bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Spherical Mesopores to Worm‐Shaped Mesopores: Morphology Transition in Titania–Polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Films with Increasing Sol–Gel Reaction Time
Authors: Cheng Ya‐Jun , Zhou Shaoying , Wolkenhauer Markus , Bumbu Gina‐Gabriela , Lenz Sebastian , Memesa Mine , Nett Sebastian , Emmerling Sebastian , Steffen Werner , Roth Stephan V. , Gutmann Jochen S.
Published: December 2013

A morphology transition from spherical mesopores to worm‐shaped mesopores within titania block copolymer composite thin films has been observed by varying the sol–gel reaction time from 40 min to 48 h in the four‐component templating system of polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO), 1,4‐dioxane, concentrated HCl, and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) with a PS‐b‐PEO mass concentration of 0.25 wt.‐%. The impact of the sol–gel reaction time on the local structure, long‐range lateral structure, and vertical structure of the as‐prepared, calcined, and UV‐degraded thin films as well as the structural changes in solution have been systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS), X‐ray reflectivity (XRR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). With sol–gel reaction times of up to 5 h, hexagonally organized spherical micelles are present within the as‐prepared composite films, in which the core of the spherical micelles is composed of the polystyrene (PS) block, and the corona is composed of the poly(ethylene oxide)–titania (PEO–titania) hybrid. Upon calcination or UV exposure, ordered mesoporous structures are formed owing to the removal of the PS block. With the sol–gel reaction time extended to 25 and 48 h, worm‐shaped micelles appear, and their quantity increases with increasing sol–gel reaction time. Worm‐shaped mesopores are formed by calcination or UV degradation. The GISAXS results prove that the local structural changes are representative over a macroscopic scale. The XRR results suggest that with the sol–gel reaction time extended to 48 h there is an additional thin layer beneath the mesoporous titania layer owing to the presence of a large amount of worm‐shaped micelles. The results of the DLS studies imply that the morphology transition from spherical micelles to worm‐shaped micelles is caused by a fusion process of the spherical micelles in solution.
Site‐Selectivity in the Protonation and Related Reactions of Chalcogenophosphinidene‐Bridged Dimolybdenum Cyclopentadienyl Complexes
Authors: Alvarez Belén , Alvarez M. Angeles , Amor Inmaculada , García M. Esther , García‐Vivó Daniel , Suárez Jaime , Ruiz Miguel A.
Published: December 2013

Reactions of the chalcogenophosphinidene‐bridged complexes syn‐[Mo2Cp2(μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P,η4‐ZPMes*)(CO)2L] (L = CO, CNtBu; Z = O, S, Se), anti‐[Mo2Cp2(μ‐κ2P,S:κ1P,η4‐SPMes*)(CO)2L] (L = CO, CNtBu) and [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P‐ZPH}(η6‐HMes*)(CO)2] (Z = S, Se, Te) towards sources of H+, Me+, and AuP(pTol)3+ cations were investigated (Mes* = 2,4,6‐C6H2tBu3; Cp = η5‐C5H5). The latter two electrophiles invariably added to the chalcogen atom to give corresponding derivatives [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P,η4‐Mes*PZ(CH3)}(CO)3]BX4 [X = F, Z = O, S, Se; P–S 2.144(1) Å when Z = S and X = Ar′ = 3,5‐C6H3(CF3)2], [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P,η4‐Mes*PZ(CH3)}(CNtBu)(CO)2]BF4 (Z = S, Se), and [AuMo2Cp2(μ3‐κ1S:κ2P,S:κ1P,η4‐SPMes*){P(pTol)3}(CO)3]PF6 [P–S 2.113(2), S–Au 2.320(2) Å]. Even when syn and anti isomers of the neutral precursor were used, the corresponding products were invariably characterized by their syn conformation (Z atom close to L ligand). Besides this, methylated derivatives of the chalcogenophosphinidene complexes bearing the formula [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P‐HPZ(Me)}(η6‐HMes*)(CO)2](CF3SO3) (Z = S, Se, Te), were found in solution to exist as an equilibrium of corresponding cis and trans isomers differing, in each case, in the relative positioning of the Cp rings with respect to the MoPZ plane. In contrast to the above results, the protonation of all these compounds was quite sensitive to the particular chalcogenophosphinidene ligand and conformation of the complex. Protonation of the HPZ‐bridged complexes led to complex mixtures of products that could not be isolated or properly characterized. In contrast, the aryl‐bearing substrates reacted selectively to give corresponding complexes [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P,η5‐ZP(C6H3tBu3)}(CO)3]BX4 (Z = S, X = F; P–S 2.032(2) Å when X = Ar′; Z = Se, X = F) and [Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,Z:κ1P,η5‐ZP(C6H3tBu3)}(CNtBu)(CO)2]BAr′4 (Z = S, Se). The reaction of anti‐[Mo2Cp2(μ‐κ2P,S:κ1P,η4‐SPMes*)(CO)3] with HBF4·OEt2 at 213 K initially gave unstable intermediate anti‐[Mo2Cp2{μ‐κ2P,S:κ1P,η4‐Mes*PS(H)}(CO)3]BF4, which then rapidly converted at room temperature to the conventional isomer with the S atom close to the metallocene‐bound carbonyl ligand (syn isomer). This transformation is in agreement with Density Functional Theory calculations for neutral thiophosphinidene complexes; electrophilic attack at the sulfur atom, which is both an orbital‐ and charge‐favoured event, affords products that are more stable than those resulting from protonation at the metal sites. All these protonation reactions eventually result in an endo addition of H+ to the C6 atom of the Mes* ring with concomitant η4→η5 haptotropic shift of the resulting HMes* group. This conversion involves an easy H migration from S to the C6 atom, computed to take place with a low activation barrier of about 70 kJ/mol.
Prolyl‐isomerase Pin1 controls normal and cancer stem cells of the breast
Authors: Rustighi Alessandra , Zannini Alessandro , Tiberi Luca , Sommaggio Roberta , Piazza Silvano , Sorrentino Giovanni , Nuzzo Simona , Tuscano Antonella , Eterno Vincenzo , Benvenuti Federica , Santarpia Libero , Aifantis Iannis , Rosato Antonio , Bicciato Silvio , Zambelli Alberto , Del Sal Giannino
Published: December 2013

Mammary epithelial stem cells are fundamental to maintain tissue integrity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in both treatment resistance and disease relapse, and the molecular bases of their malignant properties are still poorly understood. Here we show that both normal stem cells and CSCs of the breast are controlled by the prolyl‐isomerase Pin1. Mechanistically, following interaction with Pin1, Notch1 and Notch4, key regulators of cell fate, escape from proteasomal degradation by their major ubiquitin‐ligase Fbxw7α. Functionally, we show that Fbxw7α acts as an essential negative regulator of breast CSCs' expansion by restraining Notch activity, but the establishment of a Notch/Pin1 active circuitry opposes this effect, thus promoting breast CSCs self‐renewal, tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In human breast cancers, despite Fbxw7α expression, high levels of Pin1 sustain Notch signaling, which correlates with poor prognosis. Suppression of Pin1 holds promise in reverting aggressive phenotypes, through CSC exhaustion as well as recovered drug sensitivity carrying relevant implications for therapy of breast cancers.
Microfluidic channel‐assisted screening of hematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Mughal Farah , Baldock Sara J. , Karimiani Ehsan Ghayoor , Telford Nick , Goddard Nicholas J. , Day Philip J. R.
Published: December 2013

A simple microfluidic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) device allowing accurate analysis of interphase nuclei in 1 hr in narrow channels is presented. Photolithography and fluorosilicic acid etching were used to fabricate microfluidic channels (referred to as FISHing lines) that allowed analysis of 10 samples on a glass microscope slide 0.2 µl of sample volume was used to fill a micro‐channel, which resembled a 250‐fold reduction compared to conventional FISH. FISH signals were comparable to conventional FISH, with 50‐fold less probe consumption and 10‐fold less time. Cells were immobilized in single file in channels just exceeding the diameter of the cells, and were used for minimal residual disease (MRD) analysis. To test the micro‐channels for application in FISH, MRD was simulated by mixing K562 cells (an established chronic myeloid leukemia cell line) carrying the BCR/ABL fusion gene across 1:1 to 1:1,000 Jurkat cells (an established acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line). The limit of detection was seen to be 1:100 cells and 1:1,000 cells for FISHing lines and conventional FISH, respectively; however, the conventional method seemed to over‐score the presence of K562 cells. This may in part be attributed to FISHing lines practically eliminating the chance of duplicate screening of cells and hastened the time of screening, enhancing scoring of all cells within the channels. This was compared to 1 in 500 cells on the slide being analyzed with the conventional FISH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Darcy, Reynolds, and Prandtl Numbers on the Performance of Two‐Phase Flow Heat Exchanger Filled with Porous Media
Authors: Tarawneh M. , Alshiqirate A.S. , Jawarneh A.M.
Published: December 2013

Experimental investigation of two‐phase laminar forced convection in a single porous tube heat exchanger is presented. The effect of Darcy, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers on the performance of this heat exchanger during the condensation process of carbon dioxide at different test conditions were investigated. Gravel sand with different porosities is used as a porous medium. The flow in the porous medium is modeled using the Brinkman–Forchheimer‐extended Darcy model. Parametric studies are also conducted to evaluate the effects of porosity and Reynolds and Prandtl numbers on the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor. A dimensionless performance parameter is developed in order to be used in evaluating the porous tube heat exchanger based on both the heat transfer enhancement and the associated pressure drop. The study covers a wide range of inlet pressure (Pin), mass flow rate (), porosity of gravel sand (ε), and Darcy number (Da) which ranged: 34.5 ≤ Pin ≤ 43 bars, 8 * 10− 5 ≤ ≤ 16 * 10− 5 kg/s, 34.9% ≤ ε ≤ 44.5%, 1.6 * 10− 6 ≤ Da ≤ 5 * 10− 6, respectively. The study predicted the combined effect of the Reynolds number, Darcy number, porosity, and Prandtl number on the heat transfer and pressure drop of carbon dioxide during the condensation process in a porous medium. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21117
Involvement of IRS‐1 Interaction With ADAM10 in the Regulation of Neurite Extension
Authors: Wang Jin Ying , Darbinyan Armine , White Martyn K. , Darbinian Nune , Reiss Krzysztof , Amini Shohreh
Published: December 2013

The insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) signaling pathway plays an important role in neuronal cell differentiation. Recent studies have shown that IGF‐1 has the capacity to counteract the retraction of neuronal processes in response to inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, which is a known factor for neuronal injury in the central nervous system. This event is thought to be mediated via interference of TNF‐α‐induced interaction of β1‐integrin with insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1). Here, we demonstrate the interaction of IRS‐1 with disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM10 through the N‐terminal domain of IRS‐1 and that this is involved in the regulation of neurite extension and retraction by IGF‐1 and TNF‐α, respectively. PC12 cells expressing the N‐terminal domain show enhanced neurite extension after IGF‐1 treatment and reduced neurite depletion relative to control cells after TNF‐α treatment. The level of ADAM10 was found to be increased in immunohistochemical studies of HIV encephalitis clinical samples and is present with TNF‐α and TNFR1 in both astrocytes and neurons. Altogether, these observations suggest a role for ADAM10 in the mechanism for IGF1/IRS‐1 signaling pathway in sustaining the stability of neuronal processes. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1039–1046, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Some Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives Containing Imine Function and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Kahveci Bahittin , Yılmaz Fatih , Menteşe Emre , Özil Musa , Karaoğlu Şengül Alpay
Published: December 2013

4‐Bromo‐o‐phenylenediamine and ethylimido‐p‐bromophenylacetate, 1, were subjected to microwave irradiation to synthesize benzimidazole derivative, compound 2. Ester derivative, 3, and hydrazide derivative, 4, of compound 2 were also synthesized, respectively. Finally, compound 4 was treated with 11 different aromatic aldehydes to obtain benzimidazole derivatives containing imine function. All reactions were carried out with microwave irradiation and conventional heating, and results were compared. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed moderate antimicrobial activity against some tested organisms.
Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Functionalized Basic Maleimides
Authors: Salewska Natalia , Milewska Maria J.
Published: December 2013

A three‐step procedure involving Diels–Alder condensation of maleic anhydride with furane, formation of N‐substituted imide upon reaction with appropriate diamine, and a final retro Diels–Alder regeneration of the maleic carbon–carbon double bond is proposed for an unequivocal synthesis of N‐substituted basic maleimides. The novel method is characterized by mild reaction conditions, easy work‐up, high yields, and no need for additional catalysis.
The First Solvent‐Free, Microwave‐Accelerated, Three‐Component Synthesis of Thiazolidin‐4‐ones via One‐Pot Tandem Staudinger/aza‐Wittig Reaction
Authors: Shanmugavelan Poovan , Sathishkumar Murugan , Nagarajan Sangaraiah , Ranganathan Raja , Ponnuswamy Alagusundaram
Published: December 2013

An efficient and rapid, solvent‐free, microwave‐accelerated, one‐pot, three‐component protocol for thiazolidin‐4‐ones synthesis from organic azides has been reported for the first time via Staudinger/aza‐Wittig reaction. The microwave‐accelerated, solvent‐free approach overcomes the limitations associated with the prevailing solution phase methodologies. In particular, its novelty is that it eradicates the vital limitation, that is, accumulation of water (byproduct) that is known to affect the yield and rate of the reaction. Thus, a library of thiazolidin‐4‐ones has been synthesized in short time in excellent yields (92–96%).
Novel 1‐Aminomethylisatins: Peculiarities of the Synthesis and the Reaction with Tris(diethylamino)phosphine
Authors: Bogdanov Andrei V. , Musin Lenar I. , Il'in Anton V. , Mironov Vladimir F.
Published: December 2013

The Mannich reaction of isatin with different primary and secondary amines and effect of the substituent in aromatic amines on the reaction pathway is studied. The efficient high‐yield synthesis of novel isoindigo derivatives by the mild deoxygenation reaction of the corresponding isatins with tris(diethylamino)phosphine is described.
New Pyrazolyl‐Nicotinic Acids, Methyl Esters, and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazolyl‐pyrazolyl‐pyridine Tricyclic Scaffold Derivatives from 6‐Hydrazinylnicotinic Acid Hydrazide Hydrate
Authors: Bonacorso H. G. , Paim G. R. , Porte L. M. F. , Pittaluga E. P. , Cavinatto S. , Meyer A. R. , Martins M. A. P. , Zanatta N.
Published: December 2013

This paper describes an efficient approach for the synthesis of a new series of 6‐[3‐alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl]nicotinic acids (where alkyl = CH3; aryl = Ph, 4‐OCH3Ph, 4,4′‐BiPh; and heteroaryl = 2‐Furyl) from the hydrolysis reaction of alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)substituted 2‐(5‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐5‐(5‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1‐carbonylpyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridines, under basic conditions and at 70–95% yields. In a subsequent step, the esterification reaction of pyrazolyl‐nicotinic acids done in thionyl chloride and methanol led to the isolation of a series of methyl 6‐[alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl] nicotinates as stable hydrochloride salts at 64–84% yields, which could be easily converted to hydrazides to give new oxadiazolyl‐pyrazolyl‐pyridine tricyclic scaffolds at good yields from a [4 + 1] cyclocondensation reaction with 1,1,1‐triethoxyethane and 1‐(triethoxymethyl)benzene as the reagent/solvent.
Fabrication of uniform substrate based on silver nanoparticles decorated glycidyl methacrylate‐ethylene dimethacrylate porous material for ultrasensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering detection
Authors: Wang Xuan , Du Yiping , Li Qingqing , Wu Ting , Hu Huilian , Xu Ying , Zhang Han , Pan Yingcheng
Published: December 2013

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in practical application and theoretical research mostly depends on the performance of the SERS substrate. In this study, a new SERS substrate which is based on inverted self‐assembly of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on glycidyl methacrylate‐ethylene dimethacrylate (GMA‐EDMA) porous material is developed. The characterization results show the GMA‐EDMA material with intertwined pores may contribute to the distribution of the AgNPs to fabricate an ideal substrate for SERS detection. In view of the characteristics of porous material, an inverted assembly method is proposed and used in operation to avoid the adverse gravity effect which may make the AgNPs plug up the pore channel and distribute on the surface unevenly. By the inverted self‐assembly method, the AgNPs could uniformly distribute on the surface of the material stably. The prepared substrate presents ultrasensitivity and good reproducibility for SERS detection. The enhancement factor of rhodamine 6G (R6G) detection is approximately 1014 and the relative standard deviation of each characteristic peak is about 15% when the substrate is used. The substrate also shows a good performance in detecting paraquat and thymine. The ultrasensitive SERS substrate can be readily integrated into pesticide detection systems and biological sample analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating detection probability into northern Great Plains pronghorn population estimates
Authors: Jacques Christopher N. , Jenks Jonathan A. , Grovenburg Troy W. , Klaver Robert W. , Deperno Christopher S.
Published: December 2013

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) abundances commonly are estimated using fixed‐wing surveys, but these estimates are likely to be negatively biased because of violations of key assumptions underpinning line‐transect methodology. Reducing bias and improving precision of abundance estimates through use of detection probability and mark‐resight models may allow for more responsive pronghorn management actions. Given their potential application in population estimation, we evaluated detection probability and mark‐resight models for use in estimating pronghorn population abundance. We used logistic regression to quantify probabilities that detecting pronghorn might be influenced by group size, animal activity, percent vegetation, cover type, and topography. We estimated pronghorn population size by study area and year using mixed logit‐normal mark‐resight (MLNM) models. Pronghorn detection probability increased with group size, animal activity, and percent vegetation; overall detection probability was 0.639 (95% CI = 0.612–0.667) with 396 of 620 pronghorn groups detected. Despite model selection uncertainty, the best detection probability models were 44% (range = 8–79%) and 180% (range = 139–217%) greater than traditional pronghorn population estimates. Similarly, the best MLNM models were 28% (range = 3–58%) and 147% (range = 124–180%) greater than traditional population estimates. Detection probability of pronghorn was not constant but depended on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. When pronghorn detection probability is a function of animal group size, animal activity, landscape complexity, and percent vegetation, traditional aerial survey techniques will result in biased pronghorn abundance estimates. Standardizing survey conditions, increasing resighting occasions, or accounting for variation in individual heterogeneity in mark‐resight models will increase the accuracy and precision of pronghorn population estimates. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Dynamics of Openness in Innovation Processes—A Case Study in the Finnish Food Industry
Authors: Mäkimattila Martti , Melkas Helinä , Uotila Tuomo
Published: December 2013

Recent practical business discussion and academic studies highlight the collaborative nature of innovation activities. Today, almost all innovations are generated in cooperation with others in a systemic world. The role of openness is widely acknowledged, but the dynamics of openness in innovation processes is studied and discussed less. There is a lack of understanding about the open and closed phases during innovation processes. By observing such dynamics, this study extends the current theories from the point of open and closed phases in innovation processes. The analysis is based on a case study on a large Finnish food industry company and its long‐term innovation process concerning the utilization of rye fibre since the early 1990s. The results show that it is very important to understand the interaction and the critical points during dynamic phases of innovation processes. Seizing the phases of openness and closure is crucial for successful innovation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric chromosome segregation in Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri
Authors: Ucci Amanda P. , Martins Paula M. M. , Lau Ivy F. , Bacci Maurício , Belasque José , Ferreira Henrique
Published: December 2013

This study was intended to characterize the chromosome segregation process of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xac) by investigating the functionality of the ParB factor encoded on its chromosome, and its requirement for cell viability and virulence. Using TAP tagging we show that ParB is expressed in Xac. Disruption of parB increased the cell doubling time and precluded the ability of Xac to colonize the host citrus. Moreover, Xac mutant cells expressing only truncated forms of ParB exhibited the classical phenotype of aberrant chromosome organization, and seemed affected in cell division judged by their reduced growth rate and the propensity to form filaments. The ParB‐GFP localization pattern in Xac was suggestive of an asymmetric mode of replicon partitioning, which together with the filamentation phenotype support the idea that Xac may control septum placement using mechanisms probably analogous to Caulobacter crescentus, and perhaps Vibrio cholerae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Xac exhibits asymmetric chromosome segregation, and the perturbation of this process leads to an inability to colonize the host plant.
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract improves the hepatic glutathione metabolism in obese Zucker rats
Authors: Fernández‐Iglesias Anabel , Pajuelo David , Quesada Helena , Díaz Sabina , Bladé Cinta , Arola Lluís , Salvadó Maria Josepa , Mulero Miquel
Published: December 2013

Scope

Increased oxidative stress may play an important role in metabolic syndrome and related manifestations, including obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Its relation to obesity is due to increased reactive oxygen species and/or decreased glutathione (GSH) antioxidant metabolism. Consequently, the activation of glutathione metabolism appears to be a central defense response to prevent oxidative stress. In this sense, dietary supplements with natural antioxidant molecules, including proanthocyanidins, may present a useful strategy of controlling and reducing complications of obesity, including hepatic steatosis.

Materials and results

We assessed the grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) effect on oxidative alterations related to genetically obese rats (Zucker rats) and, more specifically, to hepatic GSH metabolism. We demonstrate that the administration of GSPE reduced the oxidized glutathione accumulation increasing the total GSH/oxidized glutathione hepatic ratio and consequently decreasing the activation of antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S‐transferase, and increasing the total antioxidant capacity of the cell.

Conclusion

In Zucker rats, the obesity‐induced oxidative stress related to liver glutathione alteration was mitigated by GSPE administration.
Cerebral injury in monochorionic twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review
Authors: Inklaar M. J. , van Klink J. M. M. , Stolk T. T. , van Zwet E. W. , Oepkes D. , Lopriore E.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To estimate incidence and risk factors of severe cerebral injury in survivors from monochorionic pregnancies with selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) and/or birth weight discordance (BWD).

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for studies describing perinatal and neurologic outcome in monochorionic twins with sIUGR and/or BWD. Exclusion criteria were twin–twin transfusion syndrome, twin anemia–polycythemia sequence, selective feticide or laser treatment.

Results

Eleven articles were included in the systematic review. Analysis was hampered by different methodology and definitions of cerebral injury. The incidence of severe cerebral injury varied from 0% to 33% (average 8%, 52/661), and was higher in studies including single intrauterine demise [odds ratio (OR) 2.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89‐9.56] and studies with a median gestational age at birth of ≤32 weeks (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.06–2.27). The risk of severe cerebral injury was higher in pregnancies with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (13.5% vs 2.5%; OR 7.69; 95% CI 2.56–25.00) and in larger twins (9% vs 5%; OR 1.93; 95% CI 0.95–3.92).

Conclusions

The incidence of severe cerebral injury in monochorionic twins with sIUGR and/or BWD is approximately 8% and is associated with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, larger twins, intrauterine fetal demise and low gestational age at birth. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Thrill and Adventure Seeking is Associated with Reduced Interoceptive Sensitivity: Evidence for An Altered Sex–Specific Homeostatic Processing in High–Sensation Seekers
Authors: Kruschwitz J. D. , Lueken U. , Wold A. , Walter H. , Paulus M. P.
Published: December 2013

The personality trait of sensation seeking (SS) has been traditionally linked to the construct of exteroception, that is, sensing of the outside world. Little is known about the relationship between SS and interoception, that is, sensing originating in the body. Interoceptive sensations have strong affective and motivational components that may influence behaviours such as risk taking in SS. This investigation examined whether interoceptive differences contribute to different behavioural characteristics in SS. Using an inspiratory resistive load breathing task, the response to an aversive interoceptive stimulus as a basic homeostatic process was studied in 112 subjects (n = 74 women and 38 men). A linear mixed–model approach was used to examine the influence of thrill and adventure seeking (TAS) on the interoceptive response across three levels of breathing resistances (10, 20, and 40 cm H2O/L/second). High–TAS relative to low–TAS individuals were less responsive in evaluating intensities of perceived choking with increasing inspiratory resistive loads. This effect was driven by male, but not female, high–TAS individuals and was particularly associated with reduced interoceptive sensitivity in men. The conceptualization of SS as primarily driven by exteroceptive stimuli can be expanded to a view of an altered homeostasis in SS, specifically in men. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Epicocconone staining: A powerful loading control for Western blots
Authors: Moritz Christian P. , Marz Sabrina X. , Reiss Ralph , Schulenborg Thomas , Friauf Eckhard
Published: December 2013

Western blot analysis is routinely employed for quantifying differences in protein levels between samples. To control equal loading and to arithmetically compensate loading differences, immunodetection of housekeeping proteins is commonly used. Due to potential biases, this approach has been criticized. Here, we evaluate epicocconone‐based total protein staining (E‐ToPS) as an alternative. We compared it with two other total protein stainings (Coomassie and Sypro Ruby) and with immunodetection of housekeeping proteins (β‐tubulin and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase). Evaluation comprised both the natural and the synthetic epicocconone compound. Both compounds produced highly congruent results and showed more sensitive (≤ 1 μg) and less variable staining properties than the other variants. The high sensitivity of E‐ToPS, covering minute protein amounts, makes it a powerful loading control, especially for precious samples. Regarding biological and technical variances, E‐ToPS outperformed immunostaining against β‐tubulin and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, E‐ToPS had no impact on subsequent immunodetection, allowing for an early control of proper loading prior to immunodetection. In contrast to earlier studies, we found logarithmic staining properties for E‐ToPS, which should be considered when using it for arithmetic normalization. In conclusion, we demonstrate the superior power of E‐ToPS as a loading control for Western blots.
Optimization of a phenol extraction‐based protein preparation method amenable to downstream 2DE and MALDI‐MS based analysis of bacterial proteomes
Authors: Alam Masrure , Ghosh Wriddhiman
Published: December 2013

2DE is one of the most efficient and widely used methods for resolving complex protein mixtures. For efficient analysis of complex samples, high‐resolution separation of proteins on 2D gel is essential, and for that purpose good sample preparation is crucial. In this study, we have improvized a method for preparing bacterial total cellular proteome, from a strategy applied earlier to recalcitrant plant tissues, which gave high‐quality resolution on 2DE. The method involving phenol extraction followed by methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation was first optimized for the chemolithotrophic proteobacteria Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis WT001 and Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans KCT001 that did not yield quality protein preps in conventional trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method. Subsequently, to validate its general applicability, the method was evaluated against the trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method for two other model bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli DH5α and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc26. Identification of at least four proteins each from the outer membrane, periplasm, and cytoplasm of T. kashmirensis by MALDI‐MS not only proved the efficiency of the method in extracting proteins from the different cellular compartments but also the amenability of the obtained protein spots toward MALDI‐MS based identification.
In vitro metabolism and metabolic effects of ajulemic acid, a synthetic cannabinoid agonist
Authors: Burstein Sumner H. , Tepper Mark A.
Published: December 2013

Ajulemic acid is a synthetic analog of ∆8‐THC‐11‐oic acid, the terminal metabolite of ∆8‐THC. Unlike ∆9‐THC, the psychoactive principle of Cannabis, it shows potent anti‐inflammatory action and has minimal CNS cannabimimetic activity. Its in vitro metabolism by hepatocytes from rats, dogs, cynomolgus monkeys and humans was studied and the results are reported here. Five metabolites, M1 to M5, were observed in human hepatocyte incubations. One metabolite, M5, a glucuronide, was observed in the chromatogram of canine hepatocyte incubations. In monkey hepatocyte incubations, M5 was observed in the chromatograms of both the 120 and 240 min samples, trace metabolite M1 (side‐chain hydroxyl) was observed in the 120 min samples, and trace metabolite M4 (side‐chain dehydrogenation) was observed in the 240 min samples. No metabolites were found in the rat hepatocyte incubations. Unchanged amounts of ajulemic acid detected after the 2‐h incubation were 103%, 90%, 86%, and 83% for rat, dog, monkey, and human hepatocytes, respectively. Additional studies were done to ascertain if ajulemic acid can inhibit the activities of five principal human cytochrome P450 isozymes; CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5. In contrast to the phytocannabinoids ∆9‐THC and CBD, no significant inhibition of cytochrome activity was observed. These data further support the conclusions reached in earlier reports on ajulemic acid's high margin of safety and suggest that it undergoes minimal metabolism and is not likely to interfere with the normal metabolism of drugs or endogenous substances.
SUMOylated RanGAP1 prepared by click chemistry
Authors: van Treel Nadine D. , Mootz Henning D.
Published: December 2013

Ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like proteins such as SUMO represent important and abundant post‐translational modifications involved in many cellular processes. These modifiers are reversibly attached via an isopeptide bond to lysine side chains of their target proteins by the action of specific E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. A significant challenge in studying ubiquitylation and SUMOylation is the frequently encountered inability to access desired conjugates at a defined position of the target protein and in homogenous form by using enzymatic preparation. In recent years, several chemical conjugation approaches have been developed to overcome this limitation. In this study, we aimed to selectively SUMOylate a 189‐amino acid fragment of human RanGAP1 (amino acids 398–587) at the position of Lys524 by applying two recently reported approaches based on the Cu(I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition. Because of low yields observed for the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid with an azide moiety by the tRNA suppression technology, this route was abandoned. However, installing a single cysteine at position 524 and its selective alkylation was successful to introduce the azide group. The triazole‐linked SUMO1**RanGAP1 conjugate could be obtained in good yields, purified, and was shown to specifically interact with RanBP2/Ubc9. Thus, we expand the scope of proteins accessible to chemical conjugation with ubiquitin‐like proteins and underline the importance of having alternative approaches to do so. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of growth stoichiometry on the structural properties of AlN films on thermally nitrided sapphire $(11\bar 20)$
Authors: Ueno Kohei , Kishikawa Eiji , Inoue Shigeru , Ohta Jitsuo , Fujioka Hiroshi , Oshima Masaharu , Fukuyama Hiroyuki
Published: December 2013

High‐quality AlN epilayers were grown via pulsed sputtering deposition on thermally nitrided sapphire $(11\bar 20)$ with precise control of the N/Al ratio. Under slightly Al‐rich growth conditions, the growth of AlN epilayers on the thermally nitrided sapphire proceeded in a two‐dimensional mode from the initial stage of growth, and their surfaces were atomically flat stepped and terraced structures. The FWHM values of the X‐ray rocking curves were as low as 87 arcsec and 339 arcsec for the 0002 and $1 \bar 102$ diffractions, respectively, at a film thickness of 400 nm. The present approach is therefore quite promising for the low‐cost fabrication of AlGaN‐based UV optical devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A fixed point model for rate control and routing in cloud data center networks
Authors: Li Bo , Ma Xuefeng , Li Jianming , Zong Zhou
Published: December 2013

This paper addresses the issues of rate control and routing for cloud data center networks. Based on the theory of the supply–demand equilibrium, we propose a fixed point model for formulating cloud network equilibrium problems in which the equilibrium conditions are given by nonlinear equations. We show that the network equilibrium point is the optimal solution of a nonlinear programming problem by utilizing the tools of the variational inequality and convex optimization. The augmented Lagrangian multiplier algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear programming problem for computing the network equilibrium point. Further consideration is given to the equilibrium problems of a cloud network with multirate multicast sessions. We evaluate our approach on some random networks with unicast and multicast sessions, and the results show the effectiveness of our approach in finding the optimal equilibrium rates. We further evaluate the performance of our approach through cloud data center network simulation under various parameter settings, and the results show that the performance of our algorithm can be tuned and improved by choosing appropriate parameter values. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traceable attribute‐based signcryption
Authors: Wei Jianghong , Hu Xuexian , Liu Wenfen
Published: December 2013

Signcryption can provide confidentiality and authenticity for many cryptographic applications. In this study, we propose a new efficient attribute‐based signcryption scheme. This scheme achieves confidentiality against chosen ciphertext attacks and unforgeability against chosen messages attacks in the selective attribute model. In addition, our scheme enjoys traceability by use of non‐interactive witness indistinguishable proofs; that is, the authority can break the anonymity of users when necessary. Compared with previous works, our scheme has advantages in terms of functionality and efficiency simultaneously. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Likelihood‐based photograph identification: Application with photographs of free‐ranging bison
Authors: Merkle Jerod A. , Fortin Daniel
Published: December 2013

Using photographs to identify individual animals and monitor populations is becoming more common. However, photographic identification methods where measurements of morphological traits (e.g., horn length) are compared have received little attention. We present an approach for aiding with the identification of individual animals from photographs. The approach incorporates measurement data, metadata from photographs, and multiple sources of error, and calculates a matching score between pairs of photographs using a likelihood‐based algorithm. We tested and identified the false‐rejection error rate using 91 photographs, representing 33 known free‐ranging bison (Bison bison), and 117 simulated data sets with varying numbers of unique individuals, morphological measurements, and photograph error. We then used the approach to estimate the adult population size of bison in Prince Albert National Park, Canada, in 2011. For bison, the false‐rejection rate of our approach was 0.055. Using a Huggins closed population model with misidentification, we estimated 103 (95% CI = 82–130) and 46 (95% CI = 37–58) adult female and male bison, respectively. After incorporating field‐based calf‐ and juvenile‐to‐female ratios, we estimated 202 (95% CI = 171.6–231.4) bison. We found this estimate to be plausible using 2 minimum‐count aerial surveys conducted in March 2011 and 2012 for comparison. With our approach, researchers and managers can build capture histories of individuals, which can be used for studies of population dynamics and habitat selection. This approach can incorporate any morphological measurements extracted from photographs (e.g., coat color), making it robust to a variety of species and study systems. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
La responsabilité sociale des entreprises et les hôpitaux: Une théorie américaine, des expériences japonaises et des leçons pour les autres pays
Authors: Takahashi Toshiro , Ellen Moriah , Brown Adalsteinn
Published: December 2013

Le présent article porte sur le rôle que peut jouer la responsabilité sociale des entreprises pour faire progresser la gestion des hôpitaux. La responsabilité sociale des entreprises désigne l'intégration des préoccupations sociales et environnementales aux opérations commerciales. Les auteurs exposent en quoi la responsabilité sociale des entreprises peut aider les hôpitaux et proposent aux hôpitaux des initiatives de responsabilité sociale à privilégier.
Effect of a by-product of solid state fermentation (Synergen™) on broiler performance
Authors: Perić L. , Spring P.
Published: December 2013

The trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a by-product of solid state fermentation (Synergen™ (SGN), Alltech Inc, Nicholasville KY, USA) on broiler performance and health. One thousand two hundred and eighty male Ross 308 broilers were used in a 42 day pen trial. The trial was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial, with two diet specifications (standard and reformulated) plus or minus SGN (0 and 200 g/t, SGN replaced with commercial enzyme Ronozyme™ at 150 g/t) to give four dietary treatments in total in a corn-soy based diet formulated to commercial standards. Birds fed the reduced energy diets had significantly lower cumulative feed intakes at 42 d (P < 0.01) compared to those on the full specification standard diet. There were no significant differences in broiler body weight due to treatments at any age. Significant improvements (P < 0.05) in FCR, primarily due to SGN inclusion in the feed, were observed for all weekly reported data. There were no significant differences in either mortality or EPEF for any of the treatment diets. The present study indicates that SGN, a by-product of solid state fermentation (SSF) can improve feed conversion of broilers fed a corn-soy diet.
Transient ventilation dynamics induced by heat sources of unequal strength
Authors: Shrinivas Ajay B. , Hunt Gary R.
Published: December 2013

We examine theoretically the transient displacement flow and density stratification that develops within a ventilated box after two localized floor-level heat sources of unequal strengths are activated. The heat input is represented by two non-interacting turbulent axisymmetric plumes of constant buoyancy fluxes ${B}_{1} $ and ${B}_{2} \gt {B}_{1} $. The box connects to an unbounded quiescent external environment of uniform density via openings at the top and base. A theoretical model is developed to predict the time evolution of the dimensionless depths ${\lambda }_{j} $ and mean buoyancies ${\delta }_{j} $ of the ‘intermediate’ $(j= 1)$ and ‘top’ $(j= 2)$ layers leading to steady state. The flow behaviour is classified in terms of a stratification parameter , a dimensionless measure of the relative forcing strengths of the two buoyant layers that drive the flow. We find that $\mathrm{d} {\delta }_{1} / \mathrm{d} \tau \propto 1/ {\lambda }_{1} $ and $\mathrm{d} {\delta }_{2} / \mathrm{d} \tau \propto 1/ {\lambda }_{2} $, where $\tau $ is a dimensionless time. When $\hspace{0.167em} \hspace{0.167em} \ll \hspace{0.167em} \hspace{0.167em} $1, the intermediate layer is shallow (small ${\lambda }_{1} $), whereas the top layer is relatively deep (large ${\lambda }_{2} $) and, in this limit, ${\delta }_{1} $ and ${\delta }_{2} $ evolve on two characteristically different time scales. This produces a time lag and gives rise to a ‘thermal overshoot’, during which ${\delta }_{1} $ exceeds its steady value and attains a maximum during the transients; a flow feature we refer to, in the context of a ventilated room, as ‘localized overheating’. For a given source strength ratio $\psi = {B}_{1} / {B}_{2} $, we show that thermal overshoots are realized for dimensionless opening areas $A\lt {A}_{oh} $ and are strongly dependent on the time history of the flow. We establish the region of $\{ A, \psi \} $ space where rapid development of ${\delta }_{1} $ results in ${\delta }_{1} \gt {\delta }_{2} $, giving rise to a bulk overturning of the buoyant layers. Finally, some implications of these results, specifically to the ventilation of a room, are discussed.
Chaotic advection in a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven eddy
Authors: Pratt L. J. , Rypina I. I. , Özgökmen T. M. , Wang P. , Childs H. , Bebieva Y.
Published: December 2013

We investigate and quantify stirring due to chaotic advection within a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven, rotating cylinder flow. The flow field has vertical overturning and horizontal swirling motion, and is an idealization of motion observed in some ocean eddies. The flow is characterized by strong background rotation, and we explore variations in Ekman and Rossby numbers, $E$ and ${R}_{o} $, over ranges appropriate for the ocean mesoscale and submesoscale. A high-resolution spectral element model is used in conjunction with linear analytical theory, weakly nonlinear resonance analysis and a kinematic model in order to map out the barriers, manifolds, resonance layers and other objects that provide a template for chaotic stirring. As expected, chaos arises when a radially symmetric background state is perturbed by a symmetry-breaking disturbance. In the background state, each trajectory lives on a torus and some of the latter survive the perturbation and act as barriers to chaotic transport, a result consistent with an extension of the KAM theorem for three-dimensional, volume-preserving flow. For shallow eddies, where $E$ is $O(1)$, the flow is dominated by thin resonant layers sandwiched between KAM-type barriers, and the stirring rate is weak. On the other hand, eddies with moderately small $E$ experience thicker resonant layers, wider-spread chaos and much more rapid stirring. This trend reverses for sufficiently small $E$, corresponding to deep eddies, where the vertical rigidity imposed by strong rotation limits the stirring. The bulk stirring rate, estimated from a passive tracer release, confirms the non-monotonic variation in stirring rate with $E$. This result is shown to be consistent with linear Ekman layer theory in conjunction with a resonant width calculation and the Taylor–Proudman theorem. The theory is able to roughly predict the value of $E$ at which stirring is maximum. For large disturbances, the stirring rate becomes monotonic over the range of Ekman numbers explored. We also explore variation in the eddy aspect ratio.
Arrest of the flow of wet granular matter
Authors: Roeller Klaus , Blaschke Johannes , Herminghaus Stephan , Vollmer Jürgen
Published: December 2013

We study the arrest of three-dimensional flow of wet granular matter subject to a sinusoidal external force and a gravitational field confining the flow in the vertical direction. The minimal strength of the external force that is required to keep the system in motion, i.e. the critical force, is determined by considering the balance of injected and dissipated power. This provides a prediction whose quality is demonstrated by a data collapse for an extensive set of event-driven molecular-dynamics simulations where we varied the system size, particle number, the energy dissipated upon rupturing capillary bridges, and the bridge length at which rupture occurs. The same approach also works for systems that are kept at a fixed density by confining walls. In both cases, this universal method provides the critical force irrespective of the flow profile, and without specifying the hydrodynamic equations.