bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Quién estudia en la universidad? La dimensión social de la universidad española en la segunda década del siglo XXI
Authors: Herrera Cuesta Damián
Published: February 2019

En la Cumbre de Gotemburgo, celebrada el 17 de noviembre de 2017, fue proclamado por los estados miembros de la Unión Europea, el Pilar Europeo de los Derechos Sociales, documento con el que se quiere materializar el deseo colectivo de trabajar juntos por una Europa más social. Este artículo aborda el estudio sobre el grado de «Equidad participativa» del sistema universitario en España, a partir de las condiciones socioeconómicas y educativas de los jóvenes estudiantes de nuevo ingreso. Para su análisis, se han comparado la ocupación y los estudios de los progenitores, con la población general de edad equivalente (convencionalmente entre 40 y 59 años), e igual posición ocupacional y nivel de estudios alcanzado. Los resultados obtenidos, evidencian la existencia de una infrarrepresentación severa del estudiantado con bajoCapital Educativo, así como también del estudiantado con bajo Capital Socioeconómico. En el curso 2015/16, el porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso, cuyos progenitores se encontraban ocupados en empleos no cualificados y elementales, apenas representaban el 9,12 % y el 7,62 % (padre y madre, respectivamente), del estudiantado universitario en España.
Discursos de las becarias y los becarios en torno al nuevo sistema de becas y ayudas al estudio en la Universidad
Authors: Langa Rosado Delia
Published: February 2019

A partir de 2013 se ha experimentado en España un giro en el sistema de becas universitarias que las ha hecho más competitivas y sujetas al rendimiento académico. Nos hemos acercado a esta temática a través de las experiencias de los propios estudiantes con beca y para ello hemos analizado los discursos producidos por medio de 31 entrevistas abiertas. En este texto nos centraremos en las opiniones y representaciones de los sujetos entrevistados sobre estas transformaciones e intentaremos descifrar el concepto de equidad que manejan. A pesar de los mayores esfuerzos, académicos y económicos, que implica la apuesta universitaria en el actual contexto, sus pareceres sobre la reformade las becas se muestran escasamente críticos, o bastante ambivalentes. Intentaremos ofrecer alguna interpretación sobre esto en clave de debilitamiento de la concepción de la educación como derecho ciudadano.
¿Qué se puede hacer para mejorar la convivencia en secundaria? La voz del alumnado
Authors: García-Lastra Marta , Fernández-Rouco Noelia , Fernández-Fuertes Andrés A. , España Chico Celia
Published: February 2019

Este trabajo, que parte de un estudio más amplio sobre la percepción de diferentes aspectos del clima escolar en Cantabria, se centra en los resultados que hacen referencia a las propuestas de mejora planteadas por los/as adolescentes, a partir de su percepción sobre dicho objeto de estudio. 
Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 834 estudiantes de Secundaria (i.e., ESO, Bachillerato, FP Básica y FP de Grado Medio), 57.7 % mujeres y 42.3 % varones, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 20 años (M = 15.7, DT = 2.1). Los datos se recogieron mediante un muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados bietápico con carácter estratificado, esto último en función del curso, la titularidad del centro y el tipo de municipio.
Las propuestas de mejora del alumnado se agruparon en tres categorías emergentes: vigilancia/supervisión (e.g., aumentar el control por parte del profesorado, introducir vigilancia externa, etc.), acciones preventivas educativas (e.g., incrementar la participación del alumnado, aumentar la educación emocional, etc.) y acciones reactivas (e.g., sancionar a los/as acosadores/as o dar apoyo a las víctimas). Además, según los/as participantes, estas acciones deberían implementarlas preferentemente los equipos directivos, en colaboración con el alumnado o bien toda la comunidad educativa.
De estos resultados se desprende la importancia de tomar en consideración la voz del alumnado: ello debería redundar no solo en el bienestar de los/as estudiantes, sino también en la mejora de la convivencia escolar y en la calidad educativa.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ГОСПОЂИ ВИТАЧИ
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: February 2019

Дубровчани су у овом писму јављали госпођи Витачи да ће јојодговорити на писмо када се скупи властела, која је сада по селима и острвимакако би прикупила љетину и учествовала у берби грожђа у виноградима.Претходно је њено писмо у Дубровник донио њен „слуга“ Брајан. На основусадржаја писма није могуће чак ни претпоставити о чему се радило. Ово писмоје значајан документ прије свега за историју приватног живота у Дубровникуи сусједним областима. Из њега сазнајемо да је септембар, као почетнимјесец „јесењих радости“, био намијењен за одмор властеле од свакодневнихполитичких и економских обавеза у граду и за уживање у прикупљању плодоваземље.
Self‐Powered Optical Switch Based on Triboelectrification‐Triggered Liquid Crystal Alignment for Wireless Sensing
Authors: Zhang Chen , Wang Hailu , Guan Song , Guo Zihao , Zheng Xiaoxiong , Fan Youjun , Wang Ying , Qu Ting , Zhao Yongbin , Chen Aihua , Zhu Guang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2019

Here, a self‐powered optical switch (OS) composed of a surface‐etched single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film is reported. The working principle of the developed OS is that the liquid crystal alignment can be driven by triboelectrification‐generated voltage, inducing the PDLC film to rapidly switch its initial translucent state to an instantaneous transparent state. An output voltage of 360 V is generated upon the PDLC film when a nitrile rubber film contacts with the TENG at an area of 25 cm2 and a velocity of 0.4 m s−1. As such, a wide dimming range with the relative transmitted light intensity from 0.05 to 0.85 can be achieved for the OS. Enabled by the unique mechano‐electro‐optical reaction, the effects of a series of structural parameters on the performance of the OS are methodically studied. Particularly, through integrating the OS with a visible‐light‐operated signal‐processing circuit, a complete wireless sensing system with a fully power‐free sensing node is developed. The paradigms of hand touching and foot stepping triggered wireless alarms are demonstrated, explicitly showing great potential for the system in many possible interactive human–machine interface applications, such as surveillance, security systems, remote operation, and automatic control.
Reconfigurable Artificial Synapses between Excitatory and Inhibitory Modes Based on Single‐Gate Graphene Transistors
Authors: Yao Yao , Huang Xinnan , Peng Songang , Zhang Dayong , Shi Jingyuan , Yu Guanghui , Liu Qi , Jin Zhi
Published: February 2019

Reconfigurable artificial synapse with synaptic responses modulated between excitatory and inhibitory modes is critical for building artificial intelligence systems. However, it is still a challenge to realize such reconfigurability with a simple single‐gated transistor. Here, hydrogen‐rich silicon nitride film is employed as the gate dielectric to construct a single‐gate controlled graphene‐based artificial synapse to realize the reconfigurable synaptic responses. In this dielectric, both traps and movable hydrogen ions are introduced to induce the carrier trapping effect and the capacitive gating effect, respectively. Comparatively, the capacitive gating effect needs stronger electrical fields excitation and can significantly modulate the graphene channel in a longer time. Utilizing the carrier trapping effect and the ambipolar property of graphene, the fundamental potentiation and depression behaviors can be emulated in each response mode. Then, utilizing the capacitive gating effect, the reconfiguration between excitatory and inhibitory response modes can be achieved. All synaptic responses only depend on the signals inputted through the back‐gate electrode, which is distinctively different from previous dynamic devices with additional modulating terminals. Such reconfiguration feature provides the artificial synapse the ability to emulate some complicated biological behaviors in future artificial intelligence systems, such as the adjustable perception of different external stimuli under different conditions.
You Will Be Heard: The European Court of Human Rights Clarifies the Arbitration Right to a Public Hearing
Authors: Wojtowicz Piotr
Published: February 2019

The European Court of Human Rights' landmark judgment last fall in international sports arbitration elevated the status of a public hearing in the ADR processes of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Paired Electrochemical Reactions and the On‐Site Generation of a Chemical Reagent
Authors: Wu Tiandi , Nguyen Bichlien H. , Daugherty Michael C. , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: February 2019

While the majority of reported paired electrochemical reactions involve carefully matched cathodic and anodic reactions, the precise matching of half reactions in an electrolysis cell is not generally necessary. During a constant current electrolysis almost any oxidation and reduction reaction can be paired, and in the presented work we capitalize on this observation by examining the coupling of anodic oxidation reactions with the production of hydrogen gas for use as a reagent in remote, Pd‐catalyzed hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis reactions. To this end, an alcohol oxidation, an oxidative condensation, intramolecular anodic olefin coupling reactions, an amide oxidation, and a mediated oxidation were all shown to be compatible with the generation and use of hydrogen gas at the cathode. This pairing of an electrolysis reaction with the production of a chemical reagent or substrate has the potential to greatly expand the use of more energy efficient paired electrochemical reactions.
In Situ Amplification‐Based Imaging of RNA in Living Cells
Authors: Qing Zhihe , Xu Jingyuan , Hu Jinlei , Zheng Jing , He Lei , Zou Zhen , Yang Sheng , Tan Weihong , Yang Ronghua
Published: February 2019

Owing to its important physiological functions, especially as molecular biomarkers of diseases, RNA is an important focus of biomedicine and biochemical sensing. Signal amplification detection has been put forward because of the need for accurate identification of RNA at low expression levels, which is significant for the early diagnosis and therapy of malignant diseases. However, conventional amplification methods for RNA analysis depend on the use of enzymes, fixation of cells, and thermal cycling, which confine their performance to cell lysates or dead cells, thus the imaging of RNA in living cells remained until recently little explored. In recent years, the advance of isothermal amplification of nucleic acids has opened paths for meeting this need in living cells. This minireview tracks the development of in situ amplification assays for RNAs in living cells, and highlights the potential challenges facing this field, aiming to improve the development of in vivo isothermal amplification as well as usher in new frontiers in this fertile research area.
Porous MoO3@SiC hallow nanosphere composite as an efficient oxidative desulfurization catalyst
Authors: Seifikar Gomi Leila , Afsharpour Maryam
Published: February 2019

A novel N‐doped MoO3@SiC hollow nanosphere has been synthesized through two steps. Due to the first step, N‐doped MoO2@C nanosphere was synthesized using the hydrothermal method and in the second step, Si‐C bonds were formed through the low‐temperature magnesiothermic method and MoO3@SiC hollow nanosphere was produced. The prepared nanostructures were identified by various techniques such as IR, XRD, XPS, BET/BJH, SEM/EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that converting of C to SiC increase the surface area from 17 to 241 m2/g with remarkably decrease in pore diameter. Also, molybdenum is present in the form of MoO2 in carbon catalyst while during magnesiothermic process, it transfers to MoO3 form in the SiC catalyst. The synthesized products were employed as catalysts in oxidative desulfurization of model fuel. The results displayed that MoO3@SiC hollow nanostructure shows a superior catalytic activity (99.9%, 40 min) compared to C support (56%, 60 min). Furthermore, the recycling of MoO2@C catalyst shows a dramatic decrease even after the first run, while, SiC support exhibit higher stability during the stronger interaction between molybdenum catalyst and SiC support.
Engineering silver‐zwitterionic composite nanofiber membrane for bacterial fouling resistance
Authors: Anand Ganesh V. , Kundukad Binu , Cheng Dan , Radhakrishnan Sridhar , Ramakrishna Seeram , Van Vliet Krystyn J.
Published: February 2019

Bacterial attachment and fouling compromise material performance in applications ranging from marine equipment and biomedical devices to water treatment systems. For membrane‐based water treatment systems, bacterial attachment and biofilm formation decrease water purification efficiency and reduces mechanical durability of the membranes. In this work, we present a concurrent electrospinning and copolymerization approach to engineer composite nanofiber membranes comprising of silver nanoparticle containing poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP‐Ag) nanofibers and [copolymerized zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate‐methacryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane]‐poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers. We characterized the surface morphology, topography, material chemistry, and wettability of the nanofiber membranes with scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. We then challenged these nonwoven membranes with two model microbes, Gram‐negativePseudomonas aeruginosaand Gram‐positiveStaphylococcus aureus, and found that the silver‐zwitterionic composite nanofiber membrane exhibited superior bacterial fouling resistance by reducing >90% of bacterial attachment when compared to neat PVDF‐HFP and PVDF‐HFP‐Ag nanofiber membranes. This study demonstrates that concurrent electrospinning enables free‐standing nanofiber membranes with sustained bacterial fouling resistance, with potential in applications in filtration and water treatment technologies for which antifouling strategies are imperative. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47580.
Ribosomal Proteins Control Tumor Suppressor Pathways in Response to Nucleolar Stress
Authors: Lessard Frédéric , Brakier‐Gingras Léa , Ferbeyre Gerardo
Published: February 2019

Ribosome biogenesis includes the making and processing of ribosomal RNAs, the biosynthesis of ribosomal proteins from their mRNAs in the cytosol and their transport to the nucleolus to assemble pre‐ribosomal particles. Several stresses including cellular senescence reduce nucleolar rRNA synthesis and maturation increasing the availability of ribosome‐free ribosomal proteins. Several ribosomal proteins can activate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway but cells without p53 can still arrest their proliferation in response to an imbalance between ribosomal proteins and mature rRNA production. Recent results on senescence‐associated ribogenesis defects (SARD) show that the ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14 or uS11) can act as a CDK4/6 inhibitor linking ribosome biogenesis defects to the main engine of cell cycle progression. This work offers new insights into the regulation of the cell cycle and suggests novel avenues to design anticancer drugs.
Effect of care continuity on mortality of patients readmitted after colorectal surgery
Authors: Justiniano C F , Xu Z , Becerra A Z , Aquina C T , Boodry C I , Temple L K , Fleming F J
Published: February 2019

Background

Postoperative readmission after colorectal resection is common. It is unknown whether patients who receive readmission care from the surgeon who performed the index surgery have improved mortality. This study evaluated whether postdischarge continuity of care, defined at the hospital and surgeon level, was associated with decreased mortality after colorectal surgery.

Methods

The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System was queried for patients who had colorectal resections from 2004 to 2014, and were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Propensity-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between 30-day mortality and readmission care continuity.

Results

A total of 20 016 patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge were eligible for analysis. Some 39·5 per cent of readmitted patients experienced hospital and surgeon care continuity, 47·1 per cent hospital but not surgeon continuity, 1·0 per cent surgeon but not hospital continuity, and 12·4 per cent neither hospital nor surgeon care continuity. A total of 1349 patients (6·7 per cent) died within 30 days of readmission. Patients readmitted with absence of surgeon but not of hospital care continuity had 2·04 (95 per cent c.i. 1·72 to 2·42) times the risk of 30-day mortality compared with those who experienced surgeon and hospital continuity. Absence of both surgeon and hospital care continuity was associated with 2·65 (2·18 to 3·30) times the risk of death compared with presence of both.

Conclusion

Readmission after colorectal resection not under the care of the index operating surgeon is associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Addressing processes of care that are affected by surgeon care continuity may decrease surgical deaths.
Variation in pancreatoduodenectomy as delivered in two national audits
Authors: Mackay T M , Wellner U F , van Rijssen L B , Stoop T F , Busch O R , Groot Koerkamp B , Bausch D , Petrova E , Besselink M G , Keck T , van Santvoort H C , Molenaar I Q , Kok N , Festen S , van Eijck C H J , Bonsing B A , Erdmann J , de Hingh I , Buhr H J , Klinger C
Published: February 2019

Background

Nationwide audits facilitate quality and outcome assessment of pancreatoduodenectomy. Differences may exist between countries but studies comparing nationwide outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy based on audits are lacking. This study aimed to compare the German and Dutch audits for external data validation.

Methods

Anonymized data from patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between 2014 and 2016 were extracted from the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery StuDoQ|Pancreas and Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Audit, and compared using descriptive statistics. Univariable and multivariable risk analyses were undertaken.

Results

Overall, 4495 patients were included, 2489 in Germany and 2006 in the Netherlands. Adenocarcinoma was a more frequent indication for pancreatoduodenectomy in the Netherlands. German patients had worse ASA fitness grades, but Dutch patients had more pulmonary co-morbidity. Dutch patients underwent more minimally invasive surgery and venous resections, but fewer multivisceral resections. No difference was found in rates of grade B/C postoperative pancreatic fistula, grade C postpancreatectomy haemorrhage and in-hospital mortality. There was more centralization in the Netherlands (1·3 versus 13·3 per cent of pancreatoduodenectomies in very low-volume centres; P < 0·001). In multivariable analysis, both hospital stay (difference 2·49 (95 per cent c.i. 1·18 to 3·80) days) and risk of reoperation (odds ratio (OR) 1·55, 95 per cent c.i. 1·22 to 1·97) were higher in the German audit, whereas risk of postoperative pneumonia (OR 0·57, 0·37 to 0·88) and readmission (OR 0·38, 0·30 to 0·49) were lower. Several baseline and surgical characteristics, including hospital volume, but not country, predicted mortality.

Conclusion

This comparison of the German and Dutch audits showed variation in case mix, surgical technique and centralization for pancreatoduodenectomy, but no difference in mortality and pancreas-specific complications.
How confession characteristics impact juror perceptions of evidence in criminal trials
Authors: Shifton Jeremy J.
Published: February 2019

A confession is one of the most impactful pieces of evidence that can be presented in a criminal trial, yet very little is known about how perceptions of evidence change based on characteristics of the confession. While researchers know that “circumstances of the setting”, such as length of interrogation, number of interrogators, and lack of sleep, increase the likelihood of false confessions, less is known about whether juror perceptions of the confession are impacted by these factors. The current research builds on the existing literature by evaluating the impact of these situational confession factors to determine whether jurors give weight to characteristics that are known to increase the likelihood of a false confession.

Two experimental surveys were conducted, one using a sample of undergraduate students and one using a sample of jury‐eligible adults, in order to determine how respondents perceived a confession's strength. Results showed that confessions arising from lengthy interrogations were perceived to be weaker than those arising from short interrogations. However, multiple interrogators and a lack of sleep had little impact on evidence perceptions; these factors indicate a questionable confession to experts, but not to jurors. The implications for criminal justice theory, criminal trials, and future research are discussed.
Use of papaya leaf extract in neonatal thrombocytopenia
Authors: Pandita Aakash , Mishra Namita , Gupta Girish , Singh Rachna
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

Thrombocytopenia is a common condition in neonates. Neonatal thrombocytopenia can cause serious complications such as intraventricular hemorrhage. Papaya leaf extract may be a safe and effective therapy in persistent refractory neonatal thrombocytopenia. Papaya leaf extract was effective for improving platelet count in our baby with persistent thrombocytopenia. However, with no previous evidence of its use in neonates, its use is still experimental and should only be considered in refractory cases after team meeting and detailed discussion with family.
Construction of Highly Emissive Pt(II) Metallacycles upon Irradiation
Authors: Qin Yi , Zhang Ying , Yin Guangqiang , Wang Yuxuan , Zhang Changwei , Chen Lijun , Tan Hongwei , Li Xiaopeng , Xu Lin , Yang Haibo
Published: February 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Photoswitchable or photoactivatable fluorescent species have been found wide applications within supramolecular chemistry and materials science. In this study, we successfully constructed two highly emissive Pt(II) metallacycles from the diarylethene ligands via coordination‐driven self‐assembly. Different from the most known fluorescent metallacycles, the obtained metallacycles have displayed “turn‐on” fluorescence switching. They are non‐fluorescent in solution, but they emit highly yellow or orange fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation. The metallacycles were well characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and ESI‐TOF‐MS. The photochromic properties of the resultant metallacycles were investigated by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, UV/Vis spectrum and fluorescence spectrum. Notably, NMR studies revealed that these two metallacycles featured excellent cyclization efficiency (90% conversion efficiency). Moreover, the closed‐ring isomers of the metallacycles displayed relatively high quantum yield (ΦF = 0.5). DFT simulations demonstrated that the antiparallel configuration of the diarylethene ligand had an angle closed to 120°, which was more stable in energy compared to the parallel configuration, thus allowing for the facile construction of highly emissive metallacycles. We believe that such highly emissive metallacycles which are in‐situ prepared upon irradiation can be used as new fluorescence materials for sensing and bioimaging in the future.
Hydrophilic Carbon Nanomaterials: Characterisation by Physical, Chemical, and Biological Assays
Authors: Veloso Andreia D. , Ferraria Ana M. , Botelho do Rego Ana M. , Tavares Pedro B. , Valentão Patrícia , Pereira David D. , Andrade Paula B. , Fernandes António J. , Oliveira Maria C. , Videira Romeu A.
Published: February 2019

A highly hydrophilic carbon nanomaterial was generated by using an electrochemical approach, and its structure, chemical composition, redox properties, antioxidant activity and effects on cells were characterised. It was found that the nanomaterial possesses a structure dominated by sp2 carbon atoms in a non‐ordered carbon network formed by small clusters (<2 nm) of a carbonaceous material. This material has an outstanding capability for donating electrons and an unusual ability to bind metal cations. Antioxidant activity assays showed that it displays a high scavenging activity against both 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radicals, and a concentration‐dependent ability to protect mitochondrial lipids and intracellular thiol groups from oxidation promoted by external oxidising agents. Cell‐based assays also revealed that the nanomaterial has the ability to protect neuronal cells against oxidative damage and toxicity promoted by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and amyloid‐β1–42 peptide. These results, combined with the attractive methodology for generating this hydrophilic carbon‐based nanomaterial, make this study the first step in addressing the therapeutic application of this new material.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3‐Arylindazoles as Selective MEK4 Inhibitors
Authors: Deibler Kristine K. , Schiltz Gary E. , Clutter Matthew R. , Mishra Rama K. , Vagadia Purav P. , O'Connor Matthew , George Mariam Donny , Gordon Ryan , Fowler Graham , Bergan Raymond , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: February 2019

Herein we report the discovery of a novel series of highly potent and selective mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) inhibitors. MEK4 is an upstream kinase in MAPK signaling pathways that phosphorylates p38 MAPK and JNK in response to mitogenic and cellular stress queues. MEK4 is overexpressed and induces metastasis in advanced prostate cancer lesions. However, the value of MEK4 as an oncology target has not been pharmacologically validated because selective chemical probes targeting MEK4 have not been developed. Optimization of this series via structure–activity relationships and molecular modeling led to the identification of compound 6 ff (4‐(6‐fluoro‐2H‐indazol‐3‐yl)benzoic acid), a highly potent and selective MEK4 inhibitor. This series of inhibitors is the first of its kind in both activity and selectivity and will be useful in further defining the role of MEK4 in prostate and other cancers.
Phase 1 study of lenalidomide plus dose‐adjusted EPOCH‐R in patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphomas with deregulated MYC and BCL2
Authors: Godfrey James K. , Nabhan Chadi , Karrison Theodore , Kline Justin P. , Cohen Kenneth S. , Bishop Michael R. , Stadler Walter M. , Karmali Reem , Venugopal Parameswaran , Rapoport Aaron P. , Smith Sonali M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Dual translocation of MYC and BCL2 or the dual overexpression of these proteins in patients with aggressive B‐cell lymphomas (termed double‐hit lymphoma [DHL] and double‐expressor lymphoma [DEL], respectively) have poor outcomes after chemoimmunotherapy with the combination of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP). Retrospective reports have suggested improved outcomes with dose‐intensified regimens. In the current study, the authors conducted a phase 1 study to evaluate the feasibility, toxicity, and preliminary efficacy of adding lenalidomide to dose‐adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin with rituximab (DA‐EPOCH‐R) in patients with DHL and DEL.

Methods

The primary objective of the current study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of lenalidomide in combination with DA‐EPOCH‐R. A standard 3+3 design was used with lenalidomide administered on days 1 to 14 of each 21‐day cycle (dose levels of 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg). Patients attaining a complete response after 6 cycles of induction therapy proceeded to maintenance lenalidomide (10 mg daily for 14 days every 21 days) for 12 additional cycles.

Results

A total of 15 patients were enrolled, 10 of whom had DEL and 5 of whom had DHL. Two patients experienced dose‐limiting toxicities at a lenalidomide dose of 20 mg, consisting of grade 4 sepsis. The maximum tolerated dose of lenalidomide was determined to be 15 mg. The most common nonhematologic grade ≥3 adverse events included thromboembolism (4 patients; 27%) and hypokalemia (2 patients; 13%) (toxicities were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]). The preliminary efficacy of the regimen was encouraging, especially in the DEL cohort, in which all 10 patients achieved durable and complete metabolic responses with a median follow‐up of 24 months.

Conclusions

The combination of lenalidomide with DA‐EPOCH‐R appears to be safe and feasible in patients with DHL and DEL. These encouraging results have prompted an ongoing phase 2 multicenter study.
Pd2+‐Initiated Formic Acid Decomposition: Plausible Pathways for C‐H Activation of Formate
Authors: Lee Won Jong , Hwang Yeon Jin , Kim Joohoon , Jeong Hyangsoo , Yoon Chang Won
Published: February 2019

Formic acid (HCOOH, FA) has long been considered as a promising hydrogen‐storage material due to its efficient hydrogen release under mild conditions. In this work, FA decomposes to generate CO2 and H2 selectively in the presence of aqueous Pd2+ complex solutions at 333 K. Pd(NO3)2 was the most effective in generating H2 among various Pd2+ complexes explored. Pd2+ complexes were in situ reduced to Pd0 species by the mixture of FA and sodium formate (SF) during the course of the reaction. Since C−H activation reaction of Pd2+‐bound formate is occurred for both Pd2+ reduction and H2/CO2 gas generation, FA decomposition pathways using several Pd2+ species were explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Rotation of formate bound to Pd2+, β‐hydride elimination, and subsequent CO2 and H2 elimination by formic acid were examined, providing different energies for rate determining step depending on the ligand electronics and geometries coordinated to the Pd2+ complexes. Finally, Pd2+ reduction toward Pd0 pathways were explored computationally either by generated H2 or reductive elimination of CO2 and H2 gas.
Trypanosoma congolense: In Vitro Culture and Transfection
Authors: Kay Chris , Peacock Lori , Gibson Wendy
Published: February 2019

Trypanosoma congolense, together with T. vivax and T. brucei, causes African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), or nagana, a livestock disease carried by bloodsucking tsetse flies in sub‐Saharan Africa. These parasitic protists cycle between two hosts: mammal and tsetse fly. The environment offered by each host to the trypanosome is markedly different, and hence the metabolism of stages found in the mammal differs from that of insect stages. For research on new diagnostics and therapeutics, it is appropriate to use the mammalian life cycle stage, bloodstream forms. Insect stages such as procyclics are useful for studying differentiation and also serve as a convenient source of easily cultured, non‐infective organisms. Here, we present protocols in current use in our laboratory for the in vitro culture of different life cycle stages of T. congolense—procyclics, epimastigotes, and bloodstream forms—together with methods for transfection enabling the organism to be genetically modified. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A scalable correlation‐based approach for outlier detection in wireless body sensor networks
Authors: Saneja Bharti , Rani Rinkle
Published: February 2019

Outlier detection is one of the prominent research domain in the field of data mining and big data analytics. Nowadays, most of the data in healthcare centers are remotely monitored and are generated from different wireless sensors. The core objective of outlier detection in this domain is the recognition of the true physiologically anomalous data and the anomalies because of faulty sensors. In real healthcare monitoring scenario, various sensors are related to each other. So, while detecting outliers in wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs), correlation among different sensor nodes is of major concern. Most of the existing outlier detection techniques consider the sensors to be linearly correlated, which may not always be the case in real life applications. The traditional techniques for outlier detection are also not scalable to big data. To address the above issues, in this paper, we propose an approach for outlier detection that is scalable to big data and also handles the nonlinearly correlated attributes efficiently. The proposed approach is implemented on Hadoop map reduce framework for the rapid processing of big data. The evaluation results are validated using the simulated dataset of WBSNs taken from the Physionet library. The results are compared with various existing outlier detection approaches and demonstrated that the proposed approach is more effective in spotting the physiological outliers and sensor anomalies accurately.
Metabarcoding for stomach‐content analyses of Pygmy devil ray (Mobula kuhlii cf. eregoodootenkee): Comparing tissue and ethanol preservative‐derived DNA
Authors: Barbato Matteo , Kovacs Toby , Coleman Melinda A. , Broadhurst Matt K. , de Bruyn Mark
Published: February 2019

The application of high‐throughput sequencing to retrieve multi‐taxon DNA from different substrates such as water, soil, and stomach contents has enabled species identification without prior knowledge of taxon compositions. Here we used three minibarcodes designed to target mitochondrial COI in plankton, 16S in fish, and 16S in crustaceans, to compare ethanol‐ and tissue‐derived DNA extraction methodologies for metabarcoding. The stomach contents of pygmy devilrays (Mobula kuhlii cf. eregoodootenkee) were used to test whether ethanol‐derived DNA would provide a suitable substrate for metabarcoding. The DNA barcoding assays indicated that tissue‐derived operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were greater compared to those from extractions performed directly on the ethanol preservative. Tissue‐derived DNA extraction is therefore recommended for broader taxonomic coverage. Metabarcoding applications should consider including the following: (i) multiple barcodes, both taxon specific (e.g., 12S or 16S) and more universal (e.g., COI or 18S) to overcome bias and taxon misidentification and (ii) PCR inhibitor removal steps that will likely enhance amplification yields. However, where tissue is limited or no longer available, but the ethanol‐preservative medium is still available, metabarcoding directly from ethanol does recover the majority of common OTUs, suggesting the ethanol‐retrieval method could be applicable for dietary studies. Metabarcoding directly from preservative ethanol may also be useful where tissue samples are limited or highly valued; bulk samples are collected, such as for rapid species inventories; or mixed‐voucher sampling is conducted (e.g., for plankton, insects, and crustaceans).
Study on muscle activity during pseudo‐haptics occurrence by electromyogram measurement
Authors: Aoki Hirooki
Published: February 2019

Based on electromyogram measurement, the influence of task contents on muscle activity during pseudo‐haptics occurrence is basically examined. As a result of experiments with two kinds of tasks, it is considered that motivation and immersion to tasks improved by setting goals, which is effective for pseudo‐haptics occurrence. It was suggested that the contents of the task and the setting goals influence the continuous occurrence of the pseudo‐haptics.
Repeated fires reduce plant diversity in low‐elevation Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems (1984–2014)
Authors: Mahood Adam L. , Balch Jennifer K.
Published: February 2019

Sagebrush is one of the most imperiled ecosystems in western North America, having lost about half of its original 62 million hectare extent. Annual grass invasions are known to be increasing wildfire occurrence and burned area, but the lasting effects (greater than five years post‐fire) that the resulting reburns have on these plant communities are unclear. We created a fire history atlas from 31 yr (1984–2014) of Landsat‐derived fire data to sample along a fire frequency gradient (zero to three fires) in an area of northern Nevada that has experienced frequent fire in this time period. Thirty‐two percent of our study area (13,000 km2) burned in large fires (over 404 ha) at least once, 7% burned twice, and 2% burned three or more times. We collected plant abundance data at 28 plots (N = 7 per fire frequency), with an average time since fire of 17 yr. We examined fire's effect on plant diversity using species accumulation curves, alpha diversity (Shannon's dominance, Pielou's evenness, and number of species), and beta diversity (Whittaker, Simpson, and Z indexes). For composition, we used non‐metric multidimensional scaling. We then used PERMANOVA models to examine how disturbance history, temperature, precipitation, and aridity around the time of the fire affected subsequent community composition and diversity. One fire fundamentally changed community composition and reduced species richness, and each subsequent fire reduced richness further. Alpha diversity decreased after one fire. Beta diversity declined after the third fire. Cover of exotics was 10% higher in all burned plots, and native cover was 20% lower than in unburned plots, regardless of frequency. PERMANOVA models showed fire frequency and antecedent precipitation as the strongest predictors of beta diversity, while time since fire and vapor pressure deficit for the year of the fire were the strongest predictors of community composition. Given that a single fire has such a marked effect on species composition, and repeated fires reduce richness and beta diversity, we suggest that in lower elevation big sagebrush systems fire should be minimized as much as possible, perhaps even prescribed fire. Restoration efforts should be focused on timing with wet years on cooler, wetter sites.
The potential role of intrinsic processes in generating abrupt and quasi‐synchronous tree declines during the Holocene
Authors: Ramiadantsoa Tanjona , Stegner M. Allison , Williams John W. , Ives Anthony R.
Published: February 2019

Multiple abrupt and sometimes near‐synchronous declines in tree populations have been detected in the temperate forests of eastern North America and Europe during the Holocene. Traditional approaches to understanding these declines focus on searching for climatic or other broad‐scale extrinsic drivers. These approaches include multi‐proxy studies that match reconstructed changes in tree abundance to reconstructed changes in precipitation or temperature. Although these correlative approaches are informative, they neglect the potential role of intrinsic processes, such as competition and dispersal, in shaping tree community dynamics. We developed a simple process‐based community model that includes competition among tree species, density‐dependent survival, and dispersal to investigate how these processes might generate abrupt changes in tree abundances even when extrinsic climatic factors do not themselves change abruptly. Specifically, a self‐reinforcing (i.e., positive) feedback between abundance and survival can produce abrupt changes in tree abundance in the absence of long‐term climatic changes. Furthermore, spatially correlated, short‐term environmental variation and seed dispersal can increase the synchrony of abrupt changes. Using the well‐studied, late‐Holocene crash of Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) populations as an empirical case study, we find that our model generates abrupt and quasi‐synchronized crashes qualitatively similar to the observed hemlock patterns. Other tree taxa vary in the frequency and clustering of abrupt change and the proportion of increases and decreases. This complexity argues for caution in interpreting abrupt changes in species abundances as indicative of abrupt climatic changes. Nonetheless, some taxa show patterns that the model cannot produce: observed abrupt declines in hemlock abundance are more synchronized than abrupt increases, whereas the degree of synchronization is the same for abrupt decreases and increases in the model. Our results show that intrinsic processes can be significant contributing factors in abrupt tree population changes and highlight the diagnostic value of analyzing entire time series rather than single events when testing hypotheses about abrupt changes. Thus, intrinsic processes should be considered along with extrinsic drivers when seeking to explain rapid changes in community composition.
Gold and TfOH‐Cocatalyzed Tandem Reaction of ortho‐Akynylarylaldehydes with Cyclopropenes: an Efficient Route to Functionalized Benzo[7]annulene Derivatives
Authors: Meng Xin , Guo Minghui , Zhu Jiekun , Zhu Hongbo , Sun Xuejun , Tian Laijin , Cao Ziping
Published: February 2019

A novel gold(III) and TfOH‐cocatalyzed reaction of ortho‐alkynylbenzaldehydes with cyclopropenes was described for the synthesis of a variety of functionalized benzo[7]annulene derivatives in a highly stereoselective manner. This reaction could undergo tandem [4+2] cycloaddition/ring expansion to achieve the construction of seven‐membered‐carbocycles, along with the cleavage of double bond of cyclopropenes. The reaction features simple operations, commercially available catalysts and broad substrate scope with good efficiencies.
CFD/FEA connected modeling and analysis of vapor cloud explosion at a wastewater storage pond of a chemical plant in Korea
Authors: Jang Chang Bong , Han Ji Yun , Jeong Gun‐Sik , Baek Ju‐Hong , Choi Kwon‐Young , Jung Seungho
Published: February 2019

This paper describes and reports an analysis of an explosion accident at a wastewater storage pond in South Korea, which resulted in six fatalities and one injury. This study was aimed at analyzing and determining the possibility of fracture of concrete structure by vapor cloud explosion (VCE) and ignition point of explosion, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the explosion simulation. The result obtained via CFD analysis was connected with finite element analysis (FEA) to accurately review the structural damages resulting from the explosion. As a result, the mechanism of the accident was determined, and preventive solutions against such accidents are recommended.
Study on the fire risk associated with a failure of large‐scale commercial LiFePO4/graphite and LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite batteries
Authors: Wang Zhi , Zhu Kang , Hu Jianyao , Wang Jian
Published: February 2019

The fire hazards of fully charged large‐scale commercial LiFePO4/graphite and LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite batteries are experimentally studied using a bench‐scale calorimetry apparatus. The battery burning process can be roughly summarized into three stages with significant criteria. The fire behaviors associated with LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite battery give more splash spark, explosion, and gas/smoke ejection, while LiFePO4/graphite battery presents more jet flame. The sound signal may be a good choice for reflecting the battery state during thermal failure. The battery catches fire when average surface temperature (ST) reaches about 150°C. The maximum average STs for LiFePO4/graphite and LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite batteries are approximately 535.3 and 658.7°C, respectively. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) of two batteries is comparable, while the total heat release for LiFePO4/graphite battery is higher than LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite battery. The normalized heat release by initial mass of battery is found to be 2.304 and 3.133 kJ/g for LiFePO4/graphite and LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite batteries, respectively. Besides, LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite battery releases more CO and exhibits larger mass loss compared with LiFePO4/graphite battery. Finally, fire risk assessment for two batteries is also performed and discussed. In conclusion, LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2/graphite battery is more hazardous than LiFePO4/graphite battery in current condition.
Potassic alkaline granitoid magmatism in the northern margin of the Tarim Craton: First evidence of a back‐arc extensional environment
Authors: Chen Genwen , Yang Jianxing , Liu Rui
Published: February 2019

The tectonic setting of the northern Tarim Craton during the Palaeozoic is vital to our understanding of the subduction polarity of the paleo‐oceanic plates in the Tianshan Orogen and the accretion history of the south‐western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. We first identified granitoids intruding the Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in the Kurchu area in the northern Tarim Craton. The zircon LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating of this rock indicates that its crystallization age is 418 Ma, highlighting a late Early Palaeozoic magmatic event. Compared with the contemporaneous granitoids in the southern margin of the Tarim Craton, the Kurchu granitoid has high K2O (6.17–7.25 wt.%) and high alkaline (Na2O + K2O = 9.48–10.56 wt.%) contents. The Rittmann index (σ) ranges from 3.53 to 5.68, and samples plot in the shoshonite series in the K2O–SiO2 diagram, indicating that the rock is a potassic‐alkaline granite (PAG). In addition, this granitoid shows high REE concentrations (264–817 ppm) with significant Eu anomalies and is depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Ti, and P but enriched in Zr and Hf. These geochemical characteristics and high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.70857–0.70995) and low εNd(T) (−10.67 to −10.24) values of the Kurchu PAG indicate that this rock was derived from the partial melting of the crust. The diagenetic conditions of the Kurchu PAG are high temperatures, as recorded by higher zircon saturation temperatures (855–919°C), low diagenetic pressure, a less shallow emplacement depth recorded by lower Sr (<200 ppm) concentrations, and a low oxygen fugacity recorded by lower Eu* (0.17–0.89), higher Zr (>355 ppm) and Hf (>9.73 ppm) concentrations, and trace element contents of zircons. In various discrimination diagrams, all samples consistently plot in rift‐related areas. These geochemical and diagenetic features suggest that this magmatic event probably occurred in a back‐arc environment. Therefore, there is back‐arc basin occurring in the northern Tarim Craton in the Early Palaeozoic, which provides strong evidence that this region was an active margin probably much earlier than Silurian, necessitating the southward subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean.
What influences the sustainability of an effective psychosocial intervention for people with dementia living in care homes? A 9 to 12‐month follow‐up of the perceptions of staff in care homes involved in the WHELD randomised controlled trail
Authors: Fossey Jane , Garrod Lucy , Tolbol Froiland Christina , Ballard Clive , Lawrence Vanessa , Testad Ingelin
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The study aims to understand the factors that care home staff felt enabled or hindered them in continuing to use the well‐being and health for people with dementia (WHELD) psychosocial approach in their care home and investigate whether there was sustained activity 9 to 12 months after the study ended.

Methods

This qualitative study is part of a wider clinical trial, which demonstrated effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention on quality of life outcomes and neuropsychiatric symptoms for residents. Forty‐seven care home staff within nine care homes in the United Kingdom participated in focus groups, between 9 and 12 months after the intervention had finished. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes and interpret the data.

Results

The findings highlighted that staff continued to use a range of activities and processes acquired through the research intervention, after the study had ended. Three overarching themes were identified as influential: “recognising the value” of the approach for residents and staff, “being well practiced” with sufficient support and opportunity to consolidate skills prior to the withdrawal of the researchers, and “taking ownership of the approach” to incorporate it as usual care.

Conclusions

The WHELD approach can be sustained where the value of the approach is recognised, and sufficient support is provided during initial implementation for staff to build skills and confidence for it to become routine care. Further follow‐up is required to understand longer term use and the impact for residents.