bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Epistemology of Young Children
Authors: Winsor Denise L.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this chapter is to raise questionable doubt about young children’s abilities to engage in more sophisticated thinking; and the impact of technology on children’s early epistemological development. The theoretical framework is rooted in Piaget’s theories of cognitive development, and is typically applied to college students and adults. However, Piaget is criticized for seriously underestimating young children’s cognitive ability. Moreover, scholars including Chandler, Hallet, and Sokol (2002) and Burr and Hofer (2002) have proposed an early predualist phase of epistemological development in which children between the ages of 3-to-6 may demonstrate more sophisticated ways of thinking and knowing related to theory of mind development. How does technology influence young children’s beliefs about knowledge or how might teacher’s and parent’s beliefs about knowledge affect young children? This chapter explores the answer to this question by discussing the research on epistemology and young children in relation to cognition and cognitive development.
Historical Perspectives of the Concept of Child and Technology Innovation
Authors: Allen Lee , Winsor Denise L. , Blake Sally
Published: November 2011

Technology has and does influence the social-cultural development of any population. Some see environment, social, cultural, or philosophical factors as the catalyst for the concept of child and technology innovation. Others view the concept of child and technology as the catalyst for change in social-cultural environments. In order to better understand the relationship of child and technology in a historical context, we must first understand the historical significance of technologies’ influence on culture and the development of child as a social influence. Often, as technological advances increase, the generation gap grows, as the concept of child changes to become a driving influence on educational environments. This chapter provides the historical context for the changing educational power structures influenced by technology and how the role of child has evolved from that of a small adult to a major social-cultural influence through the innovations of technology.
Using Technology in Self and Peer Reflective Assessment
Authors: Awalt Carolyn , Lawler Marsha , Blake Sally
Published: November 2011

The use of technology in classrooms is influenced by teacher attitudes. This is particularly true about classroom elements relating to teacher assessment. The issue with technology and assessment has two parts: teachers may resist technology, and teachers may consider assessment a personal attack on their abilities rather than a constructive analysis of teaching and learning. The increasing accountability required in educational environments puts even more pressure on teachers to accept assessment and evaluation of their performance. Technology can be used to ease teachers into a stronger analysis of their own and peer evaluations, which are one key to improving teaching. Assessment must be internalized if teachers are to accept suggestions for improvement and create an environment of change.
Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum–Endosome Fusion for Antigen Cross-Presentation Induced by Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) Nanoparticles
Authors: Mukai Yohei , Yoshinaga Tomoyo , Yoshikawa Mai , Matsuo Kazuhiko , Yoshikawa Tomoaki , Matsuo Keisuke , Niki Kazuyuki , Yoshioka Yasuo , Okada Naoki , Nakagawa Shinsaku
Published: November 2011

We previously reported that poly (γ-glutamic acid)-based nanoparticles (γ-PGA NPs) are excellent vaccine carriers for inducing efficient cross-presentation in dendritic cells, thereby producing strong antitumor immunity in vivo. Analyzing the mechanism of cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs will be useful toward designing novel vaccine carriers. In this study, we show an intracellular mechanism of efficient cross-presentation induced by OVA-loaded γ-PGA NPs. Cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs depended on cytoplasmic proteasomes and TAP, similar to the classical MHC class I presentation pathway for endogenous Ags. Intracellular behavior analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that encapsulated OVA and γ-PGA accumulated in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosome compartments within 2 h. At the same time, electron microscopy analysis clearly showed that intracellular γ-PGA NPs and encapsulated Au NPs were enveloped in endosome-like vesicles, not in the ER. These findings strongly suggest that γ-PGA NPs enhance ER–endosome fusion for cross-presentation. Moreover, inhibition of ER translocon sec61 significantly decreased the γ-PGA NP/OVA-mediated cross-presentation efficiency, indicating that sec61 is important for transporting Ags from the fused ER–endosome to the cytoplasm. These findings imply that the ER–endosome complex is key for the efficient cross-presentation of Ags encapsulated in γ-PGA NPs.
The Proteoglycan Biglycan Enhances Antigen-Specific T Cell Activation Potentially via MyD88 and TRIF Pathways and Triggers Autoimmune Perimyocarditis
Authors: Popovic Zoran V. , Wang Shijun , Papatriantafyllou Maria , Kaya Ziya , Porubsky Stefan , Meisner Maria , Bonrouhi Mahnaz , Burgdorf Sven , Young Marian F. , Schaefer Liliana , Gröne Hermann-Josef
Published: November 2011

Biglycan is a proteoglycan ubiquitously present in extracellular matrix of a variety of organs, including heart, and it was reported to be overexpressed in myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction may be complicated by perimyocarditis through unknown mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the capacity of TLR2/TLR4 ligand biglycan to enhance the presentation of specific Ags released upon cardiomyocyte necrosis. In vitro, OVA-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) and TLR2-, TLR4-, MyD88-, or TRIF-deficient mice were cotreated with LPS, biglycan, or vehicle and incubated with OVA-recognizing MHC I- or MHC II-restricted T cells. Biglycan enhanced OVA-specific cross-priming by >80% to MHC I-restricted T cells in both TLR2- and TLR4-pathway–dependent manners. Accordingly, biglycan-induced cross-priming by both MyD88- and TRIF-deficient dendritic cells (DCs) was strongly diminished. OVA-specific activation of MHC II-restricted T cells was predominantly TLR4 dependent. Our first in vivo correlate was a model of experimental autoimmune perimyocarditis triggered by injection of cardiac Ag-pulsed DCs (BALB/c). Biglycan-treated DCs triggered perimyocarditis to a comparable extent and intensity as LPS-treated DCs (mean scores 1.3 ± 0.3 and 1.5 ± 0.4, respectively). Substitution with TLR4-deficient DCs abolished this effect. In a second in vivo approach, WT and biglycan-deficient mice were followed 2 wk after induction of myocardial infarction. WT mice demonstrated significantly greater myocardial T lymphocyte infiltration in comparison with biglycan-deficient animals. We concluded that the TLR2/4 ligand biglycan, a component of the myocardial matrix, may enhance Ag-specific T cell priming, potentially via MyD88 and TRIF, and stimulate autoimmune perimyocarditis.
Blocking IL-1 Signaling Rescues Cognition, Attenuates Tau Pathology, and Restores Neuronal β-Catenin Pathway Function in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model
Authors: Kitazawa Masashi , Cheng David , Tsukamoto Michelle R. , Koike Maya A. , Wes Paul D. , Vasilevko Vitaly , Cribbs David H. , LaFerla Frank M.
Published: November 2011

Inflammation is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although its impact on disease progression and neurodegeneration remains an area of active investigation. Among numerous inflammatory cytokines associated with AD, IL-1β in particular has been implicated in playing a pathogenic role. In this study, we sought to investigate whether inhibition of IL-1β signaling provides disease-modifying benefits in an AD mouse model and, if so, by what molecular mechanisms. We report that chronic dosing of 3xTg-AD mice with an IL-1R blocking Ab significantly alters brain inflammatory responses, alleviates cognitive deficits, markedly attenuates tau pathology, and partly reduces certain fibrillar and oligomeric forms of amyloid-β. Alterations in inflammatory responses correspond to reduced NF-κB activity. Furthermore, inhibition of IL-1 signaling reduces the activity of several tau kinases in the brain, including cdk5/p25, GSK-3β, and p38–MAPK, and also reduces phosphorylated tau levels. We also detected a reduction in the astrocyte-derived cytokine, S100B, and in the extent of neuronal Wnt/β-catenin signaling in 3xTg-AD brains, and provided in vitro evidence that these changes may, in part, provide a mechanistic link between IL-1 signaling and GSK-3β activation. Taken together, our results suggest that the IL-1 signaling cascade may be involved in one of the key disease mechanisms for AD.
Cathelicidin LL-37 Increases Lung Epithelial Cell Stiffness, Decreases Transepithelial Permeability, and Prevents Epithelial Invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Byfield Fitzroy J. , Kowalski Marek , Cruz Katrina , Leszczyńska Katarzyna , Namiot Andrzej , Savage Paul B. , Bucki Robert , Janmey Paul A.
Published: November 2011

In addition to its antibacterial activity, the cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide induces multiple immunomodulatory effects on host cells. Atomic force microscopy, F-actin staining with phalloidin, passage of FITC-conjugated dextran through a monolayer of lung epithelial cells, and assessment of bacterial outgrowth from cells subjected to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were used to determine LL-37’s effect on epithelial cell mechanical properties, permeability, and bacteria uptake. A concentration-dependent increase in stiffness and F-actin content in the cortical region of A549 cells and primary human lung epithelial cells was observed after treatment with LL-37 (0.5–5 μM), sphingosine 1-phosphate (1 μM), or LPS (1 μg/ml) or infection with PAO1 bacteria. Other cationic peptides, such as RK-31, KR-20, or WLBU2, and the antibacterial cationic steroid CSA-13 did not reproduce the effect of LL-37. A549 cell pretreatment with WRW4, an antagonist of the transmembrane formyl peptide receptor-like 1 protein attenuated LL-37’s ability to increase cell stiffness. The LL-37–mediated increase in cell stiffness was accompanied by a decrease in permeability and P. aeruginosa uptake by a confluent monolayer of polarized normal human bronchial epithelial cells. These results suggested that the antibacterial effect of LL-37 involves an LL-37–dependent increase in cell stiffness that prevents epithelial invasion by bacteria.
Stable Coordination of the Inhibitory Ca2+ Ion at the Metal Ion-Dependent Adhesion Site in Integrin CD11b/CD18 by an Antibody-Derived Ligand Aspartate: Implications for Integrin Regulation and Structure-Based Drug Design
Authors: Mahalingam Bhuvaneshwari , Ajroud Kaouther , Alonso José Luis , Anand Saurabh , Adair Brian D. , Horenstein Alberto L. , Malavasi Fabio , Xiong Jian-Ping , Arnaout M. Amin
Published: November 2011

A central feature of integrin interaction with physiologic ligands is the monodentate binding of a ligand carboxylate to a Mg2+ ion hexacoordinated at the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) in the integrin A domain. This interaction stabilizes the A domain in the high-affinity state, which is distinguished from the default low-affinity state by tertiary changes in the domain that culminate in cell adhesion. Small molecule ligand-mimetic integrin antagonists act as partial agonists, eliciting similar activating conformational changes in the A domain, which has contributed to paradoxical adhesion and increased patient mortality in large clinical trials. As with other ligand-mimetic integrin antagonists, the function-blocking mAb 107 binds MIDAS of integrin CD11b/CD18 A domain (CD11bA), but in contrast, it favors the inhibitory Ca2+ ion over the Mg2+ ion at MIDAS. We determined the crystal structures of the Fab fragment of mAb 107 complexed to the low- and high-affinity states of CD11bA. Favored binding of the Ca2+ ion at MIDAS is caused by the unusual symmetric bidentate ligation of a Fab-derived ligand Asp to a heptacoordinated MIDAS Ca2+ ion. Binding of the Fab fragment of mAb 107 to CD11bA did not trigger the activating tertiary changes in the domain or in the full-length integrin. These data show that the denticity of the ligand Asp/Glu can modify the divalent cation selectivity at MIDAS and hence integrin function. Stabilizing the Ca2+ ion at MIDAS by bidentate ligation to a ligand Asp/Glu may provide one approach for designing pure integrin antagonists.
Shared Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Agents in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), and Goats (Capra hircus) in Montana
Authors: Miller David S. , Weiser Glen C. , Aune Keith , Roeder Brent , Atkinson Mark , Anderson Neil , Roffe Thomas J. , Keating Kim A. , Chapman Phillip L. , Kimberling Cleon , Rhyan Jack , Clarke P. Ryan
Published: November 2011

Transmission of infectious agents from livestock reservoirs has been hypothesized to cause respiratory disease outbreaks in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and land management policies intended to limit this transmission have proven controversial. This cross-sectional study compares the infectious agents present in multiple populations of bighorn sheep near to and distant from their interface with domestic sheep (O. aries) and domestic goat (Capra hircus) and provides critical baseline information needed for interpretations of cross-species transmission risks. Bighorn sheep and livestock shared exposure to Pasteurellaceae, viral, and endoparasite agents. In contrast, although the impact is uncertain,Mycoplasmasp. was isolated from livestock but not bighorn sheep. These results may be the result of historic cross-species transmission of agents that has resulted in a mosaic of endemic and exotic agents. Future work using longitudinal and multiple population comparisons is needed to rigorously establish the risk of outbreaks from cross-species transmission of infectious agents.
Microbiological Spectrum of Brain Abscess at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India: 24-Year Data and Review
Authors: Lakshmi V. , Umabala P. , Anuradha K. , Padmaja K. , Padmasree C. , Rajesh A. , Purohit A. K.
Published: November 2011

Intracranial abscesses are life-threatening infections that pose a diagnostic challenge not only to the neurosurgeon but also to the microbiologists. Detailed studies documenting the spectrum of infecting agents involved in brain abscesses are limited from India.Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective analysis of 352 samples from 1987 to 2010 analyzed at a tertiary care hospital in South India from 1987 to 2010, to document the changing trends with time.Results. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 80 years, a larger number of males being affected. Otogenic infections were the most common cause while cryptogenic abscesses were 20%. Gram stain and culture positivity were 78% each. Gram-positive and negative facultative aerobes and obligate anaerobes were also on the rise. Unusual organisms, likeBurkholderia pseudomallei, Salmonella typhi, Nocardia species, Cladosporium bantiana, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Entamoeba histolytica, and Acanthamoebawere also isolated and/or detected from the brain abscesses aspirate or resected tissue.Summary. New and emerging pathogens associated with brain abscess, especially in immunosuppressed individuals, have renewed the necessity of an early detection, and it will be of great value in appropriate management of patients with brain abscess.
A Novel msDNA (Multicopy Single-Stranded DNA) Strain Present inYersinia frederikseniiATCC 33641 Contig01029 Enteropathogenic Bacteria with the Genomic Analysis of It's Retron
Authors: Das Rasel , Shimamoto Tadashi , Arifuzzaman Md.
Published: November 2011

Retron is a retroelement that encodes msDNA (multicopy single-stranded DNA) which was significantly found mainly in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. We screenedYersinia frederikseniiATCC 33641 contig01029 for the presence of retroelement by using bioinformatics tools and characterized a novel retron-Yf79 on the chromosome that encodes msDNA-Yf79. In this study, we perceived that, the codon usage of retron-Yf79 were noteworthy different from those of theY. frederikseniigenome. It demonstrates that, the retron-Yf79 was a foreign DNA element and integrated into this organism genome during their evolution. In addition to this, we have observed a transposase gene which is located just downstream of retron-Yf79. So, the enzyme might be responsible for the transposition of this novel retron element.
The Roles of the Paf1 Complex and Associated Histone Modifications in Regulating Gene Expression
Authors: Crisucci Elia M. , Arndt Karen M.
Published: November 2011

The conserved Paf1 complex (Paf1C) carries out multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase (pol) II, and these functions are required for the proper expression of numerous genes in yeast and metazoans. In the elongation stage of the transcription cycle, the Paf1C associates with RNA pol II, interacts with other transcription elongation factors, and facilitates modifications to the chromatin template. At the end of elongation, the Paf1C plays an important role in the termination of RNA pol II transcripts and the recruitment of proteins required for proper RNA 3′end formation. Significantly, defects in the Paf1C are associated with several human diseases. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of the Paf1C in RNA pol II transcription.
Community based distribution agents’ approach to provision of family planning information and services in five Nigerian States: A mirage or a reality?
Authors: Fayemi Mojisola , Momoh Gloria , Oduola Oluwafemi , Delano Grace , Ladipo Oladapo , Adebola Olayimika
Published: November 2011

Background: Reducing maternal mortality in Nigeria has received continuous attention both nationally and internationally. Objectives: This article highlights the outcome of an intervention which sought to address maternal mortality reduction through increasing contraceptive uptake in 10 rural local government areas (LGAs)in five Nigerian states.Method: The community based distribution (CBD) approach was used in the implementation of a three year intervention that targeted 10 LGAs. Two hundred and fifty community members were trained as community based distribution agents (CBDA) to provide information on reproductive health, provide non-prescriptive family planning (FP) commodities, treat minor aliment and make referrals to primary health centres within the communities.Results: Final evaluation revealed an increase in the proportion of community members who had utilised FP commodities at all, from 28% at baseline to 49%, and an increase in the proportion of current contraceptive users from 16% at baseline to 37%. An average of 50% increase in clientele patronage was also observed in the 10 LGAs’ primary health care centres. Most (96%) of the interviewed CBDA agents reported that a drug-revolving system was in place to ensure that drugs and commodities were available. On-the-spot assessment of the service forms revealed that 86% of them had their activities regularly recorded in their worksheets. Some of the challenges faced by CBDA were discrimination and misconception of community members about family planning (38%), inadequate financial support (14%),and transportation problems (8%).Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the CBD approach played a critical role in enhancing access to Reproductive Health and Family Planning information and services in the project communities.
Exercise Induced Non-Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia and Indication for Invasive Management
Authors: Dadkhah Shahriar , Dowlatshahi Samaneh , Sharain Korosh , Sharain Roza
Published: November 2011

Diagnostic stress echo testing is commonly performed in patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. There has been considerable debate in management of exercise induced non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). In this case report, we present our experience with a case of exercise induced NSVT, and subsequent angiographically significant left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery lesion.
A Note on Homological Dimensions of Artinian Local Cohomology Modules
Authors: Bahmanpour Kamal
Published: November 2011

Let (R,m) be a non-zero commutative Noetherian local ring (with identity) and let M be a non-zero finitely generated R-module. In this paper for any p 2 Spec(R) we show that

are bounded fromabove by injdimR and respectively, for all integers i ≥ dim(R/p).
Slowdown estimates for ballistic random walk in random environment
Authors: Berger Noam
Published: November 2011

We consider models of random walk in uniformly elliptic i.i.d. random environment in dimension greater than or equal to

4

, satisfying a condition slightly weaker than the ballisticity condition (

T'

). We show that for every

ε > 0

and

n

large enough, the annealed probability of linear slowdown is bounded from above by

\exp(−(\log n)^{d−ε})

. This bound almost matches the known lower bound of

\exp(−C(\log n)^d)

, and signiﬁcantly improves previously known upper bounds. As a corollary we provide almost sharp estimates for the quenched probability of slowdown. As a tool for obtaining the main result, we show an almost local version of the quenched central limit theorem under the assumption of the same condition.
The characteristic variety of a generic foliation
Authors: Pereira Jorge Vitório
Published: November 2011

We confirm a conjecture of Bernstein–Lunts which predicts that the characteristic variety of a generic polynomial vector field has no homogeneous involutive subvarieties besides the zero section and subvarieties of fibers over singular points.
Feasibility of a Minimal Contact Intervention to Promote Walking among Insufficiently Active Women
Authors: Dinger Mary K. , Heesch Kristiann C. , McClary Kristi R.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the impact of a 6-week minimal contact intervention on walking behavior, the 10 processes of change of the transtheoretical model (TTM), and self-efficacy among insufficiently active women.

Methods.

This study used a pre-experimental design. Of the 43 women who began the study, 36 (84%) completed questionnaires at baseline and postintervention. They were given brochures and pedometers and were sent e-mails that contained messages designed to positively affect TTM constructs. Changes in time spent walking, use of the 10 processes of change, and self-efficacy were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and paired t-tests.

Results.

Participants significantly increased their total walking minutes (p = .001) and use of counterconditioning, dramatic relief, reinforcement management, self-liberation, stimulus control, and social liberation (p < .05).

Discussion.

The findings of this feasibility study provide preliminary evidence that this theoretically based, minimal contact lifestyle intervention may be an effective, low-cost approach to increase walking among insufficiently active women.
The Routine Use of Health Risk Appraisals: Results from a National Study of Physician Organizations
Authors: Halpin Helen Ann , McMenamin Sara B. , Schmittdiel Julie , Gillies Robin R. , Shortell Stephen M. , Rundall Thomas , Casalino Larry
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To document use of health risk appraisals (HRAs) by U.S. physician organizations as part of their overall approach to health promotion and to identify associated organizational characteristics.

Methods.

Telephone survey of 1590 physician organizations in the United States; surveys were conducted in organizations comprising 20 or more physicians and were conducted between September 2000 and September 2001 (70% response rate). Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the association between organizational characteristics and routine administration of HRAs.

Results.

Only 22.5% of physician organizations in the United States routinely administer HRAs. External quality incentives, information technology capabilities, and status as a medical group vs. an independent practice association are associated with greater odds of the routine use of HRA.

Discussion.

Increased use of external quality incentives and information technology in physician organizations may be important in supporting the use of HRAs.
The Costs of Obesity among Full-Time Employees
Authors: Finkelstein Eric , Fiebelkorn Ian C. , Wang Guijing
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To quantify annual costs attributable to obesity, including both increased medical expenditures and absenteeism, separately for overweight and three categories of obesity (i.e., obesity grades I, II, and III) among men and women with full-time employment.

Design.

Standard econometric methods were used to separately estimate overweight and obesity-attributable medical expenditures and absenteeism.

Setting.

The civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States.

Sample.

Two nationally representative and publicly available datasets (with response rates of at least 60%) were restricted to participants 18 to 64 years old and employed fulltime for the entire year. The final datasets used to estimate obesity-attributable medical expenditures and absenteeism included 20,329 and 25,427 adults, respectively.

Measures.

Annual medical expenditures and missed work days due to illness or injury.

Analysis Results.

Overweight and obesity-attributable costs range from $175 per year for overweight male employees to $2485 per year for grade-II obese female employees. The costs of obesity (excluding overweight) at a firm with 1000 employees are estimated to be $285,000 per year.

Conclusions.

Obesity results in significant increases in medical expenditures and absenteeism among full-time employees. Approximately 30% of the total costs result from increased absenteeism, and although those with grade-III obesity represent only 3% of the employed population, they account for 21% of the costs due to obesity. These estimates do not consider other potential costs associated with obesity, including disability and presenteeism.
How Do Perceptions of Local Neighborhood Relate to Adolescents' Walking and Cycling?
Authors: Carver Alison , Salmon Jo , Campbell Karen , Baur Louise , Garnett Sarah , Crawford David
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine how perceptions of the local neighborhood relate to adolescents' walking and cycling.

Design.

Exploratory cross-sectional study.

Setting.

Birth cohort from the Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Subjects.

Three hundred forty-seven adolescents (79.1% response rate; 49.6% boys; mean age = 13.0 ± 0.2 years) and their parents.

Measures.

Self-report and parental-report questionnaires.

Results.

Multiple linear regressions, adjusted for level of maternal education, revealed that boys who reported having many peers to hang out with locally, cycled for recreation (β = 0.242, p = .006) or for transport (β = 0.141, p = .046) more often, and walked for transport for longer (β = 0.129, p = .024) on weekdays. For girls this variable was related to cycling for recreation on weekends (β = 0.164, p = .006) and walking to school (β = 0.118, p = .002). Adolescents who waved/talked to neighbors walked for transport more often (boys, β = 0.149, p = .037; girls, β = 0.119, p = .012). Girls who perceived local roads to be safe spent more time walking for transport on weekdays (β = 0.183, p = .007) and for exercise on weekends (β = 0.184, p = .034). Parents' perception of heavy traffic was negatively associated with boys' walking for transport (β = −0.138, p = .037) and many aspects of girls' walking and cycling.

Conclusion.

Social interaction and road safety may be important predictors of adolescents' walking and cycling in their neighborhood. Limitations are the use of self-report and cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies may clarify these relations.
The Effect of Mental Distress on Women's Preventive Health Behaviors
Authors: Leiferman Jenn A. , Pheley Alfred M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the relationship between mental distress and preventive health behaviors (i.e., mammograms, pap tests, physical exams) among women.

Methods.

A cross-sectional design was employed. The sample consisted of 426 women from the Appalachian region in the United States who completed a comprehensive health survey. Mental distress was assessed by the 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI). Logistic regression was used to specify the models allowing for the control of covariates (i.e., marital status, education, recipient of Medicaid).

Results.

Women who reported high mental distress were more likely to not get timely pap tests [OR = 1.64; 95% CI (1.10, 2.45); p < .05] or physical exams [OR = 1.68; 95% CI (1.07, 2.65); p < .05] than women who did not report being mentally distressed. A similar but less robust relationship was found between mental distress and timely mammograms.

Conclusions.

These findings suggest that mental distress affects the likelihood of engagement in preventive health behaviors.
Evaluation of Social-Cognitive versus Stage-Matched, Self-Help Physical Activity Interventions at the Workplace
Authors: Griffin-Blake C. Shannon , DeJoy David M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To compare the effectiveness of stage-matched vs. social-cognitive physical activity interventions in a work setting. Both interventions were designed as minimal-contact, self-help programs suitable for large-scale application.

Design.

Randomized trial. Participants were randomized into one of the two intervention groups at baseline; the follow-up assessment was conducted 1 month later.

Setting.

A large, public university in the southeastern region of the United States.

Subjects.

Employees from two academic colleges within the participating institution were eligible to participate: 366 employees completed the baseline assessment; 208 of these completed both assessments (baseline and follow-up) and met the compliance criteria.

Intervention.

Printed, self-help exercise booklets (12 to 16 pages in length) either (1) matched to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption at baseline or (2) derived from social-cognitive theory but not matched by stage.

Measures.

Standard questionnaires were administered to assess stage of motivational readiness for physical activity; physical activity participation; and exercise-related processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and goal satisfaction.

Results.

The two interventions were equally effective in moving participants to higher levels of motivational readiness for regular physical activity. Among participants not already in maintenance at baseline, 34.9% in the stage-matched condition progressed, while 33.9% in the social-cognitive group did so (x2 = not significant). Analyses of variance showed that the two treatment groups did not differ in terms of physical activity participation, cognitive and behavioral process use, decisional balance, or the other psychological constructs. For both treatment groups, cognitive process use remained high across all stages, while behavioral process use increased at the higher stages. The pros component of decisional balance did not vary across stage, whereas cons decreased significantly between preparation and action.

Conclusions.

Minimal-contact, one-shot physical activity interventions delivered at work can help people increase their participation in regular physical activity. Stage matching may not necessarily add value to interventions that otherwise make good use of behavior change theory. The findings also reinforce the importance of barrier reduction in long-term adherence. A limiting factor in this study is that employees in the earliest stage of change (precontemplation) were not well-represented in the sample.
How Important are Psychosocial Predictors of Mammography Receipt among Older Women When Immediate Access is Provided via On-Site Service?
Authors: Glenn Beth , Bastani Roshan , Reuben David
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relative importance of psychosocial variables (i.e., health beliefs, knowledge, barriers) in predicting mammogram receipt compared with providing access through a mobile mammography unit among older women who participated in a mobile mammography intervention.

Design.

The data were collected during a randomized trial involving 499 women (60 to 84 years old) recruited from 60 community sites.

Setting.

The study was conducted at 60 sites in Los Angeles where seniors gather, including meal sites, senior centers, and recreational clubs.

Subjects.

Participants were older women (60 to 84 years old) who spoke English or Spanish, had a telephone, had no significant cognitive deficits, and had not received a mammogram during the past 12 months.

Measures.

The baseline survey assessed demographics and psychosocial factors (i.e., health beliefs, knowledge, barriers). A follow-up telephone survey at 3 months assessed mammography receipt.

Results.

Results support the importance of behavioral intentions in predicting mammogram receipt, even among women able to access a mammogram through the mobile unit. However, other recognized psychosocial factors failed to predict screening receipt among women randomized to the mobile mammography intervention. Results suggest that the importance of psychosocial predictors might be diminished when a major access barrier has been removed, and they highlight the importance of convenience.

Conclusion.

Future interventions should focus on not only removing obvious concrete and psychosocial barriers but also on enhancing convenience.
Nutrition Labeling and Value Size Pricing at Fast-Food Restaurants: A Consumer Perspective
Authors: O'Dougherty Maureen , Harnack Lisa J. , French Simone A. , Story Mary , Oakes J. Michael , Jeffery Robert W.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This pilot study examined nutrition-related attitudes that may affect food choices at fast-food restaurants, including consumer attitudes toward nutrition labeling of fast foods and elimination of value size pricing.

Methods.

A convenience sample of 79 fast-food restaurant patrons aged 16 and above (78.5% white, 55% female, mean age 41.2 [17.1]) selected meals from fast-food restaurant menus that varied as to whether nutrition information was provided and value pricing included and completed a survey and interview on nutrition-related attitudes.

Results.

Only 57.9% of participants rated nutrition as important when buying fast food. Almost two thirds (62%) supported a law requiring nutrition labeling on restaurant menus. One third (34%) supported a law requiring restaurants to offer lower prices on smaller instead of bigger-sized portions.

Conclusion.

This convenience sample of fast-food patrons supported nutrition labels on menus. More research is needed with larger samples on whether point-of-purchase nutrition labeling at fast-food restaurants raises perceived importance of nutrition when eating out.
Smoking Status and Health-Related Quality of Life: Findings from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data
Authors: Mody Reema R. , Smith Michael J.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the relationship between smoking status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Design.

Our study used a cross-sectional analysis with self-reported data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Setting.

United States.

Subjects.

Subjects were a representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years and older. After excluding respondents who reported being pregnant and for whom smoking status could not be determined, we included 209,031 respondents.

Measures.

Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations of smoking status with the four HRQOL items, controlling for demographic and health-related characteristics.

Results.

Current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting poor general health status compared with nonsmokers and ex-smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting ≥ 14 days of poor physical health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51–1.77), poor mental health (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.84–2.16), and activity limitations (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.63–2.00). Similarly, compared with ex-smokers, current smokers had a higher likelihood of reporting ≥ 14 days of poor physical health (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.19–1.42), poor mental health (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.50–1.81), and activity limitations (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.32–1.65). Age, income, and presence of comorbidities also significantly explained variation in HRQOL.

Conclusions.

Our study reaffirms the significant association between smoking and HRQOL in a large nationally representative sample. Poor health associated with smoking persists as a major public health problem, and effective preventive and smoking cessation efforts should be undertaken.
Motives for Smoking Cessation are Associated with Stage of Readiness to Quit Smoking and Sociodemographics among German Industrial Employees
Authors: Reime Birgit , Ratner Pamela A. , Seidenstuücker Sabine , Janssen Patricia A. , Novak Peter
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To test the relationships among particular motives for smoking cessation, stage of readiness to quit (preparation or contemplation), and sociodemographic characteristics.

Design.

A cross-sectional study to examine attitudes toward and use of health promotion at the worksite, using a self-administered questionnaire.

Setting.

Two German metal companies.

Subjects.

Of 1641 responding employees (response rate 65% in company A and 44% in company B), 360 smokers who intended to quit immediately (n = 105) or in the near future (n = 255) were analyzed.

Measures.

The questionnaire comprised of sociodemographic characteristics, smoking behavior, smoking history, readiness to quit smoking, motives to quit, such as coworkers' complaints and health-related or financial concerns. Chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results.

Health-related reasons (94%) predominated financial (27%) or image-related (14%) reasons for smoking cessation. Participants in the cessation preparation group were more likely to report an awareness of being addicted (79.6% vs. 58.2%; p < .001) and the negative public image (22.5% vs. 11.6%; p < .01) as reasons for quitting compared with those in the contemplation group. In multivariable regression models, the motives for smoking cessation, including reduced performance, family's and coworkers' complaints, pregnancy/children, and negative public image, but not health-related and financial concerns, differed significantly by gender, age, marital status, education, and occupational status.

Conclusions.

Motives for smoking cessation vary according to the individual's level of readiness to quit and sociodemographic background.
Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation among Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Schiller Jeannine S. , Ni Hanyu
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To identify factors predictive of smoking cessation among adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Data from the 1997 to 2002 National Health Interview Surveys were analyzed for adults at least 25 years of age with COPD using logistic regression.

Results.

Of the adults with COPD, 36.2% were current smokers. Of the current smokers and former smokers who had quit smoking during the past year, 22.9% reported not receiving cessation advice from a health care professional during the past year. Although half of smokers with COPD had attempted to quit during the past year, only 14.6% were successful. Attempting to quit was negatively associated with heavy drinking but positively associated with being younger and having cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and activity limitation due to lung problems. Factors predictive of successful cessation included being at least 65 years old, not being poor, and activity limitation due to lung problems.

Conclusion.

This study underscores the importance of continuing to develop smoking cessation strategies for COPD patients and implementing clinical guidelines on smoking cessation among health care providers.
Negative Affect and Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: One Size May Not Fit All
Authors: Walch Susan E. , Rudolph Sandra M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

Research examining the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk behavior and negative affective states has netted mixed findings. The present study examined the potential moderating role of gender and sexual orientation on negative affect and HIV-related risk behavior.

Design.

Measures of depression, anxiety, and HIV-related risk behavior were collected from participants at the time of pretest counseling. Analysis of variance was used to examine HIV-related risk behavior as a function of negative affect levels and gender and behavioral sexual orientation.

Setting.

The study was conducted through a community-based, anonymous HIV counseling and testing site.

Subjects.

Participants included 185 consecutively recruited men and women presenting for HIV testing.

Measures.

Participants completed a structured interview regarding HIV-related risk behavior, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressed Mood Scale, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Results.

Greater HIV-related risk behavior was associated with high levels of anxiety and moderate or high levels of depression for bisexual women. Greater HIV-related risk behavior was also associated with low levels of anxiety and mild to moderate levels of depression for bisexual men.

Conclusions.

The relationship between negative affective states and HIV-related risk behavior may vary as a function of gender and behavioral sexual orientation. Better understanding of the relationship between negative affect and risk behavior may be achieved through consideration of these sources of variation.
Status of U.S. Military Retirees and Their Spouses toward Achieving Healthy People 2010 Objectives
Authors: Kress Amii M. , Hartzell Michael C. , Peterson Michael R. , Williams Thomas V. , Fagan Nancy K.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To assess the status of U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age relative to select Healthy People 2010 objectives and to identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with select health behaviors.

Design.

Cross-sectional analyses with self-reported standardized measures from the U.S. Department of Defense Population Health Survey, 2003.

Setting.

The continental United States.

Subjects.

U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age.

Measures.

Data for this study were self-reported responses to the Population Health Survey. Dichotomous variables were created to indicate whether each Healthy People 2010 objective had been met. Each objective was measurable with the survey by using the definitions set forth in Healthy People 2010. These objectives included healthy weight and obesity based on body mass index (height and weight); daily fruit, vegetable, and grain-product consumption; physical inactivity, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity; binge drinking; cigarette use; and smoking-cessation attempts.

Results.

The study population did not meet any of the Healthy People 2010 objectives included in this study. Sociodemographic characteristics that were associated with this result included being male, not having a college degree, and a less-than-excellent self-reported general health status.

Conclusion.

Health-promotion interventions are needed to improve the health status of this population and to achieve the goals set forth in Healthy People 2010.
Comparison of American and French College Students' Stage of Change for Muscular Fitness—Promoting Behaviors
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J. , Keis Joa S. , Ferrand Claude
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine psychosocial concomitants of stages of change for muscular fitness-promoting behavior among college students in America and France.

Methods.

Participants were from Lyon 1 University (Claude Bernard), France (n = 171) and Oregon State University, United States (n = 231). The main variables of interest were nationality, gender, stage of change, cons, pros, and self-efficacy.

Results.

The majority of Americans reported being in action or maintenance, whereas the majority of French reported being in precontemplation or contemplation (66.2% vs. 56.8%, respectively, p < .001). The only theoretical variable that Americans (adjusted mean [Madj.] = 9.2) and French (Madj. = 7.7) differed on was perceived pros (p < .001). Nationality, self-efficacy, and pros were the most important stage-of-change concomitants. Stage-of-change classification accuracy was 47.9%.

Conclusion.

This study questions whether the transtheoretical model is fully generalizable when applied to this specific behavioral application using a mixed-culture sample.
Health Professionals' Advice to Iowa Adults with Hypertension Using the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Moeller Megan A. , Snelling Anastasia M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

We investigated the prevalence of hypertension-lowering lifestyle-modification advice given to adults living in Iowa. We sought to determine if persons with high blood pressure and those who are overweight receive more advice than do persons with normal blood pressure and a desirable body weight.

Methods.

By using the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we asked Iowa adults with (N = 1050) and without (N = 2514) high blood pressure five questions relating to the most recent Joint National Committee guidelines on lowering blood pressure. Respondents with high blood pressure were placed into normal weight and overweight categories. Chi-square analysis revealed group differences in amount of advice received. To reflect the true Iowa population, data were weighted by SPSS software.

Results.

Compared with persons without high blood pressure, those with high blood pressure received more lifestyle-modification advice (p < .001) for eating less high-fat or high-cholesterol foods (28.3% vs. 12.5%), eating more fruits and vegetables (35.7% vs. 20.0%), exercising more (37.6% vs. 20.8%), losing weight (19.3% vs. 9.3%), and quitting smoking (80.5% vs. 64.6%).

Conclusions.

Although persons with multiple chronic-disease risk factors are given more advice, the prevalence of advice given to individuals when lifestyle changes may reduce risk factors is still very low. Methods of translating research on lifestyle modifications into practice are discussed.