bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE HETEROSOMATA OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE: V. MONOGENEA
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

Udonella caligorum, Entobdella hippoglossi, and E. curvunca were identified in a study of 43 Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus. The incidence, distribution, and host specificity of the halibut's monogenetic parasites are discussed.
EFFECTS OF SPRAYING 2,4-D AMINE ON COCCINELLID LARVAE
Authors: Adams Jean B.
Published: August 2008

When coccinellid larvae in six different age groups were sprayed with 2,4-D amine and then confined in glass vials, two main effects were seen: first, mortality was increased four times in all age groups; and secondly, the mean time to pupation increased in all age groups except the 1-day-old larvae.
VARIATION IN NUMBER AND ASYMMETRY IN BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS IN THE FAMILY ESOCIDAE
Authors: Crossman E. J.
Published: August 2008

In teleost fishes which have high numbers of meristic parts there is great variability. Within the family Esocidae this variability is apparent in the branchiostegal rays. Within populations there often exists up to 23 combinations of numbers of these rays on the epihyoid and ceratohyoid bones on each side of single individuals. There is considerable bilateral asymmetry in both number and arrangement of these rays. Counts of the number of branchiostegal rays on each hyoid segment may prove more useful as distinguishing characteristics than total counts now in use.
THE FAUNA OF ROCKY SHORES OF BARBADOS, WEST INDIES
Authors: Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

The zonation of the intertidal fauna of the rocky shores of Barbados is described. Although the tidal range is less than 4 ft, the vertical range of the fauna is, in certain situations, much wider. Wave action is shown to be an important factor in extending the vertical range while temperature and exposure influence distribution.The biology of the common species is described, with emphasis on their reproductive and larval ecology. The majority of the species are copulators and are ovoviviparous or produce egg capsules. There is a marked tendency for the larvae to have a short pelagic life.
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS IN BREWER'S YEAST: II. SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THESE FACTORS
Authors: Charbonneau Rene , Lemonde André
Published: August 2008

Brewer's yeast contains some unknown growth factors necessary for the normal development of Tribolium confusum. These factors, destroyed by ashing, are organic substances insoluble in ethanol, ether, and benzene. Temperatures as high as 125 °C do not affect their activity. At 150 °C, the growth-promoting effect is decreased. These factors are destroyed by strong acids and slightly affected by strong alkalis. Maximum growth stimulation is obtained between pH 6.0 and 8.8. The presence in water-soluble yeast fraction of a growth-promoting factor is confirmed. The water-insoluble part contains one or many unidentified growth factors.
HYDROMERMIS CHURCHILLENSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: MERMITHIDAE) A PARASITE OF AEDES COMMUNIS (DeG.) FROM CHURCHILL, MANITOBA, WITH OBSERVATIONS OF ITS INCIDENCE AND BIONOMICS
Authors: Welch H. E.
Published: August 2008

Hydromermis churchillensis n. sp. is described. It is distinguished from other species of Hydromermis mainly by the fused spicules and pointed termini of both sexes. One to six larval nematodes may be found in a larva of Aedes communis (DeG.). They emerge to become free-living, molt, mature, mate, and oviposit in 2 months. Host activity is hindered, pupation prevented, and the host usually killed upon emergence of the worm. Worms are found occasionally in adult mosquitoes. Host reaction as encapsulation sometimes occurs. Ectocommensal protozoa are more common on uninfected than on parasitized mosquito larvae. At Churchill, Manitoba, approximately 10% of the mosquito larvae were killed, but in individual pools the percentage reached 80%. Nematodes were irregularly distributed in the forest and transition zones, but no correlation was found between the physical features of the pools and this distribution.
NUMBER OF RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (SCHIFF.) PER PINE SHOOT AS A POPULATION INDEX, WITH A RAPID DETERMINATION METHOD OF THIS INDEX AT LOW POPULATION LEVELS
Authors: Harris P.
Published: August 2008

The number of R. buoliana per shoot is a good index of its abundance in a pine stand; but the determination of the index at low population levels involves counting large numbers of shoots. However, for the conspicuous third instar larvae and older stages it can be determined rapidly by counting the number of individuals present on a tree and estimating the number of shoots by measuring the stem diameter and referring to a predetermined shoot-diameter curve for the stand.
SOUND-PRODUCING ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF SONG PRODUCTION IN FIELD CRICKETS OF THE GENUS ACHETA FABRICIUS (ORTHOPTERA, GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Rakshpal R.
Published: August 2008

A comparative study of the sound-producing organs of Acheta rubens, A. assimilis, a "northern spring species" (NSS), and A. pennsylvanicus reveals that the size of tegmen, harp, resonator, and file have no taxonomic value. The tooth-number in the file, however, is a useful additional character in the identification of males of different species of Acheta.The stridulatory organs of both the tegmina are equally efficient. The removal of the lateral or apical parts of either or both tegmina does not affect the modulation quality of the song, it only lowers the intensity. At the time of stridulation only about one-third of the tile is engaged by the scraper and it is the inward movement of the tegmina that produces the song. The kind of song depends on the elevation of the tegmina. A pulse is produced when the tegmina move inward, followed by a non-pulse period due to outward movement of the tegmina. Each pulse consists of a number of 'spikes' (seen in audiospectrographs) each of which is formed by a tooth being struck.
EFFECT OF BACTERIA ON RADIOPHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN YEARLING SALMON, SALMO SALAR L.
Authors: Srivastava P. N.
Published: August 2008

The effect of bacteria on radiophosphorus and its metabolism in organic and inorganic forms was studied in yearling salmon, Salmo salar L. The fish absorbed 39.6% of P32 from aquaria to which the antibiotic tetracycline was added because bacteria were inactivated and the added P32 remained in inorganic form. In controls, where bacteria either ingested or transformed three-fifths of the P32 into organic phosphorus, the fish utilized 27.5%. The turnover time was slower in controls than in treated fish. In a second experiment fish were maintained in exclusively organic or inorganic P32 and those in the latter utilized phosphorus more readily (43.0%) than fishes maintained in organic P32 (24.5%). Turnover time for fish in organic phosphorus was also slower than for inorganic. The conclusion is that fishes select inorganic rather than organic salts but if they are forced to remain in the latter, they can absorb them at a reduced rate.
THE RESPONSE OF THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL TO NATURALLY OCCURRING REPELLENTS
Authors: Anderson John M. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

The reactions of the white-pine weevil to air-borne repellents was studied in an olfactometer which, unlike other types, permitted a quantitative measure, capable of gradation, to be made of an individual's response. Different coniferous tree species supplied the odorous material in the form of essential oils extracted for use in these experiments by distillation from the bark. Degree of oil repellency and tree species were related. The response of any one individual tended to be consistent. Males and females responded equally to the repellents. The curve relating the response and the concentration of the repellent was similar to those generally describing the relation between stimulus strength and response. Adaptation to the repellent odors was clearly seen. From analysis of motion picture film it was apparent that repellent vapors affected weevil behavior so that the duration of activity periods was shortened although the rest periods remained constant.
NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA:NOCTUIDAE): III. LYOPHILIZED SPROUTS AND LEAVES OF WHEAT AS A BASAL DIET FOR LARVAE, AND EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH L-LEUCINE
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R.
Published: August 2008

The pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., was reared from egg to adult in the laboratory when supplied with diets prepared from etiolated sprouts or 10-day-old leaves of Thatcher wheat that had been lyophilized, ground, and made up to 66.7% moisture content. A diet that contained 33.3% lyophilized, 10-day-old Thatcher leaf and 66.7% water was inferior to one containing equal parts of wheat leaf and cellulose powder with the same moisture content. Although larvae fed a diet with 25% leaf tissue and 75% cellulose powder, on a dry-weight basis, developed more slowly and were smaller than those fed higher concentrations of leaf, some matured and emerged as adults. When the 25% leaf diet was supplemented with 14.3 mg of L-leucine per gram all the larvae died during the first two instars. Addition of this quantity of L-leucine to either the 50% leaf or the lyophilized sprout diets did not have such an effect. These results were interpreted as being due to an amino acid imbalance which, as with the rat, becomes apparent only on a suboptimal diet.
THE CELLS OF A NORMAL LYMPH NODE
Authors: McMillan Donald B. , Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a description of the cells of the normal mesenteric lymph node of the rabbit. The work evolved from a study of the developmental history of the plasmacyte in this organ. The imprint method was used in the preparation of the slides. Several cellular stages not previously recorded in the literature are described.
THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL STIMULI ON THE LARVAL STAGE OF TERRANOVA DECIPIENS (KRABBE, 1878) (NEMATODA:ANISAKIDAE): I. TEMPERATURE
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

The reactions of the larval stage of the nematode Terranova decipiens found in the flesh of cod fish were examined under various temperature conditions. The relationship between these reactions and the survival of the nematode in the fish, as well as its future behavior in seals, is considered.
BLOOD-MEAL SOURCES AND NOTES ON HOST PREFERENCES OF SOME AEDES MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA:CULICIDAE)
Authors: Downe A. E. R.
Published: August 2008

Blood meals of engorged female Aedes mosquitoes collected from animal dwellings, light traps, and hand catches were identified by serological precipitin tests. The mosquitoes had fed on farm animals, humans, rodents, raccoons, deer, and probably foxes. Very few of the specimens had fed on birds and few contained the blood of more than one kind of host. Preliminary studies in a screened enclosure in a one-room barn that contained various combinations of domestic animals and humans indicated that a preference shown by mosquitoes for a mammalian host is related to the surface area of the host.
A STUDY OF THE BLUE GROUSE (DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS (SAY)) ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Fowle C. David
Published: August 2008

A study was made of the summer habitat, seasonal movements, fluctuations in populations, population density, breeding cycle, and summer feeding habits of Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (Ridgway). During the summer the grouse were found mainly in the early stages of the developing second-growth forests following fire or logging. The birds descended to the lowlands in late March and early April. Most of the adult males returned to the uplands by the end of July, The females and broods left the lowlands by the end of September. There is evidence of several well-marked fluctuations in the numbers of blue grouse in British Columbia since 1904. A density of about.2 adults per acre was recorded in late June and early July. Nesting took place in May and the first young appeared early in June. After the first of July it was not uncommon to see two females with their intermingled broods feeding together. The summer foods of both adults and young were almost entirely vegetable. Grit was the main item in gizzards from birds collected before the middle of July but later it was largely replaced by hard seeds. The grouse were not observed to drink free water except in captivity. There is a rough parallelism between frequency of occurrence of the main items of food in the environment and the proportion of each occurring in the diet.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: VI. AMPLICAECUM CACOPI, THELANDROS SP., RHABDIAS RANAE, AND OSWALDOCRUZIA MELANOSTICTI SP. NOV., FROM FROGS
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Amplicaecum cacopi Chatterji, 1936, Thelandros sp., and Rhabdias ranae Walton, 1929 are recorded, and Oswaldocruzia melanosticti sp. nov. is described, from frogs in East Pakistan.
NATURAL MORTALITY OF THE PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (SCHIFF.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN ENGLAND
Authors: Harris P.
Published: August 2008

A population of R. buoliana infesting a young Scots pine plantation was followed through three generations. The most important causes of mortality in the population were an egg parasite, probably Trichogramma evanescens; the failure of the third instar larvae to establish themselves in the buds; two external parasites, Scambus sagax attacking the larvae in the autumn and Exeristes ruficollis attacking the larvae in the spring; three internal parasites, Orgilus obscurator, Temelucha interrupter, and Eulimneria rufifemur, attacking the larvae in the autumn but killing it in the spring after the trees were damaged; and a fungus, Paecilomyces farinosus, that usually killed the larvae in the autumn. The total proportion of the population killed by parasites and fungus was usually constant from one year to the next, though the abundance of T. interruptor increased.Most of the annual fluctuation in abundance of the moth was caused by the differential survival of the third instar larvae. After a cool summer the third instar larvae were not developed until September and most of them failed to establish themselves in the buds and perished. On the other hand in a warm summer when the larvae developed earlier and attacked the buds in July, most of them were successful.
THE CAPSULE AND ITS RELATION TO THE EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE ICHNEUMONID PARASITOID MESOLEIUS TENTHREDINIS MORL. IN THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.) (HYMENOPTERA:TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Bronskill Joan F.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of the parasitoid Mesoleius tenthredinis Morl. from British Columbia develop and hatch in approximately 120 hours when reared at 23 ± 0.5 °C and a relative humidity of 72 ± 2% within field-collected larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)) larvae from British Columbia and Newfoundland, and within laboratory-reared P. crichsonii larvae from British Columbia. However, they develop normally for only 70 to 80 hours within field-collected larvae from Manitoba as encapsulation of the developing eggs occurs and development ceases in the late germ band stage. The capsule is formed by an accumulation of host blood cells. During the formation of the capsule the innermost blood cells become flattened, fibrous, and enucleated, and eventually form a mass of concentric sheaths of non-cellular material. Thus, the definitive capsule is both cellular (outer region) and non-cellular (inner region). Histochemical tests indicate the presence of mucopolysaccharide in the capsule. It is suggested that the capsule inhibits the embryonic development of the parasitoid by interfering with its oxygen supply.
SOME FURTHER RECORDS OF PELAGIC POLYCHAETA FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC NORTH OF LATITUDE 40° N. AND EAST OF LONGITUDE 175° W., TOGETHER WITH RECORDS OF SIPHONOPHORA, MOLLUSCA, AND TUNICATA FROM THE SAME REGION
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Seventeen species of pelagic Polychaeta from the northeastern Pacific are recorded. Of these, five (Sphaerosyllis pirifera Claparède, Dorvillea kefersteini McIntosh, Spiophanes cirrata Sars, Magelona sp., and Flabelligera affinis Sars) are species which, whilst not exclusively pelagic, are known to swim at some stage, particularly as larvae. One record (Pedinosoma curtum Reibisch) is new to the Pacific Ocean, two (Pontodora pelagica Greef and Callisona nasuta Greef) are new to the northeastern Pacific region, and four (Pelagobia longicirrata Greef, Lopadorhynchus uncinatus Fauvel, Sagitella kowalewskii Wagner, and Callizona angelini (Kinberg)) are records of northerly extensions of distribution. The first observation of a larval Cossura (probably of C. longocirrata Webster and Benedict) is recorded. Poeobius meseres Heath is recorded from a number of stations and the classification of Poeobiidae is discussed.Eight species of Siphonophora are listed, all of which constitute new records for the region covered by the present collections. Six species of Mollusca, comprising five Pteropoda and one Heteropoda, are recorded, none of which have been identified previously in northeastern Pacific plankton. Three of the genera of Pteropoda (Anopsia, Thliptodon, and Cliopsis) are characteristic of warmer seas, the other two, and the heteropod, are widely distributed. Of the two species of Tunicata listed one is new to the northeastern Pacific.
HELMINTH PARASITES FROM VERTEBRATES TAKEN IN THE SUDAN (EAST AFRICA)
Authors: Myers Betty-June , Wolfgang Robert W. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: August 2008

This paper comprises a list of the parasites from vertebrates collected in the Sudan (East Africa) by the U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE MYSIDACEA OF THE CANADIAN ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF
Authors: Brunel Pierre
Published: August 2008

A key is given for the identification of 16 species and one variety of Mysidacea recorded up to date in waters of the Canadian Atlantic continental shelf. Two species not yet recorded but likely to occur in these waters are also included. The key is to be used with Tattersall's Review of the Mysidacea of the U.S. National Museum (1951). Diagnostic characters of four species are illustrated.
THE INTRAOVULAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBSPIRACULAR GLANDS IN HYALOPHORA CECROPIA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA; SATURNIDAE)
Authors: Harmsen R. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

The subspiracular glands as found in Lepidoptera are the subject for this investigation.The embryonic origin from the ectoderm is described.Details of the cytology and morphological development of these glands in the egg are reported. Before hatching of the eggs, the glands undergo a nuclear secretion. The number of cells in each gland remains constant throughout the intraovular period.The development of the glands is related to the development of other tissues.
PERMEABILITY OF THE EGG SHELL OF ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.), AND THE FATE OF THE VITELLINE MEMBRANE
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The egg shell of Acheta domesticus (L.) is permeable to dyes in the interval between the fragmentation of the endochorion and the secretion of the lipoid layer of the serosal cuticle, i.e. at the beginning of the water absorption period. The vitelline membrane persists throughout the whole of embryonic development, lying between the aforementioned layers from the beginning of water absorption.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: VIII. ON ARTIONEMA LABIATO-PAPILLOSA (PERRONCITO, 1882) YEH, 1959 FROM THE BODY CAVITY OF HUMP BACK CATTLE
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Artionema labiato-papillosa (Perroncito, 1882) from the body cavity of hump back cattle is redescribed. The species Artionema labiato-papillosa and Artionema digitata are considered synonymous.
EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTALLY ALTERED UNIPOLAR AIR-ION DENSITY UPON THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVITY OF THE BLOWFLY, CALLIPHORA VICINA R.D.
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

Populations of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina R.D., were exposed to different densities of artificially produced unipolar air-ions. The activity of the flies was continuously recorded. Increased positive-ion densities resulted in increased flight activity. With a moderately high positive-ion density the peak activity occurred approximately 0.75 hours after first exposure to the ions. Following the peak, the activity returned to the original level while the insects were still exposed to the ions. No activity effect was observed with the negative-ion density level used.
CELLULOSE DIGESTION IN THE BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS)
Authors: Currier A. , Kitts W. D. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

The digestion of cellulose by the beaver (Castor canadensis) has been studied. Indigestible markers added to the feed and artificial caeca were used as techniques in the determination of cellulose digestion. The ability of the experimental animals to digest cellulose ranged from 32 to 33%.
A PRELIMINARY SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LARVAE OF THE CADDISFLY FAMILY PHRYGANEIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-six species of the caddisfly family Phryganeidae are known to occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats over the northern and montane areas of North America. Larvae are described for 13 of these species, including 5 not previously known. Using data on habitat and various aspects of behavior, along with new structural characters, progress is made in giving broader biological significance to the generic groupings. A key to seven of the eight North American genera is provided, along with keys to the known larvae of the genera Agrypnia and Banksiola. The general distribution of each species treated is summarized.
SCHISTOSOME CERCARIA IN ONTARIO
Authors: Bourns T. K. R.
Published: August 2008

Cercariae of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1931 have been obtained from 92 of 2474 Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say and Lymnaea palustris elodes Say collected from nine locations in central and western Ontario from 1957 to 1960. This is believed to be the first published record of the occurrence in Canada of this schistosome dermatitis-producing parasite. A second schistosome, Trichobilharzia ocellata (La Valette, 1855) Brumpt, 1931, was found in Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say from two locations.
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS ZEDER (NEMATODA)
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

The effects of temperature on the survival and development of the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis have been studied using agar cultures inoculated with pure cultures of Escherichia coli. The ova hatched and infective larvae developed at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 30 °C, but 35 °C was lethal in 24 hours. The time of development of the larvae to the infective stage was inversely proportional to the ambient temperature between the limits of 10 °C and 30 °C. The longevity in water of third-stage larvae previously cultured at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C was studied at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 40 °C.
PARASITES FROM NORTHERN CANADA: I. ENTOZOA OF FORT CHIMO ESKIMOS
Authors: Laird Marshall , Meerovitch Eugene
Published: August 2008

An examination of faecal concentrates from 46 subjects, representing all age groups, revealed that 46% harbored entozoa of one or more species. Twenty-eight per cent were positive for Diphyllobothrium sp., 26% for Entamoeba coli, 11% for Giardia lamblia, 2% for Chilomastix mesnili (a new record for the Canadian subarctic), and 2% for Endolimax nana. The 5- to 9-year age group exhibited the highest incidence and greatest variety of parasites. Comprising only 22% of the total, it accounted for 47% of the species records.
RHYTHMICAL AROUSAL FROM HIBERNATION IN THE GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL, CITELLUS LATERALIS TESCORUM
Authors: Pengelley Eric T. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

Daily observations on each of over one hundred individuals of C. lateralis by a special technique indicated that no animal remains continuously in the hibernating state longer than approximately 16 days (at an environmental temperature of 32° F). The arousals were more frequent at the beginning (i.e. in the autumn) and the ending (i.e. in the spring) of the whole hibernating period, than during the middle of this period (December and January). Adult males were found to arouse more frequently than did adult females or the juveniles of either sex. Preliminary data indicate that arousals are more frequent the higher the environmental temperature (up to 70–75° F), Observations on 12 C. columbianus, 9 C. tridecemlineatus, and 28 Glis glis indicated maximum continuous hibernation periods of 19, 12 and 33 days, respectively, at an environmental temperature of 32° F; C. richardsonii did not hibernate under our laboratory conditions.The trigger which starts each arousal is not known. Food and water intake during an arousal is not necessary, nor is defecation. Urination, however, takes place during every arousal. The observations strongly suggest that the urine voided was formed only while the animal was in the active homothermic state. It is suggested that it is the accumulation of metabolic end products which constitutes the stimulus for an arousal.
A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE NEMATODE GENUS APHELENCHOIDES FISCHER, 1894
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

A key for the identification of 35 species of the nematode genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 is given. The key is based on the characters of the females. The chief characters used in the key are as follows: shape of female tail, structure of stylet, presence or absence of postvulvar uterine sac, position of excretory pore and nerve ring, and number of lateral incisures. The descriptive terms used in the key are illustrated by line drawings. A separate key is provided for species where only males are known.
PARATYLENCHUS TENUICAUDATUS N. SP. (NEMATODA: CRICONEMATIDAE)
Authors: Wu L. Y.
Published: August 2008

Paratylenchus tenuicaudatus n. sp. was collected in Ontario, Canada, from soil about roots of clover (Trifolium repens and T. pratense), of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), of maple tree (Acer saccharum), and from grass sod, during 1958 to 1960.This species has characters close to Paratylenchus hamatus, P. elachistus, and P. nanus, but differs from these species in having a long slender tail, in having the vulva in a more forward position, in having a more massive basal bulb of the esophagus, and in the fact that it is a considerably larger species.
SPLENDIDOFILARIA WEHRI N.SP. WITH A REVISION OF SPLENDIDOFILARIA AND RELATED GENERA
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Splendidofilaria wehri n. sp. from the heart of Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni is described and compared with closely related species. Species formerly allocated to Splendidofilaria and Ornithofilaria are reorganized on the basis of the structure of the oesophagus as follows: (a) Splendidofilaria Skrjabin, 1923 (= Ornithofilaria Gönnert, 1937; Ularofilaria Lubimov, 1946; Lophortofilaria Wehr and Herman, 1956); pawlowskyi Skrjabin, 1923, gedoelsti Travassos, 1925, brevispiculum Singh, 1949, verrucosa Oschmarin, 1950, kashmirensis Amir and Ali, 1960, wehri n.sp., mavis (Gönnert, 1937) n.comb., papillocerca (Lubimov, 1946), rotundicephala (Oschmarin, 1950) n.comb., fallisensis (Anderson, 1954) n.comb., algonquinensis (Anderson, 1955) n.comb., californiensis (Wehr and Herman, 1956) n.comb., tuvensis (Spassky and Sonin, 1957) n.comb., böhmi (Supperer, 1958) n.comb., gretillati Chabaud, Anderson and Brygoo, 1959, (b) Chandlerella Yarke and Maplestone, 1926 (= Vagrifilaria Augustine, 1937; Parachandlerella Caballero, 1948); bosei (Chandler, 1924), travassosi (Koroliowa, 1926) n.comb., skrjabini (Petrov and Tschertkowa, 1947) n.comb., columbigallinae (Augustine, 1937) n.comb., stantchinskyi Gilbert, 1932, sinensis Li, 1933, lienalis Orloff, 1947, periarterialis (Caballero, 1948) n.comb., braziliensis Yeh, 1957, singhi Ali, 1957.
MORTALITY OF WINTER EGGS OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH), AT LOW TEMPERATURES, AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: MacPhee A. W.
Published: August 2008

Winter eggs of the phytophagous mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) from Nova Scotia were killed by higher temperatures than were eggs from colder areas in New Brunswick and Quebec. For short exposures the mean lethal temperatures were respectively −24° F and −35° F. In the lethal temperature range the mortality of both forms increased about 10% for each doubling of the exposure period in the range from 15 minutes to 16 hours. Reciprocal crosses of the two forms indicated that the factor for resistance to cold in P. ulmi is recessive. Resistance was increased in the laboratory by selection. A method of estimating the winter mortality from weather records is outlined.
COMPARISON OF TISSUES FROM SOLID- AND HOLLOW-STEMMED SPRING WHEATS DURING GROWTH: II. FOOD VALUES DETERMINED WITH THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: August 2008

Lyophilized stem tissues of Rescue and Thatcher wheat were inferior to lyophilized Thatcher sprouts or young leaves as diets for newly hatched or fifth-instar larvae of the pale western cutworm. Pith from solid-stemmed Rescue wheat was an inferior diet to either Thatcher stem or Rescue wall. Most newly hatched larvae lived for periods in excess of 24 days on pith diets but did not molt. Older stem tissues were nutritionally inferior to younger stem tissues. Neither the qualitative nor quantitative composition of 80% ethanol-soluble carbohydrates from the stems, leaves, and sprouts accounted for their relative value as diets for the cutworm. The amino acid composition of ethanol extracts and hydrolyzates of the different plant tissues was generally similar. Some differences were present and therefore amino acid composition cannot, as yet, be ruled out as a factor influencing the diets. Differences in the asparagine content of the plant tissues do not appear to be responsible for their effects on the larvae. There was no simple relationship between the ethanol-soluble nitrogen content of the tissues and their value as diets. The results suggest that a relatively high ethanol-soluble carbohydrate: total nitrogen ratio is an attribute of the tissues that were poor diets for the pale western cutworm.
POLYMORPHISM IN THE WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (GMELIN)
Authors: Lowther James K.
Published: August 2008

A sample of 286 museum and 199 live specimens of white-throated sparrows were examined for morphic differences. Two morphic types in both sexes are described according to the color of the median crown stripe. These are the white-striped morph and the tan-striped morph. Regardless of sex, white-striped morphs have more black on the lateral crown areas, less streaking on a wider and grayer chest band, less intense black on the malar markings of the white throat patch and brighter yellow on the superciliary stripe. The proportions of white-striped males and tan-striped females increased from Newfoundland to the Northwest region. White-striped morphs mate selectively with tan-striped morphs. Evidence was presented to show that these morphic types are genetically determined, and once attained, do not change with age. Mechanisms governing polymorphism are discussed in an attempt to explain the existence of the morphic types in the white-throated sparrow.
THE BITING RESPONSE OF LARVAE OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA AERIPENNIS DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) (COLEOPTERA:ELATERIDAE), TO VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF GERMINATING RYE SEED
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

Cold-water and hot-water extracts of flour made from germinating rye seed elicited a biting or feeding response from larvae of the prairie grain wireworm. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts and the residue from the extractions did not. Solutions of L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, DL-γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tyrosine, or dextrose at a concentration of 0.020 M did not act as stimuli for the biting response. Similar concentrations of sucrose and fructose stimulated this reaction weakly. The results suggest that amino acids, polypeptides, or carbohydrates may be the causative agents for the biting or feeding response.
ON THREE SPECIES OF HIPPOBOSCIDAE (DIPTERA) ON BIRDS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Ornithomyia fringillina, Ornithoica vicina, and Lynchia americana were collected from 16% of 6448 birds (of 84 species) examined in Algonquin Park, Ontario, during July–September of 1957–60; fringillina occurred most frequently. Hippoboscids occurred more commonly and had better survival on immature birds. Sparrows and thrushes harbored fringillina more frequently than other birds; certain birds, such as purple finches, were unsuitable hosts. Experimental evidence indicated that female flies, once on a bird, usually remained on it; males had a tendency to wander. Female fringillina would return to an individual bird on which they had previously lived. Both vicina and americana behaved in a manner similar to fringillina, but the data on them are not as abundant. Female fringillina lived up to 81 days, producing puparia every 5 days; males were shorter-lived. Female vicina and americana lived for 120–135 days, producing puparia every 5 days. Male fringillina required blood daily; females required blood daily to maintain maximum reproduction but survived if fed every 3–4 days. Puparia of fringillina pass through diapause, require a minimum of 150 days at 75° F; puparia of vicina and americana do not pass through diapause and require a shorter period for metamorphosis.
MICROECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN OYSTER EPIZOOTICS
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

On oyster beds as elsewhere, mud–water interfaces exhibit a biological film harboring saprobic microorganisms. The abundance of these is directly proportional to the amount of decomposing organic matter present. Different communities of protozoa and bacteria characterize each of the levels of organic pollution, which may be defined biologically in terms of a modification of the "Saprobiensystem" of Kolkwitz and Marsson. While the microorganisms concerned are not conspicuous on clean substrata except where especially favorable conditions are afforded certain of them by some dead animal or plant, their general abundance is indicative of pollution. This follows overaccumulation of reducible deposits, initiated by irregular tidal flushing, freshets, and winter icing, and rendering the microenvironment anaerobic. Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea virginica survive temporary exposure to the direct effects of such conditions as well as to near-lethal temperatures, but, weakened thereby, become vulnerable to invasion by saprobes from the enriched biological film. Unless environmental conditions improve before the oysters lose ability to recover, abnormal mortalities will be hastened by the activities of these microorganisms, notably Hexamita inflata (Protozoa). Relevant literature is reviewed, and possible local remedies are discussed. Canadian data are supported by original observations from Wales and Pakistan. Among other new host and locality records, Cristispira balbianii (Spirochaetales) and cercariae of a bucephalid trematode are listed from Ostrea belcheri from Karachi.
EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A NONDIAPAUSE FORM OF MELANOPLUS BILITURATUS WALKER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Riegert P. Wm.
Published: August 2008

A pictorial and written description of the external morphology of embryos of a nondiapause form of M. bilituratus is given. Daily morphological changes, on each of the 17 days of embryological development, are recorded and related to the duration of incubation at 30° C. Development at 25° and 35° C was completed in 24 and 15 days, respectively.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS HELICOTYLENCHUS STEINER, 1945 (NEMATODA: HOPLOLAIMINAE)
Authors: Waseem Muhammed
Published: August 2008

Helicotylenchus canadensis n. sp., and H. cairnsi n. sp., commonly associated with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) root zone in the province of Quebec, Canada, are described herein.
HISTOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) RETINA: II. RESPONSES TO LIGHT INTENSITIES, WAVELENGTHS, TEMPERATURES, AND CONTINUOUS LIGHT OR DARK
Authors: Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

Retinal epithelial pigment dark-adapts in intensities below 10−3 ft-c. Cones are in a light-adapted state in intensities of 10−2 ft-c and above, semiadapted state in 10−3 ft-c, and dark-adapted state in 10−4 ft-c and below. The retinal index corresponds to the response of cones. It is suggested that the visible spectrum of the yearling Atlantic salmon ranges from 3640 Å to 6900 Å because the retina is in a light-adapted state in that range. In light, lower and higher temperatures bring about an expansion of the retinal pigment. Cones and retinal index are not affected. In dark, pigment expands with higher temperatures but temperatures exceeding 18.3 °C bring forth contraction. Cones contract with increasing temperatures but beyond 14.8 °C they expand. The retinal index indicates a greater dark-adaptation of retina with increasing temperatures between 5.0 °C and 18.3 °C but higher temperatures make it less dark-adapted. Cones exhibit no rhythm in their positions in continuous light or dark. Pigment demonstrates no rhythm in light but shows one in dark which persists for a day. The significance of the results is discussed. Comparisons with results with Pacific salmon are made.
APHELENCHOIDES SUBPARIETINUS N. SP. (NEMATODA: APHELENCHOIDIDAE) FROM DISEASED LILY BULBS
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

A phelenchoides subparietinus n. sp. collected from diseased bulbs is described and figured. The new species is closely related to and is compared with A. parietinus s. str. (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932; A. saprophilus Franklin, 1957; A. composticola Franklin, 1957; A. cyrtus Paesler, 1958; A. sacchari Hooper, 1958; and A. helophilus (de Man, 1880) T. Goodey, 1933.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON OXYGEN DEBT AND GLYCOGEN RESERVES IN TROUT
Authors: Hochachka P. W.
Published: August 2008

Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, conditioned to fast-flowing water, differ from untrained fish in several ways. The trained fish are able to acquire an oxygen debt three times as large as the untrained ones. Almost twice as much of the available glycogen in muscle can be used up during short bursts of swimming. The trained fish have higher levels of blood haemoglobin and relatively larger hearts. Following fatigue, the recovery of glycogen in muscle and liver is more rapid. The data suggest a modus operandi for short but severe bursts of swimming. The two critical factors are: (a) initial energy supplies and (b) tissue buffers. The former preclude the exhaustion of the muscle; the buffers allow a large utilization of the fuel, i.e., a large excess of lactic acid and, consequently, a large oxygen debt. Since even in trained trout only 70% of the muscle glycogen is used, fixed acid probably limits the stamina in both groups of fish.
URCEOLARIA KARYODACTYLA N.SP. (CILIATA: PERITRICHA) FROM ISCHNOCHITON RUBER (L.) AT SAINT ANDREWS, NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Urceolaria karyodactyla n.sp. occurs in the mantle cavity and on the ctenidia of its host, a circumpolar chiton. As seen in haematoxylin-stained slides it averages 65 μ in diameter and 60 μ in height, the diameter of the skeletal ring, which consists of 17–20 (usually 18) plates, averaging 23.5 μ. The macronucleus has an arm resembling a propeller blade on either side of a massive central body margined by several clubbed toe-like processes.
HELMINTH PARASITISM IN A FLOCK OF DOMESTIC GEESE INTRODUCED TO ARCTIC SUMMER CONDITIONS IN CANADA
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

The trematode, Notocotylus attenuatus, was found in 22 of 57 Pilgrim geese reared under Arctic summer conditions at False River, Quebec. The only other helminth found was a single specimen of a hymenolepidid cestode. That more species of helminths were not found is noteworthy and is understandable on the basis of the location of the flock, its management, and the Arctic environment. A possible correlation between the sex of the goose, its weight, or both these factors, and parasitism by N. attenuatus is noted.
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS (NEMATODA: METASTRONGYLIDAE) AS A CAUSATIVE AGENT OF EOSINOPHILIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS OF MAN IN HAWAII AND TAHITI
Authors: Alicata Joseph E.
Published: August 2008

The rodent lungworm A. cantonensis has been found in Hawaii in association with cases of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Since the clinical and laboratory findings in Hawaii are similar to those reported in man in Tahiti, and since the parasite is very common among rodents and various intermediate and carrier hosts in that area, it is believed that it is also responsible for the disease in Tahiti.
LES SUBSTANCES NEUROLEPTIQUES ET LE COMPORTEMENT DES INSECTES: II. INFLUENCE ET TOXICITÉ DE QUELQUES AMINES DÉRIVÉES DE LA PHÉNOTHIAZINE SUR LA PONTE, L'ÉCLOSION ET LA VIE ADULTE DE TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL (COLEOPTERE: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Corrivault G. Wilfrid , Huot Lucien , Bourbeau Gustave
Published: August 2008

Four phenothiazine derivatives are here shown to affect physiological activity in Tribolium confusum. The derivatives are proclorperazine, chlorpromazine, thioproperazine, and levomepromazine.All four have some degree of influence on adult life and egg-laying but induce no significant alteration in numbers of eggs hatched per individual.The nature of the derivatives together with their concentrations are responsible for the variations induced in rate of oviposition. Continuous feeding of the substances has a cumulative effect; the number of eggs per adult decreases gradually.The degree of toxicity to adults is also different for each derivative, the most noxious of the four substances being proclorperazine.
FREE-LIVING MARINE NEMATODES OF RHODE ISLAND WATERS
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

Description of five species of marine nematodes from coarse beach sand at Narragansett, Rhode Island, are recorded. Described and figured as new are Enoplolaimus enatus, E. regius, Synodontium narragansettense, and Bathylaimus capacosus. Bathylaimus stenolaimus Schuurmans Stekhoven and de Coninck, 1933 is described as having the six long setae in the external circle of cephalic setae segmented. A key to the species of Synodontium Cobb, 1920 is provided.
SCHISTOSOMATIUM DOUTHITTI (CORT, 1914) PRICE, 1931 IN MANITOBA
Authors: Farley John
Published: August 2008

Cercariae of Schistosomatium douthitti Price, 1931 have been found in two lakes of Manitoba, in which cases of schistosome dermatitis occurred. One adult female Schistosomatium douthitti was recovered from a naturally infected meadow-vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. This is the first report of the parasite in Manitoba. Cercaria elvae Miller, 1923 was also widespread throughout the southern region of the province.
PSEUDOMETAGEA SCHWARZII (ASHM.) (EUCHARITIDAE: HYMENOPTERA), A PARASITE OF LASIUS NEONIGER EMERY (FORMICIDAE: HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: August 2008

In 1960 and 1961, studies were made on Pseudometagea schwarzii (Ashm.), a parasite of Lasius neoniger Emery in southern Ontario. The eggs are deposited in vegetation surrounding the ant nest and the first instar larvae (planidia) transfer to the ant Larvae by attaching themselves to the worker ants. The larvae overwinter as internal parasites but complete their development as external parasites after the host has pupated in the spring. The adults emerge in June and oviposit immediately.The adult parasites usually do not leave the area of the nest and, through the foraging activities of the ants, the planidia are returned to the colony that was originally parasitized. Hence the population is intensified and localized. Ninety percent parasitism of the overwintering brood may occur. The possible effects of this parasite on the host population are discussed.
MARINE NEMATODES OF THE FAMILY LINHOMOEIDAE FROM THE ARABIAN SEA AT KARACHI
Authors: Timm R. W.
Published: August 2008

A collection of marine nematodes from the Arabian Sea at Karachi, West Pakistan, includes 13 species of the family Linhomoeidae, of which the following 6 are described as new: Cinctonema papillata, Megadesmolaimus contortus, Metalinhomoeus karachiensis, Spirina striaticaudatus, Terschellingia lissa, and T. longissimicaudata. Terschellingia communis of Gerlach, 1955 non de Man, 1888 is renamed T. magna n. nom.
RATES OF DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYOS OF A CYPRINODONT FISH EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE– SALINITY–OXYGEN COMBINATIONS
Authors: Kinne Otto , Kinne Eva Maria
Published: August 2008

Eggs of the teleost fish, Cyprinodon macularius Baird and Girard 1853 (Cyprinodontidae) were transferred approximately 4 hours after oviposition into a variety of temperature–salinity–oxygen combinations: 48 different constant temperatures between 10° and 37 °C, eight salinities between distilled water and 85‰, and three concentrations of ambient dissolved oxygen approximating 70%, 100%, and 300% air saturation. All eggs had been produced by spawning groups of known environmental and biological history. Rates of embryonic development were determined as length of time between fertilization and hatching and as time to attainment of certain embryonic stages. Temperature curves of development are subject to considerable changes in the various levels of salinity and oxygen. In general, increase in salinity leads to progressive retardation of development, whereas increase in oxygen content produces progressive acceleration. Both retardation and acceleration become more and more accentuated as the temperature increases. Arresting and lethal temperatures, too, are a function of salinity and oxygen. Under normal atmospheric conditions and air saturation, the temperature–salinity combinations employed differ up to 65% in their content of dissolved oxygen due to different coefficients of absorption and saturation for oxygen in water. These differences are shown to be primarily responsible for the retarding effects observed in high salinities. The physiological effect of the salinity factor per se is rather limited. It may be more pronounced in eggs transferred immediately after oviposition. Combined and factor-specfic effects of the controlled trifactorial aspect of the environment are discussed in the light of pertinent literature.
HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN ACHEILOGNATHINE FISHES (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI): THE HYBRIDS BETWEEN FEMALE ACHEILOGNATHUS LANCEOLATUS AND RHODEUS AMARUS AND MALE ACHEILOGNATHUS HIMANTEGUS
Authors: Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

The presence of gametic compatibility on the subspecies, species, and generic level has been demonstrated in a number of bitterling species. In this paper the hybridization between Acheilognathus lanceolatus from Japan × Acheilognathus himantegus from Taiwan and Rhodeus amarus from Holland × A. himantegus has been reported. From both combinations, hybrids have been obtained with the aid of artificial insemination. They showed a male phenotype. Although bright nuptial colors were present in the spawning season, milt production by means of stripping was extremely small or absent. A diagram is presented showing the gametic compatibility between A. himantegus and three other allopatric bitterling species.