bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between exciton-phonon interaction and electrical conductivity for unintentionally-doped ZnO epilayers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Lee Sejoon , Kim Deuk Young
Published: November 2008

The correlation between the exciton-phonon interaction and the electrical transport property for the as-grown and annealed ZnO epilayers were investigated. From fitting of the Bose–Einstein approximation using emission parameters extracted from temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra, it was found that the strength of exciton-phonon coupling in the annealed ZnO epilayers is stronger than that in the as-grown ZnO epilayer. For Raman scattering and Hall-effect measurements, the increase in exciton-phonon coupling for the annealed ZnO epilayer was confirmed to be attributed to lattice asymmetry-induced phonon scattering due to the increase in free electrons. The increase in free electrons for the annealed ZnO epilayer is considered as resulting from the increase in deformation potential for negatively charged native point defects in the unintentionally doped ZnO epilayer.
Chiral coupling in gold nanodimers
Authors: Husu H. , Canfield B. K. , Laukkanen J. , Bai B. , Kuittinen M. , Turunen J. , Kauranen M.
Published: November 2008

Second-harmonic generation from T-shaped gold nanodimers with nanogaps has different efficiencies for left- and right-hand circularly polarized fundamental light. The difference arises from the chiral symmetry breaking of the dimers due to nonorthogonal mutual orientations of the horizontal and vertical bars of the T shape and depends on the gap size. Unexpectedly, the smallest gap with presumably the strongest coupling gives rise to only a small difference. All results can be explained by considering the distribution of the polarized local field in the structure.
Structural basis for membrane binding and catalytic activation of the peripheral membrane enzyme pyruvate oxidase from
Escherichia coli
Authors: Neumann Piotr , Weidner Annett , Pech Andreas , Stubbs Milton T. , Tittmann Kai
Published: November 2008

The thiamin- and flavin-dependent peripheral membrane enzyme pyruvate oxidase from
E. coli
catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of the central metabolite pyruvate to CO
2
and acetate. Concomitant reduction of the enzyme-bound flavin triggers membrane binding of the C terminus and shuttling of 2 electrons to ubiquinone 8, a membrane-bound mobile carrier of the electron transport chain. Binding to the membrane in vivo or limited proteolysis in vitro stimulate the catalytic proficiency by 2 orders of magnitude. The molecular mechanisms by which membrane binding and activation are governed have remained enigmatic. Here, we present the X-ray crystal structures of the full-length enzyme and a proteolytically activated truncation variant lacking the last 23 C-terminal residues inferred as important in membrane binding. In conjunction with spectroscopic results, the structural data pinpoint a conformational rearrangement upon activation that exposes the autoinhibitory C terminus, thereby freeing the active site. In the activated enzyme, Phe-465 swings into the active site and wires both cofactors for efficient electron transfer. The isolated C terminus, which has no intrinsic helix propensity, folds into a helical structure in the presence of micelles.
Monooxygenase activities in the liver of fish living in Lake Baikal and after treatment with waste waters from the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill
Authors: Kotelevtsev S.V. , Stepanova L.I. , Lindström-Seppä P. , Hänninen O.
Published: November 2008

The biological effects of the waste waters released by Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill were studied in fish collected from Lake Baikal. Fish were also exposed in laboratory conditions to known inducers of hepatic monooxygenase activities. We did not find any differences in monooxygenase activities of grayling and sculpins caught near the pulp and paper mill compared to control fish caught in the middle part of Lake Baikal. The results showed that the waste water treatment in the mill is effective. Usually the treated waste water enters the lake diluted up to 5% concentration. However, only at 20% concentration did the treated waste water induce hepatic monooxygenase activities in the fish studied in laboratory conditions.
Sediment quality assessment of flowing waters in South-West Germany using acute and chronic bioassays
Authors: Ziehl T.A. , Schmitt A.
Published: November 2008

Four bioassays were selected to examine sediment-elutriates of three flowing waters in the Saarland (South-West Germany). The aims of this study were the determination of the most sensitive bioassay for a sediment assessment within routine screening procedures and the comparison of a recently developed long-term bacterial assay with other commonly used and standardized bioassays.

Sediment samples were elutriated with water and also with dimethyl sulphoxide in order to extract organic compounds. An expected accumulation of toxicants in the sediments was checked by additional examination of surface water at respective sampling sites, applying bioassays as well as chemical analysis methods.

Whereas the sensitivity of the Daphnia magna assay was relatively low, the Scenedesmus subspicatus chlorophyll fluorescence test denoted the presence of high loads of nutrients at all sites. The results obtained using the Vibrio fischeri short-term bioassay suggested that an ecotoxicological risk can be excluded.

The long-term luminescent bacteria assay is a further development of the short-term V. fischeri-assay. Prolonging the test duration from 30 min to 24 h should track down subacute toxicities, thus leading to a greater degree of sensitivity. However, the prolongation caused severe problems in respect of an accurate interpretation of the results. The long-term assay is not suited for routine deployment without major improvements.

The extractable content of metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated hydrocarbons remained below their threshold values by several orders of magnitude.

The use of dimethyl sulphoxide as solvent caused a decrease of bioluminescence in both bacterial assays. The inhibition was caused by toxic metabolic products of dimethyl sulphoxide formed by autochthonous bacteria from the sediment samples during the elutriation procedure. Thus, the use of dimethyl sulphoxide is not recommended for examinations of environmental samples when applying a luminescent bacteria assay.
Status of the health conditions of subtropical Atezca Lake
Authors: Vázquez G. , Favila M.E.
Published: November 2008

Four indicators of ecosystem function and health were monitored monthly during two years (1981–82 and 1983–84) in Atezca Lake, Mexico: (a) physical and chemical parameters; (b) species diversity of the phytoplankton community; (c) phytoplankton community structure, and (d) rate of population increase. In addition, phytoplankton species composition was examined in April and July of 1986 and 1988 to evaluate possible changes in the health of the lake.

In both the annual cycles high concentrations of nutrients were found at the beginning of the stratification period, decreasing toward the end. During the mixing period, the amount of nutrients increased. Diatoms, dinoflagellates and blue–green algae appeared mostly in spring; in summer, green algae, dinoflagellates and some blue–green algae bloomed; and in winter, green algae dominated. Two of the three possible classes of population increase were recognized during each cycle in relation to environmental conditions. Class 2 species (0.2 < k′ > 0.4 day-1 average increase) exhibited maximum increment during stratification and recirculation. Most of the Class 3 species (k′ < 0.2 day-1) appeared during the entire annual cycle, but reached their maximum increment during the end of the stratification period. The species composition found in 1986 was similar to that of two earlier annual cycles. Changes in dominance in 1988 from green algae to blue–green algae suggest that eutrophic processes in Atezca Lake increased from 1984 to 1988. Studies are urgently needed to investigate this situation in detail.
The phytoplankton community as a bioindicator of health conditions of Atezca Lake, Mexico
Authors: Díaz-Pardo E. , Vazquez G. , López-López E.
Published: November 2008

Atezca Lake is located in a mountainous zone of North–eastern Mexico. It is a small subtropical monomictic system with a winter circulation period, and stratification in spring and summer. The lake was first studied monthly during two annual cycles in 1981 and 1983; biannual sampling was then conducted in the stratification and circulation periods for 10 years (1984–1994) in order to determinate the seasonal and annual successional patterns of the phytoplankton community.

Thermal behaviour was found to influence both physical and chemical features. A high concentration of nitrates and phosphates occurred at the beginning of the stratification period and decreased toward late stratification. During the overturn period these nutrients increased. These dynamics affected the phytoplankton assemblage because bacillariophyceans and chlorophyceans were dominant in early stratification, dinophyceans and cyanophyceans in late stratification and bacillariophyceans and chrysophyceans were abundant at circulation.

The long term changes showed an increase in the thickness of the anoxic hypolimnion; surface nitrates also diminished, whereas phosphates tended to increase. From 1981 to 1986 the phytoplankton community was dominated by chlorphyceans; however from 1990 to 1994 they were replaced by cyanophyceans, especially Microcystis aeruginosa. The results indicate that the lake has shown severe signs of eutrophication in recent years. The prospects for recovery depend upon sewage input control, hyplomnetic discharges and conservation of the forest in the catchment area.
Fish as indicators of environmental quality in the Río Lerma Basin, México
Authors: Soto-Galera Eduardo , Díaz-Pardo Edmundo , López-López Eugenia , Lyons John
Published: November 2008

The Río Lerma basin, one of the most important hydrographic regions of Mexico, has a distinctive fish fauna. In recent years, the basin has experienced major increases in human populations and industrial and agricultural development. To assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in the Lerma basin, we analyzed the current status and long-term trends in fish species occurrence at 116 widely distributed sites in relation to water quality and land use information. Our results reveal a staggering and unprecedented level of environmental degradation. Over 50% of our sites are no longer capable of supporting fish life. Many sites have completely disappeared because of groundwater extraction, water diversions, or urbanization. The Alto Lerma subprovince has experienced the greatest negative impacts, but no region of the basin has escaped significant damage. Only 15% of our sites currently support species that we classify as sensitive to environmental degradation, and most of these sites are on small headwater streams or isolated highland lakes that are protected as parks or municipal water supplies. Only one lowland river, the Río Turbio, retains relatively good environmental quality. Forty percent of the 42 species native to the basin have experienced major declines in frequency of occurrence, and three endemic species, Algansea barbata, Chirostoma charari, and Chirostoma compressum may be extinct. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting all sites that still hold native fishes, with particular emphasis on the Río Turbio.
Ecological and ecotoxicological surveys of moderately contaminated floodplain ecosystems in The Netherlands
Authors: de Jonge J. , Brils J.M. , Hendriks A.J. , Ma W.C.
Published: November 2008

Floodplains of the rivers Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands are moderately polluted with heavy metals and toxic compounds. In these floodplain areas a number of nature rehabilitation programmes are being planned and executed. The question arises whether or not the contaminants of concern pose a risk to organisms exposed, and, if so, whether this will hinder the expected ecosystem recovery. This study focuses on the effects of contaminants on aquatic and terrestrial macro-invertebrates in the field situation. In three shallow lakes in the floodplains of the river Rhine, showing different degrees of contamination, chemical analyses and laboratory bioassays have been carried out on sediment samples together with intensive biological field surveys (a so called TRIAD-approach). A nearly identical set-up was chosen to assess 18 terrestrial floodplain sites. The concentrations of several contaminants exceed generic critical risk levels. Risk assessment models show that actual effects on top predators cannot be excluded. Species of lower trophic status might be at risk as well. In the aquatic compartments chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological results point in the same direction. They can be summarised as moderate biological effects, which can mainly be attributed to the elevated levels of a mixture of priority pollutants (metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). No large differences were found among the three lakes. At terrestrial sites, however, fewer effects were found in field surveys and bioassays, while the chemical analyses revealed the same levels of pollution as in the lakes study. This suggests a lower bioavailability of the contaminants than expected. In conclusion, no extreme effects have been found. This conclusion only partly supports the predictions made by present day-risk assessment models. The advantages of nature rehabilitation, that is, improvement of ecological quality through habitat diversity, seem to be larger than the disadvantages of increasing toxic stress by exposing a larger diversity of species to floodplain contaminants. To confirm this statement rehabilitation programmes should include overall as well as in-depth monitoring studies.
Balancing ecological destruction and restoration: the only hope for sustainable use of the planet
Authors: Cairns J.
Published: November 2008

Intergenerational fairness and equity is the pivotal component of sustainable use of the planet. Much discussion continues on sustainable development and sustainable use of the planet even though the rate of ecological destruction still vastly exceeds ecological restoration. Ecological destruction is definitely not inevitable, and restoration alone is an unsuitable strategy for balancing destruction. Prevention is better than a cure, but, until human society is better able to check ecological destruction, and even for a period afterwards, restoration will be extremely important. Ecological destruction is irrational if the human species is dependent upon an ecological life support system. A call for sustainable use of the planet while destruction continues is rational only if human ingenuity and technology can free humans from the biophysical laws of ecology that bind other species. The future of natural systems depends on which school of thought represents the foundation of the guiding beliefs of human society. This manuscript advocates the development of a new relationship between human society that is sustainable, ethical and mutually beneficial.
Effects of potential xenoestrogens (DEHP, nonylphenol and PCB) on sexual differentiation in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Norrgren L. , Blom A. , Andersson P.L. , Börjeson H. , Larsson D.G.J. , Olsson P.-E.
Published: November 2008

The effects of 17β-estradiol and potential xenoestrogens were investigated on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Juvenile salmon fed diets containing 15 and 30 mg 17β-estradiol kg-1 food for 4 weeks after yolk-sac resorption differentiated into 88 and 100% phenotypic females, respectively. The reference group, fed uncontaminated food, consisted of 49% females. A significant overrepresentation of phenotypic females (64%) was recorded in the group fed 1500 mg di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate kg-1 food. Atlantic salmon fed diets contaminated with nonylphenol showed no differences in sex ratios compared with the control group. A significantly increased liver somatic index was detected for groups exposed to diets contaminated with 15 and 30 mg 17β-estradiol, 300 mg nonylphenol or 1500 mg di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate kg-1 food.

Intraperitoneal injections of nonylphenol, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, or polychlorinated biphenyls 58, 104, 112 and 188 did not induce synthesis of vitellogenin which is considered to be a hallmark for estrogenic activity in in vivo testing. Therefore, in vivo assays, that is, intraperitoneal injection, can not always predict how endocrine processes in organisms are affected by pollutants.
Characterisation of harbour and coastal sediments: specific destinations of dredged material
Authors: Pellegrini D. , Ausili A. , Onorati F. , Ciuffa G. , Gabellini M. , Bigongiari N. , De Ranieri S.
Published: November 2008

Most sediment dredged in Italian harbours is discharged into coastal areas. Italian legislation provides physical and chemical characterisations of dredged material. However, to determine whether materials are discharged to a dumping site, used for coastal nourishment or other beneficial use, toxicological assessment should be required. In 1995, 12 sediment cores were taken from dredged areas of Viareggio harbour (Tyrrhenian coast). Nine superficial sediments were collected in two coastal areas: a disposal site and a potential nourishment site. Particle size, total organic matter, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls were analysed. In order to assess sediment toxicity and evaluate the best destination, three bioassays were performed on two harbour and one offshore superficial samples using Vibrio fisheri, Corophium volutator and larvae of Crassostrea gigas.

The different harbour areas showed an increase of contaminant levels from the entrance to the inner zones. A comparison of sediment quality of the harbour and coastal areas (physical, chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics) suggested that materials dredged from different areas should be handled in different ways depending on contaminant types and loads. Dredged sediments could be dumped off-shore without decontamination or further use, used to build up eroded areas or be subjected to on-site decontamination treatment.
Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions
Authors: Stevens Martin , Merilaita Sami
Published: November 2008

Disruptive coloration breaks up the shape and destroys the outline of an object, hindering detection. The principle was first suggested approximately a century ago, but, although research has significantly increased, the field remains conceptually unstructured and no unambiguous definition exists. This has resulted in variable use of the term, making it difficult to formulate testable hypotheses that are comparable between studies, slowing down advancement in this field. Related to this, a range of studies do not effectively distinguish between disruption and other forms of camouflage. Here, we give a formal definition of disruptive coloration, reorganize a range of sub-principles involved in camouflage and argue that five in particular are specifically related to disruption: differential blending; maximum disruptive contrast; disruption of surface through false edges; disruptive marginal patterns; and coincident disruptive coloration. We discuss how disruptive coloration can be optimized, how it can relate to other forms of camouflage markings and where future work is particularly needed.
Involvement of REG Iα protein in the regeneration of ductal epithelial cells in the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Kimura T , Fukui H , Sekikawa A , Yamagishi H , Ichikawa K , Tomita S , Fujii S , Imura J , Kawamata H , Chiba T , Imai Y , Fujimori T
Published: November 2008

The regenerating gene (Reg) was originally isolated from regenerating rat pancreatic islets and revealed recently to constitute a multi-gene family in humans. REG Iα protein is known to be overexpressed not only in various human inflammatory diseases but also in various experimental models of inflammation in animal tissues. However, its involvement in pathophysiology of the minor salivary gland (MSG) is not clear. We investigated REG Iα expression in the MSG of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and assessed its role in ductal epithelial cell proliferation in such tissues. Lip biopsy specimens were obtained from 40 patients with primary SS and examined using immunohistochemistry for REG Iα protein, Ki67 and single-strand DNA (ssDNA). The relationships among clinicopathological factors and expression of REG Iα protein, Ki67 and ssDNA in the MSG were then analysed. REG Iα protein was expressed rarely in ductal epithelial cells of the normal MSG but was apparently overexpressed in those of patients with SS. The labelling indices for both Ki67 and ssDNA in the ductal cells of the MSGs were significantly higher in SS patients than in controls. Moreover, these labelling indices were significantly higher in REG Iα-positive than in negative SS patients. REG Iα protein may play a role in the regeneration of ductal epithelial cells in the MSGs of patients with SS.
Kidney transplantation before or after augmentation cystoplasty in children with high‐pressure neurogenic bladder
Authors: Basiri Abbas , Otookesh Hasan , Hosseini Rozita , Simforoosh Nasser , Moghaddam Seyed Mohammadmehdi Hosseini
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE

To compare the outcome and complications of augmentation cystoplasty before or after renal transplantation in children with neurogenic bladders, with those after kidney transplantation in children with normal bladders.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Augmentation cystoplasty preceded transplantation in 21 children (group 1) and after transplantation in 23 (group 2) operated from 1985 to 2006; these two groups were compared with a control group of 45 children with a normal bladder (group 3) who also received a transplant, for kidney function, episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical and medical complications.

RESULTS

The mean age of the three groups was 12.9, 13.2 and 13.6 years, respectively (P = 0.2). Graft survival at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years was 90%, 76%, 65% and 43% in group 1, 94%, 61%, 50% and 40% in group 2, and 94%, 87%, 81% and 75% in group 3, respectively, which was not significantly different between groups 1 and 2, but was higher in group 3 (P = 0.03). Febrile UTI was reported in five (24%), seven (30%) and one (2%) patients in groups 1–3, respectively. UTI was significantly less frequent in group 3 (P = 0.01) but was not different between groups 1 and 2. Acute rejection was reported in nine (43%), nine (39%) and 15 (33%) patients in groups 1–3, respectively (P = 0.2).

CONCLUSION

The timing of cystoplasty in relation to transplantation has no apparent significant effect on the outcome of transplantation.
Social Capital and Social Influence on the Board of Directors
Authors: Stevenson William B. , Radin Robert F.
Published: November 2008

abstract

It is often assumed that directors with human capital such as prior management experience or independence from the company are the most influential board members. By contrast, in a survey of all the board members in 14 companies we found that ties to others in a network of strong ties among those who meet outside of board meetings were more important predictors of social influence than human capital or ties across boards. These ties within the board represent the social capital of members in the form of prior relationships with other directors, ties to others on the board, and membership in cliques within the board's network of ties. These results support a social capital perspective on influence that emphasizes relationships with others on the board as important factors in the social dynamics of board decision‐making.
COMPTES RENDUS: Nouvelles revues de linguistique
Authors: Malmberg Bertil
Published: November 2008

Lingua e stile. Quaderni dell'Istituto de glottologia dell'Università degli studi di Bologna. Direttore Luigi Heilmann. Società editrice il Malino. Bologna. Num. I, 1966, 131 pp.

Révue do phonétique appliquée. Rédaction Professeur Raymond Renard. Centre universitaire de l'État. Mons (Belgique). I, 1965, 99 pp.

Langages. I, mars 1966: Recherches sémantiques, sous la rédaction de Tzvetan Todorov. Conseil de direction: R. Barthes, J. Dubois, A.‐J. Greimar, B. Pottier, B. Quemada, N. Ruwet.

Aletheia. No 4, mai 1966: Le structuraliame. Pp. 187–280. Réaliaé par Danielle Cohen, Jean Mettas, Jean‐Claude Quirin, Dan Sperber et Sérge Thion.
A REAPPRAISAL OF ‘HOLTZMANN'S LAW
Authors: Cathy James E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract. The rule known as ‘Holtzmann's Law’ for hiatus neutralization by means of a velar or dental consonant has been viewed by historical linguists as a link defining the group of dialects known EM North‐East Germanic. Careful investigation of the ‘Holtzmann's Law’ phenomenon with respect to the relative chronology of sound change within Norse and Gothic indicates, however, that an operation of ‘Holtzmann's Law’ common to both North and East Germanic would lead to anomalies in the phonological history of Gothic. Instead, it seems most plausible that separate rules, independently motivated, operated at different times in North and East Germanic.
RULE GENERALIZATION IN OLD HIGH GERMAN
Authors: Demers Richard
Published: November 2008

Abstract. This paper will discuss an alteration in the phonological components of Alemannic and Bavarian within the framework of generative phonology. First, an apparent discrepancy in the earliest documents concerning the relative chronology of two early rules will be accounted for. The rules are the second sound shift and the rule lowering au to ao. Internal evidence will also be presented for the diphthongal status of the orthographic symbol ao (and likewise ae). Second, the changes discussed here represent further evidence for the simplification principle recently discussed by Kiparsky. It is important to note that documented examples of simplification of synchronically existing rules are empirical evidence for the generative model of natural language.
ON NEGATION–A POSSIBLE ANALYSIS
Authors: Källgren Gunnel
Published: November 2008

This paper treats of the syntax of negation in English. It is formulated within a variant of case grammar called “bicomponential syntax”. This model is no necessary prerequisite for the rules of negation, which could probably be reformulated in accordance with other models. Still, I hope to be able to show that it has advantages of its own.

The principles of this syntactic model were first suggested in a work on verb phrase topicalization in Swedish (Källgren 1972) and further explorations showed it to be easily applicable to related problems in other languages. In this paper I will present some basic facts about topicalization and introduce the important idea of an underlying verb. In connection with a sample derivation the characteristics of bicomponential grammar are shown and motivated. A concept called “in dominant construction with” is suggested and compared to “in construction with” and “command”. The consequences of double modification, i. e. allowing negation and questioning to work on both sentence and constituent level, are investigated. The effect of all this apparatus on negation and connected problems, e. g. subject‐aux inversion, do‐support, the so‐called “affective contexts” and the choice between some and any, is shown.

The latter part of the article contains a survey of earlier works in the same area, discussing the contributions of Klima, Langacker, Ross, and Jackendoff. The advantages of the approach presented here are demonstrated. Finally, the possible drawbacks are treated with regard to suprasegmental, textual and contextual influences. A formalization of the more important rules is given in an Appendix.
TO BEGIN WITH, THIS IS THE PROBLEM, FOR EXAMPLE. ON SOME READER‐ORIENTED STRUCTURAL MARKERS IN ENGLISH EXPOSITORY TEXT
Authors: Bäcklund Ingegerd
Published: November 2008

This paper discusses some markers of textual structure and their potential role in guiding the reader through an English expository text. A text is seen as a network of relations realizing both global structure encompassing the whole text and local relations between adjacent sentences. A prerequisite for a successful expository text is that readers perceive these structural relations. To ensure this, writers have certain devices at their disposal. The use and effects of some explicit markers of textual structure are discussed and exemlified. In clarifying the relations between various parts of a text these signals help in distinguishing between those portions which realize the writer's central goals and other portions which have a commenting and supporting nature.
WHAT EUPHEMISMS TELL US ABOUT THE INTERPRETATION OF WORDS*
Authors: Warren Beatrice
Published: November 2008

Abstract. In the last decade or so, linguists of different persuasions have found the assumption that words have fixed meanings unsatisfactory. Word meanings, it is suggested, are dynamic and negotiable. The present article addresses the question of how we go about negotiating word meanings. It is assumed that the meaning of a content word will have some features of meaning which fix reference and connect a word‐form with a class of referents. If, in a particular context, we connect a word‐form with some referent which we see as a member of a set of referents which does not coincide with the set of referents that we assign the word in question out of context, the class‐distinctive features of the members of the contextually induced set automatically become features of meaning and we have created a novel contextual meaning. The question then arises: under what circumstances are we willing to link a word with a novel category of referents. It will be revealed that we accept a word as adequately used provided it implies the new type of referent or constitutes a description of it.
SELECTION, ADJUNCTION, AND CONCORD IN THE DP
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: November 2008

Abstract. In this paper I provide an account of morphological concord within the noun phrase, based largely on data from the Scandinavian languages. I adopt several proposals from the HPSG framework of Pollard & Sag 1993 (henceforth P & S), mainly certain formal mechanisms for ensuring that two nodes in a tree share feature specifications. I integrate with those proposals the DP hypothesis (Hellan 1985, Abney 1987). The combination of the DP hypothesis with the HPSG concept of structure‐sharing yields a very simple and effective treatment for concord effects without recourse to abstract movement, ad‐hoc functional heads, or vaguely defined ‘agreement’ relations holding between arbitrarily determined structural positions.*
Pronounced differences in diurnal variation of carbon isotope composition of leaf respired CO2 among functional groups
Authors: Priault Pierrick , Wegener Frederik , Werner Christiane
Published: November 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02719.xCommentary p 243
Seedling establishment of Asteraceae forbs along altitudinal gradients: a comparison of transplant experiments in the native and introduced ranges
Authors: Poll Myriam , Naylor Bridgett J. , Alexander Jake M. , Edwards Peter J. , Dietz Hansjörg
Published: November 2008

Aim  Since ecological and evolutionary context changes when a plant species is introduced to a new area, it can be assumed that responses of alien plants to changing conditions along environmental gradients differ from those in their native range. Even if seed availability is not limited, the distribution of alien plants along such a gradient might still be restricted by their ability to germinate and establish as seedlings. In the present study, we aim at testing what factors promote or limit plant invasions during early establishment by using altitude as a model gradient.

Location  Altitudinal gradients in the Wallowa Mountains (Oregon, USA) and the Swiss Alps (Valais, Switzerland).

Methods  In transplant experiments along altitudinal gradients, we investigated the early establishment success of eight invasive alien Asteraceae species in their native and introduced ranges in the Wallowa Mountains and the Swiss Alps.

Results  Seedling recruitment was not restricted to relatively lower altitudes in the introduced range. In addition, we found no evidence for genetic adaptation along the altitudinal gradient in the introduced range, highlighting the importance of phenotypic flexibility for invasions. Furthermore, seedling recruitment was only enhanced by disturbance in the native range where vegetation was comparably dense but not in the introduced range. However, plant development was strongly delayed in the introduced range, probably due to low seasonal water availability.

Main Conclusions  We conclude that introduced plants, due to their ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, are not necessarily more restricted in their altitudinal limits than they are in their native range. Furthermore, due to other interacting factors (e.g. different competition situations among ranges), attempts to predict distributions of alien plants in the introduced range that are based on their distributions in the native range may be misleading.
Microclimate and tree community linked to differences in lepidopteran larval communities between forest fragments and continuous forest
Authors: Savilaakso Sini , Koivisto Jenny , Veteli Timo O. , Roininen Heikki
Published: November 2008

Aim  We aim to assess the impact of forest fragmentation on lepidopteran larval community and study the associations of microclimate and tree community with lepidopteran assemblage.

Location  Kibale National Park, Uganda.

Methods  We investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on leaf herbivory, density of lepidopteran caterpillars, species richness and diversity as well as the composition of herbivorous lepidopteran larval community. Microclimate, size of the fragment, distance to the continuous forest, and tree diversity were studied as possible explanatory factors. We sampled 10 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax. (Euphorbiaceae) trees in each fragment during dry and rainy season, total of four times, in a year to cover the seasonal variation.

Results  The rates of herbivory, total larval density and species richness were significantly lower in the forest fragments than in the continuous forest but species diversity expressed as Fisher's alpha did not differ. The dominance structure and community composition of the larval communities in the fragments was different from that of the continuous forest. None of the differences we observed were related to the fragment area or distance to the continuous forest. Instead, we found an indication of association between the herbivore and the tree communities. The fragments had significantly lower humidity during most of the day and higher temperature during the afternoons (14–17 h), which might partially explain the differences in lepidopteran larval communities.

Main conclusions  Decreased larval density and species richness as well as differences in the community composition and structure all highlight the importance of large continuous forest areas for maintaining larval biodiversity.
Genomic structure and expression analysis of the RNase κ family ortholog gene in the insect Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Rampias Theodoros N. , Fragoulis Emmanuel G. , Sideris Diamantis C.
Published: November 2008

Cc RNase is the founding member of the recently identified RNase κ family, which is represented by a single ortholog in a wide range of animal taxonomic groups. Although the precise biological role of this protein is still unknown, it has been shown that the recombinant proteins isolated so far from the insect Ceratitis capitata and from human exhibit ribonucleolytic activity. In this work, we report the genomic organization and molecular evolution of the RNase κ gene from various animal species, as well as expression analysis of the ortholog gene in C. capitata. The high degree of amino acid sequence similarity, in combination with the fact that exon sizes and intronic positions are extremely conserved among RNase κ orthologs in 15 diverse genomes from sea anemone to human, imply a very significant biological function for this enzyme. In C. capitata, two forms of RNase κ mRNA (0.9 and 1.5 kb) with various lengths of 3′ UTR were identified as alternative products of a single gene, resulting from the use of different polyadenylation signals. Both transcripts are expressed in all insect tissues and developmental stages. Sequence analysis of the extended region of the longer transcript revealed the existence of three mRNA instability motifs (AUUUA) and five poly(U) tracts, whose functional importance in RNase κ mRNA decay remains to be explored.
Extracting Survival Parameters from Isothermal, Isobaric, and “Iso‐concentration” Inactivation Experiments by the “3 End Points Method”
Authors: Corradini M.G. , Normand M.D. , Newcomer C. , Schaffner D.W. , Peleg M.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  Theoretically, if an organism's resistance can be characterized by 3 survival parameters, they can be found by solving 3 simultaneous equations that relate the final survival ratio to the lethal agent's intensity. (For 2 resistance parameters, 2 equations will suffice.) In practice, the inevitable experimental scatter would distort the results of such a calculation or render the method unworkable. Averaging the results obtained with more than 3 final survival ratio triplet combinations, determined in four or more treatments, can remove this impediment. This can be confirmed by the ability of a kinetic inactivation model derived from the averaged parameters to predict survival patterns under conditions not employed in their determination, as demonstrated with published isothermal survival data of Clostridium botulinum spores, isobaric data of Escherichia coli under HPP, and Pseudomonas exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Both the method and the underlying assumption that the inactivation followed a Weibull‐Log logistic (WeLL) kinetics were confirmed in this way, indicating that when an appropriate survival model is available, it is possible to predict the entire inactivation curves from several experimental final survival ratios alone. Where applicable, the method could simplify the experimental procedure and lower the cost of microbial resistance determinations. In principle, the methodology can be extended to deteriorative chemical reactions if they too can be characterized by 2 or 3 kinetic parameters.
Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Salt, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Physical, Sensory, and Instrumental Color Characteristics of Beef Striploins
Authors: Rowe C.W. , Pohlman F.W. , Brown A.H. , Johnson Z.B. , Whiting S.H. , Galloway D.L.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  USDA Select striploins (IMPS 180; n= 24) were cut into thirds (anterior, medial, and posterior) and assigned to 1 of 8 treatments utilizing a randomized incomplete block design. Treatments included (1) control (C); (2) 1.5% conjugated linoleic acid (conjugated linoleic acid = CLA) (CGA); (3) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (PHO); (4) 0.5% salt (SAL); (5) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5% salt (SPH); (6) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 1.5% CLA (PCL); (7) 0.5% salt, 1.5% CLA (SCL); and (8) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5% salt, 1.5% CLA (SPC). Treatments were injected with solutions to 110% (10% pump) of their original weight. Treatments with CLA had higher (P < 0.05) marbling scores than treatments that did not. Not including SAL, treatments with salt, or phosphate or a combination of the two had higher tenderness values when sampled by panelists. Fresh steaks with inclusion of CLA had greater amounts (P < 0.05) of the CLA isomers than steaks not having CLA. Cooked steaks having CLA also had greater amounts (P < 0.05) of CLA, except for SCL, which were not different (P > 0.05) from the non‐CLA treatments. Day was a significant source of variability for a*, b*, and saturation index. Treatment × day interactions were significant (P < 0.05) for hue angle and L* values. These data suggest that inclusion of CLA can increase amounts of CLA isomers without major deleterious effects to instrumental, physical, and quality characteristics of beef striploin steaks.
‘Because they tip for shit!’: The Social Psychology of Everyday Racism in Restaurants
Authors: Rusche Sarah E. , Brewster Zachary W.
Published: November 2008

Despite the notion that racism and discrimination are things of the past, racial minorities continue to experience such treatment in everyday interactions, often occurring in commercial transactions. In this paper, we analyze data from a survey of restaurant servers (N = 200) and a qualitative field study. Both were designed to explore the racial climate in restaurants. Our findings show that servers not only observe their co‐workers practicing discriminatory behaviors but also report doing so themselves. Referring to this trend as ‘tableside racism’, we argue that restaurant servers engage in racist discourse, which functions to create and sustain stereotypes about black patrons. These workplace interactions shape the service that is extended to black patrons, thus resulting in a self‐fulfilling prophecy wherein they receive poor tips and treatment from blacks that reflect inferior service. To illustrate the process of server discrimination, we situate our findings in a social psychological framework.
The Globalization of Self: Role and Identity Transformation from Above and Below
Authors: Callero Peter L.
Published: November 2008

The process of globalization is transforming society with unprecedented speed and scope. Along the way, social roles are being altered and identities are being transformed. How do the forces of globalization shape the self? How do changes to the self affect social relationships and alter larger social structures? This paper offers a conceptual framework for addressing these questions. The ‘role‐as‐resource’ perspective is employed as a tool for differentiating between two opposing processes. On the one hand, top down forces associated with technocapitalism serve to colonize the self by sustaining roles associated with global consumption and production, while disrupting or erasing traditional roles. On the other hand, bottom‐up forces associated with local grassroots organizations and democratic social movements facilitate resistance by providing resources for a more agentic political self.
The Politics of Privatization in Russia: From Mass Privatization to the Yukos Affair
Authors: Chang Duckjoon
Published: November 2008

Privatization constitutes one of the most successful achievements in Post‐Soviet Russian reform. However, apparent great successes notwithstanding, the privatization program tainted with distortions of its original ideas, political compromises and collusions between political leaders and business elites produced tremendous criticisms and distrust as well. Given those negative aspects of privatization, some people raised the necessity of review of the privatization programs conducted during the 1990s. But despite such criticisms and negative evaluations of the privatization program, as was shown in the case of the Yukos affair, the Russian government never denied the principle of private ownership nor reexamined the privatization results. To explain such a trend in Russian privatization, this paper adopts the concept of policy learning, in which reconceptualization of policy agendas‐adopting private property as an essential element of the market economy, for example‐take place.
Long-Lived Volcanism on the Lunar Farside Revealed by SELENE Terrain Camera
Authors: Haruyama Junichi , Ohtake Makiko , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Morota Tomokatsu , Honda Chikatoshi , Yokota Yasuhiro , Abe Masanao , Ogawa Yoshiko , Miyamoto Hideaki , Iwasaki Akira , Pieters Carle M. , Asada Noriaki , Demura Hirohide , Hirata Naru , Terazono Junya , Sasaki Sho , Saiki Kazuto , Yamaji Atsushi , Torii Masaya , Josset Jean-Luc
Published: November 2008

We determined model ages of mare deposits on the farside of the Moon on the basis of the crater frequency distributions in 10-meter-resolution images obtained by the Terrain Camera on SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) (Kaguya). Most mare volcanism that formed mare deposits on the lunar farside ceased at â¼3.0 billion years ago, suggesting that mare volcanism on the Moon was markedly reduced globally during this period. However, several mare deposits at various locations on the lunar farside also show a much younger age, clustering at â¼2.5 billion years ago. These young ages indicate that mare volcanism on the lunar farside lasted longer than was previously considered and may have occurred episodically.
Fungi from the Bay of Fundy I: lignicolous marine fungi
Authors: Miller J. David , Whitney Norman J.
Published: November 2008

Examination of driftwood, intertidal wood, and submerged panels from the New Brunswick coast of the Bay of Fundy yielded 34 species of marine fungi. With four exceptions, all are first reports for New Brunswick. Five are first reports for the Bay of Fundy and a further four species are first reports for Eastern Canada. Differences were observed between the species found by the various methods.
Taxonomy of Polyporus ostreiformis in relation to its morphological and cultural characters
Authors: De A. B.
Published: November 2008

Morphological and cultural characters of Polyporus ostreiformis Berk, have been studied in detail and in the light of these findings the taxonomy of the fungus is discussed. The new combination Daedalea ostreiformis (Berk.) De is proposed.
Microfungi in a clear-cut pine forest soil in central Sweden
Authors: Bååth E.
Published: November 2008

The soil microfungal flora was studied during the 3 years following a clear-cutting of a coniferous forest in Central Sweden. The influence of felling residues was also investigated. Fungi were isolated with a soil-washing technique. The most frequently isolated genera were Mortierella, found throughout the soil profile, and Penicillium, mostly isolated in the organic horizons. The fungal flora, as well as the number of isolates per plated particle, differed between the different horizons. Principal-component analysis indicated that the fungal flora was changing in the organic horizons in areas where slash had been removed after the clear-cutting. No obvious changes were found in areas with slash left on the ground or in the mineral horizons. An atypical form of Penicillium brevi-compactum was more often isolated after than before clear-cutting in the organic soil layers. This species was also isolated with high frequency in an adjacent 10-year-old clear-cut area.
Photosynthesis, respiration, and stable isotopes of oxygen in a large oligotrophic lake (Lake Erie, USA–Canada)
Authors: Wang Xin , Depew David , Schiff Sherry , Smith Ralph E.H.
Published: November 2008

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, isotopic composition (18:16O), and respiratory fractionation (αr) were measured in the east basin of Lake Erie to determine the patterns of planktonic photosynthesis (P) and respiration (R) and to assess a dual isotope, steady-state model for P/R ratios. Values of αr varied significantly between months but averaged close to a widely accepted norm for planktonic respiration (0.982). Isotope dynamics in situ predicted that 33%–53% of hypolimnetic oxygen consumption was by the sediments, consistent with previous knowledge. Except during fall turnover, DO was generally above, and 18:16O below, atmospheric equilibrium in the surface mixed layer (SML), suggesting P/R is usually >1 and agreeing with independent estimates by incubation experiments. P/R ratios calculated from the oxygen isotope model were often inconsistent with the DO and 18:16O data, likely because of uncertainties in αr and nonsteady-state conditions in the SML. The autumnal transition to P/R < 1 was captured better in the DO and 18:16O data than in the incubation experiments. Despite problems with the steady-state model, the isotope data were able to reveal spatial and temporal variations in lake metabolism and indicated a strong autochthonous basis for community metabolism in the SML.