bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECORDINGS OF APPLANATING FORCE AT CONSTANT INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

An apparatus designed for continuous recording of applanating force at constant intraocular pressure is described. The applanating surface is a wall of a pressure chamber, the central aperture of which is covered with a flexible membrane. A pressure difference between the eye and the pressure chamber is indicated by a curvature of this membrane. An electric signal indicating the degree of curvature of the membrane controls the applanating force. Calibration studies on enucleated human eyes of the relationship between the intraocular pressure and the pressure in the pressure chamber are performed. The results and methodological errors are discussed with regard to possible future use of the apparatus in experiments on living human eyes.
HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY OF GRAVES‘ DISEASE
Authors: ALMQVIST SVEN , ALGVERE PEEP
Published: May 2009

Thirty patients with Graves' disease and progressive ophthalmopathy which required pterional orbital decompression were followed from 1964 to 1971 regarding their general health, and thyroid and eye functions. Twenty patients developed progressive ophthalmopathy after radio‐iodine treatment, 9 after subtotal thyroid resection and 1 during neomercazole treatment.

Twenty‐five of 30 patients had documented hypothyroidism after the treatment of their basic disorder. In every case, the ophthalmopathy started or became progressive during the period of hypothyroidism. A remarkably acute onset of ophthalmopathy was reported in nine cases within four weeks of antithyroid therapy. Another nine patients developed slight hypothyroidism but displayed an ophthalmopathy one year or more after the basic treatment. Five patients without documented hypothyroidism developed progressive ophthalmopathy two months to 2.5 years after therapy.

Seven patients had recurrent Graves' disease, and in five of these a deterioration of ophthalmopathy occurred during the recurrent episodes. The hypothyroidism developing after treatment of the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease seems to be a major pathogenic factor in progressive ophthalmopathy.
CHORIOIDEREMIE UND FAMILIENBERATUNG
Authors: KRÜGER K.‐E. , MOELLER W. , ZERNAHLE K.
Published: May 2009

Ausgehend von einer Chorioideremiesippe von 21 Personen aus 3 Generationen mit 6 Erkrankten (1 Erwachsener im End‐ und 5 Knaben im Anfangsstadium) wird zur genetischen Familienberatung bei dieser Erkrankung Stellung genommen und darüber hinaus werden Hinweise zur Verbesserung der genetischen Beratung bei Erbkrankheiten gegeben.
CHANGES IN AXIAL LENGTH AND OTHER DIMENSIONS OF THE EYEBALL WITH INCREASING AGE
Authors: LEIGHTON D. A. , TOMLINSON A.
Published: May 2009

A significant reduction in axial length of the eyeball with increasing age was found when one essentially normal eye of each of 72 persons was studied (p < 0.01). In 53 of these subjects, the horizontal diameter of the cornea also became less with increasing age (p < 0.01). Lens thickness became greater and anterior chamber depth less (p < 0.001 each). “Against‐the‐rule”, rather than “with‐the‐rule” corneal astigmatism was found in old age (p < 0.001).

It is suggested that such a reduction in size of cornea and of the whole eyeball with increasing age would contribute to the shallowness of the anterior chamber in old age and in angle‐closure glaucoma.

A reduction in the total circumference of the trabecular meshwork available for the escape of aqueous and also a diminution in calibre of the scleral openings concerned in uveo‐scleral bulk flow would also result from a reduction in size of cornea and sclera.
UNEQUAL AXIAL LENGTH OF EYEBALL AND OCULAR TENSION
Authors: TOMLINSON A. , PHILLIPS C. I.
Published: May 2009

In 13 anisometropes aged 8–16 years, measurements were made of refractive error, ocular tension and various ocular dimensions, including axial length by ultrasound. The eye with the greater axial and vitreous length had the significantly higher ocular tension.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON PERFORMANCE IN THE PANEL D‐15 COLOUR VISION TEST
Authors: HELVE J. , KRAUSE U.
Published: May 2009

The colour vision of the better eye of 220 elderly people (mean age 74 years) was examined by using the Panel D‐15 test in order to determine how often unselected elderly people fail this test and which types of defects are present. Of the 16 subjects who failed the test, 8 had a tritan defect, one had a protan defect and one a deutan defect (both men), and 6 could not be classified. Eleven persons could not perform the test and most of these had very low visual acuity. Five of the 8 tritan cases had severe macular degeneration and of the 6 subjects (5 women, 1 man) who could not be classified, 3 also had severe macular degeneration. Three subjects, one a woman who had a tritan defect, and one woman and one man who could not be classified, had eyes that, apart from the senile discoloration of the lens, were otherwise normal. According to the present study it seems that senile discoloration of the human lens may be the cause of failure in the Panel D‐15 test.
LAMELLAR KERATECTOMY BY THE METHOD OF GUNDERSEN
Authors: HVIDBERG‐HANSEN J. , MØLLER P. M.
Published: May 2009

Keratectomy followed by conjunctival keratoplasty is described in several modifications of the method used originally by Gundersen.

Of 60 patients, 44 were seen at follow‐up. The great majority were satisfied with the operation which is distinguished, in particular, by promptly relieving pain.
SIDE‐EFFECTS OF VITAL STAINING WITH TETRAZOLIUM‐ALCIAN BLUE
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva with a mixture of tetrazolium and alcian blue effected a permanent green colouring of connective tissue or precipitation of red crystals in 0.6 %> of 1,828 eyes. This colouring subsided in the course of weeks or months.

Tattooing can be avoided by omitting vital staining with tetrazolium‐alcian blue in eyes with connective tissue left uncovered by epithelium (from corrosion or deep keratitis, or resulting immediately after removal of sutures or during operation).
PERILIMBAL SUCTION CUP TECHNIQUE COMBINED WITH TONOGRAPHY OR BULBAR‐PRESSURE TEST
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , FEDOROVA N. B. , DEVLIKAMOVA E. R.
Published: May 2009

The aqueous humor production is suppressed during the perilimbal pressure cup technique. This effect can be diminished if the intraocular pressure prior to the test is decreased by tonography or bulbar‐pressure test. When such combined procedure was employed the suction cup technique showed a 1.5‐fold increase of the values of aqueous inflow in 91 normal eyes and a 1.3‐fold increase in 25 glaucomatous eyes. In another series of 243 normal eyes, 113 eyes with open angle glaucoma and 91 eyes with chronic closed angle glaucoma, either suction cup test or combined technique was performed. The mean values of aqueous inflow were significantly greater if tonography or bulbar‐pressure technique was performed prior to the suction cup test.
HEREDITARY CENTRAL RETINAL ANGIOPATHY
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , JENSEN VIGGO A.
Published: May 2009

A family, with three members affected by a central retinal angiopathy, is reported. The fundus changes consisted of tortuous arterioles, ectatic capillaries, microaneurysms, small retinal haemorrhages and tiny white dots. The changes were demonstrated by colour fluorescein angiography. The retinal changes simulate those described in hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia (Rendu‐Osler‐Weber's disease) and in familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity, both showing dominant inheritance.

Although none of the three patients had other stigmata of hereditary haemorrhagic teleangiectasia, it is proposed to consider the presently reported cases, as well as those reported under the diagnosis of familial arteriolar tortuosity, as a localized manifestation of a disorder which in other families may give the clinical picture of Rendu‐Osler‐Weber's disease.
CONJUNCTIVAL LYMPHOCYTOSIS AFTER CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , AHRONS STEEN
Published: May 2009

Conjunctival lymphocytosis was followed after penetrating corneal transplantations. Examinations were made of scrapings taken with the spatula and stained according to May‐Griinwald‐Giemsa. In a series of 22 ABO compatible transplantations a semi‐quantitative correlation was found between the HL‐A compatibility and the degree of lymphocytosis in the second to fifth postoperative month. It is suggested that conjunctival lymphocytosis reflects immune processes in the cornea. Clinical use of the method could probably be made in the second or third month when strong lymphocytosis would contraindicate a reduction or indicate an initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.
ON THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: WACHTMEISTER L.
Published: May 2009

The effect of adaptation to short flashes of light on the oscillatory potentials and the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) of the human ERG as well as the effect on adaptometric visual threshold in response to a series of three flashes were studied. The total energy and the dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials in response to the third (stimulus) flash were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis when the interval between the flashes changed and the intensity of the first two (conditioning) flashes varied.

When recorded in response to flashes given at long intervals or conditioning flashes of low intensity the visual threshold recovered to the scotopic branch of the dark adaptation curve and the oscillatory potentials showed a low energy and high frequency (around 150 Hz). On adaptation to flashes at shorter intervals and more intense conditioning flashes [above the threshold for the appearance of the photopic b‐wave in response to the second (conditioning) flash], resulting in the recovery of the visual threshold to the photopic branch of the dark adaptation curve, there was an increment of energy and the frequency changed to 105–110 Hz. The slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) and the oscillations were differently affected by adaptation to light by previous flashes. The oscillatory potentials showed a 10‐fold gain in energy, whereas the amplitudes of the slow potentials were slightly reduced (about 10%).

The oscillatory potentials were optimally recorded in the mesopic range of dark adaption curve—at the limit between the photopic and scotopic visual sensory threshold of retinal sensitivity. Thus, one may conclude that the oscillatory potentials seem to reflect photopic activity as well as scotopic processes — probably an interaction between rod and cone activity.
RECORDINGS OF APPLANATING FORCE AT CONSTANT INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

Oscillatory changes in the intraocular volume of lower frequency than pulse and breathing have been observed. They were sizeable under the experimental conditions of the present study. The oscillatory waves are suggested to be due to vasomotor innervation, as found in muscles, but it was not possible to affect them by retrobulbar anesthesia nor by blockade of the stellate ganglion. Following inhalation of 7 % CO2 (carbogen gas) there was an almost immediate decrease in displaced volume (average 10 i(m1) considered to be due to an increase in blood content of the eye. There was a negligible effect following inhalation of pure oxygen.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EMG FROM M. RECTUS LATERALIS OCULI IN SUSTAINED CONTRACTIONS
Authors: KADEFORS R. , PETERSEN I. , TENGROTH B.
Published: May 2009

EMG from skeletal muscles in sustained contractions modifies as fatigue sets in. Spectral analysis provides a sensitive tool for quantifying these changes, related to muscle fibre action potential propagation velocity.

In a study of m. rectus lateralis, spectrum analysis revealed the same modifications related to fatigue as have been seen previously in skeletal muscles. The EMG changes were particularly pronounced at maximal voluntary deviation of the eye.

It is concluded that the average fibre propagation velocity of the muscle concerned is affected by sustained lateral eye deviations.
GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS ON EYE DISEASES IN A SPARSELY POPULATED AREA OF NORTHERN SWEDEN
Authors: LINNER ERIK
Published: May 2009

The influence on an eye clinic of the geographical factor of great distance was analyzed.

In comparison to the number of patients living close to the eye clinic, fewer patients came to the eye clinic from remote areas. The results were similar for patients with senile cataract, glaucoma, and motility disturbances. Diabetics, on the other hand, did not show the same geographical difference. The legal requirement that an ophthalmological examination be obtained before a driver's licence will be granted in these cases was suggested as a possible explanation. The geographical barrier indicated by this study was present in spite of the fact that Social Welfare pays the patients' travel expenses, and the patients themselves pay 5–10 Swedish crowns for a visit to the hospital.
DYNAMIC TONOMETRY
Authors: HØRVEN IVAR
Published: May 2009

Dynamic tonometry was performed in 22 patients with temporal arteritis. Ocular involvement was recognized by a statistically significant reduction of intraocular pressure and a marked and characteristic reduction of the corneal indentation pulse (CIP) amplitudes. Relative crest time evaluation of the CIP amplitudes demonstrated a typical increase characteristic for vascular obstruction. Evidence of impaired ocular blood supply was demonstrated also in eyes and patients with full vision, the diagnosis being later confirmed by a temporal artery biopsy.
OPHTHALMOLOGIC AND GENETIC ASPECTS OF WILSON'S DISEASE
Authors: KARMA ANNI
Published: May 2009

The study comprised two pairs of siblings with Wilson's disease and the 44 family members living in the same locality. Ophthalmologic examination as well as determination of serum copper and caeruloplasmin concentration were performed on all subjects. In the patients with Wilson's disease a liver biopsy specimen was examined by light microscopy. The last of the four cases had no physical sign of the disease. In the three symptomatic patients the finding that led to the diagnosis was the Kayser‐Fleischer ring. The asymptomatic patient had no such ring.

It seems that Kayser‐Fleischer ring probably develops within the months neurologic symptoms become manifest. The copper ring disappears gradually during years of penicillamine treatment.

The consanguinity of the two families was shown by a genealogical study and evidenced an autosomal recessive inheritance of the disease.
CONGENITAL HEREDITARY BILATERAL NON‐ATTACHMENT OF RETINA
Authors: PHILLIPS C. I. , LEIGHTON D. A. , FORRESTER R. M.
Published: May 2009

A brother and sister, the only two children of non‐consanguineous parents, have bilateral microphthalmos, degenerative corneal opacities, shallow anterior chambers, and in the anterior vitreous white masses like cotton wool with some large blood vessels. Excision of the mass from the vitreous cavity of one eye showed surprisingly normally developed detached retina round a core of fibrous condensed vitreous. Otherwise the children are normal and have the normal male and female karyotype.

A very similar sibship has been reported by Franceschetti (1956) ‐ a brother and sister, children of first cousins, being affected; the consanguinity of these parents supports our suggestion that a recessive inheritance explains the abnormalities in our cases. No evidence of heredity exists in the similar case described by Magnus (1927) or in the group of possibly similar cases of “retinal dysplasia” without systemic involvement described by Reese & Straatsma (1958), but our cases may well belong to the same category; also, our cases may represent examples of an extreme form of “falciform retinal folds”.
PHOTOCOAGULATION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS EFFECT ON DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM B. , GJÖTTERBERG M.
Published: May 2009

The dark adaptation curves were recorded with the Goldmann‐Weekers' adaptometer in 20 diabetics with retinopathy before and from five to eighteen months after photocoagulation. The ages of nine patients ranged from 20 to 40 years and of 11 patients from 40 to 60 years. No significant improvement or impairment of dark adaptation was observed after photo‐coagulation. In view of the fact that photocoagulation is used increasingly in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, this observation might be of some importance.
THE LENTICULAR ATTACHMENT OF THE ZONULAR APPARATUS IN CONGENITAL SIMPLE ECTOPIA LENTIS
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

One normal and one ectopic lens have been examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Some areas of the Jens from the abnormal eye were completely devoid of zonular threads while some irregular remnants were present in other areas. The ultrastructure of the capsula propria was essentially identical to the ultrastructure seen in a normal lens. The granular inclusions found in the anterior lens capsule are probably not a part of the zonular apparatus.
THE OPHTHALMOPLEGIC FORM OF THE GUILLAIN‐BARRE‐SYNDROME: AN IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY
Authors: BEHAN PETER O. , GESCHWIND NORMAN
Published: May 2009

The exact pathogenesis of the ophthalmoplegic form of the Guillain‐Barre syndrome is not understood. Detailed immunologic studies in a classical case of this entity showed cell‐mediated immunity to peripheral nerve antigens but not to central myelin antigens. It is concluded thas this syndrome is a true variant of Guillain‐Barre polyneuritis and that the lesions are peripheral and not central as often postulated.
RETINOBLASTOMA IN SWEDEN
Authors: JERNDAL T. , LINDSTEDT E. , SVENSSON T. , ÅKERSKOG G.
Published: May 2009

Forty‐five cases of retinoblastoma in Sweden treated from 1959–1965 are reviewed. A variety of conservative methods were used in 23 eyes of which 13 were cured by radiotherapy. Local application of 60Co was found to be the most favourable method.
THE NORMAL ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAM (E. O. G.)
Authors: ADAMS ALISTAIR
Published: May 2009

Electro‐oculography was performed on 120 normal subjects (240 eyes) between 10 and 69 years of age, with an even sex and age distribution. E. O. G. ratio showed a significant sex difference (P < 0.01), with females having higher E. O. G. ratios than males.

There was a significant negative linear correlation between E. O. G. ratio and age in females (P < 0.01), but none in males.

Close correlation in E. O. G. ratio was found between right and left eyes (P < 0.01), and 95 % of subjects showed a difference of 80 or less between right and left eyes.

New normal limits of E. O. G. ratio are proposed. These are 150 to 290 for all males and for females of 50 or more years of age, and 170 to 342 for females below the age of 50 years.
SIMULTANEOUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY OF BOTH IRIDES
Authors: JENSEN VIGGO A.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of an arrangement with two synchronized motor cameras for simultaneous fluorescein angiography of both irides intended for use in diagnosing stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Observations made in angiograms from four patients with carotid stenosis are reported. On digital compression of one common carotid in healthy individuals, diminished and delayed iridic fluorescence was observed on the contra‐lateral side. ‐ The procedure does not cause any discomfort to the patients; it is safe and can be performed on out‐patients.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SHEEP RETINA
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , KNAVE BENGT G. , LUNT TÖNIS , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

The aim of the present study was to provide an ultrastructural basis necessary for the full understanding of recent electroretinographic observations on normal sheep and on sheep where the retinal [unction was influenced by certain drugs and toxic substances. The ultrastructure of the inner nuclear layer, the ganglion cell layer and the plexiform layers of the sheep retina is described. The horizontal cells were rather few, and only one type was observed. Two types of bipolar cells were found. The number of amacrine cells was quite large, indicating well developed lateral connections in the inner plexiform layer. Few ganglion cells were seen. The synaptic contacts between the receptor cells, the horizontal cells and the bipolar cells as well as the synaptic contacts between the bipolar cells, the ganglion cells and the amacrine cells are discussed in relation to findings on other species.
NEW COMPRESSION TESTS IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , KISELEV G. A. , DEVLIKAMOVA E. R.
Published: May 2009

The posterior annular compression test aims at estimating the aqueous outflow facility as well as at detecting the predisposition to the closure of the anterior chamber angle. An annular compressor weighing 50 g is placed on the globe in a posterior position to the iris‐lens diaphragm for 3 min. In 115 normal eyes the intra‐ocular pressure dropped after the test by 22 % or even more and the volume of the eyeball decreased not less than 5.5 mm3 designing the limits for a negative test. In patients with open‐angle glaucoma the test was positive in 86 % of the 58 eyes examined. However, in all these cases a decrease of the intra‐ocular pressure occurred. The tension and the volume of the globe increased or remained unchanged in 35 eyes of the total of 52 with chronic closed‐angle glaucoma.
LENTICULAR AND RETINAL CHANGES SECONDARY TO MICROWAVE EXPOSURE
Authors: AURELL E. , TENGROTH B.
Published: May 2009

The cataractogenic effect of exposure to microwaves has been reported by several authors. Effects on the central nervous system also have been discussed. Whether the effect is thermal in origin or nonthermal is not known. In this paper the authors show that in a factory where radar‐and other microwave equipment was tested, an overrepresentation of lens opacities could be observed in personnel in the lower age groups. Furthermore, it was noted that changes in the retina resembling chorioretinal scars were present in a significant number of workers.
ON THE CENTRAL MECHANISM OF LATENT NYSTAGMUS
Authors: van VLIET A. G. M.
Published: May 2009

The eye movements of patients with latent nystagmus were recorded during monocular gaze intention following acoustic stimulation in complete darkness and in a series of experiments with the aid of the katoptric pseudoscope of Ewald. It appears to be the intention of “looking‐with‐one eye” which elicits latent nystagmus. Moreover, it can be shown that the moment of appearance and the direction of the nystagmus are determined not by the illuminated retina but by the act of “pointing” an object with one eye. The preponderance of motor over sensory factors, and especially of intentional motor behaviour, is clearly demonstrated. The possible central mechanism of latent nystagmus is discussed.
OXYPHENBUTAZONE EYE‐OINTMENT IN THE TREATMENT OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE CORNEA
Authors: DYSTER‐AAS KJELL
Published: May 2009

In a double‐blind study, 10% oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil®) eye‐ointment was compared with bibrocathol eye‐ointment in the treatment of superficial foreign bodies in the cornea of 100 patients. Pain and redness were more quickly alleviated with oxyphenbutazone, whereas there was no difference in the effects of the two kinds of treatment on corneal edema and corneal erosion. No ill‐effects or complications were noted.
TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA AND ACQUIRED DYSCHROMATOPSIA ANOMALOSCOPE TESTS
Authors: BHARGAVA S. K.
Published: May 2009

The colour vision of 12 patients with tobacco amblyopia and 12 normal controls matched for age and sex was tested with the Pickford‐Nicolson anomaloscope and the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue test. The results of the two tests were correlated (ϱ = + 0.768, P < 0.01) in that the higher the matching range on the P‐N anomaloscope, the greater is the error score on the 100‐Hue test in tobacco amblyopia. The matching range (t = 9.78, P < 0.001) and the 100‐Hue test (t = 5.43, P < 0.001) score were significantly higher than those of the controls. The acquired colour defect in tobacco amblyopia with the P‐N anomaloscope is of extreme protanomalous type ‐ the mean mid‐matching point being shifted towards the red by more than the 3 × s.d. limits for the normal controls.
LASER PERIMETRY: DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATION IN SIX CASES OF PITUITARY CHROMOPHOBE ADENOMA
Authors: BARTOLI F. , LIUZZI L.
Published: May 2009

An apparatus consisting of a Goldmann perimeter fitted with a laser generator is described. Sharper definition and earlier detection of defects with this technique in six cases of chromophobe adenoma are reported.
EXPERIMENTAL IRIS SUTURES IN THE MONKEY
Authors: EHINGER B. , PALM E.
Published: May 2009

Artificial iris wounds were sutured with 30 μm monofilament nylon sutures in 13 monkey eyes and studied histologically at different intervals up to 6 months.

The monkey iris does not form any scars. When two wound lips are apposed by exact suturing, they join. The mechanical strength of the union is as yet unknown. The iris reacts to the operation, but not enough to preclude the procedure. There is no adverse late reaction to the suture material (30 μm monofilament nylon) for at least 6 months after the operation.
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATIONS OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE POSTERIOR WALL OF THE EYE
Authors: LARSEN JON S.
Published: May 2009

Eyes to be enucleated due to intraocular tumor or absolute glaucoma were used in an ultrasonic investigation of foreign bodies situated retrosclerally, or in the choroid‐scleral complex. The echograph findings of four intra‐choroidal, five intrascleral and three retroscleral foreign bodies were demonstrated. The foreign bodies were of iron, and were polygonal in shape. The intrachoroidal foreign bodies weighed 0.081–0.327 mg, the intrascleral 0.120–0.685 mg and the retroscleral 0.787–1.456 mg. In cases where double perforation is suspected, and where the ocular media are turbid, ultrasonography would appear capable of giving valuable information as to whether a foreign body is located intra‐ or extraocularly.
THE LONGITUDINAL HOROPTER IN A CASE OF CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS WITH ANOMALOUS CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

The retinal correspondence was measured at several points of the binocular visual field in a case of anomalous correspondence. It was found that the anomalous correspondence was not limited to the foveae, but that there were pairs of peripheral anomalously corresponding points. The angle of anomaly was not constant over the binocular field. The correspondence was reciprocal at some points, non‐reciprocal at others. A comparison was made between normal and anomalous correspondence and the learning of anomalous correspondence was discussed.
AN ANGIOGRAPHIC AND HISTOLOGIC STUDY OF THE VASCULATURE OF CHOROIDAL MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Authors: YANKO L.
Published: May 2009

Ten cases of malignant melanoma of the choroid, examined by fluorescein angiography and routine histologic methods, are reported, and correlation between the angiographic and microscopic findings is attempted.

It is suggested that the fluorescent angiographic appearances in malignant melanoma are better understood in terms of the basic vascular patterns of the tumor as revealed by histology. In assessing the earliest patterns revealed by fluorescein angiography, the initial presence of a loose vascular network and the later appearance of fluorescent dots are readily understood if the histologic arrangement of the tumor vessels is borne in mind.

The presence of wall‐less tumor blood channels and secondary changes such as hyaline degeneration of the vessel wall and tumoral cells are probably responsible for the late angiographic patterns and the residual fluorescence found in these tumors.

The pigment content of the tumor, hemorrhages within the tumor, the presence of subretinal fluid, and vascular damage of the overlying retina are further variables which must be considered when interpreting the pattern of fluorescein angiography in this pathological condition.
DAS DOPPELBLITZ‐ERG BEI DER DIABETISCHEN RETINOPATHIE*
Authors: GLIEM H. , MöLLER D. E. , KIETZMANN G.
Published: May 2009

Das Doppelblitz‐ERG von 103 Diabetikern mit einer Retinopathie verschiedenen Stadiums, verglichen mit gesunden Probanden, bestätigt unsere Erfahrungen mit dem Einzelblitz‐ERG, dass die diabetische Retinopathie die photopische Komponente im ERG schädigt. Selbst in fortgeschrittenen Stadien bleibt die skotopische Komponente unbeteiligt. Dieses Verhalten ist bereits beim einzelnen Patienten zu beobachten. Das Doppelblitz‐ERG eignet sich zur Frühdiagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle, da bereits in Frühstadien der Erkrankung Veränderungen der zweiten, photopischen Antwort zu erkennen sind. Als mögliche Ursache wird eine Störung im Schaltmechanismus der Ganglienzellschicht angesehen.
ON THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: WACHTMEISTER L.
Published: May 2009

The thresholds and the relation to stimulus intensity of the oscillatory potentials and the slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) of the human ERG were studied on adaptation to a steady background of different intensities. The total energy and dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis when different intensity of stimulus light was used on adaptation to a maximal background illumination (about 1.5 × 103 photopic cd/m2).

The curve of incremental thresholds of the oscillatory potentials shows a flat range on exposure to background light below 1 cd/m2 (the level of adaptation, at which the Purkinje shift of the b‐wave occurs) before rising along a linear section. The sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials declines on adaptation to bright background illumination when the sensitivity of the cones is higher than that of the rods.

The linear section of log δI (incremental threshold) vs log I (background light) does not obey the Weber‐Fechner law [log δI = K log (I + ID)] but will approach Barlow's square root formula [log δI = K log (I + ID) 1/2] and the line has a slope of 0.33. There is, as expected, no sign of saturation, i. e. rapid decrease in sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials on adaptation to the brightest background illumination used.

Oscillatory potentials recorded just at threshold have a high frequency (about 160 Hz), but the frequency decreases (to around 120 Hz) with stronger stimuli on adaptation to maximal background illumination. The stimulus‐response curve appears linear in weak background illumination, but changes to a plateau at the background intensity at which the Purkinje shift of the b‐wave occurs (about 1 cd/m2). Thus prominent cone activity as such does not seem to be able to grade the oscillatory potentials.

The incremental threshold curve of the oscillatory potentials was similar, to that of the a‐wave but differed from that of the b‐wave.

The slow potentials (a‐ and b‐wave) act independently of the oscillatory potentials in response to stimulus of different intensities, supporting the view that the origin of the oscillatory potentials is quite separate from that of the a‐ and b‐wave.
RECORDINGS OF APPLANATING FORCE AT CONSTANT INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

Displaced volumes plotted against three intraocular pressure levels are used for the calculation of a regression line, the slope of which represents a linear volume‐pressure relationship. This slope was greater in eyes of young then in eyes of elderly subjects but was not influenced by the initial intraocular pressure. The volume displaced by applanation corresponding to a pressure change, as calculated in this study, was larger than expected if an average coefficient of ocular rigidity of 0.0215 was used.
PHOTOCOAGULATION TREATMENT OF SOLITARY ANEURYSM NEAR THE MACULA LUTEA
Authors: HUDOMEL J. , IMRE G.
Published: May 2009

The authors present an indirect photocoagulation method which can terminate arteriolar aneurysm while maintaining the patency of the vessel. This is essential if the aneurysm is located near the macula lutea. Coagulating on the boundary of the lesion, a fibrous scar could generate which, by scarring gradually, could terminate the aneurysm without obliterating it. In the case reviewed, the scarring process lasted about 3 months, the clearing of hard exudates took more than a year, and thereafter visual acuity improved significantly but relative central scotoma remained.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT SCATTERED FROM THE RABBIT'S CORNEA
Authors: LINDSTRÖM J.‐I. , FEUK T. , TENGROTH B.
Published: May 2009

Under normal conditions the mammalian cornea is highly transparent over a broad wavelength range. In the wavelength range of the highest receptor sensibility, i.e. 5000–6000 Å, the cornea transmits more than 90% of the incident radiation intensity. Recent measurements on the rabbit's cornea show that the transmission at 6000 Å is about 94%, the residual 6% being scattered or absorbed. Under pathological conditions the scatter from different parts of the cornea may change drastically. The purpose of this work was to measure the intensity of back scattered light as a function of depth in the rabbit's cornea during changes in the intraocular pressure. It was found that the anterior half of the stroma always gives rise to stronger scatter than the posterior half. Increasing intraocular pressure usually increases the scatter from the anterior side of the stroma while scatter from the posterior side is essentially unaffected. The behaviour is in accordance with theoretical expectations.
PACHOMETRIC STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL VITAL STAINING
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

The corneal thickness was measured in 114 cases prior to cataract extraction. On the second postoperative day a 15 per cent increase of the thickness was noticed, and on the sixth postoperative day a 9 per cent increase. At a follow‐up 6 to 12 months later the thickness was as before the operation. Half of the eyes were vital‐stained during the operation by filling the anterior chamber with 0.1% trypan blue. Such staining has no harmful effect on the corneal endothelium, assessed by the corneal thickness and by occurrence of corneal epithelium oedema.
ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION OF APPLANATION TONOMETER PRISM
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Five Goldmann‐tonometers have been used clinically over a two‐year period. They have been exposed to continuous ultraviolet light during working hours in five sterilizers constructed by us. The distance between burner and prism base is 10 cm.

The tonometer prism will last for 6 months, or about 1000 hours of effective disinfection of the prism base.
PYRUVATE AND CITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN RABBIT AQUEOUS HUMOUR DETERMINED BY AN ENZYMATIC PROCEDURE
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN
Published: May 2009

A modification of Moellering & Gruber's enzymatic‐spectrophotometric method (1966) has been employed for determining the pyruvate and citrate concentrations in rabbit aqueous humour. Aqueous humour samples from non‐fasting, female albino rabbits of Danish country breed, aged from 4 to 36 months, were found to have the following concentrations (mean ± s.d.):

pyruvate (28 animals): 339 μmol/1 ± 50

citrate (28 animals): 354 μtmol/1 ± 48

glucose (9 animals): 6.1 mmol/1 ± 0.6, determined with a Beckmann glucose analyzer.

The following concentration ratios were found in rabbit aqueous humour:

pyruvate/citrate: 0.98 ± 0.18, glucose/pyruvate: 19.2 ± 2.2, and glucose/citrate: 17.3 ± 2.5.

The pyruvate/citrate ratio was found to decrease with increasing age (0.05 > P > 0.02).

Citrate and pyruvate determinations in the same watery pool yielded a day‐to‐day accuracy of the method expressed by coefficients of variation of 7.6% for pyruvate and 6.1% for citrate.
EIN EINFACHES HILFSMITTEL BE1 DER BEURTEILUNG VON KRÜMMUNGSANOMALIEN DER HORNHAUT
Authors: PAWELSKI W. J.
Published: May 2009

Mittels Spaltlampenaufnahmen bei Krümmungsanomalien der Hornhaut wurde das Erscheinungsbild der Linsenvorderflache demonstriert.

Es konnten drei charakteristische Formen dieses optischen Phänomens gezeigt werden, eine Abflachung, eine Konkavität und eine wellenförmige Veränderung.
THEORETICAL ESTIMATE OF THE TEMPERATURE WITHIN IRRADIATED RETINAL VESSELS
Authors: BEBIE H. , FANKHAUSER F. , LOTMAR W. , ROULIER A.
Published: May 2009

Temperature within irradiated retinal vessels is calculated on the basis of a relatively simple heat transfer model. Two mechanisms of heating are considered, on the one hand by direct absorption of radiation, on the other by conduction from the pigment epithelium which is heated by irradiation. The effects of the high‐pressure xenon are lamp and the argon ion laser are compared, and cooling by blood flow is taken into account. Since the irradiation time as used in practical vessel occlusion technique is long compared with the relaxation time of both conduction and convection losses, the resulting temperature is roughly that of the steady state. Whereas for clear preretinal media it should theoretically be possible to reach temperatures near the boiling point for practically all vessels with the argon laser, even at high values of blood velocity, such temperatures are obtainable with the xenon are lamp only for intra‐ and epiretinal vessels. Of intravitreal vessels relatively far from the pigment epithelium, only big ones with slow flow will respond satisfactorily. It should, however, be noted that vessel occlusion can by no means be predicted in terms of temperature alone.
ON THE TREATMENT WTH PROFLAVINE OF HERPES SIMPLEX OR VACCINIA INFECTED GMK CELLS
Authors: LUNT TÖNIS , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , JEANSSON STIG
Published: May 2009

Green monkey kidney (GMK) cells were inoculated with vaccinia or herpes simplex virus, and the effect of photodynamic treatment with proflavine and light was studied in the electron microscope. Whereas virions were abundant in all untreated cultures (incubated with virus for 15 hours or more), no virus particles could be found in the treated ones. Proflavine and light, in the amounts used, seemed to exert a certain degree of toxicity on the GMK cell cultures, but virus reproduction was effectively stopped by the treatment. Preliminary results on photodynamic treatment of human herpes keratitis are mentioned.
REPEATED APPLANATION TONOMETRY IN CAROTID OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Authors: BYNKE H. , WILKE K.
Published: May 2009

In nine out of eleven cases of carotid occlusive disease the decrease of IOP on repeated applanation measurements was found to be less in the eye on the same side as the carotid obstruction than in the contralateral eye. The results indicate that if there is to be a normal decrease of IOP the blood pressure must be maintained in the ophthalmic artery.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF A MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CHOROID
Authors: JENSEN O. A. , ANDERSEN S. RY
Published: May 2009

A 65‐year‐old man had for 12 years a lesion in the right eye, clinically atypical of a melanoma. The lesion and function of the eye was unchanged during the 12 years. Since a melanoma seemed clinically most probable the eyeball was enucleated. Histopathological examination revealed a choroidal lesion with incipient invasion of the sclera, abundant fibrosis, calcifications and scattered neoplastic melanocytes, confirmed by electron microscopy. There was no necrosis and no inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis and the cause of regression are discussed, and it is concluded that this case represents a true spontaneous regression of a primary malignant melanoma of the choroid.
RETINOBLASTOMA WITH NECROSIS OF CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY AND VEIN AND PARTIAL SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION
Authors: ANDERSEN S. RY , JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

A case of partial spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma in one eye and fatal retinoblastoma in the other eye is described. In the spontaneously regressed retinoblastoma, necrosis of the central retinal artery in the lamina cribrosa and necrosis of the central retinal artery and vein in the disc were demonstrated. No DNA deposits were established in the haematoxyphilic retinal vessels, some of which were thrombosed. The most likely explanation of the spontaneous regression is that the tumour had grown out of its vascular supply with secondary necrosis of the tumour and haemorrhage on the disc followed by necrosis of the central retinal vessels. An inflammatory reaction in the necrotic tumour tissue might be the cause of the simultaneous rhinitis and pleuritis. An immunological reaction in the tumour or a primary inflammation outside the eye causing the panophthalmitis have also been considered.
ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAPHY IN ALBINOS
Authors: GAHLOT D. K. , HANSEN E.
Published: May 2009

EOG recordings in groups of 30 normal Caucasian subjects, six normal Negroes and six albinos have been evaluated. Compared with the normal Negro and Caucasian subjects the albinos showed a generally low base value for the EOG amplitudes, a delayed rise in the light phase and an earlier occurrence of the dark trough, whilst the EOG ratio itself was unaffected.
URINARY METABOLIC STUDIES IN HEREDITARY MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: HOLMGREN G. , NORDSTRÖM S. , THORBURN W.
Published: May 2009

Urinary metabolic studies by means of high‐voltage paper electrophoresis (HVPE) and some qualitative chemical tests were performed in 40 patients in a family with hereditary macular degeneration and in 40 nonaffected members of the same family. No biochemical abnormalities were observed in the examined urine samples. The results are discussed with regard to earlier published reports of aminoaciduria in hereditary macular degeneration.
BENIGN MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID II. Cytology
Authors: NORN M. S. , KRISTENSEN E. BJØRN
Published: May 2009

Patients with ocular benign mucous membrane pemphigoid have had their conjunctival epithelium examined by means of pipette samples drawn from the conjunctival fluid for estimating the cell contents and smears from the conjunctiva.

Of the 29 eyes examined, 24 showed metaplasia changing the columnar epithelium of a normal conjunctiva into squamous epithelium, with parakeratosis in 22 of these eyes. This result was achieved by analyzing three pipette samples and three smears from each eye. (Out of 88 pipette samples and 92 smears, 54 and 86, respectively, showed abnormal squamous epithelium and, in addition, 32 and 48, respectively, showed parakeratosis).

Neutrophilia was noticed in a scant half of the pipette samples, an observation which bears out the hypothesis that the normal regeneration system has been destroyed in the presence of pemphigoid. The amounts secreted of both tears and mucus are reduced. The mucous thread in the inferior conjunctival fornix is rudimentary.
DOUBLE FLASH HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS AND THE EARLY PHASE OF DARK ADAPTATION: A NORMATIVE STUDY
Authors: GJÖTTERBERG MAGNUS
Published: May 2009

The ERGs of 20 healthy humans were studied with a double‐flash technique. The interval range between flashes was 0.35–180 sec and enabled the study of photopic as well as scotopic responses. The behaviour of the a‐ and b‐waves was compared with that of the oscillatory potentials (o.p.) during the early phase of dark adaption. The amplitude of the a‐ and b‐waves was decreasing the shorter the interval between flashes, while the amplitude of the o.p. was maximal at the 30 sec interval. The first oscillatory peak behaved differently from the others.

The recovery of the ERG from suppression by flashes was calculated for the a‐ and b‐waves and a linear regression line was obtained. The o.p. behaved differently. Comparison with the dark adaptation curve suggested the recovery of the a‐ and b‐wave to be linked to a photochemical process and the o.p. to a neural process.
SPONTANEOUS HEMATOMA OF THE OPTIC CHIASMA Report of a Case
Authors: RIISHEDE J. , SEEDORFF H. H.
Published: May 2009

A case of spontaneous hematoma in the right optic nerve and anterior part of the optic chiasm is reported. Contrary to general conception it gave rise to a homonymous hemianopia. It is suggested that surgical exploration of the chiasm be considered also in cases of unexplained acquired homonymous hemianopia. In the present case surgical removal of the hematoma resulted in restoration of full vision in a preoperatively practically blind eye, but still a homonymous hemianopia was present.
RETINAL DETACHMENT IN THE APHAKIC EYE
Authors: EDMUND JENS , SEEDORFF H. H.
Published: May 2009

In this investigation of 2,091 eyes the occurrence of retinal detachment in the aphakic eye has been studied. Two groups are compared as to the incidence and type of cataract. Among 187 cases of aphakic retinal detachment in the second group, the relation between type of cataract, type of tear, cataract surgery and reattachment is recorded and the surgical procedure of the detachment discussed. The significant features and the course of the aphakic detachment are outlined and the predisposition to cataractous eye is emphasized.
REPORT OF A CASE OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA FOLLOW‐UP FROM 7 MONTHS TO 27 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM BIRGITTA
Published: May 2009

A case of dominant retinitis pigmentosa (r.p.) is described in which the presumptive diagnosis of the condition was made when the patient was 7 months old, solely from the finding that the ERGs from both eyes were unrecordable, other characteristic ophthalmoscopic changes being absent. When the patient was 27 years old the ERGs of both eyes were still unrecordable and this together with the now established typical changes of the fundi, the abnormal shape of the dark adaptation curve and the characteristic field defects confirmed the earlier presumptive diagnosis of r.p.
THE FACILITY OF AQUEOUS OUTFLOW CALCULATED FROM THE RATE OF FALL IN APPLANATION PRESSURE AFTER INTRAVENOUS ACETAZOLAMIDE IN MAN
Authors: NISSEN OLE I. , HOPPE RUD FL.
Published: May 2009

The fall in applanation pressure after intravenous acetazolamide was followed in seven patients with normal intraocular pressures and in five patients with monolateral glaucoma. The experimental pressure decay curves were compared with similar curves calculated on the basis of different values for the facility of outflow of aqueous humour, and on the assumption of a prompt shift in the rate of aqueous secretion from the preinjectional level to a stable acetazolamide dominated level. The experimental decay curves resembled the matching, calculated curves. The outflow facilities read from the latter averaged 0.4 (range 0.2–1.0) in the normal eyes, and 0.1 (range 0.05–0.15) in the glaucomatous eyes. These results strongly indicate that the above‐mentioned assumptions are justified, and that the method allows a simultaneous estimation of outflow facilities in the right and left eye at pressures below the usual. We find that a study of the shape of the decay curves in glaucomatous eyes might give a clue to the problem of whether the hindrance to the drainage of aqueous humour in the diseased Schlemm system shows reversibility under the decompressing effect of the falling intraocular pressure.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE RABBIT CILIARY EPITHELIUM TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS An electron microscopic study
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND
Published: May 2009

Experimental uveitis has been produced in two groups of albino rabbits by a single intravitreal injection of antigen. The animals in group I were immunized by injection of 10 mg of human serum albumin, whereas those belonging to group II received 50 mg of the same antigen. To study the blood‐aqueous barrier to proteins in the ciliary body of these eyes, horseradish peroxidase has been used as a cytochemical tracer by electron microscopy. The tracer was injected intravenously at different time intervals (1–30 min) before enucleation.

In group I, in regions of inflammatory cell infiltration in the ciliary processes, peroxidase reaction product was observed in the lateral intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelium, in the internal limiting membrane, and in the posterior chamber, as evidence of breakdown of the epithelial diffusion barrier. In areas showing moderate or no inflammatory cell infiltration, the diffusion barrier to peroxidase was found intact, although the epithelium displayed marked morphological alterations.

In the more heavy inflamed eyes belonging to group II, necrosis of the ciliary epithelium and thrombosis of the ciliary vessels were prominent.