bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H. , Rosenberger Ann E.
Published: January 2024

Fetuses were obtained from 58 cows that were fecal culture-positive for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, but were not manifesting signs of paratuberculosis. Fetal tissues from 5 of 58 cows were culture-positive for M paratuberculosis. All 5 culture-positive fetuses were from cows that were classified as heavy fecal shedders (5/28; 17.8%). Difference in prevalence of fetal infection between light (< 70 colonies/tube) and heavy fecal shedders was significant (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05). Association was not evident between serologic status of the dam and prevalence of fetal infection.

In infected cows without signs of paratuberculosis, fetal infection develops with lower frequency than previously reported for cows with clinical signs of the disease. In this study, fetal infection was found only in cows that were heavy fecal shedders.
Experimental reproduction of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome in pregnant sows
Authors: Christianson W. T. , Collins J. E. , Benfield D. A. , Harris L. , Gorcyca D. E. , Chladek D. W. , Morrison R. B. , Joo H. S.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to experimentally reproduce swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (sirs). Six multiparous sows were intranasally inoculated at 93 days of gestation with lung homogenates from clinically affected pigs, and 3 additional sows were similarly inoculated with a virus isolated in cell culture from the lung homogenate (sirs virus, isolate ATCC VR-2332). Inoculated sows developed transient anorexia, farrowed up to 7 days prematurely, and delivered a mean of 5.8 live pigs and 6.0 dead fetuses/litter. Clinical signs of disease were not observed in 3 sham-inoculated control sows that delivered a mean of 12.7 live pigs and 0.3 stillborn fetuses/litter The sirs virus was isolated from 50 of 76 live-born and stillborn fetuses from the 9 infected litters. Virus was not isolated from 26 autolyzed fetuses or 15 control pigs. Six of 9 inoculated sows developed neutralizing antibodies to sirs virus. The reproductive effects found in these experiments were identical to those found in field cases. On the basis of our findings, virus isolate ATCC VR-2332 causes the reproductive failure associated with sirs.
Thromboxane and prostacyclin production in ponies with colonic volvulus
Authors: Stick J. A. , Arden W. A. , Robinson R. A. , Shobe E. M. , Roth R. A.
Published: January 2024

Effects of 1 hour of colonic volvulus and 3 hours of reperfusion on concentrations of thromboxane (txb2) and prostacyclin (6-keto-PGFlα) in portal, pulmonary arterial, and jugular blood were determined by radioimmunoassay to assess the site of production and clearance of these eicosanoids from the circulation in 5 anesthetized ponies. Colonic volvulus had no significant effect on mean arterial pressure or txb2 concentrations, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations in all blood samples. Immediately after colonic reperfusion, all eicosanoid concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Then, txb2 returned to baseline values, whereas 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations remained significantly (P < 0.05) high for the remainder of the study. Eicosanoid concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in portal blood than in pulmonary arterial and jugular blood samples at all periods. This suggests that the splanchnic circulation is the primary site of eicosanoid production during and after colonic volvulus and the liver appears to provide most of the circulatory clearance of thromboxane and prostacyclin.
192Iridium brachytherapy, using an intracavitary afterload device, for treatment of intranasal neoplasms in dogs
Authors: Thompson James P. , Ackerman Norman , Bellah Jamie R. , Beale Brian S. , Ellison Gary W.
Published: January 2024

After surgical removal of a primary intranasal neoplasm an implant device, designed to deliver 192iridium (192Ir) brachytherapy, was positioned in the nasal cavity of 8 dogs. Ribbons containing 192Ir seeds were placed in the device, using an afterloading technique. Dosimetry, to a dose of 7,000 to 10,000 centiGray (cGy), was calculated to encompass the site previously occupied by the tumor and a 1-cm margin of surrounding normal tissue. The quantity of 192Ir implanted varied between 16.69 and 100.80 mg of radium equivalent. The duration of implantation ranged from 90 to 168 hours. All dogs tolerated the implant well, but had a mucoid nasal discharge after radiotherapy. The implant device allowed rapid application and removal of the radioactive ribbons. Mean (± sd) radiation exposure to each radiotherapist during seed loading and unloading was 14.4 (± 5.3) and 4.5 (± 0.9) mrem, respectively. A uniform dose distribution around the intranasal implant device was achieved; however, dogs that received doses in excess of 9,400 cGy at the dorsolateral surface of the nose and/or hard palate had bone and soft tissue necrosis between 70 and 120 days after treatment. One dog was euthanatized 50 days after treatment because of metastatic disease, and 2 dogs were euthanatized because of local tumor recurrence at 125 and 212 days. Death, considered unrelated to treatment, occurred in 1 dog that was euthanatized 27 days after treatment and in 3 dogs that died 30, 93, and 456 days after treatment. Necropsy was performed on 3 of these dogs and evidence of intranasal neoplasia was not observed. One dog remained disease-free at 587 days after treatment.
Splenectomy in cattle via transthoracic approach
Authors: Thompson J. R. , Kersting K. W. , Wass W. M. , Davis I. A. , Plumlee K. H.
Published: January 2024

Sixty-eight cattle under general anesthesia were splenectomized. The transthoracic approach was used to provide better access to the spleen and to facilitate ligature of the major splenic vessels. The procedure was easier and less time-consuming, compared with other surgical approaches, and is considered to be less stressful to the animals. Postoperative recovery was complete in 67 of 68 cattle. After surgery, 1 animal developed respiratory tract disease that was thought to have been unrelated to the surgery.
Effects of estradiol 17ß implants on hematologic values and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils of steers
Authors: Angel K. L. , Schumacher J. , Wolfe D. F. , Kleeiue P. H. , Tyler J. W. , Carson R. L.
Published: January 2024

The effects of subcutaneous administration of a commercially available estradiol 17ß implant on hematologic values and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils were evaluated in 14 steers. Chemiluminescence and hematologic values were measured in treated (n = 8) and nontreated (n = 6) steers on days – 14, – 7, and – 1 prior to implantation. Estradiol 17ß was implanted into the treated group of steers on day 0, and blood samples were obtained from all steers on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, and 50. The concentration of estrogen in serum was significantly (P = 0.0120) higher following implantation. Chemiluminescence and hematologic indices were not significantly affected by either implant status or serum concentrations of estrogen. The results of this study suggested that the use of implants containing estradiol 17ß for promotion of weight gain in steers will not result in alterations of hematologic values or the neutrophil respiratory burst.
Effect of changes in urine pH on plasma pharmacokinetic variables of ampicillin sodium in horses
Authors: Sarasola Patxi , Horspool Linda J. I. , McKellar Quintin A.
Published: January 2024

The effect of urine pH on plasma disposition of ampicillin sodium was evaluated. A single dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight was administered iv to Thoroughbreds with alkaline (pH > 8.0) or acidic (pH < 4.5) urine. Urine alkalinity was achieved and maintained by oral administration of up to 400 mg of sodium bicarbonate/kg/d, and acidity was achieved and maintained by oral administration of up to 400 mg of ammonium chloride/kg/d.

Ampicillin sodium was measured in the plasma of horses by use of an agar diffusion microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. The plasma disposition kinetics of ampicillin sodium best fitted a 2-exponential decay pattern, and statistically significant differences were not evident in elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration time curve, volume of distribution, or body clearance rate between horses with alkaline or acidic urine.

Results indicate that changes in urine pH over a range encountered in clinically normal horses are unlikely to affect plasma pharmacokinetic variables of ampicillin sodium after iv administration of the drug.
Determination of sensitivity to metocurine in exercised horses
Authors: White David A. , Hildebrand Sue V. , Jones James H. , Fung Dennis L. , Gronert Gerald A.
Published: January 2024

On the basis of results in dogs, conditioning exercise may increase sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Five Thoroughbreds were exercised/conditioned 3 times weekly on a treadmill for 8 months. Increasing maximal rate of 02 consumption verified that the horses were responding to exercise conditioning. Six nonexercised Thoroughbreds served as the control group. Studies were done with horses under general anesthesia by use of halothane during partial paralysis by a brief constantrate infusion with the muscle relaxant, metocurine iodide. Quantification of degree of paralysis of the hoof twitch (eg, digital extensor) occurred with simultaneous quantification of blood values of metocurine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of the data were done by a nonlinear regression program, using the Hill equation. There were no differences in findings between exercised and nonexercised horses. The mean blood concentration for the 50% paralyzing dose of metocurine was 0.44 ± 0.11 (sd) μg/ml in exercised horses, and 0.58 ± 0.22 μg/ml in nonexercised horses. Despite evidence for a response to conditioning, a significant change in the sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to metocurine was not found.
Differential activity of cythioate against female and male Ctenocephalides felis on cats
Authors: Dryden Michael W.
Published: January 2024

A study was conducted to determine whether cythioate, a systemically active insecticide, has different activity against male and female Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea.

Eighteen cats were allotted equally to 1 control and 2 treatment groups and infested on day 0 with fixed ratios of male and female cat fleas. Cats in the untreated control group and treatment group 2 were infested with 50 fleas with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 2:1. Cats in treatment group 1 were infested with 50 fleas with a female-to-male ratio of 1:1. Cythioate was administered orally to cats in the treatment groups at the dosage of 3.6 mg/kg of body weight once daily on days 0 and 3. Fleas remaining after treatment were removed, sexed, and counted on day 5.

The efficacy of cythioate after 2 dosings was 82.8 and 33.4% against female and male fleas, respectively. The greater activity against female fleas resulted in posttreatment female-to-male ratios in treatment groups 1 and 2 of 0.32:1 and 0.54:1, respectively. Fleas recovered from untreated control cats had a final female-to-male ratio of 2.27:1. Total population control efficacies for treatment groups 1 and 2 were 61.7 and 67.6%, respectively.
Comparison of intranasal and intratracheal oxygen administration in healthy awake dogs
Authors: Mann F. A. , Wagner-Mann C. , Allert J. A. , Smith J.
Published: January 2024

Intranasal (in) and intratracheal (it) oxygen administration techniques were compared by measuring inspired oxygen concentrations () and partial pressures of arterial oxygen () in 5 healthy dogs at various in (50, 100, 150, and 200 ml/kg of body weight/min) and it (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ml/kg/min) oxygen flow rates. Intratracheal administration of oxygen permitted lower oxygen flow rates than in administration. Each it oxygen flow rate produced significantly higher and than the corresponding in flow rate. An it oxygen flow rate of 25 ml/kg/min produced and values equivalent to those produced by an in oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/kg/min. An it oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/kg/min produced and values equivalent to those produced by in oxygen flow rates of 100 and 150 ml/kg/min. All it oxygen flow rates ≥ 100 ml/kg/min produced and values that were greater than and values produced by in oxygen flow rates of 200 ml/kg/ min.

The lowest flow rates studied (50 ml/kg/min, in, and 10 ml/kg/min, it) produced capable of maintaining 97% hemoglobin saturation, which should be adequate for most clinical situations. Arterial blood gas analysis and measurements are necessary to accurately guide oxygen flow adjustments to achieve the desired and to prevent oxygen toxicity produced by excessive .
Microvascular circulation of the descending colon in horses
Authors: Dart Andrew J. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A.
Published: January 2024

The microvascular circulation of the descending colon was studied in 5 adult horses, using microangiography and light microscopy combined with gross studies and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. After heparinization, horses were euthanatized, and 3 segments of the descending colon and its mesentery containing 1 vascular arcade were removed from each horse. The fecal balls were gently massaged from the lumen, and the blood was flushed free of the circulation with isotonic NaCl.

In 5 segments, the vascular system was injected with a modified radiopaque medium and evaluated radiographically. Specimens examined radiographically also were prepared for histologic examination, using standard methods. Ten segments were injected with 1 of 2 types of plastics and studied grossly or by scanning electron microscopy.

Arcuate arteries gave rise to a descending colonic rete that surrounded the vein and supplied numerous descending colonic lymph nodes. The rete also supplied the mesocolon and the descending colonic tissue. Short filamentous vessels arising from the rete directly penetrated the mesenteric tenia to supply an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. Larger vessels arising from either side of the rete divided into the long- and short-terminal arteries that supplied an extensive submucosal plexus, which was continuous around the circumference. The submucosal plexus supplied the mucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the serosa. Vessels running centrifugally from the submucosal plexus formed an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. The intermuscular plexus at the mesenteric angle also was supplied by vessels branching from the short-terminal arteries as they penetrated the muscularis externa. At the antimesenteric tenia, the submucosal plexus gave rise to larger vessels that formed a subserosal loop. From this loop, 5 vessels penetrated the longitudinal muscle layer to contribute to the intermuscular plexus. Vessels within the longitudinal and circular muscles of the muscularis externa ran parallel to the muscle fibers and, consequently, perpendicular to each other. Arteries supplying the mucosa penetrated the muscularis mucosa and branched into a capillary network at the base of the descending colonic glands. These capillary networks anastomosed with the networks around adjacent glands at the luminal surface, forming a honeycomb like pattern. Drainage was facilitated by more sparsely distributed venules that united with venules from adjacent areas and descended to the submucosal plexus. These veins were characterized by regular, helical, smooth muscle constrictions.
Effects of two adenoviruses (type 1 and type 8) on functional properties of bovine alveolar macrophages in vitro
Authors: Adair B. M. , McNulty M. S. , Foster J. C.
Published: January 2024

Cultures of bovine alveolar macrophages were inoculated with type-1 and type-8 adenoviruses, initially isolated from calves with respiratory tract disease, and functional properties of the cells were observed over a period of 10 to 11 days. Both viruses replicated in macrophages; viral titers were low (< 3.75 log10 tcid5O/0.1 ml), and intranuclear inclusions were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in 5 to 10% of the cells from 3 days after inoculation. Highest titers were induced by type-1 adenovirus, which also induced the greatest functional changes.

Expression of Fc and complement receptors was reduced by both viruses, although the greatest effects were seen with type 1. Phagocytosis of Candida krusei cells was reduced following type 1 infection, whereas phagocytosis in type-8-infected cells was not different from that of noninfected macrophages. Ability to kill ingested Candida cells also was reduced following type-1 infection, whereas type-8-infected macrophages had lower killing ability only at 2 to 4 days after inoculation. Neither virus had substantial effects on the production of neutrophil chemotactic factors by the macrophages.
Hematologic and serum biochemical effects of long-term administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone in dogs
Authors: Moore G. E. , Mahaffey E. A. , Hoenig M.
Published: January 2024

Results of routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses from 12 healthy adult male dogs that were given prednisone (0.55 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 12 h) for 35 days were compared with those of a control group of 6 dogs that were given gelatin capsules. Analyses were performed at 2-week intervals during and after prednisone administration. Lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were significantly (P < 0.005) decreased after 2 and 4 weeks of prednisone treatment, compared with controls. Two weeks after treatment, eosinophil counts in prednisone-treated dogs were similar to those of control dogs, whereas lymphocyte counts remained low 4 weeks after treatment in treated dogs (1,869 ± 145 cells/μl), compared with that in control dogs (3,662 ± 548 cells/μl). Neutrophil and monocyte counts did not significantly change during glucocorticoid administration. Mean platelet volume significantly (P < 0.001) decreased after 4 weeks of prednisone treatment, but returned to pretreatment values by 2 weeks after treatment. Four weeks of prednisone treatment did not cause significant increased activity in serum alanine transaminase, total alkaline phosphatase or the steroid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Significant increases in serum albumin (P < 0.001) and total protein (P < 0.05) concentrations were detected after 4 weeks of treatment, but mean values were not significantly different from those of controls 2 weeks after treatment ended. Results of our study indicate that eosinophil and lymphocyte counts are the most sensitive indicators of long-term glucocorticoid administration at anti-inflammatory dosages of 1.1 mg/kg daily.
Purification of a protein from serum of cattle with hepatic lipidosis, and identification of the protein as haptoglobin
Authors: Yoshino Kazuhiro , Katoh Norio , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Yuasa Akira
Published: January 2024

A protein that has 2 subunits with molecular weight of 35,000 and 23,000 was detected in serum of cattle with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver). The protein was purified from serum obtained from a cow with fatty liver, and was identified as haptoglobin, which is known to have hemoglobin-binding capacity and to be an acute-phase protein. To assess the relevance of haptoglobin in fatty liver, cattle were classified in 3 groups (healthy control, haptoglobin-positive, and haptoglobin-negative); liver triglyceride content and several serum biochemical variables were evaluated for the 3 groups. Compared with the control and haptoglobin-negative cattle, haptoglobin-positive cattle had significantly (P < 0.01) higher liver triglyceride content, serum bilirubin concentration, and aspartate transaminase activity. Serum haptoglobin concentration was high in slaughter cattle (27 of 40 cattle tested), particularly in cows (20/28).
Induction of the acute-phase cytokine, hepatocyte-stimulating factor/interleukin 6, in the circulation of horses treated with endotoxin
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , Lester Guy D.
Published: January 2024

Because hepatocyte-stimulating factor/interleukin 6 (il-6) is the principal inducer of acute-phase protein synthesis in the liver, quantification of its activity in blood provides an early and sensitive assessment of the acute-phase response. Circulating il-6 activity was monitored in 4 adult horses for 72 hours after iv administration of endotoxin. In 4 experiments performed at weekly intervals and in randomized order, each horse was given endotoxin—1,000, 30, 1, and 0 ng/kg of body weight. Plasma il-6 activity was quantified as the ability to promote growth of the il-6-dependent B-cell hybridoma, B13.29 clone B9. Interleukin-6 activity (171 ± 10.2 U/ml) was found in all pretreatment plasma samples and was significantly (P < 0.05) increased above baseline from 2 to 12 hours after 1,000 ng of endotoxin/kg was given and at 3 hours after 30 ng of endotoxin/kg was given. After 1,000- or 30-ng/kg dosage of endotoxin, peak plasma il-6 activity (10,128 ± 4,096 and 1,555 ± 1,326 U/ml, respectively) was observed for 3 hours. The il-6 response of endotoxin-treated horses began about 1 hour after tumor necrosis factor appeared in the circulation, and its course closely approximated the endotoxin-induced febrile reaction. Significant increase in plasma il-6 activity was not detected in horses given 1 ng of endotoxin/kg or control buffer.
Hemostatic defects associated with two infusion rates of dextran 70 in dogs
Authors: Concannon Kevin T. , Haskins Steve C. , Feldman Bernard F.
Published: January 2024

We investigated changes in hemostatic function after infusion of 6% dextran 70 (high molecular weight dextran) at 2 rates. Six healthy dogs underwent 3 regimens: 20 ml of dextran/kg of body weight administered in 1 hour (trial A), 20 ml of dextran/kg administered in 30 minutes (trial B) and 0.9% sodium chloride solution as a control administered over 1 hour to achieve hemodilution equivalent to that for 20 ml of dextran/kg (trial C). Before and at 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after the start of trials A and B, we measured pcv, total solids (ts) concentration, amount of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), platelet retention in a glass bead column, and buccal mucosa bleeding time (bmbt). Values were not obtained at 8 and 24 hours for trial C. Saline-induced changes in hemostasis were significant (P < 0.05) from baseline throughout the sample collection period. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between trial A and control were observed for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, bmbt, aptt, ts, and pcv values at 2 hours, and for VIII:C at 4 hours. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between trial B and control were observed for aptt, ts, and pcv values at 2 hours, and for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, bmbt, aptt, ts, and pcv values at 4 hours. During trials A and B, mean values of analytes infrequently deviated from reference intervals, and clinical signs of bleeding were not observed in any dog. Data for the dextran infusions paralleled each other and had a tendency to normalize, infrequently reaching baseline by 24 hours. Differences in overall hemostatic function were not detected between dextran infusions. Dextran 70 at a dosage of 20 ml/kg induces minimal hemostatic abnormalities when infused over 30 or 60 minutes to clinically normal dogs, but may precipitate bleeding in dogs with marginal hemostatic function.
Comparison of subjective and objective test evaluations for use of Mycobacterium phlei-adsorbed serum in a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Bech-Nielsen S. , Shulaw W. P. , Frandsen P. L. , Jorgensen J. B. , Feld N. C. , Ahrens P.
Published: January 2024

Use of a dot-elisa with serum adsorbed with Mycobacterium phlei or with nonadsorbed serum was compared. In addition, results attained using visual observation were compared with those obtained using a densitometer. Infection status of cattle was determined by results of culture of feces from a number of cattle with various degrees of exposure (low prevalence and test-negative) and disease manifestation (clinical suspect vs subclinical infection). Two paratuberculosis-negative herds, fecal culture-confirmed clinically suspect cases of paratuberculosis, and cows from 2 paratuberculosis-infected herds with diagnosis confirmed on the farm (low infection rate) were tested.

Significant (P < 0.05) increase in the dot-elisa response was found in cattle with heavy M paratuberculosis shedding when nonadsorbed and adsorbed sera were used, compared with the response in cattle that were fecal culture-negative or were shedding M paratuberculosis at lower amounts. Paratuberculosis was diagnosed by visual determination in 29 of 44 (65.9%) of fecal culture-positive, clinically suspect cattle when nonadsorbed serum was used. Results of the visual test were negative in 85 of 93 (91.4%) of the fecal culture-negative cattle when nonadsorbed serum was used. However, when using M phlei-adsorbed serum, the sensitivity of the visual determination decreased to 34.1% (15/44), and the specificity increased to 97.8% (91/93). When taking into consideration the amount of bacterial shedding (ie, colonies per gram of feces isolated by culture of feces), 22 of 29 (75.9%) cattle were heavy shedders, with > 1,500 colonies/g of feces at the time of serologic testing when nonadsorbed serum was used, and 11 of 15 (73.3%) cattle were heavy shedders when adsorbed serum was used. Thus, about 75% of paratuberculosis-positive cattle, detected by use of the dot-elisa, were heavy shedders.

Effects on sensitivity and specificity of using various cut-off points for the various test groups were determined by use of video densitometric measurement, because sera were not discretely segregated into distinct groups of positive and negative results. Specificity of the elisa in the 2 fecal culture-negative herds was 96.2% at elisa cut-off optical density value ≥ 0.4 (OD) for adsorbed serum. For nonadsorbed serum, specificity was 78.8% at similar OD cut-off value.

Comparison of dot-elisa results determined by visual vs objective densitometric measurement indicated compatible results for test specificity; adsorption of serum with M phlei increased test specificity. Test sensitivity using visual evaluation was 66%, and was 87.5% using the objective densitometric evaluation for nonadsorbed serum at elisa cut-off OD value of 0.2. This difference was even more pronounced when adsorbed sera were used—34.1 and 82.5%, respectively.
Effect of estradiol-17β treatment of gilts on blood mononuclear cell functions in vitro
Authors: Magnusson Ulf , Fossum Caroline
Published: January 2024

Porcine blood mononuclear cells (bmc) were exposed to prepartum concentration of estrogen in gilts before acquisition (in vivo) and their subsequent reactivity (in vitro) was explored. In a cross-over experimental designed study, 6 ovariectomized gilts were injected once with 3.75 mg of estradiol-17β benzoate in arachidic oil or with arachidic oil only during 2 experiments. The ability of their bmc to proliferate in response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitrogen was assayed in cultures of blood and in cultures of purified bmc. After 2 days of mitogen stimulation, activity of accessible interleukin 2 was quantified in supernatants obtained from cultures of purified bmc and supernatants of blood cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. Also, production of immunoglobulins by purified bmc in response to polyclonal stimuli was measured.

Three days after treatment with estradiol, the proliferative response was suppressed in blood cultures stimulated with concanavalin A (P < 0.05) and phytohemagglutinin (P < 0.07). Effects of estradiol treatment were not found in any of the assays performed with purified bmc. We, therefore, assumed that in vivo exposure to estradiol can affect the function of porcine bmc; however, this was only evident when the in vitro assays were performed on blood cultures.
Evaluation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose for prevention of adhesions after uterine trauma in ewes
Authors: Moll H. D. , Wolfe D. F. , Schumacher J. , Wright J. C.
Published: January 2024

Efficacy of a 1% solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) infused into the peritoneal cavity of ewes was evaluated for prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions resulting from surgery of the reproductive tract. Six ewes were assigned to each of 4 groups. Group-1 ewes were controls that underwent ventral midline celiotomy and exploration of the abdominal viscera. Group-2 ewes were treated similarly to group-1 ewes, except that a 1% solution of cmc (14 ml/kg of body weight) was infused into the peritoneal cavity. This group was studied to determine whether cmc would cause changes in the peritoneal cavity. Group-3 comprised ewes representing a uterine trauma model. Ewes underwent abdominal exploration, but in addition had a standard embryo collection technique performed on 1 uterine horn and hysterotomy performed on the opposite uterine horn. Group-4 ewes were treated like group-3 ewes, except that, similar to treatment of group-2 ewes, cmc was infused into the peritoneal cavity. All ewes were euthanatized and necropsied 12 to 14 days after surgery.

Abdominal adhesions were evaluated, and an adhesion severity score was assigned to each ewe on the basis of number and severity of the adhesions. Ewes of all groups had abdominal adhesions. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower adhesion score was observed in ewes given cmc (groups 2 and 4) than in the adhesion model (group 3). Significant difference was not observed in adhesion score when groups 1, 2, or 4 were compared. Though not statistically significant, fewer adhesions were observed in ewes of groups 2 and 4 than in group-1 ewes.
Kinetics of healing of grafted and nongrafted wounds on the distal portion of the forelimbs of horses
Authors: Schumacher J. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Honnas Clifford M. , Tarpley R. J.
Published: January 2024

Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (5 cm in diameter) were created on the distal portion of the forelimbs of 6 horses. One wound on each horse was treated with 6 full-thickness punch grafts that were obtained from the horse's neck with a 6-mm skin biopsy punch and inserted in the graft sites on day 14 after wounding. The wound on the contralateral limb was not grafted. A combination of ticarcillin disodium and clavulanate potassium was applied to the wounds when bandages were changed to control bacterial infection. Areas of each wound were measured on days 1, 7, 9, 11, 13 through 15, 17 through 22, 24, 26, 29, and 32 after wounding. Three distinguishable phases of healing were observed (expansion, contraction, and epithelialization), and the time course of each phase was evaluated, using formulas of first-order processes. Rate constants of each phase were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by punch grafts.
Effects of allergen challenge on plasma concentrations of prostaglandins, thromboxane B2, and histamine in calves infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Gershwin L. J. , Giri S. N.
Published: January 2024

To examine the influence of allergen-induced type-1 hypersensitivity on the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection, we sensitized calves by aerosol to Micropolyspora faeni (mf) and challenge exposed them during infection with brsv. The development of mf-specific IgE serum concentrations was confirmed by elisa. The dynamics of arachidonic acid metabolism and histamine release during a type-1 hypersensitivity reaction in the bovine lung were studied by quantitating the concentrations of prostaglandin (pg)e2, pgf2α, pgi2 as 6-keto-pgf1α, thromboxane (tx) A2 as txb2, and histamine in plasma of brsv-infected and/or mf-sensitized/challenge-exposed calves. Four treatment groups were established: (1) brsv infection only, (2) aerosol sensitization to mf followed by brsv infection and aerosol challenge exposure to mf, (3) mf aerosol sensitization and challenge exposure without brsv infection, and (4) aerosol sensitization to mf followed by brsv infection without mf challenge exposure. Significantly increased concentrations of pgi2 were associated with mf aerosol exposure, particularly when combined with brsv infection in group 2. After mf challenge exposure, txb2 concentrations were significantly greater in the virus and mf challenge-exposed group 2. Individual calf data for the change in mf-specific IgE concentration between the first and second mf challenge exposures and the change in pge2 concentration 30 minutes after the second mf challenge exposure had a highly significant direct correlation. Histamine concentrations were significantly greater in calves infected with brsv than in uninfected controls regardless of mf exposure. These data further substantiate the thesis that implicates type-1 hypersensitivity as a pathogenic mechanism in brsv-related disease.
Identification of halothane gene carriers by use of in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pigs
Authors: Geers Rony , Decanniere Caroline , Villé Hilde , Van Hecke Paul , Goedseels Vic , Bosschaerts Ludo , Deley Jef , Janssens Steven , Nierynck Willem
Published: January 2024

In vivo muscle 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 12 homozygous halothane-nonsensitive female pigs and 13 female pigs heterozygous with respect to the halothane gene. Fifteen female pigs of a third line, consisting of heterozygotes and halothane-nonsensitive homozygotes, were also available. Body weight ranged from 12 to 18 kg.

Mean decrease in phosphocreatine concentration in the biceps femoris of anesthetized pigs was significantly lower for heterozygous vs homozygous pigs (3.46% vs 5.94%, P < 0.01) after 40 minutes of halothane exposure (3%; oxygen flow, 3 L/min). Also, a statistically significant difference, with respect to the initial (7.21 vs 7.11, P < 0.008) and end muscle pH values (7.18 vs 7.06, P < 0.0002), was observed for homozygous vs heterozygous pigs. By means of canonical discriminant analysis, it was possible to distinguish nonsensitive homozygotes from heterozygotes (P < 0.0001). When applying this classification method to pigs of the same strain, 2 populations (nonsensitive homozygotes, heterozygotes) emerged, with a proportion of pigs corresponding to the expected value on the basis of breeding records.

In contrast to the phenotypic expression of muscular rigidity related to the malignant hyperthermia syndrome, the expression of metabolic variables (phosphocreatine, pH) was shown to be dominant.
Comparison of the immunoreactive plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses to two synthetic corticotropin preparations (tetracosactrin and cosyntropin) in healthy cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J.
Published: January 2024

Plasma cortisol and immunoreactive (ir)-acth responses to 125 μg of tetracosactrin and cosyntropin—the formulation of synthetic acth available in Europe and the United States, respectively—were compared in 10 clinically normal cats. After administration of tetracosactrin or cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration reached a peak and plateaued between 60 and 120 minutes, then gradually decreased to values not significantly different from baseline concentration by 5 hours. Mean plasma ir-acth concentration reached a maximal value at 15 minutes after administration of tetracosactrin or cosyntropin and was still higher than baseline concentration at 6 hours. Difference between mean plasma cortisol and ir-acth concentrations for the tetracosactrin or cosyntropin trials was not significant at any of the sample collection times. Individual cats had some variation in the time of peak cortisol response after administration of either acth preparation. About half the cats had peak cortisol concentration at 60 to 90 minutes, whereas the remainder had the peak response at 2 to 4 hours. In general, however, peak cortisol concentration in the cats with delayed response was not much higher than the cortisol concentration at 60 to 90 minutes. Overall, these results indicate that tetracosactrin or cosyntropin induce a comparable, if not identical, pattern of adrenocortical responses when administered to healthy cats.
Evaluation of serum fructosamine concentration as an index of blood glucose control in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kaneko J. J. , Kawamoto M. , Heusner A. A. , Feldman E. C. , Koizumi I.
Published: January 2024

Fructosamine, a glycated serum protein, was evaluated as an index of glycemic control in normal and diabetic cats. Fructosamine was determined manually by use of a modification of an automated method. The within-run precision was 2.4 to 3.2%, and the day-to-day precision was 2.7 to 3.1%. Fructosamine was found to be stable in serum samples stored for 1 week at 4 C and for 2 weeks at − 20 C. The reference range for serum fructosamine concentration in 31 clinically normal colony cats was 2.19 to 3.47 mmol/L (mean, 2.83 ± 0.32 mmol/L). In 27 samples from 16 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, the range for fructosamine concentration was 3.04 to 8.83 mmol/L (mean, 5.93 ± 1.35 mmol/L). Fructosamine concentration was directly and highly correlated to blood glucose concentration. Fructosamine concentration also remained high in consort with increased blood glucose concentration in cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus over extended periods. It is concluded that measurement of serum fructosamine concentration can be a valuable adjunct to blood glucose monitoring to evaluate glycemic control in diabetic cats. The question of whether fructosamine can replace glucose for monitoring control of diabetes mellitus requires further study.
Temporal lectin histochemical characterization of porcine small intestine
Authors: Gelberg Howard , Whiteley Herbert , Ballard Greg , Scott John , Kuhlenschmidt Mark
Published: January 2024

A variety of biotinylated lectins was applied to formalin-fixed intestinal sections from isolator-reared pigs ranging in age from newborn through 12 weeks. Lectin binding to brush borders of villus enterocytes, crypt enterocytes, and dome epithelium, and lectin reactivity within goblet cells and Brunner's glands was semiquantified by microscopy and was used to estimate temporal changes in complex carbohydrates of enteric epithelium. Although variability in binding scores often was observed among pigs of the same age, several general patterns of lectin binding were detected. Dolichos biflorus and Ulex europaeus lectins had increasing binding to brush border membranes as pigs aged. The Dolichos biflorus, however, had decreased binding at the 12-week time point. Neuraminidase-treated Arachis hypogaea and Triticum vulgaris were associated with high mean binding scores at all time points. Canavalia ensiformis bound, with high mean score at all time points, to villus but not to crypt enterocytes. Arachis hypogaea was associated with variable but often high binding scores, regardless of pig age. Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin bound more to crypt than to villus enterocytes. Goblet cells were generally less reactive than were corresponding villi and crypts. Dome epithelium reactivity varied with the lectin used, whereas Brunner's glands reacted with all lectins tested. We conclude that age and regional variations in lectin binding may reflect differences in intestinal function and differentiation. Because complex carbohydrates may act as cell surface receptors for a variety of enteric pathogens, our results indicate that these differences may be partially responsible for age and anatomic differences in susceptibility or resistance to enteric disease.
Systemic and pulmonary antibody responses of calves to Pasteurella haemolytica after intrapulmonary inoculation
Authors: McBride J. W. , Corstvet R. E. , Paulsen D. B. , McClure J. R. , Enright F. M.
Published: January 2024

Systemic and pulmonary antibody responses of calves to Pasteurella haemolytica were evaluated by measuring immunoglobulin production in blood for 9 days and in pulmonary lavage fluid for 7 days after intrapulmonary inoculation. Clinical signs, pulmonary lesions, pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response, and amount of antigen in lavage fluid were used to evaluate the response of calves to challenge with P haemolytica.

The pulmonary response consisted of production of IgG, IgE, and IgM antibodies to P haemolytica antigens and a 17- to 68-fold increase of cells in lavage fluid 8 hours after inoculation, with a gradual decrease toward normal. Antibodies of the IgM isotype to P haemolytica were demonstrated as early as 8 hours through 7 days after inoculation in 3 of 3 calves. Of the anti-P haemolytica isotypes, IgM was found in the highest concentration. In all of the inoculated calves, IgE was found 1 to 2 days after inoculation, and IgG was found in 2 of 3 inoculated calves from day 1 through 7 after inoculation. Detection of IgG correlated with smaller pulmonary lesions. Immunoglobulin A was not detected in lavage fluid.

Serum was evaluated for IgG and IgM antibody response to P haemolytica. Specific IgM was detectable 5 days after inoculation, and IgG was detectable 7 days after inoculation. Pasteurella haemolytica antigens were not detected in serum or plasma. A transient increase in neutrophil count was found 8 hours after inoculation, with return to baseline values by 24 hours after inoculation.

Antigen was detected in lavage fluid by use of monoclonal antibodies against selected P haemolytica capsular antigen, outer membrane antigens, and leukotoxin in all inoculated calves 8 hours after inoculation. The monoclonal antibody specific for P haemolytica capsule provided the best detection of antigen. The other monoclonal antibodies detected antigen, but were less consistent.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and enhanced intestinal permeability in healthy Beagles
Authors: Batt Roger M. , Hall Edward J. , McLean Lynn , Simpson Kenneth W.
Published: January 2024

The small intestine of healthy adult Beagles was examined to determine whether subclinical abnormalities might exist that would be relevant to the use of Beagles in pharmacologic studies. Duodenal juice was obtained for qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic examinations; jejunal mucosa was taken for morphologic and biochemical investigation, and intestinal permeability was assessed by quantification of 24-hour urinary excretion of 51Cr-labeled edta after its oral administration. Comparisons were made with findings in healthy adult dogs of other breeds that served as controls. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was found in 14 of the 21 Beagles examined, and represented a mixed flora that included obligate anaerobic bacteria in 8 dogs and exclusively aerobic bacteria in 6 dogs. Intestinal permeability (percentage urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled edta; mean ± sem) was considerably higher (P < 0.01) in Beagles with anaerobic overgrowth (37.6 ± 3.2%) or aerobic overgrowth (30.5 ± 4.8%), compared with Beagles with no overgrowth (17.3 ± 1.6%) and with controls (11.1 ± 1.0%). In Beagles, significant (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) correlation was observed between 24-hour urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled edta and bacterial numbers in duodenal juice. Morphologic changes in jejunal mucosa were minimal, and specific activities of brush border enzymes were not significantly decreased, apart from aminopeptidase N, but activities of lysosomal and endoplasmic reticular marker enzymes were higher in the 3 groups of Beagles with anaerobic, aerobic, or no overgrowth, compared with controls. These findings indicate that apparently healthy Beagles can have bacterial overgrowth in the proximal portion of the small intestine, which is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and may not be suspected by clinical examination or routine histologic examination of mucosa.
Gastric emptying of nondigestible radiopaque markers after circumcostal gastropexy in clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Willer Randy L. , Seim Howard B. , Lebel Jack L. , Twedt David C.
Published: January 2024

Using radiopaque particles mixed with food, gastric emptying was assessed in healthy dogs not subjected to surgery, in healthy dogs 9 to 35 days after circumcostal gastropexy, and, in dogs 1 to 54 months after surgical treatment and recovery from gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv). Circumcostal gastropexy surgery did not alter the 90% gastric emptying time for radiopaque particles in healthy dogs. However, 90% gastric emptying time was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after circumcostal gastropexy in dogs with gdv, compared with healthy dogs after the same surgical procedure and recovery period. These results imply that dogs with gdv have delayed gastric emptying of solid particles. Whether delayed gastric emptying of markers detected in affected dogs after surgical treatment and recovery was the result or the cause of gdv was not determined.

Results indicate that circumcostal gastropexy could be recommended as a prophylactic procedure for gdv in large breeds with deep thorax, because delayed gastric emptying of markers secondary to the surgical procedure is unlikely.
Protection of neonatal calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by administration of egg yolk powder from hens immunized with K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Ikemori Yutaka , Kuroki Masahiko , Peralta Robert C. , Yokoyama Hideaki , Kodama Yoshikatsu
Published: January 2024

The protective effects of egg yolk powder prepared from hens vaccinated with heat-extracted antigens from K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strain 431 were evaluated in a colostrum-fed calf model of etec-induced diarrhea caused by a heterologous strain (B44). The antibody powder was obtained by spray-drying the water-soluble protein fraction of egg yolks after removing the lipid and fatty components by precipitation with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate. A total of 16 colostrum-fed calves were studied to determine whether the orally administered antibody powder would prevent fatal bovine colibacillosis caused by a virulent etec strain. Clinical response of individual calves was monitored and evaluated in the context of these variables: fecal consistency score, intestinal colonization, weight loss, and mortality. Control calves that were treated with vehicle (milk with egg yolk powder from nonimmunized hens) had severe diarrhea and dehydration and died within 72 hours after infection was manifested. In contrast, calves fed milk containing egg yolk powder with antipili agglutinin titers of 1:800 and 1:1,600 had transient diarrhea, 100% survival, and good body weight gain during the course of the study. Results indicate that the orally administered egg yolk powder protected against etec-induced diarrhea in neonatal calves and that the protective components may have been the antibodies raised by vaccination of chickens against etec.
Effects of clinically apparent and subclinical Ostertagia ostertagi infections on nitrogen and water metabolism in calves
Authors: Xiao L. , Gibbs H. C.
Published: January 2024

Four balance trials were conducted in 3 groups of 5 calves each at 0, 4, 8, and 14 weeks after initial inoculation with Ostertagia ostertagi. Group-1 calves were inoculated with 100,000 third-stage larvae (L3) of O ostertagi/wk for 14 weeks. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 10,000 L3/wk for 14 weeks, and group-3 calves were not inoculated. Effects of infection on apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen, and balances of nitrogen and water were evaluated. Neither clinically apparent (group 1) nor subclinical (group 2) O ostertagi infections had observable effects on the apparent digestibility of dry matter. Subclinical infection also had no significant effects on nitrogen digestibility or nitrogen and water balance. Clinically apparent infection, however, decreased the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen significantly (P < 0.05) at 4, 8, and 14 weeks after inoculation, and decreased nitrogen balance at 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation. Group-1 calves also had lower water intake, fecal-water excretion, and apparent water balance, but higher urinary water output at 4, 8, and 14 weeks after inoculation.