bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of Repellent Activity of 5 Essential Oils Extracted from Plants in Jos North Plateau State against Mosquito Bites
Authors: Ogbe Idoko , Idoko Jennifer Ene , Gift Onyike Onyinyechi , Okan Hillary Ehgomare , Ogbe Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

The ability of the mosquitoes to repel five essential oils from plants at four different concentrations was evaluated against the mosquito Aedes aegypti under certain conditions in the laboratory using human subjects. 0.2 mL of the oil was applied per 25 cm2 of exposed skin of the volunteer’s forearm. When the tested oils were applied and evaluated at a 5%, 10%, 15% concentration, the mosquito bites were not prevented for as long as 1 hour. However, the undiluted oils of Ginger, Garlic, and Lemon grass were the most efficient and shows 1 h of complete repellent. The initial results indicate that four concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% of Ginger, Lemon grass and Turmeric were used) for repellency tests against Anopheles dirus. The undiluted oil indicated the highest protection in each case of the test as expected which is in agreement with previous work Ginger oil resulted in the longest duration of 100% repellency (3 to 4 hours) against the Anopheles dirus species of mosquito.
Economics of Production Enhancement of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) through Micronutrient and Bio-inoculants in Central Plains of U. P.
Authors: Sachan Kushal , Kumar Ravindra , Katiyar Drishty , Singh Krishna Kumar , Dheer Vineet , Pandey SB , Sharma Sanjeev , Kumar Sanjeev , Gangwar Munish , Nema Saumya
Published: January 2024

During the Rabi season respective years 2021-22 and 2022-23, a field experiment was conducted at the student instructional farm of CSAUA&T, Kanpur. Experimental soil had a texture of sandy loam. There are 15 treatment combination involved varying combinations of micronutrients and biofertilizers with three replications of randomized block design. The cultivation of lentil variety Lentil- KLS9-3 (Krish) was carried out in accordance with the suggested agronomic practices. It can be concluded from these findings that the two-year results are consistent with the T14 (RDF + ZnSO4 (0.5%) +FeSO4 (0.5%) foliar spray at pre flowering + pod development stage + Rhizobium) showed the highest values economics parameters i.e., maximum cost of cultivation ₹ 38507 & ₹ 39444, gross returns of ₹105799 & ₹ 116068, net return of ₹ 67292 & ₹ 75884 of respective both of years followed by T15.
Whose Interests?
Authors: SUBRAMANIAM MANGALA
Published: July 2003

This article examines the role of the welfare state with reference to the design and dissemination of improved models of wood-fired cooking stoves in rural India. Drawing from the feminist sociological perspective, the author examines the role of the state in shaping women's needs. Broadening the meaning of the term welfare services to include development interventions targeted at disadvantaged groups, the author argues that power relations lead the state to define what women's needs are, exclude them from development interventions, and make them dependent on the state. The definition of women's needs as reflected in Indian state policies shows a bias that assumes that women are essentially homemakers, and the relatively lesser power that poor women exercise both in the public and private spheres constrains them from expressing their needs. Women organizing around conscious interests challenge the boundaries within which their needs, as women, are perceived.
Corporate Environmental Crimes and Social Inequality
Authors: SIMON DAVID R.
Published: July 2003

In a 1997 article, Szasz and Meuser note that environmental justice research may have “excluded” certain questions of import. Among the topics they list as neglected are (a) the place of the upper class in environmental research and (b) the lack of both a global and a historical perspective. This article represents a furtherance of suggestions concerning their proposed agenda. Specifically, the article examines patterns of environmental crime among the largest multinational corporations, both in the United States and around the world, as well as the environmental deviance committed by the federal government. This examination demonstrates that environmental crimes are part of an entire pattern of criminal activity that takes place within a political economy dominated by large corporations and upper-class stockholders. The article closes with suggestions for research into these patterns.
Diffusion of Pro-Environment Attitudes?
Authors: UYEKI EUGENE S. , HOLLAND LANI J.
Published: July 2003

Ten statements in the 1993 General Social Surveys that relate to general themes about the environment were reduced to three scales after factor analysis: Pro-Environment, Less-Growth, and Pro-Animal. These scales were regressed on social-economic characteristics of respondents (N = 1,268). It was found that (a) those with lower incomes and less education were more pro-environment and pro-animal, (b) Black respondents were more likely than White respondents to be more pro-environment, (c) younger respondents were more less-growth than older ones, and (d) women were more inclined than men to be supportive of animal rights. Most previous research has found that higher socioeconomic groups are pro-environment. This research suggests there is support to help the environment among lower socioeconomic groups, minorities, and women. There is reason for optimism about the future of the environmental justice movement and the mainstream environmental movement.
Informal Non-Kin Networks among Homeless Latino and African American Men
Authors: MOLINA EDNA
Published: July 2003

This study explores the role social networks play in the daily survival of homeless Latino and African American men. Using a qualitative research design, the author examines how these men initiate, participate in, and maintain social networks, and how their networks function. The analysis compares two groups of Latinos (English and Spanish speakers) and African Americans. The findings support a view of homeless men as active, rational, and competent actors engaged in negotiating their social world. Participants rely on social networks composed of a hierarchy of casual and intimate affiliations. The networks of English-speaking Latinos and of African Americans facilitate their integration into a subculture of street life, whereas those of Spanish-speaking Latinos revolve around their struggles to find work, avoid deportation, and enlist the support of their countrymen. Holistic research approaches are required to advance an accurate understanding of the diverse nature of American homelessness and to institute corrective policy measures.
Cross-National Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Issues
Authors: ADEOLA FRANCIS O.
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on the issues of environmental injustice and human rights violations across nations. Using existing documents, the patterns of the transnational toxic waste trade and natural resource exploitation and the bases of global environmental injustice are explored. The dependency/world-system perspective on toxic waste exports and imports and the environmental justice framework are used to analyze transnational toxic waste dumping schemes and resource exploitation in underdeveloped nations. With an emphasis on the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, available evidence suggests that environmental activists, powerless indigenous subpopulations, and other minorities face the danger of environmental injustice and human rights abuse, especially under authoritarian regimes. The need for stronger international norms protecting human rights to a safe and sound environment is emphasized, and it is argued that environmental injustice needs to be included as a component of human rights protocols. Policy implications of theoretical analyses are offered.
The Washington Study-Service Year of Eastern Mennonite University
Authors: ABERLE-GRASSE MELISSA
Published: July 2003

The author describes the results of an evaluation of a service-learning program of Eastern Mennonite University. The Washington Study-Service Year, an off-campus program, began in 1976 in Washington, D.C. The author describes briefly the current goals and structure of the program and then describes the evaluation data and results. A variety of methods were used as evaluating tools, including essays of current students, interviews with alumni, and alumni surveys. The short and long-term influence of the program appears in increased understanding of racial/cross-cultural issues, in increased values in the areas of working with marginalized persons and working to change social institutions, in self-understanding, and in the development of interpersonal skills, such as conflict resolution and communication.
International Service Learning
Authors: GRUSKY SARA
Published: July 2003

International service-learning programs burst with potential and stumble with the weight of contradictions left unattended. Without thoughtful preparation, orientation, program developments and the encouragement of study, as well as critical analysis and reflection, the programs can easily become small theaters that recreate historic cultural misunderstandings and simplistic stereotypes and replay, on a more intimate scale, the huge disparities in income and opportunity that characterize North-South relations today. Integrated into a well-developed program, international service learning can fulfill its potential as a transformational experience for students informing subsequent study and career choices. This article identifies seven loaded issues in international service learning that, if addressed with creativity and forethought, can provide important opportunities for critical analysis, study, and reflection and in the process bring international programs closer to achieving their transformational potential.
Faculty Fellows Program
Authors: BRINGLE ROBERT G. , GAMES RICHARD , FOOS CATHERINE LUDLUM , OSGOOD ROBERT , OSBORNE RANDALL
Published: July 2003

The Indiana Campus Compact Faculty Fellows program promotes faculty development of Boyer's scholarship of engagement by integrating community service with teaching, research, and service among faculty experienced with community engagement. The Faculty Fellows program has succeeded in increasing the quantity and quality of service-learning courses, developing faculty leadership, promoting advocacy for service learning, and targeting institutional change so that administrators better understand and reward service learning and professional service in the community.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: MARULLO SAM , EDWARDS BOB
Published: July 2003

This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in higher education that could be seen as responses of colleges and universities to changing economic, political, and social forces. This issue's authors diagnose a number of different problems in the current practices of colleges and universities and prescribe pedagogical initiatives that link students to the community through service learning, which is the integration of community service activities into the curriculum through intentional analytical processes. The authors of these articles are pushing the theoretical and praxis boundaries of service learning to tackle challenging issues such as how to best enhance the student's learning experience to create self-motivated learners who become civic participants, how to structure programs and practices to best support such work, and how to alter institution- and discipline-driven reward systems to promote and sustain faculty involvement in service learning.
A Popular Education Model for College in Community
Authors: WALLACE JOHN
Published: July 2003

Many students in American universities suffer from an educational alienation that may be analyzed in terms of five connections that are missing in the education they receive. An abstract model of what college education might be, inspired by ideas from popular and democratic education, gives a picture of what an education would be like if these connections were restored. The linkage between the University of Minnesota and the Jane Addams School for Democracy, a community-based center for learning and action in the West Side neighborhood of St. Paul, gives a concrete example of how it is possible to work toward the ideal model from within a traditional university and to create with university students and community partners a fabric of experiences that rebinds education as connected, whole and humane.
Community-Centered Service Learning
Authors: WARD KELLY , WOLF-WENDEL LISA
Published: July 2003

Many colleges and universities seek to enliven their service missions through service learning. This article critically analyzes the service-learning literature, illustrating the idea that higher education institutions traditionally operate under an orientation of doing for communities rather than doing with them. Doing for is typically aligned with a charity perspective and emphasizes the position of privilege of campuses in relationship to their local communities, whereas a doing with perspective of service emphasizes collaboration and mutuality. Using special focus colleges and universities as a model, the authors provide suggestions on how to shift the paradigm to one that is more community centered.
University and Community Collaboration
Authors: GRONSKI ROBERT , PIGG KENNETH
Published: July 2003

The university contributes instrumentally to society by preparing human service professionals in a broad range of disciplines for the betterment of individuals and families. Today, however, the multiple needs of families are becoming less amenable to technical or clinical solutions and appear to require a greater collaboration among human service providers. Experiential learning is one way for university programs to help students develop collaborative skills. A study of experiential learning activities at the University of Missouri-Columbia reveals how professional programs favor technical competency aimed at accreditation and tend to refrain from the development of interprofessional collaboration. If collaborative skills help build the social capital necessary for the effective functioning of civil society, then a new model of experiential learning is required for the university, one that explicitly teaches collaborative habits and skills for professionals who will provide human services to their communities.
Academic Medicine, Service Learning, and the Health of the Poor
Authors: SCHAMESS ANDREW , WALLIS RENE , DAVID RONALD , EICHE KEITH
Published: July 2003

Service learning has been proposed as a way for universities to expose undergraduate and graduate students to ethnically and socially diverse populations while engaging them in constructive community-based activities. In Washington, D.C., several academic medical centers initiated service-learning programs that placed health professions students in community clinics serving the uninsured. In this article, the authors explore the impact of these programs on the clinics and their communities. A project initiated by George Washington University failed because the health center was unwilling to respond to community needs. A more encouraging model exists in Howard University's efforts to expand services to uninsured Hispanic patients through partnership with a free clinic serving the Hispanic community. The authors conclude that service-learning programs based in underserved communities are most likely to succeed in the context of a full-scale institutional commitment to the health of the target population.
A Critical-Holistic Paradigm for an Interdependent World
Authors: WRIGHT MARIA da GLORIA MIOTTO
Published: July 2003

The health-disease continuum and the current health paradigm neglect the fundamental descriptors of community welfare, including nutrition or malnutrition, equity or poverty, and sustainable development or underdevelopment. Current practices have a patient-obey-physician approach that assigns a passive role to patients and inhibits dialogue with community leaders. An alternative critical-holistic perspective can help universities overcome the limits of individual disciplines and current practices. The critical-holistic health, nutrition, and development promotion model offers a productive alternative paradigm for university-community partnerships on health, nutrition, and development issues. The model has been used successfully in education, research, and practice in Brazil and the United States and enhances the linkages among individual, societal, and institutional responsibilities. It is especially valuable in communities where social aspects such as low incomes and contaminated water supplies call for dialogue between health professionals and the community that leads to participatory action.
Moral Language and Networks of Engagement
Authors: KOLIBA CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2003

Central to the themes of much of the literature on the relationship between service learning and civic responsibility lies the question of whether the environments in which service-learning experiences take place are capable of becoming settings in which the meaning of public life is deliberated and acted on. This article asserts that the service learning experienced by a small sample of students drawn from a series of in-depth qualitative case studies significantly contributed to their development of a moral language about citizenship and highlighted to them the importance of entering into the kinds of processes of engagement that the service-learning experience called forth. By drawing from the students' narratives, the author examines the students' perceptions about human nature and its mutability and the role of reciprocity and obligation to some generalized others as the fundamental components of citizenship.
Who Learns from Service Learning?
Authors: ROSCHELLE ANNE R. , TURPIN JENNIFER , ELIAS ROBERT
Published: July 2003

This article examines service learning in the Peace and Justice Studies Program at the University of San Francisco. The authors show that students who complete their two courses—Poverty, Homelessness, and the Urban Underclass as well as Field Experience—make significant contributions to the community service organizations they serve. Not only do their students learn, but the organizations benefit from the knowledge the students bring. Furthermore, through service learning, many of the students develop a long-term commitment to social justice and continue to work for social change years after leaving the university.
The Role of Animal Psychology in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: HAMMERSTEIN PETER
Published: July 2003

Evolutionary biology of behavior and animal psychology are often regarded as separate disciplines. However, both fields depend strongly on each other. Examples of field studies of an ant navigation system and the fighting behavior of a spider are used to illustrate the interrelatedness of animal psychology and behavioral ecology. Both studies are based on research in the natural habitat. Yet, even one who knows this habitat well cannot analyze the evolution of observed behavior patterns without making basic assumptions about the animal's psychology. These assumptions relate to the animal's capability of information processing and the structural organization of this processing. The concept of strategic analysis in evolutionary game theory makes it an obligatory task to state such assumptions. Strategic analysis at the phenotypic level is well founded in population genetics theory despite its apparent lack of taking genetics into account. It helps to bridge the gap between psychology and evolutionary biology.
Risk-Sensitive Decision making Examined within an Evolutionary Framework
Authors: RODE CATRIN , WANG XT
Published: July 2003

Two examples of human decision-making biases are reexamined from an evolutionary perspective. The framing effect and ambiguity avoidance effect both violate core assumptions of normative models of rational decision making. These violations were often used to showcase that the human mind is predisposed against optimal decision making. The authors argue that the human mind is fine-tuned to solve complex decision tasks that had been recurrent in hominid evolution. By studying the biases within the framework of risk-sensitivity theory, they demonstrate that humans take into account the mean outcome of an option, the variability of the outcome, and their current goal to arrive at a decision that is most likely to guarantee survival. Thus, an evolutionary approach helps us reveal important features of human choice behavior and provides insights into the nature of human decision rationality.
The Ecological Rationality of Mechanisms Evolved to make up Minds
Authors: TODD PETER M.
Published: July 2003

Selective pressures favoring rapid decisions would have led to the evolution of simple decision-making mechanisms that could take the form of heuristics and rules that use as little available information as possible. Such decision heuristics can only be ecologically rational—yielding accurate inferences in particular problem domains—if they exploit the way that information is structured in the environment. The author presents a variety of fast and frugal heuristics that are ecologically rational and shows how they can be organized in the mind's adaptive toolbox of decision-making strategies.
Human Parent-Child Relationships from an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: KELLER HEIDI
Published: July 2003

In this article, a proximate conception of parental investment for humans is developed. Parenting investment is introduced as a part of life histories, specifying the optimization of reproductive success in terms of inclusive fitness. Contextual, parental, and children's characteristics that influence investment decisions are specified. We can distinguish between four systems of parenting: primary care, body stimulation, body contact, and face-to-face interaction, which prompt different socialization experiences with different psychological consequences. Parental behaviors within these different systems may vary in terms of the expression of warmth and contingency. Parenting is described here as an intergenerational transmission mechanism of psychological characteristics as well as reproductive styles.
Evolutionary Psychology and Cultural Transmission
Authors: BOYER PASCAL
Published: July 2003

This article is an evaluation of how evolutionary psychology can contribute to the description and explanation of cultural material as a continuation of other research frameworks that connected genetic inheritance and cultural evolution. Evolutionary psychology provides a proximate explanation of cultural transmission in that it is based on a description of the cognitive mechanisms involved in acquisition of cultural representations. To illustrate this point, the author uses the example of religious concepts. A better understanding of cultural acquisition processes will probably require new descriptive models for anthropological data.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Motivation
Authors: HECKHAUSEN JUTTA
Published: July 2003

Evolutionary and comparative perspectives on motivation and emotion are almost absent from contemporary social and behavioral sciences. The history of psychology, particularly the relation between motivational, comparative, and learning psychology has made the phylogeny of motivation a largely ignored topic. The author briefly reviews the extent to which these perspectives are influential in the history and present state of motivational psychology, and discusses how motivational and emotional mechanisms might provide the missing link to the environment-need fit in the activation and deactivation of behavioral and cognitive modules. In this way, behavioral regulation by motivation may be part of a multilevel architecture of the mammal and the human mind. A number of basic motivational modules that might be involved in processes of goal engagement and disengagement in humans are proposed, which together may favor an overall preference for controlling the environment and maximizing one's resources and capacities for control.
The Political Context of Higher Education
Authors: GITTELL MARILYN , KLEIMAN NEIL SCOTT
Published: July 2003

This is a comparative study of the impact of state politics and culture on higher education policy in three states: California, North Carolina, and Texas. By comparing higher education systems in these states, the study describes the degree of influence state government actors and culture have on higher education. This article explores the key policy areas of access and economic development to determine the effect of higher education regimes and state political culture on policy outcomes. The article evaluates access by evaluating who is not attaining higher education degrees and analyzing the current battles over affirmative action. With regard to economic development, the article determines the extent of actual economic development and the influence of state actors on that activity. The study's primary conclusion is that politics matter. Higher education systems and policy directions varied widely in each state, but state politics always proved to have a significant impact on major policy decisions.
Educational Attainment and Sex Differentials in African American Communities
Authors: COHEN CATHY J. , NEE CLAIRE E.
Published: July 2003

The authors review and analyze the educational progress made by African Americans, paying special attention to differences in the educational attainment of Black women and men. Increasingly, Black women comprise the majority of African Americans enrolled in college and receiving associate, bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degrees. Using aggregate data, the authors explore the feasibility of various explanations both for the decline and stagnation of Black men's participation in postsecondary education and for the educational progress that Black women have made. The authors also examine the benefits African American women are purportedly receiving from their participation in college and in other postsecondary education, and they challenge those who warn of the increasing feminization of Black educational achievement. They conclude by noting the implications of the findings for various public policies, including the recent welfare reform legislation that contains regulations that restrict the access of welfare recipients to postsecondary education.
The Development of New Paradigm Values, Thinkers, and Business
Authors: GIACALONE ROBERT A. , EYLON DAFNA
Published: July 2003

The term “new paradigm” is becoming increasingly popular in business. However, there is little agreement as to what this construct means. In this article, the authors present key factors influential in the development of this paradigm. They then turn to categorizing the different supporters along two continua. This classification is used to offer suggestions as to how the new paradigm might be enacted and to briefly explore why new paradigm thought should be considered by business.
Toward Transpersonal Learning Communities in Business
Authors: GOZDZ KAZIMIERZ
Published: July 2003

Now, as throughout human history, the world is undergoing transformation, and business organizations are caught in the turbulence of a change they are not able to control. The fundamental assumptions of our Western orthodox worldview, on which our business institutions were founded, has proved inadequate to regulate either our society or our business institutions. New business structures—communities—are emerging based on a transpersonal worldview, one that embraces spirituality, psychology, and science in an integrated perspective on human experience. Transpersonal learning communities combine an emphasis on the development of human consciousness and business performance by adopting triple-loop learning practices. While they do business, transpersonal learning communities will simultaneously transform themselves and society as a competitive advantage.
The Dilbert Syndrome
Authors: FELDMAN DANIEL C.
Published: July 2003

The recent popularity of Scott Adams's “Dilbert” cartoon character highlights a phenomenon already palpably evident in business today: Many employees are highly cynical about the effectiveness of management and view large, bureaucratic organizations with disdain and contempt. This article explores the dynamics and implications of this change for how organizations and individuals manage careers. First, the article examines why individuals no longer desire organizationally based careers and why so many organizations are decreasing their number of permanent employees. Next, the chapter identifies the double binds created for individuals and organizations trying to manage careers during this transitional period. Finally, the article suggests how these short-term dislocations might resolve themselves into new models of career management for individuals and organizations alike.
Collective Decision Making
Authors: CHRISTENSEN SØREN , WESTENHOLZ ANN
Published: July 2003

The focus of the article is on the dominating assumptions in theories of decision making and the relationship between decisions and change. This discussion is used to understand strategic decision making in Danish companies in which, since 1973, employees have been able to elect representatives to the board of directors. It is the authors' observation that employers and employees develop joint perspectives on the realities facing their company and also try to influence the decision from the point of view of their respective interests. To understand these processes, it is claimed that interest and identities must be treated as endogenous rather than exogenous variables, that these processes need to be understood in a social constructivist rather than a social realist paradigm, and that a relational paradigm must replace the dominant substantialist paradigm. These positions challenge dominant assumptions in traditional decision-making theory. The authors work toward formulating a decision-making theory based on a relational perspective.
Work as Service to the Divine
Authors: NEAL JUDI
Published: July 2003

This article begins with a brief overview of trends in spirituality in the workplace and then reports qualitative results of research interviews conducted with people who see work as service to the Divine. Issues of work as prayer, service to others, ego and selflessness, and making a difference are discussed. A brief summary of research by Kurth (1995) is provided. The article concludes with a description of spiritual practices that support an attitude of service.
Valid or Vacuous?
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN BENYAMIN M. BERGMANN
Published: July 2003

As research and writing on the new paradigm expands into management, the question of whether this research is valid or vacuous becomes more crucial. In this article, a definition of the new paradigm is offered, then its premises and assumptions are carefully analyzed using current philosophy of science. Rather than taking the more common Kuhnian approach, this analysis is based on Taylor's (1992) model of paradigm transitions. The analysis shows that some management research does validly generate a new paradigm. However, much of what is being written under the new paradigm banner does not satisfy criteria that are implied by the notion of a new paradigm. In the conclusion, implications for this assessment are described and a series of questions that can increase the validity and transformative power of new paradigm research in management are offered.
Multicultural Broadcasting and Diasporic Video as Public Sphericules
Authors: CUNNINGHAM STUART , HAWKINS GAY , YUE AUDREY , NGUYEN TINA , SINCLAIR JOHN
Published: July 2003

Broadcasting constitutes a major platform on which contemporary public cultures may be built and managed. However, mainstream broadcasting, even when its charter responsibilities focus on service to and representation of a culturally pluralistic social field, has limits as it seeks to meet these responsibilities. Diasporic video, although marginal to most national media ecologies, is important at a global level in addressing cultural maintenance and renewal. This factor is neglected in existing accounts of the emergence of a genuinely multicultural and international public culture.
Liberal Machines
Authors: THOMAS JULIAN
Published: July 2003

This article considers the ways we may regard the new public computer networks as “liberal machines.” Although libertarian expectations of the Internet's potential as a technology of freedom are likely to be disappointed, digital communications networks remain the source of powerful but unrealized aspirations on the part of governments, “netizens,” and international agencies. The tasks we assign to liberal government may be more complex in the new media environment, but they have not disappeared. New technologies are perceived as creating new problems for governments and citizens, but through the prism of information policy these same technologies are also seen as offering unprecedented new capacities for redressing perceived deficiencies in Western cultural and political communities. This article discusses the role of governments and international bodies in two key fields of information policy: the management of illegal or harmful material and the adaptation of intellectual property rights to digital networks.
Community, Citizenship, and the third Way
Authors: ROSE NIKOLAS
Published: July 2003

This article analyses recent debates about the Third Way in politics in Britain and the United States. It suggests that what is most significant is the emergence of a new politics of conduct that seeks to reconstruct citizens as moral subjects of responsible communities. The author considers the presuppositions of such a politics and its implications for technologies of government.
Acting on the Social
Authors: BENNETT TONY
Published: July 2003

The cultural turn in sociology tends to merge the realms of the social and the cultural into one another. In two case studies on cultural governance, it is suggested that these realms are more usefully regarded as distinct in order to understand how culture has been shaped into a historically distinctive means for acting on the social. The first case study examines how art was enlisted as a means of acting on what were deemed problematic class behaviours in the reforming programs of mid-19th century English liberalism. The article then considers the varied roles accorded art as a means of acting on communities in contemporary programs of advanced liberalism. Consideration is also given to the implications of this perspective on the relations of art, government, and the social for the status of the work of art.
The National Endowment for the Arts in the 1990s
Authors: MILLER TOBY
Published: July 2003

This article seeks to explain the battering sustained by the United States' National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) during the ongoing culture wars over federal subsidies, by situating the NEA in the conjoined histories of both U.S. cultural policy and contemporary debates about citizenship. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that the policy options of leaving culture to the market, base, or existing systems of support all lack a base in democratic politics.
Participatory Policy making, Ethics, and the Arts
Authors: BESCH JANICE , MINSON JEFFREY
Published: July 2003

The ethic of community participation is dominated by the ideal of the self-governing community of reflective citizens. This article suggests the need to focus on some of the more down-to-earth ethical attributes of a responsible participant that tend to be overshadowed by that ideal. The authors look at the disciplinary, rhetorical, and role-specific demands of participatory styles of governance. Implications of this perspective are drawn out in an examination of how the challenges of community participation are or might be played out in an arts policy field that is currently under the sway of neoliberal approaches to government and anti-elitist political challenges to the arts.
Popular Sovereignty and Civic Education
Authors: HUNTER IAN , MEREDYTH DENISE
Published: July 2003

This article addresses some of the problems inherent in attempts to understand citizenship education through the concept of popular sovereignty and the formation of self-governing citizens. It does so via a historical investigation of the processes responsible for the separation of sovereignty and government and sovereignty and moral truth in the early modern state. It is argued that in losing sight of the importance of these separations for the formation of liberal pluralist states, current philosophical liberalism risks turning the school system into an instrument of moral coercion, jeopardizing its role as an instrument of social governance.
Citizenship in the International Management of Populations
Authors: HINDESS BARRY
Published: July 2003

Academic discussion of citizenship focuses primarily on the citizen in relation to the particular state of which he or she is a member. From this perspective, the modern spread of citizenship is usually regarded as a definite advance in human well-being, turning what had once been the privileges of the few into the rights of the many. This article argues that an understanding of the impact of citizenship in the modern world must consider not just its role in bringing together members of particular subpopulations and promoting some of their interests but also the effects of rendering the global population governable by dividing it into subpopulations consisting of the citizens of discrete, politically independent and competing states.
Who is the Subject of Human Rights?
Authors: YEATMAN ANNA
Published: July 2003

What is distinctive about human rights, when compared with the rights claims associated with modern citizenship, animals, or nonbiological units of conscious being (artificial intelligence)? It is suggested that each of these discourses constitutes the subject of rights differently. This article concentrates on both philosophical and psychological means of registering the unique individuality of the subject of human rights. Because human rights is predicated of all human beings, it is a universal discourse and one that Kant called “cosmopolitan right.” The subject of human rights is also the subject in its existential integrity or wholeness. This article explores tensions between the subject of human rights and the jurisdictionally limited and exclusive subject of modern citizenship, tensions that pose new demands on states with respect to international law and standards.
Personality Characteristics of the Nentsy in the Russian Arctic
Authors: DRAGUNS JURIS G. , KRYLOVA ANNA V. , ORYOL VALERY E. , RUKAVISHNIKOV ALEXEY A. , MARTIN THOMAS A.
Published: July 2003

Fifty female and 30 male students of Nenets ethnicity were compared with 46 female and 34 male students of Russian ethnicity by means of the Russian adaptations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). On the NEO-PI-R, there were 14 significant differences out of the 35 comparisons, and on the POI, 8 out of 10. Nenets participants scored lower in Openness to Experience and Extraversion on the NEO-PI-R and lower on Self-Actualization, Spontaneity, and Self-Acceptance on the POI. These results are integrated with other psychological and anthropological findings about the Nentsy, and several lines of follow-up research are proposed.
Trait Psychology and the Revival of Personality and Culture Studies
Authors: McCRAE ROBERT R.
Published: July 2003

Personality and culture studies have largely disappeared since the 1960s, but progress in trait psychology makes their revival feasible. A review of evidence on the consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and structure of personality traits suggests new approaches to old issues. At the transcultural level, claims of universality are addressed. At the intercultural level, associations are sought between mean levels of personality traits and corresponding culture-level variables; cultural institutions may be either causes or effects of personality. At the intracultural level, culture-specific manifestations of universal traits are documented. The new discipline of personality traits and culture draws on multiple methodologies to understand human nature in social context.
Culture and Personality Revisited
Authors: BOCK PHILIP K.
Published: July 2003

Recently, attempts have been made to employ American trait psychology across cultures. From the perspective of contemporary psychological anthropology, these efforts appear likely to repeat certain fallacies of the culture and personality approach of the 1930s, such as the reification of concepts into causal entities and the use of mean scores to characterize and compare populations (and even nations). These dangers are noted, and some recent developments in psychological anthropology are briefly discussed.
The Measurement of Personality across Cultures
Authors: MARSELLA ANTHONY J. , DUBANOSKI JOAN , HAMADA WINTER C. , MORSE HEATHER
Published: July 2003

The present article discusses historical, conceptual, and methodological issues associated with the cross-cultural measurement of personality. It documents the extensive debate and discussion that has emerged from the juxtaposition of the trait-situation, universalism-relativism, quantitative-qualitative, and anthropology-psychology polarities in the past decade. Following a discussion of these polarities, the present article concludes that the contending (and contentious) positions should be replaced by collaborative disciplinary research efforts that are open to the possibility of both cultural variations and universals in human behavior. Fundamental similarities in behavior may exist across cultural boundaries because of bio-evolutionary, natural language descriptors and similar life-activity and socialization contexts. Major differences may exist for the very same reasons. At this point in time, it is more fruitful to have inquiry guided by questions rather than efforts to affirm positions. Neither side in the bitter debates that have arisen has provided sufficient evidence to warrant their unconditional acceptance.
Localizing the Imperial Outreach
Authors: BOND MICHAEL HARRIS
Published: July 2003

Comprehensive measures of the personality sphere have been developed in the West and widely used in other cultural settings. Such importation has advantages for economizing resources but short circuits the development of local personality theory. This article describes work on indigenous personality measurement in Chinese cultural settings using the lexical and questionnaire approaches of trait theory. In both cases, locally developed measures define the personality sphere differently and reveal a dimension of personality variation not detected by imported and purportedly comprehensive instruments. The additional dimension revealed from the questionnaire approach has been labeled Chinese Tradition. Facets from this dimension have been shown to add power to the imported measures in predicting social outcomes. It may thus be prudent to encourage the development of measures derived from local cultural traditions to ensure a truly comprehensive and effective coverage of the personality sphere.
Trait Psychology in the Philippines
Authors: CHURCH A. TIMOTHY , KATIGBAK MARCIA S.
Published: July 2003

McCrae's proposal to designate a field of personality traits and culture, coupled with challenges to the trait concept by cultural psychologists, makes relevant a review of trait psychology in a collectivistic culture, the Philippines. Philippine evidence in support of the trait concept includes the following: (a) Filipinos have a rich lexicon of trait terms and use these terms to describe and understand others and their behavior, (b) traits may be an important part of Filipinos' self-concepts, (c) the structure of Filipino traits can be approximated by universal Big Five-like dimensions, (d) trait scores show criterion validity, and (e) some interjudge agreement in trait judgments can be demonstrated. There is some suggestion, however, that criterion validities and interjudge agreement values may be lower in the Philippines than in the United States, providing some support for the view that traits will be less predictive of behavior in collectivistic cultures.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality in South African College Students
Authors: HEUCHERT J. W.P. , PARKER WAYNE D. , STUMPF HEINRICH , MYBURGH CHRIS P. H.
Published: July 2003

The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was administered to 408 South African college students. When the instrument was factor analyzed at the facet level with varimax rotation, the structure of the five-factor model was well reproduced for the entire sample as well as the White and Black subgroups. Parallel analysis indicated the appropriateness of the five-factor solution. Whereas the structure of personality was highly similar across race, there were statistically significant differences in mean scores of some domains and facets by race. The greatest difference was in Openness to Experience, particularly in the Openness to Feelings facet, with the White subgroup scoring relatively high, the Black subgroup scoring relatively low, and the Indian subgroup scoring in an intermediate range. The authors speculate that these differences are primarily the result of social, economic, and cultural differences between the races rather than the direct product of race itself.
Stimulating Innovation in Green Technology
Authors: ANEX ROBERT P.
Published: July 2003

Developing a sustainable form of industry based on green technology will require radical technological innovation by the private sector. Stimulating innovation in green technology through public policy requires an understanding of technology, the innovation process, and how policy affects innovation of firms. This article explores how to design public policy measures to stimulate green technology innovation. The potential of current environmental policy measures to stimulate green technology innovation is assessed. Opportunities are identified to improve our understanding of the innovation process, to use policy mechanisms to more effectively stimulate green technology development, and to direct the trajectories of key environmental technologies.
The Fallacy of “Green Technology”
Authors: ALLENBY BRADEN R.
Published: July 2003

The concept of green technology, like many of those associated with modern environmentalism, is both ambiguous and complex. On one hand, it usefully reflects a more sophisticated understanding of the critical role of technology in mitigating anthropogenic environmental impacts. On the other hand, as usually employed, it embeds within it the mental model of environmental issues as peripheral to general economic and policy activity, leading to suboptimal institutional behavior in both the private and public sectors. What is required is not green technology but simply good technology, defined as artifacts and systems that are designed from the beginning to incorporate appropriate environmental concerns or that exhibit environmental preferability among their other, more traditional, attributes.
Third-Party Information Providers and Innovative Environmental Technology Adoption
Authors: EGGERS DOLORES M. , VILLANI JOHN , ANDREWS RICHARD
Published: July 2003

This article explores the role of third-party information providers in assisting regulated facilities with environmental compliance technology choices. A key contribution is the finding that regulated facilities that rely more heavily on environmental consultants than in-house information sources choose conventional compliance options more frequently than facilities relying primarily on in-house information. Consultants also perceive environmental regulatory barriers to technology change as being significantly higher than regulated facilities do. Whereas consultants are primarily concerned with environmental regulatory barriers to technology adoption, facilities are primarily concerned with financial barriers. The findings suggest that the biases of consultants and their importance in shaping technology choice decisions should be considered in designing policies to promote environmental technology adoption.