bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping With School Violence Through the Lens of Teachers' Role Breadth
Authors: Somech Anit , Oplatka Izhar
Published: April 2009

Purpose: The current literature's call for a more ecological approach to violence theory, research, and practice stimulated the current study. This model postulates that teachers' willingness to engage in behaviors intended to tackle violence in school as part of their in-role duties (role breadth) will affect school violence. Specifically, the model examined the mediating role of teachers' role breadth in the relationship of the organizational-level factors of participative management and job autonomy with school violence. Method: Data were collected from a survey of 1,512 teachers and their principals at 119 elementary schools in the northern and central parts of Israel. Findings: The structural equation model confirmed the main hypotheses and indicated that for both job autonomy and participative management only the indirect paths (job autonomy—role breadth— school violence; participative management—role breadth—school violence) were significant. These results indicated that role breadth fully mediated the relationship between participative management and job autonomy and school violence. Conclusions: These results carry important practical implications for administrators to help schools cope with the phenomenon of violence. Understanding why teachers choose to broaden their role is important in decreasing school violence. Schools that encourage staff members to see themselves as part of the picture in all aspects of school functioning by involving them in the decision making process, and by providing them with opportunities for discretion, will benefit teachers who believe that student safety is possible and are willing to tackle the phenomenon of violence in schools as part of their in-role duties.
The Transformation of French Industrial Relations: Labor Representation and the State in a Post-Dirigiste Era
Authors: Howell Chris
Published: April 2009

Despite continued social protest, something quite fundamental has changed in the regulation of class relations in France. This article explores two paradoxes of this transformation. First, a dense network of institutions of social dialogue and worker representation has become implanted in French firms at the same time as trade union strength has declined. Second, the transformation has involved a relaxation of centralized labor market regulation on the part of the state, yet the French state remains a central actor in the reconstruction of the industrial relations system. Institutional reform of industrial relations could not take place without the active intervention of the state because employers and trade unions alone were unable to create durable industrial relations institutions. The collapse of trade unionism meant the need for new actors on the labor side and only the state could both create and confer legitimacy upon those new actors.
Renegotiating the Swedish Social Democratic Settlement: From Pension Fund Socialism to Neoliberalization
Authors: Belfrage Claes , Ryner Magnus
Published: April 2009

Steering a middle course between the strong neoliberalization thesis and arguments that deny that neoliberalization has occurred, this article accounts for the complex and hybridic shift in Sweden from pension reform through share ownership as a socialist strategy to an as-of-yet incomplete and contradictory neoliberal process. Noting the broader significance of Sweden for the international debate over pension reform, the article unpacks the concept of “mass investment culture” to discern the significant headway toward neoliberalization in Swedish pension savings and provision while still noting profound sources of crisis tendencies.
Exploring English Phraseology with Two Tools
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: April 2009

The study of phraseology, which not long ago was often dismissed as a linguistic activity of only minor interest, has now come into its own and is an increasingly popular and diversified field, with many different approaches and foci of interest. Significantly, regardless of their particular focus and goals, more and more writers adopt corpus-based approaches to phraseological phenomena. This article arises from a larger study of various phraseological networks based on the English cultural keyword sense (as in, e.g., a sense of humor, a sense of direction and a sense of relief), and it explores some types of sense-based collocations with two tools: the NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) semantic methodology and Google. The article argues that the use of corpora and the Web combined with the use of NSM methodology opens new perspectives for the semantic and cultural study of English phraseology.
Relationship of Bender Gestalt Developmental Scores and Human Drawing Developmental Scores in a Sample of Turkish Preschool Children
Authors: Özer Serap
Published: April 2009

The Bender Gestalt test and Human Drawings are frequently utilized tests in assessing school readiness in children. This study was a pilot attempt to evaluate these two tests in a Turkish sample as they relate to first grade behaviour as measured by teacher ratings. One hundred and five children were evaluated at the end of kindergarten using the Bender Gestalt test and Draw A Person Test. The Koppitz (1968, 1975) system was utilized in the scoring of both tests. The children were followed-up and teacher ratings on three academic dimensions and three behavioural dimensions were obtained at the end of the first grade. Significant correlations were obtained between the Bender Gestalt and Human Drawings of the children and teacher ratings of academic achievement and behavioural adaptation at the end of first grade. It appears that the Bender Gestalt test performance at the end of kindergarten is strongly correlated with teacher observations at the end of first grade. Although the relationship between Human Drawing scores and teacher ratings of academic behaviour was not as strong, a relationship was observed between teacher ratings of peer relations and conduct and these scores.
Are Changes in Students' Perceptions of the Learning Environment Related to Changes in Emotional and Behavioural Problems?
Authors: Thuen Elin , Bru Edvin
Published: April 2009

Previous cross-sectional based research suggests that students' perceptions of the learning environment are associated with emotional and behavioural problems (EBP). However, it is not clear to what extent the associations identified are merely reflections of individual student characteristics. The present study explored this issue by utilizing a pre-test post-test design to minimize the influence of stable individual characteristics on associations of perceived learning environment with EBP. By conducting the study in a Norwegian secondary school implementing relatively substantial changes in the learning environment we explored how changes in students' perceptions of the learning environment were related to changes in reports of EBP. Results suggest that associations between learning environment factors and EBP are not merely reflections of individual characteristics. Changes in EBP were significantly related to changes in most of the learning environment factors.
Marital and Parent—Child Relationships in Families With Daughters Who Have Eating Disorders
Authors: Latzer Yael , Lavee Yoav , Gal Sharon
Published: April 2009

This study assesses and compares the relationship between parents' marital quality, parent—child relationship, and severity of eating-related psychopathology in families with and without eating disorders. Data are collected from the mother, father, and daughter of 30 families with a daughter diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia and from 30 matched healthy control families. Results indicate that parents of daughters with anorexia or bulimia have significantly lower marital quality than the control group, and the daughters report lower relationship quality with their parents. Parent—child relationships serve as a mediating variable between parents' marital quality and severity of the eating-related psychopathology. Results highlight that higher marital quality is associated with better parent—child relationships, which are related to a lower severity of eating-related psychopathology.
Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Heart with Emphasis on E11.5 to E18.5
Authors: Savolainen Saija M. , Foley Julie F. , Elmore Susan A.
Published: April 2009

In humans, congenital heart diseases are common. Since the rapid progression of transgenic technologies, the mouse has become the major animal model of defective cardiovascular development. Moreover, genetically modified mice frequently die in utero, commonly due to abnormal cardiovascular development. A variety of publications address specific developmental stages or structures of the mouse heart, but a single reference reviewing and describing the anatomy and histology of cardiac developmental events, stage by stage, has not been available. The aim of this color atlas, which demonstrates embryonic/fetal heart development, is to provide a tool for pathologists and biomedical scientists to use for detailed histological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of the developing mouse heart with emphasis on embryonic days (E) 11.5–18.5. The selected images illustrate the main structures and developmental events at each stage and serve as reference material for the confirmation of the chronological age of the embryo/early fetus and assist in the identification of any abnormalities. An extensive review of the literature covering cardiac development pre-E11.5 is summarized in the introduction. Although the focus of this atlas is on the descriptive anatomic and histological development of the normal mouse heart from E11.5 to E18.5, potential embryonic cardiac lesions are discussed with a list of the most common transgenic pre- and perinatal heart defects. Representative images of hearts at E11.5–15.5 and E18.5 are provided in Figures 2–4, 6, 8, and 9. A complete set of labeled images (Figures E11.5–18.5) is available on the CD enclosed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. All digital images can be viewed online at https://niehsimages.epl-inc.com with the username “ToxPath” and the password “embryohearts.”
Viva Voce (Oral Examination) as an Assessment Method
Authors: Pearce Glenn , Lee Geoffrey
Published: April 2009

Viva voce (viva) or oral examinations are widely used in medical education, clinical examinations, and doctoral defenses, yet the assessment method is seldom adopted by university marketing departments. Correspondingly, the marketing education literature makes no reference to vivas as an alternative academic assessment technique. This research discusses the use of viva as a summative assessment method in university marketing education. Final-year marketing students undertaking an elective unit in services marketing were given an end-of-unit viva instead of a written examination. Fifty-four cartoon completion tests were analyzed to gain insight into student perceptions of the viva assessment task. Interpretive findings from this study suggest that viva is a valid and novel method of assessing learning outcomes such as application of deep learning, application of theory to practice, and problem-solving skills. The vivas enabled dialectic communication between the examiner and student and provided invaluable experience for career interviews. Although some students were anxious prior to the viva examination, on reflection they conceded that the process was user friendly. Based on these findings, implications for the adoption of vivas as an assessment method are discussed.
Increasing Incidence of Medial Meniscal Tears in Nonoperatively Treated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency Patients Documented by Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies
Authors: Yoo Jae Chul , Ahn Jin Hwan , Lee Sang Hak , Yoon Young Cheol
Published: April 2009

Background

No consensus has been reached with regard to the ideal timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in terms of reducing secondary meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knees.

Hypothesis

Delay in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction increases the incidence and severity of medial meniscal tears.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Thirty-one patients were evaluated with arthroscopic all-inside suturing of medial meniscal tears with concurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction who had at least 2 preoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Patients were evaluated during the acute phase of injury, but anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery was delayed at least 6 months. Mean interval between first and second imaging studies was 36.8 months. Subsequent medial meniscal tears were identified as longitudinal or bucket-handle types. Relationships between medial meniscal lesions and patient age, time interval between the date of initial injury and surgery, repetitive injury, and patient activity level were evaluated.

Results

During the first preoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies, 14 knees had no medial meniscal tear, 15 a longitudinal tear, and 2 a bucket-handle–type tear; during the second preoperative imaging studies, 5 knees had no medial meniscal tear, 19 a longitudinal tear, and 7 a bucket-handle–type tear. The incidence of medial meniscal tears increased from 55% in first studies to 84% in second studies for chronic anterior cruciate ligament–insufficient knees (P =. 0054). Eight knees without a tear during first studies had a longitudinal tear during second studies, 1 knee without a tear and 4 with a longitudinal tear in first studies had a bucket-handle–type tear in second studies. Thirteen knees (42%) had a worse meniscal status during the second studies.

Conclusion

Delayed anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction increases the likelihood of a medial meniscal tear, suggesting that early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction should reduce or prevent additional medial meniscal injury. The findings show that further medial meniscal damage is common if surgery is delayed by 6 months or more.
Initial Outcomes of 3-Dimensional Imaging-Based Computer-Assisted Retrograde Drilling of Talar Osteochondral Lesions
Authors: Geerling Jens , Zech Stefan , Kendoff Daniel , Citak Musa , O'Loughlin Padhraig F. , Hüfner Tobias , Krettek Christian , Richter Martinus
Published: April 2009

Background

In operative treatment of Berndt and Harty stage 1 and stage 2 osteochondral lesions of the talus, the goal is revascularization. The use of computer-assisted guided retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions has been described as a new technique with promising results.

Purpose

This study reports the follow-up assessment of patients treated with Iso-C-3D-navigated retrograde drilling. Its aim was to establish whether the greater precision of computer-assisted drilling results in satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Patients who underwent navigated Iso-C-3D-based retrograde drilling between June 1, 2003, and July 31, 2005, were included in the follow-up study. Clinical outcomes were measured using (1) the Ankle-Hindfoot Scale of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society and (2) the Visual Analogue Scale—Foot and Ankle. Radiological outcomes were assessed via radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgeon satisfaction was assessed using a simple 0 to 10 rating scheme for feasibility, accuracy, and clinical benefit.

Results

Average follow-up time was 25 months (range, 20-34). Twenty patients satisfied the inclusion criteria: 12 men and 8 women; mean age, 35 years (range, 19-58). One patient was excluded because he required a cartilage restoration procedure. All scores improved at the time of follow-up—Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, from 76 to 90 (P < .001); Visual Analogue Scale—Foot and Ankle, from 79 to 92 (P < .001). The average ratings of the operating surgeons (n = 3) were as follows: feasibility 9.0 (range, 7.3-10.0); accuracy, 8.5 (range, 5.8-10.0); and clinical benefit, 8.5 (5.7-10.0). At follow-up, magnetic resonance imaging revealed an improvement of the Hepple score in 80% of patients.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus is well established. A retrograde approach does not breach the overlying intact talar cartilage. The results of this follow-up study of 3-dimensional computer navigated drilling are promising.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Iliopsoas Tendon and Its Relationship to the Acetabular Labrum
Authors: Alpert Joshua M. , Kozanek Michal , Li Guoan , Kelly Bryan T. , Asnis Peter D.
Published: April 2009

Background

Hip pain in patients with normal bony anatomy and anterior labral injury may be related to compression of the iliopsoas tendon across the anterior capsulolabral complex. No attempts to characterize the 3-dimensional anatomy of the iliopsoas tendon and its relationship to the acetabular labrum have been reported to date.

Hypothesis

The iliopsoas tendon directly overlies the capsulolabral complex. Contribution of the muscle belly and tendon to the overall circumference at the level of the labrum is approximately the same.

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Materials and Methods

Eight hip joints were dissected and cross-sectional measurements of the iliopsoas muscle-tendon complex were performed using digital calipers and image analysis software.

Results

The iliopsoas tendon in all specimens was located directly anterior to the anterosuperior capsulolabral complex at the 2 to 3 o'clock position. The overall length of the iliopsoas tendon from the lesser trochanter to the acetabular labrum was 75.4 ± 0.9 mm. The circumference of the iliopsoas tendon at the lesser trochanter was 25.5 ± 2.6 mm, the iliopsoas tendon at the level of the labrum was 28.4 ± 2.8 mm, and the iliopsoas tendon–muscle belly complex at the level of the labrum was 63.8 ± 7.4 mm. At the level of the labrum, the iliopsoas is composed of 44.5% tendon and 55.5% muscle belly.

Conclusion

The close anatomic relationship of the iliopsoas tendon to the anterior capsulolabral complex suggests that iliopsoas pathologic changes at this level may lead to labral injury. Additionally, these data suggest that at the level of the labrum, 45% of the tendon–muscle belly complex should be released to release the entire tendinous portion.

Clinical Relevance

Knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy of the iliopsoas tendon and its relationship to the acetabular labrum will better assist surgeons in treating lesions associated with iliopsoas injury.
Comorbidities in Pediatric Epilepsy: Beyond ``Just'' Treating the Seizures
Authors: Hamiwka L.D. , Wirrell E.C.
Published: April 2009

The goal of this review is to discuss the comorbidities reported in specific epilepsy syndromes to examine possible underlying causes or associations and to present data on current therapies for these conditions. Comorbid conditions including cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric problems, and social difficulties are common in children with epilepsy, and often more disabling than the seizures themselves. Biological factors associated with a greater risk of comorbidity in epilepsy include younger age at seizure onset, cognitive impairment, temporal or frontal lobe onset, and intractability. Social factors correlating with greater risk include lower socioeconomic status, lower parental education level, and poorer family function. These comorbid conditions not only have a significant impact on the child but also are a source of increased stress and burden for families. Increased awareness and early diagnosis of these conditions may affect therapeutic intervention and long-term outcome as well as assist in better understanding of potential risk factors and biological mechanisms
Hemiparesis Is a Clinical Correlate of General Adaptive Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Reesman Jennifer , Gray Robert , Suskauer Stacy J. , Ferenc Lisa M. , Kossoff Eric H. , Lin Doris D. M. , Turin Elizabeth , Comi Anne M. , Brice Patrick J. , Zabel T. Andrew
Published: April 2009

This study sought to identify neurologic correlates of adaptive functioning in individuals with Sturge-Weber syndrome. A total of 18 children, adolescents, and young adults with Sturge-Weber syndrome with brain involvement were recruited from our Sturge-Weber center. All underwent neurologic examination (including review of clinical brain magnetic resonance imaging) and neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychological assessment included measures of intellectual ability and standardized parent report of adaptive functioning. Overall, Full Scale IQ and ratings of global adaptive functioning were both lower than the population-based norms (P < .05). Negative correlations were identified between adaptive functioning ratings, clinician ratings of cortical abnormality, and ratings of neurologic status. Hemiparesis (minimal versus prominent) was the only individual component of the rating scales that differentiated between individuals with nonimpaired and impaired adaptive functioning scores. Information obtained during neurological examination of children and adolescents with Sturge-Weber syndrome particularly hemiparetic status is useful for identifying children who may need additional intervention.
Historical GIS and Visualization
Authors: Fyfe David A. , Holdsworth Deryck W. , Weaver Chris
Published: April 2009

Historic hotel guest registers are used to extract data to map and analyze visitation patterns for commercial hotels in three small places in Central Pennsylvania during the late 19th century. In an era before the automobile, guestsheds reflect both the slow travel of the horse and wagon era and linkages via railroad networks to more distant places. Hotel registers in places off a railroad line generate different guestsheds than those on rail lines; those in county seats often show the influence of seasonal court sessions and county fairs. Although the application of a geographic information system (GIS) is useful for teasing out spatial variations in the data, temporal patterns are not so easily distinguished. This research reports on the use of Hotelviz, an integrated software for visual data analysis, to help confront the complex spatiotemporal trends that are to be found in the data.
Reconstructing Former Features of the Cultural Landscape Near Early Celtic Princely Seats in Southern Germany
Authors: Schuppert Christof , Dix Andreas
Published: April 2009

This study deals with the historical-geographical investigation of settlement structures of the early Iron Age in Central Europe using historical sources in cartographic and written form. To process and analyze the data from different sources and present the results, a Geographic Information System (GIS) is used. The results contribute to the exploration of both the historical topography of the so-called Early Celtic Princely Seats and the ecological and economic factors which contributed to their genesis.
Crisis in a Networked World
Authors: Palen Leysia , Vieweg Sarah , Liu Sophia B. , Hughes Amanda Lee
Published: April 2009

Crises and disasters have micro and macro social arrangements that differ from routine situations, as the field of disaster studies has described over its 100-year history. With increasingly pervasive information and communications technology and a changing political arena where terrorism is perceived as a major threat, the attention to crisis is high. Some of these new features of social life have created changes in disaster response that we are only beginning to understand. The University of Colorado is establishing an area of sociologically informed research and information and communications technology development in crisis informatics. This article reports on research that examines features of computer-mediated communication and information sharing activity during and after the April 16, 2007, crisis at Virginia Tech by members of the public. The authors consider consequences that these technology-supported social interactions have on emergency response and implications for methods in e-Social Science.
e-Social Science and Evidence-Based Policy Assessment
Authors: Edwards Peter , Farrington John H. , Mellish Chris , Philip Lorna J. , Chorley Alison H. , Hielkema Feikje , Pignotti Edoardo , Reid Richard , Polhill J. Gary , Gotts Nick M.
Published: April 2009

The PolicyGrid project is exploring the role of Grid, Semantic Web, and Web 2.0 technologies to support e-Social Science, with particular emphasis on tools to facilitate evidence-based policy making. In this article, we discuss the challenges associated with construction of a provenance framework to support evidence-based policy assessment. We then discuss ourSpaces, a virtual research environment for e-Social Science that uses the Web 2.0 paradigm as well as Semantic Grid technologies and which provides researchers with facilities for management of digital resources using a novel natural language interface.
Case Studies of e-Infrastructure Adoption
Authors: Barjak Franz , Lane Julia , Kertcher Zack , Poschen Meik , Procter Rob , Robinson Simon
Published: April 2009

This article reports results from a study of e-Infrastructure adoption in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). The authors find that bridging barriers between computer and domain scientists is of key importance. In particular, SSH communities have to be accepted as being distinct and not suited to a ‘‘one size fits all’’ strategy of e-Infrastructure diffusion. Sustainability was also a core issue, whereas barriers to resource sharing could mostly be resolved with technological solutions, and skills and training activities are a reflection of the general ‘‘user dilemma.’’ The authors’ recommendations to European Union (EU) policy makers point the way to promoting e-Infrastructure development and wider application in the SSH.
Enabling Quantitative Data Analysis Through e-Infrastructure
Authors: Tan Koon Leai Larry , Lambert Paul S. , Turner Ken J. , Blum Jesse , Gayle Vernon , Jones Simon B. , Sinnott Richard O. , Warner Guy
Published: April 2009

This article discusses how quantitative data analysis in the social sciences can engage with and exploit an e-Infrastructure. We highlight how a number of activities that are central to quantitative data analysis, referred to as ‘‘data management,’’ can benefit from e-Infrastructural support. We conclude by discussing how these issues are relevant to the Data Management through e-Social Science (DAMES) research Node, an ongoing project that aims to develop e-Infrastructural resources for quantitative data analysis in the social sciences.
A Bridge Across the Bosphorus
Authors: Ogan Christine , Ozakca Muzaffer
Published: April 2009

Relatively few studies have focused on migrants who returned to the country of their origin or their parents’ origin. Still fewer have examined the communication patterns of call center workers who live in one country but conduct all of their business in the language and culture of another country. Drawing on work by Portes and Bourdieu, this study treats the use of traditional media and the Internet and its relation to the bridging and bonding behavior of a group of Turks who returned to Istanbul from the Netherlands and who are now employed by a Dutch call center company. Based on a survey and three focus groups of employee participants, this research finds that more recent and younger returnees primarily bond with family and friends in Holland through use of Dutch media and Internet use, whereas longer term returnees connect more with Turkish media. Some bridging was occurring through interpersonal communication with Turks by the younger and more recent arrivals.
Putting the Family Into Family Business Research
Authors: Dyer W. Gibb , Dyer W. Justin
Published: April 2009

Much of the recent research on family businesses has focused on how the family affects business performance. This commentary suggests that researchers should also consider how certain variables affect both the business and the family. Suggestions for how to do such research are presented.
Development and Validation of a Measure of Organizational Culture in Public Child Welfare Agencies
Authors: Westbrook Tonya M. , Ellett Alberta J. , Deweaver Kevin W.
Published: April 2009

Objective: To develop and explore the validity characteristics of a new measure of organizational culture in public child welfare agencies. Method: Multiple validation methods were used, including expert judgment and criterion-related validity procedures using a statewide sample of 1,033 child welfare caseworkers, supervisors, and administrators. Results: Principal components analyses identified seven measurement dimensions positively correlated with a criterion measure of intent to remain employed in child welfare. Regression analyses showed that four measurement dimensions accounted for 26% of the variation in the criterion measure. Conclusions: The validity evidence for this new measure supports its use in a variety of ways in child welfare practice and in continued research on organizational culture and in child welfare workforce and child outcomes research.
Length of Survival in Hospice for Cancer Patients Referred From a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Authors: Younis Tallal , Milch Robert , Abul-Khoudoud Nawal , Lawrence David , Mirand Amy , Levine Ellis
Published: April 2009

This retrospective study examined 180 hospice patients referred from a comprehensive cancer center over 6 months in 2002 to (1) identify the variables associated with shorter length of survival (LOS) in hospice and (2) examine the LOS in hospice for those who previously participated in clinical trials and/or phase I studies. The median LOS in hospice for this cohort was 35 days. In multivariate analysis, low Palliative Performance Score (PPS) at hospice enrollment and male gender were associated with shorter LOS in hospice: males with low PPS had the shortest LOS while females with high PPS had the longest LOS. No correlation was found between the LOS in hospice and prior participation in clinical trials and/or phase I studies.
Review Article: A Model of Palliative Care for Heart Failure
Authors: Hupcey Judith E. , Penrod Janice , Fenstermacher Kimberly
Published: April 2009

The heart failure illness trajectory is both complex and unpredictable, which makes providing palliative care services to patients with heart failure a challenge. As a result, although services are needed, few tend to be offered beyond basic medical management. The traditional model of palliative care is typically based on palliative care being considered a system of care delivery most appropriate for patients with a predictable illness/death trajectory, such as terminal cancer. This type of model, which is based on the ability to predict the course of a terminal disease, does not fit the heart failure trajectory. In this article, we propose a new model of palliative care that conceptualizes palliative care as a philosophy of care that encompasses the unpredictable nature of heart failure.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Molecular Crossroad for Metabolic Control and Survival of Neurons
Authors: Spasić Miloš R. , Callaerts Patrick , Norga Koenraad K.
Published: April 2009

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) constitutes a molecular hub for cellular metabolic control, common to all eukaryotic cells. Numerous reports have established how AMPK responds to changes in the AMP:ATP ratio as a measure of cellular energy levels. In this way, it integrates control over a number of metabolic enzymes and adapts cellular processes to the current energy status in various cell types, such as muscle and liver cells. The role of AMPK in the development, function, and maintenance of the nervous system, on the other hand, has only recently gained attention. Neurons, while highly metabolically active, have poor capacity for nutrient storage and are thus sensitive to energy fluctuations. Recent reports demonstrate that AMPK may have neuroprotective properties and is activated in neurons by resveratrol but also by metabolic stress in the form of ischemia/hypoxia and glucose deprivation. Novel studies on AMPK also implicate neuronal activity as a critical factor in neurodegeneration. Here we discuss the latest advances in the knowledge of AMPK's role in the metabolic control and survival of excitable cells.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala
Authors: Koenigs Michael , Grafman Jordan
Published: April 2009

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by recurrent distressing memories of an emotionally traumatic event. In this review, the authors present neuroscientific data highlighting the function of two brain areas—the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)—in PTSD and related emotional processes. A convergent body of human and nonhuman studies suggests that the amygdala mediates the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear and the enhancement of emotional memory, whereas the vmPFC mediates the extinction of conditioned fear and the volitional regulation of negative emotion. It has been theorized that the vmPFC exerts inhibition on the amygdala, and that a defect in this inhibition could account for the symptoms of PTSD. This theory is supported by functional imaging studies of PTSD patients, who exhibit hypoactivity in the vmPFC but hyperactivity in the amygdala. A recent study of brain-injured and trauma-exposed combat veterans confirms that amygdala damage reduces the likelihood of developing PTSD. But contrary to the prediction of the top-down inhibition model, vmPFC damage also reduces the likelihood of developing PTSD. The putative roles of the amygdala and the vmPFC in the pathophysiology of PTSD, as well as implications for potential treatments, are discussed in light of these results.
Posttraumatic Epilepsy: The Roles of Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Timofeev Igor , Bazhenov Maksim , Avramescu Sinziana , Nita Dragos A.
Published: April 2009

Acute cerebral cortical trauma often leads to paroxysmal activities that terminate in a few hours, but several months later, patients can develop epilepsy. The process occurring between the initial acute triggered seizures and the onset of spontaneous unprovoked seizures is termed epileptogenesis. Here the authors summarize recent morphological, electrophysiological, and computational studies demonstrating that partial cortical isolation increases the number and duration of silent states in the cortical network, boosting neuronal connectivity and network excitability. These changes develop progressively, and after several weeks their synergetic action leads to epilepsy.
Racial Differences in the Impact of Comorbidities on Survival Among Elderly Men With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Putt Mary , Long Judith A. , Montagnet Chantal , Silber Jeffrey H. , Chang Virginia W. , Kaijun Liao  , Schwartz J. Sanford , Pollack Craig Evan , Wong Yu-Ning , Armstrong Katrina
Published: April 2009

This study investigates differences in the effects of comorbidities on survival in Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer. Medicare data were used to assemble a cohort of 65- to 76-year-old Black ( n = 6,402) and White ( n = 47,458) men with incident localized prostate cancer in 1999 who survived ≥1 year postdiagnosis. Comorbidities were more prevalent among Blacks than among Whites. For both races, greater comorbidity was associated with decreasing survival rates; however, the effect among Blacks was smaller than in Whites. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, and community characteristics, the association between increasing comorbidities and survival remained weaker for Blacks than for Whites, and racial disparity in survival decreased with increasing number of comorbidities. Differential effects of comorbidities on survival were also evident when examining different classes of comorbid conditions. Adjusting for treatment had little impact on these results, despite variation in the racial difference in receipt of prostatectomy with differing comorbidity levels.
Go Play in Traffic
Authors: Ali Khan Carolyne
Published: April 2009

In this article the author uses rollerblading through an urban environment as a lens to examine issues surrounding the movement of the body in public space. She uses the autobiographical vis-à-vis political cultural studies to explore gender politics, the regulation of bodies, and the reinscription of public spaces. Using the narrative of a single form traveling through a single day, she addresses notions of exclusionary gender roles and practices, play versus sport, recreation versus transportation, space versus place, and the ways in which consumption and pleasure are played out in the organic flow of time and space. The author argues for the continuing need to raise questions about the exclusionary effects of regulation of the urban body and to explore possibilities for resistance.
Validity Criteria for Performance-Related Qualitative Work
Authors: Cho Jeasik , Trent Allen
Published: April 2009

This article proposes working criteria for guiding and judging the validity of performance-related qualitative work based on Conquergood's dialogical performance and Madison's performance of possibilities. A series of criteria is proposed considering three performance-based stages that pursue new meanings for performance in/as qualitative inquiry: (1) Imaginative performance as an ongoing textual rehearsal process; (2) Performance in use, associated with artistic representation, involves transacting lived experiences of self or Others to audiences; and (3) Postperformance as a coreflexive member checking process. Validity criteria designed to guide the development, enactment, and assessment for dialogical performance of possibilities follow. Then, a reflexive narrative inquiry into students' performances in a readers' theater is described and analyzed in terms of these process-based validity criteria. Performance pedagogy is a powerful dialogical tool in creating new understandings and iterations of performance/inquiry that empower participants, including researchers, subjects, performers, and audiences, in communitarian steps toward social justice.
Saving Nature and Seeking Justice
Authors: Salazar Debra J.
Published: April 2009

Critics of the environmental movement point to its narrowness, conventionality, and sectoralism. Analysis of environmentalist discourses offers a means to assess these criticisms. Furthermore, examination of these discourses offers insight into the political ideas that link environmentalists with other progressives and those that divide these sectors. Drawing on a sample of 42 environmental activists in the United States Pacific Northwest, Q methodology is used to reconstruct 4 discourses: civic republican, liberal ecocentric, green justice, and global ecocentric. Analysis of these discourses reveals several key findings. First, issues related to racial and economic justice are the most divisive for environmentalists in the region. Second, the strongest areas of agreement across the discourses relate to the balance of nature and the importance of active, democratic citizenship. Third, the green justice discourse reflects the perspectives of activists from all sectors of the region's environmental movement, suggesting an absence of sectoralism and the existence of intramovement learning.
Improvement with Duloxetine in an Adult ADHD Patient
Authors: Tourjman Smadar Valérie , Bilodeau Mathieu
Published: April 2009

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and disabling disorder among adults and is treated with stimulant and non stimulant medication. Objective: To report the case of a patient with ADHD showing good clinical response to duloxetine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI). Case presentation: A 53 year-old man with a recently diagnosed ADHD was successfully treated with duloxetine 60 mg and showed reduced scores on the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales — Self-Report Scale: Short Version (CAARS-S:S). Conclusion: Duloxetine could be an option for patients who either do not tolerate or show resistance to more common pharmacological choices. Randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy of duloxetine in treating ADHD symptoms.
Using Logic Analysis to Evaluate Knowledge Transfer Initiatives
Authors: Brousselle Astrid , Contandriopoulos Damien , Lemire Marc
Published: April 2009

Models that shift more responsibility onto researchers for the process of incorporating research results into decision-making have greatly gained in popularity during the past two decades. This shift has created a new area of research to identify the best ways to transfer academic results into the organizational and political arenas. However, evaluating the utilization of information coming out of a knowledge transfer (KT) initiative remains an enormous challenge. This article demonstrates how logic analysis has proven to be a useful evaluation method to assess the utilization potential of KT initiatives. We present the case of the evaluation of the Research Collective on the Organization of Primary Care Services, an innovative experiment in knowledge synthesis and transfer. The conclusions focus not only on the utilization potential of results coming out of the Research Collective, but also on the theoretical framework used, in order to facilitate its application to the evaluation of other knowledge transfer initiatives.
The Evidence Movement
Authors: Hansen Hanne Foss , Rieper Olaf
Published: April 2009

The evidence movement and the idea of systematic reviews, defined as summaries of the results of already existing evaluation and research projects, have gained considerable support in recent years as many international as well as national evidence-producing organizations have been established. This article analyses how the idea is practised in the areas of health, social welfare and education and shows that evidence-producing organizations work differently. Some subscribe to the hierarchy of evidence, others to a typology of evidence. The consequences of these variations are discussed.
Social Work Administration Revisited
Authors: Tsui Ming-Sum , Cheung Fernando C.H.
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article examines the nature of social work administration, including the core concepts, context and content as well as the ways it differs from business administration.

• Findings: The challenges faced by not-for-profit human service organizations in the changing world also were identified. The authors advocated that commercial values and social values should not be confused. Social work is profoundly influenced by the values of our society. Social work administrators must recognize their work is motivated and shaped by social values.

• Applications : Recommendations for teaching, researching, and practising social work administration are also suggested.
The Neighborhood Ideal: Local Planning Practices in Progressive-era Women's Clubs
Authors: Belanger Elizabeth
Published: April 2009

In the years between 1883 and 1914, women of the Wednesday Club of St. Louis and the Chicago Woman's Club embarked on a series of neighborhood planning initiatives. Their initiatives encouraged the formation of cross-class coalitions of residents, reformers, and city officials; the cultivation of neighborhood identity; and the formation of democratic public spaces. Club women's vision of the city as a conglomeration of smaller neighborhood units challenged the dominant practices of urban development and contributed to citywide debates over urban planning. By identifying the voice of women's collective activism in discussions of municipal responsibility, citizenship, and urban design, this article provides insight into women's local planning efforts and their relationship to urban development.
Daily Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis Rapidly Induces Corresponding Resistance Among Intestinal Escherichia coli of HIV-Infected Adults in Kenya
Authors: Chiller T.M. , Polyak C.S. , Brooks J.T. , Williamson J. , Ochieng B. , Shi Y.P. , Ouma P. , Greene C. , Hamel M. , Vulule J. , Bopp C. , Slutsker L. , Mintz E.
Published: April 2009

Background. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) has been recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) as daily prophylaxis for Africans with AIDS to prevent opportunistic infections. Daily TMP-SMZ may reduce its susceptibility to commensal intestinal Escherichia coli (E coli), increasing the burden of TMP-SMZ-resistant pathogens. Methods. Participants received either daily TMP-SMZ (CD4 <350 cells/mm3) or daily multivitamins (MVIs; CD4 ≥350 cells/mm3) for 6 months. Stool was collected at baseline, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months. A random E coli was tested for susceptibility. Results. Baseline prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance ranged from 71% to 81% and was not different across CD4 strata. At 2 weeks, prevalence of TMP-SMZ-resistant E coli increased significantly from 78% to 98% (P < .001) among persons taking daily TMP-SMZ and did not change among persons taking MVIs. Conclusions. Daily prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ induced in vivo resistance to the drug after 2 weeks. Empiric therapy for diarrhea with agents other than TMP-SMZ should be considered for HIV-infected persons receiving daily TMP-SMZ prophylaxis.
An Individualized Problem-Solving Approach for Teaching Choral Phrase Shaping
Authors: Broomhead Paul
Published: April 2009

This experiment tested a treatment designed to improve choral students' expressiveness regarding keyword emphasis and phrase shaping. The treatment was founded upon the constructivist belief that students actively construct conceptual knowledge through problem solving. Participants were 46 university students randomly selected from a nonauditioned choir. A time-series design and backward-elimination ANOVA was used to produce and analyze the data. A treatment effect was found for both keyword emphasis and phrase shaping. Implications suggest that choral educators may increase students' ability and propensity to independently interpret music in terms of keyword emphasis and phrase shaping by providing problem-solving opportunities to students.
School-Wide Goal Environment and Continuing Motivation in Music
Authors: Dill Bruenger Susan
Published: April 2009

This study describes the school-wide motivation culture of an elementary music program that has an exceptional record of stimulating students' continuing motivation to participate in music ensembles on the middle school level. Participant observer techniques and open-ended interviews were used to gather data that were analyzed using the theoretical model taken from Maehr's “Transforming School Culture to Enhance Motivation.” It was found that the principal in this context was supportive of the music program and according to Maehr's theoretical framework, was instrumental in creating a school-wide environment supportive of student task-goal adoption, thus stimulating continuing motivation.
An Historical Perspective on the Chinese Americans in American Music Education
Authors: Lum Chee-Hoo
Published: April 2009

This study examines the music of Chinese American heritage, as portrayed in American music education from the late 19th century to the present. Specifically, representative music education materials, such as Music Supervisors Journal, Music Educators Journal, graded music series textbooks, and other available resource materials, were traced for analysis and discussion. Music education sources and publications of Chinese American heritage saw transformations from negative stereotypes to genuine concern for their inclusion as part of the diversified American fabric. Continued pursuit of quality recordings within textbook series and other publications along with increasing use of three types of texts for the lyrics—Chinese characters, Romanized Chinese, and English translations in the songs—showed the progression of American music education in adopting the philosophy of the multicultural agenda. The increasing inclusion of historical and cultural contexts in the explanation of songs also created fuller understanding and appreciation of the Chinese cultural tradition.