bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane elongation factors in organelle maintenance: the case of peroxisome proliferation
Authors: Koch Johannes , Brocard Cécile
Published: August 2011

Separation of metabolic pathways in organelles is critical for eukaryotic life. Accordingly, the number, morphology and function of organelles have to be maintained through processes linked with membrane remodeling events. Despite their acknowledged significance and intense study many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms by which organellar membranes proliferate. Here, using the example of peroxisome proliferation, we give an overview of how proteins elongate membranes. Subsequent membrane fission is achieved by dynamin-related proteins shared with mitochondria. We discuss basic criteria that membranes have to fulfill for these fission factors to complete the scission. Because peroxisome elongation is always associated with unequal distribution of matrix and membrane proteins, we propose peroxisomal division to be non-stochastic and asymmetric. We further show that these organelles need not be functional to carry on membrane elongation and present the most recent findings concerning members of the Pex11 protein family as membrane elongation factors. These factors, beside known proteins such as BAR-domain proteins, represent another family of proteins containing an amphipathic α-helix with membrane bending activity.
Negative Reward Signals from the Lateral Habenula to Dopamine Neurons Are Mediated by Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus in Primates
Authors: Hong Simon , Jhou Thomas C. , Smith Mitchell , Saleem Kadharbatcha S. , Hikosaka Okihide
Published: August 2011

Lateral habenula (LHb) neurons signal negative “reward-prediction errors” and inhibit midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Yet LHb neurons are largely glutamatergic, indicating that this inhibition may occur through an intermediate structure. Recent studies in rats have suggested a candidate for this role, the GABAergic rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), but this neural pathway has not yet been tested directly. We now show using electrophysiology and anatomic tracing that (1) the monkey has an inhibitory structure similar to the rat RMTg; (2) RMTg neurons receive excitatory input from the LHb, exhibit negative reward-prediction errors, and send axonal projections near DA soma; and (3) stimulating this structure inhibits DA neurons. Surprisingly, some RMTg neurons responded to reward cues earlier than the LHb, and carry “state-value” signals not found in DA neurons. Thus, our data suggest that the RMTg translates LHb reward-prediction errors (negative) into DA reward-prediction errors (positive), while transmitting additional motivational signals to non-DA networks.
In vivo
212Pb/212Bi generator using indium-DTPA-tagged liposomes
Authors: Le Du A. , Mougin-Degraef M. , Botosoa E. , Rauscher A. , Faivre Chauvet A. , Barbet Jacques , Montavon G.
Published: August 2011

Indium-DTPA-tagged liposomes were studied in the present work as carriers of in vivo
212Pb/ 212Bi generator to be used in targeted alpha therapy. The liposomal uptake of 212Pb, into preformed liposomes, was investigated using different lipophilic chelate (DCP, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL), sodium acetate, and A23187), as a function of various parameters (temperature, concentrations of lipids, Pb, DTPA, ...) with 212Pb as a tracer. Different formulations of liposomes were tested to evaluate the radiolabeling efficiency. No complexing agent was necessary for the passage of Pb2+ through the membrane. It occurs naturally via a partial permeability of the lipid bilayer, which increases with the temperature. A complexing agent (DTPA) appears necessary to concentrate Pb in the internal compartment of the liposomes. Conditions were found (T=65 ºC, internal DTPA concentration of 0.025 M, pH 7.4, ...) yielding a high and rapid uptake of 212Pb in liposomes. The protocol established provides a novel method for the efficient entrapment of about 2–3 Pb atoms per liposome with a yield of 75% in conditions relevant for nuclear medicine.
Engineered use of microbial gas production to decrease primary consolidation settlement in clayey soils
Authors: PUZRIN A.M. , TRONT J. , SCHMID A. , HUGHES J.B.
Published: August 2011

This feasibility study examines the use of in situ microbial gas production to engineer the consolidation properties of clayey soils by changing the settlement–time profile. A simple analytical model has been proposed to assess the swelling of the soil during the steady-state gas production, and to predict immediate settlements due to loading at the end of this process. For experimental validation of the suggested technique, Clostridium acetobutylicum, an anaerobic fermentative microorganism, was mixed into clayey-sand samples, fed with a nutrient-rich medium, and allowed to produce gas in situ. A series of standard oedometer tests was performed on gas-containing and gas-free soil specimens. Results showed that, in agreement with the model predictions, in situ gas production caused negligible swelling of the samples, while shifting a significant portion (up to 50%) of total displacement from primary consolidation settlement to immediate settlement without changing total displacements or the coefficient of consolidation.
Rituximab Selectively Suppresses Specific Islet Antibodies
Authors: Yu Liping , Herold Kevan , Krause-Steinrauf Heidi , McGee Paula L. , Bundy Brian , Pugliese Alberto , Krischer Jeff , Eisenbarth George S. ,   for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Anti-CD20 Study Group
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

The TrialNet Study Group evaluated rituximab, a B-cell–depleting monoclonal antibody, for its effect in new-onset patients with type 1A diabetes. Rituximab decreased the loss of C-peptide over the first year of follow-up and markedly depleted B lymphocytes for 6 months after administration. This article analyzes the specific effect of rituximab on multiple islet autoantibodies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 87 patients between the ages of 8 and 40 years received either rituximab or a placebo infusion weekly for four doses close to the onset of diabetes. Autoantibodies to insulin (IAAs), GAD65 (GADAs), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA2As), and ZnT8 (ZnT8As) were measured with radioimmunoassays. The primary outcome for this autoantibody analysis was the mean level of autoantibodies during follow-up.

RESULTS

Rituximab markedly suppressed IAAs compared with the placebo injection but had a much smaller effect on GADAs, IA2As, and ZnT8As. A total of 40% (19 of 48) of rituximab-treated patients who were IAA positive became IAA negative versus 0 of 29 placebo-treated patients (P < 0.0001). In the subgroup (n = 6) treated within 50 days of diabetes, IAAs were markedly suppressed by rituximab in all patients for 1 year and for four patients as long as 3 years despite continuing insulin therapy. Independent of rituximab treatment, the mean level of IAAs at study entry was markedly lower (P = 0.035) for patients who maintained C-peptide levels during the first year of follow-up in both rituximab-treated and placebo groups.

CONCLUSIONS

A single course of rituximab differentially suppresses IAAs, clearly blocking IAAs for >1 year in insulin-treated patients. For the patients receiving insulin for >2 weeks prior to rituximab administration, we cannot assess whether rituximab not only blocks the acquisition of insulin antibodies induced by insulin administration and/or also suppresses preformed insulin autoantibodies. Studies in prediabetic non–insulin-treated patients will likely be needed to evaluate the specific effects of rituximab on levels of IAAs.
Multidimensional Assessment of Value Added by Teachers to Real-World Outcomes
Authors: Broatch Jennifer , Lohr Sharon
Published: August 2011

Measuring teacher effectiveness is challenging since no direct estimate exists; teacher effectiveness can be measured only indirectly through student responses. Traditional value-added assessment (VAA) models generally attempt to estimate the value that an individual teacher adds to students' knowledge as measured by scores on successive administrations of a standardized test. Such responses, however, do not reflect the long-term contribution of a teacher to real-world student outcomes such as graduation, and cannot be used in most university settings where standardized tests are not given. In this paper, the authors develop a multiresponse approach to VAA models that allows responses to be either continuous or categorical. This approach leads to multidimensional estimates of value added by teachers and allows the correlations among those dimensions to be explored. The authors derive sufficient conditions for maximum likelihood estimators to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. The authors then demonstrate how to use SAS software to calculate estimates. The models are applied to university data from 2001 to 2008 on calculus instruction and graduation in a science or engineering field.
Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (Pbav) in a Child With Congenital Severe Aortic Stenosis A Case Report
Authors: Reza AQM , Patwary MSR , Baqui A
Published: August 2011

A 8 years old boy presented with shortness of breath, cough and palpitation and subsequently diagnosed as a case of severe aortic stenosis with bicuspid aortic valve. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (PBAV) was done and he became asymptomatic. Post procedure his aortic valve area and aortic systolic pressure increased, transaortic pressure gradient decreased. So good result, lower cost, elimination of drawbacks of thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass suggest in children percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty should be the treatment of choice for patients with severe aortic stenosis. Key Words: Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty, Severe aortic stenosis, Bicuspid aortic valve DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v1i2.8241 Cardiovasc. j. 2009; 1(2): 234-236
Melanocytoma of the Optic Disc Associated With Visual Field Defects: Clinical Features and Imaging Characteristics
Authors: Punjabi Omar S. , Lin Christine F. , Chung Hak-Sung , Gill Manjot K.
Published: August 2011

The authors studied the clinical features, visual field, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) characteristics of peripapillary melanocytoma associated with visual field defects in two eyes of two patients. Both eyes had hyperreflective anterior surface and posterior optical shadowing in the region of peripapillary melanocytoma on SD-OCT imaging. The retinal nerve fiber layer was thin adjacent to these lesions, and this corresponded to the opposite hemifield defect on Humphrey Visual Field testing. Three-dimensional imaging of the melanocytoma revealed an irregular elevation in the peripapillary region. SD-OCT, when used in conjunction with clinical examination and Humphrey Visual Field testing, provided useful information that may assist clinicians in treating patients with peripapillary melanocytoma, particularly when observing them over time.
Malpractice Premiums and the Supply of Obstetricians
Authors: Polsky Daniel , Marcus Steven C. , Werner Rachel M.
Published: August 2011

Using longitudinal data on practicing obstetricians from 1998 to 2004 derived from Pennsylvania, Florida, and New York hospital discharge data, this study finds that rising malpractice premiums are associated with an increased rate of exit and a reduced rate of entry for obstetricians. In Pennsylvania and Florida, where premiums rose by an average of 20% per year for four years, the combined effect of more exits and fewer entries was associated with a decline in obstetrical labor supply of 80 physicians, or 5.3% of the supply of obstetricians.
A Novel Indium‐Boron Amorphous Alloy Mediator for Barbier‐Type Carbonyl Allylation in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Li Hui , Dong Fuxing , Xiong Mingwen , Li Hexing , Li Ping , Zhou Xinggui
Published: August 2011

A novel indium‐boron (In–B) amorphous alloy was prepared by chemical reduction of indi‐ um(III) ions [In3+] with borohydride [BH4−] in aqueous solution and was applied to the water‐medium Barbier‐type allylation reactions. A variety of allyl halides could be efficiently added to aldehydes or ketones in water. Additionally, the as‐prepared In–B exhibits much higher activity than the commercial In powder and the crystallized In–B owing to the high surface area, the unique amorphous alloy structure, and the high electron density on the In active sites resulting from the strong electronic interaction between the metal In and the alloying B. The yield of target product over the In–B amorphous alloy was similar to that obtained on the homogeneous Pd(II) organometallic catalyst, showing good potential in practical application.
Iron(III) Chloride/Diorganyl Diselenides‐Promoted Regioselective Cyclization of Alkynyl Aryl Ketones: Synthesis of 3‐Organoselenyl Chromenones under Ambient Atmosphere
Authors: Godoi Benhur , Sperança Adriane , Bruning Cesar A. , Back Davi F. , Menezes Paulo Henrique , Nogueira Cristina W. , Zeni Gilson
Published: August 2011

An efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of 3‐organoselenylchromenones was accomplished via iron(III) chloride/diorganyl diselenides‐promoted intramolecular 6‐endo‐dig cyclization of alkynyl aryl ketone derivatives. The cyclization reactions proceeded cleanly under mild reaction conditions, and the desired chromenone derivatives were smoothly isolated in good yields. The methodology proved to be highly regioselective, giving only the six‐membered regioisomers and was carried out using iron(III) chloride/diorganyl diselenide at room temperature and under ambient atmosphere, which could be considered an economic and eco‐friendly protocol.
Gold‐ or Palladium‐Catalyzed Allene Carbocyclization/Functionalization: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Carbazoles
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Alonso José M. , Quirós M. Teresa , Gadziński Paweł
Published: August 2011

Gold‐ and palladium‐catalyzed cyclization of easily accessible indole‐tethered allenols allows the efficient synthesis of carbazole derivatives under mild conditions.
Silver‐Catalyzed exo‐dig‐Azacyclization/[3+2] Cycloaddition Cascades on 1‐Tosylhydrazon‐4‐oxy‐5‐yne Substrates: Applicability to Diverse Alkenes
Authors: Huple Deepak B. , Chen Chun‐Hao , Das Arindam , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: August 2011

We report the silver‐catalyzed tandem 6‐exo‐dig‐azacyclization/[3+2] cycloaddition cascade on 1‐tosylhydrazon‐4‐oxy‐5‐ynes to form complicated azacyclic products regioselectively and efficiently. The new azacyclic syntheses have a wide range of reaction scope, with respect to both substrates and alkenes.
A New Step Towards Solid Base Catalysis: Azidoproazaphosphatranes Immobilized in Nanopores of Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Raytchev Pascal Dimitrov , Bendjeriou Anissa , Dutasta Jean‐Pierre , Martinez Alexandre , Dufaud Véronique
Published: August 2011

Heterogeneous basic catalysts derived from proazaphosphatranes, known as Verkade’s superbases, were prepared for the first time by covalent immobilization onto SBA‐15 silica. In order to introduce the tether to the surface, three siloxane‐containing azido derivatives of the proazaphosphatranes were first synthesized (2a–c) which after post‐synthetic grafting onto silica support led to the formation of hybrid materials of different basicity and steric properties, 2a–c@SBA‐15. These latter were fully characterized using a wide variety of molecular and solid‐state techniques to determine their structural and textural properties. These new solid base catalysts were then evaluated in the Diels–Alder reactions of anthrone and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrone with two electron‐deficient dienophiles, N‐methylmaleimide and dimethyl fumarate. In general, high activity and selectivity were obtained depending on the catalytic species, the performance decreasing in the order methoxybenzyl>neopentyl>methyl azidophosphatrane. Catalyst recycling was studied for the best catalyst, the methoxybenzyl derivative, 2c@SBA‐15, and it was shown that the catalyst could be re‐used up to 3 cycles before any loss of activity could be detected.
Cross‐Coupling of Grignard Reagents with Sulfonyl‐Activated sp3 Carbon‐Nitrogen Bonds
Authors: Li Man‐Bo , Tang Xiang‐Ling , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: August 2011

Sulfonyl‐activated sp3 carbon‐nitrogen bonds have been found to be cleaved by Grignard reagents in the presence of 5 mol% of copper(I) iodide (CuI). Significantly, a broad range of sulfonyl‐activated benzylic, allylic, and propargylic amines smoothly undergo the cross‐coupling reaction with Grignard reagents to afford structurally diverse coupling products in good to excellent yields and with high chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity. Moreover, an SN2 mechanism has been demonstrated to be involved in the cross‐coupling reaction that allows the asymmetric synthesis of chiral hydrocarbons from optically active α‐branched amine derivatives.
Stereoselective Synthesis of syn‐β‐Amino Propargylic Ethers: Application to the Asymmetric Syntheses of (+)‐β‐Conhydrine and (−)‐Balanol
Authors: Louvel Julien , Chemla Fabrice , Demont Emmanuel , Ferreira Franck , Pérez‐Luna Alejandro , Voituriez Arnaud
Published: August 2011

The stereoselective synthesis of syn‐β‐amino propargylic ethers by the addition of racemic lithio 3‐(methoxymethoxy)allenylcuprates, and more particularly (cyano) and (mesityl)cuprates, to enantiopure chiral N‐tert‐butylsulfinylimines is reported. The scope and limitations of the reaction is studied. The usefulness of the methodology for the synthesis of compounds having a syn‐1,2‐amino alcohol unit is shown through the development of the asymmetric syntheses of (+)‐β‐conhydrine and of an advanced intermediate of (−)‐balanol.
Enantioselective Intermolecular Rauhut–Currier Reaction of Electron‐Deficient Allenes with Maleimides
Authors: Zhao Qian‐Yi , Pei Cheng‐Kui , Guan Xiao‐Yang , Shi Min
Published: August 2011

The 1,4‐diazabicyclic[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)‐catalyzed intermolecular Rauhut–Currier reaction of maleimides with electron‐deficient allenes has been investigated, affording the corresponding products in good to high yields under mild conditions. The first example of a β‐isocupreidine (β‐ICD)‐catalyzed highly enantioselective intermolecular Rauhut–Currier reaction of maleimides with allenoates and penta‐3,4‐dien‐2‐one has been also developed, allowing the synthesis of optically active functionalized allene derivatives in good to high yields along with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
The real tiger mother: From the clinical geneticist's perspective
Authors: Shur Natasha
Published: August 2011

The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Amy Chua raises questions about motherhood and what is admirable. Chua promotes strict, Old World, uncompromising values stressing academic performance above all, insisting on drilling and practice, and instilling respect for authority. As clinical geneticists, we meet an entirely different type of mother than Chua, the clinical genetics mother who fights illnesses, schools, hospital policies, and insurance companies. She battles not against her child but for her child. With brilliance and resilience, she creates a child‐centered world. The stories of four clinical genetics mothers rally us to reject extreme parenting and appreciate the simple joys of childhood. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterozygous C‐propeptide mutations in COL1A1: Osteogenesis imperfecta type IIC and dense bone variant
Authors: Takagi Masaki , Hori Naoaki , Chinen Yasutsugu , Kurosawa Kenji , Tanaka Yukichi , Oku Kikuko , Sakata Hitomi , Fukuzawa Ryuji , Nishimura Gen , Spranger Jürgen , Hasegawa Tomonobu
Published: August 2011

Osteogenesis imperfecta type IIC (OI IIC) is a rare variant of lethal OI that has been considered to be an autosomal recessive trait. Twisted, slender long bones with dense metaphyseal margins and normal vertebral bodies in OI IIC contrast with crumpled, thick long bones and multiple vertebral compression fractures in OI IIA. Here, we report on two sporadic patients with classical OI IIC and a pair of siblings, with features of OI IIC but less distortion of the tubular bones (OI dense bone variant). One case with OI IIC and the sibs had novel heterozygous mutations in the C‐propeptide region of COL1A1, while the second patient with clear‐cut OI IIC had no mutation in this region. Histological examination in the two sporadic cases showed a network of broad, interconnected cartilaginous trabeculae with thin osseous seams in the metaphyses. These changes differed from the narrow and short metaphyseal trabeculae found in other lethal or severe cases of OI. Our experience sheds light on the genetics and etiology of OI IIC and on its phenotypic spectrum. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new autosomal dominant syndrome of distinctive face showing ptosis and prominent eyes associated with cleft palate, ear anomalies, and learning disability
Authors: Tyshchenko N. , Neuhann T.M. , Gerlach E. , Hahn G. , Heisch K. , Rump A. , Schrock E. , Tinschert S. , Hackmann K.
Published: August 2011

We report on three patients from two families with apparently a novel clinical entity. The main features of which include unusual craniofacial dysmorphism with ptosis, prominent eyes, flat midface, Cupid's bow configuration of the upper lip, low‐set, posteriorly rotated small ears, as well as conductive hearing loss, cleft palate, heart defect, and mild developmental delay. We suggest that this entity is an autosomal dominant disorder given the occurrence in a mother and daughter as well as in an unrelated boy. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of variants in and near the IRF6 gene to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Malay population
Authors: Salahshourifar Iman , Sulaiman Wan Azman Wan , Zilfalil Bin Alwi , Halim Ahmad Sukari
Published: August 2011

Several studies have shown evidence for the contribution of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) variants to the risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts in Asians; however, this has not included the Malay population. The current study attempts to address this research gap using allele and haplotype transmission disequilibrium analyses. The results showed a strong transmission distortion for multiple haplotypes to patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Haplotypes carrying the 243 bp allele of D1S2136 and common alleles at the rs861019 and rs2235371 were over‐transmitted to patients. By contrast, haplotypes consisting of the 251 bp allele of D1S2136 and the rare allele at rs2235371 were more under‐transmitted. Furthermore, several variants and haplotypes showed excess maternal transmission, but none of them attained statistical significance in maternal relative risk analyses. In contrast, a significant child genotype effect was observed for several haplotypes, indicating fetal genotype could be the major genetic contribution rather than maternal genotype. The present study therefore further supports a role for IRF6 variants in clefting in this Southeast Asian population. Overall, Asian genetic backgrounds are most likely more susceptible to the haploinsufficiency of IRF6 variants. These variants may contribute to the condition either themselves, or they may be in linkage disequilibrium with other casual variants. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Conjoined twins at angel mounds? an ancient DNA perspective
Authors: Marshall Charla , Tench Patricia A. , Cook Della Collins , Kaestle Frederika A.
Published: August 2011

Conjoined twins are born when a single fertilized egg partially splits into two fetuses. A hypothetical case of infant conjoined twins from Angel Mounds, a Middle Mississippian site (A.D. 1050–1400) on the Ohio River near Evansville, Indiana, was discovered in 1941. Morphological analysis does not rule out the field interpretation of this double burial as twins. Ancient mitochondrial DNA recovered from both infants demonstrates that they were not maternal relatives, and hence that they cannot have been conjoined twins. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomimetic peptide‐enriched electrospun polymers: A photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Iucci G. , Ghezzo F. , Danesin R. , Modesti M. , Dettin M.
Published: August 2011

Biomimetic polymer nanofibers of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(L‐lactide–caprolactone) copolymer were prepared by electrospinning. Modifications of the polymer nanofibers aimed at improving their biomimetic properties were performed by two different routes: (1) immobilization of an adhesion peptide, which mimicked the adhesion sequence of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, on the polymer surface and (2) incorporation of self‐complementary oligopeptides, which showed alternated hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chain groups and was capable of generating extended ordered structures by self‐assembling, into the polymer nanofibers. The structure of the polymer/peptide nanofibers was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis: A population‐based study
Authors: Szabo Shelagh M. , Levy Adrian R. , Rao Sumati R. , Kirbach Stephanie E. , Lacaille Diane , Cifaldi Mary , Maksymowych Walter P.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To estimate the excess risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Quebec compared with the general population of Quebec.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using population‐based administrative data from Quebec. The cohort included all adult individuals with at least 1 AS diagnosis on physician billing or hospital discharge records between 1996 and 2006. A comparison cohort was generated using a 1% random sample of individuals without AS. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and associated hospitalizations, were classified into 1 of 6 subcategories: congestive heart failure, valvular (aortic or nonaortic) heart disease, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or “other” cardiovascular disease. The age‐ and sex‐stratified prevalence estimates, and standardized prevalence ratios, of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease in patients with AS, compared to that in the general population, were calculated.

Results

The AS cohort included 8,616 individuals diagnosed over the period 1996–2006. The prevalence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases increased with increasing age for all cardiovascular disease subgroups, and was similar for individuals of both sexes. Age‐ and sex‐stratified prevalence ratios were highest in younger individuals with AS. The age‐ and sex‐standardized prevalence ratios comparing the risk among those with AS to the risk in the general population were as follows: for aortic valvular heart disease 1.58 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.31–1.91), for nonaortic valvular heart disease 1.58 (95% CI 1.43–1.74), for ischemic heart disease 1.37 (95% CI 1.31–1.44), for congestive heart failure 1.34 (95% CI 1.26–1.42), for “other” cardiovascular disease 1.36 (95% CI 1.29–1.44), for cerebrovascular disease 1.25 (95% CI 1.15–1.35), and for any hospitalization for a cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease 1.31 (95% CI 1.22–1.41).

Conclusion

Compared with the general population, patients with AS are at increased risk for many types of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and are more likely to be hospitalized for these diseases. The excess risk is greatest in younger patients with AS.
Blocking of interferon regulatory factor 1 reduces tumor necrosis factor α–induced interleukin‐18 bioactivity in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by induction of interleukin‐18 binding protein a: Role of the nuclear interferon regulatory factor 1–NF‐κB–c‐jun complex
Authors: Marotte Hubert , Tsou Pei‐Suen , Rabquer Bradley J. , Pinney Adam J. , Fedorova Tatiana , Lalwani Nalin , Koch Alisa E.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To examine the role of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF‐1) in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced interleukin‐18 binding protein a (IL‐18BPa) expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs).

Methods

TNFα‐induced IRF‐1 expression was assessed by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The effect of TNFα on IRF‐1 was assessed using nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts, Western blots, and immunofluorescence. Chemical inhibitors of NF‐κB or MAP kinases were used to analyze the signaling pathways of TNFα‐induced IRF‐1 expression and IRF‐1 nuclear translocation. Control and IRF‐1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to analyze the effect of IRF‐1 down‐regulation on TNFα‐induced IL‐18BP expression. IL‐18BPa expression was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and IL‐18 was assessed at the transcription and bioactivity levels using KG‐1 cells.

Results

TNFα induced RASF IRF‐1 expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels, with a maximal effect at 2 hours (P < 0.05; n ≥ 3). Furthermore, TNFα induced nuclear translocation of IRF‐1, with maximal translocation at 2 hours (∼6 fold‐induction) (P < 0.05; n = 4). Blocking of the NF‐κB or JNK‐2 pathways reduced TNFα‐induced IRF‐1 nuclear translocation by 35% and 50%, respectively (P < 0.05; n ≥ 4). Using siRNA to knock down IRF‐1, we observed reduced IL‐18BPa expression. Additionally, IL‐18 bioactivity was higher when siRNA was used to knock down IRF‐1 expression.

Conclusion

These results show that IRF‐1 is a key regulator of IL‐18BPa expression and IL‐18 bioactivity in RASFs. Regulation of IRF‐1 will be a new therapeutic target in RA.
Alterations of high‐mannose type N‐glycosylation in human and mouse osteoarthritis cartilage
Authors: Urita Atsushi , Matsuhashi Tomoya , Onodera Tomohiro , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Hato Megumi , Amano Maho , Seito Naoki , Minami Akio , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro , Iwasaki Norimasa
Published: August 2011

Objective

The process of N‐glycosylation is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, little is known about the contribution of changes in N‐glycans in osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to identify the alterations in N‐glycans in human OA cartilage, to characterize the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of N‐glycan biosynthesis enzyme genes (N‐glycogenes) in mouse articular chondrocytes during cartilage degradation, and to analyze the relationship between altered N‐glycan patterns and mechanisms of cartilage degradation.

Methods

Alterations in N‐glycans were analyzed in human OA cartilage and degraded mouse cartilage by high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. N‐glycogene mRNA expression in mouse chondrocytes was measured using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. To assess the relationship between the altered N‐glycans and degradation of mouse cartilage, experiments involving either knockdown or overexpression of N‐glycogenes were performed in mouse articular chondrocytes.

Results

Alterations in high‐mannose type N‐glycans were observed in both human OA cartilage and degraded mouse cartilage. The expression of β1,2N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc‐TI) mRNA, which converts high‐mannose type N‐glycans, was significantly increased in degraded mouse cartilage. Mouse chondrocytes with suppressed GlcNAc‐TI expression had reduced levels of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) and ADAMTS‐5 (aggrecanase 2) mRNA following stimulation with interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α). In contrast, mouse chondrocytes overexpressing GlcNAc‐TI had increased levels of MMP‐13 and ADAMTS‐5 mRNA following stimulation with IL‐1α.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that alterations in high‐mannose type N‐glycans and N‐glycogenes in chondrocytes correlate with the release of MMP‐13 and ADAMTS‐5 during cartilage degradation. These findings suggest that N‐glycans play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of OA.
Birger Hjørland's Manichean misconstruction of Marcia Bates' work
Authors: Bates Marcia J.
Published: August 2011

It is argued and demonstrated that Birger Hjørland's critiques of Marcia Bates' articles on the nature of information and the nature of browsing misrepresent the content of these articles, and further, frame the argument as a Manichean conflict between Hjørland's enlightened “discursive” and social approach versus Bates' benighted behavioral approach. It is argued that Bates' work not only contains much of value that has been ignored by Hjørland but also contains ideas that mostly complement, rather than conflict with, those of Hjørland.
Can Constructive Thinking Predict Decision Making?
Authors: Santos‐Ruiz Ana , Fernandez‐Serrano Maria Jose , Robles‐Ortega Humbelina , Perez‐Garcia Miguel , Navarrete‐Navarrete Nuria , Peralta‐Ramirez Maria Isabel
Published: August 2011

We assume that executive function constitutes an integrated set of cognitive processes that mediate working memory, planning, inhibition, flexibility, and decision making. Despite the acknowledged theoretical connection between executive function processes and emotional intelligence, such relationships have rarely been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential relationship between constructive thinking, conceived as a component of emotional intelligence, and executive function, as indexed by various existing neuropsychological and experimental instruments. We used theConstructive Thinking Inventoryas a measure of emotional intelligence. We found that some constructive thinking subscales were able to predict distinct executive function variables. Emotional Coping, Categorical Thinking, and Esoteric Thinking subscales explained performance on various measures of executive function. Thus, we conclude that intervention programs designed to train a specific component of emotional intelligence, namely constructive thinking, could also facilitate performance in executive function processes, and vice versa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomass deconstruction to sugars
Authors: Blanch Harvey W. , Simmons Blake A. , Klein‐Marcuschamer Daniel
Published: August 2011

The production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass relies on the depolymerization of its polysaccharide content into fermentable sugars. Accomplishing this requires pretreatment of the biomass to reduce its size, and chemical or physical alteration of the biomass polymers to enhance the susceptibility of their glycosidic linkages to enzymatic or acid catalyzed cleavage. Well‐studied approaches include dilute and concentrated acid pretreatment and catalysis, and the dissolution of biomass in organic solvents. These and recently developed approaches, such as solubilization in ionic liquids, are reviewed in terms of the chemical and physical changes occurring in biomass pretreatment. As pretreatment represents one of the major costs in converting biomass to fuels, the factors that contribute to pretreatments costs, and their impact on overall process economics, are described.
Product Design of Cosmeceuticals Using the Example of Skin Cream
Authors: Rähse Wilfried
Published: August 2011

Cosmeceuticals (Wirkkosmetika) sind komplex zusammengesetzte dermatologische Produkte, die den Bereich zwischen Pflege und Heilung abdecken. Sie enthalten mehrere Stoffe in wirksamen Konzentrationen, die eine optimale Versorgung beanspruchter Haut mit Feuchtigkeit und Lipiden sowie mit Vitaminen sicherstellen. Zusätzlich können Spezialsubstanzen, z. B. für die Reduzierung der Hautalterung, wichtige Bestandteile der Rezeptur sein. Zusatzstoffe, die nicht der Gesundheit dienen, wie Parfüme und Farbstoffe, werden weggelassen. Nach der diskontinuierlichen Herstellung der Emulsionen in Rührkesseln mit Rotor‐Stator‐Emulgatoren erfolgt die Abfüllung vorzugsweise in hygienische Spender, die eine Entnahme ohne Luftzutritt ermöglichen. Die Produkte lassen sich daher konservierungsmittelfrei oder mit nur geringen Mengen an Konservierungsmitteln formulieren.
Recent Developments of Cleaning and Separation Processes with Near and Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Kilzer Andreas , Kareth Sabine , Weidner Eckhard
Published: August 2011

Die Hochdruckextraktion mit nah‐ und überkritischen Fluiden ist ein seit Jahrzehnten bewährtes und industriell großtechnisch genutztes Verfahren, etwa bei der Entkoffeinierung von Kaffee mit Kohlendioxid. Neben dieser sehr bekannten Anwendung gibt es jedoch weitere Prozesse, die die speziellen Eigenschaften nah‐ und überkritischer Fluide nutzen. Diese Eigenschaften und einige dieser Prozesse werden im Artikel beschrieben. Es handelt sich dabei um das Strahlreinigen, die Hochdruck‐Flashreinigung, die Textil‐ und Bauteilreinigung, einen gasunterstützten Abpressprozess (Gas Assisted Pressing GAP/Gas Assisted Mechanical Expression GAME Prozess), die Emulsionsspaltung, die Hochdruck‐Dekontamination und die Absorption mit ionischen Flüssigkeiten.
Encapsulation of Docetaxel into PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles for Vectorization to Cancer Cells
Authors: François Alison , Laroche Audrey , Pinaud Noël , Salmon Lionel , Ruiz Jaime , Robert Jacques , Astruc Didier
Published: August 2011

Encapsulation of docetaxel and its solubilization in water was carried out in PEGylated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as shown by 1H NMR (600 MHz) and UV/Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Vectorization of PEGylated AuNP‐encapsulated docetaxel was probed in vitro toward human colon carcinoma (HCT15) and human breast cancer (MCF7) cells. AuNPs alone presented no cytotoxicity toward either MCF7 or HCT15 adenocarcinoma cells. AuNP–docetaxel was found to be 2.5‐fold more efficient than docetaxel alone against MCF7 cells, and the IC50 value of AuNP–docetaxel against HCT15 cells was lower than that of free docetaxel; the increased efficiency brought about by AuNP drug encapsulation was ∼1.5‐fold.
Xenopus laevis: An ideal experimental model for studying the developmental dynamics of neural network assembly and sensory‐motor computations
Authors: Straka Hans , Simmers John
Published: August 2011

The amphibian Xenopus laevis represents a highly amenable model system for exploring the ontogeny of central neural networks, the functional establishment of sensory‐motor transformations, and the generation of effective motor commands for complex behaviors. Specifically, the ability to employ a range of semi‐intact and isolated preparations for in vitro morphophysiological experimentation has provided new insights into the developmental and integrative processes associated with the generation of locomotory behavior during changing life styles. In vitro electrophysiological studies have begun to explore the functional assembly, disassembly and dynamic plasticity of spinal pattern generating circuits as Xenopus undergoes the developmental switch from larval tail‐based swimming to adult limb‐based locomotion. Major advances have also been made in understanding the developmental onset of multisensory signal processing for reactive gaze and posture stabilizing reflexes during self‐motion. Additionally, recent evidence from semi‐intact animal and isolated CNS experiments has provided compelling evidence that in Xenopus tadpoles, predictive feed‐forward signaling from the spinal locomotor pattern generator are engaged in minimizing visual disturbances during tail‐based swimming. This new concept questions the traditional view of retinal image stabilization that in vertebrates has been exclusively attributed to sensory‐motor transformations of body/head motion‐detecting signals. Moreover, changes in visuomotor demands associated with the developmental transition in propulsive strategy from tail‐ to limb‐based locomotion during metamorphosis presumably necessitates corresponding adaptive alterations in the intrinsic spinoextraocular coupling mechanism. Consequently, Xenopus provides a unique opportunity to address basic questions on the developmental dynamics of neural network assembly and sensory‐motor computations for vertebrate motor behavior in general. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 649–663, 2012
Signal 3 requirement for memory CD8+ T‐cell activation is determined by the infectious pathogen
Authors: Keppler Selina J. , Aichele Peter
Published: August 2011

The relevance of direct inflammatory signals (signal 3) for the activation of memory CD8+ T cells during recall responses is so far unknown. We therefore investigated the direct impact of IL‐12 and type I IFN on the formation, recall potential and protective capacity of memory T cells. Using CD8+ T cells deficient for IL‐12 or type I IFN receptors in an adoptive transfer system, we generated memory populations after infection with vaccinia virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or Listeria monocytogenes. The results demonstrate that in the absence of signal 3 cytokines during primary infection, functional memory T cells were formed. After retransfer into naïve mice, signal 3‐deficient memory T cells were able to specifically lyse target cells in vivo under non‐infectious conditions. However, after reinfection, secondary effector CD8+ T cells lacking signal 3 were impaired in expansion and protective capacity dependent on the nature of the pathogen. We conclude that memory CD8+ T cells depend on a signal 3 for expansion, independent of signals obtained during priming, thereby being influenced by the pathogen‐induced inflammatory milieu during secondary infection. In summary, our results reveal an essential role for direct inflammatory cytokine signaling in secondary T‐cell responses.
Human papillomavirus entry into NK cells requires CD16 expression and triggers cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion
Authors: Renoux Virginie M. , Bisig Bettina , Langers Inge , Dortu Estelle , Clémenceau Béatrice , Thiry Marc , Deroanne Christophe , Colige Alain , Boniver Jacques , Delvenne Philippe , Jacobs Nathalie
Published: August 2011

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections account for more than 50% of infection‐linked cancers in women worldwide. The immune system controls, at least partially, viral infection and around 90% of HPV‐infected women clear the virus within two years. However, it remains unclear which immune cells are implicated in this process and no study has evaluated the direct interaction between HPVs and NK cells, a key player in host resistance to viruses and tumors. We demonstrated an NK‐cell infiltration in HPV‐associated preneoplastic cervical lesions. Since HPVs cannot grow in vitro, virus‐like particles (VLPs) were used as a model for studying the NK‐cell response against the virus. Interestingly, NK cells displayed higher cytotoxic activity and cytokine production (TNF‐α and IFN‐γ) in the presence of HPV‐VLPs. Using flow cytometry and microscopy, we observed that NK‐cell stimulation was linked to rapid VLP entry into these cells by macropinocytosis. Using CD16+ and CD16− NK‐cell lines and a CD16‐blocking antibody, we demonstrated that CD16 is necessary for HPV–VLP internalization, as well as for degranulation and cytokine production. Thus, we show for the first time that NK cells interact with HPVs and can participate in the immune response against HPV‐induced lesions.
Crystalline and Liquid Crystalline Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Salts with Cation‐Sensitized Hexanuclear Molybdenum Cluster Complex Anion Luminescence
Authors: Bäcker Joanna , Mihm Svenja , Mallick Bert , Yang Mei , Meyer Gerd , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: August 2011

The salts [Cnmim]2[Mo6Cl14] (mim = methylimidazolium; n = 4, 6, 12, 16, 18) have been obtained by reaction of CnmimCl with MoCl2. Thermal analysis shows the melting point decreases with increasing alkyl chain length of the cation. The imidazolium chloromolybdates(II) with n = 6–18 decompose above 340 °C; [C18mim]2[Mo6Cl14] is thermally stable up to 390 °C. All compounds are insensititve to the constituents of the atmosphere. Of the higher melting salts [Cnmim]2[Mo6Cl14] (n = 4, 6), high‐quality single crystals could be obtained. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses clearly show that the cluster complex anion [Mo6Cl14]2– has an electron‐precise octahedral {Mo6} cluster. For [C4mim]2[Mo6Cl14], two polymorphs differing in the cation alkyl‐side‐chain conformation were obtained. The less thermodynamically stable modification with a gauche conformation undergoes monotropic phase transition to the more stable form with the all‐trans conformation. Long alkyl‐side‐chain salts, [Cnmim]2[Mo6Cl14] with n = 16 and 18, exhibit thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behaviour. All compounds show bright red luminescence centred at about 730 nm with a lifetime of about 0.15 ms, originating from the cluster complex anion, which can be sensitized by the imidazolium cations.
Asymmetric Nitroaldol Reactions of Nitroalkanes with Isatins Catalyzed by Bifunctional Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives
Authors: Li Mei‐Qiu , Zhang Jin‐Xin , Huang Xiao‐Fei , Wu Bin , Liu Zhao‐Min , Chen Jian , Li Xiang‐Dong , Wang Xing‐Wang
Published: August 2011

The enantioselective nitroaldol reactions of isatins with nitroalkanes were smoothly carried out by organocatalysis. A C6′‐OH cinchona alkaloid derivative bearing a C9‐OBn group exhibited outstanding catalytic efficiency as an acid–base bifunctional catalyst for the nitroaldol reaction of isatins with nitromethane, providing 3‐hydroxy‐3‐(nitromethyl)indolin‐2‐ones in good yields (90–98 %) and with good to high enantiomeric excess values (72–95 %). The resultant oxindole derivatives are highly important for the synthesis of related natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds.
Poor Decision Making in Male Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Tchanturia Kate , Liao Pei‐Chi , Forcano Laura , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Uher Rudolf , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Penelo Eva , Granero Roser , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Sánchez Isabel , Campbell Iain C.
Published: August 2011

Objective

Decision making is impaired in female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), but it is unclear if the same impairment is present in male patients with AN.

Method

Decision making was assessed in 48 AN individuals (19 male and 29 female patients) and 61 healthy controls (20 male and 41 female patients) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).

Results

Both male and female patients with AN performed significantly worse than healthy controls on the IGT. No gender differences in IGT performance were found across groups. Male patients had higher impulsivity scores, but impulsivity had not predicted poor decision‐making performance.

Discussion

Impaired decision making is present in male and female patients with AN. These data suggest that male patients with AN are very similar to female patients in decision making, and as a result, treatment approaches that seek to improve this ability should be similar in both genders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.