bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Dynamic Assessment in the Language Classroom
Authors: Meihami Hussein , Meihami Bahram
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this paper is to outline the recent researches on Dynamic Assessment (DA) in second language learning classroom. As an approach to assessment and instruction, DA derived from Vygotsky’s theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). In this outlining study the very recent researches, which were done in relation with DA and ZPD, have been investigated. This study includes six sections. Section one has focused on an introduction about the essence of DA and ZPD. Section two defines specifically about DA and how it is related to teaching. Section three focuses on the relationship between DA and ZPD. Section four indicates aspects of DA and its effect on Corrective Feedback. Section five is devoted to DA and its relations and differences with Formative Assessment. Finally, section six is all about the conclusion of these five mentioned sections. By analyzing and investigating the recent researches, this fact be confirmed that DA should be entered into L2 classrooms.
The Effect of General and Specific Topics on Writing Performance of EFL Students
Authors: Meihami Hussein , Meihami Bahram
Published: May 2015

This paper describes a study exploring the effect of topical knowledge on writing performance of EFL students. A total of 158 accounting students of Islamic Azad University of Hamedan Branch in two levels of proficiency, intermediate and advanced, participated in this study. They were voluntarily participated in an English Learning Program provided by Islamic Azad University. At the end of the program, each student was required to write two essays: one that requires general knowledge of students about their opinion on continuing their education in university and the other that requires them to use their specific knowledge and write about preparing of balance sheet in accounting. After the results were manifested, writing on the specific topic yielded lower scores on accuracy, poor organization, and weak idea development and concluding paragraph. In this research there was an interview with students to figure out about their opinion of these two prompts. 24 students participated in this interview who were all agree that the prompt that required them to use specific knowledge of their major was much more challenging than the general prompt. This research results show the importance of preparing and developing appropriate prompts for EFL writing tests.
Reflections on the Development of Contrastive Domain of Second Language Education: An Overview
Authors: Mahmoodzadeh Masoud
Published: May 2015

The current paper reflects on the evolving course and place of contrastive aspects of second language research. It attempts to give a concise overview of the related cross-linguistic perspectives over the last decades and elucidates their ascribed nuts and bolts in order to shed further light on the role and significance of cross-linguistic studies in second language research from the past up until now. To this end, the author expressly elaborates on different versions of Contrastive Analysis (CA) to come up with a clear picture of 'contrastive' genre of second language education. The paper concludes that notwithstanding of its inconsistent influence, the contrastive realm of second language education has firmly abided and has dynamically maintained its sphere of influence in L2 research.
The Devil in the House: The Awakening of Chopin’s Anti-Hero
Authors: Azad Bahareh
Published: May 2015

The mythic quality of Kate Chopin‟s The Awakening (1899) derives from recurrent images of archetypal symbols such as sea, sun, and journey, accompanied by up/down motif representing death and rebirth. Having been decanonized for infringing the traditional codes of marriage and motherhood, Chopin‟s work, this study proves, violates yet another convention, that of the mythological theorists, namely Joseph Campbell‟s. Being a female principle as opposed to Campbell‟s macho hero, Chopin‟s protagonist, Edna undergoes the same archetypal pattern of quest, initiation, and descent into the underworld. In her archetypal passage from innocence to experience, however, and through rebellious acts of self-expression, viz. painting, music, gambling, and extra-marital relationships, the heroine not only ceases serving the interest of the society which has reduced her to the position of an object to be possessed by husband or devoured by children but also challenges its core values, overturning the fairy tale of “the angel in the house.” And while having inherited the narcissistic characteristic of the conventional hero, Edna turns more into the heroine of the self than of the community, who in ultimate defiance of the romantic ideal of ever-victorious heroes chooses not to ascend from the underworld but to abort the last phase of the heroic mission and, thus, differentiates Chopin‟s modernist representation of the realistic heroine from the idealistic portrayals of the male hero in the mythological canon.
Socioeconomic and Health Condition of Elderly Migrants in Monterrey City, Mexico
Authors: Acharya Arun Kumar
Published: May 2015

Present paper attempts to analyze the socioeconomic condition of elderly migrants and their impact on health status. About 156 Mexican elderly migrants were interviewed in Monterrey Metropolitan Region during 2010-12. The study found that, majority of elderly migrates in search of a better economic opportunity in urban areas. Once they arrive to city, they absorb in informal economic sectors. Our results indicate that most of the elderly do not have any job contract as well as they also earns very less compared to younger migrants. Most of the time employers ask them to work more hours without extra salary, which has adverse effect on their health. Elderly migrants were reported numerous health problem, whereas many of them were suffering from high risk diseases such as heart problem, obesity, high & low blood pressure, asthma among others. Present study concluded that socioeconomic difference has great impact on health status of the older population.
Application of Rehabilitation Robots - Chances and Threats within Contemporary Health Care and Social Care
Authors: Mikołajewska Emilia , Mikołajewski Dariusz
Published: May 2015

Progress in medical sciences, biomedical engineering and medical robotics provided rehabilitation robots – novel solution regarded as more effective than traditional forms of rehabilitation. Use of rehabilitation robots, despite they are at the beginning of their development, is wide discussed from medical, social, economical and ethical points of view. Paper aims at analysis the extent to which current possibilities in this area are exploited, including chances and threats.
Investment and Saving Nexus in Asian Countries: Panel Cointegration and Causality
Authors: Mehrara Mohsen , Musai Maysam
Published: May 2015

This paper investigates the causal relationship between gross domestic investment (INV) and saving rates for 40 Asian countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2010. The results indicate no long run relationship as well as no causalities between these two variables in these countries. The findings are attributed to non stationary deficits or surpluses in current accounts.
Media Discourse Syntax
Authors: Iorgulescu Alexandra
Published: May 2015

In this article we have emphasized the role of media discourse syntax, so necessary to avoid any misinterpretation. Therefore, understanding the message conveyed by journalists is and will be influenced by word order, sentence type, but also by providing logical links between concepts and ideas play in their own way original. It was found that a contemporary media discourse seeking new concepts to describe functions, meanings and uses of concepts in a particular field, which gradually integrate with older visions through a generality extending existing concepts.
Risk, Welfare, Education and Youth
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

This paper the concept of risk as applied to an understanding of the nature and changing relationship between social welfare and youth in the United Kingdom. The paper begins by drawing on the sociological work of Ulrich Beck (1992) in order to examine how changes in modern society have led to what has been coined the ‘risk society’. The paper then assesses historical narratives of social welfare which positioned younger individuals in society. The paper moves attention to examining neo-liberalism in contemporary times as a key feature of the ‘risk society’ and the recasting of the state, welfare agents and younger people. In particular, the paper observes the rise of managerialism and consumer narratives that are central to neo-liberalism and management of social welfare yet are indicative of risk. The paper concludes by arguing for an interface between risk and a critical sociology of youth.
Latin Etymologies in Communication Terminology
Authors: Strechie Mădălina
Published: May 2015

Ancient Rome was a model of organization and communication. The term ”communication”, and its meaning in particular, comes from Latin. Many Roman traditions regarding communicational practices are still valid today, adjusted, obviously, according to the needs of our society. Bureaucratic organization, especially in European civilisation, originates in the Roman world. Ancient Rome developed a service of organized communication, subordinating several communication networks. During the Roman imperial period, communication relied on two pillars: the Roman postal service and the imperial offices. This explains how the terminology related to communication sciences usually has a Latin etymology. Our study has selected the main notions of communication sciences with a Latin etymology.
Resources for Early Childhood Education (E.C.E)
Authors: Ilechukwu Chukwbikem Peace Ebele
Published: May 2015

The central theme of this paper is resources for early childhood education. The paper highlights issues such as purpose and benefits of ECE. It also discusses human, material and financial resources and gives detailed instructional resources for effective teaching at this level of education. The benefits of E.C.E. are that there is a positive relationship between E.C.E life performances of the recipient of this level of education. Good. ECE inculcates the spirit of enquiry and creativity through exploration of nature and the local environment. It teaches them cooperation, team spirit and good habit. It also prepares them for primary education. The study also examined the importance of play, things to look for in preschool curriculum which are human resources, materials and finance. Quality support system should include educational training for programme personnel as well as ongoing technical assistance programme providers and individual care provider. Personnel who are well prepare through education, training and support are essential to achieving high quality.
Teachers’ and Students’ Perception of their Roles in the Teaching and Learning of Science
Authors: Eka Dennis Agama
Published: May 2015

This study examined the perception of science teachers and students in teaching and learning from role identification perspectives. A survey design was used for the study. The sample consisted of 140 teachers and 270 students from nine selected schools that offer science in Benue State. To guide the study, three research questions were raised, while three hypotheses were formulated and tested. A 50-item and 30-item questionnaires for teachers and students respectively were developed and validated as instrument for data collection. These have reliability coefficient of 0.98 and 0.93 for teachers and students respectively. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test and correlation coefficient. The result revealed a mismatch between the perceived and expected roles of science teachers and students. The mean of 4.08 and standard deviation of 0.39 for teachers and a mean of 4.40 and standard deviation of 0 .43 for students have revealed that teachers are more mismatched than students. The result also revealed that, the perception of male and female teachers do not differ significantly (r = 0.08 for male, while r = 0.75 for females). It was recommended that emphasis be laid on role identification in teachers‟ pre and in-service training and teachers should recognize that their job subjects them to greater responsibility than their students.
The Effect of In-Service Training Courses on the Teacher’s Attitude and Performance
Authors: Shahmohammadi Nayereh
Published: May 2015

The present article reports on a research designed to examine the effect of teachers in-service training programmes on their attitude and performance. The study was conducted on 100 teacher’s trainees in 6th Education district of Tehran. An attitude questionnaire was used once at the beginning and once at the end of the training course to check the participants’ attitude change. The teacher's performance was then observed using an observation checklist. A stimulated recall interview was conducted to check the reasons for the discrepancies between the programme guidelines and the teacher's performance. The results of the attitude questionnaire showed that the teacher's attitude had changed significantly in one area of the three areas under investigation. The analysis of the data collected through the observation checklist and the stimulated recall interview showed that the teacher's trainees performance was not acceptable in the area their attitude had undergone a change. The article concludes by suggesting that attitude change does not necessarily lead to a change in teachers performance.
Social Studies for Awareness of Toilet Facilities in Job to Achieve Environmental Sanitation
Authors: Jurmang Comfort Isuwa
Published: May 2015

Social studies is a field of study concern with the study of people, places and environments. Ten children were randomly selected from five public primary schools in Jos to identify where people defecate through observations and interview. 100 % of the respondents did not know what water closet and lavatory are. Water closet is locally referred to as water system toilet. 100 % of them know toilet room, urinal, bathroom and pit latrines. Public institutions like Banks, Motor Parks, Fuel station and Public primary schools have different levels of provisions of toilets. Institutions that all have toilet facilities for the public are banks, and fuel stations. They observed that the toilets in banks are more kept neat than those at the fuel stations. The motor parks are worse in having toilet facilities. Only 20 % (1) of the motor parks inspected have toilet facilities. The remaining 80 % (4) did not have any toilet facilities. The 20 % (1) motor parks that has toilet, is privately run so that users pay N10 for using the toilet. 20 % (1) of the public schools have usable toilets. 80 % (4) schools include those without toilets completely and those with but never usable at all.
The Need for Theatre Arts Education in National Reformation
Authors: Aleshi Rowland U. , Iloh Clementina N.
Published: May 2015

This essay discusses the concepts of theatre arts and education, and the convergence of theatre arts education in national reformation. In-between cultural norms and religious values, the theatre artist as an evangelist can provide solutions to reform the declining morals and values of society. This crucial role of the theatre artist is what the author articulates and urges us to consider as an option to regain our country’s lost glory. The increasing threat of social degeneration and global insecurity calls for this genre to bring about peace, unity, prosperity and development in Nigeria. The author recommends that government and stakeholders should give support and recognition to theatre arts as a profession and remind parents, teachers, community and religious leaders to restore family values. Theatre arts can crystallize action for national rebirth or re-orientation as it mirrors the society and propagates strict spiritual, moral and behavioral education to characterize child upbringing and training. Theatre arts education can influence character and moral discipline in youths and make the society a better place by stemming the tide of the growing number of delinquents who are easily enlisted and indoctrinated by terrorists, gangsters, fraudsters, kidnappers and armed robbers.
The Role of ICT in Teaching Science Education in Schools
Authors: Abdullahi Hannatu
Published: May 2015

The place of ICT in teaching science education in schools cannot be over emphasized considering its promises in effective teaching and learning. This paper examine the role of ICT in teaching science education, its implication in both teaching and learning process and an attempt have been made to discuss the use of ICT in teaching and learning process.
Assessment as a Veritable Tool for Effective Teaching and Learning
Authors: Odo John Ogar
Published: May 2015

This paper examines assessment as a tool for effective teaching and learning. It revealed the concept of teaching and learning in lined with its improvement through the use of assessment. The concept of assessment and its various forms were x-rayed as a means of assessing both the teaching and learning. The author thereafter examines the problems of operating assessment in the schools to include among others, the difficulty of incorporating assessment scores to final examinations, lack of qualified teachers and large classes. The author further shield light on the implications of assessment to teaching and learning with the main idea that, where assessment is implemented effectively, it raises standard of achievement across the board. Finally, the author recommends among others that stakeholders in education and the external examination bodies should brain storm on the possible ways to incorporate assessment scores of students to final examination scores, government and private organizations should assist in training and re-training of teachers to effectively handle students’ assessment and teachers were called upon to find way of receiving better feedback from learners by improving on the quality of class room dialogue.
Communication and Connectivity as Veritable Tools for Information Sharing in Nigeria
Authors: Friday Mamudu , Ismail Mustapha
Published: May 2015

This paper discusses the contributions of communication technologies to modern civilization and globalization and the role of connectivity as facilitator to efficient global information sharing today. The background study of networks, satellites, statement of the problem and the objectives of the paper were looked into. A brief historical development of Nigeria communications and their beneficial applications today were presented. Presentation was made on why internet communications in Nigeria is dominated by wireless/satellite link. It was adduced that the absence of information technology infrastructure, particularly the complete absence of fiber optics backbone and weak telecommunication base were responsible for the predominant wireless internet application in Nigeria. The paper concludes that a good information technology infrastructure base such as the construction of domestic optics backbone as ongoing by some of the GSM operators such as GlobaCom and MTN, launching of domestic communication satellite such as Nigcomsat1R in December, 2012; and the interlinking of our communication will enhance information sharing and as well reduce the cost of internet applications and motivate a larger population to participate in our new information society.
Management of Public Enterprises through Public Private Partnership in Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi Muhammad , Usman Rilwan Nakazalle
Published: May 2015

Collaboration with corporations, small businesses, non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations to provide socially beneficial goods and services. Public enterprises and the private sector cooperate in providing services and infrastructure through a variety of mechanisms. The level of performance and development of public enterprise in the country are very low due to corruption, management inefficiencies, overstaffing and inflation. This paper therefore in tend to highlight the different mechanisms of public private partnership (PPPs) in the management of public enterprise including concessions, build-operate- and- transfer (BOTs) arrangement, joint ventures and informal and voluntary cooperation as applied in some Latin American and Asian countries. The paper recommends that the government should clearly identify goals and objectives of public private partnerships and embody them in an official set of laws, develop strategy for management plan for public private partnerships and create employment protection measures for current government employees in organization that will go in to public private partnerships.
Minimizing Effect of Land Degradation in Benue State for Sustainable Food Production
Authors: Kurayemen Chagbe , Gyata B.A. , Ali Emmanuel
Published: May 2015

This paper looks at land degradation and its effects on the environment globally and locally. Unless land rehabilitation measures are effective, a downward eco-social spiral is created when marginal lands are physically, chemically and biologically depleted by unsustainable land management practices resulting in lost soil resilience leading to soil degradation and permanent damage .The paper examines the land degradation types prevalent in Benue state to include: Deforestation, Overexploitation for fuel wood, overgrazing, agricultural activities and industrialization. and the severity with which they occur. The paper concludes that a multidisciplinary approach should be adopted to include effective teaching and learning of environmental education and development of sound policies that can begin the process of healing the land with its attendant benefits to the environment and agricultural revival in Benue state.
Correction of the Claim for Microfinance Market of 1.5 Billion Clients
Authors: Hes Tomáš , Poledňáková Anna
Published: May 2015

Since the beginnings of modern microfinance in the 70s, the industry continued to grow rapidly, albeit fueled by dubious assumptions related to market potential. Boosted by Nobel Prize award, thousands of new MFIs are currently being created in the lure of market potential, estimated atone and half billion of unattended clients. The estimates, however, differ drastically and there is no wide scale assessment available deducing the unattainable market strata, detrimental to sustainablemicrofinance, from the inflated estimates. The exaggerations are to be denoted as unrealistic andexcluded from the global estimates. This study intends to quantify the market wrongly assumed to form part of the microfinance market and to deduce the real size of the potential global microfinancesector, appraising the size of the market that should not be counted into the integral demand, since it isunsustainable or harmful to the players involved.
Ranking of Developing Countries Based on the Economic Freedom Index
Authors: Mehrara Mohsen , Zirak Masoumeh
Published: May 2015

In this paper we’ve ranked developing countries based on the Economic Freedom index. Therefore we are trying to do the analysis how this ranking is done using numerical taxonomic methodology. To do this, by estimating the effects of the determinants of FDI in 123 developing countries from 1997 to 2010, results showed that with regard to the degree of economic freedom or Economic openness, attract foreign direct investment in each country is different. In this study china, Equator, Liberia, Azerbaijan, Angola, Turkmenistan, Cape Verde, Kazakhstan, Panama, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Congo, Maldives, Bahrain, Cambodia, Jordan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Sudan, Trinidad, Belarus, Lesotho, Russian are the top 23 countries have been successful in attracting foreign direct investment thanks to appropriate economic and structures policies.
Ghettoisation as a New Dimension of Totalisation
Authors: Borowski Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Ghettoisation after the fall of the totalitarian system is having a "chance" to become one way still for the marginalisation and blocking the reconstruction process of healthy relations in the local communities. Of sources of theoretical considerations above ghettoisation it is possible to seek in deliberations E. Fromm concerning authoritarian character, inquiry M. Foucault in relation to idea initiated in seventeenth-century France of "great closing" and of E. Goffman’s sociological examinations of the total institutions concerning the specificity of functioning. Ghettoisation as the new dimension totalisation is becoming part of reality of Polish cities gradually, irrespective of it, whether closed communities /gated communities/ are coming into existence discretionary of their future participants, or in relation to any form of the compulsion putting researchers before the need to develop effective frames teoretical and methodological allowing for their optimum analysing.
Credibility of Celebrity Endorsement and Buying Intentions an Evidence from Students of Islamabad, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Naveed , Farooq Omer , Iqbal Junaid
Published: May 2015

Celebrity Endorsement has become one of the important tools in advertisement persuading customers. No study has been yet conducted in Pakistan to measure the impact of credibility of celebrity on the buying intentions of customers. This paper investigates the credibility of celebrity endorser influence on consumers buying intention and also whether the experience of celebrity with the usage of endorsed product matters to consumers or not. For this purpose Regression tests are used and questionnaire was distributed to respondents who were university students/scholars. Results show that the in celebrity endorsement, credibility of endorsing celebrity matters for the consumer before the endorsed product also the experience of the celebrity with that product usage. Companies using celebrity endorsement strategy for their promotion must carefully select the endorsing celebrity with relatively high credibility.
Recognizable Elements of the Mass Communication
Authors: Buşu Oprea Valentin , Buşu Oana Cristina
Published: May 2015

The study is focused on understanding and synthesizing of some specificity of mass communication. After reviewing of the relevant opinions concerning the mass communication, on meta-analytic way are differentiated three elements of the recognizable of the mass communication concept: semantic node 1 – the mass communication messages are public, semantic node 2 – the transmission flows to the channels of communication are fast and large and semantic node 3 – the recipient of the messages is massive, heterogeneous and anonymous.
The Efficacy of Training Life Skills on the Students' Self Esteem
Authors: Khaledian Mohamad , Omidi Majid , Sepanta Mandana , Tavana Mehdi
Published: May 2015

The current research was conducted with the aim of the efficacy of training life skills on the Payame Noor students' self esteem, Saghez branch. The research population includes all the Payame Noor students, Saghez branch who were studying in the educational year of 2013-2014. In this research 40 students were selected through the random sampling method available as the research sample volume. From among this number, 20 students were selected through the random sampling method available as the research sample volume who was participating in the educational workshop of life skills and 20 more students were also chosen as the control group. The method applied in this research is semi empirical with two groups of experiment and control. The experiment group was placed under 8, 120 minute sessions of training life skills. To collect data the 58 item Cooper Smith questionnaire was used. To analyze data, the descriptive statistics (Average, standard deviation,…) as well as inferential statistics (covariance analysis) were applied. Results indicated that the average self esteem scores in the experimental group posttest is higher than that of the posttest in the control group.
Dogmata which Crossed the Inter-War Publications from Oltenia
Authors: Pretorian Cristina , Ionescu Dan
Published: May 2015

The research starts from a previous incidental acknowledgement concerning persisting of certain dogmata in the history of press; it aims to investigate the emergence of the dogmata in inter-war press from Oltenia. Various dogmata crossed inter-war magazines from Oltenia, but they have not been received without analysis. On the contrary, they were exposed as far as serving the publication profile. "Gazzette of the School" received in columns educational ideas of some philosophers and educators fashionable, who have subjected to experiment, their theory. The comparative analysis of Oltenia magazines from monarchical range are detached three dogmata-patterns: antiutilitarianism, Romanism and pedagogical experimental. They are examined the practical effects of these dogmata-patterns.
Geographical Starting Points the Analysis of Current Rural Problems in Montenegro: A Case Study of the Rural Settlement of Gnjili Potok
Authors: Rajović Goran , Bulatović Jelisavka
Published: May 2015

The paper examines a number of socio-economic and geographical factors of rural settlement Gnjili Potok. Isolated traffic and geographical position adversely affects the economic and social development of the settlement. Natural characteristics of the area indicate that the rural economy of the village is not in compliance with all the existing natural conditions. Incompatibility between the existing natural conditions and contemporary rural economy is determined by the overall socio-economic development factors. The percentage reduction in population in the settlement period 1948 to 2009, amounted to - 75.1 %. The main characteristic of the modern development of the settlement provide processes of industrialization and urbanization. Age groups, due to migration and the reduction of fertility change and take on unfavorable characteristics, reduces the proportion of younger and older increases the proportion of the population. In both cases, the disturbed age structure has a reverse effect on the movement of the population (the size of reproductive contingent), but also to all other structures of the population (the size of contingent employment, population, compulsory school contingent, contingent dependent population ratio). The paper, in the end, given the potential and limitations of socio-economic development of the settlement as well as the survey results, and the analysis focuses on whether the respondents and their perceptions of the quality of living conditions in the village.
Uncertainty Communication Status: Theory or Science
Authors: Vlăduţescu Ştefan
Published: May 2015

In this study, we argue in favor of the thesis that communication as an academic discipline faces many uncertainties. One of these is the uncertainty regarding the status. Some talk about Communication theory, others about the Communication Science, about Communicology, "Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication" (SIC), Communication studies etc. Nuclear question about the status of the communication is: the study of communication is a theory or a science, is a weak cogitative system or a strong cogitative system? We distinguish five causes that determined communication study to remain to this day a weak cogitative system: the effervescence of the theoretical-scientific and practical researches in a knowledge area full of promises; heavy coagulation of a cogitational communication community; refusal of the rule; articulation of communicational thinking as “weak thinking” - “weak thought” G. Vattimo); and the delay in the development of the communication ontology. Discipline that studies communication is a weak-cogitative thinking system, a sum of theories but not yet a science. As a set of weak theories, the study of communication is becoming science. In any case, discipline that studies communication is on the way to become a science.
Subjection, Social Work and Social Theory
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

Reflecting on Judith Butler’s conception of ‘performativity’, this paper argues that the notion has important implications for contemporary debates over agency, subjection and ‘resistance’ in social work. Using, wider social theory drawn from post-structuralist Butler, makes sense of complex professional-service user relations. The article explores the possibilities and problems for resisting dominant power relationships in micro and meso settings.
Teacher Education and the Challenges of Global Economic Meltdown
Authors: Babalola J.B. , Oni Adesoji A. , Atanda Ademola
Published: May 2015

The global economic meltdown is a serious worldwide malfunctioning economic activity that started in the United States of America in December, 2000 but became obvious in 2007 and full-blown between 2008 and 2009. The meltdown is characterized by drastic streamlining, rightsizing and downsizing of human and financial resources in both public and private sectors of the American economy. This paper sets out to identify the challenges the global economic meltdown poses to teacher education in Nigeria and also seeks means of handling such challenges. To have a broad understanding of the challenges the global economic meltdown have posed to teacher education, the next section of this paper highlights the meltdown as part of the global radical changes in environmental, economic, political, technological and social spheres since the beginning of this millennium. The paper concluded with recommendation of how teacher education can be made relevant for sustainable development.
The Specific Character of Political Power under “Who Do I Obey Politically?”
Authors: Buşu Oprea Valentin
Published: May 2015

The study takes into account the organizational capacity, the numerical support, the competence, the specialized knowledge, the information control, the occupation of certain social positions, the control of the means of force and the very reputation for holding power, all these seen as power resources. It is noticed the existence of a potential power that depends on certain qualities, skills and competencies and the existence of a manifest power involving the feedback as far as the exercise of power is concerned and obedience. The conclusion is that the specific of the political power derives from the answer to whom do I obey politically?
The Illegitimate Children Parentage
Authors: Rashidi Arezo
Published: May 2015

Parentage is linking something to something else. Linkage is of two types: 1. Longituidinal linkage like donation between fathers and sons. 2. Laternal linkage like a donation as between sisters and aunts. So parentage is an infinitive, meaning relationship, kinship, and interest between two things. In Farsi, it is called lineage and French apply the word "filation" as meaning continuity, chain, generation, seed, successiveness, cohesion and subsequent things, coming after one another. Scholars and lawyers have provided various definitions. So, parentage means the birth of a person from a mother created by way of lawful marriage or by the possession of a woman for a man or by way of uncertainty, i.e. a person with a specific father or that the birth of two peoples out of one origin.
Tales and Allegories of Vision Ghazali and Rumi
Authors: Kamaladdini Seied Mohammad Bagher
Published: May 2015

Among many tribes and nations fiction has a long history as a popular entertainment. The importance of stories is no secret. The meanings of the stories are quite concrete and contacts, events, and eventually finds it earlier. The Persian speakers from early to latet, moral themes, mysticism, religion and other things have taken advantage of this genre. The analogy is meant to provide an example of the eloquence and understanding has long had an important role and are responsible. It is also seen in ancient books and scriptures. Instead, it's like taking the analogy a little word to the land. In this allegory, Masnavi stories and ehya’al oloom are analyzed.
A Diachronic View upon the Bals Media
Authors: Păun Mihaela Gabriela
Published: May 2015

The study constitutes an application on the journalism field. Analyzing media outlets media operators that existed in the Bals city resulted: a) the existence of an intense journalistic activity in the city Bals starting with the year 1900; b) journalistic activity survived in time and continues to exist up to present. Research concludes that the written media from the city Bals begins to be noticed around the year 1900, it culminates in the inter-war period, through the academician Petre Pandrea who was born here and it had an intense journalistic activity; it is almost inexistent in the communist period and in present, still resist the time through the scholar publications and the people involved in the written media. An important figure of actual written media is Andrei Lupu.
Significance of Microfinance Institutions in Rural Development of India
Authors: Yadav Rajesh K.
Published: May 2015

Micro finance is to supply micro credit to people living in utter poverty and has no reach to the conservative and formal financial products. It is an aid to engage them in productive activities and grow their tiny businesses. Micro finance focused on availing the credit in a standard manner. Micro financial schemes plays vital role in increasing women‟s participation in economic activities and decision making. In this research paper an effort is made to investigate the role of microfinance in rural development especially through Micro financial schemes. This study is an empirical study which aims to find out the role and responsibilities of microfinance in rural development. Our experience while doing this study suggests that microfinance provides key lessons for development in terms of what mechanism and best practices should be adopted and how to make small change that creates a big difference. It is concluded that poor people in rural areas especially in under developing countries, are in immense need of credits so microfinance programs must make available this credit needs and motivate the poor people to increase their standard of living.
Status and Functioning of Distance Education in Bhutan: An Evaluative Study
Authors: Jena Prakash Chandra
Published: May 2015

Bhutan is a small, landlocked country in southern Asia, between China and India. Its population is 634,982, and it covers 38,394 square kilometers. It has one of the world's smallest and least developed economies. Agriculture, forestry, and hydroelectric power provide the main sources of income for 90 % of the population. International agencies are currently supporting a number of educational, social, and environmental programs. In 2003, the higher education sector in Bhutan was reorganized through the creation of the Royal University of Bhutan bringing together eight higher education institutes and two teacher education institutions, including the National Institute of Education (NIE) in Samtse, which is in the southern border of Bhutan with India. Recently, the NIE was renamed as Samtse College of Education and the Paro College of Education in the west. The Royal University of Bhutan, founded on 2nd June, 2003 by a royal decree is the national university system of Bhutan. It was established to consolidate the management of tertiary education in Bhutan. It is a decentralized university with 10 constituent colleges spread across the kingdom. The present study focuses the growth and functioning of distance education in Bhutan.
Community as a Sociological Category - Basing on the Study of a Religious Community
Authors: Borowski Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Communities exert great influence on their members. Staying in a given community leaves an indelible mark on every personality. Obviously, it is not true that a human being is entirely determined by its community as to a certain degree that person can choose between various environments and communities. The community type depends on mutual interpersonal relations. Creating the community (especially among young people) is not easy although many people dream of that. People oscillate between the suffering of loneliness and the fear of dependence. The former makes them seek a place of an absolute union with other people sharing the same approach. The latter leads to suffering in being together, in experiencing the self as unable to communicate, to the inability to put up with mutual commitment, as this is felt as manipulating their freedom and autonomy. Some people wish to live in mutual closeness but they do not know how to motivate that desire. Every community should create their idea of life specifying why its members decided to be together and what the expectations towards one another are. This means that the community should have a shorter or longer period of time before establishment for preparing for common life and determining its goals. The community as a sociological or religious category still remains an incomparable example of a perfect social structure with a multiple reach. Participation therein, based on the principles of accountability, voluntariness and love, leading to a permanent conversion and internalization of the suggested attitudes, as well as the postulated need to participate in and serve (ministry) the community is an efficient antidote for the spiritual torpor of the today’s world. The work includes a wide range of general and specific roles within a community as a sociological and religious category.
Central Propaganda Figures of Crowds: Citizen, Militant, Worker
Authors: Buşu Oprea Valentin
Published: May 2015

The study explores vagueness area of the crowd concept and points the identification of nodal points. By means of some descriptive, comparative and meta-analytical methods are examining crowds abstract idea limits and are found meaningful convergent paths. It is ascertained that the crowd is not an uniform ideaful construction homogeneous and centripetal, but a multi-layered and multi-structured, heterogeneous and centrifuge. The released conclusion is that, despite the disorder within the concept of crowd, inside of it can delineated three fixed stars, three symbolic meaningful figures of crowds: the citizen, the militant and the worker.
How Journalism Escorts Daily Life from Oltenia in Years 1920-1930
Authors: Ionescu Dan
Published: May 2015

The research is situated in the domain of the thematic history of the press. It approaches the topic of living, of the mundane existence of citizen's middle standard. Related to authorized views on this topic, the paper highlights: a) imagological inductions in everyday life, b) living in America of years 1920-1930 and Danish journalists’ living analyzed at 1930 journalists from Oltenia, and c) the Romanian villagers life (in the range 1881-1937).
Social Skills and Locus of Control of Teenage Mothers and Pregnant Teens Placed at the Polish Correctional Institutions - Report of Studies
Authors: Nowak Beata Maria , Krawczyk Jacek
Published: May 2015

The purpose of the article is the presentation of the results of research aiming at the assessment of the level of social competences and locus of control of teenage mothers and pregnant teens placed at the correctional institutions as the variables significantly determining the way of functioning in the society (more broadly – functioning in the environment).
The Family as Basis of Social Order: Insights from the Yoruba Traditional Culture
Authors: Abdul Shitta Bey Olanrewaju
Published: May 2015

opportunity to witness advancements in various facets of life, is accompanied by orientations which destroy traditional efforts – like the family systems – that engendered peace in various societies; and thus, with high-tech advancements today, the quest for social order is more pronounced than ever before. This paper interrogates the Yoruba traditional culture with a view to account for the role of the family system in achieving social order. Thus, it proceeds with a critical analysis of the idea of the family and the family system in Yoruba traditional society. It examines the notion of social order for the purpose of invoking a clear and distinct working understanding of the term. In order to achieve the set objectives identified above, this paper employs the trio methodology of translation, interpretation, and critical analysis. The translation and interpretation methods are employed as viable approaches to interrogate the oral texts with which we shall partly be dealing with; and the critical analysis method is adopted to achieve the twin goals of clarity and simplification of both the oral and the written literatures at our disposal. In the light of the above, this paper invigorates a discourse on the Yoruba traditional culture, and specifically unveils the importance of the family system within the culture in achieving social order. It seeks to bring into focus the impacts of the family in the society within the ambit of the Yoruba philosophical traditions, and how this matters in engendering social order.
Majority, Grand or All-Party Coalitions?
Authors: Emerson Peter
Published: May 2015

By what principle does one majority have the right to rule, and another not? Secondly, while elections are generally transparent, why should forming a government be secretive? Is it because people believe, not only in majority rule, which may be fine, but also in (simple or weighted) majority voting, which is not so good? There are, after all, other more accurate voting systems by which can be identified the will of the majority; some of these latter methodologies are non-majoritarian. Now, if decision-making were to be based on a non-majoritarian voting procedure, the right to majority rule might be brought into question; indeed, majoritarianism might become obsolescent. Other forms of governance should therefore also be examined. Accordingly, this paper considers first, some of the deficiencies of a majoritarian polity; next, a more inclusive form of decision-making; then, majoritarian and non-majoritarian types of governance; and lastly, a voting system by which a parliament may elect a national government.
Adolescents’ Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges in Northern Nigeria: Road Map to Effective Interventions
Authors: Godswill James
Published: May 2015

Young people have been well documented as special need group in the area of reproductive health. Adolescent sexuality and reproductive health are important contemporary concerns especially for reproductive health problems such as early marriage, unintended/unwanted pregnancy, maternal mortality and sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. There are yet many unmet reproductive health needs for the African adolescents despite the many reproductive health programmes which have been initiated in the last decade. Hence, this study examines the challenges of adolescents‟ sexual and reproductive health in northern Nigeria. Primary data were obtained using qualitative methods. Thirty-six focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among adolescents aged 15-19 years, stratified by sex, marital status, fertility status and residence; and 48 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with community-resident adolescents who have ever married or/and have begun childbearing. Results show that teenage marriage and childbearing is a highly cherished activity among adolescents in northwestern Nigeria, consequently their attitudes were largely pronatalist. Knowledge of contraceptive methods clearly exists but gender-biased, even though contraceptive approval and use was low. Sense of vulnerability and fear clearly exist as a number of participants expressed lack of courage to confront appropriate authorities, including their parents with reproductive health issues. Motivations for teenage marriage and childbearing reflect various levels of influence, such as parental pressure and social norms, individual needs, including socio-economic survival. There is need for intervention strategies to tackle issues relating to empowerment, and access to resources, improved information and services.