bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digging for innate immunity since Darwin and Metchnikoff
Authors: Cooper Edwin L. , Kauschke Ellen , Cossarizza Andrea
Published: August 2002

Immune systems are, increasingly, being studied from comparative perspectives. The analysis of the immunedefense systems of invertebrates, such as fruit flies and earthworms, is an important part of this effort. These systems are innate, natural non‐specific, non‐anticipatory and non‐clonal. This is in contrast to the macrophage T and B systems that characterize vertebrate adaptive immunity whose properties can be categorized as adaptive, induced, specific, anticipatory, and clonal. In this review, we will focus on the earthworm system. Earthworms, like other complex invertebrates, possess several leukocyte types and synthesize and secrete a variety of immunoprotective molecules. The system as a whole effects phagocytosis, encapsulation, agglutination, opsonization, clotting and lysis of foreign components. At least two major leukocytes, small coelomocytes, and large coelomocytes mediate lytic reactions against several targets. Destruction of tumor cells in vitro shows that phagocytosis and natural killer cell responses are distinct properties of coelomocytes. A third type, the chlorogogen cell, synthesizes and sheds effector lytic molecules. Among the lytic molecules, three have been identified and sequenced (fetidins, CCF‐1, lysenin) and another has been discovered (eiseniapore), while three other molecules, H1 H2 H3, share agglutinating and lysing functions. In contrast to these, Lumbricin I is the only known molecule of the earthworm system that is antimicrobial but non‐lytic. Altogether the cellular and humoral components of the earthworm system function to distinguish between self and not self, dispose of internal (cancer?), damaged components and external antigens (microbes). The evolutionary context of the earthworm innate immune system is discussed at the end of this article. BioEssays 24:319–333, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimally disturbed, multicycle, and reproducible synchrony using a eukaryotic “baby machine”
Authors: Cooper Stephen
Published: August 2002

A eukaryotic “baby machine” has been developed that produces synchronized cultures that display up to four synchronous cell cycles. 1 That such cells can be produced implies that methods unable to produce successive synchronized cell cycles may not actually synchronize cells. But most important, the baby machine method now opens the way for the study of the cell cycle of minimally disturbed, artifact‐free, well‐synchronized, mammalian cells. BioEssays 24:499–501, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decisive factors: a transcription activator can overcome heterochromatin silencing
Authors: Eissenberg Joel C.
Published: August 2002

Eukaryotes organize certain chromosomal intervals into domains capable of si lencing most genes. Examples of silencing domains include the HML/HMR loci and subtelomeric chromatin in yeast, the Barr body X chromosome in mammals, and the pericentric heterochromatin of Drosophila. Silencing chromatin is often correlated with more regularized nucleosomal array than that found in active chromatin, and transcriptional activators appear to be missing from their target sites in silent chromatin. In Drosophila, gene silencing by heterochromatin is often variegated, indicating that a gene may escape silencing in some cells. In a recent study, Ahmad and Henikoff(1) show that a yeast activator can compete successfully with Drosophila heterochromatic silencing factors for target sites in DNA. This competition, together with developmental change in the stability of heterochromatin itself, decides the transcriptional state for a gene subject to heterochromatin repression. BioEssays 23:767–771, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional analysis of self‐injury maintained by automatic reinforcement: exposing masked social functions
Authors: McKerchar Todd L. , Kahng SungWoo , Casioppo Elyse , Wilson David
Published: August 2002

Two functional analyses for self‐injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by a child diagnosed with mental retardation and autism were conducted. Responding was high and undifferentiated in the first functional analysis, indicating that SIB was maintained by automatic reinforcement. During the second functional analysis, the client wore a padded helmet and all SIB was blocked. SIB decreased in all conditions except attention, suggesting that SIB was multiply controlled (social positive and automatic reinforcement). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On residues in the disallowed region of the Ramachandran map
Authors: Pal Debnath , Chakrabarti Pinak
Published: August 2002

An analysis of the occurrence of nonglycyl residues in conformations disallowed in the Ramachandran plot is presented. Ser, Asn, Thr, and Cys have the highest propensities to exhibit such conformations, and the branched aliphatic residues the lowest. Residues cluster in five regions and there are some trends in the types of residues and their side‐chain conformations (χ1) occupying these. Majority of the residues are found at the edge of helices and strands and in short loops, and are involved in different types of weak, stabilizing interactions. A structural motif has been identified where a residue in disallowed conformation occurs as the first residue of a short 310‐helix. On the basis of the types of neighboring residues, the location in the three‐dimensional structure and accessibility, there are similarities with the occurrence of cis peptide bonds in protein structures. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 195–206, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10051
Mutation of residues critical for benzohydroxamic acid binding to horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C
Authors: Howes Barry D. , Heering Hendrik A. , Roberts Thomas O. , Schneider‐Belhadadd Florence , Smith Andrew T. , Smulevich Giulietta
Published: August 2002

Aromatic substrate binding to peroxidases is mediated through hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions between residues on the distal side of the heme and the substrate molecule. The effects of perturbing these interactions are investigated by an electronic absorption and resonance Raman study of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) binding to a series of mutants of horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRPC). In particular, the Phe179 → Ala, His42 → Glu variants and the double mutant His42 → Glu:Arg38 → Leu are studied in their ferric state at pH 7 with and without BHA. A comparison of the data with those previously reported for wild‐type HRPC and other distal site mutants reaffirms that in the resting state mutation of His42 leads to an increase of 6‐coordinate aquo heme forms at the expense of the 5‐coordinate heme state, which is the dominant species in wild‐type HRPC. The His42Glu:Arg38Leu double mutant displays an enhanced proportion of the pentacoordinate heme state, similar to the single Arg38Leu mutant. The heme spin states are insensitive to mutation of the Phe179 residue. The BHA complexes of all mutants are found to have a greater amount of unbound form compared to the wild‐type HRPC complex. It is apparent from the spectral changes induced on complexation with BHA that, although Phe179 provides an important hydrophobic interaction with BHA, the hydrogen bonds formed between His42 and, in particular, Arg38 and BHA assume a more critical role in the binding of BHA to the resting state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 261–267, 2001
Effect of water activity and immobilization on fatty acid selectivity for esterification reactions mediated by lipases
Authors: Lee Chen‐Hsien , Parkin Kirk L.
Published: August 2002

The effect of water activity (aw) and immobilization on fatty acid (FA) selectivity of Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia, Rhizomucor miehei, Candida antarctica (type B), and Candida rugosa lipases in esterification reactions was determined. Studies were based on measuring ester formation in multicompetitive reaction mixtures containing either the homologous series of even carbon number n‐chain saturated FA (C4‐C18) or a series of n‐chain (un)saturated FA (C18:X, where X = 0–3 double bonds) as cosubstrates with 1,3‐propanediol in ter‐butyl methyl ether at aw of 0.19, 0.69, and 0.90. Activity and FA selectively patterns were similar for free and Celite‐adsorbed lipases in response to changes in aw, although specific effects were observed for selectivity of B. cepacia and C. rugosa lipases toward C16 and C4/C6 FA, respectively. Also, selectivity toward unsaturated C18:X FA as a group was modulated by changes in aw for three of the four lipase studied. Resin‐fixed lipases from R. miehei and C. antarctica exhibited profound differences in activity and FA selectively in response to changes in aw, relative to free and Celite‐bound forms. These findings suggest that FA selectivity for lipid modification is influenced by aw and immobilization, but that each lipase has a characteristic response to these factors in a manner that cannot be predicted. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 219–227, 2001.
Effects and mechanisms of H2O2 on production of dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Jiao Peng , Huang Yingming , Li Shuliang , Hua Yutao , Cao Zhu'an
Published: August 2002

The system of producing long chain dicarboxylic acid (DCA) by Candida tropicalis is an aerobic and viscous fermentation system. A method to overcome the gas‐liquid transport resistance and to increase oxygen supply is by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the fermentation system. Here we report that the H2O2 not only can enhance the oxygen supply but also change the metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450, the key enzyme of a, o‐oxidation. When C. tropicalis was cultivated in a 3‐L bioreactor using the combination of aeration and H2O2 feeding, DCA production rates increased by about 10% after a short period of decrease at the beginning. Furthermore, the experiments showed that the maximum activities of P450 could be induced at 2 mM H2O2, and the inducible mechanisms are also discussed. Moreover, we suggest that alkane might be oxidized through the “peroxide shunt pathway” when H2O2 is present. By adding H2O2, the DCA yield in a 22‐L bioreactor could increase by 25.3% and reach 153.9 g/L. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 456–462, 2001.
Extracellular production of biologically active deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase from Streptomyces clavuligerus in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Adrio José L. , Velasco Javier , Soler Gloria , Saiz Marta Rodriguez , Barredo José L. , Moreno Miguel A.
Published: August 2002

We have successfully expressed and observed secretion of the Streptomyces clavuligerus deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) using the Pichia pastoris expression system. Two clones having multiple copies of the expression cassette were selected and used for protein‐expression analysis. SDS‐PAGE showed efficient expression and secretion of the bacterial recombinant DAOCS. The highest yield (120 μg/mL) was obtained when expression was induced with 2% methanol. Free and immobilized protein were assayed for biological activity and found to expand penicillin N (its natural substrate) and penicillin G to deacetoxycephalosporin C (DAOC) and deacetoxycephalosporin G (DAOG), respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 485–491, 2001.
Quorum signaling via AI‐2 communicates the “Metabolic Burden” associated with heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli
Authors: DeLisa Matthew P. , Valdes James J. , Bentley William E.
Published: August 2002

Recent reports have shown that bacterial cell–cell communication or quorum sensing is quite prevalent in pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially at high cell density; however, the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear and, in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing in overexpression of plasmid‐encoded genes. In this work, it was found that the activity of a quorum signaling molecule, autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2), decreased significantly following induction of several plasmid‐encoded genes in both low and high‐cell‐density cultures of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that AI‐2 signaling level was linearly related to the accumulation level of each protein product and that, in general, the highest rates of recombinant protein accumulation resulted in the greatest attenuation of AI‐2 signaling. Importantly, our findings demonstrate for the first time that recombinant E. coli communicate the stress or burden of overexpressing heterologous genes through the quorum‐based AI‐2 signaling pathway. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 439–450, 2001.
Pore‐scale investigation of biomass plug development and propagation in porous media
Authors: Stewart Terri L. , Scott Fogler H.
Published: August 2002

Biomass plugging of porous media finds application in enhanced oil recovery and bioremediation. An understanding of biomass plugging of porous media was sought by using a porous glass micromodel through which biomass and nutrient were passed. This study describes the pore‐scale physics of biomass plug propagation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides under nutrient‐rich conditions. It was found that, as the nutrient flowed through the micromodel, the initial biomass plug occurred at the nutrient–inoculum interface due to growth in the larger pore throats. As growth proceeded, biomass filled and closed these larger pore throats, until only isolated groupings of pore throats with smaller radii remained empty. As nutrient flow continued, a maximum pressure drop was reached. At the maximum pressure drop, the biomass yielded in a manner similar to a Bingham plastic to form a breakthrough channel consisting of a path of interconnected pore throats. The channel incorporated the isolated groupings of empty pore throats that had been present before breakthrough. As the nutrient flow continued, subsequent plugs developed as breakthrough channels refilled with biomass and in situ growth was stimulated in the region just downstream of the previous plug. The downstream plugs had a higher fraction of isolated groupings of empty pore throats, which can be attributed to depletion of nutrient downstream. When the next breakthrough channel formed, it incorporated these isolated groupings, causing the breakthrough channels to be branched. It was observed that the newly formed plug could be less stable with this higher fraction of empty pore throats and that the location of breakthrough channels changed in subsequent plugs. This change in breakthrough channel location could be attributed to the redistribution of nutrient flow and the changes in flowrate in the pore throats. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 577–588, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10044
A simple method to release polyphosphate from activated sludge for phosphorus reuse and recycling
Authors: Kuroda Akio , Takiguchi Noboru , Gotanda Takafumi , Nomura Kazutaka , Kato Junichi , Ikeda Tsukasa , Ohtake Hisao
Published: August 2002

In enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes, activated sludge microorganisms accumulate large quantities of polyphosphate (polyP). It was discovered that nearly all of the polyP could be released from activated sludge simply by heating it at 70°C for about 1 h. The chain length of released polyP ranged from 100 to 200 phosphate (Pi) residues. The addition of CaCl2 precipitated approximately 75% of the total phosphorus without pH adjustment. The formed precipitate contained more P and less Ca than typical natural phosphorite deposits. Hence, in combination with enhanced biological phosphorus removal, the present method has potential for the development of a simple process for recovering phosphorus in a reusable form from wastewater. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 333–338, 2002.
A strategy for in vivo screening of subtilisin E reaction specificity in E. coli periplasm
Authors: Sroga Grazyna E. , Dordick Jonathan S.
Published: August 2002

We developed a protocol for efficient expression of the functional serine protease, subtilisin E, in Escherichia coli periplasm that permits direct in vivo measurement of the enzyme's catalytic activity. Activity assays and SDS‐PAGE/Western blot analysis showed that the levels of expressed subtilisin varied and were correlated with both the culture conditions and the induction procedures. The highest level of subtilisin expression was achieved at 0.10–0.15% (w/v) of arabinose as inducer and a temperature of 20–22°C, and was ca. eightfold higher as compared to the expression level at 30°C. Cultivation of bacterial cells to a steady state of balanced growth before induction was required for uniform subtilisin expression in cell cultures growing in wells of microtiter plates. Amidase and esterase cell‐based kinetic assays on microtiter plates were developed based on the direct measurement of subtilisin activity in vivo. Intact E. coli cells displaying wild‐type, dimethylformamide‐resistant, and temperature‐resistant subtilisins were assayed on N‐succinyl‐Ala‐Ala‐Pro‐Phe‐p‐nitroanilide and N‐acetyl‐Phe‐p‐nitrophenyl ester for their amidase and esterase activity, respectively. Additionally, the periplasmic fractions were isolated from the three E. coli strains expressing the respective subtilisins and tested for amidase activity. The amidase activity of the three subtilisins was ca. 15‐fold higher than the esterolytic activity when measured in both the intact cells and in the periplasmic fractions. The strategy combining periplasmic expression of subtilisins with two cell‐based kinetic assays permits rapid screening of subtilisin mutant libraries for desired activities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 761–769, 2002.
Long‐term performance of bioreactors cleaning mercury‐contaminated wastewater and their response to temperature and mercury stress and mechanical perturbation
Authors: von Canstein H. , Li Y. , Wagner‐Döbler I.
Published: August 2002

The long‐term performance of bioreactors retaining mercury from contaminated industrial wastewater was analyzed at the laboratory scale, and its response to mechanical perturbations (gas bubbles and shaking) as well as to physical (increased temperature and hydraulic load) and chemical stresses (increased mercury concentration) likely to occur during on site operation was studied. Two packed‐bed bioreactors with 80‐cm3 lava chips as biofilm carrier were inoculated with nine Hg(II)‐resistant natural isolates of α‐ and γ‐proteobacteria. Chloralkali wastewater containing ionic mercury (3.0 to 9.7 mg/L Hg2+), amended with sucrose and yeast extract, flowed through the bioreactors at 160 mL/h. During the 16‐month investigation the bioreactors showed no sign of depleted performance in terms of mercury‐retaining capacity. After 16 months, both bioreactors still retained 96% of the mercury load. The performance of the bioreactors was sensitive to mechanical perturbations (e.g., sheer forces of gas bubbles). Shifts to higher Hg2+ inflow concentrations initially decreased the mercury retention efficacy slightly. However, the bioreactors could adapt to Hg2+ concentrations of up to 7.6 mg/L within several days. Old biofilms were less affected than the younger ones. The performance of the bioreactors was not affected by an increase in temperature up to 41°C and an increased volumetric load (up to 240 mL/h). The bioreactors regained activity spontaneously after the stress had stopped. Recovery could be accelerated by increased nutrient concentration, although this may lead to blocking of the packed bed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 212–219, 2001.
Sensitive and simultaneous determination of HIV protease inhibitors in rat biological samples by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Weihua , Kishida Tomoyuki , Kimura Keisuke , Kageyama Michiharu , Sumi Masaki , Yoshikawa Yukako , Shibata Nobuhito , Takada Kanji
Published: August 2002

A sensitive and simultaneous liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method for the determination of current four HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), indinavir (IDV), saquinavir (SQV), nelfinavir (NFV) and amprenavir (APV) in rat plasma and liver dialysate by a microdialysis method was described. An isocratic LC/MS method in combination with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was developed for the determination of these four PIs in biological samples in the same run. The analytes including an internal standard were extracted from 100 µL of plasma or 150 µL of liver dialysate samples by salting‐out with 100 µL of ice‐cold 2 M K3PO4 followed by ether extraction. The separation of analytes was carried out on a reversed‐phase semi‐micro column using 50% of acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2mL/min−1. The separation was completed within 5 min. Precision, recovery and limits of detection indicated that the method was suitable for the quantitative determination of these PIs in rat plasma or liver dialysate. This simple, sensitive and highly specific LC/MS method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring in AIDS patients who receive double protease therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Fairness and reasonableness of the child's decision:’ a proposed legal standard for children's participation in medical decision making
Authors: Walker Nancy E. , Doyon Theresa
Published: August 2002

Using as illustration the case of Nikolas E., a six‐year‐old child with HIV/AIDS, this article considers the competing rights of children, parents, and state in cases involving pediatric medical disputes. The article outlines arguments in favor of and against children's participation in medical decisions and describes legal standards currently used in resolving pediatric medical disputes. The article then proposes adoption of a new legal standard described as the ‘fairness and reasonableness of the child's decision,’ and articulates advantages and disadvantages of such an approach, as well as the factors that should be considered in implementing the standard. Finally, the article argues for a methodology for including children's wishes in pediatric medical decision making that is based upon Monahan and Walker's model for including social science evidence in legal contexts and evaluates alternative strategies for including children meaningfully in the process of making medical decisions that affect them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic appearance of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet of Malawian subjects
Authors: Msamati B.C. , Igbigbi P.S.
Published: August 2002

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of sesamoid bones in adult black Malawians from radiographs of the hands and feet. A total of 255 radiographs from 85 men and 45 women aged 16–66 years were used: 126 of the hands and 129 of the feet. All the hand films revealed one sesamoid bone at the interphalangeal joint and two at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. All the foot films showed two sesamoid bones at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. Occasional sesamoid bones were found at the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the index finger and the small toe, respectively. Only 4.8% of the hands had sesamoid bones at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger, compared with reported percentages of between 35% and 64.2% in Caucasians. The present study also records, probably for the first time in Africans, an incidence of 10.8% of sesamoid bones occurring at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the small toe, which again is at variance with the reported range of 5.5–10% in Caucasians. This study provides anatomical data that will help in the diagnosis and management of disorders of sesamoid bones which are often overlooked in Africans. Clin. Anat. 14:248–253, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mandibular canal of the edentulous jaw
Authors: Polland Karen E. , Munro Shona , Reford Gordon , Lockhart Andrew , Logan Gillian , Brocklebank Laetitia , McDonald Stuart W.
Published: August 2002

The morphology of the mandibular canal after loss of teeth has received little detailed attention. Improved documentation of this topic would allow better interpretation of dental radiographs and would enable those engaged in tooth implantation to better understand the nature of the tissue into which the prostheses are placed. In this study on mandibles from seven dissecting room cadavers panoramic radiographs usually showed the mandibular canal clearly, an incisive canal less so. The wall of the mandibular canal was similar in dentate and edentulous mandibles, and was highly perforated, as suggested by Cryer (Anderson et al., 1991). In edentulous specimens, it was composed mainly of cancellous bone with only occasional single osteons. The inferior alveolar nerve near the mandibular foramen was a large trunk, consisting of three to four nerve bundles with connective tissue sheaths. It became more loosely arranged toward the mental foramen. Medial to the mental foramen, the nerves were frequently in the form of small bundles in the marrow. Any incisive canal was ill‐defined and neurovascular bundles, when present, ran through a labyrinth of intertrabecular spaces. Clin. Anat. 6:445–452, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The child abuse and divorce myth
Authors: Brown Thea , Frederico Margarita , Hewitt Lesley , Sheehan Rosemary
Published: August 2002

When the authors of this article undertook a study into the way the Australian legal process managed child abuse allegations in custody and access disputes following partnership breakdown in de facto and legal marriages, they encountered what they came to think of as ‘the child abuse and divorce myth’. The myth centred around a belief that child abuse allegations made during or after partnership breakdown were weapons fashioned to gain advantage in the marital war. Therefore, they were not real; therefore, they should not be taken seriously. Despite little previous research, these views were strongly held by both families and professionals. The article examines the myth, believed to be an international phenomenon, and shows, in detail, how the study's findings do not support it. In fact, the findings from this unique study contradict the myth in its totality and in its specific aspects. Thus, it is argued that the myth should be abandoned and a new knowledge base for professional intervention that recognizes the reality of this problem be adopted instead. As a result of the study, a new specialized intervention program for children involved in residence and contact disputes where child abuse was alleged is being trialled in the Family Court of Australia. Hopefully, the introduction of further intervention programmes based on the reality of child abuse in these circumstances rather than on the myth will follow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, class, work‐related stress and health: toward a power‐centred approach
Authors: Brooker Ann‐Sylvia , Eakin Joan M.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this paper is to consider how gender, class and power have been addressed in the work stress literature and to propose an alternative approach that highlights the role of power in the development of work‐related stress. We begin with a discussion and critique of prominent work‐related stress models. The models' conceptualizations of work‐related stress and their relationships to issues of class and gender are used as focal points for discussion. We show that explanations for gender or class differences in stress vary markedly by disciplinary perspective. Some models emphasize individual coping mechanisms, while other models focus on individual‐level exposures or the work environment, in the production of work‐related stress. Notions of power or control are often invoked in these models, but they tend to be narrowly conceptualized. Often the research presents a series of empirical findings rather than an integrated conceptual model which clearly specifies the pathways by which individual work experiences are linked to health and to the broader social context. Drawing on empirical findings and theoretical insights from a broad range of disciplinary perspectives, we build a conceptual framework relating power towork‐relatedstress. This model can provide us with a deeper understanding of the determinants of stress, the relationships between stress and the broader social context, and the relationships between stress and social factors such as class and gender. Specifically, we suggest that power can influence work‐related stress through the distribution of stressors in the workplace and via meaning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of secrets and the frequency, reasons and effects of secrets keeping and disclosure
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Nunkoosing Karl , Paterson Beth , Oosterwegel Annerieke , Soukara Stavroula
Published: August 2002

This longitudinal study examines secrets keeping and disclosure. College students filled in two questionnaires, with a 4 months time span in between. Their psychological and physical wellbeing was investigated, together with self‐esteem, the topic and some characteristics of their most important secret (if they had a secret), reasons for having the secret, to whom they confide the secret, how they felt about confiding, and whether they thought that their behaviour would reveal that they kept a secret when they talked with someone who is not aware of their secret.

The findings showed that total secrecy was rare, and that most secret‐holders had informed at least one other person about their secret. Moreover, the findings challenge the view that secrets keeping has negative effects on secret‐holders. Results revealed some negative effects, but only when the secret was serious. No positive effects were found for secrets disclosure.

Secret‐holders confided information to those with whom they felt emotionally close; were more reluctant to confide when they kept the secret to avoid disapproval, and more likely to confide when they believed that others would find out about their secrets by paying attention to their (secret‐holders) behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work‐Based learning: Finding a new niche
Authors: Johnston George H.
Published: August 2002

The new vocationalism has spread the concept of work‐based learning into new technical areas and to new student populations. This chapter describes how a new manufacturing technology program at one college, seeking to use work‐based learning extensively, has addressed success factors identified in a national study of exemplary programs.
Sources and information: Postsecondary vocational education
Authors: Yoo Jung‐sup
Published: August 2002

This annotated bibliography presents recent ERIC documents that provide information related to evolving vocational education programs, policies, and practices in community colleges.
Welfare to work: Solutions or snake oil?
Authors: Ream John W. , Wagner Brenda G. , Knorr Robin C.
Published: August 2002

The development and implementation of a call center training program, to include the training of welfare recipients, is the focus of this chapter. Components of this program and its effects on both the consumer and corporate community are discussed.
The importance of postsecondary training for welfare to work: Initiatives at the community college of aurora
Authors: Higgins Daniela
Published: August 2002

This chapter discusses postsecondary training programs and services for welfare recipients at a Colorado community college.
A Re‐annotation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome
Authors: Wood V. , Rutherford K. M. , Ivens A , Rajandream M‐A , Barrell B.
Published: August 2002

Discrepancies in gene and orphan number indicated by previous analyses suggest that S.cerevisiae would benefit from a consistent re‐annotation. In this analysis three new genes are identified and 46 alterations to gene coordinates are described. 370 ORFs are defined as totally spurious ORFs which should be disregarded. At least a further 193 genes could be described as very hypothetical, based on a number of criteria.

It was found that disparate genes with sequence overlaps over ten amino acids (especially at the N‐terminus) are rare in both S. cerevisiae and Sz. pombe. A new S. cerevisiae gene number estimate with an upper limit of 5804 is proposed, but after the removal of very hypothetical genes and pseudogenes this is reduced to 5570. Although this is likely to be closer to the true upper limit, it is still predicted to be an overestimate of gene number. A complete list of revised gene coordinates is available from the Sanger Centre (S. cerevisiae reannotation: ftp://ftp/pub/yeast/SCreannotation). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring competitive intelligence effectiveness: Insights from the advertising industry
Authors: Davison Leigh
Published: August 2002

This article investigates the need and ability of competitive intelligence (CI) departments to become accountable for the work they produce. Synthesis of current literature on CI and advertising effectiveness measures resulted in the creation of a Competitive Intelligence Measurement Model (CIMM), which provides concrete generic measures for determining CI effectiveness. Additionally, the model aids in the calculation of the return on competitive intelligence investment (ROCII). CIMM classifies CI output into two categories: short‐term tactical CI output and long‐term strategic CI output. The model describes measures needed to determine effectiveness of CI output and explains how to calculate ROCII. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solenoidal microcoil design—Part II: Optimizing winding parameters for maximum signal‐to‐noise performance
Authors: Minard Kevin R. , Wind Robert A.
Published: August 2002

In high‐field proton NMR, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) achieved with a close‐fitting solenoidal microcoil is adversely affected by radio frequency (RF) losses in the coil, its leads, the capacitor used to tune it, and finally, the sample. In Part II, a rigorous description of these various losses is presented, and their severity is related to the details of coil design. Results not only provide a rational basis for defining a microcoil's optimal wire diameter and the number of turns, but also for evaluating how the SNR varies with coil size and NMR frequency in high‐field proton NMR studies involving either conducting or non‐conducting samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 190–210, 2001
The pattern of breast cancer screening utilization and its consequences
Authors: Michaelson James , Satija Sameer , Moore Richard , Weber Griffin , Halpern Elkan , Garland Andrew , Puri Dhruv , Kopans Daniel B.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of screening utilization and its consequences in terms of tumor size and time of tumor appearance of invasive breast carcinoma among a population of women who were examined at a large service screening/diagnostic program over the last decade.

METHODS

Utilization of mammography was assessed from a population of 59,899 women who received 196,891 mammograms at the Massachusetts General Hospital Breast Imaging Division from January 1, 1990 to March 1, 1999, among which 604 invasive breast tumors were found. Two hundred six invasive, clinically detected tumors also were seen during this period among women who had no record of a previous mammogram. Additional information was available on screening of women from March 1, 1999 to June 1, 2001.

RESULTS

Fifty percent of the women who used screening did not begin until the age of 50 years, although 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women age < 50 years. Relatively few of the women who used screening returned promptly for their annual examinations; by 1.5 years, only 50% had returned. Approximately 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women for whom there was no record of a previous screening mammogram, and these tumors were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen‐detected tumors (median, 10 mm). Approximately 30% of the 604 invasive breast tumors in the screening population were found on nonmammographic grounds, and they also were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen‐detected tumors (median, 10 mm). However, only 3% of these 604 tumors were found by nonmammographic criteria within 6 months of the previous negative examination, and only 12% were found within 1 year. By back calculating the likely size of each of these tumors at the time of the negative mammogram, it could be seen that most tumors probably emerged as larger, palpable masses not because they were missed at the previous negative mammogram, because most were too small then to have been detected, but because too much time had been allowed to pass.

CONCLUSIONS

Far too many women did not comply with the American Cancer Society recommendation of prompt annual screening from the age of 40 years. Consequently, almost 50% of the invasive tumors emerged as larger and, thus, potentially more lethal, palpable masses. Cancer 2002;94:37–43. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Combining radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Stein Rhona , Chen Susan , Reed Linda , Richel Heidi , Goldenberg David M.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

To enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), we evaluated the effect of combining radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) with 90Y‐anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody MN‐14 and chemotherapy in nude mice bearing human MTC xenografts. A preliminary study evaluated doxorubicin, dacarbazine (DTIC), cyclophosphamide, and vincristine, singly and in combination, for their effect on the growth of MTC xenografts (TT) in nude mice. Given individually, DTIC yielded the most effective tumor growth inhibition, delaying the mean time to doubling from 1 week for untreated tumor‐bearing mice to 7.5 weeks. Administering either the 4 drugs in combination or a 2‐drug combination comprised of doxorubicin and DTIC significantly improved the efficacy compared with any single drug alone, increasing the mean doubling time to 10–12 weeks.

METHODS

Drug doses were selected to conform to the doses of each drug given clinically. For the combined modality therapy, administration of 90Y‐labeled anti‐CEA monoclonal antibody MN‐14 to nude mice bearing established TT tumors was followed by various chemotherapy regimens initiated 24 hours after RAIT. Chemotherapy protocols combined with RAIT included doxorubicin or DTIC alone and in combination, and the doxorubicin, DTIC, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine 4‐drug protocol. Tumor volumes were measured weekly, and toxicity was evaluated by measuring blood counts and body weight.

RESULTS

Combinations of RAIT and chemotherapy with DTIC or RAIT and chemotherapy with the drug combinations were found to augment the antitumor effects of RAIT or chemotherapy alone, without a significant increase in toxicity. The mean tumor volume doubling times were increased up to 100% compared with the results of chemotherapy alone. No significant differences in tumor growth were observed between the RAIT plus DTIC protocol and the RAIT plus two‐ or four‐drug protocols.

CONCLUSIONS

The superiority of the combined modality treatment argues for the integration of RAIT into chemotherapeutic regimens for MTC treatment. Clinical trials are needed to assess these principles in MTC patients. Cancer 2002;94:51–61. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
The association of treatment‐related symptoms with quality‐of‐life outcomes for localized prostate carcinoma patients
Authors: Bacon Constance G. , Giovannucci Edward , Testa Marcia , Glass Thomas A. , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Most studies of treatment outcomes in men with localized prostate carcinoma have emphasized sexual, urinary, and bowel symptoms with the assumption that they have an impact on quality of life. However, very few studies have directly examined and compared the impact of these symptoms on overall and cancer specific quality of life.

METHODS

The authors examined 783 incident cases of localized prostate carcinoma, diagnosed from 1993 to 1998, and 1928 age‐matched healthy controls from the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study cohort. Information on frequency of ejaculation and urinary symptoms were collected before cancer diagnosis. After cancer diagnosis, the authors mailed a questionnaire including the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form–36 Health Status Survey (SF‐36), the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System–Short Form (CARES‐SF), and the University of California at Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index in 1998.

RESULTS

Cases had slightly lower scores on most of the SF‐36 scales and reported much more bother from sexual, urinary, and bowel symptoms compared with healthy controls. Among prostate carcinoma patients, bowel symptoms had the greatest negative impact on quality of life, followed by sexual and urinary symptoms. As expected, treatment‐related symptoms were associated with the physical domains of quality of life, but psychosocial domains were just as strongly affected.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients and health care providers need to consider the potential mental quality‐of‐life impacts associated with prostate carcinoma treatment symptoms when making treatment decisions. Even after patients have completed cancer treatment, significant health impairments may remain. Health care providers should continue to address the mental and physical well‐being of prostate carcinoma patients in follow‐up care. Cancer 2002;94:862–71. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10248
Prediction of intracranial metastases in cancer patients with headache
Authors: Christiaans Maria H. , Kelder Johannes C. , Arnoldus Edo P. J. , Tijssen Cees C.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to investigate the diagnostic value of neurologic evaluation for the prediction of intracranial metastases in cancer patients with new or changed headache.

METHODS

Between February 1997 and February 2000, general practitioners and specialists referred cancer patients with new or changed headache to the Department of Neurology at the study institution. All patients underwent a structured history and neurologic examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was used as the gold standard for determining the presence of intracranial metastases. The association between baseline patient characteristics, history variables, and variables from the neurologic examination in patients with intracranial metastases was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses in combination with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

RESULTS

Sixty‐eight consecutive patients were included in the current study (48 females and 20 males). The mean age of the patients was 57 years (range, 24–88 years; standard deviation ± 13.3 years). Breast carcinoma was the primary tumor in 32 patients (47.1%) and lung carcinoma was the primary tumor in 12 patients (17.6%). Intracranial metastases occurred in 22 patients (32.4%). The occurrence of intracranial metastases was predicted in the multivariate logistic regression analyses by one baseline patient characteristic variable and 2 history variables (i.e., headache duration of ≤ 10 weeks [odds ratio (OR) of 11.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1–108.2], emesis [OR of 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–14.3], and pain not of tension‐ type [OR of 6.7; 95% CI, 1.8–25.1]). No variable from the neurologic examination was found to add information to the prediction model. When at least one of the three predictors was present, all patients with intracranial metastases could be identified with this prediction model. MRI could be omitted in 12 patients (26%) without intracranial metastases. The ROC area under curve of this model was 0.83.

CONCLUSIONS

Intracranial metastases were found in 32.4% of the cancer patients with headache as the presenting symptom. Although 3 significant clinical predictors were found (headache duration ≤ 10 weeks, emesis, and pain not of tension‐ type), few patients could be excluded from undergoing MRI because of a low specificity. Therefore, MRI of the brain was considered to be warranted in all patients in the current study. Cancer 2002;94:2063–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10379
Comparison in treatments of nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma
Authors: Yamauchi Kunihiko , Yasuda Masami
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to reveal the clinical characteristics of nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma (GS) and an association between the therapeutic regimens and the nonleukemic period.

METHOD

Clinical records of 2 patients reported here and 72 patients gathered using a literature search on Medline from other institutions were analyzed. The patients consisted of 57 patients who preceded acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and 17 patients who did not develop ANLL. These patients were divided into 3 groups by therapeutic regimens; Group I included 12 patients who received only biopsy or surgical resection of the tumor, Group II was 20 patients who received local irradiation for the tumor, and Group III consisted of 42 patients who received systemic chemotherapy. The nonleukemic periods between these groups were compared. In Group III, the period in the patients who were treated with chemotherapy given to ANLL was compared with that in the patients who received chemotherapy used for malignant lymphoproliferative disorders (MLPDs).

RESULTS

Thirty‐five patients (47%) initially were misdiagnosed, and the disease was most often malignant lymphoma. Preferential sites of GS were the small intestine, mediastinum, epidural site, uterus, and ovary, which often are difficult for the detection and diagnosis in addition to the skin and lymph nodes known commonly. The nonleukemic period after the diagnosis of GS was significantly longer in Group III than in the other groups (median, 12 months in Group III vs. 3 and 6 months in Groups I and II, respectively). The aggressive chemotherapy given to ANLL led to a longer nonleukemic period than the chemotherapy used for MLPDs.

CONCLUSIONS

To reduce the risk of subsequent ANLL in patients with nonleukemic GS, it is important that accurate histologic diagnosis is established initially for GS and that all isolated cases of GS, even those that appear to be cured by resection or irradiation of the tumor, are treated with intensive chemotherapy similar to that used to treat ANLL during the nonleukemic period as soon as possible. Cancer 2002;94:1739–46. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10399