bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation in the Economic Empowerment of Women: Field Study in the Pockets of Poverty in Jordan
Authors: Hani Mariam Bani , Awawdah Amal
Published: October 2020

The study aims to identify the role of the programs of the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation in the pockets of poverty in Jordan where the percentage of poverty exceeds 25%. The study population consisted of women who benefit from productive projects that the ministry offers for those who live in areas of poverty. The study utilized quantitative research methods. The study sample consisted of 162 women beneficiaries who were selected through systematic random sampling from the lists of the institutions that implement the programs. The main findings of the study were that the implemented programs contributed to achieving economic empowerment of women by improving the level of income, enhancing the living, nutritional, health and housing conditions for women and their families. The programs also empowered women in making decisions, ownership, expression of opinions, possession of money and assets which in turn was reflected on women's role and status in their families and society. The study found outcomes indicated the presence of variables with statistical connotations for economic empowerment which were attributed to the difference in age, level of education, and family income. There were also variables with statistical connotations for empowerment which were attributed to marital status which were in favor of windowed women. The study pointed to some recommendations that would put the issues of empowering women in the list of priorities of economic policies and development goals of the government, and adopt more economic empowerment projects and programs to alleviate the suffering of women in pockets of poverty.

استهدفت هذه الدراسة تعّرف دور برامج وزارة التخطيط والتعاون الدوليّ في التمكين الإقتصادي للمرأة في مناطق جيوب الفقر في الأردن، وهي المناطق التي تَزيدُ فيها نسبة الفقرِ عن 25%. تكون مجتمع الدراسة من السيدات المستفيدات من المشاريع الإنتاجية المُقدّمة من الوزارة للنساء اللواتي يقطُّن مناطق جيوب الفقر، تمت الدراسة باستخدام أسلوب البحث الكمي، وبلغ حجم عينة الدراسة (162) سيدة مستفيدة، تم سحبها باستخدام العينة العشوائية المنتظمة من قوائم المؤسسات المنفذة للبرامج. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن البرامج المنفذة أسهمت في تحقيق التمكين الإقتصادي للمرأة من حيث تحسسين مستوى الدخل وتحسين الظروف المعيشية والغذائية والصحية والسكنية للمرأة والأسرة، ومنحت المرأة القدرة على اتخاذ القرار والتملك وإبداء الرأي وحيازة الأموال والعقاروانعكس ذلك بدوره على المرأة ومكانتها في أسرتها والمجتمع، ودلت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية للتمكين الإقتصادي تعزى لمتغير العمر والمستوى التعليمي ودخل الأسرة بينما وجدت فروق ذات دلالة احصائية للتمكين تعزى لمتغير الحالة الزواجية جاء ذلك لصالح النساء الأرامل. وقد نوهت الدراسة إلى بعض التوصيات التي من شأنها وضع قضايا تمكين المرأة في مناطق جيوب الفقر في قائمة أولويات السياسات الإقتصادية والأهداف التنمويّة للحكومة، وتبني المزيد من مشاريع وبرامج التمكين الإقتصادي، للتخفيف من معاناة المرأة في مناطق جيوب الفقر. وتفعيل الاستراتيجيات المعنيّة بالحد من الفقر.
The Ability of Short-term Accounting Accruals to Predict Cash Flows of Algerian Companies
Authors: Kimouche Bilal
Published: October 2020

This study aims to explore the ability of short-term accounting accruals to predict cash flows. It included 117 observations during 2003 to 2015, which concern 14 Algerian companies. Cash flows have been measured by operating cash flow (OCF). However, short-term accounting accruals have been expressed by change of accounts receivable and debtors, change of accounts payable and creditors, and change of inventories. The results indicated a failure of current short-term accounting accruals to predict cash flows of next period. Except for change of accounts receivable and debtors, the correlations of future operating cash flows with other Short-term accounting accrual items are not significant.

هدفت الدراسة إلى استكشاف مدى قدرة المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة الأجل على التنبؤ بالتدفقات النقدية، حيث شملت 14 شركة جزائرية بين 2003 و2015، ليبلغ عدد المشاهدات الكلية خلال الفترة 117 مشاهدة. وقد تم قياس التدفقات النقدية بصافي التدفقات النقدية التشغيلية، وتم التعبير عن المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة الأجل بـ: التغير في حسابات الزبائن والمدينين، التغير في حسابات الموردين والدائنين، والتغير في المخزونات. وقد أثبتت النتائج ضعف قدرة المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة الأجل على التنبؤ بالتدفقات النقدية للفترة المقبلة، حيث كانت علاقة هذه الأخيرة ببنود المستحقات المحاسبية قصيرة الأجل غير معنوية، باستثناء علاقتها بالتغير في حسابات الموردين والدائنين.
Iranian Intervention in Arab Affairs and its Impact on Regional Balance of Powers
Authors: Aseri Nasser , Alougili Mazen
Published: October 2020

The aim of the study is to uncover the implications and reality of Iranian interference in Arab affairs and its effect on balances of regional power. It sheds light on these implications and analyses them, the study concluded that Iran’s interferences have fundamentally disrupted the role of regional powers; Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel, causing a shift in the power dynamics and the alliances entailed. It also highlights Iran’s historical and renewed interests and ambitions in the region, in light of the evident frailty of the Arab regime. The “Arab Spring” seen by Iran as an opportunity to reinforce and further its influence. It also brings to light the division in regards to the Arab position on Iran’s growing influence, as it is seen as strategically beneficial by some Arab states, while others see it as an overwhelming and imminent threat. The study also recommends the formation of a unified Arab approach and vision to clearly identify strategic threats and opportunities presented by Iran’s expanding role in the region, to help fortify Arab states against foreign agendas, interventions, ambitious and interests. Meanwhile, it would help mitigate the threats of political-sectarian polarization and the soft-force politicization of Shiite movements, so that they do not align themselves with the other party.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن التدخل الإيراني في الشأن العربي وأثره على موازين القوى الإقليمية، وجاءت مشكلة الدراسة لتوضيح أثر التدخل الإيراني على موازين القوى الإقليمية وتحليله، وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن التدخل الإيراني في المنطقة العربية، أثر بشكل عميق على القوى الإقليمية الرئيسية في المنطقة العربية؛ وهي السعودية وتركيا وإسرائيل، فأعاد تموضع تلك القوى في تحالفات مختلفة، كما خلصت إلى أن الطموحات الإيرانية للمنطقة العربية قديمة متجددة، في ظل هشاشة المنظومة العربية، وتوصلت إلى أن ما سُمي بـ "الربيع العربي" شكل فرصة إيرانية لتعزيز تطلعاتها، وأظهرت أن الموقف العربي من التدخلات الإيرانية في المنطقة ليس واحدًا ولا موحدًا، بمعنى أن التدخل الإيراني مفيد واستراتيجي لبعض الدول العربية وخطر داهم لبعضها الآخر، وأوصت الدراسة بصياغة رؤية عربية واحدة لتحديد الخطر الاستراتيجي والفرصة الإستراتيجية، لتحصين الدول العربية من التدخلات والأطماع والطموحات الخارجية، واجتذاب القوى والحركات الشيعية باستخدام القوة الناعمة، حتى لا تتحالف مع الطرف الآخر.
Floral Decorations in the Abbasid Palace Architecture in Baghdad "Analytical Study"
Authors: AL-Jboory Sattar
Published: October 2020

The decoration of the Arab-Islamic architecture is closely related to the language of Islamic art. Baghdad, the decoration of palaces, mosques and domes in its geometrical, artifacts, or mixed forms of arabesques, flourished in Baghdad. The study aimed at revealing the plant decorations used in the Abbasid palace in Baghdad and its elements and origins. To form decorative elements in the Abbasid Palace in Baghdad. The research community consists of a group of decorative elements of various types located in the halls and vaults of Ewan and the walls of the Abbasside palace in Baghdad. A group of samples in the palace were analyzed technically. The use of vegetal ornamentation as a decorative mantle or a concern for spaces resulting from geometric patterns in Abbasid palace architecture. The study recommended the use of plant decorations in the Abbasid palace building in the designs implemented today, especially in the field of architecture and interior design

ترتبط الزخرفة بالعمارة العربية الإسلامية ارتباطا وثيقاًوهي لغة الفن ألإسلامي، وقد ازدهرت في بغداد زخرفة القصور والمساجد والقباب بأشكالها الهندسية أو ألنباتية او الكتابية والمختلطة المتمثلة بالأرابيسك،هدفت الدراسة الى الكشف عن الزخارف النباتية المستخدمة في القصر العباسي في بغداد وعناصرها وأصولها.والتعرف على الأسس الفنية لتشكيل العناصر الزخرفية النباتية في القصر العباسي في بغداد.تكون مجتمع البحث من مجموعة من العناصر الزخرفية بأنواعها والموجودة في أروقة وأقبية أواوين وجدران القصر العباسي في بغداد.وتم تحليل مجموعة من العينات التي في القصر فنيا. وتوصلت الدراسة الىاستخدام الزخارف النباتية كمهاد زخرفي او شاغل للفراغات الناتجة عن اشكال الزخرفة الهندسية في عمارة القصر العباسي.واستخدام الأشكال الكأسية الكاملة الثنائية الفلق وذات زاوية أحادية عند اتصال الساق بالقاع،استخدام الأوراق الجناحية في الأشرطة المحيطة بالزخارف.وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة توظيف الزخارف النباتية في عمارة القصر العباسي في التصماميم المنفذة اليوم وخاصة في مجال العمارة والتصميم الداخلي.
The discourse structure of ambassadorial journey; journey of Ibn Fadlan model
Authors: Khouli Ahmed
Published: October 2020

In this study the researcher tries to identify the characteristics of the ambassadorial journey ,in the past this journey have been considered not only as a historical act carried out by the traveler for a diplomatic purpose, but also as a representative act to be done when the traveler documents his observations through a coding system whose mechanisms is determined by the authority of the receiver .Thus the study use narratiology and their concepts in order to identify the characteristics of ambassadorial journey. This was demonstrated by the journey of Ibn Fadlan to Turkey, Russia and Bulgaria, but before that it is necessary to identify (to know) the journey in the Arab poetic discourse.

هذه دراسة تسعى إلى استصراح خصائص الخطاب المُبَنْيِنَة للرحلة السفارية، لمّا كانتِ الأخيرةُ فعلًا تاريخيًّا موجِّها ذاتَ الرحّالة لغرض دبلوماسيّ قصدتْه إليه السلطة السياسية قصدًا، على المستوى المرجعيّ الواقعيّ من جهة، وفعلًا تمثيليًّا يسعى فيه الرحّالة إلى ترهين رحلته وتوثيق مشاهداته عبر نظام ترميزيّ (نظام الكتابة) تؤوِّلُ الكلماتُ فيه الأشياءَ دون أن تنسخَها من جهة أخرى، وَوَفْق نسق تواصليّ يَحْكُمُ أسلوبَه سلطةُ المرسَل إليه/ الخليفة، على المستوى السرديّ الخطابيّ، تأسيسًا على ما تقدَّم؛ تتوسَّل الدراسةُ بالسرديّات، وما تقدِّمه من مفاهيم إجرائية لتحليل المكوِّنات الخطابية المُشَيِّدة صرحَ الرحلة السفارية، كالزمن والسرد، والوصف، والتقرير، والغرائبية، والعجائبيّة، في رحلة ابن فضلان إلى بلاد الترك والخزر والروس والصقالبة. يسبق ذلك الوقوف التكوينيّ على تمظهرات الرحلة في الخطاب الشعري العربي قبل أن تغدو نوعًا سرديًّا يمتلك مميزاته الخطابيّة.
The impact of women’s small funded projects to empower rural Palestinian woman economically: an empirical study applied on women who got financed projects in Ramallah and Al-Berieh (2006-2016)
Authors: Safi Mustafa , Altarawneh Mohammad
Published: October 2020

This study aims to recognize the effect of women’s small funded business on empowering the rural Palestinian women economically. The purpose of this study is to answer the main question about “the relationship between having funded project and economic empowerment for women”. The researcher used social survey method, in which a questionnaire was developed as a tool to survey the views of women in the sample that was selected using simple random sampling out of rural Palestinian women in Ramallah and Al-Bireh governorate who got their own funded projects. The sample size was 142 which represented 15% of the study population. The findings indicated that there is improvement in all fields which could contribute her to reach the stage of economic empowerment of rural women. It also showed there are no statistical significant differences at (α≤0.05) between owning small funded project and woman’s economic empowerment related to their characteristics, except financial independence factor related to their (marital status) in favor of category (single).

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر المشروعات النسوية الصغيرة الممولة على تمكين المرأة الريفية الفلسطينية اقتصادياً، وسعت الدراسة إلى الإجابة على التساؤل الرئيس الذي يدور حول علاقة امتلاك المرأة لمشروع ممول بتمكينها اقتصادياً، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم استخدام منهج المسح الاجتماعي، حيث تم تصميم استبانة كأداة لاستقصاء آراء عينة عشوائية منتظمة من النساء الريفيات في محافظة رام الله والبيرة واللواتي حصلن عن مشروع ممول، حيث بلغ عدد أفراد العينة (142) امرأة يشكلن 15% من مجتمع الدراسة. وتشير النتائج إلى وجود تحسن في جميع مجالات الدراسة (الاستقلال المادي، حرية اتخاذ القرارات، تقسيم العمل) والتي تساهم في وصول المرأة الفلسطينية الريفية إلى مرحلة التمكين الاقتصادي من وجهة نظرها، ووجود فروق دالة إحصائياً عند (α≤0.05) بين متوسطات إجابات المبحوثات لأثر امتلاك المرأة لمشروع صغير وتمكينهن تبعاً للمتغيرات (المستوى التعليمي، الحالة الاجتماعية، ملكية المشروع) باستثناء عامل الاستقلال المادي، حيث تبين وجود فروق في الإجابات تبعاً لمتغير (الحالة الاجتماعية) ولصالح فئة عزباء.
University students’ attitudes toward the physically disabled in Palestine and Norway: a multidimensional, comparative and quantitative study
Authors: Gustafsson Erni , Alawi Nabil , Andersen Per Normann
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate students’ attitudes toward disabled people in Palestine as compared to the attitudes of their peers in Norway. The instrument used is the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale toward Persons with Disability (MAS); a self-report multidimensional inventory consisting of 34 items, that measures affects, cognition, and behavior toward the physically disabled people. A total of 100 students from Palestine participated in this study, in addition to a comparison group of 104 students from Norway. Despite the researchers’ impression that the Palestinian society is ridden with some prejudices concerning various forms of disability and that many of them associate disability with qader (destiny), the study shows relatively high positive attitudes toward the disabled from both Norwegian and Palestinian students. Some minor differences can be seen between men and women in the Palestinian population and between the Norwegian and Palestinian populations as a whole. As very few studies have been made in the region on this topic further research is recommended.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فحص اتجاهات الطلبة نحو ذوي الحاجات الخاصة في فلسطين مقارنة بالنرويج. تم استخدام الاستطلاع The Multidimensional Attitudes Scale toward Persons with Disability (MAS) كأداة للبحث والذي يتكون من 34 عنصرا تهدف الى قياس البعد العاطفي والمعرفة والسلوك تجاه ذوي الحاجات الجسدية الخاصة. شملت العينة 100 طالب وطالبة من فلسطين بالإضافة الى104 طالب وطالبة نرويجيين كعينه مقارنة. وبالرغم من اعتقاد الباحثين ان المجتمع الفلسطيني مثقل ببعض التوجهات السلبية تجاه بعض اشكال الإعاقة المختلفة و بالرغم من ان الكثيرين منهم يعزون سبب الإعاقة الى القدر الا ان الدراسة بينت مستويات ايجابية عالية لدى المجتمعين الفلسطيني والنرويجي. هناك بعض الفروقات التي لوجظت بين الرجال والنساء في فلسطين وبين افراد العينات الفلسطينيين والنرويجين بشكل عام. بما انه لا توجد دراسات كافية حول هذا الموضوع، يوصي الباحثون تناول المزيد من قضايا الحاجات الخاصة بالبحث.
Narrative historical place and effectiveness in the novel Notre Dame de Paris for Victor Hugo
Authors: Abderrahmane Beghdad
Published: October 2020

If there is a work of fiction relevant to the document library and its contents directly to the delicate, the exquisite Notre-Dame de Paris by the French Writer Victor Hugo draws our attention to the density of signifiers and symbols that charging by the Office, in addition to poetic discourse and narrative in which the tyranny on this novel. So still many student critics, and even readers seeking to value-expressive, which has affected the spaces of this novel and their capitals with connotations and additional services the vision of the writer, which I use also elements of Islam from the narrative and dialogue characters specialized to read narrative dimensions of social, psychological, and religious. Proceeding from that, based on this research paper in their office, on the front four and the finale. Been in the show problematic search, relevance and product followed and then the most important previous studies the image of the office with a brief definition of the terms place and space. Came early the first is a study of the peculiarities of the historical place, while the second semantics space across the sub-headings of the facts of the novel, and in particular the third building to study the symbolism of the space of the streets of Paris and their referents, usually early treatment the fourth and final symbolic space of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Then outlined the conclusion the most important results of this study.

إذا كان هناك عمل روائي له صلة وثيقة بالمكان ومحتوياته بشكل مباشر ودقيق، فإن رائعة نوتردام دي باريس De Paris Notre-Dame للكاتب الفرنسي فيكتور هيجوVictor Hugo تلفت انتباهنا إلى كثافة الدلالات والرموز التي شُحِنَ بها المكان، إضافة إلى شاعرية الخطاب السردي الذي طغى على هذه الرواية. لذا مازال العديد من الدراسين والنقاد وحتى القراء يلتفتون إلى القيمة التعبيرية التي أثْرت فضاءات هذه الرواية وعوالمها بإيحاءات ومعاني إضافية خدمت رؤية الكاتب، الذي استعان أيضاً بالعناصر الحكائية من سرد وحوار وشخصيات متخيلة ليمنحَ نصه الروائي أبعاداً اجتماعيةً ونفسيةً ودينيةً. وانطلاقاً من ذلك، استندتْ هذه الورقة البحثية في تناولها للمكان، على مقدمة وأربعة مباحث وخاتمة. تمَّ في المقدمة عرض إشكالية البحث وأهميته والمنهج المتبع ثم أهم الدراسات السابقة لصورة المكان مع تعريف موجز لمصطلحات المكان والحيز والفضاء. وجاء المبحث الأول عبارة عن دراسة لخصوصيات المكان التاريخي، في حين تضمن المبحث الثاني دلالات الفضاء عبر العناوين الفرعية لوقائع الرواية، وخُصَّ المبحث الثالث بالدراسة لرمزية فضاء شوارع باريس ودلالاتها، وعالج المبحث الرابع والأخير رمزية فضاء كاتدرائية نوتردام دي باريس. ثم أجملت الخاتمة أهم نتائج هذه الدراسة.
The narrative in the poetry of the Mu’alaqat, a semiotic approach to the Antar ibn Shaddad'sMu’alaqa
Authors: Khouli Ahmed
Published: October 2020

In light of the dominance of the narrative component on the human cultural product, including the Arab, this study attempts to study the phenomenon of narration in the poetry of the Mu’alaqat through Ben Shaddad's Mu’alaqa, an example of the discourse, And the narrative semiotic that appeared by leader "Grimas" as model of the curriculum, that study tries to detect the narrative effectiveness in the poetic discourse, and mechanisms of its work within it.

في ظل هيمنة المكوِّن السرديّ على المُنتجِ الثقافيّ الإنسانيّ، ومنه العربيّ، تحاول هذه الدراسةُ دراسةَ ظاهرة السردية في شعر المعلّقات متخذة من معلقة عنترة بن شداد نموذجًا على الخطاب، ومن السيميائيات السردية كما ظهرت عند رائدها (أ.ج.غريماس) نموذجًا على المنهج، وهي إذ تطمح في كلا الاختياريْنِ الخطابيّ والمنهجيّ إلى استصراح الفعالية السردية في الخطاب الشعريّ، وتبيان ميكانيزمات اشتغالها داخله.
Inspiring Rural High School Students to Consider Careers in Medicine and the Health Professions
Authors: Dunn Morgan Cari , Saks Norma Susswein
Published: October 2020

The United States is experiencing a physician shortage and rural areas are especially impacted. Programs exist to recruit college and medical students to work in rural areas, but few programs are focused on the high school “pipeline.”  Medical students, residents and physicians who have lived in rural areas are more likely to practice in those areas. This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a workshop to educate rural high school students about preparing for health professions careers. Evaluations of the workshop were positive and indicated increased knowledge and interest in careers in medicine and health professions. It is somewhat promising that even a brief educational program has the potential to increase interest of rural high school students to pursue medical or health professions careers, and perhaps ultimately increase the number of those practicing in rural areas. The authors discuss limitations and suggest changes for future workshop presentations.
USER PERCEPTION USABILITY OF THE MALAYSIAN MOBILE TRIP PLANNER PLATFORM: A REVIEW STUDY
Authors: Al-Behadili Hayder Naser Khraibet , Ku-Mahamud Ku Ruhana
Published: October 2020

Tourism is important due to its benefits and role as a commercial activity that creates demand and growth in many industries. Tourism is vital not only in increasing economic activities but also in generating additional employment and revenue. Malaysia has increased its efforts in diversifying the economy and decreasing its dependence on exports by promoting increased tourism in the country. For this reason, the use of information technology in tourism has increased. Hence, mobile applications and applet tools play an important role among Internet users. This research reviews 24 standardised usability questionnaires in the literature for choosing the appropriate usability instrument. Then, this study investigated the usability measurement scales of the well-known mobile application, Malaysia Trip Planner, on the basis of Nielsen’s usability principles. Therefore, this study could provide future research directions and recommendations on improving the attributes of such applications.
RUBBER IN THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS), 1900-1941
Authors: Mohd Sahi Nor Hasrinah , Ariffin Khairi
Published: October 2020

This research was actually about the rubber commodity at the Federated Malay States (FMS) in between the year of 1900-1941. Rubbers were actually the first commodity of economic activity at the Colonial British time at NNMB. This article is done by using the qualitative method. This analysis was focus on the document and manuscript on prime resources such as the annual year report and even the British government’s file. What are gains from this research is that the agricultural activity is already becoming a norm for the societies at that period of time and the one that did it the most is usually the Malay citizen at FMS. The type of Plantation that was usually plants by the local communities is such as cassava, pepper, coffee, and gambir. However, there is one popular type of crops and they are rubber plantation. This type of plantation gave a really high profit towards the British and this could prove through the timetable of the import and export of rubber at the international level. For the conclusion of this article is this could make people realize how much does rubber plantation is important especially for the stakeholders other than the British in building good stability of the economy in Malaya. In the end, this article could show how far does rubber could help increase the British economy to a much higher level of stability that can make them stay much longer at Malaya.
Microbial Diversity in the Sawmill Environment: Implications on the Health of Sawmill Workers and Merchants, Nigeria
Authors: JULEIN OKAFOR-ELENWO EBERE , STANLEY IMADE ODARO , EKUNDAYO IZEVBUWA OSAZEE
Published: October 2020

There is an increasingly high suspicion of occupational health diseases amongst workers in sawmill factories. Hence this study aimed to determine the microbial diversity in some sawmill factories in Okada, Edo State, Nigeria to evaluate potential implications of the factory’s processing area on the health of the workers and wood merchants. Bacteria and fungi count in the bioaerosols within the processing area of each factory was performed with the passive air sampling technique. While in the sawdust samples, microbial counts were carried out with the pour plate technique. Identification of the microbes was performed with macroscopic and microscopic examinations as well as standard phenotypic tests. Mean total viable count (TVC) and total fungi count (TFC) of bioaerosols in the air within the processing area of the sawmill factories were found to be greater than 4162.99 CFU/m3 while mean total coliform count (TCC) was reported as 756.28 CFU/m3. Fisher (F) one-way ANOVA test of the TVC and TCC dataset of bioaerosols from the four sawmill factories indicated no significant difference (p = 0.77 and 0.83 for TVC and TFC respectively) in the mean TVC and TFC of the bioaerosols. Bacterial (Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Klebsiella and Serratia) and fungal (Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium) species were isolated from the bioaerosols and sawdust samples. Results of this study indicated that workers in the sawmill factories and other wood merchants who visit sawmill processing area are most likely exposed to airborne contaminants that may cause occupational diseases such as ophthalmic irritations and dermatitis. Hence it is recommended that sawmill workers and other visitors wear personal protective gadgets in the processing area of the sawmill factories.
Państwo jako instytucja i rzeczywistość społeczna
Authors: Szawiel Tadeusz
Published: October 2020

The concept of the state does not need to be re-defined because it describes more permanent structures which were born together with modernity and which continue to endure. The modern state, symbolic dates for which are the American Constitution of 1787 and the French Revolution of 1789, is a nation whose sovereignty is defined territorially. The modern state is defined by the institutions of citizenship and representation, as well as by rules regarding the making of binding decisions. If we talk of a modern state, it is defined by the following, basic parameters: first of all, it is a nation state; secondly, it is a state which undergoes a democratisation that takes social obligations upon itself to ever larger degree. It is also a state which has ever more expectations addressed to it and which unremittingly stimulates such expectations, promising its citizens more and more, most often beyond its capability to deliver (government overload). While we are accustomed to attaching a democratic type of political system to the concept of the state, the extent of the term ‘democracy’ (as a type of a political system) is not identical with that of the term ‘state’. Non-state forms of democracy (on a supra-state level) are possible. Arguments are being developed suggesting that the EU should evolve toward a non-state form of democracy. The term ‘democracy’ is thus not limited to defining only the political system of a state. The state continues to exist because it is still defined by the fundamental structures of the modernity: democracy and the values embroidered on the banners of the French Revolution – liberty, egality, fraternity.
Freedom versus the Law. Authority and Freedom in Russian Political Thought
Authors: Marciniak Włodzimierz
Published: October 2020

Author presents reflection on the evolution of political terms and notions throughout Russian history. In this study, as its main focus is the reconstruction of the development process of concepts and notions pertaining to the political whole. Nevertheless, these issues do surface in the context of conceptualizing the political community, as an important aspect of both  political organization and political action. In Russia, certain concepts pertaining to some aspects of freedom did develop, but what never emerged was the general idea of freedom as the central political issue. On the other hand, the issue of authority emerged as an  independent field of thought, as a result of the despotic and anti-despotic interpretations of terms used to describe the political system (following terms: freedom and power, authority and political community).
The Myths of a European Constitution
Authors: Nogal Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

Is the European Constitution a modern version of political myth? The ample collection of European laws have become the normative basis for the functioning and existence of an enormous amount of different kinds of institutions. These laws particularly limit the power of State authority in the Member States. International law has taken on the character of external obligation, an issue that could be discussed elsewhere in the area of philosophical law, which precisely aims to cover this sphere of reality. What are arguments for and against the  description of a European order with reference to this concept? The aim of this article is to present European constitutional ideas and an analysis of the Draft of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe from the point of view of the changes the European constitution has introduced into the discourse of philosophical law.
Polityka i problemy cywilizacyjne w Ameryce Łacińskiej
Authors: Skorupka Alfred
Published: October 2020

The author undertakes a polemic with a concept launched by Samuel Huntington, who, in his book The clash of civilizations, posited the existence of a Latino-American civilisation. Other scholars, such as Oswald Spengler or Arnold Toynbee, however, only refer in their writings to the ancient Indian civilisation in pre-Colombian America, while colonisation of the New World by the Europeans is rather more tied to expansion of civilisation of the West. The Author thus presents arguments both supporting and undermining a thesis that there existed some separate Latin American community. His considerations also refer to the views expressed by Francis Fukuyama and Carlos A. Montaner, who describe the political, social and economic backwardness of Latin American countries compared to the United States and the European Union. Thus, while the Latin American culture is clearly different from the American or the European, nevertheless, from a historiosophic point of view, it is difficult to find in it features which would unambiguously bear testimony to the civilisation of the region’s being distinct from that of the West.
Carl Schmitt o totalizmie i jego podmiocie. Prolegomena do rozważań o państwie totalitarnym
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

The author attempts to verify whether defining totalitarianism in terms of a state striving to obtain total control over the life of individuals and collectives is a proper approach. Does totalitarianism genuinely imply a society completely subordinated to a state? And, in dealing with the political realities of a totalitarian regime, can we consider a totality other than that created by the state? The author reaches for Carl Schmitt’s reflections on political totality and its subjects. It is thanks to this approach that we are able to look at a totalitarian structure more primal than a state, the structure that is a total society. The author presents a historical and philosophical description of the process of forming a total society, which begins with the discontinuation of the distance between that which falls to the state and that which falls to society.
Czy idee nacjonalistyczne zakwestionują społeczeństwo liberalno-demokratyczne? Rozważania o przyszłości narodu w świecie diaspory i bezdomności
Authors: Grzybowski Jacek
Published: October 2020

The author attempts to answer, by describing the phenomena involved, the question as to whether nationalist (national) ideals constitute a real threat to liberal democracy and whether, despite the popularity of nationalism, it is possible to create a post national, multicultural and cosmopolitically liberal world? Disputes around the concept of nationalism are set out, as exemplified by the views of Jacek Woroniecki and Jozef Maria Bocheński.
Plaga bezprawia. Wojna domowa i paradoks władzy suwerennej
Authors: Pospiszyl Michał
Published: October 2020

This paper consists of three parts. The first is devoted to the role of the Athenian plague in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. There are indications that the civil war that broke out in the country, weakened by plague, was not simply the result of a historical and degraded human nature. Instead of using evil human nature as the key for understanding each social conflict, I suggest interpreting the Athenian civil war (stasis) as a symptom of non-egalitarian social relations. The  second part of the paper is devoted to the birth of modern capitalism and the analysis of Thomas Hobbes’ philosophy. An English philosopher, Hobbes not only translated The History of the Peloponnesian War, but was also an author who treated the reality of modern civil wars as a principal point of reference. Hobbes created his philosophy mainly as a result of fearing a conflict that could undermine the existing division of power and wealth. The result of this fear was a mechanism that I refer to as the paradox of sovereign power. It was a process during which the authority that had been established to defend society against lawlessness and chaos dominated the social life, not respecting existing laws and customs, and thus creating the very world it was supposed to protect the people from. The third part is devoted to Walter Benjamin’s criticism of sovereign power. Observing the same processes as Hobbes did, the German philosopher viewed them from the inside (i.e., from the perspective of the victims of modern progress, the same view that aroused fear in the author of Leviathan). Benjamin argued that the social order established at the threshold of modernity was built on unlawful violence (primitive accumulation) and that the condition for its duration was the permanent reproduction of this lawlessness (hence, the thesis of the state of emergency, which has become the rule). According to Benjamin, this vicious circle of violence can only be escaped by recovering the memory of folk traditions, past class struggles, lost revolutions and social systems that, like the Paris Commune, pose the possibility of life liberated from the yoke.
Klaps jako imperatyw kategoryczny
Authors: Stawrowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2020

The contemporary cultural trends that introduce regulations weakening parental rights have also come to Poland. Under the influence of utilitarian-statist ideology, which sees the state and its officials as the primary educators and guardians of children, powers naturally enjoyed by parents are being questioned under various pretexts. One of these is the use of violence against children. Due to actions taken by the state towards family, institutional violence used by the state – which is often much more severe for children – often becomes a remedy for parental violence. This text attempts to solve the problem by referring to the basic Kantian distinction between justified and unjustified violence, and to the priority of family and parental rights over the powers of the state. In the same way that the state can use violence towards citizens, so parents can use violence towards their children, as long as its scope and form stems from what is most important for the parental relationship: the categorical imperative of responsible love, aimed at encouraging a child on his or her way of growing up into responsible freedom. A symbol of such parental action is the act of spanking, which – when properly understood and properly used – is sometimes a moral duty of parents.
Od schizofrenii społecznej do światów równoległych
Authors: Mocek Stanisław
Published: October 2020

This paper is an attempt to assess the scientific achievements of the recently deceased Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński – an eminent Polish sociologist of international repute – from the perspective of political culture. There is significant evidence to suggest that political culture was present in Professor Wnuk-Lipiński’s scholarly oeuvre in a considerably broader sense than in classic political science literature. In this paper, political culture is analysed from the perspective of public sociology and the original concept of social schizophrenia (the period of communism), as well as the fundamentalist and pragmatic response to radical social change (the period of systemic transformation).
Wpływ kultury i kapitału społecznego na proces demokratyzacji
Authors: Kukla Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

The goal of this article is to compare selected non-political factors affecting the implementation of democratic standards and structures. The first part presents concepts regarding the meaning of culture and economic development in the process of democratization. The definition of culture is presented within various research frameworks. An attempt is made to set/define a relationship between the phenomenon  discussed and existing cultural and economic differences. The second part of this paper presents selected concepts of social capital with particular emphasis on Francis Fukuyama’s concept. An attempt is made to show an interaction between the process of democratization and social capital.
Kultura źródłem polityki. Chasydzka praca Martina Bubera
Authors: Kutyła Dorota Halina
Published: October 2020

This paper deals with the relationship between culture and politics. Martin Buber, one of the leading representatives of cultural Zionism, believes that a nation must fi rst build its own culture and then establish state institutions or governments based on it. The paper presents Martin Buber’s works concerning the Hasidic world and the reactions that they aroused among Western Jews. For many of them, Buber’s Hasidic stories became the basis for their spiritual and cultural rebirth, as a result of which they began to identify with the Jewish people again. However, the dispute between political and cultural Zionists has not been settled yet.
Obce jako wspólne. Na marginesie lektury Herodota
Authors: Gładziuk Nina
Published: October 2020

The Histories by Herodotus can also be read as a work on xenology, which helps to show how what came to be Hellenic emerged from what was foreign in the early stages of Hellenic culture development. Greek civilization, which was the first to formulate cosmopolitan ideas, owed much of its genius to the  extraterritorial nature of the sea. It is thanks to the sea that the civilization, and its Athenian variant in particular, evolved into a lifestyle that could be adapted anywhere. One of its essential features was the permanent experience of the foreign, both in terms of contact with what was foreign and of being foreign oneself.
Postacie alegoryczne umieszczone w szacie graficznej banknotów stumarkowych emitowanych przez banki Badenii, Bawarii, Saksonii i Wirtembergii przed I wojną światową
Authors: Markowski Marcin
Published: October 2020

After the unification of Germany in 1871, one of the unifying factors was the introduction of the single currency. The issuing bank was Reichsbank, which was based on a Prussian bank. From 1875, it issued coins and banknotes. Except for the central bank, however, the limited right to issue their own money was left to several provincial banks whose numbers were constantly decreasing. In the early twentieth century there were only four central banks of federal states. The banks of Baden, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg issued their own paper money until 1935 when they were deprived of their right to do so. Each of these institutions issued 100 Deutsche Mark banknotes whose graphic design differed from the appearance of Reichsbank’s paper money. Banknotes printed for these banks had a rich graphic design. It was not limited to simple ornamentation and symbols, but contained rich decoration in the form of allegorical figures ‘armed’ with the symbols of trade, crafts, agriculture and industry. Some of these characters and their attributes can be identified with specific Greek and Roman gods such as Hermes or Tyche. Among the figures appearing in the graphic design of the banknotes were women with wreaths of oak leaves on their heads, which may be interpreted as personifications of the states. Two busts have been identified as the symbolic rivers of Rhine and Neckar. The presence of allegorical characters is part of the global tendency during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. At that time, images of deities and symbolic figures referring to the economy were commonly placed on banknotes in European countries and their overseas colonies.
Sankcje jako forma dialogu
Authors: Wyciszkiewicz Ernest
Published: October 2020

The article proposes a broader view on international economic sanctions. They should be recognized not only as a tool of coercion but multifunction foreign policy instrument to punish, detere, reassure and signal. As a matter of fact restrictions have turned into an important ingredient of political dialogue. The article questions the dominant approach focused on narrowly defined effectiveness measured by a visible and major change in a target’s policy. Looking at sanctions as a form of communicating preferences and interests, as well as an element of bargaining game, allows to better understand their political functions and thus to nuance an assessment of their effectiveness. The significance of restrictions introduced after the annexation of Crimea and later on goes beyond provoking a change in Russian policy, beyond critique of past misdeeds and an attempt to restore the status quo. Actually, they are about sending a credible signal to the future to convince potential Russian followers that their actions will be charged with specific costs.
Symboliczne łączenie transgranicznych miast nadmorskich. Przykład Świnoujście – Heringsdorf
Authors: Więckowski Marek
Published: October 2020

The aim of the article is to show the elements of cooperation that foster the connection of border cities, with particular emphasis on infrastructure, means of transport and tourism, using the example of coastal cities. An example of such a place is the island of Uznam and the coastal cities of Heringsdorf (Germany) and Świnoujście (Poland) separated by the state border. With the opening of the internal borders of the European Union, it became possible to organise the undeveloped spaces between the settlement units in the cross-border areas. This is aimed at both: managing the initial border and the related elements (which can lead to their visual disappearance – destruction, deliberate dismantling and so on – and to maintaining the visibility of these elements) and at symbolically connecting the space by blurring or symbolically highlighting the elements of the border or integration (such as lines, inscriptions, monuments).In the case of Świnoujście and Heringsdorf, the most important elements of the symbolic connection of the neighbouring countries were the creation of border crossings, the launch of ship cruises and bus connections. Moreover, the border has become a symbol of barriers and also of integration, that is, a connecting element. In 2011, the Cross-border Promenade Świnoujście-Heringsdorf was commissioned. It is one of the most interesting architectural projects showing the integration of the states. The promenade itself, as well as special monuments, plaques and border markings have a high symbolic value and therefore function as tourist attractions. At the same time, they contribute to the protection of heritage. The border is an element of modernisation and an impulse for economic growth. Thanks to the European Union’s policy, it is also a specific place for access to financial resources.
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS OF STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT: ROLE OF TERTIARY EDUCATION
Authors: ABEDIN Md. Thasinul , SEN Kanon Kumar , RAHMAN Mohammad Rifat , AKTER Sharmin
Published: October 2020

Considering economic growth and banking sector development as economic factors and tertiary level of education as a social factor, this paper explores their effect on stock market development in Bangladesh during the period 1976 to 2015. This paper reveals a significant positive impact of banking sector development and economic growth and an insignificant positive impact of tertiary level of education on stock market development both in the short-run and in the long-run. The positive long-run effect of socioeconomic factors on stock market development suggests that over time the rise in tertiary education, economic growth, and banking sector development contributes into the stock market development. Hence, government should give special attention into the development of tertiary education in addition to accelerating economic growth and banking sector development to ensure broad base stock market.
THE IDEA OF FRANCHISE AS A MODERN CONCEPT OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT: THE EXPERIENCE OF POLAND
Authors: SZMITKA Stanisław
Published: October 2020

Over the years, the franchise has become an attractive model for the sale of products and services, as well as a means of developing the franchisor’s business. Franchising systems around the world have become very popular among franchisees, who receive an already proven cost-effective business model in exchange for payments, purchases and other services from the franchisor. These systems also bring intangible benefits in the form of encouraging the promotion of entrepreneurship in society. Polish franchise legislation has systematic nature and is based on the Civil Code, the Law on Industrial Property, the Law on Combating Unfair Competition, the Law on Protection of Competition and Consumer Rights, the Law on Copyright and Related Rights, European Code of Ethics for Franchising. Taking into account the legal regulations, the mechanism of the Polish model of franchising is revealed and the newest forms of its use in business activity are distinguished.
TEN YEARS AFTER ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Authors: YUYAN Zhang
Published: October 2020

In June 2010, a fierce ethnic conflict erupted in southern Kyrgyzstan, causing heavy casualties and property damage. The ethnic conflict occurred for both historical reasons and realistic backgrounds, especially the policy mistakes of the interim government. This article analyses the causes and effects of this ethnic conflict based on relevant information and reports that have been disclosed by international media. This ethnic conflict not only caused a huge negative impact on the social stability of Kyrgyzstan, but also worsened the security situation in Central Asia. At present, with the national conflict as a lesson, the governments of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are working hard to improve the relationship between the two countries and the two major ethnic groups.
ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN CONFRONTING CHALLENGES TO THE NATIONAL INTERESTS OF UKRAINE
Authors: FLISSAK Кostiantyn
Published: October 2020

Review of the monograph «Economic Diplomacy: Fundamentals, Problems and Prospects»
Direct observation of contact potential distributions of wafer-bonded p-GaAs/n-GaN and p-GaAs/n-Si by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Xing Zhiwei , Yang Wenxian , Zhao Yukun , Long Junhua , Li Xuefei , Dai Pan , Lai Junqi , Chen Qi , Bian Lifeng , Uchida Shiro , Lu Shulong
Published: October 2020

Electrical properties of the wafer bonding p-GaAs/n-GaN, p-GaAs/n-Si and p-GaAs/ITO//ITO/n-Si are investigated systematically by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), capacitance–voltage (C–V) and current–voltage (I–V) measurements. By using KPFM, the contact potential distributions and contact barrier differences of these bonding heterojunctions with Schottky-like characteristics or ohmic feature have been obtained. The contact barrier differences measured by KPFM match well with those measured by C–V. These barriers indicate the thicker interface layer has a larger barrier height, which could contain more interface states. The I–V curve of the heterostructure with the smaller contact barrier difference is shown as an Ohmic contact feature. In contrast, the I–V curve of the junction with the larger contact barrier difference shows a Schottky contact behavior with a larger turn-on voltage. These behaviors indicate that the electrical conductivity of the bonding sample depends on the bonding interface layer significantly.