bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mutated Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A on Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Mice
Authors: Boldt Henning B. , Bale Laurie K. , Resch Zachary T. , Oxvig Claus , Overgaard Michael T. , Conover Cheryl A.
Published: November 2012

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a large multidomain metalloprotease involved in cleavage of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and -5 thereby causing release of bioactive IGF. Individual domains of PAPP-A have been characterized in vitro, including the metzincin proteolytic domain important for IGFBP proteolytic activity, short consensus repeats critical for cell surface association, and Lin-12/Notch repeat module demonstrated to determine IGFBP substrate specificity. To test the hypothesis that specific cleavage of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A in close proximity to the cell surface is required for development of lesions in a murine model of atherosclerosis, the following PAPP-A transgenic (Tg) mice were generated: TgE483A, which lacks all PAPP-A proteolytic activity; TgD1499A, which selectively lacks proteolytic activity against IGFBP-4; and TgK1296A/K1316A, in which cell surface binding is compromised. Following cross-breeding with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice, ApoE KO/Tg mice were fed a high-fat diet to promote aortic lesion development. Lesion area was increased 2-fold in aortas from ApoE KO/Tg wild-type compared with ApoE KO mice (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant increase in the lesion area in any of the ApoE KO/Tg mutant mice. We conclude that PAPP-A proteolytic activity is required for the lesion-promoting effect of PAPP-A and that its specificity must be directed against IGFBP-4. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that cleavage of IGFBP-4 at a distance from the cell surface, and hence from the IGF receptor, is not effective in promoting the development of the atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, PAPP-A exerts its effect while bound to the cell surface in vivo.
The Role of the Carbohydrate Response Element-Binding Protein in Male Fructose-Fed Rats
Authors: Erion Derek M. , Popov Violetta , Hsiao Jennifer J. , Vatner Daniel , Mitchell Kisha , Yonemitsu Shin , Nagai Yoshio , Kahn Mario , Gillum Matthew P. , Dong Jianying , Murray Susan F. , Manchem Vara Prasad , Bhanot Sanjay , Cline Gary W. , Shulman Gerald I. , Samuel Varman T.
Published: November 2012

By 2030, nearly half of Americans will have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In part, this epidemic is fueled by the increasing consumption of caloric sweeteners coupled with an innate capacity to convert sugar into fat via hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In addition to serving as substrates, monosaccharides also increase the expression of key enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis via the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). To determine whether ChREBP is a potential therapeutic target, we decreased hepatic expression of ChREBP with a specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a high-fructose or high-fat diet. ChREBP ASO treatment decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations compared with control ASO treatment in both diet groups. The reduction was more pronounced in the fructose-fed group and attributed to decreased hepatic expression of ACC2, FAS, SCD1, and MTTP and a decrease in the rate of hepatic triglyceride secretion. This was associated with an increase in insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake, as assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In contrast, ChREBP ASO did not alter hepatic lipid content or hepatic insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, fructose-fed rats treated with ChREBP ASO had increased plasma uric acid, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. This was associated with decreased expression of fructose aldolase and fructokinase, reminiscent of inherited disorders of fructose metabolism. In summary, these studies suggest that targeting ChREBP may prevent fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia but without the improvements in hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin responsiveness.
Cerebellar Abnormalities in Mice Lacking Type 3 Deiodinase and Partial Reversal of Phenotype by Deletion of Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1
Authors: Peeters Robin P. , Hernandez Arturo , Ng Lily , Ma Michelle , Sharlin David S. , Pandey Mritunjay , Simonds William F. , St. Germain Donald L. , Forrest Douglas
Published: November 2012

Thyroid hormone serves many functions throughout brain development, but the mechanisms that control the timing of its actions in specific brain regions are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, thyroid hormone controls formation of the transient external germinal layer, which contains proliferative granule cell precursors, subsequent granule cell migration, and cerebellar foliation. We report that the thyroid hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (encoded by Dio3) is expressed in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and neonatal stages, suggesting a need to protect cerebellar tissues from premature stimulation by thyroid hormone. Dio3−/− mice displayed reduced foliation, accelerated disappearance of the external germinal layer, and premature expansion of the molecular layer at juvenile ages. Furthermore, Dio3−/− mice exhibited locomotor behavioral abnormalities and impaired ability in descending a vertical pole. To ascertain that these phenotypes resulted from inappropriate exposure to thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) was removed from Dio3−/− mice, which substantially corrected the cerebellar and behavioral phenotypes. Deletion of TRα1 did not correct the previously reported small thyroid gland or deafness in Dio3−/− mice, indicating that Dio3 controls the activation of specific receptor isoforms in different tissues. These findings suggest that type 3 deiodinase constrains the timing of thyroid hormone action during cerebellar development.
Characterization, Neurosteroid Binding and Brain Distribution of Human Membrane Progesterone Receptors δ and ϵ (mPRδ and mPRϵ) and mPRδ Involvement in Neurosteroid Inhibition of Apoptosis
Authors: Pang Yefei , Dong Jing , Thomas Peter
Published: November 2012

Three members of the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family, PAQR-7, PAQR-8, and PAQR-5 [membrane progesterone (P4) receptor (PR) (mPR)α, mPRβ, and mPRγ], function as plasma mPRs coupled to G proteins in mammalian cells, but the characteristics of two other members, PAQR6 and PAQR9 (mPRδ and mPRϵ), remain unclear, because they have only been investigated in yeast expression systems. Here, we show that recombinant human mPRδ and mPRϵ expressed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells display specific, saturable, high-affinity [3H]-P4 binding on the plasma membranes of transfected cells with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kds) of 2.71 and 2.85 nm, respectively, and low affinity for R5020, characteristics typical of mPRs. P4 treatment increased cAMP production as well as [35S]-guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)γS binding to transfected cell membranes, which was immunoprecipitated with a stimulatory G protein antibody, suggesting both mPRδ and mPRϵ activate a stimulatory G protein (Gs), unlike other mPRs, which activate an inhibitory G protein (Gi). All five mPR mRNAs were detected in different regions of the human brain, but mPRδ showed greatest expression in many regions, including the forebrain, hypothalamus, amygdala, corpus callosum, and spinal cord, whereas mPRϵ was abundant in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Allopregnanolone and other neurosteroids bound to mPRδ and other mPRs and acted as agonists, activating second messengers and decreased starvation-induced cell death and apoptosis in mPRδ-transfected cells and in hippocampal neuronal cells at low nanomolar concentrations. The results suggest that mPRδ and mPRϵ function as mPRs coupled to G proteins and are potential intermediaries of nonclassical antiapoptotic actions of neurosteroids in the central nervous system.
IL-15 Overexpression Promotes Endurance, Oxidative Energy Metabolism, and Muscle PPARδ, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PGC-1β Expression in Male Mice
Authors: Quinn LeBris S. , Anderson Barbara G. , Conner Jennifer D. , Wolden-Hanson Tami
Published: November 2012

Endurance exercise initiates a pattern of gene expression that promotes fat oxidation, which in turn improves endurance, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. The signals from exercise that initiate these pathways have not been completely characterized. IL-15 is a cytokine that is up-regulated in skeletal muscle after exercise and correlates with leanness and insulin sensitivity. To determine whether IL-15 can induce any of the metabolic adaptations associated with exercise, substrate metabolism, endurance, and molecular expression patterns were examined in male transgenic mice with constitutively elevated muscle and circulating IL-15 levels. IL-15 transgenic mice ran twice as long as littermate control mice in a run-to-exhaustion trial and preferentially used fat for energy metabolism. Fast muscles in IL-15 transgenic mice exhibited high expression of intracellular mediators of oxidative metabolism that are induced by exercise, including sirtuin 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α, and PPAR-γ coactivator-1β. Muscle tissue in IL-15 transgenic mice exhibited myosin heavy chain and troponin I mRNA isoform expression patterns indicative of a more oxidative phenotype than controls. These findings support a role for IL-15 in induction of exercise endurance, oxidative metabolism, and skeletal muscle molecular adaptations induced by physical training.
Mitotane Therapy in Adrenocortical Cancer Induces CYP3A4 and Inhibits 5α-Reductase, Explaining the Need for Personalized Glucocorticoid and Androgen Replacement
Authors: Chortis Vasileios , Taylor Angela E. , Schneider Petra , Tomlinson Jeremy W. , Hughes Beverly A. , O'Neil Donna M. , Libé Rossella , Allolio Bruno , Bertagna Xavier , Bertherat Jérôme , Beuschlein Felix , Fassnacht Martin , Karavitaki Niki , Mannelli Massimo , Mantero Franco , Opocher Giuseppe , Porfiri Emilio , Quinkler Marcus , Sherlock Mark , Terzolo Massimo , Nightingale Peter , Shackleton Cedric H. L. , Stewart Paul M. , Hahner Stefanie , Arlt Wiebke
Published: November 2012

Context:

Mitotane [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane] is the first-line treatment for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and is also regularly used in the adjuvant setting after presumed complete removal of the primary tumor. Mitotane is considered an adrenolytic substance, but there is limited information on distinct effects on steroidogenesis. However, adrenal insufficiency and male hypogonadism are widely recognized side effects of mitotane treatment.

Objective:

Our objective was to define the impact of mitotane treatment on in vivo steroidogenesis in patients with ACC.

Setting and Design:

At seven European specialist referral centers for adrenal tumors, we analyzed 24-h urine samples (n = 127) collected from patients with ACC before and during mitotane therapy in the adjuvant setting (n = 23) or for metastatic ACC (n = 104). Urinary steroid metabolite excretion was profiled by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in comparison with healthy controls (n = 88).

Results:

We found a sharp increase in the excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol over cortisol (P < 0.001), indicative of a strong induction of the major drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4. The contribution of 6β-hydroxycortisol to total glucocorticoid metabolites increased from 2% (median, interquartile range 1–4%) to 56% (39–71%) during mitotane treatment. Furthermore, we documented strong inhibition of systemic 5α-reductase activity, indicated by a significant decrease in 5α-reduced steroids, including 5α-tetrahydrocortisol, 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone, and androsterone (all P < 0.001). The degree of inhibition was similar to that in patients with inactivating 5α-reductase type 2 mutations (n = 23) and patients receiving finasteride (n = 5), but cluster analysis of steroid data revealed a pattern of inhibition distinct from these two groups. Longitudinal data showed rapid onset and long-lasting duration of the observed effects.

Conclusions:

Cytochrome P450 3A4 induction by mitotane results in rapid inactivation of more than 50% of administered hydrocortisone, explaining the need for doubling hydrocortisone replacement in mitotane-treated patients. Strong inhibition of 5α-reductase activity is in line with the clinical observation of relative inefficiency of testosterone replacement in mitotane-treated men, calling for replacement by 5α-reduced androgens.
FOXO1 Controls Thyroid Cell Proliferation in Response to TSH and IGF-I and Is Involved in Thyroid Tumorigenesis
Authors: Zaballos Miguel A. , Santisteban Pilar
Published: November 2012

TSH and insulin/IGF-I synergistically induce the proliferation of thyroid cells mainly through the cAMP and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. However, the events involved in this cooperative induction remain unknown, and molecules that are potentially controlled by both TSH and IGF-I are interesting candidates as integrators of both stimuli. The finding that the PI3K pathway is frequently activated in thyroid malignancies has attracted attention to this pathway in the thyroid field. One of the targets of PI3K is Forkhead box O (FoxO)-1, a widely expressed transcription factor involved in a variety of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here we show that FoxO1 is highly expressed in differentiated rat thyroid cells and human thyroid tissue compared with human thyroid tumor-derived cells and surgically removed thyroid tumors, in which its expression is reduced. In differentiated cells, TSH/cAMP treatment decreases FoxO1 mRNA and protein levels through proteasome activation, whereas both TSH and IGF-I control FoxO1 localization by promoting a rapid exclusion from the nucleus in an Akt-dependent manner. FoxO1 can control p27KIP1 expression in differentiated and tumor cells of the thyroid. Furthermore, FoxO1 reexpression in tumor cells promotes a decrease in their proliferation rate, whereas FoxO1 interference in differentiated cells increases their proliferation. These data point to an important role of FoxO1 in mediating the effects of TSH and IGF-I on thyroid cell proliferation and provide a link between loss of FoxO1 expression and the uncontrolled proliferation of thyroid tumor cells.
Temporal Role of Sertoli Cell Androgen Receptor Expression in Spermatogenic Development
Authors: Hazra Rasmani , Corcoran Lisa , Robson Mat , McTavish Kirsten J. , Upton Dannielle , Handelsman David J. , Allan Charles M.
Published: November 2012

Sertoli cell (SC) androgen receptor (AR) activity is vital for spermatogenesis. We created a unique gain-of-function transgenic (Tg) mouse model to determine the temporal role of SCAR expression in testicular development. The SC-specific rat Abpa promoter directed human Tg AR [Tg SC-specific AR (TgSCAR)] expression, providing strong premature postnatal AR immunolocalized to SC nuclei. Independent Tg lines revealed that TgSCAR dose dependently reduced postnatal and mature testis size (to 60% normal), whereas androgen-dependent mature seminal vesicle weights and serum testosterone levels remained normal. Total SC numbers were reduced in developing and mature TgSCAR testes, despite normal or higher Fshr mRNA and circulating FSH levels. Postnatal TgSCAR testes exhibited elevated levels of AR-regulated Rhox5 and Spinlw1 transcripts, and precocious SC function was demonstrated by early seminiferous tubular lumen formation and up-regulated expression of crucial SC tight-junction (Cldn11 and Tjp1) and phagocytic (Elmo1) transcripts. Early postnatal Amh expression was elevated but declined to normal levels in peripubertal-pubertal TgSCAR vs. control testes, indicating differential age-related regulation featuring AR-independent Amh down-regulation. TgSCAR induced premature postnatal spermatogenic development, shown by increased levels of meiotic (Dmc1 and Spo11) and postmeiotic (Capza3 and Prm1) germ cell transcripts, elevated meiotic-postmeiotic germ:Sertoli cell ratios, and accelerated spermatid development. Meiotic germ:Sertoli cell ratios were further increased in adult TgSCAR mice, indicating predominant SCAR-mediated control of meiotic development. However, postmeiotic germ:Sertoli cell ratios declined below normal. Our unique TgSCAR paradigm reveals that atypical SC-specific temporal AR expression provides a direct molecular mechanism for induction of precocious testicular development, leading to reduced adult testis size and decreased postmeiotic development.
A proposed protocol for acceptance and constancy control of computed tomography systems: A Nordic Association for Clinical Physics (NACP) work group report
Authors: Kuttner Samuel , Bujila Robert , Kortesniemi Mika , Andersson Henrik , Kull Love , Østerås Bjørn Helge , Thygesen Jesper , Tarp Ivanka Sojat
Published: November 2012

Background

Quality assurance (QA) of computed tomography (CT) systems is one of the routine tasks for medical physicists in the Nordic countries. However, standardized QA protocols do not yet exist and the QA methods, as well as the applied tolerance levels, vary in scope and extent at different hospitals.

Purpose

To propose a standardized protocol for acceptance and constancy testing of CT scanners in the Nordic Region.

Material and Methods

Following a Nordic Association for Clinical Physics (NACP) initiative, a group of medical physicists, with representatives from four Nordic countries, was formed. Based on international literature and practical experience within the group, a comprehensive standardized test protocol was developed.

Results

The proposed protocol includes tests related to the mechanical functionality, X-ray tube, detector, and image quality for CT scanners. For each test, recommendations regarding the purpose, equipment needed, an outline of the test method, the measured parameter, tolerance levels, and the testing frequency are stated. In addition, a number of optional tests are briefly discussed that may provide further information about the CT system.

Conclusion

Based on international references and medical physicists’ practical experiences, a comprehensive QA protocol for CT systems is proposed, including both acceptance and constancy tests. The protocol may serve as a reference for medical physicists in the Nordic countries.
Facile solvothermal synthesis of single-crystalline anatase nanorods for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wang Xiao , Hao Feng , Chen Huiyuan , Wang Gang , Li Jianbao , Lin Hong
Published: November 2012

Single-crystalline anatase TiO2nanorods (TiO2-SANRs) were synthesized through a facile solvothermal method and successfully applied as the photoanodes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The power conversion efficiencies of TiO2-SANRs decorated Degussa P25 nanoparticle solar cells increased by 13.5 % compared with commercial Degussa P25 TiO2solar cells under standard illumination conditions (AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm–2). The improved performance of the TiO2-SANRs decorated Degussa P25 nanoparticle solar cells was primarily ascribed to the enhanced short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) despite a declined dye-loading capacity. The light-scattering effect in the long-wavelength region, as evidenced from the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) response and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was recognized as the main reason for the photocurrent enrichment.
Porous coordination polymers constructed from anisotropic metal–carboxylate–pyridyl clusters
Authors: Zhang Yue-Biao , Zhang Jie-Peng
Published: November 2012

While isotropic metal–carboxylate clusters as secondary building blocks have enabled the rational design of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with predictable topologies, augmented metal–carboxylate–pyridyl clusters can be used as anisotropic secondary building blocks to facilitate the construction of higher-connectivity frameworks and control over structural directionality in self-assembly.
Lower- and upper-rim-modified derivatives of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane: Coordination chemistry and applications in catalytic reactions in water
Authors: Gonsalvi Luca , Guerriero Antonella , Hapiot Frédéric , Krogstad Donald A. , Monflier Eric , Reginato Gianna , Peruzzini Maurizio
Published: November 2012

In this article, a brief review of the recent functionalizations of the cage-like water-soluble phosphine 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), involving N-quaternization (lower rim) and introduction of a side arm in C-6 position (upper rim) will be presented, highlighting selected examples in their use as ligands for ruthenium(II), iridium(I), and rhodium(I) moieties together with applications of the related complexes in homogeneous catalysis.
The Early Detection Research Network: 10-Year Outlook
Authors: Srivastava Sudhir
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

The National Cancer Institute's Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) has made significant progress in developing an organized effort for discovering and validating biomarkers, building resources to support this effort, demonstrating the capabilities of several genomic and proteomic platforms, identifying candidate biomarkers, and undertaking multicenter validation studies. In its first 10 years, the EDRN went from a groundbreaking concept to an operational success.

CONTENTS

The EDRN has established clear milestones for reaching a decision of “go” or “no go” during the biomarker development process. Milestones are established on the basis of statistical criteria, performance characteristics of biomarkers, and anticipated clinical use. More than 300 biomarkers have been stopped from further development. To date, the EDRN has prioritized more than 300 biomarkers and has completed more than 10 validation studies. The US Food and Drug Administration has now cleared 5 biomarkers for various clinical endpoints.

The EDRN today combines numerous collaborative and multidisciplinary investigator-initiated projects with a strong national administrative and data infrastructure. The EDRN has created a rigorous peer-review system that ensures that preliminary data—analytical, clinical, and quantitative—are of excellent quality. The process begins with an internal review with clinical, biostatistical, and analytical expertise. The project then receives external peer review and, finally, National Cancer Institute program staff review, resulting in an exceptionally robust and high-quality validation trial.
Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Mattu Harman S , Randeva Harpal S
Published: November 2012

The discovery of leptin in 1994 sparked dramatic new interest in the study of white adipose tissue. It is now recognised to be a metabolically active endocrine organ, producing important chemical messengers – adipokines and cytokines (adipocytokines). The search for new adipocytokines or adipokines gained added fervour with the prospect of the reconciliation between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity and metabolic syndrome. The role these new chemical messengers play in inflammation, satiety, metabolism and cardiac function has paved the way for new research and theories examining the effects they have on (in this case) CVD. Adipokines are involved in a ‘good–bad’, yin–yang homoeostatic balance whereby there are substantial benefits: cardioprotection, promoting endothelial function, angiogenesis and reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and inflammation. The flip side may show contrasting, detrimental effects in aggravating these cardiac parameters.
In utero and lactational exposure to vinclozolin and genistein induces genomic changes in the rat mammary gland
Authors: El Sheikh Saad H , Toullec A , Vacher S , Pocard M , Bieche I , Perrot-Applanat M
Published: November 2012

Exposure to low doses of environmental estrogens such as bisphenol A and genistein (G) alters mammary gland development. The effects of environmental anti-androgens, such as the fungicide vinclozolin (V), on mammary gland morphogenesis are unknown. We previously reported that perinatal exposure to G, V, and the GV combination causes histological changes in the mammary gland during the peripubertal period, suggesting alterations to the peripubertal hormone response. We now investigate whether perinatal exposure to these compounds alters the gene expression profiles of the developing glands to identify the dysregulated signaling pathways and the underlying mechanisms. G, V, or GV (1 mg/kg body weight per day) was added to diet of Wistar rats, from conception to weaning; female offspring mammary glands were collected at postnatal days (PNDs) 35 and 50. Genes displaying differential expression and belonging to different functional categories were validated by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. At PND35, G had little effect; the slight changes noted were in genes related to morphogenesis. The changes following exposure to V concerned the functional categories associated with development (Cldn1,Krt17, andSprr1a), carbohydrate metabolism, and steroidogenesis. The GV mixture upregulated genes (Krt17,Pvalb, andTnni2) involved in muscle development, indicating effects on myoepithelial cells during mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, at PND50, cycling females exposed to GV showed an increase in the expression of genes (Csn2,Wap, andElf5) related to differentiation, consistent with the previously reported abnormal lobuloalveolar development previously described. Thus, perinatal exposure to GV alters the mammary gland hormone response differently at PND35 (puberty) and in animals with established cycles.
Evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in game animals from Slovenia
Authors: Žele Diana , Avberšek Jana , Gruntar Igor , Ocepek Matjaž , Vengušt Gorazd
Published: November 2012

Anaplasma phagocytophilumis a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen responsible for granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammalian hosts including humans. Wild animals may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infection withA. phagocytophilumamong wildlife in Slovenia. Serum samples (n = 376) from the most important game species [red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and brown bear (Ursus arctos)] were examined byA. phagocytophilum-specific indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (IFA) and wild boar spleen samples (n = 160) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).A. phagocytophilum-specific antibodies were found in 72% of sera andA. phagocytophilumDNA was present in 6.2% of spleens. The data indicate thatA. phagocytophilumis present and widespread in Slovenian game animals and that game species are involved in the natural life cycle ofA. phagocytophilum.
Beta-catenin expression in pilomatrix carcinoma with multiple visceral metastases in a dog
Authors: Galofaro Vincenzo , Rapisarda Giuseppe , Sfacteria Alessandra , Lanteri Giovanni , Marino Fabio
Published: November 2012

Beta-catenin is a protein initially identified as a submembrane component of the E-cadherin-mediated cell-to-cell adhesion system. It plays a role as a transcriptional factor in the wingless/Wnt signalling pathway. Beta-catenin has been associated with oncogenic activity in human benign and malignant pilomatrix neoplasms where the immunohistochemical profile of β-catenin expression displayed both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in basaloid cells. In this study, an 8-year-old female Irish setter dog was examined because of the presence of skin nodules. Tissue biopsies from different nodules were obtained and histological examination suggested a diagnosis of pilomatrix carcinoma. The dog spontaneously died after 2 months and necropsy showed multiple metastases in the nasal cavity, lungs, heart, kidney, liver and colon. Routine histopathology of metastatic sites showed features consistent with the pattern of primary neoplastic nodules. Immunohistochemical detection of β-catenin was performed in both the primary tumour and the metastases. Beta-catenin expression was located in the nuclei, cytoplasm and membrane of squamoid cells and in the cytoplasm of basaloid cells, while shadow cells were completely negative. To the best of our knowledge, these data represent the first report on the immunohistochemical expression profile of β-catenin in canine pilomatrix carcinoma.
Adenoma of the cloacal scent gland in a California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getulus californiae)
Authors: Gál János , Mándoki Míra
Published: November 2012

A multiple simple adenoma causing severe distortion of the tail base was identified in the cloacal scent gland of a female California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getulus californiae). In addition to the normal epithelial layer of the gland and the skin, the tumour cells in the glandular epithelium also showed cross immunereactivity with humanised anti-cytokeratin antibody. This is the first description of an adenoma in the scent gland of a reptile species. Neither epithelial nor mesenchymal tumours arising from the scent gland of reptiles have been reported previously. This report also highlights the possible use of humanised antibodies on reptile species for the fast, reliable and specific differential diagnosis of tumours.
Effects of tylosin, tilmicosin and tulathromycin on inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury
Authors: Er Ayse , Yazar Enver
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides through kinetic parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. Rats were divided into four groups: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + tylosin, LPS + tilmicosin and LPS + tulathromycin. BALF samples were collected at sampling times. TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGM) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analysed. Area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values of inflammatory mediators were determined by a pharmacokinetic computer programme. When inflammatory mediator concentrations were compared between the LPS group and other groups for each sampling time, the three macrolides had no pronounced depressor effect on cytokine levels, but they depressed PGM and CRP levels. In addition, tylosin and tilmicosin decreased the AUC0-24level of TNF, while tilmicosin decreased the AUC0-24level of IL-10. Tylosin and tulathromycin decreased the AUC0-24of PGM, and all three macrolides decreased the AUC0-24of CRP. Especially tylosin and tulathromycin may have more expressed anti-inflammatory effects than tilmicosin, via depressing the production of inflammatory mediators in the lung. The AUC may be used for determining the effects of drugs on inflammation. In this study, the antiinflammatory effects of these antibiotics were evaluated with kinetic parameters as a new and different approach.
Blood corticosterone levels in growing geese around feather gathering
Authors: Tóth Péter , Bódi László , Maros Katalin , Szűcs Endre , Janan Janbaz
Published: November 2012

Feather production is realised by gathering feathers from geese right as they start their natural moulting. The adequate gathering time coincides with the time of moulting. There is still scarce information as to whether or not gathering causes distress and pain to geese. A series of experiments was carried out by our research group to determine the effect of gathering on plasma corticosterone level in growing geese. In the present experiment, the reactions of five groups (two gathered and three not gathered groups) of 9-week-old Babat Hungarian Upgraded geese were compared regarding gathering. Blood samples were taken right before, during and 5 min, 1 and 3 h after gathering into heparinised tubes from all groups. The plasma concentration of corticosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results show that the plasma concentration of corticosterone is high in the first sample of all groups but is significantly lower at subsequent blood samplings compared to the first samples, especially in gathered geese. Compared to the first sampling, we observed higher corticosterone levels in samples collected 1 and 3 h after gathering. This was true only for groups which were not gathered, especially for the group which was not given any antistress material. From these results it can be concluded that the handling of geese causes an elevation in plasma corticosterone level and that feather gathering does not result in a higher corticosterone level than the handling or catching of the bird. Therefore, it can be concluded that feather gathering — especially when it is done adequately in time — does not cause more distress than the handling or catching of the bird.
Molecular characterisation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) in Turkey
Authors: Yildirim Yakup , Bilge Dağalp Seval , Yilmaz Volkan , Faraji Majarashin Ali
Published: November 2012

In this study, the physical examination of 22 cattle revealed clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) samples of the 22 cattle, and nasal (n = 7) and conjunctival (n = 9) swab samples from 16 sheep from two different farms, were taken for laboratory examination. The clinical diagnosis of MCF in cows was confirmed by the detection of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). OvHV-2 DNA was detected by nested-PCR in PBL of one cow with clinical signs and nasal (1/7)-conjunctival(1/9) swab samples of two sheep housed in the same barn. According to the sequence analysis, three slightly divergent viruses were detected. The results indicate the need for additional research in different regions of Turkey to gain a better understanding of the incidence of MCF and its implications for the livestock industry.
Double uniform density and corresponding convergence of double sequences
Authors: Das Pratulananda , Savas Ekrem
Published: November 2012

We introduce the concept of double uniform density of subsets of ℕ×ℕ and the study the corresponding convergence (namely,Iu-convergence) of double sequences. Further we solve an inequality related to theIu-limit superior of bounded double sequences in line of [5].
Prüfer v-multiplication domains and the completeness of ω-ideals
Authors: Chen Youhua , Wang Fanggui , Yin Huayu
Published: November 2012

Let R be a domain with quotient field K. It is proved that R is an integrally closed domain if and only if every nonzero t-ideal of R is complete, if and only if every nonzero v-ideal of R is complete. We also obtain that every prime ideal of an integrally closed domain is integrally closed, and every strongly prime ideal of a domain is integrally closed. Moreover, we introduce the notion of w-cancellation ideals and give some equivalent characterizations of PVMDs. In particular, it is proved that R is a PVMD if and only if every w-ideal of R is complete.
Subalgebras of the squares of weakly diagonal majority algebras
Authors: Kaarli Kalle
Published: November 2012

If A is a minimal algebra (that is, has no proper subalgebras) then the set S2(A) of all subalgebras of A2 has a natural structure of ordered involutive monoid. This paper gives a characterization of monoids S that appear in the role of this monoid if A is finite, weakly diagonal (every subalgebra of A2 contains the graph of an automorphism of A) and has a majority term.
Linearity of regressions inside top-k-lists and related characterizations
Authors: Ahsanullah M. , Hamedani G. , Wesołowski J.
Published: November 2012

López-Blázquez and Weso lowski [6] introduced the top-k-lists sequence of random vectors and elaborated the usefulness of such data. They also developed the distribution of top-k-lists and their properties arising from various probability distributions, such as standard exponential distribution and uniform distribution on (0, 1). In this paper, we study the linearity of regressions inside top-k-lists and then based on this study we present characterizations of certain distributions.
Devaney chaos and Li-Yorke sensitivity for product systems
Authors: Wu Xinxing , Zhu Peiyong
Published: November 2012

This paper mainly discusses how Devaney chaos and Li-Yorke sensitivity carry over to product systems. First, two results on the periodic points of product systems are obtained. By using them, the following two results are Proved: (1) A finite product system is mixing and Devaney chaotic if and only if each factor system is mixing and Devaney chaotic. (2) An infinite product map Π
i=1∞fi is mixing and Devaney chaotic if and only if each factor map fi is mixing and Devaney chaotic and sup {min P(fi): i ∈ ℕ} < + ∞, where P(fi) is the set of all periods of fi. Besides, we obtain that the product system is Li-Yorke sensitive (sensitive) if and only if there exists a factor system that is Li-Yorke sensitive (sensitive).
Transnational languages: beyond nation and empire? An introduction
Authors: Del Valle José
Published: November 2012

This article introduces the issue and presents the questions addressed by the contributors. Are the language policies and metalinguistic discourses that came to be associated with nationalism and imperialism still operative in the new context provided by the various phenomena associated with globalization? How and to what extent have language policies and metalinguistic discourses adjusted to the contemporary construction of the Commonwealth of Nations, la Comunidad Panhispánica, la Francophonie, and a Lusofonia?
Panhispanismo e hispanofonía: breve historia de dos ideologías siamesas [Panhispanism and hispanofonía: brief history of siamese ideologies]
Authors: Del Valle José
Published: November 2012

In this article, I review the language’s development as an instrument of political action from the time of Spain’s colonial expansion and the post-independence period – in which various nation-building projects were undertaken – through the more recent processes of regional integration. More precisely I focus on panhispanism and the linguistic ideology – hispanofonía – in which it has attempted to construct a culturally, economically, and politically operative community.
Português em contato. Ana M. Carvalho (org) (2009)
Authors: Cardoso Hugo
Published: November 2012

Madrid and Frankfurt: Iberoamericana and Vervuert. Pp. 390. ISBN: 9788484894100
Properties of alinite cement produced by using soda sludge
Authors: Kesim Asli Gunes , Tokyay Mustafa , Yaman Ismail Ozgur , Ozturk Abdullah
Published: November 2012

A production route of alinite cement clinker using the waste material of the Solvay process of the soda industry as the main raw material was searched. Soda sludge (73·5 wt%), clay (26·3 wt%) and minor amounts of iron ore (0·2 wt%) were mixed to obtain a raw mix that is later burned at nine different burning schemes. Four different burning temperatures (1050, 1100, 1150 and 1200°C) and three different burning durations (60, 90 and 180 min) were applied for clinkerisation. The clinkers obtained were investigated by chemical, mineralogical and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The analyses confirmed the formation of the alinite phase [Ca10Mg0·8[(SiO4)3·4(AlO4)0·6O2Cl]] in the clinkers. Results revealed that increasing burning temperature and duration did not cause a significant change in the phases developed, but caused an increase in the crystal size of the phases. Compressive strength tests were also performed on the produced alinite cements to determine the appropriateness of these cements for structural purposes. It is envisaged that the alinite cement produced at a substantially lower temperature than normal Portland cement clinker will lead to benefits not only in terms of economy and ecology but also sustainability of the cement production.
Effect of Te doping on the thermopower of PbSe1–xTex
Authors: Basu Ranita , Bhattacharya S. , Bhatt Ranu , Singh Ajay , Aswal D. K. , Gupta S. K.
Published: November 2012

The authors have studied the effect of Te doping on structural, morphological and thermopower of PbSe for the composition of PbSe1–xTex (x = 0·0, 0·2, 0·50, 0·75, 0·9 and 1·0). The samples were prepared using melting and rocking. The scanning electron microscopy indicated that all the samples have lamellar morphology. The X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that the lattice parameter increases linearly with dopant concentration (x). The temperature dependence of thermopower measured for samples having different x revealed unusual increase in thermopower for the composition x = 0·5, for example, at 427°C, and the thermopower values for PbSe0·5Te0·5, PbTe and PbSe were 292, 188 and 134 μV/K, respectively. A dramatic thermopower enhancement for PbSe0·5Te0·5 is attributed to scattering of the majority charge carriers by the defect sites.
Chemistry of lignin-based materials
Authors: Chung Hoyong , Washburn Newell R.
Published: November 2012

There is a need for renewable resources as a raw material for commodity polymers. Lignin is one of the most important natural biopolymers from renewable resources due to its sufficient supply, robust material properties and the fact that its use does not compete with the food supply. Lignin has been investigated since the late 19th century, but its applications are limited due to poor processability, low reactivity and intrinsic heterogeneity depending on the plant source and isolation methods used. Current strategies for using lignin in modern materials center on integrating it with other natural or synthetic polymers. This review article introduces the technological importance of lignin and focuses on copolymers and blends based on lignin in a broad range of applications.
Inexpensive mineral copper materials with antibacterial surfaces
Authors: Drelich Jaroslaw , Li Bowen , Villeneuve Bradley , Bowen Patrick
Published: November 2012

Inspired by the mining tradition of the Copper Country area in Michigan (USA) and the original objectives of Michigan Tech’s founders, a research program with the mission to explore and promote new materials and products containing copper has been developed. Both ionic and elemental copper have been proven to effectively inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, fungi and molds. Use of inexpensive natural minerals carrying only small quantities of copper, but still possessing antimicrobial properties, would benefit market and cost of manufacturing of a variety of antimicrobial products. Natural copper-bearing minerals could serve as antimicrobial materials but they, unfortunately, occur rarely. Natural aluminosilicates, including clays and zeolites, can be either saturated with copper ions or loaded with copper nanoparticles. Such copper-containing aluminosilicates show strong activity against pathogenic bacteria. Embedded copper broadens and revalues the applications of these inexpensive minerals in plastics, paints, water purification and other products where antimicrobial properties are desirable.
Changes in Leisure Styles and Satisfaction of Older People: A Five Years Follow-up
Authors: Gagliardi Cristina , Spazzafumo Liana , Papa Roberta , Marcellini Fiorella
Published: November 2012

The present study examines the leisure style and leisure satisfaction of a sample of older people at baseline and after a period of 5 years. Three groups were identified by factorial and cluster analyses and labelled under the headings of: Organised Style, Surrounding Style and Indoor Style. Each group represented a different typology of leisure, according to the demand for physical and organizational commitment. Results indicated that the Organized Style group was the most active and satisfied with their leisure time, and differed from the other two by being predominantly male, younger, better educated and in good health. Follow-up analyses revealed a decline in the size of both the Organised Style and Surrounding Style groups, and an increase in the size of the less active group, suggesting that advancing very old age with deteriorating health influenced older peoples' choices toward an increment of indoor activities. This pattern may be softened through the implementation of mechanisms of selection and optimisation.
Development of the Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2: Japanese Version
Authors: Hoshino Kazumi , Zarit Steven H. , Nakayama Makoto
Published: November 2012

This study developed the Japanese version of the Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 (the GST2) and examined reliability and validity of the scale. In Japan, 525 community-dwelling older adults (Male = 260, Female = 265) answered a questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis of the Japanese version of the GST2 revealed the same three-factor structure including the Dimensions of the Cosmic, the Coherence, and the Solitude, which had been reported by Tornstam with the omission of item 1. Reliability and construct validity of the Japanese version of the GST2 were confirmed. These findings provide support for use of the Japanese version of the GST2 as a measure of lifespan development among the oldest old in Japan. The GST2 can be applicable not only for older adults in Sweden but also for older adults in Japan.
Jump into the Void? Factors Related to a Preferred Retirement Age: Gender, Social Interests, and Leisure Activities
Authors: Nicolaisen Magnhild , Thorsen Kirsten , Eriksen Sissel H.
Published: November 2012

Using the frameworks of the life course perspective and continuity theory, this study focuses on the association among working people between gender and specific leisure activities, social interests and individuals' preferred retirement age. The study is based on the first wave of the Norwegian Life Course, Aging and Generation (NorLAG) study, concentrating on workers 40–61 years old, thinking about retirement ( n = 2339). Results indicate that some leisure activities and interests are associated with preferences for early retirement, while other activities and interests are associated with preferences for later retirement. Different leisure activities and interests are related to men's and women's retirement preferences. Single women prefer to retire later than married women. Findings suggest that leisure activities and social interests have different relevance for men's and women's preferences for leaving the labor force. Women active in voluntary work prefer later retirement, while men engaged in fishing and hunting prefer early retirement.
Wellbeing in Bereavement and Widowhood
Authors: Bennett Kate Mary , Soulsby Laura K.
Published: November 2012

This article will examine how beveavement and widowhood affect wellbeing drawing on psychological, gerontological, and sociological research. The article will begin with an outline of what is meant by bereavement and widowhood. It will then present an overview of the effects that bereavement and widowhood has on wellbeing. In the next section, a brief history of approaches to bereavement will be presented. Next, more recent approaches will be discussed including the Dual Process Model of Bereavement (Stroebe & Schut, 1999), and a discussion of the debate concerning continuing and relinquishing bonds. The focus will then turn to factors which influence wellbeing with a focus both on pre- and post-bereavement experiences, and on such factors as age and gender. Finally, there will be a discussion of factors which may enhance wellbeing, such as resilience, identity reconstruction, and coping strategies.