bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association and Interrelationship Among Agronomic Traits and Fungal Diseases of Sorghum, Anthracnose and Grain Mold
Authors: Prom Louis K. , Ahn Ezekiel J. S. , Cuevas Hugo E. , Liu Jinggao , Isakeit Thomas S. , Magill Clint W.
Published: December 2024

Anthracnose and grain mold are two of the most significant diseases of sorghum, a versatile crop that plays an important part in the daily lives of millions of inhabitants, especially in the drier tropical regions. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of four agronomic traits in selected sorghum germplasms on the two diseases using Spearman’s ρ test to identify significant pairwise correlations. Both anthracnose and grain mold scores were significantly and negatively correlated with seed weight and germination rate. The grain mold infection score also demonstrated negative correlations with plant height (Spearman ρ = −0.61 and p-value = <0.0001) and panicle length (Spearman ρ = −0.27 and p-value = 0.0022). In this investigation, principal component analysis and clustering variables analysis revealed that seed weight and germination rate exhibited a directional alignment, suggesting a positive association. Similarly, panicle length and plant height clustered together, suggesting a shared variation pattern. Additionally, a support vector machine and random forest models effectively predicted the germination rate based on the studied traits, highlighting the potential of machine learning in understanding complex trait relationships in sorghum. This work provides insights into the relationship between agronomic traits and disease resistance, thus contributing to sorghum improvement efforts.
Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Tonolo Giancarlo , Montella Andrea , Puci Mariangela V. , Sotgiu Giovanni , Muresu Narcisa , Cherchi Sara , Palermo Mario , Seghieri Giuseppe , Franconi Flavia , Campesi Ilaria
Published: December 2024

Background: Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (IR) are less expensive than the euglycemic glucose clamp. The simultaneous impact of sex and gender, smoking, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on IR surrogate indexes was studied in a cohort of healthy young men and women (stratified in COC-free women and COC users). Methods: Glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, TG, and HDL were measured in serum samples and used to calculate IGR, HOMA-IR-IR, QUICKI, FIRI, METS-IR, TG, and MCAi. Results: Men had higher BMI, glycemia, TG, METS-IR, TyG, and lower HDL than COC-free women and they had lower IGR and higher METS-IR and MCAi than COC users. TG, HDL, and TyG were lower and MCAi is higher in COC-free women than in COC users. In non-smokers, men had higher BMI and METS-IR and lower HDL than both cohorts of women. COC-free women showed a lower TyG index than men and COC women and lower TG, HDL, and IGR. MCAi was higher in COC-free women than in COC users. Smoking reduced sex and gender differences: HDL was lower in men than COC users and IGR was lower in men than COC-free women. Intra-sex differences were reported only in COC-free women: smokers had higher insulin, C-peptide, TG, and IGR and lower MCAi than non-smokers. Cluster analysis evidenced a significant separation between the sexes and smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Smoking leads to changes in the phenotype of both men and women, as well as COC in women; they should be considered independent variables in clinical studies given, representing a fundamental cornerstone in the personalization of prevention and care.
Enabling Formal and Natural Supports for Adults with Developmental Disabilities in British Columbia, Canada: Experiences of Three Organizations
Authors: Piccone Caitlin , Xu Xiaolin , Thomson Donna , Gaurav Navjit , Aldersey Heather M.
Published: December 2024

Despite the recognition of the importance of both formal and natural supports for adults with developmental disabilities, there is limited research on how organizations integrate these supports in the Canadian context. Using a collective case study design, this study explored how three organizations in British Columbia, Canada, facilitate the integration of formal and natural supports to improve the lives of adults with developmental disabilities. Data were collected through a comprehensive document review, interviews, and focus groups. The analysis was conducted in multiple phases, focusing initially on individual cases and then on cross-case themes. This research revealed both similarities and differences across three organizational approaches to integrating formal and natural supports for adults with developmental disabilities and their families. Key themes were identified, including the importance of relationships in this work, the creation of natural supports through formal supports and brokered community connections, systemic changes and innovative approaches, and the impact of funding models on organizational support. The findings highlight the critical need for organizations to build trust-based relationships between staff and the people they serve and to provide flexible support that adapts to changing needs and circumstances, facilitated by funders allowing for such flexibility. This study also underlines the value of formal supports in establishing natural networks and the necessity for cross-organizational partnerships to foster innovation and implement effective changes in the provision of services for people with developmental disabilities and their families.
Enhancing Direct Georeferencing Using Real-Time Kinematic UAVs and Structure from Motion-Based Photogrammetry for Large-Scale Infrastructure
Authors: Han Soohee , Han Dongyeob
Published: December 2024

The growing demand for high-accuracy mapping and 3D modeling using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has accelerated advancements in flight dynamics, positioning accuracy, and imaging technology. Structure from motion (SfM), a computer vision-based approach, is increasingly replacing traditional photogrammetry through facilitating the automation of processes such as aerial triangulation (AT), terrain modeling, and orthomosaic generation. This study examines methods to enhance the accuracy of SfM-based AT through real-time kinematic (RTK) UAV imagery, focusing on large-scale infrastructure applications, including a dam and its entire basin. The target area, primarily consisting of homogeneous water surfaces, poses considerable challenges for feature point extraction and image matching, which are crucial for effective SfM. To overcome these challenges and improve the AT accuracy, a constraint equation was applied, incorporating weighted 3D coordinates derived from RTK UAV data. Furthermore, oblique images were combined with nadir images to stabilize AT, and confidence-based filtering was applied to point clouds to enhance geometric quality. The results indicate that assigning appropriate weights to 3D coordinates and incorporating oblique imagery significantly improve the AT accuracy. This approach presents promising advancements for RTK UAV-based AT in SfM-challenging, large-scale environments, thus supporting more efficient and precise mapping applications.
How Financial Stress Can Impact Fiscal and Monetary Policies: Threshold VAR Analysis for Brazilian Economy
Authors: Wichmann Roberta Moreira , Cordeiro Werley , Caldeira João F.
Published: December 2024

This study examines economic policy responses in Brazil during periods of financial stress, with a particular emphasis on the dynamics of both the impulse and rule components of fiscal policy. We offer novel empirical evidence on policy responses under both low and high stress conditions, utilizing monthly data that span the past two decades. To this end, we construct a Financial Stress Index (FSI) and integrate it into a threshold-VAR framework. Additionally, we employ five distinct methodologies to decompose fiscal policy into its impulse and rule components. Our analysis yields two main findings. First, fiscal policy exhibits procyclical behavior in its impulse component and countercyclical behavior in its rule component across both regimes. Second, while monetary policy is countercyclical during high stress conditions, its impact remains largely statistically non-significant. These results suggest that policymakers should exercise caution when timing the implementation of expansionary fiscal policies, carefully considering the phase of the business cycle. Moreover, our findings carry significant implications for the ongoing discourse on fiscal stimulus and debt stabilization strategies, particularly in the context of financial stress.
A Step Forward in Long COVID Research: Validating the Post-COVID Cognitive Impairment Scale
Authors: Pour Mohammadi Somayeh , Etesamipour Razieh , Mercado Romero Francisco , Peláez Irene
Published: December 2024

Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, includes a variety of enduring symptoms that endure beyond the acute phase of the illness, impacting multiple facets of patients’ psychological and physical health. The persistent symptoms encompass fatigue, breathing difficulties, musculoskeletal pain, and cognitive impairments, which can significantly affect daily functioning and overall quality of life. The objective of this study was to create and validate the accuracy of the Post-COVID Cognitive Impairment Scale, which is used to evaluate cognitive impairments resulting from a COVID-19 infection. This study was conducted in Iran between January and September 2023. It consisted of three phases: developing the scale, evaluating its content validity with experts, and validating its structure with 454 participants using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis revealed two variables, namely memory and attention, which accounted for 40.38% of the variation. Confirmatory factor analysis verified the model’s fit, with indices indicating satisfactory alignment: CMIN/DF = 2.80, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.05, CFI = 0.93, and TLI = 0.92. The factor loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.001), and Cronbach’s Alpha values indicated strong internal consistency (working memory = 0.81, attention = 0.80). These results affirm the Post-COVID Cognitive Impairment Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating cognitive deficiencies in individuals with long COVID. Its application in clinical and research environments aids in the prompt detection and tracking of the treatment of such impairments.
Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Adaptive Equivalent Ratio-Model Predictive Control
Authors: Ali Farah Mahdi , Abbas Nizar Hadi
Published: December 2024

The research and development of hybrid electric vehicles has become a significant goal for large automotive manufacturers. The hybrid electric vehicle integrates a conventional engine and one or more electric motors powered by a battery, offering better fuel economy and lowering exhaust emissions. This paper develops an optimal energy management algorithm based on Model Predictive Control that can produce optimal control parameters for power distribution between the battery unit and generator. The energy management strategy adapts this optimal power distribution by adjusting the objective function equivalent parameter of the controller according to changes in driving conditions. Dynamic programming is utilized offline to find the reference state of charge of the battery and used as the reference trajectory of our proposed strategy. Simulation results using different driving cycles show that the proposed method has better power distribution compared with two other strategies. The final state of charge reached a higher level, and the energy-saving percentage rose compared to the conventional algorithm.
Better Be Ready! Evacuation Experiences During a Bushfire Emergency
Authors: Anderson Carina C. , Rockloff Susan F. , Burton Lucinda P. , Terry Victoria R. , Jensen Sally K. , Nolan Anne T. , Terry Peter C.
Published: December 2024

This paper reports on research undertaken for the Building Resilience for Bushfire-Affected Communities in Noosa Shire project, funded by the Australian Government. Being evacuated from a home in the path of a bushfire can be traumatic. Therefore, it is important for evacuees to have safe places to stay, both physically and psychologically. Using a qualitative approach, we aimed to (a) understand the experiences of people who were displaced from their homes and sheltered at evacuation centres during the Noosa Shire bushfires and (b) understand what support is needed during disasters, such as bushfires, to help create positive experiences for future evacuees. Twelve participants displaced by bushfires in Noosa, Australia, in 2019 recalled their experiences in semi-structured interviews (conducted in 2022–2023). Inductive thematic analysis using NVivo 13 identified three themes that can inform government and public disaster preparation and response: planning, support, and communication. Findings from this study centred around building community resilience and offer valuable insights for organising disaster evacuation processes and evacuation centres on a broader scale. For individuals, it involves planning optimal evacuation routes, gathering necessary personal items, feeling safe and calm in evacuation centres, and receiving regular and accurate communication from authorities during disaster events.
A Self-Adaptive Escape Route Planning Model Based on Dynamic Wildfire Information
Authors: Wang Hesun , Sheng Junhao , Li Xindong , Zhao Hongyang , Li Dandan
Published: December 2024

Background: Escape routes are important measures for firefighters to ensure their own safety, providing predetermined paths to safe areas. Their establishment needs to consider numerous factors, such as the timeliness and safety of the routes. Aims: Optimize the path planning method previously studied by our team to ensure the dynamic nature, timeliness, and safety of the routes. Methods: (1) Propose a comprehensive safety index that encompasses both spatial and temporal safety indices, providing a more holistic approach to route safety. (2) Introduce spatial adaptive factors and spatial safety windows corresponding to the spatial safety index within the comprehensive safety index. (3) Present a new concept, the “observation cycle”, as a standard for the frequency of updating wildfire spread information, thereby addressing the issue of a lack of real-time input information. Based on this, we propose a reliable dynamic update rule for its updating. Results: Compared to the unoptimized model, the final optimized model’s planned escape routes offer impressive dynamic performance, effectively guarding against sudden changes in wildfire conditions, enhancing route safety, and ensuring timeliness. Conclusions: This research ensures that firefighters can effectively guard against the threats posed by sudden changes in wildfire conditions when escaping in wildfire environments, while also guaranteeing timeliness and safety.
Preparation of Patchouli Oil Microemulsion Gel and Its Topical Application to Ameliorate Atopic Dermatitis in Mice
Authors: Chen Tingting , Xu Changjin , Wang Min , Cui Yan , Cheng Riqing , Zhang Wenyao , Gao Xin , Wang Laibing , Qi Herima , Yu Shuyan , Chen Jianping , Ma Lan , Guo Huiqing
Published: December 2024

Patchouli oil (PO) is a natural substance famous for its immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by epidermal gene mutations, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation, making patchouli volatile oil a potential candidate for AD treatment. Initially, PO was mixed with ethyl oleate (EO), castor oil ethoxylated ether-40 (EL-40), anhydrous ethanol, and water to form a patchouli oil microemulsion (PO-ME) system. The formulation ratios were optimized using the Box–Behnken design-effect surface method, and their products were characterized for type, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and appearance. Additionally, patchouli oil microemulsion gel (PO-MEG) was developed with a specified concentration of 1.5% carbomer-940 as the matrix, and its pH, stability, viscosity, and permeability were evaluated. We assessed the irritation tests of PO-MEG using a rat self-control model and the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The results demonstrated that should be attributed to non-irritating. This study also assessed the efficacy of optimized PO-MEG on AD-like symptoms using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mouse model. Compared with the model group, the in vivo efficacy studies have shown the PO-MEG group significantly reduces dermatitis scores, mast cell counts, epidermal thickness, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune factors in skin homogenates. This suggests that PO-MEG would become a safer topical formulation for treating atopic dermatitis.
Machine Learning–Enhanced Modeling of Stress–Strain Behavior of Frozen Sandy Soil
Authors: Rezazadeh Eidgahee Danial , Shiri Hodjat
Published: December 2024

Many experiments and computational techniques have been employed to explain the mechanical properties of frozen soils. Nevertheless, due to the substantial complexity of their responses, modeling the stress–strain characteristics of frozen soils remains challenging. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed for modeling the mechanical behavior of frozen soil, while different testing strategies were carried out. A database covering stress–strain data from frozen sandy soil subjected to varying temperatures and confining pressures, resulting from triaxial tests, was compiled and employed to train the model. Subsequently, different artificial neural networks were trained and developed to estimate the deviatoric stress and volumetric strain, while temperature, axial strain, and confining pressure were considered as the main input variables. Based on the findings, it can be indicated that the models effectively predict the stress–strain behavior of frozen soil with a significant level of accuracy.
Age, Technology, and the Digital Divide: Are They Directly Related to Mental Health Problems?
Authors: Barreda Gutiérrez Marina , Cantarero-Prieto David , Pascual Sáez Marta
Published: December 2024

In current times, we coexist with technology, using it every day. However, in older people, the use and employability of technology on a day-to-day basis is often more complicated or even null due to a lack of knowledge. Background/Objectives: The youngest generation were born surrounded by technology, which has given them superior capabilities when it comes to handling technology compared to elderly people. In short, older people have grown up without technology and only later in life have they crossed paths with it. Therefore, these circumstances can produce what is known as a “digital divide”, an unequal distribution in the access, use, or impact of information and communication technologies among social groups. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine whether there is a digital divide among European older adults and to show its effect on the mental health of individuals. In this way, we analyze how technological characteristics (digital divide) cause worsen mental health. Additionally, we examine whether, over time, the digital divide has had a greater impact on the mental health of older adults. Methods: For this purpose, recently published data from the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe are used. Results: Our analysis has revealed that the digital divide, driven by age, negatively affects the mental health of older adults in Europe. Thus, we have analyzed how technological characteristics related to the digital divide lead to poorer mental health among this population. Additionally, we have examined whether the digital divide has increasingly impacted older adults’ mental health over time. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to address the digital divide as a public health issue, promoting greater digital inclusion to improve the psychological well-being of older adults.
Efficacy of Lavender Essential Oil in Reducing Stress, Insomnia, and Anxiety in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vidal-García Eulàlia , Vallhonrat-Bueno Maria , Pla-Consuegra Fabià , Orta-Ramírez Alícia
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: During pregnancy, women can experience stress, anxiety, and insomnia, which affect their health and wellbeing. Since many conventional medications are contraindicated for pregnant women, there is a need to find alternative therapies for alleviating their discomfort. Lavender essential oil (EO) is recognized for its calming and relaxing properties; therefore, our goal was to review current knowledge of lavender EO use to reduce anxiety and stress as well as to improve sleep quality in pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in 11 databases that included clinical trials published between 2000 and 2022. Results: Of the 251 articles found, only 6, comprising a total of 413 participants that used lavender EO during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. One trial measured sleep quality, one measured anxiety, two measured both anxiety and stress, and two measured only stress. All studies reported significant (at least p < 0.05) improvement in the respective conditions and no adverse effects. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that although the use of lavender EO during pregnancy has shown to have certain efficacy, given the small number of participants and lack of strong scientific literature, more studies are needed to provide further evidence on this topic.
Heritage-Inspired Strategies in Interior Design: Balancing Critical Regionalism and Reflexive Modernism for Identity Preservation
Authors: Rashdan Wael , Ashour Ayman Fathy
Published: December 2024

Globalization’s impact on design has raised concerns about the erosion of local cultural identities, particularly in interior design. This study examines the preservation of cultural identity in interior design amidst the homogenizing forces of globalization, emphasizing heritage-inspired critical regionalism and reflexive modernism. A literature review addresses the interconnected themes of globalization, design identity, reflexive modernism, and critical regionalism forming the theoretical foundation of this research. Through a qualitative systematic review, three core strategies are identified as essential for preserving local identity: Historical Revival, Eclectic Historicism, and Free Historicism. These strategies offer innovative approaches to integrating heritage elements within contemporary interiors, balancing cultural preservation with modern functionality. Selected case studies illustrate the successful application of these strategies in interior projects, underscoring their significance in maintaining cultural identity and advancing material heritage research. This study contributes to the state of research by synthesizing and contextualizing these strategies within the discourse on interior design, providing actionable insights for professionals navigating global trends.
LCA as a Complementary Tool for the Evaluation of Biocolonization Management: The Case of Palazzo Rocca Costaguta
Authors: Berti Letizia , Arfelli Francesco , Villa Federica , Cappitelli Francesca , Gulotta Davide , Ciacci Luca , Bernardi Elena , Vassura Ivano , Passarini Fabrizio , Napoli Salvatore , Goidanich Sara
Published: December 2024

The 17th Century Casa a Ponente of Palazzo Rocca Costaguta’s wall provided an opportunity for an evaluation based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach of conservation treatments aiming at removing biological colonization from built heritage surfaces. The investigated surfaces were historic plasters partially covered by a patchy green patina due to biofilm recolonization soon after a previous biocidal treatment. Areas of the biocolonized wall were treated by conservation professionals according to both conventional and “green” (i.e., exploiting natural active principles) biocidal products, including Preventol RI 50 (active substance benzalkonium chloride), Essenzio (active substance essential oregano oil), and hydrogen peroxide. Upon treatment, LCA analysis was conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the different solutions, including a no-treatment option. LCA analysis was based on on-site investigations of the untreated wall surface with and without biofilm and following the biocidal treatment. The conservation treatment’s impact on the mineral substrate was based on digital microscopy, colorimetry, and water contact angle measurements via an innovative portable method. The results highlighted the impacts of the different biocidal treatments, which, in some cases, have not completely removed the biofilm and, in some cases, have altered the surface properties of the plaster. This pointed out the opportunity to re-think conservation strategy, including LCA analysis as a complementary tool to assess the environmental impact of the different conservation treatments and procedures.
Fairness in Higher Education Research and Innovation Funding in the UK
Authors: Liyanage Champika L. , Villalba-Romero Felix , Carmichael Andrew
Published: December 2024

This research analysed the distribution of publicly awarded funding, by United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) to defined University Groups and compared it against the aim and objectives of UKRI’s Equality, Diversity, and Inclusivity (EDI) strategy. Previous work has identified failures in the allocation of research awards, with some groups being under-represented in successful bids. UKRI have acknowledged that the situation needs to improve yet concern exists over whether change has been enacted. Publicly accessible information provided freely by UKRI was used in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the current position. The results showed that the marginalisation of groups applies at a University Group level, with over-representation of the elite universities of the Russell Group in successfully funded project bids. The data show how, both in total financial expenditure and in the number of projects financed, the awarding of research funding to the universities with the largest popular base, namely the group identified as Post-92 universities, is relatively very small. These universities, as identified by measurements such as social inclusion within university rankings, contribute to greater equality of opportunities for student populations and reduce the impact of economic discrimination. By greatly minoritising the Post-92 universities through funding, UKRI is effectively reducing access for their disadvantaged students.
Geographic Information Systems Methods in Practice: Higher Education Curricula and Practitioner Registration Standards in South Africa
Authors: Serame Sizakele Matilda , Afuye Gbenga Abayomi
Published: December 2024

Integrating geographical information systems (GIS) in various sectors has significantly increased the global demand for skilled professionals, particularly in South Africa. Despite integrating GIS methods into higher education curricula, challenges like resource limitations, curriculum updates, and competency standardization may limit practical training scope. This study explores the alignment of South African qualifications and practitioner registration standards, including the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA), National Qualification Framework (NQF) requirement, South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP), and South African Geomatics Council (SAGC), with job market demands. A structured literature review of scientometric research from 2004 to 2023 was used to assess the current GIS educational programs in South Africa, identify training gaps and skills, and propose strategies to enhance their relevance. The results indicated that, despite adhering to policies and standards, the GIS curriculum’s capacity to meet market demands is uncertain due to insufficient job market research and disparities between higher education curricula and practitioner registration standards (HEC_PRS). The University of Cape Town (UCT) and the University of South Africa (UNISA) are the top two South African institutions contributing significantly to GIS practice through published articles, with a few coming from affiliated research centres. The results revealed significant changes in higher education from 2004 to 2018, with teacher education becoming the most prominent theme. The 2019–2021 period emphasized interconnectedness between curriculum development, experiential learning, and 21st-century skills, while the 2022–2023 segment used curriculum as the most prevalent theme in this field. The prominence of key terms like “higher education”, “curricula”, “students”, and “teaching” highlights the role of educational institutions in preparing students for professional practice in GIS. These findings provide strategies for evaluating current GIS practices, identifying areas for improvement, and implementing modifications to enhance their effectiveness in practice.
Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT) Among Trainee Teachers in Higher Education
Authors: Napal Fraile María , Badiola Leire
Published: December 2024

The deployment of artificial intelligence has also reached the classroom, especially in higher education. Despite the reluctance among teachers, and the risks and threats present, the tool also has many potential advantages. This study analyzes the knowledge, acceptance, and perception of the use of ChatGPT among Secondary Teaching Master’s degree students in two universities of Northen Spain, by means of a questionnaire based on the UTAUT2 model, translated into Spanish and Basque, and answered by 60 trainee teachers. The results show a good knowledge and perception of user-friendliness, but low motivation, intention to use, and effective use. The benefits perceived by prospective teachers include speed in obtaining information, assistance with repetitive tasks, and positive impacts on motivation; while the risks identified include plagiarism and an over-reliance on technology. The benefits for teachers included assistance with receiving ideas for class and preparation or translation of teaching materials and evaluation tools, while attributing less importance to marking or automating feedback. Given its widespread presence, it is concluded that there is a need to improve teacher training in the use of AI to foster more effective integration and a more positive perception of these technologies in education.
Educational Design Guidelines for Teaching with Immersive Technologies—Updating Learning Outcomes of the European Qualification Framework
Authors: Pitsikalis Stavros , Lasica Ilona-Elefteryja , Kostas Apostolos , Vitsilaki Chryssi
Published: December 2024

The advent of immersive technologies, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is transforming higher education by providing innovative and interactive learning experiences. This article addresses the imperative of integrating these technologies into higher education systems. The study explores the intersection of immersive technologies and pedagogical strategies, aiming to enhance the European Qualification Framework (EQF) by updating learning outcomes to reflect the competence required in the digital age. Through a comprehensive literature review, case studies, and expert consultations, we propose a set of educational design guidelines tailored for higher education institutions. These guidelines align immersive technology applications with EQF levels and descriptors, focusing on undergraduate and postgraduate education. Our findings highlight the potential of immersive learning to foster critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills, while also addressing challenges such as accessibility and faculty training. By providing actionable insights and recommendations, this paper contributes to the development of a robust framework for incorporating immersive technologies in higher education, ensuring that students are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in a rapidly evolving digital world.
Harnessing GABA Pathways to Improve Plant Resilience Against Salt Stress
Authors: Al-Khayri Jameel Mohammed , Abdel-Haleem Mohamed , Khedr Emad Hamdy
Published: December 2024

Salinity has emerged as a critical abiotic stress factor, significantly limiting the growth, productivity, and quality of many crop species. As the global salinization of agricultural land continues to intensify, it is crucial to explore effective mitigation strategies to sustain crop yields. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, is present in a variety of organisms, including plants, where it fulfills diverse roles under both optimal and stress conditions. In plants, GABA is intricately involved in nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and the regulation of primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Functioning through the GABA shunt, it provides the carbon skeletons and energy required for biosynthetic processes and is vital for the regulation of carbon and nitrogen balance. Under abiotic stress conditions, particularly salinity, GABA rapidly accumulates, facilitating several protective mechanisms that help plants cope with stress. These include enhancing osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of osmolytes, protecting cellular structures such as chloroplasts, and improving chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, GABA has been shown to boost antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative stress and mitigating the damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity conditions. This study explores the multifaceted role of GABA in plants under saline environments, with a focus on its physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms in enhancing plant resilience. By elucidating these mechanisms, we aim to highlight the potential of GABA as a natural biostimulant to improve crop performance and sustainability in saline soils.
Septoria Leaf Spot of Tomatoes: Historical Insights, Present Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Pandey Anju , Paudel Rajan , Adhikari Tika B. , Panthee Dilip R. , Louws Frank J.
Published: December 2024

Septoria leaf spot (SLS), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Septoria lycopersici, poses a significant threat to tomato production systems. While fungicides can effectively reduce disease epidemics, planting resistant cultivars remains the most efficient and economical control method. Conventional screening and breeding have identified new sources of resistance to S. lycopersici among wild relatives. However, gaps exist in the literature concerning tomato—S. lycopersici interactions, such as plant defense mechanisms, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, and interaction dynamics that can inform the development of durable resistance through additional research. To further enhance host resistance to S. lycopersici, molecular methods such as marker-assisted breeding, gene editing, genomic selection, and transgenic approaches can be employed. Moreover, the durability of resistance and efficacy of disease management can be optimized within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework that advances diverse tactics to suppress diseases and improve plant productivity. This review highlights the current understanding of pathogen biology, host genetic solutions, and novel strategies to combat the SLS problem and suggests directions for future research.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by TiO2: A Synergistic Approach with Defect-Rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene Cocatalysts
Authors: Varadarajan Saminathan , Kavitha Andiappan , Selvaraju Periasamy , Muthu Sankaran Esakki , Gurushankar Krishnamoorthy , Shanmugan Sengottaiyan , Kannan Karthik
Published: December 2024

Enhanced photo-induced electron utilization leads to efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The inefficient separation of photo-induced electron–hole pairs has hindered this process. This study introduces a synergistic approach using defect-rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene as cocatalysts in a two-step hydrothermal process to address this challenge. By integrating these materials with TiO2 nanosheets, we create a novel composite, SnS2/Ti3C2/TiO2 (STT), that significantly boosts photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The defect-rich SnS2 provides abundant active sites for hydrogen generation, while Ti3C2 MXene facilitates photo-induced charge separation. The synergistic combination of charge carrier diffusion enhances chromophore absorption, thereby increasing the overall photocatalytic hydrogen-production rate, achieving several grams of hydrogen per hour per gram of double cocatalysts with molybdenum vacancies. Characterization techniques confirm the phase composition of the composite (STT). Compared to pristine TiO2 and other composites, the STT composite, optimized with a 150 °C hydrothermal treatment, shows a photocatalytic H2-production rate nearly 192 times higher than that of pure TiO2 and 6 times higher than that of other composites. The presence of molybdenum vacancies in SnS2 further enhances its specific activity for hydrogen evolution by suppressing carrier recombination and providing additional active sites. Moreover, Ti3C2 MXene and SnS2 act as dual cocatalysts, improving electronic conductivity and electron-transfer efficiency. Our findings demonstrate the potential of combining defect-rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene to develop highly efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for hydrogen production. TiO2 has been in situ grown on highly conductive Ti3C2 MXene, and SnS2, rich in molybdenum vacancies, is uniformly distributed on the TiO2/Ti3C2 composite through the two-step hydrothermal method. The presence of molybdenum vacancies in SnS2 further enhances its specific activity for hydrogen evolution by suppressing carrier recombination and providing additional active sites. Moreover, Ti3C2 MXene and SnS2 act as dual cocatalysts, improving electronic conductivity and electron-transfer efficiency. Our findings demonstrate the potential of combining defect-rich SnS2 and Ti3C2 MXene to develop highly efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for hydrogen production.
Characterization and Development of Ceramics with Inorganic Additives
Authors: Awais Mirza , Mansoor Asif , Shah Imran , Hussain Murtaza , Asif Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Date palm tree (DPT) and pine tree (PT) needles in forests form a combustible mat, posing fire risks during summer in Pakistan that damage vegetation, wildlife habitats, and biodiversity and impact local livelihoods. In this article, sintered ceramic specimens were prepared at different weight concentrations (DPT5, DPT10, DPT20, and DPT 30 and PT5, PT10, PT20, and PT30) of date palm tree leaf ash and pine tree needle ash as secondary additives in ceramic manufacturing along with primary material kaolinite (China clay). Raw materials composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), taking loss on ignition, water absorption, bulk density, saturated surface dry density (SSD), weight per unit area, and thermal cycling as measurement indexes. The result indicates that loss on ignition increases while increasing the quantity of secondary additives and the maximum increase for DPT30 was 19.6% and for PT30, it was 22.1%. As the secondary additives increase, the water absorption rate also increases and the maximum increase for DPT30 and PT30 is 4.5%. Meanwhile, with the increase in secondary additives, the density decreased; for DPT 30, it was 1457.7 kg/m3 and for PT30, it was 1829.8 kg/m3. Thermal performance was investigated by heating and cooling cycles. It was observed that thermal performances increase with the increase in secondary additives. The results reveal this novel approach has the potential to form a ceramic and good properties can be achieved. The prepared specimens have the potential to be used in the fields of electronics, aerospace, construction, and building engineering, alleviating environmental strain, curbing the exhaustion of China clay reserves, and most importantly, lowering the risk of forest fires in Pakistan.
Long-Range Wide Area Network Intrusion Detection at the Edge
Authors: Esteves Gonçalo , Fidalgo Filipe , Cruz Nuno , Simão José
Published: December 2024

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are ubiquitous in various applications, such as smart homes, asset and people tracking, and city management systems. However, their deployment in adverse conditions, including unstable internet connectivity and power sources, present new cybersecurity challenges through new attack vectors. The LoRaWAN protocol, with its open and distributed network architecture, has gained prominence as a leading LPWAN solution, presenting novel security challenges. This paper proposes the implementation of machine learning algorithms, specifically the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm, within an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for LoRaWAN networks. Through behavioural analysis based on previously observed packet patterns, the system can detect potential intrusions that may disrupt critical tracking services. Initial simulated packet classification attained over 90% accuracy. By integrating the Suricata IDS and extending it through a custom toolset, sophisticated rule sets are incorporated to generate confidence metrics to classify packets as either presenting an abnormal or normal behaviour. The current work uses third-party multi-vendor sensor data obtained in the city of Lisbon for training and validating the models. The results show the efficacy of the proposed technique in evaluating received packets, logging relevant parameters in the database, and accurately identifying intrusions or expected device behaviours. We considered two use cases for evaluating our work: one with a more traditional approach where the devices and network are static, and another where we assume that both the devices and the network are mobile; for example, when we need to report data back from sensors on a rail infrastructure to a mobile LoRaWAN gateway onboard a train.
An Android-Based Internet of Medical Things Adaptive User Authentication and Authorization Model for the Elderly
Authors: Mavhemwa Prudence M. , Zennaro Marco , Nsengiyumva Philibert , Nzanywayingoma Frederic
Published: December 2024

Globally, 77% of the elderly aged 65 and above suffer from multiple chronic ailments, according to recent research. However, several barriers within the healthcare system in the developing world hinder the adoption of home-based patient management, hence the need for the IoMT, whose application raises security concerns, particularly in authentication. Several authentication techniques have been proposed; however, they lack a balance of security and usability. This paper proposes a Naive Bayes based adaptive user authentication app that calculates the risk associated with a login attempt on an Android device for elderly users, using their health conditions, risk score, and available authenticators. This authentication technique guided by the MAPE-KHMT framework makes use of embedded smartphone sensors. Results indicate a 100% and 98.6% accuracy in usable-security metrics, while cross-validation and normalization results also support the accuracy, efficiency, effectiveness, and usability of our model with room for scaling it up without computational costs and generalizing it beyond SSA. The post-deployment evaluation also confirms that users found the app usable and secure. A few areas need further refinement to improve the accuracy, usability, security, and acceptance but the model shows potential to improve users’ compliance with IoMT security, thereby promoting the attainment of SDG3.
Leveraging Towards Access Control, Identity Management, and Data Integrity Verification Mechanisms in Blockchain-Assisted Cloud Environments: A Comparative Study
Authors: Das Swatisipra , Priyadarshini Rojalina , Mishra Minati , Barik Rabindra Kumar
Published: December 2024

Today, IT organizations largely rely on cloud computing services to meet their infrastructure needs, making it the backbone of the industry. However, several challenges remain that need to be effectively addressed. Data breaches, identity and access management problems, unsafe interfaces and APIs, data loss, shared technology vulnerabilities, compliance and legal issues, inadequate data encryption, lack of visibility and control, delayed security patching, and the requirement to have faith in the cloud service provider’s security procedures are the primary security challenges in cloud computing. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising technology to address many of these security issues. In this paper, an extensive study is carried out to analyze the security issues in the cloud and the categorization of gathered security issues in terms of security requirements, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, and privacy. Research questions are framed to dig deeper into the different blockchain-enabled solutions present to resolve cloud security issues, such as access control, identity management (IDM), and data integrity verification, along with their analysis. In-detail comparative analysis of the above blockchain-assisted solutions is also presented along with the future research directions.
Preliminary Visual Outcomes of a Novel Non-Diffractive Extended Monofocal Intraocular Lens (Evolux) 3 Months After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Stejar Laura Denisa , Barac Ramona , Preoteasa Dana
Published: December 2024

Background: This study aims to evaluate the visual performance, both quantitative and qualitative, of the novel non-diffractive extended monofocal intraocular lens (Evolux, Sifi) following cataract surgery. This serves as a preliminary study to assess its feasibility and improve the research methodology. Methods: We conducted a single-arm, non-randomized, retrospective study at Onioptic Hospital, Craiova, Romania, involving patients who underwent cataract surgery from November 2022 to August 2023. The following visual parameters were evaluated 3 months postoperatively: monocular uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity at 4 m; uncorrected (UIVA) and distance-corrected (DCIVA) intermediate visual acuity at 60 cm; uncorrected (UNVA) and distance-corrected (DCNVA) near visual acuity at 40cm; postoperative refraction expressed as spheric equivalent (SE) and Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire scores. The contrast sensitivity and defocus curve were evaluated 1 month postoperation in 22 patients who underwent surgery in both eyes. SPSS Statistics 26.0 was used for statistical analysis, employing percentages, standard deviations (SDs), and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Among the 103 eyes from 81 patients (mean age of 68.7 ± 1.845), 64% achieved an UDVA of logMAR 0.1 or better, and 91.26% achieved a CDVA of logMAR 0.1 or better at 3 months. Additionally, 83.24% of the eyes exhibited a UIVA of logMAR 0.3 or better, and 60.19% attained an UNVA of logMAR 0.3 or better. The SE was within ±0.50 D in 77.76% of the eyes. The QoV mean scores were as follows: frequency = 30.20 ± 16; severity = 17.19 ± 12.45; bothersome = 15.45 ± 12.94. Conclusions: The Evolux IOL demonstrated very good biometric predictability and excellent distance visual performance and very good intermediate vision, with no photopic side effects or glare in our sample population. This study provides a strong foundation for a larger comparative study with an extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) IOL, incorporating contrast sensitivity and defocus curve assessments to enhance the research quality.