bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation and Migration Reaction (Paul N. Rylander Awar 2004)
Authors: Larock Richard C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Six‐Membered Ring Systems: Pyridines and Benzo Derivatives
Authors: Fraser Heidi L. , Floyd M. Brawner , Sosa Ana C. Barrios
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Furans as Versatile Synthons for Target‐Oriented and Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Wright Dennis L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclic and Acyclic Amidopyrrole‐Containing Anion Receptors
Authors: Brooks S. J. , Gale P. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Catalysts and Their Applications to Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ikegami Shiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sensing, Templation and Self‐Assembly by Macrocyclic Ligand Systems
Authors: Beer Paul D. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Palladium‐Catalyzed Processes for the Synthesis of Selectively Substituted Aromatics
Authors: Catellani Marta , Motti Elena , Deledda Sara , Faccini Fiorenza
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Allylic Trihaloacetimidate Rearrangement
Authors: Overman Larry E. , Carpenter Nancy E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic Chirality: Molecular Shuttles and Motors
Authors: Leigh David A. , Perez Emilio M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Spaces in Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Scarso Alessandro , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoamination with Ammonia and Amines
Authors: Yasuda Masahide , Shiragami Tsutomu , Matsumoto Jin , Yamashita Toshiaki , Shima Kensuke
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects of SET‐Promoted Photocyclization Reactions of Silicon‐Substituted Phthalimides
Authors: Yoon Ung Chan , Mariano Patrick S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoreactivity of N, π*‐Excited Azoalkanes and Ketones
Authors: Nau Werner M. , Pischel Uwe
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Trifluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal in a Simple and Practical Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy‐β‐trifluoromethylated Ketones
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potassium Tellurocyanate as a Tellurating Agent
Authors: Al‐Rubaie Ali Z.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Combinatorial Approach to Asymmetric Hydrogenation: More Miles Out of Monophos
Authors: de Vries Johannes G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Peptide Templates for Molecular Recognition: Recent Advances and Applications
Authors: Singh Yashveer , Dolphin Gunnar T. , Razkin Jesus , Dumy Pascal
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Osmium‐ and Ruthenium‐Based Phosphorescent Materials: Design, Photophysics, and Utilization in OLED Fabrication
Authors: Chou Pi‐Tai , Chi Yun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Role of Small Bioorganic Molecules in Stem Cell Differentiation to Insulin‐Producing Cells
Authors: Roche Enrique , Jones Jonathan , Arribas Maria Isabel , Leon‐Quinto Trinidad , Soria Bernat
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Treatment of Wastewater with High Oil and Grease Content
Authors: Cammarota M. C. , Freire D. M. G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Instrumentation in Anaerobic Treatment: Research and Practice
Authors: Spanjers H. , van Lier J. B.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Prediction of ADMET Properties.
Authors: Norinder Ulf , Bergstroem Christel A. S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Promoter polymorphism (−786t>C) in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with risk of sporadic breast cancer in non‐Hispanic white women age younger than 55 years
Authors: Lu Jiachun , Wei Qingyi , Bondy Melissa L. , Yu Tse‐Kuan , Li Donghui , Brewster Abenaa , Shete Sanjay , Sahin Aysegul , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Wang Li‐E.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Nitric oxide (NO) is constitutively synthesized in the endothelium by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and acts as a pleiotropic regulator involved in carcinogenesis. Most breast cancers develop from mammary epithelial cells; therefore, NO may play a role in their development. It was hypothesized that eNOS polymorphisms are associated with risk of breast cancer.

METHODS.

In the current hospital‐based case‐control study of 421 non‐Hispanic white women with sporadic breast cancer and 423 frequency‐matched control subjects, we genotyped 3 polymorphisms of eNOS (i.e., −786T>C, the 27‐base pair [bp] variable number of tandem repeats [VNTR] in intron 4, and 894G>T [Glu298Asp]) and assessed their associations with risk of breast cancer.

RESULTS.

It was found that, compared with −786TT, the −786C variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in an allele dose‐dependent manner (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.33 [95% confidence interval (95% CI)], 0.99–1.77 for −786TC; and OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.11–2.87] for −786CC; Ptrend = .007), but 27‐bp VNTR and 894G>T genotypes were not. Stratification analysis demonstrated that the risk associated with −786C variant genotypes (−786TC/CC) was more pronounced in smokers and in those 50 years or older (OR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.19–2.80] and OR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.25–3.45], respectively), and in the estrogen and progesterone receptor‐negative cases (OR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.10–2.62] and OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07–2.32], respectively). Furthermore, the C4G haplotype derived from the observed genotypes was also associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07–4.36).

CONCLUSIONS.

The results suggest that eNOS polymorphisms (especially −786T>C) may play a role in the development of sporadic breast cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Specification and detection of performance problems with ASL
Authors: Gerndt Michael , Fürlinger Karl
Published: October 2006

Performance analysis is an important step in tuning performance‐critical applications. It is a cyclic process of measuring and analyzing performance data, driven by the programmer's hypotheses on potential performance problems. Currently this process is controlled manually by the programmer. The goal of the work described in this article is to automate the performance analysis process based on a formal specification of performance properties. One result of the APART project is the APART Specification Language (ASL) for the formal specification of performance properties. Performance bottlenecks can then be identified based on the specification, since bottlenecks are viewed as performance properties with a large negative impact. We also present the overall design and an initial evaluation of the Periscope system which utilizes ASL specifications to automatically search for performance bottlenecks in a distributed manner. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MATE: Monitoring, Analysis and Tuning Environment for parallel/distributed applications
Authors: Morajko A. , Caymes‐Scutari P. , Margalef T. , Luque E.
Published: October 2006

The main goal of parallel/distributed applications is to solve the considered problem as fast as possible using the available resources. In this context, the application performance becomes a crucial issue. Developers of these applications must optimize them if they are to fulfill the promise of high‐performance computation. To improve performance, developers search for bottlenecks by analyzing application behavior, try to identify performance problems, determine their causes and overcome them by changing the source code of the application. Current approaches require developers to do these tasks manually and imply a high degree of expertise. Therefore, another approach is needed to help developers during the optimization process. This paper presents the dynamic tuning approach that addresses these issues. In this approach, many tasks are automated and the user intervention and required experience may be significantly reduced. An application is monitored, its performance bottlenecks are detected and it is modified automatically during execution, without recompiling or re‐running it. The introduced modifications adapt the application behavior to changing conditions. We present an environment called MATE (Monitoring, Analysis and Tuning Environment) that has been developed to provide dynamic tuning of parallel/distributed applications. We also show practical experiments conducted with MATE to prove its effectiveness and profitability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using polynomial regression for data representation in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Banerjee Torsha , Chowdhury Kaushik R. , Agrawal Dharma P.
Published: October 2006

Unlike conventional sensor networks, wireless sensors are limited in power, have much smaller memory buffers, and possess relatively slower processing speeds. These characteristics necessitate minimum transfer and storage of information in order to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we exploit the spatio‐temporal nature of sensor data to approximate the current values of the sensors based on readings obtained from neighbouring sensors and itself. We propose a tree based polynomial regression algorithm (TREG), that addresses the problem of data compression in wireless sensor networks. Instead of aggregated data, only the coefficients computed by the regression function, TREG are passed to achieve the following goals: (i) the sink can get attribute values in the regions devoid of sensor nodes, and (ii) readings over any portion of the region can be obtained at one time by querying the root of the tree. As the size of the data packet from each tree node to its parent remains constant, the proposed scheme scales very well with growing network density or increased coverage area. Since physical attributes exhibit a gradual change over time, we propose an iterative scheme, UPDATE_COEFF, which obviates the need to perform the regression function repeatedly and uses approximations based on previous readings. Extensive simulations are performed on real world data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the aggregation algorithm, TREG. Results reveal that for a network density of 0.0025, a complete binary tree of depth 4 could provide the absolute error to be less than 6%. A data compression ratio of about 0.02 is achieved using our proposed algorithm, which is almost independent of the tree depth. In addition, our proposed updating scheme makes the aggregation process faster while maintaining the desired error bounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulf1 expression pattern and its role in cartilage and joint development
Authors: Zhao Wanfeng , Sala‐Newby Graciela B. , Dhoot Gurtej K.
Published: October 2006

A very dynamic and localised spatiotemporal expression pattern of Sulf1 was observed in axial structures and different regions of developing quail somites that included myotomal and sclerotomal regions at specific levels. Sulf1 expression was also observed in not only the scapular and pelvic girdle forming regions of the quail limb that connect the appendicular skeleton to the body trunk but also the cartilage templates of the appendicular skeleton. The highest expression level of Sulf1 was observed in condensing mesenchyme, during the early differentiation stage of chondrogenesis, and highly dynamic expression was observed in the perichondrial and joint‐forming regions. Overexpression of Sulf1 in quail micromass cultures enhanced aggregation and differentiation of prechondrocytes into chondrogenic lineage supporting its role in mesenchymal condensation and early differentiation of cartilaginous elements. The exposure of digital explants to high levels of Sulf1 expression in vitro led to increased growth of the original 1st phalange but complete inhibition of joint formation and generation of any further phalanges. Sulf1 thus plays a key role during multiple stages of cartilage development and joint formation. Developmental Dynamics 235:3327–3335, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression pattern of chicken Ror2 and functional characterization of truncating mutations in Brachydactyly type B and Robinow syndrome
Authors: Stricker Sigmar , Verhey Van Wijk Nicole , Witte Florian , Brieske Norbert , Seidel Kathrin , Mundlos Stefan
Published: October 2006

Ror2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in the human syndromes Brachydactyly type B (BDB) and recessive Robinow syndrome (RS). In this study, we used the chick as a model to investigate the role of Ror2 in skeletogenesis and to elucidate the functional consequences of Ror2 mutations. For this purpose, we cloned chicken Ror2 and analyzed its expression pattern at various embryonic stages by in situ hybridization and immunolabeling. We document expression of cRor2 in several organs, including mesonephros, heart, nervous system, intestine and cartilage. The high conservation of expression when compared with the mouse underlines the validity of the chick as a model system. Using replication‐competent retroviral vector–mediated overexpression, we analyzed the functional consequences of truncating BDB and RS mutations in the developing chick limb. Overexpression of Ror2 mutants led to a disturbance of growth plate architecture and a severe block of chondrocyte differentiation, demonstrating the functional importance of Ror2 in skeletogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:3456–3465, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational Study of Reactivity and Transition Structures in Nucleophilic Substitutions on Benzyl Bromides
Authors: Ruff Ferenc , Farkas Ödön , Kucsman Árpád
Published: October 2006

DFT computations on the mechanisms of nucleophilic substitutions on benzyl bromides were performed and the calculated activation parameters were compared with experimentally acquired data. In vacuo, the presence of electron‐withdrawing (e‐w) groups on the benzyl bromides accelerated the reactions and the calculated ΔG‡/ΔH‡/ΔS‡ vs. σ plots were linear, while in solvents there were breaks in the calculated and measured ΔG‡/ΔH‡ vs. σ+ plots of the reactions between the benzyl bromides and Br–, both with electron‐donating (e‐d) and with e‐w substituents accelerating the reactions. The calculated ΔS‡ values appeared to be independent of the substituents. In solvents, the calculated ΔG‡/ΔH‡/ΔS‡ vs. σ+ plots for the reactions between benzyl bromides and pyridine were linear, whereas breaks were observed in the plots of the measured data. These reactions were promoted by e‐d substituents, but the measured reactivities of substrates bearing e‐w groups were higher than expected. No breaks in the ΔG‡/ΔH‡/ΔS‡ vs. σ plots were observed when the substituents on the pyridine nucleophile were changed. The best agreement between the calculated and measured values was obtained for the least solvent‐dependent ΔG‡ parameter. The experimentally measured ΔS‡ and ΔH‡ data were influenced by the rearrangement of the solvent molecules. The calculated structural parameters of the transition states (TSs) varied linearly with the substituent constants, with loose and tight distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal TSs being formed by benzyl bromides bearing e‐d and e‐w groups, respectively. The reactions proceeded by SN2 mechanisms; only the transition structures were changed with the substituents and the media. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Investigating Direct Alkynylation at the Bridgehead of Bicyclic Cages Using Silver(I) Acetylides
Authors: Pouwer Rebecca H. , Harper Jason B. , Vyakaranam Kamesh , Michl Josef , Williams Craig M. , Jessen Carsten H. , Bernhardt Paul V.
Published: October 2006

Silver(I) acetylides facilitate direct carbon–carbon bond formation at the bridgehead position of adamantane, and in some instances related systems such as carborate anions and bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes. Substrate constraints along with attempts to further understand the underlying mechanism are presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Preparation of Geminal Diacylates (Acylals) of Aldehydes – Scope and Reactivity of Aldehydes with Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Rahman Motiur A. F. M. , Jahng Yurngdong
Published: October 2006

The geminal diacylates of a variety of aldehydes were prepared in good yields without any catalysts or solvent by simply refluxing the aldehydes with aliphatic acid anhydrides. The scope of the reactions and relative reactivities of aldehydes and acid anhydrides were examined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Behaviour of Sulfur‐Free Odorants in Natural Gas Fed PEM Fuel Cell Systems
Authors: Hennings U. , Reimert R.
Published: October 2006

For safety reasons, distributed natural gas is mixed with a strong scent known as the odorant. While typically sulfur‐containing molecules are used for this purpose, a novel sulfur‐free odorant (GasodorTM S‐freeTM) has been developed and introduced into the marketplace. Our thermodynamic analysis and experimental results show that the reforming of methane over a Rh/Ce0.2Gd0.8O1,95‐δ catalyst is unaffected by the addition of GasodorTM S‐freeTM. The odorant is converted completely in the reforming step, so no negative influence is expected in the subsequent process steps. Overall, the addition of GasodorTM S‐freeTM should not pose a problem when combined with fuel cell systems.
ERK 1/2 activation in enhanced osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in poly(lactic‐glycolic acid) by cyclic hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Kim Su‐Hyang , Choi Yon Rak , Park Min Sung , Shin Jung Woog , Park Ki Dong , Kim Sung‐Jae , Lee Jin Woo
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to identify the signal transduction pathways and mechano‐transducers that play critical roles in the processes induced by changes in cyclic hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear in 3‐dimensional (3D) culture systems. Mesenchymal stem cells were loaded into a polymeric scaffold and divided into three groups according to the stress treatment: static, fluid shear, and hydrostatic pressure with fluid shear. Cells were exposed daily to a hydrostatic pressure of 0.2 MPa for 1 min followed by 14 min rest with fluid flow at 30 rpm. Protein extracts were analyzed by Western blot for extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The complexes were cultured under the mechanical stimuli for 21 days with or without phospho‐ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and evaluated by RT‐PCR, calcium contents, and immunohistochemistry. Under conditions of mechanical stimulation, the activation of ERK1/2 was sustained or increased with time. U0126 suppressed mechanical stimuli‐induced expression of osteocalcin. In addition, calcium contents and the degrees of osteocalcin and osteopontin staining were decreased by this inhibitor. These results demonstrate that mechanical stimuli, particularly hydrostatic pressure with fluid shear, enhance osteogenesis in 3D culture systems via ERK1/2 activation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
LOT1 (ZAC1/PLAGL1) and its family members: Mechanisms and functions
Authors: Abdollahi Abbas
Published: October 2006

Lost‐on‐transformation 1 (LOT1) (PLAGL1/ZAC1) is a member of the novel subfamily of zinc‐finger transcription factors, designated as PLAG family. The other members in this group include PLAG1 and PLAGL2, which share high homology with each other and with LOT1, particularly in their zinc‐finger amino‐terminal region. They are structurally similar but functionally different. For example, the LOT1 gene encodes a growth suppressor protein and is localized on human chromosome 6q24‐25, a chromosomal region that is frequently deleted in many types of human cancers. The gene is maternally imprinted and is linked to developmental disorders such as growth retardation and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). LOT1 is a target of growth factor signaling pathway(s) and silenced by epigenetic mechanisms, as well as by the loss of heterozygosity in different tumor tissues. PLAG1 is a protooncogene that is localized on chromosome 8q12 and was found to be a target of several types of chromosomal rearrangement including the one identified in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. Since the discovery of the PLAG family members in 1997, much has been learned about their structure and function, as are summarized in this review. While the available data suggest that these proteins may play important roles in regulating normal physiological functions in the mammals, a great deal more about their signaling pathway(s), potential role in the complex pathologies such as cancer and developmental disorders, and functional relationship between different family members and splice variants still remains to be uncovered. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 16–25, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors in mouse retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Mafe Oloruntoyin A. , Gregg Elaine V. , Medina‐Ortiz Wanda E. , Koulen Peter
Published: October 2006

Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) are ligand‐gated intracellular Ca2+channels that mediate release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores into the cytosol on activation by second messenger IP3. Similarly, IP3R mediated changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations control neuronal functions ranging from synaptic transmission to differentiation and apoptosis. IP3R‐generated cytosolic Ca2+ transients also control intracellular Ca2+ release and subsequent retinal ganglion cell (RGC) physiology and pathophysiology. The distribution of IP3R isotypes in primary adult mouse RGC cultures was determined to identify molecular substrates of IP3R mediated signaling in these neurons. Immunocytochemical labeling of IP3Rs in retinal sections and cultured RGCs was carried out using isoform specific antibodies and was detected with fluorescence microscopy. RGCs were identified by the use of morphologic criteria and RGC‐specific immunocytochemical markers, neurofilament 68 kDa, Thy 1.1, and Thy 1.2. RGC morphology and immunoreactivity to neurofilament 68 kDa and Thy 1.1 or Thy 1.2 were identified in both RGC primary cultures and tissue cryosections. RGCs showed localization on intracellular membranes with a differential distribution of IP3R isoforms 1, 2, and 3. IP3R Types 1 and 3 were detected intracellularly throughout the cell whereas Type 2 was expressed predominantly in soma. Expression of all three IP3Rs by RGCs indicates that all IP3R types potentially play a role in Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ signaling in these cells. Differential localization of IP3 receptor subtypes in combination with biophysical properties of IP3R types may be an important molecular mechanism by which RGCs organize their cytosolic Ca2+ signals. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of purpald SAMs on silver and gold electrodes: a Raman mapping study
Authors: Chu Hui , Yang Haifeng , Huan Shuangyan , Lin Weiqi , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin
Published: October 2006

The adsorption modes of 4‐amino‐3‐hydrazino‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐trizole (purpald) self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed on SERS‐active silver and gold electrodes were comparatively studied using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and the self‐assembling procedures were investigated by the Raman mapping technique. Purpald SAMs adopted a titled orientation with S, N2 atoms anchoring to the silver electrode and the N7H2 close to the surface, whereas purpald stood up on the gold electrode through S, N5 atoms and with N8H2 adjacent to the surface. The density functional theory (DFT) at the level of B3LYP was performed to help explain their different adsorption behaviors on the silver and gold electrodes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps
Authors: Granzow Jay W. , Levine Joshua L. , Chiu Ernest S. , Allen Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Background

Perforator flaps allow the transfer of the patient's own skin and fat in a reliable manner with minimal donor‐site morbidity. The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps transfer the same tissue from the abdomen to the chest for breast reconstruction as the TRAM flap without sacrificing the rectus muscle or fascia. Gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps allow transfer of tissue from the buttock, also with minimal donor‐site morbidity.

Indications

Most women requiring tissue transfer to the chest for breast reconstruction or other reasons are candidates for perforator flaps. Absolute contraindications to perforator flap breast reconstruction include history of previous liposuction of the donor site or active smoking (within 1 month prior to surgery).

Anatomy and Technique

The DIEP flap is supplied by intramuscular perforators from the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein. The SIEA flap is based on the SIEA and vein, which arise from the common femoral artery and saphenous bulb. GAP flaps are based on perforators from either the superior or inferior gluteal artery. During flap harvest, these perforators are meticulously dissected free from the surrounding muscle which is spread in the direction of the muscle fibers and preserved intact. The pedicle is anastomosed to recipient vessels in the chest and the donor site is closed without the use of mesh or other materials.

Conclusions

Perforator flaps allow the safe and reliable transfer of abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:441–454. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of the chestwall and thorax
Authors: Skoracki Roman J. , Chang David W.
Published: October 2006

Chest wall reconstructions can be complex and challenging procedures and may require a multidisciplinary approach. The most common indications for chest wall reconstruction are the repair of defects due to tumor ablation, infection, radiation necrosis, congenital deformities, and trauma. Flap reconstruction by plastic surgery is often required when skin is removed as part of the chest wall resection or when radiation therapy is given pre‐ or post‐operatively. Tissue flaps may be needed to provide vascularized tissue over alloplastic materials used to stabilize the chest wall, to cover vital structures of the chest cavity, to fill dead space, and to improve cosmesis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:455–465. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with the free jejunum transfer
Authors: Disa Joseph J. , Pusic Andrea L. , Mehrara Babak J.
Published: October 2006

Microsurgical techniques have revolutionized pharyngolaryngeal reconstruction. Free flap reconstruction with the free jejunal flap enables one stage reconstruction with minimal morbidity and mortality. This review will examine indications, operative technique, postoperative management, and expected outcomes for the hypopharyngeal reconstruction with the free jejunum flap. This procedure allows for maintenance of oral sections and rapid return of per‐oral feeds and swallowing. The vast majority of patients resume swallowing and can maintain adequate nutrition without the need for supplemental enteral feeding via a tube. The free jejunal transfer can be rapidly harvested in most instances and transplanted to the hypopharyngeal region with a greater than 95% success rate. The jejunum fee flap is most useful for circumferential defects of the hypopharynx, but can also be used for partial defects. The most common local complications are stricture and fistula formation. A history of preoperative radiation therapy increases the risk of local complications. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:466–470. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lower extremity reconstruction
Authors: Heller Lior , Kronowitz Steven J.
Published: October 2006

The current recommendation for surgical treatment of tumors of the lower extremity is a limb‐sparing resection. Limb‐sparing resection coupled with complex reconstructive techniques and complemented by new chemotherapeutic agents and adjuvant radiation therapy has allowed us to achieve survival rates that are comparable to those of amputation with a better functional outcome. Recent advances in microsurgical techniques and the associated technologies and a better understanding of microvascular anatomy has allowed us to customize flaps to the specific needs of the patients and to achieve a lower donor site morbidity. Increased communication between the specialties of the multidisciplinary treatment team has also improved outcomes. The reconstructive component has become an integral part of the multidisciplinary care for patients with lower extremity tumors. It not only allows them to rapidly resume adjuvant therapies but also enables them to more easily resume their activities of daily living. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:479–489. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of the hand and upper extremity after tumor resection
Authors: Saint‐Cyr Michel , Langstein Howard N.
Published: October 2006

This article reviews the surgical options available for reconstruction of the upper extremity following tumor resection. In order to achieve maximum function and limb salvage a multidisciplinary approach to patient care is emphasized. With proper preoperative planning, salvage of limb form and function can be accomplished in over 95% of cases. Successful reconstruction is measured by preservation of patient health, limb function, limb sensation and cosmesis and stable wound coverage. Important adjuncts to reconstruction include adequate postoperative splinting and aggressive rehabilitation to maximize long‐term upper extremity function. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:490–503. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scalp reconstruction
Authors: Mehrara Babak J. , Disa Joseph J. , Pusic Andrea
Published: October 2006

Scalp reconstruction after oncologic resection can be challenging. Wide surgical resections, in combination with co‐morbid conditions such as infected alloplastic material, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, or devascularized bone after craniotomy necessitate healthy, vascularized tissues for reconstruction. Although primary closure is feasible in some cases, the mainstay of treatment involves local tissue rearrangement with or without split thickness skin grafting. In addition, free tissue transfer is an important adjunct to therapy in patients with poor local tissues. Careful analysis of the defect and local tissues can help tailor the method of reconstruction and result in satisfactory closure in a majority of patients. Current techniques used for scalp reconstruction after surgical ablation are the subject of this review. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:504–508. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new modified method for nasal lining: The Menick technique for folded lining
Authors: Menick Frederick J.
Published: October 2006

Traditional lining techniques such as prefabricated flaps, hinge‐over flaps, or second local flaps for lining are thick, stiff, or poorly vascularized. Support grafts have traditionally been placed incompletely or secondarily. Intranasal lining flaps have revolutionized reconstruction but are complex, tedious, and destructive to the residual nose. More recently, the forehead skin has been transferred for cover as a full thickness flap in three stages. It has allowed the modification of the traditional folded flap technique for lining to permit a simple, efficient, and widely useful method of lining replacement for common defects. Thin, supple, vascular lining is combined with delayed primary cartilage grafts to provide excellent functional and cosmetic results. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:509–514. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vaginal reconstruction: An algorithm approach to defect classification and flap reconstruction
Authors: Pusic Andrea L. , Mehrara Babak J.
Published: October 2006

Vaginal defects from oncologic resection present a complex array of reconstructive challenges. Increased use of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy demands uncomplicated wound healing. As patients are being diagnosed at earlier stages of disease and at younger ages, maintenance of sexual function and body image are fundamental goals. This review provides an algorithm approach to defect classification and flap reconstruction. Carefully appreciation of the specific defect facilitates flap choice. There are two basic defect types partial (Type I) and circumferential defects (Type II) 1. These defect types can be further subclassified. Type IA defects are partial and involve the anterior and/or lateral wall. Type IB defects are also partial, but involve the posterior vaginal wall. Type IIA defects are circumferential, involving the upper two‐thirds of the vagina. Type IIB defects represent circumferential, total vaginal resection, most commonly following pelvic exenteration. Using this method of defect classification, three pedicled flaps can be used to successfully reconstruct the majority of defects: the Singapore (or pudendal thigh) flap, the rectus flap, and the gracilis flap. With appropriate flap choice and a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, rapid wound healing, restoration of the pelvic floor, and re‐establishment of sexual function may be most reliably achieved. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:515–521. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects with free tissue transfer
Authors: Santamaria Eric , Cordeiro Peter G.
Published: October 2006

The maxillary bones are part of the midfacial skeleton and are closely related to the eyeglobe, nasal airway, and oral cavity. Together with the overlying soft tissues, the two maxillae are responsible to a large extent for facial contour. Maxillectomy defects become more complex when critical structures such as the orbit, globe, and cranial base are resected, and reconstruction with distant tissues become essential. In this article, we describe a classification system and algorithm for reconstruction of these complex defects using various pedicled and free flaps. Most defects that involve resection of the maxilla and adjacent soft tissues may be classified into one of the following four types: Type I defects, Limited maxillectomy; Type II defects, Subtotal maxillectomy; Type III defects, Total maxillectomy; and Type IV defects, Orbitomaxillectomy. Using this classification, reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects may be approached considering the relationship between volume and surface area requirements, that is, addressing the bony defect first, followed by assessment of the associated soft tissue, skin, palate, and cheek‐lining deficits. In our experience, most complex maxillectomy defects are best reconstructed using free tissue transfer. The rectus abdominis and radial forearm free flap in combination with immediate bone grafting or as an osteocutaneous flap reliably provide the best aesthetic and functional results. A temporalis muscle pedicled flap is used for reconstruction of maxillectomy defects only in those patients who are not candidates for a microsurgical procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:522–531. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete rehabilitation of the mandible following segmental resection
Authors: Schrag Christiaan , Chang Yang‐Ming , Tsai Chi‐Ying , Wei Fu‐Chan
Published: October 2006

Segmental resection of the mandible leads to significant patient morbidity. Loss of mandibular support to the teeth, tongue and lip causes dysfunctional mastication, swallowing, speech, airway protection and oral competence. Patients also suffer disfigurement following segmental mandibulectomy because the mandible is an important aesthetic landmark. The degrees to which dysfunction and disfigurement occur depend both on the location of the mandibular segment removed and the amount of surrounding soft tissue excised.

Between January 1985 and December 2004, 780 fibula osteoseptocutaneous flaps have been used for head and neck reconstruction at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. The fibula flap has proven to be the bony flap of choice because it has a lengthy bicortical segment of bone available, a reasonably long vascular pedicle, large diameter vessels, good bone quality, and is easily contoured with multiple osteotomies. The flap can be harvested while ablation is being performed. In addition, a reliable, mobile, thin skin component can always be included to address the soft tissue reconstructive requirements. A chimeric design employing a portion of the soleus muscle can provide further reconstructive options.

Ideally complete rehabilitation of the mandible involves placement of titanium osseointegrated implants, which allow dental restoration. Primary placement of implants is preferred in patients without cancer. Selection of candidates to receive osseointegrated implants is paramount. The temporomandibular joint remains a challenge to reconstruct adequately. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:538–545. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV‐1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children: Neuropathogenesis and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Mitchell Charles D.
Published: October 2006

HIV‐1 encephalopathy among perinatally infected children in the United States was initially defined by a classic triad of findings that included: (1) developmental delay, (2) secondary or acquired microcephaly, and (3) pyramidal tract neuromotor deficits. The most severe form of this disorder typically occurred among young children who developed rapidly progressive disease in concert with profound immunosuppression, and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis (PCP). The neuropathogenesis of this disorder appears to involve a cascade of viral products, various cytokines and chemokines, and neurotransmitters which promote ongoing inflammation, excitation, and overstimualtion of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate type receptor (NMDAR) system. These subsequently lead to neuronal injury and death secondary to apoptosis or necrosis, astrocytosis, as well as dentritic and synaptic damage. The frequency of the most severe forms of encephalopathy among children has dropped dramatically since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Of concern, however, is the possibility that a more insidious form of this disorder may be occurring presently among older vertically infected children as a result of inadequate penetration of HAART agents into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This paper will review what published data there is as yet that bears on this question. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:216–222. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease: Current findings and contemporary endeavors
Authors: Gerson Arlene C. , Butler Robert , Moxey‐Mims Marva , Wentz Alicia , Shinnar Shlomo , Lande Marc B. , Mendley Susan R. , Warady Bradley A. , Furth Susan L. , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: October 2006

Given the rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in both children and adults, CKD has recently been targeted as a public health priority. Childhood onset kidney disease is generally a noncurable and progressive condition that leads to kidney failure by early adulthood. Fortunately, improved identification of kidney problems allows for early intervention, which is thought to slow progression toward end‐stage renal disease. In addition, medical interventions for pediatric end‐stage renal disease have also improved, allowing children to take advantage of lifesaving renal replacement treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. In spite of improvements in identification and treatment, CKD causes both direct and indirect insults to a variety of organ systems. This paper reviews recently published studies pertaining to the neurocognitive and psychosocial impact of CKD on children of various ages and at various stages of kidney failure. Specific attention is focused on summarizing peer reviewed research that describes associations between kidney functioning and cognitive functioning, language acquisition, visual spatial abilities, memory, and executive functioning. In addition, peer reviewed research describing psychosocial outcomes associated with CKD related to academic achievement, social‐behavioral functioning, and quality of life are summarized. The authors also identified disease‐specific factors that likely mediate neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., anemia, hypertension, cardiovascular) and endorse the importance of continued interdisciplinary research collaborations that will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for improved neurocognitive functioning after transplantation. The authors conclude this review by describing a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, National Institutes of Health funded study that is currently examining the developmental outcomes of children with mild to moderate CKD. The authors speculate that the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Prospective Cohort Study (CKiD) findings will provide additional evidence‐based guidance for clinicians and researchers working with children and adolescents with deteriorating kidney function to improve medical and developmental outcomes. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:208–215. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of strokes in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: DeBaun Michael R. , Derdeyn Colin P. , McKinstry Robert C.
Published: October 2006

The most devastating complication of sickle cell anemia is cerebral infarction, affecting ∼30% of all individuals with sickle cell anemia. Despite being one of the most common causes of stroke in infants and children, the mechanism of cerebral infarction in this population has not been extensively studied and is poorly understood. Multiple, synergistic factors are important in the pathogenesis of stroke including the hemodynamic effects of cerebral arterial occlusive disease, viscosity, chronic and acute anemia and acute medical events. This review focuses on the relationship between these factors in order to provide a foundation for further study of the etiology of strokes in this high‐risk population. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:192–199. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurophysiological evaluation of trigeminal and facial nerves in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Kokubun Norito , Hirata Koichi
Published: October 2006

Cranial neuropathy is clinically uncommon in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), but there is little information on the neurophysiological examination of cranial nerve involvement. To determine the incidence of trigeminal and facial nerve involvement in patients with CIDP, the direct response of the orbicularis oculi muscle to percutaneous electric stimulation of the facial nerve and the blink reflex (induced by stimulation of the supraorbital nerve) were examined in 20 CIDP patients. The latency of the direct response was increased in 12 patients (60%) and an abnormal blink reflex was observed in 17 patients (85%). There was no correlation between electrophysiological findings and the latencies of the direct and R1 responses and disease duration or clinical grade in CIDP patients. Nevertheless, the prevalence of subclinical trigeminal and facial neuropathy is extremely high in patients with CIDP when examined by neurophysiological tests. Muscle Nerve 2006
Chemical oxidation stability and anhydrous proton conductivity of polyimides/phosphoric acid/imidazole blends
Authors: Pu Hongting , Tang Liming
Published: October 2006

Polyimides (PIs) based on 3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylicdiphenyl ether dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone and 4,4′‐methylenedianiline were synthesized. They are easily dissolved in many strong and polar solvents like dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, and dimethylsulfoxide. A new kind of anhydrous proton conducting system based on PI/H3PO4 and PI/H3PO4/imidazole (Imi) blends was prepared. The chemical oxidation stability of the composite membranes was studied. The flexible PIs have better chemical oxidation stability. The addition of phosphoric acid can accelerate the degradation process of PIs, while the addition of Imi in PI/H3PO4 blends can greatly improve their chemical oxidation stability, which becomes much better than that of pure PIs. The proton conductivity of PI/H3PO4 blends is still lower compared with that of polybenzimidazole/H3PO4 blends. After the addition of Imi, the anhydrous proton conductivity of PI/H3PO4 blends increases significantly with increasing Imi content. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry