bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Treatment for Obesity and Depression: A Pilot Study
Authors: Faulconbridge Lucy F. , Driscoll Colleen F. B. , Hopkins Christina M. , Bailer Benforado Brooke , Bishop‐Gilyard Chanelle , Carvajal Raymond , Berkowitz Robert I. , DeRubeis Robert , Wadden Thomas A.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Obesity and depression frequently co‐occur, and each increases risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study tested whether a combined treatment, targeting obesity and depression simultaneously, would yield greater improvements in weight, mood, and CVD risk factors than treatments that targeted each disease individually.

Methods

Seventy‐six participants with obesity and major depression were randomly assigned to (1) behavioral weight control (BWC), (2) cognitive behavioral therapy for depression (CBT‐D), or (3) BWC combined with CBT‐D. Participants were provided 18 group treatment sessions over 20 weeks. Mood, weight, and CVD risk were assessed at baseline and weeks 8 and 20, with a follow‐up visit at week 46.

Results

At week 20, participants in combined treatment lost significantly (P < 0.02) more weight (5.2% ± 1.2%) than those assigned to CBT‐D (0.8% ± 1.3%) and comparable amounts as those in BWC (3.5% ± 1.3%). Depression scores decreased significantly from baseline levels in each group, with no significant differences between groups. All three groups showed significant improvements in 10‐year CVD risk, with no significant differences between groups. Groups did not differ significantly on any of these measures at week 46.

Conclusions

BWC yielded short‐term improvements in weight, mood, and CVD risk, comparable to a combined treatment that incorporated CBT‐D. Results require replication with a larger sample size.
The two‐faced nature of BK polyomavirus: lytic infection or non‐lytic large‐T‐positive carcinoma
Authors: Nickeleit Volker , Singh Harsharan K , Kenan Daniel J , Mieczkowski Piotr A
Published: June 2018

In immunocompromised patients, reactivation of latent BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause disease with lytic infections of the kidneys and the lower urinary tract. Emerging evidence also links BKPyV to oncogenesis and high‐grade intrarenal and transitional cell carcinomas. These neoplasms strongly express polyomavirus large‐T antigen as a defining feature; that is, they are ‘large‐T‐positive carcinomas’. Such neoplasms arise in immunocompromised patients, typically in renal allograft recipients, and preferentially in tissues harbouring latent BKPyV. In recent articles in this journal, it was shown that tumour cells harbour replication‐incompetent clonal BKPyV. The virus can be truncated and randomly integrated into the genome, and/or it can be mutated in an episomal state. Truncation and/or deletions in the BKPyV non‐coding control region can hamper late viral gene expression, replication, and cell lysis, while facilitating overexpression of early genes, including that encoding large‐T. Biologically active fusion proteins or alterations in human tumour suppressor or promoter function have not been described so far, making uncontrolled large‐T gene expression in non‐lytically infected cells a prime suspect for neoplastic transformation. Current concepts of BKPyV‐induced disease, including recent reports from this journal, are discussed, and evolving paradigms of BKPyV‐associated oncogenesis are highlighted. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Successful treatment of invasive mucormycosis with isavuconazole in pediatric patients
Authors: Barg Assaf A. , Malkiel Sarah , Bartuv Maya , Greenberg Gahl , Toren Amos , Keller Nathan
Published: June 2018

Background

Invasive mold infections (IMIs) are a leading cause of mortality among immunocompromised patients. Isavuconazole is a new drug that shows promise in the adult population for the treatment of IMIs. No data regarding the use of isavuconazole in pediatric patients have been published.

Methods

Patients with a diagnosis of IMI from our pediatric hemato‐oncology division, treated with isavuconazole between 2010 and 2016, were identified using the hospital's computerized database. Data including demographics, clinical course, and outcome were collected. Pharmacokinetic samples were obtained from two younger patients to guide dosing.

Results

In total, three patients (4.5, 5, and 19 years of age) with invasive mucormycosis who were treated with isavuconazole were identified. All patients were treated with isavuconazole as a second line therapy and experienced improvement following the initiation of this treatment.

Conclusions

Based on our limited clinical experience, isavuconazole may be a safe and effective treatment option for children and adolescents afflicted by IMI. Prospective clinical trials should be performed in order to evaluate the pharmakokinetics and safety of isavuconazole in the pediatric population.
Predicting parental distress among children newly diagnosed with craniopharyngioma
Authors: Peterson Rachel K. , Ashford Jason M. , Scott Sarah M. , Wang Fang , Zhang Hui , Bradley Julie A. , Merchant Thomas E. , Conklin Heather M.
Published: June 2018

Background

Childhood brain tumor diagnoses are stressful for families. Children diagnosed with craniopharyngioma (Cp) present with particularly challenging medical and cognitive problems due to tumor location and associated biophysiologic comorbidities. This study examined parental distress in a sample of families of patients with Cp treated with proton beam therapy to identify factors for targeting psychological intervention.

Procedure

Prior to (n = 96) and 1 year after (n = 73) proton therapy, parents of children diagnosed with Cp (9.81 ± 4.42 years at baseline; 49% male) completed a self‐report measure of distress, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Children completed cognitive assessment measures at baseline; medical variables were extracted from the study database.

Results

At baseline, t‐tests revealed parents reported higher levels of distress than normative expectations on Anxiety, Depression, Global Severity, and Positive Symptom Distress BSI scales (P < 0.05). Linear mixed effects models revealed parent report measures of child executive dysfunction and behavioral issues were more predictive of parental distress than patients’ cognitive performance or medical status (P < 0.05). Models also revealed a significant reduction only in Anxiety over time (t = –2.19, P < 0.05). Extensive hypothalamic involvement at baseline predicted this reduction (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Parents experience significant distress before their child begins adjuvant therapy for Cp, though parental distress appears largely unrelated to medical complications and more related to parent perceptions of child cognitive difficulties (vs. child performance). Importantly, this may be explained by a negative parent reporting style among distressed parents. Knowledge of socio‐emotional functioning in parents related to patient characteristics is important for optimization of psychological intervention.
Therapeutic response of metastatic angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma carrying EWSR1‐CREB1 fusion to the interleukin‐6 receptor antibody tocilizumab
Authors: Potter Samara L. , Quintanilla Norma M. , Johnston Danielle K. , Naik‐Mathuria Bindi , Venkatramani Rajkumar
Published: June 2018

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumor that has been associated with EWSR1‐CREB1 gene fusion. Outcome in patients with unresectable distant metastases is generally fatal. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) secretion has been described in tumors with EWSR1‐CREB1 fusion, and may promote tumor growth due to autocrine stimulation. Tocilizumab is an IL‐6 receptor antibody that has potential benefit as a targeted therapy in refractory neoplasms with IL‐6 secretion. We describe a child with metastatic AFH with EWSR1‐CREB1 fusion and elevated IL‐6 whose disease progressed during treatment with traditional chemotherapeutic agents, but improved after targeted therapy with tocilizumab.
Paralogous Cyp51s mediate the differential sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum to sterol demethylation inhibitors
Authors: Zheng Bangxian , Yan Leiyan , Liang Wenxing , Yang Qianqian
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

As a soilborne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum can cause vascular wilt in numerous economically important crops. Application of antifungal drugs is the primary method for the control of F. oxysporum. Cyp51, a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis is the main target of sterol demethylation inhibitors.

RESULTS

The F. oxysporum genome contains three paralogous CYP51 genes (named FoCYP51A, FoCYP51B and FoCYP51C) that putatively encode sterol 14α‐demethylase enzymes. Each of the three genes was able to partially complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11 mutant. Growth assays demonstrated that deletion mutants of FoCYP51B, but not FoCYP51A and FoCYP51C were significantly retarded in hyphal growth. Deletion of FoCYP51A (ΔFoCyp51A and ΔFoCyp51AC) led to increased sensitivity to 11 sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Interestingly, FoCYP51B deletion mutants (ΔFoCyp51B and ΔFoCyp51BC) exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to only four DMIs (two of which are in common with the 11 DMIs mentioned earlier). Deletion of FoCYP51C did not change DMI sensitivity of F. oxysporum. None of the three FoCYP51s are involved in F. oxysporum virulence. The sensitivity of F. oxysporum isolates increased significantly when subjected to a mixture of different subgroups of DMIs classified based on the different sensitivities of FoCYP51 mutants to DMIs compared to the individual components.

CONCLUSIONS

FoCYP51A and FoCYP51B are responsible for sensitivity to different azoles. These findings have direct implications for fungicide application strategies of plant and human diseases caused by F. oxysporum. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Photocatalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide–TiO2 Nanocomposites for Improving Resistive‐Switching Memory Behaviors
Authors: Zhao Xiaoning , Wang Zhongqiang , Xie Yu , Xu Haiyang , Zhu Jiaxue , Zhang Xintong , Liu Weizhen , Yang Guochun , Ma Jiangang , Liu Yichun
Published: June 2018

Graphene oxide (GO)‐based resistive‐switching (RS) memories offer the promise of low‐temperature solution‐processability and high mechanical flexibility, making them ideally suited for future flexible electronic devices. The RS of GO can be recognized as electric‐field‐induced connection/disconnection of nanoscale reduced graphene oxide (RGO) conducting filaments (CFs). Instead of operating an electrical FORMING process, which generally results in high randomness of RGO CFs due to current overshoot, a TiO2‐assisted photocatalytic reduction method is used to generate RGO‐domains locally through controlling the UV irradiation time and TiO2 concentration. The elimination of the FORMING process successfully suppresses the RGO overgrowth and improved RS memory characteristics are achieved in graphene oxide–TiO2 (Go‐TiO2) nanocomposites, including reduced SET voltage, improved switching variability, and increased switching speed. Furthermore, the room‐temperature process of this method is compatible with flexible plastic substrates and the memory cells exhibit excellent flexibility. Experimental results evidence that the combined advantages of reducing the oxygen‐migration barrier and enhancing the local‐electric‐field with RGO‐manipulation are responsible for the improved RS behaviors. These results offer valuable insight into the role of RGO‐domains in GO memory devices, and also, this mild photoreduction method can be extended to the development of carbon‐based flexible electronics.
Speeding up test execution with increased cache locality
Authors: Stratis Panagiotis , Rajan Ajitha
Published: June 2018

As the scale and complexity of software increases, the number of tests needed for effective validation becomes extremely large. Executing these large test suites is expensive, both in terms of time and energy. Cache misses are a significant contributing factor to execution time of software. We propose an approach that helps order test executions in a test suite in such a way that instruction cache misses are reduced. We also ensure that the approach scales to large test suite sizes. We conduct an empirical evaluation with 20 subject programs and test suites from the SIR repository, EEMBC suite, and LLVM Symbolizer, comparing execution times and cache misses with test orderings maximising instruction locality versus a traditional ordering maximising coverage and random permutations. We also assess overhead of algorithms in generating the orderings that optimise cache locality. Nature of programs and tests impact the performance gained with our approach. Performance gains were considerable for programs and test suites where the average number of different instructions executed between tests was high. We achieved an average execution speedup of 6.83% and a maximum execution speedup of 17% over subject programs with differing control flow between test executions.
Plasma 11‐Ketotestosterone in Individual Age‐1 Spring Chinook Salmon Males Accurately Predicts Age‐2 Maturation Status
Authors: Medeiros Lea R. , Galbreath Peter F. , Knudsen Curtis M. , Stockton Chad A. , Koch Ilana J. , Bosch William J. , Narum Shawn R. , Nagler James J. , Pierce Andrew L.
Published: June 2018

High rates of precocious male maturation of spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as 2‐year‐old minijacks have been observed in Columbia River basin hatchery programs. Previously, minijack rates have been assessed by lethal sampling during the spring prior to release of the age‐1 smolts and measurement of plasma levels of 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), the major androgen in salmonids. Analysis of plasma 11‐KT levels has been used for separation of male fish into two distinct groups: low levels for immature males and high levels for precociously maturing minijacks. However, no published studies have confirmed how accurately plasma 11‐KT levels measured in the spring prior to smolt release correspond to the maturation status of individual males the following fall spawning season. We utilized both lethal and nonlethal sampling to determine when to sample hatchery‐reared juveniles to obtain clear separation between immature and precociously maturing males and PIT‐tagged fish to determine whether plasma 11‐KT levels in the spring accurately predicted an individual's maturation status in the fall. The distribution of plasma 11‐KT values from fish sampled in February was not significantly bimodal, whereas that from fish sampled in April was strongly bimodal. Plasma 11‐KT levels measured nonlethally in April accurately predicted the maturation status of 99% of male fish, confirmed via the gonadosomatic index obtained the following September. Plasma 11‐KT levels increased from April to September in both immature and maturing males, although the percent increase in maturing males was 10 times greater than that experienced by the non‐maturing smolts. Our findings support the use of spring plasma 11‐KT level as an indicator of maturation status in Chinook Salmon juveniles, provided that an appropriate sampling time is selected.
Digital beamforming for ultra‐wideband signals utilizing an extrapolated array generated by Carathéodory representation combining fractional delay filters based on high‐order Hermite interpolation
Authors: Du Qiang , Song Yaoliang , Ji Chenhe , Ahmad Zeeshan
Published: June 2018

Digital beamforming (DBF) for ultra‐wideband (UWB) signals plays a key role in many applications, and high spatial resolution and accurate digital delay of UWB signals are the focus of UWB DBF research. In this paper, we propose a novel DBF method utilizing an extrapolated array generated by Carathéodory representation combining fractional delay filters (FDFs) based on high‐order Hermite interpolation. The Carathéodory representation could extrapolate the aperture of the original uniform linear array (ULA) significantly and provide a better real‐time performance than the existing extrapolation technique based on the two‐dimensional autoregressive (2‐D AR) model. The FDFs based on high‐order Hermite interpolation not only improve the DBF performance when the frequency of the signals is close to the Nyquist rate but also reduce the sampling rate to half the Nyquist rate. The UWB linear frequency‐modulated (LFM) signal is used for simulation analysis. In contrast with traditional DBF methods and FDFs based on Lagrange interpolation, the proposed method has a much higher spatial resolution, has no false peak, and requires fewer sensors, as demonstrated by simulation results. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diurnal pressure variations in the Garhwal Himalaya: atmospheric fluctuations associated with the solid Earth tide
Authors: Khandelwal D. D. , Kumar Naresh , Chauhan Vishal
Published: June 2018

Air pressure measurements conducted over 5 years at the Garhwal Himalaya (1836 m amsl) in India show (expected) seasonal variations, along with marked diurnal and semi‐diurnal fluctuations. Measurements were carried out at 15‐min intervals at two sites within ~1 km of each other. Mean monthly air pressure is lowest during summer (June/July) and highest during winter (October–January), with an annual variation of ~10 hPa. The diurnal variation is ~2 hPa, with two minima and two maxima. The pressure minima are usually observed in the evening, between 1600 and 1700 Indian Standard Time (ist) (1030 and 1130 utc) and during the early hours, between 0400 and 0500 ist. The maximum values are observed in the morning, between 1000 and 1100 ist, and at night, between 2200 and 2300 ist. These daily variations are attributed to diurnal and semidiurnal tidal effects, which are well correlated with gravitational variations of ~0.8μgal observed at the same location using a superconducting gravimeter.
Addendum to “Compact perturbative expressions for neutrino oscillations in matter”
Authors: Denton Peter B. , Parke Stephen J.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

In this Addendum we rewrite the neutrino mixing angles and mass squared differences in matter given in our original paper, [1], in a notation that is more conventiona for the reader. Replacing the usual neutrino mixing angles and mass squared differences in the expressions for the vacuum oscillation probabilities with these matter mixing angles and mass squared differences gives an excellent approximation to the oscillation probabilities in matter. Comparisons for T2K & T2HK, NOvA, T2HKK and DUNE are also given for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos, disappearance and appearance channels, and for both normal and inverted orderings.
The phase structure of causal dynamical triangulations with toroidal spatial topology
Authors: Ambjørn J. , Gizbert-Studnicki J. , Görlich A. , Jurkiewicz J. , Németh D.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We investigate the impact of topology on the phase structure of fourdimensional Causal Dynamical Triangulations (CDT). Using numerical Monte Carlo simulations we study CDT with toroidal spatial topology. We confirm existence of all four distinct phases of quantum geometry earlier observed in CDT with spherical spatial topology. We plot the toroidal CDT phase diagram and find that it looks very similar to the case of the spherical spatial topology.
Adult roles as predictors of adult identity and identity commitment in Polish emerging adults: Psychosocial maturity as an intervening variable
Authors: Piotrowski Konrad , Brzezińska Anna I. , Luyckx Koen
Published: June 2018

In the present study, we examined the relationships between adult identity, strength of identity commitments, and their potential determinants: number of adult social roles undertaken and psychosocial maturity. A total of 358 emerging adults aged 18 to 30 participated. Structural equation modelling analyses indicated that psychosocial maturity dimensions served as intervening variables between adult roles on the one hand and adult identity and identity commitments on the other. The results suggest that vocational and familial adult roles can be related to different aspects of psychosocial maturity. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Schwannoma intraósseo: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura
Authors: Drumond Gustavo Costalonga , Nakagawa Suely Akiko , Costa Felipe D'Almeida , de Souza Murilo Yokoo Teodoro , Comunello Juliane , Chung Wu Tu
Published: June 2018

Schwannomas são tumores benignos oriundos de células da bainha neural cuja apresentação intraóssea é rara. Estima-se que os schwannomas intraósseos representem 0,2% de todos os tumores ósseos. Schwannomas podem acometer diferentes ossos do esqueleto, como a mandíbula, o sacro, corpos vertebrais, a ulna, o úmero, o fêmur, a tíbia, a patela, a escápula, costelas e ossos da mão. Apenas quatro casos que acometeram o calcâneo foram descritos na literatura. No presente trabalho, os autores relatam o caso de um paciente masculino de 49 anos com dor no retropé direito e com exames de imagem que evidenciaram lesão osteolítica no calcâneo. O estudo histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de Schwannoma intraósseo. O tratamento de escolha foi ressecção intralesional com adjuvância local e substituição por polimetilmetacrilato e fixação com parafusos canulados. O paciente evoluiu de forma satisfatória no pós-operatório e, após 1 ano de evolução, encontra-se assintomático, com boa resposta funcional e sem evidência de doença. Com esse relato, os autores desejam chamar atenção para essa patologia rara, sua apresentação clínica, radiológica e patológica, além de reiterar a importância de incluir o schwannoma intraósseo dentre os diagnósticos diferenciais das lesões osteolíticas do calcâneo.
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Adding an Approach Avoidance Training With Game Elements to a Residential Childhood Obesity Treatment — A Pilot Study
Authors: Verbeken Sandra , Boendermaker Wouter J. , Loeys Tom , Moens Ellen , Goossens Lien , Latomme Julie , Braet Caroline
Published: June 2018

Childhood obesity treatment programs only result in moderate outcomes in the short term and do not reduce risk for future weight gain. Therefore, in the current study, Approach Avoidance Training (AAT) with motivational game elements will be added to an inpatient childhood obesity program with the aim of improving outcomes. Forty-one children (10–15 years) in the final months of an inpatient treatment program were randomised to either the AAT plus care-as-usual condition group or to a care-as-usual-only control group. During the 10 sessions, the children were trained to approach healthy food stimuli and to avoid unhealthy food stimuli. Treatment outcomes were child performances on tasks of AAT, implicit attitudes and attentional bias, self-report ratings on craving symptoms, and weight loss maintenance after leaving the clinic (12-week follow-up). Changes over time were not significantly different between conditions for the measures of automatic processes, craving, and weight loss maintenance. Possible accounts for the null findings, including sample size, influence of game elements, point of time in therapeutic process, limitations of the setting, and the control group are discussed. More research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the clinical usefulness of CBM for weight control in childhood obesity.
Depoliticisation as a securitising move: the case of the United Nations Environment Programme
Authors: Maertens Lucile
Published: June 2018

Created in 1972, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has a normative mandate to promote the protection of the environment at the international level. However, since 1999, the organisation has been conducting field assessments in postconflict situations and addressing the role of natural resources in conflict, framing the environment as a security issue. To do so, the programme insists on its neutrality as a technical and ‘apolitical’ actor within the UN system. Considering depoliticisation as a political act, this article unpacks the concrete practices by which international organisations (IOs) enact depoliticisation. It further argues that IOs can perform securitising moves through practices and techniques presented as outside of the political realm. It draws upon the recent work on depoliticisation at the international level and reinforces studies considering the links between (de)politicisation and securitisation.
Variability in determining sepsis time zero and bundle compliance rates for the centers for medicare and medicaid services SEP-1 measure
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Brown Sarah R. , Jones Travis M. , O’Brien Cara , Pande Anupam , Hamad Yasir , Bulger Amy L. , Tobin Kathleen A. , Massaro Anthony F. , Anderson Deverick J. , Warren David K. , Klompas Michael ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: June 2018

We compared sepsis “time zero” and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) SEP-1 pass rates among 3 abstractors in 3 hospitals. Abstractors agreed on time zero in 29 of 80 (36%) cases. Perceived pass rates ranged from 9 of 80 cases (11%) to 19 of 80 cases (23%). Variability in time zero and perceived pass rates limits the utility of SEP-1 for measuring quality.
Counter-terrorism and counter-law: an archetypal critique
Authors: Edwards Phil
Published: June 2018

Contemporary British counter-terrorist legislation is dominated by ‘counter-law’ in Richard Ericson's terms: by using law against law, it systematically undermines the rule of law. This paper supports this proposition by developing a detailed ‘archetypal’ account of the rule of law considered as a critical ideal, drawing on Fuller's ‘morality of law’. The rule of law is identified with four tendencies in law – towards greater universality, knowability, followability and justifiability – and ‘counter-law’ with tendencies to block or reverse all of these. Counter-law tendencies in contemporary counter-terrorist legislation are discussed in detail, with particular reference to the proliferation of inchoate, preparatory and situational offences. This critique is also related to contemporary debates on law and counter-law; it is argued that critiques which relativise or historicise the liberal model of the rule of law fall short by failing to engage with it on its own terms, thereby undervaluing its utility as a normative resource. The paper concludes by discussing the range, significance and gravity of the departures from the rule of law that have been identified, considering some counter-arguments and drawing conclusions for policy-makers and legal scholars.
The Darker Side of Social Networks in Transforming Economies: Corrupt Exchange in ChineseGuanxiand RussianBlat/Svyazi
Authors: Karhunen Päivi , Kosonen Riitta , McCarthy Daniel J. , Puffer Sheila M.
Published: June 2018

This article addresses corruption as a negative practice displaying the ‘darker side’ of social capital in Chineseguanxiand Russianblat/svyazinetworks. It presents a conceptual framework integrating several research streams to establish a conceptual linkage between social network characteristics and three forms of corruption between business persons and public officials: cronyism, bribery, and extortion. We argue that the forms of corruption in a society are determined by the nature of social network ties and their underlying morality, with particularistic and general trust being key factors. Our framework depicts networks as three concentric circles representing three types of corruption resulting from their corresponding types of reciprocity: open, closed, and negative. We then apply the framework to the practice ofguanxiin China andblat/svyaziin Russia. We propose that different network characteristics and different forms of corruption may help explain what we label the ‘China-Russia paradox’ of why corruption and high economic growth have co-existed in China, at least in the short term, but less so in Russia. We conclude with ethical and legal implications for doing business in those two transforming economies and offer suggestions for future research.
The Dassault Mirage G
Authors: Deplante Henri
Published: June 2018

The interest of wings with variable sweepback springs directly from pure commonsense and appeals to no profound knowledge of aerodynamics for its justification.

To realise the advantage of variable geometry, it is enough to know that only a wing of small relative thickness is capable of good performance at supersonic speeds and that by increasing the sweepback from 20° to 70° the thickness of a wing is divided by about 2.

In the advanced position, the wing offers its full span to the airstream and with high-lift devices in action (leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps combined), the aeroplane can develop the considerable lift necessary for take-off and landing as well as for break-through and for slow approach. Wings still advanced but slats, flaps and undercarriage retracted, the aeroplane is in excellent maximum fineness condition for protracted cruising at subsonic speed or for a long wait. As soon as transonic (Mach No of more than 0-8) or supersonic speeds are in question, the wings are progressively folded back.
Finite Elements in Time and Space
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

The present paper seeks to apply the ideas of discretisation to time dependent phenomena. As a suitable variational statement we may use Hamilton's principle. In practise this means that the time is discretised into a set of finite elements which are taken to be the same for all structural elements. A finite element in time consists simply of a fixed time interval. In our present discussion we detail in particular the case when at the beginning and end of the time interval the generalised displacements and velocities are given. For dynamic problems this is the minimum of information required, but the technique may easily be extended to account for additional “timewise degrees of freedoms”. Introducing an appropriate interpolation procedure we may obtain the displacement and velocity at any instant of time. It is then possible to carry out in the variational statement the time integration explicitly and to obtain hence a system of linear equations. The method is extremely simple, since the time interpolation of all structural freedoms of an element in space is the same. We also demonstrate that the general case of a multi-degree of freedoms system can be made to depend on the matrices which describe the unidimensional motion of a mass point.
The Incompressible Lubrication Problem
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

It is evident to all those engaged in the analysis of realistic lubrication problems that none of the existing techniques of computation proves satisfactory for practical purposes. In particular the most extensively used method of finite difference approximations to the relevant Reynolds differential equation suffers from serious disadvantages. Thus, the contour of the lubrication film has to be described by constant co-ordinate lines in special reference systems, unless one is prepared to accept more or less serious inaccuracies. Also auxiliary conditions must be introduced when dealing with discontinuous changes of lubrication data, like film thickness. These and other reasons demand the development of a general method which can deal with all current practical complexities. Clearly, the finite element technique should prove an ideal tool allowing completely arbitrary variation of geometry, film properties, and boundary conditions. The present note intends to explore the theoretical basis of the application of finite elements, using a variational formulation of Reynold's equation. The various elemental matrices are formulated and detailed for triangular TRIC or TRIM-like elements.
Two and Three-Dimensional Potential Flow by the Method of Singularities
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

A very simple technique for the computation of two-and three-dimensional potential flows, based on the method of singularities, has been initiated by A. M. O. Smith and his collaborators and developed by them into a successful standard procedure at Douglas. The program assumes a representation of the immersed body by straight respectively planar facets or elements on each of which a constant source distribution is taken to act. The associated velocity field is easily established and the intensity of the sources determined from the boundary condition of zero normal velocity in the compound flow. It appears reasonable to expect a higher degree of accuracy by the adoption of a more sophisticated source distribution and the use of curved surface elements which allow a better approximation to the actual geometry. Experience in structural analysis has clearly shown that the gain in accuracy achieved by more elaborate elements increases at a higher rate than the corresponding programming effort.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics–22
Authors: Scanlan J. , Jones M. E. B.
Published: June 2018

Strictly many materials such as ceramics, cement and even metals should be classed as polymers since the atoms within them are bound by strong chemical bonds into large groups usually of indefinite size. This article will deal only with the synthetic organic polymers and, in fact, will consider mainly the plastics, little attention being given to rubbers and fibres.

The industrial production of synthetic plastics has expanded greatly in the post-war years largely using petroleum as the starting material. The plastics produced do not have good mechanical properties compared, say, to metals and have other limitations such as poor resistance to heat and inflammability.
Aerodynamic Performance of Porous Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Bayley F. J. , Wood G. R.
Published: June 2018

If maximum gas temperatures aire to rise appreciably above 1500°K, the value currently achieved in advanced aero-engines, alternatives to the present internal convective methods of air-cooling the first-stage turbine blades will have to be sought. One of the most promising developments lies in the use of porous blade materials, through which cooling air can be “effused” or “transpired”. In a recent paper Bayley and Turner have shown that by the combination of high heat transfer coefficients within the interstices of the porous material, and a reduction in heat transfer rate by injection into the boundary layer on the hot-gas side of the blade, effective cooling rates can be achieved.
Noise Problems of VTOL with Particular Reference to the Dornier DO 31
Authors: Flemming M. , Scholten R.
Published: June 2018

In the past few years, many different VTOL experimental aircraft have been developed and tested in Europe, the USA and Russia and a great deal of experience has been gained.

Dornier's contribution in this field is the development and testing of the Do 31 VTOL jet transport (Fig. 1). A V/STOL aircraft concept had to be found, uniting the main advantages of relatively high flight speed, high pay-load capacity, operational flexibility, low maintenance requirements and great safety in case of engine failure. The Do 31 features these characteristics.
Supersonic Air Travel—Present and Future
Authors: Satre P.
Published: June 2018

The title proposed to me for this paper is not very suitable, as it suggests that I should cover two subjects, one of which, Present Supersonic Travel, is nonexistent, and the other, Future Supersonic Travel, is ,so vast that I could not possibly explore it fully in the time available.

Therefore, to clarify tonight's discussion, I shall define present and future supersonic aircraft as follows:

(a)

Those aircraft now under construction and due to go into commercial service in the early seventies. This is primarily Concorde (if we leave out Eastern Europe).

(b)

Those aircraft that will enter commercial service in the late ‘seventies and be flying in the ‘eighties, although I will discuss briefly the last decade of this century.
The Torsional Vibration of Uniform Thin-Walled Beams of Open Section
Authors: Carr J. B.
Published: June 2018

The pure torsional vibration of uniform thin-walled beams of open section, which is governed by the differential equation

has been extensively analysed by Gere He derived the exact frequency equations for beams with a variety of end conditions. However, these equations are, in most cases, highly transcendental.

This note uses an energy approach to obtain approximate frequency equations for the fixed-fixed and the fixed-simply-supported beams. A fixed end is one which allows no twist and no warping and a simply-supported end allows no twist but permits warping to take place freely. The approximating functions used are those corresponding to the exact solution of the problem if the torsional resistance caused by the St Venant system of shear stresses is zero. These functions are similar to the characteristic functions of simple beams in flexure.
The Theory and Practice of Inertia Cross-Coupling
Authors: Pinsker W. J. G.
Published: June 2018

About 13 years ago rumours began to emerge from the USA of a hitherto unknown and mysterious condition afflicting the F100 and other contemporary fighter aircraft. In fast rolls these aircraft were said to experience gyrations in yaw and in pitch which by all accounts had no right to exist, especially as aerodynamically these configurations could not be faulted. After a burst of theoretical and experimental activity the condition was explained and the terms inertia cross-coupling, roll-coupling, roll yaw coupling and other synonyms became common currency in the world of aeronautics. The mystery of these puzzling manoeuvres was essentially solved. Unfortunately the problem was not. Cross-coupling has since become a major item on the agenda of the designer of every highspeed fighting aircraft and more recently it has also made some incursions in the area of the large slender aircraft.
Marine Safety Aspects of Helicopters
Authors: Crago W. A.
Published: June 2018

A detailed consideration of the subject of the marine safety of helicopters leads naturally to the recognition that some helicopters are designed to be relatively “at home” on the water surface while some are not. In the former case, marine safety aspects will have a high degree of importance and priority from the commencement of the design, while in the latter, marine safety will be simply a matter of giving away as little payload as possible commensurate with obtaining a reasonable assurance of crew survival if a ditch takes place.

This paper sets out to consider some technical aspects of marine safety with both classes of craft.
Buckling of Isosceles Triangular Plates
Authors: Lockwood Taylor J.
Published: June 2018

Application of a method suggested by my technical note on equilateral and semi-equilateral triangles has yielded values for the buckling coefficients for isosceles triangles which in some cases differ appreciably from those given on Data Sheet 02.04.06.

The technical note quoted gives exact solutions in the form of a terminating trigonometrical series. When the triangle becomes isosceles, the series no longer terminates, but the infinite series solution, on insertion of the boundary conditions, gives an infinite determinant for the buckling load or eigenvalue.

Evaluation of the determinant, or of a sufficient number of terms, was computed on a Univac 1107, with the following results, which have been converted to the notation of Data Sheet 02.04.06.
Head-Up Display
Authors: Ray D. A.
Published: June 2018

Head-up display (HUD) is an electronic presentation of flight information projected into the pilot's line of sight, enabling him to see both the outside world and relevant instrument information at the same time (see Fig. 1).

Using HUD the pilot no longer needs to alternate his attention continually between his cockpit instruments 2-3 ft (0·6-0·9 m) away and the outside world effectively at infinity. This continual change which present day pilots must make is first, very tiring and secondly it takes time; time to scan instruments, assimilate the relevant information, move the head and eyes, refocus the eyes on the outside world, adjust perhaps to a different light level and then take in the changed surroundings before returning to check the instruments. This time may add up to several seconds. In normal flight this is acceptable.
Progress in Air Traffic Control and its Relationship to Airport and Aircraft Development
Authors: Dickie E. J.
Published: June 2018

The theme of this symposium is “Inter-Relations and Inter-Face Problems.” It is suggested that what are called “inter-face problems” are sometimes no more than symptoms of a failure to get priorities right. There is, presumably, an “inter-face” between a dog and its kennel. But if the dog owner wants a kennel then he gets one of the right size. The dog takes priority and no inter-face problem arises. Similarly, if someone owns a car and wants a garage for it then he has one built to the appropriate dimensions. It is only if he already has a garage that cannot be enlarged and buys a car too big for it that he is confronted by an inter-face problem but there would have been no problem had he, in this case, given first priority to the garage and bought a car to fit it.
Economics of Air Operations as Affected by Current Transport Aircraft Design Trends
Authors: Hill G. S.
Published: June 2018

First, let me say what a great honour it is to be asked to take part in one of the Society's symposia, and particularly one on as wide and important a subject as this. Before I start to consider the particular aspects of this subject I must make three points clear.

The first is that, since airports range from primitive landing strips to multi-runway complexes covering ten or more square miles (26 x 106 m2), I should be foolish if I made sweeping statements that might be taken to apply to any one of them. So let me narrow the field to major international airports and dismiss the rest with the generality that transport aircraft today demand airport facilities that are expensive to provide and operate and that if an airport is not supported by a strong and growing demand for air services it is irrelevant and will eventually be put to other uses. I realise that in the USA large airports may handle little international traffic, but my concern is with Europe.
Aircraft Design as Determined by Airport Facilities and the Environment
Authors: Newman D. R.
Published: June 2018

I am defining the airport facilities as the strength of its pavements and the sophistication of its passenger and baggage loading and aircraft handling provisions.

To illustrate the effect of pavement strength on design, I have taken two representative sizes of aircraft, 50 000 lb (23 Mg) and 300 000 lb (136 Mg) AUW, and shown in Fig. 1 the effect on undercarriage volume of meeting various values of load classification number (LCN) with appropriate variations of tyre pressure and wheel spacing. The smaller machine has twin wheels while the larger has a four-wheel, twin-tandem bogie. The advantage to the designer of being able to work to a high LCN lies not only in the reduced undercarriage stowage volume, but undercarriage weight itself is saved if the wheels can be closely grouped together.
Assessment of Aircraft Noise Disturbance
Authors: van Niekerk C. G. , Muller J. L.
Published: June 2018

The disturbance due to aircraft noise which is being experienced in residential areas around the world's major airports is generally recognised as a serious problem. Indeed, the problem has reached the stage where public reaction is already influencing the development of future aircraft. Such influence may be seen in current international intention to include noise limitations in the certification of aircraft.

Limits imposed on the noise generated by aircraft engines should serve to prevent the problem from becoming catastrophic, but cannot be expected to provide a final solution. Aircraft manufacturers may seem confident that further improvements in performance could be achieved without corresponding increase in noise, but further increases in air traffic could cancel out these gains and still leave communities near airports excessively disturbed.
A Sequel to Technical Note 15: The SHEBA Family of Shell Elements for the Matrix Displacement Method
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

The large displacement analysis of shells of arbitrary form is rightly considered to be a formidable undertaking. A purely analytical approach to the solution of such problems involving also initial buckling, post-buckling and secondary instability or snap-through is at the present state of knowledge impossible. However, with the advent of the matrix displacement method initiated in 1954 it became increasingly apparent that this method would prove in time the ideal tool for the solution of such complex structural phenomena. Nevertheless, all efforts in this direction were bedevilled until recently by the lack of suitable elements, satisfying all kinematic compatibility conditions. The major breakthrough came in this direction through the invention of the triangular shell element SHEBA, which admits an arbitrary variation of curvature. This again evolved from a natural extension of the plate element TUBA of TN 14. At the same time the SHEBA theory of ref. 1 was restricted to small displacements or linear behaviour. To generalise it to large displacements was not possible without an additional major conceptual progress. This was achieved within the Technical Notes 17 to 20, which introduced the idea of a local sub-element and showed how its geometrical stiffness could be used to deduce the geometrical stiffness of the complete element by a physically evident argument. The attentive reader will have noticed that the sub-element of an arbitrary beam in space discussed in ref. 3 is the obvious component block for our shell element. As a matter of fact, the technique is simply based on the representation of the SHEBA element by a grid of beam sub-elements running along the natural α, β, γ directions.
The Significance of Particle Size in Sand Erosion of Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Sage Wendy , Tilly G. P.
Published: June 2018

Operation of vehicles over dusty terrains and unprepared airstrips has highlighted the erosion problems incurred by ingestion of dusty air. Hibbert summarised the experience from British helicopter trials up to that date and drew attention to some of the factors that influenced the extent of erosion damage and to methods of minimising it. He cited a trial during 1963 in which a twin-engine Wessex Mk 2 helicopter having one intake protected by felt filters was tested in North Africa. Some idea of the severity of the problem may be gained from the fact that the unprotected engine surged after 3h 40 min while the other was found to have lost half its surge margin. However, operation can usually be arranged so that time spent in the dusty environment is minimised and service lives under desert conditions may be typically around 100h. In attempts to improve lives to a more acceptable level, different types of filtration have been investigated and the mechanism of erosion studied in some detail. This note describes some laboratory experiments to determine the influence of particle size on the erosion and attempts to relate this to filtration and engine life.
Airworthiness Regulations–National and International
Authors: Harris J. D.
Published: June 2018

While some of the Articles of the 1944 Chicago Convention (see Appendix) relate both to the aircraft and to its pilot, this lecture is concerned with the aircraft and no attempt is made to deal with the problems connected with the licensing of pilots.

The opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Air Registration Board, or of the Ministry of Aviation on whose behalf the ARB attends ICAO Meetings. Nor is the theme of the lecture to be presumed to be accepted by the ARB or Ministry of Aviation.