bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissenting Traditions and Politics in the Anglophone World
Authors: Heath Gordon L.
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes the ‘acts of self-invention’ inherent in the public and political orientations of Protestant dissenting movements in anglophone countries in the twentieth century. It illustrates how civic dissenting Protestantism emerged over the century in nation-building among Afrikaners in South Africa, and the establishment of political parties, and the divergence of attitudes to the state in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA. Two major trends (among the enormous diversity of dissenting political attitudes) include: changes within culture, the ‘exogenous factors’ that remained relatively out of the control of the churches but which had a direct bearing on their growth or decline; and changes within D/dissent itself. The chapter places these trends within the broader trends of secularization and the enormous diversification of (d)issenting movements ‘from the margins’. It points to the tensions between (to use Hans Mol’s words) the ‘priestly’ and the ‘prophetic’ roles of dissenting Protestantism in the West.
Preaching in the Global South
Authors: Carter Jason A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes the importance of indigenous and indigenizing preachers in various parts of the Majority World for the emergence of global Christianity. Indigenous preachers, raised in the swaddling clothes of missionary Christianity, left the garments behind to present the message of Christ in hues and tones more suited to non-Enlightenment cosmologies. Case studies include William Wadé Harris (‘The Black Elijah’), who subverted British colonial religion and rule by conducting an extensive anti-fetish campaign throughout parts of West Africa; David Yonggi Cho, who by incorporating and redefining Korean minjung founded the largest church in the world in South Korea; and C. René Padilla’s Misión Integral, which arose as an evangelical response to materialist liberation theologies in South America. The chapter notes the value of indigenous cultures in the rise and character of indigenized Christianity.
Organizing for Ministry in the Anglophone World
Authors: Ensign-George Barry
Published: November 2018

This chapter breaks dissenting church practice down into basic units in order to analyse the basis for understanding the ‘protean organizational creativity and adaptability’ of dissenting Protestantism. The chapter uses this framework to point to drivers for ‘malformation’ and some of the less fortunate outcomes of dissenting change and expansion. The denomination, it notes, is one of the most distinctive forms of D/dissenting trans-congregational organization, while the development of trans-congregational organizations has in part been driven by a distinctive understanding of the catholicity and unity of the church, and of the authority (and thus exercise of power) that most faithfully enables fuller embodiment of catholicity and unity so understood. Another key element has been the emphasis Protestants place upon personal conscience, and so individual choice. While there has been a vast proliferation of dissenting protestant forms, the basic building blocks are recognizably there, providing the basis for continuing mutual recognition and action.
From Regularities to Tendencies
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

It ought to be conceded, as an empirical fact, that there are seldom, if ever, perfect regularities in nature. Generalizations, instead, have to be made ceteris paribus. If there is no perfect regularity, however, this still does not mean that there is no causation. Causal claims can instead rest on recognizable tendencies. Tendencies can come in various degrees of strength, some very strong and some very weak. Ceteris paribus laws could be understood in terms of tendencies, which involve less than necessity but more than pure contingency. A tendency cannot be identified with a statistical incidence, however. Instead, we can think of any such incidences as being produced by the underlying tendencies.
The Range of Reasonable Views about the Morality of Lying
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines arguments about the morality of lying and the limits of our knowledge about the rightness and wrongness of lying. It defends a version of the golden rule and several other rationality requirements as negative tests for moral judgments. It argues that certain moral views can be discredited or shown to be false, but that, for many moral issues, including lying, there is a range of reasonable but incompatible views. These reasonable views include both act-utilitarianism and Ross’s theory, but not egoism or absolutism. The author conjectures that the range of reasonable views excludes all views that permit lying in cases in which both act-utilitarianism and Ross’s theory prohibit it—lying is wrong in all cases in which both theories forbid it. The chapter concludes by addressing the moral relevance of the distinction between lying and deception.
Secrets vs. Lies
Authors: Mahon James Edwin
Published: November 2018

The traditional way of stating the common view of the moral asymmetry between keeping secrets and lying is that keeping secrets is prima facie morally permissible, whereas lying is prima facie morally wrong. This chapter argues that the correct way of stating the common view is that both keeping secrets and lying are prima facie morally wrong, but lying is worse than keeping secrets, all things being equal. The author draws upon the work of Thomas Nagel and compares candor, non-acknowledgment, informativeness, and reticence with secrecy, and compares secrecy with deception and lying. It is argued that keeping secrets must be distinguished from being reticent, and that understood this way, it is clear that it is prima facie wrong to keep secrets. Having the correct way of stating the common view of the moral asymmetry between keeping secrets and lying will allow us to evaluate the common view.
America’s Internal Penal Exceptionalism
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Part III of Dual Penal State uses dual penal state analysis to generate a comparative-historical account of American penality. With comparative glimpses at Germany and, to a lesser extent, England, it distinguishes between two responses to the shared challenge of legitimating state penal power in a modern liberal democratic state: (1) the failure to appreciate the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power in particular (United States) and of modern state power in general (England); and (2) the failure to address the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power as an ongoing existential threat to the legitimacy of the state (Germany). Chapter 5 differentiates between external and internal American penal exceptionalism. External exceptionalism focuses on the comparative harshness of American state punishment compared to other countries’ criminal justice systems. Internal exceptionalism, by contrast, highlights the exceptional status of state penal power within the American legal-political project.
Between Jerusalem and Athens
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

How does a theatrical tradition emerge in the fields of dramatic writing and artistic performance? Can a culture, in which theatre played no part in the past, create a theatrical tradition in real time—and how? What was the contribution of classical Greek drama to the evolution of Israeli theatre? How do political and social conditions affect the encounter between cultures—and what role do they play in creating a theatre with a distinctive identity? This book, the first of its kind, attempts to answer these and other questions, by examining the reception of classical Greek drama in the Israeli theatre over the last seventy years. It deals with dramatic and aesthetic issues while analysing translations, adaptations, new writing, mise-en-scène, and ‘post dramatic’ performances of classical Greek drama that were created and staged at key points of the development of Israeli culture amidst fateful political, social, and cultural events in the country’s history.
Habima
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the first encounters of the actors of Habima Theatre with classical Greek drama by examining two productions—Phaedra by Racine (1945) and Oedipus Tyrannus by Sophocles (1947). It describes the evolution of the Habima Theatre group in the early twentieth century under the director Yevgeny Vakhtangov, a disciple of Stanislavsky. It outlines the troupe’s ethos and its artistic journey as it made its way from Moscow to Berlin to New York until its final arrival in Palestine in 1931, and how this ethos was evident in the troupe’s work with the celebrated British director Tyrone Guthrie in 1947.
Aristophanes and the Occupied Territories
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses an important trait of the Israeli theatre. It is inherently political by nature and it springs from and constantly reflects the complex realities of modern Israeli society: the continual wars, the innumerable cease-fires, ad hoc peace agreements, territorial occupations, military operations in response to terrorist attacks, and painful and disappointing attempts to reach permanent agreements and peace in the region. It is not surprising then that Israeli playwrights and directors who have searched for a suitable response to the Six Day War and the occupation have chosen Aristophanes as a teacher, guide, and mentor. Analysing an Israeli adaptation of Aristophanes’ comedy, Peace (1968), and several political satires of the Israeli playwright Hanoch Levin, this chapter examines the political role played by Israeli theatre, the use of performance as a tool of political criticism, and the role of theatre in demands for immediate negotiations for peace.
Classical Presences and ‘Post Dramatic’ Performances
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks at theatrical productions created in the wake of the assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995, which sought to convey the shock that permeated Israeli society as a result, and to provide theatrical responses to help the grieving community come to terms with his death. The chapter analyses the theatrical oeuvre of four post dramatic theatre creators—Ruth Kanner, Ilan Ronen, Rina Yerushalmi, and Hanan Snir—who saw Greek classical tragedy as a vast artistic arena where the political, the humanistic, and the artistic-performative merge, encompassing present and past, myth and history. Moreover, classical Greek tragedy allowed them to project their most disturbing concerns about the Israeli present and future by tearing apart the well-known texts, deconstructing their dramatic templates, and editing, adapting, revising, and redesigning their content in the decades after Rabin’s assassination, when hope gave way to despair.
Introduction
Authors: Vintiadis Elly
Published: November 2018

This is a book about facts that don’t have explanations—or what philosophers call brute facts. Although a lot has been written about explanation, little attention has been given to what it means for something to lack an explanation. The papers in this collection are meant to address this deficiency by posing this question with respect to things that, in the title of this collection, are rather liberally called “facts,” e.g., laws, properties, states, phenomena, etc....
Brute Facts about Emergence
Authors: Symons John
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between the concept of emergence, the goal of theoretical completeness, and the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Samuel Alexander and C. D. Broad argued for limits to the power of scientific explanation. Chemical explanation played a central role in their thinking. After Schrödinger’s work in the 1920s their examples seem to fall flat. However, there are more general lessons from the emergentists that need to be explored. There are cases where we know that explanation of some phenomenon is impossible. What are the implications of known limits to the explanatory power of science, and the apparent ineliminability of brute facts for emergence? One lesson drawn here is that we must embrace a methodological rather than a metaphysical conception of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
Moral Liability to ‘Crime-Preventing Neurointervention’
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: November 2018

Suppose that an adult is morally responsible for having engaged in the sexual molestation of a child and that it is reasonable to believe that, unless he is restrained in some way, he will molest other children. He is, the author argues, morally liable to be restrained in a necessary and proportionate way as a means of defending other children from him. There are, however, two options: imprisoning him, and administering to him a treatment that will suppress his sexual desires for some period of time. This chapter suggests that the treatment may be the less harmful means and might thus be required by the necessity constraint if he consents to have it. It argues further that it may also be morally justifiable to administer it to him even if he withholds consent if the cost of imprisoning him would impose serious burdens on other individuals.
Containing Violence and Controlling Desire
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2018

Deep brain stimulation and wireless deep brain stimulation have the potential to reduce or control violent dispositions. This raises the question of whether enhancing the morality of those who are likely to harm others is ethically acceptable. The implications of controlling harmful dispositions for free will is a feature of the enhancement debate, and it was a feature of worries about other techniques earlier in the twentieth century. In A Clockwork Orange, Burgess expresses the concern that a new technique that controls the violent dispositions of the central character in the book and film, Alex, violates him as a person. This chapter distinguishes a number of worries about the treatment given to Alex, and argues that we should not be concerned that altering dispositions in this way removes free will, if the conditions described in the chapter are met. Neurointerventions to control desires can be ethical when they are consistent with a person’s second-order volitions about the kinds of desires they wish to act upon. So long as a person can genuinely fit new dispositions within a stable self-conception, these new dispositions seem to enable rather than violate their free will.
Neurointerventions, Morality, and Children
Authors: Clayton Matthew , Moles Andres
Published: November 2018

Is the political community morally permitted to use neurointerventions to improve the moral conduct of children? Putting aside difficult questions concerning the institutionalization of moral enhancement, the authors address this question, first, by arguing that is not, in itself, always morally impermissible for the community to impose neurointerventions on adults. Although certain ideals, such as the ideal of individual autonomy, limit the permissible employment of neurointerventions, they do not generate a moral constraint that always forbids their use. Thereafter, they argue that because young children lack certain moral capacities that adults possess, the moral limits that pertain to the use of neurointerventions to improve their moral behaviour are, in principle, less restrictive than they are for adults.
Those Who Forget the Past
Authors: McTernan Emily
Published: November 2018

Treating those who commit crimes or behave in ways deemed socially undesirable with medical interventions targeting the brain, or ‘neurointerventions’, comes with a history. That history is one full of appalling cases, including the chemical castration of men convicted of consensual same-sex relations, electric shocks to treat the ‘non-compliant’, and lobotomies. This chapter argues that this appalling history of using neurointerventions to respond to socially undesirable behaviour should affect our assessment of whether it is ethical to try again. In particular, proponents of such neurointerventions must defend their actions as different to those of the past in ethically salient ways, but it turns out to be very hard for them to do so.
Against the Mandatory Use of Neurointerventions in Criminal Sentencing
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides reasons for thinking that mandatory neurointerventions should never be ordered as part of a criminal sentence. Neurointerventions interfere with the rights to mental and bodily integrity, whereas incarceration interferes with freedom of movement. Violating mental and bodily integrity is generally more disrespectful and harder to justify than interfering with freedom of movement. The author suggests that the disrespectful social meaning of actions that violate mental and bodily integrity is unlikely to change in the future. Furthermore, she argues that even if there are certain cases where interfering with mental integrity by itself, or bodily integrity by itself is acceptable, a cumulative wrong can emerge when both rights are violated together. Neurointerventions give rise to this cumulative wrong.
Knowledge leadership
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores how individual knowledge leaders use research-based management knowledge to stimulate organizational and system-level change. Situated within literature on organizational processes and practices, we study empirically how key knowledge leaders, embedded within each of our sites, mobilized research-based knowledge into organizational practices. First, we characterize knowledge leadership tactics, of knowledge transposition by mid-level specialists identified with particular knowledges, who used their local credibility to authoritatively interpret and transpose certain texts into organizational practices. Secondly, senior leaders’ appropriation and synthesis of texts was used to produce an assemblage of actors, materials, and techniques that powerfully shaped organizational narratives and projects. Overall, we argue that knowledge leadership entails effortful processes of imbuing texts with emotions, identities, and politics to mobilize locally significant ‘textual economies’ of management knowledge.
Realpolitik of Academic Freedom
Authors: Protevi John
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the academic freedom aspects of the case of Steven Salaita and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (U.I.U.C.). After presenting the facts of the case, a sketch of the legal issues is provided. The chapter then outlines some elements of the history of academic freedom relative to extramural political speech, adding some remarks on what the Salaita case teaches us when seen through a realpolitik view of academic freedom. From this perspective, the success of claims to academic freedom depends on the force of individual legal actions and collective faculty pressure that are brought to bear against administrators and trustees. This chapter concludes with some speculations as to changes the Salaita case might bring to current practices of university administration relative to faculty extramural speech.
On Political Correctness, Microaggressions, and Silencing in the Academy
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate
Published: November 2018

Free speech and academic freedom are vitally important values. According to growing media reports, however, they are under attack and they are under attack in the exact place where they ought to be most protected: in our institutions of higher learning. This chapter explores two phenomena alleged to silence people on academic campuses: politically correct culture and microaggressions. These sorts of silencing involve a person deciding against speaking and deciding this because of the speaker’s beliefs about how the audience would respond to her speaking. As this chapter will show, not all cases of choosing to remain silent are on a par; the issues are complex but each sort of these two sorts of academic silencing is a real possibility.
Civil Disobedience and Free Speech in the Academy
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: November 2018

The distinction between protected freedom of speech and civil disobedience on campus is often misunderstood. Drawing on the work of John Rawls and Martin Luther King, Jr., this chapter gives an account of civil disobedience that focuses on the protester’s willingness to accept a legal punishment, thereby showing respect for the rule of law. It is wrong for this conduct to be confused with protected speech, which, by definition, should not be penalized. A close discussion is provided of a variety of examples.
Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Natural Resources
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

The issue of sovereignty over natural resources has been a key element in the development of international law, notably leading to the emergence of the principle of States’ permanent sovereignty over their natural resources. However, concomitant to this focus on States’ sovereignty, international human rights law proclaims the right of peoples to self-determination over their natural resources. This has led to a complex and ambivalent relationship between the principle of States’ sovereignty over natural resources and peoples’ rights to natural resources. This chapter analyses this conflicting relationship and examines the emergence of the right of peoples to freely dispose of their natural resources and evaluates its potential role in contemporary advocacy. It notably explores how indigenous peoples have called for the revival of their right to sovereignty over natural resources, and how the global peasants’ movement has pushed for the recognition of the concept of food sovereignty.
Metaphysics as the Science of Essence
Authors: Lowe E. J.
Published: November 2018

What is metaphysics? And how is it to be pursued? Elsewhere, I have defended the view that the central task of metaphysics is to chart the possibilities of being: knowledge of what is actual presupposes knowledge of what is possible—of what is really or metaphysically possible. According to this conception of the aim and content of metaphysical theory, metaphysics is above all concerned with identifying the fundamental ontological categories to which all entities, actual and possible, belong. It is, therefore, incumbent upon metaphysicians to explain what it is that grounds metaphysical possibility. This chapter argues that the only coherent account of the ground of metaphysical possibility and of our capacity for modal knowledge is a version of essentialism: a version that I call serious essentialism, to distinguish it from views which appear very similar to it but which, in fact, differ from it fundamentally in certain crucial respects.
Introduction
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

This book is about how a generation of writers and intellectuals in the mid-twentieth century responded to the emergence of a new category of person in the world: the modern refugee whose history, as has recently become clear once more, is also the history of the changing meanings of political and national citizenship in the later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The introduction offers a critical review of how literary and legal history eventually ended up telling the same story about exile and statelessness in the post-war period: the exile, usually European, emerges as an individual of conscience and agency, a victim of persecution who, nonetheless, is of his time; and the exile’s others, the refugees, sometimes but usually not European, caught in the dehumanizing movements of mass displacement and whose existence is recognized neither by the humanism of human rights nor by literary history.
Reading Statelessness
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the failure of human rights to address statelessness is well known. Less commented upon is how important literature was to her thought. This chapter shows how Arendt’s 1940s essays on Kafka connect the history of the novel to shifting definitions of legal and political sovereignty. Arendt reads The Castle as a blueprint for a political theory that is also a theory of fiction: in the novel K, the unwanted stranger, demolishes the fiction of the rights of man, and with it, the fantasy of assimilation. In a parallel move, Kafka also refuses to assimilate his character into the conventions of fiction. Arendt’s reading changes the terms for how we might approach the literature of exile and of human rights.
The Persian Esther “Midrash”
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that there are particularly “Persian” interpretations of, and ideas about, Esther (and other, related, biblical books more generally) that are at odds with “Western” ideas on the subject. The chapter examines the entries on “Haman” and “Haman-Suz” (“the burning of Haman”) in a highly influential, twentieth-century Persian dictionary, where it is stated that Haman and Abraham were brothers. While it would appear that this statement is a mere error, it is shown that Jews and Muslims in Persia, from ancient to modern times, understood Esther, Haman, Abraham, and the latter’s brother Haran, in ways that make a sibling relationship between Abraham and Haman entirely feasible. That these sources are culturally “Persian” yet cross confessional boundaries, raises the possibility that there was a particularly “Persian” midrashic tradition.
Conclusions
Authors: Silverstein Adam J.
Published: November 2018

Having zoomed-in on a number of examples of the interaction between Esther and Islamic cultures throughout the book, in this chapter we defocus our gaze, zoom out and consider the wider ramifications of the study, as a whole, to “Islamic studies”, “biblical studies”, and “Jewish studies”, respectively. In doing this, the main points made in the book are summarized and reviewed according to contributions made to each of these scholarly fields. Moreover, it is argued that there is merit in adopting a comparative approach to certain topics in the fields of Near and Middle Eastern studies, despite the recent trend towards specializing within these fields. In particular, it is suggested that future study of the “Persian” books of the Bible might benefit from recourse to Islamic-era Persian materials.
Introduction
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter introduces the reader to the recent scholarly discussion of intellectual humility, offering reflections on its qualities and deficiencies, and locates the present work in relation to this. The importance of sacred scriptures to processes of formation has not yet been reflected in the scholarship on intellectual humility, and the distinctively Christian contributions have generally been focused on discussions of Aquinas and, to a lesser extent, Augustine. The significance of the New Testament itself has not been considered until now. To understand this significance properly, however, requires engaging with the New Testament in constructively theological terms, rather than merely in historical-critical ones, taking seriously its identity as Christian scripture. After considering these introductory matters, the chapter outlines this study, explaining the function of each chapter within the book as a whole.
‘The Old Has Gone, the New Has Come’
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers in greater detail the personal disruption central to the New Testament accounts of Christian cognitive identity. It focuses on the authors’ conviction that they participate in a new eschatological reality that is centred on the revelation of God in Jesus Christ. This conviction acknowledges the necessary limits of the human potential to know God apart from his own deliberate and concrete self-disclosure in the person of Jesus. Such limits involve both earthly finitude and the distortive power of sin. The chapter involves a particularly close engagement with scholarship on the ‘apocalyptic Paul’, which has rightly identified these epistemic elements in the apostle’s thought, but has frequently failed to recognize the continuing importance of the Old Testament to Paul’s moral theology. The continuing significance of the Old Testament to Paul’s thought, particularly the wisdom literature, is important to Christian theologies of intellectual virtue.
Concluding Synthesis
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter brings together the threads of the discussion developed through the previous chapters, reflecting on the constructive theological implications for Christian community and on the potential relevance of the theological discussion for the wider study of intellectual humility. The distinctively Christomorphic character of humility, as it is represented in the New Testament, requires that we speak of it as a ‘virtue’ only in qualified sense; it is not a property of the believing person in isolation, but of that person in union with Jesus Christ through the Spirit. This limits the possibilities for the New Testament material to speak into the wider discussion without careful reflection on its distinctive content. While elements within the New Testament representation of intellectual humility align with the common definitions of intellectual humility (‘low concern for status’, ‘ownership of limits’), the account is complex, and is not reducible to any one of these.
The Composition of Labor Supply and Unemployment in Tunisia
Authors: Assaad Ragui , Ghazouani Samir , Krafft Caroline
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines labor supply in Tunisia in relation to key demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational attainment, and residence. It also reviews unemployment in Tunisia over time and examines its demographic and educational patterns. The analysis is primarily based on data from the first wave of the Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey carried out in 2014 (TLMPS 2014), but also uses data from the Tunisian National Survey of Population and Employment (ENPE) and other sources to examine the evolution of labor supply and unemployment over time. We identify important developments in the labor market relating to the youth bulge and the explosive growth of educational attainment in Tunisia in recent years.
Employment and the Functioning of the Labor Market
Authors: Boughzala Mongi
Published: November 2018

The focus of this chapter is on Tunisia’s labor and education institutions and regulations, and their impact on market performance. The chapter examines how the regulations affect the cost of formal employment, including the ease of hiring and firing, and the mismatch between supply and demand of educated labor. In Tunisia, larger firms create most of the formal employment, but are not growing fast enough, while informal employment is widespread partly because of inappropriate regulations that increase the cost of formal employment. This chapter argues that the high cost of formality, and weak law enforcement, are the main factors that accelerate the growth of informal employment and that the greater the level of informal employment, the longer it takes to fight unemployment. The analysis comprises an important institutional component and relies on the data provided by the TLMPS 2014 and other sources, mainly the National Statistics Institute (INS).
Migration Patterns and Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: David Anda , Marouani Mohamed Ali
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the external effects of emigration on non-migrants, and particularly on the interactions with labor market outcomes in Tunisia before and after the revolution. Using the new Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey (TLMPS), we conduct an in-depth analysis of the structure and dynamics of migration, including the profile of migrants and their origin households, mainly in terms of skills and spatial composition. We investigate transition matrices, employment status, income for current migrants and returnees, and the evolution of remittances. Our analysis confirms the role of emigration as a safety valve for the Tunisian labor market. Moreover, origin households of migrants have a significantly higher wealth index. Our analysis also tends to confirm the effects of remittances on labor supply of non-migrants, which can have a negative impact on Tunisia’s unemployment rate when a crisis in destination countries affects the remittance rate negatively.
The MSME Insolvency Status Quo
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines specific challenges faced by MSMEs. These challenges arise from factors such as size, lack of available collateral, undiversified nature, and lack of suitable external governance mechanisms, all of which contribute to a high MSME failure rate. As such, it is crucial for insolvency regimes to be responsive to MSMEs’ particular requirements. The chapter then discusses the need for cost-effective insolvency regimes tailored to these requirements, and the problems inherent in the development of such regimes. Cost-effective insolvency proceedings can encourage non-viable distressed firms to exit the market and efficiently recycle their assets to new uses, provide viable distressed firms with the chance to reorganize their operations and liability in order to continue in business, provide higher returns to MSME creditors and thereby incentivize lending in this sector, and encourage greater entrepreneurial activity and new firm creation. Ultimately, an effective MSME insolvency regime can alleviate the downside risk of a venture, in turn increasing the number and variety of people pursuing entrepreneurial activities.
The Long Industrial Revolution
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter starts from Raymond Williams’s claim to have shown how the concept of ‘culture’ developed out of the experience of the Industrial Revolution, demonstrating that his own evidence does not in fact support his claim. The chapter traces the development of Williams’s thinking from 1945 up the publication of Culture and Society, itemizing his indebtedness to the Leavisian framework and bringing out the ‘before-and-after’ character of his understanding of the role of the Industrial Revolution in replacing an organic society with an atomized, selfish form of social relationship. A close analysis of Culture and Society reveals the informing historical logic of a book that has been immensely influential yet has never really been received as a work of history.
Postscript
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

The Postscript recaps the argument of the book, offering a brief defence of both its scope and its approach. It acknowledges that the range of figures discussed is a restricted one and that the book sticks closely to its cultural and chronological limits but argues that there are merits to the form of close literary analysis that this permits, which may not always be available in attempts to practise a ‘global’ form of intellectual history.
Bimolecular Reactions, Transition-State Theory
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses an approximate approach—transition-state theory—to the calculation of rate constants for bimolecular reactions. A reaction coordinate is identified from a normal-mode coordinate analysis of the activated complex, that is, the supermolecule on the saddle-point of the potential energy surface. Motion along this coordinate is treated by classical mechanics and recrossings of the saddle point from the product to the reactant side are neglected, leading to the result of conventional transition-state theory expressed in terms of relevant partition functions. Various alternative derivations are presented. Corrections that incorporate quantum mechanical tunnelling along the reaction coordinate are described. Tunnelling through an Eckart barrier is discussed and the approximate Wigner tunnelling correction factor is derived in the limit of a small degree of tunnelling. It concludes with applications of transition-state theory to, for example, the F + H2 reaction, and comparisons with results based on quasi-classical mechanics as well as exact quantum mechanics.
Introduction to Condensed-Phase Dynamics
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses chemical reactions in solution; first, how solvents modify the potential energy surface of the reacting molecules and second, the role of diffusion. As a first approximation, solvent effects are described by models where the solvent is represented by a dielectric continuum, focusing on the Onsager reaction-field model for solvation of polar molecules. The reactants of bimolecular reactions are brought into contact by diffusion, and the interplay between diffusion and chemical reaction that determines the overall reaction rate is described. The solution to Fick’s second law of diffusion, including a term describing bimolecular reaction, is discussed. The limits of diffusion control and activation control, respectively, are identified. It concludes with a stochastic description of diffusion and chemical reaction based on the Fokker–Planck equation, which includes the diffusion of particles interacting via a potential U(r).
Static Solvent Effects, Transition-State Theory
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses static solvent effects on the rate constant for chemical reactions in solution. It starts with a brief discussion of the thermodynamic formulation of transition-state theory. The static equilibrium structure of the solvent will modify the potential energy surface for the chemical reaction. This effect is analyzed within the framework of transition-state theory. The rate constant is expressed in terms of the potential of mean force at the activated complex. Various definitions of this potential and their relations to n-particle- and pair-distribution functions are considered. The potential of mean force may, for example, be defined such that the gradient of the potential gives the average force on an atom in the activated complex, Boltzmann averaged over all configurations of the solvent. It concludes with a discussion of a relation between the rate constants in the gas phase and in solution.
The Fight against Want
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

How successful has Britain been in tackling the giant of Want? Britain experienced greatly increased standards of material prosperity during the second half of the twentieth century, with a fourfold increase in GDP per head, similar to that achieved in other large Western democracies. However, Britain saw an even larger increase in economic inequality than did peer countries such as France and Germany. Increased inequality means that the benefits of rising material prosperity were not shared equally but went disproportionately to the better-off. The modest increase in household income for the poorest families suggests that Want, or poverty, should have declined too. However, poorer households also saw their levels of debt rise sharply after 1999, while the rising use of foodbanks and increasing food insecurity suggests that material progress for the poorest may have stalled in the twenty-first century, or gone into reverse.
The Fight against Squalor
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

Beveridge was right to identify poor housing as a distinct giant since housing conditions have important implications for people’s well-being. Britain made great strides initially in building new houses, reducing the level of overcrowding, and improving amenities. Progress subsequently slowed; overcrowding remained at the same level after the late 1980s, and homelessness increased. Demographic change increased the demand for housing while rising prosperity also increased pressure on the housing market. Increasing income inequality was reflected in increasing inequality in access to housing. Another important part of the explanation is the declining affordability of housing and the increase in rents in both the private and the social housing sectors. The move in the 1980s to a more market-oriented approach to housing, combined with increasing economic inequality, must be a major factor in explaining the current housing crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2018

The approach of this book is to defend a theory of well-being that solves a particular practical problem, namely, the problem of how to help others, particularly our friends, attain greater well-being. This introductory chapter sets out this problem, explains why it is a problem, provides some illustrative examples, and introduces the value fulfillment theory as a solution to the problem. The final section of the chapter compares the value fulfillment theory to other theories in philosophy and psychology (hedonism, life satisfaction theory, desire satisfactionism, eudaimonism, objective list theory). The aim here is not to prove the other theories are wrong, but to make space for the value fulfillment alternative.
‘I’m the man and he’s the woman!’
Authors: Comfort Megan
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses people’s accounts of the challenges they face when men return to the home from prison. These accounts highlight particular tensions related to shifting from a masculinity constructed in accordance with the punitive constraints and dictates of the penitentiary to one that must operate within the harsh social conditions of life for impoverished people in the ‘outside’ world. Paradoxically, although riddled with emotional distress and responding to a brutalizing environment, the masculinity enacted during the incarceration period brings elements of fulfillment to men as well as their partners, who themselves enact an incarceration-specific femininity. By contrast, once men are home, men’s and women’s understandings of what it means to ‘be a man’ shift to encompass behaviors and achievements that are difficult for men with conviction histories to attain. Thus, the profound dissatisfaction both parties feel about the failure to enact this manhood translates into conflict in the relationship.
‘The sins and traumas of fathers and mothers should not be visited on their children’
Authors: Minson Shona
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the rights of dependent children when their parents are sentenced for criminal offences. It provides an introduction to the harms which children suffer as a consequence of the imprisonment of their parents. The chapter considers whether sentencers take into account the impacts of a custodial sentence on those children. It examines the application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC) to children whose parents are facing imprisonment due to criminal convictions. The way in which the rights of a child as specified in the UNCRC are given consideration in adult sentencing proceedings is examined and is contrasted with the treatment of children separated from their parents by the state. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of disregarding the rights of children rather than adopting an approach which upholds their rights.
‘Someone should have just asked me what was wrong’
Authors: Loucks Nancy , Loureiro Tânia
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the current debate in Scotland into the attempt to introduce Child & Family Impact Assessments (C&FIA) at key stages in the criminal justice process. It compares this to current international practice in taking the impact of a parent’s imprisonment on children into account, then questions what further improvements could be made. Like the rest of the United Kingdom, Scotland has fallen short of incorporation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) into domestic law. However, the Children & Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 places a duty on the public sector to report what they are doing to realise the rights set out in the UNCRC, and discussion of full incorporation remains live (arguably more so than in other parts of the UK). Scotland thus seems to be teetering on the edge of significant positive change regarding support for children with imprisoned parents.
Eroding Legitimacy? The Impact of Imprisonment on the Relationships between Families, Communities, and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Jardine Cara
Published: November 2018

This chapter attempts to address the issues about the role of criminal justice agencies within prisoners’ families and communities, and how social inequalities consequently become heightened and entrenched, through the conceptual lens of legitimacy. It considers the idea that prison officers cannot simply impose their authority. Rather, the terms of these power relations should be defined by clear rules, consented to by prisoners, and also justifiable from their perspective. These arguments are instructive in this chapter as they highlight the importance of justice, fairness, and respect in achieving legitimacy. They also reveal the damaging effects when these qualities are absent from seemingly ‘everyday’ interactions.
Prisoners’ Families, Penal Power, and the Referred Pains of Imprisonment
Authors: Lanskey Caroline , Lösel Friedrich , Markson Lucy , Souza Karen
Published: November 2018

This chapter develops the analysis of the ‘punishment beyond the legal offender’. It illustrates how parental imprisonment was experienced differently within and across families, and while not all experiences were negative, there were common experiences of hardship. The chapter considers these personal and social hardships ‘referred pains of imprisonment’. Its analysis shows how these experiences were shaped by the direct contact families had with criminal justice agents, the strength of the relationship with the imprisoned parent, and the anticipated and actual response of others within the local community. The chapter introduces a distinction between ‘acute’ pains that were experienced in the early stages of engagement with the criminal justice process (the arrest, trial, and removal of the father from the family) and ‘chronic’ pains that persisted and burdened family members over the longer term.
Sharing Imprisonment
Authors: Granja Rafaela
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on prisoners and relatives’ narratives to analyse how they negotiate relationships in the shadow of prison and to explore their views on the relational, familial, social, and economic implications of imprisonment. The analysis is based in the Portuguese context, as it is a country that has been witnessing a substantial increase in the prison population. Among the information publicly available about the socio-demographic characterization of the Portuguese prison population, there is no data on family-related dimensions. The absence of a method that collects, analyses, and disseminates information about the familial situation of prisoners is representative of the invisibility of the theme on the public debate. Moreover, this chapter is the first in-depth and comprehensive Portuguese research that jointly takes into consideration prisoners and relatives views’ on the social and familial implications of imprisonment.