bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achromobacter Septicemia in a Premature Clinical and Bacteriological Aspects
Authors: HANSON LARS Å. , KJELLANDER JAN , LINDSJÖ AGNETA
Published: January 2008

A case of Achromobacter septicemia in a premature is described. This normally non pathogenic organism probably infected the infant through an aerosol from an infected humidifier. Bacteriological sampling shows that such an aerosol can be heavily contaminated. Disinfection of the humidifier is shown to be an effective preventive measure. However, the water containers of most incubators are quite difficult to disinfect effectively.
Subnormal Concentration of Urinary Glucose as A Sign of Urinary Tract Infection in Children
Authors: SCHERSTéN B. , FRITZ H. , KÖHLER L.
Published: January 2008

In a material of 511 school girls 1.5% were found to have significant bac‐teriuria. All these cases could be detected by a sensitive, automated fluor‐ometric method for determination of urinary glucose, as cases with significant bacteriuria have subnormal levels of urinary glucose (< 1 mg/100 ml). A glucose‐specific test paper is described, sufficiently sensitive to react with the small amounts of glucose normally present in urine. The test paper can be used to discriminate between urinary samples containing less than, and those containing more than, 1 – 1.5 mg of glucose per 100 ml of urine. Thus, the test paper may also be used as a screening method for significant bacteriuria.
II. HEMODYNAMIC FINDINGS IN EARLY AND LATE CLAMPING OF THE UMBILICAL CORD
Authors: ARCILLA RENE A. , OH WILLIAM , WALLGREN GöRAN , HANSON JOHN S. , GESSNER IRA H. , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

Dye dilution studies by the double catheter technic were performed on 47 normal, term, newborn infants 2 1/2 to 54 hours of age. According to the time of cord clamping, the subjects were divided into two groups:

Cardiac output and left‐to‐right shunt were calculated from the LA → pAo curves and, in eight instances, from the PA → LA curves by the forward triangle method. A left‐to‐right shunt across the ductus arteriosus was generally observed during the first day although at age 12 to 24 hours, this shunt was already very small. It was noted in only 1 of 10 infants over 24 hours of age. A tiny right‐to‐left shunt was observed only in 7 of 30 infants up to 12 hours of age. Systemic blood flow which was low during the first day increased by the second or third day, accompanied by a decline in systemic vascular resistance. The pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance indices were higher than those of normal older children.

No significant differences in the hemodynamic findings of the two groups of infants were observed. Functional patency of the ductus venosus was observed in all 20 subjects tested.

(1) early clamp group – 11 infants;

(2) late clamp group – 36 infants.
EFFECT OF PHENYTOIN ON THE TRYPTOPHAN LOAD TEST
Authors: Meeuwisse Gunnar , Gamstorp Ingrid , Tryding Nils
Published: January 2008

Tryptophan load tests were performed on 51 children, including 27 with epilepsy. In controls and in patients not receiving phenytoin the xanthurenic acid excretion in urine increased with age. No difference was found between the mean values for controls, non‐epileptic patients with neurological diseases and epileptic children not receiving hydantoin derivatives. In epileptic children treated with phenytoin the excretion of xanthurenic acid was higher than in the other 3 groups. The xanthurenic acid excretion increased in healthy children given phenytoin 10 mg/kg/day for at least 5 days. The mean difference between the results of the tryptophan load test before and during phenytoin administration in 8 epileptic children and 5 healthy controls was significant. In all but one of these children xanthurenic aciduria increased during administration of phenytoin. In none of the few patients who showed a clinical response on pyridoxine (100–150 mg/ day) was the tryptophan load test abnormal before treatment with pyridoxine.
STUDIES ON ERYTHRO‐KINETICS IN INFANCY IX. Prediction of Red Cell Volume from Venous Haematocrit in Early Infancy
Authors: Bratteby Lars‐Eric
Published: January 2008

Sixty‐six determinations of circulating red cell volume (RCV) were performed in 24 normal fullterm and 16 normal premature infants aged 4 hours to 138 days. The correlation between venous haematocrit (vHct) and RCV/kg was analysed. Within the range of vHct studied, 23–67%, the relationship was linear according to the equation: RCV/kg= ‐12.3 + 1.02 vHct. No significant difference in slope or position of the regression lines was found between the full‐term and premature infants. A comparison with adult individuals, taken from the literature, showed an almost identical relationship. The equation is proposed as a formula for prediction of RCV in full‐term and premature infants during the first five months of life. The standard error of estimate for prediction from this formula is approximately 10%.
CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH 11‐HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY A Case Report and Contribution to Diagnosis
Authors: Blunck W. , Bierich J. R.
Published: January 2008

Case report on a 2 ½‐year‐old Turkish boy with iso‐sexual precocious puberty suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The parents are first cousins. There was no hypertension. The diagnostic procedures are presented. Values for the main corticosteroids, 17‐ketosteroids and testosterone are reported; a simple determination of the THS‐fraction by thin‐layer‐chromatography on one plate in solvent systems of ascending polarity is shown. A highly elevated excretion of THS up to 8.6 mg/day was found.
REFLEXES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BEHAVIOURAL STATE IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Lenard H. ‐G. , von Bernuth H. , Prechtl H. F. R.
Published: January 2008

In 20 healthy newborn infants a series of 14 reflexes of various modalities was studied in different behavioural states (regular sleep, irregular sleep, quiet wakefulness) and during sucking.

According to our results these reflexes fall into three categories. Proprioceptive reflexes (quadriceps reflex, biceps reflex, ankle clonus and Moro reflex) show good responses during regular sleep and wakefulness, but are absent or markedly diminished in irregular sleep. Exteroceptive reflexes (plantar and palmar grasp, the Babkin reflex, the palmo‐mental reflex, glabella reflex, and lip‐tap reflex) are absent or diminished in regular sleep. During irregular sleep these reflexes can be elicited almost as well as during wakefulness. Nociceptive reflexes (abdominal skin reflex, the Babinski reflex and an exteroceptive skin reflex from the thigh) are equally present in the three states investigated. The magnet response could not be obtained in any of the three states.

During sucking, the palmar grasp and the tendon reflexes tend to be stronger whilst the abdominal skin reflex and the exteroceptive skin reflex from the thigh are slightly weaker.

The implications for the neurophysiological organization of different behavioural states in human neonates are discussed together with their consequences for the clinical neurological examination of the newborn infant.
GLUCOSE INFUSION IN THE PREGNANT RABBIT AND ITS EFFECT ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND ACTIVITY OF FOETAL HEART UNDER ANOXIA1
Authors: Gelli M. G. , Enhörning G. , Hultman E. , Bergström J.
Published: January 2008

The object of the present study was to determine the possibility of increasing the glycogen content of the foetal myocardium, and thus its ability to survive under anoxic conditions, by infusing glucose in the mother animal before delivery.

The material consisted of 41 rabbits; 23 were given a glucose infusion, and 18 served as controls. On the 29th day of pregnancy, a solution of 30% glucose was infused over a 6‐hour period. Immediately after the infusion, the mother was sacrificed, and the foetuses delivered abdominally. They were maintained at 37°C, but without the possibility of lung aeration. The ECG of one foetus in each litter was recorded until no heart activity remained. Concurrently, the other foetuses were sacrificed at irregular intervals, and studied with respect to the glycogen content of heart and liver, blood pH and blood glucose. These parameters were correlated to foetal heart activity.

It was found that glucose infusion in the mother did, in fact, increase the glycogen content of the foetal heart. This, in turn, seemed to increase the ability of the foetal heart to continue its activity under anoxic conditions.
OLIGURIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN AN INFANT OF FOUR MONTHS
Authors: Nielsen Bent , Ryelund Karen
Published: January 2008

A case of oliguric glomerulonephritis in an infant of 4 months is described.

The patient was initially treated with steroids during 3 days. When the diagnosis glomerulonephritis had been settled, the treatment comprised fluid restriction and peritoneal dialysis.

The patient was discharged after 6 weeks with slight proteinuria, a serum creatinine concentration of 0.5 mg per 100 ml and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg.

Diagnosis and treatment is discussed. It is concluded that treatment with dialysis is well indicated in cases of acute oliguric glomerulonephritis while the beneficial effects of steroids is more doubtful.
NORMAL/TRISOMY C MOSAICISM IN THE MOTHER OF A “MONGOLOID” CHILD
Authors: Bishun Nutan P.
Published: January 2008

Chromosomal studies in a young mother (under 30 years of age) of a “mongol” child revealed a normal/trisomy C mosaicism in both skin and blood cultures. This mother has given birth to three live children, including the “mongol” child.

This is the first report of such a finding in a young mother of a “mongol”
A REVIEW OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LIPID METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT
Authors: ROBERTSON ALEX F. , SPRECHER HOWARD
Published: January 2008

The more recent animal studies reveal the maternal origin of many placental and fetal lipids. In most studies the degree of transport across the placenta and the degree of fetal or placental synthesis of lipids varies with gestational age. Apparently, earlier in pregnancy, there is more dependencé on maternal lipids to provide placental and fetal lipids. In most lipid classes studied the placenta has the capability of altering those lipids presented to it by selective transport and interconversions. Also, most lipid classes are synthesized de novo in the placenta.

This review of available information illustrates the many difficulties in describing placental lipid metabolism and transport. The first of these is the extrapolation of data from any other species to man. We hope that increased sophistication in the use of placental perfusion and in the preservation of human placental tissue will lead to the determination of the transport mechanisms in man as well as in other animals. Secondly, composition studies are of value only in that they point the direction in which metabolic studies should proceed. The third problem is that the in vitro metabolic studies, which tell us what reactions may occur in placental tissue, are not applicable to the in vivo situation, since the magnitude of these reactions is unknown. This information can come only from the perfusion of the placenta with the substrates in question. Finally, it appears that the correlation of placental lipids to maternal‐fetal disease is not going to be easily shown. Perhaps the best approach is the definition of the functional capacity of the placenta to perform metabolic alterations of certain lipids. Then any alteration in this functional capacity of the placenta might well be more meaningful than an alteration in the lipid pattern of the placenta in disease states. In all the studies to be performed, a great need exists for the determination of composition and metabolic pathways in relationship to the time of gestation. Studies should be done at different periods of gestation for both the metabolism and transport of lipids appears to vary with gestational age.
THE INFLUENCE OF HORMONE TREATMENT ON THE NATURAL EVOLUTION OF THE IDIOPATHIC NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: van Acker K. J. , Hooft C.
Published: January 2008

In 43 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) who were treated with ACTH or corticosteroids, the evolution was studied after 4 to 14 ½ years. Frequent control investigations revealed that 29 patients were probably cured, 3 were dead, 2 showed a late recurrence and in 1 sequelae were found. In 7 patients, the NS was characterized by the occurrence of multiple relapses.

The comparison of these data with those of a prior identical follow‐up study in 44 patients of the pre‐hormonal era, permitted a gross evaluation of the influence of hormone therapy on the natural course of the INS.

It was demonstrated that more hormonally treated patients cured, but that, due to the more frequent occurrence of relapses, definitive healing was significantly postponed. Less patients died, the number of late relapses and sequelae was not very different in both groups. Multiple relapses were seen only in the hormonal group. The cured patients and those with multiple relapses thus probably represent the patients who would have died in the pre‐hormonal era, but it is not known which effect is due to antibiotics and hormones respectively.

The long‐term effect of hormone therapy will depend on the evolution in this group with multiple relapses. The histologic lesions in the kidney, found in some of these patients suggest that probably in a part of them, a fatal issue is to be expected. Further follow‐up studies in the other patients with multiple relapses but with shorter follow‐up periods, will reveal if identical lesions occur later in all these patients. If this is the case, the long‐term effect of hormone therapy in our patients consisted in an important postponement of the fatal issue.
ENDOGENOUS FORMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Fällström S. P.
Published: January 2008

A modification of the open circuit CO‐method was developed for determination of the total amount of haemoglobin in newborn infants. Simultaneous determinations of the COHb level, the pulmonary CO elimination and the total haemoglobin were performed on 32 full‐term newborn infants. The rate of haemoglobin catabolism was calculated from the CO elimination and the total haemoglobin on the assumption that CO is formed mainly from degraded haemoglobin and is eliminated quantitatively in the expired air.

An evaluation of the COHb level as a quantitative measure of haemolysis was made.
TEMPORARY MONOSACCHARIDE INTOLERANCE
Authors: Harries J. T. , Francis D. E. M.
Published: January 2008

An infant presented at three months with intolerance of glucose, galactose and fructose. It was thought that this was possibly secondary to staphylococcal infection. Recovery of monosaccharide intolerance coincided with recovery from infection. The infant was treated with a sugar‐free diet which is described in detail. It is important to detect and correct ketosis and/or hypoglycaemia at an early stage when such a diet is used.
REGIONAL LUNG FUNCTION STUDIED WITH 133Xe AND EXTERNAL DETECTORS (RADIOSPIROMETRY) IN CHILDREN WITHOUT CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Kjellman Bengt
Published: January 2008

Regional lung function was studied in 12 children without cardiopulmonary disease. 133Xe was used as a tracer and external detectors were employed. Perfusion, ventilation and functional residual capacity of an apical field and a basal field of each lung were measured. The results agreed closely with those obtained in healthy adults, studied with the same technique.

The reproducibility of the results on one and the same occasion was high as judged from duplicate determinations.

Regional lung function in relation to regional functional residual capacity (indices of ventilation and perfusion) and the quotients of ventilation to perfusion of the lung fields were also calculated and were compared with the same measurements in adults. Concerning the perfusion indices for the different lung fields certain differences were found between the two groups of subjects.

As the normal range of the different radiospirometric measurements was small the method seems suitable for detecting regional abnormalities in children with lung disease.
FREEMAN‐SHELDON'S SYNDROME, CRANIO‐CARPO‐TARSAL DYSTROPHY
Authors: Rintala Aarne E.
Published: January 2008

A patient with Freeman‐Sheldon's syndrome (cranio‐carpo‐tarsal dystrophy), obviously the fourth case of its kind to be published, is described. No significant chromosome anomalies were demonstrated. Attention is drawn to the vertical grooves on the patient's jaw and lower lip, which may be remnants of the so‐called lateral sulci established in the embryo in a certain phase of development.
VENOUS OCCLUSION PLETHYSMOGRAPHY IN CHILDREN II. Resting calf blood flow in healthy children
Authors: Preece A. W. , Voyce M. A.
Published: January 2008

Resting calf blood flow was measured in 36 children between the ages of 5–10 years. The overall mean was 3.4 ml/100 ml/min. The mean for each age group lies within 1 S. D. from the mean.
HISTAMINURIA IN HARTNUP DISEASE
Authors: Sjaastad Ottar , Halvorsen Sverre
Published: January 2008

Two patients with Hartnup disease showed increased urinary excretion of conjugated histamine and increased faecal excretion of histamine‐like activity. After addition of L‐histidine, histamine was formed in faecal specimens in vitro. After ingestion of L‐histidine there were signs of no more than a moderate intraluminal formation of histamine in the large bowel. These findings indicate that in Hartnup disease there is no marked malabsorption of L‐histidine, a thesis that will be tested further.
STUDIES ON ERYTHRO‐KINETICS IN INFANCY:XII. Survival in Adult Recipients of Cord Blood Red Cells Labelled in Vitro with Di‐isopropyl fluorophosphonate (DF32P)
Authors: Bratteby Lars‐Eric , Garby Lars , Wadman Bengt
Published: January 2008

Cord blood red cells from 8 full‐term infants were labelled in vitro with di‐iso‐propylfluorophos‐phonate (DF32P) and transfused into 8 adult recipients.

The disappearance of the labelled cells was slightly curvilinear with a rate of 1.0–1.5% per day during the first month after transfusion and 0.7‐1.0% per day during the following month.

The data are discussed with reference to earlier studies and it is concluded that cord blood red cells from full‐term infants disappear from the circulation of adult recipients in much the same way as from the circulation of newborn infants. The finding favours the hypothesis that “intrinsic” rather than “extrinsic” factors are likely to cause the difference in life span between foctal and adult red cells.
THE ANTIBODY PATTERN IN REPRESENTATIVE GROUPS OF ETHIOPIAN VILLAGE CHILDREN
Authors: Mellbin Tore , Vahlquist BO
Published: January 2008

As a part of the comprehensive program of investigation which is being conducted by the Children's Nutrition Unit in Ethiopia, it was considered essential to determine the incidence of antibodies to a number of important pathogens, in order to obtain an idea of the previous disease history and present state of immunity of the children. The material comprised sera fram 525 children of ages 5–11 years from those localities in which the project has established field activities.

Poliomyelitis: The incidence of antibodies to poliomyelitis virus was very high, and 56–69 % of the children studied were positive for all three types. The titre levels were studied in a small series, and these showed high values.

Morbilli: Antibodies to morbilli virus were found to occur in 60 to 86% of the children in the different regions.

Rickettsial diseases: The incidence of antibodies to R. akari, R. burneti and R. prowazeki was studied, and in all regions a very low frequency of positive titres was found.

Pertussis: The antibody incidence was very low throughout, and in two regions no antibodies were found.

Streptococcal infection: The AST titres lay at a high level, with 43% of the children over 200 units/ml and 13% over 400 units/ml.

Salmonellosis: The titre levels of Salmonella BO, CO and DO were low, and the frequency of positive titres varied between 7% and 51%.

Syphilis: Kline's test was performed on sera from 313 children, and only one positive reaction was found.

Toxoplasmosis: The incidence of positive findings varied between 7% and 46% in the different regions.

Schistosomiasis: The incidence of antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni was studied in 213 sera, all of which were negative.
POLIOVIRUS ANTIBODY STATUS AND THE RESPONSE TO TRIVALENT ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE IN NORWEGIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Örstavik I. , Flugsrud Liv B. , Lahelle O.
Published: January 2008

Neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus were studied among 124 Norwegian school children, 80 of whom received three doses of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine during the study, the remaining 44 were older siblings to vaccinees.

Eighty per cent of 46 children with no previous Salk immunization lacked demonstrable antibodies against all three types of poliovirus at school entry. Among previously Salk vaccinated children, a considerable number seemed to be without antibody protection against type 1 and type 3.

Antibody response to oral vaccine as measured by sero‐conversion ranged between 81 and 100 per cent.

Spread of vaccine strains to older siblings was demonstrated serologically.
THE MECHANISM OF DIARRHOEA IN CONGENITAL DISACCHARIDE MALABSORPTION
Authors: Launiala Kari
Published: January 2008

Intestinal malabsorption of lactose and sucrose, and the effect of these disaccharides on the movements of water and electrolytes were studied in two siblings with congenital lactose malabsorption (CLM) and one infant with congenital sucroseisomaltose malabsorption (CSIM), using the intestinal intubation technique.

Sucrose in the CLM‐patients and lactose in the CSIM‐patient were absorbed already in the proximal part of the small intestine, whereas hardly any lactose in CLM and sucrose in CSIM disappeared from the small intestinal lumen. The unabsorbed disaccharides caused considerable movement of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen test fluid being diluted to 1 1/2–2 1/2 times in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. The contents of the small intestine were throughout isoosmotic with extracellular fluid and the unabsorbed disaccharides represented 25–30% of the osmotic activity.

In the colon, the unabsorbed disaccharides disappeared in varying degree, they were split into monosaccharides and converted to lactate. Water, Na+ and Cl‐ were absorbed in the colon even in relative excess to the disappearance of the disaccharide and its splitting products, and in all cases the faecal volume was smaller than the volume of the test fluid. In a CLM‐patient a 3‐week period on lactose‐containing diet had no effect on the phenomena demonstrated in the small intestine, but disappearance of lactose and formation of lactate was greater in the colon, and amount of water less in the stools than before.

It is suggested that the retention of water in the intestinal lumen through the osmotic activity of the unabsorbed disaccharide, together with the organism's tendency to Na+‐equilibrium between the luminal and extracellular fluid is the most important mechanism of diarrhoea in disaccharide malabsorption.
ENCEPHALOPATHY IN COMBINATION WITH A NEW PATTERN OF AMINOACIDURIA
Authors: BERGE T. , BORGFORS N. , BRUN A. , STUDNITZ W. VON
Published: January 2008

A male infant born 5 weeks before calculated term had tachypnoea and peripheral cyanosis and its spontaneous activity was decreased. No sign of anoxia at delivery. The increased serum bilirubin was treated with exchange transfusion and on the 16th day of life the serum bilirubin level was normal. The child gradually developed signs of injury to the central nervous system and amino‐aciduria involving serine, alanine and threonine was discovered. The same amino acids were also found in increased concentrations in the serum.

The child died at 38 days of age. Autopsy revealed multiple focal changes in the cerebral hemispheres. The changes consisted of focal necroses of white matter with gliosis and deposition of fat‐containing macrophages. The changes were of the same type as those described previously in certain inborn errors of metabolism but showed no specific features. Similar changes may also be seen in hypoxia, but in the present case there was no evidence for such an origin. No specific amino‐aciduria could be demonstrated at examination of 7 premature children with hypoxia. The kidneys showed no histological abnormalities and the fact that the concentration of the amino acids was increased both in the serum and in the urine argues against a renal origin.

No explanation for the aetiology could be offered, but it was probably due to an inborn enzyme defect.
ERYTHROPOIETIN LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD OF CONTROL INFANTS AND INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: STOUTENBOROUGH KENNETH A. , SUTHERLAND JAMES M. , MEINEKE HOWARD A. , LIGHT IRWIN J.
Published: January 2008

Erythropoietin levels (ESF) were measured in premature infants with and without the respiratory distress syndrome in an effort to define the role of intrauterine hypoxia in the genesis of the disease. No difference in levels could be detected between infants with and without the: respiratory distress syndrome. This suggests that either intrauterine hypoxia plays no role in the genesis of the respiratory distress syndrome or that the hypoxia is (1) of short duration, (2) of relatively long duration, or (3) remote with respect to the time of birth. The higher levels found in full‐term infants suggested that hypoxia before birth is a more common feature of the term delivery than the premature delivery.
ACID‐BASE AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: THALME BERTIL , ENGSTROM LARS
Published: January 2008

The acid‐base and electrolyte balance was studied in 8 diabetic and 8 healthy mothers and their infants at caesarean section near term.

Microliter methods were used for determination of pH, total CO2, potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, total protein, inorganic phosphorus, glucose and lactate.

The acid‐base and electrolyte balance of the newborn infant of a well‐controlled diabetic mother did not differ significantly from that of a newborn infant of a healthy mother.

The infant of a diabetic mother seemed to be able to correct for an excess load of glucose and to maintain a “normal” level in the blood in the umbilical artery.

Earlier observations that intense maternal hyperventilation is associated with a changed uterine and placental circulation and results in fetal acidosis were not confirmed in the present study.
GASTROENTERITIS WITH SECONDARY DISACCHARIDE INTOLERANCE
Authors: LLOYD‐STILL J.
Published: January 2008

Secondary disaccharide intolerance was a feature of the gastroenteritis in all cases and lasted from 2‐10 weeks, necessitating treatment with a disaccharide‐free milk. No bacterial or viral pathogens were isolated from the 5 affected infants, and all infants in whom disaccharide intolerance was recognised, survived. Lactose tolerance tests in the recovery phase were helpful in deciding when to reintroduce a normal (lactose containing) milk.
NEONATAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA DUE TO GLUCOSES‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY IN A DANISH INFANT
Authors: OLSEN J. E.
Published: January 2008

A description is given of a case of neonatal icterus and hemolytic anemia in a Danish boy in whose blood the activity of G‐6‐PD was markedly reduced. Icterus appeared already one hour after delivery and serum bilirubin reached a maximum value of 16.4 mg/100 ml on the fourth day of life. Anemia was present from the second day of life and progressed during the first month to a minimal concentration of Hb of 5.2 g/100 ml. Normal activities were found in his parents and sister.
PLACENTAL TRANSFUSION IN THE PREMATURE INFANT WITH OBSERVATION ON CLINICAL COURSE AND OUTCOME
Authors: YAO A. C. , LIND J. , TIISALA R. , MICHELSSON K.
Published: January 2008

Blood volume was measured in 73 truly premature and 10 “small for date” term infants following early or late cord clamping at birth. Forty‐five normal full term infants from a previous study were included for comparison. The results demonstrated that placental transfusion occurred if cord clamping was delayed. The amount of placental transfusion in terms of red cell volume per kg b.w. in the premature infants under 2001 g was less compared to that of both normal full term infants and premature infants above 2001 g. The clinical course showed high incidence and mortality from respiratory distress in premature infants under 2001 g. An interesting observation was the apparently higher mortality resulting from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome in the late‐clamped group weighing under 2001 g.
APPARENT RESPONSE OF IMPAIRED MENTAL DEVELOPMENT, MINOR MOTOR EPILEPSY AND ATAXIA TO PYRIDOXINE
Authors: EKELUND H. , GAMSTORP I. , STUDNITZ W. VON
Published: January 2008

Impaired mental development, minor motor epilepsy, and ataxia in a 2 1/:! year old boy without cystathioninuria and with a normal reaction to the tryptophane‐loading test responded favourably to pyridoxine. Transient taurinuria and a long lasting general aminoaciduria occurred during the treatment. Certain clinical and biochemical findings and observations suggested that the child's symptoms were due to an increased pyridoxine requirement.
A REPORT OF FOUR CASES, INCLUDING THREE IN ONE SIBSHIP, WITH COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUSES AND GLOMERULI
Authors: Sutherland Lynette E. , Hartroft Phyllis , Balis John U. , Bailey John D. , Lynch Matthew J.
Published: January 2008

Summary and Conclusions

An electrolyte‐losing syndrome is described in three siblings, including one set of twins, and in an unrelated infant who was the product of incest. In most respects the clinical and laboratory findings in these patients were compatible with the condition which has come to be known as Bartter's syndrome. In all four of our patients, however, symptoms were manifested early in life, the disease ran a malignant course and death occurred early. Electron microscopic examination of the kidneys from two of our patients showed characteristic structural changes in the glomeruli including immaturity of the podocytes and extensive loss or fusion of their foot processes. Light microscopy of the kidneys from all four cases showed an unusually large proportion of immature glomeruli that seemed to diminish slowly with age. Some ninety per cent of these small glomeruli were located peripherally. The incidence and size of hypertrophied JGA, also the degree and extent of hyperplastic arterial thickening, appeared to increase with age. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the basic abnormality in Bartter's syndrome may involve a defect of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, and that this leads to hypertrophy of the JGAs of functioning nephrons with excessive production and release of renin, which causes vasoconstrictive dormancy of the more peripheral glomeruli.
27. CEBOCEPHALY:A Report of Three New Cases
Authors: VALKEAKARI T. , ANTTILA R.
Published: January 2008

Three cases of cebocephaly with no extracranial anomalies are reported. In two cases chromosomes were examined. The karyotype was found normal in both cases. No abnormal aminoacids in cerebrospinal fluid were detected.
Transthoracic Impedance: III. Methodological Studies in Newborn Infants
Authors: VICTORIN LARS , DAILY WILLIAM , OLSSON TORSTEN
Published: January 2008

Studies have been performed on the use of the transthoracic impedance measuring tech‐nique on newborn infants. The method permits the examination of the ratio air/blood in the lungs and the analysis of these changes by combination with measurements of variations in the air volume. To make this possible, certain testing conditions must be fulfilled. With the technique used for this investigation, studies should not be started until the electrodes have been applied for fully five minutes and, further‐more, the infant to be examined should be in a quiet state.

Through the changes of the hydrostatic pressure conditions in different parts of the lungs t was found that the ratio airlblood in the lung parenchyma is gravity dependent and that the transthoracic impedance technique permits this phenomenon to be studied semi‐quantitatively.

The electric fields of the transthoracic leads mainly cover lung parenchyma and therefore are the most suitable for these examinations. With the subject in a supine position, sagittal leads, from the hydrostatic point of view, allow impedance representing the mean of the lung to be recorded, and this lead is con‐sequently used to study the variations with respiration. For longitudinal studies of basic impedance a lead from side to side is employed as this facilitates a stable positioning of the electrodes.

The relation between differences in air volume end the magnitude of impedance during respira‐tion has been investigated. Within wide ranges the tidal volume there is a linear relation between these two variables when assessed a t the moments of zero flow a t end‐inspiration and end‐expiration. An analysis of the dynamic course during a breath, however, reveals a discrepancy between change in impedance and air volume, interpreted as caused by simultaneous variation in the blood volume the lungs.
BLADDER STONE DISEASE OF CHILDHOOD II. A Clinico‐Pathological Study1
Authors: AURORA A. L. , TANEJA O. P. , GUPTA D. N.
Published: January 2008

A clinico‐pathological study of 61 cases of bladder stone in children was undertaken. The patients showed some evidence of growth failure. In none of the patients renal or ureteral stone could be visualized.

The serum calcium and plasma phosphorus levels were within normal limits. A significant finding in these cases was raised serum muco‐protein levels. The urinary mucoprotein levels in patients were one and a half to two times higher than in control children. Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 36.6% of the cases.

Morphological studies of bladder biopsies revealed dark granular cells rich in PAS positive material.

From the observations made, it has been suggested that the bladder stone disease of childhood is an entity distinct from renal lithiasis. The possible factors in the etiopathogenesis of the disease have been discussed.
ABNORMAL TYROSINE METABOLISM IN HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE
Authors: GRANT D. B. , ALEXANDER F. W. , SEAKINS J. W. T.
Published: January 2008

Elevated plasma tyrosine and methionine levels, together with excessive urinary excretion of p‐hydroxypheny‐acetic and ‐lactic acids were found in an infant with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI). Such findings may be common in HFI and this diagnosis must be considered in any infant with biochemical abnormalities of tyrosine metabolism.
EXPIRATORY FLOW RATES DETERMINED BY WEDGE AND WATER SPIROMETER IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: LEVISON H. , KAMEL M. , WENG T.‐R. , KRUGER K.
Published: January 2008

A comparison between measurements made with a conventional water spirometer and those with a wedge spirometer on 82 healthy normal subjects from 6 to 18 years of age and from 111.5 to 176.5 cm in height was made. Fourteen children with symptomatic asthma were also studied. It was found that the FVC and FEV1 were similar on both instruments. The values for V̇50 and MMEF were different, because V̇50 is an instantaneous measurement, whereas MMEF is a mean obtained over a wide range of lung volumes.

It is suggested that V̇50 may be a more sensitive index of airway obstruction than the regular MMEF measurement.
A PATIENT WITH HEREDITARY GALACTOKINASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: DAHLQVIST A. , GAMSTORP I. , MADSEN H.
Published: January 2008

A case of hereditary galactokinase deficiency is reported, occurring in a newborn boy and detected through routine screening of newborns for increased blood concentration of galactose. Symptoms were equivocal and consisted only of mild feeding difficulties and a slightly insufficient weight gain. The only abnormality found on clinical examination was lens opacities which were obvious when the boy was 5 weeks old. The biochemical abnormalities found were: excretion of large amounts of galactose and ga‐lactitol in the urine, galactosemia, and essentially no galactokinase activity in the red blood cells. On a galactose‐free diet, introduced when the boy was 3½ weeks old, he grew and developed normally, his cataracts had improved considerably after 4 months. The boy's both parents, one brother and possibly one sister were considered carriers of the autosomal recessive gene, as the enzyme activity found in their red blood cells was roughly half of the normal value.

The clinical findings in patients with the various enzyme defects leading to galactosemia are described and related to the biochemical abnormalities caused by the defects. Possible screening methods are discussed.
A DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PHENOBARBITONE ON NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIA AND FREQUENCY OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: SIGNER M. VEST. E. , WEISSER K. , OLAFSSON A.
Published: January 2008

In a double blind study the effect of phenobarbitone on neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and the frequency of exchange transfusion was investigated. Newborn infants admitted were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The treated group comprised 56 and the control group 60 infants. Either placebo solution or phenobarbitone was injected i.m. at 8 hourly intervals for a total of 10 injections. The single dose varied between 1 mg and 5 mg according to weight. One exchange transfusion had to be performed in the treated and 11 in the control group. This difference is statistically significant. Serumbilirubin concentrations from the 4th day on were significantly lower in the treated infants than in controls.
RAPID GROWTH AND CENTROLOBULAR EMPHYSEMA AFTER STENOSING TRACHEITIS AND CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN
Authors: BIEBER CHARLES P. , ROSAN ROBERT C. , NORTHWAY WILLIAM H. , SMITH PENELOPE CAVE , DAILY WILLIAM J. , BRAND MICHAEL M.
Published: January 2008

An 846 g newborn survives critical apnea, pseudomonad pneumonia and stenosing tracheitis, and thrives during 3 months of exposure to 40% oxygen. When he dies unexpectedly during an excellent convalescence, his lungs show a surprisingly advanced centro‐lobular emphysema. The history excites skepticism about the clinical evaluation of “silent” lungs of newborns, and demonstrates how remarkable a disparity may exist between ventilatory function and morphological damage in newborns. The possibility for contributory etiological roles is discussed for oxygen therapy, tracheal obstruction and rapid growth, but not for pneumonia. The case recalls the disturbing increase in neonatal emphysema since 1960. Restricted use of the term, Wilson‐Mikity disease, is urged while generic use of the term, lobular emphysema, is condoned.
ACID LYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN NORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: SCHETTINI F. , BRATTA A. , MAUTONE A. , ZIZZADORO P.
Published: January 2008

Acid lysis of foetal red cells has been investigated by means of an automated procedure with the Fragiligraph.

The time of red cells acid lysis is augmented in the first weeks of life and returns normal after the ninetieth day of life.

The rate of acid lysis is normal only after the sixtieth day of life.

The behaviour of the acid lysis is related to the disappearance of the foetal erythrocytes and to the presence of adult type of red cells.
L‐ASPARAGINASE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEUKAEMIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: de VAAN G. A. M. , BAKKEREN J. A. J. M. , SCHRETLEN E. D. A. M. , REERINK H.
Published: January 2008

The results of asparaginase‐prednisone therapy in children are reported. In 12 children with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 9 remissions were obtained, there were 2 failures and in one patient therapy had to be stopped because of an anaphylactic shock.

One child with an acute myelocytic‐granulocytic type of acute leukaemia did not respond. One child with an acute monocytic‐monoblastic leukaemia was given asparaginase only. He responded very well.

Four patients with a relapse of an acute myeloblastic leukaemia were treated: there were two failures, one child died too early from an infection to be evaluated. One child showed a very good reaction. Serious side‐effects were few, the drugs gave many biochemical disturbances including a constant hypofibrino‐genaemia, but these were well tolerated and reversible.
INTENSIVE CARE OF SMALL PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: VAPAAVUORI EERO K. , KROHN KAI
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐seven deaths in premature infants weighing less than 1 250 g who were treated with intermittent positive pressure respiration are reported. The major pulmonary abnormalities were hyaline membrane formation, infection, and hemorrhage occurring‘ alone or in combination with intraverticular hemorrhage. Hyaline membranes were associated with severe clinical features of respiratory distress, whereas infection was not. Prolonged treatment resulted in “bronchopulmonary dysplasia” in only 1 case where severe clinical respiratory distress was associated with the finding of hyaline membranes at post mortem.
ULTRASOUNDCARDIOGRAPHY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM NILS‐RUNE , EDLER INGE
Published: January 2008

Ultrasoundcardiography (UCG) studies have been performed in about three hundred children. The age of the children varied between 1 day and 16 years. Most of the studies have been performed without premedication and all without discomfort.

The UCG‐technique has been found valuable for demonstration of dilatation of the right ventricle both in cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. In studies of lesion affecting the tricuspid valve pathological UCG‐findings have been obtained in patients with tricuspid atresia and Ebsteins anomaly.

The method has also been found useful in evaluation of the state of the mitral valve. Pathological findings have been obtained in congenital mitral stenosis, mitral atresia and other forms of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, in endocardial cushion defects and in mitral regurgitation.

The UCG‐technique also provides information about the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Pathological findings have been obtained in cases with membraneous subvalvular aortic stenosis and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Pericardial effusion and thrombosis in the right atrium may be demonstrated by this technique. No complications have been observed.
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION IN NEWBORN BABIES
Authors: BODEGARD GORAN , SCHWIELER GOSTA H.
Published: January 2008

The respiratory response to an added load, recorded as the change in amplitude of the intra‐esophageal pressure swings caused by airway occlusion has been studied in 8 babies, 30 to 42 weeks of postmenstrual age. With increasing age the response to such an occlusion was found to increase gradually and it is concluded that this is a reflection of an increasing maturation of a thoracic respiratory reflex. The results are related to similar findings in developing animals and to earlier studies on the development of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex in babies.
CHRONIC REGIONAL ENTEROCOLITIS (MB CROHN) IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: EHRENPREIS TH. , GIERUP J. , LAGERCRANTZ R.
Published: January 2008

A series of 36 children and adolescents with chronic regional enterocolitis is presented. An apparent increase in the occurrence of the disease is noted. Clinical and roentgenological findings are reported. A high incidence of colonic localization was found and is probably typical of a paediatric series. There were difficulties in establishing an early diagnosis, mainly due to the common occurrence of nonspecific symptoms in the early stages of the disease. The guiding principles for the differentiation between regional enterocolitis and ulcerative colitis are discussed. The results of conservative treatment were poor. The majority of patients (31) were subjected to surgical therapy; the main indication being chronic, progressive disease. The immediate results of surgery were good. In respect of late results, a recurrence rate of about 50% was encountered. Extensive disease, especially when treated with resection and ileorectal anastomosis seemed to have an unfavourable prognosis. The importance of radical resections is stressed.
A CASE OF PRADER‐WILLI SYNDROME IN A GIRL WITH A SMALL EXTRA CHROMOSOME
Authors: RIDLER M. A. C. , GARROD O. , BERG J. M.
Published: January 2008

A characteristic case of Prader‐Willi syndrome is reported in a girl who showed, additionally, the presence of a small extra chromosome, possibly a fragment of a D or G group chromosome. Available members of the proposita's family were found to be phenotypically and cytologically normal. The case is compared with those previously reported.
GIANT HAEMANGIOMA WITH A DISORDER OF COAGULATION
Authors: HENRIKSSON P. , NILSSON I. M. , BERGENTZ S.‐E. , LJUNGQVIST U. , ROSENGREN B.
Published: January 2008

The mechanism of the coagulation disorder in an infant with a large haemangioma of the right arm has been studied. The disorder was characterised by thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time and the occurrence of fibrinolytic split products in the blood. The levels of various coagulation factors were normal. The mechanism of the disorder was further investigated by injection of 51Cr labelled platelets, which disappeared very rapidly from the circulation owing to the uptake by the haemangioma. Injection of 125I labelled fibrinogen revealed a considerable increase in disappearance rate, which, however, was not as high as for 51Cr labelled platelets. Treatment with heparin in this case appeared inadvisable because the thrombocytopenia was found to be due mainly to mechanical destruction in the haemangioma while intravascular coagulation played only a subordinate role. On the other hand, the fibrinolytic activity in the tumour vessels was found to be high, which together with the occurrence of fibrinolytic split products in the blood was considered to indicate treatment with inhibitors of fibrinolysis (EACA). During this treatment the angioma decreased in size. It would therefore appear advisable to investigate the mechanisms of the coagulation disorders in these patients before deciding upon treatment.
OCULODENTODIGITAL DYSPLASIA SYNDROME
Authors: TAYSI KUTAY , SAY BURHAN , FIRAT TANJU , GÜRSU GULER
Published: January 2008

A 23‐month‐old boy with typical findings of oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome was presented and the inheritance pattern of this syndrome was discussed.
PROTHROMBIN IN NEWBORNS AND DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: NOREN I. , CARLSSON E. , KRETZSCHMAR G. , TEGER‐NILSSON A.‐C.
Published: January 2008

Prothrombin concentration, determined specifically with a new two‐stage method, was compared with thrombotest activity in samples from infants, aged 0–21 days. There was a significant correlation between the two methods.

Effect of treatment with vitamin K and plasma was registered with both methods.

As the distribution of prothrombin and thrombotest values from normal, full‐term neonates was slightly skew, mean value and S.D. was calculated from the logarithmic values. The normal range, expressed as mean ± 2 S.D. was for prothrombin 26–85 % and for thrombotest 27–74% (values corrected for hematocrit).

No bleeding was observed in any patient with prothrombin above 20% and thrombotest above 22% (corrected values). Most low values in newborns were found in children suffering from hypoxia.

Prothrombin concentration was also compared with prothrombin‐proconvertin activity in samples from children, aged 0–12 months. In the healthy child prothrombin values reached the normal adult level at the age of 6–12 months, prothrombin‐proconvertin values at the age of about 3 months.
URINARY GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN EXCRETION IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: PENNOCK C. A. , WHARTON B. A. , WHITE FRANCES
Published: January 2008

Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion relative to creatinine is high during the neonatal period reaching a peak in the second week of life and thereafter declining throughout childhood. The difficulty in early diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses during the neonatal period is emphasized.