bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of climate change on plant disease infections and epidemics caused by viruses and bacteria.
Authors: Jones R. A. C. , Barbetti M. J.
Published: July 2012

This review is motivated by (i) the magnitude of the threat to world food security and diversity of natural vegetation posed by viral and bacterial pathogens of plants at a time of accelerating climate change; and (ii) the inadequate attention given to this subject by earlier reviews on climate change and plant disease. It starts by providing background information on current climate change predictions, the increasing worldwide importance of viral and bacterial diseases, critical features of their pathosystems and the general influence of environmental factors upon them. It then develops comprehensive climatic and biological frameworks and uses them to determine the likely influences of direct and indirect climate change parameters on the many different host, vector and pathogen parameters that represent the diversity of viral and bacterial pathosystems. This approach proved a powerful way to identify the relevant international research data available and many information gaps where research is needed in the future. The analysis suggested that climate change is likely to modify many critical viral and bacterial epidemic components in different ways, often resulting in epidemic enhancement but sometimes having the opposite effect, depending on the type of pathosystem and circumstances. With vector-borne pathosystems and new encounter scenarios, the complication of having to consider the effects climate change parameters on diverse types of vectors and the emergence of previously unknown pathogens added important additional variables. The increasing difficulties in controlling damaging plant viral and bacterial epidemics predicted to arise from future climate instability warrants considerable research effort to safeguard world food security and biodiversity.
The function, social implications and management of barking in dogs.
Authors: Flint E. L.
Published: July 2012

The function and social significance of barking in domestic dogs (
Canis familiaris
) is still not fully understood. Barking is poorly tolerated by some people, is frequently identified by owners as problem behaviour, is cited as a reason for the relinquishment of dogs to animal shelters and is a common cause for complaint to authorities. It is as yet unclear why many humans find barking disturbing. Despite a recent increase in research in this area, further work is needed to achieve a greater understanding of the behaviour itself and its impact on society and to establish humane and effective strategies to manage and control this 'socially unacceptable' canine behaviour. This paper reviews information on the purpose of and factors influencing barking in domestic dogs, the possible reasons for its negative impact on humans and methods of control and management.
Runaway electron transport in turbulent and resonantly perturbed magnetic topologies of TEXTOR
Authors: Forster M. , Abdullaev S.S. , Finken K.H. , Kudyakov T. , Lehnen M. , Sewell G. , Willi O. , Xu Y.
Published: July 2012

The losses of runaway electrons due to magnetic perturbation fields are measured applying a scintillator probe during the flat top phases of purely ohmically heated low density discharges. The effects of well-defined amplitudes of the perturbation on the temporal evolution of the runaway losses and the spectral properties of the runaways are analyzed. The runaway transport towards the plasma edge is described by a model which takes magnetic turbulences and the magnetic perturbation field into account. Using an asymptotic theory, the orbits as well as radially and energy dependent transport coefficients for the runaways are calculated. A diffusion equation, which utilizes the coefficients, is solved delivering the density and the flux of the runaways. The model reproduces the measured enhancement of the runaway losses. Qualitatively different runaway spectra are found inside the plasma and at the edge. The spectra are explained by estimations of the competition between the secondary generation rate of the runaways and their radial diffusion. Thus, a self-consistent understanding of the temporal and spectral properties of the RE transport due to the resonant magnetic perturbation is achieved.
DanteR: an extensible R-based tool for quantitative analysis of -omics data
Authors: Taverner Tom , Karpievitch Yuliya V. , Polpitiya Ashoka D. , Brown Joseph N. , Dabney Alan R. , Anderson Gordon A. , Smith Richard D.
Published: July 2012

Motivation: The size and complex nature of mass spectrometry-based proteomics datasets motivate development of specialized software for statistical data analysis and exploration. We present DanteR, a graphical R package that features extensive statistical and diagnostic functions for quantitative proteomics data analysis, including normalization, imputation, hypothesis testing, interactive visualization and peptide-to-protein rollup. More importantly, users can easily extend the existing functionality by including their own algorithms under the Add-On tab.

Availability: DanteR and its associated user guide are available for download free of charge at http://omics.pnl.gov/software/. We have an updated binary source for the DanteR package up on our website together with a vignettes document. For Windows, a single click automatically installs DanteR along with the R programming environment. For Linux and Mac OS X, users must install R and then follow instructions on the DanteR website for package installation.

Contact:  rds@pnnl.gov
CREB selectively controls learning-induced structural remodeling of neurons
Authors: Middei Silvia , Spalloni Alida , Longone Patrizia , Pittenger Christopher , O'Mara Shane M. , Marie Hélène , Ammassari-Teule Martine
Published: July 2012

The modulation of synaptic strength associated with learning is post-synaptically regulated by changes in density and shape of dendritic spines. The transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) is required for memory formation and in vitro dendritic spine rearrangements, but its role in learning-induced remodeling of neurons remains elusive. Using transgenic mice conditionally expressing a dominant-negative CREB (CREBS133A: mCREB) mutant, we found that inhibiting CREB function does not alter spine density, spine morphology, and levels of polymerized actin in naive CA1 neurons. CREB inhibition, however, impaired contextual fear conditioning and produced a learning-induced collapse of spines associated with a blockade of learning-dependent increase in actin polymerization. Blocking mCREB expression with doxycycline rescued memory and restored a normal pattern of learning-induced spines, demonstrating that CREB controls structural adaptations of neurons selectively involved in memory formation.
2-Aminoterephthalic acidN,N-dimethylformamide disolvate
Authors: Loos Stefan , Seichter Wilhelm , Weber Edwin , Mertens Florian
Published: July 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title structure, C8H7NO4·2C3H7NO, contains one 2-aminoterephthalic acid and twoN,N-dimethylformamide molecules. Strong O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the acidic carboxy H atoms of 2-aminoterephthalic acid and the O atoms of both solvent molecules form linear 1:2 complex units. One H atom of the amine group is involved in intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonding, whereas the second one takes part in an intermolecular N—H...O connection. Furthermore, the crystal is stabilized by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Bis(2-amino-3-methylpyridine-κN1)dichloridomercury(II)
Authors: Tadjarodi Azadeh , Bijanzad Keyvan , Notash Behrouz
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, [HgCl2(C6H8N2)2], the two independent HgIIcations are each located on a twofold rotation axis and coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from two 2-amino-3-methylpyridine ligands and two Cl−anions in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. An intramolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bond occurs in each independent complex molecule. Intermolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds occur in the crystal structure.
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-iodophenyl)ethane
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: July 2012

In the structure of the title compound, C14H9Cl3I2, which is the 4-iodophenyl analogue of the insecticide DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane], isomorphism between the two compounds has been confirmed. In the molecule, the dihedral angle between the planes of the two benzene rings is 65.8 (4)° which compares with 64.7 (7)° in DDT.
4-{[8-(4-Acetyloxybenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl]carbonyl}phenyl acetate
Authors: Sasagawa Kosuke , Hijikata Daichi , Kusakabe Taro , Okamoto Akiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: July 2012

In the molecule of the title compound, C30H24O8, the two 4-acetoxybenzoyl groups at the 1- and 8-positions of the naphthalene ring system are aligned almost antiparallel, and the two benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 54.21 (9)°. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings and the naphthalene ring system are 63.63 (8) and 78.54 (8)°.
3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-1,2-[(S)-ethylidene]-β-D-mannopyranose
Authors: Kinfe Henok H. , Makolo Felix L. , Phasha Zanele , Muller Alfred
Published: July 2012

In the title compound, C14H20O9, the six-membered pyran and the five-membered dioxalane rings adopt chair and twisted conformations, respectively. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O interactions.
Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene are presumably associated with transcription level and carcass traits in pigs
Authors: Cieslak J. , Flisikowska T. , Schnieke A. , Kind A. , Szydlowski M. , Switonski M. , Flisikowski K.
Published: July 2012

The main goal of this study was to screen for polymorphisms in the porcine adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene promoter, analyse their influence on transcription and identify any association with production traits in pigs. A 1018‐bp region of the ADIPOQ gene promoter was analysed in 113 pigs, and seven novel polymorphisms found. Luciferase assays were performed in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells and primary porcine adipose mesenchymal stem cells (pADMSCs) to investigate their affect on promoter activity. A 16‐bp indel (c.−106_−91delGCCAGGGGTGTGAGCC) was found to influence promoter strength in vitro. In the HEK293 cell line, the Del/Del genotype showed greater luciferase activity than did the Ins/Ins genotype (P < 0.01). In pADMSCs, the insertion genotype of the ADIPOQ promoter showed greater luciferase activity than did the deletion genotype (P < 0.01). An association study performed for two novel polymorphisms, c.−67G>A and the 16‐bp indel, showed significant correlation with loin measurements in Polish Landrace (P < 0.05) and synthetic line 990 (P < 0.01) pigs.
Resident strategies for making a life in a nursing home: a qualitative study
Authors: Brandburg Gloria L. , Symes Lene , Mastel‐Smith Beth , Hersch Gayle , Walsh Teresa
Published: July 2012

Aim

To identify strategies that older adults use to adapt to live in long‐term care.

Background

The use of long‐term care services has risen and this trend is expected to continue as the population reaches old age. Moving into a long‐term care setting has been documented internationally as an overwhelming life change for many older adults. It has been observed that residents adjust differently over time, but the basis for these differences needs further exploration.

Design

A qualitative design using grounded theory method was employed.

Methods

A total of in‐depth interviews were conducted in October 2008–February 2009 with a sample of 21 participants. Participants ranged in age from 65–93 years, 81% women and 19% men; mainly Caucasian with one African American and one Hispanic. Length of stay ranged from 3 days to over 9 years living in long‐term care so that all stages of adjustment were included in the study. Ground theory method was used to analyse the data.

Findings

The results of this study yielded 21 facilitative strategies. The core category identified was personal resiliency, which served as the underpinning for the strategies used by the participants. Strategies were identified in making the decision to move into long‐term care and in day‐to‐day living.

Conclusion

Understanding the strategies that facilitate residents to make a successful transition to long‐term care life will assist nurses to intervene in ways that are supportive. The strategies identified in this study may be used to develop interventions for residents that are having difficulty living in long‐term care. Further exploration of how resiliency has an impact on strategies used by residents is clinically relevant, but further research is needed.
Roy's adaptation model‐guided education for adaptation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Akyil Rahşan Çevik , Ergüney Seher
Published: July 2012

Aim

This article is a report of the effects of Roy's adaptation model‐based patient education on physical and psychosocial adaptation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease abound in Turkey, as they do worldwide. Patient education could help in the adaptation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the disease, as it has with other long‐term diseases.

Design

The study adapted a quasi‐experimental design, with a comparison between an intervention group and a control group.

Methods

Sixty‐five patients with obstructive pulmonary disease participated in this study. The data were collected between December 2008–January 2010. The data collection tool comprised an adaptation of a Roy's adaptation model‐based evaluation form and perceived social support from family and friends scale. The intervention group received oral and written education based on Roy's adaptation model, while the control group received a routine follow‐up. Data were analysed with paired t‐test and analysis of covariance (ancova).

Findings

The results indicate that education given according to Roy's adaptation model increases adaptation to disease in three modes (physiologic, self‐concept and role‐function mode). In addition, taking into account interdependence mode as Roy's adaptation model's fourth mode, a statistically significant increase was observed in social support from friends but not from family.

Conclusion

The more intervention for improving interpersonal support – especially perceived as coming from family – the more using Roy's adaptation model to educate patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could benefit them to increase adaptation to the disease.
A thematic analysis of causes attributed to weight gain: a female slimmer’s perspective
Authors: Sawkill S. , Sparkes E. , Brown K.
Published: July 2012

How to cite this article  Sawkill S., Sparkes E. & Brown K. (2012) A thematic analysis of causes attributed to weight gain: a female slimmer’s perspective. J Hum Nutr Diet. 26, 78–84

Background:  Obesity prevalence has shown a marked increase in recent years. Strategies designed to manage the trend are not always effective in the long term. This qualitative study investigated perceived causes of weight gain in a group of female slimmer’s. Understanding beliefs about the causes of a problem can help explain behaviour and find solutions. It is therefore justified and timely to explore beliefs about causes of weight gain.

Methods:  A group of 11 (adult) slimmer’s were interviewed using a semi‐structured approach, and the data obtained were analysed thematically.

Results:  Four main themes were identified; importance of habits, influence of learning early models about the world through food, eating beyond feeling full and use of food as therapy.

Conclusions:  Behavioural causes were given to explain weight gain, perceived to be mediated by modern lifestyles or changes in circumstances. In addition, beliefs about food and its function related to personal history or childhood experience, which subsequently were used negatively in adulthood. The potential contributions of these findings for practice are explored.
Four chromosome replication origins in the archaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis
Authors: Pelve Erik A. , Lindås Ann‐Christin , Knöppel Anna , Mira Alex , Bernander Rolf
Published: July 2012

Replication origins were mapped in hyperthermophilic crenarchaea, using high‐throughput sequencing‐based marker frequency analysis. We confirm previous origin mapping in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and demonstrate that the single chromosome of Pyrobaculum calidifontis contains four replication origins, the highest number detected in a prokaryotic organism. The relative positions of the origins in both organisms coincided with regions enriched in highly conserved (core) archaeal genes. We show that core gene distribution provides a useful tool for origin identification in archaea, and predict multiple replication origins in a range of species. One of the P. calidifontis origins was mapped in detail, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated binding of the Cdc6/Orc1 replication initiator protein to a repeated sequence element, denoted Orb‐1, within the origin. The high‐throughput sequencing approach also allowed for an annotation update of both genomes, resulting in the restoration of open reading frames encoding proteins involved in, e.g., sugar, nitrate and energy metabolism, as well as in glycosylation and DNA repair.
Mechanisms of in vitro resistance to dihydroartemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Cui Long , Wang Zenglei , Miao Jun , Miao Miao , Chandra Ramesh , Jiang Hongying , Su Xin‐zhuan , Cui Liwang
Published: July 2012

The recent reports of artemisinin (ART) resistance in the Thai–Cambodian border area raise a serious concern on the long‐term efficacy of ARTs. To elucidate the resistance mechanisms, we performed in vitro selection with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and obtained two parasite clones from Dd2 with more than 25‐fold decrease in susceptibility to DHA. The DHA‐resistant clones were more tolerant of stressful growth conditions and more resistant to several commonly used antimalarial drugs than Dd2. The result is worrisome as many of the drugs are currently used as ART partners in malaria control. This study showed that the DHA resistance is not limited to ring stage, but also occurred in trophozoites and schizonts. Microarray and biochemical analyses revealed pfmdr1 amplification, elevation of the antioxidant defence network, and increased expression of many chaperones in the DHA‐resistant parasites. Without drug pressure, the DHA‐resistant parasites reverted to sensitivity in approximately 8 weeks, accompanied by de‐amplification of pfmdr1 and reduced antioxidant activities. The parallel decrease and increase in pfmdr1 copy number and antioxidant activity and the up and down of DHA sensitivity strongly suggest that pfmdr1 and antioxidant defence play a role in in vitro resistance to DHA, providing potential molecular markers for ART resistance.
Drought resistance in early and late secondary successional species from a tropical dry forest: the interplay between xylem resistance to embolism, sapwood water storage and leaf shedding
Authors: PINEDA‐GARCÍA FERNANDO , PAZ HORACIO , MEINZER FREDERICK C.
Published: July 2012

The mechanisms of drought resistance that allow plants to successfully establish at different stages of secondary succession in tropical dry forests are not well understood. We characterized mechanisms of drought resistance in early and late‐successional species and tested whether risk of drought differs across sites at different successional stages, and whether early and late‐successional species differ in resistance to experimentally imposed soil drought. The microenvironment in early successional sites was warmer and drier than in mature forest. Nevertheless, successional groups did not differ in resistance to soil drought. Late‐successional species resisted drought through two independent mechanisms: high resistance of xylem to embolism, or reliance on high stem water storage capacity. High sapwood water reserves delayed the effects of soil drying by transiently decoupling plant and soil water status. Resistance to soil drought resulted from the interplay between variations in xylem vulnerability to embolism, reliance on sapwood water reserves and leaf area reduction, leading to a tradeoff of avoidance against tolerance of soil drought, along which successional groups were not differentiated. Overall, our data suggest that ranking species' performance under soil drought based solely on xylem resistance to embolism may be misleading, especially for species with high sapwood water storage capacity.
Assessing Short‐ and Long‐Term Repeatability and Stability of Personality in Captive Zebra Finches Using Longitudinal Data
Authors: David Morgan , Auclair Yannick , Cézilly Frank
Published: July 2012

Assessing behavioural consistency is crucial to understand the evolution of personality traits. In the present study, we examined the short‐ and long‐term repeatability and stability of two unrelated personality traits – exploratory tendencies and struggling rate – using captive female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We performed two experimental sessions of behavioural tests with a 7‐mo interval, which represents up to one quarter of a zebra finch's life expectancy. We showed that, overall, exploratory tendencies and struggling rate were significantly repeatable in the short term. However, only exploratory tendencies were repeatable in the long term. We found interindividual differences in short‐term stability of exploratory tendencies, but not struggling rate, providing evidence for differences in intraindividual variability. In the long term, struggling rate significantly decreased between the two experimental sessions, whereas exploratory tendencies remained stable. Finally, the amount of interindividual variation measured at both sessions did not differ. Our results suggest that short‐ and long‐term repeatability and stability of personality may vary between individuals, depending on the behavioural trait under scrutiny. As a consequence, deducing personality from measures realized earlier in a subject's life should be performed with caution. We discuss the implications of inter‐ and intraindividual variation in personality consistency on individual fitness.
Drought‐induced shifts in the floristic and functional composition of tropical forests in Ghana
Authors: Fauset Sophie , Baker Timothy R. , Lewis Simon L. , Feldpausch Ted R. , Affum‐Baffoe Kofi , Foli Ernest G. , Hamer Keith C. , Swaine Michael D.
Published: July 2012

The future of tropical forests under global environmental change is uncertain, with biodiversity and carbon stocks at risk if precipitation regimes alter. Here, we assess changes in plant functional composition and biomass in 19 plots from a variety of forest types during two decades of long‐term drought in Ghana. We find a consistent increase in dry forest, deciduous, canopy species with intermediate light demand and a concomitant decrease in wet forest, evergreen, sub‐canopy and shade‐tolerant species. These changes in composition are accompanied by an increase in above‐ground biomass. Our results indicate that by altering composition in favour of drought‐tolerant species, the biomass stocks of these forests may be more resilient to longer term drought than short‐term studies of severe individual droughts suggest.
Tear production in canine neonates – evaluation using a modified Schirmer tear test
Authors: da Silva Enry Garcia , Sandmeyer Lynne S. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano , Galera Paula D.
Published: July 2012

Purpose  The ability of human newborns to produce tears has been a subject of controversy in the literature since the mid‐20th century, and there has been considerable debate as to whether they are able to produce tears. Recently, it was established that total tear secretion (reflex + basal) in full‐term infants is similar to those of adults whereas both reflex and basal tear production is reduced in premature babies. The objectives of this study were to assess whether newborn dogs have measurable aqueous tear production at the fourth week of life and to evaluate a modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT) as a useful method for measuring neonatal tear production in dogs.

Methods  Thirty four‐week‐old healthy puppies from six litters were evaluated. A control group was composed of 10 normal adult dogs. The mSTT strips were obtained by cutting a 5 mm‐wide strip in half (making two 2.5 mm‐wide strips). The mSTT1 was performed in puppies and adult dogs. Values were compared using t‐tests.

Results  In neonates, the average value for the mSTT1 was 13.6 ± 3.07 (range = 7–19 mm/min), which was significantly lower in neonates than in adult dogs (23.25 ± 3.5, range = 17–30 mm/min, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions  Canine neonates do produce tears by the fourth week of life, which can be successfully measured with the mSTT. This report established for the first time that canine neonates have significantly reduced total (reflex + basal) tear secretion compared to adults.
Suspected brainstem anesthesia following retrobulbar block in a cat
Authors: Oliver James A. C. , Bradbrook Carl A.
Published: July 2012

A 10‐year‐old, male, neutered, domestic shorthair cat was anesthetised for enucleation of a perforated left globe. A retrobulbar injection of local anesthetic (lidocaine/bupivacaine) was performed prior to surgery to provide intra‐ and postoperative analgesia. Following administration of the injection, the cat developed apnea and heart rate increased. Mechanical ventilation was initiated and surgery went ahead as planned. At the conclusion of surgery, the cat remained apnoeic requiring positive pressure ventilation until spontaneous ventilatory effort resumed. Upon recovery, the cat demonstrated neurological signs including tremors, nystagmus and absent dazzle reflex. These signs were attributed to brainstem anesthesia from the retrobulbar block and fully resolved within 3 h. This is the first report of suspected intrathecal spread of local anesthetic following retrobulbar block in a cat to the authors’ knowledge.
Changes in ecological stability across realistic biodiversity gradients depend on spatial scale
Authors: Chalcraft David R.
Published: July 2012

Aim

It is unclear how the stability of natural ecosystems and populations varies with biodiversity at spatial scales relevant to resource managers. This study evaluates whether theory and prior experiments adequately predict how stability varies with a measure of biodiversity, plant species richness, at multiple scales in naturally assembled ecosystems and assesses mechanisms through which biodiversity is proposed to affect stability.

Location

Chihuahuan desert. Historically, grasslands represented the dominant vegetation type in this landscape and shrubs were uncommon. Desertification has degraded many native grassland regions into one of several alternate states dominated by different shrub species and these regions differ in biodiversity.

Methods

Researchers at the Jornada long‐term ecological research site have amassed 12 years of data on the primary productivity of individual plant species in 735 permanent 1‐m2plots distributed among 15 regions that were all historically grasslands. I used this information to describe the relationship between biodiversity and stability at the local (1 m2) and regional (3721 m2) scale and to evaluate mechanisms through which biodiversity is proposed to affect stability.

Results

At the local scale, ecosystem stability increased linearly with biodiversity while population stability tended to decline with biodiversity. At the regional scale, both ecosystem and population stability increased as a saturating function of biodiversity. Scale‐dependent change in the biodiversity–stability relationship can be explained by the spatial insurance hypothesis, asynchrony in the local productivity dynamics of the average species, and a change in species evenness with scale that weakens statistical averaging.

Main conclusions

Results from small‐scale experimental studies may not directly translate to larger spatial scales but they appear to predict patterns in natural communities at small spatial scales. These results suggest that the maintenance of high biodiversity over a large spatial area is essential for maintaining ecosystem services and reducing the potential for further species extinctions.
How well do we know species richness in a well‐known continent? Temporal patterns of endemic and widespread species descriptions in theEuropean fauna
Authors: Essl Franz , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Dullinger Stefan , Moser Dietmar , Milasowszky Norbert
Published: July 2012

Aim

To analyse if the historical species description process in 10 animal groups differed among widespread and endemic species and to evaluate whether our current knowledge about the diversity of these groups is complete.

Location

Sixty‐nine terrestrial regions (countries, large islands, archipelagos) covering all of Europe.

Methods

Based on data from theFaunaEuropaea project, we reconstructed the description histories of four vertebrate groups (amphibians, fish, mammals, reptiles) and six well‐studied invertebrate groups (butterflies, grasshoppers, ground beetles, snails, spiders, true bugs) living in terrestrial and freshwater environments. We used accelerated failure time models to test for a possible delay of endemic species detection and to provide conservative estimates of the as yet undescribed proportions of the existing diversity.

Results

Our data set includes 24,092 species, of which 7202 (30%) are endemic to oneFaunaEuropaea region. Species descriptions over time follow different trajectories for endemic and widespread species, with endemic species being described 79 years later than widespread ones, on average. Rates of widespread species descriptions have been low throughout the 20th century despite increasing numbers of active taxonomists, and models indicate that only a minor fraction of extant species is unknown (0.4–3%). By contrast, endemic species accumulation curves do not seem to have levelled off yet. Conservative model predictions suggest that up to 19% of the existing endemic diversity still awaits description in some taxonomic groups.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that even for well‐studied groups in the world's biogeographically best‐known continent, scientific knowledge of species richness is far from complete and is biased towards widespread species. Research and conservation priorities may thus be misdirected, as, for example, regions with high numbers of as yet unrecognized endemics may not be adequately considered when setting conservation priorities. This is particularly problematic as their mostly small populations make endemic species especially vulnerable to human‐induced pressures.
Did Wars Make Nation‐States in the Balkans?: Nationalisms, Wars and States in the 19th and early 20th Century South East Europe
Authors: MALEŠEVIĆ SINIŠA
Published: July 2012

Nationalism and protracted warfare are often seen as the most important impediments to social advancement in the Balkans. In contrast to these popular perceptions I argue that for much of its history the Balkan region was characterised by limited inter‐state violence and by notable lack of nationalist ideologies. Furthermore by comparing the processes of state and nation formation and warfare in the South East Europe with those in the Western Europe the article aims to show that it is the weakness, not the strength, of nationalism and protracted warfare that historically have been the principal obstacles for social development. The general argument of the paper is developed in dialogue with Tilly's theory that ties state formation to proliferation of wars and Gellner's model that links the rise of nationalism to emergence of standardised educational systems and industrialisation. In an attempt to partially disprove Tilly and vindicate Gellner I argue that the experience of the Balkan region indicates that although wars can prove important catalysts of state formation they may not necessarily contribute to nation formation.
Worldview Implications of Believing in Free Will and/or Determinism: Politics, Morality, and Punitiveness
Authors: Carey Jasmine M. , Paulhus Delroy L.
Published: July 2012

Objective

We used theFAD‐Plus to investigate the association of free will belief (FWB) with political orientation, moral attitudes, and punitiveness. Other goals included (a) confirming the independence of believing in free will and determinism and (b) contrasting scientific determinism with fatalistic determinism.

Method

Three studies were conducted via online questionnaires. Studies 1 and 3 recruited undergraduate students: Study 1,N = 220,Mage = 20.96; Study 3,N = 161,Mage = 20.2. Study 2 participants were recruited from a broader community sample:N = 253,Mage = 34.29.

Results

Studies 1 and 2 found thatFWBis associated with traditional conservative attitudes, including authoritarianism, religiosity, and belief in a just world. Study 2 replicated this pattern but narrowed the religiosity link to the intrinsic style. In Study 3,FWBwas associated with binding moral foundations and retributive punishment of hypothetical criminals.

Conclusions

Belief in free will is associated with a conservative worldview, including such facets as authoritarianism, religiosity, punitiveness, and moralistic standards for judging self and others. The common element appears to be a strong sense of personal responsibility. Evidence for distinct correlates of scientific and fatalistic determinism reinforces the need for treating them separately.
Personality Change Predicts Self‐Reported Mental and Physical Health
Authors: Magee Christopher A. , Heaven Patrick C. L. , Miller Leonie M.
Published: July 2012

Objective

Personality dimensions are known to predict mortality and other health outcomes, but almost no research has assessed the effects of changes in personality traits on physical and mental health outcomes. In this article, we examined the effects of changes in the Big Five personality dimensions on health as assessed by the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36).

Method

Respondents were 11,105 Australian adults aged 20–79 years (52.7% female). Latent difference score modeling was used to examine whether personality change over a 4‐year period was associated with mental and physical health, and whether these effects were moderated by birth cohort.

Results

Increases in Conscientiousness and Extraversion were found to be associated with improved mental and physical health, whereas increased Neuroticism was linked with poorer health. The nature of these associations varied significantly by birth cohort.

Conclusion

The findings have implications for understanding how changes in personality traits over time are related to health, and could be used to aid the development of effective health promotion strategies targeted to specific personality traits and birth cohorts.
Clients' and Therapists' Stories about Psychotherapy
Authors: Adler Jonathan M.
Published: July 2012

This article provides an overview of the emerging field of research on clients' stories about their experiences in psychotherapy. The theory of narrative identity suggests that individuals construct stories about their lives in order to provide the self with a sense of purpose and unity. Psychotherapy stories serve both psychological functions. Focusing on the theme of agency as a vehicle for operationalizing purpose and coherence as a way of operationalizing unity, this article will describe the existing scholarship connecting psychotherapy stories to clients' psychological well‐being. Results from cross‐sectional qualitative and quantitative studies as well as longitudinal research indicate a connection between the stories clients tell about therapy and their psychological well‐being, both over the course of treatment and after it is over. In addition, a preliminary analysis of therapists' stories about their clients' treatment is presented. These analyses reveal that the way therapists recount a particular client's therapy does not impact the relationships between clients' narratives and their improvement. The article concludes with a discussion of how this body of scholarship might be fruitfully applied in the realm of clinical practice.
Announcing Swine Flu and the Interpretation of Pandemic Anxiety
Authors: Everts Jonathan
Published: July 2012

This paper discusses the ways in which 2009 novel swine‐origin influenza A (H1N1) was announced and resonated with current pandemic anxieties. In particular, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are used as a lens through which recent pandemic anxieties can be analysed and understood. This entails a closer look at the securitisation of public health and the challenges and struggles this may have caused within public health agencies. In that light, CDC' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety.
Many Chains to Break: The Multi‐dimensional Concept of Slave Labour in Brazil
Authors: McGrath Siobhán
Published: July 2012

This article examines the concept of slave labour through two case studies from Brazil. One involves internal migrant workers and the other cross‐border migrant workers. There have been accusations of slave labour in both cases. I argue that slave labour is a multi‐dimensional concept and that cognate notions (eg forced and unfree labour) could also be reconceived as multi‐dimensional. Recent works have proposed that a continuum viewing labour relations as more or less free should replace dichotomies such as free vs unfree. I argue for taking this further to recognise, first, that workers may be more or less free in different ways, and second, that the resulting conditions of employment can be characterised as more or less degrading, also in different ways. This multi‐dimensional approach allows for a better understanding of the heterogeneity of apparently unfree labour relations and for greater recognition of the agency of workers labelled as slaves.
Glucocerebrosidase mutations in a Serbian Parkinson's disease population
Authors: Kumar K. R. , Ramirez A. , Göbel A. , Kresojević N. , Svetel M. , Lohmann K. , M Sue C. , Rolfs A. , Mazzulli J. R. , Alcalay R. N. , Krainc D. , Klein C. , Kostic V. , Grünewald A.
Published: July 2012

Background and purpose

To screen for glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations in a Serbian Parkinson's disease (PD) population.

Methods

Glucocerebrosidase exons 8–11 harbouring the most common mutations were sequenced in 360 patients with PD and 348 controls from Serbia. Haplotype analysis was performed for the N370S mutation and compared with German and Ashkenazi Jewish carriers.

Results

Glucocerebrosidase mutations were significantly more frequent in patients with PD (21/360; 5.8%) vs. controls (5/348; 1.4%; OR = 4.25; CI, 1.58–11.40; P = 0.0041). Two patients with PD carried homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in GBA. The N370S mutation accounted for about half of the mutated alleles in patients (10/23) but was absent amongst controls. Three novel variants were detected including two non‐synonymous variants (D380V, N392S) in the patient group and one synonymous change (V459V) in a control. Carriers of the D409H mutation were also sequenced for H255Q, and all were found to carry the [D409H; H255Q] double‐mutant allele. Genotyping suggested a common haplotype for all N370S carriers.

Conclusion

Glucocerebrosidase mutations represent a PD risk factor in the Serbian population.
Relationships among consumer vanity, gender, brand sensitivity, brand consciousness and private self‐consciousness
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Lee Seung‐Hee
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among consumer vanity, gender, brand sensitivity, brand consciousness and private self‐consciousness within a context of social comparison theory. The four dimensions of consumer vanity are concern for and positive view of physical appearance and concern for and positive view of achievement. Participants were 400 college students (284 women; 116 men). Participants above the median in three of the four dimensions of vanity (except vanity achievement view) were more sensitive to and more conscious of brand names. Participants above (vs. below) the median in vanity achievement view scored higher on private self‐consciousness. Women scored higher on brand sensitivity, brand consciousness and private self‐consciousness than men. There was a significant correlation between brand sensitivity and brand consciousness. Results support the notion that consumers’ decisions, especially regarding brand names, may be guided by vanity‐related concerns and views.
Density‐dependent dispersal and the speed of range expansions
Authors: Altwegg Res , Collingham Yvonne C. , Erni Birgit , Huntley Brian
Published: July 2012

Aim

The speed of range expansions, be it invasive species colonizing a new area or species tracking a moving climatic niche, critically depends on dispersal. Models for species' range expansions generally assume dispersal to be independent of local population densities. However, animals often disperse in response to high population size or alternatively may avoid or leave areas of very low population sizes. We explore whether such density dependence in dispersal can safely be ignored when predicting the speed of range expansions.

Location

Simulation study.

Methods

We use simulations to examine the effect of different forms of density dependence in emigration and immigration on the speed of range expansions. For emigration, we consider linear and nonlinear forms of positive density dependence, negative density dependence at low population densities and constant emigration rates. For immigration, we consider options where individuals avoid crowded patches, are attracted to the presence of conspecifics or settle independent of local density.

Results

The speed of range expansion was slowest when emigration was strongly positively related to density (higher emigration at higher densities) and when individuals avoided settling in low‐density patches. It tended to be fastest under negatively density‐dependent emigration (higher emigration at lower densities). These results were consistent across two different life histories and different levels of carrying capacity.

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that considering density‐dependent dispersal and the mechanisms leading to it are important for correctly predicting species' rates of spread. Organisms with a tendency to aggregate, for example, by relying on conspecific attraction in settlement and emigrating mainly in response to high local densities, are predicted to be least likely to expand their ranges and most at risk from spatial shifts in their climatic niches.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INHIBITION OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE ACTIVITY AND THE MODE OF ACTION OF TRIVALENT ORGANIC ANTIMONIALS ON SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Authors: BUEDING E. , MANSOUR JOAN M.
Published: July 2012

The addition of purified mammalian phosphofructokinase to homogenates of Schistosoma mansoni increased the rate of lactic acid production from glucose and reversed the inhibition of glycolysis produced by low concentrations of trivalent organic antimonials. Neither mammalian phosphofructokinase nor trivalent antimonials affected the rate of lactic acid production from fructose‐1:6‐diphosphate (HDP) by schistosome homogenates. Accordingly, in the schistosome, the rate of glycolysis of glucose is determined by the activity of phosphofructokinase.

The aldolase of S. mansoni has a high requirement for HDP; relatively slight reductions in the concentration of this substrate below the optimum resulted in a sharp decline of aldolase activity. Therefore, decreased formation of HDP, due to inhibition of schistosome phosphofructokinase activity by antimonials, reduced the activity of aldolase and resulted in an inhibition of glycolysis of schistosome homogenates.

Kinetic data revealed differences in the nature of the phosphofructokinase of S. mansoni and that of the enzyme catalysing the same reaction in the host. Exposure of schistosomes to low concentrations of potassium antimonyl tartrate or administration of subcurative doses of stibophen to the host resulted in an accumulation of the substrate (fructose‐6‐phosphate), and a reduction of the product (HDP) of the phosphofructokinase reaction, indicating that the activity of this enzyme was inhibited by antimonials in the intact parasite. It is concluded that inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity can account for the mechanism of the chemotherapeutic action of trivalent organic antimonials in schistosomiasis.
THE EFFECT OF DINITROPHENOL, HYPOXAEMIA AND ISCHAEMIA ON THE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS OF THE DOG HEART
Authors: FAWAZ G. , HAWA E. S. , TUTUNJI B.
Published: July 2012

The results reported in this paper indicate that dinitrophenol acts directly on the isolated heart, increasing its metabolic rate. It also produces heart failure associated with a low phosphocreatine content of the muscle but with no change in adenosine triphosphate, which may or may not be due to a relative hypoxia of the cardiac tissue. Experimental arterial hypoxaemia, if severe, produces a similar picture of heart failure with a decrease in phosphocreatine and no change in adenosine triphosphate. Ligation of the coronary arteries results in disappearance of the major part of the phosphocreatine within a few minutes regardless of whether or not ventricular fibrillation ensues; the adenosine triphosphate remains unchanged.
THE EFFECT OF INHALATION OF 30% CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION OF THE HUMAN SUBJECT
Authors: McARDLE L. , RODDIE I. C. , SHEPHERD J. T. , WHELAN R. F.
Published: July 2012

Inhalation of 30% carbon dioxide for 1 to 2 min. caused a transient increase followed by a marked fall in blood flow through the normal forearm and calf. Since there was an associated large increase in arterial blood pressure, the fall in flow was due to intense vasoconstriction. It is likely that the vasoconstriction in the forearm occurred deep to the skin because the oxygen saturation of the superficial venous blood did not fall during the inhalation. Since there was a slight decrease in flow through the nerve‐blocked forearm in spite of the increased blood pressure, it is unlikely that nervous vasoconstriction can completely account for the marked decrease in muscle flow.
THE BLOCKING ACTION OF CHOLINE 2:6‐XYLYL ETHER BROMIDE ON ADRENERGIC NERVES
Authors: EXLEY K. A.
Published: July 2012

Choline 2:6‐xylyl ether bromide (TM 10), given systemically to cats in doses of 5 to 15 mg./kg., abolishes the effects of adrenergic nerve stimulation whilst leaving the reactions of the effector organs to adrenaline unimpaired. The effects of a single dose may take up to one hour to become fully established and last for more than twenty‐four hours. Apart from transitory ganglionic blockade, cholinergic autonomic nerves are unaffected even by large doses of TM 10. Doses of TM 10 which produce effective blockade do not impair conduction along adrenergic nerve trunks; the drug must, therefore, act at, or close to, the nerve terminals. TM 10 prevents the output of noradrenaline from the spleen on stimulating the splenic nerves; but, in acute experiments, it does not influence the liberation of pressor amines from the stimulated suprarenals. Examination of some ethers related to TM 10 revealed no correlation between TM 10‐like adrenergic blocking activity and local anaesthetic activity. The action of TM 10 on adrenergic nerves does not, therefore, seem to be accounted for by axonal block.