bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study of the Spatial Variation in Growth of Raft‐Cultured Blue Mussels Mytilus trossulus in Northern Puget Sound, Washington
Authors: Mueller Karl W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.– The effects of culture rope density (high and low), position (inside, middle. and outside), and depth (1, 3, and 5 m) on growth rates, expressed as mean shell length increase (mm) per day, were quantified in raft‐cultured blue mussels Mytilus trossulus in northern Puget Sound during the fall of 1993. Growth rates differed by as much as 20% after the 90‐d experimental period, and varied significantly according to culture rope position, but not according to culture rope density or depth. Furthermore, a three‐way analysis of variance revealed a significant first‐order interaction effect, culture rope density × depth. The significant culture rope position effect was due to the higher growth rate (mean ± SEM) of mussels on outside culture ropes (0.199 ± 0.009 mm/d) compared to inside culture ropes (0.168 ± 0.007 mm/d). The interaction effect was due to the significantly higher growth rates of mussels at I and 3 m (0.197 ± 0.009 and 0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d, respectively) compared to 5 m (0.162 ± 0.014 mm/d) under low culture rope density conditions, and the significantly higher growth rate of mussels at 3 m under low culture rope density conditions (0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d) compared to high culture rope density conditions (0.168 ± 0.012 mm/d). Practical raft management is affected by such variation in growth. Commercial mussel growers may find it necessary to alter their culture methods to insure a more uniform product from seed to harvest.
A Production Function Analysis of Seabass and Seabream Production in Greece
Authors: Karagiannis Giannis , Katranidis Stelios D.
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes the technical relationships involved in the production of seabass and seabream in Greece. The empirical findings indicate that the marginal productivity of juveniles and fish feed exhibit the largest fluctuates among fish farms, while at the same time consist of the most important inputs in the production of seabass and seabream. In contrast, little variation was found with respect to the marginal productivity of labor among fish farms. Returns to scale were found to be decreasing for all fish farms included in the sample. Estimates of Allen‐Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution indicated a strong complementary relation between juveniles and fish feed and labor along with a quite strong substitutability between fish feed and labor given the prevelance of use of mechanical feeders.
Effects of Reduced Levels of Dietary Protein and Menhaden Fish Meal on Production, Dressout, and Biochemical Composition of Phase III Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ Cultured in Earthen Ponds1
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R. , Ohs Cortney L. , Taylor John B.
Published: August 2010

The responses of phase III sunshine bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ to diets containing reduced levels of menhaden fish meal (30–10%, dry weight) and crude protein (40–36%, dry weight) were evaluated in two separate experiments. Reductions in fish meal were compensated by increase in dietary soybean meal, a meat and blood meal product, and additional amounts of a 1:1 catfish oil:menhaden oil mixture sprayed on as a top dressing. Fish were cultured in earthen ponds and fed commercially manufactured, extruded diets to apparent satiation. In Experiment 1, dietary crude protein was reduced from 40 to 36% and the menhaden fish meal ingredient was reduced from 30 to 15% (dry weight). The mean weight of fish stocked into each pond ranged from 144 to 188 g, the stocking density was 8641/ha, and the duration of the growout was 172 d. In Experiment 2, both dietary treatments contained 40% crude protein (dry weight) and either 30% or 10% menhaden fish meal. The mean weight of fish stocked into each pond ranged from 42 and 77 g, the stocking density was 8,500/ha, and the duration of the growout was 175 d. Simultaneous reductions in dietary menhaden fish meal and crude protein resulted in significant decreases in all production indices except survival and percent weight increase. Weights of filet, carcass, liver and intraperitoneal fat, expressed as a percent of total body weight, were not significantly different. A 66% reduction in dietary menhaden fish meal while the crude protein level was maintained at 40% did not significantly affect growth, production, and weights of filet, carcass, liver and intraperitoneal fat, expressed as a percent of total body weight, and represents a 6% decrease in the cost of feed. In both experiments, levels of protein, lipid, moisture, and ash of the whole body and the filet were not significantly different. Fatty acid composition of the filet and livers from fish fed the control and experimental diets in Experiment 2 were highly comparable. The comparable level of performance of fish fed diets believed to be deficient in HUFA suggests that the dietary levels reported to be required may not be totally applicable to diets formulated for pond culture.
Assessment of Compensatory Growth in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus R. and Associated Changes in Body Condition indices
Authors: Gaylord I. Gibson , Gatlin Delbert M.
Published: August 2010

A feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate compensatory growth in channel catfish and to chronicle the changes in body condition associated with the imposed feeding strategy. Four 1200‐L circular tanks were each stocked with approximately 600 fingerling channel catfish (mean initial weight 32 g). Two tanks represented control fish which were fed to apparent satiation once daily throughout the trial. The two remaining tanks of fish were unfed for 4 wk and subsequently refed daily to apparent satiation for the following 10 wk in order to elicit a compensatory growth response. Fish fed to apparent satiation during the first 4 wk of the trial had a 41% increase in body weight, while the fasted fish decreased in weight by 20%. During the subsequent refeeding period, previously unfed fish were not able to increase growth rates sufficiently to overcome weight loss imposed by the 4‐wk feed restriction. However, after 8 wk of refeeding, total increase in body weight of the previously unfed fish was 179 % of initial weight and similar to that of control fish which gained 231 % of initial weight. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor decreased rapidly during the fasting period and increased rapidly to control levels during subsequent refeeding. The intraperitoneal fat (1PF) ratio and muscle ratio responded more slowly to feed restriction with IPF ratio decreasing consistently after 2 wk feed restriction. Muscle ratio showed little effect from the 4‐wk period of feed deprivation. It appears that not feeding channel catfish fingerlings for 4 wk is too long to induce a compensatory growth response that is optimal for aquaculture; however, HSI may be the index of choice for detecting when refeeding should begin to maximize compensatory growth.
Human Food Safety and Environmental Assessment of the Use of 17α‐Methyltestosterone to Produce Male Tilapia in the United States
Authors: Green Bartholomew W. , Teichert‐Coddington David R.
Published: August 2010

Sex reversal of early life stage tilapia (approximately 7–12 d post‐hatch, total length averaging 9–11 mm, and total weight averaging 10–15 mg) is used commonly to produce populations of fish comprised of > 5% phenotypic females. The synthetic androgen, 17α‐methyl testosterone (MT), is used to effect sex reversal in tilapia. This paper evaluates environmental impact and human food safety aspects of MT use for tilapia sex reversal based on a review of the scientific literature and on dilution models of farm discharge.

Effect of MT treatment on human food safety was evaluated by regression analysis of radioactivity depletion data and by dilution through growth analysis. Results show that the proposed use of MT for sex reversal of early life stage tilapia presents no negative effects on human food safety. Regression analysis of available depletion data from tilapia shows that whole‐body concentrations of MT and metabolites in tilapia attain levels of <100 pg/g after 8 to 40 d of withdrawal, and that achievement of <10 pg/g of MT and metabolites in carcass tissue occurs after 6 to 50 d of withdrawal. These concentrations are attained well before completion of the FDA‐required 120‐d withdrawal period following MT treatment.

Standardized calculations were made to estimate MT concentration in effluents based on stocking rate and water exchange. Guidelines are provided for management of farms to ensure that effluent MT concentration remains < 1 μg/L. Given the expected concentration of MT in any farm effluents, the rapid dilution of effluent MT to very low levels in receiving waters, the sensitivity of MT to photo‐oxidation, the expected rapid bacterial degradation of MT, and the limited total use of MT in the United States, we concluded that the use of MT‐treated feed according to the proposed protocol will not cause significant adverse environmental effects.
Vertical Gradients of Organic Matter Concentration and Respiration Rate in Pond Bottom Soils
Authors: Sonnenholzner Stanislaus , Boyd Claude E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Total carbon concentration and respiration rate were greater in the upper 0.5‐cm or 1.0‐cm layers of pond soil than in deeper layers. The respiration rate expressed on either a dry soil weight basis or a soil carbon basis decreased with increasing soil depth. This suggests that the ratio of labile to refractory organic matter also declines with increasing soil depth. Variation in soil properties with depth should be considered in pond bottom soil sampling programs.
The Effect of Controlled Soil Sulfur Concentration on Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Ritvo Gad , Dixon Joe B. , Neill William H. , Samocha Tzachi M. , Lawrence Addison L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— In a microcosm study, sodium sulfate was mixed with a controlled composition soil to yield sulfur concentrations of 100 to 3,000 mg/kg and the mixture was inundated to a depth of 35 cm with 18‐ppt salinity water. One juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with initial weight averaging 0.3 g was placed in each soil‐water microcosm and fed for 96 d. Dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained at approximately 70% air saturation. Calculated interstitial hydrogen sulfide concentration 0.5 cm below the soil‐water interface increased with time, reaching maximum values ranging from 57 to 113 mg/L. Interstitial sulfide concentrations 0.5 cm below the soil‐water interface increased as a function of soil S. Average weight gain of shrimp ranged from 7.4 to 8.7 g across treatment groups. Differences in shrimp weight gain and survival among treatments were not significant. A higher dissolved oxygen demand due to sulfide oxidation implies greater risk of shrimp mortality if the soil‐water boundary is disturbed. Further, this study suggests that shrimp growth is not adversely affected by high soil sulfide concentration provided the sediment surface remains oxidized and that dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water is maintained at 70% saturation.
A Control System to Simulate Diel pH Fluctuation in Eutrophic Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Hargreaves John A. , Sheely Laura D. , To Filip S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— The toxicity of substances that vary in toxicity through time (daily) as a function of pH are not effectively assessed with static renewal test methods. A control system to simulate diel pH fluctuation in eutrophic aquaculture ponds was established in a flow‐through, wet‐laboratory setting. Water (100 L/ min) was conditioned in a packed column of 3.81‐cm Pall rings prior to distribution to 48 189‐L fish tanks. Control system components included a distributed data acquisition and control system, a personal computer, and various pH control devices. pH values greater than that of influent water (pH 8.0) were achieved by additions of concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions; pH values less than that of influent water were achieved by additions of carbon dioxide gas. Two data acquisition and control software strategies were developed to control pH: one from pH 7.4 to 8.0 and the other from pH 8.0 to 9.6. The basic control strategy involved comparison of a projected pH value to a set point. A moving linear regression was used to forecast the pH value that would result following base or gas addition, and the rate of chemical addition was adjusted accordingly. The system has resulted in acceptable pH control (deviation < 0.1 pH unit), indicating the potential utility of a relatively simple control system for evaluation of fish physiological response to the characteristically dynamic environment of eutrophic aquaculture ponds.
Production Response of Freshwater PrawnsMacrobrachium rosenbergiito Increasing Amounts of Artificial Substrate in Ponds
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Coyle Shawn , Van Arnum Aaron , Weibel Charles
Published: August 2010

Abstract.—The response of freshwater prawnsMacrobrachium rosenbergiito increasing amounts of artificial substrate was evaluated in ponds. Juvenile prawns (0.24 ± 0.13 g) were stocked into nine 0.04‐ha ponds at 74,000/ha. Three control ponds received no artificial substrate while artificial substrate in the form of horizontal strips of polyethylene “construction fence” was added to the six treatment ponds to produce 40% or 80% increases in available surface area. Increasing availability of surface area produced a direct linear increase (P< 0.05,r2= 0.89) in total production with no significant change in average weight (P> 0.05). There was an inverse linear relationship between available surface area and feed conversion ratios (P< 0.01,r2=0.66) likely indicating increased availability of natural foods or reduced stress among animals. There was a direct linear increase in the percentage of females which achieved sexual maturity (P< 0.01,r2= 0.71) as the amount of added substrate was increased. Size and number of other sexual morphotypes were not significantly affected. These responses are consistent with those that would be expected if stocking densities were decreased. These data indicate that prawn production increases in direct relation to the amount of added substrate while utilizing feed more efficiently. The effect of substrate orientation on its functionality should be evaluated to allow further increases in substrate inclusion amounts for additional production intensification.
Environmental Assessment of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Farming in Alabama
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Queiroz Julio , Lee Jeongyeol , Rowan Martha , Whitis Gregory N. , Gross Amit
Published: August 2010

An environmental assessment was made of Alabama channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming which is concentrated in the west‐central region of the state. There are about 10,000 ha of production ponds with 10.7% of the area for fry and fingerlings and 89.3% for food fish. Food fish production was about 40,800 tons in 1997. Watershed ponds filled by rainfall and runoff make up 76% of total pond area. Water levels in many of these ponds are maintained in dry weather with well water. The other ponds are embankment ponds supplied by well water. Harvest is primarily by seine‐through procedures and ponds are not drained frequently. The main points related to Alabama catfish farming and environment issues are as follows: 1) catfish farming in Alabama is conservative of water, and excluding storm overflow, about two pond volumes are intentionally discharged from each pond in 15 yr; 2) overflow from ponds following rains occurs mostly in winter and early spring when pond water quality is good and stream discharge volume is high; 3) total suspended solids concentrations in pond effluents were high, and the main sources of total suspended solids were erosion of embankments, pond bottoms, and discharge ditches; 4) concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents were not high, but annual effluent loads of these two nutrients were greater than for typical row crops in Alabama; 5) ground water use by the industry is about 86,000 m3/d, but seepage from ponds returns water to aquifers; 6) there is little use of medicated feeds; 7) copper sulfate is used to control blue‐green algae and off‐flavor in ponds, but copper is rapidly lost from pond water; 8) although sodium chloride is applied to ponds to control nitrite toxicity, stream or ground water salinization has not resulted from this practice; 9) fertilizers are applied two or three times annually to fry and fingerling ponds and occasionally to grow‐out ponds; 10) hydrated lime is applied occasionally at 50 to 100 kg/ha but this does not cause high pH in pond waters or effluents; 11) accumulated sediment removed from pond bottoms is used to repair embankments and not discarded outside ponds; 12) sampling above and below catfish pond outfalls on eight streams revealed few differences in stream water quality; 13) electricity used for pumping water and mechanical aeration is only 0.90 kW h/kg of production; 14) each metric ton of fish meal used in feeds yields about 10 tons of dressed catfish.

Reduction in effluent volume through water reuse and effluent treatment in settling basins or wetlands does not appear feasible on most farms. However, some management practices are recommended for reducing the volume and improving the quality of channel catfish pond effluents.
A Scale Measure of State Regulatory Climate Toward Finfish Aquaculture
Authors: Wirth Ferdinand F , Luzar E. Jane
Published: August 2010

States are responsible for implementing many key environmental laws enacted during the last 30 years. State level variations in legal, regulatory, and development programs targeted toward the aquaculture industry can affect aquaculture firm decision making, including site location and species selection decisions. This research focused on development and testing of a summated scale measure of state regulatory climate toward finfish aquaculture. Data for the analysis were generated from a national survey of state level finfish aquaculture programs. The final aquaculture regulatory climate scale (ARCScale) ranges from 0–18, with the numerical value of the scale increasing with increases in regulatory stringency. Scale values were computed for each state plus Guam for five categories of finfish: baitfish, ornamentals, commercial foodfish, freshwater gamefish, and marine gamefish. The scale allows direct comparison between states, enabling aquaculture producers to make more informed location, species selection, and business decisions. The scale also provides a means for evaluating changes in state institutional characteristics and regulatory climate over time.
Toxicity of Moniliformin and Fumonisin B1 Fed Singly and in Combination in Diets for Young Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Yildirim Mediha , Manning Bruce B. , Lovell Richard T. , Grizzle John M. , Rottinghaus George E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Growth, histological lesions, and biochemical changes were investigated in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed various concentrations of moniliformin with or without fumonisin B1. Channel catfish (average initial weight, 1.5 g) were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 20, 40, 60, and 120 mg moniliformin/kg; 0, 20, and 40 mg fumonisin B1/kg, or two combinations of moniliformin and fumonisin B1 for 10 wk. Fish fed diets with the lowest concentration of moniliformin or fumonisin B1 (20 mg/kg diet) had significantly (P < 0.05) less weight gain than the control fish. Increasing the level of moniliformin in the diets resulted in a linear decrease in weight gain. Overall mortality of fish was 4% and not related to treatment effects. Hematocrit was significantly (P < 0.05) lowered by 60‐mg moniliformin/kg diet or 40‐mg fumonisin B1/kg diet. Dose‐dependent increases in serum pyruvate concentration and ratio of free sphinganine to free sphingonine were obtained with increasing concentration of dietary moniliformin and fumonisin B1, respectively. Mean serum pyruvate level was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed the diet containing 60‐mg moniliformin/kg diet. Addition of fumonisin B1 (40 mg/kg) to the diet containing 40‐mg moniliformin/kg significantly increased the serum pyruvate level above that of the control. Also, the lowest concentration of fumonisin B1 (20 mg/kg diet) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the ratio of sphingolipids. Combinations of moniliformin and fumonisin B1 at levels of 20:40 and 40:40 mg/kg diet did not significantly change the effect of fumonisin B1 on the ratio of sphingolipids. The only tissue lesions observed in liver and heart were smaller nuclei of cells in livers of fish fed diets containing the two highest levels of moniliformin and the combinations of the two toxins.
Growth, Survival, and Body Composition of Cage‐Cultured Nile TilapiaOreochromis niloticusFed Pelleted and Unpelleted Distillers Grains with Solubles in Polyculture with Freshwater PrawnMacrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Coyle Shawn D. , VanArnum Aaron , Weibel Charles , Harkins Susan
Published: August 2010

Abstract.—A 12‐wk feeding trial was conducted in cages with juvenile Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticusto evaluate distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a direct feed, the effects of pelleting on its utilization, and the compatibility of caged tilapia and prawns in polyculture. Nine 1.0‐m3cages were stocked with 200 juvenile (26 ± 0.9 g) tilapia. Cages were suspended in a 0.2‐ha pond stocked with juvenile freshwater prawnsMacrobrachium rosenbergiiat 40,000/ha. Three replicate cages were randomly assigned to each dietary treatment. In one dietary treatment DDGS was fed as an unpelleted loose grain ration (26% protein). In a second dietary treatment fish were fed DDGS that had been steam‐pelleted (23% protein). Fish in a third dietary treatment were fed a commercial catfish diet (31% protein) for comparison. After 12 wk, individual weight, individual length, and specific growth rate were significantly higher (P< 0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P< 0.05) for fish fed the commercial catfish diet than for fish fed either unpelleted or pelleted DDGS. Specific growth rate was significantly higher (P< 0.05) for fish fed pelleted DDGS than for fish fed unpelleted DDGS. Survival did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) among treatments (>95%). Although growth was increased in fish fed the commercial diet, their cost of production (<0.66/kg gain) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than in fish fed unpelleted and pelleted DDGS (<0.26/ kg gain and <0.37/kg gain, respectively). The costs of gain in fish fed unpelleted DDGS was significantly lower (P< 0.05) than in fish fed the pelleted DDGS. Prawn production was 1,449 kg/ha and addition of tilapia in polyculture increased total pond productivity approximately 81 %. These data suggest that DDGS provides economical growth in tilapia when fed as a direct feed and that polyculture of tilapia may improve overall pond efficiency in freshwater prawn production ponds, even at temperate latitudes.
Mutagenic Safety and Fatty Liver Improvement of Nanonized Black Soybeans in Senescence‐Accelerated Prone‐8 Mice
Authors: Liao J.‐W. , Hong L.‐Z. , Wang M.‐F. , Tsai S.‐C. , Lin Y.‐J. , Chan Y.‐C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Nanotechnology, as a new enabling technology, has the potential to revolutionize food systems. However, much attention has been focused on nanoparticle foods due to their potential physiological properties. This study was aimed to evaluate the mutagenic safety and fatty liver improvement of black soybean in senescence‐accelerated mice (SAMP8). The mutagenic activity of black soybeans was investigated using the Ames test (Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, 100, 102, and 1535). Furthermore, senescence‐accelerated prone‐8 mice (SAMP8) have been reported to display spontaneous fatty liver. Male SAMP8 mice were divided into control and supplemented with 10% micronized or nanonized black soybeans diet and fed for 12 wk. The results revealed that the Ames test of micronized and nanonized black soybeans exhibited no mutagenicity. Administration of black soybeans to mice showed no effects on food intake and body and organ weights. The nanonized black soybean group had a lower degree of spontaneous fatty liver, alanine aminotransferase, and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance concentrations, and had enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities of livers when compared with the SAMP8 control and micronized black soybean groups. The mice fed with black soybeans had significantly lower triglyceride concentrations than the SAMP8 control group. The results of this study suggest that nanonized black soybeans have no side effects and, moreover, may minimize liver lesions in SAMP8 mice.
Linking Mind, Brain, and Education to Clinical Practice: A Proposal for Transdisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Ronstadt Katie , Yellin Paul B.
Published: August 2010

It has been suggested that the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) requires a stable infrastructure for translating research into practice.Hinton and Fischer (2008)point to the academic medical center as a model for similar translational work and suggest a similar approach for linking scientists to research schools. We propose expanding their model to include a formal role for clinicians. Including clinicians who work with children with learning problems brings an important perspective to the translational work. For example, the integration of the concept of “differential diagnosis,” a core precept in clinical medicine, would bring needed diagnostic specificity to the field of MBE. We describe a virtual infrastructure for collaboration, or “collaboratory,” consisting of research scientists, educators, and clinicians, linked to an academic institution. We anticipate that MBE graduates can play a critical role in the collaboratory model. With additional training, they can become “neuroeducators” capable of moving comfortably among the disciplines, building linkages, fostering communication, and facilitating collaboration.
REDUCING THE COST OF CONTINUOUS HYDROLOGIC‐HYDRAULIC SIMULATION1
Authors: Walesh Stuart G. , Snyder Daniel F.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The use of continuous hydrologic‐hydraulic‐water quality models is inhibited by their large computer run costs relative to cost incurred with discrete event models. The fixed recurrence interval transfer (FRIT) technique is a means of achieving substantial reductions in computer costs associated with continuous models while retaining their technical advantages. The FRIT technique is applicable where it is reasonable to assume that the recurrence interval of the response of a watershed to a causative meteorologic event is the same for both “before” and “after” conditions. Example applications of the FRIT technique to the hydrologic‐hydraulic modeling of floodwater storage, land use changes, and channel modifications are presented to demonstrate the procedure, to suggest the expected accuracy, and to illustrate how computer run costs might be reduced by 99% or more. The FRIT technique is intended for preliminary assessment of the impact of alternative land use conditions and structural water control measures.
DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF A WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN1
Authors: Bhattacharya Ashim K. , Broughton Robert S.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: A water balance model was developed to predict daily water table depths in some corn fields with or without subsurface drainage systems, using pertinent soil and water properties and weather data. The model outputs were compared with the recorded data of observed water table depths. Some statistical parameters such as the mean, standard deviation, the coefficient of correlation, the sum of the squares of deviations, and a nonparametric statistical test were used to study the extent of agreement between the observed and the predicted water table depths. No significant difference was found between the distributions of the observed and the predicted water table depths at the 99% confidence level. The study was conducted on some sand and clay soils of the Ottawa‐St. Lawrence Lowlands region in Canada where there is a cool, moist climate and poor natural drainage.
WHAT PRICE, REJECT HEAT?1
Authors: McBean E. , Haycock D. , Gome J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Increasing energy costs encourage more efficient energy use, including the better use of reject heat from electrical generating stations. Whether it pays to use this heat depends on the price charged. There is to date no relevant market in Canada. This paper estimates lower and upper bounds on the price for reject heat as a first step in determining market feasibility. Price would then be resolved by negotiation. For the case study of Ontario greenhouses, the differential between lower and upper bounds is substantial. An assumed price resolution is consistent with profitable use of this reject heat by this greenhouse industry.
THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY1
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Moody Cathy Wright
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The psychosocial impact of a large water impoundment project upon members of a small farming community located within central Ohio was evaluated using a study‐restudy research design. Attitudes toward selected community variables were examined during the initial stages of land acquisition and reevaluated four years later at the completion of the project. The findings revealed that fragmentation of the “social fabric” of the community did not occur. Several statistically significant differences were observed between the two data sets but the findings indicated that community residents held more positive attitudes toward their community following the development action than at the beginning of the project.
FLOOD CONTROL RESERVOIR OPERATIONS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRAINTS1
Authors: Al Austin T. , Glanville Thomas D.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: A flood control reservoir protects valuable developments on the downstream flood plain by storing flood waters and releasing them at a rate that will reduce the downstream damage. The water surface level of the flood pool behind the dam can fluctuate considerably during the occurrence of a large magnitude flood causing the inundation of trees, low vegetation, and water based recreation facilities located in those areas of the flood pool area that are normally well above the water level. The amount of damage that will occur in the upper levels of the flood storage area will depend on the depth and duration of the inundation that occurs. This, in turn, is directly related to the operating policy for the reservoir. A dynamic programming optimization model of flood control reservoir operation is presented. This model determines the reservoir operating schedule that minimizes downstream flood damages. Various constraints are added to the model to account for the environmental impacts of long periods of flood storage.
THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE SADDLE RIVER1
Authors: Wilber William G. , Hunter Joseph V.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: A three‐year study has been conducted on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this investigation were (1) to provide baseline information on the concentration and distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Saddle River; (2) to qualitatively evaluate which parameters affect this distribution; and (3) to determine the effect of urbanization on the concentration and distribution of these materials. Significant enrichments of several heavy metals were observed in bottom sediments of the lower Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey, as compared to the upper Saddle River. Attempts to correlate metal concentrations in bottom sediments with chemical‐oxygen demand were not successful in demonstrating a relationship between these two factors. Metal concentrations were found to be strongly dependent upon particle size. In general, metal concentrations in bottom sediments increased with decreasing partical diameter. However, metals enrichment was observed to be considerably greater in the larger sediment fractions studied (>420μ) than the smaller sediment fractions as one proceeded downstream through the urban area. Since the larger sediment fractions are least effected by scour and transport they may best reflect the effect of urbanization on the distribution of heavy metals over an extended period of time at a given location.
CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1
Authors: Bailey Edwin D.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.
CHANNEL MODIFICATION AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY DIVERSITY IN SMALL STREAMS1
Authors: Whitaker Gene A. , McCuen Richard H. , Brush John
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: The principal objective of this study was to investigate the long‐term, temporal effect of channel modification in the diversity of macroinvertebrates. Correlation analyses suggest that aquatic macroinvertebrate communities stabilize shortly after channel modification. This conclusion is based on correlation analyses including five widely accepted diversity indices for stream reaches that have undergone channel work from less than 1 year to more than 30 years prior to the study.
Ecological Linkages Between Headwaters and Downstream Ecosystems: Transport of Organic Matter, Invertebrates, and Wood Down Headwater Channels1
Authors: Wipfli Mark S. , Richardson John S. , Naiman Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Headwater streams make up a large proportion of the total length and watershed area of fluvial networks, and are partially characterized by the large volume of organic matter (large wood, detritus, and dissolved organic matter) and invertebrate inputs from the riparian forest, relative to stream size. Much of those inputs are exported to downstream reaches through time where they potentially subsidize river communities. The relative rates, timing, and conversion processes that carry inputs from small streams to downstream reaches are reasonably well quantified. For example, larger particles are converted to smaller particles, which are more easily exported. Also, dissolved organic matter and surface biofilms are converted to larger particles which can be more easily intercepted by consumers. However, the quality of these materials as it affects biological activity downstream is not well known, nor is the extent to which timing permits biological use of those particles. These ecological unknowns need to be resolved. Further, land uses may disrupt and diminish material transport to downstream reaches by removing sources (e.g., forest harvest), by affecting transport and decomposition processes (e.g., flow regulation, irrigation, changes in biotic communities), and by altering mechanisms of storage within headwaters (e.g., channelization). We present conceptual models of energy and nutrient fluxes that outline small stream processes and pathways important to downstream communities, and we identify informational gaps that, if filled, could significantly advance the understanding of linkages between headwater streams and larger rivers. The models, based on empirical evidence and best professional judgment, suggest that navigable waters are significantly influenced by headwater streams through hydrological and ecological connectivities, and land use can dramatically influence these natural connectivities, impacting downstream riverine ecosystems.
Associations of Decadal to Multidecadal Sea‐Surface Temperature Variability with Upper Colorado River Flow1
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Betancourt Julio L. , Hidalgo Hugo G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The relations of decadal to multidecadal (D2M) variability in global sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) with D2M variability in the flow of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) are examined for the years 1906‐2003. Results indicate that D2M variability of SSTs in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, tropical Pacific, and Indian Oceans is associated with D2M variability of the UCRB. A principal components analysis (with varimax rotation) of detrended and 11‐year smoothed global SSTs indicates that the two leading rotated principal components (RPCs) explain 56% of the variability in the transformed SST data. The first RPC (RPC1) strongly reflects variability associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the second RPC (RPC2) represents variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the tropical Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean SSTs. Results indicate that SSTs in the North Atlantic Ocean (RPC1) explain as much of the D2M variability in global SSTs as does the combination of Indian and Pacific Ocean variability (RPC2). These results suggest that SSTs in all of the oceans have some relation with flow of the UCRB, but the North Atlantic may have the strongest and most consistent association on D2M time scales. Hydroclimatic persistence on these time scales introduces significant nonstationarity in mean annual streamflow, with critical implications for UCRB water resource management.
Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1
Authors: Ward Frank A. , Michelsen Ari M. , DeMouche Leeann
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.
Model Based Nitrate TMDLs for Two Agricultural Watersheds of Southeastern Minnesota1
Authors: Gowda P. H. , Dalzell B. J. , Mulla D. J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In this study, a set of nitrogen reduction strategies were modeled to evaluate the feasibility of improving water quality to meet total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) in two agricultural watersheds. For this purpose, a spatial‐process model was calibrated and used to predict monthly nitrate losses (1994‐96) from Sand and Bevens Creek watersheds located in south‐central Minnesota. Statistical comparison of predicted and observed flow and nitrate losses gave r2 coefficients of 0.75 and 0.70 for Sand Creek watershed and 0.72 and 0.67 for Bevens Creek watershed, respectively. Modeled alternative agricultural management scenarios included: six different N application rates over three application timings and three different percentages of crop land with subsurface drainage. Predicted annual nitrate losses were then compared with nitrate TMDLs assuming a 30% reduction in observed nitrate losses is required. Reductions of about 33 (8.6 to 5.8 kg/ha) and 35% (23 to 15 kg/ha) in existing annual nitrate losses are possible for Sand and Bevens Creek watersheds, respectively, by switching the timing of fertilizer application from fall to spring. Trends towards increases in tile‐drained crop land imply that attaining nitrate TMDLs in future may require other alternative management practices in addition to fertilizer management such as partial conversion of crop land to pasture.
HEALTH CARE UTILISATION IN A NEW ZEALAND BIRTH COHORT
Authors: Fergusson D.M. , Horwood L.J. , Beautrais A.L. , Shannon F.T.
Published: August 2010

The relationship between preventive health care utilisation rates and family social background was examined in a birth cohort of two‐year‐old children. There was a highly significant association between social background and the utilisation of preventive health care. Factors found to reduce preventive health care utilisation included: mother of non‐European ethnic origin; single parent family; low maternal education; high residential mobility and large family size. Maternal age and family income were unrelated to health care utilisation when other variables were taken into account. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
DO AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS CAUSE SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA? INITIAL FINDINGS OF A CASE‐CONTROL STUDY IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Smith A.H. , Fisher D.O. , Pearce N. , Teague C.A.
Published: August 2010

Swedish studies have indicated that persons exposed to chlorophenols and phenoxyherbicide sprays, including 2,4,5‐T, may be at increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma (STS). In addition, several cases of STS have been reported among industrial workers manufacturing 2,4,5‐T and related compounds. This paper reports initial findings from a case‐control study of 102 male STS patients appearing on the New Zealand Cancer Registry between 1976 and 1980, with 306 controls chosen from patients with other forms of cancer and matched by age and year of registration. Occupation as reported at the time of cancer registration was compared between the two groups. No excess appeared for the occupational group involving agriculture and forestry in spite of the fact that phenoxyherbicides have been used extensively for many years in New Zealand in agriculture and forestry. While a more definitive conclusion concerning the relationship between chemical exposures and STS must await analysis of patient interviews, the findings so far suggest that even if phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols cause STS, only a small proportion of cases could be attributed to such chemicals in New Zealand.
A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION SYSTEM
Authors: McKegg Robert
Published: August 2010

The paper describes a dental health education program designed to modify the oral hygiene behaviour of a selected group of women in their first pregnancy. The study group were exposed to a lay educator with a program which was directed at the behaviour, rather than the knowledge or feelings of each individual in the group. Results were estimated by using oral hygiene effectiveness scores. The study group showed a 38 per cent reduction in mean scores after 12 months, significantly greater than the 18 per cent reduction shown by the control group. This represents a considerably improved clinical picture. Main conclusions are that primigravida are a worth while target group; that a carefully chosen lay health educator may be an effective teacher and a program which provides intermittent feed back and support may establish better health habits.
ACCESS TO DENTAL CARE AMONGST THE AGED
Authors: Gibson D.M. , Broom D.H. , Duncan‐Jones P.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines access to dental services amongst older people living in Sydney. The results suggest marked underutilization by large segments of the aged population, and particularly by the poor, the physically disabled, the less educated and the very old. Yet good dental health is essential for nutrition, personal comfort, self‐image and oral hygiene. Adequate dental care is as important to the health and well‐being of older people as it is to other sections of our population. It is difficult to explain the continued neglect and paucity of government funding which characterize this aspect of public health services.
INFANT CARE IN SYDNEY'S WEST: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF INFANTS WHO SEEK CARE
Authors: Mant Andrea , Lansbury Gwenda , O'Flaherty Stephen , Butler Don
Published: August 2010

A survey was conducted over a two week period in 1982 of 1320 infants less than 12 months of age attending five different provider groups in three local government areas in outer Sydney. In all settings the mother was most often the person accompanying the infant. The infants seen by general practitioners, baby health sisters and generalist community nurses came from similar social and family backgrounds.

Compared with these, a higher proportion of infants seen by paediatricians and casualty officers were the off‐spring of younger mothers and of poor socio‐economic background. These results are discussed in the light of changes in the Australian system of health care delivery.
MONITORING THE SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING OF CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS OVER TIME
Authors: Gill W. Malcolm
Published: August 2010

The article presents a set of norms for use with an instrument which appears promising in monitoring the quality of life of chronically ill patients; it is easy to use, can be used repeatedly without sensitization and has demonstrated reliability and validity.

The norms were generated from a stratified random sample of urban Aucklanders and use of them with some illustrative examples suggests their utility in assessing the effects on the subjective well‐being of patients of treatment and hospitalization. It is suggested that the norms are probably useful in most populations in Australasia.
THE FEASIBILITY OF ASCERTAINING EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES BY SELF REPORT IN AUSTRALIAN VIETNAM VETERANS
Authors: O'Toole Brian I.
Published: August 2010

To assess the feasibility of developing a subjective measurement of exposure to pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) among Australian Vietnam veterans, a series of questions was asked in a survey of 300 randomly selected former soldiers on the electoral roll in Sydney metropolitan electorates, who had served in Vietnam. Data quality was measured in terms of adequacy and reliability of responses to exposure questions, while validity was assessed by reference to army records or by examining the content of answers. Exposure to pesticides in Vietnam was difficult to ascertain; reliability was low and the content of responses did not differentiate clearly between herbicide and insecticide exposure. Similarly, the quality of responses to questions of chemical exposure in a civilian environment was also low. In attempting to assess the sequelae of chemical exposure, questions on circumstances of exposure should be limited to occupational exposure, since such data are amenable to validity checks. In studying Vietnam veterans and using control groups who did not go to Vietnam it may be necessary to assume that all veterans were potentially exposed and all non‐veterans were not, and stratification undertaken by potential for occupational exposure to chemicals both in the army and in civilian life.