bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating selection pressures on HIV‐1 using phylogenetic likelihood models
Authors: Kosakovsky Pond S. L. , Poon A. F. Y. , Zárate S. , Smith D. M. , Little S. J. , Pillai S. K. , Ellis R. J. , Wong J. K. , Leigh Brown A. J. , Richman D. D. , Frost S. D. W.
Published: April 2008

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) can rapidly evolve due to selection pressures exerted by HIV‐specific immune responses, antiviral agents, and to allow the virus to establish infection in different compartments in the body. Statistical models applied to HIV‐1 sequence data can help to elucidate the nature of these selection pressures through comparisons of non‐synonymous (or amino acid changing) and synonymous (or amino acid preserving) substitution rates. These models also need to take into account the non‐independence of sequences due to their shared evolutionary history. We review how we have developed these methods and have applied them to characterize the evolution of HIV‐1 in vivo. To illustrate our methods, we present an analysis of compartment‐specific evolution of HIV‐1 env in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and of site‐to‐site variation in the gag gene of subtype C HIV‐1. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting enrollment in literacy studies for English‐ and Spanish‐speaking cancer patients
Authors: Du Hongyan , Valenzuela Veronica , Diaz Patricia , Cella David , Hahn Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2008

Background: Study participation bias can affect inferences regarding outcomes.

Objective: The objective is to compare characteristics of participants and non‐participants of two literacy studies.

Methods: Two studies of literacy and health‐related quality of life were conducted in English‐ and Spanish‐speaking cancer patients. Patients had a range of literacy skills, and each enrolled patient received $20.

Results: Nine hundred and twenty‐two English‐speaking patients were approached. Among the 651 who met eligibility criteria, 420 were enrolled (64.5 per cent). Four hundred and eighty‐seven Spanish‐speaking patients were approached. Among the 455 who met eligibility criteria, 414 were enrolled (91.0 per cent) (p<0.001). Multiple imputations were performed to impute missing data. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that recruiting site was the only factor predictive of enrollment in Spanish‐speaking patients. Age, education, and recruiting site were important predictors in English‐speaking patients. Sensitivity analysis using patients with complete data generated similar results.

Conclusions: Spanish‐speaking patients enrolled at a much higher rate than English‐speaking patients, which is encouraging for future research in this underserved population. One important literacy‐related factor (education) did not affect enrollment in Spanish‐speaking patients, suggesting that there was no selection bias in this study. Recruiting sites with more indigent patients and long clinic waiting times had higher enrollment, suggesting that monetary compensation and time availability may be important considerations in study participation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Healthy Start to Hurricane Katrina: Using GIS to eliminate disparities in perinatal health
Authors: Curtis Andrew
Published: April 2008

This paper provides a summary of the invited talk at the 2007 CDC & ATSDR 11th Biennial Symposium on Statistical Methods conference in which a university‐non‐profit collaboration targeted the elimination of racial disparities in perinatal health with the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS). This program will be described in four temporal stages; the pre‐program early years (1999–2001) where the health burden is defined, leading to the Healthy Start years (2001–2005), in which spatial analyses, methods to effectively disseminate GIS results, the creation of the Baton Rouge Healthy Start database, and a move toward a conceptual goal of creating a holistic neighborhood GIS‐health model are all described. The Katrina years (September 2005–early 2006) portrays the impact of the disaster and how the collaboration changed as resources from both were directed toward both response and recovery. The final section of the paper, the Post‐Katrina years (early 2006 and ongoing) describes how the health landscape of Louisiana, including Baton Rouge as well as New Orleans, has worsened after the storms. An argument is made that the relationships and GIS structure developed during the collaboration's pre‐Katrina years, even though stretched, provide the flexibility to analyze and cope with a Katrina‐type shock to the system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulation of net centric system of systems using systems modeling language and colored Petri‐nets: A demonstration using the global earth observation system of systems
Authors: Rao Madwaraj , Ramakrishnan Sreeram , Dagli Cihan
Published: April 2008

Understanding the operations of a large ‘‘net‐centric system‐of‐systems’’ requires in‐depth knowledge of the interfaces and the interactions among the various systems, subsystems, and components. Architectural modeling can help in reducing the complexity involved in designing large networked systems. This paper demonstrates a modeling approach for network centric systems. An example of such a complex system is the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)— a system for monitoring and collecting information related to Earth's resources. The GEOSS is an evolving complex network centric system. The modeling of the GEOSS has been demonstrated using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). In this paper, architecture representation using SysML demonstrates an object‐oriented approach of model development. This paper discusses issues related to architecture description, development, presentation, and integration for the chosen domain. This paper also highlights some of the differences between SysML, which is used to model a wide range of systems, and Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is primarily used to model information systems only. Finally, in order to synthesize an executable model from the static views developed using SysML, Colored Petri‐nets (CP‐nets) have been used. The executable model, constructed using CP nets, is used to validate the architecture against the static model. Overall, this research defines a methodology to model and simulate complex network centric system of systems in order to understand and simulate their behavior using a scenario based approach. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Dynamics of Cdc42 network embodies a Turing‐type mechanism of yeast cell polarity
Authors: Goryachev Andrew B. , Pokhilko Alexandra V.
Published: April 2008

Complex biochemical networks can be understood by identifying their principal regulatory motifs and mode of action. We model the early phase of budding yeast cellular polarization and show that the biochemical processes in the presumptive bud site comprise a Turing‐type mechanism. The roles of the prototypical activator and substrate are played by GTPase Cdc42 in its active and inactive states, respectively. We demonstrate that the nucleotide cycling of Cdc42 converts cellular energy into a stable cluster of activated Cdc42. This energy drives a continuous membrane‐cytoplasmic exchange of the cluster components to counteract diffusive spread of the cluster. This exchange explains why only one bud forms per cell cycle, because the winner‐takes‐all competition of candidate sites inevitably selects a single site.
Osteoactivin is a novel osteoclastic protein and plays a key role in osteoclast differentiation and activity
Authors: Sheng Matilda H.-C. , Wergedal Jon E. , Mohan Subburaman , Lau K.-H. William
Published: April 2008

This study presents gene expression, protein expression, and in situ immunohistochemical evidence that osteoclasts express high levels of osteoactivin (OA), which had previously been reported to be an osteoblast‐specific protein in bone. OA expression in osteoclasts was up‐regulated upon receptor activator of NFκB ligand‐induced differentiation. Suppression of functional activity of OA with neutralizing antibody reduced cell size, number of nuclei, fusion, and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. OA was co‐immunoprecipitated with integrin β3 and β1, indicating that OA co‐localizes with integrin β3 and/or β1 in a hetero‐polymeric complex in osteoclasts. These findings indicate that OA is a novel osteoclastic protein and plays a role in osteoclast differentiation and/or activity.
Establishment of the culture model system that reflects the process of terminal differentiation of connective tissue‐type mast cells
Authors: Takano Hirotsugu , Nakazawa Shunsuke , Okuno Yasushi , Shirata Naritoshi , Tsuchiya Sohken , Kainoh Takayuki , Takamatsu Seigoh , Furuta Kazuyuki , Taketomi Yoshitaka , Naito Yuko , Takematsu Hiromu , Kozutsumi Yasunori , Tsujimoto Gozoh , Murakami Makoto , Kudo Ichiro , Ichikawa Atsushi , Nakayama Kazuhisa , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: April 2008

To understand physiological roles of tissue mast cells, we established a culture system where bone marrow‐derived immature mast cells differentiate into the connective tissue‐type mast cell (CTMC)‐like cells through modifying the previous co‐culture system with Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Our system was found to reproducibly mimic the differentiation of CTMCs on the basis of several criteria, such as granule maturation and sensitivity to cationic secretagogues. The gene expression profile obtained by the microarray analyses was found to reflect many aspects of the differentiation. Our system is thus helpful to gain deeper insights into terminal differentiation of CTMCs.
Pharmacology in Nursing
Authors: Rogers Caroline
Published: April 2008

PHARMACOLOGY IN NURSING by Betty S. Bergersen, R.N., M.S., and Elsie E. Krug, R.N., M.A., Tenth Edition, The C. V. Mosby Company Publishers, St. Louis, Missouri, 1966, 741 pages. Price $7.25.
Water and Electrolytes: Implications for Nursing Practice
Authors: Craig Lora
Published: April 2008

WATER AND ELECTROLYTES: IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE by Isabel E. Butcher and Sandra B. Fielo, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1967, 199 pages. Price $6.95.
Current Drug Handbook
Authors: Wilson Mary R.
Published: April 2008

Current Drug Handbook, 1966–68, by Mary W. Falconer, R.N., M.A., H. Robert Patterson, B.S., M.S., Edward A. Gustafson, B.S., Pharm. D., W. R. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1966, 160 pages. Price $3.50.(6)
Atlas of Surgical Operations, Vol.II
Authors: Craig Lora
Published: April 2008

ATLAS OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS, VOL.II by Robert M. Zollinger, M.D., and Robert M. Zollinger, Jr., M.D., The Macmillan Co. Collier‐Macmillan Limited, New York & London, 1967,189 pp. Price $20.00.
Handbook of Cardiology for nurses
Authors: Craig Lora
Published: April 2008

HANDBOOK OF CARDIOLOGY FOR NURSES by Walter Modell, M.D., F.A.C.P., et al., Springer Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1966, 323 p p. Price $4.75.
Shall I be A Nurse?
Authors: Crawford M.
Published: April 2008

Shall I be A Nurse?by Clair Rayner, S.R.N., A. Wheaton and Company, Ltd., Exeter, Great Britain, 95 pages.
Emergency Treatment and Management (Third Ed.)
Authors: Gaffrey E.A.
Published: April 2008

Emergency Treatment and Management (Third Ed.), by Thomas Flint, Jr., M.D., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 1966, 686 pages. Price $8.75.
Ward Procedures and Techniques
Authors: Reeser Frances E.
Published: April 2008

M.D. Philip Cooper, Ward Procedures and Techniques, 1967, Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, New York, 303, Price $6.75.
Science Principles Applied to Nursing
Authors: Camery Janet M.
Published: April 2008

SCIENCE PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO NURSING by Madelyn Titus Nordmark, R.N., B.S., M.S., and Anne W. Rohweder, R.N., B.S., M.N., 276 pp., Philadelphia and Montreal, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1959, $5.00
The Evolution of Surgery in the United States
Authors: Skalitzsky Barbara
Published: April 2008

THE EVOLUTION OF SURGERY IN THE UNITED STATES by Allen 0. Whipple, M.D., Sc.D., 180 pp., Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas, 1963, Price: $6.50
A Training Program for Technicians
Authors: Pendleton Ruth E.
Published: April 2008

This paper was presented at the 12th Annual AORN Congress in New York City, February, 1965, and it reports experiences only through 1964. The author is Director of Surgical Services at the New England Deaconess Hospital in Boston. She attended the Waltham School of Nursing in Waltham, Massachusetts, Cornell University‐New York Hospital, and Boston University. Active in AORN activities, Miss Pendleton has held the offices of President, Vice President and Treasurer in her local chapter and has been a member of the Board of Directors and the Educational Committee for National AORN. She is currently Chairman of the Editorial Committee.
Varicose Veins: Compression Sclerotherapy
Authors: Hadley Frances
Published: April 2008

VARICOSE VEINS: C0MPRESSI0N SCLEROTHERAPY, by George Fegun,M.Ch., F.R.C.S.I., Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1967, 114 pages. Price $6.00.
The Medicated Society
Authors: O'neill Miriam
Published: April 2008

THE MEDICATED SOCIETY, by Samuel Proger, M.D., The Macmillan Company, New York, 1968,274 pages. Price $6.95.
Nursing Emergencies
Authors: Jenks Elaine
Published: April 2008

NURSING EMERGENCIES, by P. S. London, M.B.E., F.R.C.S., F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1967, 271 pages. Price $6.00.
Introduction to Operating‐Room Technique
Authors: Atdinson Lucy Jo
Published: April 2008

Cornelia Berry R.N., A.B., Mary Louise Kohn R.N., A.B., M.N., Introduction to Operating‐Room Technique, third edition, 1966, The Blakiston Division, McGraw‐Hill Book Company, New york, 243 pages Price $5.95.
Communication for Nurses
Authors: Wilson Mary R.
Published: April 2008

COMMUNICATION FOR NURSES by Florence K. Lockerby, B.A., M.A., Second Edition, 168 pages, St. Louis, C. V.Mosby Company, 1963. Price $4.50.
Nursing Examination Review Book, Vol.1
Authors: Ehardt Joseph W.
Published: April 2008

NURSING EXAMINATION REVIEW BOOK, Vol. 1, Medical‐Surgical Nursing, by Marguerite C. Holmes, R.N., M.A., Ed.D., and Harriet Levine, R.N., B.S., M.A., 222 pages, Medical Examination Publishing Com‐pany, Inc., Flushing, New York, 1964. Price $3.00.
Practice of Mental Nursing
Authors: Fisher Leona M.
Published: April 2008

PRACTICE OF MENTAL NURSING, 4th Edition, by May Houliston, R.G.N., R.M.N., 164 pages, Williams and Willciiis Company, Baltimore, 1965. Price $3.75.
Applied Anatomy for Nurses
Authors: Fisher Leona M.
Published: April 2008

APPLIED ANATOMY FOR NURSES, Third Edition, by E. J. Bocock, S.R.N., S.C.M., R.N.T., and R. Wheeler Haines, M.B., D.Sc., 326 pages, Williams and Wilkens Co., Baltimore, 1965. Price $7.
Regional Block
Authors: Max Sandford
Published: April 2008

REGIONAL BLOCK by Daniel C. Moore, M.D., Fourth Edition, 514 pages. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1965. Price $18.75.
Teaching and Learning in Schools of Nursing
Authors: Ehardt Joseph W.
Published: April 2008

TEACHING AND LEARNING IN SCHOOLS OF NURSING, 3rd edition, by Loretta E. Heidgerken, 685 pages, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1965. Price $8.75.
Trans-polar-fat: all Inuit are not equal
Authors: Counil Émilie , Dewailly Éric , Bjerregaard Peter , Julien Pierre
Published: April 2008

As part of the rapid socio-cultural transition observed in Arctic populations, the Inuit diet is changing. We present original data derived from the baseline Inuit Health in Transition cohort study regarding biological levels ofn-3 fatty acids andtrans-fatty acids (TFA), lipids with opposite health effects found respectively in traditional marine diets and recently introduced low-quality imported foods. A total of 524 Inuit from the Disko Bay area (Greenland) and 888 Inuit from the fourteen communities of Northern Québec (Nunavik) participated in the study. We measured the fatty acid profile of erythrocyte (RBC) membrane phospholipids (PL) as a surrogate for individual intakes. Moreover, the contribution of store-bought foods to energy intakes was assessed through dietary questionnaires. Our results show that whilen-3 fatty acid levels were slightly lower in Nunavik (9·4 % of RBC membrane PL) than in Greenland (12·1 %), TFA levels were on average nearly thrice as high in Nunavik Inuit (1·20 %) as they were in Greenlanders (0·43 %). Moreover, younger Nunavik Inuit accumulated higher intakes of TFA and lower intakes ofn-3 fatty acids. Finally, the average proportion of energy derived from store-bought foods was high in both groups (77·5 % and 83·5 %), especially in youth. Our results call for action to rehabilitate and recover access to country foods and point to the importance for Nunavik and the entire circumpolar world to follow the example of Denmark and Greenland, which imposed a maximum content of 2 g/100 g fat on industrially producedtrans-fats in 2003.
Identification of a dietary pattern characterized by high-fat food choices associated with increased risk of breast cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study
Authors: Schulz Mandy , Hoffmann Kurt , Weikert Cornelia , Nöthlings Ute , Schulze Matthias B. , Boeing Heiner
Published: April 2008

Epidemiological studies conducted thus far have mainly used a single-nutrient approach which may not be sufficient in detecting diet–cancer relationships. The aim of the study was to examine the association of a food pattern based on explained variations in fatty acid intake by means of reduced rank regression with breast cancer risk. Study participants were female subjects (n 15 351) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study free of cancer at baseline and with complete dietary and outcome information followed for an average of 6·0 years. Among those, 137 incident cases of invasive breast cancer were identified. We identified a food pattern characterized by low consumption of bread, and fruit juices, and high consumption of processed meat, fish, butter and other animal fats, and margarine explaining >42 % of total variation in fatty acid intake (SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA). Intake of all four fatty acid fractions was positively associated with the pattern score. Adherence to this food pattern adjusted for covariates was associated with a two-fold risk (hazard ratio 2·00; 95 % CI 1·30, 3·09) of breast cancer comparing extreme tertiles of the pattern score. There was no evidence of effect modification by menopausal status, overweight status and use of hormone replacement therapy, respectively. In conclusion, a food pattern characterized by high-fat food choices was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Given that the food pattern was high in all fatty acid fractions, we found evidence for total dietary fat rather than for specific fatty acids to be associated with breast cancer risk.
Impact of sugar replacers on cognitive performance and function in rats
Authors: Rozan Pascale , Deremaux Laetitia , Wils Daniel , Nejdi Amine , Messaoudi Michaël , Saniez Marie-Hélène
Published: April 2008

Glycaemic responses to the dextrin NUTRIOSE®6 (Dex) and the MALTISORB® maltitol (Mal) have been studied previously but their effects on vigilance and cognitive performances are still not known. The present study assesses dose-related glycaemic responses following Dex administration and the hypothesis that Dex and Mal could modulate the glycaemic response, improve vigilance under stress conditions and improve cognitive performances in rats. The glycaemic responses following Dex and corn syrup GLUCIDEX®IT 21 (CoS) solutions at 0·3, 0·5 and 1·0 g/kg body weight administered by oral administration (experiment 1) and glycaemic responses to three cereal bars (standard (CoS), Dex or Dex/Mal bar) (experiment 2) were evaluated. Rats having eaten cereal bars were submitted to vigilance and aversive light stimulus avoidance conditioning tests to assess their vigilance and cognitive performances. The first experiment showed that the glycaemic response to both products is dose-related and that CoS induced a glycaemic response three times higher than the Dex response. The second experiment showed the same glycaemic response for the three cereal bar-treated rats. Yet, an increase in the vigilance of Dex/Mal-treated rats as well as a better discrimination between two levers in the cognitive test for Dex- and Dex/Mal-treated rats were noticed. These results suggest that the glycaemic response is not the only factor to be considered in predicting the efficiency of a food ingredient on vigilance and cognitive performances: these behaviours are improved after Dex- and Mal-prepared cereal bar ingestion whereas the glycaemic response does not differ from the CoS-prepared bar.
Lifestyle, glucose regulation and the cognitive effects of glucose load in middle-aged adults
Authors: Riby Leigh M. , McLaughlin Jennifer , Riby Deborah M.
Published: April 2008

Interventions aimed at improving glucose regulatory mechanisms have been suggested as a possible source of cognitive enhancement in the elderly. In particular, previous research has identified episodic memory as a target for facilitation after either moderate increases in glycaemia (after a glucose drink) or after improvements in glucose regulation. The present study aimed to extend this research by examining the joint effects of glucose ingestion and glucose regulation on cognition. In addition, risk factors associated with the development of poor glucose regulation in middle-aged adults were considered. In a repeated measures design, thirty-three middle-aged adults (aged 35–55 years) performed a battery of memory and non-memory tasks after either 25 g or 50 g glucose or a sweetness matched placebo drink. To assess the impact of individual differences in glucose regulation, blood glucose measurements were taken on four occasions during testing. A lifestyle and diet questionnaire was also administered. Consistent with previous research, episodic memory ability benefited from glucose ingestion when task demands were high. Blood glucose concentration was also found to predict performance across a number of cognitive domains. Interestingly, the risk factors associated with poor glucose regulation were linked to dietary impacts traditionally associated with poor health, e.g. the consumption of high-sugar sweets and drinks. The research replicates earlier work suggesting that task demands are critical to the glucose facilitation effect. Importantly, the data demonstrate clear associations between elevated glycaemia and relatively poor cognitive performance, which may be partly due to the effect of dietary and lifestyle factors.
CompoCow: a predictive model to estimate variations in body composition and the energy requirements of cull cows during finishing
Authors: GARCIA F. , AGABRIEL J.
Published: April 2008

Cull cows account for a large part of beef consumption in France and are a significant proportion of farm income for dairy (0·10) and beef systems (up to 0·30). On-farm observations highlight considerable variations in cull cow phenotypes in terms of age, frame size, health, physiological status and body condition. Consequently, an important issue for producers of cull cows is the management of feed supply during the finishing period to obtain a satisfactory condition score and conformation prior to slaughter.

New feeding recommendations for cull cows should consider live weight and live weight gain, age, frame size and body condition score (BCS) to estimate the energy requirements. A predictive model, called CompoCow, was developed for this purpose. The present paper describes the CompoCow model by summarizing developments from previous modelling approaches and outlining the assumptions and equations used in the model. CompoCow combines a growth model for the cow during its productive period (3–8 years old) and a model for the finishing period (in days) and was parameterized for Charolais, Limousine and Holstein breeds. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the outputs of the model were mainly sensitive to initial body weight and expected body weight gain of the animal. The proportion of lipid in live weight gain was related to body weight, BCS and frame size of the animal. The model also accounts for the higher proportion of lipid in live weight gain in Holstein than in Charolais cows. The model was applied to data from Charolais cows. It showed that the proportion of variability explained by CompoCow for energy requirements was higher than the proportion obtained with previous INRA recommendations, 0·78 and 0·67, respectively. CompoCow does not rely on mechanistic relationships, but it appears robust as it accounts correctly for the effects of age and BCS on the requirements.
Worms and malaria: blind men feeling the elephant?
Authors: NACHER M.
Published: April 2008

For thousands of years the deadliest human parasite,Plasmodium falciparum, has been evolving in populations also infected by the most prevalent parasites, worms. This is likely to have shaped the genome of all 3 protagonists – man, worms and malaria. Observational studies in Thailand have shown that althoughP.falciparummalaria incidence increased two-fold in helminth-infected patients, there was a 64% reduction of cerebral malaria and an 84% reduction of acute renal failure in helminth-infected patients relative to those without helminths. In addition, it was suggested that mixed infections, anaemia and gametocyte carriage were more frequent in helminth-infected patients. On the contrary, fever was lower in helminth-infected patients. The present hypotheses, their implications and the limitations of the results described and of those from studies in Africa are discussed.
An antibody-based ELISA for quantification of Ani s 1, a major allergen fromAnisakis simplex
Authors: ARILLA M. C. , IBARROLA I. , MARTÍNEZ A. , MONTESEIRÍN J. , CONDE J. , ASTURIAS J. A.
Published: April 2008

Anisakis simplexis a nematode parasite that can infect humans who have eaten raw or undercooked seafood. Larvae invading the gastrointestinal mucosa excrete/secrete proteins that are implicated in the pathogenesis of anisakiasis and can induce IgE-mediated symptoms. Since Ani s 1 is a potent secreted allergen with important clinical relevance, its measurement could assess the quality of allergenic products used in diagnosis/immunotherapy ofAnisakisallergy and track the presence ofA. simplexparasites in fish foodstuffs. An antibody-based ELISA for quantification of Ani s 1 has been developed based on monoclonal antibody 4F2 as capture antibody and biotin-labelled polyclonal antibodies against Ani s 1 as detection reagent. The dose-response standard curves, obtained with natural and recombinant antigens, ranged from 4 to 2000 ng/ml and were identical and parallel to that of theA. simplexextract. The linear portion of the dose-response curve with nAni s 1 was between 15 and 250 ng/ml with inter-assay and intra-assays coefficients of variation less than 20% and 10%, respectively. The assay was specific since there was no cross-reaction with other extracts (exceptAscarisextracts) and was highly sensitive (detection limit of 1·8 ng/ml), being able to detect Ani s 1 in fish extracts from codfish and monkfish.
An experimental model for fatal malaria due to TNF-α-dependent hepatic damage
Authors: SEIXAS E. , OLIVEIRA P. , MOURA NUNES J. F. , COUTINHO A.
Published: April 2008

While BALB/c mice survive infection with blood stages ofPlasmodium chabaudi chabaudi(AS), 70% of DBA/2 mice die by day 9–11 of infection, both strains controlling parasitaemia. We describe here that infection of DBA/2 mice results in extensive, multifocal hepatocyte death. Antibody neutralization of TNF-α prevents both liver damage and death.
The Brauer–Manin obstruction on del Pezzo surfaces of degree 2 branched along a plane section of a Kummer surface
Authors: LOGAN ADAM
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses the Brauer–Manin obstruction on double covers of the projective plane branched along a plane section of a Kummer surface from both the practical and the theoretical points of view. Theoretical highlights include the determination of a complete set of generators for the Brauer group; on the practical side, we give several surfaces with a Brauer–Manin obstruction and verify that the Brauer–Manin obstruction is the only one for a collection of several thousand surfaces of this type.
Modulatory effects of oligodendrocytes on the conduction velocity of action potentials along axons in the alveus of the rat hippocampal CA1 region
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshihiko , Hozumi Yasukazu , Kaneko Kenya , Sugihara Toshimichi , Fujii Satoshi , Goto Kaoru , Kato Hiroshi
Published: April 2008

Like neurons and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes have a variety of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. However, except for facilitating the rapid conduction of action potentials by forming myelin and buffering extracellular K+, little is known about the direct involvement of oligodendrocytes in neuronal activities. To investigate their physiological roles, we focused on oligodendrocytes in the alveus of the rat hippocampal CA1 region. These cells were found to respond to exogenously applied glutamate by depolarization through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Electrical stimulation of the border between the alveus and stratum oriens evoked inward currents through several routes involving glutamate receptors and inward rectifier K+ channels. Moreover, electrical stimulation resembling in vivo activity evoked long-lasting depolarization. To examine the modulatory effects of oligodendrocytes on neuronal activities, we performed dual, whole-cell recording on CA1 pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes. Direct depolarization of oligodendrocytes shortened the latencies of action potentials evoked by antidromic stimulation. These results indicate that oligodendrocytes increase the conduction velocity of action potentials by a mechanism additional to saltatory conduction, and that they have active roles in information processing in the brain.
Modeling the Biofiltration of Dimethyl Sulfide in the Presence of Methanol in Inorganic Biofilters at Steady State
Authors: Zhang Yuefeng , Liss Steven N. , Allen D. Grant
Published: April 2008

The presence of methanol (MeOH) improves DMS removal (up to 11‐fold) by enhancing biomass growth in inorganic biofilters. Although the overall effect is positive, prolonged growth on methanol also negatively affects DMS degradation as a result of competition with DMS. The objectives of this study were to explore the potential to optimize DMS removal with methanol addition and to develop and experimentally validate a mathematical model describing the biofiltration of DMS in the presence of MeOH. Continuous experiments using three bench‐scale biofilters packed with inorganic material were performed to examine the removal of DMS under different MeOH addition rates ranging from 0 to 140 g/m3/h. For a constant DMS loading of 3.5 g/m3/h, a maximum DMS removal rate of 1.8 g/m3/h was achieved at a MeOH addition rate of 20 g/m3/h in the inorganic biofilters. A steady‐state model incorporating the competitive and activation effects of MeOH on DMS biodegradation was developed, and the modeled results on DMS and MeOH removal were in close agreement with experimental data. Both the experimental data and model simulation suggest that there is an optimum MeOH addition rate for a given DMS loading. A step‐feeding strategy for MeOH addition was proposed and tested by the model to optimize DMS removal. The model‐predicted results demonstrate that six‐step feeding of MeOH enhances DMS treatment by 46% in the biofilters when compared to conventional feeding (one‐step) of MeOH at the same total mass loading.
A theory for drag partition over rough surfaces
Authors: Shao Yaping , Yang Yan
Published: April 2008

We present a theory for drag partition over rough surfaces of arbitrary roughness density. The total drag is partitioned into a pressure drag, a ground‐surface drag, and a roughness‐element‐surface skin drag. The theory is simple but allows for the estimations of drag partition functions, friction velocity, zero‐displacement height, and roughness length. The model estimates of these quantities are compared with observations and the model is found to perform well. The theory explains several known facts from observations such as the dependency of aerodynamic roughness length on roughness density. It is shown that drag partition is governed entirely by two functions fr and fs which represent the dependencies of surface drag coefficient and the roughness drag coefficient on roughness density. Under the condition of fr = fs, the Raupach (1992) model is derived without assumptions in addition to the drag laws.
Climatic, Tectonic, and Biotic Evolution in Continental Cores: Colorado Plateau Coring Project Workshop; St. George, Utah, 13–16 November 2007
Authors: Olsen Paul E. , Kent Dennis V. , Geissman John W.
Published: April 2008

A workshop was convened in St. George, Utah, to advance planning for the Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP). The vast continental basins of the southwestern United States, particularly well exposed on the Colorado Plateau and its environs, contain one of the richest stratigraphic records of early Mesozoic age (between roughly 145 and 250 million years ago). This time period was punctuated by two of the major mass extinctions in the past 550 million years and witnessed the evolutionary appearance of the modern biota and dramatic climate changes on the continents.

Since the mid‐nineteenth century, classic studies of these basins, their strata, and their fossils have made this sequence instrumental in framing our context for the early Mesozoic world. Nonetheless, striking ambiguities in temporal resolution, uncertainties in global correlations with other early Mesozoic strata, and major doubts about latitudinal position still hamper testing of the major competing climatic, biotic, and tectonic hypotheses.
Arvidson Receives 2007 Whipple Award
Authors: Spohn Tilman , Arvidson Raymond E.
Published: April 2008

The Planetary Sciences section presents with great pleasure the 2007 AGU Whipple Award to Ray Arvidson. Ray has participated in all Mars missions since Viking, and in Magellan. His vigorous and productive career has resulted in nearly 200 peer‐reviewed publications on Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon, many of which are considered pivotal to our understanding of planetary processes. His topics include remote sensing of planetary surfaces and surface processes; he provided the first quantitative study of aeolian processes on Mars. Ray's contributions are numerous and broadly applied. He played a major role in developing robotic techniques for the in situ exploration of Mars, in particular for the hugely successful MER mission. An AGU Fellow, Ray's work has been recognized by numerous awards in the past. In addition to his scientific work, Ray has provided essential services to the community. His work in pioneering and standardizing planetary data archiving has been particularly recognized as outstanding. He has served on more than 30 NASA committees and was the secretary and the president of the AGU Planetary Sciences section. In addition, he has been an associate editor of JGR and an editor of Geology. He served on the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences and has been chair of its Committee on Data Management and Computation. Enthusiastic support for his nomination came from all over the world.
Research Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Hood Raleigh , Naqvi Wajih , Wiggert Jerry , Goes Joaquim , Coles Victoria , McCreary Julian , Bates Nicholas , Karuppasamy P. K. , Mahowald Natalie , Seitzinger Sybil , Meyers Gary
Published: April 2008

The Indian Ocean is a dynamically complex and highly variable system, with circulation features and biogeochemical properties that are unusual in many respects. Yet the Indian Ocean (IO) remains one of the most undersampled and least understood of the world's ocean basins. In this article, we define several outstanding research questions that need to be addressed in the IO related to ocean currents and variability, the controls and fate of primary production, global change and anthropogenic impacts, and the role of higher trophic levels in ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. We also discuss a unique opportunity that has recently arisen for staging research in the IO.
On the meteoric head echo radar cross section angular dependence
Authors: Kero J. , Szasz C. , Wannberg G. , Pellinen‐Wannberg A. , Westman A.
Published: April 2008

We present radar cross section (RCS) measurements of meteor head echoes observed with the tristatic 930 MHz EISCAT UHF radar system. The three receivers offer a unique possibility to accurately compare the monostatic RCS of a meteor target with two simultaneously probed bistatic RCSs at different aspect angles. Meteoroids from all possible directions entering the common volume monitored by the three receivers are detected, out to an aspect angle of 130° from the meteoroid trajectories. The RCS of individual meteors as observed by the three receivers are equal within the accuracy of the measurements. This is consistent with an essentially isotropic scattering process as has previously been inferred from polarization measurements by S. Close et al. (2002). There is a very weak trend present in our data suggesting that the RCS may decrease at a rate of 0.2 dB per 10° with increasing aspect angle.
Broadband simple ratio closely traced seasonal trajectory of canopy photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Wang Quan , Iio Atsuhiro , Kakubari Yoshitaka
Published: April 2008

In this study, we investigated the relationship between meteorological‐based broadband simple ratio (SR) and canopy photosynthetic capacity (maximum carboxylation rate normalized to 25°C, Vc,25) in three Fagus crenata stands in the cold‐temperate zone of Japan. Broadband SR was calculated from recorded up‐ and down‐looking photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and global radiation (GR) data. The study reveals that broadband SR seasonal courses closely follow Vc,25 seasonal trajectories, with a statistically significant linear regression relationship between the two. Linear regression models show that R2 ranges from 0.59 (for 550 m site) to 0.91 (for 1500 m site), but eventually drops to 0.37 when all data pool together. Despite variations in R2 for the different sites, the relationship remains statistically significant (P < 0.000). Though spatially limited, broadband SR can serve as an easy but robust indicator of seasonal variations in Vc,25 required for accurate carbon fixation simulations in gas exchange models.
Carbon Dioxide Splitting: A Summary of the Peer-Reviewed Scientific Literature
Authors: Rayne Sierra
Published: April 2008

Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have stimulated significant global research and development efforts regarding the reduction in CO2 emissions from all point and non-point sources. In addition to technologies that do not use carbon feedstocks or which capture and "permanently" store CO2 (i.e., sequestration), there is considerable worldwide interest among the academic, industrial, and government communities regarding methods for dissociating waste stream carbon dioxide molecules into their constituent carbon and oxygen ("CO2 splitting") atoms as a final "end-of-pipe" treatment option. The splitting of carbon dioxide has also been actively discussed and researched in the space exploration and extraterrestrial colonization programs for several decades. This document summarizes the peer-reviewed open source scientific literature regarding carbon dioxide splitting.
The excitation energies, ionization potentials, and oscillator strengths of neutral and ionized species of Uuq (Z=114) and the homolog elements Ge, Sn, and Pb
Authors: Yu Y. J. , Dong C. Z. , Li J. G. , Fricke B.
Published: April 2008

Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method is employed to calculate the excitation energies, ionization potentials, oscillator strengths, and radii for all neutral and up to four times ionized species of element Uuq, as well as the homolog elements Ge, Sn, and Pb. Using an extrapolative scheme, improved ionization potentials of Uuq were obtained with an uncertainty of less than 2000cm−1. Two relatively stronger resonance transitions are predicted for the element Uuq. In particular, the strongest line in Uuq, corresponding to the [6d107s27p3∕28s1∕2]1→[6d107s27p3∕22]2 transition at 22343cm−1, just lies in the prime energy region of experimental measurement.
Renner-Teller and spin-orbit vibronic coupling effects in linear triatomic molecules with a half-filled π shell
Authors: Sioutis Ilias , Mishra Sabyashachi , Poluyanov Leonid V. , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: April 2008

The vibronic and spin-orbit-induced interactions among the Σ−3, Δ1, and Σ+1 electronic states arising from a half-filled π orbital of a linear triatomic molecule are considered, employing the microscopic (Breit-Pauli) spin-orbit coupling operator. The 6×6 Hamiltonian matrix is derived in a diabatic spin-orbital electronic basis set, including terms up to fourth order in the expansion of the molecular Hamiltonian in the bending normal coordinate about the linear geometry. The symmetry properties of the Hamiltonian are analyzed. Aside from the nonrelativistic fourth-order Renner-Teller vibronic coupling within the Δ1 state and the second-order nonrelativistic vibronic coupling between the Σ+1 and Δ1 states, there exist zeroth-order, first-order, as well as third-order vibronic coupling terms of spin-orbit origin. The latter are absent when the phenomenological expression for the spin-orbit coupling operator is used instead of the microscopic form. The effects of the nonrelativistic and spin-orbit-induced vibronic coupling mechanisms on the Σ−3, Δ1, and Σ+1 adiabatic potential energy surfaces as well as on the spin-vibronic energy levels are discussed for selected parameter values.
Exciton quenching in emitter blends for organic light emitting devices probed by electric field–dependent time-resolved luminescence
Authors: Kalinowski J. , Mȩżyk J. , Meinardi F. , Tubino R. , Cocchi M. , Virgili D.
Published: April 2008

We investigate quenching mechanisms of excited states in emitter layers for organic light emitting diodes (LEDs). An extensive study of a strong electric field–induced modulation (over 50%) of the time-resolved luminescence in a diamine derivative (TPD): polycarbonate blend films doped with an organic complex of europium are presented as a typical example of an important class of emitters for organic monochromatic LEDs. Using this method allowed us to identify the quenched species as the excited ligand precursors of the emissive europium ion states. Manipulating the electrode materials and their electrical bias, the electric field–enhanced dissociation, and interaction with injected charge could be separated and found as principal quenching mechanisms. We show the first one to follow the three-dimensional Onsager theory of geminate recombination, and the second one raised by their interaction with the TPD-transported holes. The interaction rate constant is found to be underlain by the three-dimensional diffusion of excited ligand singlets, combining the exciton diffusion coefficient and long-range (Förster type) energy transfer parameters. The dynamic parameters of the hole-precursor excitons interactions, extracted from the experimental data, allow us to establish the criteria for identifying useful ligands and matrices in the optimized design of electrophosphorescent, linelike emitting molecules, and device structure for organic LEDs.
Intramolecular electronic excitation energy transfer in donor∕acceptor dyads studied by time and frequency resolved single molecule spectroscopy
Authors: Hinze G. , Métivier R. , Nolde F. , Müllen K. , Basché Th.
Published: April 2008

Electronic excitation energy transfer has been studied by single molecule spectroscopy in donor∕acceptor dyads composed of a perylenediimide donor and a terrylenediimide acceptor linked by oligo(phenylene) bridges of two different lengths. For the shorter bridge (three phenylene units) energy is transferred almost quantitatively from the donor to the acceptor, while for the longer bridge (seven phenylene units) energy transfer is less efficient as indicated by the occurrence of donor and acceptor emission. To determine energy transfer rates and efficiencies at the single molecule level, several methods have been employed. These comprise time-correlated single photon counting techniques at room temperature and optical linewidth measurements at low temperature (1.4K). For both types of measurement we obtain broad distributions of the rate constants of energy transfer. These distributions are simulated in the framework of Förster theory by properly taking into account static disorder and the flexibility of the dyads, as both effects can substantially contribute to the distributions of energy transfer times. The rate constants of energy transfer obtained from the calculated distributions are smaller on average than those extracted from the experimental distributions, whereby the discrepancy is larger for the shorter bridge. Furthermore, by plotting the experimentally determined transfer rates against the individual spectral overlaps, approximately linear dependencies are found being indicative of a Förster-type contribution to the energy transfer. For a given single molecule such a linear dependence could be followed by spectral diffusion induced fluctuations of the spectral overlap. The discrepancies between measured energy transfer rates and rates calculated by Förster theory are briefly discussed in light of recent results of quantum chemical calculations, which indicate that a bridge-mediated contribution is mainly responsible for the deviations from Förster theory. The availability of the inhomogeneous distributions of donor and acceptor electronic transition frequencies allows for comparing the energy transfer process at liquid helium and room temperature for the same set of molecules via simple simulations. It is found that on average the energy transfer is by a factor of ∼3 faster at room temperature, which is due to an increase of spectral overlap.
Computer simulation of the assembly of gold nanoparticles on DNA fragments via electrostatic interaction
Authors: Komarov Pavel V. , Zherenkova Lubov V. , Khalatur Pavel G.
Published: April 2008

Using Monte Carlo simulation, we study the metallization of DNA fragments via the templating of gold nanoparticles. To represent the interaction between metal entities, a nanoparticle-nanoparticle interaction potential was derived on the basis of the many-body Gupta potential. The aggregation of the nanoparticles on the template surface is due to the additive effect of electrostatic attraction between the positive charges on the Au particles and the negative charges of the phosphate groups of DNA molecule and the short-range attraction between the metallic nanoparticles. As a result, the assembly of a continuous nanowire can be templated. Depending on the nanoparticle size and charge, the metallic covering can be both continuous and discontinuous. The question of how size and charge of Au nanoparticles influence the structure of metallic coat is discussed in detail. Both monodisperse and polydisperse nanoparticles are considered. Dispersion in the nanoparticle size was found to have little effect on the calculated characteristics of the aggregate.