bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiographic derived fractional flow reserve: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nørgaard Bjarne L , Gaur Sara , Fairbairn Timothy A , Douglas Pam S , Jensen Jesper M , Patel Manesh R , Ihdayhid Abdul R , Ko Brian S H , Sellers Stephanie L , Weir-McCall Jonathan , Matsuo Hitoshi , Sand Niels Peter R , Øvrehus Kristian A , Rogers Campbell , Mullen Sarah , Nieman Koen , Parner Erik , Leipsic Jonathon , Abdulla Jawdat
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To obtain more powerful assessment of the prognostic value of fractional flow reserveCTtesting we performed a systematic literature review and collaborative meta-analysis of studies that assessed clinical outcomes of CT-derived calculation of FFR (FFRCT) (HeartFlow) analysis in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

We searched PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases for published studies that evaluated clinical outcomes following fractional flow reserveCTtesting between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2020. The primary endpoint was defined as ‘all-cause mortality (ACM) or myocardial infarction (MI)’ at 12-month follow-up. Exploratory analyses were performed using major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs, ACM+MI+unplanned revascularisation), ACM, MI, spontaneous MI or unplanned (>3 months) revascularisation as the endpoint.

Results

Five studies were identified including a total of 5460 patients eligible for meta-analyses. The primary endpoint occurred in 60 (1.1%) patients, 0.6% (13/2126) with FFRCT>0.80% and 1.4% (47/3334) with FFRCT≤0.80 (relative risk (RR) 2.31 (95% CI 1.29 to 4.13), p=0.005). Likewise, MACE, MI, spontaneous MI or unplanned revascularisation occurred more frequently in patients with FFRCT≤0.80 versus patients with FFRCT>0.80. Each 0.10-unit FFRCTreduction was associated with a greater risk of the primary endpoint (RR 1.67 (95% CI 1.47 to 1.87), p<0.001).

Conclusions

The 12-month outcomes in patients with stable CAD show low rates of events in those with a negative FFRCTresult, and lower risk of an unfavourable outcome in patients with a negative test result compared with patients with a positive test result. Moreover, the FFRCTnumerical value was inversely associated with outcomes.
Contrasting trends in heart failure incidence in younger and older New Zealanders, 2006–2018
Authors: Chan Daniel Z L , Kerr Andrew , Grey Corina , Selak Vanessa , Lee Mildred Ai Wei , Lund Mayanna , Poppe Katrina , Doughty Rob N
Published: October 2021

Objective

Studies indicate that age-standardised heart failure (HF) incidence has been decreasing internationally; however, contrasting trends in different age groups have been reported, with rates increasing in younger people and decreasing in the elderly. We aimed to describe age-specific trends in HF incidence in New Zealand (NZ).

Methods

In this nationwide data linkage study, we used routinely collected hospitalisation data to identify incident HF hospitalisations in NZ residents aged ≥20 years between 2006 and 2018. Age-specific and age-standardised incidence rates were calculated for each calendar year. Joinpoint regression was used to compare incidence trends.

Results

116 113 incident HF hospitalisations were identified over the 13-year study period. Between 2006 and 2013, age-standardised incidence decreased from 403 to 323 per 100 000 (annual percentage change (APC) −2.6%, 95% CI −3.6 to −1.6%). This reduction then plateaued between 2013 and 2018 (APC 0.8%, 95% CI −0.8 to 2.5%). Between 2006 and 2018, rates in individuals aged 20–49 years old increased by 1.5% per year (95% CI 0.3 to 2.7%) and decreased in those aged ≥80 years old by 1.2% per year (95% CI −1.7 to −0.7%). Rates in individuals aged 50–79 years old initially declined from 2006 to 2013, and then remained stable or increased from 2013 to 2018. The proportion of HF hospitalisations associated with ischaemic heart disease decreased from 35.1% in 2006 to 28.0% in 2018.

Conclusion

HF remains an important problem in NZ. The decline in overall incidence has plateaued since 2013 due to increasing rates of HF in younger age groups despite an ongoing decline in the elderly.
Oxygen Poisoning in a Hyperbaric Environment
Authors: Young J. Murray
Published: October 2021

The biochemical mechanisms of oxygen poisoning are discussed together with the signs and symptoms produced clinically. Investigation of 35 subjects performing work (mean 02 consumption 1.4 l./min) for 40 minutes in a pressure chamber at simulated depths of 20 to 47 feet of sea water showed that this degree of exercise markedly reduced the oxygen exposure tolerance of the subjects. This investigation also showed that rapid decompression of subjects breathing oxygen can produce an exacerbation of existing symptoms and these results are discussed.

It is stressed that any breathing mixture containing a partial pressure of oxygen in excess of 150 torr constitutes an environment which is hyperbaric with respect to oxygen and caution is advised in the administration of oxygen to any patient.
Factors Governing Techniques of Gastric Drainage
Authors: Watt James
Published: October 2021

Peptic ulceration is a major problem in the Royal Navy and the rate of invaliding is high. Satisfactory gastric drainage and normal chymodynamics are essential requirements in operations designed for the seafarer. Current surgical techniques fail to take account of the complex anatomical and physiological mechanisms of the gastroduodenal junction. The results of studies of the blood supply and dynamics of the gastroduodenal junction are reported and the techniques of three new gastroduodenal drainage procedures are described.
Thermal Balance in Divers
Authors: Rawlins J. S. P.
Published: October 2021

Studies affecting the thermal balance of divers are discussed with particular attention to the effects of ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ suits, methods of heat replacement, and factors contributing to heat loss.
Northern Ireland — September-October 1972
Authors: Lawrance-Owen John
Published: October 2021

On return from iMauritius, a period of a few weeks between appointments was spent on detached duty with the Royal Army Medical Corps in Ulster. The problems confronting the Regimental Medical Officer in Belfast and on the Border are discussed, and the medical situation in regard to casualties is noted.
An Appraisal of Inflatable Splints
Authors: Quinnell R. C.
Published: October 2021

Many of the features of the currently available inflatable splints are described, with particular reference to the little used femur splint. The paper, which starts with a history of pneumatic splints, was inspired by the surprising number of people, even doctors and nurses, who, though they might have heard of inflatable splints, had never seen them demonstrated or used.
A Personal Approach to the Treatment of Verrucae
Authors: Broughton R. H.
Published: October 2021

Verrueae or warts of the soles are notoriously stubborn to all forms of treatment. They tend to recur and as many as 20 per cent may show this tendency. The many methods of dealing with them, ranging from the orthodox to Tom Saw-year’s method of burying a dead cat in the Church graveyard at midnight, are in themselves an admission of failure leading to frustration in both patient and doctor alike. In a minority of cases superficial X-ray therapy is tried as a last resort and should this fail the unhappy patient resorts to insoles, plasters, chiropody and finally to treating himself. It is true to say, whilst no patient likes having verrueae, no doctor enjoys treating them.
Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis Presenting after Head Injury
Authors: Edmondstone W. M.
Published: October 2021

A case is demonstrated of a man presenting with neurological disturbance dating from a head injury sustained in a road traffic accident. Investigation revealed a cerebral aqueduct stenosis which was successfully treated at operation.
The Role of the Services in Accident and Disaster
Authors: Watt James
Published: October 2021

A review based on the Ruscoe Clarke Memorial Lecture, 6 May, 1976, this paper covers the contributions of the Armed Services to the rescue, resuscitation, evacuation, surgical treatment and rehabilitation of the injured, allied to a programme of research into accident prevention and casualty management.
Assessment of Renal Function Using 99mTc – DTPA (Sn)
Authors: Macleod M. A.
Published: October 2021

Following an IV injection of lmCi 99mTc – DTPA (Sn) 1.000 sec data are collected using a gamma camera and computer. Sixteen 60 sec frames are displayed on a Varian Statos grey-scale hard copy to give a qualitative dynamic display of renal uptake and excretion of chelate, and demonstrate the renal parenchyma and excretory system. Concurrent computer processing of the data produces combined uptake/excretion curves for both kidneys. Subsequently the glomerular filtration rate is measured using an external arm counting technique. Combining the results gives static and dynamic scintigrams of the renal parenchymal and collecting systems and a quantitative assessment of renal function.
High p16INK4a, a marker of cellular senescence, is associated with renal injury, impairment and outcome in lupus nephritis
Authors: Tilman Gaëlle , Bouzin Caroline , Aydin Selda , Tamirou Farah , Galant Christine , Coulie Pierre G , Houssiau Frédéric , Lauwerys Bernard , Limaye Nisha
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Because a significant fraction of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) develops renal impairment, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underlying disease progression. Here, we assessed for cellular senescence in the LN kidney, and its association with disease severity and outcome.

Methods

We enumerated the number of cells positive for p16INK4a protein, a marker of cellular senescence, by immunohistochemistry followed by digital quantification, on renal biopsies from 40 patients with active LN. We tested for an association of p16INK4a with renal fibrosis, CD8+ T cell infiltration, systemic disease and renal function at baseline and at 5 years.

Results

The presence of p16INK4a-positive cells was significantly associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline and 5 years post-treatment, independently of patient demographics and systemic disease parameters. It was also associated with higher baseline renal fibrosis and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Interestingly, we observed marked spatial co-distribution of glomerular p16INK4a-positive cells with CD8+ T cells.

Conclusion

We demonstrate, for the first time, that LN biopsies characterised by renal impairment display increased p16INK4a-positive cells, associated with higher fibrosis and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Cellular senescence may represent a kidney-intrinsic disease mechanism and potentially, a novel therapeutic target in LN.
Foraging gene expression patterns in queens, workers, and males in a eusocial insect
Authors: Awde David N. , Skandalis Adonis , Richards Miriam H.
Published: October 2021

Reproductive division of labour is based on biased expression of complementary parental behaviours, brood production (egg-laying) by queens and brood care (in particular, brood-provisioning) by workers. In many social insect species, queens provision brood when establishing colonies at the beginning of a breeding season and reproductive division of labour begins with the emergence of workers. In many social insect species, the expression of foraging (for) mRNA is associated with the intensity of foraging behaviour and therefore brood-provisioning. However, only two studies have compared queen and worker for expression levels and neither accounted for transcript splice variation. In this study, we compare the expression level of the for-α transcript variant across four life stages of the queen caste, two behavioural groups of workers, and males of a eusocial sweat bee Lasioglossum laevissimum (Smith, 1853). Foundresses collected prior to the onset of the foraging season and males had the highest for-α expression levels. All active (post-hibernatory) queens and workers had similar for-α expression levels independent of behaviour. These results suggest that the for gene in L. laevissimum acts as a primer before foraging activity and that caste-specific expression patterns correlate with the timing of foraging activity in queens and workers.
A FRACTAL MODEL OF LOW-VELOCITY NON-DARCY FLOW CONSIDERING VISCOSITY DISTRIBUTION AND BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECT
Authors: CHEN HAO , XING JIANPENG , JIANG DONGLIANG , SHANG LIN , WANG QUNHUI , SUN YANCHUN , ZHAO YAO , CUI JIAN
Published: October 2021

Seepage flow in low permeability reservoirs is strongly influenced by the boundary layer, which is characterized by a low-velocity non-Darcy flow phenomenon, and a nonlinear relationship between velocity and pressure gradient. The viscosity is not uniformly distributed in the pore throat and has a great effect on the nonlinear flow behavior. In this paper, a low-velocity non-Darcy flow model is proposed. By quantitatively characterizing the boundary layer thickness and considering the non-uniform distribution of viscosity for the first time, a modified Hagen–Poiseuille equation combining the boundary layer effect and viscosity distribution in a single capillary is derived. Then, the analytical expression of the nonlinear relationship between the flow rate and pressure gradient in the fractal porous media is established, assuming that the pores in the tight formation are fractal distribution. Finally, the validity of the model is verified by experimental data. The relative error between the model and experimental data, with a permeability smaller than 3mD, is 3.27%. And the parameters affecting low-velocity non-Darcy flow are also analyzed. The results showed that the influence of boundary layer is one of the causes of low-velocity non-Darcy flow in tight reservoir. The study has also revealed that the non-uniform distribution of viscosity in the pore throat has a great influence on the nonlinear flow, which is often neglected in previous works.
INVISIBLE SETS AND CONFORMAL DIMENSIONS OF SQUARE SIERPIŃSKI CARPETS
Authors: RAO FENG
Published: October 2021

We give general method of constructing invisible sets on square Sierpiński carpets which can be asymmetrical. As an application, we obtain upper bounds of the conformal dimensions of square Sierpiński carpets. The bounds are less than the Hausdorff dimensions of square Sierpiński carpets.
A Biochemical Analysis of Patients with COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Sarhan Adil R. , Hussein Thaer A. , Flaih Mohammed H. , Hussein Khwam R.
Published: October 2021

Several studies have demonstrated that age, comorbidities, and abnormalities in different clinical biomarkers can be important to understand disease severity. Although clinical features of COVID-19 have been widely described, the assessment of alterations of the most common biochemical markers that are reported in patients with COVID-19 still has not been well established. Here, we report clinical and blood biochemical indicators of 100 patients with COVID-19. Throat-swab upper respiratory samples were obtained from patients and real-time PCR was used to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gender, age, and clinical features such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and smoking habits were investigated. Biochemical parameters were categorized and analyzed according to these clinical characteristics. Triglycerides, GPT, and ALP are the biochemical markers that changed the most in the group of hypertension patients. Cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly different (

P
=
0.01

;

P
=
0.04

, respectively) between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with COVID-19. Potassium levels were significantly different (

P
=
0.03

) when comparing smokers with nonsmoker patients. Our results suggest several potential biochemical indexes that changed in patients with COVID-19 and whether certain comorbidity and clinical characteristics influence these markers.
Influencing Factors and Multiple Paths of Entrepreneurship in High-Tech Enterprises: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Configuration
Authors: Zhang Liyan , Wang Yuting
Published: October 2021

This paper selects 93 high-tech enterprises listed in 2019 in China’s A-share market and comprehensively integrates six variables on three levels, namely, internal guarantee, internal incentives, and external institutions, through fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). On this basis, a discussion was conducted about the multiple concurrent factors and various paths stimulating entrepreneurship. The results show that (1) a single factor does not necessarily lead to high entrepreneurship; (2) high entrepreneurship could be stimulated by four paths: driving mechanism with salary incentive as the core and market mechanism as the support, driving mechanism with government intervention and market mechanism as synergistic drivers, driving mechanism with equity and control power as dual drivers under external institutions, and driving mechanism with external institutions and internal incentives as joint drivers; (3) market competition plays an indispensable role in stimulating entrepreneurship, while management capability suppresses entrepreneurship; (4) nonhigh entrepreneurship could be generated by five paths, which are asymmetric relative to the configurations of high entrepreneurship.
An Efficient Model for the Approximation of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets in terms of Soft Relations with Applications in Decision Making
Authors: Zishan Anwar Muhammad , Bashir Shahida , Shabir Muhammad
Published: October 2021

The basic notions in rough set theory are lower and upper approximation operators defined by a fixed binary relation. This paper proposes an intuitionistic fuzzy rough set (IFRS) model which is a combination of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and rough set. We approximate an IFS by using soft binary relations instead of fixed binary relations. By using this technique, we get two pairs of intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) soft sets, called the upper approximation and lower approximation with respect to foresets and aftersets. Properties of newly defined rough set model (IFRS) are studied. Similarity relations between IFS with respect to this rough set model (IFRS) are also studied. Finally, an algorithm is constructed depending on these approximations of IFSs and score function for decision-making problems, although a method of decision-making algorithm has been introduced for fuzzy sets already. But, this new IFRS model is more accurate to solve the problem because IFS has degree of nonmembership and degree of hesitant.
Linear Combinations of Univalent Mappings with Complex Coefficients
Authors: Liu Zhihong , Cai Yulin , Wang Ziwei , Shi Lei , Li Yingchun
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we study the linear combinations of two univalent mappings with complex coefficients, and we derive several sufficient conditions that the linear combinations of these mappings are locally univalent and convex in one direction. Several examples are constructed to demonstrate the main results.
Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Vascular Inflammation After Recanalization in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model
Authors: Franx Bart A.A. , Van der Toorn Annette , Van Heijningen Caroline , Vivien Denis , Bonnard Thomas , Dijkhuizen Rick M.
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose:

Brain imaging has become central in the management of acute ischemic stroke. Detection of parenchymal injury and perfusion enables characterization of the extent of ischemic damage, which guides treatment decision-making. Additional assessment of secondary events, such as inflammation, which may particularly arise after recanalization, may improve diagnosis and (supplementary) treatment selection. Therefore, we developed and tested a molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach for in vivo detection of vascular inflammation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Methods:

Molecular MRI of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression was performed with a targeted contrast agent, in addition to MR angiography, and diffusion-, T
2
- and perfusion-weighted MRI, from 1 hour until 96 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Results:

VCAM-1 expression, detected with susceptibility-weighted MRI, was significantly enhanced at 6 hours after recanalization as compared with 1-hour postrecanalization, coinciding with a transient decline in perfusion after initial hyperperfusion. VCAM-1 levels declined after 24 hours, but remained elevated, particularly in lesion borderzones.

Conclusions:

The implementation of molecular MRI of vascular inflammation into imaging protocols after acute ischemic stroke could provide complementary information that may guide treatment decision-making before and after recanalization therapy.
Slow Looking at Slow Art: The Work of Pierre Bonnard
Authors: Chamberlain Rebecca , Pepperell Robert
Published: October 2021

Slow looking is an increasingly prevalent strategy for enhancing visitor engagement in the gallery, yet there is little research to show why looking at artworks for longer should be beneficial. The curator of a recent exhibition of Pierre Bonnard at the Tate Gallery in London encouraged viewers to look slowly in order to enrich their experience of Bonnard’s paintings. This article explores some of the reasons why Bonnard’s work, in particular, rewards the viewer who spends more time studying it. The authors draw on various scientific studies of the ways in which observers process color contrasts, spatial configuration and figure-ground segregation in artworks and in everyday vision. They propose that prolonged interactions with works of art can facilitate perceptual learning, and they suggest ways in which these effects could be empirically studied using psychological methods.
Designing Location-Specific 3D-Printed Vessels Using Mobile-Based Multisensor Data Fusion
Authors: Found Paul D. , Hsu Chun-Cheng
Published: October 2021

This statement presents an innovative creative process for designing ceramic vessels. The authors detail how three disparate concepts—mobile device-driven creativity, digitally designed and fabricated ceramics, and multisensor data fusion—are unified and applied to an emerging practice in which sensor data are used to generate vessel designs via a prototype smartphone app. In a pilot study users in a variety of locations tested the app, and their designs were 3D printed, with location becoming a tangible parameter. Results show the feasibility of using data fusion, mobile devices and digital fabrication to create physical, location-specific artifacts. Broad implications and potential ways forward are then discussed.
A new species of Amazonia (black mildews) on Ixora brachiata from Western Ghats, India
Authors: MOHAMED HINA , THOMAS JACOB
Published: October 2021

A new species of black mildew fungi was discovered infecting leaves of Ixora brachiata (Rubiaceae). The new species is described as Amazonia brachiata and it is the first record of an Amazonia species on I. brachiata. It is documented in detail with description, line drawings and photo plate, and is morphologically compared to similar species previously reported on the host family. A key to Amazonia species found on Rubiaceae is included to aid in their identification.
Effects of Bone Powder Extracts with Different Hydroxyapatite Contents on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Cell Phase of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Liu Yanyi , Zhang Xueyang , Su Yuan , Hu Fei
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBone powder with different contents of hydroxyapatite may have different effects on angiogenesis in bone defect areas. The effects of bone powder with different content of hydroxyapatite on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs)
were studied. In the experimental group, HUVECs were cultured in the incubator with different contents of hydroxyapatite bone powder extract. The experimental group was divided into four subgroups: group A had a low hydroxyapatite content of 10–15%; group B had a hydroxyapatite content
of 25–30%; group C had a hydroxyapatite content of 80–90%; and group D had a hydroxyapatite content of more than 90%. The control group was treated with the culture of umbilical vein endothelial cells alone. Firstly, we used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the morphology
of bone powder with different hydroxyapatite content in normal condition. After that, we carried out a series of experiments to observe the changes of cell morphology, proliferation ability, apoptosis and cell cycle in different culture groups. The results showed that there was no significant
difference in cell morphology and proliferation ability among different experimental groups. However, the apoptosis rate in group A was higher than that in group C. The underlying mechanism may be related to G1 arrest and G2 transformation in smaller and higher concentration groups, respectively.
We can thus preliminarily conclude that a high concentration of hydroxyapatite in bone powder extract would be most suitable for cell cultures.
Biological Applications, Green Synthesis, Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Artemisia annua L.
Authors: Ghramh Hamed A. , Al-Qthanin Rahmah N. , Ahmad Zubair , Ibrahim Essam H. , Kilany Mona , Khan Khalid Ali , Al-Solami Habeeb Mansour A. , Khalofah Ahlam , Alahmari Abeer , Khan Farhat S. , Alamri Ahmad M. , Asiri Asma N. , Asiri Fawziah M.
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThis article reports on the silver nanoparticles (AaAgNPs) that were green-synthesized by using Artemisia annua L. extract (AaExt) and their collective biological applications. Active biomolecules in the extract and extract containing AgNPs were characterized
using Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) and AgNPs were monitored by UV/vis spectroscopy and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis. The size of the particle is around 100 nm. The antibacterial activity was measured by the disk diffusion method against the Gram-negative/positive
pathogenic bacteria. The extract and extract containing AgNPs showed a significant antibacterial activity. Cytotoxic potential of the synthesized AgNPs was analyzed against the rat splenocytes. The results showed that there were cytotoxic effects of A. annua leaves extract but stimulatory
effects when the extract contained AgNPs on normal splenocytes. Extract of A. annua showed very little increase in liver enzymes. Regarding the larvicidal activity, the extract containing AgNPs was more effective than the crude leaves extract against 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens
(LC50 = 171.378 ppm) compared to the plant extract (LC50 = 5389.726 ppm) by about 31.449 folds.
Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Zhang Yingjun , Mao Wubing , Feng Min , Zhu Ning , Yi Wenzhong , Fu Huacheng , Guan Haichen , Nie Ting , Zhu Mingshan , Li Yueyong
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThis study was to explore the effect of nanoparticles on the cognitive function, learning and memory ability (LMA) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rats, and to analyze the changes on magnetic resonance (MR) image. Specifically, the TGN nanoparticles loading H102
(TGN-NP-H102) were prepared, and characterized first. The sprague-dawley (SD) rats were selected as the research subjects, and the AD model was constructed. They were divided into a Sham group (normal SD rats, group A), an AD model group (group B), an H102 group (treated with H102 drugs based
on AD model, group C), and a TGN-NP-H102 group (treated with TGN-NP-H102 nanoparticles based on AD model, group D). The changes in T2 value in hippocampal CA1 area (T2-CA1) were analyzed, and the changes in cognitive function and LMA were tested with the Morris water maze experiment (Morris
experiment). The results revealed that, the average PS (APS) of TGN-NP-H102 nanoparticles was 122.9±2.8 nm, and its average Zeta potential (AZP) was -28.8±0.2 mV. In group A, the TGN-NP-H102 nanoparticles still remained in the brain tissue homogenate by 74.3 ±4.8% after
10 hours, and the drug-release rate was 53.2 ± 3.2%. After 30 days of treatment, the T2-CA1 value of group D was lower (P <0.05), and the average escape latency (AEL) and swimming distance in the Morris experiment were shorter versus group B (P < 0.05). It indicated
that, the brain-targeted TGN-NP-H102 nanoparticles prepared could act on the hippocampus of AD rats, and improve their LMA.
Green Approach for the Synthesis of NiO Material and Their Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor-Based Applications at Low Potential
Authors: Mugheri Abdul Qayoom , Fouad Hassan , Imran M. , Ameen Sadia , Anil Sukumaran
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThe study presents a novel route towards the synthesis of NiO nanostructures by using various green amino acids. The nanostructures were obtained by hydrothermal methodology assisted by threonine, arginine, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine and serine respectively.
The characterization of the synthesized materials was studied by different techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM. The synthesized structural features were explored for their electro-chemical properties and used for fabrication of glucose sensors based on non-enzymatic functions. The developed
sensors demonstrated a promising result in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. The most important finding in the present study is the oxidation of glucose at low potentials such as 0.125, 0.23, 0.093, 0.26, 0.037, and -0.02 V respectively for the isoleucine, leucine, serine,
threonine, arginine, and aspartic acid assisted NiO nanostructures. This unique finding is attributed to the morphology of different nanostructures of NiO grown with the addition of green additives. The glucose sensing ability of glucose was not affected in presence of species such as uric
acid, ascorbic acid, and other carbohydrates due to their close oxidation potential compared with glucose. The sensitivities of proposed non-enzymatic glucose sensors were found to be for the isoleucine, leucine, serine, threonine, arginine, and aspartic acid assisted NiO nanostructures as
4930, 3173, 2648, 1724, 1070, and 525 µA/mM/cm2 respectively. The maximum sensing capability was recorded for isoleucine structures which showed higher sensitivity of 4930 µA/mM/cm2, greater stability and excellent anti-interference capability
compared to other nanostructures. The limit LOD and LOQ were also found and remain 0.01 (S/N = 3) and 1.9 µM individually, for the newly developed method for the sensor based on NiO grown with isoleucine amino acid. The potential application of isoleucine assisted NiO nanostructures
composite material for the blood sample quantities analysis which further it demonstrates the feasibility of developed based for the non-enzymatic glucose sensor.
The Swedish translation of Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire (PRUQ): A test-retest reliability study in two dementia nursing homes
Authors: Thunborg Charlotta , Salzman-Erikson Martin , Olsson Annakarin
Published: October 2021

Background

The Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire measures perception of restraint in a 17-item questionnaire. The aim of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of the PRUQ as a measure of staff attitudes to restraint in elderly older persons care for people with dementia from two different nursing homes, and its ability to produce reliable results.

Methods

Twenty-six staff members from two different nursing homes completed the 17-item PRUQ twice with 14–21 days between time points. As the questionnaire has already been translated in another study, the current study evaluated total item scores, mean, internal consistency, and intraclass correlation for reliability purposes.

Results

The internal consistency Cronbach’s Alpha were ˃ ≥0.726. The Intraclass correlation (ICC) between test and retest was moderate to good for the three subscales, with ICC (A,1) and ICC (C,1) values approximately equal and in the range 0.480–0.962. A Bland-Altman plot of the PRUQ total mean scores illustrates no systematic change in the mean.

Conclusions

The Swedish version of the PRUQ shows mainly good reliability. Therefore, we suggest that researchers continue to develop the PRUQ to be an even higher reliable questionnaire of health care professionals’ perceptions of measure for restraint use in nursing homes for persons with dementia.
Optical biometry and influence of media opacity due to cataract on development of axial length in NorthEast Indian paediatric patients- A prospective study
Authors: Bhattacharjee Harsha , Buragohain Suklengmung , Javeri Henal , Deshmukh Saurabh
Published: October 2021

Aim

To study the influence of media opacity due to cataract on the development of axial length in paediatric patients from North-East India, using optical biometry.

Method

This is a prospective, observational study, including consecutive patients attending the paediatric ophthalmology clinic, over a period of 1 year. Patients with other ocular and systemic diseases, unfit for optical biometry measurements due to dense cataract, nystagmus and strabismus were excluded and rest divided into three groups after proper age matching – 1. Group A (Bilateral cataract) 2. Group B (Unilateral cataract) 3. Group C (Bilateral normal). The axial length of the various groups was analysed using independent sample test (for bilateral cataract group) and paired t-test (for unilateral cataract group). Linear regression analysis between age and axial length was done.

Results

A total of 177 patients were included.80 cases in Group A (bilateral cataract), 18 cases in Group B (unilateral cataract) and 79 in Group C (bilateral normal) The mean age of the patients in all the groups was 8.88 ± 3.51 years (range: 1–17 years). The bivariate analysis and simple linear regression revealed a statistically significant correlation between age and AL in case of cataractous eyes. (Pearson’s coefficient: 0.341, p < 0.001). The mean AL was significantly longer (p = 0.013) in the cataractous eyes (mean = 23.38 ± 2.08 mm) of Group A(bilateral cataract) in the 7–12 years age group as compared to the bilaterally normal eyes (mean AL = 22.57 ± 0.70 mm) of patients in the same age group in Group C. The mean AL of cataractous eyes in group B (unilateral cataract) (mean = 22.46 ± 1.73 mm) as compared to the fellow normal eyes, (mean = 21.87 ± 0.97 mm) was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Cataractous eyes have an abnormal axial length development. The influence of media opacity due to cataract on development of axial length in paediatric eyes in the North-East Indian population is variable, in line with global data on the same. Although there is some influence of media opacity, the exact nature is not clearly understood and may have a crucial interaction with genetic and other environmental factors. Genetic testing integrated with biometric analysis is recommended for further understanding of the ocular growth and development.
The characteristics and factors of the internalizing and externalizing behaviours of children at high risk for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Ding Ning , Gao Huiyun , Jiang Jiying , Zhai Mengyao , Shao Huan , Fu Linyan , Li Chunyan , Ren Yanling , Li Yu , Feng Min , Cui Xiwen , Qiu Nana , Jin Peiying , Ke Xiaoyan
Published: October 2021

Background

The behavioral characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are not only affected by their disease, but also by their parenting environment. HR-ASD has the risk of developing internalization and externalization problems. How the early development of these behavioral problems is affected by parent-child interaction is worth exploring. We tested whether parent-child interactions and parenting characteristics were associated with behavioural problems during the infant periods.

Methods

This study collected data from 91 infants at high risk for ASD and 68 matched typically developing (TD) infants, about their internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems and engagement states (i.e. positive, negative, and parent-child interactions), using free play paradigm. Parent measures were assessed using the Broad Autism Phenotypic Questionnaire (BAPQ) and Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) questionnaire. The core symptoms of ASD were assessed using the the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS).

Results

During free play, infants in the HR-ASD group showed more internalizing (P < 0.001) and externalizing (P < 0.05) behaviours and less positive engagement (P < 0.01) than the TD group. In the regression analysis, we found that parenting stress had an impact on the infants’ externalizing behaviours (△R2 = 0.215). Parent negative engagement had an impact on the infants’ internalizing behaviours (△R2 = 0.451).

Conclusions

The present study revealed that children at high risk for ASD exhibited more severe internalizing and externalizing behavioural problems than TD group. The parent negative engagement is associated with behavioural problems. The findings on the contribution of parents’ factors to behavioural problems suggests that the parenting stress and parent-child interactions are important factors for mitigating behavioural problems.
Structural and functional stability of the sulfur-free surfactant protein B peptide mimic B-YL in synthetic surfactant lipids
Authors: Walther Frans J. , Sharma Shantanu , Gordon Larry M. , Waring Alan J.
Published: October 2021

Background

Optimal functionality of synthetic lung surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants largely depends on the quality and quantity of the surfactant protein B (SP-B) peptide mimic and the lipid mixture. B-YL peptide is a 41-residue sulfur-free SP-B mimic with its cysteine and methionine residues replaced by tyrosine and leucine, respectively, to enhance its oxidation resistance.

Aim

Testing the structural and functional stability of the B-YL peptide in synthetic surfactant lipids after long-term storage.

Methods

The structural and functional properties of B-YL peptide in surfactant lipids were studied using three production runs of B-YL peptides in synthetic surfactant lipids. Each run was held at 5 °C ambient temperature for three years and analyzed with structural and computational techniques, i.e., MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, ATR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), secondary homology modeling of a preliminary B-YL structure, and tertiary Molecular Dynamic simulations of B-YL in surfactant lipids, and with functional methods, i.e., captive bubble surfactometry (CBS) and retesting in vivo surface activity in surfactant-deficient young adult rabbits.

Results

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed no degradation of the B-YL peptide as a function of stored time. ATR-FTIR studies demonstrated that the B-YL peptide still assumed stable alpha-helical conformations in synthetic surfactant lipids. These structural findings correlated with excellent in vitro surface activity during both quasi-static and dynamic cycling on CBS after three years of cold storage and in vivo surface activity of the aged formulations with improvements in oxygenation and dynamic lung compliance approaching those of the positive control surfactant Curosurf®.

Conclusions

The structure of the B-YL peptide and the in vitro and in vivo functions of the B-YL surfactant were each maintained after three years of refrigeration storage.
Physical fitness of children and youth with asthma in comparison to the reference population
Authors: Hanssen-Doose Anke , Jaeschke Robert , Niessner Claudia , Oriwol Doris , Worth Annette
Published: October 2021

Background

Physical fitness is an essential marker of health. The literature regarding the question of whether individuals with asthma have reduced physical fitness compared to their non-asthmatic peers is inconsistent and focuses on the cardiorespiratory endurance dimension. This study provides a comparison of different dimensions of physical fitness in individuals with and without asthma on the basis of the German population-based study “KiGGS” (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents) and its in-depth study “MoMo” (2009–2012: wave 1 and 2014–2017: wave 2).

Methods

In total, 7731 individuals aged 6–30 years were included in this cross-sectional analysis at two measurement waves, including 353 individuals with and 7378 without asthma. The 12-month prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was assessed by interview. Physical fitness was measured by six test items of the MoMo test profile. “Cardiorespiratory endurance” was measured by an ergometric test, “muscular strength” by standing long jump, push-ups and sit-ups and “coordination” by jumping sideways and balancing backwards. Because of the broad age range of the sample, age- and sex-specific percentiles were used. Physical activity, age, gender and general state of health were assessed by questionnaire.

Results

The individuals with asthma reported a poorer general state of health at both measurement waves. However, the results of the fitness tests indicated that they were as physically fit as their peers without asthma in relation to cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular strength. The mean percentiles were all within the same range. The results of the comparisons of coordination performance were inconsistent. At wave 1 they were within the same range, at wave 2 individuals with asthma showed a poorer coordination performance (p = 0.041; HL = 4.125, CI of HL 0.155–8.125).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the physical fitness of individuals with and without asthma by considering several dimensions of physical fitness. The study demonstrates that cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular strength are not reduced in individuals with asthma. The results of the comparisons at the two measurement waves were remarkably stable.
A case of picking calcified plaque in the common femoral artery with a long needle: the “calc-pick technique”
Authors: Iwasaki Yoshihiro , Hirano Shojiro , Funatsu Atsushi , Kobayashi Tomoko , Ikeda Takanori , Nakamura Shigeru
Published: October 2021

An 88-year-old man had intermittent claudication of his right leg. Angiography revealed severely calcified plaque in the common femoral artery. Endovascular treatment was performed by contralateral approach. We attempted to penetrate the center of the calcified plaque and perform balloon dilatation. However, a 0.014-inch stiff guidewire could not enter the center of the lesion. Thus, we used an inner cylinder of 15-cm 20G long needle directly through the retrograde femoral sheath and successfully introduced the guidewire into the calcified plaque. Crosser and balloon dilatation resulted in 50 % stenosis. To cross the center of calcified plaque, it is important to obtain sufficient lumen gain at the non-stenting zone.
Endogenous Leptin Concentrations Poorly Predict Metreleptin Response in Patients With Partial Lipodystrophy
Authors: Meral Rasimcan , Malandrino Noemi , Walter Mary , Neidert Adam H , Muniyappa Ranganath , Oral Elif Arioglu , Brown Rebecca J
Published: October 2021

Context

Leptin replacement with metreleptin improves glycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in severely hypoleptinemic patients with generalized lipodystrophy (GLD), but its effects are variable in partially leptin-deficient patients with partial lipodystrophy (PLD).

Objective

Compare 3 leptin assays (Study I); identify diagnostic performance of leptin assays to detect responders to metreleptin for each assay (Study II).

Design

Study I: cross-sectional analysis of average bias between leptin assays. Study II: retrospective analysis of diagnostic accuracy of potential leptin cut points to detect clinical responders to metreleptin.

Setting

National Institutes of Health; University of Michigan.

Participants and Interventions

Study I: Metreleptin-naïve patients with lipodystrophy (GLD, n = 33, PLD, n = 67) and healthy volunteers (n = 239). Study II: GLD (n = 66) and PLD (n = 84) patients treated with metreleptin for 12 months.

Outcome Measures

Leptin concentrations by Millipore radioimmunoassay (RIA), Millipore enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MELISA), and R&D Systems enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RDELISA). Response to metreleptin therapy was defined as either reduction ≥1.0% in A1c or ≥30% in serum triglycerides.

Results

RDELISA measured 3.0 ± 9.5 ng/mL higher than RIA; MELISA measured 11.0 ± 17.8 and 14.0 ±19.2 less than RIA and RDELISA, respectively. Leptin by RIA, MELISA, and RDELISA modestly predicted metreleptin response in GLD + PLD [receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) 0.74, 0.69, and 0.71, respectively; P < 0.01 for all] with lower predictive power in PLD (ROC AUC 0.63, 0.61 and 0.65, respectively; P > 0.05 for all). The only reproducible cut point identified on sensitivity analyses was RIA leptin 7.2 ng/mL (sensitivity 56%; specificity 78%).

Conclusions

Three common leptin assays are not interchangeable, and a reliable cut point to select responders to metreleptin was not identified.
The role of motion management and position verification in lymphoma radiotherapy
Authors: Aznar Marianne , Ntentas Georgios , Enmark Marika , Flampouri Stella , Meidhal Petersen Peter , Ricardi Umberto , Levis Mario
Published: October 2021

In the last decades, the substantial technical progress in radiation oncology offered the opportunity for more accurate planning and delivery of treatment. At the same time, the evolution of systemic treatment and the advent of modern diagnostic tools allowed for more accurate staging and consequently a safe reduction of radiotherapy (RT) target volumes and RT doses in the treatment of lymphomas. As a result, incidental irradiation of organs at risk was reduced, with a consequent reduction of severe late toxicity in long-term lymphoma survivors. Nevertheless, these innovations warrant that professionals pay attention to concurrently ensure precise planning and dose delivery to the target volume and safe sparing of the organs at risk. In particular, target and organ motion should be carefully managed in order to prevent any compromise of treatment efficacy. Several aspects should be taken into account during the treatment pathway to minimise uncertainties and to apply a valuable motion management strategy, when needed. These include: reliable image registration between diagnostic and planning radiologic exams to facilitate the contouring process, image guidance to limit positioning uncertainties and to ensure the accuracy of dose delivery and management of lung motion through procedures of respiratory gating and breath control. In this review, we will cover the current clinical approaches to minimise these uncertainties in patients treated with modern RT techniques, with a particular focus on mediastinal lymphoma. In addition, since uncertainties have a different impact on the dose deposition of protons compared to conventional x-rays, the role of motion management and position verification in proton beam therapy (PBT) will be discussed in a separate section.