bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POST AESTIVATION DYNAMICS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA): HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: OMOYAKHI J. M. , OKHALE O. E.
Published: March 2023

The study was carried out to monitor the recovering of the tissue of the female reproductive organs of Giant African Land Snail (Archachatinamarginata) (GALS) post aestivation. The histological and histochemical changes were examined at 0, 3 and 6 weeks of post aestivation. The experiment was conducted using forty (40) reproductively matured and apparently healthy snails, laid out in a completely randomized design, with 2 snails replicated four times. The histological and histochemicalsections were observed for tissue structural alteration, lipid, calcium and glycogen accumulation (or depletion) with H & E, Von Kossa and PAS staining techniques respectively. Prominent basement membrane with underlying supportive tissue was observed at the 6th week aestivation lengths. At the 3rd week of arousal, there were clearer lumen and mass of densely packed cells around the epithelium. The emergence of secretory epithelium cells were also observed at the 3rd week post dormancy. The control showed cells which were sparsely packed, oblique with a diminished structural conformation. At arousal, circular or pear shaped follicles were observed in the tissue of the albumin gland with conspicuous glandular cells and appearance of lumen. The follicles got progressively enlarged with rehydration (3P – 6P), closing up the intercellular spaces. The vagina showed a diminished lumen prominently lined with ciliated columnar epitheliumwith outstanding muscular walls which did not show substantial recovery within the investigated arousal periods. The Albumin gland tissues of Archachatinamarginata were positive for glycogen deposition. Intracellular storage form of carbohydrate (glycogen) was marginally evident in the 6th week aestivation section. On arousal, substantial improvement was not observed within the post aestivation period.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF DENNETTIA TRIPETALA SEED
Authors: OSEMWENKHAE O. P. , ORUMWENSODIA K. O.
Published: March 2023

This study evaluates the total phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids contents as well as the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of Dennettia tripetalaseeds. The extract of D. tripetalawas investigatedfor its phytochemical constituentssuch as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins and steroids,and its in vitro antioxidant activities using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The results obtained reveals the following; total phenolics (8.42±0.00), flavonoids (1.62±0.00), saponins (5.00±0.52), tannins (2.64±0.15), alkaloids (8.10±0.32), while steroids and cardiac glycoside were not detected. The aqueous extract of D. tripetalaseeds has 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for radical scavenging activity of 3.78 ?g/ml which was significantly higher than that of vitamin C (0.052?g/ml). The extract has a significantly higher concentration of total phenol and flavonoid compared to their various standards. However, steroids and cardiac glycosides were not detected.D. tripetalaseeds have the potential for use as natural antioxidants against free radical damage
INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS AMONG SLAUGHTERED CATTLE IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: AKINBO F. O. , IKPEA R. A.
Published: March 2023

The gastrointestinal tract of cattle harbours a number of parasites particularly helminthes that are responsible for clinical and sub clinical parasitism. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among slaughtered cattle in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 215 cattle consisting of 134 males and 81 females. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum of each slaughtered cattle into a clean universal container for parasitological investigation using standard procedures. An overall prevalence of 36.3% of intestinal helminthiasis was observed among slaughtered cattle in this study. Gender and breed significantly affected the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis among slaughtered cattle (P=0.0093; P<0.0001 respectively). The intestinal helminthes recovered were Fasciola hepatica, Strongyloides papillosus, Taenia saginata, Paramphistomum cervi, Dicrocoelium hospes and Monieza benedeni. Fasciola hepatica was the most prevalent (56.41%) while Monieza benedeni showed the least (2.56%) helminth observed. Measures to control parasitic infections among cattle with a view of improving the quality of growth and productivity are advocated
PARASITIC FAUNA OF MALAPTERURUS ELECTRICUS AND PARACHANNA OBSCURA FROM LEKKI LAGOON, LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: ADEOYE G. O. , AKINSANYA A. B. , KOLEDOYE T. Y.
Published: March 2023

Host condition factor and gastrointestinal parasites in Malapterurus electricus and Parachanna obscura in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria were investigated from September, 2014 to February, 2015. Eighty (80) fishes of Malapterurus electricus and eighty (80) of Parachanna obscura were caught and dissected for intestinal helminth parasites and protozoa. Condition factors of all individuals were determined. Median condition (K < 2.17 and K > 2.17) for Malapterurus electricus,  (K < 1.02 and K > 1.02) for Parachanna obscura were used in grouping the individuals.  Protozoa infection in the gut includes; myxosporidia and coccidians. Heterogeneous infection of these protozoa in low condition Parachanna obscura were; Myxosporidia, 0.20, Coccidia, 0.10 and high condition individuals, 0.10, 0.15 respectively. There were no coccidian infection in M. electricus, but myxosporidia in low and high condition individuals were 0.15 and 0.10. The rate of infection of Electrotaenia malopteruri, a cestode, specific to M. electricus was higher among high condition individuals, 0.15, compared low condition individuals, 0.10. Procamallanus sp, had the highest prevalence among the high condition individuals of Parachanna obscura, the trend was; High Condition M.electricus (0.10) < Low Condition P.obscura (0.15) < Low Condition M.electricus (0.20) < High Condition P.obscura (0.25). Infected individuals of low condition factor (K < 2.17) of Malapterurus electricus had a greater histopathological alteration index (HAI, 18.0) compared to the high condition individuals (HAI, 8.0). These individuals had from mild to severe ulceration of the mucosa and congestion of the blood vessels. In infected individuals of low condition factor (K < 1.02) of Parachanna obscura, there were mucosal edema and haemorrhage in their intestinal walls. They also had greater histopathological alteration index (HAI, 22.0) compared to the high condition individuals (HAI, 6.0). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic fauna in low condition host could be an indicator of stress in fish
HOST RELATIVE CONDITION FACTOR AND THE PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES OF PARACHANNA OBSCURA AND SAROTHERODON MELANOTHERON AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS IN LEKKI LAGOON, LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: AKINSANYA B. , KUTON M. P. , SALIU J. K. , UKWA U. D.
Published: March 2023

Condition factor is a measure of energetics, nutritional status and viability of a host. Changes in the host condition factor have effect on the rate of infection. 100 fishes of Sarotherodon melanotheron and 90 of Parachanna obscura from the Lekki lagoon were procured and dissected for intestinal helminth parasites. Condition factors of all individuals were determined. Median condition (K < 1.32 and K > 1.32) for Parachanna obscura and (K < 4.09 and K > 4.09) for Sarotherodon melanotheron were used in grouping the individuals. Male and female individuals of low condition factor (K < 1.32) and (K < 4.09) had very low parasite prevalence, 5.55% to 8.69% compared to male and female individuals of high condition (K > 1.32) and (K > 4.09), having a prevalence of 13.64% to 30.43%. These percentages were expressed in the various parasite groups in the population. The exception to these, were the female individuals of Sarotherodon melanotheron of low condition status (K = 3.93±0.11) that had a percentage prevalence of 35.71% for Clinostomum sp. These individuals had a more stable condition but compromised immunological status. Changes in the environment, both anthropogenic and environmental, can alter host/parasite equilibrium and cause disease or mortality in fish. The infected individuals of low condition status showed bile stasis within the liver parenchyma, under histopathological examination. Decrease or increase in parasite prevalence as a result of poor health condition of the host is an indicator of environmental stress. Monitoring health condition of fish population provides vital information for ecotoxicologist and toxicologist for improved environmental monitoring.
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE AND PLASMID PROFILE OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM HAIR- DRESSING SALON EFFLUENTS IN BENIN CITY
Authors: ATUANYA E. I. , OGUNLEYE A.
Published: March 2023

Hairdressing and beauty salons are classified as personal services establishment and such services may pose potential health concerns to their clients including the risk of infection and sometimes injury. The widespread occurrence of drug resistant bacterial pathogens in hairdressing salons effluents has necessitated the need for regular monitoring of antibiotics susceptibility trends. This study examined the susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile of bacterial isolates from hairdressing salon waste water in three different locations (zones) Benin City. New Benin zone hairdressing salon effluent had the highest heterotrophic bacterial count (6.4 x103 ± 0.4 cfu/ml). Major bacterial isolates isolated from the effluent include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp. Staphylococcus sp. The physico-chemical analyses showed the mean pH to be 6.3 ± 0.47 which is slightly near neutrality and the mean COD to be 127.33 ± 10.09. Result of the antibiotics susceptibility test done using Augumetin, Ofloxacin, Gentanycin, Nalidixic acid, Cotrimaxozole, Amoxycillin, Nitrofurantoin and Tetracyclin showed that the isolates had 100% resistance to Augumentin, Nalidixic acid and Cotrimaxozole. The plasmid profile of the isolates revealed absence of plasmid giving hundred percent conviction that the resistant gene in these organisms are possible located on their chromosomal genome not plasmid oriented.
PREVALENCE OF NOROVIRUS INFECTION AMONG ASYMTOMATIC FOOD HANDLERS (VENDORS) IN A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
Authors: AYOLABI C. I. , SALAMI F. A.
Published: March 2023

Norovirus (NV) has caused large outbreaks of gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries due to consumption of contaminated foods. Studies of NV epidemiology among food handlers have been underreported in Nigeria. NV epidemiology surveillance was carried out among asymptomatic food vendors / handlers at a university campus in Lagos between January and March, 2012. Presence and prevalence of NV was determined by Enzyme Immuno Assay technique using commercially available Norovirus genus-specific kits (Norovirus RIDASCREEN® r-Biopharm, Germany). Faecal samples (n=150) collected from food handlers comprising of 29 males and 121 females were screened and an overall prevalence of 17.3% was recorded. Prevalence of infection was statistically significant in male than in female (?2 =7.379 p? 0.05).  The hygienic status of the food handlers was very poor as high percentage of them tested positive to NV infection. The study is of public health significance as it shows that the food handlers serve as potential threat and source of infection to the populace. It is therefore recommended that food handlers should be enlightened on the need to embrace good hygienic practice to prevent transmission of infection to susceptible individuals
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF CYMBOPOGON CITRATES AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL STRAINS
Authors: AZIEGBEMHIN S. A. , AKIRIKA S. C. , ODIDIKA S. A.
Published: March 2023

The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus leaf were assessed against some selected bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli ATCC 29214, Salmonella enterica Typhi ATCC14028, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Proteus vulgaris ATCC15315 Shigella flexneri ATCC 120233, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC7644, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25823, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 in vitro at different concentrations. Results obtained showed that the aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus leaf had antibacterial activities against test bacteria. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of C. citratus leaf was observed to be 500mg/ml against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25823, Salmonella thyphimirium ATCC 14028, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 15315 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 while it was 750mg/ml against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Shigella flexneri ATCC 120233. The antibacterial efficacy of the leaf extract of C. citratus can be ascribed to the pytochemicals in the extract; hence, C. citratus may be useful in treating infections caused by these bacteria.
MICROBIAL QUALITY AND CHANGES IN POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTENT OF A BIOREMEDIATED OIL-POLLUTED SOIL AFTER EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TILLAGE
Authors: IKHAJIAGBE B. , ANOLIEFO G. O. , OGBOGHODO I. B.
Published: March 2023

Tillage practices on soils are effective for enhancing the soil’s structure and other physicochemical components. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether tilling of oil-contaminated soils can improve the remediation efficiency of the soil. In the present study, tilling activities was principally carried out by just turning and  mixing the soils in experimental bowls. Top soil was obtained as pooled and thoroughly mixed with spent engine oil (SEO) to obtained a uniform mix of oil in soil at 5% w/w. the soils were eventually subjected to diiferent periods of turning and mixing, including daily (1PD), twice weekly (2PW), once weekly (1PW), twice monthly (2PM), monthly (1PM) and once every 2 months (1P2M). the control soil was not subjected to mixing, turning, or tilling (NTL). Remediation efficiency in the tiiled soils were significantly higher than in the control, irrespective of the periodicity of tillage. Reduction in PAH components ranged from 252.26 mg/kg in NTL to 90.74 mg/kg  in 2PM. Improved reductions in PAH contents of soil was obtained when soil was turned 2 monthly (88.97 mg/kg) than when soil was turned daily (80.05 mg/kg). A number of microorganism species including Achromobacter sp, Clostridium sp, Micrococcus luteus sp, M. varians, M. roseus, Bacillus pumilis as well as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium notatum and Trichoderma sp. were identified in the remediated soils; and these species may also have been involved in the remediation process indicated by their prevalence.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CRUDE EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS FROM OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAVES FROM NIGERIA
Authors: ADEYEMO O. , OSIBOTE E. , ADESHOLA A.
Published: March 2023

The phytochemicals of aqueous, methanol, ethanol and n-hexane crude extracts and GC-MS of the essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction methods of Ocimum sanctum leaves grown in Nigeria were determined in the present study. Phytochemical analysis showed that the leaves contained saponins, terpernoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, phlobatannins and tannins. The highest contents of phenol and steroid were found in the ethanol and hexane extracts of Ocimum sanctum; 10.83 and 13.38 mg/100g respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 24 and 13 volatile compounds in oils extracted by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction respectively. Essential oil constituents varied by both methods.The phenyl propanoid compound present in highest quantity in both oil extracts is eugenol, 20.95 % by hydro-distillation and 83.47 % by solvent extraction methods. Solvent extraction is a more excellent method for extracting high content of the major active constituent (eugenol) present in the essential oil of O. sanctum
MODULATORY EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF XYLOPIAAETHIOPICA ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN HUMANS
Authors: ISIOSIO E. U. , ISIOSIO O. I. , EMUOBOHWO O. J. , EMUDIANUGHE T. P.
Published: March 2023

Background of study: Xylopia aethiopica is widely used in folkloric medicines hence there has been increased research on the plant to validate such claims.  Fruit extracts of Xethiopica aethiopica has been shown to have antibacterial, anti-diarrhoiec,hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. However, there are still many grounds to be covered. There is paucity of data on the single dose effects of X. aethiopica on physiological and biochemical parameters.

Aim:  There are two aims of this research:  1) to evaluate the effects of a single dose of extracts on blood pressure, pulse rate, total plasma proteins, creatinine and lipid perioxidation 2) assess any dose –dependent relationship effects on these parameters.

Materials and methods: Twenty male subjects with average 24.2± 8.9 kg/m2 were placed in groups of five. Blood samples were collected, then varying concentrations (15, 30 and 45mg/kg) of aqueous extract of the fruit of X. aethiopica was administered. After 45 mins of administration, blood samples were collected again. Total plasma proteins, creatinine and lipid peroxidation were determined in all the blood samples.

Results:  The extract exerted a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure only in XE 15 group after 45 minutes of administration (p< 0.05). There was also a significant increase in plasma protein in XE 30 and XE 45 groups relative to the control group (p> 0.05). A significant decrease in serum creatinine was observed in only XE 30 group (P> 0.05). There was also a significant decrease in plasma lipid peroxidation levels of XE 30 and XE 45 groups

Conclusion: The present findings have further reiterated the usefulness of Xylopiaaethiopica in the treatment of oxidative stress and hypertension
PLANT-MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE ASSISTED BIOREMEDIATION OF A PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON-POLLUTED SOIL AFTER BIOAUGMENTATION WITH PLEUROTUS TUBERREGIUM
Authors: IKHAJIAGBE B. , ANOLIEFO G. O. , OMOREGBEE O.
Published: March 2023

The plant-microbial interactions in the assisted bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted soil after bioaugmentation with Pleurotus tuberregium were investigated. Top soils were collected from a fallow plot on the campus of the University of Benin, Nigeria. A list of all weeds growing on the plot was taken, with a bid to determine the soil seeds bank (Table 2). The soils were then polluted with different concentrations of waste engine oil (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% w/w oil in soil) on weight basis. The polluted soils were then left for five months (SPi). The unpolluted soil (0 %) was designated as control experiment. Result shows that concentration of Mn prior to augmentation of the control experiment (5MAP) was 28.5mg/kg as against 29.6mg/kg and 30.8 mg/kg in the weeded and unweeded bioaugmented treatments respectively. There were significant reductions in soil content of Zn at 10 MAA. Zn concentration in the weeded buckets ranged from 12.2 – 36.9 mg/kg compared to 10.6 – 30.8 mg/kg in the buckets with weeds. Concentration of Ni was 2.52 4.12mg/kg at 5 MAP compared to 0.72 – 1.15 mg/kg in the weeded buckets and 0.07 – 0.13mg/kg in the unweeded buckets 10 months after bioaugmentation. Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria count for SP0 were 1.81 x105 cfu/g in the presence of weed in soil (WW) and 1.65 x105 cfu/g in the absence of weeds in soil (NW) whereas SPA0 were 2.65 x105 cfu/g in the presence of weeds in soil (WW) and 2.04 x105 in the absence of weeds in soil (NW). The total fungi count for SP5 were 1.64 x105 weed presence in soil (WW) and 0.80 x105 cfu/g in no weed presence in soil (NW) for five months after pollution (5MAP) even as SPA5 were 2.08 x105 cfu/g for weed presence in soil (WW) and 1.22 x105 cfu/g for no weed presence in soil (NW) for ten month after bioaugmentation (10MAB) respectively. The most dominant bacteria were Clostridium sp. while the less dominant were Bacillus subtilis. For that of the fungi Aspergillus niger were dominant whereas Aspergillus flavus were the least.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RHIZOBIUM FROM LEGUMES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PLASMIDS
Authors: VICTOR K. , EBOIGBE L.
Published: March 2023

In an attempt to check the direct involvement of plasmid in nodulation and nitrogen fixation, rhizobia were isolated from two legumes; Arachis hypogea (groundnut), Phaseolus vulgaris (beans) and from the soil as control. They were purified and subjected to various morphological, cultural, biochemical analysis and antibiotics test. All the strains showed resistance to most of the antibiotics but exhibited high resistance against Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. The isolates were then subjected to plasmid DNA isolation and their molecular sizes were determined in gel electrophoresis using standard molecular marker. In addition, plates of rhizobial strains treated with UV radiation and plate without UV treatment were independently used to inoculate a sterilized soil where the beans and groundnut were planted followed by appropriate controls. The results showed that rhizobium natural environment is very necessary for proper nodulation and also that plasmid has a role to play in the process of nodulation
EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR SEARCHING AND RETRIEVING FULL-TEXT ARTICLES IN LIFE SCIENCES FROM ONLINE ACCESS TO RESEARCH IN THE ENVIRONMENT DATABASES
Authors: OBASUYI L. , OTOIDE P.
Published: March 2023

The study presents eleven (11) simple descriptive approaches for searching and retrieving full-text articles from Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE) databases. OARE is an Internet portal containing different full-text scholarly databases providing access to quality literature to facilitate and enhance research in environmental Sciences. The purpose of this study is to equip faculty with the necessary skills required to search and retrieve full-text journal articles from OARE databases much more precisely and efficiently. Various methods of searching and retrieving full-text articles using OARE databases were highlighted with practical examples. Single, multiple keywords, phrase, limiters, descriptors and Boolean operators were used to conduct searches. African Journal Online, Google Scholar and EBSCOhost databases were also used to conduct advanced searches. The methods highlighted above can be used by faculty in Life sciences to conduct searches and retrieve precise number of full-text articles from OARE databases without wasting time and losing important records
INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DNA DAMAGE TO ROOT CELLS OF ALLIUM CEPA L. BY COPPER AND LEAD
Authors: ODJEGBA V. J. , ADEBOYE R. O.
Published: March 2023

The toxicity of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) was evaluated using Allium cepa L. Healthy onion bulbs of relatively equal size were grown for 3 weeks in half-strength Hoagland’s solution spiked with copper and lead individually to achieve 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mM of the metals. Nutrient solution devoid of these metals served as control. Parameters investigated include root length, number of roots, lipid peroxidation, and cytogenetics. The results of this study indicate that these metals consistently inhibited root growth, induced chromosomal aberration, and increased lipid peroxidation. The study also revealed that the effects were concentration dependent. It was found that A. cepa was very sensitive to copper and lead treatments, suggesting that it is one of the ideal plants that could be used as indicators to monitor pollution of the environment by these metals
ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF LOCALLY PRODUCED SACHET WATER IN ULI AND IHIALA MUNICIPAL AREAS OF ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OSAWE O. , ELIMIAN K. O.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND: The shortage of potable water has forced the public dependence on packaged  sachet drinking water, popularly called “pure water”. This widespread acceptance introduced a lucrative business where corners are sometimes cut in its production, treatment and packaging. The aim of this study was to assess the physical and bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in Uli and Ihiala area of Anambra State, Nigeria.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 10 samples were analysed, a batch of 5 purchased at the point of production and another 5 from vendors. The membrane filter technique was used for the total coliform count and total heterotrophic count.

RESULTS: Turbidity values fell below the WHO standard of 5 NTU. All samples were colourless and odourless, all but two (A and D) were tasteless. All samples showed presence of bacteria with total heterotrophic count ranging from 33.5 – 60.0 cfu/ml and total coliform 2.0 – 5.0 cfu/ml. Organisms isolated include Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., E. Coli, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp. and Staphylococcus spp. E. Coli was present in only one sample (E).  A corresponding decrease of bacterial isolates was observed in batches A to B, Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella spp. was however present in both batches. Probably due to the ability of these organisms to survive on little nutrient, also the decline can be attributed to effect of temperature and possible exposure to ultraviolet light rays.

CONCLUSION: All the water samples analysed were contaminated, as coliform detected exceeded the WHO standard for drinking water. We recommend routine quality assessment of sachet manufacturing factories and closure of unlicensed factories/ companies where applicable
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PETROLEUM ETHER, ACETONE AND ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF THE AERIAL OF ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM
Authors: OKORO I. S. , INEGBEDION A. O. , OKORO E. O.
Published: March 2023

Acanthospermum hispidum is used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of acute tuberculosis, typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea, cough, dysentery and pneumonia, uncomplicated malaria and other parasitic infections. A. hispidum has been used widely in traditional medicine for years by Nigerians but with fewer records of the antioxidant activities of its aerial part. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of three solvent extracts of the aerial part of the plant. In this study the aerial part of A. hispidum was extracted with three different solvents (petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol) and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities. Four methods were used for the evaluation: the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) and reducing power methods and also the direct measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity. Among the three extracts, the acetone extract had the utmost antioxidant activity as revealed by reducing power assay, greater free radical scavenging activity as shown by the DPPH, and also higher antioxidant activity as indicated by the TBA method.The current study clearly reveals the prospective antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging properties of A. hispidum extracts. This may be as a result of the numerous functional compounds present in the aerial part as shown which may be an important source of natural antioxidant, and might be supportive in checking the progress of several oxidative stresses.

Acanthospermum hispidum is used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of acute tuberculosis, typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea, cough, dysentery and pneumonia, uncomplicated malaria and other parasitic infections. A. hispidum has been used widely in traditional medicine for years by Nigerians but with fewer records of the antioxidant activities of its aerial part. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of three solvent extracts of the aerial part of the plant. In this study the aerial part of A. hispidum was extracted with three different solvents (petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol) and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities. Four methods were used for the evaluation: the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) and reducing power methods and also the direct measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity. Among the three extracts, the acetone extract had the utmost antioxidant activity as revealed by reducing power assay, greater free radical scavenging activity as shown by the DPPH, and also higher antioxidant activity as indicated by the TBA method.The current study clearly reveals the prospective antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging properties of A. hispidum extracts. This may be as a result of the numerous functional compounds present in the aerial part as shown which may be an important source of natural antioxidant, and might be supportive in checking the progress of several oxidative stresses.
CHARACTERISATION OF SULPHATE-REDUCING BACTERIAL BIOFILMS FROM CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCED WATER AT LAMINAR FLOW
Authors: AKINNIBOSUN F. I. , BURTON S. K.
Published: March 2023

Characterisation of sulfate-reducing bacterial biofilms from crude oil and producedwater at laminar flow was carried out with the aid of a flow-cell set-up, using In situimage microscopy. Biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) indigenous to crudeoil (sample A) and produced water (sample B), were grown in square section glasscapillary flow cells at 55 ?C. Image analysis revealed predominantly clusters of cellsmade up of both coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria, ranging in length from 1-3 ?m,and some short chain and single cells with a variety of cell sizes demonstrating thevaried number of consortia in the mixed biofilm. Biofilm surface area cover showedincrease in surface area covered with time. Statistical significance of the means ofDifferential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy images of biofilm from bothsamples was determined and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results from statistical analysis showed that there was significant differencebetween biofilms of both samples, while there was no significant difference betweenmeans within each sample. A significant difference in biofilm cover and possiblegene expression between both samples at 55 ?C during laminar flow was thereforeimplied
PREVALENCE OF HIV/AIDS AMONGST PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTE NATAL CLINIC IN UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL (UBTH)
Authors: DIMOWO C. G. , DIMOWO N. A. , EBIALA F. I.
Published: March 2023

A retrospective research work was carried out to investigate the prevalence ofHIV/AIDS amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in University of BeninTeaching Hospital (UBTH) between January 2006 to June 2009.In the month of June,100 patients were screened using determine kit (preliminary test) and Stat Pak Kit(confirmatory test) to detect the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 antigens,out of which total number of 4 (4%) patients were confirmed positive. In 2009 themonthly incidence of HIV amongst pregnant women was in the order February > April >March > June > January > May. A total of 9000 patients were screened within January2006 to June 2009, out of which 2510 (27.88%) pregnant women were screened in2006, 2550 (28.33%) were screened in 2007, 2577 (28.63%) were screened in 2008and 1363 (15.14%) were screened between January to June 2009. The month of Aprilhad a significantly higher incidence (P < 0.05) of HIV amongst the pregnant women.The highest incidence of HIV amongst pregnant women occurred in 2007 with a totalnumber of 255 (35.28%), the second highest was in 2006 with a total number of 240(33.28%). Women aged 21-30 had a significant higher incidence (P < 0.05) 53.09% ofHIV compared to the age 11-20, 31-40 and 41-50 between January 2008 to June 2009.The seroprevalence of HIV amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic inUBTH between January 2006 to June 2009 is 8%.
HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA FROM WASTE DUMPSITES IN BENIN CITY
Authors: DUNKWU-OKAFOR A. , ADEGHE O. M.
Published: March 2023

In this research work, there was analysis of the levels of heavy metals and antibioticsensitivity of bacteria present from waste dumpsites in Benin City, Edo state. Themethodology of this research involved the collection of samples in triplicates from randomdumpsites. The sites were Ekosodin, Oluku and Uselu all within Benin City metropolis. Also,standard pour plating method with dilution to 10-3 was done to isolate organisms present in the soil samples. Analysis of heavy metals level was done using flame Atomic AbsorptionSpectrophotometer. The results showed the concentration of heavy metal in all the samplesbetween 0.463 - 1.392, 0.030 – 0.070, 1.681 - 2.851, 0.685 – 1.386 and 0.342 – 0.422 allin ppm for Lead, Cadmium, Iron, Zinc and Copper respectively. The total heterotrophicbacterial count of all the samples ranged from 1.1×104 cfu/g to 3.4×104cfu/g. The bacterialisolated include Bacillussubtilis, Arthrobacter sp., Pseudomona saeruginosa, Escherichiacoli, and Proteus sp. The isolates exhibited resistance to a wide range of antibiotics namelyTarivid, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin, and sensitivity to Amoxicillin, Rocephin, Augmentinand Ampiclox. The organisms with antibiotic and heavy metal resistance isolated andidentified in this study have potential application in bioremediation of environments polluted with metals and may also help to overcome the inhibition that heavy metals exert on the biodegradation of organic pollutants.
SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS INFECTION AMONG ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT–NAIVE HIV PATIENTS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA.
Authors: EGBE C. A. , OGEFERE H. O.
Published: March 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons are at increase risk ofHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Against the background of no data on theprevalence of HAV infection among HIV patients in our environment this study wasconducted. A total of 400 subjects consisting of 200 antiretroviral naive HIV patientsand 200 non–HIV subjects were recruited for this study. Detection of HAV 1gMantibodies was performed for all subjects while CD4 count was performed for HIVpatients only using standard technique. A structured questionnaire was used tocollect data on demography and risk factors. There was no significant difference inthe prevalence of HAV among HIV patients and their non–HIV counterpart (P =0.7030). CD4 count < 200 cells/ul was not significantly associated with HAV infectionamong the HIV patients (OR = 0.195 95% CI = 0.010, 3.678; P = 0.3315). Level ofeducation was the only demography that significantly affected the prevalence of HAVinfection (P < 0.0001) with patients with no formal education having the highestprevalence (40.00%). HIV patients who travelled to HAV endemic countries aresignificantly more likely to be seropositive for HAV infection (OR = 38.200 95% CI= 4.440, 328.68; P = 0.0002) while other risk factors did not significantly affect theseroprevalence of HAV infection among HIV patients (P > 0.05). An overallseroprevalence of 2.00% of acute HAV infection was observed among HIV patientsin this study. Measures to reduce or eliminate HAV infection among HIV patients areadvocated.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SUB-ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA IN WISTER ALBINO RAT
Authors: ERHABOR J. O. , OBAYAGBONA O. N.
Published: March 2023

This study investigated the effect of Chromolaena odorata aqueous leaf extract on thebiochemical and haematogical parameters in Wister albino rat and the safest dose levelfor a prolong administration (21 days) of the doses of 700 mg/kg, 1400 mg/kg and 2100mg/kg body weight. The extract was administered orally and the procedures outlined inthe utilized manufacturer kits; were used to test for the biochemical parameters and anautomated haematological analyzer to analyze the haematological profile. There was asignificant (p<0.05) increase in white blood cell (WBC) at all doses and decrease inplatelet (PLT), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean cell volume(MCV) at the dose level of 1400 mg/kg and 2100 mg/kg. Also the extract significantly(p<0.05) decrease AST at all levels and Na+ and Cl- at the dose level of 1400 mg/kg and2100 mg/kg. Moreover, a significant (p<0.05) increase was recorded of the AlanineAminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Uric acid (UA), at the doselevel of 1400 mg/kg and 2100 mg/kg. The therapeutic value and the toxicological studyof the extract indicated that 700 mg/kg was the safest dose level to be administeredwhen utilized as a herbal drug.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF Psidium guajava IN KETOCONAZOLE-TREATED ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS
Authors: INNIH S. O. , OSIRIKE P. I. , UBHENIN A. , EHI-OMOSUN M. , IMAFIDON E. O.
Published: March 2023

Ketoconazole is an imidazole-derived drug used in the treatment of a broad-spectrum offungal diseases. It is also believed to be hepatotoxic. This present study investigatesthe effect of aqueous leaf extract of Psidium guajava on liver function parameters inadult male wistar rats treated with ketoconazole. Twenty rats were divided into fourgroups, with five rats per group. Group 1 animals were the control animals; group 2animals received 20mg/kg body weight of ketoconazole for 60 days. Animals in groups3 and 4 were pre-treated with 400mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous leafextract of Psidium guajava respectively for 30 days and then induced with 20mg/kgbody weight of ketoconazole for 30 days. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, total and conjugatedbilirubin, albumin and globulin were estimated. From the results obtained, administrationof only ketoconazole did not have any significant effect (p>0.05) on all the liver functionparameters studied, except for alanine aminotransferase level which was significantlyelevated (p<0.05) compared with the normal animals. Pre-treatment with Psidiumguajava at both doses of the extract studied mitigated the elevated alanineaminotransferase levels in ketoconazole-induced rats, although the lower doseappeared to be more effective. Pre-treatment with both doses of Psidium guajava didnot have any significant effect (p>0.05) on all the other parameters studied. Thisindicates that Psidium guajava, especially at low doses, has hepatoprotective activity inketoconazole-treated rats.
GLYCEMIC RESPONSE OF FOUR BREAD TYPES CONSUMED BY HEALTHY SUBJECTS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Authors: OGEDENGBE O. O. , OBOH H. A.
Published: March 2023

The glycemic response of four types of Bread commonly eaten in Benin City, Nigeriawere analysed in healthy individuals. Proximate analyses of the bread samples weredetermined; to get the amount that would give 50g carbohydrate. Fifty male subjectswere fed the different varieties of bread respectively. Control subjects were given50g glucose solution. Blood glucose concentrations were determined at 0mins(before feeding), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mins (after feeding). The glycemicindices varied from 34.13±2.98 (Sample A: Whole wheat bread) to 78.18±2.69(Sample D: Coconut bread). Whole wheat bread is a low GI meal while Coconutbread is a high GI meal
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITIES OF IKPOBA RIVER IMPACTED BY PIPED TREATED BREWERY EFFLUENT STREAM
Authors: OLOGBOSERE O. A. , ALUYI H.S.A.
Published: March 2023

The impact of discharged treated brewery effluent stream on the microbial andphysicochemical qualities of Ikpoba River which is serving as a receptacle for the treatedwastewater was investigated. Serial dilution, pour plate and multiple tube technique wereemployed in evaluating the culturable microbial diversity of the water samples and thetreated brewery wastewater. The physicochemical attributes of the freshwater and effluentsamples were ascertained using titrimetric and spectrophotometric procedures. The meanheterotrophic bacterial counts for the upstream freshwater samples ranged from 3.7 ×102cfu/ml ± 2.1 to 0. 6 × 102 cfu/ml ± 2. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts for watersamples obtained at the point of discharge ranged from 0.7×103 cfu/ml ± 6.6 to 9.7 × 103cfu/ml ± 6.1. The total coliform counts recorded for water samples obtained at thedownstream sampling point ranged from 2 MPN/105 ml to 5 MPN/105 ml. The E. colicounts for the treated brewery wastewater varied from 2 MPN/105 ml to 4 MPN/105 ml. Theobserved differences in the mean heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts was statisticallysignificant (P<0.05). Seven bacterial and four fungal isolates were characterized andtentatively identified; Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichiacoli, Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Saccharomycescerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger. The mean pH, turbidityand conductivity of the respective samples ranged from 5.63±0.05 to 6.78±0.05, 4.1 NTU±0.21 to 6.81 NTU ±0.55 and 3.3 ?s/cm ±0.25 to 73.3 ?s/cm ±6.56 respectively. Thedischarged brewery effluent stream impacted negatively on the as aesthetic quality of theIkpoba River at the point of discharge. The microbiological quality of both the watersamples and the treated effluent is very poor when compared with Federal Ministry ofEnvironment limits for potable water, hence discouraging the direct consumption of thewater sourced from the Ikpoba River at these sampling points by individuals living along thecatchment area of the river
EFFECTS OF NAUCLEA HATIFOLIA ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN WISTER ALBINO RATS IN CRUDE OIL TOXICITY
Authors: OLUSANYA O. , OLUBODUN S. O.
Published: March 2023

The study investigated oxidative stress in rats and the effects of Nauclea hatifolia in crude oil toxicity. Crude oil toxicity created significant inhibition (p<0.05) of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) but activated catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in hepatic cells when compared with control. Crude oil toxicity also inducedsignificant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) andalanine phosphatase (ALP) in the serum. The alteration of antioxidant enzymes and other liverparameters may be attributed to oxidative stress and adaptive response. The rats that weresimultaneously treated with crude oil and N. hatifolia stem bark extract however, maintained or recorded relatively no significant (p>0.05) alteration in biochemical parameters in the serum and hepatic cells when compared with control. These non-significant (p>0.05) alteration may be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of N. hatifolia which may explain the probable therapeutic and protective role of N. hatifolia in crude oil toxicity.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF Oreochromis niloticus (FISH) IN OLOGBO RIVER, EDO STATE
Authors: OSHOMOH E. O. , OSADOLOR S.
Published: March 2023

A comparative study to determine the bio-accumulation, of heavy metals in differentorgans of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ologbo River was conducted. The studywhich spanned a period of three months from June to August, 2011 investigatedconcentrations of heavy metals including Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese andChromium (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.The selected organs for the investigation were muscle tissues, gills and gut. Themean concentration of the studied heavy metals in the muscle tissue, gills and gut,were; Iron (7.22±0.19mg/g, 11.77±0.64mg/g and 14.60±0.78mg/g), Manganese(3.76±0.17mg/g, 8.36±0.29mg/g and 8.23±0.02mg/g), Zinc (2.66±0.16mg/g,5.66±0.16mg/g and 8.37±0.09mg/g) and Copper (7.21±0.26mg/g, 8.64±0.17mg/gand 10.74±0.10mg/g) respectively. Chromium was not detected. Gut contained thehighest levels of heavy metals in all the organs of Oreochromis niloticus. Analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) revealed high significant difference (P<0.01) between the meansof the heavy metals in the fish organs studied and the actual recommended limitspecified by the World Health Organization (WHO)
PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF Telfairia occidentalis LEAVES IN STIMULATING RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM (RES)
Authors: OKOJIE R. O. , EGHAFONA N. O.
Published: March 2023

This study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo phagocytic activity and clearancerates of Telfairia occidentalis plant additive using the carbon clearance assay. Wistaralbino rats were used in this study. The rats were injected with carbon ink through thetail vein while blood samples were collected at intervals though the orbital vein usingcapillary tubes. The results showed that T. occidentals leaves had the ability tosignificantly (p<0.05) stimulate the phagocytes in the reticuloendothelial system byenhancing phagocytosis thereby clearing the carbon ink used from the system of theanimals faster than the control group.
EFFECT OF PEPPER FRUIT ON TEARS PRODUCTION
Authors: SHUAIBU A. O. , UWAGBOE P. N. , EBUWA S. I. , IGWE F. C.
Published: March 2023

Pepper fruit (Dennetia tripetala) is a well-known forest fruit from the familyAnnonacea and has been found to contain lots of minerals, vitamins, alkaloids andtrace elements which are of medicinal importance. Studies have shown that pepperfruit contains stimulants. Stimulants affect the nervous system. This study therefore,was aimed at investigating the effect of pepper fruit on tear production. Fortyvolunteers of age between 18-30 years were used. The tear volume of eachindividual was measured before and after ingestion of 1.25g of pepper fruit usingschirmers strip. The measurement after ingestion of pepper fruit was done at 30minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The mean baseline tear production was 25.85± 8.7mm (± Standard deviation) and the mean change in tear production after 30, 60and 90 minutes interval was 22.73 ± 10.46mm, 19.50 ± 11.2mm and 20.55 ±10.92mm respectively. Statistical analysis using paired t-test indicated a significancedifference in the mean tear production (p<0.05) in the selected sample with themaximum reduction in tear production at 60 mins
IN VITRO GERMINATION AND ?-AMYLASE ACTIVITY OF CYPERUS ESCULENTUS L. TUBERS TREATED WITH METAL AND NACL SOLUTIONS
Authors: VWIOKO E. D. , NWOKEJI P. A.
Published: March 2023

The effect of CuSO4, CdCl2, AsO3 and NaCl solutions on germination and ?-amylaseactivity of Cyperus esculentus tubers were studied invitro. Concentrations ofsolutions applied were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm. Viable tubers wereput in sterile Petri dishes previously mounted with Whatman No.1 filter paper andsoaked with the different solutions according to the experimental design. Thetreatments were replicated three times. Germination was observed for 14 days andthereafter the crude extracts of amylase enzyme were prepared from germinatedand ungerminated tubers. ?-amylase activity was measured spectrophotometricallyat 540 nm using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) reagent. The results obtainedshowed that germination was inhibited by the metal solutions at 50-300 ppmconcentrations applied. The values were significantly different from values recordedfor control treatments (p<0.05). NaCl solutions did not inhibit tuber germination.Values recorded for ?-amylase activity in the tubers suggested that the enzymeactivity was inhibited by metal solutions (p<0.05). NaCl solutions did not affect ?-amylase activity in the tubers negatively. The results indicated that storedcarbohydrate in the tubers treated with metal solutions were poorly degraded andhence the low percent germination response.