bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendered Organizational Culture
Authors: Hossain Julaikha Bente
Published: July 2018

This study began with the question of what are the factors that lead to different outcomes of women in engineering employment in Bangladesh and Thailand. The primary data for answering this question were drawn from questionnaire surveys with 204 professional engineers, in-depth interviews with 80 professional women engineers, and discussions with employers in construction organizations in Bangladesh and Thailand. The findings identifies several barriers that not only deter women from entering into organizations, but also stopped the stream of women engineering graduates to flow into the engineering job market. The study has shed light on how organizational cultural practices as well as the influence of external factors within organizations affect women's entry and stay in construction organizations in Bangladesh and Thailand. The findings suggest that organizations should develop their own equal opportunity guidelines and policies to provide women with a suitable job and ensure that they remain employed.
“Female Charm”
Authors: Costa Carlos , Breda Zélia , Bakas Fiona Eva , Durão Marília , Pinho Isabel
Published: July 2018

A significant challenge faced by the tourism and hospitality industries in a rapidly changing world, is the ability to sustain organisational growth. Some of the main strategies for achieving organisational growth are those related to innovation, internationalisation and networking. Addressing tourism studies' contemporary shift to a focus on social influences, this study investigates the relations between gender and organisational growth. Qualitative analysis of focus groups with managers from the seven administrative regions in Portugal provides an in-depth account of tourism and gender issues based on empirical evidence. Viewing the ways in which tourism managers contribute to organisational growth through the angle of gender, this chapter provides a compelling account of the delicate and often invisible interactions between economic and social transactions. Results illustrate how women as a labour source are paradoxically viewed as both an asset and an impediment to organisational growth strategies.
Public Engagement and Policy Entrepreneurship on Social Media in the Time of Anti-Vaccination Movements
Authors: Song Melodie Yun-Ju , Abelson Julia
Published: July 2018

North America has experienced a resurgence of measles outbreak due to an unprecedentedly low Mumps-Measles and Rubella vaccination coverage rates facilitated by the anti-vaccination movement. The objective of this chapter is to explore the new online public space and public discourse using Web 2.0 in the public health arena to answer the question ‘What is driving public acceptance of or hesitancy towards the MMR vaccine?' More specifically, typologies of online public engagement will be examined using MMR vaccine hesitancy as a case study to illustrate the different approaches used by pro- and anti-vaccine groups to inform, consult with and engage the public on a public health issue that has been the subject of long-standing public debate and confusion. This chapter provides an overview of the cyclical discourse of anti-vaccination movements. The authors hypothesize that anti-vaccination, vaccine hesitant, and pro-vaccination representations on the online public sphere is reflective of competing values (e.g., modernism, post-modernism) in contemporary society.
Global Environmental Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Machalaba Catherine , Romanelli Cristina , Stoett Peter
Published: July 2018

The prediction of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and the avoidance of their tremendous social and economic costs is contingent on the identification of their most likely drivers. It is argued that the drivers of global environmental change (and climate change as both a driver and an impact) are often the drivers of EIDs; and that the two overlap to such a strong degree that targeting these drivers is sound epidemiological policy. Several drivers overlap with the leading causes of biodiversity loss, providing opportunities for health and biodiversity sectors to generate synergies at local and global levels. This chapter provides a primer on EID ecology, reviews underlying drivers and mechanisms that facilitate pathogen spillover and spread, provides suggested policy and practice-based actions toward the prevention of EIDs in the context of environmental change, and identifies knowledge gaps for the purpose of further research.
What's Memory All About?
Authors: Caixinha Aníbal , Alexandre Isabel Machado
Published: July 2018

Dementia is, unfortunately, a well-known problem of nowadays, product of a set of generational transformations and a result of better life conditions. There are different kinds of dementia but Alzheimer is the one with predominance. Memory is the key factor in this type of illness and it is nuclear to understand how it is constructed to hypothesise and try to determine how it degenerates. In this chapter, memory structures are presented as a starting point of the research and then through the use of narrative intelligence we devise a method to present small excerpts of patient's history and simultaneously illness progression is evaluated. To do this, a small prototype of MEM+ has been developed, and for its development a participatory design was conducted. With this approach, we aim to devise the right application to be used by the patients themselves and by their caregivers. During this stage of the project special attention was paid to usability issues, and some adaptations made to better the human computer interaction.
Business Intelligence for Nutrition Therapy
Authors: Reis Rita , Mendonça Ana , Ferreira Diana Lisandra Azevedo , Peixoto Hugo , Machado José
Published: July 2018

The assessment of health status in communities throughout the world is a massive information technology challenge. Data warehousing provides a flexible environment to support the business management and serve as an integrated repository for data. With the addition of models and analytic tools that have the potential to provide actionable information resources and support effective problem identification, critical decision-making, and strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Of particular interest are the factors of influence like the patient's height or weight and its impact on processes and results. A multidimensional process is a way to discover health care processes according to certain factors of influence. This study aims to implement a data warehousing environment for decision support, in the context of nutrition evaluation, to integrate data obtained from a health care facility. This paper highlights the implementation of Business Intelligence in health care settings allows searching and interpreting stored information to support decisions concerning people's life.
Adolescence Surveillance System for Obesity Prevention (ASSO) in Europe
Authors: Tabacchi Garden , Jemni Monèm , Viana Joao L , Bianco Antonino
Published: July 2018

Adolescents' obesity is a major concern in our modern life that could lead to significant increase in the rate of obese future generations and consequently in the health budget. The ASSO (Adolescence Surveillance System for Obesity prevention) project in Italy is tackling this new pandemic using the new e-technology through a multi facets monitoring system on life style including food consumptions, meal patterns and habits, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, fitness and sedentariness, and biological/genetic, and socio-cultural/environmental characteristics of adolescents. The project has been recently piloted in the South of the country. This chapter summarizes the design and structure of the ASSO system, its implementation and the results of an evaluation process for its possible extension to the whole Italian territory and to other European realities as a national surveillance system.
Ob/Gyn EMR Software
Authors: Bougoulias Konstantinos , Kouris Ioannis , Prasinos Marios , Giokas Kostas , Koutsouris Dimitris
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, the collection and the analysis for the development of an Ob/Gyn EMR software for small Obstetrics and Gynecology organizations is analyzed. The necessary gynecological information was gathered via research concerning the needs of the practice and was organized and categorized according to its importance to the clinicians. The user interface of the developed software provides access to obstetrics, gynecological, surgical, sterilization and PAP test data, along with video and image file storage capabilities. An integrated appointment scheduling module, as well as an expected labor day prediction module, are also part of the application. The developed software is self-contained so that it can be installed on the clinician's computer or accessed within the clinic.
Isocenter Verification in Radiotherapy Clinical Practice Using Virtual Simulation
Authors: Matsopoulos George K. , Asvestas Pantelis A. , Markaki Vasiliki , Platoni Kalliopi , Kouloulias Vasilios
Published: July 2018

This chapter presents an overview of the procedures that are used for the verification of the patient position during radiotherapy. Furthermore, a method for the verification of the radiotherapy isocenter prior to treatment delivery is proposed. The method is based on the alignment of two Computed Tomography (CT) scans: a scan, which is acquired for treatment planning, and an additional verification scan, which is acquired prior to the treatment delivery. The proposed method was applied to CT scans, acquired from 20 patients with abdominal tumors and 20 patients with breast/lung cancer. The results of the proposed method were compared with the ones obtained using conventional methods, indicating that the estimated isocenter displacement can be translated into patient setup error inside the treatment room.
Health Information Systems and Their Usefulness Among the Women Folk of Kanyakumari District, India
Authors: Gnanabai R.
Published: July 2018

This chapter describes how health is the most precious component for the happiness and all-round development of human being in the society. Alongside this, information is an important resource for individual growth and survival. Therefore, a Health Information System (HIS) is a system for collecting/processing of data from various sources, and using the information for policy-making and management of health services. This chapter discusses health literacy and its association with health information needs and health information literacy, the status of women in India and their influence in the well-being of the family, and the impact of HIS. This chapter also proves that with enough data obtained from the women of Kanyakumari District in India, the government's policy needs to be directed towards women for the success of its health-care programmes.
International Healthcare Experiences
Authors: Wietholter Jon P. , Coetzee Renier , Nardella Beth , Kincaid Scott E. , Slain Douglas
Published: July 2018

International Healthcare Experiences (IHEs) provide opportunities for students to experience healthcare in unfamiliar and sometimes challenging settings. Types of IHEs include acute care, ambulatory care, and medical missions. Students have reported multiple benefits through completion of IHEs including increased personal and professional development, increased cultural sensitivity, and increased self-awareness and self-confidence. While many benefits have been noted, there are also challenges in developing, implementing, and sustaining IHEs including financial considerations, safety concerns, and apprehensions regarding the impact the IHE is having on foreign patients and healthcare workers. Additionally, the possibility of limited sustainability of an IHE must be taken into account when evaluating its development and overall impact. This chapter's aim is to summarize the currently available literature on IHEs and to provide subjective reflections from international colleagues and students associated with IHEs connected to the authors' institutions.
Mobile Health and Wellness Applications
Authors: Nikou Shahrokh , Bouwman Harry
Published: July 2018

The rapid-pace development in mobile technology offers tremendous opportunities for both the public and private sector in healthcare domain. Unlike other forms of communications, e.g., the Internet, increasingly ubiquitous use of mobile technology and devices allow mobile health and wellness applications to have a greater impact on how care is delivered. Although, technology is an essential tool for healthcare provision, to fully leverage these opportunities other major issues on the emergence of more patient-centric healthcare solutions need to be addressed. A sustainable business model plays a significant role in exploration and exploitation of mobile health and wellness applications. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic literature review based on a business model ontology, in order to lay the basis for exploitation of these applications. The review shows that the extant literature mainly focuses on the service platforms components of business models and their underlying technological challenges, and that non-technological business model components such as value proposition, organizing and revenue models have not attracted the attention that is deemed necessary for exploitation of mobile health care solutions. This paper cautions that in a highly regulated yet often monopolistic industry such as healthcare, the regulatory and the legal issues must be considered as an external business factors.
A Review of Automated Methodologies for the Detection of Epileptic Episodes Using Long-Term EEG Signals
Authors: Tsiouris Kostas M. , Tzallas Alexandros T. , Markoula Sofia , Koutsouris Dimitris , Konitsiotis Spiros , Fotiadis Dimitrios I.
Published: July 2018

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition caused by abnormal electrical activity of the human brain that affects up to 1% of the global population. Since seizures may occur at any time, long-term EEG recordings are more suitable to record ictal activity. To assist the inspection process various automated seizure detection methodologies have been reported demonstrating high performance. In this chapter the majority of such long-term EEG signal processing techniques and methods, used in the seizure detection domain, are presented. Emphasis is particularly given on providing a complete overview of the wide variety of methodologies from the last few years, which were evaluated using two well-known public EEG databases consisting of long-term scalp and intracranial EEG recordings. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an evaluation of the methods' performance under a common reference dataset to assess their suitability for implantable or ambulatory seizure detection devices.
Drips Gallery
Authors: Lederman Alexandra , Jindani Farah
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the possibilities of using digital technologies in an archival setting. The hypothesis examined and investigated was: street art can be preserved and archived through archival websites and mobile applications. In order to explore this problem a community driven digital archive, Drips Gallery, was created. Drips Gallery is a new archive consisting of graffiti photograph collections and is available through a website and mobile app. The database, website, and mobile app was created, coded, and programmed specifically for the archival and community needs of Drips Gallery. Drips Gallery allows the community to drive the archive and changes the role of the archivist from record keeper to facilitator. By creating an archival mobile app and website, new and immediate ways of capturing and preserving culture as it is being created and consumed is now possible.
Conservation Since 2000
Authors: Carroll Valinda
Published: July 2018

This chapter describes changes in conservation practices in the twenty-first century. As public spaces were repurposed from storage to study and work space, collections were moved into dedicated spaces that could sustain tighter environmental controls than an open stack environment. Digital access relieved pressure on print collections in many libraries, while digitization projects required intervention by conservators. Rehousing replaced repair as a default preservation strategy for many materials, and improved housing materials played an increasingly important role in conservation. In this chapter, conservation for disaster recovery is examined from the perspective of short-term in situ response techniques, and longer term laboratory treatments to restore access to affected collections. Surveys have suggested that routine practices have evolved slowly since 2000. With an emphasis on novel and unique techniques in the peer-reviewed literature, many important questions about routine conservation procedures in disaster recovery have remained unanswered.
Managing Risk in the Cloud for Digital Preservation
Authors: Khodabacchus Muhammad Yaasir
Published: July 2018

Digital preservation is the consistent archiving of electronic assets for entry and re-use, regardless of the system and computer software options. The introduction of cloud technologies provides a stylish alternative, although preservation systems possess a solid focus on grids. Electronic preservation has turned cloud computing into the primary demand. Cloud services' use continues to rise, however many do not know how several and which cloud services is or not authorized and how they are really in use across their businesses. This kind of incomplete image of the Cloud Services in an organization prevent its capacity to satisfactorily address the hazards related to cloud solutions, including information protection, consumer privacy, dependability of essential business processes, and compliance hazards. Tycoons' involvement is necessary to shift businesses toward better cloud support knowledge as well as a trusted, structured, and foreseeable method of cloud use.
Preservation of Recorded Information in Public and Private Sector Organizations
Authors: Mnjama Nathan Mwakoshi
Published: July 2018

The long-term preservation and accessibility of business records is often not accorded the attention that it deserves. Yet, records are a major organizational resource needed to support the current business of the organization as well as retaining the verifiable evidence of an organization's past programmes and activities. Records also serve as tools of accountability, transparency and good governance and provide reliable evidence in organizations' transactions and activities. The long-term preservation of records ensures that the organization is protected against costly litigation and that its interests and those of its employees are protected. This chapter lays emphasis on the need to preserve organizational records, the challenges facing preservation activities in the public and private sector organizations, the challenges of managing and preserving electronic records and proposes strategies for addressing these challenges.
Preservation Management in Company Libraries
Authors: Yasue Akio
Published: July 2018

From the library preservation point of view, it is important to distinguish two types of collections in special libraries. The first type is the general collection which serves for the daily library and information needs of clients. It is a time–limited collection and should be evaluated by its use. Good collection care is what is most necessary for the preservation of a general collection. The other type is the special collection which should be evaluated by its historical value. It is a permanent collection and should mostly be conserved in original format. In the preservation of this type of special collection, conservation treatment, reformatting, and other preservation measures would be necessary in addition to collection care. This chapter delves into the best practices in managing and preserving corporate and special libraries.
U.I.R.D.A. – Unbuilt Italian Rationalism Digital Archive
Authors: Maggio Francesco , Vattano Starlight
Published: July 2018

For twenty years, the architecture of Italian rationalism through the digital modelling has been investigated. Very often, the production of a model and the consequent representation of tridimensional views, in many case studies, as outcome of the research on architecture have been considered. Actually, the digital model, intended as a critical tool, has to be conceived as a ‘starting point' for graphic analysis of architecture and not as the outcome. Indeed, it is associated to other graphics, sometimes not ‘deducted' from the model, useful for the understanding/translation of architecture. The construction of the model is not the construction of a simple image, operation, which is often carried out for the representation of the project, but it is the hermeneutic and critical result of the drawing tending to the analysis of the form, which is the true object of ‘imitation'. This study wants to contribute to the construction of a digital archive on the topic of the single-family house investigated by Piero Bottoni and Luigi Vietti.
Case Report: Orbital Tumor Revealing Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1
Authors: Farès Selim , Hage Rabih , Pegliasco Jean , Chraibi Samy , Merle Harold
Published: July 2018

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a sight- and life-threatening complication of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Ophthalmic manifestations include uveitis, optic nerve oedema, retinal vasculitis, and lymphomatous infiltration. Orbital lesions are rare. We report the case of an orbital tumor revealing systemic ATLL in a 45-year-old Dominican patient who died despite treatment. Apart from late-grade cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, ATLL is the only T-lymphoma to develop in the orbit. Diagnosis is based on serologic evidence of HTLV-1 infection, cytology, and blood sample analysis. Biopsy is deemed necessary. Given the poor prognosis of ATLL and the worldwide presentation of HTLV-1, physicians should consider ATLL in the differential diagnosis of orbital malignant tumor and look for HTLV-1 infection in populations at risk.
Dried Blood Spots for Global Health Diagnostics and Surveillance: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Lim Mark D.
Published: July 2018

There is increasing interest in using dried blood spot (DBS) cards to extend the reach of global health and disease surveillance programs to hard-to-reach populations. Conceptually, DBS offers a cost-effective solution for multiple use cases by simplifying logistics for collecting, preserving, and transporting blood specimens in settings with minimal infrastructure. This review describes methods to determine both the reliability of DBS-based bioanalysis for a defined use case and the optimal conditions that minimize pre-analytical sources of data variability. Examples by the newborn screening, drug development, and global health communities are provided in this review of published literature. Sources of variability are linked in most cases, emphasizing the importance of field-to-laboratory standard operating procedures that are evidence based and consider both stability and efficiency of recovery for a specified analyte in defining the type of DBS card, accessories, handling procedures, and storage conditions. Also included in this review are reports where DBS was determined to not be feasible because of technology limitations or physiological properties of a targeted analyte.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies
Authors: Wolfe Marlene , Kaur Mehar , Yates Travis , Woodin Mark , Lantagne Daniele
Published: July 2018

Case–control studies are conducted to identify cholera transmission routes. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) exposures can facilitate cholera transmission (risk factors) or interrupt transmission (protective factors). To our knowledge, the association between WASH exposures and cholera from case–control studies has not been systematically analyzed. A systematic review was completed to close this gap, including describing the theory of risk and protection, developing inclusion criteria, searching and selecting studies, assessing quality of evidence, and summarizing associations between cholera and seven predicted WASH protective factors and eight predicted WASH risk factors using meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Overall, 47 articles describing 51 individual studies from 30 countries met the inclusion criteria. All eight predicted risk factors were associated with higher odds of cholera (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9–5.6), with heterogeneity (I2) of 0–92%. Of the predicted protective factors, five of seven were associated with lower odds of cholera (OR = 0.35–1.4), with heterogeneity of 57–91%; exceptions were insignificant associations for improved water source (OR = 1.1, heterogeneity 91%) and improved sanitation (OR = 1.4, heterogeneity 68%). Results were robust; 3/70 (5%) associations changed directionality or significance in sensitivity analysis. Meta-analysis results highlight that predicted risk factors are associated with cholera; however, predicted protective factors are not as consistently protective. This variable protection is attributed to 1) cholera transmission via multiple routes and 2) WASH intervention implementation quality variation. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions should address multiple transmission routes and be well implemented, according to international guidance, to ensure that field effectiveness matches theoretical efficacy. In addition, future case–control studies should detail WASH characteristics to contextualize results.
Endotoxin at the Maternal–Fetal Interface in a Resource-Constrained Setting: Risk Factors and Associated Birth Outcomes
Authors: McDonald Emily A. , Stuart Ronald , Joshi Ayush , Wu Hannah W. , Olveda Remigio M. , Acosta Luz P. , Tallo Veronica , Baltazar Palmera I. , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Kurtis Jonathan D. , Friedman Jennifer F.
Published: July 2018

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) carry a high burden of infectious diseases associated with impaired gut integrity, leading to microbial translocation. Pregnancies in this setting are at high risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR). We examined the association among specific risk factors for impaired gut integrity (schistosomiasis, hookworm infection, and alcohol consumption), blood endotoxin levels, and FGR. Endotoxins, lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBPs), and cytokines were measured in blood from women at 32 weeks gestation, the maternal–fetal interface (MFI) at delivery, and cord blood at delivery. Resolution of schistosomiasis had no impact on endotoxin levels; however, maternal hookworm infection and alcohol consumption were associated with modest increases in endotoxin at the MFI. Cytokines responses within the maternal peripheral blood and blood from the MFI were positively associated with endotoxins, but many cord blood cytokines were negatively associated with endotoxins. Newborns with FGR also had higher levels of endotoxins at the MFI. Risk factors for microbial translocation may lead to increased levels of endotoxins at the MFI, which may contribute to poor growth in utero.
System emerytalny dla urzędników Wolnego Miasta Krakowa. Część I: lata 1815–1837
Authors: Mataniak Mateusz
Published: July 2018

Pension Schemes for the Officials of the Free City of Cracow. Part I: 1815–1837 This article examines the evolving legal underpinning of the pension schemes for the officials of the Free City of Cracow. The first part of this study reconstructs the principles of awarding retirement pensions in 1815–1833. The pensions were financed from the public budget, following an endorsement by the Assembly of Deputies and the Governing Senate. Then the article reviews the debate in the Assembly over the Pension Bill and the circumstances in which the Pension Fund Act was adopted on 18 September 1833. A detailed examination of this Act considers its scope, i.e. the categories of persons entitled to a retirement pension (full-time and part-time office workers, their widows and children), conditions of eligibility, sources of the financing the pension fund (employers’ contributions, donations, subsidies from the state budget), and the level of pension payments. The article also retraces the processing of pension awards, overseen by the Pension Committee, a body established by the Senate to supervise the proper functioning of the pension scheme, and looks into the calculation methods employed by the Pension Fund. The article is based almost exclusively on original sources from the National Archives at Cracow, supplemented by materials published in the official gazettes (The Legal Gazette of the Free City of Cracow and the Government Daily).
Making Sustainable Network-Community for Refugees from Fukushima Nuclear Plant Disaster on Stable Historic Castle Town and Region
Authors: Satoh Shigeru
Published: July 2018

After Fukushima nuclear power generation plant accident disaster, all of residents in the area contaminated by radioactivity, and all public facilities are evacuated to surrounding regions or more remote cities by central government’s directions. So refugee temporary housing estates are scattered and aged people left there after six years since the disaster. Namie town is the biggest one in these area. City of Nihonmastu is typical Japanese castle town city and adjacent to contaminated area, and accepted many Nanie refugees, temporary housings, town office and schools, hospitals and industry site, so on. Fukushima Namie Recovering Project team, organized by NPO Shinmachi-Namie and Waseda university, proposed Network-community connecting several refugee housing estates, evacuated public facilities and other city cores. It is necessary to connect them and reintegrate their community facilitating “supporting system for network community” in practice. This vision of Network-community would be adapted to the historical stable region, which involves various dispersed, aged and isolated communities. Nihonmatsu, as the Castle Town City of Nakadori-region in Fukushima prefecture, attracts people’s attention by its historical urban areas, old streets and lots of unoccupied housing and so on. That is, it is very hard to let Nihonmatsu people think optimistically about the shelter for Namie evacuees. Nevertheless, the areas of Nakadori region including Nihonmatsu may cooperate with the Namie evacuee and energize the ruined coastline by “Network Community” – the network that encompasses various historical traditions that still exist today as the regional resources; thus, the vision of future Fukushima is expectable.
Defining typological process in the transformation of Turkish houses
Authors: Gokce Duygu , Chen Fei
Published: July 2018

Typological process, theorised by the Italian Typological School as a continuous transformation process of types, has been frequently discussed in the field of urban morphology. It was widely acknowledged in the field that the identification of typological process can be problematic for three reasons. First, the judgement on the degree to which the transformation of types is determined continuous is largely subject to individual researchers’ opinions. Second, there is no agreement on the exact typological characteristics that are considered in the transformation process. Third, there is limited empirical studies on typological process at articulated scales. This paper attempts to shed some light on the definition of typological process in a rigorous manner through an empirical study of the transformation of Turkish houses. The research compares eight selected housing developments from five morphological periods of distinctive socio-economic, political and cultural conditions in Ankara since the late 19th century. First, a typological frame involving a set of spatial characteristics defining the types is established at the building, street and neighbourhood scales. Then, these spatial characteristics are compared in a chronological order. According to the number of typological characteristics showing continuous, partial continuous or mutational changes, typological process at the three scales are identified. This paper demonstrates a methodological advancement on the definition of typological process in relation to the aforementioned problems. It reduces the ambiguity in the definition of house types in Turkey and can be applicable to other contexts.
Morphological Analysis of Frontier Villages in Cyprus
Authors: Zafer Comert Nevter , Edgu Erincik , Ozgece Nezire
Published: July 2018

Borders may be built for security reasons however; they also demarcate administrative, economic, socio-cultural, ethnic or religious divergence. Borders change the destinies of the societies at both sides because they affect the process of urban development and delimit the economic and socio-cultural interactions.   Cyprus has been experiencing an interrupted continuity along the border, i.e. green line, under the rule of UN that divides north from the south. In this regard the aim of the study is to figure out how the de facto borders affect the configuration of villages upon their existing position. As a part of an ongoing research which investigates all eleven frontier villages and towns located along the border line, this paper only focuses on the morphological and syntactic comparison of four frontier villages. Within this context, initial exploration is about the village morphologies by means of Morphological Regions based on the evolutionary insights of Conzen (2004) and Whitehand (2009). Additionally, considering shifted centrality and transformed social gathering spaces, research discusses the applicability of the comparative analyses of syntactic and morphological methods in order to reveal the characteristics of the frontier villages.   The preliminary findings of the research indicates that edge villages located along the green line have a controlled spatial development with dead ends and loop layouts, where the spatial configuration presents an introverted structure. On the other hand, villages divided by the green line, presents a relatively integrated spatial structure developed on both sides of the border, maintaining traditional centrality along with emphasizing forced territoriality. References: Conzen MRG, 2004, Morphogenesis and Structure of the Historic townscape in Britain: ed. M.P Conzen in Thinking About Urban Form: Papers on Urban Morpholgoy 1932-1998, Peter Lang, London Hillier, B. (1996) Space is the machine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).   Whitehand, J.W.R. (2009) ‘The structure of urban landscapes: strengthening research and practice’, Urban Morphology 13, 5‐27, University of Birmingham
What explains neighborhood type statistically? – Mixing typo-morphological and spatial analytic approaches in urban morphology
Authors: Stojanovski Todor
Published: July 2018

Society creates architectural styles and neighborhood types to communicate and promote values. Geographers and architects accordingly classify neighborhoods by historical periods, urban design, planning paradigms and plan elements, density, building types and architectural detail. This paper juxtaposes typo-morphological (historical emergence of urban forms through urban elements and pattern typologies) and spatial analytic (city defined by urban form factors and formulas) approaches in urban morphology to assess what explains neighborhood type statistically. The analyses of variance show that many urban form factors (residential and employment density, mix of residences and jobs, Floor Space Indexes (FSI), location, income, etc.) are statistically significant in neighborhood type (as a nominal composite variable). This means that neighborhood typologies be applied in spatial analyses and urban modelling as classes (context variables). The approach can be used in typo-morphological tradition to offer quantitative description to the persistent ‘problem of type’ and enrich the classification methodology.
Stages in the configuration of urban form in urban development planning: the emerging role of open spaces as sustainability mechanism. The case of Valladolid (Spain)
Authors: Fernández-Maroto Miguel
Published: July 2018

Along the last five decades and through three different stages, the urban development plans —general plans— of Valladolid, a medium-sized Spanish city, show an interesting evolution in the way of configuring the global urban form and controlling urban development that we can also find in other similar Spanish cities. In the sixties and seventies, plans proposed “autonomous” expansive schemes foreseeing a huge rate of urban growth, so they defined wide areas to be urbanised through new transport infrastructures and typical zoning mechanisms. In the eighties, after decay in urban and economic development and during the transition to democracy, the new local governments focused on the existing city and fostered a more controlled urban growth. However, plans continued to employ the same tools to manage future urban form —definition of transport infrastructures and sectors to be urbanised—, although they looked for more “controllable” forms, such as radio-concentric ones, aiming at a gradual and homogeneous implementation —compact city—. When real-estate market recovered in early nineties, this strategy revealed its weaknesses: fragmented urban fringe and tendency to a congestive model, reinforced when a new generation of expansive plans drove these schemes out of the limits they were conceived with. However, an alternative and more sustainable model had already emerged, as some new urban planning tools proposed a change of perspective: managing global urban form not through future urbanised spaces, but through open ones, generating an “empty” network able to give coherence to the whole urban structure in a metropolitan scale.
The role of original plots and building types in the morphological research of Chinese traditional village tissues
Authors: Wowo Ding , Pengyu Guo
Published: July 2018

In Chinese traditional village, the morphological transformation of village tissue was embedded in the changing of co-existing morphological elements contains original plots, that recorded the geographical evidence of social structural changing from traditional private ownership economy to rural collective economy. The internal relationships of original plots, derivative plots and building types require investigation in detail as theoretical praxis in the morphological research of village. Several questions need to be clarified: is that the plot restricted to the block, or the plots constitute the block? Is that plot limits building types or building type decides the size of the plot? Whether the plot can be re-divided when the building belong to its kept unchanging? And how the building type transited when the plots size reducing or extending? Focusing on a village in north of China this paper will investigate how the morphological elements worked and acted during the village transformation, based on the field survey, village records and the family documents. Our results will indicate that the role of the street, plots and building types were different between villages and urban, which were interacted each other differently. The concepts derivative plots and the co-relation between the plots, the derivative plots and building types of the village are developed.
Quantitative comparison of the distribution of densities in three Swedish cities
Authors: Berghauser Pont Meta , Stavroulaki Gianna , Marcus Lars , Sun Kailun , Abshirini Ehsan , Olsson Jesper
Published: July 2018

Typologies play a role in urban studies since a long time, but definitions are often rather abstract, ill-defined and at worst end in fixed stereotypes hiding underlying spatial complexity. Traditional typologies are focussing on separate elements, which allow for understanding crucial differences of one spatial feature in greater detail, but lack the capacity to capture the interrelation between elements. Further, they often focus on one scale level and therefore lack to acknowledge for interscalarity. Recent publications define morphological typologies based on quantitative variables, building on the seminal book ´Urban Space and Structures´ by Martin and March, published in 1972, but using more advanced spatial analysis and statistics. These approaches contribute to the discussion of types in two ways: firstly, they define types in a precise and repeatable manner allowing for city-scale comparisons; secondly, they acknowledge cross-scale dynamics important for e.g. living qualities and economic processes where not only the local conditions are important, but also the qualities in proximity. This paper focuses on the comparison of building types in three Swedish cities, using the multi-variable and multi-scalar density definition. A statistical clustering method is used to classify cases according to their measured similarity across the scales. The results show that working with types is a fruitful way to reveal the individual identity of these types, compare cities and highlight some differences in the way the three cities are structured.
Perceptive approaches to the morphological characterization of the urban contour: The case of the peri-urban landscape of Madrid
Authors: Santo-Tomás Muro Rocío , Rodríguez Romero Eva Juana , Sáenz de Tejada Granados Carlota
Published: July 2018

Perceptive approaches to the morphological characterization of the urban contour: The case of the peri-urban landscape of Madrid Eva J. Rodríguez Romero¹, Carlota Sáenz de Tejada Granados², Rocío Santo-Tomás Muro3 1, 2,3 Departamento de Arquitectura y Diseño. Universidad CEU San Pablo. Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus de Montepríncipe. 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. E-mail: rodrom@ceu.es, carlota.saenztejada@ceu.es, rocio.santotomasmuro@beca.ceu.es Keywords: perceptive analysis, proximity landscape, landscape character, urban form, Madrid Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology     A growing city adapts and transforms the pre-existing topography, and with its urban fabric defines an ever-changing contour throughout history; this contour is not a clear line, but rather a fringe, where city and countryside meet and create occupancy systems that are crucial to comprehend the evolution of the urban form. We can consider this fringe as ‘proximity’ landscapes: landscapes that are perceived when the city is either a destination or a point of departure. The vision from afar, or when progressively approaching the city, provides both locals and tourists with certain landscape and architectural aspects that should be studied, preserved and valued for their ability to generate meaningful spaces. In this communication we study the surrounding landscapes of Madrid by means of a Landscape Character Assessment, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’ currently in process. Combining graphic analysis of historical cartography at a metropolitan scale with perceptive analysis techniques, special attention is drawn to certain axes and significant lookouts of the city, mapping them and evaluating their visual basins. This characterization leads to distinguishing three main landscape types surrounding Madrid, according to physical, natural and anthropogenic structures: one predominantly natural, one mainly industrial and service-related, and a third one with special historical relevance.   References Council of Europe (2000) European Landscape Convention (COE, Florence). Cruz, L., Español, I. (2009) El paisaje. De la percepción a la gestión (Liteam, Madrid). Pinto, V. (coord.) (1995-2001) Madrid. Atlas Histórico de la Ciudad, Vol.1-Vol.2 (Lunwerg Editors and Fundación Caja Madrid, Madrid). Rodríguez, E.J. (2011) ‘Naturaleza y ciudad: el paisaje de Madrid visto por los extranjeros’, in Cabañas, M., López-Yarto, A. & Rincón, W. (ed.), El arte y el viaje (CSIC, Madrid) 321-337. Terán, F. (2006) En torno a Madrid. Génesis espacial de una región urbana (Autonomous Community of Madrid, Madrid). Tudor, C. (2014) An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment (Natural England, Government of the UK).
Explaining the Relationship between Changes in Iranian Lifestyle and Metamorphosis of Urban Form of Residential Environment in Contemporary Iran Case Study: Mashhad, Iran
Authors: Abedzadeh Ali , Daneshpour Abdolhadi , Ostadi Maryam
Published: July 2018

Humanity settlement are formed as a result of decisions and actions of different people and become as a form of an identity of integrity. So urban form is influenced by desires, values, beliefs, and human activities, so the study of urban form is the study of its constituent human values and expression of physical aspects of their lifestyles. Before contemporary periods, urban form in Iran, continuity based on former patterns of changes, which was gradual, but after the beginning of the influence of west, one of the most important challenges of urban form in Iran is in the form of short-term changes. Changes occur in a cycle of destruction and construction. This paper use the way of content analysis investigate to texts, document to study form and typo-morphology of residential environment in the city of Mashhad. In the periods of one hundred years shows there is a direct and significant relationship between changes of Iranian lifestyle and metamorphosis of urban form, so that by sequential developments of Iranian lifestyle in a short time, the urban form is responded and metamorphosed and again is created in a new form.
The virtual earth. The case study of the Rose garden in Alcoy
Authors: Vidal Climent Ciro , Vidal Climent Ivo , Palomares-Figueres Maite
Published: July 2018

The Viaducte des Arts at the Coulée verte René-Dumont in Paris (1993) or the High Lane in New York (2009) have managed to increase the urban quality in large areas of their cities. In both cases, a costly infrastructure of disused highways was reused to generate a planted promenade or a linear park getting back a dynamic point of view at a height of about ten meters above the city.With the perspective of the time elapsed since its construction we must conclude that, although their structural singularity does not make them exportable to other cities, their simple constructive conception does. In them there is a common denominator that we can define as virtual earth. That concept is linked to the current technical capacity to generate green spaces over spaces of any other use. It is a new fertile land that allows the resolution of the complex problem produced by the accumulation of uses and requirements in the same place.In the present study case the objective is to recover an urban garden in Alcoy, known as la the Rose garden, without having to reduce the number of parking spaces of the garage that was built under it. At the same time, the project has to meet the surface requirements of earthen mantle necessary to consider restored the use of green zone. The solution solves in eighty centimeters of thickness a manufactured earth capable of assuming bulky trees that return to the city and to the Rose garden their lost atmosphere.