bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The determination of the oil content of ground tung fruit
Authors: Gilbert Seymour G. , Gropp Clare M.
Published: March 2007

The Hamilton‐Gilbert method for oil determination has been adapted to the method of grinding and extracting whole tung fruit. A sample of 100 fruit is ground in a Wiley mill with sharp blades. A 10‐gm. portion is then extracted in a Waring Blendor and oil determined by the procedure previously described or a modification herein described. To approximate closely the values that would be obtained by the strictly accurate but more laborious method of separating kernels from hull and shell and extracting the kernels only (component method), a correction is required for non‐oil substances extracted from the hull and for factors such as adsorption of the kernel oil on particles of hull and decreased efficiency of extraction of the kernel oil in the presence of ground hull and shell. This correction factor is not constant throughout the whole range in oil content found in whole tung fruits, and the best estimate of true tung oil content is obtained by the formula:

Estimated component value = 0.8958 (value by whole fruit method) + 1.37.

The use of a regression equation such as that above in relating results of two empirical chemical methods is believed to be of very general application. The specific formula here arrived at was determined from 97 samples of air dry fruit ranging in oil content from 16.0 to 25.0%. It is not recommended for use with commercial samples of tung fruit, which vary widely in moisture content and usually range from 10.0 to 20.0% in oil content until adequate tests with such samples have been made.
Syntheses of cis‐ and trans‐7‐ and 8‐octadecenoic acids: Comparison of the properties of cis‐ and trans‐6‐, 7‐, 8‐, 9‐, and 11‐octadecenoic acids
Authors: Fusari Salvatore A. , Greenlee K. W. , Brown J. B.
Published: March 2007

1. The cis‐ and trans‐modifications of 7‐, 8‐, and 11‐octadecenoic acids were synthesized by methods which leave no doubt as to their structure.

2. Many new compounds have been reported including 7‐octadecynoic acid, 8‐octadecynoic acid. 7,8‐diketostearic acid, 8,9‐diketostearic acid, cis‐ and trans‐7‐octadecenoic acids and their 7,8‐dihydroxystearic acid derivatives, and cis‐ and trans‐8‐octadecenoic acid derivatives and their 8,9‐dihydroxystearic acid derivatives.

3. A new series of intermediate reaction products has been reported although these compounds were not fully characterized. These compounds include hexamethylene bromochloride, hexamethylene iodochloride, 1‐chloro‐6‐heptadecyne, and 1‐chloro‐7‐heptadecyne.

4. The extinction coefficients at 10.36 microns of the cis and trans‐6‐, 7‐, 8‐, 9‐, and 11‐octadecenoic acids have been calculated and compared.

5. The melting points of the cis‐ and trans‐octadecenoic acids and their dihydroxy derivatives were shown to exhibit alternating patterns.
Modification of vegetable oils. XI. The formation of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of methyl oleate and triolein
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Pepper M. B. , O'Connor R. T. , Field Elsie T.
Published: March 2007

1. During the hydrogenation of methyl oleate, trans isomers are formed at a very rapid rate. As much as 38% of trans isomers formed while the first 10% of methyl stearte was formed.

2. The rate of formation of trans isomers in methyl oleate undergoing hydrogenation is increased by increasing the temperature, increasing the catalyst concentration, and decreasing the degree of dispersion of the hydrogen.

3. The hydrogenation of methyl oleate always resulted in the establishment of an equilibrium between cis and trans isomers, and irrespective of the conditions employed the concentration of trans isomers was always 67%, calculated on the basis of total unsaturated constituents.

4. It is concluded that all of the iso‐oleic acids formed during the hydrogenation of methyl oleate adsorb hydrogen at the same rate as oleic acid and are adsorbed and desorbed from the nickel catalyst with equal ease.

5. Trans isomers are formed at a slightly lower rate during the hydrogenation of triolein than in the case of methyl oleate.

6. Partial hydrogenation of triolein also results in the establishment of an equilibrium between cis and trans isomers of oleic acid but at values of less than 67% of trans constituents (based on the total unsaturated constituents) observed with methyl oleate. The equilibrium concentration was found to vary with the conditions of hydrogenation and was found to be 62% at 200°C. and 57% at 175°C.
Bleaching of cottonseed oil in hexane
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Janssen H. J.
Published: March 2007

1. Cottonseed oil dissolved in commercial hexane was not only bleached readily by activated clay and carbon, but the reduction in color was greater than that obtained in the absence of a solvent, other conditions being similar.

2. At 25°C. the addition of solvent did not significantly change the manner in which the clay acted, but it did increase its capacity to adsorb pigments about three‐fold. For a fixed proportion of clay to oil, the amount of color reduction in cottonseed oil‐hexane solutions was dependent upon the concentration of the oil. The color decreased as the concentration of the oil decreased.

3. Countercurrent bleaching of cottonseed oil‐hexane solutions in columns packed with adsorbents proved to be highly efficient with respect to the utilization of the adsorptive capacity of a given quantity of clay and also with respect to the amount of oil lost by adsorption.

4. Columns of spent bleaching clay could be regenerated easily with acetone. The Lovibond red color of the first batch of oil bleached in one such column was 2.8 while that of the twentieth batch, obtained after the column had been used and regenerated 19 times, was 3.8.
Dihydroquercetin as an antioxidant
Authors: Kurth E. F. , Chan Frank L.
Published: March 2007

Dihydroquercetin, a white crystalline pentahydroxy‐flavanone, occurring in large quantities in Douglas fir and Jeffrey pine barks, was found to be an effective antioxidant for lard, cottonseed oil, and butter oil. This compound imparts no taste and color to fats and oils and, like quercetin, appears to be nontoxic. It was found that 0.03% quercetin was slightly more effective than 0.03% dihydroquercetin as an inhibitor of rancidity in lard. The presence of a small amount of citric acid increased markedly the antioxidant effect of dihydroquercetin on lard. The pentaacetate, pentapropionate, and the pentabenzoate esters of dihydroquercetin showed no antioxidant activity.
Viscosity of cottonseed meal dispersions
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: March 2007

It has been shown that the apparent viscosities of cottonseed meal dispersions depend on the concentration of meal in the dispersion, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the dispersion, and the addition of trichloroacetate ion and that the viscosities of the glue dispersions are independent of the nitrogen solubilities of the protein contained in the meal and, for the processes evaluated, independent of the method of removal of the oil to produce the meal.
Relative hydrogenation rates of normal and conjugated linolenic and linoleic acid glycerides
Authors: Thompson S. W.
Published: March 2007

A mixture of 50% tung oil and 50% linseed oil was hydrogenated and samples withdrawn at approximately 10 I.V. intervals during the course of the reaction were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Reactivity ratios for the various fatty acids were calculated.

Because of the limitations of the analytical methods, particularly the spectrophotometric methods used for linolein, conjugated linolein, and linolenin, and the arbitrary procedures of arriving at corrected values for these constituents, the composition data and reactivity ratios derived therefrom must be regarded as only approximations.

However it seems safe to conclude that during the initial stages of the hydrogenation the eleostearin was many times more reactive than normal linolenin for equivalent concentrations but as the eleostearin was reduced in concentration, its reactivity decreased until, at a 1% to 2% level, it was only slightly more reactive than the normal linolenin, again for equivalent concentration. Likewise the conjugated linolein formed from the eleostearin was many times as reactive as the normal linolein when present in considerable amounts, but the reactivity ratio of conjugated linolein to normal linolein dropped markedly in the latter stages of the process. Normal linolenin and normal linolein had similar reactivities.

It is suggested that the amount of conjugation and unsaturation in the glyceride rather than in the individual fatty acid may be the controlling factor in hydrogenation selectivity.
Dilatometric investigations of fats. V. volume changes associated with the polymorphism and melting of monostearin
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Vicknair E. J.
Published: March 2007

1‐Monostearin of 99.2% purity was prepared and the polymorphic forms known as sub‐alpha (αs), alpha (α), beta prime (β′), and beta (β) obtained, and their expansibilities determined over the temperature range from the solid to the liquid state. The melting dilation of each form was calculated from the observed expansibilities.

From the values for the expansibility, density, and melting dilation, the specific volume of any of the polymorphic forms of monostearin at any temperature from the solid to the liquid state may be calculated.

The melting dilations of stearic acid, monostearin, and tristearin are in direct proportion to the mole percentage of stearyl groups present in each compound. By means of this relationship a melting dilation for distearin was calculated.
Correlation of vegetable oil‐hexane solution vapor pressures
Authors: Smith Allen S.
Published: March 2007

Variations between commercial hexanes from different sources and boiling ranges of some solvents are sufficiently large to require specific data on vapor pressures for the solvent or solvent fraction in a miscella. Pressure‐concentration‐temperature relations, experimentally determined for three commercial hexanes and a heptane in soybean oil, have been correlated and presented graphically as a single set of curves, characteristic of n‐hexane. An example of a method is given by which these curves can be used to obtain specific data for any hexane solvent. A variation of ±5°F. in solvent boiling point is shown to cause a ±6% change in miscella concentration which can be corrected by a change of ±8°F. in operating temperature. This effect is due to a ± 7.5% variation in miscella vapor pressure, when the solvent boiling point varies by ±5°F., which is sufficiently greater than the uncertainty of pressures read from the correlation, about ±2%, to require consideration in design and operation of solvent recovery equipment.
Heat shock protein 27 is associated with irinotecan resistance in human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Choi Dae Hwa , Ha Jin Sook , Lee Won Hyuck , Song Jeong Kee , Kim Gyu Yeol , Park Jae Hoo , Cha Hee Jeong , Lee Byung Ju , Park Jeong Woo
Published: March 2007

Heat shock protein (Hsp) in tumor cells has been proposed to enhance their resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study, we investigated the influence of Hsp expression on the irinotecan resistance of human colorectal cancer cells. Among eight Hsp genes tested in this study, we confirmed that the expression of Hsp27 correlated with irinotecan resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Specific inhibition of Hsp27 expression using an antisense oliogodeoxynucleotide increased the irinotecan sensitivity. On the contrary, an overexpression of Hsp27 decreased the irinotecan sensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. Elevated expression of Hsp27 decreased caspase‐3 activity in colorectal cancer cells. The expression level of Hsp27 determined by immunohistochemical analysis correlated with the clinical response to irinotecan in colorectal cancer patients. Hsp27 expression levels of irinotecan‐non‐responder (mean staining score, 6.28; proportion of high staining score, 64.2%) were significantly higher compared to those of irinotecan‐responder (mean staining score, 3.16; proportion of high staining score, 33.3%) (P for t‐test = 0.045). These findings suggest that Hsp27 is involved in the irinotecan resistance of colorectal cancer cells possibly by reducing caspase‐3 activity.
Potassium transporters in plants – Involvement in K+ acquisition, redistribution and homeostasis
Authors: Gierth Markus , Mäser Pascal
Published: March 2007

Potassium is a major plant nutrient which has to be accumulated in great quantity by roots and distributed throughout the plant and within plant cells. Membrane transport of potassium can be mediated by potassium channels and secondary potassium transporters. Plant potassium transporters are present in three families of membrane proteins: the K+ uptake permeases (KT/HAK/KUP), the K+ transporter (Trk/HKT) family and the cation proton antiporters (CPA). This review will discuss the contribution of members of each family to potassium acquisition, redistribution and homeostasis.
Miller Fisher syndrome: a diagnosis not to be missed
Authors: Davis S J , Salib R , Buchan H , Nilssen E
Published: March 2007

We report a case of Miller Fisher syndrome presenting in an ENT setting. The referral was made on the basis of worsening nasal regurgitation following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. The aim of this report is not to add to the recorded instances of Miller Fisher syndrome, but to help raise the level of its awareness amongst otolaryngologists. Emphasis is placed on the mode of presentation and management issues, as early diagnosis is crucial and confers a favourable prognosis. In that respect, we consider this case noteworthy and instructive.
Magnetic resonance angiography follow-up examinations to detect iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms following otorhinolaryngological surgery
Authors: Buerke B , Tombach B , Stoll W , Heindel W , Niederstadt T
Published: March 2007

Endoscopic endonasal surgery on a 36-year-old man was complicated by perforation of the right internal carotid artery. The immediate, substantial haemorrhage was controlled by packing the sphenoid sinus. Intra-arterial angiography of the right internal carotid artery showed small irregularities proximal to the ophthalmic artery. A follow-up examination two weeks later documented a large pseudoaneurysm in the initially irregular arterial segment, which was successfully treated by endovascular coiling.

This case report illustrates the need for angiographic follow-up examinations following traumatic intracranial vessel injury in order to identify late pseudoaneurysm development.
Intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: literature review and classification proposal
Authors: Marchioni D , Ciufelli M Alicandri , Presutti L
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The aim of this review was to assess and describe the pathological characteristics of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma, in order to facilitate correct prognostic evaluation and appropriate therapeutic decision making.

Study design and setting:

The literature was reviewed regarding involvement of the various portions of the facial nerve. A classification is proposed, based on anatomical and pathological evaluations, which can supply important information on facial functional outcomes.

Results:

From this study, two important characteristics of facial nerve schwannoma emerged: the schwannoma may be capable of surgical dissection from the facial nerve, leaving the latter anatomically preserved; or it may be tightly bound to the nerve, in which case it must be removed along with a variable section of nerve tract, followed by reconstruction.

Conclusions:

The extent of the neoplasm and the involvement of different branches of the facial nerve are very important elements to consider when evaluating prognosis and therapy.

Significance:

To emphasise the usefulness of a classification, based on anatomical and pathological evaluation, which can supply information about post-operative facial function.
Moguls of the Chinese Cinema: The Story of the Shaw Brothers in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore, 1924–2002
Authors: CHUNG STEPHANIE PO-YIN
Published: March 2007

The history of the Shaw enterprise in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore, is a history of Chinese cinema in a century of business evolution. The Shaw industrial model of “vertical integration”, which combines production, distribution with exhibition, keeps pace with the technological developments and manages to expand its retail outlets from the stage to cinema, television, DVD and the Internet. Although the Shaw organization embraces a western industrial model to expand its business, it retains the very nature of a traditional Chinese family business. The issues surrounding the cultural and institutional evolution of the Shaw enterprise over the past 80 years are profound indications of its time.
Molecular characterization of a novel 32-kDa merozoite antigen ofBabesia gibsoniwith a better diagnostic performance by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: ABOGE G. O. , JIA H. , KURIKI K. , ZHOU J. , NISHIKAWA Y. , IGARASHI I. , FUJISAKI K. , SUZUKI H. , XUAN X.
Published: March 2007

We cloned and expressed a novel gene encoding a 32-kDa merozoite protein ofBabesia gibsoni(BgP32). The length of nucleotide sequence of the cDNA was 1464 bp with an open reading frame of 969 bp. The truncated recombinant BgP32 (rBgP32) without a signal peptide and C-terminal hydrophobic sequence was expressed inEscherichia colias a soluble glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. Western blotting demonstrated that the native protein was 32-kDa, consistent with molecular weight of the predicted mature polypeptide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rBgP32 detected specific antibodies from 8 days to 541 days post-infection in the sequential sera from a dog experimentally infected withB. gibsoni. Moreover, the antigen did not cross-react withB. canissubspecies and closely related protozoan parasites, indicating that rBgP32 is a specific diagnostic antigen. Analysis of 47 sera taken from dogs with anaemic signs revealed that rBgP32 detected a higher proportion ofB. gibsoniseropositive samples (77%) than its previously identified rBgP50 (68%) homologue. These results indicate that the BgP32 is a novel immunodominant antigen ofB. gibsoni, and rBgP32 might be useful for diagnosis ofB. gibsoniinfection.
Population health and Mediterranean diet in southern Mediterranean countries
Authors: Belahsen Rekia , Rguibi Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Background and objectives

In recent decades, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders has increased worldwide; the objective here is to describe the situation in southern Mediterranean countries.

Results

Data derived from surveys in the region countries showed that in 2002 more than 60% of all deaths in the southern Mediterranean region are attributed to NCDs. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) caused from about 34.3 to 52% of all deaths, making it the major killer among NCDs. In almost all of the southern Mediterranean countries, CVD risk factors increased with age, affected more women and urban area and were significantly associated with obesity. The Mediterranean dietary pattern, generally recognised, as a healthy diet is still the model for southern Mediterranean population; however, following the rapid process of urbanisation, southern Mediterranean populations have changed their lifestyle and food habits and tend to shift from traditional food habit. Indeed, intake trends illustrate the fall in whole-grain intake with a rise in animal sources and vegetable oils. Dietary energy has been steadily increasing by approximately 1000 kcal per capita per day between 1965 and 2000, exceeding per caput energy requirements. Protein and carbohydrate contribution to the energy intake show only small deviations and fat contribution to the energy intake is low, whereas fibre intake is generally low and that of SFA is high. Also, sedentarity appears to play a critical role in the development of body fat and may be a risk indicator for features of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

The major goal to prevent CVD should begin by preventing obesity through physical exercise and healthy nutrition. The nutritional prevention policy required should encourage population to adhere to the Mediterranean model.
Mediterranean diet, endothelial function and vascular inflammatory markers
Authors: Esposito Katherine , Ciotola Miryam , Giugliano Dario
Published: March 2007

Objectives

To discuss present knowledge about the relation between adipose tissue, inflammation and the Mediterranean-style diet.

Design

Review of the literature and personal perspectives.

Setting and results

Recent studies indicate that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ producing numerous proteins, collectively referred to as adipokines, with broad biological activity, which play an important autocrine role in obesity-associated complications. Adipose tissue in general and visceral fat in particular are thought to be key regulators of inflammation which is heavily involved in the onset and development of atherothrombotic disease. Moreover, chronic inflammation may also represent a triggering factor in the origin of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. An increased release of proinflammatory adipokines from the visceral adipose tissue, associated with a reduced secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines and cytokines, could determine a low-grade chronic inflammatory state which might play a role in the future development of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and atherosclerosis through both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Interventions aimed at decreasing weight loss and improving adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet in people with obesity or metabolic syndrome decrease the inflammatory milieu and ameliorate both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions

Appropriate dietary patterns, as those associated with the eating model of Mediterranean-type diets, represent therapeutic strategies to reduce inflammation and the associated metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Ortega RM
Published: March 2007

Objective

Analyse the importance of components of Mediterranean diet in functional feeding.

Design

We have based the study in a bibliographic review.

Results

Many of the characteristic components of the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) are known to have positive effects on health, capacity and well-being, and can be used to design functional foods. Vegetables, fruits and nuts are all rich in phenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytosterols and phytic acid—essential bioactive compounds providing health benefits. The polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish effectively regulate haemostatic factors, protect against cardiac arrhythmias, cancer and hypertension, and play a vital role in the maintenance of neural functions and the prevention of certain psychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that olive oil, an integral component of the MD, may have health benefits, including the reduction of the risk of coronary heart disease, the prevention of several types of cancer and the modification of the immune and inflammatory responses. Olive oil is known for its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and is a good source of phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, squalene and α-tocopherol.

In the context of the MD, the benefits associated with the consumption of several functional components may be intensified by certain forms of food preparation. In addition, the practice of more physical activity (once common among Mediterranean populations) and the following of other healthy lifestyle habits may have additive effects.

Conclusions

The identification of the active constituents of the MD is crucial in the formulation of appropriate dietary guidelines. Research into the pharmacological properties of the minor components of this diet (vitamins, sterols, polyphenols, etc.) is very active and could lead to the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Sexual dysfunction and the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Giugliano Dario , Giugliano Francesco , Esposito Katherine
Published: March 2007

Objectives

To discuss present knowledge about the relation between sexual dysfunction, metabolic factors and the Mediterranean-style diet.

Design

Review of the literature and personal perspectives.

Setting and results

Sexual problems appear to be widespread in society, influenced by both health-related and psychosocial factors, and are associated with impaired quality of life. Epidemiological studies suggest that modifiable health behaviours, including physical activity and leanness, are associated with a reduced risk for erectile dysfunction (ED) among men. Data from other surveys also indicate a higher prevalence of impotence in obese men. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome may be a risk factor for ED. The high prevalence of ED in patients with cardiovascular risk factors suggests that abnormalities of the vasodilator system of penile arteries play an important role in the pathophysiology of ED. We have shown that one-third of obese men with ED can regain their sexual activity after 2 years of adopting health behaviours, including a Mediterranean-style diet associated with regular exercise.

Conclusions

Western societies actually spend a huge part of their health care costs on chronic disease treatment and interventions for risk factors. The adoption of healthy lifestyles can reduce the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and hopefully the burden of sexual dysfunction.
Protective effect of yoghurt consumption onHelicobacter pyloriseropositivity in a Mexican population
Authors: Ornelas India J , Galvan-Potrillo Marcia , López-Carrillo Lizbeth
Published: March 2007

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between fermented and unfermented dairy product consumption andHelicobacter pyloriseropositivity in a Mexican population.

Design

Dietary interviews were conducted as part of a population-based case–control study in 2005. Serum was obtained for each participant to determineH. pyloriseropositivity status. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated from multivariate logistic regression models.

Setting

Mexico City, Mexico.

Subjects

A random sample of 464 healthy adult residents.

Results

The overall seroprevalence ofH. pyloriin the study sample was 75.4%. In fully adjusted models, compared with those who did not consume yoghurt, there was a protective effect of eating up to one serving per week of yoghurt and more than one serving per week of yoghurt (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35–0.94 and OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.24–0.86, respectively), with aPfor trend of 0.01. There were no effects for the consumption of unfermented dairy products (milk and cheese).

Conclusions

This study suggests that yoghurt consumption may have a protective effect againstH. pyloriseropositivity. Additional studies are needed to determine whether consumption of yoghurt or other fermented dairy products can prevent or eradicateH. pyloriinfection.
Evaluating the Distribution of Cellulases and the Recycling of Free Cellulases during the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Substrates
Authors: Tu Maobing , Chandra Richard P. , Saddler Jack N.
Published: March 2007

The recycling of cellulase enzymes is one potential strategy for reducing the cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis step during the bioconversion of lignocellulosics to ethanol. To determine the influence of lignin on the post‐hydrolysis distribution of cellulase enzymes between the liquid and solid phases, the hydrolysis of Avicel was compared to an organosolv‐pretreated Douglas fir substrate with a lignin content of 3.0%. After a 12 h hydrolysis reaction on Avicel, 90% of the added cellulases (including β‐glucosidases) remained “free” in the liquid phase compared to only 65% in the case of the hydrolysis of the organosolv‐pretreated Douglas fir substrate. The readsorption of free cellulases by supplementing the hydrolysis reaction with fresh substrate was explored as a potential means of recovering the free cellulases that remain in the liquid phase after hydrolysis. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to develop a model predicting that 82% of the free cellulases could be recovered via readsorption onto fresh substrates during the hydrolysis of an ethanol‐pretreated mixed softwood substrate with a lignin content of 6%. Recoverable free cellulase values of 85% and 88% based on cellulase activity and protein content, respectively, were obtained after experimental verification of the model. The readsorption of free cellulases onto fresh lignocellulosic substrates was shown to be an effective method for free enzyme recovery.
Ösophageale Schluckstörungen
Authors: Thumshirn
Published: March 2007

Eine ösophageale Schluckstörung oder Dysphagie kann durch eine mechanische Obstruktion, entzündliche Läsionen oder funktionell durch eine Motilitässtörung bedingt sein. Bei Dysphagie muss stets mit entsprechender Diagnostik, insbesondere der Endoskopie, das Vorliegen eines Malignoms ausgeschlossen werden. Diese Übersicht fasst die häufigsten Ursachen einer funktionell oder entzündlich bedingten Dysphagie zusammen. Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Therapie von Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus wie Achalasie und diffuse Ösophagusspasmen, der Refluxkrankheit als Folge einer Funktionsstörung vorwiegend des unteren Ösophagussphinkters sowie der eosinophilen Ösophagitis werden dargestellt.
Pharmakologische Therapie von Transitstörungen
Authors: Manz  , Meier
Published: March 2007

Der gastrointestinale Transit kann durch eine gesteigerte oder gehemmte Motilität gestört sein. Pharmakologisch können wir die Motilität im Gastrointestinaltrakt aktivieren oder hemmen. Am Beispiel der funktionellen Dyspepsie und der Gastroparese werden die vor allem im oberen Magendarmtrakt wirksamen Prokinetika Metoclopramid und Domperidon, Erythromycin und Tegaserod diskutiert. Bei der medikamentösen Therapie der chronischen Obstipation kommen Fasern, Gleitmittel, osmotische und sekretorische Laxantien zum Einsatz. Die Therapie des Reizdarmsyndroms basiert auf den Leitsymptomen. Steht die Obstipation im Vordergrund werden Fasern, iso-osmotische Laxantien und Tegaserod eingesetzt. Bei Schmerzen als Leitsymptom können Spasmolytika oder Trizyklische Antidepressiva versucht werden. Das Reizdarmsyndrom mit Diarrhö spricht auf Loperamid gut an.
Retrieving of particulate matter from optical measurements: A semiparametric approach
Authors: Pelletier B. , Santer R. , Vidot J.
Published: March 2007

The fine particle abundance, i.e., particle matter (PM) concentration, is one of the indicators of air quality and is therefore subject to ground‐based measurements. Complementary satellite aerosol remote sensing techniques provide one with maps of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT), which is sensitive to particle abundance. This paper investigates the problem of retrieving the PM concentration from the AOT, both on daily average values, on the basis of a large data set where data from the air quality networks are combined with ground‐based measurements of the AOTs. It is found that a linear model fails at explaining the data well but that the performance may be significantly improved when such a linear relationship is conditioned on auxiliary parameters, mainly meteorological variables. The proposed model is expressed as an additive varying coefficient model (AVCM), which is defined as a linear model where the coefficients are additive functions of the auxiliary parameters. The model is represented using penalized smoothing splines, allowing for a proper control of the overall number of degrees of freedom via multiple smoothness parameters selection. The methodology is applied to data collected around Lille (France). The PM10concentrations are retrieved with an average uncertainty of less than 20%, leading to a correlation coefficient of 0.87 between fitted and expected PM10.
Radar‐based subglacial lake classification in Antarctica
Authors: Carter Sasha P. , Blankenship Donald D. , Peters Matthew E. , Young Duncan A. , Holt John W. , Morse David L.
Published: March 2007

Subglacial lakes in East Antarctica can be separated into four categories specified by radar reflection properties. Definite lakes are brighter than their surroundings by at least 2 dB (relatively bright) and both are consistently reflective (specular) and have a reflection coefficient greater than −10 dB (absolutely bright). Dim lakes are relatively bright and specular but not absolutely bright, indicating nonsteady ice dynamics. Fuzzy lakes are both relatively and absolutely bright, but not specular, and may indicate saturated sediments or “swamps.” Indistinct lakes are absolutely bright and specular but no brighter than their surroundings. Lakes themselves and the different classes of lakes are not arranged randomly throughout Antarctica but are clustered around ice divides, ice stream onsets, and prominent bedrock troughs, with each cluster demonstrating a different characteristic lake classification distribution. The lake classification algorithm expands on previous studies and demonstrates a novel way to characterize ice‐water interactions in East Antarctica.
A user‐friendly one‐dimensional model for wet volcanic plumes
Authors: Mastin Larry G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a user‐friendly graphically based numerical model of one‐dimensional steady state homogeneous volcanic plumes that calculates and plots profiles of upward velocity, plume density, radius, temperature, and other parameters as a function of height. The model considers effects of water condensation and ice formation on plume dynamics as well as the effect of water added to the plume at the vent. Atmospheric conditions may be specified through input parameters of constant lapse rates and relative humidity, or by loading profiles of actual atmospheric soundings. To illustrate the utility of the model, we compare calculations with field‐based estimates of plume height (∼9 km) and eruption rate (>∼4 × 105 kg/s) during a brief tephra eruption at Mount St. Helens on 8 March 2005. Results show that the atmospheric conditions on that day boosted plume height by 1–3 km over that in a standard dry atmosphere. Although the eruption temperature was unknown, model calculations most closely match the observations for a temperature that is below magmatic but above 100°C.
Hydrothermal pits in the biogenic sediments of the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Moore Ted C. , Mitchell Neil C. , Lyle Mitchell , Backman Jan , Pälike Heiko
Published: March 2007

A recent expedition to the equatorial Pacific surveyed over 60,000 km2 of seafloor using swath map imaging and high‐resolution seismic profiling. This survey revealed the common occurrence of large pits in the biogenic sediments that are usually associated with basement highs. The pits range in size up to a few kilometers across and are on the order of 50 m – 100 m deep. They were found on seafloor ranging in age from 15 Ma to 55 Ma, with overlying sediment cover up to 500 m thick. We link their origin with hydrothermal discharge through conduits created by differential compaction and fracturing over basement highs and by basement faulting that penetrates the overlying sediments. Although carbonate dissolution is likely to be associated with the formation of the pits, their occurrence shows no consistent relationship with the present calcite compensation depth (CCD).
Changes in the pool of Labrador Sea Water in the subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Kieke Dagmar , Rhein Monika , Stramma Lothar , Smethie William M. , Bullister John L. , LeBel Deborah A.
Published: March 2007

Measurements of chlorofluorocarbon inventories during 1997–2003 allow the detection and quantification of significant changes in the formation rates of two modes of Labrador Sea Water (LSW): Upper (ULSW) and deep LSW, both here defined in fixed density intervals. Both modes contribute to the cold limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation. Results reveal that the lighter ULSW formed since the mid‐1990s has started to replace the large pool of the deep LSW stored in the western North Atlantic. Formation of deep LSW was absent in 1997–2003. Formation of ULSW compensated for this absence during 1998/99 (7.9 Sv), but afterwards significantly declined to 2.5 Sv. The decrease of the overall LSW formation throughout 1997–2003 correlates with a declining eastward baroclinic mass transport between the centers of the subpolar and subtropical gyres since 1997, a warming of LSW, and a gradually decreasing North Atlantic Oscillation index after 1999.
Space geodetic observation of expansion of the San Gabriel Valley, California, aquifer system, during heavy rainfall in winter 2004–2005
Authors: King N. E. , Argus D. , Langbein J. , Agnew D. C. , Bawden G. , Dollar R. S. , Liu Z. , Galloway D. , Reichard E. , Yong A. , Webb F. H. , Bock Y. , Stark K. , Barseghian D.
Published: March 2007

Starting early in 2005, the positions of GPS stations in the San Gabriel valley region of southern California showed statistically significant departures from their previous behavior. Station LONG moved up by about 47 mm, and nearby stations moved away from LONG by about 10 mm. These changes began during an extremely rainy season in southern California and coincided with a 16‐m increase in water level at a nearby well in Baldwin Park and a regional uplift detected by interferometric synthetic aperture radar. No equivalent signals were seen in GPS station position time series elsewhere in southern California. Our preferred explanation, supported by the timing and by a hydrologic simulation, is deformation due to recharging of aquifers after near‐record rainfall in 2004–2005. We cannot rule out an aseismic slip event, but we consider such an event unlikely because it requires slip on multiple faults and predicts other signals that are not observed.
Investigation of growth fault bend folding using discrete element modeling: Implications for signatures of active folding above blind thrust faults
Authors: Benesh N. P. , Plesch A. , Shaw J. H. , Frost E. K.
Published: March 2007

Using the discrete element modeling method, we examine the two‐dimensional nature of fold development above an anticlinal bend in a blind thrust fault. Our models were composed of numerical disks bonded together to form pregrowth strata overlying a fixed fault surface. This pregrowth package was then driven along the fault surface at a fixed velocity using a vertical backstop. Additionally, new particles were generated and deposited onto the pregrowth strata at a fixed rate to produce sequential growth layers. Models with and without mechanical layering were used, and the process of folding was analyzed in comparison with fold geometries predicted by kinematic fault bend folding as well as those observed in natural settings. Our results show that parallel fault bend folding behavior holds to first order in these models; however, a significant decrease in limb dip is noted for younger growth layers in all models. On the basis of comparisons to natural examples, we believe this deviation from kinematic fault bend folding to be a realistic feature of fold development resulting from an axial zone of finite width produced by materials with inherent mechanical strength. These results have important implications for how growth fold structures are used to constrain slip and paleoearthquake ages above blind thrust faults. Most notably, deformation localized about axial surfaces and structural relief across the fold limb seem to be the most robust observations that can readily constrain fault activity and slip. In contrast, fold limb width and shallow growth layer dips appear more variable and dependent on mechanical properties of the strata.
Evidence for prehistoric coseismic folding along the Tsaotun segment of the Chelungpu fault near Nan‐Tou, Taiwan
Authors: Streig Ashley R. , Rubin Charles M. , Chen Wen‐Shan , Chen Yue‐Gau , Lee Long‐Sheng , Thompson Stephen C. , Madden Chris , Lu Shih‐Ting
Published: March 2007

Taiwan's 1999 Mw 7.6 earthquake generated over 85 km surface rupture along the Chelungpu thrust fault. Paleoseismic studies at the Shi‐Jia site near Nantou city, reveal folding as the predominant form of deformation. Stratigraphic relations across the 1999 fold scarp show the style and degree of deformation caused by the penultimate event is similar to observed 1999 deformation. A boring transect across the fold scarp provides additional evidence of an earlier earthquake. Investigations at the Shi‐Jia site revealed three prehistoric events; accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages indicate that the penultimate earthquake occurred between 1160 and 1440 A.D. Paleoseismic studies north of the Shi‐Jia site reveal much younger penultimate earthquakes, suggesting a 1999‐type event may not be characteristic along the Tsaotun segment of the Chelungpu fault.
Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas
Authors: Rysgaard S. , Glud R. N. , Sejr M. K. , Bendtsen J. , Christensen P. B.
Published: March 2007

During sea ice formation in polar areas, brine rejection increases the density in the underlying water column and thereby contributes to the formation of deep and intermediate water masses in the world ocean. Here we present evidence that dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) is rejected together with brine from growing sea ice and that low temperatures may result in a significant change in the ratio of TCO2 and alkalinity in Arctic sea ice compared with surface waters. Model calculations show that this sea ice–driven carbon pump affects surface water partial pressure of CO2 significantly in polar seas and potentially sequesters large amounts of CO2 to the deep ocean.
Interannual variability of dimethylsulfide in air and seawater and its atmospheric oxidation by‐products (methanesulfonate and sulfate) at Dumont d'Urville, coastal Antarctica (1999–2003)
Authors: Preunkert Susanne , Legrand Michel , Jourdain Bruno , Moulin Cyril , Belviso Sauveur , Kasamatsu Nobue , Fukuchi Mitsuo , Hirawake Toru
Published: March 2007

A multiple year‐round study of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) (from December 1998 to April 2003) as well as sulfur‐derived aerosols (methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non‐sea‐salt sulfate) (from March 1991 to February 2003) was conducted at Dumont d'Urville, coastal Antarctica. The three sulfur‐derived species exhibit a seasonal cycle characterized by maxima in midsummer (January). Whereas the interannual variability of winter levels remains low, a strong interannual variability is shown in summer, particularly for DMS and MSA, and to a lesser extent for non‐sea‐salt sulfate. Over the 1998–2003 time period, January 2002 stands out with high values for all sulfur species. These interannual variabilities of atmospheric summer levels are examined in the light of seawater chlorophyll a content derived from Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data (themselves compared to field measurements made south of 60°S), oceanic DMS levels estimated from chlorophyll a SeaWiFS data, and various sea‐ice indices.
Conceptual analysis of zero‐valent iron fracture reactive barriers for remediating a trichloroethylene plume in a chalk aquifer
Authors: Cai Zuansi , Lerner David N. , McLaren Robert G. , Wilson Ryan D.
Published: March 2007

A novel concept, the Fe0fracture reactive barrier (Fe0FRB), is proposed to clean up chlorinated solvent pollution of groundwater in a chalk aquifer. Iron particles, suspended in a viscous biodegradable gel, can be injected into selected fractures to create an extended reactive zone of partly iron‐filled fractures. To evaluate the feasibility of Fe0FRB as a remediation strategy, we conducted numerical modeling simulations to assess the treatment performance of an Fe0FRB in a hypothetical chalk aquifer. The assessment was carried out using a numerical model for flow and solute transport in a discretely fractured porous medium coupled with an analytical expression representing degradation by iron. The hypothetical chalk aquifer was represented by a three‐dimensional discrete fracture network model that was developed using data from a number of chalk sites. Trichloroethylene reactive transport in the Fe0FRB and mass exchange of solute between fractures and the porous matrix were fully accounted for in the model. This modeling revealed that the success of the remediation technology lies in creating a highly reactive Fe0FRB without reducing fracture permeability, which could lead to the plume being diverted around the barrier. A parametric study of various design parameters for the Fe0FRB suggested that high treatment efficiency could be achieved by employing highly reactive nanoscale iron or by using a high proportion of microscale iron fill and fracture enlargement. The model study also provided some preliminary conclusions on sensitive design parameters of an Fe0FRB such as the proportion of iron fill, the size of the FRB, and the amount of fracture enlargement. A preliminary analysis suggests that an Fe0FRB containing a small amount of highly reactive nanoscale iron could provide satisfactory treatment for up to 50 years, depending on contaminant mass flux through the barrier.
RNA channelling by the archaeal exosome
Authors: Lorentzen Esben , Dziembowski Andrzej , Lindner Doris , Seraphin Bertrand , Conti Elena
Published: March 2007

Exosomes are complexes containing 3′ → 5′ exoribonucleases that have important roles in processing, decay and quality control of various RNA molecules. Archaeal exosomes consist of a hexameric core of three active RNase PH subunits (ribosomal RNA processing factor (Rrp)41) and three inactive RNase PH subunits (Rrp42). A trimeric ring of subunits with putative RNA‐binding domains (Rrp4/cep1 synthetic lethality (Csl)4) is positioned on top of the hexamer on the opposite side to the RNA degrading sites. Here, we present the 1.6 Å resolution crystal structure of the nine‐subunit exosome of Sulfolobus solfataricus and the 2.3 Å structure of this complex bound to an RNA substrate designed to be partly trimmed rather than completely degraded. The RNA binds both at the active site on one side of the molecule and on the opposite side in the narrowest constriction of the central channel. Multiple substrate‐binding sites and the entrapment of the substrate in the central channel provide a rationale for the processive degradation of extended RNAs and the stalling of structured RNAs.
Analysis of vertical alignment and bending of crystalline α-Fe2O3 nanowires using normal and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction intensities
Authors: Deshpande U. P. , Shripathi T. , Jain D. , Narlikar A. V. , Deshpande S. K. , Fu Y. Y.
Published: March 2007

Owing to the increasing importance of orderly placed nanostructures, the following study was conducted on oriented and disoriented nanowires. Use of grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and normal x-ray diffraction (XRD) as possible tools to assess their alignment is discussed. The property of crystalline nanowires to grow in a preferred direction over a substrate is made use of, in which deviation in diffraction intensities is measured on a group of oriented and disoriented nanowires. We find that the difference is sufficiently large to predict the spread in orientations away from a reference direction. The observed intensity variation is explained using a modeled view of diffraction geometry with different nanowire orientations. An alignment index Anw has been calculated using (110) and (300) peak intensities in XRD and GIXRD measurements. The values were found to be related to the extent of vertical alignment as observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The difference in diffraction geometry and penetration depth between the two techniques is found to give complementary information on the upper and lower portions of the nanowires, respectively. Analysis of the diffraction patterns also shows that bending of these nanowires occurs preferentially about the c axis as compared to bending in other directions. In the present study samples with crystalline α-Fe2O3 nanowires grown on pure Fe substrate by controlled thermal oxidation route have been investigated using GIXRD, XRD, SEM and atomic force microscopy. Morphology of the nanowires is discussed briefly.