bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound and Doppler findings in the Achilles tendon among middle-aged recreational floor-ball players in direct relation to a match: Figure 1
Authors: Fahlström M , Alfredson H
Published: May 2008

Objective

In this study, structure, blood flow and thickness in the Achilles tendon related to tendon-loading activity were investigated.

Design

Examination by ultrasound (US) and colour Doppler (CD) immediately before and after 1 h of floor-ball matchplay.

Setting

Sports Medicine Unit, Umeå University, Sweden

Participants

36 Achilles tendons in 18 middle-aged (mean 39 years) recreational male floor-ball players.

Main outcome measurements

Structure and high blood flow (HBF)/neovessels (NV) in the tendons were registered. Tendon thickness was measured 3 and 4.5 cm above the upper calcaneus and at the thickest part of the tendon.

Results

The US examination showed that 11/36 tendons (30.5%) in nine individuals had structural changes before and after the floor-ball match. In 7/36 tendons (five with structural changes), there were HBF/NV before, and after, the match. In six of these seven tendons, the blood flow was higher after than before the match. In three more tendons (two with structural changes), there were HBF/NV after, but not before, the match.

After the match, mean tendon thickness had decreased significantly in both normal tendons and tendons with structural changes at the 3-cm level (6.0 (1.0) mm to 5.8 (0.9) mm; p<0.019), at the 4.5-cm level (5.7 (1.1) mm to 5.5 (1.0) mm; p<0.044), and at the thickest part (6.6 (1.1) mm to 6.3 (1.2) mm; p<0.000).

Conclusions

In about 1/3 of the tendons, there were structural changes, about half of those tendons also had HBF/NV, which was higher after, than before, the match. Mean tendon thickness in both normal tendons and tendons with structural changes had decreased significantly after a 1-h floor-ball match.
Projected Distribution of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in North America
Authors: Strayer David L.
Published: May 2008

An analysis of the European distribution of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, shows that the species probably will spread over much of North America. Only softwater districts and the extreme northern and southern parts of the continent are unlikely to be colonized. Within this range, D. polymorpha is most likely to be found in large, hardwater lakes and in running waters more than 30 m wide. Populations of D. polymorpha probably will spread over a larger part of the lake bottom in shallow, warm lakes than in deep, cold lakes. I could not make any predictions about the expected population densities of D. polymorpha in either lakes or streams.
Natural Hybridization between Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Brook Trout (S. fontinalis): Evidence from Northern Labrador
Authors: Hammar Johan , Dempson J. Brian , Verspoor Eric
Published: May 2008

Electrophoretic analysis of successive samples of Salvelinus collected in the Fraser River watershed of northern Labrador in 1984 and 1986 revealed the existence of natural hybrids between Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (S. fontinalis). We examined 11 electrophoretic loci in liver tissue; 10 loci were informative and six were diagnostic of the two species and their hybrids. The electrophoretic phenotypes of some hybrid specimens sugested that they were second-generation hybrids and/or backcrosses to the parental species. Hybrids were represented by six different year classes, indicating that crossing between the species in the system is a regular occurrence. The hybrids, although visually difficult to distinguish from brook trout, were meristicaîly intermediate or more closely resembled Arctic char. The observations raise a number of questions regarding the ecological circumstances promoting hybridization in the evolution of Arctic char and brook trout populations. The results stress the need for restrictions on introducing brook trout into systems with original populations of Arctic char. Further, Arctic char from the Fraser River are commonly used for aquaculture research and development; therefore, there is a clear need to screen fish carefully to determine whether or not they represent introgressed gene pools.
DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT CAD SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE PANEL DIE
Authors: LIU HUI-XIA , WEI WEI , WANG XIAO , CAI LAN
Published: May 2008

A knowledge-based intelligent die design system for automotive panels is developed by UG software platform. This system can accomplish design intelligently and automatically through engineering rules in the knowledge base. The framework and implementation of the system are discussed. Finally, a case study of the panel die design of car trunk in the system is implemented, which illustrates working process, working principle, implement method and practicability of the system, and validates the advanced design conception proposed in this paper.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND GENETIC ALGORITHM IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR LIFE PREDICTION OF NC TOOLS
Authors: WANG SHILONG , ZHENG FEI , XU LING
Published: May 2008

Accurate life prediction of NC (Numeric Control) tools is very essential in an advanced manufacturing system. In this paper, tool life prediction in a drilling process was researched. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been established for prediction, with drill diameter, cutting speed and feed rate as input parameters and tool life as an output parameter. To improve the performance of the network, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were applied independently to train the network instead of standard Backward Propagation (BP) algorithm, which has drawbacks of low convergence rate and weak generalization capacity. And the two methods were compared in terms of algorithm complexity, convergence rate and prediction accuracy, with reference to standard BP method.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC PRODUCTION SCHEDULING BASED ON ICAM
Authors: HE ZHENGWEI , TANG RENZHONG
Published: May 2008

In order to resolve the problem of unreasonably allocating resources during the production process in discrete manufacturing enterprises, a method of dynamic production scheduling based on Information Coordinates Analysis Method (ICAM) was put forward. The communication modes of manufacturing equipment and the characteristic of the manufacturing process were analyzed, and the real-time data acquisition system for production field was established. The production information repository was built by analyzing the collected real-time data. With abstracting the correlative information, the information nodes were produced and the information coordinates were established. With the support of real-time information repository, the information in the production field could be available at any time by analyzing the typical information nodes. The feedback information could affect the original scheduling, thus the dynamic production scheduling was realized. Comparing with the classical analysis methods, ICAM can reflect the utilization state of the resources more directly during the process of the production scheduling, the scheduling rules can be set down more conveniently, and it is easier to apply the Object-Oriented method into the numerical simulation of production scheduling. The result of the numerical simulation proves that ICAM can effectively optimize the process of the typical production scheduling.
A STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BASED ON UNIFORM SAMPLING METHOD
Authors: LEI GANG , LIAO LINQING
Published: May 2008

Stochastic finite element method is the main analysis method of complicated stochastic structure, and it is mainly applied to the Monte Carlo simulation method. Its sampling method is commonly called the Latin Hypercube sampling method. But for stochastic finite element analysis, and if level numbers for sampling are too many, sampling numbers will be difficult for most engineering purposes. In this paper, uniform sampling method is applied. Calculating examples with different factors and levels are compared with calculating examples in which Latin Hypercube sampling method is applied. Calculating examples show that when sampling numbers by uniform sampling technique is obviously fewer than sampling numbers by Latin Hypercube, mean values and standard deviations of displacements, stresses of node by the two sampling methods are almost completely identical. Uniform samplings for stochastic finite element analysis have good computing efficiency, and have certain applied perspectives.
A FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-LAYER SOFT X-RAY SPECTROMETER
Authors: HOU LI-FEI , LIAO QIANG , YI RONG-QING , LIU SHEN-YE
Published: May 2008

In the ICF experiments, spectrum of X-ray includes a lot of information. Multilayer spectrometer, an X-ray energy spectrometer with high resolution, is composed of multilayer mirrors with different period thickness, some suitable filters and X-ray detectors (XRD). In this paper, a multilayer spectrometer is developed, which will be applied in ICF experiments. The specifications are as follows: Energy range: 100~1500 eV; Channel number: 8; Vacuum degree: 3E–3Pa. The project was proposed on the base of design demand. Then the model was set up and analyzed. This multilayer spectrometer is the most advanced domestic model, and it is very different from the overseas ones.
TRANSIENT IMPACTING STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE MODEL
Authors: CHEN BAO , OU JIAN , ZHANG YONG
Published: May 2008

Considering the disadvantages of analysis method singleness and result differentia in the conventional structural strength analysis of motorcycle, a method concerning transient impacting strength analysis was proposed, which is based on the finite element theory. Then the bearing capacity theory was researched, and three typical operating modes under the acting of transient impacting were confirmed. Under the circumstance of MSC.PATRAN/NASTRAN software, by applying the composite structure of rod, plate and shell which has a high calculation accuracy, the element subdivision of frame is done. The suspension is simulated by spring element, the engine is simulated by concentrate mass element, and then the whole simulation model was developed. The strength of the motorcycle frame was analyzed under the above-mentioned three operating modes. The results of the simulation meet well with the practical performance. Thus, the conclusion shows that this method has more important practical significance.
DEFORMATION OF A POWDER BED DURING DEEP PENETRATION
Authors: WEN TONG , CHEN XIA , RUZIWA WALTER , COCKS ALAN
Published: May 2008

The flow pattern of loose powders indented by a rigid punch in an open cylindrical die was studied using the discrete element method (DEM) and the finite element method (FEM) using the Drucker-Prager/CAP material model. The results are compared with those obtained through X-ray microtomography studies of particle movement during the deep penetration of a granular material. The density distribution of the granular material and trajectories of the particles during the deep penetration of the punch are analyzed. It is observed that in the vicinity of the punch, several kinds of flow patterns occur simultaneously, and the shear produces a relatively low density. Typical particle displacement and particle density distributions can be observed in both the numerical simulations and experimental studies. This study demonstrates that DEM and FEM can capture the main features of the powder flow behaviour during low-pressure compaction.
IMPROVED ALGORITHM AND REALIZATION OF MECHANICAL MULTI-PARAMETER FUZZY OPTIMIZATION
Authors: LAI YINAN , LAI MINGZHU , YOU BINDI , YU YANGTAO
Published: May 2008

Aiming at the problem of low efficiency and local optimum caused by traditional multi-objective fuzzy optimal methods, the multi-parameter fuzzy optimal mathematical models with improved symmetry and improved asymmetry genetic algorithm based on the overall optimal view are given by considering optimal membership of objectives and constraint. The best optimal solution and optimal constraint value of sub-objective function in the feasible field are found by the mathematical model. The example for helical gear with objective and constraint sets is demonstrated. The algorithm of multi-objective fuzzy optimization is realized by applying the Matlab optimum toolbox. Matlab program to realize multi-parameter fuzzy optimal GA of the helical gear is developed, the best optimal solutions of several fuzzy optimal models is obtained, and the penalty function is used to solve the problem of nonlinear constraint. The result shows that improved fuzzy GA can get satisfying results both in the computing speed and the quality of solution. The method can reflect fuzziness of the problems and practicability of the structure of the engineering project.
The response of fenestrations, actin, and caveolin-1 to vascular endothelial growth factor in SK Hep1 cells
Authors: Cogger Victoria C. , Arias Irwin M. , Warren Alessandra , McMahon Aisling C. , Kiss Debra L. , Avery Vicky M. , Le Couteur David G.
Published: May 2008

To study the regulation of fenestrations by vascular endothelial growth factor in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, SK Hep1 cells were transfected with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-actin and GFP-caveolin-1. SK Hep1 cells had pores; some of which appeared to be fenestrations (diameter 55 ± 28 nm, porosity 2.0 ± 1.4%), rudimentary sieve plates, bristle-coated micropinocytotic vesicles and expressed caveolin-1, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and clathrin, but not CD31. There was avid uptake of formaldehyde serum albumin, consistent with endocytosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor caused an increase in porosity to 4.8 ± 2.6% ( P < 0.01) and pore diameter to 104 ± 59 nm ( P < 0.001). GFP-actin was expressed throughout the cells, whereas GFP-caveolin-1 had a punctate appearance; both responded to vascular endothelial growth factor by contraction toward the nucleus over hours in parallel with the formation of fenestrations. SK Hep1 cells resemble liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and the vascular endothelial growth factor-induced formation of fenestration-like pores is preceded by contraction of actin cytoskeleton and attached caveolin-1 toward the nucleus.
Impacts of High-Resolution Land Surface Initialization on Regional Sensible Weather Forecasts from the WRF Model
Authors: Case Jonathan L. , Crosson William L. , Kumar Sujay V. , Lapenta William M. , Peters-Lidard Christa D.
Published: May 2008

This manuscript presents an assessment of daily regional simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model initialized with high-resolution land surface data from the NASA Land Information System (LIS) software versus a control WRF configuration that uses land surface data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta Model. The goal of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of using the LIS software to improve land surface initialization for regional NWP. Fifty-eight individual nested simulations were integrated for 24 h for both the control and experimental (LISWRF) configurations during May 2004 over Florida and the surrounding areas: 29 initialized at 0000 UTC and 29 initialized at 1200 UTC. The land surface initial conditions for the LISWRF runs came from an offline integration of the Noah land surface model (LSM) within LIS for two years prior to the beginning of the month-long study on an identical grid domain to the subsequent WRF simulations. Atmospheric variables used to force the offline Noah LSM integration were provided by the North American Land Data Assimilation System and Global Data Assimilation System gridded analyses.

The LISWRF soil states were generally cooler and drier than the NCEP Eta Model soil states during May 2004. Comparisons between the control and LISWRF runs for one event suggested that the LIS land surface initial conditions led to an improvement in the timing and evolution of a sea-breeze circulation over portions of northwestern Florida. Surface verification statistics for the entire month indicated that the LISWRF runs produced a more enhanced and accurate diurnal range in 2-m temperatures compared to the control as a result of the overall drier initial soil states, which resulted from a reduction in the nocturnal warm bias in conjunction with a reduction in the daytime cold bias. Daytime LISWRF 2-m dewpoints were correspondingly drier than the control dewpoints, again a manifestation of the drier initial soil states in LISWRF. The positive results of the LISWRF experiments help to illustrate the importance of initializing regional NWP models with high-quality land surface data generated at the same grid resolution.
Using Self-Concept Instruments With High-Ability College Students
Authors: Rinn Anne N. , Cunningham Lindy G.
Published: May 2008

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the academic subscales of Marsh's Self-Description Questionnaire III and Neeman and Harter's Self-Perception Profile for College Students for use with high-ability college students. Participants included 100 high-ability college students and 196 average-ability college students enrolled in a comprehensive university in the South. Data analysis estimates of internal consistency were moderate, and estimates of relationships with external validity criteria, namely, academic achievement, aspirations, and year in school, moderately supported the validity of each subscale. Results indicate some support for the use of each subscale with high-ability college students.

Putting the Research to Use: Academic self-concept is a construct that likely affects multiple other academic areas, including academic achievement, educational aspirations, career aspirations, and retention. Among high-ability college students, academic self-concept may be related to participation in an honors program and living in an honors residence hall, which may further the academic, social, and emotional collegiate experience. Having a psychometrically sound measure of academic self-concept that is appropriate for use with high-ability college students will enable researchers to effectively study the academic self-concepts of high-ability college students. Traditional measures of academic self-concept are often validated on younger samples of high-ability students, but the research is lacking on validity research related to samples of college students.
Restrictive usage of monoclonal immunoglobulin λ light chain germline in POEMS syndrome
Authors: Abe Daijiro , Nakaseko Chiaki , Takeuchi Masahiro , Tanaka Hiroaki , Ohwada Chikako , Sakaida Emiko , Takeda Yusuke , Oda Kayo , Ozawa Shinichi , Shimizu Naomi , Masuda Shinichi , Cho Ryuko , Nishimura Miki , Misawa Sonoko , Kuwabara Satoshi , Saito Yasushi
Published: May 2008

POEMS syndrome is a rare plasma cell disorder characterized by peripheral neuropathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and high levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. A unique feature of this syndrome is that the proliferating monoclonal plasma cells are essentially λ-restricted. Here we determined complete nucleotide sequences of monoclonal immunoglobulin λ light chain (IGL) variable regions in 11 patients with POEMS syndrome. The V-region of the Igλ gene of all 11 patients was restricted to the Vλ1 subfamily. Searching for homologies with IGL germlines revealed that 2 germlines, IGLV1-44*01 (9/11) and IGLV1-40*01 (2/10), were identified, with an average homology of 91.1%. The IGLJ3*02 gene was used in 11 of 11 re-arrangements with an average homology of 92.2%. These data suggest that the highly restricted use of IGL Vλ1 germlines plays an important role in the pathogenesis of POEMS syndrome.
Uroguanylin, an Intestinal Natriuretic Peptide, Is Delivered to the Kidney as an Unprocessed Propeptide
Authors: Moss Nicholas G. , Fellner Robert C. , Qian Xun , Yu Sharon J. , Li Zhiping , Nakazato Masamitsu , Goy Michael F.
Published: May 2008

Orally delivered salt stimulates renal salt excretion more effectively than does iv delivered salt. Although the mechanisms that underlie this “postprandial natriuresis” are poorly understood, the peptide uroguanylin (UGn) is thought to be a key mediator. However, the lack of selective assays for UGn gene products has hindered rigorous testing of this hypothesis. Using peptide-specific assays, we now report surprisingly little UGn in rat intestine or plasma. In contrast, prouroguanylin (proUGn), the presumed-inactive precursor of UGn, is plentiful (at least 40 times more abundant than UGn) in both intestine and plasma. The intestine is the likely source of the circulating proUGn because: 1) the proUGn portal to systemic ratio is approximately two under normal conditions, and 2) systemic proUGn levels decrease rapidly after intestinal resection. Together, these data suggest that proUGn itself is actively involved in enterorenal signaling. This is strongly supported by our observation that iv infusion of proUGn at a physiological concentration produces a long-lasting renal natriuresis, whereas previously reported natriuretic effects of UGn have required supraphysiological concentrations. Thus, our data point to proUGn as an endocrine (i.e. circulating) mediator of postprandial natriuresis, and suggest that the propeptide is secreted intact from the intestine into the circulation and processed to an active form at an extravascular site.
Does It Matter Where Countries Are? Proximity to Knowledge, Markets and Resources, and MNE Location Choices
Authors: Nachum Lilach , Zaheer Srilata , Gross Shulamith
Published: May 2008

We suggest that the proximity of a country to other countries is a factor that affects its choice as a multinational enterprise (MNE) location. We introduce the concept of a country's proximity to the global distribution of knowledge, markets, and resources, and frame this concept as a function of both geographic distance and the worldwide spatial distribution of these factors. We test our location model on a data set comprising 138,050 investments undertaken by U.S. MNEs worldwide. Our findings show that the proximity of a country to the rest of the world has a positive impact on MNEs choosing that country as a location. Proximity to the world's knowledge and markets are stronger drivers of location choice than is proximity to the world's resources, after accounting for the country's own endowments. Larger firms are able to benefit more from remote locations than smaller firms are.
Western Canadiana at McGill University: The Formation of a Rare Book Collection
Authors: McNally Peter F.
Published: May 2008

While libraries outside Canada have long held significant Canadiana collections, libraries within Canada have in the recent past developed collections rivaling those in external institutions. The Western Canadiana Collection at McGill University in Montreal is an example of a major collection of works developed by a Canadian academic institution. McGill’s collection was compiled through the work of private collectors, librarians, and an antiquarian book dealer collaborating during the second half of the twentieth century. This article recounts the history of the creation of McGill’s twelve thousand–item Western Canadiana Collection, with emphasis on the creative efforts of those responsible for its development and the circumstances leading up to its arrival at McGill University. The paper provides insight into the forces behind the formation of a rare book collection.
Preparing for an Air Attack: Libraries and American Air Raid Defense During World War II
Authors: Spencer Brett
Published: May 2008

Libraries vigorously participated in American air raid defense during World War II. Contemporary newspaper and trade journal reports as well as organizational and government documents attest to libraries’ activities in air defense during the global conflict of the 1940s. Librarians safeguarded America’s cultural treasures, built and organized collections of air raid survival materials, disseminated air defense information, and offered library buildings as civil defense meeting places and bomb shelters. In tailoring services to their patrons’ needs, libraries strengthened their position in their communities, earned positive publicity for their work, and broadened the base of library support. Their work earned recognition for the profession and called attention to the value of community-based library services.
Leydig cell re-generation and expression of cell signaling molecules in the germ cell-free testis
Authors: O'Shaughnessy P J , Morris I D , Baker P J
Published: May 2008

Leydig cells in the rat testis can be specifically ablated with ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) and will subsequently re-generate. In this study, we have characterized Leydig cell re-generation and expression of selected cell-signaling molecules in a germ cell-free model of EDS action. This model offers the advantage that re-generation occurs on a stable background without confounding changes from the regressing and repopulating germ cell population. Adult rats were treated with busulfan to remove the germ cell population and Leydig cells were then ablated with EDS. Testicular testosterone levels declined markedly within 24 h of EDS treatment and started to recover after 8 days. After EDS treatment there were marked declines in levels of Leydig cell-specific mRNA transcripts coding for steroidogenic enzymes cytochrome P450 11a1 (Cyp11a1), cytochrome P450 17a1 (Cyp17a1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (Hsd3b1), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (Hsd17b3) and the LH receptor. Levels of all transcripts recovered within 20 days of EDS treatment apart from Hsd17b3, which remained undetectable up to 20 days. Immunohistochemical localization of CYP11A1 during the phase of early Leydig cell re-generation showed that the Leydig cell precursors are spindle-shaped peritubular cells. Studies on factors which may be involved in Leydig cell re-generation showed there were significant but transient increases in platelet-derived growth factor A (Pdgfa), leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif), and neurofilament heavy polypeptide (Nefh) after EDS, while desert hedgehog (Dhh) levels declined sharply but recovered by 3 days. This study shows that the Leydig cell precursors are peritubular cells and that expression of Pdgfa and Lif is increased at the start of the re-generation process when precursor proliferation is likely to be taking place.
Iron Eyes: The Life and Teachings of Obaku Zen Master Tetsugen Doko, Helen J. Baroni
Authors: Horiuchi Satomi
Published: May 2008

Iron Eyes: The Life and Teachings of Obaku Zen Master Tetsugen Doko, Helen J. Baroni (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2006), pp. ix+259, ISBN 0-7914-6892-5 (pb)
Criticality of the Biological and Physical Stimuli Array Inducing Resident Cardiac Stem Cell Determination
Authors: Forte Giancarlo , Carotenuto Felicia , Pagliari Francesca , Pagliari Stefania , Cossa Paolo , Fiaccavento Roberta , Ahluwalia Arti , Vozzi Giovanni , Vinci Bruna , Serafino Annalucia , Rinaldi Antonio , Traversa Enrico , Carosella Luciana , Minieri Marilena , Di Nardo Paolo
Published: May 2008

The replacement of injured cardiac contractile cells with stem cell-derived functionally efficient cardiomyocytes has been envisaged as the resolutive treatment for degenerative heart diseases. Nevertheless, many technical issues concerning the optimal procedures to differentiate and engraft stem cells remain to be answered before heart cell therapy could be routinely used in clinical practice. So far, most studies have been focused on evaluating the differentiative potential of different growth factors without considering that only the synergistic cooperation of biochemical, topographic, chemical, and physical factors could induce stem cells to adopt the desired phenotype. The present study demonstrates that the differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells to cardiomyocytes does not occur when cells are challenged with soluble growth factors alone, but requires strictly controlled procedures for the isolation of a progenitor cell population and the artifactual recreation of a microenvironment critically featured by a fine-tuned combination of specific biological and physical factors. Indeed, the scaffold geometry and stiffness are crucial in enhancing growth factor differentiative effects on progenitor cells. The exploitation of this concept could be essential in setting up suitable procedures to fabricate functionally efficient engineered tissues.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The War Office: Everyday Environments and War Logistics
Authors: Dunlop Gair
Published: May 2008

If war is conducted largely on the field of logistics, how is the necessary level of involvement in the administrative staff maintained? How do those left behind on the ground remind themselves of how and why they fight? Abandoned office spaces on disbanded squadron facilities may give some clues. This new series of photographs was made at RAF Coltishall in May 2007. Contemporary artists and archaeologists are collaborating in an interdisciplinary investigation of the site during its closure.
AERODYNAMICS OF CERAMIC REGULAR SEDIMENTATION FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER APPARATUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION/KERAMINIŲ REGULIARIŲ ANTGALIŲ AERODINAMIKA ŠILUMOS IR MASĖS PERNAŠOS PROCESAMS APLINKOS APSAUGOS ĮRENGINIUOSE VYKDYTI/ АЭРОДИНАМИКА КЕРАМИЧЕСКИХ РЕГУЛЯРНЫХ НАСАДОК ДЛЯ ТЕПЛОМАССООБМЕННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В АППАРАТАХ ЗАЩИТЫ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ
Authors: Pushnov Aleksandr , Sakalauskas Algirdas
Published: May 2008

A new efficient ceramic regular sedimentation for heat and mass transfer in apparatuses of environmental protection is proposed. A new sedimentation realization with isotropic properties of a structure is offered. The aerodynamic test results of the new sedimentation are shown.

The paper describes a laboratory test facility designed for conducting aerodynamic investigation of cooling tower sedimentation. Measured parameters, data processing techniques and examples of the results obtained are discussed. The tested sedimentation is a porous layer of ceramic foam manufactured by special technology.

Santrauka

Siūloma nauja keraminių reguliarių antgalių dinamika šilumos ir masės pernašos procesams aplinkos apsaugos įrenginiuose vykdyti. Siūlomas antgalis leis realizuoti poringojo sluoksnio izotopinę struktūrą. Pateikti naujo antgalio aerodinaminių bandymų rezultatai.

Резюме

Предложена новая эффективная керамическая регулярная насадка для осуществления процессов тепло- и массообмена в аппаратах газоочистки. Предлагаемая насадка позволяет реализовать изотропную структуру зернистого слоя. Приведены результаты аэродинамических испытаний новой насадки.
The positives, protocols, and perils of genome‐wide association
Authors: Neale Benjamin M. , Purcell Shaun
Published: May 2008

Genome‐wide association aims to comprehensively survey genetic variation for the purposes of disease and trait mapping. We provide a brief history of the development of genetic technology necessary to realize genome‐wide association. From there we identify and review the publicly available resources for conducting such work including the molecular technologies, genomic databases, and analytic tools. Following on from the analytic tools, we highlight common analytic considerations, ranging from study design, quality control, and data cleaning to association analysis and replication. We conclude with a look toward future developments such as the analysis of copy number variation and integration of expression and epigenetic phenomenon into genome‐wide association. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of die geometry on foaming behaviors of high‐melt‐strength polypropylene with CO2
Authors: Lee Patrick C. , Kaewmesri Wanrudee , Wang Jing , Park Chul B. , Pumchusak Jantrawan , Folland Rick , Praller Andreas
Published: May 2008

This article reports on a systematic study that was conducted to investigate the effects of die geometry (i.e., pressure and pressure drop rate) on the cell nucleation and growth behaviors of noncrosslinked high‐melt‐strength (HMS) polypropylene (PP) foams blown with supercritical CO2. The experimental results showed that the cellular morphologies of PP foams were sensitive to the die geometry. Furthermore, the initial expansion behavior of the foam extrudate at the die exit was recorded using a high‐speed CCD camera. This enabled us to achieve a more thorough understanding of the effect of die geometry on both the initial expansion behavior and the final cellular morphology of HMS PP foams. The effect of die temperature on cell morphology was also studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Poly(p‐phenylene benzoxazole) fiber chemically modified by the incorporation of sulfonate groups
Authors: Jiang Jian Ming , Zhu Hui Jun , Li Guang , Jin Jun Hong , Yang Sheng Lin
Published: May 2008

Two kinds of modified poly(p‐phenylene benzoxazole) (PBO), the copolymer of TPA (SPBO) and p‐SPBO, containing ionic groups in the macromolecular chains were obtained by copolymerization from 1,3‐diamino‐4,6‐dihydroxybenzene dihydrochloride (DAR) and terephthalic acid (TPA), with the addition of selected amounts (1.5–5.0% molar ratio over DAR) of 5‐sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt or sulfoterephthalic acid monopotassium salt in place of the TPA, respectively, in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA). The resultant PBO/PPA, SPBO/PPA, and p‐SPBO/PPA lyotropic liquid‐crystalline solutions were spun into fibers by a dry‐jet wet‐spinning technique. Chemically modified PBO fibers with sulfonate salt pendants in the polymer chains were obtained for the first time. The surface wetting behavior and interfacial shear strength between the fiber and epoxy resin were investigated. The interference of sulfonate salt pendants on the crystalline morphology was measured. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Chelation properties of poly(2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzophenone) resins toward some divalent metal ions
Authors: Zalloum Ruba M. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: May 2008

The chelation behavior of poly(2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzophenone) [poly(2H4ABP) or polymer I] obtained through the free‐radical polymerization of 2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzophenone monomer and for crosslinked polymers prepared from the monomer and known amounts of the crosslinker divinylbenzene (DVB) [4 mol % of DVB for polymer II, 8 mol % of DVB for polymer III, and 16 mol 16% of DVB for polymer IV] toward the divalent metal ions Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ in aqueous solution was studied by a batch equilibration technique as a function of contact time and pH. The effect of the crosslinker, DVB, was also studied. The metal‐ion uptake of the polymers was determined with atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the highest uptake was achieved at pH 7.0 for polymers I, II, III, and IV. The selectivity and binding capacity of the resins toward the investigated divalent metal ions are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Poly(styrene‐co‐vinylbenzophenone) as photoactive antimicrobial and selfdecontaminating materials
Authors: Hong Kyung Hwa , Sun Gang
Published: May 2008

Photoactive structures such as benzophenone chromophoric groups were incorporated onto polymers by using a Friedel‐Crafts acylation reaction. The structures and properties of the resultant polymers, poly (styrene‐co‐vinylbenzophenone) were evaluated as the ratio of benzoyl chloride to phenyl groups in polystyrene in the acylation bath increased. The results proved that the poly (styrene‐co‐vinylbenzophenone) in different contents of benzophenone groups was successfully prepared, and the contents of the benzophenone chromophoric group branched in the resultant polymer increased as the amount of benzoyl chloride in acylation bath increased. Also, the poly (styrene‐co‐vinylbenzophenone) copolymers revealed superior special activities such as antibacterial ability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Nitroxide‐mediated synthesis of styrenic‐based segmented and tapered block copolymers using poly(lactide)‐functionalized TEMPO macromediators
Authors: Jabbar Rifat , Graffe Andres , Lessard Benoît , Marić Milan
Published: May 2008

Poly(styrene)‐poly(lactide) (PS‐PLA), poly (tert‐butyl styrene)‐poly(lactide) (PtBuS‐PLA) diblocks, and poly(tert‐butyl styrene)‐poly(styrene)‐poly(lactide) (PtBuS‐PS‐PLA) segmented and tapered triblocks of controlled segment lengths were synthesized using nitroxide‐mediated controlled radical polymerization. Well‐defined PLA‐functionalized macromediators derived from hydroxyl terminated TEMPO (PLAT) of various molecular weights mediated polymerizations of the styrenic monomers in bulk and in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution at 120–130°C. PS‐PLA and PtBuS‐PLA diblocks were characterized by narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) < 1.3) when using the PLATmediator with the lowest number average molecular weightMn= 6.1 kg/mol while broader molecular weight distributions were exhibited (Mw/Mn= 1.47‐1.65) when using higher molecular weight mediators (Mn= 7.4 kg/mol and 11.3 kg/mol). Segmented PtBuS‐PS‐PLA triblocks were initiated cleanly from PtBuS‐PLA diblocks although polymerizations were very rapid with PS segments ∼ 5–10 kg/mol added within 3–10 min of polymerization at 130°C in 50 wt % DMF solution. Tapering from the PtBuS to the PS segment in semibatch mode at a lower temperature of 120°C and in 50 wt % DMF solution was effective in incorporating a short random segment of PtBuS‐ran‐PS while maintaining a relatively narrow monomodal molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn≈ 1.5). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
A novel approach of measuring the dielectric properties of PET preforms for stretch blow moulding
Authors: Erbulut D. U. , Masood S. H. , Tran V. N. , Sbarski I.
Published: May 2008

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most common plastic material used in injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) process for the manufacturing of bottles. The injection‐molded PET preform has to be preheated uniformly to a pliable state before the blowing stage of the process. Microwave technology offers a potentially more economical means for preheating the preform in place of the conventional infrared oven heating. For such applications, determination of dielectric properties of PET preform of a given geometry is essential. This article describes a novel approach of measuring the dielectric properties of PET preforms at microwave frequencies instead of the common experimental procedures used for such measurements. The dielectric properties are determined by using both CST Microwave Studio electromagnetic simulation software and the automatic network analyzer together. No complex mathematical solutions are required. Validation of this new approach has been made by comparing the measured dielectric properties of some polymers with those available in the published literature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Local dynamics in epoxy coatings containing iron oxide nanoparticles by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy
Authors: Kortaberria G. , Arruti P. , Jimeno A. , Mondragon I. , Sangermano M.
Published: May 2008

Nanocomposites of photocurable epoxy resin and epoxy‐modified iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were analyzed by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to study the local dynamics at temperatures well below the glass‐transition temperature. Two secondary processes were detected, β and γ processes, but the second one was just detected at lower temperatures in the high‐frequency part of the spectra and moved out of the frequency range at higher temperatures. Data were fitted to the Havriliak–Negami and Arrhenius models, and the obtained parameters were analyzed. Relaxation times of the β secondary relaxation did not change with the nanoparticle content, but the relaxation strength increased. The increase could not be explained when we took into account the molecular origin of the relaxation. The presence of ferromagnetic nanoparticles enhanced the internal field and increased the relaxation strengths. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the nanoparticles were well dispersed in the matrix, without magnetic agglomerates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Preparation of polyethylene–octene elastomer foams by compression molding
Authors: Mao Yapeng , Qi Rongrong
Published: May 2008

To produce polyethylene–octene elastomer foams with compression molding, the influences of various activators on the thermal decomposition temperature of the chemical blowing agent azodicarbonamide were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the decomposition temperature of azodicarbonamide could be effectively reduced by the addition of zinc oxide/zinc stearate. The results of a moving die rheometer suggested that the vulcanization and blowing curves were influenced by the content of azodicarbonamide and temperature, and the optimum temperature was about 170°C. The morphology and physical properties of the microcellular polyethylene–octene elastomer were studied. The results indicated that the amount of azodicarbonamide and the processing temperature played important roles in the cell morphology and physical properties of polyethylene–octene elastomer foams. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Relationship between processing method and microstructural and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/short glass fiber composites
Authors: Mondadori N. M. L. , Nunes R. C. R. , Zattera A. J. , Oliveira R. V. B. , Canto L. B.
Published: May 2008

Composites of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) reinforced with short glass fiber (GF) (0, 20, 30, and 40 wt %) were compounded in a single‐screw extruder (SSE) and in a intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder (TSE). An SSE fitted with a barrier double‐flight screw melting section in between two single‐flight sections and a TSE with a typical screw configuration for this purpose were used. The composites were subsequently injection molded at two different mold temperatures (10 and 120°C), with all other operative molding parameters kept constant. The effects of processing conditions on composite microstructure, PET degree of crystallinity, and composite mechanical properties were evaluated. Appropriate dispersive and distributive mixing of the glass fiber throughout the PET matrix as well as fine composite mechanical and thermal‐mechanical properties were achieved regardless of whether the composites were prepared in the SSE or TSE. The performance of the SSE was attributed to the efficiency of the barrier screw melting section in composite mixing. The mold temperature influenced the mechanical properties of the composites, by controlling of the degree of crystallinity of the PET in the composites. For a good balance of mechanical and thermal‐mechanical properties, high mold temperatures are desirable, typically, 120°C for a mold cooling time of 45 s. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
New synthetic route for preparing CdS‐nanoparticle/polystyrene polymer shells hybrid materials
Authors: Liu Weijun
Published: May 2008

In this article we describe the combined use of γ‐irradiation initiated micro‐emulsion polymerization and redox interfacial‐initiated micro‐emulsion polymerization to prepare hollow polystyrene micro‐spheres with movable CdS nanoparticles inside (CdS@PSt) hybrid materials under room temperature and ambient pressure. First, mono‐dispersed CdS nanoparticles with diameters 50 nm were synthesized in inversed micro‐emulsion under γ‐irradiation. Then, CdS nanoparticles were coated with PSt via interfacial‐initiated micro‐emulsion polymerization with cumene hydroperoxide/ferrous sulfate (CHPO‐Fe2+) as the redox initiation pair. The resulted CdS@PSt hybrid materials were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
A study of pollutant concentration variability in an urban street under low wind speeds
Authors: Martin D. , Price C. S. , White I. R. , Nickless G. , Dobre A. , Shallcross D. E.
Published: May 2008

The short time‐scale variability in pollutant concentrations in an urban street under very low wind speed conditions and short source–receptor distance has been investigated using the inert tracer sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a continuous point‐source (release times ≥ 5 min), and fast detection using separation by gas chromatography coupled with a μ‐electron capture detector (ECD). The results are complex but can be broadly interpreted in terms of horizontal wind speed and direction coherence. Comparisons with a simple dispersion model suggest that observed time‐averaged maximum concentrations approach predicted values, whilst instantaneous maximum concentrations vary greatly and would therefore be difficult to predict. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Language outcomes of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: a two year follow‐up
Authors: Paul Rhea , Chawarska Katarzyna , Cicchetti Domenic , Volkmar Fred
Published: May 2008

Thirty‐seven children 15–25 months of age received clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and were re‐evaluated two years later. All subjects were judged to have retained a diagnosis of ASD at the follow‐up evaluation. Communication scores for the group as a whole during the first visit were significantly lower than nonverbal IQ. However, by the second visit, verbal and nonverbal scores were no longer significantly different. The group was divided into two subgroups, based on expressive language (EL) outcome at the second visit. The two groups were similar in the second year of life in terms of expressive communication skills and autistic symptoms, except for a trend toward more stereotypic and repetitive behavior in the worse outcome group. By the second visit, however, the groups differed significantly on all standard measures of expression and reception, as well as on autistic symptomotology and nonverbal IQ. When assessed during their second year, children who ended up in the better outcome group showed higher average nonverbal cognitive level, receptive language (RL) scores, number of sounds and words produced, use of symbolic play schemes, and response to joint attention bids. Regression analysis revealed that the variables for which significant differences between the two outcome groups in their second year of life were found provided significant prediction of EL outcome at age four. Stepwise regression identified RL and presence of stereotypic and repetitive at the first visit as significantly associated with EL outcome. Implications of these findings for early identification and intervention are discussed.