bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Varying Molar Ratios of Potassium‐Magnesium Citrate on Thiazide‐Induced Hypokalemia and Magnesium Loss
Authors: Ruml Lisa A. , Wuermser Lisa‐Ann , Poindexter John , Pak Charles Y. C.
Published: June 2007

This study was conducted to compare the value of an older formulation of potassium‐magnesium citrate (K4MgCit2) with newer formulations (K3MgHCit2 and K5MgCit2Cl) with respect to the correction of thiazide‐induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss, alkalinizing effect, and citraturic action. Sixty‐two healthy volunteers first took hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg/day. After 3 weeks of thiazide treatment (or earlier if hypokalemia developed), they were randomized to take one of three drugs for 3 weeks while continuing thiazide: K4MgCit2 (49 mEq K, 25 mEq Mg, and 74 mEq citrate/day), K3MgHCit2 (49 mEq K, 33 mEq Mg, and 98 mEq citrate/day), and K5MgCit2Cl (49 mEq K, 20 mEq Mg, 10 mEq Cl and 59 mEq citrate/day). Outcome measures were changes in serum potassium and magnesium, and urinary potassium, magnesium, pH, and citrate. The three drugs were equally effective in correcting thiazide‐induced hypokalemia. K3MgHCit2 and K4MgCit2 produced a small but significant increase in serum magnesium concentration, whereas K5MgCit2Cl did not. Although all three supplements significantly increased urinary pH and citrate, these effects were more marked with K3MgHCit2 and K4MgCit2 than with K5MgCit2Cl. All three supplements were generally well tolerated, with the lowest side effect profile obtained with K4MgCit2. The new formulation of K3MgHCit2 exerts similar correction of thiazide‐induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss, and enhancement of urinary pH and citrate, compared with the older K4MgCit2. However, it is less well tolerated. The new formulation of K5MgCit2Cl does not avert magnesium loss, and has less prominent alkalinizing and citraturic effects than the older preparation.
Editor's Choice: Valuing Diversity—Student Teacher Relations that Enhance Achievement
Authors: Jacobson Linda Olson
Published: June 2007

Based on experience as a developmental writing teacher, the author describes strategies for promoting student success within diverse groups of learners. After discussing how teachers can innocently contribute to student failure, the author describes specific ways to develop a valuing teacher-student relationship that promotes success: Getting to know students and providing structures such as individual conferences and meaningful evaluation systems can help learners to feel valued as individuals, to understand the basic knowledge they lack, and to affirm their abilities. Examples of student reactions to these strategies are included.
ERIC Review: An Examination of Non-Liberal-Arts Course Transferability in California
Authors: Striplin Jenny Castruita
Published: June 2007

Course catalogs and class schedules were examined from all 26 community colleges in California to determine the extent of non-liberal-arts course transferability by subject area to the California State University and to the University of California. When results were compared with a similar 1991 study, the data indicated that all of the subject areas, and particularly agriculture, experienced an increase in transferability to the California State University. In contrast, for the University of California, most of the subject areas remained stable with small increases or decreases in transferability. The author recommends periodic replication of this study to detect and confirm trends in course transferability.
An Examination of Student Cheating in the Two-Year College
Authors: Smyth M. Lynnette , Davis James R.
Published: June 2007

This study statistically analyzes the experiences of two-year college students with cheating, the predominant unethical student behavior in the college environment. Males in this survey are more likely than are females to admit to collegiate cheating, and males and dorm residents report a greater willingness to assist others in cheating. Although most respondents believe cheating is ethically wrong, nearly half say it is socially acceptable. Males find cheating more socially acceptable than do females, sophomores more so than do freshmen, and dorm residents more so than do off campus students. Also, academic major and cheating are not independent variables.
UCLA Community College Review: Performance Indicators and Performance-Based Funding in Communitq Colleges
Authors: Zarkesh Maryam , Beas Allison Marcela
Published: June 2007

This review explores the context in which performance indicators and performance-based funding in community colleges have emerged as a means of measuring institutional effectiveness in community colleges. The article presents the history and context for performance indicators in community colleges and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the use of performance indicators and performance-based funding. The review then details a recent study that tracked community college indicators and performance-based funding by state. Finally, the implications of using performance indicators in community colleges are discussed.
Editor's Choice: The Significant Community College
Authors: Vanwagoner Randall J. , Bowman Linda S. , Spraggs Laurence D.
Published: June 2007

The level of success that has sustained community colleges in the past will not suffice for the future. Shifting environments, resources, competitors, accountability, and technology have changed the measures of organizational performance. This article provides a new framework and defines a new set of critical measures that will move community colleges from success to significance.
Experiences of Transfer Students in a Collaborative Baccalaureate Nursing Program
Authors: Cameron Cherylyn
Published: June 2007

Community college students who transfer to universities face innumerable challenges. While documented in the American literature on transfer, there has been relatively little published research on transfer in Canada. This paper explores the experience of nursing students transferring from three community colleges to a large urban university in Ontario, Canada.
Reconciling Educational Leadership and the Learning Organization
Authors: Dever John T.
Published: June 2007

The learning organization model developed by Peter Senge for creating effective organizational structures can be applied to leadership in higher education institutions. The author summarizes the particular aspects of Senge's model that make it appropriate for educational leadership, discusses its rejection of a traditional view of leaders, and compares it to Bolman and Deal's four frames of leadership. By examining the assumptions linked to metaphors Senge used to describe the ideal leader, the author articulates his view that the learning organization model disregards two important aspects of educational leadership: political adeptness and a strong personality.
Internet Listservs: A Follow-Up to Faculty Development at Two-Year Colleges
Authors: Alexander Linda , Newsom Ron
Published: June 2007

This field-based research was designed to analyze the usefulness of a listserv after a teleconference as part of a faculty development activity. Subscribers to the listserv participated in teleconference soffered through the State of Texas Academic Resources Link, and the listserv allowed them to communicate with experts who provided instruction during the teleconferences. Forty-eight of the 77 participants in the listserv (62%) actively contributed to discussions whereas 82% reported that combining a teleconference and a listserv satisfied their development needs more than just viewing a teleconference; 44% reported that the listserv facilitated changes in the way they completed their work.
The Transforming Leader: A Meta-Ethnographic Analysis
Authors: Pielstick C. Dean
Published: June 2007

The author describes an analysis of the leadership literature conducted to identify the themes, patterns, and connections that define transformational leadership. Meta-ethnography is explained as a method to conduct an interpretive synthesis of qualitative research and other secondary sources as a counterpart to meta-analysis for quantitative research. The literature on transformational leadership and related sources on community college leadership provided the data for the study, which were analyzed using open coding and the constant comparative technique to produce a profile of transformational leadership. The profile rests on seven major themes that the author describes and elaborates upon in terms of connecting concepts and how community college leaders can apply them: creating a shared vision, communicating it, building relationships, developing a culture, guiding implementation, exhibiting character, and achieving results.
Sexual Harassment Policies and Computer-Based Training
Authors: Welibrock Rcard D.
Published: June 2007

After summarizing the concepts and legislation involved in the need for a well-stated sexual harassment policy in a community college environment, the author links computer-based training to successful policy implementation and provides an overview of software designed to instruct employees about an institution's sexual harassment policies.
Community College Reverse Transfer Students: A field Survey of a Nontraditional Student Group
Authors: Winter Paul A. , Harris Michael R.
Published: June 2007

Data from a 54-item survey directed at reverse transfer students in the University of Kentucky Community College System was analyzed based on responses from two subgroups: 734 completers (those who had completed a baccalaureate) and 148 noncompleters. Chi square and t tests indicated statistically significant differences between completers and noncompleters as to race and marital status, age, number of dependents, number of credit hours, and grade point average. The data also revealed differences between the two groups as to reasons for enrollment and current goals. The authors discuss the resulting profile of reverse transfers in a student services context.
Communication Uses and the Social Activity Constant
Authors: Graney Marshall J.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of longitudinal data has detected exchanges between social behaviors, including attention to the media of mass communication, that are obscured by the magnitude of individual differences in cross-sectional data. In the past neither general "modes" of social activities nor multiple relationships among particular communication behaviors have been empirically demonstrated Cluster analysis has provided a technique for developing an inductive typology of modes of social activity, and a typology emerged from analysis which confirmed and extended the concepts of primary and secondary association and classified mass media in a third form of social association. Further analysis of multiple relationships among behaviors within and between such modes of activity provided heuristic findings in support of behavior exchange hypotheses. These findings synthesize existing perspectives on personal changes in communication behavior into a new paradigm for research.
Deficits, Differences, and Ceilings
Authors: Ettema James S. , Kline F. Gerald
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on audience-related factors such as ability, motivation, and media use as well as "ceiling effects" that act as contingent conditions for understanding the "knowledge gap." Ability deficits, individual differences, and ceiling effects, true or imposed, are examined to attempt a clarification of how knowledge gaps are widened or narrowed.
A Review of Cognitive Development Theory and Research and the Implication for Research On Children's Responses To Television
Authors: Wackman Daniel B. , Wartella Ellen
Published: June 2007

This review considers the general nature of cognitive development theories. It describes a number of cognitive structures specified by various cognitive development theorists, discusses research investigating these structures, and presents research on children's responses to television and television advertising which has utilized the various structures. It also discusses some general implications of using the cognitive development approach for research on children's responses to television.
A Consumer Model For TV Audiences
Authors: Robinson Deanna C. , Medler Jerry F. , Genova B.K.L.
Published: June 2007

A consumer behavior model is used to explore attitudes toward TV violence and censorship. Five viewing groups with distinct media use characteristics and TV attitudes were found in two separate samples. Findings suggest support for the anti- TV-violence campaign is not universal and that excessive violence is only one of four distinct viewer complaints about television programs. The study furnishes an example of how an expanded version of Hirschman's "exit, voice and loyalty" model can be used to investigate the political potential of various segments of the television audience.
Identifying Subtypes of Criminal Psychopaths
Authors: Swogger Marc T. , Kosson David S.
Published: June 2007

Psychopathy is an important construct in offender classification. Although several studies have suggested that there are two distinct subtypes of psychopaths, these studies have considerable limitations, including reliance on self-report measures, a failure to adequately address heterogeneity within the construct of psychopathy, and predictor-criterion contamination. A recent taxonomic study (Vassileva, Kosson, Abramowitz, & Conrod, 2005) identified four subgroups of offenders, including primary and secondary psychopaths. The present study uses cluster analysis to replicate and extend those findings to (a) an independent sample and (b) a Psychopathy Checklist—Revised factor model that reduces predictor-criterion contamination. Also, initial results were validated using a novel clustering method. Results show that psychopathy subtypes are replicable across methods. Furthermore, comparisons on other variables provide external validation of the subtypes consistent with prior theoretical conceptualizations.
Inmates' Perception of the Helpfulness of Three Counselor Responses
Authors: Dougherty A. Michael , Davies Margaret S.
Published: June 2007

The use of a Carkhuff level 3 response, a Carkhuff level 5 response, and probing with regard to their perceived helpfulness was investigated by having inmates view a videotape of eight role-played counselor-inmate interactions. Each interaction consisted of the statement of a problem by a role-playing inmate followed by three separate responses to the statement by a role-playing counselor. Subjects were 94 inmates in a prerelease and aftercare services program who ranked the counselor responses of each interaction from "most helpful" to "least helpful." The level 5 response was perceived as the most helpful response, followed by probing and then the level 3 response. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Verbal IQ and the I-Level Classification System for Delinquents
Authors: Andrew June M.
Published: June 2007

Previous work suggested that the I-level ("I" for "interpersonal maturity") typology for offenders might depend heavily—and unexpectedly—upon Verbal IQ. The present article confirms the previous suggestion that I-level and Verbal IQ are significantly related—for males, but not for females. However, the effect among males disappeared when age was introduced as a variable. Future work on I-level theory should control for several variables: sex, ethnicity, Verbal IQ, and age. Two of the variables, age and Verbal IQ (which is already corrected for age) unexpectedly related strongly, prompting questions as to why lower Verbal IQ's were characteristic of younger versus older offenders.
Environmental Security: The Search for Strategic Legitimacy
Authors: Foster Gregory D.
Published: June 2007

Environmental security-the intersection of environmental conditions and security affairs-is a subject that increasingly demands the attention of those concerned with relations between the armed forces and society. It is at the heart of new, more comprehensive post-Cold War conceptions of security that could fundamentally redefine the essence of military establishments. It is also central to societal well-being and the attendant public trust and confidence in the institutions of government that ultimately determine the efficacy of the state.

There is growing acceptance today of the link between the environment and security. However, two issues continue to divide scholars and practitioners alike and thereby undermine the legitimacy of the subject: the definition of the phrase and the causal relationship between the environment and security. Definitionally, the very nature of the subject forces a new degree of attention to the linkage between individual (human) security and national, regional, and global security. On the other hand, the suggestion that conflict may be caused-or at least prefigured-by environmental conditions lies at the heart of most disagreements on the subject and thus on its integral importance to the field of security affairs.

What seems clear is that environmental conditions must be viewed in conjunction with associated economic and political factors. It may turn out that there is a masking phenomenon at work by which ostensibly political and economic precipitants of violence and unrest actually mask underlying environmental sources of discontent. By the same token, increasing attention must be given to autocatalytic events (such as natural disasters) that feed and feed off environmental degradation. Recognizing the existence and prevalence of these sorts of conditions and relationships is a challenge that will test the intellectual mettle of analysts and policymakers in the world that lies before us.
Patterns in Liberal Democratic Civil-Military Relations
Authors: Bland Douglas L.
Published: June 2007

According to "the regime theory of civil-military relations," responsibilities for such relations are conditioned in every state by a nationally evolved regime of "principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge" in matters of civil-military relations. This article amplifies this theory by setting out a normative, Westminster-based model of the regime that provides the legal, regulatory, traditional, and institutional structures for civil-military relations in liberal democracies. The author contends that the importance of controlling behavior has been eclipsed in many civil control progams in emerging democracies because of a drive to build the hardware of civil-military relations while ignoring or incompletely installing first the regime, the software, that supports them.
How Not to Lose in Iraq
Authors: Hauser William Locke
Published: June 2007

The author commends Doctor Hills’s analysis but faults her conclusion that America’s involvement in Iraq is essentially different from that in Vietnam. After acknowledging six obvious differences, he goes on to enumerate crucial similarities: three in conflict origin, seven in geopolitical situation, seven in American military characteristics, and two in American national ethos. While praising the courage and skill of American military forces on the ground, he examines past and current strategic theories for countering insurgency and casts doubt on the ability of American forces as presently constituted and employed to succeed. He concludes that the current presidential administration, faced with this situation, is likely to maintain a pretense of success as long as possible and then “bail out” of the conflict, with potentially disastrous consequences for both Middle Eastern stability and American civil-military relations
Sympathy, the Cement of Interoperability
Authors: Moelker René , Soeters Joseph , vom Hagen Ulrich
Published: June 2007

The authors present the findings of ten years of research concerning binational military cooperation in the First German-Netherlands Corps, founded in 1995. The start of this binational corps was accompanied with some worries because the interaction between Germans and Dutch in the populations at large was not considered to run smoothly. The authors focus on a well-known hypothesis from intercultural theory, claiming that frequency of contact is likely to foster feelings of sympathy. The data demonstrate that during the ten years of study the servicemen and -women of both nations have converged in their feelings of sympathy toward one another; in addition, the general hypothesis is confirmed. Servicemen and -women of other NATO member states entering the corps's headquarters since 2003 may help to create a more international atmosphere, in which the integration model of cultural interaction (instead of the assimilation and separation model) stands relatively more chance of success.
The Competing Claims of Operational Effectiveness and Human Rights in the Canadian Context
Authors: Harrison Deborah , Laliberté Lucie
Published: June 2007

This article explores the tension between military objectives and the “democracy value” cherished by Western civilian societies, using the situations of injured military members and the living conditions of civilian spouses; in particular, the responses of the Canadian Forces to members' posttraumatic stress disorder, and to spouses who are victims of domestic violence. The authors show how these responses currently privilege military objectives over the democracy value to an extent that is incompatible with the human rights of civilians or military members. They conclude by discussing how military leadership training could be modified to produce an altered balance between the two value systems.
Management and Leadership Performance in the Defense Department
Authors: Oh Paul S. , Lewis David E.
Published: June 2007

The authors use data from the Federal Human Capital Survey to measure comparative leadership and management performance among executives in the military bureaucracy. The authors evaluate whether differences in executive backgrounds, training, and management environments influence employee evaluations of leadership, management, and work climate. Military service agencies get systematically higher evaluations in leadership and work climate, but not management. Among the services, the Air Force consistently received the highest evaluations. Air Force managers have the highest ranks, the longest military service, and a high level of graduate education when they assume executive positions; these characteristics are positively correlated with performance. Other managerial characteristics associated with high performance were long job tenures and private management experience. The authors conclude that greater attention to graduate training, exploring ways to increase tenure, and the selection of retired officers with private management experience for important executive posts may improve performance.
The Army Reserve Soldier in Operation Desert Storm: Perceptions of Being Prepared for Mobilization, Deployment, and Combat
Authors: Griffith James
Published: June 2007

In the mid-1970s, the Total Force policy shifted the active components' combat support and service support to the reserve components. This policy made it necessary to mobilize and deploy reserve component forces in the event of a large-scale war. During the Persian Gulf War, 228,000 reservists were called up, of which 139,207 were army reservists. The war, then, provided a test of the Total Force policy: Were the army reserve components ready for immediate mobilization and deployment in support of combat missions? The present study obtained survey responses from panels of deployed (N=259) and nondeployed (N=576) army reserve junior-ranking enlisted soldiers, before and after Operation Desert Storm. Perceptions of equipment and unit leadership preparation showed significant moderate and positive relationships to soldier perceptions that he(she) and the unit were prepared to fight. Favorable spouse and employer attitudes toward reserve service (as reported by the soldier) were significantly and positively related to the soldier's stated intent to stay in the army reserve, and negatively related to problems caused by extended mobilization and deployment periods. Soldier perceptions of how well their unit leadership was prepared and how well weekend drill prepared them for war were significantly and positively related to reporting for mobilization and staying in the army reserve. In contrast, both before and after Desert Storm, large percentages of deployed and nondeployed soldiers reported problems in unit leadership, preparation in individual job and common soldier skills, and weekend drill personnel utilization.
The Nature of Athenian Hoplite Democracy
Authors: Vasillopulos Christopher
Published: June 2007

For many scholars, classical Athens did not and could not have avoided the implications of its dependence upon the military, even before it degenerated into imperialism. In a more disturbing way than Sparta or Persia, Athens exemplified the inevitable relationship of military might and antidemocratic principles. It is my negative thesis that this line of reasoning is incorrect, notwithstanding its virtue of appreciating the significance of the military, including its socioeconomic underpinnings, in ancient Athens. It is my positive thesis that hoplites were a cause of the extension of full political participation for a major part of the Athenian citizenry in the face of aristocratic and other traditional obstacles to democratic practices. There is no reason to believe the forces of aristocratic privilege or tyrannical authority would have had to give way to democratic forces had the iron link between aristocracy and military security remained intact. While the hoplite phalanx could not guarantee the development of democracy, neither could economic change no matter how pervasive, nor political philosophy no matter how profound.
What Are We Protecting?
Authors: Mandel Robert
Published: June 2007

Within the more general debates about the scope of post-Cold War security concerns, there has been little focus on what exactly we are attempting to protect: whether the focus is territory and resources, governmental regimes, human life, material wealth, or cultural traditions, the current international context appears to raise new questions. This article provides a brief conceptual exploration of the meaning of protection in the post-Cold War world, encompassing (1) the ambiguities inherent in protection, (2) an integrated taxonomy of protection aims, (3) the processes surrounding perception of protection, (4) the evaluation of protection success, and (5) the emerging international norms for protection. It appears to be beneficial for governments and their publics to engage in a thorough reexamination of protection priorities in light of these challenges.
Redefining Political-Military Relations in Latin America: Issues of the New Democratic Era
Authors: Norden Deborah L.
Published: June 2007

With the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new democratic era, Latin America's militaries have plunged into a period of dramatic redefinition. New issues have emerged regarding how militaries are (or are not) incorporated into new democracies, and what those militaries should now be doing. At the same time, these changes have created fresh opportunities for deepening studies of military involvement in politics, comparing Latin American cases to cases outside the region, and furthering historical analysis. This article looks at new developments in the study of political-military relations in Latin America, beginning by exploring some new perspectives on more traditional questions in this area. It then moves on to explore some of the major new issues that have emerged in this period, from transitions to democracy and democratic consolidation, to alternative military missions in the post-Cold War period.
Sexual Harassment, Cohesion, and Combat Readiness in U.S. Army Support Units
Authors: Rosen Leora N. , Martin Lee
Published: June 2007

Sexual harassment as a work climate variable was examined in relation to acceptance of women, gender composition of the work group, cohesion, readiness, mission requirements, and expectations among male and female soldiers in U.S. Army combat support and combat service support units. Using group level analysis, the study found that soldiers' assessment of sexual harassment in the unit was significantly correlated with poor leadership climate, lower acceptance of women, and lower combat readiness. Among female soldiers, a higher percentage of women in the work group was associated with fewer sexual harassment experiences and with higher acceptance of women. Male soldiers in units with a higher percentage of women were more likely to perceive sexual harassment as a problem in the unit. Higher percentage of women in the unit and male soldiers' perceptions. of sexual harassment as a problem in the unit were both associated with more days spent in the field training. Perceived time pressure was correlated with lower acceptance of women and lower combat readiness for male soldiers, while for female soldiers, increased days in the field were associated with lower combat readiness.
Learning Styles of African American Children: A Developmental Consideration
Authors: Watkins Angela Farris
Published: June 2007

Among the descriptions of learning styles that characterize African American children, communalism and cooperative learning have been offered. The current investigation explored the developmental nature of this dimension among 2- to 5-year-old girls and boys (N = 44). Help-seeking behaviors were observed and coded. Variable frequencies (source of help, age, type of help solicitation, and kind of activity) were tallied, and associations between variables were examined. Associations between variables were arranged in a log linear analysis, and a log linear post hoc analysis was conducted. Type of help solicitation was found to significantly affect help source. Age and kind of activity did not significantly affect help source. Post hoc analysis revealed that children approached teachers more than peers for social help and peers more than teachers for academic help. Implications for effective communal/cooperative learning structures during early childhood are proposed.
The Africentric Home Environment Inventory: An Observational Measure of the Racial Socialization Features of the Home Environment for African American Preschool Children
Authors: Caughy Margaret O'Brien , Randolph Suzanne M. , O'Campo Patricia J.
Published: June 2007

The sociocultural context of the home is one of the most important socializing environments for young children. In this study, the authors describe an observational measure for racial socialization features of the home environment. Data were collected during home visits to 200 socioeconomically diverse urban African American families with preschool children, and a principal axis factor analysis revealed a single factor with an internal reliability of .88. The scale varied significantly by socioeconomic status and was significantly correlated with parent involvement and enrichment behaviors and child achievement and problem-solving ability. This inventory is an important complement to parent-report measures for the study of racial socialization and the development of preschool African American children and will contribute to the understanding of the importance of culturally anchored socialization practices for the optimal development of children of color.
Ethnic Identity Achievement, Self-Esteem, and Discrimination among Surinamese Adolescents in the Netherlands
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Brug Peary
Published: June 2007

This study examines ethnic identity achievement among Surinamese adolescents in the Netherlands as it relates to self-esteem, perceived discrimination, and Dutch national identification. Using a sample of 94 ethnic Surinamese and 281 ethnic Dutch students between the ages of 14 and 17, participants completed a survey questionnaire. Ethnic identity achievement and self-esteem were positively correlated for the Surinamese but not for the Dutch. Furthermore, regression analysis showed that ethnic identity evaluation mediated the relationship between ethnic identity achievement and self-esteem. In addition, discrimination was positively correlated with ethnic identity achievement for Surinamese males but not Surinamese females. Discrimination was also correlated with Dutch national identification. For the Surinamese, more discrimination was negatively correlated with national identification, whereas for the Dutch, more discrimination was positively correlated with national identification. Furthermore, for Surinamese males, the negative relationship between discrimination and national identification was stronger with increased ethnic identity achievement. The pattern of results is quite similar to studies in the United States, making a contribution to our understanding of the psychological processes involved in ethnic and racial identity.
Factors Predicting Communal Attitudes among African American Men
Authors: Mattis Jacqueline S. , Hearn Kimberly D. , Jagers Robert J.
Published: June 2007

This study examines the direct effects of demographic variables, religiosity, psychosocial stress variables (i.e., financial and relational stress, reported exposure to injustice), and sociostructural variables (i.e., racism) on the communal attitudes of African American men. Age and educational attainment were not systematically associated with communalism. However, there is some evidence of a negative relationship between income and communalism. Relational stress, financial stress, and stress due to everyday racism were not systematically related to communalism. Subjective religiosity and early religious involvement positively predicted communal attitudes; however, organizational religious involvement did not. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Conflicting Mythologies: Mythical Narrative in the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Riches John K.
Published: June 2007

New Testament scholarship needs to think of mythical narratives like the Gospels as giving expression to sharply contrasting cosmological views. Such a view of mythical narratives is developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss and supported by the presence of two very contrasting views of the origins of evil and its overcoming in Jewish literature of the turn of the era: one cosmological, the other forensic. Markan scholarship of the last 50 years has tended to construe Mark’s cosmology in terms of one or other of these basic views: either Mark portrays Jesus as locked in cosmic struggle with Satan and his forces or, having bound Satan, as engaged in a battle for the hearts and wills of men and women. Mark, I argue, is concerned to give expression to both these different views of the world and to attempt to mediate between them.
Thirty Years of Near Neglect: Apocalyptic in Brazil
Authors: Woodruff Archibald M.
Published: June 2007

This essay surveys the establishment of apocalyptic as a topic in Brazilian scholarship, first through the translation of key Western scholarly works and more recently in commentaries, journals and essays written in Brazil or Latin America. It concludes by asking why apocalyptic has not attracted greater interest among Brazilian scholars, considering the significance of millenarian tendencies in popular religion in Brazil.
Celestial Worship and Ecstatic-Visionary Experience
Authors: de Souza Nogueira Paulo Augusto
Published: June 2007

John’s visions in Revelation not only contain scenes of heavenly worship, but also take place in the context of community worship. In this experience, the community understands itself to be caught up into the angelic worship in heaven. Parallel texts, such as The Ladder of Jacob, The Apocalypse of Abraham, The Ascension of Isaiah, a number of Dead Sea Scrolls and some synagogal prayers, illustrate various dimensions of this phenomenon. In this ecstatic experience the visionary is both representative of, and mediator for, his community, gaining access to heavenly power in ways not dissimilar to magical liturgies. Thus the early Christian and Jewish accounts of heavenly journeys and worship are not just literary phenomena: they express a powerful and popular ecstatic religiosity.
Asceticism and Christian Identity in Antiquity: A Dialogue with Foucault and Paul
Authors: Moxnes Halvor
Published: June 2007

Presentations of Christian identity in antiquity are often in line with modern Protestantism, in which renunciation and asceticism do not play an important role. In contrast, this article takes asceticism as its starting point, and introduces Foucault and his discussion of askesis as a point of departure. His focus on ethics as a way to constitute oneself as a moral subject challenges traditional presentations of ethics in the New Testament. The article attempts a reading of Paul’s argument in 1 Cor. 6.12-20 (why a Christian man should not have sex with prostitutes) inspired by Foucault. It is suggested that Paul is concerned with the formation of a Christian male identity, without interest for the situation of the women involved, but de-stabilizing the social identity of free Corinthian men.
‘Teaching You in Public and from House to House’ (Acts 20.20): Unpacking a Cultural Stereotype
Authors: Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: June 2007

Modern scholarship has difficulty interpreting Paul’s claim to ‘teach in public and from house to house’ because it lacks scientific understanding of ‘space’. The anthropological model of ‘territoriality’ is presented to guide our reading in terms of: (1) the classification of space, (2) communication of this and (3) control based upon it. The primary classifications of space in the New Testament world and specifically the book of Acts are: (1) public/private, (2) male/female and (3) honorable/mean. Each of these classifications helps us to interpret Paul in public-civic space (agora, governor’s residences), in private-non-kinship space (synagogue, Tyrannus’s aule), and in private-household space. The payoff comes when we observe that Paul has voice in public-political forums and in private-household contexts, but not in private-non-kinship synagogues. Paul, who hails from a ‘no-low status city’, visits other honorable cities and speaks in their most noble parts. Thus ‘territorality’ serves as an index of Paul’s social status, both in terms of where he goes and before whom he has voice.
A Woman’s Touch: Feminist Encounters with the Hemorrhaging Woman in Mark 5.24-34
Authors: Haber Susan
Published: June 2007

The hemorrhaging woman of Mk 5.24-34 has recently been the subject of scholarly dispute, with some feminist scholars interpreting the narrative as a critique of Jewish purity laws and others contending that purity issues are totally irrelevant. This study assesses the extent to which purity issues are essential to the narrative. Central to this investigation are two questions: (1) What is the significance of the woman’s flow of blood? (2) How does Mark’s representation of the hemorrhaging women serve his rhetorical agenda? These issues are addressed through an investigation of the pertinent biblical purity legislation, an analysis of the language in Mk 5.24-34 and an examination of Mark’s portrayal of the woman in the context of his rhetorical agenda. This inquiry suggests that it is the woman’s health that is the primary concern of the miracle story, and not her ritual impurity. The significance of her impurity cannot, however, be ignored. It remains an integral part of the narrative in so far as it is a consequence of her medical condition. But the point of the story, not least for feminist criticism, does not lie in any supposed critique or abrogation of the purity laws.
Culture, Autobiographical Memory, and Behavioral Frequency Reports: Measurement Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies
Authors: Ji Li-Jun , Schwarz Norbert , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: June 2007

Chinese and American respondents were equally likely to rely on response scales as a frame of reference in estimating the frequencies of unobservable behaviors, for which people have little episodic knowledge. Moreover, both drew on information extracted from the scales in making comparative judgments involving the self. Chinese respondents, however, were less influenced by the response alternatives than were Americans for observable behaviors, both in their behavioral reports and comparative judgments. The authors suggest that this occurred because members of collectivist societies attend closely to their own and others’ behaviors to ensure smooth social functioning, resulting in memories for behaviors that Americans can only estimate.
Maintaining Cultural Stereotypes in the Serial Reproduction of Narratives
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: June 2007

Recent social cognition research showed that the individual often recalls stereotype-inconsistent (SI) information better than stereotype-consistent (SC) information. By contrast, classical studies in social psychology suggest that SC information is retained well in the collective remembering where a number of individuals are involved in the reproduction of stories. In the present experiment, individual and collective remembering were examined. A story about a man and a woman who exhibited gender-stereotype-relevant behaviors was transmitted through five-person communication chains. Although participants in earlier positions of the chains reproduced SI information more than SC information under some circumstances, SC information was retained better than SI information toward the end of the chains regardless. The stability of cultural stereotypes was discussed in terms of the tendency for collective information processing to favor the retention of information shared among individuals.
Does Social Comparison Make a Difference? Optimism as a Moderator of the Relation between Comparison Level and Academic Performance
Authors: Gibbons Frederick X. , Blanton Hart , Gerrard Meg , Buunk Bram , Eggleston Tami
Published: June 2007

Previous research has demonstrated that poor academic performance is associated with a downward shift in preferred level of academic comparison level (ACL). The current study assessed the long-term impact of this downward shift on the academic performance of college students and also examined the extent to which optimism moderated the relation between ACL and performance. Results indicated that a decline in academic performance led to a decline in preferred ACL, but only among students who were low in dispositional optimism. Change in ACL, in turn, was prospectively linked (positively) with change in academic performance for low optimists and marginally for high optimists. Additional analyses suggested this relation was mediated by performance expectations. Finally, change in ACL was also indirectly linked with depression for low optimists. Thus, low optimists who raised their ACLs had higher subsequent grade point averages and experienced a decrease in depression. The relations between levels of preferred comparison and outcome, and possible mediators of these relations, are discussed.
The Happy Spotlight: Positive Mood and Selective Attention to Rewarding Information
Authors: Tamir Maya , Robinson Michael D.
Published: June 2007

Positive mood states are thought to sensitize individuals to rewards in their environment, presumably in the service of approach-related decision making and behavior. From a selective attention standpoint, such mood-related effects should be associated with selective attention biases favoring rewarding stimuli. No prior results along these lines have been reported. Therefore, the authors conducted a systematic program of research designed to document such relations. Study 1 found that daily positive mood states were associated with attention to reward words in a spatial probe task. Studies 2-5 replicated this association in the context of mood manipulations. The latter studies also show that the effect generalizes across different mood manipulation procedures, is specific to positive mood states, and is particularly apparent in relation to rewarding (vs. non-rewarding) positive stimuli. The results extend our knowledge of mood-cognition relations and have important implications for understanding the social cognitive consequences of positive mood states.
Goal Shifts Following Reminders of Mortality: Reconciling Posttraumatic Growth and Terror Management Theory
Authors: Lykins Emily L. B. , Segerstrom Suzanne C. , Averill Alyssa J. , Evans Daniel R. , Kemeny Margaret E.
Published: June 2007

Research findings within posttraumatic growth (PTG) and terror management theory (TMT) currently appear contradictory. Following confrontations with mortality, PTG research demonstrates intrinsic goal shifts, whereas TMT suggests extrinsic shifts. The current studies examine factors contributing to these inconsistent results. Study 1 demonstrates that perceived death threat is associated with PTG effects. Study 2 illuminates the importance of duration of death processing. Study 3 demonstrates that existing goal values and duration and type of processing all interact in determining ultimate goal structure, with a match between level of goals and processing producing the most psychologically advantageous outcomes. Although previous research suggests that short-term confrontations with death may lead to defensiveness, the current studies suggest that encountering death over a longer period or in a manner consistent with goal structure may lead individuals to transcend defensiveness and maintain intrinsic goals or become more intrinsically oriented.
Correcting for Mood-Induced Bias in the Evaluation of Political Candidates: The Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Authors: Isbell Linda M. , Wyer Robert S.
Published: June 2007

Participants were induced to feel either happy or sad while reading an article that described a politician’s stand on issues. When participants were unmotivated to evaluate the candidate at the time they read the article, they evaluated him more favorably when they were happy than when they were not. However, when participants were either intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to evaluate the candidate, they adjusted their evaluations to compensate for the biasing influence of the target-irrelevant affect they were experiencing. In fact, they overadjusted, reporting less favorable evaluations of him when they were happy than when they were not. These adjustments for bias occurred on-line, as the candidate’s issue stands were presented, rather than after all of the judgment-relevant information had been received.
Effects of Outcome Dependency on Correspondence Bias
Authors: Vonk Roos
Published: June 2007

The literature on correspondence bias suggests that the bias is increased when perceivers depend on an actor because they are motivated to know the actor’s dispositions and predict future behavior. However, outcome dependency produces enhanced attention and accuracy motivation, which should facilitate situational correction and reduce the correspondence bias. An experiment was conducted in which both participants’ dependency on an actor and the actor’s behavioral freedom were manipulated. The correspondence bias was reduced among dependent participants but only in judgments that were highly relevant to predicting behavior that could affect their own outcomes. This reduction of the correspondence bias was associated with longer reading times. Furthermore, it was more pronounced in conditions in which the potential costs of an inaccurate dispositional inference were higher.