bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mechanisms Of Atmospheric Oxidation Of The Alkenes
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

The formation of smog in urban atmospheres involves the interaction of sunlight with an air mixture containing nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons—the most reactive class of these hydrocarbons being alkenes. This important new book, by a team of leading atmospheric chemists, reviews and evaluates the existing literature on the atmospheric chemistry of these compounds, focusing on the search for a more quantitative understanding of the phenomenon which can then be applied to control methods. It includes detailed examinations of the reactions of alkenes and even suggests areas for further laboratory studies. This book is ideal for climatologists, meteorologists, and scientists studying the chemistry of the atmosphere and can also serve as a valuable text for graduate courses in atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric science.
Enlightened Nationalism
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

Enlightened Nationalism provides the first synthesis in English of Prussian political culture from the Napoleonic era to the Revolution of 1848. Matthew Levinger challenges the conventional notion that Prussia lagged behind Western Europe in its political development, demonstrating that Prussian leaders embraced a distinctive program of political modernization in response to their country’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806-1807. Building on the eighteenth-century tradition of enlightened absolutism, Prussian leaders attempted to unite a rationalized monarchy with a politically active “nation,” thus mobilizing the populace to resist the French oppressors. The new culture of “enlightened nationalism” influenced the political theory and program of both liberals and conservatives in nineteenth-century Prussia. The book has important implications for understanding both subsequent German history and the history of nationalism in general. The author shows that the so-called authoritarian tendencies in Prussia’s political culture resulted from its distinctive response to the challenges of the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, rather than from the persistence of premodern cultural or socioeconomic patterns. Likewise, by showing how nationalist activists drew on the cultural legacy of the Enlightenment, Levinger demonstrates that German nationalism cannot be understood as a uniquely pathological political phenomenon. Inspired by recent work exploring the role of discourse in historical change, the book analyzes how the word “nation” functioned in day-to-day debates and how this limited and shaped political options. Enlightened nationalism produced a mixed legacy: it promoted the reform of the education system, popular participation in local self-government, and administrative rationalization. But it also resulted in exaggerated fears of political dissent, reinforcing the authority of the monarchical state and inhibiting the formation of a vibrant system of parliamentary rule.
A Nation Of Aristocrats
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

When King Frederick William III dismissed Freiherr Karl vom Stein from office in November 1808, he approved his first minister’s final wish for a decree reorganizing the Prussian administration. Stein hoped that the edict, which concentrated supreme administrative authority in a new Council of State (Staatsrat) and called for a national representative assembly, would carry forward the reform movement by instilling in the government the “greatest possible unity, force, and responsiveness … and laying claim to the energies of the entire nation and of the individual in the most practical and simple way.”1 This decree, issued on 24 November 1808 but never implemented, linked all the elements of Stein’s great reform memoranda of the previous two years. By establishing popular “participation in the administration,” it sought to mold the nation and forge a common spirit, thus fortifying and unifying the state. Through this plan Stein believed that “the cultivation of the nation will be furthered, common spirit awakened, and the entire conduct of business become simpler, more forceful, and less costly.”2
MANOVA: Multiple Response Variables and Multispecies Interactions
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M
Published: November 2023

Ecological questions very often ask how multiple components might respond to some change in the environment or might differ among groups. Ecologists are often most interested in the interactions among those components and how the interactions might change as the environment changes. Studies in population biology commonly address issues of constraints or trade-offs among traits, for example, seed size versus seed number, sprint speed versus endurance, or development time versus size at maturity. Studies in community ecology often address questions regarding how a number of coexisting species respond to the removal of a keystone predator or to a change in the environment. In statistical parlance, these multiple components are referred to as multiple response variables.
ANCOVA: Nonparametric and Randomization Approaches
Authors: Petraitis Peters. , Beaupre Steven J , Dunham Arthur E
Published: November 2023

Ecological data often fail to meet required parametric assumptions. When this occurs, randomization approaches can provide a good alternative to more familiar parametric methods such as analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and regression analysis. Randomization methods are quite easy to use, and because standard parametric ANCOVA is well known to ecologists, we use it to motivate our discussions of the benefits and problems associated with using nonparametric and randomization methods.
Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Predation and Functional Response Curves
Authors: Juliano Steven A
Published: November 2023

The number of prey that an individual predator kills (or the number of hosts a parasitoid attacks) is a function of prey density and is known as the functional response (Holling 1966). In general, the number of prey killed in a fixed time approaches an asymptote as prey density increases (Holling 1966). There are at least three types of curves that can be used to model the functional response (Holling 1966; Taylor 1984; Trexler et al. 1988) that represent differences in the proportion of available prey killed in a fixed time.
Law, Democracy and Moral Disagreement Reciprocity, Slavery, and Abortion
Authors: George Robert P
Published: November 2023

One hears much these days about the decline of civility, decorum, and respect among adversaries in public discourse and civic affairs in the United States and elsewhere. Some find the possibility of a palliative in variously articulated notions of why it is important, on many morally divisive issues, to “agree to disagree.” Many of these notions tend in the direction of skepticism about the possibility of objective truth, practical consensus, or both on such issues. Others tend toward the formal exclusion of substantive moral debate from the realm of politics, lest the passions inevitably unleashed in morally charged political disputation jeopardize social stability. A different tendency is evident, however, in Democracy and Disagreement: Why Moral Conflict Cannot Be Avoided in Politics, and What Should Be Done about It, by political philosophers Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson. These authors eschew both skepticism and the exclusion of moral ideals from political debate. They offer thoughtful reflections on the implications of moral disagreement for the conduct of civic life and measured advice about how our polity can best cope with deeply entrenched moral disagreement.
The Use of Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Oral Anticoagulants in the Management of Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Pineo Graham F , Hull Russell D
Published: November 2023

Patients with cancer, regardless of the site of origin, are prone to develop venous thromboembolic disease. Cancer has been known to be a risk factor for the development of thromboembolism since the time of the original publication by Trousseau. Patients presenting with idiopathic venous thrombosis who do not have cancer at presentation are at risk for the development of cancer later on. The incidence of cancer in patients with recurrent idiopathic venous thrombosis is higher than in patients with secondary venous thrombosis. Cancer is also a significant cause of death during follow-up in patients who present with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
Assessment of Symptoms in the Cognitively Impaired
Authors: Stein Wendy M
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on symptom assessment in the cognitively impaired, one of the more challenging assessment problems faced by clinicians in the practice of palliative medicine. Pain is the symptom best researched to date in cognitively impaired patients, and the majority of the data presented pertains to this symptom. The challenge in assessment predominantly affects the elderly; this chapter emphasizes research in this rapidly growing segment of the population. Clinical suggestions for cogent treatment strategies will be offered on the basis of the data presented and recent clinical trials.
Clearing the Way
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

Plantinga recounts of his wife that “on first hearing she thought the thesis of God and Other Minds—which might be summarized as the idea that belief in God and belief in other minds are in the same epistemological boat—was one of the sillier things she had heard:’ The two beliefs did not strike her as at all comparable. Why not? The likeliest answer I can surmise is that the existence of other minds appears so evident and sure compared with the existence of God. Whereas sane people doubt the existence of God, surely sane people do not doubt the existence of other minds with thoughts, feelings, and desires other than their own. Here, it has been said, is a great and evident difference between belief in God and belief in other minds.
Teleology
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

Our exploration continues, in search of evidence for other minds and evidence for God, preparing a final comprehensive comparison between the two beliefs. Having examined more or less immediate experience of God and of other minds, then analogical indications on both sides, now we turn to what many have judged the strongest evidence for God’s existence—the kind formulated in one or other version of the “teleological argument.” Hume’s classic statement of this argument reads in part: “The curious adapting of means to ends, throughout all nature, resembles exactly, though it much exceeds, the productions of human contrivance; of human design, thought, wisdom and intelligence.
Concluding Comparisons
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

The heart of the case for belief in God and belief in other minds has, I believe, now been explored; chapters 4 to 7 have reviewed the most important evidence. However, since people have advanced many other arguments for the existence of God and several others for the existence of other minds, I shall illustrate the reasons for this assessment of the evidence and for my limited sampling by adding two more arguments, one for God and one for other minds, and examining the arguments’ credentials. At the same time, with this inquiry’s sampling of evidence drawing to a close, I shall need to address the problem that confronts any arguments which, not sufficing individually, form a cumulative case—namely, the problem of the arguments’ common reference.
Experimental Design and Practical Problems of Implementation
Authors: Boutin Stan , Krebs Charles J , Nams Vilis O , Sinclair A R E , Boonstra Rudy , O’donoghue Mark , Doyle Cathy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we summarize the experimental design and explore the reasons for particular choices among competing designs. For any given experimental design, the difficulty is in the details of implementing the design, and here we present the practical is­ sues we faced. Part of this discussion may be useful to anyone contemplating a long-term, multidisciplinary ecological field study, but the thrust of this chapter is to discuss the experiments we did at Kluane Lake from 1986 to 1996, why we did them, and how. The experimental design is the Achilles heel of all field ecological research, and it al­ ways involves compromise because many ecological factors can impinge on any population or community and one cannot study all of them. Three choices dictate the experimental design. One must first decide on the treatments to be studied. Given the treatments, decisions about the size of the treatment unit and the spatial interspersion of the treatments are next. And finally, one must decide on the level of replication of the treatments. All of these issues have been discussed extensively in the statistical literature (e.g., Fisher 1966, Sokal and Rohlf 1995), and we apply these general statistical principles to the particular question of understanding how the boreal forest community functions.
The Role of Red Squirrels and Arctic Ground Squirrels
Authors: Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Byrom Andrea , Karels Tim , Hubbs Anne , Stuart-Smith Kari , Blower Michael , Antpoehler Susan
Published: November 2023

A consistent feature throughout the boreal forest of North America is the rattle call of the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, as it advertises its whereabouts to con­ specifics. Like the snowshoe hare, the red squirrel’s distribution encompasses the entire boreal forest (see figure 2.7). The “keek keek” call of a second squirrel species, the arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii, the siksik of the Inuit), is also heard in the boreal forests of northwestern North America (Banfield 1974). In terms of biomass of herbivores in these forests, these two squirrels are the second and third most important, respectively, after snowshoe hares (see figure 1.2). Both squirrel species could serve as alternate food sources for the many predators who eat primarily snowshoe hares. However, before our study, no one had investigated experimentally the possible linkages between populations of these squirrels and the snowshoe hare population cycle. The conventional wisdom is that any link would be a secondary one, as predators switch from hares to squirrels during the hare decline. Though both squirrels are active during the summer and thus potentially available to predators, only red squirrels remain active during the long boreal winter and are one of the few alternate prey available to hare predators.
Forest Grouse and Ptarmigan
Authors: Martin Kathy , Doyle Cathy , Hannon Susan , Mueller Fritz
Published: November 2023

The Kluane system harbors five species of grouse. Two species, spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), inhabit forest year-round. Three species of tundra grouse, willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), white-tailed ptarmi­ gan (L. leucurus), and rock ptarmigan (L. mutus), inhabit the alpine and subalpine above treeline in the Shakwak Valley most of the year. Willow ptarmigan descend into the open forest from October to March. All grouse are almost exclusively herbivores; females dur­ ing egg laying and young chicks also eat a variety of invertebrates. Spruce grouse are conifer specialists, foraging principally on spruce and pine in winter and on forbs and leaves, fruits, and seeds of shrubs in summer and autumn (Boag and Schroeder 1992). Spruce grouse spend significant amounts of time foraging on ground vegetation in sum­ mer and thus might compete with hares for food during the breeding season. Ruffed grouse feed principally on buds and leaves of deciduous trees (aspen, bog birch) and shrubs and forbs seasonally (Rusch et al. 2000). Ptarmigan feed on willow buds and leaves through­ out the year and on flowers, leaves, seeds and berries of sedges, ericaceous shrubs, and mosses in season (Braun et al. 1993, Hannon et al. 1998). Both forest grouse and ptarmigan form part of the herbivore trophic level year-round in Kluane, as their wide-ranging predators (goshawk, golden eagle, harrier, coyote, lynx, fox, wolverine, wolf) hunt in both forest and adjacent alpine areas.
Coyotes and Lynx
Authors: O’donoghue Mark , Boutin Stan , Murray Dennis L , Krebs Charles J , Hofer Elizabeth J , Bretenmoseri Urs , Breitenmoser-Wuersten Christine , Zuleta Gustavo , Doyle Cathy , Nams Vilis O
Published: November 2023

Coyotes and lynx are the two most important mammalian predators of snowshoe hares throughout much of the hare’s geographic range. Between them, these two predators killed approximately 60% of all depredated radio-collared hares at Kluane from 1986 through 1996 (Krebs et al. 1995), and predation accounted for at least 78% of all mortalities during this same period. The strong association of lynx numbers with those of snowshoe hares is well documented (Elton and Nicholson 1942, Moran 1953, Finerty 1980, Schaffer 1984, Royama 1992). The abundance of lynx typically follows the 10-year cyclic fluctuations of hares, and lynx-hare cycles have often been presented in ecology texts as classic predator-prey interactions. The geographic ranges of lynx and hares overlap almost exactly (Banfield 1974, figure 2.7), and all published studies of the food habits of lynx have found snow­ shoe hares to be the main dietary component (e.g., Saunders 1963a, Van Zyll de Jong 1966, Brand and Keith 1979, Parker et al. 1983). Morphologically, lynx are well adapted to hunting hares in the deep, powdery snows of the boreal forest because of their long legs and large snowshoe-like paws (Murray and Boutin 1991).
Other Mammalian Predators
Authors: O’donoghue Mark , Boutin Stan , Hofer Elizabeth J , Boonstra Rudy
Published: November 2023

There were 12 species of carnivores that were confirmed living within the study area of the Kluane Project. We studied the population dynamics and behavior of only two of these, coyotes and lynx, because these were the two most closely associated with the snowshoe hare cycle. However, we also counted the tracks of all carnivores during winter and recorded direct observations year-round. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the information we gathered on other carnivores at Kluane and discuss interactions of the carnivore group as a whole with each other and their prey.
“What Does Heaven Say?”: Christian Wolff and Western Interpretations of Confucian Ethics
Authors: Louden Robert B
Published: November 2023

In the present age of multiculturalism, professors on most campuses are encouraged (and in some places even required) to include favorable coverage of nonWestern cultures in their humanities and social science core courses. But in the not-too-distant-past one could get into serious trouble for pursuing this strategy. Consider the case of the German philosophy professor Christian Wolff, a man who, according to one recent study, has “influenced the philosophy of the German Enlightenment like hardly any other.”2
Whose Confucius? Which Analects?
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J
Published: November 2023

For over two thousand years, Confucian scholars have sought to explicate the meaning of their sacred texts, producing an extensive, rich, and sophisticated commentarial tradition that is an indispensable aid to the modern interpreter.1 In addition to writing formal commentaries, Confucian thinkers regularly referred to and expounded upon the meaning of classical passages in the course of their philosophizing. These thinkers did much more than simply chant the words of their sages and provide precise annotation and background information to these texts, they interpreted the sayings of the ancients. We who study the classics today are in a significant sense following their lead. Our modern interpretations may be the latest but surely will not be the last word on what these texts mean.2
Crisis (1936-1937)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

On 28 January 1936, when the pivotal “Muddle Instead of Music” appeared in Pravda, Shostakovich was in Arkhangelsk. His schedule there was not unduly disrupted by its appearance; he gave his chamber recital with Kubatsky and performed the Piano Concerto with the resident orchestra. On 3 February, he met with young composers. In a lively exchange, he questioned them about their studies, offered advice on the acquisition of musical technique, and encouraged them to study the classics. He brought the enjoyable evening to a close by playing excerpts from his ballet, The Limpid Stream, not yet censured in the second Pravda editorial.
Immortality (1970-1975)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

Full of anticipation, Shostakovich flew with Irina to Kurgan at the end of February 1970 and began treatment with Dr. Ilizarov in March, expecting his stay to last about six weeks. He was soon reporting progress to correspondents. By the end of the month he wrote to Shaginyan that he was feeling better, his legs and arms were somewhat stronger, and he was playing the piano, even playing it fast and loud, something he had not been able to manage for three or four years. After having undergone a simple operation, his treatment consisted of a combination of strenuous physical exercise and medication. He provided Glikman with a detailed breakdown of his daily schedule: 7 AM, wake-up; 7–8 AM, washing, shaving, exercises, listening to the news; 8:30, breakfast; 9:15, one-hour walk in the woods; 11–12:30, vigorous gymnastics and massage; 1:30 PM, lunch; 3:30, another walk in the woods; 5 PM, return to hospital. He also was receiving an injection every three days. He raved about the “miracle-working” Dr. Ilizarov to everyone.
The Beginning of the End
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

The Army of Northern Virginia was not destroyed at Antietam, as Lincoln had hoped. Nor was it beaten utterly, as McClellan claimed. But it was badly hurt. Three of the nine division commanders, nineteen of thirty-six brigade commanders, and eighty-six of 173 regimental commanders were killed or wounded. Most of the wounded officers and enlisted men, as well as the stragglers, eventually returned to the army. But Lee would be unable to think about resuming his preferred strategy—the offensive—for another eight months.
The Sonic Expressions of Urban Identity
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

Amid the surrounding sights and sounds on the afternoon of 30 November 1598, Guido Mazenta had every reason to be proud of himself and his city. Over the summer and autumn, the prefect of the paleo-Christian basilica of San Lorenzo, amateur poet, hydraulic engineer, and future civic official (vicario della provisione) had been involved in the design of the seven arches erected for the day along the streets leading from Milan’s southern gate of Porta Romana to its cathedral.
Churches, Monasteries, Palaces
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

Outside the two main centers, the churches, cloisters, and noble residences of Milan provided varying levels of support for polyphonic practice. The public and private life of the religious orders was differently marked by music, but the quintessentially urban confraternities, welfare institutions, and family/dynastic dwellings also sponsored or hosted the art. It was precisely this decentralized and variegated profile that music shared with the other manifestations of city culture noted above. Outside the two major churches, the sonic profile of the city changed over time, depending on the fluctuations of the musical life of these places.
Models and lmitatio, 1585–1610
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

The music at the beginning of the period testifies to a repertory’s slow emergence. At first, the Tini’s output was comprised mainly of reprints of senior and junior composers elsewhere (Palestrina, Merulo; Asola, Giovanelli) and several new editions by Varotto in Novara. Still, in the decade following the resumption of local music printing (1584-94), composers active in Milan (excluding the Franciscans) produced relatively few, but sometimes expansive, editions.’
Risk Assessment
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Risk assessment has been described as a bridge between science and policy (Hertz-Picciotto, 1995). More formally, it is the use of a factual base to define the health effects of exposure of individuals or populations to hazardous materials and situations (National Academy of Sciences, 1983). The goal is to provide an evidence base for decisions on policies and programs to protect the public from identified health hazards. The process involves the synthesis of epidemiologic, toxicologic, and related research findings and judgments on causal relationships and exposure–risk relationships. This chapter discusses general issues related to hazard identification, dose–response assessment, and risk characterization. Topics include processes used by national and international agencies to identify causal relationships and health-protective exposure limits followed by discussion of key issues related to risk assessments of carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, developmental toxicants, and neurotoxins.
Metals—Lead
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century saw greatly expanded use and environmental dispersion of lead, a dense metal valued since antiquity because of its low melting point, pliability, and durability. Analysis of a Swiss peat bog showed that annual average lead deposition increased 1600-fold between 5000 B.C. and the maximum in 1979. Recognition of adult lead poisoning with abdominal colic can be traced to Hippocrates in about 370 B.C. (in metal workers) and Baker in 1767 (who linked Devonshire colic to consumption of lead-contaminated cider) (Table 4–1). Childhood lead poisoning was recognized as a distinct entity in 1892 and neurotoxicity in experimental animals by the 1920s. There has been substantial progress in reducing childhood lead exposure, but many children remain at risk.

The objective of this chapter is to illustrate how failure to apply the precautionary principle allowed inappropriate uses of lead, massive environmental contamination, and major adverse impacts on child health. The first section focuses mainly on the susceptibility of the developing human nervous system to adverse neurobehavioral effects from relatively low-level lead exposure, as evidenced by epidemiologic and toxicologic studies. The discussion includes environmental indices and biomarkers of lead exposure and toxico-kinetics. The risk management section addresses lead sources (air, water, food, soil/dust) and interventions for preventing childhood lead exposure.
Schumann and Literature
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

Or Much Of The Nineteenth Century, The Interest Of Composers Not just in music but in all the arts was truly extraordinary. An interrelationship among the arts was commonly recognized. “The well-educated musician,” wrote Schumann, “can study a Madonna by Raphael, the painter a symphony by Mozart, with equal benefit. Yet more: in sculpture the actor becomes a silent statue while he brings the sculptor’s work to life-the painter transforms a poem into an image, the musician sets a painting to music.” ‘ Coupled with a broad interest in the arts was a preoccupation with the “extramusical” properties of music itsel( It was a literary age, and program music flourished. That may, to a certain extent, help explain the interest many composers had in literature. Not a few were distinguished writers themselves: Berlioz as critic, essayist, and autobiographer; Liszt as critic and essayist; Wagner as dramatist, essayist, and theoretician; and Weber as critic and author of an unfinished novel. Musical life in Leipzig was unusually rich. The venerable Gewandhaus concerts, created in 1781, were among the earliest and most eminent in Europe. At the time of Schumann’s residence in Leipzig, the series comprised twenty concerts per season. Other concert series included the Euterpe (orchestral concerts founded in 1824), as well as a chamber music series featuring the Matthai Quartet.
Schumann’s Dramatic Works
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

Chumann ‘S Interest In And Love OF Literature Seemed naturally to lead to thoughts of opera. For much of his adult life, he was involved with one. Not long after beginning study with Wieck in 1830, he considered the possibility of Hamlet as an opera, but got no farther than creating sketches for an overture. The next year found him reading E. T. A. Hoffmann, and he was enthusiastic about the operatic possibilities of two tales-”The Mines at Falun” and “Doge and Dogaressa.” But, for the remainder of the decade, as Schumann focused first on his career as a piano virtuoso and then as a composer of music for piano, little attention was devoted to opera. Then, in February I 840-at a time when he had turned away from the piano and was beginning to write songs-once again opera began to interest him. He returned to the subject of Hoffinann’s “Doge and Dogaressa.” To Clara, he described Hoffmann’s story as “noble and natural,” and, with the aid of the writer Julius Becker, for the next
Operant Conditioning of Visceral Function (Biofeedback)
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

The initial positing of two-process learning theory did not rely on any substantial body of evidence. It seems to have been more an inference garnered from observations that operant methods could and do affect skeletal responses and Pavlovian conditioning does affect visceral—autonomic responses, combined with the subjective experience in humans that the skeletal responses seem to be voluntary while the visceral seem not to be. Logically, however, for the two hypothesized learning processes to be different, it should also be true that (1) Pavlovian conditioning could not directly affect skeletal responses and (2) operant conditioning could not directly affect visceral responses. It was already clear from Pavlov’s studies in which motor responses such as leg withdrawal were used as the unconditioned response that (1) above was probably false. What was not known as of the 1960s was, Is (2) true or false? Several investigators, probably most influentially Neal Miller, set out to resolve this question.
Summary: Past and Future
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

What has been said so far? It has been proposed-and it is considered one of the issues of fundamental importance to this exposition—that interoception should be defined as more than simply visceral sensations that reach awareness, but less than any and all sensory impulses that arise from within the body. It is proposed that interoception should be defined to have occurred if, and only if, such visceral sensory impulses can be shown to have affected the cognition or behavior of the whole organism, with or without awareness. In other words, it is broader than the realm of awareness but narrower than the realm of physiology.
IntroductionThe Prehistory of Pornography
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

Any attempt at constructing a history of sexuality must include a history of erotic representation-that is, a history of the representation of sexual acts. The history of erotic representation is largely unwritten, partly because such a project tends to be conceived as a history of pornography-and pornography is a discourse that seems to have obvious, self-evident meanings and to promulgate predictable misogynist and patriarchal ideologies of power and gender. Yet subsuming the history of erotic representation to the history of pornography is limiting because not all explicit representation of sexual activity can be meaningfully defined as pornographic. In particular, “pornography” is too historically and generically specific a term to be much use in a discussion of the early modern period, for the erotic writing of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries-whatever its explicitness-is different in both form and content from the genres of pornography as they developed in later periods. Rather than say, as some recent studies have done,1 that pornography is worthy of study and so “Renaissance pornography” is worthy of study too, I wish to study early modern erotic writing in its specificity, without assimilating it to later forms, without automatically assuming that since erotic writing and the representation of sexual acts occupies a certain place in the cultures of the late twentieth century it must have occupied an analogous place in the culture of sixteenth-century Europe. In what follows I shall concentrate first on what distinguishes early modern erotic writing from modern forms of pornography, and then on the socially engaged nature of much erotic writing in the early modern period, in particular its role in discourses of national and gender identity.
Prologue Englishmen Italianated
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

A scholar looking for signs of incipient nationalism in late-sixteenthcentury England could do worse than to begin with George Silver’s Paradoxes of Defense, published in London in 1599. Silver’s book defends the old English manner of fighting with short swords and condemns the newfangled foreign fashion of fencing with rapiers. He has been compelled to write, he says, to remind Englishmen of their forgotten martial traditions: we like degenerate sonnes, have forsaken our forefathers vertues with their weapons, and have lusted like men sicke of a strange ague, after the strange vices and devises of Italian, French and Spanish Fencers, litle remembering, that these Apish toyes could not free Rome from ... sacke, nor Fraunce from King Henrie the fift his conquest. (sig. A1) In this passage Silver acknowledges that fencing is a Continental practice, but for most of his text he sees it as specifically Italian. For Silver, Italian fencing with long elegant swords is more like effeminate dancing than fighting (sig. A1v). This mad fashion for Italian sryles of fighting is a clear threat to English manhood: “This good have the Italian teachers of Offence done us, they have transformed our boyes into men, our men into boyes, our strong men into weaknesse” (sig. h). Silver’s volume climaxes with the story of how a valiant English gentleman flattens the Italian fencing master Vicentio with a box on the ear and then dumps a flagon of English beer over him for good measure (sig. K3).
“The English Aretine” Thomas Nashe
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

In the fourth act of Thomas Middleton’s play No Wit, No Help, Like a Womans (16u-12), a masque is held-a pageant of the four elements: Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. The first to speak is Fire, who identifies himself as representing a specifically sexual heat: “the wicked fire of lust,” corrupted with the upstart fires Of avarice, luxury, and inconstant heats, Struck from the bloods of cunning, clap-fall’n daughters, Night-walking wives, but, most, libidinous widows.
Ingroup Identification and Intergroup Conflict: When Does Ingroup Love Become Outgroup Hate?
Authors: Brewer Marilynn B
Published: November 2023

Social psychologists’ interest in social identity and ingroup bias arose in the context of research on intergroup relations (Tajfel & Turner, 1986; Brewer & Brown, 1998). As a consequence, there has been a coupling of the study of ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice, the implicit assumption being that the more we know about why individuals become attached to their ingroups, the more we will understand why they come to dislike or derogate outgroups. The present chapter seeks to challenge that assumption by examining more carefully the nature of the relationship between ingroup love and outgroup hate. The basic thesis is that the formation of ingroups and ingroup identification arises independently of attitudes toward outgroups. Attachment to ingroups is presumed here to be the primary process, fundamental to individual survival and well-being. lngroup identification thus precedes outgroup hostility and intergroup conflict but is not by itself a sufficient explanation for such conflict. Instead, as this chapter will argue, we need to trace the steps that lead from ingroup formation to outgroup hostility, specifying the conditions under which the two become entangled.
Introduction to Endocrinology
Authors: Norris David O , Carr James A
Published: November 2023

Chemical regulators govern every aspect of the life of vertebrate animals, beginning with early development and differentiation of tissues and organs and culminating in reproduction. Hormones are responsible for con trolling homeostasis, the ability to maintain a balanced equilibrium in physiological processes in the face of environmental pressures. Reproduction would not be possible without the close interactions of several chemical regulators. Many behaviors are initiated or are influenced by the internal chemical environment of the body.
The Gonads
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

The reproductive system includes not only the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis affecting the production of gametes and various sex accessory structures, but also includes the modulating roles of both the hypo thalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. No other endocrine system is so strongly influenced by selective processes of the environment as the HPG axis. Thus, many reproductive adaptations have evolved independently in diverse groups of animals.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins: Potential Mechanisms and Risk as Endocrine Disruptors
Authors: Walker Mary K
Published: November 2023

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are environmental contaminants that belong to a large family of structurally related chemicals called halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs). The polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent other HAHs that are commonly found in the environment as mixtures with PCDDs. PCDDs are formed as trace contaminants in a variety of manufacturing processes that use chlorine, such as in the production of trichlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides, the wood preservative pentachlorophenol, and in the bleaching of pulp and paper (reviewed in Webster and Commoner, 1994).
Lords of Hellas, Old Men of the Sea The Occasion of Simonides’ Elegy on Plataea
Authors: Shaw P -J
Published: November 2023

When the Oxyrhynchus fragments of Simonides’ elegy on the battle of Plataea were published in 1992, they evoked a rich response in scholarly debate, and by no means the least of the questions posed by the poem was that of the occasion of its performance. Several suggestions have been put forward, but none is so conclusive as to have gained unanimous acceptance, and the debate continues. The proem to the elegy contains an invocation to the son of the sea-nymph, almost certainly to be identified as Achilles. 1 Boedeker shows that in this context Achilles is treated not only as the epic hero who is mortal, but also as the semi-divine recipient of cult, addressed as though alive. 2 Ewen Bowie has argued that the genre of narrative elegy, of which this poem is an example, was appropriate for performance at a public occasion. If the choice of Achilles as subject of the invocation were understood, that occasion might become obvious; conversely, if it were known for what occasion the elegy was composed, it might be possible to explain Achilles’ presence in the proem; but as yet neither has been clearly established.3 West suggested that the elegy may have been performed at some festival of Achilles, but the evidence for such occasions is scarce;4 certainly, before 1992 no one would have connected Achilles specifically with the battle of Plataea or with the Plataiomachoi, and his presence here, particularly as a cultic figure, has taken scholars by surprise. It is likely that Simonides, in composing the poem, whether for contest or commission, had powerful people to consider, one or more of whom may be mentioned in it; and it is not unreasonable to suppose that it was they, or one of them, for whom Achilles was especially significant, perhaps as a cultic hero, and who therefore may have influenced Simonides’ choice.5 Thus Achilles’ presence in the proem may be explained as much by virtue of his cultic as of his epic identity, and this cultic identity may point to an occasion for the performance and, perhaps, to influences that were brought to bear on its composition.
Utopian and Erotic Fusion in a New Elegy by Simonides
Authors: Mace Sarah
Published: November 2023

Only such sensational finds as have come to light with the publication of POxy 3956 could have overshadowed yet another treasure from the same papyrus: a beautiful and unusual new sympotic elegy by Simonides, now 22 W We owe the recovery of this poem to the efforts of Peter Parsons, who worked out the relationships between a small fragment of the new papyrus (3965, fr. 27) and three separate scraps of anonymous elegiac verse published by Lobel in 1954 (POxy2327).1 To accompany his reconstruction, Parsons also provided a wealth of parallels and suggested a variety of interpretations (Parsons 1992a: 24, 45-49). M. L. West, for his part, edited the elegy along with the other new fragments in IEG II2 and suggested generous supplements for its many lacunae; West also published an interpretation of the poem.2 The following examination of the language and themes of Simonides 22 builds on these solid foundations, but leads to some conclusions that are more specific than Parsons’s and different from West’s.
Historical Development
Authors: Thacker Stephen B
Published: November 2023

The definition for public health surveillance most often used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC/ATSDR) is “the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice” (J). A surveillance system includes the functional capacity for data collection and analysis, as well as the timely dissemination of information derived from these data to persons who can undertake effective prevention and control activities. Although the core of any surveillance system includes the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data, the process can be understood only in the context of specific health outcomes.
Considerations in Planning a Surveillance System
Authors: Teutsch Steven M
Published: November 2023

Surveillance systems evolve in response to ever-changing needs of society in general and of the public health community in particular. In order to understand and meet those needs, an organized approach to planning, developing, implementing, and maintaining surveillance systems is imperative. In the sections below, approaches to the planning and evaluation processes to be presented in more detail elsewhere in this book are discussed. A description of a single surveillance system is provided in Appendix 2A. The steps in planning a system are shown in Table 2-1.
Sources of Health-Related Information
Authors: Parrish II R Gibson , Mcdonnell Sharon M
Published: November 2023

The determinants of the health of individuals and populations are many and they have complex inter-relationships. In this chapter we use the term determinant to refer to both proximal (direct, immediate) and distal (indirect, remote, underlying) causes of health status as well as other factors that are associated with health status, but for which a definite causal relationship may not yet be established (2). Thus, causes are a subset of determinants.
Violence Risk Assessment: The Law And The Science
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Mulvey Pamela Clark Robbins Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven
Published: November 2023

Beliefs about the causes of mental disorder have changed over the centuries, but the belief that mental disorder predisposes many of those suffering from it to behave violently has endured. Indeed, this belief appears to have in creased in intensity in the past several decades, despite many educational campaigns designed to allay public apprehension (Phelan, Link, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 2000). The more a member of the general public believes that mental disorder and violence are associated, the less he or she wants to have an individual with a mental disorder as a neighbor, friend, colleague, or family member (Link, Phelan, Bresnahan, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 1999b).
Law Research and Music Education
Authors: Richmond John W
Published: November 2023

The history of music education as formal curriculum in America’s public schools is now nearly 170 years old, tracing to Lowell Mason’s efforts with the Boston public schools in the 1830s. Legislation making provision for public school music education and litigation pertaining to its provision and practice are nearly that old. Bennett Boyles identifies one of the earliest music education lawsuits (Bellmeyer v. Independent School District of Marshalltown; Boyles, 1981, p. 46) as having been decided by the Iowa Supreme Court in 1876-more than 120 years ago. Throughout music education’s public school history, the significance and power of the law-both in terms of legislation and litigation-have become increasingly important considerations as vehicles for music education policy formation. The range and scope of education issues touched by our nation’s laws are extensive, and a chronic naivete about the power of the law to shape our professional lives can only mean an increasingly perilous state of affairs at best for American music education. Any discussion of policy in music education would be incomplete without a least a modest, cursory examination of our laws and their impact on our field. Some law research topics are likely to be more familiar than others to readers of this Handbook. Copyright law, for example, is sure to be one of the most familiar, as it has received considerable attention in our journals, newsletters, and convention programs during the last four decades. Advancing technologies and the economy of the photocopy machine have had much to do with this. Frankly put, the ease teachers now have in gaining access to these copy technologies has made their use too convenient, too expedient, too tempting, and too often suspect. More recently, the emergence of the Worldwide Web has made this issue even more complex, and created a need for new and updated legal definitions of such terms as broadcasting, personal use, and fair use. As we shall see later in this chapter, this extremely important area of the law continues to evolve in dramatic and sometimes contentious ways.
Reform-Minded Music Teachers A More Comprehensive Image of Teaching for Music Teacher Education
Authors: Thiessen Dennis , Barrett Janet R
Published: November 2023

Teachers stand at the center of an insistent and polyphonic conversation about educational change. Teaching, by its very nature, is characterized by periods of stasis and flux, but teachers find that expectations for the rate, degree, and effects of educational change have intensified during this current era of school reform. Voices within elementary and secondary schools, as well as the voices of those who stand outside of schools altogether, have joined the chorus to call for changes in teaching practices, in the ways schools are organized, and in the relationship of teachers to the students and communities they serve. This complex and shifting landscape of reform poses a particular challenge to teacher educators who must prepare beginning teachers to take their places alongside their more experienced colleagues who are concurrently transforming their practices within continually evolving school structures. Inclusive and comprehensive notions of what teachers do in those contexts-how they initiate and respond to change-can inform the restructuring of teacher education programs.