bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Middle Tennessee Debacle
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

In April 1863, the Federals finally made offensive maneuvers, and Bragg was apparently in increasingly poor physical condition. Johnston travelled to Jacksonville, Mississippi, but the city fell to the Yankees. In May, President Davis requested Bragg send troops to Mississippi. Bragg sent his old enemy Breckenridge with his forces, and some of his losses were offset by brigades sent from other states. Rosecrans advanced on the Hoover Gap and effectively out-maneuvred the Confederates. Bragg then retreated, leaving Middle Tennessee to fall to the Yankees. The loss of the middle Tennessee territory in addition to the defeat in Gettysburg depreseds morale throughout the Confederate army.
Epilogue
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

Overall, the failure of the Army of Tennessee had myriad causes. First, the leaders of the Army of Tennessee, like General Bragg, did not receive enough cooperation to be successful. Second, an insufficient number of Kentuckians joined the army. Next, geography, notably how to handle the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers, created strategic challenges. Additionally, an inadequate railroad system incumbered the transportation of people and goods. Finally, Union forces were better managed.
City of Strangers
Authors: Ash Stephen V.
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the establishment of positions in the Confederate congress, offers a framework of military and workforce departments in Richmond, and covers population overflow in Richmond. The author illustrates the benefits and struggles of living in Richmond through stories of individuals from different backgrounds. Despite their differences, these people all experience family, housing, career, and money concerns.
Housing the Multitudes
Authors: Ash Stephen V.
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, the conflict of “too many people here for houses” explores the many individuals affected by the overcrowded city, the difficulty of finding a place to stay, and the rooms, lodgings, and shelters that people slept in. The problem not only concerned homelessness, but extended into financial concerns relating to rent, bills, and service.
Dissent and Despair
Authors: Ash Stephen V.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Richmonders with Union convictions who left the city during the war. Those suspected of holding Union convictions, including women, were not tolerated. With the focus on LDF soldiers, the chapter details the abandonment and escape of soldiers who deserted their family and the Confederate party.
White Supremacy and Black Resistance
Authors: Ash Stephen V.
Published: September 2020

This chapter observes the biased treatment between white and black Richmonders, the injustice of slavery, and white supremacy. The topics of slavery and freedom, direct causes of the Civil War, are examined through the perspectives of individuals who supported different beliefs. This chapter also covers black resistance, and Southern whites’ fears about the rise of Black men and women’s education and independence.
Introduction
Authors: Bhagavan Manu
Published: September 2020

The introduction presents India’s role in the Cold War by providing a background of India’s prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Also briefly discussed are a summary of the United Nation and the role India played in political conversation, topics, and events such as human rights, India’s role as a peacemaker, involvement in the development nuclear science, and politics. The introduction then outlines India’s approach to the Cold War and explains the book’s thematic sections. Part I focuses on the interplay of a bifurcated subcontinent with the polarized superpowers. Part II accentuates India’s peacekeeping aspirations. Part III discusses the domestic economic and political developments that were deeply intertwined with external relations, ideologies, and interventionism during the Cold War. Lastly, in light of all three portions, the book assesses India’s multifaceted role in the Cold War.
The Accidental Global Peacekeeper
Authors: Singh Sidhu Waheguru Pal
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines India’s important contributions to U.N. peacekeeping. It discusses peacekeeping operations and their objectives, outlines the United Nations’ peacekeeping principles, and reviews the role India played in historical events such as The Korean War, United Nations Emergency Force, and United Nations Operation in Congo. The chapter argues that as India and Jawaharlal Nehru held no political or economic interest, only a strong vision for peace and a manifestation of One World, they adhered to and encouraged U.N. peacekeeping.
The Clintons’ War on Drugs
Authors: Murch Donna
Published: September 2020

The chapter offers a political analysis of how mass incarceration unfolded through the designs of the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), the collection of conservative and centrist Sunbelt governors and congressmen whose political aim was to undo the 1968 presidential primary reforms that established a more pluralistic party base. The chapter takes up the political career of President William J. Clinton, the DLC’s champion, through a political analysis of his “tough on crime” agenda that resulted in the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act that established $30.2 billion for prisons and policing, the federal expansion of the death penalty, a “three strikes” and lifetime imprisonment provision for federal felony convictions, and gang “enhancements” that allowed minors to be prosecuted as adults. Linking Clinton’s embrace of welfare reform to “get tough” political positioning, the chapter castigates the Democratic Party for pursuing retributive policies that retained white working-class voters within the Democratic fold at the expense of Black people. The “paradox” of Bill Clinton’s political legacy is that he has been able to cast himself as a “liberal” and a friend to the Black community while pursuing such harmful policies, which only makes clear the degree to which African American voters were locked within a detrimental two-party system.
“From Dachau with Love”
Authors: Berger Dan
Published: September 2020

The chapter explores how memorial constructions of George Jackson’s resistance against California’s prison system provide a discursive symbol of prisoner liberation that stretches across time and space. Writing between traditions that have both excoriated Jackson as criminal and celebrated Jackson as an intellectual, the chapter takes up Jackson’s activism within the framework of his lived experience as a California prisoner whose choices were always restricted by prison’s bondage. To break free of prison’s metaphorical and physical walls, Jackson’s activism was rooted in a transnational struggle for Black Liberation that equated the prisoners’ plight alongside Marxist movements for national revolution and independence in Vietnam, Cuba, South Africa, and South America. After his 1971 death at the hands of California prison guards, Jackson became a cultural martyr and a palimpsest as a memorial and symbolic inspiration to future abolitionist and protest campaigns against carceral regimes. Drawing on the transnational cultural memory of Jackson as ardent prison abolitionist, the chapter discerns a new era of prison protest where California’s prison hunger strikes in 2012 and 2013 share Jacksonian inspiration with the first-ever national prison work strike in 2016.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Jessica M.
Published: September 2020

This introduction outlines how, following the Civil War, Los Angeles city boosters and capitalists built what would become the American West’s most important city by tying their region to the exploitation of Mexican labor and Mexican natural resources. They followed a template often used by urban boosters, particularly in cities in the American West, who turned to the surrounding countryside with investment schemes to fuel personal fortunes and municipal growth. At the heart of these plans were cities or urban cores. Urban elites considered the corpus that surrounded them as their hinterland or periphery. In Los Angeles, these plans for growth also assumed imperial and transnational dimensions. Urban promoters argued for “taking in” territories in neighboring Mexico. In foregrounding international urban development in the American West and the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, this chapter argues for understanding Los Angeles as a city-empire. Similar to what geographers and urbanists describe as “global city-regions” in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Los Angeles in the late nineteenth century functioned as a node of concentrated wealth and power in the borderlands economy and operated at an alternative scale to the nation-state. Ultimately, the city would function as the vanguard of an American commercial or “informal” empire in Mexico.
Pueblo, City, Empire
Authors: Kim Jessica M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how Los Angeles’s imperial aspirations at the end of the nineteenth century originated with figures such as Civil War veteran and diplomat William Rosecrans, who campaigned vocally for investors in Southern California to invest in Mexico and to tie the two regions together through financial networks. For context, it gives an overview of the Spanish empire in Los Angeles as well as the American ideology of Manifest Destiny that prompted the Mexican-American War. It then explores early investment connections between Los Angeles and Mexico through the figures of Rosecrans, Mexican president Porfirio Díaz, Mexican diplomat Guillermo Andrade, and Mexican American Ignacio Sepúlveda. These individuals were instrumental in creating an investment and trade network based in Los Angeles and extending into Mexico as early as the 1870s. Many of these individuals also advocated for the creation of an “informal” American empire to facilitate investment in Mexico and the growth of Los Angeles.
Revolution around the Corner and across the Border
Authors: Kim Jessica M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the role of Los Angeles investors in creating the social and economic inequities that led to the Mexican Revolution. The economic ties between Los Angeles and Mexico developed prior to the revolution meant that the revolt in Mexico had a profound impact on the city. Mexican revolutionaries identified American investment as one of the causal factors in economic inequalities in Mexico and deliberately targeted American and Los Angeles investors. In fact, leading Mexican revolutionaries Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón operated from Los Angeles and Mexican revolutionaries organized revolts on Los Angeles-owned properties in Mexico, including the Colorado River Land Company and the Mexican Petroleum Company. White city builders and investors in Los Angeles struggled to keep control over what they considered their Mexican hinterland or periphery.
Mozart in the Desert
Authors: Goldman Shalom
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the fraught dynamics preceding and immediately following the birth of the Jewish state of Israel following the conclusion of World War II, and the participation of Americans such as Leonard Bernstein in the celebration of that birth. These pages also introduce the concept of dual loyalty, or tension that American Jews felt questioning whether to identify first and foremost with the USA or the Jewish state, which was settled, in part, by premising American support for Israel on stopping the pressure for American Jews to immigrate to the newly defined state. The chapter concludes with an account of Bernstein’s symphony tour of an Israeli countryside on continued war-footing. Israel becomes fully an American cause.
Of Poets, Singers, and a Young Medic
Authors: Goldman Shalom
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the bond between American poet W.H. Auden and Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai. It also tells of the author’s own experiences as an American student on kibbutz followed by his unplanned joining of the Israeli military as a combat medic who patrolled Israel’s tense borders. The Yom Kippur War between Israel and allies Syria and Egypt, which reified American Jewish commitment to Israel, are detailed. Additional accounts include that of Father Daniel Berrigan, one of the first concerted American critics of Israeli “imperialism.” The varied experiences of Johnny and June Carter Cash, Bishop Pike, and Meyer Lansky with respect to Israel are also rendered.
Israel at Thirty
Authors: Goldman Shalom
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the growing complexity of the American relationship to Israel: from American telethon fundraisers to concerted criticism to the rise of American Evangelical support for Israel. It also details the growing complexities around the question of how to treat the Palestinian territories. Additional topics include the growing phenomenon of “Jerusalem Syndrome,” or cult-like religious zealotry focused on Israel, as well as the treatment of Israel in several American best-selling novels. The chapter concludes with the response to the First Intifada and the election of Benjamin Netanyahu as prime minister.
Introduction
Authors: White Derrick E.
Published: September 2020

This book tells the history of college football at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) through the lens of Alonzo “Jake” Gaither’s playing and coaching career. After World War II, Gaither, as a coach, transformed Florida A&M University (FAMU) into the most dominant Black college football program over the next three decades. FAMU’s winning program was buttressed by the development of sporting congregations, a network of athletes, administrators, coaches, sportswriters, and fans that emerged in the first half of the 20th century. Finally, the growth of Black college football reflected a broader tension in African American higher education between integration and self-determination.
Championships and Civil Rights
Authors: White Derrick E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how Black college football and FAMU reckoned with the civil rights movement. Gaither preferred interracial cooperation rather than direct action as a means for racial change. The civil rights movement, beginning with Brown v. Board of Education, and including the bus boycotts of the mid-1950s and the sit-ins of the early 1960s, undermined Gaither’s reputation with activists. Gaither’s opposition to immediate desegregation not only was an attempt to hold on to his powerful football program but also showed an understanding of how integration would perpetuate athletic dominance by predominately white institutions. Gaither’s experiences with structural racism in building Bragg Stadium provided an alternative perspective to the civil rights movement.
Desegregation, Decline, and Black Power
Authors: White Derrick E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the effects of FAMU’s struggles in 1964 and 1965 during the opening years of athletic integration in the South. Additionally, the Black Power movement challenged Gaither’s conservatism on racial issues. Gaither and other HBCU coaches pursued playing predominately white colleges as a means to counter the expected effects of desegregation. Gaither believed that open competition would show that FAMU was the best team in Florida.
Jake Gaither’s Last Season and the End of an Era
Authors: White Derrick E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter chronicles Gaither’s last season as head coach at FAMU. The highlight was FAMU’s first game against a PWI when it defeated the University of Tampa. Additionally, Gaither won his 200th game of his career, making him one of the winningest coaches in college football history. Off the field, 1969 was the last year of segregated high schools in Florida. The federal government ordered the end of the dual education system. The closing of black high schools, and the subsequent firing of teachers and coaches, removed a vital cog of FAMU’s sporting congregation.
The Spark of Youth
Authors: Hogan Wesley C.
Published: September 2020

When it became clear that the civil rights movement had not quite managed to drag segregation behind the barn and shoot it to death, others stepped in and picked up the fight. SONG created some room to move in the vital crawl spaces across the South in the 1990s, modeling intersectional organizing that would come to full bloom in the 2010s. The Ella Baker Center in Oakland has spent the better part of three decades figuring out how to grow successive generations of youth organizers to redirect public monies toward education, not prison. Youth immigrant organizers have taught the nation to value family emancipation and reunification as an essential right. The Movement for Black Lives and youth water protectors at Standing Rock have shined a brilliant spotlight on the mounting reality of government and corporate authoritarianism—surveillance, beating, shooting, warrantless taps, repeat arrests, mass incarceration. All of these organizations have advanced visions for a just and open society, doing so where adult society has dismally failed. In each case, it has been young people, not corporations or established parties or law enforcement, who pushed the nation a step further toward its self-proclaimed ideal of “liberty and justice for all.”
Beyond Colombia and Mérida
Authors: Bartilow Horace A.
Published: September 2020

Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative case studies showed that corporate congressional lobbies not only shaped the militarization of foreign drug enforcement but also drove the federal government’s drug war expenditures. However, how generalizable are these finding beyond Colombia and Mexico? This chapter answers this question by first discussing theories of congressional lobbying and provides an institutional analysis of the relative power of corporations and civil society organizations in shaping U.S. drug enforcement policy. The hypotheses that emerge from these discussions are empirically tested using the Heckman selection estimator that analyze cross-national data of thirty-three corporations who were active in lobbying for drug enforcement in Colombia and Mexico, and eighty countries that were recipients of U.S. counternarcotic aid during the period 2003–12. The finding showed that increases in corporate congressional lobbying expenditures are associated with increases in counternarcotic aid flows to the eighty recipient countries in the data set and that the outcome observed in the Columbia and Mexico case studies are indeed generalizable.
Introduction
Authors: Ludington Charles C. , Booker Matthew Morse
Published: September 2020

Food is a contentious topic in the contemporary United States. But our debates surrounding food are hardly new. The chapters in Food Fights constitute a series of debates about food, emphasizing the historical background to our current arguments. All the authors share the assumption that knowing how we got the food and foodways we have today will help us appreciate both the triumphs and failures, strengths and weaknesses of our current food system, and thereby build some common understanding between those who only condemn its problems and those who see only its virtues.
Born in the U.S.A.
Authors: Coclanis Peter A.
Published: September 2020

American agriculture has been the backbone of American industry since the eighteenth century, and American agriculture has long embraced industrial practices. Peter Coclanis argues that we should acknowledge the successes of industrial agriculture and the inability of current alternatives to feed a growing population in the United States and around the world.
Who Should Be Responsible for Food Safety?
Authors: Booker Matthew Morse
Published: September 2020

The paradox of modern life is that consumers demand government protect them from an ever-greater range of risks, but at the same time complain about ever-greater government control. Reviewing epidemics of foodborne disease in the late 19th century, Matthew Booker shows how the U.S. government gradually took responsibility for food safety with the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. We live longer and healthier lives because of those government regulations. But Americans today are threatened by illnesses like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, calling into question once again what is safe food and who should guarantee it.
Reform at Last
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 analyzes Italian and Jewish reform advocates’ final efforts to abolish the national origins quota system but also sheds light on the constraints they faced in seeking reform. After pushing for immigration reform for over forty years, many of them, sensing that the window for reform was closing, realized that they had to compromise to accomplish their goal. Although Lyndon B. Johnson and his administration marginalized the voices of Italian and Jewish immigration reform advocates who had long fought for immigration reform, many of these activists remained quiet as the negotiations over the final bill hinged on the imposition of a cap on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. For many of them, in the end, their priority remained the abolition of the national origins quota system, which they regarded as marking them as undesirable, second-class citizens. As many of them had hoped, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the national origins quota system and prioritized immigrants with family ties and skills, but it also imposed global quotas, including on immigration from the Western Hemisphere, which created new barriers for migrants from the Americas and exacerbated the debate over illegal immigration.
Conclusion
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

The conclusion focuses on the long-term ramifications of immigration reform activists’ limitations in 1965. Bringing the history of immigration reform to the present, the conclusion also reflects on the similarities and differences between immigration reform activists discussed in the book and those pushing for immigration reform during the Trump administration. Even during the most challenging times for restrictionists during the 20th Century, reformers could always count on family reunification as a priority for critics and supporters of immigration alike. That option is no longer available today. Nor can activists count on the executive office as a mitigating institution seeking common ground between the two poles. They face instead a president who uses anti-immigrant rhetoric to retain power and who bypasses Congress to change the country’s immigration and refugee policy dramatically.
Better to Light a Candle
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how an ideology of service was essential to the success of God’s Love We Deliver, a home meal delivery program founded in 1986 for people with AIDS. Under the charismatic leadership of Executive Director Ganga Stone, God’s Love deployed a rhetoric of service to speak to individuals’ private search for meaning during the AIDS crisis. God’s Love was premised upon the uncontroversial notion that food was love, a tangible offering of nourishment and care. The program offered New Yorkers a means of registering their concern for those suffering with AIDS regardless of their spiritual or political views (or lack thereof). For Stone, God’s Love was not about finding structural solutions, but about helping ordinary people to be of service and thus to bring joy and purpose into their lives. This strategic approach enabled the organization to redefine what it meant to “care” about AIDS and to amass a broad set of supporters and considerable resources. By proffering the image of the suffering, hungry person who needed help in the most immediate way possible, the ideology of service made AIDS more approachable even as it may have obscured other kinds of relationships based on solidarity or empowerment.
Domestic Departures
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

The chapter explores gender violence Indigenous women experience at home and suggests that, far from being a private matter, it is fundamentally intertwined with state violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

This chapter brings the book full circle to the overarching argument that settler capitalist states are based on white supremacy and patriarchy as structuring and enduring logics that will continue to render Indigenous women vulnerable without a profound restructuring of society.
The Patriarch
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

As a grown woman, Rose Tijerina accused her father, Reies López Tijerina, the founder of the Alianza Federal de Mercedes, a land-rights organization in New Mexico, of sexual molestation when she was a teen-ager. Her father vigorously denied the accusation. Nevertheless, oral histories with family members as well as archival documents show that Tijerina did demonstrate a patriarchal and controlling nature that demanded compliance. Disobedience courted physical abuse. Because she believed in the land-grant cause, Mary Escobar, his first wife, continued to operate as the Alianza’s secretary for several months even after the pair divorced. Then Rose, also eager to contribute to justice, took over that position. Unfortunately for all, Reies López Tijerina operated the Alianza akin to how he ran his family, with power concentrated in his hands and no tolerance for criticism.
The Chicano
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

The massive news coverage of the Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid catapulted Reies López Tijerina to the national civil rights stage almost instantly but only briefly. In the wake of the raid, Chicano movement participants felt empowered by his insistence that Spanish-speakers had a historic claim to the American Southwest. Soon he enjoyed invitations from Martin Luther King, Jr. to participate in the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign. For a short while, he also benefited from the advice of Maria Varela, a veteran civil rights activist. Yet in D.C. during the Poor People’s Campaign, the glare of publicity also exposed his autocratic tendencies and massive ego. Thrilled by the post-raid attention, Tijerina’s aspirations only grew. He eagerly spoke of moving beyond the land-rights agenda of the the Alianza Federal de Mercedes, the organization he had led since 1963.
The Martyr
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

In the two years following the 1967 Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid, Reies López Tijerina enjoyed a singular moment of triumph in December 1968 when he successfully defended himself against a series of raid charges in state court. Otherwise, he suffered and sought suffering. State and federal law agents surveilled him constantly. Anonymous terrorists shot at and firebombed the headquarters of the Alianza Federal de Pueblos Libres where he lived. Against this backdrop, Tijerina ran for state governor and then conducted a series of increasingly far-fetched citizens’ arrest. In June 1969, he nearly exchanged gunfire with U.S. Forest Service officials during a protest, prompting a judge to send him directly to jail. Convicted on multiple charges, Tijerina stayed behind bars for the next three years.
Making Repeal Meaningful
Authors: Hong Jane H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how Asian American advocates negotiated the growing marginalization of Asians and Asia within the immigration debates between 1952 and 1965. If the McCarran-Walter campaign marked a peak in Asian Americans’ influence amid unprecedented U.S. intervention in East Asia, the revision efforts that followed relegated Asians, and by extension Asian Americans, to the periphery of the national conversation on immigration. This chapter examines Chinese and Japanese Americans’ efforts to include Asians in 1950s refugee admissions, experiments in interethnic cooperation, and role in shaping the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. Hawaii’s admission as the nation’s fiftieth state and the election of the first U.S. congresspersons of Chinese and Japanese descent helped institutionalize Asian Americans’ political voice in Washington, DC, with important ramifications for 1960s immigration reform.
Epilogue
Authors: Hong Jane H.
Published: September 2020

The epilogue considers how the relationship between Asian migration and U.S. empire, exclusion, and power began changing in the 1960s through discussion of a “brain drain” from Asia to the United States. Some of the same Asian powers that had once critiqued America for excluding Asians on racial grounds now accused the United States and other Western countries of luring away the most educated and skilled members of developing societies in order to ensure their own economic hegemony for years to come.
How Are Colleges and Universities Influenced from Outside?
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

Colleges and universities are influenced in many ways from the outside, including federal and state governments, court decisions, and accreditors. Trustees must possess a deep understanding of the regulatory environment in which academic institutions operate.
What Is Academic Research?
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the nature and importance of university research in various fields, how and what research is funded, and the management and monetization of intellectual property.
Clam Fritters and the Quest for Perfection
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Griddle- and pan-fried across generations in the crucible of the everyday cuisine of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, the clam fritter's origins emerge from a coming together of African and European cooking traditions. When it comes to the simplicity and perfection of clam fritters, everybody has an opinion. A lot of mischief lurks in simple things. This chapter explores the complex histories of ordinary things through storytelling, natural history, documentary history, and Eastern Shore of Virginia cuisine and terroir.
On Menus
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

The closing chapter pulls together the many strands of foodways that continue to define the Eastern Shore of Virginia as a distinct and distinctive terroir. The chapter begins with an African American church menu and turns to a group of award-winning contemporary chefs for their reactions to the listed fare. Every menu is much more than the itemized listing it provides. Menus are invitations to invention through pairings and juxtapositions. They are a literature where individual items speak to the expertise of the cook and the expectations of the diner. Menus are the most optimistic of all literary forms. They are about art and gratification.
Chilbom
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins Part Two of the book, “Investigation.” “CHILBOM” is the code-name that the Federal Bureau of Investigation gives to the Letelier case, suspecting early that the Chilean government is involved but confirming only after a year and a half of investigation. Eugene Propper is the Assistant US Attorney in charge of the investigation at the Department of Justice, with the FBI assisting.
I’m Not Going to Any Jail
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the early 1990s judicial pursuit of Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza, now both retired yet protected by the military even after the return to democracy. The mysterious “Liliana Walker” is discovered to be a former escort called Mónica Lagos living quietly in Santiago. Lagos confirms the story told years earlier Armando Fernández, which allows the re-opening of the case in Chilean courts. Judicial reforms and the arrival of a new Supreme Court judge, Adolfo Bañados, results in the indictment of Contreras and Espinoza. They are found guilty in 1993, but they appeal.
The Fear Is Over
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter ends the narrative of the Letelier case with the 1995 decision by the Chilean Supreme Court to ratify the guilty verdict of the lower court in the case of Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza. But several challenges remain in the quest for justice, not the least of which is the resistance of Augusto Pinochet, who remains the head of the Army and threatens the return of the dictatorship if military members are targeted for human rights violations. Espinoza goes to prison willingly, but Contreras resists both legally and physically. By the end of 1995, however, the pressure for him to accept his sentence becomes overwhelming and he submits. The Letelier family expresses relief and joy.
Intellectual Authors, 1996–2018
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This epilogue ties up loose ends by narrating the experiences of all the important participants in the Letelier case: Isabel Letelier and her sons have grown old and beloved; Michael Moffitt remarried and prospered; investigators moved on and remained fond of the case they solved. Some Cuban-Americans served significant sentences, but all have remained popular in their communities. Manuel Contreras died in prison in 2015; Mariana Townley died penniless while her former husband, Michael Tonwley, remained in Witness Protection. Augusto Pinochet died while awaiting trial for human rights violations and can now be safely assessed as not only covering up the crime but ordering the assassination. The epilogue ends with thoughts on the importance of the case for democracy, human rights, the Cold War, and counterterrorism.
The Modern Knight Errant
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the rise of organized American tackle football for high school and college students in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The sport became most prominently associated with white, Anglo-Saxon, protestant students at elite colleges and universities. Early safety debates turned on whether football’s physical dangers were uncivilized and “brutish,” or whether exposure to its risks fostered American ideals of civilized manliness. These ideals were in turn intertwined with dominant understandings of race, gender, and national identity. School administrators and other leaders, including President Theodore Roosevelt, saw football as preparing boys for future business and military leadership. As a consequence, they contended that the sport’s perceived violence was civilized and conferred moral benefits upon players. By the early twentieth century, football was firmly established in elite American colleges and expanding at the high school level.
A Clear Conscience
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

In the late 1960s, longstanding criticisms of the lack of football helmet standards became complementary to broader calls for product safety research and regulation. Several non-profit voluntary standards associations formed by engineers and scientists began devoting attention to protective football gear. Ultimately, however, a new organization funded by sporting goods manufacturers proved most influential in establishing football helmet standards. The industry’s influence was connected to changing legal principles that made it easier to sue manufacturers for harms caused by consumer products. The sporting goods industry sought to limit its liability by framing prevention of football injuries as the responsibility of individual players, parents, and coaches. The industry’s rush to develop and adopt helmet standards ironically occurred in the context of significant scientific uncertainty over how to effectively test helmets.
LEARNING GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VACANT HOUSES USING CLOSED MUNICIPAL DATA: A CASE STUDY OF WAKAYAMA CITY, JAPAN
Authors: Baba H. , Akiyama Y. , Tokudomi T. , Takahashi Y.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Vacant housing detection is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. It is also a suitable example to promote utilisation of smart data that are stored in municipalities. This study proposes a vacant housing detection model that uses closed municipal data and considers accelerating the use of public data to promote smart cities. Employing a machine learning technique, this study ensures high predictive power for vacant housing detection. The model enables us to handle complex municipal data that include non-linear feature characteristics and substantial missing data. In particular, handling missing data is important in the practical use of closed municipal data because not all of the data are necessarily absorbed to a building unit. Consequently, the model in this analysis showed that the accuracy and false positive rate are 95.4 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively, which are high enough to detect vacant houses. However, the true positive rate is 77.0 percent. Although the rate is not low to some extent, selection of features and further collection of extra samples may improve the rate. Geographic distribution of vacant houses further enabled us to check the difference between the actual and estimated number of vacant houses, and more than 80 percent of 500-meter grid data are with below 10 errors, which we think, provides city planners with informative data to roughly grasp geographical tendencies.
3D SAFE ROUTING NAVIGATION APPLICATION FOR PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS BASED ON OPEN SOURCE TOOLS
Authors: Santhanavanich T. , Wuerstle P. , Silberer J. , Loidl V. , Rodrigues P. , Coors V.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The recent advancement in Information & Communication Technology (ICT) is seen as a critical enabler to design intelligent smart cities targeting different domains. One such domain is modes of transport in a city. Currently, various cities around the world are envisioning innovative ways to reduce emissions in the cities by increasing physically active mobility. However, there is still limited information about the safety of cyclists and pedestrians within city limits. To address this, we develop a 3D web-based safe routing tool called Vision Zero. Our concept prototype used Augsburg city, Germany, as a case study. The implementation is based on open-source tools. In the back-end, the OGC 3D Portrayal Service standard helps to deliver and integrate various 2D and 3D geospatial contents on a web-based client using CesiumJS. The OGC SensorThings API (STAPI) standard is used to manage historical and real-time open road-incident data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. The navigation system is built up based on the routing engine pgRouting, which calculates the safest route based on the mentioned STAPI server and the road-network dataset from OpenStreetMap.
OPEN GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR URBAN GREEN AREAS
Authors: Baučić M. , Gilić F. , Bačić S. , Duplančić-Leder T.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. More than half of the world’s population lives in big urbanized areas. It is not rare that those areas are lacking natural green spaces. Green spaces improve different aspects of life in cities and they are becoming so important that lately more and more attention is given to the so-called green infrastructure. The first step in planning green infrastructure is acquiring information about current city greenery. In this paper, it was investigated how can airborne, spaceborne, and street-level images be used in gathering information about greenery. As spaceborne images, Sentinel-2 satellite images were used and as street-level images, Google Street View 360° photospheres have been utilized. From both sources, information about current greenery status was automatically extracted. Gathered data was aggregated on different spatial units that are suitable for decision making that aims at further developing the green spaces. These top-down and street-level images complement each other in a way that top-down images can be used to track the percentage of green area and its changing over time, while street-level images give information about greenery that is perceived by pedestrians. With proposed methods, it is possible to detect areas that should be considered for greening and also to identify areas that should have priority in that process.
ON THE CHALLENGE OF SERVICE RECOMMENDATION TO MOBILE USERS IN SMART CITIES: CONTEXT AND ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Ameur A. , Ichou S. , Hammoudi S. , Benna A. , Meziane A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The industrial and academic interest of the research on mobile service recommendation systems based on a wide range of potential applications has significantly increased, owing to the rapid progress of mobile technologies. These systems aim to recommend the right product, service or information to the right mobile users at anytime and anywhere. In smart cities, recommending such services becomes more interesting but also more challenging due to the wide range of information that can be obtained on the user and his surrounding. This quantity and variety of information create problems in terms of processing as well as the problem of choosing the right information to use to offer services. We consider that to provide personalized mobile services in a smart city and know which information is relevant for the recommendation process, identifying and understanding the context of the mobile user is the key.This paper aims to address the issue of recommending personalized mobile services in smart cities by considering two steps: defining the context of the mobile user and designing an architecture of a system that can collect and process context data. Firstly, we propose an UML-based context model to show the contextual parameters to consider in recommending mobile services in a smart city. The model is based on three main classes from which others are divided: the user, his device and the environment. Secondly, we describe a general architecture based on the proposed context model for the collection and processing of context data.
MORE TRAFFIC MEANS MORE ACCIDENTS? THE CASE OF FRENCH NICE HIGHWAY
Authors: Grimaldi D.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This paper argues the relationship between traffic volume and accidents in highway sections. The paper shows the French city of Nice case and the analysis of the M6098 highway connecting the city to the airport. Amongst the different variables that are linked to traffic volume we select, explaining our choice, the NO2 pollution parameter. We collect a large volume of data from a long period of time between 2012 and 2014 that we collect from the national road traffic center. Our results show it does exist a relationship between traffic volume and accidents with a stronger factor during the weekdays. A long debate exists in the Literature concerning this possible correlation and our paper suggests the confirmation for one of the different positions expressed. Our conclusions help city Managers in their task to understand the conditions of urban living and transport. They are additional inputs to define local policies in order to improve the efficiency of private transport and prepare future smart cities.
MOBILE LASER SCANNING IN HIGHLY URBANIZED AREA – A CASE STUDY IN SOFIA
Authors: Mickrenska-Cherneva C. , Alexandrov A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The paper examines the possibility to create a three-dimensional model of cadastral objects – cadastral parcels and buildings, exploring different spatial data acquisition technologies. Four cadastral parcel and part of the buildings situated in them are selected for the range of the task. Self-contained objects located in buildings have not been examined. The objects are located on the territory of Lozenets District, Sofia, which is highly urbanized part of the capital. In order to create a three-dimensional model, classical land surveying measurements with a total station and mobile laser scanning were performed.In addition, the acquired data is assessed. It is made by comparing measurements of the building to the measurements of the registered point cloud. The assessment results show that the mobile laser scanning technology is efficient to reproduce high quality and accurate data for existing building structures due to MLS advantages – the large range, high accuracy, fast data acquisition and high level of detail.The paper is a part of Alexander Alexandrov master thesis.
Review article: A comprehensive review of datasets and methodologies employed to produce thunderstorm climatologies
Authors: Hayward Leah , Whitworth Malcolm , Pepin Nick , Dorling Steve
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Thunderstorm and lightning climatological research is conducted
with a view to increasing knowledge about the distribution of thunderstorm-related hazards and to gain an understanding of environmental factors
increasing or decreasing their frequency. There are three main methodologies
used in the construction of thunderstorm climatologies: thunderstorm
frequency, thunderstorm tracking or lightning flash density. These
approaches utilise a wide variety of underpinning datasets and employ many
different methods ranging from correlations with potential influencing
factors and mapping the distribution of thunderstorm day frequencies to
tracking individual thunderstorm cell movements. Meanwhile, lightning flash
density climatologies are produced using lightning data alone, and these
studies therefore follow a more standardised format. Whilst lightning flash
density climatologies are primarily concerned with the occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning, the occurrence of any form of lightning confirms the
presence of a thunderstorm and can therefore be used in the compilation of a
thunderstorm climatology. Regardless of approach, the choice of analysis
method is heavily influenced by the coverage and quality (detection
efficiency and location accuracy) of available datasets as well as by the
controlling factors which are under investigation. The issues investigated
must also reflect the needs of the end-use application to ensure that the
results can be used effectively to reduce exposure to hazard, improve
forecasting or enhance climatological understanding.
Long-term persistence in discharge time series of mountainous catchments in the Elbe River basin
Authors: Ledvinka Ondrej , Recknagel Thomas
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Statistical detection of trends in hydrometeorological time series is a crucial task when revealing how river systems react to environmental and human-induced changes. It was shown that the autocorrelation structure of a series influences the power of parametric and nonparametric trend tests. While the order of short-memory processes can be sufficiently captured by AR(I)MA models, the determination of the Hurst exponent, which describes the long memory, is still challenging, considering that the available methods partially give different results. In the Elbe River basin, Europe, several studies focusing on the detection (or description) of long-term persistence were performed. However, different lengths of series and different methods were used. The aim of the present work is to gather the results gained in various parts of the Elbe basin in Central Europe and to compare them with our estimation of the Hurst exponent using six discharge series observed in selected subbasins. Instead of the dependence of the exponent on the catchment area suggested by the theory of aggregated short-memory processes, we rather found a relationship between this parameter and the series length. As the theory is not supported by our findings, we suppose that the Hurst phenomenon is caused by a complex interplay of low-frequency climate variability and catchment processes. Experiments based on distributed water balance models should be the further research objective, ideally under the umbrella of mutual international projects.