bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O comércio eletrônico como ferramenta de comercialização para a agricultura familiar
Authors: Feiden Aldi , Ramos Manoel João , Schwanke Jéssica
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo visa caracterizar os produtores familiares rurais que comercializam na feira do produtor rural das cidades de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Toledo e Cascavel, municípios pertencentes à região oeste do Paraná. De forma mais ampla, a investigação tem por objetivo analisar a utilização do comércio eletrônico como mercado alternativo e a intenção de expansão comercial levando em consideração o mercado online. A metodologia caracteriza-se pelo estudo de campo, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, para tanto foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado para um grupo de 69 agricultores. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa apontam que a quantidade de produtores que utilizam as redes sociais é significativa, pois eles já utilizam esse meio como forma comercial, porém, desconhecem o quanto essa forma de comercialização contribui para a renda mensal. O estudo apresenta o mercado online como uma alternativa futura para a comercialização da produção, pois os agricultores apontam que o número de pessoas que procuram os produtos pelas redes sociais e aplicativos de mensagens tem aumentado, entretanto, observam que não possuem quantidade suficiente em estoque para atender à crescente demanda, mas isso pode ser ajustado de acordo com a necessidade.
Conflitos socioambientais e limites da gestão compartilhada em Unidade de Conservação na zona costeira amazônica
Authors: Canto Otávio Do , Vasconcellos Sobrinho Mário , Vasconcellos Ana Maria Albuquerque , Ferreira Luciana Rodrigues , Vasconcellos Ana Ialis
Published: January 2021

O artigo discute a emergência de conflitos socioambientais e os limites da gestão compartilhada de territórios na zona costeira amazônica brasileira. De forma particular, o artigo debate os conflitos socioambientais e os limites da gestão compartilhada em 3 (três) Unidades de Conservação (UC) na zona costeira do estado do Pará, precisamente: RESEX Mãe Grande de Curuçá, RESEX Mestre Lucindo e APA Algodoal-Maiandeua. Em termos teóricos, alicerça-se nos conceitos de conflito socioambiental e gestão compartilhada, este último dentro do campo analítico de gestão social. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo baseado na pesquisa-ação apoiado em técnicas de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o método de análise de redes. O artigo demonstra a existência de quatro categorias de conflitos: (1) os relacionados a empreendimentos econômicos, (2) os conexos à degradação do ambiente e dos recursos naturais, (3) os originados nas práticas econômicas e ocupacionais locais e (4) aqueles resultantes das implicações legais e sociais. As diferentes categorias e tipos de conflito demonstram a complexidade que os conselhos gestores enfrentam no processo de gestão compartilhada. A pesquisa demonstra que a gestão compartilhada tem limitações, entretanto é, até então, o melhor modelo para gestão de UC. Conclui-se que a gestão compartilhada é processo e prática e que se potencializa na medida em que os atores envolvidos ganham experiência e promovem de forma crescente diálogo e o interesse bem compreendido a partir da participação social.
Mercado Institucional e Políticas Territoriais: a experiência dos agricultores familiares da comunidade de Matinha na zona rural de São Luís/MA
Authors: Muniz Barbosa Zulene , Sampaio Correa Bianca
Published: January 2021

Este artigo analisa a experiência dos agricultores familiares de Matinha, na zona rural de São Luís (MA), a partir da implantação dos mercados institucionais, como se reconhecem no processo de produçao, as transformaçoes nas unidades produtivas à retomada e ampliação dos cultivos tradicionais e diversificação produtiva, a fim de verificar quais as implicações socioeconômicas do PAA nas relações de comercialização dos alimentos produzidos pelos agricultores, mediante a sua operacionalização gestada sob a articulação no âmbito da esfera federal, estadual e municipal. Para atingir este objetivo, nos anos de 2017 e 2018, foram realizadas entrevistas com 12 agricultores, com as coordenadores do PAA a nível municipal e estadual e o coordenador de logística do progama. Os resultados e conclusão, revelam que a inserção dos agricultores de Matinha no mercado institucional, representou significativas mudanças, por um lado, nas suas diversas formas de organização da produção e, consequentemente, na escoação dos alimentos, e, por outro, o acesso ao programa expressa ainda alguns entraves para o acesso destes agricultores, em virtude de exigências burocráticas e , ainda, o contigenciamente de recursos financeiros, por meio do governo federal.
Povos e comunidades tradicionais em Santa Catarina: sistematização de dados e reflexão sobre conflitos ambientais territoriais
Authors: Da Silva Grava Diego , Félix Florit Luciano
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo apresenta um levantamento sobre os povos e comunidades tradicionais em Santa Catarina (SC) e identifica a existência de situações de conflitos ambientais envolvendo seus territórios. Analisamos e sistematizamos dados dispersos reunidos a partir de revisão bibliográfica (teses, dissertações, artigos, dados secundários oficiais e extraoficiais, dentre outros) e realizamos uma reflexão crítica, à luz das perspectivas da Ecologia Política e da Justiça Ambiental, sobre sua situação em SC. Nesse sentido, o trabalho visa identificar os povos e comunidades tradicionais existentes em SC, quem são, onde se localizam, se enfrentam ou já enfrentaram situações de conflitos ambientais. Com o estudo, foi possível verificar que existe em SC uma grande diversidade de atores que podem ser considerados povos e comunidades tradicionais e que, em geral, enfrentam situações de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica e vivenciam ou já vivenciaram conflitos relacionados aos seus territórios. A existência de conflitos ambientais territoriais envolvendo povos e comunidades tradicionais parece um fenômeno comum e recorrente em SC.
Alianzas estratégicas y prácticas cooperativas que promueven la inclusión y el desarrollo territorial: Propuesta de un constructo de gobernanza cooperativa y territorial
Authors: Büttenbender Pedro Luís , Sausen Jorge Oneide , Büttenbender Bruno Nonnemacher , Sparemberger Ariosto
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo estudar práticas cooperativas que possam gerar maior inclusão social e econômica em uma região localizada na fronteira internacional entre os países Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai, propondo um construto para reflexão e análise do processo de governança cooperativa e territorial. O estudo caracteriza-se, quanto aos seus fins, como um estudo multicaso, exploratório e descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, e quanto aos meios como investigação de campo com uso de questionário semiestruturado aplicado a líderes e agentes sociais, agregado de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de observação direta. A sistematização e análise dos dados relacionaram e contemplaram as evidências empíricas identificadas, os fundamentos conceituais, ponderações de diferentes autores e interpretações conclusivas dos autores do estudo. No final, o estudo oferece a proposta de um construto explicativo para o processo de governança cooperativa e territorial. As cooperativas operam de acordo com as leis de cada país e são influenciadas por várias outras características das regiões fronteiriças internacionais. Os avanços no desenvolvimento territorial conferem ao cooperativismo uma relevância ainda maior para promover a crescente inclusão econômica e social e sua promoção. As perspectivas do cooperativismo e desenvolvimento indicam priorizar o fortalecimento do sistema cooperativo, a qualificação de gestão e governança, os investimentos em educação cooperativa, a inovação produtiva e tecnológica e a formação de novas alianças estratégicas de cooperação entre cooperativa e sociedade.
Território e Desenvolvimento em Karl Polanyi: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Rodrigues Waldecy , Camargo Wainesten
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca do desenvolvimento econômico territorial na perspectiva das obras de Karl Polanyi. Primeiramente, foi criado um protocolo para ordenar a seleção dos artigos científicos, para então ser realizada uma análise dos principais trabalhos que usaram Karl Polanyi, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento territorial, de modo central em suas abordagens. As principais bases de dados utilizadas foram SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE e SCIELO, no período de 1990 a 2018. Foram encontrados cerca de 100 (cem) trabalhos que atenderam ao protocolo da revisão sistemática. Todos esses trabalhos foram lidos e seus detalhes podem ser encontrados no presente texto. Foi identificado que Karl Polanyi utiliza a abordagem clássica do território, e suas ideias mais abordadas são o duplo movimento, o enraizamento e a história econômica. Os principais resultados apontam para força do pensamento polanyiano em pesquisas sobre desenvolvimento em diversas escalas territoriais, permitindo pensar essas questões em termos interdisciplinares e plurais.
2008+10. Uma análise sobre as mudanças das novas tecnologias da comunicação na história recente dos desastres de Blumenau, Brasil
Authors: Reis Clóvis , Cardoso Moisés Beio , Reimondo Barrios Yanet Maria
Published: January 2021

Em 2008, Blumenau sofreu o maior desastre socioambiental da história. Passados dez anos da tragédia, o presente trabalho reúne algumas reflexões sobre a mudança no emprego das tecnologias de comunicação na cobertura de fenômenos semelhantes. O quadro metodológico se constitui, desde uma perspectiva de ordem qualitativa, em uma investigação bibliográfica, adotando um enfoque exploratório e descritivo. A análise centrou-se em descrever como dito processo se desenvolveu na última década, tendo em conta que a mudança dos procedimentos técnicos e políticos para a confrontação de referidos fenômenos coincide com as transformações pelas quais as tecnologias da comunicação passaram. A pesquisa contribuiu para fornecer pistas sobre o papel que jornais, emissoras de rádio e de televisão, redes sociais virtuais e aplicativos móveis exerceram em Blumenau na construção da percepção pública dos riscos, e as implicações de tais enquadramentos para a gestão dos desastres.
Knowledge and judgement for assessing student teaching: a cross-institutional analysis of teaching practicum assessment instruments
Authors: Rusznyak Lee , Bertram Carol
Published: January 2021

Teaching practicum (TP) assessment instruments provide insight into the nature of theknowledge that the university expects university-appointed tutors and school-basedsupervising teachers to have in order to make fair judgements about a student’s teachingcompetence. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the TP assessment instrumentsused during 2012 by five South African universities offering initial teacher education. Itdescribes the grounds upon which the comparative analysis was done, and offers aqualitative analysis of the knowledge base that the assessors of student teaching areassumed to have. We find that the structure and criteria of some TP assessment instrumentstend to construct the assessment of student teaching as straight-forward exercise inverifying that certain technical requirements are met. In contrast, we show how others usestructure and criteria potentially to enable a more professionally based judgement of thecompetence of student teaching.
Modern University Education: Administrative and Bureaucratic Pressures and Their Consequences
Authors:   Altai State Agricultural University, Barnaul, Russian Federation, Ivanov Andrey , Fotieva Irina ,   Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

The article considers two interrelated problems of modern Russian higher education: the strengthening of administrative coercion and control as well as the introduction of distance education. As a theoretical and methodological basis of the study, the authors rely on the socio-philosophical analysis of the problems of education in the famous S.I. Hessen’s work, where three basic principles of the effective functioning of the university are highlighted: the completeness of scientific knowledge, the freedom of teaching and learning, and self-government. The authors substantiate the view that at present all these principles are violated. Violation of the first of them is manifested in a decrease in hours devoted to the teaching of fundamental disciplines and in a general orientation toward the graduation of a “narrow” specialist; the second principle is incompatible with the extremely increased reporting of universities and overly formalized indicators of the quality of their work. Violation of the third principle is manifested in the gradual elimination of university autonomy, in particular, free election of rectors. The most negative manifestation of administrative pressure, according to the authors, today is the forced introduction of distance learning. The authors critically analyze the main arguments put forward in favor of this project: saving university budgets, ensuring a higher quality of teaching, the need to follow the general logic of modernization of education as a whole. The solution to financial problems, according to the authors, should not be based on forced economy, but on the competent organization of the country’s economic life. An appeal to a higher quality of teaching, which, it is argued, must be provided by teachers from the country’s central universities, is based on biased and unproven ideas. In addition, for mastering critical and systematic thinking skills, conducting scientific discussions, direct communication between teachers and students is necessary, which is not feasible in the conditions of online teaching with a very large number of students. In addition, the authors highlight the idea that nobody takes into account the need for close knowledge of a particular audience by a teacher to choose an adequate style of lecturing or conducting practical classes. The article concludes that the current administrative-bureaucratic style of managing higher education, in which not only the basic principles of the successful functioning of the latter are violated, but also destructive reforms are carried out, is destructive not only for education as such, but also for the state itself.
Carnival of Education: between McDonald’s and Traditionalism
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, Illarionov Grigory , Kudashov Vyacheslav ,   Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

The article by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov expresses the attitude of the Russian professors to the processes of transformation of domestic science and education and the search for their foundations, one of which was the concept of the carnival of M. Bakhtin. The applicability of this concept in relation to postmodern social reality is questionable, since the carnival involves the inversion of the “triumphant truth”, relativized in the familiar form of “buffoonery and debunking”. Modern reality no longer contains the “triumphant truth” that could be subjected to inversion; in this regard, only buffoonery remains from the concept of the carnival. We offer our own view on the foundations of the transformation of science and education in Russia, in a postmodern manner suggesting the duality of reality. The first is bureaucratic reality, described by the metaphor of McDonaldization (D. Ritzer), focused on the goal-oriented market relations of “educational services”, quantitative calculation of ratings and controllability of the system. The second reality is the collective unconscious of Russian teachers, whose position is not close to the carnival inversion of M. Bakhtin, but to the traditionalist mystical and religious inversion of R. Genon. Modernity appears to be a distortion of the primordial Tradition, the sacred initiation, in the role of which the Soviet system of science and education most often appears. Each phenomenon becomes the opposite of its true meaning - “servants” teachers, “athletes” scientists, “clowns” experts, while “true” science and education are presented as something self-evident. Both realities are not capable of dialogue, since the former is oriented towards market-oriented rationality and social opportunism, while the latter is oriented toward implicitly or explicitly sacred ethical values of the “cult of science and progress”. Under these conditions, it is naive for scientists to wait for an understanding of their intentions from the reality of the bureaucracy, but it is pointless and destructive to conflict with it. A more realistic way of developing science and education is the self-organization of the scientific community through the formation of circles and dialogue between them, which can be a real discussion.
The New Upper Class: Revolutionary Elite Rotation in the USA
Authors:   American Political Science Association, Somerville, USA, Zhezhko-Braun Irina
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the emergence of a new political class or elite in the United States, which is called the minority elite. This article is the first in a series dedicated to this topic. The author formulates three interrelated prerequisites that have caused the emergence of the new elite: the spread of the Affirmative Action (AA) to all spheres of public life and, above all, to the education system; the phenomenon of “woke” capitalism; a long history of minority protest movements. Experts take the current protests for a revolution; the author proves the opposite statement: protests are a direct consequence and one of the stages of a step-by-step revolution. Its roots lie in the long-term training of personnel for the revolution and social technologies for it, in the creation of financial, informational and organizational infrastructures of protest movements, and in moral defeat and the surrender of the intellectual class. Over the decades, hundreds of protest movements of various sizes have been co-organized in the United States and dozens of professional protest organizations have been formed. One of them, Black Lives Matter, has its own program, strategy, tactics and a solid budget. The goal of the organization is to create its own ruling elite. The Protestant (WASP) elite ruled the country for more than two centuries, in the second half of the 20th century it was replaced by the so-called intellectual elite. Harvard University, by its decision to raise the level of acceptance tests in the 1960s, spawned new, intellectual elite, California universities, by abolishing tests in the 2010-2020s, bring to power a new social group – the beneficiaries of the AA. The black movement is confidently entering the final phase of its development – the placement of its representatives in state and federal authorities, political parties and other social institutions. Ideologues of identity politics, primarily racial, have arrogated to themselves the position of mentors and experts on social justice and the protectors of civil rights in society. Other protest organizations have joined the BLM, with socialist-oriented organizations in the lead. These organizations have effectively “hijacked” a wave of protests and are already working on a socialist agenda for the Biden-Harris administration, if elected.
Violence in the Society of Symbolic Consumption
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Bodrova Yuliya
Published: January 2021

The article considers violence in its symbolic form as a product of modern consumption and one of the attributes of mass culture. Despite the extreme urgency of the problem of violence in film and television, researchers in the field of psychology, sociology and pedagogy analyze this phenomenon by the impact of scenes of violence on various categories of the population, highlighting the possible relationship between violence on the screen and in life. This study focuses on the socio-philosophical analysis of violence consumption by modern people. The article considers various approaches to the study of consumption, as well as analyzes the symbolic essence of this phenomenon. How is the society of consumption associated with violence? What is the peculiarity of violence as a consumer product? Consideration of screen violence allows us to identify the main reasons underlying the demonstration of scenes of cruelty in films and on television. According to the famous American director Quentin Tarantino, violence is one of the cinematic techniques. If demand creates supply, what is the reason for the audience’s interest in acts of aggression on the screen? Forming of the information society is associated with the emergence of new technologies of violence included in the system of “producer-consumer” relations, through advertising. Violence is being democratized: it is now available not only to corporations and states. Each person can create their own reality according to their needs and ethical standards. In-depth consideration of these issues will allow us to look at violence as an element included in the system of symbolic consumption of the modern world.
The Figure of Subject in the Proto-Categorical Representations of Ancient China
Authors:   Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Pushkarskaya Natalya
Published: January 2021

This article is devoted to the analysis of the subject’s place in the proto-categorical language constructions of Ancient China. Fundamental conceptual schemas called basic classifications refer to such constructs. The key schemes include binary, ternary and quinary classifications, which defined the main features and further development of the entire Chinese mentality and civilization. The main methodological technique used in conducting historical and philosophical research is the reliance on text primary sources. The most important and most reliable source of knowledge about the philosophical views of such a remote historical period (we are talking about the Zhou era, approximately 1045 – 221 BC) is the “Book of Changes” or “I-Ching”(易经). Structural analysis is used to identify the elements and numeral schemes in the considered figure of the subject. According to the language picture of the world, reconstructed on the basis of texts from ancient Chinese sources, the position of the subject appears to be initially embedded in the worldview paradigm of archaic China. The main characteristics of a man that reveal themselves in the studied constructions of proto-categorical thinking are centrality and emptiness. These properties appear to be the most essential for understanding the role assigned to the man in the deployed model of the universe. A dual image is formed from the predicates of the subject revealed as a result of the research. Man, from the point of view of the ancient Chinese, occupying a Central position in the vertical of the “three fundamental forces” of the San Cai (Earth-Man-Sky) and possessing, due to its dominant position, the features that are crucial for the successful knowledge of natural laws, appears to be devoid of his own, personal content. The initial emptiness of the subject of knowledge, which is its essential property, entails the absence of its individual content. The author makes a conclusion about the conditionally human position of the individual in the universe. Man turns out to be derived from natural, cosmic principles that form, according to the proto-categorical representations of Ancient China, not only the foundations of the world order, but also the principles of world relations.
Back to the Future: A New Reality in Old Texts
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Burgete Ayala Marina
Published: January 2021

The article proposes to consider the concept of nonlinearity as a metaphor performing the function of acquiring new knowledge, using this concept as a tool in the strategy for reading, understanding and interpreting texts, regardless of their national, language or temporary affiliation. The current situation of uncertainty and unexpected changes that affect all walks of life form challenges that make us look at the future of mankind in a new way. The questions, set today, inevitably make you wonder if today’s events are so unique. Has mankind previously encountered something similar? Namely: were there in the history such situations, the era, in which people had to react to the fact that “overnight”, by historical standards, rebuild and change radically their life, break the habitual foundations of society, revise them on a global scale? Similar events to the contemporary ones were observed in the first century after the discovery of America, in which epidemics were one of the “actors”, causing irreparable damage to the indigenous people of the New World and practically destroyed it. This process was reflected in the texts of the chronicles, as it was understood by contemporaries, both winners and losers. Is it possible to learn from this experience and how to project this knowledge onto a new possible reality? The author considers texts, fragments from chronicles of the XVI century, which describe epidemics that erupted in New Spain at the height of the conquest and the first decades after it. The purpose of the article is to show the relationship of processes between the predicted end of globalization nowadays and the technogenic civilization transformations. Various aspects of this relationship identified through the application of non-linearity metaphors allow us to reconstruct and interpret the historical reality as a complex continuous process. This, in its turn, gives an opportunity to formulate and set new tasks for research in various areas of knowledge.
University Management in Russia: Goals, Culture, Criteria
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Russian Federation, Diev Vladimir ,   Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
Published: January 2021

The paper presents a response to the article by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov, which was devoted to the various problems of Russian higher education and science. As far as we agree with the main message of this article, we are trying to look at the exposed problems from the point of view of management theory. We think that our view seems relevant and methodologically justified, since most of the exposed problems require serious management decisions. It is shown that sometimes absurd reforms and reorganizations pursue very specific goals, which, at the same time, are not reported to the affected entities. In this context, the metaphor of the carnival fits perfectly, and P. A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov use it well. We show the importance of organizational culture within university management. Culture is not an object of manipulation. It is created by people and sometimes controls the leader even more than vice-versa. This is especially important because most of the elements of effective management (task setting, evaluation, monitoring, feedback, etc.) in each organization are to a certain extent determined by culture. It is proposed to return to a system of appointing university rectors, as this will increase the rector’s responsibility for decisions made, as well as eliminate elections, which are often formalities. The pyramidal structure of decision making means a critical dependence of the effectiveness of the organization on the qualities and abilities of the central unit, which, as a rule, consists of one senior official. If that official makes ineffective decisions, then even a perfect hierarchy will idle or even begin to self-destruct. The main flaw of such a structure is that all the information necessary for making decisions is concentrated at the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid (among the subordinates), and all the responsibility and the right to make decisions are at the top (among the senior officials). Our own position presupposes the justification of the transition from the current vertical hierarchical management model within the Russian higher education institutions to a subsidiarity model, according to which decision-making should be carried out at the lowest or least centralized level of government.
Colombia y la nueva revolución industrial
Authors: Caicedo Alarcón Óscar
Published: January 2021

La colección Colombia hacia una sociedad del conocimiento reúne las contribuciones de la Misión Internacional de Sabios 2019 sobre Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, convocada por el Presidente de la República. Este volumen corresponde a las contribuciones realizadas por el Foco de Tecnologías Convergentes -Nano, Bio, Info y Cogno- e Industrias 4.0, cuyas recomendaciones sobre la educación, la infraestructura digital estratégica, la inversión inteligente, la innovación para crear valor y equidad, la atracción de capital privado y talento internacional, la política pública acompañada de regulaciones modernas, entre otros pilares, conforman una arquitectura crítica para la innovación y la oportunidad global para el país.
Introducing the Medieval Globe
Authors: Symes Carol
Published: January 2021

The concept of “the medieval” has long been essential to global imperial ventures, national ideologies, and the discourse of modernity. And yet the projects enabled by this powerful construct have essentially hindered investigation of the world’s interconnected territories during a millennium of movement and exchange. The mission of The Medieval Globe is to reclaim this “middle age” and to place it at the center of global studies.
New Science and Old Sources: Why the Ottoman Experience of Plague Matters
Authors: Varlik Nükhet
Published: January 2021

Reconstructing the Ottoman plague experience is vital to understanding the larger Afro-Eurasian disease zone during the Second Pandemic. This essay deals with two different aspects of this experience. On the one hand, it discusses the historical and historiographical problems that rendered this epidemiological experience mostly invisible to previous scholars of plague. On the other, it reconstructs the empire’s plague ecologies, with particular attention to plague’s persistence, focalization, and transmission. Further, it uses this epidemiological experience to offer new insights and complicate some commonly held assumptions about plague history and its relationship to plague science.
A Medieval Solution to an Early Modern Problem? The Royal Animal Seals of Jambi
Authors: Teh Gallop Annabel
Published: January 2021

One of the most distinctive royal seals used in the Malay world of Southeast Asia was the animal seal of the sultans of Jambi in east Sumatra. From the middle of the eighteenth century onwards all successive sovereigns of Jambi used an eight-petalled seal with animals pictured in four of the petals. This was an exceptionally unusual choice for an Islamic sultanate, and it suggests that this seal was probably created at a politically critical juncture in Jambi history, as a bold graphic endeavour to unite, symbolically, the two contesting factions at the Jambi court: the Javanese elite, represented on this new seal by the sultan's Javanese title placed in the other four petals; and the Minangkabau power behind the throne, evoked by images of four legendary animals from the Minangkabau myth of origin.
The Formulation of Urban Identity on Byzantine Seals
Authors: Sode Claudia
Published: January 2021

In western Europe, from the twelfth century at the latest, many urban communities designed and used corporate seals to prove that they functioned as institutions with full legal and executive capacities. In contrast, Byzantine cities never developed into similarly independent self-governing communities or city states and, consequently, never used city seals. There are indications, however, that, from the tenth century on, Byzantine cities developed a distinctive civic culture and, to some extent, a civic consciousness based upon growing economic and military power and the existence of local cults. The article presents various seals used by individuals, which express a feeling of belonging to one's city—clues that have gone unnoticed in previous research. It is concluded that seals, with their rich iconographic, historical, and philological information, deserve to be considered more carefully as invaluable witnesses to the ways in which cities and collective urban identity were understood in Byzantine culture.
Archaeology and Sigillography in Northern Europe
Authors: Andersen Michael
Published: January 2021

Medieval seals, traditionally considered from the perspective of their documentary function, may also be studied as archaeological artefacts. Pilgrim badges were seal-shaped, and seal matrices and seal impressions can be found on church bells, in altars, and in burial sites. The context in which matrices are excavated provides valuable information on the practices of sealing and on the values attached to seals. This article also reveals a hitherto undescribed late medieval practice whereby papal and Scandinavian royal correspondents exchanged seal matrices.
Anachronous Antipodes: The Island of California, The Medieval Mediterranean, and the Modern Pacific
Authors: Riley Scott
Published: January 2021

AS A SPATIAL counterpart to historical periodization, geographic territorialization constructs discrete, sovereign geographical areas that, like discrete historical eras, can be leveraged within the modern world system to support the uneven distribution of labour and capital so central to that system. The priority that European explorers (and later Euro-American settlers) put on naming the landscapes of the New World exemplifies this modern preoccupation with territorialization. The survival of place-names, particularly "California," speaks to the extent to which European modernity has rendered the globe in its own terms, concealing this colonial cartography by making such place-names seem normal, intimate—as if European namings of New World landscapes were innocent, mere flights of fancy. This, it turns out, is modernity's modus operandi: it claims history as its own, making the "un-Modern" both the property of modernity and modernity's antithesis.
Gallus Anonymous / Monk of Lido (fl. ca. 1101–1117): Writer for Hire in Twelfth-Century Europe
Authors: Kabala Jakub
Published: January 2021

Recent work in computational philology has made a convincing argument that Gallus Anonymous and the Monk of Lido, authors of the Polish Gesta principum Polonorum and Venetian Translatio s. Nicolai, respectively, were one and the same author. This article reconstructs the life and career of this mobile figure and shows how his mastery of writing and rhetoric led him to pursue a career that bridged the interconnected regions and cultures of twelfth-century Europe.
The Indiculus Luminosus and the Creation of a Ninth-Century Prophetic Conflict between Christianity and Islam
Authors: Sorber Andrew
Published: January 2021

This article reappraises a frequently misunderstood witness to relations between Christianity and Islam in ninth-century al-Andalus, the polemical Indiculus luminosus. Written in 854 by Paulus Alvarus, a lay Christian in Umayyad Córdoba, the Indiculus attempts to incite opposition to Islam among the Christian elites of the city by appropriating the language of prophetic authority, increasingly used throughout the Latin West, in imagined opposition to the Prophet Muḥammad. Alvarus's Indiculus reflects his—and his intended audience's—profound anxiety about Islam in the wake of the Córdoban matyrdoms and it attempts to discredit Muḥammad while simultaneously alienating Christians from the familiar religion to which they had long accommodated themselves within the Umayyad emirate.
The Writing of Munāẓarāt in Times of Turmoil: Disputations in Fatimid Ifrīqiya
Authors: Qurboniev Aslisho
Published: January 2021

This article discusses the significance of the writing and transmission of two accounts recording disputations (munāẓarāt) that took place in 909 ce, the year of the Fatimid revolution, in Qayrawān (modern Tunisia). These debates, in which local scholars of all politico-religious factions participated, were organized by the agents of the Fatimid daʿwa as part of their attempt to establish a Shīʿī caliphate. But the accounts themselves, written at different times and for different motives, were triggered by personal trauma and responded to broader political and religious issues, which helps to explain their inclusion in later narratives of defiance and hagiography. The first was authored by a local Mālikī debater, Saʿīd Id b. Ibn al-Ḥaddād, and immediately went into circulation. It then became part of the North African biographical tradition and was regularly quoted as a brilliant (if paradoxical) defence of Mālikī belief against "heretics and tyrants." A different account of these disputations was written nearly forty years later by Ibn al-Haytham, a local Fatimid dāʿī. Unlike that of al-Ḥaddād, Ibn al-Haytham's memoir, entitled Kitāb al-munāẓarāt, was written to commemorate an older generation of dāʿīs, especially the revolutionary brothers Abū-l-ʿAbbās and Abū ʿAbd Allāh al- Shīʿī, both of whom had been executed in 911. Also unlike the previous record, this one circulated privately and only became known to modern scholars in the 1990s.
A Wondrous Past, a Dangerous Present: The Egyptian Temple of Akhmīm and the Martorana Church in palermo, as Seen through Ibn Jubayr's Travelogue
Authors: Calasso Giovanno
Published: January 2021

In the context of the major changes which occurred between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries in the Mediterranean region, this article focuses on two passages from the famous travelogue of a Muslim author from al-Andalus, Ibn Jubayr's Riḥla: the description of the ancient Egyptian temple of Akhmīm, and that of the Church of St. Mary of the Admiral, in Palermo—now better known as the Martorana. Both passages are considered within the framework of the traveller's two-year journey as a pilgrim (1183-1185) and, through a close comparative reading, this article suggests that Ibn Jubayr's different treatment of the two buildings reflects contemporary transformations in the balance of power within and outside the Islamic world. It shows how these upheavals affected the Muslim author's way of conceptualizing his own world and that of ancient and contemporaneous Others.
How Does a Moorish Prince Become a Roman Caesar? Fictions and Forgeries, Emperors and Others from the Spanish "Flores" Romances to the Lead Books of Granada
Authors: Budner Keith
Published: January 2021

This article reads the two Spanish versions of the Flores romance as ideologically embedded in the conflict and contact between Christians and Muslims in medieval Iberia, as well as after the "Reconquista" of 1492 and the subsequent renegotiation of Spanish-Morisco relations. It argues that the printed version of the romance, published in 1512 and frequently reprinted, imagines a fictional resolution to the problem of the Moriscos' socio-political status by making its Morisco protagonist an emperor of Rome. It contrasts this successful fiction with a failed contemporary forgery that had a similar goal: the Lead Books of Granada.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Carpentieri Nicola , Symes Carol
Published: January 2021

This special issue of The Medieval Globe emerged from a conference conceived in 2016 as part of Nicola Carpentieri's research project on "The Birth of Romance Literature: Iberia and Sicily at the Twilight of Arabo-Muslim Cultural Hegemony," generously supported by a Beatriu de Pinos fellowship at the Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona. We are particularly thankful to Professor Alexander Fidora for his invaluable help in organizing the conference. Heartfelt thanks also go to Professor William Granara at Harvard University for his constant support and advice, as well as to the team of the Latin Talmud project at the Universitat Autonoma: Dr. Ulisse Cecini, Dr. Oscar de la Cruz Palma, Dr. Eulalia Vernet, Dr. Isaac Lampurlanes, Dr. Gorge Hasselhoff, Professor Harvey Hames, Annabel Gonzalez Flores, Dr. Federico Dal Bo, and Professor Matthias Tischler.
Self-Revision and the Arabic Historical Tradition: Identifying Textual Reuse and Reorganization in the Works Of Al-Balā Dhurāi
Authors: Lynch Ryan J.
Published: January 2021

While there is growing historiographical analysis of the reuse of circulating narrative materials in medieval books from various textual traditions, there have been fewer studies of the late antique and early medieval periods that have considered the process of authorial self-revision. This is especially the case with early Arabic/Islamicate texts. This study is a discussion of the historical material that is reused in the two surviving Arabic works of the Muslim author al-Balādhurī (d. ca. 892 CE/279 AH), material which appears in his Kitāb Futūḥ al-buldān (The Book of the Conquest of Lands) and that was apparently reused in his Ansāb al-Ashrāf (The Lineage of Nobles). In discussing how al-Balādhurī recycled this information and emplotted it in verbatim and near-verbatim forms, it shows how shifting the location of these shared traditions demonstrates the different goals of his two books and also showcases his work as an author: in the former, he places an emphasis on the creation of early Islamic institutions; in the later, he eulogizes the character and qualities of Islam's earliest leaders. Additionally, all of the reused material discussed here was identified through computer meditated analysis, so this study also highlights how the tools of the digital and computational humanities demonstrate immense promise in enhancing and expediting the research of scholars across the medieval globe.
Salvaging Meaning: The Art of Recycling In Sino-Mongol Quanzhou, ca. 1276–1408
Authors: Purtle Jennifer
Published: January 2021

This essay argues that expatriate residents of medieval Quanzhou recycled objects to create meaning across cultures. By tracing the mobility of imagery, iconography, and decorative idioms across belief structures, this essay demonstrates how the salvaging of artifacts between religions literally built a local visual and religious culture from available parts.
Medievalism, Misogyny, and Orientalism: The Representation of Queen Sibylla in Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven
Authors: Lapina Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

This article is an historian's engagement with Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven (2005) and its portrayal of Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem. It demonstrates that the film presents a myth of medieval women's lack of agency, especially in the spheres of warfare and politics, and that it also projects modern misogynist and Orientalist tropes onto the medieval past. In addition to critiquing the film's historical claims, it draws on medieval sources to reconstruct what the historical Sibylla's roles were likely to have been, and to demonstrate the prevalence of women's involvement in allegedly "masculine" spheres of activity. Finally, it calls on historians to expose the dangerous uses of "medieval" imagery in contemporary popular culture and right-wing ideologies.
Struggles over Europe
Authors: Lewicki Paweł
Published: January 2021

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The Mobilization Potential of Political Parties among Hungarian Students
Authors: Sebestyén Annamária
Published: January 2021

Situated in the literature that examines the reasons for the dearth of young party members, this article discusses the mobilization potential of political parties among the youth in light of research conducted among Hungarian university and college students (Active Youth Research, 2019). On the one hand, it analyses the mobilization propensity of Hungarian political parties, and on the other, examines to what extent party-political mobilization plays a role in encouraging young people’s involvement in party activities compared to other predisposing factors. Making use of the unique dataset, the study also investigates what attitudinal features distinguish party-politically active students from the rest of the student population. The results show that parties’ mobilization attempts are a principal factor in encouraging young people’s party participation in Hungary, although parties per se are not able to motivate them; politically stimulating family and peer groups and events that shape political views are also needed to set the stage for involvement. The article also finds that the political interest of party-politically active students is demonstrably higher than that of their counterparts, but both groups have rather negative views about Hungarian politics and are dissatisfied with the country’s democracy and present social conditions.
Moving Through and Moving Away
Authors: Hordósy Rita , Szanyi-F. Eleonóra
Published: January 2021

The existence of persistent and entrenched inequalities within the Hungarian education system is revealed in international comparison, thereby highlighting the strong link between students’ socio-economic background and educational outcomes. University entry and progression are patterned on student background, with a lack of systematic and robust support for disadvantaged students. Drawing on two rounds of the Active Youth survey of full-time university students (in 2015 and in 2019), this paper explores the diverse educational and career strategies of young people. After giving an overview of tertiary participation in relation to socio-economic background, it explores the financial experiences of university students, pointing to the related difficulties and mitigation strategies. The paper also looks at future migration plans, including their aim, planned duration, and key push and pull factors. The results point to social closure, along with large differences in student experiences throughout university, with international student mobility remaining the privilege of more advantaged students. The lack of equitable student pathways into, through, and beyond Hungarian higher education correspond to several policy areas. One conclusion is that the financial support system needs to be made more effective through better targeting and the provision of sufficient funding for students in need.
Why Nationalism?
Authors: Kajta Justyna
Published: January 2021

The article is based on an analysis of four selected biographies of nationalist activists in Poland – taken from a larger sample of 30 biographical-narrative interviews conducted with members of organizations such as the All-Polish Youth, National Radical Camp, and National Rebirth of Poland (2011–2015). During the analysis of all of the collected interviews, three main biographical paths to the nationalist movement were distinguished: (a) an individual project (with two subtypes), (b) the influence of significant others, and (c) being ‘found’ by an organization. The paper explores four individuals’ life stories – each representing one of the paths – and takes a closer look at all three main paths, including the role of family political orientation, circle of friends, and interests. The analysis shows that the Polish nationalist movement can be seen as a space that allows individuals to meet their various needs (the need to resist the political and social situation in the country; to express their values, discontent, and opinions; to maintain a feeling of doing something valuable and important; to carry out social work, promote patriotism, and to engage in educational activities). Moreover, when it comes to explanations of the growing popularity of nationalism nowadays, it can be said that the nationalist movement involves people who are dissatisfied with politics and looking for grassroots alternatives; feel endangered by cultural (liberal) changes; are seeking a return to tradition and Catholicism; and who are looking for stronger narratives (those opposed to liberalism and postmodernism).