bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flame-Retarded Nylon Carpets
Authors: Stoddard J.W. , Pickett O.A. , Cicero C.J. , Saunders J.H.
Published: March 2008

Variables affecting nylon carpet flammability were investigated. They included carpet-face yarn construction, face-yarn,additive modifications, and backing materials. Carpets of the looser shag construction or carpets having certain modified face yarns exhibited some increase in flammability, but both carpet types passed the Tablet Test with suitable overall construction. Shag carpets, however, with these chemically modified face yams, generally exhibited frequent Tablet Test failures. Three flame retardants, found stable in molten nylon, were effective in modified shags in converting carpets failing the Tablet Test to carpets consistently passing the test. Similar flame retardant results were also obtained using alumina trihydrate in the carpet latex or by application of polyvinyl chloride to the face side of the primary backing. These studies encompass only the effects of specific changes on carpet flammability and have not been fully evaluated in terms of total carpet performance.
Effect of Metal Ions on the Photoyellowing of Wool
Authors: Smith G.J.
Published: March 2008

The yellowing of wool coptaining bound metal ions by exposure to light in the spectral range 310-500 nm has been measured with a tristimulus colorimeter. For equal doses of radiation it was found that wool samples to which ferric or cupric ions had been added yellowed more than wool containing fewer metal ions. It is suggested that special care be exercised in wool scouring to avoid metal ion contamination.
Lightfastness of Disperse Reactive Dyes on Drawn and Undrawn Nylons
Authors: Shah C.D. , Srinivasan R.
Published: March 2008

Five disperse reactive dyes applied on drawn and undrawn samples of nylon in both the fixed and unfixed state have been examined for their lightfasthess on the Fade-Ometer. Higher lightfastness on drawn nylon shows that these dyes are probably in a state of very low aggregation, and also this higher lightfastness can be attributed to the "diffusion- restriction" (DR) effect. The fact that fixed dyeings are not found to be faster than the unfixed ones tends to show that the dye-fiber bond obtained in reactive type of dyeing does not seem to contribute to higher lightfastness.
The Use of Open-End Spinning for Short Staple Cottons
Authors: Pillay K.P.R.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the use of short staple cottons for open-end spinning. Several cottons and waste mixings 7/8-in. and less in staple length have been spun on the OE and ring-spinning systems to dif ferent counts, and yarn properties have been determined. Some of these yarn samples have been woven into selected fabrics for comparative study.

It is shown that the percent reduction of OE yarn strength over corresponding ring-yam strength depends both on the properties of the cotton and the count of yarn spun from it. OE-spun fabrics have significantly lower breaking strength, tearing strength, and bursting strength than ring-spun yarn fabrics; however, the breaking elongation, air permeability, and abrasion resistance are not substantially altered. Thus when using OE yarns, one must consider changes in fabric construction to optimize the properties of the yarn used.
Effects of Pretreatment on the Properties of Cottons Reacted with Epichlorohydrin
Authors: Kumari Kamlesh , Phalgumany G.R.
Published: March 2008

The stability limitations of the crosslinks obtained by methylolated derivatives of urea- and halohydrin-based com pounds on celluloses are discussed. The advantages of the vapor-phase technique with particular reference to in situ formation of ureas inside the cotton fabrics are described. The optimum conditions for the treatment of the fabric with epichlorohydrin by vapor-phase technique by studying certain variables like temperature, time, moisture content, and swelling agent have been given in detail. The effects of pretreatments like fatty acids, their hydroxy derivatives, THPC, APO, melamine, etc., alone or in combination of two, on the properties of the cotton fabrics treated with epichlorohydrin have been studied. It was observed that pretreatment provides a fabric with a dual-/multipurpose finish.
Acid-Catalyzed Borohydride Reduction of Vat Dyes
Authors: Langland James T. , Kreevoy Maurice M. , Wade Robert C.
Published: March 2008

Vat dyes can be quickly and efficiently reduced to their leuco forms by sodium borohydride (NaBH 4) in acidic dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at room temperature. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or sulfuric acid were used to keep the pH ∼5 during the reaction. The acid is thought to catalyze the reaction by protonating the dye carbonyl groups, increasing their susceptibility to attack by hydride donors. DMSO protects the BH4-, which is rapidly decom posed by acid in aqueous or alcoholic solvents.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Wrinkling Behavior of Fabrics Part V: Settability and Measurement of the Degree of Set in Yarns and Filaments
Authors: Prevorsek D.C. , Butler R.H. , Lamb G.E.R.
Published: March 2008

In a previous article in this series it was shown that the ability of a fabric to resist creasing is a function of the fiber- to-fiber coefficient of friction, the fiber modulus, and the settability.

The object of the work described in the present article was to obtain quantitative data on the setting behavior of various fibers. An apparatus for the measurement of settability is described. Some of the limits on experimental conditions are derived. Measurements on several types of yarn indicated considerable differences with respect to settability and to retention of set as a function of time. The performance of polyester yarn in both respects was found to be markedly superior, partly explaining the good crease resistance of polyester fabrics.
The Effects of Compression on Air-Flow Measurements of Cotton Fiber Immaturity
Authors: Duckett K.E. , Henry Z.A.
Published: March 2008

Determination of cotton fiber immaturity indices using air-flow techniques generally requires compression of the specimen. The reliability of the determination is subject not only to the degree of compression but to the initial orientation of the fibers within the test specimen. It is shown that the rekability of immaturity indices obtained from randomly oriented fiber specimens rapidly increases with compression up to a certain compression levd. Further reduction in specimen volume beyond this borderline level has little value.
Acoustic Measurement of Fiber Properties
Authors: Lyons Donald W. , Graham John
Published: March 2008

The reactive sound and motion of textile fibers after breaking under tensile loading was recorded using audio signal recorders and high-speed photographic equipment. A measurable, prominant acoustic pulse is generated by the initial, longitudinal snap-back of the fiber. The intensity of this pulse was found to be linearly related to recoverable, elastic elongation and energy of the fiber.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Scott Marjie G.
Published: March 2008

The interactions of three chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents with textured polyester yams have been investigated. The solvents perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and methylene chloride differ widely in their ability to interact with polyester fibers. Textralized and Superloft standard and cationic dyeable Dacron yarns have been included in this investigation.

The dynamic and isothermal shrinkage behavior of the textured yarns reflects the diffusion of the solvents into the complex structures produced by the texturing process and the rate and extent of their interactions with the polymer. Characteristic shrinkage maxima are observed which are associated with the opening and closing of kinks, especially in the Textralized yam. More or less extensive overall shrinkage as a result of the solvent treatments produces an increase in the bulkiness of the textured yarns.

The stability of the additional solvent-induced crimp and of the original thermally-induced crimp were studied. It could be shown that while the original crimp is essentially unaffected by the solvent treatment, the solvent-induced crimp is easily removed upon loading of the yam, and its recovery upon unloading is limited, depending on the nature of the solvent treatment.
Deformation of Cotton and Bacterial Cellulose Microfibrils
Authors: Kolpak F.J. , Blackwell J.
Published: March 2008

The morphology and substructure of cotton and bacterial cellulose microfibrils have been studied in the electron micro scope following deformation by ultrasonication and by stretching on a Mylar substrate. Cotton microfibrils, which have an average width of about 250Å, were shown by negative staining to be broken down by ultrasonication into "elementary fibrils" with a width of ∼35Å. Bacterial cellulose microfibrils ranged in width from 140-200Å; the 140Å width is thought to represent the best packing of the elementary fibrils in the microfibril. Elementary fibrils were observed at bends and kinks in the unsonicated microfibrils. The results for microfibrils from both sources which had been deformed by stretch ing on Mylar were consistent with complete breakdown into elementary fibrils, similar to previous reports of deformation for Valonia cellulose.
Studies of Wrinkling Properties of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Lundell Malte , Shishoo Roshan
Published: March 2008

Wrinkle recovery of wool fabric was measured using TEFO's Conic Wrinkling Tester in order to evaluate the effect of changing temperature at constant humidity during wrinkle deformation. The temperature range investigated was 20-45°C, and the humidity was kept constant at 65% RH. The results show that severe wrinkling occurs in wool fabric when a temperature change is made during deformation and when the temperature during the recovery period is less than that during wrinkling.
A New Method for the Rapid Examination of Textile Fiber Sections at High Magnification
Authors: Ellis S.G.
Published: March 2008

The fiber or yarn is formed into a self-supporting "tow" by embedding with a small amount of fast-acting cyanoacrylate adhesive. It is sectioned on an ultramicrotome to 0.25 μm thickness. The sections can be immediately examined at magnifications up to 1000X without a cover glass and mounting medium if an appropriately corrected objective (such as that used on metallurgical microscopes) is available. The total elapsed time from receiving the specimen to viewing the sections is typically one hour.
Use of Barium Sulfate in Thin-Layer Chromatography of Dyes
Authors: Shenai V.A. , Patil V.K. , Churi R.Y.
Published: March 2008

Barium sulfate has been used as an adsorbent in the TLC of a series of commercial direct, acid, basic, reactive, and 1 :2 metal-complex dyes and their mixtures. Suitable eluent systems are suggested.
The Effects of Afterglow, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Heat on Wool in an Electric Glow Discharge
Authors: Kay Sue Lee  , Pavlath Attila E.
Published: March 2008

The effects of afterglow, ultraviolet radiation, and heat from an electric glow discharge on wool felting shrinkage, yarn strength, and grafting of polymers have been investigated. Under the conditions of treatment, heat and ultraviolet radiation have little or no effect on wool felting shrinkage and yarn strength. Ultraviolet radiation is effective for initi ating polymer grafting onto wool. Afterglow, like glow discharge, can make wool yarn shrink resistant and stronger and can induce grafting of polymer.
Nonaqueous Bleaching of Cellulose by Perchloroethylene-Hydrogen Peroxide-Water
Authors: Wentz Manfred , Cates David M.
Published: March 2008

Cellulosic fibers were bleached in perchloroethylene using small quantities of a solubilized mixture of peroxide and water. The diffusion coefficient of solubilized peroxide into cellulose was about equal to that of solubilized water. In contrast to bleaching in aqueous solutions, the peroxide was an effective oxidant even at room temperature. Vis cosity data, tensile strength loss, and change in blue reflectance demonstrated the interdependence of the sorption characteristics and the bleaching efficiency.
Properties of Wool Fibers Heated to Temperatures Above 100°C
Authors: Watt Ian C.
Published: March 2008

The heating of wool fibers in. the presence of water vapor induces changes in the physical properties of the fibers. For thermal treatments over relatively short periods degradation is minimized and the observed properties indicate a strength ening of the fibers. Continued heating causes degradation, which becomes more severe with increasing water content, and a concomitant weakening of the fibers. The data obtained on thermal stability, tensile properties, and moisture relations of heat-treated wool indicate a simultaneous degradation and reorganization of the keratin structure. The reorganization causing strengthening is predominantly associated with the matrix regions of the fibers, and some of the change is stable to saturation with water. A network of secondary bonds, which is not stable to wetting out in water, is also formed. The presence or absence of air during heating leads to significant differences in fiber properties which become more pro nounced at higher temperatures.
The Biaxial Load-Extension Properties of Plain, Weft-Knitted Fabrics— A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Macrory Brian M. , McCraith J. Roger , McNamara Aidan B.
Published: March 2008

In this analysis the extension of a plain weft-knitted fabric, when subjected to biaxial loading, is investigated theoreti cally. The straightening of the coursewise and walewise elements of a half loop in the structure (which is the unit cell chosen) is considered, as is the slippage between loops. Various states of deformation of the fabric are considered, in particular the relaxed state, the fully straightened state, the no-slip state, and the jammed state. A typical family of load- extension curves for a particular fabric is presented.
The Relation Between the Heat of Combustion and the Oxygen Index for High-Polymeric Materials
Authors: Ohe Hideo , Matsuura Koichi
Published: March 2008

Values of heats of combustion and oxygen indexes cited in the literature were used to develop the following equations: Oxygen Index = 0.0126 (mean heat energy of limiting heat flux, kcal/mole) - 0.036, and Oxygen Index = 0.01286 (mean heat energy of limiting heat flux, kcal/mole) - 0.044. The first equation applies both to high polymers and light fuels, whereas the second equation applies to high polymers only. Experimental heats of combustion and oxygen indexes were determined for some chemical isomers (homopolymers) and copolymers of ethylene-vinylacetate and ethylene propylene; these verified the utility of these equations. It was also determined that the heat required to raise the oxygen index by 1% is from -100 to approximately -44 cal/OI for easily-flammable materials, -23 to approximately -14 cal/OI for slow-burning polymers, and +6 cal/OI for the self-extinguishing polymer. Copolymers have oxygen index values both above and below the average of the OI values for their components.
Electron-Microscopical Observations of the Solubilities of Flame-Resistant Cotton/Polyester Blends
Authors: Boylston Eileen K. , Muller Linda L.
Published: March 2008

A new procedure for microscopical determination of the effects of certain flame-retardant finishes on polyester filaments is based on the solubility of polyester in 50% NaOH. Observations were made of solubilities of ultrathin cross sections of polyester filament from several blends of cotton/Kodel polyester and 100% Kodel polyester before and after treatment with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, urea, trimethylolmethylglycoluril, and poly(vinyl bromide) flame retardant. Protection from dissolution increased in proportion to the amount of poly(vinyl bromide) used in the treatment.
Resist Treatment of Wool with Tannic Acids
Authors: Simpson W.S.
Published: March 2008

The high-molecular-weight gallotannic acid fraction of commercial tannic acid has been identified as the component preferentially absorbed by wool, and in comparison the gallic acid fraction has a rather lower affinity. Chlorination of the wool and an increase in temperature will substantially increase the rate of absorption. The effects of chemical modi fication of tannic acid and pH have also been studied.

The application of tannic acids to wool for the purpose of reducing its affinity for acid dyes requires a fixation with metal ions; aluminum salts have been found to be a practical and economical alternative to the traditional antimonyl or tin compounds.
The Influence of Thread Mass and Fabric Mass on Seam Flammability
Authors: Jakes K.A. , Smith B.F. , Spivak S.M.
Published: March 2008

A nomenclature and procedure is introduced for quantifying the thread mass and fabric mass contained in a given seam. The ratio of thread mass to fabric mass, defined as mass ratio (MR), is compared to seam flammability, as mea sured by DOC FF 3-71 (flammability standard for children's sleepwear). Thread mass values are initially determined by weighting seams before and after thread removal, also permitting subsequent calculation of a characteristic thread length. Fabric mass is calculated from model geometry of simple seams.

Preliminary investigations illustrate that the relationship between mass ratio and seam char length varies with the types of fabric and thread used. With FR-thermoplastic fabrics the char length of cotton and corespun thread-sewn seams increases proportionately with increasing MR, while polyester thread-sewn seams are insensitive to MR. For an FR-cotton fabric, seam char length increases with MR for certain seam types with all threads tested.
Time-Lag Technique of Diffusion-Coefficient Measurement in Solution Spinning
Authors: Wu W. , Paul D.R.
Published: March 2008

A simplified time-lag technique was developed to measure the average diffusion coefficient for solvent extraction during coagulation in wet spinning. The accumulated amount of solvent diffused from the uncoagulated fiber while dry-jet wet spinning into a finite spin bath was measured as a function of time. From this experiment a time-lag θ in the solvent built-up can he measured easily. From this, the average diffusion coefficient D can be determined from D = R2/8θ, where R is the filament radius.

Some experimental results using the time-lag technique in a polymer/sulfuric acid/water system were obtained and compared with results using a conventional measuring method.
A Simple Technique for Measuring the Textural Properties of Carpets
Authors: Carnaby G.A. , Thomas B.L.
Published: March 2008

A method described by the first author for measuring the specific volume of a yarn by a bead-displacement technique has been adapted for measuring the volume of void space in a carpet pile, and so for obtaining an objective measurement of the texture of the pile.
Rapid Quantitative Microanalysis of Multicomponent Fiber Mixtures in Fabrics
Authors: Clark F.R.S. , Lambert P. , Mercier J.-C.
Published: March 2008

The analysis of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-component fiher blends by a micro-analytical technique is described. The method compares favorably with established solution methods.
The Morphology of Regenerated Cellulose
Authors: Kolpak Francis J. , Blackwell John
Published: March 2008

The morphotogy of three different regenerated celluloses has been investigated using electron microscopy. Fortisan rayon consists entirely of microlihrils, ∼40-50 nm in width, which are usually aggregated into larger fibers. The sub structure of the microfibrils is a parallel array of protofibrils ∼1.5-4.0 nm in width. The cellulose regenerated from a solution of dimethylsulfoxide and paraformaldehyde (DMSO/PF cellulose) exhibits a predominaritly fibrous morphology, but the microfibrits are often less, perfect than those observed for Fortisan. In addition, unoriented mats composed of short rodlets (∼12 nm wide) are occasionaly observed. The cellulose regenerated fromhydrazine (N2H4/H2O cellulose) consists primarily of unoriented mats of rodlets and occasional fihers. Both the mats and fibers are shown to be assemblies of the rodlets. High-magnification micrographs of the latter suggest that they are tiny cellulose crystals of approximate dimensions 2 × 6 × 25 nm.

The differences observed in the morphology of the three regenerated celluloses are thought to be more a result of the processing conditions than the chemistry of the regeneration. The morphology of Fortisan is consistent with extended chains, althuugh chains having long, irregular fold periods are also a possibility. The morphologies of the UMSO/PF cellulose and N2H4/H2O cellulose are consistent with chain-folded crystallites, in which case the fold period would be ∼25 nm.
Abnormal Densities Obtained by Liquid Crystallization of Thin Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Films
Authors: Lawton E.L. , Cates D.M.
Published: March 2008

Whén poly(ethylene terephthalate) films arc crystallized by certain liquids, thin films exhibit abnormally low densities, in contrast to thick films which have the densities of semicrystalline polymer. Cavitation produced by the crystallizing liquid is considered responsible. Although thick films also undergo cavitation, any lasting effect is confined to the surface; the influence on density is not detected because the cavitated structure represents a relatively small fraction of the total film.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Lamb G.E.R. , Costanza P.A. , O'Meara D.J.
Published: March 2008

Calculations have been made of the efficiencies with which single fibers should capture aerosol particles when the fibers are placed in an electric field. A field oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of aerosol flow should increase capture efficiency, but the perpendicular orientation should give a larger increase. These findings based on theory have been confirmed by bench-scale experiments using flat, nonwoven fabric filters. In addition, it has been found that the reduction in pressure drop that accompanies the application of electric fields is greater with the perpen dicular field. Experiments designed to find the optimum location for the electrodes with respect to the filter have shown that the greatest enhancement of performance is obtained when they are located just below the upstream surface of the fabric.

Electrical stimulation of fabric filtration was further investigated using a one-hag lahoratory baghouse. With a commercial needled polyester fabric bag, a 4.5-kV potential applied between electrodes threaded into the bag fabric 15 mm apart and parallel to the bag axis reduced penetration about 50% and pressure drop about 45%. A pressure-drop reduction of this magnitude would effect significant reductions in energy consumption concomitant with the considerable increase in capture efficiency.
Bilateral Differentiation in the Cuticle of Merino Wool Fibers
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel
Published: March 2008

An examination by transmission electron microscopy of longitudinal sections of merino wool fibers drawn from 64s top and sectioned in the plane of the crimp and the equatorial plane of the fiber has revealed two significant differences between the cuticular cells on the intrados and extrados of the crimp. (i) The cells on the intrados (paracortical side) overlap each other by lengths that are from 2 to 6 times as great as on the extrados (orthocortical side). (ii) The cells on the intrados are longer, by from 5 to 82% on different fibers, than those on the extrados. Variation between fibers was found to be sig nificant on both sides for overlap, but only on the paracortical side for cell length.

No significant difference was found between the sides in either the proportion of "false" scale edges or the scale-edge spacings, except for an indication, based on a small subsample, that a difference in the latter might be developed by chemical treatment.

Some other features of the cuticular cells are also described.
Breaking-Twist Angle and Crosslinking in Wool Fibers Under Alkaline Conditions as a Function of Temperature
Authors: Ellison M.S. , Lundgren H.P.
Published: March 2008

Natural and modified wool fibers were subjected to breaking-twist-angle measurements in selected alkaline media and temperatures. The results are in accord with the crosslinking at temperatures characteristic of lanthionine and of lysinoalanine formation and with generalized degradation at highest pH conditions. Modifications of wool that inhibit crosslinkage formation are also discussed. This paper demonstrates the potential ability of breaking-twist-angle measure ments for characterizing crosslinking behavior in protein networks.
Yarn-Strength Prediction of American Cottons
Authors: Hafez Osman M.A.
Published: March 2008

A system of predicting skein strength in Egyptian cottons was, with minor modifications, applied for predicting skein strength of American cottons of the hirsutum type (Uplands) and of the barbadense type (Pima), using the same linear equation. The independent variable in the prediction equation is a simple function of two of the measured properties of the fibers: staple length and fiber tenacity with specified yarn number. The dependent variable is a function of the observed skein strength, the specified number, and the specified turns per meter. By means of such configuration of variables, it was possible to extend the prediction process through a wide range of fiber properties, yarn counts, and yam twists. The correlation coefficient was high (+0.97), while the average absolute deviation from regression was 31.6 N for samples of individuals and 12 N for samples of averages.
Properties of the Matrix in Keratins
Authors: Bendit E.G.
Published: March 2008

It has been shown that the initial, so-called Hookean region (0-1.5% strain) in the stress strain curve of keratin is nonlinear, as predicted theoretically for a viscoelastic material such as keratin. Deviations from linearity are confirmed at strains as low as 0.03%. It is speculated that the concept of a Hookean (i.e. linear) region arose as a result of extension tests with wool fibers. In the decrimping phase of extension the stress-strain curve of wool is convex towards the strain axis (a feature referred to as "toe-in"), while the viscoelastic curvature of the material stress-strain curve is concave towards this axis. The combination of these two opposing curvatures results in a point of inflexion, and it is suggested that the apparent linearity of the inflexion region has been accepted uncritically as indicating the presence of a Hookean region. Instead of a Young's modulus, the concept of an inflexion modulus is proposed for stress-strain curves exhibiting toe-in. In compressional stress-strain experiments toe-in is unavoidable at present, but it is estimated, on the basis of extension tests, that the value of the compressional modulus near the origin of the material stress-strain curve may be double that of the observed inflexion modulus. It is proposed that the part of the curve up to ∼2% strain be termed the "pre-yield region" instead of the "Hookean region."
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Bell Charles E. , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2008

This reports on an investigation of spontaneous surging of a laboratory model false-twist texturing system during texture of fully-drawn yarns. The cycle of threadline tension and torque is examined and evaluated in terms of rota tional slippage of the threadline at the spindle pin. Study is made of the effect of heater temperature, yarn lubrication, and prior treatment on the frequency of natural surging.

Forced disturbances and system response thereto are also studied. Cyclic variations of spindle speed and of draw point location are two system disturbances studied, and threadlinc tension and torque rcsponses are reported.

Finally, draw-texturing system disturbances are shown to be related to periodic variations in draw force of POV-PKT feed yarn.
Product Engineering of Safety Apparel Fabrics: Insulation Characteristics of Fire-Retardant Cottons
Authors: Baitinger W.F.
Published: March 2008

The heat-ipsulation characteristics of eighteen fire-retardant-treated fabrics; two Nomex fabrics, and a Kynol fabric are examined. Exposure both to flame and to radiation sources is employed. For a low level of radiation exposure, fabric thickness correlates well with protection time. As incident heat flux is increased, other less bvious factors begin to contribute to protection times. Technical considerations to produce effective safety-apparel fabric are summarized.
Shrink-Resist Treatments of Wool Fabrics with Water-Soluble Acrylic Copolymers
Authors: Bereck A.
Published: March 2008

The systematic development of water-soluble acrylic copolymers with significant shrink-resist effectiveness is described. Copolymers of 2-sulphoethylmethacrylate are readily soluble in water above pH 2. The incorporation of self-crosslinking monomers into the copolymer gives considerably better shrink-resist results than the use of external crosslinkers. Copolymers of glycidylmethacrylate, which are curable at or alove pH 7, are more effective than copolymers of N-methylolacrylamide, which are usually cured in the presence of strong acidic catalyst. The effect of the latter polymers can be considerably improved if the wool is either pretreated or saturated with the acidic catalyst before polymer application.
Further Studies of the Fractography of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Hearle J.W.S. , Sparrow J.T.
Published: March 2008

The authors' previous work on the fractography of cotton has been extended to include a comparison of cotton varieties, differences between individual fibers of different strength, fracture of mercerized cotton in water, fracture of crosslinked cotton (including tests in water, and at and between reversals), fractures at different temperatures, and fractures in torsion. Three idealized modes of failure are propqged: granular or fibrillar with crack-stopping but interaction between neighboring fibrils, helical splitting, and independent fibrillar break. The conditions in which these forms occur are discussed and summarized.
A Solvent-Dyeing Process for Aramid Fibers
Authors: Preston J. , Hofferbert W.L.
Published: March 2008

A solvent-dyeing process for aramid fibers is described which is capable of producing fiber and fabrics having excellent depth of shades. The brightness of the fibers and fabrics is quite high when the undyed fibers are bright. When properly selected basic dyes are used, and when heavy shades are developed on the fabrics, good dyed lightfastness values are ob tained. Carpet samples of Nomex® dyed via the solvent-dyeing process described are considerably brighter, cleaner, and deeper in shades than commercial carpet samples of Nomex dyed using the producer-recommended dyeing process. More over, the dyed lightfastness values (Gray Scale) are considerably higher for these solvent-dyed carpet samples. Thus. ratings as poor as 2 and 1 after, respectively, 20 and 40 hours in the Fade-Ometer were obtained on the commercial carpet samples, whereas certain of the test samples rated 2—3 even after 320 hours.

In addition to the improvement in dyeing obtained with the solvent-dyeing process, it was observed that the aramid fibers based on poly- m-phenyleneisophthalamide (MPD-I) and the polyisophthalamide of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA-I) apparently undergo a certain degree of relaxation. For example, on blank dyeing in pyridine the tenacity of the wet-spun MDA-I fiber decreased only slightly, while the initially somewhat low elongation-to-break value increased significantly. For Nomex 10 dpf staple the average elongation-to-break value increased slightly, but the range of this value narrowed considerably. Two rigid, rod-like, wholly aromatic fibers, the DuPont Company's Kevlar® aramid fiber, and the Monsanto Company's experimental X-500 polyamide-hydrazide fiber, do not show the same type relaxation effects exhibited by either MDA-I or MPD-I ( i.e. Nomex). Thus, the tenacity of the Kevlar increased somewhat, and the initial modulus values for both rod-like fibers increased moderately.
A New Moisture-Measurement Technique for Drying Beds of Loose Textile Fibers
Authors: Holmes-Brown R.L. , Nossar M.S.
Published: March 2008

Investigations are reported into the measurement of the fall in temperature (Δ T) in a stream of hot air on passing through a bed of loose wool fibers and the relationship of this temperature change to the average regain of the wool (R). A mathematical basis for the nature of the relationship between Δ T and R has been established, and an empirical equation is developed and-used to calculate the wool regain in a batch dryer from measurements of Δ T. The significance and effect of changes in such drying pa meters as wool bed thickness, pressure drop across the bed, fineness of the wool, and the inlet temperature of the drying ir on the accuracy of the calculations have been evaluated. The results obtained will aid in the development of an au matic control system for textile dryers, based on the measurement of wool regain during drying by this method.
An Electron Microscopy Study of Cotton Fibers Mercerized at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Boylston E.K. , Hebert J.J.
Published: March 2008

The effect of mercerization at elevatcd temperatures upon cotton fiber substructure has been studied by electron microscopic techniques. Results indicate that even though some advantages can be attained by raising the temperature of the caustic solution, fiber suhstructure exhibits anomalous hehavior. Photomicrographs of fibers from yarns treated at the extreme temperature ranges reveal a skin-core appearance. The conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II crystalline structure normally associated with mercerization is retarded at elevated temperatures as shown by x-ray analysis.
Physical Chemistry of Dyeing of Cellulosic Fibers with Reactive Dyes
Authors: Madan G.L. , Shrivastava S.K.
Published: March 2008

The effect of different electrolytes on the sorption of the hydrolyzed form of four different reactive dyes has been investigated. The electrolytes studied were sodium, ammonium, Jithium, and magnesium chlorides, and ammonium sulfate, which differ widely in their ability to increase the sorption of hydrolyzed reactive dyes by cellulose. Their relative efficiencies were in the order: ammonium chloride > ammonium sulfate > sodium chloride > lithium chloride ~ magnesium chloride.

The effect of the electrolytes has been discussed in terms of partial screening of the surface charge on cellulose by the crowding of the cations at the cellulose-water interface, pH of the bath, and the ability to modify the structure of water. The ability of the electrolytes to modify the pH of the solution plays a dominant role in sorption increase at lower con centrations of electrolytes, whereas at higher concentrations the ability of the electrolytes to modify the cellulose-water interface plays a decisive role.
The Use of Small-Angle Light-Scattering (SALS) to Examine the Structure of Fibers 1
Authors: Garton A. , Carlsson D.J. , Stepaniak R.F. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2008

The small-angle light-scattering (SALS) patterns of a wide range of polypropylene, nylon 6, and polyethylene ter ephthalate (PET) fibers have been examined so as to investigate the level of superstructural (>500 nm) ordering present within them. Many samples that were highly-disordered at a microstructural level, as evidenced by their wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) patterns, showed evidence of extensive superstructural ordering. For example, a rapidly- quenched polypropylene fiber, which exhibited a "smectic" WAXS pattern, had a SALS pattern characteristic of spheru lites about 6 μm in diameter. Brief annealing of this sample produced the conventional monoclinic polypropylene WAXS pattern but did not noticeably change the size or shape of the SALS pattern. The usefulness and limitations of SALS for examining sheath-core effects and for demonstrating the existence of distorted spherulites is also discussed.
Comparison of Carboxyl-Content Determination in Cellulose Half-Acid Ester Derivatives by Calcium Acetate and Silver Absorption Methods
Authors: Simonson Richard Stephen , Cuculo John A. , Wadsworth Larry C.
Published: March 2008

Carboxyl content of cellulose half-acid ester derivatives was determined by the calcium acetate method and by the absorption of silver from silver meta-nitrophenolate solutions. Both methods utilize the acidity of the carboxyl proton in an ion-exchange reaction, thereby producing a salt.

With both the calcium acetate and the sitver absorption methods, the neutralization of the carboxylie acid groups is incomplete below pH 6.5. Tp compensate for this effect, a correction curve was derived for cellulose half-acid ester derivatives, which agreed fairly closely to a curve previously derived for cellulose half-acid etlter derivatives.

No correction curves could be accurately applied to the silver-absorption test, but 0.6 g was selected as the optimum sample size because larger sample sizes usually resulted in a decrease in the carboxyl determination due to lowering of pH and/or exhaustion of the silver, which had orfly limited solubility. Nevertheless, the free degree-of-substitution values obtained with the calcium acetate method, using the new correction curve, and with the silver absorption method utilizing 0.6 g samples, differed on the average by only 0.011.
A Comparative Study of Thermomechanical and Chemomechanical Texturing of Nylon 6 Multifilament Yarns
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , Gianchandani J.K. , Jindal S.K.
Published: March 2008

Nylon 6 multifilament yarn is textured by both the conventional false-twist method and a new method of solvent- texturing with aqueous phenol. The physical, mechanical, and structural properties of the textured yarns are compared. It is observed that the solvent-textured yarn has a considerably higher dye uptake than the conventionally-textured yarn. SEM studies reveal interesting differences in the surface characteristics of fibers textured by the two processes.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Detergency
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2008

The detergency rate of particulate soil depends on the location of the soil particle and its adhesion to the fiber surface. The strength of the adhesive bond depends on the attractive (mainly Van der Waals') forces and the contact area between soil and fiber. The amount (% owf) of particulate soil retained after washing cu depends on soiling conditions as well/as washing conditions, and also on the nature of soil and fiber and the construction of the fabric. where kr is the retention coefficient, u is the rotational speed (rpm) of the soiling device (Accelerutor), indicating the energy input per units soiling time, s is the amount of soil contacted with the fiber (% owf), and tr is the soiling time (min). Mechanical work performed during soiling affects soil remaining after washing more than it affects the amount of soil deposited on the fibers during soiling cs. As an approximation,? where kx is the soiling coefficients.
Chemical Composition of Cotton Dusts
Authors: Mittal D.K. , Gilbert R.D. , Fornes R.E. , Hersh S.P. , Sasser P.E.
Published: March 2008

The ash and protein contents of Pneumafil (PN) trash samples collected in a model card room and of the aqueous extracts of these samples arc reported here. The average ash content of these samples is 12.5% (σ = 4.2%). The average ash content of the dried aqueous extracts of these samples is much higher than that of the raw samples (mean 36.9%, σ = 10.8%). The average protein content of these samples and their dried aqueous extracts are about the same (13.2 and 14.9%, respectively). Trash samples from cotton grown under dry, arid conditions tend to have relatively high inorganic contents. Steaming tends to reduce the inorganic fraction of both the raw samples and their dried aqueous extracts but has little effect on the protein content. Increasing the number of gin lint cleaning stages reduces the dust level in the card room but has little effect on the proximate chemical composition of the PN samples. The fraction of ash in the PN dust tends to increase as the grade of cotton improves. Respirable dust collected from an electrostatic precipitator and respirable dust separated from lint trash are shown to have very high inorganic contents (41.3 and 37.1%, respectively). The average ash content of five samples rollected on the vertical elutriator was 20.1%, a value close to the average ash content of leaf and bract samples.
Chemical Composition of Cotton Dust and its Relation to Byssinosis
Authors: Cooke T.F.
Published: March 2008

The literature on the chemical composition of cotton dust and its relation to byssinosis has been reviewed. It appears that the component of cotton dust that is a major cause of byssinosis may be an aminopolysaccharide. Recommendations are made for further studies that might point the way to reducing or eliminating the byssinosis problem.
Relation of Cotton Fiber Maturity and Strength Uniformity to Change in Tenacity with Mercerization
Authors: Lawson R. , Ramey H.H. , Jones J.B.
Published: March 2008

Bolls of eight cultivars of Gosspium hirsutum L. were harvested 26, 32, 38, and 44 days postanthesis. Percent maturity varied from 2 to 91, and strength uniformity varied from 0.386 to 0.611. Strength uniformity was negatively correlated with the increase in tenacity on both slack and tension mercerization (tenacity ratio) on samples within a harvest date. When all harvest dates were included, this relationship was nonsignificant. Within a cultivar this correlation was strong and positive. The relationship of XaOH maturity to the tenacity ratio was not significant on samples from one harvest date, but it increased to significance when the range in maturity was extended to include samples from all harvest dates. Within a cultivar this relation was strong and negative. Data on 38- and 44-day-old bolls cover maturities encountered in commercial cottons, and these data show a higher correlation between strength uniformity and tenacity ratio than between maturity and tenacity ratio.
The Reaction of Wood Pulp with α,β-Amic Acids
Authors: Wadsworth Larry C. , Cuculo John A. , Hudson Sam M.
Published: March 2008

In this study, liquid anhydrous ammonia has been used as a pre-swelling treatment for wood pulp and as a solvent for the reactants. With the single-step reactions, slightly more crosslinking resulted when the reactant was applied from liquid ammonia than from aqueous media. The multiple bake reactions, however, resulted in higher total degree of substitution (DS) values on the order of 1.0 and greater, but also in disproportionately more crosslinking. Degradation was minimal by the use of aqueous ammonium succinamate from single pad bake reactions, resulting in an average DP of 331. This is compared to the multiple pad-bake reactions with aqueous ammonium succinamate and with suc cinic anhydride in liquid ammonia media, which resulted in very low DP values ranging from 155 to 200. Discoloration of the derivatives accompanied the increases in DS and reductions in DP.

Some cellulose derivatives appear to have been dissolved in concentrations to 4% (w/v) in 10 to 13% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 5.5°C and up to 0.7% in DMSO by refluxing. Infrared analyses have shown the material coagulated from the aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions to be pure cellulose, and the coagulant from DMSO solution to be cellulose hemisuccinate. Both infrared crystallinity index determinations and x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the cellulose regenerated from aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was suhstantially crystalline.
A Microscopic Method for Analyzing Cotton Microdust Accumulation in Rotor Spinning
Authors: Langley Kenneth D. , Haasma Hans
Published: March 2008

A severe problem with making cotton yarns with the rotor-spinning process is the accumulation of microdust particles. in the rotor. A microscopic method was developed for measuring particle size, enabling statistical treatment of the data. The technique involves taking a small sample of particles, dispersing them on a microscope slide, and measuring size with an ocular micrometer at a magnification of 1250X. It was possible to estimate size with 95% confidence to within less than 1 micron in about 1.25 h.
The Breakage of Staple Yarns
Authors: Brody H.
Published: March 2008

The mechanism of breakage of PET (polyethylene terephthalate/cotton staple yarns has been investigated by study ing the fibers removed from actual yarn breaks. Techniques have been devised that show the strain history of the PET fibers at a break and live the f: action of broken PET and cotton fibers. It is postulated that yarn breakage takes place in two stages: an initial rupture, followed by breakage of PET fibers spanning the "gap" formed. Such a mechanism may be common to all staple yarns, whether homo-yarns or blends, since 100% PET staple yarns appear to behave similarly. These techniques were used to examine yarns broken during mill spinning, It appears that the mill breaks occurred by fiber slippage hefore the yarn was fully developed, probably at the drafting stage. This view is supported by comparison of the break frequency/load spectrum of the spun yarn with the spinning conditions.
The Soiling Propensity of Open-End and Ring-Spun Yarns in Jersey Knit Fabrics
Authors: Broome Esther R. , McKinney Warnock Mary
Published: March 2008

Jersey knit fabrics of all cotton and 50/50 cotton-polyester representative of two yarn sizes of open-end and ring-spun yarns were evaluated with regard to their soiling propensity. An oily soil was applied to each fabric in the initial state, after 25 periods of laundering, and after 25 wcar-taundering periods, and subsequently the soiled specimens were exposed to five 45-minute laundering periods in a Launder-Ometer. Reflectance values taken before and after soiling and after laundering served as the basis for findings, which revealed that the condition of the fabric at the time of soiling was related to the amount of soil accepted and released by the fabrics. Additional findings generally pointed to the superior per formance of the ring-spun yarns, the cotton fibers, and the 37s yarns in repelling and releasing the oily soil.
Cross-Sectional Parameters of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Hebert J.J. , Boylston E.K. , Wadsworth J.I.
Published: March 2008

A rapid, accurate method of evaluating cross-sectional parameters of cotton fibers was developed. The effects of swotting cotton while slack or under tension with various agents were ascertained from the resulting data.
Influence of Bleaching Operations on the Properties of Control and DMEU-Finished Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Varghese J. , Pasad D.M. , Achwal W.B.
Published: March 2008

Two-mercerized-scoured (MS) cotton fabrics ( viz. J-box scoured poplin and pressure-scoured drill) were bleached with sodium hypochlorite (HC), hydrogen peroxide (BP), and sodium chlorite (SC) in the laboratory to a CuAm duiditv of 4.5 ± 0.5 poises-1 for poplin and 5 ± 0.5 poises-1 for the drill. They were further finished in the laboratory with 30-150 g/l. DMEU by the pad-dry-cure technique. Evaluation of these fabrics for resilience and strength-abrasion properties have shown that chlorite bleaching gives good strength-abrasion properties on both the unfinished fabrics. On DMEU finishing, hypochlorite-bleached fabric gives best performance on both the fabrics. The gradation in overall performance of DMEU-finished poplin samples is HC > BP > SC > MS. Similar gradation for the drill fabric is HC > MS > SC > BP.
Geometrical Expressions of Spaces in Anisotropic Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Komori Takashi , Makishima Kunio
Published: March 2008

In order to express the sizes and geometrical anisotropies of void spaces in a random fiber assembly that has an arbitrary distribution of fiber orientation, two quantities (aperture circle and free length) are introduced and their distributions are derived mathematically. It is found that the approximate probability density functions of the radius of aperture circle r and the free length are given by and respectively, where v, p, n, and λ are the quantities proper to the assembly through which the anisotropies of void structures are expressed.