bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Coarse-Grained Parallel Homotopy for Mechanism Design
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Zhang M. , Ratnam R. , Suri D.
Published: March 2005

Polynomial systems of equations arise frequently in many scientific and engineering applications such as solid modeling, kinematics, and robotics and chemical process de-sign. Locally convergent iterative solution methods may diverge or fail to find all possible solutions to a system of polynomial equations. Recently, homotopy algorithms have been proposed for solving polynomial equations. These methods are globally convergent from any arbitrary starting point, can reliably compute all possible solutions, and are inherently parallel in nature. For problems arising in mechanism design, it is shown in this paper that through a use of m-homogenization and by defining auxiliary equations in addition to the design equations, the number of homotopy paths to be tracked (and the associated computational effort) to obtain all possible solutions can be reduced significantly. Further computation time gains are realized by using the data-parallel nature of these methods, which involved implementing them on Connection Machines CM-2/5. Numerical examples dealing with the synthesis of a slider-crank mechanism for six and eight finitely and multiply separated precision positions are presented.
Assessing the Impact of Financial and Capital Market Reforms on Firms’ Corporate Financing Patterns in India
Authors: Shirai Sayuri
Published: March 2005

India’s financial and capital market reforms since the early nineties have positively impacted on the performance of the banking sector and the capital market. Based on the 5,000 firm-level database, this article shows that high-quality firms—defined as those that are profitable, have access to the commercial paper market and face relatively stable profitability—have reduced the proportion of loans further in 1997-2001 as compared with the period of 1992-96. This tendency strengthened during the period when the IPO requirement was tightened and the stock-market boom collapsed (so that many firms increased recourse to bank loans). This indicates that the capital market has succeeded in differentiating high-quality firms from low-quality ones, thereby making it cheaper for the former to raise funds from the market. Given the frequent cases of malpractice and price riggings, however, the government still needs to make continuous efforts to improve the infrastructure by strengthening penalty associated with malpractice, tightening accounting and auditing standards, and providing timely and precise information.
Ankle plantar flexor force production is an important determinant of the preferred walk-to-run transition speed
Authors: Neptune Richard R. , Sasaki Kotaro
Published: March 2005

The mechanisms that govern the voluntary transition from walking to running as walking speed increases in human gait are not well understood. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that plantar flexor muscle force production is greatly impaired at the preferred transition speed(PTS) due to intrinsic muscle properties and, thus, serves as a determinant for the walk-to-run transition. The plantar flexors have been shown to be important contributors to satisfying the mechanical energetic demands of walking and are the primary contributors to the observed ground reaction forces (GRFs) during the propulsion phase. Thus, if the plantar flexor force production begins to diminish near the PTS despite an increase in muscle activation, then a corresponding decrease in the GRFs during the propulsion phase would be expected. This expectation was supported. Both the peak anterior/posterior and vertical GRFs decreased during the propulsion phase at walking speeds near the PTS. A similar decrease was not observed during the braking phase. Further analysis using forward dynamics simulations of walking at increasing speeds and running at the PTS revealed that all lower extremity muscle forces increased with walking speed, except the ankle plantar flexors. Despite an increase in muscle activation with walking speed, the gastrocnemius muscle force decreased with increasing speed, and the soleus force decreased for walking speeds exceeding 80% PTS. These decreases in force production were attributed to the intrinsic force–length–velocity properties of muscle. In addition, the running simulation analysis revealed that the plantar flexor forces nearly doubled for similar activation levels when the gait switched to a run at the PTS due to improved contractile conditions. These results suggest the plantar flexors may serve as an important determinant for the walk-to-run transition and highlight the important role intrinsic muscle properties play in determining the specific neuromotor strategies used in human locomotion.
Effect of ultrasound-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation on benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules – a randomised study
Authors: Døssing Helle , Bennedbæk Finn Noe , Hegedüs Laszlo
Published: March 2005

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) on thyroid function, nodule size and patient satisfaction in benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules by comparing one ILP session with no treatment in a prospective randomised study.

Materials and methods: Thirty euthyroid outpatients with a benign solitary solid and a scintigraphically cold thyroid nodule causing local discomfort were assigned to one session of ILP (n = 15) or observation (n = 15) and followed for 6 months. Thyroid nodule volume and total thyroid volume were assessed by US and thyroid function was determined by routine assays before and during follow-up. Pressure and cosmetic complaints before and at 6 months were evaluated on a visual analogue scale. ILP was performed under US guidance and with an output power of 2.5–3.5 W.

Results: In the ILP group, the nodule volume decreased from 8.2 ml (6.1; 11.9) (median; quartiles) to 4.8 ml (3.0; 6.6) after 6 months (P = 0.001). The overall median reduction was 44% (37; 52), which correlated with a significant decrease in pressure symptoms as well as cosmetic complaints. In the control group, a non-significant increase in median nodule volume of 7% (0; 34) after 6 months was seen. No major side-effects were seen in the ILP group. There was no correlation between thermal energy deposition and nodule volume reduction. Thyroid function was unaltered throughout.

Conclusion: US-guided ILP, given as a single treatment, resulted in a satisfactory clinical response in the majority of patients with a benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodule, and may become a clinically relevant alternative to surgery in selected patients.
Increased levels of serum osteoprotegerin in hypothyroid patients and its normalization with restoration of normal thyroid function
Authors: Nagasaki Toshiki , Inaba Masaaki , Jono Shuichi , Hiura Yoshikazu , Tahara Hideki , Shirakawa Kumi , Onoda Naoyoshi , Ishikawa Tetsuro , Ishimura Eiji , Nishizawa Yoshiki
Published: March 2005

Hypothyroidism is associated with increased morbidity from cardiovascular disease, and an increase in serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) has recently been reported to be associated with the severity of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality. The present study was designed to examine whether hypothyroidism causes an increase in serum OPG, and to determine whether levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy might suppress serum OPG levels in hypothyroid patients. Fifty-three hypothyroid patients with chronic thyroiditis and age- and sex-matched normal control subjects were examined for the levels of serum OPG and plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF), a vascular injury marker. Thirty-seven of the hypothyroid patients were further monitored for changes in these markers during 1 year in a euthyroid state induced by L-T4 replacement therapy. Baseline OPG was significantly higher in hypothyroid patients than in normal controls (4.51 ± 0.50 vs 3.72 ± 0.23 pmol/l (mean ± S.E.);P= 0.0182). In multivariate analysis, baseline OPG was significantly associated with baseline levels of TSH (r= 0.280,P= 0.0162) and vWF (r= 0.626,P< 0.0001). During one year of L-T4 replacement therapy, hypothyroid patients showed a significant decrease in OPG levels from 4.35 ± 0.51 to 3.48 ± 0.26 pmol/l (P= 0.0166), a level comparable to normal controls. The change in serum OPG levels during L-T4 replacement therapy was significantly and independently associated in a negative fashion with baseline vWF (r= −0.503,P= 0.0014). This study suggested that the severity of hypothyroidism and vascular injury might have important independent roles in increasing the serum OPG level in hypothyroid patients. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a sustained euthyroid state might have the potential to decrease the serum OPG level in hypothyroid patients and that the degree of vascular injury in the hypothyroid state is independently associated with a decrease in serum OPG during a 1-year normalization of thyroid function.
Modification of Electrical Properties and Magnetic Domain Structures in Magnetic Nanostructures by AFM Nanolithography
Authors: Takemura Y. , Shirakashi J.‐I.
Published: March 2005

Nanolithography techniques using a scanning probe microscopy have recently attracted much attention. Here, the fabrication of magnetic nanostructures, and modification of their electrical and magnetic properties are introduced. Advantages of lateral structures for magnetic devices fabricated by the nanolithography using an atomic force microscopy are discussed. In order to develop these spin‐related devices, control of magnetic domains in nanoscale ferromagnetic materials is significant. Experimental results on the direct modification of magnetic domain structures in Co nanostructures by the nanolithography are lastly described.
An investigation of gas hydrates formation energetics
Authors: Avlonitis Dimitrios
Published: March 2005

A method was developed and implemented for predicting enthalpies of gas hydrate formation, which are required for the efficient design of gas hydrate‐based processes. The proposed method is based on the statistical thermodynamic theory of solid solutions and it is thermodynamically consistent. It allows delineation of the various energetic contributions, does not resort to empirical constants enforced by regressions and applies to any simple or multicomponent bulk hydrate equilibrium system at the hydrate point or beyond it. The application of the method was demonstrated for several simple, double and multicomponent gas hydrate systems with one or two equilibrium hydrate phases. It was found that a major energetic component in hydrate formation is the heat of enclathration, defined as the residual enthalpy of the enclathrated gas. All example applications indicated that this property is a constant, independent of temperature, pressure and composition, characteristic only of the individual gas and it was regressed by a general corresponding states analytical expression. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Integrated medical feedback systems for drug delivery
Authors: Heller Adam
Published: March 2005

Drugs are now administered at frequencies and doses based on averages optimized for large populations. Because the optimal frequency and dose for an individual differs, transiently or permanently, from that of a population's average, the dosing is necessarily suboptimal. Feedback loop‐based individualized integrated medical systems, comprising an implanted sensor, battery, amplifier, processor, and actuator are now in use in cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. Drug‐delivering medical feedback loops, comprising miniature sensors and drug pumps, would individualize, and thereby improve the effectiveness and safety of drugs. Their sensor would continuously or frequently monitor the effect of the drug and adjust, through a medical control algorithm, its flow to the minimum necessary for effectiveness, reducing thereby side effects and improving the success rate of experimental drugs. The pace of integration of the drug delivering feedback loops depends on the availability of proven miniature components and of medical control algorithms. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Triple‐decker tin and lead cations
Authors: Cowley Alan H. , Jones Jamie N. , Macdonald Charles L. B.
Published: March 2005

The triple‐decker cation salts [(η5‐C5Me5)M(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)M(η5‐C5Me5)][B(C6F5)4] (M = Sn, Pb) have been prepared by treatment of [(η5‐C5Me5)M][B(C6F5)4] with the corresponding metallocenes, [M(η5‐C5Me5)2] (M = Sn, Pb). Investigation of the structures of these triple‐decker systems by X‐ray crystallography revealed an overall cis‐type cationic geometry. In solution, NMR studies indicate that the triple‐decker cations undergo rapid, reversible dissociation. The reaction of [In(η5‐C5Me5)] with an equimolar quantity of H2O·B(C6F5)3 and B(C6F5)3] afforded [(η6‐toluene)In(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)In(η6‐toluene)][(C6F5)3B(OH)B(C6F5)3]. Density functional theory calculations on a model system indicate that the capping toluene molecules in this di‐indium cation are weakly bonded. Use of the smaller counter‐ion [B(C6F5)4]− results in isolation of the inverse sandwich cation [In(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)In]+. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of azo dye organotin(IV) compounds containing a C,N‐chelating ligand, part II, and their in vitro antifungal activity
Authors: Novák Petr , Lyčka Antonín , Císařová Ivana , Buchta Vladimír , Silva Luís , Kolářová Lenka , Růžička Aleš , Holeček Jaroslav
Published: March 2005

Eight complexes of azo dyes used in routine industrial processes and the [(2‐dimethylaminomethyl) phenyl](R2)tin(IV) moiety (R = Ph or n‐Bu) have been prepared, their NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, IR and UV–VIS spectra measured, and the X‐ray structure of {[2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl](diphenyl)}tin(IV)‐2‐{[N′‐(2‐oxo‐1‐phenylcarbamoylpropyliden)hydrazo]}benzoate (3a), determined. The compounds reveal similar structures in chloroform solution (NMR) and in the solid state (X‐ray, IR). Four compounds exist in the hydrazone tautomeric form. The central tin atoms in all compounds exist in slightly distorted trans‐trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the ‘negative’ atoms (nitrogen, oxygen) in axial and the carbon atoms in equatorial positions; no intramolecular attacks from the dyes' cores were observed. The in vitro antifungal activity of the compounds studied was comparable to similar organotin(IV) compounds and antifungal drugs in clinical use. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor in women with severe preeclampsia
Authors: Kaleli Ilknur , Kaleli Babur , Demir Melek , Yildirim Basak , Cevahir Nural , Demir Suleyman
Published: March 2005

Preeclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia is not fully understood. Neopterin and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production reflects cellular immunity. Our purpose was to determine the levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, and assess the implications of these findings in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Fourteen women with preeclampsia were compared with 14 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of neopterin were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), and IL‐2R levels were determined by an immunoassay method with an Immulite analyzer. The levels of neopterin and IL‐2R were significantly higher in the preeclamptic subjects than in normotensive women (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between neopterin and IL‐2R. We found that serum neopterin and IL‐2R levels are increased in women with severe preeclampsia. The results of this study suggest that a T‐helper 1 (Th1) type immune mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:36–39, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematologic aspects of myeloablative therapy and bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Riley Roger S. , Idowu Michael , Chesney Alden , Zhao Shawn , McCarty John , Lamb Lawrence S. , Ben‐Ezra Jonathan M.
Published: March 2005

The transplantation of bone marrow cells or isolated hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow or peripheral blood is a widely utilized form of therapy for patients with incurable diseases of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Successful engraftment of the transplanted stem cells in an adequately prepared recipient normally leads to bone marrow reconstitution over a period of several weeks, accompanied by more gradual reconstitution of the immune system. Since the recipient is profoundly ill during the initial treatment period, laboratory data is critical for monitoring engraftment, detecting residual/recurrent disease, and identifying problems that may delay bone marrow reconstitution or lead to other medical complications. Accurate blood cell counts are imperative, and most bone marrow transplantation patients undergo periodic monitoring with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies with cytogenetic, molecular, and multiparametric flow cytometric studies. The potential complications of bone marrow transplantation include engraftment failure and delayed engraftment, infection, residual bone marrow disease, acute and chronic graft versus host disease, myelofibrosis, therapy‐related acute leukemia, post‐transplant lympho‐proliferative disorders, and toxic myelopathy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:47–79, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of endosonographic images of gastric lesions: Preliminary experience
Authors: Tsutsui Akemi , Okamura Seisuke , Muguruma Naoki , Tsujigami Koji , Ichikawa Soichi , Ito Susumu , Umino Kazunori
Published: March 2005

Purpose.

This study was conducted to assess the ability of the endoluminal sonographic probes to image upper gastrointestinal lesions detected with conventional endoscopy and to reconstruct 3‐dimensional (3D) images.

Methods.

Sonographic images were obtained from 25 gastrointestinal lesions in 22 patients using a sonographic miniprobe manually drawn at a set speed across lesions detected during conventional endoscopy. 3D images were then reconstructed using an in‐house software program.

Results.

In 16 lesions (64%), the 3D sectional images were evaluated as good, and all 25 lesions (100%) could be visualized both transversely and longitudinally. In 12 lesions (48%), the 3D display of the endosonographic surface image corresponded to the endoscopic appearance. In all 11 cases of gastric cancer, the depth of tumor invasion measured using the 3D image was consistent with the histologic diagnosis (100% accuracy). When videotaped sonographic images were stored on a hard disk, it took an average of 3.5 minutes to obtain and display 3D images of the targeted area.

Conclusions.

3D sonographic reconstructions of digestive lesions were useful in diagnosis, and we believe that further improvements should enhance the clinical usefulness of 3D endosonography. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 33:112–118, 2005
Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of painful, disabling spasms in Friedreich's ataxia
Authors: Ben Smail Djamel , Jacq Claire , Denys Pierre , Bussel Bernard
Published: March 2005

We report on the case of a patient suffering from Friedreich's ataxia (FA) with very painful and disabling spasms that were improved markedly by intrathecal baclofen infusion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an intrathecal baclofen‐delivering pump implantation in an FA patient. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Preparation and properties of metallocene ethylene copolymer crosslinked by vinyltrimethoxysilane
Authors: Sirisinha Kalyanee , Meksawat Darinya
Published: March 2005

Silane‐grafting and water‐crosslinking of ethylene–octene copolymer (EOR) was carried out. The influences of grafting formulation, comonomer content in EOR and time of the crosslinking process on grafting efficiency, degree and rate of crosslinking were investigated. The mechanical properties of various crosslinked samples are reported together with correlations with their gel contents. The results show that the extent of grafting increased with an increase in the amounts of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) used in the reaction. The degree of crosslinking depended mainly on the extent of grafting, while the rate of the crosslinking process depended on the amount of amorphous phase in the samples. In this study, the variation of gel contents in the samples (0–77 %) had no significant influence on tensile properties. A large number of uncrosslinked regions are believed to exist inhomogeneously within the crosslinked polymers even after the sample has reached maximum gel content. The content of gel did not increase further when the crosslinking time was increased beyond that of reaching maximum gel, but the polymer network became denser, resulting in changes in polymer behaviour. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Evolution of generosity in the demand game
Authors: Toquenaga Yukihiko , Suzuki Yukari
Published: March 2005

An ecological system often requires moderate, and sometimes even generous interactions among constituents for achieving a sustainable coexistence. Here we propose a configuration individual‐based model for demonstrating the evolution of generosity in an evolutionary demand game. In the game, two players, proposers and responders, simultaneously make their demands. If the sum of demands is no more than the total amount of the available resource at each game, each player obtains its own demand. However, both players get nothing if the sum exceeds the total amount. We incorporated generosity by discounting players’ demands. In every generation, random pairs were formed, and each pair played the demand game. For the next generation, individuals left a number of offspring proportional to their total payoff. Demand and generosity levels of an individual were inherited by its offspring with slight modification by a small random mutation. When only proposers were allowed to discount their demands, distribution of generosity levels had its mode at zero, and hence generosity did not evolve. However, when both proposers and receivers were allowed to discount their demands, the mean generosity level rose from zero. The resultant populations were not homogeneous, but were made of heterogeneous individuals with high and low generosity levels. Mean demand and generosity levels fluctuated greatly because of the neutral selection for the demand and generosity combinations that equally maximized the payoff of the demand game. Spatially limited interaction increased generosity levels even if only proposers discounted their demands.
Dissolved organic carbon and nitrate concentrations in streams: a useful index indicating carbon and nitrogen availability in catchments
Authors: Konohira Eiichi , Yoshioka Takahito
Published: March 2005

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and NO3− are important forms of C and N in stream water. Hypotheses concerning relationships between DOC and NO3− concentrations have been proposed, but there are no reports demonstrating a relationship between them in stream water. We observed 35 natural streams in the Lake Biwa watershed, central Japan, and found an inverse relationship between DOC and NO3− concentrations. This relationship was also found in observations of their seasonal variations in the Lake Biwa watershed. Moreover, this relationship was also found to apply to watersheds in other regions in Japan. These results suggest that forest biogeochemical processes which control DOC and NO3− concentrations in Japanese streams are closely related. Excess N availability together with a C (energy) deficit in a soil environment may explain this relationship. DOC and NO3− concentrations in streams will thus be a useful index indicating C and N availability in catchments.
Amyloid‐β peptides induce cell proliferation and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor expression via the PI3‐kinase/Akt pathway in cultured Ra2 microglial cells
Authors: Ito Sachiko , Sawada Makoto , Haneda Masataka , Fujii Satoshi , Oh-hashi Kentaro , Kiuchi Kazutoshi , Takahashi Masahide , Isobe Ken-ichi
Published: March 2005

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by numerous amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) plaques surrounded by microglia. Here we report that Aβ induces the proliferation of the mouse microglial cell line Ra2 by increasing the expression of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). We examined signal cascades for Aβ‐induced M‐CSF mRNA expression. The induction of M‐CSF was blocked by a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3‐kinase) inhibitor (LY294002), a Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP1) and an Akt inhibitor. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that Aβ enhanced NF‐κB binding activity to the NF‐κB site of the mouse M‐CSF promoter, which was blocked by LY294002. These results indicate that Aβ induces M‐CSF mRNA expression via the PI3‐kinase/Akt/NF‐κB pathway.
Do astral microtubules play a role in metaphasechromosome positioning?
Authors: Ito Kohji , Masuda Michitaka , Fujiwara Keigi , Sato Hidemi
Published: March 2005

Summary— From several recent studies on monopolar spindles, it is now clear that a phase analogous to metaphase in bipolar spindles exists in the monopolar spindle, denying the validity of the favored model for metaphase which is based on the balance between two oppositely directed poleward forces acting on the unsplit kinetochores. Faced with this new fact, several investigators have proposed new models for metaphase plate formation which work for both the monopolar and the bipolar spindles. Since astral microtubules are thought to play important roles in certain models, we have investigated the role of astral microtubules in maintaining chromosomes at the metaphase position by using monopolar spindles induced in sea urchin embryo cells. When monopolar spindles were exposed to 1 μM nocodazole, a microtubule depolymerizing agent, most of the astral microtubules were rapidly depolymerized while the kinetochore fibers appeared to be little affected. Chromosomes were locked into the metaphase position for as long as 2 min, indicating that the metaphase chromosome position in sea urchin monopolar spindles can be maintained with little or no astral microtubules. By the effect of the antimitotic drug, kinetochore fibers slowly shortened and chromosomes which were attached to the far end of kinetochore fibers moved toward the pole. On the other hand, the chromosome position rapidly shifted farther away from the pole when monopolar spindles were treated with taxol or D2O. These results indicate that the metaphase chromosome position can be altered by affecting microtubule dynamics, particularly that of the kinetochore fiber microtubules as suggested by the results of the nocodazole experiments.
Ultrastructural expression of prolactin receptor in rat liver
Authors: Ouhtit Allal , Ronsin Brice , Kelly Paul A. , Morel Gérard
Published: March 2005

Summary— Prolactin (PRL) is a trophic hormone which acts mainly at the plasma membrane level of hepatocyte. The mechanismsinvolved in the transduction of the signal after binding of PRL to its receptors are not yet well documented. In the present study we have examined the subcellular patterns of PRL receptor expression in rat liver by ultrastructural in situ hybridization and immunocytology. In situ hybridization was performed using digoxigenin‐labeled oligonucleotide probes revealed by indirect immunogold reaction. The expression of both the long and short forms of PRL‐receptor mRNA was readily identified in the cytoplasmic matrix, and in association with the endoplasmic reticulum, but a low expression of these forms was detected in the nucleus of hepatocyte. Moreover, this expression appeared clearly higher in female rather than in male hepatocytes. On the other hand, immunogold detection of PRL‐receptor protein was performed using two monoclonal antibodies (U5 and T6), specific to the extracellular domain of the PRL‐receptor. Indirect immunocytological detection confirmed the presence of PRL receptor‐like immunoreactivity at the level of the plasma membrane, and in the cytoplasmic matrix associated or not with endocytotic vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum, the peroxisomes, the Golgi complex, and the nuclei of both male and female hepatocytes. No clear difference was found between U5 and T6 mAbs, with regard to the subcellular localization. These results show the distribution of both PRL‐receptor mRNA and PRL receptor protein in numerous subcellular compartments of hepatocyte, and evidence that these compartments are involved in the early stage of the PRL action.
EVALUATION OF THE CERES-MAIZE MODEL IN SIMULATING CAMPESINO FARMER YIELDS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF CENTRAL MEXICO
Authors: CASTELÁN-ORTEGA O. A. , FAWCETT R. H. , ARRIAGA-JORDAN C. M. , SMITH A. J.
Published: March 2005

A procedure was used to calibrate the DSSATv3 CERES–Maize (Zea mays) model and to evaluate its performance in simulating growth and development of maize using input data collected from campesino farmers instead of using data obtained from on-station experiments or from the literature. The problems encountered in the calibration process are illustrated, particularly the failure of the model to simulate the growth and development of local highland maize cultivars (HMC). It is argued that the low ambient temperatures to which HMCs are exposed in the Toluca Valley are responsible for this failure, because HMCs respond differently to temperature and have a different optimum temperature range from temperate and tropical maize cultivars. It was concluded that the model needs to be adjusted to allow for consideration of the effects of constant low temperatures on the prediction of plant phenology and production, and partition of biomass in HMCs, since grain yield is not the main criterion used by smallholders when selecting maize cultivars.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON YIELD AND INCIDENCE OF WITCHES' BROOM DISEASE IN A YOUNG PLANTATION OF HYBRID CACAO TREES
Authors: DIAS L. A. S. , SANTOS M. M. , SANTOS A. O. S. , ALMEIDA C. M. V. C. , CRUZ C. D. , CARNEIRO P. C. S.
Published: March 2005

The effect of seven planting densities on yield and witches' broom disease incidence in hybrid cacao (Theobroma cacao) trees in the Brazilian Amazon was investigated. Data collected over a three-year period showed that it was possible to optimize regional cacao yield by high planting densities (2500 and 1666 trees ha−1) and that there was no density × year interaction. However, high planting density also favoured witches' broom incidence. A growing regional interest in planting cacao clones at high planting density should be pursued with caution, since high planting densities of clones in environments under strong pressure of selection for the witches' broom pathogen, such as in the Amazon region, are still a risky strategy. Alternatives to the high planting density system are presented and discussed.
The several compilers of Bald's Leechbook
Authors: Scott Nokes Richard
Published: March 2005

The critical history of the Old English charms is replete with examples of scholars claiming that the charms are pagan remnants with a thread-bare Christian garment covering ancient pre-Christian rituals. Other scholars, more interested in combing the charms for magical elements, have viewed them as even more primitive than a pre-Christian religion and have instead treated them as Germanic magic. The first two of three texts found in London, British Library, Royal 12. D. XVII, more commonly known as Bald's Leechbook, certainly do not fit this description. In this manuscript, we find medical referencebooks produced by a team of compilers, perhaps as part of the intellectual renaissance sponsored by King Alfred. Evidence in the manuscript also suggests that the Anglo-Saxons had considerable access to Latin sources of medical learning and also had a well-developed native medical knowledge.
Abbot Leofsige of Mettlach: an English monk in Flanders and Upper Lotharingia in the late tenth century
Authors: Hare Michael
Published: March 2005

In a recent paper Michel Margue and Jean Schroeder have drawn a vivid picture of the intellectual life of the diocese of Trier in the time of Archbishop Egbert (977-93). They portray it as ‘a colourful and busy world of small and greater personalities, who give the impression of being constantly under way: budding students, renowned teachers, talented copyists or recognised authors who do not cease moving from place to place for the purpose of education and knowledge and who do not keep to the rule of stabilitas loci’. One of the greater personalities to whom Margue and Schroeder have drawn attention is an Englishman, Abbot Leofsige of Mettlach (c. 988-c. 993).
A third supplement to Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions
Authors: Okasha Elisabeth
Published: March 2005

This supplement brings up to date my Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971), and the two supplements which appeared in Anglo-Saxon England 11 (1983) and 21 (1992). It contains twenty-nine entries and includes all the Anglo-Saxon non-runic inscriptions that have come to my notice since the publication of the second supplement. I have personally examined all the existing inscriptions included in this third supplement, with the exception of 233 Sleaford and 240 ‘in deo’ ring, both of which are in private possession.
The Reparation Regime of the International Criminal Court: Practical Considerations
Authors: Ferstman Carla
Published: March 2005

A key achievement of the International Criminal Court is its acknowledgment of the rights of victims to participate in proceedings and to seek reparation before the Court. This article analyses some of the specific challenges relating to the ICC reparations regime, stemming from the interplay between the ICC and national courts on such issues as tracing assets and implementing protective measures, and in enforcing the ICC's reparations orders. A review of several examples of legislation adopted by states parties on cooperation with the ICC is undertaken with a view to examining its potential impact on these issues.
The Sinking of the Ehime Maru: The Interaction of Culture, Security Interests and Domestic Politics in an Alliance Crisis
Authors: MARTIN CURTIS H.
Published: March 2005

The loss of life that resulted from the sinking of the fisheries training vessel Ehime Maru by the nuclear submarine USS Greeneville off Hawaii in February 2001 exemplifies the risks to United States–Japan alliance relations posed by US global military deployments. Following a pattern of incidents involving the US military in Japan itself, the collision violated Japanese expectations of benevolence from its stronger partner and put considerable pressure on the government to seek public apology and reassurance. This article examines the interplay of culture, national security interests and domestic politics in framing both perceptions and diplomacy during the crisis. While differences at both the cultural and security levels complicated diplomacy, asymmetry in the respective domestic political stakes, combined with overriding and largely congruent security interests, helped the United States to provide Japan with the requisite reassurance. After a decade of alliance drift, both Japan and the United States were determined to forestall defection by their alliance partner.
Effects of Sterilization Treatments on Some Properties of Alginate Solutions and Gels
Authors: Leo William J. , Mcloughlin Aiden J. , Malone Dermot M.
Published: March 2005

Aqueous sodium alginate solutions were subjected to various heat sterilization treatments. Sodium alginate powder was also treated by both gM‐irradiation and ethylene oxide sterilization. The effects of these treatments on the viscosities of sodium alginate solutions and both the diameter and strength of the beads formed in 0.1 M CaCl2 solutions were determined quantitatively. The viscosity of sodium alginate solutions and the gel strength of the calcium alginate beads decreased with increasing sterilization temperature while the bead diameters were found to increase. All these effects can be attributable to a reduction in the degree of polymerization of the alginate molecules as a result of the heat treatments. Ethylene oxide and γ‐irradiation treatments caused similar effects. Standard conditions for sterilization are necessary for comparative studies with alginate beads.
Use of Immobilized Microbial Membrane Fragments To Remove Oxygen and Favor the Acetone‐Butanol Fermentation
Authors: Godia Francesc , Adler Howard I. , Scott Charles D. , Davison Brian H.
Published: March 2005

Oxygen‐reducing membrane fragments obtained from Escherichia coli were used with Clostridium acetobutylicum (C. acetobylicum) to provide an oxygen‐free microenvironment for the conversion of glucose to acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE). The batch fermentation of suspended C. acetobutylicum NRRL‐B‐643 and its ability to produce solvents in the presence of membranes as the oxygen‐elimination agent are described and compared with the conventional sparging technique used to maintain anaerobiosis. The use of membrane fragments to remove oxygen for fermentation by C. acetobutylicum was successful and gave slightly improved results over the use of sparging with regard to lag, biomass, and solvent production (e.g., final butanol concentration of 3.25 and 2.7 g/L, respectively). Solvent production is also reported for a continuous columnar reactor with coimmobilized cells and membranes in K‐carrageenan gel beads and air‐saturated liquid feed.
Metabolic Activity Control of the L‐Lysine Fermentation by Restrained Growth Fed‐Batch Strategies
Authors: Kiss Robert D , Stephanopoulos Gregory
Published: March 2005

Batch and continuous culture experiments were conducted with the L‐lysine producer Corynebacterium glutamicum to characterize fermentation yields and rates, as well as the relationship between biomass catalytic activity toward L‐lysine production and online respiratory measurements. Experimental correlations suggested that improved fermentation performance (yield, productivity, and titer) could be achieved through fed‐batch cultivation of the organism under conditions of restrained growth, utilizing respiratory measurements as a metabolic activity indicator for feed rate control. Two different control schemes were developed for maximization of the fermentation yield and maximization of the fermentation productivity. Both strategies were successful in maintaining the yield and specific productivity at high levels for extended times, thus resulting in significant improvements in the overall fermentation yield, volumetric productivity, and titer. It was thus demonstrated that proper environmental control can be an effective means of manipulating microbial metabolism to favor metabolite overproduction.
Application of Fiber‐Optic Fluorescence Measurements to On‐Line pH Monitoring of a Pseudomonad Fermentation Process
Authors: Kisaalita W. S , Slininger P. J , Bothast R. J , Mccarthy J. F , Magin R. L
Published: March 2005

This article reports results on the application of fluorophore‐based pH sensing to the monitoring of fermentation processes. Emphasis is placed on identifying potential strengths and limitations. A custom‐built fluorometer, designed to provide broad‐band excitation (<420 nm) was used to monitor the emission of a pH‐sensitive fluorophore (1, 4‐dihydroxyphthalonitrile) in solution at two wavelengths. The overall sensing system was characterized with respect to biocompatibility, response, and stability. The biocompatibility results revealed that the growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B‐15132) was decreased by the fluorophore at high concentrations (≥100 μM). Correlating the observed pH with the ratio of the two wavelengths (488 nm/434 nm) rendered the pH‐sensing system immune to factors such as fluorophore oxidation, aeration, and reactor agitation. A comparison of response times for fluorescence and Ingold pH measurements revealed fluorescence sensing to be slower. This was attributed to imperfect mixing and position differences between the two sensors in the fermentor. During the course of fermentation, on‐line ratiometric pH measurements for NRRL B‐15132 batch process were affected by changes in ionic strength and cell concentration. A pH difference of 0.66 was recorded (using an Ingold electrode as the standard) after 120 h of the fermentation. Recommendations for overcoming limitations were made.
Optimal Design of the Tubular Microporous Membrane Aerator for Shear‐Sensitive Cell Cultures
Authors: Su W. Winston , Caram Hugo S. , Humphrey Arthur E.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of oxygen transport across the tubular microporous membrane is described. This analysis has provided some insight into the optimal design of the membrane aerator. It was found in this study, at fixed inlet pressure, that the overall membrane oxygen transfer rate increases with increased tubing length only up to a certain length, i.e., the “critical length”. When a large membrane surface area is required, the fiber should be divided into parallel segments to increase the overall oxygen transfer rate. A manifold or a gas distributor can then be used to distribute gas into segments of tubing. The length of each segment cannot exceed the critical length. In addition, shorter tube segments should give a higher oxygen transfer rate per unit tube length; however, this advantage is counterbalanced by the fact that gas distribution into huge numbers of parallel tubings may not be uniform.
Antibody‐Targeted Photolysis: In Vitro Immunological, Photophysical, and Cytotoxic Properties of Monoclonal Antibody‐Dextran‐Sn(IV) Chlorin e6 Immunoconjugates
Authors: Rakestraw Scott L. , Ford William E. , Tompkins Ronald G. , Rodgers Michael A. J. , Thorpe William P. , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: March 2005

A set of anti‐melanoma immunoconjugates were prepared which contained chlorin e6: antibody molar ratios of 18.9:1, 11.2:1, 6.8:1, and 1.7:1. All immunoconjugates retained antigen binding activity regardless of the chromophore:antibody substitution ratio that was attained. In contrast, the ground‐state absorption spectra of the immunoconjugates showed features which appeared to be dependent on the chromophore: antibody molar ratio. In addition, the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generated by the conjugated chromophores was observed to be significantly less than that observed with the unbound dye. Time‐resolved absorbance spectroscopy of the chromophore excited triplet state indicated that the loss of singlet oxygen quantum yield resulted from diminished chromophore triplet yield. Analysis of data obtained from in vitro photolysis of target melanoma cells, in combination with that obtained from the immunochemical and photochemical studies, indicates that the observed immunoconjugate phototoxicity can be reasonably quantitatively represented by (1) the ability of the immunoconjugate to bind SK‐MEL‐2 cell surface antigen, (2) the amount of chromophore localized at the target cells by immunoconjugate binding, (3) the delivered dose of light at 634 nm, and (4) the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the antibody‐bound photosensitizer. Though these data argue strongly for photolysis by the cumulative dosage of singlet oxygen at the cell membrane, nonetheless, the concurrent photoinduced release of other cytotoxic agents should not be ruled out.
Tyrosinase Reaction/Chitosan Adsorption for Removing Phenols from Wastewater
Authors: Sun Wei‐Qiang , Payne Gregory F. , Moas Monica S. G. L. , Chu Jennifer H. , Wallace Kimberlee K.
Published: March 2005

A two‐step approach for removing phenols from aqueous solutions was investigated. In the first step, weakly adsorbable phenols are converted to quinones by the enzyme mushroom tyrosinase. The tyrosinase‐generated quinones are then chemisorbed onto chitosan, a readily available waste product of the shellfish industry. In the absence of enzyme, quinone was observed to be rapidly adsorbed onto chitosan. Also, the enthalpy for quinone adsorption onto chitosan was observed to be −24.7 kcal/mol, which compares to enthalpies of ‐7 kcal/mol for adsorption of phenols and quinone onto activated charcoal. With the monophenol reactant cresol, the tyrosinase enzyme was observed to be somewhat stabilized in the presence of chitosan. This stabilization of tyrosinase is presumably due to the rapid adsorption of the reactive quinones onto chitosan. In contrast, tyrosinase was not stabilized by chitosan when the o‐diphenol catechol was the reactant. The ability of chitosan to stabilize tyrosinase for monophenols but not for o‐diphenols is discussed in terms of the relative rates of phenol oxidation by tyrosinase and quinone chemisorption onto chitosan. When mushroom tyrosinase and chitosan were added simultaneously to dilute, phenol‐containing solutions, a nearly complete removal of UV‐absorbing material was observed. This observation demonstrates the feasibility of removing phenols from dilute solutions using the tyrosinase reaction/chitosan adsorption approach.
Physiological and Genetic Strategies for Enhanced Subtilisin Production by Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Pierce Jeffrey A. , Robertson Channing R. , Leighton Terrance J.
Published: March 2005

Defined minimal media conditions were used to assess and subsequently enhance the production of subtilisin by genetically characterized Bacillus subtilis strains. Subtilisin production was initiated by the exhaustion or limitation of ammonium in batch and fed‐batch cultures. Expression of the subtilisin gene (aprE) was monitored with a chromosomal aprE::lacZ gene fusion. The β‐galactosidase production driven by this fusion reflected subtilisin accumulation in the culture medium. Subtilisin gene expression was temporally extended in sporulation‐deficient strains (spoIIG), relative to co‐genic sporogenous strains, resulting in enhanced subtilisin production. Ammonium exhaustion not only triggered subtilisin production in asporogenous spoIIG mutants but also shifted carbon metabolism from acetate production to acetate uptake and resulted in the formation of multiple septa in a significant fraction of the cell population. Fed‐batch culture techniques, employing the spoIIG strain, were investigated as a means to further extend subtilisin production. The constant provision of ammonium resulted in linear growth, with doubling times of 11 and 36 h in each of two independent experiments. At the lower growth rate, the responses elicited (subtilisin production, glucose metabolism, and morphological changes) during the feeding regime closely approximated the ammonium starvation response, while at the higher growth rate a partial starvation response was observed.
Measurement of Heat Generated by Mixing during the Batch Production of Single Cell Protein from Cheese Whey
Authors: Ghaly A. E. , Ben‐Hassan R. M. , Ben‐Abdallah N.
Published: March 2005

A procedure for measuring the rate of heat production from fermentation systems has been developed. The heat generated by mixing and lactose metabolism during the batch production of single cell protein from cheese whey lactose was calculated using a heat balance equation. The technique presented accounts for all the heat produced in and lost from the fermentation unit. Most of the heat generated by mixing in the cell‐free system (98.93 %) was lost with exhaust gas while a very small amount (1.07 %) was lost through the fermenter lid, wall, and bottom. The heat generated by mixing was 26 % of the total heat generated in the fermentation system with an active yeast population present. The heat produced by lactose metabolism depended on the yeast cell number. A maximum yeast population size of 820 million cells/mL and a lactose removal efficiency of 97 % were observed. About 93 % of the lactose consumed was used for growth. A yield of 0.78 g of cells/g of lactose was achieved.