bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise da capacitação para o desenvolvimento de estudos Fase I pelos Centros de Bioequivalência certificados pela Anvisa no Brasil
Authors: Carvalho Luciana Neves de , Silva Thomaz Augusto Alves da Rocha e , Martinez Luis Lopez
Published: August 2018

O setor de Bioequivalência é fortemente regulamentado e consolidado no Brasil. Este fato é um ponto favorável na adequação dos Centros de Bioequivalência para a realização de Estudos Clínicos Fase I. Análise dos Centros de Bioequivalência nacionais certificados pela Anvisa, gerando informação sobre os pontos estratégicos, oportunidades e desafios para a realização de Estudos Clínicos Fase I no Brasil. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, realizado através de um questionário eletrônico previamente aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. O questionário foi enviado aos doze centros de Bioequivalência que conduzem estudos na Etapa Clínica e estavam certificados pela Anvisa em território brasileiro. O questionário foi aplicado através do site SurveyMonkey® (www.surveymonkey.com) e foi estabelecido o prazo de quinze dias para resposta ao questionário. Resultados: Os entrevistados declararam-se como Pesquisadores Principais (40%), Outros (40%) e Coordenador do Centro (20%). Todos os Centros de Bioequivalência participantes desta pesquisa foram criados há mais de cinco anos. Entre os entrevistados 80% declararam que a maior dificuldade do centro para a realização de estudos clínicos Fase I é a falta de demanda no Brasil e 20% relatam que a maior dificuldade é a falta de investimentos dos próprios centros em Estudos Clínicos Fase I. Discussão: A falta de demanda do mercado nacional é o principal motivo apontado pelos Centros de Bioequivalência para a baixa realização de Estudos Clínicos Fase I no país, sendo que, todos os Centros de Bioequivalência participantes desta pesquisa demonstraram interesse em realizar esse tipo de Estudo Clínico. Conclusão: Ampliar seu portfólio de serviços requer investimentos de tempo, recursos físicos e humanos, mas poderá representar uma solução viável tanto para os Centros de Bioequivalência, como para a realização de Estudos Clínicos Fase I. Futuros estudos serão necessários para ampliar e confirmar esta conclusão.Descritores: Equivalência terapêutica, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Inovação, Brasi
Le Cidre aux pieds de pommes sales
Authors: Villeneuve Philippe
Published: August 2018

Texte de création
The contribution of the Senai Institutes of Innovation in the business innovation environment: a case study of the institutes of the State of São Paulo
Authors: Galdino Emanuel , Morales Vilha Anapatrícia
Published: August 2018

This article studies the contribution of the Senai Institutes of Innovation in the Brazilian innovative scenario, highlighting the change of position of the Senai, from its origin as an institution for industrial learning until it becomes provider and diffuser of technological knowledge. The proposal is to try to align this recent expansion, which resulted in the development of the institutes, with the Scientific and Technological Policy of the period. In order to carry out the work, it was necessary to analyze a series of indicators of innovation impact in the Senai Institutes of Innovation of the State of São Paulo. The results show that these model are still in the embryonic stage within the Brazilian Innovation System, but it has great opportunities ahead and a decisive role in stimulating R&D in companies.
EFFECTS OF ACTIVE STRATEGIC TEACHING MODEL (ASTM) IN CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
Authors: Asefi Maziar , Imani Elnaz
Published: August 2018

Improving creative and critical thinking is one of the most important objectives in architectural education. The present research has been performed to investigate the effects of active strategic teaching model (ASTM), on creative and critical thinking skills of architecture students. This quasi-experimental study is of a causal-comparative type and was done as two-group experimental research (control and intervention) using pre-test, post-test method during 2014-2016. The statistical society of the research consists of students of Architecture Design Studio 4 at Tabriz Islamic Art University. The students of control group were carried out with conventional method while the intervention group received active strategic model. The creative and critical thinking skills were compared in both groups in specific dimensions based on reviewing the design process. The statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS software and descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square and ANOVA were used. However, interpretation of the results weren’t causal. In this review, the majority of students could obtain proper results dependent on the amount of their efforts which indicate the relative success of both methods. But, comparing the mean differences of the results in two groups shows a significant difference in enrichment of critical and creative thinking skills of the intervention group in comparison with the control group. In fact, using ASTM led to develop the critical and creative thinking skills as one of the main missions of architectural education and finally led to more and also sustainable achievements in creative procedure of architectural design.
A QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING PATTERNS OF OCCUPATION IN A SUBURBAN CAMPUS: THE CASE OF OZYEGIN UNIVERSITY IN ISTANBUL
Authors: Ozbil Ayse , Gocer Ozgur , Bakovic Mujesira , Gocer Kenan
Published: August 2018

This study investigates the patterns of occupation of outdoor spaces on a suburban university campus and seeks to understand the factors that affect them. The comprehensive methodology applied in this research attempted to overcome some of the shortcomings of related studies by conducting a longitudinal study (behavioral mapping during a year, as opposed to a few days) and by objectively analyzing the associations of user behavior and physical attributes, and the configurational properties of the campus layout. The results show that campus users fail to capitalize on the potential offered by the spatial configuration of outdoor spaces because they are not supported by amenities for pedestrians such as seating, shading elements and catering facilities. Supporting campus outdoor spaces that have the configurational potential of bringing various types of users (students and staff) with amenities for pedestrians and service facilities would create a lively and sustainable campus for its users.
3D Finite Element Modelling of Weld Bead Penetration in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding of AISI 1020 Low Carbon Steel Plate
Authors: OWUNNA İkechukwu , IKPE Aniekan , Achebo J. I.
Published: August 2018

Weld quality is adversely influenced by
bead penetration depth, as deeper penetration can improve the strength and load
bearing capacity of weldments in service condition. Based on Design of Experiment (DOE), an experimental design matrix
having thirteen (13) center points, six (6) axial points and eight (8)
factorial points resulting in twenty (20) experimental runs was generated for
TIG welding current, voltage, gas flow rate L/min and temperature. Maximum bead
penetration of 8.44 mm was obtained from the FEM simulation with corresponding
input variables of 190 A, 19 V, 18 L/min and 298.44 oC compared to
maximum bead penetration of 7.942 mm obtained from the welding experimentation
with corresponding input variables of 155 A, 22 V, 15.50 L/min and 278.46 oC.  To clearly understand the rate of heat
distribution across the as-welded plate, FEM bead penetration profiles were
developed using Solid Works (2017 version) thermal transient analysis which
revealed that the higher the temperature distribution the wider the Heat
Affected Zones (HAZs) which are indications of phase transformations and
alterations in mechanical properties of the welded metal which may lead to
induced residual stresses if the welding parameters particularly the amperage
is not controlled adequately. In addition, there was proximity in the trend of bead penetration from
the regression plot where the FEM model had a coefficient of
determination (R2) of 0.9799 while R2 of 0.9694 was
obtained for the welding experimentation, indicating about 97.4% variance which
in this context signifies that both bead penetration values can be adopted for
real practical scenarios where deep weld bead penetrations are required.
ABDOME AGUDO PERFURADO DEVIDO À POSSÍVEL TUBERCULOSE PERITONEAL: UM RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Alves Paola Sardenberg , Simao Antonio , Pessanha Baldi Felipe Eulalio , Caus Maria Luiza Colodet , Silott Pedro Furlan , Nunes Thais Rodrigues
Published: August 2018

RESUMO

Introdução: Tuberculose é um doença infecto parasitária, transmissível, crescente em países subdesenvolvidos. O principal órgão acometido é o pulmão. Porém, sabe-se que entre as infecções extra pulmonares, a abdominal acontece em cerca de 12% dos casos, sendo o peritônio o principal foco. Objetivo: Descrever um caso de um paciente bacilífero com peritonite submetido a laparotomia exploradora. Descrição: Paciente do sexo masculino, 19 anos, presidiário, com quadro de dor abdominal em cólica em região epigástrica de forte intensidade, tosse produtiva, febre e emagrecimento há 03 meses. Foi identificado ainda hepatomegalia e ascite. Radiografia de tórax evidenciou padrão de tuberculose miliar, associada à pesquisa de BAAR no escarro com resultado positivo. Após internação hospitalar, iniciou esquema RHZE. No terceiro dia, sem melhora do quadro, foi solicitado tomografia computadorizada de abdome com diagnostico de pneumoperitôneo. Sendo submetido então à laparotomia exploradora, que constatou lesões nodulares múltiplas e esbranquiçadas, sugestivo de tuberculose peritoneal. Foi identificado também perfuração em parede anterior do estomago, realizada gastrostomia e encaminhado para Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para suporte clínico com nutrição parenteral total. No terceiro dia de pós operatório o paciente veio a óbito. Conclusão: A tuberculose peritoneal é uma situação rara com alta morbidade e mortalidade, sendo que o prognóstico depende do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.  Essa patologia deve-se sempre ser lembrada em pacientes que evoluem com hepatoesplenomegalia e ascite, principalmente se já houver foco pulmonar pré-existente.
POROCARCINOMA: Um relato de caso
Authors: Pelegrine Helena Arantes Fiorilo , Sarmenghi Karina Demoner de Abreu , Dutra Priscila Tavares Andrade , Campostrini Thayla Baptista , De Miranda Paulo Bitterncourt , Guimarães Hannah Cade
Published: August 2018

Introdução: O porocarcinoma écrino é uma rara neoplasia maligna de pele, originária das glândulas sudoríparas écrinas, que acomete principalmente idosos. A apresentação clínica é variada e os sítios mais comuns de ocorrência são cabeça e pescoço, seguido das extremidades inferiores.

Relato de caso: Paciente sexo masculino, com lesão nodular de 7 cm na região plantar direita, de longa evolução e que na investigação inicial apresentava metástase para linfonodos. Foi realizada radioterapia do sítio primário e da região linfonodal acometida. A cirurgia com intenção curativa não foi realizada, devido às metástases já presentes ao diagnóstico.

Discussão: O tumor não tem a etiologia bem definida, mas pode surgir como neoplasia primária ou como transformação maligna do poroma écrino. A biópsia é o principal método diagnóstico e os exames para estadiamento se impõem necessários, visto que até um terço desses tumores são met­astáticos. A cirurgia com amplas margens é o tratamento de eleição e terapias adjuvantes são reservadas para casos recorrentes e com metástases.

Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce do tumor é necessário para evitar que a terapêutica ocorra em fases tardias e sem propostas curativas.
Kemampuan Benih Kedelai (Glycine max L.) untuk Mempertahankan Viabilitasnya setelah Didera dengan Etanol
Authors: Anggraeni Nitasari Dwi , Suwarno Faiza C
Published: August 2018

Lot benih dengan tingkat viabilitas yang berbeda 60–80% dibutuhkan dalam penelitian invigorasi untuk meningkatkan vigor benih dan hasil panen. Percobaan laboratorium dilakukan untuk menentukan metode pengusangan cepat dengan larutan etanol 96% yang dapat menghasilkan tingkat viabilitas benih kedelai (Glycine max L.) yang diinginkan dan mengetahui vigor daya simpan benih tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih, Institut Pertanian Bogor pada bulan November 2012 sampai Mei 2013. Benih kedelai verietas Gema, Burangrang, dan Ijen diberi perlakuan lama perendaman dalam larutan etanol 96%.  Benih yang telah diusangkan diuji viabilitasnya dengan metode UKD-dp. Benih dengan tingkat viabilitas yang diinginkan, P20 dan P40, disimpan  pada dua kondisi simpan, 27–30 0C dengan RH 61–72% dan 22–270C dengan RH 58-74%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa benih kedelai varietas Gema,

Burangrang, Ijen dengan tingkat viabilitas 80% P20 dapat diperoleh dengan merendam benih didalam larutan etanol 96% berturut-turut selama 22 menit 31.8 detik, 22 menit 58.8 detik, 15 jam 19.8 menit sedangkan untuk tingkat viabilitas 60% P40 diperoleh dengan lama perendaman berturut-turut selama 99 menit 27.6 detik, 109 menit 34.2 detik, 40 jam 4.8 menit. Benih kedelai dengan tingkat viabilitas P20 dan P40 dapat mempertahankan vigor daya simpan (VDS) selama 8 minggu pada kedua kondisi simpan.
Penentuan Media Pengujian Viabilitas Serbuk Sari Cabai Besar dan Cabai Rawit (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Simanjuntak Christian , Palupi Endah Retno , Wanafiah Karyadi
Published: August 2018

Sampai saat ini, belum ada media yang menunjukkan korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Oleh karena itu, peneltian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan  media pengujian serbuk sari in vitro yang terbaik untuk cabai dan mempelajari korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari cabai secara in vitro dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan. Pertama, mencari media yang sesuai dengan daya berkecambah serbuk sari CB 005 dan CR 002. Kedua, mempelajari korelasi daya berkecambah serbuk sari pada media yang terpilih dengan produksi dan mutu benih. Hasilnya, PGM F menunjukkan nilai daya berkecambah serbuk sari yang konsisten lebih tinggi dari pada media yang lain, sehingga PGM F digunakan sebagai media dasar dalam percobaan modifikasi media. Media yang digunakan untuk pengujian serbuk sari CB 005 dan CR 002 yaitu PGM 1 dan PGM 4 (PGM F). Secara umum, daya berkecambah CB 005 tidak berbeda menggunakan PGM 1 dan PGM 4. PGM 1 memberikan nilai rata-rata daya berkecambah serbuk sari CR 002 yang lebih tinggi dari pada PGM 4. Pengujian daya berkecambah serbuk sari CB 005 dengan media PGM 1, PGM 4 (PGM F),  dan Ewid 1 tidak berkorelasi  dengan pembentukan buah, pembentukan biji, daya berkecambah benih, dan bobot 1000 butir.
Perlakuan Priming Benih untuk Mempertahankan Vigor Benih Kacang Panjang (Vigna Unguiculata) Selama Penyimpanan
Authors: Utami Esty Putri , Sari Maryati , Widajati Eny
Published: August 2018

 Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh priming dalam mempertahankan vigor benih kacang panjang selama dalam penyimpanan. Perlakuan priming yang dilakukan adalah perendaman benih dalam air, KNO3, CaCl2, asam askorbat, dan pelembapan diantara kertas selama dua jam. Perlakuan priming menyebabkan peningkatan kadar air benih hingga sekitar 9%, sedangkan perlakuan pelembapan diantara kertas hanya meningkatkan kadar air 1-2 % dibanding kontrol. Setelah selesai perlakuan, benih dikeringkan kembali hingga kadar air 12-13% lalu disimpan di ruang kamar(26-30.8 °C; RH 68-77 %) dan AC (±20 °C; RH ±50%) menggunakan plastic polipropilen (tebal 0.08 mm). Perlakuan priming mampu mempertahankan indeks vigor dan kecepatan tumbuh sampai dengan 15 minggu penyimpanan baik pada penyimpanan ruang AC ataupun kamar. Perlakuan perendaman dalam air  dapat menjadi pilihan terbaik sebagai perlakuan benih sebelum simpan karena murah dan mudah dilakukan serta memberikan hasil yang baik.
Editorial
Authors: Ditchfield Hannah , Chen Shuhan
Published: August 2018

The first issue of for(e)dialogue is composed of a collection of papers given at the New Directions in Media Research (NDiMR) postgraduate conference in June 2015 at the University of Leicester. NDiMR is a one-day postgraduate focused conference organised by PhD students from the Department of Media and Communication. This conference has a similar aim and purpose of this journal as a whole which is to provide postgraduate students, PhD students and early career researchers with a platform and opportunity to develop and share their research and critically contribute to discussions of theory and methodology on a variety of Media and Communication issues. The NDiMR conference has been held annually since 2012, each year growing in size and attracting more delegates and presenters from across the world. However, this is the first time that some of the events’ presentation papers have been collected for a published conference proceedings.
A poststructuralist review of selfies: Moving beyond heteronormative visual rhetoric
Authors: Routh Patricia
Published: August 2018

Mobile devices can instantly create and distribute a digital self-portrait, or ‘selfie’ across a myriad of social networks. The word ‘selfie’ summarises a particular kind of cultural and photographic practice that is motivated by a combination of the agency and aspirational biases of the selfie producer and where they prefer to share on social networks. With a specific focus on gendered selfie production, this paper aims to explore the relevant theories for gender identity within online communities in which selfies are shared. From a theoretical starting point, firstly this paper employs the poststructuralist theories (Deleuze and Guattari, 1980) as interpretative filters for a decisive understanding of the inner “rhizome” of an individual’s ideal of “becoming”. This paper argues that the embodied human subject is transformed by self-exploration with the production and distribution of their selfies.
Dynamics of news selection in different socio-cultural contexts: Theoretical and methodological issues
Authors: Anastasiou Andreas
Published: August 2018

This paper tackles theoretical and methodological issues of a comparative research in three countries of different journalistic cultures (UK, Sweden and Greece) that contributes to an explanation of news judgement, called 'journalistic gut feeling' by journalists, as implemented in varying social contexts. A thesis of this investigation is that the combined consideration of the theoretical domains of news values, news practice and journalistic professionalism is required so that an adequate explanation of the dynamics of news evaluation is produced. The theoretical approach adopted is Bourdieu’s 'field' perspective as applied in journalism research by Benson, while the methodological one is a comparative, mixed methods design that pays attention to contextual factors, drawing on suggestions by Bryman, Hantrais and Hanitzsch. The methods applied are a questionnaire survey of journalists and focus groups simulating editorial meetings.
PR, Media and Refugee Community Activism: Reflections on Workshop day
Authors: Osman Idil
Published: August 2018

As part of the ‘Forced Migration and Media’ Series, day 2 was held on 18th of July 2016 and focused on engaging the local communities in Leicester. The purpose of the day was to share existing department knowledge and expertise that relate to migration and the media with the local community. The day brought together community leaders and organisations that dealt with migration and refugee matters. Majority of them represented the Somali community with representatives from some organisations that work with refugees and migrants more generally. The workshop took a practical approach by combining mini lectures with training sessions, which can enable community leaders and organisations to use lobbying techniques and media platforms to support and advance their work. As one of the organisers leading this particular day of the series, this article is my personal account of it.
Seeking ‘common information’ among refugees, program workers, and academic researchers
Authors: Voigts Matt , Watne Audrey
Published: August 2018

This paper discusses three factors that contribute to a lack of ‘common information’ among refugees, academic researchers, and humanitarian program workers. The first is power differentials between refugees and many individuals who work with them. Refugees produce information agentively (especially through personal communications), but are also subjugated as targets of research, beneficiaries of humanitarian projects, and contingent recipients of legal protection. The second factor is transitoriness. Refugees often experience prolonged uncertainties about where and how they will live. Researchers and program workers, however, often spend short times ‘in the field’. They often negotiate their jobs’ learning curves in relative independence, with limited opportunities to share key basic aspects of their work with others or collaborate to explore more complex ones. The third factor is a lack of common ground around what information is valuable to share, rooted in the abovementioned factors and differences among academic disciplines. To strengthen collaborations, we propose increasing direct involvement by refugees in academic and program development; longer-term engagements and relationship development; and collaborations among all involved in the further development of theoretical frameworks.
ANÁLISE DA PRODUÇÃO ACADÊMICA SOBRE POLÍTICA DE EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO
Authors: Cherobin Fabiana Fátima
Published: August 2018

O artigo apresenta análise e conclusões de estudo que teve por objetivo compreender como a política de educação do campo vem sendo pesquisada e analisada, assim como demostrar as contradições presentes nas pesquisas realizadas entre 1996 e 2014 sobre o tema. Embasados no referencial marxista, procuramos alcançar nosso objetivo por meio da revisão de literatura e da análise de artigos e trabalhos publicados no período e selecionados segundo 15 distintos descritores combinados que permitissem identificar a relação com a temática de nosso estudo. Após análise e sistematização do material selecionado, concluímos que os estudos podem ser classificados em três tendências: uma que defende ser necessário considerar estritamente a realidade, a diversidade e a cultura dos povos do campo nas discussões sobre a política de educação do campo; outra em que defende a Política de Educação do Campo como um direito subjetivo; e, por fim, outra que discute a Política de Educação do Campo como demanda da classe trabalhadora que se desenvolve na luta de classes na atualidade.
A LUTA PELA LEITURA DA PALAVRA
Authors: Aquino Evely Cristine Pereira de , Brito José Eustáquio de , Costa Vânia Aparecida
Published: August 2018

Este artigo discute trajetórias de mulheres tendo por eixo suas formas de inserção nos projetos de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) desenvolvidos no interior do Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária (PRONERA). A pesquisa foi realizada no assentamento Dois de Julho, do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem terra (MST), localizado nos municípios de Betim e Esmeraldas, Minas Gerais. Destaca-se das trajetórias das mulheres a relação que estabelecem com os estudos, com o trabalho e com a organização do assentamento. Foram realizadas entrevistas temáticas na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da história oral, com destaque para o conceito de memória coletiva. Conclui-se que o aprendizado da leitura e da escrita a partir da participação na EJA tem possibilitado a ampliação da participação das mulheres em espaços de poder.
PROCESSOS EDUCATIVOS E DE SOCIABILIDADE NA PRÁTICA PRODUTIVA DE FAZER FARINHA
Authors: Silva Cirlene Do Socorro Silva da , Silva Maria das Graças
Published: August 2018

O artigo resulta de uma pesquisa cujo objeto de estudo consiste nos saberes e processos educativos inscritos nas práticas de produção de farinha e nas relações de trabalho e de convivência presentes nos espaços das casas de farinha, em uma comunidade localizada no município de Mãe do Rio, no estado do Pará, Brasil. Caracterizada metodologicamente como uma abordagem qualitativa, foram utilizados procedimentos da etnografia, como: entrevista semiestruturada, observação participante, conversas cotidianas, fotoetnografia. A produção de dados permitiu identificar que as práticas do “fazer farinha” informam e materializam saberes que são socializados nas relações de trabalho de convivências familiares, de cooperação e ajuda mútua. Os resultados indicam que as tradições e aprendizagem têm sofrido modificações a partir da inserção de artefatos culturais e tecnologias que demandam outras formas de fazer, mas que influenciam no fortalecimento do diálogo de saberes entre as famílias produtoras.
Productivity Trends in the Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence on
inter-industry differentials in productivity levels and their growth
rates, and the distribution of productivity gains among the principal
factors of production" i.e. labour and capital. Hardy any work has been
done in Pakistan on providing a satisfactory quantitative measure of
productive efficiency of the factors of production in the manufacturing
industries. A study of this kind should be important not only from the
economic but also from the social point of view because an optimal
distribution of total ,gains in productivity is basically an empirical
question and can not be discussed in general terms.
Determination of Cost of Tube well Water and Estimation of
Economic Rent in Canal Irrigation
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali
Published: August 2018

In this paper it is primarily sought to ascertain if there is
any economic rent involved in the application of canal irrigation in
Pakistan. In principle if the competitive price for the public
irrigation water supply in the farm sector exceeds the legal water rates
charged, the surface supplies are considered to yield economic rent to
the beneficiaries [20]. The competitive price for canal deliveries
cannot be determined directly because they are not sold in the market
but are allocated through an elaborate system of water distribution.
However, it may indirectly be derived from the price of tubewell water
which constitutes another significant domestic source of" irrigation. If
the ability of the benefi¬ciaries to pay for cost of irrigation supply
has a precedence, which is more often the case, over the recoupement of
its expenses in entirety, the incremental value of additional water to
farm output should serve as a guide in determining the price of canal
water.
Some Comparative Aspects of Production and Profit Functions:
Empirical Applications to a Punjab District
Authors: Aslam Main M.
Published: August 2018

The estimation of technical coefficients of production is a
prerequisite for the construction of an agricultural production model.
The production functions, introduced by the classical school and
developed extensively by the neo-classical writers, have been frequently
used in deriving the technical coefficients. But the problems posed by
the management factor [8] and simultaneous determination of variable
inputs and outputs by the farm firm [5, 10) are quite serious and have
generally led to biased estimates. On the other hand, the profit
function [14, 19] has been developed as an alternative to the production
function. Since the arguments of this function are normalized input
prices and fixed inputs which are exogenously determined, the bias of
simultaneous equations is avoided. However, the profit function may be
difficult to estimate due to data problems. For example, what is the
wage rate of agricultural labour and how is it imputed? Also, data on
product pi ices are not easily accessible and some products may not be
marketed at all, especially, in developing countries.
A Note on Economic Activity of Women in Nigeria
Authors: Sheehan Glen , Standing Guy
Published: August 2018

The aim of this article is to investigate some of the factors
explaining the economic activity of women in Nigeria, in particular, to
examine the question of whether urbanisation is likely to lead to a
"marginalisation" of Women in Nigeria. Such a question would not
normally be asked in most developing countries because, since recorded
female labour force participation is low in the rural areas of most
countries, it could be expected that urbanisation would be associated
with rising levels of female activity. However, a different situation
exists in sub-Saharan Africa with female participation in the rural
economy being strikingly high.1 This is associated with a traditional
division of labour which allocates prominent roles to women in
subsistence agriculture and often in trading activities. This tradition
is partly explained by the need for men to travel long distances to hunt
or, in this century, increasingly to find wage earning activity. The
present study is based on a survey carried out by the Human Resources
Research Unit of the University of Lagos in 1973 and 1974. It covered a
sample of 2,700 women aged 20 and over drawn from four areas of Nigeria.
It is admitted at the very outset that conceptual deficiencies in the
survey appear to have led to an understatement of labour force
participation in rural areas, making the analysis somewhat
questionable.
Short-Term Employment Functions in Manufacturing Industries of
Pakistan
Authors: Ali Karamat
Published: August 2018

The manufacturing sector has played an important role in the
economic development of Pakistan. The main indicator of industrial
growth—the percentage share of manufacturing in Gross National
Product—has been increasing. However, the percentage of employment in
manufacturing has decreased. "The share of manufacturing in GNP has
increased from 8.1 percent in 1950 to 16.0 percent in 1968. But
employment in manufacturing sector declined from 15.0 percent of total
employment to 14.3 percent in 1965 [5, p.212].
A Note on Monetary and Non-Monetary Analyses of LDCs Balance of
Payments Problems
Authors: Zaidi Iqbal
Published: August 2018

Although balance of payments problems have been pervasive in
the developing economies, there is little agreement amongst economists
as to the causes and the cures for these problems. This paper focuses
upon two models of the balance of payments: the two-gap model and the
monetary approach to the balance of payments (MAEP). The two-gap model
describes the chronic excess demand for foreign exchange in the
developing economies as structural in origin, and implies that monetary
cures for it do not seem to be relevant. MAEP, on the other hand,
describes balance of payments deficits as reflecting disequilibrium in
the money market and hence must be treated as a monetary phenomenon,
requiring the use of tools and concepts of monetary theory. Balance of
payments disequilibrium involves an inflow or outflow of inter¬national
money, and the behaviour of monetary authorities is regarded as crucial
to any sensible study of the balance of payments. The analysis of these
two models presented in this paper tries to reveal their underlying
structures and emphasizes the differences in their approach to the
balance of payments problems. After providing brief expositions of the
two models in the following two sections, we discuss the importance of
the assumptions in each of the model. Next, we present a synthesis by
relating to the two-gap model some aspects of the monetary approach.
This has not been done before in the literature. This attempt at a
synthesis raises certain issues, some of which are answered in this
paper. For instance, we are able to provide a reasonable explanation of
why the LDC governments engage in excessive credit creation, leading to
balance of payments deficits and then devaluation.
Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia. A World Employment Study.
Geneva: International Labour Office. 1977: pp.288.
Authors: Robinson Warren C.
Published: August 2018

This is a remarkable volume. Not so much for what it says as
much as for what it never gets around to saying. The introduction states
that this is the "first major research study to be published under the
rural component" of the World Employment Programme. The volume consists
of studies of various aspects of rural income distribution in: Pakistan
(S.M. Naseem); Indian Punjab (Indira Rajaraman); Uttar Pradesh (Rohini
Nayyor); Bihar (Rohini Nayyor); Tamil Nadu (C.T. Kurien); Bangla¬desh
(A.R. Khan); Sri Lanka (E.L.H. Lee); West Malaysia (E.L.H. Lee); Java
(Ingrid Palmer); Philippines (A.R. Khan); and China (A.R. Khan). There
is also an anonymous introduction which attempts a synthesis and
summary.
Thinking About Rural Development.—By Arther T. Mosher. New York:
Agricultural Development Council, Inc., 1976. xii+pp.350.
Authors: Iqbal Javed
Published: August 2018

This book is essentially a selection of the articles written
by Arther T. Mosher during his long career as a rural development
expert. Also appended at the end is a complete list of writings by him.
The Agricultural Development Council has chosen to publish this book to
honour the author, who was its President during 1967-1973, The
publication of this book is welcome in the context of the recent
rediscovery of rural development as a principal plank of need-oriented
develop¬ment strategies. A basic defect of writing on rural development
has been excessive resort to stereotype rehtoric, over-enthusiasm and a
certain pedanticism. Fortunately, Mosher's orientation is practical, not
doctrinaire. Although the book is titled "Thinking About Rural
Development", the author keeps on bring¬ing together the thinking and
practice into their validly interactive perspectives. Not surprisingly
so, for the author has himself worked in the field as a rural
development practitioner for a considerable length of time.
The Rental Cost of Capital for the Manufacturing Sector-1959-1960
to 1970-1971
Authors: Guisinger Stephen E. , Kazi Shahnaz
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, like other under-developed countries, is faced with
a situation where factor prices do not reflect their scarcity values,
thereby leading to a waste of valuable resources in the form of highly
capital intensive techniques and excess capacity in the manufacturing
sector. Low costs of using capital in Pakistan have been attributed to a
combination of factors e.g. low rates of interest, overvaluation of
domestic currency, low tariffs on machinery imports, and fiscal
incentives such as tax holidays and accelerated depreciation aimed at
encouraging investment. In this paper a formula incorporating the effect
of various such policy packages on the cost of capital has been used to
estimate the market and "real" rental cost of capital over time
(1959-1960 to 1970-1971) providing a measure of the degree of distortion
introduced into the factor market via government policies.
The Demand for Children in a "Natural Fertility" Population
Authors: De Tray Dennis
Published: August 2018

The paper is concerned with two theories that proport to
explain fertility variations In developing countries. The first of these
theories is based on supply or natural fertility considerations while
the second looks to (the underlying) costs and benefits of children as
one Source explanation for fertility differences. These theories
indicate that demand consideration do explain some of the systematic
variation in fertility even among "noncontracepting" populations.
Cognitive Equality and Educational Policies: An Example from
Pakistan
Authors: Klitgaard Robert E. , Dadabhoy Sadequa , Lithouhi Simin
Published: August 2018

An empirical study of distributions of examination scores
within secondary schools in Karachi shows that intraschool inequalities
are relatively large. The results of several analyses are consistent
with the hypothesis that either schools in Karachi do not care about the
equality of their students' cognitive achievement, or if they do care,
current policies are ineffective at reducing or widening their
distributions of scores.
The Effect of a Change in Wheat Prices on Incomes
Authors: Thobani Mateen
Published: August 2018

The effect of an exogenous change in wheat prices on the
welfare of farmers, middlemen, consumers and the government is analysed
in" a partial" equilibrium framework under a wide range of elasticity
assumptions. The resulting computer simulations yield the tradeoffs for
various policies. Although pareto optimality calls for equating the
consumer, producer and international prices, this policy cannot be
followed with abandon because of its adverse effects on
consumers.
Female Labour Force Status and Fertility Behaviour-Some
Theoretical, Methodological and Policy Issues
Authors: Chaudhury Raflqul Huda
Published: August 2018

The status of women and their role in community and family
decision. making, including timing and number of births and choice of
contraception, have an important bearing on improving the standard of
living, success of family planning and long• term reduction in fertility
of a country. In a society, whose women depend on their children for
social and economic security and lack legitimate alternatives to
childbearing, fertility is likely to be high. Mandelbaum [34] summarised
a number of studies relating to fertility and motivation in Indian
society. The most commonly reported reason for desiring large families
was the absence of alternative roles for women to the role of
wife-mother. This absence of alternative roles for women has often been
suggested as a stumbling block to diffusion of small family size norm in
developing countries [56; 37J. For effective reduction of population
growth, the proponents of the 'beyond family planning approach'
emphasize the complementarity of the roles of men and women, creation of
alternatives to childbearing and reduction of dependence on children by
providing educational opportunity and economic independence for women
[56; 2; 3; 15; 28]. Of particular interest is the nature of relationship
between female education, labour force participation and conjugal role
of women on the one hand and fertility and the use of contraception on
the other. In this study, an attempt is made to examine the dynamics of
the relationship between female labour force status and fertility
behaviour (i.e. use of contraception and fertility) and also to evaluate
the implication of the relationship for reduction of fertility,
particularly with reference to the developing countries of the world.
Labour Migration and Shadow Prices
Authors: Bruton Henry J.
Published: August 2018

The effect of migration and home remittances on the shadow
prices of labour and foreign exchange is analysed here , taking into
consideration changes in their social marginal productivities. It is
argued that appreciation of currency, due to large capital inflows and
not to increased productivity, results in a misallocation of resources,
and, therefore, there is an urgent need for a proper analysis to
determine the optimal level of emigrants.
"Models and Realities": An Introduction
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

This is the first of a series of symposia we are organizing in
the pages of the Pakistan Development Review to fix our gaze on the
twilight zone lying between the theory and the practice of development
economics. In the Autumn of 1979- 1 must confess, not without a tinge of
autumnal depression-I had addressed letters to about 50 scholars working
in this general area announcing that "it is proposed to bring out
symposium issues of the Pakistan Development Review focusing on the
State of Development Economics, which in the opinion of many has not yet
attained its 'steady-state'. It is, therefore, essential to have a
second (or nth!) look at the state of the art in the general area of
development economics, not only to satisfy our academic appetite and to
whet it a little bit more, but also to provide proper guidelines for
policy formulation". Those who responded to this request did so
enthusiastically, supporting the general idea expressed in the letter.
Considering the exceedingly busy schedule that economists keep these
days, the outcome of my appeal has been gratifying-even though the
'utility function', appropriately discounted by a 'time-paucity' factor,
has still not been optimized. On the basis of the contributions already
received as well as of those confidently expected soon, we should be
able to bring out at least three special symposium issues, devoted to
the "State of Development Economics: Models and Realities". The present
issue includes papers by outstanding scholars like Jan Tinbergen,
Sukhamoy Chakravarty, Paul Streeten, Anthony Bottomley, Pan Yotopoulos
and Amit Bhaduri. The coming issues of the Pakistan Development Review
will include longer papers on some of the problems touched upon in the
present collection and on such basic questions as the choice of
techniques, trade policy, economic-demographic modeling, urban-rural and
international migrations, etc.
Global Modelling of Food and Agriculture
Authors: Amsterdam; The Hague; Wageningen CENTRE FOR WORLD FOOD STUDIES
Published: August 2018

The Centre for World Food Studies is developing price
endogenous models focusing on agriculture and incorporating detailed
agronomic information. Moreover, the structure of these models is such
that they can be linked in order to represent international trade,
resulting in a global equilibrium. The developing country models
emphasize and analyze the problem of small and landless farmers, the
role of possible ecological constraints, and the changes in the
distribution of income between agriculture and non-agriculture as well
as within agriculture. Model alternatives can be analyzed through
changes in various parameters, e.g. direct and indirect tax rates,
tariffs, buffer stocks, import and export quotas. A brief outline of the
Thailand model is presented.
Two Attempts to Extend Economic Model to Socio-Political Issues
and Realities
Authors: Cohen Suleiman I.
Published: August 2018

Although considered a helpful tool a decade ago, the
specification of the development problem in terms of one aim/one
nation/one actor avoids the issues and is unrealistic. This paper
reports on two models which introduce explicitly social groups as
independent actors. The first model examines the formation of income,
employment, human resources and satisfaction of basic needs for various
social groups. The second model examines the distribution of wealth in a
framework which assigns a more dominant role to a particular group on
other groups. Applications of the models to four countries are briefly
reviewed.
Ian Livingstone (Ed.). Development Economics and Policy:
Readings. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1981. x + 353 pp.Hardback £
17.50 and Paper• back £ 7.95.
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

The editor of a 'book of readings' has generally his back to
the wall before the onslaught of prospective critics clamouring "why one
more". True, the marginal net private benefit to the editor from such
publications can always be shown to be positive, or at least strictly
non-negative, by reference to the notorious publish-or-perish syndrome.
However, the need for a convincing demonstration of the positively of
the expected marginal net social benefit from such books drags the
reluctant editor gladiator into the arena. In many cases the spectacle
is a pathetic one: the editor endlessly and vainly differentiating his
goods from those of others even if that involves a comparison of the
'bads', indulging in omniscient subjectivism: "this is what / consider
to be the best collection" (never mind if it is the nth-best), or
patronizing those who have been forced by time, circumstance or public
apathy into anonymity: "such articles were not easily accessible." If
all fails, and the editor also happens to be teaching a course in
development economics, then even if the social profitability of such a
collection falls far short of its private profitability, the situation
can still be redeemed by the deus ex machina of the cause of pedagogy
needing the helping hand of yet another book of readings.
Economics of Share-Cropping in Haryana (India)
Agriculture
Authors: Bagi F. S.
Published: August 2018

This study shows that most share -croppers are small farmers.
There is some evidence that technical efficiency is lower on
share-cropping farms. There is significant allocative inefficiency on
both share-cropping and owner-operated farms, but neither group has
definite advantage in allocating every input. Above all, there does not
seem to be any inherent inefficiencies in the "voluntary sharecropping
system". Share-croppers make intensive use of labour, and in the absence
of gainful off-farm employment opportunities, share-cropping provides
them necessary supplementary income.
Quality Effects in Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Mccarthy F. Desmond
Published: August 2018

A theory of consumer behaviour is proposed which differs from
the conventional approach. Flexible prices are introduced for goods as a
measure of quality. Empirical results are presented which provide
insight into the effect of income, household size, and price level on
the demand for quality. Some proposals are offered on the use of quality
effects in policy formulation.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Research in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

This study is premised on the propo1ition that economic
research on agriculture in Pakistan has concentrated on narrow and
technocratic aspects without reference to the structure of production
relations among various and contending classes of farmers. The paper
identifies three major and so far largely unexplored areas of
agricultural research, viz. set of relationships among farm groups and
their impact on agricultural production and income distribution,
measurement and interpretation of participation by these groups in
production activities in the private and public sectors, and the land
tax system and its effect on issues of growth and equity.
Impact of Agricultural Modernization on Crude Birth Rate in
Indian Punjab
Authors: Ali Karamat
Published: August 2018

Pooled cross-section and time-series data of 11 districts in
the Indian Punjab have yielded three hypotheses: (1) High
infant-mortality rates lead to high fertility rates and high fertility
rates cause high infant-mortality rates; (2) Agricultural modernization
affects fertility and infant-mortality; and (3) The direction and
strength of the effects of agricultural modernization on fertility and
infant-mortality depend upon the distribution of the benefits of such
modernization.
Alternative Trade Strategies and Employment in LDCs: An
Overview
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: August 2018

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical evidence
about interactions between trade policy instruments and domestic factor
markets and their role in affecting the labour intensity of industry mix
and choice of techniques in a number of developing countries. Using
estimates of the elasticities of substitution in the manufacturing
sector ,statistical evidence is presented to determine the impact of
trade policy on industrial employment. There is a strong presumption
that the phenomena under review were mainly responsible for low rates of
employment growth in the industrial sector in those countries where
distortions were sizeable.
A Long- Range Energy Sector Plan for Pakistan
Authors: Riaz T.
Published: August 2018

A linear programming model for long-range energy sector
planning in Pakistan has been formulated in this study. The model has
been simulated to draw policy implications regarding the output of
energy industry. These simulations have been carried out by changing
trend in future demand, changes in costs of production and changes in
the prices of output.