bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS DAYA SAING EKSPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT (CPO) SUMATERA UTARA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Saragih Faoeza Hafiz , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Masyhuri Masyhuri
Published: September 2020

This study aims to : (1) CPO export trends and projections in North Sumatera (2) CPO export competitiveness of North Sumatera in Indonesia (3) factors that affect CPO export in North Sumatera. This research based on the background tat CPO export volume in North Sumatera which is now well below Riau Province, where previously the province of North Sumatera is Indonesia’s largest palm oil exporter.The data used are secondary data to the time period of the years 1980-2010. Data collecting obtained from BPS, Ministry of Agriculture and KPB PTPN. The analyze used model equation  of least square to see the trends and projections 10 year lstr; RCA and AR index used to see competitiveness and ordinary least square (OLS) model used to see the factors that affected CPO export of North Sumatra.The result of study show that: (1) North Sumatera CPO export trend for 1980-2010 was positive and projections export for ten years later increased with average growth 4.649 percent, (2) North Sumatera still competitive in Indonesian CPO exports based on the average value of the RCA index 13.24905 but with weak growths as indicated by the AR index of 0.232 caused by the potential land was small, production growth was slowly, the low productivity and the transfer of export port by exporters, (3) North Sumatra CPO exports affected positively by Doller exchange rate against Rupiah and negatively affected by the value of the RCA index.
INTEGRASI PASAR MINYAK SAWIT INDONESIA DAN DUNIA
Authors: Arifianti Septika , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Hartono Slamet
Published: September 2020

This research was aimed: (1) to measure market intionegration of minyak sawit in the various Indonesia, Malaysia dan Rotterdam; (2) to measure the integration between minyak sawit markets and the substitution markets of minyak sawit ( world market of soybean oil, world market of sunflower oil, world market pf rapesseed oil); and (3) to analyze the leading market of minyak sawit. This research was basd on monthly orice data from 1999 t 2008, taken from World Bank. Market integration was analyzed by using Eagle and Granger model of c-integration. Granger causality test was used to measure the  leading market. The result showed that Indonesian minyak sawit market is integrated strongly with minyak sawit market in Malaysia and Rotterdam. Malaysian minyak sawit market isintegrated weakly with Rotterdam minyak sawit market. The analysis of co-integration showed that there were integration  between minyak sawit market and substitution markets of minyak sawit. Minyak sawit market also is integrated with the petroleum oil market. Granger causality test showed that Malaysian minyak sawit market was leading to other minyak sawit market. The last, this research suggested that increasing quality control, monitoring behavior of minyak sawit price in the Malaysia and Rotterdam market, and supporting government policies might be needed to increase Indonesian minyak sawit price.
DAMPAK PERUBAHAN TARIF IMPOR KEDELAI TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA
Authors: Primasari Ryan , Hardyastuti Suhatmini , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo
Published: September 2020

In 1998-2004, Indonesia liberalized soybean trade on zero percent tariff rate, then reinstated tariff rate on 10 percent in 2005-2007 and removed It again in early 2008 due to price instability in world market. Because of Indonesian high import-dependency on soybean, the change of soybean import tariff is very important for farmer, consumer, and government. The objectives of this research are : 1) to analyze the effect of soybean import tariff change on domestic price, soybean quantitiy supplied, demanded, and  imported; and (2) to analyze effects of soybean import tariff change on social welfare. Analyses used are partial equilibrium analysis, price, demand, and supply function  and economic surplus indicator. Partial equilibrium analysis conclude  that 10% tariff-cut scenario would increase soybean demanded and decrease soybean supplied in response to the decrease of both wholesaler and producer price. Thus, it would lead the increase of net welfare gain, but would squeeze the national soybean agriculture by the decrease of producer surplus and the increase of soybean import quantity. Meanwhile, the increase of tariff rat by 10% has the opposite results. It is suggested, therefore, that Indonesian government has to retain the import tariff to protect soybean producer and  improve soybean production at the same time to pursue national food independency, especially for soybean.
PERSEPSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP AGROWISATA SALAK PONDOH DI KECAMATAN TURI KABUPATEN SLEMAN
Authors: Aggraini Rencia , Suratiyah Ken , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi
Published: September 2020

The research ainm was to know the consumer perception tward the avaibility of Salak Pondoh Agritourism (WASP) facilities, its service condition, and its view condition. This research used analytical descriptive method and to get 60 sample/respondens used accidental sampling method. The data that has been taken are primary and secondary data which obtained from the result of interviewing the company officer, the result of questioning papers, the organization structure, the map of WASP, and the sun of visitors per year. The result of the research showed that consumers had a good perception toward the avaibility of WASP facilities which are agricultural commodity, transportation, sheltered place, information, and communication; consumers had a good perception toward WASP services condition, it meant that Salak Pondoh Agritourism had a good quality of its services; and consumers had an unwell perception toward the WASP view condition. Suggestions that been given to WASP are to maintain the available facilities in WASP more and to add few more facilities which have already or haven’t existed, those are tour guides, public telephone, fishing hool renting place, toilet, and garden  seats.
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN DAN KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN USAHATANI TERPADU RUMAH TANGGA PETANI PADA LAHAN KERING
Authors: Burhansyah Rusli , Azri Azri
Published: September 2020

Bengkayang district is a district in the province of West Kalimantan have enough upland for agriculture. The village of Sinar Tebudak is dry land potential for the development of food crops, vegetables, crops and livestock. To find out the feasibility of each farm and contribution to the household income required of a research. This study aims to determine the feasibility of the business of commodities grown village Sinar Tebudak and know the sources of income and multiformity contributing to the household income of farmers village Sinar Tebudak. Sinar Research conducted the survey with the method / interviews and PRA. Sampling in take with strata ownership of land. To determine the extentto which each strata in the population represented in the sample used proposional, so the methods used method stratified proportional random sampling. The number of respondents as much as 40 farmers. Collecting data is done by direct interviews with the questionnaire. Results of research show that all the farming system is feasible grown with the value RIC> 1. The agricultural sector still has a major contribution in the household contribute income farmers. Income per capita village Sinar Tebudak already above U.S. $ 1000. Non agricultural sector and other sectors in rural areas is expected to grow well. Development of agro-industries in rural areas will create the market, and production facilities for primary agricultural products.
ANALISIS KOMODITAS DAN SUBSEKTOR UNGGULAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA
Authors: Ibrahim Karmila , Hartono Slamet , Irham Irham
Published: September 2020

The study purpose: (1) to know the leading sub-sector and leading agricultural commodity; and (2) to know the agricultural sector growth in North Maluku province in 2000-2006. This study use PDRB data based on constant price in 2000 and commodity production value. Analyses used are LQ, DLQ, Shift-Share, and Klassen Typology. The results show that agricultural sector values, includes food crops, estate, forestry sub-sector, have LQ and DLQ value more than 1, means that those sub-sector leads. On the other hand, agricultural leading commodity are paddy, corn, groundnut, yam, cassava, clove, nutmeg, coconut, lay hen, broiler, goat, cow, group of timber tree, back woods, and number of fishes, that are origin community called as fish beloso, fish biji nangka, fish kuwe, fish swanggi, white pomfret, mackerel, fish sunglir, fish terbang, fish julung-julung; tiny sefish, terubuk, fish cakalang, barong shrimp, squit, cuttlefish, and terrapin.The growth rate of agricultural sector in North Maluku province wasaffected by national growth rate. The growth rates of agricultural sectordistrict before and after decentralization are affected by the growth rate ofprovince. Based on Klassen Typology, North Maluku was classified as poorregion at national level.
PROSPEK DAN KENDALA PENGEMBANGAN LADA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Swastika Dewa K.S , Sajuti Rosmiyati , Suhartini Sri H
Published: September 2020

Indonesia is the second largest producer after India, but the largest exporter of peper in the world. Although Indonesia is still the world’s leading pepper exporter, its share to the world market has been declining. Indonesia has to compete with other
ANALISIS KOMPARATIF TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DI PROPINSI RIAU
Authors: Agustus Octavianus , Masyhuri Masyhuri , Soedjono Mas
Published: September 2020

Plantation crop particularly rubber, cconut and oil palm are important export commodities because they are reliable to increase the foreign exchange and plantation farmers income.
Peranan Irigasi Pertanian dalam Peningkatan Produksi dan Pendapatan Petani
Authors: Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi
Published: September 2020

Upaya peningkatan produksi pertanian di Indonesia pada tiga dekade terakhir masih ditemukan pada peningkatan prooduksi beras dalam rangka memenuhi ambisi untuk mencapai swasembada beras yang dilakukan melalui intesifikasi dan ekstensifikasi.
Analisis Efisiensi Produksi dan Pemasaran Jambu Mete di Kabupaten Flores Timur
Authors: Yusuf Yusuf , Masyhuri Masyhuri , Maksum M
Published: September 2020

Cashew fruit (Anacardium Occidentale.L) is one of important annual industrial plants. The commodity is very prospective in international market.
Concomitant of Order Statistics from New Bivariate Gompertz Distribution
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Khan M. J. S. , Kumar Surinder
Published: September 2020

For the new bivariate Gompertz distribution, the expression for probability density function (pdf) of rth order statistics and pdf of concomitant arising from rth order statistics are derived. The properties of concomitant arising from the corresponding order statistics are used to derive these results. The exact expression for moment generating function (mgf) of concomitant of order rth statistics is derived. Also, the mean of concomitant arising from rth order statistics is computed using the mgf of concomitant of rth order statistics, and the exact expression for joint density of concomitant of two non-adjacent order statistics are derived.
Вглядываясь в будущее: изыскания пророков, предсказателей,
лидеров и стратегов
Authors: Квинт Владимир Львович
Published: September 2020

Рассматриваются формы и методы получения знаний о будущем и формирование профессий и наук о постижении и изучении будущего. Отмечается необходимость исследований сущности долгосрочных решений на границах рационального и иррационального, сознания и подсознания, и использование
интуиции. Рассматриваются категории «предвидение» и «пророчество». Сопоставляются две категории — «пророки» и «стратеги» с точки зрения получения ими картин и характеристик будущего, результатов стратегирования.
Определяются отличия между пророками и стратегами. Раскрывается феномен пророка и дается определение понятия «профессиональный стратег». Анализируется взаимодействие профессионального стратега и лидера.
Desafíos para la enfermería de salud mental después del COVID-19
Authors: Martinez-Esquivel Daniel
Published: September 2020

La enfermería de salud mental se centra en el cuidado a partir de las relaciones interpersonales, es guiada por un marco teórico y metodológico propio que la convierten en una profesión autónoma. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado la salud mental de muchas personas poniendo a prueba todos los niveles de atención de la salud. Por lo que en este artículo se busca describir las realidades, los avances y los desafíos para la enfermería de salud mental después de la pandemia por COVID-19. Se exponen algunos elementos que podrían mejorar la calidad de los servicios en esta área, dentro de los que se mencionan el desarrollo de: Investigación en e-salud, enfermería de salud mental en el hospital general, cuidado remoto, manejo del duelo, medios de comunicación y cooperación en equipo. La enfermería de salud mental debe aprovechar los desafíos que genera la pandemia por COVID-19 para innovar su ejercicio profesional basado en evidencia científica.
La Alianza del Pacífico y los Brics: dos modelos de competitividad país
Authors: Cazallo Antúnez Ana María , Meñaca Guerrero Indira , Lechuga Cardozo Jorge Isaac , García Giuliany Jesús Enrique
Published: September 2020

Introducción. La importancia de esta investigación radica en el comportamiento de los países pertenecientes a los dos grupos durante el periodo 2012-2017 en materia de competitividad y cómo está variable les ha permitido posicionarse a nivel mundial. Objetivo. En este artículo se analizó la existencia de diferencias significativas en los modelos de competitividad de los bloques económicos (Alianza del Pacífico y el BRICS) utilizando como variables discriminatorias los doce pilares del índice de competitividad global del Foro Económico Mundial. Materiales y métodos. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa, analítica y utiliza la técnica estadística del análisis discriminante como mecanismo para determinar qué variables permiten una clasificación eficaz respecto a la pertenencia de los países a un bloque u otro. Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos denotaron que de las doce (12) variables introducidas en el modelo, solo seis (6)–entorno macroeconómico, salud y educación primaria, educación superior y formación, eficiencia del mercado laboral, desarrollo del mercado financiero y tamaño del mercado- tienen un componente discriminatorio en materia de competitividad país. Conclusiones. El modelo para medir la competitividad país resultó significativo, permitiendo tener una elevada capacidad predictiva ya que el cien por ciento de la clasificación fue correcta.
El empowerment desde el emprendimiento social: el caso de los estudiantes del grado trabajo social
Authors: Minguela Recover María Ángeles , Munuera Gómez Pilar
Published: September 2020

Introducción. El emprendimiento social está unido al Trabajo Social desde sus orígenes como respuesta creativa a las situaciones de malestar. El objetivo es mostrar los resultados sobre la percepción que el alumnado tiene sobre la empatía, la creatividad y el emprendimiento social en Trabajo Social, así como las sinergias que se producen entre ellas, para empoderar el emprendimiento social como competencia transversal en los estudiantes del grado de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid durante el curso 2016/2017. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron cuatro grupos de discusión con 33 alumnos de cuarto curso del grado de Trabajo Social con una media de edad de 22 años. El análisis de discurso se realizó con Nvivo©11, a partir de 8 preguntas relacionadas con cuatro dimensiones: empatía, creatividad, emprendimiento social y Trabajo Social. Resultados. La percepción que tiene el alumnado sobre el emprendimiento social en Trabajo Social es que es necesario, lo unen a la creatividad y la empatía como habilidades sociales claves que diferencian al Trabajo Social del resto de profesiones. Conclusiones. El emprendimiento social como competencia general que se ha de visualizar en las asignaturas específicas del grado de Trabajo Social. Así mismo, el aprendizaje del emprendimiento social en Trabajo Social ha de estar reforzado por la investigación en el área de intervención, que va a contribuir a la creación de alternativas reales de apertura e inclusión profesional; mejorándose el posicionamiento de Trabajo Social como disciplina académica y profesional.
Chill sensitiveness and thermal analysis parameters relationship in hypo-eutectic, Ca and Ca-La inoculated commercial grey cast irons
Authors: Stefan E. , Chisamera M. , Riposan I.
Published: September 2020

Previous experiments showed a specific distribution of Al, La, and Ca on the section of complex (Mn,X)S compounds, found as major nucleation sites for graphite flakes in low-S cast irons (< 0.03%S), and a possible contribution of La to improve their capacity to nucleate graphite, avoiding carbides formation. In the present work, standard thermal [cooling curves] investigations were undertaken to explore Ca and La-Ca bearing FeSi alloys inoculation effects [10 measurements for each inoculant], in 3.7 ? 3.8%CE and optimum S and Mn relationship [0.046 ? 0.056%S, (%Mn) x (%S) = 0.024 ? 0.029]. Representative temperatures on the cooling curves and under-cooling degrees referring to the meta-stable eutectic temperatures were determined and correlated with the chill [carbides/graphite formation sensitiveness], in different solidification conditions [cooling modulus, wedge shape castings, resin sand mould]. Supplementary addition of La to Cabearing inoculants had limited, but specific benefits in these cast irons: lower eutectic recalescence and maximum recalescence rate, higher GRF1 and lower GRF2 graphitizing factors, and lower value of the first derivative at the end of solidification. Consequently, it resulted in a premise for lower shrinkage sensitiveness and lower chill (carbides) sensitiveness, especially at the highest solidification cooling rate (thin wall castings).
Environment and Trade
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the literature on Eurasian trade, the geography of trade environment, and the organizational challenges faced by long-distance trade. The expansion of trade from local to long-distance to Eurasian trade was a major challenge to merchants everywhere. Operators had to overcome tough and, at times, even hostile environments on the oceans, straits, deserts, and steppes. They had to match the supply of goods in one location to the demand in a faraway, climatically and culturally different location. The chapter shows how institutions were crucial in overcoming the challenges. It establishes the existence of a wide historiographical space that justifies the focus on the early history of late-coming trade companies, and on their organizational challenges and solutions.
Family Firms in Three Regions
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses two Surat merchants, Virji Vora and Mulla Abdul Ghafur, and their families, who are the best-documented and possibly the largest Gujarati merchants of their eras. It shows how family firms that did not rely on state support could trade over much of the span of the Indian Ocean. The chapter also reveals the vulnerability of family firms that did not rely on a wider mercantile network, state support, or corporate entity platform. Both the enterprises were based on the individual ownership and management of Virji Vora and Mulla Abdul Ghafur. They are not known to have been partners and did not separate business from family assets and affairs. The combined business activity of the two families spanned from 1619 to at least 1736.
Trade by Rulers and States
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the formation, weaknesses, and demise of two ruler-owned trade enterprises. It describes the mercantile endeavors of early Ming China and sixteenth-century Portugal. The two were radically different. The Chinese state was based on Confucian ideology, on extensive learned bureaucracy, on a worldview of being the Middle Kingdom, and on its huge geographic scale and huge population. In many eras the Chinese Empire had no ambitions with respect to overseas trade, and in others it allowed either foreign or local merchants to trade but was not involved in trade directly. Portugal was a small and young kingdom on the margins of the Iberian Peninsula. Its state capacity was limited, but its exposure to seafaring was significant due to its location on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
The Origins of the Business Corporation
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains why and how the corporation was transformed into a business corporation. It follows the early history of the corporation and examines how the corporation acquired attributes on separate legal personality and collective decision making, which were familiar to Edward Coke and his contemporaries. The chapter argues that the years around 1600 constitute an organizational revolution. It explains why European corporations were transformed around 1600 from public entities into joint-stock, for-profit entities and why this occurred in Northwest Europe and not elsewhere in Europe. The chapter also talks about why corporations were so suitable for long-distance trade that they rapidly took control of the Cape Route and rose to dominance in Eurasian trade as a whole, at the expense of family firms, merchant networks, and ruler-operated enterprises.
The Dutch East India Company
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides the microstudy for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). VOC constituted an incomplete transition from ruler-owned enterprise to business corporation. Its closer connection with state objectives and state elites places it somewhere on the continuum that leads from the Portuguese ruler-owned enterprise to the English East India Company (EIC). The chapter explains how the VOC did not represent, at its inception, a full shift from personal to impersonal collaboration. But as it continued to evolve, and as investment through the secondary stock market became the norm, the VOC gradually became more impersonal. It explains that in the first decade of the VOC, the republic and the corporation insiders worked hand in hand to attract and capture outside investors.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2020

This chapter talks about the interplay between family, religion, and ruler—three key components of every premodern society, which was the major factor in shaping the pattern of migration of the various organizational forms. The interplay determined the resistance of regions and civilizations outside Europe to the importation and transplantation of the business corporation. It argues that sixteenth-century Europeans, particularly the Portuguese, did not design a good institutional framework for conducting Cape Route trade with Asia. Seventeenth-century Europeans, led by the Dutch and the English, designed an institutional framework that suited their environmental challenges well and facilitated long-distance trade between Europe and Asia. The chapter emphasizes that organizational factors determined the rise of English and Dutch Eurasian trade dominance in the seventeenth century—asserting instead that technology and violence had more determinative weight.
The Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Jews
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the Khmelnytsky uprising of 1648. The Khmelnytsky uprising was not a single experience for the Jews. This was mostly because there were at least five military forces at work, each of which had a different attitude toward them. For the Cossack armies under Bogdan Khmelnytsky's leadership, the Jews, though a problem, were by no means always high on their list of priorities. The Cossacks' basic grievances were aimed at the Polish authorities—particularly the nobility in the Sejm—and concerned issues of money and status. The second force with which Ukrainian Jewry had to deal was the mass of Ukrainian peasants who joined the uprising once it began to prove successful. The other forces include the Polish nobility, the townspeople, and the Tatar army. In all the chaos of the uprising, the Jews of Ukraine seem to have understood that the different groups they faced threatened their lives in two major ways: through violent attack and through capture.
Facing the Refugee Experience
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the refugee experience had a huge significance in the lives of those who survived it and had to be dealt with in one way or another. In particular, it explores how the Polish–Lithuanian Jewry came to terms with the terrible events in Ukraine. Looking at all the attempts to make sense of the tragedy together, it seems clear that the religious thinkers did not develop any kind of unified conceptual framework to allow the survivors—and the rest of Polish Jewry—to work through their traumatic experiences. That would be done not in the spiritual realm but in the public sphere. From mid-March to mid-April of 1650, the Council of Four Lands, Polish Jewry's lay leadership, met in special session with leading rabbis to address some of the most important issues facing Polish Jews at that time. Foremost among them were questions of identification; another issued to be faced was that of conversion. The chapter then recounts how the memories of the Khmelnytsky uprising were preserved by the prayers composed for 20 Sivan.
The Second Wave of Wars
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates how the events of the second round of wars caused further waves of Jewish refugees, this time not just within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but across Europe and Asia. On one level, it could be said that Poland–Lithuania successfully weathered the storm that began with Khmelnytsky in 1648 and ended in the Peace of Andrusów some nineteen years later. However, the price it had paid for the years of war was incredibly high, so getting the country back on its feet was a very complex operation. Poland–Lithuania's Jews, too, had suffered huge losses during the wars, not the least of which was the number of Jews who had been uprooted from their homes and forced to start new lives elsewhere, often in difficult—not to say traumatic—conditions. Beyond that, many of the refugees displaced by this second wave of wars left the Commonwealth never to come back. The chapter then details the experience of these people. It looks first at the refugees in the parts of Lithuania under Russian occupation, then at those in the westerly regions where the Swedish and Polish armies fought it out in the second half of the 1650s.
Return and Reconstruction
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the complex process of returning home after spending time as a Jewish refugee. The chaos of wartime conditions meant that there was a constant stream of Jewish refugees, often in the thousands, moving from place to place within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In such conditions, the idea of returning home at the earliest opportunity must have seemed an attractive option. Once they had decided to go back, however, the returnees faced the problem of actually gaining entrance into town. Once the Jews were back in town, they then had to reconstitute Jewish society. The third challenge facing the returning refugees was resuming their economic life. Ultimately, in social, economic, religious, legal, and possibly even psychological terms, the Jewish survivors, rebuilding their shattered lives, helped create a very solid foundation for the future growth of their communities. This was a process not without tensions and difficulties, and there was much suffering along the way. Still, as the 1650s progressed and made way for the 1660s, the Jews of Poland–Lithuania were able to position themselves for future growth and development.
From Crimea to Istanbul
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses how some of the Jewish captives were bought by professional slave merchants for resale elsewhere—most commonly Istanbul or Iran. With Jews so deeply engaged in the slave trade, it is surprising that so few of the Jewish captives from Ukraine following 1648 were actually ransomed in Crimea. It is impossible to determine why the local Jews and Karaites did not do more to help, but perhaps the huge number of captives overwhelmed them. They may have thought it better for the Jewish slaves to be shipped to Istanbul where there was a very large and wealthy community that could afford to ransom them. In addition to those taken to Istanbul via Crimea, however, there were other Ukrainian Jews captured by Tatars whose experiences were different. These Jewish captives found refuge in the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia.
David Carcassoni’s Mission to Europe
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the mission of a young rabbinic scholar, David ben Natan'el Carcassoni, to visit the major Sephardi communities of Europe in person and raise the funds needed to ransom the Jewish captives from eastern Europe. David Carcassoni's mission plunged him into the complex world of Mediterranean Jewish philanthropy that raised money for a number of different purposes, which formally did not include the needs of the Istanbul Jewish community. In order to succeed, Carcassoni needed to access the general pidyon shevuyim funds collected by most communities and ensure that as much as possible was sent back home to help the ransoming effort. He faced two major problems. First, he was by no means the only person traveling around the Jewish communities asking for money to help relieve the suffering of the Polish Jews. Second, the Jewish communities of Venice were the controlling force of the Jewish Mediterranean philanthropic network; they were the clearing house to which most funds were sent, and one of their roles was to determine where the money was most needed and to send it there. Without Venetian support, Carcassoni would find it very difficult to raise the sums he needed.
The Role of Italian Jewry
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the role of Italian Jewry in ransoming Polish Jewish captives. In truth, the most important use for the pidyon shevuyim money as far as Italian Jewry was concerned had nothing to do with Polish Jews and their problems. Instead, ransom money was used primarily to redeem Jewish maritime merchants and travelers who were preyed on by pirates, particularly the Knights of St. John on Malta. This desire to prioritize the needs of the captives on Malta did not mean, however, that Venice totally ignored all other causes. Moreover, the Italian communities in general, though they seem to have understood the benefits of having Venice manage the ransoming on Malta, were not willing entirely to give up their autonomy in how they used their philanthropic funds. This was good news for Polish Jews because it improved their chances of receiving financial support from Italian Jewry. Their requests for that can be divided into two main groups. The first were made by individuals, asking for help with their personal issues. The second were requests for larger groups, most often communities in Poland–Lithuania that were struggling with the costs of recovering from the war or communities outside eastern Europe that were dealing with an influx of Polish Jewish refugees.
Transregional Contexts
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the transregional aspects of the captive crisis gave it great significance for the Jewish world. The appearance on the slave markets of Istanbul of thousands of Jews, destitute and desperate, as well as the news coming in of the enormous destruction in Poland–Lithuania and the stream of emissaries and refugees traveling from town to town in search of help, forced Jewish communities across Europe to make a concerted effort to step up their charitable activity on their behalf. At the heart of all the activity was a transregional fundraising network run by the Jewish communities of Venice, the major Jewish center in the eastern Mediterranean. The Polish crisis put this system under great pressure. The calls on it multiplied and came from a number of different directions. Averse to turning away these needy Jews empty-handed, it adopted the policy it used for supporting the Jewish communities in the Land of Israel. The needs of the Polish Jewish captives challenged the fundraising network in other ways. For example, the fundraising crossed the cultural border within Jewish society, since Sephardi Jews were being called on to support Ashkenazim. Even more striking, however, was the way the network positioned itself vis-à-vis the political borders of Europe and the Mediterranean world. These were, perhaps, the first steps toward the development of an institutional Jewish world.
On the Road
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the experience of flight from Poland to Germany and what it meant in real terms to be a Jewish refugee on the roads of central Europe. This is a crucial issue because that kind of forced travel is such a fundamental part of what refugees have to endure that unless it is examined, they themselves cannot be understood. Though the whole refugee experience was fraught with danger and terror, the most difficult moments for many came right at the beginning, when the individuals or small groups of refugees had to evade the enemy troops from whom they were fleeing. Even if refugees managed to evade the hostile soldiers, their lives remained in danger from people acting out of hatred of Jews, simply wanting to rob them, or both. Nighttime was particularly dangerous, especially if Jews were staying at an inn run by a non-Jew. The chapter then highlights the personal chronicle of Yuda ben Ephraim Ḥayim of Piła in Great Poland, who fled to Silesia during 1656 to avoid being attacked by the forces of Stefan Czarniecki.
Polish Jews Meet German Jews
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the meetings of the Polish Jewish refugees with the German Jews on the ground in the communities of the Holy Roman Empire. It begins by examining the chapbook Di bashraybung fun Ashkenaz un Polak (The Description of a German and a Polish Jew). Published in Prague sometime in the second half of the seventeenth century, it provides a satirical look at the interaction of the Polish Jewish refugees with the German Jews they met on their travels in the empire. The satirical poem presents this in two large blocks: the first gives the point of view of the Polish Jew and his complaints about his reception in the empire; the second brings the perspective of the German Jew and his opinions of the indigent refugees with whom he is faced. The chapter then determines the extent to which the chapbook was an accurate portrayal of the mid-seventeenth-century reality, considering the Jewish refugees in Frankfurt a.M. and Hamburg, as well as in Vienna.
Amsterdam
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses how, though the majority of the refugees from the Commonwealth who traveled westward ended up in the empire, a significant number made for a place outside it: Amsterdam. The major city in the Seven Provinces, the part of the Netherlands that had broken free of Habsburg control in 1581, Amsterdam had become one of Europe's major trading emporia and a bastion of mercantilism by the seventeenth century. The cosmopolitan atmosphere of the port city supported the development of more tolerant attitudes to strangers and non-Christians, while economic need and mercantilist ideology led the urban authorities to encourage the settlement of groups with wealth and economic skills, regardless of their background. This opened the way for Jews. Though it did not explicitly welcome Jewish settlement, Amsterdam's willingness to tolerate not only the presence of Jews but also the creation of Jewish communal bodies and communal buildings made it something of a magnet for Jews. The chapter then looks at the strength and centrality in Amsterdam Jewish society of the Portuguese Jews, as well as the significance of the Sephardi–Ashkenazi divide in the treatment of the refugees.
The End of the Crisis
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains that it is hard to say when the influx of Jewish refugees to the Holy Roman Empire from the mid-seventeenth-century wars in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth actually came to an end. The movement of Polish Jews into the empire never really stopped; it just changed character. The large wave of refugees that began to appear around 1655 seems to have continued for about a decade, particularly if the internal migration of refugees within the empire is also taken into account. These Polish Jews were fleeing not only the violence itself but also its aftermath—poverty, disease, and intensified hostility on the part of their non-Jewish neighbors. However, at some point, perhaps in the later 1660s, the waves of refugees began to be replaced by a movement of economic migration. With their country at peace and processes of reconstruction under way, Polish Jews left the Commonwealth not under duress but in the hope of bettering themselves in the burgeoning economies of the empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter assesses whether the fate of the Polish Jewish refugees in each of the three major arenas in which they found themselves was really a single, interconnected refugee crisis or whether there were, in fact, three different crises sparked by a common cause: the mid-seventeenth-century wars of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Underlying all of the differences in the conditions in each of the three regions were numerous commonalities. Perhaps most important was the sense of solidarity that induced Jews to come to the aid of other Jews in distress. The term most commonly used at the time to describe this connection was “brotherhood.” The phenomena examined in this book are indeed, therefore, aspects of a single refugee crisis. The chapter then considers how large the problem was and how well Jewish society dealt with its challenges. It also highlights the effects of the refugee crisis on Jewish society, both while it was happening and in the longer term, and the importance of the crisis for the course of early modern and modern Jewish history in general.
The Road to Taft-Hartley
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the National Association of Manufacturers' (NAM) most stunning achievement—the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. Condemned by labor, liberals, and most historians, the Taft-Hartley Act curbed union gains and allegedly marked a turn to the right. But it also represented NAM's acceptance of collective bargaining with industry-wide unions. It was a peace of sorts, a settlement, in NAM's long-running war against big unions. It was NAM “moderates” who advocated for what became the Taft-Hartley Act, not the conservative hardliners. Taft-Hartley required businesses to accept the legitimacy of unions and collective bargaining. In exchange, the act put limitations on unions' right to strike, while expanding management's right to manage. Hard-line conservatives rejected this compromise, while NAM's more moderate and pragmatic conservatives were able to unite all of the major business groups around it, a rare moment of real leadership for NAM at a time when the direction of the US economy was up for grabs.
Trade, Tariffs, and the Postwar Economic Order
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to the National Association of Manufacturers' (NAM) activities during the Cold War. The Cold War impeded full global economic integration, but it also provided an opportunity for free enterprise to show its superiority to state-directed economic systems. Hence, NAM and other international organizations had to conduct a high degree of coordination, standard-setting, and information exchange in order to globalize capitalism. But that work fostered tensions, especially with regard to tariffs. Tariff reduction was key to the postwar trade agenda. Here, NAM was, as usual, divided. But times were changing. The Cold War fight against communism required a commitment to international capitalism and freer trade. State-instigated tariffs were antithetical to postwar, free-market conservatives, a movement influenced by Austrian émigrés and enthusiastically embraced by NAM leaders.
Deindustrialization and the Global Imperative
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers deindustrialization's effects on the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) during the 1960s. While organized labor was quick to recognize the dangers of cheap imports to its interests, organized manufacturing—that is, NAM—seemed belligerently oblivious, even as it was losing members at record rates. It is now widely accepted that imports, Cold War trade policies, and offshoring contributed to deindustrialization, which began in the 1960s. In promoting freer trade and foreign direct investment, NAM, despite its claims to the contrary, was working against the interests of small and midsized manufacturers, who were still the majority of its membership and the most vulnerable to imports. Together with a merger wave in the mid-1960s, deindustrialization eviscerated NAM's membership, which went from a high of 21,801 companies in 1957 to just under 12,000 by 1980. As its membership declined, NAM became even more dependent on large multinationals to meet the challenges of a global economy that it had helped create.
Epilogue
Authors: Delton Jennifer A.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter discusses the National Association of Manufacturers' (NAM) relevance in contemporary times. It shows that NAM is still a going concern. It has survived and adapted to new circumstances, and it has a purported membership of 14,000. It also keeps a lower profile. NAM is no longer the go-to “voice of business,” but it still partners up with the US Chamber of Commerce and the Business Roundtable. In other ways, however, the current NAM resembles its old historic self, despite the drastically different economic and political climate of the twenty-first century. It continues to promote development, offering seminars, data, and other resources to help new manufacturers navigate the new economy. But NAM also has to contend with new challenges in the twenty-first century, as it walks a fine line with regard to President Donald Trump.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Diana S.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter establishes the bureaucracy as a major player in the prohibition of opium in Southeast Asian colonial government. It argues that local administrators stationed in each colony are key to understanding when and how drug reforms were possible. Prohibition involved unraveling a state's deep-seated opium entanglements—a process enabled by a loss of confidence deep within the bureaucracy about the drug's contributions to colonial government. Local administrators played a pivotal role in constructing official problems, which internally eroded the legitimacy of opium's commercial life for European colonial states across Southeast Asia. From here, the chapter discusses the possible contributions such a study into bureaucracies and opium can make for scholarship, and also presents the method and sources underpinning this work.
Reform through Books
Authors: El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on two reformers, the Egyptian Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and the Syrian Ṭāhir al-Jazāʾirī (1852–1920). As a reformer, ʿAbduh in particular as received a significant amount of scholarly attention. However, his contributions to the development of Islamic book culture in the service of language reform—the second of his self-identified life goals alongside religious reform—remain little known, as do those made by al-Jazāʾirī. Confronted with a growing body of printed literature, including books translated from European languages as well as an increasingly diverse range of Arabic works, some scholars recognized the powerful potential of print to serve their objective of broad, indigenously rooted sociocultural change. Driven by lofty goals such as the renewal of the Arabic language, elevation of public discourse, and cultivation of ethical sentiments in society, these religious reformers excavated the classical tradition for forgotten books that could be harnessed as exemplars and disseminated across society thanks to print.
Making Meaning of Employment Histories
Authors: Pedulla David S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws on in-depth interviews to consider what meanings hiring professionals attribute to nonstandard, mismatched, and precarious employment histories. It does so by mapping the terrain of meanings attributed to different employment experiences. Some of the meanings that employers extract from these types of work experiences clearly violate ideal worker norms and lead to negative perceptions of job applicants' soft skills and personality. Alongside these meanings and signals, however, significant uncertainty is induced in hiring professionals when they encounter workers with these types of employment experiences. In reconciling this uncertainty, hiring professionals turn largely to individualized explanation, rather than structural ones, and make it clear that they “need a narrative” from job applicants that explains their employment experiences, a narrative that workers rarely have the opportunity to provide.
“Maybe It’s More Natural for Them to Have Been Out of Work for a Little While”
Authors: Pedulla David S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to how the consequences of long-term unemployment vary with the race of the applicant. It presents results from field-experiment data to indicate that while certain groups of workers are severely penalized for a year of unemployment, others are not. This chapter probes those differences and develops an understanding of how and why race and experiences of unemployment interact in the ways that they do. It also examines whether the effects of unemployment differed in a statistically significantly way for white and black applicants. The results from this statistical test provide compelling evidence that this is indeed the case. While racial discrimination is strong and persistent, and long-term unemployment has negative effects for white job applicants, there is little additional negative effect of unemployment for black applicants.
Grace and Ingratitude
Authors: Mac Carthy Ita
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso (1532) as an outstanding example of literary grace. It follows the judgement of sixteenth-century literary commentator and polygraph Lodovico Dolce. The chapter first mines Dolce's many commentaries, paratextual notes, appreciations, and treatises on poetics and aesthetics for a sense of just what he meant when he declared Ariosto the Renaissance poet of grace. Next, the chapter looks to Ariosto himself and focuses both on the poet's writing and on the emblems and images he used to embellish successive editions of his poem. In this encounter between grace in word and image, it offers an understanding of how Ariosto anticipated Dolce's reading while varying the terms of that reception.