bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields, and Oil Properties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization and Growth Regulators
Authors: Sawan Z. M. , El‐Farra A. A. , El‐Latif Sania Abd
Published: April 2008

Two experiments were carried out at Giza Agric. Res. St., Agric. Res. Centre, Ministry of Agric, Egypt, during 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg N/ha), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P2O5/ha) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA), each was applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing), on cotton seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties. A randomized complete block design, with four replications treatment combinations was used.

The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that, cottonseed, oil and protein yields/ha increased by raising N‐ and P‐levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added‐N and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of P‐levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, while the protein percentage increased by raising N‐rate. Application of growth regulators and high P‐level increased the seed oil percentage, while the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e. acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing N‐rate and the application of growth substances, while a reverse trend was noticed by raising P‐level. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite response.
Einfluß der Erosion auf die Standortproduktivität im Silomaisanbau
Authors: Goeck J. , Cordsen E. , Geisler G. , Blume H.‐P.
Published: April 2008

Influence of erosion on productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation

Accelerated erosion was monitored in Eastern Schleswig‐Holstein (F.R.G.) during the last decades. The objective of this study was to compare agricultural productivity of upper, middle and base slope segments to the respective soil parameters, reflecting results of long‐term erosion.

Five soil catenas were surveyed. Each catena was divided into three segments representing an eroded area (upper segment), an area with an equilibrium between erosion, accumulation and soil development (middle segment) and an area with accumulation (base slope segment).

In 1986 soil qualities, growth characters and yield components of maize were analysed for each slope segment. At eroded slope segments vegetation cover and yield were significantly lower than at middle and base slope segments. Middle slope segments (equilibrium between erosion, accumulation and soil development) snowed balanced soil quality parameters and high maize yields with a desired combination of yield components.
Stickstoffausnutzungsvermögen von Lolium perenne und Lolium multiflorum‐Sorten
Authors: Bugge Gisela
Published: April 2008

Selection for improved nitrogen‐utilization in Lolium

In a 3‐year study the responses of 14 Lolium perenne‐varieties and 14 of Lolium multiflorum to different nitrogen fertilization (75, 150, 300 kg N/ha) were investigated. The varieties were classificated into four types of nitrogen utilization. “Low input varieties” can be found in type III. The varieties of this type produced always the highest yield at all levels of nitrogen fertilization. The yield of type I was always smaller than the average of all varieties. The varieties of type II gave significant better responses than the trial average up to 150 kg N/ha. Under low and high N‐fertilization the type III can be separate of type I and II because it is always the outstanding variety. The dry matter production of the roots did not show varieties differences under the increasing N‐fertilization. The soil nitrate contents were with 20 kg nitrate nitrogen per ha very small.
Förderung der Jugendentwicklung der Zuckerrübe durch Pflanzung und Anbau unter Folie
Authors: Bürcky K.
Published: April 2008

Effect of transplanting and plastic mulch on yield and quality of sugar beet

Because of late sowing and the slow growth of seedlings, little of the solar radiation in May and June is used for photosynthesis by sugar beet. Therefore, an acceleration of growth early in the season should increase the yield. In the past, many attempts to accelerate early growth have been made.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects, on yield and quality, of mulching sugar‐beet seedlings with a photodegradable polyethylene film, and of transplanting. Six field trials were carried out at Göttingen (Lower Saxony) from 1981‐1986.

Plastic cover increased the temperature of the surface soil by between 2 and 3 °C. This increased the yield of early‐sown beet. After late sowing we sometimes found that pests and fungal diseases were more active under the plastic mulch, causing yield reductions.

Transplanted sugar beets produced between 1.4 and 4 t/ha more sugar than directly sown beets. Transplanting stabilized the yield, especially after late planting.

It can be concluded that, at the price level in the Federal Republic of Germany, neither the use of plastic mulch nor transplanting is superior to conventional sowing for sugar beet. However, in Europe, there may be a few special circumstances where transplanting will be beneficial.
Soil Moisture Simulation under Cropped Condition Using a Moisture Dependent Root Sink Function
Authors: Malik R. K. , Murty V. V. N. , Narda N. K.
Published: April 2008

Moisture dependent root sink function developed by Feddes et al. (1976) which incorporates linearly varying moisture availability proposal between field capacity and wilting point was embedded in the continuity equation for transient moisture flow in conjunction with Darcy's law and moisture contents in a homogeneous soil profile under wheat cropped condition were simulated numerically using implicit finite difference scheme. Simulated moisture contents were observed to be reasonably in good agreement with the observed moisture contents as the variations between the simulated and observed values varied from 2.97 to 21.76 percent.
Field Criteria Used in Determining the Vigor of Seed Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Drying Injury
Authors: Adegbuyi E. , Burris J. S.
Published: April 2008

General agreement does not exist regarding the influence of seed corn (Zea mays L.) vigor on subsequent crop performance. Studies were conducted to determine the characters through which seed corn vigor is expressed, how long the influence persists and the relationship among the characters identified. Seeds of two corn hybrids A632 X (H99 X H95) and B73 X (H99 X H95), dried at 35 °C and 50 °C were grown in the field in each of 2 years and in the growth chamber in Ames, Iowa. A complete range of growth parameters was measured in the laboratory and growth chamber and field. Of these parameters, emergence, emergence rate, plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter at 4 and 6 weeks and penultimate leaf length and width were characters found to be influenced by seed vigor. As the plants matured, the influence of seed vigor decreased. Positive and negative relationships were found to exist between some of the characters influenced by seed vigor. However, seed vigor had no influence on yield.
Variations in Endogenous Growth Hormones in Rice Under Two Light Intensities
Authors: Mohandass S. , Natarajaratnam N.
Published: April 2008

Analysis of endogenous growth regulator concentrations in different parts (viz., leaf, root and panicle) of shade tolerant (Ponni) and susceptible (Bhavani) rice cultivars a week after flowering indicated that the former was endowed with higher levels of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid contents than the latter. The concentrations of auxin and cytokinin decreased while that of gibberellin and abscisic acid increased under low light conditions in both the varieties. Nevertheless, cytokinins and auxins were only marginally affected under subdued light in Ponni than in Bhavani indicating that better performance of rice cultivars under low light situations of monsoon season might be associated particularly with higher concentrations of auxin and abscisic acid.
An Analysis of Grain Development in Oryza sativa L. Cultivars
Authors: Vijayalakshmi C. , Chandra Babu R. , Sree Rangaswamy S. R.
Published: April 2008

A field study was conducted to determine if differences in grain filling rate and duration existed in two early cultivars of rice. There is no cultivar difference in duration of grain filling and grain matured in about 30 days from anthesis in both the cultivars. The effective grain filling period in rice is only 10 days between 3rd and 13th day from anthesis. There is significant difference in grain filling rate and is positively related to grain weight. Grain filling rate is more important than duration of filling for achieving higher grain size and thus yield in rice.
Regulation of Leaf Senescence and Yield in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
Authors: Seetha Rani M. , Chandra Babu R. , Natarajaratnam N.
Published: April 2008

Foliar application of benzyladenine at preanthesis stage retarded leaf senescence in mungbean. Chemical spray increased leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein, specific leaf weight, net photosynthetic rate and nitrate reductase activity. Number of pods, grain yield, harvest index and 100‐seed weight were significantly improved by benzyladenine treatment. The possibility of higher pod‐filling and thus, yield by chemical regulation of leaf senescence is evident in mungbean.
Assessing the Evaporation Zone in the Bare Soil from the Soil Water Flux and Soil Heat Flux Measurements
Authors: Khan A. R.
Published: April 2008

A simple approach was undertaken to estimating bare soil evaporation in a soil column in a laboratory. The measurement of soil heat flux and soil water flux at various depths provides a practical means of assessing and evaluating the position of the drying front (evaporation zone) in the soil.
14C‐labelled Assimilate Distribution in Flowering Maize Plants
Authors: Jasdanwala R. T. , Khan A. A.
Published: April 2008

Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown in the field and labelled with 14CO2 at four leaf positions from silking up to maturity. The ear leaf was the most important source of labelled photosynthates to the ear, followed by the first leaf blade above and below the ear. The movement of labelled assimilates from the second leaf blade below the ear was predominantly downwards. The ear became an important sink soon after silking and continued in importance till harvest.

Initially assimilates were partitioned within the ear as husk < cob < grains but at harvest as grains < cob < husk. There was considerable remobilization of assimilates from the husk and stem. Removal of leaves drastically altered the pattern of distribution of labelled photosynthates and the direction of movement was determined by the position of the source leaf blade and the defoliation treatment. Darkening the leaf blades did not much alter the translocation of the labelled photosynthate and increased slightly its proportion to the grains. The removal of the ear severely altered the pattern of distribution of 14C, which was mostly deposited in the stem.
Untersuchungen zu Eigenschaften von Winterroggensorten und Triticale in einem Betrieb mit geringer Betriebsmittelzufuhr von außen
Authors: Kölsch E. , H. Stöppler  , Vogtmann H.
Published: April 2008

Investigations into Characteristics of Winter Rye Varieties and Triticale in a Low External Input System

Low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are able to solve problems concerning overproduction, diminishing resources, and environmental pollution. The suitability of varieties in ecological agriculture, and the transferability of results of investigations in conventional systems are almost unknown. Field trials with 9 genotypes of winterrye and 1 triticale were conducted from 1984 to 1986 at Neu‐Eichenberg. The results can be summarized as follows:

1. The use of modern varieties, and their ability to establish a high plant density was most important to achieve high grain yields.

2. Highest yielding modern cultivars had a very good baking quality.

3. The findings corresponded well with conventionally obtained results.
Evaluation of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Techniques on Emergence and Growth of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seedlings
Authors: Marambe B. , Sangakkara R.
Published: April 2008

The effect of two nitrogen fertilizers applied at preplanting, three weeks after sowing (0.5 %), 6 weeks after sowing (1 %) and as a split application were tested on the emergence and growth of tobacco seedlings. Seedling emergence showed no response to fertilizer applications. The seedling growth was superior when ammonium sulphate was applied at preplanting, when compared to urea. The better growth of tobacco seedlings with a basal application of ammonium sulphate is attributed to the lower concentration of nitrogen which is at a non‐toxic level, and the presence of sulphur in this fertilizer.
Sortenbedingte Reaktion bei Lolium perenne L. auf systemisch selektiv wirkende Herbizide
Authors: Opitz von Boberfeld W. , Grohmann H.
Published: April 2008

Variety‐specific reaction of Lolium perenne L. on selective systemic herbicides

The investigation intended to show the specific reaction of different varieties of Lolium perenne on selective systemic herbicides. These results can be regarded as the base for advanced explorations to the described topic. The results may be summarized as follows:

Independent of the stage of growth, the date of application, the dosage and the droplet size there were effects on the forage yield in correlation to the variety and the active ingredient. Measurable yield reductions were presented after CMPP application on the varieties of the late and after the treatment with Asulam on the varieties of the early maturity group. Compared to the maturity group the varietal attribute growthhabit demonstrated no significant effects. The active ingredients MCPB and MCPA presented not any measurable influence on the forage yield of the different varieties. In the main harvest year the yield depressions were manifested clearer than in the seeding year. In the same way the described secondary actions were larger after the treatment in an advanced stage.

Extended investigations should inquire to the causes and secondary effects on the forage quality. Beyond this for variety testings of species with a large distribution and volume it seems remunerative to include questions of herbicides tolerance.
Estimation of Heat Tolerance Improvement in Recent American Pima Cotton Cultivars
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Turcotte E. L. , Hofmann W. C.
Published: April 2008

Improving cotton (Gossypium spp.) heat tolerance (ability to set bolls in high temperature environments) has been an important aspect of the American Pima (Pima) cotton (G. barbadense L.) breeding program for over 25 years. However, heat tolerance is difficult to quantify. This report estimates change in heat tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30 years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation and mean summer temperatures. Pima cotton/upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) lint yield percentages were compared for each county by regression with year of production. County mean yield percentages were also compared with elevations. Pima cotton yields as percentages of upland cotton yields increased in five of the six counties over the 30‐year period. Pima lint yield increased from 57 % of upland yield in 1956 to 75 % in 1985 when averaged over the six counties. This increase represents an estimated 206 kg lint ha‐1 in addition to any upland yield increase. Comparison of regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 % of the 30‐year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high temperature in improved cultivars. County 30‐year mean Pima cotton lint yields as percentage of upland cotton yield increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 52.2% to 82.1 % as county elevations increased from 37 m to 1273 m (cooler summer temperatures). These results support reports of greater heat tolerance for upland cotton than Pima cotton, but also show that the difference between species has been reduced substantially by breeding in the last 30 years.
Residual Effects of Rhizobium and Preplant N Fertilizer on Newly Established Alfalfa1
Authors: Eardly B. D. , Hannaway D. B. , Bottomley P. J.
Published: April 2008

In areas where ineffective nodulation may be a problem, ‘starter’ nitrogen fertilization is often suggested as a useful management tool to sustain ineffectively nodulated seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) until an effective population of Rhizobium can develop. Although ineffective nodulation has been reported from several locations around the world, there have been no studies examing this possibility. A field experiment was conducted during 1982 and 1983 on a Woodburn silt loam soil (Aquultic Argixeroll) which contained a symbiotically ineffective native population of Rhizobium meliloti Dang. This study examined the residual and interactive effects of preplant N fertilizer (0, 45, 90 kg N ha−1) and inoculation on the N nutrition and yield of seedling alfalfa during the first year of growth. The sustaining effects of the fertilizer N were transient and resulted in decreased N2 fixation until 35 days following harvest. It was concluded that during the establishment year, managerial emphasis should be placed on inoculation and not on N fertilization to obtain a consistent, economical source of N for herbage protein and dry matter production.
Effect of PEG Stress and Mycorrhiza on Growth and Mineral Uptake of Barley and Soybean
Authors: El‐Shourbagy M. N. , Malibari A.
Published: April 2008

Two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Giza‐119 and Sahrawy, and one of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), Clark were subjected to osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus; Cenococcum graniforme. PEG had stimulated growth of each barley cultivar, but not soybean. Inoculation resulted in increased shoot fresh and dry weights of soybean, either with or without PEG, and those of PEG‐stressed barley. PEG displayed a synergistic effect with mycorrhizal fungus in barley by enhancing the uptake of N, Na, K, Ca and Mg by shoots.
Performance of Clipped Maize
Authors: Elsahookie M. M. , Wuhaib K. M.
Published: April 2008

To study the effect of leaf clipping on maize (Zea mays L.) performance, nine different treatments were tested on an open‐pollinated genotype of maize. In the spring grown maize, grain yield/plant was increased up to 38% for plants with their upper half leaves cut. Root weight/plant and modified flowering were also increased. Cutting the whole plant decreased grain yield and caused death of about 50% of plants. Meanwhile, leaf clipping decreased several agronomic traits in the fall grown maize. The results of modified flowering lead to the speculation that genes could change their location on the chromosome and/or material dose when plants be under stressed conditions.

Untersuchungen an entblätterten Mais‐pflanzen Um den Einfluß einer Blattentfernung an Mais (Zea mays L.) bezüglich der Leistung zu unter‐suchen, wurden neun unterschiedliche Be‐handlungen an offen abblühenden Genotypen von Mais vorgenommen. Im Frühjahr ange‐bauter Mais zeigte eine Erhöhung des Kornertrages um 38% bei Pflanzen, an denen die obere Hälfte der Blätter entfernt worden war. Das Wurzelgewicht der Pflanze wurde erhöht und die Blüte modifiziert. Die Entfernung aller Blätter veränderte merit nur den Kornertrag, sondern verursachte auch das Absterben von 50% der Pflanzen. Die Blattentfernung min‐derte zahlreiche pflanzenbauliche Eigenschaf‐ten bei im Herbst angebauten Maispflanzen. Die Modifikation der Blüte läßt vermuten, daß unter Streßbedingungen Gene ihre Lokation an den Chromosomen oder ihre quantitative Wirkung verändern.
Einfluß von Bodenbearbeitung, Kulturart und Zwischenfruchtanbau auf den Bodenabtrag und den Oberflachenwasserabfluß
Authors: Sidiras N. , Kahnt G. , Kübler E.
Published: April 2008

The effects of different soil tillage systems, crop rotations and short time cover crops on soil losses and runoff

Soil and water losses were carried out from 1979 to 1986 on a pseudogley‐parabrownearth of the farm Ihinger Hof throughout the growth period of green maize and sugar‐beet, both planted by plough and rotary hoe. From 1983 to 1986 the effect of short time soil cover crops (October—Dezember) were also studied.

The soil losses under rotary hoe were significantly lower in comparison to plough, but the differences in runoff between the tillage treatments were not significant. Under sugar‐beet the erosion caused by rainfall was less than under maize. From the short time soil cover crops, the legume mixtures were found to have the best influence on soil and water conservation, and on the maize growth as well. There was no relationship between runoff or rainfall amount and soil losses. The soil losses correlated strongly to EI30‐indices, and this means that the USLE equation of Wischmeier and Smith (1965) can be applied in our experimental Farm in Ihinger Hof.
Biomass and Nitrogen Yields of Intercropped Maize and Soybeans as Affected by Applied Nitrogen, Rhizobium, Maize Hybrids and Population Density
Authors: Odongo J. C. W. , Veresoglou D. S. , Papakosta D. , Sficas A. G.
Published: April 2008

An intercropping experiment was conducted in northern Greece to evaluate biomass production and quality of forage from maize/soybean mixtures as affected by nitrogen fertilizer, inoculation of soybean seed with Rhizobium, maize hybrids and density. The biomass yields of the intercrops were not significantly affected by nitrogen or inoculation of soybean seeds due to high residual nitrogen in the soil, but were influenced by maize density. The mixtures exploited soil nitrogen more efficiently compared to sole crops. Both nitrogen concentration and accumulation in forage and grains were increased by applied nitrogen. Inoculation of soybean seeds increased nitrogen concentration and accumulation in grains only. The mean relative yield totals (RYT) for nitrogen were 1.13 and 1.20 in forage and grains, respectively when the mixtures were grown at high total densities.

Biomasse‐ und Stickstofferträge von Mais‐und Sojabohnenmischanbau in Abhängig‐keit von der Stickstoffdüngung, Rhizobium und Bestandesdichte bei mehreren Mais‐hybriden

Ein Mischanbau wurde im nördlichen Teil von Griechenland durchgeführt, um die Biomasse‐produktion und die Qualität von Futter aus einem Mais/Sojabohnengemisch in Abhängig‐keit von der Stickstoffdüngung, der Inokula‐tion der Sojabohnensamen mit Rhizobium so‐wie der Bestandesdichte für einige Maishybri‐den festzustellen. Die Biomasseerträge des Mischanbaus waren nicht signifikant von der Stickstoffdüngung oder der Inokulation der Sojabohnensamen abhängig; dies dürfte eine Folge der hohen Stickstoffvorräte im Boden sein; demgegenüber waren die Erträge aber von der Bestandesdichte der Maispflanzen abhängig. Mischanbau entzog dem Boden mehr Stickstoff im Vergleich zu Reinanbau der bei‐den Pflanzenarten. Sowohl die Stickstoffkon‐zentration als auch die Akkumulation im Futter und in den Körnern wurden durch eine Stickstoffdüngung erhöht. Die Inokulation der Sojabohnensamen erhöhte nur die Stickstoff‐konzentration und die Akkumulation in den Körnern. Der durchschnittliche relative Ge‐samtertrag (RYT) für Stickstoff betrug 1,13 und 1,20 in Futter und Körnern; dies gait für hohe Bestandesdichten im Mischanbau.
Herbicide Phytotoxicity Model for Assessing Herbicide Tolerance
Authors: Pantone D. J. , Larsen L. C. , Williams W. A.
Published: April 2008

A herbicide phytotoxicity model was used to investigate differences in herbicide tolerance between two species of Amsinckia (A. intermedia Fischer and Meyer and A. gloriosa Suksdorf) to the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile). The model included two primary parameters that predicted the plant's maximum response and the response rate to a given herbicide level. The models for the two species were compared at each herbicide rate (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.50 kg ai/ha), and the modeled reaction of the two species to the herbicide was significantly different at all but the lowest herbicide rate. Fitted curves were compared using a t‐test for each model coefficient and alternatively by using a multivariate statistic that considers the joint behavior of the coefficients in the model.

Ein Modell für die Pflanzentoxizität von Herbiziden zur Einschätzung von Herbizid‐toleranzen

Ein mathematisches Modell für die Pflanzentoxizität von Herbiziden wurde zur Unter‐suchung von Unterschieden in der Herbizid‐toleranz von zwei Arten von Amsinckia (A. intermedia Fischer & Meyer and A. gloriosa Suksdorf) gegenüber dem Herbizid Bromoxy‐nil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile) angewandt. Das Modell basiert auf zwei Hauptparametern, die es ermöglichen, die maximale Reaktion und die Reaktionsrate vor‐herzusagen. Die zwei Arten wurden für ver‐schiedene Herbiziddosen (0,06, 0,12, 0,25, und 0,50 kg/ha) mit Hilfe des Modells ver‐glichen. Bezüglich aller Level, ausgenommen dem niedrigsten, zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede. Der Vergleich der Kurven wurde sowohl mittels t‐test für jeden Koef‐fizienten als auch mittels multivarianter Statis‐tik durchgeführt, die das Verhalten beider Koeffizienten gleichzeitig berücksichtigte.
Influence of Seasonal Productivity and Defoliation Frequency on the Competitive Relationships between Herbage Grasses
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Roberts E.
Published: April 2008

Research has identified changes in competitive abilities and relationships between herbage grasses due to seasonal variations and defoliation pressures. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of these variables on competitive relationships between three popular herbage grasses of New Zealand, using the replacement series principle. The competitive relationships of the established swards were monitored for an year, under two defoliation regimes. The results illustrate that defoliation intensity has a greater influence on the competitive relationships between the selected grasses, than seasonal variability. While this study suggests an increase in mixture productivity over monocultures in established swards, the need for longer term studies to consolidate such results is stressed.

Einfluß der jahreszeitlichen Produktivität und der Häufigkeit einer Defoliation auf die Konkurrenzsituation von drei Futtergräsern

Es liegen Erkenntnisse vor, daß die Konkur‐renzstärke und die Beziehungen zwischen Futtergräsern von den jahreszeitlichen Bedingun‐gen und Entblattungswirkungen abhängig sind. Es wurde daher eine Untersuchung durchgeführt, um die Wirkungen dieser Ein‐flüsse auf die Konkurrenzsituation zwischen drei verbreiteten Futtergräsern Neuseelands zu untersuchen, wobei die Methode des Ersatzes von Serien durchgeführt wurde. Die Konkurrenzsituation von eingewachsenen Grassoden wurde für die Dauer von einem Jahr überprüft; zwei Entblattungsbereiche wurden berück‐sichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Inten‐sität der Entblattung einen größeren Einfluß auf die Konkurrenzbeziehungen zwischen den Grassoden hatte als die Abhängigkeit von der Jahreszeit. Diese Untersuchung läßt eine Überlegenheit der Leistung in Mischkulturen gegenüber Monokulturen vermuten; eine Überprüfung der Ergebnisse erscheint aller‐dings notwendig.
Undesired Self‐Pollination of the Parent Plant Decreases Dry Matter Yield of Silage Maize
Authors: van der Werf H. M. G. , Hoek J. , Soepboer M. J.
Published: April 2008

A proportion of the maize seed sold in the Netherlands is genetically impure. The most common form of genetic impurity in hybrid seed production is the accidental self‐pollination of the female parent. Varying quantities of selfed seeds were added to certified seedlots of three‐way cross hybrids. These mixtures were tested in nine field experiments, in 1985 and 1986.

Whole plant dry matter yield decreased by 40 to 45 kg/ha per percent of selfed seed added. The effect of selfed seed on dry matter yield did not differ significantly in the hybrids studied.
Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme und Verteilung von Stickstoff bei alten und neuen deutschen Sommerweizensorten
Authors: Feil B. , Geisler G.
Published: April 2008

Uptake and distribution of nitrogen in old and new German summer wheats

Five old German summer wheat varieties, bred in the first third of this century, were compared with five new varieties in an outdoor pot trial. The modern genotypes had taken up slightly more N, both at anthesis and at maturity. At anthesis, N percentage in all organs was considerably higher for modern cultivars. This resulted mainly from a dilution effect caused by superior dry masses of old varieties. Modern genotypes accumulated more N in the upper leaves and ears. As compared with the old varieties, less N was found in the stems of the new cultivars. At maturity, N concentration in vegetative organs was simular for both groups of varieties. N percentage of grains was higher for old cultivars. However, the new genotypes achieved higher N yields. This resulted in part from the slightly higher assimilation of N. Moreover, new genotypes were superior in N translocation which was reflected by higher nitrogen harvest indexes. The postfloral loss of N from the vegetative tissue depended on the organ and the age of the varieties.
Genotypische Unterschiede in der Translokation von zwischengelagertem 14C aus dem Halm in die Körner bei Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Monteil Ph. , M. Winzeler  , Nösberger J.
Published: April 2008

Genotypic differences in the translocation of temporarily stored 14C from the stem to the grains in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In three field experiments with two spring wheat genotypes (Kolibri and breeding line 93117), changes in the total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of the stem were observed after anthesis. Maximum values were measured in the third or fourth week following anthesis when stems contained 300 to 400 mg TNC. Thereafter TNC content declined up to maturity.

Flag leaves of individual shoots or all plants in micro‐plots were labelled with 14C 5 days prior to anthesis, at anthesis or 5 days after anthesis to observe long term movements of assimilates during grain filling. After a chase period of two to three days, 60 to 80 % of total 14C recovered in the shoot was in the stem. From total l4C recovered two to three days after labelling, Kolibri had translocated 12.5 to 27.0 % into the grains by maturity whereas this portion was significantly higher for the breeding line 93117 (22.5 to 43.9 %). It was concluded that genotypes differ in the translocation of soluble carbohydrates from the stem to the grains. These differences were not related to parameters describing the ‘source‐sink’ relationship, such as leaf area, grain number or grain size. However, the lower translocation rates of Kolibri coincided with a lower TNC concentration in the stem dry matter. This was due to a higher stem weight at anthesis, a longer period of stem elongation and a higher incorporation of assimilates into structural carbohydrates in non elongating stem parts after anthesis. It was therefore suggested that the accumulation of TNC in the stem and the remobilisation of these reserves for grain filling are determined partly by factors related to the carbohydrate metabolism in the stem.
Significance of Pollination in Seed Setting Efficiency of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)
Authors: Dixit O. P. , Singh U. P. , Gupta J. N.
Published: April 2008

The Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) commonly known as berseem in India, is a predominantly self‐pollinated autogamous fodder legume. It has a simple valvular type mechanism for pollination wherein tripping agencies like bees are needed for better seed setting. The seed setting efficiency and seed yield of berseem (g. m−2) under natural tripping or open tripping condition was extremely high (22.38) as compared to completely caged (0.52) which clearly indicates the significance of pollinators/tripping agencies in seed yield of berseem crop. Further, the influence of pollinators was well marked with diploid strains of berseem as compared to tetraploid because of difference in fertility levels (tetraploids are generally less fertile).
Einfluß von sterilisiertem und nichtsterilisiertem Stallmist und Kompost auf die Effizienz der VA‐Mykorrhiza
Authors: Brechelt A.
Published: April 2008

Effect of sterilized and unsterilized stable manure and compost on the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza

Under greenhouse conditions, it was examined how the three organic manures stable manure, compost out of stable manure and compost out of plant rests in comparison with the corresponding amounts in sterile and homogeneous form, influence the efficiency of VA mycorrhiza cultivated with Capsicum annuum. The manures had been added in 4 stages of concentration: 50, 100, 200 and 300 dt/ha.

In the unsterile treatment the generally positive efficiency of VA mycorrhiza on plant yield decreased with increased amounts of the organic manures. How fast this reduction took place, was dependent on the different kinds of manures. The effect of the inoculation were much better in the unsterile treatment, compared with the sterile one, when the offer of the possible nutrient sources by the manures were low and the relation of the nutrients in the soil solution were unfavorable. The activity of the soil microorganisms always have played a decisive role for this results.
Soil Temperature Effects on the Nitrogen Availability in Soils and Growth of Sorghum (Co. 25)
Authors: Mathan K. K. , Natesan R.
Published: April 2008

Two field experiments were carried out one after the other to study the effect of date of sowing and soil temperature on the soil nitrogen availability and yield of sorghum (Co. 25). Crops sown at weekly intervals were the treatments. Mean soil temperature at different depths, available soil N at different stages, leaf area index were assessed and correlation among different parameters established. The results indicated that time of sowing sorghum crop influenced the soil available N due to variations in soil temperature and the eanopv development at different levels as measured by leaf area indices.

Mean soil temperature increased with depths upto 30 cm. Also available N varied at different stages of crop growth but invariably higher in early sown crops Qanuary sown). Soil temperature at 15 cm depth influenced the available soil N most and consequently the leaf area index. This was reflected in the yield also.
The Pattern of Dry‐Matter Distribution during Development in Onion
Authors: Iortsuun D. N. , Khan A. A.
Published: April 2008

Plant height, number of leaves, diameter and fresh weight of the bulbs, and the dry weights of the component plant parts of 3 onion cvs were measured weekly, starting 40 days after transplanting, up to maturity. Red Kano had singificantly more leaves, greater leaf area, larger bulbs and fresh and dry weights than Eclipsel Bermuda and Texas Grano.

Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Relative Leaf Growth Rate (RLGR) were generally high in the early stages of growth in all cvs and declined with plant age. Red Kano had much higher values than the other two. Crop Growth Rate (CGR) of tops was positive in the early stages of plant growth in all the cvs but decreased to negative values towards maturity which was due to a decrease in the dry weight of the leaf blades caused by decrease in leaf number. Red Kano and Texas Grano showed positive values throughout the experimental period. The higher CGR for the bulbs as compared to the blades was due to large quantities of carbohydrates which were translocated to the bulbs. Leaf Area Ratio (LAR) was constant in Red Kano, due to proportionate increase in leaf blade area and weight.

Results of all the growth characteristics showed that Red Kano was superior to the other cvs in attaining a larger bulb size due to large number of leaves and longer growing season, resulting in the translocation of more carbohydrates to the bulbs.
Development and Testing of Root Effectiveness Function for Soil Water Uptake
Authors: Malik R. K. , Narda N. K. , Murty V. V. N.
Published: April 2008

For soil water uptake studies under cropped conditions, root effectiveness for soil water absorption is of great significance. For development of root effectiveness function, information on the age of roots present at any soil depth at any time during the crop growth period is needed. For estimation of root age and root effectiveness function, a methodology has been developed. Wheat crop was used as a test crop. It has been observed that root effectiveness for water uptake remains constant during the early period of root growth and thereafter it decreases exponentially with root age. The application of the proposed root effectiveness function was tested successfully using macroscopic model of soil water dynamics which yielded 7.83 per cent variation between observed and simulated soil water content on overall basis in the crop root zone for the entire crop growth season.
Gap Filling Through Transplanting in Maize during Winter
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Brar H. S. , Khehra A. S. , Dhillon B. S.
Published: April 2008

Experiments were conducted for three years at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to examine the possibility of filling the gaps through transplanting in maize (Zea mays L.) in winter season. One and two gaps were made after every four plants and than filled through transplanting seedlings of same age as that of direct sown crop and 10 and 20 days older. The filling of one gap by using 10 days older seedlings yielded as high as control (direct sown crop with no gaps). The filling of one and two gaps by transplanting same age and 10 days older seedlings yielded equally good. The gap filling with 20 days older seedlings gave very poor grain yield.
Maize Smut Induced by Ustilago maydis (D. C.) Corda – Reaction of Maize Hybrids and Lines to Smut Disease
Authors: Kostandi S. F. , Geisler G.
Published: April 2008

A field experiment was carried out during the growing seasons 1982, 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the reaction of different maize hybrids and lines to smut disease and to give further informations on the effect of environmental factors on smut incidence.

The kernels of 17 different maize hybrids and 17 inbred line were planted in the field and the stand was maintained constant of 30 plants per row during the respective years. Each plant was subjected to an artificial infection by dropping 2 ml of U. maydis‐spore suspension into the leaf whorl at 6–8 leaf stage. Field observations, concerning the number, the size and location of smut galls were recorded for each individual plant whenever the symptoms appeared. The reaction of maize genotypes was evaluated on a new classified system and the differential response was correlated with the changes ol meteorological data.

The results indicated that hybrids: Circe LG9, E1, Kaceplns, Limac‐LG11 and RA 94A x RA 320 as well as lines: F2, L1, L2, L8, RA 94A, RA 320, W33 and W401 were highly resistant; while the hybrids E2, F7 x EP1.J and Giga as well as lines: EP1J, F115, L5 and L6 were highly susceptible. The reaction of these genotypes exhibited an identical behaviour during the 3 years. The remaining genotypes were unstable and showed differential response to degree of infection and location of smut galls. The increase of smut infection in 1982 relative to that recorded in 1984, under the same wet weather conditions, was attributed to the increase of air temperature and sunshine duration. Under dry weather condition, as in 1983, increasing temperature and sunshine duration had little effect on smut incidence.
The Influence of Day Length on Plant and Nodule Development of Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and Grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.)
Authors: Wesselmann A. , Caesar K.
Published: April 2008

The valuation of the influence of different day length (DL) on plant and especially nodule development of fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.) was the aim of these experiments. For that, experiments in growth chambers (Exp. 1) with DL of 10, 13, 16 and 19 hours and an experiment in vegetation boxes (Exp. 2) with DL of 7, 10, 13 hours and natural DL as control (CON) were conducted. The development of plants was studied by 6 and 7 harvests (HA) respectively beginning at 27 and 31 days after emergence (DAE) respectively, as well as consecutive determinations of leaf area, dry matter (DM) of the different plant organs and nodule number.

Total‐ and pod‐DM of both species increased with higher DL (19 h, CON). Nodule‐DM was positive influenced by longer assimilation duration and bigger leaf areas of the higher DL treatments. With onset of pod ripening, which occurred early under higher DL, lower nodule‐DM was determined due to the beginning of nodule senescence. Under 19 h DL the fababeans established highest nodule‐DM, 1,100 mg/plant, whereas the grasspea 410 mg only. Nodules under shorter DL (7 h, 10 h) showed less intensive red tissue and less nodules > 6 mm diameter. The grasspea established more bigger nodules than the fababeans. Total nodule number was not unequivocal affected by DL, however, it increased with the course of vegetation. Senescence of nodules was most evident at time of highest growth rates of the pod‐DM.
Phenotypic Yield Stability Depending on Plant Density and on Mean Yield per Plant of Winter Rapeseed Varieties and of Their F1 and F2‐Generations
Authors: Hühn M. , Léon J.
Published: April 2008

Among the common agricultural crops winter‐rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is considered to be especially susceptible to varying environmental conditions. The commonly used stability statistics, which measure these fluctuations, are based on the yields of genotypes in different environments. An improvement of stability analysis may be obtained by an additional estimation of stability using yield components rather than absolute yield values. Relationships between stability of seed yield (SY) and stabilities of plant densities (PD) and of single plant yield (SPY) were examined for four winter‐rapeseed varieties, their six F1's and their six F2's. Environmental variance was applied to estimate phenotypic stabilities. Furthermore, generations were compared for their stability in SY, PD and SPY. Regarding all genotypes and generations the correlation coefficients did not show any relation between stability of SY and stabilities of PD and of SPY (r = ‐0.04 and r = ‐0.17). Comparing generations the F2 showed a higher stability of SY than varieties and F1, But no consistent results were obtained regarding PD and SPY. The pattern of the heterotic effects of stability of yield components PD and SPY were different from the respective pattern of SY. Eg although possessing desired heterotic effects in stability of PD and SPY some crosses showed undesired heterotic effects in stability of SY. Therefore, a theory of multiplicative heterosis of stability should be developed in analogy to the corresponding theory for yield.
Freezing Resistance and Performance of Faba Bean Populations During Winter Seasons in Northern Germany
Authors: Herzog H.
Published: April 2008

Time‐course and varietal expression of freezing resistance (FR) in relation to environmental conditions as well as agronomic performance of winter faba beans were investigated during 5 winter seasons in Northern Germany. Sowing of 6 or 9 European populations was done at a rate of 33 seeds/m2 during September and October. FR was assessed from the lowest two leaves of the plants which were detached and subsequently subjected to artificial freezing tests.

Maxima of mean FR ranged between ‐12 and ‐15°C in different years. A comparison of the considerable oscillations of mean FR during single seasons, with environmental data gave evidence that (1) a reasonable level of FR (i.e.‐12°C) was initially achieved about 4 to 10 weeks after sowing depending on the temperature prevailing at plant emergence. (2) The increases in FR were associated with cool temperatures (daily min. ∼ ‐5/+5 and max. ‐0/+10°C), and the decreases with warm temperatures (daily mean ≥+10°C). (3) Furthermore, long periods of severe frosts or temperatures fluctuating around 0° and/or freeze‐drying by east winds considerably weakened FR and caused substantial leaf necroses. Varietal rank pattern in FR (Cote ď Or > Hiverna, NP, Webo > Avrissot, Survoy > Banner, Bourdon, Bulldog) generally changed only slightly during as well as between midwinters. Only twice, (i) after a long frosty period and rehardening temperatures and (ii) when dehardening in spring has already advanced considerably, this pattern was completely changed.

Agronomic performance of 6 populations was examined in dependence of 3 sowing times at 3 locations in 4 years. While generally 80–95 % of seeds emerged within 2 to 4 weeks and developed 2 to 3 leaves/plant until cessation of growth in winter, the small seeded populations (Avrissot, Cote ďOr) emerged 1 to 2 weeks later. Plant emergence was slightly favored on location I (humic sand), but considerably delayed and reduced by late sowing (mid Oct.), Winter survival ranged between 0 and 100 % and was strongly affected by years and to a lesser extent by locations and populations. A clearcut effect of the sowing time was established only once (the later, the better the survival).

Results were compared with each other and to those under controlled environments and were discussed with respect to their agronomic implications and significance for breeding.
Allelopathic Effect of Three Serious Weeds of Nigerian Savanna on Germination and Seedling Vigour of Soybean and Maize
Authors: Singh S. P. , Pal U. R. , Luka K.
Published: April 2008

Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of three weeds, Ageratum conyzoides L., Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv and Commelina benghalensis L. of Nigerian savanna were investigated on the germination and seedling vigour of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Aqueous extracts of these weeds exhibited allelopathic phenomenon on seed germination and seedling vigour. Aqueous extracts of I. cylindrica and C. benghalensis at 1 % and 5 % concentration (w/v) had stimulatory effect on soybean germination as against inhibitory effect of 10 % aqueous extract of all weeds on the germination of both soybean and maize seeds. Seedling vigour‐length of roots and shoots and fresh weight of seedlings were promoted by aqueous extract of A. conyzoides up to 5 % concentration in soybean whereas all concentrations of extract stimulated the seedling vigour of maize. Aqueous extract of I. cylindrica up to 5 % also caused stimulatory effect on the seedling vigour of both crops but such effects were lesser in magnitude than that observed in case of A. conyzoides. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of C. benghalensis at all concentrations resulted in deleterious effect on the seedling vigour of both soybean and maize.