bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulations of the equatorial thermosphere anomaly: Field‐aligned ion drag effect
Authors: Lei Jiuhou , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Wang Wenbin , Richmond Arthur D. , Roble Raymond , Luan Xiaoli , Dou Xiankang , Xue Xianghui , Li Tao
Published: December 2011

In this paper the impact of the field‐aligned ion drag on equatorial thermosphere temperature and density is quantitatively investigated on the basis of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR TIEGCM) simulations under high solar activity (F107 = 180). The increase of upward vertical winds over the magnetic equator associated with the additional divergence of meridional winds, caused by the inclusion of field‐aligned ion drag, leads to a reduction in thermosphere temperature and density at the magnetic equator through enhanced adiabatic cooling. We found that the field‐aligned ion drag has an obvious impact on the thermosphere only over the magnetic equatorial region in the daytime and evening sectors, whereas it has less effect on the equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) crests. The daytime neutral temperature over the magnetic equator is reduced by about 30 K, for altitudes above 250 km without significant altitudinal variations, when field‐aligned ion drag is included in the simulation. The thermosphere density in the magnetic equatorial region starts to change slightly at 300 km and depletes by about 5% at 400 km, while experiencing a greater decrease with altitude. Furthermore, the trough produced in the neutral temperature and density corresponds well with the magnetic dip equator. The ETA features during 12:00–18:00 LT become obvious as a result of the inclusion of the field‐aligned ion drag. Specifically, our results show that at 400 km the crest‐trough differences in neutral temperature are about 30–60 K, and the crest‐trough ratios in thermosphere density are 1.03–1.06, comparable with observations.
On seasonal signals in geodetic time series
Authors: Davis James L. , Wernicke Brian P. , Tamisiea Mark E.
Published: December 2011

We explore implications for modeling and noise analysis of stochastic seasonal processes of climatic origin in geodetic time series. Seasonal signals are generally modeled as sinusoids with annual periods (and harmonics thereof), each with constant amplitude and phase. However, environmental noise that underlies the seasonal signal in geodetic time series has a reddened power spectral density (PSD). We investigate the form of the PSD of a time series having a stochastic seasonal component and find that for frequencies greater than the nominal seasonal frequency, the PSD of the time series reflects the PSD of the seasonal amplitudes. For example, if the PSD of the seasonal amplitudes can be expressed as an inverse power law, then the PSD of the time series will behave as an inverse power law for high frequencies. Stochastic seasonal variability will also induce a peak near the nominal seasonal frequency in addition to that of the mean seasonal signal and will be relatively flat below this frequency. It is therefore possible that some of the noise in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) time series reported by others may be associated with neglecting the stochastic component of the seasonal signal. We use a GNSS time series from site ZIMM as an example to demonstrate the existence of a variable seasonal signal (without attributing its cause), and we use an example Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) time series from Alaska to demonstrate that use of a nonstochastic seasonal model can have a significant impact on the value and uncertainty of time‐variable rates estimated from the time series.
Deterministic individual-based cellular automata modelling of single species population dynamics
Authors: Kalmykov Lev , Kalmykov Vyacheslav
Published: December 2011

This presentation was created to characterise foundations of cellular automata modelling of single species population dynamics. We show models of single species population growth based on deterministic birth-death-regeneration process and demonstrate a relationship between fecundity rate and population growth rate. Our models provide mechanistic simulation of logistic-like and double logistic-like curves of population growth that is not possible in the classical Verhulst model (logistic growth model). This method is deterministic individual-based and is based on logical “if-then” statements only. As this method is bottom-up mechanistic and provides a direct visual insight into dynamics of complex systems, we used it to study mechanisms of interspecific competition in further experiments.
Strain-compensation measurement and simulation of InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum wells by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy using wafer-curvature
Authors: Ma ShaoJun , Sodabanlu Hassanet , Watanabe Kentaroh , Sugiyama Masakazu , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: December 2011

Precise strain compensation for lattice-mismatched quantum wells is crucial for obtaining high performance devices such as quantum well solar cells. High-accuracy in situ curvature monitoring is a more efficient tool to adjust growth conditions for perfect strain balancing, and we have achieved curvature measurement during growth of InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum wells by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. We have also developed the curvature calculation model taking into account of thermal expansion and lattice relaxation effects based on Stoney’s equation. The measured periodical curvature behavior corresponds to the growth of compressive InGaAs well layers and tensile GaAsP barrier layers and fits perfectly with a theoretical curve assuming the structural parameters (thicknesses and atomic contents) obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis, confirming correctness of the developed calculation method. Considering the proper thermal expansion coefficients for InGaAs and GaAsP, we have obtained much accurate fitting results for measured curvature.
Capacitance study of inversion at the amorphous-crystalline interface of n-type silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Li Jian V. , Crandall Richard S. , Young David L. , Page Matthew R. , Iwaniczko Eugene , Wang Qi
Published: December 2011

We use capacitance techniques to directly measure the Fermi level at the crystalline/amorphous interface in n-type silicon heterojunction solar cells. The hole density calculated from the Fermi level position and the inferred band-bending picture show strong inversion of (n)crystalline silicon at the interface at equilibrium. Bias dependent experiments show that the Fermi level is not pinned at the interface. Instead, it moves farther from and closer to the crystalline silicon valence band under a reverse and forward bias, respectively. Under a forward bias or illumination, the Fermi level at the interface moves closer to the crystalline silicon valence band thus increases the excess hole density and band bending at the interface. This band bending further removes majority electrons away from the interface leading to lower interface recombination and higher open-circuit voltage.
Interband optical properties of silicon [001] quantum wells using a two-conduction-band k · p model
Authors: Michelini Fabienne , Ouerghi Issam
Published: December 2011

Using analytical k · p calculations, we are able to describe the zone-center interband optical properties of Si [001] quantum wells in agreement with first principle calculations. Within the k · p band formalism, we understand how the sp*-like character of the conduction band minimum determines a total anisotropy of the polarization. Similarly, its indirect gap nature generates atomic-scale oscillations of the optical matrix elements, which suggests a giant variability of the absorption. Our results are also in agreement with photoluminescence experiments on ultrathin Si/SiO2 films.
Non-invasive approaches for phenotyping of enhanced performance traits in bean
Authors: Rascher Uwe , Blossfeld Stephan , Fiorani Fabio , Jahnke Siegfried , Jansen Marcus , Kuhn Arnd J. , Matsubara Shizue , Märtin Lea L. A. , Merchant Andrew , Metzner Ralf , Müller-Linow Mark , Nagel Kerstin A. , Pieruschka Roland , Pinto Francisco , Schreiber Christina M. , Temperton Vicky M. , Thorpe Michael R. , Dusschoten Dagmar Van , Van Volkenburgh Elizabeth , Windt Carel W. , Schurr Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Plant phenotyping is an emerging discipline in plant biology. Quantitative measurements of functional and structural traits help to better understand gene–environment interactions and support breeding for improved resource use efficiency of important crops such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Here we provide an overview of state-of-the-art phenotyping approaches addressing three aspects of resource use efficiency in plants: belowground roots, aboveground shoots and transport/allocation processes. We demonstrate the capacity of high-precision methods to measure plant function or structural traits non-invasively, stating examples wherever possible. Ideally, high-precision methods are complemented by fast and high-throughput technologies. High-throughput phenotyping can be applied in the laboratory using automated data acquisition, as well as in the field, where imaging spectroscopy opens a new path to understand plant function non-invasively. For example, we demonstrate how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can resolve root structure and separate root systems under resource competition, how automated fluorescence imaging (PAM fluorometry) in combination with automated shape detection allows for high-throughput screening of photosynthetic traits and how imaging spectrometers can be used to quantify pigment concentration, sun-induced fluorescence and potentially photosynthetic quantum yield. We propose that these phenotyping techniques, combined with mechanistic knowledge on plant structure–function relationships, will open new research directions in whole-plant ecophysiology and may assist breeding for varieties with enhanced resource use efficiency varieties.
From God to good? Faith-based institutions in the secular society
Authors: Aadland Einar , Skjørshammer Morten
Published: December 2011

The concept of moralvaluesis gaining influence in contemporary faith-based institutions in secular societies, in part replacing yesterday’s religious devotion. The engagement in values expresses a moral, secularized search for meaning in life. Still, the concern for values within Christian organizations is flavored by the context of religion. Thus, workplace discussions on values include ethical reflexivity as well as ‘unchurched spiritualities’. An action research project is presented, demonstrating this shift in institutional orientation. The project was carried out in a diaconal general hospital in Oslo, Norway over a period of three years. The project addressed and enhanced general ethical sensitivity and the development of awareness of values-in-use throughout leadership and staff. In conclusion, it is argued that ‘critical value reflection’ may be a viable strategy for faith-based institutional practice, combining religious foundational goals with ideals of welfare in the secular society.
Punctuated cyclin synthesis drives early embryonic cell cycle oscillations
Authors: Kang Qing , Pomerening Joseph R.
Published: December 2011

Cyclin B activates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) at mitosis, but conflicting views have emerged on the dynamics of its synthesis during embryonic cycles, ranging from continuous translation to rapid synthesis during mitosis. Here we show that a CDK1-mediated negative-feedback loop attenuates cyclin production before mitosis. Cyclin B plateaus before peak CDK1 activation, and proteasome inhibition caused minimal accumulation during mitosis. Inhibiting CDK1 permitted continual cyclin B synthesis, whereas adding nondegradable cyclin stalled it. Cycloheximide treatment before mitosis affected neither cyclin levels nor mitotic entry, corroborating this repression. Attenuated cyclin production collaborates with its destruction, since excess cyclin B1 mRNA accelerated cyclin synthesis and caused incomplete proteolysis and mitotic arrest. This repression involved neither adenylation nor the 3′ untranslated region, but it corresponded with a shift in cyclin B1 mRNA from polysome to nonpolysome fractions. A pulse-driven CDK1–anaphase-promoting complex (APC) model corroborated these results, revealing reduced cyclin levels during an oscillation and permitting more effective removal. This design also increased the robustness of the oscillator, with lessened sensitivity to changes in cyclin synthesis rate. Taken together, the results of this study underscore that attenuating cyclin synthesis late in interphase improves both the efficiency and robustness of the CDK1-APC oscillator.
The Constraints to Escaping Rural Poverty: An Analysis of the Complementarities of Assets in Developing Countries
Authors: Foster William , Valdés Alberto , Davis Benjamin , Anríquez Gustavo
Published: December 2011

Based on Food and Agriculture Organization data for 15 developing countries, we examine household characteristics, asset bundles and income‐generating activities of the rural poor. Assets aid in exiting poverty, not independent of one another, but rather in combination. We develop an approach to estimate the complementarities between education, farm size and infrastructure. Limited access to the three assets of interest here (susceptible to medium‐ and long‐term interventions) might prevent moving a large number of small farmers out of poverty in the short‐term (even with support programs). Increased land holding often has lower poverty‐reducing potential, and when its potential is high, it is in countries where most land is divided among small operations (for example, Bangladesh). Education is confirmed as highly poverty‐alleviating, and has a high complementarity with infrastructure.
Fragmentation and Labeling of Probe DNA for Whole-Mount FISH in Drosophila
Authors: Dernburg Abby F.
Published: December 2011

Good probes for whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) must meet two criteria: The DNA fragments must be very small and they must be highly labeled. This article describes an effective labeling scheme that involves fragmenting the probe DNA and then adding a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides to the 3′ ends using the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). This method can be used to label a variety of DNA probes, regardless of their initial size (e.g., plasmid, cosmid, or P1 clones, polymerase chain reaction [PCR] products, or total genomic DNA). Short oligonucleotides may also be labeled in this way without digestion, because their small size allows them to diffuse through thick tissues. A potential advantage of end-labeling is that the modified nucleotides are not incorporated into the complementary probe sequence itself and may thus interfere less with hybridization. The free 3′ tail may also make haptens more accessible to detection reagents.
Single Fly Tethered Paradigms
Authors: van Swinderen Bruno
Published: December 2011

The most successful approaches for studying visual perception and visual learning in Drosophila have been single fly paradigms in which tethered individuals respond to different visual stimuli, as described here. The equipment and protocols involved are quite sophisticated and differ depending on whether behavior or electrophysiology will be pursued. For either approach, flies must first be secured to a metal wire. This is typically performed by first cooling flies down to 4°C and then gluing them to a copper or tungsten wire with ultraviolet (UV)-activated cement. For electrophysiology, tethering requires a few extra steps to accommodate the placement of electrodes. Prepared individuals are then placed inside a cylindrical arena where images can be presented, or in front of a computer screen or even in front of a laptop. Flight dynamics or brain activity in response to visual stimuli is recorded by using a variety of specialized and/or commercially available electronic devices.
Shooting DNA, Dyes, or Indicators into Tissue Slices Using the Gene Gun: Figure 1.
Authors: Morgan Josh L. , Kerschensteiner Daniel
Published: December 2011

Imaging and reconstruction of developing neurons require cells that are labeled in a way that distinguishes them from their neighbors. This can be achieved with ballistic labeling, which refers to the delivery of a cell label by means of carrier particles (tungsten or gold) propelled from a pressurized gun. Ballistic delivery can reach many dispersed cells in one shot and can deploy a wide variety of cell markers to neurons in diverse preparations. The three most commonly used types of ballistic labels are carbocyanine dyes, dextran-conjugated fluorescent markers, and DNA plasmids. This article describes a protocol for using a Helios Gene Gun (Bio-Rad Laboratories) to inject coated particles into cells located near the surface of a tissue preparation. Shooting particles coated with carbocyanine dyes or dextran-conjugated fluorescent markers requires that a filter be placed between the gene gun and the target tissue. The filter prevents unbound dye clumps from reaching the tissue and attenuates the pressure wave reaching the tissue. DNA-coated particles can be shot without a filter if the target cells are located near enough to the surface (<20 μm deep) for the particles to penetrate using low helium pressures (35–40 psi).
Characterization of an Opa interacting protein 5 involved in lung and esophageal carcinogenesis
Authors: Koinuma Junkichi , Akiyama Hirohiko , Fujita Masahiro , Hosokawa Masao , Tsuchiya Eiju , Kondo Satoshi , Nakamura Yusuke , Daigo Yataro
Published: December 2011

To identify potential molecular targets for diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention of lung and esophageal carcinomas, we screened for genes that were overexpressed in tumors through gene expression analyses of 120 lung cancers and 19 esophageal squamous‐cell carcinomas using a cDNA microarray consisting of 27 648 cDNA or expressed sequence tags. In this process, we identified a gene, Opa interacting protein 5 (OIP5), to be highly transactivated in the majority of lung and esophageal cancers. Immunohistochemical staining using 336 archived non‐small cell lung cancers and 305 esophageal squamous‐cell carcinomas specimens demonstrated that OIP5 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis of lung and esophageal cancer patients (P = 0.0053 and 0.0168, respectively), and multivariate analysis confirmed its independent prognostic value for non‐small cell lung cancers (P = 0.0112). Suppression of OIP5 expression with siRNA effectively suppressed the growth of cancer cells, whereas the exogenous expression of OIP5 enhanced the growth of cancer cells. In addition, OIP5 protein is likely to be stabilized through its interaction with Raf1. OIP5 is a promising target for developing new prognostic biomarkers and anti‐cancer drugs. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 577–586)
Stromal cells from term fetal membrane are highly suppressive in allogeneic settings in vitro
Authors: Karlsson H , Erkers T , Nava S , Ruhm S , Westgren M , Ringdén O
Published: December 2011

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used to treat steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in stem cell transplant patients. Cells with similar capacities can also be found in term placental tissue. We have isolated stromal cells from term fetal membrane (FMSCs), umbilical cords (UCSCs) and placental villi (PVSCs) as well as from bone marrow and compared their immunoregulatory capacity in allogeneic settings. We found that FMSCs and UCSCs suppressed proliferation significantly in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), whereas PVSCs showed inconsistent suppressive effects. When added to MLR cultures, FMSCs suppressed the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whereas UCSCs and PVSCs promoted the production of IL-17 instead. Secretion of IL-10 was increased after addition of FMSCs and UCSCs. In this setting, BM-MSCs had no significant effect on secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17 or IL-10 in MLR cultures. When analysing the expression of adhesion markers, we noted that FMSCs expressed the highest levels of CD29 (β1), CD49d (α4) and CD54 (ICAM-1) compared to the other types of stromal cells. Thus, our data indicate that stromal cells isolated from term fetal membrane have great immunosuppressive capacity in terms of proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines from alloreactive T cells, and also promote anti-inflammatory IL-10. They express high levels of integrins that may be of importance in homing to inflamed tissues. Fetal membrane may provide a valuable source of cells with immunosuppressive properties and could possibly be used for treatment of acute GVHD and other inflammatory disorders.
Developmental Programming: Prenatal Androgen Exposure Alters the Gonadotroph Population of the Ovine Pituitary Gland
Authors: Robinson J. E. , Hastie P. M. , Shah A. , Smith A. , Evans N. P.
Published: December 2011

In utero exposure of the female foetus to androgens during development disrupts the reproductive axis and results in hypersecretion of luteinising hormone (LH) (but not follicle‐stimulating hormone) in postnatal life. Abnormalities in the neural circuits controlling hypothalamic gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone have been documented; however, androgens could also programme abnormalities in the pituitary gland. Ovine foetuses were exposed to either testosterone propionate or the non‐aromatisable androgen dihydro‐testosterone from days 30–90 of gestation (term 147 days) and the effects on the functional morphology of the pituitary were determined. Exogenous testosterone propionate exposure resulted in pituitary glands in adult male and female sheep that were 40% heavier than controls. Because this effect was not observed in the dihydro‐testosterone‐exposed animals, these actions are mediated via the oestrogen receptor (ER). No significant differences were apparent in 90‐ or 140‐day foetuses. There was no difference between control and androgen‐exposed animals in the density of LHβ or ERα immunoreactive cells in the pituitary although the density of follicle‐stimulating hormone‐β immunoreactive cells was lower in the testosterone‐treated animals. The percentage of cells co‐localising LHβ and ERα was lower in the testosterone‐treated ewes and this may, in part, explain a reduced ability to respond to steroid feedback. Thus, enlargement of the pituitary gland, coupled with a reduced sensitivity to oestrogen negative‐feedback, may contribute to the hyper‐secretion of LH observed in animals that have been exposed to excess androgens during foetal life.
Mesozoic rifting in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (Spain): Inherited faults, transversal structures and stress perturbation
Authors: Tavani Stefano , Muñoz Josep Anton
Published: December 2011

Terra Nova, 24, 70–76, 2012

In the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (Northern Iberian Margin), inherited WNW–ESE‐striking faults were reactivated during the Mesozoic extensional stage associated with the opening of the Bay of Biscay. Syn‐rift structures in the area include different sets, apparently indicating multiple extensional stages. In particular, abundant NE–SW‐striking extensional elements have been interpreted in the past as having developed during a late rifting, left‐lateral transtensional stage. However, the development of these structures also fits well with an analytical model of ridge‐perpendicular extension. Along‐strike stretching imposed by displacement variations along inherited faults locally produced an additional stress field oriented obliquely to the regional one. This caused rotation of the local minimum stress and development of anomalously oriented transversal structures. A single extensional stage is thus inferred during Mesozoic rifting, with a stretching direction oriented approximately perpendicular to the trend of the Bay of Biscay oceanic ridge.
FOXG1 mutations in Japanese patients with the congenital variant of Rett syndrome
Authors: Takahashi S , Matsumoto N , Okayama A , Suzuki N , Araki A , Okajima K , Tanaka H , Miyamoto A
Published: December 2011

Takahashi S, Matsumoto N, Okayama A, Suzuki N, Araki A, Okajima K, Tanaka H, Miyamoto A. FOXG1 mutations in Japanese patients with the congenital variant of Rett syndrome.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, psychomotor regression, seizures and stereotypical hand movements. Recently, deletions and inactivating mutations in FOXG1, encoding a brain‐specific transcription factor that is critical for forebrain development, have been found to be associated with the congenital variant of RTT. Here we report the clinical features and molecular characteristics of two cases of the congenital variant of RTT. We conducted mutation screenings of FOXG1 in a cohort of 15 Japanese patients with a clinical diagnosis of atypical RTT but without MECP2 and CDKL5 mutations. Two unrelated female patients had heterozygous mutations (c.256dupC, p.Gln86ProfsX35 and c.689G>A, pArg230His). Both showed neurological symptoms from the neonatal period, including hypotonia, irritability and severe microcephaly. Further, their psychomotor development was severely impaired, as indicated by their inability to sit unaided or acquire speech sounds, and they had a hyperkinetic movement disorder, because both displayed hand stereotypies and jerky movements of the upper limbs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed delayed myelination with hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and frontal lobe. These cases confirm the involvement of FOXG1 in the molecular etiology of the congenital variant of RTT and show the characteristic features of FOXG1‐related disorder.
Pretransplantation combined therapy with plasmapheresis and rituximab in a second living‐related kidney transplant pediatric recipient with a very high risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence
Authors: Chikamoto Hiroko , Hattori Motoshi , Kuroda Nao , Kajiho Yuko , Matsumura Hideki , Fujii Hiroshi , Ishizuka Kiyonobu , Hisano Masataka , Akioka Yuko , Nozu Kandai , Kaito Hiroshi , Shimizu Maki
Published: December 2011

Chikamoto H, Hattori M, Kuroda N, Kajiho Y, Matsumura H, Fujii H, Ishizuka K, Hisano M, Akioka Y, Nozu K, Kaito H, Shimizu M. Pretransplantation combined therapy with plasmapheresis and rituximab in a second living‐related kidney transplant pediatric recipient with a very high risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis recurrence.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Prophylactic PP can provide some protection against post‐transplantation recurrences of FSGS, but it cannot prevent recurrences in all cases. Therefore, new preventive therapies are needed. We report on a 7.9‐yr‐old girl treated with pretransplantation prophylactic combined therapy consisting of four sessions of PP and one dose of rituximab before a second living‐related KTX. The patient had a very high risk of post‐transplantation FSGS recurrence because this had occurred after the first KTX. During the 36 months since the second transplantation, she has had no evidence of proteinuria or significant infectious complications. Although our experience is too preliminary to draw any generalizable conclusions, pretransplantation combined therapy with PP and rituximab might be a possible option for the prevention of FSGS recurrence in very high‐risk recipients undergoing living‐donor KTXs.
Functional evidence for D‐serine inhibition of non‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptors in retinal neurons
Authors: Daniels Bryan A. , Wood Leah , Tremblay François , Baldridge William H.
Published: December 2011

D‐Serine is an important signaling molecule throughout the central nervous system, acting as an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor coagonist. This study investigated the D‐serine modulation of non‐NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed by inner retinal neurons. We first identified that the degradation of endogenous retinal D‐serine, by application of D‐amino acid oxidase, caused an enhancement of kainate‐ and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptor‐mediated calcium responses from the ganglion cell layer of the isolated rat retina and light‐evoked responses obtained by multi‐electrode array recordings from the guinea pig retina. Approximately 30–45% of cells were endogenously inhibited by D‐serine, as suggested by the effect of D‐amino acid oxidase. Conversely, bath application of D‐serine caused a reduction in multi‐electrode array recorded responses and decreased kainate, but not potassium‐induced calcium responses, in a concentration‐dependent manner (IC50, 280 μm). Using cultured retinal ganglion cells to reduce network influences, D‐serine reduced kainate‐induced calcium responses and AMPA induced whole‐cell currents. Finally, the inhibitory effect of D‐serine on the kainate‐induced calcium response was abolished by IEM 1460, thereby identifying calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors as a potential target for D‐serine. To our knowledge, this is the first study to address specifically the effect of D‐serine on AMPA/kainate receptors in intact central nervous system tissue, to identify its effect on calcium permeable AMPA receptors and to report the endogenous inhibition of AMPA/kainate receptors.
Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese children and adolescents: markers and effect of lifestyle intervention
Authors: Montero D. , Walther G. , Perez‐Martin A. , Roche E. , Vinet A.
Published: December 2011

With an increasing prevalence, pediatric obesity is often a prelude to adulthood obesity, and represents a major public health issue. Comorbidities are very common and severe in obese adults, justifying the search for earlier markers or risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in obese children. Endothelial dysfunction has been found to be present in the early stages of atherosclerosis, and can be non‐invasively assessed with widely accepted and well‐standardized techniques at the macrocirculation level. Endothelial dysfunction at the microcirculation level is less documented in obese children. Obesity in children has been repeatedly and independently correlated to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress markers, although the relationship between these factors remains to be investigated. However, this would not only allow substantial improvements in risk stratification, but also provide essential data regarding the evolution of endothelial dysfunction in childhood obesity, especially during puberty when pro‐inflammatory and pro‐oxidative changes, with relative insulin resistance, occur. Therapeutic strategies such as lifestyle interventions in early childhood obesity appear all the more necessary, optimally including both exercise and diet because of their known effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, potentially reversing endothelial dysfunction.
Back to civilization (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: December 2011

This editorial reinforces recent calls for anthropologists to participate more actively in multidisciplinary reappraisals of the concept of civilization. Beyond the dominant relativist model of discrete cultures and historical accounts of complex trading networks across the Eurasian landmass, it is important to recognize the civilizational coagulations that sustained such networks. The challenge is how to explain the dogged persistence of civilizational boundaries in the face of continuous contacts between them, accelerated by modern means of communication.
Is ‘child placement’ trafficking?: Questioning the validity of an accepted discourse (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Howard Neil
Published: December 2011

Within the discursive‐institutional space occupied by organisations working on child protection, child trafficking is often assumed to represent a direct outgrowth of the socio‐cultural custom of ‘child placement’, whereby parents send their children to live (and work) within other households. In Benin, where research for this paper was conducted, the narrative of ‘placement corrupted’ has become so well established that the country's anti‐trafficking law is in fact a law regulating the movement (including placement) of minors, and has in practice resulted in a de facto criminalisation of the intra‐familial mobility that has long formed a normal component of child‐rearing and socialisation within the region. In this paper, I offer a brief overview of this situation, and attempt to question the validity of the discourse on which the anti‐placement law and its attendant policies are based. I will employ the Foucauldian techniques of discursive archaeology and genealogy to unravel the origins of the discourse, and will draw on my own and related empirical research to problematize its conclusions.
DISTRIBUTION AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Nikiforos Michalis , Foley Duncan K.
Published: December 2011

This paper examines the relationship between the distribution of income and capacity utilization in the context of the Kaleckian model of growth and distribution. We provide an exposition of the underlying theory of wage‐ and profit‐led growth. We emphasize the implications of possible non‐linearities in the determination of the final equilibrium and why—because of them—a redefinition of the concept of wage‐ and profit‐led economy is necessary. We estimate the demand and distribution schedule for the US economy using a two‐stage least squares approach. Our findings confirm the hypothesis of a non‐linear distribution schedule and therefore the need to redefine the concepts wage‐ and profit‐led growth.
Venture Capital Syndication: Synthesis and future directions
Authors: Jääskeläinen Mikko
Published: December 2011

This paper reviews and synthesizes the extant literature on venture capital syndication. By considering the questions of how, why and when syndication affects the performance of venture capitalist (VC) firms and their portfolio ventures, a schematic structure of the syndication literature is formed and areas for further research are identified. The results of the review show that, while the venture‐level aspects are relatively well understood, the current literature lacks an understanding of how and why syndication affects the performance of VC firms. This suggests that more attention should be directed towards syndication as a component of the overall strategy of VC firms.
Dynamic Devensian ice flow in NE England: a sedimentological reconstruction
Authors: Davies Bethan J. , Roberts David H. , Bridgland David R. , Cofaigh Colm Ó
Published: December 2011

This study reconstructs the depositional environments that accompanied both ice advance and ice retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet in NE England during the Last Glacial Maximum, and proposes three regional ice‐flow phases. The Late Devensian (29–22 cal. ka BP) Tyne Gap Ice Stream initially deposited the Blackhall Till Formation during shelf‐edge glaciation (Phase I). This subglacial traction till comprises several related facies, including stratified and laminated diamictons, tectonites, and sand and gravel beds deposited both in subglacial canals and in proglacial streams. Eventually, stagnation of the Tyne Gap Ice Stream led to ice‐marginal sedimentation in County Durham (Phase II). During the Dimlington Stadial (21 cal. ka BP), the North Sea Lobe advanced towards the coastline of N Norfolk. This resulted initially in sandur deposition (widespread, tabular sand and gravel; the Peterlee Sand and Gravel Formation; Phase II) and ultimately in deposition of the Horden Till Formation (Phase III), a massive subglacial till. As the North Sea Lobe overrode previous formations, it thrusted and stacked sediments in County Durham, and dammed proglacial lakes between the east‐coast ice, the Pennine uplands and the remaining Pennine ice. The North Sea Lobe retreated after Heinrich Event 1 (16 ka). This study highlights the complexity of ice flow during the Late Devensian glaciation of NE England, with changing environmental and oceanic conditions forcing a mobile and sensitive ice sheet.
Investigation of the Effects of High‐Pressure Hydrogen on Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) Ceramics
Authors: Shafiei Ali , Oprea Carmen , Troczynski Tom
Published: December 2011

Lead–zirconate–titanate Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)‐based actuators are being evaluated by the automotive industry for advanced fuel injection systems, including injection of hydrogen. However, hydrogen can penetrate PZT lattice with deleterious effects on the functionality and properties of PZT. The effect of long‐term (200–1200 h) high‐pressure (100 bar) hydrogen exposure on the microstructure and electrical properties of PZT has been investigated in the present work. It is found that while the hydrogen atmosphere has only superficial effects on the microstructure of bare PZT plates, it has considerable deleterious effects on the microstructure of electrode/PZT/electrode assembly. The degradation consisted of the development of a porous layer just beside the electrodes on the PZT surface, detachment of the electrodes from the PZT, and extensive damage to the Ag/Pd electrodes. The effect of hydrogen on the capacitance of the electrode/PZT/electrode assembly was also studied by online monitoring of the changes in capacitance in H2; no noticeable changes were observed in capacitance during the hydrogen treatment under the given conditions.
Functional consequences of prolactin signalling in endothelial cells: a potential link with angiogenesis in pathophysiology?
Authors: Reuwer Anne Q. , Nowak‐Sliwinska Patrycja , Mans Laurie A. , van der Loos Chris M. , von der Thüsen Jan H. , Twickler Marcel Th. B. , Spek C. Arnold , Goffin Vincent , Griffioen Arjan W. , Borensztajn Keren S.
Published: December 2011

Prolactin is best known as the polypeptide anterior pituitary hormone, which regulates the development of the mammary gland. However, it became clear over the last decade that prolactin contributes to a broad range of pathologies, including breast cancer. Prolactin is also involved in angiogenesisviathe release of pro‐angiogenic factors by leukocytes and epithelial cells. However, whether prolactin also influences endothelial cells, and whether there are functional consequences of prolactin‐induced signalling in the perspective of angiogenesis, remains so far elusive. In the present study, we show that prolactin induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT5 and induces tube formation of endothelial cells on Matrigel. These effects are blocked by a specific prolactin receptor antagonist, del1‐9‐G129R‐hPRL. Moreover, in anin vivomodel of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo, prolactin enhances vessel density and the tortuosity of the vasculature and pillar formation, which are hallmarks of intussusceptive angiogenesis. Interestingly, while prolactin has only little effect on endothelial cell proliferation, it markedly stimulates endothelial cell migration. Again, migration was reverted by del1‐9‐G129R‐hPRL, indicating a direct effect of prolactin on its receptor. Immunohistochemistry and spectral imaging revealed that the prolactin receptor is present in the microvasculature of human breast carcinoma tissue. Altogether, these results suggest that prolactin may directly stimulate angiogenesis, which could be one of the mechanisms by which prolactin contributes to breast cancer progression, thereby providing a potential tool for intervention.
Adversity and psychosis: a 10‐year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis
Authors: Lataster J. , Myin‐Germeys I. , Lieb R. , Wittchen H.‐U. , van Os J.
Published: December 2011

Lataster J, Myin‐Germeys I, Lieb R, Wittchen H‐U, van Os J. Adversity and psychosis: a 10‐year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis.

Objective:  Recent studies have suggested that early adverse events, such as childhood trauma, may promote enduring liability for psychosis whereas more recent adverse events may act as precipitants. Examination of these environmental dynamics, however, requires prospective studies in large samples. This study examines whether the association between recent adverse events and psychosis is moderated by exposure to early adversity.

Method:  A random regional representative population sample of 3021 adolescents and young adults in Munich, Germany, was assessed three times over a period of up to 10 years, collecting information on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, and measures of psychopathology and associated clinical relevance. Evidence of statistical non‐additivity between early adversity (two levels) and more recent adversity (four levels) was assessed in models of psychotic symptoms. Analyses were a priori corrected for age, gender, cannabis use, and urbanicity.

Results:  Early and recent adversity were associated with each other (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.06–1.66; P = 0.014) and displayed statistical non‐additivity at the highest level of exposure to recent adversity (χ2 = 4.59; P = 0.032).

Conclusion:  The findings suggest that early adversity may impact on later expression of psychosis either by increasing exposure to later adversity and/or by rendering individuals more sensitive to later adversity if it is severe.
Relative role of contemporary environment versus history in shaping diversity patterns of China's woody plants
Authors: Wang Zhiheng , Fang Jingyun , Tang Zhiyao , Lin Xin
Published: December 2011

What determines large‐scale patterns of species diversity is a central and controversial topic in biogeography and ecology. In this study, we compared the effects of contemporary environment and historical contingencies on species richness patterns of woody plants in China, using fine‐resolution geographic databases of the distributions of 11 405 woody species and climate, topography, and vegetation information. Residuals of species richness‐environment generalized linear models were significantly different from 0 in the majority of seven biogeographical regions, and also differed significantly between these regions, indicating significant deviation from the predicted species richness based on contemporary environment. Additionally, species richness of a given biogeographical region deviated substantially from the predictions of species richness‐environment models developed for the remaining regions combined. This suggests different richness‐environment relationships among regions. These results indicate important historical signals in the species richness patterns of woody plants across China. The signals are especially pronounced in the eastern Himalayas, the Mongolian Plateau, and the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps reflecting their special geological features and history. Nevertheless, partial regression indicated that historical effects were less important relative to contemporary environment. In conclusion, contemporary environment (notably climate) determines the general trend in woody‐plant species richness across China, while historical contingencies generate regional deviations from this trend. Our findings imply that both species diversity and regional evolutionary and ecological histories should be taken into account for future nature conservation.
Deciphering the mystery of thalidomide teratogenicity
Authors: Ito Takumi , Handa Hiroshi
Published: December 2011

Thalidomide was originally developed in 1954 as a sedative that was commonly used to ameliorate morning sickness. However, thalidomide exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy caused multiple birth defects (e.g. phocomelia and amelia), affecting ∼10 000 children worldwide in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Thalidomide is now recognized as a clinically effective, albeit strictly restricted, drug for the treatment of leprosy and multiple myeloma. Investigators have studied thalidomide teratogenicity for half a century, proposing over 30 hypotheses to account for its actions. Among these, the anti‐angiogenesis and oxidative stress models have gained widespread support. Nonetheless, the precise molecular mechanisms and direct targets of thalidomide have not heretofore been elucidated. We developed ferrite‐glycidyl methacrylate beads that enable magnetic separation and efficient purification of ligand‐binding molecules; the beads were recently employed to identify cereblon as a primary target of thalidomide. Cereblon forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with DDB1, Cul4A, and Roc1, which is important for the expression of fibroblast growth factor 8, an essential regulator of limb development. Expression of a drug binding‐deficient mutant of cereblon suppressed thalidomide‐induced effects in zebrafish and chicks. This suggests that thalidomide downregulates fibroblast growth factor 8 expression and induces limb malformation by binding to wild‐type cereblon, inhibiting the function of the associated E3 ubiquitin ligase. The present review summarizes the teratogenicity of thalidomide, including existing models for its mode of action, and discusses the identification of cereblon as a key molecule for deciphering the longstanding mystery of thalidomide teratogenicity.
SENSORY PREFERENCES AND DISCRIMINATION ABILITY OF CHILDREN IN RELATION TO THEIR BODY WEIGHT STATUS
Authors: ALEXY UTE , SCHAEFER ANKE , SAILER OLIVER , BUSCH‐STOCKFISCH MECHTHILD , HUTHMACHER SEBASTIAN , KUNERT JOACHIM , KERSTING MATHILDE
Published: December 2011

Knowledge about potential differences in sensory preferences and discrimination ability between normal weight and overweight or obese children might help to better understand the genesis of overweight. Sensory preferences and discrimination ability were analyzed using paired‐comparison blinded sensory tests on preferences (n = 5) and sensitivity (n = 4) in 574 fifth to ninth graders (10–17 years) from five schools in Dortmund. For the examination of the taste categories, sweet, salty and sour, sugar, table salt or citric acid were added to suitable customary foods. Fatty foods were included in the tests using cheese and sausage (salami) in the preference tests and milk with different fat contents in the sensitivity tests. Approximately half of the subjects preferred the more concentrated sample of the sweet (52%), salty (45%) and sour (48%) food, and the high‐fat samples (41 and 49%). Between 60 (fat) and 74% (sweet) of the subjects were able to identify the more concentrated sample in the sensitivity tests. All results of sensory tests were irrespective of body weight status or age‐ and gender‐adjusted body mass index. The hypothesized difference in sensory preferences and discrimination ability of normal weight and overweight/obese children and adolescents could not be confirmed using carefully designed tests in a large sample.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results of this large study gave no indication of different sensory preferences and discrimination abilities with increasing body weight. Therefore, our study may serve as a valuable contribution to the discussion on why some children become overweight but others do not.