bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bile duct cysts in adults
Authors: Söreide K , Körner H , Havnen J , Söreide J A
Published: November 2004

Background

Bile duct cysts are rare and of uncertain origin. Most have been reported in young females of Asian descent, but an increasing number have occurred in Western adults.

Methods

A Medline literature search was performed to locate articles on the pathophysiological concepts, clinical behaviour and management controversies pertaining to bile duct cysts in adults. Emphasis was placed on reports from the past two decades.

Results and conclusion

An increasing rate of occurrence of bile duct cyst is reported in adults. Type IV cysts are more frequent in adults than children. Presentation tends to be non-specific abdominal discomfort. Related hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease frequently precedes recognition, and may complicate the postoperative course. Surgical treatment aims to relieve complications deriving from the cysts and to reduce the significant risk of malignant change within the biliary tree. Complete cyst resection, cholecystectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction is standard. Controversy exists about the role of hepatic resection in type IV and V cysts, and the role of minimally invasive and laparoscopic treatment. In general, the outcome is good and a near-zero mortality rate has been reported in institutional series over the past decade.
Dynamic Equilibrium between a Supramolecular Capsule and Bowl Generated by Inter‐ and Intramolecular Metal Clipping
Authors: Park Seong Jin , Shin Dong Mok , Sakamoto Shigeru , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Chung Young Keun , Lah Myoung Soo , Hong Jong‐In
Published: November 2004

The metal‐induced self‐assembly of a resorcin[4]arene derivative 1 that has four pyridine units as pendent groups and two equivalents of [M(dppp)(OTf)2] (M=Pd, Pt) results in a dynamic equilibrium between an interclipped supramolecular capsule 3 and an intraclipped bowl 4 in nitromethane, although the interclipped capsule 3 is formed as a sole adduct in chloroform/methanol and the intraclipped bowl 4 is formed exclusively in an aqueous phase. This demonstrates how metal‐induced self‐assembly can be tuned by subtle changes in the solvent system. The coexistence of the two structures in nitromethane was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and coldspray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI‐MS). The crystal structure of the interclipped capsule 3 b, which is composed of two units of ligand 1 and four PtII ions, reveals the capsule cavity to have nanoscale dimensions of 15×20 Å. NMR spectra show that the dynamic equilibrium between 3 and 4 is dependent on concentration and temperature. Temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out from 273 to 343 K to verify the thermodynamic parameters that control the dynamic equilibrium process; the conversion from the interclipped supramolecular capsule 3 a to the intraclipped bowl 4 a is entropically favored and enthalpically disfavored. The rotational barrier of the restricted rotation of pyridine units in the intraclipped bowl 4 was determined by line‐shape analysis.
Molecular and Electronic Structure of Four‐ and Five‐Coordinate Cobalt Complexes Containing Two o‐Phenylenediamine‐ or Two o‐Aminophenol‐Type Ligands at Various Oxidation Levels: An Experimental, Density Functional, and Correlated ab initio Study
Authors: Bill Eckhard , Bothe Eberhard , Chaudhuri Phalguni , Chlopek Krzysztof , Herebian Diran , Kokatam Swarnalatha , Ray Kallol , Weyhermüller Thomas , Neese Frank , Wieghardt Karl
Published: November 2004

The bidentate ligands N‐phenyl‐o‐phenylenediamine, H2(2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$), or its analogue 2‐(2‐trifluoromethyl)anilino‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$), react with [CoII(CH3CO2)2]⋅4H2O and triethylamine in acetonitrile in the presence of air yielding the square‐planar, four‐coordinate species [Co(2LN)2] (1) and [Co(4LO)2] (4) with an S=1/2 ground state. The corresponding nickel complexes [Ni(4LO)2] (8) and its cobaltocene reduced form [CoIII(Cp)2][Ni(4LO)2] (9) have also been synthesized. The five‐coordinate species [Co(2LN)2(tBu‐py)] (2) (S=1/2) and its one‐electron oxidized forms [Co(2LN)2(tBu‐py)](O2CCH3) (2 a) or [Co(2LN)2I] (3) with diamagnetic ground states (S=0) have been prepared, as has the species [Co(4LO)2(CH2CN)] (7). The one‐electron reduced form of 4, namely [Co(Cp)2][Co(4LO)2] (5) has been generated through the reduction of 4 with [Co(Cp)2]. Complexes 1, 2, 2 a, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography (100 K). The ligands are non‐innocent and may exist as catecholate‐like dianions (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$)2−, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$)2− or π‐radical semiquinonate monoanions (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm ISQ}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$).−, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm ISQ}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$).− or as neutral benzoquinones (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IBQ}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$)0, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IBQ}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$)0; the spectroscopic oxidation states of the central metal ions vary accordingly. Electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and EPR spectroscopy, as well as variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to experimentally determine the electronic structures of these complexes. Density functional theoretical (DFT) and correlated ab initio calculation have been performed on the neutral and monoanionic species [Co(1LN)2]0,− in order to understand the structural and spectroscopic properties of complexes. It is shown that the corresponding nickel complexes 8 and 9 contain a low‐spin nickel(II) ion regardless of the oxidation level of the ligand, whereas for the corresponding cobalt complexes the situation is more complicated. Spectroscopic oxidation states describing a d6 (CoIII) or d7 (CoII) electron configuration cannot be unambiguously assigned.
Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in drug development
Authors: Goodsaid Federico
Published: November 2004

Measurements of the number of copies of DNA or mRNA with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have transformed the drug development process. This transformation is driven by the information these measurements have contributed for a better understanding of the molecular definition of disease and of the mechanisms of efficacy and toxicity for new drugs. As this information is translated into accurate genomic biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity, drug development processes supported by these measurements are becoming more efficient. This transformation is exemplified in the conversion of P450 enzyme activity measurements to gene expression in drug metabolism studies, the measurement of cytokine and chemokine genomic expression levels as clinical markers, and the identification and evaluation of genomic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity. A good understanding of factors affecting qPCR measurements can simplify their implementation, as will high‐throughput platforms for these assays. Drug Dev. Res. 62:151–158, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the transitions of weaning in the rat
Authors: Kavushansky A. , Leshem M.
Published: November 2004

Sucklings (18‐day‐old) and weanlings (35‐day‐old) were injected icv with oxytocin or its antagonist (both 0.5 μg/1 μl), or vasopressin (1.0 ng/1 μl) or its antagonist (100 ng/1 μl), prior to 4‐min observation in a behavioral maze with a sibling in one box and their anesthetized dam in the other. Oxytocin abolished nipple attachment in sucklings, decreased time spent with the dam, and increased self‐grooming. The oxytocin antagonist had little influence on behavior. Vasopressin increased self‐grooming while its antagonist reduced passive contact with the dam, increased active contact with her, and increased exploration and activity. We conclude that these neuropeptides have diverse roles during weaning, maintaining sucklings' behavior or promoting weaning, and subserving the transition from attachment to the dam to independence from her. We propose that these neurochemicals, and others, mediate the neural, affiliative, and affective changes of weaning, and that the term “weaning” should be understood to encompass these behavioral transitions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 231–238, 2004.
Effect of early feeding experience on subsequent prey preference by cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis
Authors: Darmaillacq Anne‐Sophie , Chichery Raymond , Poirier Roseline , Dickel Ludovic
Published: November 2004

Food preferences were investigated in cuttlefish during the first 3 months' posthatching, using choice tests between crabs, shrimps, and young fish. The results showed that without previous feeding experience, cuttlefish preferred shrimps on Day 3. This suggests an innate food preference; however, it was possible to induce a preference for an originally nonpreferred prey item in 3‐day‐old and naïve cuttlefish, demonstrating the flexibility of this initial behavioral preference in response to previous individual experience. This preference suggests a learning process involving a form of long‐term memory, demonstrated for the first time in juvenile cuttlefish. Until Day 30, juvenile cuttlefish fed exclusively shrimps chose shrimps. This preference probably depends on their previous feeding experience. Finally, it appears that from Day 60, cuttlefish reared on the same restricted diet have a tendency to switch their preference to novel prey items, which diversify their diet. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 239–244, 2004.
Development of an anti‐IL‐12 p40 auto‐vaccine: protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at the expense of increased sensitivity to infection
Authors: Uyttenhove Catherine , Arendse Berenice , Stroobant Vincent , Brombacher Frank , Van Snick Jacques
Published: November 2004

IL‐12 and IL‐23, which share the IL‐12 p40 subunit, have been ascribed central roles in many autoimmune disorders. We describe here an anti‐IL‐12 (αIL‐12) auto‐vaccine that potentially blocks both factors in vivo. Immunization of mice with mouse IL‐12 coupled to OVA or Pan DR epitope (PADRE) peptide induced Ab directed against the IL‐12 p40 subunit, which prevented IFN‐γ production in response to IL‐12 administration in vivo. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an IL‐23‐dependent disease model, induced in SJL mice with a proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide was almost undetectable after αIL‐12 vaccination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐induced disease in C57BL/6 mice was also significantly inhibited. This protection correlated with inhibited Th1 cytokine responses in vitro and with an increase in the IgG1/IgG2a anti‐PLP Ab balance. Detrimental consequences of αIL‐12 vaccination were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major (L.m.). While delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) suppression and immunoglobulin as well as interleukin production patterns reflected a major shift toward a Th2‐type response, L.m. growth was still significantly retarded as compared to that seen in susceptible BALB/c mice. However, vaccinated animals ultimately failed to control parasite expansion. These results suggest that some chronic autoimmune diseases may benefit from αIL‐12 vaccination at the expense of reduced, but not completely abrogated, cell‐mediated immunity.
Frontline: Inhibition of allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation by the tripeptide feG: a mimetic of a neuro‐endocrine pathway
Authors: Dery René E. , Ulanova Marina , Puttagunta Lakshmi , Stenton Grant R. , James Deborah , Merani Shaheed , Mathison Ronald , Davison Joe , Befus A. Dean
Published: November 2004

Interactions between the neuro‐endocrine system and immune system help maintain health. One interaction involves the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), which regulate the prohormone submandibular rat 1 (SMR1) produced by the submandibular gland (SMG). A peptide derived from SMR1, feG, has anti‐inflammatory activity, and modification to D‐isomer feG enhances bioactivity. We tested feG as a therapeutic agent for airways inflammation, using rats sensitized by OVA or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). Treatment with feG but not fdG down‐regulated OVA‐challenge‐induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)‐derived macrophages, eosinophils and PMN (neutrophils) by 44%, 69% and 67%, respectively, at 24 h. We found that feG also reduced ICAM‐1 on BAL‐derived macrophages and eosinophils by 27% and 65%, and L‐selectin on PMN by 55% following OVA challenge. Furthermore, feG but not fdG reduced the OVA‐induced TNF increase in BAL fluid. We showed that feG also down‐regulated both hyper‐responsiveness to methacholine (by 27%) and microgranulomata formation in the lung parenchyma. In Nb‐challenged rats, feG treatment inhibited ex vivo allergen‐induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle by up to 73%. In conclusion, feG, which is a mimetic of a peptide derived from a rat salivary gland prohormone, has anti‐inflammatory properties in allergic airways inflammation in Brown‐Norway rats. The role of the SCG‐SMG neuro‐endocrine pathway in allergic asthma and other inflammatory diseases requires additional study.
B cells alter the phenotype and function of follicular‐homing CXCR5+ T cells
Authors: Ebert Lisa M. , Horn Michael P. , Lang Alois B. , Moser Bernhard
Published: November 2004

The CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)5 is rapidly induced on activated CD4+ T cells, allowing migration toward secondary lymphoid tissue follicles, where the CXCR5 ligand CXCL13/BCA‐1 is produced. Such CXCR5+ T cells provide efficient help for B cell immunoglobulin production and are termed follicular B helper T (TFH) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TFH cells provide B cell help are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that newly generated (antigen‐primed) TFH cells express a phenotype consistent with induction of B cell proliferation, but co‐culture with primed B cells resulted in a switch to a plasma cell‐inducing phenotype, characterized by loss of CD154, induction of CD70 and an increase in IL‐10 production capacity. The ability to produce IL‐10 could be maintained as a stable phenotype, but its secretion was strictly dependent on inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling. Furthermore, B cells preserved a lymph node migration phenotype in proliferating TFH cells by preventing the loss of CC chemokine receptor (CCR)7 and the induction of CCR5. Thus, B cells directly modulate the B cell helper phenotype in TFH cells and actively promote their prolonged co‐localization with these cells.
Inhibition of altered peptide ligand‐mediated antagonism of human GAD65‐responsive CD4+ T cells by non‐antagonizable T cells
Authors: Gebe John A. , Masewicz Susan A. , Kochik Sharon A. , Reijonen Helena , Nepom Gerald T.
Published: November 2004

Altered peptide ligands derived from T cell‐reactive self antigens have been shown to be protective therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity. In this study we identified several altered peptide ligands derived from the type 1 diabetes‐associated autoantigen human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (hGAD65) epitope that were capable of antagonizing a subset of a panel of human CD4+ GAD65 (555–567)‐responsive T cell clones derived from a diabetic individual. While no altered peptide ligand was able to antagonize all six clones in the T cell panel, a single‐substituted peptide of isoleucine to methionine at position 561, which resides at the TCR contact p5 position, was able to antagonize five out of the six hGAD65‐responsive clones. In a mixed T cell culture system we observed that altered peptide ligand‐mediated antagonism is inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by the presence of non‐antagonizable hGAD65 (555–567)‐responsive T cells. From an analysis of the cytokines present in the mixed T cell cultures, interleukin‐2 was sufficient to inhibit altered peptide ligand‐induced antagonism. The inhibition of altered peptide ligand‐mediated antagonism of self‐antigen‐responsive T cells by non‐antagonizable T cells has implications in altered peptide ligand therapy where T cell antagonism is the goal.
Attracting and selecting: What psychological research tells us
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Tippins Nancy T.
Published: November 2004

HR practitioners often have misperceptions regarding research findings in the area of employee selection. This article reviews research on what selection tools work, what recruitment strategies work, how selection‐tool use relates to workforce diversity, and what staffing and recruiting processes lead to positive applicant perceptions. Knowledge and implementation gaps in these areas are discussed, and key research findings are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance management and assessment: Methods for improved rater accuracy and employee goal setting
Authors: London Manuel , Mone Edward M. , Scott John C.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the gaps between research and practice in the areas of rater accuracy and goal setting. Prior research has shown that human resource managers may incorrectly believe that training raters to recognize errors will increase rater accuracy and that employee participation in goal setting is more effective than assigning goals. Theory‐based research suggests ways to help raters recognize expected performance and enable employees to self‐regulate their pursuit of goals. We describe applications of these findings to performance management programs and suggest methods for evaluating their effectiveness once implemented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing a downsizing process
Authors: Cascio Wayne F. , Wynn Peg
Published: November 2004

This article identifies five gaps between research and practice in the area of employment downsizing. Each area includes psychological research findings that should promote better management practices. Two organizations that successfully bridged the gap between research and practice are presented as examples of how to manage strategic and interpersonal processes effectively when there is pressure to downsize employees. One organization did downsize 8,000 employees as a last resort, while the other took creative steps to avoid any employment downsizing. The article concludes with suggestions for enhancing the effectiveness of downsizing efforts even further, and for evaluating the actions taken. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human skin cell cultures onto PLA50 (PDLLA) bioresorbable polymers: Influence of chemical and morphological surface modifications
Authors: Garric Xavier , Molès Jean‐Pierre , Garreau Henri , Guilhou Jean‐Jacques , Vert Michel
Published: November 2004

Poly(α‐hydroxy acid)s derived from lactic and glycolic acid are bioresorbable polymers which can cover a large range of thermal, physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Human keratinocytes have been shown as able to grow on a poly(DL‐lactic acid) film. However the keratinocyte growth was delayed with respect to culture on standard tissue culture polystyrene, even though the same plateau level was observed after 2 weeks. In order to improve the performance of poly(DL‐lactic acid) films as skin culture support, their surface was modified by creating tiny cavities using a method based on the leaching out of poly(ethylene oxide) from poly(lactic acid)–poly(ethylene oxide) heterogeneous blends. The surface of the films was also chemically modified by alkaline attack with sodium hydroxide and by type‐I collagen coating. Murine fibroblast cell line and primary cultures of human fibroblasts and of two types of keratinocytes were allowed to adhere and to grow comparatively on the different films. The presence of cavities affected neither the adhesion of dermal fibroblasts nor that of keratinocytes. Only keratinocyte proliferation was significantly reduced by the presence of cavities. Collagen coating improved skin cell adhesion and proliferation as well, except in the case of murine fibroblasts. In the case of the NaOH treatments, similar trends were observed but their extent depended on the treatment time. In the case of chemical modifications, fluorescence microscopy bore out adhesion and proliferation tendencies deduced from MTT tests. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 180–189, 2005
In vitroandin vivobiocompatibility evaluation of a polyalkylimide hydrogel for soft tissue augmentation
Authors: Ramires P.A. , Miccoli M.A. , Panzarini E. , Dini L. , Protopapa C.
Published: November 2004

Injectable fillers are commonly used in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to correct serious and slight aesthetic defects due to their low invasiveness and an easy implant technique procedure. Synthetic hydrogels are proposed as filler materials for their similarity with soft tissue and to avoid many disadvantages of naturally derived materials such as short persistence, allergenicity, and immunogenicity. Our studies are focused on the biocompatibility evaluation of a polyacrylic hydrogel containing alkylimide‐amide groups and pyrogen free water (96%) (Bio‐Alcamid®) by means of thein vitrocytotoxicity and mutagenicity assays and thein vivoskin irritation, sensitization test, and subcutaneous implant. All tests conducted on Bio‐Alcamid® showed no toxicity. It is a substance easy to inject and remove; it does not migrate, and its safety allows it to be a suitable filler for the correction of slight and also very serious aesthetic defects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 230–238, 2005
Effect of 3,4‐di(OH)‐cinnamate synthetic derivative on plasma and hepatic cholesterol level and antioxidant enzyme activities in high cholesterol‐fed rats
Authors: Park Eun‐Jin , Lee Sangku , Jeong Tae‐Sook , Bok Song‐Hae , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Park Yong Bok , Choi Myung‐Sook
Published: November 2004

The effect of 3,4‐di(OH)‐phenylpropionic acid (L‐phenylalanine methyl ester) amide (SL‐1063), a synthetic derivative of 3,4‐di(OH)‐cinnamate, on the cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant enzyme system was examined in rats. Diets that included either SL‐1063 (0.046%, w/w) or lovastatin (0.02%, w/w) as a supplement, plus 1 g cholesterol/100 g diet were fed to rats ad libitum for 5 weeks. The total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lowered by the SL‐1063 supplement compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the levels of plasma HDL‐cholesterol and ratio of HDL‐cholesterol/total cholesterol (%) were significantly higher in the SL‐1063 group than in the control group. However, the lovastatin supplement did not affect the plasma lipid level. The hepatic cholesterol level and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase activity were significantly lowered in the lovastatin group compared to the SL‐1063 group; however, the hepatic triglyceride level did not differ among the groups. The activity of hepatic acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), the enzyme that catalyzes hepatic cholesterol esterification, was significantly lower in the lovastatin and SL‐1063 groups than in the control group. Furthermore, the SL‐1063 supplement elevated the excretion of fecal sterols. As regards the hepatic antioxidant enzyme system, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were all significantly higher in the SL‐1063 group compared to the control group, whereas only the GR activity was significantly increased by the lovastatin supplement. No marked difference in the GSH levels and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities was observed among the groups. The levels of plasma and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lowered by the SL‐1063 supplement compared to the control group. Accordingly, the current results suggest that SL‐1063, a synthetic derivative of 3,4‐di(OH)‐cinnamate, is effective in lowering the plasma lipids and improving the antioxidant enzyme system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:279–287, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20036
Off‐axis electron holography of magnetic nanowires and chains, rings, and planar arrays of magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Dunin‐Borkowski Rafal E. , Kasama Takeshi , Wei Alexander , Tripp Steven L. , Hÿtch Martin J. , Snoeck Etienne , Harrison Richard J. , Putnis Andrew
Published: November 2004

A selection of recent results illustrating the application of off‐axis electron holography to the study of magnetic microstructure in closely‐spaced nanoparticles and nanowires is reviewed. Examples are taken from the characterization of FeNi nanoparticle chains, Co nanoparticle rings, two‐dimensional arrays of naturally occurring magnetite crystals in minerals, and single crystalline Co nanowires. Approaches that can be used to separate the magnetic signal of interest from the mean inner potential contribution to the measured holographic phase shift are described, and the spatial and phase resolution that can be achieved are discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:390–402, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory morphology of carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks: Does the cephalofoil confer a sensory advantage?
Authors: Kajiura Stephen M. , Forni Jesica B. , Summers Adam P.
Published: November 2004

Many hypotheses have been advanced to explain the adaptive significance of the sphyrnid cephalofoil, including potential advantages of spacing the olfactory organs at the distal tips of the broad surface. We employed comparative morphology to test whether the sphyrnid cephalofoil provides better stereo‐olfaction, increases olfactory acuity, and samples a greater volume of the medium compared to the situation in carcharhiniform sharks. The broadly spaced nares provide sphyrnid species with a significantly greater separation between the olfactory rosettes, which could lead to an enhanced ability to resolve odor gradients. In addition, most sphyrnid species possess prenarial grooves that greatly increase the volume of water sampled by the nares and thus increase the probability of odorant encounter. However, despite a much greater head width, and a significantly greater number of olfactory lamellae, scalloped hammerhead sharks do not possess a greater amount of olfactory epithelial surface area than the carcharhiniform sandbar sharks. Therefore, sphyrnid sharks might not possess any greater olfactory acuity than carcharhinids. Despite this, there are clear olfactory advantages to the cephalofoil head morphology that could have led to its evolution, persistence, and diversification. persistence, and diversification. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced extraction capacity and chemical noise reduction in solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Moeder Monika , Schrader Steffi
Published: November 2004

Solid‐phase microextraction fibres with different lengths, coatings (polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, Carbowax/divinylbenzene), film thicknesses, and mounting techniques were examined in combination with GC‐MS with regard to their enhanced extraction capacities and fibre ‘bleeding’. A series of phenols and halogenated aromatics with diverse physicochemical properties were investigated to characterize the effects of the enhanced extraction capacities of solid‐phase microextraction fibres. Fibre extension was found to be effective for the microextraction of compounds with high log Kow values, whereas increasing both coating thickness and fibre length is most effective for the microextraction of more polar compounds such as phenols. Almost no bisphenol A was released when custom‐made polydimethylsiloxane fibres were used, finally eliminating a drawback of endocrine disrupter analysis by solid‐phase microextraction.
Identiﬁcation of the main phenolic compounds in wood of Ceratonia siliqua by GC‐MS
Authors: Balaban Mualla
Published: November 2004

The tannin composition of wood of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) was studied using GC‐MS and classical chemical assays. Aqueous methanolic extracts of carob heartwood and sapwood were fractionated using organic solvents of increasing polarity, and GC‐MS analyses were performed before and after hydrolysis. Prior to hydrolysis, gallic acid, catechin and its derivatives, methyl inositol and chalcone were determined as the major compounds found in the free form. Aqueous fractions of both wood types were hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid in methanol and extracted with organic solvents and water. These fractions were rich in methyl inositol, gallic acid, glucose and other monosaccharides. The results show that carob wood contains predominantly gallotannins and proanthocyanidins. The technique employed is shown to be a valuable tool and an alternative method to HPLC determination of hydrolysable tannin composition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary electrophoresis of the major anions and cations in leaf extracts of woody species
Authors: Warren Charles R. , Adams Mark A.
Published: November 2004

Capillary electrophoresis methods are described for the analysis of the major inorganic anions (nitrite, nitrate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate), organic acids (oxalate, malate, citrate, succinate) and inorganic cations (ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium) in leaf extracts. Analytical performance was validated for extracts from leaves of four sclerophyllous species: Eucalyptus globulus, E. cladocalyx, E. nitens and Pinus radiata. Inorganic anions and organic acids were analysed in a single run within 5 min using a background electrolyte of 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (20 mm) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (0.5 mm). Cations were analysed in a separate run also within 5 min using imidazole (10 mm) and 18‐crown‐6 (2 mm) as background electrolyte. Replicate injections were highly repeatable when the capillary was rinsed between runs with hydrochloric acid (0.25 m) and background electrolyte, but not when the acid rinse was omitted or replaced by a rinse with sodium hydroxide (0.25 m). Standard curves for all analytes were linear over the range of 0.05–1 mm. Standard curves constructed by serial dilution of a leaf extract were also highly linear, and this, combined with the excellent recovery of added solutes in a spike and recovery test, suggests quantiﬁcation was unaffected by the complex matrix that is present in un‐puriﬁed, hot water extracts of leaves. There were signiﬁcant differences in concentrations of the major anions and cations between the species studied. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate heats of formation and acidities for H3PO4, H2SO4, and H2CO3 from ab initio electronic structure calculations
Authors: Alexeev Yuri , Windus Theresa L. , Zhan Chang‐Guo , Dixon David A.
Published: November 2004

Atomization energies and heats of formation at 0 and 298 K for H2CO3, HCO, H2SO4, HSO, H3PO4, and H2PO were calculated using coupled cluster theory including noniterative, quasi‐perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)) with large basis sets. Optimized geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level. Atomization energies were obtained by extrapolating CCSD(T) valence energies to the complete basis set limit (CBS) using the aug‐cc‐pV(n+d)Z (n = D, T, Q) basis sets where the +d corresponds to the inclusion of tight d functions for the second row atoms P and S. In order to achieve near chemical accuracy (±1 kcal/mol) in the thermodynamic properties, a core/valence correction, a Douglas‐Kroll‐Hess scalar relativistic correction, and a first‐order atomic spin‐orbit correction were included. The calculated heats of formation of the neutral molecules at 0 K are ΔH(H2CO3) = –275.2, ΔH(H2SO4) = –167.9, and ΔH(H3PO4) = –268.8 kcal/mol. The only experimental value is ΔH(H2SO4) = –172.4 ± 2, a difference of about 4 kcal/mol. The calculated gas acidities (ΔG) at 298 K are 332.2, 322.2, and 304.6 kcal/mol for H2CO3, H3PO4, and H2SO4, respectively. The calculated values for H3PO4 and H2SO4 are in good agreement with the respective experimental values of 323.0 ± 4.9 and 302.3 ± 2.6 kcal/mol. Solution acidities are computed using the fully polarizable continuum model. Using an electron density contour value of 0.001 a.u. to define the cavity for the neutral molecules and of 0.0022 a.u. for the anions, we calculate pKa(H2CO3) = 6.3, pKa(H3PO4) = 2.5, and pKa(HNO3) = –2.4 which are within one pKa of the respective experimental values of 6.4, 2.1, and –1.4. We predict the pKa of H2SO4 in aqueous solution to be in the range of –6 to –8, significantly lower than the estimated experimental values in the range of –3. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A near wake model for trailing vorticity compared with the blade element momentum theory
Authors: Madsen Helge Aagaard , Rasmussen Flemming
Published: November 2004

A near wake model for trailing vorticity originally proposed by Beddoes for high‐resolution helicopter blade vortex interaction computations has been implemented and compared with the usual blade element momentum models used for wind turbine calculations. The model is in principle a lifting line model for the rotating blade, where only a quarter revolution of the wake system behind the blade is taken into account. This simplification of the wake enables a fast computation of the downwash from the trailed vortex system along the blade using the indicial function method and thus makes it realistic to use the model in aeroelastic time simulations. The downwash from the shed vorticity is also computed with a fast indicial function algorithm. In particular the model is investigated for use in calculations of aerodynamic damping for the different mode shapes of an operating wind turbine. Numerical results for the downwash of a wing in straight flow with elliptical circulation are compared with analytical results. Further, the downwash distribution of a 40 m long rotating blade is computed. Aerodynamic damping of the blade in axial harmonic translation and in the first flapwise mode is computed with the near wake model and compared with the results of a standard momentum model including a model for dynamic inflow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosis, migration and social environment: an age-and-gender controlled study
Authors: Fossion P. , Servais L. , Rejas M.-C. , Ledoux Y. , Pelc I. , Minner P.
Published: November 2004

Purpose

Adverse social experiences are frequently invoked to explain the higher rate of psychosis among migrant groups. The aim of the present study was to establish the socio-environmental factors distinguishing migrant psychotic patients from autochthonous patients.

Subjects and method

We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 341 migrant psychotic patients matched for age and gender with 341 autochthonous psychotic patients.

Results

Migrant patients lived more often with their parental family, were less often enrolled with a referral psychiatrist, presented a lower rate of employment, a lower percentage of alcohol misuse and of suicide attempts.

Discussion

Our findings add to the growing body of results showing that more attention needs to be focused on socio-environmental variables in psychosis research. However, several limitations have to be taken into account, particularly with regard to selection biases and age of onset of the psychotic illness.

Conclusion

Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that unemployment is a contributing factor in the risk for psychosis among migrant groups. Migrants’ families are an important keystone in the mental health care process of their sick relatives. Our service models need to be adapted with the aim to make the treatment easier for migrant patients.
The ‘Gender Gap’ in Chile
Authors: LEWIS PAUL H.
Published: November 2004

Men and women in Chile register and vote at separate polling booths. Election results are also tabulated separately for each sex by the Ministry of Interior, down to commune level. A survey of national elections from 1952 to 1970 shows that women and men have different voting preferences. Moreover, results from the four congressional elections held since democracy was restored in 1989 demonstrate that those preferences persist to the present. By focusing on elections in the capital city of Santiago, which is divided into 52 communes (barrios) whose residents differ in their economic and educational levels, it is possible to see to what extent class and gender affect voting preferences. On the basis of an analysis of this data, this article concludes that women are consistently more likely than men to vote for conservative parties, and that this is true in every social class. Support for the left does rise among both sexes in the lower middle class, proletarian and peasant communes – but less among women than among men. The ‘gender gap’ is not usually very large (although it increases at both ends of the political spectrum), but it is persistent.
Mating and lambing in an experimental flock of merino sheep
Authors: Kennedy JF , Bettenay RA
Published: November 2004

Merino ewes, 1278 in all, representing 3 age groups, were pen-mated in 32 lots to individual rams, and a further 200 similar ewes were mated in one lot to 8 rams. The layout of the yards, the techniques employed, and the ration fed to the sheep are described. The reaction by the ewes to the unusual conditions of restraint imposed upon them during both mating and lambing were observed, and it was demonstrated that with care and attention large flocks of Merino sheep are suitable subjects for intense investigations. Data relating to incidence and duration of oestrus, the length of oestrous cycles, and performance of individual rams were recorded in detail for all animals. Extensive information on all aspects of lambing is examined. It was found that the age of the dam, within the range under observation, was associated with lamb losses, birth weight of progeny, and occurrence of multiple births, but was not associated with incidence of oestrus, conception, length of gestation, or sex ratio of progeny. Length of gestation was found to be associated with sex and birth weight of progeny but was not significantly associated with the incidence of single or multiple births.
Stability of structural aggregates of dry soil
Authors: Marshall TJ , Quirk JP
Published: November 2004

The stability of natural aggregates of dry soil has been examined by a drop-shatter method similar to that used in coal technology, The median size was determined after dropping from heights of 30, 60, 120, and 240 cm. The dropping procedure subdivides aggregates along surfaces of weakness into smaller natural units. The method has been used to help define the structure and consistence of various soils. The size distribution of fractured dry soil is in general given satisfactorily by the Rosin-Rammler relation for fractured brittle materials. The possibility of using Atterberg's steel wedge to measure the strength of natural aggregates was also examined.
The measurement of stability of soil micro-aggregates in water
Authors: Quirk JP
Published: November 2004

The value of aggregation (0.05 mm.) corresponding to some specific shaking time is a satisfactory index of structure stability. Where the effects of different cultural treatments on the structure of a soil were being considered, shaking for short periods showed to advantage over long periods. The results obtained by shaking end-over-end for a short period were reproducible. There is an approximate exponential relationship between time of shaking and aggregation (0.05 mm.). The slope of the line obtained by plotting aggregation (0.05 mm.) against logarithm of time was considered as a supplementary index of stability but it appeared to give little additional information. Comparisons were made between hand and machine shaking and between capillary and flood wetting. Capillary wetting was found more satisfactory than flood wetting. The effect of altering the volume of suspension contained in a given cylinder was examined.
Frost protection in orchards using air from the temperature inversion layer
Authors: Frith HJ
Published: November 2004

A new type of wind machine comprising a 21-ft. diameter, low-speed, vertical-axis fan is described, and its efficacy in raising the air temperature in orchards and in protecting citrus and deciduous trees from frost damage is discussed. The fan was shown to be effective in raising the temperature in the orchard, the amount being governed by the strength of temperature inversion. The actual range of effect of the fan was found to be inversely related to the rise in temperature at the centre of the fan's zone of influence. The extent of a rise in temperature equivalent to 25 per cent. of that under the fan varied from 1 to 1½ acres in citrus and from 2 to 8 acres in almonds, depending on the strength of the inversion. The range in citrus was considerably increased by skirting the trees. It was shown that under exceptionally severe frost conditions the area in which actual frost damage to the fruit and trees was reduced by the fan was very small, and because of this the fan in its present form is not considered an economic means of frost protection. The theoretical basis for the formation of temperature inversion is considered and data showing the types of temperature inversion recorded at Griffith, N.S.W., are presented and discussed.
Crop maturity in relation to quality of canned cream style sweet corn
Authors: Mitchell RS , Lynch LJ
Published: November 2004

The reliability of grain moisture percentage as a measure of desirable picking maturity was confirmed. The refractive index of the fluid material expressed from the grain was shown to give a rapid estimation of the grain moisture, the accuracy being sufficient for commercial requirements. The rate of moisture loss from ripening grain grown at Windsor, N.S.W., was measured and used for the short-term prediction of the date of harvest. Limits were defined for different planting times in terms of the number of days to picking maturity. Such limits provide a simpler means of long-term prediction than the heat increment method proposed by American workers. A plan is outlined for the field control of commercial sweet corn plantings in the Windsor district.
Spotted wilt of potato. I. The field disease and studies of the causal virus
Authors: Norris DO
Published: November 2004

The symptoms of spotted wilt on potato (variety Up to Date) are described in detail. The strain content of the field virus is analysed by inoculation to differential hosts, and by comparison with the symptoms produced by five purified virus strains. Potato is a selective host for the Ringspot strain. The virus affecting potato in the field lacks the Tip Blight strain and so differs in strain composition from the type commonly occurring in tomatoes. It is shown that the Tip Blight strain is unable to become systemic in potato, but that it is not a filtering action by potato that gives rise to the abbreviated complex lacking the Tip Blight strain. There is evidence of a synergism of strains of spotted-wilt virus since although the Mild and Very Mild strains are present in the naturally occurring potato virus together with the dominant Ringspot strain, they are unable to invade potato when in pure form. It is suggested that the virus affecting potato in the field be designated "potato type spotted wilt" to differentiate it from the type containing Tip Blight strain.
The ground recovery and drop spectra of sprays dispersed from two types of aircraft
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: November 2004

Field trials were conducted to determine the ground recovery and drop spectra of the spray dispersed from aerial spraying apparatus attached to a Beaufort and to a Dakota aircraft, lent and operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. Samples of the spray deposit were taken over a 200-yard swathe on slides coated with magnesium oxide. The spray drops were sized and counted by means of a microscope fitted with an eyepiece graticule. The mean diameter of the drops recovered from the Beaufort over a swathe of 200 yards was 151 microns and the number per cm.² ranged from 0.5 to 80.7. From the Dakota the mean diameter was 133 microns and the number per cm2 from 1.8 to 43.7. The ground recovery of spray was estimated at 63 per cent. of the volume dispersed from the Beaufort and 72.8 per cent. of that from the Dakota. The drop spectrum of the recovered spray was found for each aircraft, and the percentage number and volume of each size group and their distriibution pattern revealed sources of wastage. The HU product (product of aircraft height and wind speed) used for the Beaufort appeared to be too low, but that for the Dakota was suitable. The effect on the dosage level of making successive runs is illustrated for each aircraft. The distribution of the drops to be expected on the basis of their terminal velocities and the HU product is shown, and possible reasons for variations of the actual from the expected distribution are discussed. The distribution from the Beaufort approximated to that calculated but from the Dakota the actual distribution was inferior to that expected. Observations on drop behaviour were made and, in conjunction with the distribution data, led to certain conclusions on the optimum size of drop. The effect on distribution of removing certain fractions of the spray was estimated. It was concluded from the results of the experiments that for general aerial spraying purposes the Dakota modification is more satisfactory than the Beaufort but that further improvements were both desirable and practicable. The principles on which further improvements should be based are discussed.
Antecedent soil moisture and its relation to infiltration
Authors: Tisdall AL
Published: November 2004

Methods of expressing infiltration data are discussed and a series of experiments designed to determine the relation between antecedent soil moisture and various infiltration data is described. It is concluded that the regression equations obtained offer a means of correcting infiltration data to a common antecedent soil-moisture tension, and that measurements of initial infiltration should be accompanied by determination of antecedent soil moisture.
Comparison of methods of determining apparent density of soils
Authors: Tisdall AL
Published: November 2004

Methods of determining apparent density of soils are discussed and experiments comparing these methods on three contrasting soils are described. It is concluded that the Coile method is sufficiently accurate for routine determinations on the three soils examined.
Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. IV The Growth of Subterranueum Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as affected by lime, molybdenum, and Potassium
Authors: Rossiter RC
Published: November 2004

The results of a pot-culture experiment in which subterranean clover was grown on a coarse siliceous sand slightly acid in reaction are presented. Maximum yields resulted from application of potassium, together with either molybdenum or lime. The lime X molybdenum interaction was almost always negative, but its magnitude varied with time and potassium: in the absence of potassium it diminished in magnitude, but increased markedly in its presence. The lime X potassium and molybdenum X potassium interactions were strongly positive during the later stages of growth, but only in the absence of molybdenum and lime respectively. The effects of treatment on leaf-weight and leaf-area ratio were not closely related to those on relative growth rate. The latter were determined primarily by treatment effects on net assimilation rate. Both relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were increased by potassium. The results provide further support for the findings of Anderson and Oertel (1946) that, in legumes, nitrogen is the primary nutrient concerned in the response to lime and molybdenum, and that the molybdenum concentration gives little indication of the minimum requirements for satisfactory growth. The possible effect of lime on the transport of molybdenum from roots to tops is discussed.