bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of the serine protease HtrA1 in amyloid precursor protein processing
Authors: Grau Sandra , Baldi Alfonso , Bussani Rossana , Tian Xiaodan , Stefanescu Raluca , Przybylski Michael , Richards Peter , Jones Simon A. , Shridhar Viji , Clausen Tim , Ehrmann Michael
Published: April 2005

The defining features of the widely conserved HtrA (high temperature requirement) family of serine proteases are the combination of a catalytic protease domain with one or more C-terminal PDZ domains and reversible zymogen activation. Even though HtrAs have previously been implicated in protein quality control and various diseases, including cancer, arthritis, and neuromuscular disorder, the biology of the human family members is not well understood. Our data suggest that HtrA1 is directly involved in the β-amyloid pathway as it degrades various fragments of amyloid precursor protein while an HtrA1 inhibitor causes accumulation of Aβ in astrocyte cell culture supernatants. Furthermore, HtrA1 colocalizes with β-amyloid deposits in human brain samples. Potential implications in Alzheimer's disease are discussed.
Chromosome speciation: Humans,Drosophila, and mosquitoes
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Coluzzi Mario
Published: April 2005

Chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. According to the “hybrid-dysfunction” model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. Natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing between populations carrying different rearrangements and thus promote their reproductive isolation. This model encounters a disabling difficulty: namely, how to account for the spread in a population of a chromosome rearrangement after it first arises as a mutation in a single individual. The “suppressed-recombination” model of speciation points out that chromosome rearrangements act as a genetic filter between populations. Mutations associated with the rearranged chromosomes cannot flow from one to another population, whereas genetic exchange will freely occur between colinear chromosomes. Mutations adaptive to local conditions will, therefore, accumulate differentially in the protected chromosome regions so that parapatric or partially sympatric populations will genetically differentiate, eventually evolving into different species. The speciation model of suppressed recombination has recently been tested by gene and DNA sequence comparisons between humans and chimpanzees, betweenDrosophilaspecies, and between species related toAnopheles gambiae, the vector of malignant malaria in Africa.
Inter-locus antagonistic coevolution as an engine of speciation: Assessment with hemiclonal analysis
Authors: Rice William R. , Linder Jodell E. , Friberg Urban , Lew Timothy A. , Morrow Edward H. , Stewart Andrew D.
Published: April 2005

One of Ernst Mayr's legacies is the consensus that the allopatry model is the predominant mode of speciation in most sexually reproducing lineages. In this model, reproductive isolation develops as a pleiotropic byproduct of the genetic divergence that develops among physically isolated populations. Presently, there is no consensus concerning which, if any, evolutionary process is primarily responsible for driving the specific genetic divergence that leads to reproductive isolation. Here, we focus on the hypothesis that inter-locus antagonistic coevolution drives rapid genetic divergence among allopatric populations and thereby acts as an important “engine” of speciation. We assert that only data from studies of experimental evolution, rather than descriptive patterns of molecular evolution, can provide definitive evidence for this hypothesis. We describe and use an experimental approach, called hemiclonal analysis, that can be used in the
Drosophila melanogaster
laboratory model system to simultaneously screen nearly the entire genome for both standing genetic variation within a population and the net-selection gradient acting on the variation. Hemiclonal analysis has four stages: (
i
) creation of a laboratory “island population”; (
ii
) cytogenetic cloning of nearly genome-wide haplotypes to construct hemiclones; (
iii
) measurement of additive genetic variation among hemiclones; and (
iv
) measurement of the selection gradient acting on phenotypic variation among hemiclones. We apply hemiclonal analysis to test the hypothesis that there is ongoing antagonistic coevolution between the sexes in the
D. melanogaster
laboratory model system and then discuss the relevance of this analysis to natural systems.
Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species
Authors: de Queiroz Kevin
Published: April 2005

Ernst Mayr played a central role in the establishment of the general concept of species as metapopulation lineages, and he is the author of one of the most popular of the numerous alternative definitions of the species category. Reconciliation of incompatible species definitions and the development of a unified species concept require rejecting the interpretation of various contingent properties of metapopulation lineages, including intrinsic reproductive isolation in Mayr's definition, as necessary properties of species. On the other hand, the general concept of species as metapopulation lineages advocated by Mayr forms the foundation of this reconciliation, which follows from a corollary of that concept also advocated by Mayr: the proposition that the species is a fundamental category of biological organization. Although the general metapopulation lineage species concept and Mayr's popular species definition are commonly confused under the name “the biological species concept,” they are more or less clearly distinguished in Mayr's early writings on the subject. Virtually all modern concepts and definitions of the species category, not only those that require intrinsic reproductive isolation, are to be considered biological according to the criterion proposed by Mayr. Definitions of the species category that identify a particular contingent property of metapopulation lineages (including intrinsic reproductive isolation) as a necessary property of species reduce the number of metapopulation lineages that are to be recognized taxonomically as species, but they cause conflicts among alternative species definitions and compromise the status of the species as a basic category of biological organization.
On the origin of Lake Malawi cichlid species: A population genetic analysis of divergence
Authors: Won Yong-Jin , Sivasundar Arjun , Wang Yong , Hey Jody
Published: April 2005

The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi are famously diverse. However, phylogenetic and population genetic studies of their history have been difficult because of the great amount of genetic variation that is shared between species. We apply a recently developed method for fitting the “isolation with migration” divergence model to a data set of specially designed compound loci to develop portraits of cichlid species divergence. Outgroup sequences from a cichlid from Lake Tanganyika permit model parameter estimates in units of years and effective population sizes. Estimated speciation times range from 1,000 to 17,000 years for species in the genusTropheops. These exceptionally recent dates suggest that Malawi cichlids as a group experience a very active and dynamic diversification process. Current effective population size estimates range form 2,000 to near 40,000, and to >120,000 for estimates of ancestral population sizes. It appears that very recent speciation and gene flow are among the reasons why it has been difficult to discern the phylogenetic history of Malawi cichlids.
Serine 31 phosphorylation of histone variant H3.3 is specific to regions bordering centromeres in metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Hake Sandra B. , Garcia Benjamin A. , Kauer Monika , Baker Stephen P. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F. , Allis C. David
Published: April 2005

Histones are the fundamental components of the nucleosome. Physiologically relevant variation is introduced into this structure through chromatin remodeling, addition of covalent modifications, or replacement with specialized histone variants. The histone H3 family contains an evolutionary conserved variant, H3.3, which differs in sequence in only five amino acids from the canonical H3, H3.1, and was shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of genes. Histone H3.3 contains a serine (S) to alanine (A) replacement at amino acid position 31 (S31). Here, we demonstrate by both MS and biochemical methods that this serine is phosphorylated (S31P) during mitosis in mammalian cells. In contrast to H3 S10 and H3 S28, which first become phosphorylated in prophase, H3.3 S31 phosphorylation is observed only in late prometaphase and metaphase and is absent in anaphase. Additionally, H3.3 S31P forms a speckled staining pattern on the metaphase plate, whereas H3 S10 and H3 S28 phosphorylation localizes to the outer regions of condensed DNA. Furthermore, in contrast to phosphorylated general H3, H3.3 S31P is localized in distinct chromosomal regions immediately adjacent to centromeres. These findings argue for a unique function for the phosphorylated isoform of H3.3 that is distinct from its suspected role in gene activation.
Differential requirements for the chemokine receptor CCR7 in T cell activation during Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Kursar Mischo , Höpken Uta E. , Koch Markus , Köhler Anne , Lipp Martin , Kaufmann Stefan H.E. , Mittrücker Hans-Willi
Published: April 2005

Effective priming of T cell responses depends on cognate interactions between naive T cells and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This contact is the result of highly coordinated migration processes, in which the chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, play a central role. We used the murine Listeria monocytogenes infection model to characterize the role of the CCR7/CCR7 ligand system in the generation of T cell responses during bacterial infection. We demonstrate that efficient priming of naive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia–restricted CD8+ T cells requires CCR7. In contrast, MHC class Ib–restricted CD8+ T cells and MHC class II–restricted CD4+ T cells seem to be less dependent on CCR7; memory T cell responses are independent of CCR7. Infection experiments with bone marrow chimeras or mice reconstituted with purified T cell populations indicate that CCR7 has to be expressed on CD8+ T cells and professional APCs to promote efficient MHC class Ia–restricted T cell priming. Thus, different T cell subtypes and maturation stages have discrete requirements for CCR7.
A type I interferon autocrine–paracrine loop is involved in Toll-like receptor-induced interleukin-12p70 secretion by dendritic cells
Authors: Gautier Grégory , Humbert Martine , Deauvieau Florence , Scuiller Mathieu , Hiscott John , Bates Elizabeth E.M. , Trinchieri Giorgio , Caux Christophe , Garrone Pierre
Published: April 2005

Dendritic cells (DC) produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Two major TLR signaling pathways participate in the response to pathogens: the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)–dependent pathway leading to inflammatory cytokine secretion including IL-12 and the interferon (IFN)-dependent pathway inducing type I IFN and IFN-regulated genes. Here we show that the two pathways cooperate and are likely both necessary for inducing an optimal response to pathogens. R-848/Resiquimod (TLR7 ligand in the mouse and TLR7/8 ligand in human) synergized with poly(I:C) (TLR3 ligand) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 ligand) in inducing high levels of bioactive IL-12p70 secretion and IFN-β mRNA accumulation by mouse bone marrow–derived DC (BM-DC). Strikingly, IL-12p70 but not IL-12p40 secretion was strongly reduced in BM-DC from STAT1−/− and IFNAR−/− mice. STAT1 tyrosine-phosphorylation, IL-12p35, and IFN-β mRNA accumulation were strongly inhibited in IFNAR−/− BM-DC activated with the TLR ligand combinations. Similar observation were obtained in human TLR8-expressing monocyte-derived DC (moDC) using neutralizing anti-IFNAR2 antibodies, although results also pointed to a possible involvement of IFN-λ1 (also known as IL-29). This suggests that TLR engagement on DC induces endogenous IFNs that further synergize with the NF-κB pathway for optimal IL-12p70 secretion. Moreover, analysis of interferon regulatory factors (IRF) regulation in moDC suggests a role for IRF7/8 in mediating IRF3-independent type I IFN and possibly IL-12p35 synthesis in response to TLR7/8.
Identification of proteoglycans as the APRIL-specific binding partners
Authors: Ingold Karine , Zumsteg Adrian , Tardivel Aubry , Huard Bertrand , Steiner Quynh-Giao , Cachero Teresa G. , Qiang Fang , Gorelik Leonid , Kalled Susan L. , Acha-Orbea Hans , Rennert Paul D. , Tschopp Jürg , Schneider Pascal
Published: April 2005

B cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are closely related ligands within the TNF superfamily that play important roles in B lymphocyte biology. Both ligands share two receptors—transmembrane activator and calcium signal–modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)—that are predominantly expressed on B cells. In addition, BAFF specifically binds BAFF receptor, whereas the nature of a postulated APRIL-specific receptor remains elusive. We show that the TNF homology domain of APRIL binds BCMA and TACI, whereas a basic amino acid sequence (QKQKKQ) close to the NH2 terminus of the mature protein is required for binding to the APRIL-specific “receptor.” This interactor was identified as negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Although T cell lines bound little APRIL, the ectopic expression of glycosaminoglycan-rich syndecans or glypicans conferred on these cells a high binding capacity that was completely dependent on APRIL's basic sequence. Moreover, syndecan-1–positive plasma cells and proteoglycan-rich nonhematopoietic cells displayed high specific, heparin-sensitive binding to APRIL. Inhibition of BAFF and APRIL, but not BAFF alone, prevented the survival and/or the migration of newly formed plasma cells to the bone marrow. In addition, costimulation of B cell proliferation by APRIL was only effective upon APRIL oligomerization. Therefore, we propose a model whereby APRIL binding to the extracellular matrix or to proteoglycan-positive cells induces APRIL oligomerization, which is the prerequisite for the triggering of TACI- and/or BCMA-mediated activation, migration, or survival signals.
Density of the Notch ligand Delta1 determines generation of B and T cell precursors from hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Dallas Mari H. , Varnum-Finney Barbara , Delaney Colleen , Kato Keizo , Bernstein Irwin D.
Published: April 2005

Notch signaling regulates multiple cell fate decisions by hematopoietic precursors. To address whether different amounts of Notch ligand influence lineage choices, we cultured murine bone marrow lin−Sca-1+c-kit+ cells with increasing densities of immobilized Delta1ext-IgG consisting of the extracellular domain of Delta1 fused to the Fc domain of human IgG1. We found that relatively lower densities of Delta1ext-IgG enhanced the generation of Sca-1+c-kit+ cells, Thy1+CD25+ early T cell precursors, and B220+CD43−/lo cells that, when cocultured with OP9 stroma cells, differentiated into CD19+ early B cell precursors. Higher densities of Delta1ext-IgG also enhanced the generation of Sca-1+c-kit+ precursor cells and promoted the development of Thy1+CD25+ cells, but inhibited the development of B220+CD43−/lo cells. Analyses of further isolated precursor populations suggested that the enhanced generation of T and B cell precursors resulted from the effects on multipotent rather than lymphoid-committed precursors. The results demonstrate the density-dependent effects of Delta1 on fate decisions of hematopoietic precursors at multiple maturational stages and substantiate the previously unrecognized ability of Delta1 to enhance the development of both early B and T precursor cells.
Role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL-1 blockade
Authors: Pascual Virginia , Allantaz Florence , Arce Edsel , Punaro Marilynn , Banchereau Jacques
Published: April 2005

Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) encompasses ∼10% of cases of arthritis that begin in childhood. The disease is unique in terms of clinical manifestations, severity of joint involvement, and lack of response to tumor necrosis factor blockade. Here, we show that serum from SoJIA patients induces the transcription of innate immunity genes, including interleukin (IL)-1 in healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Upon activation, SoJIA PBMCs release large amounts of IL-1β. We administered recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist to nine SoJIA patients who were refractory to other therapies. Complete remission was obtained in seven out of nine patients and a partial response was obtained in the other two patients. We conclude that IL-1 is a major mediator of the inflammatory cascade that underlies SoJIA and that this cytokine represents a target for therapy in this disease.
Taxonomy, Polymorphism, and History: An Introduction to Population Structure Theory
Authors: Ereshefsky Marc , Matthen Mohan
Published: April 2005

Homeostatic Property Cluster (HPC) theory suggests that species and other biological taxa consist of organisms that share certain similarities. HPC theory acknowledges the existence of Darwinian variation within biological taxa. The claim is that “homeostatic mechanisms” acting on the members of such taxa nonetheless ensure a significant cluster of similarities. The HPC theorist's focus on individual similarities is inadequate to account for stable polymorphism within taxa, and fails properly to capture their historical nature. A better approach is to treat distributions of traits in species populations as irreducible facts, explained in terms of selection pressures, genealogy, and other evolutionary factors. We call this view Population Structure Theory (PST). PST accommodates the view, implicit in biological systematics, that species are identified by reference to particular historical populations.
Talking to Neighbors: The Evolution of Regional Meaning
Authors: Zollman Kevin J. S.
Published: April 2005

In seeking to explain the evolution of social cooperation, many scholars are using increasingly complex game-theoretic models. These complexities often model readily observable features of human and animal populations. In the case of previous games analyzed in the literature, these modifications have had radical effects on the stability and efficiency properties of the models. We will analyze the effect of adding spatial structure to two communication games: the Lewis Sender-Receiver game and a modified Stag Hunt game. For the Stag Hunt, we find that the results depart strikingly from previous models. In all cases, the departures increase the explanatory value of the models for social phenomena.
Trace coordinates of Teichmüller space of Riemann surfaces of signature (0,4)
Authors: Gauglhofer Thomas , Semmler Klaus-Dieter
Published: April 2005

We explicitly give

T

\mathcal {T}

, the Teichmüller space of four-holed spheres (which we call X pieces) in trace coordinates, as well as its modular group and a fundamental domain for the action of this group on

T

\mathcal {T}

which is its moduli space. As a consequence, we see that on any hyperbolic Riemann surface, two closed geodesics of lengths smaller than

2
arccosh
⁡
(
2
)

2\operatorname {arccosh}(2)

intersect at most once; two closed geodesics of lengths smaller than

2
arccosh
⁡
(
3
)

2\operatorname {arccosh}(3)

are both non-dividing or intersect at most once.
“Let My People Go”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the Book of Exodus in the history of African-American Christians. It surveys the biblical exodus and then turns to various African-American understandings and expressions of exodus themes in the context of slavery, emancipation, migration, the civil rights movement, and black liberation theology.
Intimations of Evil?
Authors: Wiebe Phillip
Published: April 2005

In this chapter the evidence is examined from biblical history, the Ante-Nicene Church, the medieval world, and from contemporary experience in apparent support of the phenomena of demonic possession and exorcism. Attention is given to the peculiar but meaningful utterances associated with alleged demonization, including instances of “voices” from biblical literature and contemporary experience that suggest dissociative identity disorder. The significance of the incident in the synoptic gospels in which evil spirits are described as having been expelled from men into swine—demonic contagion—is examined in detail, with a view to demonstrating how the causal role given to the evil spirits allows them to be contextually defined without speculating further on their ultimate ontological character.
Judeo-Christian Experience of the Holy
Authors: Wiebe Phillip
Published: April 2005

An overview of phenomena in Judaeo-Christian history deemed to involve holy beings is undertaken with a view to uncovering the methodological, epistemological, and ontological questions these phenomena present. The phenomena that are examined, which date from biblical times but are still reported today, include dreams, encounters with angels, and the experience of radiant light or radiance. Special attention is given to alleged special acts in the history of Christian faith, especially the Resurrection of Jesus, the evidence for which includes supposed appearances of him and, more controversially, the Shroud of Turin. The question whether these appearances might be little more than altered states of consciousness is also examined.
The Theory of Spirits
Authors: Wiebe Phillip
Published: April 2005

This chapter, central to this book, elaborates on the theory of spirits that has been advanced to explain numerous kinds of phenomena, a few of which were sampled in the first two chapters. The importance of abductive argument in advancing the existence of unobservable beings or objects, as opposed to deductive and probabilistic reasoning, is defended. The theory of spirits is construed as empiricist in character, whose descriptions are sometimes theory-laden and whose postulated beings are contextually defined primarily by the causal roles these postulated beings play in the theory. The view of physical objects advanced by phenomenalism, such as that found in many logical positivists, is examined, with a view to explaining how it illuminates challenges that beset an empirical approach to religion. The boundary of naturalism is discussed, especially inasmuch as the spirits postulated to exist in religion are definable by their causal links to phenomena or objects that are unquestionable naturalistic.
The Challenge of Naturalism
Authors: Wiebe Phillip
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines several challenges coming from naturalistic perspectives to the thesis of this book, including: (a) the view of J. J. C. Smart, who claims that naturalism (or physicalism) is capable of providing explanations for all significant events to date, and that whatever is not now successfully explained, in a short time will be; (b) the view of Donald Wiebe and others who claim that the language of religion is mythopoeic and consequently not suitable for description and explanation in ways that resemble the language of cognitive discourse, including science; and (c) the claim of Kai Nielsen and others that the claims of Judaeo-Christian faith are inconsistent with one another and consequently are not capable of rational assessment. The reconstructed theory of religion advanced in earlier chapters is shown to be capable of overcoming these difficulties.
A Great Racial Commission
Authors: Lee Daniel B.
Published: April 2005

During the late nineteenth century, White Americans developed an enduring image of themselves as a superior race with a manifest destiny. They did this by drawing distinctions and observing differences between themselves and other groups of people. With their political and economic power, White Americans had the means to effectively communicate about themselves as a race. In print, delivered to the home, read by the whole family, the racial and religious discourse disseminated by family house magazines and other popular publications helped to produce and replicate the self-referential communication of White Americans.
“In Search of Souls, in Search of Indians”
Authors: O'Hara Julia Cummings
Published: April 2005

This essay explores the evolving landscape of religious and racial difference in the Sierra Tarahumara region of Chihuahua, Mexico, over the first half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the essay explores the competing efforts of Jesuit missionaries and the Mexican state to evangelize and “civilize” the Tarahumara Indians after the revolution of 1910. A fundamental argument is that, in the Sierra Tarahumara, both the religious (Jesuit) missionaries of the Catholic church and the secular (cultural) missionaries of the Mexican state played important roles in linking local understandings of race and religion to the national-level debates over the “Indian problem” and national identity that emerged in Mexico after the revolution.
The Wazir's Daughter Who Married a Sacrificial Goat
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Wazir's Daughter Who Married a Sacrificial Goat, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
The Mother's Son Who Spat up Pearls
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Mother's Son Who Spat up Pearls, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
A. J. Tomlinson
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This book explores the life of Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson, chronicling his childhood and family life, spiritual journey, missionary work, and his role in establishing the Church of God. Its main objective is to reconcile the holiness-pentecostal tradition to its origins, and the trajectory of its subsequent history. The term “plainfolk modernist” is coined, to suggest that both Tomlinson and the world he inhabited expressed a vibrant strain of modernism, though voiced in the idioms of American plainfolk culture.
Holiness, Modernity, and American Evangelicalism before the Divide
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that radical holiness should be viewed as an antagonistic subculture within one of the two major progressive wings of American Protestantism in the Victorian era. Radical holiness alienation is related to the gentrification of antebellum popular evangelicalism. The difference between radical holiness and mainstream Protestantism had little to do with one’s relative “modernity”.
Radical Holiness
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses the concept of radical holiness. It defines the adjectives plainfolk and radical. Radical holiness is examined based on key behavioral and valuational indexes to capture its personality and temperament, and locate it on the spectrum of enthusiasm for and appropriation of values associated with modernism. It then addresses countervailing tendencies within radical holiness that qualify its characterization as plainfolk modernism.
Radical Holiness and Plainfolk Modernism
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter explores the ways radical holiness captured, reflected, and embraced the tenor of its times. The qualities associated with modernity pervaded the movement’s culture and ideology. These qualities include the celebration of innovation and change; cultural optimism; the glorification of science, technology, and power; a dialectic relationship with urbanization; blurring of regional boundaries; and a social ethics that undermined traditional assumptions about race and gender. Radical holiness voiced each of these qualities in the idioms of plainfolk culture.
Family Tradition
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter presents the family background of Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson. It chronicles the move of his grandparents Robert and Lydia Tomlinson to central Indiana, which was part of the “Great Quaker Migration”. It describes the lives and marriage of his parents Milton and Delilah Tomlinson.
The Day of Small Things
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

A.J. Tomlinson was appointed to the Home Mission and Temperance Committee of Chester Preparative’s mother congregation, the Westfield Monthly Meeting in summer 1891. This provided him with a deeper sense of the urgent needs around him. In an effort to remedy the nation’s ills, he joined the Populist Party in time for the 1892 elections. This political experiment played a key role in his road to holiness.
Culture Wars
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that A.J. Tomlinson cultivated animosity while in Culberson. This process had at least three dimensions. First, Tomlinson’s manner embodied the antistructural iconoclasm that raised hackles wherever holiness was found. Second, Tomlinson made room for himself by prying his target community’s preexisting fault lines. Third, his mission bore the crusading flag of the Yankee cultural imperialism, and its every benevolent act came shrouded in an aura of condescension.
The Church of God
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

In the fall of 1904, A.J. Tomlinson moved to Cleveland, Tennessee where he began planting congregations. His extensive organizational, pastoral and performance skills resulted in scores joining his churches. Tomlinson’s success is attributed to something old and something new. The old consisted of his restless energy. The new consisted of a more irenic and sociable habit of mind.
Pentecost!
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

On January 11, 1907, the General Assembly of Tomlinson’s Union Grove congregation decided to call themselves the “Church of God”. By this time, Tomlinson had accepted the principle of Pentecostal baptism and began orienting his services more specifically along “pentecostal lines”. Pentecostalism had only begun to coalesce, evolving from an amorphous subculture within holiness into a nascent movement of its own distinguished by speaking in other tongues and the meaning it attributed to that experience. Glossolalia had become the catalyst and differentiating feature of an aggressive new force in American life.
Order in the Courts
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter presents the story of John B. Goins’ attempt to dethrone A.J. Tomlinson at Cleveland. John B. Goins joined the Church of God as one of Tomlinson prized recruits. In August 1909, Tomlinson departed to fulfill a pastoral appointment, leaving Goins in charge. Goins’ took advantage of his absence and introduced liturgical reforms, and managed to get Tomlinson kicked out of his own church.
Divine Mother, Blessed Mother
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

Analyzing six Hindu and Christian hymns, Clooney asks questions such as: How have Hindu theologians made room for a feminine divine alongside the masculine, and why? How has Christian thinking about divine gender differed from Hindu thinking? What might contemporary feminists, including goddess worshippers and experts in the field of thealogy, learn from the goddess traditions of India? It begins by looking at three specific goddesses as they are presented and addressed in religiously and theologically rich hymns from the Sanskrit and Tamil traditions: Sri Laksmi, the eternal consort of Lord Visnu and life-giver to Him and all the world, praised in the Sri Guna Ratna Kosa (“Treasury of the Jewels That Are Sri’s Qualities”) by Parasara Bhattar (61 verses; 12th century); the great Goddess Devi, in whom the world and gods too exist and flourish, praised in the Saundarya Lahari (“Wave of Beauty”) attributed to Sankara (100 verses; c. 10th century or before); the lovely Tamil Goddess Apirami, who illumines the innermost mind and heart, praised in the Apirami Antati (“Linked Verses for Apirami [the Beautiful One]”) by Apirami Bhattar (100 verses; 18th century). Set alongside the Hindu hymns are three Marian hymns, the ancient Orthodox Christian Akathistos hymn to the Mother of God (6th century); the Stabat Mater, picturing Mary standing by the cross of her son (13th century); the Mataracamman Antati (“Linked Verses in Honor of the Queen among Women, the Goddess [of Mylapore]),” a Tamil hymn praising Mary as the (new and real) mother of Mylapore, a center of Hindu orthodoxy in south India (19th century). Clooney shows how Goddess traditions can be drawn into fruitful conversation with Christian tradition, taking a fresh look at the veneration and theology of Mary, the Mother of Jesus and Mother of God, as displayed in three famous Marian hymns from the Greek, Latin, and Tamil traditions. The further question thus arises, How might the study of Hindu goddesses affect Christian thinking about God and Mary? This is a book to read for its insights into the nature of gender and the divine, for the power of the hymns themselves, and for the sake of a religious adventure, an encounter with three Goddess traditions and Mary seen in a new light.
Śrī, Devī, Apirāmi, and Mary
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

This chapter initiates a conversation drawing together feminist perspectives, contemporary goddess worship and the discipline of thealogy, Christian theological views of gender, and the age-old Hindu traditions of reflection on and worship of goddesses. In light of reflection on Hindu goddesses, the Virgin Mary of the Christian tradition is then also introduced, and she will be considered in each chapter.
Śrī in the Śrī Guṇa Ratna Kośa
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

Chapter 2 studies the Sri Guna Ratna Kosa by Parasara Bhattar, an important teacher from the 12th century. He wrote Sri Guna Ratna Kosa in praise of Sri at the south Indian Srirangam temple in an era when Her cult seems to have become increasingly prominent and central to Srivaisnava practice and life — but also remained a matter requiring theological justification: if Visnu alone is Lord and perfectly capable of effecting human liberation, why do Srivaisnavas also depend entirely on the grace of Sri? In the hymn’s 61 verses Parasara Bhattar praises Her as the consort of Lord Visnu, and yet at the same time as the divine woman who is eternally and necessarily integral to the fullness of the divine mystery. The hymn offers a theology of Sri that pairs Her with Visnu, defending the uniqueness of each while subordinating neither. In the Sri Guna Ratna Kosa, Sri and Visnu are worshipped together, as one, even if the differences between them as male and female are intrinsic to their divine identities; Sri is eternal and Visnu is never apart from Her; Her glories and virtues are innumerable, and even Visnu never has enough of Her beauty; He is the creator and Lord, but She has always been involved in the world as the source of its vitality; She is the mother of Her devotees; She stays close to Her husband Visnu in the transcendent world, but even Visnu’s famed descents (avatara) are stimulated by Her compassion and intended to please Her; Sri is close by on earth as well, especially as accessible each day in the great temple in Srirangam and other holy places. Mary, represented in the Akathistos, likewise stands in a dialectical relationship to God, since it is only in her that the divine plan can come to fruition.
Three Hindu Goddesses, Mary, and Reading Ahead
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

In light of these hymns and analyses, summary claims are made regarding each of the three Hindu Goddesses, Sri, Devi, and Apirami, and what we learn regarding goddesses, gender, and human perceptions of the divine. Comparisons and contrasts are made among them, and likewise with Mary, who ever remains not a goddess yet like a goddess. The “Stabat Mater” of Julia Kristeva is re-read as a powerful and illuminating essay that nevertheless fails to do justice to the Stabat Mater and the realities involved. The chapter also reconnects back to the wider conversation of feminists, thealogians, and theologians, and yet too the still larger project of introducing other views of the divine is considered. Clooney concludes by defending the value of renewed devotion to one’s own tradition, if one cannot incorporate all that one has learned: Reaffirming one’s own tradition after coming to appreciate another tradition, while seeing through both traditions at once, is a worthwhile conclusion. We can see our earliest ideas and devotions, as if for the first time and make a choice for them because we know that others have made other choices, intelligently, passionately, in love. Mindful of Sri, Devi, and Apirami, one still venerates Mary; aware of Mary as a human woman, one still speaks to Sri, Devi, or Apirami.
Absorber and Entropy Theories of Radiation
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter criticizes absorber accounts of radiation asymmetry in the tradition of Wheeler and Feynman’s time-symmetric action-at-a-distance theory, and ‘pure entropy accounts’ of the asymmetry. Wheeler and Feynman appeal to two distinct conceptions of an absorber: a general formal model and a specific physical model of an absorber as a dilute plasma. It is argued that all attempts to derive asymmetry within the formal model by invoking statistical or cosmological arguments fail.
Conclusion
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the phenomena of a certain domain. It is shown that there are scientifically meaningful distinctions between various causal locality principles that cannot be captured in causal terms. The most promising explanation for the temporal asymmetry exhibited by the total fields in the presence of radiating charges appeals to a causal constraint, namely that the field component physically associated with a radiating source is fully retarded.
Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines Asia, where the greatest diversity of state experiences occurred. It considers the experiences of India by focusing on the politics of a multinational firm, Unilever, that predate sovereign independence and continue in the current privatization program involving firms such as Modern Food. The chapter also examines the marketization program of the Chinese government with a consideration of the international listing of Huaneng Power, International. Thailand and South Korea are included, with case studies of Thai Airways and the Samsung chaebol, respectively.
Philosophical Concepts That Shaped Gregory of Nyssa's View of the Individual
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

This chapter deals with the following philosophical concepts: individuals and relations in Aristotle, individuals in Stoicism, the individual as a collection of properties in Platonism, and the Plotinian will of the One. Gregory of Nyssa shows signs of familiarity and in some cases explicit use. These concepts inform his thinking about the individual.
On the Holy Spirit: Against the Macedonians
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

Gregory refers to God the Holy Spirit in biblical terms as good and holy, princely, principal, quickening, governing, and sanctifying of all creation. This allows him to present the Spirit as a correlative of both the Father and the Son; there is no gap between Christ and his anointing, between the king and his kingdom, between wisdom and the Spirit of wisdom, between truth and the Spirit of truth, between power and the Spirit of power. All three persons rejoice eternally in the presence of each other and know each other perfectly. This is communion, and it allows for both the distinction of each person and the perfect unity among them.
History As Propaganda
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

Debates over how Tibetan history should be construed have raged for centuries and have been particularly intense in recent years. Chinese historians wish to construct a narrative that gives them a right to be in Tibet and that justifies China’s record since its takeover in the 1950s. Tibetan historians offer a very different picture, one that excludes China and pushes it to the periphery and derives Tibet’s history and culture from indigenous sources and India. One of the main contributions of this book is its exploration of the ideology that underlies China’s concern with Tibet and its willingness to invest huge sums of money and attract worldwide criticism for its treatment of the Tibetan people. The author argues that the roots of Chinese attitudes lie in the Nationalist period (1911–1947), when public pronouncements and school textbooks declared that Tibet is the “back door to China” and that Western imperialists were plotting to conquer Tibet, which would later be a staging ground for invasion of interior China. The book looks at the key points of Tibetan history and how each side constructs them as part of a larger narrative, beginning with the marriage of the Tibetan king Songtsen Gambo in the 7th century to a Chinese princess. One important conclusion is that both sides agree on the main aspects of what happened, but disagree fundamentally on the psychological motives they attribute to historical figures. Where Chinese historians portray Tibetan historical figures as Chinese patriots seeking greater integration with the Chinese motherland, Tibetan historians tend to view them as devout Buddhists with purely religious motives.
The Moral Imagination
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This book poses the question, “How do we transcend the cycles of violence that bewitch our human community while still living in them?” Peacebuilding, in the view of this book, is both a learned skill and an art. Finding this art, this book says, requires a worldview shift. Conflict professionals must envision their work as a creative act — an exercise of what the book terms the “moral imagination.” This imagination must, however, emerge from and speak to the hard realities of human affairs. The peacebuilder must have one foot in what is and one foot beyond what exists. The book is organized around four guiding stories that point to the moral imagination but are incomplete. The book seeks to understand what happened in these individual cases and how they are relevant to large-scale change. The purpose is not to propose a grand new theory; instead it wishes to stay close to the “messiness” of real processes and change, and to recognize the serendipitous nature of the discoveries and insights that emerge along the way. Like most professional peacemakers, the author of this book sees his work as a religious vocation.
On This Moment
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on why a wide range of authors in a wide range of disciplines used the phrase moral imagination as the title or subtitle of their books. Three keys have linked diverse authors to this phrase: (i) the authors concurred that the moral imagination develops a capacity to perceive things beyond and at a deeper level than what initially meets the eye; (ii) that no matter the particular disciplinary field, the authors landed on the term imagination in order to emphasize the necessity of the creative act; and (iii) that while expressed in different ways for a variety of purposes, the authors converged in the idea that the moral imagination has a quality of transcendence.
On Peace Accords
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses the concept of constructive social change and the challenges of peace accords. It argues that the first step toward genuine change is to understand and publicly recognize that the engagement of deep issues and of people and sustained dialogue, is hard work and does not end with a ceasefire or the signing of a paper. Authentic engagement recognizes that conflict remains. Dialogue is permanent and requires platforms that make such engagement at multiple levels of the affected society possible and continuous.
On Pied Pipers
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the connection of art to the pragmatics of political change in the world. It argues that art and finding our way back to our humanity are connected. Constructive social change, like art, comes in fits and starts. The greatest movements forward often germinated from something that collapsed, fell to the ground, and then sprouted something that moved beyond what was then known. Those seeds, like the artistic process itself, touched the moral imagination. To believe in healing is to believe in the creative act.
On Vocation
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that the whole of peacebuilding could be summed up as finding and building voice. The journey toward change that people make requires more than a strategy of good ideas or technique. Fundamentally, it requires a willingness to risk and great vulnerability. They are stepping into the unknown, into the mystery of risk. The journey of voice finds its source at the level of life and vocation.
Epilogue
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This epilogue presents some notable quotes regarding peacebuilding and moral imagination.
Introduction
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the importance of Dante's metaphysics. It identifies five principles that are fundamental to grasping the world-picture Dante shared with the profound thinkers of his age and that form the basis for understanding the Comedy's purposes and poetics as Dante might have. These principles are that (1) the world of space and time does not itself exist in space and time: it exists in Intellect (the Empyrean, pure conscious being); (2) matter, in medieval hylomorphism, is not something “material”: it is a principle of unintelligibility, of alienation from conscious being; (3) all finite form, that is, all creation, is a self-qualification of Intellect or Being, and only exists insofar as it participates in it; (4) creator and creation are not two, since the latter has no existence independent of the former; but of course creator and creation are not the same; and (5) God, as the ultimate subject of all experience, cannot be an object of experience: to know God is to know oneself as God, or (if the expression seems troubling) as one “ with” God or “in” God. The consequences of a getting a grasp of the metaphysical underpinnings of the Comedy are discussed.
The Empyrean
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses the context and originality of Dante's Empyrean, as developed in the Comedy. Its principal characteristics are summarized under three points: (i) In radical distinction from the Empyrean of the Scholastics, the Empyrean of the Comedy is absolutely immaterial and uncreated: it does not exist in space or time; (ii) In the Comedy Dante identifies the Empyrean with the divine mind; the splendor of that mind is the luminosity of the “tenth heaven”; (iii) The Empyrean is the “cause” of the phenomenal world only in the sense that it is its “foundation,” the ground of its being.