bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METABOLISABLE ENERGY VALUES OF WHOLE PALM KERNEL AND PALM KERNEL OIL SLUDGE USING LAYING HENS AND ADULT BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: ORUWAR B. M. , AMAKIRI A. O. , OGBUJI J. A. , JOHNSON N. C.
Published: February 2021

A series of four experiments were conducted in carried out with cockerels but can also be which 30g DM of whole palm kernel (WPK) performed with broiler chickens and laying hens and of Palm Kernel Oil Sludge (PKOS) were (Johnson and McNab, 1983). Differences force-fed to laying hens and adult broilers between broilers and laying hens (Peterson et chickens. The length of the collection periods `` al., 1976 and adult cockerels) Mollah et al was the same (24, 30, 48 and 60hr) for both 1983) have been reported. These differences ingredients. The ingredients and their faecal may be a result of differences in nitrogen (N) materials were used to determine the apparent balance between the different bird types metabolisable energy (AME) and the true (Askbrant, 1988). metabolisable energy (TME) and their nitrogen (N) corrected forms (AMEn and TMEn). However, a possible deficiency in the rapidTMEn). bioassay for determining TME using adult Results showed that in both ingredients, at the rooster (Sibbald, 1976) is that a portion of the 48 hr collection period, no difference in the teed may be retained, explaining some of the AME and AMEN, TME and TMEn were found differences observed between AME and TME in the bird types. Complete passage of the test values. Extension of the collection period, ingredients was ensured at the 48 hr collection depending on the specific ingredient being period. The AME and AMEn values of WPK tested, was recommended for feeds which with laying hens were: 5.08 and 4.98 Kcal/kg exhibit slow rate of passage, from various DM; while those for the broiler chickens were: studies (Sibbald 1979a, b, c). This suggestion 4.88 and 4.31 Kcal/kg DM; those for PKOS was based on the reasoning that the control bird AME and AMEn with Jaying hens were: 3.14 may be in a state of tissue catabolism which and 2.98Kcal/kg DM,with the broiler chickens could increase the metabolic faecal energy the values were 3.12 and 2.96 Kcal/kg DM (FEM) plus endogenous urinary energy (UEE) respective.y. TME and TMEN values of WPK with extended fasting period (Kessler and with laying hens were 6.42 and 6.11 Kcal/kg Thomas, 1981). Since high fat diets exhibit DM; corresponding values with broiler chickens were: 6.41 and 6.09 Kcal/Kg DM. slow rate of passage (Mateos and Jerty, 1981), TME and TMEn for PKOS with laying hens it becomes necessary to investigate the time were 4.37. 4.12 Kcal/kg DM. 4.36 and 4.13 required for the whole palm kernel meal and its Kcal/kg DM, respectively were the sludge to be completely cleared from the corresponding values for broiler chickens. No alimentary tract of birds while determining their interaction between ingredients and birds was unknown bioavailable energy levels. found but there were interactions among the The purpose of the present study was, therefore bioavailable energy systems and the bird types. to determine the bioavailable energy (AME and TME) of whole palm kernel and palm kernel oil layers, broilers.
INTERRELATIONSHIP EXISTING BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT AND EGG PRODUCTION TRAITS IN OLYMPIA BLACK LAYERS
Authors: CHINEKE C. A.
Published: February 2021

Forty 76 weeks old Olympia Black layers were randomly selected, individually caged and intensively reared for a period of 16 weeks to study the effect of body weight on some egg production traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant effect of body weight on production traits investigated (P<0.01) except egg index (P>0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the body weight was positively and non-significantly (P>0.05) correlated with egg length, egg breadth, she'll weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, she'll thickness and significantly with egg weight (P<0.01) and negatively with egg index (r = 0.016). The second-degree (quadratic) equations for estimates of optimum 76 week body weights suggested 1.271 to 1.801 as required body weight range in kilograms for satisfactory performance. The body weight range at this age is attainable through breeding, good feeding and other management practices.
THE PECKING, RESTING AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF FOUR BROILER STRAINS IN A HUMID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: OMEJE S. I. , NWEZE B. O. , CHINYEREUGO J.
Published: February 2021

An experiment to determine the pecking, resting and feeding behaviour of four strains of broilers (Anak, Hubbard, Luhman, and Hybro) was conducted with 120 day old chicks. The birds were housed 15 per replicate pen and there were two replicates pens for each of the four strains. The birds were fed with commercial broiler starter from 0-6  weeks and finisher from 7- 8 weeks. The criteria of measurements used were the number of birds pecking or resting, feed and water intakes and  the weight gain of the birds from week one to 8 of age. Hubbard broilers pecked most following feed presentation at 8.00a.m. with mean values of 10.29+0.14 birds followed by Anak with 7.14+0.34, Hybro with 5.14+0.14 and Lohman with 1.57+0.53. Also the huhbard strains c‹›nsumed the largest quantity of feed and water and therefore gained most weight at eight weeks. The resting pattern of the birds was such that after two hours of introduction of feeds Hubbard had the largest number of bird resting followed by Anak, hybro and Lehman in that order.
CHARACTERISATION OF WHITE FULANI AND SOKOTO GUDALICATTLE BREEDS IN BAUCHI STATE NIGERIA
Authors: MBAP S. T. , BAWA I. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted in Bauchi state between January, and July, 1997 to characterize White fulani and Sokoto  Gudali cattle breeds. Thirty animals of both sexes from each breed were randomly seleted from fifteen farms/herds. Obervations were carried out on both quantitative and qualititative characters. sokoto Gudali was significantly (P<0.05) higher in five qantitative traits, white Fulani was significantly (P<0.05)higher in one quantitative traits only. Sokoto Gudali was higher in lactation yield (3211) than White Fulani (1951L). Tail length was 128.5cm for Sokoto Guadli males and 114.8cm for White Fulani males. Sokoto Gudali femals had tail length of 127.2cm vs 116.3cm for White Fulani femals. Scrotal circumference was 210.8cm in Sokoto Gudali females vs 198.3cm in White Fulani females. Mature weight in Sokoto Gudali femals was 758.5kg vs 634.6kg in White Fulani femals. the White Fulani breed was significantly (P<0.05)higher in number of days dry, 129.9 days vs 104.8 days for Sokoto Gudali breed. The descriptive (quantitative) parameters also showed marked differences between breeds.
EVALUATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS OF FRIESIANS, BUNAJI AND CROSSED COWS IN A SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: BUTSWAT I. S. R. , KALLA D. J. U. , MBAP S. T. , MOLOKWU J. U. , CHUO R. B.
Published: February 2021

Herd health fertility records of 248 cows comprising 103 Friesians, 84 Bunaji and 61 Crossbreeds in Vom from 1992-1999 were utilized to study the incidence of reproductive problems. The overall incidence of various reproductive problems was 54.4% and this was more frequent (P<0.001) in crossbred cows (72.6%) than in Friesians, (59.9%) and in Bunaji (32.7%). Second Calvers (67.1%) were more susceptible (P<0.01) to reproductive problems than heifers (56.0%) and mature cows (45.3%). The incidence of still birth (8.10%) and relative infertility (8.2%), were influenced by genotype (P<0.05); similarly genotypic differences (P<0.001) were observed in the incidence of retained placenta (7.4%). Abortion (5.6%), dystocia (12.2%) and repeat breeding (12.5%) were uniformly distributed among genotypes. Parity of dams had marked influence (P<0.001) on dystocia, still birth and retained placenta. Significant differences (P<0.0l) were also observed on the incidence of relative infertility, but the rate of dystocia (P<0.01), abortion and repeat breeding (P<0.001) varied with the years. The results emphasize the need for greater management intervention to reduce the incidence of reproductive problems in sub tropical cattle herds.
A COMPARISON OF WET MASH AND DRY MASH FEEDING FOR BROILER FINISHER DURING WET SEASON IN TIIE TROPICS
Authors: AW0JOBI H. A. , MESHIOYE O. O.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to compare wet mash and conventional dry mash feeding for finisher broilers. Feed intake, live-weight gain, feed efficiency and weights of heart, crop, and abdominal fat deposit were significantly (P<0.05) higher in broilers receiving the wet mash. Water intake and gizzard weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed dry mash. No significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in dressing percentage, weights of liver, intestine and the proventriculus. The results of this experiment demonstrated that wet feeding is not deleterious to the performance of broilers in the tropics. It also concluded that wet feeding is desirable not under hot weather conditions alone, but also during the rainy season.
REPLACEMENT VALUE OF MAIZE OFFAL FOR MAIZE IN THE DIET OF WEANER PIGS CONTAINING CHICKEN OFFAL MEAL
Authors: ADESEHINWA A. O. , OGUNMODEDE B. K. , DAFWANG L. I.
Published: February 2021

Thirty six Largewhite x Landrace weaner pigs, between 49-56 days of age, averaging 8.84 ± 0.32kg body weight were used in a 56-day trial to determine the replacement value of maize offal (MO) for maize in the diet of weaner pigs containing chicken offal meal (COM). The pigs were randomly allotted to six dietary treatment groups of 0, 25, 30,35,40 and 45% MO replacement for maize (0, 13.66, 16.34, 19.03, 21.70 and 24.39% MO inclusion respectively) in isonitrogenous (20% crude protein) diets enriched with COM. The MO inclusions in the diets was directly related to the crude fibre and inversely related to the metabolisable energy contents numerically. The dry matter and protein intakes (0.80 - 0.87kg and 0.16 - 0.18kg respectively) were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing MO inclusions, thereby resulting in the efficient utilization of the constituent nutrients in terms of feed : gain, protein efficiency ratio and metabolisable energy per gain to support comparable (P > 0.05) gains across the groups. The feed cost per liveweight gain was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the increasing MO inclusion up to 24.39% (i.e. 45% maize replacement). The serum metabolites (total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, urea, cholesterol and glucose values) of the pigs confirmed the satisfactory efficient utilization of the nutrients as well as the overall feed. It can therefore be inferred from the results that weaner pigs can tolerate up to 24.39% maize offal inclusion as a replacement for maize (45% replacement) in diet enriched with chicken offal meal.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA OF RED SOKOTO (MARADI) BUCKS
Authors: AW0JOBI H. A. , OYEYEMI M. O.
Published: February 2021

Morphological changes in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymides were studied in this experiment. The objective was to study morphological changes in goat spermatozoa using the Red Sokoto goat. Progressive motile spermatozoa were first observed in the caput epididymis (5-7%) and was highest at the cauda epididymis (60%). Progressive motility for the corpus epididymis ranged between 20-30%. Cytoplasmic droplets were lost as the spermatozoa moved up the epididymis. Proximal cytoplasmic droplet was significantly (P<0.05) lowest at the cauda epididymis. Other morphological changes did not follow a particular trend.
EVALUATION STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF PYRETHRUM BASED INSECTICIDE (TYRAX®) IN THE CONTROL OF MANGE IN GOATS
Authors: TAIWO A. A. , ADEJUYIGBE A. D. , ADEBOWALE E. F. , DARAMOLA A. M.
Published: February 2021

Two studies were conducted in assessing the efficacy of a pyrethrum based insecticide (Tyrax®) as a control for mange in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. In the first study, an on-station trial, four goats infested with mange at the neck, sternum and scrotum were treated with tyrax solution (1:20 dilution) by surface application at 3 day interval for four weeks. Mange had completely disappeared in two of the four goats while the efficacy was 70% in the others at 4 weeks of treatment. In the second study, an on-farm trial, 41 goats in 17 households were treated with tyrax (1:20 and 1:40 dilution rates) and ivermectin (ivomec), injected subcuteneously (1ml/50kg body weight). Infested areas of goats included various parts of the body and the entire body. Observations were made at two periods after treatments (2 and 4 weeks). The efficacy was very high for all the treatments at 2 weeks but this was apparent at 4 weeks (P<0.05). Significant difference (P<0.05) was noticed only with ivomec® treatment between the two periods. Based on this work, tyrax® can be used in the treatment of localized mange infestation.
Effect of dietary salt levels on the performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats
Authors: Aina A. B. J.
Published: February 2021

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the effect of levels (0, 5, 10, and 15g/kg cassava peels, respectively) of common salt and cassava peels (dry and fresh using Gmelina arborea leaves as a basal diet on the average daily gain, dry matter intake, seed conversion efficiency and water consumption in West African Dwarf goats. Total dry matter intake and the average Gmelina arborea leaf intake increased with applied common salt, irrespective of cassava peel form. Increasing common salt level also increased average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency in both dry and fresh cassava peels, but this was not accompanied by a remarkable gain beyond 5g common salt. Moreover, the average cassava peel intake increased but not significantly (P>0.05) with salt level up to 10g beyond which there was a sharp decline and an insignificant gain with dry and fresh cassava peels, respectively. Goats fed dry cassava peels  significantly (P<0.05) consumed more water as the salt level increased in the diet. It was concluded that application of 5g common salt per kg dry cassava peels promoted highest daily gain, optimum dry matter intake and feed conversion efficiency in West African Dwarf goal production. However, the response with fresh cassava peels revealed no statistically significant difference in average daily gain, total dry matter intake and feed conversion efficiency.
Effect of stocking rate on Rhodes grass-stylo pasture in the northern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria 2. pasture and sheep. Performance
Authors: Onifade O. S. , Adu I. F. , Akinola J. O.
Published: February 2021

Mixed pastures of Rhodes grass (Chloris gavana cv. Callide) and Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Cook) were evaluated at five stocking rate, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 rams/ha over five grazing periods at Shika, Nigeria. The pastures were continuously grazed for 154 to 210 days beginning from late ruiny into dry season (August 10 April). Dry matter yields of stem, leaf, stem + leaf of C. gayana, green material and total herbage declined (P<0.01) as stocking rate and grazing days increased. However, the differences in yields of green material and leaf of C. Igayana at P4 and 30 rams/ha were not significant over the grazing periods. Daily live weight gain (g/headd) was negatively and linearly related to stocking rate. Mean live weight gains at the lowest and highest stocking rates were + 52 and -1 g/head/d in the second grazing season and 62 and 24 g/head/d in the fifth grazing period. Mean live weight production/ha and optimum stocking rates (OSR) in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth grazing periods were: 61.2kg, 17.8 sheep/ha; 155.5kg; 20.4 sheep/ha; 186.2kg, 24.9 sheep/ha; 129.4kg, 21.2 sheep/ha and 200.2kg, 26.0 sheep/ha, respectively. A curvilinear relationship was obtained between live weight gain ha and stocking rate. This study indicated that sheep at the highest and lowest stocking rates will need supplementary feeds after 100 and 128 days, respectively, if grazing commenced just before the end of the rain.
In vivo assessment of the efficacy of Samorin and Berenil in nomadic cattle in South Western Nigeria
Authors: Saba A. B. , Adedapo A. A. , Arowolo R. O. A.
Published: February 2021

A total number of 37 cattle of both sexes predominantly of white Fulani breed and some White Fulani crosses selected from two herds reared under nomadic Fulani traditional management in South Western Nigeria were used in this study. The cattle were divided into two groups (I and II) depending on the trypanocide (Isometamidium chloride Samorin)(R) or Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)(R) administered. The antigen - trapping enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to determine the level of trypanosomal antigen in the blood of the cattle. The presence of trypanosomes was demonstrated by light microscopy of buffy coat obtained from centrifuged blood samples some few minutes before and 5 months after treatment. The packed cell volume (PCV), serum albumin and globulin levels were determined for the pre-and post-treatment periods. The prevalence of animal trypanosomiasis in the herds surveyed was 63% - 72% Hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinaemia and low PCV values (anaemia) were observed as consistent features of the disease. Five months post-treatment with Samorin and Berenil, the prevalence dropped 10 () - 11% and the serum albumin, globulin and PCV levels were restored to normal. The differences in the pre- and post Treatment values were statistically significant (P<0.05) for all the measurements evaluated. It was discovered that Saniorin and Berenil are quite effective and beneficial as trypanocidal drugs in the traditional nomadic cattle industry despite the problems of translocation inherent in this form of cuttle management. Samorin appeared to be much more effective than Berenil because it tremendously suppressed re-infection for up to five months post-treatment whereas some iruccable level of re-infection was recorded for the Berenil treated group. The serious problem of continuity or lack of follow up treatment precipitated by the 770madic lifestyle of the Fulani herdsmen is highlighted in this study.
Some reproductive abnormalities in domestic fowls
Authors: Abdu P. A. , Sa'idu L. , Dandam K. P. , Ruwaan J. S.
Published: February 2021

Of the 102328 birds presented to the avain ambulatory clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for diagnosis between March, 1976 and February, 1992, only 261 were found to have reproductive abnormalities. The abnormalities recorded were, oophoritis (39.2%), egg yolk peritonitis (11.9%), salphingitis (7.7%), rudimentary ovary (7.0%), ruptured ovary (2.8%), ectopic eggs (2.1%), hermophrodisnt (2.1%), oviduct discontinuity (1.4%), oviduct impaction (1.4%), atrophied (1.4%), cystic (1.4%) and ruptured oviduct (0.8%), sex reversal (0.7%) and regressed testis (0.7%). Most reproductive abnormalities occurred in the second phase of egg production except rudimentary ovary which was common in the first phase of egg production. The results also showed that most of the cases of reproductive disorders were recorded in improved (exotic) breed of chickens and only a few cases were recorded in local birds. Oophoritis, egg yolk peritonitis and salpingitis were found to be the most important reproductive abnormalities of domestic fowls. These conditions are usually caused by infectious agents like bacteria and viruses, which can be controlled by very good management practices.
Artificial insemination in sows using Guelph and two local semen extenders
Authors: Umesiobi D. O. , lloeje M. U. , Berepubo N. A.
Published: February 2021

Sixty two and half-year-old Large White sows and 12 boars of the same breed and age were used to study the comparative effects of conventional (Guelph) and local (coconut water and fresh raphia palm wine) extenders and storage (3 days) on the fertility of artificially inseminated sows. Semen was collected twice a week by gloved-hand method. Semen was either extended or unextended and evaluated on the day of collection (day 0) and during day 3 of storage for percentage sperm motility, acrosome morphology and fertility (Non-return rate, farrowing rate and litter size). Both Guelph and local extenders produced significant effects (P<0.01) on boar semen characteristics and fertility. Fresh semen extended in Guelph entender had the highest percentage sperm motility (86.2%) whereas fresh semen extended with coconut water gave the highest normal apical ridge (NAR) (91%); farrowing rate (88.3%). Litter size (7.1 piglets/litter alive (5.8), with the highest number of non return to service sows. Guelph extended semen ranked second in influencing fertility in sows.
Performance and nutrient utilization of cockerel finishers fed graded levels of rice milling waste
Authors: Awesu J. R. , Bamgbose A. M. , Oduguwa O. O. , Fanimo A. O. , Oguntona E. B.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice milling waste (RMW) on performance and nutrient utilization of cockerel finishers. One hundred and fifty 9-week old Black Harco cockerels were raised on five experimental diets where RMW replaced maize at graded levels and designated diet 1 (0% RMW); diet 2 (13% RMW without palm oil); diet 3 (30% RMW without palm oil); diet 4 (15% RMW with palm oil) and diet 5 (30% RMW with palm oil). The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each diet was fed to a group of 30 birds for a period of ten weeks. Records were maintained on body weight gain, feed intake and mortality while digestibility trials were conducted at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain between treatments, however dietary treatments had significant (P<0.05) effect on feed intake, feed to gain ratio and feed cost. Apparent crude protein retention and digestibilities of dry matter, ether extract, crude fibre und ash were significant for all dietary treatments. From the study it was concluded that RMW can be included in a cockerel finisher diet or up to 30% level when the diet is supplemented with palm oil
Effect of level of concentrate feeding on the performance of Bunaji bulls grazing natural range
Authors: Alawa C. B. I. , Lamidi O. S. , Oni O. O. , Adamu A. M.
Published: February 2021

Twenty Bunaji bulls averaging 178.5kg live weight were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to four treatments (5 bulls per treatment) to determine the level of concentrate feeding on the performance of bulls grazing natural range and the practicability of fattening on range. The treatments consisted of four levels of concentrate feeding, ie 0,2,3 and 4 kg/head day. The concentrate was compounded as 60% maize offal and 40% cotton seed cake with a crude protein level of 17.6%. The trial lasted 105 days. Criteria investigated were live weight gain and body condition score of the animals, dry matter yield and nitrogen content of the forage from range grazed by the animals. Bulls receiving 4 kg/head/day (treatinent 4) had the highest average daily gain (0.70kg/head/day). This was different (P<0.05) from treatments 1(0.36kg/head/day) and 2 (0.46kg/head day) but similar to treatment 310.50kg/head/day). Though there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in body condition score (BCS) between the treatments, bulls not given concentrate feeding (O level) had the least BCS. There was no marked difference between DM yield of the forage grazed during the sampling period. However, there was a decline in DM yield in the later part of the trial. It is concluded from this study that bulls can be flattened on range with minimuni supplementation. It is therefore recommended that bulls being fattened on range be given a minimum of 2kg/head day of concentrate supplementation
Farmers' perception of the epidemic of African Swine Fever in Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo K. , Sorungbe O. S.
Published: February 2021

Livestock diseases constitute a great threat to protein availability in Nigeria. It is thus necessary to eramine how much farmers know about some deadly diseases prevalent in their stock as it would afford the farmer a timely re-adjustment to prevent foreseeable losses. The focus of this study was to determine farmers' level of awareness of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Agege Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected with the use of a questionnaire administered to one hundred and twenty (120) respondents selected using the purposive sampling technique. Twenty seven (27) pig farms were also visited to obtain 017-farm data on pig mortality during the ASF epidemic. It was revealed that there was inadequate awareness of the early symptoms and characteristic signs of ASF among the respondents. As such mortality of about 95 percent was recorded. The Chi square analysis showed no significant relationship between farmers' level of awareness of ASF and the location of their pig farms. There was also no significant relationship between pig stock population and farmers' contact with Extension agents. The study then concluded that extension services to pig farmers are currently inadequate. It therefore recommends that it be developed to ensure institutional support in cases of epidemic disease outbreaks. More so, possible ways should be sought to ensure a steady flow of agricultural information from the research institutes and universities to the ultimate users. Preventive measures should however be taught to farmers to avoid the incidence of future disease outbreaks. Lastly, pig farmers are also advised to form associations that could serve as a pressure group in such cases of sector specific emergencies.
The influence of selected socio-economic variables on poultry farmers' choice of commercial and self-compounded feeds in Lagos area of Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo A. A. , Salami R. I. , Oloyinde L.
Published: February 2021

The study aimed at examining the influence of some socio-economic variables on poultry farmers choice of feed types between self-compounded feeds and commercial feeds. Their choice was not affected by age, gender and experience in poultry business but was affected (P<0.05) by cost. The cost of commercial feeds was consistently higher than those compounded by the farmers themselves and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). It was then concluded that cost consideration was the major factor determining the choice of feed types by the farmers. It was also suggested that the survival of the poultry industry and its profitability depend on cost reduction which can be  accomplished through self-compounding of feeds by the farmers. Suggestions were offered to this end.
Land use conflict between crop and livestock producers in the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria
Authors: Idowu E. O.
Published: February 2021

The paper examines the implications of property rights on land use conflict resolution between crop farmers and nomads in the guinea savannah zone of Nigeria and the methods of resolving the conflicts. Primary data were obtained from 200 randomly selected crop farmers and 75 nomadic Fulani's in four states within the zone, together with 25 key informants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Highest levels of conflicts were recorded during the dry season (October March) when mobile herds migrate into the zone in search of pasture and water. Lack of official grazing routes caused the mobile herds to trespass on cultivated lands where growing or unharvested mature crops stood. Eight percent (8%) of past conflicts were perceived by the respondents as severe, involving use of dangerous weapons, loss of cattle and human lives. Increased social and economic interaction in Yorm of joint celebration of religious and social festivals (by 40% of nomads) with the local people and trade in cattle products and staple food items were found to be evolving over the local people and trade users. The study recommends the establishment of grazing routes within the zone while efforts should be made to enable the traditional institutions to function alongside legislation in resolving land use conflicts.
Fenbendazole efficacy in lambs: a comparison of oral dosing and feed block additive modes of administration
Authors: Okewole E. A. , Abiola S. S. , Aderinto A. A. , Oladele A. O.
Published: February 2021

Twenty-four, 3-month old West African Dwarf (WAD) Lambs were divided into 3 groups of 8 each. Each group was given free access to a common pasture by day, but housed separately in concrete floored and netted pens provided with varied but equal supplements by night. Two of the groups were treated with 2.5% Fenbendazole suspension at a dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight administered orally once a month for 3 consecutive months for one group, dissolved in molasses mixed with Brewer's grains in 5 divided daily doses per month for 3 consecutive months for the second group, while the third 3 group was left us untreated control. The mean haematocrit values, mean percentage egg reduction and mean liveweight gains were higher at the end of the trial for the single monthly dosed group than for the untreated control group, while the same measurements were insignificantly different (P>0.05) for the two treated groups. Significant appreciation in the mean hematocrit values, mean percentage egg reduction and mean liveweight gains were proofs of the effectiveness of treatment and molasses supplementation, while the insignificance of the difference of the same measurements in the two treated groups implied equal efficacy of the two different schedules of administration. The in-feed scheme was easier and convenient for use on weak and pregnant eves that could abort on rough handling
Biochemical analysis of Brachystegia aurycoma harms seeds
Authors: Babajide S. O. , Oluwalana S. A. , Akinlawon O.  A.
Published: February 2021

A biochemical analysis of Brachystegia eurycoma hurm seeds was conducted. Brachystegia, of the family Leguminosae sub-family: Caesalpinioideae is a timber tree whose seeds ``achi", are relished as soup condiment by the Igbo-speaking people of Nigeria. The seeds were subjected to oil extraction using the Sorhler method. The oil was subjected to chemical analysis to determine the saponification, iodine, free fatty acid and acid values. Proximate analysis was carried out on the seed meal and the seed coal. Results showed that the oil content was 3.33% which is of good quality and fit for Human consumption. The saponification value was  287.85mg/KOH/g, Free fally acid value 6.73mg/KOH/g. and iodine value 132.08%. The proximate analysis of the seed meal showed that the moisture content 11318 /5.77%, ash 25%, protein 4.25%, crude fibre 19.05% and nitrogen free extractives (carbohydrates) 21.58%. It shows the seed nical as a good source of plant protein and energy and of high roughage and mineral content. The proximate analysis of the seed coat showed that the ws/ content was 8.33%. The calcium and magnesium contents were 30.00 and 18.00% respectively. This shows that the seed coat can be a supplement in livestock feed.
On-farm assessment of selected dual-purpose groundnut (Arachis hypogae) cultivars for food and feed
Authors: Omokanye A. T. , Olorunju P. E. , Onifade O. S. , Olaosebikan L.
Published: February 2021

Ten field trials were conducted on farmers' fields in five villages in sub humid environment of northern Nigeria during the 1998 and 1999 cropping seasons to test the performances of improved groundnut cultivars for forage and seed production. Farmers' preferences and reasons for preference of the cultivars were also assessed. All the selected (improved) cultivars out yielded the local (control) cultivar. Forage, pod and seed yields were greater for cultivar M343-801A, followed by cultivar 88-801 and then cultivar M516-791 in that order. With the exception of Ca concentration, other nutritive value indices measured, showed sufficient concentrations for livestock production during the critical periods of low quality and scarce forage materials.
Evaluation of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for sheep
Authors: Alli-Balogun J. K. , Lakpini C. A. M. , Alawa J. P. , Mohammed A. , Nwanta J. A.
Published: February 2021

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage (leaves and petioles) as a protein supplement for sheep. In the first trial, nylon bag degradability of cassava foliage was studied. Proximate analysis of cassava foliage was conducted before and after the incubation. Rumen Ammonia Concentration (RAC) and pH were determined at 0, 4 and 8 hours after feeding cassava foliage diet (30%). Proximate composition of sundried cassava foliage was (%) DM 91.25, CP 18.55, NDF, 31.41, ADF, 29.2, EE, 6.6, Ash, 12.95. Nylon-bag dry matter disappearance (DMD) increased significantly (P<0.05) from 15.75% to 75.5% RAC values increased significantly from 8.20mg NH3/100ml at zero hour to 11.41mg NH3/100ml at 8 hours post feeding. Rumen fluid pH was not significantly changed by the 30% cassava foliage diet. In the second trial lasting 56 days, twenty-eight Yankasa/ WAD yearling rams of initial average weight of 18kg were balanced for weight and randomly allotted to seven treatments. All rams except those on control diet were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or both at 1.0% or 1.5% of body weight (BW) as supplements to a basal diet of Gamba hay. Feeding Gamba hay alone (control) resulted in weight loss (-30.5g/day) but with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms supplementation at 1.0% BW, significantly higher gains of 39.2 and 44.6g/day were achieved respectively. At 1.5%BW level of supplementation with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms higher weight gains of 41.2 and 51.7g/day were achieved while feeding the (50.50) combined supplements at 1.0 and 1.50% BW resulted in live weight gains of 65.1 and 69.3g/day respectively. The third trial consisted of a four week grazing trial followed by a metabolic study. Twenty-one Yankasa/WAD yearling rams were randomly allotted to seven treatments and were balanced for live weight. All rams were allowed to graze standing digitaria hay as basal diet, except the rams on control diet. Those on treatment were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or a (50:50) combination of both at 0.5% and 1.0% (BW). The metabolic study consisted of a seven day adjustment period and a seven day total collection period. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the live weight gains of rams on the control diet compared with those supplemented except for those supplemented with cassava foliage and groundnut haulms combined at 1% level where the weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding either supplement. Supplementing digitaria hay with cassava foliage at both 0.5% and 1.0% BW did not significantly increase the nitrogen retention values, but groundnut haulms supplemented at 1.0% BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the nitrogen retention values.
The grazing pattern of Muturu cattle under range system
Authors: Nweze B. O.
Published: February 2021

Eighty Muturu cattle were grazed on rangeland, twice daily for two years to determine their grazing pattern. Twenty bulls and cows each between two to four years and forty calves between one to three months were used. The field grazing time (FGT), active grazing time (GT) and grazing travel time (GTT) were monitored. The density of the grazing area was also determined. The result showed that as the body increase, GT increased significantly, while travel distance (TD) decreased. The body weight (BW) correlated positively with GT, with expression BW = 39.14 + 11.31Gt and BW = 7.12 + 8.76Gt for morning and afternoon respectively. The grazing time (GT) increased while TD decreased with increase in forage density. However, GT and TD decreased significantly at higher density with D+326.2 + 114Gt, r =4.7 and D=203.15 + 156GT,r= 3.2 for morning and afternoon respectively. The results showed that TD was highest when the forage species are scarce (Jan and Feb in South East, Nigeria). The grazing pattern of Muturu cattle was affected by the age of animal, forage availability and temperature of the day.
Bacteriological investigation of sheep and goats milk for brucellosis in government farms in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Bale J. O. O. , Nuru S. , Addo P. B. , Adeyinka I. A.
Published: February 2021

Bacteriological investigations of sheep and goats brucellosis were carried out in Northern Nigeria. Seven government or quasi-government farms were investigated. A total of 418 sheep and goats milk samples were examined culturally. Investigation revealed a 34.75 percent and 15.88 percent rate of infection in goats and sheep by milk ring test. Of 277 sheep and 141 goats milk samples examined culturally brucellae were isolated from four sheep and six goats giving a total of ten isolates. Biochemical and serological studies of the isolates revealed that they were Br. melitensis indicating Br. melitensis as probably the common cause of brucellosis in sleep and goals in the areas surveyed. The results show that there was greater chance of isolating Brucella from milk which were strongly positive than from those which were weakly positive. The economic importance and public health significance of brucellosis in sheep and goats are discussed.
Genetic aspects of growth and maturing rate in trypanotolerant beef cattle: N'Dama
Authors: Mgbere O. O , Olutogun O.
Published: February 2021

Genetic parameters for Absolute Growth Rate (AGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Absolute Maturing Rate (AMR) at various age interval from birth to maturity in N 'Dama beef cattle raised in the humid Tropics of Nigeria were estimated. Performance data used were accumulated between 1948 and 1964 at Fasola cattle ranch in Oyo, Nigeria and the number of records analysed ranged from 44 to 678. prewering (B - W) growth and maturing rates in N’Dama calves were 0.377 ± 0.009 kg/day (AGR), 0.643 ± 0.006 %/day (RGR) and 0.120 ± 0.003% A/day (AMR) and fluctuated subsequently, following the animals' state of development and certain physiological stress conditions. 
At post weaning (W-12), these rates decreased to 0.249 ± 0.049 kg/day, 0.204 ± 0.029 %/day and 0.075 ± 0.014 % A/day for AGR, RGR and AMR respectively. Estimates of heritability at the various age intervals were considered low in these growth traits with values obtained ranging from 0.03 to 0.24 for AGR, 0.03 to 0.21 for RGR and 0.02 to 0.42 for AMR, with high standard errors. The low estimates though, consistent with literature reports were attributed to the poor standard of animal management and production environment at Fasola. It was evident from this study that selection of N'Dama calves based on post weaning (W-12) growth or maturing rates would yield substantial genetic progress. However, improved animal management and production environment on the ranch would not only improve precision of the genetic parameter estimates but would also enhance N 'Dama growth performance generally.
Response of broilers to 3 weeks feed restriction initiated at different time periods
Authors: Oyedeji J. O. , Atteh J. O.
Published: February 2021

One hundred and forty four Anak broilers were subjected to either ad libitum feeding or 50% ad libitum feeding for a period of 3 weeks starting from 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th week of age and then returned to ad libitum feeding to market age. Feed intake was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding at the 2nd week of age produced a significantly higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio compared with the control (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% ad libitum feeding beyond the 3rd week resulted in poorer performance of broilers compared with the control (P<0.05). Feed restriction as applied in this study did not have any significant effects on broilers initiated at the 2nd or 3rd week and the control. However, retention of these nutrients were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds initiated into feed restriction beyond the 3rd week. The economic data showed that 50% of ad libitum feeding initiated at the 2nd Week of age resulted in significant reduction in the cost of production and cost to benefit ratio (P<0.05). The benefit in terms of Naira and kobo was also significantly increased (P<0.05). It was then concluded that, initiating broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks starting at the 2nd week of age offered a better economic gain than the usual ad libitum feeding.
Growth response of rabbits fed graded levels of processed and undehulled sunflower seeds
Authors: Biobaku W. O. , Dosumu E. O.
Published: February 2021

The effects of processed and undehulled sunflower seed (PUSS) as feed supplement, on the performance of growing rabbits was studied. The eight weeks feeding trial involving twenty four, six weeks old male and female New Zealand white rabbits weighing 600-650g in a completely randomized design were fed three diets containing 0% (control), 10% and 20% processed and undehulled sunflower seeds. The processed and undehulled sunflower seed was high in both fat and fibre levels (25.42 and 29.82%) respectively but low in both protein and nitrogen free extract (17.92 and 16.48%) respectively. The 10% level of inclusion of PUSS in the diet gave significantly (P<0.05) better weight gains than the 20% PUSS. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency were similar for the control and 10% PUSS supplements, which were both superior (P<0.05) to the 20% PUSS diet. There was no incidence of enteritis or mortality among the treatment groups.
Response of finishing broiler chickens fed three energy/protein combinations at Fixed E:P ratio
Authors: Idowu O. M. O. , Eruvbetine D. , Oduguwa O. O. , Bamgbose A. M. , Abiola S. S.
Published: February 2021

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the response of finishing broiler chicken to diets containing three metabolizable energy (ME)/crude protein (CP) combinations (3203.76 ME vs 19.90 %CP, 2884.15 ME vs 18.10 %CP and 2566.42 ME vs 18.10 %CP) at fixed ME:CP ratio of 160:1. A total of 126 four weeks old broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments replicated thrice. The final live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and PER were generally higher in the birds fed the control diet (3203.76 ME vs 19.90 %CP). There were significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments in terms of final live weight, protein intake, energy intake, CP: Gain and ME:Gain, while weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and percentage mortality were statistically the same (P>0.05) across the treatments. Cost per kg feed decreased as the energy and the protein density of the diets decreased while the cost per kg weight gain decreased with increase in energy and protein density. The digestibility percentages showed a decreasing (P<0.05) trend while nitrogen retention increased with decrease in energy-protein density of the diets. Values for the haematological parameters and blood chemistry were significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed control diet and the values decreased with decreased levels of dietary energy and protein. The results suggest that when both energy and protein density of broiler finisher diet are reduced at fixed E:P ratio the feed intake would increase while the feed utilization efficiency decreases.
Costs and returns to rabbit production in Ijebu-Ode LGA, Ogun state
Authors: Akanni K. A. , Odubena M. Y.
Published: February 2021

This paper investigated the economic viability of rabbit production in ljebu-Ode LGA of Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of forty (40) small-scale rabbit farmers were purposively selected for the study and the collected data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and budgetary analytical techniques. The results of the analyses showed that all the studied farmers were literate and they were averagely 27 years of age with mean farming experience of five years. The majority (87.5%) were part-time male farmers while others were on full-time practices. Rabbit rearing in the study area was found to be profitable with a profitability index of 0.43 and average annual net income of ₦8,792.42. The rate of return on the investment was 405.65%, 11,793.84% on fixed items and 520.23% on variable items. The farm net income was estimated to be N 8,433.90.
Types and frequency of udder shapes and abnormalities in West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats
Authors: Amao O. A. , Osinowo O. A. , Lakpini C. A. M. , Dipeolu M. A. , Abiola S. S. , Onwuka C. F. I
Published: February 2021

A total of 423 goats comprising 246 West African Dwarf and 177 Red Sokoto (RS) goats were involved in a study to determine and classify udder shapes and abnormalities in the two breeds of goats. Udder shapes found in WAD goats were funnel (0.4%), cylindrical (45.9) and bowl (53.7%). Teat shapes were funnel, bottle and cylindrical, averaging 49.6, 0.4 and 5.0% respectively. Udder abnormalities included presence of supernumerary teats (24.0%), asymmetrical udder (0.4%) and pendulous udder(0.49%). In RS goats, udder shapes were funnel (9.0%), round (1.7%), cylindrical (44.1%) and bowl (45.2%) while teat shapes were funnel, balloon, bottle and cylindrical: averaging 50.9, 2.3, 17.5 and 29.4% respectively. Udder abnormalities were: presence of supernumerary teats (10.0%), asymmetrical udder (5.7%) and pendulous udder (10.2%). The study showed that udder and teat shapes were similar in both breeds except that round udder and balloon teats were ahsent in WAD goats. Bowl shaped udders and cylindrical teats predominated in both abnormality. Presence of supernumerary teats constituted the major udder abnormality in WAD goat while incidence or asymmetrical and pendulous udders was higher in RS goats.
Influence of intra-row plant spacing, phosphorus application and growth stage on the forage, seed yields and quality of phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) in subhumid area of Nigeria
Authors: Omokanye A. T. , Amodu J. T. , Onifade S. O.
Published: February 2021

Forage, seed yields and herbage chemical composition of phasey bean Macroptilium lathyroides) were investigated at 3 intra-row plant spacings (15, 30 and 45cm between plants; 50 cm between roms), 4 phosphorus (P) fertilizer application rates (O), 50, 100 and 750 kg/ha P) and 5 harvest stages (uncut control, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks post sowing) in two growing seasons at Shika in northern Nigeria. The least intra-row plant spacing (15cm) produced higher (p<0.01) total DM vield (1.50 t/ha) than wider spacings. The proportion of leaf was least (40 %) in the widest spacing compared with other spacings (59-62 %). The P-fertilized plots produced 58-60% more total DM vields than the unfertilized plots and total DM yields increased with advanced plant growth. The highest percentage (61-63) of leaf was recorded from 6 to 12 weeks post sowing. Nitrogen level in herbage increased (p<0.05) with increased intra-row plant spacing and P application. Phosphorus and Calcium. Levels in herbage did not respond to intra-row plant spacing but increased with P application. The Ca:P ratios at the harvest stages were between 1:1 and 6:1. The highest seed yields (198 and 188 kg/ha) were recorded respectiely in the least intra-row plant spacing and the application of 100 kg Piha. Supplementation of calves on grasses/cereal stovers with phasey bean hay in a sustainable crop livestock production systems is suggested.