bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viability of fibroblasts in a novel probiotic storage media
Authors: Çaglar E , Sandalli N , Kuscu OO , Durhan MA , Pisiriciler R , Ak Calıskan E , Kargul B
Published: August 2010

Abstract –  A number of storage media have been investigated as to their ability to maintain the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and thus to permit longer extra‐alveolar periods prior to replantation of avulsed teeth. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the number of viable PDL cells of avulsed teeth treated by Hank’s Balanced Salt Solutions (HBSS), saline, a novel probiotic solution and milk. Thirty‐six freshly extracted single‐rooted human teeth with closed apices were divided into one of the four experimental groups and two control groups (N = 6 each). The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 min and an 8‐h dry time respectively. Following extraction, the coronal 3 mm of PDL tissue was scraped with a #15 scalpel to remove cells that might have been damaged. The experimental teeth were dried for 30 min followed by a 45 min immersion in one of the four experimental media. Each experimental tooth, after drying and soaking, was incubated for 30 min with a 2.5 ml solution of 0.2 mg ml−1 of collagenase CLS II and a 2.4 mg ml−1 solution of dispase grade II in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The cells were then labelled with 0.4% Trypan blue for determination of viability. The teeth stored in positive control demonstrated the highest number of viable PDL cells followed in rank order by HBSS, saline, Lactobacillus reuteri solution and milk. There was no significant difference in the number of viable PDL cells between HBSS, milk, L. reuteri solution and saline. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that probiotic may be able to maintain PDL cell viability as HBSS, milk, or saline.
Immediate self‐replantation of an avulsed permanent mandibular incisor – a case report
Authors: Emerich Katarzyna , Czerwinska Marta , Ordyniec‐Kwasnica Iwona
Published: August 2010

Abstract –  Background: Approximately 50% of children under the age of 15 years are subjected to various kinds of injuries in the orofacial region. In the permanent dentition, the most severe dental injury affects the surrounding alveolar bone structure and leads to loss of the tooth. The current literature emphasizes that the awareness of appropriate triage procedures following dental trauma is unsatisfactory and that delay in treatment is the single most influential factor affecting prognosis. Results: This case report presents the immediate self‐replantation of a right lateral mandibular incisor of a 12‐year‐old male patient following a traumatic avulsion. The same patient had earlier, aged 10 years, experienced a trauma leading to the loss of all four maxillary incisors. The missing incisors were replaced by a removable acrylic denture. Having the requisite experience from the earlier accident, the child performed on himself an immediate replantation of the tooth at the site of the accident. After avulsion, the tooth was not splinted timely nor was an endodontic procedure carried out and no antibiotics were prescribed. The first dental examination after the trauma was performed 6 months later and since then, radiographic follow‐up has been introduced. One year after the trauma, following the late endodontic treatment performed 6 months after reimplantation, the tooth is asymptomatic and stable. Conclusions: Immediate self‐replantation of an avulsed tooth is the best treatment choice, even without any other proceeding treatment. However, the healing process should be followed up to allow for the treatment of the early signs of pulpal necrosis and/or root resorption.
Integration of oral health into primary health care: the role of dental hygienists and the WHO stewardship
Authors: Monajem S
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Interest in addressing the unmet oral health needs of the citizens of the world has manifested itself, lately, in noteworthy expressions of commitment. Oral health is integrated with general health and support for community programmes offering ‘essential oral health’ within primary health care (PHC) is increasing. The WHO Global Goals for Oral Health 2020 has assumed a more directed public health orientation, and the Global Oral Health Programme has its focus on modifiable oral risk behaviours. Last, but not the least, opportunities are being created, under the ‘stewardship’ of the World Health Organization (WHO), for the expansion of oral disease prevention and health promotion knowledge and practices in communities. A review of the literature on community‐oriented oral health primary care reveals one dominant and disease‐oriented practice model with dental practitioners being the principal and exclusive actors. One alternative to this biomedical model of care that may be better suited to translate health promotion principles into action at community levels is the practice that involves hygienists serving as primary oral health care providers. The WHO ‘stewardship’ should include the support of dental hygiene practice within PHC, many legislative restrictions and regulatory barriers would be relaxed, thus enabling dental hygienists to respond to the WHO's call for community‐based demonstration projects. With their focus on preventive oral care, hygienists are ‘best poised’ to help accelerate the integration of oral health with primary care, particularly in the light of the compelling evidence confirming the cost‐effectiveness of the care delivered by intermediate providers.
False gingival enlargement as a diagnostic problem: a case report
Authors: Kesić L , Mihailović D , Pešić Z , Obradović R
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The aim of the case report was to describe gingival enlargement in a patient who came to the Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology at Niš Dental Clinic. After anamnesis had been taken, and following clinical examination, laboratory blood analysis, radiological examination and pathological examination, it was established that gingival enlargement was a consequence of medicament injection. We are of the opinion that gingival enlargement was a consequence of sclerotic agent injection.
VIRULENCE AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF MUTANT STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Edebo Lars , Normann Bengt
Published: August 2010

The virulence of R‐mutants derived from the S‐strain Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS has been investigated and compared with their phage pattern, chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide, agglutination by O‐specific serum and absorption of O‐specific antibodies. No strict relationship between phage pattern or chemical composition and virulence could be established. The most virulent mutants (R4a, R9) seemed to have O‐specific antigen at their surface, whereas no O‐specific antigen could be demonstrated in the least virulent one (R10), which also showed strong spontaneous agglutination. Two rough‐resistant mutants, R5 and R6, with large quantities of O‐specific antigenic determinants at their surface showed low and almost no virulence, respectively. Mucin reduced the lethal dose considerably, the factors ranging between 102 and 10‐5. Mice surviving for 5 weeks after infection often demonstrated a chronic disease with enlargement of the spleen and sometimes yellow‐white patches in the spleen and in the liver. Mice surviving doses of R‐bacteria that might be lethal to some animals in the same group often survived challenge with S‐bacteria. Particularly R9, a galactose‐4‐epimerase‐less mutant, gave a high degree of protection in surviving mice.
EXPERIMENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PREGNANT SOWS
Authors: Work K. , Eriksen L. , Fennestad K. L. , Møller T. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

Six sows in the 3rd month of gestation were infected with Toxoplasma gondii, four intravenously with the RH strain, two perorally with a porcine strain. Severe disease, characterized by fever, anorexia and dyspnoea, was seen in the animals infected with the RH strain and one sow died on day 4. Mild febrile disease was seen in the porcine strain infections. Parasitaemia and Toxoplasma antibodies became demonstrable in all sows, and at term the sows delivered dead and/or live piglets, the mortality being 50–100 per cent in three RH strain infected litters and 30 per cent in one porcine strain infected litter. At sacrifice, Toxoplasma was found in the sows infected with the porcine strain but in none of those infected with the RH strain. Non‐viable Toxoplasma was demonstrated histologically in 17 of 35 dead piglets and viable Toxoplasma was isolated from the cord blood of three liveborn piglets. At sacrifice 3–4 weeks after birth, Toxoplasma was demonstrable in several piglets from both sows infected with the porcine strain but in none of the piglets from sows infected with the RH strain. It is concluded that toxoplasmosis during the 3rd month of pregnancy in swine may cause fetal infection, resulting in death and congenital toxoplasmosis of liveborn piglets. Infection of the fetuses occurs probably during the maternal parasitaemia but horizontal infection i. e. from one litter mate to another, may also take place. There is little chance of isolating viable Toxoplasma from mummified or macerated fetuses, but non‐viable Toxoplasma may be demonstrated by histological examination.
CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EVENTS FOLLOWING A SINGLE INJECTION OF ANTITHYMOCYTIC SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Röpke Carsten
Published: August 2010

Following injection of antithymocytic serum (ATS) in Balb/C mice, increased decay of lymphocytes in lymphatic nodes occurs during the first 6 days, estimated by dye exclusion tests on unfixed cell suspensions. Decay in the thymus remains at normal values. Organ weights of the thymolymphatic system remains at control levels during the first weeks after injection. Initially the number of blood lymphocytes drops while the output from the thoracic duct remains stable. During the first hours after ATS‐injection, the number of lymphocytes in postcapillary venules are reduced. During the first days, the lymph nodes show accumulation of lymphocytes in the cortical nodules along with depletion of the paracortical area. The thymus stayed morphologically normal, with the exception of a light depletion of the marrow during the first day after injection. Results are discussed in the light of recently reported investigations, and it is emphazied that the increased decay of lymphocytes in the nodes may be interpreted as an expression of a shift in population from longlived, small lymphocytes of thymus origin to short‐lived small lymphocytes of bone marroworigin.
TYPES OF PNEUMOCOCCI FOUND IN BLOOD, SPINAL FLUID AND PLEURAL EXUDATE DURING A PERIOD OF 15 YEARS (1954–1969)
Authors: Lund Erna
Published: August 2010

The frequency of pneumococcal types in blood, spinal fluid, and pleural exudate during the years 1954 69 has been compared with the corresponding numbers for 1939–47. The frequency of types within the groups is given for the years 1962–69.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL INHIBITORS
Authors: Fossum Kåre
Published: August 2010

The Kunitz method and the casein precipitating test (CP‐test) have been compared for detection of proteolytic enzyme activity. For all the enzymes tested, except for ficin, the sensitivity of the CP‐test was 1200 1300 x greater than for the Kunitz method. For ficin the sensitivity was approximately 250 x greater. There was a close correlation between the casein precipitating inhibition test (CPI‐test) and the Kunitz method when testing the effect of inhibitors towards different enzymes. Of the systems examined, only soybean trypsin inhibitor had to be used in a high concentration in order for the inhibitory effect of this inhibitor towards α‐chymotrypsin to be demonstrated by the CPI‐test. With the other enzyme‐inhibitor systems a great variation in enzyme and inhibitor concentrations could be used for the successful demonstration of inhibitory effect. Some of the inhibitors included showed a low inhibitory effect upon enzymes tested by the CPI‐test which could not be demonstrated by the Kunitz method. This is assumed to be due to the higher sensitivity of the CPI‐test as compared to the Kunitz method. The CPI‐test is considered to be of value especially when working on inhibitors and enzymes of low activities and when the screening of many different inhibitors against various enzymes is to be carried out. Also in purification work the CPI‐test is found to be effective.
COMPLEMENT‐FIXING AND VIRUS‐NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION AS MEASURED AGAINST HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ANTIGEN
Authors: ANDERSEN HANS KERZEL
Published: August 2010

The serological response to infection with cytomegalovirus has been studied in five patients using heterologous and homologous antigens prepared from a laboratory strain—Ad 169—and a cytomegalovirus strain isolated from each patient, respectively. The study confirmed previous observations that the rise in CF antibodies precedes the rise in NT antibodies, especially in primary infections, and that the rise in NT titre runs over a longer course than the rise in CF titre. This more prolonged rise in NT titre can be utilized in the serodiagnosis of CMV infection in patients already having high CF titre in the first blood specimen taken. No differences between the CF antigen from the five newly isolated strains and the Ad 169 CF antigen were seen. Using the NT test it was found that one of the strains differed antigenically from strain Ad 169. This strain and strain Ad 169 seem, however, to be relatively closely related as it was possible in paired sera from the patient yielding the strain to demonstrate a parallel rise in NT antibodies with antigens prepared from each of them.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES ON KIDNEY BIOPSIES IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Authors: LINDER E. , PASTERNACK A.
Published: August 2010

Six patients with ankylosing spondylitis were studied. Kidney biopsies were examined by light and fluorescent microscopy. Conventional staining revealed vascular changes, consisting of deposits in small arteries and arterioles, in three of the patients. Immunofluorescence revealed pathological changes in all six patients. Deposits of immunoglobulin, complement and fibrinogen in glomerular and tubular basement membranes as well as in the walls of small arteries and arterioles suggest that immunological processes are associated with ankylosing spondylitis.
DEMONSTRATION OF FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS (SYN. PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS) IN SYLVAN ANIMALS WITH THE AID OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES
Authors: Karlsson K.‐A. , Dahlstrand S. , Hanko E. , Söderlind O.
Published: August 2010

Samples of 229 sylvan animals were investigated for tularaemia both by the FA‐test as well as by histopathological and/or conventional bacteriological investigations. For the FA‐test we used fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled anti‐F. tularensis globulin from a man who had just recovered from tularaemia. In 124 cases where all three methods were used, there was complete agreement in 85 cases (68 per cent). In 34 cases (27 per cent), the bacteriological investigations were negative whereas the other two methods gave positive results. In 105 suspected cases the FA‐technique was compared with histopathological procedures only. The results were in agreement in 103 cases. In 146 guinea pigs which had been inoculated with material from suspected cases, the results of cultivation and FA‐procedures were in agreement in 136 cases (93 per cent). In experimentally infected rabbits, tularaemia bacteria could be detected in the liver even after storage at room temperature for 25 days post mortem. The present results indicate that the FA‐technique for the detection of tularaemia in field material is a diagnostic method considerable more reliable than inoculation into guinea pigs. Furthermore, the FA‐technique is more rapid and eliminates to an essential degree the risk of laboratory infections.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ENDOTOXIN FROM ORALVEILLONELLA
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Kristoffersen Tore
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been prepared from four human oral strains ofVeillonellaby phenol‐water extraction of acetone‐washed whole cells. LPS from all strains contained 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonate (KDO), heptose, glucose, glucosamine and galactosamine. In addition, galactose was present in one strain, and galactose and ribose in another. The preparations were rich in lipid and KDO.
OXIDASE POSITIVE BACTERIA IN THE HUMAN NOSE INCIDENCE AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTION, AS DIAGNOSED BY GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

By diagnostic application of genetic transformation, the occurrence of oxidase positive bacteria in the human nose cavity was examined. Neisseria catarrhalis and Moraxella nonliqucfaciens were the predominating organisms, being equally frequent and representing 87.3 per cent of 111 oxidase positive isolates. In part of the study, comprising 130 patients, N.catarrhalis was isolated from 16.2 per cent and M. nonliquefaciens from 17.7 per cent of the nose specimens. M. liquefaciens and M. osloensis were isolated only occasionally, whereas the two species M. phenylpyrouvica and M. kingii were not encountered. Ten per cent of the isolates belonged to genus Neisseria in the strict sense. An ecological distinction is thereby indicated between rodshaped moraxellae (e.g., M. nonliquefaciens) and “false neisseriae” (e.g., N. catarrhalis) on the one hand and the “true neisseriae” on the other, with only the former groups having an important habitat in the nose. N. elongata, a rodshaped member of genus Neisseria, was not observed in this location. About 80 per cent of the N. catarrhalis and M. nonliquefaciens strains were competent in genetic transformation.
CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EVENTS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH ANTI‐THYMOCYTIC GLOBULIN IN MICE
Authors: Röpke Carsten
Published: August 2010

The present experiment was undertaken in order to obtain additional information on the increased cell decay in lymphatic tissues after ATS‐treatment. After injection of rabbit‐anti‐mouse‐globulin G (ALG) in Balb/c mice an increased cell decay was found in spleens and mesenteric nodes by the use of the Nigrosin Dye Exclusion Test on unfixed cell suspensions. After one injection of ALG the decay increased to the same high level as seen after ATS‐injection, no further increase being found after 7 days of injections. One week after treatment was stopped, increased decay was still evident. In suspensions from the thymus the decay remained on normal level. Mice injected with normal rabbit globulin G showed no increased decay in the thymolymphatic system. The most prominent histological findings were depletion of the thymus dependent areas in lymphatic tissue and increased numbers of blast‐cells in the blood and efferent lymphatics after ALG‐injections. The possible ways in which treatment with anti‐lymphocytic antibodies may lead to increased decay in lymphatic tissue are discussed in connection with the other findings, and it is concluded that the most likely explanation is a shift in population from long‐lived thymus derived cells to shortlived cells in lymphatic tissue, and it is emphasized that the Nigrosin Dye Exclusion Test is a useful test in studies on lymphoid cell kinetics.
IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF GENTAMICIN, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Rosdahl N. , Thomsen V. Frølund
Published: August 2010

A number ofin vitroinvestigations have been carried out with gentamicin. Kinetic experiments were performed on the antibacterial effect of gentamicin alone and in combination with seven other antibiotics. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline inhibited the bactericidal effect of gentamicin, whereas the combination of gentamicin with three penicillins, sul‐phathiazole, polymyxin B, and streptomycin showed an additive effect by inhibiting regrowth of the test organism. The antibacterial spectrum of gentamicin was examined, based on IC50 determinations of 158 gram‐positive and 266 gram‐negative strains. In addition, 519Staphylococcus aureusstrains were tested, 516 of which were regarded as being fully sensitive. Comparison was made of the relationship between the sensitivity of gentamicin and streptomycin, kanamycin, and neomycin. A high degree of concordance between gentamicin and neomycin was found, although this was not complete. Streptomycin and kanamycin showed less correlation with gentamicin. In three strains which had been made resistant to gentamicin, a similar reduction in sensitivity to the other antibiotics developed. A method is described for routine sensitivity testing, using prediffusion and discs containing 25 μg gentamicin sulphate.
CELL DIVISION IN A CHAIN‐FORMING envA MUTANT OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K12
Authors: Normark Staffan , Boman Hans G. , Bloom Gunnar D.
Published: August 2010

A chain‐forming mutant of Escherichia coli K12 has recently been described which exhibits a decreased tolerance to ampicillin, rifampicin, actinomycin D, and several other antibacterial agents {Normark et al. 1969, Normark 1970). The mutated gene responsible for chain formation and drug sensitivity, denoted envA, was mapped at 1.5 min {Normark 1970). In this paper the cell division process in the envA mutant and its wild type parental strain is investigated. Electron microscopy revealed that all layers of the cell envelope participate in the invagination process during cell “division in the wild type strain. In contrast, in the chain forming envA mutant, a septum was constantly formed at the site of division which separated individual cell units. The septum was delimited by the plasma membrane and was composed of periplasm and a central septal structure which by its sensitivity to lysozyme was identified as the murein skeleton. Plasmolysis of chains by 30 per cent sucrose caused a significant broadening of the septal regions, but left the murein layer intact. Ampicillin was without effect on the septal murein component. Sites at which the cytoplasmic membrane was attached to the cell wall were frequently observed in close relation to the invagination areas, even after removal of the murein layer by lysozyme. Inhibition of DNA and murein synthesis did not affect the ability of chains to be transformed into separate cells. Protein synthesis however, was a prerequisite for cell separations. It is suggested that the envA gene mediates a defect in the association of the murein skeleton with the outer layers of the envelope. Models for septum formation are presented.
HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN: ELIMINATION FROM A DIALYSIS UNIT AND PERSISTENCE IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: Steiness Ib , Skiniiøj Peter
Published: August 2010

Testing for hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) in a dialysis unit with previous outbreak of viral hepatitis and similar testing of renal transplant recipients revealed that HAA had been eliminated from the kidney unit by transplantation, by chance, of the infected patients and that transplantation did not lead to any increase in the severity of the disease. HAA positive renal transplant recipients remained carriers of HAA with an unusual high titre. It is concluded that the prophylactic measures had limited and finally prevented spreading of HAA in the haemodialysis unit.
THE PURIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF TWO AEROMONAS PROTEINASES
Authors: Dahle Hans Koibein
Published: August 2010

Aeromonas liquefaciens and Aeromonas salmonicida were both found to produce considerable amounts of extracellular proteinases, when grown on semi‐solid skim milk agar at 30° C. The proteinase A, produced by Ae. liquefaciens only, and the proteinase B, produced also by Ae. salmonicida were purified approximately 100 times by precipitation twice with (NH4)2SO4, batchwise treatment with DEAE‐cellulose and, finally, gel filtration on Sepha‐dex G‐100. The pH‐optimum was estimated to be 7.9 for proteinase A and 9.0 for proteinase B. Differences between the proteinases were also found with regard to thermoresistance, and to their behaviour in the presence of some naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors. The addition of iron and cobalt ions increased the activity of both proteinases. Molecular weights were estimated to be 22 100 for the proteinase A and 43 600 for proteinase B, on the basis of gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF DRUGS
Authors: Andersen Jørgen Bent , Pedersen Christian Braiie
Published: August 2010

1. A practical laboratory method for the estimation of the kinetics of the drug distribution between mother and foetus is prepared. The method is also suitable with a view to following the kinetics of the drug in the foetus in a period after the maternal organism essentially has freed itself on the drug. The practicability of the method is demonstrated in model experiments using pregnant Guinea‐pigs, treated with Kanamycin. 2. Kanamycin enters the foetal circulation relatively fast but it takes roughly 1 1/2 hours to reach half equilibrium, and roughly 6 hours before practically full equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium levels in foetus serum run at about 7 per cent of that of the maternal serum, unaffected by relatively large variations in dosage levels. Following the cessation of meditation, the mothers eliminate Kanamycin quickly, but the clearance from the foetus is relatively slow. There seems to be some indication that the foetal kidney excretes Kanamycin ‐ but apparently this is only a secondary mechanism in the handling of the drug which entered the foetus. 3. The findings provide a better insight into the apparent difficulties involved if the Corti organs of the foetus are to be affected, even though the mother during pregnancy was subjected to prolonged, multiple administration of very large Kanamycin doses.
THE PYROGENIC RESPONSE TO ENDOTOXIN IN WARFARIN‐TREATED RABBITS
Authors: Haugen Jostein
Published: August 2010

No difference was found between warfarin‐treated and untreated rabbits with regard to the pyrogenic response to Salmonella typhi endotoxin by comparison of the contours of the fever curves, the fever indices, the latent periods and the various temperatures (1‐hr, 3‐hr and maximum temperature). A constant low coagulation activity is therefore of no consequence to the pyrogenic reaction, provided the endotoxin is intravenously administered. This strongly indicates that the endotoxin‐induced alterations of the blood coagulability have no decisive influence on the pyrogenic response. The dose‐response relationship was more reliably determined in tolerant than in nontolerant rabbits. The fever index seemed to be the most reliable of the response parameters in discriminating between doses. The relation between the blood coagulability and the R.E.S. function is discussed.
Reproducibility in Bacteriophage Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Bergan Tom , Lystad Arve
Published: August 2010

The reproducibility of phage sensitivity patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by (i) duplicate typing of the same strains, (ii) by comparing the recordings made by two independent observers, and (iii) by letting both observers read all plates twice. Serial cultures from the same patients were also studied. The results indicate that differences in one and occasionally in two reactions are consistent with a common origin of strains.
The Location of Carbonic Anhydrase in a Strain ofNeisseria Flava
Authors: Forkman Anders
Published: August 2010

The subcellular location of carbonic anhydrase in a strain ofNeisseria flavawas saught by testing for enzyme activity in whole bacteria, ampicillin‐induced spheroplasts, and a fraction of cells obtained after disruption by freeze‐pressing. The carbonic anhydrase activity of bacterial suspensions disappeared during spheroplast formation, but the activity of a membrane bound enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase, increased. In particulate cell preparations the carbonic anhydrase activity was retained through repeating washing. The results indicate that carbonic anhydrase is located in the cell wall ofNeisseria flava.
A NEW BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING SET FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

The selection procedure for a new bacteriophage typing set for Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described. The lytic spectra of 113 internationally available phages derived mostly from previous typing sets, had been grouped by numerical allocating techniques applying the unweighted pair group average cluster analysis to the Jaccard‐Sneath similarity matrix and the matrix for the transformed Yule correlation coefficient. This had rendered dendrograms demonstrating the similarity existing between the lytic spectra of the various phages. From each of the clusters arising above a phenon line drawn at a level with approximately 25 clusters, one representative phage was selected. Accordingly, a series of alternative sets were constructed and analysed for their best conformity to the criteria: (a) lysis of the largest possible percentage of bacterial strains, (b) good differentiation, and (c) convenient number of reactions per plate. On this basis a new primary phage typing set for P. aeruginosa of 19 phages and an auxiliary phage typing set of 5 phages were selected.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM NICHOLS
Authors: Hougen Kari Hovind
Published: August 2010

Flagella isolated from Treponema pallidum Nichols after treatment with the detergents Teepol and sodium deoxycholate, and with the enzyme Myxobacter AL‐1 protease 1, were studied in the electron microscope after negative staining. The flagella were found to consist of 1) a sheathed shaft, 2) a hook with a honey‐combed substructure, 3) a narrow collar with a smooth appearance, and 4) a basal knob which seemed to consist of a single disc. Comparison was made with descriptions of flagella isolated from other spirochetes, and with flagella isolated from gram‐negative bacteria. Treatment of Treponema pallidum Nichols with sodium deoxycholate or with the protease 1 (AL‐1 enzyme) revealed two bundles of intracytoplasmic microtubules, one bundle at each end of the organism. Each bundle consisted of 6–8 microtubules and each tubule had a diameter of 7–7.5 nm. The possible taxonomic significance of the presence of microtubules in some species of Treponema is discussed.
A New Pneumococcus Type
Authors: Lund Erna , Munksgaard Agnete , Stewart Sheila M.
Published: August 2010

A new pneumococcus type, 47 A, has been established, bringing the number of known types up to 83. The new type is closely related to type 47 (now called 47 F) and the two types form group 47. Type 47 A has an antigen in common with type 43.
Studies on Carcinoembryonic and Related Antigens in Malignant Tumours of Colon‐Rectum
Authors: Ørjasæter Harald , Fredriksen Gunn , Liavåg Ivar
Published: August 2010

Antisera against perchloric acid extract of adenocarcinomas of the large bowel were produced in four rabbits. The activity of these tumour antisera were further characterized. Antibodies were demonstrated against antigenic determinants on two proteins with β‐mobility, referred to as βI and βE The βI‐protein possessed antigens which were found to be identical to GOLD's CEA.βE as well as βI‐antigens were demonstrated by immune‐diffusion experiments in all the twelve tumour extracts which were tested. The amount of tumour associated β‐proteins varied more than ten‐fold in different tumour extracts. Absorption experiments showed that the βE‐protein was present also in the non‐tumour extract in small amounts, but no evidence was obtained that the non‐tumour extract possessed βI‐ or CEA‐protein. Observations are presented which indicate that the βI‐molecules, in addition to specific antigenic sites, also possess antigenic determinants which seems to be shared by the βE‐molecules. The two proteins show great electrophoretic heterogeneity, but no polymorphism was detected in the β‐globulins by antigen‐antibody crossed electrophoresis. The four antisera also showed activity against a third protein which was not further characterized.
Gas Chromatography of Bacterial Whole Cell Methanolysates
Authors: Jantzen Erik , Frøholm Leif Oddvar , Hytta Ruth , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of trifluoroacetylated (TFA) whole cell methanolysates as a procedure for obtaining species specific GLC elution profiles has been introduced. This method and a modification of the previously described trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization used for identical purpose were tested on four strains belonging to the bacterial species Neisseria catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. meningitidis. The TFA and TMS elution profiles are compared, and their usefulness in characterization of strains and species in relation to the best reproducibility obtainable is discussed. The TFA method gives better resolved and more reproducible elution profiles. The method appears to have a high potential as an aid in bacterial classification and identification.
The Immune Response In a Patient To an Infection With Bacteroides Fragilis SS. Fragilis And Clostridium Difficile
Authors: Danielsson Dan , Lambe Dwight W. , Persson Sven
Published: August 2010

The immune response in a patient to an infection (a perirectal abscess) with Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis and Clostridium difficile was investigated with the use of agglutination tests, the Ouchterlony technique and indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) technique. Antibodies against B. fragilis ss. fragilis were demonstrated with all the three methods while antibodies against C. difficile were recorded only with indirect IFL technique. A significant decrease of the antibody titres (fourfold or more) as measured with agglutination tests and indirect IFL tests and a disappearance of precipitating antibodies, as demonstrated with the Ouchterlony technique, were observed during a five month period. Serum specimens from blood donors, serving as controls, showed no reactivity with the antigens used. The results also showed antigenic differences between strains of B. fragilis ss. fragilis, indicating the possibility of more than one serotype within this subspecies of B. fragilis.
Protein A In Staphylococcus Aureus Strains of Human and Bovine Origin
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Holmberg Olof , Ripa Thorvald
Published: August 2010

Staphylococcus aureus strains from human infections and from bovine cases of acute and of chronic mastitis were studied regarding protein A content. Human strains as well as bovine strains from acute mastitis showed high levels of protein A production in parallel with a high incidence of cell wall associated protein A. In contrast, S. aureus strains from bovine cases of chronic mastitis showed a significantly lower production of protein A. Only about 50 per cent of these strains had detectable cell wall associated protein A. Host‐parasite relationship in staphylococcal infections might favour the presence of protein A in strain from acute infections. In chronic bovine mastitis, however, the low levels of protein A detected in these strains seem to indicate that other factors play a more important role.
Studies of a Li‐Hapten Isolated from Cell‐Walls of the Rough Mutant Salmonella Typhimurium 395 MR10
Authors: Lindberg A. A. , Holme T. , Hellerqvist C. G. , Svensson S.
Published: August 2010

An O‐haptenic material (LI‐fraction) was isolated from cytoplasmic and cell‐wall preparations of the rough mutant Salmonella typhimurium 395 MR10. The yield from the cell‐wall preparation, virtually free from cytoplasmic contamination, was approximately ten times higher than that from the cytoplasmic preparation. The LI‐fraction obtained from cell‐walls was less contaminated with extraneous polysaccharide material. After purification of the LI‐fraction with ribonuclease treatment and Sephadex G‐100 gel chromatography structural studies using methylation analysis could be performed. The hapten showed the same structural features as the O side‐chains of the parent strain S. typhimurium 395 MS. The average number of repeating units in the hapten was 23 as compared to 11 in the O side‐chain of the parent strain. Molecular weight determination with Sepharose 6 B gel chromatography revealed that the LI‐fraction was polydisperse with a weight average of 26,300 and a number average of 21,800.
STUDIES OF INTESTINAL AND FÆCAL SUBSTANCES FROM GERMFREE RATS INHIBITING BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF RAT SERUM
Authors: Winsnes Randi , Trippestad Arne , Midtvedt Tore , Wold Jens K.
Published: August 2010

Evidence that extracts of intestinal contents and intestinal mucosa from germfree rats fed a defined diet, inhibit the bactericidal activity of rat serum on E.coli is presented and a partial chemical characterization of the active factor, FIB, is given. FIB was present in an aqueous extract of intestinal mucosa and fœees and was non‐dialysable. Extraction with chloroform—methanol (4:1, by vol.) followed by acetone did not reduce the activity of FIB, indicating that lipids were not necessary for effect. The inhibiting factor resisted 100° C for 30 min. FIB was also resistant to proteolysis (pronase) for 8 days, and was recovered in the resulting non‐dialysable hydrolysate, whereas the dialysable fraction was inactive. Thiol‐blocking agents had no effect on FIB activity, indicating that the factor was not dependent upon intact thiol groups. FIB activity was enhanced by weak acid hydrolysis, causing liberation of sialic acid and fucose. These observations suggest that FIB is either of polysaccharide or glycoprotein nature. A general inhibition of the bactericidal activity of serum exerted by polar high molecular substances was unlikely, since this effect could neither be demonstrated for the plant polysaccharides nor for the bovine glycoprotein fraction tested.
STUDIES ON MANNITOL‐FERMENTING STRAINS OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS
Authors: Kiel Pauli , Skadhauge Knud
Published: August 2010

Altogether 94 strains of the so‐called mannitol‐fermenting type of Str. bovis have been studied. These strains have been found to form a very homogeneous group of streptococci, culturally and biochemically. They differ clearly from the Str. bovis described by Orla‐Jensen. It is suggested that these streptococci should be considered as identical with the Str. faecalis septicus of Friedberg.
WALL TEICHOIC ACIDS IN ANIMAL STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS DETERMINED BY PRECIPITATION
Authors: Oeding P.
Published: August 2010

567 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a number of animal hosts were examined by agar gel precipitation for wall teichoic acids or other wall polysaccharides. The species was shown to be heterogeneous with regard to these constituents. Three groups could be distinguished: 1. The strains which had been classified biochemically as belonging to the human, bovine, hare and horse biotypes, and some of the swine strains, contained polysaccharide A. Of these, the horse strains contained polysaccharide Aα whereas the other strains regularly contained polysaccharide Aß. Of the latter, a higher incidence of additional polysaccharide Aα distinguished the human biotype from other biotypes. 2. The dog strains contained none of the reference polysaccharides but an unknown polysaccharide (P). 3. The pigeon and mink strains contained polysaccharide C. The occurrence of polysaccharide C in the biochemically least active biotypes is interesting, indicating a bridge towards the polysaccharide AßC group of S. epidermidis.
RABBIT ANTI RAT LYMPHOCYTE SERUM: IN VITRO ACTIVITY TOWARDS MACROPHAGES IN MONOLAYER
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt
Published: August 2010

A method for demonstration of cytotoxic antibodies in antilymphocyte serum (ALS) towards macrophages is described. Peritoneal macrophages were cultured in a medium containing 3H‐Leucine for 16 hours. Substitution of the culture medium with a medium containing ALS and active complement, resulted in rapid release of radioactivity into the medium, compared to the slow spontaneous release in control experiments. The release of label was dependent on active complement.
BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING OF MYCOBACTERIUM RANAE (FORTUITUM). THE CORRELATION OF LYSIS BY MYCOBACTERIOPHAGE BK4 AND INOSITOL UTILISATION
Authors: Grange J. M. , Nordstrom Gerd
Published: August 2010

Forty‐eight strains of Mycobacterium ranae (Bergey et al.) have been phage typed with various dilutions of a suspension of mycobacteriophage BK4. A close correlation between lysis by 5 times 102 or less Plaque Forming Units (P.F.U.) of the phage and inositol‐utilising activity has been found. Strains that utilise inositol are lysed by 5 times 102 or less P.F.U., whereas strains that are unable to utilise inositol require 5 times 104 or more P.F.U. for lysis. In one group of strains of M. ranae the inositol‐utilisation is greatly reduced and only detectable by a sensitive technique. This is considered to be due to permeability factors rather than a defect in the inositol locus.
HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF ACINETOBACTER
Authors: Lehmann Vidar
Published: August 2010

Extracellular and intracellular haemolysin (phospholipase C) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus have been examined during bacterial growth in a chemically defined medium. The haemolytic activities of various strains of Acinetobacter, grown in broth media, have been compared. Intracellular haemolytic activity was detected only at the early stage of growth. Release of haemolysin from the cells started at this point and reached its maximum at the end of the logarithmic phase of growth. In A. calcoaceticus (anitratus), 6 out of 17 strains were haemolytic to human red cells, and in A. lwoffi 2 out of 13 strains. In broth culture filtrates, two distinct types of haemolysis occurred. In some strains, haemolysis increased after cooling (hot‐cold effect), while in others a regular, direct haemolysis occurred at 37° C, with no detectable increase in lysis after cooling. Both types of activity were inactivated by heating and by ethylendiaminetetraacetate, and activated by Mg2+ and albumin. All haemolytic filtrates examined released acid soluble phosphorus from lecithin. The two types of haemolytic activities showed immunological differences.
DISINTEGRATION OF SINGLE CELLS IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Tagesson C. , Stendahl O. , Magnusson K.‐E. , Edebo L.
Published: August 2010

Disintegration of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes in suspension is achieved by extrusion under controlled pressure. The operating pressure is the key factor influencing the degree of disintegration. The number of cells disintegrated increases with higher pressure. At 35 kp/cm2, 80–90 per cent of the cells are disintegrated. The disintegrated material was subsequently analysed by following the subcellular distribution of leucocyte A and B granule marker enzymes. The analysis reveals that although 80–90 per cent of the cells are disintegrated, a high degree of subcellular integrity remains. Leucocyte A and B granules, abundantly present in the disintegrated material, were separated from soluble components by zonal centrifugation. Extrusion under controlled pressure as a cell disintegration method is discussed, particularly with reference to the study of polymorphonuclear leucocyte structure and function.
INFLUENCE OF THE CELL SURFACE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM ON RESISTANCE TO INTRACELLULAR BACTERICIDAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Tagesson Christer , Stendahl Olle
Published: August 2010

The virulent Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and R mutants derived from it that have deficiencies in their cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined for sensitivity to different bactericidal systems operating within the polymorphonuclear leucocyte: (1) the lysosomal granule fraction (8200 × g), (2) the myeloperoxidase‐hydrogen peroxide‐halide system and (3) the D‐amino acid oxidase‐linked system. The S strain was most resistant to all the systems investigated. Synthesis and incorporation of complete S‐like LPS by growing the uridine‐diphosphate‐galactose‐4‐epimeraseless mutant LT2‐M1 in galactose supplemented medium enhanced the resistance to the MPO‐mediated system as the amount of LPS incorporated increased. Among R mutants, bacteria possessing complete or nearly complete basal core LPS (chemotype Ra‐Rb2) were less sensitive to the myeloperoxidase‐mediated system than were mutants more deficient in their cell wall LPS. D‐amino acid oxidase, in combination with D‐alanine and a myeloperoxidase‐containing leucocyte extract, produced a bactericidal system efficient even on the S‐strain. The very deficient Rd mutant R10, but not the S‐strain, was sensitive to the activity of D‐amino acid oxidase even without the addition of D‐amino acids, indicating that the bacteria can serve as an enzyme substrate. These results demonstrate the decisive influence of the bacterial cell surface structure on the efficiency of intracellular bactericidal systems on enterobacteria.
EXPERIMENTAL ASCARIS SUUM INFECTION IN PIGLETS
Authors: Andersen Sigurd , Jørgensen R. Jess , Nansen Peter , Nielsen Knud
Published: August 2010

Piglets from 0–50 days of age were exposed to infective Ascaris suum eggs at dose levels varying from 50–10,000 eggs. A clear inverse relationship was found between the inoculated egg doses and the numbers of worms found in the intestine. Thus, piglets given doses of 1,000 5,000 or 10,000 A. suum eggs practically never acquired the infection, the mean percentage of worms established being 0.013 per cent of the administered egg dose. In contrast, when 500 eggs were inoculated, 1.4–5.4 per cent (mean: 2.9 per cent) of the egg dose was established, and with a dose of 50 eggs, 38–100 per cent (mean: 64 per cent) of the inoculated eggs completed their migration and established an intestinal worm population. Newborn piglets inoculated before they had suckled colostrum inhibited the infection as effectively as did older pigs. On the other hand, neonatal piglets did not show the distinct eosinophilia that developed at day 10 in older piglets receiving more than 500 eggs. The findings are dicussed with particular emphasis on the mechanisms involved in the massive elimination of migrating A. suum larvae following inoculation of large egg doses. Also, the epidemiological consequences of the reported findings are mentioned.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEUS SPECIES AND PROVIDENCIA BY A SIMPLE TWO‐STEP PROCEDURE
Authors: Closs Otto , Digranes Asbjörn
Published: August 2010

One hundred and sixty‐nine strains of Proteus and Providencia were studied. A simplified identification procedure in two steps was applied. In the first step, strains belonging to the Proteus‐Providencia group were identified on the basis of one‐hour tests for phenylalanine deaminase and β‐D‐galactosidase activity. In the second step, differentiation between the four Proteus species and Providencia was based on H2S production, urease activity, fermentation of maltose, and ornithine decarboxylase activity (HUMO). Identification based on the HUMO‐scheme accorded well with the final identification based on 19 characters. The HUMO‐scheme is therefore recommended for use in routine diagnostic work.
THE BALSAM OF TOLU AGGLUTINATION TEST (BTA‐TEST)
Authors: Kornstad Leif
Published: August 2010

A passive agglutination technique has been evolved, using a suspension of balsam of Tolu particles as carrier for protein antigen in saline. The effect of altering the variable factors in the test system is described.
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE IN BLOOD CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Henrichsen Jørgen , Bruun Brita
Published: August 2010

During 6 months a trial was run on the effect of the addition of 10 per cent sucrose to blood culture media. The standard procedure for blood culturing is to inoculate the sample into 12 individual tubes, and the trial was performed by adding 10 per cent sucrose to half of the tubes and then comparing the results obtained in the tubes with and without sucrose. The overall isolation rate of microorganisms was not affected but the detailed comparison showed that for nearly all species the sucrose containing media tended to yield growth more frequently than the media without sucrose. This difference was statistically significant for enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus.