bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A More Accountable World?
Authors: Shultz George P.
Published: December 2005

George P. Shultz is former secretary of state. This essay is based on the James Bryce Lecture on the American Commonwealth delivered at the Institute of U.S. Studies, London, 5 November 2001.
Human Rights and International Security: The Challenge for NATO in the Mediterranean
Authors: Dagi Ihsan D.
Published: December 2005

Ihsan D. Dagi is associate professor of international relations at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara. He is a 2001-02 Visiting Fulbright Scholar in the Department of Government at Georgetown University. This article is based on research conducted under a NATO fellowship.
The World Redefined
Authors: Hagel Chuck
Published: December 2005

Chuck Hagel, Republican of Nebraska, is a member of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. This article is based on a speech given on 17 October 2001 at the ARCO Forum of Public Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Turkish-Greek Relations: From Uneasy Coexistence to Better Relations? A Retired Ambassador Takes Stock
Authors: Akiman Nazmi
Published: December 2005

Nazmi Akiman served as Turkish ambassador to Greece from 1984 to 1989. As a career Foreign Service officer, he also served as Turkey's ambassador to Spain and Cuba. The author is grateful to Tozun Bahcheli of King's College, London,Ontario, Canada, for his valuable editing assistance.
The Uneasy Relationship: Turkey's Foreign Policy vis-à-vis the Soviet Union at the Outbreak of the Second World War
Authors: Güçlü Yücel
Published: December 2005

Yücel Güçlü is head of department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Turkey.
Reflections on Ethnic Fear
Authors: Kober Stanley
Published: December 2005

Stanley Kober is a research fellow in foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute. An earlier version of this essay was presented at the International Affairs Symposium, Lewis and Clark College, April 2000.
In Search of Policy Lessons from the Past
Authors: Sapin Burton M.
Published: December 2005

Burton M. Sapin is dean emeritus of the Elliott School of International Relations, the George Washington University, and coauthor of the seminal workForeign Policy Decision Making.
The Cyprus Problem: Accession to the EU and Broader Implications
Authors: Theophanous Andreas
Published: December 2005

Andreas Theophanous is professor of political economy and director general at the Research and Development Center, Intercollege, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Trading Freedom for Security: Drifting toward a Police State
Authors: Paul Ron
Published: December 2005

Ron Paul is a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas.
Peace or War? The Moment of Truth for Sudan
Authors: Reeves Eric
Published: December 2005

Eric Reeves is professor of English at Smith College, Northampton,Massachusetts.
Innovations of the Chad/Cameroon Pipeline Project: Thinking Outside the Box
Authors: Norland Donald R.
Published: December 2005

Donald R. Norland is a retired career U.S. Foreign Service officer who served as U.S. ambassador toChad 1979 to 1981. He is currently an independent international affairs consultant
Bridging the Gap in Civil-Military Relations in Southeastern Europe: Romania's Defense-Planning Case
Authors: Maior George Cristian , Matei Mihaela
Published: December 2005

George Cristian Maior is state secretary and head of the Department for Euro-Atlantic Integration andDefense Policy at Romania's Ministry of National Defense. Mihaela Matei is head of the Security andDefense Policy Division,Romanian Ministry of National Defense.
Central Asia Geopolitics and U.S. Policy in the Region: The Post-11 September Era
Authors: Atal Subodh
Published: December 2005

Subodh Atal is a Washington, D.C.–based analyst, specializing in South and Central Asian Affairs.
Ruining the Neighborhood: War with Iraq and the Neighbors
Authors: Theros Patrick
Published: December 2005

Patrick Theros served as U.S. ambassador to Qatar and currently is president of the U.S.-Qatar Business Council.
Turkey's Role in a Changing Middle East Environment
Authors: Gül Abdullah
Published: December 2005

Abdullah Gül is the foreign minister and deputy prime minister of the Republic of Turkey.
After Expansion: Europe toward Dis-Union?
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Irene
Published: December 2005

Irene Kyriakopoulos is professor of economics at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University, Washington, D.C. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author. They do not represent the views and opinions of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. government agency.
After Saddam: Still No Good Options in a Wrong War
Authors: Peña Charles V.
Published: December 2005

Charles V. Peña is director of defense policy studies at the CatoInstitute in Washington, D.C., and a member of the Coalition for a RealisticForeign Policy.
Terrorism in the United States: Revisiting the Hart-Rudman Commission
Authors: Ellis William W.
Published: December 2005

William W. Ellis is special assistant to the vice president for academic affairs at the University of the District of Columbia. He served for many years as senior analyst at the Congressional Research Service, specializing in federal policy to combat terrorism.
Humanitarian Crises in Ethiopia and Eritrea
Authors: Dagne Theodros
Published: December 2005

Theodros Dagne is a specialist in African affairs with the Congressional Research Service.
Albania, the Balkans, and the Process of Transatlantic Integration
Authors: Nano Fatos
Published: December 2005

Fatos Nano is prime minister of Albania.
Us-Saudi Relations: Evolution, Current Conditions, and Future Prospects
Authors: Long David E.
Published: December 2005

David E. Long is former executive director of the Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies and a former deputy director of the State Department's Office of Counterterrorism.
Vlachs: a Peaceful Balkan People
Authors: Binder David
Published: December 2005

David Binder is a retired correspondent for the New York Times.
Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Prostitution: The Israeli Experience
Authors: Gershuni Rochelle
Published: December 2005

Rochelle Gershuni is head of the criminal division in the Department of Legislation and Legal Counsel of Israel's Ministry of Justice, specializing in the field of trafficking. She also serves as de facto coordinator between government agencies and between the government and nongovernmental organizations in the area of prevention campaigns and protection of victims of trafficking.
Greek Foreign Policy for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Molyviatis Petros
Published: December 2005

Petros Molyviatis is foreign minister of Greece. This essay is based on his address to the fifty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly.
Southeastern Europe in the Age of Globalism
Authors: Nimetz Matthew
Published: December 2005

Matthew Nimetz is a partner in a private investment firm in New York. He formerly served as counselor of the US State Department and under secretary of state for security, science, and technology, among other positions. Currently he is the UN secretary-general's representative to talks between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The views expressed in this article are personal and should not be attributed to any official body or organization with which the author is or has been affiliated.
Croatia in the New Millennium: Toward EU and NATO Membership
Authors: Sanader Ivo
Published: December 2005

Ivo Sanader is the prime minister of the Republic of Croatia.
International Law and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Shepard William S.
Published: December 2005

William S. Shepard, a former officer with the US Army Judge Advocate Generals Corps and lecturer in international law, also served in the US Foreign Service. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Maryland in 1990.
Reinvigorating the Parliamentary Dimension of the Barcelona Process: The Establishment of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly
Authors: Seimenis Ioannis , Makriyannis Miltiadis
Published: December 2005

Ioannis Seimenis is professor of Euro-Mediterranean affairs and vice chancellor of the University of the Aegean. Miltiadis Makriyannis is an officer in the European Relations Directorate of the Hellenic Parliament and a PhD candidate at the University of the Aegean.
Security in and Around the Black Sea: Is a Virtuous Circle Now Possible?
Authors: Blank Stephen
Published: December 2005

Stephen Blank is a professor at the Strategic Studies Institute at the US Army War College.
Freedom on the March in the Middle East—And Transatlantic Relations on a New Course?
Authors: Calabrese John
Published: December 2005

John Calabrese is book review editor at the Middle East Journaland assistant professor at American University in Washington, DC.
The Adriatic Europe: Albania, Croatia, and Macedonia
Authors: Tarifa Fatos
Published: December 2005

Fatos Tarifa is the former ambassador of Albania to the United States.
The Space of Historical Discourse: Ishimoda Shō's Theory of the Heroic Age
Authors: Isomae Junichi
Published: December 2005

Translated by Richard F. Calichman
Feminism: An Organic or an Extremist Position? On Tien Yee As Represented by He Zhen
Authors: Huiying Liu
Published: December 2005

Translated by Yan Hairong
Preemptive War and a World Out of Control
Authors: Xinnian Kuang
Published: December 2005

Translated by Jim Bonk
The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions: For a “Critique of Terrorism” to Come
Authors: Ukai Satoshi
Published: December 2005

Translated by Thomas LaMarre
Further Selections from Théorie du sujet on the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Badiou Alain
Published: December 2005

Translated by Lorenzo Chiesa
The Dialectical Mode: With Regard to Mao Zedong and Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2005

Translated by Bruno Bosteels
Clinical and prognostic aspects of laryngeal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Testa Domenico , Galli Vieri , de Rosa Gaetano , Iovine Renata , Staibano Stefania , Somma Pasquale , Mignogna Chiara , Iengo Maurizio
Published: December 2005

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the larynx is a rare pathological finding; only eight cases are described in the literature. It occurs in older adults and shows a predilection for men. We report the ninth observation of laryngeal CCC in the literature. We reviewed the literature and correlated the prognosis of the tumour according to its site of onset and treatment.

The literature review showed that this neoplasm is highly aggressive, with a high recurrence rate and short mean survival time; the treatment of choice is surgery, and chemo- or radiotherapy are used mainly for the treatment of recurrences.
Pneumomediastinum due to tracheal foreign body granuloma
Authors: Kishore Chandra Prasad H , Sreedharan Suja S , D’Souza Sydney , Kumar Naveen , Chandra Prasad Sampath
Published: December 2005

Primary tracheal masses are rare. Secondary masses of the trachea are commonly foreign body granuloma, intubation granuloma or viral granuloma. The differential diagnoses given in such cases include both benign and malignant lesions. The otolaryngologist is often asked to perform a biopsy of the lesion to arrive at a diagnosis. However, even malignant processes can cause a granulomatous reaction. The timely diagnosis of tracheal masses depends upon maintaining a high index of suspicion. A rare case of tracheal granuloma leading to pneumomediastinum in a 53-year-old female is presented. The clinical features, investigations and treatment are detailed. The tracheal granuloma was managed by excision through bronchoscopy and the pneumomediastinum was managed conservatively.
In Situ Evaluation of Radioisotope Cone Penetrometers in Clays
Authors: Dasari GR , Karthikeyan M , Tan T-S , Mimura M , Phoon K-K
Published: December 2005

A comprehensive site investigation was performed at a 12-year-old man-made island in Singapore, which was reclaimed using dredged clay lumps. The objective of the site investigation was to evalute the performance of the radioisotope (RI) cone penetrometers to measure in situ wet density and water content, which are the two important parameters in the characterization of soils formed from clay lumps. The site investigation program included RI cone penetration tests, high quality soil sampling, and laboratory testing. The in situ water content and wet density profiles measured with RI cone penetrometers were compared with data obtained independently from the laboratory tests on undisturbed samples. The comparison shows very good agreement, and 92% of the RI cone measurements were found to be within ±5% of the laboratory measurements.
Automated Triaxial Apparatus for Testing Unsaturated Soils
Authors: Cabarkapa Z , Cuccovillo T
Published: December 2005

Three automated triaxial testing systems developed to study the mechanical-hydraulic behavior of unsaturated soils are described in detail. The apparatus and the associated techniques were designed to obtain reliable and accurate measurement and control of matric suction, measurement of volumetric change and to perform static and dynamic stiffness measurements for soil samples under unsaturated conditions. Results for a silica silt are presented to illustrate the type and quality of data obtained with the techniques developed. An additional feature of the apparatus is that it is possible to obtain, for the same soil sample, both the stress-strain curve and soil-water retention curve at any degree of saturation.
On the Thick-Adherend Tensile Shear Test of Adhesive Technology—Limitations and Correction Methods
Authors: Öchsner A , Grácio J
Published: December 2005

The thick-adherend lap shear test is numerically investigated. It is shown that the adhesive stiffness influences significantly the uniformity of the adhesive stress distribution and the substrate deformation. Both effects determine the validity of the evaluated shear modulus of the adhesive. Two methods for the substrate deformation correction, i.e., a simple method based on Hooke's law, and a method based on a finite element simulation of a reference specimen, are compared. The correction method based on the finite element method reveals not only better results for the substrate deformation correction in comparison with the simple method based on Hooke's law, but also incorporates the non-uniformity of the adhesive stress distribution for higher stiffness of the adhesive in a considerable way. The possible error of this test method on the determination of the adhesive shear modulus is generally quoted as a function of the stiffness ratio between the adhesive and the substrates.
A Digital Image Processing Technique for Quantification of Surface Hot-Shortness Cracks
Authors: Garza LG , Van Tyne CJ
Published: December 2005

A Digital Image Processing (DIP) technique was used to quantify the hot-shortness cracking in a medium carbon steel with variations in copper content, oxidation temperature, and oxidation time. The DIP method was an automated and easily-implemented technique, which resulted in quantitative measures of the surface cracking as well as a fast and accurate way to compare a large number of samples. The objective of the present paper is to describe the DIP technique that was used in the hot-shortness study. This technique could be applied to other experiments where quantification of surface cracking is desired.
Effective Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy for the Treatment of Acute Lobar Nephronia
Authors: Cheng Chi-Hui , Tsau Yong-Kwei , Lin Tzou-Yien
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVE. Effective treatment of acute lobar nephronia (ALN) can prevent its progression to renal abscess. The goal of this prospective study was to compare the treatment efficacy for pediatric patients who had ALN with a 3- vs 2-week intravenous plus oral antimicrobial-therapy regimen.

METHODS. Patients who were suspected of having an upper urinary tract infection underwent a systematic scheme of ultrasonographic and computed tomographic (CT) evaluation for ALN diagnosis. Patients with positive CT findings were enrolled and randomly allocated with serial entry for either a total 2-week or a 3-week antibiotic treatment regimen. Antibiotics were changed from an intravenous form to an oral form 2 to 3 days after defervescence of fever. Follow-up clinical evaluations and urine-culture analyses were performed 3 to 7 days after cessation of antibiotic treatment. Patients with persistent infection or relapse were considered as treatment failures.

RESULTs. A total of 80 patients with ALN were enrolled. Forty-one patients were treated with a 2-week antimicrobial protocol, and the other 39 patients were treated with a 3-week course. Seven treatment failures, 1 persistent infection, and 6 infection relapses were identified, all of which were in the 2-week treatment group. Prolonged fever before admission and positive Escherichia coli growth (>105 colony-forming units per mL) in urine culture were noted as risk factors for treatment failure. All treatment failures were managed successfully with an additional 10-day antibiotic course.

CONCLUSION. A total of 3 weeks of intravenous and oral antibiotic therapy tailored to the pathogen noted in cultures should be the treatment of choice for pediatric patients with ALN.
Comparison of Water Quality and Rainbow Trout Production in Oxygenated and Aerated Raceways
Authors: Clark Michael L. , Helfrich Louis A.
Published: December 2005

The effects of oxygenation and aeration on water quality and the production of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were compared in eight raceways from 2002 to March 2003. Mean dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were significantly higher in the oxygenated (9.5 mg/L) than aerated raceways (7.4 mg/L). Total sedimented solids loads per day were significantly greater in aerated (10.3 g/L) than oxygenated (8.8 g/L) raceways. Dissolved nitrogen, total gas pressure, and other water quality variables (CO2, NO2 −, total ammonia nitrogen, alkalinity, and pH) did not differ significantly between the treatments. Trout carrying capacity was significantly higher (1,138 kg/raceway) in the oxygenated raceways. However, trout production, growth rates, feed conversion rate, hematocrit, and fish survival were not significantly different between treatments. Oxygen injection was an effective method of increasing carrying capacity and improving water quality by reducing effluent solids loads, but it did not enhance trout production variables at 90% saturation.
Clinical Evaluation of an Enamel Matrix Protein Derivative Combined With Either a Natural Bone Mineral or β‐Tricalcium Phosphate
Authors: Döri Ferenc , Arweiler Nicole , Gera István , Sculean Anton
Published: December 2005

Background: The purpose of the present study was to compare the healing of deep intrabony defects following treatment with an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) combined with either a natural bone mineral (NBM) or β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP).

Methods: Twenty‐four patients with advanced periodontal disease, each of whom displayed one intrabony defect, were randomly treated with a combination of either EMD + NBM or EMD + β‐TCP. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline and 1 year following therapy.

Results: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the sites treated with EMD + NBM showed a reduction in mean probing depth (PD) from 7.9 ± 1.0 mm to 3.2 ± 0.6 mm and a change in mean clinical attachment level (CAL) from 8.8 ± 1.1 mm to 4.5 ± 0.6 mm (P <0.001). In the group treated with EMD + β‐TCP, the mean PD was reduced from 7.8 ± 1.2 mm to 3.2 ± 0.9 mm, and the mean CAL changed from 8.8 ± 1.2 mm to 4.7 ± 1.2 mm (P <0.001). In both groups, all sites gained at least 3 mm of CAL. CAL gains of 4 or 5 mm were measured in the majority of the cases (75%), irrespective of treatment modality. No statistically significant differences in terms of PD reductions and CAL gains were observed between the two groups.

Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, both therapies resulted in significant PD reductions and CAL gains 1 year after surgery.
Effect of Biologic Mediators on Ciprofloxacin Accumulation by Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Rawal Swati Y. , Walters John D.
Published: December 2005

Background: Human gingival fibroblasts actively accumulate fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. Because fibroblasts are prevalent in gingiva, they may help sustain therapeutic fluoroquinolone levels at that site. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mediators associated with infection or injury can enhance ciprofloxacin accumulation by gingival fibroblasts.

Methods: Quiescent fibroblast monolayers were treated for 1, 6, or 24 hours with several concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2, or insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1. Transport was assayed by measuring cell‐associated fluoroquinolone fluorescence.

Results: All mediators significantly enhanced ciprofloxacin transport in a dose dependent manner (P <0.05; ANOVA). Except for TNF, this enhancement was associated with a decrease in the Km of ciprofloxacin transport. Maximal enhancement was observed with 10 ng/ml PDGF or FGF and 30 ng/ml TNF, TGF, or IGF. Brief (1 hour) treatment with TNF or FGF upregulated ciprofloxacin accumulation by a maximum of 13% to 14%, whereas TGF, PDGF, and IGF enhanced this process by 19% to 24%. All of the mediators enhanced ciprofloxacin accumulation by a maximum of 19% to 24% after 6 hours and 30% to 38% after 24 hours. The accumulation of other fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin) was also slightly enhanced.

Conclusions: Gingival fibroblasts treated with cytokines or growth factors accumulate significantly more ciprofloxacin than untreated controls. This provides a mechanism by which ciprofloxacin could be preferentially distributed to gingival wound or inflammatory sites, yielding local therapeutic levels that are more sustained than in serum.
Upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor‐β1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene and Protein Expression in Cyclosporin‐Induced Overgrown Edentulous Gingiva in Rats
Authors: Chen Yen‐Teen , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Chin Yu‐Tang , Shen E‐Chin , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Gau Ching‐Hwa , Fu Earl
Published: December 2005

Background: To examine the effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) on the expression of growth factors in induced gingival overgrowth with limited contributing factors arising from local inflammation caused by bacterial plaque, this study of gingival overgrowth was designed on the edentulous ridge of rats.

Methods: After a 3‐week healing period following maxillary molar extractions, 16 five‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to CsA and control groups. Animals in the CsA group were fed 30 mg/kg CsA daily, whereas the control rats received a mineral oil vehicle instead. After 4 weeks, all animals were sacrificed, and the morphology of edentulous ridges was recorded by dental impression. The gingivae on the left‐hand side were dissected and stored for mRNA analysis, whereas the gingivae on the right‐hand side were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), platelet‐derived growth factor β (PDGF‐β), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Results: The edentulous gingivae were enlarged and the body weights were reduced in the CsA‐treated animals compared to controls. The mRNA expressions of TGF‐β1, IGF‐1, and VEGF were higher in the gingivae of the CsA group than in the control group. In addition, a greater mRNA expression (7.21‐fold) of VEGF was demonstrated in the CsA group than in the control group by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The percentages of cells staining positive for TGF‐β1 and VEGF were significantly greater in the CsA rats than in the control rats.

Conclusions: Greater mRNA expression and positive staining for TGF‐β1 and VEGF were observed in the edentulous gingivae of rats that received CsA. Therefore, CsA may upregulate TGF‐β1 and VEGF gene expression and protein secretion in CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Gametic Selection by Glyphosate in Soybean Plants Hemizygous for the CP4 EPSPS Transgene
Authors: Walker David R. , Walker Alan K. , Wood E. Dale , Bonet Talevera Magda E. , Fernandez Francisco E. , Rowan Gina B. , Moots Craig K. , Leitz Richard A. , Owen Phillip A. , Baxter W. Earl , Head Joseph L. , Boerma H. Roger
Published: December 2005

Glyphosate application to glyphosate‐tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars expressing a CP4 EPSPS transgene has become the most common method of soybean weed control in the USA. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine whether atypical segregation ratios for glyphosate tolerance and glyphosate sensitivity in the progeny of hemizygous plants resulted from gametic selection caused by glyphosate applications, (ii) to investigate the effects of different glyphosate application rates and timing of application on segregation ratios, and (iii) to determine whether male gametes, female gametes, or both were sensitive to the levels of glyphosate used. Segregation for glyphosate tolerance in a no‐glyphosate control treatment fit the expected 3:1 segregation ratio, indicating segregation of a single transgene. Glyphosate applications at three stages of plant development (V3, V3 + 2 to 3 wk, V3 + 3 to 4 wk) eliminated the glyphosate‐sensitive phenotypic class irrespective of plant maturation stage in a field experiment. Variations observed in the relative proportions of lines with either all‐tolerant or segregating phenotypic classes depended on glyphosate dosage and stage of plant development at the time of application. Overall, the data suggest that glyphosate application to hemizygous plants shortly before the onset of flowering was lethal to male gametes that do not carry the glyphosate tolerance transgene.
Genetic Variability for Phytic Acid Phosphorus and Inorgaic Phosphorus in Seeds of Soybeans in Maturity Groups V, VI, and VII
Authors: Israel D. W. , Kwanyuen P. , Burton J. W.
Published: December 2005

Phytic acid (PA; myo‐inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphate) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] meal is a major source of P in animal excreta, a serious environmental pollutant. Genetic mutants in which seed PA is reduced by 60% have been developed. The objectives were to assess (i) natural variation in seed PA‐P and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations in soybean breeding lines and cultivars of Maturity Groups (MGs) V, VI, and VII; (ii) genotype × environment (G × E) interactions for Pi and PA‐P, and (iii) relations among PA‐P, Pi, and seed protein concentrations. Three sets of cultivars and breeding lines were tested separately in two or three environments. Variation among lines was highly significant, ranging from 3.77 to 5.07 g kg−1 PA‐P and from 0.19 to 0.37 g kg−1 Pi The G × E interactions were highly significant for Pi concentration, but significant variation for PA‐P concentration was observed only among cultivars, not across environments nor as G × E interactions. Rank correlation coefficients for Pi concentrations between environments were large (0.65–0.88), suggesting that the G × E interactions were due to differences in average Pi concentration in various environments. Variation in seed protein was highly significant in all three sets, but protein was not correlated with PA‐P and was correlated with Pi (r = 0.56) only in the MG V breeding lines test. Therefore, genetic relationships between protein and either PA‐P or Pi could not be established. Significant natural genetic variation indicates that PA level of potential adapted parents may be useful in breeding low‐PA soybeans.
Grazing Research in the Humid East: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Burns J. C.
Published: December 2005

A historical perspective of the major developments in grazing research for the humid Eastern USA was addressed. Consideration was given to the emergence of the area of grazing research relative to the initial structure of agricultural institutions, the orientation of scientist within the constraints of the institutional boundaries (departments) and the carry‐through noted today. Early grazing research was constrained to the informal literature and discussed as informational, demonstrational, and experimental. The milestones that have been achieved, including statistical application, conceptual assessment, description of grazing management, methods of computing pasture yields, the origin and use of put‐and‐take stocking, pasture and animal biomass relationships, choice of stocking method, flexible grazing, and measurements in recent grazing research are presented and discussed relative to their origin and application. Furthermore, consideration was given to a number of important innovations with origin in the humid East that have contributed to the advancement of grazing research. Finally, brief consideration is given to future priority areas of grazing research and associated constraints.
Establishment Stand Thresholds for Switchgrass Grown as a Bioenergy Crop
Authors: Schmer M. R. , Vogel K. P. , Mitchell R. B. , Moser L. E. , Eskridge K. M. , Perrin R. K.
Published: December 2005

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm‐season (C4) perennial grass and a potential bioenergy crop. On‐farm switchgrass field scale trials, which were initiated to obtain economic production information for switchgrass grown as a bioenergy crop in the northern Plains, provided information on establishment year stands and post‐establishment year yields and stands both within and across fields and were used to determine if a stand threshold exists for switchgrass grown as a biomass energy crop. Switchgrass was seeded in 10 cropland fields, ranging in size from 3 to 9.5 ha, in Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota in 2000 and 2001. The fields were selected to be representative of their region and eligible for the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Twelve sites within each field were geo‐referenced, and switchgrass stand frequency was measured at each sample site. Biomass yields were estimated in late summer at the same within‐field sites using a clipped quadrat. Fields with low initial switchgrass stand frequencies showed a linear relationship between initial switchgrass stands and second year stands and biomass yields. Results from the 10 field, three‐state study indicated that establishment year stand frequency level of 40% or greater, determined by a frequency grid, can be considered an establishment year stand threshold for establishment success and subsequent post‐planting year biomass yields for switchgrass. An establishment year stand frequency of 25% would be adequate for a switchgrass conservation planting in which no harvests would be planned for several years.
Drought Tolerance Improvement in Tropical Maize Source Populations: Evidence of Progress
Authors: Monneveux P. , Sánchez C. , Beck D. , Edmeades G. O.
Published: December 2005

The objectives of this study were to evaluate direct and correlated responses to recurrent selection for drought tolerance in two CIMMYT maize (Zea mays L.) source germplasm populations, ‘DTP1’ and ‘DTP2’, adapted to the lowland and mid‐altitude tropics. Selection was primarily based on grain yield, ears per plant, anthesis‐silking interval, and leaf senescence under drought. Cycles C0, C3, and C6 of DTP1 and C0, C3, C5 and C9 of DTP2 were evaluated under drought, low N, and optimal conditions. In both populations, significant yield gains were observed under drought conditions, associated with a significant increase in numbers of ears per plant and grains per ear, and significant reductions in anthesis‐silking interval, ovule number and abortion rate during grain filling. Abortion rate was positively correlated with the number of ovules at silking and with anthesis‐silking interval. In DTP1, recurrent selection under drought was associated with a derease of tassel and stem dry weight and with an increase of ear dry weight and harvest index. This study confirms the effectiveness of recurrent selection under drought as a means of improving tropical maize source populations for performance under water deficits and to a lesser extent under low N. The primary mechanism underlying these changes appears to be improved partitioning of assimilates to the ear at flowering, at the expense of tassel and stem growth.
Vertical market integration and competition : the meat sector in Slovenia
Authors: BOJNEC S. , PETER G.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents price transmission models explaining the farm-to-retail price spread and degree of competition in the meat marketing chains during the period of economic transition in Slovenia. The meat marketing chains in Slovenia are characterised by relatively large processing and marketing margins, which are expected to decline with market deregulation and integration into the international markets. As results of the economic restructuring and policy reforms, competitive market pressures in a marketing margin determination have increased, inducing pressures for efficiency improvements in the vertical market integration from the farm to the retail stage in the Slovenian meat sector. Co-integration models are applied to estimate vertical market integration and to assess the degree of price competition in the Slovenian beef and pork marketing chains. The tested econometric models confirmed the existence of the long run market integration in the meat chain and the speed of adjustment of price changes. Farm-gate meat prices are identified as weakly exogenous, indicating the crucial role of supply side processing and marketing factors in the retail meat price determination. The results of structural tests suggest a long-run mark-up price strategy in the beef, and a competitive price strategy in the pork, chain as the outcome of policy reforms. The increased competitive market pressures are very likely to increase efficiency in the beef markets. Efficiency improvements in the Slovenian food markets are needed in the increased competitive market pressures of the enlarged European Union markets.;
Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots
Authors: Lathrop Sarah L. , Wittum Thomas E. , Brock Kenny V. , Loerch Steven C. , Perino Louis J. , Bingham Howard R. , McCollum F. Ted , Saif Linda J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the association between respiratory tract infection with bovine coronavirus (BCV), treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions at slaughter, and average daily gain in cattle in feedlots.

Animals—837 calves in feedlots in Ohio and Texas.

Procedure—Nasal swab specimens were obtained from cattle at arrival in a feedlot (day 0) and at various times during the initial 28 days after arrival. Specimens were tested for BCV, using an antigencapture ELISA. Serum samples were obtained at arrival and again 28 days after arrival and tested for antibodies to BCV, using an antibody-detection ELISA. Information was collected regarding treatment for cattle with respiratory tract disease and average daily gain during the feeding period. Pulmonary lesions were evaluated at slaughter.

Results—Cattle shedding BCV from the nasal cavity and developing an antibody response against BCV were 1.6 times more likely to require treatment for respiratory tract disease than cattle that did not shed the virus or develop an immune response against BCV. Additionally, cattle that shed BCV from the nasal cavity were 2.2 times more likely to have pulmonary lesions at slaughter than cattle that did not shed the virus. The BCV shedding or seroconversion status did not affect average daily gain.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine coronavirus infects feedlot cattle and is associated with an increased risk for cattle developing respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions. Development of appropriate control measures could help reduce the incidence of respiratory tract disease. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1062–1066)
Characterization of erythromycin-resistant methylase genes from multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus spp isolated from milk samples of lactating cows
Authors: Khan Saeed A. , Nawaz Mohamed S. , Khan Ashraf A. , Steele Roger S. , Cerniglia Carl E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To isolate and characterize erythromycinresistant
methylase genes in multiple-antibiotic resistant
staphylococci isolated from milk samples.

Animals—300 lactating cows.

Procedure—23 erythromycin-resistant staphylococci
were isolated from milk samples of 300 lactating
cows. The prevalence of erythromycin-resistant
methylase (erm) genes, ermC and ermA genes, and
the multicomponent macrolide efflux pump in staphylococci
msrA genes were identified and characterized
by use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
Southern hybridization, restricted fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and dot-blot hybridization.

Results—Biochemical characterization indicated that
3 of 23 (13%) isolates were coagulase-positive
Staphylococcus aureus, and the rest were coagulasenegative.
Multiplex PCR resulted in amplification of a
520-base pair (bp) region of the ermC gene from the
cell lysates of a strain of S simulans M-21 and S sciuri
M-28. The ermC gene in both isolates was found
on a 3-kilobase plasmid. The ermA gene was found on
the chromosome of 21 isolates, and 6 RFLP
patterns were observed. None of the isolates harbored
the msrA gene.

Conclusions—Erythromycin-resistantStaphylococcus
spp isolated from milk samples of lactating
cows may serve as reservoirs of erm genes homologous
to those described in human isolates.
However, the chromosomal insert patterns and
prevalence of these genes, the sizes of plasmids
harboring the genes, and the number of inserts of
the genes (copy number) may differ from that of
human isolates. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1128–1132)
Pathologic findings and association of Mycobacterium bovis infection with the bovine NRAMP1 gene in cattle from herds with naturally occurring tuberculosis
Authors: Barthel Robert , Piedrahita Jorge A. , McMurray David N. , Payeur Janet , Baca Daniel , Güemes Francisco Suárez , Perumaalla Veera S. , Ficht Thomas A. , Templeton Joe W. , Adams L. Garry
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine necropsy andMycobacterium bovis cultureresults in cattle from herds with tuberculosis, the role of the bovineNRAMP1gene in resistance and susceptibility to infection withM bovis, and the association between magnitude of the tuberculous lesions and various types ofM bovisisolates.

Animals—61 cattle from herds with tuberculosis in Texas and Mexico.

Procedure—61 cattle were evaluated by necropsy; 59 had positive and 2 had negative caudal fold tuberculin intradermal test (CFT) results. Thirty-three cattle with positive CFT results were genotyped to evaluate polymorphism of the 3'untranslated region of the bovineNRAMP1gene, using single-stranded conformational analysis, 9 were resistant toM boviswith no tuberculous lesions and negativeM bovisculture results, and 24 were susceptible with tuberculous lesions and positiveM bovisculture results. Isolates of Mboviswere analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on the basis of IS6110sequences and direct-repeat fingerprinting patterns.

Results—21 (35.6%; 21/59) cattle with positive CFT results had tuberculous lesions or positive culture results; in addition, 1 of 2 cattle with negative CFT results had tuberculous lesions and positive culture results. Tuberculous lesions were most common in the thorax (35/63; 55.5%) and lymphoid tissues of the head (10/63; 15.9%). Tuberculous lesions varied from 1 to 11/animal; 8 of 21 (38.1%) had solitary lesions. Associations were not found between resistance or susceptibility to infection withM bovisand polymorphism in theNRAMP1gene or between the magnitude of the lesions and various RFLP types ofM bovisisolates.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TheNRAMP1gene does not determine resistance and susceptibility to infection withM bovisin cattle. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1140–1144)
Effect of topical administration of epidermal growth factor on healing of corneal epithelial defects in horses
Authors: Burling Kristina , Seguin Mary A. , Marsh Peggy , Brinkman Kathy , Madigan John , Thurmond Mark , Moon-Massat Paula , Mannis Mark , Murphy Christopher J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize healing of corneal epithelial
defects in horses and to evaluate the ability of epidermal
growth factor (EGF) to modulate rate of
corneal epithelial healing in horses.

Sample Population—20 eyes in 12 adult horses.

Procedure—Corneal epithelial wounds were created
by mechanically debriding the limbus. Corneal healing
was recorded for 3 treatment groups: 50 µg of
EGF/ml (n = 5 eyes), 5 µg of EGF/ml (7), and PBS solution
(8). Corneal healing was recorded once daily after
instillation of fluorescein stain by use of photography
and calculating the area of the wound, using imaging
software.

Results—After corneal debridement, re-epithelialization
was rapid and progressed in a linear fashion for
the first 5 to 7 days after surgery in all groups. After
that period, rates of healing decreased. A profound
increase in the degree of inflammation, neovascularization,
melanosis, and scarring was observed in
eyes treated with the high dose of EGF (50 µg/ml),
but there was not a statistical difference in mean
healing time or in mean decrease in radius during the
linear phase between the control and either EGF
treatment groups. However, for all 8 horses in which
both eyes were debrided, the first eye healed significantly
faster than the second eye, regardless of
treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Beneficial
effects of topical administration of a high dose of EGF
for acceleration of healing of corneal defects in eyes
of horses are outweighed by the intensity of the associated
inflammatory response. (Am J Vet Res 2000;
61:1150–1155)
Nitric oxide generation in a rat model of acute portal hypertension
Authors: Howe Lisa M. , Boothe Dawn M. , Slater Margaret R. , Boothe Harry W. , Wilkie Scott
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document blood nitric oxide concentrations
in the portal vein and systemic circulation in a rat
model of acute portal hypertension and compare values
with a control group and a sham surgical group.

Animals—30 rats; 10 controls (group 1), 10 sham surgical
(group 2), and 10 rats with surgically induced
acute portal hypertension (group 3).

Procedure—Following induction of anesthesia,
catheters were placed surgically in the carotid artery,
jugular, and portal veins of group 2 and 3 rats and in
the carotid artery and jugular vein of group 1 rats.
Baseline heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature,
and vascular pressure measurements were
obtained, and blood was drawn from all catheters for
baseline nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Acute portal
hypertension was induced in the group 3 rats by tying
a partially occluding suture around the portal vein and
a 22-gauge catheter. The catheter was then removed,
resulting in a repeatable degree of portal vein impingement.
After catheter placement, all variables were
remeasured at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours.

Results—Blood nitric oxide concentrations were greater
in all vessels tested in group 3 than in group 2 rats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Acute portal
hypertension in this experimental model results in
increased concentrations of NO in the systemic and
portal circulation. On the basis of information in the
rat, it is possible that increased NO concentrations
may develop in dogs following surgical treatment of
congenital portosystemic shunts if acute life-threatening
portal hypertension develops. Increased NO
concentrations may contribute to the shock syndrome
that develops in these dogs. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1173–1177)
Evaluation of changes in hematologic and clinical biochemical values after exposure to petroleum products in mink (Mustela vison) as a model for assessment of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
Authors: Mazet Jonna K. , Gardner Ian A. , Jessup David A. , Lowenstine Linda J. , Boyce Walter M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of petroleum
exposure on hematologic and clinical biochemical
results of mink and to identify variables that may be
useful for making management decisions involving
sea otters (Enhydra lutris) that have been exposed to
oil in their environment.

Animals—122 American mink (Mustela vison).

Procedures—Mink were exposed once to a slick of
oil (Alaskan North Slope crude oil or bunker C fuel oil)
on seawater or via low-level contamination of their
daily rations.

Results—In the acute phase of exposure, petroleum
directly affected RBC, WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte
counts, fibrinogen, sodium, calcium, creatinine,
total protein, and cholesterol concentrations, and
alanine transaminase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase,
and γ−glutamyltransferase activities.
Aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ−
glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase
activities and cholesterol concentration also varied
as a result of chronic low-level contamination of
feed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results
are in agreement with reports that attribute
increased alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase
activities and decreased total protein concentration
to petroleum exposure in sea otters during
an oil spill. Sodium, calcium, creatinine, cholesterol,
and lactate dehydrogenase may be valuable
variables to assess for guidance during initial treatment
of sea otters exposed to oil spills as well as
for predicting which petroleum-exposed sea otters
will reproduce following an oil spill. Measurement
of these variables should aid wildlife professionals
in making decisions regarding treatment of sea
otters after oil spills. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1197–1203)
Histomorphometric analysis of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Edinger David T. , Hayashi Kei , Hongyu Yao , Markel Mark D. , Manley Paul A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe cancellous architecture of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with osteoarthritis.

Animals—30 dogs with coxofemoral osteoarthritis.

Procedure—All dogs had femoral head and neck excision or total hip arthroplasty. Histomorphometry software was used to analyze computer images of 100- μm-thick coronal and transverse plane sections of the head and neck of the femur. Histologic preparations of coronal and transverse sections of articular cartilage were graded.

Results—Bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and bone surface/total volume were significantly higher in the femoral head than femoral neck. Trabecular alignment (anisotropy) and separation were significantly higher in the femoral neck than femoral head. Anisotropy was significantly increased in the medial portion of the femoral head in the coronal plane and in the cranial portion of the femoral neck in the transverse plane, compared with healthy dogs. The medial half of femoral head cartilage that overlies the proximomedial cancellous bone region had significantly more degraded cartilage than the lateral half. Histologic grades for cranial and caudal halves of femoral head articular cartilage were similar.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most findings were similar to those in healthy dogs. Greater trabecular alignment in the proximomedial region of the femoral head and craniolateral region of the femoral neck in dogs with osteoarthritis suggests an altered transfer of load through the coxofemoral joint. Greater cartilage degradation on the medial half of the femoral head supports an association between increased trabecular alignment and cartilage degradation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1267–1272)