bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air temperature thresholds to evaluate snow melting at the surface of Alpine glaciers by T-index models: the case study of Forni Glacier (Italy)
Authors: Senese A. , Maugeri M. , Vuillermoz E. , Smiraglia C. , Diolaiuti G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The glacier melt conditions (i.e.: null surface temperature and positive energy budget) can be assessed by analyzing meteorological and energy data acquired by a supraglacial Automatic Weather Station (AWS). In the case this latter is not present the assessment of actual melting conditions and the evaluation of the melt amount is difficult and simple methods based on T-index (or degree days) models are generally applied. These models require the choice of a correct temperature threshold. In fact, melt does not necessarily occur at daily air temperatures higher than 273.15 K. In this paper, to detect the most indicative threshold witnessing melt conditions in the April–June period, we have analyzed air temperature data recorded from 2006 to 2012 by a supraglacial AWS set up at 2631 m a.s.l. on the ablation tongue of the Forni Glacier (Italian Alps), and by a weather station located outside the studied glacier (at Bormio, a village at 1225 m a.s.l.). Moreover we have evaluated the glacier energy budget and the Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) values during this time-frame. Then the snow ablation amount was estimated both from the surface energy balance (from supraglacial AWS data) and from T-index method (from Bormio data, applying the mean tropospheric lapse rate and varying the air temperature threshold) and the results were compared. We found that the mean tropospheric lapse rate permits a good and reliable reconstruction of glacier air temperatures and the major uncertainty in the computation of snow melt is driven by the choice of an appropriate temperature threshold. From our study using a 5.0 K lower threshold value (with respect to the largely applied 273.15 K) permits the most reliable reconstruction of glacier melt.
Tuber bomiense, a new truffle species from Tibet, China
Authors: Su Kai-Mei , Xiong Wei-Ping , Wang Yun , Li Shu-Hong , Xie Rong , Baima Danzeng
Published: March 2014

Tuber bomiense sp. nov. is described based on collections from the Bomi region of Tibet, China. It differs from other Tuber species by its rust brown ascomata with a verrucose and glabrous surface and ascospores with a regular reticulum. Molecular analysis supports the
erection of this new species.
The olive goblet: Peziza oliviae, a new cup fungus growing underwater in Oregon
Authors: Frank Jonathan L.
Published: March 2014

A new species, Peziza oliviae, is described from stream habitats in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (USA) based on morphology, habitat, and ITS and LSU nrDNA sequence data. This new member of the Ascomycota grows underwater on sticks and decomposing wood as well as near running
water where the woody substrate is saturated.
One hundred fourteen years of Pluteus in Brazil: collections studied by Hennings and Rick
Authors: Menolli Jr. Nelson , Capelari Marina
Published: March 2014

The re-examination of Pluteus collections from Brazil studied by P.C. Hennings and J. Rick during the early 20th century expands current Brazilian knowledge of the genus. Searches of the bibliographical and herbarium records revealed a total of 32 Pluteus names linked
to specimens collected in Brazil and studied by Hennings and Rick. Of the ten species represented by Brazilian types, five types could not be located in any of the consulted herbaria and therefore must be treated as nomina dubia. None of previously published collections listed under five other
names could be located. All other collections (in BPI, FH, PACA and SP) were studied for morphology. In all cases, European names originally attributed by Hennings and Rick have been found to be misapplied, and re-identifications based especially on species described from the Neotropics are
suggested. Sections Pluteus and Celluloderma are represented by most collections.
A new species of Bahusutrabeeja from Guangxi, China
Authors: Li Xiao-Xia , Xia Ji-Wen , Ma Li-Guo , Castañeda-Ruíz Rafael F. , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: March 2014

Bahusutrabeeja exappendiculata sp. nov. was discovered on rotten branches from subtropical forest of Guangxi Province, China. It differs from previously described Bahusutrabeeja species in having colourless globose conidia without appendages. The fungus is described, illustrated
and compared with similar taxa.
Book reviews and notices
Authors: Vellinga Else C.
Published: March 2014

Books reviewed include: ASCOMYCOTA–Atlas of soil ascomycetes (Guarro & al. 2012), Rosellinia–a world monograph (Petrini 2013); BASIDIOMYCOTA– Agaricus L. – Allopsalliota (Parra Sánchez 2013), The genus Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann–Clausen 2013); GENERAL MYCOLOGY— Texas mushrooms. A field guide (Metzler & Metzler 2013 edition); The Kingdom of Fungi (Petersen, 2013).
Shopping Tourism in Hungary during the Period of the Economic Crisis
Authors: Michalkó Gábor , Rátz Tamara , Hinek Mátyás , Tömöri Mihály
Published: March 2014

This paper analyses the impacts brought about by the economic crisis starting in 2007 on Hungarian shopping tourism. Considering the long-term symbiotic relationship of the national retail trade and international inbound tourism, the crisis, which has affected each segment of the national economy, has also influenced both the characteristics of tourist shopping and the structure and volume of retail trade, with an indirect impact on the country's GDP. The study investigates the purchases of day-trippers arriving from neighbouring countries and focuses on changes that occurred between 2006 and 2010. The survey is based on the assumption that the sending markets have become more price-sensitive as a consequence of the crisis, and the changes brought about will be diverse, depending on the economic and social processes of each sending country. Demand is influenced by crisis management strategies, by the price–value ratio of goods and services available in the market, and by the business practices of retail companies. Based on secondary analysis of the databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the Hungarian National Bank, the paper provides an overview of how Hungarian shopping tourism was shaped by the above factors in the period of crisis.
Resistências à mudança organizacional: Análise do processo de implantação do sistema de gestão integrada no SENAI-BA
Authors: Paiva Danielle Soares , Andrade José Célio Silveira
Published: March 2014

More and more, organizations are challenged to anticipate an uncertain future in order to survive in the market, so it is natural that the processes of organizational change part of their routine and it will be perceived resistance from those who takes part the organization. So, this article aims to analyze, though the view internal public, in which perspectives are the main resistances to the organization change in a non-profit organization, upon the implementation of Integrated Management Systems. The present work was realized in Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial – Departamento Regional da Bahia (SENAI/BA), over the period of 2006 upon 2009. For this, was realized a bibliography search of organization change and resistance for it. The research was essentially qualitative, with methodologists procedures that had included documentary analysis, the application of the technique of focus groups, interviews and participated observation. From the obtained results, concludes that the main resistance for the organization change, when the implementation of Integrated Management Systems, are concentrated in the politic, human and cultural perspectives.
Gestão de projetos de eventos culturais em uma universidade pública federal: análise de práticas e proposições de melhoria
Authors: Gohr Cláudia Fabiana , Santos Luciano Costa , Schwingel Ângela Watte , Talamini Edson
Published: March 2014

This article aims to describe the management practices used for conducting cultural events adopted by the Department of Culture of a public university, identifying critical points and providing the basis for developing a specific methodology for the organization. The research adopted a qualitative approach of analysis, both to identify practices with those responsible for project management and for conducting a case study of a project undertaken by the institution. For data collection we used semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. It was found that the project management of cultural events at the university has some quirks, which requires the development of specific processes for their management. Moreover, when compared with the best practices suggested by the literature, the project management of events conducted by the university is still at an incipient stage of maturity. Based on the results, we presented some proposals for improvement for the project management of cultural events in the Department of Culture, especially regarding the adoption of management tools for projects and activities that must be performed at each stage of the life cycle of a cultural event.
Editorial - Revista Educação
Authors: Bellochio Cláudia Ribeiro , Cunha Jorge Luiz da
Published: March 2014

Editorial
New Generation of Fire Hydrants Secure Against Multiple Threats
Authors: Spence Shannon , Kelly Joseph
Published: March 2014

Coastal towns are always dealing with the corrosive effects of the salty air and water from the ocean on the town's fire hydrants. Because hydrants are predominantly made of metal, are above ground, and exposed to the elements, and their primary function is to deliver water, they are prone to rust and corrosion. This can quickly lead to hydrants being inoperable or in a state of disrepair if an aggressive maintenance program is not regularly exercised. This article discusses a new hydrant to the rescue.
Acoustic Procedures: A Sound Approach to Transmission Main Leak Detection
Authors: Titus Russell G. , Laven Kevin , Dyksen John
Published: March 2014

Utilities can use acoustic leak‐detection equipment to proactively identify leaks, save water and money, and avert disaster for a wide range of pipe sizes.
Azeotropy Breaking in Refrigerant Blends with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Mazur V. , Haddad S. , Nikitin D.
Published: March 2014

The principal aim of this work is to study azeotropy breaking in the refrigerant blends with ionic liquids (IL). The global phase diagram approach is applied to correlate azeotropic data for binary mixtures based only on critical properties and acentric factor of the individual components in mixtures. Analytical expressions to predict azeotropy phenomena in terms of critical parameters of pure components and binary interaction parameters are given. The eventual azeotropy appearance in the refrigerant - IL blends is discussed and conclusion about highly improbable azeotropic blend formation for these systems is given. Global phase behavior of ionic liquid - industrial refrigerant blends is analyzed and possible III, IV and/or V types according to the classification scheme of Scott and van Konynenburg [1] are established. The azeotropy breaking in binary refrigerant mixtures with ionic liquid adding is predicted.
Application of Polyacrylamide for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Mousavi Hassan Zavvar , Khaligh Aisan , Behzad Mahdi , Rahchamani Jalal
Published: March 2014

In this study the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions by polyacrylamide (PAA) as a potential adsorbent was reported. PAA was characterized using SEM and FTIR measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of the solution pH, contact time, solute concentration and temperature. Evaluation of the obtained data with isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process was matched well with the Langmuir model. The maximum capacity of adsorbent for MB was 111.1 mg gâˆ’1. Kinetic studies were carried out on various kinetic models and the pseudo-second order kinetic model was fitted very well with experimental data. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption reaction was endothermic and spontaneous process.
Analyser les villes et le changement dans une ère de mondialisation : deux points de vue divergents
Authors: Hannigan John , Malo Isabelle
Published: March 2014

Dans cet article, j’identifie et je mets en contraste deux approches théoriques et politiques opposées de la ville contemporaine du changement urbain. La première approche, soit unmodèleéconomique de la prospérité, privilégie la productivité économique et la compétitivité, l’urbanité cosmopolite, la consommation culturelle, la gouvernance en partenariat public-privé, ainsi que la créativité et l’innovation comme des moteurs de croissance. En revanche, lemodèle éthique et émancipateurfavorise plutôt l’économie informelle, les pratiques urbaines quotidiennes, les infrastructures et espaces publics, les droits du citoyen, l’équité sociale et la redistribution, une justice sociale et un espoir démocratique. Ces deux approches ont en commun un souci de tolérance et de diversité. Alors que la première envisage la diversité comme un « leurre » avec lequel attirer les touristes, les investisseurs potentiels et les « personnes créatives », la seconde valorise la différence urbaine à part entière comme un seuil à franchir vers une ville « hospitalière » et équitable. En m’appuyant sur les trois « logiques sociales » d’Iveson et Fincher pour la planification dans la quête du droit à la ville, je conclus en discutant des perspectives de conciliation des deux approches pour un avenir et un changement urbain.
Gouverner les métropoles : l’improbable gouvernement métropolitain
Authors: Lefèvre Christian
Published: March 2014

Cet article traite du gouvernement des métropoles. Après avoir dans une première partie clarifié les notions de gouvernement, gouvernance, gouverner et gouvernabilité ainsi que celle de métropole, l’auteur s’intéresse aux très nombreuses tentatives de création d’un gouvernement métropolitain au cours des dernières décennies. Il dresse ainsi un bilan sévère mais réaliste des échecs et des demi-succès des réformes institutionnelles engagées dans la plupart des pays démocratiques mais aussi des initiatives plus récentes qu’il renferme sous la notion de gouvernance (planification stratégique, « new regionalism », coopérations entre acteurs, régimes politiques urbains, etc.). Dans un second temps, il explique ce bilan plutôt négatif par la permanence d’obstacles non résolus comme le rôle ambigu des États, la réticence, voire l’opposition des collectivités locales et des villes centre et enfin le refus des populations au travers des instruments de la démocratie locale. Une dernière partie met l’accent sur l’importance de l’action politique et sur les deux chantiers principaux qu’elle doit mettre en oeuvre pour faire des métropoles des territoires politiques : la construction d’une identité métropolitaine et celle d’un leadership territorial, faute de quoi le gouvernement métropolitain demeurera improbable.
L’état des métropoles : évaluation du changement dans les villes mondiales
Authors: Savitch Hank V. , Weinstein Daniel , Malo Isabelle
Published: March 2014

De quelle façon les grandes métropoles se sont-elles transformées au cours des vingt dernières années ? Leur population et leur économie se sont-elles améliorées, détériorées ou sont-elles demeurées stables ? Ces sociétés se sont-elles centralisées ou décentralisées ? Ont-elles obtenu un statut d’instance de gouvernance ou sont-elles demeurées des entités politiquement incomplètes ? Nous tentons de répondre à ces questions en examinant plus de 120 villes et en présentant des tendances de base. Les métropoles abondent en Amérique du Nord, en Europe occidentale et orientale, au Japon, en Amérique latine et en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous examinons également la « hiérarchie mondiale » des métropoles en évaluant les changements de catégories nominales des villes mondiales. Ces changements sont aussi comparés à l’évolution du développement humain sur le plan national. D’une certaine façon, une telle étude sonde les liens possibles entre la mondialisation et ses conséquences sur le développement des villes mondiales. Nous constatons que les villes de toutes les régions du monde développé sont passées d’un statut politico-socio-économique à un autre, d’où le choix du titre de notre article.
Représentation et atrophie politiques des métropoles : le cas du Brésil
Authors: Carvalho Nelson Rojas de , Ribeiro Luiz Cesar de Queiroz , Malo Isabelle
Published: March 2014

De récentes réflexions sur les enjeux liés à la construction identitaire de la gouvernance métropolitaine ont surtout mis l’accent sur l’analyse des effets politico-institutionnels d’un processus double : celui de la mondialisation et du néolibéralisme. Associé à une dynamique de répartition du pouvoir vers le haut et vers le bas, le processus de mondialisation des économies métropolitaines se traduit par un renforcement et une autonomisation des acteurs politiques locaux et supranationaux ainsi que par un affaiblissement des autorités intermédiaires, c’est-à-dire l’État national et le gouvernement métropolitain. Quant à lui, le processus de libéralisation implique une désactivation des mécanismes de réglementation des conflits liés à la distribution et des externalités du marché actuelles. Il a également un effet dissuasif quant à la mise en oeuvre des mécanismes de réglementation des nouveaux conflits et externalités inhérents à la politique métropolitaine. La combinaison des deux processus impliquerait une reconfiguration des métropoles, lesquelles comportent des lacunes en matière de gouvernance, au sens strict, et en matière de politique, au sens large. Si les effets pervers de ce double processus sur l’établissement de la gouvernance métropolitaine semblent incontestables, dans le présent article, nous adoptons un point de vue analytique complémentaire en mettant l’accent sur le processus de métropolisation brésilien. Nous tentons de vérifier dans quelle mesure les variables internes de la dynamique métropolitaine brésilienne sont également génératrices de blocages politico-institutionnels dans la mise en place de la gouvernance métropolitaine.
Mobilités de formation et ancrage des étudiants dans les villes universitaires : exemple de la Bretagne (France)
Authors: Hardouin Magali , Moro Bertrand , Leray Frédéric
Published: March 2014

L’article apporte une contribution à l’analyse des processus de mobilité de formation et d’ancrage des étudiants dans les villes universitaires, dans la région Bretagne. À partir d’une méthodologie quantitative, nous réinterrogeons, d’une part, l’hypothèse selon laquelle les étudiants seraient de plus en plus mobiles et, d’autre part, nous nous intéressons à leurs ancrages dans la ville universitaire (pratiques résidentielles et de la ville elle-même). Notre population de référence est celle d’étudiants d’IUT (institut universitaire de technologie), de licence (L1, L2 et L3) et de master (M1 et M2) inscrits dans une université bretonne.
« J’habite… enfin…, je me comprends » : l’appropriation territoriale des adolescents placés en question
Authors: Guy Fleur
Published: March 2014

Le rapport à l’espace des adolescents, et plus particulièrement leur mobilité, est souvent appréhendé à travers le prisme de la famille et d’un lieu de résidence unique. Pourtant, certains individus vivent dès l’adolescence des situations de multirésidentialité, en lien notamment avec une prise en charge fondée sur le déplacement géographique. L’analyse des situations résidentielles des enfants placés montre une diversité de configurations, impliquant les parents, mais aussi la famille élargie et l’entourage. L’appropriation territoriale des adolescents intègre alors de multiples espaces : entre le domicile familial et le lieu de placement apparaissent des espaces tiers, révélateurs d’un rapport affectif au territoire.
Manchester Black and Blue
Authors: Crompton Andrew
Published: March 2014

In living memory, Manchester was black from air pollution caused by burning coal.
Today only fragments of that blackness remain, although its former presence can
be inferred from precautions taken at the time to protect buildings from soot.
At Canal Street in Miles Platting the colouring caused by consuming coal was
blue, the result of contamination with a by-product of the purification of
coal-gas. It is argued that because the blue street can be seen as beautiful
then so can the black walls, which should be treated as an authentic part of the
city. The most significant remains are 22 Lever Street and the inner courtyards
of the Town Hall, which ought to be preserved in their dirty state.
A Survey of the Gaster Collection at the John Rylands Library, Manchester
Authors: Haralambakis Maria
Published: March 2014

In 1954 and 1958 the John Rylands Library acquired a significant portion of the
library of Dr Moses Gaster (1856–1939). As a scholar and bibliophile, Gaster
collected manuscripts, printed books, pamphlets and amulets. His collection
reflects his wide ranging interests: philology (including Romanian language,
folklore and literature), Judaica, magic and mysticism, and Samaritan studies.
This article presents a survey of the varied Rylands Gaster collection. It
includes an inventory of the miscellaneous manuscript sequence, a complete
handlist of Gaster‘s German manuscripts and an introduction to the archival
material.
Reassessing Townshend‘s Irish Viceroyalty, 1767-72: The Caldwell-Shelburne Correspondence in the John Rylands Library, Manchester
Authors: Powell Martyn
Published: March 2014

This essay focuses upon the controversy surrounding Lord George Townshends
appointment as Irish viceroy in 1767. He was the first viceroy to be made
constantly resident and therefore it was a shift that could be seen as part of a
process of imperial centralization, akin to assertive British policy-making for
the American colonies and India. Up until this point there has been some doubt
as to whether Townshend himself or the British Government was the prime mover
behind this key decision. This article uses the Caldwell-Shelburne
correspondence in the John Rylands Library,to shed further light on this
policy-making process, as well as commenting on the importance of Sir James
Caldwell, landowner, hack writer and place-hunter extraordinaire, and the Earl
of Shelburne, Irish-born Secretary of State and later Prime Minister, and
reflecting on the historiography,of the Townshend administration and Anglo-Irish
relations more generally.
Does the Surviving Palaeopathological Evidence Support the Case for a Medical Tradition in Ancient Nubia?
Authors: Cockitt Jenefer
Published: March 2014

For over a hundred years, palaeopathologists have studied the ancient Nubian
population, examining the patterns of disease and trauma evident in the
surviving human remains. Despite the remarkable amount of progress made in this
area, there have been few attempts to discern whether there is enough available
evidence to support the existence of a defined ancient medical tradition in the
country, akin to that in neighbouring Egypt. Given the lack of textual sources
for prehistoric Nubia, evidence for such a tradition must be sought in the human
remains themselves. Here, an assessment will be provided of the possible
palaeopathological evidence for healthcare practices in ancient Nubia, focusing
in particular on the artefacts from the first Archaeological Survey of Nubia.
The data presented, although tentative, represent the first point on the road to
greater understanding of ancient Nubian medical traditions.
The Reformation Revised? The Contested Reception of the English Reformation in Nineteenth-Century Protestantism
Authors: Nockles Peter
Published: March 2014

This article charts and discusses the reasons for various significant shifts and
developments during the nineteenth century of the reception of the Reformation
amongst different denominations and groups within British Protestantism.
Attitudes towards Foxes ‘Book of Martyrs’ are explored as but one among several
litmus tests of the breakdown of an earlier fragile consensus based on
anti-Catholicism as a unifying principle, with the Oxford Movement and the
intra-Protestant reaction to it identified as a crucial factor. The selfidentity
of the various British Protestant,denominations, notably the various
Nonconformist bodies as well as the established Church and evangelicalism per se
was at stake in the process of ‘reception’. Moreover, the emergence of more
secular Protestant understandings of the significance of the Reformation as an
essential stage in the emergence of modernity and liberty, often at odds with
nineteenth-century evangelical theological interpretations of its meaning and
legacy, are also highlighted. The result is an attempt to transcend the
traditional focus on Protestant-Catholic disputes over the Reformation in
narrowly bipolar terms.
The Real History of Protestantism: Thomas Carlyle and the Spirit of Reformation
Authors: Morrow John
Published: March 2014

Carlyle regarded the Reformation as a seminal event in the history of modern
Europe, the starting point of an ongoing stage in human development. Reformation
Protestantism gave birth to a more general and pervasive spirit of ‘reformation’
that Carlyle identified with the moral destiny of all individuals and
communities. These qualities were epitomized by heroic figures such as Luther
and Cromwell but they were also embedded in cultures that responded productively
to the ongoing challenge of reformation. Having traced the history of the ethos
of reformation through English Puritanism and in the commitment to
transformative action or ‘work’ that gave rise to Britains emergence as a
leading industrial and imperial power, Carlyle brought this reinvention of the
Reformation to bear in his critique of the counter-reforming tendencies in early
Victorian society that he saw as posing a profound threat to it.
The Reformation and the Principles of the English Constitution in Disraeli‘s ‘Young England’ Novels
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: March 2014

The article explores some aspects of the intellectual climate of the first half
of the nineteenth century and the new ideas about race and national identity.
These in turn help to explain contemporary changes in historical perspective,
particularly in respect to the English Reformation. Disraeli‘s novels reflect
the ideas of the time on the above topics and echo contemporary historians in
their views on the Reformation, its causes, and the religious and social changes
that it brought about.
‘Popery, Palestrina, and Plain-tune’: the Oxford Movement, the Reformation and the Anglican Choral Revival
Authors: Cole Suzanne
Published: March 2014

Following an extended period of neglect, the early 1840s saw a dramatic revival
of interest in English church music and its history, which coincided with the
period of heightened religious sensitivity between the publication of Newman‘s
Tract 90 in early 1841 and his conversion to Roman Catholicism in October 1845.
This article examines the activities and writings of three men who made
important contributions to the reformation of the music of the English church
that took place at this time: Rev. Frederick Oakeley; Rev. John Jebb and the
painter William Dyce. It pays particular attention to the relationship between
their beliefs about and attitudes towards the English Reformation and their
musical activities, and argues that such important works as Jebb‘s monumental
Choral Service of the United Church of England and Ireland
(1843) are best understood in the context of the religious and ecclesiological
debates that were raging at that time.
Thermal and plasma treatments for improved (sub-)1 nm equivalent oxide thickness planar and FinFET-based replacement metal gate high-k last devices and enabling a simplified scalable CMOS integration scheme
Authors: Veloso Anabela , Boccardi Guillaume , Ragnarsson Lars-Åke , Higuchi Yuichi , Arimura Hiroaki , Lee Jae Woo , Simoen Eddy , Cho Moon Ju , Roussel Philippe J. , Paraschiv Vasile , Shi Xiaoping , Schram Tom , Chew Soon Aik , Brus Stephan , Dangol Anish , Vecchio Emma , Sebaai Farid , Kellens Kristof , Heylen Nancy , Devriendt Katia , Dekkers Harold , Van Ammel Annemie , Witters Thomas , Conard Thierry , Vaesen Inge , Richard Olivier , Bender Hugo , Athimulam Raja , Chiarella Thomas , Thean Aaron , Horiguchi Naoto
Published: March 2014

We report on aggressively scaled replacement metal gate, high-k last (RMG-HKL) planar and multi-gate fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) devices, systematically investigating the impact of post high-k deposition thermal (PDA) and plasma (SF6) treatments on device characteristics, and providing a deeper insight into underlying degradation mechanisms. We demonstrate that: 1) substantially reduced gate leakage (J
G) and noise can be obtained for both type of devices with PDA and F incorporation in the gate stack by SF6, without equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) penalty; 2) SF6 enables improved mobility and reduced interface trapped charge density (N
it) down to narrower fin devices [fin width (W
Fin) ≥ 5 nm], mitigating the impact of fin patterning and fin sidewall crystal orientations, while allowing a simplified dual-effective work function (EWF) CMOS scheme suitable for both device architectures; 3) PDA yields smaller, in absolute values, PMOS threshold voltage |V
T|, and substantially improved reliability behavior due to reduction of bulk defects.
Current-mode ambient light sensor for ultralow-power applications
Authors: Tsai Tsung-Yu , King Ya-Chin , Lin Chrong-Jung
Published: March 2014

In this work, we present a novel ultralow-power ambient light sensor for distributed sensor node application. The sensor features a minimum supply voltage (<1 V) for meeting the low power requirement by a successive approximation register logic combined with progressive sizing current mirrors for analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). The current-mode operation simplifies the ADC circuit design by eliminating the capacitor array, which enables low power consumption. Furthermore, an adjustable dynamic range for indoor or outdoor sensing can be obtained by clock frequency control. This current mode sensor provides a promising solution for distributed environmental sensing modules with tight energy budget.
Platinum layer thickness dependence of spin-Hall induced effective magnetic field in Pt/Co/Pt structures
Authors: Yang Tim , Kohda Makoto , Seki Takeshi , Takanashi Koki , Nitta Junsaku
Published: March 2014

We demonstrate the current induced effective magnetic field via spin Hall effect in perpendicularly magnetized Pt (6 − x nm)/Co/Pt (x nm) (x = 1, 2, 3) films. Measurements were carried out by an AC magnetization tilting technique. The relation between the spin Hall effective field and the degree of asymmetry of the top and bottom Pt layer thicknesses was determined. It is found that the spin Hall field is the largest in the film with Pt5nm/Co/Pt1nm, with the most asymmetric Pt layer thickness. This result is consistent with a net spin Hall torque arising from the bottom Pt layer unimpeded by the opposite spin Hall torque from the top Pt layer suppressed by spin diffusion. A spin Hall field of 267 Oe cm2/108 A was achieved in the Pt5nm/Co/Pt1nm structure.
Impedance analysis of the multilayered organic solar cells with and without hole buffer layer
Authors: Itoh Eiji , Nakagoshi Satoru
Published: March 2014

We studied the effects of a buffer layer [molybdenum oxide (MoO3) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)] and the thickness of a p-type tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) layer on the performance of multilayered organic solar cells in indium–tin oxide (ITO)/buffer/DBP/fullerene C60/bathocuproine (BCP)/Al multilayered photovoltaic devices. The insertion of a hole buffer layer reduced the resistance across the cell in forward biasing under illumination and in the dark, and the negative capacitance behaviors were observed at a voltage higher than V
OC, probably owing to the enhancement of the double injection. On the other hand, a hole-blocking ITO/DBP interface reduced the hole injection and extraction, and DBP became similar to a dielectric layer in the dark, as determined from the capacitance–frequency measurement. The photogenerated carriers caused an increase in the capacitance C and the conductance G in the devices with and without the MoO3 buffer layers. Both C and G reached their local minima at a voltage close to V
OC, and increased with a decrease in external voltage probably owing to the enhancement of charge extraction efficiency. At a lower voltage, however, C and G reached their peak values and then decreased again with a decrease in external voltage, probably owing to the reduction (ejection) in the number of photogenerated space charges in active layers. The increase in the thickness of the dielectric DBP layer resulted in a reduction in charge extraction efficiency, and an S-shaped curve was observed for the thick DBP cell. The peak voltages in C and G moved toward negative values with an increment in thickness, and this was discussed using the simplified rate equation model.
Structural and electrical properties of fluorinated copper phthalocyanine toward organic photovoltaics: Post-annealing effect under pressure
Authors: Kuzumoto Yasutaka , Matsuyama Hirotaka , Kitamura Masatoshi
Published: March 2014

The morphology and current–voltage characteristics of organic films with copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and hexadecafluoro CuPc (F16CuPc) prepared under different conditions have been investigated. Substrate heating improved the current–voltage characteristics of CuPc single-layer devices. Also, substrate heating from room temperature suppressed breakdown at low voltages in F16CuPc devices. In addition, the post-annealing effects under pressure on the current–voltage characteristics of CuPc/F16CuPc devices were investigated. Although a CuPc/F16CuPc device prepared at a substrate temperature of 120 °C exhibited a reverse rectifying property and provided no photocurrent, a CuPc/F16CuPc device post-annealed at 300 °C under pressure showed a normal rectifying property and worked as a photovoltaic cell.
The Dynamics of Physicians’ Learning and Support of Others’ Learning
Authors: Thörne Karin E. , Hult Håkan , Gäre Boel Andersson , Dahlgren Madeleine Abrandt
Published: March 2014

Learning has been defined as a condition for improving the quality of healthcare practice. The focus of this paper is on physicians’ learning and their support of others’ learning in the context of Swedish healthcare. Data were generated through individual and focus group interviews and analyzed from a socio-material practice theory perspective. During their workday, physicians dynamically alternated between their own learning and their support of others’ learning in individual patient processes. Learning and learning support were interconnected with the versatile mobility of physicians across different contexts and their participation in multiple communities of collaboration and through tensions between responsibilities in healthcare. The findings illustrate how learning enactments are framed by the existing “practice architectures.” We argue that productive reflection on dimensions of learning enactments in practice can enhance physicians’ professional learning and improve professional practice.
Recombinant Newcastle Disease virus Expressing IL15 Demonstrates Promising Antitumor Efficiency in Melanoma Model
Authors: Niu Zeshan , Bai Fuliang , Sun Tian , Tian Hui , Yu Dan , Yin Jiechao , Li Siming , Li Tianhe , Cao Hongwei , Yu Qingzhong , Wu Yunzhou , Ren Guiping , Li Deshan
Published: March 2014

Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (rNDV) has shown oncolytic therapeutic effect in preclinical studies. Previous data indicate that rNDV carrying IL2 has shown promise in cancer therapy. Due to the significant side effects of IL2, IL15 has been introduced into cancer therapy. A number of studies have suggested that IL15 efficiently enhances the activities of CTL and NK cells and inhibits the tumor recurrence and metastasis. Furthermore, IL15 is less toxic than IL2. Therefore, we hypothesize that a recombinant NDV expressing IL15 would be a promising agent for the treatment of malignant tumors. The human IL15 gene or IL2 gene was incorporated into the genome of lentogenic LaSota strain at the position between the HN and L genes (namely rNDV-IL15 or rNDV-IL2). The two viruses efficiently infected tumor cells and expressed IL15 or IL2 protein. Melanoma tumor-bearing mice were treated by intra-tumoral (i.t.) injection of rNDV-IL15 or rNDV-IL2. Both rNDV-IL15 and rNDV-IL2 effectively suppressed tumor growth compared with rNDV. The 120-day survival rate of rNDV-IL15- treated group was 12.5% higher than that of rNDV-IL2 group, although the difference was not statistically significant, both recombinant viruses had strong abilities to induce CD41 T cell and CTL cell responses. However, rNDV-IL15 significantly induced more IFN-γ release and stimulated more CD81 T cells infiltration in the tumor sites compared with rNDV-IL2. In the tumor re-challenged experiment, the survival rates of rNDV-IL15 group and rNDV-IL2 group were statistically higher than that of PBS group. The survival rate of rNDV-IL15 group was 26.67% higher than that of rNDV-IL2 group although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, rNDV-IL15 is a promising antitumor agent against melanoma.
Association Between p21 Ser31Arg Polymorphism and Gastrointestinal Tract Tumor Risk
Authors: Dong Ying , Wang Xiaohua , Ye Xiaofeng , Wang Guanhua , Li Yan , Wang Ningju , Yang Yinxue , Chen Zhiqiang , Yang Wenjun
Published: March 2014

Human p21 gene is characterized by a polymorphism at codon 31 leading to a Serine-to- Arginine (S/R), two different alleles of p21 Ser31Arg (rs 1801270) polymorphism have been shown to differ significantly in their transcriptional efficiency. More and more investigations are now being carried out to examine a possible link between the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cancer. However, the results were inconclusive. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether this polymorphism is associated with gastrointestinal tract tumor in Asian. Seven studies (n = 2690), comprising 967 cases and 1723 controls in Asian population, were included in our study. The meta-analysis showed significant association between Ser-allele or Ser/Ser genotype and the susceptibility to gastrointestinal tract tumor in overall studies (Ser-allele vs. Arg-allele: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04-1.31; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09-1.75; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Ser: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05-1.53; Ser/Ser vs. Arg/Ser + Arg/Arg: OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.54). Despite the limitations, the results of the present meta-analysis suggested that, in the p21 Ser31Arg polymorphism, Ser-allele and Ser/Ser genotype might be risk factors for gastrointestinal tract tumor in Asian populations.
Cosmogenic 35S measurements in the Tibetan Plateau to quantify glacier snowmelt
Authors: Priyadarshi Antra , Hill‐Falkenthal Jason , Thiemens Mark , Zhang Zhisheng , Lin Mang , Chan Chuen‐yu , Kang Shichang
Published: March 2014

The cosmogenic radionuclide 35S (t1/2 ~ 87 days) is a unique tracer for high‐altitude air mass and has been used extensively to understand stratospheric air mass mixing. In this paper, we investigate if 35S can be utilized as an independent tracer to quantify glacier melt. We report the first measurements of 35S in samples collected from the Tibetan Plateau during 2009–2012 with an aim to interpret 35S in atmospheric particles and their deposition over glacier and snowmelts. Our measurements show that 35S activity in the aerosol phase varies from 116 ± 13 to 2229 ± 52 atoms/m3 resulting in higher values during winter–spring and lower values during summer–autumn. This seasonality is likely due to higher mixing of 35S‐rich stratospheric air masses during winter–spring and 35S‐poor air masses from the Bay of Bengal during the Asian summer monsoon. The average 35S activity in the Zhadang glacier was found to be 3–8 times higher relative to the nearby lake water. The main source of 35S activity in the Zhadang glacier is atmospheric deposition, whereas both atmospheric deposition and glacier snowmelt are the primary sources in the Nam Co Lake. The focus of this study is to quantitatively determine the spatial and temporal variations in glacier snowmelt. In the future, extensive sampling of aerosols and snow is required for determining 35S in combination with stable oxygen isotopes in sulfate to better understand the glacier melt process and hydrological cycle on the Tibetan Plateau.
Performance characteristics of the NLDN for return strokes and pulses superimposed on steady currents, based on rocket‐triggered lightning data acquired in Florida in 2004–2012
Authors: Mallick S. , Rakov V. A. , Hill J. D. , Ngin T. , Gamerota W. R. , Pilkey J. T. , Biagi C. J. , Jordan D. M. , Uman M. A. , Cramer J. A. , Nag A.
Published: March 2014

We present a detailed evaluation of performance characteristics of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) using, as ground truth, Florida rocket‐triggered lightning data acquired in 2004–2012. The overall data set includes 78 flashes containing both the initial stage and leader/return‐stroke sequences and 2 flashes composed of the initial stage only. In these 80 flashes, there are a total of 326 return strokes (directly measured channel‐base currents are available for 290 of them) and 173 kiloampere‐scale (≥1 kA) superimposed pulses, including 58 initial continuous current pulses and 115 M components. All these events transported negative charge to the ground. The NLDN detected 245 return strokes and 9 superimposed pulses. The resultant NLDN flash detection efficiency is 94%, return‐stroke detection efficiency is 75%, and detection efficiency for superimposed pulses is 5% for peak currents ≥1 kA and 32% for peak currents ≥5 kA. For return strokes, the median location error is 334 m and the median value of absolute peak current estimation error is 14%. The percentage of misclassified events is 4%, all of them being return strokes. The median value of absolute event‐time mismatch (the difference in times at which the event is reported to occur by the NLDN and recorded at the lightning triggering facility) for return strokes is 2.8 µs. For two out of the nine superimposed pulses detected by the NLDN, we found optical evidence of a reilluminated branch (recoil leader) coming in contact with the existing grounded channel at an altitude of a few hundred meters above ground.
Sharing Resources for Aleutian Arc Research
Authors: Jicha Brian , Yogodzinski Gene , Kelemen Peter
Published: March 2014

The Aleutian arc is arguably the best place on Earth to investigate several fundamental questions about arc magmatism and subduction initiation because the record of arc growth is mostly preserved due to a lack of intra‐arc rifting. In December, 94 scientists met in San Francisco, Calif., at a workshop sponsored by the Geodynamic Processes at Rifting and Subduction Margins (GeoPRISMS) program to discuss possibilities for sharing resources for fieldwork in the Aleutian arc so that the cost per project could be reduced.
Observation, Diagnosis, and Prediction of Environmental Change in Northwestern Canada
Authors: DeBeer Chris M. , Wheater Howard S.
Published: March 2014

Ongoing and rapid environmental change within western and northern Canada is of major societal and scientific concern and has local‐ to global‐scale implications. There is an urgent need to understand the changes and develop improved diagnostic and predictive modeling tools to manage uncertain futures.
A Phase III, randomized, open‐label trial of ferumoxytol compared with iron sucrose for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with a history of unsatisfactory oral iron therapy
Authors: Hetzel David , Strauss William , Bernard Kristine , Li Zhu , Urboniene Audrone , Allen Lee F.
Published: March 2014

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide. Although oral iron is used as first‐line treatment, many patients are unresponsive to or cannot take oral iron. This Phase III, open‐label, non‐inferiority study compared the efficacy and safety of ferumoxytol, a rapid, injectable intravenous (IV) iron product with low immunological reactivity and minimal detectable free iron, with IV iron sucrose in adults with IDA of any cause. Patients (N = 605) were randomized 2:1 to receive ferumoxytol (n = 406, two doses of 510 mg 5 ± 3 days apart) or iron sucrose (n = 199, five doses of 200 mg on five nonconsecutive days over 14 days) and followed for 5 weeks. Ferumoxytol demonstrated noninferiority to iron sucrose at the primary endpoint, the proportion of patients achieving a hemoglobin increase of ≥2 g dL−1 at any time from Baseline to Week 5 (ferumoxytol, 84.0% [n = 406] vs. iron sucrose, 81.4% [n = 199]), with a noninferiority margin of 15%. Ferumoxytol was superior to iron sucrose (2.7 g dL−1 vs. 2.4 g dL−1) in the mean change in hemoglobin from Baseline to Week 5 (the alternative preplanned primary endpoint) with P = 0.0124. Transferrin saturation, quality‐of‐life measures, and safety outcomes were similar between the two treatment groups. Overall, ferumoxytol demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy to iron sucrose, suggesting that ferumoxytol may be a useful treatment option for patients with IDA in whom oral iron was unsatisfactory or could not be used. Am. J. Hematol. 89:646–650, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions of 2,4,6‐Trienals via Tetraenamine Catalysis
Authors: Zhou Qing‐Qing , Xiao You‐Cai , Yuan Xin , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: March 2014

While significant progress has been made in Diels–Alder cycloadditions of 2,4‐dienals by the formation of trienamine intermediates, we report that the further extended tetraenamine species can be generated from 2,4,6‐trienal substrates, which subsequently act as 3,6‐regioselective diene partners in asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction with 3‐olefinic oxindole dienophiles. An array of highly functionalized spirocyclic compounds were produced in good stereoselectivity up to 96 % ee and greater than 19:1 d.r., and with fair to moderate yields of 40–67 %.
Fluorogel Elastomers with Tunable Transparency, Elasticity, Shape‐Memory, and Antifouling Properties
Authors: Yao Xi , Dunn Stuart S. , Kim Philseok , Duffy Meredith , Alvarenga Jack , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: March 2014

Omniphobic fluorogel elastomers were prepared by photocuring perfluorinated acrylates and a perfluoropolyether crosslinker. By tuning either the chemical composition or the temperature that control the crystallinity of the resulting polymer chains, a broad range of optical and mechanical properties of the fluorogel can be achieved. After infusing with fluorinated lubricants, the fluorogels showed excellent resistance to wetting by various liquids and anti‐biofouling behavior, while maintaining cytocompatiblity.
Molecular Ionization from Carbon Nanotube Paper
Authors: Narayanan Rahul , Sarkar Depanjan , Cooks R. Graham , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: March 2014

Ambient ionization is achieved by spraying from a carbon nanotube (CNT)‐impregnated paper surface under the influence of small voltages (≥3 V). Organic molecules give simple high‐quality mass spectra without fragmentation in the positive or negative ion modes. Conventional field ionization is ruled out, and it appears that field emission of microdroplets occurs. Microscopic examination of the CNT paper confirms that the nanoscale features at the paper surface are responsible for the high electric fields. Raman spectra imply substantial current flows in the nanotubes. The performance of this analytical method was demonstrated for a range of volatile and nonvolatile compounds and a variety of matrices.