bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AS JORNADAS DE JUNHO, UM ANO DEPOIS
Authors: Arcary Valério
Published: January 2019

Refletindo em perspectiva marxista sobre as Jornadas de Junho, o artigo visa responder em que medida a correlação de forças entre as classes foi alterada, perguntando se estamos diante de uma nova realidade nacional e se abriu-se ou não uma situação pré-revolucionária. Argumenta-se que a partir do dia 17 de junho aconteceu uma inflexão importante da situação política no Brasil e que as dimensões deste processo remetem à ideia de que um processo revolucionário se iniciou. O autor aposta que estará aberta para os socialistas-revolucionários, no próximo período, em condições imensamente mais favoráveis, a possibilidade de uma disputa pela consciência de milhões de trabalhadores e jovens em um combate contra as ilusões reformistas e contra as esperanças na solução concertada dos conflitos preservando-se as instituições do regime democrático-presidencialista. 
Reducing suggestibility to additive versus contradictory misinformation in younger and older adults via divided attention and/or explicit error detection
Authors: Umanath Sharda , Ries François , Huff Mark J.
Published: January 2019

Younger and older adults are more suggestible to additive (not originally included) versus contradictory (a change to the original) misleading details. Only suggestibility to contradictory misinformation can be reduced with explicit instructions to detect errors during exposure to misinformation. The present work examines how to reduce suggestibility to additive misinformation and whether attentional resources at exposure similarly influence additive and contradictory misinformation. During the misleading question phase, attention and error detection were manipulated. Participants answered the questions under full or divided attention, and some were instructed to mark detected errors. On the final test, additive misinformation was endorsed more than contradictory misinformation despite equivalent error detection. However, dividing attention reduced suggestibility for additive misinformation, whereas successful error detection showed evidence of reducing contradictory misinformation, providing further evidence for the dissociation between these types of misinformation. Additionally, dividing younger adults' attention did not consistently result in a pattern paralleling older adults.
Superhydrophobic Coatings from Beeswax‐in‐Water Emulsions with Latent Heat Storage Capability
Authors: Naderizadeh Sara , Heredia‐Guerrero José Alejandro , Caputo Gianvito , Grasselli Silvia , Malchiodi Annalisa , Athanassiou Athanassia , Bayer Ilker S.
Published: January 2019

Beeswax particles are homogenously emulsified in commercial aqueous polymer dispersion, without additional dispersing agents and surfactants. Emulsions display very good stability with wax droplet size distribution around 350 nm. The wax to polymer ratio in the emulsions can be tuned without compromising emulsion stability. The emulsions are spray coated in order to create either hydrophobic or superhydrophobic coatings. For superhydrophobicity, silica nanoparticles are dispersed in the emulsions at different concentrations. Beeswax‐rich coatings such as the ones with 1:1 beeswax:polymer ratio or more, including the superhydrophobic ones, demonstrate promising latent heat storage characteristics, suitable for thermal management applications. Electron microscopy studies show that as a result of emulsification, the polymer encapsulates the wax droplets/particles as a nanothin shell, preventing a major problem related to low melting point phase change materials referred to as leaching. Hence, the coatings can be heated well above the melting point of beeswax (≈62 °C) and can still demonstrate effective heat storage during the cooling stage. This water‐based coating process using ecofriendly material constituents can easily be scaled up and used in responsive coating applications, ranging from electronics to interior or exterior structural buildings requiring efficient energy management and thermal energy savings.
Visible Light Metasurfaces Assembled by Quasiperiodic Dendritic Cluster Sets
Authors: Chen Huan , Zhao Jing , Fang Zhenhua , An Di , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: January 2019

Periodic metasurfaces have achieved various light manipulations. However, the preparation of those responding in visible waveband still encounters many constraints. Inspired by the idea of the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, a quasiperiodic dendritic cluster set metasurface is proposed where the cluster is used as the unit instead of cell that is used as the unit in the periodic metasurface. By gradually changing the theoretical model from periodic to quasiperiodic structure and the dendritic cluster sets prepared through a bottom‐up electrochemical deposition method from disordered to quasiperiodic distribution, the simulation and experimental results show that, when the two both resonate in visible light, the quasiperiodic cluster set metasurface can produce nearly the same abnormal optical responses as those produced by the periodic metasurfaces, and this metasurface is isotropic. The experiments show that the sample can generate an anomalous spin Hall effect of light in a red light band. This anomalous manipulation of angular momentum of light enables the metasurface to be applicable to the fields of quantum optics and information. This method establishes a new means for developing optical metasurfaces.
Broadband Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Vertical Ga2O3/GaN Nanowire Array with High Responsivity
Authors: He Tao , Zhang Xiaodong , Ding Xiaoyu , Sun Chi , Zhao Yukun , Yu Qiang , Ning Jiqiang , Wang Rongxin , Yu Guohao , Lu Shulong , Zhang Kai , Zhang Xinping , Zhang Baoshun
Published: January 2019

Broadband ultraviolet (BUV) photodetectors responding to the multiband spectrum can effectively reduce false alarm rates and improve the accuracy and versatility of detection systems in various situations. A high‐responsivity BUV photodetector based on vertical Ga2O3/GaN nanowire array is proposed and demonstrated. Ga2O3/GaN nanowires are obtained by partially thermally oxidizing GaN nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy and used to combine with a monolayer graphene film to form graphene/Ga2O3/GaN heterojunction. Moreover, the oxidation mechanism of GaN nanowires is further investigated by the developed thermal oxidation model. The fabricated devices exhibit excellent performance with a broadband spectral response of exceeding 550 A W−1 at −5 V and a fast‐response speed in the millisecond range, which can be attributed to the optical properties of vertical nanowire array structure and the internal gain mechanism of graphene/Ga2O3/GaN heterojunction.
Development and Empirical Testing of a Novel Team Leadership Assessment Measure: A Pilot Study Using Simulated and Live Patient Encounters
Authors: Rosenman Elizabeth D. , Bullard Mark J. , Jones Kerin A. , Welsh Laura , Brolliar Sarah M. , Levine Benjamin R. , Grand James A. , Fernandez Rosemarie
Published: January 2019

Background

Team leadership is critical to health care resuscitation team performance. There has been increased focus on competency in team leadership behaviors; however, there is still variability in how team leadership is assessed within emergency medicine. The objective of this study was to develop and pilot a novel team leadership assessment measure for emergency medicine resuscitation teams.

Methods

Team leadership dimensions and associated behaviors were identified through a systematic literature review and expert consensus. Included behaviors were used to create behaviorally anchored rating scales, which were then revised based on subject matter expert ratings. Four raters from three different academic institutions observed 30 video‐recorded resuscitations (20 simulated and 10 actual patient care resuscitations). Mean leadership scores were calculated. Intraclass coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for each item and for overall leadership scores. Leader scores for the simulation‐based scenarios were compared to external variables including level of training, team process, clinical performance, and team situational awareness. The study was conducted from July 2017 through June 2018.

Results

Leadership scores ranged from 2.23 to 4.30 (mean [±SD] = 3.18 [±0.50]). The ICC for the overall score was 0.79 for all observations, 0.87 for simulation‐based observations, and 0.24 for the patient care observations. Team leadership scores on simulation‐based observations did not correlate with available external variables.

Conclusions

We developed a novel team leadership assessment measure for emergency medicine resuscitation teams with supporting validity evidence, including content validity and response process. The measure demonstrated acceptable inter‐rater reliability when applied to simulation‐based medical resuscitations; however, this did not translate to trauma resuscitations in the actual patient care setting.
Length‐based assessment of larval lamprey population structure at differing spatial scales
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Gallagher Tara , Rooney Sean M. , O'Gorman Nicola , Coghlan Brian , King James J.
Published: January 2019

Perspectives on lamprey management contrast between pest control in the US Great Lakes and species conservation in the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand, and Europe. Five lamprey species are listed in the European Union (EU) Habitats Directive (HD) as requiring conservation measures. Assessments of HD ‘conservation status’ for these lampreys mainly target the larval (ammocoete) stage.

Larval lamprey populations can be assessed by evaluating presence or absence, density and demographic structure in riverine samples. Demographic structure has typically been described from length–frequency data using qualitative approaches and the statistical assignment of age classes. Length‐based indicators (LBIs) may provide a more rapid and flexible framework.

The demographic structure of a fish population can be described by univariate length metrics: length range (LRANGE) and 90th percentile of length (L90). This study used a pooled data set from seven Irish catchments to estimate a reference point (RP) value for each metric corresponding to a healthy larval lamprey population. Two LBIs were then derived that can be estimated for an observed (OBS) population as LBIRANGE = LRANGE_OBS/LRANGE_RP and LBI90 = L90_OBS/L90_RP.

Simulated lamprey population length structures, representing a range of status values, were used to develop a reference gradient (RG) to support population assessment using LBIs. The assessment framework was applied to each of the seven Irish catchments, and also to subcatchment and sampling‐site scales within the Barrow system. The LBIs and RG suggested that most catchments had favourable conservation status overall, whereas smaller assessment scales revealed a spread of status values.

The proposed framework allows the rapid assessment of demographic structure and comparison across systems. There is potential to track states across sampling sites, events, and legislative reporting cycles, and to interpret change in relation to the local environment. The general approach may be adaptable for other fish species monitored during juvenile stages.
Dielectric Relaxation and Beyond Limiting Behavior of Alternating‐Current Conductivity in a Supermolecular Ferroelectric
Authors: Tong Yuan‐Bo , Tian Zheng‐Fang , Duan Hai‐Bao , Zhu Zhong‐Peng , Hong Tian‐Yu , Zhao Shun‐Ping , Yang Jing‐Kui
Published: January 2019

A cyclen‐based hybrid supermolecule crystal, [(FeCl2)(cyclen)]Cl (1), where cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane, was prepared using a liquid–liquid diffusion approach. The variable crystal structures exhibit that compound 1 belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system, Pna21 space group (point group C2V) in the temperature range of 150–400 K. This hybrid supermolecule shows a dielectric relaxation behavior around room temperature, and the ferroelectric nature of 1 has been directly verified by hysteresis measurements. In addition, the AC (alternating current) conductivity study reveals that the 1 displays a beyond limiting behavior. These interesting findings are for the first time reported in the field of supermolecular ferroelectrics. This study may open a new way to construct supermolecular ferroelectrics and give insights into their conductor behavior.
Comparative detection method of early onset cytokine‐induced stress in β‐cells (INS‐1E)
Authors: Beukes Natasha , Levendal Ruby‐Ann , Prinsloo Earl , Frost Carminita
Published: January 2019

β‐Cells contain a prominent endoplasmic reticulum (ER), disrupting ER homeostasis and function, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Currently, no direct protocols measure the UPR initiation. Current methods to measure ER stress include the quantification of nitric oxide (NO) (indirect method), Western blotting, and qRT‐PCR of downstream components. However, these methods do not account for the overlap with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, INS‐1E cells were exposed to proinflammatory cytokines to induce ER stress, as determined using NO, thioflavin T (ThT) binding, and β‐cell functionality (insulin production). ER stress was confirmed through the upregulation of CHOP. Cell viability was monitored using MTT, sulforhodamine B, and the xCELLigence system. Morphological changes were monitored using electron microscopy. IL‐1β exposure‐induced β‐cell stress after 4 H, decreased insulin levels, and increased thioflavin binding were noted. Increased NO production was only detected after 10 H, highlighting its lack of sensitivity, and the need for a continuous, selective, rapid, convenient, and economical detection method for early onset of ER stress. Standard methods (MTT and NO) failed to detect early ER stress. The xCELLigence coupled with a functional assay such as the detection of insulin levels or ThT are better predictors of ER stress in INS‐1E cells.
An efficient sample size adaptation strategy with adjustment of randomization ratio
Authors: Wang Xin , Xu Tu , Zhong Sheng , Zhou Yijie , Cui Lu
Published: January 2019

In clinical trials, sample size reestimation is a useful strategy for mitigating the risk of uncertainty in design assumptions and ensuring sufficient power for the final analysis. In particular, sample size reestimation based on unblinded interim effect size can often lead to sample size increase, and statistical adjustment is usually needed for the final analysis to ensure that type I error rate is appropriately controlled. In current literature, sample size reestimation and corresponding type I error control are discussed in the context of maintaining the original randomization ratio across treatment groups, which we refer to as “proportional increase.” In practice, not all studies are designed based on an optimal randomization ratio due to practical reasons. In such cases, when sample size is to be increased, it is more efficient to allocate the additional subjects such that the randomization ratio is brought closer to an optimal ratio. In this research, we propose an adaptive randomization ratio change when sample size increase is warranted. We refer to this strategy as “nonproportional increase,” as the number of subjects increased in each treatment group is no longer proportional to the original randomization ratio. The proposed method boosts power not only through the increase of the sample size, but also via efficient allocation of the additional subjects. The control of type I error rate is shown analytically. Simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results.
A diffusion tensor imaging study of brain microstructural changes related to religion and spirituality in families at high risk for depression
Authors: Li Xuzhou , Weissman Myrna , Talati Ardesheer , Svob Connie , Wickramaratne Priya , Posner Jonathan , Xu Dongrong
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Previously in a three‐generation study of families at high risk for depression, we found that belief in the importance of religion/spirituality (R/S) was associated with thicker cortex in bilateral parietal and occipital regions. In the same sample using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalograph (EEG), we found that offspring at high familial risk had thinner cortices, increased default mode network connectivity, and reduced EEG power. These group differences were significantly diminished in offspring at high risk who reported high importance of R/S beliefs, suggesting a protective effect.

Methods

This study extends previous work examining brain microstructural differences associated with risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and tests whether these are normalized in at‐risk offspring who report high importance of R/S beliefs. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were selected from 99 2nd and 3rd generation offspring of 1st generation depressed (high‐risk, HR) or nondepressed (low‐risk, LR) parents. Whole‐brain and region‐of‐interest analyses were performed, using ellipsoidal area ratio (EAR, an alternative diffusion anisotropy index comparable to fractional anisotropy). We examined microstructural differences associated with familial risk for depression within the groups of high and low importance of R/S beliefs (HI, LI).

Results

In the LI group, HR individuals showed significantly decreased EAR in white matter regions neighboring the precuneus, superior parietal lobe, superior and middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral insula, supplementary motor area, and postcentral gyrus. In the HI group, HR individuals showed reduced EAR in white matter surrounding the left superior, and middle frontal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right supplementary motor area. Microstructural differences associated with familial risk for depression in precuneus, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe were nonsignificant or less significant in the HI group.

Conclusion

R/S beliefs may affect microstructure in brain regions associated with R/S, potentially conferring resilience to depression among HR individuals.
Identification of Potent Caspase‐8 Inhibitors from a Library of Fluorescent Natural Products Screened by an AIEgen‐Based Light‐Up Probe
Authors: Lin Hao , Yang Wan‐Qi , Ye Zi , Zhang Chong‐Jing
Published: January 2019

Fluorescent natural products are a rich source of drugs and chemical probes, but their innate fluorescence can interfere with fluorescence‐based screening assays. Caspase‐8 is a key player in apoptosis, its inhibition having been found to be beneficial for treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Small‐molecular inhibitors of caspase‐8 remain sparsely reported, however. In this study, we firstly developed a light‐up probe based on an AIEgen and capable of targeting caspase‐8. This fluorescent dye has a Stokes shift of 200 nm, which could allow the innate fluorescence signals of natural products to be avoided. On screening a library of 86 fluorescent natural products, we found for the first time that gossypol showed potent inhibition of caspase‐8 in vitro and in situ. This unique light‐up probe, coupled with colored natural products, could represent an efficient approach to hit discovery for druggable targets.
Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) for forensic psychiatric patients: An Italian pilot study
Authors: Bianchini Valeria , Cofini Vincenza , Curto Martina , Lagrotteria Brunella , Manzi Agostino , Navari Serena , Ortenzi Roberta , Paoletti Giovanna , Pompili Enrico , Pompili Pieritalo Maria , Silvestrini Cristiana , Nicolò Giuseppe
Published: January 2019

Background

Several previous randomised controlled trials of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) since Linehan's original have shown that it has an advantage over standard care or other psychological treatments, but focus is usually on suicide‐related behaviours, and little is known about its effect with offender‐patients.

Aims

To evaluate DBT with a group of offender‐patients in the Italian high intensity therapeutic facilities—the Residenze per l'Esecuzione delle Misure di Sicurezza (REMS), established under the Italian Law 81/2014.

Methods

Twenty‐one male forensic psychiatric in‐patients with borderline personality disorder were enrolled and randomly assigned to 12 months of standard DBT together with all the usual REMS treatments (n = 10) or usual REMS treatments alone (n = 11). All participants completed the same pretreatment and posttreatment assessments, including the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS‐20).

Results

Men receiving DBT showed a significantly greater reduction in motor impulsiveness, as measured by the BIS‐11, and emotional regulation, as reflected by the DERS total score, than the controls. There were no significant differences between groups in alexithymia scores.

Conclusions

Italy has innovative forensic psychiatric facilities with a new recovery–rehabilitation approach, but the ambitious goals behind these cannot be achieved by pharmacology alone. For the first time in clinical forensic settings in Italy, there has been limited access to DBT. This small pilot study suggests this is likely to help ameliorate traits associated with violent and antisocial behaviours, so a full‐scale randomised controlled trial should follow.
Green Oxidation of n‐Octanol on Supported Nanogold Catalysts: Formation of Gold Active Sites under Combined Effect of Gold Content, Additive Nature and Redox Pretreatment
Authors: Pakrieva E. , Kolobova E. , Mamontov G. , Bogdanchikova N. , Farias M. H. , Pascual L. , Cortés Corberán V. , Martinez Gonzalez S. , Carabineiro S. A. C. , Pestryakov A.
Published: January 2019

The combined influence of gold content (0.5 or 4 wt. %), modifying additives (La or Ce oxides) and redox pretreatments (H2 or O2) on catalytic properties and formation of active sites of Au/TiO2 in the selective oxidation of n‐octanol under mild conditions was studied. Samples were characterized by BET, XRD, EDX, ICP, TEM, STEM‐HAADF, CO2‐TPD, H2‐TPR and XPS methods. The order of catalytic activity depended on the support nature for all treated samples, as follows: Au/La2O3/TiO2>Au/CeO2/TiO2>Au/TiO2. The catalytic activity enhanced with the increase of gold loading in the samples with hydrogen pretreatment, while after the oxidative pretreatment of the catalysts the opposite dependence of the activity with the gold content was found. This catalytic behavior was explained by a change in the surface concentration of monovalent gold ions, which seemed to be the active sites. The most active catalyst, 0.5 % Au/La2O3/TiO2, pretreated in oxidative atmosphere, had the highest surface concentration of monovalent gold ions.
Selective Conversion of Syngas to Aromatics over a Mo−ZrO2/H‐ZSM‐5 Bifunctional Catalyst
Authors: Zhou Wei , Shi Shulin , Wang Yang , Zhang Lei , Wang Yi , Zhang Guoquan , Min Xiaojian , Cheng Kang , Zhang Qinghong , Kang Jincan , Wang Ye
Published: January 2019

Direct conversion of syngas to aromatics is an extremely challenging target due to the complex reaction pathways. Herein, we present a well‐designed bifunctional catalyst composed of Mo‐doped ZrO2nanoparticles and zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 for one‐step conversion of syngas to aromatics. The Mo−ZrO2converts syngas to methanol as reaction intermediate, which can be successively converted to aromatics by H‐ZSM‐5. Hydrogenation ability of mixed oxides is pivotal to both selectivity and productivity of aromatics. We intensively clarify the individual role of catalyst components among CO activation, H2activation and aromatization. With a Mo/Zr molar ratio of 1 : 68, the Mo−ZrO2/H‐ZSM‐5 resulted in 76 % selectivity of aromatics at 22 % CO conversion, and the productivity of aromatics reached 0.17 g gcat−1 h−1at 400 °C and 4 MPa. Moreover, the distribution of aromatics can be tuned by surface modification of H‐ZSM‐5.
Green Conversion of Microalgae into High‐Performance Sponge‐like Nitrogen‐Enriched Carbon
Authors: Liu Yingying , Dai Gongxin , Zhu Lingjun , Wang Shurong
Published: January 2019

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Professor Shurong Wang from the State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization at Zhejiang University (China). The cover picture shows sponge‐like nitrogen‐containing carbon materials prepared by using a one‐step activation method from nitrogen‐rich microalgae biomass. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201801272.
HSPXY: A hybrid‐correlation and diversity‐distances based data partition method
Authors: Li Wenze , Fang Chao , Liu Jia , Cui Jingxia , Li Hongzhi , Gao Ting , Li Hui , Hu LiHong , Lu Yinghua
Published: January 2019

A representative dataset is crucial to build a robust and generalized machine learning model, especially for small databases. Correlation is not usually considered in distance‐based set partition methods; therefore, distant yet correlated samples might be incorrectly assigned. An improved sample subset partition method based on joint hybrid correlation and diversity x‐y distances (HSPXY) is proposed in the framework of the sample set partition based on joint x‐y distances (SPXY). Therein, a hybrid distance consisting of both cosine angle distance and Euclidean distance in variable spaces cooperates the correlation of samples in the distance‐based set partition method. To compare with some existing partition methods, partial least squares (PLS) regression models are built on four set partition methods, random sampling (RS), Kennard‐Stone (KS), SPXY, and HSPXY. Upon the applications on small chemical databases, the proposed HSPXY algorithm‐based models achieved smaller root mean square errors and better coefficients of determination than other tested set partition methods, which indicates the training set is well represented. This suggests the proposed algorithm provides a new option to obtain a representative calibration set. Sample subset partition is widely considered in machine learning modeling. An improved sample subset partition method based on a hybrid correlation and diversity x‐y distance (HSPXY) is proposed in the framework of SPXY. Cosine angle distance and Euclidean distance in variable spaces are used to represent the correlation and diversity of samples, respectively. To explore the effectiveness of HSPXY, PLS models are built on four set partition methods, RS, KS, SPXY, and HSPXY. The models based on the proposed HSPXY algorithm carried the overall best result among all regression models, which suggests the proposed algorithm may be taken as an alternative to other existing data partition methods.
Effectiveness and Safety of Clopidogrel Co‐administered With Statins and Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Korean National Health Insurance Database Study
Authors: Kim Mi‐Sook , Song Hong Ji , Lee Joongyub , Yang Bo Ram , Choi Nam‐Kyong , Park Byung‐Joo
Published: January 2019

Simultaneous competition for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and CYP3A4 might diminish clopidogrel's antiplatelet effect by impacting its metabolic activation. This pharmacoepidemiologic study investigated whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and CYP3A4‐metabolized statins individually and jointly increase thrombotic events by attenuating clopidogrel's effectiveness. From Korean nationwide claims data (2007–2015), we selected 59,233 patients who initiated clopidogrel and statins after coronary stenting and compared thrombotic risks by PPI or CYP3A4‐metabolized statin use or both. PPIs were associated with increased thrombotic risks (hazard ratio (HR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.45), unlike CYP3A4‐metabolized statins (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.98–1.07). PPIs with high CYP2C19‐inhibitory potential were more relevant than those with low potential (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02–1.61). Joint effects of PPIs and CYP3A4‐metabolized statins were nonsignificant (relative excess risk due to interaction −0.14, 95% CI −0.34 to 0.07). Concurrent PPIs were associated with increased thrombotic risks in patients receiving clopidogrel and statins; CYP3A4‐metabolized statins did not exacerbate PPI‐associated risks.
Unraveling the Fate of Lignin from Eucalyptus and Poplar during Integrated Delignification and Bleaching
Authors: Wang Hanmin , Wang Bing , Sun Dan , Shi Quentin , Zheng Lu , Wang Shuangfei , Liu Shijie , Xia Ruirui , Sun Runcang
Published: January 2019

Efficient deconstruction of lignocellulose is vitally important for the biorefinery industry because lignin structures play a crucial role in the high value‐added conversion of lignin. In this study, an integrated process based on hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) and Kraft delignification was proposed to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass. It was found that the HTP not only facilitated the production of xylo‐oligosaccharides but also reduced the chemicals dosage of the following delignification. The structural characteristics of lignin obtained from the integrated process were investigated by NMR spectroscopy and gel‐permeation chromatography. Additionally, double enzymatic lignins (DELs) isolated from different feedstocks were used as “model lignin” to delineate the structural transformations of lignin during H2O2, ClO2, and O3 bleaching. Significant changes of the lignin structure were observed during the ClO2 bleaching process, including degradation of aromatic rings, enrichment in p‐hydroxyphenyl units, and increase of carboxylic groups. A comparison of the structural characteristics of the bleached lignins indicated that HTP benefited the subsequent bleaching process. Enhanced knowledge of lignin chemistry during deconstruction and delignification could provide valuable insight into the current lignocellulose biorefinery.
Asymmetry of an epicontinental basin—facies, cycles, tectonics and hydrodynamics: The Triassic Upper Muschelkalk, South Germanic Basin
Authors: Warnecke Matthias , Aigner Thomas
Published: January 2019

The Middle Triassic–Upper Muschelkalk deposits of central Europe form an excellent, “laboratory‐scale” outcrop analogue for subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs in epeiric basins. This study provides a detailed sedimentological analysis at microfacies to basin‐wide scales within a well‐constrained biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic framework. The database comprises 31 outcrops and 27 drill cores in the southern part of the Triassic Germanic Basin, from Luxembourg, eastern France, northern Switzerland and southwestern Germany. The Upper Muschelkalk comprises 21 lithofacies types which are grouped into eight distinct lithofacies associations encompassing coastal sabkha, peritidal, backshoal, shoal, shoal fringe, foreshoal to offshoal environments. A 1D sequence stratigraphic framework was established on different cyclic scales ranging from depositional sequences, cycle sets, cycles to mini‐cycles. Regional 2D correlations based on 1D cycle analysis and biostratigraphic conodont/ceratite zonation reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of reservoir bodies and the morphological variance of 1D cycles across the carbonate ramp. A basin‐wide W–E ‘coast to coast’ cross‐section shows an asymmetric basin architecture with significant differences in facies distribution, cycle morphology, and consequently sizes of potential reservoir bodies. This distinct asymmetry is controlled by the palaeo‐tectonic setting (quiet versus more active) and the hydrodynamics (windward versus leeward, inflow of freshwater versus marine waters) which differs from coast to coast. Such asymmetric patterns will have to be considered in exploration scenarios of subsurface hydrocarbon‐bearing epeiric basins in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Feast not famine: Nitrogen pools recover rapidly in 25‐yr‐old postfire lodgepole pine
Authors: Turner Monica G. , Whitby Timothy G. , Romme William H.
Published: January 2019

The extent of young postfire conifer forests is growing throughout western North America as the frequency and size of high‐severity fires increase, making it important to understand ecosystem structure and function in early seral forests. Understanding nitrogen (N) dynamics during postfire stand development is especially important because northern conifers are often N limited. We resampled lodgepole pine (Pinus contortavar.latifolia) stands that regenerated naturally after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming,USA) to ask (1) How have N pools and fluxes changed over a decade (15 to 25 yr postfire) of very rapid forest growth? (2) At postfire year 25, how do N pools and fluxes vary with lodgepole pine density and productivity? Lodgepole pine foliage, litter (annual litterfall, forest‐floor litter), and mineral soils were sampled in 14 plots (0.25 ha) that varied in postfire lodgepole pine density (1,500 to 344,000 stems/ha) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP; 1.4 to 16.1 Mg·ha−1·yr−1). Counter to expectation, foliar N concentrations in lodgepole pine current‐year and composite needles (1.33 and 1.11% N, respectively) had not changed over time. Further, all measured ecosystem N pools increased substantially: foliar N increased to 89 kg N/ha (+93%), O‐horizon N increased to 39 kg N/ha (+38%), and mineral soil percent total N (0–15 cm) increased to 0.08% (+33%). Inorganic N availability also increased to 0.69 μg N·[g resin]−1·d−1(+165%). Thus, soil N did not decline as live biomass N pools increased. Among stands, biomass N pools at postfire year 25 remained strongly influenced by early postfire tree density: foliar and litterfall N concentrations declined with lodgepole pine density andANPP, but the foliar N pool increased. Lodgepole pineANPPcorrelated negatively with annual resin‐sorbed N, and we found no indication of widespread N limitation. The large increases in N pools cannot be explained by atmospheric N deposition or presence of known N fixers. These results suggest an unmeasured N source and are consistent with recent reports of N fixation in young lodgepole pine.
Multi‐Scale Imaging of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells using X‐ray Micro‐ and Nano‐Computed Tomography, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Helium‐Ion Microscopy
Authors: Meyer Q. , Hack J. , Mansor N. , Iacoviello F. , Bailey J. J. , Shearing P. R. , Brett D. J. L.
Published: January 2019

Multi‐length scale imaging of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) membrane electrode assembly (MEA) materials is a powerful tool for studying, understanding and furthering improvements in materials engineering, performance and durability. A hot pressed MEA has been imaged using X‐ray micro‐ and nano‐computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and recently developed helium‐ion microscopy (HeIM). X‐ray nano‐CT captures a volume containing all of the relevant fuel cell interfaces, from the carbon fiber of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) to the Nafion membrane with a field‐of‐view of 5 µm and a pixel size of 64 nm. Features identified include linear marks on the carbon fiber surface, agglomerates of carbon nanoparticles in the microporous layer (MPL), and intrusion of the catalyst layer material into the Nafion membrane during the hot‐pressing process. HeIM has enabled imaging of a large area of MEA from tens of micrometers to sub‐nanometers pixel resolution without any sample preparation, and has captured similar features to X‐ray micro‐CT and nano‐CT. Furthermore, at its highest resolution, the platinum and carbon catalyst nanoparticles can be distinguished at the surface of the catalyst layer, overcoming the limitations of SEM and TEM.
Differences in theta coherence between spatial and nonspatial attention using intracranial electroencephalographic signals in humans
Authors: Park Young Min , Park Jinsick , Baek Joon Hyun , Kim Sun I. , Kim In Young , Kang Joong Koo , Jang Dong Pyo
Published: January 2019

A number of previous studies revealed the importance of the frontoparietal network for attention and preparatory top‐down control. Here, we investigated the theta (7–9 Hz) coherence of the right frontoparietal networks to explore the differences in connectivity changes for the right frontoparietal regions during spatial attention (i.e., attention to a specific location rather than a specific feature) and nonspatial attention (i.e., attention to a specific feature rather than a specific location) tasks. The theta coherence in both tasks was primarily maintained at a preparatory state, decreases after stimulus onset, and recovers to the level of the preparatory state after the response time. However, the theta coherence of the frontoparietal network during spatial attention was immediately maintained after cue‐onset, whereas for the case of nonspatial attention, it was immediately decreased after cue‐onset. In addition, the connectivity of the right frontoparietal network, including the middle frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobe, were significantly higher for spatial attention rather than for nonspatial attention, suggesting that the dorsal parts of right frontoparietal network are more engaged in spatial‐specific attention from the preparatory state. These findings also suggest that these two attention systems involve the use of different regional connectivity patterns, not only in the cognitive state, but in the preparatory state as well.
Computation of entropy generation in dissipative transient natural convective viscoelastic flow
Authors: Kumar Mahesh , Reddy G. Janardhana , Kiran G. Ravi , Aslam M. A. Mohammed , Beg O. Anwar
Published: January 2019

Entropy generation is an important aspect of modern thermal polymer processing optimization. Many polymers exhibit strongly non‐Newtonian effects and dissipation effects in thermal processing. Motivated by these aspects in this study, a numerical analysis of the entropy generation with viscous dissipation effect in an unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid from a vertical cylinder is presented. The Reiner‐Rivlin physical model of grade 2 (second‐grade fluid) is used, which can envisage normal stress variations in polymeric flow‐fields. Viscosity variation is included. The obtained governing equations are resolved using implicit finite difference method of Crank‐Nicolson type with well imposed initial and boundary conditions. Key control parameters are the second‐grade viscoelastic fluid parameter (), viscosity variation parameter (), and viscous dissipation parameter (). Also, group parameter (), Grashof number (Gr), and Prandtl number (Pr) are examined. Numerical solutions are presented for steady‐state flow variables, temperature, time histories of friction, wall heat transfer rate, entropy, and Bejan curves for distinct values of control parameters. The results specify that entropy generation decreases with augmenting values of , , and Gr. The converse trend is noticed with increasing Pr and . Furthermore, the computations reveal that entropy and Bejan lines only occur close to the hot cylinder wall.
Genetic variants in RUNX3, AMD1 and MSRA in the methionine metabolic pathway and survival in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Chen Ka , Liu Hongliang , Liu Zhensheng , Luo Sheng , Patz Edward F. , Moorman Patricia G. , Su Li , Shen Sipeng , Christiani David C. , Wei Qingyi
Published: January 2019

Abnormal methionine dependence in cancer cells has led to methionine restriction as a potential therapeutic strategy. We hypothesized that genetic variants involved in methionine‐metabolic genes are associated with survival in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Therefore, we investigated associations of 16,378 common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 97 methionine‐metabolic pathway genes with overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients using genotyping data from two published genome‐wide association study (GWAS) datasets. In the single‐locus analysis, 1,005 SNPs were significantly associated with NSCLC OS (p < 0.05 and false‐positive report probability < 0.2) in the discovery dataset. Three SNPs (RUNX3 rs7553295 G > T, AMD1 rs1279590 G > A and MSRA rs73534533 C > A) were replicated in the validation dataset, and their meta‐analysis showed an adjusted hazards ratio [HR] of 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) =0.75–0.89] and pmeta = 2.86 × 10−6, 0.81 (0.73–0.91) and pmeta = 4.63 × 10−4, and 0.77 (0.68–0.89) and pmeta = 2.07 × 10−4, respectively). A genetic score of protective genotypes of these three SNPs revealed an increased OS in a dose–response manner (ptrend < 0.0001). Further expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed significant associations between these genotypes and mRNA expression levels. Moreover, differential expression analysis further supported a tumor‐suppressive effect of MSRA, with lower mRNA levels in both lung squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (p < 0.0001 and < 0.0001, respectively) than in adjacent normal tissues. Additionally, low mutation rates of these three genes indicated the critical roles of these functional SNPs in cancer progression. Taken together, these genetic variants of methionine‐metabolic pathway genes may be promising predictors of survival in NSCLC patients.
Preparation of thermo/redox/pH‐stimulative poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N,N′‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) nanogels and their DOX release behaviors
Authors: Gao Doudou , Duan Lanlan , Wu Meng , Wang Xianxun , Sun Zhengguang , Zhang Yuhong , Li Yulin , He Peixin
Published: January 2019

Stimuli‐sensitive drug delivery systems show beneficial features of both medical and pharmaceutical fields. In this article, polymeric nanogel P (N‐isopropylacrylamide–N,N ′‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate [NIPAM–DMAEMA]) (PND) with pH/redox/thermo‐responsivenesses was synthesized by the in situ polymerization of NIPAM and DMAEMA for the controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and N,N ′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) and N,N ′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) act as the crosslinkers, respectively. The structure, size, and zeta potential of PND‐BAC and PND‐MBA were further characterized. Moreover, after loading DOX, the encapsulation efficiency and the in vitro release behavior of PND‐BAC/DOX and PND‐MBA/DOX nanogels were discussed in detail. Compared to PND‐MBA NGs, PND‐BAC nanogels have redox degradability due to the presence of the crosslinker BAC. After loading DOX, the PND‐BAC/DOX nanogel showed a higher encapsulation efficiency (81.6 ± 1.2)% and thermo‐ and pH‐responsiveness as well as redox‐responsive in vitro release. These properties together with excellent environmentally sensitive properties make PND‐BAC as an attractive candidate for application in drug nanocarriers for the targeted drug delivery of model payloads. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1195–1203, 2019.
Constructing past, present, and future communities: Exploring the experiences of community among last‐dollar scholarship students
Authors: White Misha , Legg Eric , Foroughi Behrang , Rose Jeff
Published: January 2019

This study explores sense of community (SOC) among low‐income college students. The development of a SOC among college students, especially low‐income students, may be particularly vital because of its implications for student success. Six low‐income Arizona State University students were selected based on receipt of a prestigious last‐dollar scholarship. Using narrative inquiry, participants were interviewed about their understanding and experiences with communities. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Participant narratives were created to provide context and in‐depth understanding of experiences. We identified the following themes: (a) mutual support and caring; (b) shared values and goals; (c) interaction and intentionality; and (d) community as self‐constructed, intersecting, and nonlinear. These findings expand existing literature on SOC, with an emphasis on low‐income students in university settings. This research offers an opportunity to examine ways in which universities and student services can provide students an opportunity to better understand their own SOC.
How individual and relative size affect participation in territorial defense and cortisol levels in a social fish
Authors: Ligocki Isaac Y. , Earley Ryan L. , Hamilton Ian M.
Published: January 2019

For many species, behaviors such as territory defense and parental care are energetically costly, but are nonetheless can provide substantial fitness gains. In systems in which both parents provide parental care, each of the parents benefits from exhibiting (or having their partner exhibit) these behaviors. However, in many cases, costs and benefits differ between parents due to factors such as size or sex. Different intruder types may also impose different costs on parents. Predatory intruders might consume offspring, whereas conspecifics might threaten the social status of a parent, or provide benefits as a potential group joiner or mate. Responses to these intrusions may also be associated with variation in individual stress responses. We investigated associations among male and female sizes, and the interaction between these, with defense against conspecific and heterospecific territorial intruders by members of successfully breeding pairs in the cichlid fishNeolamprologus pulcher. We also investigated whether cortisol levels were associated with size or participation in territory defense because each may be a cause or consequence of individual variation in the stress response. We found that females paired with large males performed fewer defensive behaviors than females paired with smaller males. Males paired with relatively large females had higher baseline cortisol levels than those paired with smaller females. Collectively, individual characteristics such as size have consequences for each individual's behavior, and also influence the behavior, and endocrine state of social partners.
Counting degree sequences of spanning trees in bipartite graphs: A graph‐theoretic proof
Authors: Fischer Anja , Fischer Frank
Published: January 2019

Given a bipartite graph with bipartition each spanning tree in has a degree sequence on and one on . Löhne and Rudloff showed that the number of possible degree sequences on equals the number of possible degree sequences on . Their proof uses a non‐trivial characterization of degree sequences by ‐draconian sequences based on polyhedral results of Postnikov. In this paper, we give a purely graph‐theoretic proof of their result.
Combination of a leadless pacemaker and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for a Japanese patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis
Authors: Ito Ryo , Kondo Yusuke , Winter Joachim , Hayashi Tomohiko , Nakano Miyo , Kajiyama Takatsugu , Nakano Masahiro , Kobayashi Yoshio
Published: January 2019

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) system was developed for defibrillation therapy that does not affect the heart and vasculature. S‐ICD is preferred over transvenous ICD for patients with a history of recurrent infection presenting with life‐threatening rhythms. Patients with bradycardia pacing indications are excluded from S‐ICD therapy, as S‐ICD lacks the capability of defibrillation in this patient group. Implantation of an S‐ICD with a leadless pacemaker (LP) was proposed to overcome this issue. We describe the first case of successful implantation of S‐ICD and LP in a Japanese patient with a history of recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis.