bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestión ambiental para una producción más limpia en la región centro de Argentina: Herramientas para la aplicación de producción más limpia: Alternativas de mejora en actividades de servicios: Manual para consultores
Authors: Quintero Oscar , Salichs Adrián
Published: March 2024

La producción más limpia no solo contribuye a un mejor desempeño ambiental, sino también a incrementar la competitividad y la eficiencia global de la empresa. El presente manual instruye a las PyMEs en el sector servicio cómo aplicar herramientas de producción más limpia en sus actividades. Incluye un resumen de buenas prácticas de gestión, incluso la gestión de residuos, y de los recursos de agua y energía así como consideraciones ambientales en las típicas actividades de servicio, a saber los automotores, restaurantes y hoteles.
Infraestructura escolar y aprendizajes en la educación básica latinoamericana: Un análisis a partir del SERCE
Authors: Gargiulo Carlos , Moreno Martín , Duarte Jesús
Published: March 2024

Este estudio explora el estado de la infraestructura de las escuelas de educación básica de la región, usando la base de datos del SERCE. Se analiza las conexiones entre condiciones de infraestructura escolar y los resultados de los alumnos en las pruebas de lenguaje y matemáticas en tercer y sexto grado de básica. Los resultados del análisis indican que las condiciones de infraestructura educativa y el acceso a los servicios básicos (electricidad, agua, alcantarillado y teléfono) de las escuelas de la región son altamente deficientes; existe gran disparidad entre países y entre escuelas privadas urbanas, públicas urbanas y públicas rurales; y hay grandes brechas en la infraestructura de escuelas que atienden a los niños de familias de altos y bajos ingresos. Los autores concluyen que, para cerrar las grandes brechas existentes que afectan negativamente a las zonas rurales, a las escuelas del sector público y a las escuelas que atienden a los estudiantes provenientes de familias más pobres, los países de la región deberán fortalecer las inversiones orientadas a mejorar la infraestructura escolar.
Atención integral a la primera infancia en Colombia: Estrategia de país 2011-2014: Nota sectorial para su discusión con las nuevas autoridades y actores del sector
Authors: Gutiérrez Marcela , Rubio Mónica , Pinzón Leonardo
Published: March 2024

Esta nota técnica de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia (AIPI) tiene como objetivo servir de base al diálogo de políticas del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Gobierno de Colombia (GCO) en un momento de transición de la gestión de gobierno. Su estructura es la siguiente: una primera sección presenta como contexto un breve diagnóstico de la situación de la primera infancia en Colombia, así como la justificación a la atención prioritaria --desde el punto de vista de las políticas y el accionar públicos-- a este segmento poblacional. En una segunda sección, se presenta el marco normativo e institucional vigente, incluyendo la descripción de los principales programas de AIPI, así como aspectos de su financiamiento. Finalmente, una tercera sección presenta los principales retos de la atención de la infancia en Colombia, delinea recomendaciones de política y propone aspectos para el accionar del BID en ésta área. Código correcto de publicación: IDB-TN-221.
Línea de base del Proyecto de producción ecológica, comercialización y asociatividad de las mujeres en el medio rural: Características de las socias
Authors: Palán Tamayo Carlos
Published: March 2024

El siguiente informe presenta los resultados de la evaluación línea de base de un proyecto de Grameen Loja de Ecuador, financiado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (Convenio de Financiamiento SP/SF-07-02-EC. y Cooperación Técnica no Reembolsable ATN/SF-1042-EC), cuyo objetivo es mejorar los ingresos y la salud de las mujeres microempresarias emprendedoras y sus familias en el sur del Ecuador, facilitando el acceso a servicios financieros a 3.000 mujeres y asistencia técnica en producción ecológica y comercialización asociativa. Para el desarrollo de la línea base se realizó el estudio del marco lógico del proyecto, de la metodología de crédito que aplica la organización En las Huellas del Banco Grameen de Loja, además, se conversó con algunos de los centros y se entrevistó a socias de los programas de microcrédito y producción agroecológica para poder disponer de la información pertinente a los indicadores y objetivos del proyecto. Se recopilaron datos sobre las características del hogar, vivienda, actividad económica y servicios financieros de las usuarias de microcrédito, así como las características generales de la producción agroecológica y de las beneficiarias de la producción agroecológica y las características de la comercialización asociativa.
La participación del sector privado en los servicios de agua y saneamiento en Guayaquil, Ecuador
Authors: Díaz Javier
Published: March 2024

El Banco está preparando unas guías para la aplicación de las Política de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios (OP-708) al sector de agua y saneamiento. Esta política establece un marco para compatibilizar los objetivos de aumento de cobertura y calidad con el resto de los objetivos de desarrollo y eficiencia de cada país. Para facilitar el diseño de las operaciones, el Banco está preparando estudios de experiencias de colaboración entre los sectores público y privado para aumentar la cobertura de la población más desatendida. Este documento estudia distintos aspectos del proceso de la incorporación del sector privado a los servicios de agua y saneamiento en la ciudad de Guayaquil con el objeto de identificar lecciones y recomendaciones referentes a los problemas y obstáculos que surgen en estos procesos. La información preliminar disponible permite asegurar que los servicios de la ciudad de Guayaquil han dado avances significativos en la adaptación de las tarifas a los costos, la eliminación de las distorsiones más relevantes de la estructura de tarifas, control de las inundaciones gracias a la rehabilitación y mantenimiento de la red de alcantarillado, aumento de la productividad del personal de la empresa.
Los subsidios cruzados en los servicios de agua potable y saneamiento
Authors: Yepes Guillermo
Published: March 2024

El presente trabajo analiza los efectos de la política tarifaria de subsidios cruzados en las finanzas de las entidades encargadas con servicio, y su incidencia en la calidad y cobertura de los servicios, especialmente en la población de menores ingresos. Los subsidios cruzados implican cobrar tarifas por debajo de los costos a un grupo de usuarios (usualmente domésticos) y tarifas por encima del costo a otros (frecuentemente a usuarios industriales y al comercio). El objetivo principal de esta política ha sido favorecer el acceso de las familias de bajos ingresos a los servicios. El análisis concluye que la política de subsidios cruzados no ha logrado este objetivo y por el contrario, ha sido y continúa siendo un obstáculo para el desarrollo del sector. El análisis termina sugiriendo ajustes en la política tarifaria para lograr que esta sea un pilar de desarrollo del sector y de cambio hacia mejores servicios que cubran a toda la población.
Infraestructura privada: Diez mandamientos para su sostenibilidad
Authors: Vives Antonio
Published: March 2024

La pérdida de calidad de los servicios de infraestructura asociada con la participación del sector público llevaron en la década de los 70 al comienzo de una ola de desregulación y privatización. Ahora estamos en plena ola. La pregunta, que no tiene respuesta evidente, es si trata de una moda o si es un proceso irreversible. Si se desea hacer duradero, deben observarse una serie de condiciones que en este trabajo proponemos como los diez mandamientos para la sostenibilidad de la infraestructura privada. Antes de presentarlos, se analizan las razones por las cuales los países deciden incorporar al sector privado en la provisión de infraestructuras y un breve repaso de las modalidades de participación del sector privado y de las consecuencias de esa participación en las relaciones entre las tres partes: gobierno, sector privado y usuarios o público consumidor.
Impacto de cultivos ilícitos en pueblos indígenas: El caso de Colombia
Authors: Perafán Carlos César
Published: March 2024

La presente publicación es el resumen de un estudio sobre el impacto de los cultivos ilícitos entre las comunidades indígenas de Colombia. El trabajo analiza la realidad de los indígenas de Colombia, que se encuentran en una encrucijada entre la extrema pobreza y el cultivo de los narcóticos. Entender no sólo las razones económicas, sino también la racionalidad cultural, puede ofrecer pautas para la búsqueda de alternativas económicamente viables y culturalmente aceptables. El trabajo describe la forma en que la cultura tradicional indígena, su visión del mundo y la lucha por mantener su identidad, sugieren una estrategia para eliminar esos cultivos sin recurrir a medidas extremas o a costosos programas como la sustitución de cultivos o las compensaciones monetarias. Está basado en el informe final de los estudios realizados como preparación del Proyecto de Desarrollo Alternativo (PLANTE).
¿Pueden las políticas de los mercados financieros reducir la desigualdad del ingreso?
Authors: Westley Glenn D.
Published: March 2024

En este documento, se abordan cómo se puede desarrollar más el sector micro financiero de un país y qué impacto podría tener esto en la distribución del ingreso de dicho país. Recopila argumentos y datos sustanciales para respaldar el punto de vista de que al mejorar el acceso de las micro y pequeñas empresas a los servicios financieros se podría ejercer un efecto beneficioso importante en la distribución del ingreso de un país. Se concluye que si tenemos el propósito de reducir la desigualdad en América Latina mediante el aumento del ingreso de los pobres que perciben un ingreso, gran parte de nuestros esfuerzos deberán concentrarse en los propietarios y empleados de microempresas.
El BID y la promoción de la empresarialidad: Lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones para nuevos programas
Authors: Angelelli Pablo , Llisterri Juan J.
Published: March 2024

El objetivo de este documento es estudiar la experiencia del BID en la promoción de empresarialidad en América Latina, a fin de extraer lecciones y recomendaciones para apoyar el proceso de difusión de estas políticas en la región. Entre 1995 y 2002, el BID financió 42 programas para promover la creación de empresas, nueve de las cuales se concentraron en innovaciones en el sistema educativo; el desarrollo de servicios sostenibles de capacitación e incubación; y el fortalecimiento de redes de contactos empresariales. Se presentan las características y resultados de dichos programas en las primeras dos secciones. El resto de los proyectos, que se analizan en la cuarta sección, buscan desarrollar mercados de capital de riesgo para nuevas y pequeñas empresas. En la última sección del presente trabajo, se comparan los aspectos centrales de los programas explorados y se evalúa bajo qué condiciones puede ser más conveniente plantear estrategias más integrales de promoción de la empresarialidad.
Apoyo a la innovación tecnológica en América Central: La experiencia del Fondo para la Modernización Tecnológica y Empresarial de Panamá
Authors: Angelelli Pablo , Gligo Nicolo
Published: March 2024

En el presente documento se evalúan los resultados de una reciente experiencia de apoyo a la innovación en Centroamérica, el Fondo para la Modernización Tecnológica y Empresarial de Panamá (FOMOTEC), y se los compara con los del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Productivo de Chile (FONTEC). A partir de ello se identifican lecciones y recomendaciones de política para el diseño de políticas de innovación tecnológica en la pequeña empresa, en particular para los países de América Latina y el Caribe con menos experiencia en este tema.
Fomento de la integración productiva en América Latina y el Caribe: Sugerencias para la formulación de proyectos
Authors: Dini Marco , Guaipatín Carlos , Rivas Gonzalo
Published: March 2024

En los últimos años, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo ha jugado un papel muy activo en la promoción de la competitividad de la región. Esta lógica se basa en el supuesto de que las empresas, cooperando entre ellas y con instituciones públicas y privadas, pueden desarrollar ventajas competitivas que serían imposibles de alcanzar en forma aislada. En este documento nos hemos propuesto revisar, analizar y documentar la experiencia actual del Banco en esta materia con la intención de generar un acervo de conocimiento útil para mejorar el diseño y la ejecución de futuros proyectos.
Relato de cuatro programas de banca comunal: Mejores prácticas en América Latina
Authors: Westley Glenn D.
Published: March 2024

En este documento se examinan los elementos principales de la tecnología de banca comunal y cómo ésta ha flexibilizado sus características rígidas iniciales desde su introducción en los años 80, en particular en cuatro instituciones líderes de banca comunal en América Latina. Luego se examina la manera en que este proceso de liberalización puede continuar llevándose a cabo en el futuro y formula numerosas recomendaciones en materia de mejores prácticas y de política para lograrlo.
Indicateurs de performance pour les institutions de microfinance: Guide technique: 2e edition
Authors: Jansson Tor , von Stauffenberg Damian , Kenyon Naomi , Abrams Julie , Abate Frank
Published: March 2024

Les indicateurs présentés dans ce Guide ont été regroupés en quatre catégories principales: qualité du portefeuille, efficacité et productivité, gestion financière et rentabilité. Bien entendu, d'autres aspects peuvent aussi éclairer sur la performance des institutions de microfinance et, même pour chacune des catégories citées, il existe bien d'autres mesures de performance. Cependant, ce Guide n'a pas pour vocation d'être complet et détaillé, il présente seulement les indicateurs les plus pertinents qui, pris ensemble, donnent une vue d'ensemble raisonnable sur la performance, le niveau de risque et la situation financière d'une institution de microfinance.
Informe MERCOSUL No. 7 (2000-2001)
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

A despeito das manifestações governamentais de que nos próximos anos o MERCOSUL deverá continuar desempenhando um papel protagônico na estratégia de inserção internacional dos países membros, o que se constata atualmente é uma perda de funcionalidade do processo. É obvio que a crise atual está longe de ser superada. Também é imprescindível salientar que as enormes dificuldades enfrentadas pelo MERCOSUL não decorrem apenas de mudanças nas condições de competitividade promovidas pela desvalorização da moeda brasileira ou pela fragilidade econômica argentina. Há, sem dúvida, diversas outras questões e impasses, de maior envergadura, que entravam e ameaçam o futuro do projeto de integração.
Análise do mercado de remessas: Portugal/Brasil
Authors: Marques António Vasco , Peixoto João
Published: March 2024

Estudo para o conhecimento do mercado de remessas de imigrantes de Portugal para o Brasil. O estudo inclui as tendências e características actuais da imigração brasileira em Portugal e o contexto regulador do mercado.
Dimensões da inclusão e exclusão política no Brasil: Gênero e raça
Authors: Htun Mala
Published: March 2024

Documento analisa a inclusão política de mulheres e de afro-descendentes no Brasil. Uma das sociedades com maior desigualdade no mundo, o Brasil é estratificado por gênero, raça e etnia, tanto na esfera política quanto em outras esferas. Apesar de as mulheres terem obtido ganhos significativos nas últimas décadas, a lacuna social existente entre negros e brancos tem se mantido relativamente constante. Esse fato se reflete nas políticas de participação política.
A governança corporativa em empresas de água e saneamento
Authors: Cuéllar Boada Fidel H.
Published: March 2024

Esta nota técnica contém uma metodologia para promover a adoção sistemática de boas práticas de governança corporativa por parte de empresas prestadoras de serviços de água potável e saneamento - especialmente empresas de propriedade estatal - na América Latina e no Caribe com base nas experiências de projetos apoiados pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento e em outros casos relevantes de empresas que prestam serviços de abastecimento de água, coleta e tratamento de esgotos. A metodologia serve para avaliar o estágio de implementação de práticas de governança corporativa nas empresas e para facilitar seu desenvolvimento progressivo ou plano de ação em etapas sucessivas. A metodologia introduz também o marco teórico, a fim de que a governança corporativa nas empresas de água e saneamento contribua para o uso eficiente e sustentável dos recursos da empresa e para que o investimento social em água e saneamento na região contribua para a consecução das Metas do Milênio.
Country Program Evaluation: The Bahamas (2001-2008)
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This Country Program Evaluation covers two Bank strategies that spanned from 2001 to 2008. The Bahamas has the highest per capita income of any borrowing member of the Bank. The country's social indicators are not, however, commensurate with its level of income and the pattern of social and economic development varies substantially across the islands. Between 2001 and 2008, the Bank approved two Country Strategies (CSs). During the first strategy, CS 2001-2002, only one loan was approved. CS 2003-2007 was informed by the recommendations of the previous CPE. Although the development objectives of this strategy mirrored those of CS 2001, it differed in several important ways. First, it shifted the Bank's strategic focus away from infrastructure expansion, towards pressing challenges in health, education, youth, poverty, and environmental management. Second, it emphasized "smaller projects with high technical assistance content." Third, it was believed that the concentration on smaller projects would allow the Bank to address a wider range of development challenges than it had in the past, another CPE recommendation, "while remaining within the constraints of the capital program."
Country Program Evaluation: Barbados (2005-2009)
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This report (RE-369) presents an evaluation of the Bank's Country Program in Barbados over the period 2005-2009. The evaluation is organized in the following chapters: Chapter I provides an overview of the structure of the Barbadian economy, developments that took place over the period of review, and the development challenges faced by the country. Chapter II describes and evaluates the Bank's programming intent for the country based on two evaluative criteria: relevance and coherence. Chapter III reviews the delivery of the Bank's program; and Chapter IV examines the developmental effectiveness of the program in areas identified by the strategy. In conclusion, Chapter V presents the general findings of the evaluation, and recommendations for future Bank programming and action in the country.
Evaluation of MIF Projects: Financial Reform & Capital Markets
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This evaluation (MIF/GN-78-4) measures the performance of MIF projects in the areas of financial reform and capital markets development. MIF operations are judged for their consistency with country priorities, Bank policy and a set of project design characteristics desired by the MIF. The report is organized as follows: Chapter One describes the policy, institutional and legal/regulatory environment when the MIF began operations in the early 1990s. Chapter Two reviews the evolution of MIF strategies in the financial and capital market areas. Chapter Three summarizes the results of an in-depth evaluation of the fifty-one financial reform and capital market projects. Chapter Four presents a compilation of the findings and conclusions derived from the evaluation of MIF activities in the financial reform and capital market clusters.
Evaluation Report: An Evaluation of UNDP Participation in the Execution of Bank-funded Operations
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This report (RE-240) by the Evaluation Office presents the findings of an evaluation of the cooperation between the Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the execution of Bank-funded programs. The evaluation reviewed the UNDP's role in project execution and identified issues that warrant further discussion in the interest of increasing development effectiveness and optimizing the benefits of the collaboration for both the Borrowers and the Bank. Information for this study was gathered from IDB project documents and execution reports, UNDP project documents, completed questionnaires soliciting the views of Bank and UNDP field staff on the relationship at the country level, and interviews with more than 50 government, UNDP and Bank officials. Four countries -Argentina, Bolivia, Peru and Panama- were selected for the in-country fieldwork, because each had several ongoing Bank loans and/or technical assistance operations on which the UNDP was collaborating in project execution.
Oversight Review of the IDB's Project Monitoring Review, the Mid-Term Evaluation, and the Project Completion Report
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

The monitoring , classification, and evaluation of the implementation process of the Bank's projects has been in place for several years already. The purpose of this report ( RE-247 ) is to present to the Board the current status of the three main instruments that are part of the monitoring and evaluation of Bank's projects. This is part of the oversight functions of OVE. Report on monitoring the performance of projects, midterm and completion reports : the conclusions that have been reached through OVE evaluations of three major components of the project supervision of the Bank. After examining separately each of these instruments, the findings and data are discussed in a more detail in order to determine how the various components relate to each other and combine to form a coherent and useful system.
Country Program Evaluation: Guyana (1989-2001)
Authors: Soldano Miguel , Ávalos Nayda , Linares Ana María , Rose Jonathan , Oliveira Patricia , Maciel Odette , Palomino Alejandro , Sadeghi Patricia
Published: March 2024

This Evaluation (RE-266) covers the period from 1989 to 2001. The IDB has played an important role in meeting Guyana's financial needs, especially since 1995. The instruments chosen were mainly project and sector loans, technical assistance and debt relief. Non-financial products were scarce as the need for financial support increased. The programming exercise has been closely coordinated with other multilateral organizations. The larger issue is whether the fulfillment of financial requirements has been accompanied by progress in Guyana's ability to regain the path to economic development. Hence, this report explores that issue in analyzing the implementation and effectiveness of the Bank's program.
Instruments and Development: An Evaluation of IDB Lending Modalities
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

The basic objective of this evaluation (RE-300) is to review the range of Bank instruments with respect to the issues of development effectiveness posed by the Governors. The evaluation focus on the instruments themselves, rather than on the specific operations each instrument has financed. The goal is to understand the possibilities and constraints inherent in each instrument and to examine how these characteristics influence the capacity of the instrument to be effective in meeting the development needs of the borrowers. Data for the evaluation has been drawn from a desk review of operational policies and loan documents, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's thematic and country program evaluations, and the evaluative findings relating to similar instruments in other institutions. Data for the study has also been drawn from the self-evaluations made by Management provided in the various proposals for revision to the rules applicable to individual lending instruments.
Evaluability Review of Bank Projects 2009
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This report has demonstrated a curious paradox: the term "evaluability" has become central to the Bank's understanding of how projects should be designed, but the actual evaluability of projects has deteriorated markedly when measured using a consistent methodology applied to three cohorts of projects: those of 2001, 2005 and 2009.
Country Program Evaluation: Costa Rica (2006-2010)
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

The Bank's country strategy with Costa Rica 2006-2010 correctly identified the country's main development challenges in 2006 (the baseline used by the Bank to prepare the strategy): the difficulty of forging linkages between the most dynamic sectors and the rest of the economy as a result of differences in productivity, the lack of infrastructure,asymmetries in the business climate, and problems of access to financing; the widening gap between the demands of the more dynamic labor markets and the education system's capacity to provide those workers; and weakening of the government's capacity to finance investments as a result of a low tax burden and expenditure rigidities. Those challenges are contained in the six primary development constraints identified by the Government of Costa Rica in its Plan Nacional de Desarrollo [National Development Plan] 2006-2010 (PND) and are validated by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) using reports prepared by the Programa Estado de la Nación [State of the Nation Plan] and diagnostic assessments made by other authors: (i) inability to reduce the poverty rate in prior years and an increase in levels of inequality; (ii) inability of the economy to produce a sufficient number of formal, well-paid jobs; (iii) slow growth in years of schooling of the population and low enrollment in senior high school; (iv) deterioration of the public safety situation and an increase in crime and drug trafficking; (v) limited effectiveness of the government¿s actions; and (vi) poor condition of the country's transportation infrastructure. This evaluation assesses the degree to which the IDB was successful in supporting these objectives.
IDB-9: Combating Fraud and Corruption
Authors: Atuesta Laura , Schijman Agustina , Schiavo-Campo Salvatore , Gray Cheryl
Published: March 2024

This report reviews the implementation of the measures the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB or Bank) has taken in the three strategic pillars of the anticorruption agenda: (i) strengthen the prevention of fraud and corruption in Bank operations; (ii) support transparency and anticorruption efforts in the Region; and (iii) ensure high ethical standards for Bank staff. The Bank has taken several actions in the first and third pillars. To help prevent corruption, the IDB has eliminated the overlap of policy and investigations by creating an Anticorruption Policy Committee and giving more independence to the Office of Institutional Integrity, and by establishing a new sanctions structure with greater clarity and stronger accountability. In addition, the 2011 cross-debarment agreement with other multilateral development banks has enhanced the impact of sanctions the IDB may impose. To help ensure internal integrity, the Bank has revised its Code of Ethics and whistleblower policy, improved the enforcement capacity of the Ethics Office, streamlined accountability relationship, and taken various other actions to bring the system up to good international practice. The second pillar, however -even recognizing that most Bank interventions to improve public management and strengthen institutions can have a positive impact on governance and anticorruption- has received limited recognition and support, partly as the result of crowding out by other development priorities and of limited country demand. In preventing corruption in Bank projects and in fostering staff integrity, the new structure is a major improvement over the one built piecemeal in previous years. This report advances various suggestions, of which the most important is for an external review of the Bank staff rules, particularly to sharpen managers¿ authority and accountability for ensuring a respectful workplace environment. In these two pillars, however, the priority is to consolidate the sound organizational and institutional changes that have been made. For the second pillar, enhancing governance and anticorruption efforts in member countries will require more assertive Bank support from the top, the assignment of greater priority and resources to programs to foster transparency and accountability, and closer intersectoral coordination.
Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2012: Differing Behavior Across Subregions
Authors: Maldonado René , Hayem María Luisa
Published: March 2024

This paper provides information about the amount of remittances received by countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in 2012. The authors state that this number is nearly the same as in the previous year, resulting in a practically null rate of growth at the regional level. Since the final quarter of 2008, rising unemployment in traditional remittance-sending countries such as the United States, Spain, and Japan, along with the resulting reduction in income of the LAC migrants living in those countries, led to an unprecedented drop in remittances to the region. Remittance flows began to stabilize in 2010, followed by a slight period of recovery in 2011. Nonetheless, the data from 2012 once again show stagnation in growth, with the total value of remittances received by countries in LAC measured at US $61.3 billion.
Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Paraguay (2009-2013)
Authors: Soldano Miguel , Martin Lucia , Corrales Maria Elena , Puerta Juan Manuel , Vera Diego , Azuara Herrera Oliver
Published: March 2024

This approach paper defines the scope and content of the Paraguay country program evaluation (CPE) for the period 2009-2013. This is the third time the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) has provided an independent look at the Bank¿s program with Paraguay. The current evaluation covers the 2009-2013 period, which saw an intensification of the agricultural export model and showed early signs of new opportunities, challenges, and vulnerabilities.
Approach Paper: Climate Change and IDB: Building Resilience and Reducing Emissions
Authors: Medieta María Paula , Marto Ricardo , Gonzalez Diez Verónica M. , Suarez David , Corrales Maria Elena , Molina Adriana , Scholl Lynn , Puerta Juan Manuel , Verner Dorte , Morales Carlos , Alvarez Prado Lourdes
Published: March 2024

This evaluation from the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) documents and draws lessons from what the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has done over the past decade with a view to making a strong future contribution to increasing climate-change resilience and reducing GHG emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The evaluation will be organized into three sections and nine chapters. The first section will address the big picture, including climate change challenges and what the IDB is doing to support countries in overcoming these challenges. The second section will address the adaptation and mitigation interventions and actions that the IDB has supported through loans and TC operations in key sectors and areas, taking into consideration mainstreaming and any associated co-benefits, when possible. The final section will assess project performance and results to gauge whether or not projects are economically and environmentally sustainable and whether the promoted techniques are robust to evolving climatic conditions.
Approach Paper: Sustainability of Water and Sanitation Interventions in Rural Areas. Water Supply and Sanitation Program for Small Communities
Authors: Puerta Juan Manuel , Corrales Maria Elena , Alvarez Lourdes
Published: March 2024

The objective of the evaluation is to measure the sustainability of the Bank's interventions in the supply of water and sanitation services financed by the Water Supply and Sanitation Program for Small Communities (PR-0118). The evaluation starts by considering that, in order to achieve the development goals associated with the expansion of water and sanitation services, the sustainability of these services-understood as the long-term maintenance of the quality of the service provided in the interventions-must be guaranteed at the technical, financial, and operational level. Once this quality can be sustained over time, it will be possible to improve the population¿s conditions, particularly in terms of health indicators. Accordingly, the evaluation seeks to identify the factors and good practices that can be correlated with higher levels of sustainability of the systems that were constructed. The scope of the evaluation includes 100 water and sanitation interventions in rural communities financed by the program in the eastern region of Paraguay.
Strategies to Professionalize the Civil Service: Lessons from the Dominican Republic
Authors: Schuster Christian
Published: March 2024

Drawing on a case study of recent reforms in the Dominican Republic, this technical note derives lessons about strategies to professionalize the civil service. As in other countries with less professionalized civil services, the Dominican Republic's political economy is biased against reform: promises of public employment tend to be important to successful electoral mobilization. Nonetheless, passage of a new public service law and its partial implementation were achieved. The case study finds that the construction of a broad societal coalition demanding reform may account for this puzzle. For legislative approval, alliance formation extended to not only traditional reform allies, such as the international community, NGOs, business associations, the media, progressive governing legislators and a politically influential minister, but also novel allies, including opposition parties. Reform implementation was fostered by the periodic and well-publicized societal monitoring of an achievable set of reform objectives aligned with the strategic priorities of the Ministry of Public Administration. As a result, political incentives were tilted towards legal reform passage and incremental compliance in civil service subsystems such as organizational structures, information systems and training not perceived as threatening to core electoral mobilization interests, yet not in more politically contentious subsystems, such as recruitment and selection. The case study underscores the desirability of constructing broad societal coalitions to enable civil service professionalization particularly in contexts where potential societal veto actors with vested interests, such as public sector unions, are largely absent. It also underscores the continued weight of political economy constraints in conditioning the subsystems in which civil service reform implementation may be achieved.
Hydro-BID: An Integrated System for Modeling Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources. Part 2
Authors: Miralles-Wilhelm Fernando , Moreda Fekadu , Muñoz Castillo Raúl
Published: March 2024

As part of its commitment to assist member countries in adapting to climate change, the IDB sponsors work to develop and implement an integrated set of watershed simulation tools known as Hydro-BID. The Hydro-BID Simulation System includes hydrological and climatic analysis modules to estimate the availability (volumes and flows) of fresh water at regional scales, of basins and sub-basins. It also includes economic analyses and decision-making tools to estimate the costs and benefits of adaptation measures and help decision-makers choose between alternative designs of infrastructure projects and water resources management policies.
Food Security in LAC: Evaluation of the Focus of the IDB's Agriculture Portfolio: Annex 1
Authors: Rose Jonathan , Valdés Conroy Héctor , Mendieta Umaña Maria Paula
Published: March 2024

This is the first of seven detailed reports published with the evaluation Review of the Bank's Support to Agriculture, 2002-2014: Evidence from Key Thematic Areas, conducted by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE). This first annex analyses food security as an IDB strategic objective and reviews the agricultural sector portfolio and its relationship with food security.
Country Program Evaluation: Uruguay 2010-2015
Authors: Hernández María José , Linares Ana María , Britton Kathryn , Tetreault Alayna , Beltrán Víctor , Schijman Agustina , Sembler Jose Ignacio , Palomino Alejandro , Scholl Lynn , Ramirez Santiago , Guerrero Alejandro , Fevre Chloe
Published: March 2024

As part of its 2015 annual work plan, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) has prepared the Bank's country program evaluation (CPE) with Uruguay for the period 2010-2015. This CPE is the third occasion on which OVE has evaluated the Bank's country program with Uruguay. The previous evaluations covered the periods 1991-2004 (document RE-312) and 2005-2009 (document RE-389). The evaluation is organized into four chapters plus annexes. Chapter I looks at the general context of the country. Chapter II analyzes the Bank's program in 2010-2015 from a general standpoint, looking in particular at the country strategy's relevance, and analyzes the program as implemented. Chapter III analyzes, from a sector perspective, the implementation, effectiveness, and sustainability of the operations and the level of progress toward the Bank's strategic objectives. Chapter IV sets out the conclusions and recommendations. The analysis of the documentation and data was supplemented by interviews with various actors involved in implementation of the program, including government authorities, Bank staff, execution units, and multilateral agencies active in the country.
Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Haiti (2011-2015)
Authors: Biau Julie , Gonzalez Diez Verónica M. , Corrales Maria Elena , Alcántara Rafael , Crespo Anna Risi Vianna , Cabrera Maria , Michelitsch Roland , Khadr Ali , Vargas Felipe , Huppi Monika , Celse L'Hoste Margareth
Published: March 2024

As part of its 2015 annual work plan, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) is preparing the evaluation of the Bank's country program with Haiti for the period 2011-2015. This paper sets out the proposed approach and methodology for the planned Country Program Evaluation (CPE), OVE's third for Haiti.
Guidance for Assessing and Managing Biodiversity Impacts and Risks in Inter-American Development Bank Supported Operations
Authors: Pilla Ernani , Corrales Denis , Josse Carmen , Dixon John A. , Canfield Eloise , Factor Seth , Huppman Reed , Atkinson Rachel , Rees Colin , Rice Dick , Radford Greg , Villalba Alberto , Hardner Jared J. , Hausman Heidi , Hawken Iona , Watkins Graham George , Quintero Juan David , Langstroth Robert
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this document is to provide clients-borrowers, project sponsors, and executing agencies-of the Inter-American Development Bank with guidance, in accord with Bank safeguard policies, to address the impacts of projects and programs on biodiversity. This document is a work in progress based on the safeguard policies of the Bank and best practices in the assessment and management of the impacts of development on biodiversity; it is a dynamic document that will be updated based on experiences in implementation.
How does Prospera Work?: Best Practices in the Implementation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Dávila Lárraga Laura G.
Published: March 2024

The Social Inclusion Program PROSPERA is the Mexico's conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, launched in 2014 after its predecessors: the Program for Human Development Oportunidades, and the Program for Education, Health, and Nutrition (Progresa), which entered into force in 2002 and 1997, respectively. In order to determine the eligibility of the households, a proxy means test is applied, based on the data gathered through the Survey of Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Households (Encuesta de Características Socioeconómicas y Demográficas de los Hogares - ENCASEH), which is answered by a responsible person in the household. Once the families have been accepted in the program, they must comply with their health and education-related co-responsibilities, which compliance is checked once every two months. In order to carry out these actions, the Prospera National Coordination Office (Coordinación Nacional de Prospera), which is in charge of managing the program, and the Secretariats of Public Education and Health allow the certification of compliance with education and healthcare-related actions, as well as the delivery of benefits on a two-month period basis through the payment points. By the end of 2014, 6,129,125 households were receiving benefits from the program. This document is part of a series of studies carried out in several countries of Latin America and the Caribbean with the objective of systematizing understanding of the operations of CCTs. The other case studies are available on the IDB´s Conditional Cash Transfers website.
Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Guyana 2012-2016
Authors: Rose Jonathan , Soldano Miguel , Maciel Odette , Linares Ana María , Vargas Patricia , Fryer Michelle , Sadeghi Patricia
Published: March 2024

As part of its 2016 annual work plan, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) is preparing the evaluation of the Inter-American Development Bank country program with Guyana for the period July 2012-November 2016. This paper sets out the proposed approach and methodology for the planned Country Program Evaluation, OVE's fourth for Guyana.
Country Program Evaluation: Suriname 2011-2015
Authors: Hernández María José , Fryer Michelle , Vargas María José , Alonso Pablo , Conroy Hector , Maciel Odette , Molina Adriana , Scholl Lynn , Sadeghi Patricia , Pires Jose Claudio Linhares , Stone Leslie F.
Published: March 2024

This document presents an evaluation by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) of the Country Program of the Inter-American Development Bank with Suriname over the period 2011-2015. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) is the third independent evaluation of the Bank's program with Suriname.
The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Levy Alberto , Valencia J. Adriana M. , Yépez-García Ariel
Published: March 2024

The analysis is informed by the particular circumstances and needs of each country, as well as by the goals of key regional energy integration initiatives. The energy sector is referred to here as all economic activities related to the use of renewable and nonrenewable resources for the production, delivery, and consumption of energy in its various forms, such as electricity, heat, or fuels for further processing, as well as the optimization of energy use through energy efficiency and conservation. To approach this complex set of relationships, this document presents the challenges of the sector in the region, recognizing that they are interrelated and have varying levels of importance depending on the country in question.
Designing an Employer Skills Survey: Notes on How to Develop a Survey to Meet a Range of Policy Issues Relating to the Demand for, and the Supply of, Skills
Authors: Hogarth Terence
Published: March 2024

Increasingly, skills are seen as a key component of competitiveness. Employer Skill Surveys (ESS) have an important role to play in: (i) demonstrating the skills that are in most demand and where shortages are evident; and, (ii) understanding the rationale employers provide for investing or not investing in the skills of their workforce. This paper reviews evidence from the UK and other countries and regions that have long experience in developing ESS with the aim of helping countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to design a suitable and effective survey.
Approach Paper: Production, Use and Influence of IDB's Impact-Evaluations
Authors: Azuara Herrera Oliver , Crespo Anna Risi Vianna , Gonzalez Diez Verónica M. , Palomino Alejandro , Rivera Johanan , Alejandre Florencia
Published: March 2024

The objective of the evaluation is to analyze the production, use and influence of the Impact Evaluations (IE) included in IDB loan, technical cooperation (TC), and economic and sector work (ESW) operations approved between 2006 and 2016. OVE will analyze not only the production of IEs and the system in place for this purpose, but also the use and influence of the completed evaluations. OVE will also take into consideration the evolution of the IE proposed over time, by analyzing the proposals included in the loan documents, TCs and ESWs.
The IDB and Technology in Education: How to Promote Effective Programs?
Authors: Arias Ortiz Elena , Cristia Julian P.
Published: March 2024

Today, there is a general consensus about the fact that a high level of learning is important for economic growth. However, students in Latin America and the Caribbean have lower scores on standardized learning tests compared to other countries at similar stages of economic development, and much lower than that of the best performing countries. So how does the use of technology in education can help increase student learning? New technologies open opportunities to increase student learning and have the potential to reduce gaps between socioeconomic groups. Governments in the region, aware of the opportunities and challenges of technology, have made significant investments in increasing student access to computers and the internet mainly through delivery models like one to one. Between 2006 and 2012, 20 of the 26 IDB member borrowers have promoted such initiatives and have distributed nearly 10 million laptops in public schools throughout the region. However, evidence suggests that infrastructure and technology are necessary but not sufficient conditions and should be geared specifically towards improving learning. The key question is: how can we design and implement effective technology to improve children learning? The objective of this technical note is to describe the principles that will guide the operational and analytical work of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in the area of technology in education to promote effective programs that will enhance the skills of students in Latin America and the Caribbean.
GobernArte: El arte del buen gobierno: Experiencias innovadoras de gobiernos subnacionales en la gestión de trámites para ciudadanos y empresas
Authors: Vásquez María Inés ,   Inter American Development Bank, Pareja Alejandro , Barros Alejandro , Alvim Camargo Thiago
Published: March 2024

En esta nota técnica se describen tres procesos innovadores conducidos por gobiernos subnacionales para la mejora de la gestión de trámites para ciudadanos y empresas. Los casos presentados son el "Modelo Colima: innovación integral de servicios en beneficio de ciudadanos" (Colima - México); el "Centro Integral de Servicios" (Puebla - México), y el "Programade Soluciones Integrales de la Junta Comercial de Pernambuco" (Pernambuco - Brasil). A partir de la descripción de estos casos se identifican los principales resultados alcanzados por estos gobiernos y su impacto en los ciudadanos y empresas de sus respectivos Estados. Asimismo, se rescatan aspectos que pueden servir de ejemplo para otros gobiernos y se puntualizan algunos de los desafíos que estos procesos innovadores deben afrontar para su consolidación.
Financing Tourism Certification Programs
Authors: Bien Amos , Honey Martha , Rome Abigail , Russillo Aimee , Crabtree Alice
Published: March 2024

This guide is part of a series of practical, how-to handbooks on sustainable tourism certification. These handbooks are based on research and reports done by the Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) and The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) as part of a certification project directed by the Rainforest Alliance and funded by the IDB/MIF.