bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ages at Migration of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Miramichi River
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

In 1,557 fish examined, the groups, based upon years in the sea and spawning marks, were:—grilse or 1+, 2 and 2+, 3 and 3+, and 1 S.M. and 2 S.M. groups. The 2 and 2+ form 85.1 per cent of the total (grilse excluded), and S.M. 12.8 per cent, and the 3 and 3+, 2.1 per cent.

Of fish with one spawning mark, 68.3 per cent first spawned as grilse, 29.9 per cent after two sea winters, and 1.8 per cent after three sea winters. The S.M. group had 11 per cent return to river in less than a year after first spawning, the remainder in little better than a year. Most of the fish with two spawning marks had the same length of absence on both occasions.

Only four smolt ages were found:—3 (78.1 per cent), 2 (15.1 per cent), 4 (6.6 per cent) and 5 (0.2 per cent).
The Growth of the Pacific Edible Crab, Cancer magister Dana
Authors: MacKay Donald C. G. , Weymouth Frank W.
Published: April 2011

Approximately 20,000 measurements were made of crabs and cast exoskeletons, chiefly from Boundary bay, southern British Columbia.

From size frequencies of crabs under 3 cm. seven modes have been identified as representing the early post-larval instars. Increase in size of animals in the laboratory or in live wells is significantly less than in nature, and leads to erroneous results when applied to growth.

The increase per moult decreases from about 40 per cent in the early post-larval stages to about 15 per cent in males of 13.5 cm. and 10 per cent in females of 13.0 cm. Above 10 cm. the males increase more per moult. The intervals between moults become progressively longer with increasing size, and tagging experiments indicate that large crabs moult yearly. Probably to reach the maximum size, seventeen and sixteen post-larval instars are required for males and females respectively.

Sexual maturity in female crabs is probably attained during the fourth or fifth year but may occur in the third or the sixth year. The legal size in British Columbia (6½ inches, or 16.5 cm.) is probably attained during the seventh or eighth year. The average duration of life is probably about eight years and the maximum age not more than ten years.
The Effect of a Storm on an Inshore Area with Markedly Stratified Waters
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

Coincident with the formation and subsequent movement of a North Atlantic cyclone following the characteristic track, offshore surface waters are forced to the south coast of Nova Scotia with consequent removal of intermediate and bottom waters. Wind action, as the storm approaches, intensifies the mixing of the waters. Markedly stratified waters are thus temporarily replaced by a body of thoroughly mixed water.
Factors Determining the Course of the Gastric Secretion in Elasmobranchs
Authors: Babkin B. P. , Chaisson A. F. , Friedman M. H. F.
Published: April 2011

The continuous secretion of very small amounts of highly acid gastric juice in fasting skates (Raja diaphanes or R. erinacea) is unaffected by section of the vagi, injection of large doses of atropine, or subcutaneous introduction of histamine, but is inhibited for several hours by adrenaline or (to a less marked degree) by stimulation of the sympathetic.

Destruction of the spinal cord (cervical region to tail) results in a "paralytic" secretion of gastric juice (sympathetic influence eliminated), commencing after 1 day and continuing up to even 16 days, with volume up to 30 cc. per day, pH from 2.0 to 5.0, and digestive power moderate. The freezing point depression of the juice becomes progressively lower (Cl concentration unaltered), as also that of the blood. Secretion considered as very probably the result of vascular changes in the viscera due to disconnection of peripheral and central parts of the sympathetic.
A Quantitative Study of the Phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including Observations on Hydrography, Chemistry and Turbidity)
Authors: Gran H. H. , Braarud Trygve
Published: April 2011

In the gulf of Maine life conditions of the phytoplankton were found to be in agreement with those described from the coastal waters of Northern Europe. The surface layers are during summer more or less stratified, indicating a fairly low degree of turbulence. Where the stratification is broken up, by vertical mixing, the waters are so transparent that the total effect of the turbulence on the productivity is favourable, the supply of nutrient salts resulting in an increase of the population, exceeding the loss by vertical transport.

In the bay of Fundy, on account of the exceptionally high tidal range, the turbulence of the waters is so strong throughout the year that their nitrate and phosphate content nearly always was found to be high, even at the surface. The production of phytoplankton, therefore, can hardly be limited by the lack of nutrient salts. A relatively high turbidity of the waters and much cloudy weather make the productive zone shallow. Consequently the high degree of turbulence may even diminish the productivity of the waters by carrying the diatom cells down below the illuminated zone for a greater part of their life. A pronounced phytoplankton minimum in June probably is mainly a result of this effect of turbulence.
On the Nervous System of Four British Columbian Barnacles (One New Species)
Authors: Cornwall I. E.
Published: April 2011

In Lepas six pairs of ganglia are distinct and separate; in Balanus two masses of fused ganglia occur; while in Mitella an intermediate condition exists. Balanus (Balanus) altissimus n. sp. differs from B. nubilis in the interconnections of the nerves, and in details of labrum, maxilla and sixth cirrus.
Food of Clupea pallasii in Southern British Columbia Waters
Authors: Wailes G. H.
Published: April 2011

The food of the Pacific herring Clupea pallasii consists during the larval stage principally of ova of various kinds with circular diatoms. No food was found in fish less than 9 mm. in length. Postlarvae and fry take the greatest variety of food, Copepoda and Cirripedia larvae being the most important items. Apparently the most readily available of suitable foods is taken. Adults confine themselves to a crustacean diet (except herring ova occasionally), Copepoda and Euphausiacea comprising the bulk of the food, Calanus predominating in the spring and Euphausia during the remainder of the year. Purse seined herring rarely contained any food. Copepoda are on the whole the most important food of the Pacific herring.
Fish Oils. VI. The Structure and Properties of Pilchard Oil Films
Authors: Denstedt O. F. , Brocklesby H. N.
Published: April 2011

British Columbia pilchard oil dries more rapidly than linseed oil and yields substantial protective films. The films are softer and more tacky than those from linseed oil. They are more permeable to moisture, and show a tendency to become dull and to bloom. These defects can partly be corrected by the use of the proper drier combinations and incorporation of gums but they can be entirely eliminated only by steam distillation of the polymerized oil at high temperatures. The product of this treatment yields films superior to those of other drying oils in hardness, gloss, lower permeability and freedom from yellowing and blooming.

The structure and properties of the films are discussed. The nature and distribution of the non-drying components in the film are described. Methods for estimating permeability and moisture absorption of films given and the influence of moisture as the primary agency in film disintegration is emphasized. The nature of yellowing, cissing and blooming, and methods for correcting these defects in pilchard oil are also discussed.
Calculations in the Investigation of Oils and Fats with Special Reference to Fish Oils. Part II.
Authors: Charnley F.
Published: April 2011

The equations given in Part I showing the relationships between the iodine value and saponification equivalent of mixtures of fatty acids or their esters and those of the individual components have been expressed in a simplified notation. Equations for the following fundamental relationships have also been derived: (a) the relation between the weight and saponification equivalent of a mixture of hydrogenated esters and the weight and saponification equivalent of the original mixture; (b) the relation between the weight and iodine value of a mixture of esters and the weight and iodine value of the original esters. Equations involving thiocyanogen values have been introduced. In the case of simple mixtures these equations afford a means of testing the truth of the assumptions underlying the thiocyanogen method of analysis. Also, an illustration of the method of dealing with analyses involving redundant data has been given.
An Investigation of the Life History and Propagation of the Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Cultus Lake, British Columbia. No. 5. The Life history cycle of the 1926 year class with Artificial Propagation involving the liberation of free-swimming fry.
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

From 1,949 sockeye salmon females in the run of 1926, 8,770,000 eggs were available. Of these approximately 1,174,000 (13.4%) were lost through 261 females dying before stripping. Since part of this loss was undoubtedly due to conditions imposed by the investigation, a second set of percentages based on egg content of the fish stripped is given. The true values lie between the two. Fry liberated in the spring of 1927 amounted to 5,916,500 (67.5% of total available eggs and 77.9% of eggs available for stripping). From these there migrated to sea 336,173 yearlings and 8,000 two-year-olds, representing 3.9% of total eggs and 4.5% of eggs available for stripping, and but 5.8% of total fry liberated. The yearling seaward migrants, which showed no change in size as the migration proceeded, were appreciably smaller than those in the 1927 migration, thus exhibiting an inverse relationship to the presumed populations in the lake during the first year. Scale-ring counts for the two age groups were made and rates of growth computed from scale measurements. Returning adults consisted of: 32 group (1929)—9 males; 42 group (1930)—2,327 males + 5,300 females; 52 group (1931)—149 females, a total of 7,785 adults—representing 0.09% of total eggs and 2.3% of seaward migrants. From 99,700 migrants marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins, 1,340 adults (1.34%) returned to Cultus lake and 341 (0.34%) were taken in commercial fishing areas. The latter are not considered a complete recovery.
Argulus canadensis from Cape Breton Island
Authors: Wilson Dr. C. B.
Published: April 2011

Adult males, as well as young males and females, are described for the first time. The male has the most complicated secondary sexual apparatus so far described for species of Argulus. The immature differ markedly from the adults.
A Biometrical Study of the Kamloops Trout of Kootenay Lake, Salmo kamloops Jordan
Authors: Mottley C. McC.
Published: April 2011

A study was made on 216 specimens of Kamloops trout ranging from 10 cm. to 75 cm. in length obtained from the angling fishery of Kootenay lake and the spawning run in the Lardeau river. Twenty-four characters commonly used in the description and differentiation of the taxonomic groups of salmonoid fishes were investigated and a biometrical analysis of the differences due to size and sex is presented. The analysis of the data shows that the form of an individual undergoes consistent change; its form and the relative proportion of many body parts are probably the resultant of a number of factors which are intimately related with the rate of growth and the degree of sexual maturity. In many characters, e.g. the head proportions and body depth, the mature males differ appreciably from the females. The results indicate that the characters investigated must be used with caution in the taxonomic study of fishes. In comparing specimens of trout for taxonomic purposes individuals of the same size, age, sex and degree of maturity should be used if possible.
Fatness, Digestion and Food of Passamaquoddy Young Herring
Authors: Battle Helen I. , Huntsman A. G. , Jeffers Anne M. , Jeffers G. W. , Johnson W. H. , McNairn N. A.
Published: April 2011

Using condition factor as criterion of fatness, investigation confirms the report of those handling them that herring are characteristically fat in each locality of the Passamaquoddy region of southern New Brunswick. Herring feed by an act of capture, moving towards the source of light in doing so. They do not feed in darkness, requiring light about as strong as moonlight. Gastric digestion takes [Formula: see text] hours at 6° and 6 and 7 hours at 20 °C. in herring 14 to 16 cm. long. Where fattest, herring contain the most food and of the larger kinds. In some localities herring have more food and of special kinds after moonlight nights. Herring are mainly in upper layers of water in summer, and nearer surface when light intensity is low. Correlation between fatness of herring and either the total quantity of food present locally or the local degree of concentration of food in the water is quite imperfect. Good correlation exists between fatness and quantity of food present near the surface in the particular locality. In localities where herring have more food after moonlight nights, food organisms are much more abundant near the surface in moonlight than in sunlight. Food organisms are most concentrated in passages and near shoals where thorough mixing of the water occurs. In the passages at the mouth of Passamaquoddy bay, deepwater forms from the gulf of Maine are available at the surface at all times of the day, giving the fattest herring. To exhibit characteristic fatness herring must remain some weeks in the locality.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: XIII. Mineral Constituents of the Flesh, Skin, Bone and Free Liquor in Canned British Columbia Coho (Blueback) Salmon
Authors: Riddell W. A.
Published: April 2011

Determinations of the Ca, Mg, Na, K, P and Cl content were made and the ratios of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus oxides suggest the presence of calcium and magnesium metaphosphates in the ash of the flesh, calcium metaphosphate in that from the skin and tribasic calcium orthophosphate in that from the bone.
The Food of Salmon Fry in Eastern Canada
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Stomach analyses were made of young salmon in their first summer, as obtained from West and East Apple rivers, and Reeds and Eatonville creeks, all in Cumberland county, Nova Scotia, and from Digdeguash river in New Brunswick.

Chironomid larvae formed the chief food of the newly emerged fry, while ephemerid nymphs constituted the major food taken during the mid-summer growing period. Trichoptera tended to become important toward autumn, but at times formed a considerable proportion of the food even in July and August. Plecoptera, simuliids and tipulids also occurred, and terrestrial forms such as Hymenoptera, Homoptera and Diptera were taken in appreciable quantities in late summer and autumn.
Food of the Coarse-Scaled Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus Girard)
Authors: Carl G. Clifford
Published: April 2011

Examination of 167 specimens shows that immature fish feed upon planktonic forms while mature fish feed upon larger bottom organisms and bottom detritus. The diet varies with habitat and season, depending upon what is available. Since it eats the spawn of salmonids and takes much the same food organisms as they do, its presence in waters containing important salmonids is undesirable.
Oceanography of Nootka Sound
Authors: Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

Characteristic tidal circulation in a canal, a fiard and a fiord is shown and it is indicated that the depth of tidal circulation in those inlets having a threshold probably varies inversely as the temperature of the circulating waters. A series of tidal observations indicated the presence of a semi-daily tide cycle in the surface waters and a daily tide cycle in the deep waters of the sea adjacent to the sound. Evidence of the upwelling of deep ocean water along the coast is shown by the oxygen content. A zone of photo-synthetic activity between 3 and 6 metres depth is outlined by the occurrence of chemical anomalies.
A Procedure for Increasing the Accuracy of Surface Current Charts Based on Hydrodynamic Observations
Authors: Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

The surface densities of the sea are observed at small intervals while proceeding between stations of a hydrodynamic survey. The movement of the surface waters may be calculated separately in detail and superimposed on the deep currents as observed, permitting the preparation of surface current charts on a much larger scale than is normally permissible.
The Length and Age Composition of the Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia
Authors: Tester Albert L.
Published: April 2011

A general survey is made of the length and age composition of the herring runs as revealed by random samples from the purse seine and gill net fisheries and from the spawning grounds. Considerable diversity in length and age composition between the various schools in one run and between the various runs in the same season is encountered. The incoming year class is found to join the runs of mature fish in force in the third year in southern and in the fourth year in northern waters. Year class variation is less extensive than in Alaskan and European herring and although dominant year classes are encountered they are less pronounced and persist for fewer years in the catches, particularly in the southern waters. However, it is shown that variation is sufficient to induce fluctuations in the catch. Certain trends in length and age composition over a twenty-year period in the major fisheries are found and these are attributed to the effects of the increased intensity of fishing in recent years. Because of the fluctuations in fishing intensity but chiefly because of the large percentage of the catch formed by the incoming year class, the forecasting of length, age and abundance is impractical in the present state of knowledge.
The Food and the Food Supply of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) in Cultus lake, British Columbia.
Authors: Ricker William E.
Published: April 2011

The analysis of several hundred stomachs of sockeye salmon taken from Cultus lake at all seasons shows that pelagic plankton crustaceans are practically the only food of the fingerlings, and are the most important food of the older fish. The total food consumed by fingerlings, per unit bulk, is greatest in July and August, least in winter. The entomostracan food available in the lake, as determined from plankton samples, varies seasonally in a similar manner. The percentage utilization of each of the four species of Entomostraca by a fingerling sockeye population is related directly to the plankter's abundance, and inversely to its size. Individual sockeye, however, occasionally exhibit preference for smaller or less abundant species.

The summer feeding of fingerlings appears to be chiefly confined to the region between 5 and 15 metres depth, which includes the thermocline and adjacent narrow strips of the epilimnion and hypolimnion. Foraging is limited upward by scarcity of food, and downward by poor illumination or low temperature.

Other fish in the lake are known to compete with sockeye for plankton, but such interspecific competition is believed to be quantitatively of minor importance, in summer at least. Intraspecific competition for food in years of large sockeye populations is sufficient to reduce their rate of growth, and is probably responsible for an unusually early decline, in those years, of the summer's supply of Entomostraca.
The Pigments of Salmon
Authors: Bailey Basil E.
Published: April 2011

The red colour of the muscle flesh of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is due to the presence of two carotenoid pigments both of which have properties similar to those of astacin. Two red pigments were also found in the red muscle flesh of the steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri).
Is Local Behaviour in Salmon Heritable?
Authors: White H. C. , Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Fry from Atlantic salmon taken in Chaleur bay, near the mouth of the Restigouche river, N.B., where the salmon enter early in the summer and mainly as two-sea-year and three-sea-year fish, were planted in 1932 in the East branch (without salmon) of the Apple river at the head of the bay of Fundy. In this region the local salmon enter only in the autumn and nearly all as one-sea-year fish (grilse). The Restigouche fish as parr grew more rapidly than the local fish, corresponding with the less crowded conditions in the East branch. The smolts were marked by removal of the adipose fin when descending to the sea in 1934. Their descent occurred from May 12 to June 20, being markedly accelerated by rainfall. Traps were placed on both branches in 1935, giving in the autumn 92 marked grilse entering the East branch and 6 the South. The traps in 1936 gave in the autumn, 5 marked two-sea-year salmon entering the East branch and 1 the South. No difference in appearance or behaviour was observable between these and the local salmon of the South branch.
Fish Oils: VII. The Pigments of Pilchard Oil
Authors: Bailey B. E.
Published: April 2011

Carotene, xanthophyll and fucoxanthin were found in commercial British Columbia pilchard oil, but only the two former in oil from canned fish. Heating commercial oil as in canning did not destroy the fucoxanthin, indicating its absence in the parts of fish canned.
Mortality Trend Among Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) During Various Stages of Lake Residence
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

Young sockeye salmon, marked and liberated into Cultus lake, B.C., at intervals during the year were counted as seaward migrants. A linear relationship between time in the lake and percentage survival was found for periods of from 9.5 to 3.5 months, and from this the trend in percentage loss is computed. Mortality is found to be heavy during the first few months—approximately 65.4 per cent in the first 2.5 months—decreasing, however, as the year advances and the young sockeye increase in size.
The Influence of Hydrogen-ion Concentration on Some Acid Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Watson Dennis W.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-three strains of bacteria have been isolated from acidulated brine. They are classified into Bacillus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, and Lactobacillus. Of these the Bacillus strains failed to grow at hydrogen-ion concentrations more acid than pH 6.20, while the Micrococcus and Sarcina forms showed a greater tolerance, producing limited growth from pH 5.22 to 5.64. Other workers describing wider limits for the genus Bacillus failed to allow for the change produced in the weakly buffered environment by the living cell. The microaerophilic Lactobacilli grew at pH 3.52. These aciduric types are not actively proteolytic.
Homing Tendency and Age at Maturity of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in British Columbia
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

Pink salmon fry were marked by the removal of certain fins to ensure later identification as adults. This procedure does not affect the growth or the feeding reactions of the fish. Three experiments were conducted on natural runs at McClinton creek, Masset inlet, B.C. On the basis of the most significant one of these it is concluded that the majority of the fish return to spawn in the stream in which they were hatched. Isolated individuals, in numbers not economically significant, may wander to a distance of 400 miles (645 kilometres). In the case of fry resulting from transplantation experiments from Tlell river, east coast of Graham island, to McClinton creek, there appears no consistent behaviour in regard to "homing". For fry, hatchery-raised and pond-reared, from Vedder river, Swelter creek eggs, no return to the parent stream was reported. All pink salmon mature in the autumn of their second year. Certain incidental checks in growth have been discovered on scales which should not be interpreted as representing a winter.
Order of Appearance of Scales in Speckled Trout
Authors: Elson Paul F.
Published: April 2011

In Salvelinus fontinalis two scale papillae develop on the lateral line over each myotome. They appear as far back as the adipose fin and independently on the dorsal line anterior to the adipose fin. The scale pattern develops by extensions obliquely forward from the primary papillae. Development is more rapid in the posterior region. Chief variations are bifurcation of rows and extension of rows posteriorly.
Factors Influencing Descent of Atlantic Salmon Smolts
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Descent of the smolts from a brook in 1937 and 1938 was found related to rise in temperature and low light intensity, rather than to rain or rise in water level.
Effects of Light on Movements of Herring
Authors: Johnson W. H.
Published: April 2011

Light is apparently an important factor in controlling the distribution of the herring in southern New Brunswick. They swim to the east just before sunrise and to the west just after sunset; the moon, when low in elevation, is also said to have an attractive influence. However, they are repelled by direct sunlight, the degree of repulsion depending upon the intensity of light and size of fish. During moonlight, starlight, cloudy and foggy nights, all sizes extend to the surface.
Vitamin A and D Potencies of Liver and Intestinal Oils of Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

In northern British Columbia halibut, size seemed the most important factor determining vitamin A. Vitamin A varied inversely with the per cent of oil in the liver. Vitamin D potency of liver oil appeared unrelated to size of fish or to vitamin A content. Oil from heads and trimmings is low in both vitamins. The per cent of viscera, of liver and of intestines in the samples, and the per cent of unsaponifiable matter and the iodine number of 12 samples of liver oil and 2 samples of intestinal oil are given.
A Specific Gravity Method for Determining Fatness (Condition) in Herring (Clupea pallasii)
Authors: Tester Albert L.
Published: April 2011

Condition factors calculated on the basis of weight and length are not a satisfactory index of fatness and a new index called a "fat factor" (F) is described. This is related to the specific gravity (G) of a fish by the equation F = G/(G − 1). Seasonal trends in F and a high positive correlation between F and percentage oil content of individual fish demonstrate its superiority over other condition factors as an index of fatness. A difference in either the specific gravity of, or ether-soluble material in, male and female gonads is reflected in the F values of male and female fish as a whole.
Vitamin A and D Potencies of Liver and Intestinal Oils of Red, Black and Ling Cod
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

The vitamin A potency of the liver and intestines tends to increase with the size of the fish in Sebastodes, Anoplopoma and Ophiodon, and is similar to that reported for halibut. The vitamin D potency of the intestinal oil is low but rather high in red and ling cod liver oils. The percentage of oil in the intestines of these fish is considerably higher than that of halibut.
Proximate Analysis of British Columbia Herring in Relation to Season and Condition Factor
Authors: Hart John Lawson , Tester Albert L. , Beall Desmond , Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

Analysis by standard methods of samples of Clupea pallasii from different seasons and localities in British Columbia showed the following ranges in composition: water, 64.2 to 80.2%; oil, 4.1 to 19.4%; protein, 10.1 to 16.8%; ash, 1.9 to 2.8%. Oil content is highest in summer, declines during the fall and winter, and falls to a minimum after spawning time in early spring. There is an accompanying decline in the weight of the fish. Herring are highly variable in calorific value (2.41 to 0.94 Calories per gram). Potential oil yields on reduction as high as 30 gallons per ton are indicated with a minimum of 7 gallons per ton. Average condition factors for samples were determined by averaging the individual condition factors obtained from [Formula: see text], when C is the condition factor, W is weight in grams, L is length in millimetres, and 3.26 is the exponent in the empirically fitted equation W = CLn. This condition factor was found to be positively correlated with oil content and to follow in general the same seasonal trend.
Observations on the Viability of Bacterium salmonicida
Authors: Duff D. C. B. , MacArthur M. Isobel , Thompson Helen G.
Published: April 2011

Under laboratory conditions Bact. salmonicida multiplies in unaltered domestic sewage and survives therein for 15 days. Removal, destruction or diminution of the original sewage flora resulted in marked multiplication of B. salmonicida inocula, and in survival periods of from 13 to 67 days. Viability figures derived from laboratory procedures may not be directly applicable in interpreting the fate of B. salmonicida released under natural conditions into natural waters.
Factors Limiting Distribution and Size in the Starfish
Authors: Smith G. F. M.
Published: April 2011

In shallow water of Malpeque bay, P.E.I., the distribution of the starfish Asterias vulgaris, Verrill, is limited by temperatures over 25 °C. in the summer and salinities less than 14 per mille in the winter. Small starfish have a higher temperature tolerance than large starfish. The population on denuded areas is replaced by the immigration of adults and the settlement of larvae. The maximum distance travelled by a marked starfish was 200 metres and the average about 20 metres, in four months. Starfish move directly towards food a distance of 12 metres at 6 metres per day. The maximum population density found was 60,000 per acre (15 per sq. metre) and the greater the population density, the smaller the modal size. Rate of growth varies with the kind and abundance of food and inversely with the size of the starfish. Spawning takes place in late May and early June and the larval life is about three weeks.
Periodicity in the Numbers of the Cladoceran Scapholeberis mucronala
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

A periodicity of 21 to 28 days in the numbers of Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. Mueller) was disclosed by weekly sampling of four separate populations during two years. The causes of the periodicity were not clearly defined, although certain correlations between the numbers of Scapholeberis and fluctuations of the algal populations and chemical factors of the medium were suggestive.
Cyclical Abundance and Birds versus Salmon
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

American mergansers and belted kingfishers that eat large parr, particularly during the low water of dry summers, fulfilled the prediction (based upon statistics) that the periodic scarcity of Atlantic salmon is due to a factor operating on the salmon when near the smolt stage. One year's bird control more than doubled the number of descending smolts and correspondingly increased the sea catch of salmon related to the experimental river, as demonstrated by the occurrence of fish marked as smolts in the river. Bird control may thus remedy periodical scarcity. This serves to explain the favourable influence on numbers of fish that man's presence has been observed to have.
Migrating Behaviour of Sea-Running Salvelinus fontinalis
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

This trout in Moser river, Nova Scotia, descends to the sea in April and May, with risin, temperature. Falling temperature lessens or stops descent, causing some to return upstream. The smallest showed straying in 1940 to other streams several miles distant and smaller percentage return to river than for other sizes. Return was related to freshets in the main river, rather than in tributary of origin. Homing to latter was definite, but only partial, and apparently lessened by winter sojourn elsewhere. Period of absence in sea ranged from 42 to 84 days.
Studies on Salt Fish: V. Studies on Sporendonema epizoum from "Dun" Salt Fish.
Authors: Frank M. , Hess E.
Published: April 2011

A morphological and physiological study of the brown halophilic mold Sporendonema epizoum (Corda), commonly called Torula epizoa, has been made. The organism is truly halophilic, optimum 10 to 15% salt. Optimum relative humidity, 75%. Growth over wide pH range. The fungistatic properties of various preservatives, particularly the fatty acids and some of their salts, were investigated. Sodium propionate was found effective and suitable for commercial control of the organism.
Growth of the Rocky Mountain Whitefish
Authors: McHugh T. L.
Published: April 2011

The scale method of age determination has been used to study rates of growth of the Rocky Mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni (Girard), which vary considerably in different localities, and can be correlated to some extent with altitude or temperature. A curve is given showing the relationship between growth of scale and body. Fast-growing individuals tend to maintain their superiority in growth rate throughout their existence. Slow-growing races live longer and eventually reach a maximum length similar to that of fast-growing fish.
Studies on Salt Fish: X. Effect of Disinfectants and Preservatives on Red Halophilic Bacteria
Authors: Hess Ernest , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Fumigation with formaldehyde or sulphurous acid vapours was found effective against directly exposed red halophiles, using 10 oz. (283 g.) of the former or 5 lb. (2.268 kg.) sulphur per 1,000 cu. ft. (28.3 cu. m.) space. Formaldehyde solution 1:1,000 stopped growth in one minute, in absence of protein.Curing salt mixtures containing 2 per cent sodium acid phosphate and 0.25 per cent sodium benzoate stopped growth of red halophiles as well as brown halophilic dun molds. Dips in preservative solutions are not effective.
The Adsorption of Vitamin A from Fish Liver Oils
Authors: Swain Lyle A.
Published: April 2011

In experiments with fish liver oils, vitamin A alcohol was more readily adsorbed than it fatty acid esters or than triglycerides and other fatty acid esters. The vitamin A esters were less readily adsorbed than the triglycerides.
Biological and Oceanographical Conditions in Hudson Bay.: 11. Polychaeta from Hudson Bay.
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-seven species of Polychaeta are recorded, of which forty-nine are well known northern species, six are species which have been recorded previously from North America, but not from the north coast and two are new species forming a new genus, Pseudosabellides littoralis and lineata.
Relation Between Moult Cycle and Phosphorus Content of Blood and Muscle in Lobster
Authors: Hollett Andrew
Published: April 2011

The concentration of inorganic and total phosphorus in lobster blood and muscle was determined. A wide variation in the phosphorus content of the blood was found, being highest immediately preceding the moult and lowest following it. The total phosphorus content of the muscle was relatively constant throughout the moult cycle, with an average concentration of 0.28 per cent, of which about 58 per cent was inorganic phosphorus.
Structure, Deposition and Quality of Oyster Shell (Ostrea virginica Gmelin)
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Low quality shells are easily broken, have a high water content and low specific gravity, and contain little pearly and much chalky material. Pearly shell is secreted throughout the season before and after the chalk which it incloses. Chalky areas occur in all shells, have functional importance, are commonest in oysters that are poorest in late summer and are regular in their order of appearance and position on the shell. They are composed of large vertical calcite crystals in a porous mass of smaller crystals with a protein matrix.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

In relation to total length of body, the longer carapace and the accessory copulatory appendage of the male and the longer fourth swimmeret of the female are seen in the immature but develop further during and after sexual maturity. The small sternal spines and long second swimmeret of the female and the wider carapace of the male develop with sexual maturity and become more pronounced with increase in body size.
Effects of Dropping on the Subsequent Hatching of Teleostean Ova
Authors: Battle Helen I.
Published: April 2011

not available
Glycerol Yield from Dogfish Liver Oil
Authors: Swain Lyle A. , Morton B. H.
Published: April 2011

Variations from 8.15 to 0.96 per cent in the glycerol yield from twelve dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) liver oils are reported and shown to be inversely related to their 7.6 to 34.3 per cent yield of unsaponifiable matter, or, better, to their 6 to 31 per cent yield of glyceryl ethers. The glycerol determinations are confirmed by an independent method involving a comparison of the hydroxyl group and replaceable hydrogen contents of the hydrolyzed oils.
Effect of Abnormal CO2 Tension on Development of Herring Eggs
Authors: Kelley Alice M.
Published: April 2011

Laboratory experiments were made to ascertain whether an observed mortality of herring eggs under natural conditions could have been due to respiratory difficulties caused by low CO2 or high O2 content of the water. In water saturated with O2, developing embryos tolerated a wider range of pH and CO2 values than is prevalent in the sea. Hence the spawning ground mortality is presumed not to be due to such factors. Low pH retarded development of embryos and prevented successful hatching.
Effect of Relaying and Transferring on Fatness of Oysters
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Down-river oysters are fuller-meated (fatter) than those up-river. When fishing and replanting is done before fall fattening begins it affects fatness. Then, the disturbance of fishing and re-planting on the native bed improves fatness. Oysters transferred from up- to down-river beds show vast improvement, becoming fatter than native down-river stocks. Conversely, downriver oysters transferred up-river fail to fatten as well as the native up-river stock. Sometimes oysters fatten at water temperatures below 15 °C., which was formerly considered the lower threshold.
Polychaeta from the Bay of Fundy 1911–1912
Authors: Baillie W. H. T.
Published: April 2011

Records are given of eight polychaetous annelids new to the North American coast, and eleven new to the bay of Fundy.
Growth of Clostridium in Seaweeds and Marine Fish
Authors: Castell Chas. H.
Published: April 2011

Some common seaweeds from the coastal waters of Nova Scotia supported the growth of certain saccharolytic species of Clostridium, especially Cl. pasteurianum. They did not support the growth of proteolytic species.Under anaerobic conditions many proteolytic species of Clostridium grow in cod, hake, pollock and lobster from small inocula. Saccharolytic types grow poorly in fish and require large inocula to initiate growth.
Chemical Disinfection and Corrosion Prevention
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The effectiveness of solutions of disinfectants in killing bacterial vegetative cells in a watery suspension of fish slime, on dry artificially contaminated wooden surfaces and in nutrient broth, as well as their ability to destroy bacterial endospores and mould spores, was investigated. The disinfectants studied included sodium hypochlorite, chloramine T, six cationic detergents, four chloro- or phenyl-phenols, phenol, formaldehyde, a commercial cresolic disinfectant and another containing sodium hypochlorite. The use of sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor for three of the disinfectants when in contact with iron and copper was also investigated. The bearing of the results on the selection of disinfectants for use in the fishing industry is discussed.
Cruising Speed of Goldfish in Relation to Water Temperature
Authors: Fry F. E. J. , Hart J. S.
Published: April 2011

When goldfish are placed in a rotating annular chamber of which the outer wall is glass, they can be induced to swim steadily at a rate which varies with the temperature when the water is aerated. When the subjects have been in each case previously acclimated to the experimental temperature the best performance is attained at temperatures from 20 to 30 °C., the highest temperature to which goldfish can be acclimated being 41 °C. Subjects acclimated to a variety of experimental temperatures gave curves of performance in relation to temperature which were unique for each level of acclimation.
Fertility and Fertilization of Streams
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Streams in a rather rocky and barren region in Nova Scotia were found to have almost no algae and fish except in relation to farm operations. Placing of bags of chemical fertilizer along the shore was followed in a year or two by increased quantities of algae and fish downstream, the maximum effect only 150 yards away. It is concluded that fertilizing materials are held locally in flowing water in relation to finely divided bottom material, as with soils.
Pseudomonas putrefaciens from Cod Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H. , Richards J. F. , Wilmot Isobel
Published: April 2011

The bacterium, Pseudomonas putrefaciens, has been isolated from fresh and frozen cod fillets, and appears to be new for marine fish and a significant contributor towards their spoilage.
Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products
Authors: Deas Catherine P. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Fish flesh and certain waste materials were hydrolysed by tryptic enzymes of fish pyloric caeca. Fractionation of the resulting hydrolysates showed that they contained largely peptone, sub-peptone and residual (small peptides and amino acids) nitrogen, and little or no protein or proteose nitrogen. Fish flesh, milts, roes, meal, stickwater and a muscle myosin preparation were extracted to remove the fat, then dried and hydrolysed with acid or alkali. The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in these enzyme-, acid- and alkali-hydrolysed materials by microbiological methods. The results have been summarized.
Amino Acid Composition of Fishery Products (II)
Authors: Ney Phyllis W. , Deas Catherine P. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The essential amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and tyrosine were determined in the following fishery products using microbiological assay technique: fish meals, stickwaters (fish solubles), condensed fish solubles, liver, commercial liver hydrolysate, frozen pink salmon viscera, chum salmon fingerlings and herring scales.
Proteins in Fish Muscle.: II. Colorimetric Estimation of Fish Muscle Protein
Authors: Snow J. M.
Published: April 2011

A simple colorimetric method for protein estimation based on the biuret reaction has been developed. Protein concentrations of 0.1 to 1.2 mg. of nitrogen may be determined rapidly with an error of less than 2 per cent. Only one reagent is required.
The Effect of Fin–Clipping on the Cruising Speed of Goldfish and Coho Salmon Fry
Authors: Radcliffe Roland W.
Published: April 2011

Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) and coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) were acclimatized to temperatures of 20 °C. and 3 °C. respectively. The fish were placed, one at a time, once a day, for ten days, in a rotating annular chamber and the cruising speed was found. Then various fins were removed and the fish were given ten more trials. The mean cruising speeds before and after clipping were compared. The clipped fish suffered no loss in ability to swim at a constant rate. The data suggest that, for fish of a given weight and length, cruising speed is slightly improved by clipping. Any increased mortality in marked fish is due to loss of stability and control rather than loss in ability to swim steadily.
Lakelse Lake Sockeye Survival
Authors: Brett J. R. , McConnell J. A.
Published: April 2011

The number of young sockeye migrating seaward from Lakelse lake, B.C., was 557,000 (1946) and 373,000 (1947). From seeding estimates in the parent years per cent survivals of 1.1 and 0.4 have been calculated.Stomach analyses of 623 squawfish caught by gill nets in the late spring and summer months (1944–1947) show an average fish content of 83% by volume. Of this total fish content sockeye constitute 31%. The heavy losses in young sockeye could be attributed to the feeding of predacious fish and variation in sockeye survival may be a result of fluctuations in the abundance of "buffer" species.
Influence de la Température et du Temps de Désodorisation sur Quelques Propriétés de l'Huile de Phoque (Phoca groenlandica), et en Particulier sur sa Stabilité
Authors: Dugal L.-C. , Cardin A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Studies of the Fish of Great Slave Lake
Authors: Rawson D. S.
Published: April 2011

A four-year study of the fish of Great Slave Lake was initiated one year before the lake was opened for commercial fishing. Information has been obtained about the composition, distribution and general ecology of the major species. Twenty-one species are listed and the ciscoes, probably of three species, await identification. Lake trout, common whitefish and ciscoes dominate the population and the former two species support an extensive gill-net fishery. The inconnu Stenodus, and the deepwater sculpin, Triglopsis, are of special zoogeographic interest.Sampling was mainly with standardized 300-yard gangs of gill net. In these, some 12,000 fish weighing about 20,000 pounds were taken. Some data were obtained on the selective effect of mesh size. Young and small fish were collected by seining.Great Slave Lake's area of 10,500 square miles includes a large open portion and two great arms, one to the north, the other extending eastward. Part of the north arm is shallow and its fish population is much like that of the main lake. Goldeyes, white suckers and pikeperch are found in the shallow warmer parts of these areas. None of these species are found in the deep and cold east arm, but in it grayling and round whitefish are numerous. The common whitefish is virtually absent from McLeod Bay at the extremity of the east arm.Data concerning growth in length and weight are provided for round whitefish, white sucker, longnose sucker, burbot and pikeperch. Most of these species grow a little slower in Great Slave Lake than in lakes farther south. Growth studies of five other important species have been undertaken by other workers.Analysis of the food of all the larger species shows that the main food chains are plankton→ cisco→ lake trout and plankton→ detritus→ bottom organisms→ whitefish. Pontoporeia, Mysis and cottids are important fish food in the deep water.Twenty-one species of parasites are recorded from ten species of fish.
Proteins in Fish Muscle. IV. Denaturation by Salt
Authors: Duerr J. D. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Study of the denaturation of cod muscle proteins by sodium chloride shows that the myosin fraction is denatured when a critical salt concentration, about 8 to 10 per cent in the muscle, is reached. Paralleling the rapid denaturation, a sudden increase of salt uptake and of moisture loss occurs.
Notes on Dispersion and Growth of some British Columbia Bottom Fishes
Authors: Manzer J. I.
Published: April 2011

Recoveries of tags have provided limited information on the dispersion of several British Columbia groundfishes. Platichthys stellatus and Hippoglossoides elassodon were recovered mostly within 1 to 3 years and have moved less than 5 miles; however, one P. stellatus shifted position by 60 miles in 51/2 years. A very few recoveries of Psettichthys melanostictus tags suggest that movements up to 25 miles may be not uncommon for this species. Anoplopoma fimbria recoveries were nearly all within 10 miles of release but tagging was done under conditions favouring local recovery. During a year's freedom the average growth of a male P. stellatus varies from 35 mm. at 350 mm. initial size to 10 mm. at 520 mm.