bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Is It Democratically Legitimate to Opt Out of Public Education?
Authors: Moses Michele S. , Wilson Terri S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract

In this essay, Michele Moses and Terri Wilson explore the recent movement to opt out of state tests. They situate this activism within a diverse line of efforts to refuse aspects of public education, asking how to evaluate the democratic legitimacy of different kinds of refusal in public education. Drawing on specific examples of opting out, they point to different ethical principles at stake in conflicts over public education. They pose three sets of questions — emphasizing reasons, positionality, and consequences — to help guide local educational leaders, policymakers, and citizens in negotiating difficult cases of refusal in public education. Moses and Wilson conclude that opting out of tests may, under certain conditions, serve the public purposes of education in a democratic society. Although many opt‐out activists justify their actions in terms of individual rights, others are concerned with public goals and ideals, including concerns about the narrowing of curriculum, the erosion of teacher authority, and the widening privatization of public education. Yet communicating across and between different interests in this movement remains a challenge, one that points to the need for spaces of democratic deliberation about the aims of education policy.
Opting Out or Opting In? Test Boycott and Parental Engagement in American Public Education
Authors: Shuffelton Amy B.
Published: August 2020

Abstract

This article provides a “thick” understanding of how public school parents understand their decision to opt their children out of standardized tests. In it, Amy Shuffelton draws from qualitative research interviews with Chicago parents to explore how three mothers connected opting out of standardized testing to their broader commitments to public schools. In probing the democratic potential of their logic, Shuffelton points to avenues of hope for democratic and equitable public schooling. As scholars have argued on multiple grounds, public schools have generally preserved inequitable power relations and resource allocations rather than changed them, and this happens in part because of parental resistance to reforms they believe to be detrimental to the interests of their children. Precisely because privileged parents have and implement the power to use schooling to pass advantages to their own children, however, it is important to consider when and why some of these parents instead see reason to build a public school system that shares those advantages widely. Putting these parents' explanations for opting out of testing into conversation with ideas about the democratic public in texts by John Dewey and Bonnie Honig, Shuffelton finds potential pathways, as well as hurdles, to reviving commitment to public schooling.
The Politics of Opting Out in the Age of Neoliberal Cynicism
Authors: Wheeler‐Bell Quentin
Published: August 2020

Within the past several years, parents, teachers, students, and community members have vociferously debated the value and importance of opting out of standardized testing. The debate has been sparked by an increasing number of parents, dubbed “opt‐out activists,” who refuse to have their children participate in federally mandated standards testing. However, an assortment of civil rights organizations and activists have challenged the opt‐out movement. Quentin Wheeler‐Bell argues that the debate between those in the opt‐out movement and the civil rights activists is an example of neoliberal cynicism. While both groups acknowledge (to different degrees) the structural problems inherent to the current testing regime, they both also make educational demands that assume equal educational opportunity is achievable within a capitalist system. In making this assumption that equal educational opportunity is valuable within capitalism, Wheeler‐Bell concludes, both sides ultimately reproduce neoliberal cynicism.
Adaptive transgenerational effects remain significant
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Ye , Yin Junjie , Zhou Ming , Lin Zeru , Li Qingshun Q.
Published: August 2020

The comment by Sánchez‐Tójar et al. (2020, Ecol Lett) questioned the methodology, transparency and conclusion of our study (Ecol Lett, 22, 2019, 1976). The comment has overlooked important evolutionary assumptions in their reanalysis, and the issues raised were in fact dealt with through the peer‐review process. Far from being biased, the key conclusion of our meta‐analysis still stands; transgenerational effects are largely adaptive.
The Benefits of Fixed Item Parameter Calibration for Parameter Accuracy in Small Sample Situations in Large‐Scale Assessments
Authors: König Christoph , Khorramdel Lale , Yamamoto Kentaro , Frey Andreas
Published: August 2020

Large‐scale assessments such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) have field trials where new survey features are tested for utility in the main survey. Because of resource constraints, there is a trade‐off between how much of the sample can be used to test new survey features and how much can be used for the initial item response theory (IRT) scaling. Utilizing real assessment data of the PISA 2015 Science assessment, this article demonstrates that using fixed item parameter calibration (FIPC) in the field trial yields stable item parameter estimates in the initial IRT scaling for samples as small as n = 250 per country. Moreover, the results indicate that for the recovery of the county‐specific latent trait distributions, the estimates of the trend items (i.e., the information introduced into the calibration) are crucial. Thus, concerning the country‐level sample size of n = 1,950 currently used in the PISA field trial, FIPC is useful for increasing the number of survey features that can be examined during the field trial without the need to increase the total sample size. This enables international large‐scale assessments such as PISA to keep up with state‐of‐the‐art developments regarding assessment frameworks, psychometric models, and delivery platform capabilities.
Entrepreneurial Failure: A Synthesis and Conceptual Framework of its Effects
Authors: Klimas Patrycja , Czakon Wojciech , Kraus Sascha , Kailer Norbert , Maalaoui Adnane
Published: August 2020

Failure is not the outcome which entrepreneurs strive for when they start their businesses. However, thousands of entrepreneurs fail each year, experiencing painful and damaging consequences in their professional and private lives. Current knowledge on entrepreneurial failure is quite fragmentary. Our study aims at integrating knowledge on the effects of entrepreneurial failure. Departing from a systematic literature review, we develop a multilevel framework of entrepreneurial failure effects which categorises: (1) their manifestations over time; (2) the directness of the link to the failure event; (3) the degree of impact on the failed entrepreneur; and (4) the level of long‐term outcomes generated. Our findings reveal a broad scope of multilevel impacts of entrepreneurial failure.
Intraocular pressure following four different intravenous sedation protocols in normal horses
Authors: Joyner Rebekah L. , Liu Chin‐Chi , Cremer Jeannette , Carter Renee T. , Lewin Andrew C.
Published: August 2020

Background

Intravenous sedation is frequently necessary for ophthalmic examination in horses. Common sedation protocols have not been directly compared in terms of relative intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, duration of IOP reduction and time to maximum IOP reduction.

Objectives

To compare the effects of standing sedation protocols on IOP.

Study design

Randomised cross‐over experiment.

Methods

Twelve healthy horses received four intravenous sedation protocols with a 48 hours washout: 0.5 mg/kg xylazine and 0.01 mg/kg butorphanol (SED1); 10 µg/kg detomidine and 0.01 mg/kg of butorphanol (SED2); 10 µg/kg detomidine (SED3); 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (SED4). IOP was measured with rebound tonometry before sedation (Tpre) and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes post‐sedation (Tpost). Post‐sedation readings were taken with the head elevated to the Tpre position. Separately, IOP readings were also obtained following sedation with the head not elevated (TpostHeadDown). IOP values were compared using mixed ANOVA and ANCOVA models respectively with significance atP < .05.

Results

All protocols decreased IOP compared with baseline with greatest reduction at Tpost5. IOP at Tpre (mean ± SD) was 21.8 ± 4.4 mm Hg. At Tpost5, IOP was 16.3 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED1), 14.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg (SED2), 17.1 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED3) and 16.9 ± 4.2 mm Hg (SED4). SED2 Tpost5 IOP was lower than other treatments. Considering all time points following sedation, SED3 IOP readings were higher than other treatments. TpostHeadDown IOPs were higher than readings taken with the head elevated (P < .001).

Main limitations

Animals with ocular disease were not studied. No animals received mock sedation or equivalent.

Conclusions

A combination of detomidine and butorphanol causes greater IOP reduction 5 minutes following sedation than other commonly used sedation protocols. IOP reduction is less pronounced when detomidine is used alone. Consideration of head height is important when performing IOP measurements in horses.
Psychological Abuse as a Mediator Between Insecure Attachment Orientations and Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Gewirtz‐Meydan Ateret , Finzi‐Dottan Ricky
Published: August 2020

Objective

To test the mediating effect of perpetrating psychological abuse between insecure attachment orientations and relationship satisfaction among couples.

Method

The mediating effect of psychological abuse between attachment orientation and relationship satisfaction was investigated among 128 couples (N = 256 participants) in enduring relationships using the actor–partner interdependence model.

Results

Actor effects indicated men and women higher in anxious attachment perpetrate more psychological abuse, which in turn is linked to their low personal relationship satisfaction. Partner effects revealed two significant paths: Women higher in anxious attachment perpetrated more psychological abuse, which in turn was negatively linked to their partners' relationship satisfaction. Second, the higher the women's attachment anxiety, the more their partners perpetrated psychological abuse, which in turn was negatively linked to partners' relationship satisfaction.

Conclusions

Research on attachment and psychological abuse within romantic relationships could benefit from including a dyadic perspective. Although seen as an invisible harm, psychological abuse is a distinct type of abuse. It has a unique role in fulfilling attachment needs, as well as potentially damaging consequences on the individual and the dyad.
Oral bacteria and leaky endothelial junctions in remote extraoral sites
Authors: Hajishengallis George
Published: August 2020

Periodontitis and periodontal pathogens have been associated with systemic complications that influence comorbid conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. Using a zebrafish larvae infection model, Farrugia et al. show that Porphyromonas gingivalis causes vascular damage and increased endothelial permeability by degrading, via its gingipain proteases, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1, and vascular endothelial cadherin, which are crucial for endothelial junctional integrity. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism whereby this oral pathogen may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and perhaps atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Low bone mass and hypovitaminosis D in haemophilia: A single‐centre study in patients with severe and moderate haemophilia A and B
Authors: Linari Silvia , Melchiorre Daniela , Pieri Lisa , Tofani Lorenzo , Fanelli Alessandra , Brogi Marco , Castaman Giancarlo
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Haemophilia (H) is frequently associated with a multifactorial reduction in bone mineral density (BDM), but little is known about possible differences between HA and HB according to their severity.

Aim

To evaluate the association between low bone mineral density (BMD), 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and bone turnover markers in patients with HA and HB younger or older than 50 years.

Methods

In 78 patients <50 years and 33 patients >50 years with severe (S) or moderate (M) HA and HB, BMD was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry at femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine and then correlated to annual bleeding rate (ABR), World Federation of Haemophilia orthopaedic joint scale (WFH score), 25(OH)D concentrations, parathyroid hormone (PTH), amino‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTx), urinary pyridinolines, osteocalcin and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase.

Results

Overall, a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was diagnosed. In patients <50 years, low FN‐BMD was significantly more frequent in HA than in HB, while PTH, pyridinolines, ABR and WFH score were associated with H type and severity. In patients >50 years, similarly low FN‐BMD was observed in HA and HB, while ABR and WFH score were associated with H type and severity, being milder in HB.

Conclusions

Low bone mass is a frequent comorbidity in haemophilic patients of all ages, apart from those with MHB. Clinical and laboratory assessments confirm a higher bone impairment and faster bone resorption in HA compared with HB. Looking at H type and severity, MHB seems to have a normal bone metabolism and a less severe disease.
High magnesium dialysate does not improve intradialytic hemodynamics or abrogate myocardial stunning
Authors: Jefferies Helen J. , Lemoine Sandrine , McIntyre Christopher W.
Published: August 2020

Background

Hemodialysis (HD) induces myocardial stunning and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Intradialytic hypotension is a modifiable determinant of myocardial stunning. Magnesium (Mg) is reported to be valuable in maintaining intradialytic blood pressure, which potentially would protect against demand myocardial ischemia. This study aimed to compare high vs. low dialysate Mg effects on intradialytic hemodynamics and HD‐induced myocardial stunning.

Methods

Twenty stable prevalent HD patients entered a randomized cross‐over trial of low (0.5 mmol/L) vs. high (1.0 mmol/L) dialysate Mg. Patients were studied after 2 weeks of standard HD with each Mg concentration. Serial echocardiography assessed myocardial stunning, measured by left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs). Continuous intradialytic hemodynamics were measured noninvasively using thoracic bioimpedance.

Findings

Median predialysis serum Mg was higher with high dialysate Mg (1.45[1.29–1.55] vs. 1.03[0.98–1.1] mmol/L, P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in maximum intradialytic reduction in systolic BP. There was no significant difference in stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac output. Overall ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) (as a sensitive marker of contractile function) was higher before dialysis in high Mg group, but there was no difference in GLS at peak stress. However, we showed a significant correlation between Mg changes and GLS changes, r = −0.47, P = 0.02. There was no difference in mean number of peak stress RWMAs per patient (4.0 ± 2.2 vs. 4.3 ± 2.9, P = 0.5). Ultrafiltration volume, a critical determinant of stunning, was not different between high and low dialysate Mg studies (1.35[0–3.3] vs. 1.5[0–2.8], P = 0.49).

Discussion

Manipulation of magnesium by altering dialysate magnesium concentration does not influence intradialytic hemodynamic response or HD‐induced myocardial stunning in the short term. However, decreasing Mg changes appears to decrease GLS changes.
CRHP Finder, a webtool for the detection of clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori from whole‐genome sequencing data
Authors: Yusibova Melodi , Hasman Henrik , Clausen Philip Thomas Lanken Conradsen , Imkamp Frank , Wagner Karoline , Andersen Leif Percival
Published: August 2020

Background

Resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is mediated by mutations in the domain V of the 23S rRNA gene (A2142G, A2143G, A2142C). Other polymorphisms in the 23S rRNA gene have been reported to cause low‐level clarithromycin resistance but their importance is still under debate. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate the CRHP Finder webtool for detection of the most common mutations mediating clarithromycin resistance from whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) data. Moreover, we included an analysis of 23 H pylori strains from Danish patients between January 2017 and September 2019 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Materials and Methods

The CRHP Finder detects the fraction of each of the four nucleotides in nucleotide positions 2142, 2143, 2182, 2244 and 2712 of the 23S rRNA gene in H pylori (E coli numbering) by aligning raw sequencing reads (fastq format) with k‐mer alignment (KMA). The nucleotide distribution in each position is compared to previously described point mutations mediating clarithromycin resistance in H pylori, and a genotypic prediction of the clarithromycin resistance phenotype is presented as output. For validation of the CRHP webtool, 137 fastq paired‐end sequencing datasets originating from a well‐characterized strain collection of H pylori were analyzed.

Results

The CRHP Finder correctly identified all resistance mutations reported in the sequencing data of 137 H pylori strains. In the 23 Danish H pylori strains, CRHP Finder detected A2143G (13%) in all resistant strains, and T2182C (13%) and C2244T (4,3%) nucleotide exchanges in only susceptible strains.

Conclusion

In this study, we present the validation of the first webtool for H pylori resistance prediction based on the detection of 23S rRNA mutations (A2142C, A2142G, A2143G, T2182C, C2244T, T2712C) from WGS data of H pylori.
Age‐related suppression effect of current body weight on the association between birthweight and blood pressure: The Bogalusa heart study
Authors: Yun Miaoying , Wang Xuan , Fan Lijun , Yan Yinkun , Bazzano Lydia , He Jiang , Li Shengxu , Zhang Tao , Chen Wei
Published: August 2020

Background

It has been controversial whether to adjust for current body weight while examining the relationship between birthweight and blood pressure (BP).

Objective

The present study aims to partition the total effect of birthweight on BP into its direct effect and indirect effect through current body mass index (BMI).

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 6251 participants who had birthweight information with 13 443 observations on BMI and BP in pre‐adolescence (4‐11 years), adolescence (12‐19 years), young adulthood (20‐30 years) and mid‐adulthood (31‐58 years). General third‐variable models were used to distinguish the mediation and suppression effects of current BMI on the birthweight‐BP association at different ages.

Results

The total effect of birthweight on systolic BP measured as standardized regression coefficient (β) without current BMI included in the model was 0.003 (P = .810) in pre‐adolescents, −0.032 (P = .029) in adolescents, −0.066 (P = .002) in young adults and −0.051 (P = .023) in midlife adults. With additional adjustment for BMI, the direct effect of birthweight on systolic BP was strengthened to β = −0.066 (P = .013), β = −0.058 (P = .014), β = −0.094 (P = .020), β = −0.066 (P = .023); the suppression effects of BMI were calculated at 0.070, 0.027, 0.028 and 0.015 in the respective age groups. The decreasing trend of suppression effects with increasing age mimicked the trends of birthweight‐BMI and BMI‐BP correlations.

Conclusions

Current body weight has a suppression effect, not a mediation effect, on the birthweight‐BP association, with pre‐adolescents having the greatest suppression effect. The suppression effect is predominantly determined by birthweight‐BMI and BMI‐BP correlations.
Presenteeism in nurses: comparative study of Spanish, Portuguese and Brazilian nurses
Authors: Mosteiro‐Díaz Maria‐Pilar , Baldonedo‐Mosteiro Maria , Borges Elisabete , Baptista Patricia , Queirós Cristina , Sánchez‐Zaballos Marta , Felli Vanda , Abreu Margarida , Silva Fábio , Franco‐Correia Sara
Published: August 2020

Aim

To compare presenteeism levels among three samples of nurses and to identify the relationship between presenteeism and sociodemographic and professional characteristics.

Background

Presenteeism (going to work ill) is a phenomenon studied from different perspectives, and it has become especially important during the current COVID‐19 outbreak; its connection to high healthcare costs, patient safety breaches and negative nurse well‐being has been proved.

Introduction

The nursing profession is particularly associated with caring for the culture of teamwork, loyalty to colleagues and professional identity. This condition enhances the ‘super nurse phenomenon’, even though nurses do not feel physically and psychologically able to work.

Methods

A multicentre, cross‐sectional study was conducted in three different country contexts: Oviedo (Spain), Porto (Portugal) and São Paulo (Brazil). Nurses performing functions in hospitals and primary health care were enrolled. Informed consent and data collection questionnaires were hand delivered. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale‐6 was applied.

Results

A total of 659 nurses participated. Portuguese nurses showed greater prevalence of presenteeism, followed by Brazilian and Spanish nurses. Younger nurses with less professional experience presented lower levels of presenteeism but greater psychological commitment. Male participants showed lower capacity to complete work when ill than female participants.

Conclusions

Age and length of professional experience proved to be significant predictors of total presenteeism, although only professional experience revealed statistical significance in the adjusted model.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

The knowledge of this phenomenon among nurses highlights the need for the development of strategies in the curriculum of nursing students and organizations. Resilience and ergonomic training should be applied in the training programmes of the students and reinforced by the health centre managers. It is essential that healthcare systems design worksite wellness programmes that pursue greater physical and mental well‐being for healthcare professionals.
Parental investment does not directly affect reproductive success in the saffron finch
Authors: Burnham Helen , Cruz‐Bernate Lorena
Published: August 2020

In tropical species, the study of parental care and the description of the intraspecific variation of parental care remain relatively understudied, especially when compared to the vast works dedicated to species from the Northern Hemisphere. In Colombia, the saffron finchSicalis flaveola, is a species with a wide geographical distribution, and despite its abundance in open habitats and urban environments, little is known about its reproductive ecology. As a small‐bodied, short‐lived passerine, we postulated that the saffron finch should behave according to the ‘reproductive value hypothesis', investing in the current brood at the expense of future survival. Consequently, we predicted: 1) that parental investment would be associated with brood size and 2) parental investment would be positively associated with nestling growth rate and reproductive success (defined as the number of nestlings which reached fledging age). In 2018, two reproductive peaks ofS. flaveola flaveolawere documented in the Meléndez campus of Universidad del Valle, Cali. Direct observations and video cameras (> 1700 h of recording) were used to monitor the nests from 38 different breeding pairs. We found that feeding visits and the number of regurgitation events were positively related to brood size. In an experiment of simulated nest predation, 85% of breeding pairs responded to the stimulus and parents who exhibited highly responsive behaviours (50%) raised nestlings with a higher growth rate. We also found that egg surface area positively affected the number of incubation bouts per hour. Whilst no relationship was found between overall parental investment and reproductive success, our results appear to show that the intensity of parental investment during reproduction was modulated by brood size. Our findings suggest that there are multiple ecological factors that influence reproductive success in the saffron finch, and reinforce the need for longer term studies of tropical passerines.
Population‐specific adjustment of the annual cycle in a super‐swift trans‐Saharan migrant
Authors: Meier Christoph M. , Karaardıç Hakan , Aymí Raül , Peev Strahil G. , Witvliet Willem , Liechti Felix
Published: August 2020

For migratory birds optimal timing of the onset of reproduction is vital, especially when suitable conditions for reproduction occur only for a short while during the year. With increasing latitude the suitable period becomes shorter and we expect the organization of annual cycle to be more synchronized to the local conditions across individuals of same population. This should result in low variation of arrival and departure date in breeding sites at higher latitudes. We quantify the temporal and geographical variation in pre‐ and post‐breeding migration between individuals from four different populations of alpine swifts Tachymarptis melba along a latitudinal gradient. We tracked 215 individuals in three years with geolocators. The two western and two eastern populations showed separate migratory flyways and places of residence in Africa. Length of stay at the breeding sites was negatively correlated with latitude and differed by more than a month between populations. Duration of migration was similarly short in all populations (median 6.2 days in autumn and 8.7 days in spring). However, variation in timing of migration was unrelated to latitude and individuals everywhere arrived in the same asynchrony at the breeding site.
First interventional exchange of a left transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation lead from the novel remedē system
Authors: Gutleben Klaus‐Jürgen , Eitz Thomas , Westlund Randy , Gummert Jan F. , Sommer Philipp , Fox Henrik
Published: August 2020

The remedē system is a novel fully implantable transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation (TPNS) device developed to treat central sleep apnea. No information is published on how to explant or replace its leads. An eighty‐one year‐old had a fractured lead and we removed it over a wire. However, unbreachable resistances occurred with a new lead deployed over the enclosed wire and interventional endovascular techniques were performed to reimplant a new fully functioning system. This first report demonstrates TPNS lead exchange is possible but can be challenging. Interventional maneuvers and techniques, including balloon angioplasty, can facilitate this procedure.
Mimicry genes reduce pre‐adult survival rate in Papilio polytes: A possible new mechanism for maintaining female‐limited polymorphism in Batesian mimicry
Authors: Katoh Mitsuho , Tatsuta Haruki , Tsuji Kazuki
Published: August 2020

Batesian mimicry, in which harmless organisms resemble unpalatable or harmful species, is a well‐studied adaptation for predation avoidance. The females of some Batesian mimic species comprise mimetic and nonmimetic individuals. Mimetic females of such polymorphic species clearly have a selective advantage due to decreased predation pressure, but the selective forces that maintain nonmimetic females in a population remain unclear. In the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes, female polymorphism is controlled by the H (mimetic) and h (nonmimetic) alleles at a single autosomal locus. Here, we examined whether the dominant H allele has a deleterious effect on the pre‐adult survival rate (egg‐to‐adult emergence rate). We repeated an assortative mating‐like treatment—that is breeding of males and females whose mothers had the same phenotype (mimetic or nonmimetic)—for three consecutive generations, while avoiding inbreeding. Results showed that pre‐adult survival rate decreased over generations only in lines derived from mothers with the mimetic phenotype (hereafter, mimetic‐assorted lines). This lowered survival was due to an increased mortality at the final instar larval stage and the pupal stages. Interestingly, the pre‐adult mortality in the mimetic‐assorted lines seemed to be associated with a male‐biased sex ratio at adult emergence. These results suggest that the dominant H allele displays a mildly deleterious effect that is expressed more strongly in females and homozygous individuals than in heterozygous individuals. We propose that this cost of mimicry in larval and pupal stages contributes to the maintenance of female‐limited polymorphism in P. polytes.
Oviposition and development response of perilla seed bugs (Nysius sp.) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) to five crop seeds
Authors: Maharjan Rameswor , Yoon Youngnam , Jang Yunwoo , Jeong Mihye , Jung Tae‐Wook , Ha Tae J. , Park Jae E. , Cho Hyun S. , Yi Hwijong
Published: August 2020

The perilla seed bugs, Nysius plebeius Distant and Nysius hidakai Nakatani, are emerging pests of perilla crop in Korea. Here, we investigated the life‐history variables of N. plebeius and N. hidakai on five commonly grown crop seeds: perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.], sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)], proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and foxtail millet (Setaria italic L.). Bug oviposition, total developmental period, adult emergence, adult longevity and adult weight of both Nysius species were determined in both choice and no‐choice tests. The oviposition and development periods of N. plebeius and N. hidakai varied significantly among seed species. The most preferred seed species for oviposition were perilla seeds, followed by sesame, sorghum and foxtail millet, whereas proso millet seeds were the least preferred. The bugs development period was faster in perilla seeds, with higher adult emergence, greater adult longevity and heavier adult weight. The higher oviposition preference and faster development with longer longevity of both Nysius species on perilla seeds is probably due to the physicochemical and nutritional attributes of the seeds. This information may enable the exploration of resistant genetic materials and chemical traits associated with seeds for breeding programme. Further, the outcomes of this study are discussed in terms of bug's behavioural response to crop seeds and management strategy of Nysius species as alternative to chemical management.
Review on low‐temperature heat pump drying applications in food industry: Cooling with dehumidification drying method
Authors: Uthpala T. G. G. , Navaratne S. B. , Thibbotuwawa Amila
Published: August 2020

Moisture content of food material is a key factor influencing the quality of storage and extending the quality of a food product. Manufacturers develop new technologies to process sensitive food materials to supply new products with improved properties and high quality. The process in which the air is cooled sensibly while the moisture is removed from food is called cooling with dehumidification process. The system fundamentally acts as a heat pump, which pumps the heat from the dehumidified air to a different air stream in another area, with the aid of a refrigerant gas to carry the heat. This article reviews the potential of low‐temperature heat pump dehumidifier drying used in the food industry. Moreover, this describes the principle of cooling with dehumidification (CWD) process, the importance of studying psychrometric charts to understand CWD process, measures used in identify energy efficiency, comparison of this method over common dryers, applications, advantages and limitations of the CWD drying method.

Practical applications

Multiple measures have been taken to increase the drying efficiency of convection drying, especially by the application of cooling with dehumidified techniques. This drying technique has comparably higher energy efficiency, better and consistent product quality and the ability to control drying temperature and humidity over other conventional methods. Low‐temperature heat pump dryers are used increasingly applications in the food industry for the drying of grains, fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, fish, meat, pet foods, and other heat‐sensitive food products in several countries.
Effectiveness of application of carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating compared with forced‐air warming to prevent unintentional intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing elective abdominal operations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Inman Chris , Waters David , Dee Philip
Published: August 2020

Background

Unintentional intraoperative hypothermia was regarded as a common intraoperative symptom with serious complications. The active warming strategies of forced‐air warming (FAW) and carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating were considered to be effective interventions for preventing hypothermia. However, the effectiveness of them was not reported consistently.

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating compared with FAW in preventing hypothermia in patients undergoing elective surgeries.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

A rigorous systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis reporting checklist. Searching strategy was undertaken on the electronic databases of Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and Medical Literature Retrieval Service. The assessment of study quality was performed through risk of bias of Cochrane handbook of systematic review of interventions. Data synthesis was conducted through meta‐analysis with sensitive analysis. The quality of evidence was graded using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Results

A total of five randomised controlled trials with 282 patients undergoing elective surgeries were included in the quantitative synthesis. Four studies concluded that FAW was as effective as carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating in preventing hypothermia. However, one study yielded a different conclusion that the efficacy of FAW was superior to carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating with small incidence of hypothermia. Meta‐analysis found that FAW was more effective than carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating in preventing hypothermia.

Conclusions

In the elective abdominal surgery, carbon‐fibre polymer‐fabric resistive heating was less effective than FAW on the prevention of hypothermia. However, hypothermia still occurred in the FAW group. It was more objective to assess the efficacy of warming technology combining the incidence of hypothermia and the core body temperature together, which was suggested for further research.
CAD/CAM Complete Denture Systems and Physical Properties: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Baba Nadim Z. , Goodacre Brian J. , Goodacre Charles J. , Müller Frauke , Wagner Stephen
Published: August 2020

Purpose

CAD/CAM complete dentures have increased in popularity and a wide variety of systems are currently available. These prostheses present many advantages for clinicians, technicians and patients. Subtractive manufacturing is used by most of the available systems while a few manufacturers use an additive manufacturing technique. This article describes the currently available systems and materials available for the fabrication of CAD/CAM complete dentures and reviews the literature relative to their physical properties.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was completed to enumerate the currently available techniques to fabricate CAD/CAM complete dentures and discuss their physical properties. A search of English language peer‐reviewed literature was undertaken using MEDLINE and PubMed on research articles published between 2000 and 2019. A hand search of relevant dental journals was also completed.

Results

The literature indicates the physical properties of CAD/CAM milled poly(methylmethacrylate) or PMMA as it is commonly described is superior to conventionally processed PMMA for the fabrication of complete dentures.

Conclusion

The incorporation of CAD/CAM technology into complete denture design and fabrication streamlines the clinical and laboratory processes and provides improved physical properties that enhance denture quality.
Junior doctor perceptions of education and feedback on ward rounds
Authors: Modak Maitreyi B , Gray Amy Z
Published: August 2020

Aim

The literature suggests that feedback is wanted and needed in clinical medicine and specifically on ward rounds, yet it is often lacking. This study aimed to examine junior doctor perceptions of education and feedback on ward rounds in one clinical department at a tertiary paediatric hospital and the key influences on these perceptions.

Methods

Six semi‐structured focus groups were conducted over a period of 9 months comprising of 20 participants (post‐graduate year 1–5) in a general medical department of a tertiary paediatric hospital. Qualitative analysis was performed on focus group transcripts using an inductive approach and codes and themes were generated in an iterative fashion with checking of themes between two researchers.

Results

Feedback experiences were largely positive compared to previous rotations. Three overarching themes were identified which influenced trainee perceptions of education and feedback on ward rounds. These were: consultant influences (e.g. educational engagement), trainee influences (e.g. active seeking of feedback), and structural factors (e.g. organisational constraints).

Conclusions

Despite positive feedback experiences, the need to improve feedback for our junior doctors is clear, but how to do this remains challenging when navigating work‐learning tensions. The notion of the educational alliance between the consultant and trainee is a potential useful solution, but it requires deliberate effort and dedicated time to establish given our increasingly complex and busy clinical environments.
Dislocations
Authors: Fernández‐Sánchez Javier , Ott Dennis
Published: August 2020

Dislocation is a kind of construction in which a phrasal constituent (the dislocate) appears at the outer left or right edge of a gap‐less clause (its host) that contains a pronominal correlate of the dislocate. Dislocations are widely attested and presumably universally available across languages. The construction raises a number of problems for core assumptions of syntactic theory, in that these assumptions appear to thwart any coherent resolution of the question of how the dislocate relates to the internal structure of its host. This contribution is divided into two parts. In Part 1, we review central empirical properties of dislocation, which, taken together, appear to defy the laws of syntax as commonly assumed. In Part 2, we review key proposals that have emerged over the last decennia to resolve this paradox and restore dislocations to normalcy.
Cytokinin response induces immunity and fungal pathogen resistance, and modulates trafficking of the PRR LeEIX2 in tomato
Authors: Gupta Rupali , Pizarro Lorena , Leibman‐Markus Meirav , Marash Iftah , Bar Maya
Published: August 2020

Plant immunity is often defined by the immunity hormones: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). These hormones are well known for differentially regulating defence responses against pathogens. In recent years, the involvement of other plant growth hormones such as auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins (CKs) in biotic stresses has been recognized. Previous reports have indicated that endogenous and exogenous CK treatment can result in pathogen resistance. We show here that CK induces systemic immunity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), modulating cellular trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LeEIX2, which mediates immune responses to Xyn11 family xylanases, and promoting resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici in an SA‐ and ET‐dependent mechanism. CK perception within the host underlies its protective effect. Our results support the notion that CK promotes pathogen resistance by inducing immunity in the host.
The morphogenesis of fast growth in plants
Authors: Wade Ruth N. , Seed Patrick , McLaren Eleanor , Wood Ellie , Christin Pascal‐Antoine , Thompson Ken , Rees Mark , Osborne Colin P.
Published: August 2020

Growth rate represents a fundamental axis of life history variation. Faster growth associated with C4 photosynthesis and annual life history has evolved multiple times, and the resulting diversity in growth is typically explained via resource acquisition and allocation. However, the underlying changes in morphogenesis remain unknown.

We conducted a phylogenetic comparative experiment with 74 grass species, conceptualising morphogenesis as the branching and growth of repeating modules. We aimed to establish whether faster growth in C4 and annual grasses, compared with C3 and perennial grasses, came from the faster growth of individual modules or higher rates of module initiation.

Morphogenesis produces fast growth in different ways in grasses using C4 and C3 photosynthesis, and in annual compared with perennial species. C4 grasses grow faster than C3 species through a greater enlargement of shoot modules and quicker secondary branching of roots. However, leaf initiation is slower and there is no change in shoot branching. Conversely, faster growth in annuals than perennials is achieved through greater branching and enlargement of shoots, and possibly faster root branching.

The morphogenesis of fast growth depends on ecological context, with C4 grasses tending to promote resource capture under competition, and annuals enhancing branching to increase reproductive potential.
Serum vitamin D level is associated with smell dysfunction independently of aeroallergen sensitization, nasal obstruction, and the presence of allergic rhinitis in children
Authors: Shin Youn Ho , Ha Eun Kyo , Kim Ju Hee , Yon Dong Keon , Lee Seung Won , Sim Hyeon Jeong , Sung Myongsoon , Jee Hye Mi , Han Man Yong
Published: August 2020

Background

Smell dysfunction is highly prevalent worldwide and has adverse effects on quality of life. Smell loss in rhinitis subjects is mainly caused by mechanical obstruction of odorant transmission due to mucosal type 2 inflammation. We determined the association of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with the severity of smell dysfunction in children.

Methods

We measured the olfactory threshold score in a total of 518 children (10‐12 years old, 264 boys) using the Sniffin’ Sticks kit, and the children were divided into tertiles according to olfactory threshold score. We also assessed serum 25[OH]D level, common aeroallergen‐specific immunoglobulin E, rhinitis severity with visual analog scale, and the Total Four Symptom Score, and pre‐ and post‐decongestant nasal patency with acoustic rhinometry.

Results

The children with 25(OH)D deficiency had significantly reduced mean olfactory threshold scores when compared to those with 25(OH)D levels of ≥20.0 ng/mL (6.56 ± 3.54 and 7.28 ± 3.87, respectively, P = .036). The proportion of loss of smell function and pre‐decongestant nasal patency significantly associated with low 25(OH)D levels (chi‐square trend test, P for trend = .007). Likewise, after adjustment for confounders, children with smell loss (third tertile) were significantly associated with low 25(OH)D level (aβ=−0.062, 95% CI=−0.064 to −0.060, P = .009) independent of aeroallergen sensitization, and a low pre‐decongestant nasal patency.

Conclusions

25‐Hydroxyvitamin D is significantly associated with smell dysfunction independent of aeroallergen sensitization, nasal obstruction, and the presence of allergic rhinitis. This finding may provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the development of olfactory dysfunction.
De novo hepatocellular carcinoma 18 years after liver and small bowel transplantation in a one‐year‐old pediatric patient
Authors: Bryan Nathan , Zandieh Arash , Kallakury Bhaskar , Kaufman Stuart , Yazigi Nada , Girlanda Rafaele , Hawksworth Jason , Fishbein Thomas , Matsumoto Cal , Kroemer Alexander , Khan Khalid
Published: August 2020

De novo HCC following transplantation in a child is a rare occurrence. Even within the adult liver transplantation population, there are a limited number of published cases. In this report, we present a case of de novo HCC found in a child, post‐multivisceral transplantation. A 19‐year‐old boy, at the age of one, received liver and small bowel transplantation due to short gut syndrome secondary to midgut volvulus and total parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease. Eighteen years later, he was found to have a large mass involving the right hepatic dome consistent with HCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case after gut transplantation and the third case post‐liver transplantation in the pediatric population.
Anatomical changes in stem and root of soybean plants submitted to salt stress
Authors: Silva B. R. S. , Batista B. L. , Lobato A. K. S.
Published: August 2020

The soybean is a legume that is widely cultivated in many countries due to the high levels of protein and oil contained in its seed, and is used for human and animal nutrition. However, salinity affects more than 800 million hectares worldwide, limiting global agricultural production.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the structural behaviour of the roots and stems under progressive salt stress, detailing the possible anatomical modifications to these organs in soybean plants during this stress. The plants were randomized into five treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm NaCl).

All the root regions studied and exposed to 100 mm Na+ exhibited increases in the epidermis and endodermis and formation of lysogenic aerenchyma with increasing salinity, revealing the protective roles of these structures in reducing Na+ influx. In the stem, increases in the cortex and pith in the first internode subject to 100 mm Na+ suggest anatomical responses that aim to minimize oxidative stress.

Soybean plants subjected to progressive salt stress (>50 mm Na+) avoided cavitation and loss of function linked to vessel elements, reducing the metaxylem in all the root and stem regions analysed. Finally, our results confirm anatomical changes to the roots and stems.
Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host‐modulation therapy
Authors: Hajishengallis George , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Lambris John D.
Published: August 2020

Recent advances indicate that periodontitis is driven by reciprocally reinforced interactions between a dysbiotic microbiome and dysregulated inflammation. Inflammation is not only a consequence of dysbiosis but, via mediating tissue dysfunction and damage, fuels further growth of selectively dysbiotic communities of bacteria (inflammophiles), thereby generating a self‐sustained feed‐forward loop that perpetuates the disease. These considerations provide a strong rationale for developing adjunctive host‐modulation therapies for the treatment of periodontitis. Such host‐modulation approaches aim to inhibit harmful inflammation and promote its resolution or to interfere directly with downstream effectors of connective tissue and bone destruction. This paper reviews diverse strategies targeted to modulate the host periodontal response and discusses their mechanisms of action, perceived safety, and potential for clinical application.