bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valorization of waste from sand wash muds of an aggregates plant: Evaluation as a supplementary cementitious material
Authors: Restrepo‐Baena Oscar , Cabrera‐Poloche Francisco , Tobón Jorge I. , Escudero‐Restrepo Sergio , Álvarez‐Zuluaga Stephanie
Published: July 2020

The reuse and reincorporation of waste generated in the production processes are becoming increasingly important in the world, due to the double effect that it has in terms of sustainability. The first one is the environmental factor, since the impact generated is reduced by reducing the amount of wastes. The second one is the financial factor, since new products are developed that companies did not initially have, generating financial profitability. Therefore, this research evaluates the possible reuse of waste from gravel and sand wash mud of an aggregate plant as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) after being thermally activated, seeking to promote the circular economy in the construction materials sector. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the waste is presented and its pozzolanic activity was evaluated by means of the SAI‐strength activity index. It was found that despite its low content of clay minerals, the thermally activated waste had very good performance as SCM with SAI between 81 and 106 with a tendency to increase with the age of cure. Showing that this can be a very promising potential use for this kind of waste.
Is it ‘you’ or ‘your workplace’? Predictors of job‐related training in the Anglo‐American world
Authors: Barry Michael , Gomez Rafael , Kaufman Bruce E. , Wilkinson Adrian , Zhang Tingting
Published: July 2020

This paper examines the determinants of job‐related training and workplace voice. Using data from a unique 2016 cross‐national survey of Australian, British, Canadian and American employees, the paper contrasts two classic formulations in the literature; (1) the neoclassical/human capital approach which predicts that individual characteristics (such as age and education) which increase the efficiency of learning, will have the largest impact on the allocation of training (i.e. younger and more educated employees will be afforded training) and (2) the traditional institutional approach which favors the structural characteristics present at the industry and firm level, the nature of the job itself and the strategic choices of firms as the major predictors of job‐related training. We find that age – a key factor in the human capital model – plays a significant role in the allocation of training but that education (in keeping with recent evidence) does not. In sum the human capital model provides, at best, only a partial explanation for the differences in training observed across individuals. In contrast, variables invoked by the institutional literature (i.e. occupation level; industry; ownership type; and market structure) are highly significant and account for a much greater proportion of the variance in training observed across workers. Other institutional factors such as the presence of a union and a human resource department were strong positive predictors of job‐related training. But most important were product‐market strategy and employee voice. Respondents working in firms utilizing a ‘high road/high quality’ product/service strategy and with a workplace consultative committee were significantly more likely to receive training than similar workers employed in observably similar firms. This last finding supports the industrial relations view of voice as an important channel by which training is optimally delivered inside the firm.
Biologic Activity of Cell‐Associated Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A
Authors: Adesiyun A.A. , Tatini S.R.
Published: July 2020

Cell associated staphylococcal enterotoxin A, released by lysostaphin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus cells, was found to be biologically active in cynomolgus monkeys. The activity was comparable to that of extracellular enterotoxin A; six of six monkeys vomited within 5 h in response to extracellular enterotoxin and four of six also vomited in response to the same serologic level (4.8 μg per monkey) of cell‐associated enterotoxin. Feeding S. aureus cells containing cell‐associated enterotoxin A to cynomolgus monkeys resulted in emesis in three of five monkeys within 3 h. This suggests that consumption of S. aureus cells could lead to staphylococcal intoxication.
Key Lois and Raccoon Key: Florida Islands for Free‐Ranging Rhesus Monkey Breeding Programs
Authors: Pucak G.J. , Foster H.L. , Balk M.W.
Published: July 2020

The importance of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in biomedical research has resulted in the development of domestic breeding programs to ensure annual quantities for specific research projects. Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc. began the establishment of the first commercial, free ranging rhesus monkey island (Key Lois) breeding colony in 1971 within the continental United States. A second island (Racoon Key) was developed in 1977. Operations unique to these free‐ranging colonies with respect to procurement, quarantine, microbiological assessment, transportation, facilities, and daily operational procedures are described.
Effects of Adrenocorticotropin Treatment on Estrogen, Luteinizing Hormone, and Progesterone Secretion in the Female Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Moberg G.P. , Watson J.G. , Hayashi K.T.
Published: July 2020

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was administered to female rhesus monkeys in order to determine the effects of adrenal axis activation on the endocrine events occurring during the menstrual cycle. ACTH injected twice daily during the follicular period and through the time of expected ovulation was found to prevent the rise of estrogens during the follicular phase. In addition, the ACTH administration also blocked the preovulatory surge of LH, prevented the luteal rise of progesterone, and extended the length of the menstrual cycle.
Genetically Determined Antigens of Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) IgG
Authors: Martin Louis N. , McNease Patricia E.
Published: July 2020

Alloantigens of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) IgG were studied using alloantisera prepared by cross‐immunizations among four subspecies. The results demonstrated the occurrence of IgG antigenic polymorphism. Three distinct Fd fragment allotypes were detected. Greater alloantigenic complexity occurred among Colombian and Peruvian squirrel monkeys, which occupy the more central regions of the geographic range; Bolivian and Guyanan monkeys, which occupy the extremes of the range, expressed less alloantigenic complexity.
Serum Estradiol 17β, Progesterone, and Relative Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Saimiri sciureus: Cyclic Variations and the Effect of Laparoscopy and Follicular Aspiration
Authors: Ghosh Maya , Hutz R.J. , Dukelow W. Richard
Published: July 2020

With increasing use of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) in reproductive studies, a precise knowledge of the hormonal variations within the cycle becomes essential for timing of ovulation. The frequent utilization of laparoscopy for follicle aspiration and oocyte recovery warrants analysis of hormonal alterations.
The Clinical Chemistry of Chimpanzees. I. Determination of Aminotransferase Baseline Values for Hepatitis Studies
Authors: Valenza Frank P. , Muchmore Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Viral hepatitis in chimpanzees produces negligible symptomatology, and serum aminotransferase changes may be minimal. To maximize the predictive value of these determinations, which are the only serum indicators available for non‐A non‐B (NANB) hepatitis infection, normal ranges for aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) were examined and categorized according to age and sex. Males were found to have higher values than females, and adults higher values than juveniles. The kinetic method used and the values obtained are described. Differences in methodologies and reporting units are discussed.
Plasma Cortisol Response to Feeding in African Green Vervets
Authors: Meis Paul J. , Rose James C.
Published: July 2020

The timing of a single daily meal of monkey chow in African green vervets exerts a synchronizing influence on plasma cortisol concentrations with an initial increase after feeding followed by a decrease to minimal levels five hours after feeding.
Standardization of Radiorenography in Dehydrated and Rehydrated Primates Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Dormehl Irene C. , Jacobs D.J. , Plessis Maryke du , van der Watt J.J. , du Plessis D.J. , Bornmann M.
Published: July 2020

Radiorenography with 99mTo‐labelled diethylenctriaminepcntacetic acid ([99mTc]‐DTPA) was performed on chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and vervet monkeys (Cereopithecus pygerythus) to establish the effects of various states of hydration on the data obtained from the DTPA‐renogram. The renogram parameters, which can be related to certain aspects of kidney function, varied significantly with the degree of hydration. It is therefore imperative for clinically directed animal research projects on the urinary system to standardise the experimental procedure for radiorenography. A dehydration of 6 h followed by an hour IU rehydration period using 200 ml of a 0.9% NaCI solution on baboons under thiopentone sodium anaesthetic, was found to be the most suitable procedure for radiorenographic investigations in this primate model.
Primate Research Resources in the Soviet Union
Authors: Held Joe R. , Gay William I.
Published: July 2020

The authors visited Soviet medical institutions as part of a USA‐USSR Professional Exchange Program sponsored by the Fogarty International Center. The primary purpose of this visit was to obtain a general view of the Soviet use and care of laboratory animals in biomedical research and to lay a foundation for a continuing exchange of information and models.
A Method of Thymectomy in Macaques
Authors: Healy D.L. , Bacher J. , Hodgen G.D.
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to develop an operation for total thymectomy suitable for nonhuman primates. The thymus was removed from 24 macaque monkeys from fetal to adult life by a cervicothoracotomy and blunt gauze dissection. Mean wet weight of the thymus rose from 150 mg (range 50‐250 mg) in fetal animals to 2.5 gm (range 0.3‐4.2 gm) in prepubertal monkeys. Nonhuman primate thymic weight fell steadily and uniformly with age by over 300% when plotted as a function of body weight. This surgical technique appears to be a valid method of total thymectomy in macaque monkeys.
Research Management of the USSR Medical Primatology Program
Authors: Lapin B.A.
Published: July 2020

A short historical survey and a more extensive presentation on the present developments of research using primates in the USSR are given.
Government Regulation of Nonhuman Primate Facilities
Authors: Meyers N. Marshall
Published: July 2020

Myriad international, federal, and state laws, regulations, rules, guidelines, and standards directly affect the activities of all nonhuman primate research facilities. Federal regulations alone encompass every aspect of facility operations. They govern (a) the procurement, possession, handling, care, and utilization of nonhuman primates, (b) the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the facility, and (c) the occupational and environmental protection afforded not only facility personnel, but also the general public. Proper management of a nonhuman primate facility depends on continual monitoring of constantly changing laws and regulations applicable to the type of facility operated and research conducted. An in‐house compliance assurance program is necessary to assure conformance with pertinent regulations.
The Hemogram, Serum Biochemistry, and Electrolyte Profile of Aged Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Rawlins Richard G. , London William T.
Published: July 2020

The hemogram, scrum biochcmicals, and electrolytes of aged (15‐ to 28‐year‐old) rhesus monkeys were compared with values for younger adults (4‐14 years old) maintained under identical conditions. Aged males had lower mean corpuscular volume, serum iron and magnesium, and higher percentages of eosinophils, globulins, and triglycerides than adult males. Aged females had lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, percentage of neutrophils, alkaline phosphatase and magnesium, and higher percentages of lymphocytes and eosinophils, globulins, and uric acid than adult females.
Blood Values of Free‐Ranging Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Phoebus Eric C. , Rawlins Richard G. , Turnquist Jean E. , London William T.
Published: July 2020

Free‐ranging patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) from El Guayacán island, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish values for the hemogram, serum biochemicals, calcium, and phosphorus. Results were tabulated for males and nonpregnant/nonlactating, pregnant, and lactating females. A summary of blood values from previous studies on captive patas monkeys was also tabulated for comparison.
Alopecia Totalis in a Chimpanzee
Authors: Eichberg Jorg W. , De Villez Richard L.
Published: July 2020

A case of alopecia totalis in a chimpanzee is reported. The disease was probably due to an autoimmune phenomenon and was successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy. However, possible side‐effects outweighed benefits.
Spontaneous Nocardiosis With Brain Abscess Caused by Nocardia asteroides in a Cynomolgus Monkey
Authors: Sakakibara Ippei , Sugimoto Yasuko , Minato Hajime , Takasaka Masao , Honjo Shigeo
Published: July 2020

This paper deals with nocardiosis with brain abscess in a cynomolgus monkey imported from Indonesia. At necropsy, typical abscesses were found in the mandible, lung, kidney, heart, liver, and brain. Nocardia asteroides was isolated as the causative agent. The lesions in the kidney, heart, and brain were considered to be secondary metastases.
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Roberts James A. , London William T.
Published: July 2020

Adult polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed at necropsy in a 16‐year‐old rhesus monkey dead from renal failure. Both kidneys were enlarged and contained multiple cysts ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 cm in diameter. The age of onset of the clinical signs, terminal uremia, and the gross and histologic findings in this macaque were consistent with adult (type III) polycystic kidney disease of man.
A Spontaneous Bronchogenic Carcinoma in a Sykes Monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmani)
Authors: Suleman Mbaruk A. , Tarara R. , Mandalia K.M. , Weiss M.
Published: July 2020

A male blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmani), a subspecies of the Sykes group, was purchased from a commercial trapper as an adult in July 1978 and kept at the Institute of Primate Research, Kenya, for 2 years. The animal developed acute respiratory distress and died. Small nodular foci were found in the lung at necropsy and diagnosed as bronchogenic carcinoma on histopathology.
Trichoepithelioma in a Barbary Ape (Macaca sylvanus): Review of Cutaneous Tumors in Nonhuman Primates and Case Report
Authors: Brack Manfred , Martin David P.
Published: July 2020

A cutaneous tumor was surgically removed from a 10‐year‐old, male Barbary ape (Macaca sylvanus). Histologically, the tumor was primarily adnexoid in nature and contained structures that resembled abortive hair follicles. The tumor was diagnosed as a trichoepithelioma.
The Chimpanzee as a Model to Test the Side Effects of Human Interferons
Authors: Schellekens H. , de Reus A. , v.d. Meide P.H.
Published: July 2020

Interferons are naturally occurring proteins that are currently under evaluation as potential antiviral and antitumor agents. Currently all human interferons can in principle be produced in adequate amounts by recombinant DNA technology. Human interferons produce side effects, but because they are species‐specific the toxicity cannot be tested in lower mammals. The chimpanzee is the only species in which the side effects of human interferon can be reproduced, and only in this species the toxicity of human interferons can be screened.
Changes in Selected Serum Biochemical and EKG Values With Age in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Kapeghian John C. , Bush Marilyn J. , Verlangieri Anthony J.
Published: July 2020

Normal serum values for alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in juvenile male cynomolgus monkeys compared to adults. Conversely, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly lower in juveniles than adults. A comparison of selected EKG parameters from each group revealed no significant differences; however, there was a trend towards mean left axis deviation in adult animals.
Luteinizing Hormone and Gonadal Steroid Levels During the Menstrual Cycle of Orangutans
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Collins Delwood C. , Blank Michael S.
Published: July 2020

Scrum luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone. 17β‐estradiol, and testosterone were measured during a single cycle each of five female orangutans, and urinary LH was measured in four of those cycles. Midcycle peaks in LH and luteal phase elevations in progesterone (5.7–13.8 ng/ml) suggested that the cycles were ovulatory. 17β‐Estradiol was elevated at midcycle (163–318 pg/ml) and during the luteal phase (56–136 pg/ml) and testosterone was also elevated at midcycle (143–580 pg/ml). These hormone patterns in the orangutans closely resemble those for chimpanzees, gorillas, and human females.
Comparison of Human and Siamang ABH and MN Blood Groups Using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Rearden Ann , Elmajian Donald A. , Baird Stephen M.
Published: July 2020

Comparison of human and siamang ABHIi and MNSs blood groups using monoclonal antibodies and enzyme‐modified erythrocytes showed a different organization of ABHIi in the siamang, and a greatly altered expression of the sialoglycoproteins that express MNSs. While several monoclonal antibodies to human MNSs sialoglycoproteins failed to agglutinate siamang erythrocytes, MoAb145. a monoclonal antibody that reacts with the MN sialoglycoprotein, agglutinated siamang erythrocytes to almost the same titer as human red blood cells. These studies suggest the potential usefulness of monoclonal antibodies in seroprimatology.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: An Examination of Craniofacial Dysmorphology in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Inouye Randall N. , Kokich Vincent G. , Clarren Sterling K. , Bowden Douglas M.
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the craniofacial features in nonhuman primate models exposed in utero to moderate and high weekly binge doses of ethanol. While the high‐dosed animal did have unusual craniofacial dysmorphology, she did not exhibit the typical facial pattern seen in human fetal alcohol syndrome. The high‐dosed specimen displayed a scaphocephalic head shape secondary to synostosis of the sagittal suture. The brain of this monkey was grossly abnormal and microcephalic
Testicular Blood Flow in Monkeys as Measured by Xenon Clearance and Radioactive Microspheres
Authors: Harrison Richard M. , Lewis Ronald W. , Roberts James A.
Published: July 2020

Testicular blood flow was measured in monkeys using a 133xenon clearance technique and a 141cerium microsphere entrapment technique. The clearance procedure provided values that tended to be lower than those obtained using the microspheres, was technically less difficult, and has the advantage of being a clinical tool. The microsphere entrapment technique provides the simultaneous evaluations in numerous tissue sites but requires the removal of the tissues to be evaluated. The xenon clearance technique apears to be better suited for evaluations in nonhuman primates.
Congenital Cataracts in a Free‐Ranging Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Rawlins Richard G.
Published: July 2020

This report documents the occurrence of congenital cataracts in a visually‐impaired yearling rhesus monkey from the same matriline on Cayo Santiago in which a congenitally blind infant was born 2 years previously.
Studies of Sub‐human Primate (Marmoset) Pluripotent Hemopoietic Stem Cells (CFU‐GEMM) In Vitro
Authors: Michalevicz R. , Hetherington C.M. , Hann I. , Blacklock H.A.
Published: July 2020

Pluripotent hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU‐GEMM) grow in vitro from marmoset bone marrow using a modified human CFU‐GEMM assay. Characteristics of growth are similar to those reported in the human CFU‐GEMM assay. The number of CFU‐GEMM/105 marrow cells from marmoset bone marrow is approximately four times that grown in human marrow in our laboratory. Data concerning EPO and other requirements for growth of CFU‐GEMM demonstrate an assay for the pluripotent hemopoietic progenitor in the marmoset. This assay may be useful in designing preclinical primate bone marrow transplant experiments.
Body Water Content and Distribution in Nonpregnant Adult Female Baboons
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Shannon Donna L. , Reyes Patty , Menchaca Elizabeth M. , Puleo Belen A.
Published: July 2020

Water contents of the various body water compartments were estimated in 16 nonpregnant adult female baboons and compared to human data. Total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volumes were determined by dilution studies. Intracellular water, interstitial water, blood volume, and red cell volume were calculated. The data were compatible with the finding that baboon females probably have less body fat than their human counterparts. Our data establish a basis for longitudinal studies of the changes in body water content and distribution during normal and pathological pregnancies.
Concanavalin A Capping of Rhesus Monkey Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Cheung Anthony T.W. , Kimura Gregory M. , Miller Michael E. , Walsh Erin M.
Published: July 2020

The technique of capping, a probe designed to evaluate the fluidity and functional competence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), has been successfully adapted for rhesus monkey PMNs. The capping characteristics of rhesus monkey PMNs are very similar to those of human PMNs. Utilizing this capping technique as an evaluation tool and with fetal/neonatal rhesus monkey as a functional animal model, the ontogeny of movement and chemotactic characteristics of PMNs can TOW be studied.
Technique for Primate Heterotopic Cardiac Xenotransplantation
Authors: Michler Robert E. , McManus Robert P. , Smith Craig R. , Sadeghi Ali N. , Rose Eric A.
Published: July 2020

Heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the primate is a valuable method for the evaluation of immuno‐suppressivc regimens. This report describes our technique for heterotopic transplantation of cardiac grafts into the neck of baboons. Preliminary experience with cross‐genus cardiac transplantation in the nonhuman primate is discussed.
Surgical and Microscopic Anatomy of Parotid and Submandibular Salivary Glands of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Stephens L.C. , King G.K. , Ang K.K. , Schultheiss T.E. , Peters L.J.
Published: July 2020

Wedge biopsy of the caudal borders of the parotid or submandibular salivary glands of rhesus monkeys avoids major nerves, ducts, and blood vessels. This is a minor surgical procedure that provides adequate material for in vitro studies and causes no sigificant postoperative complications. Gross and light microscopic anatomy of the rhesus and human salivary glands are similar. Wc have concluded that rhesus monkeys are good models for human salivary diseases, including radiation sialadenitis.
Radiographic Determination of Bone Maturation as an Aid in Predicting Chronologic Age in the Owl Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
Authors: Cleveland Robert H. , Hultsch Erwin , Kushner David C. , Correia John A. , Peters Mary Ellen
Published: July 2020

The skeletal development of laboratory‐bred owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) ranging from 37 days to 58 months of age was examined radiographically. Femoral length, time of epiphyseal ossification, and fusion of various ossification centers were studied. Chronologic age can be predicted by femoral length determination up to 18 months. Initial ossification of calcaneal, tibial tuberosity, iliac crest, and ischial apophyses occurs between 5.5 and 14 months. Fusion of various secondary ossification centers allows age determination from 7.5 months to 58 months.
Ethanol Drinking by Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerethrus): Individual Responses of Juvenile and Adult Males
Authors: Fincham J.E. , Jooste P.L. , Seier J.V. , Taljaard J.J.F. , Weight M.J. , Tichelaar H.Y.
Published: July 2020

Unrestricted access of vervet monkeys to a palatable solution of ethanol resulted in chronic intake or abstinence. Self‐selected dose averaged 4.42 g/kg body mass/day. Growth of juveniles was not grossly affected. In plasma, chronic ethanol intake was associated with lower average K and Cl values, increased gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in some adults, and higher average total cholesterol. Neither hepatic histology nor haematology were affected by chronic ethanol intake.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in the Infant Cebus Monkey (Cebus albifrons) by Nitrogen Balance
Authors: Gallina Daniel L. , Ausman Lynne M.
Published: July 2020

Nitrogen (N) balance and growth were utilized to assess the efficiency of N utilization in the infant cebus monkey (Cebus albifrons). The efficiency of N utilization as calculated from N balance data was 35%. The efficiency of N utilization for growth was 37% as determined by weight change over a 28‐day trial and by body composition data from the literature. These results indicate, therefore, that growth and N balance are comparable indicators of N utilization in these primates.
A Review of the Use of Primates in Studying Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: Sturrock R.F.
Published: July 2020

Rodents, useful models for studies of human schistosomiasis not ethically possible in man, are not satisfactory in every respect. Primates, in many ways better models than rodents, though too expensive for general use, remain invaluable for testing the relevance of rodent findings to man. Higher primates such as chimpanzees are ideal models but, as endangered species, should only be used for critical studies for which lower, nonhuman primates are unsuitable.
Lymphocyte Subsets in the Young and Aging Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: O'Neill P.A. , Levy B.M.
Published: July 2020

T lymphocytes were studied in healthy young and old marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Data indicate that monoclonal antisera to human T lymphocyte antigens can be used to identify these cells in marmosets. Total T and suppressor T cells were lower in the older group; there were no differences in helper T or in B cells. Helper/suppressor ratios (T4/T8) were increased in the older group. Thus, immune system alterations with aging and/or immune deficiency syndromes may be studied in this animal model using available reagents.
Failure of the Prostaglandin F2α Analogue, Cloprostenol, to Induce Functional Luteolysis in the Olive Baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Eley R.M. , Summers P.M. , Hearn J.P.
Published: July 2020

The prostaglandin F2α analogue, cloprostenol, which is an effective luteolytic agent in the common marmoset, was administered intramuscularly to olive baboons to determine if it possessed luteolytic properties in this species. The results showed that functional luteolysis was not induced when cloprostenol was administered during the mid‐ to late luteal phase or during early pregancy.
Erythrocytes and Erythrocyte Morphologies of Healthy and Colony‐Born Owl Monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra)
Authors: Mrema J.E.K. , Caldwell C.W. , Stogsdill P.L. , Kelley S.T. , Green T.J.
Published: July 2020

Inadequate availability of hematological reference data seriously restricts optimal utilization of the owl monkey (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) as an experimental model. The current study investigated erythrocytic morphology in peripheral blood of healthy, colony‐born owl monkeys. The blood of the subjects contained discoid erythrocytes, poikilocytcs, and showed considerable anisocytosis. Also observed were nucleated erythrocytes, erythrocytes with Howell‐Jolly bodies, and reticulocyte types I. II, and III. Heinz bodies were not detected.
Comparative Radionuclide and Thermodilution Determinations of Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume in the Baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Dormehl Irene C. , Bosman H. , Hugo N. , Maree M. , van Vuuren C. , van Zandwyk C. , van Aswegen A. , Paterson L.
Published: July 2020

Thermodilution cardiac output determinations and multigated equilibrium blood‐pool scintigraphy were performed in ten healthy chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). The correlation was moderately good between both the radionuclide and thermodilution stroke volume (r=0.58, SEE = 3 ml; SVth = 0.78SVr+15.6 ml) as well as the cardiac output (r=0.72, SEE=0.2 liter/min; COth=0.56 Cor+2.1 liter/min). The attenuation depth dr as determined by radionuclide techniques was found to correlate well with the radiologically determined values dx (r=0.8, SEE=0.4 cm; dx=0.87dr+0.72 cm) which validated the depth values used in the calculations.
Oral‐Facial Clefts and Associated Malformations in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Hoopes Charles W. , Jerome Christopher P.
Published: July 2020

Of the 414 squirrel monkey pregnancies recorded at this institution since 1977, seven (1.7%) have resulted in offspring with clefts of the lip and/or palate. Associated malformations include a ventricular septal defect, renal agenesis, anal atresia, axial skeletal anomalies, and craniorachischisis (anencephaly and spina bifida). Three of these infants are the result of consanguineous matings.
Blood Variables in Adult Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides) Living in a Captive Group; Annual Variability
Authors: de Neef K.J. , Nieuwenhuijsen K. , Lammers A.J.J.C. , Degen A.J.M. , Verbon F.
Published: July 2020

Monthly blood samples were collected for more than two years from adult stumptail macaques living in a large captive group. The social organization, feeding pattern, and food composition were stable throughout the study period. No seasonal variability was observed for any of the 30 blood variables studied. It appeared that for each variable, within‐animal variance was small relative to between‐animal variance. A table of means and reference ranges is presented and discussed.
Amniotic Band Syndrome in a Rhesus Monkey: A Case Report
Authors: Tarantal A.F. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: July 2020

A rhesus monkey fetus was examined by ultrasound at 110, 111, and 113 gestational days (GD) and showed features suggestive of Amniotic Band Syndrome (ABS). These included an unusual craniofacial configuration, cortical distortion, asymmetrical hydrocephalus, a right occipital porencephalic cyst, and hydropic membranes with several free strands attached to the fetal head, neck, and scapular regions. The fetus remained fixed in the same position with the head retroflexed during each consecutive exam. A hysterotomy was performed and ABS was confirmed.
Treatment of Nonspecific Diarrhea With Metronidazole in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Reinhardt V. , Houser W.D. , Sadoff D.A. , Scheffler J. , Eisele S.G. , Hempel M.J.
Published: July 2020

Nonspecific diarrhea was successfully treated with metronidazole in 76% (13/17) of cases in adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Effective treatment was achieved by oral administration of metronidazole daily at a low dose of 250 mg for at least eight days or at high daily doses of 500–1,500 mg for one to four days. Minimal effective total dose was 1500 mg. Apart from occasional vomiting, no side effects were observed.
Lack of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus From Infected to Uninfected Chimpanzees
Authors: Fultz Patricia N. , Greene Cornelia , Switzer William , Swenson Brent , Anderson Daniel , McCIure Harold M.
Published: July 2020

Four uninfected chimpanzees were each housed in separate cages with an HIV‐infected chimpanzee for six to twenty‐nine months. Despite close daily contact, all uninoculated chimpanzees remained seronegative for HIV, and virus was never isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the uninfected chimpanzees. These data indicate that the probability of transmission from infected animals to humans is extremely low and also provide supportive evidence for lack of transmission of HIV by casual contact.
Serum Concentrations of Vitamin D Metabolites in Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Vieth Reinhold , Kessler Matt J. , Pritzker Kenneth P.H.
Published: July 2020

Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), an index of vitamin D nutrition, and the calcium‐regulating hormone 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) were measured in rhesus macaques of various ages. Both metabolites were much higher in monkeys than in man. For 25(OH)D there was no sex difference, and this metabolite increased with age (P > 0.05). The 1,25(OH)2D fell with age for males (P < 0.02), but not for females. Pregnant or lactating females had significantly elevated 1,25(OH)2D levels (P < 0.025).
Comparative Study of Mitogenic Responses in Man and Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata): Responses of T‐Cell Subsets, Accessory Cell Dependency, and Interleukin‐2 Receptor Expression
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Noguchi Atsuo , Takenaka Osamu
Published: July 2020

Responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA‐P), concanavalin‐A (ConA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were compared in man and Japanese monkeys. Both CD8+ and CD8– T subsets showed greater responses to ConA than to PHA‐P in the Japanese monkey. Addition of macrophages to each T subset produced more effective augmentation of ConA response in the Japanese monkey than in man, and ConA induced more interleukin‐2‐receptor‐positive blast cells than PHA‐P did in Japanese monkeys.
Comparison of Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Macaque Sera and Plasma
Authors: Howard Charles F.
Published: July 2020

The glucose and insulin concentrations in blood from Macaca nigra and M. mulatta were determined after an overnight fast and 3 min after a glucose infusion. Blood treatment included clotting for serum or additions of fluoride, heparin, or heparin plus fluoride. Samples were centrifuged at 0 min or after being held at 22°C for 20, 40, or 60 min. Levels of glucose and insulin generally agreed within 1 SD at all times examined for samples removed at 0 or 3 min.
Comparison of Electrostimulation Methods for Semen Recovery in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Mann David R.
Published: July 2020

Electroejaculation of 17 rhesus monkeys was performed at intervals during a 15‐month period using both penile and rectal probe stimulation. The semen quality was compared for the two stimulation methods. Both methods were effective in approximately 90% of attempts, and there was no difference in fertilizing capacity of the sperm. A seasonal difference in semen quality was detected, and samples recovered by penile stimulation showed higher sperm count.
Alphaxolone‐Alphadolone for Anesthesia of Squirrel Monkeys of Different Ages
Authors: Lögdberg Bengt
Published: July 2020

This report describes 75 cases of reliable 1–2‐hour surgical anesthesia of newborn to adult squirrel monkeys, with rapid induction and recovery, using a single intramuscular dose of alphaxolone‐alphadolone (doses between 11.5 and 30 mg/kg body weight).
Spontaneous and Experimental Hepatitis A in Old World Monkeys
Authors: Shevtsova Z.V. , Lapin B.A. , Doroshenko N.V. , Krilova R.I. , Korzaja L.I. , Lomovskaya I.B. , Dzhelieva Z.N. , Zairov G.K. , Stakhanova V.M. , Belova E.G. , Sazhchenko L.A.
Published: July 2020

Virologic, serologic, biochemical, and morphological data characterizing spontaneous hepatitis A (HA) in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are reported. Experimental HA was induced in macaques as a result of infection with human hepatitis A virus (HAV‐h). Disease similar to human HA was induced in cynomolgus macaques by HAV isolates from spontaneously sick rhesus (M. mulatta) and green monkeys. This experimental model of HA in macaques can be used for vaccine and anti‐viral preparation testing.
Comparative Teratogenicity of Triamcinolone Acetonide and Dexamethasone in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Jerome C.P. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: July 2020

Pregnant rhesus macaques were treated with 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) or 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) between 20 and 50 gestational days (GD). Treatment with TAC at 2.5 mg/kg resulted in a fetal loss of ≷ 71%; 3/5 recovered fetuses displayed an encephalocele or meningocele. All other treatment groups displayed minor cranial skeletal abnormalities consistent with glucocorticoid‐mediated teratogenesis. DEX was shown to have a lower teratogenic potential than TAC in this species.
Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis‐Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Chimpanzee
Authors: Muchmore Elizabeth , Popper Hans , Peterson David A. , Miller Mahlon F. , Lieberman Harvey M.
Published: July 2020

Epidemiology has indicated the possible association of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in man, but there are no means for confirmation. Chimpanzees are recognized models for studying hepatitis B and NANBH, and may become carriers of both. The first case of HCC to be reported in chimpanzees was found after longitudinal study of a hepatitis B‐free chimpanzee 7 years after inoculation with human plasma from a patient reported to have chronic NANBH.
Statements considering intervention effects in Finnish clinical practice guidelines: Recommending interventions with non‐numeric effect‐sizes or unspecified outcomes
Authors: Raittio Eero , Raittio Lauri
Published: July 2020

Rationale, Aims and Objectives

Representation of benefits and harms associated with specific interventions in an understandable and comparable way is crucial for informed decision making that clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) aim to enhance. Therefore, we investigated how statements concerning the effects of interventions considered and described benefits and harms, magnitude of effect and its uncertainty, numeric and non‐numeric information, and outcomes in Finnish CPGs.

Methods

We selected 10 CPGs on common diseases and risk factors published by The Finnish Medical Society, Duodecim. All the statements which were graded with the level of evidence from high to very low (levels A‐D) were included in analyses. From these statements, assessments were made regarding whether the statement considered benefits or harms, whether relative or absolute numeric measures were shown, whether the statement supported or was against the intervention considered, and what outcome was reported.

Results

Of the 10 CPGs, 448 statements were assessed. Most of the statements of effects considered intervention benefits (87%) rather than harms. Half of the statements considering harms were represented in a way that supported the intervention. Most of the statements (94%) did not include numeric estimates of magnitude of the effect. When numeric estimates of magnitude of the effect were present, they were most frequently relative measures and were typically placed in a statement considering (a) intervention benefits with a primary outcome, (b) given the grade of A for level of evidence, and (c) that supported the use of intervention.

Conclusions

In the Finnish CPGs, the statements were rarely framed with both absolute and relative numeric measures of an intervention's effect. Harms were rarely reported with a grade indicating the level of evidence. The users of CPGs would benefit from more consistent and understandable framing of statements considering both benefits and harms of interventions.
When to Lean against the Wind
Authors: RICHTER BJÖRN , SCHULARICK MORITZ , WACHTEL PAUL
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we show that policymakers can distinguish between good and bad credit booms with high accuracy and they can do so in real time. Evidence from 17 countries over nearly 150 years of modern financial history shows that credit booms that are accompanied by house price booms and a rising loan‐to‐deposit ratio are much more likely to end in a systemic banking crisis than other credit booms. We evaluate the predictive accuracy for different classification models and show that characteristics observed in real time contain valuable information for sorting the data into good and bad booms.
The Experiences of Primary Healthcare Nurses During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Australia
Authors: Halcomb Elizabeth , McInnes Susan , Williams Anna , Ashley Christine , James Sharon , Fernandez Ritin , Stephen Catherine , Calma Kaara
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The COVID‐19 pandemic has presented an international health crisis of a scope not seen in our lifetime. While much attention has been paid to health workers in critical care and acute areas, nurses working outside of hospitals are also significantly affected. This study sought to investigate the experience of nurses working in Australian primary healthcare during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In particular, it sought to understand the implications on their employment status, role, and access to personal protective equipment.

Design and Methods

Nurses employed in primary healthcare across Australia were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional online survey through social media and professional organizations. The survey tool was composed of demographics, and of questions about the nurses’ employment, work role, and access to personal protective equipment.

Findings

Of the 637 responses received, nearly half (43.7%) reported a decrease in hours and threatened or actual loss of employment. While most respondents felt that they had sufficient knowledge about COVID‐19, they expressed concern about work‐related risks to themselves and their family. Most respondents described never or only sometimes having sufficient personal protective equipment in their workplace. Just over half of respondents (54.8%) felt well supported by their employer. A third of respondents (34%) perceived that care provided in their workplace was significantly or slightly worse than before the pandemic.

Conclusions

This is the first study of primary healthcare nurses’ experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study findings highlighted a concerning level of insecurity around primary healthcare nursing employment, as well as issues with the availability of personal protective equipment for these nurses. The perception that the pandemic has resulted in reduced quality of care needs further exploration to ensure that those with chronic conditions are supported to maintain and promote health.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding the implications of COVID‐19 on the primary healthcare nursing workforce is vital to ensure staff retention and care quality. Ensuring that the community remains healthy and supported at home is vital to both reduce the burden on the health system and reduce secondary mortality.
Petrosal and bony labyrinth morphology of the stem paenungulate mammal (Paenungulatomorpha) Ocepeia daouiensis from the Paleocene of Morocco
Authors: Gheerbrant Emmanuel , Schmitt Arnaud , Billet Guillaume
Published: July 2020

Based on high‐resolution computed tomography, we describe in detail the petrosal and inner ear anatomy of one of the few known African stem paenungulates (Paenungulatomorpha), Ocepeia daouiensis from the Selandian of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin (Morocco). The petrosal of Ocepeia displays some remarkable, probably derived features (among eutherians) such as relatively small pars cochlearis, pars canalicularis labyrinth (including small semicircular canals), a large wing‐like pars mastoidea, a large and inflated tegmen tympani, and the dorsoventral orientation of the large canal for the ramus superior. The presence of small semicircular canals in Ocepeia is an interesting shared trait with tenrecoidean afrotherians. Otherwise, and consistent with a general primitive skull morphology, the middle ear and labyrinth of Ocepeia daouiensis is characterised by many plesiomorphic traits close to the eutherian generalised plan. This adds to the rather generalised morphology of the earliest crown paenungulates such as Eritherium, Phosphatherium and Seggeurius to support an ancestral paenungulatomorph morphotype poorly derived from the eutherian pattern. As a result, Ocepeia provides key morphological and fossil data to test phylogenetic relationships of the Afrotheria (including Paenungulatomorpha) at the placental root mostly inferred from molecular studies.
A 10‐year evaluation of projects in a doctor of nursing practice programme
Authors: Turkson‐Ocran Ruth‐Alma N. , Spaulding Erin M. , Renda Susan , Pandian Vinciya , Rittler Hannah , Davidson Patricia M. , Nolan Marie T. , D’Aoust Rita
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

The role of professional doctorates is receiving increased attention internationally. As part of building the rigour and scholarship of these programmes, we assessed projects undertaken as part of a doctor of nursing practice (DNP) programme at Johns Hopkins University. Recommendations for programme development in professional doctorates are provided.

Background

Past research has described the methodologic limitations and dissemination of DNP projects. However, few studies have provided recommendations for strengthening these projects and alternative strategies for achieving scale in larger student cohorts.

Design

A descriptive study reported in accordance with STROBE guidelines.

Methods

From 2009–2018, 191 final DNP project reports were obtained from the DNP programme administrator. Essential project characteristics from the papers were extracted, including use of theoretical framework, design, setting, sample and dissemination through publication. To determine whether the results of the projects had been published, the title and student’s name were searched in Google Scholar and Google.

Results

Of the 191 projects, 83% focused on adults and 61% were conducted in the hospital setting. Sample sizes ranged from 7 to 24,702. Eighty per cent of the projects employed a pretest/post‐test design, including both single and independent groups. The projects spanned six overarching themes, including process improvement, clinician development, patient safety, patient outcome improvement, access to care and workplace environment. Twenty‐one per cent of the project findings were published in scholarly journals.

Conclusions

Conducting a critical review of DNP projects has been useful in refining a strategy shifting from incremental to transformative changes in advanced practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Programme evaluation is critical in order to sufficiently prepare nurses in advanced nursing practice to influence healthcare outcomes at the individual or population level.
Imagine All the People: Negotiating and Mediating Moral Concern through Intergroup Encounters
Authors: Maoz Ifat , Frosh Paul
Published: July 2020

Intergroup encounters can often become difficult conversations in which power relations and disagreements are perpetuated and re‐enacted through the interaction and communication between the participating groups. Thus, especially in asymmetric settings, moral inclusion and moral responsibility toward members of other groups are crucial to dialogue, conflict resolution, and reconciliation. Yet it is exactly the circumstances of asymmetry—involving threat and dehumanization—that pose barriers to the elicitation and sustaining of moral concern. Drawing on and integrating two separate research traditions—the psychology of intergroup conflict, dialogue and peace building, and communication research on “mediated suffering”—this article discusses perceptions, representations, and emotions that underlie recognition of and empathy toward the suffering of others with the aim of increasing our understanding of when and how we can be brought—through mediated and unmediated dialogues and encounters—to care about the suffering of others.