bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Spatial–Temporal Variations in Ecological Environment Quality in the Red Soil Region of Southern China: A Case Study of Changting County
Authors: Chen Junming , Lin Guangfa , Chen Zhibiao
Published: September 2024

The evaluation of ecological environment quality (EEQ) is an important method to measure the quality of ecosystem services. Therefore, the EEQ of Changting County, located in the red soil region of southern China, was assessed by using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) based on Landsat images from 1995 to 2019, and its spatiotemporal variability was identified by using the Global Moran’s I index, standard deviational ellipse, and kernel density estimation. The results showed that, firstly, the EEQ degraded from 1995 to 2000, then improved from 2000 to 2019; secondly, the spatial distribution of the RSEI for each study year was not random and had a strong positive correlation; thirdly, the directional distributions of the RSEI for all the grades were almost in the direction of southwest to northeast, and the spatial discrete characteristics of the moderate- and good-grade areas were almost consistent from 1995 to 2019; fourthly, the kernel density distribution of the moderate- and good-grade EEQ was located in towns within the Tingjiang River Basin and in the surroundings of the study area, respectively. This study can help managers to better understand the spatial–temporal variations in the EEQ in the study area, supporting the government in formulating a better ecological restoration strategy.
Learning-Based Optimisation for Integrated Problems in Intermodal Freight Transport: Preliminaries, Strategies, and State of the Art
Authors: Deineko Elija , Jungnickel Paul , Kehrt Carina
Published: September 2024

Intermodal freight transport (IFT) requires a large number of optimisation measures to ensure its attractiveness. This involves numerous control decisions on different time scales, making integrated optimisation with traditional methods almost unfeasible. Recently, a new trend in optimisation science has emerged: the application of Deep Learning (DL) to combinatorial problems. Neural combinatorial optimisation (NCO) enables real-time decision-making under uncertainties by considering rich context information—a crucial factor for seamless synchronisation, optimisation, and, consequently, for the competitiveness of IFT. The objective of this study is twofold. First, we systematically analyse and identify the key actors, operations, and optimisation problems in IFT and categorise them into six major classes. Second, we collect and structure the key methodological components of the NCO framework, including DL models, training algorithms, design strategies, and review the current State of the Art with a focus on NCO and hybrid DL models. Through this synthesis, we integrate the latest research efforts from three closely related fields: optimisation, transport planning, and NCO. Finally, we critically discuss and outline methodological design patterns and derive potential opportunities and obstacles for learning-based frameworks for integrated optimisation problems. Together, these efforts aim to enable a better integration of advanced DL techniques into transport logistics. We hope that this will help researchers and practitioners in related fields to expand their intuition and foster the development of intelligent decision-making systems and algorithms for tomorrow’s transport systems.
Rock Wettability Alteration Induced by the Injection of Various Fluids: A Review
Authors: Bolysbek Darezhat , Uzbekaliyev Kenbai , Assilbekov Bakytzhan
Published: September 2024

Wettability is a key parameter that determines the distribution and behavior of fluids in the porous media of oil reservoirs. Understanding and controlling wettability significantly impacts the effectiveness of various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods and CO2 sequestration. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of various methods for measuring and altering wettability, classifying them by mechanisms and discussing their applications and limitations. The main methods for measuring wettability include spontaneous imbibition methods such as Amott–Harvey tests and USBM, contact angle measurement methods, and methods based on the characteristics of imbibed fluids such as infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These methods offer varying degrees of accuracy and applicability depending on the properties of rocks and fluids. Altering the wettability of rocks is crucial for enhancing oil recovery efficiency. The article discusses methods such as low-salinity water flooding (LSWF), the use of surfactants (SAAs), and carbonated water injection (CWI). LSWF has shown effectiveness in increasing water wettability and improving oil displacement. Surfactants alter interfacial tension and wettability, aiding in better oil displacement. CWI also contributes to altering the wettability of the rock surface to a more water-wet state. An important aspect is also the alteration of wettability through the dissolution and precipitation of minerals in rocks. The process of dissolution and precipitation affects pore structure, capillary pressure, and relative permeabilities, which in turn alters wettability and oil displacement efficiency.
Research on the Distribution Law of Surrounding Rock Temperature Field in High Geothermal Metal Mines and Construction of Cloud Monitoring System
Authors: Li Tianyu , Xiang Peng , Ji Hongguang , Shen Hengxiang , Fu Zhen , Feng Qixing
Published: September 2024

With the increasing demand for mineral resources, mining operations are gradually moving into deeper levels, leading to a rise in the severity of the high-temperature thermal hazard caused by geothermal heat in mines. To understand the distribution and characteristics of the temperature field in the surrounding rock of metal mines, this study derived a non-steady-state heat conduction differential equation suitable for the surrounding rock of underground metal mines based on the thermal property changes of rocks at high temperatures, thereby obtaining the distribution characteristics of the thermal insulation ring in the surrounding rock. However, the monitoring technology of the underground rock temperature field is constrained by factors such as long-term power supply of equipment and complex data collection. Therefore, based on high-precision temperature acquisition devices, this study developed and constructed a cloud monitoring system for the temperature field of the surrounding rock, realizing long-term online temperature field monitoring of the 930 m and 945 m horizontal underground roadway in the West Mountain mining area of Sanshandao. The monitoring data indicate that the system has stable data transmission and smooth operation, achieving remote long-term data collection and transmission. This has improved the efficiency of monitoring the temperature field of surrounding rocks in mines, providing a basis for the risk assessment of thermal environmental conditions in deep high-temperature areas of metal mines and the control of the thermal hazard in deep underground engineering.
Lymphatic Vessel Remodeling in the Hearts of Ang II-Treated Obese db/db Mice as an Integral Component of Cardiac Remodeling
Authors: Flaht-Zabost Aleksandra , Czarnowska Elżbieta , Jankowska-Steifer Ewa , Niderla-Bielińska Justyna , Żera Tymoteusz , Moskalik Aneta , Bartkowiak Mateusz , Bartkowiak Krzysztof , Tomczyk Mateusz , Majchrzak Barbara , Kłosińska Daria , Kozłowska Hanna , Ciszek Bogdan , Gewartowska Magdalena , Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska Agnieszka , Ratajska Anna
Published: September 2024

Cardiac lymphatic vessels (LyVs) are suggested to be important players in cardiovascular disease-associated myocardial remodeling. However, there is a gap in the knowledge of whether LyV remodeling is an integral component of cardiac remodeling, especially in obesity associated with other comorbidities, including increased levels of circulating angiotensin II (Ang II). We studied the structural alterations in the myocardium and LyVs in Ang II-treated db/db mice compared with db/db mice and Ang II-treated wild-type mice with histopathological imaging methods, confocal microscopy, ultrastructural morphology, and morphometric analysis. We demonstrated that Ang II-treated db/db mice exhibited significantly increased fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and local edema compared with untreated db/db mice; however, the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was similar to that in Ang II-treated control mice. The decreased density of the LyVs and their wall shape alterations, with disorganized anchoring filaments, widened junctional gaps, decreased numbers of cytoplasmic vesicles indicative of a leaky phenotype, and increased basement membrane (BM) thickness, were observed in Ang II-treated db/db mice compared with Ang II-treated controls. Our findings revealed a structural basis for intensive LyV remodeling in association with cardiac remodeling in obesity.
Investigation of the Opposite-Electrode Effect on the Planar Solid-State Pulse-Forming Line
Authors: Fu Zebin , Zeng Fanzheng , Liu Yifeng , Jia Chenglin , Li Song
Published: September 2024

The planar solid-state pulse-forming line (planar solid-state PFL) is an important solid-state device used in compact pulse power systems. Moreover, pulsed power systems constitute a crucial element within electroporation systems. In this paper, we present theoretical and simulation analyses of the influence of the ground electrode structure of the planar solid-state PFL on the edge electric field and thermal distribution of high-voltage electrodes and the design of a novel improved solid-state PFL (opposite-electrode PFL) that differs from the classic planar solid-state PFL (full-electrode PFL) in which the ground electrode covers the entire plane. The ground electrode of the opposite-electrode PFL is structured to be consistent with the high-voltage electrode and positioned directly opposite to enhance the withstand voltage capacity of the planar solid-state PFL. The simulation results show that when the ground electrode width is the same as the high-voltage electrode, the electric field strength at the edge of the electrodes is smaller. In the electrostatic field simulation, the edge electric field strength of the high-voltage electrode in the opposite-electrode PFL is smaller than that of the full-electrode PFL, which indicates that the opposite-electrode PFL may have a higher withstand voltage. The experimental results show that the opposite-electrode PFL has a higher withstand voltage than the full-electrode PFL, which verifies the correctness of the theoretical and simulation analyses. Furthermore, the opposite-electrode PFL surface temperature rise showed a better performance after running the same test repeatedly. The findings of this study are conducive to enhancing the maximum output voltage or compactness of pulsed power systems and highlight the additional potential for the utilization of solid-state pulse generators in electroporation systems.
A Review of Acoustic Emission Source Localization Techniques in Different Dimensions
Authors: Jierula Alipujiang , Wu Cong , Kali Abudusaimaiti , Fu Zhixuan
Published: September 2024

Acoustic emission (AE) source localization technology, since the early application to one-dimensional structures, has been extended to a wide range of applications to two-dimensional (2D) structures, including isotropic and anisotropic materials, which are currently the most widely studied and the most mature. With the development of AE source localization technology, more and more significant challenges have arisen for three-dimensional (3D) structures, which are mostly anisotropic and have complex propagation paths. This paper summarizes and discusses the AE source localization methods in different dimensions as well as their applications, including the main methods for 2D AE source localization, such as the triangulation method, beam forming, strain rosette technique, modal AE, artificial neural network, optimization and the time reversal technique, as well as state-of-the-art AE source localization methods in isotropic and anisotropic structures utilizing these methods. Recent advances in AE source localization in complex 3D structures are also reviewed.
Camera Calibration in High-Speed Robotic Assembly Operations
Authors: Parpală Radu Constantin , Ivan Mario Andrei , Parpală Lidia Florentina , Coteț Costel Emil , Popa Cicerone Laurențiu
Published: September 2024

The increase in positioning accuracy and repeatability allowed the integration of robots in assembly operations using guidance systems (structured applications) or video acquisition systems (unstructured applications). This paper proposes a procedure to determine the measuring plane using a 3D laser camera. To validate the procedure, the camera coordinates and orientation will be verified using robot coordinates. This procedure is an essential element for camera calibration and consists of developing a mathematical model using the least square method and planar regression. The mathematical model is considered necessary as a step towards optimizing the integration of robotic vision systems in assembly applications. A better calibrated camera has the potential to provide better recognition results, which are essential in this field. These improved results can then be used to increase the accuracy and repeatability of the robot.
Compression Index Regression of Fine-Grained Soils with Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Kim Mintae , Senturk Muharrem A. , Li Liang
Published: September 2024

Soil consolidation, particularly in fine-grained soils like clay, is crucial in predicting settlement and ensuring the stability of structures. Additionally, the compressibility of fine-grained soils is of critical importance not only in civil engineering but also in various other fields of study. The compression index (Cc), derived from soil properties such as the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI), water content (w), initial void ratio (e0), and specific gravity (Gs), plays a vital role in understanding soil behavior. This study employs machine learning algorithms—the random forest regressor (RFR), gradient boosting regressor (GBR), and AdaBoost regressor (ABR)—to predict the Cc values based on a dataset comprising 915 samples. The dataset includes LL, PL, W, PI, Gs, and e0 as the inputs, with Cc as the output parameter. The algorithms are trained and evaluated using metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). Hyperparameter optimization is performed to enhance the model performance. The best-performing model, the GBR model, achieves a training R2 of 0.925 and a testing R2 of 0.930 with the input combination [w, PL, LL, PI, e0, Gs]. The RFR model follows closely, with a training R2 of 0.970 and a testing R2 of 0.926 using the same input combination. The ABR model records a training R2 of 0.847 and a testing R2 of 0.921 under similar conditions. These results indicate superior predictive accuracy compared to previous studies using traditional statistical and machine learning methods. Machine learning algorithms, specifically the gradient boosting regressor and random forest regressor, demonstrate substantial potential in predicting the Cc value for fine-grained soils based on multiple soil parameters. This study involves leveraging the efficiency and effectiveness of these algorithms in geotechnical engineering applications, offering a promising alternative to traditional oedometer testing methods. Accurately predicting the compression index can significantly aid in the assessment of soil settlement and the design of stable foundations, thereby reducing the time and costs associated with laboratory testing.
High-Order Active Disturbance Rejection Controller for High-Precision Photoelectric Pod
Authors: Yin Zongdi , Song Shenmin , Zhu Meng , Dong Hao
Published: September 2024

With the rapid development of the information age, the need for high-resolution reconnaissance and surveillance is becoming more and more urgent. It is necessary to develop photoelectric pods with a high-precision stabilization function, which isolate the influence of external disturbance and realize the tracking of maneuvering targets. In this paper, the internal frame stabilization loop control technique is studied. Firstly, the mathematical models of the current loop are established. Secondly, the friction model, parametric model, and mechanical resonance model of the system are identified. Finally, a fourth-order tracking differentiator and a fifth-order extended state observer are designed. Through simulation verification, the stability performance of HO-ADRC, increasing by 145.17%, is better than that of PID. In terms of disturbance suppression and noise removal ability, HO-ADRC is also better than PID.
Comparative Analysis of Nucleus Segmentation Techniques for Enhanced DNA Quantification in Propidium Iodide-Stained Samples
Authors: Jónás Viktor Zoltán , Paulik Róbert , Molnár Béla , Kozlovszky Miklós
Published: September 2024

Digitization in pathology and cytology labs is now widespread, a significant shift from a decade ago when few doctors used image processing tools. Despite unchanged scanning times due to excitation in fluorescent imaging, advancements in computing power and software have enabled more complex algorithms, yielding better-quality results. This study evaluates three nucleus segmentation algorithms for ploidy analysis using propidium iodide-stained digital WSI slides. Our goal was to improve segmentation accuracy to more closely match DNA histograms obtained via flow cytometry, with the ultimate aim of enhancing the calibration method we proposed in a previous study, which seeks to align image cytometry results with those from flow cytometry. We assessed these algorithms based on raw segmentation performance and DNA histogram similarity, using confusion-matrix-based metrics. Results indicate that modern algorithms perform better, with F1 scores exceeding 0.845, compared to our earlier solution’s 0.807, and produce DNA histograms that more closely resemble those from the reference FCM method.
Step-by-Step Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Assay for Sex Identification in Papaya
Authors: Ávila-Hernández José Guadalupe , Coreño-Alonso Alejandro , Pantoja-Alonso Mario Alberto , Córdoba-Andrade Francisco Javier , González-González Rogelio , Díaz-Quezada Corina E. , Camas-Reyes Alberto , Martínez-Antonio Agustino
Published: September 2024

Papaya is a globally important crop, with production primarily based on hermaphrodite plants. Papaya has three sex types—male, female, and hermaphrodite—determined by flower morphology, but this is only distinguishable at the flowering stage. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay was developed and optimized to identify the three sexes of papaya. Recombinant uvsX, uvsY, gp32, and Bsu DNA polymerase were used to study the effects of temperature, reaction time, and sensitivity conditions for RPA reaction efficiency. The optimal conditions were found to be 41 °C and a 30 min reaction time, allowing the detection of the target sex from specific DNA markers, even when using crude extract. This study shows that RPA could be used for sex determination in papaya, and the findings could contribute to developing a point-of-need strategy due to their sensitivity and specificity.
Eco-Friendly Chitosan Composites: Transforming Miscanthus, Mushroom, Textile and Olive Waste into Sustainable Materials
Authors: Khalaf Yasmina , El Hage Peter , Mansour Souha , Brosse Nicolas , Mihajlova Julia Dimitrova , Bergeret Anne , Lacroix Patrick , El Hage Roland
Published: September 2024

Recycling olive waste, a major by-product of the olive oil industry, presents significant environmental and economic benefits. This study explores the potential of olive waste (OW) by-products, specifically their individual components such as olive stones (OS), olive oily pomace (OS) and olive oil-free pomace (OF), as sustainable alternatives to wood in eco-friendly composite materials, alongside other residues such as miscanthus, spent mushroom substrate and recycled textile waste. Composite panels were produced with densities ranging from 685 to 907 kg/m3 through thermocompression. The manuscript details the production methodology and assesses the panel’s thermal performance, water absorption, and mechanical strength. The aim is to assess the viability of these alternative materials in producing composites that could serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for traditional wood-based products. Oil-free pomace is a promising and effective alternative to wood, suitable for dry environments. Composite panels composed of miscanthus or spent mushroom substrate and oil-free pomace met the EN 312 standards for general-purpose products in dry conditions, highlighting their potential for use in sustainable applications.
Arts—Update on the Aims and Scope
Authors: Nedd Andrew M.
Published: September 2024

Arts was launched in 2012, with Dr [...]
Geometry of Non-Diffusive Tracer Transport in Gridded Atmospheric Models
Authors: McGraw Robert , Subba Tamanna
Published: September 2024

A first-order linear and numerically non-diffusive Eulerian transport algorithm, minVAR, was recently developed for preservation of correlations between interrelated tracers during advective transport. The present study extends this work by: (1) providing further investigation of several interesting geometric constructions found in contours of constant minVAR, short for minimum variance, through extension to three coordinate dimensions. These contours capture point-by-point representations of thousands of individual atmospheric aerosol and/or cloud particles as they evolve and are rendered on Eulerian grids at a level of sub-grid resolution limited only by numerical precision; and (2) exploration of geometric similarities between the Arakawa C-grid, used to obtain interpolated values of the wind field at grid scale and minVAR. In particular, we consider interpolation of the u and v horizontal components of wind velocity from grid to sub-grid scales. The last results are motivated by recent applications of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model applied in the coastal Houston region, where the recent TRacking Aerosol Convection Interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) field campaign was organized. A unique and fully consistent mapping is obtained between particles moving along meteorological wind trajectories and the non-diffusive, non-dispersive representation of such trajectories on an Eulerian grid.
Application of Biofertilizers for Enhancing Beneficial Microbiomes in Push–Pull Cropping Systems: A Review
Authors: Dzvene Admire R. , Chiduza Cornelius
Published: September 2024

The need for sustainable farming practices has brought attention to biofertilizers to improve soil quality and boost crop yield while minimizing environmental impacts. This study explores the potential integration of biofertilizers within push–pull cropping systems, an agroecological approach that utilizes companion cropping to repel and attract pests. This review focuses on how biofertilizers could optimize plant–microbe interactions, promoting nutrient uptake, pest control, and soil health. Key biofertilizers, including nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria, improve nutrient availability, which leads to higher crop yields and resilience. They also enhance soil water retention and drought tolerance, which are crucial under changing climate conditions. Biofertilizers support beneficial microbial communities, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides while fostering disease suppression and stress tolerance in crops. Their effectiveness can be significantly increased when biofertilizers are integrated with push–pull technology (PPT). However, challenges remain, such as inconsistent biofertilizer performance and the complexity of microbial interactions. Overcoming these challenges necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to refining production and application techniques. This study emphasizes the need to investigate biofertilizer-mediated plant–microbiome dynamics further to unlock their full potential. It concludes that future research should focus on the synergies between biofertilizers and agroecological systems to enhance food security and environmental sustainability. This work advances our understanding of optimizing biofertilizers in sustainable farming practices, particularly within the PPT framework.
Enhanced Structural and Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Material by PO43−/Fe3+ Co-Doping
Authors: Wang Yong , Fu Shaoxiong , Du Xianzhen , Wei Dong , Zhang Jingpeng , Wang Li , Liang Guangchuan
Published: September 2024

Series of PO43−/Fe3+ co-doped samples of LiNi0.5Mn1.5-5/3xFexP2/3xO4 (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) have been synthesized by the coprecipitation–hydrothermal method, along with high-temperature calcination using FeSO4 and NaH2PO4 as Fe3+ and PO43− sources, respectively. The effects of the PO43−/Fe3+ co-doping amount on the crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are intensively studied. The results show that the PO43−/Fe3+ co-doping amount exerts a significant influence on the crystal structure and particle morphology, including increased crystallinity, lowered Mn3+ content, smaller primary particle size with decreased agglomeration and the exposure of high-energy (110) and (311) crystal surfaces in primary particles. The synergy of the above factors contributes to the obviously ameliorated electrochemical performance of the co-doped samples. The LiNi0.5Mn1.45Fe0.03P0.02O4 sample exhibits the best cycling stability, and the LiNi0.5Mn1.4333Fe0.04P0.0267O4 sample displays the best rate performance. The electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn1.5-5/3xFexP2/3xO4 can be regulated by adjusting the PO43−/Fe3+ co-doping amount.
Mechanistic Insights into Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease in the Evolution and Management of COVID-19
Authors: Magwaza Nonjabulo Ntombikhona , Mushebenge Aganze Gloire-Aimé , Ugbaja Samuel Chima , Mbatha Nonkululeko Avril , Khan Rene B. , Kumalo Hezekiel M.
Published: September 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, instigated by the emergence of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, created an incomparable global health crisis. Due to its highly virulent nature, identifying potential therapeutic agents against this lethal virus is crucial. PLpro is a key protein involved in viral polyprotein processing and immune system evasion, making it a prime target for the development of antiviral drugs to combat COVID-19. To expedite the search for potential therapeutic candidates, this review delved into computational studies. Recent investigations have harnessed computational methods to identify promising inhibitors targeting PLpro, aiming to suppress the viral activity. Molecular docking techniques were employed by researchers to explore the binding sites for antiviral drugs within the catalytic region of PLpro. The review elucidates the functional and structural properties of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, underscoring its significance in viral pathogenicity and replication. Through comprehensive all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the stability of drug–PLpro complexes was assessed, providing dynamic insights into their interactions. By evaluating binding energy estimates from MD simulations, stable drug–PLpro complexes with potential antiviral properties were identified. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the potential drug/lead candidates discovered thus far against PLpro using diverse in silico methodologies, encompassing drug repurposing, structure-based, and ligand-based virtual screenings. Additionally, the identified drugs are listed based on their chemical structures and meticulously examined according to various structural parameters, such as the estimated binding free energy (ΔG), types of intermolecular interactions, and structural stability of PLpro–ligand complexes, as determined from the outcomes of the MD simulations. Underscoring the pivotal role of targeting SARS-CoV-2 PLpro in the battle against COVID-19, this review establishes a robust foundation for identifying promising antiviral drug candidates by integrating molecular dynamics simulations, structural modeling, and computational insights. The continual imperative for the improvement of existing drugs and exploring novel compounds remains paramount in the global efforts to combat COVID-19. The evolution and management of COVID-19 hinge on the symbiotic relationship between computational insights and experimental validation, underscoring the interdisciplinary synergy crucial to this endeavor.
Comprehensive RNA-Seq Gene Co-Expression Analysis Reveals Consistent Molecular Pathways in Hepatocellular Carcinoma across Diverse Risk Factors
Authors: Talubo Nicholas Dale D. , Tsai Po-Wei , Tayo Lemmuel L.
Published: September 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the highest mortality rate and is the most frequent of liver cancers. The heterogeneity of HCC in its etiology and molecular expression increases the difficulty in identifying possible treatments. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HCC across grades, data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used for gene co-expression analysis, categorizing each sample into its pre-existing risk factors. The R library BioNERO was used for preprocessing and gene co-expression network construction. For those modules most correlated with a grade, functional enrichments from different databases were then tested, which appeared to have relatively consistent patterns when grouped by G1/G2 and G3/G4. G1/G2 exhibited the involvement of pathways related to metabolism and the PI3K/Akt pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and related pathways, whereas G3/G4 showed the activation of cell adhesion genes and the p53 signaling pathway, which regulates apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and similar processes. Module preservation analysis was then used with the no history dataset as the reference network, which found cell adhesion molecules and cell cycle genes to be preserved across all risk factors, suggesting they are imperative in the development of HCC regardless of potential etiology. Through hierarchical clustering, modules related to the cell cycle, cell adhesion, the immune system, and the ribosome were found to be consistently present across all risk factors, with distinct clusters linked to oxidative phosphorylation in viral HCC and pentose and glucuronate interconversions in non-viral HCC, underscoring their potential roles in cancer progression.
Comparative Effects of Calcium, Boron, and Zinc Inhibiting Physiological Disorders, Improving Yield and Quality of Solanum lycopersicum
Authors: Haleema Bibi , Shah Syed Tanveer , Basit Abdul , Hikal Wafaa M. , Arif Muhammad , Khan Waleed , Said-Al Ahl Hussein A. H. , Fhatuwani Mudau
Published: September 2024

Localized calcium deficiency at the tomato flower end causes a physiological disorder called blossom end rot, resulting in yield losses of up to 50 percent. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder of tomatoes that most often occurs when the movement of water and solutes to the tomato is protracted or rapid, but the underlying cause of fruit cracking is, again, calcium deficiency. Therefore, the present field experiment was conducted with the aim of increasing yield and reducing physiological disorders in tomatoes with a foliar application of calcium and micronutrients (zinc and boron). Four levels of calcium (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%), three levels of boron (0, 0.25, and 0.5%), and three levels of Zinc (0, 0.25, and 0.5%) were applied foliarly three times (starting at flowering, the 2nd application was repeated when the fruits set, and the 3rd after a period of 15 days from the fruits set). An addition of 0.6% calcium increased yield and associated traits with a decreased flower drop. Likewise, a 0.9% calcium addition increased fruit Ca content and decreased blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and Zn content. Foliar spraying with 0.25% boron (compound B) improved flowering and production while reducing flower drop and tomato fruit cracking. Similarly, an application of 0.5% B significantly increased Ca and B content with minimal blossom end rot and Zn content. Likewise, a 0.5% Zn application resulted in yield and yield-related traits with increased fruit B and Zn contents while blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and fruit Ca content were lower when 0.5% of foliar Zn was applied. Therefore, it is concluded that a foliar application of Ca, B, and Zn can be used alone or in combination to minimize the physiological disorders, increase production, and improve tomato fruit quality.
A Bacterial Platform for Studying Ubiquitination Cascades Anchored by SCF-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Authors: Pu Zuo-Xian , Wang Jun-Li , Li Yu-Yang , Liang Luo-Yu , Tan Yi-Ting , Wang Ze-Hui , Li Bao-Lin , Guo Guang-Qin , Wang Li , Wu Lei
Published: September 2024

Ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications in eukaryotes. The ubiquitination cascade includes ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2), and ubiquitin ligases (E3). The E3 ligases, responsible for substrate recognition, are the most abundant and varied proteins in the cascade and the most studied. SKP1-CUL1-F-Box (SCF)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are multi-subunit RING (Really Interesting New Gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases, composed of CUL1 (Cullin 1), RBX1 (RING BOX 1), SKP1 (S-phase Kinase-associated Protein 1), and F-box proteins. In vitro ubiquitination assays, used for studying the specific recognition of substrate proteins by E3 ubiquitin ligases, require the purification of all components involved in the cascade, and for assays with SCF-type E3 ligases, additional proteins (several SCF complex subunits). Here, the Duet expression system was used to co-express E1, E2, ubiquitin, ubiquitylation target (substrate), and the four subunits of a SCF-type E3 ligase in E. coli. When these proteins co-exist in bacterial cells, ubiquitination occurs and can be detected by Western Blot. The effectiveness of this bacterial system for detecting ubiquitination cascade activity was demonstrated by replicating both AtSCFTIR1-mediated and human SCFFBXO28-mediated ubiquitylation in bacteria. This system provides a basic but adaptable platform for the study of SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases.
Cardioprotective Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats
Authors: Mihajlović Dalibor , Đukanović Đorđe , Gajić Bojić Milica , Jovičić Sanja , Mandić-Kovačević Nebojša , Uletilović Snežana , Maksimović Žana M. , Pavlović Nebojša , Dojčinović Boris , Bolevich Sergey , Mikov Momir , Škrbić Ranko , Banjac Nada , Vasović Velibor
Published: September 2024

Patients suffering from cholelithiasis have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications, particularly ischemic myocardial disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), already used in clinical practice for the treatment of cholelithiasis and related conditions, has proven antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of UDCA pre-treatment on isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups. Animals were pre-treated for 10 days with propylene glycol + saline on days 9 and 10 (control), 10 days with propylene glycol + isoprenaline on days 9 and 10 (I group), 10 days with UDCA + saline on days 9 and 10 (UDCA group), and 10 days with UDCA + isoprenaline on days 9 and 10 (UDCA + I group). UDCA pre-treatment significantly reduced values of high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) cardiac markers (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was also decreased in the UDCA + I group compared to the I group (p < 0.001). UDCA also significantly increased glutathione (GSH) levels, while showing a tendency to increase levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The level of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression, a key regulatory gene of inflammation, was diminished when UDCA was administered. A reduction of cardiac damage was also observed in the UDCA pre-treated group. In conclusion, UDCA pre-treatment showed a cardioprotective effect on isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats, primarily by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
STING Promotes the Progression of ADPKD by Regulating Mitochondrial Function, Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis
Authors: Wu Jiao , Cheng Shasha , Lee Geoffray , Agborbesong Ewud , Li Xiaoyan , Zhou Xia , Li Xiaogang
Published: September 2024

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a predominant genetic disease, which is caused by mutations in PKD genes and is associated with DNA damage in cystic cells. The intrinsic stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is crucial for recognizing damaged DNA in the cytosol, triggering the expression of inflammatory cytokines to activate defense mechanisms. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of STING in ADPKD remain elusive. In this study, we show that Pkd1 mutant mouse kidneys show upregulation of STING, which is stimulated by the DNAs of nuclear and mitochondrial origin. The activation of STING promotes cyst growth through increasing (1) the activation of NF-κB in Pkd1 mutant cells and (2) the recruitment of macrophages in the interstitial and peri-cystic regions in Pkd1 mutant mouse kidneys via NF-κB mediating the upregulation of TNF-α and MCP-1. Targeting STING with its specific inhibitor C-176 delays cyst growth in an early-stage aggressive Pkd1 conditional knockout mouse model and a milder long-lasting Pkd1 mutant mouse model. Targeting STING normalizes mitochondrial structure and function, decreases the formation of micronuclei, induces Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cell death via p53 signaling, and decreases renal fibrosis in Pkd1 mutant mouse kidneys. These results support that STING is a novel therapeutic target for ADPKD treatment.
Potential Biomarkers of Dysmenorrhea Relief: A MEG Study of Hinoki Aromatherapy and Working Memory
Authors: Chou Pei-Li , Huang Han-Sheng , Yao Chien-An , Wang Li-Min , Chieh Jen-Jie , Shyu Bai-Chuang , Liao Shu-Hsien , Chien Chiang-Ting
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: This study explored the potential of Hinoki aromatherapy to induce biomarkers of dysmenorrhea relief through working memory. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to examine their effects on neurophysiological responses to a visual working memory (VWM) test. Behavioral performance was measured to understand its effects on the overall working memory. Methods: Twenty-four healthy participants completed the VWM task during nonmenstruation and menstruation. Behavioral (accuracy and reaction time) and neurophysiological (event-related fields, source estimation, and permutation t-test on source data) measures were assessed without and with Hinoki aromatherapy. Results: A significant difference in the ratio of accuracy to reaction time was found without and with aromatherapy in participants with dysmenorrhea, suggesting that aromatherapy may improve working memory performance in this population. MEG analysis revealed high temporal resolution of evoked latency and intensity during the VWM task. Source localization of the activation aimed to identify brain areas involved in dysmenorrhea. Aromatherapy reduced signals in these areas, which may also contribute to reducing dysmenorrhea-related visual signals. Conclusions: Based on these findings, Hinoki aromatherapy may be a promising treatment option for alleviating dysmenorrhea and improving related symptoms by reducing activity in brain pain processing regions. These regions include the left entorhinal cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, primary visual cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and presubiculum. Furthermore, decreased activity in these areas with aromatherapy suggests that they could be used as biomarkers of dysmenorrhea relief.
Melanin in the Retinal Epithelium and Magnetic Sensing: A Review of Current Studies
Authors: Zueva Lidia , Tsytsarev Vassiliy , Alves Janaina , Inyushin Mikhail
Published: September 2024

Coming in a variety of forms, melanin is one of the most abundant, stable, diverse, and evolutionarily ancient pigments found in living things in nature. These pigments often serve protective functions, typically well-adapted to their specific roles. One such protective function is metal chelation and cation exchange, which help regulate and buffer metal concentrations within cells. By binding to certain metals, melanin can acquire magnetic properties. Because of this, it may play a role in magnetic effects and possibly in the response of organisms to external magnetic fields and magnetic sensing. While there is melanin in plants, microbes, fungi, and invertebrates, certain types of melanin are specifically associated with the retina in vertebrates, including migrating bird and fish species. In this review, we examine studies focusing on the properties of melanin in these parts of the body and their possible association with magnetic sensing, and generally, magnetic sensing in the retina.
Ratiometric Electrochemical Detection of Interleukin-6 Using Electropolymerized Methylene Blue and a Multi-Walled Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Liu Zhuo , Liu Fengyu , Wang Chaofan , Li Hongjuan , Xu Yongqian , Sun Shiguo
Published: September 2024

Herein, we report a ratio-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of interleukin-6 (IL-6). We electropolymerized methylene blue (MB) on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes; introduced an internal reference signal probe; modified the carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the electrode surface to increase the electrochemically active area; and finally linked the amino-modified IL-6 aptamer to the electrode surface through the Schiff base reaction, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) added to mask non-specific adsorption. After adding IL-6 to the samples, the signal of IMB remained almost unchanged, while the signal of I[Fe(CN)6]3−/4− decreased with increasing IL-6 concentration. Thus, a novel ratiometric electrochemical sensor with a linear range of 0.001~1000.0 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 0.54 pg/mL was successfully developed. The sensor had high repeatability, stability, sensitivity, and practicability. It provides a new method for constructing proportional electrochemical sensors and detecting IL-6.
NIR-Sensitive Squaraine Dye—Peptide Conjugate for Trypsin Fluorogenic Detection
Authors: Balyan Priyanka , Gupta Shekhar , Mavileti Sai Kiran , Pandey Shyam S. , Kato Tamaki
Published: September 2024

Trypsin enzyme has gained recognition as a potential biomarker in several tumors, such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer, highlighting its importance in disease diagnosis. In response to the demand for rapid, cost-effective, and real-time detection methods, we present an innovative strategy utilizing the design and synthesis of NIR-sensitive dye–peptide conjugate (SQ-3 PC) for the sensitive and selective monitoring of trypsin activity by fluorescence ON/OFF sensing. The current research deals with the design and synthesis of three unsymmetrical squaraine dyes SQ-1, SQ-2, and SQ-3 along with a dye–peptide conjugate SQ-3-PC as a trypsin-specific probe followed by their photophysical characterizations. The absorption spectral investigation conducted on both the dye alone and its corresponding dye–peptide conjugates in water, utilizing SQ-3 and SQ-3 PC respectively, reveals enhanced dye aggregation and pronounced fluorescence quenching compared to observations in DMSO solution. The absorption spectral investigation conducted on dye only and corresponding dye–peptide conjugates in water utilizing SQ-3 and SQ-3 PC, respectively, reveals not only the enhanced dye aggregation but also pronounced fluorescence quenching compared to that observed in the DMSO solution. The trypsin-specific probe SQ-3 PC demonstrated a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 61.8% in water attributed to the combined effect of aggregation-induced quenching (AIQ) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET was found to be dominant over AIQ. The trypsin-mediated hydrolysis of SQ-3 PC led to a rapid and efficient recovery of quenched fluorescence (5-fold increase in 30 min). Concentration-dependent changes in the fluorescence at the emission maximum of the dyes reveal that SQ-3 PC works as a trypsin enzyme-specific fluorescence biosensor with linearity up to 30 nM along with the limit of detection and limit of quantification of 1.07 nM and 3.25 nM, respectively.
Assessment of Microvascular Function Based on Flowmotion Monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence Technique
Authors: Marcinek Andrzej , Katarzynska Joanna , Cypryk Katarzyna , Los-Stegienta Agnieszka , Slowikowska-Hilczer Jolanta , Walczak-Jedrzejowska Renata , Zielinski Jacek , Gebicki Jerzy
Published: September 2024

This review summarizes studies dedicated to the assessment of microvascular function based on microcirculatory oscillations monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique. Two approaches are presented. The first approach uses oscillatory parameters measured under normoxic conditions, expressed as flowmotion (FM), vasomotion (VM), and the normoxia oscillatory index (NOI). These parameters have been used for the identification of impaired microcirculatory oscillations associated with intense physical exercise, post-COVID syndrome, psychological stress, and erectile dysfunction. The second approach involves characterization of the microcirculatory response to hypoxia based on the measurement of hypoxia sensitivity (HS). The HS parameter is used to characterize microvascular complications in diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease and diabetic foot ulcers. Based on research conducted by the authors of this review, the FMSF parameter ranges characterizing microvascular function are presented. The diagnostic approach to assessing microvascular function based on flowmotion monitored by the FMSF technique has a wide range of applications and the potential to be integrated into widespread medical practice.
Microfluidic Detection Platform for Determination of Ractopamine in Food
Authors: Yu Cheng-Xue , Huang Kuan-Hsun , Chen To-Lin , Liu Chan-Chiung , Fu Lung-Ming
Published: September 2024

A novel microfluidic ractopamine (RAC) detection platform consisting of a microfluidic RAC chip and a smart analysis device is proposed for the determination of RAC concentration in meat samples. This technology utilizes gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with glutamic acid (GLU) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to measure RAC concentration in food products. When RAC is present, AuNPs aggregate through hydrogen bonding, causing noticeable changes in their optical properties, which are detected using a self-built UV–visible micro-spectrophotometer. Within the range of 5 to 80 ppb, a linear relationship exists between the absorbance ratio (A693nm/A518nm) (Y) and RAC concentration (X), expressed as Y = 0.0054X + 0.4690, with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9943). This method exhibits a detection limit of 1.0 ppb and achieves results within 3 min. The practical utility of this microfluidic assay is exemplified through the evaluation of RAC concentrations in 50 commercially available meat samples. The variance between concentrations measured using this platform and those determined via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is less than 8.33%. These results underscore the viability of the microfluidic detection platform as a rapid and cost-effective solution for ensuring food safety and regulatory compliance within the livestock industry.