bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bik subcellular localization in response to oxidative stress induced by chemotherapy, in Two different breast cancer cell lines and a Non‐tumorigenic epithelial cell line
Authors: Trejo‐Vargas Aglaé , Hernández‐Mercado Elisa , Ordóñez‐Razo Rosa María , Lazzarini Roberto , Arenas‐Aranda Diego Julio , Gutiérrez‐Ruiz María Concepción , Königsberg Mina , Luna‐López Armando
Published: June 2015

Cancer chemotherapy remains one of the preferred therapeutic modalities against malignancies despite its damaging side effects. An expected outcome while utilizing chemotherapy is apoptosis induction. This is mainly regulated by a group of proteins known as the Bcl‐2 family, usually found within the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recently, these proteins have been located in other sites and non‐canonic functions have been unraveled. Bik is a pro‐apoptotic protein, which becomes deregulated in cancer, and as apoptosis is associated with oxidative stress generation, our objective was to determine the subcellular localization of Bik either after a direct oxidative insult due to H2O2, or indirectly by cisplatin, an antineoplastic agent. Experiments were performed in two human transformed mammary gland cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7, and one non‐tumorigenic epithelial cell line MCF‐10A. Our results showed that in MCF‐7, Bik is localized within the cytosol and that after oxidative stress treatment it translocates into the nucleus. However, in MDA‐MB‐231, Bik localizes in the nucleus and translocates to the cytosol. In MCF10A Bik did not change its cellular site after either treatment. Interestingly, MCF10A were more resistant to cisplatin than transformed cell lines. This is the first report showing that Bik is located in different cellular compartments depending on the cancer stage, and it has the ability to change its subcellular localization in response to oxidative stress. This is associated with increased sensitivity when exposed to toxic agents, thus rendering novel opportunities to study new therapeutic targets allowing the development of more active and less harmful agents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic solar cells with crosslinked polymeric exciton blocking layer
Authors: Hahn T. , Saller C. , Weigl M. , Bauer I. , Unger T. , Köhler A. , Strohriegl P.
Published: June 2015

We show that the performance of an organic solar cell can be increased by the introduction of an additional polymeric exciton blocking layer. In order to realize this, the novel polymer PFTPDAc with pendant acrylate groups is developed. Thin films are coated from a PFTPDAc solution and subsequently crosslinked by irradiation. Thereby, the film becomes completely insoluble and allows spincoating of a second polymer layer on top. We realize a three layer solar cell which contains a crosslinked PFTPDAc interlayer on top of the molybdenum oxide anode and layers of the low‐bandgap polymer PCDTBT and C60. In comparison with a reference cell without the interlayer, the EQE is significantly increased in the spectral region between 400 and 650 nm. From current–voltage measurements a power conversion efficiency of 1.8% is determined. PL measurements show that the increase of solar cell performance is attributed to exciton blocking by the PFTPDAc interlayer.
Mutual Inspiration: Choreographers and Composers at the Bennington School of the Dance
Authors: McPherson Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

Visual artists, designers, composers, photographers, poets, and choreographers were vital participants in the Bennington School of the Dance, which ran on the Bennington College campus in Bennington, Vermont, from 1934–1942 with one year, 1939, spent at Mills College in California. Collaborations were an integral component of the school, occurring between faculty and staff members as well as between students and faculty/staff. Of particular importance were the collaborations between musicians (including Louis Horst, Gregory Tucker, Norman Lloyd, and Alex North) and choreographers (including Martha Graham, Hanya Holm, Doris Humphrey, and Charles Weidman). These collaborations influenced the direction of American modern dance, which was establishing itself with new breath as a form that could express American life and traditions without necessarily drawing upon European composers to do so.
Bodies in Times of War: A Comparison of Hijikata Tatsumi and Mary Wigman's Use of Dance as Political Statement
Authors: Calamoneri Tanya
Published: June 2015

How does the representation of bodies change in times of war? How can dance be political activism? This paper considers the dances of Hijikata Tatsumi and Mary Wigman in relation to their experiences of war, and explores their use/representation of the body as a political statement. In both cases, these artists sought to use dance to rescue the body from its subjugated social standing.

Mary Wigman's dance technique is influenced by Germankorperkultur, and had its birth in her work with Rudolph Laban and at the natural paradise of Hellerau. Wigman admired Nietzsche's desire to rescue the body from “despisers of the body,” who saw the physical body as an obstacle that must be denied in order for the soul to reach salvation. For Wigman, the “sensuous dancing body” that Nietzsche referred to inZarathustra“became the vehicle to an authentic life.”

Hijikata's idea of dancers as “lethal weapons that dream” offered a view of bodies that were aware of personal agency and chose to step outside of usefulness for the elusive “advancement” of society. He explains, “in this sense my dance, based on human self-activation … can naturally be a protest against the ‘alienation of labor’ in capitalist society.” Douglass Slaymaker's writing on post-war Japanese literature frames Hijikata's sentiment in the time: images of body asnikutai[flesh] were considered counterhegemonic because they defied the notion that the individual body belonged to the national body. Hijikata redirected the body's sacrifice away from productivity and toward the creation of art.
Modes and nodes explain the mechanism of action of vortioxetine, a multimodal agent (MMA): modifying serotonin’s downstream effects on glutamate and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) release
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: June 2015

Vortioxetine is an antidepressant with multiple pharmacologic modes of action at targets where serotonin neurons connect with other neurons. These actions modify the release of both glutamate and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) within various brain circuits.
Dietary Sodium Suppresses Digestive Efficiency via the Renin-Angiotensin System
Authors: Weidemann Benjamin J. , Voong Susan , Morales-Santiago Fabiola I. , Kahn Michael Z. , Ni Jonathan , Littlejohn Nicole K. , Claflin Kristin E. , Burnett Colin M.L. , Pearson Nicole A. , Lutter Michael L. , Grobe Justin L.
Published: June 2015

Dietary fats and sodium are both palatable and are hypothesized to synergistically contribute to ingestive behavior and thereby obesity. Contrary to this hypothesis, C57BL/6J mice fed a 45% high fat diet exhibited weight gain that was inhibited by increased dietary sodium content. This suppressive effect of dietary sodium upon weight gain was mediated specifically through a reduction in digestive efficiency, with no effects on food intake behavior, physical activity, or resting metabolism. Replacement of circulating angiotensin II levels reversed the effects of high dietary sodium to suppress digestive efficiency. While the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan had no effect in mice fed low sodium, the AT2 receptor antagonist PD-123,319 suppressed digestive efficiency. Correspondingly, genetic deletion of the AT2 receptor in FVB/NCrl mice resulted in suppressed digestive efficiency even on a standard chow diet. Together these data underscore the importance of digestive efficiency in the pathogenesis of obesity and implicate dietary sodium, the renin-angiotensin system and the AT2 receptor in the control of digestive efficiency regardless of mouse strain or macronutrient composition of the diet. These findings highlight the need for greater understanding of nutrient absorption control physiology and prompt more uniform assessment of digestive efficiency in animal studies of energy balance.
Identification of dried shark fins by analysis of seven sugars using pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography and stable carbon isotope ratio analysis
Authors: Xian Yanping , Dong Hao , Luo Haiying , Luo Donghui , Wu Yuluan , Zhao Mouming , Guo Xindong
Published: June 2015

A simple and sensitive method using pre-column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the simultaneous detection of seven sugars, which was also applied for the preliminary identification of dried shark fins.
Paramagnetic relaxation based biosensor for selective dopamine detection
Authors: Ahmadov Tevhide Ozkaya , Joshi Padmanabh , Zhang Jinnan , Nahan Keaton , Caruso Joseph A. , Zhang Peng
Published: June 2015

We report a new NMR relaxation time-based method for sensitive and selective dopamine detection using paramagnetic nanoparticles.
Heck–Mizoroki coupling of vinyliodide and applications in the synthesis of dienes and trienes
Authors: Madden Katrina S. , David Sylvain , Knowles Jonathan P. , Whiting Andrew
Published: June 2015

Vinyliodide reacts chemoselectively under Heck–Mizoroki conditions with terminal alkenes to give diene products, including vinyl boronate esters, and the resulting dienylboronate undergoes Suzuki–Miyaura coupling with aryl, heteroaryl and alkenyl halides to access dienes and trienes.
Facile control of inter-crystalline porosity in the synthesis of size-controlled mesoporous MFI zeolites via in situ conversion of silica gel into zeolite nanocrystals for catalytic cracking
Authors: Li Wenlong , Ma Tong , Zhang Yafei , Gong Yanjun , Wu Zhijie , Dou Tao
Published: June 2015

We proposed a general strategy for the green synthesis of MFI zeolite nanocrystals with controllable inter-crystalline mesopores.
Improving the efficiency of electrochemical CO2 reduction using immobilized manganese complexes
Authors: Walsh James J. , Smith Charlotte L. , Neri Gaia , Whitehead George F. S. , Robertson Craig M. , Cowan Alexander J.
Published: June 2015

Immobilization of [Mn(bpy)(CO)3Br], (1) and [Mn(bpy(tBu)2)(CO)3Br] (2, where (bpy(tBu)2) = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine) in Nafion/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on glassy carbon yielded highly active electrodes for the reduction of CO2 to CO in aqueous solutions at pH 7. Films incorporating 2 have significantly improved selectivity towards CO2, with CO : H2 ∼ 1 at −1.4 V vs. SCE, exceeding that for the previously reported 1/MWCNT/Nafion electrode. Furthermore, we report the synthesis and subsequent electrochemical characterization of two new substituted Mn(i) bipyridine complexes, [Mn(bpy(COOH)2)(CO)3Br] (3) and [Mn(bpy(OH)2)(CO)3Br] (4) (where (bpy(COOH)2) = 4,4′-di-carboxy-2,2′-bipyridine and (bpy(OH)2) = 4,4′-di-hydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine). Both 3 and 4 were found to have some activity towards CO2 in acetonitrile solutions; however once immobilized in Nafion membranes CO2 reduction was found to not occur at significant levels.
Facile simultaneous defect production and O,N-doping of carbon nanotubes with unexpected catalytic performance for clean and energy-saving production of styrene
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Dai Yitao , Ge Guifang , Guo Xinwen , Wang Guiru
Published: June 2015

This work presents a facile and efficient strategy for fabricating defect-enriched O,N-doped CNT catalyst with unexpected performance in direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene for clean and energy-saving styrene production.
Catalytic applications of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized using iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
Authors: Iglesias Diego , Sabater Sara , Azua Arturo , Mata Jose A.
Published: June 2015

The development of a synthetic modular methodology for the preparation of catalytic materials based on magnetic nanoparticles with iridium complexes and their application to transfer hydrogenation.
Synthesis, characterization, reactivity and catalytic activity of a novel chiral manganese Schiff base complex
Authors: Azadbakht Reza , Amini Manesh Abbas , Malayeri Mahdieh , Dehghani Behzad
Published: June 2015

A new type of manganese-Schiff base complex was synthesized and used as a catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols to the carbonyl compounds.
Correction: Enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocycles containing both chroman and pyrazolone derivatives catalysed by a chiral squaramide
Authors: Li Jun-Hua , Du Da-Ming
Published: June 2015

Correction for ‘Enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocycles containing both chroman and pyrazolone derivatives catalysed by a chiral squaramide’ by Jun-Hua Li, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2015, 13, 5636–5645.
Strong main-chain length-dependence for the β-phase formation of oligofluorenes
Authors: Shiraki Tomohiro , Shindome Shoichiro , Toshimitsu Fumiyuki , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: June 2015

Wide range chain length-oligofluorenes (9–27 mers) have been synthesized and their optical properties are examined. Interestingly, clear chain length dependence appeared in the absorption and fluorescence functions due to β-phase formation that is a characteristic structure of fluorene materials.
A high-performance ambipolar organic field-effect transistor based on a bidirectional π-extended diketopyrrolopyrrole under ambient conditions
Authors: Bai Jinfeng , Liu Yucun , Oh Sangyoon , Lei Wenwei , Yin Bingzhu , Park Sooyoung , Kan Yuhe
Published: June 2015

We reported a novel bidirectional π-extended DPP-2T2P–2DCV as an ambipolar semiconductor for high-performance and air-stable OFETs, exhibiting electron and hole mobilities of 0.168 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 0.015 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Facile water-based preparation of Rh-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation
Authors: Okunaka Sayuri , Tokudome Hiromasa , Abe Ryu
Published: June 2015

Highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution is demonstrated under visible light on Rh-doped SrTiO3 fine particles prepared from a stable aqueous sol.
Engineering the hole confinement for CdTe-based quantum dot molecules
Authors: Kłopotowski Ł. , Wojnar P. , Kret S. , Parlińska-Wojtan M. , Fronc K. , Wojtowicz T. , Karczewski G.
Published: June 2015

We demonstrate an efficient method to engineer the quantum confinement in a system of two quantum dots grown in a vertical stack. We achieve this by using materials with a different lattice constant for the growth of the outer and inner barriers. We monitor the resulting dot morphology with transmission electron microscopy studies and correlate the results with ensemble quantum dot photoluminescence. Furthermore, we embed the double quantum dots into diode structures and study photoluminescence as a function of bias voltage. We show that in properly engineered structures, it is possible to achieve a resonance of the hole states by tuning the energy levels with electric field. At the resonance, we observe signatures of a formation of a molecular state, hybridized over the two dots.
Localized states induced by an oxygen vacancy in rutile TiO2
Authors: Lin Chungwei , Shin Donghan , Demkov Alexander A.
Published: June 2015

Using density functional theory and model Hamiltonian analysis, we investigate the localized states induced by an oxygen vacancy in rutile TiO2. We identify two classes of localized states—the hybrid and the polaron. The hybrid state is caused by the orbital overlap between three Ti atoms next to a vacancy and is mainly derived from the Ti eg orbitals. The polaron state is caused by the local lattice distortion and is mainly composed of one particular t2g orbital from a single Ti atom. The first principles calculation shows that the polaron state is energetically favored, and the tight-binding analysis reveals the underlying connection between the bulk band structure and the orbital character of the polaron. The magnetic coupling between two nearby polaron states is found to be ferromagnetic. Using this picture, we analyze the results of recent theoretical calculations and experiments and discuss the connection to vacancies in SrTiO3.
Sensing magnetic nanoparticles using nano-confined ferromagnetic resonances in a magnonic crystal
Authors: Metaxas P. J. , Sushruth M. , Begley R. A. , Ding J. , Woodward R. C. , Maksymov I. S. , Albert M. , Wang W. , Fangohr H. , Adeyeye A. O. , Kostylev M.
Published: June 2015

We experimentally demonstrate the use of the magnetic-field-dependence of highly spatially confined, GHz-frequency ferromagnetic resonances for the detection of magnetic nanoparticles using an anti-dot-based magnonic crystal. The stray magnetic fields of nanoparticles within the anti-dots modify nano-confined ferromagnetic resonances in the surrounding periodically nanopatterned magnonic crystal, generating easily measurable resonance peak shifts. The shifts are comparable to the resonance linewidths for high anti-dot filling fractions with their signs and magnitudes dependent upon the mode localization, consistent with micromagnetic simulation results. This is an encouraging result for the development of frequency-based nanoparticle detectors for nano-scale biosensing.
Mechanisms for dose retention in conformal arsenic doping using a radial line slot antenna microwave plasma source
Authors: Ueda Hirokazu , Ventzek Peter L. G. , Oka Masahiro , Kobayashi Yuuki , Sugimoto Yasuhiro
Published: June 2015

Topographic structures such as Fin FETs and silicon nanowires for advanced gate fabrication require ultra-shallow high dose infusion of dopants into the silicon subsurface. Plasma doping meets this requirement by supplying a flux of inert ions and dopant radicals to the surface. However, the helium ion bombardment needed to infuse dopants into the fin surface can cause poor dose retention. This is due to the interaction between substrate damage and post doping process wet cleaning solutions required in the front end of line large-scale integration fabrication. We present findings from surface microscopy experiments that reveal the mechanism for dose retention in arsenic doped silicon fin samples using a microwave RLSA™ plasma source. Dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid (DHF) cleans by themselves are incompatible with plasma doping processes because the films deposited over the dosed silicon and ion bombardment damaged silicon are readily removed. Oxidizing wet cleaning chemistries help retain the dose as silica rich over-layers are not significantly degraded. Furthermore, the dosed retention after a DHF clean following an oxidizing wet clean is unchanged. Still, the initial ion bombardment energy and flux are important. Large ion fluxes at energies below the sputter threshold and above the silicon damage threshold, before the silicon surface is covered by an amorphous mixed phase layer, allow for enhanced uptake of dopant into the silicon. The resulting dopant concentration is beyond the saturation limit of crystalline silicon.
Light collection optimization for composite photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells: Towards higher efficiency
Authors: Guo X. Z. , Shen W. Z.
Published: June 2015

Composite photoanode comprising nanoparticles and one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure is a promising alternative to conventional photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Besides fast electron transport channels, the 1D nanostructure also plays as light scattering centers. Here, we theoretically investigate the light scattering properties of capsule-shaped 1D nanostructure and their influence on the light collection of DSCs. It is found that the far-field light scattering of a single capsule depends on its volume, shape, and orientation: capsules with bigger equivalent spherical diameter, smaller aspect ratio, and horizontal orientation demonstrate stronger light scattering especially at large scattering angle. Using Monte Carlo approach, we simulated and optimized the light harvesting efficiency of the cell. Two multilayer composite photoanodes containing orderly or randomly oriented capsules are proposed. DSCs composed of these two photoanodes are promising for higher efficiencies because of their efficient light collection and superior electron collection. These results will provide practical guidance to the design and optimization of the photoanodes for DSCs.
Eddy current pulsed phase thermography considering volumetric induction heating for delamination evaluation in carbon fiber reinforced polymers
Authors: Yang Ruizhen , He Yunze
Published: June 2015

Anisotropy and inhomogeneity of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) result in that many traditional non-destructive inspection techniques are inapplicable on the delamination evaluation. This letter introduces eddy current pulsed phase thermography (ECPPT) for CFRPs evaluation considering volumetric induction heating due to small electrical conductivity, abnormal thermal wave propagation, and Fourier analysis. The proposed methods were verified through experimental studies under transmission and reflection modes. Using ECPPT, the influence of the non-uniform heating effect and carbon fiber structures can be suppressed, and then delamination detectability can be improved dramatically over eddy current pulsed thermography.
Whale falls, multiple colonisations of the deep, and the phylogeny of Hesionidae (Annelida)
Authors: Summers Mindi , Pleijel Fredrik , Rouse Greg W.
Published: June 2015

Phylogenetic relationships within Hesionidae Grube, 1850 are assessed via maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA) data. The analyses are based on 42 hesionid species; six of these being new species that are described here. The new species, all from deep (>200 m depth) benthic environments (including whale falls) in the eastern Pacific, are Gyptis shannonae, sp. nov., Neogyptis julii, sp. nov., Sirsoe sirikos, sp. nov., Vrijenhoekia ketea, sp. nov., Vrijenhoekia falenothiras, sp. nov., and Vrijenhoekia ahabi, sp. nov. The molecular divergence among the new members of Vrijenhoekia is pronounced enough to consider them cryptic species, even though we cannot distinguish among them morphologically. Our results also showed that the subfamily Hesioninae Grube, 1850, as traditionally delineated, was paraphyletic. We thus restrict Hesioninae to include only Hesionini Grube, 1850 and refer the remaining members to Psamathinae Pleijel, 1998. The present study increases the number of hesionid species associated with whale falls from one to six and markedly increases the number of described deep-sea hesionid taxa. There appear to have been multiple colonisations of the deep sea from shallow waters by hesionids, though further sampling is warranted.
Rudolf Steiner and the development of Anthroposophical Music Therapy
Authors: Intveen Andrea
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the basic tenets of anthroposophical music therapy (AnMt) by presenting its historical development and current scope of practice. The AnMt approach has its foundations in anthroposophy, a doctrine developed by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). AnMt developed as a therapy practice incurative educationwhich is an interdisciplinary anthroposophical approach to remedial work with people with intellectual disabilities (König 1966). AnMt’s therapeutic processes, including referral, diagnosis, and treatment, will be described here along with reference to the early and current training programmes. The specific musical elements and instruments used in AnMt are highlighted to provide information about some of the unique aspects of this approach.
Psychodynamic Music Therapy
Authors: Metzner Susanne
Published: June 2015

The basic underlying assumption in psychodynamic music therapy is the existence of, and dynamic processes within, an unconscious part of the mind, which has an influence on intrapsychic and interpersonal processes within and outside of the musical activity between the therapist and patient. The therapeutic relationship is distinguished by the attentiveness of the music therapist to his or her own reactions, feelings, fantasies, and ideas, which are triggered by the patient’s transference. Psychodynamic music therapy proposes that, with the assistance of music, human beings can become aware of their inner states, and can communicate these through performed musical expression. From a psychoanalytic viewpoint, music is considered to portray meaning and to give the individual the feeling of being mirrored, accompanied, and even personally understood. This chapter explains how psychodynamic music therapy was developed and how it is practiced within the treatment context of mental health services.
Perceived barriers on utilization of mental health services among adults in Dodoma Municipality – Tanzania
Authors: Mwansisya Tumbwene Elieza , Outwater Anne H. , Liu Zhening
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine perceived barriers to utilization of mental health services among adults in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania. To improve the use of mental health services, identifying related perceived barriers is a key step.

Design/methodology/approach

– A concurrent mixed method model was used. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews (n=152) using a structured survey questionnaire. In addition in-depth interviews were conducted (n=10). The quantitative data were analyzed by using Epi info version 2002. Content analysis was used for analyzing qualitative data.

Findings

– The majority of respondents opted to use modern mental health facilities for mental illness treatment. They also used spiritual healing and other forms traditional methods including herbal medicines. The most frequently identified causes of mental illness were: drug abuse, being cursed and witchcraft, demons or evil spirit possession. The reported significant perceived barriers were stigma, economic, lack of transport, witchcraft, lack of awareness of mental health services, unemployment, and negative believes about professional cure.

Originality/value

– The option for mental health service utilization is influenced by the existing barriers on community and clients’ perception. There is a need for mental health professionals and policy makers to integrate mental health into primary care. Mutual sharing of knowledge between mental health professionals and tradition healers is warranted. Further research on the attitudes toward mental health professional services and on effectiveness of traditional healers’ services is indicated.
Interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity abnormalities in unipolar depression and bipolar depression
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhong Shuming , Jia Yanbin , Zhou Zhifeng , Wang Bing , Pan Jiyang , Huang Li
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Depression in the context of bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression (UD), leading to mistreatment and poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the similarities and differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity between BD and UD.

Methods

Patients with bipolar II disorder (n = 36) and UD (n = 32) during a depressive episode as well as 40 healthy controls underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The functional connectivity between any pair of symmetric interhemispheric voxels (i.e., functional homotopy) was measured by voxel‐mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC).

Results

The three groups showed significant VMHC differences in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), fusiform and lingual gyrus, anterior lobe of the cerebellum (CeAL), and posterior lobe of the cerebellum (CePL). In the BD group, the VMHC decreases in the fusiform/lingual gyrus, CeAL, and CePL were shown relative to controls. In the UD group, the VMHC decreases in the PCC, fusiform/lingual gyrus, and CePL were shown relative to controls. No regions of increased VMHC were detected in either patient group. There was no significant difference in the VMHC values in any brain region between the BD group and the UD group.

Conclusions

Depressive episodes in BD and UD have similar impairments of interhemispheric coordination, which might imply an overlap in the neuropathology of depression.
Left Atrial Dysfunction Assessed by Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Patients with Impaired Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Sleep‐Disordered Breathing
Authors: Miśkowiec Dawid , Karolina Kupczyńska , Michalski Błażej W. , Uznańska‐Loch Barbara , Kurpesa Małgorzata , Kasprzak Jarosław D. , Lipiec Piotr
Published: June 2015

Aims

To evaluate the relationship between left atrial (LA) structure and deformation obtained by two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE): peak longitudinal systolic strain (LAs), peak longitudinal systolic strain rate (LAS‐SR), peak longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (LAE‐SR), peak longitudinal late diastolic strain rate (LAA‐SR), and sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) estimated by means of apnea–hypopnea index (eAHI).

Methods

Thirty‐two individuals with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (EF < 50%) were included in the study. LA function was assessed using 2DSTE. eAHI index was calculated by means of the 24‐hour ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram monitoring. Patients were categorized into two subgroups: SDB group (eAHI ≥ 15; n = 15) and non‐SDB group (eAHI < 15; n = 17).

Results

All 2DSTE parameters were decreased in the SDB group: LAS‐SR (0.90 [0.60–1.25] 1/sec vs. 1.25 [1.00–1.27] 1/sec, P = 0.043), LAE‐SR (−0.76 ± 0.49 1/sec vs. −1.18 ± 0.55 1/sec, P = 0.033), and LAA‐SR (−1.26 ± 0.71 1/sec vs. −1.48 ± 0.75 1/sec, P = 0.049). The eAHI was negatively correlated with LA reservoir function: LAS (r = −0.53, P = 0.002) and LAS‐SR (r = −0.47, P = 0.006), while it is positively correlated with LAE‐SR (r = 0.67, P < 0.001) and LAA‐SR (r = 0.46, P = 0.009). Moreover, SDB severity was an independent predictor of impaired LA compliance (P = 0.016) and conduit function (P = 0.002) in multivariate linear regression model, even after adjustment for age, BMI, gender, LV systolic (EF), and diastolic (E/e′) function and comorbidities.

Conclusions

LA dysfunction and remodeling assessed using 2DSTE in patients with impaired systolic LV function, and IHD is influenced by the severity of sleep apnea independently from LV function.
Association of dental trauma experience and first‐aid knowledge among rugby players in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Dalia , Liew Amy Kia Cheen , Wan Noorina Wan Ahmad , Khoo Selina , Wee Fay Chwee Lin
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To assess and compare the knowledge of rugby players regarding first‐aid measures for dental injuries.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at rugby tournaments in 2009 and 2010 on players aged 16 and over. Convenient sampling was performed. A total of 456 self‐administered questionnaires were returned. Data collected were analysed using SPSS 21. Descriptive analysis was undertaken for the demographic data. The subjects were classified according to their experience of sustaining each type of injury. Cross‐tabulation and chi‐square tests were carried out to compare the responses. When the expected cell count was less than five, Fisher's exact test was used. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

The prevalence of self‐reported dental injuries was as follows: tooth fracture (19.3%), luxation (6.6%) and avulsion (1.1%). Significant differences were found, whereby 52.2% of those who had no history of tooth fracture were more likely to seek immediate treatment (P < 0.001), whereas 42% of those who previously experienced tooth fracture claimed that they would only visit a dentist if they experienced pain (P = 0.001). Management of luxation and avulsion did not differ significantly between the groups. However, about half of those who did not have a history of tooth avulsion admitted to not knowing the correct answer, while three of five casualties would keep the tooth iced.

Conclusions

Knowledge of the management of tooth fracture and storage medium differs between previous casualties and non‐casualties. Overall, knowledge of dental trauma management was insufficient, suggesting the need to educate and train the players.
Contrasting effects of climate on juvenile body size in a Southern Hemisphere passerine bird
Authors: Kruuk Loeske E. B. , Osmond Helen L. , Cockburn Andrew
Published: June 2015

Despite extensive research on the topic, it has been difficult to reach general conclusions as to the effects of climate change on morphology in wild animals: in particular, the effects of warming temperatures have been associated with increases, decreases or stasis in body size in different populations. Here, we use a fine‐scale analysis of associations between weather and offspring body size in a long‐term study of a wild passerine bird, the cooperatively breeding superb fairy‐wren, in south‐eastern Australia to show that such variation in the direction of associations occurs even within a population. Over the past 26 years, our study population has experienced increased temperatures, increased frequency of heatwaves and reduced rainfall – but the mean body mass of chicks has not changed. Despite the apparent stasis, mass was associated with weather across the previous year, but in multiple counteracting ways. Firstly, (i) chick mass was negatively associated with extremely recent heatwaves, but there also positive associations with (ii) higher maximum temperatures and (iii) higher rainfall, both occurring in a period prior to and during the nesting period, and finally (iv) a longer‐term negative association with higher maximum temperatures following the previous breeding season. Our results illustrate how a morphological trait may be affected by both short‐ and long‐term effects of the same weather variable at multiple times of the year and that these effects may act in different directions. We also show that climate within the relevant time windows may not be changing in the same way, such that overall long‐term temporal trends in body size may be minimal. Such complexity means that analytical approaches that search for a single ‘best’ window for one particular weather variable may miss other relevant information, and is also likely to make analyses of phenotypic plasticity and prediction of longer‐term population dynamics difficult.
Medical use of cannabis: an addiction medicine perspective
Authors: Cook J. , Lloyd‐Jones D. M. , Ogden E. , Bonomo Y.
Published: June 2015

The use of cannabis for medical purposes, evident throughout history, has become a topic of increasing interest. Yet on the present medical evidence, cannabis‐based treatments will only be appropriate for a small number of people in specific circumstances. Experience with cannabis as a recreational drug, and with use of psychoactive drugs that are prescribed and abused, should inform harm reduction in the context of medical cannabis.
Behavioural assessment of autism spectrum disorders in people with multiple disabilities
Authors: de Vaan G. , Vervloed M. , Peters‐Scheffer N. C. , van Gent T. , Knoors H. , Verhoeven L.
Published: June 2015

Background

It is difficult to diagnose autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in people with a combination of intellectual and sensory disabilities because of overlap in behaviour. The ASD typical behaviours of people with combined intellectual and sensory disabilities are often caused by their disabilities and not by ASD. Current diagnostic tools are inadequate to differentiate between people with and without ASD when they have these combined disabilities, because tools lack norms for this population or are subjective, indirect or unable to adapt to the variety of disabilities that these people may have. Because giving a correct diagnosis is necessary for treatment and support, a new observational tool was developed to diagnose ASD in people with multiple disabilities, observation of autism in people with sensory and intellectual disabilities (OASID).

Method

Observation of autism in people with sensory and intellectual disabilities was tested on 18 participants with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities, one or dual sensory impairment, with and without ASD. Two independent experts diagnosed these participants as well in order to test the psychometric properties and differentiating abilities of OASID.

Results

Observation of autism in people with sensory and intellectual disabilities showed high inter‐rater reliability, internal consistency of scales and content and construct validity. OASID could differentiate people with and without ASD without overlap.

Conclusions

Observation of autism in people with sensory and intellectual disabilities could differentiate people with intellectual disabilities combined with sensory impairments, who clearly had or did not have signs of ASD. People with unclear signs of ADS scored in between those two groups with regard to their OASID scores. Psychometric properties of OASID are promising.
The Indirect Future Influence of the EU on Post‐communist Family Policy
Authors: Saxonberg Steven
Published: June 2015

Theorists of Europeanization expected the EU to have the greatest influence on post‐communist countries during the period of negotiation to join the EU as the EU had the greatest possibilities of pressuring the post‐communist countries to make reforms before they joined, on the grounds that it could threaten to prevent these countries from joining unless they met certain conditions. However, in the case of family policy, the EU had very little direct influence on the post‐communist countries. These countries had already long since met the minimum conditions for maternity leaves, while they simply ignored the Barcelona goal of providing day care for one‐third of children aged under three. When the Czech Republic had the EU presidency, its Prime Minister openly stated that the post‐communist countries would have never agreed to the Barcelona goals if they had been members at the time the agreement was made. The one area in which the EU has had some direct influence is in its demands to make laws gender neutral. Thus, the ‘extended maternity leaves’ that follow the more generously paid maternity leaves had to be transformed into ‘parental leaves’ that are open to men and guarantee men the right to get their job backs afterwards. However, since the leave benefits are a low flat‐rate in most of the countries, very few men have gone on leave; so in practice they have remained as ‘extended maternity leaves’ more than parental leaves.

Nevertheless, the EU has had great indirect influence on family policy in that by requiring ‘gender mainstreaming’, all the post‐communist countries have had to set up commissions that examine law proposals from a gender equality perspective. This in turn has given the notion of ‘gender equality’ much more legitimacy in the public eye, as the mass media has felt pressure to report more on these issues. After discussing the actual changes in policies in two post‐communist countries (the Czech Republic and Poland), this article goes on to analyze the discourse on feminism in the main daily newspapers, and it shows that before accession the newspapers were rather hostile towards feminism, while afterwards they have become much more accepting of the term. This more open view towards ‘feminism’ meant that it would be easier for future reforms in family policy to be made which could be more supportive of gender equality. Thus, Poland has recently reformed its parental leaves in a manner that gives men greater incentives to share in the leaves, and an openly feminist activist, who wants fathers to share in parental leaves, has recently become Minister for Labour and Social Affairs in the Czech Republic. The EU did not have any direct influence on these developments, but by forcing countries to have gender equality commissions, the EU contributed to making ‘feminism’ more acceptable, which in turn made it easier for feminists to become ministers in charge of social policy, who could carry out reforms long after the countries had joined the EU.
Verification of a Thermoviscoplastic Constitutive Relation for Brass Material Using Taylor's Test
Authors: Abed Farid , Jankowiak Tomasz , Rusinek Alexis
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a methodology to define and verify the dynamic behavior of materials based on Taylor's test. A brass alloy with a microstructure composed mainly of two pure metals that have two different crystal structures, copper (face-centered cubic (fcc)) and zinc (hexagonal closed-packed (hcp)), is used in this study. A combined approach of different principal mechanisms controlled by the emergence and evolution of mobile dislocations as well as the long-range intersections between forest dislocations is, therefore, adopted to develop accurate definition for its flow stress. The constitutive relation is verified against experimental results conducted at low and high strain rates and temperatures using compression screw machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), respectively. The present model predicted results that compare well with experiments and was capable of simulating the low strain rate sensitivity that was observed during the several static and dynamic tests. The verified constitutive relations are further integrated and implemented in a commercial finite element (FE) code for three-dimensional (3D) Taylor's test simulations. A Taylor's test enables the definition of only one point on the stress–strain curve for a given strain rate using the initial and final geometry of the specimen after impact into a rigid surface. Thus, it is necessary to perform several tests with different geometries to define the complete material behavior under dynamic loadings. The advantage of using strain rate independent brass in this study is the possibility to rebuild the complete process of strain hardening during Taylor's tests by using the same specimen geometry. Experimental results using the Taylor test technique at a range of velocity impacts between 70 m/s and 200 m/s are utilized in this study to validate the constitutive model of predicting the dynamic behavior of brass at extreme conditions.
Terrestrial animal tracking as an eye on life and planet
Authors: Kays Roland , Crofoot Margaret C. , Jetz Walter , Wikelski Martin
Published: June 2015

A brave new world with a wider view

Researchers have long attempted to follow animals as they move through their environment. Until relatively recently, however, such efforts were limited to short distances and times in species large enough to carry large batteries and transmitters. New technologies have opened up new frontiers in animal tracking remote data collection. Hussey
et al.
review the unique directions such efforts have taken for marine systems, while Kays
et al.
review recent advances for terrestrial species. We have entered a new era of animal ecology, where animals act as both subjects and samplers of their environments.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1255642
,
10.1126/science.aaa2478
Competition between MPS1 and microtubules at kinetochores regulates spindle checkpoint signaling
Authors: Hiruma Yoshitaka , Sacristan Carlos , Pachis Spyridon T. , Adamopoulos Athanassios , Kuijt Timo , Ubbink Marcellus , von Castelmur Eleonore , Perrakis Anastassis , Kops Geert J. P. L.
Published: June 2015

How cells sense connected chromosomes

Cells have a “checkpoint” that pauses cell division until all chromosomes are properly arranged on the mitotic spindle to allow precise distribution of one copy of each chromosome to each daughter cell. Hiruma
et al.
and Ji
et al.
explain the molecular mechanism by which cells sense that they are ready to divide. The protein kinase MPS1 associates with a protein complex at the kinetochore of the chromosome. Its activity produces signals that pause the cell cycle. When the chromosome becomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle, microtubules of the spindle physically compete for binding to the same site on the kinetochore where MPS1 is bound. Thus, once the kinetochore is properly attached, MPS1 dissociates, the inhibitory signal is lost, and cell division is allowed to proceed.

Science
, this issue pp.
1264
and
1260
High-performance transition metal–doped Pt
3
Ni octahedra for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Huang Xiaoqing , Zhao Zipeng , Cao Liang , Chen Yu , Zhu Enbo , Lin Zhaoyang , Li Mufan , Yan Aiming , Zettl Alex , Wang Y. Morris , Duan Xiangfeng , Mueller Tim , Huang Yu
Published: June 2015

Molybdenum doping drives high activity

Platinum (Pt) is an effective catalyst of the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells but is scarce. One approach to extend Pt availability is to alloy it with more abundant metals such as nickel (Ni). Although these catalysts can be highly active, they are often not durable because of Ni loss. Huang
et al.
show that doping the surface of octahedral Pt
3
Ni nanocrystals with molybdenum not only leads to high activity (∼80 times that of a commercial catalyst) but enhances their stability.

Science
, this issue p.
1230
Comment on “Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet”
Authors: Jaramillo Fernando , Destouni Georgia
Published: June 2015

Steffen
et al
. (Research Articles, 13 February 2015, p. 736) recently assessed current global freshwater use, finding it to be well below a corresponding planetary boundary. However, they ignored recent scientific advances implying that the global consumptive use of freshwater may have already crossed the associated planetary boundary.
Delegating private quantum computations
Authors: Broadbent Anne
Published: June 2015

We give a protocol for the delegation of quantum computation on encrypted data. More specifically, we show that in a client–server scenario, where the client holds the encryption key for an encrypted quantum register held by the server, it is possible for the server to perform a universal set of quantum gates on the quantum data. All Clifford group gates are non-interactive, while the remaining non-Clifford group gate that we implement (the π/8 gate) requires the client to prepare and send a single random auxiliary qubit (chosen among four possibilities), and exchange classical communication. This construction improves on previous work, which requires either multiple auxiliary qubits or two-way quantum communication. Using a reduction to an entanglement-based protocol, we show privacy against any adversarial server according to a simulation-based security definition.
Fuzzy peak hour for urban road traffic network
Authors: Tian Zhao , Jia Li-Min , Dong Hong-Hui , Zhang Zun-Dong , Ye Yang-Dong
Published: June 2015

Traffic congestion is now nearly ubiquitous in many urban areas and frequently occurs during rush hour periods. Rush hour avoidance is an effective way to ease traffic congestion. It is significant to calculate the rush hour for alleviating traffic congestion. This paper provides a method to calculate the fuzzy peak hour of the urban traffic network considering the flow, speed and occupancy. The process of calculation is based on betweenness centrality of network theory, optimal separation method, time period weighting, probability–possibility transformations and trapezoidal approximations of fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy peak hour of the urban road traffic network (URTN) is a trapezoidal fuzzy number [m1, m2, m3, m4]. It helps us (i) to confirm a more detailed traffic condition at each moment, (ii) to distinguish the five traffic states of the traffic network in one day, (iii) to analyze the characteristic of appearance and disappearance processes of the each traffic state and (iv) to find out the time pattern of residents travel in one city.