bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of a piston–die press product using batch population balance model
Authors: Rosales‐Marín G. , Delgadillo J. A. , Tuzcu E. T. , Pérez‐Alonso C. A.
Published: September 2016

It is known that between 40 and 70% of the energy consumed in a mineral processing complex is used for size reduction. Hence, the size reduction modeling is an important task that has been undertaken for decades to improve efficiencies and aid in decreasing operating costs. In this study, piston–die experiment size distribution was modeled by using a novel method: combination of throughput model and specific power consumption model, together with the population balance modeling. The copper ore samples were compressed up to 0.9166 kWh/t (600 kN compressing force), under universal tension machine. Coarse (−19 + 6.3 mm), medium (−4.75 + 0.6 mm), and fine (+0.425–0.038 mm) particle size distributions were tested in an iron piston–die press. The diameter used for the experimental setup was 0.125 m, and the height was 0.075 m. Different specific energies—0.0046 to 0.9166 kWh/t—were utilized. Experimental data for remaining subsets were used for validation of simulation results obtained by the model. It is concluded that the combination of throughput model and specific power consumption model, together with the population balance model, successfully predicted the piston–die experimental size distributions. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the fluid flow and heat transfer in shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers with different baffles and tubes: simulation and experimental studies
Authors: Liu Jiuyi , Qian Caifu
Published: September 2016

Large‐and‐small‐hole (LASH) baffle is a new shell‐side fluid flow‐guide structure, and corrugated tube is the widely used as the heat transfer enhancement tube. In this paper, numerical simulations and experimental studies were carried out for the fluid flow and heat transfer in six shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers designed with LASH baffles, segmental LASH baffles, traditional single‐segmental baffles, and corrugated and plain tubes. It is found that under the same fluid flow conditions, the tube vibration in the heat exchangers with LASH baffles are significantly reduced and the shell‐side pressure drops are decreased compared with those having the conventional single‐segmental baffles. In terms of the overall heat transfer coefficient, the heat exchangers with the corrugated tubes are much better than those with the plain tubes. Heat exchangers with the LASH baffles and corrugated tubes have the best comprehensive properties and thus will inspire broader application for engineering considerations. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Free Speech to IS – Pathological Regression of Some Traumatized Adolescents from a Migrant Background in Germany
Authors: Leuzinger‐Bohleber Marianne
Published: September 2016

Islamic fundamentalism is a contemporary dangerous form of extreme restriction of “free speech”. In Germany, 700 Islamists from Germany are fighting in Syria and Iraq, including a number of women. Most of the German Islamists' personal histories highlight the importance of their radicalization in the course of their adolescent search for identity. Many youth who turn to Islam are socially isolated, and do not succeed in forming relationships to friends and love‐objects. Many experience a severe adolescent crisis. They are won over by the Islamic State's powerful message of a return to the “Golden Age” of Islam. Why is this Islamic ideology so fascinating for them? What imaginary worlds and emotions are activated by it? Why is the rigid restriction of “free speech” so attractive for some of them? These are questions psychoanalysis can address. Here I explore some unconscious sources of Fundamentalism and the process of radicalization in adolescence. We analysts must explain what we understand of their radicalization so that teachers, social pedagogues and social workers can better recognize and reflect upon the problems some adolescents in their charge may encounter in the process of restructuring their age‐appropriate identity. Supervision by well‐trained child development mental health professionals can help pedagogues to better understand unconscious determinants of what derails their students' adolescent development.
The Freedom to Speak: Psychopolitical Meanings in Argentine History
Authors: Hollander Nancy Caro
Published: September 2016

It is important to understand how three registers – the psychological, the political and the ideological – converge to frame unconscious life in ways that either inhibit or facilitate individual and group capacities to exercise free speech and free association. Here a model for assessing how these registers of human affect and behavior either facilitate these freedoms of expression or sabotage them in favor of submission to authority is suggested. The discussion is positioned in the context of two traumatic periods in Argentine history, namely the military dictatorship's Dirty War (1976–1983) and the country's complete economic collapse in 2001.
Zinc‐Reduced Mesoporous TiOx Li‐Ion Battery Anodes with Exceptional Rate Capability and Cycling Stability
Authors: Song Woo‐Jin , Yoo Seungmin , Lee Jung‐In , Han Jung‐Gu , Son Yeonguk , Kim Sun‐I , Shin Myoungsoo , Choi Sinho , Jang Ji‐Hyun , Cho Jaephil , Choi Nam‐Soon , Park Soojin
Published: September 2016

We demonstrate a unique synthetic route for oxygen‐deficient mesoporous TiOx by a redox–transmetalation process by using Zn metal as the reducing agent. The as‐obtained materials have significantly enhanced electronic conductivity; 20 times higher than that of as‐synthesized TiO2 material. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements are performed to validate the low charge carrier resistance of the oxygen‐deficient TiOx. The resulting oxygen‐deficient TiOx battery anode exhibits a high reversible capacity (∼180 mA h g−1 at a discharge/charge rate of 1 C/1 C after 400 cycles) and an excellent rate capability (∼90 mA h g−1 even at a rate of 10 C). Also, the full cell, which is coupled with a LiCoO2 cathode material, exhibits an outstanding rate capability (>75 mA h g−1 at a rate of 3.0 C) and maintains a reversible capacity of over 100 mA h g−1 at a discharge/charge of 1 C/1 C for 300 cycles.
Selective Formation of Alkoxychlorosilanes and Organotrialkoxysilane with Four Different Substituents by Intermolecular Exchange Reaction
Authors: Komata Yuma , Yoshikawa Masashi , Tamura Yasuhiro , Wada Hiroaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: September 2016

Alkoxychlorosilanes are scientifically and industrially important toward preparing silicone and silica as well as preparation of siloxane‐based nanomaterials by stepwise reactions of Si−OR (R=alkyl) and Si−Cl groups. Intermolecular exchange of alkoxy and chloro groups between alkoxysilanes and chlorosilanes (functional group exchange reaction) provides an efficient and environmentally benign route to alkoxychlorosilanes. BiCl3 as a Lewis acid catalyst can promote the functional group exchange reactions more efficiently than conventional acid catalysts. Higher reactivity has been observed for chlorosilanes with smaller numbers of Si−CH3 groups and for alkoxysilanes with larger numbers of Si−CH3 groups. The reaction mechanism is proposed and selective syntheses of alkoxychlorosilanes are demonstrated. These findings also enable us to synthesize an organotrialkoxysilane with four different substituents.
One‐inflation and unobserved heterogeneity in population size estimation
Authors: Godwin Ryan T.
Published: September 2016

We present the one‐inflated zero‐truncated negative binomial (OIZTNB) model, and propose its use as the truncated count distribution in Horvitz–Thompson estimation of an unknown population size. In the presence of unobserved heterogeneity, the zero‐truncated negative binomial (ZTNB) model is a natural choice over the positive Poisson (PP) model; however, when one‐inflation is present the ZTNB model either suffers from a boundary problem, or provides extremely biased population size estimates. Monte Carlo evidence suggests that in the presence of one‐inflation, the Horvitz–Thompson estimator under the ZTNB model can converge in probability to infinity. The OIZTNB model gives markedly different population size estimates compared to some existing truncated count distributions, when applied to several capture–recapture data that exhibit both one‐inflation and unobserved heterogeneity.
Choosing the right protein A affinity chromatography media can remove aggregates efficiently
Authors: Yada Tomokazu , Nonaka Koichi , Yabuta Masayuki , Yoshimoto Noriko , Yamamoto Shuichi
Published: September 2016

Protein A chromatography (PAC) is commonly used as an efficient capture step in monoclonal antibody (mAb) separation processes. Usually dynamic binding capacity is used for choosing the right PAC. However, if aggregates can be efficiently removed during elution, it can make the following polishing steps easier. In this study a method for choosing the right PAC media in terms of mAb aggregate removal is proposed. Linear pH gradient elution experiments of two different mAbs on various PAC columns are carried out, where the elution behavior of aggregates as well as the monomer is measured. Aggregates of one mAb are more strongly retained compared with the mAb monomer. Another mAb showed different elution behavior, where the aggregates are eluted as both the weakly and strongly retained peaks. In order to remove the two types of aggregates by stepwise elution two protocols are tested. The first protocol A consisted of the sample loading, the wash with the equilibration buffer and the low pH elution. The wash stage of the second protocol B included the wash with 1.0 M arginine. No detectable peaks are observed during the wash stage of protocol A whereas significant peaks are monitored during the arginine wash of protocol B. One of the PAC columns showed a smaller peak during the arginine wash. In addition, both aggregate removal and monomer yield are higher with protocol B compared with the other PAC columns. This method is found to be useful for choosing the right PAC column.
Influence of contextual information and past prices on the willingness to pay and expected quality evaluations
Authors: Valle Mauricio A. , Lavin Jaime F. , Magner Nicolas S. , Geldes Cristian E.
Published: September 2016

This study conducted two experiments to assess consumers' willingness to pay or the expected quality in response to different levels of contradictory contextual information (regarding price and quality) and the presence of anchors in the form of past price paid. First, the results show that the contextual information was decisive in the formation of reference prices that affect the willingness to pay. Second, the anchors did not influence the evaluation of the willingness to pay and the expected quality. And third, it was observed that the coherence of the contextual information (price–quality correlation) performs a moderating role in the relation between reference prices and expected quality. These results suggest that anchors are less important than contextual information in the evaluation process of the willingness to pay and the expected quality, and that therefore neither an adjustment nor a priming mechanism is activated. We found that the coherence of the contextual information influences how individuals evaluate a service. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moderating role of attachment styles in emotional bonding with service providers
Authors: Moussa Salim , Touzani Mourad
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the authors combine insights from several attachment theories to develop a model that help understanding how customer‐service provider emotional attachment (EA) is formed and how customers' attachment styles moderate this formation process. The authors test their predictions with survey data from 416 customers in two service contexts (i.e., grocery retailing and hairstyling). Results indicate that positive emotions and service quality are the most powerful predictors of EA. They also show that attachment styles moderate the effect of positive emotions, service quality, image congruency, and trust. Moreover, results identify preoccupied (versus fearful) customers as those who are the most (versus the least) emotionally tied to their service providers. This research provides several implications for researchers and managers. Additionally, it offers attachment styles as a new segmentation criterion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding hemodynamic collapse during high‐risk percutaneous coronary intervention: Advanced hemodynamics of impella support
Authors: Verma Sanjay , Burkhoff Daniel , O'Neill William W.
Published: September 2016

The rate of performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with complex coronary artery disease is increasing. The use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices provides critical periprocedural hemodynamic support. Mechanical support has increased the safety and efficacy of interventional procedures in this high‐risk patient population. Predicting patient response to the selected intervention can be clinically challenging. Here we demonstrate a case where complete hemodynamic collapse during PCI was avoided by mechanical support provided by the Impella device. Further, we employ a comprehensive cardiovascular model to predict ventricular function and patient hemodynamics in response to the procedure. New computational tools may help interventionists visualize, understand, and predict the multifaceted hemodynamic aspects of these high risk procedures in individual patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Self‐Assembled Sensor for Carbohydrates on the Surface of Cyclodextrin Vesicles
Authors: Himmelein Sabine , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: September 2016

A supramolecular carbohydrate sensor was prepared by self‐assembly of unilamellar bilayer vesicles of amphiphilic β‐cyclodextrin with a boronic acid–adamantane conjugate (PBA‐AD), which binds strongly to β‐cyclodextrin through host–guest interactions (Ka≈4×104 m−1), so the vesicle surface exhibits multiple boronic acid receptors for carbohydrates. The binding of diols to the functionalized vesicles was tested with alizarin red S (ARS) as a reporter dye by using fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Analysis of the competitive binding of monosaccharides revealed pH‐dependent (pH 7.4–10.1) binding constants in the range of 100–3000 m−1 for d‐fructose and 5–400 m−1 for d‐glucose. Interestingly, the self‐assembled sensor showed fluorescence intensity enhanced by about fivefold and a binding affinity to the reporter dye increased by about eightfold in comparison to PBA‐AD and ARS without vesicles. This is attributed to increased local concentration of ARS and PBA‐AD on the surface of the vesicles. Detection of d‐fructose and d‐glucose was possible in the physiologically relevant range in dilute aqueous solution.
Facilitated transport of Europium through supported liquid membrane using Cyanex272 as carrier and mass transfer modelling
Authors: Zaheri Parisa , Ghassabzadeh Hamid , Abolghasemi Hossein , Maraghe Mohammad Ghannadi , Mohammadi Toraj
Published: September 2016

In this study, the extraction of europium from nitric acid solution by a flat sheet supported liquid membrane using Cyanex272 as a carrier was investigated. The influence of effective parameters on the extraction of Eu was studied and the optimum conditions were derived. Then a theoretical model was developed for unsteady‐state transport of Eu ions through the supported liquid membrane. In this model, the variation of carrier concentration in the membrane phase was taken into account. The partial and complete differential equations obtained for the feed, membrane, and stripping phases were numerically solved and the results were compared with the experimental data. The verified model was used to simulate the concentration distribution of the metal‐carrier complex and carrier as a function of position and time in the membrane phase. Using the results of numerical solution, the derived equations were also solved analytically.
Improved specific loss power on cancer cells by hyperthermia and MRI contrast of hydrophilic FexCo1‐xFe2O4 nanoensembles
Authors: Hoque S. Manjura , Huang Yuegao , Cocco Emiliano , Maritim Samuel , Santin Alessandro D. , Shapiro Erik M. , Coman Daniel , Hyder Fahmeed
Published: September 2016

Ferrite‐based ferri/superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be rapidly heated by an external alternating magnetic field (AMF) to induce tissue necrosis of the adjacent microenvironment, but in addition provide magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast utilizing enhanced water relaxivity. Here we characterized nanoensembles of Fe‐Co mixed spinel ferrites (i.e. FexCo1‐xFe2O4, where x ranges from 0.2 to 0.8) synthesized by chemical co‐precipitation. With nanoensembles of increasing Co content the saturation magnetization improved, while lattice parameter remained relatively constant. MRI water (transverse) relaxivity at 11.7 T was also boosted with increasing Co content. Efficiency of AMF‐induced heating was quite comparable for the nanoensembles with either chitosan or polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating except for PEG‐coated Fe0.2Co0.8Fe2O4, which was twice as less efficient as others. While toxicity of the nanoensembles with either coating examined on 9L tumor cell cultures showed no significant differences, upon AMF exposure (i.e. heat‐induced necrosis) FexCo1‐xFe2O4 composition with different values of x showed quite dramatic effects on cell death of tumor cells with both coatings. This study lays the ground work for further characterization of other mixed spinel ferrites, and in addition we expect that chitosan and PEG coated FexCo1‐xFe2O4 of all the compositions will have good potential for preclinical applications in vivo. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved hybrid/GPU algorithm for solving cardiac electrophysiology problems on Purkinje networks
Authors: Lange M. , Palamara S. , Lassila T. , Vergara C. , Quarteroni A. , Frangi A. F.
Published: September 2016

Cardiac Purkinje fibers provide an important pathway to the coordinated contraction of the heart. We present a numerical algorithm for the solution of electrophysiology problems across the Purkinje network that is efficient enough to be used in in silico studies on realistic Purkinje networks with physiologically detailed models of ion exchange at the cell membrane. The algorithm is on the basis of operator splitting and is provided with 3 different implementations: pure CPU, hybrid CPU/GPU, and pure GPU. Compared to our previous work, we modify the explicit gap junction term at network bifurcations to improve its mathematical consistency. Due to this improved consistency of the model, we are able to perform an empirical convergence study against analytical solutions. The study verified that all 3 implementations produce equivalent convergence rates, and shows that the algorithm produces equivalent result across different hardware platforms. Finally, we compare the efficiency of all 3 implementations on Purkinje networks of increasing spatial resolution using membrane models of increasing complexity. Both hybrid and pure GPU implementations outperform the pure CPU implementation, but their relative performance difference depends on the size of the Purkinje network and the complexity of the membrane model used.
Molecular Dynamics Study of a Dual‐Cation Ionomer Electrolyte
Authors: Chen Xingyu , Chen Fangfang , Jónsson Erlendur , Forsyth Maria
Published: September 2016

The poly(N1222)xLi1−x[AMPS] ionomer system (AMPS=2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid) with dual cations has previously shown decoupled Li ion dynamics from polymer segmental motions, characterized by the glass‐transition temperature, which can result in a conductive electrolyte material whilst retaining an appropriate modulus (i.e. stiffness) so that it can suppress dendrite formation, thereby improving safety when used in lithium‐metal batteries. To understand this ion dynamics behavior, molecular dynamics techniques have been used in this work to simulate structure and dynamics in these materials. These simulations confirm that the Li ion transport is decoupled from the polymer particularly at intermediate N1222+ concentrations. At 50 mol % N1222+ concentration, the polymer backbone is more rigid than for higher N1222+ concentrations, but with increasing temperature Li ion dynamics are more significant than polymer or quaternary ammonium cation motions. Herein we suggest an ion‐hopping mechanism for Li+, arising from structural rearrangement of ionic clusters that could explain its decoupled behavior. Higher temperatures favor an aggregated ionic structure as well as enhancing these hopping motions. The simulations discussed here provide an atomic‐level understanding of ion dynamics that could contribute to designing an improved ionomer with fast ion transport and mechanical robustness.
Carbon Nanotube Based Gas Sensors toward Breath Analysis
Authors: Ellis James E. , Star Alexander
Published: September 2016

Breath analysis is a promising method for rapid, inexpensive, noninvasive disease diagnosis and health monitoring owing to the correlative relationship between breath biomarker concentrations and abnormal health conditions. However, current methods to identify and quantify breath components rely on large, bench‐top analytical instruments. Carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based gas sensors are desirable candidates to replace benchtop instruments because of their sensitive chemical‐to‐electrical transducer capability, high degree of chemical functionality options, and potential for miniaturization. This review seeks to give an overview of the synthetic methods used to functionalize CNT‐based gas sensors, specifically those sensors that target biologically relevant breath markers. Specific examples are provided to highlight the sensing mechanisms behind different classes of CNT hybrid composites. Finally, the current challenges and prospective solutions of applying CNT‐based sensors to breath analysis are discussed.
Experiential Activities in Mediation‐Based Training: Cyprus, 1997–2013
Authors: Turk A. Marco , Ungerleider John
Published: September 2016

Interactive experiential activities were used in a series of mediation‐based and interpersonal relationship training programs in Cyprus to raise sensitivity and awareness when responding to the multiple, interweaving issues and complex perspectives that arise in an interpersonal, intercultural, interethnic, identity‐based, and political conflict based on the respective histories of the two disputing communities. This approach oriented participants to the underlying nature of the mediation process and produced improved interpersonal relationships between civil society members of the historically divided Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities, who in most instances have held differing views on reunification of the island. In view of the apparent current improved climate for reunification and the potential 2016 efforts for another referendum to accomplish that goal, possible attempts to use this approach to positively engage people bicommunally on the ground bear close consideration as an indispensable auxiliary to the political process.
Adapting Community Mediation for Colombian Forced Migrants in Ecuador
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey , Sulewski David , Moreno Julie
Published: September 2016

This article addresses the challenges of using mediation in conflicts involving immigrants and refugees by examining the case of Colombian migrants in Ecuador. It proposes ways to adapt the community mediation model to better serve migrants in conflict, enhancing mediators’ awareness and capacity to navigate cross‐cultural differences, power imbalances, distrust of state institutions, and other common challenges. Trust, access, form, and capacity of the mediation and the mediator are key dimensions of host‐migrant conflict resolution. The article suggests that using nonstate conflict resolution organizations and emphasizing relationships more than technical neutrality can improve the effectiveness of mediation involving migrants.
Mediator Thinking in Civil Cases
Authors: Wall James A. , Kressel Kenneth
Published: September 2016

In this study we investigated mediators' thinking in twenty real‐life civil case mediations. We found evidence that their thinking unfolds along two planes: one intuitive (system 1) and the other rational (system 2). On the former, mediators frame the mediation as a distributive process, instinctively evaluate the situation as well as the parties, and engage in habitual interventions. On the rational plane, the mediators develop goals, rationally evaluate the situation, mentally map what is going on, and choose among a variety of rational steps, such as pressing, delaying the mediation, and extracting offers, in order to accomplish their goals.
ATMAC: adaptive token‐based medium access control protocol for cognitive radio wireless mesh network
Authors: Battula Ramesh Babu , Gaur Manoj Singh , Gopalani Dinesh
Published: September 2016

In next generation wireless communication, cognitive radio technology facilitates to utilize underutilized licensed frequency bands that help to enhance the spectrum utilization. Cognitive radio wireless mesh network (CRWMN) is a promising and reliable technology to experience high throughput with low cost. Existing IEEE 802.11 based medium access control (MAC) protocols offer high data rates with decreasing efficiency at the MAC layer. Hence, most of the researchers applied aggregation mechanisms to provide the solution to bandwidth craving applications. In CRWMN, MAC design is significant because stability, efficient resource utilization, and scalability are predominating problems; however, the specified MAC issues are not yet resolved. The proposed MAC is novel, which aims to ensure reliability and scalability for CRWMN. The common control channel is used to exchange handshaking frames between the transmitter and receiver. It helps us to schedule the data transmission as well as reserve the channel in a discrete time interval. It introduces a token‐based channel accessing mechanism with resource‐aware channel assignment, which resolves the problems of efficiency and stability. The proposed MAC simulated using the network simulator (ns‐2), and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol improved the performance compared with the existing protocols.
Control of methylxanthines in the competition horse: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies on caffeine, theobromine and theophylline for the assessment of irrelevant concentrations
Authors: Machnik Marc , Kaiser Simone , Koppe Sophie , Kietzmann Manfred , Schenk Ina , Düe Michael , Thevis Mario , Schänzer Wilhelm , Toutain Pierre‐Louis
Published: September 2016

Methylxanthines positives in competition samples have challenged doping control laboratories and racing jurisdictions since methylxanthines are naturally occurring prohibited substances and often constituents of feed. For theobromine, an international threshold (renamed in International Residue Limit, IRL) of 2 µg/mL in urine has been established. On the basis of the data presented herein, a threshold or rather an IRL for theobromine in plasma of 0.3 µg/mL was proposed and was thereupon approved by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). Official recommendations for reporting caffeine and theophylline are still lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate IRLs for theobromine in blood and for caffeine and theophylline in blood and urine. Therefore, a set of six administrations were carried out including both single i.v. and single oral administrations of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Plasma and urine concentrations were determined using a validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Applying the Toutain model approach an effective plasma concentration (EPC) of caffeine was estimated at 3.05 µg/mL, irrelevant concentrations in blood (IPC) and urine (IUC) approached 6 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. EPC of theobromine was calculated with 3.80 µg/mL, and irrelevant concentrations of theobromine were determined at 8 ng/mL in plasma and at 142 ng/mL in urine. Toutain modelling of the theophylline data produced an EPC, IPC, and IUC of 3.20 µg/mL, 6 ng/mL, and 75 ng/mL, respectively. The obtained irrelevant concentrations were used to postulate IRLs for theobromine in plasma and for caffeine and theophylline in plasma and urine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating field and satellite data for spatially explicit inference on the density of threatened arboreal primates
Authors: Cavada Nathalie , Ciolli Marco , Rocchini Duccio , Barelli Claudia , Marshall Andrew R. , Rovero Francesco
Published: September 2016

Spatially explicit models of animal abundance are a critical tool to inform conservation planning and management. However, they require the availability of spatially diffuse environmental predictors of abundance, which may be challenging, especially in complex and heterogeneous habitats. This is particularly the case for tropical mammals, such as nonhuman primates, that depend on multi‐layered and species‐rich tree canopy coverage, which is usually measured through a limited sample of ground plots. We developed an approach that calibrates remote‐sensing imagery to ground measurements of tree density to derive basal area, in turn used as a predictor of primate density based on published models. We applied generalized linear models (GLM) to relate 9.8‐ha ground samples of tree basal area to various metrics extracted from Landsat 8 imagery. We tested the potential of this approach for spatial inference of animal density by comparing the density predictions for an endangered colobus monkey, to previous estimates from field transect counts, measured basal area, and other predictors of abundance. The best GLM had high accuracy and showed no significant difference between predicted and observed values of basal area. Our species distribution model yielded predicted primate densities that matched those based on field measurements. Results show the potential of using open‐access and global remote‐sensing data to derive an important predictor of animal abundance in tropical forests and in turn to make spatially explicit inference on animal density. This approach has important, inherent applications as it greatly magnifies the relevance of abundance modeling for informing conservation. This is especially true for threatened species living in heterogeneous habitats where spatial patterns of abundance, in relation to habitat and/or human disturbance factors, are often complex and, management decisions, such as improving forest protection, may need to be focused on priority areas.
Two‐Dimensional Piezoelectric MoS2‐Modulated Nanogenerator and Nanosensor Made of Poly(vinlydine Fluoride) Nanofiber Webs for Self‐Powered Electronics and Robotics
Authors: Maity Kuntal , Mahanty Biswajit , Sinha Tridib Kumar , Garain Samiran , Biswas Anirban , Ghosh Sujoy Kumar , Manna Smarajit , Ray Samit K. , Mandal Dipankar
Published: September 2016

With the widespread use of wearable electronics, portable and flexible energy harvesting devices with a high sensitivity have attracted considerable interest. Herein, an ultrasensitive piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) made of a few layers of 2 D‐MoS2‐incorporated electrospun poly(vinlydine fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber webs (NFW) is described for the first time. As a result of the semiconducting properties and piezoelectric functionalities of 2 D‐MoS2, the resultant piezoelectric performance of PNG can be modulated, which leads to a material suitable for wearable electronics to power devices and to fabricate self‐powered biomedical nanosensors for diagnosis, such as heartbeat monitoring, pressure mapping from footsteps, and speech signal abnormality. We have demonstrated that our PNG has a 70 times improvement in acoustic sensitivity than nanosensors made of neat PVDF NFW and are able to charge a capacitor quickly (e.g., 9 V is charged within 44 s). As a result of the ultrafast charging performance and external low‐impact detection capability of 2 D‐MoS2‐modulated PNG, this paves the way to design cost‐effective self‐powered wearable electronics and robotics.
Probabilistic permanent fault displacement hazard via Monte Carlo simulation and its consideration for the probabilistic risk assessment of buried continuous steel pipelines
Authors: Cheng Yin , Akkar Sinan
Published: September 2016

Permanent fault displacements (PFDs) because of fault ruptures emerging at the surface are critical for seismic design and risk assessment of continuous pipelines. They impose significant compressive and tensile strains to the pipe cross‐section at pipe‐fault crossings. The complexity of fault rupture, inaccurate mapping of fault location and uncertainties in fault‐pipe crossing geometries require probabilistic approaches for assessing the PFD hazard and mitigating pipeline failure risk against PFD. However, the probabilistic approaches are currently waived in seismic design of pipelines. Bearing on these facts, this paper first assesses the probabilistic PFD hazard by using Monte Carlo‐based stochastic simulations whose theory and implementation are given in detail. The computed hazard is then used in the probabilistic risk assessment approach to calculate the failure probability of continuous pipelines under different PFD levels as well as pipe cross‐section properties. Our probabilistic pipeline risk computations consider uncertainties arising from complex fault rupture and geomorphology that result in inaccurate mapping of fault location and fault‐pipe crossings. The results presented in this paper suggest the re‐evaluation of design provisions in current pipeline design guidelines to reduce the seismic risk of these geographically distributed structural systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a conceptual approach for assessing risks from chemical mixtures and other stressors to coastal ecosystem services
Authors: Syberg Kristian , Backhaus Thomas , Banta Gary , Bruce Peter , Gustavsson Mikael , Munns Wayne R , Rämö Robert , Selck Henriette , Gunnarsson Jonas S
Published: September 2016

Growth of human populations and increased human activity, particularly in coastal areas, increase pressure on coastal ecosystems and the ecosystem services (ES) they provide. As a means toward being able to assess the impact of multiple stressors on ES, in the present study we propose an 8-step conceptual approach for assessing effects of chemical mixtures and other stressors on ES in coastal areas: step A, identify the relevant problems and policy aims; step B, identify temporal and spatial boundaries; step C, identify relevant ES; step D, identify relevant stressors (e.g., chemicals); step E, translate impacts into ES units; step F, assess cumulative risk in ES units; step G, rank stressors based on their contribution to adverse effects on ES; and step H, implement regulation and management as appropriate and necessary. Two illustrative case studies (Swedish coastal waters and a coastal lagoon in Costa Rica) are provided; one focuses on chemicals that affect human food supply and the other addresses pesticide runoff and trade-offs among ES. The 2 cases are used to highlight challenges of such risk assessments, including use of standardized versus ES-relevant test species, data completeness, and trade-offs among ES. Lessons learned from the 2 case studies are discussed in relation to environmental risk assessment and management of chemical mixtures. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:376–386. © 2016 SETAC

Key Points

Coastal areas are under increased pressure from human activities. Chemical mixtures are among the most important stressors in coastal areas. Ecosystem services can be used as a unit to assess the impact of multiple stressors. We introduce a 7-step approach for linking chemical mixtures to ecosystem services in coastal areas.
Anti‐Tumor Effects of Cardiac Glycosides on Human Lung Cancer Cells and Lung Tumorspheres
Authors: Kaushik Vivek , Yakisich Juan Sebastian , Azad Neelam , Kulkarni Yogesh , Venkatadri Rajkumar , Wright Clayton , Rojanasakul Yon , Iyer Anand Krishnan V.
Published: September 2016

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States. Although several drugs have been developed that target individual biomarkers, their success has been limited due to intrinsic or acquired resistance for the specific targets of such drugs. A more effective approach is to target multiple pathways that dictate cancer progression. Cardiac glycosides demonstrate such multimodal effects on cancer cell survival, and our aim was to evaluate the effect of two naturally occurring monosaccaridic cardiac glycosides—Convallatoxin and Peruvoside on lung cancer cells. Although both drugs had significant anti‐proliferative effects on H460 and Calu‐3 lung cancer cells, Convallatoxin demonstrated twofold higher activity as compared to Peruvoside using both viability and colony forming assays, suggesting a role for the aglycone region in dictating drug potency. The tumor suppressor p53 was found to be important for action of both drugs—p53‐underexpressing cells were less sensitive as compared to p53‐positive H460 cells. Further, assessment of p53‐underexpressing H460 cells showed that drugs were able to arrest cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in a dose‐dependent manner. Both drugs significantly inhibited migration and invasion of cancer cells and decreased the viability of floating tumorspheres. An assessment of intracellular pathways indicated that both drugs were able to modulate proteins that are involved in apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle, proliferation, and EMT. Our data suggest, a promising role for cardiac glycosides in lung cancer treatment, and provides impetus for further investigation of the anti‐cancer potential of this class of drugs. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2497–2507, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PACAP and VIP Inhibit HIF‐1α‐Mediated VEGF Expression in a Model of Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Maugeri Grazia , D'Amico Agata Grazia , Saccone Salvatore , Federico Concetta , Cavallaro Sebastiano , D'Agata Velia
Published: September 2016

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) exert a protective role against retinal injuries, including diabetic macular edema (DME). The macular damage is induced by hyperglycemia, which damages vessels supplying blood to the retina and induces hypoxia. The microenvironmental changes stimulate the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs), which promote the choroidal endothelial cell transmigration across the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) into neurosensory retina, where they proliferate into new vessels under stimulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the present study, we have investigated whether PACAP and VIP prevent retinal damage by modulating the expression of HIFs, VEGF, and its receptors. In accord to our hypothesis, we have shown that both peptides are able to significantly reduce HIF‐1α and increase HIF‐3α expression in ARPE‐19 cells exposed to hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult. This effect is also related to a reduction of VEGF and its receptors expression. Moreover, both peptides also reduce the activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), a pro‐apoptotic signaling pathway, which is activated by VEGFR‐1 and 2 receptors. In conclusion, our study has further elucidated the protective role performed by PACAP and VIP, against the harmful combined effect of hyperglycemia/hypoxia characterizing the DME microenvironment. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1209–1215, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward an Understanding of Divergent Compound Eye Development in Drones and Workers of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.): A Correlative Analysis of Morphology and Gene Expression
Authors: Marco Antonio David S. , Hartfelder Klaus
Published: September 2016

Eye development in insects is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster, but little is known for other holometabolous insects. Combining a morphological with a gene expression analysis, we investigated eye development in the honeybee, putting emphasis on the sex‐specific differences in eye size. Optic lobe development starts from an optic lobe anlage in the larval brain, which sequentially gives rise to the lobula, medulla, and lamina. The lamina differentiates in the last larval instar, when it receives optic nerve projections from the developing retina. The expression analysis focused on seven genes important for Drosophila eye development: eyes absent, sine oculis, embryonic lethal abnormal vision, minibrain, small optic lobes, epidermal growth factor receptor, and roughest. All except small optic lobes were more highly expressed in third‐instar drone larvae, but then, in the fourth and fifth instar, their expression was sex‐specifically modulated, showing shifts in temporal dynamics. The clearest differences were seen for small optic lobes, which is highly expressed in the developing eye of workers, and minibrain and roughest, which showed a strong expression peak coinciding with retina differentiation. A microarray analysis for optic lobe/retina complexes revealed the differential expression of several metabolism‐related genes, as well as of two micro‐RNAs. While we could not see major morphological differences in the developing eye structures before the pupal stage, the expression differences observed for the seven candidate genes and in the transcriptional microarray profiles indicate that molecular signatures underlying sex‐specific optic lobe and retina development become established throughout the larval stages.
Heterochrony and Morphological Variation of Epithalamic Asymmetry
Authors: Signore Iskra A. , Concha Miguel L.
Published: September 2016

Heterochrony is one proposed mechanism to explain how morphological variation and novelty arise during evolution. To experimentally approach heterochrony in a comprehensive manner, we must consider all three aspects of developmental time (sequence, timing, duration). This task is only possible in developmental models that allow the acquisition of high‐quality temporal data in the context of normalized developmental time. Here we propose that epithalamic asymmetry of teleosts is one such model. Comparative studies among related teleost species have revealed heterochronic shifts in the timing of ontogenic events leading to the development of epithalamic asymmetry. Such temporal changes involve neural structures critical for tissue–tissue interactions underlying the generation of asymmetry and are concurrent with the appearance of morphological differences in the pattern of asymmetry between species. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that interspecies variation of epithalamic asymmetry results from changes in the timing of tissue–tissue interactions critical for the establishment of asymmetry during ontogeny. Importantly, this hypothesis can be tested by systematic comparative approaches among teleosts species based on normalized developmental time, combined with experimental manipulation of epithalamic asymmetry development.
Travelling‐wave ion mobility mass spectrometry and negative ion fragmentation of hybrid and complex N‐glycans
Authors: Harvey David J. , Scarff Charlotte A. , Edgeworth Matthew , Pagel Kevin , Thalassinos Konstantinos , Struwe Weston B. , Crispin Max , Scrivens James H.
Published: September 2016

Nitrogen collisional cross sections (CCSs) of hybrid and complex glycans released from the glycoproteins IgG, gp120 (from human immunodeficiency virus), ovalbumin, α1‐acid glycoprotein and thyroglobulin were measured with a travelling‐wave ion mobility mass spectrometer using dextran as the calibrant. The utility of this instrument for isomer separation was also investigated. Some isomers, such as Man3GlcNAc3 from chicken ovalbumin and Man3GlcNAc3Fuc1 from thyroglobulin could be partially resolved and identified by their negative ion fragmentation spectra obtained by collision‐induced decomposition (CID). Several other larger glycans, however, although existing as isomers, produced only asymmetric rather than separated arrival time distributions (ATDs). Nevertheless, in these cases, isomers could often be detected by plotting extracted fragment ATDs of diagnostic fragment ions from the negative ion CID spectra obtained in the transfer cell of the Waters Synapt mass spectrometer. Coincidence in the drift times of all fragment ions with an asymmetric ATD profile in this work, and in the related earlier paper on high‐mannose glycans, usually suggested that separations were because of conformers or anomers, whereas symmetrical ATDs of fragments showing differences in drift times indicated isomer separation. Although some significant differences in CCSs were found for the smaller isomeric glycans, the differences found for the larger compounds were usually too small to be analytically useful. Possible correlations between CCSs and structural types were also investigated, and it was found that complex glycans tended to have slightly smaller CCSs than high‐mannose glycans of comparable molecular weight. In addition, biantennary glycans containing a core fucose and/or a bisecting GlcNAc residue fell on different mobility‐m/z trend lines to those glycans not so substituted with both of these substituents contributing to larger CCSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is involvement of inflammation underestimated in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease?
Authors: Marteyn Antoine , Baron‐Van Evercooren Anne
Published: September 2016

Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a severe hypomyelinating leukodystrophy resulting from proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) mutations leading to oligodendrocyte loss. While neuroinflammation has recently become a common feature and actor in neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of inflammation in PMD physiopathology is still highly debated despite evidence for strong astrogliosis and microglial cell activation. Activation of the innate immune system, and more particularly, of microglia and astrocytes, is mostly associated with the deleterious role of neuroinflammation. However, in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, microglia appear beneficial for repair based on their role in myelin debris removal or recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In this review, we will discuss recent published data in terms of their relevance to the role of microglia in PMD evolution, and of their impact on the improvement of therapeutic approaches combining immunomodulation and cell therapy to promote optimal recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.