bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Nation Born in a Day
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes black southerners’ experience of emancipation and the theological meanings they gave the event. Emancipation was the key moment in black Protestants’ understanding of God’s plan for history. The chapter follows closely one Methodist congregation in Wilmington, North Carolina, as Union troops occupied the city. Black worshippers sought religious independence and flouted rules of racial submission. The chapter argues that antebellum black southerners prophesied the coming of emancipation. Some saw emancipation as the beginning of a millenial age of church growth. They interpreted freedom in different ways, using different biblical narratives. Those differences appeared as political divisions in North Carolina’s 1865 Freedmen’s Convention. Every year thereafter, black southerners commemorated the anniversary of emancipation, ensuring that its theological importance waxed rather than waned over time.
Redemption and Exile
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers a in-depth case study to describe how black southerners reconciled their hopes forged at emancipation with the collapse of Reconstruction. After a brief moment of political power and progress, black leaders in North Carolina watched as their political enemies regained control of state legislatures and used organized violence to suppress black voting and education. Across the South, black Protestants turned to different biblical narratives to make sense of these setbacks while still maintaining a belief that emancipation foreshadowed God’s plans for a coming era of racial justice. In 1870, North Carolina’s black state legislators used Queen Esther’s story of Jewish persecution in exile to interpret their setbacks as temporary and to suggest specific strategies, including armed self-defense, for living as a minority in a hostile land. Without paying attention to the particulars of these exile stories, historians misinterpret the political aims of black leaders.
Exodus and Jubilee
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

Black southerners expected land ownership to accompany emancipation. This chapter argues that two biblical stories, Exodus and Jubilee, shaped their expectations for land in different ways. Exodus described a large migration after emancipation to a land set aside for the newly freed people. Jubilee, in contrast, restored land to the landless where they lived. Some black southerners employed Jubilee as they argued for and anticipated large-scale property confiscation and redistrubition in 1865-66 and as they sought land reform in the decades following. Others turned to Exodus as they fled North Carolina in a migrations to Indiana and Liberia in 1877-80 and in massive migrations to Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas in 1889-90. With each migration, black leaders and black workers argued over the meaning of God’s plan for the race.
Flood Control
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the social forces in the U.S. that came together after World War I to pave the way for Japanese exclusion in 1924. Congress held hearings across the West Coast about Japanese immigration in 1920, which revealed the intensity of the issue as hundreds of persons testified. Many favored Japanese exclusion, but a surprising number opposed it. As it had done earlier with both the Chinese and the Japanese, California lead the way towards exclusion, in this case through approving a ballot measure the strengthened the state’s alien land law. Votes in this measure revealed splits about Japanese exclusion within the state and within various neighborhoods within Los Angeles, the state’s largest city. A cadre of political leaders and private citizens in California, including V.S. McClatchy, James D. Phelan, and Senator Hiram Johnson, led the anti-Japanese campaign. In the end, the federal government’s approval of Japanese exclusion was not a sure thing, and throughout the process its backers were never certain of their success.
Silver Lining
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the debate over Asian immigration exclusion between the enactment of Japanese exclusion and World War II. During this time, prominent opponents of Japanese exclusion shifted tactics to clear up racial and international misunderstanding through scholarly research, educational initiatives, and campaigns to repeal Japanese exclusion. They did this mainly through the establishment of two institutions: Survey of Race Relations at Stanford University and the Institute of Pacific Relations, initially based in Hawaii. At the same time, proponents of Japanese exclusion moved on to push for the exclusion of Filipino immigrants and the repatriation of those already in the U.S. This was achieved, but only by Congress granting independence to the U.S. colony of the Philippines. Egalitarian views of Filipinos, Japanese, and other Asian immigrant groups gained support within a new and powerful national labor union, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Despite the continuation of Asian exclusion, the 1930s was a transitional period in which new opportunities and institutions emerged to combat it.
Science in the Basement
Authors: Onion Rebecca
Published: May 2017

Companies selling chemistry sets expanded their offerings greatly in the years between World War I and World War II. In their marketing materials, the box design of the sets themselves, and the manuals included in the sets, companies articulated a vision of home science as a project pursued by boys in small groups, away from their mothers and sisters.
American Child Bride
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

Most in the United States likely associate the concept of the child bride with the mores and practices of the distant past. But Nicholas L. Syrett challenges this assumption in his sweeping and sometimes shocking history of youthful marriage in America. Focusing on young women and girls—the most common underage spouses—Syrett tracks the marital history of American minors from the colonial period to the present, chronicling the debates and moral panics related to these unions.
Although the frequency of child marriages has declined since the early twentieth century, Syrett reveals that the practice was historically far more widespread in the United States than is commonly thought. It also continues to this day: current estimates indicate that 9 percent of living American women were married before turning eighteen. By examining the legal and social forces that have worked to curtail early marriage in America—including the efforts of women's rights activists, advocates for children's rights, and social workers—Syrett sheds new light on the American public's perceptions of young people marrying and the ways that individuals and communities challenged the complex legalities and cultural norms brought to the fore when underage citizens, by choice or coercion, became husband and wife.
Any Maid or Woman Child
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the English common law and colonial legal antecedents to early national marriage law in the extant states. It argues that the common law marriage ages of twelve (for girls) and fourteen (for boys) are based on presumptions about puberty and intellectual capacity, and that when North American colonial legislatures raised these ages, they did so largely to protect parental interest in their children’s labor and possible fortunes, not as a means to protect youthful people. It also argues that the differential ages of marriage and of majority (in western and midwestern states, where girls’ majority was lowered to eighteen) all had the effect of denying girls the protection of girlhood in the realm of marriage that were being offered to their brothers and to children more generally in legal revisions of the ealry modern period.
Marriage Reform Is Still an Unplowed Field
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

In 1926 Peaches and Daddy (Frances Heenan and Edward Browning) were married, becoming one of the biggest tabloid sensations of the 1920s. Separated in age by about 40 years, their marriage led to new understandings of child marriage as a backdoor to illicit sex and to rumors of pedophilia. It also engergized a generation of reformers, feminists, and social workers, most notably Mary Ellen Richmond, who worked tirelessly to eliminate child marriage in language that placed the welfare of the child first. They worked on many fronts, targeting sexually active adolescents and immigrant families especially, despite the fact that native-born white and black girls and boys were more likely to marry as minors. Feminists in the National Woman’s Party also joined in the struggle, working to equalize the age of consent to marriage and the age of majority on the grounds of legal gender equality, not child protection.
Marriage Comes Early in the Mountains
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

Using the 1937 Appalachian marriage of nine-year-old Eunice Winstead and twenty-two-year-old Charlie Johns, and the subsequent international attention it received as a prism, this chapter focuses on the persistence of very youthful marriage in the rural southern United States. During the Great Depression, when rates of marriage were down and the age of first marriage increased, minors continued to marry at very high numbers in rural southern states. This chapter argues that isolation, poverty, child labor, poor schooling, and the lack of age consciouness that was its consequence, account for this trend. In communities where calendar age had far less meaning than it did among the middle class and urban residents, white, black and Latino Americans in rural America continued to countenance child marriage in part because they did not see it as noteworthy. Urbanites voiced their horror for the practice in newspapers, magazines, and in film using a language of civilization to condemn those they perceived as backwards barbarians.
There Was No Stopping Her
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

Rates of teenage marriage are at an all-time low at the turn of the twenty-first century, but teens are more likely to marry in rural areas and in the South than anywhere else in the United States. This chapter argues that this is because of religious conservatism, lack of access to contraception, opposition to and/or lack of access to abortion, and limited life choices for teenage girls as a result of poverty and poor education. Marrying as a minor carries increased health risks that are largely borne by poor and rural teenage girls.
The Revival of Revolt
Authors: Kilgore John Mac
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the historical role that African and Afro-Protestant revival and conjure religion played in fomenting slave rebellions in the Americas. Pointing to the influence that slave insurrections had on antebellum antislavery novels in the wake of the sectional crisis, the author establishes the historical and theoretical grounds for what he calls the novel of enthusiasm. He does this in two ways. First, the chapter explores the cross-fertilization between black cultures of enthusiasm and emergent Romantic sensibilities in nineteenth-century aesthetics, especially the novel. Second, the chapter analyzes two interconnected prose works as novels of enthusiasm (Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Dred and Martin Delany’s Blake), both of which link cultures of slave insurrection to cultures of enthusiasm and uniquely place US black resistance in a transatlantic context among insurgent maroons. Furthermore, the author contends that Stowe and Delany turn novel writing itself into an enthusiastic contact zone (of call and response) with the reader, soliciting us to speed up the political crisis of slavery through direct intervention.
Epilogue
Authors: Kilgore John Mac
Published: May 2017

The epilogue to the book gestures toward the destiny of enthusiasm in the post-Civil War era. In the wake of the trauma of war, the end of slavery, and the birth of a technologically-oriented culture of disenchanted realism, political enthusiasm no longer seemed necessary or viable. At the same time, the final lesson of Walt Whitman circa the centennial of the American Revolution is not so much that political enthusiasm has come to an end but that it must take on new, unheard-of forms specific to its historical era—in Whitman’s view, that meant a struggle for the rights of labor against the corruptions of capitalism (what he called the “tramp and strike question”). As one indication of how literatures of enthusiasm continued to operate in the late nineteenth century, the chapter discusses Edward Bellamy’s utopian novel Looking Backward and Whitman’s contemporaneous interest in anti-capitalism. Enthusiasm is finally what Whitman calls the “latent right of insurrection,” a “quenchless, indispensable fire” in the convulsive context of political tyranny.
The ACC’s Challenge to “You Know Who”
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

If there was any college team that could take the NCAA title from UCLA, it seemed likely that would be one of the talented squads from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Three teams were especially talented. The University of Maryland, coached by Charles “Lefty” Driesell, billed itself as the UCLA of the East. Coach Dean Smith’s University of North Carolina was a proven team. And North Carolina State University, coached by Norm Sloan, was deep in talent and desire.
Justice, Respect, and Recognition in Mental Health Services
Authors: Brodwin Paul
Published: May 2017

This chapter raises a key question for the interdisciplinary study of health and justice: is dialogue possible between theoretical models and first-person testimony about the harms caused by injustice? To consider this question, the chapter examines the claim that disrespect—the systematic devaluation of others in a way that excludes them from reciprocal social relations—is a form of injustice. The philosopher Stephen Darwall and social theorist Axel Honneth conceptually elucidate the links between justice, respect, and recognition. Their normative arguments offer a high-order conceptual framework for recognizing people’s equal worth as human beings (and the harmful effects of denying such recognition). This chapter compares their abstract frameworks with a landmark autobiography by a founder of the psychiatric survivor movement. The search for commensurability between these texts exposes the precise difference between experience-far and experience-near genres of ethical expression. This chapter adopts a similar approach as DeBruin et al. (this volume) in examining popular cultural discourses in light of formal theory. Both chapters take seriously the lay narratives and forms of ethical argumentation that circulate outside the academy. Both envision a plural ethics of justice and health that acknowledges how ordinary people interpret and respond to institutionalized oppression in health-care services.
Justice, Evidence, and Interdisciplinary Health Inequalities Research
Authors: King Nicholas B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the interplay between normative judgments and empirical research. Using a case study of recent work on the social determinants of health, the author argues that three domains that are normally thought of as conceptually and disciplinarily independent—epistemology, scientific methodology, and normative judgment—are in fact closely intertwined. When considering issues related to health inequalities and social justice, keeping these domains separate leads to poor science, poor theorizing, and, ultimately, poor policy choices. The author identifies three problems with the claim that in order to reduce health inequalities and improve population health, we are morally compelled to address the social determinants of health, through interventions that redistribute social or economic resources in a more fair or just manner. The problems are (1) assuming that data are the neutral products of objective scientific investigations; (2) misunderstanding causality and counterfactual reasoning; and (3) blind belief in the consonance of the good.
Cultural Health Capital
Authors: Shim Janet K. , Chang Jamie Suki , Dubbin Leslie A.
Published: May 2017

The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act promulgated a number of fundamental changes to the United States health-care system. Less visible and controversial aspects included the creation of institutions and strategies to reduce health disparities and enhance the quality and patient-centeredness of health care. In this chapter, we offer the concept of cultural health capital (CHC) as a sociological intervention for analyzing these changes aimed at making health care more patient-centered, particularly for historically underserved populations. In particular, we use the notion of CHC to illustrate how patient-centered care is accomplished or undone through complex interpersonal and interactional work that is highly dependent on access to stratified cultural resources that both patients and providers bring to health-care interactions. In so doing, we aim to contest that racism in health care is the primary source of health inequalities. Instead we argue that patients’ and providers’ cultural assets and interactional styles—themselves the product of complex social, cultural, historical, political, and economic contexts—influence their abilities to communicate with and understand one another.
These Walls Will Shake
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the first major stirrings of racial change within the mainline churches, while at the same time documenting the growth of SIM as it spread its program into communities in the north and west as well as south. The chapter covers the March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act and how students on the ground perceived this period of great change. Students worked with notable movement figures including Kelly Miller Smith, Ralph Abernathy, and King, and worked with the Delta Ministry in Mississippi and as part of Freedom Summer in 1964.
Afterword
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2017

Joe Pfister grew up in Northern California in the 1940s and 1950s. He attended the University of California, Berkeley; joined the Student Christian Movement; and studied psychology. Thinking he would eventually pursue a career in counseling, perhaps with a spiritual component to it, he enrolled at Union Theological Seminary in 1964. Once there, he found he was less interested in psychology than in the urban ministry work that was taking place in nearby Harlem....
Introduction
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: May 2017

On New Year’s Eve 1863, an anxious George W. Lennard sought blessed assurance of his eternal fate. Lennard began the American Civil War as a private in an Indiana regiment and was eventually commissioned lieutenant colonel of the Fifty-Seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He survived some of the most gruesome fighting of the Western Theater, from Shiloh to Stones River to Missionary Ridge. As another year of war dawned, Lennard confessed in a letter home that he dreaded nothing more than the thought of what awaited him after death. He longed for “a clear and well defined hope that all would be well with me in the world to come.” “You will say,” he wrote his wife, “why dont you be a Christian? I say, how can a soldier be a Christian?” He continued: “Read all Christs teaching, and then tell me whether ...
Not to Destroy but to Make Good
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter two continues to trace the origins of the Union army’s “hard yet humane” just-war policies by investigating the Federal experience in occupied Memphis and New Orleans in 1862. Occupying two major Confederate cities forced Union officers and soldiers to come into direct and frequent contact with hostile Confederate civilians. In the process, Union officials further developed detailed military rules and policies for how best to wage a “hard yet humane’ just war. Particular attention in chapter two is paid to the ideas and actions of Benjmain F. Butler in New Orleans and William Tecumseh Sherman in New Orleans.
The More Vigorously Wars Are Pursued, the Better It Is for Humanity
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter three explains how the Berlin-born scholar Francis Lieber refined the Union’s moral vision of hard yet humane war into a coherent set of rules applicable to the entire Union army. The chapter devotes extensive attention to the life and ideas of Francis Lieber, and the Lieber-drafted General Orders No. 100, the “Lieber code,” the most detailed and influential code of military conduct to emerge from the Civil War. The 157 articles of the Lieber code collectively instructed Federal officers and soldiers on how to reconcile in practice the hard hand of war with humane restraint.
Conclusion
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: May 2017

Did the Union succeed in waging a truly just war against the Confederacy? Does a historian really have any business answering such a question, or is it best left to ethicists, philosophers, and theologians? I have not tried in this book to pronounce some kind of final verdict on the justice and morality of the actions of Civil War Americans. But neither do I think historians should quickly dismiss the question, “Was the American Civil War a just war?” If nothing else, the question beckons serious consideration of the nature of the war as a military conflict—why the fighting took on the distinct character that it did. It is a question that ultimately confronts historians with the challenge of untangling one of the Civil War’s great paradoxes: Why did the war possess a peculiar mixture of destructiveness and restraint? How could the same war unleash the costliest carnage in American history and yet also inspire earnest, innovative efforts to define just conduct in war and restrain the conflict’s devastation?...
Escape
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: May 2017

When Confederate officials removed several thousand Union prisoners of war from Georgia to South Carolina after Sherman captured Atlanta, bureaucratic incompetence combined with chaotic conditions to produce mass escapes. Prisoners escaped by the hundreds from trains and from open fields at Florence and at Camp Sorghum in Columbia. Leading four of the escape parties were J. Madison Drake, Charles Porter Mattocks, Willard Worcester Glazier, and John V. Hadley.
Cadenza
Authors: Jarrett Michael
Published: May 2017

An interview with record producer Don Schlitten, serving as an overview (and survey) of jazz record production. It contrasts the recording of jazz with other types of popular music.
Recording to Hard Drive
Authors: Jarrett Michael
Published: May 2017

When digital audio workstations (DAWs) do not multiply recording options to unthinkable levels of over-choice, they have simplified and automated tasks that were exceedingly difficult and time consuming to execute on analog tape. But they have informed jazz production most profoundly in the smallest sorts of ways. Fixing the little stuff that once marred, otherwise stellar, performances is now very quick and easy. A number of jazz recordings discussed in this chapter were not recorded digitally, and when they were, many of their producers merely treated digital tape and hard drives as the new, perhaps "improved," analog tape. Much of the time, in the world of jazz production a potentially revolutionary technology is just added to—and conceptualized in terms of–what was already available.
Coda
Authors: Jarrett Michael
Published: May 2017

Up until recently, I would say my role was to take the artist, his concept, and his point of view and put them down on tape—not really fool with it too much. Now I’m more particular. I think if somebody is choosing a piano player who is not especially good or there are ten guys who are better, I am going to say so. “I am okay if you want to use this guy because he’s in your band, but is he in your band because he’ll work for three hundred a week? You can do better.” I know the argument about loyalty, and I know the argument about closeness. I buy them. I think they’re good arguments, but you can also make records with musicians that are not quite up to the job, and you are not going to sell as many of them, I don’t think. The idea is to speak up and be more back-and-forth with the artist. Then again, some guys—especially jazz guys—know what they want....
Sea Monsters, Immunauts, and Death Panels
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

We return to the rise of biotechnology, revealing the risks and rewards arising from recombinant DNA technologies as evidenced by the formation and ultimate dissolution of the first biotechnology company. Cetus succeeded in creating innovative breakthrough but its business side lost to competition, hastenign its demise. We then transition to witness the rise and fall of Seattle-based Immunex, which again introduced revolutionary medicines but whose inability to manufacture enough product fated it to be acquired by Amgen. In another venture, a founder of Immunex started a second company, which developed a product that was a technological hit but failed due to a structural means by which new medicines are prescribed. Such challenges were observed and addressed by other startups, such as Amgen and Genzyme, which executed successful scientific and business strategies. The rise of Genzyme in particular reflected an opportunity afforded by the passage of the Orphan Drug Act, which granted special incentives to products targeting low-incidence diseases.
Drama on the I-270 Tech Corridor
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses upon one particular geographic region in suburban Washington, DC, which serves as a microcosm for the challenges and opportunities of the larger drug development enterprise. Our story begins with the efforts to sequence the human genome, an ambitious project that led to an increasingly bitter and highly publicized rivalry between the personalities of Craig Venter and Francis Collins from the private and public sectors, respectively. This same initiative gave rise to the dramatic growth in a cadre of biotechnology companies in suburban Maryland dedicated to exploiting the commercial opportunities associated with the human genome. The bubble would ultimately be burst as a result of various legal and executive decisions and in doing so, obliterated billions of dollars in wealth and effectively shudder an entire sector. All the while, another upstart biotechnology company, MedImmune, continued on a lower profile but ultimately more successful path to introduce innovative new medicines. However, this company would itself suffer a series of setbacks of its own making that resulted from the failed commercial launch of an improved influenza vaccine.
Autophagy
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

The title of the chapter is a Greek term that literally translates into “eating oneself” and is representative of a trend of mergers and acquisitions that has subsumed the drug development enterprise over the past three decades and now fundamentally threatens our ability to develop new medicines. We begin with two examples of acquisitions by Eli Lilly & Company. One product resulted from an unexpected discovery by Pfizer scientists of a drug meant to treat angina that had the unexpected but not undesired effect of treating erectile dysfunction. The second acquisition, of New York-based Imclone, was the final step in a high profile controversy that led the jailing of its CEO and the celebrity Martha Stewart for insider trading. Despite these two acquisitions, Eli Lilly largely did not participate in the merger mania of the past few decades and we relate how this most innovative company fell through the rankings to become a middling contender. This waning resulted from the meteoric rise of Pfizer as one of the most aggressive purveyors of pharmaceutical industry consolidation and the unlikely rise of Valeant Pharmaceuticals, a company with a checkered history and ongoing woes.
Bridging the Valley
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

The withdrawal of large company support for early stage research, combined with shrinking Federal expenditures, has created a “Valley of Death” in drug discovery that creates both pressing challenges and extraordinary opportunities. This chapter details the opportunities that could be created by incentivizing new innovative and entrepreneurial research into novel medicines. Many “experiments” are currently under way to identify novel means of addressing the Valley of Death and successful examples include a partnership between Yale University and Gilead Sciences, a California biotechnology company. We also explore the potential and limitations of academia rising as a means to address the need for early-stage drug research and conclude the chapter and the book with the idea that the Federal government could play a key role were it to more actively and creatively function as both the largest source of public venture capital as well as the key regulator of new medicines.
Love and Work in the Shadow of the Reformation
Authors: Livingston James
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows the latter day ramifications of clinging to the Protestant Work Ethic. It explores how workers cooperatives talk about employment, and looks at the fixation on craftsmanship.
Gradients of Column CO2 across North America from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network
Authors: Lan Xin , Tans Pieter , Sweeney Colm , Andrews Arlyn , Jacobson Andrew , Crotwell Molly , Dlugokencky Edward , Kofler Jonathan , Lang Patricia , Thoning Kirk , Wolter Sonja
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This study analyzes seasonal and spatial patterns of column carbon dioxide (CO2) over North America calculated from aircraft and tall tower measurements from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network from 2004 to 2014. Consistent with expectations, gradients between the eight regions studied are larger below 2 km than above 5 km. The 11-year mean CO2 dry mole fraction (XCO2) in the column below ~ 330 hPa (~ 8 km above sea level) from NOAA's CO2 data assimilation model, CarbonTracker (CT2015), demonstrates good agreement with those calculated from calibrated measurements on aircraft and towers. Total column XCO2 was attained by combining modeled CO2 above 330 hPa from CT2015 with the measurements. We find large spatial gradients of total column XCO2 during June to August, and the north and northeast regions have ~ 3 ppm stronger summer drawdown than the south and southwest regions. The spatial gradients of total column XCO2 across North America mainly reflect large-scale circulation patterns rather than regional surface sources and sinks. We have conducted a CarbonTracker experiment to investigate the impact of Eurasian long-range transport. The result suggests that the large summer time Eurasian boreal flux contributes about half of the north-south column XCO2 gradient across North America. Our results confirm that continental-scale total column XCO2 gradients simulated by CarbonTracker are realistic and can be used to evaluate the credibility of spatial patterns from satellite retrievals, such as the long term average spatial patterns from satellite retrievals reported for Europe which show larger spatial difference (~ 6 ppm) and scattered hot spots.
Contributions of Transported Prudhoe Bay Oilfield Emissions to the Aerosol Population in Utqiaġvik, Alaska
Authors: Gunsch Matthew J. , Kirpes Rachel M. , Kolesar Katheryn R. , Barrett Tate E. , China Swarup , Sheesley Rebecca J. , Laskin Alexander , Wiedensohler Alfred , Tuch Thomas , Pratt Kerri A.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Loss of sea ice is opening the Arctic to increasing development involving oil and gas extraction and shipping. Given the significant impacts of absorbing aerosol and secondary aerosol precursors emitted within the rapidly warming Arctic region, there is a need to characterize local anthropogenic aerosol sources and compare to natural conditions. From August-September 2015 in Utqiaġvik, AK, the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles was measured by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (0.13–4 μm projected area diameter) and real-time single particle mass spectrometry (0.2–1.5 μm aerodynamic diameter). During Arctic Ocean influenced periods (70 % of the study), our results show that fresh sea spray aerosol contributed ~ 20 %, by number, of particles between 0.13–0.4 μm, 40–70% between 0.4–1 μm, and 80–100% of 1–4 μm particles. In contrast, for periods influenced by emissions from Prudhoe Bay (10 % of the study), the third largest oilfield in North America, there was a strong influence from submicron (0.13–1 μm) combustion derived particles (20–50 % OC, by number, 5–10 % soot by number). While sea spray aerosol still comprised a large fraction of particles (90 % by number from 1–4 μm) detected under Prudhoe Bay influence, these particles were internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate indicative of aging processes during transport. In addition, the overall mode of the particle size number distribution shifted from 76 nm during Arctic Ocean influence to 27 nm during Prudhoe Bay influence with particle concentrations increasing from 130 cm-3 to 920 cm-3 due to transported particle emissions from the oil fields. The increased contributions of carbonaceous combustion products and partially aged SSA should be taken into consideration for future Arctic atmospheric composition and climate simulations.
Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Authors: Chaudhary Nitin , Miller Paul A. , Smith Benjamin
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are designed for the study of past, present and future vegetation patterns together with associated biogeochemical cycles and climate feedbacks. However, most DGVMs do not yet have detailed representations of permafrost and non-permafrost peatlands, which are an important store of carbon, particularly at high latitudes. We demonstrate a new implementation of peatland dynamics in a customized Arctic version of the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, simulating the long-term evolution of selected northern peatland ecosystems and assessing the effect of changing climate on peatland carbon balance. Our approach employs a dynamic multi-layer soil with representation of freeze–thaw processes and litter inputs from a dynamically varying mixture of the main peatland plant functional types: mosses, shrubs and graminoids. The model was calibrated and tested for a sub-Arctic mire in Stordalen, Sweden, and validated at a temperate bog site in Mer Bleue, Canada. A regional evaluation of simulated carbon fluxes, hydrology and vegetation dynamics encompassed additional locations spread across Scandinavia. Simulated peat accumulation was found to be generally consistent with published data and the model was able to capture reported long-term vegetation dynamics, water table position and carbon fluxes. A series of sensitivity experiments were carried out to investigate the vulnerability of high-latitude peatlands to climate change. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon in the first half of the 21st century due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season, and the CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a carbon source after mid-century because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
Organic exudates promote Fe(II) oxidation in Fe limited cultures of Trichodesmium erythraeum
Authors: Farid Hanieh T. , Schulz Kai G. , Rose Andrew L.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A luminol chemiluminescence method was employed to study the oxidation kinetics of Fe(II) in both the absence and the presence of organic exudates released by the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum. The apparent Fe(II) oxidation rate constant was studied for batch cultures grown with varying Fe' concentrations of 0.05–0.29 and 1.44–2.03 nmol L−1 at pH ranges from 8.1–8.6, corresponding to the change in pH in the cultures during the entire growth cycle. Fe(II) oxidation was accelerated when cells were growing exponentially and gradually decreased towards the stationary phase, consistent with the presence of organic exudates. The best fit of the kinetic model to the data also demonstrated clear differences in apparent Fe(II) oxidation rate constants during different growth phases. However, no significant difference was observed in oxidation rate constants between the two Fe' treatments. These findings suggest that Trichodesmium releases organic compounds into the extracellular environment that influence Fe redox chemistry, potentially affecting Fe bioavailability, and that the nature of the Fe(II) complexes formed is not influenced by Fe limitation of the organism's growth.
Dark ice dynamics of the south-west Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Tedstone Andrew J. , Bamber Jonathan L. , Cook Joseph M. , Williamson Christopher J. , Fettweis Xavier , Hodson Andrew J. , Tranter Martyn
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has increased in recent years due largely to declining albedo and enhanced surface melting. Some of the largest declines in GrIS albedo have occurred in the ablation zone of the south-west sector and are associated with the development of 'dark' ice surfaces. Field observations at local scales reveal that a variety of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) can be present on the surface, ranging from inorganic particulates, to cryoconite materials and ice algae. Meanwhile, satellite observations show that the areal extent of dark ice has varied significantly between recent successive melt seasons. However, the processes that drive such large inter-annual variability in dark ice extent remain essentially unconstrained. At present we are therefore unable to project how the albedo of bare-ice sectors of the GrIS will evolve, causing uncertainty in the projected sea level contribution from the GrIS over the coming decades. Here we use MODIS satellite imagery to examine dark ice dynamics on the south-west GrIS each year from 2000 to 2016. We quantify dark ice in terms of its annual extent, duration, intensity and timing of first appearance. Not only does dark ice extent vary significantly between years, but so too does its duration (from 0 % to > 80 % of June–July–August, JJA), intensity and the timing of its first appearance. Comparison of dark ice dynamics with potential meteorological drivers from the regional climate model MAR reveals that the JJA sensible heat flux, the number of positive minimum-air-temperature days and the timing of bare ice appearance are significant inter-annual synoptic controls. We use these findings to identify the surface processes which are most likely to explain recent dark ice dynamics.We suggest that whilst the spatial distribution of dark ice is best explained by outcropping of particulates from ablating ice, these particulates alone do not drive dark ice dynamics. Instead, they may enable the growth of pigmented ice algal assemblages which cause visible surface darkening, but only when the climatological pre-requisites of liquid meltwater presence and sufficient photosynthetically-active radiation fluxes are met. Further field studies are required to fully constrain the processes by which ice algae growth proceeds and the apparent dependency of algae growth on melt-out particulates.
Breves apontamentos sobre a relação entre geografia e literatura
Authors: Anjos Melissa
Published: May 2017

ResumoAs pesquisas que a ciência geográfica vem desenvolvendo tem buscado inovar suas abordagens e dialogar com diferentes campos do conhecimento, entre eles o campo literário. Como resultado, tem produzido experiências que, entre outros enfoques, celebram as possibilidades de interseção entre ciência e arte. Desta maneira, a geografia tem criado possibilidades de leituras do universo vivido sob diferentes vieses, recortes, campos empíricos, metodologias e instrumentos teóricos. Assim, a compreensão do mundo a partir das tramas expostas pelos artistas (literatos) e fomentar uma leitura de mundo repleto de expressões existenciais se configura como um relevante caminho de entendimento a partir da inter-relação entre a linguagem científica e a artística. Dito isto, este artigo inicia uma discussão teórica acerca da relação entre ciência (geografia) e arte (literatura).Palavras-chave: Geografia. Ciência. Arte. Literatura. AbstractThe research that the geographical science has been developing has sought innovate its approaches and dialogue with different fields of knowledge, including the literary field. As a result, experiencesproduced, among other approaches, celebrate the possibilities of intersection between science and art. In this way, geography has created opportunities for readings the lived universe under different meanings, clippings, empirical fields, methodologies and theoretical instruments. Thus, the understanding of the world from plots exposed by artists (writers) and to foster a reading world filled with existential expressions is configured as an important path of understanding from the inter-relationship between the scientific and artistic language. This paper begins a theoretical discussion about the relation between science (geography) and art (literature).Keywords: Geography. Science. Art. Literature. RésuméLes recherches développées par la science géographique ont  innové leurs approches et le dialogue avec des différents domaines du savoir, entre eux, le champ littéraire. Comme résultat, il a produit des expériences que, entre autres approches, célèbrent les possibilités d'intersection entre la science et l’art. De cette façon, la géographie a créé des possibilités des lectures de l'univers vécu sous différents sens, découpage, champs empiriques, méthodes et outils théoriques. Ainsi, la compréhension du monde à partir des intrigues exposées par les artistes (écrivains) et de favoriser une lecture du monde plein des expressions existentielles est configuré comme un moyen important de compréhension de la relation entre la langue scientifique et artistique. Cela dit, cet article commence avec une discussion théorique sur la relation entre la science (géographie) et l'art (littérature).Mots-Clés : Géographie. Science. Art. Littérature.
JESUS COMO SIMBOLISTA E ANTIRREALISTA: SOBRE A INTERPRETAÇÃO SEMIÓTICA DE NIETZSCHE N’O ANTICRISTO
Authors: Muniz Garcia André Luis Muniz
Published: May 2017

Esse artigo pretende discutir, em um primeiro momento, o sentido, para a psicologia de Nietzsche, da figura de Jesus n’O Anticristo. Mais precisamente, esse artigo parte de uma problematização dessa tipologia de Jesus, para, em seguida, fazer convergir essa estratégia psicológica com uma semiótica, isto é, uma análise do uso dos signos pelo tipo Jesus. Depois de contextualizar a discussão sobre o tipo Jesus como “simbolista” e “antirrealista”, mostramos como Nietzsche, estrategicamente, elabora em suas últimas obras uma efetiva confrontação simbólica entre o tipo Jesus e Dioniso, e a partir disso buscamos indicar algumas conclusões.
NIETZSCHE E AS TERAPIAS HELENISTAS: ESTÓICOS E EPICURISTAS COMO PRECURSORES DO CRISTIANISMO
Authors: Faustino Marta
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo tem como foco a relação ambivalente de Nietzsche com os filósofos do período helenista, em particular os estóicos e os epicuristas. Mais concretamente, procuraremos determinar por que razão, apesar da extraordinária influência que estas escolas exerceram no seu pensamento, Nietzsche se lhes viria a opor tão violentamente na fase mais tardia da sua obra. Seguindo o trilho da avaliação que Nietzsche faz destes filósofos terapeutas enquanto, ele próprio, "médico da cultura", verificaremos que as principais críticas de Nietzsche a estas escolas são muito semelhantes às que dirigiria ao cristianismo e vão ao encontro da própria ideia de terapia, tal como tradicionalmente concebida. Defenderemos que Nietzsche vê os filósofos helenistas como importantes precursores do cristianismo, responsabilizando-os pela criação do enquadramento e mundividência sem os quais este não se teria podido desenvolver. Tanto estóicos como epicuristas se revelam, assim, "pseudo-médicos", razão pela qual, como concluiremos, Nietzsche os vê como promotores fundamentais do niilismo que diagnostica na cultura ocidental.
TRANSVALORAÇÃO E REDENÇÃO NA FILOSOFIA DE NIETZSCHE
Authors: Meireles Ildenilson
Published: May 2017

Desde O nascimento da tragédia Nietzsche esboça o tema da redenção numa perspectiva afirmativa, de modo especial pelo viés da arte. Dionísio aparece como a primeira figura capaz de redimir o homem do sofrimento, pois liberaria a vontade para novas configurações no interior do Devir. Mas é nos últimos escritos que uma filosofia da redenção ganha mais consistência em Nietzsche, na medida em que se articula com o tema da Transvaloração dos valores. Nosso propósito nesse artigo é destacar essa articulação entre transvaloração e redenção buscando argumentar acerca da implicação que nos parece ser a mais fundamental, que é a contínua necessidade de pensar a superação do homem em chave afirmativa, para além do projeto cristão de melhoramento da humanidade.
NIETZSCHE E O PROTO-PERSPECTIVISMO DE ZUR TELEOLOGIE
Authors: Dalla Vecchia Ricardo Bazilio
Published: May 2017

Mediante a análise da coletânea de notas “Zur Teleologie” este artigo sugere a existência de um “proto-perspectivismo” na concepção ficcionalista de organismo formulada por Nietzsche no final da década de 1860. Nossa investigação se inicia com uma exposição da oposição entre mecanicismo e teleologia na modernidade, analisa brevemente as posições de Kant e Schopenhauer sobre ela e então as contrasta com a posição de Nietzsche.
Agriculture and Kayaye (Head Porterage) Menace in Ghana: A Case of Policy or Structural Failure?
Authors: Abukari Abdul-Basit Tampuli , Al-hassan Seidu
Published: May 2017

Most researches on migration have often targeted the host cities where the living conditions and the coping strategies of the migrants are documented. The push factors in their home towns and regions are theoretically being referred. The most common among the factors are poverty and unemployment resulting from the dwindling fortunes in agriculture. The study selected the Northern region because it is the largest, both in terms of agriculture and the supplier of migrants for the kayaye business. The outmigration of this group of people has remained a serious socio-economic dilemma for policy makers in Ghana. The study sets out to review why some selected key policies have failed to reverse this menace. At the same time it examines the structural economy of the region which is generally agricultural. Three different quantitative techniques are used to determine the relationship between labor and agricultural production. Results of all these techniques suggest a significant reduction in the labor employed in agricultural production. This brought to light how agriculture, the traditional occupation of these migrants rejects their labor. With educational and skills barriers to the industry and services sectors, the kayaye business is an inevitable alternative. In the light of these findings, policy recommendations have been provided.