bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approach to the regional plan elaboration: The case of Kolubara district
Authors: Perisic Dimitrije , Mitrovic Slobodan , Milijic Sasa
Published: October 2010

The explicit regional planning experiences in Serbia have been elucidated upon the case of the elaboration and implementation approach of the Kolubarski district regional spatial plan. Specific circumstances going along with the plan?s elaboration demanded the advancement of the regional planning methodology with an efficient approach in defining a strong working team organisation, and clear temporal and spatial guidelines. Furthermore, the means were required for the communication improvement between planners and interested groups on the national, regional and particularly local level so as to determine development goals and mediate conflicting interests. In the preparation and consideration of this spatial plan?s elaboration phases, the cooperation between the planners and responsible authorities and expert agencies of the municipalities of Valjevo, Lajkovac, Ljig, Mionica, Osecina and Ub was particularly valuable and useful. The same goes for the Kolubarski district, the Agency for construction and development of the Kolubarski district affected by the earthquake and other expert institutions, organisations and enterprises from this planning region. The achieved cooperation provided for the quality and actuality of the planning propositions and the ensuing approval by the local communities smoothed the Spatial plan?s implementation.
New urbanism: A new approach to the way America builds
Authors: Howard-Pavlovich Zeljka
Published: October 2010

New Urbanism has been characterized as the most important phenomenon to emerge in American architecture and planning since the Modernist movement. Like any movement promoting ideas that challenge long standing practices, New Urbanism has received its share of criticism. This article focuses on the positive aspects of these movements. It provides an overview of the movement and looks into the lessons that could be learned from the application of its ideas to the design and development of cities. Illustrative of many New Urbanism ideas are the efforts undertaken in Europe during the last decade of the twentieth century. The charter outlines a new vision of the spatial and physical form of the contemporary built environment promoted by New Urbanism and defines the principles and development policies that support that vision. Then, the Charter refers to regions as "fundamental economic unitas of the contemporary world" and calls for coordination of public policies, physical planning, and economic strategies to deal with this new reality. New Urbanism brings to fore the importance of an integrated approach to rectifying the problems of urban growth and to bring about change to the unsustainable pattern of the current urban landscape. It, also, asserts that the process for effecting changes in the urban structure and public policies should be based on developing close partnerships and cooperation among various disciplines, interest groups, and citizens. There is, also, an idea on Reaffirmation of the Traditional Urbanism principles that have guided design of cities for centuries. New Urbanism, of course, does not offer solutions to all ills of the American built environment, however, it has inspired significant changes in the approaches to planning and development.
Biological behavior of oral and perioral mast cell tumors in dogs: 44 cases (1996-2006)
Authors: Hillman Lorin A. , Garrett Laura D. , de Lorimier Louis-Philippe , Charney Sarah C. , Borst Luke B. , Fan Timothy M.
Published: October 2010

Objective—To describe clinical outcome of dogs with mast cell tumors (MCTs) arising from the oral mucosa, oral mucocutaneous junction, or perioral region of the muzzle and evaluate the potential role of the chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) in the biological behavior of these tumors.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—44 dogs with MCTs of the oral mucosa (n = 14), oral mucocutaneous junction (19), or perioral region of the muzzle (11).

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, regional metastasis, treatments, cause of death, and survival time. Twenty of the 44 cases had stored histologic samples available for immunohistochemical staining for CCR7

Results—For all dogs, median survival time was 52 months. Twenty-six (59%) dogs had regional lymph node metastasis on admission. Median survival time for dogs with lymph node metastasis was 14 months, whereas median survival time was not reached for dogs without lymph node metastasis. Intensity of staining for CCR7 was not significantly associated with the presence of regional lymph node metastasis or survival time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in dogs with MCTs arising from the oral mucosa, oral mucocutaneous junction, or perioral region of the muzzle, the presence of regional lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis was a negative prognostic factor. However, prolonged survival times could be achieved with treatment. In addition, CCR7 expression in the primary tumor was not significantly associated with the presence of regional lymph node metastasis or survival time.
Distensible superficial venous orbital malformations involving the lower eyelid in two horses
Authors: Trope Gareth D. , Steel Catherine M. , Bowers John R. , Bradbury Leah A. , Hodge Priscilla J. , Maggs David J.
Published: October 2010

Case Description—2 horses were examined because of vascular masses involving the lower eyelid.

Clinical Findings—Both horses had a unilateral, fluctuant mass involving the lower eyelid. For horse 1, the mass had been present since birth and had slowly increased in size over time. The mass also changed in size in response to various environmental stimuli, alterations in the position of the horse's head, and digital obstruction of superficial vessels adjacent to the mass. Horse 2 was brought to the hospital for euthanasia, and no historical or antemor-tem data were available. A combination of contrast angiography, Doppler ultrasonography, surgical exploration, and blood gas analysis (horse 1) and postmortem and histologic examination (horse 2) were used to determine that the masses consisted of non-neoplastic distended venous channels with anastomoses to the inferior lateral palpebral and angularis oculi veins (both horses) as well as the facial vein (horse 2). Histologic examination (horse 2) revealed large, endothelial cell-lined, blood-filled spaces within the deep dermis consistent with a distensible superficial venous orbital malformation.

Treatment and Outcome—Horse 1 underwent surgical exploration and ligation of the vascular malformation. Six months after surgery, the mass was markedly reduced in size, and size of the mass was static regardless of head position or environmental stimuli.

Clinical Relevance—Thorough preoperative planning with Doppler ultrasonography, contrast angiography, and blood gas analysis is recommended when attempting surgical correction of these malformations in horses. Surgical ligation can result in a successful cosmetic and functional outcome.
Recognition of Objects Displayed with Incomplete Sets of Discrete Boundary Dots
Authors: Greene Ernest
Published: October 2010

Most extant theories of shape perception assume or assert that various contour attributes, and in particular, the orientation, curvature and linear extent of the contours provide essential object recognition cues. The present study examined this proposal using discrete dots that marked locations on the outer boundary of namable objects, providing shape-patterns similar to silhouettes. For each shape, the display initially provided only a sampling of the total number of dots in the boundary, and the number of dots was periodically increased until the participant named the object. There were three treatment conditions in which the initial display as well as the periodic increments consisted of continuous arrays (strings) of dots, randomly positioned dots, or evenly spaced dots. Analysis showed objects were recognized with the fewest percentage of dots with the evenly spaced condition, and participants needed the greatest percentage with the contiguous array condition. In many cases objects could be identified when very few evenly spaced dots were shown, thereby providing large spacing between the dots. It seems unlikely that known neural mechanisms could extract contour attributes, e.g., orientation, curvature, and linear extent, from such sparse stimulus patterns, which provides a challenge to the proposition that these are essential shape cues.
A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed: Patterns of Age Groups 15 to 95 Years
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Nielsen Niels Peter , Jacobson James M.
Published: October 2010

A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed color, form, and color-form naming were administered to 300 normal participants (ages 15–95 years) to explore the effects of age on perceptual (single-dimension naming) and cognitive speed (dual-dimension naming). Naming time means (sec.) were consistent with previous findings. Correlations between age and naming time were low, but significant. Linear regression with age as a factor indicated time increases of 1 sec. per decade for colors and color-form combination naming and of 6 sec. per decade for form naming. Participants were divided into age cohorts, each covering a decade, and naming times were transformed to normalized z scores. The normalized means were similar for color, form, and color-form naming and increased by about 1 SD between ages 15–25 and 75–85 years. The ranges were similar across cohorts, about 2 SD. The findings concur with age patterns for visual-pattern comparison speed, fluid intelligence, and working memory reported by Salthouse in 2004.
Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Intermittent and Continuous Exercise
Authors: Utter Alan C. , Nieman David C. , Dumke Charles L. , McAnulty Steven R. , Kang Jie , McAnulty Lisa S.
Published: October 2010

This investigation characterized the acute differentiated and undifferentiated perceptual responses to a prolonged intermittent and continuous stationary cycle exercise session. Throughout two 2.0-hr. test sessions, 12 subjects cycled at 64% Wattsmax and 73% VO2 peak continuously or with 3-min. rest intervals interspersed every 10 min. During both trials, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory rate, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and three ratings of perceived exertion (OMNI) measurements were made every 30 min. During the intermittent protocol, the perceived exertion measures were taken during Min. 10 of every 10-min. interval. OMNI RPE–Overall body did not differ significantly between conditions. No significant differences were reported for OMNI RPE–Legs between conditions; however, a significant interaction was reported for OMNI RPE–Chest, which was significantly lower in the continuous condition at Min. 120. These data indicate that perception of exertion is similar during prolonged intermittent and continuous exercise when performed at the same relative intensities throughout 90 min. of exercise.
Attention to Threat in High and Low Trait-Anxious Individuals: A Study Using Extremely Threatening Pictorial Cues
Authors: Li Xinying , Poliakoff Ellen , Wang Min , Luo Yue-Jia
Published: October 2010

Previous research suggested that individuals with high trait anxiety have difficulties disengaging their attention from threatening cues, whereas those with low trait anxiety have no such attentional bias. However, according to some cognitive models of threat-related attention, low anxious people should show the same pattern as high anxious people when the threat value is large enough. To test this hypothesis, extremely threatening pictures were used as predictive location cues in a cue-target task. Neutral pictures were included as controls. 15 High Anxious participants and 17 Low Anxious participants were selected from 213 volunteers who all were police veterans. Analysis showed that threat cues produced greater facilitation effects than neutral cues, but this was not modulated by anxiety. This suggests that both high and low anxious individuals may have difficulties disengaging their attention from threat-cued locations when the threat value is large enough.
Aesthetic Properties of Everyday Objects
Authors: Stich Christine , Eisermann Jens , Knäuper Bärbel , Leder Helmut
Published: October 2010

This research addresses whether one underlying concept of appreciation exists across different classes of objects. Three studies were done. To identify aesthetic properties relevant for the aesthetic judgment of everyday objects and paintings, in Study 1 expert interviews were conducted with 12 interior designers, object-oriented designers and architects, and 12 students of art history. In Study 2, multidimensional unfolding (MDU) was used to examine whether common judgment criteria can be identified for the objects of the different classes. A sample of 217 German subjects participated. 2- or 3-dimensional MDU solutions resulted for each object class. The identified dimensions were labeled using the aesthetic properties derived from the expert interviews (Study 1). These dimensions represent relevant dimensions of aesthetic judgment on which object properties vary. Study 2 suggested that people use different dimensions of aesthetic judgment for different object classes. The identified dimensions were then used to construct three sets of systematically varied everyday objects and one set of systematically varied paintings. Using this stimulus material in Study 3, conjoint analysis indicated these dimensions are differentially important for the overall aesthetic judgment.
An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, 11th Version in a Sample of Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Yao Shuqiao , Yang Huiqin , Zhu Xiongzhao , Auerbach Randy P. , Abela John R. Z. , Pulleyblank Ryan W. , Tong Xi
Published: October 2010

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11th version in a sample of adolescents from Hunan province, mainland China. During an initial assessment, 396 secondary school students (Grades 10–12) completed the scale and self-report measures assessing problem behaviors and alcohol use. The scale was re-administered 1 mo. later. Analysis gave Cronbach alpha of .80 and test-retest reliability of .70. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a model containing six first-order factors and two second-order factors best fit the data. Girls reported higher Total scores than boys as well as higher scores on the motor impulsiveness, self-control, and cognitive instability sub-scales. Scores were associated in the predicted direction with a wide variety of self-reported problem behaviors including alcohol use, gambling, and academic misconduct. Current findings indicate that the translated scale is a promising tool with some further development for assessing impulsiveness with Chinese adolescents.
Motor and Visuomotor Skills of Children with Asperger's Disorder: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Lopata Christopher , Volker Martin A. , Hamm Ellen M. , Sowinski Jill E. , Thomeer Marcus L.
Published: October 2010

While motor clumsiness is frequently described as an associated feature of Asperger's Disorder, little research has examined specific motor skills and the relation among aspects of motor performance in this population. The present purpose was to present preliminary findings for three aspects of Asperger's: the presence and magnitude of gross motor and fine motor deficits, the presence and magnitude of visuomotor deficits, and the relation between motor functioning and visuomotor skills. 17 boys, 6 to 13 years old, with Asperger's were tested using standardized measures of gross, fine, and visuomotor skills. Statistically significant deficits were found for the sample's scores compared with values for the general population (using one-sample t tests), but none for fine motor vs gross motor skills (using a dependent sample t test). Significant positive correlations were found for gross motor skills with visuomotor skills (.73) and for fine motor skills with visuomotor skills (.71). Tentative suggestions for clinical assessment were proposed.
Sex of Expresser and Correct Perception of Facial Expressions of Emotion
Authors: Trnka Radek , Kubêna Aleŝ , Kuĉerová Eva
Published: October 2010

The influence of the sex of the expresser was examined in relation to correct perception of facial expressions by the receiver. Two hundred and twenty-seven college students (114 women, 103 men) judged seven facial expressions, anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, by choosing the appropriate emotion name from a list of six Czech options, on men and women's faces. No significant difference was found between rates of correct perception of facial expressions on the faces of women and on the faces of men. The facial expression of fear was better recognized on the man's face than on the woman's face in this set of subjects. The results do not support the hypothesis of more accurate recognition of facial expressions on women's faces than on men's faces.
Risk Taking and Risk Perception in Road Safety: Comparative Study of Young Sportsmen and Nonsportsmen in Southeastern France
Authors: Martha Cécile , Griffet Jean
Published: October 2010

The relationship between participation in sporting activity and both risk taking and risk perception when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle were evaluated among 614 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 years. The sex of the respondents (252 girls, 362 boys) and their experience with road accidents were taken into account. Three-way analyses of variance indicated a significant main effect for sex, with girls reporting both fewer risky behaviors and higher risk perception than boys when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle. Effect for sporting activity was also significant, with sports practitioners reporting lower risk taking and higher risk perception than nonsportsmen. There was also a significant interaction between sex and sporting activity. For boys, risk taking was higher and risk perception lower among the nonsportsmen than among the sports practitioners. Experience with road accidents had no significant relationship with risk taking or risk perception when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle.
Football Increases the Risk for Lou Gehrig's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Abel Ernest L.
Published: October 2010

A recent report of a six-fold increase in prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease, in soccer players prompted a similar investigation in National Football League players in the United States. Using the internet, a retrospective analysis indicated 8 of the 3,891 players who played or debuted after 1960 had ALS, a prevalence of 206 per 100,000, a 40-fold higher prevalence rate than the rate of 5 per 100,000 in the general U.S. population ( p<.001, binomial theorem). While no etiology for ALS has been established, the very high rate associated with professional football warrants further examination.
Home Disadvantage in Professional ICE Hockey
Authors: Loignon Andrew , Gayton William F. , Brown Melissa , Steinroeder William , Johnson Carrie
Published: October 2010

Occurrence of the home field disadvantage in professional ice hockey was examined by analyzing data on penalty shots from 1983–2004. This datum was used as it does not involve physical contact for only the player taking the penalty shot is involved in the outcome. As a result, inhibition of anxiety associated with physical contact should not occur, and diffusion of responsibility would not occur since only the shooter is involved. Analysis indicated the player who took the penalty shot did not make significantly fewer shots at home than in away games. The result did not support hypotheses about roles of physical contact and diffusion of responsibility in accounting for past failures to find the home disadvantage in professional ice hockey.
Muscular Strength and Jumping Performance after Handball Training versus Physical Education Program for Pre-Adolescent Children
Authors: Oxyzoglou Nikolaos , Kanioglou Aggelos , Rizos Stelios , Mavridis George , Kabitsis Christos
Published: October 2010

The purpose was to compare a 6-mo. specific handball training program and a typical physical education program on various strength and jumping skills. The participants ( M age = 13.7 yr., SD = 1.5) were divided into the Handball Group ( n = 51) and the Physical Education Group ( n = 70). The latter performed 3 sessions/week (60 min.) including ball-handling drills, horizontal and vertical jump shots, fast break, and several defensive skills. The former performed the program provided by the Ministry of Education including track and field and other team sport drills. Analyses of covariance showed that the handball group displayed greater improvement in explosive strength of upper limbs, jumping performance, maximum isometric force of right grip, and 10-m running velocity. Handball training can significantly improve pre-adolescent performance with upper and lower limbs. Inclusion of specific handball drills in the physical education program is recommended.
Immediate Effect of Three Yoga Breathing Techniques on Performance on a Letter-Cancellation Task
Authors: Telles Shirley , Raghuraj P. , Maharana Satyapriya , Nagendra H. R.
Published: October 2010

The effects of three yoga breathing practices were evaluated on performance on a letter-cancellation task which is a left-hemisphere dominant task. The three yoga breathing practices (right, left, and alternate nostril breathing) were selected because unilateral forced nostril breathing stimulates the contralateral hemisphere. There were 20 male volunteers whose ages ranged from 20 to 45 years ( M age = 28.4 yr., SD = 5.7). All subjects were assessed before and after four sessions, i.e., right nostril yoga breathing, left nostril yoga breathing, alternate nostril yoga breathing, and breath awareness as a control. The letter-cancellation task scores were significantly improved, i.e., there were fewer errors following right and alternate nostril yoga breathing (Wilcoxon paired signed-ranks test). The improved performance may be related to the enhancement of contralateral hemisphere function found with selective nostril breathing.
Correlations between Exercise and Anger in College Students
Authors: Washburn Christian R. , Pritchard Mary E. , Book Phares , Clark Cindy
Published: October 2010

In a sample of 76 students (56 women, 20 men) from an upper division psychology class at this large university, men's and women's scores on the Anger subscale of the Profile of Mood States and self-reported exercise (–.34 and –.39, respectively) were significantly correlated. Men also reported exercising for longer periods, while women reported exercising more intensely. Researchers might well examine behavioral measures of anger and exercise over an extended period of time in an experimental design.
Relation of Self-Concept in Kindergarten and First Grade to School Adjustment
Authors: Zafiropoulou Maria , Sotiriou Apostolos , Mitsiouli Vasiliki
Published: October 2010

The present aim was to investigate changes in self-concept and self-concept stability during children's transition from kindergarten to primary school, and the relationship between children's self-concept and their adjustment to elementary school. 346 children took part in this 2-yr. longitudinal study. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children was used to assess children's self-concept. Children's school adjustment was assessed using the schools' academic, behavioral, and social-emotional procedures. Children's self-concept appeared relatively stable and the decline in scores appeared to be practically unimportant. Analysis showed that children's school adjustment mainly affects the academic dimension of self-concept.
Visual Attention to Plain and Ornamented Human Bodies: An Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Wohlrab Silke , Fink Bernhard , Pyritz Lennart W. , Rahlfs Moritz , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: October 2010

Signaling mate quality through visual adornments is a common phenomenon in animals and humans. However, humans are probably the only species who applies artificial ornaments. Such deliberate alterations of the skin, e.g., tattoos and scarring patterns, have been discussed by researchers as potential handicap signals, but there is still very little information about a potential biological signaling value of body modification. In this study eye-tracking was employed to investigate the signaling value of tattoos and other body modification. Measurement of gaze duration of 50 individuals while watching plain, scarred, accessorized, and tattooed bodies of artificial human images indicated that participants looked significantly longer at tattooed than at scarred, accessorized, and plain bodies. Generally, male participants paid more attention to tattooed stimuli of both sexes. More detailed analyses showed that particularly female tattooed stimuli were looked at longer. These findings are discussed within an evolutionary framework by suggesting that tattoos might have some signaling value which influences the perception of both male and female conspecifics and may hence also affect mating decisions.
Sustained Attention in Major Unipolar Depression
Authors: Van Der Meere Jaap , Börger Norbert , Van Os Titus
Published: October 2010

Patients suffering from a major unipolar depression ( n = 17) and a normal control group ( n = 17) were compared on a noninterrupted vigilance task with a duration of 36 min. The performance decrement over time of the depressed group was indicative of a deficit in sustained attention.
Aphasia and Accent in Identifying Medical Sentences
Authors: Burda Angela N. , Brace Angela , Hosch Amanda
Published: October 2010

The objective of this quasi-experimental pilot study was to assess the effect that the presence of aphasia in participants and the presence of an accent in speakers had on the accurate identification of 30 medical sentences. 20 participants, 10 with aphasia and 10 age- and sex-matched adults without aphasia, pointed to printed medical sentences matching utterances produced in English by native and nonnative English speakers. Analysis showed participants with aphasia had significantly lower identification scores than participants without aphasia. Across speakers' languages, scores for sentences produced by the native English speaker were significantly higher than scores for the nonnative English speakers. No interaction effects occurred. Investigations should continue to explore the effect of acquired language disorders on the understanding of accented speech.
Sex Differences on the Multitalent Perception Inventory among Malaysian Students
Authors: Palaniappan Ananda Kumar
Published: October 2010

Malaysian high school students, 142 boys and 154 girls ( M age = 13.3 yr., SD = 0.3) were compared on a talent measure, the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory. Boys obtained significantly higher means on the overall score of Versatility and the talent areas of Artistry, Creative Imagination, Initiative, and Leadership. Further replications involving other age groups and nationalities are recommended.
Motion-Induced Illusory Contours: Priority of Global Aspects on Motion Perception
Authors: Gyulai Elisabetta
Published: October 2010

The present work deals with the perception of illusory surfaces assessed by the apparent motion of equal, parallel, and equidistant vertical stripes. Particularly, the influence of a reduction in length of one single stripe was studied. Two alternative perceptions were reported by participants: (a) the stripes seemed to move in a plastic (nonrigid) fashion, or (b) an apparent illusory rectangle was perceived in motion at the top of a complete row of stripes, which appeared to move in a rigid fashion in the opposite direction. In both perceptions, the single shorter stripe lost its identity and was absorbed by the global pattern of stripes in motion. The tendency to maintain identity seems to regard first of all the whole structure. It was found that these perceptions depended on the velocity of presentation of stripes and on the size of the shorter stripe.
Development of a Scale Assessing Students' Appearance Anxiety in Physical Education
Authors: Kalogiannis Perikles , Papaioannou Athanassios
Published: October 2010

A 14-item self-report scale was developed to measure students' anxiety about their appearance in physical education lessons. Confirmatory factor analysis on 401 students' responses on the Appearance Anxiety in Physical Education Scale (AAPES) supported the existence of two factors with strong internal consistency: Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Anxiety and Avoidance. Both factors correlated with Social Physique Anxiety and Global and Physical Self Concept, in line with expectations. In addition, students who scored high on Appearance Anxiety proved to be those students with higher percent body fat and lower physical fitness. These findings support the good psychometric properties of the scale, suggesting that it is a reliable and valid tool.
Musical Mode and Estimation of Time
Authors: Bueno José Lino Oliveira , Ramos Danilo
Published: October 2010

This study assesses whether different musical modes can influence the subjective estimation of time. The three musical stimuli, each of 64.3 sec. duration, had the same harmonic structure, although each was constructed in a different mode: Ionian (major), Aeolian (minor), or Locrian (diminished) mode. Study participants were 108 undergraduate students (56 men and 52 women) in Education ( n = 41), Psychology ( n = 32), or Law ( n = 35), ages 17 to 35 years and nonmusicians, who were divided into three groups by the musical stimuli presented. Participants listened to the stimulus, made a temporal estimation of the stimulus duration, and provided a written verbal rating of mood state. Analysis of variance indicated the Locrian stimulus was estimated as longer than the Aeolian and Ionian stimuli which suggested the dissonant (unpleasant) stimuli was associated with a longer estimated duration than consonant (pleasant) stimuli.
Association of Stability of Line Drawing and Drawing Performance
Authors: Cai Dengchuan
Published: October 2010

The study presents a simple method to predict the drawing performance of designers or artists by measuring the stability of their line drawings. An 8 × 3 two-way factorial design experiment with directions and phases was conducted to explore the most stable direction and phase among eight directions and three phases of line drawing. The scores of 40 participants' drawings rated by instructors were used directly as drawing performance. Correlations estimated relations of stability of the line drawing and drawing performance. Analyses showed 45° was the most stable direction, whereas the least stable was 135°. For each line drawing, the start was more stable than the middle and end phases. For drawing a plus sign (+), the horizontal line was more stable than the vertical line. When drawing a horizontal line, drawing rightward was more stable than drawing leftward; when drawing a vertical line, drawing downward was more stable than drawing upward. In general, drawing a multiplication sign (x) was similar to drawing a plus sign rotated counterclockwise with an angle of 45°. Line-drawing stability was positively correlated with drawing performance, so line-drawing stability could be used to predict drawing performance. The stability of the least stable direction was the most powerful predictor for assessing drawing performance. All subjects were design students, were right-handed, and drew with the right hand. Persons from other fields and drawing with the nondominant hand are interesting topics for further investigation.
Effect of Coffee Ingestion on Physiological Responses and Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Submaximal Endurance Exercise
Authors: Demura Shinichi , Yamada Takayoshi , Terasawa Naoko
Published: October 2010

This study examined the effect of coffee ingestion on physiological responses and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during submaximal endurance exercises by 10 healthy young adults. Participants performed a submaximal endurance cycling exercise corresponding to 60% of maximum oxygen uptake capacity for 60 min. They drank either caffeinated coffee with a caffeine content of 6 mg/kg body-mass of each participant (Caf) or a decaffeinated coffee (Dec) 60 min. before starting exercise. Participants participated in the blind design experiment under both conditions at a one-week interval. Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, RPE, and plasma lactate concentration were measured during the endurance exercise. The RPE under the Caffeinated coffee condition during the last 60 min. of endurance exercise was significantly lower than that in the Decaffeinated coffee condition. However, no significant differences in any physiological response were observed between conditions. Thus, caffeine ingestion 60 min. before starting exercise had an insignificant effect on the physiological responses, except for RPE during submaximal endurance exercises for 60 min. Caffeine ingestion before endurance exercise of relatively low intensity may have a beneficial effect on psychological responses.
Performance of Older versus Younger Brothers: Data from Major League Baseball
Authors: Abel Ernest L. , Kruger Michael L.
Published: October 2010

Batting and pitching records and career lengths of 312 sets of brothers who became major league baseball players were compared. Older brothers at non-pitching positions ( N = 262) had significantly higher batting averages and longer careers than their younger siblings. Differences for pitchers were not statistically significant. The results corroborate other studies that firstborns are more likely than later born siblings to be higher achievers, but different factors may be operative for pitchers.
The Nexus of Suicide Prevalence, Helping Behavior, Pace of Life, Affluence, and Intelligence: Contrary Results from Comparisons across Nations and within the United States
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: October 2010

This study examined interrelations among suicide prevalence, affluence, intelligence, pace of life, and helping behavior on the level of aggregate analysis, both cross-nationally and within the USA, using four extant data sets (8, 15, and 29 countries; and 17 U.S. states) for the latter two variables. Pertaining to the association of suicide rates with pace of life, the results replicated discrepant previous findings of Lester. Across nations, suicide is more prevalent in populations living in faster environments, whereas within the USA suicide rates are higher in slower environments. Further, seen from an international perspective, there appears to be a nexus of variables, such that more people tend to commit suicide in the more affluent and faster environments which are populated by more intelligent, but less friendly, individuals. Within the USA, the direction of the correlations of suicide prevalence with these four variables is exactly reversed. Possible reasons for these opposed findings and implications for research are discussed.
Do Undergraduate Students' Ratings of Perceived Aggression in Sport Reflect Athletes' Self-Reported Aggression? Comments on Pedersen (2007)
Authors: Maxwell J. P.
Published: October 2010

In 2007 Pedersen described the results of undergraduate students' ratings of 16 common sports based on their perceptions of the aggression in each sport. Unfortunately, it is unclear whether Pedersen's sample's perception of aggression actually reflects aggression of athletes who participate in these sports. Therefore, response of 1,441 British competitive athletes (817 men, mean age = 21.5, SD = 4.9) to a short aggression questionnaire were analysed to distinguish whether the same pattern of ranks reported by Pedersen could be replicated. In general, data were consistent with Pedersen's rankings (Correlations were moderate to high), but some exceptions were evident, particularly for male athletes.
Signs of Defense in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Validation Study of the Defense Mechanism Test
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Saya Anna , Siracusano Alberto
Published: October 2010

A group of 31 patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder was compared with an age and sex-matched group of 31 nonclinical volunteers on the Defense Mechanism Test, a tachistoscopic paradigm which confronts the subject with anxiety-arousing stimuli at increasing durations from subliminal levels until complete recognition. It was hypothesized that distortions of the stimuli coded as Isolation or Reaction Formation would be more frequent in the obsessive-compulsive sample. Reaction Formation and one variant of Isolation (Barrier Isolation) were significantly associated with the obsessive-compulsive diagnosis.
Changes in the Global Self-Concept of Women through Physical Fitness Training and Group Counseling
Authors: Aşçi F. Hülya , Akkök Füsun
Published: October 2010

The purpose was to test whether physical fitness training combined with group counseling was more effective for enhancing self-concept of women university students than counseling, fitness training, or a control condition. 68 women students ( Mage = 21.1 yr., SD = 1.5) voluntarily participated. The physical fitness group, the group counseling group, the physical fitness training combined with group counseling group, and the lecture control group were formed by the students of two intact classes, General Physical Conditioning and Sports and Exercise Psychology. The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered before and after the 10-wk. treatments. A Treatment × Time (4 × 2) analysis of variance with repeated measures yielded significant time effects for global self-concept ( p < .05). No significant treatment by time interaction or treatment effect were obtained for the global self-concept.
A Relative Age Effect in Nascar
Authors: Abel Ernest L. , Kruger Michael L.
Published: October 2010

The distribution of birth months and quarterly birth months of NASCAR drivers ( N = 1054) showed significant differences in quarterly birth month distributions between drivers. The highest percentage (27.1%) of drivers were born April-June. Data for the other three periods ranged from 23.6% to 24.7%. The finding was discussed in the context of the “relative age effect” occurring in sports wherein competitors become eligible for participation by age at a specific cut-off date.
Relations of Organizational and Interpersonal Boundaries with Sources of Work Motivation
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Story Joana S.
Published: October 2010

In this study the relationship between followers' mental boundaries and sources of work motivation for a sample of 382 government employees was tested. Participants' mean age was 46 yr.; 53% were women and 42% had earned bachelors' degrees. Analysis gave a significant positive but weak correlation of .11 between followers' mental boundaries and self-concept internal motivation. Other correlations were not significant. More complex models and research designs are required to generalize findings.
Field Dependence and Stimulus Complexity in a Figure Copying Task
Authors: Coté Carol A. , O'Donnell Angela M.
Published: October 2010

Field dependence is often associated with studies of cognitive style from Witkin's laboratory but Piaget also considered the concept a fundamental factor in the development of visuoperceptual analysis. Assessment has traditionally relied on two measures, the Rod-and-Frame Test and the Embedded Figures Test. A new task was developed, based on the Rod-and-Frame Test, in which a target stimulus is drawn within a misleading frame. Misleading frames significantly influenced the orientation of drawings created by 36 kindergartners in Exp. 1, and the drawing of more complex stimulus figures was influenced by the frames for a group of 65 adults in Exp. 2. Field-dependent behavior is related to the complexity of the task and to age. The correlation of scores on the Embedded Figures Test with performance on this task was low for both groups.
The Written Voice: Implicit Memory Effects of Voice Characteristics following Silent Reading and Auditory Presentation
Authors: Abramson Marianne
Published: October 2010

After being familiarized with two voices, either implicit (auditory lexical decision) or explicit memory (auditory recognition) for words from silently read sentences was assessed among 32 men and 32 women volunteers. In the silently read sentences, the sex of speaker was implied in the initial words, e.g., “He said, …” or “She said ….” Tone in question versus statement was also manipulated by appropriate punctuation. Auditory lexical decision priming was found for sex- and tone-consistent items following silent reading, but only up to 5 min. after silent reading. In a second study, similar lexical decision priming was found following listening to the sentences, although these effects remained reliable after a 2-day delay. The effect sizes for lexical decision priming showed that tone-consistency and sex-consistency were strong following both silent reading and listening 5 min. after studying. These results suggest that readers create episodic traces of text from auditory images of silently read sentences as they do during listening.
Relations of Sex Differences in Initial Body Mass Index and Physical Activity with Observed Changes over 12 Weeks among Children in the Youth Fit for Life After-School Care Intervention
Authors: Annesi James J. , Unruh Jennifer L. , Smith Alice E.
Published: October 2010

Relations of changes in Body Mass Index and voluntary physical activity, with sex, were assessed in children participating in the Youth Fit For Life after-school care program. Consistent with previous reviews and meta-analyses on children, the present physical activity effect sizes for improvements in Body Mass Index and voluntary moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were greater for girls ( n = 75) than for boys ( n = 60; overall Mage = 9.8 yr., SD = 0.8). The girls also had significantly higher Body Mass Index and fewer days of physical activity than the boys at baseline. When scores at baseline were controlled, correlations for sex with changes in the preceding measures over 12 wk. were not significant ( r12.3 = .06 and .15, respectively). Further study of the implications of children's sex in the health behavior-change process was suggested.
Job Burnout, Geographic Location, and Social Interaction among Educational Audiologists
Authors: Blood Ingrid M. , Cohen Lindsay , Blood Gordon W.
Published: October 2010

Job stress of 332 educational audiologists, measured on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, was obtained. 84% of the sample rated their overall job burnout as lower than norms for educational personnel. Mean differences were significant among those participants working in rural, suburban, and urban areas. Participants in rural areas had a significantly higher mean on Emotional Exhaustion and a lower mean on Personal Accomplishment. Correlations between scores on Emotional Exhaustion and Social Interactions ( r = −.36) and Personal Accomplishment and Social Interactions ( r = .44) were significant but not strong. As predicted, job burnout for these educational audiologists is similar to that in other descriptive studies of sampled helping professions.
A Further Test of the Finno-Ugrian Suicide Hypothesis: Correspondence of County Suicide Rates in Romania and Population Proportion of Ethnic Hungarians
Authors: Voracek Martin , Vintilă Mona , Muranyi Daniel
Published: October 2010

Across the 42 counties of Romania, the total suicide rate and the population percentage of ethnic Hungarians were strongly positively interrelated (79% attributable variance). Counties with the strongest Hungarian minority had suicide rates converging to (or exceeding) the suicide rate for Hungary, which rate is high. Of a set of about 20 vital statistics and socioeconomic indicators, only life expectancy predicted a significant increment of further variance in the suicide rates. However, this effect was small, adding merely 3% further variance explained to 79% already accounted for. Overall, the findings are supportive of the Finno-Ugrian Suicide Hypothesis, i.e., the notion that geographic patterns of suicide prevalence may be partially due to genetic differences between populations. Supplemental analyses of a questionnaire item which specifically queried this study's main finding indicated widespread disbelief of this fact of suicide prevalence across a variety of samples, including two samples from Romania.
Visual Stimulus Deprivation and Manipulation of Auditory Timing Signals on Pacing Strategy
Authors: Kriel Y. , Hampson D. B. , Lambert E. V. , Tucker R. , Albertus Y. , Claassen A. , Gibson A. St Clair
Published: October 2010

In this study the effect of complete visual stimulus deprivation and manipulation of auditory timing signals during this deprivation on pacing strategy during an exercise bout were examined. 7 moderately trained men completed four 40-km cycling time trials under laboratory conditions in either normal light or absolute darkness, with either correct or manipulated auditory timing signals and without any other timing cues. The subjects were told to perform the time trial in the fastest time possible. There was no significant difference among trials for time to perform the trial, power output, heart rate, or ratings of perceived exertion, indicating that brain-control mechanisms responsible for pacing are not affected by manipulation of light or auditory signals.
A Test of the Passive Facial Feedback Hypothesis: We Feel Sorry Because We Cry
Authors: Mori Hideko , Mori Kazuo
Published: October 2010

Undergraduates, 61 men and 52 women, participated in pairs in an examination of whether simulated tearing of the eyes would cause sadness. In order to simulate the experience of tearing up, about 0.2 ml of water was dropped on the cheek near the lacrimal duct of both eyes of each participant, who then rated subjective feeling on a 7-point scale. 53.8% of participants reported sadness along with the simulated tearing, which was statistically larger than the 28.6% who reported cheerfulness.
Effects of Field-of-View Restrictions on Speed and Accuracy of Manoeuvring
Authors: Toet Alexander , Jansen Sander E. M. , Delleman Nico J.
Published: October 2010

Effects of field-of-view restrictions on the speed and accuracy of participants performing a real-world manoeuvring task through an obstacled environment were investigated. Although field-of-view restrictions are known to affect human behaviour and to degrade performance for a range of different tasks, the relationship between human manoeuvring performance and field-of-view size is not known. This knowledge is essential to evaluate a trade-off between human performance, cost, and ergonomic aspects of field-of-view limiting devises like head-mounted displays and night vision goggles which are frequently deployed for tasks involving human motion through environments with obstacles. In this study the speed and accuracy of movement were measured in 15 participants (8 men, 7 women, 22.9 ± 2.8 yr. of age) traversing a course formed by three wall segments for different field-of-view restrictions. Analysis showed speed decreased linearly with decreasing field-of-view extent, while accuracy was consistently reduced for all restricted field-of-view conditions. Present results may be used to evaluate cost and performance trade-offs for field-of-view restricting devices deployed to perform time-limited human-locomotion tasks in complex structured environments, such as night-vision goggles and head-mounted displays.