bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Vertical Migrations of Infective Larvae of certain Bursate Nematodes
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

The migrations of infective larvae of sheep and horse Strongyles have been studied by various workers, principally in relation to their behaviour in faeces or in different types of soil. (Bruns, 1937 and Lucker, 1938). The factors affecting the extent and nature of the migrations of certain infective larvae on to grass have also received attention (Rogers, 1940). A knowledge of the behaviour of larvae both in soil and on grass is very necessary if control methods either by chemicals or by controlled pasturing are to be effective. The present paper, however, describes an attempt to study the fundamental behaviour of these larvae in the laboratory, in the hope of obtaining results of practical value or of filling up certain gaps in our knowledge of them. A simple technique was sought, whereby the migrations of the larvae could be studied in the laboratory under different conditions, and is described herein.
The Differentiation of Coenurus species by Hook Measurements
Authors: Clapham P. A. , Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

Hook dimensions of Multiceps glomeratus show that the hooks are capable of reaching full adult size in the coenurus stage.

The available material showed that M. serialis hooks were slightly larger than those of M. glomeratus in the adult stage; in the coenurus stage the differences were not significant.

Statistically, the dimensions measuring the length of the blade of the hook are the most satisfactory.

There are significantly large variances in most cystic hook dimensions from one cyst to another, and from one scolex to another within a single cyst, but not from one group of scolices to another. It follows that in biometric work it is important to sample several scolices from each cyst, and several cysts of any one species, but that groups can be disregarded.

The variability of most hook measurements is in the region of 5%; i.e. the standard deviation is about 5% of the mean dimension.

The danger of extensive generalisation from limited data should be guarded against. Thus, while the species variance was significantly larger than the cyst variance in the case of adult hooks in the material available, it is quite possible that this would no longer have been the case if material from other sources had been available.
On the status of Aphelenchus agricola Maupas, 1900, with remarks on the genus Paraphelenchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Recent re-examination of the paper by Maupas (1900) in which, on pp. 571–575, he describes Aphelenchus agricola de Man, and the figures 2-7 of plate 25 illustrating the same, have confirmed the writer in a view he expressed in an earlier paper (Goodey, 1928, p. 135) that Maupas was correct in identifying: the worms found by him in Algiers with Aphelenchus agricola de Man, 1881 = Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1805.
The Galls caused by Anguillulina balsamophila (Thorne) Goodey on the leaves of Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt. and Balsamorhiza sagittata Nutt
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: November 2009

The gall-forming nematode, Anguillulina balsamophila (Thorne) Goodey has been described by Thorne (1926) who figures a photograph of a galled leaf of Balsamorhiza sagittata. Thorne gives a brief description of the superficial appearance of the galled leaves and mentions that the heavily infested plants are often very stunted. He recorded the parasite on three hosts, two species of Balsam-root, Balsamorhiza sagittata Nutt., B. macrophylla Nutt. and Mule-ear, Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt. Later Steiner and Buhrer (1933) reported the parasite from the annual sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. collected and identified by W. D. Courtney. The detailed structure, however, of the gall has not so far been described and as suitable material was to hand, this paper is the result of some observations made on the gall structure.
On the Transverse Fission of Cysticercus pisiformis in experimentally infested Rabbits, and the Phylogenetic Significance of Asexual Phenomena in Cysticerci
Authors: Crusz Hilary
Published: November 2009

Transverse fission of Cysticercus pisiformis begins in the liver and is usually completed there. It is brought about by one or two annular constrictions which. ultimately result in the complete fission of the original bladder-worm into two or three parts. The posterior segments thus formed are normally acephalic.

Histologically, fission involves an initial hypertrophy of the cuticle and subcuticula at the zone of constriction, followed by their degeneration and loss, and by the increase and consolidation into a slender cord of the muscle and parenchyma fibres. With the rupture of the cord and the sealing up of the broken ends, fission is complete.

The majority of the bladder-worms do not undergo fission, but the process is apparently spontaneous and quite normal for the species. Its cause is unknown, but it is thought to have a phylogenetic significance.
An Investigation into the Association of Creeping Eruption with Strongyloides Infection Contracted in the Far East
Authors: Sandosham A. A.
Published: November 2009

Dr. J. P. Caplan (1949) of the Ministry of Pensions Tropical Diseases Unit, Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton, reported that in the course of 8 years he had observed several hundred cases of creeping eruption am, ong ex-prisoners-of-war from the Far East and that more than 98 per cent, of them had Strongyloides infection.

According to Napier (1949), who comments on this condition, at least 90 per cent, of these patients had worked in Siam on. the notorious railway. One of Napier's cases came from the Assam-Burma frontier and one of Caplan's from Java. Professor J. J. C. Buckley, who was consulted, was of the opinion that morphologically the parasite in the faeces of these patients was in no way different from S. stercoralis Bavay, 1876).

The writer decided to undertake this investigation, with Professor Buckley's permission, on ascertaining that a friend of his, an English doctor on leave from Malaya who had worked on the Siamese. Railway under the Japanese, was harbouring Strongyloides infection and had creeping eruption.
A Statistical Examination of the Worm Egg Count Sampling Technique for Sheep
Authors: Hunter G. C. , Quenouille M. H.
Published: November 2009

The use of worm egg counts for observational and experimental purposes in naturally infested sheep has become very popular since Whitlock and Gordon (1989) introduced the simple and efficient McMaster slide technique. When using a dilution technique such as this, the accuracy of the count increases as more eggs are counted. In order to count more eggs when using the McMaster slide it is usually more convenient, in practice, to take more samples (i.e. count more cells) than to alter the dilution. It is therefore desirable to know the optimum number of samples which should be counted for each sheep when comparing the counts of naturally infested sheep. The usefulness of sampling on one or more days is another problem concerning experiments of this nature.
On a New Nematode, Buckleynema buckleyi gen. et sp. nov. (Quimperiidae) from a Siluroid Fish in Hyderabad-Deccan
Authors: Ali S. M. , Singh S. N.
Published: November 2009

In February, 1951, several nematode worms belonging to the family Quimperiidae Baylis, 1980, were collected from the intestine of the catfish, Mystus cavasius procured from the local fish market. Since the worms could not be identified with any of the known genera of Quimperiidae, the writers studied the parasite in detail, and after consulting the relevant literature, came to the conclusion that the worms were new to science. It has been felt necessary to create a new genus and a new species for its reception. The following account of the parasite is based on a large number of worms which were collected on different occasions.
A Technique for the Detection of Polystoma integerrimum in the Common Frog (Rana temporaria)
Authors: Jennings J. B.
Published: November 2009

An infection of the frog bladder by the Monogenetic Trematode Polystoma integerrimum can be detected by testing the urine for the presence of the pigment haematin. This substance is an end product of the digestion of blood, which the parasite sucks from the capillaries of the bladder wall, and it is voided from the flatworm's gut into the bladder to pass eventually to the exterior with the urine (Jennings—unpublished work).

An alkaline solution of luminol (3-amino pthallic cyclic hydrazide hydrochloride) and hydrogen peroxide exhibits an intense blue luminescence in the presence of haematin (Proescher & Moody, 1938) and this reaction, which is very sensitive, can be used to detect the pigment in the urine of infected frogs.
On Protozoa Hyper-parasitic in Helminths, with some Observations onNosema helminthorumMoniez, 1887
Authors: Dissanaike A. S.
Published: November 2009

1. The protozoa reported from animal-parasitic helminths are summarised in three tables, with a few comments on some of the more interesting forms.

2. The microsporidian found hyperparasitic inMoniezia expansaandM. benedeniof sheep in England, andMonieziasp. from a buffalo calf in Pakistan has been found to be identical withNosema helminthorumdescribed by Moniez, 1887,Plistophora helminthophthoraLabbé, 1899, andNosema bischoffi, Weiser, 1951. The valid name for the organism is thereforeNosema helminthorumMoniez, 1887.

3. The macroscopic and microscopic changes in parasitized tapeworms have been described, and it is believed that the microsporidian is not pathogenic.

4. The host distribution and the geographical distribution ofNosetna helminthorumhave been dealt with. This parasite has so far been reported from France, Germany, Yugoslavia, Great Britain and Pakistan, and it is likely that, it will eventually be reported from other countries in whichMonieziais present.
Studies on Anafilaroides rostratus Gerichter, 1949 in Cats: I. The Adult and its first stage Larva
Authors: Seneviratna P.
Published: November 2009

Anafilaroides rostratus Gerichter, 1949 a nematode found in the lungs of cats in Palestine and Ceylon, and its first stage larvae are described. Studies on the biology of the first stage larvae indicate that it is easily destroyed by adverse conditions.
On Cercaria owreae (Hutton, 1954) from Sagitta hexaptera (d'Orbigny) in the Caribbean Plankton
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: November 2009

Cercaria owreae (Hutton, 1954) is renamed and redescribed. It has two posterior appendages and represents a new type of distome cercaria, named “Diplocercous”. The caeca extend into the appendages, one into each, and a rosette-like group of six diverticula occurs at the anterior end of each of them. Certain peculiarities of the caecal epithelium are described and discussed briefly, but because of the immature state little information can be given about other organs. Fifteen larvae were obtained from 12 out of 181 Sagitta hexaptera collected in four Caribbean localities. Two larvae were found in the gut, the remainder in the coelom. The trematode probably belongs to the Accacoeliidae and is referred tentatively to the genus Accacladocoelium Odhner, 1928, adults of which are parasites of the sunfish Mola mola (L.).
A New Amphistome Trematode from Ruminants in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Prudhoe Stephen , Liang-Sheng Yeh , Khalil Lotfi F.
Published: November 2009

While examining a collection of amphistomes from a red lechwe (Onotragus leche), obtained by the late Dr. P. L. LeRoux, one of us (Y. L.-S.) found a few specimens of a species which appeared to be undescribed. On a later trip to Northern Rhodesia Dr. LeRoux made a further collection consisting of several hundred specimens from the same host-species. The worms were recovered from the caecum, which contained up to fifty specimens.
The susceptibility of mammals to Fasciolopsis buski
Authors: Malviya H. C.
Published: November 2009

The susceptibility of various mammals to infection with Fasciolopsis buski has been studied. Mice, rats, monkeys and dogs were completely refractory. Guinea-pigs were only partially susceptible. However, young rabbits (6 to 8 weeks old) were found to be susceptible and can be used as an animal model for experimental work on this parasite.
The occurrence of Strongyloides ratti in the tissues of mice after percutaneous infection
Authors: Dawkins H. J. S. , Thomason H. J. , Grove D. I.
Published: November 2009

The migration of infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti has been examined in C57B1/6 mice after percutaneous infection of the anterior abdominal wall. Lateral migration of larvae through the skin and subcutaneous tissues was not seen. Large numbers of larvae were recovered from the muscles between 2 and 24 hours after infection and larvae were seen in the cerebrospinal fluid 24 and 48 hours after infection. Insignificant numbers of larvae were seen in the blood, serosal cavities, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain or nasopharynx. Larvae arrived in the lungs between 24 and 72 hours after infection and worms were first noted in the small intestines at 48 hours. It is concluded that larvae migrate preferentially to the muscles and CSF before passing to the lungs, but the exact mode of travel is uncertain.
Identification of some common infective filarial larvae in Malaysia
Authors: Yen P. K. F. , Zaman V. , Mak J. W.
Published: November 2009

Infective larvae of Wuchereria, Brugia, Breinlia, Dirofilaria and Setaria species from an experimental vector, Aedes togoi, are compared. The distinctive bubble-like caudal papillae of Wuchereria bancrofti are readily distinguishable from the protuberant ones of Brugia spp; the ‘ear-like’ papillae of Breinlia are distinct from the ‘knob-like’ ones of Dirofilaria or the ‘thorn-like’ terminal papilla of Setaria.
Respiratory function in an ageing population
Authors: Miller MR , Pedersen OF
Published: November 2009

With more elderly people in the population there are more people surviving with lung diseases that need assessing so that the best treatment options can be chosen and delivered. Lung function is known to deteriorate with age and this is largely due to a reduction in muscle strength, an increased alveolar size leading to reduced elastic recoil, and a reduction in chest wall compliance. The processes involved are outlined together with the effects this has on normal lung function. Tests of lung function are commonly used to determine whether an individual patient's lungs are working abnormally, and using a lower limit of normal is the best method to use. The problems and solutions for defining the lower limit of normal for older subjects are discussed. If a subject's lung function is deemed abnormal from comparing their tests against a predicted value, then assessing how severe this abnormality is can be determined by using the results as per cent of predicted, or better still by relating the value to a minimum survivable limit.
Crystalline organic superlattice
Authors: Zhu Feng , Lou Kun , Huang Lizhen , Yang Jianbing , Zhang Jidong , Wang Haibo , Geng Yanhou , Yan Donghang
Published: November 2009

Highly crystalline organic superlattice has great potential for providing innovative function in organic devices. With studies of the structure and fundamental electronical properties, we have demonstrated the phathalocynine organic superlattice, which is a structure composed of periodically alternating crystalline layers of H2Pc and F16CuPc. A periodical crystal structure and electronic structure appear in this organic superlattice system. High density of mobile electrons and holes distribute periodically in F16CuPc and H2Pc layers, respectively, leading to a significant change in intrinsic properties of organic semiconductors.
SnO
2
nanoparticles embedded in silica by ion implantation followed by thermal oxidation
Authors: Tagliente M. A. , Bello V. , Pellegrini G. , Mattei G. , Mazzoldi P. , Massaro M.
Published: November 2009

Nanoparticles of tin dioxide embedded in silica matrix were synthesized by ion implanting a Sn+ ion beam in a silica slide and by annealing in oxidizing atmosphere at 800 °C. A detailed structural and optical characterization was performed by using glancing incidence x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Metallic tetragonal β-tin crystalline nanoparticles were formed in the as-implanted sample. The annealing in oxidizing atmosphere promotes the total oxidation of the tin nanoparticles with a preferential migration of the nanoparticles toward the surface of the matrix. A broad blue-violet emission band peaked at 388 nm was observed in the photoluminescence spectra of both the as-implanted and annealed samples, which was attributed to the Sn-related oxygen deficiency center defects and the SnO2 nanoparticles, respectively.
Blue light-emitting diodes with a roughened backside fabricated by wet etching
Authors: Lin Chia-Feng , Lin Chun-Min , Chen Kuei-Ting , Huang Wan-Chun , Lin Ming-Shiou , Dai Jing-Jie , Jiang Ren-Hao , Huang Yu-Chieh , Chang Chung-Ying
Published: November 2009

The InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a roughened patterned backside on the N-face GaN surface were fabricated through a crystallographic etching process to increase light-extraction efficiency. After laser decomposition, laser scribing, and a lateral crystallographic wet etching process at the GaN/Al2O3 interface, stable crystallographic etching planes were formed as the GaN {1011¯} planes that included an angle with the top GaN (0001) plane measured at 58°. The GaN buffer layer acted as the sacrificial layer for the laser decomposition process and the lateral wet etching process with a 26 μm/min etching rate. The LED with the inverted pyramidal N-face GaN surface close to the GaN/Al2O3 interface has a larger light-scattering process than the conventional LED. The light-output power of the LED with the backside roughened surface had a 47% enhancement when measured in LED chip form.
Origin of translocation barriers for polyelectrolyte chains
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Muthukumar M.
Published: November 2009

For single-file translocations of a charged macromolecule through a narrow pore, the crucial step of arrival of an end at the pore suffers from free energy barriers, arising from changes in intrachain electrostatic interaction, distribution of ionic clouds and solvent molecules, and conformational entropy of the chain. All contributing factors to the barrier in the initial stage of translocation are evaluated by using the self-consistent field theory for the polyelectrolyte and the coupled Poisson–Boltzmann description for ions without radial symmetry. The barrier is found to be essentially entropic due to conformational changes. For moderate and high salt concentrations, the barriers for the polyelectrolyte chain are quantitatively equivalent to that of uncharged self-avoiding walks. Electrostatic effects are shown to increase the free energy barriers, but only slightly. The degree of ionization, electrostatic interaction strength, decreasing salt concentration, and the solvent quality all result in increases in the barrier.
Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous Pt–Ni alloys
Authors: Li Hongqi , Misra Amit , Baldwin Jon K. , Picraux S. T.
Published: November 2009

Two nanoporous Pt–Ni alloys were synthesized by dealloying ternary amorphous Si–Pt–Ni precursors. Both foams have nearly the same composition, ligament diameter size, and density. However, their ligament patterns are different, depending on the microstructure of precursors. The difference in morphology is shown to have a profound effect on mechanical properties. The structure with well-aligned long nanoligaments exhibited over 50% higher hardness and stiffness than the structure with short random-oriented nanoligaments. These nanoporous Pt–Ni structures are thermally stable at 300 °C.
Randomly packed n-SnO2 nanorods/p-SiC heterojunction light-emitting diodes
Authors: Yang H. Y. , Yu S. F. , Cheng C. W. , Tsang S. H. , Liang H. K. , Fan H. J.
Published: November 2009

A layer of randomly packed n-SnO2 nanorods is grown by vapor transport method on the p-SiC(4H) substrate to realize heterojunction light-emitting diodes. Diodelike rectifying current-voltage characteristics, with a turn-on voltage of ∼4.5 V and reverse leakage current density of <0.25 A/m2, are obtained at room temperature. Furthermore, electroluminescent spectra with emission peaks at around 395, 434, and 497 nm are observed from the heterojunction under forward bias. This is due to the relaxation of electrons in the conduction band of SnO2 to the surface defect states and subsequent radiative recombination with holes injected from the p-SiC substrate.
Acceptance of terminology sanctioned by the Turkish Language Society
Authors: Karabacak Erkan
Published: November 2009

This corpus-based study investigated the levels at which Turkish newspaper writers have accepted economic terms that were made official by the Turkish Language Society (TDK) between the years 1995 and 1998 in its attempt to purge Turkish of European and English economic terms. The study found that writers used loan terms more frequently than the official terms in their newspaper articles. In an additional survey, writers reported a need for planning for the use of economic terms in Turkish. This study contributes to terminology and language planning attempts in Turkey and elsewhere, such as efforts to invent more acceptable terms and to find efficient ways of implementing their use.
A simple, heat‐sterilizable artificial diet excluding animal‐derived ingredients for adult blowfly, Lucilia sericata
Authors: ZHANG B. , NUMATA H. , MITSUI H. , GOTO S. G.
Published: November 2009

Artificial diets have been developed for Lucilia sericata (Meigen) blowfly larvae; however, diets for adults have not yet been developed. An adult diet that excludes animal tissues and animal‐derived ingredients and promotes not only ovarian development, but also oviposition, would aid in basic research and maggot debridement therapy. We have successfully developed artificial diets that exclude animal tissues and animal‐derived ingredients for L. sericata adults. The outcomes of the diets were comparable with those of a beef liver diet in terms of oviposition, adult survival and number of offspring.
Cytoskeletal Changes in Oocytes and Early Embryos During in vitro Fertilization Process in Mice
Authors: Gumus E. , Bulut H. E. , Kaloglu C.
Published: November 2009

The cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in the development and fertilization of germ cells and in the early embryo development. The growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes require an active movement and a correct localization of cellular organelles. This is performed by the re‐organization of microtubules and actin filaments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the changes in cytoskeleton during in vitro fertilization process using appropriate immunofluorescence techniques. While the chromatin content was found to be scattered throughout the nucleus during the oocyte maturation period, it was seen only around nucleolus following the completion of the maturation. Microtubules, during oocyte maturation, were regularly distributed throughout the ooplasm which was then localized in the subcortical region of oocytes. Similarly microfilaments were scattered throughout the ooplasm during the oocyte maturation period whereas they were seen in the subcortical region around the polar body and above the meiotic spindle throughout the late developmental stages. In conclusion, those changes occurred in microtubules and microfilaments might be closely related to the re‐organization of the genetic material during the oocyte maturation and early embryo development.
Association of metabolic profiles with hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1 or 2 infection
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Sheng , Liu Chen‐Hua , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hsu Shih‐Jer , Chen Chi‐Ling , Hwang Juey‐Jen , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: November 2009

Background and Aims:  Metabolic profiles are associated with severity of liver histology in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. However, the influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes, especially genotype 1 and 2, on the association between metabolic profiles and hepatic fibrosis remains unknown.

Methods:  We consecutively enrolled 528 CHC patients infected by HCV genotype 1 or 2, and used univariate and multivariate approaches to determine the influence of HCV genotype on the association of metabolic characteristics with severity of liver histology.

Results:  In univariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, higher grades of hepatic steatosis, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance index and alanine aminotransferase level, but lower serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein level, were associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 13.72 (95% confidence interval, 2.15–87.7) for serum fasting blood glucose, 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.03 (0.00–0.32) for total cholesterol level. Older age, lower serum total cholesterol level and more necro‐inflammatory activity were associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis in both genotype 1 and 2 patients (P < 0.05). Advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 31.18 (2.31–421.4) for fasting blood glucose level in genotype 1 infection, whereas 1.16 (1.05–1.28) for BMI in genotype 2 infection.

Conclusions:  Age, serum total cholesterol, and hepatic necro‐inflammation have important associations with severity of hepatic fibrosis in CHC patients. Moreover, these associations are different between HCV genotype: the effects of fasting blood glucose level and BMI are increased on genotype 1 and genotype 2 patients, respectively.
Safety Culture Assessment: A Mission Impossible?
Authors: Antonsen Stian
Published: November 2009

How, if at all, is it possible to assess aspects of organizational culture and the way culture influences safety? This question concerns the possibility of proactive assessments: whether it is possible to ‘predict’ if an organization is prone to having major accidents on the basis of safety culture assessments. The article presents an empirical analysis of this question by comparing the results of a quantitative safety culture assessment on the Norwegian oil and gas platform Snorre Alpha, with the results of a qualitative investigation after a major incident on the platform. The two descriptions of the same culture are dramatically different. The lack of concurrence between the two descriptions suggests that safety culture surveys may have little predictive value.
Teacher attitude towards inclusion practices and special needs students
Authors: Ross‐Hill Rorie
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates the varying attitudes of regular (mainstream) education teachers towards the implementation of inclusion in elementary and secondary school classrooms. This paper tries to take into account the need for a better understanding of teacher attitude towards inclusion and how the inclusive environment can be improved. The present paper concentrates on examining whether there is a difference in attitude between elementary regular education teachers and secondary regular education teachers. The participants of this study were 73 teachers from three public elementary and secondary schools in rural, southeastern USA who completed the Scale of Teachers' Attitudes Towards Inclusive Classrooms (STATIC). The results indicated that most teachers support the practice of inclusion in regular education classrooms or possess a neutral consensus towards the practice of inclusion as it relates to teaching assignment. For example, grade level, subject area or type of inclusion practice (full or partial). Meaning that the results for this study were mixed.
Key Parameters of Face Shape Variation in 3D in a Large Sample*
Authors: Evison Martin , Dryden Ian , Fieller Nick , Mallett Xanthé , Morecroft Lucy , Schofield Damian , Bruegge Richard Vorder
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  Improvement of methods for evidential facial comparison for the Courts relies on the collection of large databases of facial images that permit the analysis of face shape variation and the development of statistical tools. In this paper, we present a short description and key findings of an anthropometric study of face shape variation in three‐dimensions. We used Statistical Shape Analysis to investigate a large database sample (n = 1968), classified by age and gender. We found that size, shape of the bilateral features and midline contributed successively to overall variation. Face size is associated with age. Sexual dimorphism is evident in size and shape, and shows patterns that affect male and female subjects differently. We anticipate this approach will lend itself to the development of methods for analysis of variation within subject groups and the establishment of the relative uniqueness or abundance of facial measurements within them.
Multiple scales of diversification within natural populations of archaea in hydrothermal chimney biofilms
Authors: Brazelton William J. , Sogin Mitchell L. , Baross John A.
Published: November 2009

Corroborative data collected from 16S rRNA clone libraries, intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region clone libraries, and 16S rRNA hypervariable region tag pyrosequencing demonstrate microdiversity within single‐species archaeal biofilms of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Both 16S rRNA clone libraries and pyrosequencing of the V6 hypervariable region show that Lost City Methanosarcinales (LCMS) biofilms are dominated by a single sequence, but the pyrosequencing data set also reveals the presence of an additional 1654 rare sequences. Clone libraries constructed with DNA spanning the V6 hypervariable region and ITS show that multiple ITS sequences are associated with the same dominant V6 sequence. Furthermore, ITS variability differed among three chimney samples, and the sample with the highest ITS diversity also contained the highest V6 diversity as measured by clone libraries as well as tag pyrosequencing. These results indicate that the extensive microdiversity detected in V6 tag sequences is an underestimate of genetic diversity within the archaeal biofilms.
Single‐port laparoscopic surgery, the new evolution of endoscopic surgery
Authors: Rivas H.
Published: November 2009

Introduction: Laparoscopic surgery through a single port is gaining great interest throughout the world. Our group has pioneered and been a leader on these novel techniques. Here we describe our experience based on a model of single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Materials and Methods: From January 2008 until August 2009, over 200 patients have undergone single‐port laparoscopic surgery at our institution. Here, we analyze a cohort of the initial 100 cholecystectomies in order to evaluate a proposed technique, common challenges, the learning curve and potential solutions.

Results: Single‐port laparoscopic surgery was feasible in all patients from this cohort. Patients were strictly selected. Operating times similar to those of conventional laparoscopy were only achieved after completing 50 cases. Common technical challenges included clashing instruments, deflection of laparoscope due to conflict with light source, and organ retraction. Acceptance by surgeons and lack of patience and time may become significant obstacles that prevent the procedure's widespread adoption. The excellent aesthetic results are superior to laparoscopy. Other benefits of laparoscopy are preserved and may prove to be superior on clinical trials.

Discussion: Single‐port laparoscopic surgery is becoming popular worldwide. Safe and successful adoption requires learning the basic concepts of this method, identifying challenges, and implementing solutions. Once these essentials are mastered, the learning curve may be shortened, especially for experienced laparoscopic surgeons, and this technique may then be used to replicate many abdominal operations. Transparency with patients and team building are essential requirements for a successful adoption. Clinical trials are ideal before universal adoption.
Aluminum Bioaccumulation and Toxicity toDaphnia magnain Soft Water at Low pH
Authors: Havas Magda
Published: November 2009

Aluminum may be either harmful or beneficial to Daphnia magna (Straus) depending on pH and on the Al concentration in the water. My results are based on laboratory experiments conducted at various concentrations of total Al (0.02–1.02 mg/L) in soft water (2.5 and 12.5 mg Ca/L) adjusted from pH 6.5 to 4.5. Maximum Al toxicity and maximum Al bioaccumulation were observed at pH 6.5 (at and above 0.32 mg total Al/L). At lower pHs ([Formula: see text]), H+was toxic to D. magna. Aluminum (1.02 mg/L) temporarily ameliorated H+toxicity at pH 4.5. Calcium reduced H+toxicity at pH 5.0 and Al toxicity at pH 6.5. Mortality in the presence of Al and also at low pH was associated with a net loss of Na and Cl from the daphnids. The Ca content of the daphnids was highly variable and showed no consistent pattern apart from a negative correlation with the Al content of the daphnids at pH 5.0 and 5.5. The 24-h bioconcentration ratio for Al was 10 000 at pH 6.5,4000 at pH 5.0, and negligible at pH 4.5. The rapid uptake of Al, particularly at circumneutral pHs, may be an additional source of Al for zooplanktivorous fish and other predators.
Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain
Authors: Seifert Thomas , Brassard Patrice , Wissenberg Mads , Rasmussen Peter , Nordby Pernille , Stallknecht Bente , Adser Helle , Jakobsen Anne H. , Pilegaard Henriette , Nielsen Henning B. , Secher Niels H.
Published: November 2009

The circulating level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is reduced in patients with major depression and type-2 diabetes. Because acute exercise increases BDNF production in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, we hypothesized that endurance training would enhance the release of BDNF from the human brain as detected from arterial and internal jugular venous blood samples. In a randomized controlled study, 12 healthy sedentary males carried out 3 mo of endurance training ( n = 7) or served as controls ( n = 5). Before and after the intervention, blood samples were obtained at rest and during exercise. At baseline, the training group (58 ± 106 ng·100 g−1·min−1, means ± SD) and the control group (12 ± 17 ng·100 g−1·min−1) had a similar release of BDNF from the brain at rest. Three months of endurance training enhanced the resting release of BDNF to 206 ± 108 ng·100 g−1·min−1 ( P < 0.05), with no significant change in the control subjects, but there was no training-induced increase in the release of BDNF during exercise. Additionally, eight mice completed a 5-wk treadmill running training protocol that increased the BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus (4.5 ± 1.6 vs. 1.4 ± 1.1 mRNA/ssDNA; P < 0.05), but not in the cerebral cortex (4.0 ± 1.4 vs. 4.6 ± 1.4 mRNA/ssDNA) compared with untrained mice. The increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus and the enhanced release of BDNF from the human brain following training suggest that endurance training promotes brain health.
Vesicle Pool Size at the Salamander Cone Ribbon Synapse
Authors: Bartoletti Theodore M. , Babai Norbert , Thoreson Wallace B.
Published: November 2009

Cone light responses are transmitted to postsynaptic neurons by changes in the rate of synaptic vesicle release. Vesicle pool size at the cone synapse constrains the amount of release and can thus shape contrast detection. We measured the number of vesicles in the rapidly releasable and reserve pools at cone ribbon synapses by performing simultaneous whole cell recording from cones and horizontal or off bipolar cells in the salamander retinal slice preparation. We found that properties of spontaneously occurring miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) are representative of mEPSCs evoked by depolarizing presynaptic stimulation. Strong, brief depolarization of the cone stimulated release of the entire rapidly releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles. Comparing charge transfer of the EPSC with mEPSC charge transfer, we determined that the fast component of the EPSC reflects release of ∼40 vesicles. Comparing EPSCs with simultaneous presynaptic capacitance measurements, we found that horizontal cell EPSCs constitute 14% of the total number of vesicles released from a cone terminal. Using a fluorescent ribeye-binding peptide, we counted ∼13 ribbons per cone. Together, these results suggest each cone contacts a single horizontal cell at ∼2 ribbons. The size of discrete components in the EPSC amplitude histogram also suggested ∼2 ribbon contacts per cell pair. We therefore conclude there are ∼20 vesicles per ribbon in the RRP, similar to the number of vesicles contacting the plasma membrane at the ribbon base. EPSCs evoked by lengthy depolarization suggest a reserve pool of ∼90 vesicles per ribbon, similar to the number of additional docking sites further up the ribbon.
Amyloidosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Treatments and New Pharmacological Options
Authors: Tillement Jean-Paul , Lecanu Laurent , Papadopoulos Vassilios
Published: November 2009

Most neurodegenerative diseases share several clinical, genetic and pathophysiological features, and an irreversible evolution as well. They are characterized by an endogenous production of abnormal proteins called amyloid proteins (AP), which are not hydrosoluble, form depots, and are only partly cleared by autophagy and the ubiquitin-protease system. Despite their different structures, they are probably generated by a common pathological pathway, a misfolding process. This hypothesis suggests a common pharmacological approach, which can consist of either the blockade of the misfolding process, the elimination of AP or both. The currently validated treatments are mostly palliative ones, trying to supplant the function of destroyed neurons. New trends involve the regulation of the cerebral cholesterol metabolism and the preservation of neuron mitochondrial functions. Special attention is given to already marketed drugs used for other indications, which are also able to act on neurodegeneration.
The Relationships between Adverse Events, Early Antecedents, and Carbon Dioxide Reactivity as an Intermediate Phenotype of Panic Disorder
Authors: Ogliari Anna , Tambs Kristian , Harris Jennifer R. , Scaini Simona , Maffei Cesare , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Battaglia Marco
Published: November 2009

Background: Although adverse events have been consistently described to precede and potentially precipitate the onset of panic disorder, there is no information about their ability to alter the individual reactivity to inhaled carbon dioxide, a putative intermediate phenotype of susceptibility to panic disorder. Method: Seven-hundred twelve subjects belonging to the general population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel underwent a 35% CO2/65% O2 inhalation challenge test and interview-based lifetime assessments of DSM-IV panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, childhood parental separation/loss, major life events, adverse events of suffocative nature and common stressful life events. Regression models were applied to predict global subjective anxiety and DSM-IV panic symptoms after 35% CO2/65% O2 inhalation. Results: The responses to the challenge measured as semicontinuous variables were predicted by symptoms of childhood separation anxiety, childhood parental loss, common stressful events, major life events, suffocative events and the female gender. The role of most of these predictors was confirmed and held true after the exclusion of subjects with lifetime panic attacks/disorder from the analyses. Conclusions: Several factors which have been reported by previous clinical studies to influence the individual susceptibility to develop panic disorder seem to affect the individual reactivity to inhaled carbon dioxide in people from the general population. Some elements of risk may impact simultaneously upon the individual liability to panic and exaggerated sensitivity to hypercapnia.
A Cineradiographic Study of Static and Dynamic Aspects of American English /r/
Authors: Zawadzki Paul A. , Kuehn David P.
Published: November 2009

High speed cineradiograms were used to examine the articulatory characteristics associated with selected allophones of American English /r/. Only one of the three speakers produced a ‘retroflexed’ /r/ with a raised tongue apex. The other speakers produced a ‘bunched’ /r/ characterized by a raising of the tongue dorsum. Two basic types of /r/ were observed for all three speakers: (1) prevocalic /r/, which initiated a syllable, and (2) post-vocalic /r/, which terminated a syllable or formed a syllabic nucleus. The prevocalic allophone was characterized by greater lip rounding, a more advanced tongue position, and less tongue dorsum grooving. The two allophones also were associated with different variability and movement attributes. The differences in /r/ allophones were found to be similar to previously reported differences in American English /1/ allophones.
Comparison of Aortic Root Dimensions and Geometries Before and After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation by 2- and 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography and Multislice Computed Tomography
Authors: Ng Arnold C.T. , Delgado Victoria , van der Kley Frank , Shanks Miriam , van de Veire Nico R.L. , Bertini Matteo , Nucifora Gaetano , van Bommel Rutger J. , Tops Laurens F. , de Weger Arend , Tavilla Giuseppe , de Roos Albert , Kroft Lucia J. , Leung Dominic Y. , Schuijf Joanne , Schalij Martin J. , Bax Jeroen J.
Published: November 2009

Background—

3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) may provide more accurate aortic annular and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) dimensions and geometries compared with 2D TEE. We assessed agreements between 2D and 3D TEE measurements with multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and changes in annular/LVOT areas and geometries after transcatheter aortic valve implantations (TAVI).

Methods and Results—

Two-dimensional circular (π�
r
2
), 3D circular, and 3D planimetered annular and LVOT areas by TEE were compared with “gold standard” MSCT planimetered areas before TAVI. Mean MSCT planimetered annular area was 4.65�0.82 cm
2
before TAVI. Annular areas were underestimated by 2D TEE circular (3.89�0.74 cm
2
,
P
<0.001), 3D TEE circular (4.06�0.79 cm
2
,
P
<0.001), and 3D TEE planimetered annular areas (4.22�0.77 cm
2
,
P
<0.001). Mean MSCT planimetered LVOT area was 4.61�1.20 cm
2
before TAVI. LVOT areas were underestimated by 2D TEE circular (3.41�0.89 cm
2
,
P
<0.001), 3D TEE circular (3.89�0.94 cm
2
,
P
<0.001), and 3D TEE planimetered LVOT areas (4.31�1.15 cm
2
,
P
<0.001). Three-dimensional TEE planimetered annular and LVOT areas had the best agreement with respective MSCT planimetered areas. After TAVI, MSCT planimetered (4.65�0.82 versus 4.20�0.46 cm
2
,
P
<0.001) and 3D TEE planimetered (4.22�0.77 versus 3.62�0.43 cm
2
,
P
<0.001) annular areas decreased, whereas MSCT planimetered (4.61�1.20 versus 4.84�1.17 cm
2
,
P
=0.002) and 3D TEE planimetered (4.31�1.15 versus 4.55�1.21 cm
2
,
P
<0.001) LVOT areas increased. Aortic annulus and LVOT became less elliptical after TAVI.

Conclusions—

Before TAVI, 2D and 3D TEE aortic annular/LVOT circular geometric assumption underestimated the respective MSCT planimetered areas. After TAVI, 3D TEE and MSCT planimetered annular areas decreased as it assumes the internal dimensions of the prosthetic valve. However, planimetered LVOT areas increased due to a more circular geometry.
Thesmophoriazusae's Two Dawns
Authors: Clements Ashley
Published: November 2009

It is commonly assumed that line 2 of Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazusae, where it appears that the action of our play begins in the early morning after dawn, is inconsistent with lines 277-9, where the Kinsman is told to hurry off to the women's Assembly so as to arrive there before dawn (cf. 376). This article offers a fresh approach to the problem by re-analyzing the temporal co-ordinate offered by the Kinsman's wish for the appearance of χελιδων, 'the swallow', in line 1. It is argued that for an audience of mid-April 411, the play's production date, χελιδων did not primarily evoke the coming of spring as is usually presumed. Rather, the word evoked a specific time of night, the pre-dawn hours of ορρος, during which, in April 411, not only the swallow could be heard but also a star called Χελιδων could be seen ascending before sunrise. The Kinsman's reference to χελιδων therefore situates the beginning of the play at some unspecified time before dawn, implying that Euripides and his Kinsman have been tramping around in circles ever since the dawn of the day before, and that the dawn of line 376 is the dawn of a second day. The twenty-four hour wandering of our play's protagonists in search of a solution to Euripides' predicament therefore provides a comic precedent for Alcibiades' description of Socrates' twenty-four-hour, dawn-to-dawn, stint of philosophizing in Plato's Symposium (220c3-d5).
Myeloid progenitor cells lacking p53 exhibit delayed up-regulation of Puma and prolonged survival after cytokine deprivation
Authors: Jabbour Anissa M. , Daunt Carmel P. , Green Benjamin D. , Vogel Sandra , Gordon Lavinia , Lee Rachel S. , Silke Natasha , Pearson Richard B. , Vandenberg Cassandra J. , Kelly Priscilla N. , Nutt Stephen L. , Strasser Andreas , Borner Christoph , Ekert Paul G.
Published: November 2009

Loss of p53-dependent apoptosis contributes to the development of hematologic malignancies and failure to respond to treatment. Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Puma is essential for apoptosis in HoxB8-immortalized interleukin-3 (IL-3)–dependent myeloid cell lines (FDM cells) provoked by IL-3 deprivation. p53 and FoxO3a can transcriptionally regulate Puma. To investigate which transcriptional regulator is responsible for IL-3 deprivation-induced Puma expression and apoptosis, we generated wild-type (WT), p53−/−, and FoxO3a−/− FDM cells and found that p53−/− but not FoxO3a−/− cells were protected against IL-3 withdrawal. Loss of p21cip/waf, which is critical for p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest, afforded no protection against IL-3 deprivation. A survival advantage was also observed in untransformed p53−/− hematopoietic progenitor cells cultured in the presence or absence of cytokines. In response to IL-3 deprivation, increased Puma protein levels in p53−/− cells were substantially delayed compared with WT cells. Increased p53 transcriptional activity was detected after cytokine deprivation. This was substantially less than that induced by DNA damage and associated not with increased p53 protein levels but with loss of the p53 regulator, MDM2. Thus, we conclude that p53 protein is activated after IL-3 deprivation by loss of MDM2. Activated p53 transcriptionally up-regulates Puma, which initiates apoptosis.