bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐statischer Ansatz der seismischen Anregung von Böschungen mit nicht‐linearer Wellenausbreitung
Authors: Triantafyllidis Theodoros , Grandas‐Tavera Carlos Eduardo
Published: January 2013

Für vereinfachte Stabilitätsbetrachtungen von Böschungen bei Erdbebenbelastungen werden pseudo‐statische Verfahren benutzt. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgestellt, wie man mit einfachen Mitteln der nicht‐linearen Wellenausbreitung einen auf physikalischer Grundlage ermittelten pseudo‐statischen Koeffizienten zur Standsicherheitsbetrachtung von Böschungen herleiten kann. Für einige Erdbauwerke oder Böschungen führen die erhöhten Anforderungen durch die Berücksichtigung einer seismischen Belastung für 2500‐jährige Wiederkehrperioden und die Verwendung von vereinfachten pseudo‐statischen Verfahren zu Sicherheitsfaktoren kleiner eins. Anhand eines Beispiels einer Restseeböschung wurde das Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines pseudo‐statischen Koeffizienten erläutert und mit der Berechnung der permanenten Verformungen gezeigt, dass auch Gleichgewichtszustände für den Sicherheitsfaktor kleiner eins existieren und die Bemessung in solchen Fällen sich eher auf die Zulässigkeit dieser Verformungen im Hinblick auf die Nutzungsbeeinträchtigung und Vulnerabilität (Sekundärgefährdung) des Hinterlandes konzentrieren sollte.

Quasi‐static approach for stability analysis of slopes under seismic excitation using non‐linear wave propagation

For the simplified stability analysis of slopes under seismic loading pseudo‐static methods are used in some cases. In the limit equilibrium analysis the inertial force is considered to be static by the use of seismic coefficients, which relate the horizontal mass acceleration to the earth acceleration. In this paper such coefficients are derived on the physical basis of non‐linear wave propagation within the slope. Recent design requirements of earth structures or slopes for seismic events within recurrence period of 2500 years lead for some projects by the employment of the simplified pseudo‐static methods to overall factors of safety less than one. For the example of a slope within a brown coal open cut mining and filling area the derivation of the seismic coefficient is demonstrated and with FEM calculations for the non‐linear dynamic case it is shown that states of equilibrium exist below the global factor of safety equal one. The design therefore has to take into account in such cases the acceptance criteria for deformations based on the serviceability and vulnerability of the nearby infrastructure affected by the permanent deformations of the slope.
Einfach‐ und Hightech‐Konstruktionen aus Holz
Authors: Natterer Julius
Published: January 2013

Wird Holz als nachwachsender Werkstoff das Baumaterial des XXI. Jahrhunderts? In der heutigen Zeit, in der ökologische Überlegungen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen, kann der Werkstoff Holz vor allem unter dem Aspekt der CO2‐Emissionen und energetischer Gesichtspunkte gewichtige Trümpfe ausspielen. Zum einen benötigt die Verarbeitung im Vergleich zu anderen Baustoffen nur sehr wenig fossile Energie. Darüber hinaus kann das im Holz abgelagerte CO2 nicht nur sinnvoll “entsorgt” sprich verbaut werden, sondern neues CO2 der Atmosphäre durch Wiederaufforstung gebunden werden.
Querkraftermüdung von Spannbetonträgern ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Teworte Frederik , Hegger Josef
Published: January 2013

Brücken aus den 1960–70er Jahren wurden aufgrund der hohen Vorspannung häufig mit sehr geringen Querkraftbewehrungsgraden ausgeführt, die kleiner als die heute üblichen Mindestquerkraftbewehrungsgrade sind. Ursprünglich nach dem Hauptzugspannungskriterium bemessen, lassen sich diese Brücken heute nicht mit den Fachwerkmodellen nach DIN‐Fachbericht 102 nachweisen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird der Querkraftnachweis nach dem Hauptzugspannungskriterium (Gl. 4.119 DIN‐Fachbericht 102) für zyklische Beanspruchung (Ermüdung) erweitert.

Der Beitrag beschreibt die durchgeführten Ermüdungsversuche an sechs Trägern ohne Querkraftbewehrung mit einem doppeltsymmetrischen profilierten I‐Querschnitt und sieben Trägern mit einem Plattenbalkenquerschnitt. Anhand der ertragenen Lastspiele wurden für Spannbetonträger ohne Querkraftbewehrung modifizierte Hauptzugspannungskriterien in Form von GOODMAN‐Diagrammen zur Ermittlung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit unter zyklischer Beanspruchung entwickelt.

Fatigue of prestressed beams without web reinforcement under cyclic shear

Many existing bridge structures built in the 1960s and 1970s typically feature a high degree of prestressing. They often contain less web reinforcement than the actually required minimum web reinforcement. Therefore, their shear bearing capacity, originally determined based on the principal tensile strength criterion, cannot be verified with the strut and tie models of DIN‐Fachbericht 102. Within a research programme, the shear design based on the principal tensile strength criterion has been modified for cyclic shear load (shear fatigue).

The present paper describes the performed fatigue tests on six I‐shaped and seven T‐shaped prestressed beams without web reinforcement. Based on the resisted load cycles until failure, modified approaches for shear fatigue in terms of GOODMAN‐Diagrams based on the principal tensile strength criterion have been developed.
Significant Cation Effects in Carbon Dioxide–Ionic Liquid Systems
Authors: Hollóczki Oldamur , Kelemen Zsolt , Könczöl László , Szieberth Dénes , Nyulászi László , Stark Annegret , Kirchner Barbara
Published: January 2013

Carbon dioxide–ionic liquid systems are of great current interest, and significant efforts have been made lately to understand the intermolecular interactions in these systems. In general, all the experimental and theoretical studies have concluded so far that the main solute–solvent interaction takes effect through the anion, and the cation has no, or only a secondary role in solvation. In this theoretical approach it is shown that this view is unfounded, and evidence is provided that, similarly to the benzene–CO2 system, dispersion interactions are present between the solute and the cation. Therefore, this defines a novel site for tailoring solvents to tune CO2 solubility.
Ethernet transport system supporting delay‐sensitive real‐time traffics
Authors: Cho Jae Hun , Kim Hoon , Yoon Chong‐Ho , Cho Sungdae , Lee Tae‐Jin
Published: January 2013

We propose and demonstrate an Ethernet transport system that can support hard real‐time traffics with guaranteed throughput and very low jitter performance even in the presence of asynchronous traffics. The superframe structure‐based Ethernet system first synchronizes all the nodes in a network by using the IEEE 1588‐compliant boundary clock scheme and then reserves the traffic channels for synchronous traffics before accommodating both synchronous and asynchronous traffics in the superframe. Our experimental demonstration performed on field‐programmable gate array‐enabled Gigabit Ethernet test benches shows that the proposed scheme not only guarantees the throughput of the synchronous frames but also substantially reduces the jitter of the synchronous frames less than 110 ns after seven‐hop transmission. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiber pathways connecting cortical areas relevant for spatial orienting and exploration
Authors: Suchan Julia , Umarova Roza , Schnell Susanne , Himmelbach Marc , Weiller Cornelius , Karnath Hans‐Otto , Saur Dorothee
Published: January 2013

By implementing a task that closely resembled a clinical test for diagnosing spatial neglect in stroke patients, Himmelbach et al. (: Neuroimage 32:1747–1759) found significantly increased activation during active exploration in those cortical areas in healthy subjects that are known to induce spatial neglect in case of a lesion. The present study investigated whether direct intra‐hemispheric cortico‐cortical connections could be found between these activated clusters using a probabilistic fiber‐tracking approach in 52 healthy subjects. We found that parts of the extreme capsule (EmC) and the middle longitudinal fascicle (MdLF) connected the functional cluster in the prefrontal cortex with the superior temporal cortex and the temporo‐parietal junction (TPJ) area in both hemispheres. The activation peak in the TPJ was additionally connected to the inferior frontal cortex by parts of the arcuate fascicle and the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF II) in the right hemisphere. Our study elucidates the connections constituting the perisylvian network for spatial orienting and attention. Hence, we complement the knowledge from patients suffering from spatial neglect by giving first empirical evidence for the complete postulated network in healthy subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1031–1043, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Box Gully: new evidence for Aboriginal occupation of Australia south of the Murray River prior to the last glacial maximum
Authors: RICHARDS THOMAS , PAVLIDES CHRISTINA , WALSHE KERYN , WEBBER HARRY , JOHNSTON ROCHELLE
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Recent archaeological investigation at Box Gully, located on the north western tip of the Lake Tyrrell lunette, has resulted in the first documentation of pre‐30,000 calBP Aboriginal occupation of the extensive area between the Murray River and the Tasmanian highlands. The remains of repeated small scale camping episodes were uncovered in a palaeosol capping a buried pelletal clay lunette. Five new radiocarbon determinations on charcoal associated with cultural material in the palaeosol range from ca. 32,000 calBP near the bottom to ca. 26,600 calBP near the top, and are supported by both conventional radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence dates obtained independently during geomorphic investigations of Box Gully. Hearth features, stone artefacts and the remains of bettong, hare‐wallaby, shingle‐backed lizard, emu and fresh water mussel were present within the palaeosol. Review of the late Pleistocene archaeological record of the western Murray Basin allows the finds at Box Gully to be placed in a human occupation context of adaptation to severe climatic stress leading to the Last Glacial Maximum. As conditions deteriorated further after ca. 27,000 calBP, lacustrine localities including the Willandra Lakes, Lake Tandou and the Lower Darling were much less heavily frequented than previously, or like Lake Tyrrell, abandoned. At the same time sustained occupation of the Murray River valley occurred, as did the initial occupation of rockshelters in the highlands of southern Victoria.
6. Settlement patterns—Social and ritual space in prehistoric Samoa
Authors: Wallin Paul , Martinsson‐Wallin Helene
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT This paper explores the extensive prehistoric settlement pattern at the Letolo plantation. Using the results of earlier research we use a correspondence analysis to investigate variation in the settlement pattern particularly differences between coastal and inland locations.
3. The Excavation of Pulemelei Site 2002–2004
Authors: Martinsson‐Wallin Helene , Wallin Paul , Clark Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Pulemelei mound on Savai'i Island in Samoa is thought to be the largest freestanding stone structure in Polynesia. The mound and adjacent structures in the Letolo plantation have been the focus of archaeological investigation from 2002 to 2004. Initial survey work at the site in the 1960s and 1970s was used to investigate the prehistoric settlement pattern, but our recent investigations comprise the first large‐scale archaeological investigation of a monumental complex in Samoa. Our study examined the chronology and function of the large mound and other structures with archaeological and geophysical investigations. In this paper we describe the results of the archaeological excavations.
Dynamic sketches: 6000+ year old dry‐pigment drawings from Arnhem land
Authors: GUNN R.G. , WHEAR R.L.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT A unique example of ‘Dynamic Figures’ style motifs drawn with dry pigment was recently located in south‐western Arnhem Land. One of these figures has been partially over‐painted with wet pigment, suggesting that the drawings were produced as sketches for the painting of Dynamic Figures. The implications for rock art research are discussed.
Intra‐island source variability on Tutuila, American Samoa and prehistoric basalt adze exchange in Western Polynesia‐Island Melanesia
Authors: WINTERHOFF E. QUENT , WOZNIAK JOAN A. , AYRES WILLIAM S. , LASH ERIK
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT We report recent X‐ray Fluorescence analysis of samples from neighboring basalt adze production locales situated in western Tutuila, American Samoa. These data allow for the successful reassignment of source locations to locally and regionally transferred adzes with greater precision, and highlights the relevance of intra‐island source analysis when addressing inter‐archipelagic exchange models.
Explaining Fortifications in Indo‐Pacific Prehistory
Authors: FIELD JULIE S.
Published: January 2013

This paper puts forward the premise that fortifications are uniquely suited to addressing questions of climatic variation and human response, as they are large, permanent repositories of human history, and also reflect behaviors directly associated with conflict, territorialism, and the limits of local environments. A revision of theoretical perspectives and a model of conflict derived from human behavioral ecology can better direct future research. In application, this model outlines a program of research for fortifications, which can be used to more critically assess the impact of paleoclimatic change on human prehistory.
Fortification as a human response to late Holocene climate change in East Timor
Authors: LAPE PETER V. , CHIN‐YUNG CHAO
Published: January 2013

We present evidence for a significant shift in human landscape use in post 1000 AD East Timor towards fortified and defensively‐oriented settlement sites. We propose a model of agents selecting to invest in fortification building that is based on the spatial and temporal variation in the availability of rainfall‐dependent resources. These resources may have been significantly impacted by climatic events associated with ENSO variation, and we discuss spatial and temporal correlation with ENSO warm phase frequency and dates of initial fortification building.
The reconstructed environment and absolute dating of SE‐SZ‐8 Lapita site on Nendö, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands.
Authors: GREEN ROGER C. , JONES MARTIN , SHEPPARD PETER
Published: January 2013

The SE‐SZ‐8 site of Nanggu is a large Lapita site in the Reef/Santa Cruz group of the Southeast Solomon Islands. This paper provides a detailed discussion of its geomorphological and environmental context on Santa Cruz and the within site position of four marine shell dates from it, followed by a Bayesian analysis of the radiocarbon dating of the site. The analysis includes two new marine shell dates on additional species to overcome possible problems due to species selected for dating. Together these data indicate that despite recent critique of the sequence of the three excavated decorated Lapita sites (SE‐SZ‐8, SE‐RF‐2, SE‐RF‐6) proposed by Green (1991a) for the Reef/Santa Cruz Group there is little basis to suggest the Nanggu site is not both the oldest dated Lapita site in the sequence, but also earlier than any other so far identified within the period of early Lapita colonization of Remote Oceania.
Patterns of chronological variability in occupation on the coastal margin of Blue Mud Bay
Authors: FAULKNER PATRICK
Published: January 2013

This paper presents an analysis of radiocarbon dating of shell mounds and middens in Blue Mud Bay, northern Australia. The aim is to investigate variability in use of the landscape and foraging activity through time. By considering both mounded and non‐mounded shell deposits, results indicate that occupation and use of coastal landscapes during the Holocene in this region of northeast Arnhem Land was highly variable, with several overlapping phases of occupation and gaps in site formation. As in some other Australian regions, this implies a discontinuous or nonlinear pattern of occupation, one that suggests the late Holocene occupation of coastal Blue Mud Bay may be characterised by variability in the distribution and intensity of foraging behaviour through time and space.
Organizing the manufacture of Bondi points at Balmoral Beach, Middle Harbour, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Authors: ATTENBROW VAL , DOELMAN TRUDY , CORKILL TESSA
Published: January 2013

Analysis of the stone artefact assemblage excavated from a stratified midden in a sandstone rockshelter at Balmoral Beach in Middle Harbour, Sydney, has revealed various strategies were adopted in manufacturing asymmetric backed artefacts, also known as Bondi points. The irregular morphology of many Bondi points and the small size of most in this assemblage suggest a need to economize and improvise, which we propose was due to the relatively limited availability of suitable stone materials in coastal Sydney. It was not only a question of distance to source and access but of abundance—there are few sources of suitable stone close to Balmoral Beach. The documented technological organization shows that people at Balmoral Beach were creatively backing flakes in several different ways to produce Bondi points with standardized width and thickness—length of the complete Bondi points was seemingly not as important. This observation, combined with the evidence that some broken Bondi points were re‐worked, is discussed in the context of reliability and maintainability, design principles that may have been adopted for their manufacture.
The meaning and importance of the Lapita face motif
Authors: TERRELL JOHN EDWARD , SCHECHTER ESTHER M.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The principal design motifs characteristic of Lapita ceramic iconography are conventionally described as anthropomorphic both in appearance and in symbolic intent. Based on recent systematic research by a number of archaeologists, it is now possible to offer a more nuanced interpretation of the meaning and importance of this iconography to Pacific Islanders during and after the widespread popularity of Lapita as a pottery style. We argue that the most likely interpretation is that most but not all of the faces on Lapita vessels may be variant representations of sea turtles, not human beings. Furthermore, while this distinctive ware has been used to support broad inferences about the social organization, motivations, and religious ideas of its makers and users, Lapita designs may not be ‘saying’ symbolically what many now evidently believe them to be saying, and their historical importance may be other than what many currently say it is.
GIS for managing the analysis and protection of archaeological remains in the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area
Authors: CONSTANTINIDIS DORA
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Archaeological remains constitute irreplaceable cultural resources. Just like any other natural resource their existence can be threatened by the natural environment or by people, or a combination of both. This is the case at Willandra Lakes with a great scatter of archaeological remains threatened by shifting sands and increasing visitor numbers. This World Heritage Area offers a unique opportunity to understand how people were living around the lake system within the context of a changing climate. Therefore it is vital to implement measures to ensure the ongoing preservation of remains in this region. Apart from utilising a Geographical Information System (GIS) to analyse archaeological data, it can also be utilised as an effective tool for managing the protection of archaeological, faunal and geological remains. This paper proposes that remains at Willandra Lakes be recorded and monitored with a GIS database. This process should combine the use of digital photography and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) at middens, hearths, quarries and burials to effectively record and monitor any changes at a site. A regularly updated GIS map of the area can be used to quickly identify any sites that may be threatened by extreme environmental factors or increased visitors in the area.
Marine reservoir corrections for Moreton Bay, Australia
Authors: ULM SEAN , PETCHEY FIONA , ROSS ANNIE
Published: January 2013

We present the first direct assessment of marine reservoir effects in the Moreton Bay region using radiocarbon dating of known‐age, pre‐AD 1950, shell samples from the east coast of Stradbroke Island and archaeological shell/charcoal pairs from Peel Island in Moreton Bay. The resulting ΔR value of 9±1914C years for the open ocean conforms to regional values established for northeast Australia of 12±1014C years. Negative ΔR values of −65±6114C years and −216±9414C years for southern Moreton Bay highlight the potential for larger offsets over the last ∼900 years. These may be linked to changing terrestrial inputs and local circulation patterns.
Functional analysis of late Holocene flaked and pebble stone artefacts from Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific
Authors: KONONENKO NINA , BEDFORD STUART , REEPMEYER CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2013

Functional studies were undertaken on simple, un‐retouched flaked and pebble artefacts made from a variety of lithic raw materials, recovered from late Holocene (Lapita) sites in Vanuatu. Use‐wear and residue analysis of macroscopic and microscopic evidence identified a wide range of craft, subsistence and social activities. These include cutting, pounding and grinding of non‐woody plants; graving, drilling, scraping and sawing of soft wood; drilling shell and cutting and piercing soft elastic material such as skin. This is the first detailed functional analysis on a collection of stone artefacts from Lapita period sites.
Pacific obsidian sourcing by portable XRF
Authors: SHEPPARD PETER , TRICHEREAU BARBARA , MILICICH CRISTANY
Published: January 2013

The use of portable XRF analysis to characterise the geochemistry of Pacific obsidians is reported. Obsidian source samples from New Britain, the Admiralties, Fergusson Island and the Banks Islands were successfully characterised and then used to source 966 samples of obsidian from three (SE=SZ‐8, SE‐RF‐2, SE‐RF‐6) Reef/Santa Cruz Lapita sites. The analysis demonstrates the capabilities of portable XRF and confirms the previous analysis of this material by combined density and PIXE‐PIGME techniques. Our conclusions also indicate the importance of the Bao source region at Talasea and support the earlier suggestion that during the Lapita period an important passage crossed the Willaumez Peninsula in the vicinity of the Talasea airstrip and the Bao sources.
The Onemea Site (Taravai Island, Mangareva) and the human colonization of Southeastern Polynesia
Authors: KIRCH PATRICK V. , CONTE ERIC , SHARP WARREN , NICKELSEN CORDELIA
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT When first test excavated in 2003, the Onemea site on Taravai Island (site 190‐12‐TAR‐6) yielded high densities of extirpated and extinct bird bones which, along with radiocarbon dates of AD 1000 to 1050, suggested a colonization phase occupation. Expanded excavations in 2005, reported here, revealed additional details of site stratigraphy, chronology and use. Initial human activity on the dune surface included exploitation of nesting or roosting seabirds, and sporadic use of combustion features. We interpret this initial phase as involving repeated, low intensity visits over a period of two to three centuries, beginning around AD 950, resulting in a palimpsest deposit (Layer III). Sometime in the 13th century intensive occupation on the dune commenced, resulting in the deposition of a cultural layer (Layer II) averaging 55–60 cm thick, containing earth ovens and with evidence for fishhook manufacture and use. Occupation of the Onemea dune ceased in the late 14th century AD. The chronology for the Onemea site, which is provided by 11 radiocarbon and three 230Th coral dates, lends support to a model of initial human colonization of southeastern Polynesia at around AD 1000.
Soil nutrient analysis of Rapa Nui gardening
Authors: LADEFOGED THEGN N. , STEVENSON CHRISTOPHER M. , HAOA SONIA , MULROONEY MARA , PULESTON CEDRIC , VITOUSEK PETER M. , CHADWICK OLIVER A.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Prehistoric Rapa Nui farmers used a variety of rock veneer and mulch gardens to increase crop productivity. These cultural features ranged from small ca. 10 × 10 m gardens, to much larger expanses of continuous rock concentrations covering many hectares. The rock gardens probably served several purposes, including protecting crops and soils from high winds, promoting water penetration, maintaining ground moisture, and reducing temperature fluctuations. In addition, soil nutrient dynamics might have been a factor in the construction of rock gardens. Analysis of soil nutrients within and outside of gardens suggests rainfall leaching significantly altered soil nutrients throughout the island. Furthermore, rock gardens generally have elevated levels of nutrients in relation to non‐garden settings. This could have been the result of rock gardens functioning as the physical foci for increased organic mulching, the construction of gardens in natural nutrient rich sweet spots, or the elevation of nutrient levels within gardens via the weathering of relatively soft basaltic rocks. The research presented here documents the elevated soil nutrient levels of gardens and begins to investigate the reasons for this and the impacts it might have had on crop productivity.
Marae reflections: On the evolution of stratified chiefdoms in the Leeward Society Islands
Authors: WALLIN PAUL , SOLSVIK REIDAR
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Based on archaeological data it is time to re‐evaluate the stratified chiefdom of the Leeward Society Islands. The model was constructed mainly on ethno‐historical/ethnological data and has been used extensively, and this social system has been projected back in time, sometimes maybe too far. The question that may be asked is: What happened during almost 1000 years of settlement in the Society Islands? Here we take as our starting point Irving Goldman's interpretation of social organization in the Society Islands, and argue for an earlier existence of either traditional chiefdoms and/or open chiefdoms in the Leeward Society Islands. New archaeological investigations of marae and habitations show that the stratified chiefdom in the Society Islands was a late development, and that the society went through several changes through time.

Summary of the archaeological evidence on the evolution of a stratified chiefdom on Huahine

The earliest ritual space on Huahine is possibly represented by an upright stone placed on the early Vaito'otia/Fa'ahia site, dated to around AD 1300. However, our 14C dates clearly shows that the first transformation period — when marae structures with ahu were first built on Huahine — began around AD 1450. On closer inspection all these dates are associated with medium‐sized marae structures, which probably represent family or lineage marae classes, of Wallin's type 4.1 (Wallin 1993:66), possibly expressing an ‘open chiefdom’. The large megalithic marae of Wallin's type 4.2 date between AD 1650 and 1750. These latter structures, closely connected to the war god 'Oro, were also associated with the development of a complex social stratification on island to inter‐island levels. Small marae also dated late and were tied to specified functions, probably the development of differentiation among the specialists in the society, or a rise in status for certain groups of priests, tahua's. This may indicate that craft specialisation became more visible and controlled during this time, which can be seen as another sign of the development of a stratified society.
A spatio‐temporal analysis of ‘Oro cult marae in the’ Opunohu Valley, Mo'orea, Society Islands
Authors: KAHN JENNIFER G.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT A new war cult dedicated to the god 'Oro emerged in late prehistory in the Society Islands and was linked to shifts in temple architecture, religious rituals, and sacred regalia. Legends suggest that this war cult developed in the Leeward Islands and was translocated to the Windward group prior to European contact. This article summarizes ethnohistoric data for the 'Oro war cult, including its relationship to new temple styles in the Windward group constructed from worked rounded stones. Such temples are found in both inland and coastal contexts. Extant chronological data on Windward marae of the 'Oro style are synthesized. A new spatio‐temporal case study of four 'Oro style temples from the 'Opunohu Valley, Mo'orea demonstrates considerable variability in temple morphology and chronology. This is linked to differences among socio‐political maneuverings of high status lineage chiefs versus lower status lineage chiefs in the 'Opunohu Valley and perhaps to functional variation among the types of 'Oro style marae structures found in inland contexts. The new chronology suggests a rapid translocation of the 'Oro style war cult into the Windward group, somewhat earlier than previous archaeological work had suggested.
A reanalysis of the early Holocene frontal bone from Aitape, New Guinea
Authors: DURBAND ARTHUR C. , CREEL JODY A.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The Aitape frontal bone is compared to 13 late Pleistocene/early Holocene Australian crania as well as two modern samples comprised of 101 modern Australian and 126 modern New Guinea crania. These crania are compared using canonical variates analysis and Mahalanobis distances, the latter of which is examined for statistical significance using random expectation statistics. The results show that Aitape shares shape characteristics of a longer, flatter frontal with ancient Australians. Modern populations differ from both Aitape and the ancient Australians in having generally shorter, more curved frontals.
Mid Holocene maritime economy in the western Torres Strait
Authors: WRIGHT DUNCAN
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Results from a new mid Holocene site in the central‐western Torres Strait, north‐eastern Australia are presented. AMS determinations from Dabangai on Mabuyag provide evidence for two settlement periods. Phase 1 (7180–4960 calBP) is associated with recurring/permanent occupation involving marine‐based subsistence during the poorly documented period of marine transgression. Phase 2 (230BP‐present) is a period of increased site use including an escalation of marine subsistence activities. Results provide the first direct evidence for marine settlement and subsistence practices on Torres Strait islands after their initial formation.
Long‐term obsidian use at the Jerimalai rock shelter in East Timor
Authors: REEPMEYER CHRISTIAN , O'CONNOR SUE , BROCKWELL SALLY
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT We report new evidence from East Timor for the long‐term prehistoric use of a single high‐silicate obsidian source. Ten artefacts from Jerimalai shelter in East Timor analysed with SEM/EDXA and LA‐ICPMS demonstrate the exploitation of this source began in the Pleistocene by 42,000 cal. BP, and continued to be used periodically into the mid to late Holocene. The data supports previous results suggesting that a high‐silicate obsidian of unknown location has been transported over considerable distance to rock shelter sites in the east of Timor.
Monumentality and the materialization of ideology in Central Eastern Polynesia
Authors: KAHN JENNIFER G. , KIRCH PATRICK V.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT In ranked societies ideology is used strategically by elites to institutionalize social hierarchies and political status. We investigate how the materialization of religion served to promote elite power in the late prehistoric Society Islands. Field explorations focused on the largest aggregate marae (temple) complex in the 'Opunohu Valley, ScMo‐124–125 and included detailed architectural mapping and excavations at nineteen structures, with a total of 230 m2 excavated. Multiple lines of data indicate that the complex had a ritual rather than a domestic function. Temples and the large terraces fronting them were remarkably clean, likely the result of seasonal rejuvenation rituals carried out to maintain ritual spaces. The only house site with evidence for cooking activities and permanent habitation is interpreted as a likely priest's house. The suite of 39 radiocarbon and U‐series coral dates demonstrates four phases of site development. The chronology of the 124/125 complex strongly supports the hypothesis that materialization of religious rituals and ideology was rapidly elaborated in the Society Islands as elites vied for political control in late prehistory. Isolated and formalized concentrations of ceremonial sites such as 124/125 served not only as elite centers, but created avenues for the development of social difference by promoting a dominant ideology.
A probable Lapita site in the Western Solomon Islands?
Authors: RICHARDS RHYS
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT A beach at Nuatambu, near Choiseul, has produced hundreds of surface sherds of pottery including one which is probably of late Lapita origin.
Crossing the Great Divide: A ground‐edged hatchet‐head from Vaucluse, Sydney
Authors: ATTENBROW VAL , GRAHAM IAN , KONONENKO NINA , CORKILL TESSA , BYRNES JOHN , BARRON LAWRENCE , GRAVE PETER
Published: January 2013

The raw material, method of manufacture and modification of a ground‐edged hatchet‐head found at Vaucluse in Sydney provides evidence for the movement of stone tools from west of the Great Dividing Range to the coast. Such evidence adds new knowledge about social relationships between different groups in southeastern Australia and patterns of exchange that existed in the past.
Where's the evidence? The archaeology of Sydney's Aboriginal history
Authors: IRISH PAUL , GOWARD TAMIKA
Published: January 2013

Archaeological research into Sydney's Aboriginal past has overwhelmingly focused on the pre‐contact period, while historical archaeology focusing on Aboriginal heritage has mostly been undertaken in regional or remote areas. Despite this, a range of approaches and techniques has been developed through these and other studies that can now be applied to the Aboriginal historical archaeology of urban areas. This paper collates and examines the physical evidence of the historical Aboriginal use of Sydney, which reveals a continuous history of Aboriginal associations with the Sydney area. Although scant, the physical evidence can be combined with detailed archival research to create a more rounded picture of how Aboriginal people responded to the growth of urban centres like Sydney. Many documented Aboriginal links to places (including extant buildings) are intangible associations but can be mapped to illustrate the complex and shifting connections which typify urban Aboriginal histories. The range of available methods and sources also provides broader scope for meaningful collaborations with urban Aboriginal communities, which are essential for this research to succeed.
Does technology make a difference? Aboriginal and colonial fishing in Port Jackson, New South Wales
Authors: COLLEY SARAH , ATTENBROW VAL
Published: January 2013

Over 580 fish species are known for Port Jackson, site of the first British colony of New South Wales. When the British arrived in January 1788 they encountered Aboriginal people who gained a substantial part of their diet from fish. Aboriginal fishing technologies (e.g. spears, shell fishhooks and small canoes) were documented by colonial writers. The British brought metal fishhooks, seine nets and larger boats, and after AD1788 fishing was important to both Aboriginal people and colonists. Given the diversity of fish in Port Jackson, and differences between Aboriginal and colonial fishing technologies, our paper discusses archaeological and documentary evidence for the impact of technology on the types of fish caught by Aboriginal people and colonists before and after AD1788. We compare archaeological fish bones from Aboriginal sites in coastal Sydney with those from the Quadrant historical site in Broadway, Sydney, and discuss methodological challenges raised by these kinds of analyses for Sydney regional archaeology. Technology explains some fish bone assemblage variability but colonisation, cultural attitudes, commercialisation and urbanism are also important.
A ‘Tram Massacre’: Institutionalised destruction in Sydney, 1955–1961
Authors: HOWARD PETER
Published: January 2013

At its peak the Sydney tramway system was the second largest in both the British Empire and the Southern Hemisphere. During its busiest years in the mid‐1940s over 404 million fares were sold but despite this popularity the last tram in Sydney ran in 1961, just sixteen years later. This research makes use of the archaeological remains, landscape remnants and a study of the processes of removal of the Sydney tram system as a case study in destruction. By using Buchli and Lucas' (2001) framework of the material processes of remembering and forgetting, an understanding of the processes of destruction, as well as the reasons for removal of specific parts of the system is developed. The framework shows that the symbolic and strategic removal of a system can be used to ensure that it is made unworkable as well as removing it from the public consciousness. Such actions ensured that the system could not be easily restored.
Toward an archaeology of the twentieth‐century suburban backyard
Authors: BROWN STEVE
Published: January 2013

The archaeology of twentieth‐century suburbs, in contrast to city centres, has received little attention from archaeologists in Australia. This paper presents the results of an archaeological investigation of a suburban block, a bounded space 347m2 in size, created in 1905 and located in the Sydney suburb of Arncliffe. An extensive collection of objects has been recovered while undertaking gardening activities and six test pit excavations has produced an assemblage of 3600 things. A qualitative analysis of the material remains reveals a wide range of past suburban activities, encompassing building construction, domestic consumption/production and home‐making practices. The paper explores links between past activities/behaviours and routine processes of material decay, waste disposal and loss in order to consider the archaeological research potential of the suburban block. Two specific areas of research are outlined — consumption with particular reference to the role of the female head of the house and ecology/health. On the basis of the study a case is made for the development of a ‘suburban archaeology’ in Australia.
Engraved prehistoric Conus shell valuables from southeastern Papua New Guinea: their antiquity, motifs and distribution
Authors: AMBROSE WAL , PETCHEY FIONA , SWADLING PAMELA , BERAN HARRY , BONSHEK ELIZABETH , SZABO KATHERINE , BICKLER SIMON , SUMMERHAYES GLENN
Published: January 2013

In the early 1900s thirteen engraved Conus shell valuables were dug from prehistoric midden mounds in Oro Province. Since the early 1970s nineteen undated surface finds have been found in the northern Massim of Milne Bay Province.

When three artifacts became available for AMS radiocarbon dating, provided they were restored after sampling to their original visual appearance, a specialist team was assembled and this paper reports its findings regarding the thirty‐two shells. The paper covers sampling and conservation, dating (including new information on the local oceanic reservoir effect), distribution, art, depositional and cultural histories.

These distinctive Conus shell valuables are part of the material culture found along the northern coast of the eastern tip of New Guinea and on the islands of the northern Massim during the Expansion Phase c.1000–500 BP. Their decoration is comparable to that produced by Milne Bay Province woodcarvers in historic times. This continuity makes them the oldest radiocarbon dated artifacts decorated in the Massim art style.
‘Turning Sex into a Game’: Gogodala Men's Response to the AIDS Epidemic and Condom Promotion in Rural Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wilde Charles
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Rugby league is the national sport of Papua New Guinea and the game's huge popularity and international profile has been used in recent condom promotion campaigns in the nation's fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In this paper, I argue that the promotion of condom use through rugby league requires a national campaign strategy that includes understandings of condom use and masculinity at the rural level. I demonstrate this through a study of Gogodala men's understandings of the epidemic and condom use in Western Province. The Gogodala are a Christian‐based society and many blame the national condom promotion strategy for an increase in promiscuity and for ‘turning sex into a game’. Condom availability in this rural area continues to be restricted to a family planning program that promotes Christian values and excludes unmarried men. I explore the male condom dilemma where young men are more concerned with avoiding accusations that their sexual behaviour puts them at risk of contracting HIV despite acknowledging the preventative value of using condoms. In this context young men disassociate themselves from the disease and condom use through a process of calculated risk or risk minimisation.
Myth, Primogeniture and Long Distance Trade‐Friends in Northwest New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Authors: McPherson Naomi
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The origins of ceremonies for firstborn children and long distance trade networks are embedded in Bariai mythology and cosmology. Based on my ethnographic research and the ethnographic reportage contained in the Australian colonial Patrol Officers' Reports, this paper explores the pre‐ and post‐contact trade networks of Bariai parents as they pursue a reputation for ‘renown’ by entering into complex trade‐friendships (sobo) and exchanges for the necessary wealth to undertake one (of seventeen) firstborn ceremony, the mata pau or ‘new eye.’ My intent in this paper is to (1) reiterate that a people and their culture can only be understood within regional systems of relationships; (2) indicate the manner in which long distance trade‐friendships were created and maintained over a long period of time; (3) show how these socio‐economic institutions are embedded in Bariai cosmology and thus made meaningful; (4) attest to the vitality and importance of these systems despite the impact of modernity, missionization and money.
Neither ‘New Melanesian History’ nor ‘New Melanesian Ethnography’: Recovering Emplaced Matrilineages in Southeast Solomon Islands
Authors: Scott Michael W.
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT For two decades, Melanesianists have sought to reconcile what Robert Foster (1995) termed the ‘New Melanesian History’ and the ‘New Melanesian Ethnography’. The former describes historically oriented studies that critique representations of Melanesian custom as recent objectifications of strategically positioned discourses and practices. The latter describes culturally oriented, particularist studies that characterize Melanesian sociality as an undifferentiated plane of being without integral a priori units; on every scale, human agency must individuate persons and collectivities by means of ‘fraction’, ‘de‐conception’, and ‘decomposition’. In this article I present data from Solomon Islands that resist analysis in terms of an unqualified both/and synthesis of these orientations. Specifically, I argue that articulations of matrilineal connections to land among the Arosi of Makira are neither merely postcolonial reifications of custom nor historically conditioned ‘depluralizations’ from an always pre‐constituted social pleroma. Through historically situated case studies, I show how Arosi land disputes both reproduce and revalue matrilineally defined categories, each understood as the humanized continuation of an autonomous primordial essence. Recognition of the continuing importance of these categories among Arosi highlights what the New Melanesian Ethnography has obscured: that some Melanesians confront a historically transforming problem of how pre‐existent parts fit together to make up social totalities.
Family Man: The Papua New Guinean Children of D. Carleton Gajdusek.
Authors: Spark Ceridwen
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT The name Carleton Gajdusek is familiar to many scholars and those otherwise interested in Pacific anthropology and history. Yet while much has been written about Gajdusek's work on kuru and his achievements in science, little is known about his unusual family life. Addressing this gap, this article examines Gajdusek's adoption of sixteen Papua New Guinean children from among the Fore and Anga peoples. These children form part of Gajdusek's large family adopted from the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Micronesia. Drawing on Gajdusek's extensive personal journals and interviews with his friends, colleagues and children, the paper refutes arguments which explain the adoptions through reference to Gajdusek's sexuality or humanitarianism, demonstrating rather that Gajdusek adopted the PNG children primarily because he wanted to create a family. Highlighting some of the ways in which Melanesian models of kinship suited Gajdusek's preference for an extended family, the article addresses an under‐researched aspect of the life of this important twentieth century figure.
Josephine's Journey: Gender‐based Violence and Marian Devotion in Urban Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hermkens Anna‐Karina
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT This article deals with how, in the urban setting of Madang, Papua New Guinea, Marian devotion is deployed in response to domestic and gender‐based violence. While providing insight into the lived religious experiences of Catholic women living in Madang, this article shows how Mary empowers her followers to resist violence, yet, at the same time, paradoxically, is instrumental in sanctioning women to tolerate violence. Josephine's ‘journey of violence’ reveals not only Josephine's turning to Mary, but more so, her negotiations with values belonging to different cultural logics. Caught between ‘tradition’, Christianity and ‘modernity’, Josephine and other Catholic women engage in painful processes of self‐analysis and self‐transformation to adapt to and change their situation. In these processes, Mary is used as a role model.
The ‘Global’ versus the ‘Local’: Cognitive Processes of Kin Determination in Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Dousset Laurent
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT Morgan and his informants' interpretation of Australian social categories as ‘marriage classes’ has survived in Dumont's (and Viveiros de Castro's) distinction of a ‘local’ (Dravidian systems) and a ‘global’ (Australian systems) formula. This paper explains that the ‘global formula’ is neither a necessary nor an applied device in Australian kin category determination, even when genealogical memory is short and when there is a non‐limitation of range in the extension of categories. Instead, a heuristic model, which is called the relational triangle, is proposed. This model depicts the procedure through which Australian people pragmatically determine and extend kin categories. Moreover, it also offers a visualisation of the cognitive schema and processes framing discourse and behaviour in relation to kinship and draws some parallels with Greenberg's hypotheses on markedness in kinship classes.