bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community motivations to engage in conservation behavior to conserve the Sumatran orangutan
Authors: Nilsson Danielle , Gramotnev Galina , Baxter Greg , Butler James R.A. , Wich Serge A. , McAlpine Clive A.
Published: October 2015

Community‐based conservation programs in developing countries are often based on the assumption that heteronomous motivation (e.g., extrinsic incentives such as economic rewards and pressure or coercion to act) will incite local communities to adopt conservation behaviors. However, this may not be as effective or sustainable as autonomous motivations (e.g., an intrinsic desire to act due to inherent enjoyment or self‐identification with a behavior and through freedom of choice). We analyzed the comparative effectiveness of heteronomous versus autonomous approaches to community‐based conservation programs through a case study of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) conservation in 3 villages in Indonesia. Each village had a different conservation program design. We surveyed people (n = 240) to determine their motivations for and behavior changes relative to orangutan and orangutan habitat (forest) protection. Heteronomous motivations (e.g., income from tourism) led to greater self‐reporting of behavior change toward orangutan protection. However, they did not change self‐reported behavior toward forest (i.e., orangutan habitat) protection. The most effective approach to creating self‐reported behavior change throughout the community was a combination of autonomous and heteronomous motivations. Individuals who were heteronomously motivated to protect the orangutan were more likely to have changed attitudes than to have changed their self‐reported behavior. These findings demonstrate that the current paradigm of motivating communities in developing countries to adopt conservation behaviors primarily through monetary incentives and rewards should consider integrating autonomous motivational techniques that promote the intrinsic values of conservation. Such a combination has a greater potential to achieve sustainable and cost‐effective conservation outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of using in‐depth sociopsychological analyses to inform the design and implementation of community‐based conservation programs.
Recognizing the Relationships between Interactivity, Story, and Message: Lessons Learned from the Summative Evaluation of the Human Plus Exhibition
Authors: Wasserman Deborah L. , Hayde Donnelley , Heimlich Joe E.
Published: October 2015

Interactivity, message, and story are critical, interrelated components of most educational exhibition designs. In this article, we introduce an Interactivity Design Framework for guiding exhibition designers’ intentional inclusion of interactivity, story, and message in exhibition components. This framework emerges from selected findings from summative evaluation of the Human Plus exhibition, which took place at the New York Hall of Science in late 2013. The exhibition was designed to generate interest in engineering among pre‐adolescent girls. Recognizing the target group's interest in human relationships and narrative, the exhibition was designed to be engaging and interactive, driven by compelling narratives of how engineering had enhanced the lives of people with disabilities. Exhibits interwove interactivity and story to convey messages related to both engineering itself and how engineering can meet the needs of people with disabilities. Because of this dual focus, the exhibition evaluation revealed important findings about how, and under what conditions, story and interactivity function to convey message: they can work together or compete.
Das Vaskulitis‐Rad – ein algorithmischer Ansatz für kutane Vaskulitiden
Authors: Ratzinger Gudrun , Zelger Bettina Gudrun , Carlson J. Andrew , Burgdorf Walter , Zelger Bernhard
Published: October 2015

Hintergrund:

Ältere Klassifikationen für Vaskulitiden weisen verschiedene Mängel auf. Erstens kann die Klassifikation unterschiedlichen Prinzipien folgen, wie klinisch‐pathologischen Befunden, Ätiologie, Pathogenese, Prognose oder therapeutischen Optionen. Zweitens unterscheiden die Autoren nicht zwischen Vaskulitis und Koagulopathie. Drittens sind Vaskulitiden systemische Erkrankungen. Aufgrund organspezifischer Variationen sind morphologische Befunde schwierig zu vergleichen. Viertens sind geringfügige Veränderungen zwar an der Haut erkennbar, verursachen jedoch an anderen Organen möglicherweise keine Symptome. Unser Ziel war es, die Haut und die Subkutis als Modell und die klinisch‐pathologische Korrelation als Grundlage für die Klassifikation zu verwenden.

Methoden und Ergebnisse:

Wir verwenden einen algorithmischen Ansatz mit Musteranalyse, der konsistente Angaben zu mikroskopischen Befunden ermöglicht. Zunächst differenzieren wir zwischen Vaskulitiden kleiner und mittelgroßer Gefäße. Im zweiten Schritt unterscheiden wir die Subtypen kleiner (Kapillaren versus postkapilläre Venolen) und mittelgroßer (Arteriolen/Arterien versus Venen) Gefäße. Im letzten Schritt unterscheiden wir, je nach vorherrschendem Zelltyp, zwischen leukozytoklastischer und/oder granulomatöser Vaskulitis.

Schlussfolgerungen:

Ausgehend von der leukozytoklastischen Vaskulitis als zentralem Reaktionsmuster bei kutanen Vaskulitiden kleiner und mittelgroßer Gefäße können Zusammenhänge oder Variationen darum herum angeordnet werden wie die Speichen eines Rades um die Nabe. Dies kann dazu beitragen, eine gewisse grundlegende Ordnung im vergleichsweise komplexen Bereich der kutanen Vaskulitiden einzuführen, um zu einem besseren Verständnis eines komplizierten Gebiets beizutragen.
Hereditäre Epidermolysen
Authors: Laimer Martin , Prodinger Christine , Bauer Johann W.
Published: October 2015

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) umfasst eine Gruppe seltener erblicher Hauterkrankungen, die durch mutationsbedingte Störung der strukturellen und funktionellen Integrität der intraepidermalen Adhäsion bzw. der dermoepidermalen Verankerung zu Hautfragilität und charakteristischen, mechanisch induzierbaren Blasen an Haut und Schleimhäuten führen. Extrakutane Manifestationen und ihre Komplikationen in weiteren Epithel‐tragenden Organen machen die EB zur Multisystemerkrankung mit teils dramatischer Morbidität und Mortalität. Möglichst präzise und frühzeitige Diagnosestellung, multidisziplinär‐koordinierte, individuell adaptierte Betreuung in Expertise‐Zentren, optimierte symptomatische Therapien und Zugang zu forschungsbasierten, potenziell kurativen Behandlungsstrategien sind Grundpfeiler einer sich dynamisch weiterentwickelnden Versorgungsstruktur.
Application of local gene induction by infrared laser‐mediated microscope and temperature stimulator to amphibian regeneration study
Authors: Kawasumi‐Kita Aiko , Hayashi Toshinori , Kobayashi Takuya , Nagayama Chikashi , Hayashi Shinichi , Kamei Yasuhiro , Morishita Yoshihiro , Takeuchi Takashi , Tamura Koji , Yokoyama Hitoshi
Published: October 2015

Urodele amphibians (newts and salamanders) and anuran amphibians (frogs) are excellent research models to reveal mechanisms of three‐dimensional organ regeneration since they have exceptionally high regenerative capacity among tetrapods. However, the difficulty in manipulating gene expression in cells in a spatially restricted manner has so far hindered elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in amphibians. Recently, local heat shock by laser irradiation has enabled local gene induction even at the single‐cell level in teleost fishes, nematodes, fruit flies and plants. In this study, local heat shock was made with infrared laser irradiation (IR‐LEGO) by using a gene expression inducible system in transgenic animals containing a heat shock promoter, and gene expression was successfully induced only in the target region of two amphibian species, Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl (a newt), at postembryonic stages. Furthermore, we induced spatially restricted but wider gene expression in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and froglets by applying local heat shock by a temperature‐controlled metal probe (temperature stimulator). The local gene manipulation systems, the IR‐LEGO and the temperature stimulator, enable us to do a rigorous cell lineage trace with the combination of the Cre‐LoxP system as well as to analyze gene function in a target region or cells with less off‐target effects in the study of amphibian regeneration.
Influence of abutment tooth position and adhesive point dimension on the rigidity of a dental trauma wire‐composite splint
Authors: Zhu Yuqing , Chen Hui , Cen Lian , Wang Jun
Published: October 2015

Background/Aim

The influence of abutment tooth position and adhesive point dimension on rigidity of wire‐composite splints, used in dental trauma, was evaluated in vitro.

Materials and Methods

A commercial artificial resin model was used. The central incisors served as injured teeth with increased mobility (degrees of loosening II tooth 21 and III tooth 11), whereas teeth 12/22 or teeth 13/23 served as non‐injured teeth with physiological mobility. Horizontal and vertical tooth mobility before and after splinting was assessed, using a universal testing machine. Teeth were splinted with a wire‐composite splint (0.8 mm). Four groups were assigned with respective abutment tooth position and adhesive point dimension: group 1 (13‐11‐21‐23, 2 × 2 mm2), group 2 (12‐11‐21‐22, 2 × 2 mm2), group 3 (12‐11‐21‐22, 3 × 3 mm2), group 4 (12‐11‐21‐22, 4 × 4 mm2).

Results

For each group, tooth mobility after splinting was significantly higher than the physiological tooth mobility (P < 0.05). For teeth 11 and 12, no significant differences between Group 1 and 2 (P > 0.05) were found in tooth mobility after splinting. Significant differences were found in horizontal tooth mobility after splinting of tooth 11 between Group 2 and 3, Group 2 and 4 and Group 3 and 4, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas significant difference was found in vertical dimension for tooth 11 only between Group 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found in horizontal mobility of tooth 21 between Group 2 and 3, and Group 2 and 4 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Splinting the injured teeth 11 and 21 and the bilateral uninjured abutment teeth (teeth 12/22 or teeth 13/23) with the stainless steel wire‐composite splint (0.8 mm), can be considered flexible splinting. While mobility was still higher than in unaffected teeth, increase in size of the adhesive splinting point decreased horizontal but not vertical mobility in most cases.
Disease development of Dothistroma needle blight in seedlings ofPinus sylvestrisandPinus contortaunder Nordic conditions
Authors: Millberg H. , Hopkins A. J. M. , Boberg J. , Davydenko K. , Stenlid J.
Published: October 2015

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused byDothistroma septosporum, was observed for the first time in the Nordic countries during the 21st century, and the dynamics of the disease under Nordic conditions are still poorly explored. In this study, we followed the development ofDNBon seedlings ofPinus sylvestrisandPinus contorta, planted at two forest sites in central Sweden.PCRwith species‐specific primers was used to detect infections ofD. septosporumin needle samples collected over a two‐year period. The seedlings were also examined for typical red bands and fruit bodies (conidiomata). One‐year‐old needles that were present on the seedlings at the time of planting became infected during the first summer. The first conidiomata appeared onP. sylvestrisin autumn the same year and onP. contortain spring the following year. The first infections of the current‐year needles of both host species occurred in summer, as they were starting to elongate, and the following spring the first conidiomata appeared. On one of the sites, many seedlings carried latent infections without any symptom development. At some time points, infections ofD. septosporumwere detected in more than 50% of the seedlings, but red bands and conidiomata were only observed on a small number of the seedlings throughout the study period. No clear difference was observed in the susceptibility of infection between the two host species; nonetheless, at the same site, the mortality ofP. sylvestriswas higher than that ofP. contorta, and this is likely primarily due to other stresses and the presence of another needle pathogen,Lophodermium seditiosum.
Influence of culture conditions on medium discoloration and mycelial growth of Dothistroma septosporum
Authors: Kowalski T. , Nawrot‐Chorabik K. , Grad B. , Leszczyński K.
Published: October 2015

Dothistroma septosporum is one of the most damaging fungi‐attacking pines wherever they are grown. Specific symptoms on pine include the formation of red bands on needles and the appearance of which is attributed to dothistromin, a toxin produced by this pathogen. Many reports have suggested that such red bands do not appear in all infections, although the cause of this phenomenon is unclear. When grown in vitro, some strains of D. septosporum cause an intense blue, rather than red, coloration of the medium. This study presents results of experiments designed to determine the effects of culture conditions on growth of D. septosporum in vitro and the accompanying coloration of the medium. Growth of D. septosporum is characterized by slow mycelial extension and high morphological diversity in all culture conditions. The most rapid growth occurred at 20°C and on a medium at pH 6. Colour of the secreted pigment was not a consistent feature of a given fungal isolate, but depended on temperature and pH of the medium, along with a significant interaction among these factors. Lower temperature and lower pH favoured the production of the blue pigment. Moreover, pigmentation around the D. septosporum colonies was affected by other fungi inhabiting the same ecological niche. These results are discussed in terms of the possible reasons for the failure to produce the characteristic red banding symptoms on needles infected by D. septosporum in some in vivo situations.
Inhibition of dentine collagen degradation by hesperidin: an in situ study
Authors: van Strijp Augustinus J. P. , Takatsuka Tsutomu , Sono Ryohei , Iijima Youichi
Published: October 2015

Dentine caries is a process of demineralization and subsequent degradation of the collagenous matrix. Host‐derived proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), play a role in this process of dentine collagen degradation. Hampering this degradation retards the caries process. Dietary antioxidants, such as the flavonoid hesperidin, can inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs and act as natural stabilizers of collagen. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐collagenolytic activity of hesperidin in an in situ model. A single‐blind, split‐mouth, in situ experiment was designed. Seventeen participants received two completely demineralized dentine specimens placed contralaterally in the buccal flanges of their partial prosthesis. During the 4‐wk experimental period, the participants immersed the dentine specimens in a test solution [1,000 parts per million (p.p.m.) hesperidin] or a control solution (saline), twice daily for 3 min. After the in situ period, the specimens were retrieved and their collagen content was determined. A saliva sample was taken at the start and at the end of the experimental period, to assess collagenolytic activity. A significant protection of collagen, of 24%, was observed in the hesperidin‐treated specimens compared with the control‐treated specimens. No correlation was found between salivary collagenolytic activity and loss of collagen in the control‐treated specimens. The results of this in situ study show that hesperidin could play a role in the preservation of dentine collagen matrix.
Pan‐tropical hinterland forests: mapping minimally disturbed forests
Authors: Tyukavina A. , Hansen M. C. , Potapov P. V. , Krylov A. M. , Goetz S. J.
Published: October 2015

Aim

Tropical forest degradation is a significant source of carbon emissions due to selective logging, fragmentation and other disturbance factors. However, methods for mapping and monitoring pan‐tropical forest degradation are still in their infancy. Here we present a new and automated approach to differentiate forests likely to be affected by degradation dynamics from more structurally intact forests, referred to as hinterland forests.

Location

Pan‐tropical.

Methods

Inputs required for hinterland forest mapping include the extent of the initial forest cover and subsequent forest cover loss data, in this case global‐scale Landsat‐derived tree cover and stand‐replacement disturbance maps. User‐defined parameters employed to generate the extent and change of hinterland forest include: (1) minimum size of hinterland forest patch, (2) minimum corridor width, (3) distance from disturbance, and (4) extant history.

Results

Hinterland forest extent was mapped using forest cover loss data from 2000 to 2012 and hinterland forest loss was quantified from 2007 to 2013. Lidar‐modelled forest height data were shown to be different within and outside hinterland forests, demonstrating the biophysical basis of the hinterland concept in discriminating likely degradation. Overall, hinterland forests experienced an 18% decline from 2007 to 2013. Regional variation in hinterland forest extent and loss was high. Data on 2013 pan‐tropical hinterland forest extent can be downloaded from http://glad.geog.umd.edu/hinterland/index.html and viewed online at http://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science‐2013‐global‐forest.

Main conclusions

The largest extent of hinterland forests and of hinterland forest loss was found in Latin America, followed by Africa and Southeast Asia, respectively. The highest proportional loss of hinterland forest occurred in Southeast Asia, followed by Africa and Latin America, respectively. Nearly 95% of all 2013 hinterland forests were found in 17 of the 69 tropical forest countries studied. The extent and loss of hinterland forest can be an input to national monitoring and management programmes focused on forest carbon stocks, biodiversity conservation and other ecosystem services.
Logistics Services: Global Functions and Global Cities
Authors: O'Connor Kevin , Derudder Ben , Witlox Frank
Published: October 2015

The services that organise global and regional trade are supplied by multi‐locational, multi‐functional, and information‐intensive firms. However, in much of the urban and regional research these firms are still seen as part of the transportation task, so their urban and regional impacts are expected to be expressed in concentrations of transportation infrastructure. This paper shows that there has been considerable functional and structural change within these services. In effect, they act like producer services and, for many, head offices and regional offices are in global cities, not all of which are major transportation centres. Using data on the location of the head and regional offices of a sample of the largest of these firms, this research shows that high‐ranked global cities, rather than large transportation centres, are a common office location although some firms operate from small cities. When these firms have regional offices overseas, all favour global cities. These results provide some insight on the links between these cities and the service tasks performed by service firms. They also provide grounds to develop a potentially rich research agenda based on analyses of the activities of these understudied firms.
Implementing English Further/Higher Education Partnerships: the Street Level Perspective
Authors: Gray Claire
Published: October 2015

This paper reports on research into the operation of English further/higher education, with a focus on the role of partnerships in supporting the massification of higher education. The research draws on the bottom‐up policy implementation tradition to provide analysis of the effects on partnerships of a quasi‐marketised environment. The rationale and effects of market orientated policy are discussed with reference to empirical data from college staff and partnership managers. In employing the concept of the ‘street‐level bureaucrat’ as an agent of policy implementation, this research contributes to the interpretation of policy and partnership which has previously been unexplored within the further/higher education context. Conclusions are drawn with implications for the development of college higher education delivered in partnership.
Intentions of formally qualified and unqualified teachers to transfer norms and values in home economics teaching
Authors: Håkansson Andreas
Published: October 2015

Historically, home economics (HE) in general, and the consumer education sections in particular, have been criticized for transferring norms and values of conservative elites to the masses. This is in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical views of a modern HE aimed at educating emancipated and critical citizens, and also to modern curricula that emphasize the consequences of consumption rather than dogma. A previous study has indicated that formally unqualified teachers see the transfer of consumption norms and values without support in the curriculum as an important objective of HE teaching, a practice that is questionable from a democratic perspective. This follow‐up study investigates to what extent formally qualified HE teachers show intentions to transfer consumption norms and values without support in the curriculum to students, using content analysis of 201 survey responses from Swedish qualified HE teachers and comparing to data from a previously published study on formally unqualified teachers. It is concluded that the qualified teachers demonstrate intentions to transfer unsupported norms and values, though, to a lower degree than unqualified teachers. The results are interpreted by adopting a values education perspective on HE. This indicates that the observed emphasis on norms and values could be seen partly as a lack of a proficient professional metalanguage among the teachers, and partly as a consequence of the focus on developing a pre‐defined moral of consumption in HE literature. The implications on how to develop HE teacher education to reduce norm and value transfer intentions are discussed based on the empirical findings and the theoretical framework.
Temperatures, cleanliness and food storage practises in domestic refrigerators in Serbia, Belgrade
Authors: Janjić Jelena , Katić Vera , Ivanović Jelena , Bošković Marija , Starčević Marija , Glamočlija Nataša , Baltić Milan Ž.
Published: October 2015

Consumers’ knowledge about proper household practises during food handling and storage are deemed insufficient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the conditions of food storage in refrigerators (temperature, hygienic and storage conditions) and consumer knowledge about good practises. This study included 100 households from the Belgrade area. All participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. The internal temperature of refrigerators was measured at three points: the top and bottom shelves and the refrigerator door. The average temperature in the refrigerators was 9.3°C. The average temperature recorded in the refrigerator doors was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than temperatures recorded on the top or bottom shelves. The age and design of refrigerators, and potential heat source near refrigerator can impact the refrigerator temperature. In 50% of the surveyed refrigerators, food storage practises were incorrect. More than a half (56%) of the surveyed consumers were aware of the recommended refrigerator temperature, but measured temperature in their refrigerators was considerably higher. The results from our study indicate that knowledge of recommended behaviour about good food safety practise do not always translate into practise in the home.
Consumers’ intention to buy protected designation of origin and protected geographical indication foodstuffs: the case of Greece
Authors: Likoudis Zisimos , Sdrali Despina , Costarelli Vassiliki , Apostolopoulos Constantine
Published: October 2015

There is evidence that consumers tend to highly regard the quality, authenticity, ethical standards, country of origin and sustainable production of foodstuffs; hence, the growing number of studies on products of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). PDO and PGI labelling is associated with the preservation of local plant varieties, the financial reward of local people and the sustainable development of rural areas. This study was set out to investigate the factors associated with Greek consumers’ intention to buy PDO/PGI food products. A total of 615 consumers took part in the study from the municipality of Attica, Greece. The survey was conducted during the period of March 2011 to April 2013. Results indicated that approximately 50% of respondents were willing to buy PDO/PGI products whereas the willingness to buy these products constituted an important factor in purchasing them. More specifically, according to the regression analysis, factors that are significantly associated with respondents’ willingness to buy PDOs/PGIs were as follows: origin, health claims and label of a product, as well as sustainable consumer behaviour. Understanding the main factors relating to consumers’ purchasing intent towards PDO/PGI products is an important step towards promoting special labelled agri‐foodstuffs and hence contributes to the local sustainable development.
Multivariate Hill Estimators
Authors: Dominicy Yves , Ilmonen Pauliina , Veredas David
Published: October 2015

We propose two classes of semi‐parametric estimators for the tail index of a regular varying elliptical random vector. The first one is based on the distance between a tail probability contour and the observations outside this contour. We denote it as the class ofseparatingestimators. The second one is based on the norm of an arbitrary order. We denote it as the class ofangularestimators. We show the asymptotic properties and the finite sample performances of both classes. We also illustrate the separating estimators with an empirical application to 21 worldwide financial market indexes.
Introduction: Proceedings of the ISSA 2014 International Research Conference
Authors: Gottlieb Daniel , Brimblecombe Simon , Orton Ian
Published: October 2015

The 2014 Research Conference of the International Social Security Association (ISSA), which offered a platform for discussion and analysis among social security administrators and academia, addressed issues concerning the adequacy and sustainability of social security. Core issues discussed were the definition and measurement of adequacy and the contribution of social security systems to social and economic development. Also addressed were “megatrends”, including demographic ageing and climate change, and their impacts on social security systems. As an objective, the conference sought to evaluate the implications of these issues for social security administrations and, on the basis of national good practice and new research findings, to identify measures permitting future adaptation and innovation.
Supporting jobseekers: How unemployment benefits can help unemployed workers and strengthen job creation
Authors: Ernst Ekkehard
Published: October 2015

The rapid rise in unemployment since 2008 caused by the global financial crisis has created renewed interest in the effects of well‐designed unemployment benefit systems on the speed at which labour markets recover and job creation resumes. On the basis of a newly‐created database on labour market flows, this article makes use of a micro‐founded macroeconomic model to estimate different effects of active and passive labour market spending on employment growth and the state of public finances. It demonstrates, in particular, that for the average advanced G20 country, spending on unemployment benefits yields employment gains both in the short‐term and long‐term that are superior to those observed for active labour market policies. Moreover, rather than tightening their budgets prematurely, advanced G20 countries would have fared much better in accepting further deterioration in public finances stemming from higher spending on social transfers in order to stimulate faster employment growth, which would have led to a more rapid recovery in the state of public finances as well.
An investigation of the ability to produce a defined ‘target pressure’ using the PressCise compression bandage
Authors: Wiklander Kerstin , Andersson Annette Erichsen , Källman Ulrika
Published: October 2015

Compression therapy is the cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of leg ulcers related to chronic venous insufficiency. The application of optimal high pressure is essential for a successful outcome, but the literature has reported difficulty applying the intended pressure, even among highly skilled nurses. The PressCise bandage has a novel design, with both longitudinal and horizontal reference points for correct application. In the current experimental study, the results for the general linear model, where the data set is treated optimally, showed that all 95% confidence intervals of the expected values for pressure were, at most, 5 mmHg from the target value of 50 mmHg, independent of the position on the leg and the state of activity. Moreover, even nurses with limited experience were consistently able to reach the targeted pressure goal. Future studies are needed to determine how well the bandage works on legs of different shapes, the optimal way of using the bandage (day only or both day and night) and whether the bandage should be combined with an outer bandage layer. In addition, special attention should be paid to subjective patient experiences in relation to the treatment as pain, discomfort and bulk are factors that can compromise patients' willingness to adhere to the treatment protocol and thereby prolong the healing process.
Characterization of Odor‐Active Compounds in Gabiroba Fruits (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg)
Authors: Ferreira Daniele De Freitas , Garruti Deborah Dos Santos , Barin Juliano Smanioto , Cichoski Alexandre José , Wagner Roger
Published: October 2015

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction was used for isolation of the volatile compounds from gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg) and further quantification by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O). The odor‐active compounds were evaluated using the Osme technique. Seventy‐nine compounds were identified, from which 39 presented odor activity detected by the judges in GC‐O analysis. The major compounds were (E)‐2‐hexenal, ethanol, ethyl hexanoate, hexanal, ethyl butanoate, hexanoic acid, 1‐hexanol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, linalool, 1‐butanol, methyl acetate and α‐terpineol, but the substances 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐2(3H)‐furanone, 1‐penten‐3‐ol, an unidentified compound, hexanal, (E,E)‐2,4‐hexadienal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, ethyl hexanoate, γ‐eudesmol, linalool and β‐eudesmol were related to the aroma of this fruit. The green and sweet notes were perceived in high frequency of description and intensity, and they were considered important for the characteristic gabiroba aroma.

Practical Applications

Gabiroba is a native fruit from South America with an intense and pleasant flavor, but there is a few information regarding to its chemical profile of volatile compounds. In this work, the compounds that better represent the gabiroba aroma (odor‐active substances) were determined by olfactometric analysis. This information was crucial for sensory characterization of fruit and could be used as a tool for evaluation of processing and postharvest quality.
A short history of portal hypertension and of its management
Authors: Balducci Genoveffa , Sterpetti Antonio V , Ventura Marco
Published: October 2015

The aim of our study was to review the changing trends in the treatment of complications from portal hypertension. A short history of portal hypertension and of the treatment of its complications is reported, underlying the most important achievements and changes.
Characterization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and prediction of mortality in Asian patients with alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: Kim Su Hwan , Kim Byeong Gwan , Kim Won , Oh Sohee , Kim Hwi Young , Jung Yong Jin , Jeong Ji Bong , Kim Ji Won , Lee Kook Lae
Published: October 2015

Background and Aim:

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) often accompanies alcoholic hepatitis (AH). The study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics of GIB in AH patients and to identify risk factors for mortality in AH patients with GIB.

Methods:

Data from 329 patients hospitalized with AH in a single center during 1999–2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with AH were dichotomized into GIB and non‐GIB groups. The GIB group was further divided into portal hypertensive bleeding (PHB) and non‐PHB groups. Clinical characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between the groups. Risk factors for mortality were analyzed using Cox regression.

Results:

Among the 329 AH patients, 132 experienced GIB at admission or during hospitalization. The most common cause of GIB was an esophageal varix. The GIB group had worse survival outcomes than the non‐GIB group (log‐rank test, P = 0.034). The PHB group had worse survival outcomes than the non‐PHB group (log‐rank test, P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, alcohol consumption, ascites, encephalopathy, infection, Maddrey's discriminant function, and the model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score independently predicted mortality in the entire AH cohort. The MELD score (hazard ratio, 1.085; 95% confidence interval, 1.052–1.120; P < 0.001) and PHB (hazard ratio, 2.162; 95% confidence interval, 1.021–4.577; P = 0.044) were significant prognosticators for patients with AH and GIB.

Conclusions:

The presence of PHB and a higher MELD score adversely affected survival in AH patients with GIB. Accordingly, prompt endoscopic examination for exploring the etiologies of GIB may alert physicians to predict the risk of death in AH patients with GIB.
The ear region of earliest known elephant relatives: new light on the ancestral morphotype of proboscideans and afrotherians
Authors: Schmitt Arnaud , Gheerbrant Emmanuel
Published: October 2015

One of the last major clades of placental mammals recognized was the Afrotheria, which comprises all main endemic African mammals. This group includes the ungulate‐like paenungulates, and among them the elephant order Proboscidea. Among afrotherians, the petrosal anatomy remains especially poorly known in Proboscidea. We provide here the first comparative CT scan study of the ear region of the two earliest known proboscideans (and paenungulates), Eritherium and Phosphatherium, from the mid Palaeocene and early Eocene of Morocco. It is helpful to characterize the ancestral morphotype of Proboscidea to understand petrosal evolution within proboscideans and afrotherians. The petrosal structure of these two taxa shows several differences. Eritherium is more primitive than Phosphatherium and closer to the basal paenungulate Ocepeia in several traits (inflated tegmen tympani, very deep fossa subarcuata and ossified canal for ramus superior of stapedial artery). Phosphatherium, however, retains plesiomorphies such as a true crus commune secundaria. A cladistic analysis of petrosal traits of Eritherium and Phosphatherium among Proboscidea results in a single tree with a low level of homoplasy in which Eritherium, Phosphatherium and Numidotherium are basal. This contrasts with previous phylogenetic studies showing homoplasy in petrosal evolution among Tethytheria. It suggests that evolutionary modalities of petrosal characters differ with the taxonomic level among Afrotheria: noticeable convergences occurred among the paenungulate orders, whereas little homoplasy seems to have occurred at intra‐ordinal level in orders such as Proboscidea. Most petrosal features of both Eritherium and Phosphatherium are primitive. The ancestral petrosal morphotype of Proboscidea was not specialized but was close to the generalized condition of paenungulates, afrotherians, and even eutherians. This is consistent with cranial and dental characters of Eritherium, suggesting that the ancestral morphotypes of the different paenungulate orders were close to each other. Specializations occurred rapidly after the ordinal radiation of Paenungulata.
Designing quality of care – contributions from parents
Authors: Gustavsson Susanne , Gremyr Ida , Kenne Sarenmalm Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

Aims and objectives

The aim of this article was to explore whether current quality dimensions for health care services are sufficient to capture how parents perceive and contribute to quality of health care.

Background

New quality improvement initiatives that actively involve patients must be examined with a critical view on established quality dimensions to ensure that these measures support patient involvement.

Design

This paper used a qualitative and descriptive design.

Methods

This paper is based on interviews with parents participating in two experience‐based co‐design projects in a Swedish hospital that included qualitative content analysis of data from 12 parent interviews in paediatric care.

Results

Health care professionals often overemphasize their own significance for value creation in care processes and underappreciate parents’ ability to influence and contribute to better quality. However, quality is not based solely on how professionals accomplish their task, but is co‐created by health care professionals and parents. Consequently, assessment of quality outcomes also must include parents’ ability and context.

Conclusions

This paper questions current models of quality dimensions in health care, and suggests additional sub‐dimensions, such as family quality and involvement quality.

Relevance to clinical practice

This paper underscores the importance of involving parents in health care improvements with health care professionals to capture as many dimensions of quality as possible.
Mapping the Topic Landscape of JPIM, 1984–2013: In Search of Hidden Structures and Development Trajectories
Authors: Antons David , Kleer Robin , Salge Torsten Oliver
Published: October 2015

During the three decades since its inception in 1984, the JPIM has shaped the evolution of innovation research as a scientific field. It helped create a topic landscape that is not only more diverse and rich in insights, but also more complex and fragmented in structure than ever before. We seek to map this landscape and identify salient development trajectories over time. In contrast to prior citation‐based studies covering the first two decades of JPIM research, we benefit from recent advances in natural language processing and rely on a topic modeling algorithm to extract 57 distinct topics and the corresponding most common words, terms, and phrases from the entire full‐text corpus of 1008 JPIM articles published between 1984 and 2013. Estimating the development trajectory of each topic based on yearly publication counts in JPIM allows us to identify “hot,” “cold,” “revival,” “evergreen,” and “wall‐flower” topics. We map these topics onto the Product Development and Management Association (PDMA) Body of Knowledge categories and discover that these categories differ significantly not only in terms of their internal topic diversity and relative prevalence, but also—and arguably more importantly—in terms of their publication and citation trajectories over time. For instance, the PDMA category “Codevelopment and Alliances” exhibits only moderate topic diversity (7 out of 57 topics) and prevalence in JPIM (161 out of 1008 articles). That said, it is among the most dynamic categories featuring two evergreen topic (“Users and Innovation” and “Tools and Systems for Technology Transfer”) and three hot topics (“Open Innovation,” “Alliances and Cooperation,” and “Networks and Network Structure”) as well as a sharply growing annual number of citations received. Our findings are likely to be of interest to all those who are keen to (re)discover JPIM's topic landscape in search of hidden structures and development trajectories.
Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus infection disease burden – volume 3
Authors: Alfaleh F. Z. , Nugrahini N. , Matičič M. , Tolmane I. , Alzaabi M. , Hajarizadeh B. , Valantinas J. , Kim D. Y. , Hunyady B. , Abaalkhail F. , Abbas Z. , Abdou A. , Abourached A. , Al Braiki F. , Al Hosani F. , Al Jaberi K. , Al Khatry M. , Al Mulla M. A. , Al Quraishi H. , Al Rifai A. , Al Serkal Y. , Alam A. , Alashgar H. I. , Alavian S. M. , Alawadhi S. , Al‐Dabal L. , Aldins P. , Alghamdi A. S. , Al‐Hakeem R. , Aljumah A. A. , Almessabi A. , Alqutub A. N. , Alswat K. A. , Altraif I. , Andrea N. , Assiri A. M. , Babatin M. A. , Baqir A. , Barakat M. T. , Bergmann O. M. , Bizri A. R. , Chaudhry A. , Choi M. S. , Diab T. , Djauzi S. , El Hassan E. S. , El Khoury S. , Estes C. , Fakhry S. , Farooqi J. I. , Fridjonsdottir H. , Gani R. A. , Ghafoor Khan A. , Gheorghe L. , Goldis A. , Gottfredsson M. , Gregorcic S. , Gunter J. , Hamid S. , Han K. H. , Hasan I. , Hashim A. , Horvath G. , Husni R. , Jafri W. , Jeruma A. , Jonasson J. G. , Karlsdottir B. , Kim Y. S. , Koutoubi Z. , Lesmana L. A. , Liakina V. , Lim Y. S. , Löve A. , Maimets M. , Makara M. , Malekzadeh R. , Memon M. S. , Merat S. , Mokhbat J. E. , Mourad F. H. , Muljono D. H. , Nawaz A. , Olafsson S. , Priohutomo S. , Qureshi H. , Rassam P. , Razavi H. , Razavi‐Shearer D. , Razavi‐Shearer K. , Rozentale B. , Sadik M. , Saeed K. , Salamat A. , Salupere R. , Sanai F. M. , Sanityoso Sulaiman A. , Sayegh R. A. , Schmelzer J. D. , Sharara A. I. , Sibley A. , Siddiq M. , Siddiqui A. M. , Sigmundsdottir G. , Sigurdardottir B. , Speiciene D. , Sulaiman A. , Sultan M. A. , Taha M. , Tanaka J. , Tarifi H. , Tayyab G. , Ud din M. , Umar M. , Videčnik‐Zorman J. , Yaghi C. , Yunihastuti E. , Yusuf M. A. , Zuberi B. F. , Blach S.
Published: October 2015

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic was forecasted through 2030 for 15 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and the relative impact of two scenarios was considered: increased treatment efficacy while holding the annual number of treated patients constant and increased treatment efficacy and an increased annual number of treated patients. Increasing levels of diagnosis and treatment, in combination with improved treatment efficacy, were critical for achieving substantial reductions in disease burden. A 90% reduction in total HCV infections within 15 years is feasible in most countries studied, but it required a coordinated effort to introduce harm reduction programmes to reduce new infections, screening to identify those already infected and treatment with high cure rate therapies. This suggests that increased capacity for screening and treatment will be critical in many countries. Birth cohort screening is a helpful tool for maximizing resources. Among European countries, the majority of patients were born between 1940 and 1985. A wider range of birth cohorts was seen in the Middle East and Asia (between 1925 and 1995).
Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries – volume 3
Authors: Liakina V. , Hamid S. , Tanaka J. , Olafsson S. , Sharara A. I. , Alavian S. M. , Gheorghe L. , El Hassan E. S. , Abaalkhail F. , Abbas Z. , Abdou A. , Abourached A. , Al Braiki F. , Al Hosani F. , Al Jaberi K. , Al Khatry M. , Al Mulla M. A. , Al Quraishi H. , Al Rifai A. , Al Serkal Y. , Alam A. , Alashgar H. I. , Alawadhi S. , Al‐Dabal L. , Aldins P. , Alfaleh F. Z. , Alghamdi A. S. , Al‐Hakeem R. , Aljumah A. A. , Almessabi A. , Alqutub A. N. , Alswat K. A. , Altraif I. , Alzaabi M. , Andrea N. , Assiri A. M. , Babatin M. A. , Baqir A. , Barakat M. T. , Bergmann O. M. , Bizri A. R. , Blach S. , Chaudhry A. , Choi M. S. , Diab T. , Djauzi S. , El Khoury S. , Estes C. , Fakhry S. , Farooqi J. I. , Fridjonsdottir H. , Gani R. A. , Ghafoor Khan A. , Goldis A. , Gottfredsson M. , Gregorcic S. , Hajarizadeh B. , Han K. H. , Hasan I. , Hashim A. , Horvath G. , Hunyady B. , Husni R. , Jafri W. , Jeruma A. , Jonasson J.G. , Karlsdottir B. , Kim D. Y. , Kim Y. S. , Koutoubi Z. , Lesmana L. A. , Lim Y. S. , Löve A. , Maimets M. , Makara M. , Malekzadeh R. , Matičič M. , Memon M. S. , Merat S. , Mokhbat J. E. , Mourad F. H. , Muljono D. H. , Nawaz A. , Nugrahini N. , Priohutomo S. , Qureshi H. , Rassam P. , Razavi H. , Razavi‐Shearer D. , Razavi‐Shearer K. , Rozentale B. , Sadik M. , Saeed K. , Salamat A. , Salupere R. , Sanai F. M. , Sanityoso Sulaiman A. , Sayegh R. A. , Schmelzer J. D. , Sibley A. , Siddiq M. , Siddiqui A. M. , Sigmundsdottir G. , Sigurdardottir B. , Speiciene D. , Sulaiman A. , Sultan M. A. , Taha M. , Tarifi H. , Tayyab G. , Tolmane I. , Ud din M. , Umar M. , Valantinas J. , Videčnik‐Zorman J. , Yaghi C. , Yunihastuti E. , Yusuf M. A. , Zuberi B. F. , Gunter J.
Published: October 2015

Detailed, country‐specific epidemiological data are needed to characterize the burden of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection around the world. With new treatment options available, policy makers and public health officials must reconsider national strategies for infection control. In this study of 15 countries, published and unpublished data on HCV prevalence, viraemia, genotype, age and gender distribution, liver transplants and diagnosis and treatment rates were gathered from the literature and validated by expert consensus in each country. Viraemic prevalence in this study ranged from 0.2% in Iran and Lebanon to 4.2% in Pakistan. The largest viraemic populations were in Pakistan (7 001 000 cases) and Indonesia (3 187 000 cases). Injection drug use (IDU) and a historically unsafe blood supply were major risk factors in most countries. Diagnosis, treatment and liver transplant rates varied widely between countries. However, comparison across countries was difficult as the number of cases changes over time. Access to reliable data on measures such as these is critical for the development of future strategies to manage the disease burden.
Neurologic Deficits Including Auditory Loss and Recovery of Function in Horses with Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
Authors: Aleman M. , Spriet M. , Williams D.C. , Nieto J.E.
Published: October 2015

Background

Auditory loss is a common deficit in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), however, recovery of function is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate neurologic function with emphasis in audition in horses withTHOafter treatment. To describe anatomical alterations of the petrous temporal bone that might result in auditory loss.

Animals

Twenty‐four horses with a clinical diagnosis ofTHO.

Methods

Prospective study. A brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) study was done as part of the criteria for inclusion in horses with a clinical diagnosis ofTHOfrom the years of 2005 to 2014. Physical and neurologic status andBAERfindings were recorded. Brainstem auditory evoked response variables were compared by using Wilcoxon sign test. Fisher's exact test was also used. Significance was set atP< 0.05.

Results

The most common signs included auditory loss (100% of horses), vestibular and facial nerve dysfunction (83%), and exposure ulcerative keratitis (71%). Concurrent left laryngeal hemiparesis was observed in 61% of horses through endoscopy. Auditory dysfunction was bilateral in 50% of the cases (complete and partial), and unilateral affecting more commonly the right ear (R = 8, L = 4). Short‐ and long‐term follow‐up revealed persistent auditory loss in all horses based on abnormal response to sound, and further confirmed through aBAERin 8 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Auditory dysfunction appears to be a permanent neurologic deficit in horses diagnosed withTHOdespite overall neurologic improvement.