bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Some Botanicals, Thermal Treatment and Packing Materials Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. in Chickpea
Authors: Sharma D. K. , Alam M. S. , Saini Manpreet Kaur , Bhatia Surekha
Published: August 2022

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a major pest of stored chickpea. In the present study, efficacy of neem (0.5 and 1.0%) and turmeric powders (0.5 and 1.0%) has been evaluated against this pest, in combination with mustard oil (0.3%), thermal treatment @ 60oC for 20 min and packing materials including open, PP (polypropylene) and LD (low density polyethylene). The results revealed increased efficacy with concentration of neem and turmeric powder. Use of neem oil @ 1.0%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% kept in open packing, proved to be significantly superior at four months of storage. Turmeric powder @ 0.5%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% treated grains showed a significantly better germination. Moisture content differed significantly with treated samples. The colour change and myroflora incidence were comparatively minimum with neem leaf powder @ 0.5%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% treated samples. Thermal treated grains proved superior compared to botanicals, whereas, colour change led to significantly lesser effect. Among the packings, PP and LD packed samples significantly influenced the infestation and germination irrespective of the botanicals.
Occurrence of Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) in Assam
Authors: Sarma Arup Kumar , Goswami Himashree , Kalita Jayanta , Sarma P. K. , Barthakur Layanmoy
Published: August 2022

The fall army worm (FAW) has spread to locations at 1222 masl in the northeast region of India. In Assam, its incidence was first noticed on the two banks of the Brahmaputra. In Biswanath district, infestation on maize was observed to be of 15.2-64.3% at farmers’ field and 2.15% in Biswanath College of Agriculture campus of the Assam Agricultural University. This variation might be attributed to the rich avian diversity in the college campus. No larval parasite was observed in the field collected larvae. A large section of farmers observed high pest incidence in maize as compared to previous years.
Biology of Sorghum Shoot Bug Peregrinus maidis as Influenced by Varieties
Authors: Dharavath Saicharan , S. S. Karabhantanal
Published: August 2022

The influence of sorghum varieties on the biology of sorghum shoot bug Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) when evaluated it was observed that the highly resistant variety (Y-75) led to reduced incubation, nymphal and total lifecycle periods (4.30 ± 1.04, 8.60 ± 0.76 and 33.50 ± 3.01 days, respectively). Fecundity was reduced to minimum in variety Y-75 (21.00 ± 3.60), in maximum while it was Hathi Kunta (55.30 ± 7.01), while in M 35-1 it was intermediate (42.00 ± 8.74). The survival was the least on Y-75 (25%) followed by that on M 35-1 (60%) and maximum was on Hathi Kunta (90%). The total lifecycle (days) was significantly less on Y-75 (33.50 ± 3.01 days) and maximum on Hathi Kunta (45.00 ± 4.83).
Impact of Bee Pollination in Brinjal
Authors: Reddy Parameswara , Chauhan Avinash , Singh H. K.
Published: August 2022

Impact of bee pollination on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under protected condition was assessed with five pollination treatments viz., Apis mellifera L., Apis cerana F., Tetragonula iridipennis S., open pollination and control (pollinator exclusion). Comparative foraging activity and pollination efficiency index of the pollinators was recorded along with fruit production and quality parameters (fruit yield, length, diameter and weight, seed number and weight). Data revealed maximum pollination efficiency index (21) for A. cerana. The weight of fruit (96.30 g), diameter (56.54 cm), healthy fruits (53.89 %) observed with A. cerana was maximum. However, fruit length (15.10 cm), fruit yield (48.33 %) and seed weight (5.79 g) were found at par in all the pollination treatments. Significantly least crooked fruits (13.73%) were obtained when A. cerana was used, along with many folds increase in fruit set (26.69 %) and quality.
On-Farm Assessment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Based Spraying Technology in Green Gram
Authors: Parma Raghuvirsinh Pravinsinh , Singh Shashi Kumar , Singh Manjeet , Verma Aseem
Published: August 2022

A study was conducted to assess the field performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based sprayer for pesticide application in green gram crop in Punjab during 2018 and 2019. The treatments include: T1- control (untreated); T2- pesticide application with knapsack sprayer; and T3- pesticide application with UAV based sprayer. The droplet size was significantly small in T3 (200.34 to 253.01 μm) compared to T2 (463.88 to 738.80 μm). The droplet density was significantly more in T3 compared to T2 at top, middle and bottom of the crop canopy. The maximum reduction in whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) incidence was observed three days after spray in T3 (36.84 and 42.72%) and T2 (28.71 and 29.70%). Thus, UAV based sprayer was found to be more effective producing smaller droplets, more droplets/ unit area, and in controlling B. tabaci in green gram.
Determination, Dissipation and Decontamination of Thiamethoxam Using LC-MS/MS in Okra Fruits
Authors: Ratnamma  , R. Harischandra Naik , M. S. Pallavi
Published: August 2022

An analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of thiamethoxam in okra using LC-MS/MS. The LOQ was 0.002 μg g-1. The recoveries at the fortification level of 0.002, 0.01, and 0.02 μg g-1 were in the range of 75.45-80.99% with an RSD of 3.54-4.16%. Thiamethoxam applied at 25 (single dose) and 50 (double dose) g a.i. ha, recorded initial deposit of 1.541 and 3.117 μg g-1 and half-life of 3.28 and 4.05 days were observed at single and double dose, respectively. The residue of thiamethoxam in fruits was reduced by simple decontamination methods to 20.34-60.63%. Risk due to the dietary exposure was calculated for thiamethoxam and found safe on all the sampling days.
Oil Based Formulation of Beauveria bassiana (BB 112) Against Onion Thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman
Authors: K. Murugasridevi , Jeyarani S. , Ramaraju K. , Kumar S. Mohan
Published: August 2022

Successful usage of entomopathogenic fungi for pest control under field conditions includes delivery techniques, infectivity and persistence of their inoculum in the environment. Pathogenicity tests performed with oil-based formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (Bb 112) against onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman revealed maximum virulence with the least LC50 and LT50 values of 1.25 x 105 spores/ml and 76.11 hr, respectively. Microplot trials showed oil-based formulation of Bb 112 was effective against T. tabaci when sprayed with Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA) sprayer giving maximum cumulative reduction of 54.04%. Field experiments revealed oil-based formulation of Bb 112 @ 108 spores ml/l applied with CDA sprayer led to maximum cumulative reduction in thrips incidence (44.69 and 41.01%, respectively), at Kumarapalayam village, Coimbatore and Ambilikkai village, Dindigul districts. In addition, maximum onion yield of 14.66 and 16.23 t/ha was observed at Kumarapalayam and Ambilikkai, respectively. Mycoinsecticides applied with the CDA sprayer can be incorporated in management of T. tabaci.
Biology of Diapausing Population of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)
Authors: Pradhan Kiranamaya , Bheemanna M. , Nayak Priyanka , Maradi Ramesh M.
Published: August 2022

This study on the comparative biology Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) was carried out at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, in insect rearing growth chamber (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and photoperiod of 14:10 hr, L: D) during 2018-19. The results revealed that the incubation period was 3.5 ± 0.82 and 3.05 ± 0.55 days in non-diapausing and diapausing populations, respectively; a total larval period of 18.60 ± 2.28 and 19.65 ± 1.53 days, respectively was observed without any significant difference; and adult longevity of male and female was 9.05 ± 0.55 and 9.55 ± 0.83 days, respectively in non-diapausing population, while in diapausimg population it was 9.75 ± 0.26 and 10.25 ± 0.43 days. Total life cycle of non-diapausing population was significantly shorter (42.85 ± 4.99 days) as compared to diapausing one (134.3 ± 12.91 days) with fecundity of 112.34 ± 10.31 and 104.54 ± 9.96 eggs, respectively. The longer lifecycle of diapausing population was due to long resting diapausing period ranging from 72 to 108 days.
Evaluation of Mungbean Genotypes Against Major Insect Pests
Authors: Mahore Prince , Bhowmick A K. , Makwana Mitesh , Sharma Kuldeep
Published: August 2022

Field experiment was conducted to screen thirteen genotypes of mungbean against major sucking and lepidopteran pests. The incidence of pests was assessed at 15 DAS (Days after sowing) and continued till maturity at weekly intervals. The results revealed that least mean whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) incidence/plant was observed in genotype Virat (5.17), TM-37 (5.31) and Shikha (5.40). Similarly, the least aphid Aphis craccivora Koch incidence was on Virat (2.73), Shikha (2.77), TM-37 (2.89) and PDM-139 (2.91). The genotypes, Virat (1.26), Shikha (1.26), PDM-139 (1.30) and TM-37 (1.31) were with lowest leaf hopper Empoasca kerri Pruthi counts; and the least larval counts of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (F.) was in Shikha (0.22), Virat (0.24), PDM-139 (0.25), TM-37 (0.28) and TJM-196 (0.31). Similarly, least incidence of blue butterfly Lampides boeticus L., larva was observed on Virat (0.21), Shikha (0.23) and PDM-139 (0.26) genotypes. Thus, the genotypes viz., Virat, TM-37, PDM-139 and Shikha were found to be tolerant against the major sucking and lepidopteran insect pests.
Diversity of Spider Mites (Tetranychidae) on Ornamental Plants in Central Kerala
Authors: Prakash Jayalakshmi , Bhaskar Haseena , Mathew Deepu , C. V. Vidya , Gowda Chinnamade , M. R. Shylaja
Published: August 2022

Purposive sampling surveys were conducted in homestead gardens and ornamental nurseries at different localities of Thrissur and Ernakulam districts during 2017-19 to study the diversity of spider mites associated with ornamental plants. Mite samples collected from rose, adenium, gerbera, marigold, chrysanthemum, balsam, cock’s comb, orchid, cassia, cairo morning glory, zinnia, bauhinia, crape jasmine and pinto peanut were maintained as isoline cultures in the laboratory. Male and female specimens from isolines were slide mounted for morphological characterisation and identification. The results revealed eight species belonging to three genera viz., Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, T. okinawanus Ehara, T. urticae Koch, T. fijiensis Hirst, T. neocaledonicus Andre, T. marianae McGregor, Eutetranychus orientalis Klein and Oligonychus biharensis Hirst. The study recorded new hosts for the alien species, T. okinawanus and T. truncatus which suggests the potential of these species to turn invasive in Kerala’s ecosystems. The spider mite fauna on rose was more diverse, indicating the need for imposing strict quarantine regulations. The study observed T. marianae as a new record from Kerala.
Evaluation of Safety of Some Insecticides on Predatory Spiders in Rice Ecosystem
Authors: Shyamrao Ingle Dipak , Raghuraman M. , Kuma Abhinav , Gajbhiye Rupesh Kumar
Published: August 2022

An experimental trial in rice was conducted during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi to evaluate the effect of conventional and newer insecticides viz., carbofuran 3%G @ 750 g a.i./ha, thiamethoxam 25%WG @ 25 g a.i./ha, fipronil 5%SC @ 50 g a.i./ha, lambda-cyhalothrin 5%EC @ 20 g a.i./ha, neem (Azadirachtin 0.15%EC) @ 4 ml/l., flubendiamide 20%WG @ 25 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC @ 30 g a.i./ha, acetamiprid 20%SP @ 35 g a.i./ha, dinotefuran 20%SG @ 40 g a.i./ha and pymetrozine 50%WG @ 7.5 g a.i./ha on spiders inhabitants of rice system. Except lambda-cyhalothrin 5%SP nearly all the insecticidal treatments showed slight effects against the spiders occurring in rice ecosystem. The results revealed that flubendiamide 20%WG @ 25 g a.i./ha was the least toxic, allowing maximum occurrence of spiders (excluding untreated control). Thus, it can be considered in IPM for the best control of insect pests. Similarly, chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC @ 30 g a.i./ha followed by fipronil 5%SC @ 50 g a.i./ha were also found safe to spiders.
Orientation of Callosobruchus chinensis (L) Towards Coloured Lights
Authors: Hazarika Jabanika , Patgiri Pulin
Published: August 2022

Orientation of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) towards seven coloured light emitting diodes was observed under three conditions at different time intervals. In multi-choice test, C. chinensis adults were more attracted towards green (13.13 to 13.80%), blue (12.13 to 13.73%) and ultraviolet (13.20 to 14.20%) LEDs which have shorter wavelengths and high frequencies, while white (control) (7.20 to 9.67%) and red (6.13 to 8.40%) LEDs having longer wavelengths and low frequencies showed the least preference.
Foraging Behaviour of Some Syrphid Flies on Mango
Authors: Bora M. Sonowal , Deka M. K. , Bora S. S.
Published: August 2022

This study in on the foraging behaviour of syrphid flies belonging to the tribes Eristalini (Eristalinus arvorum, E. quinquestriatus and Mesembrius quadrivittatus) and Syrphini (Episyrphus balteatus). The foraging activity, rate and speed, loose pollen grains and abundance were evaluated at Jorhat during 2018 and 2019 on mango flowers var. Amrapali. These revealed that the peak period of visit was 1 000-1200 hr. The relative abundance of the syrphids was maximum (8.90 ± 0.22/5 min) at 1100-1200 hr and (7.07 ± 0.51/5 min) at 1200-1300 hr; it was minimum (2.40 ± 0.17 and 2.49 ± 0.09/5min) at 0700-0800 hr, respectively. The loose pollen grains adhering to them ranged from 1294.80 ± 60.82 to 1415.80 ± 110.80/forager. The maximum pollination index of 12.52 was obtained with the Eristalini, while it was 8.14 in Syrphini (2018); in 2019, it was 9.63 and 7.14, respectively. These syrphids visited flowers during midday with more activity, foraging rate and foraging speed.
Occurrence Of Lac Insect And Its Host Plants In Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Bhatnagar Pratibha , Lodhi Balram , Prajapati Sunil , Aarmo Bharat
Published: August 2022

Lac insect occurrence was observed in 302 locations, and samples of 267 populations belonging to Rangeeni and 35 from Kusmi strains were collected. A total of 17 host plants belonging to 7 genera were observed with live lac encrustation. Maximum frequency of occurrence was seen on Palas in 133 sites (44.03%) followed by Pipal in 97 sites (32.11%), Kusum- 35 sites (11.60%), Ber- 15 sites (4.97%) and other 13 lac hosts in 22 sites. Maximum lac insect occurrence in terms of sites were reported from Seoni (49- 16.2%), followed by Mandla (42- 13.9%), Balaghat (39- 12.9%), Hoshangabad (13- 4.3%), Chhindwara (10- 3.31%) and other 41 districts of Madhya Pradesh (149 sites). During the study, 2 colour variants were observedthese are crimson (236 sites) and yellow (62 sites0 and crimson-yellow (mixed- 4 sites). The study listed 167 lac cultivation sites, of which the maximum cultivated sites were from Seoni district (49 sites- 29.30%) followed by Balaghat (39 sites- 23.40%), Mandla (30 sites-18.00%), Hoshangabad (9- 5.39%) and other ten districts (40 sites). In natural condition total 135 lac insect occurrence sites were observed and of these maximums were observed in Rajgarh, Morena, Shivpuri (each in 8 sites- 5.93%) followed by Sagar, Indore, Mandsaur, Agar Malwa each (6 sites- 4.44%) and other 87 sites in 32 other districts.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) in Capsicum Under Protected Cultivation
Authors: Ramanujam B , Krishna Japur  , B Poornesha
Published: August 2022

Effect of indigenous isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillum lecanii were tested for two years during 2012 and 2013 on Bemisia tabaci infesting capsicum under protected cultivation. Among the ten isolates tested, NBAIR-Vl8 isolate of L. lecanii, NBAIR-Bb5a and NBAIR-Bb9 isolates of B. bassiana showed significant suppression of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) with reduction of 73.15, 71.84 and 63.10% respectively. The yields were also superior in these treatments.
Laboratory Evaluation of Some Insecticides Against Adults of Brahmina Coriacea (Hope)
Authors: Koranga Radha , Chandel R. S. , Mehta Vasu
Published: August 2022

Five insecticides viz., dimethoate, indoxacarb, flubendiamide, spinosad and fenazaquin were evaluated for their toxicity against beetles of Brahmina coriacea (Hope) using leaf dip and topical application methods. In leaf dip method, LC50 values of these were 8.41, 165.20, 186.66, 246.09 and 460.60 ppm, respectively, while LC90 values were 45.07, 143.71, 1749.55, 1541.82 and 2687.70 respectively. The order of toxicity was dimethoate> indoxacarb> flubendiamide> spinosad> fenazaquin. In topical application method, LC50 values were 69.71, 201.90, 415.42, 474.66 and 492.19 ppm, respectively; and LC90 values were 300.30, 1077.32, 2121.14, 2672.20 and 3083.64 ppm, respectively. The order of toxicity was indoxacarb> dimethoate> flubendiamide> fenazaquin> spinosad. Irrespective of insecticides, leaf dip method of bioassay proved more effective (except indoxacarb).
Efficacy of Insecticides and Biopesticides Against Major Sucking Insect Pests of Indian Bean Lablab Purpureus Var. Typicus
Authors: Choudhary Shivani , Rao Kantegari Anvesh , Kumawat K. C. , Jat B. L.
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides and biopesticides against aphid Aphis craccivora (Koch), leafhopper Empoasca fabae (Harris) and whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on Indian bean during kharif, 2019 at the SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur. On the basis of reduction in incidence, spiromesifen 22.9SC, diafenthiuron 50WP and standard check (alternate spray of dimethoate 30EC and malathion 50 EC) were observed to be the most effective. The pyriproxyfen 10.8EC, emamectin benzoate 5SG, chlorfenapyr 10SC and spinosad 45SC were moderately effective; whereas, the Beauveria bassiana 1.15WP, Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15WP, azadirachtin 0.03EC and NSKE (5.0%) were the least effective. The maximum pod yield of 91.25 q/ ha was obtained with spiromesifen 22.9SC at par with that of diafenthiuron 50WP (88.32 q/ ha). The maximum benefit cost ratio of 57.96 was obtained with the standard check followed by pyriproxyfen 10.8EC (36.86) and emamectin benzoate 5SG (27.47).
Population Dynamics of Red Ant Dorylus Orientalis in Potato Grown Under Flood Free/ Prone Conditions
Authors: Bidyarani Devi Elangbam , Bhattacharyya Badal , Bhagawati Sudhansu
Published: August 2022

Experiments were carried out in the farmer’s field at Jorhat during 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the population dynamics of red ant Dorylus orientalis Westwood in potato crop. The incidence of D. orientalis was observed both under flood free/ and prone conditions in three villages each, during potato growing season. These data were correlated with weather factors. The effect on population buildup was studied with observations at fortnightly interval starting from 1st fortnight of October to 2nd fortnight of February through fixed plot surveys. The observations revealed that maximum incidence (36.5, 33.2 and 30.1; 35.2, 32.5 and 29.8/ pit) was observed in Charaibahi, Karangia and Hokai Khangia villages, respectively during the 1st fortnight of January. In contrast, in the flood prone villages, incidence was observed to be negligible. Correlation coefficients of incidence with weather factors revealed that minimum temperature, soil temperature (morning and evening) and evaporation rate show a significantly negative correlation; whereas relative humidity (RH) (morning and evening) exhibited significant positive correlation in flood free villages. In flood prone villages minimum temperature as well as morning soil temperature showed significant negative correlation (2015-16); in contrast, in flood prone villages, RH (morning and evening) showed significant positive correlation (2016-17).
Population Dynamics of Insects and their Natural Enemies in Rice Ecosystem Assessed with Light Traps
Authors: K Selvam , Archunan K , Pavitradevi P , Floret V Mary , Kannan R
Published: August 2022

The seasonal incidence of pests and their natural enemies in rice ecosystem was studied using yellow and white light traps during kharif 2019 in Annamalainagar. The trap catches were initiated from 34th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) and the overall catches in the white light trap was the maximum in 36th SMW (113 adults) followed by 35th and 37th SMW. These declined in 44th SMW (36 adults). In yellow light trap, the peak catches were during 37th SMW (62 adults), while the least catch was during 43th week (23 adults). The natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) were noticed during 35th MSW (22 in both the light traps), which increased up to 40th SMW in white, and 39th week in yellow light traps, coinciding with the peak activity of pests. Correlation coefficients of trap catches revealed positive relationships with minimum temperature (0.644, 0.137), and sunshine hours (0.352, 0.214), whereas rainfall exhibited a negative one (-0.252, -0.048).
Efficacy of a New Combination Insecticide Against Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata Lugens (Stal)
Authors: Chakraborty Gautam , Das Ayan , Mondal (Ghosh)* Shanowly
Published: August 2022

Efficacy of a new combination insecticide against rice brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stal revealed that among all the treatments, significant reduction in the incidence (76.91% reduction over control) and higher grain yield (5.37 ton/ ha) was obtained with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 875 ml/ ha. It was at par with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha followed by buprofezin 25%SC @ 800 ml/ ha. Although maximum grain yield was obtained from buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 875 ml/ ha, maximum cost benefit in term of ICBR was observed with buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha (1:6.11) besides considering the environmental effect. Buprofezin 24%+ fipronil 40%SC (MAIRM-10) @ 750 ml/ ha was found to be most optimum one for BPH management.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Pink Stem Borer Sesamia Inferens Walker Infesting Barnyard Millet Echinochloa Frumentacea
Authors: Roopika M , Srinivasan G , Shanthi M
Published: August 2022

Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens causes deadheart and white ear symptoms by boring into stem and peduncle region causing yield losses in barnyard millet. A field trial to find out efficacy of cartap hydrochloride 4G, chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, flubendiamide 20WG, emamectin benzoate 5SG, spinetoram 11.7SC and phorate 10G against S. inferens was carried out in Tamil Nadu. Spinetoram 11.7SC (92.63%) was the most effective followed by flubendiamide 20WG (90.56%). Phorate 10G (81.57%) was found to be less effective. Plots treated with spinetoram 11.7SC gave maximum yield (9.57 q/ ha) with the cost benefit ratio of 1:3.08 followed by flubendiamide 20% WG (8.91 q/ ha) with the cost benefit ratio of 1:3.42. Phorate 10 G was the least performing treatment with 29.62% increase in yield over control with the cost benefit ratio of 1:2.84. Control plot recorded 44.5% less yield when compared to treated plots.
Record of Telenomus Californicus Ashmead on Fall Army Worm Spodoptera Frugiperda (J E Smith)
Authors: Manisegaran S. , Nivetha T K
Published: August 2022

Telenomus californicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), an egg parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) is documented as a new record from Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India. This species has been reared from the field collections of parasitized eggs. The parasitoid was studied for its morphology and the species was distinguished by its dilated proximal four antennal segments.
Assessment of Lecanicillum lecanii (Zimmermen) against sucking pests in Bt cotton
Authors: M Shankar , Naaiik R V T Balazzii , K Sumalini , M Shankaraiah
Published: August 2022

An on-farm trial on the assessment of Lecanicillum lecanii (Zimmermen) on management of sucking pests in cotton on farmer’s fields was conducted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kampasagar during kharif 2015 to 2017. Three sprayings of L. lecanii @ 5 g/ l from 25 DAS (days after sowing) at an interval of 10 days were taken up. Incidence of leaf hopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), thrips Thrips tabaci (L.) and whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn) were observed as counts three leaves. Significantly less incidence i.e. 2.9, 4.3 and 4.5, respectively, was observed in improved practice (spraying of entomopathogenic fungi L. lecanii @ 5 g/ l three times with an interval of 10 days from 25 DAS) as against farmers’ practice (i.e. 4.9, 9.0 and 7.9, respectively). Seed cotton yield was significantly more with improved practice (2335.7 kg/ ha) with 18.9% increase. Higher gross and net returns, and benefit cost ratio were obtained with improved practice.
Biorational management of spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) on maize
Authors: Wayal Avinash , Unidirwadwade Dhanraj , Jawanjal Khushal , Chopade Gajanan
Published: August 2022

The present study on the biorational management of Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) on maize was conducted in the farm of Department of Agricultural Entomology, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during kharif 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments replicated thrice. The treatments included- Nomuraea rileyi 1x108 cfu/ g @ 30 g/ 10 l, Metarhizium anisopliae 1x108 cfu/ g @ 50 g/ 10 l, Beauveria bassiana 1x109 cfu/ g @ 40 g/ 10 l, NSKE 5%, Bt 85% @ 20 g/ 10 l, SLNPV 1x109 POB/ ml (500 LE), azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 50 ml/ 10 l, and control (untreated). Four sprays were applied at 12 days interval. The results revealed that with fourth spray, Bt 85% @ 20 g/ 10 l was the most effective.
Efficacy of insecticides against pod borers of Indian bean
Authors: M Devashrayee Vaidik , Patel D R , Sankhla P M
Published: August 2022

Among the various insecticides evaluated for their field efficacy against pod borers of Indian bean, the treatment of emamectin benzoate 5SG at 0.002%, indoxacarb 14.5SC at 0.007% and lambdacyhalothrin 5SC at 0.005% were found to be most effective against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Maruca vitrata Geyer. While, thiacloprid 21.7SC at 0.012% and novaluron 10EC at 0.01% were moderately effective. The least pod damage was observed with emamectin benzoate 5SG at 0.002% (13.16%) which was at par with indoxacarb 14.5SC at 0.007% (14.16%) and lambdacyhalothrin 5SC at 0.005% (16.33%). Maximum pod yield (21.75 q/ ha), increase in yield over control (95.76%) and % of avoidable loss (48.91%) was observed with emamectin benzoate 5SG at 0.002%.
Biology and lifetable of whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) on rice
Authors: Satpathi C R
Published: August 2022

Whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) is an important insect pest causing economic damage to rice. Studies on its biology in West Bengal revealed that the fecundity was 197± 13.37 eggs/ female. The incubation period was 7.6± 0.69 days in October, with nymphal duration being 16.2± 0.85 days; and longevity of male macropterous ones was 9.5± 2.06, while for brachypterous it was 7.3± 1.33 days; and female brachypterous lived for 13.50± 1.08 days. The net fecundity rate, intrinsic rate of increase, gross reproductive rate, generation time, doubling time, finite rate of increase and net reproductive rate were 31.30, 0.122, 108.60, 29.29, 5.68 days, 1.129 and 64.91, respectively. The seasonal abundance when studied on rice in rainy season revealed that slight incidence occurred at 60 days, and its peak was at 32.00 and 34.20/ hill at 120 DAT during second week of November. Then it disappeared from the third week of November with the onset of winter during 2019 and 2020.
Insecticide spray regimes to manage Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and their impact on natural enemies in cotton under high density planting system
Authors: Naik V Chinna Babu , K B Subbireddy , Nagrare V S , Venugopalan M V
Published: August 2022

This study evaluated some new class insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, flubendiamide 480SC, spinosad 45%SC, indoxacarb 14.5SC and emamectin benzoate 5%SG in cotton under high density planting system (HDPS). These were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and their impact on natural enemies were also observed. Experiments were conducted at the ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur during 2013-14. Each of the new molecules were sprayed in eight different windows 60 days after sowing (DAS), 60 and 80 DAS, 60, 80 and 100 DAS, 60, 80 100 and120 DAS, 100 and 120 DAS, 80,100 and 120 DAS, 120 DAS and unsprayed control along with three replicates each were analysed in randomized complete block design. The damage by H. armigera was observed by counting healthy and damaged squares and bolls, and % worked out. The whole plant incidence was recorded in case of major predators sampled including spiders and coccinellids. The spray regime 2 (60 and 80 DAS), regime 3 (60, 80 and 100 DAS), regime 4 (60, 80, 100 and 120 DAS) and regime 6 (80, 100 and 120 DAS) were found superior in managing bollworms with by recording least square damage. The results on natural enemies’ populations (spiders and coccinellids) clearly revealed that, all spray regimes were more or less safe to the natural enemies. However, spray regime 1 (spray at 60 DAS), regime 2 (spray at 60 and 80 DAS) and regime 3 (spray at 60, 80 and 100 DAS) recorded maximum natural enemies. Maximum natural enemies was reported at 80 DAS in all the insecticidal spray regimes. Chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, spinosad, indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate through the spray regime 2 (spray at 60 and 80 DAS) was observed to be the best option against H. armigera by controlling it in early stage itself and to sustain natural enemies in the cotton ecosystem.
Integrated management of rodent pests in sugarcane using rodenticides and antifertilty agent triptolide
Authors: Kaur Navdeep , Singla Neena
Published: August 2022

Five blocks of farmer’s sugarcane fields were selected in district Jalandhar, Punjab during December 2016 to February 2017. These blocks were treated with 2% zinc phosphide (ZnP), 2% ZnP+ 0.005% bromadiolone (Br), 2% ZnP+ 0.25% triptolide (Tr) and 2% ZnP+ 0.005% Br+ 0.25% Tr at cane maturation stage; and 5th block was kept as untreated control. The post census and % re-buildup of rodents after 30 and 45 days of Tr treatment and cut canes (%) were significantly less in rodenticides+ Tr treated blocks (ZnP+ Tr and ZnP+ Br+ Tr) as compared to blocks treated only with rodenticides (ZnP alone and ZnP + Br). However, burrows and yield loss were found to be significantly less with ZnP+ Br+ Tr treatment. Thus, antifertilty agent, triptolide can be used along with rodenticides for better control of rodents in sugarcane.
Field evaluation of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier pheromone lures
Authors: Shelke Rajan
Published: August 2022

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of coconut. The efficiency of pheromone lures sourced from three countries along with natural (sugarcane) and synthetic (ethyl acetate) co-attractants, was tested in the infested coconut plantation. The results revealed that synergists and co-attractants are essential to sustain trapping efficiency. The best weevil captures were obtained when the pheromone trap had both the natural food bait (sugarcane) and the synthetic co-attractant (ethyl acetate). Pheromone traps with only ethyl acetate as a co-attractant led to lower captures as compared to pheromone traps with only the food bait (sugarcane). In general, the captures were female dominant with an overall male: female ratio of 1:1.35.
Efficacy of insecticides against sesame shoot webber Antigastra catalaunalis
Authors: Radhakrishnan V , P Indiragandhi  , G V Ramasubramanian
Published: August 2022

Field experiments evaluated the efficacy of insecticides against sesamum shoot webber Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 200g/ ha recorded minimum damage (1.93% and 1.31%) and larval incidence (1.87 and 2.70/ plant) during kharif and rabi, respectively. Predatory coccinellids and spiders (0.61 and 0.68/ plant), maximum seed yield of 650 kg/ ha and highest B: C ratio of 1:2.49 were obtained with emamectin benzoate 5 SG.
Feeding behaviour of Coccinella septempunctata and Coccinella transversalis
Authors: Yadav Neelam , Agrawal Neerja
Published: August 2022

The mass production of coccinellids at the Biocontrol Laboratory of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur included laboratory studies on the predatory behaviour of Coccinella septempunctata L. and C. transversalis (f.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The study was done with the natural food, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The predatory efficiency of the larvae and adults was determined by quantitative method of aphids consumed. The results revealed that the feeding rate increased gradually from the first to fourth larval instar, irrespective of the aphid host, with the first instars being less voracious than later ones.
Biorational management of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in brinjal
Authors: Singh Gurmail , Aggarwal Naveen , Chandi R S
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the efficacy of six biorational IPM modules against whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in brinjal. These included measures like removal of alternate hosts, using of marigold as intercrop/ border row of maize/ yellow sticky traps, release of Chrysoperla spp., or use of azadirachtin (1%) and diafenthiuron).The incidence of B. tabaci was significantly less in these modules (5.62-7.72 adults/ 3 leaves) compared to untreated control (11.00 adults/ 3 leaves). The maximum fruit yield (437.6 q/ ha)was obtained with module M1 (removal of alternate hosts + marigold as intercrop and border row of maize + yellow sticky traps + release of Chrysoperla spp. + one spray each of azadirachtin (1%) and diafenthiuron 50WP). But, maximum net returns (Rs 25620/ ha) and benefit cost (B: C) ratio (1: 2.2) were obtained with module M6 (yellow sticky traps+ two sprays of azadirachtin 1%). Thus, it can be concluded that B. tabaci can be managed by installing yellow sticky traps @ 100 traps/ ha followed by two need-based sprays of azadirachtin (1 %) @ 1000 ml/ ha.
Efficacy of Hexane Extracts of Some Plants Against Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in Stored Maize
Authors: Anandhabhairavi N. , Shanthi M. , Chinniah C. , Geetha R. , Vellaikumar S.
Published: August 2022

Hexane extracts of certain botanicals were evaluated in the laboratory for their oral, contact, fumigant toxicity and repellent activity at 5% concentration against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. at the Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 2019-2021. The results revealed that all the botanicals were effective. Considering the contact toxicity, 5% hexane extract of Mentha spicata 5% (80.00%) performed better at 72 hr after treatment. M. spicata and Vitex negundo 5% hexane extract exhibited maximum oral toxicity (90.00%). Fumigant effect was maximum in V. negundo (73.33%), M. spicata, Ocimum sanctum and Tagetes erecta flower extracts (70.00%). Ocimum sanctum (70.56%) and M. spicata (67.22%) exhibited maximum repellency. Thus, M. spicata at 5% was the most effective as contact, oral, fumigant toxicant and repellent against S. oryzae in stored maize.
Ecology and Management of Paracoccus marginatus (Papaya Mealybug) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Indian Subcontinent — Achievements, and Lessons
Authors: Sharma Anamika , Muniappan Rangaswamy
Published: August 2022

Paracoccus marginatus, first described in 1992, is native to Mexico. Accidentally it started spreading in the Caribbean in 1995. About 2008, it was reported from the Indian subcontinent and several other countries in the South- and Southeast-Asia. This polyphagous insect infests plants belonging to c. 50 families. Carica papaya (Caricaceae, papaya) and Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae, cassava) are the principal species attacked by P. marginatus. In 1999, classical biological-control (hereafter, management) efforts to manage this insect were implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Carica papaya, M. esculenta, and Morus alba (Moraceae, mulberry) were heavily infested and suffered severe economic loss. Locally available natural enemies when trialled as biological-management agents were ineffective. This outcome instigated scientists to seek a classical biological-management option by introducing exotic parasitoids. Five potential parasitoids, Apoanagyrus nr. californicus, Pseudaphycus sp., Anagyrus loecki, Acerophagus papayae and Pseudleptomastix mexicana (all Encyrtidae) were obtained from Mexico in 1999. In the Indian subcontinent, three parasitoids (A. papayae, P. mexicana, and A. loecki) were first released in Sri Lanka in 2009 and in Tamil Nadu, India in 2010. They established well in the field and in five months they regulated the population of P. marginatus. Acerophagus papayae was found playing a major role in managing populations of P. marginatus.
Effect of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services and Processes
Authors: Jat Monica , Dohling Pynhunlin Nola Kharkrang , Ahuja Amit , Singh Jagmohan
Published: August 2022

The livelihood of the entire population and the existence of farming communities is solely dependent on agriculture. Fertility of the soil is governed by its texture and diversified fauna present in the soil medium. Various agricultural inputs are applied with the eventual aim to achieve the highest productivity whereas hazardous effects on soil microorganisms are often ignored. Pesticides are noxious chemicals used to mitigate crop losses incurred by nematodes, insects, weeds, mites, and pathogens. Fungicides modify the fungi communities accountable for the nutrient recycling in the soil, especially copper-based fungicides which cause harmful effects on earthworms. The continuous use of herbicides indirectly reduces the associated arthropod communities. Insecticides cause toxic effects on most of the lower soil invertebrates and cause negative impact on their growth and development and alter the trophic structure in their habitats. Buildup of synthetic pesticides in the soil cause many sublethal effects on the existing natural fauna and affects their survival. However, pesticides help in diminishing the quantitative losses caused by pests and enhance the agricultural productivity, but consequently the cost of enhanced productivity is compensated by the Earth’s ecosystems. This review provides insight into the effects of pesticides on the soil health.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Soybean Girdle Beetle Obereopsis brevis
Authors: Bokan S. C. , Zanwar P. R. , More D. G.
Published: August 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated against soybean girdle beetle Obereopsis brevis Swedenboard during kharif 2017 and 2018. The results revealed that chlorantraniliprole 0.4 GR@40 g a.i./ ha, clothianidin 50 WDG@125 g a.i./ ha and fipronil 0.3 GR@ 50 g a.i./ ha were superior in reducing the incidence and at par with each other. Chlorantraniliprole gave maximum yield followed by clothianidin, fipronil and thiamethoxam 30 FS.
Influence of Trichomes on the Incidence of Two Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae on Brinjal
Authors: Siddhartha K. , Chinniah C. , Shanthi M. , Rajamanickam C. , Mini M. L.
Published: August 2022

The present study evaluates the effect of host plant resistance by antixenosis (trichomes) in 40 brinjal entries to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, an important pest of brinjal. The maximum trichome density was observed (719.15/ 0.5cm2 leaf area) with the variety Namakkal local and minimum (276.82/ 0.5cm2 leaf area) was with Tiruppur local. Stellate type of trichomes were observed on all the entries, with maximum length on the upper surface of the leaves being 200.18 μm on Namakkal local, and on lower surface of leaves (269.36 μm) on Chinthapalli local-2. Manapparai local measured 247.40 μm long on midrib and 206.84 μm on veins. The correlation coefficients between the trichome density, length and T. urticae incidence revealed a significant negative correlation. Arka Nidhi was found to be resistant (2.07/cm2 leaf area) with low trichome density (427.50 μm).
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Mustard Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae and their Safety to Coccinellid Predators
Authors: Rashid Shafiya , Mir Sajad Hussain , Yaqoob Munazah , Ashraf Sabreena
Published: August 2022

Field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018-19 to ascertain the efficacy of insecticides on mustard aphid Brevicoryne brassicae L., and their safety to the coccinellid predators. Insecticides viz., imidacloprid17.8SL (0.30 ml/l of water), dimethoate 30EC (1 ml/l of water), cypermethrin 10EC (0.6 ml/l of water), chlorpyriphos 50EC+ cypermethrin 5EC (1ml/l of water), profenophos 40EC+ cypermethrin 4EC (1ml/l of water), neem oil (2ml/l of water), dichlorvos 76 EC (1ml/l of water), chlorpyriphos 20SC (0.5 ml/l of water) were evaluated. Profenophos 40EC+ cypermethrin 4EC was found to be the most effective in reducing the aphid incidence. Neem oil and imidacloprid proved to be safe to the coccinellid predators viz., Coccinella septumpunctata (L.) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze); while profenophos + cypermethrin was found to be the most toxic. Thus, imidacloprid can be used for the management of B. brassicae as it is the most effective and also safe to coccinellid predators.
Gut Symbionts: Hidden Players of Pesticide Resistance in Insects
Authors: H. S. Chaitra , Kalia Vinay K.
Published: August 2022

Development of resistance to insecticides in insects is a global concern. Understanding the mechanisms is critical for effective plant protection and human health. Challenge in dealing the matter is that, resistance can occur via direct organism response (metabolic, physiological, and target-site changes) or via gut microbiome. Insects are constantly evolving like any other organisms; they are adopting various measures to overcome the chemicals sprayed to control them. Increasing evidence suggest that the gut microbiome can promote pesticide resistance in pests. Possible mechanisms by which gut bacteria play role in insecticide resistance are, direct acquisition of pesticide degrading microbes from the environment, difference in gut bacterial composition and diversity, difference in xenobiotic degrading enzymes and presence of microbial xenobiotic degradation pathways and cross-acclimatization to related insecticides.
Management of Insect Pests of Bottle Gourd in Polyhouse
Authors: Ayoub Liyaqat , Yaqoob Munazah , Mir Sajad H. , Siraj Masrat , Wani Fazil Fayaz , Sheikh Mohmmad Aasif , Rasool Jameela , Irshad Sheikh Salma , Gull Audil
Published: August 2022

This study on the insect pests of bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria grown in polyhouse revealed the incidence of whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and melon aphid Aphis gossipii from 26th to 38th standard week (SW). The peaks in incidence were observed in 34th SW (T. vaporariorum - 12.99 ± 1.18/leaf and A. gossypii- 52.5 ± 9.60/leaf. The incidence of these exhibited a positive correlation with temperature and a negative one with relative humidity. When insecticides were evaluated against these in polyhouse, after two sprays, imidacloprid 17.8SL (0.45 ml) was superior. Imidacloprid 17.8SL (0.3 ml) and dimethoate 30EC (1 ml) provided efficient control.
Diversity and Abundance of Hoppers on Different Field Crops in North Kashmir
Authors: Rehman Sheikh Aafreen , Ahad Ishtiyaq , Aziz Danishta , Kumar Ritesh , Anjum Nahida
Published: August 2022

The present study was conducted on hemipteran hoppers during 2017-2018 at six locations viz. Wadura, Arampora, Dangiwacha, Imberzalwari from District Baramulla and Chogul and Chetkak from Kupwara in Kashmir. The purpose of was to evaluate the preference of the hoppers among various field crops and to the variations in their diversity. Diversity indices such as species diversity index, species evenness index, species richness index and relative abundance were evaluated. Ten species of hoppers were observed on seven field crops, and include Empoasca decipiens, Amrasca biguttula, Maiestas dorsalis, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Macrosteles sexnotatus, Laodelphax striatellus, Agallia spp., Gurawa minorcephala, Platymetopius fidelis and Deltocephalus spp. There was maximum abundance of M. dorsalis on rice, E. decepiens on maize, M. quadrilineatus on oats and wheat and A. biguttula on French bean, sunflower and soyabean.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in Potato
Authors: Yadav D. L. , Patidar B. K. , Nagar B. L.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate insecticides against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. in potato at the Agricultural Research Station, Kota, using variety K Bahar during 2018-19 and 2019-20. Based on pooled data, results revealed that two sprays of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a. i./ha mixed with castor oil @ 0.05% at 10 days interval gave maximum mortality (82.0%), maximum tuber yield (24.7 t/ha) with (ICBR 1:2.1) which was at par with two sprays of diafenthiuron 50WP 350 g a. i./ha (without mixed castor oil) at 10 days interval (78.0%) with tuber yield (23.8 t/ha).
Effect of Magnetic Field on Corcyra cephalonica Eggs for Parasitization by Trichogramma chilonis
Authors: Madavi Punam N . , Meena Devendra Kumar , Wasu Radhika , Aherkar S. K.
Published: August 2022

This study evaluated the effect of permanent magnetic field on Corcyra cephalonica Stainton eggs and effect on parasitisation by the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. Corcyra eggs were exposed to magnetic field for different time periods. It was observed that three hours magnetized eggs were significantly more preferred for parasitisation and revealed maximum adult emergence (76.23%, 98.67%) than non-magnetized Corcyra eggs (63.50%, 85.96%). When UV irradiated Corcyra eggs were kept under magnetic field for parasitisation, with increase in the time of exposure to magnetic field, parasitisation also increases along with adult emergence (89.85%, 97.16%) up to 3 hr. Then, it gradually decreases as compared with control (86.80%, 94.54%). Thus, 3 hr magnetized Corcyra eggs prevent the emergence of larva and was preferred by Trichogramma for maximum parasitisation and adult emergence.
Biology of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) on Bottle Gourd
Authors: Ashraf Sabreena , Ganaie Nazeer Ahmad , Mir Sajad Hussain , Rashid Shafiyah
Published: August 2022

Biology of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was studied on bottle gourd under laboratory conditions. It was observed that 4-10 eggs/ female were laid singly or in clusters, embedded vertically or slightly slanting inside the fruits. Preoviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition and incubation periods were observed to be from 10 to 16, 11 to 28, 1 to 4 and 1 to 3 days, respectively. Mean larval period was 1.4, 1.8 and 2.8 days, for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars, respectively, with total larval duration of 6.0 days. Prepupal and pupal period were 0.9 and 8.2 days, respectively. The mean longevity of male and female was 28.4 and 31.6 days, respectively.
An attempt to explore bumble bees in Nagaland
Authors: Chauhan Avinash , H K Singh
Published: August 2022

A survey was conducted in five districts of Nagaland viz., Dimapur, Peren, Kohima, Phek and Kiphire to know the presence of bumble bees and their diversity. A total of 93 bumble bees were collected from forest and cultivated areas. These were got identified and their flora was recorded along with their activity. Bumble bees were observed in Khonoma region in Kohima and Pfutsero in Phek district, while these were not observed in Dimapur, Kiphire and Peren district of Nagaland. Bombus orientalis Smith was the species observed, with some differences in their morphology. Morphometrics revealed difference in various studied parameters of queens and workers.