bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Public Empire
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

“Property rights” and “Russia” do not usually belong in the same sentence. Rather, our general image of the nation is of insecurity of private ownership and defenselessness in the face of the state. Many scholars have attributed Russia's long-term development problems to a failure to advance property rights for the modern age and blamed Russian intellectuals for their indifference to the issues of ownership. This book refutes this widely shared conventional wisdom and analyzes the emergence of Russian property regimes from the time of Catherine the Great through World War I and the revolutions of 1917. Most importantly, the book shows the emergence of the new practices of owning “public things” in imperial Russia and the attempts of Russian intellectuals to reconcile the security of property with the ideals of the common good. The book analyzes how the belief that certain objects—rivers, forests, minerals, historical monuments, icons, and Russian literary classics—should accede to some kind of public status developed in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century. Professional experts and liberal politicians advocated for a property reform that aimed at exempting public things from private ownership, while the tsars and the imperial government employed the rhetoric of protecting the sanctity of private property and resisted attempts at its limitation. Exploring the Russian ways of thinking about property, the book looks at problems of state reform and the formation of civil society, which, as the book argues, should be rethought as a process of constructing “the public” through the reform of property rights.
Frontiers in Complex Dynamics
Authors: Bonifant Araceli , Lyubich Misha , Sutherland Scott
Published: November 2017

John Milnor, best known for his work in differential topology, K-theory, and dynamical systems, is one of only three mathematicians to have won the Fields medal, the Abel prize, and the Wolf prize, and is the only one to have received all three of the Leroy P. Steele prizes. In honor of his eightieth birthday, this book gathers together surveys and papers inspired by Milnor's work, from distinguished experts examining not only holomorphic dynamics in one and several variables, but also differential geometry, entropy theory, and combinatorial group theory. The book contains the last paper written by William Thurston, as well as a short paper by John Milnor himself. Introductory sections put the papers in mathematical and historical perspective, color figures are included, and an index facilitates browsing.
Imperialism, Power, and Identity
Authors: Mattingly David J.
Published: November 2017

Despite what history has taught us about imperialism's destructive effects on colonial societies, many classicists continue to emphasize disproportionately the civilizing and assimilative nature of the Roman Empire and to hold a generally favorable view of Rome's impact on its subject peoples. This book boldly challenges this view using insights from postcolonial studies of modern empires to offer a more nuanced understanding of Roman imperialism. Rejecting outdated notions about Romanization, the book focuses instead on the concept of identity to reveal a Roman society made up of far-flung populations whose experience of empire varied enormously. It examines the nature of power in Rome and the means by which the Roman state exploited the natural, mercantile, and human resources within its frontiers. The book draws on the author's own archaeological work in Britain, Jordan, and North Africa and covers a broad range of topics, including sexual relations and violence; census-taking and taxation; mining and pollution; land and labor; and art and iconography. The book shows how the lives of those under Rome's dominion were challenged, enhanced, or destroyed by the empire's power, and in doing so he redefines the meaning and significance of Rome in today's debates about globalization, power, and empire. This book advances a new agenda for classical studies, one that views Roman rule from the perspective of the ruled and not just the rulers. A new preface reflects on some of the reactions prompted by the initial publication of the book.
Forms
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: November 2017

This book offers a powerful new answer to one of the most pressing problems facing literary, critical, and cultural studies today—how to connect form to political, social, and historical context. The book argues that forms organize not only works of art but also political life—and our attempts to know both art and politics. Inescapable and frequently troubling, forms shape every aspect of our experience. Yet, forms don't impose their order in any simple way. Multiple shapes, patterns, and arrangements, overlapping and colliding, generate complex and unpredictable social landscapes that challenge and unsettle conventional analytic models in literary and cultural studies. Borrowing the concept of “affordances” from design theory, this book investigates the specific ways that four major forms—wholes, rhythms, hierarchies, and networks—have structured culture, politics, and scholarly knowledge across periods, and it proposes exciting new ways of linking formalism to historicism and literature to politics. The book rereads both formalist and antiformalist theorists, including Cleanth Brooks, Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière, Mary Poovey, and Judith Butler, and offers engaging accounts of a wide range of objects, from medieval convents and modern theme parks to Sophocles's Antigone and the television series The Wire. The result is a radically new way of thinking about form for the next generation and essential reading for scholars and students across the humanities who must wrestle with the problem of form and context.
Consciousness
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what John Locke means by consciousness in relation to his account of personal identity. It begins with the statement that the only things of which one can be Conscious are: [M] human material body, [I] immaterial soul (if any), and [A] one's actions and experiences (including one's thoughts in the narrower cognitive sense). In other words, these, presumably, are what wholly constitute one as a person, in Locke's view, at any given time: [P] = [M] ± [I] + [A]. If the notion of a person were a wholly or merely moral notion, one would expect the being or extent of oneself as person to be identical to the being or extent of one's field of responsibility. In fact, the notion of oneself as person also includes one's substantial makeup, material and/or immaterial. The chapter also considers the link between memory and consciousness.
A Fatal Error of Locke’s?
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the unqualified attribution of the radical theory to John Locke is mistaken if we are to take into account the fact that the theory allows for freaks like [Sₓ]. It first considers [I]-transfer without [P]-transfer—that is, [I]-transfer preserving personal identity—before discussing Locke's response to the idea that personal identity might survive [I]-transfer from an a priori point of view. It suggests that [I]-transfer is possible in such a way that the existence of a single Person [P₁] from t₁ to t₂ can successively (and non-overlappingly) involve the existence of two immaterial substances. It also explains how Locke's claim that [I]-transfer is possible opens up the possibility that it could go wrong, in such a way as to lead to injustice. Finally, it examines Locke's notion of “sensible creature,” which refers to a subject of experience who is a person.
Aristocracy about 1760: Theory and Practice
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the prevailing notion in the eighteenth century that nobility was a necessary bulwark of political freedom. Whether in the interest of a more open nobility or of a more closed and impenetrable nobility, the view was the same. Nobility as such, nobility as an institution, was necessary to the maintenance of a free constitution. There was also a general consensus that parliaments or ruling councils were autonomous, self-empowered, or empowered by history, heredity, social utility, or God; that they were in an important sense irresponsible, free to oppose the King (where there was one), and certainly owing no accounting to the “people.” The remainder of the chapter deals with the uses and abuses of social rank and the problems of administration, recruitment, taxation, and class consciousness.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Viruses or Microbes, but Not Both
Authors: Weitz Joshua S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the evolutionary dynamics of viruses. Preexisting variation in host phenotypes include variants with different levels of susceptibility to viruses, including complete resistance. Formative studies of the basis of the mutation rate relied upon virus–host interactions and the possibility of the evolution of resistance to infection. Viruses represent a strong selective pressure and can induce evolution among hosts. Host evolution, as induced by viruses, includes novel forms of ecological dynamics, including cryptic dynamics. Infection of hosts represents a strong selective pressure for viruses. Viruses that differ in their life history traits vary in their fitness and can invade and replace existing viral strains. The latent period represents a model trait for the further study of the evolution of intermediate phenotypes. Evolution among other traits is also possible, including who infects whom.
Poetic Trespass
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

A Palestinian-Israeli poet declares a new state whose language, “Homelandic,” is a combination of Arabic and Hebrew. A Jewish-Israeli author imagines a “language plague” that infects young Hebrew speakers with old world accents, and sends the narrator in search of his Arabic heritage. This book brings together such startling visions to offer the first in-depth study of the relationship between Hebrew and Arabic in the literature and culture of Israel/Palestine. More than that, the book presents a captivating portrait of the literary imagination's power to transgress political boundaries and transform ideas about language and belonging. Blending history and literature, the book traces the interwoven life of Arabic and Hebrew in Israel/Palestine from the turn of the twentieth century to the present, exposing the two languages' intimate entanglements in contemporary works of prose, poetry, film, and visual art by both Palestinian and Jewish citizens of Israel. In a context where intense political and social pressures work to identify Jews with Hebrew and Palestinians with Arabic, the book finds writers who have boldly crossed over this divide to create literature in the language of their “other,” as well as writers who bring the two languages into dialogue to rewrite them from within. Exploring such acts of poetic trespass, the book introduces new readings of canonical and lesser-known authors, including Emile Habiby, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Anton Shammas, Saul Tchernichowsky, Samir Naqqash, Ronit Matalon, Salman Masalha, A. B. Yehoshua, and Almog Behar. By revealing uncommon visions of what it means to write in Arabic and Hebrew, the book will change the way we understand literature and culture in the shadow of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Between Slavery and Capitalism
Authors: Ruef Martin
Published: November 2017

At the center of the upheavals brought by emancipation in the American South was the economic and social transition from slavery to modern capitalism. This book examines how this institutional change affected individuals, organizations, and communities in the late nineteenth century, as blacks and whites alike learned to navigate the shoals between two different economic worlds. In the aftermath of the Civil War, uncertainty was a pervasive feature of life in the South, affecting the economic behavior and social status of former slaves, Freedmen's Bureau agents, planters, merchants, and politicians, among others. Emancipation brought fundamental questions: How should emancipated slaves be reimbursed in wage contracts? What occupations and class positions would be open to blacks and whites? What forms of agricultural tenure could persist? And what paths to economic growth would be viable? To understand the escalating uncertainty of the postbellum era, the book draws on a wide range of qualitative and quantitative data, including several thousand interviews with former slaves, letters, labor contracts, memoirs, survey responses, census records, and credit reports. The book identifies profound changes between the economic institutions of the Old and New South and sheds new light on how the legacy of emancipation continues to affect political discourse and race and class relations today.
Ruler and Ruled
Authors: El Amine Loubna
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the relationship between ruler and ruled that Confucians advocated for the new territorial states. It argues against two common interpretations of this relationship: the virtue-centered view that presents Confucian government as aiming at the inculcation of virtue in the citizenry, and the (proto-)democratic view that highlights the people's role in the choice and removal of the ruler. Rather, the underlying motif of Confucian political thought is a concern with political order and that this order is produced, in its basic level, by forging a complementary relation between the ruler and the common people. The chapter also distinguishes between kings and hegemons, arguing that hegemons are somewhat accepted by the early Confucians since they are successful at establishing a minimal level of order.
An Introduction to Benford's Law
Authors: Berger Arno , Hill Theodore P.
Published: November 2017

This book provides the first comprehensive treatment of Benford's law, the surprising logarithmic distribution of significant digits discovered in the late nineteenth century. Establishing the mathematical and statistical principles that underpin this intriguing phenomenon, the text combines up-to-date theoretical results with overviews of the law's colorful history, rapidly growing body of empirical evidence, and wide range of applications. The book begins with basic facts about significant digits, Benford functions, sequences, and random variables, including tools from the theory of uniform distribution. After introducing the scale-, base-, and sum-invariance characterizations of the law, the book develops the significant-digit properties of both deterministic and stochastic processes, such as iterations of functions, powers of matrices, differential equations, and products, powers, and mixtures of random variables. Two concluding chapters survey the finitely additive theory and the flourishing applications of Benford's law. Carefully selected diagrams, tables, and close to 150 examples illuminate the main concepts throughout. The book includes many open problems, in addition to dozens of new basic theorems and all the main references. A distinguishing feature is the emphasis on the surprising ubiquity and robustness of the significant-digit law. The book can serve as both a primary reference and a basis for seminars and courses.
Reverse Engineering the Polity
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the conditions of sovereignty. It argues that sovereignty requires the continual reproduction of (at least) three conditions: (1) establishment of a coherent public defined by relations of inclusion and exclusion that are materially marked and regulated; (2) definition of a sovereign figure (whether individual or corporate), cut away from the community by instruments of social and martial violence; and (3) manufacture of an apparatus capable of formalizing governance by transforming the polity itself into an object of desire, of care, and of devotion. It then goes on to consider the concept of the political machine, the object matter of sovereignty, and the Caucasus. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The Political Machine in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: November 2017

In the Late Bronze Age, the polities in the South Caucasus developed a new assemblage directed toward transforming charismatic authority into formal sovereignty. This chapter examines the assembling of this political machine, which drew the civilization and war machines into an extensive apparatus of rule, one that resolved the paradox at the heart of the joint operation of both. This novel political machine did not supersede the war and civilization machines. Rather, the political machine cloaked their contradictions, allowing the relation of the one to the many to persist as a “mystery” of sovereignty. The political machine not only provided the instruments of judicial ordering and bureaucratic regulation but it also transformed the polity itself into an object of devotion, securing not simply the surrender of subjects but their active commitment to the reproduction of sovereignty.
Magazines and the Making of America
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: November 2017

From the colonial era to the onset of the Civil War, this book looks at how magazines and the individuals, organizations, and circumstances they connected ushered America into the modern age. How did a magazine industry emerge in the United States, where there were once only amateur authors, clumsy technologies for production and distribution, and sparse reader demand? What legitimated magazines as they competed with other media, such as newspapers, books, and letters? And what role did magazines play in the integration or division of American society? From their first appearance in 1741, magazines brought together like-minded people, wherever they were located and whatever interests they shared. As America became socially differentiated, magazines engaged and empowered diverse communities of faith, purpose, and practice. Religious groups could distinguish themselves from others and demarcate their identities. Social reform movements could energize activists across the country to push for change. People in specialized occupations could meet and learn from one another to improve their practices. Magazines built translocal communities—collections of people with common interests who were geographically dispersed and could not easily meet face-to-face. By supporting communities that crossed various axes of social structure, magazines also fostered pluralistic integration. Looking at the important role that magazines had in mediating and sustaining critical debates and diverse groups of people, this book considers how these print publications helped construct a distinctly American society.
Introduction
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: November 2017

This book explores the role that magazines played in the modernization of America, and particularly in the development of translocal communities, during the period 1741–1860. Drawing on original data obtained from 5,362 magazines published during this period, the book analyzes how the growing number and variety of magazines promoted and directed modern community building in America. It investigates the ways that magazines affected and were affected by key features of American society, including rapid population growth and urbanization; breakthroughs in printing and papermaking technologies; the rise of religious communities and social reform movements; the growth of educational institutions; and the emergence of scientific agriculture. This introduction reviews scholarship on modernization and community and explains how these concepts apply to America during the period. It also provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Religion
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the interplay between magazines and religion, with emphasis on how the growing number and variety of magazines supported and channeled community building in America—including the translocal communities that were a big part of the modernization of American society. It first considers how American religion evolved during the period 1740–1860, citing in particular the rise of national religious organizations. It then explores the relationship between religious events and institutions, on the one hand, and religious magazines on the other. It also describes the fragmentation of American churches in disputes over theology and politics and concludes by explaining how the proliferation of religious magazines affected the rest of the magazine industry.
Ḥamad al-Jāsir: A Life in Context
Authors: Samin Nadav
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the twentieth-century history of Saudi Arabia through the biography of Hamad al-Jāsir. More than any other single person, al-Jāsir was responsible for shaping the modern genealogical culture of Saudi Arabia. The chapter examines al-Jāsir's life from his birth in 1909 in a central Arabian village to the beginnings of his genealogical project in the 1970s. It considers al-Jāsir's sometimes tumultuous relationship with his patrons in the Wahhabi religious establishment, his contributions to the development of the Saudi press and public culture, and his views on Arabia's bedouin populations and on the Arabic language. It also explores al-Jāsir's turn toward scholarship and the documenting of Saudi lineages in the last third of his life.
Parallel Migrations, Divergent Destinations
Authors: Samin Nadav
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the role of race in Saudi narratives of tribal authenticity by focusing on two stories of migration from a common point of origin, the villages and grazing lands south of Medina. The parallel migrations are rooted primarily in the collective memories of two kin groups: the Shubūl and the descendants of one Hasan al-Nuʻaymī who are now living in the western Arabian oasis town of al-ʻUlā. After discussing the genealogical politics of al-ʻUlā, the chapter explores how the intense pressure to claim affiliation with historically recognized Arabian tribes plays out in al-ʻUlā. It shows that the people of al-ʻUlā are (ironically) constituted more “tribally” than many bedouin- origin Saudis who assert nominal tribal identities across the kingdom's atomized spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Zuba Jesse
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the unique trajectories of poetic careers throughout contemporary history. It briefly follows the twentieth-century poets discussed in this volume in engaging career from a variety of angles. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's influential sociology of cultural production, this chapter takes as a basic premise the idea that poets' trajectories generally lead across the field of production from a dominated position to a dominant one through the accumulation of recognition in the forms of publications, honors, and profits. This gradually intensifying alignment with the establishment comes at a cost, and a particularly significant one for poets, insofar as poetry defines “the most perfectly autonomous sector of the field of cultural production.”
An Archaeology Of Artificial Life, Underwater
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how scientists working on Artificial Life have understood their practices as situated historically. It first considers the practice of finding genealogies for Artificial Life, arguing that such a search for ancestors carries acute historiographical and epistemological dangers. It then comments on computer simulations that fashion the computer as a kind of fish tank into which users can peer to see artificial life forms swimming about. It also discusses a different realm of modeling, that of cognition in Artificial Intelligence. The chapter concludes by suggesting a mode of imagining history that it calls an underwater archaeology of knowledge. In an underwater archaeology of knowledge, representational artifacts become mixed in with portraits of the world, requiring new sorts of narrative disentangling and qualification.
The Signature Of Life
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the project of astrobiology and its object, the “signature of life,” by drawing on the work of Hillel Schwartz, particularly his writing on time in Century's End, on duplication in The Culture of the Copy, and on signification in “De-Signing.” Schwartz's work can provide a fresh angle on the doublings, redoublings, definitions, and redefinitions at the heart of astrobiology's quest for extraterrestrial life. His crabwise approach offers provocative paratactical techniques for traversing the networks of association, acknowledged and unacknowledged, that support the concept of the signature of life. The chapter first considers the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), through the optic of Schwartz's writings on copying and his work on noise before discussing astrobiology's notion of the signature of life. It also offers suggestions for thwarting the overreaching of the theoretical impulse in both life sciences and humanities.
Time And The Tsunami
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter reports on an oceanographic conference held in Goa, India, just after the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004. It describes the various kinds of time—of the ocean, of scientific research, of disaster, of governance—through which scientists and others grappled with the disaster and its implications. A last-minute addition to the conference schedule, a talk, “The Recent Seismic Event off Sumatra,” was delivered by Satish Singh, a geoscientist from the Institute de Physique du Globe in Paris. In a setting in which “geological time” had been the organizing catchphrase— and an epistemological mooring for scientific objectivity— Singh's talk came closest to summoning up the uncertainties in scale that characterize oscillating ocean time, the at-sea feeling that attention to watery time can engender.
From Spaceship Earth To Google Ocean
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how digital media represent seawater, relying upon, but also making invisible, the built infrastructures—commercial, political, military—that have permitted the oceanic world to be described as something like a “global ocean” in the first place. Drawing on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, it explores how Earth and its ocean, as they have been ported into the digital, have become a confusing mixture of different kinds of signs—the sorts Peirce would have called indexes, icons, and symbols. It considers a kindred image-object, Google Ocean, and how Google Earth politics is connected to it, as well as what sort of representation of the planetary sea is in the making in these digital days. It argues that Google Ocean is a mottled mash of icons, indexes, and symbols of the marine and maritime world as well as a simultaneously dystopian and utopian diagram of the sea.
Underwater Music
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines water and seawater as media for modernist and experimental music, representing the ocean as a site of life sublime and endangered. More specifically, it considers the ways that the underwater realm manifests a scientifically, technologically, and epistemologically apprehensible zone. It does so by auditing underwater music, a genre of twentieth- and twenty-first-century composition performed or recorded under water in settings ranging from swimming pools to the ocean, with playback unfolding above water or beneath. Composers of underwater music are especially curious about scientific accounts of how sound behaves in water and eager to acquire technologies of subaqueous sound production. The chapter shows that listening to underwater music reveals water transforming from the static and sonared seas of Cold War modernism to the dynamic and confusing seas of global warming, from seas sound and sounded to seas unsound.
From England to France
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: November 2017

At the height of the Middle Ages, a peculiar system of perpetual exile— or abjuration—flourished in western Europe. It was a judicial form of exile, not political or religious, and it was meted out to felons for crimes deserving of severe corporal punishment or death. This book explores the lives of these men and women who were condemned to abjure the English realm, and draws on their unique experiences to shed light on a medieval legal tradition until now very poorly understood. The book weaves an historical tapestry, examining the judicial and administrative processes that led to the abjuration of more than seventy-five thousand English subjects, and recounting the astonishing journeys of the exiles themselves. Some were innocents caught up in tragic circumstances, but many were hardened criminals. Almost every English exile departed from the port of Dover, many bound for the same French village, a place called Wissant. The book vividly describes what happened when the felons got there, and tells the stories of the few who managed to return to England, either illegally or through pardons. The book provides new insights into a fundamental pillar of medieval English law and shows how it collapsed amid the bloodshed of the Hundred Years' War.
1 “The Abduction of the Beautiful wife” as International Tale
Authors: Edmunds Lowell
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the folktales that attest the recurring story-pattern contained in the Helen myth. The comparison between the texts under discussion and the ancient Greek myth of Helen requires that they be described typologically. Hence the chapter first provides an overview of typology in folklore studies and the various concepts and approaches to be taken with the Abduction story. It then embarks on a more detailed analysis of “The Abduction of the Beautiful Wife,” breaking it down piece by piece and discussing recurring motifs, typologies, characters, variations across similar stories or stories which fall under the same type as the Abduction, and other such elements that repeat or break from the pattern.
Dioscuri
Authors: Edmunds Lowell
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the divine twins, the “Dioscuri,” to which Helen is variously related in the mythology. After reviewing the evidence for the theft of Helen and her rescue by the Dioscuri, the chapter studies the Indo-European background of the trio, and attempts to reconstruct an Indo-European prototype story. Turning back to the Greeks, the chapter asks if the evidence for the three characters suggests some more primordial trio lying behind the rescue story. However, the chapter abandons the search for Indo-European or primordial prototypes of the story for want of sufficient evidence, though it argues that, nevertheless, one does not have to deny every kind of Indo-European explanation.
Biblical Discourses of Law
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes biblical discourses of divine law. It begins by examining those biblical texts that emphasize the emergence of divine law from the divine will. These texts stand as resources for later readers who seek to construe biblical divine law as positive law. It then turns to texts that emphasize elements of divine wisdom in the Law. These texts stand as resources for later readers who seek to construe biblical divine law in terms of natural law. Finally, it examines texts that narrate the historical circumstances under which this multifaceted law came into being and its role in the divine plan for Israel and humankind.
Bridging the Gap: Divine Law in Hellenistic and Second Temple Jewish Sources
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Hellenistic Jewish writings and Second Temple period texts that to various degrees accept the Greek dichotomy between natural law and conventional law. It examines Hellenistic Jewish writings that try to bridge the gap between biblical and Greco-Roman conceptions of divine law by applying the latter's discourses of natural law to biblical divine law. This apologetic effort culminates in the writings of Philo, who identifies the Mosaic Law with the natural law and confers upon it the attributes of rationality, truth, universality, and fixity. The chapter also considers Second Temple period writings that bridge the gap between biblical and classical conceptions of divine law by moving in the opposite direction: these writings transfer some of the attributes of biblical divine law to the laws that govern the natural world.
Minding the Gap: Paul
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a sharply contrasting response to the cognitive dissonance engendered by the incongruity between biblical and classical notions of divine law. This response distinguished biblical divine law from classical divine law. Far from bridging the gap between the universal law grounded in reason and the particular Mosaic Law grounded in will, this response chose to emphasize it, attributing few or none of the features of classical divine law to biblical Law. Versions of this response in the period under study are found in the Gospels and other New Testament books, especially the letters of Paul, and in subsequent Christian writings. The chapter examines select passages touching on the Law in the writings of Paul as but one example of this response.
The Locust and the Bee
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2017

The recent economic crisis was a dramatic reminder that capitalism can both produce and destroy. It's a system that by its very nature encourages predators and creators, locusts and bees. But, as this book argues, the economic crisis also presents a historic opportunity to choose a radically different future for capitalism, one that maximizes its creative power and minimizes its destructive force. In an engaging and wide-ranging argument, the book digs into the history of capitalism across the world to show its animating ideas, its utopias and dystopias, as well as its contradictions and possibilities. Drawing on a subtle framework for understanding systemic change, the book shows how new political settlements reshaped capitalism in the past and are likely to do so in the future. By reconnecting value to real-life ideas of growth, the book argues, efficiency and entrepreneurship can be harnessed to promote better lives and relationships rather than just a growth in the quantity of material consumption. Healthcare, education, and green industries are already becoming dominant sectors in the wealthier economies, and the fields of social innovation, enterprise, and investment are rapidly moving into the mainstream—all indicators of how capital could be made more of a servant and less a master. This is a book for anyone who wonders where capitalism might be heading next—and who wants to help make sure that its future avoids the mistakes of the past.
Descent in Buildings (AM-190)
Authors: Mühlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This book begins with the resolution of a major open question about the local structure of Bruhat-Tits buildings. It then puts forward an algebraic solution into a geometric context by developing a general fixed point theory for groups acting on buildings of arbitrary type, giving necessary and sufficient conditions for the residues fixed by a group to form a kind of subbuilding or “form” of the original building. At the center of this theory is the notion of a Tits index, a combinatorial version of the notion of an index in the relative theory of algebraic groups. These results are combined at the end to show that every exceptional Bruhat-Tits building arises as a form of a “residually pseudo-split” building. The book concludes with a display of the Tits indices associated with each of these exceptional forms. This is the third and final volume of a trilogy that began with The Structure of Spherical Buildings and The Structure of Affine Buildings.
Quadratic Forms
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a few standard definitions and results about quadratic forms and polar spaces. It begins by defining a quadratic module and a quadratic space and proceeds by discussing a hyperbolic quadratic module and a hyperbolic quadratic space. A quadratic module is hyperbolic if it can be written as the orthogonal sum of finitely many hyperbolic planes. Hyperbolic quadratic modules are strictly non-singular and free of even rank and they remain hyperbolic under arbitrary scalar extensions. A hyperbolic quadratic space is a quadratic space that is hyperbolic as a quadratic module. The chapter also considers a split quadratic space and a round quadratic space, along with the splitting extension and splitting field of of a quadratic space.
Moufang Polygons
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces some basic facts about Moufang polygons and root group sequences. For each root group sequence Ω‎, there is a unique Moufang polygon Δ‎ such that Ω‎ is isomorphic to a root group sequence of Δ‎. The classification of Moufang n-gons states that, up to isomorphism, there are no other Moufang polygons. The chapter also considers the notion of an isomorphism of root group sequences and the notion of an anti-isomorphism of root group sequences. It concludes with an example involving a non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space and a generalized quadrangle with a root group sequence.
Linked Tori, II
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter proves several more results about weak isomorphisms between Moufang sets arising from quadratic forms and involutory sets. It first fixes a non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space Λ‎ = (K, L, q) before considering two proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic spaces. It then describes a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, a second quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, and an involutory set with a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution. It concludes with one more small observation regarding a pointed anisotropic quadratic space and shows that there is a unique multiplication on L that turns L into an integral domain with a multiplicative identity.
Quadratic Forms of Type E6, E7 and E8
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents various results about quadratic forms of type E⁶, E₇, and E₈. It first recalls the definition of a quadratic space Λ‎ = (K, L, q) of type Eℓ for ℓ = 6, 7 or 8. If D₁, D₂, and D₃ are division algebras, a quadratic form of type E⁶ can be characterized as the anisotropic sum of two quadratic forms, one similar to the norm of a quaternion division algebra D over K and the other similar to the norm of a separable quadratic extension E/K such that E is a subalgebra of D over K. Also, there exist fields of arbitrary characteristic over which there exist quadratic forms of type E⁶, E₇, and E₈. The chapter also considers a number of propositions regarding quadratic spaces, including anisotropic quadratic spaces, and proves some more special properties of quadratic forms of type E₅, E⁶, E₇, and E₈.
Quadratic Forms of Type F4
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents various results about quadratic forms of type F₄. The Moufang quadrangles of type F₄ were discovered in the course of carrying out the classification of Moufang polygons and gave rise to the notion of a quadratic form of type F₄. The chapter begins with the notation stating that a quadratic space Λ‎ = (K, L, q) is of type F₄ if char(K) = 2, q is anisotropic and: for some separable quadratic extension E/K with norm N; for some subfield F of K containing K² viewed as a vector space over K with respect to the scalar multiplication (t, s) ↦ t²s for all (t, s) ∈ K x F; and for some α‎ ∈ F* and some β‎ ∈ K*. The chapter also considers a number of propositions regarding quadratic spaces and discrete valuations.
Tits Indices
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the notion of a Tits index and the notion of the relative Coxeter diagram of a Tits index. It first defines a Tits index, which can be anisotropic or isotropic, quasi-split or split, before considering a number of propositions regarding compatible representations. It then gives a proof of the theorem that includes two assumptions about a Coxeter system, focusing on the absolute Coxeter system, the relative Coxeter system, and the relative Coxeter group of the Tits index, as well as the absolute Coxeter diagram (or absolute type), the relative Coxeter diagram (or relative type), and the absolute rank and the relative rank of the Tits index. The chapter concludes with some observations about the case that (W, S) is spherical, irreducible or affine.
Fixed Point Buildings
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the proof for the Fundamental Theorem of Descent in buildings: that if Γ‎ is a descent group, the set of residues of a building Δ‎ that are stabilized by a subgroup Γ‎ of Aut(Γ‎) forms a thick building. It begins with the hypothesis: Let Π‎ be an arbitrary Coxeter diagram, let S be the vertex set of Π‎ and let (W, S) be the corresponding Coxeter system. It then defines a Γ‎-residue and a Γ‎-chamber as well as a descent group of Δ‎ before concluding with the main result about the fixed point building of Γ‎.
The Standard Metric
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents some results about groups generated by reflections and the standard metric on a Bruhat-Tits building. It begins with definitions relating to an affine subspace, an affine hyperplane, an affine span, an affine map, and an affine transformation. It then considers a notation stating that the convex closure of a subset a of X is the intersection of all convex sets containing a and another notation that denotes by AGL(X) the group of all affine transformations of X and by Trans(X) the set of all translations of X. It also describes Euclidean spaces and assumes that the real vector space X is of finite dimension n and that d is a Euclidean metric on X. Finally, it discusses Euclidean representations and the standard metric.
Residually Pseudo-Split Buildings
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents results about a residually pseudo-split Bruhat-Tits building Ξ‎L. It begins with a case for some quadratic space of type E⁶, E₇, and E₈ in order to identify an unramified extension such that the residue field is a pseudo-splitting field. It then considers a wild quaternion or octonion division algebra and the existence of an unramified quadratic extension L/K such that L is a splitting field of the quaternion division algebra. It also discusses the properties of an unramified extension L/K and shows that every exceptional Bruhat-Tits building is the fixed point building of a strictly semi-linear descent group of a residually pseudo-split building.
Orthogonal Buildings
Authors: M¨uhlherr Bernhard , Petersson Holger P. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a few results about certain forms of orthogonal buildings. It begins with notations stating that V is a K-vector space of positive dimension, (K, V, q) is a quadratic space of positive dimension, (K, V, q) is a regular quadratic space of positive Witt index, S is the vertex set of the Coxeter diagram, (K, V, q) is a hyperbolic quadratic space of dimension 2n for some n greater than or equal to 3, S is the vertex set of the Coxeter diagram for some n greater than or equal to 3, and Dn.l,script small l is the Tits index of absolute type Dn for n greater than or equal to 3. The chapter also considers propositions dealing with regular quadratic spaces and hyperbolic quadratic spaces.
Preliminary notions
Authors: Conrad Brian , Prasad Gopal
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers some preliminary notions, starting with standard pseudo-reductive groups, Levi subgroups, and root systems. It reviews the “standard construction” of pseudo-reductive k-groups and shows that any connected reductive group equipped with a chosen split maximal torus is generated by that maximal torus and its root groups for the simple positive and negative roots relative to a choice of positive system of roots in the root system. It also discusses the basic exotic construction, noting that the only nontrivial multiplicities that occur for the edges of Dynkin diagrams of reduced irreducible root systems are 2 and 3. Finally, it explains the minimal type pseudo-reductive k-group G, along with quotient homomorphism between pseudo-reductive groups.
Central extensions and groups locally of minimal type
Authors: Conrad Brian , Prasad Gopal
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with central extensions and groups locally of minimal type. It begins with a discussion of the general lemma on the behavior of the scheme-theoretic center with respect to the formation of central quotient maps between pseudo-reductive groups; this lemma generalizes a familiar fact in the connected reductive case. The chapter then considers four phenomena that go beyond the quadratic case, along with a pseudo-reductive group of minimal type that is locally of minimal type. It shows that the pseudo-split absolutely pseudo-simple k-groups of minimal type with a non-reduced root system are classified over any imperfect field of characteristic 2. In this classification there is no effect if the “minimal type” hypothesis is relaxed to “locally of minimal type.”
The Dimensions of Social Conflict at the End of World War I
Authors: Maier Charles S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines social conflict at the end of World War I in three dimensions: in terms of class, elite, and interest groups. Conservatives throughout Europe were preoccupied with class divisions and the vulnerability of their own favored stations in life, but their sense of vulnerability emerged in different language and day-to-day disputes. In France, social defensiveness was revealed directly by continuing justification and discussion of the bourgeoisie, while in Germany the fixation with the Social Democratic Party and in Italy the defense of “liberalism” disclosed underlying class malaise. The chapter explains how these differences emerged within a pervasive anxiety about social polarization. It also considers the ways in which the elites sought to utilize the opportunity to reassert their older social hegemony in the context of corporate capitalism.
The Limits of Economic Restructuring
Authors: Maier Charles S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the problems encountered by France, Germany, and Italy as they each embarked on economic restructuring after World War I. A new bourgeois equilibrium seemed attainable in each country during the period; it rested on a consensus that united elites and middle classes against militant working-class claims. Capitalism and bourgeois hierarchies proved more resilient than either defenders or attackers had assumed. Furthermore, the movement of restoration was wider than the three societies. Across the Atlantic, “red scare” and recession were ushering in the era of normalcy. The chapter considers the evolution of leftist objectives in France, Germany, and Italy that accompanied the transition from the turmoil of 1918–1919 to the bourgeois recovery of 1920–1921. It also discusses the strategies of bourgeois defense and the failure of socialization in the German coal industry.