bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional finite element modeling of stress interaction: An application to Landers and Hector Mine fault systems
Authors: Cianetti S. , Giunchi C. , Cocco M.
Published: March 2005

We model the coseismic and postseismic stress changes and the surface deformation caused by earthquake dislocations through a three‐dimensional (3‐D) finite element numerical procedure applied to the 1992 Landers and the 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. Our goal is to investigate the stress interaction between these complex nonplanar fault systems. The modeling strategy proposed in this study allows the calculation of elastic deformation and Coulomb stress changes either by imposing the slip distribution as a boundary condition along assigned faults or by retrieving the slip pattern on preexisting faults imposing the regional stress field. We study how different initial stress conditions (including the depth dependence of isotropic components of the regional stress), different values of Coulomb friction coefficient, and the 1‐D rigidity layering can affect the slip pattern on assumed faults and the resulting Coulomb stress changes. We propose here an original approach to simultaneously model slip distribution, surface deformation, and stress perturbations consistently with the rheological parameters of the lithosphere and its state of stress.
Slow dynamics of supercooled m-toluidine investigated by mechanical spectroscopy
Authors: Mandanici Andrea , Shi Xiangfu , McKenna Gregory B. , Cutroni Maria
Published: March 2005

Dynamics of supercooled m-toluidine close to the glass transition have been investigated by dynamic shear modulus measurements and stress relaxation experiments. The viscoelastic response of this material follows time-temperature-superposition in the temperature range investigated. Comparison with results at ultrasonic frequencies suggests the existence of a secondary relaxation. A change of the temperature dependent viscosity from a Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann behavior to another regime at low temperatures is also found. Compared to most inorganic glass formers, the viscosity of m-toluidine at the glass transition is approximately two orders of magnitude lower. The shear relaxation times are characterized by the same temperature dependence as the viscosity. They are in reasonable agreement with the results of previous ultrasonic measurements. The conclusions of the present work agree with recent results obtained by high resolution dielectric spectroscopy.
Novel structures and energy spectra of hydroxylated (SiO2)8-based clusters: Searching for the magic (SiO2)8O2H3− cluster
Authors: Bromley S. T. , Flikkema E.
Published: March 2005

The prominent (SiO2)8O2H3− mass peak resulting from the laser ablation of hydroxylated silica, attributed to magic cluster formation, is investigated employing global optimization with a dedicated interatomic potential and density functional calculations. The low-energy spectra of cluster isomers are calculated for the closed shell clusters: (SiO2)8OH− and (SiO2)8O2H3− giving the likely global minima in each case. Based upon our calculated cluster structures and energetics, and further on the known experimental details, it is proposed that the abundant formation of (SiO2)8O2H3− clusters is largely dependent on the high stability of the (SiO2)8OH− ground state cluster. Both the (SiO2)8O2H3− and (SiO2)8OH− ground state clusters are found to exhibit cagelike structures with the latter containing a particularly unusual tetrahedrally four-coordinated oxygen center not observed before in either bulk silica or silica clusters. The bare ground state (SiO2)8O2− cluster ion core is also found to have four tetrahedrally symmetric SiO terminations making it a possible candidate, when combined with suitable cations, for extended cluster-based structures/materials.
Computation of conical intersections by using perturbation techniques
Authors: Serrano-Andrés Luis , Merchán Manuela , Lindh Roland
Published: March 2005

Multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory, both in its single-state multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and multistate (MS-CASPT2) formulations, is used to search for minima on the crossing seams between different potential energy hypersurfaces of electronic states in several molecular systems. The performance of the procedures is tested and discussed, focusing on the problem of the nonorthogonality of the single-state perturbative solutions. In different cases the obtained structures and energy differences are compared with available complete active space self-consistent field and multireference configuration interaction solutions. Calculations on different state crossings in LiF, formaldehyde, the ethene dimer, and the penta-2,4-dieniminium cation illustrate the discussions. Practical procedures to validate the CASPT2 solutions in polyatomic systems are explored, while it is shown that the application of the MS-CASPT2 procedure is not straightforward and requires a careful analysis of the stability of the results with the quality of the reference wave functions, that is, the size of the active space.
White polymeric light-emitting diode based on a fluorene polymer∕Ir complex blend system
Authors: Al Attar Hameed A. , Monkman Andy P. , Tavasli Mustafa , Bettington Sylvia , Bryce Martin R.
Published: March 2005

Efficient white-polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLED) were fabricated as a single active layer containing blue-emitting poly(9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl) endcapped with bis(4-methylphenyl)phenylamine; (PF2∕6am4), and yellow-orange-emitting iridium [tri-fluorenyl] pyridine complex [Ir(Fl3Py)3]. The fluorene-like ligands in the blended device prevent phase segregation and also enhance energy transfer from the polymer host to the guest due to efficient overlap of wave function (Dexter process) and host singlet emission and guest absorption bands (Förster process) which reduces the loading level required to produce white emission. The two emitted colors complement each other and doping levels of 2%–3% produce white emission. Above a certain current density, depending on the doping level, the device Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates become bias independent and a stabilized white emission can be obtained. A white-emitting PLED (coordinates 0.348, 0.367) of peak external quantum efficiency of 2.8%, and luminance of 16000cd∕m2 at applied voltage of 5V (i.e., 4.57cd∕A) was obtained.
Structural dynamics of gas-phase molybdenum nanoclusters: A transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: Vystavel T. , Koch S. A. , Palasantzas G. , De Hosson J. Th. M.
Published: March 2005

In this paper we study structural aspects of molybdenum clusters by transmission electron microscopy. The deposited clusters with sizes 4nm or larger show a body-centered crystal (bcc) structure. The clusters are self-assembled from smaller structural units and form cuboids with a typical size of 4nm or larger. With reducing cluster size, the face-centered crystal (fcc) structure appears due to dominance of surface energy minimization, while self-assembly into large cuboids with sizes up to 30nm is still observed. Our observation implies that the basic building blocks of large cuboids are actually not smaller cubes. Annealing leads to cluster coalescence at temperatures ∼800°C, with the crystal habit changing to truncated rhombic dodecahedron for isolated clusters, while the large cuboidally shaped particles become more faceted polyhedra.
Revealing hidden pore structure in nanoporous thin films using positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Peng Hua-Gen , Frieze William E. , Vallery Richard S. , Gidley David W. , Moore Darren L. , Carter Richard J.
Published: March 2005

The highly inhomogeneous pore morphology of a plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposited ultralow-k dielectric film (k=2.2) has been revealed using depth-profiled positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) combined with progressive etch back of the film surface. The film is found to have a dense surface layer, an intermediate layer of 1.8nm diameter mesopores, and a deep region of ∼3nm diameter mesopores. After successively etching of the sealing layer and the isolated 1.8nm pore region, PALS reveals that the underlying large pores are highly interconnected. This inhomogeneous pore structure is proposed to account for observed difficulties in film integration.
Current transport property of n-GaN∕n-6H–SiC heterojunction: Influence of interface states
Authors: Huang Y. , Chen X. D. , Fung S. , Beling C. D. , Ling C. C. , Dai X. Q. , Xie M. H.
Published: March 2005

Heterostructures of n-GaN∕n-6H–SiC grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) are characterized with the current–voltage (I–V), capacitance–voltage (C–V), and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) techniques. Using different contact configurations, the I–V results reveal a rectifying barrier in the n-GaN∕n-6H–SiC heterostructures. When GaN is negatively biased, the current is exponentially proportional to the applied voltage with the built-in barrier being 0.4–1.1eV for the HVPE samples and 0.5eV for the MBE sample. DLTS measurements reveal intense band-like deep level states in the interfacial region of the heterostructure, and the Fermi-level pinning by these deep level defects is invoked to account for the interfacial rectifying barrier of the heterostructures.
Short-pulse-laser-induced optical damage and fracto-emission of amorphous, diamond-like carbon films
Authors: Sokolowski-Tinten Klaus , Ziegler Wolfgang , von der Linde Dietrich , Siegal Michael P. , Overmyer D. L.
Published: March 2005

Short-pulse-laser-induced damage and ablation of thin films of amorphous, diamond-like carbon have been investigated. Material removal and damage are caused by fracture of the film and ejection of large fragments. The fragments exhibit a delayed, intense and broadband emission of microsecond duration. Both fracture and emission are attributed to the laser-initiated relaxation of the high internal stresses of the pulse laser deposition-grown films.
Genotype–environment interactions in mouse behavior: A way out of the problem
Authors: Kafkafi Neri , Benjamini Yoav , Sakov Anat , Elmer Greg I. , Golani Ilan
Published: March 2005

In behavior genetics, behavioral patterns of mouse genotypes, such as inbred strains, crosses, and knockouts, are characterized and compared to associate them with particular gene loci. Such genotype differences, however, are usually established in single-laboratory experiments, and questions have been raised regarding the replicability of the results in other laboratories. A recent multilaboratory experiment found significant laboratory effects and genotype × laboratory interactions even after rigorous standardization, raising the concern that results are idiosyncratic to a particular laboratory. This finding may be regarded by some critics as a serious shortcoming in behavior genetics. A different strategy is offered here: (i) recognize that even after investing much effort in identifying and eliminating causes for laboratory differences, genotype × laboratory interaction is an unavoidable fact of life. (ii) Incorporate this understanding into the statistical analysis of multilaboratory experiments using the mixed model. Such a statistical approach sets a higher benchmark for finding significant genotype differences. (iii) Develop behavioral assays and endpoints that are able to discriminate genetic differences even over the background of the interaction. (iv) Use the publicly available multilaboratory results in single-laboratory experiments. We use software-based strategy for exploring exploration (see) to analyze the open-field behavior in eight genotypes across three laboratories. Our results demonstrate that replicable behavioral measures can be practically established. Even though we address the replicability problem in behavioral genetics, our strategy is also applicable in other areas where concern about replicability has been raised.
Viable adenovirus vaccine prototypes: High-level production of a papillomavirus capsid antigen from the major late transcriptional unit
Authors: Berg Michael , DiFatta Julie , Hoiczyk Egbert , Schlegel Richard , Ketner Gary
Published: March 2005

Safe, effective, orally delivered, live adenovirus vaccines have been in use for three decades. Recombinant derivatives of the live adenovirus vaccines may prove an economical alternative to current vaccines for a variety of diseases. To explore that possibility, we constructed a series of recombinants that express the major capsid protein (L1) of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV), a model for mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of recombinant HPV L1 completely prevents persistent HPV infection [Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Barr, E., Alvarez, F. B., Chiacchierini, L. M. & Jansen, K. U. (2002)N. Engl. J. Med.347, 1645–1651], suggesting that L1 expressed from recombinant adenoviruses might provide protective immunity. In our recombinants, COPV L1 is incorporated into adenovirus late region 5 (Ad L5) and is expressed as a member of the adenoviral major late transcriptional unit (MLTU). COPV L1 production by the most prolific recombinant is comparable to that of the most abundant adenoviral protein, hexon. COPV L1 production by recombinants is influenced by Ad L5 gene order, the specific mRNA processing signals associated with COPV L1, and the state of a putative splicing inhibitor in the COPV L1 gene. Recombinant COPV L1 protein assembles into VLPs that react with an antibody specific for conformational epitopes on native COPV L1 protein that correlate with protectionin vivo. The designs of these recombinants can be applied directly to the production of recombinants appropriate for assessing immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models and in human trials.
Synchrotron Radiation from Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow Simulations: Applications to Sagittarius A*
Authors: Peek J. E. G. , Quataert Eliot , Igumenshchev Igor V.
Published: March 2005

We calculate synchrotron radiation in three-dimensional pseudo-Newtonian magnetohydrodynamic simulations of radiatively inefficient accretion flows. We show that the emission is highly variable at optically thin frequencies, with order-of-magnitude variability on timescales as short as the orbital period near the last stable orbit; this emission is linearly polarized at the ~20%-50% level because of the coherent toroidal magnetic field in the flow. At optically thick frequencies, both the variability amplitude and polarization fraction decrease significantly with decreasing photon frequency. We argue that these results are broadly consistent with the observed properties of Sgr A* at the Galactic center, including the rapid infrared flaring.
Culture, Agency, and Religion in Social Movements
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the roots of the U.S.-Central America solidarity movement. It discusses a cultural-agency approach to social movements, and highlights the important role played by religion. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is then presented.
The Origins of Central America's Civil Wars
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses the origins of civil wars in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, and U.S. involvement in Central America. The Spanish conquest in the early 16th century established a feudal economic system that led to widespread inequality, poverty, and conflict between wealthy landowners and the poor masses. These conditions erupted into civil wars in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala. The US, fearing the spread of communism, backed a series of military regimes and dictatorships in these countries.
Leadership and the Formation of Solidarity
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines the leadership ability of missionaries in the Central American solidarity movement. Missionaries were entrepreneurial in their ability to use their organizing skills, cultural knowledge, and institutional connections to bring together people from various regions and social strata. They were effective leaders in the movement because they were bilingual and bicultural, had moral credibility, and had ties to networks in both North America and Central America.
Biography and Recruitment Receptivity
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the biographies of some missionaries who joined the Central American solidarity movement. Part of the success of these missionaries in building a solidarity movement was attributed to the fact that a segment of the North American churchgoing population was open and amenable to their appeals. These Christians were receptive because religious values made them subjectively engageable. Those who were highly responsive had similar biographical experiences that created a moral focus on peace and justice concerns.
Martyr Stories
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

The story of the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero in El Salvador in 1980 became a powerful recruitment tool for missionaries, and helped mobilize efforts to stop American support for the military regime responsible for his death. This chapter explores how the archbishop’s story helped build a solidarity movement. Martyr stories provided missionaries with an effective means to educate audiences about Central America’s socio-economic and political problems, enabled them to politicise familiar Christian themes to elicit solidarity and support for the movement, and provided emotional and moral resources that gave people the courage and motivation to embark on risky forms of activism.
Making Politics Personal
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson
Published: March 2005

The transnational nature of the Central American solidarity movement required missionaries to use different techniques to make the region’s problems visible and relevant to North Americans. One way was to provide people with firsthand experience by taking them to Central America. Solidarity leaders also arranged face-to-face meetings between Salvadoran and Guatemalan refugees and faith communities in the U.S.
Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

The extreme right has consolidated its presence across Western Europe. This book presents a compilation of studies on the ideological meanings and political/partisan expressions of the extreme right, their post-war evolution, and the reasons behind the success and failure of various parties. It highlights the rise of a new type of parties that are anti-system rather than neo-fascist.
Introduction
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This introductory chapter begins with an overview of the evolution of extreme right parties in Western Europe since the 1980s. It highlights the emergence of new extreme right parties that do not share any commitment to neo-fascism, but rather are anti-system as they undermine the democratic system’s legitimacy through their discourse and actions. They also respond to the needs generated by post-industrial society that traditional parties have failed to address.
Meanings and Varieties of the Right
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the Left-Right dichotomy and the meaning of the term ‘Right.’ It discusses how the terms Left and Right entered the political domain, and concludes that the changing paradigm of the political space reinforces the Left-Right divide rather than marginalizing it. It argues that ‘images’ of the Right have multiple facets at the mass public level, while different styles of thought of the Right have appeared in the realm of political ideologies.
France: Prototype of the New Extreme Right
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the development of the extreme right in France. It discusses the rise of the Front National (FN), the political party perceived by other parties and its own voters and cadres as being the right extreme of the right-left continuum. It is argued that the extreme right has fallen back to its tradition of fragmentation and internal quarrels. The two parties pursue diverging strategies, confrontational for the FN and bargaining-oriented for the Mouvement National Republicain. However, none of these have produced results.
Austria: Away From Liberalism
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter focuses on the transformation Austria’s FPO political party from a ‘liberalist’ into a right extremist. The party is placed much closer to right extremism rather than liberal-conservatism due to a number of factors. These include its constant de-legitimising of representative democratic institutions, disdain for liberal democratic procedures, distrust for the idea of equality of man, and the appeal to natural community and ethnicity against citizens’ rights.
Scandinavia: The Progress Parties Between Protest and Extremism
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the rise of extreme right political parties in Scandinavia. The parties that occupy the extreme right positions in the political sphere are the Fremskridtsparti and the Dansk Folkeparti in Denmark, and the Fremskrittsparti in Norway. The inclusion of these parties in the category of extreme right remains debatable and problematic. However, their features qualify for inclusion in this political family, although their anti-system profile is limited compared to that of their European counterparts.
The Netherlands: A Fleeting Extreme Right
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the lack of success of extreme right parties in the Netherlands. Extreme right parties failed to take partly due to organizational weakness and lack of leadership. Counter-mobilisation against the extreme right was also very strong, both in the streets and in institutions.
Great Britain: A Case of Failure
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter explores the lack of success of the extreme right in Great Britain. Fascist leanings were kept in check in the 1930s, when a fascist party was formed, and in the post-war years when right extremists tried to obtain political relevance. Right extremist parties never benefited from full political legitimacy, and their attachment to the traditional fascist mould precipitated their demise.
The Mediterranean Countries: Too Late for Nostalgia, Too Early for Post-material Protest
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

The extreme right never took hold in Spain, Portugal, and Greece. Their relatively new democratic regimes as well as socio-economic change eliminated the foundations of right-extremist values, and distanced the public from its traditional authoritarianism and neo-fascist heritage. Moreover, the extreme right did not provide sufficient organisational and political articulation for the populist anti-system protest during the mid-1980s, thus failing to attract a sizeable audience.
Extreme Right Parties: The By-product of a ‘Silent Counter-revolution’?
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

The extreme right grew significantly in the last two decades of the 20th century, as evidenced by the advent of new parties, rise of formerly small and marginal organisations, and radicalisation of former ‘moderate-conservative’ parties. The most striking feature of the present ‘wave’ of right extremism is the dispersion of extreme right parties across Europe, compared to its concentration in Italy and Germany in the previous decades. Although majority of these parties reject any reference to fascism, their ideological core contains elements depicting a right extremist ideology or ‘mentality.’
Epilogue
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses major developments in right extremism in Europe between late 2000 and mid-2002. It highlights the successes of the following parties: FN in France, the FRPn in Norway, DFP in Denmark and Fortuyn in the Netherlands. It also provides brief updates on extreme right parties in Austria, Italy, Belgium and Germany.
Historical Forms of State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

A summary of the stages through which the modern state has passed historically. It began as authoritarian and patrimonial in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: it was the absolutist state. In the nineteenth century, it turned liberal and bureaucratic: the liberal state imposed the rule of law and assured civil rights. In the first part of the twentieth century, the transition to democracy was completed: it was the time of the liberal state, of elitist or liberal democracy, and, still, of bureaucratic administration. In the second part of that century, the state becomes social-democratic, and assumes a developmental character; democracy now is social or plural rather than just liberal. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the state is aiming to become social-liberal and republican; democracy is aiming to become participatory or republican; and administration is aiming to become managerial, or inspired by the principles of new public management.
The Liberal State and Civil Service Reform
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Citizenship rights are rights that have been won: they are always the outcome of a historical process in which persons, groups, and nations strive to acquire and assert them. The liberal state is the bourgeois state. First rises in the nineteenth century, after the French and the American liberal revolutions, under the principles of the rule of law, and of the civil rights. The nineteenth century was also the century of bureaucratic reform, through which the state apparatus eventually gained a fully modern or capitalist character. Civil service reforms are studies in Prussia, France, England, and the US.
The Transition to Liberal Democracy
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Two related historical facts welcomed liberal democracy or the liberal-democratic state. On one hand, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, social contract theory imposed a major setback to the divine legitimacy of political rulers. On the other hand, the capitalist revolution–embracing the mercantile, the industrial, and the liberal revolutions–changed the basic way of appropriating the economic surplus. This no longer depended on the state’s control but increasingly depended on the realization of profits in the market. For the first time in history, authoritarian regimes ceased to be a necessary condition for the ruling classes’ survival. Democracy turned gradually into synonym of the good state. Eventually, with the acknowledgement of political rights–specifically of universal suffrage––liberal democracy emerged. This process took one century–the time for the bourgeois ruling class to stop fearing expropriation by the poor who democracy entitled to vote.
The Global System and the State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Globalization is a historical economic process that is creating a global system, an economic and political system whose central institutions, besides the classic nation-states, are the UN and the legal system built around it. While in the balance of powers diplomacy, which existed following the formation of the modern state and particularly following the Westphalia treaties, major nation-states disputed territories and viewed each other as enemies to be threatened with wars, in the new global system countries are economic adversaries competing in world markets. Globalization is the generalized competition for world markets among business enterprises, supported by their respective nation-states. Thus, although nation-states became more interdependent, they also became more strategic.
The Emergence of Republican Rights
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

The twentieth century was the century of democracy and of globalization. In its first part, it was the century of social rights; in its last quarter, the century of republican rights–the right that every citizen has that the ires publica, the public patrimony, be not captured by private interests. There are three types of public patrimony: the historical and cultural patrimony, the environment, and the economic patrimony or the public budget.
Republican Democracy
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

In the more developed countries, democracy was liberal in the first part of the twentieth century, social-democratic in the second part, and now is in transition to republican or participative democracy. Liberal democracy followed Schumpeter’s definition and was elitist. Social-democracy may also be called “plural” and “public opinion democracy”, in so far as electors’ general views become politicians’ central concern. Recently democracy is turning republican or participatory, as the public space becomes a reality and an increasing number of citizens seek to influence political decisions through civil society’s organizations either representing group interests or directly promoting the public interest. In the future, we may think in a deliberative democracy, as public debate gains density, political advocacy gains strength, and politicians’ accountability is enhanced. A short survey of the literature on participative democracy substantiates the argument.
Bureaucratic and Civil Service Reform
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Discusses the transition from bureaucratic public administration to public or new public management. Classic bureaucratic administration, based on the Prussian army’s administrative principles, resulted from a series of civil service reforms implemented in the second half of nineteenth century. It revealed a surprising historical persistence. Public management reform is the capitalist state organization’s second major reform. It emerged when globalization and the crisis of the state challenged the legitimacy of state bureaucracies and bureaucratic public administration. Margaret Thatcher launched public management reform in Great Britain, but in the end it was adopted by governments formed by political parties from across the political spectrum, including parties on the traditional left, most notably Labour governments in Australia and New Zealand.
Public Management Reform Defined
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

The basic idea is that activities that use state power should be within the state organization; the state should mainly finance social, cultural, and scientific activities involving externalities and dealing with basic human rights, and public non-state service organization should execute them. Additionally, public management reform is concerned with the democratic character of government officials’ decisions. Thus, while it emphasizes more autonomy for government officials in their decisions, given the complexity of the problems that government faces today and the speed required for some decisions, it demands, as a trade-off, greater transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. Finally, public management reform’s objective is not just to make the state organization more efficient but to build state capacity.
Devolution and Decentralization
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Besides decentralization to executive agencies and social organizations, public management reform involves devolution to sub-national units of activities and the corresponding fiscal resources to finance them. It involves also making public managers more autonomous and more accountable. In synthesis, decentralization–delegating authority to lower levels–is crucial to managerial public administration. Decentralization is a public management strategy, but devolution is a political decision with managerial consequences. Decentralization is often decided top-down and is a strategy for increasing the head-offices’ capacity to achieve proposed objectives, but devolution is usually a response to demands for more local or regional autonomy to which government officials in the central government reluctantly accede.
Executive and Regulatory Agencies
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Executive and regulatory agencies are decentralized state organizations that implement policies. When the law clearly defines the policy, we have a state policy; when it leaves the precise definition to the incumbent administration, we have a government policy. Regulatory agencies are supposed to execute state policies and be more autonomous from the administration, whereas executive agencies will be less autonomous politically but equally independent in administrative terms. Policies introduced by executive agencies are supposed to change the moment that the opposition political party or political coalition wins an election and a new administration begins, whereas the policies introduced by regulatory policies do not change so easily. Government policies may be changed either by the parliament or by the executive, whereas state policies may be changed only by the parliament. Executive agencies are supposed to have administrative autonomy, regulatory agencies, decision autonomy, but policies are not or should not be their responsibility.
Social Organizations
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Social organizations are the prototype of public non-state service organizations. They are devoted to the public interest, but they are not part of the state apparatus, and do not have civil servants in their labour force. Social organizations are just one of the possible forms of public non-state service entities. They are typically service organizations, acting in the education, health care, culture, sport, and social assistance areas. They differ from public non-state social accountability or public advocacy organizations. The state essentially finances them , but they are stimulated to generate revenues and obtain donations. Dealing with a changing social environment, they may be more efficient because they are more autonomous.
Theoretical Approaches to New Public Management
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

New public management–the new discipline that serves as an intellectual basis for public management reform–is far from constituting a unified intellectual field. New public management theoretical–ideological orientations vary also according to the different national realities that analysts face. We have, for instance, an Anglo-Saxon, a Continental European, and a Scandinavian tradition of approaching government and the state. It is possible to discern at least three orientations in the literature on managerial public administration, which I propose to the call ‘technical’, ‘economic’, and ‘political and sociological’ approaches. The political and sociological approach is the one that I adopt in this book. This approach founds inspiration rather in political theory and in the sociology of organizations than in rational choice theory.
The Democratic Constraint
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

Because public management reform involves more autonomy and more accountability, it maybe successful only in democracies. On the other hand, there is not a trade-off between efficiency and democracy. Instrumental rationality and the consequent economic criterion are obviously important in capitalist societies, but, in democracies, there is a prior and more important criterion: the democratic constraint. Economists often use the word ‘constraint’ to mean the limitations that policy-makers face. They speak of an efficiency constraint. Another as important, if not more important, constraint faced by policy-makers is the democratic constraint: they cannot and should not ignore the voters’ will. And we should not forget the morality constraint. In political life, this is a central constraint.
Conclusion
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2005

State capacity depends, most of all, of its democratic institutions. Only a strong and legitimate state will be able to provide good governance, individual and social justice, the guarantee of property rights and contracts, the protection to political and social rights, the defence of the national interests. An effective and efficient democratic state depends also on a good state organization and on competent government officials, able to make trade-offs between their legitimate personal objectives and the public interest. Public management reform is the contemporary form of assuring this kind state organization. In modern democracies, government officials–public managers as well as elected politicians–although also looking out for their own interests, are supposed to share republican virtues, to be committed to the general interest and to the protection of the public patrimony. Democratic institutions make them accountable for that.
Consciousness and its Objects
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: March 2005

This book features collection of essays on consciousness. It is intended as a sequel to the author’s 1991 book, The Problem of Consciousness. Although the author has not modified his views in the last decade, he has included his position under the label ‘mysterianism’, in the canon of positions regarding the mind-body problem. Chapters 1-3 focus on the mind-body problem. Chapters 4-6 deal with the concept of matter. Chapter 7 features a dialogue on consciousness and cosmology. Chapter 8 discusses the problem of philosophy. Chapter 9 questions the first person authority theory. Chapter 10 analyses the objects of intentionality.
The Problem of Philosophy
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: March 2005

The question of the boundaries of human understanding and the explanation of these cognitive limits is raised. Non-trivial epistemic limits are shown to be the implication of standard sensory, behavioural, and external theories about the nature of thought. The hypothesis of cognitive transcendence, the idea that certain philosophical questions are unanswerable given our epistemic capacities, is proposed, and it is claimed that the existence of such questions is just what theory would predict; but it is denied that what is transcended is thereby non-natural (‘transcendental naturalism’). A theory of the structure of our theoretical capacities is sketched in the light of Chomsky’s theses about our grasp of number theory, which McGinn calls the ‘CALM (Combinatorial Atomism with Lawlike Mappings) conjecture’: if something conforms to CALM principles we can understand it; we cannot understand what does not.
The Objects of Intentionality
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: March 2005

A sketch is given of the view that there are non-existent intentional objects: such things as Pegasus and Zeus, which do not exist but which can be the subject of thought, which can be referred to, and to which true predicates can be applied. It is claimed that non-existent objects are the foundation of all intentionality: whenever there is intentionality towards an existent object, there is concurrent intentionality towards a non-existent one. The consequences of this view for perception and reference are considered. The question of reference to non-physical objects – abstract or mental entities – is raised and it is argued that this does not involve an accompanying reference to a non-existent intentional object, as is the case with reference to the physical.
Contributory Reasons
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Considers the nature of contributory reasons, contrasting the contributory with the overall. Also considers attempts to characterise the nature of the contributory in terms of overall oughts, arguing that all such attempts fail. Also considers arguments that there can be oughts without reasons, and rejects these too. Concludes that reasons are best understood in terms of the relation of favouring.
Beyond Favouring
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Suggests ways of characterising the favouring relation by contrasting it with other forms of relevance, such as enabling and intensifying. Offers examples of the distinction between favouring and enabling in the theory of explanation and in epistemology.
Can Holism be True?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Considers various attempts to show that holism in the theory of reasons must be false. Distinguishes various forms of atomism, considers various appeals to notions of complete reasons and full explanations, asks whether moral reasoning is a form of inference and whether conceptual competence requires the existence of natural patterns, and ends by asking whether a particularist can allow that some moral considerations have a default relevance.
Competing Pictures
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Argues against views alternative to particularism in detail, including the views of McNaughton and Rawling, Crisp, Raz, Scanlon, Hooker, Parfit, and also appeals to Aristotelian philosophy of science.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Considers the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic value. Suggests ways in which a particularist can accept a notion of intrinsic value.
Rationality, Value, and Meaning
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Suggests that particularist conceptions of rationality, in general, can be applied to the philosophy of language. Semantic competence does not require that each distinct semantic unit makes the same contribution in all contexts. Distinguishes weak and strong forms of compositionalism, arguing for the former.
Principles of Rational Valuing
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Considers the prospects of a form of holism in the theory of choice, which holds that the value of one alternative can be affected by the mere presence of others. Argues that this position (also know as the Indifference of Independent Alternatives) is true for independent reasons, though it is also congenial to particularism. The consequence is that there is no possibility of a Full Ordering of values.
Democracy Beyond Borders
Authors: Kuper Andrew
Published: March 2005

Global organizations are exercising unprecedented power–from the hallowed halls of the UN to the closed boardrooms of multinational corporations. Yet their leaders are often scandalously unaccountable to the people they claim to serve. How can we ensure that global leaders act responsively, and effectively, in the interests of the world’s people? In this lucid and provocative book, Andrew Kuper develops persuasive and practical answers.Democracy Beyond Borders criticizes conventional theories of justice and democracy that focus almost exclusively on the state and its electoral cycles. Kuper shows how non-state actors, such as corporations and civil society advocates, can be brought into multi-level government as partners with states. He presents an original theory of representation to answer the problem of accountability. At the core of this vision is a new separation of powers, in which different global actors check and balance one another in a complex harmony. This innovative framework complements electoral accountability and enables Kuper to recommend far-reaching reforms to the World Courts, the UN, and advocacy agencies including Transparency International.Democracy Beyond Borders stands at the forefront of a new generation of political thought, for which globalization is the challenge and deepening democracy the solution.
Why Deliberation Cannot Tame Globalisation
Authors: Kuper Andrew
Published: March 2005

How is it possible for individuals to exercise any control over a political order, i.e. supranational and multilayered? This is the key question in reconciling cosmopolitan justice with democracy. The most popular answer is that of Jurgen Habermas and other deliberative democrats. This chapter argues that deliberative democracy fails to take seriously both the problems and opportunities of large-scale societies, and so cannot provide adequate foundations for a deepening democracy. The participation requirements of Habermas’s normative theory can be met only by making assumptions about human cognitive capacities and institutional capabilities that are not remotely plausible in any large-scale society–faced with limitations of numbers, time, information, and understanding. Deliberative theorists turn to five conceptions of representation that are supposed to ‘mirror’ deliberation and thereby rescue the theory; but all of them fail. A stronger theory of representation is needed.
Transforming Global Institutions
Authors: Kuper Andrew
Published: March 2005

How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; (3) membership in, and decision procedures of, the UN General Assembly and Security Council; and (4) structures and methods of corruption control by Transparency International. Along the way, the chapter refutes those arguments about funding and sovereignty that hamper the establishment of stronger World Courts; it develops nine criteria for including non-state actors in institutions of global governance; it suggests new ideas for holding corporations and nongovernmental organizations accountable; and it explores how short-term and long-term obstacles to reform can be overcome.
Conclusion: Responsive Democracy
Authors: Kuper Andrew
Published: March 2005

The conclusion compares the theories of global justice and democracy developed by Rawls, Habermas, and Kuper. It does so along ten dimensions: (1) Sources of Normativity, (2) Moral Scope, (3) Political Scope, (4) Spheres of Governance, (5) Political Interests, (6) Constraints on Governance, (7) Political Judgement, (8) Political Discretion, (9) Political Participation, and (10) Sites of Governance. The chapter argues that Kuper’s theory of Responsive Democracy has advantages along all these axes. These advantages are due to, above all, deep differences in the three theorists’ assumptions about power, knowledge, and the role of ideals in politics.
The Drumstick/Lines/Bowl regulatory pathway links antagonistic Hedgehog and Wingless signaling inputs to epidermal cell differentiation
Authors: Hatini Victor , Green Ryan B. , Lengyel Judith A. , Bray Sarah J. , DiNardo Stephen
Published: March 2005

Hedgehog and Wingless signaling in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis represents one paradigm for organizer function. In patterning this epidermis, Hedgehog and Wingless act asymmetrically, and consequently otherwise equivalent cells on either side of the organizer follow distinct developmental fates. To better understand the downstream mechanisms involved, we have investigated mutations that disrupt dorsal epidermal pattern. We have previously demonstrated that the gene lines contributes to this process. Here we show that the Lines protein interacts functionally with the zinc-finger proteins Drumstick (Drm) and Bowl. Competitive protein-protein interactions between Lines and Bowl and between Drm and Lines regulate the steady-state accumulation of Bowl, the downstream effector of this pathway. Lines binds directly to Bowl and decreases Bowl abundance. Conversely, Drm allows Bowl accumulation in drm-expressing cells by inhibiting Lines. This is accomplished both by outcompeting Bowl in binding to Lines and by redistributing Lines to the cytoplasm, thereby segregating Lines away from nuclearly localized Bowl. Hedgehog and Wingless affect these functional interactions by regulating drm expression. Hedgehog promotes Bowl protein accumulation by promoting drm expression, while Wingless inhibits Bowl accumulation by repressing drm expression anterior to the source of Hedgehog production. Thus, Drm, Lines, and Bowl are components of a molecular regulatory pathway that links antagonistic and asymmetric Hedgehog and Wingless signaling inputs to epidermal cell differentiation. Finally, we show that Drm and Lines also regulate Bowl accumulation and consequent patterning in the epithelia of the foregut, hindgut, and imaginal discs. Thus, in all these developmental contexts, including the embryonic epidermis, the novel molecular regulatory pathway defined here is deployed in order to elaborate pattern across a field of cells.