bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there a smoker’s paradox in COVID-19?
Authors: Usman Muhammad Shariq , Siddiqi Tariq Jamal , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Patel Urvish K , Shahid Izza , Ahmed Jawad , Kalra Ankur , Michos Erin D
Published: August 2020

Although it is well established that cigarette smoking is associated with morbidity and mortality in several respiratory infections, data from recent studies suggest that active smokers are underrepresented among patients with COVID-19. This has led to claims that a ‘smoker’s paradox’ may exist in COVID-19, wherein smokers are protected from infection and severe complications of COVID-19. We aimed to review and summarise existing literature in this context. Electronic databases were searched for articles that reported prevalence of smokers among patients with COVID-19 or studied any association of smoking with outcomes among patients with COVID-19. We identified several biases and knowledge gaps which may give the false impression that smoking is protective in COVID-19. As of now, the data supporting smoker’s paradox claims are limited and questionable. Plausible biologic mechanisms by which smoking might be protective in COVID-19 include an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine, a blunted immune response in smokers (reducing the risk of a cytokine storm in COVID-19) and increased nitric oxide in the respiratory tract (which may inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its entry into cells). On the other hand, smoking may worsen susceptibility and prognosis in COVID-19, in a manner similar to other respiratory infections. The claims of a protective effect must be viewed with extreme caution by both the general population as well as clinicians. Further investigations into the interaction between smoking and COVID-19 are warranted to accurately assess the risk of contracting COVID-19 among smokers, and progression to mechanical ventilation or death in patients suffering from it.
The WHO Global Benchmarking Tool: a game changer for strengthening national regulatory capacity
Authors: Guzman Javier , O"Connell Erin , Kikule Kate , Hafner Tamara
Published: August 2020

Many low-income and middle-income countries lack the capacity to effectively and efficiently regulate medical products in their countries. To support countries in strengthening their capacity, WHO has developed the Global Benchmarking Tool (GBT) as the global standard for objectively assessing regulatory capacity for medicines and vaccines. The GBT is a game changer because it is the first globally accepted tool for assessing and strengthening national regulatory authorities. The inclusion of an institutional development plan in the GBT methodology provides context-specific actionable steps countries can take to advance their system’s functionality and maturity. The GBT facilitates coordination and improves the effectiveness of regulatory strengthening efforts. The tool also facilitates regulatory reliance and harmonisation, which helps to improve timely access to quality-assured medicines, and creates incentives for trade, particularly in countries and regions with a strong pharmaceutical manufacturing base. The GBT is a necessary tool for creating strong and effective regulatory systems, which are critical for ensuring the efficacy, safety and quality assurance of medicines and populations’ timely access to these medicines. In outlining the benefits of the GBT, this paper also offers some specific ideas for strengthening the GBT framework and process.
Strengthening the integration of eye care into the health system: methodology for the development of the WHO package of eye care interventions
Authors: Keel Stuart , Evans Jennifer R , Block Sandra , Bourne Rupert , Calonge Margarita , Cheng Ching-Yu , Friedman David S , Furtado João M , Khanna Rohit C , Mathenge Wanjiku , Mariotti Silvio , Matoto Elenoa , Müller Andreas , Rabiu M Mansur , Rasengane Tuwani , Zhao Jialang , Wormald Richard , Cieza Alarcos
Published: August 2020

Objective

To describe the rational for, and the methods that will be employed to develop, the WHO package of eye care interventions (PECI).

Methods and analysis

The development of the package will be conducted in four steps: (1) selection of eye conditions (for which interventions will be included in the package) based on epidemiological data on the causes of vision impairment and blindness, prevalence estimates of eye conditions and health facility data; (2) identification of interventions and related evidence for the selected eye conditions from clinical practice guidelines and high-quality systematic reviews by a technical working group; (3) expert agreement on the inclusion of eye care interventions in the package and the description of resources required for the provision of the selected interventions; and (4) peer review. The project will be led by the WHO Vision Programme in collaboration with Cochrane Eyes and Vision. A Technical Advisory Group, comprised of public health and clinical experts in the field, will provide technical input throughout all stages of development.

Results

After considering the feedback of Technical Advisory Group members and reviewing-related evidence, a final list of eye conditions for which interventions will be included in the package has been collated.

Conclusion

The PECI will support Ministries of Health in prioritising, planning, budgeting and integrating eye care interventions into health systems. It is anticipated that the PECI will be available for use in 2021.
Core competencies for injury prevention among public health students and an advocacy for curriculum development in the medical universities in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ye Zhoufeng , Dalal Koustuv , Zhang Huiying , Li Fenfen , Zhao Jiakui , Wang Shu-Mei
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To assess the current status of injury prevention (IP) core competency among medical students majoring in public health in China and to advocate for incorporating IP in the medical curriculum.

Methods

The study used purposive sampling in eight medical universities in China in 2017, including 420 undergraduates and 763 graduates, using self-administered questionnaires based on the core competency instrument for IP with five domains (31 items): A) injury analysis and assessment (8 items), B) IP project planning and implementation (7 items), C) communication (6 items), D) community practice (5 items), and E) leadership and systematic thinking (5 items). The higher score indicated the higher level of proficiency of the ability (scores ranged from 1 to 5). We used linear regression model to test the effect of IP course experience on the core competency mean score after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

The total mean score was 2.78 (SD=0.76, median=2.9, range=1–4.55) and 2.68 (SD=0.75, median=2.81, range=1–4.45) for undergraduates and graduates, respectively. There were 60% and 36% of undergraduates and graduates who have ever taken IP course, respectively. IP course class hours were positively associated with core competency level (P<0.05) across five domains (except for domain D) and the total.

Conclusion

The core competency level is relatively low among public health students in China. Setting IP courses should be considered as an effective way to improve students’ core competency. It is a step moving towards the IP education promotion, and further boosting the field of public health.
Association of negative financial shocks during the Great Recession with depressive symptoms and substance use in the USA: the CARDIA study
Authors: Swift Samuel Longworth , Elfassy Tali , Bailey Zinzi , Florez Hermes , Feaster Daniel J , Calonico Sebastian , Sidney Steve , Kiefe Catarina I , Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina
Published: August 2020

Background

The Great Recession of 2008 was marked by large increases in unemployment and decreases in the household wealth of many Americans. In the 21st century, there have also been increases in depressive symptoms, alcohol use and drug use among some groups in the USA. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the influence of negative financial shocks incurred during the Great Recession on depressive symptoms, alcohol and drug use.

Methods

We employed a quasi-experimental fixed-effects design, using data from adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Our financial shock predictors were within-person change in employment status, income and debt to asset ratio between 2005 and 2010. Our outcomes were within-person change in depressive symptoms score, alcohol use and past 30-day drug use.

Results

In adjusted models, we found that becoming unemployed and experiencing a drop in income and were associated with an increase in depressive symptoms. Incurring more debts than assets was also associated with an increase in depressive symptoms and a slight decrease in daily alcohol consumption (mL).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that multiple types of financial shocks incurred during an economic recession negatively influence depressive symptoms among black and white adults in the USA, and highlight the need for future research on how economic recessions are associated with health.
Effect of Ischemic Postconditioning on Cell Apoptosis and Expression of Relevant Genes in Non-Culprit Coronary Arteries
Authors: Wang Jian , He Song-Yuan
Published: August 2020

This study was performed to determine the effect of ischemic postconditioning on cell apoptosis and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), connexin 43 (Cx43), and β-tubulin mRNA expression in non-culprit arteries. Non-culprit arterial tissues were isolated from a rabbit myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model and randomly divided into sham, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemic postconditioning groups. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Expression of angiotensin II, AT1, Cx43, and β-tubulin mRNA was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). TUNEL analysis indicated significantly higher ratios of apoptotic cells in the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the sham group. However, significantly fewer apoptotic cells were observed in the ischemic postconditioning group than in the ischemia-reperfusion group. The qRT-PCR results indicated significantly higher expression of AT1, Cx43, and β-tubulin mRNA in the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the sham group. However, expression of AT1, Cx43, and β-tubulin was lower in the ischemic postconditioning group than in the ischemia-reperfusion group. The ratios of apoptotic cells and mRNA expression of AT1, Cx43, and β-tubulin in non-culprit arteries were increased after ischemia-reperfusion. Ischemic postconditioning may decrease these features and inhibit the progression of non-culprit arteries.
Reframing and reacting to employees’ responses to change: a focus on resistance
Authors: Reed Cara , McDermott Aoife M
Published: August 2020

Background

A hallmark of a leader is their ability to manage change—an ever-present feature of organisational life. Indeed, all improvement requires change, and in this context navigating employees’ responses to progress change is a key part of leadership. To support this, research and leadership development have historically focused on how leaders can reduce resistance to change. This review highlights the value of reframing classic conceptions of resistance to change as something negative.

Result

Widening understanding of non-acceptance responses to change supports the provision of broader, yet more meaningful advice to leaders and managers about how to engage with employees in ways that can support improvement. To do this, the article identifies why resistance is important in the contemporary context and then outlines three current broad views within research on resistance to change identified by Robyn Thomas and Cynthia Hardy. These influence how resistance is seen and therefore how it is approached. The article considers what leaders can learn and do to more effectively navigate employees’ responses to change, and how reframing resistance applies to the specific context of healthcare.
Effect of low-dose lidocaine on objective upper extremity strength and immediate pain relief following cervical interlaminar epidural injections: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: McCormick Zachary L. , Burnham Taylor , Cunningham Shellie , Kendall Richard W , Bougie David , Teramoto Masaru , Walega David R.
Published: August 2020

Background

Low-dose lidocaine is a common diluent for analgesia following cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CIESI). Concerns with this practice exist. A single-arm cohort reported that 20% of patients develop postprocedural upper extremity weakness when using lidocaine as a diluent. Furthermore, a high-cervical spinal block with unintended intrathecal or subdural administration is possible.

Objective

Determine if low-dose lidocaine as a diluent during CIESI causes clinically meaningful (1) upper extremity weakness and (2) immediate pain relief when compared with saline.

Design

Double-blinded randomized control trial.

Methods

Patients with cervical radicular pain scheduled for CIESI were enrolled. Participants received lidocaine (CIESI-L) or saline (CIESI-S) as a diluent for the epidural injectate. Myotomal strength was measured with dynamometry before and between 20 and 30 min after CIESI. Pre-pain and post-pain scores were obtained. Primary and secondary outcomes were post-CIESI weakness of ≥20% (minimal clinically important difference (MCID)) in
>
1 myotome and ≥50% pain reduction on the numerical scale.

Results

120 participants (64 females (53%), mean age, 56 (SD 13.7) years) completed the study and were analyzed (CIESI-L n=60; CIESI-S n=60). There was no significant between-group difference in the proportion of participants with postprocedural weakness, CIESI-L 41.7% (95% CI, 29.8% to 54.5%), CIESL-S 50% (95% CI, 37.5% to 62.5%). Between-group comparison showed no significant difference in pain reduction, relative risk 1.53 (95% CI, 0.82 to 2.86).

Conclusion

Low-dose lidocaine as a diluent in CIESI does not significantly increase the risk of post-CIESI myotomal weakness when compared with saline, but also does not substantially increase the likelihood of immediate, meaningful pain relief.

Trial registration details

ClinicalTrials.gov (
NCT03127137
); December 26, 2017.
Use of oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices to augment sputum clearance in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alghamdi Saeed M , Barker Ruth Emily , Alsulayyim Abdullah S S , Alasmari Ali M , Banya Winston A S , Polkey Michael I , Birring Surinder S , Hopkinson Nicholas S
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) devices are intended to facilitate sputum clearance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there is uncertainty as to their place in treatment pathways. We aimed to review the existing literature to establish the evidence base for their use.

Methods

A systematic search of records up to March 2020 was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane and Embase to retrieve clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of OPEP devices in patients with COPD. Two independent reviewers retrieved the titles, abstracts and full texts, and completed the data extraction.

Results

Following full-text review of 77 articles, eight (six randomised control trials and 2 cross-over studies) were eligible for inclusion. Pooled analysis showed low-grade evidence that the use of OPEP devices was associated with decreased COPD symptoms and exacerbations (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.72), and enhanced exercise capacity; 6 min walk distance (mean difference (95% CI), 49.8 m (14.2 m to 85.5 m); p=0.009]). However, studies were mostly short term with the majority having a high risk of bias. The average acceptance, completion and drop-out rates were 82%, 91% and 8%, respectively.

Conclusion

The use of OPEP devices can have a positive impact in COPD, but confidence in effect sizes is low and there is a need for further, higher quality studies to examine their long-term efficacy in COPD as well as to identify specific patient phenotypes that are more likely to respond.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD 42016041835.
Traumatic orbital ligament avulsion diagnosed with cross‐sectional imaging in three dogs
Authors: Hanot Emilie M , Williams David L , Caine Abby
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and imaging findings of three dogs diagnosed with orbital ligament avulsion. Three immature dogs presented following a facial bite trauma, including multiple skull fractures and ventral, ventrolateral or rostrolateral displacement of the affected eye. The extent of lesions and orbital ligament avulsion were assessed and diagnosed using CT (n=2) or MRI (n=1). Orbital ligament avulsion was identified as an interruption of the linear structure between the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. One dog was treated surgically to correct a visual axis alteration, while the remaining two dogs were managed conservatively. Orbital ligament avulsion is an uncommon condition that should be considered following a facial trauma. Concurrent lesions might necessitate surgical intervention, but it remains unclear if the avulsion of the orbital ligament itself requires a specific treatment.
Examining the effects of applying ActiGraph low-frequency extension feature to analyze the sleeping behaviours of preschool-aged children
Authors: Coyle-Asbil Hannah J. , Breau Becky , Ma David W.L. , Haines Jess , Vallis Lori Ann
Published: August 2020

This study compares sleep outcome measures obtained using normal- and low-frequency extension (LFE) settings (Actilife). Forty-two children (aged 3–6 years) were instructed to wear an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on their hip for 7 days, 24 h/day. Total sleep time (min), sleep efficiency (%), and number and cumulative length (min) of awakening were used to compare the settings. Results suggest that the LFE setting results in significant but relatively small reductions in the sleep metrics of children. Trial registration no.: clincialtrials.gov (ID no. NCT02223234)

Novelty LFE setting, available through ActiGraph, estimates a significantly reduced total sleep time and efficiency.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BASEL III FRAMEWORK: PROCYCLICALITY IN THE BANKING SECTOR AND MACROECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: YU JINYOUNG , RYU DOOJIN
Published: August 2020

This study examines the effectiveness of the Basel III capital framework for mitigating procyclical behavior in the banking sector regarding macroeconomic variability and uncertainty. Our sample includes Korean banking industry data from 2001 to 2018. Using fixed- and random-effects panel data and fixed-effects difference-in-differences approaches, we discover that procyclicality in banks’ performance and capital factors is mitigated after the Basel III accord is adopted. The capital adequacy ratio’s volatility increases, whereas the loans-to-assets ratio increases and stabilizes. The Basel III accord therefore effectively serves its intended purpose, as it encourages banks to serve as shock absorbers for the economy and reduces economic uncertainty.
IMPLICATIONS OF PLATFORM FINANCE ON MONETARY POLICY TRANSMISSION
Authors: WONG CHIN-YOONG , ENG YOKE-KEE
Published: August 2020

The emergence of a decentralized peer-to-peer platform that matches lending and borrowing without collateral requirements has called the bank lending and balance-sheet channels for monetary transmission into question. Via a standard New Keynesian macroeconomic model expanded with two-sided platform and group identity, we put forward a novel platform density channel of monetary transmission, which could overshadow the conventional channels. An increase in policy rate, for instance, would instigate a shift toward platform borrowing. Increasing borrowers’ density attracts participation in platform deposits, which in turn further enhances borrowers’ benefit of joining the platform, making liquidity available at decreasing platform loan rates. Business investment and hence the inflation rate gets lifted despite monetary tightening. The implication of platform density channel diminishes, however, when platform borrowings complement bank borrowings, and pose nontrivial risk of default.
Cosmology of the generalized model of LQG
Authors: Chattopadhyay Surajit , Khurshudyan Martiros , Myrzakulov K. , Pasqua Antonio , Myrzakulov Ratbay
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we study the main cosmological properties of the classical Friedmann equations in the case of homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann–Robertson–Walker Universe and we also generalized the expression of the Friedmann equation in the case of Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC). Considering the [Formula: see text]-model, we found the solutions of the equations considered for two particular cases, i.e. [Formula: see text] (i.e. the de Sitter solution) and [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we considered and studied two exact cosmological solutions of the [Formula: see text]-model, in particular the power-law and the exponential ones. Moreover, we also considered a third more complicated case and we derived the solution for an arbitrary function of the time [Formula: see text]. A scalar field description of the model is presented by constructing its self-interacting potential.
Multianalyte sensing analysis with multilayer photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor
Authors: Yasli Ahmet , Ademgil Huseyin
Published: August 2020

In this work, we proposed multianalyte multichannel Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)-based Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor with gold- and silver-doped plasmonic layers. The Full Vectorial Finite Element Method (FV-FEM) with perfectly matched layers (PML) are employed for numerical analysis of the proposed sensor. The key propagation features, such as confinement loss, resonance condition, resolution, and sensitivity of the proposed sensor, have been reported for all possible refractive index variations. According to the spectral sensitivity analyses, the average sensitivities for fixed RI values are obtained as 4100 nm/RIU and 3820 nm/RIU for Ch1 and Ch2, respectively. On the other hand, results for varying RI values are obtained as 3600 nm/RIU and 3700 nm/RIU for Ch1 and Ch2, respectively. Moreover, the maximum average sensitivity of proposed sensor reaches to 4250 nm/RIU for varying RI at Ch2 and 4200 nm/RIU for varying RI at Ch1.
Structures and electronic properties of the transition metal-adsorbed B36 clusters
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhao Zhen , Wang Qi , Shao Tao-Tao
Published: August 2020

Metal doping is considered as an effective method to stabilize the structures and optimize the properties of boron clusters. The structures and electronic properties of the [Formula: see text] clusters have been calculated at the Perdew–Burkle–Ernzerhof (PBE) level. The results reveal that the Cu atoms for the [Formula: see text] clusters unexpectedly enter the [Formula: see text] clusters. Ti, V, Co, Ni, Zr, Hf, Ta and W can obviously increase the structural stability of pristine [Formula: see text] clusters. The Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn; Y, Ru and Ag; Lu, Ta, Ir and Au-adsorbed [Formula: see text] clusters display higher kinetic activity than other [Formula: see text] clusters. The d orbital electrons of the TM atoms will significantly affect the distributions of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states of pristine [Formula: see text] clusters. All the TM–B bonds of the [Formula: see text] clusters display covalent characters.
Production calculation of medical 67Ga, 111In, 117mSn, 131,125,123I, 133Xe, 153Sm, 159Gd, 188Re and 201Tl nuclei used for cancer diagnostics in single photon emission computed tomography via theoretical models
Authors: Artun Ozan
Published: August 2020

This paper aims to examine the production of diagnostic radioisotopes used in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) using six different level density models. The cross-section curves and the integral yield of reaction processes were calculated using the TALYS code and X-PMSP program for the level density models in the energy region of 1–100 MeV with the constant particle beam current of 1 [Formula: see text]A and irradiation time of 1 h. The results have been compared with the experimental and the data recommended in the literature. To overcome the lack of experimental and theoretical yield data of reaction processes, the integral yield results obtained by the cross-sections and mass stopping powers in the production of radioisotopes contributed new insights to the nuclear data in the literature. Based on the obtained data, the calculated results have been discussed, and the obtained new data, appropriate energy regions and reaction processes for the production of diagnostic radioisotopes have also been recommended.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF HOMOGENEOUS ANATASE-PHASED TiO2FILMS CHARACTERIZATION AND GAS-SENSING BEHAVIORS
Authors: GOPALA KRISHNAN V. , ELANGO P.
Published: August 2020

Anatase-phased TiO2films were prepared at different temperatures (350, 400, 450 and 500∘C) using automated nebulizer spray pyrolysis (ANSP) method. The structural study (XRD) revealed the amorphous nature at 350∘C and remaining samples (400, 450 and 500∘C) show the tetragonal structure with 2[Formula: see text], 38.43, 48.49 and 55.54 corresponding to (101), (004), (200) and (105) reflected planes and it is well fitted with standard data. The compositional XPS analysis confirmed the core level primary element of Ti 2p, O 1s and valance band (VB) of Ti 3p, Ti 3s, O 2s peaks in the prepared samples. The 3D optical profilometer has shown that the thickness of the prepared films was decreased by increase in temperature. The AFM study exhibited average roughnesses (Ra) of the prepared films such as 0.058, 0.147, 0.176 and 0.194[Formula: see text]nm, respectively. The surface morphological study of FESEM has shown the cracked uneven distributed nature (350∘C) turn into evenly distributed closed packed agglomerated particles by the influence of temperature. The oscillating nature of transmittance (%) with redshift of the sharp absorption edge was observed in UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer and found the bandgap value about 3.58[Formula: see text]eV to 3.33[Formula: see text]eV through Tauc’s relation. The gas-sensing behavior has shown better response to C2H6O reducing gas at 300∘C operating temperature with 150 ppm gas concentration.
Cationic Nanoliposomes Efficiently Delivering Phenylethyl Resorcinol Produce Enhanced Skin Lightening Effect
Authors: Wei Tianbao , Chen Dan , Mei Hexiang , Zhou Zheng , Sheng Jianyong , Liu Wei
Published: August 2020

Phenylethyl resorcinol-loaded cationic nanoliposomes (PR-CLPs) were prepared and characterized. Moreover, their transdermal properties, cellular uptake, and inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16F10 cells were studied. The mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of the PR-CLPs were [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV, respectively. The drug loading efficiency (DLE) and entrapment efficiency (EE) of PR in the PR-CLPs were [Formula: see text]% and [Formula: see text]%, respectively. Sustained release of PR from the PR-CLPs was observed in vitro release experiments. The results of the in vitro transdermal experiments showed that PR-CLPs significantly improved both the retention of PR in the skin and its transdermal permeability ([Formula: see text]) in comparison with PR solution or traditional phenylethyl resorcinol nanoliposomes (PR-LPs). The uptake and accumulation of FITC-CLPs in B16F10 cells was significantly enhanced as compared with that of FITC-LPs. Furthermore, at a PR concentration of 20 or 30[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL, PR-CLPs displayed a high tyrosinase inhibitory activity and caused a noticeable reduction in the melanin content in B16F10 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PR-CLPs can efficiently deliver phenylethyl resorcinol to produce an enhanced skin lightening effect.
Performance Simulation of a Solar Powered Vapor Absorption Cooling System
Authors: Said Syed A. M. , Mukhtar Hamza K. , Shaarawi M. El , Qutub Umro M.
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the performance of a single effect absorption cooling system under three different climates in Saudi Arabia. The considered system capacity is 10.5[Formula: see text]kW and uses LiBr/water pair. The study results indicated that considering the dynamic response of the cooling cycle significantly increases (close to 30%) the time taken to reach steady-state operations and that the sensitivity of the system to form precipitation of LiBr also increases. Also, the dynamic performance was investigated under different heat inputs and resulted in shorter transient period with increasing the heat input. In addition, the performance of the solar absorption system was investigated for a representative summer day in different climatic regions in Saudi Arabia. The results indicated the requirement of different areas of collectors to meet the absorber heating demand from 09:00 a.m. to 04:00 p.m. if there is no auxiliary heating. Auxiliary heating is required from 04:00 p.m. to 09:00 a.m. Finally, the results indicated that the system performs better in Riyadh city than in Dhahran and Jeddah. This study emphasizes the importance of taking into consideration the thermal inertia of the system components when analyzing the performance of such systems.
Metric Temporal Description Logics with Interval-Rigid Names
Authors: Baader Franz , Borgwardt Stefan , Koopmann Patrick , Ozaki Ana , Thost Veronika
Published: August 2020

In contrast to qualitative linear temporal logics, which can be used to state that some property will eventually be satisfied, metric temporal logics allow us to formulate constraints on how long it may take until the property is satisfied. While most of the work on combining description logics (DLs) with temporal logics has concentrated on qualitative temporal logics, there is a growing interest in extending this work to the quantitative case. In this article, we complement existing results on the combination of DLs with metric temporal logics by introducing
interval-rigid
concept and role names. Elements included in an interval-rigid concept or role name are required to stay in it for some specified amount of time. We investigate several combinations of (metric) temporal logics with
A
ℒ
C
by either allowing temporal operators only on the level of axioms or also applying them to concepts. In contrast to most existing work on the topic, we consider a timeline based on the integers and also allow assertional axioms. We show that the worst-case complexity does not increase beyond the previously known bound of 2-E
xp
S
pace
and investigate in detail how this complexity can be reduced by restricting the temporal logic and the occurrences of interval-rigid names.
The FlyZone Testbed Architecture for Aerial Drone Applications
Authors: Afanasov Mikhail , Mottola Luca
Published: August 2020

Aerial drones represent a new breed of mobile computing. Compared to mobile phones and connected cars that only opportunistically sense or communicate, aerial drones offer direct control over their movements. They can thus implement functionality that were previously beyond reach, such as collecting high-resolution imagery, exploring near-inaccessible areas, or inspecting remote areas to gather fine-grain environmental data.
Towards Low-Cost, Ubiquitous High-Time Resolution Sensing for Terrestrial Spectrum
Authors: Guddeti Yeswanth , Subbaraman Raghav , Khazraee Moein , Schulman Aaron , Bharadia Dinesh
Published: August 2020

Spectrum utilization has become increasingly fragmented and diverse, with millions of devices supporting multiple protocols and use cases. A smartphone today uses LTE, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi simultaneously, spanning multiple GHz of spectrum. In such an environment, comprehensive knowledge of spectrum usage can help in ushering in better networked system design, unified control, and provide new ways of understanding cyber-physical interactions. A versatile spectrum sensor that can monitor all utilized bands quickly and at low cost is a crucial enabler for such applications. Such a sensor is difficult to realize due to the vast size of the terrestrial spectrum and the necessity to keep up with fleeting wireless communication signals in innumerable bands. Additionally, it needs to be inexpensive and suitable for mass deployment. We introduce a new paradigm, in which the spectrum sensor can "sweep" over a wide band of spectrum quickly and extract useful information, such as occupancy and protocol type. The system, dubbed SweepSense, is prototyped on inexpensive hardware and opens up opportunities for new applications that were previously intractable, even with expensive solutions.
eLearn Magazine: Three-years in Review and Beyond
Authors: Conceição Simone C. O.
Published: August 2020

In the past three years, eLearn Magazine has reached several milestones placing the publication at the intersection of elearning research and practice. This editorial provides an overview of these accomplishments and a plan for the next three years.
A Brain-Inspired Adaptive Space Representation Model Based on Grid Cells and Place Cells
Authors: Han Kun , Wu Dewei , Lai Lei
Published: August 2020

Grid cells and place cells are important neurons in the animal brain. The information transmission between them provides the basis for the spatial representation and navigation of animals and also provides reference for the research on the autonomous navigation mechanism of intelligent agents. Grid cells are important information source of place cells. The supervised learning and unsupervised learning models can be used to simulate the generation of place cells from grid cell inputs. However, the existing models preset the firing characteristics of grid cell. In this paper, we propose a united generation model of grid cells and place cells. First, the visual place cells with nonuniform distribution generate the visual grid cells with regional firing field through feedforward network. Second, the visual grid cells and the self-motion information generate the united grid cells whose firing fields extend to the whole space through genetic algorithm. Finally, the visual place cells and the united grid cells generate the united place cells with uniform distribution through supervised fuzzy adaptive resonance theory (ART) network. Simulation results show that this model has stronger environmental adaptability and can provide reference for the research on spatial representation model and brain-inspired navigation mechanism of intelligent agents under the condition of nonuniform environmental information.
Possible Mechanisms of Relations between the Thermal Neutrons Field and Biosphere
Authors: Syroeshkin Anton V. , Tarabrina Irina V. , Morozova Mariya A. , Marukhlenko Alla V. , Zlatskiy Igor A. , Makarova Mariya P.
Published: August 2020

This paper proposes some results concerning the interaction of living matter of different organization levels (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) with the flux of thermal neutrons. The phenomenon of the virtual neutron trap was tested during the passage of thermalized neutrons from the Pu-Be couple through a flat layer of E. coli suspension. We have studied the metabolic characteristics of A. salina cysts before and after artificial neutron flux exposure. It has been demonstrated that the concentrations of some metals in samples of alive and dead cysts irradiated with an artificial flow of thermal neutrons are not equal. The content of Mn in alive A. salina samples has increased more than ten-fold after their interaction with neutron flux, while the amount of As decreased by a factor of two after exposure. Levels of other elements (Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb) did not show any significant difference. Trace element composition of cysts was assessed using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization and the Zeeman background correction.
Effects of Apatinib on the “Stemness” of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells In Vivo and Its Related Mechanisms
Authors: Yang Bin , Wang Yan , Chen Zhuoying , Feng Yi-Ming , Shi Liang-Liang
Published: August 2020

Objective. To investigate the effects of Apatinib on the “stemness” of lung cancer cells in vivo and to explore its related mechanisms. Methods. A xenograft model of lung cancer cells A549 was established in nude mice and randomized into a control group (n = 4) and an Apatinib group (n = 4). Tumor tissues were harvested after 2 weeks, and mRNA was extracted to detect changes in stemness-related genes (CD133, EPCAM, CD13, CD90, ALDH1, CD44, CD45, SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4) and Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and Hippo signal pathways. Results. Compared with the control group, the volume and weight of nude mice treated with Apatinib were different and had statistical significance. Apatinib inhibited the expressions of ABCG2, CD24, ICAM-1, OCT4, and SOX2 and upregulated the expressions of CD44, CD13, and FOXD3. Apatinib treatment also inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and Hippo signaling pathways. Conclusion. Apatinib suppressed the growth of non-small-cell lung cancer cells by repressing the stemness of lung cancer through the inhibition of the Hedgehog, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways.
Skin Pigmentation Differences between Mongolian, Korean, and Uzbekistan Ancient Human DNA Samples
Authors: Bazarragchaa Munkhtsetseg , Uuganbayar Udval , Lee Kwang-Ho , Kim Kyung-Yong , Kim Kijeong
Published: August 2020

Background. This study reports the use of real‐time PCR to identify the SNP rs1545397 in the intron region on the OCA2 gene from ancient and degraded DNA isolated from ancient human bones from Mongolia, Korea, and Uzbekistan. This SNP is a marker for skin pigmentation. LightCycler‐based probes (HybProbes) were designed. A LightCycler (version 2.0) system was used for the real‐time PCR. Results. The results of the real‐time PCRs of three different genotypes of SNP rs1545397 were compared with those of the direct sequencing. Melting curve analysis was used for genotype determination. Three genotypes were distinguished: the homozygous T (T/T) SNP type formed a distinct melting peak at 53.3 ± 0.14°C, the homozygous A (A/A) SNP type formed a distinct melting peak at 57.8 ± 0.12°C, and the heterozygous A/T SNP type formed two distinct melting peaks at 53.3 ± 0.17°C and 57.8 ± 0.15°C. Mongolian aDNA samples tested in this study carried all three types of the SNP (A/T, A/A, and T/T) with no distinctly predominant type observed. In contrast, Korean aDNA samples carried the Asian genotype (T/T), while the Uzbekistan aDNA samples carried the European genotype (A/A) more often than the Asian genotype (T/T). Conclusions. Human Mongolian aDNA samples had A/T, A/A, and T/T SNP rs1545397 with no distinct predominant genotype. When combined with the archeological and aDNA studies of other coupling morphologies with aDNA, our results infer that Mongolia’s prehistoric population had considerable heterogeneity of skin color and morphological traits and that in the Neolithic period, a Eurasian or mixed population inhabited the western part of Mongolia.
The Alteration of Carnitine Metabolism in Second Trimester in GDM and a Nomogram for Predicting Macrosomia
Authors: Sun Man , Zhao Baihui , He Sainan , Weng Ruopeng , Wang Binqiao , Ding Yunping , Huang Xinwen , Luo Qiong
Published: August 2020

Objective. The metabolism of three major nutrients (sugar, lipid, and protein) will change during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester. The present study is aimed at evaluating carnitine alteration in fatty acid metabolism in the second trimester of pregnancy and the correlation between carnitine and GDM. Methods. 450 pregnant women were recruited in the present prospective study. Metabolic profiling of 31 carnitines was detected by LC-MS/MS in these women. Correlation between carnitine metabolism and maternal and neonatal complication with GDM was analyzed. Results. We found the levels of 7 carnitines increased in age>35, BMI≥30, weight gain>20 kg, and ART pregnant groups, but the level of free carnitine (C0) decreased. Nine carnitines were specific metabolites of GDM. Prepregnancy BMI, weight gain, and carnitines (C0, C3, and C16) were independent risk factors associated with GDM and related macrosomia. C0 was negatively correlated with FBG, LDL, TG, and TC. A nomogram was developed for predicting macrosomia in GDM based on carnitine-related metabolic variables. Conclusion. The carnitine metabolism in the second trimester is abnormal in GDM women. The dysfunction of carnitine metabolism is closely related to the abnormality of blood lipid and glucose in GDM. Carnitine metabolism abnormality could predict macrosomia complicated with GDM.
Robust 2D Otsu’s Algorithm for Uneven Illumination Image Segmentation
Authors: Xing Jiangwa , Yang Pei , Qingge Letu
Published: August 2020

Otsu’s algorithm is one of the most well-known methods for automatic image thresholding. 2D Otsu’s method is more robust compared to 1D Otsu’s method. However, it still has limitations on salt-and-pepper noise corrupted images and uneven illumination images. To alleviate these limitations and improve the overall performance, here we propose an improved 2D Otsu’s algorithm to increase the robustness to salt-and-pepper noise together with an adaptive energy based image partition technology for uneven illumination image segmentation. Based on the partition method, two schemes for automatic thresholding are adopted to find the best segmentation result. Experiments are conducted on both synthetic and real world uneven illumination images as well as real world regular illumination cell images. Original 2D Otsu’s method, MAOTSU_2D, and two latest 1D Otsu’s methods (Cao’s method and DVE) are included for comparisons. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations are introduced to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method is more robust to salt-and-pepper noise and acquires better segmentation results on uneven illumination images in general without compromising its performance on regular illumination images. For a test group of seven real world uneven illumination images, the proposed method could lower the ME value by 15% and increase the DSC value by 10%.
Knowledge and Other Predictors of Child Welfare Clinic Completion among Children Aged 24–59 Months in the Garu-Tempane District of Northern Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study of Caregivers
Authors: Nibelo Maxwell , Manu Emmanuel
Published: August 2020

Background. While completion of the Child Welfare Clinic (CWC) schedule for children remains a crucial factor in the prevention of illness and promotion of better child health, there has been low attendance among caregivers in Ghana. This study examined knowledge of 220 caregivers of children aged 24–59 months on CWC and other factors influencing attendance in the Garu-Tempane District of Northern Ghana. Methods. This health facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among caregivers of children using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics comprising frequency, percentage, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression were adopted in analysing the data. Results. Less than half (46.9%) of the children completed their CWC schedules. Meanwhile, caregivers’ knowledge on CWC was 97.7%. Children aged 37–48 months (AOR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.21–0.86, p=0.017) and 49–59 months (AOR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.10–0.77, p=0.014), respectively, had lower odds of completing CWC. Children with caregivers not having any formal education also had lower odds of completing CWC (AOR = 0.45, 95%CI = 0.21–0.95, p=0.036). Conclusion. Educational programmes on the importance of CWC completion should focus on caregivers with children aged 37 months and above and those caregivers with low educational level. It is further recommended that studies be conducted to explore the extent of association between caregivers’ marital status, occupation, level of knowledge, and child CWC completion in the Garu-Tempane District.
Investigations for a Type of Variable Coefficient Fractional Subdiffusion Equation with Multidelay
Authors: Gu Wei
Published: August 2020

A difference scheme is constructed for a type of variable coefficient time fractional subdiffusion equation with multidelay. Stability and convergence results of the scheme are obtained, and theoretical results are proved by two numerical tests.
Geranylgeranyl Transferase-I Knockout Inhibits Oxidative Injury of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Attenuates Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis
Authors: Chen Guo-Ping , Yang Jian , Qian Guo-Feng , Xu Wei-Wei , Zhang Xiao-Qin
Published: August 2020

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by oxidative injury is one of the main features in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Geranylgeranyl transferase-I (GGTase-I) is an essential enzyme mediating posttranslational modification, especially the geranylgeranylation of small GTPase, Rac1. Our previous studies found that GGTase-I played an important role in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. However, its exact role is largely unclear. In this study, mouse conditional knockout of VSMC GGTase-I (Pggt1bΔ/Δ mice) was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The mouse model of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis was induced by streptozotocin injections and an atherogenic diet. We found that GGTase-I knockout attenuated diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis in vivo and suppressed high-glucose-induced VSMC proliferation in vitro. Moreover, after a 16-week duration of diabetes, Pggt1bΔ/Δ mice exhibited lower α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and nitrotyrosine level, Rac1 activity, p47phox and NOXO1 expression, and phospho-ERK1/2 and phosphor-JNK content than wild-type mice. Meanwhile, the same changes were found in Pggt1bΔ/Δ VSMCs cultured with high glucose (22.2 mM) in vitro. In conclusion, GGTase-I knockout efficiently blocked diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, and this protective effect must be related to the inhibition of VSMC proliferation. The potential mechanisms probably involved interfering Rac1 geranylgeranylation, inhibiting the assembly of NADPH oxidase cytosolic regulatory subunits, reducing oxidative injury, and decreasing ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation.
Effect of Stress on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Systems in Military Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bustamante-Sánchez Álvaro , Tornero-Aguilera José Francisco , Fernández-Elías Valentín E. , Hormeño-Holgado Alberto J. , Dalamitros Athanasios A. , Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier
Published: August 2020

Stress is regulated by the autonomous nervous system, increasing the sympathetic modulation when a threat is perceived. A multifactorial response usually leads to significant behavioural modifications and alterations on homeostasis and physical and psychological status. Moreover, stress is an emotional response that can lead to psychosocial and psychophysiological adversity. Regarding military population, military operations and combat exposure are important stressors that influence acute and chronic stress response in soldiers, affecting their performance and health. A bibliographic search was carried out between April and May 2019, focusing on recent studies (2013–2019) that analysed psychophysiological response, stress, stress regulation, heart rate, heart rate variability, and posttraumatic stress disorder in military population. Autonomic and cardiovascular chronic stress seems to be modulated by experience and previous specific training of each military unit. Physical exercise, music embedded with binaural beat technology, bidirectional sensory motor rhythm training, heart rate variability biofeedback, and transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation are the main techniques applied to balance stress and to recover body homeostasis. Since military population are usually exposed to multiple stressors, knowing previous training and experience, together with developing techniques to balance stress, is the main practical application in this field of study to balance autonomic and cardiovascular systems.