bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nilai-nilai Fiqih dalam Membangun Karakter Peserta Didik di SD/MI
Authors: Nasri Nasri
Published: August 2019

The search for thoughts about the education of fiqh, where fiqh inquiry has in essence has a great significance for the continuity of education in the modern era as nowadays. Besides, this research also to be used as an information material for the community of the importance of the meaning of fiqh education for life, especially in order facing modern life that has tendency of waning of values or norms of law in order of life of society also as material of information and documentation for planner and educational designer, Values in Islam contain two categories of meaning seen from normative aspect, that is good and bad. The spiritual values of jurisprudence have a close connection with a day's amaliah especially concerning worship to God. The value of jurisprudence is also a spirit (spirit) to go to the pleasure of Allah. Spiritual fiqih were extracted from two ways namely; Through faith and piety and through worship Building the Islamic character departs from two ways closely related to the basic of akhlaki. The concept of pious faith is the foundation of all activities while the concept of worship centers on an important basic principle that man was created as the holder of the mandate of Allah Almighty. who carries the treatise and exercises His Shari'a.
Pengembangan Media Permainan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam untuk Meningkatkan Minat dan Hasil Belajar MI/ SD di Gunung Kidul Jogjakarta
Authors: Delimanugari Daluti
Published: August 2019

This research is to know the development procedure of IPA game media for class IV MI / SD, to know the quality or feasibility of IPA game media for MI / SD students based on media expert and material expert, and to know the result of IPA game media development in increasing interest and learning result for fourth grade student MI Muhammadiyah Jalakan and SD Muhammadiyah Bogor in Gunungkidul. This type of research is Research and Development (R & D). Development procedures include potentials and problems, planning, drafting of products, design validation, design revisions, limited field trials, revisions of limited field trial results, broad field trials, and final product revisions. The results of the research are: 1) The game media in question is the game of Petir Pelangi and Monopoli IPA which is a game form in which there are IPA materials specially in Chapter Change of Earth Appearance and Celestial Material for class IV made by using Paint program, and equipped with auxiliary tools. 2) The results of validation of media experts and material experts indicate that the game of Petir Pelangi and Monopoli IPA is feasible or better used as media of learning media. This is based on the score score of Petir Pelangi game and Monopoli IPA respectively reaching an average of 4.3 in very good category, and 4.08 in good category. 3) In limited field trials and extensive field trials of rainbow lightning games and IPA monopolies can only increase consecutive learning interest by 6.55 with a standard gain of 0.41 in the medium category and 4, 64 with a standard gain of 0.27 in the low category. Whereas for the average of the students' learning outcomes on the limited field test and the wide field test of both game media can increase 12.77 with the standard gain of 0.31 in the medium category and 13.4 with the standard gain of 0.33 at medium category
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran IPA SD/MI Menggunakan Inkuiri Terbimbing untuk Melatih Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa pada Materi Struktur Tubuh
Authors: Gani Abdul
Published: August 2019

This research aims to bring out science teaching material by using guided inquiry which is feasible to facilitate student’s critical thinking skill. The development used 4D model and have been implementation in four year’s class of MI Hidayatussibyan on first semester 2017/2018 with One-Group Pretes-Posttest Design. Data were collected through validation, observation, test, and questionnaire method. The data was analized by using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. Results showed: 1) the teaching material developed which involve syllabus, lesson plan, textbook, worksheet, conceptual understanding test and critical thinking skill test are in valid category; 2) the material are categorized as practice where lesson plan was carried out, and student’s activity followed stages of guide inquiry model; and 3) they are effective where: (a) the increasing of conceptual understanding of students can be observed by the increasing of classical completeness from 46,46 to 87,15; (b) critical thinking skill went up with n-gain of high category (0,52); and (c) student’s respond to guided inquiry instruction is in good category. Therefore, the material is feasible to facilitate student’s critical thinking skill.
تطوير مادة مهارة الكلام على أساس الثقافة المحلية الإسلامية
Authors: Hasyim Muhamad
Published: August 2019

مهارة الكلام هي إحدي المهارات اللغوية الأربع التى تعلمها في اندونيسيا ولكن في عملية تعليم وتعلم مهارة الكلام في معهد دار الفلاح الإسلامي باتو جاوى الشرقية عدم المادة المناسبة بأهداف معهد هي مادة لها نتائج الإسلامية يعني جانب الطالب يتعلم اللغة العربية أو مهارة الكلام هم يستطيعون أن يطبقوا نتائج الإسلامية في الحياة اليومية. وأهداف هذا التطوير هي لتحصيل الإنتاج المناسبة بأهداف المرجوة بمعهد دار الفلاح الإسلامي باتو جاوى الشرقية.

المنهج الذي يستخدمه الباحث في هذا البحث هو منهج البحث والتطوير (D&R)، يعني منهج البحث المستخدم لتحصيل إنتاج معين ثم تجريبها عن فعالته.

          اختار الباحث الفصل الثالث الذي عددهم 16 طالبا ليكون عينة البحث وأدوات هذا البحث هي بطريقة الملاحطة والمقابلة والإستبانة والإختبار.

النتائج من هذا البحث. 1) عملية تطوير مادة مهارة الكلام بالخطوات: تحليل الإستبانة من الطلبة عن المشكلات وحاجتهم والمقابلة مع المدرس عن مشكلات تعليم مهارة الكلام، ثم تطوير المواد المناسبة بأهداف المعهد، ثم تحكيم الخبير.  2) استـخدام المادة المطور في تعليـم مهارة الكلام لدى الطلبة في معهد دار الفلاح الإسلامي باتو جاوى الشرقية فعّال بنتيجة تاء الحساب (t-hitung) في الإختبار القبلي والإختبار البعدي هو = 4,243 وإذا نظرنا إلى تاء الجدول (t-tabel) بأن ( N= 16) بمستوى ثقة 99% فتاء الجدول  (t-tabel) هو= 2,90 فتاء الحساب أكبر من تاء الجدول معناها فرضية مقبولة  وتوجد فروق ذات دلالة بين نتيجة الإختبار القبلي والإختبار البعدي. معناها المادة المطورة في تعليم مهارة الكلام لدى طلبة الفصل الثالث بمعهد دار الفلاح الإسلامي باتو جاوى الشرقية فعالية لترقية كفاءة كلام اللغة العربية
Philosophy of Material Logics Learning Tauhid the Nature of Two-Twenty Work Habib Usman bin Yahya in Islamic Religion Education
Authors: Nurhadi Nurhadi
Published: August 2019

Aqidah Tauhid is belief and knowledge which addresses the form of God, the obligatory nature, the nature of jaiz and the impossible nature. Islam among complete religions teaches Tawheed ahlisunnah waljama'ah, in the frame of ‘Asy’ariyah Maturidiyah, which contains the characteristics of twenty charities ma'rifah, because awaluddin ma'rifatullah" started the religion of knowing God ". Knowing God means having a religion, not knowing Allah means having no religion (infidel). Five Pillars of Islam, the first pillar of the science of monotheism or aqeedah. Learning tauhid must understand the three laws, namely law ‘Aqal, adat and syariat. These three laws are called theories of philosophical aqeedah, the easiest theory to know God with the twofold concept. It consists of four parts, namely the nature of nafsiyah (wujud), salbiyah (qidam, baqa, mukhalafatu lil hawadist, qiyamu bi nafsihi and wahdaniyat), maknawi (qudrat, iradat, knowledge, hayat, sama ', basar and qalam) and maknawiyah (presence , student, aliman, hayyan, sami'an, basiran and mutakalliman). These twenty traits have ta'aluq, namely the nature of qudrat and iradat ta'aluq ta’sir, the same nature ', basar and the knowledge of ta'aluq incisive, the nature of kalam ta'aluq is done. The twenty characteristics are grouped into two properties, namely istighna 'and iftiqar. This is the core content of the content "laa ilaaha illa allah". The second monotheism is the monotheism of the Prophet Muhammad who has the mandatory four characteristics, namely: siddiq, trust, tabigh and fatanah.
Kontribusi Khutbah Jum'at dalam Pembinaan Kerukunan Antar Umat Beragama di Masyarakat (Studi Kasus di Desa Anamina Kecamatan Manggelewa Kabupaten Dompu)
Authors: Fitriani Fitriani
Published: August 2019

Friday's sermon is one means to create religious harmony. Through the Friday sermon the community can be given an understanding of the importance of living in harmony between religious people. Based on the results of the exposure in this journal it can be concluded that the background of the emergence of harmony between religious communities are: (1) The educational factor, most of the population who have received the education became more aware of the importance of maintaining harmony of life among religious people. It proves that their understanding of religious differences is no longer superficial, so the differences are not a pretext to overthrow each other. But it isall used as a means to be able to establish cooperation. (2) Conditions of environment, circumstances and circumstances conducive environment, in the sense that there is rarely and even never a conflict in the name of religion. It drove them away from the influence of secularism and sara issues that could lead to division. (3). Geographical location, viewed from geographical location, village Anamina Kec. Manggelewa Kab. Dompu which is located a bit isolated in the suburbs makes their lives become more secure and comfortable because it is protected from the harsh influence of city life that more presenting the principle of living individualism.
Eksistensi Pesantren dalam Pembentukan Kepribadian Santri
Authors: Fitriyah Wiwin , Wahid Abd Hamid , Muali Chusnul
Published: August 2019

Pesantren education essentially grows and develops based on religious motivation. The purpose is to streamline broadcasting efforts (da’wah) and practice of Islamic teaching. In its implementation, it undertook the processn of fostering knowledge, attitudes and skills thatbconcern the religious aspect. So the formation of a virtuous man (al akhlaqul karimah)is in line with a consistent religious practice or istiqomah. Therefore , pondok pesantren has to print the true human expert in the field of religion (tafaqquh fiddin, transfer knowledge to society and create good person. From there embedded the formation of good morality is the power of the soul from within that encourages people to do good and prevent bad deeds, enjoin the ma’ruf and prevent the evil. From here the behavior of good behavior (akhlaq al-karimah) which will become the character of his personality. Related to the formationof personality, there is the problem of students who become measurement of success or not about the coaching personality of santri.
Interaksi Sosial dalam Proses Pembelajaran
Authors: Fahri Lalu Moh. , Qusyairi Lalu A. Hery
Published: August 2019

This study aims to provide an overview of students' social interactions in the learning process for instructors and prospective teachers. In this article a number of things will be reviewed, including the meaning of social interaction and learning, forms of social interaction and learning, and interaction relationships with learning. After understanding the interaction in the learning process, instructors and prospective instructors are expected to understand that learning outcomes and learning processes must be balanced so that the educational process leads to the development of attitudes, intellectual intelligence, or the development of children's skills according to their needs.
INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN SOME SELECT COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF KARBI ANGLONG AND BISWANATH DISTRICTS OF ASSAM: A STUDY
Authors: Basumatary Kishore
Published: August 2019

Libraries in a college are designed and built with the primary objective of meeting the information needs of the students of their parent Institution. In an institution like college, libraries are constructed with a view to help the students for their all-round development. It can help the students in acquiring knowledge for building their character, thinking, and for passing the examinations. It can also help the students to know the unknown things, to make the person strong through acquiring required knowledge and to help in fulfilling their aim in life. So, libraries can play an important role in students’ life by supplying any type of knowledge they want through different techniques and ways. A library is said to be the heart of the institution. Now-a-days, without a suitable well-organized library, the college is not recognized by the concerned university. In every inspection of a college, the library is inspected by the inspection committee and after satisfied they will recommend for recognition of that particular college. Now, in a college, we know that there are different types of students coming to the libraries seeking different types of information. That means they need different types of information to fulfill their needs. Here, this study is undertaken to investigate the different types of information seeking behaviour of the students by taking some five college libraries of Assam. The overall purpose of this study is to find out the different types of information seeking behaviour of the students and to determine awareness of the students about the library service available to them.
Моделирование тепловой обработки семян масличных культур высокотемпературным теплоносителем
Authors: Шевцов Александр Анатольевич , Лыткина Лариса Игоревна , Ткач Владимир Владимирович , Чернухин Юрий Васильевич , Сердюкова Наталья Алексеевна
Published: August 2019

Из-за сложности экспериментального определения полей температур и влагосодержаний в единичных семенах масличных культур принципиально важным является разработка модели тепломассопереноса, которая позволила бы проводить анализ множества альтернативных вариантов аппаратурно-технологического оформления тепловой обработки и выбирать из них оптимальные с точки зрения энергетических затрат и показателей качества высушиваемого продукта. Цель работы сформулировать математическую модель тепловой обработки семян масличных культур сферической формы высокотемпературным теплоносителем, в качестве которого использовать перегретый пар атмосферного давления, на основе дифференциальных уравнений А.В. Лыкова и предложить ее аналитическое решение. Для решения модели приняты следующие упрощающие допущения: пренебрегается теплопередачей за счёт теплопроводности; не учитывается усадка и градиент давления; единичное зерно представляется в форме шара; теплофизические параметры зависят от температуры и влажности семян; начальное распределение температуры и влагосодержания в частице продукта постоянны. С учетом принятых допущений уравнения нестационарного тепломассопереноса приведены к безразмерному виду и рассмотрены в сферической системе координат с граничными и начальными условиями. Аналитическое решение задачи моделирования представлено модифицированными рядами Фурье. Установлено, что достаточно ограничиться двумя слагаемым ряда и получить приближённое решение с достаточной для инженерных расчетов точностью. Выполнена идентификация параметров модели по экспериментальным данным процесса тепловой обработки семян рапса перегретым паром атмосферного давления в барабанной сушилке с погрешностью моделирования 12-14%.
Научно-практическое обоснование использования пектиновых веществ в технологии сырных соусов
Authors: Музыка Максим Юрьевич
Published: August 2019

Актуальным направлением современной пищевой промышленности является создание функциональных продуктов питания, в частности эмульсионных соусов. Именно поэтому предметом настоящей статьи является изучение возможности создания функционального соуса с применением пектиновых веществ в качестве стабилизатора. Высокоэтерифицированные (ВЭ) яблочный и цитрусовый пектины, а также низкоэтерифицированный (НЭ) яблочный пектин в порошкообразной форме использовались в качестве объектов исследования. Данные образцы подвергались органолептическому анализу и физико-химическим испытаниям, в ходе которых установлено их соответствие требованиям нормативно-технической документации. Для определения возможности использования пектиновых веществ в качестве стабилизаторов эмульсионных продуктов были разработаны рецептуры сырных соусов. Установлено, что пектиновые вещества в качестве стабилизатора эмульсионных продуктов обеспечивают требуемые структурно-механические свойства. Следовательно, пектин возможно использовать как для стабилизации эмульсионных жировых продуктов, так и в качестве обогающающей добавки, придающей функциональные свойства продукту.
Оперативный учёт и контроль свеклосахарного производства
Authors: Тужилкин Вячеслав Иванович , Клемешов Дмитрий Анатольевич , Доненко Егор Александрович , Лукин Николай Дмитриевич
Published: August 2019

Развитие современных технологий производства идёт путём объединения систем автоматизации и компьютерного механизма управления процессами, позволяющим принимать решения на всём пути получения готового продукта в линиях и цехах без участия человека. Компьютерные программы, созданные на основе математических моделей, отображающих производственные процессы, позволяют избежать дополнительных затрат и установить новые виды связей между явлениями, получить новый результат. Сахарное производство, как и крахмалопаточное, отличается от других пищевых производств наукоёмкостью вследствие множества процессов, протекающих при получении готового продукта. Это сильно затрудняет совершенствование технологического процесса. Предлагаемая математическая модель технохимического учёта и контроля производства сахара предназначена для автоматизированного определения технико-экономических показателей работы завода, контроля и учёта за ходом выполнения нормативных показателей и позволяет оперативно управлять производством, существенно сократить время расчётов, осуществляемых при операциях учёта и контроля получения сахара. Основные технологические показатели работы свеклосахарного завода, которые заложены в основу математической модели – это выход сахарозы из переработанной свёклы, выраженный в процентах к её массе, выход мелассы и потери сахара в производстве. Как показала практика, прикладной пакет визуального модульно-блочного моделирования позволяет весьма успешно решать сложные задачи программирования и моделирования статических и динамических объектов пищевой промышленности, добиться повышения качества и увеличения выхода сахара из свёклы, ликвидировать рутинные ручные операции расчётов.
Получение и свойства тритикалевого декстрина
Authors: Соломина Лидия Степановна , Соломин Дмитрий Анатольевич
Published: August 2019

Увеличение объемов производства модифицированных крахмалов и декстринов, расширение их ассортимента на основе использования зернового и клубневого крахмалов, повышение импортозамещения являются актуальными задачами для крахмалопаточной отрасли. К числу важнейших направлений инновационного развития крахмалопаточных предприятий и повышения импортозамещения следует отнести разработку и производство новых видов модифицированных крахмалов и декстринов из нетрадиционного сырья. Цель исследования – разработать технологический режим получения тритикалевого декстрина с высокой степенью растворимости в холодной воде и повышенной вязкостью клейстера. В данной работе изложены результаты исследований получения декстрина из тритикалевого крахмала термохимическим методом с использованием двух катализаторов: алюминиево-калиевых квасцов и адипиновой кислоты. Определено влияние основных технологических параметров, в том числе расхода катализатора, температуры и продолжительности декстринизации крахмала на физико-химические свойства тритикалевого декстрина. Разработаны научно обоснованные параметры технологического режима получения тритикалевого декстрина с наибольшей степенью растворимости в холодной воде и повышенной вязкостью клейстера. Определено, что сходы алюминиево-калиевых квасцов и адипиновой кислоты в количествах соответственно 0,75% и 0,50% к массе сухих веществ крахмала обеспечивают получение тритикалевого декстрина с максимальной вязкостью клейстера. Установлено, что степень растворимости тритикалевого декстрина в холодной воде достигает максимального значения (100%) при температурах декстринизации крахмала 150…180оС. Продолжительность декстринизации крахмала снижается прямо пропорционально повышению температуры нагрева крахмала. Выявлено, что при декстринизации крахмала в присутствии двух реагентов одновременно протекают процессы деполимеризации полисахаридных молекул крахмала и этерификации. Получено уравнение регрессии для определения степени растворимости декстрина от технологических параметров производства. Установлено, что динамическая вязкость клейстера тритикалевого декстрина выше по сравнению с кукурузным и пшеничным декстринами. Тритикалевый крахмал является ценным альтернативным сырьем для производства декстрина. Результаты исследований использованы при разработке нормативной документации для внедрения технологии на предприятиях отрасли. Организация производства этого продукта на крахмалопаточных предприятиях позволит расширить сырьевой базу и ассортимент декстринов, увеличить объем выпуска декстринов отечественного производства.
Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products
Authors: Hespeler David , El Nomeiri Sanaa , Kaltenbach Jonas , Müller Rainer H
Published: August 2019

smartPearls are a dermal delivery system for poorly soluble active agents, consisting of nanoporous silica particles loaded with a long-term stable, amorphous active agent in its mesopores (2–50 nm). The amorphous state of the active agent is known to increase dermal bioavailability. For use in marketed products, optimal silica types were identified from commercially available, regulatory accepted silica. In addition, a scalable production process was demonstrated. The loading of the particles was performed by applying the immersion–evaporation method. The antioxidant rutin was used as a model active agent and ethanol was applied as the solvent. Various silica particles (Syloid®, Davisil®) differing in particle size (7–50 µm), pore diameter (3–25 nm) and pore volume (0.4–1.75 mL/g) were investigated regarding their ease of processing. The evaporation from the silica–ethanol suspensions was performed in a rotary evaporator. The finest powders were obtained with larger-sized silica. The maximum loading staying amorphous was achieved between 10% and 25% (w/w), depending on the silica type. A loading mechanism was also proposed. The most suitable processing occurred with the large-sized Syloid® XDP 3050 silica with a 50 µm particle size and a pore diameter of 25 nm, resulting in 18% (w/w) maximum loading. Based on a 10% (w/w) loading and the amorphous solubility of the active agent, for a 100 kg dermal formulation, about 500 g of loaded particles were required. This corresponds to production of 5 kg of loaded smartPearls for a formulation batch size of a ton. The production of 5 kg (i.e., about 25 L of solvent removal) can be industrially realized in a commercial 50 L rotary evaporator.
Quantifying Institutional Reach Through the Human Network in Natural History Collections
Authors: Shorthouse David , Page Roderic
Published: August 2019

Through the Bloodhound proof-of-concept, https://bloodhound-tracker.net an international audience of collectors and determiners of natural history specimens are engaged in the emotive act of claiming their specimens and attributing other specimens to living and deceased mentors and colleagues. Behind the scenes, these claims build links between Open Researcher and Contributor Identifiers (ORCID, https://orcid.org) or Wikidata identifiers for people and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) specimen identifiers, predicated by the Darwin Core terms, recordedBy (collected) and identifiedBy (determined). Here we additionally describe the socio-technical challenge in unequivocally resolving people names in legacy specimen data and propose lightweight and reusable solutions. The unique identifiers for the affiliations of active researchers are obtained from ORCID whereas the unique identifiers for institutions where specimens are actively curated are resolved through Wikidata. By constructing closed loops of links between person, specimen, and institution, an interesting suite of potential metrics emerges, all due to the activities of employees and their network of professional relationships. This approach balances a desire for individuals to receive formal recognition for their efforts in natural history collections with that of an institutional-level need to alter budgets in response to easily obtained numeric trends in national and international reach. If handled in a coordinating fashion, this reporting technique may be a significant new driver for specimen digitization efforts on par with Altmetric, https://www.altmetric.com, an important new tool that tracks the impact of publications and delights administrators and authors alike.
A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae)
Authors: Wilke Tanja , Ahlrichs Wilko H. , Bininda-Emonds Olaf R. P.
Published: August 2019

A new, weighted matrix identification key for 34 largely undisputed species of Synchaeta was created with the aim of providing comparable, detailed and diagnostic character sets for each species that can be applied to live and/or preserved specimens. As part of this process, 14 species of Synchaeta were intensively re-investigated with respect to their habitus and trophi morphology using binocular, light, and scanning electron microscopy, which, together with behavioural observations, revealed several new discriminating characters. Whenever possible, missing information for any character was added for the remaining species from the literature, with the two recently described species Synchaeta arcifera and Synchaeta squamadigitata being considered for the first time in an identification key. Beyond its completeness, our key has two distinct advantages. First, the characters are supported by detailed illustrations of their respective character states whenever possible to both simplify identification and minimize any uncertainty in the descriptions themselves. Second, the new approach of weighting the characters according to their reliability, robustness and/or ease of determination was employed. This latter approach is especially advantageous for soft-bodied rotifers such as species of Synchaeta, where, for example, several external characters can be influenced by preservation and are therefore less diagnostic or reliable. Although the key is as comprehensive as possible, information for many species remains missing for many characters, thereby highlighting the need for additional comprehensive and detailed species (re-)investigations within Synchaeta.
Proposition d’une nouvelle échelle de mesure multidimensionnelle des tensions de rôle au travail
Authors: Djabi Mélia , Perrot Serge , Jeannerod-Dumouchel Nathalie , Campoy Eric
Published: August 2019

Malgré l’identification d’une pluralité de tensions de rôle dans la littérature, l’échelle de mesure de Rizzo, House et Lirtzman (1970) – pourtant utilisée dans la majorité des recherches – n’en reconnaît que deux : l’ambiguïté et les conflits de rôle. L’objet de cet article est de réduire l’écart entre le concept de tensions de rôle et sa mesure par la construction d’une échelle multidimensionnelle et intégrative. Construite à partir d’un pré-test qualitatif, de quatre pré-tests quantitatifs et d’une étude confirmatoire, cette échelle distingue quatre natures de tensions de rôle : celles liées aux attentes contradictoires, aux attentes en conflit avec celles de l’individu, aux attentes excessives et aux attentes ambiguës. Les items généralisables de cette échelle lui confèrent un potentiel de transférabilité permettant le cumul des recherches dans ce domaine.
Coordinated Modulation of Corneal Scarring by the Epithelial Basement Membrane and Descemet's Basement Membrane
Authors: Wilson Steven E.
Published: August 2019

PURPOSE:

To provide an overview of the importance of the coordinated role of the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and Descemet's basement membrane (DBM) in modulating scarring (fibrosis) in the cornea after injuries, infections, surgeries, and diseases of the cornea.

METHODS:

Literature review.

RESULTS:

Despite their molecular and ultrastructural differences, the EBM and DBM act in a coordinated fashion to modulate the entry of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and other growth factors from the epithelium/tear film and aqueous humor, respectively, into the corneal stroma where persistent levels of these modulators trigger the development and persistence of myofibroblasts that produced disordered, opaque extracellular matrix not usually present in the corneal stroma. The development of these myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix they produce is often detrimental to visual function of the cornea after penetrating keratoplasty, LASIK buttonhole flaps, persistent epithelial defects, microbial keratitis, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, or Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, while being beneficial in other situations such as the scarred edge of LASIK flaps and donor–recipient interface in penetrating keratoplasty. Efforts to modulate the repair or replacement of the EBM and DBM, and thereby the development or disappearance of myofibroblasts, should be a major emphasis of treatments provided by refractive and corneal surgeries, infections, trauma, or diseases of the cornea.

CONCLUSIONS:

The EBM and DBM are critical modulators of the localization of profibrotic growth factors, such as TGF-β, that modulate the development and persistence of myofibroblasts that produce corneal scars (stromal fibrosis). Therapeutic efforts to regenerate or repair EBM and/or DBM, and interfere with the development of myofibroblasts or facilitate their disappearance are often the key to clinical outcomes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2019;35(8):506–516.]
Posterior Segment Visualization in Eyes With Small-Aperture Intraocular Lens
Authors: Srinivasan Sathish , Khoo Lin Wei , Koshy Zachariah
Published: August 2019

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the posterior segment visualization in patients with small-aperture intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

METHODS:

In this prospective, comparative case series, 15 patients who had unilateral implantation of the small-aperture IOL in their non-dominant eyes were recruited. Their fellow eyes were pseudophakic with a monofocal IOL in 14 patients and phakic in 1 patient. All underwent bilateral posterior segment clinical investigations including fundus photography, threshold perimetry, and optical coherence tomography of the posterior pole including optic nerve head. The results from these investigations were graded by a clinician masked to the laterality and type of IOL. Patient 11 developed postoperative endophthalmitis 4 weeks following cataract surgery with implantation of a small-aperture IOL and underwent pars plana vitrectomy. The intraoperative view of the posterior segment was subjectively evaluated by the retinal surgeon.

RESULTS:

All 15 patients had successful image captures with all clinical investigative tools with no differences in image quality detected between the images obtained from the monofocal pseudophakic and small-aperture IOL eyes. The small-aperture IOL did not subjectively obstruct the intraoperative view for the retinal surgeon during pars plana vitrectomy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Standard posterior segment investigations including non-mydriatic fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and automated perimetry can be safely and effectively performed in eyes with small-aperture IOLs. There is no difference in the image quality.

[
J Refract Surg.
2019;35(8):538–542.]
Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in young livestock and dogs in Magude District of Maputo Province, Mozambique
Authors: Miambo Regina D. , Laitela Benigna , Malatji Mokgadi P. , De Santana Afonso Sonia M. , Junior Alberto P. , Lindh Johan , Mukaratirwa Samson
Published: August 2019

Background: Giardia and Cryptosporidium species are significant zoonotic parasites of humans and domesticated animals.Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in livestock and dogs of the Magude District.Method: The flotation technique (Willis), modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) and direct and indirect immunofluorescence (DIF and IIF) techniques were applied to determine the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species in faecal samples of dog pups (156), goat kids (60) and calves (480) from the Magude District of Mozambique from February to September 2015.Results: Using Willis, IIF and DIF, the prevalence of Giardia in calves was 0%, 8.1%, and 6.0%; in dogs 0.6%, 8.3% and 5.7% and for goats 0% and 13.3% (IIF was not performed), respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves using Willis, mZN, IIF and DIF was 0%, 3.8%, 4.7% and 0.4% and in dogs 0%, 0.6%, 6.4% and 0.6%, respectively. The parasite was not detected in goats.Conclusion: Results from the present study showed that IIF performed better diagnosis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and that the mZN can be used as an alternative for Cryptosporidium because of the high cost of IIF. There is a need for identification of genotypes or subtypes of these parasites through application of molecular techniques in order to determine their zoonotic potential, and we advocate a ‘one health’ approach in the control and prevention of these parasites.
Report on the Breast Ultrasound and Mammography Workshop held in Pretoria, 23-26 September 1999
Authors: Kruger Garth
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Computer technology update
Authors: Whitehorn R.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
A very high-resolution assessment and modelling of urban air quality
Authors: Wolf Tobias , Pettersson Lasse H. , Esau Igor
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Urban air quality is one of the most prominent environmental concerns for a modern city dweller. Accurate monitoring of air quality is difficult due to intrinsic urban landscape heterogeneity and superposition of multiple polluting sources. Existing approaches often do not provide the necessary spatial details and peak concentrations of pollutants, especially at larger distances from measuring stations. A more advanced approach is needed. This study presents a very high-resolution air quality assessment with the large-eddy simulation model PALM. This fully three-dimensional primitive-equation hydro-dynamical model resolves both structural details of the complex urban surface and turbulent eddies larger than 10 m in size. We ran a set of 9 meteorological scenarios in order to assess the dispersion of pollutants in Bergen, a middle-sized Norwegian city embedded in a coastal valley. This set of scenarios represents typically observed conditions with high air pollution from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5). The modelling methodology helped to identify pathways and patterns of air pollution caused by the three main local air pollution sources in the city. These are road vehicle traffic, domestic house heating with wood-burning fireplaces and ships docked in the harbour area next to the city centre. The study produced vulnerability maps, highlighting the most impacted districts for each scenario.
Evidence for impacts on surface-level air quality in the Northeastern U.S. from long-distance transport of smoke from North American fires during LISTOS 2018
Authors: Rogers Haley M. , Ditto Jenna C. , Gentner Drew R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Biomass burning is a large source of uncontrolled air pollutants, including particulate matter (i.e. PM2.5), black carbon (BC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO), which have significant effects on air quality, human health, and climate. Measurements of PM2.5, BC, and CO made at the Yale Coastal Field Station in Guilford, CT and five other sites in the metropolitan New York City (NYC) area indicate long-distance transport of pollutants from wildfires and other biomass burning to surface-level sites in the region. Here, we examine two such events occurring on August 16th–17th and 27th–29th, 2018. In addition to regionally-consistent enhancements in the surface concentrations of gases and particulates associated with biomass burning, satellite imagery confirms the presence of smoke plumes in the NYC-Connecticut region during these events. Backward-trajectory modeling indicates that air masses arriving in coastal Connecticut on August 16th–17th passed over the west coast of Canada, near multiple large wildfires. In contrast, air parcels arriving on August 27th–29th passed over active fires in the southeastern United States. The results of this study demonstrate that biomass burning events throughout the U.S. and Canada (more than 4000 km away), which are increasing in frequency, impact surface-level air quality beyond regional scales, including in NYC and the northeastern U.S.
External and internal cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) mixtures: controlled laboratory studies of varying mixing states
Authors: Vu Diep , Gao Shaokai , Berte Tyler , Kacarab Mary , Yao Qi , Vafai Kambiz , Asa-Awuku Akua
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Changes in aerosol chemical mixtures modify cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
activity. Previous studies have developed CCN models and validated changes
in external and internal mixing state with ambient field data. Here, we
develop an experimental method to test and validate the CCN activation of
known aerosol chemical composition with multicomponent mixtures and varying
mixing states. CCN activation curves consisting of one or more activation
points are presented. Specifically, simplified two-component systems of
varying hygroscopicity were generated under internal, external, and
transitional mixing conditions. κ-Köhler theory predictions were
calculated for different organic and inorganic mixtures and compared to
experimentally derived kappa values and respective mixing states. This work
employs novel experimental methods to provide information on the shifts in
CCN activation data due to external to internal particle mixing from
controlled laboratory sources. Results show that activation curves
consisting of single and double activation points are consistent with
internal and external mixtures, respectively. In addition, the height of the
plateau at the activation points is reflective of the externally mixed
concentration in the mixture. The presence of a plateau indicates that CCN
activation curves consisting of multiple inflection points are externally
mixed aerosols of varying water-uptake properties. The plateau disappears
when mixing is promoted in the flow tube. At the end of the flow tube
experiment, the aerosols are internally mixed and the CCN activated fraction
data can be fit with a single-sigmoid curve. The technique to mimic
externally to internally mixed aerosol is applied to non-hygroscopic
carbonaceous aerosol with organic and inorganic components. To our
knowledge, this work is the first to show controlled CCN activation of mixed
non-hygroscopic soot with hygroscopic material as the aerosol population
transitions from externally to internally mixed states in laboratory
conditions. Results confirm that CCN activation analysis methods used here
and in ambient data sets are robust and may be used to infer the mixing
state of complex aerosol compositions of unknown origin.
Three decades of simulated global terrestrial carbon fluxes from a data assimilation system confronted with different periods of observations
Authors: Castro-Morales Karel , Schürmann Gregor , Köstler Christoph , Rödenbeck Christian , Heimann Martin , Zaehle Sönke
Published: August 2019

Abstract. During the last decade, carbon cycle data assimilation systems (CCDAS) have
focused on improving the simulation of seasonal and mean global carbon
fluxes over a few years by simultaneous assimilation of multiple data
streams. However, the ability of a CCDAS to predict longer-term trends and
variability of the global carbon cycle and the constraint provided by the
observations have not yet been assessed. Here, we evaluate two near-decade-long assimilation experiments of the Max Planck Institute – Carbon Cycle
Data Assimilation System (MPI-CCDAS v1) using spaceborne estimates of the
fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR) and atmospheric
CO2 concentrations from the global network of flask measurement sites
from either 1982 to 1990 or 1990 to 2000. We contrast these simulations with
independent observations from the period 1982–2010, as well as a third
MPI-CCDAS assimilation run using data from the full 1982–2010 period, and an
atmospheric inversion covering the same data and time. With 30 years of
data, MPI-CCDAS is capable of representing land uptake to a sufficient
degree to make it compatible with the atmospheric CO2 record. The
long-term trend and seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2
concentrations at station level over the period 1982 to 2010 is considerably
improved after assimilating only the first decade (1982–1990) of
observations. After 15–19 years of prognostic simulation, the simulated
CO2 mixing ratio in 2007–2010 diverges by only 2±1.3 ppm from
the observations, the atmospheric inversion, and the MPI-CCDAS assimilation
run using observations from the full period. The long-term trend,
phenological seasonality, and interannual variability (IAV) of FAPAR in the
Northern Hemisphere over the last 1 to 2 decades after the assimilation
were also improved. Despite imperfections in the representation of the IAV
in atmospheric CO2, model–data fusion for a decade of data can already
contribute to the prognostic capacity of land carbon cycle models at
relevant timescales.
Pollen-based quantitative land-cover reconstruction for northern Asia covering the last 40 ka cal BP
Authors: Cao Xianyong , Tian Fang , Li Furong , Gaillard Marie-José , Rudaya Natalia , Xu Qinghai , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: August 2019

Abstract. We collected the available relative pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) for
27 major pollen taxa from Eurasia and applied them to estimate plant
abundances during the last 40 ka cal BP (calibrated thousand years before
present) using pollen counts from 203 fossil pollen records in northern Asia
(north of 40∘ N). These pollen records were organized into 42
site groups and regional mean plant abundances calculated using the REVEALS
(Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites) model.
Time-series clustering, constrained hierarchical clustering, and detrended
canonical correspondence analysis were performed to investigate the regional
pattern, time, and strength of vegetation changes, respectively.
Reconstructed regional plant functional type (PFT) components for each
site group are generally consistent with modern vegetation in that
vegetation changes within the regions are characterized by minor changes in
the abundance of PFTs rather than by an increase in new PFTs, particularly
during the Holocene. We argue that pollen-based REVEALS estimates of plant
abundances should be a more reliable reflection of the vegetation as pollen
may overestimate the turnover, particularly when a high pollen producer
invades areas dominated by low pollen producers. Comparisons with
vegetation-independent climate records show that climate change is the
primary factor driving land-cover changes at broad spatial and temporal
scales. Vegetation changes in certain regions or periods, however, could not
be explained by direct climate change, e.g. inland Siberia, where a
sharp increase in evergreen conifer tree abundance occurred at ca. 7–8 ka cal BP despite an unchanging climate, potentially reflecting their response
to complex climate–permafrost–fire–vegetation interactions and thus a
possible long-term lagged climate response.
Historical and future anthropogenic warming effects on the year 2015 droughts, fires and fire emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 in equatorial Asia
Authors: Shiogama Hideo , Hirata Ryuichi , Hasegawa Tomoko , Fujimori Shinichiro , Ishizaki Noriko , Chatani Satoru , Watanabe Masahiro , Mitchell Daniel , Lo Y. T. Eunice
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In 2015, El Niño caused severe droughts in equatorial Asia (EA). The severe droughts enhanced fire activities in the dry seasons, leading to massive fire emissions of CO2 and aerosols. Using large event attribution ensembles of the MIROC5 atmospheric global climate model, we suggest that historical anthropogenic warming increased the chances of meteorological droughts exceeding the 2015 observations in the EA area. Large probability increases in stronger droughts than the 2015 event are found in the ensemble simulations of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming according to the Paris Agreement goals. Further drying is projected in the 3.0 °C ensemble. We combine these experiments and empirical functions between precipitation, burned area, and fire emissions of CO2 and PM2.5. Increases in the chances of the burned area and the emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 exceeding the 2015 observations due to anthropogenic climate change in the past are not significant. In contrast, there are significant increases in the burned area and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions even if the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C goals are achieved. If global warming reaches 3.0 °C, as is expected from the current mitigation policies of nations, the chances of the burned area, CO2 and PM2.5 emissions exceeding the 2015 observed values become approximately 100 %, at least in the single model ensembles. We also compare changes in fire CO2 emissions due to climate changes and the land-use CO2 emission scenarios of five shared socio-economic pathways, where the climate change effects on fire are not considered. There are two main implications. First, in a national policy context, future EA climate policy will need to consider these climate change effects regarding both mitigation and adaptation aspects. Second, the consideration of fire increases would change global CO2 emissions and the mitigation strategy, which suggests that future climate change mitigation studies should take these factors into account.