bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evil City
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter juxtaposes praise of the city against critiques of it, and in doing so acknowledges the vast spectrum of urban experiences available. It demonstrates how counter-claims to the Good or Holy City were abundant. Fundamental criticism of urban living coexisted with endorsement of it, and understanding this divergence produces a more comprehensive perspective of urban praise. This chapter therefore offers a consideration of some of the more prominent critiques of the city, focused, for example, on ideas about the link between the city and avarice, deviancy, disorder, and violence. It also delves into some particular works of urban panegyric to identify elements of lamentation and critique, and what objectives these served, and concludes that, by the thirteenth century, those critiques were being absorbed into (and indeed were contributing to) an ideological framework which conversely valorized cities.
Education, History, and Sophistication
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores praise connected to the city’s role in knowledge generation and historical reconstruction. It is framed by a prominent feature of thinking on the city in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: namely its important civilizing role. A notion of urban sophistication underpinned civic consciousness and pride during our period and drew from many streams of evidence as shown in works of urban panegyric. This aspect of the city was shaped by its link to the wider twelfth-century intellectual renaissance. The city’s catalytic relationship with knowledge generation was one channel for this sophistication and was boosted by the rise of urban schools and universities. A further conduit was provided by more concerted efforts to reshape the cultural memory of cities by identifying their distant origins and early histories, and which presented cities deeply imbued with esteemed (often Ancient) traditions and memories of unity.
In Praise of the Medieval City
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

The conclusion synthesizes the findings from the preceding chapters in the book. It acknowledges the multiple potential interpretations of urban panegyric and some of the gaps in the evidence provided by these sources. It emphasizes the quality, quantity, and heterogeneity of works praising cities, and suggests that this is significant in and of itself. It also highlights how urban panegyric simultaneously engaged with a city’s past, present, and future and that, ultimately, the messages within this body of praise represented the key coordinates around which more nuanced urban identities formed, both at a community and at an individual level.
What’s in a Correlation?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

It might be thought that there is no longer any need to attack regularities theories of causation. But they remain influential insofar as they persist in the notion of correlation. Correlation can mean at least five different things: regularity, co-variance, stable proportion, invariance, and constancy. Discovery of correlation is often assumed as the proper starting point of causal science. Correlation between A and B can itself be due to many things, including pure coincidence. Bradford Hill suggested a more sophisticated approach to correlation that aimed to isolate the true causes. Statistical approaches now purport to do this better. All five types of correlation can be understood as worldly regularity so this is the concept that requires detailed scrutiny.
The Explanatory Power of Mechanisms
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

There are quantitative and qualitative approaches to discovering causes in science. Quantitative approaches involve numeric values. The search for mechanisms falls on the qualitative side where the concern is not just with the what causes what and how often, but also with the how and the why. There can be some cases of strong support for a causal hypothesis on the grounds of mechanistic knowledge alone rather than evidence of a frequency of occurrence or repetition. Some traditional conceptions of mechanism involve a necessitating role on the production of effects. Mechanisms need not play a necessitating role in causation, however, nor need they involve activity in an occurrent sense.
Plural Methods, One Causation
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

No single method is perfect for identifying causation. One response is to adopt causal pluralism: the view that causation is many things. But this is problematic. A simpler response is to take such pluralism as epistemic or methodological only. If we cannot rely on one method alone, we instead have the option of approaching causation via a number of different methods. A method is useful if it attaches to one or more of the symptoms of causation, where those symptoms are also plural. Such symptoms are the more or less reliable indicators of the presence of causation. Evidence hierarchies could be based on how reliable each such method is but hierarchies can themselves be understood in a dispositional rather than strict way.
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe is a two-volume synthetic overview, authored by an international team of researchers. Covering twenty national cultures and 250 years, it goes beyond the conventional nation-centered narratives and presents a novel vision especially sensitive to the cross-cultural entanglement of discourses. Its principal aim is to look at these cultures within the global “market of ideas” and also help rethink some of the basic assumptions about the history of modern political thought and modernity as such. The second volume starts with the repercussions of the collapse of multinational empires in the region (Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Ottoman, and Romanov) after the First World War, followed by multiple cycles of democratization and authoritarian backlash. Analyzing the intellectual paradigms and debates of the Stalinist and post-Stalinist decades it shows that although the imposed Sovietization had similar blueprints, it also entailed a negotiation with local intellectual traditions. At the same time, the book identifies paradigms, such as revisionist Marxism, which were eminently transnational and crossed the Iron Curtain. The phenomenon of dissidence is also analyzed from this perspective, paying attention both to local traditions and global trends. Last but not least, rather than achieving the coveted “end of history,” the liberal democratic order created in East Central Europe after 1989 became increasingly contested from left and right alike. Thus, instead of a comfortable conclusion pointing to the European integration of most of these countries, the book closes with pertinent questions about the fragility of the democratic order in this part of the world and beyond.
A New State for “New Men”
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

Growing disappointment with party politics in the 1920s gave rise to discourses extolling the state as the principal actor of societal change. A common denominator of the various versions of etatism and technocratism in the region was a strong “anti-political” ideological reflex. In the 1930s, this was coupled with a discourse of a preventive strike, defending dictatorial policies as measures to hinder radical left- and right-wing movements from taking power. In turn, East Central European fascism emerged in the post-First World War atmosphere of insecurity and polarization. This was reinforced by the collapse of parliamentary democracy in the 1930s and the reconfiguration of the geopolitical framework of the region due to the rise of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The ensuing fascist projects offered a particularly violent ideological mixture, preventing any empathy toward ethnic and social groups targeted for persecution.
Stalinism and De-Stalinization
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

By 1948, a full-fledged Stalinist dictatorship was introduced all over the region. Socialist realism became an official aesthetic ideology; in historiography, in most cases it was the national Romantic vision that was extolled as “progressive,” but there were also attempts to claim the progressive character of a strong central state power. Independent reflection on Stalinism was only possible either in exile or in the private sphere. After Stalin’s death, however, criticism started to appear, digging more and more into hitherto banned cultural, economic, and historical topics. In 1956 the dramatic events in Hungary and Poland triggered a wave of reflections on the limits of resistance. Yugoslavia, breaking with the Soviet bloc in 1948, followed a different trajectory; however, this did not lead to a lack of repressions towards dissidents, such as Milovan Đilas, whose theory of the “new class” was to have an enormous impact in the region and beyond.
Toward Socialism with a Human Face?
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

Marxist revisionism, providing a powerful political language of intra-systemic opposition, was characterized by an effort to restore the relative autonomy of the personality in the face of both society and history, to provide new ethics, a new way of life, and envision “socialism with a human face.” The 1960s witnessed an unprecedented boom of Marxist and non-Marxist intellectual and cultural production, ranging from the rediscovery of the inconvenient past to critical analyses of existing socialist societies and an artistic blossoming reconnecting East Central Europe to broader European intellectual and aesthetic currents. Another venue of dialogue was between unorthodox Marxists and religious thinkers struggling to find their way in secular state socialist regimes. The climax and eventually also the anti-climax of this revival was 1968, with the rise of reform communist movements, linking technocratic and democratic reformism with revolutionary radicalism coming mainly from the student movements.
Introduction
Authors: Michaelson Eliot , Stokke Andreas
Published: November 2018

This introductory chapter first offers a sketch of the history of philosophical thinking about lying and insincerity. It traces some of the themes in this literature in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, early modern casuists, David Hume, Thomas Reid, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, through to twentieth-century philosophy. The chapter highlights some of the issues discussed in the contemporary literature, as represented in this collection of essays. It then presents an overview of the essays included in this volume. Some comments on the connections between them are offered, as well as on their relation to the historical debate.
Bullshit Production
Authors: Gjelsvik Olav
Published: November 2018

This chapter starts with Harry Frankfurt’s pioneering account of bullshit, and goes on to consider Gerald A. Cohen’s criticism of Frankfurt and his alternative view. The chapter maintains, contrary to Cohen, that we should not give up seeing bullshit as a single and unified phenomenon. The thesis it goes on to defend is that bullshitting and its product bullshit are to be characterized by a certain state of mind of the producer, a state of mind that is to be identified by its relation to assertion. But it is not the state of mind Frankfurt suggested (the state of being unconcerned with truth), for which Cohen has provided counterexamples. The state of mind that produces bullshit, it is argued, is the state of not being concerned, as we should be, with knowledge. And that, in its turn, throws an interesting light on what assertion is, and which norm governs it.
The Lies We Tell Each Other Together
Authors: Michaelson Eliot
Published: November 2018

A great deal of attention has been directed at the question of what exactly is required for an utterance to count as a lie. At the center of recent discussion stand bald-faced lies, which have proven to be remarkably resistant to philosophical analysis. This chapter focuses on a related, yet curiously under-explored, set of cases: lies that we construct together, as friends, families, colleagues, and communities. This sort of lie exhibits a degree of moral and linguistic complexity not found in more standard examples of lying. That moral complexity will ultimately put pressure on the enduring thesis that the distinctive wrong of lying is that it threatens to undermine the potential for communication. The linguistic complexity, in contrast, will stand as a challenge to standard theories of conversational dynamics.
Group Lies
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: November 2018

There are often significant consequences that follow from group lies, for both the liars and those lied to. This chapter focuses on the question of what a group lie is. It considers whether group lies can be understood in terms of the lies of the group’s members, and whether group lies can be characterized in terms of joint agreement by the group’s members to lie. After showing both views to be misguided, the author offers an account of group lying according to which it crucially involves the group offering a statement. Because what a group says can come apart from what its individual members say, a group might lie when no individual member lies, and a group might fail to lie even though every individual member does. This view provides a framework for understanding what a group lie is, and for holding groups responsible for their broader linguistic behavior.
Engaging Scholarship
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Dual Penal State is about the collective failure to address the fundamental challenge of legitimating the threat and use of penal violence in modern liberal states. The first part of the book investigates various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship have managed not to meet the continuing challenge of legitimating state penal power: the violent violation of the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power supposedly rests in a state under the rule of law (Rechtsstaat). Part I focuses primarily on German criminal law, and German criminal law science, with regular comparative glances beyond the German penal system. Chapter 1 explores the failure of a parochial and self-referential conception of criminal law as science to engage with fundamental questions of legitimacy.
The Rhetoric of Criminal Law
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Dual Penal State is about the collective failure to address the fundamental challenge of legitimating the threat and use of penal violence in modern liberal states. The first part of the book investigates various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship have managed not to meet the continuing challenge of legitimating state penal power: the violent violation of the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power supposedly rests in a state under the rule of law (Rechtsstaat). Part I focuses primarily on German criminal law, and German criminal law science, with regular comparative glances beyond the German penal system. Chapter 2 highlights several key rhetorical strategies in modern criminal law doctrine that divert attention from the troubling—and possibly irresolvable—paradox of state punishment in a modern liberal democracy.
The Model Penal Code and the War on Crime
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Part III of Dual Penal State uses dual penal state analysis to generate a comparative-historical account of American penality. With comparative glimpses at Germany and, to a lesser extent, England, it distinguishes between two responses to the shared challenge of legitimating state penal power in a modern liberal democratic state: (1) the failure to appreciate the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power in particular (United States) and of modern state power in general (England); and (2) the failure to address the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power as an ongoing existential threat to the legitimacy of the state (Germany). Chapter 7 brings the narrative of modern American penality up-to-date, following on the heels of the discussion of Jefferson’s Virginia criminal law bill of 1779 in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 focuses on the Model Penal Code of 1962, which was far superior to Jefferson’s draft in every respect but one: it, too, failed to integrate state punishment into the American legal-political project, leaving the penal paradox unaddressed and unresolved to this day.
The Trojan War and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks at Israeli productions of classical tragedies between 1970 and 1985, against the backdrop of four wars: the Six Day War (1967), the War of Attrition (1967–70), the Yom Kippur War (1973), and the First Lebanon War (1982–5). The tragedies in question recount two fateful and bloody wars of antiquity: the second Persian offensive against Greece (480–479 bce) which serves as the background to Aeschylusʼ The Persians (472 bce), and the Trojan War—the prehistoric battle immortalized by Homer in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Analysing the Israeli performances, the chapter discusses the theatrical means through which the audiences were encouraged to criticize the hubris of the attackers and pity the sufferings of the victims.
Nissim Aloni
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents the theatrical works of the Israeli author, translator, playwright, and director Nissim Aloni, who was the first Israeli director to draw upon ancient Greek myths, classical Greek drama, and the Western theatrical tradition to produce contemporary Israel plays and performances. The sense of foreignness and unfamiliarity evoked by Modernist plays magnified his own sense that—as a Jew, an Israeli, and a product of the twentieth century—he was not part of that long tradition. He therefore sought, in his plays, to bridge gaps, to bring together ancient and new myths, and to build the foundations of a modern Israeli theatre. This discussion focuses in particular on Aloni’s adoption of the dramatic template of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, and on his attempts to incorporate it into his plots as he sought to create dramatic figures that grapple with their destiny and search for their identity.
The Classical Tradition in University Theatre
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter surveys the history of classical Greek drama productions at the Department of Theatre Arts of Tel Aviv University as the basis for an exploration of the issue of theatre and art education. By analysing the students’ approach to classical Greek drama, we can see how they deal with the interpretative reading, translation, and performance of such texts on stage. We also see how the ancient works invite the students to delve more deeply into their distinctive content and forms; to draw links between theory and practice, and between text and context; to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of style and styling; and to engage in a richer experimentation with various aspects of stage performance—such as pronunciation, diction, voice, movement, music, and mise-en-scène.
Pre-Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: November 2018

Paradoxical as it may seem, memory can pre-date history, and even more surprisingly, forgetting can precede remembering. Historical events are perceived through the ‘prememory’ of reference to memories of previous events. Moreover, concerns of being forgotten, though often unnoticed, can be raised in advance of the unravelling of historical events and their remembrance. The subtle dynamics of this ‘pre-forgetting’, which are embedded into the very earliest stage of memory formation, are demonstrated through an examination of the case of the republican protomartyr William Orr. Remembrance of his trial and execution, in advance of the 1798 rebellion, offered a template for subsequent remembrance of the United Irishmen. Periodic calls to ‘Remember Orr’ were perforated with anxieties of forgetting that sustained forgetful remembrance.
The Generation of Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: November 2018

Social forgetting is generated through discreet processing of traumatic historical experiences that cannot be expressed in official representations of public memory. Following the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, former rebels could not be openly memorialised. Epitaphs on graves of United Irishmen were deliberately obscured. Both Catholics and Protestants were unwilling to put their recollections of the rebellion on record. Local memories were noted in travel literature and vernacular poetry offered a medium of remembrance that was less noticeable to outsiders. However, cultural memory can be misleading. Literary representations in historical fiction contributed to social forgetting by covering up less savoury aspects of the rebellion. Towards the end of their lives, elderly members of the generation that had witnessed the events experienced ‘post-memory angst’ and shared with dedicated collectors of historical traditions their memories, which had been shaped through practices of concealment and were full of hesitations.
Are There Brute Facts about Consciousness?
Authors: Alter Torin
Published: November 2018

Anti-materialist arguments such as the knowledge argument, the conceivability argument, and the explanatory gap argument do not establish the existence of brute phenomenal facts about consciousness. First, those arguments work by exploiting specific features of the physical, which some nonphenomenal entities might lack. Even if the arguments establish an ontological gap between the physical and the phenomenal, they do not establish a gap between the nonphenomenal and the phenomenal. But they would have to establish such a gap to show that there are brute phenomenal facts. Second, the arguments do not rule out certain views on which there are no such facts. The chapter’s conclusion leaves open the possibility that combining the anti-materialist arguments with other considerations would establish the existence of brute phenomenal facts. However, whether that strategy can succeed is unclear. That and other considerations are used to support agnosticism about the existence of brute phenomenal facts.
The Provenance of Consciousness
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2018

Unlike brute ‘entities’, if conscious states (c-states) are brute, it will be a consequence of their primitive—viz., not admitting further elaboration—connection to their material base, what is commonly known as emergence. One might suppose the chief challenge to emergence comes from various materialist counter-proposals. However, given the distinctive character of c-states, a class of critics describe even materialist reductions as objectionable forms of emergentism. Instead, their fallback position is a reinvigorated panpsychism: consciousness is the intrinsic nature of the most fundamental particles. In this chapter the author examines that form of panpsychism, tracing its roots to a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and to suggestions aired in Bertrand Russell’s struggles with the issue. He concludes that this panpsychism fails, leaving the field to materialism and emergentist dualism.
Emergence: Inexplicable but Explanatory
Authors: Wyss Peter
Published: November 2018

Emergence is a brute fact either because the reasons for the emergence of a particular emergent from its base in a certain context eludes us, or because we fail to grasp the reasons for its being the particular emergent that it is. These two senses of bruteness tend to be conflated by ‘epistemic’ or ‘explanatory’ accounts of emergence. The epistemic benefit of these accounts is dubious too. There is a clearer sense of an epistemic, and perhaps explanatory, gain, if emergence is associated with the metaphysically fundamental relations of identity and individuation. This makes it possible to account for the irreducibility of emergents and the idea that they are arranged in ontological levels, and thus (somewhat surprisingly) for some of the features that make emergence (epistemically) brute in the first place. Brute facts have thus a relevant epistemic function, and ought to be acknowledged with ‘natural piety’.
Introduction
Authors: Douglas Thomas , Birks David
Published: November 2018

Philosophers have recently found fertile ground in the area of intersection between neuroscience and criminal law. They have, for example, entered lively debates concerning the extent to which findings in neuroscience might undermine attributions of criminal responsibility, and whether and how neuroscientific evidence, such as brain scan results, should be used in criminal trials....
Coercion and the Neurocorrective Offer
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: November 2018

According to what Douglas calls ‘the consent requirement’, neurocorrectives can only permissibly be provided with the valid consent of the offender who will undergo the intervention. Some of those who endorse the consent requirement have claimed that even though the requirement prohibits the imposition of mandatory neurocorrectives on criminal offenders, it may yet be permissible to offer offenders the opportunity to consent to undergoing such an intervention, in return for a reduction to their penal sentence. The author calls this the neurocorrective offer. The chapter considers the coercion-based objection to the neurocorrective offer, which claims that offenders cannot provide valid consent to undergoing a neurocorrective on the basis of this offer because it is inherently coercive. Having outlined early formulations of this argument, the author points out that there are in fact two different versions of this objection, which appeal to different understandings of the concepts of coercion, consent, and voluntariness.
Chemical Castration and the Violation of Sexual Rights
Authors: Liberto Hallie
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a philosophical analysis of the use of chemical castration as a treatment or punishment for aggravated sexual crimes. Its aim is to strip chemical castration of its various associated problems (like its history, exemplified by the Turing case). Even its philosophical analysis is limited in scope, simply attempting to answer the question: Is the use of chemical castration on perpetrators of aggravated sexual crimes a violation of their moral rights? The author concludes that there is not a compelling reason for thinking that the use of chemical castration in these circumstances is a rights violation. Certainly, the pertinent bodily rights do not belong to a category that is non-forfeitable—as might have been supposed, just because chemical castration affects people sexually. Furthermore, it is not easy to explain why the method by which chemical castration changes an individual’s desires is more intrusive or morally problematic than the ways that many stimuli might change our desires.
Neural and Environmental Modulation of Motivation
Authors: Douglas Thomas
Published: November 2018

Interventions that modify a person’s motivations through chemically or physically influencing the brain seem morally objectionable, at least when they are performed nonconsensually. This chapter raises a puzzle for attempts to explain their objectionability. It first seeks to show that the objectionability of such interventions must be explained at least in part by reference to the sort of mental interference that they involve. It then argues that it is difficult to furnish an explanation of this sort. The difficulty is that these interventions seem no more objectionable, in terms of the kind of mental interference that they involve, than certain forms of environmental influence that many would regard as morally innocuous. The argument proceeds by comparing a particular neurointervention with a comparable environmental intervention. The author argues, first, that the two dominant explanations for the objectionability of the neurointervention apply equally to the environmental intervention, and second, that the descriptive difference between the environmental intervention and the neurointervention that most plausibly grounds the putative moral difference in fact fails to do so. The author concludes by presenting a trilemma that falls out of the argument.
Intrusive Intervention and Opacity Respect
Authors: Bennett Christopher
Published: November 2018

The author claims that coercive neurointerventions on offenders violate requirements of respect. He explores this idea with reference to Ian Carter’s notion of ‘opacity respect’; that is, the idea that a form of opacity that Carter calls ‘evaluative abstinence’ is a necessary feature of respect. He argues that opacity is a necessary part of relating to one another as equals. This is not to say that we should pursue ignorance, or even pretend it. As the author interprets it, it is rather the claim that the respect structurally necessary to some inherently valuable form of human relations sometimes requires that we do not acknowledge what we see, or could see. The demands of that way of relating to one another are therefore violated when we inquire into the interventions that would be necessary to alter someone’s behaviour for the better, and when we deploy the knowledge thus gained in subjecting them to a programme of behaviour modification.
Should Coercive Neurointerventions Target the Victims of Wrongdoing?
Authors: Stemplowska Zofia
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that victims of serious wrongdoing probably enjoy immunity from coercive interventions (CNIs) designed to induce them to comply with their duties towards the wrongdoers. More precisely, it suggests that even if they cannot appeal to the fact that CNIs undermine their autonomy in order to block their use against them, they have a separate strategy open to them: they can appeal to the fact that the use of CNIs against them can be seen as an extension of the original wrong done to them, and the worse the wrongdoing of which one is the victim, the more immunity one is likely to enjoy from CNIs, and the threat of their use. Thus, importantly, the victims of serious wrongdoing probably enjoy the immunity even if, as the author argues, it cannot be grounded simply in the fact that CNIs would violate their autonomy. The author then outlines how it can be grounded in the need to limit the original wrongdoing.
The political economy of English public services reform and implications for management knowledges in health care organizations
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores, in greater depth, the idea floated in the Introduction that the macro-level political economy of public services reform can exert effects on preferred management knowledges at both national and local levels. We argue that an important series of New Public Management reforms evident since the 1980s have made UK public agencies more ‘firm like’ and receptive to firm-based forms of management knowledge. We characterize key features of the UK’s long-term public management reform strategy, benchmarking it against, and also adding to, Pollitt and Bouckaert’s well-known comparativist typology. We specifically add to their model a consideration of the extent to which public management reform is constructed as a top-level political issue.
English public management reform after 2010
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter characterizes the overall strategy of public services reform apparent in England after the global financial crisis of 2008 and during the period of the UK’s Coalition government 2010–15. It argues that what can be termed a ‘proto narrative’ of reform, orientated around so-called ‘Big Society’ ideas, emerged around 2010. However, we argue it was trumped in the end by Treasury-led and New Public Management-friendly austerity discourse. The concrete example is taken of the health policy to form new clinical commissioning groups in the primary care sector. They were presented as a mechanism which could promote professional engagement in commissioning. However, they were soon subjected to top-down performance management pressures and systems, including strong attempts to prevent financial deficits from emerging at a local level, which eroded bottom-up and professionally driven innovation. We conclude that the Big Society proto reform narrative failed to consolidate itself.
Academic Freedom and the Politics of Truth
Authors: Lynch Michael P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that academic freedom is justified because it is an inherently epistemic practice that serves the ideals of democracy. With Dewey, it is argued that “The one thing that is inherent and essential [to the idea of a university] is the ideal of truth.” But far from being apolitical, the value of pursuing truth and knowledge—the value that justifies academic freedom, both within and without the public mind—is a fundamental democratic value, and for three reasons: the practices of academic inquiry exemplify rational inquiry of the kind needed for democratic deliberation; those practices serve to train students to pursue that kind of inquiry; and those practices are important engines of democratic dissent.
Is There a “Safe Space” for Academic Freedom?
Authors: Moody-Adams Michele
Published: November 2018

This chapter addresses the charge, implicit in justice-based arguments for intellectual “safe spaces” on college campuses, that protecting academic freedom undermines equality of educational opportunity for students targeted by harmful expression. The discussion clarifies this argument’s central concepts and assumptions, including the concepts of expressive harm, psychological trauma, and “triggers”; the notions of microaggression and implicit bias; and the idea (articulated in the work of Jeremy Waldron) that there is a connection between a community’s “aesthetics” and its capacity to assure its members of respectful consideration. It is argued that limiting or eliminating academic freedom would stifle the critical reflection and robust debate most likely to promote justice in the face of contemporary challenges. A university that is safe for robust debate about justice cannot provide the comforts of “home.”
Cultural Rights and Natural Resources
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the connections between cultural practices, cultural rights, and natural resources, and focuses on three different approaches. The first examines the human rights discourse on cultural diversity and how international human rights law has developed a link between the rights of minorities’ and indigenous peoples’ cultural practices and natural resources. The second focuses on cultural heritage and explores how the legal framework of cultural heritage is relevant to protecting certain traditional cultural practices and knowledge connected to the use of natural resources. The third concerns the connection between spirituality, religion, and natural resources, and examines how the human rights protection of religious practices and spirituality could be linked to a spiritual connection to natural resources.
Protecting Natural Resources
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the connection between the international legal framework governing the conservation of natural resources and human rights law. The objective is to examine the potential synergies between international environmental law and human rights when it comes to the protection of natural resources. To do so, it concentrates on three main areas of potential convergence. It first focuses on the pollution of natural resources and analyses how human rights law offers a potential platform to seek remedies for the victims of pollution. It next concentrates on the conservation of natural resources, particularly on the interconnection between protected areas, biodiversity, and human rights law. Finally, it examines the relationship between climate change and human rights law, focusing on the role that human rights law can play in the development of the current climate change adaptation and mitigation frameworks.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

This chapter concludes the book, and its summary offers an appraisal of the content and value of human rights law in the overall architecture dominating international resource law. To do so, it examines who are the rights-holders and the duty-bearers in the human rights-based approach to natural resources management. The conclusion argues that human rights law offers a significant platform that can help transfer sovereignty over natural resources away from corporations and private actors and into the hands of communities and peoples. Additionally, it may help promote policy changes that will empower indigenous peoples, local communities, small-scale farmers, and rural women to challenge the lack of respect, protection, and fulfilment of their fundamental rights over natural resources.
Introduction
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2018

After a brief discussion of E. J. Lowe’s significance for the philosophical community generally and for the author personally, three of Lowe’s most carefully developed metaphysical themes are introduced: the four-category ontology, Lowe’s characterization of metaphysics as the science of essence, and Lowe’s conception of persons as partless ‘subjects of experience’ capable of free actions. The suggestion is that Lowe’s positions on these, and other, topics, far from being settled once and for all, were evolving in interesting ways until his untimely death in 2014. The introduction concludes with a few words about each of the chapters that follow.
The Impossibility of Natural Necessity
Authors: Oderberg David S.
Published: November 2018

I build a case for the impossibility of natural necessity as anything other than a species of metaphysical necessity—the necessity obtaining in virtue of the essences of natural objects. Aristotelian necessitarianism about the laws of nature is clarified and defended. I contrast it with E. J. Lowe’s contingentism about the laws. I examine Lowe’s solution to the circularity/triviality problem besetting natural necessity understood as relative necessity. Lowe’s way out is subject to serious problems unless it is given an essentialist turn, which he declines to do. Further, his defence of contingency in terms of possible variation in the natural constants is found wanting, as is a related defence given by Kit Fine. I examine and raise problems for a recent, Lowe-inspired defence of a hybrid view of the modal status of laws given by Tuomas Tahko. Aristotelian necessitarianism can account for the sorts of phenomena to which contingentists typically appeal.
Placeless People
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

The twentieth century bore witness to the creation of a new class of person: the placeless people; those who cross frontiers and fall out of nation states; the refugees; the stateless; the rightless. Unlike genocide, the impact of mass displacement on modern thought and literature has yet to be recognized. For writers such as Hannah Arendt, W.H. Auden, George Orwell, Samuel Beckett, Simone Weil, and Dorothy Thompson, among others, the outcasts of the twentieth century raised vital questions about sovereignty, humanism, and the future of human rights. Placeless People combines an account of these first responses to the era of the refugee with a critique of contemporary humanitarian sensibilities.
Hannah Arendt’s Message of Ill Tidings
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

Poetic language and literary history mattered to Hannah Arendt in her thinking about community because they told a story about how political worlds, whether bound by nation states or by international laws and treaties, traffic with the worlds we imagine and create. These worlds are not equivalent, but the idea of the world making potential of literature that she inherited from German Romanticism also gave her the means to re-imagine new political terms for humanity at mid-century. What Arendt first described in 1949 as ‘the right to have rights’ had its own poetry. Returning to her work on Rahel Varnhagen, pariah literature, and Bertolt Brecht, this chapter shows how Arendt’s political theory was indebted to her developing understanding of the world-making capacities of poetry and writing in her own period of statelessness.
Orwell’s Jews
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

Everybody remembers the rats in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four but few recall that Winston Smith begins his resistance by writing about an attack on a Jewish refugee boat in the Mediterranean. Orwell understood that the citizenship on offer in the mid-twentieth century was fragile, based on a defensive fantasy that not only threatened people on boats in the Mediterranean, but also questioned what kind of social democracy was possible in the post-war world. Criticizing readings of the novel that have focused exclusively on the travails of the liberal conscience under totalitarianism, this chapter argues for an anti-colonial Orwell whose imperfect solidarity with the Jewish refugees was more globally imaginative than critics have supposed.
Beckett’s Expelled
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

Samuel Beckett is known for his unique abstraction of human suffering. This chapter shows how his wartime experiences transformed his writing, producing one of the first really critical literary depictions of the new subject of human rights and humanitarianism. Beckett’s engagement with what he described in 1946 as ‘the time-honoured conception of humanity in ruins’ began with his own experience of displacement and with his work with the Irish Red Cross in Saint-Lô. The characters who wander through the three short stories that he first wrote in French, ‘La Fin’, ‘L’Explusé’, and ‘Le Calmant’, collectively known as the Nouvelles, are both subject to a regime of humanitarian indifference (‘They clothed me and gave me money’ read the first lines of ‘La Fin’) and restless agents, stumbling in a stripped down French, groping for a new narrative. These are the new clowns of the dark background of difference, ironists of their own suffering, chroniclers of the gap that had opened up between the placeless people and the rest of the world.
Sands of Sorrow
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

In 1950, the American Council for the Relief of Palestinians produced the first international documentary on the Palestinian refugee camps, Sands of Sorrow. Directed primarily at Christian churches and charities, the film’s tone was lightly didactic, its images striking and ethnographically attentive. An early example of the then relatively new genre of humanitarian advocacy, Sands of Sorrow invited its audience to focus on the human consequences of the mass displacement of the Palestinian Arabs, caused by the war and the creation of the State of Israel. That moral injunction came with some authority. The film was introduced by the American journalist, Dorothy Thompson, famous in the war years for her internationalism, anti-Nazi campaigns, and tireless support of Jewish refugees. This chapter discusses the politics of humanitarian compassion through Thompson’s writing and advocacy. One of the first to advocate for the rights of Jewish refugees in the late 1930s, Thompson scandalized U.S. opinion when she campaigned for Palestinian refugees. Refugees, she argued, were not simply one more humanitarian crisis, but the consequence of the failure of the post-war human rights regime to deal with the violence of state formation and the persistence of nationalism.
Statelessness and the Poetry of the Borderline
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

In his 1976 essay, ‘The Borderline Concept’, the psychoanalyst, André Green wrote: ‘I can be a citizen or heimatlos (homeless), but to “be” borderline – that is difficult for me to imagine.’ This chapter takes Green’s writing on the borderline as a starting point for reflecting on the condition of statelessness. How might we describe a poetry of the borderline? And how might such descriptions help us think again about the geographies of modern writing? The chapter addresses these questions with a study of two poets from different ends of the same history of exile and displacement: W.H. Auden, whose voluntary 1939 departure from England coincided with the first convulsion of national frontiers in Europe, its colonies, protectorates and mandates, and the Oxford-based Palestinian poet, Yousif M. Qasmiyeh, whose writing captures the reality of today’s borderline living with an original clarity. Like his friend, Hannah Arendt, Auden’s writing is a thought experiment in imagining different forms of human and political belonging. Eighty years later, writing out of the same history, Qasmiyeh’s remarkable 2008 poem, ‘Holes’, brilliantly refuses to authenticate his own suffering for the benefit of others. This resistance against the terms of literary humanitarianism is a powerful claim for the ‘right to have rights’.
Esther in Islamic Historical Sources
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

Having identified (earlier in the book) that the Haman who appears in the Qur’an is in fact the Haman of Esther, this chapter seeks to explain how the rest of the Esther story was received (if at all) within Islamic culture(s). The chapter focuses on “historical” sources, in which either the history of Judaism and Jewish festivals is described—including descriptions of “Purim”—or the history of ancient Persian kings and queens (including Queen Esther) is recounted. It is shown that when Muslim authors adopted the Esther story, they also adapted it to suit their preconceived notions. The chapter also deals with an ancient Jewish midrash that resurfaced, in an elaborate version, in the middle ages. It is shown that the Muslim exegete and historian, al-Tabari, preserved a “missing link” in the midrashic chain, thereby bridging the ancient and medieval versions of the story.
“Bougaios”—The Islamic Evidence
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter seeks to explain the term “Bougaios”, which is Haman’s epithet in the Greek versions of Esther. The term has generated controversy over the centuries, with various interpretations of it being proposed, one of which being that this term refers to an (in)famous Persian functionary known as “Bagoas”. For the first time, Islamic materials are introduced to the debate. These sources preserve stories about Haman, which almost certainly originated in Jewish circles, which strikingly resemble stories told about Bagoas in ancient sources. In addition to providing an (ancient) answer to the question of the meaning of “Bougaios”, the chapter demonstrates how pre-Islamic materials were preserved by Muslims, while falling out of circulation within their own communities. Moreover, we discover how these materials could return to Jewish sources, bearing the signs of the Islamicization that they underwent.