bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case of Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Mimicking Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Authors: Gosavi Aishwarya Shailendra , Singh Kritika , Bhalekar Surekha
Published: July 2024

Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (DSV-PTC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) The prognosis of this variant is as good as classic PTC, but close follow-up is necessary because of frequent tumour recurrence. The authors report a case of a 30-year-old female who presented with a 6-month history of gradually progressive midline neck swelling. Antithyroid antibodies were elevated, and radiology was suggestive of a colloid goitre. Total thyroidectomy was done along with anterior compartment lymph node removal for confirmation. Interestingly, histopathology showed a picture reminiscent of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (HT), but the lymph node showed tumour metastasis. Thereafter, additional sections were taken to establish the diagnosis of DSV-PTC in the thyroid. The present case highlights the importance of extensive sampling in histopathology for a suspected case of malignancy, as it can be misdiagnosed as a benign aetiology.
Management of Metastatic Primary Renal Synovial Sarcoma with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Mhaske Sunil , Singh Shivam , Satav Vikram P , Sabale Vilas P
Published: July 2024

Synovial sarcomas constitute 5-10% of all soft-tissue sarcomas and tend to occur in the extremities, particularly the lower extremity. Renal sarcoma is a rare entity, constituting approximately 1-5% of all malignant renal tumours. Metastatic large renal synovial sarcoma with Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) thrombus is a rare surgical challenge that demands thorough preoperative evaluation and planning for its management. A 31-year-old young male presented with symptoms of left flank pain for 10 days, with a past history of similar complaints two years prior. On examination, a massively large renal mass was palpable. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed an IVC thrombus and metastatic deposits. The patient underwent a radical nephrectomy with ileal segment resection, followed by chemotherapy, which showed near-complete resolution of the metastatic deposits. Renal synovial sarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients presenting with a metastatic, exceptionally large renal mass complicated by an IVC thrombus, necessitating thorough preoperative evaluation for effective management.
Cardiopulmonary Functions and Quality of Life in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Cross-sectional Study from Pune, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Barne Suraj , Harale Manasi
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) treatment can improve health, but patients may experience sequelae of cardiopulmonary complications. PTB can contribute to complications in the cardiovascular system, including abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) readings, and the pulmonary system can be damaged, leading to reduced lung capacity and difficulty in breathing. It may cause a combined impact on Quality of Life (QoL). Understanding this is crucial for optimising patient care and identifying potential complications early. Aim: To assess cardiopulmonary functions and QoL in patients undergoing PTB treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Pune, Maharashtra, India from August 2019 to October 2019. Total of 32 patients (20-50 years old) receiving PTB treatment for six months were included. Haematological tests and Chest X-ray (CXR) were conducted, and QoL was measured using the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Exercise capacity was evaluated by measuring Oxygen Saturation (SpO2 ) before and after the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Results: In this study, anaemia was prevalent in 24 patients (75%). ECG abnormalities were detected in 20 (62.5%) patients, and Echocardiography (ECHO) revealed Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in 2 (6.25%) patients. Exercise capacity, measured by a 6MWT, decreased SpO2 in most patients 27 (84.37%), with a greater decline in females and older individuals. All patients reported significant QoL impairment, with worse activity scores in males. Conclusion: PTB treatment may impact cardiovascular function and QoL. Regular screening for complications and potentially tailored treatment plans are warranted for PTB patients.
Physiotherapy Assessment and Intervention for Hirayama Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Correa Adora , Srivastava Saumya , Salian Jahnavi K , Mittal Harramb
Published: July 2024

Hirayama Disease (HD) is a type of localised amyotrophy that mostly affects motor neurons. It is benign, self-limiting, and does not progress. It is not the same as distal limb juvenile muscular atrophy, which is a symptom of motor neuron disease. Together with other immunological and physical variables, cervical cord compression, particularly during cervical flexion, is one cause of HD. Over three to five years, the illness usually worsens progressively, resulting in wasting and distal weakness in one or both upper extremities. In addition, patients may experience cold paralysis, coarse finger tremors, and non specific sensory loss. Hereby, the authors present a case report of a 22-year-old male who had been steadily developing right upper extremity weakness for three years was evaluated in the Outpatient Department. The physical examination revealed atrophy of the right forearm muscle, reduced range of motion in right wrist flexion and extension, weak wrist extensors, finger extensors, supinator muscles of the forearm, and shoulder flexors. As HD does not have a well-defined physiotherapy protocol, tailor-made treatment was given for four weeks aimed at improving upper extremity muscle strength and overall hand function. The present case report will aid the physiotherapists understand the assessment and treatment of HD.
Evaluation of Feeding Potential of Mexican Beetle (Zygogramma bicolorata) on Carrot Grass (Parthenium hysterophorus) in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Negi Yashika , Maurya Veena , Thapliyal Madhu , Uniyal Ashish
Published: July 2024

Zygogramma bicolorata is an efficient natural control agent that can be used against Parthenium hysterophorus, a very common and allergic weed found in the Dehradun belt of Uttarakhand region. It is responsible for asthma, bronchitis, skin lesions, rashes, contact dermatitis, hay fever and various respiratory ailments. Z. bicolorata is a natural predator of this vicious weed. The feeding capacity of Mexican beetle, Z.bicolorata was studied under controlled conditions, at the Department of Zoology, S.G.R.R. University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 2023.Ten different sites were chosen from the Dehradun district, considering the widespread availability of Parthenium weed in the region. It was detected that the feeding capacity of the adult stage of the beetle was maximum in site 3 and lowest in site 6. The result showed in site 3 that he adult consumed 3.7 g leaves of Parthenium at 20 °C whereas, the similar relevant statistics were 2.3 mg. The detriment caused by Z. bicolorata was more visible when it was used at a higher density and at the initial growing stages of Parthenium. The fully mature stages were preferred less in comparison to the younger ones. This technique can be highly useful if implemented wisely in the management of Parthenium weed and contributes towards achieving the goal of sustainable development.
Assessment of Seed Germination and Growth of Seedling in Different Adenium Hybrids (Adenium arabicum) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions
Authors: Nambiar Revathi , Fatmi Urfi
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out during May, 2023 to April, 2024 to study the effect of seed germination and seedling growth of different Adenium hybrids in naturally ventilated polyhouse in the Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The different hybrids used in the experiment were White Zombie, Green Arabicum, Hulk, Super Dork Dork, RCN, KHZ, PBN, Godji x Red Bangle, Godji F2 and Gc x GT in completely randomized design and each hybrid was replicated thrice. The experimental results revealed that hybrid PBN reported significantly better performance in parameters like germination percentage (100%), days to 50% germination (4.4), seedling vigour index (1813.33), germination speed index (1.15), survival percentage (100%), seedling height (11.07cm), number of leaves per seedlings (16.67), leaf area (15cm2) and caudex diameter (3.93cm) which was found to be at par with hybrid RCN. Hence, hybrids PBN and RCN could be recommended for Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions.
In-vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Malassezia Dermatitis in Dogs
Authors: Sharma Pratibha , Gupta Devendra Kumar , Tiwari Amita , Singh Randhir , Shrman Kshemankar , Gajbhiye Shilpa , Singh Brejesh , Pradhan Shashi , Gupta Rohini , Saindla Rakesh , Pathak Salil Kumar
Published: July 2024

Malassezia dermatitis is a highly pruritic type of dermatitis which mainly produces itching, erythema as its primary skin lesion and secondary skin lesions includes scaling, seborrhoea, maldour, lichenification and hyperpigmentation. The present study was conducted to compare the antifungal efficacy of Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, and Terbinafine against Malassezia spp. and to evaluate the antifungal sensitivity of Malassezia species isolated from dermatitis cases in dogs in and around Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 100 skin swabs were collected from dogs with dermatological symptoms suggestive of Malassezia spp., out of which 87 swabs were successfully isolated and showed good growth on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) during primary isolation from the skin swabs. For this, commercially available antifungal discs of Ketoconazole and Itraconazole were used whereas for Terbinafine antifungal disc was made due to lack of its availability. Based on in-vitro antifungal susceptibility studies, it can be concluded that Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole and Terbinafine were found to be effective against Malassezia dermatitis and can be advocated as the drug of choice for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs.
On the Number of Cyclic Codes Over \(\mathbb{Z}_{31}\)
Authors: Ondiany John Joseph O. , Karieko Obogi Robert , Mude Lao Hussein , Monari Fred Nyamitago
Published: July 2024

Let n be a positive integer, yn - 1 cyclotomic polynomial and Zq be a given finite field. In this study we determined the number of cyclic codes over \(\mathbb{Z}_{31}\). First, we partitioned the cyclotomic polynomial yn - 1 using cyclotomic cosets 31 mod n and factorized yn - 1 using case to case basis. Each monic divisor obtained is a generator polynomial and generate cyclic codes. The results obtained are useful in the field of coding theory and more especially, in error correcting codes.
Clinical Profile of Ocular Trauma at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Bhaskar Anju , Gupta Rajiv Kumar
Published: July 2024

Background: Ocular trauma is preventable and one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity and blindness. Approximately 6 million people are blind from eye injuries, 2.3 million with bilateral visual impairment and 19 million with unilateral visual loss worldwide. In developing countries like ours the incidence of eye injuries is very high. This study has been conducted in the view of public health importance to provide information on magnitude, clinical and epidemiological profile of ocular injuries.
Methods: A hospital based, cross sectional observational study, conducted during September 2014 - March 2016 in tertiary care center in Jharkhand, all cases of ocular trauma were included in the study. Demographic profile (age, sex, locality, occupation), nature and cause of injury was recorded. Detailed ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, slit lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, B-scan, intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, computed tomography brain with orbit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, X-Ray were done in relevant cases.
Results: Total of 948 patients of ocular trauma were included. Most patients belong to the age group 21-40 years (60.87%), with mean age of 29.79 + 16.47 years. Males were affected more (73.52%) than females (26.47%). Closed globe injuries were more (75%) than open globe injuries (25%). Anterior segment was involved in (94.30%) and posterior segment in (8.86%). Work-related ocular injuries formed the commonest mode of injury (41.8%) followed by road traffic accident (30.37%).
Conclusion: Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness. Targeting groups most at risk with health education, providing effective eye protection and strict implementation of traffic rules may decrease the occurrence of ocular injuries.
Epidemiological characteristics of organ donors of a public hospital in southern Brazil / Caracteristicas epidemiológicas dos doadores de órgãos de um hospital público do sul de Brasil
Authors: Urinque Mendes Nicasio , Delacanal Lazzari Daniele , D'Azevedo Sica Caroline , Helena Ebert Naira , De Quadros Galvão Lucio , Guzzon Roberta
Published: July 2024

Objetivo: determinar as características epidemiológicas dos doadores de órgãos de um hospital público do Sul do Brasil. Método: pesquisa documental, descrita e quantitativa, realizada no ano 2022 em um hospital público de um município no sul do Brasil, com dados referentes ao período de 2016 á 2021, agrupados em planilhas do Microsoft Office Excel e analisados pelo programa Epi InfoTM. Resultados: 76,47% dos doadores eram do sexo masculino, 55,88% dos doares teve Morte Encefálica por causas vasculares, 44,12% eram portadores de hipertensão arterial e houve maior doadores de rins (91,18%) e fígado (64,71%). Conclusão: o perfil dos doadores de órgãos da região estudada é caracterizado pela maioria do sexo masculino, faixa etária superior a 40 anos de idade com prevalência das comorbidades como hipertensão arterial, doenças psiquiátricas e cardiovasculares.
Quantitative Analyses of Nucleic Acid Stability Under the Molecular Crowding Condition Induced by Cosolutes
Authors: Tateishi‐Karimata Hisae , Nakano Shu‐ichi , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: June 2013

A variety of biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and other soluble and insoluble low‐molecular weight components, are present in living cells. These molecules occupy a significant fraction of the cellular volume (up to 40%), resulting in a highly crowded intracellular environment. This situation is referred to as molecular crowding. Although the thermodynamic stabilities of DNA structures are known to be altered in a crowded environment, less is known about the behavior of nucleic acids and their interactions with cations and water molecules under such conditions. This unit describes methods that can be used to quantitatively analyze the molecular crowding effects caused by cosolutes on the thermodynamic stability, hydration, and cation binding of nucleic acid structures. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 53:7.19.1‐7.19.17. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Panel Analyzes Pakistan's Internal Water Concerns
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2013

Although transboundary water issues between Pakistan and neighboring countries may be exciting and interesting, Pakistan's real water and security nexus is at the local level, according to Daanish Mustafa, coauthor of a new report, “Understanding Pakistan's Water‐Security Nexus.” Mustafa, a reader in politics and environment at King's College, London, U.K., was a panelist at a 30 May forum in Washington, D. C., sponsored by the United States Institute of Peace, which published the report.
Collaboration Urged for Climate Science and Finance Communities
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

Increased coordination and collaboration is needed between the climate science community and the financial services industry, according to speakers at a 3–4 June workshop held in Washington, D. C., by the American Meteorological Society (AMS). The AMS workshop brought together business and financial leaders and climate scientists. The financial industry needs climate data for a variety of predictions, but there has been little collaboration between the industry and the climate science community, speakers said.
AGU's 2013 Mass Media Fellow Will Share Science on the Airwaves
Authors: Adams Mary Catherine
Published: June 2013

Mike Osborne, a Stanford University Ph.D. student of paleoclimatology, was becoming fatigued with the “apocalyptic rhetoric” surrounding climate change.
Hydrology affects carbon storage potential of prairie potholes
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

Prairie potholes, the small, dynamic, unconnected ponds that dot central Canada as well as parts of the north central United States, can store significant amounts of soil nutrients that can be transformed to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Scientists would like to better understand how these regions could contribute to climate warming, but there are challenges, given the large heterogeneity in greenhouse gas emissions over the prairie pothole landscape.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Bernet William , Canter Jennifer
Published: June 2013

Child sexual abuse is an important medical, psychological, social, and legal topic. It affects young people of all ages and families of all colors, ethnic groups, and social classes. This article discusses the epidemiology of child sexual abuse, intrafamilial and extrafamilial patterns of abuse, clinical features of child abuse victims, the role of the medical provider in the collection and interpretation of potential forensic evidence, and the forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluation of children who may have been abused. Although medical providers vary in levels of training and expertise in this specialty field of medicine, appropriate training, supervision, and peer review are critical components in the interpretation of potential forensic evidence. The forensic evaluator should follow a standardized process for interviewing the alleged victim in order to collect accurate data. The forensic evaluator should consider the various reasons why a child might make false allegations of abuse as well as false denials of abuse.
Children: Suggestibility of
Authors: Block Stephanie D. , Shockley Kristy L.
Published: June 2013

The suggestibility of children is particularly important to consider when children are responsible for providing eyewitness accounts. Young children are especially vulnerable to internal and external forms of suggestibility, although research findings are mixed to the exact extent of suggestibility on memory. To decrease children's susceptibility to suggestion, it is typically recommended that children are interviewed in a nonleading manner as soon as possible after the event and protected from social forms of pressure (e.g., from parents or peers). Interviewing children in a nonleading manner involves using free recall and open‐ended questions. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the cognitive interview are both examples of interviewing techniques that primarily use free recall and open‐ended questioning. Certain individual traits have also been associated with resistance to false suggestions, such as language skills, verbal ability, self‐esteem, and parental attachment style. However, it is important to note that, these traits have not been consistently related to suggestibility. Research has also been mixed on whether children are less suggestible about negative or taboo events when compared to more positive or neutral events. Reducing suggestibility during interviews is one step in preventing wrongful convictions while also protecting the credibility of children as witnesses.
Jury Dynamics
Authors: Levett Lora M. , Kienzle Megan R.
Published: June 2013

Generally, the jury can be trusted to make a competent decision at trial, using the strength of evidence to render a verdict. Most often, judges agree with the jury's rendered verdict. Thus, the jury's decision is largely a reasonable, sound decision. However, the jury can be influenced by extralegal information and biases, and understanding the dynamics of deliberation may help us understand when these biases are likely to manifest in the jury's decision. In addition, reforming the structure of the trial to eliminate biased jurors and assist jurors in making better decisions may increase the quality of the jury's decision.
Drug‐Facilitated Crime
Authors: LeBeau Marc A.
Published: June 2013

Investigations into reports of drug‐facilitated crimes (DFCs) have increased substantially in recent times. These crimes are investigated when an individual reports having been robbed or assaulted while incapacitated as a result of the effects of a drug—usually, a strong central nervous system (CNS) depressant. A CNS depressant prevents individuals from consenting to the action of perpetrators or from fighting off their attackers. The drug, in essence, acts as a weapon for the offender. This article provides information on the manner in which DFCs occur, the drugs that are used to commit these crimes, and the means of improving the detection of the drugs through toxicological analyses.
Organic Transformations Promoted by Lewis Acid Iron Catalysts
Authors: Vrancken Emmanuel , Campagne Jean‐Marc
Published: June 2013

Iron salts of high oxidation states, Fe(II) and Fe(III), possess strong Lewis acid properties and are able to activate a wide range of functionalities. These properties, associated with low toxicity, abundance, low price together with more practical aspects, are witnessed by the blossoming of this field in the last few years. Beyond traditional activation of CX and CX bonds, more recent applications involving the generation of iron enolates and oxocarbeniums species, and the activation of CC and CC bonds are surveyed. A special emphasis is given to successive electrophilic and/or nucleophilic activations of different functionalities, which allow domino and one‐pot processes.
Organic Diselenides, Ditellurides, Polyselenides and Polytellurides. Synthesis and Reactions
Authors: Potapov Vladimir A.
Published: June 2013

Organic diselenides and ditellurides represent very important classes of compounds, which find valuable applications in organochalcogen chemistry and in organic synthesis. The review describes the main efficient and reliable approaches to organic diselenides and ditellurides and their principal chemical reactions. Examples of syntheses of tri‐ and polyselenides and ‐tellurides have been presented. Typical reactions of organic diselenides and ditellurides with nucleophiles, electrophiles, radicals, carbenes and compounds containing the element‐element bond have been discussed in the review. Regio‐ and stereoselective reactions of organic diselenides and ditellurides with unsaturated compounds provide various chalcogenyl and bis(chalcogenyl) derivatives, which are often used in further transformations including stereoselective synthesis of functionalized alkenes. Along with valuable chemical reactions, organic diselenides and ditellurides act as precursors of both nucleophilic and electrophilic selenium and tellurium species, which participate in various useful transformations. The remarkable property of reacting with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity finds widespread application of selenium and tellurium species in organic synthesis. Besides valuable synthetic applications, organic diselenides and ditellurides exhibit various biological activities including glutathione peroxidase‐like action. Aspects of biological activity of these compounds as well as a comparison of selenol–diselenide and thiol–disulfide reversible exchange reactions have been discussed in the review.
Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Small Molecules Containing Selenium. Part A. Antioxidant Compounds
Authors: L. Braga Antonio , Rafique Jamal
Published: June 2013

The design and synthesis of organoselenium compound as bioactive structures have achieved a new dimension since the 1970s, when many reports described the identification of various selenoproteins, which are involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including antioxidant defense, thyroid hormone production and immune response. In this chapter, strategies and methods for the preparation of synthetic antioxidants containing selenium are reviewed. The unique redox properties of selenium confer catalytic activity to organoselenium compounds and influence their biological properties as well as the methods selected for their preparation. Several approaches can be applied in order to obtain organoselenium compounds, such as reaction of elemental selenium or diselenides with different types of carbanions or reaction of organic electrophiles with selenolate anions generated by different methods, as discussed herein.
Enzyme Mimetic Chemistry of Organoselenium Compounds
Authors: Bhowmick Debasish , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: June 2013

Selenium plays a key role in biology by mediating many important physiological processes. In proteins, selenium is present in the form of selenocysteine (Sec, U), which is generally considered as the 21st amino acid. Although Sec is a homolog of cysteine (Cys, C) and has similar structural and functional properties, the reactivity of Sec residues in proteins is significantly different from that of Cys due to the low redox potential and high nucleophilicity of Sec. In this chapter, some of the well‐studied examples of selenoenzymes and their synthetic mimics are discussed. Synthetic compounds that mimic the function of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and iodothyronine deiodinase (ID) are used extensively to understand the chemical mechanism of the enzymes. The chemistry of Sec residue at the active site of GPx is widely studied with the help of a number of small‐molecule organoselenium compounds. Ebselen was the first synthetic GPx mimic to undergo clinical studies for a number of disease states, including stroke, inflammation, and hearing loss, although ebselen and its analogues exhibit poor GPx activity in the presence of thiols due to undesired thiol‐exchange reactions. The GPx activity of severaltert‐amine‐based diselenides is found to be much higher than that of ebselen and related compounds. In these compounds, the amine moiety plays an important role in modulating the reactivity of different intermediates involved in the catalytic cycle. In addition to selenenyl amides and diaryl diselenides, a number of spirodiazaselerunanes are studied as GPx mimics. The role of Sec in iodothyronine deiodinases, which control the thyroid hormone levels, is also discussed in this chapter. Recently, some naphthyl‐based selenols and thiols are reported as mimics of deiodinases.
Single‐Molecule Reactive Oxygen Species Detection in Photocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Tachikawa Takashi , Majima Tetsuro
Published: June 2013

In this chapter, we have focused on the fluorescence detection of reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical, with single dye molecules under a microscope. In particular, successful applications of single‐molecule fluorescence micro(spectro)scopy for the investigation of TiO
2
photocatalytic reactions are demonstrated. The spatially resolved imaging techniques enable us to determine the spatial distribution of ROS and the location of (photo)catalytically active sites that are related to the heterogeneously distributed defects on the surface. Results of these studies provided important information for elucidating the mechanism of heterogeneous chemical reactions on catalyst nanoparticles and for designing new materials for applications in a variety of areas.
Nonfouling Response of Hydrophilic Uncharged Polymers
Authors: Serrano Ângela , Sterner Olof , Mieszkin Sophie , Zürcher Stefan , Tosatti Samuele , Callow Maureen E. , Callow James A. , Spencer Nicholas D.
Published: June 2013

Polymeric ultrathin films present a possible line of attack against marine biofouling for some applications. A protocol that provides a reliable comparison of the resistance of different polymers to biofouling is described. This is achieved through the use of a common, azide‐terminated adhesion monolayer, to which different nonfouling polymers of various molecular weights, specifically poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOXA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and dextran are covalently bound. These functionalized surfaces are characterized by dynamic contact angle, ellipsometry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To validate the developed protocol and evaluate performance against a selection of well‐known, marine‐fouling organisms, the nonfouling surfaces are subjected to a comparative biological study by exposure to a complex protein solution (with characterization via ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D)), marine bacteria (Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus), and zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza. The resulting data are used to draw conclusions on structure‐property relationships. Chemical resistance towards marine fouling can be achieved using the described immobilization method, but is highly dependent on the species tested. Findings show that PVP (55 kDa)‐coated surfaces display consistent resistance towards all tested solutions and organisms and, hence, this polymer could be considered as a potential material for marine‐nonfouling applications.
Tough Composites Inspired by Mineralized Natural Materials: Computation, 3D printing, and Testing
Authors: Dimas Leon S. , Bratzel Graham H. , Eylon Ido , Buehler Markus J.
Published: June 2013

Composites play an important role as structural materials in a range of engineering fields due to their potential to combine the best mechanical properties of their constituents. In biology, composites are ubiquitous and exhibit fascinating and precise architectures at fine length scales; bone, hexactinellid sponges and nacreous abalone shells are prime examples. Here, typical biological composite topologies are emulated with multi‐material 3D printing at micrometer resolution. From base materials that are brittle and exhibit catastrophic failure, synthetic composites are created with superior fracture mechanical properties exhibiting deformation and fracture mechanisms reminiscent of mineralized biological composites. This complementary computational model predictions of fracture mechanisms and trends in mechanical properties are in good agreement with the experimental findings. The reported findings confirm that specific topological arrangements of soft and stiff phases as a design mechanism enhances the mechanical behavior in composites. This study demonstrates 3D printing as a means to create fracture resistant composites. Moreover, these results indicate that one can use computer models to design composite materials to exhibit tailored fracture properties and then use 3D printing to synthesize materials with such mechanical performance.
Heat exposure in sugarcane harvesters in Costa Rica
Authors: Crowe Jennifer , Wesseling Catharina , Solano Bryan Román , Umaña Manfred Pinto , Ramírez Andrés Robles , Kjellstrom Tord , Morales David , Nilsson Maria
Published: June 2013

Background

Occupational heat stress is a major concern in sugarcane production and has been hypothesized as a causal factor of a chronic kidney disease epidemic in Central America. This study described working conditions of sugarcane harvesters in Costa Rica and quantified their exposure to heat.

Methods

Non‐participatory observation and Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT) according to Spanish NTP (Technical Prevention Notes) guidelines were utilized to quantify the risk of heat stress. OSHA recommendations were used to identify corresponding exposure limit values.

Results

Sugarcane harvesters carried out labor‐intensive work with a metabolic load of 261 W/m2 (6.8 kcal/min), corresponding to a limit value of 26° WBGT which was reached by 7:30 am on most days. After 9:15 am, OSHA recommendations would require that workers only work 25% of each hour to avoid health risks from heat.

Conclusions

Sugarcane harvesters are at risk for heat stress for the majority of the work shift. Immediate action is warranted to reduce such exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1157–1164, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TRIM5α polymorphism identification in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin and Chinese rhesus macaques
Authors: Zhang Guiqing , Qiu Wei , Xiang Ruirui , Ling Fei , Zhuo Min , Du Hongli , Wang Jufang , Wang Xiaoning
Published: June 2013

TRIM5α is a retroviral restriction factor, in which the B30.2 (SPRY) and coiled‐coil domains cooperate to determine the specificity of TRIM5α‐mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Here, all exons of TRIM5α were analyzed in 39 Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques (VCE) and 29 Chinese rhesus macaques (CR). Our results revealed the presence of 22 alleles using the PHASE 2.0 software package (PHylogenetics And Sequence Evolution), including two novel species‐specific alleles with a low frequency in VCE in exons 4 and 8, which encoded the coiled‐coil and B30.2 (SPRY) domains, respectively. Nine alleles were detected in both VCE and CR, while four alleles were likely shared between the species. Of these alleles, the highest frequencies of 38% and 26% occurred in VCE and CR, respectively. Importantly, we found that some alleles encoded the same coiled‐coil domain, but not the SPRY domain. In contrast, other alleles encoded the same SPRY domain, but not the coiled‐coil domain. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the interaction between the two domains and the determination of the specificity of TRIM5α‐mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Our results from the phylogenetic trees constructed for VCE and CR suggested that the macaques' ability to inhibit SIV replication became gradually stronger if they carried corresponding alleles in four clades (clades4–7). More interesting, in clade3, both novel allele pairs (4E100a, 10E147a) and allele pairs (7R17b and 13R11b), which had the strong ability to inhibit SIV replication, originated from the same ancestral allele, suggesting that the novel alleles might play a key role to determine an animal's ability to inhibit SIV/HIV replication. However, further studies are needed to increase our understanding of the genetic background of TRIM5α in these two macaque species. Am. J. Primatol. 75:938–946, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Budesonide nasal irrigations in the postoperative management of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Jang David W. , Lachanas Vasileios A. , Segel Jamie , Kountakis Stilianos E.
Published: June 2013

Background

Nasal steroids play an important role in the postoperative management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, commercially available nasal steroid sprays may not deliver adequate amounts of medication to the entire postoperative sinus cavity. The off‐label use of budesonide nasal irrigation (BNI) theoretically solves this problem by delivering concentrated steroid solution through a high‐pressure, high‐volume system. Several studies have attested to the safety of BNI, but there are very few reports of its efficacy.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of prospectively‐collected data. We identified 60 patients who were prescribed BNI postoperatively, but had a lapse in therapy for 1 month or longer. The 20‐item Sinonasal Outcomes Test (SNOT‐20) and Lund‐Kennedy endoscopy scores while the patients were using BNI were compared with scores from the same patients while they were not using BNI. Student paired t test was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Thirty patients had eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) with polyps (eCRSwNP), 13 had allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), 13 had Samter's triad (ST), and 4 had eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps (eCRSsNP). Mean follow‐up time was 25 months (range, 2–89 months). Overall, SNOT‐20 scores were significantly lower with BNI (p < 0.05). On subgroup analysis, SNOT‐20 scores were significantly improved with BNI for patients with eCRS and Samter's triad (p = 0.04, 0.03). Endoscopy scores were significantly improved only in the eCRS group (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

The addition of BNI is beneficial in the postoperative management of patients with CRS.
Neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic testing: Current approaches and future advances
Authors: Sherr Elliott H. , Michelson David J. , Shevell Michael I. , Moeschler John B. , Gropman Andrea L. , Ashwal Stephen
Published: June 2013

Genetic testing for intellectual disability, global developmental delay and other neurodevelopmental disorders has advanced considerably in the last five to ten years and can be an important diagnostic tool for clinicians. This article provides a clinical and ethical framework for understanding these advances, future directions and the current limitations of these approaches. Ann Neurol 2013;74:164–170
Long‐term risk of recurrent vascular events after young stroke: The FUTURE study
Authors: Rutten‐Jacobs Loes C. A. , Maaijwee Noortje A. M. , Arntz Renate M. , Schoonderwaldt Henny C. , Dorresteijn Lucille D. , van der Vlugt Maureen J. , van Dijk Ewoud J. , de Leeuw Frank‐Erik
Published: June 2013

Objective

Long‐term data on recurrent vascular events after young stroke are limited. Our objective was to examine the long‐term risk of recurrent vascular events after young stroke.

Methods

We prospectively included 724 consecutive patients with a first‐ever transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), aged 18 to 50 years, admitted to our hospital between January 1, 1980 and November 1, 2010. Outcomes were (1) stroke; (2) myocardial infarction or cardiac or peripheral arterial revascularization procedures; or (3) composite event of these, whichever occurred first.

Results

After a mean follow‐up of 9.1 years (standard deviation = 8.2, range = 0–31.0), 142 patients (19.6%) had at least 1 recurrent vascular event. Cumulative 20‐year risk of stroke was 17.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.5–25.1) after TIA, 19.4% (95% [CI] = 14.6–24.3) after ischemic stroke, and 9.8% (95% CI = 1.0–18.7) after ICH. Cumulative 20‐year risk of any vascular event was 27.7% (95% CI = 18.5–37.0) after TIA and 32.8% (95% CI = 26.7–38.9) after ischemic stroke. Age and male sex were associated with other arterial events, but not with stroke. Among TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) subtypes, adjusted for age, sex, and decennium of inclusion, atherothrombotic stroke, cardioembolic stroke, and lacunar stroke were associated with recurrent stroke (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.34–5.52; HR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.23–5.07; and HR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.45–5.88, respectively).

Interpretation

Patients with young stroke remain at substantial risk of recurrent vascular events for decades, suggesting that the underlying disease that caused stroke at a young age continues to put these patients at a high risk for vascular disease throughout their lives. Ann Neurol 2013;74:592–601
Accurate measurements of the Avogadro and Planck constants by counting silicon atoms
Authors: Bettin Horst , Fujii Kenichi , Man John , Mana Giovanni , Massa Enrico , Picard Alain
Published: June 2013

Fundamental constants link seemingly different fields of physics and seemingly different quantities and measurement units. Consequently, they are of the utmost interest in metrology and it has been planned to redefine the kilogram by fixing the numerical value of the Planck constant. This paper summarises the methods to measure the ratio between the Planck constant and a mass and reviews the determination of the Avogadro constant by counting the atoms in a silicon crystal highly enriched by the 28Si isotope.
The Winding Pathway to Erythropoietin Along the Chemistry–Biology Frontier: A Success At Last
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Dong Suwei , Wang Ping , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: June 2013

The total synthesis of a homogeneous erythropoietin (EPO), possessing the native amino acid sequence and chitobiose glycans at each of the three wild‐type sites of N glycosylation, has been accomplished in our laboratory. We provide herein an account of our decade‐long research effort en route to this formidable target compound. The optimization of the synergy of the two bedrock sciences we now call biology and chemistry was central to the success of the synthesis of EPO.
Preparation and characterization of polyaniline–1‐hydroxyethane 1,1‐diphosphonic acid salt and its application as a catalyst for the synthesis of N‐benzylidine‐2‐phenyl imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Palaniappan Srinivasan , Rajender Boddula , Ravi Bolagam
Published: June 2013

A novel, efficient, and easily synthesizable catalyst, an emeraldine form of polyaniline (PANI)−1‐hydroxyethane 1,1‐diphosphonic acid salt (HEDP), was successfully synthesized and demonstrated as a reusable polymer‐based solid acid catalyst in the synthesis of N‐benzylidine‐2‐phenyl imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines with 2‐aminopyridine with aromatic aldehydes and trimethyl silylcyanide at room temperature. PANI–HEDP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and conductivity measurements. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2995–3000, 2013
Preparation and characterization of electrospun PLA/nanocrystalline cellulose‐based composites
Authors: Pirani Sanaa , Abushammala Hatem M. N. , Hashaikeh Raed
Published: June 2013

Biodegradable nanocomposites of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) and electrospun poly‐(lactic acid) were prepared via a new mixing technique. Dispersion of hydrophilic NCC in hydrophobic PLA was improved through aqueous mixing and freeze drying of perfectly suspended NCC with PLA nanofibers. Freeze drying produced aerogels with good mechanical integrity. The aerogels were further processed via hot pressing. Resulting composites displayed an improvement in mechanical properties, which was greatest at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of PLA. The optimum compositions were found to be in the 0.5–3% NCC (by weight) range. Experiments performed also showed that due to electrospinning, the crystallinity of the PLA slightly increased and this is accompanied by a decrease in its glass transition temperature. Furthermore, adding NCC to the electrospun PLA matrix did not alter the crystallinity of the final composite. The composites investigated proved their potential to be used in packaging and tissue engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3345–3354, 2013
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel 4‐(2‐Fluorophenoxy)quinoline Derivatives Bearing the 4‐Oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide Moiety
Authors: Li Sai , Jiang Rui , Qin Mingze , Liu Haicheng , Zhang Guangyan , Gong Ping
Published: June 2013

A series of 4‐(2‐fluorophenoxy)quinoline derivatives bearing the 4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against the H460, HT‐29, MKN‐45, U87MG, and SMMC‐7721 cancer cell lines. Most of the tested compounds showed potent activity and high selectivity toward the HT‐29 and MKN‐45 cell lines. Furthermore, compounds 21b, 21c, and 21i were further examined for their c‐Met kinase activity and exhibited strong efficacy with IC50 values in the single‐digit nanomolar range, which was comparable with the positive control foretinib. The most promising compound 21c showed excellent cytostatic activity with IC50 values from 0.01 to 0.53 µM against all tested cell lines, thus being 1.7–2.2 times more active than foretinib.
Cell imaging and DNA delivery in fibroblastic cells by conjugated polyelectrolytes
Authors: Shin Yong Cheol , Lee Jong Ho , Jeong Ji‐Eun , Kim Boram , Lee Eun Ji , Jin Oh Seong , Jung Tae Gon , Lee Jun Jae , Woo Han Young , Han Dong‐Wook
Published: June 2013

This study concentrates on the potential application of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) to cell imaging and DNA delivery. Four different types of polyfluorene copolymers, namely, PAHFP‐Br, PAEFP‐Br, PAHFbT‐Br, and PSBFP‐Na, which have the same π‐conjugated backbone but different side chains, were synthesized. For cytotoxicity testing, L‐929 fibroblastic cells were treated with increasing concentrations (0–50 µM) of each CPE and then cell viability was determined by WST‐8 assay. Cellular uptake of CPEs into cultured L‐929 cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. To examine DNA delivery by CPEs, the cells were incubated for 1 H with PAHFP‐Br/fluorescein (Fl)‐labeled single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA‐Fl) complex and then visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity of CPEs was increased in a dose‐dependent manner but at lower than 10 µM, PAHFP‐Br, PAEFP‐Br, and PSBFP‐Na did not show any cytotoxic effects on the cells. When added to cell cultures at 1 µM, PAHFP‐Br/ssDNA‐Fl complex was delivered and then dissociated into PAHFP‐Br and ssDNA‐Fl within the cells. This result implies that PAHFP‐Br can enable cell imaging and DNA delivery into fibroblastic cells. Therefore, it is suggested that PAHFP‐Br with various advantages such as low cytotoxicity and high fluorescence efficiency can be extensively used as a potential agent for cell imaging and gene delivery.
Coupling of soft‐modeling methods with multivariate pattern recognition technique for the identification of nitroaniline isomers
Authors: Hasani Masoumeh , Emami Fereshteh
Published: June 2013

A new approach that takes advantage of both soft‐modeling and pattern recognition methods is proposed to analyze kinetic data monitored spectrometrically to classify structurally similar nitroaniline isomers. The colorimetric condensation reaction of 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate (NQS) with amines has been used to classify 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐nitroaniline on the basis of their different kinetic properties. These nitroanilines react differentially with NQS at pH 7 to produce a colored product. Soft‐modeling approaches such as multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR–ALS) and simple‐to‐use interactive self‐modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) followed by multiplicative signal correction have been used as preprocessing procedures to obtain patterns diagnostic for the analytes. Rank analysis was initially performed using determination of rank by augmentation to detect any species present during the course of the reaction in the system under investigation. The spectra and kinetic profiles of all absorbing species present in the raw measurements were obtained from SIMPLISMA and MCR–ALS resolution. The kinetic profiles were then used as input of the pattern recognition algorithm. The response patterns were systematically classified using linear discriminant analysis with high classification accuracy. Either all or one of the resolved profiles related to the components involved in the reaction can be used for identification of nitroaniline isomers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unusual Folding Propensity of an Unsubstituted β,γ‐Hybrid Model Peptide: Importance of the CH⋅⋅⋅O Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Venugopalan Paloth , Kishore Raghuvansh
Published: June 2013

The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of a β,γ‐hybrid model peptide Boc‐β‐Ala‐γ‐Abu‐NH2 revealed the existence of four crystallographically independent molecules (A, B, C and D conformers) in the asymmetric unit. The analysis revealed that unusual β‐turn‐like folded structures predominate, wherein the conformational space of non‐proteinogenic β‐Ala and γ‐Abu residues are restricted to gauche‐gauche‐skew and skew‐gauche‐trans‐skew orientations, respectively. Interestingly, the U‐shaped conformers are seemingly stabilised by an effective unconventional CH⋅⋅⋅O intramolecular hydrogen bond, encompassing a non‐covalent 14‐membered ring‐motif. Taking into account the signs of torsion angles, these conformers could be grouped into two distinct categories, A/B and C/D, establishing the incidence of non‐superimposable stereogeometrical features across a non‐chiral one‐component peptide model system, that is, “mirror‐image‐like” relationships. The natural occurrence of β‐Ala and γ‐Abu entities in various pharmacologically important molecules, coupled with their biocompatibilities, highlight how the non‐functionalised β,γ‐hybrid segment may offer unique advantages for introducing and/or manipulating a wide spectrum of biologically relevant hydrogen bonded secondary structural mimics in short synthetic peptides.