bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Investigation of G6PDH Gene in Strawberry: Evolution and Expression Analysis during Development and Stress
Authors: Lei Diya , Lin Yuanxiu , Luo Mengwen , Zhao Bing , Tang Honglan , Zhou Xuan , Yao Wantian , Zhang Yunting , Wang Yan , Li Mengyao , Chen Qing , Luo Ya , Wang Xiaorong , Tang Haoru , Zhang Yong
Published: April 2022

As one of the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) provides NADPH and plays an important role in plant development and stress responses. However, little information was available about the G6PDH genes in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). The recent release of the whole-genome sequence of strawberry allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation into the organization and expression profiling of strawberry G6PDH genes. In the present study, 19 strawberry G6PDH genes (FaG6PDHs) were identified from the strawberry genome database. They were designated as FaG6PDH1 to FaG6PDH19, respectively, according to the conserved domain of each subfamily and multiple sequence alignment with Arabidopsis. According to their structural and phylogenetic features, the 19 FaG6PDHs were further classified into five types: Cy, P1, P1.1, P2 and PO. The number and location of exons and introns are similar, suggesting that genes of the same type are very similar and are alleles. A cis-element analysis inferred that FaG6PDHs possessed at least one stress-responsive cis-acting element. Expression profiles derived from transcriptome data analysis exhibited distinct expression patterns of FaG6PDHs genes in different developmental stages. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of five types FaG6PDHs genes and demonstrated that the genes were expressed and responded to multiple abiotic stress and hormonal treatments.
Synthesis of C20–38 Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues
Authors: Zhukov Anatoly , Popov Valery
Published: April 2022

Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are involved in a number of important plant physiological functions. Disorders in the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA lead to a number of phenotypic consequences, ranging from growth retardation to the death of embryos. The elongation of VLCFA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is carried out by multiple elongase complexes with different substrate specificities and adapted to the synthesis of a number of products required for a number of metabolic pathways. The information about the enzymes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA with more than 26 atoms of Carbon is rather poor. Recently, genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of both regular-length fatty acids and VLCFA have been discovered and investigated. Polyunsaturated VLCFA in plants are formed mainly by 20:1 elongation into new monounsaturated acids, which are then imported into chloroplasts, where they are further desaturated. The formation of saturated VLCFA and their further transformation into a number of aliphatic compounds included in cuticular waxes and suberin require the coordinated activity of a large number of different enzymes.
Pilot Study on Acute Effects of Pharmacological Intraperitoneal L-Homoarginine on Homeostasis of Lysine and Other Amino Acids in a Rat Model of Isoprenaline-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tsikas Dimitrios , Redfors Björn
Published: April 2022

L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the formation of L-homoarginine (hArg) and L-ornithine (Orn) from L-arginine (Arg) and L-lysine (Lys): Arg + Lys ↔ hArg + Orn; equilibrium constant KhArg. AGAT also catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and Orn from Arg and glycine (Gly): Arg + Gly ↔ GAA + Orn; equilibrium constant KGAA. In humans, pharmacological hArg is metabolized to Lys. Low circulating and low excretory concentrations of hArg are associated with worse outcomes and mortality in the renal and cardiovascular systems. The metabolism and pharmacology of hArg have been little investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pharmacological hArg (i.p., 0, 20, 220, 440 mg/kg at time point 0 min) on amino acids homeostasis in a rat model of isoprenaline-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy (i.p., 50 mg/kg at time point 15 min). We measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry free and proteinic amino acids, as well as the polyamines putrescine and spermidine in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver of ten rats sacrificed at various time points (range, 0 to 126 min). hArg administration resulted in multiple changes in the tissue contents of several free and proteinic amino acids, as well as in the putrescine-spermidine molar ratio, an indicator of polyamines catabolism. Our results suggest that Lys and Arg are major metabolites of pharmacological hArg. Kidneys and heart seem to play a major metabolic role for hArg. Circulating Lys does not change over time, yet there is a considerable interchange of free Lys between organs, notably kidney and heart, during the presence of isoprenaline in the rats (time range, 15 to 90 min). Antidromic changes were observed for KhArg and KGAA, notably in the heart in this time window. Our study shows for the first time that free hArg and sarcosine (N-methylglycine) are positively associated with each other. The acute effects of high-dosed hArg administration and isoprenaline on various amino acids and on AGAT-catalyzed reaction in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver are detailed and discussed.
Research on Graphene and Its Derivatives in Oral Disease Treatment
Authors: Liu Chengcheng , Tan Dan , Chen Xiaoli , Liao Jinfeng , Wu Leng
Published: April 2022

Oral diseases present a global public health problem that imposes heavy financial burdens on individuals and health-care systems. Most oral health conditions can be treated in their early stage. Even if the early symptoms of oral diseases do not seem to cause significant discomfort, prompt treatment is essential for preventing their progression. Biomaterials with superior properties enable dental therapies with applications in restoration, therapeutic drug/protein delivery, and tissue regeneration. Graphene nanomaterials have many unique mechanical and physiochemical properties and can respond to the complex oral microenvironment, which includes oral microbiota colonization and high masticatory force. Research on graphene nanomaterials in dentistry, especially in caries, periodontitis therapy, and implant coatings, is progressing rapidly. Here, we review the development of graphene and its derivatives for dental disease therapy.
Recent Advances in Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design in Anti-Influenza A Virus Drug Discovery
Authors: Yu Dahai , Wang Linlin , Wang Ye
Published: April 2022

Influenza A is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza A virus, which seriously threatens global human health and causes substantial economic losses every year. With the emergence of new viral strains, anti-influenza drugs remain the most effective treatment for influenza A. Research on traditional, innovative small-molecule drugs faces many challenges, while computer-aided drug design (CADD) offers opportunities for the rapid and effective development of innovative drugs. This literature review describes the general process of CADD, the viral proteins that play an essential role in the life cycle of the influenza A virus and can be used as therapeutic targets for anti-influenza drugs, and examples of drug screening of viral target proteins by applying the CADD approach. Finally, the main limitations of current CADD strategies in anti-influenza drug discovery and the field’s future directions are discussed.
Lifespan Extension of Podospora anserina Mic60-Subcomplex Mutants Depends on Cardiolipin Remodeling
Authors: Marschall Lisa-Marie , Warnsmann Verena , Meeßen Anja C. , Löser Timo , Osiewacz Heinz D.
Published: April 2022

Function of mitochondria largely depends on a characteristic ultrastructure with typical invaginations, namely the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial signature phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), the F1Fo-ATP-synthase, and the ‘mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system’ (MICOS) complex are involved in this process. Previous studies with Podospora anserina demonstrated that manipulation of MICOS leads to altered cristae structure and prolongs lifespan. While longevity of Mic10-subcomplex mutants is induced by mitohormesis, the underlying mechanism in the Mic60-subcomplex deletion mutants was unclear. Since several studies indicated a connection between MICOS and phospholipid composition, we now analyzed the impact of MICOS on mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. Data from lipidomic analysis identified alterations in phospholipid profile and acyl composition of CL in Mic60-subcomplex mutants. These changes appear to have beneficial effects on membrane properties and promote longevity. Impairments of CL remodeling in a PaMIC60 ablated mutant lead to a complete abrogation of longevity. This effect is reversed by supplementation of the growth medium with linoleic acid, a fatty acid which allows the formation of tetra-octadecanoyl CL. In the PaMic60 deletion mutant, this CL species appears to lead to longevity. Overall, our data demonstrate a tight connection between MICOS, the regulation of mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis, and aging of P. anserina.
Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases: Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets
Authors: Bonturi Camila Ramalho , Silva Teixeira Ana Beatriz , Rocha Vitória Morais , Valente Penélope Ferreira , Oliveira Juliana Rodrigues , Filho Clovis Macêdo Bezerra , Fátima Correia Batista Isabel , Oliva Maria Luiza Vilela
Published: April 2022

The action of proteases can be controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation through gene expression; post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation; zymogen activation; targeting specific compartments, such as lysosomes and mitochondria; and blocking proteolysis using endogenous inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are important molecules to be explored for the control of proteolytic processes in organisms because of their ability to act on several proteases. In this context, plants synthesize numerous proteins that contribute to protection against attacks by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and/or invertebrates (insects and nematodes) through the inhibition of proteases in these organisms. These proteins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in higher concentrations in legume seeds (compared to other organs and other botanical families), motivating studies on their inhibitory effects in various organisms, including humans. In most cases, the biological roles of these proteins have been assigned based mostly on their in vitro action, as is the case with enzyme inhibitors. This review highlights the structural evolution, function, and wide variety of effects of plant Kunitz protease inhibitors, and their potential for pharmaceutical application based on their interactions with different proteases.
Improving Lipid Production of Yarrowia lipolytica by the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-Mediated Furfural Detoxification
Authors: Kim Jiwon , Son Hyeoncheol Francis , Hwang Sungmin , Gong Gyeongtaek , Ko Ja Kyong , Um Youngsoon , Han Sung Ok , Lee Sun-Mi
Published: April 2022

Yarrowia lipolytica, the non-conventional yeast capable of high lipogenesis, is a microbial chassis for producing lipid-based biofuels and chemicals from renewable resources such as lignocellulosic biomass. However, the low tolerance of Y. lipolytica against furfural, a major inhibitory furan aldehyde derived from the pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass, has restricted the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In this study, the furfural tolerance of Y. lipolytica has been improved by supporting its endogenous detoxification mechanism. Specifically, the endogenous genes encoding the aldehyde dehydrogenase family proteins were overexpressed in Y. lipolytica to support the conversion of furfural to furoic acid. Among them, YALI0E15400p (FALDH2) has shown the highest conversion rate of furfural to furoic acid and resulted in two-fold increased cell growth and lipid production in the presence of 0.4 g/L of furfural. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify the native furfural detoxification mechanism and increase furfural resistance through rational engineering in Y. lipolytica. Overall, these results will improve the potential of Y. lipolytica to produce lipids and other value-added chemicals from a carbon-neutral feedstock of lignocellulosic biomass.
Identification, Phylogenetic and Expression Analyses of the AAAP Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense Reveal Their Putative Functions in Response to Organ and Multiple Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Hu Lingfeng , Fan Ruifang , Wang Pengkai , Hao Zhaodong , Yang Dingjie , Lu Ye , Shi Jisen , Chen Jinhui
Published: April 2022

In this study, 52 AAAP genes were identified in the L. chinense genome and divided into eight subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and conserved motif. A total of 48 LcAAAP genes were located on the 14 chromosomes, and the remaining four genes were mapped in the contigs. Multispecies phylogenetic tree and codon usage bias analysis show that the LcAAAP gene family is closer to the AAAP of Amborella trichopoda, indicating that the LcAAAP gene family is relatively primitive in angiosperms. Gene duplication events revealed six pairs of segmental duplications and one pair of tandem duplications, in which many paralogous genes diverged in function before monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differentiation and were strongly purification selected. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that the LcAAAP gene plays a certain role in the development of Liriodendron nectary and somatic embryogenesis. Low temperature, drought, and heat stresses may activate some WRKY/MYB transcription factors to positively regulate the expression of LcAAAP genes to achieve long-distance transport of amino acids in plants to resist the unfavorable external environment. In addition, the GAT and PorT subgroups could involve gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport under aluminum poisoning. These findings could lay a solid foundation for further study of the biological role of LcAAAP and improvement of the stress resistance of Liriodendron.
Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Gut Microbiota in Innate Lung Immunity and Pathogenesis of the Heterogeneous Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kotlyarov Stanislav
Published: April 2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread socially significant disease. The development of COPD involves the innate immune system. Interestingly, the regulation of the innate lung immune system is related to the gut microbiota. This connection is due to the production by gut microorganisms of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Nutritional disturbances and changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiota lead to a decrease in SCFAs production and their effect on pulmonary immunity. The presence of a metabolic and immune axis linking the lungs and gut plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition, the nature of nutrition and SCFAs may participate in the development of the clinically heterogeneous course of COPD.
The Expression of Proto-Oncogene ETS-Related Gene (ERG) Plays a Central Role in the Oncogenic Mechanism Involved in the Development and Progression of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Khosh Kish Ealia , Choudhry Muhammad , Gamallat Yaser , Buharideen Sabrina Marsha , D Dhananjaya , Bismar Tarek A.
Published: April 2022

The ETS-related gene (ERG) is proto-oncogene that is classified as a member of the ETS transcription factor family, which has been found to be consistently overexpressed in about half of the patients with clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa). The overexpression of ERG can mostly be attributed to the fusion of the ERG and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) genes, and this fusion is estimated to represent about 85% of all gene fusions observed in prostate cancer. Clinically, individuals with ERG gene fusion are mostly documented to have advanced tumor stages, increased mortality, and higher rates of metastasis in non-surgical cohorts. In the current review, we elucidate ERG’s molecular interaction with downstream genes and the pathways associated with PCa. Studies have documented that ERG plays a central role in PCa progression due to its ability to enhance tumor growth by promoting inflammatory and angiogenic responses. ERG has also been implicated in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PCa cells, which increases the ability of cancer cells to metastasize. In vivo, research has demonstrated that higher levels of ERG expression are involved with nuclear pleomorphism that prompts hyperplasia and the loss of cell polarity.
Tetraspanin CD9 Expression Predicts Sentinel Node Status in Patients with Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Lucarini Guendalina , Molinelli Elisa , Licini Caterina , Rizzetto Giulio , Radi Giulia , Goteri Gaia , Mattioli-Belmonte Monica , Offidani Annamaria , Simonetti Oriana
Published: April 2022

The tetraspanin CD9 is considered a metastasis suppressor in many cancers, however its role is highly debated. Currently, little is known about CD9 prognostic value in cutaneous melanoma. Our aim was to analyse CD9 expression in melanocytic nevi and primary cutaneous melanomas through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to determine its correlation with invasiveness and metastatic potential. CD9 displayed homogeneous staining in all melanocytic nevi. In contrast, it showed a complete loss of reactivity in all thin melanomas. Interestingly, CD9 was re-expressed in 46% of intermediate and thick melanomas in small tumor clusters predominantly located at sites of invasion near or inside the blood or lymphatic vessels. The most notable finding is that all CD9 stained melanomas presented sentinel node positivity. Additionally, a direct association between CD9 expression and presence of distant metastasis was reported. Finally, we confirm that CD9 expression is consistent with an early protective role against tumorigenesis, however, our data endorse in melanoma a specific function of CD9 in vascular dissemination during late tumor progression. The presence of CD9 hotspots could be essential for melanoma cell invasion in lymphatic and endothelial vessels. CD9 could be a valid prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis risk.
Linoleic Acid Attenuates Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice through Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Signaling
Authors: Lee Myung-Hun , Lee Jin-Ho , Kim Wan-Joong , Kim Seo Ho , Kim Sun-Young , Kim Han Sung , Kim Tack-Joong
Published: April 2022

Muscle atrophy is a major muscle disease, the symptoms of which include decreased muscle volume leading to insufficient muscular support during exercise. One cause of muscle atrophy is the induction of oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to identify the antioxidant mechanism of linoleic acid (LA) in muscle atrophy caused by oxidative stress. H2O2 has been used to induce oxidative stress in myoblasts in vitro. C2C12 myoblasts treated with H2O2 exhibited decreased viability and increased ROS synthesis. However, with LA treatment, the cells tended to recover from oxidative effects similar to those of the control groups. At the molecular level, the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), Bax, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 was increased by oxidative stress, causing apoptosis. LA treatment suppressed these changes. In addition, the expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA increased under oxidative stress but not in the LA-treated group. Sciatic denervation of C57BL/6 mice manifested as atrophy of the skeletal muscle in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The protein expression levels of SOD1, HSP70, and MuRF1 did not differ between the atrophied muscle tissues and C2C12 myoblasts under oxidative stress. With LA treatment, muscle atrophy recovered and protein expression was restored to levels similar to those in the control. Therefore, this study suggests that LA may be a candidate substance for preventing muscle atrophy.
Discovery of Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Controlling Root Development Using a Recombinant Inbred Line Population in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Kuang Lieqiong , Ahmad Nazir , Su Bin , Huang Lintao , Li Keqi , Wang Hanzhong , Wang Xinfa , Dun Xiaoling
Published: April 2022

Marker-assisted selection enables breeders to quickly select excellent root architectural variations, which play an essential role in plant productivity. Here, ten root-related and shoot biomass traits of a new F6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population were investigated under hydroponics and resulted in high heritabilities from 0.61 to 0.83. A high-density linkage map of the RIL population was constructed using a Brassica napus 50k Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 86 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining 4.16–14.1% of the phenotypic variances were detected and integrated into eight stable QTL clusters, which were repeatedly detected in different experiments. The codominant markers were developed to be tightly linked with three major QTL clusters, qcA09-2, qcC08-2, and qcC08-3, which controlled both root-related and shoot biomass traits and had phenotypic contributions greater than 10%. Among these, qcA09-2, renamed RT.A09, was further fine-mapped to a 129-kb interval with 19 annotated genes in the B. napus reference genome. By integrating the results of real-time PCR and comparative sequencing, five genes with expression differences and/or amino acid differences were identified as important candidate genes for RT.A09. Our findings laid the foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of root development and developed valuable markers for root genetic improvement in rapeseed.
Nanoemulsions as Gene Delivery in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I—A Mini-Review
Authors: Zapolnik Paweł , Pyrkosz Antoni
Published: April 2022

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare monogenic disease in which glycosaminoglycans’ abnormal metabolism leads to the storage of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in various tissues. It causes its damage and impairment. Patients with the severe form of MPS I usually do not live up to the age of ten. Currently, the therapy is based on multidisciplinary care and enzyme replacement therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Applying gene therapy might benefit the MPS I patients because it overcomes the typical limitations of standard treatments. Nanoparticles, including nanoemulsions, are used more and more in medicine to deliver a particular drug to the target cells. It allows for creating a specific, efficient therapy method in MPS I and other lysosomal storage disorders. This article briefly presents the basics of nanoemulsions and discusses the current state of knowledge about their usage in mucopolysaccharidosis type I.
Androgen Receptor Gene Pathway Upregulation and Radiation Resistance in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Saxby Helen , Boussios Stergios , Mikropoulos Christos
Published: April 2022

Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) is currently used as a salvage intervention for men with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PC), and increasingly so since the results of the Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers (SABR-COMET) trial reported a significant improvement in overall survival with SABR. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to localised prostate radiotherapy improves survival as it sensitises PC to radiotherapy-induced cell death. The importance of the androgen receptor (AR) gene pathway in the development of resistance to radiotherapy is well established. In this review paper, we will examine the data to determine how we can overcome the upregulation of the AR pathway and suggest a strategy for improving outcomes in men with oligometastatic hormone-sensitive PC.
Newborn Screening for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Nebraska: Initial Experiences and Challenges
Authors: Baker Craig V. , Cady Keller Alyssa , Lutz Richard , Eveans Karen , Baumert Krystal , DiPerna James C. , Rizzo William B.
Published: April 2022

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1 resulting in defective peroxisomal oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids. Most male patients develop adrenal insufficiency and one of two neurologic phenotypes: a rapidly progressive demyelinating disease in mid-childhood (childhood cerebral X-ALD, ccALD) or an adult-onset spastic paraparesis (adrenomyeloneuropathy, AMN). The neurodegenerative course of ccALD can be halted if patients are treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the earliest onset of white matter disease. Newborn screening for X-ALD can be accomplished by measuring C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine in dried blood spots. In Nebraska, X-ALD newborn screening was instituted in July 2018. Over a period of 3.3 years, 82,920 newborns were screened with 13 positive infants detected (4 males, 9 females), giving a birth prevalence of 1:10,583 in males and 1:4510 in females. All positive newborns had DNA variants in ABCD1. Lack of genotype-phenotype correlations, absence of predictive biomarkers for ccALD or AMN, and a high proportion of ABCD1 variants of uncertain significance are unique challenges in counseling families. Surveillance testing for adrenal and neurologic disease in presymptomatic X-ALD males will improve survival and overall quality of life.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Melting Behavior of Planar Stacked Ti–Al Core–Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Huadian , Su Yu-Chen , Han Yiwei , Jiang Shan
Published: April 2022

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the most commonly used methods in additive manufacturing, due to its high prototyping speed and applicability to various materials. In the present work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the thermodynamic behaviors of the planar stacked nanoparticles (NPs) model and explore the potential capability of the SLS process with nano-sized metal powders in the zero-gravity space environment. A multi-particle model of titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) core–shell NP with a particle radius of 50 Å was constructed to investigate the characteristics of the melted pattern during sintering. Two patterns with different spatial densities were considered to study the influence of particle stacking on the melting process. Various core volume fractions and heating rates were examined to investigate their effects on the quality of the final sintered product. The stacked-NPs models with core volume fractions (CVFs) of 3%, 12%, and 30% were linearly heated up to 1100 K from room temperature (298 K) with heating rates of 0.04, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 K ps−1. The initial fusion temperature and final sintering temperature for each stacking pattern were obtained via the validation from the radial distribution function, mean squared displacement, and the radius of the gyration analysis. The 30% CVF yields the largest neck size before the melting point, while beyond the melting point, a larger core helps delay the formation of the fully-melted products. It is observed that using the close-packed stacked-NPs model under a slow heating rate (long melting duration) would help form a stable, completely sintered product with a relatively low final sintering temperature.
Decision-Making on the Selection of Clean Energy Technology for Green Ships Based on the Rough Set and TOPSIS Method
Authors: Xuan Huihui , Liu Qing , Wang Lei , Yang Liu
Published: April 2022

In the context of the decarbonization of the shipping industry, the application of clean energy technologies is a catalyst for decarbonization. With the number of potential clean energy technologies expanding, the uncertainties in terms of technology maturity, policy regulation, and economics make clean energy technologies decision much more difficult. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a clean energy technology selection scenario for the green ship industry to assist shipowners in decision-making. Based on this, a technology selection model based on rough set (RS) and approximate ideal solution ranking (TOPSIS) is constructed. Using RS to reduce the evaluation index and calculate the weight can avoid the one-sidedness of subjective weighting. Using the TOPSIS method to rank alternatives. This paper selects seven clean energy technology alternatives, namely LNG power, LPG power, methanol power, HVO power, pure battery power, hydrogen fuel cell, and ammonia fuel cell, respectively, as the evaluation objects. Taking two types of vessels as examples, it is concluded that LNG power technology is suitable for large coastal ro-ro passenger vessels, and pure battery power technology is suitable for small inland river short-distances vessels. The results are in line with reality, which verifies the scientificity and validity of the proposed model.
Enhanced Production, Cloning, and Expression of a Xylanase Gene from Endophytic Fungal Strain Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1: Unveiling the In Vitro Anti-Fungal Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Ellatif Sawsan Abd , Abdel Razik Elsayed S. , AL-surhanee Ameena A. , Al-Sarraj Faisal , Daigham Ghadir E. , Mahfouz Amira Y.
Published: April 2022

Trichoderma sp. is extensively applied as a beneficial fungus for the management of plant diseases, plant growth promotion, induced resistance, and plays an important role in global sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to enhance the production of microbial xylanase in high titer from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1, and the cloning of xylanase genes in E. coli DH5α using a pUC19 vector. A combination of glucose, 0.1 mM, Tween 80 with lactose, and 2 mM galactose combined with malt extract boostedthe enzyme production. Xylanase production was maximized at a pH of 5.0, temp. of 30 °C, and agitation of 150 rpm in the presence of malt extract and bagasse as the best nitrogen source and waste, respectively, using submerged fermentation. The molecular weight of highly purified xylanase was 32 KDa, identified using SDS-PAGE. The xylanase gene of T. harzianum kj831197.1 was screened in fungal DNA using definite primers specified in the gene bank database. The identified region was excised using restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI and cloned into a pUC19 plasmid vector. Optimization of fermentation conditions improved xylanase production about 23.9-fold.The antifungal efficacy of xylanase toward different phytopathogenic fungi was determined. The highest inhibition was against Corynespora cassiicola, Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis fabae. This study offered an economical, simple, and efficient method using Trichoderma harzianum kj831197.1 for the production of the xylanase enzyme via the submerged fermentation method.
UTAUT in Metaverse: An “Ifland” Case
Authors: Lee Un-Kon , Kim Hyekyung
Published: April 2022

Since 2021, big tech companies have been interested in metaverse platforms and services. Metaverse is the permanent, immersive mixed-reality world where people and people and people and objects can synchronously interact, collaborate, and live beyond the limitations of time and space, using avatars and the immersion-supporting devices, platforms, and infrastructures. On metaverse platforms, people can merge the real world and the virtual world. Because the metaverse has only recently begun to be studied, there are only dozens of studies on the metaverse published in qualified academic journals. There are few empirical studies on the extent to which metaverse platforms will be accommodated in the lives of information system users from an integrated perspective. Therefore, this paper aimed to empirically verify user acceptance of metaverse platforms by referring the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). This study was conducted in two stages. (1) The concept and research trends of the metaverse platform were examined, and (2) the UTAUT model was introduced in “Ifland”, one of the metaverse platforms, to verify its acceptance of information system users. I conducted a laboratory experiment while complying with the quarantine rules. Participants were required to watch a 15 min lecture on artificial intelligence on the metaverse platform “Ifland” for a sufficient time, then they discussed the impacts of artificial intelligence with others in the lecture. A total of 120 valid data points, excluding insincere responses, were collected, and hypotheses were verified through PLS analysis. Results indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence of the metaverse platform significantly increased satisfaction, usage intention, purchase intention, and word-of-mouth intention. Facilitating conditions had no significant impact on satisfaction. The results of this study provide implications for how the metaverse platform should be designed and what factors should be emphasized to increase user acceptance of metaverse platforms.
Characterization of Mixed Pellets Made from Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Waste as Pellet Fuel
Authors: Laosena Rattikal , Palamanit Arkom , Luengchavanon Montri , Kittijaruwattana Jitralada , Nakason Charoen , Lee Seng Hua , Chotikhun Aujchariya
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the production and properties of mixed pellets made from rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste with no added binder. Three different conditions of mixed pellets were developed to compare their chemical and physical properties to rubberwood pellets. The produced samples were subjected to both ultimate and proximate analyses. The contents of C, H, N, S, and Cl significantly increased with the increasing amount of refuse-derived fuel in the samples, resulting in reduction of the volatile matter. The mechanical durability of the pellet samples ranged between an average value of 98 and 99%. Mixed pellets containing 50% of rubberwood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel have improved heating values by 22.21% compared to rubberwood pellets. Moreover, mixed pellets having 50% of wood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel had the highest density and the highest energy compared to the other samples. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that the manufactured mixed pellets have the potential to be used as high-energy fuel.
Fabrication and Optimisation of Ti-6Al-4V Lattice-Structured Total Shoulder Implants Using Laser Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Bittredge Oliver , Hassanin Hany , El-Sayed Mahmoud Ahmed , Eldessouky Hossam Mohamed , Alsaleh Naser A. , Alrasheedi Nashmi H. , Essa Khamis , Ahmadein Mahmoud
Published: April 2022

This work aimed to study one of the most important challenges in orthopaedic implantations, known as stress shielding of total shoulder implants. This problem arises from the elastic modulus mismatch between the implant and the surrounding tissue, and can result in bone resorption and implant loosening. This objective was addressed by designing and optimising a cellular-based lattice-structured implant to control the stiffness of a humeral implant stem used in shoulder implant applications. This study used a topology lattice-optimisation tool to create different cellular designs that filled the original design of a shoulder implant, and were further analysed using finite element analysis (FEA). A laser powder bed fusion technique was used to fabricate the Ti-6Al-4V test samples, and the obtained material properties were fed to the FEA model. The optimised cellular design was further fabricated using powder bed fusion, and a compression test was carried out to validate the FEA model. The yield strength, elastic modulus, and surface area/volume ratio of the optimised lattice structure, with a strut diameter of 1 mm, length of 5 mm, and 100% lattice percentage in the design space of the implant model were found to be 200 MPa, 5 GPa, and 3.71 mm−1, respectively. The obtained properties indicated that the proposed cellular structure can be effectively applied in total shoulder-replacement surgeries. Ultimately, this approach should lead to improvements in patient mobility, as well as to reducing the need for revision surgeries due to implant loosening.
The Effect of Increasing Nickel Content on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Corrosion Resistance of the CuFeTiZrNix High-Entropy Alloys
Authors: Kuo Po-Cheng , Chen Sin-Yi , Yu William , Okumura Ryo , Iikubo Satoshi , Laksono Andromeda Dwi , Yen Yee-Wen , Pasana Alberto S.
Published: April 2022

In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) that contain fine grains of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) have gained increasing attention as they have been shown to exhibit both high mechanical strength and strong corrosion resistance. One such class of HEAs is that of CuFeTiZrNi alloys. In this study, we have investigated the effect of increasing Ni content on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance of the CuFeTiZrNix alloys (where x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 in a molar ratio). The alloys used in this study were prepared in an arc melting furnace and then annealed at 900 °C. First-principles calculations of the bulk modulus were also performed for each alloy. The results revealed that increasing the Ni content had several effects. Firstly, the microstructure of the CuFeTiZrNix alloys changed from B2_BCC and Laves_C14 in the CuFeTiZrNi0.1 and CuFeTiZrNi0.3 alloys to FCC, B2_BCC, and Laves_C14 in the CuFeTiZrNi0.5 alloys; and to FCC, B2_BCC, Cu51Zr14, and Laves_C14 in the CuFeTiZrNi0.8 and CuFeTiZrNi1.0 alloys. Secondly, IMCs arising from a combination of the refractory elements (Ti and Zr) and atomic size differences were found in the interdendritic region. Thirdly, as the Ni content in the CuFeTiZrNix alloys increased, the hardness decreased, but the corrosion resistance increased.
Bioceramics Based on β-Calcium Pyrophosphate
Authors: Safronova Tatiana , Kiselev Andrey , Selezneva Irina , Shatalova Tatiana , Lukina Yulia , Filippov Yaroslav , Toshev Otabek , Tikhonova Snezhana , Antonova Olga , Knotko Alexander
Published: April 2022

Ceramic samples based on β-calcium pyrophosphate β-Ca2P2O7 were prepared from powders of γ-calcium pyrophosphate γ-Ca2P2O7 with preset molar ratios Ca/P = 1, 0.975 and 0.95 using firing at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. Calcium lactate pentahydrate Ca(C3H5O3)2⋅5H2O and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate Ca(H2PO4)2⋅H2O were treated in an aqua medium in mechanical activation conditions to prepare powder mixtures with preset molar ratios Ca/P containing calcium hydrophosphates with Ca/P = 1 (precursors of calcium pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7). These powder mixtures containing calcium hydrophosphates with Ca/P = 1 and non-reacted starting salts were heat-treated at 600 °C after drying and disaggregation in acetone. Phase composition of all powder mixtures after heat treatment at 600 °C was presented by γ-calcium pyrophosphate γ-Ca2P2O7 according to the XRD data. The addition of more excess of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O (with appropriate molar ratio of Ca/P = 1) to the mixture of starting components resulted in lower dimensions of γ-calcium pyrophosphate (γ-Ca2P2O7) individual particles. The grain size of ceramics increased both with the growth in firing temperature and with decreasing molar ratio Ca/P of powder mixtures. Calcium polyphosphate (t melt = 984 °C), formed from monocalcium phosphate monohydrate Ca(H2PO4)2⋅H2O, acted similar to a liquid phase sintering additive. It was confirmed by tests in vitro that prepared ceramic materials with preset molar ratios Ca/P = 1, 0.975, and 0.95 and phase composition presented by β-calcium pyrophosphate β-Ca2P2O7 were biocompatible and could maintain bone cells proliferation.
Design of Refining Slag Based on Structural Modifications Associated with the Boron Removal for SoG-Si
Authors: Qian Guoyu , Sun Yiwei , Wang Dong , Wu Zhiliang , Wang Zhi , Ma Wenhui
Published: April 2022

Solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) is the core material of solar cells. The removal of boron (B) has always been a challenge in the preparation of high purity Si. Slag refining has always been considered as one of the effective methods to remove B, but the design of refined slag has been limited by the cognition of the relationship between slag structure and impurity removal, and can only rely on the apparent basicity and oxygen potential adjustment of slag based on a large number of conditional experiments. In order to clarify the B removal mechanism of slag refining from Si, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman vibrational spectroscopy were used to investigate in detail the behavior and state of B and aluminum (Al) in the SiO2–CaO–Al2O3–B2O3 slag. The role of the degree of B–Si cross linking on the B activity in slag was highlighted by comparing the partition ratio (LB) between slag and Si. Q2 structural unit of slag is an important site for capturing B. BO4 (1B, 3Si) species is the main form of connection between B and silicate networks, which determines the activity of B in the slag. The addition of Al2O3 into SiO2–CaO slag can change the relative fraction of Q2 and BO4 (1B, 3Si). Increasing Al2O3 content from 0 to about 20 wt% can lead to the overall increase of Q2 population, and a tendency to decrease first and then increase of BO4 (1B, 3Si) fraction under both basicity conditions (0.6 and 1.1). When Al2O3 content is less than 10 ± 1 wt%, the decrease of BO4 (1B, 3Si) population plays a major role in deteriorating the connectivity between B and aluminosilicate network, which leads to a higher activity of B. When the Al2O3 content is greater than 10 ± 1 wt%, B is incorporated into the silicate network more easily due to the formation of more Q2 and BO4 (1B, 3Si), which contributes to a rapid decline in activity of B in slag.
Herbal Medications in Endodontics and Its Application—A Review of Literature
Authors: Karobari Mohmed Isaqali , Adil Abdul Habeeb , Assiry Ali A. , Basheer Syed Nahid , Noorani Tahir Yusuf , Pawar Ajinkya M. , Marya Anand , Messina Pietro , Scardina Giuseppe Alessandro
Published: April 2022

Herbal products are gaining popularity in dental and medical practice nowadays due to their biocompatibility, higher antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Herbal medicine has experienced rapid growth in recent years due to its beneficial properties, ease of availability, and lack of side effects. As pathogenic bacteria become more resistant to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, researchers are becoming more interested in alternative products and treatment choices for oral diseases. As a result, natural phytochemicals separated from plants and utilized in traditional medicine are suitable substitutes for synthetic chemicals. The aim of this review article is to list and understand several herbal alternatives that are currently accessible for use as efficient endodontic medicaments. The herbal products used in endodontics have several advantages, including safety, ease of use, increased storability, low cost, and a lack of microbial tolerance. However, preclinical and clinical testing and interactions with other materials and adverse effects are required for these herbal products.
Biomechanical Efficacy and Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment with Transparent Aligners in Mild Crowding Dentition—A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Seo Jeong-Hee , Kim Min-Seok , Lee Jeong-Hyeon , Eghan-Acquah Emmanuel , Jeong Yong-Hoon , Hong Mi-Hee , Kim Bongju , Lee Sung-Jae
Published: April 2022

Orthodontic treatment increasingly involves transparent aligners; however, biomechanical analysis of their treatment effects under clinical conditions is lacking. We compared the biomechanical efficacy and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with transparent aligners and of fixed appliances in simulated clinical orthodontic treatment conditions using orthodontic finite element (FE) models. In the FE analysis, we used Model Activation/De-Activation analysis to validate our method. Fixed appliances and 0.75-mm and 0.5-mm thick transparent aligners were applied to a tooth-alveolar bone FE model with lingually-inclined and axially-rotated central incisors. Compared to the fixed appliance, the 0.75-mm and 0.5-mm transparent aligners induced 5%, 38%, and 28% and 21%, 62%, and 34% less movement of the central incisors and principal stress of the periodontal ligament and of the alveolar bone, respectively, for lingual inclination correction. For axial-rotation correction, these aligners induced 22%, 37%, and 40% and 28%, 67%, and 48% less tooth movement and principal stress of the periodontal ligament and of the alveolar bone, respectively. In conclusion, transparent aligners induced less tooth movement, it is sufficient for orthodontic treatment, but 0.5-mm aligners should be used for only mild corrections. Additionally, the Model Activation/De-Activation analysis method is suitable for FE analysis of orthodontic treatment reflecting clinical treatment conditions.
The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs
Authors: Assawakawintip Thanate , Santiwong Peerapong , Khantachawana Anak , Sipiyaruk Kawin , Chintavalakorn Rochaya
Published: April 2022

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) springs have been increasingly used in orthodontics; however, no optimum condition of heat treatment has been reported. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the optimum heat-treatment temperature and duration for the fabrication of NiTi-closed coil springs by investigating their effects on thermo-mechanical properties. As-drawn straight NiTi wires of 0.2 mm diameter were used to fabricate closed coil springs of 0.9 mm lumen diameter. The springs were heat-treated at three different temperatures (400, 450, and 500 °C) with three different durations (20, 40, and 60 min). Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate element composition and thermo-mechanical properties, respectively. Custom-made NiTi closed coil springs composed of 49.41%-Ti and 50.57%-Ni by atomic weight, where their DSC curves of 500 °C presented the obvious endothermic and exothermic peaks, and the austenite finish temperature (Af) were approximately 25 °C. With increasing temperature, deactivation curves presented decreased plateau slopes generating higher superelastic ratios (SE ratios). At 500 °C, closed coil springs showed superelastic tendency with lower stress hysteresis. The thermo-mechanical properties were significantly influenced by heat-treatment temperature rather than duration. The optimum parameter appeared to be 500 °C for 40 min to produce appropriate force delivery levels, relatively low plateau slope, and lower hysteresis for orthodontic use.