Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development
Authors:   NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Mishra Anu , Zhou Bin , Rodriguez-Martinez Andrea , Bixby Honor , Singleton Rosie K. , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. , Sheffer Kate E. , Paciorek Christopher J. , Bennett James E. , Lhoste Victor , Iurilli Maria L. C. , Di Cesare Mariachiara , Bentham James , Phelps Nowell H. , Sophiea Marisa K. , Stevens Gretchen A. , Danaei Goodarz , Cowan Melanie J. , Savin Stefan , Riley Leanne M. , Gregg Edward W. , Aekplakorn Wichai , Ahmad Noor Ani , Baker Jennifer L. , Chirita-Emandi Adela , Farzadfar Farshad , Fink Günther , Heinen Mirjam , Ikeda Nayu , Kengne Andre P. , Khang Young-Ho , Laatikainen Tiina , Laxmaiah Avula , Ma Jun , Monroy-Valle Michele , Mridha Malay K. , Padez Cristina P. , Reynolds Andrew , Sorić Maroje , Starc Gregor , Wirth James P. , Abarca-Gómez Leandra , Abdeen Ziad A. , Abdrakhmanova Shynar , Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul , Abdul Rahim Hanan F. , Abdurrahmonova Zulfiya , Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M. , Garba Jamila Abubakar , Acosta-Cazares Benjamin , Adam Ishag , Adamczyk Marzena , Adams Robert J. , Adu-Afarwuah Seth , Afsana Kaosar , Afzal Shoaib , Agbor Valirie N. , Agdeppa Imelda A. , Aghazadeh-Attari Javad , Aguenaou Hassan , Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A. , Agyemang Charles , Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan , Ahmadi Ali , Ahmadi Naser , Ahmadi Nastaran , Ahmed Imran , Ahmed Soheir H. , Ahrens Wolfgang , Aitmurzaeva Gulmira , Ajlouni Kamel , Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M. , Al-Lahou Badreya , Al-Raddadi Rajaa , Al Hourani Huda M. , Al Qaoud Nawal M. , Alarouj Monira , AlBuhairan Fadia , AlDhukair Shahla , Aldwairji Maryam A. , Alexius Sylvia , Ali Mohamed M. , Alkandari Abdullah , Alkerwi Ala’a , Alkhatib Buthaina M. , Allin Kristine , Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar , Aly Eman , Amarapurkar Deepak N. , Etxezarreta Pilar Amiano , Amoah John , Amougou Norbert , Amouyel Philippe , Andersen Lars Bo , Anderssen Sigmund A. , Androutsos Odysseas , Ängquist Lars , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza , Anufrieva Elena , Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer , Araújo Joana , Ariansen Inger , Aris Tahir , Arku Raphael E. , Arlappa Nimmathota , Aryal Krishna K. , Aseffa Nega , Aspelund Thor , Assah Felix K. , Assembekov Batyrbek , Assunção Maria Cecília F. , Aung May Soe , Auvinen Juha , Avdičová Mária , Avi Shina , Azevedo Ana , Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen , Azizi Fereidoun , Azmin Mehrdad , Babu Bontha V. , Jørgensen Maja Bæksgaard , Baharudin Azli , Bahijri Suhad , Bakacs Marta , Balakrishna Nagalla , Balanova Yulia , Bamoshmoosh Mohamed , Banach Maciej , Banegas José R. , Baran Joanna , Baran Rafał , Barbagallo Carlo M. , Filho Valter Barbosa , Barceló Alberto , Baretić Maja , Barkat Amina , Barnoya Joaquin , Barrera Lena , Barreto Marta , Barros Aluisio J. D. , Barros Mauro Virgílio Gomes , Bartosiewicz Anna , Basit Abdul , Bastos Joao Luiz D. , Bata Iqbal , Batieha Anwar M. , Batista Aline P. , Batista Rosangela L. , Battakova Zhamilya , Baur Louise A. , Bayauli Pascal M. , Beaglehole Robert , Bel-Serrat Silvia , Belavendra Antonisamy , Ben Romdhane Habiba , Benedics Judith , Benet Mikhail , Rolandi Gilda Estela Benitez , Bere Elling , Bergh Ingunn Holden , Berhane Yemane , Berkinbayev Salim , Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio , Bernotiene Gailute , Carrasola Ximena Berrios , Bettiol Heloísa , Beutel Manfred E. , Beybey Augustin F. , Bezerra Jorge , Bhagyalaxmi Aroor , Bharadwaj Sumit , Bhargava Santosh K. , Bi Hongsheng , Bi Yufang , Bia Daniel , Biasch Katia , Lele Elysée Claude Bika , Bikbov Mukharram M. , Bista Bihungum , Bjelica Dusko J. , Bjerregaard Anne A. , Bjerregaard Peter , Bjertness Espen , Bjertness Marius B. , Björkelund Cecilia , Bloch Katia V. , Blokstra Anneke , Magnazu Moran Blychfeld , Bo Simona , Bobak Martin , Boddy Lynne M. , Boehm Bernhard O. , Boer Jolanda M. A. , Boggia Jose G. , Bogova Elena , Boissonnet Carlos P. , Bojesen Stig E. , Bonaccio Marialaura , Bongard Vanina , Bonilla-Vargas Alice , Bopp Matthias , Borghs Herman , Bovet Pascal , Boymatova Khadichamo , Braeckevelt Lien , Braeckman Lutgart , Bragt Marjolijn C. E. , Brajkovich Imperia , Branca Francesco , Breckenkamp Juergen , Breda João , Brenner Hermann , Brewster Lizzy M. , Brian Garry R. , Briceño Yajaira , Brinduse Lacramioara , Brito Miguel , Brophy Sinead , Brug Johannes , Bruno Graziella , Bugge Anna , Buntinx Frank , Buoncristiano Marta , Burazeri Genc , Burns Con , de León Antonio Cabrera , Cacciottolo Joseph , Cai Hui , Caixeta Roberta B. , Cama Tilema , Cameron Christine , Camolas José , Can Günay , Cândido Ana Paula C. , Cañete Felicia , Capanzana Mario V. , Čapková Naděžda , Capuano Eduardo , Capuano Rocco , Capuano Vincenzo , Cardol Marloes , Cardoso Viviane C. , Carlsson Axel C. , Carmuega Esteban , Carvalho Joana , Casajús José A. , Casanueva Felipe F. , Casas Maribel , Celikcan Ertugrul , Censi Laura , Cervantes‐Loaiza Marvin , Cesar Juraci A. , Chamukuttan Snehalatha , Chan Angelique , Chan Queenie , Chaturvedi Himanshu K. , Chaturvedi Nish , Rahim Norsyamlina Che Abdul , Chee Miao Li , Chen Chien-Jen , Chen Fangfang , Chen Huashuai , Chen Shuohua , Chen Zhengming , Cheng Ching-Yu , Cheng Yiling J. , Cheraghian Bahman , Chetrit Angela , Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina , Chinapaw Mai J. M. , Chinnock Anne , Chiolero Arnaud , Chiou Shu-Ti , Chirlaque María-Dolores , Cho Belong , Christensen Kaare , Christofaro Diego G. , Chudek Jerzy , Cifkova Renata , Cilia Michelle , Cinteza Eliza , Cirillo Massimo , Claessens Frank , Clarke Janine , Clays Els , Cohen Emmanuel , Compañ-Gabucio Laura-María , Concin Hans , Confortin Susana C. , Cooper Cyrus , Coppinger Tara C. , Corpeleijn Eva , Cortés Lilia Yadira , Costanzo Simona , Cottel Dominique , Cowell Chris , Craig Cora L. , Crampin Amelia C. , Cross Amanda J. , Crujeiras Ana B. , Cruz Juan J. , Csányi Tamás , Csilla Semánová , Cucu Alexandra M. , Cui Liufu , Cureau Felipe V. , Cuschieri Sarah , Czenczek-Lewandowska Ewelina , D’Arrigo Graziella , d’Orsi Eleonora , Dacica Liliana , Dallongeville Jean , Damasceno Albertino , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Dankner Rachel , Dantoft Thomas M. , Dasgupta Parasmani , Dastgiri Saeed , Dauchet Luc , Davletov Kairat , de Assis Maria Alice Altenburg , De Backer Guy , De Bacquer Dirk , De Curtis Amalia , de Fragas Hinnig Patrícia , de Gaetano Giovanni , De Henauw Stefaan , De Miguel-Etayo Pilar , de Oliveira Paula Duarte , De Ridder David , De Ridder Karin , de Rooij Susanne R. , De Smedt Delphine , Deepa Mohan , Deev Alexander D. , DeGennaro Vincent , Delisle Hélène , Delpeuch Francis , Demarest Stefaan , Dennison Elaine , Dereń Katarzyna , Deschamps Valérie , Dhimal Meghnath , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares , Díaz-Sánchez María Elena , Diaz Alejandro , Fernández Pedro Díaz , Ripollés María Pilar Díez , Dika Zivka , Djalalinia Shirin , Djordjic Visnja , Do Ha T. P. , Dobson Annette J. , Dominguez Liria , Donati Maria Benedetta , Donfrancesco Chiara , Dong Guanghui , Dong Yanhui , Donoso Silvana P. , Döring Angela , Dorobantu Maria , Dorosty Ahmad Reza , Doua Kouamelan , Dragano Nico , Drygas Wojciech , Duan Jia Li , Duante Charmaine A. , Duboz Priscilla , Duleva Vesselka L. , Dulskiene Virginija , Dumith Samuel C. , Dushpanova Anar , Dyussupova Azhar , Dzerve Vilnis , Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta , Echeverría Guadalupe , Eddie Ricky , Eftekhar Ebrahim , Egbagbe Eruke E. , Eggertsen Robert , Eghtesad Sareh , Eiben Gabriele , Ekelund Ulf , El-Khateeb Mohammad , El Ammari Laila , El Ati Jalila , Eldemire-Shearer Denise , Eliasen Marie , Elliott Paul , Endevelt Ronit , Engle-Stone Reina , Erasmus Rajiv T. , Erbel Raimund , Erem Cihangir , Ergor Gul , Eriksen Louise , Eriksson Johan G. , Escobedo-de la Peña Jorge , Eslami Saeid , Esmaeili Ali , Evans Alun , Faeh David , Fakhradiyev Ildar , Fakhretdinova Albina A. , Fall Caroline H. , Faramarzi Elnaz , Farjam Mojtaba , Sant’Angelo Victoria Farrugia , Fattahi Mohammad Reza , Fawwad Asher , Fawzi Wafaie W. , Feigl Edit , Felix-Redondo Francisco J. , Ferguson Trevor S. , Fernandes Romulo A. , Fernández-Bergés Daniel , Ferrante Daniel , Ferrao Thomas , Ferrari Gerson , Ferrari Marika , Ferrario Marco M. , Ferreccio Catterina , Ferreira Haroldo S. , Ferrer Eldridge , Ferrieres Jean , Figueiró Thamara Hubler , Fijalkowska Anna , Fisberg Mauro , Fischer Krista , Foo Leng Huat , Forsner Maria , Fouad Heba M. , Francis Damian K. , do Carmo Franco Maria , Fras Zlatko , Frontera Guillermo , Fuchs Flavio D. , Fuchs Sandra C. , Fujiati Isti I. , Fujita Yuki , Fumihiko Matsuda , Furdela Viktoriya , Furusawa Takuro , Gaciong Zbigniew , Gafencu Mihai , Cuesta Manuel Galán , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Galenkamp Henrike , Galeone Daniela , Galfo Myriam , Galvano Fabio , Gao Jingli , Gao Pei , Garcia-de-la-Hera Manoli , Mérida María José García , Solano Marta García , Gareta Dickman , Garnett Sarah P. , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Gasull Magda , Gaya Adroaldo Cesar Araujo , Gaya Anelise Reis , Gazzinelli Andrea , Gehring Ulrike , Geiger Harald , Geleijnse Johanna M. , George Ronnie , Ghaderi Ebrahim , Ghanbari Ali , Ghasemi Erfan , Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina , Gialluisi Alessandro , Giampaoli Simona , Gianfagna Francesco , Gieger Christian , Gill Tiffany K. , Giovannelli Jonathan , Gironella Glen , Giwercman Aleksander , Gkiouras Konstantinos , Glushkova Natalya , Gluškova Natalja , Godara Ramesh , Godos Justyna , Gogen Sibel , Goldberg Marcel , Goltzman David , Gómez Georgina , Gómez Jesús Humberto Gómez , Gomez Luis F. , Gómez Santiago F. , Gomula Aleksandra , da Silva Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro , Gonçalves Helen , Gonçalves Mauer , González-Alvarez Ana D. , Gonzalez-Chica David A. , González-Gil Esther M. , Gonzalez-Gross Marcela , González-Leon Margot , González-Rivas Juan P. , González-Villalpando Clicerio , González-Villalpando María-Elena , Gonzalez Angel R. , Gottrand Frederic , Graça Antonio Pedro , Graff-Iversen Sidsel , Grafnetter Dušan , Grajda Aneta , Grammatikopoulou Maria G. , Gregor Ronald D. , Gregório Maria João , Grøholt Else Karin , Grøntved Anders , Grosso Giuseppe , Gruden Gabriella , Gu Dongfeng , Guajardo Viviana , Gualdi-Russo Emanuela , Guallar-Castillón Pilar , Gualtieri Andrea , Gudmundsson Elias F. , Gudnason Vilmundur , Guerrero Ramiro , Guessous Idris , Guimaraes Andre L. , Gulliford Martin C. , Gunnlaugsdottir Johanna , Gunter Marc J. , Guo Xiu-Hua , Guo Yin , Gupta Prakash C. , Gupta Rajeev , Gureje Oye , González Enrique Gutiérrez , Gutierrez Laura , Gutzwiller Felix , Gwee Xinyi , Ha Seongjun , Hadaegh Farzad , Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos A. , Haghshenas Rosa , Hakimi Hamid , Halkjær Jytte , Hambleton Ian R. , Hamzeh Behrooz , Hanekom Willem A. , Hange Dominique , Hanif Abu A. M. , Hantunen Sari , Hao Jie , Hardman Carla Menêses , Kumar Rachakulla Hari , Lassen Tina Harmer , Harooni Javad , Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad , Hassapidou Maria , Hata Jun , Haugsgjerd Teresa , Hayes Alison J. , He Jiang , He Yuan , He Yuna , Heidinger-Felső Regina , Heier Margit , Hejgaard Tatjana , Hendriks Marleen Elisabeth , dos Santos Henrique Rafael , Henriques Ana , Cadena Leticia Hernandez , Herrala Sauli , Herrera-Cuenca Marianella , Herrera Victor M. , Herter-Aeberli Isabelle , Herzig Karl-Heinz , Heshmat Ramin , Hill Allan G. , Ho Sai Yin , Ho Suzanne C. , Hobbs Michael , Höfelmann Doroteia A. , Holdsworth Michelle , Homayounfar Reza , Homs Clara , Hopman Wilma M. , Horimoto Andrea R. V. R. , Hormiga Claudia M. , Horta Bernardo L. , Houti Leila , Howitt Christina , Htay Thein Thein , Htet Aung Soe , Htike Maung Maung Than , Hu Yonghua , Huerta José María , Huhtaniemi Ilpo Tapani , Huiart Laetitia , Petrescu Constanta Huidumac , Huisman Martijn , Husseini Abdullatif , Huu Chinh Nguyen , Huybrechts Inge , Hwalla Nahla , Hyska Jolanda , Iacoviello Licia , Iakupova Ellina M. , Ibarluzea Jesús M. , Ibrahim Mohsen M. , Wong Norazizah Ibrahim , Ikram M. Arfan , Iñiguez Carmen , Iotova Violeta , Irazola Vilma E. , Ishida Takafumi , Isiguzo Godsent C. , Islam Muhammad , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Islek Duygu , Ivanova-Pandourska Ivaila Y. , Iwasaki Masanori , Jääskeläinen Tuija , Jackson Rod T. , Jacobs Jeremy M. , Jadoul Michel , Jafar Tazeen , Jallow Bakary , James Kenneth , Jamil Kazi M. , Jamrozik Konrad , Jansson Anna , Janszky Imre , Janus Edward , Jarani Juel , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Jasienska Grazyna , Jelaković Ana , Jelaković Bojan , Jennings Garry , Jiang Chao Qiang , Jimenez Ramon O. , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Joffres Michel , Jokelainen Jari J. , Jonas Jost B. , Jonnagaddala Jitendra , Jørgensen Torben , Joshi Pradeep , Josipović Josipa , Joukar Farahnaz , Jóźwiak Jacek J. , Judge Debra S. , Juolevi Anne , Jurak Gregor , Simina Iulia Jurca , Juresa Vesna , Kaaks Rudolf , Kaducu Felix O. , Kafatos Anthony , Kaj Mónika , Kajantie Eero O. , Kakutia Natia , Kállayová Daniela , Kalmatayeva Zhanna , Kalter-Leibovici Ofra , Kameli Yves , Kampmann Freja B. , Kanala Kodanda R. , Kannan Srinivasan , Kapantais Efthymios , Karaglani Eva , Karakosta Argyro , Kårhus Line L. , Karki Khem B. , Katchunga Philippe B. , Katibeh Marzieh , Katz Joanne , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Kauhanen Jussi , Kaur Prabhdeep , Kavousi Maryam , Kazakbaeva Gyulli M. , Kaze François F. , Ke Calvin , Keil Ulrich , Boker Lital Keinan , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Kelishadi Roya , Kelleher Cecily , Kemper Han C. G. , Keramati Maryam , Kerimkulova Alina , Kersting Mathilde , Key Timothy , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khaledifar Arsalan , Khalili Davood , Khaw Kay-Tee , Kheiri Bahareh , Kheradmand Motahareh , Khosravi Alireza , Khouw Ilse M. S. L. , Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Ursula , Kiechl Sophia J. , Kiechl Stefan , Killewo Japhet , Kim Hyeon Chang , Kim Jeongseon , Kindblom Jenny M. , Kingston Andrew , Klakk Heidi , Klimek Magdalena , Klimont Jeannette , Klumbiene Jurate , Knoflach Michael , Koirala Bhawesh , Kolle Elin , Kolsteren Patrick , König Jürgen , Korpelainen Raija , Korrovits Paul , Korzycka Magdalena , Kos Jelena , Koskinen Seppo , Kouda Katsuyasu , Kovács Éva , Kovacs Viktoria Anna , Kovalskys Irina , Kowlessur Sudhir , Koziel Slawomir , Kratenova Jana , Kratzer Wolfgang , Kriaucioniene Vilma , Kriemler Susi , Kristensen Peter Lund , Krizan Helena , Kroker-Lobos Maria F. , Krokstad Steinar , Kromhout Daan , Kruger Herculina S. , Kruger Ruan , Kryst Łukasz , Kubinova Ruzena , Kuciene Renata , Kujala Urho M. , Kujundzic Enisa , Kulaga Zbigniew , Kulimbet Mukhtar , Kumar R. Krishna , Kunešová Marie , Kurjata Pawel , Kusuma Yadlapalli S. , Kutsenko Vladimir , Kuulasmaa Kari , Kyobutungi Catherine , La Quang Ngoc , Laamiri Fatima Zahra , Lachat Carl , Lackner Karl J. , Laid Youcef , Lall Lachmie , Lam Tai Hing , Jimenez Maritza Landaeta , Landais Edwige , Lanska Vera , Lappas Georg , Larijani Bagher , Larissa Simo Pone , Latt Tint Swe , Laurenzi Martino , Lauria Laura , Lazo-Porras Maria , Le Coroller Gwenaëlle , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Le Port Agnès , Le Tuyen D. , Lee Jeannette , Lee Jeonghee , Lee Paul H. , Lehmann Nils , Lehtimäki Terho , Lemogoum Daniel , Leskošek Branimir , Leszczak Justyna , Leth-Møller Katja B. , Leung Gabriel M. , Levitt Naomi S. , Li Yanping , Liivak Merike , Lilly Christa L. , Lim Charlie , Lim Wei-Yen , Lima-Costa M. Fernanda , Lin Hsien-Ho , Lin Xu , Lin Yi-Ting , Lind Lars , Lingam Vijaya , Linkohr Birgit , Linneberg Allan , Lissner Lauren , Litwin Mieczyslaw , Liu Jing , Liu Lijuan , Lo Wei-Cheng , Loit Helle-Mai , Long Khuong Quynh , Abril Guadalupe Longo , Lopes Luis , Lopes Marcus V. V. , Lopes Oscar , Lopez-Garcia Esther , Lopez Tania , Lotufo Paulo A. , Lozano José Eugenio , Lukrafka Janice L. , Luksiene Dalia , Lundqvist Annamari , Lunet Nuno , Lunogelo Charles , Lustigová Michala , Łuszczki Edyta , M’Buyamba-Kabangu Jean-René , Ma Guansheng , Ma Xu , Machado-Coelho George L. L. , Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M. , Macia Enguerran , Macieira Luisa M. , Madar Ahmed A. , Madsen Anja L. , Maestre Gladys E. , Maggi Stefania , Magliano Dianna J. , Magnacca Sara , Magriplis Emmanuella , Mahasampath Gowri , Maire Bernard , Majer Marjeta , Makdisse Marcia , Mäki Päivi , Malekzadeh Fatemeh , Malekzadeh Reza , Malhotra Rahul , Rao Kodavanti Mallikharjuna , Malyutina Sofia K. , Maniego Lynell V. , Manios Yannis , Manix Masimango Imani , Mann Jim I. , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz , Manyanga Taru , Manzato Enzo , Marcil Anie , Margozzini Paula , Mariño Joany , Markaki Anastasia , Markey Oonagh , Ioannidou Eliza Markidou , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Marques Larissa Pruner , Marrugat Jaume , Martin-Prevel Yves , Martin Rosemarie , Martorell Reynaldo , Martos Eva , Maruszczak Katharina , Marventano Stefano , Masala Giovanna , Mascarenhas Luis P. , Masoodi Shariq R. , Mathiesen Ellisiv B. , Mathur Prashant , Matijasevich Alicia , Matłosz Piotr , Matsha Tandi E. , Matsudo Victor , Mavrogianni Christina , Mazur Artur , Mbanya Jean Claude N. , McFarlane Shelly R. , McGarvey Stephen T. , McKee Martin , McLachlan Stela , McLean Rachael M. , McLean Scott B. , McNairy Margaret L. , McNulty Breige A. , Benchekor Sounnia Mediene , Medzioniene Jurate , Mehdipour Parinaz , Mehlig Kirsten , Mehrparvar Amir Houshang , Meirhaeghe Aline , Meisfjord Jørgen , Meisinger Christa , Melgarejo Jesus D. , Melkumova Marina , Mello João , Méndez Fabián , Mendivil Carlos O. , Menezes Ana Maria B. , Menon Geetha R. , Mensink Gert B. M. , Menzano Maria Teresa , Meshram Indrapal I. , Meto Diane T. , Mi Jie , Michaelsen Kim F. , Michels Nathalie , Mikkel Kairit , Miłkowska Karolina , Miller Jody C. , Milushkina Olga , Minderico Cláudia S. , Mini G. K. , Miquel Juan Francisco , Miranda J. Jaime , Mirjalili Mohammad Reza , Mirkopoulou Daphne , Mirrakhimov Erkin , Mišigoj-Duraković Marjeta , Mistretta Antonio , Mocanu Veronica , Modesti Pietro A. , Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi , Mohajer Bahram , Mohamed Mostafa K. , Mohamed Shukri F. , Mohammad Kazem , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Mohammadi Zahra , Mohammadifard Noushin , Mohammadpourhodki Reza , Mohan Viswanathan , Mohanna Salim , Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd , Mohebbi Iraj , Mohebi Farnam , Moitry Marie , Møllehave Line T. , Møller Niels C. , Molnár Dénes , Momenan Amirabbas , Mondo Charles K. , Montenegro Mendoza Roger A. , Monterrubio-Flores Eric , Monyeki Kotsedi Daniel K. , Moon Jin Soo , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Mopa Hermine T. , Moradpour Farhad , Moreira Leila B. , Morejon Alain , Moreno Luis A. , Morey Francis , Morgan Karen , Morin Suzanne N. , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Moschonis George , Moslem Alireza , Mossakowska Malgorzata , Mostafa Aya , Mostafavi Seyed-Ali , Mota-Pinto Anabela , Mota Jorge , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeel , Motta Jorge , Moura-dos-Santos Marcos André , Movsesyan Yeva , Msyamboza Kelias P. , Mu Thet Thet , Muc Magdalena , Muca Florian , Mugoša Boban , Muiesan Maria L. , Müller-Nurasyid Martina , Münzel Thomas , Mursu Jaakko , Murtagh Elaine M. , Musa Kamarul Imran , Milanović Sanja Musić , Musil Vera , Musinguzi Geofrey , Muyer Muel Telo M. C. , Nabipour Iraj , Naderimagham Shohreh , Nagel Gabriele , Najafi Farid , Nakamura Harunobu , Nalecz Hanna , Námešná Jana , Nang Ei Ei K. , Nangia Vinay B. , Nankap Martin , Narake Sameer , Nardone Paola , Naseri Take , Nauck Matthias , Neal William A. , Nejatizadeh Azim , Nekkantti Chandini , Nelis Keiu , Nenko Ilona , Neovius Martin , Nervi Flavio , Ng Tze Pin , Nguyen Chung T. , Nguyen Nguyen D. , Nguyen Quang Ngoc , Ni Michael Y. , Nicolescu Rodica , Nie Peng , Nieto-Martínez Ramfis E. , Nikitin Yury P. , Ning Guang , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Nishi Nobuo , Nishtar Sania , Noale Marianna , Noboa Oscar A. , Nogueira Helena , Nordendahl Maria , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Noto Davide , Nowak-Szczepanska Natalia , Nsour Mohannad Al , Nuhoğlu Irfan , Nunes Baltazar , Nurk Eha , Nuwaha Fred , Nyirenda Moffat , O’Neill Terence W. , O’Reilly Dermot , Obreja Galina , Ochimana Caleb , Ochoa-Avilés Angélica M. , Oda Eiji , Odili Augustine N. , Oh Kyungwon , Ohara Kumiko , Ohlsson Claes , Ohtsuka Ryutaro , Olafsson Örn , Olinto Maria Teresa A. , Oliveira Isabel O. , Omar Mohd Azahadi , Omar Saeed M. , Onat Altan , Ong Sok King , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , Ono Lariane M. , Ordunez Pedro , Ornelas Rui , Ortiz Ana P. , Ortiz Pedro J. , Osler Merete , Osmond Clive , Ostojic Sergej M. , Ostovar Afshin , Otero Johanna A. , Overvad Kim , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Paccaud Fred Michel , Pagkalos Ioannis , Pahomova Elena , de Paiva Karina Mary , Pająk Andrzej , Palloni Alberto , Palmieri Luigi , Pan Wen-Harn , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Pandey Arvind , Panza Francesco , Paoli Mariela , Papadopoulou Sousana K. , Papandreou Dimitrios , Pareja Rossina G. , Park Soon-Woo , Park Suyeon , Parnell Winsome R. , Parsaeian Mahboubeh , Pascanu Ionela M. , Pasquet Patrick , Patel Nikhil D. , Pattussi Marcos , Pavlyshyn Halyna , Pechlaner Raimund , Pećin Ivan , Pednekar Mangesh S. , Pedro João M. , Peer Nasheeta , Peixoto Sergio Viana , Peltonen Markku , Pereira Alexandre C. , Peres Marco A. , Pérez Cynthia M. , Peterkova Valentina , Peters Annette , Petersmann Astrid , Petkeviciene Janina , Petrauskiene Ausra , Kovtun Olga Petrovna , Pettenuzzo Emanuela , Peykari Niloofar , Pfeiffer Norbert , Phall Modou Cheyassin , Pham Son Thai , Pichardo Rafael N. , Pierannunzio Daniela , Pigeot Iris , Pikhart Hynek , Pilav Aida , Pilotto Lorenza , Pistelli Francesco , Pitakaka Freda , Piwonska Aleksandra , Pizarro Andreia N. , Plans-Rubió Pedro , Platonova Alina G. , Poh Bee Koon , Pohlabeln Hermann , Polka Nadija S. , Pop Raluca M. , Popovic Stevo R. , Porta Miquel , Posch Georg , Poudyal Anil , Poulimeneas Dimitrios , Pouraram Hamed , Pourfarzi Farhad , Pourshams Akram , Poustchi Hossein , Pradeepa Rajendra , Price Alison J. , Price Jacqueline F. , Prista Antonio , Providencia Rui , Puder Jardena J. , Pudule Iveta , Puiu Maria , Punab Margus , Qadir Muhammed S. , Qasrawi Radwan F. , Qorbani Mostafa , Quintana Hedley K. , Quiroga-Padilla Pedro J. , Bao Tran Quoc , Rach Stefan , Radic Ivana , Radisauskas Ricardas , Rahimikazerooni Salar , Rahman Mahfuzar , Rahman Mahmudur , Raitakari Olli , Raj Manu , Rajabov Tamerlan , Rakhmatulloev Sherali , Rakovac Ivo , Rao Sudha Ramachandra , Ramachandran Ambady , Ramadan Otim P. C. , Ramires Virgílio V. , Ramke Jacqueline , Ramos Elisabete , Ramos Rafel , Rampal Lekhraj , Rampal Sanjay , Rangelova Lalka S. , Rarra Vayia , Rascon-Pacheco Ramon A. , Rech Cassiano Ricardo , Redon Josep , Reganit Paul Ferdinand M. , Regecová Valéria , Renner Jane D. P. , Repasy Judit A. , Reuter Cézane P. , Revilla Luis , Rezaianzadeh Abbas , Rho Yeunsook , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Ribeiro Robespierre , Riboli Elio , Richter Adrian , Rigo Fernando , Rigotti Attilio , Rinaldo Natascia , Rinke de Wit Tobias F. , Rito Ana I. , Ritti-Dias Raphael M. , Rivera Juan A. , Roa Reina G. , Robinson Louise , Robitaille Cynthia , Roccaldo Romana , Rodrigues Daniela , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez María , Rodríguez-Villamizar Laura A. , Rodríguez Andrea Y. , Roggenbuck Ulla , Rohloff Peter , Rohner Fabian , Rojas-Martinez Rosalba , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Romaguera Dora , Romeo Elisabetta L. , Rosario Rafaela V. , Rosengren Annika , Rouse Ian , Rouzier Vanessa , Roy Joel G. R. , Ruano Maira H. , Rubinstein Adolfo , Rühli Frank J. , Ruidavets Jean-Bernard , Ruiz-Betancourt Blanca Sandra , Ruiz-Castell Maria , Moreno Emma Ruiz , Rusakova Iuliia A. , Jonsson Kenisha Russell , Russo Paola , Rust Petra , Rutkowski Marcin , Saamel Marge , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Sabbaghi Hamideh , Sacchini Elena , Sachdev Harshpal S. , Sadjadi Alireza , Safarpour Ali Reza , Safi Sare , Safiri Saeid , Saghi Mohammad Hossien , Saidi Olfa , Saki Nader , Šalaj Sanja , Salanave Benoit , Martinez Eduardo Salazar , Saleva Calogero , Salmerón Diego , Salomaa Veikko , Salonen Jukka T. , Salvetti Massimo , Samoutian Margarita , Sánchez-Abanto Jose , Rodríguez Inés Sánchez , Sandjaja  , Sans Susana , Marina Loreto Santa , Santacruz Ethel , Santos Diana A. , Santos Ina S. , Santos Lèlita C. , Santos Maria Paula , Santos Osvaldo , Santos Rute , Santos Tamara R. , Saramies Jouko L. , Sardinha Luis B. , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Sathish Thirunavukkarasu , Saum Kai-Uwe , Savva Savvas , Savy Mathilde , Sawada Norie , Sbaraini Mariana , Scazufca Marcia , Schaan Beatriz D. , Rosario Angelika Schaffrath , Schargrodsky Herman , Schienkiewitz Anja , Schindler Karin , Schipf Sabine , Schmidt Carsten O. , Schmidt Ida Maria , Schneider Andrea , Schnohr Peter , Schöttker Ben , Schramm Sara , Schramm Stine , Schröder Helmut , Schultsz Constance , Schulze Matthias B. , Schutte Aletta E. , Sebert Sylvain , Sedaghattalab Moslem , Selamat Rusidah , Sember Vedrana , Sen Abhijit , Senbanjo Idowu O. , Sepanlou Sadaf G. , Sequera Guillermo , Serra-Majem Luis , Servais Jennifer , Ševčíková Ľudmila , Shalnova Svetlana , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Shamshirgaran Seyed Morteza , Shanthirani Coimbatore Subramaniam , Sharafkhah Maryam , Sharma Sanjib K. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Shayanrad Amaneh , Shayesteh Ali Akbar , Shengelia Lela , Shi Zumin , Shibuya Kenji , Shimizu-Furusawa Hana , Shimony Tal , Shiri Rahman , Shrestha Namuna , Si-Ramlee Khairil , Siani Alfonso , Siantar Rosalynn , Sibai Abla M. , Sidossis Labros S. , Silitrari Natalia , Silva Antonio M. , de Moura Silva Caroline Ramos , Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Silva Kelly S. , Sim Xueling , Simon Mary , Simons Judith , Simons Leon A. , Sjöberg Agneta , Sjöström Michael , Skoblina Natalia A. , Skodje Gry , Slazhnyova Tatyana , Slowikowska-Hilczer Jolanta , Slusarczyk Przemysław , Smeeth Liam , So Hung-Kwan , Soares Fernanda Cunha , Sobek Grzegorz , Sobngwi Eugène , Sodemann Morten , Söderberg Stefan , Soekatri Moesijanti Y. E. , Soemantri Agustinus , Sofat Reecha , Solfrizzi Vincenzo , Somi Mohammad Hossein , Sonestedt Emily , Song Yi , Soofi Sajid , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Sørgjerd Elin P. , Jérome Charles Sossa , Soto-Rojas Victoria E. , Soumaré Aïcha , Sousa-Poza Alfonso , Sovic Slavica , Sparboe-Nilsen Bente , Sparrenberger Karen , Spencer Phoebe R. , Spinelli Angela , Spiroski Igor , Staessen Jan A. , Stamm Hanspeter , Staub Kaspar , Stavreski Bill , Steene-Johannessen Jostein , Stehle Peter , Stein Aryeh D. , Stergiou George S. , Stessman Jochanan , Stevanović Ranko , Stieber Jutta , Stöckl Doris , Stokwiszewski Jakub , Stoyanova Ekaterina , Stratton Gareth , Stronks Karien , Strufaldi Maria Wany , Sturua Lela , Suárez-Medina Ramón , Suka Machi , Sun Chien-An , Sun Liang , Sundström Johan , Sung Yn-Tz , Sunyer Jordi , Suriyawongpaisal Paibul , Sweis Nabil William G. , Swinburn Boyd A. , Sy Rody G. , Sylva René Charles , Szklo Moyses , Szponar Lucjan , Tabone Lorraine , Tai E. Shyong , Tambalis Konstantinos D. , Tammesoo Mari-Liis , Tamosiunas Abdonas , Tan Eng Joo , Tang Xun , Tanrygulyyeva Maya , Tanser Frank , Tao Yong , Tarawneh Mohammed Rasoul , Tarp Jakob , Tarqui-Mamani Carolina B. , Braunerová Radka Taxová , Taylor Anne , Taylor Julie , Tchibindat Félicité , Te Velde Saskia , Tebar William R. , Tell Grethe S. , Tello Tania , Tham Yih Chung , Thankappan K. R. , Theobald Holger , Theodoridis Xenophon , Thomas Nihal , Thorand Barbara , Thuesen Betina H. , Tichá Ľubica , Timmermans Erik J. , Tjandrarini Dwi H. , Tjonneland Anne , Tolonen Hanna K. , Tolstrup Janne S. , Topbas Murat , Topór-Mądry Roman , Torheim Liv Elin , Tormo María José , Tornaritis Michael J. , Torrent Maties , Torres-Collado Laura , Toselli Stefania , Touloumi Giota , Traissac Pierre , Tran Thi Tuyet-Hanh , Tremblay Mark S. , Triantafyllou Areti , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trinh Oanh T. H. , Trivedi Atul , Tsao Yu-Hsiang , Tshepo Lechaba , Tsigga Maria , Tsintavis Panagiotis , Tsugane Shoichiro , Tuitele John , Tuliakova Azaliia M. , Tulloch-Reid Marshall K. , Tullu Fikru , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Turley Maria L. , Twig Gilad , Tynelius Per , Tzala Evangelia , Tzotzas Themistoklis , Tzourio Christophe , Ueda Peter , Ugel Eunice , Ukoli Flora A. M. , Ulmer Hanno , Unal Belgin , Usupova Zhamyila , Uusitalo Hannu M. T. , Uysal Nalan , Vaitkeviciute Justina , Valdivia Gonzalo , Vale Susana , Valvi Damaskini , van Dam Rob M. , van den Born Bert-Jan , Van der Heyden Johan , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Van Herck Koen , Van Lippevelde Wendy , Van Minh Hoang , Van Schoor Natasja M. , van Valkengoed Irene G. M. , Vanderschueren Dirk , Vanuzzo Diego , Varbo Anette , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio , Vargas Luz Nayibe , Varona-Pérez Patricia , Vasan Senthil K. , Vasques Daniel G. , Vega Tomas , Veidebaum Toomas , Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo , Velika Biruta , Verloigne Maïté , Veronesi Giovanni , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Victora Cesar G. , Viegi Giovanni , Viet Lucie , Vik Frøydis N. , Vilar Monica , Villalpando Salvador , Vioque Jesus , Virtanen Jyrki K. , Visvikis-Siest Sophie , Viswanathan Bharathi , Vladulescu Mihaela , Vlasoff Tiina , Vocanec Dorja , Vollenweider Peter , Völzke Henry , Voutilainen Ari , Vrijheid Martine , Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. , Wade Alisha N. , Waldhör Thomas , Walton Janette , Wambiya Elvis O. A. , Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan , Mohamud Wan Nazaimoon Wan , de Souza Wanderley Júnior Rildo , Wang Ming-Dong , Wang Ningli , Wang Qian , Wang Xiangjun , Wang Ya Xing , Wang Ying-Wei , Wannamethee S. Goya , Wareham Nicholas , Weber Adelheid , Webster-Kerr Karen , Wedderkopp Niels , Weghuber Daniel , Wei Wenbin , Weres Aneta , Werner Bo , Westbury Leo D. , Whincup Peter H. , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Widhalm Kurt , Widyahening Indah S. , Więcek Andrzej , Wild Philipp S. , Wilks Rainford J. , Willeit Johann , Willeit Peter , Williams Julianne , Wilsgaard Tom , Wojciech Rusek , Wojtyniak Bogdan , Wolf Kathrin , Wong-McClure Roy A. , Wong Andrew , Wong Emily B. , Wong Jyh Eiin , Wong Tien Yin , Woo Jean , Woodward Mark , Wu Frederick C. , Wu Hon-Yen , Wu Jianfeng , Wu Li Juan , Wu Shouling , Wyszyńska Justyna , Xu Haiquan , Xu Liang , Yaacob Nor Azwany , Yamborisut Uruwan , Yan Weili , Yang Ling , Yang Xiaoguang , Yang Yang , Yardim Nazan , Yasuharu Tabara , García Martha Yépez , Yiallouros Panayiotis K. , Yngve Agneta , Yoosefi Moein , Yoshihara Akihiro , You Qi Sheng , You San-Lin , Younger-Coleman Novie O. , Yu Yu-Ling , Yu Yunjiang , Yusof Safiah Md , Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi , Zaccagni Luciana , Zafiropulos Vassilis , Zainuddin Ahmad A. , Zakavi Seyed Rasoul , Zamani Farhad , Zambon Sabina , Zampelas Antonis , Zamrazilová Hana , Zapata Maria Elisa , Zargar Abdul Hamid , Zaw Ko Ko , Zayed Ayman A. , Zdrojewski Tomasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Zejglicova Kristyna , Vrkic Tajana Zeljkovic , Zeng Yi , Zhang Luxia , Zhang Zhen-Yu , Zhao Dong , Zhao Ming-Hui , Zhao Wenhua , Zhecheva Yanitsa V. , Zhen Shiqi , Zheng Wei , Zheng Yingfeng , Zholdin Bekbolat , Zhou Maigeng , Zhu Dan , Zins Marie , Zitt Emanuel , Zocalo Yanina , Zoghlami Nada , Cisneros Julio Zuñiga , Zuziak Monika , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Black Robert E. , Ezzati Majid 
Published: March 2023

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.