bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CURRENTLY USED ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENTS, THEIR ANALOGUES AND RECENTLY DEVELOPED DRUGS
Authors:   Guru Ram Das (Post Graduate) Institute of Management and Technolgy College of Pharmacy 214, Rajpur Road, Dehradun - 248009 Uttarakhand, India., Mohammad A
Published: October 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of most prevailing diseases, responsible for the morbidity and mortality of a large number of populations worldwide. Traditionally, it has relied on a limited number of drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, ethionamide and pyrazinamide. However, many of these drugs have different disadvantages such as prolonged duration of treatment, host toxicity and ineffectiveness against resistant strains. This has motivated the search of newer drug molecules, capable of rapid mycobactericidal action with shortened duration of therapy, reduced toxicity and enhanced activity against multidrug resistant strains. These observations have been guiding for the currently used and newly developed anti-tubercular agents that possess potent antimicrobial activity and their side effects, activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium, and also in patients co-infected with HIV/AIDS.
UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ACETAZOLAMIDE BY STANDARD CALIBRATION CURVE METHOD AND ITS VALIDATION
Authors:   Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune – 411 044, Maharashtra, India., Kulthe V. V. , Chaudhari P. D.
Published: October 2021

The proposed UV spectrophotometric method for estimation of acetazolamide is based on the official method for dissolution of acetazolamide tablets mentioned in the United States Pharmacopoeia XXXII. The monograph, however, does not provide basis for estimation of acetazolamide in the bulk drugs by UV spectrophotometric method. Hence a simple, quick and economic method was developed and validated for estimation of acetazolamide in the bulk drug and its dosage forms. This method may be adopted for routine quality control of acetazolamide in bulk drugs and in finished dosage forms.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RAMOSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND TABLETS
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522101, Andhra Pradesh, India., Sathyanarayana P. , Vijayalakshmi M , Ravi Kumar B. N. V
Published: October 2021

A RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of ramosetron hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation as per ICH and FDA guidelines. The method was carried out on a Phenomenex RP-C18 column using a mixture of methanol and water (95:5) in an isocratic mode. The flow rate is 0.8 mL/min and the detection was done at 302 nm. The linearity range was observed in the range of 1-6 mcg/mL. The accuracy of the method was found to be 99.0 to 99.5% and %RSD was found to be less than 2% indicating high degree of accuracy and precision for the proposed HPLC method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method were found to be 0.028 and 0.0851 mcg/mL respectively.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL S-SUBSTITUTED PHENACYL-1, 3, 4-TRIAZOLE-THIOL DERIVATIVES FOR ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry K. L. E. University College of Pharmacy Hubli-580031, Karnataka, India., Kerur S. S , Alagawadi K. R , Zhu H. , Manvi F. V
Published: October 2021

In the present study, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2,5-disubstituted triazole derivatives 5a-f are described. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, mass and elemental analysis. All compounds were screened for antitubercular and antibacterial activity. The results revealed that most of the compounds showed high or moderate biological activity against tested microorganisms.
EVALUATION OF TRAPA BISPINOSA STARCH AS AN ALTERNATIVE TABLET EXCIPIENT TO MAIZE STARCH: ASSESSMENT BY PREFORMULATION AND FORMULATION STUDIES
Authors:   G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy Mehidipatnam, Hyderabad-500 028 Andhra Pradesh, India., Venkatesh S , Babu B. N , Latha K. , Alvala R , Reddy M. B. , Mullangi R.
Published: October 2021

Starch isolated from Trapa bispinosa (Trapaceae) fruit was studied as an alternative pharmaceutical excipient to maize starch. T. bispinosa starch has been evaluated by series of tests as mentioned in Indian Pharmacopoeia before being used for evaluation. It was tested along with maize starch as an alternative excipient by performing battery of preformulation and formulation tests. Preformulation studies like sieve analysis, micrometry, flow properties, moisture content, swelling index and compatibility studies were done as per recommended procedures. The tablets were prepared by wet and dry granulation using paracetamol and aspirin respectively, with Trapa starch as binder, disintegrant, binder and disintegrant and tablets were evaluated. The results obtained for T. bispinosa starch were comparable with maize starch and the T. bispinosa starch can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in tablets preparation.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME NEW 1, 3, 4-OXADIAZOLES
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, SS Arts College & TP Science Institute Old P. B. Road, Sankeshwar, Belgaum 591313, Karnataka, India., Desai S , Laddi U.
Published: October 2021

Various 5-β-[(N-Benzenesulphonyl/tosyl)-4-(un) substituted anilino] ethyl-2-H/CH3/C6H5/-CH2C6H5/p-NO2C6H4-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (5a-d), 5--β-[(N-Benzenesulphonyl/tosyl)-4-(un)-substituted anilino] ethyl-2-(N,N-diethylamino/anilino/morpholino)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles (6a-r), 3--β-[(N-Benzenesulphonyl/tosyl)-4-(un) substituted anilino] ethyl-4-amino-5-mercapto-4(H)-1, 2, 4-triazoles (7a-f) and 5--β-[(N-Benzenesulphonyl/tosyl)-4-(un)substituted anilino] ethyl-3-(p-toluidino) methyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2-thiones (8a-f) with sulphonamide moiety at the side chain were synthesised. The structures of the newly synthesised compounds were established on the basis of their spectral data and elemental analysis. All the compounds were screened for antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cirroflagellosus, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum capsici. Most of the compounds have exhibited significant antifungal activity against Colletotrichum capsici, moderate activity against Aspergillus niger and minimum antibacterial activity against both the strains.
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACT OF ACONITUM HETEROPHYLLUM AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Authors:   Department of Botany, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous) Thindal (P.O.), Erode-12, Tamil Nadu, India., Kalaichelvi K , Menaga S.
Published: October 2021

Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum on five test bacteria such as (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescences and Staphylococcus faecalis) exhibited concentration dependent antibacterial activity. All fractions showed a promising activity towards Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescences and Staphylococcus faecalis, however less inhibition was observed in Bacillus cereus. Similarly when compared to aqueous root extract, ethanol root extract showed maximum activity against all the tested organisms.
A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF MUTUAL PRODRUG OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM AND PARACETAMOL AND ITS PREFORMULATION STUDIES
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bapatla College of Pharmacy Guntur 522101 Andhra Pradesh, India., Visagaperumal D , Mayuren C , Anbalagan N , Varma Raghuveer P , Srinivas B. , Shanker Bontha V. B. , Ravikumar G.
Published: October 2021

Mutual prodrug was synthesized by esterifying diclofenac with paracetamol. In vitro hydrolysis of prodrug in HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) showed that the drug was released more in pH 7.4. The purity of the prodrug was confirmed by TLC and characterized on the basis of IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The physiochemical parameters were determined and the results showed that they are more lipophilic than the parent drug. The compound was also evaluated for anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenicity.
APIGENIN-4, 7-DIMETHYL ETHER FROM AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA ROXB.
Authors:   Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug Research, Institute for Ayurveda (CCRAS) Anna Hospital Campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai-600106, Tamil Nadu, India., Saraswathy A , Vidhya B , Amala K.
Published: October 2021

Earlier researchers have reported the presence of several sesquiterpenoids, chromones and alkaloids. In the present investigation isolation and characterization of a flavone namely apigenin-4, 7-dimethyl ether for the first time from the wood of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
NEW FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES FROM OCIMUM SANCTUM L. LEAVES
Authors:   Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India., Ali A. , Ali M
Published: October 2021

Two new fatty acid derivatives characterized as dotriacont-20-en-14-ol-1-oic acid (sanctumoic acid) and 4'-benzoylglucopyranosyl octadec-9-enoate (benzoyl gluco-oleate) were isolated from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) together with five known compounds, vanillic acid, ocimumnapthanoic acid, β-sitostero glucoside, oleiyl glucoside and diglucosyl oleate. The structures of isolated compounds have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
STUDY OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN. LEAVES IN WISTAR RATS
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, Progressive Education Society’s Modern College of Pharmacy, Sector no 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi, Pune-44, Maharashtra, India., Mali A. A. , Hivrale M. G , Bandawane D. D. , Chaudhari P. D
Published: October 2021

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts of Cassia auriculata leaves. The study was carried out using the pharmacological model of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Among all extracts methanolic extract showed maximum anti-inflammatory potential. Indomethacin (10mg/kg) was used as referencec ompound in the present study. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract may be due to presence alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids.
(+)-AFZELECHIN FROM THE RHIZOME OF CALAMUS ROTANG LINN.
Authors:   Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug Research Institute for Ayurveda (CCRAS), Anna Hospital Campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai 600106, Tamil Nadu, India., Saraswathy A. , Vidhya B.
Published: October 2021

Phytochemical analysis of the rhizome of Calamus rotang Linn. afforded β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol β- D- glucopyranoside and (+) –afzelechin. Characterization of (+) -Afzelechin is reported for the first time from this plant.
Cocoiculture and Society: an Integrative Review on the Biological Effects of Coconut Oil on Human Health
Authors: Freitas Barros Simone Regina Alves de
Published: October 2021

The coconut tree (palm) Cocos nucifera L. is a monocot of tropical regions belonging to the Palmae family and to the subfamily Arecoideae, with solitary herbs, fibrous and robust trunks, overlapping stems and which can grow up to 25 m in height. Such characteristics are attributed to the coconut tree, which in turn, originates in Southeast Asia, on islands located between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It has more than 300 ecotypes and two main varieties: Typica (giant coconut tree) and Nana (dwarf coconut tree).
Comparison of Glucose and HBA1C Values Between Finger-Piercing and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor Using Gh-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (no. 293)
Authors: Hsu Gerald C
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the fundamental characteristics of measured glucose levels and predicted glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values among three sets of collected data, measured finger-piercing and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor device collected glucose levels at 15-minute (15-min) and 5-minute (5-min) intervals. The average glucose (in milligram per deciliter-mg/dL) is listed below: Finger glucose: 109 mg/dL (100%) Sensor at 15-min: 120 mg/dL (109%) Sensor at 5-min: 117 mg/dL (107%) Using candlestick chart, the comparison of average glucoses during this period between two sensor glucose (mg/dL) data (15-min/5-min) are as follows: Open glucose: 108/111 Close glucose: 115/115 Maximum (max) glucose: 170 /175 Minimum (min) glucose: 85/83 Average glucose: 120/117 Additional analysis of time above range (TAR)≥140 mg/dL for hyperglycemia, time within the range (TIR) from 70-140 mg/dL for normal, time below range (TBR)≤70 mg/dL for hypoglycemia based on two sensor candlesticks revealing the following information in a specific format of TAR%/ TIR%/TBR%. 15-min:18.3%, 80.5%, 1.2% 5-min: 17.0%, 81.9%, 1.1% By evaluating the results of the TIR analysis, the 5-min glucose levels appear to be marginally healthier (1.4%) than the 15-min ones. During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID 19) quarantine period, the author lived a rather unique lifestyle which is extremely calm with regular routines, such as eating home-cooked meals and exercising on a regular basis. As a result, his HbA1c has decreased from 6.6% to 6.3% with an average A1c of 6.4% without taking any diabetes medications. However, these three different measurement methods still provide three different sets of glucoses levels which are within a 10% margin of differences, while the HbA1c values are particularly close to each other between the finger-piercing and CGM 15-min.
Outcome of Patients with ST-T Changes in Non STSegment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Arifur
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the fundamental characteristics of measured glucose levels and predicted glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values among three sets of collected data, measured finger-piercing and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor device collected glucose levels at 15-minute (15-min) and 5-minute (5-min) intervals. The average glucose (in milligram per deciliter-mg/dL) is listed below: Finger glucose: 109 mg/dL (100%) Sensor at 15-min: 120 mg/dL (109%) Sensor at 5-min: 117 mg/dL (107%) Using candlestick chart, the comparison of average glucoses during this period between two sensor glucose (mg/dL) data (15-min/5-min) are as follows: Open glucose: 108/111 Close glucose: 115/115 Maximum (max) glucose: 170 /175 Minimum (min) glucose: 85/83 Average glucose: 120/117 Additional analysis of time above range (TAR)≥140 mg/dL for hyperglycemia, time within the range (TIR) from 70-140 mg/dL for normal, time below range (TBR)≤70 mg/dL for hypoglycemia based on two sensor candlesticks revealing the following information in a specific format of TAR%/ TIR%/TBR%. 15-min:18.3%, 80.5%, 1.2% 5-min: 17.0%, 81.9%, 1.1% By evaluating the results of the TIR analysis, the 5-min glucose levels appear to be marginally healthier (1.4%) than the 15-min ones. During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID 19) quarantine period, the author lived a rather unique lifestyle which is extremely calm with regular routines, such as eating home-cooked meals and exercising on a regular basis. As a result, his HbA1c has decreased from 6.6% to 6.3% with an average A1c of 6.4% without taking any diabetes medications. However, these three different measurement methods still provide three different sets of glucoses levels which are within a 10% margin of differences, while the HbA1c values are particularly close to each other between the finger-piercing and CGM 15-min.
Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 in the Barros Luco Hospital Emergency Unit: the First 164 Patients
Authors: Zuccone Giancarlo
Published: October 2021

Our country was one of many hit by the new coronavirus pandemic, of which its clinical manifestation, mortality rate, laboratory and imaging findings are not still fully understood and in research. This document pretends to elaborate a presentation profile-which includes clinical manifestation, radiologic and laboratory findings-of 164 SARS-CoV2 (+) patients that concurred to the Emergency Service in Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital. This retrospective-descriptive research paper shows that the most common SARS-CoV2 (+) patient consulting on this ER was predominantly young, not necessarily having a known contact for SARS-CoV2 nor risk factors for complications related to COVID-19. Clinically, dry coughing, cephalalgy and myalgia were more often referred. 74% of patients required house-care only, without any further complications during the disease. Nonetheless, 6% of patients regarding this sample required treatment in the ICU in some point after from onset of the symptoms. In the group of the ICU patients, the most remarkable laboratory differences when compared to the house-care group were show on D-dimer and ferritin blood levels.
The Role of Teachers in the Education of Health Professionals in the 21st Century
Authors: Cantalejo Juan Carlos Uribe
Published: October 2021

Two questions that today's health professors should ask themselves are: Am I teaching my students in the most effective way possible to train professionals with the standards and needs demanded by today's society? Are my students memorizing facts and concepts or are they developing skills that they integrate into their personal and professional lives? In 1910 the Flexner report was published, which gave rise to the first reforms that sought to establish innovations in the education of health professionals, but the great revolution in world education arose from a study published by Barr and Tagg in 1995 where they stressed the importance of changing the paradigm of education centered on content to a new paradigm where education is centered on learning; Thus, in 1998, within the framework of the World Conference on Higher Education, UNESCO expressed the need to update higher education, bringing it closer to the current challenges of society, and in response to this request, in 1999, several European countries signed the Bologna agreement that seeks to improve the quality of higher education by creating the European Higher Education Area.
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Agenesis of the Inferior Vena Cava: Typical Presentation Infrequent Anomaly
Authors: Castro L Fernanda
Published: October 2021

Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are rare. Its embryological development occurs between the sixth and eighth week of gestation, and depends on the persistence or regression of 3 pairs of veins: the posterior cardinal veins, the sub cardinal veins and the supra cardinal veins. The type of congenital alteration depends the moment that embryogenesis is altered. The most frequent clinical presentation is deep vein thrombosis, which occurs mainly in young men. Other clinical presentations are pelvic venous congestion and chronic venous insufficiency. The diagnosis requires a high diagnostic suspicion, and it is mainly through contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis. The treatment will depend on the type of malformation and its presentation.
PEN vs. COMPUTER-How to Write by Hand Improves Memory and Creativity; Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Psychomotor Skills
Authors: Furnari Dario
Published: October 2021

The penisone of the many channels for transforming thoughts into written words. Hand writing acts as a "memorypropeller". For example, when you are at the supermarket, the simpleact of writing keeps the products you really need in your mind; or when someone at school was a shrewd knows that very often there was no need to use the sheets prepared before a classassignment to copy because they remembered everything that was written. This memory would have failed if the ticket to copy had been written or better typed on the keyboard. The latter characterizes the work of many people and yet, even today, children make their first experiences of writing with a pen or pencil. But is it really out of fashion? Today we have the opportunity to write our thoughts in other ways, "keyboard, tablet, touch screen", and even the signature, once the test par excellence of ouridentity, is faced with the competition of our " Fingerprints". Indeed, in some American schools the writing, replaced by the PC, is no longer included in the didacticplans; according to some scientists and promoters of this event, this method would facilitate children'slearning and improve creativity.
Psychotherapy Intervention for Narcissistic Abuse
Authors: D Hirani
Published: October 2021

Narcissistic abuse is described as a hypernym for the psychological, financial, sexual and/or physical abuse of others by someone with narcissistic traits. This rather accurate and factual description fails to capture the anxiety, depression, terror, isolation and often paralytic hopelessness that clients I work with experience as a result of narcissistic abuse.
Suicidal Behaviour and Self-harm in Adults with Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Authors: E Eruslu
Published: October 2021

Some adults with Asperger syndrome are at increased risk of suicidal ideation/behaviour and require a high level social support. Psychological and physical abuse in early childhood might increase suicidal risk at later age. Intact executive functioning might facilitate suicidal behaviour.
A Brief Introduction to ‘Functional Neurological Disorder’ - One of the Most Common but Least Heard of Neurological Disorder
Authors: V Rajbhoj
Published: October 2021

Not manypeople working in the healthcare have heard about Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), despite of the fact that it is the second most common diagnosis in Neurology,1 accounting for 15% of all neurology outpatient appointments.
Primary Mental Health Care Part 2: Three European Primary Mental Health Care Examples as Basis for Change to the Irish System
Authors: L Smith
Published: October 2021

The successes and limitations of primary mental health care systems in three countries outside of Ireland are examined in order to inform potential change for the Irish primary mental health care system. Systems currently at work within Scotland, England, and the Netherlands are outlined, all of which employ versions of the “stepped-care” approach to primary care. It is acknowledged that Ireland is attempting to modify primary care to include the stepped-care approach. However, there are significant limitations to the current Irish system. With the Scottish, English, and Dutch systems in mind, an alternative vision of primary mental health care for Ireland is suggested.
Primary Mental Health Care Part 3: Demonstration of a Proposed New Model for Primary Mental Health Care
Authors: L Smith
Published: October 2021

The current primary mental health care system in Ireland is limited. A different vision of primary mental health care requires national awareness of the limitations of ‘A Vision for Change’1 and it’s followed up policy document, ‘Sharing the Vision’.2 Awareness alone is insufficient, requiring the additional properties of ambition, conviction, and engagement to overhaul the current system. In this third paper on Primary Mental Health Care, a truly changed vision of care is presented and demonstrated to be successfully at work in one third level counseling service, at the University of Limerick. This model is contrasted with the current medicalized model and proposed as a replacement model of primary mental health care for Ireland. A number of recommendations are made, including the suggestions that the proposed model of service delivery based on the model at the University of Limerick be piloted outside of the third level sector, within the Health Service Executive of Ireland.
Education and Mental Health in the Pandemic
Authors: R Cortes
Published: October 2021

The situation generated by the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 led to changes in people's lives and, in the psychological field, alterations in mental health. The lack of socialization due to quarantine, deaths from the disease, associated news about the pandemic, a new workload of activities for education and jobs, among others, have brought about consequences such as anxiety, stress problems, family and bonding difficulties, as well as unresolved grief.
Evaluation of Arterial Hypertension Care in Four Brazilian Metropoles
Authors: Tanaka Oswaldo Yoshimi
Published: October 2021

Hypertension (AH) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in Brazil, which, in 2018, affected about 24.5% of the adult population, reaching 59.3% of people aged 65 and over. (Ministry of Health 2020)1 These levels of prevalence and with an increasing trend have a major impact on morbidity and mortality, with high social cost.
Female Sexual Dysfunction in Asian Women with Diabetes
Authors: Kaur Sekhon Jaspreet
Published: October 2021

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally, especially in Asia. Prevalence of diabetes in Asia is increasing at a higher rate in comparison to Western countries with an increasing trend reported in the younger generation (20-39 years old). This trend has similarly been reported in our Malaysian diabetic population, of which the general prevalence is 17.5%. This population experiences longer disease duration and are at greater risk of developing complications of diabetes at an earlier stage in life. Sexual dysfunction has been established as a common long-term complication of diabetes, affecting both men and women. Evidence shows that some Asian countries experience greater rates of female sexual dysfunction compared to their Western counterparts and this is likely attributed to cultural differences and other socioeconomic factors. However, these studies are very limited and need to be investigated at a greater scale. The aim of this report is to identify gaps in the literature regarding female sexual dysfunction among Asian women with diabetes. Local cultural and religious values maintain that sexual issues should not be discussed openly, even in a clinical setting. This paper may pave the way for future studies to be carried out, as addressing sexual dysfunction is a vital part of diabetes care. In addition, various studies have identified depression as a conclusive predictor of female sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. There is a possibility of a link between diabetes distress and female sexual dysfunction, which requires further investigation.
Experience of Nursing Students & Teachers on “E-Learning” During COVID-Lockdown-Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: M Dash
Published: October 2021

Background: COVID-19 is a disease caused by the “novel corona virus”.In order to prevent transmission of this virus whole World was under Lockdown. This leads to teachers to go for online classes. This is unexpected change for students as well as to teachers. Objectives: • To explore the experience of the students & teachers regarding online class • To identify the Contributory factors and challenges faced by students and teachers • To identify teaching strategies that will enhance online learning Methodology: Design- Qualitative Descriptive design Sample and Sample Size- 87 Students and 46 teachers participated Analysis & Ethical Approval- Permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Data was collected byonline survey & interview during month of April 2020. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Three levels of coding were selected for coding the data. The quantitative part of the data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics like frequency and percentage and presented in the form of tables.The Qualitative analysis presented as per the themes and subthemes. Findings: The findings of the study identified four main themes1. Online class is very useful 2. Contributory Factors, 3. Challenges faced by students and teachers and 4. Quality of teaching–learning resources. Majority 83 (95.4%) students reported that they had used time productively, 75(86.21%) students reported that there was no face to face interaction, Internet Problem-connectivity 55(63.22), Financial problem to recharge mobile 25(28.74%),67(77.01%) students Suggested that they need Synchronous,requested to Include Viva questions 17(19.54%)etc.. Conclusion and Implication: It is concluded from the results that students and teachers are generally ready to adopt e-learning. However, the results show that the current online class system is inadequate and improvement is required in certain areas so as to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the e-learning as an educational tool.
Video Grading: Giving Students Personal Feedback in an Online World
Authors: Donadio Andrew J
Published: October 2021

Engaging students in a distance learning environment can be difficult. One method that can help professors bridge the gap is making the use of video grading. Grading via video note is an alternative to traditional grading of careplans, discussion boards and other assignments.
A case of pseudodominant inheritance of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene
Authors: Sharkova Inna V. , Bulakh Maria V. , Bessonova Liudmila А. , Shchagina Olga A. , Dadaly Elena L.
Published: October 2021

Introduction. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) includes more than 30 forms caused by mutations in genes located on autosomes. The most common form is calpain-3-related LGMD, with autosomal recessive inheritance pattern (OMIM 253600). An autosomal dominant form of LGMD (OMIM 618129) caused by c.643_663del heterozygous mutation in the CAPN3 gene is also supposed to exist.
This article describes a family case of LGMD caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene with pseudodominant inheritance.
Materials and methods. Two patients with LGMD were studied: a 59-year-old woman and her 38-year-old daughter. Clinical, genealogical and molecular genetics methods were used: limb girdle muscular dystrophy MPS panel, Sanger sequencing of DNA of the proband, her affected daughter, and six first- and second-degree relatives across four generations.
Results. It was found that identical variants of the nucleotide sequence, c.598_612del and c.1746-20CG, identified in the CAPN3 gene of the proband and her daughter, are in the trans position (compound heterozygous state), causing autosomal recessive calpain-3-related LGMD. This is an example of an incredibly rare pseudodominant inheritance of an autosomal recessive disease, established through indirect evidence that the probands husband is a heterozygous carrier of a nucleotide substitution in the CAPN3 gene.
Conclusion. It is crucial to examine the marriage partner for heterozygous carrier status of a gene mutation responsible for the disease in family planning and when clarifying the childs prognosis for a patient with an autosomal recessive disease. Considering the existence of a late-onset (after 30 years) LGMD phenotype associated with the CAPN3 gene, differential diagnosis should begin with testing this gene in families with late disease onset.
Effectiveness of kinesiotherapy in chronic non-specific low back pain
Authors: Parfenov Vladimir A. , Lamkova Irina A.
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapy (kinesiotherapy or KT) for chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) in managing pain, improving functional and emotional state, and overall physical activity.
Materials and methods. The study included 71 patients (17 men and 54 women) aged 1875 years (mean age 55.09 13.0 years) with CNSLBP, of whom 34 patients received standard KT and 37 patients received enhanced KT. Patients were asked to complete the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) at baseline, after 7 days and 90 days.
Results. In patients who received treatment, we observed a reduction in pain intensity as measured by the NPRS, from a score of 8 at baseline (68) to 3 (24) points after 7 days and down to 2 (04) after 3 months (p 0.0001). Depression severity decreased from 7 (59) points to 5 (37) after 7 days (p = 0.002) and 4 (36) points after 90 days (p = 0.002). Anxiety decreased from 7 (510) to 6 (48) after 7 days (p = 0.0003) and 5 (37) points after 90 days (p = 0.0003). The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire score decreased from 46% (3457.77) to 28% (1235.55) after 7 days (p 0.0001), and then to 11.11% (4.4426) after 90 days (p 0.0001). Physical activity as measured by the IPAQ-SF increased from 11 (716) to 16 (1319) points after 7 days (p = 0.001) and to 23 (1526) points after 90 days (p = 0.0002).
The patient group receiving enhanced KT had a more significant reduction in pain as measured by the NPRS after 7 days and 3 months (p = 0.02 and p = 0.055, respectively), depression as measured by the HADS (p 0.05), and disability as measured by the Oswestry Questionnaire (p = 0.015), accompanied by an increase in physical activity as measured by the IPAQ-SF after 90 days (p = 0.0002), as compared to the patient group receiving standard KT.
Conclusion. KT not only reduces pain but also improves the functional and emotional state, and increases physical activity in patients with CNSLBP. Enhancing KT by using a personalized approach and educational programmes improves long-term treatment outcomes.
Sekswerk ten tijde van corona
Authors: de Wildt Roos
Published: October 2021

Sex work in times of corona. The impact of the lockdown on sex workers

As a part of measures taken to contain the spread of the coronavirus, sex work was barred in the Netherlands between 23 March and 1 July 2020, as well as between 15 december 2020 and 19 May 2021. Shortly after the start of the first lockdown, many sex workers appeared to be in increasingly precarious situations. They lost their main source of income but were largely excluded from receiving financial support provided by the Dutch government. This article examines the situation of sex workers during the first lockdown and in the weeks after they were permitted to resume work.
Urgenda-arrest en wetgevingsbevel
Authors: Keus L.A.D.
Published: October 2021

Urgenda-arrest en wetgevingsbevel

In ‘Urgenda-arrest en wetgevingsbevel’ bespreekt de auteur hoe dat arrest zich tot de eerdere rechtspraak over wetgevingsbevelen verhoudt. Anders dan de Hoge Raad suggereert, vindt de aanvaarding van een algemeen wetgevingsbevel niet reeds haar grond in die eerdere rechtspraak. Evenmin is de afwijking van die rechtspraak van ondergeschikt belang. Het arrest maakt inbreuk op de prerogatieven van de wetgever en raakt de positie van derden. Het nieuwe criterium voor de (on)toelaatbaarheid van een wetgevingsbevel is bovendien onduidelijk, terwijl een algemeen wetgevingsbevel niet voldoet aan de eisen die eerdere rechtspraak aan een rechterlijke voorziening stelt. De auteur deelt niet de verwachting dat precedentwerking van het Urgenda-arrest zal uitblijven.
De harde werkelijkheid van het Urgenda-arrest
Authors: Spier J. , Kock B.
Published: October 2021

De harde werkelijkheid van het Urgenda-arrest. De prijs van treuzelen

Het Urgenda-arrest heeft vragen opgeroepen: waarop is de 25% gebaseerd? Wordt niet te veel belang gehecht aan wetenschappelijke inzichten? Gaat de rechter niet zitten op de stoel van de politiek? Welke rol speelt het EVRM? Quid iuris als het EHRM anders oordeelt over de rol van het EVRM dan de Hoge Raad? Mag de wetgever (of het kabinet) voor een kortere periode andere prioriteiten stellen? Is de Klimaatwet Urgenda-conform? Wat is de rol van beleidsvoornemens en statements van politici en van allerlei vage en modieuze begrippen? Hoe om te gaan met schade?
De Grondwetsherziening onder revisie
Authors: Schutgens R.J.B.
Published: October 2021

De Grondwetsherziening onder revisie. Twee voorstellen tot herziening van de Grondwetsherzieningsprocedure en hun verhouding tot de tussentijdse kiezersraadpleging over voorstellen tot herziening van de Grondwet

Er zijn twee regeringsvoorstellen aanhangig tot wijziging van de Grondwetsherzieningsprocedure. Het eerste verduidelijkt de bevoegdheid van de Tweede Kamer om de tweede lezing van een herzieningsvoorstel te verrichten en vervangt de tussentijdse ontbinding van die Kamer door een verkiezing. Het tweede regeringsvoorstel wil de tweede lezing in verenigde vergadering laten plaatsvinden. De auteur bespreekt hoe beide voorstellen zich verhouden tot de waarborg van een tussentijdse kiezersraadpleging, tot de rol van de Eerste Kamer als Chambre de réflexion en tot elkaar. Hij betoogt dat het eerste regeringsvoorstel duidelijke verbeteringen oplevert, terwijl er op het tweede het nodige valt af te dingen.
Zorgen en waardering voor de democratische rechtsstaat
Authors: van Lochem P.J.P.M.
Published: October 2021

Zorgen en waardering voor de democratische rechtsstaat. Aantekeningen bij Het land moet bestuurd worden (Voermans) en Twee pijlers (Koole)

De in 2021 verschenen boeken Twee pijlers van Koole en Het land moet bestuurd worden van Voermans hebben zich binnen een halfjaar al onderscheiden door een derde druk (Voermans) en plaatsing op de longlist van de PrinsjesBoekenPrijs (Koole). Als historicus en politicoloog met praktijkervaring toont Koole de kracht van ons electorale systeem, maar ook een dreigende ontdemocratisering door niet-electorale krachten, waaronder de rechtspraak. Voermans’ speelse en soms persoonlijke beschouwing gaat over de prijs van ons poldermodel: regenteske bestuurders, van wie de meesten uiteindelijk toch blijken te deugen. Hebben de beschouwingen van Koole en Voermans wel voldoende overtuigingskracht en urgentie?
Vernieuwing van het intern toezicht in de zorgsector?
Authors: Klaassen Ageeth
Published: October 2021

Vernieuwing van het intern toezicht in de zorgsector?

In deze bijdrage wordt een overzicht gegeven van de wijzigingen voor het interne toezicht door de WBTR en de Wtza. Het blijkt niet alleen te draaien om een wijziging van de regels, maar ook om de invulling van die regels. Dit kan worden gezien als modernisering van het intern toezicht.
Privaat toezicht als onderdeel van publiek toezicht
Authors: Outhuijse Annalies , Havinga Tetty
Published: October 2021

Privaat toezicht als onderdeel van publiek toezicht. Een vergelijking tussen de voedselsector en de bouw

Combinaties van publiek en privaat toezicht zijn niet weg te denken uit onze huidige maatschappij. In deze bijdrage vergelijken we de manier waarop privaat en publiek toezicht worden gecombineerd in twee sectoren, namelijk toezicht op voedselveiligheid en toezicht op veilige nieuwbouw. Na een uiteenzetting van de samenwerkingsarrangementen wordt ingegaan op de sterke en zwakke kanten van de gemaakte keuzes. Daarbij staat in het bijzonder één criterium centraal: betrouwbaarheid. Kan de overheid vertrouwen op toezicht en controle door private partijen? Zijn de private partijen in staat en bereid om effectief toezicht op voedselveiligheid en bouwkwaliteit uit te oefenen en welke factoren uit het samenwerkingsarrangement hebben hier invloed op? Naast de constatering dat private toezichthouders een toegevoegde waarde kunnen bieden aan de stelsels van toezicht, wijzen we op enkele potentiële risico’s die we in praktijk van bouw- en voedseltoezicht hebben geïdentificeerd: onvoldoende onafhankelijkheid en belangenverstrengeling, beperkte intrinsieke motivatie, kans op papieren werkelijkheid en onvoldoende corrigerende werking van het publieke toezicht.
De Grote toezichtinterviewestafette – deel 7: Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit
Authors: Batting Marije , Goudsmit Jeroen , Feenstra Maaike
Published: October 2021

De Grote toezichtinterviewestafette – deel 7: Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit

Voor deze aflevering van het estafette-interview spraken Marije Batting, Jeroen Goudsmit en Maaike Feenstra namens de redactie met Maarten Ruys (interim-inspecteur-generaal) en Pauline den Ambtman (directeur strategie) van de Nederlandse Voedsel en Warenautoriteit (NVWA). Het gesprek vond plaats op 11 mei 2021. Mede naar aanleiding van de estafettevraag van Marian Kaljouw (voorzitter van de raad van bestuur van de Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit (NZa)) en Karina Raaijmakers (directeur toezicht en handhaving NZa), die de redactie interviewde voor nummer 2021-2 van Tijdschrift voor Toezicht, spraken wij met Maarten en Pauline over de uitdagingen waar de NVWA als toezichthouder voor staat en de ontwikkelingen die de NVWA de komende jaren wil doormaken.
In gesprek met Irene Mostert en Melanie de Waal
Authors: Merz Anna , Welp Pieter
Published: October 2021

In gesprek met Irene Mostert en Melanie de Waal

In de serie ‘in gesprek met een pas gepromoveerde onderzoeker’ geven we aandacht aan promotieonderzoeken die voor toezichthouders relevant zijn. Hiervoor interviewen we als redactie van het Tijdschrift voor Toezicht (recent) gepromoveerde onderzoekers over hun onderzoek en de betekenis ervan voor het toezicht.

In dit dubbelinterview spraken Anna Merz en Pieter Welp, redacteuren van het Tijdschrift voor Toezicht, met Irene Mostert en Melanie de Waal die vorige jaar promoveerden aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Het interview is op persoonlijke titel. We hebben gekozen voor een dubbelinterview met hen, omdat de onderwerpen van hun proefschriften in elkaars verlengde liggen. Irene heeft het interne toezicht binnen financiële instellingen onder de loep genomen en Melanie de relatie tussen het interne en externe toezicht.
ON NONNEGATIVE MATRICES WITH A FULLY CYCLIC PERIPHERAL SPECTRUM
Authors: Tam Bit-Shun
Published: October 2021

Let $A$ be a square complex matrix. We denote by $\rho(A)$ the spectral radius of $A$. The set of eigenvalues of $A$ with modulus $\rho(A)$ is called the peripheral spectrum of $A$. The latter set is said to to be fully cyclic if whenever $\rho(A)\alpha x =Ax$, $x\neq 0$, $|a|= 1$, then $|x|(sgn \ x)^k$ is an eigenvector of $A$ corresponding to $\rho(A)\alpha^k$ for all integers $k$. In this paper we give some necessary conditions and a set of sufficient conditions for a nonnegative matrix to have a fully cyclic peripheral spectrum. Our conditions are given in terms of the reduced graph of a nonnegative matrix.
Holz im Zeitalter von Kohle und Stahl. Zur Persistenz und Wandelbarkeit eines Werkstoﬀ es in der Hochindustrialisierung
Authors: Meiske Martin , Zumbrägel Christian
Published: October 2021

Der Übergang ins Industriezeitalter basierte auf einer neuartigen Nutzung von Rohstoffen: Steinkohle ersetzte Holz als Brennstoff; Eisen und Stahl stiegen zu neuen Schlüsselressourcen auf. Dieses klassische, materielle Industriali- sierungsverständnis haben technik- und umwelthistorische Forschungen in den letzten Jahren revidiert und differenziert. Sie sensibilisierten für regional und sektoral geprägte Industrialisierungspfade, die ein breites Panorama verschiedener Stoffe und Materialien repräsentierten und mitbedingten. Allerdings wurde noch nicht systematisch untersucht, welche Bedeutung der traditionellen Universalressource Holz im Industrialisierungsprozess zukam. In der Phase der deutschen Hochindustrialisierung war Holz als Brenn- ebenso wie als Werkstoff allgegenwärtig; Holzforschung und chemische Industrie entwickelten den Stoff zum innovativen Industrierohstoff (z.B. Zellulose u. Faserstoffe) weiter. Im ersten Teil gibt der Beitrag einen Überblick über die Bedeutung von Holz in verschiedenen Bereichen der Holzverarbeitung und Holzanwendung um 1900. Im zweiten Teil rücken zwei Gewerbezweige in den Fokus, die mit Blick auf die Persistenz und Wandelbarkeit hölzerner Werkstoffe unterschied- liche Dynamiken aufzeigen: Zunächst geht es um neue Konjunkturen imprä- gnierter Bahnschwellen aus Holz im Eisenbahnoberbau; anschließend stehen Holzanwendungen im traditionellen Mühlen- und Wasserbau im Blickfeld. Die beiden Fallstudien legen ein weit gefächertes Tableau holzspezifischer Technikkulturen im Industriezeitalter frei. Auf diese Weise trägt der Beitrag zu einem differenzierten Verständnis der stofflichen Dimensionen der Indus- trialisierung bei und präzisiert das Verhältnis von Alt und Neu inmitten dieser industriellen Transformationsphase.
Die Kohlenwäsche. Ein Stoﬀ -Technik-Netzwerk im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Thorade Nora
Published: October 2021

In den letzten Jahren ist die Auseinandersetzung mit Stoff und Material in den Geschichtswissenschaften auf großes Interesse gestoßen. In Abgren- zung zur Geschichte von Objekten und Dingen entwickelte sich daraus eine Stoffgeschichte, die Stoffe sowohl analytisch als auch kategorisch im Feld der Geschichtswissenschaften neu verortet. Die zentrale Forderung, den Stoff in den Mittelpunkt zu rücken, bringt dabei auch der Technikgeschichte neue Möglichkeiten. Wenn technische Entwicklungen und die Ausgestaltung tech- nischer Welten als Auseinandersetzung mit Materialität verstanden werden, wird der Stoff zum Akteur. Dieser Aufsatz widmet sich anhand des Beispiels der Kohlenwäsche und deren Entwicklung im deutschen Bergbau des 19. Jahrhunderts der Frage, wie sich Stoff und Technik zueinander verhalten. Im Zuge der Industrialisierung erfuhr die Steinkohle eine Transformation und ging dabei unterschiedliche Beziehungen ein. Sie lieferte Energie und wurde in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen unersetzlich. Dabei zeigten sich deutliche stoffliche Unterschiede, die sich auf die Eignung der jeweiligen Kohlensorten für die verschiedenen Prozesse auswirkten. Die Mängel mancher Sorten machten die Aufbereitung als eine Technik der Optimierung technisch relevant und wissenschaftlich interessant. In die- sem Sinn wird die Entwicklung und Erforschung der Kohlenwäsche als eine Möglichkeit für die Steinkohlenaufbereitung als Auseinandersetzung mit dem Charakter der Steinkohle bzw. den Potenzialen und Einschränkungen der Materialität interpretiert. Stoff und Technik interagieren miteinander und konstituieren ein Stoff-Technik-Netzwerk. Der Aufsatz unterstreicht die Wirk- mächtigkeit der Materialität und ist somit auch ein Beitrag zur Diskussion, ob Stoffe agency haben oder nicht.
Die „neue Mitleidsökonomie“ – Symptom des wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Strukturwandels
Authors: Kessl Fabian , Schoneville Holger
Published: October 2021

Die Entstehung und Ausbreitung von Tafeln, Suppenküchen, Kleiderkammern und Sozialkaufhäusern kann als die Etablierung eines neuen Systems der Armutslinderung interpretiert werden, das im vorliegenden Beitrag als „neue Mitleidsökonomie“ bestimmt wird. Aus wohlfahrtsstaatsanalytischer Perspektive ist diese Etablierung im 21. Jahrhundert ein Symptom des gegenwärtigen Strukturwandels des Sozialstaats. Die mitleidsökonomischen Hilfeleistungen werden aus dem sozialstaatlichen Kontext herausgelöst und sind nicht mehr über individuelle Anspruchsrechte vermittelt. Vielmehr wird die Hilfe maßgeblich durch die emotionale Anteilnahme im Modus von Mitleid moderiert, geht mit der Abhängigkeit von Freiwilligenarbeit und Spenden einher und ist zugleich durch ökonomische Interessen strukturiert. Aus gesellschaftsanalytischer Perspektive kann gezeigt werden, dass mit dem System eine spezifische Form der sekundären Integration einhergeht, die sich jedoch unter Bedingungen der Ausgrenzung realisiert.
Alternativen für soziale Teilhabe?
Authors: Eberle Hannah , Kessl Fabian
Published: October 2021

Die Sicherung sozialer Teilhabe liegt im Sozialstaat primär in öffentlicher Verantwortung. Doch diese Konstellation ist einer grundlegenden Transformation unterworfen. Der sich vollziehende Strukturwandel des Sozialstaats wird von einer Konjunktur spendenbasierter und freiwillig organisierter Versorgungsangebote – insbesondere Tafeln und Sozialkaufhäuser, aber auch medizinische Beratungsstellen oder digitale Tauschplattformen – begleitet. Diesen Angeboten wird das Potenzial zugeschrieben, eine Alternative für die soziale Teilhabe von Gesellschaftsmitgliedern bereitstellen zu können. Andere Positionen widersprechen dieser Einschätzung und sehen hier Lückenbüßer für eine zunehmend unzureichende sozialstaatliche Gewährleistung sozialer Teilhabe am Werk. In diesen Auseinandersetzungen wird bislang jedoch zu wenig zwischen den verschiedenen, heterogenen Angeboten unterschieden. Der Beitrag antwortet auf dieses Defizit mit einer systematischen Differenzierung zwischen mitleidsbasiert-wohltätigen, marktförmigen und selbstorganisiert-solidarischen Angeboten, die im Blick auf ihr Potenzial für soziale Teilhabe analysiert und reflektiert werden.