bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
119 Refraction Focus Hallucination: The Role of Increased Excitation at Thalamus in Complex Visual Hallucination
Authors: Yang Chunhui , Nayati Jasir T. , Janjua Khurram , Ahmed Asma , Rekhi Angela , Hirsch Alan R.
Published: June 2018

Study Objective(s)

The pathogenesis of complex visual hallucination in patients without visual lesions, appearing with eyes open and resolving with eyes closed, has been described to be associated with increased excitation at the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and pulvinar of the thalamus (Winton-Brown, 2016). This reduces thefidelity of retinogeniculate transmissions and enhances aberrant projections to the visual cortex. Loss of the central sensory filtering function of the pulvinar increases “signal to noise ratio” in visual transmission. While visual hallucinations have been reported to disappear on eye closure (Manford, 1998), visual aberration with correction with refractionfollowed by focusing on actual visual images and visual hallucinations has not heretofore been reported. Such a case is presented.

Method

Case study: This 28-year-old, myopic, right-handed man, at 5 years of age began hallucinating vivid images of people. The visual hallucinations were triggered only with his eye open. He was myopic and without visual correction, his visual sphere would be blurred. The visual hallucinations were also blurred without visual correction. With refraction, the hallucinations became clearly in focus. He would close his eyes and the visual hallucinations disappeared but would reappear in the same position upon opening his eyes. For over 20 years, he experienced about 100 hallucinations a day. Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed continuous spikes and slow waves in bilateral temporal lobes, consistent with temporal lobe status epilepticus. After treatment with diphenylhydantoin the frequency and duration of the hallucinations markedly decreased to a second epoch every other day. However, the characteristic of the hallucinations remained the same (people).

Results

This phenomenon may involve epilepsy induced excitation of the thalamus. This then acts to reduce the fidelity of retinogeniculate transmission and increase “signal to noise ratio” in visual transmission. This may contribute to complex visual hallucinations with eyes open. The hallucinated figures becoming clearer with eyeglasses provides support that this complex hallucination arises in the pathway from retina-LGN-cortex, not from stored visual associated cortex of top-down cortical release.

Conclusions

Given the above, those with visual hallucinations should be queried as to the influence of refraction on the clarity of hallucination.

Funding

No funding.
120 Fragile X Syndrome Sharing Similar Neural Network Abnormalities as ADHD
Authors: Yang Chunhui , Smith Carolyn Beebe , Xing Guoqiang , Gaonkar Sandeep
Published: June 2018

Title

Fragile X syndrome sharing similar neural network abnormalities as ADHD

Study Objective(s)

The Fragile X syndrome (FXS) phenotype typically involves a variety of psychiatric symptoms, including features of autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and aggression. Studies have shown that ADHD is characterized by multiple functional and structural neural network abnormalities including fronto-striatal, fronto-parieto-temporal, fronto-cerebellar and fronto-limbic networks (Rubia, 2014; Norman, 2017). Studies have shown that ADHD is characterized by a delay in structural brain maturation (Rubia, 2007). Absence of the FMR1 gene product Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) results in FXS, an inherited form of mental retardation. FMRP is an RNA binding protein functioning as a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In a knockout mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 null), Qin, et al showed regionally selective effects on cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) (Qin, 2002) and rates of cerebral protein synthesis (Qin, 2005). In the present study, we asked if there is a relationship between brain regions most vulnerable to the effects of the absence of FMRP in the Fmr1 null mouse, and if the distribution consistent with the structural and functional brain abnormalities in ADHD. We also asked if there is a difference between males and females in the regional distributions and the levels of the FXR mRNAs.

Method

We used 35S-labeled probes specific for the mRNAs to perform in situ hybridization on brains from male (n=4) and female (n=4) mice at 6 months of age. Flowing hybridization, brain sections were exposed to X-ray film and optical density were measured in nine brain regions on autoradiograms of sections hybridized to the probe.

Results

The highest levels of expression we observed were in the cerebellum, granular layers of the hippocampus. Levels of expression were also high in CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampus, amygdala and granule layer of olfactory bulb. We found intermediate levels in the anterior hypothalamus and in cingulate and frontal cortex. Low levels of expression were found in thalamus and caudate. The distribution for the probe was similar in male and female mice, but we found a tendency for male mice to have higher levels than females.

Funding Acknowledgements

No funding.
128 Effect of DR/ER-MPH on Early Morning and Late Afternoon/Evening Functioning in Children With ADHD: Analysis of PREMB-R Items From a Phase 3 Trial
Authors: Pliszka Steven R. , Arnold Valerie K. , Marraffino Andrea , DeSousa Norberto J. , Incledon Bev , Sallee F. Randy , Wilens Timothy E. , Newcorn Jeffrey H.
Published: June 2018

Objective

In a phase 3 trial of children with ADHD, DR/ER-MPH (formerly HLD200), a delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate, improved ADHD symptoms and reduced at-home early morning and late afternoon/evening functional impairments versus placebo, as measured by the validated Parent Rating of Evening andMorning Behaviors-Revised, Morning (PREMB-R AM) and Evening (PREMB-R PM) subscales. This post hoc analysis evaluated the effect of DR/ER-MPH versus placebo onindividual PREMB-R AM/PM item scores.

Method

Data were analyzed from a pivotal, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial of DR/ER-MPH in children (6-12 years) withADHD (NCT02520388). Using the 3-item PREMB-R AM and 8-item PREMB-R PM, both key secondary endpoints, investigators evaluated early morning and lateafternoon/evening functional impairment by scoring each item on a severity scale from 0 (none) to 3 (a lot). For post hoc analyses, treatment comparisons between DR/ER-MPH and placebo at endpoint were determined by using least squares mean changes from baseline on individual PREMB-R AM/PM items score derived from an analysis ofcovariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment as the main effect, and study center and baseline score as covariates.

Results

Of 163 children enrolled across 22 sites, 161 were included in the intent-to-treat population (DR/ER-MPH, n=81; placebo, n=80) and 138 completed the study. The mean DR/ER-MPH dose achieved after 3 weeks of treatment was 68.1 mg. Following 3 weeks of treatment, DR/ER-MPH significantly reduced mean individual item scores from baseline versus placebo on all PREMB-R AM items (all P≤0.002; “getting out of bed”, “getting ready”, and “arguing or struggling in the morning”). Additionally, DR/ER-MPH significantly reduced mean individual item scores from baseline on 5 out of 8 PREMB-R PM items (P<0.01 in 2 items [“sitting through dinner” and “playing quietly”] and P<0.05 in 3 items [“inattentive/distractible”, “transitioning between activities”, and “settling down/getting ready for bed”]). There was a trend towards a reduction on 2 other items of the PREMB-R PM (P<0.09). Distributions of the ratings for each item will be presented. No serious TEAEs were reported; TEAEs were consistent withmethylphenidate.

Conclusions

Post hoc analyses revealed that DR/ER-MPH significantly reduced all PREMB-R AM item scores, including “getting out of bed”, and many PREMB-R PM items, including “getting ready for bed” in children with ADHD. These findings are worth further exploration.

Funding Acknowledgements

Ironshore Pharmaceuticals & Development, Inc.
157 Treatment-Refractory Mania With Psychosis in Post-Transplant Patient on Tacrolimus: A Case Report
Authors: Bordoloi Meelie , Singh Garima , Ithman Muaid Hilmi
Published: June 2018

We present a case of a 66 year old Caucasian female with Bipolar type 1 disorder, status post right renal transplant (5/8/14) on maintenance immunosuppression who presented with mania and psychosis. The previous weeks had her being sleep deprived, talkative, making random calls to family members at odd hours, demonstrating pressured speech and also having erotomania regarding Joshua Bell, the violinist. She had recently been switched from Divalproex sodium (on which she had been stable for years) to Quetiapine due to thrombocytopenia attributed to the former. Quetiapine was optimized to 800 mg over two weeks without any improvement. She continued to be severely manic with new delusions of being in a World War II zone and the staff being NAZIs. She continued to be tangential with disorganized behavior and inability to care for self. She was then restarted on Divalproex sodium (for mood) with close monitoring of her counts along with Risperidone (for psychosis). Divalproex sodium was optimized to 1500mg and Risperidone to 6 mg over the next 2 weeks without much improvement. Risperidone was then cross tapered with Olanzepine. We also began to pursue other causes of treatment refractory mania withpsychosis, namely her immunosuppressant medications. She had been placed on maintenance immunosuppression withtacrolimus (Prograf) 3mg BID, Mycophenolic acid (Myfortic) 360 mg BID and Prednisone 5 mg. Though the most recent Tacrolimus level was within therapeutic range, they were still higher than her baseline levels. Based on few case reports of psychosis associated with Tacrolimus and per discussion with nephrology, we planned cross taper of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporin. Tacrolimus was eventually tapered off and Cyclosporine was maintained at 125 mg qam and 100 mg qpm. Prednisone was maintained at 5 mg daily. Her mania and psychosis improved and she was ultimately discharged on Olanzepine 20mg qhs, Divalproex sodium 1500mg qhs, The problems encountered during this case were plenty due to multiple comorbid conditions including a right adrenal adenoma, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, thyroid dysfunction, hyperlipidemia and having bio-prosthetic aortic valve due to Aortic stenosis (2013). In conclusion, psychosis can be precipitated in renal transplant patient with Bipolar disorder I with previously maintained stability on Tacrolimus with other comorbid conditions. So, It would be important to re-evaluate the use of Tacrolimus or the possibility of switching to another immunosuppressive agent withcareful consideration of risks versus benefits. Case management should include good coordination of care with Family medicine, Transplant/nephrology team and social services for efficacious and successful management of patient.

Funding Acknowledgements

No funding.
162 Add-on Filgrastim During Clozapine Rechallenge Unsuccessful in Treating Benign Ethnic Neutropenia
Authors: Britton Molly , Gunasekar Palanikumar , Selvaraj Vithyalakshmi
Published: June 2018

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and also indicated for the reduction in risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The most serious side effect of clozapine treatment is agranulocytosis, which is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 0.50 × 109 per L. Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) is a condition found in members of African or Middle Eastern descent that is characterized by ANC < 1.50 × 109 per L in the absence of other causes. Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that has shown efficacy in reducing the duration of agranulocytosis in some patients who develop clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. It is currently unknown whether filgrastim is beneficial in the treatment of neutropenia due to BEN. We here, for first the time report a case of a patient with BEN who developed agranulocytosis both during the first clozapine trial for schizophrenia and during the rechallenge, despite early stabilization with filgrastim treatment, which highlights the failure of filgrastim in treating BEN.

Funding Acknowledgements

No funding.
170 Prospective Evaluation of the Economic Utility of Combinatorial Pharmacogenomics in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Roe Nathan , Passariello Catherine , Brown Lisa , Li James , Jablonski Michael , Dechairo Bryan M
Published: June 2018

Mental illness is one of the leading causes of disability, with direct and indirect costs posing a significant financial burden. Previously, a large prospective economic utility study (n>13,000) showed that the GeneSight® test, a psychiatric pharmacogenomic decision support tool powered by CPGx® technology, reduced medication costs, increased adherence, andreduced polypharmacy for patients who had failed monotherapy for psychiatric disorders. The current study, which is a sub-analysis of this larger study, assessed cost savings associated with combinatorial pharmacogenomic testing in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Medication costs were extracted using pharmacy claims data provided by Medco, a large pharmacy benefits manager, for patients with GAD (n=318) and MDD (n=459). Medication cost savings per member per year (PMPY) for 1 year following the test were compared between patients whose medication regimens were congruent with the test recommendations and those whose medication regimens were incongruent with these recommendations. When healthcare providers’ decisions were congruent with combinatorial pharmacogenomic testing, PMPY savings was $6,747 (p<0.004) for GAD patients and $3,738 (p<0.004) for MDD patients versus incongruent decisions within these disease states. Among the congruent group, GAD patients experienced greater savings in central nervous system (CNS) medications (2-fold) compared to MDD patients. Additionally, analysis of a subset of patients prescribed at least one benzodiazepine six months prior to testing (n=660) demonstrated a significant decrease in benzodiazepine drug counts (p<0.001) and refills (p<0.001) after testing. Using the GeneSight test as a treatment decision support tool for patients with GAD or MDD resulted in significant medication cost savings when HCPs made congruent decisions with the combinatorialpharmacogenomic results. Furthermore, use of the GeneSight test decreased the use of benzodiazepines.

Funding Acknowledgements

Research was funded by Assurex Health, Inc.
180 Efficacy of Dasotraline in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Laboratory Classroom Setting
Authors: Goldman Robert , Childress Ann , Wigal Sharon B , Hopkins Seth C , Koblan Kenneth S , Sarma Kaushik , Hsu Jay , Loebel Antony
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Once-daily dosing with dasotraline, a novel dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, achieves stable plasma concentrations over 24 hours. This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of dasotraline in children with attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) throughout the day, in a laboratory classroom setting (NCT02734693).

Methods

Children (6–12 years) meeting DSM-5 criteria for ADHD were randomized to 2 weeks of dasotraline or placebo (dosed daily at home at approximately 8 PM). Following an abbreviated practice day, laboratory classroom evaluations took place at baseline and on Day 15. The primary endpoint was mean change from baseline at Day 15 in ADHD symptoms, as measured by the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham Combined Score (SKAMP-CS), obtained from the average of 7 assessments collected across the 12-hour laboratory classroom day (12–24 hours post-dose). Secondary endpoints included SKAMP scores obtained throughout the day at individual timepoints from 8 AM through 8 PM (12–24 hours post-dose), and measures of safety and tolerability.

Results

The ITT population comprised 112 patients. Mean age was 9.5 years, 68.8% were male; 92% completed the study. Dasotraline 4 mg/day significantly improved mean SKAMP-CS versus placebo (p<0.0001, effect size 0.85) with significant effects persisting throughout the day. Mean SKAMP subscores improved significantly versus placebo (Attention p<0.0001, effect size 0.81; Deportment p<0.001, effect size 0.70). Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild or moderate in severity; most frequent (with dasotraline 4 mg/day; placebo) included: insomnia (19.6%; 3.6%, all terms combined), decreased appetite (10.7%; 3.6%), headache (10.7%; 8.9%), affect lability (8.9%; 7.1%), irritability (5.4%; 3.6%), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (5.4%; 0%), and perceptual disturbances (5.4%; 0%).

Conclusions

In this 2-week, randomized, double-blind, laboratory classroom study in children with ADHD, once-daily dasotraline significantly improved ADHD symptoms (including deportment and attention), compared with placebo, and demonstrated sustained efficacyup to 24 hours post-dose. The most common adverse events were insomnia, decreased appetite, and headache.

Funding Acknowledgements

Study sponsored by Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.
188 Buspirone-Induced Somnambulism
Authors: Egal Sulekho , Hirsch Alan R
Published: June 2018

Objective

Buspirone has not heretofore been reported to trigger somnambulism. Such a case is described.

Background

Buspirone is a partial 5HT1A agonist, which acts to suppress REM sleep and increase sleep fragmentation (Ware, 1994).

Design/Methods

A 36-year old right handed woman presented with one-year of constant anxiety and panic attacks with epochs of dyspnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis,paresthesias of both hands, and out of body sensations. She affirmed déjà vu and PM insomnia, and vivid dreams. When in high school she had one sleepwalking event, without recurrence. The patient was begun on buspirone, initially 2.5 mg and raised to 5 mg QHS. Within a day of increasing the dose, she experienced an episode whereby in the early hours in the morning, she removed her pajamas, folded them neatly into a stack next to the bed, and returned to bed, sans clothes. She was amnestic for this event, but based this history on her husband’s report. She discontinued the buspironeand for over 1 year, there has been no recurrence of such events.

Results

Abnormalities in her neurological examination: Mental Status

Examination

Anxious. Memory: immediate recall: 7 digits forwards and 4 digits backwards: Cranial Nerve Examination: Cranial Nerve I: Alcohol Sniff Test: 8 cm (hyposmia), Reflexes: 3+ throughout. Neuropsychiatric testing: Clock Drawing test: 4 (Normal). Animal Fluency test: 20 (normal).

Conclusions

Buspirone induced somnambulism may relate directly to its mechanism of action, as a 5HT1A partial agonist. Since other 5HT1A agonists, to cause noctambulism (Raja2012). Buspirone increases sleep fragmentation (Wilson, 2005), and thus may act to disrupt slow wave sleep, promoting susceptibility to somnambulism. Alternatively, her somnambulism may be a nocturnal variant of Buspirone induced dissociative state (Bystritsky, 2013). Given the above, it is worthwhile to query those who are undergoing therapy with buspirone for the development of somnambulism.

Funding Acknowledgements

No funding.
192 Multi-Watt Near Infrared Phototherapy is an Effective Treatment for Depression
Authors: Henderson Theodore , Morries Larry D.
Published: June 2018

Background

Depression treatment is hampered by low efficacy of antidepressant medications and concerns about alternative modalities. Animal studies of treatment with low-level (0.5 Watt or less) near infrared (NIR) light from diodes has shown some benefit in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with evidence of reduced lesion size, increased neurotrophin production, synaptogenesis, fewer apoptotic cells, and improved neurological function. Two small case series have demonstrated transient clinical improvement with low-level NIR treatment given on a daily basis over several weeks. We have previously shown marked and persistent clinical improvement in a case series of patients with chronic mild-to-moderate (m-MTBI) after treatmentwith NIR at a power of 9 Watts or greater. We also have published a review of the potential for application of NIR for the treatment of depression. The current study explores NIR efficacy in a proof-of-concept study as a treatment for depression.

Methods

Thirty-nine sequential patients treated for TBI between March 2013 and May 2017 provided depression self-assessment data and/or were administered the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Each completed the Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology-Self Reports (QIDS) before and after treatment. Patients received transcranial multi-Watt near-infrared light treatment (NILT) using near-infrared lasers (810/980 nm at 8-15 Watts) applied to forehead and temporal regions bilaterally for 9-12 minutes to each area.

Results

For 36 of the 39 patients, after 16.82 + 6.26 treatments, QIDS scores indicated a robust response (decrease of QIDS total score by > 50%). For 32 of 39 patients post-treatment QIDS scores indicated a remission from depression (decrease of QIDS total score < 5). Overall, the QIDS score fell from 14.10 + 3.39 to 3.44 + 3.39 SD (p=6.29 X 10-19). With 12 or fewer treatments, QIDS score dropped from 14.83 + 2.55 to 4.17 + 3.93. Patients receiving 13 or more treatments showed a change in QIDS score from 13.67 + 3.64 to 3.11 + 3.14. Those (N=15) who received the entire treatment course within 8 weeks or less (5.33 + 1.72 weeks) showed a change in QIDS score from 13.86 + 3.14 to 4.5 + 3.94. Suicidal ideation resolved in all, but two patients. The non-responsive patients are described in detail. Patients remained in remission for up to 55 months after a single course of treatment.

Conclusion

This is the first report of high-powered NILT showing efficacy for depression. Patients saw benefit often within 4 treatments and some had resolution of depressive symptoms in as little as 4 weeks. These data raise an intriguing possibility – that NILT may be a safe, effective, and rapid treatment for depression. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial is warranted to verify these proof-of-concept data.

Funding Acknowledgements

Neuro-Laser Foundation
Scaling up: How computational models can propel bilingualism research forward
Authors: LI PING , GRANT ANGELA
Published: June 2018

The Multilink model that Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte, and Rekké (2018) present is an excellent example that connects empirical patterns obtained from behavioral studies with mechanisms that can be implemented in computational models. We have previously argued that implementation of computational models is important because it forces the researchers to be explicit about assumptions and to specify parameters and variables that may be absent in verbal models. The Multilink model, along with BIA/BIA+ and many other models, provides concrete hypotheses regarding the role of variables such as word frequency, word length, orthographic similarity, and phonological neighborhood for researchers to test and verify against empirical data (see examples in the special issue on computational modeling published in this journal; Li, 2013).
‘A little bit offended and slightly patronised’: parents’ experiences of National Child Measurement Programme feedback
Authors: Gainsbury Alexa , Dowling Sally
Published: June 2018

Objective

To develop a descriptive account of parents’ experiences of written feedback from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP), based on primary data collected from semi-structured focus groups.

Design

Four focus groups were held with a purposive sample of parents who had recently received written weight feedback from the NCMP in one local authority in England. Thematic data analysis was undertaken to develop a narrative of emergent themes regarding parents’ experiences and the social influences shaping this.

Setting/Subjects

The population of interest was parents of 4- and 5-year-olds who had recently received written feedback from the NCMP. Eighteen parents participated and represented the full spectrum of categories provided in NCMP feedback (under-, healthy, over- and very overweight).

Results

Participants often rejected overweight feedback as lacking in credibility and considered NCMP communication to be targeting parents other than themselves. Family and peers collaborated in the dismissal of overweight feedback, further legitimising participants’ decision to disregard their child’s overweight categorisation.

Conclusions

Our study provides an insight into parents’ experiences of NCMP feedback, including how they relate to and understand that experience within a social context. By doing so, it makes a unique contribution to the existing body of evidence. Recommendations for practice based on the findings include further efforts to raise parents’ and communities’ awareness of childhood obesity, risks associated with childhood excess weight and obesity prevalence as a mainstream issue.
In situ Observation of Compression Damage in a Three-Dimensional Braided Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon and Silicon Carbide (C/C-SiC) Ceramic Composite
Authors: Wan Fan , Zhao Shixiang , Liu Rongjun , Zhang Changrui , Marrow Thomas J.
Published: June 2018

Deformation and mechanical damage in a three-dimensional braided carbon fiber reinforced carbon and silicon carbide ceramic composite, subjected to compressive loading, has been studied in situ by laboratory X-ray computed tomography. Dimensional change was measured and damage visualized by digital volume correlation analysis of tomographs. Cracks nucleated from defects within the fiber bundles and tended to propagate along the fiber bundle/matrix interface. For longitudinal compression, parallel to the fiber bundles, the initial elastic modulus decreased with increasing compressive strain while significant transverse tensile strains developed due to distributed cracking. For transverse compression, perpendicular to the fiber bundles, the compressive elastic modulus was effectively constant; the tensile strains developed along the fiber direction were small, whereas macroscopic fracture between the fiber bundles caused very large bulk tensile strain perpendicular to the loading. The observations suggest that the mechanical strength might be improved through control of pre-existing defects and application of stitch fibers in the transverse direction.
Assessing Soft-Tissue Shrinkage Estimates in Museum Specimens Imaged With Diffusible Iodine-Based Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (diceCT)
Authors: Hedrick Brandon P. , Yohe Laurel , Vander Linden Abby , Dávalos Liliana M. , Sears Karen , Sadier Alexa , Rossiter Stephen J. , Davies Kalina T. J. , Dumont Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

The increased accessibility of soft-tissue data through diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) enables comparative biologists to increase the taxonomic breadth of their studies with museum specimens. However, it is still unclear how soft-tissue measurements from preserved specimens reflect values from freshly collected specimens and whether diceCT preparation may affect these measurements. Here, we document and evaluate the accuracy of diceCT in museum specimens based on the soft-tissue reconstructions of brains and eyes of five bats. Based on proxies, both brains and eyes were roughly 60% of the estimated original sizes when first imaged. However, these structures did not further shrink significantly over a 4-week staining interval, and 1 week in 2.5% iodine-based solution yielded sufficient contrast for differentiating among soft-tissues. Compared to six “fresh” bat specimens imaged shortly after field collection (not fixed in ethanol), the museum specimens had significantly lower relative volumes of the eyes and brains. Variation in field preparation techniques and conditions, and long-term storage in ethanol may be the primary causes of shrinkage in museum specimens rather than diceCT staining methodology. Identifying reliable tissue-specific correction factors to adjust for the shrinkage now documented in museum specimens requires future work with larger samples.
Not ‘us’ and ‘them’: towards a normative legal theory of mental health vulnerability
Authors: Bielby Phil
Published: June 2018

In this paper, I develop the basis of a normative legal theory of mental health vulnerability. In Section 2, I conceptualise mental health vulnerability by integrating a universal understanding of vulnerability with a subjective-evaluative, psychosocial and dimensional account of mental health. In Section 3, I move on to consider the significance of mental health vulnerability for legal theory through an encounter with perspectives on vulnerability offered by MacIntyre, Fineman and Del Mar. This offers an insight into the normative foundations of mental health vulnerability. In Section 4, I outline a normative framework for mental health vulnerability that involves a synergy of rights and care. This extends Engster's idea of ‘a right to care’ to mental health and highlights the role of care and rights in mitigating power imbalances and inequality in relation to mental health. In concluding, I suggest future directions for research on mental health vulnerability.
Does Shared Social Disadvantage Cause Black–Latino Political Commonality?
Authors: Israel-Trummel Mackenzie L. , Schachter Ariela
Published: June 2018

Shared social disadvantage relative to Whites is assumed to motivate inter-minority political behavior but we lack causal evidence. Using a survey experiment of 1,200 African Americans, we prompt respondents to consider group social position when evaluating political commonality with Latinos. The experiment describes racial disparities in a randomized domain (education or housing), varies the description of inequality (either Black versus White, Latino versus White, or Black and Latino versus White), and offers half of the respondents a political cue to test whether shared social disadvantage causes Blacks’ perceptions of political commonality with Latinos. We find little evidence of a causal relationship. We conclude that cross-racial minority political coalitions may be more difficult to activate than previously thought.
Motives for Social Isolation Following a Negative Emotional Episode
Authors: Delelis Gérald , Christophe Véronique
Published: June 2018

Abstract. After experiencing an emotional event, people either seek out others’ presence (social affiliation) or avoid others’ presence (social isolation). The determinants and effects of social affiliation are now well-known, but social psychologists have not yet thoroughly studied social isolation. This study aims to ascertain which motives and corresponding regulation strategies participants report for social isolation following negative emotional events. A group of 96 participants retrieved from memory an actual negative event that led them to temporarily socially isolate themselves and freely listed up to 10 motives for social isolation. Through semantic categorization of the 423 motives reported by the participants, we found that “cognitive clarification” and “keeping one’s distance” – that is, the need for cognitive regulation and the refusal of socioaffective regulation, respectively – were the most commonly and quickly reported motives for social isolation. We discuss the findings in terms of ideas for future studies aimed at clarifying the role of social isolation in health situations.
Horseshoes in the High‐Latitude Ionosphere
Authors: Wang Ningchao , Datta‐Barua Seebany , Chartier Alex T. , Ramirez Uriel , Mitchell Cathryn N.
Published: June 2018

In the high‐latitude ionosphere, predicting transport of polar cap patches is important because of their impact on radio communications and navigation systems. Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) are barriers to transport in nonlinear time‐varying flow fields, found by computing the local maximum finite‐time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE). We propose that LCSs are barriers governing patch formation. In this work, we compute and visualize the LCSs in high‐latitude ionospheric convection by computing the FTLE field with the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Algorithm for Lagrangian Coherent Structures (ITALCS). The Weimer 2005 high‐latitude electric potential model and the 12th‐generation International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF‐12) are used to generate the
drift field at each gridpoint in the ionosphere. The
drifts are used as the input to ITALCS. Time‐varying structures are detected in two‐dimensional ionospheric drifts at high latitudes based on locally maximum forward time FTLE values for both geomagnetically stormy and quiet periods. Typically, the dominant structure is shaped like the letter “U,” or a “horseshoe,” oriented with the curved portion of the “U” on the dayside around local noon. The LCSs during the geomagnetically stormy period have more complex topology and shift equatorward compared to the LCSs during quiet times. Analysis of a polar cap patch observed on 17 March 2015 with the Multi‐Instrument Data Analysis System indicates that a necessary condition for its formation and transport is that storm enhanced density exist poleward of the LCS.
Magmatic Landscape Construction
Authors: Karlstrom Leif , Richardson Paul W. , O'Hara Daniel , Ebmeier Susanna K.
Published: June 2018

Magmatism is an important driver of landscape adjustment over ∼10% of Earth's land surface, producing 103‐ to 106‐km2 terrains that often persistently resurface with magma for 1–10 s of Myr. Construction of topography by magmatic intrusions and eruptions approaches or exceeds tectonic uplift rates in these settings, defining regimes of landscape evolution by the degree to which such magmatic construction outpaces erosion. We compile data that span the complete range of magmatism, from laccoliths, forced folds, and InSAR‐detected active intrusions, to explosive and effusive eruption deposits, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, and calderas. Distributions of magmatic landforms represent topographic perturbations that span >10 orders of magnitude in planform areas and >6 orders of magnitude in relief, varying strongly with the style of magmatism. We show that, independent of erodibility or climate considerations, observed magmatic landform geometry implies a wide range of potential for erosion, due to trade‐offs between slope and drainage area in common erosion laws. Because the occurrence rate of magmatic events varies systematically with the volume of material emplaced, only a restricted class of magmatic processes is likely to directly compete with erosion to shape topography. Outside of this range, magmatism either is insignificant on landscape scales or overwhelms preexisting topography and acts to reset the landscape. The landform data compiled here provide a basis for disentangling competing processes that build and erode topography in volcanic provinces, reconstructing timing and volumes of volcanism in the geologic record, and assessing mechanical connections between climate and magmatism.
A Groundwater and Runoff Formulation for Weather and Climate Models
Authors: Schlemmer Linda , Schär Christoph , Lüthi Daniel , Strebel Lukas
Published: June 2018

Soil moisture modifies the state of the atmosphere and thus plays a major role in the climate system. Its spatial distribution is strongly modulated by the underlying orography. Yet the vertical transport of soil water and especially the generation of groundwater runoff at the bottom of the soil column are currently treated in a crude way in most atmospheric and climate models. This potentially leads to large biases in near‐surface temperatures during midlatitude summertime conditions, when the soils may dry out. Here we present a new formulation for groundwater and runoff formation. It is based on Richards equation, allows for saturated aquifers, includes a slope‐dependent groundwater discharge, and enables a subgrid‐scale treatment of the underlying orography. The proposed numerical implementation ensures a physically consistent treatment of the water fluxes in the soil column, using ideas from flux‐corrected transport methodologies. An implementation of this formulation into TERRA_ML, the land surface model of the regional climate model of the COnsortium for Small‐scale MOdeling (COSMO) in CLimate Mode (CCLM), is validated both in idealized and real‐case simulations. Idealized simulations demonstrate the important role of the lower boundary condition at the bottom of the soil column and display a physically meaningful recharge and discharge of the saturated zone. Validation against measurements at selected stations shows an improved seasonal evolution of soil water content. Finally, decade‐long climate simulations over Europe exhibit a realistic representation of the groundwater distribution across continental scales and mountainous areas, an improved annual cycle of surface latent heat fluxes, and as a consequence reductions of long‐standing biases in near‐surface temperatures in semiarid regions.
Biogeochemical Controls on the Relative Importance of Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium in Estuaries
Authors: Kessler Adam J. , Roberts Keryn L. , Bissett Andrew , Cook Perran L. M.
Published: June 2018

The balance between estuarine denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) is critical for determining nitrogen loads received by oceans from inland waters. We aimed to determine the factors controlling the ratio between these processes and determining whether nitrogen was generally removed or recycled in estuaries. Rates of denitrification and DNRA with depth were measured in intact sediment cores in 11 estuaries along the coast of Victoria, Australia. The estuaries studied represent a range of biogeochemical conditions, land use, and catchment size. At a pore water profile scale, the ratio of denitrification to DNRA was well predicted by a multiple regression model with nitrate concentration in the overlying water, dissolved pore water iron, and ammonium as the predictor variables. Areal denitrification rates varied from 4 to 150 μmol · m−2 · hr−1, and DNRA rates varied from 2 to 30 μmol · m−2 · hr−1, with the ratio of denitrification to DNRA spanning a range from denitrification‐dominated (denitrification/DNRA = 8.4) to DNRA‐dominated (denitrification/DNRA = 0.3). DNRA dominated at sites with high iron pools and high organic carbon to nitrate ratios. We conclude that low nitrate and high Fe2+ availability generally enhances DNRA and drives an estuary toward being N recycling, rather than N removing.
Attribution of Extreme Rainfall Events in the South of France Using EURO‐CORDEX Simulations
Authors: Luu L. N. , Vautard R. , Yiou P. , van Oldenborgh G. J. , Lenderink G.
Published: June 2018

This study investigates how climate change affects the daily extreme precipitation events that occur in the autumn in Cévennes mountain range (South of France). We use an ensemble of 10 EURO‐CORDEX model simulations with two horizontal resolutions (0.11° and 0.44°). Those data sets, after pooling all models together, are fitted by stationary generalized extreme value and empirical distributions for several periods to estimate a climate change signal in the tail of distribution of extreme rainfall. We find that the exceedance probability of a 1‐in‐100‐year event in the historical climate has increased by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.8 under the current climate. The results show that higher‐resolution simulations with bias adjustment provide a robust and confident increase in the intensity and likelihood of occurrence of the events in the current climate in comparison with the historical climate. These changes are in agreement with an observations‐based analysis in a previous study.
The Role of Gravity Wave Drag Optimization in the Splitting of the Antarctic Vortex in the 2002 Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Scheffler Guillermo , Pulido Manuel , Rodas Claudio
Published: June 2018

The impact of gravity wave drag on the Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in 2002 is examined through a mechanistic middle atmosphere model combined with a variational data assimilation system. Significant differences in the SSW representation are found between a model integration that uses reference gravity wave parameters and one that uses parameters estimated using data assimilation. Upon identical wave forcings at 100 hPa, the vortex breakdown may arise as either a vortex splitting event or a displacement vortex event depending on gravity wave parameters. A local enhancement of Rossby waves is found in the integration with estimated parameters, leading to a split SSW. The changes in the vortex breakdown are associated with changes in the vortex geometry caused entirely by modifying the gravity wave parameters. Gravity wave drag proved to play an instrumental role in preconditioning the stratosphere near a resonant excitation point that triggers the split SSW.
Auroral Storm and Polar Arcs at Saturn—Final Cassini/UVIS Auroral Observations
Authors: Palmaerts B. , Radioti A. , Grodent D. , Yao Z. H. , Bradley T. J. , Roussos E. , Lamy L. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Krupp N. , Kurth W. S. , Gérard J.‐C. , Pryor W. R.
Published: June 2018

On 15 September 2017 the Cassini spacecraft plunged into Saturn's atmosphere after 13 years of successful exploration of the Saturnian system. The day before, the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) on board Cassini observed Saturn's northern aurora for about 14 hr. During these observations, several auroral structures appeared, providing clues about processes simultaneously occurring in Saturn's magnetosphere. The observed dawn auroral enhancement together with the magnetic field and plasma wave data suggest that an intense flux closure process took place in the magnetotail. This enhanced magnetotail reconnection is likely caused by a magnetospheric compression induced by an interplanetary shock. Additionally, a polar arc is observed on the duskside, tracked for the first time from its growth until its quasi‐disappearance and used as an indicator of reconnection location on the dayside magnetopause. Observation of an atypical auroral arc at very high latitudes supports the interplanetary shock scenario.
Soil Moisture Stress as a Major Driver of Carbon Cycle Uncertainty
Authors: Trugman A. T. , Medvigy D. , Mankin J. S. , Anderegg W. R. L.
Published: June 2018

Future projections suggest an increase in drought globally with climate change. Current vegetation models typically regulate the plant photosynthetic response to soil moisture stress through an empirical function, rather than a mechanistic response where plant water potentials respond to changes in soil water. This representation of soil moisture stress may introduce significant uncertainty into projections for the terrestrial carbon cycle. We examined the use of the soil moisture limitation function in historical and future emissions scenarios in nine Earth system models. We found that soil moisture‐limited productivity across models represented a large and uncertain component of the simulated carbon cycle, comparable to 3–286% of current global productivity. Approximately 40–80% of the intermodel variability was due to the functional form of the limitation equation alone. Our results highlight the importance of implementing mechanistic water limitation schemes in models and illuminate several avenues for improving projections of the land carbon sink.
Improving Greenland Surface Mass Balance Estimates Through the Assimilation of MODIS Albedo: A Case Study Along the K‐Transect
Authors: Navari Mahdi , Margulis Steven A. , Tedesco Marco , Fettweis Xavier , Alexander Patrick M.
Published: June 2018

Estimating the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB) is an important component of current and future projections of sea level rise. Given the lack of in situ information, imperfect models, and underutilized remote sensing data, it is critical to combine the available observations with a physically based model to better characterize the spatial and temporal variation of the Greenland ice sheet SMB. This work proposes a data assimilation framework that yields SMB estimates that benefit from a state‐of‐the‐art snowpack model (Crocus) and a 16‐day albedo product. Comparison of our results against in situ SMB measurements from the Kangerlussuaq transect shows that assimilation of 16‐day albedo product reduces the root‐mean‐square error of the posterior estimates of SMB from 1,240 millimeter water equivalent per year (mmWE/yr) to 230 mmWE/yr and reduces the bias from 1,140 mmWE/yr to −20 mmWE/yr.
Photometric Modeling and VIS‐IR Albedo Maps of Tethys From Cassini‐VIMS
Authors: Filacchione G. , Ciarniello M. , D'Aversa E. , Capaccioni F. , Cerroni P. , Buratti B. , Clark R. N. , Stephan K. , Plainaki C.
Published: June 2018

We report about the derivation of visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) albedo maps and spectral indicators of Saturn's satellite Tethys from the complete Cassini‐Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) data set. The application of a photometric correction is necessary to remove illumination and viewing effects from the I/F spectra, to compute spectral albedo and to correctly associate spectral variations to changes in composition or physical properties of the surface. In this work we are adopting the photometric correction proposed by Shkuratov et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.06.011) to derive albedo maps of Tethys from disk‐resolved Cassini‐VIMS data. After having applied a similar methodology to Dione's data (Filacchione et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076869), we present here the results achieved for Tethys: surface albedo maps and photometric parameters are computed at five visible (0.35, 0.44, 0.55, 0.70, and 0.95 μm) and five infrared (1.046, 1.540, 1.822, 2.050, and 2.200 μm) wavelengths and rendered in cylindrical projection with a 0.5° × 0.5° angular resolution in latitude and longitude, corresponding to a highest spatial resolution of 4.7 km/bin. The 0.35‐ to 0.55‐ and 0.55‐ to 0.95‐μm spectral slopes and the water ice 2.050‐μm band depth maps are computed after having applied the photometric correction, in order to trace the leading‐trailing hemisphere dichotomy, to constrain the shape of the equatorial lens generated by the bombardment of high‐energy magnetospheric electrons on the leading hemisphere, and to observe the stronger water ice band depth and reddening within the floors of Odysseus and Penelope impact craters.
Crustal Thickness Variation in the Northern Appalachian Mountains: Implications for the Geometry of 3‐D Tectonic Boundaries Within the Crust
Authors: Li Cong , Gao Haiying , Williams Michael L. , Levin Vadim
Published: June 2018

Teleseismic receiver functions were calculated to image the Moho geometry in the northern Appalachian Mountains in order to explore crustal thickness variations and possible linkages with tectonic units. Waveforms from 1995 to 2016 were analyzed for a total of ~ 200 broadband seismic stations, yielding a well‐distributed data set with high lateral resolution. Consistent P‐to‐S phases converted at the Moho can be clearly observed. The Moho depth increases from the coastal plain northwestward to the Appalachian Plateau, with a sharp east‐west gradient in southern New England. A distinct subrectangular downward deflection of the Moho is imaged in northern New Hampshire and western Maine. There is a spatial correlation observed between Moho depth variations and the NE‐SW trending Appalachian orogenic strike. Variations of crustal thickness along and across the orogenic strike provide insights into the formation and modification of the crust during and after the major Appalachian orogenic events.