bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are we doing it? Exploring participant motivations within a participatory video project
Authors: Mistry Jayalaxshmi , Bignante Elisa , Berardi Andrea
Published: June 2014

One of the most recurring strengths attributed to the use of participatory video is its ability to enable social change, advocacy, activism and empowerment. Yet, to what extent is this a joint vision of all parties involved in the participatory video process? Why do researchers and participants do participatory video? What are their differential motivations and how does this affect decisionmaking during the participatory video process? In this paper, we reflect on these questions through discussing participatory video experiences of research carried out by the authors in collaboration with indigenous communities in the North Rupununi,Guyana and in Tumucumaque,Brazil. Participatory video formed part of a project involving local communities, local, national and international civil society organisations and academic researchers. We evaluate the different perceptions and distinct worldviews of the individuals, groups and organisations involved in the participatory video process, and show how these determine the ways in which people participate. We conclude that a significant component of the participatory video process needs to include the iterative surfacing of individual motivations and worldviews using an adaptive research approach. This helps to negotiate expectations of all researchers and participants at different stages of the participatory video, enabling greater outcomes for all participants, while at the same time producing more nuanced and grounded academic research.
Parental involvement in homework: Relations with parent and student achievement‐related motivational beliefs and achievement
Authors: Gonida Eleftheria N. , Cortina Kai S.
Published: June 2014

Background

Parental involvement in homework is a home‐based type of involvement in children's education. Research and theory suggest that it is beneficial for learning and achievement under certain conditions and for particular groups of individuals.

Aims

The study examined whether different types of parents' involvement in homework (autonomy support, control, interference, cognitive engagement) (1) are predicted by their mastery and performance goals for their child and their beliefs of the child's academic efficacy, and (2) predict student achievement goal orientations, efficacy beliefs, and achievement. Grade‐level differences were also investigated.

Sample

The sample consisted of 282 elementary school (5th grade) and junior high school students (8th grade) and one of their parents.

Methods

Surveys were used for data collection. Structural equation modelling was applied for data analysis.

Results

(1) Autonomy support during homework was predicted by parent mastery goal, parents' control and interference by their performance goal and perceptions of child efficacy, and cognitive engagement as supplementary to homework by parent perceptions of child efficacy. (2) Parental autonomy support, control, and interference were differentially associated with student mastery and performance goal orientations, whereas parent cognitive engagement was associated with student efficacy beliefs. (3) The structural model was the same for elementary and junior high school students but the latent means for a number of variables were different.

Conclusion

Different types of parental involvement in homework were associated with different outcomes with parent autonomy support to be the most beneficial one.
Implicit theories of writing and their impact on students' response to a SRSD intervention
Authors: Limpo Teresa , Alves Rui A.
Published: June 2014

Background

In the field of intelligence research, it has been shown that some people conceive intelligence as a fixed trait that cannot be changed (entity beliefs), whereas others conceive it as a malleable trait that can be developed (incremental beliefs). What about writing? Do people hold similar implicit theories about the nature of their writing ability? Furthermore, are these beliefs likely to influence students' response to a writing intervention?

Aims

We aimed to develop a scale to measure students' implicit theories of writing (pilot study) and to test whether these beliefs influence strategy‐instruction effectiveness (intervention study).

Sample

In the pilot and intervention studies participated, respectively, 128 and 192 students (Grades 5–6).

Method

Based on existing instruments that measure self‐theories of intelligence, we developed the Implicit Theories of Writing (ITW) scale that was tested with the pilot sample. In the intervention study, 109 students received planning instruction based on the self‐regulated strategy development model, whereas 83 students received standard writing instruction. Students were evaluated before, in the middle, and after instruction.

Results

ITW's validity was supported by piloting results and their successful cross‐validation in the intervention study. In this, intervention students wrote longer and better texts than control students. Moreover, latent growth curve modelling showed that the more the intervention students conceived writing as a malleable skill, the more the quality of their texts improved.

Conclusion

This research is of educational relevance because it provides a measure to evaluate students' implicit theories of writing and shows their impact on response to intervention.
Adjuvant cisplatin‐based combined chemotherapy for lymph node (LN)‐positive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) after radical cystectomy (RC): a retrospective international study of >1500 patients
Authors: Lucca Ilaria , Rouprêt Morgan , Kluth Luis , Rink Michael , Tilki Derya , Fajkovic Harun , Kassouf Wassim , Hofbauer Sebastian L. , de Martino Michela , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Briganti Alberto , Trinh Quoc‐dien , Seitz Christian , Fritsche Hans‐Martin , Burger Maximilian , Lotan Yair , Kramer Gero , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Klatte Tobias
Published: June 2014

Objective

To compare outcomes of patients with lymph node (LN)‐positive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) treated with or without cisplatin‐based combined adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after radical cystectomy (RC).

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analysed 1523 patients with LN‐positive UCB, who underwent RC with bilateral pelvic LN dissection. All patients had no evidence of disease after RC. AC was administered within 3 months. Competing‐risks models were applied to compare UCB‐related mortality.

Results

Of the 1523 patients, 874 (57.4%) received AC. The cumulative 1‐, 2‐ and 5‐year UCB‐related mortality rates for all patients were 16%, 36% and 56%, respectively. Administration of AC was associated with an 18% relative reduction in the risk of UCB‐related death (subhazard ratio 0.82, P = 0.005). The absolute reduction in mortality was 3.5% at 5 years. The positive effect of AC was detectable in patients aged ≤70 years, in women, in pT3–4 disease, and in those with a higher LN density and lymphovascular invasion. This study is limited by its retrospective and non‐randomised design, selection bias, the absence of central pathological review and lack in standardisation of LN dissection and cisplatin‐based protocols.

Conclusion

AC seems to reduce UCB‐related mortality in patients with LN‐positive UCB after RC. Younger patients, women and those with high‐risk features such as pT3–4 disease, a higher LN density and lymphovascular invasion appear to benefit most. Appropriately powered prospective randomised trials are necessary to confirm these findings.
CFTR potentiators partially restore channel function to A561E‐CFTR, a cystic fibrosis mutant with a similar mechanism of dysfunction as F508del‐CFTR
Authors: Wang Yiting , Liu Jia , Loizidou Avgi , Bugeja Luc A , Warner Ross , Hawley Bethan R , Cai Zhiwei , Toye Ashley M , Sheppard David N , Li Hongyu
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel causes the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Towards the development of transformational drug therapies for CF, we investigated the channel function and action of CFTR potentiators on A561E, a CF mutation found frequently in Portugal. Like the most common CF mutation F508del, A561E causes a temperature‐sensitive folding defect that prevents CFTR delivery to the cell membrane and is associated with severe disease.

Experimental Approach

Using baby hamster kidney cells expressing recombinant CFTR, we investigated CFTR expression by cell surface biotinylation, and function and pharmacology with the iodide efflux and patch‐clamp techniques.

Key Results

Low temperature incubation delivered a small proportion of A561E‐CFTR protein to the cell surface. Like F508del‐CFTR, low temperature‐rescued A561E‐CFTR exhibited a severe gating defect characterized by brief channel openings separated by prolonged channel closures. A561E‐CFTR also exhibited thermoinstability, losing function more quickly than F508del‐CFTR in cell‐free membrane patches and intact cells. Using the iodide efflux assay, CFTR potentiators, including genistein and the clinically approved small‐molecule ivacaftor, partially restored function to A561E‐CFTR. Interestingly, ivacaftor restored wild‐type levels of channel activity (as measured by open probability) to single A561E‐ and F508del‐CFTR Cl− channels. However, it accentuated the thermoinstability of both mutants in cell‐free membrane patches.

Conclusions and Implications

Like F508del‐CFTR, A561E‐CFTR perturbs protein processing, thermostability and channel gating. CFTR potentiators partially restore channel function to low temperature‐rescued A561E‐CFTR. Transformational drug therapy for A561E‐CFTR is likely to require CFTR correctors, CFTR potentiators and special attention to thermostability.
Pharmacological regulators of autophagy and their link with modulators of lupus disease
Authors: Gros Frédéric , Muller Sylviane
Published: June 2014

Autophagy is a central regulator of cell survival. It displays both anti‐ and pro‐death roles that are decisive in the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Initially described in several eukaryotic cellular models as being induced under nutrient stress favouring survival by energy supply, autophagy was found later to display other decisive physiological roles, especially in the immune system. Thus, it is involved in antigen presentation and lymphocyte differentiation as well as in the balance regulating survival/death and activation of lymphocytes. Autophagy therefore appears to be central in the regulation of inflammation. The observation that autophagy is deregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus is recent. This discovery revives the programme dealing with the design and development of pharmacological autophagy regulators in the therapeutic context of lupus, a debilitating autoimmune disease that affects several million people in the world. A large number of molecules that positively and negatively regulate autophagy have been described, most of them with therapeutic indications in cancer and infection. Only a few, however, are effectively potent activators or inhibitors endowed with experimentally demonstrated selective properties. In this review article, we highlight the most relevant ones and summarize what we know regarding their mechanism of action. We emphasize the link between pharmacological regulators of autophagy and inducers or inhibitors of lupus disease and discuss the fundamental and pharmacological/therapeutic interest of this functional interplay.
In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of nociceptin/orphanin FQ tetrabranched derivatives
Authors: Rizzi A , Malfacini D , Cerlesi M C , Ruzza C , Marzola E , Bird M F , Rowbotham D J , Salvadori S , Guerrini R , Lambert D G , Calo G
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

An innovative chemical approach, named peptide welding technology (PWT), allows the synthesis of multibranched peptides with extraordinary high yield, purity and reproducibility. With this approach, three different tetrabranched derivatives of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) have been synthesized and named PWT1‐N/OFQ, PWT2‐N/OFQ and PWT3‐N/OFQ. In the present study we investigated the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of PWT N/OFQ derivatives and compared their actions with those of the naturally occurring peptide.

Experimental Approach

The following in vitro assays were used: receptor and [35S]‐GTPγS binding, calcium mobilization in cells expressing the human N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor, or classical opioid receptors and chimeric G proteins, electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens bioassay. In vivo experiments were performed; locomotor activity was measured in normal mice and in animals with the NOP receptor gene knocked out [NOP(−/−)].

Key Results

In vitro PWT derivatives of N/OFQ behaved as high affinity potent and rather selective full agonists at human recombinant and animal native NOP receptors. In vivo PWT derivatives mimicked the inhibitory effects exerted by the natural peptide on locomotor activity showing 40‐fold higher potency and extremely longer lasting action. The effects of PWT2‐N/OFQ were no longer evident in NOP(−/−) mice.

Conclusions and Implications

The results showed that the PWT can be successfully applied to the peptide sequence of N/OFQ to generate tetrabranched derivatives characterized by a pharmacological profile similar to the native peptide and associated with a higher potency and marked prolongation of action in vivo.
Identification of an old antibiotic clofoctol as a novel activator of unfolded protein response pathways and an inhibitor of prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Minghua , Shim Joong Sup , Li Ruo‐Jing , Dang Yongjun , He Qingli , Das Manisha , Liu Jun O
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

Finding new indications for existing drugs, also known as drug repositioning or repurposing, is a powerful approach to accelerate drug discovery and development. The unfolded protein response pathways have been proposed to be a viable target for developing new anticancer drugs.

Experimental Approach

We screened the Johns Hopkins Drug Library for inhibitors of prostate cancer cell proliferation to identify new antiprostate cancer treatments among known drugs. We systematically investigated the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of a hit and assessed its efficacy in blocking prostate tumour growth in a mouse model.

Key Results

The antibacterial drug clofoctol was identified as a novel inhibitor of prostate cancer cell proliferation. Morphologically, cells treated with clofoctol were found to undergo massive vacuolization, reminiscent of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Indeed, all three unfolded protein response pathways including inositol requiring enzyme 1, double‐stranded RNA‐activated PK‐like ER kinase and activating transcription factor 6 were found to be activated by clofoctol. Activation of unfolded protein response pathways by clofoctol led to the inhibition of protein translation in cells and the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells. Clofoctol also inhibited prostate cancer xenograft growth in vivo without apparent toxicity.

Conclusion and Implications

Our findings revealed clofoctol as a novel activator of the unfolded protein response pathways and a promising inhibitor of prostate cancer. As clofoctol has been used in the clinic for years, it is ready for clinical evaluation as a novel antiprostate cancer drug candidate.
Partners in clime: Public‐private partnerships andBritishColumbia's capacity to pursue climate policy objectives
Authors: Newman Joshua , Perl Anthony
Published: June 2014

Governments are increasingly using public‐private partnerships (P3s) to draw the private sector into more active participation in infrastructure development. Climate action initiatives have not typically yielded profitable results for the private sector, and might therefore constrain the placing of conditions by governments onP3arrangements. This article investigates a majorP3infrastructure project in BritishColumbia – theCanada Line extension to Vancouver's urban rail transit network – and concludes that theP3organization did not constrain the government's capacity to pursue policy objectives for climate action. This counterintuitive result occurred because public sector leadership enabled an effective engagement with environmental policy priorities.
Making the invisible public service visible? Exploring data on the supply of policy and management consultancies inCanada
Authors: Howlett Michael , Migone Andrea
Published: June 2014

The use of external policy and management consultants in government has been receiving increasing attention in many countries, includingCanada. We explore new data on management consulting compiled from information released since the creation of theFederalAccountabilityAct to address the supply side of contracting. We find several large multi‐year contracts have taken up a larger percentage of contracting activity while the number of smaller contracts has declined. The data suggest a pattern of oligopsonic demand concentrated mostly in a handful of very heavy users and an increasingly oligopolistic supply pattern where less than 5% of companies accounted for 80% of total contract values and where repeat contracts are the norm. Measures of accountability and transparency need to extend to the “invisible” public service of contract consultants.
Digital dilemmas: Values, ethics and information technology
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth
Published: June 2014

In writings on public administration, the subject areas of values and ethics and of information technology (IT) have received substantial, but largely separate, attention. The public administration community can benefit by drawing on scholarship in the field of information and computer ethics and developing its own body of research with a view to sensitizing public servants to the effects of changes in IT on values and ethics. This article focuses on developments in the use of IT (for example, self‐service technologies, Big Data, the Internet of Things) as a basis for assessing their implications for public sector values and ethics. Research is needed on the extent to which the values and ethics regimes of public organizations take account of the impact of changes in IT; the degree to which the various components of these regimes can foster sensitivity to the implications of these changes; and the significance for the public sector of such emerging ethical issues as robot ethics. Value conflicts and dilemmas arising from advances in digital technologies argue for vigorous measures to alert public servants to the technologies' impact.
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel 2‐(4‐substituted piperazin‐1‐yl)1, 8 Naphthyridine 3‐Carboxylic Acids as 5‐HT3 Receptor Antagonists for the Management of Depression
Authors: Dhar Arghya K. , Mahesh Radhakrishnan , Jindal Ankur , Devadoss Thangaraj , Bhatt Shvetank
Published: June 2014

1, 8‐naphthyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid analogs were synthesized and found to possess potential 5‐HT3 receptor antagonism as well as antidepressant‐like activity. Initially, 5‐HT3 receptor antagonism of all the compounds was determined in the form of pA2 value against agonist 2‐methyl 5‐HT in longitudinal muscle–myenteric plexus preparation from guinea‐pig ileum. Among all the compounds tested, compound 7a demonstrated most promising pA2 value of 7.6. Subsequently, all the compounds were evaluated for antidepressant activity using forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice. Compounds 7a, 7d, 7f, 7h, and 7i exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antidepressant‐like activity as compound to vehicle‐treated group. Importantly, none of the tested compound affected locomotor activity of mice at tested dose levels.
Narrow‐Diameter versus Standard‐Diameter Implants and Their Effect on the Need for Guided Bone Regeneration: A Virtual Three‐Dimensional Study
Authors: Papadimitriou Dimitrios E.V. , Friedland Bernard , Gannam Camille , Salari Samira , Gallucci German O.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Narrow‐diameter implants (NDIs) are proven treatment options for completely edentulous patients with severely resorbed alveolar ridges. The aim of this study was to evaluate virtually whether or not the implant diameter affects the need for ridge augmentation in edentulous patients, using a 3D planning software program.

Materials and Methods

Existing cone beam CT scans of 200 outpatients (100 maxillae, 100 mandibles) were selected, and treatment was planned in a virtual 3D planning software program with either 3.3 mm–diameter implants (test group) or 4.1 mm–diameter implants (control group). Statistical analysis was performed.

Results

A total of 1,760 implants were virtually planned (880 implants each for test and control groups). Overall, significantly associated with the absence or need for ridge augmentation as compared with need for ridge augmentation (p < .0001). Use of the 3.3 mm–diameter implants increased the odds ratio for ridge augmentation being unnecessary by 2.2 (95% confidence interval) relative to the 4.1 mm–diameter implants.

Conclusions

Use of NDIs was able to provide a statistically significant reduction in need for bone grafting among completely edentulous patients. More clinical longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the long‐term success of their use.
Relation between Spongy Bone Density in the Maxilla and Skeletal Bone Density
Authors: Merheb Joe , Temmerman Andy , Coucke Wim , Rasmusson Lars , Kübler Alexander , Thor Andreas , Quirynen Marc
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

Osteoporosis is a disease affecting more than 300 million people worldwide and is responsible for numerous medical complications. This study aimed to investigate the relation between skeletal and maxillary bone density.

Materials and Methods

Seventy‐three patients were recruited and divided between group A (osteoporosis), group B (healthy, control), and group C (osteopenia) on the basis of a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiomery (DXA) scan. These patients also received a CT scan on which bone density measurements were performed at five sites: maxilla midline, retromolar tuberosities, incisor, premolars, and molar regions.

Results

The bone density was lower in osteoporotic patients compared with the control patients. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the tuberosities showed the strongest correlations with the BMD of the hip and the spine (respectively, r = 0.50 and r = 0.61). The midline region showed moderate correlations with the hip (r = 0.47) and the spine (r = 0.46). For potential implant sites, the correlations with the BMD of the hip and spine were, however, small to insignificant. Based on measurements of bone density of the maxilla, it was possible to predict if the patient was osteoporotic or not with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 83%.

Conclusions

The maxillary bone density of subjects with osteoporosis is significantly lower than that of healthy patients. Moreover, there is a direct correlation between the density of the skeleton and the density of some sites of the maxilla. Using measurements of maxillary bone density in order to predict skeletal bone density might be a useful tool for the screening of osteoporosis.
Clinical and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Fresh Frozen Bone Allograft in Sinus Lift Surgery
Authors: de Castilho Tatiana Regina Ramos Nantes , Tortamano Pedro , Marotti Juliana , de Andrade José Carlos Silva , Chilvarquer Israel , Ximenez Michel Eli Lipiec , Alves Maria Teresa de Seixas
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the clinical and histomorphometric data of newly formed bone tissue from fresh frozen human allograft in sinus lift surgery.

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐three sinus lift procedures were performed in 20 patients, divided into two groups. The control group (n = 8) received autogenous bone from the mandibular ramus, and the experimental group (n = 12) received fresh frozen bone (FFB) allograft in chips. After 6 months, 52 implants were placed and 50 biopsies were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Cone beam computed tomography scans were performed at preoperative, immediate postoperative, and delayed postoperative time intervals to assess the degree of graft volume loss.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between groups as regards degree of graft volume loss (p = .983), total bone area (p = .191), remaining particles (p = .348), and proportion of active osteoblasts (p = .867). There was a statistically significant difference in the vitality rate between the groups (p = .043). In both groups, all implants were clinically osseointegrated after 4 months.

Conclusion

FFB allograft was shown to be a feasible substitute for autogenous bone graft in sinus lift surgery.
The Interaction of Implant Luting Cements and Oral Bacteria Linked to Peri‐Implant Disease: An In Vitro Analysis of Planktonic and Biofilm Growth – A Preliminary Study
Authors: Raval Neal C. , Wadhwani Chandur P.K. , Jain Sumita , Darveau Richard P.
Published: June 2014

Background

There is little consensus on the most appropriate cement to use when restoring a cement‐retained, implant‐supported restoration. One consideration should be the interaction of pathogenic oral bacteria with restorative cements.

Purpose

To determine how oral bacteria associated with peri‐implant disease grow in the presence of implant cements.

Materials and Methods

Five test cements with varying composition (zinc oxide–eugenol [TBO], eugenol‐free zinc oxide [TBNE], zinc orthophosphate [FL], and two resin cements [PIC and ML]) were used to fabricate specimen disks. The disks were submerged in bacterial suspensions of either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, or Porphyromonas gingivalis. Planktonic bacterial growth within the test media was measured by determining the optical density of the cultures (OD600). Positive controls (media and bacteria without cement disks) and negative controls (media alone) were similarly evaluated. The mean and standard deviations (SD) were calculated for planktonic growth from three separate experiments. ANOVA statistical analysis with post hoc Tukey tests was performed where differences existed (p < .05). Selected cement disks (TBO and ML) were further examined for bacterial biofilm growth. Surface bacteria were removed and grown on agar media, and colony‐forming units (CFUs) were quantified.

Results

Planktonic growth for both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was significantly inhibited (p < .05) when grown in the presence of cement disks consisting of TBNE, PIC, FL, and TBO. In contrast, neither of these bacteria displayed growth inhibition in the presence of ML cement disks. F. nucleatum growth was also significantly inhibited by PIC, FL. and TBO (p < .05), but not by ML and TBNE cement disks. CFU counts for the biofilm study for TBO gave minimal and, in some instances, no bacterial adherence and growth, in contrast to ML, which supported substantially greater bacterial biofilm growth.

Conclusion

Cements display differing abilities to inhibit both planktonic and biofilm bacterial growth. Cements with the ability to reduce planktonic or biofilm growth of the test bacteria may be advantageous in reducing peri‐implant disease. Understanding the microbial growth–inhibiting characteristics of different cement types should be considered important in the selection criteria.
Reduced cerebral oxygen–carbohydrate index during endotracheal intubation in vascular surgical patients
Authors: Fabricius‐Bjerre Andreas , Overgaard Anders , Winther‐Olesen Marie , Lönn Lars , Secher Niels H. , Nielsen Henning B.
Published: June 2014

Brain activation reduces balance between cerebral consumption of oxygen versus carbohydrate as expressed by the so‐called cerebral oxygen‐carbohydrate‐index (OCI). We evaluated whether preparation for surgery, anaesthesia including tracheal intubation and surgery affect OCI. In patients undergoing aortic surgery, arterial to internal jugular venous (a‐v) concentration differences for oxygen versus lactate and glucose were determined from before anaesthesia to when the patient left the recovery room. Intravenous anaesthesia was supplemented with thoracic epidural anaesthesia for open aortic surgery (n = 5) and infiltration with bupivacaine for endovascular procedures (n = 14). The a‐v difference for O2 decreased throughout anaesthesia and in the recovery room (1·6 ± 1·9 versus 3·2 ± 0·8 mmol l−1, mean ± SD), and while a‐v glucose decreased during surgery and into the recovery (0·4 ± 0·2 versus 0·7 ± 0·2 mmol l−1, P<0·05), a‐v lactate did not change significantly (0·03 ± 0·16 versus −0·03 ± 0·09 mmol l−1). Thus, OCI decreased from 5·2 ± 1·8 before induction of anaesthesia to 3·2 ± 1·0 following tracheal intubation (P<0·05) because of the decrease in a‐v O2 with a recovery for OCI to 4·6 ± 1·4 during surgery and to 5·6 ± 1·7 in the recovery room. In conclusion, preparation for surgery and tracheal intubation decrease OCI that recovers during surgery under the influence of sensory blockade.
Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and severe hypoxemia from Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome
Authors: El‐Sameed Yaser Abu , Beejay Nigel , Al Maashari Rehab
Published: June 2014

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome is a rare, yet highly fatal disorder. It occurs most commonly in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of a 36‐year‐old Ethiopian female who presented with abdominal pain and hypotension. Shortly thereafter, she developed acute respiratory failure and progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock. She was found to have diffuse alveolar hemorrhage due to disseminated strongyloidiasis. We discuss the clinical condition of Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome presenting with severe hypoxemia and complicated by severe diffuse alveolar hemorrhage leading to death. Similar cases in the literature are also describe.
Magnetic compression anastomosis for treatment of benign biliary stricture
Authors: Jang Sung Ill , Choi Jungran , Lee Dong Ki
Published: June 2014

Endoscopic and percutaneous procedures have shown high success rates when used to treat benign biliary stricture. However, cases in which a guidewire cannot be passed through a refractory stricture or a complete obstruction are difficult to treat using conventional methods. Magnetic compression anastomosis (MCA) has emerged as a non‐surgical alternative avoiding operational mortality and morbidity. The feasibility and safety of MCA have been experimentally and clinically verified in cases of biliobiliary and bilioenteric anastomosis. However, no pre‐MCA assessment modality capable of predicting outcomes is as yet available, and no universally effective magnet delivery method has as yet been established, rendering it difficult to identify patients for whom MCA is appropriate. Various experimental studies seeking to overcome these limitations are underway. Such work will improve our in‐depth understanding of MCA, which has been trialed in various fields. Upon further development, MCA may become a ground‐breaking option for treatment of benign strictures that are difficult to resolve using conventional methods, and MCA may be expected to be minimally traumatic and highly effective. The aim of the present study was to discuss the current status of MCA and the direction of MCA development by reviewing clinical and experimental MCA data.
Conflict resilience among community forestry user groups: experiences in Nepal
Authors: Nightingale Andrea , Sharma Jeevan Raj
Published: June 2014

This paper explores the impact of violent conflict in Nepal on the functioning of community forestry user groups (CFUGs), particularly those supported by the Livelihoods and Forestry Programme, funded by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID). The key questions are: (i) what explains the resilience of CFUGs operating at the time of conflict?; (ii) what institutional arrangements and strategies allowed them to continue working under conflict conditions?; and (iii) what lessons can be drawn for donor‐supported development around the world? The study contributes to other research on the everyday experiences of residents of Nepal living in a period of conflict. It suggests that CFUG resilience was the result of the institutional set up of community forestry and the employment of various tactics by the CFUGs. While the institutional design of community forestry (structure) was very important for resilience, it was the ability of the CFUGs to support and use it effectively that was the determining factor in this regard.
The impact of a natural disaster on altruistic behaviour and crime
Authors: Lemieux Frederic
Published: June 2014

Institutional altruism in the form of a public‐sector intervention and support for victims and social altruism generated by mutual aid and solidarity among citizens constitute a coming together in a crisis. This coming together and mutual support precipitate a decrease in crime rates during such an event. This paper presents an analysis of daily fluctuations in crime during the prolonged ice storms in Quebec, Canada, in January 1998 that provoked an electrical blackout. Of particular interest are the principal crisis‐related influences on daily crime patterns. A first series of analyses examines the impact of altruistic public‐sector mobilisation on crime. A significant decline in property crime rates was noticed when cheques were distributed to crisis victims in financial need in Montérégie, and hence they were attributable to public intervention (institutional altruism). Moreover, the rate of social altruism (financial donations), which was more substantial in adjoining rather than distant regions, was inversely proportional to crime rates.
Disaster myths after the Great East Japan Disaster and the effects of information sources on belief in such myths
Authors: Nogami Tatsuya , Yoshida Fujio
Published: June 2014

This study examines how well disaster myths were rooted in Japanese people after the Great East Japan Disaster, as well as the effects of information sources on these misconceptions. Five common disaster myths are covered (panic, psychological shock, looting, increases in the crime rate, and material convergence), and information sources were divided into two types: public and private. Three hundred participants were asked how much credit they would give the five myths and which information sources they would rely on in post‐disaster situations. The results found that, as in Western societies, these disaster myths do exist among Japanese people. Also, only public sources of disaster information, such as television and Internet news websites, had some effect on the degree of belief in disaster myths, while private sources, such as one's family, friends, and social networking sites, did not. Factors affecting the degree to which people believe in disaster myths are also discussed.
Urban Governance and Service Delivery in African Cities: The Role of Politics and Policies
Authors: Resnick Danielle
Published: June 2014

This is an introduction to a special issue sponsored by UNU‐WIDER focusing on key governance challenges related to addressing gaps in urban service delivery in sub‐Saharan Africa. First, due to decentralisation policies in much of Africa, the provision of services is often transferred to sub‐national authorities. But complex layers of administration and high levels of poverty deprive local governments of adequate resources. Secondly, opposition parties now control a number of African cities, a situation known as ‘vertically‐divided authority’. Consequently, central governments do not always have an incentive to help municipal governments improve their performance. Case studies of Senegal, South Africa and Uganda highlight how and when such dynamics become problematic for the delivery of urban services, and offer important implications for the donor community.
Nomadism and seasonal range expansion in a large frugivorous bird
Authors: Lenz Johanna , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Fiedler Wolfgang , Mueller Thomas
Published: June 2014

Studies on the ranging behaviour of birds often suggest that ranges vary seasonally with larger ranges in the non‐breeding compared to the breeding season. However, due to limitations in tracking methods very little is known about the underlying processes driving seasonal differences in ranging behaviour, especially in fragmented, heterogeneous landscapes. Such knowledge is particularly important if movements deliver essential ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal. We contrasted the daily ranging behaviour between the breeding and non‐breeding season of a frugivorous bird and demonstrate how larger seasonal ranges in the non‐breeding season emerge through switching from a stationary home range behaviour to nomadism. We tracked movements of 29 male trumpeter hornbills Bycanistes bucinator across a fragmented landscape of eastern South Africa during different breeding and non‐breeding seasons using high temporal resolution GPS data‐loggers. Birds in the breeding seasons showed a typical, stationary home range pattern. In the non‐breeding seasons birds, rather than expanding their stationary daily ranges, switched to nomadic movements that were characterized by shifts of the general location of daily ranges to a different area every couple of days. We also found that during the breeding seasons hornbills were mostly located in large continuous forests; birds in the non‐breeding seasons frequently used forest patches within the agricultural landscape and residential areas. These seasonal differences in the movement behaviour of trumpeter hornbills may have important consequences for seed dispersal of plant species. Our findings show how seasonal range expansion of frugivorous birds may be driven by fundamental behavioural changes that have important consequences for ecosystem processes.
Some behavioural and ecological factors affecting distribution, biomass and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon
Authors: Gibson R. John
Published: June 2014

Observations were made in an experimental stream tank (total area 14.7 m2) on juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L (parr), relating experimental observations to field observations, including the reported diurnal fasting behaviour of juvenile salmon at water temperatures <10 °C. Densities in the tank ranged from five to twenty parr, at water temperatures ranging from 4.6 °C to 15.8 °C. The wide channel of the stream tank, with mean water velocity of 18.8 cm·s−1, was the preferred section, where territorial behaviour was observed. Biomass was regulated in the wide channel by territorial mosaics or by dominance hierarchies. Dominance hierarchies were reflected in coloration of the fish. Dominant salmon were generally in the wide channel. Densities of salmon parr (of mean fork length 10.2 cm) in the channel ranged from 0.84 m−2 to 1.73 m−2, with an average biomass of 14.2 g·m−2. Growth was least at the 5.9 °C temperature treatment. In experiments at temperatures below 10 °C, feeding, dominance hierarchy and territorial behaviour were observed in daylight hours, contrary to the published literature. Interactions with other species may affect behaviour. Some observations were made on a closely related species, brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), a commonly cohabiting species in many systems. Trout displaced salmon from their preferred locations in the tank and were more aggressive than the salmon, reducing agonistic behaviour by the salmon. The commonest agonistic act shown by salmon was ‘charge’ and that by the trout was ‘approach’. Some field observations affecting behaviour and production are discussed.
Posterior hypothalamic modulation of ocular‐responsive trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons is mediated by Orexin‐A and Orexin1 receptors
Authors: Katagiri Ayano , Okamoto Keiichiro , Thompson Randall , Rahman Mostafeezur , Bereiter David A.
Published: June 2014

Orexin‐A (OxA) is synthesized in posterior and lateral regions of the hypothalamus and contributes to homeostatic regulation of body functions including pain modulation. To determine if orexinergic mechanisms contribute to posterior hypothalamus (PH)‐induced modulation of ocular input to subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical (Vc/C1) neurons, the orexin‐1 receptor antagonist SB334867 was applied to the dorsal brainstem surface prior to PH disinhibition, by bicuculline methiodide, in male rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Ocular input to Vc/C1 units by bright light or hypertonic saline was markedly reduced by PH disinhibition and reversed completely by local Vc/C1 application of SB334867. OxA applied to the Vc/C1 surface mimicked the effects of PH disinhibition in a dose‐dependent manner. OxA‐induced inhibition was prevented by co‐application of SB334867, but not by the orexin‐2 receptor antagonist TCS Ox2 29. PH disinhibition and local OxA application also reduced the high threshold convergent cutaneous receptive field area of ocular units, suggesting widespread effects on somatic input to Vc/C1 ocular units. Vc/C1 application of OxA or SB334867 alone did not affect the background discharge of ocular units and suggested that the PH–OxA influence on ocular unit activity was not tonically active. Vc/C1 application of OxA or SB334867 alone also did not alter mean arterial pressure, whereas PH disinhibition evoked prompt and sustained increases. These results suggest that stimulus‐evoked increases in PH outflow acts through OxA and orexin‐1 receptors to alter the encoding properties of trigeminal brainstem neurons responsive to input from the ocular surface and deep tissues of the eye.
Effect of amiloride on endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the injured spinal cord of rats
Authors: Kuroiwa Masahiro , Watanabe Masahiko , Katoh Hiroyuki , Suyama Kaori , Matsuyama Daisuke , Imai Takeshi , Mochida Joji
Published: June 2014

After traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress exacerbates secondary injury, leading to expansion of demyelination and reduced remyelination due to oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) apoptosis. Although recent studies have revealed that amiloride controls ER stress and leads to improvement in several neurological disorders including SCI, its mechanism is not completely understood. Here, we used a rat SCI model to assess the effects of amiloride on functional recovery, secondary damage expansion, ER stress‐induced cell death and OPC survival. Hindlimb function in rats with spinal cord contusion significantly improved after amiloride administration. Amiloride significantly decreased the expression of the pro‐apoptotic transcription factor CHOP in the injured spinal cord and significantly increased the expression of the ER chaperone GRP78, which protects cells against ER stress. In addition, amiloride treatment led to a significant decrease in ER stress‐induced apoptosis and a significant increase of NG2‐positive OPCs in the injured spinal cord. Furthermore, in vitro experiments performed to investigate the direct effect of amiloride on OPCs revealed that amiloride reduced CHOP expression in OPCs cultured under ER stress. These results suggest that amiloride controls ER stress in SCI and inhibits cellular apoptosis, contributing to OPC survival. The present study suggests that amiloride may be an effective treatment to reduce ER stress‐induced cell death in the acute phase of SCI.
Leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 3 is a melanogenic cytokine in human skin
Authors: Jeong Hyo‐Soon , Jeong Yun‐Mi , Kim Jandi , Lee Seung Hoon , Choi Hye‐Ryung , Park Kyoung‐Chan , Kim Beom Joon , Baek Kwang Jin , Kwon Nyoun Soo , Yun Hye‐Young , Kim Dong‐Seok
Published: June 2014

Recently, we demonstrated that leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 3 (LGI3) is expressed in human skin. However, the effects of LGI3 on melanocytes remain unknown. The present study demonstrated that LGI3 can serve to stimulate melanogenesis without affecting cell viability. To determine the effects of LGI3 on melanin synthesis, normal human melanocytes and Mel‐Ab cells were treated with recombinant LGI3 and melanin content was measured. Our results showed that LGI3 promoted melanin synthesis in both cell types. Moreover, upregulation of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels via RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of LGI3 increased in the basal layer of melasma skin samples, whereas it decreased slightly in vitiligo samples. These results suggest that LGI3 may play a role as a melanogenic cytokine in human skin.
Religion and the foundation of urban difference: belief, transcendence and transgression in South Africa and Johannesburg
Authors: LANDAU LOREN B.
Published: June 2014

Because of tectonic shifts in South Africa's political economy, overlapping, often translocal, systems of exchange, meaning and privilege are transforming the country's post‐imperial order. In the ‘estuarial’ zones where various demographic and ideational currents converge to create spaces of ongoing flux, religion serves as a mechanism of exclusion and a means of place making. In almost all cases, the historical privatization of religion among the country's black majority has meant that negotiations over difference and belonging take place beyond the sphere of state intervention and policy. The results are forms of horizontal citizenship that are uncertain and impermanent but often involve novel subjectivities shaped by local conditions but without defined territorial boundaries. Religious practices that resonate with migrants’ nomadic impermanence, while hindering the consolidation of hegemonic political or social orderings, are crucial to these formations.
Time, generation and context in narratives of migrant and religious journeys
Authors: WONG DIANA
Published: June 2014

Taking migration as the point of departure and biographical narratives as the entry to the formation of the religious self and the texture of religious life, I draw from four key narratives – one each from the Christian, Islamic, Hindu and Chinese religious/Buddhist traditions – to examine how religion intersects with migration in migrant and religious journeys. I conceptualize migration as an intergenerational process, transcending the physicality of the actual move through lived experience in the web of collective narratives, transmitted through family memory on the one hand, and official state narratives on the other. Hence, I also draw these four narratives from different migrant generations, located in different registers of migrant temporality and state policies and politics. In exploring their attempts to make sense of their migrant lives in the changing contexts of time and place, specific migrant generations use specific religious idioms to create particular narratives of the religious migrant self. In the article, I highlight the encounter with other gods in the making of the religious self, as well as differences in the way religion travels. This portability of religion in a world of migration has been one reason, I suggest, for the failure of the secularization thesis to gain traction in the contemporary world.