bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive Layer Model of Discrete-Time Recurrent Neural Networks with LT Neurons
Authors: Zhou Wei , Zurada Jacek M.
Published: May 2010

This letter discusses the competitive layer model (CLM) for a class of discrete-time recurrent neural networks with linear threshold (LT) neurons. It first addresses the boundedness, global attractivity, and complete stability of the networks. Two theorems are then presented for the networks to have CLM property. We also present the analysis for network dynamics, which performs a column winner-take-all behavior and grouping selection among different layers. Furthermore, we propose a novel synchronous CLM iteration method, which has similar performance and storage allocation but faster convergence compared with the previous asynchronous CLM iteration method (Wersing, Steil, & Ritter, 2001 ). Examples and simulation results are used to illustrate the developed theory, the comparison between two CLM iteration methods, and the application in image segmentation.
The Contribution of the Inter-American Human Rights Bodies to Evolving International Law on Indigenous Rights over Lands and Natural Resources
Authors: Tramontana Enzamaria
Published: May 2010

Because of the special relationship with land that characterises indigenous groups, rights over land and natural resources are at the heart of indigenous claims under international law. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court have developed a copious jurisprudence on the subject matter and contributed to the establishment of certain minimum indigenous peoples' land rights under customary international law. This article analyses the Inter-American judicial discourse on land issues in the light of the current status of relevant international law and reflects upon the potential contribution of the former to the further development of the latter. It focuses on the relationship between historical dispossessions and indigenous contemporary land claims, on the state duty to land delimitation, demarcation and titling, and on indigenous peoples' ownership over natural resources located within their traditional lands and their participatory rights in relation to resource exploitation.
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Development of a 'Generic' Approach to the Protection of Minority Rights in Europe?
Authors: Craig Elizabeth
Published: May 2010

This article considers some of the debates that have taken place in recent years about the Framework Convention's potential application to 'new minorities' or 'immigrant' groups. It explores the relevance of the work of Will Kymlicka to these debates as well as the stance adopted by the Framework Convention's Advisory Committee and State responses. The article argues that the protection of 'new' minorities under the Framework Convention should continue to be encouraged by the Advisory Committee and that this is an approach supported not only by Kymlicka's work but also on a more pragmatic level by State experiences to date.
A Shift in Japan's Stance on Indigenous Rights, and its Implications
Authors: McGrogan David
Published: May 2010

This article details a recent change in the position of the Japanese government towards the Ainu people, from assimilation and denial towards recognition of indigenousness and indigenous rights. It then gives reasons for this change in relation to the international context, with particular reference to external pressures which Japan faces to conform to international standards, and asks whether these pressures are likely to have an effect on the government's position with regard to the population of Okinawa. It locates this recent shift in Japan's stance in a general pattern of change in the Asian Pacific on indigenous rights, comparing this pattern to developments in Africa, and finally examines the question of whether the pressures which brought about the change in Japan's position on the Ainu are likely to affect other Asian states.
One Starfish at a Time
Authors: Moremen Robin D.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this article is to document how a course in the fundamentals of sociology encouraged students to rethink negative impressions about people with AIDS. Multimethod, active learning processes were utilized to introduce the sociological imagination, critical thinking, and theory and methods in sociology. The intent was to apply basic sociological knowledge to a real-world issue, HIV/AIDS in a global perspective. In the process of developing basic skills in sociology, a consistent change was noted in students’ self-reported impressions about people with AIDS in each of four semesters ( N = 160). Catastrophic contagion characterized their impressions at the beginning of the semester; humanizing attributes ( encouragement and empowerment) replaced catastrophic contagion at the end of the semester. Implications of these findings for teaching and learning, and deconstructing HIV/AIDS stigma, are discussed.
Developing a Sociological Imagination by Doing Sociology
Authors: Huisman Kimberly
Published: May 2010

The author addresses the development and implementation of a service-learning project for an undergraduate course in which students interview immigrant women, incorporate the interviewees’ experiences into an analytical paper, and present the findings at the end of the semester. Students are required to use C. Wright Mills’s concepts of history and biography by situating the stories told by the women within the larger sociohistorical contexts in which they live. The article proceeds in four sections. The first section provides an overview of service learning and its benefits. This is followed by a detailed description of the service-learning project. In the third section, the author draws from a postclass survey, course evaluations, and her observations to illustrate the ways in which the project enhances student learning and enables students to deepen their understanding of the sociological imagination. The article concludes with suggestions for how the project can be applied in other courses.
2009 Hans O. Mauksch Address
Authors: Howard Jay R.
Published: May 2010

The teaching and learning movement in sociology in general and within the American Sociological Association specifically has a surprisingly long history. This history can be divided into three periods of activity: early efforts (1905 to 1960), innovation and implementation (1960 to 1980), and the institutionalization of gains (1980 to 2009). Beginning in the first period, sociologists interested in teaching and learning focused cycles of attention on the introductory sociology course in higher education, high school sociology courses, and the formation of sections within the American Sociological Association. Hans Mauksch led a period of significant innovation in the 1960s and 1970s. Many of those gains were then institutionalized under the leadership of Carla Howery beginning in the 1980s. Publication related to teaching and learning, which was once spread throughout numerous outlets has, over time, become focused in Teaching Sociology. This article presents an investigation of the past and present of the teaching and learning movement in sociology and offers some suggested direction for the movement’s future.
Prognosis Negative? GINA’s Interim Incentives Ruling a Concern for Wellness Programs
Authors: Maroney Kevin
Published: May 2010

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was enacted to assure individuals covered by group health plans that their genetic information would not be used for underwriting and other improper purposes. Although there is appropriate support for GINA in the benefits community, it appears that interim regulations issued by the federal government extend well beyond GINA’s statutory provisions and original intent. In particular, there is concern from some wellness advocates that GINA regulations will prevent health coaches and wellness program professionals from obtaining family medical history information. Family medical history information is critically important to disease prevention, and by preventing access to this information, the concern among many in the benefits community is that the rules may do more harm than good.
Perceptions of the Effect of Public Policy on Employment Opportunities for Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Houston Kyle , Lammers H. Bruce , Svorny Shirley
Published: May 2010

Researchers have been unable to draw conclusions about labor market conditions for people who are deaf or hard of hearing because surveys of individuals with disabilities do not sufficiently sample these groups. The authors conducted a national survey of vocational rehabilitation counselors and others who provide services to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Respondents were asked their views about changes in labor market opportunities, job tenure, and the employment effects of Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, state antidiscrimination laws, and increased benefits under Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). In general, the respondents reported an improvement in labor market opportunities. However, a substantial number agreed that ADA requirements and increased benefits under SSDI and SSI have resulted in a drop in employment, particularly for workers who are deaf and lack postsecondary education.
Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008
Authors: Rozalski Michael , Katsiyannis Antonis , Ryan Joseph , Collins Terri , Stewart Angela
Published: May 2010

During the past decade, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on three cases, generally referred to as the “Sutton trilogy,” that sharply narrowed the scope of Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) protection. Specifically, the Court ruled that mitigating and/or corrective measures must be taken into account in determining whether an individual is eligible for protection under the ADA. The authors briefly review the Sutton trilogy case law, summarize the ADA 2008 amendments, and provide recommendations for employers concerning policy development that will proactively address the major modifications of ADA 2008 amendment.
The platelet interior revisited: electron tomography reveals tubular α-granule subtypes
Authors: van Nispen tot Pannerden Hezder , de Haas Felix , Geerts Willie , Posthuma George , van Dijk Suzanne , Heijnen Harry F. G.
Published: May 2010

We have used (cryo) electron tomography to provide a 3-dimensional (3D) map of the intracellular membrane organization of human platelets at high spatial resolution. Our study shows that the open canalicular system and dense tubular system are highly intertwined and form close associations in specialized membrane regions. 3D reconstructions of individual α-granules revealed large heterogeneity in their membrane organization. On the basis of their divergent morphology, we categorized α-granules into the following subtypes: spherical granules with electron-dense and electron-lucent zone containing 12-nm von Willebrand factor tubules, subtypes containing a multitude of luminal vesicles, 50-nm-wide tubular organelles, and a population with 18.4-nm crystalline cross-striations. Low-dose (cryo) electron tomography and 3D reconstruction of whole vitrified platelets confirmed the existence of long tubular granules with a remarkably curved architecture. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that these extended structures represent α-granule subtypes. Tubular α-granules represent approximately 16% of the total α-granule population and are detected in approximately half of the platelet population. They express membrane-bound proteins GLUT3 and αIIb-β3 integrin and contain abundant fibrinogen and albumin but low levels of β-thromboglobulin and no von Willebrand factor. Our 3D study demonstrates that, besides the existence of morphologically different α-granule subtypes, high spatial segregation of cargo exists within individual α-granules.
Refocusing migrated seismic images in absorptive media
Authors: Zhang Changjun , Ulrych Tadeusz J.
Published: May 2010

In seismic exploration, received seismic signals usually experience absorption during their propagation. However, seismic migration algorithms seldom take into account seismic absorption in their implementations. We have investigated the blurring effect in migrated images that occurs when using a regular migration algorithm to migrate those seismic data with absorption. The blurring functions can be calculated using a numerical method; and for layered media, a fast algorithm exists for updating the blurring function from one time step to another. The deblurring process is formulated as a problem of multidimensional nonstationary deconvolution. We use a least-squares inverse scheme to remove the absorption blurring effect and in turn refocus migrated images. The refocusing algorithm is stable, and convergence is achieved with a few iterations at each wavenumber. Experiments on synthetic and real data show that our refocusing technique is valid when compensating for seismic absorption after migration.
Efficient simultaneous wave-equation statics and trace regularization by series approximation
Authors: Ferguson Robert J.
Published: May 2010

To address the problems of irregular trace spacing and statics correction, simultaneous regularization and wave-equation statics (WE statics) are implemented by least-squares inversion. In general, inversion is found to be intractable in three dimensions, so series approximation is made to reduce significantly the number of required integrals. The resulting operator is suitable for direct inversion or for use with gradient methods. Real and synthetic data are used to determine the viability of the inversion. For synthetic data, even for severe velocity variation and topography, inversion converges to an acceptable solution, and aliasing is reduced significantly. Similarly, for real data, inversion is found to return an antialiased, regularized result with WE statics applied.
Evaluation of a Gastroenteritis Severity Score for Use in Outpatient Settings
Authors: Freedman Stephen B. , Eltorky Mohamed , Gorelick Marc ,   the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada Gastroenteritis Study Group
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal reliability, construct validity, and ease of administration of a gastroenteritis disease severity score, the modified Vesikari score (MVS), which does not require in-person assessment.

METHODS:

The MVS was created by replacing 1 variable (percent dehydration) in the original score with the need for future health care visits. We used the MVS to assess the global severity of disease in a cohort of children 3 to 48 months of age with acute gastroenteritis who were evaluated in 1 of 11 participating pediatric emergency departments. In this prospective study, caregivers recorded symptoms at home in a diary and reported the results via telephone at follow-up evaluation 14 days later. To evaluate internal reliability, we examined correlations between the items included in the score. Construct validity was evaluated by assessing the correlation between the total score and other proxy outcomes of disease severity, MVS distribution, and consistency between sites.

RESULTS:

A total of 455 children were enrolled, and 415 were successfully contacted for follow-up evaluation. Internal reliability was acceptable, with Cronbach's α of 0.59. Disease severity was correlated with day care (P = .01) and work (P = .002) absenteeism. The MVS was normally distributed, and mean scores did not differ between the 11 sites.

CONCLUSIONS:

The MVS seems to measure effectively the global severity of disease in a cohort of children with acute gastroenteritis. These data support the use of the MVS as an outcome measure in future clinical trials.
Trends in Atlantic Contribution to Mixed-Stock King Mackerel Landings in South Florida Inferred from Otolith Shape Analysis
Authors: Shepard Katherine E. , Patterson William F. , De Vries Douglas A.
Published: May 2010

The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (GOM) stocks of king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla are genetically distinct but have overlapping winter ranges around South Florida. Understanding the factors driving the relative contribution of each stock to South Florida winter landings is necessary for effective management. The contribution of the Atlantic stock was estimated for the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 fishing seasons using otolith shape as a natural tag. Analysis of otolith shapes from king mackerel sampled in summer (when the Atlantic and GOM stocks were presumed to be geographically separated) revealed significant sex and stock effects. Discriminant function analysis conducted with otolith morphometric indices and Fourier harmonic amplitudes as classification variables produced jackknifed classification success rates ranging from 60% to 73%. Maximum likelihood estimates of the Atlantic stock's contribution to winter landings indicated that there was a spatial gradient, the lowest contribution (mean = 25%) occurring off southwestern Florida and the highest (mean = 48%) off southeastern Florida. Estimates of the Atlantic stock's contribution to the easternmost zone increased from December through March, possibly reflecting the northward spring migration of both stocks. A comparison of contemporary and historic estimates dating back to the 1996–1997 fishing season revealed evidence of a long-term increase in the GOM stock's contribution, which may be driven by a dramatic increase in the size of the GOM stock and a gradual decline in that of the Atlantic stock over the time period considered.
Assessing Stakeholder Perspectives on the Impacts of a Decade of Collaborative Fisheries Research in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank
Authors: Feeney Rachel Gallant , La Valley Kenneth J. , Hall-Arber Madeleine
Published: May 2010

Analysis of the perceptions of commercial fishermen, marine scientists, and other stakeholders of the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank ecosystem regarding collaborative fisheries research revealed that the benefits of collaboration have been extensive and that a loss of further research opportunities would be consequential. To date, more than 1,000 individuals have participated in research initiatives dedicated to promoting collaboration between scientists and fishermen. A series of eight public meetings were held in the summer of 2008 to determine from fishermen, scientists, and others how this collaboration has affected them, their communities, and the management of important marine resources. Of the 142 attendees, participation was greatest among fishermen (28%) and scientists (24%). The impact of collaborative fisheries research most frequently cited was an increase in the regional capacity to conduct research, utilizing the knowledge and expertise of fishermen and industry vessels as research platforms. Improvements in communication, relationships, and trust between science, industry, and other stakeholders were also lauded. In addition to the social impacts, the economic benefits included enhanced gear efficiency, new fishery opportunities, and help in sustaining fishing operations in times of more restrictive fisheries management. The most frequently cited potential impact of a loss in future funding were probable limits to the capacity of science and management to address local, emerging, or regulatory priorities. Less funding would result in fewer opportunities for stakeholders to work together, build trust, and network. We conclude that because the demands for stakeholder engagement and scientific information will only increase with the global shift toward ecosystem-based management, programs specifically designed to foster collaboration will play a critical role.
Psychometric Properties of the Task Self-Efficacy Scale for Everyday Activities in Older Adults
Authors: Roberts Beverly L. , Dolansky Mary A. , Weber Bryan A.
Published: May 2010

Physical and cognitive factors contribute to independence in daily activities, but the confidence to perform an activity (self-efficacy) also contributes to it. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Task Self-efficacy Scale (TSE) for confidence in performing daily activities. Validity and reliability were assessed in 278 older adults with scores on all items on the TSE for analysis. Factor analysis revealed two factors (self-care and mobility) explaining 72.42% of the variance in the items. Moderate to large correlations were found between the TSE for Self-Care and TSE for Mobility to exertion (.90 to .93, respectively) and fatigue (–.79 to –.84, respectively) associated with activities assessed in the TSE. The expected differences in TSE were found between those with and without mobility difficulties, fear of falls, and shortness of breath with activity. Cronbach’s alpha was .96.
Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice
Authors: Meduri Avanthi
Published: May 2010

The promise of critical liberation that postcolonial and transnational perspectives offer by urging us to think the complex imbrication of the global in the local remains an unfulfilled promise in South Asian dance scholarship. I will elaborate this point by describing the global thrust of Rukmini Devi's art and education movement, which could not be recuperated within the territorializing intellectual framework of Indian nationalism, and explain why she, in fact, manifests herself as a discursive failure in standard scholarly accounts of Bharatanatyam in the United States.

Part I: Bharatanatyam manifests itself as a world form today, quite like Ballet, albeit with a different genealogy. It is researched in western academic institutions in the United Kingdom, Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and Malaysia. Practitioners and dance scholars organize international conferences focused on Bharatanatyam all over the world today, and the Dance Studies Program at Roehampton, supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB), has assumed a leadership role in providing a new, global profile for the dance.
The Public Is Invited to Dance: Presentation for Seema Haria's Arangetram Cleveland, Ohio, September 31, 1993
Authors: Albright Ann Cooper
Published: May 2010

This short talk, written over a decade ago, was originally presented at Seema Haria's arangetram in Cleveland, Ohio on July 31, 1993. At that performative event, Seema's dancing was showcased for an audience of over 200 friends and family. Although over the years I have lost contact with Seema, I have continued to be involved with different aspects of Classical Indian Dance, both in the United States and abroad. I have also taught dance (including Contact Improvisation) in India, and I find myself engaging with the concept of rasa that I present here in various aspects of my life.

The exchange of ideas across cultures is a strange and wondrous phenomenon. Real concerns about cultural appropriation and the unequal access to the power of representation mean that we must learn to tread carefully across regional and ethnic differences. Yet at the beginning of the twenty-first century I am more convinced than ever that these exchanges, when consciously initiated, can be extraordinarily fruitful. There is something compelling for me about Classical Indian Dance, and as I engage with various forms and their histories, I am inspired to share in the dancing—intellectually, physically, and spiritually. Please join me.
Intensive Intervention for Students with Mathematics Disabilities: Seven Principles of Effective Practice
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas , Powell Sarah R. , Seethaler Pamela M. , Cirino Paul T. , Fletcher Jack M.
Published: May 2010

The focus of this article is intervention for third-grade students with serious mathematics deficits at third grade. In third grade, such deficits are clearly established, and identification of mathematics disabilities typically begins. We provide background information on two aspects of mathematical cognition that present major challenges for students in the primary grades: number combinations and story problems. We then focus on seven principles of effective intervention. First, we describe a validated, intensive remedial intervention for number combinations and another for story problems. Then, we use these interventions to illustrate the first six principles for designing intensive tutoring protocols for students with mathematics disabilities. Next, using the same validated interventions, we report the percentage of students whose learning outcomes were inadequate despite the overall efficacy of the interventions and explain how ongoing progress monitoring represents a seventh, and perhaps the most essential, principle of intensive intervention. We conclude by identifying issues and directions for future research in the primary and later grades.
The re­establishment of Andrea (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae), a monotypic genus from Southeastern Brazil threatened with extinction
Authors: Brown Gregory K. , Leme Elton M.C.
Published: May 2010

A cladistic analysis of morphological data for the genus Canistropsis is presented. With the exception of two species, C. selloana and C. correia-araujoi, results support Canistropsis as monophyletic. Canistropsis correia-araujoi is a suspected, natural bigeneric hybrid. Canistropsis selloana is transferred back into the monotypic genus Andrea. A taxonomic treatment, including a greatly emended description, and discussion of the distribution, habitat, and conservation of Andrea selloana is presented.
A new combination and a new species of Andean Mutisieae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Sancho Gisela , Freire Susana E. , Katinas Liliana , Tellería María C.
Published: May 2010

Gochnatia lanceolata was described on the basis of two collections: the type (Carolina 01) from Peru and a paratype (Torrico & Peca 336) from Bolivia. The morphological characters analyzed here (e.g., style branches, apical anther appendages, phyllaries, pollen, and leaf anatomy) show that these specimens belong to different taxa. A new combination in Chucoa (Chucoa lanceolata) is proposed for the type collection from Peru. A new species, Gochnatia angustifolia, is described on the basis of the paratype from Bolivia.
Taxonomic realignment of the fossil polypodiaceous rhizome Thayeriorhizomoxylon chandrae (“chandraii”) Patil and Datar from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of India
Authors: Bonde Suresh D. , Kumaran Nauneeth K. P.
Published: May 2010

Re­examination of the type material and micropreparations of “Thayeriorhizomoxylon chandrae Patil & Datar” (published as “T. chandraii”; Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) has revealed that the so­called branched rhizome is a petiolar base of the “Acrostichum type”. The overall morpho­anatomy of the petiole plus root morphology are similar to that of Acrostichum intertrappeum. In light of above, T. chandrae is being realigned to A. intertrappeum Bonde & Kumaran.
Viscin threads on pollen of Circaea ×intermedia Ehrh. (Circaeeae: Onagraceae)
Authors: Skvarla John J. , Rowley John R. , Hoch Peter C. , Chissoe William F.
Published: May 2010

Viscin threads are here described for the exine of Circaea ×intermedia Ehrh. (C. alpina L. × C. lutetiana L.). Often, the threads bifurcate, taper distally and have branched terminal ends. The smooth surface has lightly sculptured bands and randomly occurring and positioned sporopollenin globules. At the point of attachment with the exine the threads show either a natural transition with exine surface elements or have bulb­like enlargements. Circaea ×intermedia viscin threads present a remarkable contrast to the generally poorly defined viscin threads on Circaea pollen.
The identity and typification of Smilax grandifolia Regel, nom. illeg. and S. regelii Killip & C. V. Morton (Smilacaceae)
Authors: Applequist Wendy L.
Published: May 2010

Smilax regelii Killip & C. V. Morton (1936), universally applied to an economically important Central American sarsaparilla, is a nomen novum for an illegitimate later homonym, S. grandifolia Regel (1856, non Buckley, 1843), which has been declared recently to be a synonym of the South American S. longifolia Rich. and typified with material allegedly belonging thereto. Regel’s description and relevant historical specimens indicate that Regel’s concept of S. grandifolia does not make it synonymous with the South American S. longifolia but with the Central American taxon now called S. regelii. Demonstrably original material of S. grandifolia has not been located. A recently designated neotype of S. grandifolia, also not found and never seen by Regel, is in serious conflict with the protologue and must be rejected (Art. 9.17b). To maintain current nomenclature, S. grandifolia Regel is neotypified with an element, probably seen by Regel, whose origin is presumably from Central America. The correct name for Honduran or brown sarsaparilla remains S. regelii Killip & C. V. Morton.
Origin and subdivision ofPlagiochila(Jungermanniidae: Plagiochilaceae) in tropical Africa based on evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology
Authors: Heinrichs Jochen , Lindner Melanie , Gradstein S. Robbert , Groth Henk , Buchbender Volker , Solga Andreas , Fischer Eberhard
Published: May 2010

Maximum likelihood analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the chloroplast protein coding generps4were conducted to investigate phylogenetic relationships among species ofPlagiochilaand to reconstruct the ranges of natural species groups within the genus. Based on the results of the molecular analyses and on morphological evidence, the tropical African species ofPlagiochilaare assigned to the sectionsArrectae,Cucullatae,Hylacoetes,Rutilantes,Vagae, and the new sect.Africanae(P. barteri,P. colorans). With the exception ofAfricanae, all sections possess intercontinental ranges; their centers of diversity are in the tropics. Clade and species diversity in Africa is lower than in other parts of the tropics and may reflect drought periods of the Pleistocene. Intercontinental ranges at specific level exist between tropical America and Africa whereas similarities between tropical Asia and Africa were only recovered at the sectional level. ITS sequence sets were used to test the monophyly of species with intercontinental ranges and to explore the development of the Afro‐American range ofP. boryana. A well supported clade with accessions ofP. boryanafrom Bolivia and Uganda is nested in the robust neotropicalHylacoetes. This topology and the low genetic distance of the differentP. boryanaaccessions provide some evidence for long‐range dispersal ofP. boryanaeastwards across the Atlantic, originating from the Neotropics. An African origin of theVagaeclade which includes neotropical and paleotropical taxa is suggested by the clustering of accessions from the East African Islands at the base of this clade. In addition, the presented data support the hypothesis of several switches from Africa to Asia and vice versa. A derived clade withinVagaeincludes accessions from the African mainland and the Neotropics. Our results seem to indicate that the extant tropical AfricanPlagiochilaflora is a mixture of old elements and rather recent immigrants.
Successful extraction of DNA from 100‐year‐old herbarium specimens of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata
Authors: Jankowiak Kamila , Buczkowska Katarzyna , Szweykowska-Kulinska Zofia
Published: May 2010

Using a modified DNeasy™ Plant Mini Kit method to extract DNA, we were able to isolate DNA from 100year‐old liverwort herbarium specimens. We sucessfully isolated DNA from 18 specimens of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata collected during the 20th century. Our observations suggest that, at least over 100 years of material storage, the most crucial factor in successful DNA isolation is method of drying, not age of sample.
Global patterns of moss diversity: taxonomic and molecular inferences
Authors: Shaw A. Jonathan , Cox Cymon J. , Goffinet Bernard
Published: May 2010

Taxonomic and molecular data were utilized to test the hypothesis that moss diversity is greatest near the equator. Species richness estimates from 86 taxonomic checklists representing global moss diversity do not support the hypothesis that, in general, mosses are more species‐rich in the tropics than at higher latitudes. A significant latitudinal gradient was, however, detected for North, Central, and South American samples when analyzed alone. Taxonomic estimates of biodiversity patterns were compared to molecular estimates based on standing nucleotide diversity, and on phylogenetic diversity, the latter taking into account the historical information contained in a molecular phylogenetic tree for the mosses. Molecular estimates suggest that moss diversity is highest in the Southern Hemisphere and lowest in the Northern Hemisphere, with the tropics having an intermediate level. The differences, however, are slight, and analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicate that there is virtually no generalized differentiation between major latitudinal zones. These results reflect the fact that virtually all moss lineages have representatives in all three latitudinal zones. At the nucleotide level, mosses best fit the pattern of “everything is everywhere”.
Interpolation hypothesis for origin of the vegetative sporophyte of land plants
Authors: Kato Masahiro , Akiyama Hiroyuki
Published: May 2010

This paper reviews interpretations of the morphology and evolution of the bryophyte sporophyte, and proposes a scenario for the early evolution of the land plant sporophyte. Paleobotanical and neobotanical evidence implies that the earliest land plants were bryophyte‐like and diverged to bryophytes and pteridophytes. The current hypothesis for the sporophyte evolution is that the seta, i.e., an axis bearing the sporangium of bryophytes, elaborated to the ramified polysporangiophyte stem. From comparison of reported developmental data with a special focus on the apical cell and other meristems, we propose that the entire bryophyte sporophyte is a footed sporangium (sporogonium) with or without a seta. The seta is interpreted as a sporangial stalk and is not homologous to the stem of polysporangiate plants. Having the persistent apical meristem, the shoot of polysporangiate plants seems to be a novel vegetative organ interpolated in the life cycle, while the sporogonium evolved to the sporangium separated from the foot and later produced on the stem or leaf.
A new species of Mucuna Adans. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) from southeastern Brazil, with a key to Brazilian species
Authors: Tozzi Ana Maria G. A. , Agostini Kayna , Sazima Marlies
Published: May 2010

A new species, Mucuna japira A. M. G. Azevedo, Agostini & Sazima, is described from Brazil. It has features similar to M. sloanei Fawc. & Rendle, but has pseudo‐racemose inflorescences and the standard petal measures ¾ of the length of the keel, whereas M. sloanei has umbellate inflorescences and the standard petal measures ½ of the length of the keel. This new species is restricted to the Atlantic forest of coastal São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. A key to Brazilian species is provided.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Ranunculaceae
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , Spencer Mark A. , Cafferty Steve
Published: May 2010

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 10 specialists for 27 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
Typification of some Macaronesian and Mediterranean dendroid spurges
Authors: Molero Julià , Rovira Ana Maria
Published: May 2010

Typification is provided for some names of Macaronesian and Mediterranean species of dendroid Euphorbia, traditionally associated with Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae (Boiss.) Pax, as a nomenclatural contribution to a forthcoming taxonomic revision of this group. In addition, the inclusion of Euphorbia lambii and E. mellifera into synonymy of E. bourgeana and E. longifolia, respectively, is substantiated.
Lectotypification of twenty‐one names in Rhodanthemum (Compositae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Vogt Robert
Published: May 2010

Lectotypes are designated for twenty‐one names currently included in Rhodanthemum ; for seven other such names, the holotypes or previously designated lectotypes are indicated. The new combination Rhodanthemum gayanum subsp. fallax is validated.
Lectotypification and status of Isaria Pers. : Fr.
Authors: Hodge Kathie T. , Gams Walter , Samson Robert A. , Korf Richard P. , Seifert Keith A.
Published: May 2010

The nomenclatural status and history of the generic name Isaria are reviewed. Authorship and typification are discussed, and we conclude that Isaria Pers. : Fr. is a validly published generic name that has previously been effectively and appropriately lectotypified by Isaria farinosa (Holm : Fr.) Fr. A lectotype illustration and an epitype specimen are designated for I. farinosa. We suggest that the name Isaria be used for species previously assigned to Paecilomyces section Isarioidea Samson. Further taxonomic studies are required to determine the appropriate circumscription of Isaria. Our conclusions preserve a Friesian genus in a familiar sense.
A note on the type of Orobanche sanguinea C. Presl (Orobanchaceae), nom. cons. prop.
Authors: Domina Gianniantonio , Greuter Werner , Mazzola Pietro
Published: May 2010

The type specimen of Orobanche sanguinea C. Presl, still identifiable even though damaged, belongs to the species generally known under that name. It is therefore unnecessary to conserve Presl’s name with a conserved type, as has been proposed. To eliminate any future controversy over the application of the name Orobanche sanguinea, an epitype is designated.
Acacia: the case against moving the type to Australia
Authors: Luckow Melissa , Hughes Colin , Schrire Brian , Winter Pieter , Fagg Christopher , Fortunato Renee , Hurter Johan , Rico Lourdes , Breteler Frans J. , Bruneau Anne , Caccavari Marta , Craven Lyn , Crisp Mike , Delgado Alfonso S. , Demissew Sebsebe , Doyle Jeffrey J. , Grether Rosaura , Harris Stephen , Herendeen Patrick S. , Hernández Héctor M. , Hirsch Ann M. , Jobson Richard , Klitgaard Bente B. , Labat Jean-Noël , Lock Mike , MacKinder Barbara , Pfeil Bernard , Simpson Beryl B. , Smith Gideon F. , Sousa Mario S. , Timberlake Jonathan , van der Maesen Jos G. , Van Wyk A. E. , Vorster Piet , Willis Christopher K. , Wieringa Jan J. , Wojciechowski Martin F.
Published: May 2010

Recent studies have shown that Acacia is polyphyletic and must be split into five genera. Proposal 1584 would retypify Acacia : the type of the Australian taxon A. penninervis would be conserved over the current lectotype (A. scorpioides ) of an African taxon. We disagree with the recommendation of the Spermatophyte Committee to endorse this proposal. Contrary to Article 14.12 of the ICBN, no detailed case against conservation was presented in Proposal 1584. We maintain that there are strong arguments against conservation, such as the large number of countries that would be affected, the economic importance of the extra‐Australian species, and the economic burden placed on developing countries. Acceptance of this proposal would also violate the guidelines for conservation which clearly state that the principle of priority should prevail when conservation for one part of the world would create disadvantageous change in another part of the world.
Dr. Hsen‐Hsu Hu (1894–1968) — a founder of modern plant taxonomy in China
Authors: Ma Jinshuang , Barringer Kerry
Published: May 2010

Hsen‐Hsu Hu (1894–1968), an influential Chinese scientist, was the founder of modern plant taxonomy in China. His career and later status have never been fully reported outside China, even though he passed away more than thirty‐seven years ago. This memorial paper describes his life, his major botanical contributions, and his turbulent final years.
Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina
Authors: Andersson Lennart , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: May 2010

Relationships of and within the Rubiaceae tribe Cinchoneae were estimated based on DNA sequence variation in five loci: the ITS region, the matK and rbcL genes, the rps16 intron, and the trnL-F region including the trnL intron and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. Within Cinchonoideae s.s., the tribe Naucleeae is the sister group of a clade that comprises all other taxa. Cinchoneae and Isertieae s.s., are strongly supported as sister groups. The tribe Cinchoneae is strongly supported as monophyletic in a restricted sense, including the genera Cinchona, Cinchonopsis, Joosia, Ladenbergia, Remijia and Stilpnophyllum. There is strong support that these genera are monophyletic as presently conceived, except that one species mostly referred to Remijia is of uncertain phylogenetic affinity. To accommodate this species and a morphologically closely similar one, a new genus, Ciliosemina A. Antonelli, is proposed and two new combinations are made.
Phylogenetic analysis and generic limits of the tribe Pomaderreae (Rhamnaceae) using internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences
Authors: Kellermann Jürgen , Udovicic Frank , Ladiges Pauline Y.
Published: May 2010

The tribe Pomaderreae (Rhamnaceae) currently consists of approximately 180 species in seven genera, endemic to Australia and New Zealand. It is the second largest tribe of Rhamnaceae. We undertook a phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data from 69 representative species of Pomaderreae and five outgroup taxa. The monophyly of Pomaderreae was confirmed. The clades found in the strict consensus tree are mostly consistent with the currently accepted genera of the tribe. All major clades, except Stenanthemum, received moderate to strong bootstrap and jackknife support. Only the relationship between Siegfriedia and Pomaderris received strong support; relationships between other genera did not receive support above 50%. Taxonomic changes are suggested and a preliminary classification of Pomaderreae is proposed, including the monophyletic genera Cryptandra, Pomaderris, Spyridium and Trymalium. Blackallia and Siegfriedia are monotypic. Two new genera are required: one containing two atypical species of Stenanthemum and the second genus consisting of previously unrelated species from three genera that share a 2‐carpellate ovary and a characteristic indumentum. The taxonomic status of Stenanthemum requires further examination. A split of Cryptandra into smaller genera is not supported.
Systematic position of the genera Serratula and Klasea within Centaureinae (Cardueae, Asteraceae) inferred from ETS and ITS sequence data and new combinations in Klasea
Authors: Martins Ludwig , Hellwig Frank H.
Published: May 2010

The systematic positions of the genera Serratula and Klasea were investigated on the basis of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal and external transcribed spacer sequences. Klasea comprises the major part of the species traditionally placed in Serratula. Serratula is part of a clade containing the more derived genera of Centaureinae, whereas Klasea is a basal segregate within the subtribe, possibly sister to the Rhaponticum group. Nikitinia, a monotypic genus whose affinities were supposed by some authors in Carduinae, by others in Centaureinae, clearly belongs to Klasea and is sunk into synonymy of the latter. A total of six new combinations are made in Klasea.
On resurrection of the families Pseudoleskeaceae Schimp. and Pylaisiaceae Schimp. (Musci, Hypnales)
Authors: Gardiner Anastasia , Ignatov Michael , Huttunen Sanna , Troitsky Alexey
Published: May 2010

Results from our analysis of chloroplast trnL‐trnF and nuclear ITS1 and ITS2 sequence data and 35 morphological characters for 134 taxa of pleurocarpous mosses provide an evidence for resurrecting two moss families, Pseudoleskeaceae and Pylaisiaceae. Both these families were described by Schimper in 1860, but soon afterwards included in Leskeaceae and Hypnaceae, respectively, and apparently never used in the 20th century. However, sequence‐level data analysis (chloroplast encoded trnL intron and trnL‐trnF spacer, nuclear encoded ITS1 & ITS2), and combined molecular and morphological analysis demonstrate the remote position of (1) the Lescuraea‐group from the main part of Leskeaceae; and (2) a group of species belonging to Pylaisia, Homomallium and Hypnum (sections others than sect. Hypnum) from Hypnum sect. Hypnum (with H. cupressiforme as the type of the genus).
Are Mylia and Trabacellula (Hepaticae) related? Unsuspected links revealed by cell wall morphology, with the transfer of Mylia anomala to a new genus (Leiomylia J.J. Engel & Braggins) of Jungermanniaceae
Authors: Engel John J. , Braggins John E.
Published: May 2010

Scanning electron micrographs reveal a striking similarity of cell wall characters among Mylia taylorii, M. verrucosa, M. nuda and Trabacellula tumidula. All of these taxa have the presence of irregularly shaped strips and plates of smooth wall material, each separated by grids that interconnect the plates and strips. These species all also share the presence of well‐formed perforations positioned over the middle lamella between the walls of adjacent cells. The grids and perforations are discussed and illustrated with SEM images. The studies of the leaf surfaces of Trabacellula and Mylia reveal closer taxonomic affinities of the two genera than heretofore thought, and an alternative classification and a realignment of these genera to reflect this affinity is suggested. Mylia is recognized in an independent family, Myliaceae (Grolle) Schljakov. The study also reveals that Mylia anomala is best retained in Jungermanniaceae, as a new genus, Leiomylia, and placed in its own subfamily within Jungermanniaceae, Leiomylioideae. It is suggested that Trabacellula is appropriately placed in a separate and distinct family, Trabacellulaceae Fulford. Based upon the linkage of surface features and other similarities, the two families are placed in a new suborder, Subord. Myliineae.
The Malagasy endemic Dendroportulaca (Portulacaceae) is referable to Deeringia (Amaranthaceae): molecular and morphological evidence
Authors: Applequist Wendy L. , Pratt Donald B.
Published: May 2010

Dendroportulaca mirabilis U. Eggli, a Malagasy liana described as an atypical member of Portulacaceae, was shown by ndhF sequence data to be placed within Amaranthaceae tribe Celosieae, strongly supported as sister to Deeringia polysperma. A re‐evaluation of the morphology of Dendroportulaca, including field observations, also supported its placement within Celosieae and in particular its relationship to the existing Malagasy species of Deeringia. Dendroportulaca mirabilis is herein transferred to Deeringia.