measures include extensive analytical studies of the two‐fluid flow system as well as an all out effort in the field to try and clean up the gasoline and restore the aquifer to service. The field methods involve an elaborate system of “skimming” wells designed to produce a high gasoline/water ratio and on‐site treatment facilities at many locations throughout the area. To date, 50,000 gallons of free gasoline have been removed from the aquifer in this manner.
Petroleum Contamination of Ground Water in Marylanda
Authors: Matis John R.
Published: July 2006

Petroleum contamination of ground water is a widespread problem that plagues many areas. Historical data collected in Maryland indicates that most counties in the State record cases of this contamination problem annually. Cases in the “hard‐rock areas” west of the Fall Zone have the highest frequency of occurrence, in contrast to the Coastal Plain geologic province to the east. In both areas, the problems have been very localized. It is difficult to handle petroleum contamination cases, and the legal implications are very complex. A disturbing factor is that many petroleum fuels do not deteriorate in the ground‐water system. Further, the identification of specific petroleum products in ground water is generally not possible with present techniques. An investigation of a particular complaint can often be split into a preliminary phase and a detailed site investigation phase. Once a source of contamination is located, it must be stopped or removed. Since it is virtually impossible to remove the contaminant from the ground water, legal and regulatory problems continue on for months or years after an original complaint.
Ground‐Water Pollution and Sanitary Landfills—A Critical Reviewa
Authors: Zanoni A. E.
Published: July 2006

The principal studies concerned with the ground‐water pollution potential from sanitary landfills and dump grounds have been conducted in California, South Dakota, Illinois and England. These studies have all demonstrated that leachates are highly pollutional in characteristics, but once they pass into the surrounding soil regime, the attenuation mechanisms of dilution, adsorption and microbial degradation tend to reduce the impact of this loading on the underground‐water supply.

A survey of practice in twenty‐one States in the United States regarding ground‐water pollution from landfill operation showed that not much new research was underway; there was much variation in the code and laws dealing with ground‐water pollution; and suggested distances from landfill to water wells varied from 50 to 1000 feet.

Finally, based on the literature findings plus the result of the State survey, a set of recommendations are offered to minimize ground‐water pollution problems stemming from landfill operations.
Nitrate in Ground Water of the Fresno‐Clovis Metropolitan Area, Californiaa
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D.
Published: July 2006

Natural concentrations of nitrate are quite low in most ground waters in the eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. High nitrate contents are related to sewage effluent percolation ponds, septic tank disposal systems, industrial waste‐waters, and agricultural fertilizers. Hydrologic factors are closely related to the occurrence of nitrate. Transmissibility of the aquifer, hardpan development in the soil, canal recharge, and cobble zones in the subsurface are the primary factors of importance. Nitrate is stratified in the aquifer beneath unsewered metropolitan areas and highest contents occur in the upper 50 or 60 feet. Water quality hydrographs were used to show long‐ and short‐term trends in nitrate. Chloride and nitrate hydrographs, trilinear diagrams, the distribution of other constituents, and hydrologic data were used to effectively delineate sources of nitrate in areas where numerous potential sources were present. Conclusions from ground‐water data agree well with previous studies in other areas beneath unsewered tracts and near sewage treatment plants in which attention was focused primarily on the soil or the unsaturated zone.
The Use, Abuse and Recovery of a Glacial Aquifera
Authors: Burt Edward M.
Published: July 2006

The inter‐relationships between an industrial plant and a shallow sand aquifer of glacial origin are described. These relationships include industrial and potable water supplies, industrial and human waste water disposal systems, the hydraulics of the pollution of the ground‐water aquifer and the types of corrective actions taken to re‐establish the wise use of the ground‐water resource. Also reviewed are the ground‐water movement‐quality relationship, well designs, method of drilling, well redevelopment and ground‐water recharge.
A Systems Approach to Management of the Hanford Ground‐Water Basina
Authors: Cearlock D. B.
Published: July 2006

Mathematical models for simulating ground water and radionuclide movement as a function of time and space are being developed. In addition to the models, a man‐machine interactive computer system is under development for use in model applications. In total, the research and development program will produce a management and engineering tool for use in analysis, decisions and policy formulations relative to management of ground‐water systems.

The system is separated into sequential or parallel components that can be modeled independently of each other. This results in maximum capability to simulate all combinations of situations that may be encountered and in ease of modifying or refining the models independently without having to reformulate the entire system. The system is composed of three major categories of models: (1) data models; (2) hydraulic models; and (3) water quality (transport) models. Data models calculate input characteristics required for operation of the hydraulic and water quality models from a minimum of field measurements. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine for calculating transmissivity distributions and the Sorption Transmissivity Routine for calculating sorption coefficient distributions are two types of data models. The hydraulic models predict the flow of ground water in saturated and un‐saturated soils. The Partially‐Saturated Transient Model, which describes unsaturated, transient flow, and the Variable Thickness Transient Model, which describes saturated, transient flow, are included in this category. The water quality models predict the movement of the waste through the subsurface soils. The Macro‐ion Transport Model, which describes macro‐ion movement, and the Micro‐ion Transport Model, which describes micro‐ion movement, are included in this category. The assumptions used in developing the system of models, justification of these assumptions, the interrelationship of each of the models, and the intended application of the entire system are presented.

The man‐machine interactive computer system provides an efficient means for the engineer to interact in the problem solving functions using the previously discussed models. The system allows the engineer to rapidly scan a large number of alternatives and use his experience in rapidly converging on a solution. The components of the computer system and their functions are described. Examples showing how the computer system is being used with models that have been developed are presented.
Some Aspects of Approximating Aquifer Discharge
Authors: Gundlach David L.
Published: July 2006

Aquifers may serve as storage reservoirs, as treatment mediums, as discharge conduits, or in some combination of the various uses. If an aquifer serves as a conduit, the Darcy equation gives an accurate and simple solution for discharge provided the conduit is uniform; if nonuniform, the accuracy may be very poor unless special care is taken.

Differential equations based on Darcy's equation and the equation of continuity give the steady‐flow discharge rate for confined aquifers in which the cross‐sectional area and permeability vary from point to point. For the general case the derived discharge expression is theoretically exact, whereas, for specific cases an approximate form can be used depending on the boundary conditions. Integration of the approximate form for a given aquifer length yields simplified solutions for discharge where the variation in cross‐sectional area and/or permeability with distance in the direction of flow can be described by some mathematical expression.
Design and Operation of Land Treatment Systems for Minimum Contamination of Ground Watera
Authors: Bouwer Herman
Published: July 2006

Low‐rate or irrigation‐type systems for land application of sewage effluent or similar wastewater are often used in humid areas because they have a small impact on the underlying ground water. In arid areas, low‐rate systems cannot be used to produce renovated water for ground‐water recharge, because the renovated water will have a much higher salt content than the effluent. Renovated water of relatively low salt content can only be produced with high‐rate systems. Such systems, which require permeable soil, can also be used in humid areas to reduce the land requirements. To minimize the impact of high‐rate systems on ground‐water quality, the system should be managed to remove as much of the pollutants (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as possible from the wastewater as it seeps through the soil, and to restrict the spread of renovated wastewater in the ground‐water basin. Nitrogen removal can be maximized by stimulating denitrification in the soil. Certain soils can store large quantities of phosphate. The spread of renovated water in the ground water can be controlled by intercepting the flow of renovated water with wells or drains for reuse or discharge into surface water. Techniques for predicting the underground flow system are presented.
Protracted Recharge of Treated Sewage into Sand Part I—Quality Changes in Vertical Transport Through the Sand
Authors: Aulenbach Donald B. , Glavin Thomas P. , Romero Rojas Jairo A.
Published: July 2006

When the Lake George sewage treatment plant was put into operation in 1939, it was described as a “complete treatment” plant. This was because the treated effluent is discharged onto natural delta sand seepage beds which are “at least 25 feet deep.”

Studies were made to determine the removal efficiency in the sand beds of coliforms, BOD, chlorides, and the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.

It was found that when beds were dosed, they were no longer saturated with water at 15 feet. Ten feet of sand were found to remove coliforms by 99% and BOD by 96%. However, nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides remained in significant concentrations after filtration through 10 feet of sand. Phosphate removal in an infrequently used sand bed was greater than in a continuously used bed.
Subsurface Sewage Disposal and Contamination of Ground Water in East Portland, Oregona
Authors: Quan E. L. , Sweet H. R. , Illian Joseph R.
Published: July 2006

Over the past 30 years East Portland and central Multnomah County have metamorphosed from a rural‐suburban to a locally urban community. Services, including community water and sewer have been extended to most of the area. However, a 30‐square‐mile (80 km2) area within central Multnomah County remains unsewered today. This area reportedly disposes of 8 to 10 mgd (34,400 m3/day to 38,000 m3/day) sewage via subsurface systems, i. e. cesspools, seepage beds, and drainfields. These methods of waste disposal have resulted in the degradation of the ground‐water resource within the study area.

Most of the developed area is located on a relatively level terrace made up of Pleistocene fluviolacustrine sediments. Partially cemented gravels of the Pliocene Troutdale Formation underlie the terrace deposits. Both of these units are generally excellent aquifers where saturated. The depth to water in the unsewered area ranges from about 100‐200 feet (30 to 60 m) in the southern terraced area to less than 10 feet (3 m) in much of the northern area underlain by younger, floodplain, terraces adjacent to the Columbia River.

Central Multnomah County is situated within a regional ground‐water discharge zone. It receives ground‐water recharge from the Cascade Mountains to the east and intermediate recharge from the Cascade foothills and other isolated hills bordering and within the study area. The major surface drains receiving ground water from the regional and intermediate flow systems are the Willamette, Clackamas, and Columbia Rivers.

The fluviolacustrine terraces constitute a local recharge zone. The primary ground‐water recharge source is infiltrating precipitation as evidenced by the paucity of natural surface drainage, although the area receives in excess of 40 inches (100 cm) of precipitation per year. However, due to development and its attendant reduction in area for infiltration, e.g. paving and building, there has been a decrease in natural recharge. The estimated 8 to 10 mgd (34,400 m3/day to 38,000 m3/day) of domestic waste which is disposed of via the subsurface is thus introduced as supplemental local recharge.

Infiltrating precipitation and sewage effluent migrates downwards through the water table. The depth to which the local recharge can penetrate the water table is limited by its hydraulic potential and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the substrata. Therefore, the NO3‐N contaminated recharge is effectively buoyed up and migrates laterally along the upper portion of the water table to its eventual surface drain, Columbia Slough South Arm.

Water samples from wells developing water in adjacent or upgradient sewered areas and/or from deeper aquifers within the unsewered area generally have NO3‐N concentrations of less than 1 mg/1. Shallower wells and springs within the unsewered area and South Arm Slough, downgradient grom the unsewered area, had NO3‐N concentrations ranging from 4.7 to 11.86 mg/1, with a mean value of 7.74 mg/1 in July 1974.
Transpiration Drying of Sanitary Landfillsa
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Van Fleet S. R. , Browning V. D.
Published: July 2006

Experiments are described which test the feasibility of diminishing the leachate production of sanitary landfills by using the roots of transpiring plants to dry the refuse and surrounding soil. Full‐scale models of landfill cores were constructed and filled with typical municipal refuse in the early spring of 1973. Selected plant species such as slash pine, thorny elaeagnus, bristly locust, black locust, and two grasses were used to vegetate two landfill models, while a third was denied vegetation and used as a control. Intermediate term results have been positive from several viewpoints. The various species of selected plants have thrived, even though gas sampling indicated that the lower two‐thirds of the landfill models quickly became anaerobic. Roots proliferated rapidly through the top 2 1/2 feet (76.2 cm.) of cover soil and first refuse layer. Following December 1973, all three lysimeters began producing leachate. However, the volume of leachate produced differed considerably depending on whether the particular lysimeter was vegetated or fallow. To date, the unvegetated control has produced 17.53 inches (44.53 cm.) while the two vegetated models have produced 8.59 inches (21.82 cm.) and 2.49 inches (6.32 cm.) respectively. The lysimeter producing the minimum leachate volume was vegetated with pine and thorny elaeagnus. The unvegetated bin produced the most dilute leachate. If one uses the chemical oxygen demand, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and the total solids as indices representative of the potency of leachate, then the leachate from the lysimeter containing pine and thorny elaeagnus was 1.97 times more concentrated than that from the fallow lysimeter. Thus one realizes a net improvement factor of 3.57 due to the presence of plants.