bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
About changes in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions used as a liquid electrolyte cathode
Authors: Tazmeev G K , Timerkaev B A , Tazmeev A K
Published: November 2019

The gas discharge between liquid electrolyte cathode and metal anode was experimentally investigated. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide were used as the electrolyte cathode. Decrease aqueous solution was compensated by adding distilled water (solvent) in a continuous mode in the discharge burning process. It was found that, despite the significant dilution with a solvent, the specific electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts and alkalis varies slightly.
Numerical simulation of the liquid-metal jet formation and droplet pinch-off in the cathode spot of a vacuum arc
Authors: Uimanov I V , Mesyats G A
Published: November 2019

A two-dimensional axisymmetric model has been developed to describe the formation of liquid-metal jet and the droplet pinch-off. These processes occur during the extrusion of the melt from the crater by the pressure of the cathode spot plasma of a vacuum arc. The jet formation has been numerically simulated for a copper cathode in the “inertial” mode of the melt splashing until the first droplet pinch-off. In this case, a jet with a longitudinal velocity gradient is formed. This gradient decreases the diameter of the jet and causes its elongation, resulting in droplet pinch-off. It has been shown that the mechanism of the droplet pinch-off is based on Rayleigh-Plateau instability. The droplet pinch-off time decreases with increasing jet velocity and increases for droplets of larger diameter. The simulation predicted the electrical explosion of the droplet-jet neck at the current density on the droplet surface ≥ 107 A·cm−2.
Forevacuum plasma source of ribbon electron beam with a multi-aperture extraction system
Authors: Klimov A S , Zenin A A , Tu Tran Van , Bakeev I Yu
Published: November 2019

The article presents the results of modernization of the accelerating interval of the forvacuum plasma electron source. The source generates an electron beam in the form of a sheet at pressures of 10–30 Pa. To increase the homogeneity, a multi-aperture extraction system was used. The optimal distances between the anode and the extractor, as well as the ratio between the cell sizes of the multi-aperture system, allowing to obtain a homogeneous electron beam width of 30 cm are determined.
Plasma generation in the arc discharge with a thermionic cathode in current stabilization conditions
Authors: Lopatin I V , Akhmadeev Yu H , Koval N N , Kovalsky S S
Published: November 2019

The paper investigates plasma generation in a PINK plasma generator with thermionic and hollow cathodes under stabilizeddischarge current. The possibility of not completely closing of the thermionic electrons current into an external circuit is shown under these conditions. The current of emitted from the thermionic cathode electrons mostly closes inside the device, thus increasing the thermal and current load on the electrodes under such conditions. At this, the current direction in the hollow cathode circuit may change, which has no effecton external circuits. It is further shown that the redistribution of currents in the electrode circuits depends on the discharge conditions (including thermionic cathode heating current and voltage, as well as operating pressure and type of working gas), which, in turn, have influence on the instantaneous potentials of the cathode electrodes. Studies of the main plasma characteristics in different phases of the thermionic cathode heating current and under different plasma generation conditions have shown that changing the current direction in the hollow cathode circuit has in significant influence on the instantaneous values of the main plasma parameters, however, plasma generation is not optimalunder these conditions.
Deuterium ion beam formation in a vacuum arc discharge system with a deuterated cathode
Authors: Nikolaev A G , Frolova V P , Oks E M , Savkin K P , Shandrikov M V , Yushkov G Y
Published: November 2019

The formation of deuterium ion beams in a vacuum arc with a deuterium-saturated zirconium cathode was studied using a MevvaV.Ru vacuum arc ion source. The multi-aperture ion-optical system of the source was replaced by a string ion-optical system to measure and compare the current–voltage characteristics and current density distributions over the beam cross-section obtained with the two systems. The study shows that the string system with a deuterated cathode provides a beam current 1.4–1.5 times higher than the multi-aperture system does, all other things being equal, and that the beam divergence with the string system is also higher. The total pulse current of deuterium ions in the beam ranges to about 1 A.
Unipolar and bipolar mode of deep oscillation magnetron sputtering
Authors: Oskirko V O , Zakharov A N , Pavlov A P , Grenadyorov A S , Semenov V A
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the results of a study of the modes of dual deep oscillation magnetron sputtering. The use of packet pulse discharge power supply allowed to provide a high power density on the surface of the Al target 60–500 W·cm−2 and the ion current density on the substrate 4–20 mA·cm−2 during the duration of the macro pulse – 1 ms. In addition to the parameters of a pulsed power supply, the way of connecting the power source to the dual magnetron sputtering system and the vacuum chamber changed during the experiments. Targets of the magnetron sputtering system were isolated from the chamber or alternately connected to it. A change in the connection method led to a change in the anode area and such discharge parameters as: discharge current, plasma concentration, bias voltage, and ion current density on the substrate. It is shown that in the mode with a small area of the anode, the substrate is exposed to a higher energy impact in comparison with the regime when the anode had a large area.
Triggered gas switch with a sharply non-uniform electric field at the electrode with negative potential
Authors: Alexeenko V M , Zherlitsyn A A , Kokovin A O , Kondratiev S S , Kozyrev A V , Kumpyak E V
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the results of studies for two triggered high-pressure gas switches intended for pulse-periodic capacitive storages with the stored energy level of about 100–1000 J. The operating voltage of the first switch is up to 50 kV, for the second switch is over 200 kV. A feature for both switches is a configuration with a sharply non-uniform field at the electrode with negative potential. In the charging process of a capacitive energy storage, a corona-streamer discharge occurs in the switch, the current of which increases with increasing voltage. Cathode discharge plasma shields a sharp cathode edge and local areas of inhomogeneity with increased emission and also gives a uniform flow of initiating electrons into the gap of the switch. As a result, conditions in the discharge gap vary slightly from pulse to pulse.
Creating ceramic electrically insulating coating on metal surface
Authors: Bakeev I Yu , Burachevsky Yu A , Yushkov Yu G
Published: November 2019

The present work deals with the problem of creating dielectric (ceramic) coating on the surfaces of conductive materials for endowing them with insulating properties. The coatings have been created using the electron-beam evaporation of aluminum oxide ceramics. A plasma electron source operating in the forevacuum range of pressure (5–100 Pa) have been used as a source of electrons. It has enabled an effective transport of the electron beam onto the ceramic non-conductive surface and its melting and evaporation. During this process, the electric charge brought by the electron beam onto the surface of the ceramic target is completely neutralized by the ions of gas discharge plasma generated by the electron beam along its transport path towards the target.
Thermophysical model of electron beam boriding of carbon steel St3
Authors: Dasheev D E , Smirnyagina N N , Lapina A E , Milonov A S
Published: November 2019

The work aims at developing a thermophysical model of electron-beam boriding of carbon steels. The main attention focuses on the physicochemical processes of the formation of iron borides occurring in the treatment zone by the electron beam. A thermodynamic study of phase equilibria in the systems Fe-B-C-O has been performed. On the basis of numerical calculations of temperature fields it is shown that temperature and time conditions of heating and cooling of steel determine the nature of structural transformations. Strength characteristics of iron boride layers have been determined. Then these layers obtained by different methods and using various source components have been thoroughly compared with each other during the analysis.
Nanostructure formation of hypoeutectic silumin by electronion-plasma methods
Authors: Ivanov Yu F , Gromov V E , Zagulyaev D V , Konovalov S V , Rubannikova Yu A , Petrikova E A , Rygina M E
Published: November 2019

The structure, phase composition and defect substructure of the surface layers of hypoeutectic silumin after the complex processing including the electroexplosion ion plasma alloying by the yttrium oxide powder and the subsequent electron beam processing have been analyzed by the methods of modern physical material science. The complex processing is accompanied by the dissolution of the silicon inclusions and intermetallides and the formation of the submicro- and nanodimensional structure. The modified layer (70 μm) is multielemental and it has the structure of high velocity cellular crystallization.
Preparation of high-voltage vacuum gap surfaces by the glowing discharge
Authors: Kanshin I A , Markov V G
Published: November 2019

The paper presents a method for processing parts and components of high-voltage vacuum gap gas-discharge device (GDD), operating on the basis of the Penning discharge, at the stage of their preparation for manufacturing. This method includes the irradiation of the part surfaces by the flow of inert gas ions obtained from gas discharge plasma. The purpose of treatment is to increase the electrical strength and GDD stability. The results of research are presented.
Influence of ultrasonic field during micro-arc oxidation on the structure and properties of calcium phosphate coatings
Authors: Komarova E G , Kazantseva E A , Sedelnikova M B , Sharkeev Yu P
Published: November 2019

The study of the influence of applied external ultrasound (US) field with varied power of 35 or 100 W during the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) processing on the thickness growth, surface roughness, porosity, sizes of structural elements and structural-phase states of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on the titanium surface was performed. It was shown that the US transmittance through the electrolyte for 10 min of MAO processing had led to the increase of the coating thickness from 50 to 60 µm, the surface roughness from 3 to 4.5 µm, and the cross-section porosity from 27 to 40%. However, under the action of external US there was a destruction of structural elements (spheres with pores) on the coating surface and a filling of pores’ spaces by fragments. That led to the decrease of the surface porosity from 30 to 12%. It was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) that all types of the CaP coatings deposited under external US field and without it were in X-ray amorphous state. However, applied US field had led to the increase of the coating crystallinity with incorporation of CaHPO4 and β-Ca2P2O7 phases.
Formation of the silicon coating on the NiTi substrate by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Krukovskii K V , Kashin O A , Luchin A V
Published: November 2019

The paper studies the regularities of silicon coatings formation on a substrate of an alloy based on nickel titanium using the radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. It is shown that the use of the RF magnetron sputtering method allows making a silicon coating with a thickness more than 6 μm. It is determined that treatment time has the main influence on the thickness of a coating. The magnitude of the RF-power level of magnetron sputtering has a smaller effect on the thickness of the emerging coating.
Generation of gas-metal plasma of arc low-pressure discharges and investigation of the deposition mode of wear-resistant nitride coatings
Authors: Krysina O V , Shugurov V V , Prokopenko N A , Kovalsky S S
Published: November 2019

The modes of gas-metal plasma generation are investigated at independent and combined operation of plasma generators of the different construction. The dependences of an ion current on a collector on the current of the arc discharge of plasma sources, on the pressure and on the composition of working gas in the wide ranges of parameters are obtained. The distributions of metal and nitride coatings growth rate along vacuum chamber radius at the use of the system of magnetic plasma flow separation from droplet fraction are revealed. The service properties of the plasma sources of different type are defined. The parameter ranges for the optimum modes of ZrN and ZrNbN coating deposition by vacuum arc plasma-assistance method are revealed. The parameters of gas-metal plasma at simultaneous functioning the different type plasma sources are measured.
Improvement of efficiency of the use of pulsed corona discharge energy during the conversion of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Kuznetsov D L , Filatov I E , Uvarin V V
Published: November 2019

The effect of electronegative additives on the conversion of volatile organic compounds in plasma of air mixtures has been studied. It was shown that during the conversion of trichloroethylene C2HCl3 and perchloroethylene C2Cl4 in air under the action of pulsed corona discharge of nanosecond duration, the addition of carbon tetrachloride CCl4 to the mixture leads not only to a decrease in the discharge current, but also to an increase in energy efficiency of the conversion of toxic impurity. To explain the results obtained, the estimation of parameters of non-equilibrium non-thermal plasma and the analysis of processes in various regions of pulsed corona discharge have been carried out.
A new method of low-temperature cementation of stainless steel by decomposition of C2H2 in low-energy electron beam generated plasma
Authors: Menshakov A I , Skorynina P A
Published: November 2019

The method of low-temperature (400–500°C) cementation of AISI430 stainless steel by decomposition of acetylene in a wide (100 cm2) low-energy (200–300 eV) electron beam generated plasma in an Ar+C2H2 gas mixture was investigated. The composition of a beam Ar+C2H2-plasma is investigated and it is shown that the degree of decomposition of acetylene varies with the current and energy of the electron beam. It is shown that the magnitude of the flow of acetylene significantly affects the formation rate and hardness of the hardened layer. From the obtained results it can be seen that at fixed values of argon pressure ( ~ 0.8 mTorr), beam current (3.5 A), bias voltage (–120 V), sample temperature (500°C) and exposure time (3 h) increase in QC2H2 from 1 to 4–5 cm3·min−1 leads to an increase in the thickness and microhardness of the hardened layer. With a further increase in QC2H2, an abrupt decrease in the rate of formation of the hard layer occurs.
Energy depth distribution of pulsed electron beam with wide electron kinetic energy spectrum for an aluminum target
Authors: Poloskov A , Serebrennikov M , Isemberlinova A , Egorov I
Published: November 2019

Knowledges of pulsed electron beam characteristics is necessary for use it for scientific and practice applications. Current work analyses the pulsed electron beam extracted from the vacuum diode through a titanium foil (60 mkm) of the diode exit window. Electron beam energy depth distribution was measured for a target made of different number of aluminum foils. A pulsed electron beam with a wide range of kinetic energies was generated by the ASTRA-M accelerator (260 kV of accelerating voltage, up to 1 kA of beam current, 150 ns of beam pulse duration at FWHM). A calorimeter of total absorption and Faraday cup were used to measure beam characteristics. Calorimeter included two collectors: first one measures a beam energy after aluminum foils, and the second one measures a total beam energy. All measurements were performed at 10−5 Torr background pressure after the exit window foil. As a result, the electron kinetic energy spectrum of the beam out of diode has been reconstructed.
Investigation of composition and parameters of metal-gas plasma at vacuum arc evaporation of molybdenum cathode in the mode of plasma assistance
Authors: Prokopenko N A , Krysina O V , Shugurov V V , Kovalsky S S , Prokopiev V E
Published: November 2019

It is shown that simultaneous functioning of the self-sustained arc discharge with the integral-cold molybdenum cathode and non-self-sustained arc discharge with the thermionic and hollow cathodes allows to generate volume metal-gas plasma with density of ≥ 1010 cm−3, electrons temperature of ≈ 1–1.5 eV at the gas (argon) pressure of 0.3 Pa and working values of the arc current of evaporator (60–180) A into vacuum volumes of ≥ 0.1 m3 for effective coating synthesis based on molybdenum by vacuum arc plasma-assisted method. It has been established by the spectrometric method that neutral atoms and single-charged molybdenum ions are present in the area of molybdenum-based coatings condensation along with atoms and ions of the working gas.
Influence of electrolyte-plasma surface hardening on the structure and properties of steel 40KhN
Authors: Rakhadilov B K , Satbayeva Z A , Bayatanova L B , Kilyshkanov M K , Kalibayev K A , Kochneva A K
Published: November 2019

The optimal electrolyte composition for electrolyte-plasma surface hardening of 40XH steel, which does not lead to the surface layer to erosion, oxidation and decarburization are determined in this work. It is shown that after electrolytic-plasma surface hardening a modified layer with a thickness of 1–1.2 mm is formed with high hardness and wear resistance which consisting of a hardened layer of fine-grained martensite, an intermediate layer of perlite and martensite.
Effect of applying a magnetic field in ion nitriding on probe characteristics of glow discharge, microhardness and R6M5 steel structure
Authors: Ramazanov R , Vafin R , Asylbaev A , Nikolaev A
Published: November 2019

Ion nitriding in a magnetic field has been studied. The influence of the magnetic field on glow discharge characteristics, structural-phase composition of the modified layer and surface microhardness of steels R6M5 has been analyzed. The probe current-voltage characteristic of the glow discharge inthe magnetic field has been obtained.
CuO films deposited by superimposed high power impulse and DC magnetron sputtering
Authors: Semenov V A , Grenadyorov A S , Oskirko V O , Zakharov A N , Rabotkin S V , Ionov I V , Solovyev A A
Published: November 2019

Copper oxide films have been successfully deposited onto glass, fused quartz and Si(100) substrates by superimposed high power impulse (HIPIMS) and DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The deposition rate, adhesion, structure, wettability and optical properties of the obtained films were compared with those of CuO films deposited by conventional DC sputtering. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that nanocrystallite size, single phase cupric oxide thin films with monoclinic structure were formed in all deposition modes. However, superimposing the direct current during off-time of HiPIMS pulsing allowed formation of denser film with smooth surface and good optical properties.
Phase composition reproportioning of the plasma dynamic synthesisproduct of the zinc-bismuth-oxygen system
Authors: Sivkov A A , Ivashutenko A S , Rakhmatullin I A , Shanenkova Yu L , Tsimmerman A I
Published: November 2019

This article shows the possibility of obtaining nanosized materials based on zinc oxide and bismuth oxide by plasma dynamic synthesis. The main research in the article is the results on the influence of the precursors mass on the products phase composition of the Zn-Bi-O system. X-ray phase analysis allowed to establish the possibility of zinc oxide and bismuth oxide synthesis in one short cycle of the coaxial magnetoplasma accelerator. Changing the metal bismuth batch weight allows to adjust the bismuth oxide content in the final product. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the presence of zinc oxide phases in the bismuth oxide shell in the obtained material. Evaluation of the bismuth oxide shell thickness by determining the average size of the coherent scattering region showed that it is 30 nm.
Thermodynamic analysis of cement clinker formation using low temperature plasma
Authors: Skripnikova N K , Shekhovtsov V V , Vlasov V A , Volokitin O G , Volokitin G G
Published: November 2019

The paper deals with the synthesis of cement clinker using the highly-concentrated thermal flux. The thermodynamic analysis shows that during this synthesis, the temperature increase up to 2727°C (3000 K) is accompanied by the change in the probability of C3S, C2S, C3S2, CS formation. Starting from 1907°C (2180 K), the most stable compound is found to be C3S which is not feasible by applying the traditional technology.
Additive manufactured VT6 titanium alloy surface modification by electron-ion-plasma methods
Authors: Teresov A D , Akhmadeev Yu H , Ivanov Yu F , Moskvin P V , Petrikova E A , Krysina O V
Published: November 2019

It was shown that alloying of the samples of VT6 titanium alloy made by method of additive manufacturing in a single vacuum cycle on «COMPLEX» installation by deposition of a thin film of zirconium and the subsequent liquid-phase mixing by means of pulse electron beam treatment allows considerably to reduce roughness and porosity of a surface layer and to increase its mechanical properties. In the optimum modes of processing the increase in microhardness at ≈ 40% in comparison with initial samples has been received. Values of roughness, tensile strength and wear resistance correspond to initial material.
A plasma-chemical reactor of coupled vacuum-arc and ion-plasma processes for protective coatings formation based on titanium nitride
Authors: Tsyrenov D B-D , Semenov A P , Smirnyagina N N , Semenova I A
Published: November 2019

A plasma-chemical reactor based on the principle of coupling of gas-discharge processes in a VU-1B vacuum installation has been developed. This plasma-chemical reactor combine vacuum-arc evaporation of titanium in a nitrogen-containing plasma and ion-plasma sputtering of copper with the formation of copper vapor. The basis of this method of coatings deposition is the principle of dosing the injection copper vapor into the region of TiN synthesis through a separating diaphragm with a variable metering aperture, which prevents penetration of a titanium vapor into the copper cathode of the magnetron. The synthesis of TiN coatings in copper vapors has been carried out with the formation of nanostructured composite TiN-Cu coatings.
Influence of the magnetic field at ion nitriding in glow discharge on probe characteristics, microhardness and structure of 08H18N10T (AISI 321) steel
Authors: Vafin R , Asylbaev A , Nikolaev A , Pesin A , Pustovoytov D
Published: November 2019

The study is devoted to the influence of the magnetic field on ion nitriding of stainless steel of austenite class – 08H18N10T (AISI 321). The experimental volt-ampere characteristics (VAC) of the glow dischargewere obtained under the influence of crossed electric and magnetic fields (CEMF), plasma parameters were calculated. The microhardness measurements made it possible to establish that the surface hardness increases 1.5 times when nitriding with CEMF in comparison with that without CEMF, while the hardened layer thickness increases 1.5 times.
Complex modification of the surface of high-speed steel in low-temperature high-density plasma
Authors: Vardanyan E L , Ramazanov K N , Nagimov R Sh , Nazarov A Yu
Published: November 2019

A technological process has been developed for complex modification of the surface of tool materials in low-pressure discharges, including low-temperature nitriding and subsequent deposition of multilayer coatings based on intermetallic compounds of the Ti-Al system. The results of production tests of metal cutting tools processed by the developed complex technology are presented.
Electrospark method for obtaining nanopowders
Authors: Zhuravlev M , Sazonov R , Kholodnaya G , Pyatkov I , Ponomarev D
Published: November 2019

In the paper, a metallic FexOy nanopowder was obtained by the electrospark method. The used electrospark installation consists of the electrode system, mobility system, system for measuring processing parameters (oscilloscope and current sensor, HV voltage divider, manovacuum meter), source of current pulses, vacuum system (vacuum pump, gas cylinders with working gas, gas routes, gas taps). The specific feature of the installation is the use of a power supply circuit of two generators with different voltage levels operating for one interelectrode gap. This generator circuit makes it possible to change the treatment parameters in wide ranges (pulse duration 10–100 μs, pulse energy 0.1–0.6 J, pulse repetition rate 0.1–5 kHz). It will enable to choose the optimal ratio between the energy expended and the maximum yield of the product, as well as to study the influence of treatment parameters on the composition and properties of the resulting powder. The morphology and phase composition of the FexOy synthesized metal powder was studied.
Non-blind deconvolution with an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) after noise reduction in nondestructive testing
Authors: Cheon W. , Min B.J. , Seo Y.S. , Lee H.
Published: November 2019

To ensure the quality of material, nondestructive testing is necessary, and radiography testing is the nondestructive technique most commonly used today. For inspection, the quality of a radiographic image is critical, and there are many image artifacts that can reduce inspection accuracies such as noise or blurring. The deterioration in spatial resolution caused by blur in both the X-ray imaging itself and the noise reduction process are particular problems. To tackle them, we implemented a non-blind deconvolution method that employs the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) after noise reduction. Experimental results confirm that the proposed algorithm effectively restores edge sharpness. The 50% modulation transfer function of the restored image of a slit-camera was about 3.54 line-pairs per mm, which is about 2.5 times higher than that of the denoised image. Moreover, the edge preservation index values are about 0.82, 0.54, and 0.75 for the restored, denoised, and acquired images, respectively. Consequentially, the proposed method has the potential to increase inspection efficiency in industrial applications.
Dynamics and potential drivers of CO2 concentration and evasion across temporal scales in high-alpine streams
Authors: Horgby Åsa , Gómez-Gener Lluís , Escoffier Nicolas , Battin Tom J
Published: November 2019

Carbon dioxide (CO2) evasion from streams greatly contributes to global carbon fluxes. Despite this, the temporal dynamics of CO2 and its drivers remain poorly understood to date. This is particularly true for high-altitude streams. Using high-resolution time series of CO2 concentration and specific discharge from sensors in twelve streams in the Swiss Alps, we studied over three years the responsiveness of both CO2 concentration and evasion fluxes to specific discharge at annual scales and at the scale of the spring freshet. On an annual basis, our results show dilution responses of the streamwater CO2 likely attributable to limited supply from sources within the catchment. Combining our sensor data with stable isotope analyses, we identify the spring freshet as a window where source limitation of the CO2 evasion fluxes becomes relieved. CO2 from soil respiration enters the streams during the freshet thereby facilitating CO2 evasion fluxes that are potentially relevant for the carbon fluxes at catchment scale. Our study highlights the need for long-term measurements of CO2 concentrations and fluxes to better understand and predict the role of streams for global carbon cycling.
The impact of environmental changes on the yield and nutritional quality of fruits, nuts and seeds: a systematic review
Authors: Alae-Carew Carmelia , Nicoleau Salina , Bird Frances A , Hawkins Poppy , Tuomisto Hanna L , Haines Andy , Dangour Alan D , Scheelbeek Pauline F D
Published: November 2019

Background: Environmental changes are predicted to threaten human health, agricultural production and food security. Whilst their impact has been evaluated for major cereals, legumes and vegetables, no systematic evidence synthesis has been performed to date evaluating impact of environmental change on fruits, nuts and seeds (FN&S)—valuable sources of nutrients and pivotal in reducing risks of non-communicable disease. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases, identifying available published literature (1970–2018) evaluating impacts of water availability and salinity, temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) on yields and nutritional quality of FN&S. Dose-response relationships were assessed and, where possible, mean yield changes relative to baseline conditions were calculated. Results: 81 papers on fruits and 24 papers on nuts and seeds were identified, detailing 582 and 167 experiments respectively. A 50% reduction in water availability and a 3–4dS m−1 increase in water salinity resulted in significant fruit yield reductions (mean yield changes: −20.7% [95%CI −43.1% to −1.7%]; and −28.2% [95%CI −53.0% to −3.4%] respectively). A 75%–100% increase in CO2 concentrations resulted in positive yield impacts (+37.8%; [95%CI 4.1% to 71.5%]; and 10.1%; [95%CI −30.0% to 50.3%] for fruits and nuts respectively). Evidence on yield impacts of increased O3 concentrations and elevated temperatures (>25 °C) was scarce, but consistently negative. The positive effect of elevated CO2 levels appeared to attenuate with simultaneous exposure to elevated temperatures. Data on impacts of environmental change on nutritional quality of FN&S were sparse, with mixed results. Discussion: In the absence of adaptation strategies, predicted environmental changes will reduce yields of FN&S. With global intake already well-below WHO recommendations, declining FN&S yields may adversely affect population health. Adaptation strategies and careful agricultural and food system planning will be essential to optimise crop productivity in the context of future environmental changes, thereby supporting and safeguarding sustainable and resilient food systems.
Measuring ecosystem multifunctionality across scales
Authors: Hölting Lisanne , Jacobs Sander , Felipe-Lucia María R , Maes Joachim , Norström Albert V , Plieninger Tobias , Cord Anna F
Published: November 2019

Multifunctionality refers to the capacity of an area to supply multiple ecosystem functions or services. While many conceptual and methodological advances have focused on defining and quantifying multifunctionality, the challenge of dealing with cross-scale dynamics of multifunctionality remains open. This study proposes a new way of measuring multifunctionality across spatial scales, illustrated with a European-wide dataset of 18 ecosystem services. Our assessment captures not only the diversity of ecosystem services supplied within each municipality (alpha-multifunctionality), but also the unique contribution of each municipality to the regional ecosystem service diversity (beta-multifunctionality). This cross-scale analysis helps better understanding the spatial distribution of ecosystem services, which is required to design management and policies at the right scale. Our analysis shows that alpha-multifunctionality follows a latitudinal gradient across Europe and strongly decreases towards the city centers of metropolitan areas. By relating alpha- and beta-multifunctionality to land use intensity, we show that low-intensity management systems support higher ecosystem multifunctionality across Europe. Municipalities of low alpha-multifunctionality often contribute significantly to regional multifunctionality, by providing ecosystem services of a specific value to the region. Our method to measure both alpha- and beta-multifunctionality thus provides a new way to inform reconciliation of competing land uses when maximizing alpha-multifunctionality is not reasonable.
Application Analysis of Low Impact Development in Sponge City Construction
Authors: Wang Chao
Published: November 2019

Low impact development is an important means of Sponge City Construction, an effective measure to reduce a series of severe ecological problems such as frequent water logging, loss of water, serious runoff pollution, urban ecological environment damage and so on in the process of decreasing urbanization development, and an ecological technical system for the safety and security of water. By discussing the practical significance of low impact development, this paper reviews the practical cases of typical low impact development—GuiYang. Finally, puts forward the path of making full use of low impact development in urban planning.
Efficiency analysis of hydrodynamic enhanced oil recovery methods on the example of Las-Eganskoye field
Authors: Dyagilev V , Lazutin N , Dyagileva T , Baksheev V
Published: November 2019

The majority of oil fields in Western Siberia are at the late stage of their development. Therefore, the minimization of economic and technological costs aimed at enhanced oil recovery is becoming a primary task. Hydrodynamic methods of enhanced oil recovery (HM EOR) fully satisfy these requirements, which makes them the most promising in further development of oil fields in Western Siberia. The methodology includes measurement and description, which use allows analyzing and assessing the study of HM EOR application. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficiency of HM EOR on the example of Las-Eganskoye field. The study of hydrodynamic methods of enhanced oil recovery included the analysis of results, which allowed developing recommendations for the implementation of HM EOR in the oil fields of Western Siberia. It is shown that the technological opportunity of HM EOR requires clarification based on the current state of field development taking into account the peculiarities of reservoir pressure maintenance system, technical condition of pipelines and the stock of active injection wells proposed for cyclic injection.
Automation of industrial processes and everyday life
Authors: Saveliev Ya V , Savelieva N N
Published: November 2019

One of the main features of our information era is “digitization”. In the oil industry, there is almost no easily produced oil left, so we have to constantly create the latest technologies for unconventional reserves and conduct production in hard-to-reach regions. The “digitization” of all the production components is not a tribute to fashion, but a means of maintaining efficiency and success. The principle of “toothbrush”. Toothbrush monitoring is used in the extraction, refining and marketing of petroleum products by monitoring the serviceability of industrial equipment. The principle of mobility and utility. In the field of exploration and production, this means that all information about the field development is processed and, using special applications, is displayed on mobile devices of the relevant people in real time. Portable mobile devices for checking the quality of welds at the junction of pipelines directly at the place of their operation, without stopping the operation process and without damaging the inspected object, can be necessary as well. The developed device for the arc welding of magnetized products — the IST-201 welding current inverter — allows pipes to be welded without their preliminary demagnetization. The device allows one to weld pipes in a matter of hours, and instead of a whole group of personnel, only welders are involved. This development can scan not only finished seams or products, but also details during the manufacturing process, which allows avoiding the risk of defective products already at the production stage.
Ways to improve production efficiency problems and ways of their solution
Authors: Kosianov P M
Published: November 2019

The work shows various ways to improve the efficiency of oil production. A comparative analysis was carried out. Considered the most environmentally friendly ways. Considered physical models and the most important averaged parameters for them are defined. Identified ways to influence these parameters. The expressions are shown that allow to calculate the volumes of oil filtered through the sections of the bottomhole zone of the reservoir. The problem of determining the viscosity of oil. The methods of steam-thermal impact on the formation, their advantages and opportunities are considered in detail. Identified problems, shows how to solve them. Solutions were found for turning water into saturated steam in a closed volume of a drilling tool. The quantities that evaluate the effectiveness of the device are determined and calculated quantitatively. The optimal size and shape of the nozzles are determined. Calculated steam flow rate from the nozzles of the device, the reactive forces arising in the device and the torque generated by the forces. The relevance and prospects of these methods are shown. at development of deposits with high viscosity oils.
Author’s regional measurement of investment intensity of gross regional product of Irkutsk region
Authors: Filatov Evgeniy
Published: November 2019

The leading industrial Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, China) had one drawback, which became their advantage – raw material poverty and a significant population. That is what helped to push them on the path of creating innovative material values, i.e. industrial products with world quality. Investing in the process of new industrialization is one of the most important aspects of financial activity. As a result, the process of measuring the investment intensity of the gross regional product and its impact on economic efficiency is most relevant. The article deals with the analysis of investment intensity of gross regional product. The author introduced into scientific circulation indicators: investment intensity of gross regional product, science intensity of gross regional product and science return of invested capital. The article reveals the influence of factors affecting the change in the investment intensity of the gross regional product and provides methodological approaches to its calculation. The article presents an analytical, systematic statistical material for the analysis of key indicators revealing the impact on the change of investment intensity of the gross regional product. Article executed within the framework of a research project of ISC SB RAS № XI.174.1.4 «Activation of internal potential of resource specialization regions development (on the example of the Baikal region)».
Return on investment in REIT real estate funds
Authors: Gertsekovich David , Gorbachevskaya Ludmila , Grigorova Ludmila , Peshkov Vitaly
Published: November 2019

The article considers the shaping conditions of the diversified portfolio with abundance of REIT from various sectors of residential property, mortgage and mixed. Special focus will be on the choice of most attractive investment products with the “Return-Risk” Model offered by the authors. This model was tested on independent material, and the investment attractiveness results received were compared with other products such as common shares, exchange goods, money market, etc. The conclusion contains the data about the accumulated return which on average makes up 1,67%, and its dynamics allows to evaluate the optimal investment horizon.
Study on the dependence of the force of shock interaction on the body size using a mechanorheological model
Authors: Lapshin Vladimir
Published: November 2019

The issues of modeling processes and designs in various industries are crucial. Particular attention is paid to dynamic processes of movement, vibration and shock interaction of structural elements and mechanical systems. Using the viscoelastic plastic model, the influence of the size of a spherical body on the force of shock interaction was studied. With an increase in the diameter of a spherical body, the body mass and the radius of curvature increase. The impact of both factors and each separate factor was evaluated using mathematical models of shock interaction. With a simultaneous increase in the body mass and the radius of curvature due to an increase in the diameter of a spherical body, the force of shock interaction increases. It was identified that an increase in the body mass causes a more significant increase in the force of shock interaction. An increase in the radius of curvature causes a slight increase in the force of shock interaction. Simultaneous changes in two factors cause a more significant increase in the force of shock interaction. An increase in plasticity of the model decreases the force of shock interaction. Thus, the results of the study show that the force of shock interaction depends significantly on the size of an interacting body due to the influence of the body mass and the radius of curvature on the dynamics of movement and deformation of bodies.
Environmental aspects for the reconstruction of housing and communal services in the village Listvyanka of Irkutsk region
Authors: Lavygina Olga , Grebneva Oksana , Maizel Irina
Published: November 2019

This paper considers the environmental aspects of the transfer of heating systems from fuel oil to pellets. The pollutant emissions were calculated for two variants: when working on fuel oil and on pellets. The calculation of the pollutants dispersion were made. The results showed that in the operation of heat supply systems using pellet boilers there is a decrease in gross and maximum-one-time emissions of pollutants.
Ensuring Fire Safety of Constructions in Remote and Sparsely Populated Areas
Authors: Mashovich Andrei , Rusopov Vitaly , Zaiatdinov Oleg
Published: November 2019

The article presents the results of research in the field of creating new materials to ensure the fire safety of buildings and structures under construction and reconstructed architectural monuments. The efficiency of the implementation of these materials should be based on their technological applicability, environmental friendliness and economic feasibility. The directions in the construction associated with the construction and reconstruction of wooden buildings and structures and fire protection of rotational camps are particularly of interest at present. As a result of the research, a model to substantiate the efficiency of the application of the newly developed construction materials has been developed. The engineering solutions to implement the model in order to ensure the restriction of the spread of fire have been proposed.
On the issue of cost and timing of contract tenders for industrial and civil construction
Authors: Matveeva M V , Doroshenko T G , Sukhanova I A
Published: November 2019

A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation to tender. It makes an offer for the supply of goods or services. In construction, the main tender process is generally for the selection of the contractor that will construct the works. However, as procurement routes have become more complex, so tenders may be sought for a wide range of goods and services (for example, on a construction management contract the works are constructed by a number of different trade contractors each contracted to the client) and contractors may take on additional functions such as design and management.
Strength kinetics of bent reinforced concrete elements in the process of deep freezing
Authors: Pinus Boris , Khardaev Pyotr
Published: November 2019

The article discusses the acceptability of standardized regulatory approaches to the assessment of kinetics of the carrying capacity of bending reinforced concrete elements during cooling and freezing. Taking into account the physical consequences of frost destruction of concrete (layer-by-layer destruction) and employing numerical integration method, statistically representative samples of strength indicators for model beams were obtained, corresponding to experimental σb(T)-εb(T) diagrams at various levels of freezing to minus 60ºC. The necessary dependences of σs-εs were taken according to recommendations of the norms. A comparative analysis of the statistics of samples obtained was performed for concretes with equilibrium (W = 1.7%) and increased (W = 3.7%) humidity with reinforcement μ = 0,5÷4,0%. The non-identity of dynamics of the bearing capacity of the bent elements and pure concrete is established. An increase in the resistance to bending is likely, and its intensity depends on humidity, temperature and reinforcement. The most significant increase is expected in over-reinforced elements. However, its implementation is problematic due to the increased likelihood of brittle fracture. Acceptable convergence of the values calculated (according to Code of Practice 63.13330) and expected with the required assurance (99.73%) at equilibrium humidity and cooling to minus 40ºC is confirmed. In conditions of high moisture content and deeper cooling, the required assurance is not achieved.
Legal responsibility in the apartment building management
Authors: Samusevich Alexey
Published: November 2019

The article discusses problematic issues of the realization of legal responsibility in the implementation of the apartment building management. Also the legal nature of the apartment building managing contract is considered and its basic conditions are identified. It is noted that for breach of the obligations according to the apartment building management contract, a management organizations bear civil liability, in which can be expressed in one-sided termination of the contract with the apartment house owners. In turn, the management organization, protecting its rights, can also terminate this contract if the owners do not fulfill their obligations. In case if the management organization in the process of providing housing and communal services commits an administrative offense, it bears administrative responsibility, the measures of which are expressed in the form of the application of penalties.
Analysis of monotown development support measures in the Russian Federation
Authors: Tsyrempilov Dashi , Alekseeva Tatiana
Published: November 2019

The article analyzes monotown development support measures implemented by the Government of the Russian Federation. The support measures were classified. The government is investing in monotown development which requires efficient spending of budget funds. The authors developed an algorithm for making decisions and identifying optimal monotown development support measures.
TEM studies of conical scroll carbon nanotubes formed by aerosol synthesis
Authors: Kulnitskiy B , Karaeva A , Mordkovich V , Urvanov S , Bredikhina A
Published: November 2019

Conical carbon nanotubes were obtained by the method of gas-phase chemical decomposition of a carbon precursor on the surface of a catalytic particle suspended in a carrier gas stream (also known as “aerosol method”). TEM study at the JEM-2010 microscope showed that the observed angles at the vertex of the cones (apex angles) were predominantly 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° regardless of the presence of a catalyst particle inside the cone. The analysis of the apex angles witnesses that the nanotubes have a scroll type of structure. Two alternative explanations are proposed for the formation of an unconventional apex angle 5°. The peculiarities of destruction of the catalyst particles inside the nanotubes are revealed.