bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How well‐being and involvement fit into the commitment to children’s rights
Authors: Laevers Ferre , Declercq Bart
Published: August 2018

The theme of children’s rights is receiving more attention than ever procedures. Although the manifest on this topic was universally agreed decades ago, it is obvious that the ambitions expressed in it are far from being implemented. In this article, we explore how the experiential approach can contribute to the process of clarification and operationalisation for children between birth and the age of six. The central idea is that well‐being and involvement as process variables can provide a measure for the degree to which children’s rights are met, especially in educational settings. The scanning and screening are highlighted as procedures to assess levels of well‐being and involvement. The data yielded provide a rich source for interventions both at the individual and group level. Next, we review what we can learn from research where these process‐variables have been observed, that is their levels and the factors in the (learning) environment that determine them. In the closing discussion, we hold the insights on well‐being and involvement against the light of “children’s rights” and articulate implications for practice, research and policy.
Arterial thrombosis in unusual sites: A practical review
Authors: O’Donnell Matthew , Shatzel Joseph J. , Olson Sven R. , Daughety Molly M. , Nguyen Khanh P. , Hum Justine , DeLoughery Thomas G.
Published: August 2018

While cardiovascular disease is common, occasionally hematologists and other practitioners will encounter patients with arterial thrombosis/infarction in unusual sites, without clear cause or obvious diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Contrary to the more commonly encountered cerebrovascular accident and cardiovascular disorders, the various infarctions outlined in this review have unique presentations, pathophysiology, workup, and treatments that all hematologists should be aware of. This review outlines the current literature on arterial thrombosis, with consideration given to anatomic sources and hypercoagulable associations, while focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, provoking factors, and current recommended treatments for intracardiac thrombus, primary aortic mural thrombus, visceral infarctions, and cryptogenic limb ischemia to provide a useful and practical review for the practitioner.
Restoring grassy ecosystems – Feasible or fiction? An inquisitive Australian's experience in the USA
Authors: Gibson‐Roy Paul
Published: August 2018

Many small‐scale projects in Australia suggest that ground‐layer elements of ecosystems can be restored, but scaling up of grassland and grassy understorey restoration has not occurred to date. Paul Gibson‐Roy recently travelled through the USA, where well‐developed markets for restoration have created a large, financially viable native‐herbaceous seed production and restoration sector. Here, he shares his observations, which show how much about the USA situation can be a model and inspiration for Australian grassy ecosystem restoration.
CSR and Leadership Approaches and Practices: A Comparative Inquiry of Owners and Professional Executives
Authors: Yamak Sibel , Ergur Ali , Karatas‐Ozkan Mine , Tatli Ahu
Published: August 2018

This study generates comparative insights into CSR approaches of owners and non‐kin professional executives in an emerging country context, Turkey. Drawing on 61 interviews, we found that ownership status of the executive is crucial in shaping their CSR perceptions and practices. Owner‐executives are empowered in pursuing CSR approaches based on their personal preferences and values; they have mostly societal aims. Professionals display tendency for company‐related CSR practice; they exhibit greater knowledge of CSR, and their CSR initiatives are the results of strategic choices to enhance their power within the corporation. Our paper contributes to the debate on the drivers for CSR by accounting for both societal and individual influences on the CSR agency of these two key groups of executives. First, we develop a typology of CSR approaches of owners and professionals. Second, we provide insights from an emerging country context. Third, we present empirically grounded practice implications for CSR.
The impact of type 2 diabetes and body mass index on cerebral structure is modulated by brain reserve
Authors: Walsh E. I. , Shaw M. , Sachdev P. , Anstey K. J. , Cherbuin N.
Published: August 2018

Background and purpose

Body mass index (BMI), hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes and their interactive effects are associated with brain volume atrophy in ageing. It remains to be established if these risk factors are particularly concerning in individuals with high or low brain volumes.

Methods

Demographics, venous blood and magnetic resonance imaging data were collected for 494 healthy community‐living adults aged 53–78 (mean 65) years, as part of the Personality and Total Health Through Life study. Associations between BMI, blood glucose, diabetes status and brain volume (whole brain, grey matter, white matter and subcortical structures) were investigated using quantile regression.

Results

Quantile regression revealed vulnerability to BMI × glucose interactions particularly in lower volumes and significant main effects for type 2 diabetes particularly in higher volumes. Diabetes was most strongly associated with brain volumes. The association between BMI, blood glucose and diabetes was not consistent across the full range of brain volumes.

Conclusion

Explicit investigation of the upper and lower boundaries of brain volume distributions was valuable. We found evidence of protective reserve from higher brain volumes and that a combination of high BMI and higher blood glucose was particularly concerning for individuals with lower brain volumes.
Decreased regional cerebral blood flow in patients with diphenylarsinic acid intoxication
Authors: Ishii K. , Nemoto K. , Iwasaki N. , Takeda T. , Masuda T. , Shibata Y. , Tamaoka A.
Published: August 2018

Background and purpose

Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) intoxication caused by drinking contaminated well water was found in Kamisu, Japan. The symptoms indicated cerebellar–brainstem and temporo‐occipital involvement. However, it remains unclear how it affects the human brain. To elucidate the effect of DPAA on the human brain, we analyzed cerebral blood flow (CBF) data after the drinking of DPAA‐contaminated water was stopped and investigated the correlation between DPAA exposure level and CBF by single‐photon emission computed tomography (CBF‐SPECT).

Methods

The DPAA‐exposed inhabitants (n = 78) were divided into 35 symptomatic and 43 asymptomatic subjects and compared with 38 healthy controls. The DPAA concentration in nails or hair and well water was measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system and coupled plasma mass spectrometry after adequate extraction treatment. CBF‐SPECT data, obtained within 1 year after the drinking of contaminated well water was stopped, were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping. We also examined the relationship between variations in CBF‐SPECT signals and variations in DPAA concentrations in the hair or nails of the subjects.

Results

Compared with control subjects, CBF in symptomatic DPAA‐exposed subjects was significantly lower in the occipital lobe, including the cuneus and inferior occipital gyri. The DPAA concentration in the nails or hair of subjects was inversely and significantly related to their CBF.

Conclusion

These data suggest that CBF‐SPECT may be useful as a clinical marker to infer the effect of accumulated DPAA on the brain.
Maternal myasthenia gravis represents a risk for the child through autoantibody transfer, immunosuppressive therapy and genetic influence
Authors: Gilhus N. E. , Hong Y.
Published: August 2018

Females with myasthenia gravis (MG) worry about their disease having negative consequences for their children. Autoimmune disease mechanisms, treatment and heredity could all have an impact on the child. This is a subject review where Web of Science was searched for relevant keywords and combinations. Controlled and prospective studies were included, and also results from selected and unselected patient cohorts, guidelines, consensus papers and reviews. Neonatal MG with temporary muscle weakness occurs in 10% of newborn babies where the mother has MG, due to transplacental transfer of antibodies against acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle‐specific kinase (MuSK) or lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 4 (LRP4). Arthrogryposis and fetal AChR inactivation syndrome with contractures and permanent myopathy are rare events caused by mother's antibodies against fetal type AChR. The MG drugs pyridostigmine, prednisolone and azathioprine are regarded as safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide are teratogenic. Mother's MG implies at least a 10‐fold increased risk for MG and other autoimmune diseases in the child. MG females should receive specific information about pregnancy and giving birth. First‐line MG treatments should usually be continued during pregnancy. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange represent safe treatments for exacerbations. Neonatal MG risk means that MG women should give birth at hospitals experienced in neonatal intensive care. Neonatal MG needs supportive care, rarely also acetylcholine esterase inhibition or intravenous immunoglobulin. Women with MG should be supported in their wish to have children.
Encephalitis is an important clinical component of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated demyelination: a single‐center cohort study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wang L. , ZhangBao J. , Zhou L. , Zhang Y. , Li H. , Li Y. , Huang Y. , Wang M. , Lu C. , Lu J. , Zhao C. , Quan C.
Published: August 2018

Background and purpose

Besides a distinct spectrum of demyelinating syndromes, encephalitis was observed in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG‐abs).

Methods

The clinical records of 690 patients with idiopathic demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system seen in our center from June 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All underwent serum aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4‐ab) and MOG‐ab detection by cell‐based assays as a routine diagnostic approach. Patients with MOG‐abs or AQP4‐abs who had ever experienced an encephalitis‐like illness during the disease course were identified. Whether diagnoses of possible or definite autoimmune encephalitis could be reached with regard to these particular episodes of encephalitis was determined. The incidence and clinical features of encephalitis in anti‐MOG disease are described in detail and compared with those in anti‐AQP4 disease.

Results

Amongst the 690 patients, 87 were MOG‐ab‐positive whilst 140 were AQP4‐ab‐positive. 20.7% (18/87) of the MOG‐ab‐positive patients had typical presentations of encephalitis. Unique cortical lesions (72.2%, 13/18) were observed; fever (55.6%), intracranial hypertension (41.2%) and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (64.7%) were common during MOG‐ab‐associated encephalitis. Sixteen of the 18 patients fulfilled the criteria of definite autoimmune encephalitis (specific disease with MOG‐ab) during encephalitis, and five patients overlapped with anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐receptor encephalitis (NMDARE). Only 3.6% (5/140) of the AQP4‐ab‐positive patients had encephalitis, and none overlapped with NMDARE. The Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and the Cerebral Functional System Scores at last follow‐up were lower in patients with MOG‐ab‐associated encephalitis than in those with AQP4‐ab‐associated encephalitis.

Conclusions

Encephalitis should be recognized as an important clinical component in anti‐MOG diseases.
Impact of increased wood pellet demand on biodiversity in the south‐eastern United States
Authors: Duden Anna S. , Rubino Matthew J. , Tarr Nathan M. , Verweij Pita A. , Faaij Andre P. C. , van der Hilst Floor
Published: August 2018

Increasing wood pellet exports from the United States are projected to lead to changes in land use and timberland management, including a shift from natural timberland to pine plantations. These projected changes may impact biodiversity. This study aims to quantify potential biodiversity impacts of increased wood pellet demand in the south‐eastern United States in a spatially explicit manner. We determined differences according to an index of potential species richness (for total, threatened and endemic species and four taxonomic groups) between scenarios of high and low demand for wood pellets, while taking into account potential developments in other wood markets and other land uses. Increased demand for wood pellets was projected to cause both positive and negative biodiversity impacts. Negative shifts in total potential species richness were projected for areas in Florida, coastal Virginia and North Carolina, and parts of the Gulf Coast. Positive shifts in total potential species richness were projected in parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas. In some locations, the direction of change differed per taxonomic group, highlighting the importance of analysing different taxonomic groups. Shifts in potential species richness due to increased wood pellet demand were considerably smaller compared to the changes due to other drivers, such as urbanization and increased timber demand. Biodiversity impacts due to wood pellet demand should therefore be considered in the context of other drivers of land‐use change and biodiversity loss. Our results provide information that allows policymakers, industry and NGOs to focus on areas of concern and take appropriate mitigation measures to limit negative biodiversity impacts and promote positive impacts. The spatially explicit approach presented in this study can be applied to different regions and drivers of land‐use change, to show how projected demand for an internationally traded commodity may lead to impacts on land use and biodiversity in the procurement region.
Oral health and dental care of older persons—A systematic map of systematic reviews
Authors: Ástvaldsdóttir Álfheiður , Boström Anne‐Marie , Davidson Thomas , Gabre Pia , Gahnberg Lars , Sandborgh Englund Gunilla , Skott Pia , Ståhlnacke Katri , Tranæus Sofia , Wilhelmsson Hanna , Wårdh Inger , Östlund Pernilla , Nilsson Mikael
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To examine the current knowledge on oral health status and dental care of older persons through a systematic mapping of systematic reviews of low or moderate risk of bias.

Background

Geriatric dentistry covers all aspects of oral health and oral care of older persons. Oral health is part of general health and contributes to a person's physical, psychological and social wellbeing.

Methods

A literature search was performed in three different databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Cinahl) within 12 domains: Dental caries, periodontitis, Orofacial pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, mucosal lesions, oral motor function, dry mouth, halitosis, interaction between oral status and other medical conditions, ability to interrelate and communicate, quality of life, ethics and organisation of dental care for older persons. Systematic reviews were identified and scrutinised, highlighting scientific knowledge and knowledge gaps.

Results

We included 32 systematic reviews of which 14 were judged to be of low/moderate risk of bias. Most of the domains lack systematic reviews with low or moderate risk of bias. In two of the domains evidence was identified; in institutionalised people aged 65 or older, effective oral hygiene can prevent pneumonia. Furthermore, there is an evidence of a relationship between malnutrition (protein energy‐related malnutrition, PEM) and poor appetite and edentulousness.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for further research and evidence‐based knowledge within most domains in geriatric dentistry and in other fields related to oral health and dental care for older persons striving for multi‐disciplinary research programmes.
Lipid moiety of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins contributes to the determination of their final destination in yeast
Authors: Yoko‐o Takehiko , Umemura Mariko , Komatsuzaki Akiko , Ikeda Kazutaka , Ichikawa Daisuke , Takase Kumiko , Kanzawa Noriyuki , Saito Kazunobu , Kinoshita Taroh , Taguchi Ryo , Jigami Yoshifumi
Published: August 2018

Yeasts have two classes of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins; one is transferred to the cell wall, whereas the other is retained on the plasma membrane. The lipid moieties of the GPI in Saccharomyces cerevisiae consist of either phosphatidylinositol (PI) or inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC). Cwh43p is involved in the remodeling of lipid from PI to IPC. We found that the GPI lipid moiety of Cwp2p in wild‐type cells is PI. To elucidate the physiological role of the lipid remodeling by Cwh43p, we investigated the distribution of Gas1p and Cwp2p by immunoblotting and found that Gas1p with the PI‐form GPI lipid moiety in cwh43∆ mutant cells tends to be localized to the cell wall, suggesting that the IPC species in the GPI lipid moiety contributes to the retention of GPI‐anchored proteins on the plasma membrane. We also found that CWH43 is genetically related to TED1, which encodes a protein involved in the removal of the ethanolamine phosphate from the second mannose residue in GPI glycan moieties. We propose possible models for the physiological function of Cwh43p and Ted1p in the transfer of GPI‐anchored proteins from the plasma membrane to the cell wall.
Reducing Prison Sentencing Through Pre‐Sentence Reports? Why the Quasi‐Market Logic of ‘Selling Alternatives to Custody’ Fails
Authors: TATA CYRUS
Published: August 2018

A central aim of successive generations of penal reformers and governments has been to reduce the use of imprisonment in relatively less serious cases. In their various guises, pre‐sentence reports (PSRs) have been a key vehicle to promote non‐custodial ‘alternatives’ to the judicial sentencer. Yet, after decades of pursuing this strategy, a significant reduction in prison sentencing remains elusive. This article suggests that the failure of this policy strategy is, at least in part, rooted in its quasi‐market logic. It tends to construct the judicial sentencer as a metaphorical consumer in a penal marketplace, to whom the report writer must convincingly ‘sell alternatives’ to custody. Applying and developing theories of consumption as a cultural practice, it is proposed that, by its very nature, a consumerist model is bound to fail to deliver penal reduction.
The Benefits of Social Capital for the Wrongfully Convicted: Considering the Promise of a Resettlement Model
Authors: HOYLE CAROLYN , TILT LAURA
Published: August 2018

The Miscarriages of Justice Support Service (MJSS) is the only source of support and assistance provided by the State for the wrongfully convicted. Drawing on original data, this article demonstrates that while its aftercare provision has successfully met the practical needs of the wrongfully convicted, clients have emotional, psychological, and social needs that are not attended to. While the ‘rightfully’ convicted will be offered services following release from prison to help them to reintegrate into society, those released after the Court of Appeal has found their convictions to be unsafe do not receive such support. Drawing on literature that adopts a resettlement framework for ex‐prisoners, the authors argue that such an approach could better respond to the needs of the wrongfully convicted. In particular, this may help the wrongfully convicted to reconnect with social networks, to take advantage of social capital and to thereby rebuild their spoiled identities.
Effect of a single‐tufted toothbrush on the control of dental biofilm in orthodontic patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Cunha Luana Dias da , Peruzzo Daiane Cristina , Costa Luciana Artioli , Pereira Alex Luiz Pozzobon , Benatti Bruno Braga
Published: August 2018

Objective

To compare the effect of a single‐tufted toothbrush combined or not with a conventional toothbrush to control dental biofilm in healthy orthodontic patients.

Materials and Methods

Twenty orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to receive three different treatments: Group 1—conventional toothbrush; Group 2—single‐tufted toothbrush and Group 3—combination of single‐tufted and conventional toothbrushes. Stained plaque index (SPI), visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. The data were analysed by Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test. Wilcoxon test was used for intragroup comparison and Friedman test for the intergroup comparison (α = 5%).

Results

Intragroup analysis showed that VPI and SPI significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after 72 hour in Group 3. Anterior and posterior teeth did not show any significant statistical differences after 72 hour (P > 0.05), but VPI values in the labial surfaces were different to Group 3 (P < 0.05) in comparison with the other groups after 72 hour. Group 3 showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) for SPI in the interproximal surfaces when compared with Group 1.

Conclusion

The combination of single‐tufted and conventional toothbrushes was effective for controlling dental biofilm formation in orthodontic patients.
Prostate cancer‐specific anxiety and the resulting health‐related quality of life in couples
Authors: Chien Ching‐Hui , Chuang Cheng‐Keng , Liu Kuan‐Lin , Pang See‐Tong , Wu Chun‐Te , Chang Ying‐Hsu
Published: August 2018

Aims

To explore health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and its individual or mutual influences in people with prostate cancer and their spouses.

Background

Few studies have explored the influence of prostate cancer‐specific anxiety of these people and their spouses on their individual or mutual HRQOL.

Design

Repeated‐measures design.

Methods

Data on 48 dyadic of people and their spouses were collected from August 2015 ‐ December 2016. Before the people’ treatment for prostate cancer, the first data collection occurred for the people and their spouses. The second to fifth data collections were conducted 6, 10, 18, and 24 weeks after the initial measurement. The variables concerned health status, marital satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, prostate cancer‐specific anxiety, and HRQOL. The Actor‐Partner‐Interdependence Model was adopted for data analysis.

Results

The people who had better physical HRQOL were those with good self‐reported health status, higher positive affect and lower prostate cancer‐specific anxiety. Better physical HRQOL was observed in the spouses who had good self‐reported health status and had lower prostate cancer‐specific anxiety. The people with localized cancer stages and lower negative affect had a better mental HRQOL. Better mental HRQOL was detected in spouses who had higher marital satisfaction, higher positive affect and lower negative affect.

Conclusion

Nurses can improve the HRQOL of people and their spouses by implementing activities that promote health and energy and reduce stress and by administering a mindfulness intervention.
The relationship among illness perception, coping and functional exercise adherence in Chinese breast cancer survivors
Authors: Lan Maolin , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Yuening , Yan Jun
Published: August 2018

Aims

To explore functional exercise adherence, coping styles, and illness perception and to examine the relationships between functional exercise adherence and coping styles with illness perception among Chinese breast cancer survivors.

Background

Although the relationships between functional exercise adherence with coping styles and illness perception have been examined in people with various chronic illnesses, breast cancer has not yet been included.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive correlational design was employed.

Methods

From September 2016 ‐ January 2017, 124 breast cancer survivors completed a survey that assessed their illness perception, coping style, functional exercise adherence and, demographic and illness‐related characteristics. Multiple linear regression analyzes were employed to examine the relationship of demographic and illness‐related variables and illness perception to coping style and functional exercise adherence.

Results

Our respondents tended more to adopt avoidance and resignation coping styles, and showed better functional exercise adherence than respondents in a previous Chinese study. Multiple linear regression analyzes showed that confrontation was associated with treatment control and emotional representation and that avoidance was related to personal control and age at first labour, while resignation was related to timeline acute/chronic, timeline cyclical, and consequence. As for functional exercise adherence, adherence to functional exercise was related to personal control and marital status, while adherence to actively seeking advice was associated with marital status, treatment control, and employment.

Conclusions

These results imply that interventions that improve illness perceptions may lead to more positive coping styles and better functional exercise adherence and should thus be explored.
A weight‐related growth mindset increases negative attitudes toward obese people
Authors: Hooper Nic , Crumpton Alison , Robinson Michael D. , Meier Brian P.
Published: August 2018

In implicit personality theory, people with entity views or a fixed mindset perceive characteristics (e.g., intelligence) as uncontrollable, whereas people with incremental views or a growth mindset perceive characteristics as controllable. In addition to other benefits, the literature sometimes suggests that having a growth mindset will protect against prejudice, which the current two studies examine in terms of negative attitudes toward obese people. Participants (total N = 501) were randomly assigned to complete a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward an obese or nonobese person and a self‐theory questionnaire also assessed ideas about body weight. People with a growth mindset, and not fixed mindset, were more likely to have negative attitudes toward obese individuals, pointing to a potential downside of growth mindset in the obesity domain.
The influences of contextualized media on students' science attitudes, knowledge, and argumentation learning through online game‐based activities
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ren
Published: August 2018

The present study defined three levels of contextualized media and investigated their influences on students' science attitudes, comprehension, and argumentation. To achieve the purpose, an online game‐based science argumentation (OGSA) program was developed for the experiments (N = 148). The OGSA included three versions for student argumentation regarding the use of contextualized medias: the mildly, moderately, and highly contextualized medias. For each version, the students had to play two types of games, find‐the‐fault and find‐the‐difference games, to complete one topic of argumentation learning. We found that the highly contextualized group students had the best performances of their science learning and argumentation. However, to produce highly contextualized media was a time‐consuming task although it provided the students with contextualization cues to connect the learning to their prior knowledge.
Secretion of heat shock ‐60, ‐70 kD protein, IL‐1β and TNFα levels in serum of a term normal pregnancy and patients with pre‐eclampsia development
Authors: Álvarez‐Cabrera María C. , Barrientos‐Galeana Edgar , Barrera‐García Asyadette , Osorio‐Caballero Mauricio , Acevedo Jesús F. , Flores‐Herrera Oscar , Díaz Néstor F. , Molina‐Hernández Anayansí , García‐López Guadalupe , Flores‐Herrera Héctor
Published: August 2018

The extracellular heat shock proteins (eHsp) family act as molecular chaperones regulating folding, transporting protein and are associated with immune modulation in different physiological and pathological processes. They have been localized in different gestational tissues and their concentration in amniotic fluid and serum has been determined. In the present study, we proposed to determine the concentration of eHsp‐60, ‐70, IL‐1β and TNFα in the serum of pregnant patients with 34 weeks of gestation with and without clinical evidences of preeclampsia (PE). Our results indicate significant increase of these markers in patients with PE with respect to healthy pregnant patients without active labor. Finally, the concentration of eHsp‐60 and ‐70 correlated positively with the hepatic dysfunction markers uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and inflammatory IL‐1β and TNFα response. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a strong associated between Hsp and marker of hepatic dysfunction.
Association between periodontal condition and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus—Results from a 15‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Myllymäki Ville , Saxlin Tuomas , Knuuttila Matti , Rajala Ulla , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Anttila Sirpa , Ylöstalo Pekka
Published: August 2018

Aim

To study whether periodontal condition is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and Methods

A population‐based follow‐up study was conducted among persons born in 1935 and living in the city of Oulu, Finland (n = 395). The baseline examinations were done during 1990–1992, and the follow‐up examinations were done during 2007–2008. The data were gathered by questionnaires, laboratory tests and clinical measurements. Poisson regression models were used in the data analyses.

Results

The adjusted rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the incident T2DM among subjects with 4–5 mm deep periodontal pockets (n = 98), among subjects with 6 mm deep or deeper periodontal pockets (n = 91), and among edentulous subjects (n = 118) were 1.32 (95% CI: 0.69–2.53), 1.56 (95% CI: 0.84–2.92) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.53–1.89), respectively, compared to dentate subjects without deepened (4 mm deep or deeper) periodontal pockets (n = 88). The adjusted RR per site (the number of sites with deepened periodontal pockets as a continuous variable) was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00–1.04).

Conclusions

Poor periodontal condition may be a predictor of the development of T2DM. However, the causality between periodontal condition and the development of T2DM remains uncertain.
A randomized controlled study comparing guided bone regeneration with connective tissue graft to re‐establish convexity at the buccal aspect of single implants: A one‐year CBCT analysis
Authors: De Bruyckere Thomas , Eeckhout Célien , Eghbali Aryan , Younes Faris , Vandekerckhove Paulien , Cleymaet Roberto , Cosyn Jan
Published: August 2018

Aim

To compare guided bone regeneration (GBR) with connective tissue graft (CTG) to re‐establish convexity at the buccal aspect of single implants.

Materials and methods

Patients with a single tooth gap in the anterior maxilla and horizontal alveolar defect were enrolled in a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Sites had to demonstrate buccopalatal bone dimension of at least 6 mm prior to surgery to ensure complete embedding of an implant without the need for bone augmentation. All received a single implant and were randomly allocated to the control group (GBR) or the test group (CTG). Cross‐sectional CBCT images at t0 (before surgery), t1 (2 weeks after surgery) and t2 (1 year after surgery) were used to evaluate the buccal soft tissue profile (BSP). Secondary outcome variables were buccal bone thickness (BB), buccal soft tissue thickness (BST), vertical bone loss (VBL) and clinical parameters.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were included per group (control: 11 females, mean age: 51; test: nine females, mean age: 48). At t2, a significant increase in BSP between 0.7 and 1.5 mm was observed in each group (p ≤ 0.010). There was no significant difference between the groups at 1 year (p ≥ 0.126). The increase in BSP in the control group was basically the result of BB gain ranging from 0.69 to 1.15 mm. BSP gain in the test group was the result of an increase in BST ranging from 0.67 to 1.38 mm. VBL did not differ significantly between the groups (p ≥ 0.644). Implants demonstrated healthy clinical conditions with no significant differences between the groups for any of the parameters (p ≥ 0.095).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of superimposed CBCT images, GBR and CTG are effective to re‐establish convexity at the buccal aspect of single implants in the short term.
Sex differences in global and local connectivity of adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Authors: Cao Xing , Wang Li , Cao Chengqi , Fang Ruojiao , Chen Chen , Hall Brain J. , Elhai Jon D.
Published: August 2018

Background

Sex differences in youth's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology have not been well studied.

Methods

Based on a recently burgeoning theory of psychopathology networks, this study conducted sex comparisons of global and local connectivity of PTSD symptoms in a sample of 868 disaster‐exposed adolescents (57.0% girls; a mean age of 13.4 ± 0.8 years) with significant PTSD symptomatology evaluated by the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index forDSM‐IV.

Results

The results revealed that global connectivity was stronger in girls’ network than in boys’, and individual symptoms’ connectivity and its rankings differed by sex. Intrusive recollections, flashbacks, avoiding activities/people, and detachment were the most strongly connected symptoms in girls, whereas flashbacks, physiological cue reactivity, diminished interest, and foreshortened future were the most strongly connected symptoms in boys. Several symptoms were identified as featuring large connectivity differences across sex.

Conclusions

These findings provide novel insights into sex differential risk and features of youth's PTSD symptomatology. Sex differences reflected in the co‐occurrence of PTSD symptoms may merit more consideration in research and clinical practice.
Synthesis of isoamyl acetate by ultrasonic system using Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized in polyurethane
Authors: Nyari Nádia , Paulazzi Alessandro , Zamadei Raquel , Steffens Clarice , Zabot Giovani Leone , Tres Marcus Vinícius , Zeni Jamile , Venquiaruto Luciana , Dallago Rogério Marcos
Published: August 2018

Synthesis of isoamyl acetate by mechanical and ultrasonic solvent‐free agitations using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as biocatalyst immobilized in polyurethane was studied. Temperature (24.8–75.2 °C), ultrasonic power (35–123 W; only in ultrasonic system) and molar ratio of substrates (1:3.64–1:10.36) were the parameters evaluated. The responses taken into account were the acetic acid conversion in the esterification reaction (21–95%) and the residual conversion of substrates after successive reuse cycles of CALB. Ultrasonic system was advantageous because the substrate conversions into isoamyl acetate were reached six times earlier than in mechanical system. An increase in the temperature and ultrasonic power and a reduction in acetic acid : isoamyl alcohol ratio favored an increase in conversion yields. CALB used in ultrasonic reactions maintained more than 60% of its residual activity after 27 reuse cycles, which was more than thrice (eight reuse cycles) when using CALB in mechanical reactions.

Practical applications

The practical uses of isoamyl acetate are mainly as a food additive and as a solvent in the aircraft industry. In food‐related areas, this ester is used to confer characteristics such as banana (or pear) smell and flavor in foods and beverages. It has a pleasant odor and low toxicity, which encourages its widespread use in different receipts, including in the formulation of beers.
The effect of nano‐SiO2 on the physicochemical and structural properties of gelatin‐polyvinyl alcohol composite films
Authors: Kariminejad Mohaddeseh , Sadeghi Ehsan , Rouhi Milad , Mohammadi Reza , Askari Fatemeh , Taghizadeh Masoumeh , Moradi Shirin
Published: August 2018

This study investigated the effects of nano‐silicon dioxide (nano‐SiO2) (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) and the ratio of PVA/gelatin (1:1 and 2:1) on the physicochemical and structural properties of gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol composite films. The results showed that the highest value of tensile strength (18.05 MPa) was found for a PVA/gelatin ratio of 2:1 and 1% nano‐SiO2 (P2:G1‐1%). The films’ elongation at break value increased with increases in the nano‐SiO2 and PVA content, while their water solubility decreased with the addition of nano‐SiO2. Their water vapor permeability decreased with 1% nano‐SiO2, and the lowest value for water vapor permeability was with P2:G1‐1%. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry results showed that appropriate interaction between both polymers and nano‐SiO2 was found with P2:G1‐1%. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated a compact structure and good compatibility of nano‐SiO2 with gelatin in P1:G1‐1% film. X‐ray diffraction results showed that the crystallization peak intensity of P2:G1‐1% was higher than that of P1:G1‐1% nanocomposite films. Overall, the results indicated that the concentration of 1% of nano‐SiO2 in P2:G1 films significantly improved the films’ physicochemical and structural properties. These results suggest that they could be useful as food‐packaging materials to maintain food quality.

Practical application

Gelatin films possess properties that make them useful in packaging, such as water vapor resistance and low values for mechanical properties. PVA as a synthetic polymer, have good tensile strength asz and biodegradability along with high numbers of hydrophilic groups. PVA has also been used in many biomaterial applications. Some advantages of nanomaterials such as silica nanoparticle are high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In the present study, nano‐SiO2 was used in films blended from PVA and gelatin. The improved physicochemical and structural properties achieved through the use of nano‐SiO2 could make the films more effective as food packaging.
Transdisciplinary Development of a Life Cycle–Based Approach to Measure and Communicate Waste Prevention Effects in Local Authorities
Authors: Hutner Petra , Helbig Christoph , Stindt Dennis , Thorenz Andrea , Tuma Axel
Published: August 2018

Although waste prevention was promoted as the first priority for all EU member states in 2008, the actual implementation of activities has thus far been hesitant. Empirical evidence indicates that the reasons for this neglect include the limited measurability of waste prevention effects and the consequential lack of awareness, motivation, and incentive systems. Our research aims to quantify waste prevention and its environmental impacts and, ultimately, to motivate the efficient implementation of waste prevention concepts by a target‐group‐specific communication of the results.

Embedded in a transdisciplinary research setting in close cooperation with practitioners, we develop a life cycle–based approach to calculate the effects of waste prevention in local authorities. This approach features an activity‐based analysis that facilitates the assessment of both reduction of waste generated and the related environmental effects. The methodology of life cycle assessment, used to calculate environmental impacts, is adapted to the specific requirements and constitutes an essential step in our measurement approach.

Finally, we demonstrate the application of this approach. Five activities deriving from real‐world case studies are assessed. These case studies simulate the implementation of waste prevention in a mid‐sized German city. We are able to reveal potential waste reduction of 74% and potential reduction of other environmental impacts ranging from 28% to 62% of the targeted material streams.
The importance of muscle architecture in biomechanical reconstructions of extinct animals: a case study using Tyrannosaurus rex
Authors: Bates Karl T. , Falkingham Peter L.
Published: August 2018

Functional reconstructions of extinct animals represent a crucial step towards understanding palaeocological interactions, selective pressures and macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record. In recent years, computational approaches have revolutionised the field of ‘evolutionary biomechanics’ and have, in general, resulted in convergence of quantitative estimates of performance on increasingly narrow ranges for well studied taxa. Studies of body mass and locomotor performance of Tyrannosaurus rex – arguably the most intensively studied extinct animal – typify this pattern, with numerous independent studies predicting similar body masses and maximum locomotor speeds for this animal. In stark contrast to this trend, recent estimates of maximum bite force in T. rex vary considerably (> 50%) despite use of similar quantitative methodologies. Herein we demonstrate that the mechanistic causes of these disparate predictions are indicative of important and underappreciated limiting factors in biomechanical reconstructions of extinct organisms. Detailed comparison of previous models of T. rex bite force reveals that estimations of muscle fibre lengths and architecture are the principal source of disagreement between studies, and therefore that these parameters represents the greatest source of uncertainty in these reconstructions, and potentially therefore extinct animals generally. To address the issue of fibre length and architecture estimation in extinct animals we present data tabulated from the literature of muscle architecture from over 1100 muscles measured in extant terrestrial animals. Application of this dataset in a reanalysis of T. rex bite force emphasises the need for more data on jaw musculature from living carnivorous animals, alongside increased sophistication of modelling approaches. In the latter respect we predict that implementing limits on skeletal loading into musculoskeletal models will narrow predictions for T. rex bite force by excluding higher‐end estimates.
Factors associated with midwives’ job satisfaction and intention to stay in the profession: An integrative review
Authors: Bloxsome Dianne , Ireson Deborah , Doleman Gemma , Bayes Sara
Published: August 2018

Aims and objectives

To conduct an integrative review of the factors associated with why midwives stay in midwifery.

Background

Midwifery retention and attrition are globally acknowledged as an issue. However, little is known as to why midwives stay in midwifery as the focus has previously focussed on why they leave.

Design

A structured six‐step integrative review approach was used, and this involved the development of a search strategy, study selection and critical appraisal, data abstraction and synthesis, interpretation of findings and recommendations for future practice.

Methods

The review was conducted using the databasesMEDLINE,CINAHLand PsychInfo. Included studies were in the English language with an unlimited publication date.

Results

Six studies were included in this review: one qualitative, two quantitative and three using mixed methods. Seven themes emerged from synthesisation of the data reported for the six included studies that together help answer the question of why midwives stay in midwifery.

Conclusion

This integrative review has highlighted some important factors that assist in answering the question why midwives stay in midwifery. However, it has also highlighted the need for quality data that reflects the range of contexts in which midwifery is practised.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is an abundance of literature focussing on why midwives leave the profession; however, the gap exists in the reasons why midwives stay. If we can uncover this important detail, then changes within the profession can begin to be implemented, addressing the shortage of midwives issue that has been seen globally for a large number of years.
Childrearing Stages and Work–Family Conflict: The Role of Job Demands and Resources
Authors: Nomaguchi Kei , Fettro Marshal Neal
Published: August 2018

Objective

The authors examine the role of job characteristics in influencing variation in mothers' work–family conflict by childrearing stage.

Background

Although researchers generally contend that having younger children is related to greater work–family conflict, examination of this association is limited.

Method

Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 774), we conduct fixed effects models to examine variations in mothers' job characteristics across four waves when their children are 6 months old, 15 months old, third graders, and fifth graders and their links to variations in mothers' work‐to‐family conflict and family‐to‐work conflict across the same waves.

Results

Mothers work fewer hours, but perceive more job pressure, fewer career opportunities, and less supervisor support when children are younger. Because of the countervailing patterns of variations by childrearing stage between work hours and job pressure, there is little difference in mothers' work‐to‐family conflict across the four waves. Mothers report more family‐to‐work conflict when children are younger, but this difference by childrearing stage disappears when perceived job pressure is controlled for.

Conclusion

Life course dynamics of job demands and resources may shape variation in work–family conflict by childrearing stage.

Implications

Workplace policies designed to reduce job pressure while not eliminating career opportunities would be helpful for mothers with young children to adjust to the stressfulness of balancing work and childrearing demands.
Chinese Medicine sans Chinese: The Unequal Impacts of Canada's “Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework”
Authors: Ijaz Nadine , Boon Heather
Published: August 2018

This work presents a critical analysis of the unequal consequences that may arise in a multiculturalist state when language is conceptually divorced from the human rights protections afforded to ethnicity and national origin. Drawing on the results of twenty‐three qualitative interviews and a review of publicly available documents, our interpretive policy analysis examines the rationale, process, and impacts surrounding the controversial linguistic communication and policy approach taken by a regulatory body governing practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine in Canada's multiethnic province of Ontario within an English–French bilingual policy environment. Our findings suggest a conceptual foundation for more equitable policy making based on principles of demographics and demand in jurisdictions concurrently characterized by state multiculturalism policies, significant ethnocultural pluralism, and a commitment to the principle of substantive equality.
When I say… the knowledge paradox: the more I know, the less I can clearly explain
Authors: Goldberg Harry , Hanlon Caitlin
Published: August 2018

As part of the State of the Science issue on ‘tensions in health professional education’, Goldberg and Caitlin outline the concept of a Knowledge Paradox, outlining how expertise in a subject does not necessarily confer expertise in explaining it.