bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders among Newly Admitted Residents of Long-term Care Facilities
Authors: Brink Peter
Published: March 2014

Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders are an important part of advance directives. To date, little is known about DNR orders in Ontario's long-term care (LTC) facilities. The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) stated that in between 2011 and 2012, there were more than 32,000 discharges from Ontario's LTC facilities, 44% of which resulted from death. This study examined DNR orders in LTC homes in Ontario. The sample includes all LTC residents receiving care between 2010 and 2012. Data provided by the CIHI were collected using the Canadian version of the Resident Assessment Instrument. The data included administrative assessments on health of 112,746 residents. The average age of LTC residents in this study was 84.5 years, and about 70% were female residents. Results showed that residents admitted from home were less likely to have a DNR order on file during assessment and three months later. Residents whose families were responsible for care were more likely to have DNR orders when admitted, but this effect was not found at three-month follow-up. Residents who were in end-stage diseases were more likely to have completed DNR orders upon admission to LTC facilities. The presence of a health condition (eg frailty, depression, heart condition, pulmonary or psychiatric condition) increased the likelihood of residents having DNR orders when admitted to LTC facilities. Residents whose conditions were deteriorating were more likely to have completed DNR orders before the three-month follow-up. In conclusion, this study represents an important step in identifying issues related to DNR orders in LTC facilities. The factors that influence whether residents have DNR orders on file upon admission depend on the presence of family members, whether the residents are designated as end-of-life cases (six months or less), older age, and health. Discussions about resuscitation are an important part of care plans.
Luther and Zwingli’s Eucharistic Controversy: A Reflection on Nigerian Christianity
Authors: Nmah Patrick E
Published: March 2014

This study, a descriptive survey research, presents the Eucharistic ideologies of Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli in respect to Nigerian Christianity. The conflict between Luther and Zwingli on Eucharist began in 1525, but it was not until 1527 that Zwingli engaged directly with Luther. For Luther, Eucharist is a ‘visible physical sign’ of the promises of God, while Zwingli understood it to mean a ‘sign of the believers’ faithfulness to each other. To Luther and Zwingli, there are two sacraments (baptism and Eucharist) whereas for the Roman Catholic Church, they are seven (baptism, Eucharist, Penance, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination, and Extreme Unction). The Catholic Church transubstantiation of elements of the Eucharist and Luther’s doctrine of consubstantiation controversy are also areas of concern for this paper. The method of approach is dogmatic (especially descriptive) with the review of related literature.UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities vol 14 (2) 2013
The Role of the Mass Media in the Nigerian Electoral Process
Authors: Aghamelu Fidelis Chuka
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses generally on the role of the mass media in Nigerian electoral process as it pertains to overall development of Nigeria. The background is the recognition of the central role of the media in political and social affairs as a natural outcome of its unlimited communicative strength and outreach. The statement of problem is anchored on the wide spread negative image of the media in electioneering campaigns in Nigeria’s political history. The objective of this paper is to readdress media practice in Nigeria to its fundamental ethical journalistic foundation as basis for positive contribution to national integration. It is also aimed at the examination of both external (official) and internal obstacles that hinder the realization of the goal. This paper uses the method of comparative phenomenological analysis to examine the performances of the media in Nigerian electoral process with regard to its fundamental roles to inform, educate, entertain and monitor in the electoral process.UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities vol 14 (2) 2013
Aprender e ensinar a autogestão: espaços/tempos do trabalho de produzir a vida associativamente
Authors: Tiriba Lia , Fischer Maria Clara Bueno
Published: March 2014

O objetivo do artigo é apresentar questões teórico-metodológicas do campo de pesquisa Trabalho e Educação e, particularmente, sobre produção associada, autogestão e saberes do trabalho associado. Depois de considerar as formas que tem assumido o trabalho no regime de acumulação flexível, especial atenção é dada aosespaços/tempos do trabalho de produzir a vida associativamente: a) Espaços/tempos revolucionários – quando são produzidas mudanças estruturais na sociedade, verifica-se a dualidade de poderes ou o confronto entre capital e trabalho se manifesta por meio de revoltas e rebeliões; b) Espaços/tempos da atual crise do capital e do trabalhoassalariado, nos quais as estratégias associativas de trabalho se configuram como parte integrante da economia popular solidária; c) Espaços/tempos das culturas milenares das comunidades e povos tradicionais. A partir de produção científica anterior e dos resultados de uma pesquisa em andamento, nos dedicamos ao terceiro espaço/tempo para argumentar que a produção associada é, possivelmente, a principal escola para o aprendizado da autogestão do trabalho e da vida social. Enfatiza-se que, emergindo ou se mantendo em sociedades hegemonizadas pelo capital, essas experiênciasimplicam no formar-se, individual e coletivamente, em meio à contradição vital entre a sociabilidade do capital e outras formas econômico-culturais marcadas pela valorização do trabalho. A perspectiva do materialismo histórico de E. P. Thompson,as mediações de primeira e segunda ordem de István Mézsáros e os conceitos de produção associada, autogestão e saberes do trabalho associado, das autoras, sustentam as reflexões apresentadas.
Global and regional modeling of clouds and aerosols in the marine boundary layer during VOCALS: the VOCA Intercomparison
Authors: Wyant M. C. , Bretherton C. S. , Wood R. , Carmichael G. R. , Clarke A. , Fast J. , George R. , Gustafson Jr. W. I. , Hannay C. , Lauer A. , Lin Y. , Morcrette J.-J. , Mulcahy J. , Saide P. E. , Spak S. N. , Yang Q.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. A diverse collection of models are used to simulate the marine boundary layer in the Southeast Pacific region during the period of the October–November 2008 VOCALS REx field campaign. Regional models simulate the period continuously in boundary-forced free-running mode, while global forecast models and GCMs are run in forecast mode. The models are compared to extensive observations along a line at 20° S extending westward from the South American coast. Most of the models simulate cloud and aerosol characteristics and gradients across the region that are recognizably similar to observations, despite the complex interaction of processes involved in the problem, many of which are parameterized or poorly resolved. Some models simulate the regional low cloud cover well, though many models underestimate MBL depth near the coast. Most models qualitatively simulate the observed offshore gradients of SO2, sulfate aerosol, CCN concentration in the MBL, and the related gradient in cloud droplet concentrations, but there are large quantitative intermodel differences in both means and gradients of these quantities. Most models underestimate large CCN (at 0.1% supersaturation) in the MBL and free troposphere. The GCMs also have difficulty simulating coastal gradients in CCN and cloud droplet number concentration. The overall performance of the models demonstrates their potential utility in simulating aerosol-cloud interactions in the MBL, though quantitative estimation of aerosol-cloud interactions and aerosol indirect effects of MBL clouds with these models remains uncertain.
Hydroxy nitrate production in the OH-initiated oxidation of alkenes
Authors: Teng A. P. , Crounse J. D. , Lee L. , St. Clair J. M. , Cohen R. C. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Alkenes generally react rapidly by addition of OH and subsequently O2 to form beta hydroxy peroxy radicals. These peroxy radicals react with NO to form beta hydroxy nitrates with a branching ratio α. We quantify α for C2–C8 alkenes at 296 K ±3 and 993 hPa. The branching ratio can be expressed as α = (0.042 ± 0.008) × N − (0.11 ± 0.04) where N is the number of heavy atoms (excluding the peroxy moiety), and listed errors are 2σ. These branching ratios are larger than previously reported and are similar to those for peroxy radicals formed from H abstraction from alkanes. We find the isomer distributions of beta hydroxy nitrates formed under NO-dominated peroxy radical chemistry to be similar to the isomer distribution of hydroxy hydroperoxides produced under HO2-dominated peroxy radical chemistry. With the assumption of unity yield for the hydroperoxides, this implies that the branching ratio to form beta hydroxy nitrates from primary, secondary, and tertiary RO2 are similar. Deuterium substitution enhances the branching ratio to form hydroxy nitrates in both propene and isoprene by a factor of ~1.5. These observations provide further evidence for importance of the ROONO lifetime in determining the branching ratio to form alkyl nitrates. We use these measurements to re-evaluate the role of alkene chemistry in the Houston region. We find that small alkenes play a larger role in oxidant formation than previously recognized.
Inorganic geochemistry data from Lake El'gygytgyn sediments: marine isotope stages 6–11
Authors: Minyuk P. S. , Borkhodoev V. Y. , Wennrich V.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Geochemical analyses were performed on sediments recovered by deep drilling at Lake El'gygytgyn in central Chukotka, northeastern Russia (67°30' N; 172°05' E). Major and rare element concentrations were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) on the < 250 μm fraction from 617 samples dated to ca. 440 and 125 ka, which approximates marine isotope stages (MIS) 11 to 6. The inorganic geochemistry indicates significant variations in elemental composition between glaciations and interglaciations. Interglacial sediments are characterized by high contents of SiO2, Na2O, CaO, K2O, and Sr and are depleted in Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, and MgO. An extreme SiO2 enrichment during MIS 11.3 and 9.3 was caused by an enhanced flux of biogenic silica (BSi). The geochemical structure of MIS 11 shows similar characteristics as seen in MIS 11 records from Lake Baikal (southeastern Siberia) and Antarctic ice cores, thereby arguing for the influence of global forcings on these records. High sediment content of TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, Al2O3, LOI, Ni, Cr, and Zr typifies glacial stages, with the most marked increases during MIS 7.4 and 6.6. Reducing conditions during glacial times are indicated by peaks in the Fe2O3 content and coinciding low Fe2O3/MnO ratios. This conclusion also is supported by P2O5 and MnO enrichment, indicating an increased abundance of authigenic, fine-grained vivianite. Elemental ratios (CIA, CIW, PIA, and Rb/Sr) indicate that glacial sediments are depleted in mobile elements, like Na, Ca, K and Sr. This depletion was caused by changes in the sedimentation regime and thus reflects environmental changes.
Changing climatic response: a conceptual model for glacial cycles and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Authors: Daruka I. , Ditlevsen P. D.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Milankovitch's astronomical theory of glacial cycles, attributing ice age climate oscillations to orbital changes in Northern Northern-Hemisphere insolation, is challenged by the paleoclimatic record. The climatic response to the variations in insolation is far from trivial. In general the glacial cycles are highly asymmetric in time, with slow cooling from the interglacials to the glacials (inceptions) and very rapid warming from the glacials to the interglacials (terminations). We shall refer to this fast-slow dynamics as the "saw-tooth" shape of the paleoclimatic record. This is non-linearly related to the time-symmetric variations in the orbital forcing. However, the most pronounced challenge to the Milankovitch theory is the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) occurring about one million years ago. During that event, the prevailing 41 kyr glacial cycles, corresponding to the almost harmonic obliquity cycle were replaced by longer saw-tooth shaped cycles with a time scale around 100 kyr. The MPT must have been driven by internal changes in climate response, since it does not correspond to any apparent changes in the orbital forcing. In order to identify possible mechanisms causing the observed changes in glacial dynamics, it is relevant to study simplified models with the capability of generating temporal behavior similar to the observed records. We present a simple oscillator type model approach, with two variables, a temperature anomaly and an ice volume analogous, climatic memory term. The generalization of the ice albedo feedback is included in terms of an effective multiplicative coupling between this latter climatic memory term (representing the internal degrees of freedom) and the external drive. The simple model reproduces the temporal asymmetry of the late Pleistocene glacial cycles and suggests that the MPT can be explained as a regime shift, aided by climatic noise, from a period 1 frequency locking to the obliquity cycle to a period 2–3 frequency locking to the same obliquity cycle. The change in dynamics has been suggested to be a result of a slow gradual decrease in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The presence of chaos in the (non-autonomous) glacial dynamics and a critical dependence on initial conditions raises fundamental questions about climate predictability.
Protecting environmental flows through enhanced water licensing and water markets
Authors: Erfani T. , Binions O. , Harou J. J.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. To enable economically efficient future adaptation to water scarcity some countries are revising water management institutions such as water rights or licensing systems to more effectively protect ecosystems and their services. Allocating more flow to the environment though can mean less abstraction for economic production, or the inability to accommodate new entrants (diverters). Modern licensing arrangements should simultaneously enhance environmental flows and protect water abstractors who depend on water. Making new licensing regimes compatible with tradable water rights is an important component of water allocation reform. Regulated water markets can help decrease the societal cost of water scarcity whilst enforcing environmental and/or social protections. In this article we simulate water markets under a regime of fixed volumetric water abstraction licenses with fixed minimum flows or under a scalable water license regime (using water "shares") with dynamic environmental minimum flows. Shares allow adapting allocations to available water and dynamic environmental minimum flows can vary as a function of ecological requirements. We investigate how a short-term spot market manifests within each licensing regime. We use a river-basin-scale hydro-economic agent model that represents individual abstractors and can simulate a spot market under both licensing regimes. We apply this model to the Great Ouse river basin in Eastern England with public water supply, agricultural, energy and industrial water using agents. Results show the proposed shares with dynamic environmental flow licensing system protects river flows more effectively than the current static minimum flow requirements during a dry historical year, but that the total opportunity cost to water abstractors of the environmental gains is a 10 to 15% loss in economic benefits.
Can irregularities of solar proxies help understand quasi-biennial solar variations?
Authors: Shapoval A. , Le Mouël J. L. , Shnirman M. , Courtillot V.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We define, calculate and analyze irregularity indices λWN and λaa of daily series of sunspot number WN and geomagnetic index aa as a function of increasing smoothing from N = 162 to 648 days. The irregularity indices λ are computed within 4 year sliding windows, with embedding dimensions m = 1 and 2. λWN and λaa display Schwabe cycles with sharp peaks not only at cycle maxima but also at minima: we call the resulting ~5.5 year variations "half Schwabe variations" (HSV). The mean of λWN undergoes a downward step and the amplitude of its variations strongly decreases around 1930. We observe changes in the ratio R of the mean amplitude of λ peaks at solar cycle minima with respect to peaks at solar maxima as a function of date, embedding dimension and importantly smoothing parameter N. We identify two distinct regimes, called Q1 and Q2, defined mainly by the evolution of R as a function of N: Q1, with increasing HSV behavior and R value as N is increased, occurs before 1915–1930 and Q2, with decreasing HSV behavior and R value as N is increased, occurs after ~1975. We attempt to account for these observations with an autoregressive (order 1) model with Poissonian noise and a mean modulated by two sine waves of periods T1 and T2 (T1 = 11 years, and intermediate T2 is tuned to mimic quasi-biennial oscillations QBO). The model can generate both Q1 and Q2 regimes. When m = 1, HSV appears in the absence of T2 variations. When m = 2, Q1 occurs when T2 variations are present, whereas Q2 occurs when T2 variations are suppressed. We propose that the HSV behavior of the irregularity index of WN may be linked to the presence of strong QBO before 1915–1930, a transition and their disappearance around 1975, corresponding to a change in regime of solar activity.
An in vitro Model of a System of Electrical Potential Compensation in Extracorporeal Circulation
Authors: Carletti Umberto , Cattini Stefano , Lodi Renzo , Petralia Antonio , Rovati Luigi , Zaffe Davide
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery induces systemic immune-inflammatory reaction that results in increased postoperative morbidity. Many factors are responsible for the adverse response after ECC. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate electric charges (ECs) generated during ECC, to set a device compensating the ECs, and checking its effect on red blood cells (RBC).

Materials and methods

The electrical signals of blood in ECC were collected by a custom developed low-noise electronic circuit, processed by a digital oscilloscope (DSO) and a dynamic signal analyzer (DSA). The compensation of ECs was performed using a compensation device, injecting a nulling charge into the blood circuit. The compensation effect of the ECs on RBCs was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results

The electrical analysis performed using both the DSO and the DSA confirmed the EC formation during ECC. The notable electric signals recorded in standard ECC circuits substantially nulled once the compensation device was used, thus confirming efficient EC compensation. After two hours of ECC, the SEM non-blended test on human RBC samples highlighted morphological changes in acanthocytes of the normal biconcave-shaped RBC.

Conclusions

The outcomes confirm the development of parasitic ECs during ECC and that a suppressor system may decrease the potential damage of ECs. Nevertheless, further studies are ongoing in order to investigate the complex mechanisms related to lymphocytes and platelet morphological and physiological chances during triboelectric charges in ECC.
Differential Influence of Vitamin D Analogs on Left Ventricular Mass Index in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sezer Siren , Tutal Emre , Bal Zeynep , Uyar Mehtap Erkmen , Bal Ugur , Cakir Ulkem , Acar Nurhan Ozdemir , Haberal Mehmet
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common feature in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Inadequate treatment of SHPT has been associated with cardiovascular complications, and vitamin D therapy might influence the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of intravenous paricalcitol and calcitriol treatments on left ventricular mass index changes in MHD patients.

Methods

We conducted an observational study with a 12-month follow-up duration to compare the outcomes of intravenous paricalcitol and calcitriol treatments in MHD patients. Eighty patients with moderate to severe SHPT were enrolled in the study. All the patients had normalized total serum Ca concentration <10.5 mg/dL, serum calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P) <75, and parathyroid hormone level (PTH) level ≥ 300 pg/mL at the begining of the follow-up period.

Results

The patients were divided into a paricalcitol group (n = 40) and a calcitriol group (n = 40). The demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of the patients were similar at baseline. We observed significantly superior control of SHPT; lesser frequency of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and Ca × P level elevations; and interruption of vitamin D treatment in the paricalcitol group. Moreover, we found no significant change in left ventricular mass index in the paricalcitol group, but found a significantly increased left ventricular mass index in the calcitriol group during the follow-up period (from 136.6 ± 35.2 g/m2 to 132.9 ± 40.4 g/m2 vs. from 137.2 ± 30.1 g/m2 to 149.4 ± 31.0 g/m2; p<0.044).

Conclusion

We observed that, compared with calcitriol therapy, paricalcitol therapy reduced the PTH concentrations more effectively without causing hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and might have a substantial beneficial effect on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Effects of altitude and beehive bottom board type on wintering losses of honeybee colonies under subtropical climatic conditions
Authors: Ucak-Koc Aytul
Published: March 2014

The effects of altitude and beehive bottom board types (BBBT) on the wintering performance of honeybee colonies were investigated in the South Aegean Region of Turkey: Experiment I (E-I), with 32 colonies, in 2010–2011, and Experiment II (E-II), with 20 colonies, in 2011–2012. Each lowland (25 m) and highland (797 m) colony was divided randomly into two BBBT subgroups, open screen floor (OSF) and normal bottom floor (NBF), and wintered for about three months. In E-I, the local genotype Aegean ecotype of Anatolian bee (AE) and Italian race (ItR) were used, while in E-II, only the AE genotype was present. In E-I, the effect of wintering altitudes on the number of combs covered with bees (NCCB), and the effects of BBBT on brood area (BA) and the NCCB were found to be statistically significant (p0.05). In the E-II, the effect of wintering altitude on beehive weight was found to be statistically significant (p0.05). The wintering losses in the highland and lowland groups in E-I were determined to be 25% and 62.5% respectively. In contrast to this result, no loss was observed in E-II for both altitudes. In E-I, the wintering losses for both OSF and NBF groups were the same (43.75%). In conclusion, under subtropical climatic conditions, due to variations from year to year, honeybee colonies can be wintered more successfully in highland areas with OSF bottom board type.
Grain quality of drought tolerant accessions within the MRI Zemun Polje maize germplasm collection
Authors: Vančetović Jelena , Ignjatović-Micić Dragana , Božinović Sofija , Babić Milosav , Filipović Milomir , Grčić Nikola , Andjelković Violeta
Published: March 2014

Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje (MRI) gene bank created an elite drought tolerant core collection of 40 accessions, based on field trials and general combining ability with inbred lines from the main heterotic groups (Lancaster, Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic - BSSS and Iodent). A total of seven genetic groups were identified. Seven accessions showed good combining abilities with three testers from chosen heterotic groups, thus forming a dinstinctive genetic group (Unknown). In the present research, accessions with drought tolerance were also analyzed for grain quality, as these two traits are becoming highly important due to global warming and population growth. Kernel macronutrients contents (oil, protein and starch) were determined using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). Oil, protein and starch contents were significantly higher in introduced populations than in landraces for 0.43%, 0.12% and 0.85%, respectively (p<0.01). The greatest progress from the selection based on the expected genetic gain (ΔG) for 5% selection intensity would be obtained for oil (14.74%) followed by protein (10.14%). Landraces showed the least potential for the grain quality improvement due to the lowest expected ΔG for the three macronutrients. The differences between macronutrient content among genetic groups defined them as potentially favourable sources for a specific trait. According to ΔG values, the greatest progress in breeding would be accomplished for increased oil content with accessions from the Unknown group. Identification of the accessions with several favorable traits is valuable for simultaneous breeding for drought tolerance and grain quality.
Using the DNDC model to compare soil organic carbon dynamics under different crop rotation and fertilizer strategies
Authors: Mu Lan , Liang Yinli , Xue Qingwu , Chen Chen , Lin Xingjun
Published: March 2014

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role in determining soil fertility, water holding capacity and susceptibility to land degradation. On the Chinese Loess Plateau, a large amount of crop residues is regularly removed; therefore, this agricultural area mainly depends on fertilizer inputs to maintain crop yields. This paper aims to use a computer simulation model (DeNitrification and DeComposition, or DNDC) to estimate the changes of SOC content and crop yield from 1998 to 2047 under different cropping systems, providing some strategies to maintain the SOC in balance and to increase crop yields. The results demonstrated that: (i) single manure application or combined with nitrogen fertilizer could significantly enhance the SOC content and crop yield on the sloped land, terraced field and flat land; and (ⅱ) in contrast to sloped land and terraced field, the SOC content and crop yield both continuously increased in flat fields, indicating that the flat field in this region is a good soil surface for carbon sequestration. These results emphasize that application of manure combined with nitrogen fertilizer would be a better management practice to achieve a goal of increasing soil carbon sequestration and food security.
Mixed model with spatial variance–covariance structure for accommodating of local stationary trend and its influence on multi-environmental crop variety trial assessment
Authors: Negash Asnake Worku , Mwambi Henry , Zewotir Temesgen , Aweke Girma
Published: March 2014

The most common procedure for analyzing multi-environmental trials is based on the assumption that the residual error variance is homogenous across all locations considered. However, this may often be unrealistic, and therefore limit the accuracy of variety evaluation or the reliability of variety recommendations. The objectives of this study were to show the advantages of mixed models with spatial variance–covariance structures, and direct implications of model choice on the inference of varietal performance, ranking and testing based on two multi-environmental data sets from realistic national trials. A model comparison with a chi-square test for the trials in the two data sets (wheat data set BW00RVTI and barley data set BW01RVII) suggested that selected spatial variance-covariance structures fitted the data significantly better than the ANOVA model. The forms of optimally-fitted spatial variance-covariance, ranking and consistency ratio test were not the same from one trial (location) to the other. Linear mixed models with single stage analysis including spatial variance-covariance structure with a group factor of location on the random model also improved the real estimation of genotype effect and their ranking. The model also improved varietal performance estimation because of its capacity to handle additional sources of variation, location and genotype by location (environment) interaction variation and accommodating of local stationary trend.
A KRAS-directed transcriptional silencing pathway that mediates the CpG island methylator phenotype
Authors: Serra Ryan W , Fang Minggang , Park Sung Mi , Hutchinson Lloyd , Green Michael R
Published: March 2014

Approximately 70% of KRAS-positive colorectal cancers (CRCs) have a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) characterized by aberrant DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of many genes. The factors involved in, and the mechanistic basis of, CIMP is not understood. Among the CIMP genes are the tumor suppressors p14ARF, p15INK4B, and p16INK4A, encoded by the INK4-ARF locus. In this study, we perform an RNA interference screen and identify ZNF304, a zinc-finger DNA-binding protein, as the pivotal factor required for INK4-ARF silencing and CIMP in CRCs containing activated KRAS. In KRAS-positive human CRC cell lines and tumors, ZNF304 is bound at the promoters of INK4-ARF and other CIMP genes. Promoter-bound ZNF304 recruits a corepressor complex that includes the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, resulting in DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing. KRAS promotes silencing through upregulation of ZNF304, which drives DNA binding. Finally, we show that ZNF304 also directs transcriptional silencing of INK4-ARF in human embryonic stem cells.
Submerged arc discharge technique to explore novel non-carbon nanotubes: Syntheses of nanotubes from ZnO and BaTiO3
Authors: Sano Noriaki , Tamon Hajime
Published: March 2014

A unique reaction field using arc discharge in water can create novel nanostructures, where an extreme temperature drop is observed in bubbles around a hot arc plasma zone. Here, a Mo anode had a hole at its tip, into which ZnO or BaTiO3 powder was stuffed. The cathode received film products on its surface. It was revealed that BaTiO3 nanotubes were firstly synthesized as novel nanotubes when BaTiO3 powder was stuffed in the anode hole. When ZnO powder was stuffed in the anode hole, narrow ZnO nanotubes were synthesized. The diameter of the ZnO nanotubes synthesized was the smallest ever reported.
Antistiction technique using elastomer contact structure in woven electronic textiles
Authors: Yamashita Takahiro , Takamatsu Seiichi , Miyake Koji , Itoh Toshihiro
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we present an antistiction technique using an elastomer contact structure in woven electronic textiles (e-textiles). A coating of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in the form of a solid conductive film on a hemispherical silicone elastomer structure is employed in creating an electrical circuit embedded into the fabric of a woven e-textile, where the contact structure reduces the contact area and capillary force generated by the moisture in air between weft and warp ribbons. Stiction occurs between a weft and a warp without the contact structure under an RH of 80%, and the detachment of the stuck ribbon requires a delamination load of about 0.2 N. On the other hand, in the case of contact between the contact structure and the ribbon coated with plain PEDOT:PSS, stiction does not occur as the relative humidity increases from 20 to 80%.
Light-emitting field-effect transistors combining organic and metal oxide layers with partitioned heterogeneous source and drain electrodes
Authors: Higashihara Shohei , Yamada Keisei , Yamao Takeshi , Hotta Shu
Published: March 2014

We fabricated organic light-emitting field-effect transistors (OLEFETs) characterized by partitioned heterogeneous source and drain contacts along with an aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer inserted between an organic layer and a gate insulator. We elaborated such contacts so that each contact was made of a metal(s) suitable for injecting either electrons or holes. We fabricated the devices by choosing two of three kinds of metals (Au, Al, and MgAg) and one of three organic semiconductor materials. In the devices with the Au source and MgAg drain contacts, we observed drain currents at both positive and negative drain voltages. Those currents were predominant at negative drain voltages in the devices with Al drain contacts. The most intense current-injected emissions arose from the vicinity of the electron injection contact edges near channels on the AZO layers. Taking into account the energy level consideration of the materials and the effect of the partitioned contacts, we discussed these electrical and emission properties.
A New Definition of Photographic Image Information
Authors: Kanamori Hitoshi
Published: March 2014

A new definition of information volume of a photographic image was given on the basis of the information of contrast due to test-pieces with a wide exposure-range. Among the density-to-exposure curves which pass the same end-points, the linear one has maximum information. Refering to visual effects, modified information volume was also given, using the ratios of contrasts to minimum perceptible contrasts. The new concept is applicable to non-linear systems. The above consideration will have to be modified taking another important factor, sharpness, into account.
Diffraction Anomaly of Various Types of Extended Source –By Polarizing Microscope with Crossed Nicols–
Authors: Asakura Toshimitsu , Suzuki Tsuneko
Published: March 2014

Diffraction images by polarizing microscope with the crossed Nicols were extensively studied by Kubota and Saito. Their work is mainly on the diffraction image of a point source through this system. In this paper, the study is furthered to diffraction images of various types of extended coherent, incoherent or partially coherent secondary sources (object apertures) such as slit, circular, rectangular and triangular types. These images are of unusual patterns different from the Airy-type ones formed by an ordinary optical system, and the patterns are strongly dependent upon the illumination conditions of the source. Diffraction patterns are theoretically calculated on an electronic computer and shown in contour lines of intensity. Photographs taken with a ruby optical maser are shown for comparison. The relationships between the diffraction images and the size of the various extended sources or the illumination conditions are discussed.
A New Method of Measuring Particle Size by Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Thompson Brian J.
Published: March 2014

The method consists of illuminating a sample volume of opaque or transparent particles with a collimated beam of quasi-monochromatic light. Diffraction patterns are photographically recorded in a plane in the far field of the individual particles but in the near field of the whole sample volume. A distinctive Fraunhofer diffraction pattern with a coherent background is associated with each individual particle and occurs at the location of the particle as projected onto a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the system. The film record containing the diffraction patterns (Fraunhofer holograms) is placed in a collimated.beam of quasi-monochromatic light and a complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the original sample is formed. The virtual image that is so troublesome in the more usual holograms is not present in this system. Furthermore control of the γ of the film is not critical.
The method is applicable to determining the size and distribution of moving or stationary particles in air or in a liquid from a few microns in diameter and upwards without significant disturbance of the sample volume.
The Chemical Resistance of Optical Glasses
Authors: Reid A. M. , Parry R. J. , Blackburn J.
Published: March 2014

The various types of glass used in the optical industry show variations in susceptibility to staining during the polishing process and some measure of this can be obtained from their resistance to attack by acids. Several methods have been published in which the extract from a powdered sample of the glass is determined, but these have serious disadvantages when comparisons are necessary between glasses of differing chemical composition.
In the method described polished samples are immersed in 0.5 N nitric acid and divided into seven groups depending on the immersion time necessary to show any attack, each of these groups being then sub-divided according to the rate at which such attack continues. A further classification is made depending on the type of damage i.e. acid etching, acid polishing or surface staining.
Results for a series of standard optical types in a wide range of solutions are given.
Instrumental Problems in High Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Makabe Hideki , Fukuda Yoshio , Hashizume Shojiro
Published: March 2014

New two devices in a grating spectrophotometer used in the wide wavenumber region are described; one is a slide table system for interchanging gratings and the other a sampling correlator for improving the signal-to-noise ratio. By using these devices, spectra in the linear wavenumber scale were continuously recorded without interruption even during the interchange of gratings and the signal-to-noise ratio was improved by a factor of 2.5.
Self Calibration and Automatic Correction for the Wavelength Response of a Monochromator-Detector System
Authors: Brower Richard A. , Jr. A. T. Stair,
Published: March 2014

A technique is presented for automatically obtaining and correcting for the instrument response versus wavelength function of a monochromator-filter-detector system in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared. A double pass approach is used where the first pass serves as the `signal generator' with a thermocouple as the flat wavelength response reference. This signal is chopped and sent back through the system (same monochromator) to the detector of interest. The thermocouple output (first pass) and detector output (second pass) are now ratioed by a dual-channel ratio recording synchronous amplifier directly plotting the `instrument function' t
λ·r
λ. This function is then put on a tape recorder and serves as the reference channel for the same ratio recorder during actual data taking. This approach requires separate calibration for each plane of polarization due to the strong polarizing effects of a grating monochromator. However, it is demonstrated that measurements of any partially polarized source require such a procedure.
Recent Techniques in Far Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshinaga H.
Published: March 2014

Most instruments in far infrared spectroscopy are limited by energy. Several results developed in the author's laboratory to correct weaknesses of these instruments will be reported.
1) Radiation energy near 100 µ. region has been increased much with high pressure mercury lamps which have a very thin quartz window.
2) Cutoff characteristics of polyethylene filters containing powder of reststrahlen crystals have been improved and these polyethylene filters and metal mesh filters, which cover the whole far infrared region, are the most useful to cutoff unwanted short wave radiation.
3) Some successful results on antireflection coating in the far infrared with films of polymers have been obtained.
4) A new additional chopping in far infrared spectrometers of optical null type has succeeded to avoid errors in measurements due to temperature difference.
5) A far infrared interferometric spectrometer has been constructed, which has a Michelson type interferometer and a special digital computer. The latter is connected electrically to the former and makes the calculation of Fourier-transform during the scanning of interferograms. A spectrogram can be recorded in ten minutes after Fourier-transform of 1000 path-differences and 1000 wave numbers, and the outline of the spectrogram at any time during the scanning is shown with a monitor.
Spectra of Argon in the 2-6 µ Region Obtained with a Field-Widened Interferometer
Authors: Stewart S. P. , Huppi E. R. , Jr. A. T. Stair, , Vanasse G. A.
Published: March 2014

A large field-widened interferometer with NaCl optics is described for use on weak extended sources; in this regard, a new extended emission source for the spectroscopic study of gases is discussed using Argon as an example. Six predicted lines, previously unobserved, are reported and many other unpredicted lines are observed. Since the computer time to reduce interferometric spectra can be excessive, the gain to be realized by using simple heterodyning techniques is demonstrated. A technique for using the analytic property of an interferogram to increase the resolution is also pointed out.
Some Instrumentation Problems in the Vacuum Ultraviolet below 1000 Å
Authors: Weissler G. L.
Published: March 2014

The construction and operation of a well shielded ceramic capillary spark light source is described, and results from a thermocouple radiation detector are presented in units of photons per second between 435 Å and 1084 Å. Similar data from a silicon p–n junction diode suggest its future use as a useful detector. A new arrangement combining a predisperser plane Siegbahn grating with a grazing incidence 2-m radius of curvature grating vacuum spectrograph is presented as a method of selecting a narrow wavelength interval, say between 100 Å and 200 Å, and of reducing background to the fog level of a clear photographic plate. Using this predisperser arrangement, the spectra from three impulse-type light sources are compared.
Argon, Krypton, and Xenon Continuum Light Sources for the Vacuum Ultraviolet
Authors: Huffman R. E. , Tanaka Y. , Larrabee J. C.
Published: March 2014

Argon, krypton, and xenon rare gas continuum light sources have been developed which are suitable for photoelectric scanning in the vacuum ultraviolet. Intense continuum light sources are required for many applications, including study of discrete absorption spectra. The argon, krypton and xenon continua have maximum intensities at about 1270, 1500, and 1650 Å respectively. Together with the intense Hop field helium continuum which we have earlier produced by similar techniques, these continua provide overlapping coverage of the 580–2000 Å wavelength region at bandwidths of at least 0.25 Å. The continua are excited with a mild condensed discharge which is controlled by a hydrogen thyratron modulator developed for this purpose. A 2.2m normal incidence monochromator equipped with a sodium salicylate-photomultiplier detector was used. Optimum conditions for producing these continua, details of the instrumentation, and typical recorder scans will be discussed.
Recent Instrumentation for the Optical Studies of Solids in the Vacuum Ultra-Violet
Authors: Hartman Paul L.
Published: March 2014

Recent progress in vacuum ultra-violet instrumentation and techniques useful to solid state physics is described, although much of the instrumentation advances are also of use to other V-uv studies. Improvements in sources, detectors, and dispersive systems (particularly in grating reflectivities) are noted. While commercial instrumentation is not described, it is perhaps in this area that the most striking instrumental progress has come. Besides optical studies, work on internal and external photoemission continues to augment the optical work. Interest in luminescent systems is also still useful as indicating something about the energy band scheme in insulating solids. An important advance is noted wherein use is made of laser radiation in conjunction with ultra-violet radiation in a double photon absorption process in KI.
Etude theorique de la diffraction de la lumiere par les reseaux
Authors: Bousquet P.
Published: March 2014

The existing theory of the diffraction of electromagnetic waves by gratings is first summarized. A method of calculation which often gives useful results is then indicated. Finally results obtained by this method are shown for two important cases: 1) Diffraction by a metallic grating with a triangular profile (echelette grating); 2) Diffraction by a transmission grating with a sinusoidal profile. The interest in the latter case arises from the fact that by a Fourier analysis any surface may be considered as formed by a superposition of an infinity of sinusoidal surfaces. Interesting results have been obtained in this way concerning the diffusion of light by irregular surfaces.
Optical Measurement of Several Materials in the Far Infrared Region
Authors: Mitsuishi A. , Yoshinaga H. , Yata K. , Manabe A.
Published: March 2014

Optical measurements of II-VI compounds, polymers and anti-reflection coated germanium and silicon plates beyond 18 µ are described. The transmission spectra of CdS and CdTe and the reflection spectra of CdS, CdSe, CdTe and ZnS were measured. The dispersion analysis was applied to the reflection spectra to obtain the dispersion parameters of these compounds. The transmission measurement of ten kinds of polymers was made. Anti-reflection coatings were applied to germanium plates by evaporating selenium layer and to silicon and germanium plate by cementing the proper polymer films. Some successful results are shown.
Exciton Absorption in Mixed Alkali Halides
Authors: Nakai Yoshio , Murata Takatoshi , Nakamura Kaizo
Published: March 2014

The effects of foreign alkali metal ions on the exciton absorption in some alkali chlorides and alkali bromides have been investigated. Mixed systems KCl-RbCl, NaCl-KCl, KBr-RbBr, and NaBr-KBr were chosen. These are characterized as containing two kinds of alkali metal components with common halide ions. In the mixture of potassium- and rubidium-halide, positions of the exciton peaks shift fairly linearly with the change in relative concentration. In the mixture of sodium- and potassium-halide, the long-wavelength shift of peaks is remarkable. The results are compared with the x-ray analysis of the mixed samples. Validity of the excitation model, rather than the electron transfer model, for excitons in these crystals is suggested to explain the results.
Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Bands of Ag-Doped Alkali Halides
Authors: Onaka Ryumyo , Fukuda Atsuo , Inohara Koichi , Mabuchi Teruhiko , Fujioka Yoshio
Published: March 2014

Studies of absorption spectra of KCl: Ag and NaCl: Ag are made over the vacuum ultraviolet region where two new absorption bands are observed in each phosphor. The new bands are found much stronger than the bands previously known by one or two orders of magnitude; they appear between the known bands and the fundamental absorption edge. One of the new bands is ascribed to the transition (4d)10→(4d)9 5s of Ag+ ions because of its temperature dependence. The other band, higher in energy and in intensity, is tentatively ascribed to the intraionic transition of silver (4d)10→(4d)9 5p, but it seems more reasonable to consider that an excited state of a larger center (exciton) is mixed up in some degree with the intraionic excited state.
Some Properties of Diapoints
Authors: Kato Sadao
Published: March 2014

A differential method in geometrical optics based on some useful properties of diapoints, has been described in the previous papers, in which it was shown that there are linear relations between two sets of variables defining the coordinates of any conjugate diapoints. A mathematical proof for this is given in the present paper (section 2). It is interpreted from the standpoint of geometrical optics in section 3 and a discussion on some characteristics of ideal imagery is given in section 5. They will be discussed in detail in section 11 on the basis of the results derived with respect to the imagery in sections 6 to 10.