bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical influence coefficients for correction of matrix effects in x‐ray fluorescence analysis of intermediate‐thickness samples
Authors: Sitko Rafał
Published: October 2005

Theoretical influence coefficients for x‐ray fluorescence analysis of intermediate‐thickness samples is proposed. The algorithm, derived from the Sherman equation, corrects simultaneously both absorption and enhancement effects in specimens with various thicknesses. The coefficients take into account all matrix elements, hence they have to be calculated using an iterative approach. Nevertheless, if matrix diversification is limited, the coefficients can be treated as constants for given mass per unit area of the specimen. Then the iteration can be avoided and calculations are simple and fast. The dependence of the influence coefficients on matrix composition and sample thickness is discussed. The validity of the proposed algorithm was checked with certified geological materials, four‐element polycrystals and ferroelectric ceramics using wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer with parallel primary beam
Authors: Korotkikh E. M.
Published: October 2005

A new type of x‐ray optical device with two curved mirrors was tested experimentally for total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF). When focusing optics are used to increase the primary beam intensity at the sample position of TXRF spectrometers, it is always associated with an increase in the angular divergence, which is tolerable to only a limited extent. The possibility of improving the divergence by means of an additional curved mirror was reported in the past. One may hope that this additional mirror will correct some of the adverse characteristics of conventional x‐ray sources, such as the angular divergence and the intensity at the sample position. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A descriptive epidemiology of screen‐based media use in youth: A review and critique
Authors: Marshall Simon J. , Gorely Trish , Biddle Stuart J.H.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this systematic review was to (i) estimate the prevalence and dose of television (TV) viewing, video game playing and computer use, and (ii) assess age‐related and (iii) secular trends in TV viewing among youth (≤18 yr). Ninety studies published in English language journals between 1949 and 2004 were included, presenting data from 539 independent samples (the unit of analysis). Results suggest contemporary youth watch on average 1.8–2.8 h of TV per day, depending on age and gender. Most (66%) are ‘low users’ (<2 h day−1) of TV but 28% watch more than 4 h day−1. Boys and girls with access to video games spend approximately 60 and 23 min day−1, respectively, using this technology. Computer use accounts for an additional 30 min day−1. Age‐specific data suggest TV viewing decreases during adolescence, but those considered ‘high users’ at young ages are likely to remain high users when older. For children with access to a television set, the number of hours spent viewing does not appear to have increased over the past 50 years.
Paediatric cancer pain management using the WHO analgesic ladder — results of a prospective analysis from 2265 treatment days during a quality improvement study
Authors: Zernikow Boris , Smale Helen , Michel Erik , Hasan Carola , Jorch Norbert , Andler Werner
Published: October 2005

Objective To collect data on pain management in paediatric oncology with respect to the WHO ladder approach.

Setting, design, patients and methods Eight German tertiary care paediatric oncology centres prospectively documented all their in‐patient pain treatment courses from June 1999 to December 2000. Pain was scored using a 1–6 faces scale.

Results Two hundred and twenty four patients (median age, 9 years; range 0.2‐32.1) were enrolled. Three hundred and thirty three pain episodes comprising a total of 2265 treatment days were documented. Pain was mostly therapy associated. The most frequently administered non‐opioid analgesics were dipyrone and paracetamol. On WHO step 2, tramadol was almost the only opioid used. During tramadol monotherapy average daily pain scores were lower than with a combination of tramadol and non‐opioid analgesics. On WHO step 3, morphine was at least part of the analgesic regimen on most treatment days. Strong opioids were combined with a non‐opioid analgesic on 41% of the treatment days. The mean intravenous morphine equivalence dose was 0.034 mg/kg/h. During opioid and non‐opioid combination therapy, adverse effects were more frequent, and average pain scored higher than on opioid monotherapy.

Conclusions WHO‐guidelines were closely followed in Germany and seem to provide effective analgesia for children with cancer pain. In our patient group there is no evidence that a combination of an opioid with a non‐opioid is more effective than opioid therapy alone in in‐patient paediatric oncology pain treatment.
Selectivity of diamond- and square-mesh codends in the deepwater crustacean trawl fishery off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Guijarro Beatriz , Massutí Enric
Published: October 2005

An analysis of 38 bottom trawl hauls at depths of 251–737 m off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean) during autumn 2002 and spring 2003 was used to compare the species and size selectivity of 40-mm diamond- and square-mesh codends under commercial conditions. There was no difference in the catch composition or the yield that could be attributable to mesh shape, although the percentage of total and commercial species discarded with a diamond mesh was higher than with a square mesh. At least in the short term, the escapement ratio and the economic loss with the diamond mesh were lower than with square mesh, but economic efficiency was no different between them. For all the main species compared, except one flatfish, size selectivity parameters were lower for the diamond-than for the square-mesh codend. Selectivity values for the one flatfish species were similar. From the results it is concluded that, within the context of precautionary management, introduction of a 40-mm square mesh in the codend could be an appropriate and plausible measure to improve the state of the resources exploited by the deepwater crustacean trawl fishery of the upper slope off the Balearic Islands, and to reduce the impact of the fishery on the ecosystem.
Calcium plus linoleic acid therapy for pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Herrera J.A. , Shahabuddin A.K.M. , Ersheng G. , Wei Yuan , Garcia R.G. , López‐Jaramillo P.
Published: October 2005

Objective: To determine the effect of dietary supplementation of calcium plus conjugated linoleic acid (calcium–CLA) in reducing the incidence of vascular endothelial dysfunction in pregnant women at high risk of developing pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH). Patients and methods: This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial conducted at 4 outpatient clinics in 2 developing countries recruited 48 healthy primigravidas younger than 19 years or older than 35 years who had a family history of pre‐eclampsia and diastolic notch. Twenty‐four participants received daily elemental calcium (600 mg) plus CLA (450 mg) and 24 received placebo from week 18 to 22 of pregnancy until delivery. Results: Calcium–CLA supplementation reduced significantly the incidence of PIH (2 cases [8%] in the study group vs. 10 cases [42%] in the placebo group; relative risk, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.82; P = .01). Endothelial dysfunction was also significantly reduced after calcium–CLA supplementation (in 18 women [75%] vs. 4 women [17%]; P < .001), compared with the placebo group (in 15 [63%] vs. 9 women [38%]; P = .08). Conclusion: In pregnant women at high risk for PIH, calcium–CLA supplementation decreases the incidence of PIH and improves endothelial function.
Delivery‐related complications and early postpartum morbidity in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Fronczak N. , Antelman G. , Moran A.C. , Caulfield L.E. , Baqui A.H.
Published: October 2005

Objective

To describe delivery‐related complications and postpartum morbidity of women living in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Method

From November 1993 to May 1995, 1506 women were interviewed regarding delivery‐related complications and postpartum morbidities. Operational definitions were applied to maternal reports to categorize serious delivery‐related complications and postpartum morbidity. Corroborating information was identified from medical records for facility‐based deliveries and physical examinations by female physicians 14 to 22 days postpartum.

Result

Thirty‐six percent of women described serious delivery‐related complications and 75% of women reported postpartum morbidity. There were two maternal deaths among 1471 live births. When maternal reports were related to corroborating information, the proportion of women's reports of serious complications and morbidity appears reasonably accurate for some conditions.

Conclusion

A large proportion of urban slum women in Dhaka experience serious delivery‐related complications and/or postpartum morbidity. Information on delivery practices that contribute to morbidity and factors that influence appropriate care seeking is needed.
HyperStak: A PEZ Style Dispenser for Microplates
Authors: Cinicola Daniel P. , Webster Justin , Skerker Paul
Published: October 2005

HyperStak is a new microplate stacker, which can be integrated onto most robotic systems without the need for costly software integration. It was developed to minimize the downtime and cost associated with microplate handling errors made by robots within passive microplate stackers and to maximize microplate storage space by decreasing the workspace often required by other microplate stackers. The “when-you-need-it” design of the HyperStak always has a microplate ready for use, which translates into a reduced robotic access time and an increased overall throughput of the system.
Integrated Sample Preparation, Reaction, and Detection on a High-Frequency Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform
Authors: Steigert J. , Grumann M. , Brenner T. , Mittenbühler K. , Nann T. , Rühe J. , Moser I. , Haeberle S. , Riegger L. , Riegler J. , Bessler W. , Zengerle R. , Ducrée J.
Published: October 2005

We extend the toolbox of lab procedures in life sciences by development of centrifugal microfluidics for high-level process integration. This is accomplished by implementing novel functional principles for sedimentation, batch-mode mixing, frequency-dependent online flow control, and optical read-out, which can be integrated into a process chain. The modular centrifugal setup comprises a microstructured disposable polymer disk as well as a reusable spinning and detection unit. We successfully developed centrifugal microfluidic technologies, which are suitable for sample preparation, process engineering, personalized diagnostics, and hematology, on this platform.
High-Throughput Protein and DNA Analysis Based on Microfluidic On-Chip Electrophoresis
Authors: Buhlmann Carsten , Preckel Tobias , Kuschel Meike
Published: October 2005

Microfluidic technology applied to on-chip electrophoresis provides high-throughput DNA or protein analysis in an automated, unattended mode, which is currently not possible with any other technology. The 5100 Automated Lab-on-a-Chip Platform automates all the required experimental steps, including sample loading from multiple sample plates, electrophoresis, staining/destaining, and detection. The analysis of the digital data is completely automated as well and the results together with all other information, such as sample names, are directly fed into a database. The article describes in detail the design of the microfluidic system, including instrumentation, chips, DNA and protein assays, as well as the structure and the main features of the software.
Modern Pollen-Rain Characteristics of Tall Terra Firme Moist Evergreen Forest, Southern Amazonia
Authors: Gosling William D. , Mayle Francis E. , Tate Nicholas J. , Killeen Timothy J.
Published: October 2005

The paucity of modern pollen-rain data from Amazonia constitutes a significant barrier to understanding the Late Quaternary vegetation history of this globally important tropical forest region. Here, we present the first modern pollen-rain data for tall terra firme moist evergreen Amazon forest, collected between 1999 and 2001 from artificial pollen traps within a 500 × 20 m permanent study plot (14°34′50″S, 60°49′48″W) in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NE Bolivia). Spearman's rank correlations were performed to assess the extent of spatial and inter-annual variability in the pollen rain, whilst statistically distinctive taxa were identified using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Comparisons with the floristic and basal area data of the plot (stems ≥10 cm d.b.h.) enabled the degree to which taxa are over/under-represented in the pollen rain to be assessed (using R-rel values). Moraceae/Urticaceae dominates the pollen rain (64% median abundance) and is also an important constituent of the vegetation, accounting for 16% of stems ≥10 cm d.b.h. and ca. 11% of the total basal area. Other important pollen taxa are Arecaceae (cf. Euterpe), Melastomataceae/Combretaceae, Cecropia, Didymopanax, Celtis, and Alchornea. However, 75% of stems and 67% of the total basal area of the plot ≥10 cm d.b.h. belong to species which are unidentified in the pollen rain, the most important of which are Phenakospermum guianensis (a banana-like herb) and the key canopy-emergent trees, Erisma uncinatum and Qualea paraensis.
Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Region, 1991–2004
Authors: Hagmann Tobias
Published: October 2005

This article proposes an alternative interpretation of political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Regional State since the rise to power of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. Some observers have perceived contemporary politics in the former Ogaden as an example of ‘internal colonisation’ by highland Ethiopians. Others attribute political instability to the ‘nomadic culture’ inherent in the Somali clan structure and the ineptness of its political leaders. This study argues that neither of these two politicised narratives grasps the contradictory interactions between the federal Ethiopian government and its Somali periphery, nor the recursive relations between state and society. With reference to the literature on neo-patrimonialism, I elucidate political disorder in the Somali Region by empirically describing hybrid political domination, institutional instability, and patronage relations, showing how neo-patrimonial rule translates into contested statehood in the region and political devices ranging from military coercion to subtle co-optation. Rather than unilateral domination, a complex web of power and manipulation between parts of the federal and regional authorities animates political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Region.
Grounding local peace organisations: a case study of southern Sudan
Authors: Hilhorst Dorothea , van Leeuwen Mathijs
Published: October 2005

Since the early 1990s, building peace during and after conflict has been moving away from the conference tables of diplomats to informal settings created by local NGOs. The vast majority, if not all, of the peacebuilding policy and literature argues for strengthening local organisations as vehicles for peace. This paper starts from the observation that there is a dire lack of organisational perspective to the processes set into motion. Current local peacebuilding policy, we argue, is based on analyses that are far removed from the everyday practices of the actors engaged in peacebuilding. The paper offers instead a qualitative approach that gives central attention to the dynamics of peace organisations and the way conflict is experienced in the everyday life of local people. It analyses the case of one local women's peace organisation: the ‘Sudanese Women's Voice for Peace’. Peacebuilding is done by people, and the dynamics of their organisation are crucial for its success. The paper argues that a process approach to peace organisations will enhance agencies' efforts for local peacebuilding. Such an approach focuses on the question how actors in and around organisations give meaning to an organisation. The paper outlines this approach, presents five central properties of local peace organisations, and discusses what lessons can be learnt from this perspective for the practice of peacebuilding.
Exploring voter alignments in Africa: core and swing voters in Ghana
Authors: Lindberg Staffan I. , Morrison Minion K. C.
Published: October 2005

This article describes and analyses voter alignments in the new democracy of Ghana in two recent elections, 1996 and 2000. These elections are a part of the Fourth Republic that began with a ‘founding’ election in 1992, ushering Ghana into Africa's new wave of democratisation. First the size of the core voting population is established to be about 82% of the voting population, refuting the assumption that voting volatility in new and transitional democracies is always extremely high. A second conclusion is that core and swing voters cannot be distinguished by structural factors, whereas thirdly, the factors behind the party alignment of core voters are similar to Western patterns; primarily level of education, the rural-urban divide, income, and occupation. Finally, swing voters seem to be characterised by a conscious evaluation of government and candidate performance in a sign of relatively ‘mature’ democratic voting behaviour.
The privatisation and criminalisation of public space in the geopolitics of the Great Lakes region
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: October 2005

The Great Lakes region has been in profound turmoil for the past 15 years. Through the game of shifting alliances, and because of geographic proximity in an area with porous borders, conflicts have tended to merge, thus giving rise to a huge zone of instability. Conflicts have been compounded by the export of war to neighbouring countries, and the extreme weakness of the Congolese state has led to the ‘satellisation’ of large parts of its territory. This has in turn led to the privatisation and criminalisation of public space, to the advantage of both neighbouring countries and local, regional and international ‘entrepreneurs of insecurity’. From political, ideological, ethnic or security-induced, violence has become predominantly predatory, with loyalties and alliances essentially based on the search for personal or factional enrichment. In human terms, the damage caused by the occupation and plunder of eastern DRC has been colossal.
To Reveal and to Conceal: A Literary-Critical Perspective on ‘the Son of Man’ in Mark
Authors: CHRONIS HARRY L.
Published: October 2005

Attending to basic questions may yield a fresh perspective on the Synoptic ‘Son of Man’. How does the term function, for example, in the narrative logic of Mark's Gospel? The paper argues that: ‘the Son of Man’ serves essentially as a paradoxical incognito. It belongs to a whole pattern of speech that the Markan Jesus employs to resist disclosure of his identity as ‘the Son of God’. And it allows Jesus – a systematic theologian might say – to conceal his person while he reveals his work. If valid, this literary-critical result is not without implication for our historical understanding of the term.
Zwischen Gemeindechristentum und christlicher Gnosis: Das geheimen Markusevangelium und das Geheimnis des Reiches Gottes
Authors: RAU ECKHARD
Published: October 2005

Das geheime Markusevangelium beleuchtet das verbreitete Phänomen, dass über eine Figur aus größter Nähe zum irdischen Jesus der Zugang zu dessen authentischer Überlieferung legitimiert werden soll, wenn deren Anliegen anders nicht zur Geltung kommen kann. Es ist singulär, dass dieses Konzept in Zusätzen zu einem überkommenen Evangelium entfaltet wird, die sich einer literarisch und theologisch äußerst anspruchsvollen Exegese der ‘Vorlage’ verdanken. Wir erhalten dadurch Einblick in das konflikthafte Mit- und Gegeneinander von Gemeindechristentum und seinem ‘inneren Kreis’ in Alexandrien, für das in erster Linie eine Kontroverse über die Geschlechtlichkeit des Menschen verantwortlich zu sein scheint, die sich an der Gestalt der Salome entzündete.
Peter's Vision and Conflicting Definitions of Purity
Authors: WAHLEN CLINTON
Published: October 2005

Luke depicts the problem of incorporating Gentiles into the Church as rooted in conflicting definitions of purity. Apart from the principal Torah distinction between clean and unclean animals, a third category is mentioned: ‘common’, referring to doubtfully pure food. Parallels to this usage are found in a range of Jewish literature, from the Hasmonaean to the Rabbinic period. The notion of doubtfully pure food can help explain Peter's refusal to slaughter and eat from the mixed group of animals in his vision. Categorizing people like Cornelius as ‘potentially defiled’ may have constituted a human ‘fence’ between scrupulous Jews and unclean pagans. Adherence to the stipulations of the apostolic decree by Gentile Christians removed the last hindrance to Jewish Christians having table fellowship with them.
Paul's Entry (εισοδος) and the Thessalonians' Faith (1 Thessalonians 1–3)
Authors: KIM SEYOON
Published: October 2005

In 1 Thess 1–3, five times Paul directly connects the success of the gospel/the faith of the Thessalonians with his εισοδος. This new observation along with an appreciation of the close parallelism between 1 Thess 1–3 and 2 Cor 1–7 in occasion, tone, style, and content (especially the demonstrations of the integrity of his apostolic ministry in
1 Thess 2.1–12 and 2 Cor 1–7) helps us discern in 1 Thess 2.1–12 Paul's comprehensive apologetic purpose rather than a mere paraenetic purpose.
“Binge-Eating“-Störung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Hilbert Anja , Munsch Simone
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. Während die Anorexia nervosa und Bulimia nervosa bei Jugendlichen ein deutliches Forschungsinteresse gefunden haben, liegen bislang wenige Befunde zur “Binge-Eating“-Störung (BED) im Kindes- und Jugendalter vor. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden überblicksartig die Merkmale, Epidemiologie und Entstehung der Essanfallssymptomatik bzw. der BED bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben. Anfallsartiges Essen ist durch fehlende Kontrolle über das Essen, Essen in Abwesenheit von Hunger, heimliches und emotionales Essen gekennzeichnet. Dieses Symptombild spiegelt sich in den aktuellen Diagnosekriterien nicht adäquat wider. Die Symptomatik einer BED geht mit einer erhöhten essstörungsspezifischen und allgemeinen Psychopathologie sowie mit einem erhöhten Körpergewicht einher. Diagnostische Verfahren und Ansätze zur psychologischen Psychotherapie werden vorgestellt.
Controls on the seasonal exchange of CH3Br in temperate peatlands
Authors: White Marguerite L. , Varner Ruth K. , Crill Patrick M. , Mosedale Cindy H.
Published: October 2005

Measurements of CH3Br exchange at two New Hampshire peatlands (Sallie's Fen and Angie's Bog) indicate that net flux from these ecosystems is the sum of competing production and consumption processes. Net CH3Br fluxes were highly variable and ranged from net emission to net uptake between locations within a single peatland. At Sallie's Fen, net CH3Br flux exhibited positive correlations with peat temperature and air temperature during all seasons sampled, but these relationships were not observed at Angie's Bog where flux varied according to microtopography. The major CH3Br production process at Sallie's Fen appeared dependent on aerobic conditions within the peat, while CH3Br production at Angie's Bog was favored by anaerobic conditions. There was evidence of aerobic microbial consumption of CH3Br within the peat at both sites. In a vegetation removal experiment conducted at Sallie's Fen with dynamic chambers, all collars exhibited net consumption of CH3Br. Net CH3Br flux had a negative correlation with surface temperature and a positive correlation with water level in collars with all vegetation clipped consistent with aerobic microbial consumption. Vegetated collars showed positive correlations between net CH3Br flux and air temperature. A positive correlation between net CH3Br flux and surface temperature was also observed in collars in which all vegetation except Sphagnum spp. were clipped. These correlations are consistent with seasonal relationships observed in 1998, 1999, and 2000 and suggest that plants and/or fungi are possible sources of CH3Br in peatlands. Estimates of production and consumption made on two occasions at Sallie's Fen suggest that peatlands have lower rates of CH3Br consumption compared to upland ecosystems, but a close balance between production and consumption rates may allow these wetlands to act as either a net source or sink for this gas.
A viscoelastic earthquake cycle model for Taiwan
Authors: Johnson K. M. , Segall P. , Yu S. B.
Published: October 2005

While recent geophysical measurements, including Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys, have clarified the mechanisms of active mountain building in the Taiwan arc‐continent collision, the geometry of faults beneath the island remains unclear. In this paper we use GPS data collected before the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake to image the geometry of active faults under Taiwan and estimate slip rates on these faults. We invert the data using kinematic and mechanical earthquake cycle models consisting of faulting in an elastic lithosphere overlying a viscoelastic asthenosphere. In the kinematic model, uniform slip is prescribed on the faults at a constant rate, while in the mechanical model, the faults slip in response to shear stresses in the lithosphere. These models explain the essential features of both the horizontal and vertical GPS velocity fields. We find a 27–39 km thick elastic lithosphere overlying a viscoelastic asthenosphere with Maxwell relaxation time of 15–80 years, or viscosity of 0.5–4 × 1019 Pa s. The models produce a combined slip rate of 30–50 mm/yr on the frontal thrusts in western Taiwan and 60–80 mm/yr of slip on the Longitudinal Valley Fault. Inversion of the data using both models indicates a décollement dipping ∼10° under western Taiwan and increasing in dip by no more than 10° under the Central Ranges and eastern Taiwan.
Hygroscopic behavior of partially volatilized coastal marine aerosols using the volatilization and humidification tandem differential mobility analyzer technique
Authors: Johnson G. R. , Ristovski Z. D. , D'Anna B. , Morawska L.
Published: October 2005

Coastal marine nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation mode aerosol particles with back trajectories indicative of marine origin were examined using a volatilization and humidification tandem differential mobility analyzer (VHTDMA) to reveal the volatilization temperatures of the various component species. The diameter hygroscopic growth factors of the residue particles were continually examined throughout the volatilization process. In each of the three modes the dominant particle type appeared to be composed of the same four physicochemically distinct species though in different ratios. These species exhibited volatility and hygroscopic behavior consistent with combinations of a volatile organic species, sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate or bisulfate, iodine oxide, and an insoluble nonvolatile residue. The Aitken and accumulation mode aerosols contain large fractions of the insoluble, volatile, organic‐like material, and the volatilization of this species results in a distinct increase in the water volume uptake of the particles. Of the four distinct species, only the sulfuric acid‐like species constituted an increasing volume fraction with decreasing particle size. This finding indicates that nucleation mode particles constitute an acidic seed and as such would undergo acid‐catalyzed secondary organic aerosol growth at a faster rate. The lack of a nonvolatile hygroscopic residue consistent with sea salt in these particles implies that the aerosolization of seawater is not the dominant production mechanism for these submicrometer coastal marine aerosols.
Ionospheric local model and climatology from long‐term databases of multiple incoherent scatter radars
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Holt John M. , van Eyken Anthony P. , McCready Mary , Amory‐Mazaudier Christine , Fukao Shoichiro , Sulzer Michael
Published: October 2005

Empirical ionospheric local models have been developed from long‐term data sets of seven incoherent scatter radars spanning invariant latitudes from 25° to 75° in American, European and Asian longitudes at Svalbard, Tromsø, Sondrestrom, Millstone Hill, St. Santin, Arecibo and Shigaraki. These models, as important complements to global models, represent electron density, ion and electron temperatures, and ion drifts in the E and F regions, giving a comprehensive quantitative description of ionospheric properties. A case study of annual ionospheric variations in electron density and ion temperature is presented based on some of these models. Clear latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitude dependency of annual and semiannual components are found.
Seasonal and interannual variability of temperature inversions in the subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Ueno Hiromichi , Oka Eitarou , Suga Toshio , Onishi Hiroji
Published: October 2005

Hydrographic data from profiling floats obtained during 2001–2004 were analyzed to study seasonal and interannual variability of temperature inversions (T‐invs) in the subarctic North Pacific (SNP). In the western SNP and Bering Sea, the temperature minimum at the top of T‐invs outcropped and was renewed every winter, causing a seasonal cycle in the magnitude of T‐invs, with the maximum at the end of winter. In the Gulf of Alaska in the eastern SNP, the temperature minimum outcropped in winters 2002 and 2004, but scarcely outcropped in winter 2003. Consequently, the magnitude of the T‐invs showed remarkable interannual variation; its monotonic decrease through winter 2003 overwhelmed the seasonal cycle. The year‐to‐year variation of the magnitude of the T‐invs in each region of the SNP was consistent with and thereby attributable to that of the winter sea surface temperature anomaly there.
A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate
Authors: Knight Jeff R. , Allan Robert J. , Folland Chris K. , Vellinga Michael , Mann Michael E.
Published: October 2005

Analyses of global climate from measurements dating back to the nineteenth century show an ‘Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation’ (AMO) as a leading large‐scale pattern of multidecadal variability in surface temperature. Yet it is not possible to determine whether these fluctuations are genuinely oscillatory from the relatively short observational record alone. Using a 1400 year climate model calculation, we are able to simulate the observed pattern and amplitude of the AMO. The results imply the AMO is a genuine quasi‐periodic cycle of internal climate variability persisting for many centuries, and is related to variability in the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC). This relationship suggests we can attempt to reconstruct past THC changes, and we infer an increase in THC strength over the last 25 years. Potential predictability associated with the mode implies natural THC and AMO decreases over the next few decades independent of anthropogenic climate change.
Hot spot reflectance signatures of common boreal lichens
Authors: Kaasalainen S. , Rautiainen M.
Published: October 2005

We present new results on the hot spot directional signature for a set of common lichen species (such as Cladina and Cladonia). This is, to our knowledge, the first laboratory experiment on the backscattering of lichen and adds to the so far sparse collection of hot spot signatures for land surfaces, especially forest understory. We report exceptionally intense backscattering surges for lichens with complex branching structure and discuss the implications for remote monitoring and the inventory of lichen abundances. Experiments were also made with surface structures modified by grinding and black paint: The significant differences in the observed hot spot peak amplitudes are strong experimental evidence that the shadow‐hiding mechanism plays an important role in the backscattering enhancement for such canopy‐type structures.
An enhanced HNO3 second maximum in the Antarctic midwinter upper stratosphere 2003
Authors: Stiller G. P. , Mengistu Tsidu Gizaw , von Clarmann T. , Glatthor N. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Linden A. , Ruhnke R. , Fischer H. , López‐Puertas M. , Funke B. , Gil‐López S.
Published: October 2005

Vertical profiles of stratospheric HNO3 were retrieved from limb emission spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the Envisat research satellite during the Antarctic winter 2003. A high second maximum of HNO3 was found around 34 km altitude with abundances up to 14 ppbv HNO3 during July. Similar high abundances have not been reported in the literature for previous winters, but for the subsequent Arctic winter 2003/2004, after severe perturbations due to solar proton events. The second HNO3 maximum in the Antarctic stratosphere started to develop in early June 2003, reached peak values during July 2003, and decreased to about 7 ppbv at the end of August while being continuously transported downward before finally forming a single HNO3 layer over all latitudes in the lower stratosphere together with the out‐of‐vortex primary HNO3 maximum. The HNO3 decrease in August 2003 was correlated with photochemical buildup of other NOy species as ClONO2 and NOx. From the time scales observed, it can be ruled out that the 2003 long‐term HNO3 enhancements were caused by local gas phase reactions immediately after the solar proton event on 29 May 2003. Instead, HNO3 was produced by ion cluster chemistry reactions and/or heterogeneous reactions on sulfate aerosols via N2O5 from high amounts of NOx being continuously transported downward from the lower thermosphere during May to August.
CAWSES Fosters Sun‐to‐Earth Observations
Authors: Simpson Sarah
Published: October 2005

Scientists collaborate on a new international initiative that expands cooperation in a broad range of space weather research.
Parsimonious modeling of vegetation dynamics for ecohydrologic studies of water‐limited ecosystems
Authors: Montaldo Nicola , Rondena Roberta , Albertson John D. , Mancini Marco
Published: October 2005

The structure and function of vegetation regulate fluxes across the biosphere‐atmosphere interface with large effects in water‐limited ecosystems. Vegetation dynamics are often neglected in hydrological modeling except for simple prescriptions of seasonal phenology. However, changes in vegetation densities, influencing the partitioning of incoming solar energy into sensible and latent heat fluxes, can result in long‐term changes in both local and global climates with resulting feedbacks on vegetation growth. This paper seeks a simple vegetation dynamics model (VDM) for simulation of the leaf area index (LAI) dynamics in hydrologic models. Five variants of a VDM are employed, with a range of model complexities. The VDMs are coupled to a land surface model (LSM), with the VDM providing the LAI evolution through time and the LSM using this to compute the land surface fluxes and update the soil water contents. We explore the models through case studies of water‐limited grass fields in California (United States) and North Carolina (United States). Results show that a simple VDM, simulating only the living aboveground green biomass (i.e., with low parameterization), is able to accurately simulate the LAI. Results also highlight the importance of including the VDM in the LSM when studying the climate‐soil‐vegetation interactions over moderate to long timescales. The inclusion of the VDM in the LSM is demonstrated to be essential for assessing the impact of interannual rainfall variability on the water budget of a water limited region.
Class and Feminine Excess: The Strange Case of Anna Nicole Smith
Authors: Brown Jeffrey A
Published: October 2005

Cultural concerns about race, class and beauty often intersect with mass-mediated depictions of the female body. Drawing on Foucault's theories about disciplining the public body, this article examines the changing public perception of Anna Nicole Smith from an ideal beauty to a white trash stereotype. This analysis argues that Smith's very public weight gains, her outrageous behaviour and her legal battle for her late husband's fortune is presented in the media as an example of inappropriate conduct for a white beauty ideal and thus is repositioned as white trash culture. Central to this repositioning is the constant tabloid depiction of Smith as an ‘out of control’ grotesque. This article argues that contrary to the optimistic understanding of female grotesques as effective agents of cultural criticism and social change, Smith represents the female grotesque as an agent of cultural control that instructs middle-class women on how to avoid committing classed, racial and gendered transgressions. The article concludes that the case of Anna Nicole Smith functions as a cautionary tale that reinforces cultural standards of normalization.
Discursive and Political Deployments by/of the 2002 Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers/Martyrs
Authors: Hasso Frances S.
Published: October 2005

This paper focuses on representations by and deployments of the four Palestinian women who during the first four months of 2002 killed themselves in organized attacks against Israeli military personnel or civilians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories or Israel. The paper addresses the manner in which these militant women produced and situated themselves as gendered-political subjects, and argues that their self-representations and acts were deployed by individuals and groups in the region to reflect and articulate other gendered–political subjectivities that at times undermined or rearticulated patriarchal religio-nationalist understandings of gender and women in relation to corporeality, authenticity, and community. The data analysed include photographs, narrative representations in television and newspaper media, the messages the women left behind, and secondary sources.
Water-ketones hydrogen bonding: The rotational spectrum of cyclobutanone-water
Authors: Melandri Sonia , Maris Assimo , Giuliano B. Michela , Caminati Walther
Published: October 2005

The hydrogen-bonded complex cyclobutanone-water has been studied by Fourier-transform molecular-beam microwave spectroscopy in the frequency range of 6–18.5GHz. The rotational spectra of ten isotopomers have been assigned and measured. Five of them have been obtained from different isotopic species (or configurations) of water (H2O, D2O, DOH, HOD, and H2O18). The remaining five correspond to the four singly substituted C13 and to the O18 species of cyclobutanone, observed in natural abundance. For all species the inertial defect is in the range from −10.44to−10.50uÅ2, showing that the cyclobutanone frame is effectively planar and that the water molecule is coplanar to this frame. The hydrogen bond, almost linear, is formed between a water proton and one of the lone pairs of the cyclobutanone oxygen.
Improvement of semiempirical response properties with charge-dependent response density
Authors: Giese Timothy J. , York Darrin M.
Published: October 2005

The present work outlines a new method for treatment of charge-dependent polarizability in semiempirical quantum models for use in combined quantum-mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations of biological reactions. The method addresses a major shortcoming in the performance of conventional semiempirical models for these simulations that is tied to the use of a localized minimal atomic-orbital basis set. The present approach has the advantages that it uses a density basis that retains a set of linear-response equations, does not increase the atomic-orbital basis, and avoids the problem of artificial charge transfer and scaling of the polarizability seen in related models that allow atomic charges to fluctuate. The model introduces four new atom-based parameters and has been tested with the modified neglect of differential overlap d-orbital Hamiltonian against 1132molecules and ions and shown to decrease the dipole moment and polarizability errors by factors of 2 and 10, respectively, with respect to density-functional results. The method performs impressively for a variety of charge states (from 2+ to 2−), and offers a potentially powerful extension in the design of next generation semiempirical quantum models for accurate simulations of highly charged biological reactions.
High-resolution spectroscopy of CoS (XΔi4): Examining 3d transition-metal sulfide bonds
Authors: Flory M. A. , McLamarrah S. K. , Ziurys L. M.
Published: October 2005

The pure rotational spectrum of CoS, the cobalt sulfide radical, has been measured using direct absorption techniques in the frequency range of 180–540GHz. This study is the first spectroscopic investigation of any kind of this molecule. CoS was created by reacting cobalt vapor with H2S. Four spin components were identified in the spectra of this species, one of which exhibited lambda doubling, identifying the ground state as Δi4. Transitions arising from the lowest spin component of the less abundant CoS34 isotopomer have also been detected, as well as from v=1 and v=2 of the main species. The spectra were readily identified because each spin component exhibited an octet pattern arising from the Co59 spin of I=7∕2. The data were fit using Hund’s case (a) Hamiltonian, and rotational, fine-structure, hyperfine, and lambda-doubling constants were determined. The hyperfine parameters support a δ3π2 electron configuration and are consistent with some orbital overlap between the metal and sulfur atoms. From the rotational constant, the bond length of CoS was calculated to be r0=1.97798506(10)Å. This bond length is significantly shorter than that of MnS or FeS, in contrast to the bond distances found in the oxide analogs which are all similar in value. These results indicate that the 3d metal sulfides differ somewhat from their oxide counterparts, probably due to the availability of sulfur p orbitals for bonding.
Development of the piezoelectric motor using momentum generated by bimorphs
Authors: Choi Hyun Do , Kim Jun Hyung , Kim Soohyun , Kwak Yoon Keun
Published: October 2005

Piezoelectric motors have been used in many applications where excellent controllability and fine position resolution are required and/or magnetic-field noise should be eliminated. However, the piezoelectric motor has two major drawbacks, difficulty in maintaining vibration amplitude constantly with temperature rise and wear and heat generation induced by dielectric and mechanical losses. In this article, a new piezoelectric motor that can overcome these problems is proposed. The proposed piezoelectric motor is operated using momentum exchange between four bimorphs and a rotor. In order to maximize the steady-state velocity and static torque of the proposed motor, a guideline is established using two bimorph models. The guideline is partially verified by comparison between simulations and experiments. There was no heat generation in a few hours of operation in experiments.
Intermolecular multiple quantum coherences at high magnetic field: The nonlinear regime
Authors: Marques J. P. , Grant S. , Blackband S. , Bowtell R. W.
Published: October 2005

Experiments have been carried at magnetic-field strengths of 9.4, 14.1, and 17.6 T to explore the evolution of intermolecular multiple quantum coherences in the nonlinear regime where the system evolves for times that are much greater than the characteristic time of action of the long-range dipolar field, τd. The results show the expected Bessel function form of the recorded signal as a function of time of evolution, with evident zeros and sign changes. As expected, the rate of signal evolution increases at higher-field strengths as a result of the increased equilibrium magnetization. A numerical method for calculating the evolution of magnetization under the action of the distant dipolar field, relaxation, and diffusion that is based on Fourier analysis of the magnetization distribution has been applied to the correlated two-dimensional spectroscopy revamped by asymmetric z-gradient echo detection sequence in the nonlinear regime and shown to produce results that are in good agreement with experimental data acquired at different magnetic fields and rates of spatial modulation. Experiments and simulations have also been used to explore the evolution of magnetization in a mixture of two interacting spin species in the nonlinear regime.
Bifurcations and chaos in single-roll natural convection with low Prandtl number
Authors: Mercader I. , Batiste O. , Ramírez-Piscina L. , Ruiz X. , Rüdiger S. , Casademunt J.
Published: October 2005

Convective flows of a small Prandtl number fluid contained in a two-dimensional cavity subject to a lateral thermal gradient are numerically studied by using different techniques. The aspect ratio (length to height) is kept at around 2. This value is found optimal to make the flow most unstable while keeping the basic single-roll structure. Two cases of thermal boundary conditions on the horizontal plates are considered: perfectly conducting and adiabatic. For increasing Rayleigh numbers we find a transition from steady flow to periodic oscillations through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation that maintains the centrosymmetry of the basic circulation. For a Rayleigh number of about ten times that of the Hopf bifurcation the system initiates a complex scenario of bifurcations. In the conductive case these include a quasiperiodic route to chaos. In the adiabatic one the dynamics is dominated by the interaction of two Neimark-Sacker bifurcations of the basic periodic solutions, leading to the stable coexistence of three incommensurate frequencies, and finally to chaos. In all cases, the complex time-dependent behavior does not break the basic, single-roll structure.
Control of thermocapillary instabilities far from threshold
Authors: Brunet P. , Amberg G. , Alfredsson P. H.
Published: October 2005

We report experiments on control of thermocapillary instabilities at high temperature differences, in an annular geometry. Previous studies [Phys. Fluids 14, 3039 (2002)] showed that a reasonable control of oscillatory instability could be achieved by optimizing a local heating feedback process. We conducted experiments with a basic flow converging from periphery to center. This constitutes a more unstable configuration than previously, and enables appearance of higher-order instabilities and chaos. Applying successfully local feedback control to the periodic state close to the threshold, we extend the process to higher temperature differences, where nonlinear as well as proportional/derivative control laws are necessary to obtain a significant decrease of the temperature fluctuations. Finally, proportional control allows us to synchronize a chaotic state, to a periodic one.
Evidence of a rearrangement of the surface structure in titanium phthalocyanine sensors induced by the interaction with nitrogen oxides molecules
Authors: Generosi A. , Paci B. , Albertini V. Rossi , Perfetti P. , Paoletti A. M. , Pennesi G. , Rossi G. , Caminiti R.
Published: October 2005

Thin-film samples of titanium phthalocyanine, a sensor of environmental pollutants, were studied by time resolved energy-dispersive x-ray reflectivity (EDXR). This original method demonstrated to be an ideal tool to follow the evolution of the films morphology upon gas exposure, in situ, also allowing an unexpected response of the sensors to be detected. Indeed, while the increase in thickness showed the characteristic feature of a “breathing-like” expansion, already observed in other metal-Pc, the curve of roughness versus exposure time exhibited a peak. This effect, in some cases evident by observation with the naked eye the EDXR data, was attributed to a surface structure rearrangement process.