bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Excimer Laser Corneal Surgery Appropriate After Resolution of Corneal Edema in Fuchs Dystrophy by Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty?
Authors: Price Francis W. , Price Marianne O. , Guerra Frederico
Published: June 2010

Purpose:

To report a case of apparent central corneal thinning diagnosed after treatment of Fuchs dystrophy by Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and to discuss treatment options with laser refractive surgery.

Methods:

A pseudophakic patient with Fuchs dystrophy underwent DMEK, with removal of dysfunctional recipient endothelium and replacement with bare endothelium and Descemet membrane from a donor cornea. Subsequently, a standard preoperative evaluation for LASIK, including refraction, topography, Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH), and slit-lamp examination was performed.

Results:

After DMEK, refraction was +0.75 +2.50 × 115. Corneal topography did not show evidence of corneal ectasia or suspicion of keratoconus. Simulated keratometry was 43.03×40.49. Central corneal thickness was 481 μm by ultrasonic pachymetry. Pentacam evaluation of the anterior and posterior surfaces showed normal contours relative to a best-fit sphere on the anterior surface, but central elevation of 25 μm on the posterior surface. The typical increased central corneal thickness of Fuchs dystrophy could have masked a latent forme fruste keratoconus that became evident after the edema resolved with DMEK, or the central edema could have led to loss of stromal thickness causing the forward displacement of the posterior corneal surface.

Conclusions:

It is uncertain whether this eye is safe for LASIK or PRK correction of the residual refractive error. This finding of posterior surface forward displacement would be difficult to impossible to detect in an eye after Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty due to the addition of stromal tissue on the graft.
Fluctuación estacional y dinámica microbiana en una catena afectada por el abandono del cultivo en la cuenca del Guadalentin (Murcia)
Authors: Cerdà A. , García-Álvarez A. , Cammeraat L. H. , Imeson A. C.
Published: June 2010

La distribución espacial de la actividad biológica muestra una clara influencia del uso del suelo. Las zonas con vegetación potencial, Pinus halepensis, tienen altos niveles de carbono microbiano (1.200 μg C g-1), mientras que los suelos situados entre macollas de Stipa tenacissima y el campo abandonado tienen niveles intermedios (300 μg C g-1). El suelo cultivado siempre presenta muy baja biomasa microbiana (< 150μg C g-1). Excepto en este caso, se ha comprobado un crecimiento de la biomasa de carbono microbiano desde junio a febrero. En parte, la estabilidad de los agregados confirma las diferencias existentes a nivel espacial, en las que la zona de Pinus halepensis favorece agregados más estables. La secuencia para el resto de las unidades sería: matorral de esparto > terreno abandonado > cultivo. La estabilidad de los agregados del suelo muestra una clara relación espacial con la biomasa de carbono microbiano. Estacionalmente esta dependencia también existe, aunque con un periodo de retraso que es diferente para cada tipo de suelo.
Impacts of agricultural innovation and transformation of the mountainous hinterland in the Mediterranean: An example from Southern Spain (Costa Granadina)
Authors: Drescher A. W.
Published: June 2010

Una investigación agroecológica se llevó a cabo entre 1985 y 1989, y en 1994, en la costa mediterránea de Andalucía (Sur de España). La comparación de fotografías aéreas de 1950 y 1978, las entrevistas a agricultores y el trabajo de campo revelan que el paisaje ha sufrido grandes cambios. Las innovaciones en las prácticas agrícolas han tenido múltiples consecuencias ecológicas. Los principales resultados son: El uso tradicional de la tierra ha sido sustituido por prácticas agrícolas orientadas al mercado. Los cambios en las pautas de uso del suelo han sido muy rápidos, iniciándose a comienzos de la década de los ochenta y no alcanzando el máximo hasta hoy. El rasgo principal del desarrollo ha sido la destrucción del paisaje mediante métodos ecológicamente inapropiados de construcción de terrazas en fuertes pendientes, que antes quedaban protegidas por el aterrazamiento tradicional. El desarrollo diferente de la Alta Alpujarra y de las llanuras costeras en relación con las pautas de inmigración y emigración está amenazando la interacción entre ambas áreas, especialmente en lo que respecta a la gestión del agua. Las llanuras costeras dependen por completo de los recursos hídricos de la Sierra Nevada y de la Alta Alpujarra. El cultivo de secano ha sido abandonado casi por completo.
Influence de l'altitude, de l'exposition et du climat sur la croissance du pin à crochets (Pinus uncinata Ram.) en Cerdagne (Pyrénées orientales françaises)
Authors: Schueller Jeanne Florence , Rolland Christian
Published: June 2010

[fr] Une étude dendroécologique du Pin á crochets (Pinus uncinata Ram.) réalisée en Cerdagne française (Pyrénées Orientales) a permis de quantifier le rôle de trois facteurs stationnais sur sa croissance: l'altitude, l'exposition et le climat. 175 arbres dominants ont été échantillonnés entre 1780 et 2120 mètres d'altitude, sur deux versants exposés au Nord et au Sud encadrant le plateau de Cerdagne. A altitude égale, les Pins d'ubac mesurent en moyenne 4 mètres de plus. Cependant, l'analyse détaillée de 12874 largeurs de cernes prouve que la croissance radiale est plus rapide en adret, où la surface terrière a 100 ans augmente de 43 % plus vite qu'en ubac. Les forêts des deux versants présentent une sensibilité au climat manifeste et comparable. L'étude de la réponse au climat permet de nuancer ces résultats: en adret les précipitations ont un rôle bénéfique accru, tandis que l'impact négatif de la neige est spécifique a l'ubac. Quant aux températures, elles jouent un rôle nettement plus marqué que les précipitations. La chaleur printanière agit surtout en adret, tandis que le rôle des températures d'automne est plus manifeste en ubac.

[es] Un estudio dendroecológico sobre el Pino negro (Pinus uncinata Ram.) en la Cerdaña francesa permite obtener resultados cuantitativos sobre la influencia de tres parámetros ecológicos que influyen en el crecimiento de los árboles: la altitud, la exposición y el clima. Se han muestreado 175 árboles entre 1780 y 2120 m de altitud, en dos laderas expuestas al Norte y al Sur en la Llanura de Cerdaña. A la misma altitud, los pinos son 4 metros más altos en la ladera Norte. Se han analizado también 12.874 espesores de anillos, que prueban que el crecimiento radial es más rápido en la exposición Sur. En anillos de cien años aumenta un 43% más en la exposición Sur que en la Norte. El estudio de la repuesta biológica al clima permite matizar los resultados. En la solana las precipitaciones son más beneficiosas, mientras que la nieve tiene un impacto negativo en las umbrías. La influencia de las temperaturas es más importante que la de las precipitaciones. El calor de primavera es más influyente en la solana, mientras que las temperaturas de otoño lo son en la umbría.
Ciclos biogeoquímicos en bosques de la Sierra de Béjar (Salamanca). Retorno de bioelementos por medio del agua de lluvia
Authors: Santa Regina I.
Published: June 2010

Se ha estimado el retorno anual de bioelementos a través del agua de lluvia en un bosque de repoblación de pino albar (Pinus sylvestris L.) en la Cuenca de Candelario (sistema Central).
Del total de elementos aportados al suelo, la inmensa mayoría del carbono, nitrógeno, fósforo, calcio, potasio, sodio y zinc, penetran por medio del agua de pluviolavado, sólo un 10% lo hace, a través del agua de escurrimiento fustal; el magnesio alcanza el suelo en un 82% por él agua de pluviolavado y el resto por escurrimiento fustal; el manganeso y el hierro lo hacen en un 70% y 30% respectivamente, mientras que el aporte predominante de cobre se realiza a través del agua de escurrimiento fustal (más del 60%).
Movimiento superficial del glaciar rocoso de las Argualas
Authors: Serrano E. , Sanjosé J. J. , Silio F. , Agudo C.
Published: June 2010

El glaciar rocoso de las Argualas es activo en la actualidad y fluye a una velocidad media axial en superficie de 22.3 cm/año. El flujo se ha determinado median te las técnicas de auscultación topográfica realizadas entre los años 1991 y 1994. Esta técnica ha permitido complementar el análisis geomorfológico, profundizado en el estudio de la dinámica superficial del glaciar.
Fenología del anillo de crecimiento de Pinus uncinata Ramond y Pinus sylvestris L. en un gradiente altitudinal en los Pirineos Centrales
Authors: Camarero J. Julio , Guerrero Campo Joaquín , Gutiérrez Eimilia
Published: June 2010

[es] En el presente trabajo, describimos el desarrollo y la estructura del anillo anual de crecimiento de Pinus uncinata Ramondy Pinus sylvestris L. en un gradiente altitudinal en los Pirineos centrales. Medimos mensualmente el aumento de la anchura del anillo y el número de traqueidas añadidas a lo largo de 1993. En ambas especies, la mayor parte del anillo se forma desde mediados de jimio hasta mediados de julio de 1993. El desarrollo de la madera tardía -formación, coloración y engrasamiento y lignificación de las paredes celulares- comienza en julio y acaba en octubre. El anillo comienza antes su formación en los bosques estudiados de P. sylvestris que en P. uncinata, el cual vive a mayor altitud. P. uncinata forma anillos más estrechos, con menor múmero de células y con mayor heterogeneidad de color de la madera tardía que P. sylvestris. Existe una gran variabilidad entre árboles en la posición de las células de las maderas temprana y tardía a lo largo del anillo de crecimiento. Los distintos patrones fenológicos en el crecimiento del anillo anual, a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal seleccionado, pueden explicarse en parte, por la influencia de distintas condiciones climáticas, principalmente térmicas.
[fr] Nous avons étudié la structure et la croissance des cernes annuels chez Pinus uncinata Ram. et Pinus sylvestris L. le long d'un gradient altitudinal dans les Pyrénées centrales. Nous avons mesuré l'accroissement mensuel du cerne et le nombre de cellules formées au cours de l'année 1993. Chez les deux essences les cernes se sont formés en majeur partie de mi-juin à mi-juillet. La formation du bois final -croissance, changement de couleur et lignification des parois cellulaires débute en juillet et finit en octobre. Les cernes commencent à se former plus tôt chez P. sylvestris que chez P. uncinata, qui pousse à des altitudes supérieures. P. uncinata forme des cernes plus étroits, avec moins de cellules et avec une plus grande hétérogénéité de la couleur dans le bois final que P. sylvestris. La position de la première cellule du bois final dans le cerne est très variable d'un arbre à l'autre. Les différences phénologiques de l'accroissement du cerne annuel le long du gradient altitudinel peuvent être partiellement expliquées par l'influence de différentes conditions climatiques, principalement thermiques.
Geochemistry of the surface and ground waters of the upper bassin of the river Llobregat
Authors: Freixes A. , Monterde M. , Ramoneda J.
Published: June 2010

[es] En el presente estudio se presentan y discuten las principales características geoquímicas de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de la Alta cuenca del río Llobregat hasta la entrada del río al embalse de La Baells. El conjunto de aguas analizadas presentan características muy contrastadas. Así, tanto en la subcuenca de las fuentes del Llobregat como en la del río Bastareny predominan las aguas bicarbonatadas cálcicas poco mineralizadas. En la subcuenca del río Arija, sí bien las aguas del curso alto y las de los principales afluentes también son bicarbonatadas cálcicas, destaca el hecho de que en la confluencia con el río Llobregat el agua es sulfatada cálcica. La subcuenca del río Saldes es la que presenta una mayor heterogeneidad, con aguas bicarbonatadas cálcicas, cloruradas sódicas y sulfatadas cálcicas, las cuales provocan que en la confluencia con el río Llobregat el agua sea bicarbonatada-sulfatada sódico-cálcica. El análisis de componentes principales ha permitido sintetizar estas características de forma muy clara. Los resultados se interpretan, esencialmente, a partir de las litologías drenadas por los distintos cursos de agua.
[fr] Cette étude présente et discute des principales caractéristiques géochimiques des eaux superficielles et souterraines du haut-bassin du fleuve Llobregat (le point le plus en aval considéré se situe juste avant l'entrée du cours d'eau dans le lac de La Baells). L'ensemble des eaux analysées présente des caractéristiques très contrastées. Dans les sous-bassins des sources du Llobregat et du Bastareny prédominent des eaux bicarbonatées calciques peu minéralisées. Dans les sousbassin de la rivière Arija, sur son cours supérieur ainsi que ses principaux affluents, les eaux sont également bicarbonatées calciques, exceptées celles de la confluence avec le Llobregat qui sont sulfatées calciques. Le sous-bassin de la rivière Saldes est celui qui présente la plus grande hétérogénéité, avec des eaux bicarbonatées calciques, chlorurées sadiques et sulfatées calciques. Ces dernières sont responsables du fait qu'à la confluence avec la Llobregat les eaux soient bicarbonato-sulfato sodico-calciques. L'analyse en composantes principales a permis de discriminer nettement ces caractéristiques. Ces résultats sont essentiellement expliqués à partir de la lithologie des différents bassins versants drainés.
Ecomont Ecological Effects of Land Use Changes on European Terrestrial Mountain Ecosystems
Authors: Cernusca Alexander , Tappeiner Ulrike , Bahn Michael , Bayfield Neil , Chemini Claudio , Fillat Federico , Graber Werner , Rosset Marc , Siegwolf Rolf , Tenhunen John
Published: June 2010

No disponible
Influencia de la litología en los procesos de erosión en badlands. Los casos de Anna (Valencia) y Petrer (Alicante)
Authors: Cerdà A.
Published: June 2010

[es] A partir de experimentos con lluvia simulada se estudia el comportamiento hidrológico y erosivo de superficies degradadas (badlands) desarrolladas sobre dos litologías distintas: margas y arcillas. En las arcillas del Keuper el encharcamiento (4' 07") y la escorrentía (6' 36") es retrasada, las tasas de infiltración son elevadas (38,63 mm h-1), y los coeficientes de escorrentía (11,2 % tras 30 minutos y 19,4 % tras 60 minutos) y las tasas de erosión (13 g m2 h-1) reducidas. En cambio, sobre margas Cretácicas, el encharcamiento (1' 37") y la escorrentía superficial (2' 52") se produce casi inmediatamente, las tasas de infiltración son muy bajas (11,2 mm h-1), y los coeficientes de escorrentía (64,7 % tras 30 minutos y 72,2 % tras 60 minutos) y las tasas de erosión son elevadísimas (2.198 g m2 h-1). La actividad de la arroyada superficial en los badlands sobre margas hace que las posibilidades de regeneración de los suelos y la cubierta vegetal sean reducidas.
[fr] Sur la base de différentes experiments de pluie simulée l'auteur étudie le comportement hydrologique et érosif de deux badlands établis su deux types deroche-mère: mames et argile. Sur les argiles du Keuper l'accumulation d'eau (4' 05") et l'écoulement (6' 36") sont retardés, les taux d'infiltration son élevés (38,63 mmh-1) et les coefficients d'écoulement (11,2% après 30 minutes et 19,4% après 60 minutes) et les taux d'érosion sont réduits. Par contre, sur les marnes de Crétacé, l'accumulation d'eau (1' 37") et l'écoulement superficielle (2’ 52") ont lieu presque immédiatement, les taux d'infiltration restent très basse (11,2 mm h-1) et les coefficients d'écoulement (64,7% après 30 minutes et 72,2% après 60 minutes) et les taux d'érosion deviennent très élevés (2198 g m2 h-1). Le ravinement superficiel très actif sur les badlands réduit fortement les possibilités de régénération des sols et la restoration du couvert végétal.
Diversity of soil organisms in alpine and arctic soils in Europe. Review an research needs
Authors: Broll Gabrielle
Published: June 2010

[fr] La diversité des organismes du sol et les différents processus écologiques ayant lié dans les diverses régions de montagne en Europe sont détaillés. Des études approfondies sur la taxonomie des organismes du sol ont été développées dans les Alpes et en Europe du Nord depuis la fin du siècle dernier, mais par contre il y a peu de données sur l'Europe du Sud. Dans l'avenir on pourrait re-étudier les sites bien connus de façon à savoir s'il y a eu de changements dans la faune et les microorganismes du sol. Il faudrait quantifier le rôle des processus abiotiques comme la cryoturbation, identifier les organismes indicateurs, les espèces-clé et les groupes fonctionnels. Il est aussi indispensable de développer les études sur la matière organique et en particulier les types d'humus, en tant que résultat des processus écologiques du sol. Les ecotones, dans lesquels l'influence de l’heterogeneité spatiale sur la biodiversité du sol est particulièrement prononcée, semblent les plus pertinents pour de telles études.

[es] Presentamos una revisión de los organismos del suelo y de los procesos ecológicos edáficos en las diferentes zonas de montaña de Europa. En los Alpes y en Europa septentrional se han llevado a cabo estudios taxonómicos detallados sobre los organismos del suelo, pero tenemos pocos datos de Europa meridional. De cara al futuro se tendrían que volver a muestrear los parajes que dieron lugar a estudios clásicos, de modo que se pudiera comprobar si ha habido cambios en la edafofauna y en los microorganismos. Convendría también cuantificar los procesos abióticos como la crioturbación y atender a la identificación de organismos indicadores, especies-clave y grupos funcionales. Hay que apoyar además los estudios sobre la materia orgánica del suelo, particularmente los tipos de humus, como productos que son de los procesos ecológico-edáficos. En todos esos estudios se muestran prometedores los ecotonos, por cuanto la influencia de la heterogeneidad espacial en la biodiversidad edáfica parece primordial.
Floristic and community diversity of sub-alpine and alpine grasslands and grazed dwarf-shrub heaths in the Romanian Carpathians
Authors: Coldea Gheorghe , Cristea Vasile
Published: June 2010

[fr] Nous présentons dans ce travail la diversité floristique au niveau de la communauté et la diversité de communautés au niveau du paysage pour les principaux types de pâturages et de communautés à petits arbustes des étages subalpin et alpin de cinq chaînes montagneuses des Carpathes en Roumanie. Aussi bien la composition floristique que la distribution des 30 communautés étudiées dépendent de la nature géologique du terrain et des facteurs édapho-climatiques. Les pâturages les plus riches en diversité (Oxytropido-Elynetum, Seslerio haynaldianae- Caricetun) se développent sur substrat calcaire et sur les versants des montagnes (Testucetum pictae); par contre la plus faible diversité a été rencontrée dans les pâturages oligo-mesotrophes subalpins (Scorzonero-Festucetum nigricantis, Alchemillo-Poetum alpinae, Violo-Nardetum). L'index de diversité de Shannon- Weaver augmente quasi linéairement avec le nombre d'espèces de chaque communauté, tandis que la diversité des communautés dans les cinq chaînes était conditionné par le nombre total des communautés dans chaque cordillère.

[es] Damos a conocer la diversidad florística a nivel de comunidad y la diversidad de comunidades a nivel de paisaje para los principales pastos y matorrales bajos de los pisos subalpino alpino en cinco cordilleras de los Cárpatos rumanos. Tanto la composición florística como la distribución de las 30 comunidades vegetales estudiadas vienen condicionadas por el sustrato geológico y los factores edafoclimáticos Los pastos más diversos (Oxytropido-Elynetum, Seslerio haynaldianae-Caricetum) ocupan terrenos calizos y laderas de montaña (Testucetum pictae), mientras que las comunidades más pobres en especies (Scorzonero-Festucetum nigricantis, Alchemillo-Poetum alpinae, Violo- Nardetum) eran pastos oligo-mesotróficos subalpinos. El índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver sube casi linealmente en relación con el número de especies de cada comunidad, mientras que la diversidad de comunidades en las cinco cordilleras está en relación con el número total de ellas para cada sistema montañoso.
Monitorizacion de los cambios de uso del suelo en la cabecera de cuenca de la ribera salada mediante fotografía aérea y S.I.G. (El Solsonès, Lleida, España)
Authors: Ubalde J. M. , Rius J. , Poch R. M.
Published: June 2010

[es] Durante estos últimos 50 años ha tenido lugar un abandono de las masías y de los cultivos tradicionales en los Prepirineos catalanes. En este trabajo se han estudiado los cambios de usos del suelo desde los años 50 hasta la actualidad en una cuenca de 6577 ha situada en la cabecera de la Ribera Salada (El Solsonès). Para ello se han utilizado fotografías aéreas del año 1957 y del año 1992. Como base cartográfica sirvieron los ortofotomapas del año 1993. El análisis de los cambios de usos según diferentes variables (pendiente y orientación) y según diferentes enfoques (intensidad del cambio y uso final), se ha llevado a cabo mediante el programa de SIG ARC/INFO®. Se han establecido tendencias en la evolución de los usos según la pendiente y la orientación. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los campos de cultivo son los que han disminuido más en superficie, dando lugar a pastos. Por otro lado, el bosque denso ha aumentado considerablemente su extensión (845 ha).

[fr] Pendant les derniers 50 années il y a eu un abandon de maisons rurales et de cultures traditionnelles dans les Prépyrénées catalans. Dans ce travail nous avons étudié les changements d'utilisation du sol depuis les années 50 jusqu'à présent dans un bassin versant de 6577 ha situé aux sources de la «Ribera Salada» (El Solsonès). La méthodologie choisie a été la comparaison de photographies aériennes des années 1957 et 1992, avec les orthophotomapes de l'année 1993 comme base cartographique. L'analyse des changements a été faite selon différentes variables (pente et orientation) et avec différentes approches (intensité et utilisation finale) avec le SIG ARC/INFO®. Cette méthodologie a permis l'établissement de tendances évolutives en fonction de la pente et de l'orientation des versants. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les cultures sont le type d'utilisation du sol qui a diminué le plus en surface occupée principalement sur les pentes fortes, occupées au présent par des pâturages. D'autre part, la forêt dense a augmenté considérablement sa surface (845 ha).
Análisis de la repelencia al agua en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica afectada por fuego controlado en el área montañosa central de Portugal
Authors: Ceballos A. , Ferreira A. J. D. , Coelho C. O. A. , Boulet A. K.
Published: June 2010

[es] - En el presente trabajo se describe y analiza la repelencia al agua detectada en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica afectada por fuego controlado en el área montañosa central de Portugal. También se establece una discusión acerca de los métodos utilizados para medir la hidrofobia y el grado de correspondencia entre los resultados obtenidos en el campo y en el laboratorio. Los resultados muestran la escasa influencia del fuego controlado sobre los parámetros físicos y contenido de materia orgánica del suelo, indicando, sin embargo, una estrecha relación entre la distribución espacial de Erica sp. y suelos más hidrófobos. El grado de replicación entre la hidrofobia medida en el campo y en el laboratorio es discreto; no obstante, en el laboratorio sí se ha encontrado un buen nivel de correspondencia entre las dos técnicas utilizadas (Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet y Water Drop Penetration Time).

[fr] Dans cet article est décrit puis analysé le phénomène de répulsion à l'eau qui a été observé dans un petit bassin hydrographique soumis au feu contrôlé dans la zone montagneuse centrale du Portugal. Une discussion est également menée autour des méthodes utilisées pour mesurer Thydrophobie et sur le degré de correspondance entre les résultats obtenus sur le terrain et en laboratoire. L'étude montre la faible influence du feu contrôlé sur les paramètres physiques et le taux de matière organique du sol, mais indique cependant une étroite relation entre la distribution spatiale de Erica sp. et des sols plus hydrophobes. Si le niveau de réplicabilité entre l'hydrophobie mesurée sur le terrain et en laboratoire est limité, il a cependant été mis en évidence une étroite correspondance entre les deux-techniques utilisées en laboratoire (Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet et Water Drop Penetration Time).
Micro and Nanotechnology Maturity and Performance Assessment
Authors: Islam Nazrul
Published: June 2010

This chapter aims to provide a new readiness matrix called ‘innovative manufacturing readiness levels (IMRLs)’ to evaluate and assess the areas of micro and nanotechnology maturity including their performance. The study employs a case study approach through which the practicability and applicability of the IMRLs conceptual matrix were verified and confirmed. A case study with laser-based manufacturing technologies explores the stages of micro and nano technologies (MNTs)’ maturity, including the key issues and performances that contributed to the development of a new assessment tool. Concerning intense global R&D competition in MNTs, this study exhibits a forward-looking approach in assessing MNTs maturity and performance. A generic conclusion is reached by which product designers and technology managers position themselves and take into account risk reduction exercises related to MNTs. The novelty of the research could be that organizations, which develop and use MNTs, have an opportunity in applying such a specific assessment matrix to quantify the technology readiness of unreleased MNTs.
Technology Needs for Improved Operational Efficiency of Open Ocean Cage Culture
Authors: Langan Richard
Published: June 2010

AbstractAdvances in engineering design and construction of mooring and containment systems capable of withstanding forces of waves and currents in open ocean environments over the past two decades have brought open sea fish farming much closer to realization. Despite the
progress in development of mooring and cage technologies, expansion of farming in offshore waters has been measured, primarily due to the inherent difficulties of operating in an environment that is frequently inaccessible by vessels and farm personnel due to hostile weather conditions. In
order for open ocean farming to achieve large-scale production, engineered systems that are capable of autonomous operation for periods ranging from days to weeks are needed. Some advances in the development of supporting technologies have been made; however, until we see off-the-shelf technologies
for remote operation of routine tasks such as feeding, maintenance, and observation of stock and environmental conditions, development will likely be limited in scope and spatial scale.
Site Selection Criteria for Open Ocean Aquaculture
Authors: Benetti Daniel D. , Benetti Gabriel I. , Rivera José A. , Sardenberg Bruno , O’Hanlon Brian
Published: June 2010

AbstractWith aquaculture steadily expanding, the need for suitable space has been followed by the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable methodologies. Avoiding possible conflicts between the development of commercial aquaculture operations
and the environmental impact in coastal areas, utilizing the offshore environment offers the greatest potential for expansion of the industry in most regions throughout the world. Although currents and greater depths generally increase the assimilation capacity and energy of the offshore environment
and offer many advantages for aquaculture, a number of challenges associated with developing any activity in the open ocean environment must be taken into consideration. This article summarizes these advantages and challenges, focusing on the first and most crucial step for project development:
site selection criteria for open ocean aquaculture. Although most of the concepts and criteria are common to other marine net pen aquaculture operations, we review and present those conditions that are inherent to the open ocean environment and must be considered before developing any offshore
aquaculture activity. These encompass basic premises; assumptions; logistics; infrastructure; availability of manpower, services, and materials; legal framework; socioeconomic and political issues; and oceanographic, biological, environmental, and technological criteria. There are no defined
set of criteria, as most are interacting and not fixed but interdependent (e.g., depth vs. current velocity). However, suitable sites must meet basic crucial standards summarized here.Site selection is one of the most important decisions for the establishment of a fish farm operation.
Satellite images, hydrographic charts, maps, Google Earth, and Geographic Information Systems can all provide important information for preliminary work on site assessment; however, a very careful in situ survey is mandatory to evaluate the suitability of the area.
A Case Study of an Offshore SeaStation® Sea Farm
Authors: Loverich Gary F.
Published: June 2010

AbstractOcean Spar engineers have been testing the SeaStation® cage since 1994. Recently, larger offshore sea farming ventures have been employing the SeaStation submersible cages for growing fish at ocean sites. Of particular interest is the case study of
a larger system of SeaStation cages installed and operated off Keahole Point, Kona, Hawaii. The offshore site is subject to ocean-gyre currents of 1 m/s and 50-year storm waves with significant wave heights of 9 m. The venture had six cages installed and arranged in a 2 × 3 moored array
kept at a minimum submergence of 10 m. The individual cages have unique buoyancy control for raising the cage out of the water, so one half of the volume is exposed to air for cleaning and drying. This tactic also increases the efficiency of crop harvest with minimum effort by the farm operators
and minimum stress to the fish. As SeaStation cages were added to fill the six cage array, the last two cages were designed with an additional feature allowing the cage to flip while submerged. The flip operation exchanged the top and the bottom of the cage, so the entire cage could be cleaned
by exposure to the sun and wind. With the increasing number of cages, the grid system dynamics changed, and higher than expected currents foiled some of the operational strategies that were developed using the individual cages. This article documents the features, events, and innovative remedies
that made this sea farming effort unique and worthy of note.
Asymmetric Resting Scapular Posture in Healthy Overhead Athletes
Authors: Oyama Sakiko , Myers Joseph B. , Wassinger Craig A. , Daniel Ricci R. , Lephart Scott M.
Published: June 2010

Context:

Observation of the scapular posture is one of the most important components of the physical examination in overhead athletes. Postural asymmetry is typically considered to be associated with injuries. However, asymmetry in the overhead athlete's scapula may be normal due to the dominant use of the limb.

Objective:

To quantify the differences in resting scapular posture between the dominant and nondominant sides in 3 groups of healthy overhead athletes (baseball pitchers, volleyball players, and tennis players) using an electromagnetic tracking device.

Design:

Cross-sectional design.

Setting:

University-based biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 43 players participated, including 15 baseball pitchers, 15 volleyball players, and 13 tennis players. All participants were healthy college-aged men.

Intervention(s):

Bilateral 3-dimensional scapular kinematics with the arm at rest were measured using an electromagnetic tracking device.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Bilateral scapular position and orientation were measured. Between-groups and between-sides differences in each variable were analyzed using separate analyses of variance.

Results:

In tennis players, the scapula was more protracted on the dominant side than on the nondominant side (P < .05). In all overhead athletes, the dominant-side scapula was more internally rotated (P  =  .001) and anteriorly tilted (P  =  .001) than the nondominant-side scapula was.

Conclusions:

The dominant-side scapula of the overhead athletes was more internally rotated and anteriorly tilted than the nondominant-side scapula. The dominant-side scapula of the tennis players was more protracted than that on the nondominant side. Clinicians evaluating overhead athletes need to recognize that scapular posture asymmetry in unilateral overhead athletes may be normal. Our results emphasize the importance of the baseline evaluation in this population in order to accurately assess pathologic change in bilateral scapular positions and orientations after injury.
Isokinetic Peak Torque Ratios and Shoulder Injury History in Adolescent Female Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Stickley Christopher D. , Hetzler Ronald K. , Freemyer Bret G. , Kimura Iris F.
Published: June 2010

Context:

Few researchers have examined shoulder strength in adolescent volleyball athletes despite increasing levels of participation in this age group.

Objective:

To compare medial and lateral isokinetic peak torque of the rotator cuff among skill levels and between athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury.

Design:

Cross-sectional design.

Setting:

The Human Performance Lab and Athletic Training Lab.

Patients or Other Participants:

Thirty-eight female adolescent club volleyball athletes from 10 to 15 years of age (mean  =  13.02 ± 1.60 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We measured concentric and eccentric peak torque of the medial and lateral rotators of the shoulder and calculated resultant cocking and spiking ratios based on peak torque values.

Results:

Athletes at higher skill levels had higher peak torque measurements in concentric and eccentric medial and lateral rotation compared with the athletes at lower skill levels. No differences in peak torque existed between participants with or without an injury history 6 months before the study. Strength ratios did not differ across skill levels, but previously injured participants produced lower eccentric medial rotation to concentric lateral rotation ratios compared with participants without a history of injury (P  =  .02). At the highest skill level, previously injured participants produced lower eccentric lateral rotation to concentric medial rotation ratios compared with participants without an injury history (P  =  .04).

Conclusions:

Differences in medial and lateral shoulder rotator strength ratios appear to be related more to injury prevalence than to absolute strength. Shoulder dysfunction related to strength ratio deficits also may exist in adolescent female volleyball athletes. Preventive shoulder strengthening programs focused on improving eccentric strength and correcting imbalances between medial and lateral rotators may be warranted for all female adolescent volleyball athletes.
Occlusive Dressings and the Healing of Standardized Abrasions
Authors: Beam Joel W.
Published: June 2010

Context:

Acute skin trauma during sport participation, resulting in partial-thickness abrasions, is common. The limited investigations focusing on the acute wound environment and dressing techniques and the subsequent lack of evidence-based standards complicate clinical wound care decisions.

Objective:

To examine the effects of occlusive dressings on healing of standardized, partial-thickness abrasions.

Design:

Controlled, counterbalanced, repeated-measures design.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Sixteen healthy women (n  =  10) and men (n  =  6).

Intervention(s):

Four standardized, partial-thickness abrasions were inflicted. Film, hydrogel, and hydrocolloid occlusive dressings and no dressing (control) were applied. Participants returned on postwound days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 for digital imaging. Wound healing time was measured by change in wound contraction (cm2) and change in wound color (chromatic red) and luminance in red, green, and blue color values.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Wound contraction, color (chromatic red), and luminance.

Results:

A day-by-dressing interaction was found for wound contraction, color, and luminance. Post hoc testing indicated that the film and hydrocolloid dressings produced greater wound contraction than the hydrogel and no dressing on days 7 and 10. Film, hydrogel, and hydrocolloid dressings also resulted in greater wound contraction than the control on day 14. Hydrocolloid dressings produced smaller measures of color and greater measures of luminance than no dressing on day 7. Film, hydrogel, and hydrocolloid dressings also resulted in smaller measures of color and greater measures of luminance compared with no dressing on days 10 and 14.

Conclusions:

When compared with the control (no dressing), the film, hydrogel, and hydrocolloid occlusive dressings were associated with a faster healing rate of partial-thickness abrasions across time measured by wound contraction, color, and luminance. Overall, these data indicate that occlusive dressings were more effective in healing than no dressing was.
Epidemiology of Rare Injuries and Conditions Among United States High School Athletes During the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 School Years
Authors: Huffman Elizabeth A. , Yard Ellen E. , Fields Sarah K. , Collins Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: June 2010

Context:

Although more than 7 million athletes participate in high school sports in the United States, to date no nationally representative studies of rare injuries and conditions (RICs) exist. Rare injuries and conditions include eye injuries, dental injuries, neck and cervical injuries, and dehydration and heat illnesses.

Objective:

To describe the epidemiology of RICs sustained by high school athletes during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 school years.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

A nationally representative sample of 100 US high schools using an injury surveillance system, High School Reporting Information Online.

Patients or Other Participants:

Athletes participating in football, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, volleyball, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, wrestling, baseball, or softball at one of the 100 participating high schools.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We reviewed all RICs to calculate injury rates and to identify potential risk factors and preventive measures.

Results:

A total of 321 RICs were sustained during 3 550 141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 9.04 RICs per 100 000 AEs. This represents an estimated 84 223 RICs sustained nationally. The RICs accounted for 3.5% of all high school athletes' injuries. The most common diagnoses were neck and cervical injuries (62.0%, n  =  199) and dehydration and heat illnesses (18.7%, n  =  60). Football had the highest RIC rate per 100 000 AEs (21.2), followed by wrestling (15.2) and baseball (7.60). The RICs occurred at a higher rate in boys (12.4) than in girls (2.51) (rate ratio  =  4.93; 95% confidence interval  =  3.39, 7.18). The majority of RICs (67.3%, n  =  216) permitted athletes to return to play within 1 week of diagnosis.

Conclusions:

The RIC injury rates varied by sport and sex and represented almost 100 000 potentially preventable injuries to high school athletes. Because of the potentially serious consequences, future researchers must develop and implement more effective preventive measures to aid certified athletic trainers in decreasing the RIC incidence among high school athletes.
Aural Canal, Esophageal, and Rectal Temperatures During Exertional Heat Stress and the Subsequent Recovery Period
Authors: Gagnon Daniel , Lemire Bruno B. , Jay Ollie , Kenny Glen P.
Published: June 2010

Context:

The measurement of body temperature is crucial for the initial diagnosis of exertional heat injury and for monitoring purposes during a subsequent treatment strategy. However, little information is available about how different measurements of body temperature respond during and after exertional heat stress.

Objective:

To present the temporal responses of aural canal (Tac), esophageal (Tes), and rectal (Tre) temperatures during 2 different scenarios (S1, S2) involving exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-four healthy volunteers, with 12 (5 men, 7 women) participating in S1 and 12 (7 men, 5 women) participating in S2.

Intervention(s):

The participants exercised in the heat (42°C, 30% relative humidity) until they reached a 39.5°C cut-off criterion, which was determined by Tre in S1 and by Tes in S2. As such, participants attained different levels of hyperthermia (as determined by Tre) at the end of exercise. Participants in S1 were subsequently immersed in cold water (2°C) until Tre reached 37.5°C, and participants in S2 recovered in a temperate environment (30°C, 30% relative humidity) for 60 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We measured Tac, Tes, and Tre throughout both scenarios.

Results:

The Tes (S1  =  40.19 ± 0.41°C, S2  =  39.50 ± 0.02°C) was higher at the end of exercise compared with both Tac (S1  =  39.74 ± 0.42°C, S2  =  38.89 ± 0.32°C) and Tre (S1  =  39.41 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  38.74 ± 0.28°C) (for both comparisons in each scenario, P < .001). Conversely, Tes (S1  =  36.26 ± 0.74°C, S2  =  37.36 ± 0.34°C) and Tac (S1  =  36.48 ± 1.07°C, S2  =  36.97 ± 0.38°C) were lower compared with Tre (S1  =  37.54 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  37.78 ± 0.31°C) at the end of both scenarios (for both comparisons in each scenario, P < .001).

Conclusions:

We found that Tac, Tes, and Tre presented different temporal responses during and after both scenarios of exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period. Although these results may not have direct practical implications in the field monitoring and treatment of individuals with exertional heat injury, they do quantify the extent to which these body temperature measurements differ in such scenarios.
Postexercise Cooling Rates in 2 Cooling Jackets
Authors: Brade Carly , Dawson Brian , Wallman Karen , Polglaze Ted
Published: June 2010

Context:

Cooling jackets are a common method for removing stored heat accumulated during exercise. To date, the efficiency and practicality of different types of cooling jackets have received minimal investigation.

Objective:

To examine whether a cooling jacket containing a phase-change material (PC17) results in more rapid postexercise cooling than a gel cooling jacket and a no-jacket (control) condition.

Design:

Randomized, counterbalanced design with 3 experimental conditions.

Setting:

Participants exercised at 75% V˙o2max workload in a hot climate chamber (temperature  =  35.0 ± 1.4°C, relative humidity  =  52 ± 4%) for 30 minutes, followed by postexercise cooling for 30 minutes in cool laboratory conditions (ambient temperature  =  24.9 ± 1.8°C, relative humidity  =  39% ± 10%).

Patients or Other Participants:

Twelve physically active men (age  =  21.3 ± 1.1 years, height  =  182.7 ± 7.1 cm, body mass  =  76.2 ± 9.5 kg, sum of 6 skinfolds  =  50.5 ± 6.9 mm, body surface area  =  1.98 ± 0.14 m2, V˙o2max  =  49.0 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated.

Intervention(s):

Three experimental conditions, consisting of a PC17 jacket, a gel jacket, and no jacket.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Core temperature (TC), mean skin temperature (TSk), and TC cooling rate (°C/min).

Results:

Mean peak TC postexercise was 38.49 ± 0.42°C, 38.57 ± 0.41°C, and 38.55 ± 0.40°C for the PC17 jacket, gel jacket, and control conditions, respectively. No differences were observed in peak TC cooling rates among the PC17 jacket (0.038 ± 0.007°C/min), gel jacket (0.040 ± 0.009°C/min), and control (0.034 ± 0.010°C/min, P > .05) conditions. Between trials, no differences were calculated for mean TSk cooling.

Conclusions:

Similar cooling rates for all 3 conditions indicate that there is no benefit associated with wearing the PC17 or gel jacket.
Comparison of Lower Extremity Kinematics and Hip Muscle Activation During Rehabilitation Tasks Between Sexes
Authors: Dwyer Maureen K. , Boudreau Samantha N. , Mattacola Carl G. , Uhl Timothy L. , Lattermann Christian
Published: June 2010

Context:

Closed kinetic chain exercises are an integral part of rehabilitation programs after lower extremity injury. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics have been reported during landing and cutting; however, less is known about sex differences in movement patterns and activation of the hip musculature during common lower extremity rehabilitation exercises.

Objective:

To determine whether lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation levels differ between sexes during closed kinetic chain rehabilitation exercises.

Design:

Cross-sectional with 1 between-subjects factor (sex) and 1 within-subjects factor (exercise).

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Participants included 21 women (age  =  23 ± 5.8 years, height  =  167.6 ± 5.1 cm, mass  =  63.7 ± 5.9 kg) and 21 men (age  =  23 ± 4.0 years, height  =  181.4 ± 7.4 cm, mass  =  85.6 ± 16.5 kg).

Intervention(s):

In 1 testing session, participants performed 3 trials each of single-leg squat, lunge, and step-up-and-over exercises.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We recorded the peak joint angles (degrees) of knee flexion and valgus and hip flexion, extension, adduction, and external rotation for each exercise. We also recorded the electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and bilateral gluteus medius muscles for the concentric and eccentric phases of each exercise.

Results:

Peak knee flexion angles were smaller and peak hip extension angles were larger for women than for men across all tasks. Peak hip flexion angles during the single-leg squat were smaller for women than for men. Mean root-mean-square amplitudes for the gluteus maximus and rectus femoris muscles in both the concentric and eccentric phases of the 3 exercises were greater for women than for men.

Conclusions:

Sex differences were observed in sagittal-plane movement patterns during the rehabilitation exercises. Because of the sex differences observed in our study, future researchers need to compare the findings for injured participants by sex to garner a better representation of altered kinematic angles and muscle activation levels due to injury.
Evaluating a Peer Intervention Strategy for the Promotion of Sexual Health-Related Knowledge and Skills in 10- to 14-Year-Old Girls. Findings from the “Entre Amigas” Project in Nicaragua
Authors: Peña R. , Quintanilla M. , Navarro K. , Martínez J. , Castillo V. , Pérez W. , Källestål C.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Report effects on knowledge of sexual health and gender from an intervention using peer methodology in Nicaragua.

Design.

A prepost nonequivalent control group design.

Setting.

Ciudad Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua.

Subjects.

A total of 599 girls were surveyed, 60% nonintervened and 40% intervened.

Intervention.

Peer methodology consisted of (1) meetings in which girls talked and worked with other girls, (2) mothers taking an active role in the peer groups, and/or (3) girls watching the soap opera “Sexto Sentido.”

Measures.

Indices measuring changes in sexual knowledge and gender vision.

Results.

Girls participating in the peer groups were twice as likely to have satisfactory sexual health-related self-esteem as those who did not participate. Eleven percent of the girls achieved satisfactory self-esteem as a result of the (peer groups × mothers) interaction and 15% due to the (peer groups × mothers × “Sexto Sentido”) interaction. Girls participating in the peer groups were three times as likely to have satisfactory gender visions; if exposed to all three components, they were almost four times as likely to develop satisfactory gender visions.

Conclusions.

Peer methodology, participation of a female family member, and an educational soap opera seem beneficial in promoting sexual health-related knowledge and gender vision in young girls.