bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between socioeconomic status, learned helplessness, and disease outcome in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis
Authors: Camacho E. M. , Verstappen S. M. M. , Symmons D. P. M.
Published: March 2012

Objective

Independent investigations have shown that socioeconomic status (SES) and learned helplessness (LH) are associated with poor disease outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to investigate the cross‐sectional relationship between SES, LH, and disease outcome in patients with recent‐onset inflammatory polyarthritis (IP), the broader group of conditions of which RA is the major constituent.

Methods

SES was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 for 553 patients consecutively recruited to the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Patients also completed the Rheumatology Attitudes Index, a measure of LH. SES and LH were investigated as predictors of disease outcome (functional disability [Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)] and disease activity [Disease Activity Score in 28 joints]) in a regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, and symptom duration. The role of LH in the relationship between SES and disease outcome was then investigated.

Results

Compared to patients of the highest SES, those of the lowest SES had a significantly worse outcome (median difference in HAQ score 0.42; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.08, 0.75). Compared to patients with normal LH, patients with low LH had a significantly better outcome and patients with high LH had a significantly worse outcome (median difference in HAQ score 1.12; 95% CI 0.82, 1.41). There was a significant likelihood that LH mediated the association between SES and disease outcome (P = 0.04).

Conclusion

LH is robustly associated with cross‐sectional disease outcome in patients with IP, and appears to mediate the relationship between SES and disease outcome. As LH is potentially modifiable, these findings have potential clinical implications.
Antibacterial Activities of Tellurium Nanomaterials
Authors: Lin Zong‐Hong , Lee Chia‐Hsin , Chang Hsin‐Yun , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: March 2012

We prepared four differently shaped Te nanomaterials (NMs) as antibacterial reagents against Escherichia coli. By controlling the concentrations of hydrazine (N2H4) as reducing agent, NaCl, and temperature, we prepared Te nanowires, nanopencils, nanorices, and nanocubes. These four Te NMs resulted in a live/dead ratio of E. coli cells of less than 0.1, which is smaller than that of Ag nanoparticles. The order of antibacterial activity against E. coli is nanocubes ≈ nanorices > nanopencils ≈ nanowires. This is in good agreement with the concentration order of tellurite (TeO32−) ions released from Te NMs in E. coli cells, revealing that TeO32− ions account for the antibacterial activity of the four Te NMs. We found that spherical Te nanoparticles (32 nm in diameter) with TeO32− ions were formed in the E. coli cells. Compared to Ag nanoparticles that are commonly used as antibacterial reagents, Te NMs have higher antibacterial activity and lower toxicity. Thus, Te NMs hold great practical potential as a new and efficient antibacterial agent.
Space‐time planning in changing environments : using dynamic objects for accessibility
Authors: Lopez Thomas , Lamarche Fabrice , Li Tsai‐Yen
Published: March 2012

Navigation is a critical task for agents populating virtual worlds. In the last years, numerous solutions have been proposed to solve the path planning problem in order to enhance the autonomy of virtual agents. Those solutions mainly focused on static environments, eventually populated with dynamic obstacles. However, dynamic objects are usually more than just obstacles as they can be used by an agent to reach new locations. In this paper, we propose an online path planning algorithm in dynamically changing environments with unknown evolution such as physically based‐environments. Our method represents objects in terms of obstacles but also in terms of navigable surfaces. This representation allows our algorithm to find temporal paths through disconnected and moving platforms. We will also show that the proposed method also enables several kinds of adaptations such as avoiding moving obstacles or adapting the agent postures to environmental constraints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opportunities and Limitations of Disposable Technologies in Biopharmaceutical Processes
Authors: Brod Helmut , Vester Andrea , Kauling Jörg
Published: March 2012

Während der Einsatz einzelner, vorwiegend einfacher Wegwerfkomponenten in Labor, Pilotanlage und Produktionsumfeld längst gängig ist, werden jetzt ganze Pilot‐ oder Produktionsanlagen weitgehend auf Basis von Disposable‐Komponenten konzipiert. Hiermit verbunden sind große Erwartungen bzgl. Zeit‐ und Kosteneinsparungen. Es wird ein Überblick über den heutigen Stand der Technik für das Upstream Processing und die Aufreinigung gegeben. Vor‐ und Nachteile des Einsatzes von Disposable‐Technologie werden für ausgewählte Verfahrensschritte aufgezeigt. Am Beispiel einer Conceptual‐Design‐Studie für eine Anlage zur Herstellung von monoklonalen Antikörpern wird das Potenzial der Disposable‐Technologie diskutiert. Abschließend werden künftige Chancen und Herausforderungen der Disposable‐Technologien kritisch beleuchtet.
Synthesis of Antimony‐Based Nanowires Using the Simple Vapor Deposition Method
Authors: Zi Yunlong , Zhao Yanjie , Candebat Drew , Appenzeller Joerg , Yang Chen
Published: March 2012

III–V nanowires have attracted plenty of attention because of their potential outstanding performance in a wide range of applications. However, compared to other III–V nanowires, the synthesis of high quality Sb‐based nanowires is less developed, which obstructs the progress towards further applications. In this study we report high quality GaSb and InSb nanowires synthesized by a simple vapor deposition method. Epitaxial growth of nanowires on growth substrates is demonstrated. Te doped GaSb nanowires are achieved through in situ doping during the vapor deposition process. Electrical measurements of nanowire field‐effect transistors show high performance of the synthesized InSb nanowires.
A radio‐aware worst‐case fair weighted fair queuing scheduler for WiMAX networks
Authors: Garroppo Rosario G. , Giordano Stefano , Iacono Davide , Tavanti Luca
Published: March 2012

This paper presents RA‐WF2Q+, a radio‐aware version of the well‐known WF2Q+ scheduler, tailored for the downlink traffic of a WiMAX system. With respect to WF2Q+, the proposed scheduler introduces the number of slots in the downlink frame as a parameter of the sharing decision process. This solution permits taking into account the information on the radio channel quality experimented by each user and, at the same time, exploiting the well‐known features of WF2Q+. The simulation study comparing the performance of the proposed scheduler with those of other well‐known scheduling algorithms highlights some interesting characteristics of RA‐WF2Q+. In particular, it permits achieving the highest overall system throughput while guaranteeing the requested quality of service for voice applications. Only when the radio resources become scarce with respect to the total offered traffic, RA‐WF2Q+ displays its opportunistic nature, favouring the users nearest to the base station. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired Letter‐String Processing in Developmental Dyslexia: What Visual‐to‐Phonology Code Mapping Disorder?
Authors: Valdois Sylviane , Lassus‐Sangosse Delphine , Lobier Muriel
Published: March 2012

Poor parallel letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia was taken as evidence of poor visual attention (VA) span, that is, a limitation of visual attentional resources that affects multi‐character processing. However, the use of letter stimuli in oral report tasks was challenged on its capacity to highlight a VA span disorder. In particular, report of poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved symbol‐string processing was viewed as evidence of poor visual‐to‐phonology code mapping, in line with the phonological theory of developmental dyslexia. We assessed here the visual‐to‐phonological‐code mapping disorder hypothesis. In Experiment 1, letter‐string, digit‐string and colour‐string processing was assessed to disentangle a phonological versus visual familiarity account of the letter/digit versus symbol dissociation. Against a visual‐to‐phonological‐code mapping disorder but in support of a familiarity account, results showed poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved colour‐string processing in dyslexic children. In Experiment 2, two tasks of letter‐string report were used, one of which was performed simultaneously to a high‐taxing phonological task. Results show that dyslexic children are similarly impaired in letter‐string report whether a concurrent phonological task is simultaneously performed or not. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence against a phonological account of poor letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Messages

Poor letter/digit‐string processing in dyslexia can follow from either a phonological or a visual attention span disorder.

The dissociation between letter/digit versus symbol‐string processing was viewed as supporting the phonological account.

Using three nameable stimuli types, Experiment 1 shows poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved colour‐string processing in developmental dyslexia.

Experiment 2 shows that the dyslexic's low performance in letter‐string processing is not affected by a concurrent phonological task.

These findings speak against a phonological interpretation of the disorder. The observed dissociation may well reflect a visual familiarity effect.
The mixed pixels estimation for the remotely sensed images using a nonlinear model and a filter of neighborhood pixels
Authors: Ito Seiji , Oguro Yoshinari
Published: March 2012

Several papers have reported that errors in land cover classification have been generated especially around the edges of categories. Mixed pixels that include multiple categories are one of the error factors. All remotely sensed images include mixed pixels, and in particular the influence of mixed pixels in middle‐ or low‐resolution images is more serious. In this paper a method using a nonlinear mixed pixel model and filtering of neighborhood pixels are proposed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, six simulations were performed. Two patterns without the proposed filter were used for the linear and nonlinear models, and four patterns with the proposed filter were used for the proposed nonlinear method. The results of the simulations were quantitatively evaluated by calculating the coefficients of correlation between the simulation results obtained from Landsat‐7/ETM+ images and the model answers made by QuickBird‐2 images. It was confirmed that the coefficients of correlation of the proposed nonlinear model and the proposed filter were superior to the other results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(4): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10422
Catalyst‐ and Base‐Controlled Site‐Selective sp2 and sp3 Direct Arylation of 5,7‐Dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Using Aryl Bromides
Authors: Bassoude Ibtissam , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Massip Stéphane , Leger Jean‐Michel , Jarry Christian , Essassi El Mokhtar , Guillaumet Gérald
Published: March 2012

The palladium‐catalyzed direct C–H arylation of various heterocyclic is now recognized to be the most effective methodology for making aromatic compounds. In this paper, we present a new approach to control the site‐selective direct C–H arylation of both sp2 and sp3 sites in 5,7‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine by using aryl bromides. The desired compounds were obtained in satisfactory yields. The effects of each reaction parameter including catalyst, base, and solvent were investigated.
Removal of MTBE in biological activated carbon adsorbers
Authors: Li Bing‐Jing , Hu Juan , Huang Liu‐Ya , Lv Yan , Zuo Jun , Zhang Wei , Ying Wei‐Chi , Matsumoto Mark R.
Published: March 2012

Methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is a common gasoline additive; it has become a groundwater pollutant in many countries. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption treatment is not cost‐effective for removing MTBE because it is not well adsorbed. Acclimated MTBE degraders actively growing in the GAC adsorber will make it a biological activated carbon (BAC) system capable of long‐term MTBE removal without periodic GAC replacement. The conventional inoculation method of circulating a seeding solution of the MTBE degraders present in the spent GAC sample from a BAC system of a southern California MTBE remediation site failed to initiate the BAC function in treating a high MTBE influent (30 mg/L, simulating a newly contaminated groundwater); the effluent samples of inoculated coal and coconut GAC columns were nearly the same as those of the non‐inoculated columns. After a start‐up period of less than two months, the small GAC columns filled with new coconut GAC on top of the MTBE degrader containing spent GAC became effective BAC systems accomplishing more than 40% of MTBE removal from the high concentration (30 mg/L) influent and more than 80% of removal from the low concentration (1 mg/L) influent. When MTBE concentration of the influent declined steadily, the BAC capability prevented the sudden rise of MTBE in the effluent. A small dose of hydrogen peroxide provided the essential dissolved oxygen to sustain aerobic degradation of MTBE in the BAC; adding peroxide to the influents of two serial adsorbers is more efficient in treating newly contaminated groundwater. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 239‐248, 2013
Low complexity greedy, genetic and hybrid user scheduling algorithms for multiuser MIMO systems with successive zero‐forcing
Authors: Elliott Robert C. , Sigdel Shreeram , Krzymień Witold A.
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we consider low complexity user scheduling algorithms for multiuser multiple‐input multiple‐output systems employing successive zero‐forcing precoding. Optimal scheduling involves an exhaustive search (ES), which is prohibitively complex. Greedy algorithms (GrAs) with heuristic scheduling metrics achieve performance close to that of the ES. Meanwhile, genetic algorithms (GAs) are a rapid suboptimal option of optimising utility (e.g. scheduling) metrics. Herein, we evaluate the performance and complexity of greedy and genetic scheduling algorithms for successive zero‐forcing. We also propose and evaluate two hybrid algorithms combining the traits of the GrA and GA. The algorithms' performance is assessed through a series of computer simulations. We demonstrate both the GrA and GA achieve a near‐optimal sum rate with low complexity, whereas the hybrid algorithms further enhance the GrA and GA performance without an increase in the order of complexity.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IDENTIFYING CONTAGION RISK IN THE INTERNATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM: AN EXTREME VALUE THEORY APPROACH
Authors: Chan‐Lau Jorge Antonio , Mitra Srobona , Ong Li Lian
Published: March 2012

In this article, we use the extreme value theory framework to analyse contagion risk across the international banking system. We test for the likelihood that an extreme shock affecting a major, systemic global bank would also affect another large local or foreign counterpart, and vice versa. Our results reveal several key trends among major global banks: contagion risk among banks exhibits ‘home bias’, individual banks are affected differently by idiosyncratic shocks to their major counterparts and banks are affected differently by common shocks to the real economy or financial markets. In general, bank soundness seems more susceptible to common (macro and market) shocks when the global environment is turbulent; this may have important implications for global financial stability especially during stressful periods. Not surprisingly, our findings also suggest that bank contagion risk has risen over time, which emphasizes the need for continuing collaboration on cross‐border supervision and crisis management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicinal Chemistry Based Approaches and Nanotechnology‐Based Systems to Improve CNS Drug Targeting and Delivery
Authors: Vlieghe Patrick , Khrestchatisky Michel
Published: March 2012

The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by various barriers, which regulate nervous tissue homeostasis and control the selective and specific uptake, efflux, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Among these barriers is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a physical and physiological barrier that filters very efficiently and selectively the entry of compounds from the blood to the brain and protects nervous tissue from harmful substances and infectious agents present in the bloodstream. The BBB also prevents the entry of potential drugs. As a result, various drug targeting and delivery strategies are currently being developed to enhance the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Following a general introduction, we briefly overview in this review article the fundamental physiological properties of the BBB. Then, we describe current strategies to bypass the BBB (i.e., invasive methods, alternative approaches, and temporary opening) and to cross it (i.e., noninvasive approaches). This section is followed by a chapter addressing the chemical and technological solutions developed to cross the BBB. A special emphasis is given to prodrug‐targeting approaches and targeted nanotechnology‐based systems, two promising strategies for BBB targeting and delivery of drugs to the brain.
The efficacy of color duplex sonography in preoperative assessment of anterolateral thigh flap
Authors: Ensat Florian , Babl Maria , Conz Christian , Rueth Markus‐Johannes , Greindl Markus , Fichtl Bernhard , Herzog Gerhard , Ussmueller Juergen , Spies Marcus
Published: March 2012

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become a workhorse in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck region and the extremities. However, its inconsistent vascular anatomy and frequent intramuscular course of perforators often cause difficulties during the dissection of this versatile flap. Hence, reliable preoperative perforator mapping and identification of vascular anomalies may render the raising of the flap easier and safer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Color Duplex sonography and whether it allows the distinction between septocutaneous and musculocutaneous perforators. For this purpose, the thighs of 13 patients undergoing reconstruction with ALT flaps were examined preoperatively, and results were compared to intraoperative findings. A total of 30 perforators could be detected preoperatively, of which 29 were confirmed during flap dissection. Preoperative Color Duplex sonography correctly predicted the course of all perforators as either running through the vastus lateralis muscle or the intermuscular septum. In our investigations, Color Doppler sonography had a 96.7% positive predictive value and a 96.7% true positive rate in detecting perforators. Color Duplex sonography is a highly reliable tool in the preoperative assessment of ALT flaps. Localization and course of perforators can be determined accurately and vascular anomalies can be identified. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
An approach for failure recognition in IP‐based industrial control networks and systems
Authors: Won Youngjoon , Choi Mi‐Jung , Park Byungchul , Hong James Won‐Ki
Published: March 2012

Industrial control networks (ICNs) and systems support robust communications of devices in process control or manufacturing environments. ICN proprietary protocols are being migrated to Ethernet/IP networks in order to merge various different types of networks into a single common network. ICNs are deployed in mission‐critical operations, which require a maximum level of network stability. Network stability is often described using several categories of network performance quality‐of‐service metrics, such as throughput, delay, and loss measurements. The question arises as to whether these network performance metrics are sufficient to run valuable diagnostics of ICN components and their communications. Any abnormal decision with respect to typical IP traffic behavior does not necessarily coincide with ICN fault cases. A precise and specific diagnostic technique for ICNs is required to remove the uncertainty in detecting problems. However, existing Ethernet/IP diagnosis tools have not been able to fully handle fault symptoms and mainly focus on network diagnostics rather than process or device diagnostics. This paper demonstrates that the absence of advanced fault diagnosis techniques leads to the development of new methodologies that are suitazble for ICN. We describe unique traffic characteristics and categorize the faults of ICN. We also propose a fault diagnosis, prediction, and adaptive decision methodologies, and verify them with real‐world ICN data from the steel‐making company POSCO. Our experience in developing the fault diagnosis system provides a firm guideline to understand the fault management mechanisms in large ICNs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hot melt mixing and foaming of soluplus® and indomethacin
Authors: Terife Graciela , Wang Peng , Faridi Niloufar , Gogos Costas G.
Published: March 2012

The hot melt mixing (HMM) process was used to dissolve 30 wt% of a model drug, indomethacin (INM), in Soluplus® a water soluble polymer excipient. Comprehensive characterization of the HMM‐prepared samples, using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy, strongly suggests that INM was in amorphous state, forming a solid solution with the polymer. Furthermore, to understand the impact of foaming on INM's release profile, the HMM product was foamed in a batch process using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). Dissolution tests of HMM and reference samples were conducted in aqueous solutions with pH 7.4 and 1.2. In all cases INM's release showed strong pH‐dependency; faster release and a greater amount of INM was released at pH 7.4 than at pH 1.2. For pure INM and the physical mixture, the drug's ionizable character results in the observed pH‐dependency. While for the HMM samples it is also a consequence of theformation of hydrogen bonds between Soluplus® and INM which hinder polymer dissolution at pH 1.2. It was observed that the release rate of INM from different sample types at pH 7.4 decreased in the following sequence: foamed HMM > unfoamed HMM > crystalline INM > physical mixture. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of synthesis temperature on thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethane prepared by torque rheometer
Authors: Fiorio R. , Pistor V. , Zattera A.J. , Petzhold C.L.
Published: March 2012

In this study, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were obtained in a torque rheometer (an instrumented batch mixer) at 70, 80, and 90°C, and the thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rubber phase is not affected by the synthesis temperature. The increase in synthesis temperature promoted side reactions, which modified the crystallization process and reduced nucleation and growth rate (k′) during the first stage of crystallization. From TGA analysis, it was observed that the TPU prepared at 70°C showed the highest activation energy (Ea) of decomposition, whereas the TPU synthesized at 80°C showed the lowest Ea values. The rigid‐phase decomposition mechanisms were mainly phase boundary controlled reaction (Rn) and random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle (F1). These results show that side reactions (other than formation of urethane groups) could occur during the synthesis of polyurethane at temperatures lower than 100°C, and even a small amount of these side reactions influence the thermal properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Surface texture effect on scratch behavior of injection molded plastics
Authors: Chivatanasoontorn Vadee , Tsukise Shun , Kotaki Masaya
Published: March 2012

The influence of surface texture pattern, i.e. distance between spherical bumps on the scratch behavior of injection molded polypropylene and polycarbonate has been investigated using a progressive load scratch test according to ISO 19252. The results show that the scratch properties can be enhanced when the distance between spherical bumps decreased. To understand the influence of distance between spherical bumps, polarizing optical microscope was used to observe the subsurface deformation. It was found that the size and depth of the deformation zone become smaller and shallower when the distance between spherical bumps decreased. This is the evidence that less stress concentration was generated under a scratch tip when the distance became shorter. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:1862–1867, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework
Authors: Shipway B. J. , Hill A. A.
Published: March 2012

This paper introduces the Kinematic Driver Model (KiD) and its application. KiD is a 1D modelling framework developed at the UK Met Office to facilitate a consistent intercomparison of the microphysics parametrizations employed in a number of cloud‐resolving models and numerical weather prediction models. The development of the KiD model was born out of GCSS intercomparison results, which show a wide range of microphysical behaviour and a need to explain the behaviour of different microphysics schemes without the complication of dynamic or radiative feedbacks. This paper describes the KiD model and one of the standard test cases for warm microphysics. Results from a comparison of warm microphysics schemes are presented. The schemes tested produce very different surface precipitation rates and onset timings, as well as different accumulated precipitation. In general, single‐moment bulk schemes produce the most rapid onset of precipitation and the widest range in accumulated surface precipitation. Sensitivity tests within the KiD show that including a diagnostic intercept parameter for the rain size distribution reduced variation between the single‐moment schemes. However, the early onset of precipitation is a persistent feature of single‐moment schemes. Double‐moment bulk schemes exhibit improved timing for the precipitation onset relative to an explicit bin model and comparison of accumulated precipitation shows much better agreement. However, double‐moment schemes tend to produce relatively large peak precipitation rates, particularly with the deeper cloud. Further sensitivity tests within the KiD demonstrate that using a three‐moment scheme, with variable shape parameter, significantly improves the simulation peak precipitation rate relative to an explicit bin model. The tests and results presented in this paper are described to act as a reference for other users to compare with their microphysics schemes and aid microphysics parametrization development. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Stability calculations for Eu@C74 isomers
Authors: Uhlík Filip , Slanina Zdeněk , Lee Shyi‐Long , Adamowicz Ludwik , Nagase Shigeru
Published: March 2012

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are reported for Eu@C74, where the considered C74 cage is either the IPR (isolated pentagon rule) species or two cages with a pentagon–pentagon junction. Their relative thermodynamic production yields are evaluated using the DFT calculated terms and it is shown that the IPR‐based Eu@C74 endohedral prevails at relevant temperatures in agreement with observation, however, isolation of a minor isomer should be possible.
Conjunction, cumulation and respectively readings
Authors: CHAVES RUI P.
Published: March 2012

So-called respectively readings have posed serious challenges for theories of syntax and semantics. Sentences likeGeorge and Martha respectively denounced and were denounced by the governor(McCawley 1998) show that although the conjoined verbal expressions share the same syntactic subject, they do not predicate that subject in the same way; George (not Martha) denounced the governor, and Martha (but not George) was denounced by the governor. Postal (1998: 160–163) and Gawron & Kehler (2004: 193–194) show that this phenomenon poses problems for contemporary theories of grammar and argue that it is particularly acute for theories where subcategorization and predication are linked via unification. As these authors note, the problem is even more severe in respectively readings involving filler–gap constructions. In this paper I argue that the severity of these problems has been overstated and that the data do not entail any special dissociation between predication, subcategorization, or extraction. In this paper I propose an account which is fully compatible with unification-based theories of grammar. Gawron & Kehler (2004) propose an account of respectively phenomena which covers a remarkably wide range of cases. That approach relies on aRespfoperator, which it stipulated to be optionally overt. However, I argue that this analysis is problematic because there are significant semantic differences between respectively readings with and without an overt realization of ‘respectively’. Rather, the data suggest that respectively readings may be special cases of more general phenomena which happen to create interpretations that are compatible with the semantics of the adverbrespectively. This explains why respectively readings can arise without the adverb, and does not require us to posit a disconnect between predication and subcategorization. In fact, a sentence with a respectively reading will not differ in syntactic or semantic structure from sentences without such a reading.
Anglo-American Primacy and the Global Spread of Democracy: An International Genealogy
Authors: Narizny Kevin
Published: March 2012

For the past three centuries, Great Britain and the United States have stood in succession at the apex of the international hierarchy of power. They have been on the winning side of every systemic conflict in this period, from the War of the Spanish Succession to the Cold War. As a result, they have been able to influence the political and economic development of states around the world. In many of their colonies, conquests, and clients, they have propagated ideals and institutions conducive to democratization. At the same time, they have defeated numerous rivals whose success would have had ruinous consequences for democracy. The global spread of democracy, therefore, has been endogenous to the game of great power politics.
Symmetry and invariants of kinematic chains and parallel manipulators
Authors: Simoni Roberto , Doria Celso Melchiades , Martins Daniel
Published: March 2012

This paper presents applications of group theory tools to simplify the analysis of kinematic chains associated with mechanisms and parallel manipulators. For the purpose of this analysis, a kinematic chain is described by its properties, i.e. degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy matrices. In number synthesis, kinematic chains are represented by graphs, and thus the symmetry of a kinematic chain is the same as the symmetry of its graph. We present a formal definition of symmetry in kinematic chains based on the automorphism group of its associated graph. The symmetry group of the graph is associated with the graph symmetry. By using the group structure induced by the symmetry of the kinematic chain, we prove that degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy are invariants by the action of the automorphism group of the graph. Consequently, it is shown that it is possible to reduce the size of these matrices and thus reduce the complexity of the kinematic analysis of mechanisms and parallel manipulators in early stages of mechanisms design.
Music education and human flourishing: a meditation on democratic origins
Authors: Allsup Randall Everett
Published: March 2012

This philosophical essay is a meditation on the multiple and contested meanings of the concept of democracy with the aim of redirecting dominant discourses in music education practices and building new capacities for democracy's practical use in music classrooms. Inspired by philosopher John Dewey's travels to China, and his influence on major Chinese thinkers like Hu Shih and Tao Xingzhi, the author plays with the etymological origins of the term ‘democracy’, finding limited value in its Greek origins, but inspiration in the many ways of referring to democracy in Chinese [Minzhu: 民 主 / Pingmin: 平 民 / Shumin: 庶 民 / Minben: 民 本] each of which has the potential to direct and enlarge contemporary instructional practices in formal music education settings.
Using soft X‐ray observations to help the prediction of flare related interplanetary shocks arrival times at the Earth
Authors: Liu H.‐L. , Qin G.
Published: March 2012

It is very important to predict the shock arrival times (SATs) at Earth for space weather practice. In this paper we use the energy of soft X‐ray during solar flare events to help predict the SATs at Earth. We combine the soft X‐ray energy and SAT prediction models previously developed by researchers to obtain two new methods. By testing the methods with the total of 585 solar flare events following the generation of a metric type II radio burst during the Solar Cycle 23 from September 1997 to December 2006, we find that the predictions of SATs at Earth could be improved by significantly increasing PODn, the proportion of events without shock detection that were correctly forecast. PODn represents a method's ability in forecasting the solar flare events without shocks arriving at the Earth, which is important for operational predictions.
Source altitudes of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes produced by lightning leaders
Authors: Xu Wei , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P.
Published: March 2012

Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are energetic photon bursts observed from satellites and associated with lightning activity. Comparison between calculations based on the model of relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREA) in large‐scale weak electric field in thunderstorms and satellite measurements usually shows that the photon spectrum is consistent with source altitudes around 15 km. However, recent observations have located intra‐cloud lightning (IC) discharges responsible for TGFs much deeper in the atmosphere (at altitudes ∼10 km). In the present work, we show that the TGF spectrum as produced by acceleration of electrons in the strong electric field of stepping IC leaders is consistent with the lower altitudes recently discovered. This study reconciles observations and measurements by setting new altitudes for the TGF sources based on mechanism of direct acceleration of electrons in the lightning leader field. Moreover, the photon source beaming geometry is consistently determined from the geometry of electric field lines produced by the lightning leader.
Radiation-reaction in classical off-shell electrodynamics. I. The above mass-shell case
Authors: Aharonovich I. , Horwitz L. P.
Published: March 2012

Offshell electrodynamics based on a manifestly covariant off-shell relativistic dynamics of Stueckelberg, Horwitz, and Piron, is five-dimensional. In this paper, we study the problem of radiation reaction of a particle in motion in this framework. In particular, the case of above-mass-shell is studied in detail, where the renormalization of the Lorentz force leads to a system of non-linear differential equations for 3 Lorentz scalars. The system is then solved numerically, where it is shown that the mass-shell deviation scalar ɛ either smoothly falls down to 0 (this result provides a mechanism for the mass stability of the off-shell theory), or strongly diverges under more extreme conditions. In both cases, no runaway motion is observed. Stability analysis indicates that the system seems to have chaotic behavior. It is also shown that, although a motion under which the mass-shell deviation ɛ is constant but not-zero, is indeed possible, but, it is unstable, and eventually it either decays to 0 or diverges.
Desorption of C60 upon thermal decomposition of cesium C58 fullerides
Authors: Ulas Seyithan , Löffler Daniel , Weis Patrick , Böttcher Artur , Kappes Manfred M.
Published: March 2012

A monodispersed fullerene material comprising exclusively C58 cages was doped with Cs to generate CsxC58 films of various compositions. The resulting modified properties have been studied using a variety of surface analysis methods with emphasis on thermal desorption and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. Cs doping raises the thermal stability of C58 films which are characterized by quasi-covalent cage-cage bonds between annelated pentagon sites. Desorption mass spectra show emission of significant amounts of C60 at elevated temperatures implying that Cs doping can activate C58→C60 conversion in the condensed phase. In the case of saturated CsxC58 films, up to 4.5% of the initially deposited C58 can be desorbed as C60. From the spectroscopic data, we infer that Cs insertion and transport into the interstitial sites of the C58 solid is accompanied by spontaneous electron transfer to the electronegative fullerene framework—leading to a weakening of intercage carbon–carbon bonds. At the same time, the overall cohesion of the solid film is enhanced by the formation of multiple ionic Cs+βC58−δ interactions. Near 800 K, Cs+ activates/catalyzes concerted disproportionation reactions resulting in the transfer of C2 from C58−δ to neighbouring cages to yield C60 (and C56). Heating CsxC58 films to beyond this temperature range yields a (high temperature) stable reaction product with a significantly modified UP spectrum and a finite density of states at the Fermi level.
The Search for Supernova-Produced Radionuclides in Terrestrial Deep-Sea Archives
Authors: Feige J. , Wallner A. , Winkler S. R. , Merchel S. , Fifield L. K. , Korschinek G. , Rugel G. , Breitschwerdt D.
Published: March 2012

An enhanced concentration of 60Fe was found in a deep ocean crust in 2004 in a layer corresponding to an age of ∼2 Myr. The confirmation of this signal in terrestrial archives as supernova-induced and the detection of other supernova-produced radionuclides is of great interest. We have identified two suitable marine sediment cores from the South Australian Basin and estimated the intensity of a possible signal of the supernova-produced radionuclides 26Al, 53Mn, 60Fe, and the pure r-process element 244Pu in these cores. The finding of these radionuclides in a sediment core might allow us to improve the time resolution of the signal and thus to link the signal to a supernova event in the solar vicinity ∼2 Myr ago. Furthermore, it gives us an insight into nucleosynthesis scenarios in massive stars, condensation into dust grains and transport mechanisms from the supernova shell into the solar system.
Three-Membered Metal-Nucleobase-Carboxylate System Showing Interesting 2D and 3D Architecture: Synthesis, Structure, Thermostability, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Huang Hai-Xiao , Tian Xiao-Zhao , Song Yu-Mei , Liao Zhen-Wei , Sun Gong-Ming , Luo Ming-Biao , Liu Shu-Juan , Xu Wen-Yuan , Luo Feng
Published: March 2012

Via hydrothermal synthesis, we constructed four nucleobase metal-organic compounds, viz. Zn2(7H-ade)(oba)2·H2O (1), Zn(1H-hyp)(Hoba) (2), Ni(1H-ade)(ip) (3), and Cd(H2O)(9H-ade)(ip) (4), where ade, hyp, H2oba, and H2ip are adenine, hypoxanthine, 4,4′-oxybisbenzoic acid, and isophthalic acid, respectively. These polymers show novel 2D and 3D structures, such as 3-fold interpenetrating dmp net, supramolecular zeolite-type sra net, and exceptional 2D 44 net composed of three kinds of quadrangle, observed in polymers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Moreover, thermogravimetric studies of polymers 1, 2, and 4, and the magnetic properties of 3 are also explored.
Effect of Added Calcium, Phosphorus, and Infant Formula on Calcium and Phosphorus Dialyzability in Preterm Donor Human Milk
Authors: Fogleman April D. , Cohen Ronald S. , Sakamoto Pauline , Allen Jonathan C.
Published: March 2012

Objectives:

We studied the effect of preparing donor human milk (DHM) with commonly used nutritional additives on the dialyzability of calcium and phosphate. We hypothesized that the additives to DHM would decrease the dialyzability of calcium and phosphate when prepared according to hospital protocols.

Methods:

An in vitro system simulating premature infant digestion was developed to measure dialyzability of calcium and phosphate in DHM. Dialyzable calcium and phosphate were measured after in vitro digestion in DHM before and after preparation of DHM with the following additives according to hospital protocols: calcium glubionate, sodium potassium phosphate, calcium glubionate and sodium potassium phosphate added together, Similac human milk fortifier, Similac NeoSure, or Enfamil Enfacare.

Results:

The percentage of dialyzable calcium in DHM with added calcium and calcium and phosphate together was greater than the percentage of dialyzable calcium in DHM with added powdered infant formulas (P < 0.0001). Dialyzable calcium was greater in DHM with added calcium and with added calcium and phosphate than in all other treatment groups (P < 0.0001). Dialyzable calcium in DHM without additives was not different from dialyzable calcium in DHM with added phosphate or with added powdered infant formulas. Dialyzable phosphate did not differ between the treatment groups.

Conclusions:

The addition of calcium alone or calcium and phosphate together increased calcium dialyzability in DHM significantly, whereas the addition of powdered human milk fortifier or formulas did not. The addition of calcium or calcium with phosphate together to DHM may provide the most dialyzable calcium.
Mesoporous bioactive glasses: structure characteristics, drug/growth factor delivery and bone regeneration application
Authors: Wu Chengtie , Chang Jiang
Published: March 2012

The impact of bone diseases and trauma in the whole world has increased significantly in the past decades. Bioactive glasses are regarded as an important bone regeneration material owing to their generally excellent osteoconductivity and osteostimulativity. A new class of bioactive glass, referred to as mesoporous bioglass (MBG), was developed 7 years ago, which possess a highly ordered mesoporous channel structure and a highly specific surface area. The study of MBG for drug/growth factor delivery and bone tissue engineering has grown significantly in the past several years. In this article, we review the recent advances of MBG materials, including the preparation of different forms of MBG, composition–structure relationship, efficient drug/growth factor delivery and bone tissue engineering application. By summarizing our recent research, the interaction of MBG scaffolds with bone-forming cells, the effect of drug/growth factor delivery on proliferation and differentiation of tissue cells and the
in vivo
osteogenesis of MBG scaffolds are highlighted. The advantages and limitations of MBG for drug delivery and bone tissue engineering have been compared with microsize bioactive glasses and nanosize bioactive glasses. The future perspective of MBG is discussed for bone regeneration application by combining drug delivery with bone tissue engineering and investigating the
in vivo
osteogenesis mechanism in large animal models.
Silsesquioxanes as molecular analogues of single-site heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Ward Antony J. , Lesic Rebecca , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: March 2012

We discuss herein selected examples of metal complexes of polyhedral oligosilses-quioxanes (POSSs) as models of single-site heterogeneous surface catalysts. The utility of these compounds as such models is illustrated when employed as analogues of single-site titanium species supported on a silica surface. Deep insights into structure–functionality relationships can be gained. In particular, it was possible to probe the relationship between accessibility of the reactive centre and turnover frequencies in a manner that is impossible for a purely heterogeneous catalyst. We also report that the partially dehydroxylated SiO
2
surface alone is an effective radical polymerization initiation catalyst. This surface reactivity is modelled by the solution reactions between the olefin substrate and two POSSs, the completely condensed triganol prism, Si
6
Cy
6
O
9
(
a6b0
, Cy = Cyclohexyl, C
6
H
11
), and the incompletely condensed partial cube, Si
7
Cy
7
O
9
(OH)
3
(
a7b3
). The former, with six-membered Si
3
O
3
rings, is a catalyst. The latter, without this feature, is not. Similar reactivity discrimination is observed in the gas phase reactions of these POSSs with the olefin substrate, examined using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization- and collision-induced decomposition spectroscopies. Silsesquioxane
a6b0
, containing Si
3
O
3
rings, reacts with the olefin, forming grafted olefin monomers and dimers, while this reactivity is not observed with silsesquioxane
a7b3
.
Perceived pattern regularity computed as a summary statistic: implications for camouflage
Authors: Morgan M. J. , Mareschal I. , Chubb C. , Solomon J. A.
Published: March 2012

Why do the equally spaced dots in figure 1 appear regularly spaced? The answer ‘because they are’ is naive and ignores the existence of sensory noise, which is known to limit the accuracy of positional localization. Actually, all the dots in figure 1 have been physically perturbed, but in the case of the apparently regular patterns to an extent that is below threshold for reliable detection. Only when retinal pathology causes severe distortions do regular grids appear perturbed. Here, we present evidence that low-level sensory noise does indeed corrupt the encoding of relative spatial position, and limits the accuracy with which observers can detect real distortions. The noise is equivalent to a Gaussian random variable with a standard deviation of approximately 5 per cent of the inter-element spacing. The just-noticeable difference in positional distortion between two patterns is smallest when neither of them is perfectly regular. The computation of variance is statistically inefficient, typically using only five or six of the available dots.
A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar
Authors: Cox Murray P. , Nelson Michael G. , Tumonggor Meryanne K. , Ricaut François-X. , Sudoyo Herawati
Published: March 2012

The settlement of Madagascar is one of the most unusual, and least understood, episodes in human prehistory. Madagascar was one of the last landmasses to be reached by people, and despite the island's location just off the east coast of Africa, evidence from genetics, language and culture all attests that it was settled jointly by Africans, and more surprisingly, Indonesians. Nevertheless, extremely little is known about the settlement process itself. Here, we report broad geographical screening of Malagasy and Indonesian genetic variation, from which we infer a statistically robust coalescent model of the island's initial settlement. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago by a very small group of women (approx. 30), most of Indonesian descent (approx. 93%). This highly restricted founding population raises the possibility that Madagascar was settled not as a large-scale planned colonization event from Indonesia, but rather through a small, perhaps even unintended, transoceanic crossing.