bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voice as a Signal of Human and Social Capital in Team Assembly Decisions
Authors: Newton Daniel W. , Chamberlin Melissa , Maupin Cynthia K. , Nahrgang Jennifer D. , Carter Dorothy R.
Published: September 2021

Team membership in today’s open talent economy is more fluid and interchangeable than ever before. In light of these dynamics, we consider how team members’ signaling of human and social capital, in the form of challenging or supportive voice, informs our understanding of how individuals across an organizational network self-assemble into temporary work teams. We test our hypotheses in two separate multiwave studies and find support for our hypotheses above and beyond the effects of homophily. In Study 1, we find support for a human capital pathway in which challenging voice in a team fosters perceptions of quality work that enhance one’s personal reputation in the broader network. Personal reputation, in turn, predicts team assembly decisions. In Study 2, we consider a social capital pathway alongside the human capital pathway. We find that supportive voice in a team fosters friendship that enhances the extent to which one is trusted in the broader network, and trust subsequently influences team assembly decisions. Potential team members appear to prioritize the social capital signaled by supportive voice more so than the human capital signaled by challenging voice, although those who possess both human and social capital are also highly sought during team formation. We discuss the implications of these findings for the literatures on voice and team assembly.
Effects of Migration on the Language and Literacy Practices of Turkish Parents in England
Authors: Kolancali Pinar , Melhuish Edward
Published: September 2021

A survey study of the language and literacy practices of first-generation Turkish immigrant families with 3- to 6-year-old children was conducted in England. Information on family socioeconomic background, migration history and language skills of 168 first-generation Turkish parents was collected through structured interviews in Greater London and Northwest England. The study findings suggest that early childhood experiences that are important for the educational attainment of immigrant children may be affected by the family characteristics and the integration experiences of parents. Regression analyses demonstrated that parents from disadvantaged backgrounds engaged in language and literacy activities less often and preferred Turkish as the interaction language at home. Parent’s social integration, measured via parent’s length of residence and English skills, significantly predicted their language use with their children. Low social integration was associated with increased Turkish use, whereas high social integration was associated with more frequent language and literacy activities at home.
What Makes Families Healthy? Examining Correlates of Family Health in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults in the United States
Authors: Haehnel Quenla , Whitehead Caitlin , Broadbent Eliza , Hanson Carl L. , Crandall AliceAnn
Published: September 2021

Conceptually, family health is crucial for individual health across the lifespan, yet previous research has lacked a validated family health measure. The current study examines the relationships between individual physical (physical activity) and mental health (depressive symptoms and executive functioning) and social determinants of health (socioeconomic status) with four domains of family health using a recently validated family health measure. The sample included 1050 US adults (40.30 years; 53.78% female) that completed a survey. The results of the structural equation model revealed that depression was associated with reduced family health across all domains. Executive functioning was associated with better family social and emotional processes and family healthy lifestyle. Physical activity was associated with improved family healthy lifestyle only. Income was positively associated with each domain, but subjective SES was not associated with any domain. The findings indicate the interconnectedness of family health and individual factors, particularly with depression and wealth.
Validation of the Seattle Suprastomal Safety Score (5S): A Novel Measure in Pediatric Tracheostomy‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Pattisapu Prasanth , Abts Matthew F. , Bly Randall A. , Bonilla‐Velez Juliana , Dahl John P. , DeYoung Sarah C. Hofman , Horn David L. , Johnson Kaalan E. , Parikh Sanjay R.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Suprastomal collapse and granulation are common sequelae of pediatric tracheostomy. We present the first measure of suprastomal obstructive pathology, the Seattle Suprastomal Safety Score (5S), an instrument with 2 domains: collapse and granulation.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional repeated testing survey.

Setting

Electronic survey.

Methods

A library of images was assembled from still pictures of the suprastomal area in 50 patients who previously underwent trachea‐bronchoscopy at a quaternary children’s hospital. Five pediatric otolaryngologists and 2 pediatric pulmonologists reviewed the images in random, blinded fashion and provided 5S scores. Participants repeated this process 2 to 4 weeks later. Interrater agreement was calculated with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 2‐way random‐effects model and Fleiss’s κ. Intrarater agreement was measured with an ICC using a 2‐way mixed‐effects model as well as with test‐retest correlations using Spearman rank coefficient. All measures were performed separately on collapse and granulation domains.

Results

ICC for interrater agreement was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82‐0.93) for collapse and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96‐0.98) for granulation, indicating almost perfect agreement. Fleiss’s κ demonstrated moderate agreement for collapse and almost perfect agreement for granulation. ICC for intrarater agreement was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93‐0.97) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98‐0.99) for collapse and granulation, respectively, indicating almost perfect agreement. Spearman rank correlation for test‐retest demonstrated substantial agreement for collapse and almost perfect agreement for granulation.

Conclusion

The 5S demonstrates excellent interrater and intrarater agreement, making it highly reliable as a novel measure of suprastomal collapse and granulation in tracheostomy‐dependent pediatric patients.
Access Challenge Index: A Novel Disparity Measure Predictive of Language Outcomes in Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing
Authors: Florentine Michelle M. , Strohl Madeleine P. , Benvenuti C. Sayard , Eiseman Molly , Ho Melissa , Meyer Anna K. , Scarpelli Chiara , Chan Dylan K.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effect of demographic disparities on language outcomes in a diverse group of children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital (a tertiary care center).

Methods

Forty‐four patients aged <18 years were identified with sensorineural hearing loss managed with a behind‐the‐ear hearing aid or cochlear implant. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome measure was the Preschool Language Scales–5 at least 6 months after intervention. Predictors of language outcome were assessed: hearing level at the time of hearing intervention, cochlear implant status, age of identification and intervention, travel time to site of hearing care, home language, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and Access Challenge Index—a novel measure of educational environment and family support based on the Child Cochlear Implant Profile. Multivariate and univariate analysis assessed predictors for association with intervention and receptive, expressive, and total language scores.

Results

Overall 82% of patients had cochlear implants. The median age at hearing intervention was 12 months. The sample was 59% female, 52% non‐White, and 61% publicly insured, and 20% had a non‐English primary home language. Accounting for multiple demographic and clinical predictors, a high Access Challenge Index score was independently associated with longer time to intervention (P =. 01) and poorer language outcomes (P <. 001).

Conclusion

Access Challenge Index—a novel comprehensive measure of educational and family environment—is a strong independent predictor of language outcomes in children who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Survival Predictors of Head and Neck Burkitt’s Lymphoma: An Analysis of the SEER Database
Authors: Ahsanuddin Salma , Cadwell Joshua B. , Sangal Neel R. , Grube Jordon G. , Fang Christina H. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: September 2021

Objective

To analyze population‐level data for Burkitt’s lymphoma of the head and neck.

Study Design

Retrospective study of a national cancer database.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Methods

The SEER database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) identified all patients with primary Burkitt’s lymphoma of the head and neck from 1975 to 2015. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and treatment characteristics were analyzed. Multivariable Cox regressions analyzed factors associated with survival while controlling for baseline differences.

Results

A total of 920 patients with a mean (SD) age of 37.6 years (25.0) were identified. A majority of patients were White (82.8%) and male (72.3%). The most primary common sites included the lymph nodes (61.3%), pharynx (17.7%), and nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses (5.2%). The majority of patients received chemotherapy (90.5%), while fewer underwent surgery (42.1%) or radiotherapy (12.8%). Choice of treatment differed significantly among patients of different ages, year of diagnosis, primary site, nodal status, and Ann Arbor stage. Overall 10‐year survival was 67.8%. On multivariable Cox regression, patients with older age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05 per year; P <. 001) and higher stage at presentation had increased risk of mortality (P <. 001). Furthermore, cases diagnosed between 2006 and 2015 (HR, 0.35; P <. 001) and 1996 and 2005 (HR, 0.53; P =. 001) had lower mortality when compared with those diagnosed between 1975 and 1995. Treatment including surgery and chemotherapy tended to have the best survival (P <. 001).

Conclusion

Burkitt’s lymphoma of the head and neck diagnosed in more recent years has had improved survival. Factors significantly associated with survival include age, Ann Arbor stage, and treatment regimen. Treatment including surgery and chemotherapy was associated with the highest survival.
Experiences of meaningful connection in the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Smallen Dave
Published: September 2021

This qualitative study explored the question, “What kinds of interactions did people experience as meaningful connections with others during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Unites States?” Eighty-eight participants completed an online survey, 3 to 7 weeks following the World Health Organization’s declaration of global pandemic. Participants completed open-ended questions about social interactions they experienced as meaningful connections with people of three levels of familiarity. Thematic analysis of participant responses identified four overarching themes: openness to the other, affirmation of the self, emotional uplift, and meeting of basic needs. A secondary research question explored, “In what ways did people perceive the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as affecting how meaningful connections were motivated, enacted, and experienced?” The context of the pandemic enhanced the meaning of social connection, offered a common struggle to connect over, and motivated prosociality. This study offers a descriptive window into the interactions experienced as meaningful connections in the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic and may usefully inform future research and applied work promoting social connections in current and future collective crises.
Using the Delphi technique to achieve consensus on bereavement care in palliative care in Europe: An EAPC White Paper
Authors: Keegan Orla , Murphy Irene , Benkel Inger , Limonero Joaquim T , Relf Marilyn , Guldin Mai-Britt
Published: September 2021

Background:

The WHO definition of palliative care includes bereavement support as integral to palliative care, yet a previous survey of bereavement support in palliative care in Europe has shown a range of service responses to loss. A rigorous approach to agreeing and implementing a palliative care bereavement framework was required.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to develop consensus on best-practice recommendations for bereavement care principles, structures, processes and delivery based on current practice and evidence.

Design:

In accordance with Guidance on Conducting and Reporting Delphi Studies, a consensus-building five-round Delphi technique was performed. A scoping review of research literature informed drafting of 54 statements by the EAPC Bereavement Task Force. Evaluation of the statements was performed by an expert panel using a 5-point Likert scale. ⩾80% agreement were defined as essential items and 75%–79% agreement were defined as desirable items. Items with a consensus rating <75% were revised during the process.

Setting/participants:

The Delphi study was carried out by an expert panel among membership organisations of the European Association for Palliative Care.

Results:

In total, 376 email requests to complete Delphi questionnaire were distributed with a response rate of 23% ( n = 87) and a follow-up response-rate of 79% ( n = 69). Of the initial 54 statements in six dimensions, 52 statements were endorsed with 26 essential statements and 26 desirable statements.

Conclusions:

The six dimensions and 52 statements agreed through this Delphi study clarify a coherent direction for development of bereavement services in palliative care in Europe.
‘It was like taking an inner bath’: A qualitative evaluation of a collaborative advance care planning-approach
Authors: Pedrosa Carrasco Anna J , Koch Martin , Machacek Teresa , Genz Anna , Herzog Svenja , Riera Knorrenschild Jorge , von Blanckenburg Pia , Seifart Carola
Published: September 2021

Background:

Impaired readiness may hinder purposeful advance care planning in cancer patients. To reduce barriers to participation in end-of-life decision-making, a collaborative intervention was developed combining a psycho-oncological approach of dignity-based and cognitive-behavioural interventions, followed by a standardised advance care planning-process.

Aim:

To evaluate the novel collaborative advance care planning-approach by synthetising cancer patient and carer perspectives on communicational and relational effects.

Design:

As a sub-project of a mixed-methods evaluation study, we conducted an inductive content analysis of qualitative interviews with advanced cancer patients and caregivers to deeply explore the focused impact of a collaborative advance care planning-approach on communication and relationship dynamics.

Setting/participants:

Twelve patients with advanced cancer and 13 carers who participated in a collaborative advance care planning-intervention.

Results:

The collaborative advance care planning-approach was consistently evaluated positively by participants. Transcriptions of the semi-structured interviews were coded, analysed and merged under three main themes concerning communicational and relationship dynamics: action readiness, content readiness and impact on future communication and relationship.

Conclusions:

The novel intervention served to foster individual readiness – including action and content readiness – for advance care planning-discussions by addressing highly individualised barriers to participation, as well as specific end-of-life issues. In addition, societal readiness could be promoted. Although the brief psycho-oncological intervention could not fully meet the needs of all participants, it can be used to develop individual psychotherapeutic strategies to improve different facets of readiness. The collaborative advance care planning-approach might require more time and human resources, but could pioneer successful advance care planning.
Cyberbullying Among Tweens in the United States: Prevalence, Impact, and Helping Behaviors
Authors: Patchin Justin W. , Hinduja Sameer
Published: September 2021

The goal of this study was to provide key prevalence rates for experiences with cyberbullying among tweens (children between the ages of 9 and 12 years old). We were also interested in the extent to which tweens engaged in helping behaviors when they observed cyberbullying. American tweens ( n = 1034; mean age = 10.52, SD = 1.12) completed an online survey in which they reported on their experience with cyberbullying victimization, offending, and witnessing. Respondents were also asked how being cyberbullied made them feel, and to describe if they helped when they observed online mistreatment. Results revealed that about one in five tweens has been exposed to cyberbullying as a witness, a target, or an aggressor. This population has been historically understudied when it comes to their online experiences, and these findings highlight the need for deeper inquiry as well as additional guidance and support.
Changes in African American and Latinx Students’ Perceived Ethnic–Racial Discrimination During the Middle School Transition Year
Authors: Marraccini Marisa E. , Hamm Jill V. , Farmer Thomas W.
Published: September 2021

The middle school transition year poses known challenges to early adolescent adjustment, particularly for students from ethnic and racial minoritized backgrounds who face ethnic and racial discrimination from school personnel and classmates. Drawing on a sample of 711 African American and Latinx sixth-grade students attending 17 schools, we employed latent class analysis and latent transition analysis to explore the nature of and changes to perceived ethnic and racial discrimination during the beginning and end of sixth grade. We also examined the possibility that perceived ethnic–racial discrimination could be diminished through a school-based, universal program for teachers to improve the school ecology. Findings revealed four distinct classes concerning perceived ethnic–racial discrimination, with patterns over time highlighting the malleability of perceived ethnic–racial discrimination during the first year of middle school. Findings provide direct implications for understanding and improving ethnic and racial minoritized students’ school experiences at the middle school transition.
Factors predicting technical difficulties during endoscopic submucosal excavation for gastric submucosal tumor
Authors: Liu Jia , Tan Yuyong , Liu Deliang , Li Chenjie , Le Meixian , Zhou Hejun
Published: September 2021

Objective

Endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE) has been established as an effective method for removal of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs). The aim of the present study was to explore risk factors for technical difficulties in ESE.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we collected clinical data from patients who underwent ESE for gastric SMTs. Difficult ESE was defined as a procedure time ≥90 minutes, piecemeal resection, and/or occurrence of major adverse events. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the risk factors for a difficult ESE.

Results

ESE was successfully performed in 96.5% (195/202) of patients from April 2011 to December 2019. The average tumor size was 17.41 mm, and en bloc resection was achieved in 97.4% of patients (190/195). Five patients (2.56%, 5/195) had complications, including two with delayed bleeding, two with fever, and one with chest pain accompanying ST-T changes in an electrocardiogram. Twenty-four patients (11.88%, 24/202) had a difficult ESE. Logistic analysis showed that outgrowth behavior and an inexperienced surgeon were risk factors for a difficult ESE.

Conclusion

ESE may be safe and effective to treat patients with gastric SMTs. Outgrowth behavior and an inexperienced surgeon were risk factors for a difficult ESE.
Implementation of Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy in Competitive Elite Athletes With Lumbar Disc Herniation: Original Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kapetanakis Stylianos , Gkantsinikoudis Nikolaos , Charitoudis Georgios
Published: September 2021

Background:

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) represents a frequent clinical entity in athletes. Surgical treatment of LDH with endoscopic spine surgical techniques has been proposed as a feasible alternative in these patients.

Purpose:

To study the particular outcomes of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) in competitive elite athletes with surgically treatable LDH.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 55 competitive elite athletes with diagnosed LDH based on clinical and radiologic criteria were enrolled in this prospectively designed study. All patients underwent successful PTED. Clinical evaluation was conducted with the well-established visual analog scale for lower limb and low back pain separately. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was implemented for health-related quality of life analysis. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at regular postoperative intervals: 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months, as well as 2 years.

Results:

Operated levels were L3-L4 (5.5%), L4-L5 (69.1%), and L5-S1 (25.4%). No major perioperative complications were observed. All patients successfully reached the end of follow-up at 2 years. Both visual analog scale scores (lower limb and low back pain) showed clinically and statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks postoperatively, with subsequent minor improvement and stabilization. All recorded SF-36 parameters demonstrated major clinical amelioration at 6 weeks, with subsequent minor but constant statistically significant improvement until the end of follow-up. Comparative evaluation of the SF-36 revealed that the physical function, bodily pain, role-emotional, and mental health parameters showed quantitatively greater improvement in comparison with rest indices.

Conclusion:

PTED constitutes a feasible and effective technique for surgical management of LDH in athletes, providing favorable outcomes in terms of postoperative pain and health-related quality of life. Proper performance of technique for specific cases of L5-S1 LDH may be more challenging, and these cases should be evaluated selectively for suitability for this procedure.
Effects of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate on liver injury in Balb/c mice
Authors: Yin Jing , Zhang Bao
Published: September 2021

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) has been used as a replacement in some commercial flame-retardant mixtures. It is widely used in industrial products, so the probability of human exposure to TBPH is high. Yet, little is known about how it is metabolized or its toxicity. To this end, we investigated what effect oral exposure of Balb/c mice to TBPH at concentrations of 200 mg kg−1 had on hepatic damage. Staining results showed liver injury in the mice exposed to TBPH. Oxidative stress markers and endoplasmic reticulum stress associated proteins were altered in the TBPH exposed mice, and these changes could be attenuated by administration of curcumin at 25 mg kg−1. Overall, TBPH induces hepatic damage via increasing oxidative stress, and curcumin plays a protective role in alleviating the TBPH-mediated histopathological alterations in the liver.
The Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships: Understanding Power and Control Tactics Among College Students
Authors: Munro-Kramer Michelle L. , Skidmore Lauren M. , Cannon Lindsay M. , Huhman Anne K. , Carter Shareia N. , Williamsen Kaaren M. , Ngo Quyen M.
Published: September 2021

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem among college students and many students have difficulty identifying unhealthy and abusive behaviors. The aims of this mixed methods study are to: (a) create an inclusive tool that illustrates the power and control experiences of a diverse group of young adult college students, (b) ensure a broad scope of tactics are illustrated (related to technology and different types of relationships), and (c) measure the experience of these tactics, including how IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy are influenced by a more inclusive tool. In Phase I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students (n = 33) and staff (n = 10) at campus sexual assault centers at the three University of Michigan (UM) campuses to explore power and control tactics utilized by perpetrators on college campuses. Content analysis revealed 13 categories of tactics in college relationships. A draft tool was created and assessed for accuracy using cognitive interviews with students (n = 20) from all three campuses in Phase II. Cognitive interviews resulted in the following changes to the final tool: (a) new presentation of the Socioecological Model, (b) identification of substance use as a facilitator for multiple forms of violence, and (c) edits to tactic descriptions. In Phase III, 250 students at UM–Ann Arbor participated in a quasi-experimental evaluation in which 133 interacted with the tool and 117 received access to usual care (campus sexual misconduct policy). Both groups answered survey questions about IPV knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and experiences at baseline, and after one month and five months. Among all college participants in Phase III, 33.5% had experienced lifetime IPV and 25.2% had experienced IPV in the past year. There were no significant differences among IPV knowledge, attitudes, or self-efficacy by group. The Dynamics of Interpersonal Coercion Among College Students tool was created by incorporating current tactics utilized among a diverse college population.
Initiation of Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy in a Lactating Transgender Man
Authors: Oberhelman-Eaton Sara , Chang Alice , Gonzalez Cesar , Braith Andrew , Singh Ravinder J. , Lteif Aida
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

Transgender and gender diverse individuals may choose to provide their infants with human milk. Lactating transgender men may experience gender dysphoria and desire to initiate or reinitiate gender-affirming testosterone therapy. However, there is limited safety data regarding use of testosterone during lactation.

Main Issue:

A 30-year-old G2P2 transgender man with gender dysphoria sought to initiate gender-affirming testosterone therapy while lactating.

Management:

Subcutaneous testosterone was self-administered beginning at 13 months post-partum. We prospectively collected data on circulating testosterone concentrations in parent serum, milk, and infant serum over 5 months until the infant self-weaned. The infant was monitored for growth and development at routine pediatric outpatient appointments. Parent serum testosterone concentrations rose with the initiation of testosterone therapy, reaching therapeutic concentrations by Day 14. Milk testosterone concentrations also increased with a maximum concentration of 35.9 ng/dl when the lactating parent was on a dose of 80 mg subcutaneous testosterone cypionate weekly. The calculated milk/plasma ratio remained under 1.0 and the calculated relative infant dose remained under 1%. The infant had no observable side effects, and his serum testosterone concentrations remained undetectable throughout the study period.

Conclusion:

This is the first study with data regarding human milk and infant serum testosterone concentrations during the initiation of gender-affirming testosterone therapy in a lactating individual. This evidence can help families and clinicians with decisions regarding lactation and testosterone use.
Strategic Framing Matters But Varies: A Structural Topic Modeling Approach to Analyzing China’s Foreign Propaganda About the 2019 Hong Kong Protests on Twitter
Authors: Zhang Maggie Mengqing , Wang Xiao , Hu Yang
Published: September 2021

Drawing upon the approach of strategic framing, this study investigated how China’s state-run media mobilize foreign propaganda machine and use specific patterns to describe the 2019 Hong Kong protests on Twitter. It also shed light on the heterogeneity of both production and reception of the strategic frames used by state media. Structural topic modeling was employed to analyze a large amount of Twitter content (i.e., 14,412 tweets) posted by 13 verified organizational accounts, and six strategic frames were identified as conflicts and violence, calling for stability and order, marginalizing protests, criticizing the West as accomplices, delegitimizing protests, and social and economic disruption. These frames highlighted insider–outsider and causes and consequences as two overarching communication strategies. The results also revealed that the bureaucratic rank of state media and the engagement rate of each tweet were closely associated with the content prevalence of various strategic frames. In addition to enhancing our understanding of the construction of “protest paradigm” against the social media context, these empirical findings uncover the often overlooked mobility and flexibility of China’s state media discourse as well as the communication ecology shaped and consolidated by the increasing importance state media communicators attach to online engagement metrics.
Courage under fire: Re-evaluating Black Hawk Down and the Battle of Mogadishu
Authors: Carroll Jonathan
Published: September 2021

The current understanding of Black Hawk Down is based on two assumptions: allegations of tired tactics and claims by Somali National Alliance leader Mohammed Farrah Aideed. These assumptions, accepted without much analysis or supporting evidence, stem from analysing Black Hawk Down working backwards from after the event, with a predeterminant methodology. This article examines the causation objectively, showing these assumptions as evidentiary weak, and instead highlights the actions of another American unit, Team Courage, as a potential factor in the events of 3 October, universally overlooked thus far, prompting a reinterpretation of the existing narrative, the SNA as an enemy, and the veracity of Aideed’s claims.
Legislating Right, Contemplating Duty: Parliamentary Debate on RTE Second Amendment Bill
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Sharma Ronita
Published: September 2021

The study is an attempt to understand the prevailing discourse in India on education as a right by closely reading the parliamentary debates on The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (Second Amendment) Bill, 2017. Prior to the passing of the above-mentioned amendment bill The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 had debarred schools from detaining or expelling a child till the completion of her elementary education. This provision was amended by the Indian Parliament by passing the bill. When the bill was moved in the Indian parliament it generated debate on the various aspects of education and schooling. The study critically analyses the texts of two proceedings of the parliamentary debate: one from the lower house (Lok Sabha) and the other from the upper house (Rajya Sabha). The study concludes that the deliberation on the bill turned the right-based approach on elementary education almost upside down. The 86th amendment in the Indian constitution and subsequent enactment of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 had recognized children in the age group of 6–14 years as ‘right holders’ while the Indian state had been identified as the ‘duty bearer’. The discourse emerged in the Indian Parliament during the debate on the Amendment Bill, 2017 constituted Indian children of school-going age, their parents and teachers as groups accountable to the state for achieving the goals for universal elementary education, while the Indian state was constituted as an entity with the right to demand compliances from children, parents and teachers.
Visual hallucinations in psychiatry – what aren’t we seeing?
Authors: Ayalde Jeremiah , Wearne Deborah , Hood Sean , Waters Flavie
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To increase awareness of practising clinicians and researchers to the phenomenological distinctions between visual hallucinations and trauma-based, dissociative, visual re-experiencing phenomena seen in psychiatric disease.

Conclusions:

The experience of visual hallucinations is not exclusive to psychotic disorders in psychiatry. Different forms of experiences that resemble visual hallucinations may occur in patients with a trauma background and may potentially affect diagnosis. Given the paucity of literature around the subject, it is imperative that further research aims to characterise the distinction between visual hallucinations in psychosis and visual phenomena associated with trauma.
Orthosis with a controllable plantar height for fall prevention using a compact magnetorheological fluid brake
Authors: Morimura Kohei , Yamamoto Rieko , Shiraishi Toshihiko
Published: September 2021

In this study, a compact magnetorheological (MR) fluid brake embedded in an orthosis was designed and fabricated to maintain plantar height for use in lateral fall prevention, and its performance and the fall prevention effect of the orthosis were evaluated. The results of the brake design and fabrication indicated that the MR fluid brake has the advantage of being compact, lightweight, and power-saving at 88.4 mm long, 128 g, using two AA batteries. Performance tests of the brake indicated that it was able to generate sufficient force (125 N) to maintain plantar height. Furthermore, through the assessments of lateral fall, the center of gravity and center of pressure inclination angle of a subject wearing the orthosis without the MR brake was determined to be 4.0°, as opposed to 4.4° with the MR fluid brake in the ON state. Therefore, the moment of force acting on the subject to prevent fall was larger, making them more stable when the MR fluid brake was in the ON state.
Practice Improvement Projects in an Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Training Program
Authors: Ansari Aziz , Baron Aliza , Nelson-Becker Holly , Deamant Catherine , Fitchett George , Fister Erik , O’Mahony Sean , Levine Stacie
Published: September 2021

Context:

Demand for palliative care (PC) continues to increase with an insufficient number of specialists to meet the need. This requires implementation of training curricula to expand the workforce of interdisciplinary clinicians who care for persons with serious illness.

Objectives:

To evaluate the impact of utilizing individual practice improvement projects (PIP) as part of a longitudinal PC curriculum, the Coleman Palliative Medicine Training Program (CPMTP-2).

Methods:

Participants developed their PIPs based on their institutional needs and through a mentor, and participated in monthly meetings and bi-annual conferences, thereby allowing for continued process improvement and feedback.

Results:

Thirty-seven interdisciplinary participants implemented 30 PIPs encompassing 7 themes: (1) staff education; (2) care quality and processes; (3) access to care; (4) documentation of care delivered; (5) new program development; (6) assessing gaps in care/patient needs; and (7) patient/family education. The majority of projects did achieve completion, with 16 of 30 projects reportedly being sustained several months after conclusion of the required training period. Qualitative feedback regarding mentors’ expertise and availability was uniformly positive.

Conclusion:

The CPMTP-2 demonstrates the positive impact of PIPs in the development of skills for interdisciplinary learners as part of a longitudinal training program in primary PC. Participation in a PIP with administrative support may lead to operational improvement within PC teams.
Understanding Charter School Evaluation: A Synthesis of the Literature on CREDO’s VCR Method for Stakeholders
Authors: Bjorklund-Young Alanna , Watson Angela R. , Passarella Al
Published: September 2021

Increased charter school demand creates a critical need for reliable information on outcomes. Stanford’s Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) has a series of influential reports on charter schools using the virtual control record (VCR) method. However, the VCR method has been criticized and the validity of CREDO’s findings challenged, leading to confusion among stakeholders. In this paper, we synthesize charter school evaluation literature, explain CREDO’s methods as well as other evaluation methods, and consider the limitations of matching in this context. We find that, while the matching techniques are imperfect, they provide necessary information on the greatest percentage of charter school students.
Microstructural dimension involved in the damage of concrete-like materials: An examination by the lattice element method
Authors: Bui Huu Phuoc , Richefeu Vincent , Dufour Frédéric
Published: September 2021

With the lattice element method, it is required to introduce a length via, for example, a non-local approach in order to satisfy the objectivity of the mechanical response. In spite of this, the mesoscale structuring of inclusions within a matrix conveys the natural origin of the internal length for a fixed mesh. In other words, internal length is not explicitly provided to the model, but rather governed by the characteristics of the meso-structure itself. This study examines the influence that the meso-structure of quasi-brittle materials, like concretes, have on the width of the fracture process zone and thus the fracture energy. The size of the fracture process zone is assumed to correlate with a microstructural dimension of the quasi-brittle material. If a weakness is introduced by a notch, the involvement of the ligament size (a structural parameter) is also investigated. These analyses provide recommendations and warnings that could be beneficial when extracting, from material meso-structures, a required internal length for nonlocal damage models. Among the observations made, the study suggests that the property that best characterise a meso-structure length would be the spacing between inclusions rather than the size of the inclusions themselves. It is also shown that microstructural dimension and the width of the fracture process zone have comparable order of magnitude, and they trend similarly with respect to microstructural sizes such as the inclusion interdistances.
Towards a functional classification of behaviour: a taxonomy based on outcomes
Authors: Mallpress Dave EW
Published: September 2021

The classification of behaviour has historically been done using one of the two approaches, either through the hypothetical causes (such as ‘instincts’, ‘drives’ and ‘needs’) or through the cataloguing of the observable form of behaviour using an ethogram. This article offers an alternative framework for classification of behaviour based upon only the behavioural outcomes. The framework is specified from first principles of a state-space approach, allowing us to discuss intermediate outcomes that may have instrumental value. This approach could provide a firmer foundation to consider the hierarchical nature of goals and allows us to address both the ‘how’ and the ‘why’ questions within a single framework. This taxonomy is designed to complement rather than replace existing attempts; the classification of behaviour by outcome is orthogonal to questions of the mechanisms of decision making or of the implementation of actions. This article specifies nine basic classes of behaviour and provides precise definitions for each of these. We then develop a formal language for the description of observed activities, the representation of behavioural hierarchies and for the analysis of possibility sets for achieving future goals. We follow up with some critique and discussion of the problems such a framework poses.
Anatomical Study of Sinus Tarsi–Based Lateral Lengthening Calcaneal Osteotomy
Authors: Aurich Matthias , Lenz Mark , Hofmann Gunther O. , Schubert Wiebke , Knobe Matthias , Roth Klaus Edgar , Simons Paul , Klos Kajetan
Published: September 2021

Background:

Lateral lengthening calcaneal osteotomy (LL-CO) is commonly performed as a treatment for an abducted midfoot in pes planovalgus deformity. The purpose of this study is to investigate potential damage to medial structures with a sinus tarsi LL-CO.

Methods:

Sixteen cadaver feet were used. Eight feet had an extended lateral approach, and 8 had a limited lateral (sinus tarsi) approach. All underwent a sinus tarsi LL-CO. Specimens were then dissected to identify inadvertent injury to medial structures.

Results:

Sinus tarsi LL-CO was associated with damage to the sustentaculum tali and medial articular facets in 56% and 62.5% of specimens, respectively. No anterior or posterior facet injuries were found, although 56% of specimens had a confluent medial and anterior facet.

Conclusion:

Damage to the medial articular facet and sustentaculum is possible with a flat cut sinus tarsi LL-CO due to the curved nature of the relevant sinus tarsi and canal anatomy.

Clinical Relevance:

Sinus tarsi LL-CO needs to be performed with caution since damage to the subtalar joint is possible.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, prospective cohort study.
Systematic Processing of COVID-19 Information: Relevant Channel Beliefs and Perceived Information Gathering Capacity as Moderators
Authors: Yang Janet Z. , Dong Xinxia , Liu Zhuling
Published: September 2021

Applying the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model, this study investigates the sociopsychological factors associated with systematic processing. Results reveal interesting moderating effects for relevant channel beliefs and perceived information gathering capacity. These findings suggest that science communication surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic needs to attend to the target audience’s beliefs about specific information channels, as well as their ability to process relevant information. However, the unsupported hypotheses also call for scholarly attention on the applicability of the RISP model to non-Western cultural contexts.
Gang Homicide: The Road so Far and a Map for the Future
Authors: Sanchez Jose Antonio , Decker Scott H. , Pyrooz David C.
Published: September 2021

Gang research has spanned nearly a century. In that time, we have learned that gang membership increases the chances of involvement in homicide as a victim or offender. The violence that embroils gang life, both instrumental and symbolic, often has consequences. In this paper we review the gang homicide literature covering topics such as definitional issues, available data, correlates and characteristics, and theoretical explanations. The review examines individual, group, and structural contexts for gang homicide. We conclude with a discussion of future needs in theory, data, and methods, to improve our understanding of gang homicide.
Braiding together student and supervisor aspirations in a struggle to decolonize
Authors: Scobie Matthew , Lee Bill , Smyth Stewart
Published: September 2021

In this study, we explore a student-supervisor relationship and the development of relational and reflexive research identities as joint actions towards decolonizing management knowledge and practice. We frame a specific case of PhD supervision through he awa whiria the braided rivers metaphor, which emerges from Māori traditions. This metaphor recognizes a plurality of knowledge streams that can start from different sources, converge, braid and depart again, from the mountains to the sea. In this metaphor, each stream maintains its own autonomy and authority, but knowledge is created at an interface in partnership. We use this framing metaphor to illustrate the tensions between co-creating knowledge with an Indigenous community that a research student has kinship ties with and feels a strong affinity to, and navigating the institutional requirements for a PhD within a UK university. We surface two contributions that open up future possibilities for supervision, research and practice. The first is the use of the metaphor to frame the student-supervisor partnership and strategies for decolonizing management knowledge more broadly. The second is the requirement for relational and reflexive research identities in decolonizing management knowledge.
Decolonising management and organisational knowledge (MOK): Praxistical theorising for potential worlds
Authors: Jammulamadaka Nimruji , Faria Alex , Jack Gavin , Ruggunan Shaun
Published: September 2021

This special issue (SI) editorial contributes to ongoing efforts worldwide to decolonise management and organisational knowledge (MOK). A robust pluriversal discussion on the how and why of decolonisation is vital. Yet to date, most business and management schools are on the periphery of debates about decolonising higher education, even as Business Schools in diverse locations function as contested sites of neocolonialism and expansion of Western neoliberal perspectives. This editorial and special issue is the outcome of a unique set of relationships and processes that saw Organization host its first paper development workshop in Africa in 2019. This editorial speaks to a radical ontological plurality that up-ends the classical division between theory and praxis. It advocates praxistical theorising that moves beyond this binary and embraces decolonising knowledge by moving into the realm of affect and embodied, other-oriented reflexive, communicative praxis. It underscores the simultaneous, contested and unfinished decolonising-recolonising doubleness of praxis and the potential of borderlands locations to work with these dynamics. This special issue brings together a set of papers which advance different decolonising projects and grapple with the nuances of what it means to ‘do’ decolonising in a diversity of empirical and epistemic settings.
Rethinking digital media literacy to address body dissatisfaction in schools: Lessons from feminist new materialisms
Authors: Ni Shuilleabhain Niamh , Rich Emma , Fullagar Simone
Published: September 2021

The increasing prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young people is now well recognised with much of the existing literature making connections between media imagery and body dissatisfaction. Media literacy-based interventions continue to be rolled out in schools across the global north in an attempt to prevent body dissatisfaction. However, the pervasiveness of digital media in young people’s lives has prompted questions about the adequacy of current theories of media literacy and associated school-based interventions. We explore how feminist theories focused on the affective, material and more-than-human offer different insights into new digital configurations of agency and mediated learning. We reflect on this potential through analysing empirical data from a study involving arts-based workshops in two schools in the South West of England. Our focus on affect and agency as relational and entangled has important implications for theory and practice in school-based body image programmes and media literacy approaches.