bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN EVAPORATIVE CHARCOAL COOLER UTILIZING THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR PRESERVATION OF AVOCADO
Authors: Langat Victor K. , L. Kanali Christopher , Ronoh Erick K. , Ondimu Stephen N. , Ndirangu Samuel N. , Roskilly Tony , Royapoor Mohammad , Laidler Paul
Published: May 2022

Fruits are high moisture agricultural produce rendering them highly perishable hence the danger of postharvest losses is also lurking when there are inadequate storage facilities. The losses result from physical, chemical, and physiological changes that are triggered by the loss in moisture content. Preservation of fruits using available and affordable technologies (such as charcoal coolers) can benefit small-scale farmers in minimizing postharvest losses. An evaporative charcoal cooler 4 m long, 4 m wide, and 2.5 m high providing a 40 m3 storage capacity was utilized in the study. The cooler with a 150 mm wide cavity filled with charcoal had a perforated pipe connected to a 1000-litrecistern raised at 2.5 m above the ground and connected to a water pump (Pedrollo PKm 60, Italy) that kept the charcoal wet by a drip system. The pump and the three axial fans (REC-21725 A2 W, USA) rated 180 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and 2600 revolutions per minute (RPM) were powered by fast fold thin-film PV (FFMAT-10, Renovagen, UK) system connected to a 10-kWh rated energy hub (FFENERGYHUB-10, Renovagen, UK). Temperature, relative humidity and product quality parameters (weight loss, total soluble solids, vitamin C content and firmness were evaluated).The evaporative cooler temperatures reduced significantly (P<0.05) with an average 25.0±0.37 oC and 32.1±0.99 ºC outdoors temperatures. The cooler relative humidity increased significantly (P˂0.05) averaging 76.8±1.6% and 43±2.8% for ambient conditions. The average cooling efficiency in the charcoal cooler was 83.0%.The percentage weight loss of the avocado was 3.9% and 7.5% for the cooler and outdoors respectively. The percentage vitamin C loss was 39.0% for the cooler and 49.6% for those kept outside. The total soluble solids in the cooler rose from 0.5 to 1.6 oBrix and 0.5 to 2.6 oBrix in ambient conditions. Firmness decreased from an average 65.0 N to 10.7 N and 65.0 N to 8.0 N after 12 days for samples in the cooler and ambient conditions, respectively. In conclusion, the evaporative charcoal cooler incorporated with thin-film PV system preserved the postharvest quality and extended the shelf life of hass avocado.
THE HAPPINESS INDEX OF RURAL YOUTHS IN FARMING
Authors: Ibrahim Jabal Tarik , Mufriantie Fithri , Baroh Istis , Mazwan M. Zul , Minarsih Imas , Bakhtiar Ary
Published: May 2022

The level of welfare is only measured using objective and subjective standards for all this time. The objective standard can be in the form of per capita income, while the subjective standard is a different standard for each individual, one of which is the happiness index. The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the level of happiness of rural youth in farming, (2) to determine the dominant factors determining the happiness of rural youth in farming, (3) to determine the motives of rural youth in farming, for the sake of wealth or happiness in life. This research was conducted in Gedangsewu Village, Pare District, and Kediri Regency in March-August 2021. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling method with a total of 50 respondents. Determination of the weight of the happiness indicator using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method. The analytical method used to determine the level of happiness of young farmers is the method of calculating the happiness index. The happiness index score of rural youth in farming is 68.30 (more than 55) which means that village youth are happy with their work as farmers, but the score is still below the average score of the national happiness level (72).The indicator of the purpose of life in the dimension of the meaning of life is the dominant factor determining the happiness of young farmers. The motive of rural youth in farming is more inclined to inner happiness than wealth. This can be categorized as a moral cultural base motive.
Analysis of Muhammadiyah’s Policies in Using Islamic Banking Services in Indonesia
Authors: Hindardjo Anton , Evi Tiolina
Published: May 2022

Muhammadiyah with it’s thousands of AUM as the source of Persyarikatan has economic cooperation and bargaining with the conventional banks. With the decree No.37/KEP/1.0/C/2012 about islamic banking partner, then Persyarikatan funds must be moved entirely to the banking partners in cash management service. This study attempts to know the degree to which the policy of Muhammadiyah is in the use of islamic banking. Data is collected from interviews with Mr. Mukhaer Pakkanna S.E., M.M. as vice chairman of majelis economic and entrepreneurship outlined by using as well as several other sources outlined by using qualitative analysis descriptive. The results show that AUM has used islamic banking despite in the use of service cash management has not been reached optimal. This is caused by several factors, the are: obscurity of the content and policies sanctions and lack of socialization deeply to the implementors, AUM management, and members of muhammadiyah overall. In addition, the use of islamic banking is not yet optimal because the bureaucracy structure of AUM which is related to the government and other stakeholder
Único universo ou universos alternativos: por que os filósofos clássicos defendiam que há um único mundo?
Authors: Contarato Thiago Sebastião Reis
Published: May 2022

Na filosofia, há, pelo menos, duas maneiras de tratar o conceito de “mundos possíveis”, a saber: podemos falar de um tratamento lógico com uma “Semântica de Mundos Possíveis” ou de um tratamento físico sobre a existência concreta de outros universos. Acerca dessas duas maneiras, é surpreendente descobrir que filósofos antigos e medievais já haviam teorizado acerca de mundos alternativos a este em que vivemos. Com este livro, o leitor terá a oportunidade de conhecer um pouco do pensamento de Aristóteles e de Tomás de Aquino a respeito desse assunto, representando o pensamento antigo e o pensamento medieval, respectivamente. Nesse sentido, veremos que a atual “Semântica dos Mundos Possíveis” e a “Teoria do Multiverso” serão incompatíveis com o sistema aristotélico e tomista por causa da definição de “mundo” que esses filósofos possuíam.
Measurement Report: A new coupled method of pH titration and size-resolved analysis to identify the structure, aging, and source of water-soluble organic carbon
Authors: Qin Yuanyuan , Qin Juanjuan , Wang Xiaobo , Xiao Kang , Qi Ting , Gao Yuwei , Zhou Xueming , Shi Shaoxuan , Li Jingnan , Gao Jingsi , Zhang Ziyin , Tan Jihua , Zhang Yang , Chen Rongzhi
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Measuring water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in aerosols is critical, as WSOC is involved in many key particle-associated chemical reactions. Here, the coupled effects of pH and particle size on the chemical structures (functional groups) and optical properties (UV/fluorescence properties) of WSOC were investigated to explore the structure, aging, and source of these materials. The results showed that the specific UV absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (SUVA254) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) were higher in smaller particle sizes, revealing the relatively higher aromaticity and more freshness of WSOC in smaller particles. The carboxylic groups tend to be enriched in larger particles, whereas the contribution of phenolic groups was generally higher in smaller particles than that in larger particles. Overall, the chromophores in smaller particles showed a more pronounced pH dependence, revealing that the chromophores in smaller particles were more pH-sensitive. The change in the fluorescence peak position suggested that hydroxyl groups play a leading role in pH-responsive fluorescence in summer, while carboxylic groups in winter. WSOC with sizes of < 0.77 μm mainly originate from primary combustion emissions, and those with sizes of 1.40–2.50 μm primarily originate from secondary formations. Overall, the pH-dependent and particle size-dependent behaviors of aerosols WSOC provide insights into the structure, aging, and source of WSOC, and ultimately contribute to improving the accuracy of assessing the climate effects of WSOC.
Portable two-filter dual-flow-loop 222Rn detector: stand-alone monitor and calibration transfer device
Authors: Chambers Scott D. , Griffiths Alan D. , Williams Alastair G. , Sisoutham Ot , Morosh Viacheslav , Röttger Stefan , Mertes Florian , Röttger Annette
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Little overlap exists in the required capabilities of
222Rn (radon) monitors for public health and atmospheric research. The
former requires robust, compact, easily transportable instruments to
characterise daily to yearly variability >100 Bq m−3, whereas the latter requires static instruments capable of
characterising sub-hourly variability between 0.1 and 100 Bq m−3. Consequently, detector development has
evolved independently for the two research communities, and while many radon
measurements are being made world-wide, the full potential of this
measurement network can't be realised because not all results are
comparable. Development of a monitor that satisfies the primary needs of
both measurement communities, including a calibration traceable to the
International System of Units (SI), would constitute an important step
toward (i) increasing the availability of radon measurements to both
research communities, and (ii) providing a means to harmonize and compare
radon measurements across the existing eclectic global network of radon
detectors. To this end, we describe a prototype detector built by the
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), in
collaboration with the EMPIR 19ENV01 traceRadon Project and Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB). This two-filter dual-flow-loop radon monitor can be
transported in a standard vehicle, fits in a 19′′ instrument rack, has a
30 min temporal resolution, and a detection limit of ∼0.14 Bq m−3. It is capable of continuous, long-term,
low-maintenance, low-power, indoor or outdoor monitoring with a high
sensitivity and an uncertainty of ∼15 % at 1 Bq m−3. Furthermore, we demonstrate the successful transfer of an SI
traceable calibration from this portable monitor to a 1500 L two-filter
radon monitor under field conditions.
Extended validation and evaluation of the OLCI-SLSTR Synergy aerosol product (SY_2_AOD) on Sentinel-3
Authors: Sogacheva Larisa , Denisselle Matthieu , Kolmonen Pekka , Virtanen Timo H. , North Peter R. J. , Henocq Claire , Scifoni Silvia , Dransfeld Steffen
Published: May 2022

Abstract. We present the first extended validation of a new synergy global aerosol product (SY_2_AOD) which is based on synergistic use of data from the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI), and the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) sensors onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-3A (S3A) and Sentinel-3B (S3B) satellites. Several approaches, including statistical analysis, time series analysis, comparison with similar aerosol products from the other spaceborne sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were used for validation end evaluation of S3A and S3B SY_2 aerosol products, including Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) provided at different wavelengths, AOD pixel level uncertainties, fine mode AOD and Angström exponent. Over ocean, the performance of SY_2 retrieved AOD is good: for S3A and S3B respectively, correlation coefficients with the Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) component of the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) are 0.88 and 0.85; 88.6 % and 89.5 % of pixels fit into MODIS error envelope of ±0.05±0.2*AOD. Over land correlation coefficients with AERONET AOD are 0.60 and 0.63 for S3A and S3B respectively; 51.4 % and 57.9 % of pixels fit into MODIS error envelope. Reduced performance over land is expected since the surface reflectance and angular distribution of scattering is higher and more difficult to predict over land than over ocean. The results are affected by a large number of outliers. Evaluation of the per-retrieval uncertainty indicated good correlation with measured error distributions. The retrieval of Angstrom exponent, related to aerosol size distribution, shows good spatial correlation with expected sources but generally overestimates AE for cases where AERONET Angstrom is low, resulting in overall high bias. Differences between the annual and seasonal AOD values from SY_2 and MODIS Dark Target and Deep blue products are within 0.02 for the study area. The agreement is better over ocean. Over bright land surface (Saharan desert) the difference between two products is highest (up to 0.11), and the sign of the difference varies over time and space. For both S3A and S3B AOD products, validation statistics are often slightly better in the Southern hemisphere. In general, the performance of S3B is slightly better.
Modulation of Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) during HF Heating
Authors: Gunnarsdottir Tinna , Poggenpohl Arne , Mann Ingrid , Mahmoudian Alireza , Dalin Peter , Haeggstroem Ingemar , Rietveld Michael
Published: May 2022

Abstract. The formation of Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) is linked to the presence of charged dust/ice particles in the mesosphere and the PMSE modulation is a possible way to observe the effect of dust charging. We investigate the modulation of PMSE by HF radio waves based on measurements carried out with the EISCAT Heating facility and the EISCAT VHF radar in August 2018 and August 2020 toward the end of the PMSE season. The measurements were made during the night with reduced solar illumination. The EISCAT Heating was operated in subsequent 48s on and 168s off intervals. In our observations, the PMSE modulation by the HF heating disappears during ionospheric conditions of energetic particle precipitation. We observe more than half of the cycles being influenced by the heating with a reduced PMSE power when the heater is on and a similar amount of cycles showing an increase in power when the heater is turned off. In less than half of the observed cycles we see an overshoot and it seems to be largely influenced by the overall PMSE power; with smaller or nonexistent overshoot when the PMSE power is high. We observe instances of very large overshoots, where background PMSE power seems to be reduced. During periods when we observe modulation, they often vary strongly from one cycle to the next; they are highly variable on spatial scales smaller km and time scales of minutes that are shorter than the scales assumed for the variation of dust parameters. Averaged curves over several heating cycles are similar to the overshoot curves predicted by theory and observed previously. Some individual curves however, show a stronger overshoot than observed in previous studies. A possible explanation for this difference can lie in the dust charging conditions that are different during the night or other conditions might be at play. We observe two possible instances of sporadic E-layers that are influenced by heating but do not show overshoots, as is to be expected.
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
Authors: Eickhoff Lukas , Bayer-Giraldi Maddalena , Reicher Naama , Rudich Yinon , Koop Thomas
Published: May 2022

Abstract. In this study, we investigated the ice nucleation activity of the Antarctic sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Diatoms are the main primary producers of organic carbon in the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic sea ice diatom F. cylindrus is one of the predominant species. This psychrophilic diatom is abundant in open waters and within sea ice, and it has developed several mechanisms to cope with the extreme conditions of its environment, for example the production of ice-binding proteins (IBP) and extracellular polymeric substances, known to alter the structure of ice. Here, we investigated the ice nucleation activity of F. cylindrus using a microfluidic device containing individual sub-nanoliter (~90 µm) droplet samples. The experimental method and a newly implemented Poisson statistics-based data evaluation procedure applicable to samples with low ice nucleating particle concentrations were validated by comparative ice nucleation experiments with well-investigated bacterial samples from Pseudomonas syringae (Snomax). The experiments reveal an increase of 7.2 °C in the ice nucleation temperatures for seawater containing F. cylindrus diatoms when compared to pure seawater. Moreover, also F. cylindrus fragments show ice-nucleation activity, while experiments with F. cylindrus ice binding protein (fcIBP) show no significant ice nucleation activity. A comparison with experimental results from other diatoms suggests a universal behaviour of polar sea ice diatoms and we provide a diatom mass-based parameterization of their ice-nucleation activity for use in models.
Tropospheric transport and unresolved convection: numerical experiments with CLaMS-2.0/MESSy
Authors: Konopka Paul , Tao Mengchu , von Hobe Marc , Hoffmann Lars , Kloss Corinna , Ravegnani Fabrizio , Volk C. Michael , Lauther Valentin , Zahn Andreas , Hoor Peter , Ploeger Felix
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Pure Lagrangian, i.e.~trajectory-based transport models, take into account only the resolved advective part of transport. That means neither mixing processes between the air parcels (APs) nor unresolved subgrid-scale advective processes like convection are included. The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS-1.0) extends this approach by including mixing between the Lagrangian APs parameterizing the small-scale isentropic mixing. To improve model representation of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), this approach was extended by taking into account parameterization of tropospheric mixing and unresolved convection in the recently published CLaMS-2.0 version. All three transport modes, i.e. isentropic and tropospheric mixing as well as the unresolved convection can be adjusted and optimized within the model. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of the model representation of tracers in the UTLS with respect to these three modes. For this reason, the CLaMS-2.0 version implemented within the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), CLaMS-2.0/MESSy, is applied with meteorology based on the ERA-Interim (EI) and ERA5 (E5) reanalyses with the same horizontal resolution (1.0 x 1.0 degree) but with 60 and 137 model levels for EI and E5, respectively. Comparisons with in situ observations are used to rate the degree of agreement between different model configurations and observations. Starting from pure advective runs as a reference and in agreement with CLaMS-1.0, we show that among the three processes considered, isentropic mixing dominates transport in the UTLS. Both the observed CO, O3, N2O and CO2 profiles as well as CO-O3 correlations are clearly better reproduced in the model with isentropic mixing. The second most important transport process considered is unresolved convection. This additional pathway of transport from the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) to the main convective outflow dominates the composition of air in the lower stratosphere relative to the contribution of the resolved transport. This transport happens mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics, and significantly rejuvenates the age of air in this region. By taking into account tropospheric mixing, weakest changes in tracer distributions without any clear improvements were found.
Assessing runoff sensitivity of North American Prairie Pothole Region basins to wetland drainage using a basin classification–based virtual modeling approach
Authors: Spence Christopher , He Zhihua , Shook Kevin , Pomeroy John , Whitfield Colin , Wolfe Jared
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Wetland drainage has been pervasive in the North American Prairie Pothole Region. There is strong evidence that this drainage increases hydrological connectivity of previously isolated wetlands and, in turn, streamflow response to precipitation. It can be hard to disentangle the role of climate from the influence of wetland drainage in observed streamflow records. In this study, a basin classification-based virtual modelling approach is described that can isolate these effects on runoff regimes. Three knowledge gaps were addressed. First, it was determined that the spatial pattern in which wetlands are drained has little influence on how much the runoff regime was altered. Second, no threshold could be identified below which wetland drainage has no effect on the streamflow regime, with drainage thresholds as low as 10 % by area were evaluated. Third, wetter regions were less sensitive to drainage as they tend to be better hydrologically connected even in the absence of drainage. Low flows were the least affected by drainage. During extremely wet years, runoff depths could double as the result of complete wetland removal. Simulated median annual runoff depths were the most responsive, potentially tripling under typical conditions with the high rates of wetland drainage. As storage capacity is removed from the landscape through wetland drainage, the size of the storage deficit of median years begins to decrease and to converge on those of the extreme wet years. Model simulations of flood frequency suggest that because of these changes in antecedent conditions, precipitation that once could generate a median event with wetland drainage can generate what would have been a maximum event without wetland drainage. The advantage of the basin classification-based virtual modelling approach employed here is that it simulated a long period that included a wide variety of precipitation and antecedent storage conditions across a diversity of wetland complexes. This has allowed seemingly disparate results of past research to be put into context and finds that conflicting results are often only because of differences in spatial scale and temporal scope of investigation. A conceptual framework is provided that shows, in general, how annual runoff in different climatic and drainage situations will likely respond to wetland drainage in the Prairie Pothole Region.
A PRE-TRAINING METHOD FOR 3D BUILDING POINT CLOUD SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION
Authors: Cao Y. , Scaioni M.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. As a result of the success of Deep Learning (DL) techniques, DL-based approaches for extracting information from 3D building point clouds have evolved in recent years. Despite noteworthy progress in existing methods for interpreting point clouds, the excessive cost of annotating 3D data has resulted in DL-based 3D point cloud understanding tasks still lagging those for 2D images. The notion that pre-training a network on a large source dataset may help enhance performance after it is fine-tuned on the target task and dataset has proved vital in numerous tasks in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain. This paper proposes a straightforward but effective pre-training method for 3D building point clouds that learns from a large source dataset. Specifically, it first learns the ability of semantic segmentation by pre-training on a cross-domain source Stanford 3D Indoor Scene Dataset. It then initialises the downstream networks with the pre-trained weights. Finally, the models are fine-tuned with the target building scenes obtained from the ArCH benchmarking dataset. Our paper evaluates the proposed method by employing four fully supervised networks as backbones. The results of two pipelines are compared between training from scratch and pre-training. The results illustrate that pre-training on the source dataset can consistently improve the performance of the target dataset with an average gain of 3.9%.
A NOVEL INTRINSIC IMAGE DECOMPOSITION METHOD TO RECOVER ALBEDO FOR AERIAL IMAGES IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY PROCESSING
Authors: Song S. , Qin R.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Recovering surface albedos from photogrammetric images for realistic rendering and synthetic environments can greatly facilitate its downstream applications in VR/AR/MR and digital twins. The textured 3D models from standard photogrammetric pipelines are suboptimal to these applications because these textures are directly derived from images, which intrinsically embedded the spatially and temporally variant environmental lighting information, such as the sun illumination, direction, causing different looks of the surface, making such models less realistic when used in 3D rendering under synthetic lightings. On the other hand, since albedo images are less variable by environmental lighting, it can, in turn, benefit basic photogrammetric processing. In this paper, we attack the problem of albedo recovery for aerial images for the photogrammetric process and demonstrate the benefit of albedo recovery for photogrammetry data processing through enhanced feature matching and dense matching. To this end, we proposed an image formation model with respect to outdoor aerial imagery under natural illumination conditions; we then, derived the inverse model to estimate the albedo by utilizing the typical photogrammetric products as an initial approximation of the geometry. The estimated albedo images are tested in intrinsic image decomposition, relighting, feature matching, and dense matching/point cloud generation results. Both synthetic and real-world experiments have demonstrated that our method outperforms existing methods and can enhance photogrammetric processing.
BUILDING SECTION INSTANCE SEGMENTATION WITH COMBINED CLASSICAL AND DEEP LEARNING METHODS
Authors: Schuegraf P. , Schnell J. , Henry C. , Bittner K.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. In big cities, the complexity of urban infrastructure is very high. In city centers, one construction can consist of several building sections of different heights or roof geometries. Most of the existing approaches detect those buildings as a single construction in the form of binary building segmentation maps or as one instance of object-oriented segmentation. However, reconstructing complex buildings consisting of several parts requires a higher level of detail. In this work, we present a methodology for individual building section instance segmentation on satellite imagery. We show that fully convolutional networks (FCNs) can tackle the issue much better than the state-of-the-art Mask-RCNN. A ground truth raster image with pixel value 1 for building sections and 2 for their touching borders was generated to train models on predicting both classes as a semantic output. The semantic outputs were then post-processed with the help of morphology and watershed labeling to generate segmentation on the instance level. The combination of a deep learning-based approach and a classical image processing algorithm allowed us to fulfill the segmentation task on the instance level and reach high-quality results with an mAP of up to 42 %.
LANDSCAPE OF NEURAL ARCHITECTURE SEARCH ACROSS SENSORS: HOW
MUCH DO THEY DIFFER ?
Authors: Traoré K. R. , Camero A. , Zhu X. X.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. With the rapid rise of neural architecture search, the ability to understand its complexity from the perspective of a search algorithm is desirable. Recently, Traoré et al. have proposed the framework of Fitness Landscape Footprint to help describe and compare neural architecture search problems. It attempts at describing why a search strategy might be successful, struggle or fail on a target task. Our study leverages this methodology in the context of searching across sensors, including sensor data fusion. In particular, we apply the Fitness Landscape Footprint to the real-world image classification problem of So2Sat LCZ42, in order to identify the most beneficial sensor to our neural network hyper-parameter optimization problem. From the perspective of distributions of fitness, our findings indicate a similar behaviour of the CNN search space for all sensors: the longer the training time, the larger the overall fitness, and more flatness in the landscapes (less ruggedness and deviation). Regarding sensors, the better the fitness they enable (Sentinel-2), the better the search trajectories (smoother, higher persistence). Results also indicate very similar search behaviour for sensors that can be decently fitted by the search space (Sentinel-2 and fusion).
PROCEDURE OF EXTRACTING THIN ICE AREAS IN THE SEA OF OKHOTSK USING MODIS DATA
Authors: Cho K. , Naoki K.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. The latest IPCC report clearly stated that the human influence is the main reason of sea ice reduction in the Arctic. Importance of sea ice monitoring from space is increasing. In addition, the heat flux of ice in thin ice areas is strongly affected by the ice thickness difference. Therefore, ice thickness is one of the important parameters of sea ice. The authors have been studying on extracting thin ice areas using optical sensor such as MODIS for years. In this paper, the authors summarized the procedure of our study starting from comparing in-situ measurement of ice thickness with high resolution optical sensor RSI data, and finally developing the thin ice area extraction algorithm using MODIS. Estimating ice thickness from optical sensor data is not easy. However, through our study, the authors have verified the possibility of extracting thin ice areas using optical sensor data observed from satellites. In this study, the authors define “thin ice areas” as ice which thickness is less than about 30 cm with reflectance much lower than thick ice. The basic idea of the algorithm is to use the scatterplots of MODIS band 1 & 2 reflectance and extract thin ice areas using the distribution difference of thin ice against water, thick ice, clouds. Not all but most of the thin ice areas could be extracted using the algorithm.
BIOMASS ESTIMATION ALONG A CLIMATIC GRADIENT USING MULTI-FREQUENCY POLARIMETRIC RADAR VEGETATION INDEX
Authors: Chang G. J. , Oh Y. , Shoshany M.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Monitoring biomass changes in the Mediterranean ecosystems is important for better understanding their responses to climatic and anthropogenic changes. Multi-frequency SAR data (L-band PASLAR and C-band Sentinel-1) is investigated for developing a biomass estimation model along a climatic gradient in Israel. First, the relationships between biomass and transmissivity at various frequencies are discussed. Multi-frequency polarimetric radar vegetation index (MPRVI) is then proposed utilizing the ensemble average of degree of polarization and cross-polarized backscattering coefficients. After randomly partitioning the data for training set and testing set, the new MPRVI-based biomass model is evaluated. It shows a good agreement with reference biomass data with an r-square of 0.899 and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.381 kg/m2 and with a relative RMSE (RRMSE) of 10.8%.
META-LEARNING FOR WETLAND CLASSIFICATION USING A COMBINATION OF SENTINEL-1 AND SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY
Authors: Jafarzadeh H. , Mahdianpari M. , Gill E.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. In wetland mapping, a lot of uncertainty is related to the task of selecting an appropriate classification approach. Although the individual models are available and well-established in the literature for the classification task, the combination approaches have become popular recently. Hence, selecting an appropriate method is challenging, whether an individual approach or combination. In this work, a meta-learning study is performed to prove that combining the result of individual machine learning models could be better than using the best single model. This study investigates the applicability of the meta-learning method for wetland classification. We will first explore the importance of extracted features for each model. Then, the essential features are fed to the model with the well-tuned hyper-parameters. Finally, the voting classifier as a meta-learning approach is adopted to improve the classification result. The classification map of the study area reached the highest accuracy (Overall Accuracy = 93.9% and Kappa = 0.92) when the proposed ensemble classifier was employed. The results show the superiority of a combination of methods over simple model selection approaches. The results of this study can provide new insights for researchers to find new combination strategies to improve the classification results.
PIXEL-RESOLUTION DTM GENERATION FOR THE LUNAR SURFACE BASED ON A COMBINED DEEP LEARNING AND SHAPE-FROM-SHADING (SFS) APPROACH
Authors: Chen H. , Hu X. , Oberst J.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. High-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of the lunar surface can provide crucial spatial information for lunar exploration missions. In this paper, we propose a method to generate high-quality DTMs based on a synthesis of deep learning and Shape from Shading (SFS) with a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Narrow Angle Camera (LROC NAC) image as well as a coarse-resolution DTM as input. Specifically, we use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based deep learning architecture to predict initial pixel-resolution DTMs. Then, we use SFS to improve the details of DTMs. The CNN-model is trained based on the dataset with 30, 000 samples, which are formed by stereo-photogrammetry derived DTMs and orthoimages using LROC NAC images as well as the Selenological and Engineering Explorer and LRO Elevation Model (SLDEM). We take Chang’E-3 landing site as an example, and use a 1.6 m resolution LROC NAC image and 5 m resolution stereo-photogrammetry derived DTM as input to test the proposed method. We evaluate our DTMs with those from stereo-photogrammetry and deep learning. The result shows the proposed method can generate 1.6 m resolution high-quality DTMs, which can clearly improve the visibility of details of the initial DTM generated from the deep learning method.
EMPOWERING GEO-BASED AI ALGORITHM TO AID COASTAL FLOOD RISK ANALYSIS: A REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Atmaja T. , Fukushi K.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Climate change and current susceptibilities exacerbated the coastal flood loss and damage resulting in livelihoods and property damage. Urban areas in the Low to Lower-Middle Income Countries are expected to be disproportionately impacted by the disaster, given a higher share of citizens living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone, limited financial resources, and poorly constructed disaster protection. Documentation of historical coastal floods, population, and property affected, could advance the assessment by considering those parameters in risk analysis. Besides, incorporating such geographic features e.g., mangroves as the ecological solution for alternative coastal flood protection in the prediction is also essential. Mangrove is considered fit for the LLMIC primarily situated in the tropical zone. The prediction utilizing spatial Machine Learning (ML) could aid climate-related disaster risk analysis and contribute to risk reduction and policy suggestions to improve disaster resilience. The research aims to archive recent studies on the application of geospatial science empowering Artificial Intelligence, notably ML in coastal flood risk assessment, so-called GIS-based AI. Another aim is to document population, property, and mangrove distribution across the LLMIC. Artificial Neural Networks were mostly utilized for disaster risk assessment in past research. The number of 58 historical coastal flood events and 908 expected coastal flood hotspots for 2006 to 2021 has been documented. Over 1,2 million Km2 falls under vulnerable areas toward coastal flood in LLMIC under different settlement types where Large City (urban areas) dominates it. Mangrove distribution is mainly distributed across tropical regions mostly distributed along the Southeast Asia coast.
CHINA’S HIGH-RESOLUTION EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM (CHEOS): ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Li D. R.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. From the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", China had implemented a major project for a high-resolution Earth observation system, and completed all satellite launch tasks by 2020. CHEOS aims to build an Earth observation system with high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution in an all-round way, and actively meet the major national strategic needs of China's national defense, natural resource survey, disaster response and prevention. CHEOS has promoted the continuous maturity of high-resolution Earth observation technology in China and the wide application of high-resolution images. This paper reviews the development history of CHEOS, analyzes the technical characteristics and application status of the GF (means high resolution in Chinese) series of civil satellites, discusses the current problems and future development trends of CHEOS, and provides a reference for the subsequent promotion and application of the GF series satellites.
COMBINATION OF TLS AND SLAM LIDAR FOR LEVEE MONITORING
Authors: Bolkas D. , O’Banion M. , Belleman C. J.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Monitoring of engineering structures is important for ensuring safety of operation. Traditional surveying methods have proven to be reliable; however, the advent of new point cloud technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) have provided an unprecedented wealth of data. Furthermore, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is now able to facilitate the collection of registered point clouds on the fly. SLAM is most successful when applied to indoor environments where the algorithm can identify primitives (points, planes, lines) for registration, but it can be problematic in outdoor settings where there is absence of constructed features. This work includes the collection of SLAM-based LiDAR data along a levee for the purpose of inspection and monitoring. Due to the outdoor setting and absence of man-made features, the resulting point cloud was considerably distorted due to erroneous drift in sensor orientation. A correction algorithm is proposed that relies on reference TLS point cloud data to remove drift distortions identified in the SLAM LiDAR. Results indicate an alignment between the corrected SLAM LiDAR and TLS data of around ±10cm, which is sufficient for general inspection and multi-epoch monitoring of levees. The algorithm is based on common points identified in the TLS and SLAM data and necessitates that the SLAM LiDAR is collected in individual, one-way lines to allow correction of distortions as a function of distance from the starting point. This approach increases the efficiency of LiDAR-based levee monitoring by reducing the time required to survey the levees.
ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱԴՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ԸՆԴՈՒՆՄԱՆ 1500-ԱՄՅԱ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆ ԱՐՑԱԽՈՒՄ
Authors: ՀԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՅԱՆ ԱՎԵՏԻՔ
Published: May 2022

Հոդվածի նպատակն է ներկայացնել Արցախի Հանրապետության
Սահմանադրությունների և դրանց պատմական նախատիպերի ընդունման 1500-ամյա պատմությունը։ Հետազոտությունն արդիական է նրանով, որ ղարաբաղա-ադրբեջանական հակամարտության դեռևս չլուծված պայմաններում անհրաժեշտ է հայ և օտարերկրյա մասնագետներին ներկայացնել Արցախի՝ նաև պետաիրավական առումով հայկական լինելու անվիճարկելի փաստը։
Նպատակին հասնելու համար մեր առջև դրել ենք հետևյալ խնդիրները՝ արխիվային փաստաթղթերի և գիտական նյութերի հիման վրա ուսումնասիրել V դարից մինչև մեր օրերն Արցախում ընդունված Սահմանադրությունների և դրանց նախատիպերի պատմությունը։ Հետազոտության ընթացքում օգտագործված մի շարք փաստաթղթեր առաջին անգամ են դրվում գիտական շրջանառության մեջ:
Հետազոտության ընթացքում կիրառվել են անալիզի, սինթեզի, ինդուկցիայի, դեդուկցիայի և պատմահամեմատական մեթոդները:
Հետազոտության շրջանակներում կատարված հիմնական եզրահանգումն այն է, որ թե´ 1500 տարի առաջ, թե´ հիմա արցախցիները սովոր են ինչպես հասարակական, այնպես էլ պետության հետ հարաբերությունները կառուցել համընդունելի կանոնների կամ նորմերի հիման վրա. եթե մեկուկես հազարամյակ առաջ այն ուներ կանոնական բնույթ, ապա մեր օրերում այն հիմնականում իրավական նորմերով է կարգավորվում:
Չնայած այն հանգամանքին, որ 1991 թ. սեպտեմբերի 2-ին անկախ պետության հռչակմամբ Ադրբեջանը Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետության դեմ պատերազմ սկսեց, և երկիրը կանգնած էր գոյաբանական լուրջ խնդիրների առաջ, այնուհանդերձ քայլեր են ձեռնարկվել Սահմանադրության մշակման աշխատանքներ սկսելու ուղղությամբ:
Ինչպես 2006 թ., այնպես էլ 2017 թ. Արցախի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրությունն աչքի են ընկնում արժեբանական ծանրաբեռնվածությամբ, որը կարող է պարարտ հիմք հանդիսանալ երկրում սահմանադրականության զարգացման գործում: Սրան զուգահեռ պետք է արձանագրել, որ Սահմանադրության փաստացի առկայությունն ինքնին դեռևս որևէ հարց չի լուծում, քանի դեռ օրենսդրությունն ամբողջապես չի համապատասխանում Սահմանադրությանը, սահմանադրական արժեքները չեն կազմում օրենսդրության միջուկը, իսկ իրավակիրառական պրակտիկան հիմնված չէ Սահմանադրության և դրա արժեքային համակարգի հաշվառմամբ ստեղծված օրենսդրության անշեղ կատարման վրա:
ՂԱՐԱԲԱՂՅԱՆ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐԸ ՖՐԱՆՍԻԱ-ԹՈՒՐՔԻԱ ՀԱՐԱԲԵՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ
Authors: ԹՈՓԱԿՅԱՆ ՄԱՐԻԱՄ
Published: May 2022

Հոդվածի նպատակն է ներկայացնել Ղարաբաղյան հիմնախնդրի դերը և նշանակությունը Ֆրանսիա-Թուրքիա հարաբերությունների համատեքստում, գնահատել դրա ազդեցությունը երկու երկրների միջև հարաբերությունների դինամիկայի ծավալման ընթացքի՝ որպես երկկողմ հարաբերությունների կարևոր հանգույցի վրա, որն առ այսօր համարվում է ֆրանս-թուրքական հարաբերությունների թեժ կետերից մեկը: Վերոնշյալ նպատակից ելնելով՝ ուսումնասիրության առանցքում դրվել են հետևյալ խնդիրները՝ ա) ուսումնասիրել տարբեր տարիների ընթացքում Ղարաբաղյան հիմնախնդրի առնչությամբ Ֆրանսիայի և Թուրքիայի պաշտոնական դիրքորոշումները, նրանց կողմից վարվելիք քաղաքականությունը, բ) քննության ենթարկել տեղի ունեցած աշխարհաքաղաքական այն գործընթացները, իրողություններն ու իրադարձությունները, որոնք իրենց անմիջական ազդեցությունն են ունեցել Ղարաբաղյան հիմնախնդրի շուրջ ծավալվող բանակցային գործընթացի ու այդ համատեքստում Ֆրանսիա-Թուրքիա հարաբերությունների վրա։ Հետազոտության իրականացման ընթացքում կիրառվել են պատմահամեմատական բովանդակային ու արխիվային փաստաթղթերի և այլ նյութերի համադրման, վերլուծության մեթոդները:
Հետազոտության արդյունքում հանգել ենք այն եզրակացության, որ ֆրանս-թուրքական հարաբերությունների վրա իր մեծ ազդեցությունն ունեցող հայկական գործոնի բաղկացուցիչներից մեկը Ղարաբաղյան հիմնախնդիրն էր, որի շուրջ երկու երկրների տարբեր և միևնույն ժամանակ իրենց էությամբ հակադիր դիրքորոշումներն ու դրա վերաբերյալ որդեգրած քաղաքականությունը, որը երկրների ռազմավարական հետաքրքրությունների, շահերի, նպատակների ծրագրերի արտահայտությունն է, մինչև օրս իրենց անմիջական ներգործությունն ունեն երկկողմ հարաբերությունների զարգացման դինամիկայի վրա՝ փոփոխություններ առաջացնելով և նոր երևույթներ ներդնելով դրա ծավալման ընթացքի վրա:
ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆԻ ՈՒՍՈՒՑՄԱՆ ժԱՄԱՆԱԿԱԿԻՑ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏԸ ԲՈՒՀԵՐԻ ՈՉ ՄԱՍՆԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ՖԱԿՈՒԼՏԵՏՆԵՐՈՒՄ
Authors: ՀՈՎԱԿԻՄՅԱՆ ԼՈՒՍԻԿ
Published: May 2022

Սույն հոդվածը նպատակ ունի ներկայացնելու Երևանի պետական համալսարանի ոչ մասնագիտական ֆակուլտետներում օտար լեզուների, մասնավորապես անգլերենի դասավանդման փորձը և առկա մարտահրավերները։
Բոլոնյան բարեփոխումները բուհական համակարգ ներմուծելու
արդյունքում ԵՊՀ-ում վերանայվեցին կրթական, այդ թվում՝ օտար լեզուների ծրագրերը ոչ մասնագիտական ֆակուլտետներում։ Բարձրագույն կրթության արդիականացումն ու միջազգայնացումը, բացի ծրագրերի փոփոխումից և միջազգային չափանիշներին համապատասխանեցումից, ունեն ևս մեկ բաղադրիչ՝ ուսանողների ակադեմիական շարժունության խթանումը։ Ուստի, մի կողմից, կարևորվում է անգլերենի իմացությունը, մյուս կողմից՝ մի շարք ֆակուլտետներում նվազում է անգլերենին հատկացված ժամաքանակը, որն անհամատեղելի է կրթության միջազգայնացման ռազմավարության հետ։
Հոդվածում հիմնավորվում է ոչ մասնագիտական ֆակուլտետներում օտար լեզվի ուսուցման առաջնահերթության խնդիրը։ Դիտարկվում են մասնագիտական կողմնորոշմամբ օտար լեզուների, մասնավորապես անգլերենի դասավանդման զանազան մոտեցումերի տարբերությունները, ինչպես նաև այն գործոնները, որոնք ազդում են դասընթացներն ավելի թիրախային դարձնելու վրա։
Աշխատանքը շարադրված է դիտարկման, ընդհանրացման և
վերլուծության սկզբունքների կիրառմամբ։
Որպես եզրակացություն նշենք, որ օտար լեզուները զգալի ներուժ ունեն ուսանողների ոչ միայն լեզվական, այլև մասնագիտական և ակադեմիական իրազեկությունը ձևավորելու համար, ուստի ոչ մասնագիտական ֆակուլտետներում անգլերենը հարկ է դիտարկել ոչ թե որպես օժանդակ առարկա, այլ հաղորդակցական և մասնագիտական փոխանցելի հմտություններ և կոմպետենցիաներ զարգացնող գործիք, որն ապահովում է ապագա մասնագետների մրցունակությունը։
ԹՎԱՅՆԱՑՈՒՄԸ, ԷԼԵԿՏՐՈՆԱՅԻՆ ԿԱՌԱՎԱՐՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԵՐԸ ԵՎ ԻՆՍՏԻՏՈՒՏՆԵՐԻ ՓՈԽԱԿԵՐՊՈՒՄԸ
Authors: ՍԱՐԳՍՅԱՆ ՀԱՅԿ , ԳԵՎՈՐԳՅԱՆ ՌՈՒԲԵՆ , ՄԻՆԱՍՅԱՆ ԿԱՐԻՆԵ
Published: May 2022

Հոդվածի նպատակն է համադրել պետական կառավարման արդյունավետության և թվայնացման մակարդակը բնորոշող համաթվերը։ Հետազոտությունն իրականացվել է 198 երկրների ընտրանքի հիման վրա: Այդ նպատակին հասնելու համար առաջադրվել են հետևյալ խնդիրները՝ բացահայտել ֆունկցիոնալ կապը վերը նշված փոփոխականների միջև և պարզել դրանց ազդեցությունը ինստիտուցիոնալ համակարգի բարելավման հարցում։ Ոչ գծային ռեգրեսիոն մեթոդների միջոցով բացահայտվել են էլեկտրոնային կառավարման արդյունավետության ցուցանիշների և երկրների ինստիտուցիոնալ զարգացման ցուցանիշների միջև կապերը։ Որպես էլեկտրոնային կառավարման համակարգի արդյունավետությունը բնութագրող ցուցանիշ օգտագործվել է Միացյալ Ազգերի e-governance համաթիվը, իսկ որպես պետությունների ինստիտուցիոնալ զարգացման արդյունավետությունը գնահատող փոփոխական՝ «Համաշխարհային բանկի world governance indicator-ների շտեմարանի» world governance effectivness փոփոխականը։ Արդյունքում պարզվել է, որ էլեկտրոնային կառավարման համակարգը բնութագրող համաթվի բարելավումը 0.1 կետով բերում է կառավարման ինդեքսի շուրջ 0.36 կետի աճի: Պարաբոլիկ կապով նկարագրվող արդյունքը վկայում է այն մասին, որ էլեկտրոնային կառավարման ազդեցությունը ինստիտուտների վրա նշանակալի է, և, ըստ այդմ, ցուցանիշի բարելավումը կարող է դրական ազդեցություն ունենալ պետական կառավարման տարբեր ոլորտների վրա։ Բացի այդ՝ աշխատանքում ներկայացված է նաև վերջին տարիներին ՀՀ-ում թվային տեխնոլոգիաների օգտագործումը պետական կառավարման համակարգում, և համեմատություններ են արված համաշխարհային զարգացումների համատեքստում։
ՄՏՔԻ, ԽՂՃԻ ԵՎ ԿՐՈՆԻ ԱԶԱՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԻՐԱՎՈՒՆՔԻ ԱՌԱՆՁԻՆ ԲԱՂԱԴՐԻՉՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ՀԱՎԱՔԱԿԱՆ ԷՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ
Authors: TOROSYAN VAHE
Published: May 2022

Հոդվածի հիմնական նպատակն է բացաhայտել «մտքի, խղճի և կրոնի ազատության իրավունք» հասկացությունը՝ վերլուծելով դրա առանձին բաղադրիչները և հավաքական էությունը։
Հետազոտության նպատակից բխեցրել ենք հետևյալ խնդիրները՝ վեր հանել մտքի, խղճի և կրոնի ազատության իրավունքի բաղադրիչները՝ առանձին դիտարկելով նախ մտքի ազատության, ապա՝ խղճի ազատության, այնուհետև՝ նաև կրոնի ազատության իրավունքները, որից հետո փորձել ենք քննել ու բացահայտել մտքի, խղճի և կրոնի ազատության իրավունքի հավաքական իմաստն ու բովանդակությունը։
Հետազոտության մեջ կիրառվել են դիալեկտիկական մատերիալիզմի, անալիզի և սինթեզի, պատմական և տրամաբանական, ինդուկցիայի և դեդուկցիայի, ինչպես նաև համակարգային մեթոդները։
Հետազոտության արդյունքում եկել ենք այն եզրահանգման, որ մտքի, խղճի և կրոնի ազատության իրավունքը, բաղկացած լինելով առանձին բաղադրատարրերից, միաժամանակ օժտված է հավաքական բովանդակությամբ, որի պատճառով էլ մարդու իրավունքների վերաբերյալ փաստաթղթերում, որպես, կանոն հանդես է գալիս միասնական բովանդակությամբ։ Սովորաբար սահմանափակման է ենթակա մարդու արտաքին ազատությունը, որն առավելապես հայտնի է որպես «forum externum», իսկ բացառիկ դեպքերում միջազգային իրավունքը նախատեսում է նաև մարդու ներքին ազատության (forum internum) սահմանափակման հնարավորություն:
THE ECONOMICS OF HAPPINESS։ FACTORS BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: DANIELYAN GYULNARA
Published: May 2022

The aim of the economics of happiness is to unveil the findings triggering the understanding of happiness by integrating the methodologies proposed by economists and psychologists.
The main problems that the economics of happiness deal with are concerning the issues of well-being and its relation to the concept of «happiness». It should be noted that the theories concerning this only partially bridge the bounds of traditional economics, because, in addition to highlighting financial issues, the economics of happiness examines a range of elements that impact people's well-being that might not have a physical manifestation.
The methodologies of the research are mainly analytical and use the theory of comparativeness in other countries and that of RA. We may conclude that in all countries where there is inflation and unemployment, economic inequality, and other negative effects of the globalization process, the population suffers the burden of all of this and has a darkened approach about happiness.
The article addresses the sum of those characteristics that, while only in a limited way influenced by the economic environment, have an impact on the construction of quality of life.