bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locality, causality and continuations
Authors: Queinnec Christian
Published: January 2005

Concurrency and distribution are topics exacerbated by the omnipresence of Internet. Although many languages address these topics, few offer a real opportunity to control and coordinate widely spread dynamic computations. This paper presents such a language and its prominent features. Besides explaining the software architecture of the implementation (based on objects and generic functions), it also presents an original coherency protocol for shared mutable variables.

We first recall, in Section 1, the main features of our Scheme-based, concurrent, distributed and computation-oriented language already presented in more details and examples in [QD93].

Section 2 explains how to systematically implement a concurrent and distributed interpreter for that language, using a set of program transformations combining Abstract Continuation Passing Style (ACPS) and Object-Oriented Lifting. The originality of this implementation is that it chiefly uses objects and generic functions in a style that allows to concentrate the problems related to concurrency and migration of computations into the sole discriminating behavior of generic functions. ACPS is not only used to reify continuations but also to enforce locality of computations in presence of distal objects.

In Section 3, we propose a new (to our knowledge) protocol to manage shared mutable variables. This protocol enhances [MSRN92], does not require atomic broadcast, tolerates short communication breakdowns and uses bounded circular clocks. This result comes from the use of a distributed GC (which allows us to maintain an approximation of Global Virtual Time) and from the exploitation of causality as stated by continuations. To give a continuation a value (and a store) clearly expresses that the computations that are present in the continuation causally depend on the invoker of the continuation.

Finally the computation-orientation of our language and mainly the ability to control groups of threads, concurrently running on multiple sites for the completion of the evaluation of a single expression, is shortly sketched in Section 4.

As usual, related works and conclusions end this paper.
Syntax and semantics of a persistent Common Lisp
Authors: Jacobs J. H. , Swanson M. R.
Published: January 2005

The syntax and semantics for UCL+P, a persistent Common Lisp, are defined. The definition provides adequate support for persistence while maintaining the look-and-feel of Common Lisp. All Lisp data types (except streams) can be made persistent. Persistence is conferred automatically on non-symbol values when they become part of a persistent data structure. Symbols are persistent if interned in a persistent package. The Common Lisp package facility was enhanced to allow for persistent packages which provide modularity to the space of persistent values and serve as the ultimate roots of the persistence conferral algorithm. Values are retrieved from the store using demand loading; new or mutated values are automatically detected and written back to the store when the transaction is committed. The sharing semantics of Lisp are preserved in this specification.
A direct algorithm for type inference in the rank-2 fragment of the second-order λ-calculus
Authors: Kfoury A. J. , Wells J. B.
Published: January 2005

We examine the problem of type inference for a family of polymorphic type systems containing the power of Core-ML. This family comprises the levels of the stratification of the second-order λ-calculus (system
F
) by “rank” of types. We show that typability is an undecidable problem at every rank
k
≥3. While it was already known that typability is decidable at rank 2, no direct and easy-to-implement algorithm was available. We develop a new notion of λ-term reduction and use it to prove that the problem of typability at rank 2 is reducible to the problem of acyclic semi-unification. We also describe a simple procedure for solving acyclic semi-unification. Issues related to principle types are discussed.
Semantics of type classes revisited
Authors: Thatté Satish R.
Published: January 2005

We present a new approach to the semantics of languages with ML-like polymorphic types and type classes. The goals of the new approach are simplicity and generality. Our typing rules are a relatively straightforward extension of the rules for translating core-ML to core-XML. The new features are an encoding of classes as recursive sets of types, and class-membership constraints on types. We show that the soundness of this type of system is independent of the fixedpoint operator used to interpret (recursive) classes, and thus there is no room to engineer a sound notion of well-typing based on other considerations such as decidability. These ideas are applied to investigate the appropriateness of Haskell-style type inference which uses backward chaining for inference of instance relationships. Haskell's algorithm turns out to imply a
least
fixed point semantics for classes. We show that the Haskell approach is correct and complete for the special case of
convergent
classes. Although this includes all classes definable in Haskell, most proper extensions of Haskell allow classes that are not convergent, which helps explain the negative results for decidability of type inference for many extensions.
Type reconstruction for variable-arity procedures
Authors: Dzeng Hsianlin , Haynes Christopher T.
Published: January 2005

An ML-style type system with variable-arity procedures is defined that supports both optional arguments and arbitrarily-long argument sequences. A language with variable-arity procedures is encoded in a core-ML variant with infinitary tuples. We present an algebra of infinitary tuples and solve its unification problem. The resulting type discipline preserves principal typings and has a terminating type reconstruction algorithm. The expressive power of infinitary tuples is illustrated.
Parallel destructive updating in strict functional languages
Authors: Sastry A. V. S. , Clinger William
Published: January 2005

In our recent paper, we gave an efficient interprocedural update analysis algorithm for strict functional languages with flat arrays and sequential evaluation. In this paper, we show that the same algorithm extends to a parallel functional language with additional constructs for partitioning and combining arrays. Even with parallel evaluation, the complexity of the analysis remains polynomial. The analysis has been implemented and the results show that several numerical algorithms such as direct and iterative methods for solving linear equations, LU, Cholesky, and QR factorizations, multigrid methods for solving partial differential equations, and non-numeric algorithms such as sorting can be implemented functionally with all updates made destructive. We describe a new array construct to specify a collection of updates on an array and show that problems like histogram, inverse permutation, and polynomial multiplication have efficient parallel functional solutions. Monolithic array operators can be considered as a special case of this new construct.
Analyzing stores and references in a parallel symbolic language
Authors: Jagannathan Suresh , Weeks Stephen
Published: January 2005

We describe an analysis of a parallel language in which processes communicate via first-class mutable shared locations. The sequential core of the language defines a higher-order strict functional language with list data structures. The parallel extensions permit processes and shared locations to be dynamically created; synchronization among processes occurs exclusively via shared locations.

The analysis is defined by an abstract interpretation on this language. The interpretation is efficient and useful, facilitating a number of important optimizations related to synchronization, processor/thread mapping, and storage management.
A newcomer's impressions of Scheme
Authors: Wilson Gregory V.
Published: January 2005

In July and November of 1993 I posted a summary of my first impressions of Scheme to the Internet news group comp.lang.scheme. The articles engendered a great deal of follow-up, from which I learned a great deal more about the language. I am grateful to everyone who commented on the original postings, and hope that this article will stimulate as much discussion as they did.
Accelerating hindsight
Authors: Pitman Kent M.
Published: January 2005

From time to time, I meet people who really like Lisp but who find themselves at a loss for words when trying to articulate to others the various reasons why. For example, many people agree that good support for rapid prototyping is a key strength of Lisp. But what
is
rapid prototyping and how exactly is it that Lisp supports it better than other languages?
Futures and multiple values in parallel Lisp
Authors: Tomoyuki Tanaka , Shigeru Uzuhara
Published: January 2005

We consider the impact of introducing the future construct to the multiple value facility in Lisp (Common Lisp and Scheme). A natural way to accommodate this problem is by modifying the implementation of futures so that one future object returns (or resolves to) multiple values instead of one. We first show how a such straightforward modification fails to maintain the crucial characteristic of futures, namely that inserting futures in a functional program does not alter the the result of the computation. A straightforward modification may result in wrong number of values. We then present two methods which we call the mv-context method and the mv-p flag method to overcome this problem. Both of these methods have been tested in TOP-1 Common Lisp, an implementation of a parallel Common Lisp on the TOP-1 multiprocessor workstation. To our knowledge, this problem has never been analyzed nor solved in an implementation of parallel Lisp. We also present the technique of
future chain elimination
which avoids creation of unnecessary futures and processes at run-time, which was inspired by this solution.
Freeing the essence of a computation
Authors: Anderson Kenneth R.
Published: January 2005

In theory, abstraction is important, but in practice, so is performance. Thus, there is a struggle between an abstract description of an algorithm and its efficient implementation. This struggle can be mediated by using an interpreter or a compiler. An interpreter takes a program that is a high level abstract description of an algorithm and applies it to some data. Don't think of an interpreter as slow. An interpreter is important enough to software that it is often implemented in hardware. A compiler takes the program and produces another program, perhaps in another language. The resulting program is applied to some data by another interpreter.
Ambitious evaluation
Authors: Pitman Kent M.
Published: January 2005

Much has been written about Lazy Evaluation in Lisp---less about the other end of the spectrum---Ambitious Evaluation. Ambition is a very subjective concept, though, and if you have some preconceived idea of what you think an Ambitious Evaluator might be about, you might want to set it aside for a few minutes because this probably isn't going to be what you expect.
Semantics of combinations in scheme
Authors: Anglade S. , Lacrampe J. J. , Queinnec C.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a denotational semantics for the combinations of the Scheme language. Scheme leaves unspecified the order of evaluation of the terms of a combination. Our purpose is to formally and denotationally characterize such indeterminacy. We achieve this by extending the denotation as well as the domain of final answers to take into account the various possible orders of evaluation.
The Deliberate Revolution
Authors: Burner Mike
Published: January 2005

While detractors snub XML web services as CORBA with a weight problem, industry cheerleaders say these services are ushering in a new age of seamless integrated computing. But for those of us whose jobs don’t involve building industry excitement, what do web services offer?
An Open Web Services Architecture
Authors: Kleijnen Stan , Raju Srikanth
Published: January 2005

The name of the game is web services-sophisticated network software designed to bring us what we need, when we need it, through any device we choose. We are getting closer to this ideal, as in recent years the client/server model has evolved into web-based computing, which is now evolving into the web services model. In this article, I will discuss Sun Microsystems’ take on web services, specifically Sun ONE: an open, standards-based web services framework. I’ll share with you Sun’s decision-making rationales regarding web services, and discuss directions we are moving in.
Web Services: Promises and Compromises
Authors: Arsanjani Ali , Hailpern Brent , Martin Joanne , Tarr Peri
Published: January 2005

Much of web services’ initial promise will be realized via integration within the enterprise, either with legacy applications or new business processes that span organizational silos. Enterprises need organizational structures that support this new paradigm.
Securing the Edge
Authors: Freedman Avi
Published: January 2005

Common wisdom has it that enterprises need firewalls to secure their networks. In fact, as enterprise network practitioners can attest, the "must-buy-firewall" mentality has pervaded the field.
Programming Without a Net
Authors: Neville-Neil George
Published: January 2005

Embedded systems programming presents special challenges to engineers unfamiliar with that environment. In some ways it is closer to working inside an operating system kernel than writing an application for use on the desktop. Here’s what to look out for.
Division of Labor in Embedded Systems
Authors: Goddard Ivan
Published: January 2005

Increasingly, embedded applications require more processing power than can be supplied by a single processor, even a heavily pipelined one that uses a high-performance architecture such as very long instruction word (VLIW) or superscalar. Simply driving up the clock is often prohibitive in the embedded world because higher clocks require proportionally more power, a commodity often scarce in embedded systems. Multiprocessing, where the application is run on two or more processors concurrently, is the natural route to ever more processor cycles within a fixed power budget.
Self-Healing Networks
Authors: Poor Robert , Bowman Cliff , Auburn Charlotte Burgess
Published: January 2005

The obvious advantage to wireless communication over wired is, as they say in the real estate business, location, location, location. Individuals and industries choose wireless because it allows flexibility of location--whether that means mobility, portability, or just ease of installation at a fixed point. The challenge of wireless communication is that, unlike the mostly error-free transmission environments provided by cables, the environment that wireless communications travel through is unpredictable. Environmental radio-frequency (RF) "noise" produced by powerful motors, other wireless devices, microwaves--and even the moisture content in the air--can make wireless communication unreliable.
Open Spectrum
Authors: Berger Robert J.
Published: January 2005

Just as open standards and open software rocked the networking and computing industry, open spectrum is poised to be a disruptive force in the use of radio spectrum for communications. At the same time, open spectrum will be a major element that helps continue the Internet’s march to integrate and facilitate all electronic communications with open standards and commodity hardware.
The Woes of IDEs
Authors: Raskin Jef
Published: January 2005

Preaching emanating from the ranks and gurus of the human interface world is slowly convincing management, software designers--and even programmers--that better human-machine interfaces can increase productivity by speeding the work, decreasing learning time, lowering the burden on human memory, and easing users’ physical and mental stress.
Big Storage: Make or Buy?
Authors: Coates Josh
Published: January 2005

Your local CompUSA is happy to sell you a 200-gigabyte ATA drive for $300, which comes to about $1,500 per terabyte. Go online and save even more - $1,281 for 1 terabyte of drive space (using, say, 7X Maxtor EIDE 153-GB ATA/113 5400-RPM drives). So why would anyone pay $360,000 to XYZ Storage System Corp. for a 16-terabyte system? I mean, what’s so hard about storage? Good question.
Closed Source Fights Back
Authors: Lehey Greg
Published: January 2005

In May 2003, the SCO Group, a vendor of the Linux operating system, sent a letter to its customers. Among other things, it stated, "We believe that Linux is, in material part, an unauthorized derivative of Unix." What would make SCO do that?
Coding Smart: People vs. Tools
Authors: Seeley Donn M.
Published: January 2005

Cool tools are seductive. When we think about software productivity, tools naturally come to mind. When we see pretty new tools, we tend to believe that their amazing features will help us get our work done much faster. Because every software engineer uses software productivity tools daily, and all team managers have to decide which tools their members will use, the latest and greatest look appealing.
The Inevitability of Reconfigurable Systems
Authors: Tredennick Nick , Shimamoto Brion
Published: January 2005

The introduction of the microprocessor in 1971 marked the beginning of a 30-year stall in design methods for electronic systems. The industry is coming out of the stall by shifting from programmed to reconfigurable systems. In programmed systems, a linear sequence of configuration bits, organized into blocks called instructions, configures fixed hardware to mimic custom hardware. In reconfigurable systems, the physical connections among logic elements change with time to mimic custom hardware. The transition to reconfigurable systems will be wrenching, but this is inevitable as the design emphasis shifts from cost performance to cost performance per watt. Here’s the story.
Modern System Power Management
Authors: Grover Andrew
Published: January 2005

The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is the most widely used power and configuration interface for laptops, desktops, and server systems. It is also very complex, and its current specification weighs in at more than 500 pages. Needless to say, operating systems that choose to support ACPI require significant additional software support, up to and including fundamental OS architecture changes. The effort that ACPI’s definition and implementation has entailed is worth the trouble because of how much flexibility it gives to the OS (and ultimately the user) to control power management policy and implementation.
Reading, Writing, and Code
Authors: Spinellis Diomidis
Published: January 2005

Forty years ago, when computer programming was an individual experience, the need for easily readable code wasn’t on any priority list. Today, however, programming usually is a team-based activity, and writing code that others can easily decipher has become a necessity. Creating and developing readable code is not as easy as it sounds.
Eclipse: A Platform Becomes an Open-Source Woodstock
Authors: Wolfe Alexander
Published: January 2005

All those descriptions currently surround Eclipse, the language-agnostic code base that’s billed as a “universal platform.” According to its creators it’s more precisely a metaplatform. That is, it’s a building tool out of which developers can create IDEs, or indeed anything else they might desire.
From the Editors: New World Order
Authors: Grossman Edward
Published: January 2005

On a whim, I stopped by Google’s news page where a search of “outsourcing software development” produced eight stories on the first page written in the last 24 hours (with the remaining two not significantly older than that). No surprise, the headlines include such frenzied folly as “outsourcing craze,” “job fears,” and the latest entrant—“backlash.” That last one is enough to trip my sensors that global software development outsourcing is a cemented new feature of the landscape. Once there’s a backlash to something, you know it has fully arrived.
Silicon Superstitions
Authors: Raskin Jef
Published: January 2005

We live in a technological age. Even most individuals on this planet who do not have TV or cellular telephones know about such gadgets of technology. They are artifacts made by us and for us. You’d think, therefore, that it would be part of our common heritage to understand them. Their insides are open to inspection, their designers generally understand the principles behind them, and it is possible to communicate this knowledge - even though the "theory of operation" sections of manuals, once prevalent, seem no longer to be included. Perhaps that’s not surprising considering that manuals themselves are disappearing, leaving behind glowing Help screens that too often are just reference material for the cognoscenti rather than guides for the perplexed.
The Economics of Spam
Authors: Allman Eric
Published: January 2005

You know what I hate about spam filtering? Most of what we do today hurts the people who are already being hurt the most. Think about it: Who pays in the spam game? The recipients. That’s what’s wrong in the first place - the wrong folks pay for this scourge.
Distributed Development: Lessons Learned
Authors: Turnlund Michael
Published: January 2005

Delivery of a technology-based project is challenging, even under well-contained, familiar circumstances. And a tight-knit team can be a major factor in success. It is no mystery, therefore, why most small, new technology teams opt to work in a garage (at times literally). Keeping the focus of everyone’s energy on the development task at hand means a minimum of non-engineering overhead.
The Sun Never Sits on Distributed Development
Authors: Coar Ken
Published: January 2005

More and more software development is being distributed across greater and greater distances. The motives are varied, but one of the most predominant is the effort to keep costs down. As talent is where you find it, why not use it where you find it, rather than spending the money to relocate it to some ostensibly more "central" location? The increasing ubiquity of the Internet is making far-flung talent ever-more accessible.
Culture Surprises in Remote Software Development Teams
Authors: Olson Judith S. , Olson Gary M.
Published: January 2005

Technology has made it possible for organizations to construct teams of people who are not in the same location, adopting what one company calls "virtual collocation." Worldwide groups of software developers, financial analysts, automobile designers, consultants, pricing analysts, and researchers are examples of teams that work together from disparate locations, using a variety of collaboration technologies that allow communication across space and time.
Game Development: Harder Than You Think
Authors: Blow Jonathan
Published: January 2005

The hardest part of making a game has always been the engineering. In times past, game engineering was mainly about low-level optimization—writing code that would run quickly on the target computer, leveraging clever little tricks whenever possible. But in the past ten years, games have ballooned in complexity. Now the primary technical challenge is simply getting the code to work to produce an end result that bears some semblance to the desired functionality. To the extent that we optimize, we are usually concerned with high-level algorithmic choices. There’s such a wide variety of algorithms to know about, so much experience required to implement them in a useful way, and so much work overall that just needs to be done, that we have a perpetual shortage of qualified people in the industry.
Sensible Authentication
Authors: Schneier Bruce
Published: January 2005

The problem with securing assets and their functionality is that, by definition, you don’t want to protect them from everybody. It makes no sense to protect assets from their owners, or from other authorized individuals (including the trusted personnel who maintain the security system). In effect, then, all security systems need to allow people in, even as they keep people out. Designing a security system that accurately identifies, authenticates, and authorizes trusted individuals is highly complex and filled with nuance, but critical to security.
People in Our Software
Authors: Richards John , Christensen Jim
Published: January 2005

People are not well represented in today’s software. With the exception of IM (instant messaging) clients, today’s applications offer few clues that people are actually living beings. Static strings depict things associated with people like e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and home-page URLs. Applications also tend to show the same information about a person, no matter who is viewing it.
Get Your Graphics On
Authors: Wolfe Alexander
Published: January 2005

OpenGL, the decade-old mother of all graphics application programming interfaces (APIs), is getting two significant updates to bring it into the 21st century.
Stream Processors: Progammability and Efficiency
Authors: Dally William J. , Kapasi Ujval J. , Khailany Brucek , Ahn Jung Ho , Das Abhishek
Published: January 2005

Many signal processing applications require both efficiency and programmability. Baseband signal processing in 3G cellular base stations, for example, requires hundreds of GOPS (giga, or billions, of operations per second) with a power budget of a few watts, an efficiency of about 100 GOPS/W (GOPS per watt), or 10 pJ/op (picoJoules per operation). At the same time programmability is needed to follow evolving standards, to support multiple air interfaces, and to dynamically provision processing resources over different air interfaces. Digital television, surveillance video processing, automated optical inspection, and mobile cameras, camcorders, and 3G cellular handsets have similar needs.
A Conversation with Matt Wells
Authors: Kirsch Steve
Published: January 2005

Search is a small but intensely competitive segment of the industry, dominated for the past few years by Google. But Google’s position as king of the hill is not insurmountable, says Gigablast’s Matt Wells, and he intends to take his product to the top.
Enterprise Search: Tough Stuff
Authors: Mukherjee Rajat , Mao Jianchang
Published: January 2005

The last decade has witnessed the growth of information retrieval from a boutique discipline in information and library science to an everyday experience for billions of people around the world. This revolution has been driven in large measure by the Internet, with vendors focused on search and navigation of Web resources and Web content management. Simultaneously, enterprises have invested in networking all of their information together to the point where it is increasingly possible for employees to have a single window into the enterprise. Although these employees seek Web-like experiences in the enterprise, the Internet and enterprise domains differ fundamentally in the nature of the content, user behavior, and economic motivations.
Building Nutch: Open Source Search
Authors: Cafarella Mike , Cutting Doug
Published: January 2005

Search engines are as critical to Internet use as any other part of the network infrastructure, but they differ from other components in two important ways. First, their internal workings are secret, unlike, say, the workings of the DNS (domain name system). Second, they hold political and cultural power, as users increasingly rely on them to navigate online content.
Gaming Graphics: The Road to Revolution
Authors: Porcino Nick
Published: January 2005

It has been a long journey from the days of multicolored sprites on tiled block backgrounds to the immersive 3D environments of modern games. What used to be a job for a single game creator is now a multifaceted production involving staff from every creative discipline. The next generation of console and home computer hardware is going to bring a revolutionary leap in available computing power; a teraflop (trillion floating-point operations per second) or more will be on tap from commodity hardware. This leap in power will bring with it a leap in expectations, both on the part of the consumer and the creative professional.
Instant Messaging or Instant Headache?
Authors: Stone John , Merrion Sarah
Published: January 2005

It’s a reality. You have IM (instant messaging) clients in your environment. You have already recognized that it is eating up more and more of your network bandwidth and with Microsoft building IM capability into its XP operating system and applications, you know this will only get worse. Management is also voicing concerns over the lost user productivity caused by personal conversations over this medium. You have tried blocking these conduits for conversation, but it is a constant battle. Tools are now available to make this blocking job easier, such as those from Akonix, FaceTime Communications, and NetIQ, but IM is maturing, and your users are starting to depend on it as an essential business tool.
Resistance of Cotton Towards Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
Authors: Delannoy E. , Lyon B.R. , Marmey P. , Jalloul A. , Daniel J.F. , Montillet J.L. , Essenberg M. , Nicole M.
Published: January 2005

Interactions between Gossypium spp. and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum are understood in the context of the gene-for-gene concept. Reviewed here are the genetic basis for cotton resistance, with reference to resistance genes, resistance gene analogs, and bacterial avirulence genes, together with the physiological mechanisms involved in the hypersensitive response to the pathogen, including production of signaling hormones, synthesis of antimicrobial molecules and alteration of host cell structures. This host-pathogen interaction represents the most complex resistance gene/avr gene system yet known and is one of the few in which phytoalexins are known to be specifically localized in HR cells at anti-microbial concentrations.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH
Authors: Heath Anthony , Fisher Stephen , Smith Shawna
Published: January 2005

▪ Abstract  As globalization has opened up channels of communication between different countries and increased interest in cross-national analysis, public opinion survey research has expanded its reach in the world. This article examines both the breadth and the depth of the globalization of public opinion research. First, we discuss the growth of cross-national surveys such as the World Values Survey, the International Social Survey Program, the European Social Survey, and the various Global Barometers. We then turn to the issues of data quality and comparability. Has the globalization of survey research meant the spread of a standard “product” of known and equivalent quality to diverse countries? Can survey research in diverse countries and contexts deliver meaningful comparisons of public opinion? Has globalization led to the dominance of an intellectual framework and set of assumptions that may not be quite appropriate outside their original homes? Finally, the article suggests a new standard for “grading” cross-national programs of survey research, inspired by debates in evidence-based medicine.
Hydrogen peroxide and epidermal growth factor activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and increase sodium transport in A6 cell monolayers
Authors: Markadieu Nicolas , Crutzen Raphaël , Blero Daniel , Erneux Christophe , Beauwens Renaud
Published: January 2005

Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is required for insulin stimulation of sodium transport in A6 cell monolayers. In this study, we investigate whether stimulation of the PI 3-kinase by other agents also provoked an increase in sodium transport. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and H2O2provoked a rise in sodium transport that was inhibited by LY-294002, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase activity. PI 3-kinase activity was estimated in extracts from A6 cell monolayers directly by performance of a PI 3-kinase assay. We also estimated the relative importance of the PI 3-kinase pathway by two different methods: 1) coprecipitation of the p85 regulatory subunit with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and 2) phosphorylation of PKB on both Ser 473 and Thr 308 residues observed by Western blotting. Since the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has also been implicated in the regulation of sodium transport, we also investigated whether this pathway is turned on by insulin, H2O2, or EGF. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased only transiently by insulin and H2O2but quite sustainedly by EGF. Inhibitors of this pathway (U-0126 and PD-98059) failed to affect the insulin and H2O2stimulation of sodium transport but increased substantially the stimulation induced by EGF. The latter effect was associated with an increase in PKB phosphorylation, thus suggesting that the stimulation of the MAPK pathway prevents, in part, the stimulation of the PI 3-kinase pathway in the transport of sodium stimulated by EGF.
Expression of Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins, during lipopolysaccharide fever in rats
Authors: Ivanov Andrei I. , Steiner Alexandre A. , Scheck Adrienne C. , Romanovsky Andrej A.
Published: January 2005

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, ephrins, are involved in embryogenesis and oncogenesis by mediating cell adhesion and migration. Although ephrins can be induced by bacterial LPS in vitro, whether they are involved in inflammation in vivo is unknown. Using differential mRNA display, we found that a febrigenic dose of LPS (50 μg/kg iv) induces a strong transcriptional upregulation of ephrin-A1 in rat liver. We confirmed this finding by real-time RT-PCR. We then quantified the mRNA expression of different ephrins and Eph receptors at phases 1–3 of LPS fever in different organs. Febrile phases 2 (90 min post-LPS) and 3 (300 min) were characterized by robust upregulation (up to 16-fold) and downregulation (up to 21-fold) of several ephrins and Eph receptors. With the exception of EphA2, which showed upregulation in the brain at phase 2, expressional changes of Eph receptors and ephrins were limited to the LPS-processing organs: liver and lung. Characteristic, counter-directed changes in expressional regulation of Eph receptors and their corresponding ligands were found: upregulation of EphA2, downregulation of ephrin-A1 in the liver and lung at phase 2; downregulation of EphB3, upregulation of ephrin-B2 in the liver at phase 2; downregulation of EphA1 and EphA3, upregulation of ephrins-A1 and -A3 in liver at phase 3. In the liver, transcriptional changes of EphA2 and EphB3 at phase 2 were confirmed at protein level. These coordinated, phase-specific responses suggest that different sets of ephrins and Eph receptors may be involved in cellular events (such as disruption of tissue barriers and leukocyte transmigration) underlying different stages of systemic inflammatory response to LPS.
Dynamic interaction between T cell-mediated β-cell damage and β-cell repair in the run up to autoimmune diabetes of the NOD mouse
Authors: Vukkadapu Sankaranand S. , Belli Jenine M. , Ishii Koji , Jegga Anil G. , Hutton John J. , Aronow Bruce J. , Katz Jonathan D.
Published: January 2005

In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, the pathogenic destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells is under the control of and influenced by distinct subsets of T lymphocytes. To identify the critical genes expressed by autoimmune T cells, antigen presenting cells, and pancreatic β-cells during the evolution of T1DM in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, and the genetically-altered NOD mouse (BDC/N), we used functional genomics. Microarray analysis revealed increased transcripts of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-17, and islet cell regenerating genes, Reg3α, Reg3β, and Reg3γ. Our data indicate that progression to insulitis was connected to marked changes in islet antigen expression, β-cell differentiation, and T cell activation and signaling, all associated with tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 expression. Overt diabetes saw a clear shift in cytokine, chemokine, and T cell differentiation factor expression, consistent with a focused Th1 response, as well as a significant upregulation in genes associated with cellular adhesion, homing, and apoptosis. Importantly, the temporal pattern of expression of key verified genes suggested that T1DM develops in a relapsing/remitting as opposed to a continuous fashion, with insulitis linked to hypoxia-regulated gene control and diabetes with C/EBP and Nkx2 gene control.
Of 'Sour Grapes' and 'Children's Teeth': Inherited Guilt, Human Rights and Processes of Restoration in Ghanaian Pentecostalism
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu J. Kwabena
Published: January 2005

The rise of the Pentecostal/Charismatic movement in African countries like Ghana has inspired new ways of dealing with the challenges of life. A critical area of operation for the movement is the 'healing and deliverance' ministry. One of its main aims is to help people deal with inherited guilt through rituals for healing the past. The worldview of mystical causality that underlies a system of shrine slavery among the Ewe of Ghana called Trokosi, offer one example from traditional religions, of how such traditional institutions may stigmatise victims and generations after them, sometimes perpetually. Vestiges of such stigmatisation still remain even in places where shrine slavery has been abolished by law. In keeping with the prophetic declaration by Ezekiel that the sins of the fathers shall no more be visited on their children (Ezekiel 18), the Pentecostal/Charismatic ministry of 'healing and deliverance' provides a Christian ritual context in which the enslaving effects of generational curses resulting from the sins of one's ancestry may be broken. Pentecostals believe that it is through the 'deliverance' that the born again Christian may experience fullness of life in Christ.
Christianity in Northern Nigeria, 1975-2000
Authors: Gaiya Musa
Published: January 2005

This paper discusses growth of Christianity in northern Nigeria since 1975. It shows Christianity has grown in northern Nigeria making it more pluralistic than it was at independence in 1960. The paper argues that Christianity has not only solidified its base in what is now called the Middle Belt but it has made inroads into core Muslims states. This is why the maintenance of the plurality of the twelve states that implemented the Shari'ah law in northern Nigeria from 1999 has become a major issue of contention in the Shari'ah debates.
School Technology Leadership: An Empirical Investigation of Prevalence and Effect
Authors: Anderson Ronald E. , Dexter Sara
Published: January 2005

The general question addressed is what technology leadership attributes make what kind of difference in the success of various technology-related programs. First, this article has integrated the prescriptive literature on technology leadership with the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators (NETS-A) and then has operationalized technology leadership in terms of NETS-A. Data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing nationwide survey of more than 800 schools were used to examine technology leadership characteristics and their effect on indicators of technology outcomes. The findings confirm that although technology infrastructure is important, technology leadership is even more necessary for effective utilization of technology in schooling.
Institutional Barriers to Organizational Learning in School Systems: The Power of Silence
Authors: Rusch Edith A.
Published: January 2005

The study reported in this article examined the relationship between members of a restructuring network and the members'formal district systems. Using the lens of new institutional theory, the article explores the unintended consequences of changing individual schools outside the context of the district to which each network member belonged. The findings revealed the institutional scripts that disrupted or constrained organizational learning within district systems despite the successful restructuring efforts in individual schools.
The Impact of Public Feedback on Three Recycling-Related Behaviors in South Korea
Authors: Kim Sungbum , Oah Shezeen , Dickinson Alyce M.
Published: January 2005

The effectiveness of posted feedback on recycling in a lounge area at a South Korean university was studied. Participants were college students, professors, and staff members. The dependent variables were the percentage and number of correctly separated aluminum cans, the percentage and number of correctly separated paper cups, and the weight of recycled paper. An A-B-BC-A time series design was used. During baseline (A), separation containers were provided. Posted written feedback was introduced (B) and graphic feedback was added (BC). All feedback was then withdrawn (A). Written feedback resulted in statistically significant increases in all five measures. Although all five measures increased again when graphic feedback was added, none of the increases was statistically significant. When feedback was removed, all but the percentage of correctly separated paper cups decreased significantly. Although the study was of short duration, the results suggest that publicly posted written feedback can increase recycling.
Environmental Concern, Regional Identity, and Support for Protected Areas in Italy
Authors: Carrus Giuseppe , Bonaiuto Marino , Bonnes Mirilia
Published: January 2005

Two field studies examined the relations between environmental concern, regional identity, and support for the institution of natural protected areas. Multiple regression (Study 1, N = 316) and structural equation modeling (Study 2, N = 157) were performed to assess the role of general and specific proenvironmental attitudes and regional identity in predicting participants’ support for two new protected areas in Italy. As expected, results show the positive role of general and specific proenvironmental attitudes, as well as the positive role of regional identity, in predicting support for the protected areas considered. Implications of the results for the enhancement of public levels of consensus in the designation and management of natural protected areas are discussed.
Transfer of Spatial Knowledge to a Two-Level Shopping Mall in Older People, Following Virtual Exploration
Authors: Foreman Nigel , Stanton-Fraser Danae , Wilson Paul N. , Duffy Hester , Parnell Richard
Published: January 2005

Groups of older and younger participants explored a virtual shopping mall composed of more than 60 retail outlets on 2 levels. They were then compared with guessing controls for their understanding of the spatial layout of the real equivalent building. Experimental groups showed greater accuracy in making pointing judgments toward targets not visible from the pointing site, took shorter times to perform route tasks on foot, made better left-right directional judgments, and sketched better maps of the mall. Of the older participants, 2 out of 8 performed at chance throughout. Younger experimental participants remembered better than did older ones on which level targets were located. The study shows that many older people remain spatially competent and that age is not a barrier to the effective use of virtual environment technology, which may be used in the future to increase inclusion of older populations by encouraging their confident use of public buildings.
Organizing Non-Union Workers as Trade Unionists in the ‘New Economy’ in Britain
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: January 2005

Focusing on Britain, this article examines the combined processes by which workers in the ‘new economy’ have sought to unionize and by which trade unions have attempted to organize these workers in the collective struggle for organizational rights within non-union organizations. It considers the genesis and progress of these struggles and campaigns, suggesting that a combination of employer hostility and worker non-engagement explains the limited advances to date.
Membership Interface Unionism: A Swedish White-Collar Union in Transition
Authors: Björkman Hans , Huzzard Tony
Published: January 2005

Based on a case study from recent innovations in the Swedish white-collar union, Sif, this article introduces and develops the concept of membership interface unionism (MIU). The concept, it is argued, captures similar trends in trade unionism as that noted in the UK by Heery and Kelly in their concept of managerial unionism. Both these recent forms of unionism are signified by closer relations between the professional organization and individual members. Membership interface unionism, however, has distinctive features that signal an explicit embrace of the practices of customer relationship management (CRM): member involvement in service development and utilization of market research; new individually tailored, proactive enabling services, often offered through Internet solutions; and more responsibilities for lay members at the company level. The first and third of these features, it is argued, are somewhat contradictory in that company-level representation has weakened. The article concludes by acknowledging the threats towards participative unionism in the apparent move towards individual service provision.
Human Capital and the Agrarian Structure in Transition: Micro-Evidence from Romania
Authors: Rizov Marian
Published: January 2005

This article examines determinants of the agrarian structure in transition economies with an emphasis on the role of rural households’ human capital. Land reform and enterprise restructuring have resulted in a broad range of farm types, such as cooperatives, partnerships, individual farms and combinations of these. In the theoretical model the fact that household resources are allocated to different organization modes is attributed to the utility maximization strategy of heterogeneous agents deriving income from uncertain sources in the face of incomplete factor markets. The empirical results from a multinomial logit model estimated with data from a two-year nationwide survey of Romanian rural households support the hypothesis that the current agrarian structure is importantly affected by the human capital characteristics of the households and the economic risks they face.
God-Mediated Control and Psychological Well-Being in Late Life
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: January 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between feelings of God-mediated control and psychological well-being in a nationally representative sample of older adults. In the process, race differences in the relationship between God-mediated control and well-being are evaluated. The findings reveal that older people with a strong sense of God-mediated control tend to have greater life satisfaction, more optimism, a higher sense of self-worth, and lower levels of death anxiety. Pervasive race differences also emerged from the data. Specifically, older Blacks reported higher levels of God-mediated control than older Whites. In addition, the relationship between God-mediated control and all the well-being outcome measures was stronger for older Blacks than older Whites.
Referentiality in Frege and Heidegger
Authors: Fultner Barbara
Published: January 2005

A juxtaposition of Frege’s and Heidegger’s conceptions of reference ( Bedeutung and Verweisung) shows them to be complementary. The thesis that meaning determines reference has been attributed to both Frege and Heidegger. Contrary to the view that this commits them to linguistic idealism, I defend a weak version of the determination thesis according to which both Fregean and Heideggerian reference allow for the possibility of error and for the objectivity of discourse. Thus, what we refer to is accessible to us only by our grasping its sense of meaning; sense is a way of fixing reference, but does not constitute the referent as what it is.