bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evgeniia/Evgenii: Queer Case Histories in the First Years of Soviet Power
Authors: Healey Dan
Published: March 2003

Citing examples of ‘queer’ (gender‐ and sexually‐transgressive) behaviour taken from psychiatric, criminological and forensic literature, the essay explores the formation of Soviet Russian masculinities and femininities during the two decades following 1917. After surveying the legal tradition regarding same‐sex eroticism, it discusses expert views of the ‘mannish lesbian’ and the effeminate male homosexual. Compulsory heterosexuality was a central, unproblematized tool used in the construction of a revolutionary socialist respectability during the 1920s. During the Stalinist Five Year Plans of the 1930s, the male ‘homosexual’ was explicitly outlawed while family obligations became more difficult for women to avoid.
Missionaries and the Development of a Colonial Ideology of Female Education in India
Authors: Savage David W.
Published: March 2003

Protestant missionaries in India developed a fully articulated ideology of female education in the 1840s. They employed a separate spheres gender construction in a colonial context, assigning to the female the leading role as the custodian of culture, thus regarding her as the key to successful proselytism and cultural transformation. This ideology was the work of male missionaries before females entered the field in large numbers, and was deeply dependent on prior Indological discourse. The ideology and its emphasis on the formation of character influenced both colonial educators and nationalist writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Gendered Space: A New Look at Turkish Modernisation
Authors: Ozbay Ferhunde
Published: March 2003

This article examines how an understanding of gender has challenged and changed the perception of ‘modernisation’ and its relation to Western culture. In so doing it also shows how the traditional division of disciplines, especially between political and social history and historical demography, has limited insights into beliefs and behaviours of both women and men. The decline in the numbers of children born within a family was accompanied by many shifts in daily living, not least in the way housework was structured as indicated by the spatial patterns of both formal social life and domestic labour. A detailed examination of these issues, including the use of various types of household labour – slave, free, waged and the ‘adopted daughter’(evlatlök), and poor relation – brings into sharp focus how the leading segment in the process of modernisation, the urban middle class, was active in and responded to such major changes. Women's involvement in education, politics and the labour market was intimately intertwined with these aspects of family and domestic life – but so, in very different ways, was men's.
The Gender of Grace: Impotence, Servitude, and Manliness in the Fifth‐Century West
Authors: Cooper Kate , Leyser Conrad
Published: March 2003

This essay attempts to stage an encounter between post‐Foucauldian approaches to masculinity in the ancient world on the one hand, and the reading of Augustine of Hippo's idea of Original Sin as a disjunction of the will, put forward in Robert Markus's Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of Saint Augustine. Emphasis is placed on Book XIV of the City of God, where Augustine emblematises the result of Original Sin not –pace Foucault – through an image of irrepressible lust, but rather through that of the impotent male, humiliated by his inability to embody his desire.
The Gender of Money: Byzantine Empresses on Coins (324–802)
Authors: Brubaker Leslie , Tobler Helen
Published: March 2003

In Byzantium, images on coins were a means to disseminate information about the state widely and quickly. Portraits of emperors were standard; empresses also sometimes appeared. Between 324 and 802, imperial women served as important ideological resources, and their portraits on coins always served as symbols of state well‐being and especially of legitimacy for the current ruling family. Changes in the coin imagery demonstrate how the mints used images of imperial women to respond to specific political situations, but also allow us to chart broader shifts in Byzantine gender strategies.
Visions of My Youth: Representations of the Childhood of Medieval Visionaries
Authors: Voaden Rosalynn , Volf Stephanie
Published: March 2003

This article is based on visionary narratives and vitae of twenty‐seven female and thirteen male visionaries from Britain and Europe, from the late eleventh to the early fifteenth century. Across this chronological and geographical span, the differences between the childhood representations of male and female visionaries are shaped by prevailing beliefs about the nature of men and women. Male visionaries rarely include reminiscence of their childhood in their narratives, while women offer childhood memories relatively consistently. For male visionaries, childhood seems irrelevant in terms of their adult spirituality. For women, childhood reminiscences reaffirmed their association with the purity of virgin childhood.
Gender and Sanctity in the Middle Ages
Authors: Lewis Katherine J.
Published: March 2003

This review essay examines recent trends and developments in the study of medieval sanctity and gender, looking at the range of approaches which have been and are being taken by both historians and literary scholars to a wide variety of hagiographic texts. Two recent studies of medieval hagiography are reviewed, John Kitchen, Saints' Lives and the Rhetoric of Gender: Male and Female in Merovingian Hagiography and the collection Gendered Voices: Medieval Saints and Their Interpreters edited by Catherine Mooney. These works are representative of differing approaches to the issue of male authors' representations of female sanctity and concomitant issues of gender ideology.
‘Motherly Hate’: Gendering Anti–Semitism in the British Union of Fascists
Authors: Gottlieb Julie V.
Published: March 2003

Throughout the interwar period, Britain’s fascist movement was marked by anti–Semitism. That anti–Semitism was such a striking feature of the movement is well known, and studies of British fascism have consequently paid attention to the implications and effects of racial prejudice on Britain’s Jewish community, and on British society more generally. However, the history of women in Britain’s fascist movement has been less well known, and the narrative of racial politics and racial tensions in interwar Britain must now be modified by a consideration of gender relations and women’s activism on the extreme right. The first part of this article is thus concerned with the questions of how British fascist women gave vent to their racial hatreds, the particular tone of their rhetorical invectives against the Jewish community, and the distinctiveness of their expressions of anti–Semitism. From their support for Jew–baiting activities on the streets, to their high level of participation in an anti–war movement dedicated to keeping Britain out of the ‘Jews’ war’, to their choices to educate their young children in the principles of Jew–hating, British fascist women did, in fact, show themselves to be ‘Jew wise’. Their active expression of anti–Semitism certainly challenged the optimistic liberal supposition that the female sex was the more tolerant. The second part of this article is concerned with the theoretical implications of putting women back into the history of British anti–Semitism, and explores how the powerful gender paradigms of feminine tolerance, maternalism, and feminised pacifism were subverted to justify a seemingly incongruous sentiment of ‘motherly hate’.
Behind the Screens: The Foreseen and Unforeseen Impact of Computerization on Female Office Worker's Jobs
Authors: Tijdens Kea G.
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the forecasts made at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s regarding male dominance in the field of electronic data processing (EDP), the computer illiteracy of female workers, the exclusion of women from decision‐making processes, and polarization among female workers. Based on statistical sources, analyses of computer weeklies, case studies in eight manufacturing firms and a survey among female office workers in manufacturing, arguments are put forward to support the view (a) that the EDP field is not as male‐dominated as it was, (b) that women have not remained computer‐illiterate, (c) that some progress can be seen as far as inclusion in decision‐making processes is concerned, and (d) that polarization does still exist, but in the opposite form to two decades ago. Two factors explain why these forecasts have not become reality. At the end of the 1970s it was impossible for researchers to predict the complexity of computerization and the new uses to which computers would be put. Furthermore, the forecasts were dominated by a static view of gender relations, which in fact were to undergo substantial changes.
Sustaining and Developing Women's Trade Union Activism: A Gendered Project?
Authors: Kirton Gill
Published: March 2003

Against the background of heavy membership decline, the increasing importance of women as a source of members for unions and union efforts to attract women into membership, this paper explores the nature of women's union activism. The focus is on why women stay active in unions. The paper employs Klandermans' model as a framework for examining senior union women's activism. This study suggests that the model is gendered in that women's experiences and perceptions of trade unions are highly gender specific and further that their union activities are underpinned by a feminist paradigm. The women in the study expressed a strong desire to ensure that the union works for women, indicative of the gendered nature of their commitment to the union. They revealed gendered bargaining priorities and thus gendered perceptions of union instrumentality. Their social integration within the union is shown to be highly or partially contingent upon, formal and informal women's support networks.
Prosecuting Pay Equity: Evolving Strategies in Britain and Australia
Authors: Whitehouse Gillian , Zetlin Di , Earnshaw Jill
Published: March 2003

Some thirty years after the introduction of pay equity provisions in Australia and Britain, continued encroachments on the gender pay gap seem inordinately difficult to deliver. This article provides some reflection on the prosecution of pay equity cases in the two countries over this period, and seeks to identify lessons that can be drawn by contrasting the different approaches that have evolved. We are concerned in particular with the impact of decentralizing trends, and the potential to develop strategies that can operate effectively in these circumstances. We show that while Britain began with relatively narrow provisions, these have gradually been extended through case law. However, job evaluation processes have proved tortuous and time‐consuming, and the main successes have been in the more regulated sectors of the economy, particularly the public sector. In contrast, while Australia has enjoyed significant advantages associated with its more centralized industrial relations framework, this has not been without costs, and Australia has little of the case experience acquired in Britain to rely on as the benefits of centralization are eroded.
Making it Work: Supporting Group Representation in a Liberal Democratic Organization
Authors: McBride Anne
Published: March 2003

Providing oppressed social groups with rights of representation is one suggestion for counteracting bias towards privileged groups in society. In order to counteract a bias towards their white, male, heterosexual, able‐bodied membership, a number of trade unions have provided social groups with resources to self‐organize and represent their group interests to mainstream decision‐makers. However, enabling group representation at the same time as individual representation is problematic in trade unions that are organized along liberal democratic lines. This case study of UNISON shows that while the union supported the self‐organization of oppressed social groups, these groups were excluded from matters affecting pay and working conditions. The article argues that this outcome reflects the difficulty of reconciling the representation of social groups with the representation of individuals in a liberal democratic organization. The implications of this organizational framework are illustrated by contrasting the organizing strategies of two women's self‐organized groups. While one strategy (the organization of women shop stewards) fits the prevailing organizational structure, the other (the organization of all women) attempts to be different and may have more potential for counteracting the bias towards privileged groups in the future. The article argues that a radical organizational framework is required if oppressed social groups are to gain real power within trade unions.
Women’s Issues in Mauritius: Of CEO Attitudes and Platitudes
Authors: Ramgutty‐Wong Anita
Published: March 2003

A large sample of Chief Executives of private and public sector organizations in Mauritius were surveyed in an attempt to determine the degree of awareness and the level of supportiveness of top managers to women’s issues. This article explores a range of social‐psychological variables to arrive at an analysis and description of CEO attitudes and perceptions, but also poses the question of whether concrete action is being taken towards addressing women’s issues in general, and women managers’ issues in particular. Findings revealed that the stated degree of supportiveness is relatively high, but that actions, policies and practices are alarmingly women‐insensitive, defying the current spectacularly ‘developed’ status of the country’s economy. Through such a reality, the country also distinguishes itself negatively from the numerous Third World states that have somehow developed advanced action plans in the field of gender.
Return to Gender: An Analysis of Women’s Disadvantage in Postal Work
Authors: Jenkins Sarah , Lucio Miguel Martinez , Noon Mike
Published: March 2003

The workplace is a crucial locale for understanding three important issues in contemporary debates on gender and organizations; the processes by which work becomes gendered, the origins and nature of gender segregation and the role of trade unions in delivering gender equality. This article presents data from a study of workplace transformations in Royal Mail, and demonstrates the dynamic interplay of factors over time, which have sustained postal work in the UK as a gendered occupation and continues to disadvantage women in the workforce. The article shows that the position of women in postal work has been historically and contemporaneously linked to the relations between the trade union, management, male and female workers. The data illustrate that the power relations between the main actors have sustained the dynamic of women’s disadvantage. Furthermore, the processes that have sustained postal work as a gendered job continue to segregate men and women’s work at the level of the workplace.
Organizational Restructuring and the Achievement of an Equal Opportunity Culture
Authors: Woodall Jean , Edwards Christine , Welchman Rosemary
Published: March 2003

The Opportunity 2000 Campaign has recognized that equal opportunity policy change has to be accompanied by a process of culture change in organizations. However, sustaining commitment to an equal opportunity culture may be a difficult task in times of rapid and varied organizational change. In particular, the volume and scope of ‘restructuring’ that follow mergers, acquisitions, divestment, the introduction of internal markets, and other changes in business strategy often lead to ‘downsizing’, ‘delayering’, and outsourcing of business functions. This can have very variable outcomes for the careers of women managers. For them the experience of organizational restructuring is akin to participation in a lottery in which they are occasionally winners, but usually losers. This is the main finding from in‐depth case studies of three large organizations in the public sector, pharmaceuticals, and financial services, which have all experienced some form of ‘restructuring’ over the last five years. The main conclusion of this research is that unless restructuring involves an expansion of managerial positions it is likely to disadvantage women managers. The reasons for this are that it leads to job losses in functions where women are concentrated; highlights the disadvantages of poor line manager support; reinforces exclusion from the valuable informal organizational networks that provide access to career development opportunities; and renders formal equal opportunity policy monitoring ineffective. These findings have considerable implications for organizational and national policy initiatives to achieve an equal opportunity business culture.
Co-evolution of Preferences and Information in Simple Games of Trust
Authors: Güth Werner , Kliemt Hartmut , Peleg Bezalel
Published: March 2003

In standard rational choice modelling decisions are made according to given information and preferences. In the model presented here the ‘information technology’ of individual decision-makers as well as their preferences evolve in a dynamic process. In this process decisions are made rationally by players who differ in their informational as well as in their preference type. Relative success of alternative decisions feeds back on the type composition of the population which in turn influences rational decision-making. An indirect evolutionary analysis of an elementary yet important basic game of trust shows that under certain parameter constellations the population dynamics of the evolutionary process specify a unique completely mixed rest point. However, as opposed to previous studies of preference formation in the game of trust there is no convergence to but only circumventing the rest point if the informational status of individuals evolves rather than being chosen strategically.
A New Test of Price Dispersion
Authors: Kessner Ekkehard , Polborn Mattias K.
Published: March 2003

Economists have been concerned with price dispersion for apparently homogeneous goods for a long time. Many models have been developed which explain price dispersion by imperfect consumer information about prices in the market. There are few empirical tests of these models. Moreover, these tests at most show that the observed price dispersion is consistent with the models; however, an alternative explanation of price dispersion is always that the goods sold are not homogeneous from the consumers' point of view but that there are quality differences which cannot be observed by the empirical economist. Since both models yield different welfare conclusions, it would be important to distinguish empirically between the two explanations. We use data from the German life insurance industry for tests of the two models. Our data support the equilibrium price dispersion model.
EU Enlargement, Migration, and Lessons from German Unification
Authors: Sinn Hans-Werner
Published: March 2003

The paper studies the role of international implications after EU enlargement. Based on a formal model with migration costs for both capital and labor, it predicts a two-sided migration from the new to the old EU countries which is later reversed. As the migration pattern chosen by market forces turns out to be efficient, migration should not be artificially reduced by means of legal constraints or subsidies to the new member countries. The paper draws the parallel with German unification and points out the lessons to be learned by Europe. The analysis concludes with a brief discussion of the second-best problem posed by the existence of welfare states in the old member countries.
‘Das War Schon Einmal Da, Wie Langweilig!’?: ‘Hörspiel’ and Narrative in the Work of Gert Hofmann (1931–1993)
Authors: Pinfold Debbie
Published: March 2003

Gert Hofmann has received surprisingly little critical attention, given the generally favourable reviews his work has received in the German feuilletons. His substantial radio output (more than forty ‘Hörspiele’, three of which earned him major prizes) is the least researched area of his work. This is partly due to problems of availability; few of the plays were published in book form. But his later plays appear to have been neglected mainly because they were often adaptations of earlier narrative works; they have thus been regarded as mere pot‐boilers. This article examines two examples of media transfer, the radio play Die Überflutung (1979) and its narrative counterpart, Unsere Vergeßlichkeit (1987); and the novel Unsere Eroberung (1984) and its radio derivatives Unser Schlachthof (1984) and Peter und Edgar und der Wolf (1984). It demonstrates that Hofmann’s self‐citation was not proof of ‘Ein‐fallslosigkeit’ but had a serious aesthetic purpose. The fact that he wrote both ‘Hörspiele’ and narrative works based on the same theme often allowed him to play with different possibilities that would otherwise have been mutually exclusive. They thus provide a fascinating cross‐commentary and refute the quotation in the title of this article.
The Cultural Politics of the 1998 Reform of German Orthography
Authors: Johnson Sally
Published: March 2003

In November 1995, after many years of debate by linguists and politicians, it was announced that a reform of German orthography would be officially introduced from 1998. No sooner had the reform been agreed, however, than widespread protest began, such that by 1996 the issue of how the German language should be written had evolved into a major constitutional wrangle requiring intervention on the part of the ‘Bundesverfassungsgericht’. This paper is an attempt to explore what I see as the issues underpinning this protest. It is my basic premise that the disputes which surrounded the reform were not exclusively about orthography. Clearly, cultural and political significance was attached to the proposed changes, and it is my aim to investigate how and why this was so. The first part of the paper describes in some detail the historical background to the reform. The second outlines the structural amendments to German orthography which were proposed. Finally, the third part explores the various levels of protest against the reform, as voiced by lawyers, writers, publishers, politicians, and the wider population.
Violence, Masculinity and Self: Killing in Joseph Roth’s 1920s Fiction
Authors: Hughes Jon
Published: March 2003

This essay focuses upon a little considered aspect of Joseph Roth’s 1920s fiction – the depiction of the act of killing. I argue that this act should be viewed as central in Roth’s portrayal of the damaged psyche of young war veterans, whose strategies of self‐denial and self‐transformation have terrible consequences for themselves and others. With this in mind, I examine the actions and motives of the fascistic protagonist of Das Spinnennetz (1923), and the revolutionaries in Die Flucht ohne Ende (1927) and Rechts und Links (1929), in their historical and cultural context. The continuities between their actions reflect, I suggest, an awareness on Roth’s part of the continuum of male psychology. Drawing on concepts from the work of such cultural critics as Theweleit, Foucault, and Lacan, I discuss the significance of military training, the experience of combat, and political instability in displacing the masculine ego and creating the necessary conditions for violence. The essay concludes by challenging the assumption that Roth only intended to criticise his explicitly fascistic character, for all the texts considered close with personal misery for their characters: inability to relate to others, and dislocation from society.
’Du Tag, wann wirst du sein...’: Quotation, Emancipation and Dissonance in Straub/Huillet’s Der Bräutigam, die Komödiantin und der Zuhälter
Authors: Brady Martin
Published: March 2003

Taking as its starting point the radical potential ascribed to cinematic montage by Walter Benjamin, ans his concept of it’s subversive ’Chockwirking’, this article focuses on the thematic and structural use of dissonance, quotation and translation in Jean‐Marie Straub’s and Danièle Huillet’s Der Bräutigam, dir Komösiantin und der Zuhälter(1968, 23 mins) in order to identify its utopian aspects. Described by Straub as their most aleatory and political work, it is an elliptical montage of literary, cinematic and musical quotations, a ’document of documents’, or ’document‐fiction’, which evolved out of their stage production of Ferdinand Bruckner’s Krankheit der Jugend in Fassbinder’s Munich ’action‐theater’. Ser agasinst the back‐drop of the Paris revolts of 1968, the film presents models of emancipatory political action. Der Bräutigam is also a cinematic manifesto, a compressed documentary essay on cinema itself, distilling the debris of film history into a diamectical sequence of cinematic quotations which itself lays claim to being the apotheosis of that history.The article examines the ways in which the film transforms ots literary, musical, and cinematic source material into ’Jetztzeit;, making Der Bräutigama commentary on the political potential of ’Literaturverfilmung’ or ’‐dokumentierung’ to liberate and actualisr pre‐existing texts in the here and now.
Papierkorb und Grammophon: Zur politischen Lyrik Eerich Frieds und Wolf Biermanns
Authors: Pape Walter
Published: March 2003

Politische Lyrik zeichnet sich durch ihre vergleichsweise unmittelbaren Wirkungs‐absichten aus, doch unterliegt ihre roduktion wie Rezeption in der Regel denselben Medialitätsbedingungen wie alle Literatur nach der seit Herder beklagten erlorenen Mündlichkeit. Der Beitrag untersucht zwei Vertreter zeit‐genössischer politischer Lyrik auf ihren Umgang mit ihrer eigenen Medialität bzw. auf ihren spezifischen Zugriff auf ‘Realität’. Wie ein Vergleich mit Hoffmann von Fallersleben einerseits, Friedrich Rückert andererseits typologisch zuzuspitzen erlaubt, wird die politische Lyrik Wolf Biermanns von der stimmlichen Präsenz des Sängers und des besungenen ‘Ereignisses’ getragen, während Erich Fried Reflexionen zu Papier bringt, die er aus seiner Zeitungslektüre entwickelt. So eindeutig, wie dieser Gegensatz scheint, kann er aus medientheoretischer Perspektive jedoch gar nicht sein: Die authentisch‐subjektive Emotionalität, die Biermann mit großem Erfolg beim Publikum beansprucht, ist artifiziell modelliert, wobei ihre scheinbar unmittelbare Wirkung auch dann nicht gestõrt wird, wenn das Fernsehen oder die Schallplatte sie transportieren. Fried dagegen verzichtet auf (die Illusion von) Unmittelbarkeit – abgesehen davon, daß er trotz der vorausge‐setzten Medialität seines Schreibens am Konzept des ‘richtigen’, eine Wahrheit enthüllenden Wortes festhält. Sein ernsthaftes Spiel mit der Sprache zielt auf Aufhebung: der bloßen politischen Emotion wie der Medien, auf die auch der Dichter angewiesen ist.
Marlene’s Pistol and Brady’s Rule: Elements of Mystification and Indeterminacy in Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s Film Die bitteren Tränen der Petra von Kant
Authors: White John , Wgite Ann
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to explore unrealistic features of Rainer Werners Fassbinder’s most mannered and formalist film from a fresh perspective. Whereas Fassbinder scholarship has hitherto tended to see the work as an early example of the author’s imposition of Brechtian ’anti‐illusionistic’ distancing devices upon melodramatic material, it is argued here that many of the elements of stylisation and formalism in this particular film are not being deployed for Brechtian reasons. A number of key elements of mystification and indeterminacy are explored to suggest that the film is more enigmatic than many interpreters have suggested; and these elements, which were rarely present in the original stage version of Die bitteren Tränen der Petra von Kantare shown to create a series of unresolved enigmas and general mood of eeriness. Particular attention is paid to the visual importance of dolls, tailor’s dummies and Marlene’s pistol, as well as the body‐language in certain sequences. The central relationship between Petra von Kant and Marlene is re‐examined within this framework.
‘Warum nun Dieses?’: Verblendung and Verschulden in the Stories of Adalbert Stifter
Authors: Ragg‐Kirkby Helena
Published: March 2003

‘Warum nun dieses?’ This is a question that people have been asking for hundreds of years. Why do terrible things happen? On the surface, Adalbert Stifter claims that there is a simple, God‐given explanation for everything – and that all will be clear to us once we have obtained the ‘right perspective’. Below their serene surfaces, however, his texts suggest something more sinister. For not only is our own blindness such that we mostly only ever see what we imagine or invent – but, if we do ever see the ‘truth’, then what we will see is that we ourselves are responsible for the disasters that so inexplicably befall us. In this respect, Stifter’s fiction is Kafka’s avant la lettre: Stifter is so to speak Kafka in a different key – apparently sunnier, but in truth even more menacing.
‘Father wants to tear out my tongue’: Daughters Confront Incestuous Fathers in Postwar German Literature
Authors: Willeke Audrone B.
Published: March 2003

Since the 1970s, empowered by the women’s movement, daughters sexually abused by fathers have told their stories in memoirs, case histories, and fiction. In this article I apply the results of current research on incest to analyse incest narratives by German and Austrian women authors: Ingeborg Bachmann’s Malina, Alissa Walser’s ‘Geschenkt’, and Elisabeth Reichart’s ‘La Valse’. Each of these texts depicts daughter‐narrators who are coping with after‐effects of sexual abuse, in particular, split identity and gender ambivalence. In Malina and ‘Geschenkt’, the I‐narrators try to resolve the split by opting for a masculinised ego ideal, a façade self that protects the vulnerable female self from painful memories. On the other hand, ‘La Valse’ is based on an inclusive, not a dualistic, model of identity. The daughter begins her tentative journey toward autonomy when she acknowledges her ambivalent attachment to her father and reintegrates memories and emotions. By shaping and giving meaning to the experience of sexual trauma, incest narratives reveal competing – dualistic and inclusive – notions of the self.
Ideas and Environmental Standard‐Setting: A Comparative Study of Regulation of the Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Harrison Kathryn
Published: March 2003

This article examines the policy responses of Canada, Sweden, and the United States to the discovery of dioxins in pulp mill effluents and paper products, with particular attention to the impact of science and the scientific community on national environmental standards. Important areas of policy divergence were found, despite considerable scientific consensus among environmental scientists in the three jurisdictions, as the potential force of shared causal knowledge was undermined by competing domestic interests and different institutional contexts for decision‐making. This analysis challenges the emphasis of the epistemic community literature on the role of scientists in promoting policy convergence, underscoring the importance of the interaction of ideas, interest group politics, and institutions in public policy‐making.
Special Issue: Deliberately Democratizing Multilateral Organization
Authors: Verweij Marco , Josling Timothy E.
Published: March 2003

In Economy and Society, Max Weber posits that bureaucracies that are not reined in by either democratic controls or market discipline will eventually start to pursue public policies that are detrimental to those whose lives these policies should enable or improve. During the last ten years, a number of scholars, activists, parliamentarians, journalists and whistleblowers have come to argue that Weber's hypothesis has often held up for the functioning of multilateral organizations, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. At least, it appears that little democratic control or market discipline has been imposed on multilateral organizations. Moreover, critics from both the left and the right have severely criticized such multilateral policies as development lending, deregulation of financial markets, and structural adjustment programs. Yet it remains difficult to agree upon appropriate remedies. Many proposals—ranging from outright abolishment of large international organizations to the establishment of global parliaments at the United Nations—have been tabled, but little consensus reigns and various disadvantages (as well as advantages) cling to each of these proposals. This special issue of Governance considers yet another way in which to make multilateral organizations more democratic and pluralistic: by making these organizations more deliberatively democratic. This introduction clarifies what is meant by deliberative decision–making and why it is worthwhile to consider making multilateral organizations more deliberative. It also sets out the other contributions to the issue, which offer different justifications for increased deliberation and discuss alternative forms in which multilateral organizations can be made more deliberatively democratic.
Information, Knowledge and Learning
Authors: MacFarlane Alistair
Published: March 2003

The recommendations of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education are assessed in the light of their vision of a learning society and criticised in terms of the inevitability of a knowledge economy with a new lifelong learning sector. While the National Committee has produced a report which demands careful study by everyone involved with higher education it has not provided us with a workable blueprint for the construction of a learning society.

The relationships between information, knowledge and learning are analysed in terms of three interacting economies – a cognitive economy, a learning economy and a knowledge economy. Technology will play a vital role in the evolution of these three inter‐linked economies in the following ways:

• The cognitive economy will be transformed by the role of machine agents

• The learning economy will be transformed by the development of new ways of structuring and accessing instantiated knowledge

• Interactions between the creators and supplies of knowledge will create a trading economy based on wideband communications and internet technologies.

The major driver of the development of a knowledge economy will be a demand for lifelong learning. After a decade or so, by far the largest part of lifelong learning will be delivered off campus and into the workplace or home. In responding to these developments higher education will have to adapt radically.
Diverse Expectations and Access to Opportunities: is there a Graduate Labour Market?
Authors: Pitcher Jane , Purcell Kate
Published: March 2003

Restructuring of the labour market has led to changing demand for skills and concern about potential mismatch between needs of employers and competences developed in higher education courses. This paper extends analysis of the Great Expectations survey of UK final‐year undergraduates in 1996 to explore the development of skills and competences in different disciplinary areas and the anticipated career trajectories of students. A detailed assessment is undertaken of the extent to which respondents appear prepared, both in terms of the employment‐related skills they consider they have developed as undergraduates and in their expectations, for the changes which have taken place in the labour market in the latter part of the twentieth century. While findings from transitional early careers need to be interpreted cautiously, it does appear that expectations varied less than emerging outcomes for this cohort in the vanguard of mass higher education. Subject and gender differences in expectations and outcomes were significant and ‘non‐traditional’ graduates were more likely than others to report that they were experiencing difficulties in the transition from education to employment. The graduates themselves had a flexible approach to the labour market but it seems that employers may have more inflexible recruitment graduate practices. Further research is required but there is clearly a danger that wider access may not lead to correspondingly wider career opportunities.
Universities and Teacher Education
Authors: Pring Richard
Published: March 2003

There have been momentous changes in the organisation and funding of initial teacher training which threaten the traditional role of universities. However, the critics of these changes fail to see that the changes reflect radical developments in higher education more generally as a result of widening participation, greater accountability and more diverse missions. This makes it necessary for each higher education institution to ask what its distinctive contribution could be to the various partnerships – in the case of educational studies, to the partnership with schools.
Australian Universities 1939‐1999: How Different Now?
Authors: Williams Bruce
Published: March 2003

Between 1939 and 1999, when the Australian population increased from 7 to 19 million, university enrolments rose from 14,236 to 681,870. Until 1974 the most notable changes were the increases in the size of universities and of departments (which encouraged greater specialization), continued increases in research expenditures, in the percentage of postgraduate students, and a gradual decline in collegiality. In 1974 the Commonwealth Government assumed full responsibility for government grants to universities and abolished fees at just that time when growth rates in the economy fell sharply. Government influence on the universities increased, and there were some departures from the no‐fees policy for international and postgraduate course‐work masters and diploma students. Then in 1988 the Government decided to abolish the distinction between universities and colleges of advanced education, to create through amalgamations a smaller number of much larger universities and to set a specific mission for each university in the interest of economic growth. The Tertiary Education Commission was abolished and the universities dealt directly with the Minister and his Department. The Universities became distinctly more managerial, less collegial, and the range of courses and degrees was greatly expanded. There are now legitimate doubts about the quality of some degrees. Student fees came back, but in a way that reduced the financial burden on the government without giving the universities greater freedom. The government sponsored collective bargaining for university staff but as universities were not given the capacity to earn much additional income, increases in salaries increased student/staff ratios and induced a decline in morale.
Costing Initial Teacher Education: Do Institutions Cost their Primary Provision
Authors: Burton Neil
Published: March 2003

Initial Teacher Education (ITE) courses operated by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have, for several years, been facing a decreasing unit of resource. Over the same period these HEIs have also been required to introduce a ‘prescribed curriculum’ for Initial Teacher Education and transfer a proportion of their funding to placement schools. In this context, a survey of all primary undergraduate providers in England was undertaken to determine the extent to which these changing financial conditions were formally incorporated within course design. An analysis of the responses indicates that only a minority of institutions formally cost their courses, and the factors that are included in the costing process vary significantly between institutions. The availability of the data, within institutions, leads to questions concerning the extent to which these data inform course design decisions, and the extent to which HEIs can effectively argue with resource decisions made by the funding body.
Expanding Higher Education in the UK: From ‘System Slowdown’ to ‘System Acceleration’
Authors: Hodgson Ann , Spours Ken
Published: March 2003

This paper sets out to explore the implications of current patterns of participation and attainment, particularly among 16–19 year‐olds, for the further expansion of higher education in the UK. It uses a range of recent statistics on participation and attainment to describe what is termed ‘system slowdown’. It then explores a basis for ‘system acceleration’ through the development of five possible routes into higher education both for 16–19 year‐olds and for adults. We conclude the paper by looking briefly at a number of inter‐related strategies the Government could adopt to encourage ‘system acceleration’. We suggest that unless the Government is prepared to consider policy changes of this type, it is unlikely to reach the higher education participation target it has set itself and may also jeopardise the basis for a sustainable lifelong learning system for the 21st century.
Lifelong Learning for Employment and Equity: the Role of Part‐time Degrees
Authors: Brennan John , Mills Jonathan , Shah Tarla , Woodley Alan
Published: March 2003

The last few years have seen a growing debate and new initiatives by government and other agencies on the concept of lifelong learning. The objectives of these have been to provide better access to a broad knowledge base and to develop individuals' employability and economic success. But lifelong learning is not a new phenomenon. In the UK and elsewhere many adults have always studied for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways. Study through part‐time degrees has long been one option for many adult learners. This paper draws on data from a study undertaken for the Department for Education and Employment on the employment of part‐time students and considers whether part‐time study benefits people's careers and whether some people benefit more than others.
Relationships Between Teaching and Research in Higher Education in England
Authors: Coate Kelly , Barnett Ronald , Williams Gareth
Published: March 2003

Although there is a popular conception that research enhances teaching, evidence of such synergistic relationships is inconclusive. Recent research, undertaken as part of the Higher Education Funding Council for England's (HEFCE) fundamental review of research policy and funding, indicated that there are a range of relationships – both positive and negative – between teaching and research. While the ideal relationship might be perceived by many academics to be a positive one, there are a number of factors that shape the ways in which teaching and research can have a negative influence on each other, or even be driven apart. These factors include pressures to compartmentalize teaching and research through accountability and funding mechanisms, management strategies of academic staff time that treat teaching and research separately, and the competition for scarce resources. If teaching and research are to complement each other, new ways of managing the teaching and research relationship need to be considered.
The Construction of Qualification Levels and Frameworks: Issues from Three UK Projects
Authors: Lester Stan
Published: March 2003

The United Kingdom is gradually moving to develop national frameworks of qualifications, with the aim of identifying all publicly‐funded qualifications according to level, focus and, where appropriate, size or credit volume. Existing frameworks designed for use in higher education and occupational contexts reflect assumptions concerning things such as the nature of knowledge, the academic or occupational context of the learner, and the nature of access and progression within education and training. These assumptions do not hold for the full spectrum of qualifications, and need to be challenged if a fully inclusive framework is to emerge that is coherent while supporting requisite variety.
Learning to Manage the University: Tales of Training and Experience
Authors: Johnson Rachel
Published: March 2003

The paper draws on interviews with ‘manager‐academics’ (Pro‐Vice Chancellors, Deputy Vice Chancellors and Heads of Department) in UK universities to examine their views on their preparation, training and support for their roles. Following a brief description of the ESRC‐funded study, the paper describes manager‐academics' reported career trajectories, motivations and initial experiences, and the training they received: their views both of training and of less formal learning are ambivalent and often hesitant. However, the interviews reveal processes and contexts that manager‐academics consider beneficial to their own learning and development, and this analysis suggests both theoretical understanding and practical guidelines. Manager‐academics' learning occurs through engagement in practice and through social interaction, and is context‐specific. Institutions can foster learning and good management by acknowledging these characteristics and promoting opportunities for self‐critical reflection, peer feedback and collective articulation and sharing of experience.
Globalisation and the Restructuring of Higher Education for New Knowledge Economies: New Dangers or Old Habits Troubling Gender Equity Work in Universities?
Authors: Blackmore Jill
Published: March 2003

This article undertakes a feminist critique of the restructuring of the modern university in Australia. It considers the interaction of the processes of globalisation, corporatisation (through the twin strategies of marketisation and managerialism) and the social relations of gender, and their implication for gender equity work in the academy. The paper locates the reform of Australian universities within their Western context, and considers the gendered effects of the new disciplinary technologies of quality assurance and online learning on the position of women academics. It concludes with some comments about the shift in language from equity to diversity which has accompanied corporatisation, and how this has effectively coopted women’s intellectual labour to do the work of the entrepreneurial university.
Estate Management, Investment and the Gentleman Landlord in Later Medieval England1
Authors: Youngs Deborah
Published: March 2003

This article is based on a booklet of accounts for the small estate of Newton, Cheshire. Compiled 1498-1506 by Newton's gentry landlord, they provide rare information on the management and investment strategies of a minor gentleman for his demesne lands. It is to the gentry that historians have generally turned for evidence of enterprise and investment on medieval estates; but few specific examples have been found. This article offers a detailed example supporting the view of the enterprising gentleman, and arguing that a wider diversity of investment was undertaken on a medieval north Midland's estate than is usually appreciated.
The Collapse of Fujimorismo: Authoritarianism and its Limits
Authors: Crabtree John
Published: March 2003

The resignation of Alberto Fujimori as president of Peru and the convening of fresh elections for 2001 invites a reassessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the Fujimorato. Fujimori's was a hybrid regime, an uneasy admixture of democratic and autocratic elements. While following prescribed election timetables and tolerating certain opposition, this was an authoritarian government. Grounded on a pact with the armed forces and involving a concentration of presidential power, its support was organised along populist lines that took advantage of the weakness of political parties. However, as the regime's demise suggests, the tension between democratic and autocratic elements could never be properly reconciled.