bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PHOTOELECTRIC STUDY OF THE RATE OF GELATINIZATION OF NITROCELLULOSE IN NITROGLYCERINE
Authors: Fensom David
Published: April 2011

The process of gelatinization of nitrocellulose in a mixed solvent consisting of 80% glyceryl trinitrate and 20% ethylene glycol dinitrate by weight has been followed by using a commercial electrophotometer. The light scattered and absorbed by the colloid in its solvent was found to be dependent on the amount of nitrocellulose undissolved by the solvent at any time. The rate of gelatinization and the presence of insoluble fibers were related to the method of nitration and to the treatment of the raw material for nitrocellulose.
APPLICATION DE LA RÉACTION DE MEERWEIN À LA SYNTHÈSE DE DÉRIVÉS DISUBSTITUÉS DU STILBÈNE
Authors: L'Ecuyer P. , Turcotte F. , Giguère J. , Olivier C. A. , Roberge P.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINIUM SILICATES: II. THE DEHYDRATION OF BUTANEDIOL-1,3 AND BUTANEDIOL-1,4 OVER ACTIVATED MORDEN BENTONITE
Authors: Nicholls R. V. V. , Bourns A. N.
Published: April 2011

The dehydration of butanediol-1,3 over activated Morden bentonite was investigated. At 250° to 350 °C., the organic liquid products consisted mainly of n-butyraldehyde, butene-3-ol-1, and the n-butyral of butanediol-1,3. Formaldehyde was dissolved in the liquid products and considerable carbon was deposited on the catalyst. The gaseous products consisted of propene and butadiene-1,3, the maximum butadiene yield being 29%. Butanediol-1,4, over the bentonite catalyst, was converted to tetrahydrofuran in almost theoretical yields at 250° to 300 °C. At higher temperatures, 400° to 500 °C., gaseous decomposition occurred, the main products being propene and formaldehyde. Only traces of butadiene-1,3 were formed from the dry glycol while an 8% diolefin yield resulted using water as diluent.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: I. DINITROXYDIETHYLNITRAMINE
Authors: Herring K. G. , Toombs L. E. , Wright George F , Chute W. J.
Published: April 2011

It has been found possible to convert diethanolamine to β,β-dinitroxydiethylnitramine by inclusion of hydrogen chloride or one of its salts as catalyst. The structure of this powerful explosive has been demonstrated by an alternative synthesis involving nitrosation of dinitroxydiethylammonium nitrate, followed by subsequent oxidation of dinitroxydiethylnitrosamine to the corresponding nitramine. The nitrosamine, which is unstable in boiling water, is evidently an impurity in the crude nitramine. It may be removed from the stable nitramine by blowing the suspension of molten crude product with steam. The pure explosive is a stable low-melting solid with power and detonation rate higher than those of nitroglycerin. Its insensitiveness to impact as compared with nitroglycerin recommends it as a replacement for the latter substance in explosive compositions.
KINETIC STUDIES ON METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: IV. THE KINETICS OF DIMERIZATION IN AQUEOUS ACETONE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Thompson A. L. , Hardwick T. J.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the reactions of methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine in acetone–water solutions which were 2, 4, 8, 16 and 27 M with respect to water have been studied. The principal reaction forms a piperazinium dimer, but hydrolysis also occurs. The rate has been found essentially first order with respect to disappearance of the amine in solutions 27 M in water. In solvents of lower water content the first order rate constants are unsatisfactory owing to changes in water content of the medium and retardation by chloride ion.
KINETIC STUDIES ON METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: V. THE REACTIONS IN VARIOUS ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hardwick T. J. , Thompson A. L.
Published: April 2011

The hydrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salts of methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine is inhibited by both hydrogen ions and chloride ions. I he kinetics of hydrolysis in various anion solutions suggest that reaction occurs by direct attack at the β-chlorine atoms by hydroxyl ion.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND MIXED-SOLVENT COMPOSITION ON THE INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF GR–S
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Rogers T. M.
Published: April 2011

The intrinsic viscosity of a sample of GR–S has been measured, at temperatures ranging from 0° to 65 °C., in several solvents made progressively 'poorer' (to the point of precipitation) by the addition of nonsolvent. The results afford strong evidence in support of the theory (Flory; Alfrey, Bartovics, and Mark) that intrinsic viscosity is very sensitive to the shape assumed by a flexible long-chain molecule in solution and that this shape varies with the nature of the solvent and with the temperature. Measurements with various systems of the type GR–S–solvent–nonsolvent indicate that the intrinsic viscosity at the precipitation point is the same with different nonsolvents and, to a first approximation, with different solvents. This intrinsic viscosity is, moreover, independent of temperature.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: V. THE NITRATION OF ALIPHATIC DIALKYLGHLORAMINES
Authors: Wright George F , Myers G. S.
Published: April 2011

It has been found that dialkylchloramines can be nitrated to dialkylnitramines either in nitric acid or, better, in a mixture of nitric acid and acetic anhydride. Electropositive chlorine also is formed during this nitration. This formation supports a postulate that chloride-catalyzed nitration of secondary amines proceeds via the chloramine as an intermediate. Since electropositive chlorine is regenerated, the catalyzed nitration can be considered as a self-sustaining chain reaction. Examination of the by-products resulting from nitration of chloramines indicates that chloramine nitration, and not chloramine formation, is the rate-controlling step in the catalyzed nitration.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF FURFURAL
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

The previous observation by Stillings and Browning that methylfurfural and hydroxymethylfurfural do not interfere with the photocolorimetric determination of furfural with aniline has been confirmed. The color of the furfural – aniline acetate compound was stabilized satisfactorily by oxalic acid and sodium chloride; the addition of disodium phosphate brought about minimum transmittance. Recoveries of furfural distilled from 12% hydrochloric acid were 99.0 and 99.7% as measured by the photocolorimetric and excess bromine titration methods respectively. Xylose was converted to furfural in 90.6% yield by simple distillation with 12% hydrochloric acid saturated with sodium chloride. Rapid steam distillation increased the recovery to 91.6%. Dextrose, levulose, cellulose and rhamnose gave apparent furfural yields by the excess bromine titration method but negative results with the photocolorimetric method. The two methods were applied to 13 plant residues whose furfural contents ranged from more than 30% in 'Beewing' wheat bran to less than 5% for peat. The results obtained by the photocolorimetric method, regarded as being the true furfural contents, are 2 to 3% lower than those obtained by the titration method.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA
Authors: Neish A. C. , Blackwood A. C. , Robertson Florence M. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.
THE MECHANISM OF POPCORN POLYMER FORMATION
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Devins J. C.
Published: April 2011

A kinetic study of popcorn formation in solutions of butadiene in styrene indicates that the free radicals necessary for the polymerization are produced initially on the seed by decomposition of hydroperoxides. A further reaction involving opening of double bonds in reacting chains leads also to radical formation. The function of butadiene is to supply double bonds to the chain and thus enable branching to occur. The growth rate varies with the molar ratio of butadiene: styrene in the seed, showing an optimum value at 0.27 M/M. Benzoyl peroxide inhibits the reaction somewhat, at the same time catalyzing the normal formation of soluble polymer. Popcorn initiation in unseeded samples is catalyzed by small concentrations of peroxides, larger concentrations producing no further effect. An optimum butadiene: styrene ratio of 0.1 M/M exists in popcorn initiation. The reaction apparently does not take place on the surface of the vessel. Traces of nitric oxide strongly inhibit popcorn formation in seeded and unseeded samples. The proliferative activity of popcorn seed is reduced by treating it with nitric oxide. A quantitative treatment of the mechanism is given.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The thermal decompositions of cellobiose, maltose, dextrose, and potato starch have been studied over a temperature range, by following the production of volatile products. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water with small quantities of acids, aldehydes, and volatile solids were produced in all cases. With cellobiose, the first step of the reaction, which involved the elimination of two moles of water per mole of sugar, could be separated from the second step, where the oxides of carbon were produced, by controlling the reaction temperature. Dextrose first dimerized by a rapid reaction and then decomposed in much the same manner as cellobiose. The behavior of maltose was anomalous and no dehydration by a separate step could be detected. The decomposition of potato starch was similar to the second step of the cellobiose reaction.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LIGNIN CONTENT OF FRESH PLANT TISSUE WITHOUT PRELIMINARY DRYING
Authors: DeLong W. A. , MacDougall D.
Published: April 2011

A method of determining the lignin content of fresh plant tissue without preliminary drying has been devised. Prior to the final lignin determination with 72% sulphuric acid, the tissue is cut up, extracted with ether saturated water in a Waring Blendor, refluxed with 1% hydrochloric acid, and finally extracted with ethanol–benzene. For comparison, determinations were carried out by the above method and the standard A.O.A.C. procedure on material that had been air-dried at room temperature. Both greenhouse and field grown oat plants cut at various growth stages were used in this study. The modified method gave lower lignin values than the standard procedure with young succulent tissue. This difference decreased as the age of the tissue increased, and the results by all methods were very similar with oat straw. That the modified procedure on fresh tissue removes more interfering nitrogenous material than the other methods used is indicated by the lower nitrogen content of the lignin isolated. The absolute methoxyl contents of the residues isolated from dried tissue were greater than of those isolated from fresh material (from the same source). This may have been due to the inclusion of more methoxyl-containing carbohydrates in the former residues.
ALUMINUM SOAPS AS HIGH POLYMERS
Authors: Sheffer H.
Published: April 2011

Viscosity and osmotic pressure measurements were carried out on dilute benzene solutions of aluminum dicaprylate, dilaurate, dimyristate, dipalmitate, distearate, and monostearate. From the results it is concluded that these soaps are polymers of high molecular weight formed by weak intermolecular links which are assumed to be hydrogen bonds. Lowering of the molecular weight by dissociation of these bonds is responsible for decreases in solution viscosities. Variations of the molecular weights obtained (60,000 to 900,000) are due, in the main, to the effect of concentration and aging on the extent of this dissociation.
THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINUM SILICATES: III. THE CONVERSION OF 1,1-DIPHENYLETHANE TO STYRENE OVER MORDEN BENTONITE
Authors: Nicholls R. V. V. , Morton Maurice
Published: April 2011

Optimum conditions for the vapor phase conversion of 1,1-diphenylethane to styrene and benzene over activated Morden bentonite have been found to be a temperature of 600 °C., rapid feed rates, and the use of water vapor as diluent. Ethylbenzene has been found in the reaction products as a hydrogenation product. Styrene content has been found to be dependent directly upon vapor velocity while the conversion efficiency was found to be related directly to the use of water vapor as an inhibitor of carbon deposition on the catalyst.
PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS
Authors: Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2011

A review is given of gas reactions photosensitized by metal vapors, with special emphasis on the reactions of hydrocarbons sensitized by zinc, cadmium, and mercury.
HALOGEN SENSITIZED PHOTOREACTIONS
Authors: Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Spectroscopic evidence indicates that reactions photosensitized by fluorine would take place by way of fluorine atoms. Similarly, the sensitizing action of chlorine will practically always be due to chlorine atoms. For bromine, when the wave length is less than 5107 Å, reaction will be by way of bromine atoms. Experiments using wave lengths 5107–6290 Å also probably involve bromine atoms although the possibility of reaction due to excited bromine molecules cannot be wholly ruled out. Iodine atoms are produced in photosensitization experiments involving iodine and wave lengths less than 4989 Å. Experimental evidence also favors the production of iodine atoms using wave lengths up to 6200 Å. Mechanisms in accordance with the above are advanced for a number of chlorine sensitized oxidation reactions. In the oxidation reactions an intermediate compound with a trivalent carbon is formed which reacts with oxygen forming a peroxide, giving rise to a chain reaction. Reactions sensitized by bromine and iodine are also discussed. It appears that all the halogen sensitized gaseous photoreactions thus far known can be explained by chemical mechanisms involving halogen atoms.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF COMPLEX MOLECULES
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

Methylene diacetate, paraldehyde, and their homologues decompose in the gaseous state by a unimolecular mechanism at temperatures low enough to ensure the absence of free radical complications. The effect of molecular structure on the activation energies, frequency factors, etc., of these and other decompositions is discussed.
STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: II. THE SYNTHESES OF THREE SUBSTITUTED N-BENZYL AMIDES FROM ETHYLATED VANILLIN
Authors: Purves C. B. , Grassie V. R.
Published: April 2011

Preparations are given for sym-N,N′-diethyl-di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzyl)-oxamide, m.p. 86 °C.; the corresponding succinamide, m.p. 125 °C.; for sym-N,N′-diethyldibenzylsuccinamide itself, m.p. 75 °C.; and for 3-methoxy-4-ethoxycinnamamide (o-ethyl ferulamide), m.p. 186 °C. No descriptions of these four substances were found in the literature. A convenient alternative preparation of ethyl benzylamine is described.
STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: IV. THE SYNTHESIS OF N-ETHYL-3,4-DIMETHOXYANILINE FROM GUAIACOL
Authors: Purves C. B. , Moir R. Y.
Published: April 2011

N-Ethyl-3,4-dimethoxyaniline (N-ethyl-4-aminoveratrole) was prepared in 50% to 60% yield by heating 4-bromoveratrole with aqueous ethylamine and a cuprous chloride catalyst at 95° to 100 °C. This synthesis was much better than those previously reported. Replacement of the ethylamine with ammonia yielded only 33% of crystalline 4-aminoveratrole, which others have shown to be much more readily accessible from the 4-nitro derivative. Some of the published methods of preparing 4-bromoveratrole from guaiacol were compared, and the compound was also obtained by the direct bromination of veratrole. The acetate of 4-bromoveratrole, m.p. 49 °C., and 3,4-dimethoxyformanilide, m.p. 88 °C., were described, apparently for the first time.
THE VISCOSITY – MOLECULAR WEIGHT RELATION FOR POLY-levo-2,3-BUTANEDIYL o-PHTHALATE
Authors: Watson R. W. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

The inherent viscosities of dilute solutions of acidic polyesters of high purity have been compared with number average molecular weights accurately determined by end-group titration. For unfractionated resins with a degree of polymerization from 2 to 11 [Formula: see text] the viscosity – molecular weight relation is linear in chloroform at 25 °C. Where [Formula: see text], K = 1.923 × 10−5 and β = 0.0176. For fractionated polyesters from DP 5 to 8, K = 1.959 × 10−6 and β = 0.0161. For unfractionated resins with a DP > 11, molecular weights increase more rapidly than inherent viscosities. Above [Formula: see text] for fractionated resins linearity is resumed, and the slope increases. Several attempts have been made to explain this complex relation. Apparently the short chains remain linear, and the formation of anisotropic fibers at a DP close to 100 establishes a degree of molecular orientation in the long-chain superpolyesters. Isomerization of levo-diol to the diastereoisomer during polycondensation is without effect on the dilute solution viscosity of the resulting resin. Preferential degradation of the longer chains is assumed to be partially responsible for the decreasing slope from DP 11 to 65. As yet it has not been possible to assess the roles played by changes in size distribution, and variation in solvation with increasing chain length, but the data point to a curved viscosity – molecular weight relation in chloroform at 25 °C.
CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE INDUCED BY ABSORBED RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS, P32
Authors: Arnason T. J. , Cumming Elaine , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Radioactive phosphorus (P32) was made available to individual germinating seeds and seedlings of Triticum vulgare, T. durum, T. monococcum, and Hordeum distichon. Each treated plant was provided with either 0.18 or 0.018 micro-curies of P32. Both concentrations were effective in causing chromosome breakage and rearrangements. Many aberrant chromosome configurations occurred in microsporocytes of treated tetraploid and hexaploid plants. Only one chromosome aberration was found in T. monococcum and none in barley. Structural changes occurred also in chromosomes of vulgare wheat grown in soil to which fertilizer containing P32 was added. It is possible that the effectiveness of small amounts of P32 in inducing mutations is increased by its inclusion in chromosome molecules. Emitted beta particles would then be shot off very close to the sensitive target. Further, the recoiling atomic nucleus is almost certain to have enough energy to break any chemical bond. In any case since there is a change in atomic number (from 15 to 16) and in valence (P valence 5, S valence 2), molecular bonds must be released in the process.
TETRAPLOID TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ: IV. COMPARISON OF SECOND GENERATION FAMILIES
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: April 2011

The general similarity in root weight between the populations from reciprocal crosses of tetraploids, the differences between unrelated families, and the divergence between the progeny of large-rooted and small-rooted parents together indicate the operation of genetic factors in root development. Number, size, and shape of leaves likewise appear to be strongly influenced by heredity. As a rule, vigorous rosettes, large roots, and a sparsity or absence of first-year flowering are associated, but diverse assortments of these characteristics occur in some families. Since sparse flowering favors root enlargement, the later blooming and less floriferous tetraploids have an advantage over diploids in that respect. On the whole, random tetraploids possess wider but markedly fewer leaves, slightly smaller leaf area, bloom later and much more sparsely during the first year, and produce larger and more robust roots than diploids.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: II. SOME NEW SPECIES OF CORTICIUM
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

In the following pages nine species of Corticium, found in Ontario and presumed to be new to science, are described and illustrated. These were encountered in connection with a general taxonomic study of resupinate Thelephoraceae. In addition, a redescription and discussion of a species recently published from Europe, also found to be common in Ontario, is included.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF DORMANCY IN SEEDS: LACTUCA SATIVA L.
Authors: Leggatt C. W.
Published: April 2011

The ease with which lettuce seeds may be made dormant by placing them under germinating conditions in blue light suggested that this kind of seed would provide satisfactory material for a study of certain aspects of dormancy in seeds. Studies have been made of the behavior of lettuce seeds under varied conditions of moisture, atmosphere, color of light, and integrity of the testa. Measurements of the absolute respiration have provided curves of the drift with time of carbon dioxide output, oxygen uptake, and of respiratory quotient. Experiments with substances that might induce dormancy and light-sensitiveness similar to that induced by blue light have been made. The bearing of the results obtained upon possible metabolic changes in the seed are discussed.The possibility that the observed effects of light upon seed germination are due to changes in the permeability of the seed coat induced by light is considered as untenable, but this does not exclude the fact that the seed coat is a restrictive agency to the free passage of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances. Indeed, in any description of the probable metabolic state, this must certainly be considered. While it has not been possible to formulate a definite biochemical scheme to account for blue light effects, the experimental evidence suggests that 'carbon dioxide zymasis' may be promoted by blue light and that carbon dioxide may be one of the inhibiting factors. The blue light dormant condition is characterized by depressed respiration but without more disturbance of the equilibrium of the pre- and postglycolytic phases of respiratory metabolism than is found to be characteristic of uninhibited seeds as reported by other workers.The results of this research suggest that further elucidation of the phenomenon of dormancy should be sought in the direction of more extended studies of the respiration of dormant and non-dormant seeds.
STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VI. IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURES OF WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI
Authors: Nobles Mildred K.
Published: April 2011

A numerical key for the identification of cultures of 126 species of wood-rotting fungi, with accompanying descriptions of the cultural characters of each species, is presented. The list of species includes many of the fungi most frequently encountered in studies of decay in various hosts, the species having been chosen without restriction as to host or locality. The descriptions and key have been based on cultural characters, both macroscopic and microscopic, that can be demonstrated readily without the aid of elaborate equipment or methods. Thus, cultures were grown in Petri dishes on Difco malt agar and on malt agar to which gallic or tannic acid had been added. They were incubated in the dark at room temperature and examined at weekly intervals for six weeks. Host relationships and physiological and morphological characters proved to be of diagnostic value. The physiological characters used in the key include the pigmentation of the mycelial mat, color changes induced in the agar by the fungus, rate of growth, and effect on media containing gallic or tannic acid. Morphological characters used in diagnosis were types and septation of hyphae, occurrence of secondary spores – chlamydospores, conidia, oidia – and of special structures, such as cystidia and setae, and the formation of fruit bodies. The numerical key will permit the interpolation of additional species as they are described and their code numbers prepared.
THE MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FLUORESCIN PRODUCTION
Authors: King Joyce V. , Campbell Jack J. R. , Eagles Blythe A.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the salt requirements for fluorescin production has been carried out, and the mineral balance for maximum fluorescin production determined. Employing ammonium succinate as a source of nitrogen, the ions PO4, Mg, SO4, and Fe have been found essential to the formation of the pigment. Optimum production of fluorescin resulted when 0.01% magnesium chloride, 0.06% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.005%, potassium sulphate, and 0.000005% (0.05 p.p.m.) ferric chloride were used.The influence of high concentrations of Mg and SO4 ions in the presence of varying concentrations of iron with ammonium succinate as the source of nitrogen on the formation of both fluorescin and pyocyanin has been determined.Fluorescin production has been demonstrated to depend primarily upon the concentration of sulphate, iron, and magnesium in the medium. The concentration of iron required has been shown to be of paramount importance. Increasing the amounts of either SO4 or Mg did not bring about the pronounced stimulation of fluorescin production as was evidenced in the case of pyocyanin.
CHITWOODIELLA OVOFILAMENTA GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEMATODE PARASITE OF GRYLLOTALPA
Authors: Basir M. A.
Published: April 2011

Chitwoodiella ovofilamenta gen. et sp. nov. is described from Gryllotalpa. This new genus can be differentiated from other genera of the subfamily Thelastomatinae, by its long, striated buccal cavity, its characteristic filament-bearing eggs, and the position of the origin of the ovaries, both of which originate in the anterior region of the body from about the middle of the oesophagus.
THE USE OF RADIOPHOSPHORUS, P32, TO MEASURE PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION BY LAYING HENS
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , O'Neil J. B. , Jowsey J. R. , Lee C. C. , Reade Marguerite
Published: April 2011

Phosphorus utilization in four laying hens has been studied by means of radiophosphorus (P32), which was incorporated into the laying mash as tricalcium phosphate replacing the bone meal in the diet. The results obtained indicate that, for these four hens:1. The phosphorus that was absorbed appeared in the yolk, white, and shell within 24 hr. after feeding.2. The maximum recovery of P32 following a single feeding was within 24 hr. in the case of the shell, 48 to 72 hr. for the white, and 144 hr. (six days) for the yolk.3. A large portion of the unabsorbed phosphorus was excreted within 24 hr. of feeding.4. A considerable quantity of the phosphorus absorbed by the digestive system was found to be stored in the tibiae at least 40 days after feeding.5. The percentage uptake of phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate rose gradually in the egg and became relatively constant in about 14 to 15 days after the first feeding of tricalcium phosphate.
TOXICITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO INSECTS: PART II. TESTS FOR CONTACT TOXICITY ON NYMPHS OF BLATELLA AND ONCOPELTIS, AND ADULTS OF TRIBOLIUM
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Wenner B. J. , Park F. E.
Published: April 2011

The direct contact toxicity of 91 synthetic organic compounds was tested against nymphs of Blatella germanica and of Oncopeltis fasciatus, and adults of Tribolium confusum. The compounds were dissolved in graded concentrations in benzene–kerosene mixture and sprayed on the insects in a spraying tower. Their toxicity was assessed by determination of the median lethal deposits (LD50) for each of the three species.Taking the results with the three species as a whole, the highest contact toxicity was shown by gammexane and chlordane. Dinitro-o-cresol and dinitrocyclohexylphenol were next in order of effectiveness. These were followed by benzyl thiocyanate and its o- and p-chloro and 2,4-dichloro derivatives. DDT was sixth and methoxy-DDT was 12th on the list of compounds in order of their average effectiveness to the three species. A number of chlorinated aliphatic compounds that were strong fumigants showed no contact toxicity.
CAMERONIA BIOVATA GEN. ET SP. NOV. (THELASTOMATIDAE), A NEW NEMATODE PARASITE OF THE MOLE CRICKET, GRYLLOTALPA AFRICANA BEAUV.
Authors: Basir M. A.
Published: April 2011

Cameronia biovata gen. et sp. nov. is described from Gryllotalpa africana Beauv. This new genus can be differentiated from the genus Binema Trav., 1925, the only genus in the subfamily Thelastomatinae to which it shows some resemblance, by the position of the vulva, which is much posterior in the former, and by its characteristic eggs, which are without polar filaments and are laid in pairs, both the eggs losing their separate identity by fusing with each other along their flattened surfaces, slightly asymmetrically and in a constant and typical pattern.
PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH: IV. INTERNAL HELMINTHS PARASITIC IN SPECKLED TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL)) IN RIVERS AND LAKES OF THE LAURENTIDE PARK, QUEBEC, CANADA
Authors: Choquette L. P. E.
Published: April 2011

The distribution and incidence of the following species of helminths from speckled trout in lakes and rivers of the Laurentide Park are recorded: Crepidostomum cooperi, C. farionis, Phyllodistomum lachancei, Eubothrium salvelini, diphyllobothriid larvae, Ligula intestinalis, Proteocephalus parallactics, proteocephalid larva sp. inq., Rhabdochona laurentiana, Metabronema canadense, Agamospirura sp. inq., Echinorhynchus lateralis. The sampling includes 42 lakes and streams from seven different drainage systems. The most commonly found species are: Metabronema canadense, Crepidostomum cooperi, Eubothrium salvelini, and Echinorhynchus lateralis; these occur in all seven drainage systems. The other helminths vary in their distribution and incidence.
THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF DDT AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AGAINST DIFFERENT INSECT SPECIES
Authors: Browning H. C. , Shapiro S. K. , Dubrûle M.
Published: April 2011

DDT and its fluoro- and methyl-analogues, its carbinol and carbinol acetate, and monochlor-DDT (1-(4-chIorophenyl)-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethane) were tested for contact insecticidal activity against two beetles (Calandra granaria and Tribolium confusum), a moth (Ephestia kuhniella), a plant bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus), and a cockroach (Blatella germanica).Fluoro-DDT showed specificity against the cockroach and carbinol-DDT against the plant bug. Comparisons with the results of earlier testing against Drosophila melanogaster justified its use as an indicator species.
THE POTENTIATION OF INSULIN BY SULPHONES
Authors: Macallum A. Bruce
Published: April 2011

Sulphones in trace quantities combined with diet rich in fresh vegetables produce an increased sensitivity to insulin, both in rate of fall of blood sugar levels and maintenance of hypoglycaemia. The sensitivity is not contingent on the presence of sulphone compounds and may persist for several days after these compounds have been detoxicated or eliminated.
STUDIES ON AMOEBIASIS IN CANADA: PART II. A METHOD FOR OBTAINING VIABLE CYSTS OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA FREE FROM BACTERIA
Authors: Miller M. J. , Firlotte W. R.
Published: April 2011

A method for obtaining cysts of Entamoeba histolytica free from bacteria is described. The method involves the centrifugation and levitation of the cysts, and their passage through a series of solutions containing penicillin and streptomycin by means of a micropipette. Thousands of sterile cysts may be obtained by this method in a few hours.
ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITAL DIETS
Authors: Hunter G. , Kastelic J. , Ball M.
Published: April 2011

Analytical values are given for vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and protein on 12 diets commonly used in a modern hospital. The foods were analyzed as served to the patient. Assessed on the basis of commonly accepted standards the diets are found to be deficient in various respects, and particularly in the B-vitamins, ascorbic acid, and iron.
ASSESSMENT OF DIETS: ANALYSIS VERSUS COMPUTATION FROM FOOD TABLES
Authors: Hunter G. , Kastelic J. , Ball M.
Published: April 2011

Analytical values for nine constituents of 12 diets are compared with corresponding values computed from food tables on the same diets. Factors tending to concordance or divergence in the values obtained by the two methods are discussed.
APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Farmer Florence A. , Crampton E. W.
Published: April 2011

A modification of the Teitelbaum and Harne apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption in guinea pigs has been described. Typical results are given to illustrate the usefulness of the apparatus.
THE REDUCING SUGAR CONTENT OF FROZEN EGG AS AN INDEX OF THE BACTERIAL CONTENT
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: April 2011

Reducing sugar determinations have been proposed as an over-all measure of both bacteriological and chemical changes in frozen egg. When applied to commercial products, the technique recommended has been found to yield poorly reproducible results, while reducing sugar readings show no correlation with viable or microscopic counts of bacteria. Few of the bacteria isolated from commercial melange were able to ferment glucose.
THE RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH CERTAIN COMPOUNDS OF IRON, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER
Authors: Weatherburn Muriel W. , Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

Unbleached cotton tentage duck was impregnated with chromic oxide, copper carbonate, and ferric oxide, both singly and in mixtures, each metal being present in concentration of approximately 1% as metallic oxide, and also in the form of naphthenates in equivalent concentration. The rot resistance of the treated samples was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength on soil burial after leaching in water and after outdoor weathering for four months. Photochemical degradation on weathering was determined by measuring the loss of breaking strength and increase in cuprammonium fluidity. The decrease in metal content on weathering was also measured.Samples treated with chromium and iron in inorganic form, used singly and together, showed no resistance to soil burial and very slight resistance when the metals were present as naphthenates. All treatments containing copper produced substantial resistance to soil burial, the mixtures producing greater resistance than the single compounds; the resistance resulting from treatment with chromium plus copper and with chromium plus copper plus iron mixtures was greater than that from the corresponding copper plus iron treatments. On the whole, the inorganic treatments produced more resistance to soil burial after leaching than the organic treatments but, after weathering, the copper alone and copper plus iron treatments produced less resistance than the corresponding naphthenate treatments.All the inorganic treatments containing chromium exerted a marked protective effect against deterioration resulting from weathering as judged by breaking strength losses and increases in cuprammonium fluidity.The naphthenate treatments containing chromium and the iron oxide and iron naphthenate treatments afforded some protection with respect to breaking strength loss but produced fluidity increases approximately the same as that of the untreated fabric. Similar results were obtained with the copper carbonate plus iron oxide treatment.The samples treated with copper carbonate and copper naphthenate showed breaking strength losses approximately the same as that of the untreated control but gave evidence of enhanced degradation as judged by the fluidity data.Losses of chromium on weathering were negligible in all cases while losses of iron ranged from zero to 34%. Complete loss of copper occurred in the copper carbonate treated sample and a slightly lower loss (85%) in the copper plus iron treated sample. In the presence of chromium and chromium plus iron, the losses of copper were reduced to 34% and 54% respectively. Similar trends were observed with the naphthenate treatments but the losses were much lower in all cases, ranging from no significant loss to a loss of 48%.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXX. EFFECTS OF CURING AND COOKING ON THE THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN, AND NIACIN CONTENTS OF LONGISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLES
Authors: Rose Dyson , Peterson Ruth
Published: April 2011

Laboratory studies on the thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin contents of longissimus dorsi muscles and of spent pickle indicate that there was little or no destruction of these vitamins during the curing process but that approximately 24% of the thiamine, 12% of the riboflavin, and 29% of the niacin were leached from the meat. The losses due to leaching increase with greater relative pickle volumes and are greater from an exposed surface of lean meat than from a surface covered with fat or rind. The commercial practice of rebuilding spent pickle probably reduces the over-all vitamin losses.The losses of thiamine and of riboflavin incurred during the cooking of pork were found to be considerably greater than those incurred during the cooking of bacon. Niacin was lost to about an equal extent from both pork and bacon. The stabilization of the thiamine and riboflavin that occurred during the curing process was sufficient to offset the losses during cure and thus, after cooking, bacon was as good a source of these vitamins as pork.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXVI. VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF THE SYSTEM levo-2,3-BUTANEDIOL–WATER
Authors: Tomkins R. V. , Wheat J. A. , Stranks D. W.
Published: April 2011

A modified Othmer equilibrium still was used to obtain vapor–liquid equilbrium data for the levo-2,3-butanediol–water system at 14.7, 45, and 75 p.s.i. absolute. Comparison with similar data reported in the literature for the meso-2,3-butanediol–water system showed a greater volatility for the levo-isomer. There is an inflection in the equilibrium curves at lower diol concentrations.
THE VISCOSITIES AND DENSITIES OF CHLOROSULPHONIC ACID – SULPHUR TRIOXIDE MIXTURES
Authors: McCallum K. J. , Tollefson E. L.
Published: April 2011

The viscosities and densities of crude chlorosulphonic acid – sulphur trioxide mixtures have been determined for compositions between 10 and 70%. The viscosity measurements were carried out at temperatures between 20° and − 40 °C. for those liquids that did not show crystallization over this range. At temperatures at which the complete range of compositions could be investigated, both the density– and viscosity–composition curves exhibit a maximum.
A STUDY OF THE PRO-KNOCK ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
Authors: Ogilvie J. D. B. , Davis S. G. , Thompson A. L. , Grummitt W. T. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Compounds that cause an increase in the knocking tendency of gasolines are of two main types: (1) those such as dichloromethylarsine, cacodyl chloride, and arsenic tribromide, which counteract the effect of antiknock compounds present, and (2) those which, in addition, have some effect on the base stock, such as chloropicrin, bromopicrin, and bromine. Halogens, nitrites, nitro compounds and elements of Group V add to the pro-knock properties of a molecule. A long chain and an asymmetric molecule are effective structures. Pro-knock neutralized the effect of the antiknock but the concentration bore no direct relation to the antiknock concentration. Compounds of the first type showed greatest effect in fuels of high lead susceptibility brought up to a high octane rating with lead tetraethyl from a low octane base stock. They were similarly effective in counteracting iron carbonyl, but had no effect on aniline. Compounds of the second type effectively counteracted aniline, and when added to Diesel fuels showed a marked increase in the cetene number.
COPPER CORROSION AND ITS CONTROL IN STARCH SYRUP MANUFACTURE
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Contamination of starch syrups with copper was kept to a minimum by mixing the acid catalyst with the starch slurry rather than with the priming water. Copper removal at the neutralization stage was promoted by protein impurities in the converted starch, high pH, and hot filtration. Decolorization with activated carbon removed less than 20% of residual copper, whereas acid-tempered bone char removed over 99%. The copper content of dilute syrups was determined without preparatory ashing by precipitation with salicylaldoxime.
SENSITIVITY OF CALCIUM SILICIDE SMOKE MIXTURES TO STATIC ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE
Authors: Gillies Archibald
Published: April 2011

Sensitivity to ignition of the three component system, calcium silicide, hexachloroethane, and zinc oxide, was studied. Apparatus is described and results plotted as isopotential lines on a trilinear chart. The investigation disclosed that mixtures of widely varying composition may be easily ignited and are therefore highly dangerous. Technological application of the deductions is discussed.
CORROSION OF A STEEL SHIP IN SEA WATER
Authors: Barnard K. N.
Published: April 2011

The corrosion of a steel ship in sea water has been investigated by studying the electrical potentials in the sea close to the hull. The surveys were made in conjunction with a drydocking program during which the state of the hull was deliberately altered so that the corrosion patterns could be followed under a variety of hull conditions, and were supplemented by visual inspections of the ship when in drydock. Typical results are described and discussed. Some failures of the present anticorrosive technique are indicated and some possible remedies suggested.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: VII. THE OXIDATION OF PENTANE IN VARYING CONCENTRATION IN AIR AT TEMPERATURES RISING TO 700 °C. AND THE EFFECT OF IRON CARBONYL ON REACTION VELOCITY
Authors: King R. O.
Published: April 2011

Results are given for the oxidation in reaction chamber No. 10 of pentane mixed with air, mixture strength being varied from 25% weak to 100% rich. Oxidations were carried out with and without additions of iron carbonyl to the pentane. The experiments were made mainly to find a rational explanation for the antiknock property of rich fuel–air mixtures. The experimental results for undoped mixtures show that, at temperatures approaching those of the end gas in an engine reaction velocity increases by 100% on increasing mixture strength over the range mentioned above and by 100% on increasing temperature from 600° to 650 °C. Similar increases in reaction velocity with rise of temperature and with increase of mixture strength were obtained for the doped mixtures over the high temperature range but at temperatures 150 °C. lower than for undoped mixtures. The characteristics of the experimental results confirm the conclusion reached in earlier Parts, namely, that oxidation of pentane m the conditions of the experiments is a heterogeneous reaction.
AN ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETER
Authors: Harvey R. B.
Published: April 2011

A photometer for use in the near ultraviolet has been designed and built with particular attention to simplicity, ruggedness, and reliability.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A HYDRAULIC TURBINE BY A CALORIMETRIC METHOD
Authors: Katzman John
Published: April 2011

Western Electric bead type thermistors were used to determine the difference in temperature of the water between the headrace and tailrace of a hydraulic turbine at different loads on the turbine. From this temperature difference the maximum efficiency of the turbine was determined to be 92% and the unit flow of water in cubic feet per second was calculated.
THE RESONANCE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv: PART V: SECTION A: AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS: SECTION B: THE USE OF ELECTRONIC COUNTER CIRCUITS TO MEASURE LOW FREQUENCIES AND A VARIABLE LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR
Authors: Katz L. , Woods S. B. , Leverton W. F.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes an improved apparatus for the determination of γ = Cp/Cv, the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume for a gas. With this apparatus, γ is determined by the resonance method of Clark and Katz. The new apparatus is constructed of stainless steel and is designed to withstand pressures up to 100 atm. This new apparatus is more compact and can be used with corrosive gases. Provision is made for the control and accurate measurement of the temperature of the enclosed gas over a wide range of temperatures. An electronic counter which will measure time intervals, in units of 10 μsec., from 100 μsec. to several seconds in length is described in Section B. An unknown frequency may be determined by measuring the time interval in which a preselected number of cycles occurs. The accuracy is such that frequencies may be measured to within approximately 1 part in 105. The circuit for a variable frequency transitron oscillator with an output of 30 w. in a range of 15 to 250 c.p.s. is shown. The stability of the oscillator is such that the frequency may easily be maintained within 1 part in 10,000 for long periods, and with care in temperature control and choice of electrode voltages much greater stabilities may be obtained.
PART II. A GENERAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE IMPEDANCE OF AN ANTENNA IN A WAVE GUIDE OF ARBITRARY CROSS SECTION
Authors: Stevenson A. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
PART IV. THE IMPEDANCE OF A RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE WITH A THIN ANTENNA
Authors: Infeld L.
Published: April 2011

not available
RELATIVE YIELDS OF THE D-D REACTIONS AT LOW ENERGIES
Authors: Pepper T. P.
Published: April 2011

By the simultaneous detection of the p, T, and He3 particles in a thin window proportional counter the concurrent nuclear reactions D(d,p)T and D(d,n)He3 have been investigated throughout the deuteron energy range 26 to 63 kev. The ratio of the yield of the reaction D(d,p)T to that of the reaction D(d,n)He3 was found to be 1.15 ± 0.15 throughout this energy range. There is some slight evidence for an increase in this ratio towards lower bombarding energies.
PERMEABILITY STUDIES: IV. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF ZINC OXIDE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE POWDERS
Authors: Arnell J. C.
Published: April 2011

The use of the modified Kozeny equation for the measurement of the specific surfaces of fine powders has been extended to include a number of standard zinc oxides and a sample of potassium chloride. The specific surfaces of the zinc oxides had been measured by 10 other methods, and the data are included for comparison. Comparative low temperature adsorption data for the potassium chloride are also given. Satisfactory agreement with other methods was found.
THE TESTING OF ACTIVATED CHARCOALS BY THE ISOPIESTIC METHOD
Authors: Sheffer H. , Waldock K. T. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The isopiestic method has been applied to the testing of activated charcoals. The ratios of vapor adsorbed at saturation were found to agree well with the ratios of the activities obtained by a flow method. The sorptive capacities of nine different activated charcoals for carbon tetrachloride water, amyl chloride, benzene, methyl alcohol, n-hexane, mustard gas, and phosgene have been compared. A simple, rapid method for testing charcoals is suggested.