bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptations to sexual selection and sexual conflict: insights from experimental evolution and artificial selection
Authors: Edward Dominic A. , Fricke Claudia , Chapman Tracey
Published: July 2010

Artificial selection and experimental evolution document natural selection under controlled conditions. Collectively, these techniques are continuing to provide fresh and important insights into the genetic basis of evolutionary change, and are now being employed to investigate mating behaviour. Here, we focus on how selection techniques can reveal the genetic basis of post-mating adaptations to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Alteration of the operational sex ratio of adult
Drosophila
over just a few tens of generations can lead to altered ejaculate allocation patterns and the evolution of resistance in females to the costly effects of elevated mating rates. We provide new data to show how male responses to the presence of rivals can evolve. For several traits, the way in which males responded to rivals was opposite in lines selected for male-biased, as opposed to female-biased, adult sex ratio. This shows that the manipulation of the relative intensity of intra- and inter-sexual selection can lead to replicable and repeatable effects on mating systems, and reveals the potential for significant contemporary evolutionary change. Such studies, with important safeguards, have potential utility for understanding sexual selection and sexual conflict across many taxa. We discuss how artificial selection studies combined with genomics will continue to deepen our knowledge of the evolutionary principles first laid down by Darwin 150 years ago.
The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS
Authors: Sharp Paul M. , Hahn Beatrice H.
Published: July 2010

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes troglodytes
) and gorillas (
Gorilla gorilla gorilla
) in west central Africa. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed the origins of HIV-1: chimpanzees were the original hosts of this clade of viruses; four lineages of HIV-1 have arisen by independent cross-species transmissions to humans and one or two of those transmissions may have been via gorillas. However, SIVs are primarily monkey viruses: more than 40 species of African monkeys are infected with their own, species-specific, SIV and in at least some host species, the infection seems non-pathogenic. Chimpanzees acquired from monkeys two distinct forms of SIVs that recombined to produce a virus with a unique genome structure. We have found that SIV infection causes CD4
+
T-cell depletion and increases mortality in wild chimpanzees, and so the origin of AIDS is more ancient than the origin of HIV-1. Tracing the genetic changes that occurred as monkey viruses adapted to infect first chimpanzees and then humans may provide insights into the causes of the pathogenicity of these viruses.
Cattle demographic history modelled from autosomal sequence variation
Authors: Murray Caitriona , Huerta-Sanchez Emilia , Casey Fergal , Bradley Daniel G.
Published: July 2010

The phylogeography of cattle genetic variants has been extensively described and has informed the history of domestication. However, there remains a dearth of demographic models inferred from such data. Here, we describe sequence diversity at 37 000 bp sampled from 17 genes in cattle from Africa, Europe and India. Clearly distinct population histories are suggested betweenBos indicusandBos taurus, with the former displaying higher diversity statistics. We compare the unfolded site frequency spectra in each to those simulated using a diffusion approximation method and build a best-fitting model of past demography. This implies an earlier, possibly glaciation-induced population bottleneck inB. taurusancestry with a later, possibly domestication-associated demographic constriction inB. indicus. Strikingly, the modelled indicine history also requires a majority secondary admixture from the South Asian aurochs, indicating a complex, more diffuse domestication process. This perhaps involved multiple domestications and/or introgression from wild oxen to domestic herds; the latter is plausible from archaeological evidence of contemporaneous wild and domestic remains across different regions of South Asia.
Children's Behavioral Styles at  Age 3 Are Linked to Their  Adult Personality Traits at Age 26
Authors: Caspi Avshalom , Harrington HonaLee , Milne Barry , Amell James W. , Theodore Reremoana F. , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: July 2010

We observed 1,000 3‐year‐old children who exhibited five temperament types: Undercontrolled, Inhibited, Confident, Reserved, and Well‐adjusted. Twenty‐three years later, we reexamined 96% of the children as adults, using multiple methods of comprehensive personality assessment, including both self‐ and informant‐reports. These longitudinal data provide the longest and strongest evidence to date that children's early‐emerging behavioral styles can foretell their characteristic behaviors, thoughts, and feelings as adults, pointing to the foundations of the human personality in the early years of life.
HENRY: development, pilot and long‐term evaluation of a programme to help practitioners work more effectively with parents of babies and pre‐school children to prevent childhood obesity
Authors: Rudolf M. C. J. , Hunt C. , George J. , Hajibagheri K. , Blair M.
Published: July 2010

Background  Despite epidemic numbers of obese and overweight pre‐school children, professionals report a lack of confidence and self‐efficacy in working with parents around lifestyle change. HENRY – Health Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young – trains health and community practitioners to work more sensitively and effectively with parents of babies and pre‐school children around obesity and lifestyle concerns. Underpinned by the Family Partnership Model, reflective practice and solution‐focused techniques, it offers face‐to‐face training and e‐learning. This paper describes the development, pilot and evaluation of HENRY Sure Start Children's Centres.

Methods  Twelve Children's Centres in Oxfordshire took part in the pilot involving 137 staff. Questionnaires were administered at the end of training courses. Self‐reported confidence ratings were obtained before and after training. Postal questionnaires were sent to Centre managers 2–6 months later to ascertain long‐term effects. Nine managers participated in in‐depth interviews. A further 535 learners completed the e‐learning course and online feedback.

Results  One hundred and thirty‐one staff (96%) completed the training course and valued it as a way of enhancing skills and knowledge. Mean (±SD) self‐reported confidence ratings increased (4.1 ± 0.7 to 7.2 ± 0.7; P < 0.00001). An influence on personal as well as professional lives was apparent. Long‐term follow‐up indicated ongoing impact attributed to HENRY on both Centres and staff. All 535 e‐learners successfully completed: 98% would recommend HENRY; 94% thought it enhanced their skills as well as knowledge.

Conclusions  HENRY is an innovative approach that offers some promise in tackling obesity through training community and health practitioners to work more effectively with parents of very young children. It appears to have an effect on participants' personal lives as well as professional work. A large‐scale long‐term study would be required to ascertain if there is the desired impact on young children's lifestyles and risk of obesity.
Original article: Optimisation of extraction conditions and characteristics of skin gelatin from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Zeng Shaokui , Yan Xiaoyan , Cao Wenhong , Hong Pengzhi , Zhang Chaohua , Li Laihao
Published: July 2010

Response surface methodology was used to optimise gelatin extraction conditions from the skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and characteristics of the gelatin were determined. Concentration of NaOH (%,X1), alkaline treatment time (h,X2), concentration of HCl (‰,X3) and acid treatment time (min,X4) were chosen for independent variables. Dependent variable was yield of gelatin (%,Y). Optimal conditions wereX1 = 3.2 (%),X2 = 2.3 (h),X3 = 0.7 (‰) andX4 = 84 (min), and predicted value of response optimal conditions wasY = 20.4%. Actual value was 19.3% by verification experiments under optimal conditions. Crude protein content of the tilapia skin gelatin was 88.5%. The content of imino acids including proline and hydroxyproline in the gelatin was 185 residues per 1000 total amino acid residues. Its gel strength was 260 g. The gelling and melting points were 18.0 and 22.4 °C, respectively.
Original article: Effects of continuous dense‐phase CO2 system on antioxidant capacity and volatile compounds of apple juice
Authors: Porto Carla Da , Decorti Deborha , Tubaro Franco
Published: July 2010

The effects of different operating conditions applied to a continuous dense‐phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) system on antioxidant capacity and volatile compounds of apple juice were compared with current heat pasteurisation method. Only the microbial tests required by Italian Regulation to assure microbiological safety to ‘fruit juices and vegetables’ were performed, and DPCD‐treated (15 MPa, 35 °C, 15 min; 25 MPa, 35 °C, 15 min), heat‐pasteurised (75 °C, 15 s) and untreated apple juice samples were considered. The DPCD processing carried out at 15 MPa resulted as effective as 25 MPa in reducing microbial cells. Trolox equivalent of DPCD treated at 25 MPa (0.41 mm) resulted significantly (P < 0.05) lower than DPCD treated at 15 MPa (0.48 mm). Head space analysis of volatile compounds indicated the lowest decrease in apple aroma compounds (59% esters and 59% aldehydes) in DPCD treated at 15 MPa.
Original article: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging using different CO2 and N2 combinations on physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory changes of fresh sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets
Authors: Provincial Laura , Gil Mario , Guillén Elena , Alonso Verónica , Roncalés Pedro , Beltrán Jose A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of different modified atmosphere packaging (MAPs) on physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory changes of sea bass fillets when stored at 4 °C and standard light conditions was investigated for up to 21 days and compared to a control batch stored in overwrap. Sea bass fillets were packed using different CO2 and N2 combinations (40% CO2–60% N2; 50% CO2–50% N2; 60% CO2–40% N2), and quality assessment was based on instrumental, chemical, microbiological and sensory analysis. The results showed that MAP extended shelf‐life of sea bass fillets from 7 days (overwrap packaging) to 14 days. Drip loss, pH values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) measurements were higher in overwrap samples but no differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between MAP samples. Bacteria grew most quickly and showed higher counts in overwrap samples followed by 40% CO2–60% N2; 50% CO2–50% N2 and finally 60% CO2–40% N2. Sensory analyses were in good relation with chemical and microbiological results establishing best scores and an extended shelf‐life for MAP samples especially in MAPs with high CO2 levels.
Original article: Prediction of the colour and polyphenolic composition of the young red wines from the phenolic potential of the grapes
Authors: González‐Neves Gustavo , Gil Graciela , Ferrer Milka , Charamelo Darwin , Balado Juan , Bochicchio Rosa , Gatto Gabriela , Tessore Alicia
Published: July 2010

The phenolic potential of the grapes of Tannat, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produced in the south region of Uruguay was analysed in four years. The grapes of Tannat had the highest total phenolic richness (A280 = 80.0), total anthocyanin potential (ApH1 = 2540 mg L−1) and extractable anthocyanin potential (ApH3.2 = 1269 mg L−1), although there were important differences between the years. Representative winemaking of each vineyard was carried out. The differences verified in the grapes phenolic indexes were related to the colour and polyphenolic composition of the wines. The correlations between the phenolic indexes of the grapes and the colour and polyphenolic composition of the wines were very high. The estimation of the polyphenolic richness and the extractability of the anthocyanins of the grapes allow to improve the management of the winemaking and the prediction of the chromatic characteristics and the global polyphenolic composition of the wines.
Original article: Modelling the effects of food ingredients and pH on high‐pressure processing inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores: a laboratorial study
Authors: Gao Yu‐Long , Ju Xing‐Rong
Published: July 2010

The combination of high pressure and heat on Bacillus cereus spores in food matrix was investigated with the purpose of achieving a predictive model of microbial inactivation. The high‐pressure processing (HPP) conditions were fixed at 540 MPa and 71 °C for 16.8 min, which were determined as the optimum conditions considering six‐log‐cycle reductions of B. cereus spores. The effects of soybean protein, sucrose, soybean oil and pH on the inactivation of B. cereus spores by HPP were evaluated, and a quadratic predictive model for the effects of food ingredients and pH on the reductions of B. cereus spores by HPP was built using response surface methodology. The experimental results showed that soybean protein, sucrose and pH significantly affected the reductions of B. cereus spores. The predictive model is significant, because the level of significance was P < 0.0001 and the calculated F‐value is much greater than the tabulated F‐value. The adequacy of the predictive model equation was verified effectively using the experimental test data that were not used in the development of the model.
Two years survival rate of Class II ART restorations in primary molars using two ways to avoid saliva contamination
Authors: CARVALHO THIAGO SAADS , SAMPAIO FÁBIO CORREIA , DINIZ ALEXANDRE , BÖNECKER MARCELO , Van AMERONGEN WILLEM EVERT
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 419–425

Aim.  To compare the survival rates of Class II Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) restorations placed in primary molars using cotton rolls or rubber dam as isolation methods.

Methods.  A total of 232 children, 6–7 years old, both genders, were selected having one primary molar with proximal dentine lesion. The children were randomly assigned into two groups: control group with Class II ART restoration made using cotton rolls and experimental group using rubber dam. The restorations were evaluated by eight calibrated evaluators (Kappa > 0.8) after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.

Results.  A total of 48 (20.7%) children were considered dropout, after 24 months. The cumulative survival rate after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months was 61.4%, 39.0%, 29.1% and 18.0%, respectively for the control group, and 64.1%, 55.1%, 40.1% and 32.1%, respectively for the rubber dam group. The log rank test for censored data showed no statistical significant difference between the groups (P = 0.07). The univariate Cox Regression showed no statistical significant difference after adjusting for independent variables (P > 0.05).

Conclusion.  Both groups had similar survival rates, and after 2 years, the use of rubber dam does not increase the success of Class II ART restorations significantly.
Linking the clinical presentation of molar‐incisor hypomineralisation to its mineral density
Authors: FARAH RAMI , DRUMMOND BERNADETTE , SWAIN MICHAEL , WILLIAMS SHEILA
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 353–360

Background.  The in vitro methods used for the assessment of the severity of molar‐incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) are not available for clinicians faced with questions regarding the severity in clinical cases, and the best management approach.

Aim.  To assess whether there is a relation between the severity of the defects in MIH enamel (represented by reduction in the mineral density) and the clinical presentation (represented by the colour of the defect and its laser fluorescence).

Design.  The colour of enamel was recorded (normal, white, yellow or brown) in specific areas for ten extracted first permanent molars with MIH defects and ten extracted sound teeth. Laser fluorescence (LF) and mineral density (MD) were measured for the same areas. A mixed model, using sample/tooth as a random effect, was used to estimate the relationship between the MD and the colour‐coding, and between the MD and LF readings.

Results.  The between‐samples correlation coefficient for the colour coding and the MD was 0.99 (P < 0.001), and 0.83 (P < 0.001) for the LF and MD.

Conclusions.  The degree of staining of MIH enamel, as assessed visually or by LF, may be used clinically to reflect the severity of the defect.
Oral health in preschool children with cerebral palsy: a case–control community‐based study
Authors: DU RENNAN Y. , MCGRATH COLMAN , YIU CYNTHIA K. Y. , KING NIGEL M.
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 330–335

Objectives. To assess and compare the oral health status of preschool children with and without cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods. Preschool children with CP (72) were recruited from 23 Special Child Care Centers in Hong Kong. An age (±3 months) and gender matched sample of preschool children from mainstream preschools were recruited as the control group. Dental caries status, gingival health status, tooth wear, developmental defect of enamel, malocclusion, dental trauma and oral mucosal health were assessed and compared between the two groups.

Results. Significant differences in gingival health status were found between children with and without CP (mean plaque index scores,P = 0.001 and mean gingival index scores,P < 0.05). Tooth wear involving dentine was more prevalent among CP children (P < 0.001), as were evidence of anterior open‐bite (P < 0.001) and oral mucosal lesions (P < 0.05). Children with and without CP had similar caries experiences (P > 0.05), prevalence of enamel defects (P > 0.05) and dental trauma (P > 0.05).

Conclusions. Differences of oral health status exist among preschool children with and without CP. Preschool children fare worse in terms of gingival health, tooth wear, oral mucosal health and malocclusion.
Maxillary dental anomalies in children with cleft lip and palate: a controlled study
Authors: CAMPORESI MATTEO , BACCETTI TIZIANO , MARINELLI ANDREA , DEFRAIA EFISIO , FRANCHI LORENZO
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 442–450

Objective.  To evaluate the prevalence of dental abnormalities of the primary and permanent maxillary dentitions in children affected by unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) cleft of the lip and palate.

Methods.  One hundred and fifty‐six Caucasian patients (64 females and 92 males) affected by non‐syndromic UCLP or BLCP were selected. A control sample of 1000 subjects (482 males and 518 females) without CLP was selected. All comparisons were carried out by means of z‐tests on proportions.

Results.  The prevalence rate for missing primary lateral incisors in UCLP subjects was 8.1% and it was 27.9% for the permanent lateral incisors. In BLCP subjects, the prevalence rates were 17% for the primary lateral incisors and 60% for the permanent lateral incisors. The second premolar was absent in 5.4% of UCLP subjects and in 8.8% in the BCLP sample. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences for the prevalence rates of all dental anomalies compared with the control group except for second premolar agenesis.

Conclusions.  In both UCLP and BCLP subjects the most prevalent missing teeth were the lateral incisors. The dental anomalies occurred predominantly in the cleft area, thus suggesting that the effect of the cleft disturbance is more local than general on the dentition.
Caries risk profiles in schoolchildren over 2 years assessed by Cariogram
Authors: PETERSSON GUNNEL HÄNSEL , ISBERG PER‐ERIK , TWETMAN SVANTE
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 341–346

Background.  Caries risk assessment is an important tool in clinical decision making.

Aim.  To evaluate longitudinal changes in caries risk profiles in a group of schoolchildren in relation to caries development.

Design.  The Cariogram model was used to create caries risk profiles and to identify risk factors in 438 children being 10–11 years at baseline. The assessment was repeated after 2 years and the caries increment was recorded. The frequency of unfavourable risk factors were compared between those considered at the lowest and the highest risk.

Results.  Fifty percent of the children remained in the same risk category after 2 years. One third of the children were assessed in a higher‐risk category while 18.4% showed a lower risk. Those with increased risk compared with baseline developed significantly more caries than those with an unchanged risk category. The most frequent unfavourable risk factors among those with high risk at baseline were high‐salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts as well as frequent meals.

Conclusion.  Half of the children showed a changed risk category after 2 years, for better or for worse, which suggests that regular risk assessments are needed in order to make appropriate decisions on targeted preventive care and recall intervals.
Differential item functioning related to ethnicity in an oral health‐related quality of life measure
Authors: TRAEBERT JEFFERSON , FOSTER PAGE LYNDIE A. , MURRAY THOMSON W. , LOCKER DAVID
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 435–441

Objective. To assess whether an oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL)measure showed differential item functioning (DIF) by ethnicity.

Methods. A simple random sample of 12‐ and 13‐year‐old schoolchildren enrolled in the Taranaki District Health Board’s school dental service, New Zealand. Each child (n = 430) completed the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11‐14) in the dental clinic waiting room, prior to a dental examination. The dataset included age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation status. The general principle of the analytic plan was that equal scores from each CPQ11‐14item were expected from both non‐Mäori and Mäori groups regardless of their ethnic group. Ordinal logistic regression was performed. The dependent variables were the CPQ11‐14items. The ethnicity group and each CPQ11‐14domain score were the independent variables. Non‐uniform DIF was assessed through adding an interaction term for each CPQ11‐14sub‐scale.

Results. Non‐uniform DIF was found in two items, one in the Functional Limitations sub‐scale and another in the Social Well‐being sub‐scale. Uniform DIF was found in one item of the Emotional Well‐being sub‐scale.

Conclusion. Both non‐uniform and uniform DIF by ethnicity was found in three of 37 items of the CPQ11‐14questionnaire, showing it is important to perform DIF analysis when applying OHRQoL measures.
A clinical evaluation of two glass ionomer cements in primary molars using atraumatic restorative treatment technique in India: 1 year follow up
Authors: DEEPA GURUNATHAN , SHOBHA TANDON
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 410–418

Aim.  To compare the clinical performance of two glass ionomer cements, Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX in small and medium cavities prepared using Atraumatic restorative treatment approach in India.

Study design.  One hundred school children in the age group of 4–9 years who had bilateral matched pair of carious lesions in primary posterior teeth were included. A split mouth design was used in which two materials were randomly placed in contralateral sides. The performance of the restorations was assessed after 1 year using Frenken’s criteria (1996).Survival analysis of restoration was done using chi‐square test.

Results.  The survival rate of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX class I restorations were 97.4% and 94.9%, respectively. In class II cavities 95.1% and 88.5% of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX restorations were successful. Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX showed a success of 94.2% and 92.3% in small sized class II cavities. Amalgomer CR showed a 100% success for medium sized class I and II restorations. Whereas Fuji IX showed a 100% and 66.7% success in medium sized class I and II cavities.

Conclusion.  The clinical performances of both materials were satisfactory at the end of 1 year and ART is suitable procedure to be done in a dental clinic for children.
Comparison of subjective symptoms among three diagnostic subgroups of adolescents with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: KARIBE HIROYUKI , GODDARD GREG , KAWAKAMI TOMOMI , AOYAGI KYOKO , RUDD PATRICIA , MCNEILL CHARLES
Published: July 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 458–465

Aim.  To compare subjective symptoms among three diagnostic subgroups of young patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).

Design.  We comprehensively examined 121 patients with TMDs (age ≤20 years; 90 female patients and 31 male patients) who completed self‐reported forms for assessing subjective symptoms, which consisted of five items on pain intensity in the orofacial region and six items on the level of difficulty in activities of daily living (ADL) (rating scale, 0–10). They were divided into three diagnostic subgroups: temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problem (JT) group, masticatory muscle pain (MM) group, and the group with a combination of TMJ problems and masticatory muscle pain (JM group). Their symptoms were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests.

Results.  The intensity of jaw or face tightness and difficulty in talking and yawning were not significantly different among the groups. However, the MM and JM groups had a significantly higher rating for jaw or face pain, headache, neck pain, tooth pain, and difficulty in eating soft foods (P < 0.01).

Conclusions.  Young patients with MM or JM report more intense pain in the orofacial region and have more difficulties in ADL than those with JT problems alone.
Experimental investigation of fire ecology in the C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata
Authors: Ripley Brad , Donald Gillian , Osborne Colin P. , Abraham Trevor , Martin Tarryn
Published: July 2010

1. C4 grasses possess characteristics that potentially advantage growth in fire‐prone environments, including high photosynthetic productivity, efficient light and nutrient use and significant allocation to below‐ground reserves and reproduction. Such characteristics allow fast regeneration after fire, and may be the consequence of photosynthetic physiology, phylogenetic ancestry or may have been acquired as adaptations to frequently burnt environments.

2. The aim of this study was to examine the role of photosynthetic pathway by comparing fire ecology in the closely related C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata. Its focus was on above‐ground characteristics that would contribute to a fire fuel load, and the re‐growth responses of plants subsequent to a controlled experimental burn during the natural winter fire season.

3. Prior to the burn, but after frost, above‐ground biomass was entirely dead in the C4 plants, and was more flammable than that of the C3 plants. C3 plants maintained 33% of their canopy alive despite frosts and hence lost a significant proportion of living tissue in the experimental burn.

4. Subsequent to the burn, C3 plants did not entirely recover their above‐ground biomass, but canopy area returned to its pre‐burn level through the production of leaves with greater specific leaf area. There was little evidence of the remobilization of below‐ground reserves, which were less than half the size of C4 reserves. Re‐growth of C4 plants was strongly supported by the reallocation of below‐ground biomass and was similar for burnt and control plants, although fire had a weak stimulatory effect on re‐growth.

5. Synthesis. Differences in the responses of the A. semialata subspecies indicated that the C4 subspecies is better adapted to fire. Not only did it produce a flammable fuel load, but it was not detrimentally affected by the fire and recovered more rapidly than the C3 subspecies, without the requirement for altered growth allometry. Such characteristics may be the direct consequence of photosynthetic pathway or an indirect effect of adaptation in the C3 and C4 subspecies to environments with differing fire regimes.
Unveiling below‐ground species abundance in a biodiversity experiment: a test of vertical niche differentiation among grassland species
Authors: Mommer Liesje , Van Ruijven Jasper , De Caluwe Hannie , Smit‐Tiekstra Annemiek E. , Wagemaker Cornelis A.M. , Joop Ouborg N. , Bögemann Gerard M. , Van Der Weerden Gerard M. , Berendse Frank , De Kroon Hans
Published: July 2010

1. Plant diversity has profound effects on primary production. Plant diversity has been shown to correlate with increased primary production in nutrient‐limited grassland ecosystems. This overyielding has been attributed to vertical niche differentiation among species below‐ground, allowing for complementarity in resource capture. However, a rigorous test of this longstanding hypothesis is lacking because roots of different species could not be distinguished in diverse communities.

2. Here, we present the first application of a DNA‐based technique that quantifies species abundances in multispecies root samples. We were thus able to compare root distributions in monocultures of two grasses and two forbs with root distributions in four‐species mixtures. In order to investigate if vertical niche differentiation is driven by soil nutrient depletion, the topsoil layer of the communities were either nutrient‐rich or ‐poor.

3. Immediately in the first year, 40% more root biomass was produced in mixtures than expected from the monocultures, together with significant below‐ground complementarity effects, probably preceding above‐ground overyielding. This below‐ground overyielding appeared not to be the result of vertical niche differentiation, as rooting depth of the community tended to decrease, rather than increase in mixtures compared to monocultures. Roots thus tended to clump in the very dense topsoil layer rather than segregate over the whole profile in mixtures. The below‐ground overyielding was mainly driven by enhanced root investments of one species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, in the densely rooted topsoil layer without retarding the growth of the other species.

4. Synthesis. Conventional ecological mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, do not seem to be able to explain the increased root investments of A. odoratum in mixtures compared to monocultures, with apparently little effect on the root growth of the other species. Instead, the observed root responses are consistent with species‐specific root recognition responses. From a community perspective, the observed early below‐ground overyielding may initiate the recently reported increased soil organic matter, mineralization and N availability and thus may ultimately be responsible for the higher productivity at high plant species diversity.
STUDY OF A GROUP OF FAMILIAL‐CULTURAL RETARDATES SHOWING RAPID TRANSITION FROM WAKEFULNESS TO SLEEP
Authors: REISS M. , HATTORI H , HILLMAN J. C. , SIDEMAN M. B. , PLICHTA E. S.
Published: July 2010

A combined study of respiratory metabolism and sleep stage according to E.E.G. pattern was made. A group of undifferentiated retardates fell asleep unusually quickly when they lay down at any time of the day. Investigations indicated that the reduction in oxygen uptake seen with deepening sleep was greater than among other young male familial cultural patients.

Investigation of the urine of these patients showed that they excreted unusually high amounts of a substance that inhibits gonadotrophin action, serotonin action and spontaneous activity.
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria: report of a sporadic case
Authors: Consigli Javier , Gómez Zanni Maria S. , Ragazzini Luciana , Danielo Cristian
Published: July 2010

A group of pigment disorders is included under the denomination of “dyschromatosis”. Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria is a dominant autosomal genodermatosis mostly reported in Eastern countries. It has been rarely reported in nonoriental races and spontaneous cases are scarce. We report a spontaneous case in the West, a boy 6 years of age, with a typical presentation and who was confused initially with vitiligo.
Immunotherapy with depigmented‐polymerized mixed tree pollen extract: a clinical trial and responder analysis
Authors: Pfaar O. , Robinson D. S. , Sager A. , Emuzyte R.
Published: July 2010

To cite this article: Pfaar O, Robinson DS, Sager A, Emuzyte R. Immunotherapy with depigmented‐polymerized mixed tree pollen extract: a clinical trial and responder analysis. Allergy 2010; 65: 1614–1621.

Background:  Rhinoconjunctivitis because of tree pollen sensitization is common in Northern Europe. Specific subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is the only disease‐modifying treatment, but unmodified allergen extracts carry a risk of allergic side‐effects. Our objective was to examine efficacy and safety of a depigmented‐polymerized mixed tree pollen extract.

Methods:  A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of 184 tree pollen allergic adults was performed. SCIT consisted of four increasing doses at 7‐day intervals, then maintenance injections every 6 weeks for 18 months. Primary outcome was combined symptom and medication score during the 2008 season. Secondary outcomes included analysis at different levels of pollen exposure and a responder analysis. Adverse events were classified using the EAACI scale. Birch pollen‐specific IgE and IgG4 were measured before and after treatment.

Results:  The combined symptom and medication score of actively treated patients was significantly lower than those on placebo (P < 0.04). Increased efficacy was seen at high pollen exposure (median score 2.1 for active [IQR 0.7–3.4] vs 4.2 [IQR 2.4–5.3] for placebo for days with 500 or more pollen grains per m3, a 50% reduction, P < 0.01). A modified responder analysis revealed 64% responders in the active and 32% in the placebo group (P < 0.01). There were 17 systemic reactions. All were mild (grade 1 or 2) and required no treatment. Serum birch‐specific IgG4 increased in the SCIT group (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  SCIT with depigmented‐ polymerized tree pollen extract was clinically effective and well tolerated. Responder analysis suggested that one‐third of patients treated with immunotherapy may not respond.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex and mottled pigmentation: A new dominant syndrome
Authors: Fischer T. , Gedde‐Dahl T.
Published: July 2010

A family is reported in which 11 members presented epidermolysis bullosa simplex with some unusual features, and 10 of whom had congenital mottled hyper‐ and hypopigmenta‐tion of the skin. Both anomalies are inherited together in an autosomal dominant fashion, although dominant X‐linkage cannot be excluded. The epidermolysis without dyspigmenta‐tion in the 11th individual suggests that the syndrome in the other 10 members is due to genetic linkage of two independent genes and not to pleiotropism of a single mutant gene. The mottled pigmentation seems distinct from previously known dyspigmentations and is also suggestive of autosomal inactivation in man. (See addendum.)
Regional mapping of the HLA on the short arm of chromosome 6
Authors: Berger R. , Bernheim A. , Sasportes M. , Hauptmann G. , Hors J. , Legrand L. , Fellous M.
Published: July 2010

A detailed gene marker study was performed on a partial 6p trisomic child resulting from a balanced maternal translocation t (2;6) (p 2505; p 2105). HLA typing and mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that the breakpoint on chromosome 6 was located within the HLA gene cluster, allowing an accurate location of the D determinants. Localization of the P blood group locus within the region 6 p 2105 to 6 p ter was excluded.
Craniometaphyseal dysplasia ‐variability of expression within a large family
Authors: Beighton Peter , Hamersma Herman , Horan Frank
Published: July 2010

Fifteen individuals in five generations of a kindred with branches in South Africa and England had the autosomal dominant form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The majority of affected adults had mild to moderate mandibular distortion, while paranasal bossing was a transient manifestation in childhood. Facial palsy with onset in childhood was present either unilaterally or bilaterally in about 30% of the patients, while 50% had auditory dysfunction which varied from mild impairment of hearing to total deafness. Stature and intellect were normal, and bone fragility, osteomyelitis and dyshaemopoesis were not features of the condition. Five other potentially affected family members had deafness or facial palsy of uncertain aetiology in the absence of other stigmata of CMD. It is uncertain whether these complications represent minor degrees of phenotypic expression of the abnormal gene.
Association of severe rheumatoid arthritis with heterozygosity for α‐antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: Cox Diane Wilson , Huber Olga
Published: July 2010

Genetic types of α1‐antitrypsin (protease inhibitor types, or Pi types) were determined in 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These patients were selected for severely destructive disease and had classical rheumatoid arthritis according to ARA criteria, were seropositive, and had joint erosions shown by X‐ray. Heterozygotes for the deficiency Z allele (Pi types MZ, SZ, etc.) were found among 9.2 % of patients and 3.5 % of a control adult population. The increased frequency in patients was statistically significant. Heterozygotes were most frequent among female patients with an early onset of disease. Heterozygosity for α1‐antitrypsin deficiency may be a factor in familial recurrence of rheumatoid arthritis. Among 98 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis not selected for severity, 4.1 % were Z heterozygotes compared with 1.3 % of control children, not a statistically significant difference. Reduced concentrations of α1‐antitrypsin in Z heterozygotes may be inadequate to inhibit the proteolytic enzymes released into the joints of adults with rheumatoid arthritis during phagocytosis of immune complexes. This may be a factor promoting severe joint destruction.
Autosomal recessive inheritance of atrichia congenita
Authors: Cantiü J. M. , Sáchez‐Corona J. , González‐Mendoza A. , Martínez R. Martínez Y. , Gmcía‐Cruz D.
Published: July 2010

Two families, each with two sibs presenting atrichia congenita, were studied. Histopatho‐logical studies of scalp biopsies from affected areas revealed absence of hair follicles. The pedigree data were interpreted as corroborative of a previously postulated autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Congenital afibrinogenemia in 10 offspring of uncle‐niece marriages
Authors: Fried K. , Kaufman S.
Published: July 2010

Two unrelated large sibships, including 10 cases of congenital afibrinogenemia among 27 sibs, are reported. Both sibships were the product of uncle‐niece marriages. They were not selected for any particular clinical manifestation and should provide some information on genetic fitness. Six of the patients died in childhood, two affected boys are adolescent and two affected patients are young women. Two of the four survivors had spontaneous ruptures of the spleen. Fitness in this very rare disease seems to be close to zero and the inheritance is autosomal recessive.
Genetic heterogeneity of congenital glaucoma
Authors: Genčík Andrej , Genčíková Anna , Gerinec Anton
Published: July 2010

Analysis of 126 families comprising 205 patients with congenital glaucoma demonstrates that in Gypsies this disease follows the pattern of autosomal recessive inheritance with complete penetrance, while in the non‐Gypsy population, its mode of inheritance is most probably multifactorial. In Gypsy patients with congenital glaucoma, the eyes are always bilaterally affected, the onset of the disease is in the prenatal period, and its course is rather severe. The population frequency of the disease is extremely high (among Gypsies), and the consanguinity rate among parents is as high as 41%. In non‐Gypsy patients, 26.6% of all cases are only unilaterally affected, and the course of the disease is generally milder with a later onset. The population frequency in a non‐Gypsy population is much lower, the consanguinity rate is not increased, and an excess of males (1.55:l) is significant.
Silver staining and the 17ps chromosome
Authors: Patil Shivanand R. , Bent Forrest C.
Published: July 2010

Lack of silver staining of a variant chromosome 17 and its failure of involvement in satellite association indicate that this variant is a heteromorphism rather than a trans‐location of satellited material from any other acrecentric chromosome.
Prenatal detection of a probable heterozygote for ADA deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease using a microradioassay
Authors: Aitken D. A. , Kleijer W. J. , Niermeijer M. F. , Herbschleb‐Voogt E. , Galjaard H.
Published: July 2010

A pregnancy at risk for adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease has been investigated by assay of adenosine deaminase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells using a microradioassay. A low‐normal level of activity consistent with heterozygote status in the foetus was found and confirmed after birth by assay of red cell and fibroblast adenosine deaminase activities. It is suggested that the radio‐assay method offers significant advantages in sensitivity and specificity over the standard spectrophotometric procedure.
Mental retardation in association with a balanced X‐autosome translocation and random inactivation of the X chromosomes
Authors: Sands Margaret E.
Published: July 2010

A woman whose karyotype shows an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation, 46,X, t(Xq +; 10q —) is described. She is profoundly mentally retarded and shows minor physical abnormalities with normal sexual development. There is a random pattern of late replication of the normal X and the X involved in the translocation, whereas in most balanced X‐autosome translocations there is preferential inactivation of the normal X.
Detection of Lesch‐Nyhan Syndrome Carriers: Analysis of hair roots for HPRT by agarose gel electrophoresis and autoradiography
Authors: Bakay Bohdan , Tucker‐Pian Charmaine , Seegmiller J. E.
Published: July 2010

Flat agarose gel electrophoresis and autoradiography were used to analyze HPRT and APRT activity in individual hair roots collected from the scalps of females to determine the presence of HPRT‐deficient cells. Autoradiographs of hair‐root lysates of normal homozygous females contained two well‐separated dark zones representing HPRT and APRT activities. In contrast, some hair roots from carriers of HPRT deficiency contained two zones of activity with the same relative proportion of APRT and HPRT as hair roots of normal homozygotes, while others contained decreased amounts of HPRT activity. These hair roots consisted of HPRT+ and HPRT‐ cells. In addition, some hair roots from heterozygous carriers contained APRT but no HPRT activity. Such hair roots consisted of HPRT‐ cells only.
Hereditary ataxia in a large Danish pedigree
Authors: Pedersen Lene
Published: July 2010

A Danish pedigree with olivo‐ponto‐cerebellar ataxia, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait through six generations, has been studied. Forty‐nine individuals were affected, and the main signs were staggering, ataxic gait, dysmetria and dysarthria. Early symptoms were always imbalance and clumsiness. Clinical features varied greatly, and many types of here do familial ataxia had previously been assigned to the family members. Ten had been diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS), although symptoms typical of MS, such as paresthesias, mental disturbances and optic atrophy were extremely uncommon. The variations in the clinical picture show that the manifestations of a single dominant gene may appear to mimic different clinical entities unless the genetic evidence is taken into account.
Transmission of a balanced homologous t(22q;22q) translocation from mother to normal daughter
Authors: Palmer Catherine G. , Schwartz Stuart , Hodes M. E.
Published: July 2010

The transmission of a t(22q;22q) translocation is reported. The mother had had multiple miscarriages and carried both t(22q;22q) and t(22p;22p) portions of the rearrangement in a portion of her cells. The phenotypically normal daughter, who was the proband and was referred because of multiple miscarriages, also carried the t(22q;22q) translocation.
A new case of rearrangement of chromosome 15 associated with Prader Willi syndrome
Authors: Guanti Ginevra
Published: July 2010

A male child with Prader Willi syndrome and a de novo 9p/15q translocation is described. A review of the literature showed that a translocation involving 15q has been described in seven cases of this syndrome. The possible relationship between Prader Willi syndrome and breakage of chromosome no. 15 in qll region is discussed.
Guadalajara camptodactyly syndrome
Authors: Cantú J. M. , Rivera H. , Nazará Z. , Rojas Q. , Hernández A. , García‐Cruz D.
Published: July 2010

Two sisters, aged 18 and 11 years, were found to have an intrauterine growth retardaion‐malformation syndrome which included camptodactyly as a typical sign. The overall analysis of the clinical and radiological findings permitted the individualization of a distinct entity. The family data suggested autosomal recessive inheritance.
Familial Williams Syndrome
Authors: Cortada X. , Taysi K. , Hartmann A. F.
Published: July 2010

Characteristic features of the Williams syndrome were observed in a mother and her presumably dizygotic twin daughters, suggesting either an X‐linked dominant, autosomal dominant or multifactorial inheritance in this pedigree. The Williams syndrome generally has been thought to have a sporadic occurrence. The rare familial occurrence, however, suggests a possible heterogeneity in its etiology and also points out the importance of careful examination of the other family members for proper genetic counseling.
Pitfalls in the prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia
Authors: Buchanan P. D. , Kahler S. G. , Sweetman L. , Nyhan W. L.
Published: July 2010

Prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia can be performed by two independent methods: measuring an elevated quantity of the metabolite methylcitrate in amniotic fluid; and demonstrating deficient activity of propionyl‐CoA carboxylase in amniocytes cultured from the fluid. Discordant results in a pregnancy at risk for propionic acidemia were obtained. Elevated concentration of methylcitrate indicated an affected fetus, but the activity of propionyl‐CoA carboxylase was normal. An affected female infant was born. Chromosome variant analysis demonstrated that between passage two and four overgrowth of the female fetal cells by contaminating maternal cells led to the “false negative” results obtained by enzyme assay. This experience demonstrates the value of analysis of abnormal metabolites in amniotic fluid and highlights a problem that could confound the prenatal diagnosis of any condition assessed by enzyme activity.
The use of sequential silver and quinacrine staining to determine the parental origin and breakpoints of a ring‐22 human chromosome
Authors: Fowler Gregory , Kaiser‐McCaw Barbara , Hechti Frederick
Published: July 2010

We delineated a G‐ring syndrome in 1968 and suggested it was due to a ring‐22 (Weleber et al. 1969). We confirmed in 1972 that the ring was derived from chromosome 22 (Magenis et al. 1973). The present report constitutes a new case of the ring‐22 syndrome with clinical findings virtually identical to those we described earlier. By sequential staining techniques with silver and quinacrine, it was possible to determine the parental origin of the ring (maternal) and to estimate the breakpoints in the chromosome 22 (22p12 and 22q13) leading to the ring configuration. The clinical abnormalities are due to terminal deletion of 22q distal to the breakpoint in band 22q13. The silver technique, especially in sequence with other stains, provides new and useful data concerning the origin and precise cytology of this, one of the tiniest rings known in humans.