bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network simulation-based optimization of centrifugo-pneumatic blood plasma separation
Authors: Zehnle S. , Rombach M. , Zengerle R. , von Stetten F. , Paust N.
Published: April 2017

Automated and robust separation of 14 μl of plasma from 40 μl of whole blood at a purity of 99.81% ± 0.11% within 43 s is demonstrated for the hematocrit range of 20%–60% in a centrifugal microfluidic polymer disk. At high rotational frequency, red blood cells (RBCs) within whole blood are concentrated in a radial outer RBC collection chamber. Simultaneously, plasma is concentrated in a radial inner pneumatic chamber, where a defined air volume is enclosed and compressed. Subsequent reduction of the rotational frequency to not lower than 25 Hz enables rapid transfer of supernatant plasma into a plasma collection chamber, with highly suppressed resuspension of red blood cells. Disk design and the rotational protocol are optimized to make the process fast, robust, and insusceptible for undesired cell resuspension. Numerical network simulation with lumped model elements is used to predict and optimize the fluidic characteristics. Lysis of the remaining red blood cells in the purified plasma, followed by measurement of the hemoglobin concentration, was used to determine plasma purity. Due to the pneumatic actuation, no surface treatment of the fluidic cartridge or any additional external means are required, offering the possibility for low-cost mass fabrication technologies, such as injection molding or thermoforming.
Thermodynamic integration methods, infinite swapping, and the calculation of generalized averages
Authors: Doll J. D. , Dupuis P. , Nyquist P.
Published: April 2017

In the present paper we examine the risk-sensitive and sampling issues associated with the problem of calculating generalized averages. By combining thermodynamic integration, stationary phase Monte Carlo, and infinite swapping techniques, we develop an approach for such problems and explore its utility for a prototypical class of applications.
Classification of finite irreducible conformal modules over some Lie conformal algebras related to the Virasoro conformal algebra
Authors: Wu Henan , Yuan Lamei
Published: April 2017

In this paper, we classify all finite irreducible conformal modules over a class of Lie conformal algebras W(b) with b∈ℂ related to the Virasoro conformal algebra. Explicitly, any finite irreducible conformal module over W(b) is proved to be isomorphic to MΔ,α,β with Δ≠0 or β≠0 if b = 0, or MΔ,α with Δ≠0 if b≠0. As a byproduct, all finite irreducible conformal modules over the Heisenberg-Virasoro conformal algebra and the W(2, 2) Lie conformal algebra are classified. Finally, the same thing is done for the Schrödinger-Virasoro conformal algebra.
Study on electromagnetic plasma propulsion using rotating magnetic field acceleration scheme
Authors: Furukawa T. , Takizawa K. , Kuwahara D. , Shinohara S.
Published: April 2017

As one of the electromagnetic plasma acceleration systems, we have proposed a rotating magnetic field (RMF) acceleration scheme to overcome the present problem of direct plasma-electrode interactions, leading to a short lifetime with a poor plasma performance due to contamination. In this scheme, we generate a plasma by a helicon wave excited by a radio frequency (rf) antenna which has no direct-contact with a plasma. Then, the produced plasma is accelerated by the axial Lorentz force fz = jθ × Br (jθ is an azimuthal current induced by RMF, and Br is an external radial magnetic field). Erosion of electrodes and contamination are not expected in this total system since RMF coils and an rf antenna do not have contact with the plasma directly. Here, we have measured the plasma parameters (electron density ne and axial ion velocity vi) to demonstrate this RMF acceleration scheme by the use of AC currents in two sets of opposing coils to generate a RMF. The maximum increasing rate Δvi /vi was ∼28% (maximum vi of ∼3 km/s), while the density increasing rate of Δne/ne is ∼ 70% in the case of a RMF current frequency fRMF of 3 MHz, which showed a better plasma performance than that with fRMF = 5 MHz. Moreover, thrust characteristics such as a specific impulse and a thrust efficiency were discussed, although a target plasma was not optimized.
Note: Energy calibration of a femtosecond photoelectron imaging detector with correction for the ponderomotive shift of atomic ionization energies
Authors: Hüter O. , Temps F.
Published: April 2017

Femtosecond photoelectron imaging spectroscopy is a powerful technique for following state-resolved molecular transformations in complex coupled potential energy landscapes. To avoid unwanted nonlinear side-effects, the employed laser pulse energies are usually reduced to minimal values. However, the energy calibration of the photoelectron imaging detector is ideally performed using multi-photon above-threshold ionization of suitable atomic species, for which rather high laser intensities are required. In this work, we show that the calibration spectra of xenon obtained with high laser pulse energies cannot be directly used for the evaluation of molecular photoelectron spectra recorded using low-energy laser pulses. The reason is the intensity-dependent AC Stark shift of the atomic ionization energies to larger values, which in turn leads to a corresponding decrease of the photoelectron kinetic energies. We present a simple procedure to quantify this so-called ponderomotive shift and calculate the theoretically expected un-shifted photoelectron energies.
On-axis pulsed laser deposition of hybrid perovskite films for solar cell and broadband photo-sensor applications
Authors: Bansode Umesh , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: April 2017

High quality hybrid perovskite films are grown by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process through target stoichiometry and gas ambient control in the commonly used on-axis geometry which is compatible with PLD of other materials such as metal oxides. The use of an off-stoichiometric target and a momentum softening gas mixture of argon and hydrogen (90%:10%) is shown to yield dense films in the on-axis geometry with excellent stoichiometry and optical quality. The band gap can be easily tuned from 1.6 to 2.3 eV with either mixed halide composite target or successive depositions of inter-diffusing MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 layers. A photosensor based on PLD grown MAPbI3 is shown to render impressive performance over the broad range of wavelengths from 375 to 800 nm at a voltage of 5 V bias. A planar heterojunction solar cell based on the dry-processed on-axis PLD grown film exhibits a champion conversion efficiency of 10.9%. A heterostructure comprising in situ pulsed laser deposited Cu2O (p-type) followed by the hybrid perovskite film shows a rectifying characteristic and photoresponse.
Quantifying dairy farm nutrient fluxes and balances for improved assessment of environmental performance
Authors: Rugoho Innocent , Lewis Hayden , Islam Muhammad , McAllister Andrew , Heemskerk Gemma , Gourley Andrew , Gourley Cameron
Published: April 2017

Excess nutrients are challenging the long-term sustainability of grazing-based dairy farming. Whole-farm nutrient-mass balance (NMB) is a well recognised approach to improve on-farm nutrient management decisions. In the present paper, we use a standardised approach for quantifying NMB on grazing-based dairy farms, using a newly developed online tool. Preliminary evaluation, using selected farm data from a previous Australia-wide dairy-farm nutrient study, demonstrated highly comparable estimates of farm area, nutrient fluxes and NMB, with substantial efficiencies in time and sample analysis. Nutrient mass balances were also determined on 16 diverse dairy farms across the five major dairy regions of Victoria, Australia. These results highlighted the importance of purchased feed, fertiliser and milk sales, as major sources of nutrient inputs and outputs, with whole-farm NMB for the 16 dairy farms ranging from 185 to 481 kg/ha for nitrogen, 12–59 kg/ha for phosphorus, 9–244 kg/ha for potassium and –6–55 kg/ha for sulfur. Current industry adoption of the NMB tool has confirmed the benefits of a standardised and efficient collation and processing of readily available farm data to inform nutrient management decisions on commercial dairy farms. We suggest that the standardised assessment of nutrient fluxes, balances and efficiency, as well as feed- and milk-production performance at the whole-farm level, provides dairy farmers, farm advisors and industry and policy analysts with the ability to determine industry-wide goals and improve environmental performance.
First four failures of cefathiamidine to treat urogenital gonorrhoea in Guangzhou, China, 2014–15
Authors: Liang Jingyao , Yang Ridong , Li Xiaodong , Bi Chao , Ye Xingdong , Zhang Xibao , Cao Wenling
Published: April 2017

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a remarkable ability to develop resistance to all available therapeutic antimicrobials. This report describes the first four cases of verified failure to treat gonorrhoea using 1000 mg cefathiamidine intramuscularly in Guangzhou, China; for each case, the patient was clinically cured after treatment with 500 mg ceftriaxone intramuscularly. Enhanced monitoring of clinical treatment failures, finding new effective treatments and updating treatment guidelines are all of utmost importance to curb the spread of drug-resistant gonorrhoea.
Utility of risk-based chlamydia testing in primary care: analysis of retrospective surveillance data among women in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Wilkinson Anna L. , McNamee Kathleen , El-Hayek Carol , Chow Eric P. F. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Roth Norm , Tee B. K. , Stoové Mark , Hellard Margaret
Published: April 2017

Background
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) continues to be a public health challenge in Australia, with some contention as to the best screening approach. In the present study we examined chlamydia testing, positivity and sexual behaviour among women with the aim of informing targeted testing among women aged ≥30 years. Methods: A longitudinal analysis was conducted on retrospective surveillance data collected among women attending general practice, family planning and sexual health clinics participating in sentinel surveillance in Melbourne, Australia. Women were aged ≥16 years and underwent urogenital testing for C. trachomatis (chlamydia) at participating clinics between 2007 and 2014. Chlamydia incidence was calculated as positive chlamydia tests over person-years (PY) among women and reported by 5-year age groups. A Cox regression model examined correlates of a positive chlamydia test among women aged ≥30 years. Results: In all, 36 770 women contributed 46 432 PY and 52 395 chlamydia tests, of which 2895 were positive. The overall chlamydia incidence rate was 6.2 per 100 PY (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.0–6.5). Chlamydia incidence declined with age, plateauing to <5 per 100 PY among women aged ≥30 years. Among women aged ≥30 years, being born in North-East Asia (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.9–4.5) and reporting multiple partners (aHR 2.5; 95% CI 1.8–3.5) in the past 12 months were associated with a positive chlamydia test. Conclusions: Chlamydia control remains challenging in Australia and optimising testing in primary care is a key priority. The results of the present study suggest that, at least among women aged ≥30 years, chlamydia testing should be risk-based and informed by appropriate sexual history taking.
emMAW: computing minimal absent words in external memory
Authors: Héliou Alice , Pissis Solon P , Puglisi Simon J
Published: April 2017

Motivation

The biological significance of minimal absent words has been investigated in genomes of organisms from all domains of life. For instance, three minimal absent words of the human genome were found in Ebola virus genomes. There exists an O(n)-time and O(n)-space algorithm for computing all minimal absent words of a sequence of length n on a fixed-sized alphabet based on suffix arrays. A standard implementation of this algorithm, when applied to a large sequence of length n, requires more than 20n bytes of RAM. Such memory requirements are a significant hurdle to the computation of minimal absent words in large datasets.

Results

We present emMAW, the first external-memory algorithm for computing minimal absent words. A free open-source implementation of our algorithm is made available. This allows for computation of minimal absent words on far bigger data sets than was previously possible. Our implementation requires less than 3 h on a standard workstation to process the full human genome when as little as 1 GB of RAM is made available. We stress that our implementation, despite making use of external memory, is fast; indeed, even on relatively smaller datasets when enough RAM is available to hold all necessary data structures, it is less than two times slower than state-of-the-art internal-memory implementations.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/solonas13/maw (free software under the terms of the GNU GPL).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Zinc Acetate Lozenges May Improve the Recovery Rate of Common Cold Patients: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hemilä Harri , Fitzgerald James T. , Petrus Edward J. , Prasad Ananda
Published: April 2017

Background

A previous meta-analysis of 3 zinc acetate lozenge trials estimated that colds were on average 40% shorter for the zinc groups. However, the duration of colds is a time outcome, and survival analysis may be a more informative approach. The objective of this individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis was to estimate the effect of zinc acetate lozenges on the rate of recovery from colds.

Methods

We analyzed IPD for 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials in which 80–92 mg/day of elemental zinc were administered as zinc acetate lozenges to 199 common cold patients. We used mixed-effects Cox regression to estimate the effect of zinc.

Results

Patients administered zinc lozenges recovered faster by rate ratio 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 2.1–4.7). The effect was not modified by age, sex, race, allergy, smoking, or baseline common cold severity. On the 5th day, 70% of the zinc patients had recovered compared with 27% of the placebo patients. Accordingly, 2.6 times more patients were cured in the zinc group. The difference also corresponds to the number needed to treat of 2.3 on the 5th day. None of the studies observed serious adverse effects of zinc.

Conclusions

The 3-fold increase in the rate of recovery from the common cold is a clinically important effect. The optimal formulation of zinc lozenges and an ideal frequency of their administration should be examined. Given the evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be instructed to try zinc acetate lozenges within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.
Development and Validation of a Mobile Device-based External Ventricular Drain Simulator
Authors: Morone Peter J. , Bekelis Kimon , Root Brandon K. , Singer Robert J.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Multiple external ventricular drain (EVD) simulators have been created, yet their cost, bulky size, and nonreusable components limit their accessibility to residency programs.

OBJECTIVE: To create and validate an animated EVD simulator that is accessible on a mobile device.

METHODS: We developed a mobile-based EVD simulator that is compatible with iOS (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California) and Android-based devices (Google, Mountain View, California) and can be downloaded from the Apple App and Google Play Store. Our simulator consists of a learn mode, which teaches users the procedure, and a test mode, which assesses users’ procedural knowledge. Twenty-eight participants, who were divided into expert and novice categories, completed the simulator in test mode and answered a postmodule survey. This was graded using a 5-point Likert scale, with 5 representing the highest score. Using the survey results, we assessed the module's face and content validity, whereas construct validity was evaluated by comparing the expert and novice test scores.

RESULTS: Participants rated individual survey questions pertaining to face and content validity a median score of 4 out of 5. When comparing test scores, generated by the participants completing the test mode, the experts scored higher than the novices (mean, 71.5; 95% confidence interval, 69.2 to 73.8 vs mean, 48; 95% confidence interval, 44.2 to 51.6; P < .001).

CONCLUSION: We created a mobile-based EVD simulator that is inexpensive, reusable, and accessible. Our results demonstrate that this simulator is face, content, and construct valid.
Urgent Carotid Artery Stenting for Carotid-Related Stroke-in-Evolution
Authors: Nakagawa Nobuhiro , Fukawa Norihito , Tsuji Kiyoshi , Nakano Naoki , Murakami Saori , Nagatsuka Kazuhiro , Kato Amami
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Stroke-in-evolution (SIE) is a major outcome determinant in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The benefit of surgery for treatment of carotid artery-related SIE remains controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To retrospectively evaluate the use of carotid artery stenting (CAS) as a possible alternative treatment in patients with carotid-related SIE.

METHODS

Ten patients with carotid-related SIE were treated with CAS from May 2005 to December 2014. The mean initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 5.4 ± 4.4. Two patients had total occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and 8 had severe stenosis. The mean interval from symptom onset to clinical deterioration was 2.9 ± 2.9 d. The mean NIHSS score after deterioration was 14.3 ± 4.5. In the hemodynamic assessment using perfusion imaging, the ipsilateral cerebral hemodynamics was impaired in 7 of 8 patients.

RESULTS

All patients underwent urgent CAS in the acute phase of SIE. Seven patients underwent CAS using flow reversal with or without distal protection. No procedure-related complications occurred in any patients, although 1 patient developed aspiration pneumonia. The mean NIHSS score 7 d after CAS was 4.8 ± 2.3. Six patients (60%) had a modified Rankin scale score of 0 to 2 at discharge.

CONCLUSION

Urgent CAS for carotid-related SIE with hemodynamic impairment appears to be an effective method for achieving good clinical outcomes.
Acculturation and Violence in Minority Adolescents
Authors: Smokowski Paul Richard , Bacallao Martica , David-Ferdon Corrine , Evans Caroline B.R.
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research linking acculturation and violent behavior for adolescents of three minority populations: Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN). Studies on Latino and A/PI youth indicate that higher levels of adolescent assimilation were a risk factor for violence. Ethnic group identity or culture of origin involvement appear to be cultural assets against youth violence, with supporting evidence from studies on A/PI youth; however, more studies are needed on Latino and AI/AN youth. Although some evidence shows low acculturation or cultural marginality to be a risk factor for higher levels of fear, victimization, and being bullied, low acculturation also serves as a protective factor against dating violence victimization for Latino youth. An emerging trend, in both the Latino and A/PI youth literature, shows the impact of acculturation processes on youth aggression and violence can be mediated by family dynamics.
Family Therapy
Authors: Le Grange Daniel , Rienecke Renee
Published: April 2017

Family therapy is increasingly recommended as the treatment of choice for eating disorders among adolescents. The shift from blaming parents for causing an ED to seeing them as a necessary part of the recovery process was set in motion by Salvador Minuchin and colleagues, and then reinforced and expanded on by researchers at the Maudsley Hospital in London, UK, and in the United States and Australia. Data supporting the efficacy of family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa has been solidified, while family-based approaches in the treatment of adolescents with bulimia nervosa show promise. Further research is needed to replicate the findings of existing studies and to further clarify the utility of parental involvement in the treatment of older adolescents, or transition age youth, with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Research Domain Criteria
Authors: Bohon Cara
Published: April 2017

A primary goal of the research domain criteria (RDoC) project from the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States is to better characterize and understand the pathology and etiology of mental illness by examining constructs with biological underpinnings and their effects on psychiatric symptoms. This endeavor shows promise in helping to better conceptualize dysfunction in the field of eating disorders, where there appears to be great heterogeneity within diagnostic groups. Treatments designed for a particular diagnosis may result in improved remission rates if they instead target underlying mechanisms of eating disorder symptoms. This system is not without challenge and limitations, however. This chapter includes a brief review of relevant literature on the proposed RDoC functional domains in eating disorders and discussion of the benefits and costs of this type of approach in improving patient care.
Introduction and Theoretical Overview
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Armstrong Steven J. , Lounsbury Michael
Published: April 2017

This chapter analyses the evolution of management: the core functions and how they have changed; management’s position in the culture of modern society; the institutions and ideologies supporting it; and future challenges and changes. If the twentieth centurywas the ‘golden age’ of the corporate, bureaucratic manager, what might we expect in the future? And if this was indeed a ‘golden age’ why has there been such an upsurge in interest in management in the last fifty years—with a huge growth in management education, and management and business cultures? Emphasized here is the theoretical diversity within management through the examination of the integrity and intellectual coherence of the field, while also looking at resonances within and between its key components.
Managing Data, Information, and Knowledge
Authors: Currie Wendy
Published: April 2017

Theoretical and empirical work using concepts of data, information, and knowledge have been widely addressed in management scholarship. The author observes how these terms have been used in chronological order over four decades in Management Information Systems (MIS) and finance disciplines. Observing that management research has not made any significant inroads in understanding the complex and dynamic relationship between finance and technology (FINTECH) in the events leading up to the financial crisis of 2008, the chapter promotes a closer collaboration between MIS and finance. These issues are explored in the context of High Frequency Trading (HFT). A broader theoretical and empirical focus offers greater opportunities for policy direction, guidance for decision-makers and for new directions in academic research.
Managing Meaning—Culture
Authors: Rindova Violina , Srinivas Santosh
Published: April 2017

Management of meaning, an activity central to mobilizing action both inside and outside organizations, has been studied in the analyses of organizational culture, identity, change, innovation, stakeholder management, and environmental enactment. This review of the conceptual and empirical work in these areas suggests that although meaning-making involves managing symbols, it is not concerned only with symbolic actions and their consequences. Meaning-making is central to the generation of substantive actions that affect organizations and their strategies in fundamental ways. Greater research attention to the importance of meaning management as a managerial and organizational capability, and the links between organizational cultures as systems of beliefs, and the societal culture as a toolkit, is recommended.
Management and Leadership
Authors: Riggio Ronald E.
Published: April 2017

Management and leadership are intertwined constructs. Early theories of management focused on issues of power and authority, and there were attempts to provide organizational leadership through controlling the situation and the behavior of subordinates. More modern theories of leadership recognize the important role of followers in co-creating leadership in organizations, and the important role that ethics play in leadership. Historical and contemporary theories of management and leadership are reviewed, and issues of leader assessment, selection and development are discussed. Finally, attention is given to emerging leadership and management concepts, and there is discussion of future trends in leadership research and practice.
Fragmentation in Strategic Management
Authors: Shanley Mark
Published: April 2017

Strategy is one of the oldest teaching areas in business schools. It is also among the youngest research areas within business scholarship. While the field has grown, it has also suffered from a sense of intellectual fragmentation that continues to the present. This chapter reviews two sets of issues contributing to this fragmentation. The first concerns undertheorized aspects of decision and implementation processes. The second concerns undertheorized assumptions of action concerning how top managers make decisions in multiple temporal frames, complex organizational settings, and based on prior experiences and conflicting environmental demands. Suggestions are offered to improve conceptualization of processes involving inter-connected, inter-temporal, and inter-relational linkages. Suggestions regarding action assumptions are considered in terms of a craft approach to agency.
Managing Change
Authors: Buchanan David
Published: April 2017

There is no shortage of advice on the subject, but the management of change is widely regarded as problematic, and the failure rate seems to be high. This chapter assesses the value of practical change guidelines, and of contingency and processual perspectives, reviews debates concerning the pace of change—should we accelerate or slow down (the acceleration trap)—and explores the roles and capabilities of change leaders, including the need for political skill. Suggestions for further research in this area concern understanding change in different economic conditions (growth, recession), exploring different modes of transformational change, helping to develop continuous change capability, exploring path dependent explanations of change processes, and tracing the fate of post-crisis recommendations for change, which are rarely implemented.
Scientific Management
Authors: Taska Lucy
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews the continuing impact of Scientific Management, particularly in relation to the field of education. By outlining how Taylor and his followers used the language of science, efficiency and rationality to extend the application of Scientific Management to the reform of learning methods in the workplace and in educational institutions, it questions the assumption that managerialism in higher education emerged out of thin air in the 1990s. The chapter argues that the diffusion of Taylor’s philosophy, principles and methods to education resulted in the replacement of traditional co-operative modes of learning with a new orientation that privileged co-operation with managers and the managerialization of educational practices and institutions. It concludes by demonstrating how Taylor’s ghost continues to exert influence through standardized courses, metric measurements of student outcomes and academic research, and regulatory, accrediting and disciplinary mechanisms and organizations.
Human Relations
Authors: Bruce Kyle , Nyland Chris
Published: April 2017

As ritualistically conveyed in management and organization studies textbooks, the Human Relations ‘school’ of management (HRS) is understood to have emerged from investigations into human association in the workplace by Elton Mayo and his associates between 1924 and 1932 at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric. The HRS is said to have brought people’s social needs into the limelight and thereby increased their capacity for ‘spontaneous collaboration’ at work. This perspective, however, has been challenged by a growing body of scholars who have demonstrated that HRS provided employers with an authoritarian management model that held employees are irrational, agitation-prone individuals whose demand for better wages and working conditions was symptomatic of a deep psychosocial maladjustment. This perspective enabled employers to monopolise authority in the workplace and justify this monopoly on the grounds that workers lacked the rationality required to participate in management decision-making.
The Opening Up of Organization Theory
Authors: Hinings Bob , Greenwood Roston
Published: April 2017

This chapter explores the history of an open systems approach to the study of management and organizations, and the way in which it has become a taken-for-granted, institutionalized part of organization theory. Its introduction in the 1960s transformed our understanding of organizations because of its concern with the organization in its environment. It led to contingency theory which became a dominant approach within organization theory. Examined here are three variants of open-systems theory: general systems theory which argues that there are general ideas that can be applied to all systems; specific systems thinking where the concept of interdependent parts is accepted without necessarily accepting that all systems are similar; and approaches that theorize the organization within an environment but without any specific use of systems concepts and metaphors.
The Emergence and Development of United States Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Bracha Oren
Published: April 2017

This chapter surveys the history of intellectual property law in the United States from its colonial origins to the present, and focuses on the three subfields that have a claim for seniority in terms of their longevity and importance: patent, copyright, and trademark. The development of these subfields is described as a process in which law has interacted with technology, economic factors, ideology, and politics. The chapter describes how at the end of the eighteenth-century American patent and copyright law emerged out of two sources: British laws and institutions and local colonial practices. The further development of American intellectual property law is analysed as comprising three stages: early patent, copyright, and trademark law; the consolidation of the modern framework of these fields through significant transformations beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century; and the various developments from the early twentieth century to the present.
Intellectual Property in Asia
Authors: Antons Christoph
Published: April 2017

This chapter covers parts of Asia where there have been very significant recent developments in intellectual property (IP) law. IP reform in the region was initially driven by the concerns of industrialized countries about the lack of IP protection in Asian “miracle” economies. More recently, it has become an important topic in free trade and economic partnership agreement negotiations. The developments in the individual countries are discussed in the context of an “Asian development model,” which has often combined short and generalized laws with numerous implementing decrees and administrative discretion. This has allowed for the selective adaptation of IP models from elsewhere, with some countries now strongly promoting higher IP standards to their regional neighbors. However, different historical pathways to development and local circumstances suggest that it is difficult to develop regional role models for others or to explain differences about IP exclusively with the divide between “developed” and “developing” countries.
Intellectual Property and Climate Change
Authors: Brown Abbe EL
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses the current and potential impact of intellectual property (IP) on efforts to manage and reduce climate change through technological development. To that end it considers international IP and environment treaties (notably the TRIPS Agreement, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes and its Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, and the Aarhus Convention) and the extent to which their objectives can and do intersect or conflict. Particular reference is made to discussions at the TRIPS Council and to the activities of WIPO Green. It explores possible ways to increase the role of IP in addressing climate change issues, including limiting the availability of patents, fast-tracking certain patent applications, and promoting IP exploitation models based on sharing rather than control. Finally, it explores the benefits to be gained in developing the relationship between IP and climate change by looking more widely, to human rights and competition laws.
Classics Illustrated and the Evolving Art of Comic-Book Literary Adaptation
Authors: Jones William B.
Published: April 2017

During its thirty-year history, from 1941 to 1971, the first US series of Classics Illustrated comic-book adaptations of literary fiction and biography continually reaffirmed its intent to guide young readers to engagement with “the original text.” Adaptation approaches varied in the 169 titles over the course of decades of new-title production. Most of the earlier issues remained in print, resulting in a mixture of simultaneously available adaptation styles. The three eras in CI adaptation might be loosely described as Interpretive (1941–44), Hybrid (1945–56), and Faithful (1957–62). Although scriptwriters’ methods overlapped, precluding neat boundaries, the issue of textual fidelity was a constant concern, explicitly or implicitly. Analyses of individual adaptations by representative scriptwriters illuminate the evolution of adaptation goals and strategies in a new, disfavored medium and reveal the adapters’ offhand creation of their own canon that in some ways has outlasted the canon they sought to enshrine.
Radio Adaptation
Authors: Hand Richard
Published: April 2017

Radio, older than television but newer than cinema, has had to fight for acknowledgment of its power as an autonomous medium rather than a blind version of these other media. Yet it is in some ways more interesting for adapters than either of them because it encourages audiences to visualize scenes and spectacles that producers do not have to stage visually, empowering audiences to become more active even as it keeps down production costs. From its earliest days, radio depended on adaptations of earlier novels, stories, poems, plays, and movies. This adaptive impulse survives in contemporary podcasts, torrents, and audio streamed online, all of them relying on audiences whose experiences with other media make them co-creators of the experiences radio offers.
Adaptation XXX
Authors: Hunter I.Q.
Published: April 2017

Pornographic adaptations—erotic parodies of mainstream films—have long been dismissed from critical notice as much because of their allegedly slapdash adaptation strategies as because of their demotic cultural associations. Focusing mostly on commercially produced US films, Chapter 24 traces the history of pornographic adaptations from the softcore exploitation films of the 1960s through “Golden Age” hardcore films such as The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) to contemporary DVD and online “XXX versions” and looks in detail at porn versions of Fanny Hill and Psycho (1960). The essay explores how far such film adaptations uncover disavowed erotic subtexts in their sources and considers what the process of porn adaptation can reveal about the more general processes of producing and consuming adaptations.
Against Conclusions
Authors: Leitch Thomas
Published: April 2017

Adaptation scholars have long debated the proper relationship between theory and practice in adaptation studies. This essay considers the claims of theory and practice, examines the ways they compete in several particular theorists, and comes down on the side of theory, but theory defined in a new way. It urges not that adaptation scholars adopt a new and improved theory of adaptation, but that they adopt new ways of thinking about the activity of theorizing as a series of questions designed to lead to further, better questions. It ends, but does not conclude, with a list of questions that adaptation scholars might profitably explore.
Classics (jing經)
Authors: Schaberg David
Published: April 2017

Each of the texts and commentarial traditions known as the “Confucian” classics derives ultimately from Zhou dynasty models for speech and ritual behavior. Shijing (Classic of Poetry) includes both court liturgy and local popular song, Shangshu (Documents Classic) gathers speeches attributed to early rulers, Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Anna ls) assembles historical accounts and interpretations, the Classics on ritual (li) addresses fine points of ceremony and political order, and Yijing (Classic of Changes) offers a guide to divination and the connections between the natural and human worlds. Conceived of as a set and linked over time to the teachings of Confucius, the canon was adopted during the Han dynasty as the prime expression of China’s ideals for morality, education, administrative practice, and governance. As a rich literary corpus that had implicit legitimacy, the classics offered models both for particular literary styles and for an enduring order of textual expression and interpretation.
Pre-Tang Anthologies and Anthologization
Authors: Knechtges David R.
Published: April 2017

In China from ancient times the anthology has occupied an important place in literary culture. During the early medieval period the purely literary anthology comes into its own. The emergence of a large number of anthologies in this period is related to changing conceptions of writing as well as attempts to define genres and to establish an independent category for belles lettres. Only a few of the anthologies from this period have survived, the most famous being the Wen xuan, compiled around 526. Another extant single-genre anthology is the Yutai xinyong. The Wen xuan eventually became the Chinese anthology par excellence, and for several centuries was the primary source from which scholars and writers obtained their literary education; it was also important in Japan and Korea.
Periodization and Major Inflection Points
Authors: Owen Stephen
Published: April 2017

Periodization is a function of a virtual literary historical story, organizing selective evidence to support a particular narrative of change. In the Chinese case, the contested variable is the degree to which literary history has autonomy or is one kind of document in a unified narrative of political and cultural history. For macroperiods, technological change is essential, namely, the gradual spread of paper during the second and third centuries ce and the larger adoption of an already existing technology of printing in the tenth century. Large decline and revival narratives were popular, and interpreting literary history in the context of the dynastic cycle became the norm.
Textual Transmission of Earlier Literature during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties
Authors: Li Wai-Yee
Published: April 2017

Classical Chinese literature exerts a powerful hold on readers and writers in later periods. The question of how earlier literature was preserved, classified, anthologized, and distributed is vital for understanding how authors defined their creative and interpretive endeavors during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Printing expanded, with a dramatic increase in numbers and variety in the sixteenth century. For many of the texts discussed in our volume, the earliest extant editions or reconstituted versions date from the Ming dynasty, and many important commentaries and annotations were produced during the late imperial period. Encyclopedias and collectanea show how tradition is repackaged. Political legitimation is bound up with state-sponsored comprehensive collections and encyclopedias. Anthologies of earlier literature and commentaries on them yield insights into literary trends in later periods. Primers and textbooks demonstrate the role of classical literature in acquiring basic linguistic and literary competence.
Defenses of Literature/Literary Thought/Poetics
Authors: Rouzer Paul
Published: April 2017

Traditional Chinese poetics grew out of hermeneutic tendencies associated with the Shijing, as commentators linked the poems to specific personal responses to historical events. This led to the valorization of self-expression and the obligation to “read” the author behind the text. While this remained a basic assumption, how it was interpreted and applied changed over time. In the pre-Tang era, the growth of court culture and the development of self-conscious literary history produced a series of important texts that addressed the interactions of literary texts with the polity; the evolution of genres and their relationship to personality; metaphysical sources for the imagination; and the historical development of literary forms and literary influence. In the Tang, the popularity of technical manuals demonstrates the increasing importance of shi composition. The ninth century saw the rise of theories that emphasized individual self-expression and authenticity in presentation. These views would come to dominate poetics.
Concepts of Authorship
Authors: Li Wai-Yee
Published: April 2017

What are the words and phrases used to designate authorship in classical Chinese literature? What are the anecdotes and stories told to emblematize or dramatize the contexts and meanings of authorship? How does the attribution to or the invention of an author define or control the meanings of a text? How do markers of authorial presence function in a text? How does genre shape authorial voice? How do anonymous texts generate authors? How do images of authors (as distinct from historical actors) produce texts? Many scholars believe that authorship becomes increasingly individualistic and self-conscious for the period covered by this volume. How valid is this historical trajectory? In exploring these questions, this chapter examines notions of orality, textual authority, textual transmission, patronage, commentary, editorial labor, forgery, anonymity, originality, imitation, and collective authorship.
Moments
Authors: Varsano Paula
Published: April 2017

How do the moments that comprise a human life appear through the kaleidoscopic lens of China’s changing modes of literary expression? Many of the writings we have in our possession evince a profound sense of “timeliness”: an awareness of how life events may or may not correspond with the larger, and doubtless much more impersonal, processes of cosmic, historical, or physiological change. Beginning with some of the foundational philosophical texts of the pre-Qin period and proceeding through a range of genres, including biographies, essays, poems, and stories, this chapter will follow the natural arc of a human life—from infancy, through adulthood, old age and death—to consider some of the ways in which writers emerge from, live in, shape, conceptualize, and resist the workings of time upon human life.
Sites I
Authors: Chen Jack
Published: April 2017

This chapter examines the role of space in classical Chinese literature as instantiated in the particular sites of the court, the boudoir, the city, and the frontier. This constellation of places provides a geography of classical literary production, one that echoes with distinctly political overtones—at least, insofar as we move from the symbolic center of the imperial court to the private site of the boudoir, from the cosmopolitan heart of the capital city to the desolate barrens of the frontier. As actual topoi (“places”) of literature, these sites are not only the representational objects of literary composition but the very structures through which both literary and political subjectivity is given shape.
The Chinese Writing System
Authors: Galambos Imre
Published: April 2017

The Chinese script is one of the major writing systems of the world and has over three thousand years of recorded history. Native accounts of its origin have been extremely influential and remain part of the general discourse, even though newly discovered archaeological materials in many cases challenge the traditional view. The earliest known examples of Chinese characters survive on oracle bones, and these are essentially ancestral to all modern forms of written Chinese, even though the script went through great changes during the following millennia. One of the most important such changes was the Qin-Han transition from the scripts of the Warring States period to that of the dynastic era. In the medieval period, the Chinese script was adopted for other languages in East and Central Asia, and in some cases was modified to create new Sinoform scripts (e.g., Khitan, Jurchen, and Tangut).
Moderation of Female–Female Competition for Matings by Competitors’ Age and Parity
Authors: MacEacheron Melanie , Campbell Lorne
Published: April 2017

Previous research on female intrasexual competition, especially but not only for matings or mateships, has largely been conducted using convenience samples of women of undergraduate status and therefore generally between the ages of 17 and 22. Even among such articles including women over 25, the majority do not focus on mate competition. There is a priori reason, however, to believe that intrasexual competition for matings and mateships would extend and change beyond this life stage. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on female intrasexual competition over women’s reproductive careers, discusses factors that should result in predictable changes in female intrasexual competition as women age, and proposes testable hypotheses that should help guide future research in this area of research. Based on this analysis, new theories concerning reproductive advantage derivable from acquiring the status of successful mother are proposed.
Intrasexual Competition Among Beauty Pageant Contestants
Authors: Shaiber Rebecca L. , Johnsen Laura L. , Geher Glenn
Published: April 2017

We analyze beauty pageants from an evolutionary perspective, with the goal of providing a unique insight into a novel cultural practice. Through a detailed review of adult and children beauty pageants, we propose that pageants elicit intrasexually competitive behaviors that would typically be seen within a mating context. In real-world settings, women’s intrasexual competition is often focused on gaining and possessing resources, typically through mate attraction and retention. While there is no mate to “win” in pageants, there is a substantial amount of status and resources to be gained by the winner. Further, the context also highlights individual differences in such mating-relevant attributes as physical attractiveness, talent, and compassion. We propose that beauty competitions feature traits that heterosexual men find attractive in a mate (e.g., indicators of youth, fertility, long-term commitment, virginity, intelligence, and creativity). Finally, we discuss future avenues of evolutionary research in the context of beauty pageants.
Is Love an Emotion?
Authors: Pismenny Arina , Prinz Jesse
Published: April 2017

What kind of mental phenomenon is romantic love? Many philosophers, psychologists, and ordinary folk treat it as an emotion. This chapter argues the category of emotion is inadequate to account for romantic love. It examines major emotion theories in philosophy and psychology and shows that they fail to illustrate that romantic love is an emotion. It considers the categories of basic emotions and emotion complexes, and demonstrates they too come short in accounting for romantic love. It assesses the roles of culture and evolution in shaping the romantic love phenomenon and evaluates the ways in which the norms of rationality that are applied to standard emotions fail to apply to love. It considers the category of sentiments and argue that despite coming close, it does not adequately capture the nature of romantic love. Finally, the chapter makes a case for love being best characterized as a syndrome.