bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Snapshot-Based Model Reduction Under Compatibility Conditions for a Nonlinear Flow Problem on Networks
Authors: Liljegren-Sailer Björn , Marheineke Nicole
Published: July 2022

This paper is on the construction of structure-preserving, online-efficient reduced models for the barotropic Euler equations with a friction term on networks. The nonlinear flow problem finds broad application in the context of gas distribution networks. We propose a snapshot-based reduction approach that consists of a mixed variational Galerkin approximation combined with quadrature-type complexity reduction. Its main feature is that certain compatibility conditions are assured during the training phase, which make our approach structure-preserving. The resulting reduced models are locally mass conservative and inherit an energy bound and port-Hamiltonian structure. We also derive a wellposedness result for them. In the training phase, the compatibility conditions pose challenges, we face constrained data approximation problems as opposed to the unconstrained training problems in the conventional reduction methods. The training of our model order reduction consists of a principal component analysis under a compatibility constraint and, notably, yields reduced models that fulfill an optimality condition for the snapshot data. The training of our quadrature-type complexity reduction involves a semi-definite program with combinatorial aspects, which we approach by a greedy procedure. Efficient algorithmic implementations are presented. The robustness and good performance of our structure-preserving reduced models are showcased at the example of gas network simulations.
Lines made by walking—On the aesthetic experience of landscape
Authors: Schlitte Annika
Published: July 2022

Landscape is often seen as a predominantly visual aesthetic phenomenon, which is closely connected to painting. Georg Simmel calls landscape “a work of art in statu nascendi.” Yet from a phenomenological point of view, landscape can also be seen as something we do not only view but also experience bodily, as something we walk through and live in. In this respect, there are many connections between landscape and the experience of space and place. For Edward Casey, it is important to recognize that a landscape consists of places, which thus function as “its main modules, its prime numbers.” Consequently, the aesthetic experience of landscapes will have to take its located and situated character into account. In my contribution, I will draw on this line of thought and try to point out some key aspects of a phenomenological critique of reductive accounts of landscape and consider its relevance for the arts. As landscape and nature have become a prominent theme in artistic practices since the 1960s and 1970s, this paper will relate the philosophical discussion to artistic projects such as Richard Long’s art of walking. In his practice, the status of the work of art as well as a solely pictorial idea of landscape is questioned.
Systemising triage: COVID-19 guidelines and their underlying theories of distributive justice
Authors: Meier Lukas J.
Published: July 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has been overwhelming public health-care systems around the world. With demand exceeding the availability of medical resources in several regions, hospitals have been forced to invoke triage. To ensure that this difficult task proceeds in a fair and organised manner, governments scrambled experts to draft triage guidelines under enormous time pressure. Although there are similarities between the documents, they vary considerably in how much weight their respective authors place on the different criteria that they propose. Since most of the recommendations do not come with ethical justifications, analysing them requires that one traces back these criteria to their underlying theories of distributive justice. In the literature, COVID-19 triage has been portrayed as a value conflict solely between utilitarian and egalitarian elements. While these two accounts are indeed the main antipodes, I shall show that in fact all four classic theories of distributive justice are involved: utilitarianism, egalitarianism, libertarianism, and communitarianism. Detecting these in the documents and classifying the suggested criteria accordingly enables one to understand the balancing between the different approaches to distributive justice—which is crucial for both managing the current pandemic and in preparation for the next global health crisis.
Patient autonomy, clinical decision making, and the Phenomenological reduction
Authors: Lewis Jonathan , Holm Søren
Published: July 2022

Phenomenology gives rise to certain ontological considerations that have far-reaching implications for standard conceptions of patient autonomy in medical ethics, and, as a result, the obligations of and to patients in clinical decision-making contexts. One such consideration is thephenomenological reductionin classical phenomenology, a core feature of which is the characterisation of our primary experiences as immediately and inherently meaningful. This paper builds on and extends the analyses of the phenomenological reduction in the works of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty in order to identify and explain its implications for our current understanding of the principle of respect for patient autonomy and the norms of clinical decision making.
Participatory Governance Practices at the Democracy-Knowledge-Nexus
Authors: Krick Eva
Published: July 2022

Against the background of an increasing dependency of governance on specialized expertise and growing calls for citizen participation, this study discusses solutions to the tension between knowledge and democracy. It asks: Which institutions and practices add to striking a balance between knowledge-based decision-making and the involvement of the affected? Based on the social studies of science, knowledge and expertise as well as democratic theory with a focus on participation, representation and inclusion, the study first identifies quality criteria of expertise and participation, and then, with reference to two quite different, up-and-coming empirical answers to the epistemic-democratic tension, spells out the conditions of realizing these criteria in practice. In focus are a) highly complex, multi-layered structures of policy deliberation and advice that combine expert panels with a range of public input channels and b) the involvement of ‘lay experts’ into policy-making through participatory knowledge practices such as ‘service user involvement’ or ‘citizen science’. The study underlines, inter alia, how claims that transcend individual viewpoints and integrate a multiplicity of experiences and concerns are of particular democratic and epistemic value; it points to the key role of organized advocacy groups when it comes to credibly combining a mandate to speak for others with useful and reliable experience-based expertise; and it illustrates the relevance of conflict-minimising institutions for the making of public policies.
Levi–Civita Connections on Quantum Spheres
Authors: Arnlind Joakim , Ilwale Kwalombota , Landi Giovanni
Published: July 2022

We introduce q-deformed connections on the quantum 2-sphere and 3-sphere, satisfying a twisted Leibniz rule in analogy with q-deformed derivations. We show that such connections always exist on projective modules. Furthermore, a condition for metric compatibility is introduced, and an explicit formula is given, parametrizing all metric connections on a free module. On the quantum 3-sphere, a q-deformed torsion freeness condition is introduced and we derive explicit expressions for the Christoffel symbols of a Levi–Civita connection for a general class of metrics. We also give metric connections on a class of projective modules over the quantum 2-sphere. Finally, we outline a generalization to any Hopf algebra with a (left) covariant calculus and associated quantum tangent space.
Reflection of waves in a waveguide from a boundary with nonlinear stiffness: application to axial and flexural vibrations
Authors: Abdi Moein , Sorokin Vladislav , Mace Brian
Published: July 2022

The reflection of time-harmonic waves in a waveguide with a nonlinear boundary stiffness is considered with applications to rods and beams. Incident waves at frequencies that are multiples of a fundamental frequency give rise to reflected propagating and nearfield waves at the same frequencies. An infinite set of equations is developed for the reflection coefficients, which depend on the amplitudes and phases of the incident waves. Nonlinear boundary conditions are applied, and equations is truncated by using the harmonic balance method and solved numerically. The case of zero linear boundary stiffness, i.e. essential nonlinearity, is studied. First, the case where there is only one incident wave is considered. An approximate solution is found when retaining only two reflected waves. Numerical examples are presented, energy being seen to leak into the higher harmonics. The minimum magnitudes of the reflection coefficients of axial and flexural vibrational waves at the fundamental frequency and the maximum energy that can leak into the higher harmonics are determined. Accuracy and convergence when retaining different numbers of reflected harmonics are illustrated. The case of two incident waves is then considered. Multiple incident waves affect the leakage of energy to higher harmonics and can have a significant effect on the reflection coefficient for the fundamental harmonic. With some parameters, a much lower reflection coefficient is obtained for the wave at the fundamental frequency as compared to the case of one incident wave. It is seen that with two incident flexural waves, the reflection coefficients can be multi-valued for certain values of the system parameters. A numerical study is performed to show the region of multiple solutions.
Purpose in Life as Protection Against Professional Burnout Among Catholic Priests and Religious in Italy: Testing the Insights of Logotherapy
Authors: Crea Giuseppe , Francis Leslie J.
Published: July 2022

Logotherapy, grounded in the insights of Viktor Frankl, suggests that meaning-making and the sense of purpose in life is central to healthy human functioning. This thesis was tested among a sample of 156 Catholic priests and religious sisters in Italy; their healthy human functioning was assessed through the two indices of positive affect (satisfaction in ministry) and negative affect (emotional exhaustion in ministry) proposed by the Francis Burnout Inventory. After controlling for personal factors (age and sex) and for psychological factors (emotionality and extraversion/introversion), the data demonstrated that higher scores on the Purpose in Life Scale were associated with both higher scores on the Satisfaction in Ministry Scale and lower scores on the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Ministry. These findings suggest that professional burnout and poor work-related psychological health among priests and religious sisters may, at least in part, be attributed to a poor sense of purpose in life. In light of this empirical evidence, therapeutic techniques developed by logotherapy may be relevant to addressing the problem of professional burnout and poor work-related psychological health among Catholic priests and religious sisters.
Enactivism and the Hegelian Stance on Intrinsic Purposiveness
Authors: Gambarotto Andrea , Mossio Matteo
Published: July 2022

We characterize Hegel’s stance on biological purposiveness as consisting in a twofold move, which conceives organisms as intrinsically purposive natural systems and focuses on their behavioral and cognitive abilities. We submit that a Hegelian stance is at play in enactivism, the branch of the contemporary theory of biological autonomy devoted to the study of cognition and the mind. What is at stake in the Hegelian stance is the elaboration of a naturalized, although non-reductive, understanding of natural purposiveness.
The harmony of grounding
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: July 2022

Mereological harmony is the idea that the mereological structure of objects mirrors the mereological structure of locations. Grounding harmony is the idea that there is a similar mirroring between the grounding structure of objects and locations. Our goal in this paper is exploratory: we introduce and then explore two notions of grounding harmony: locative and structural. We outline potential locative and structural harmony principles for grounding, and show which of these principles may entail, or be entailed by, principles of mereological harmony. We then present a case study in grounding harmony, by applying it to Schaffer’s (in Philos Rev 119(1):31, 2010a) specific version of priority monism. We show that, given a strong form of grounding harmony, Schaffer-style monism is inconsistent, but that this inconsistency can be resolved by offering bespoke notions of grounding harmony. We use Schaffer’s priority monism to demonstrate a broader tension within certain packages of metaphysical views, including versions of priority pluralism. We close by briefly considering the case against structural grounding harmony.
Estimating the impact of changes in weight and BMI on EQ-5D-3L: a longitudinal analysis of a behavioural group-based weight loss intervention
Authors: Breeze Penny , Gray Laura A. , Thomas Chloe , Bates Sarah E. , Brennan Alan
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To estimate the association between changes in BMI and changes in Health-Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D-3L).

Methods

The WRAP trial was a multicentre, randomised controlled trial with parallel design and recruited 1267 adults (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2). Participants were allocated to Brief Intervention, a Commercial weight management Programme (WW, formerly Weight Watchers) for 12 weeks, or the same Programme for 52 weeks. Participants were assessed at 0, 3, 12, 24, and 60 months. We analysed the relationship between BMI and EQ-5D-3L, adjusting for age and comorbidities, using a fixed effects model. Test for attrition, model specification and missing data were conducted. Secondary analyses investigated a non-symmetric gradient for weight loss vs. regain.

Results

A unit increase in BMI was associated with a − 0.011 (95% CI − 0.01546, − 0.00877) change in EQ-5D-3L. A unit change in BMI between periods of observation was associated with − 0.016 017 (95% CI − 0.0077009, − 0.025086) change in EQ-5D-3L. The negative association was reduced during weight loss, as opposed to weight gain, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

We have identified a strong and statistically significant negative relationship between BMI changes and HRQoL. These estimates could be used in economic evaluations of weight loss interventions to inform policymaking.

Clinical trial registration

This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN82857232.
Measuring Linguistic Diversity: A Multi-level Metric
Authors: Grin François , Fürst Guillaume
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes a novel approach to the measurement of linguistic diversity. Drawing on the ecological literature, it proposes an adaptation to languages of the classic distinction between “alpha” (intra-setting), “beta” (inter-setting) and “gamma” (system-level) diversity. We begin by discussing some of the general challenges raised by the measurement of diversity. We review received approaches to the measurement of diversity resting on the concepts of richness and evenness, highlighting some limitations that come to the fore when comparing the respective diversity of different settings and systems. In order to overcome some of these limitations, we adapt the concept of “numbers equivalent” to linguistic diversity measurement indices. On this basis, we derive a multi-level approach to diversity measurement. We provide numerical examples to highlight the properties of this model before discussing its application to language policy issues.
Determinants of Job-Finding Intentions Among Young Adults from 11 European Countries
Authors: Simões Francisco , Tosun Jale , Rocca Antonella
Published: July 2022

In this study we investigate the impact of individual, parental and social factors on young adults’ job-finding intentions across countries and overall. We test our hypotheses by conducting binary logistic regressions on the basis of an original dataset that comprises responses from more than 5200 young adults and their parents from 11 European countries. Our findings show that individual factors are most decisive in shaping the job-finding intentions of young adults. Most importantly, being enrolled in education does not prevent young adults from lowering their aspirations with respect to anticipated earnings or finding more sophisticated jobs. Social factors, in terms of being socially involved or having more friends in employment, lead to stronger mobility intentions as well as to stronger intentions to improve skills or develop new ones. At the country level, and compared to Italian participants, who go through a longer school-to-work transition, participants from Northern or Central European countries, as well as from the United Kingdom, show weaker mobility intentions. In many of these countries, young adults are also more willing than their Italian counterparts to lower income aspirations, while being less inclined to lower their aspirations in terms of finding more sophisticated jobs. In a last step, we reflect on education as a means of improving professional aspirations and the need to offer adequate on-the-ground services to help young people through the school-to-work transition, especially in Southern European countries.
Solar Observations with Single-Dish INAF Radio Telescopes: Continuum Imaging in the 18 – 26 GHz Range
Authors: Pellizzoni A. , Righini S. , Iacolina M. N. , Marongiu M. , Mulas S. , Murtas G. , Valente G. , Egron E. , Bachetti M. , Buffa F. , Concu R. , Deiana G. L. , Guglielmino S. L. , Ladu A. , Loru S. , Maccaferri A. , Marongiu P. , Melis A. , Navarrini A. , Orfei A. , Ortu P. , Pili M. , Pisanu T. , Pupillo G. , Saba A. , Schirru L. , Serra G. , Tiburzi C. , Zanichelli A. , Zucca P. , Messerotti M.
Published: July 2022

We present a new solar radio imaging system implemented through the upgrade of the large single-dish telescopes of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), not originally conceived for solar observations.

During the development and early science phase of the project (2018 – 2020), we obtained about 170 maps of the entire solar disk in the 18 – 26 GHz band, filling the observational gap in the field of solar imaging at these frequencies. These solar images have typical resolutions in the 0.7 – 2 arcmin range and a brightness temperature sensitivity <10 K. Accurate calibration adopting the Supernova Remnant Cas A as a flux reference provided typical errors <3% for the estimation of the quiet-Sun level components and active regions flux measurements.

As the first early scientific result of the project, we present a catalog of radio continuum solar imaging observations with Medicina 32-m and SRT 64-m radio telescopes, including the multi-wavelength identification of active regions, their brightness and spectral characterization. The interpretation of the observed emission as thermal bremsstrahlung components combined with gyro-magnetic variable emission paves the way for the use of our system for long-term monitoring of the Sun. We also discuss useful outcomes both for solar physics (e.g., study of the chromospheric network dynamics) and space weather applications (e.g., flare precursors studies).
Larval mosquito management and risk to aquatic ecosystems: A comparative approach including current tactics and gene-drive Anopheles techniques
Authors: Peterson Robert K. D. , Rolston Marni G.
Published: July 2022

Genetic engineering of mosquitoes represents a promising tactic for reducing human suffering from malaria. Gene-drive techniques being developed that suppress or modify populations of Anopheles gambiae have the potential to be used with, or even possibly obviate, microbial and synthetic insecticides. However, these techniques are new and therefore there is attendant concern and uncertainty from regulators, policymakers, and the public about their environmental risks. Therefore, there is a need to assist decision-makers and public health stewards by assessing the risks associated with these newer mosquito management tactics so the risks can be compared as a basis for informed decision making. Previously, the effect of gene-drive mosquitoes on water quality in Africa was identified as a concern by stakeholders. Here, we use a comparative risk assessment approach for the effect of gene-drive mosquitoes on water quality in Africa. We compare the use of existing larvicides and the proposed genetic techniques in aquatic environments. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the tactic of gene-drive Anopheles for malaria management is unlikely to result in risks to aquatic environments that exceed current tactics for larval mosquitoes. As such, these new techniques would likely comply with currently recommended safety standards.
Confirming the presence of selected antibiotics and steroids in Norwegian biogas digestate
Authors: Nesse Astrid Solvåg , Aanrud Stine Göransson , Lyche Jan Ludvig , Sogn Trine , Kallenborn Roland
Published: July 2022

Farms utilizing sewage sludge and manure in their agronomic plant production are recognized as potential hotspots for environmental release of antibiotics and the resulting promotion of antibiotic resistance. As part of the circular economy, the use of biogas digestates for soil fertilizing is steadily increasing, but their potential contribution to the spreading of pharmaceutical residues is largely unknown. Digestates can be produced from a variety of biowaste resources, including sewage sludge, manure, food waste, and fish ensilage. We developed a method for the detection of 17 antibiotics and 2 steroid hormones and applied the method to detect pharmaceutical residues in digestates from most municipal biogas plants in Norway, covering a variety of feedstocks. The detection frequency and measured levels were overall low for most compounds, except a few incidents which cause concern. Specifically, relatively high levels of amoxicillin, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, and prednisolone were detected in different digestates. Further, ipronidazole was detected in four digestates, although no commercial pharmaceutical products containing ipronidazole are currently registered in Norway. A simplified risk assessment showed a high risk for soil microorganisms and indicates the tendency for antibiotic-resistant bacteria for penicillin G and amoxicillin. For prednisolone and ipronidazole; however, no toxicity data is available for reliable risk assessments.

Graphical abstract
Gender Inequalities in Citations of Articles Published in High-Impact General Medical Journals: a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sebo Paul , Clair Carole
Published: July 2022

Background

Besides the number of publications, the number of citations is another key metric often used to compare researchers with each other. While women researchers tend to have fewer publications than their men colleagues, the data is scarce for the number of citations. We aimed to determine whether there is a gender gap in citations.

Methods

We used Web of Science to retrieve the number of citations per year for all research articles and reviews published between January 2015 and December 2019 in fourteen high-impact general medical journals (impact factor > 5). We used Gender API to identify the gender of the first/last authors. We compared the results by gender using multivariable negative binomial regressions (adjusting for intra-cluster correlations within journals).

Results

The gender of the first/last author was determined for 13,218/13,350 (99%) and 11,894/12,026 (99%) articles, respectively. The proportion of women among first/last authors was 40% and 29%, respectively. The median number of citations per year was 5 (IQR = 11.3) for women and 6.8 (IQR = 17.8) for men for first authors (IRR = 1.5 [95% CI = 1.3–1.8], p value < 0.001), and 6 (IQR = 12.4) and 7.5 (IQR = 17.4) for last authors (IRR = 1.3 [95% CI = 1.2–1.5], p value < 0.001). Articles whose first and last authors were women were the least cited and those whose first and last authors were men were the most cited.

Conclusion

In this cross-sectional study, we found that articles authored by women were cited less often than those authored by men. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons for these gender differences in article citations.
Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Cancer Survivors: a Review of Current Evidence, Strategies for Prevention and Management, and Future Directions for Cardio-oncology
Authors: Muhandiramge Jaidyn , Zalcberg John R. , van Londen G. J. , Warner Erica T. , Carr Prudence R. , Haydon Andrew , Orchard Suzanne G.
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review

Cardiovascular disease is long-term complication of both cancer and anti-cancer treatment and can have significant ramifications for health-related quality of life and mortality. This narrative review explores the current evidence linking cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as exploring strategies for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, and outlines future opportunities in the field of cardio-oncology.

Recent Findings

Cancer confers risk for various cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and valvular heart disease. Cancer treatment, in particular agents such as platinum-based chemotherapy, anthracyclines, hormonal treatments, and thoracic radiotherapy, further increases risk. While cardiovascular disease can be identified early and effectively managed in cancer survivors, cardiovascular screening and management does not typically feature in routine long-term cancer care of adult cancer survivors.

Cancer and cancer treatment can accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Further research into screening and management strategies for cardiovascular disease, along with evidence-based guidelines, is required to ensure adult cancer survivors receive appropriate long-term care.
The Role of Split Anterolateral Thigh Free Flaps in Reconstructive Surgery: a Systematic Review and Case Report
Authors: Uyulmaz Semra , Besmens Inga Swantje , Klein Holger Jan , Giovanoli Pietro , Lindenblatt Nicole
Published: July 2022

Radical tumor ablation or severe trauma can result in challenging tissue defects. The split anterolateral thigh free flap has been promoted as an ideal option for complex defects. We aimed to evaluate whether this flap could be performed without major morbidity. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines was conducted to assess this hypothesis. An illustrative case about pharyngeal reconstruction is discussed, and the role of free split anterolateral thigh free flaps in modern reconstructive surgery is evaluated. The systematic search of literature yielded 221 studies with 7 articles about free anterolateral thigh flaps fully split in two separate flaps based on one pedicle. Favorable outcomes in a total of 31 patients were described. Tissue defects were mainly located at extremities, chest wall, lip, and cheek. A low complication incidence was reported in all studies, in terms of flap loss, donor site morbidity, and general wound healing problems. The flap was utilized for pharyngeal reconstruction and simultaneous neck resurfacing, which allowed a more convenient way of flap monitoring in the present case. Being technically a rather demanding flap variant, splitting the anterolateral thigh free flap has still become an accepted technique among microsurgeons. Currently, literature suggests that it can be performed without major complications for reconstructing extremities and the head and neck area. Rearrangement of the flap units in pharyngeal reconstruction increases the flap’s versatility as it allows neck resurfacing and external monitoring of buried inaccessible flaps.
Psychometric Properties of a German Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) in a Community Sample
Authors: Baumann Ines , Gruber Elena , Vonderlin Eva , Bents Hinrich , Heidenreich Thomas , Kalmar Julia , Mander Johannes
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Based on the current literature, mindfulness seems to have positive effects on mental and physical health not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Research should further investigate these findings and needs properly validated measures. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to validate a German version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM).

Methods

A sample of 248 children and adolescents (10–19 years, M = 14.85, SD = 2.55, 58.87% females) filled in the CAMM, measures of self-compassion, internalizing (depression and anxiety) and externalizing (destructiveness and boundary violations) symptoms, and quality of life. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the original factor structure. Also, internal consistency, convergent validity, and possible gender and age group differences were examined.

Results

Results did not support the original one-factor structure of the CAMM with ten items but indicated a one-factor structure with seven items for the German version of the CAMM. Internal consistency was good with Cronbach’s α = .83 and McDonald’s ω = .85. Convergent validity of the seven-item scale was indicated by moderate correlations in expected directions with self-compassion, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and quality of life.

Conclusions

The German seven-item version of the CAMM seems to be a promising tool to measure mindfulness in German-speaking children and adolescents.
Is Together Better? Investigating the Relationship between Network Dynamics and Congregations’ Vitality and Sustainability
Authors: McClure Jennifer M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Although few studies have explored predictors of congregational vitality (i.e., ministry-oriented strengths, not attendance or growth) and sustainability, inter-organizational relationships matter for organizational wellbeing because of their impact on trust, cooperation, and information access. However, investigating the relationship between social capital and congregational vitality and sustainability has not previously been possible due to data limitations.

Purpose

This article investigates the extent to which brokerage, or bridging together otherwise disconnected congregations, predicts congregational vitality and sustainability in an inter-congregational network of religious congregations from eight counties encompassing and surrounding a major metropolitan area in the southeastern United States. Research on social networks between organizations suggests that brokerage can have positive, negative, and curvilinear relationships with organizational outcomes, and this literature does not provide a clear expectation for how brokerage might relate with congregational vitality and sustainability.

Methods

OLS regressions are used to predict three forms of vitality and two forms of sustainability using inverse network constraint, a measure of brokerage, as well as a variety of control variables. Statistical significance is estimated through permutation tests, which account for the relationships between congregations.

Results

Results indicate that brokerage is positively associated with community vitality and that staff/volunteer sustainability is highest for congregations with moderate levels of brokerage. Brokerage does not predict spiritual vitality, relational vitality, or financial sustainability.

Conclusions and Implications

This article has practical implications for congregations. Bridging together otherwise disconnected congregations can provide a wide range of ideas, resources, and opportunities, and these benefits can help congregations seeking to minister in their communities. In addition, moderate levels of brokerage can provide more diverse information and resources as well as a supportive, trusting, and cooperative environment. This combination of benefits may be helpful for congregations to disclose challenges with and to seek resources related to staff/volunteer sustainability. In addition, this article contributes to the fields of: congregational studies through exploring predictors of congregational vitality and sustainability; sociology of religion through expanding research using social network analysis; inter-organizational networks, whose research on social capital and organizational outcomes is both complicated and conflicting.
Regulation and control of wet friction of soft materials using surface texturing: A review
Authors: Li Meng , Shi Wenbin , Shi Jun , Wang Tao , Shi Liping , Wang Xiaolei
Published: July 2022

Surface texturing is a smart strategy that is commonly used in nature or industry to improve the tribological properties of sliding surfaces. Herein, we focus on the recent research progress pertaining to the wet friction modification of soft elastomers via texturing. To consider the pertinent physical mechanisms, we present and discuss the fundamentals of wet sliding on soft surfaces (including dewetting and wetting transitions in compliant contacts). Subsequently, we consider the methods in which the characteristic textures regulate and control wet sliding behaviors on soft surfaces; these textures range from conventional patterns of dimples to bioinspired architectures and can either positively or adversely impact the interfacial friction force. Furthermore, we briefly address the perspectives, potential applications, and challenges of texture design for modifying the friction characteristics of soft materials.
Cosmology
Authors: Baumann Daniel
Published: July 2022

The author – a leading theoretical cosmologist – expands on his widely acclaimed lecture notes in this self-contained textbook, suitable for the advanced undergraduate or starting graduate level. Presenting the key theoretical foundations of cosmology and describing the observations that have turned the subject into a precision science, the author keeps the student in mind on every page by explaining concepts step-by-step, in an approachable manner. After describing the dynamics of the homogeneous universe, the book traces the evolution of small density fluctuations, which were created quantum-mechanically during inflation and are today observed in the cosmic microwave background and the large-scale structure of the universe. The book is ideally suited as a course companion or for self-study. With all necessary background material covered, students have everything they need to establish an unrivalled understanding of the subject. Complete with many worked examples, figures, and homework problems, this textbook is a definitive resource for advanced students in physics, astronomy and applied mathematics.
Sacrifice
Authors: Kitts Margo
Published: July 2022

After over a century of grand theorizing about the universal dimensions to the practice of ritual sacrifice, scholars now question the analytical utility of the notion writ large. The word 'sacrifice' (Latin sacrificium) itself frequently is broken down into its Latin roots, sacer, sacred, and facere, to do or to make – to do or to make sacred – which is a huge category and also vague. Presuming it is people and places that are made sacred, we must question the dynamics. Does sacrifice 'make sacred' by summoning the presence of gods or ancestors? By offering gifts to them? By dining with them? By restoring or establishing cosmic order? By atoning for personal or collective sins? By rectifying social disequilibrium through scapegoating? By inducing an existential epiphany about life and death? While this short Element cannot cover all complexities and practices, it does treat critically some prominent themes, theories, and controversies concerning sacrifice, from ancient to present times.
After-hours consultations and antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections in primary-care practices
Authors: Peng Zhuoxin , He Wen-Qiang , Hayen Andrew , Hall John , Liu Bette
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

To determine the association between after-hours consultations and the likelihood of antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in primary care practices.

Design:

A cross-sectional analysis using Australian national primary-care practice data (MedicineInsight) between February 1, 2016 and January 31, 2019.

Setting:

Nationwide primary-care practices across Australia.

Participants:

Adult and pediatric patients who visited primary care practices for first-time URTIs.

Methods:

We estimated the proportion of first-time URTI episodes for which antibiotic prescribing occurred on the same day (immediate prescribing) using diagnoses and prescription records in the electronic primary-care database. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the likelihood of antibiotic prescribing by the time of primary care visits were calculated using generalized estimating equations.

Results:

Among 357,287 URTI episodes, antibiotics were prescribed in 172,605 episodes (48.3%). After adjusting for patients’ demographics, practice characteristics, and seasons, we detected a higher likelihood of antibiotic prescribing on weekends compared to weekdays (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.39–1.45) and on national public holidays compared to nonholidays (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.17–1.29). When we controlled for patient presentation and diagnosis, the association between antibiotic prescribing and after-hours consultations remained significant: weekend versus weekdays (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.33–1.41) and holidays versus nonholidays (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03–1.18).

Conclusions:

Primary-care consultations on weekends and public holidays were associated with a higher likelihood of immediate antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting URTIs in primary care. This finding might be attributed to lower resourcing in after-hours health care.
The impact of source fluctuations in a filling box with interior diffusive mixing
Authors: Li Scott W. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: July 2022

We explore the interior stratification that develops in a reservoir of fluid in which there is a localised source of destabilising (positive) buoyancy and a distributed source of stabilising (negative) buoyancy at the surface of the fluid, combined with an interior turbulent diffusivity. The source of destabilising buoyancy forms a descending turbulent plume that entrains ambient fluid, and this, coupled with the interior turbulent diffusivity, leads to mixing of the interior fluid. When the ratio

$Pe$

of the plume source volume flux to the diffusive flux across the whole reservoir is large, the reservoir is well mixed except for a narrow surface boundary layer, while for smaller

$Pe$

, the reservoir is more stratified, consistent with the results of Hughes et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 581, 2007, pp. 251–276) and Hughes & Griffiths (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 40, issue 1, 2008, pp. 185–208). We explore the evolution of the system when the source buoyancy flux varies in time, exploring both sudden changes and oscillatory changes in the forcing. Provided that the time scale of the change in the forcing is comparable to or smaller than the response time of the reservoir, as the source buoyancy flux decreases the plume may become trapped in the upper part of the reservoir, leading to a much shallower mixed zone. However, in the case of a source whose strength oscillates in time, as the source buoyancy flux increases, again the deeper water becomes involved in the mixing and circulation. We discuss briefly how these results may provide insight into the impact of changes in the forcing on mixing in deep ocean waters.
Mechanisms ruling the lifetimes of films of liquid mixtures
Authors: Tran H.-P. , Passade-Boupat N. , Lequeux F. , Talini L.
Published: July 2022

Foams and bubbles formed in liquid mixtures have lifetimes longer by several orders of magnitude than in pure liquids of similar viscosities. We have shown recently that this effect results from slight differences in molecular concentrations between bulk and surfaces, which give rise to a thickness-dependent surface tension of liquid films. We present a quantitative description of the enhanced stability of liquid films in binary mixtures, based on experimental data and theoretical analysis. Experiments were performed with mixtures of different natures and compositions: foams of stationary heights were obtained by continuous injection of gas, on one hand, and single bubbles were swollen under the surface of a liquid bath, on the other hand. Remarkably, the lifetimes measured in both experiments exhibit the same variations with mixture composition, and follow a power law with the microscopic length that characterises the amplitude of the thickness-dependent surface tension. In addition, the lifetimes vary with the squared film thicknesses at the onset of bursting. We suggest that two stages occur between the birth of liquid films and their rupture. We show how the thickness-dependent surface tension allows an equilibrium shape to be reached at the end of a first stretching stage. We give an analytical description of this shape, which is fully consistent with experimental findings. We suggest a possible mechanism for final rupture of the film, and discuss it in light of existing theoretical predictions. Finally, we compare the properties of liquid mixtures and surfactant solutions, and in particular their surface rheology.
Vortex ring connection to a free surface
Authors: Terrington S.J. , Hourigan K. , Thompson M.C.
Published: July 2022

We perform numerical simulations of the interaction between a vortex ring and a free surface, and provide a new interpretation of the mechanism by which the vortex ring connects to the free surface. Large vorticity gradients at the free surface result in the diffusion of surface-tangential vorticity out of the fluid. This is accompanied by the diffusion of opposite-signed surface-normal vorticity away from the connection line, along the free surface, which results in the attachment of the vortex ring to the free surface. Compared to existing descriptions, this interpretation explains better how the solenoidal property that vortex lines do not end in the fluid is maintained. By including an interface vortex sheet at the free surface, the important property of vorticity conservation is maintained throughout the interaction. The upper part of the vortex ring simply diffuses out of the fluid, and into the interface vortex sheet, with the total circulation remaining constant.
Effects of pistachios on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hadi Amir , Asbaghi Omid , Kazemi Maryam , Khadem Haghighian Hossein , Ghaedi Ehsan
Published: July 2022

To evaluate the effects of pistachio consumption on the glucoregulatory status in individuals with a high risk of CVD, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) were conducted. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inception until June 2019. Human trials that reported data for fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were included. Data were pooled using the random effect models and expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95 % CI. Eight RCTs were included in the analyses. Pistachio consumption, exchanged isocalorically for other foods, decreased FBS (WMD: −5·32 mg/dl, 95 % CI (−7·80, −2·64), P < 0·001) and insulin (WMD: −1·86 µIU/ml, 95 % CI (−3·13, −0·59), P < 0·01) concentrations in individuals with a high risk of CVD. However, no changes were observed in the levels of HOMA-IR between the groups (WMD: −0·66, 95 % CI (−1·89, 0·58), P = 0·30). Pistachio consumption may improve glucoregulatory status in individuals at risk for CVD, as evidenced by reduced FBS and insulin concentrations. However, due to the limited availability of studies with diabetic cases and relatively small sample sizes of available studies, well-designed trials with adequate sample sizes aimed at diabetic populations are recommended.
On the analyticity of WLUD∞ functions of one variable and WLUD∞ functions of several variables in a complete non-Archimedean valued field
Authors: Shamseddine Khodr
Published: July 2022

Let $\mathcal {N}$ be a non-Archimedean-ordered field extension of the real numbers that is real closed and Cauchy complete in the topology induced by the order, and whose Hahn group is Archimedean. In this paper, we first review the properties of weakly locally uniformly differentiable (WLUD) functions, $k$ times weakly locally uniformly differentiable (WLUD$^{k}$) functions and WLUD$^{\infty }$ functions at a point or on an open subset of $\mathcal {N}$. Then, we show under what conditions a WLUD$^{\infty }$ function at a point $x_0\in \mathcal {N}$ is analytic in an interval around $x_0$, that is, it has a convergent Taylor series at any point in that interval. We generalize the concepts of WLUD$^{k}$ and WLUD$^{\infty }$ to functions from $\mathcal {N}^{n}$ to $\mathcal {N}$, for any $n\in \mathbb {N}$. Then, we formulate conditions under which a WLUD$^{\infty }$ function at a point $\boldsymbol {x_0} \in \mathcal {N}^{n}$ is analytic at that point.
Are we there yet? Every computational theory needs a few black boxes, including theories about groups
Authors: Delton Andrew W.
Published: July 2022

Pietraszewski exemplifies the need for computational theory using group conflict; I complement this with an example of group cooperation. He criticizes past theories for having black boxes; I suggest his theory also has a black box – the concept of costs. He divides what mentally constitutes a group from mere ancillary attributes; I hazard that some of these attributes are essential.
Internal versus external group conflicts
Authors: Fog Agner
Published: July 2022

A group in intergroup conflict needs to overcome the collective action problem in order to defend itself against an external enemy. This leads to increasing complexity that cannot be adequately covered by just scaling up the model of intragroup conflicts. Research on cultural evolution and evolutionary psychology shows that external conflict has profound effects on group organization.
Shared intentionality and the representation of groups; or, how to build a socially adept robot
Authors: Phillips Ben
Published: July 2022

Pietraszewski provides a compelling case that representations of certain interaction-types are the “cognitive primitives” that allow all tokens of group-in-conflict to be represented within the mind. Here, I argue that the folk concept GROUP encodes shared intentions and goals as more central than these interaction-types, and that providing a computational theory of social groups will be more difficult than Pietraszewski envisages.
Beyond folk-sociology: Extending Pietraszewski's model to large-group dynamics
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: July 2022

Folk-sociology is a set of intuitive assumptions that organize our spontaneous theories about society, including the notion that social groups are agent-like. Pietraszewski's model may explain this folk-sociological assumption in an elegant way. However, large-scale group dynamics include features that seem to escape agent-like descriptions. Therefore, one may want to find out whether the “event-grammar” proposed here can account for these features.
A neuroscientific perspective on the computational theory of social groups
Authors: Wittmann Marco K. , Faber Nadira S. , Lamm Claus
Published: July 2022

We welcome a computational theory on social groups, yet we argue it would benefit from a broader scope. A neuroscientific perspective offers the possibility to disentangle which computations employed in a group context are genuinely social in nature. Concurrently, we emphasize that a unifying theory of social groups needs to additionally consider higher-level processes like motivations and emotions.