bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEM PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN (SPK) PEMILIHAN SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN METODE AHP
Authors: Supriyono Supriyono
Published: April 2017

Abstrak Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian SPK pemilihan sepeda motor menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) karena masalah yang kompleks bisa dengan mudah disederhanakan sehingga mempercepat proses pengambilan keputusan dengan cara penyusunan hirarki, memberikan nilai perbandingan setiap kriteria untuk menetapkan nilai kriteria. Sistem pendukung keputusan pemilihan sepeda motor dirancang dengan menggunakan metode AHP mampu digunakan untuk semua proses pemilihan sedangkan penentuan kriteria bisa di rubah sesuai dengan kepentingan konsumen. Kata Kunci : SPK, Pemilihan sepeda motor, Metode AHP
IMPLEMENTASI METODE LOGIKA FUZZY PADA KONTROL KESEIMBANGAN ROBOT MOBIL BERODA DUA
Authors: Wibowo Budi Cahyo , Iqbal Mohammad
Published: April 2017

ABSTRAK Model transportasi dengan menggunakan dua roda dewasa ini sudah mulai diteliti, fokus dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah bagaimana menjadikan robot dua roda ini mampu menjaga keseimbangannya sendiri, banyak metode kontrol yang digunakan untuk menentukan optimasi kendali yang baik sehingga didapatkan nilai respon yang baik antara pembacaan sensor dengan reaksi aktuator (Motor). Dengan metode fuzzy logic yang meliputi beberapa tahapan diantaranya adalah menentukan nilai crisp input yang harus difuzzifikasi kemudian output dari fuzzifikasi ini diteruskan ke proses inferensi yang didalamnya terdapat beberapa fuzzy logic rules kemudian output inferensi diteruskan ke proses defuzzifikasi untuk diubah menjadi keluaran (crisp output) untuk menggerakkan motor. Dengan metode kontrol fuzzy logic ini robot mobil beroda dua mampu menjaga keseimbangannya dengan baik dan waktu respon yang dibutuhkan untuk kembali ke kondisi seimbang ketika diganggu dengan sudut +5o adalah 0,7S, dan ketika diganggu dengan sudut +10o adalah 0,8S. Kata kunci: Transportasi, Logika Fuzzy, Respon Waktu
DETEKSI PENYAKIT PADA DAUN TEMBAKAU DENGAN MENERAPKAN ALGORITMA ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Laily Diana
Published: April 2017

ABSTRAK Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) Perceptron merupakan salah satu dari metode AI yang telah terbukti cukup handal untuk digunakan sebagai teknik pengenalan atau pengindentifikasian.Tujuan dari dibuatnya penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan metode Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan atau Artificial Neural Network dengan algortima Perceptron dalam menentukan penyakit cacar daun dan bercak daun pada daun tembakau serta daun cengkeh, dimana sampel daun-daun tersebut dianalisis melalui kedelapan gejala atau ciri yang ditimbulkannya.Tahapan awal yang dilakukan yaitu mengumpulkan beberapa sampel daun tembakau dan daun cengkeh, baik yang terkena penyakit maupun tidak. Kemudian mengelompokkan gejala atau ciri khusus yang ditimbulkan pada setiap daunnya dari penyakit cacar daun dan bercak daun. Ciri penyakit yang positif terlihat pada masing-masing daun akan direpresentasikan dengan nilai bipolar [1, -1], dimana ciri tersebut akan digunakan sebagai nilai masukan pada tahap pelatihan (training) dan pengujian (testing) dalam metode ANN. Dari hasil pengujian terhadap sampel sebanyak 20 daun untuk tahap training dan 10 sampel daun untuk tahap testing, dengan perbandingan penyakit bercak daun dan cacar daun adalah 50 : 50, learning rate sebesar 0,7, lapisan masukan sebanyak 8 buah, dan 1 buah lapisan luaran, didapat bahwa metode ANN Perceptron memiliki persentase keberhasilan pengenalan penyakit sebesar 61% - 73% untuk data non-learning, dan 100% untuk data learning pada kedua jenis daun tersebut. Kata kunci : ANN Perceptron, bipolar, learning rate, cacar daun, bercak daun.
PENERAPAN METODE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING DALAM SISTEM INFORMASI PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU (STUDI KASUS TOKO TIRTA HARUM)
Authors: Susanti Nanik , Sahli Muhammad
Published: April 2017

ABSTRAK Pada perusahaan dagang, penentuan persediaan merupakan hal yang penting, studi kasus pada toko Tirta Harum sukses yang menjual bahan baku roti dan plastik. Permasalahan yang sering dihadapi adalah persediaan barang digudang yang tidak akurat. Barang di gudang kosong atau malah terjadi penumpukan beberapa jenis barang dalam jangka waktu cukup lama. Fakta yang terjadi di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa pembelian barang dari pelanggan memiliki pola musiman dan trend. Pimpinan berkewajiban menentukan jumlah pesanan pada periode yang akan datang, agar dapat ditentukan jumlah persediaan yang paling tepat untuk menekan biaya penyimpanan seminimal mungkin. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu sistem yang dapat melakukan peramalan terhadap persediaan bahan baku yang ada. Untuk peramalan ini menggunakan metode Exponential Smoothing dengan mengambil data penjualan periode sebelumnya untuk menentukan jumlah permintaan berikutnya. Setelah didapat hasilnya, selanjutnya dilakukan proses perhitungan dengan menggunakan rumus Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) untuk mendapatkan jumlah persediaan yang harus ada di gudang serta titik pemesanan kembali. Kata Kunci : Sistem, Informasi, Pengendalian, Persediaan, exponential smoothing
Expression and diagnostic use of recombinant M protein of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Frölichová Jitka , Molinková Dobromila , Sedlinská Markéta , Celer Vladimír
Published: April 2017

Matrix M protein combined with nucleocapsid N protein could be a promising combination of virus antigens for diagnosing the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The goal of this work was to express the recombinant M protein of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inEscherichia colicells and compare its serological reactivity with the N protein of the virus. The gene coding for the M protein was cloned into the pDest17 vector. The resulting protein was purified by metalochelating affinity chromatography. Recombinant M protein was applied as an antigen in immunoblot test and compared on a panel of porcine sera with N protein based IDEXX test. Of 120 examined samples, the majority (78.3%) gave identical results using both compared tests. From the group of discrepant results, IDEXX test identified considerably more positive sera (17.5%) than M protein based test (4.2%). The main contribution of the work is finding that although IDEXX test proved to be more sensitive than M protein based test, 4.2% of sera would escape detection by serological test based on N protein. Further development and purification of the M protein for the use in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay format test could increase the performance of serological testing.
Biological approach to aflatoxin control in stored poultry feed
Authors: Hassan Syeda Mona , Sultana Bushra , Iqbal Munawar , Naz Saima
Published: April 2017

The anti-aflatoxigenic potentials of the leaves ofPsidium guajava,Ficus benghalensis,Gardenia radicans,Punica granatumandZiziphus jujubaMill. were investigated. Poultry feed inoculated withAspergillus flavuswas treated with plant leaves powder and stored for the period of six months at 28 °C and 16% moisture level. At the end of each month, aflatoxin (AFT) concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The proximate and mineral analysis was performed at the end of the storage period. Plant leaves control the AFTs (AFB1 and AFB2) efficiently without compromising the feed quality.Punica granatumleaves (5%) completely inhibited the AFTs in the stored feed over the period of six months.Ziziphus jujubeMill.,P. guajava,F. benghalensis, andG. radicansalso showed promising anti-aflatoxigenic activities. Results revealed that the AFT production byA. flavusin a stored poultry feed can be inhibited using the plant leaves under investigation.
Subchronic exposure to deoxynivalenol exerts slight effect on the immune system and liver morphology of growing rabbits
Authors: Kachlek Mariam , Szabó-Fodor Judit , Szabó András , Bors István , Celia Chiara , Gerencsér Zsolt , Matics Zsolt , Szendrő Zsolt , Tuboly Tamás , Balogh-Zándoki Erika , Glávits Róbert , Zotte Antonella Dalle , Kovács Melinda
Published: April 2017

As the most common grain contaminant worldwide, deoxynivalenol is of high importance despite its low toxicity compared to other trichothecene mycotoxins. Data on the effects of deoxynivalenol in rabbits are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol fed at a high level (10 mg/kg of feed) on the productive performance, blood indices, immunological variables, histopathological changes, and genotoxicity in rabbits. Forty-eight Pannon White rabbits were exposed to contaminated diets for three weeks. Despite its high concentration, deoxynivalenol did not affect the feed intake, body weight, and body weight gain. Liver and kidney function was not affected, as shown by the clinical chemistry indices. Conversely, in two rabbits the toxin caused mild fibrosis of the liver, without degenerative changes of the hepatocytes. No genotoxicity could be observed either. Gut cytokines and the phagocytic activity of the macrophages did not differ significantly. The percentage of neutrophils was significantly lower, whereas that of eosinophils was significantly higher in the toxin-fed group. Deoxynivalenol did not cause significant changes in gut and villus morphology. In 4 out of the 6 deoxynivalenol-treated animals, the ratio of lymphoblast proliferation and simultaneous apoptosis shifted towards apoptosis in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In the central part of the lymphoid follicles of the spleen, lymphocyte depletion and follicular atrophy could be detected. It can be concluded that rabbits are less sensitive to deoxynivalenol, but the findings confirm that this Fusarium toxin is capable of modulating the immune response.
The effect of heavy metals in the water source on selected biochemical indices in European mouflon (Ovis musimon L.) from a game reserve
Authors: Pošiváková Terézia , Hromada Rudolf , Veszelits Laktičová Katarína , Vargová Mária , Takáč Ladislav , Švajlenka Jozef , Pošivák Ján , Cimboláková Iveta
Published: April 2017

The aim of our study was to analyse the presence of selected heavy metals in surface water located in a game reserve, and their effect on selected biochemical indices in female mouflon. The results of statistical testing of the experimental group of female mouflon in 2014 and 2015 confirmed a significant negative dependency (P < 0.05) between albumin and aspartate aminotransferase and selected heavy metals. A significantly negative correlation (P < 0.01) was shown between phosphorus and creatinine and selected heavy metals. In case of bilirubin and urea, we observed a significant positive correlation with selected heavy metals (P < 0.05). A significantly negative correlation (P < 0.0001) was observed between calcium and selected heavy metals. Our results point out the interaction of selected heavy metals and selected biochemical indices.
Ovarian activity and embryo yield in relation to the postpartum period in superovulated dairy cows
Authors: Stádník Luděk , Bezdíček Jiří , Makarevich Alexander , Kubovičová Elena , Louda František , Fellnerová Ivana , Hegedüšová Zdeňka , Holásek Radek
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate superovulation response in cows at various postpartum periods (early postpartum period up to 3.5 months; middle postpartum period 3.7–7 months; later postpartum period above 7.5 months after calving). The data included observation of 55 Holstein cows superovulated at one farm in the Czech Republic during the years 2010 and 2013. Reproduction traits (dependent variable) were represented as number of the corpora lutea, number of transferable embryos, morulae, blastocysts, total number of embryos and embryo recovery. For statistical evaluation we used the PROC GLM of SAS® with fixed effect - breeding value of milk production. The study results show significant differences (P < 0.05–0.01) in the three postpartum periods (early, middle, and later postpartum periods) and the number of corpora lutea (4.6; 7.4; 10.8), number of total embryos (3.2; 2.9; 6.5) and transferable embryos (1.8; 1.7; 4.4). Effective timing of embryo transfer in the later postpartum period resulted in greater ovarian activity and embryo yield compared to early lactation periods.
Investigation of negative energy balance and postpartum anoestrus in an intensive dairy farm from the Chinese province of Heilongjiang
Authors: Fan Ziling , Shu Shi , Xu Chuchu , Li Changsheng , Xiao Xinhuan , Xia Cheng , Wang Gang , Zhang Hongyou , Xu Chuang , Yang Wei
Published: April 2017

The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between postpartum anoestrus and negative energy balance in an intensive dairy farm from the Heilongjiang Province, China. At 14 to 21 d after parturition, 100 cows were randomly selected and their plasma indices, including β-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acid, and glucose were measured. Cows were assigned to a positive energy balance group (n = 37) and a negative energy balance group (n = 36) based on their β-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations (> 1.20 mmol/l). The two groups of cows were examined by B-mode ultrasonography and rectal examination from 60 to 90 d after parturition to identify the ovarian status of oestrous and anoestrous animals. The incidences of negative energy balance and positive energy balance were 49 and 57%, respectively, from14 to 21 d after parturition. From 60 to 90 d after parturition, 94.4% of the negative energy balance group were in anoestrus and 5.6% were in oestrus, while 62.2% of the positive energy balance group were in anoestrus and 37.8% were in oestrus. Furthermore, the proportion of inactive ovaries in the negative energy balance group was 61.8%. In conclusion, the negative energy balance is an important factor causing inactive ovaries in high-yielding dairy cows.
Changes of biochemical environment and body weight in healthy periparturient Lipizzan mares
Authors: Hura Vladimír , Novotný František , Valocký Igor , Boldižár Martin , Bílek Ján , Horňáková Petra , Vilhanová Zuzana , Horňák Slavomír , Petrovič Vladimír
Published: April 2017

The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sodium, urea, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids, total protein, creatinine, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, insulin, insulin growth factor 1, and glucose in the blood serum and to monitor the body weight changes in nine clinically healthy Lipizzan mares at weekly intervals within 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the parturition. A significant body weight loss (P < 0.01) was found in the mares after the foaling. The peak of insulin growth factor 1 concentration in serum was reached at the day of parturition and similar patterns were revealed for the concentrations of insulin and glucose. After parturition, all these indices were significantly decreased. The concentrations of phosphorus and triacylglycerols were decreased, while the concentrations of potassium and sodium were increased at the day of parturition. Moreover, the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids was increased at the day of parturition (P < 0.05) with a tendency to higher values even on the 7th day postpartum. Other studied indexes remained relatively stable throughout the transition period. We can conclude that periparturient mares face some degree of negative energy balance with concomitant significant homeostatic and homeorhetic changes. For this reason, our results can be used as a basis for reference values and a diagnostic tool to examine the health status in horses during the transition period.
Adapting craniosacral therapy to treat horses
Authors: Kanik Weronika , Augustyn Jacek , Tombarkiewicz Barbara
Published: April 2017

Craniosacral therapy is an acknowledged therapeutic method used for treating humans. It derives from osteopathy, being a manual technique which uses a very gentle touch. It consists in balancing the fluctuation of cerebrospinal fluid by applying appropriate holds that make it possible for the patientŐs organism to release tensions which have formed in tissues. The aim of the present work was to depict the possibility to adapt the method of craniosacral therapy used in humans to the therapy of horses. Thirteen therapeutic holds proposed for the treatment of horses were described and interpreted graphically on the basis of therapy of 62 horses with different disorders. A total of 241 craniosacral therapy treatments were performed. The adaptation of presented craniosacral therapy holds to equine therapy was developed by the first author on the basis of relevant holds used in the biodynamic craniosacral therapy in humans and in own therapeutic practice. The effects of own practice and data available in literature suggest that craniosacral therapy seems to be an effective method of improving the state of health of horses suffering from different complaints that may cause major difficulties in sport, breeding or private use of the animals. The use of thermography made it possible to record the effects of therapy and some processes accompanying it, which had been impossible before.
Direct magnetic resonance arthrography of the canine elbow
Authors: Zhalniarovich Yauheni , Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich Paulina , Mieszkowska Marta , Adamiak Zbigniew
Published: April 2017

This study compares the effects of four dilutions of the gadolinium-containing contrast media (1:100; 1:400; 1:800; 1:1,200) administered to the elbow on the quality of magnetic resonance images. All the examined dilutions had a positive effect on image quality, and 1:800 was regarded as the optimal dilution of gadolinium for viewing the elbow because it imparted good contrast to the joint cavity without obliterating the contours of articular surfaces. Transverse, sagittal, and dorsal low-field magnetic resonance images were obtained in 24 canine cadaver front limbs. The musculus biceps brachii, m. triceps brachii, m. extensor carpi radialis, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, the articular surfaces, the medial coronoid process and the anconeal process of the ulna were well visualized by High Resolution Gradient Echo, XBONE T2 and Spin Echo T1 sequences in the sagittal plane. The biceps brachii, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, extensor carpi radialis, deltoid muscle and the articular surface of the medial condyle of the humerus were very well visualized by 3D SST1 and XBONE T2 sequences in the transverse plane. The triceps brachii muscle, extensor digitorum lateralis muscle, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor and the medial condyle of the humerus were very well visualized by the Spin Echo T1 sequence in the dorsal plane. This article describes for the first time the use of the gadolinium contrast agent administered to the canine elbow joint during magnetic resonance modality. Magnetic resonance arthrography can be a helpful visualization technique in treating canine soft tissue elbow injury.
Management of tendon haemangiosarcoma in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) – a case report
Authors: Kvapil Pavel , Kastelić Marjan , Stranjać Bojana , Gombač Mitja , Švara Tanja , Bártová Eva , Drobnić Matej
Published: April 2017

An 18-year old intact female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was suffering from lameness due to a mass on the right dorsal metacarpal region that caused acute swelling and local skin necrosis. Histology examination and immunohistochemistry of the biopsy material of a mass revealed haemangiosarcoma of the extensor tendons. Three weeks after the biopsy, the tumour was enlarged to 6 cm in diameter and the animal became disabled. The tumour with its associated tendon were resected and the tendon’s edges were bridged with a synthetic polytape graft. The camel was fully weight-bearing after the surgery. Two weeks later, the graft was removed due to widespread necrosis. Since the wound was positive for Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter iwoffii, Micrococcus sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus sp., the post-operative antibiotic treatment was prolonged for 28 days. Four months later, the wound healed using daily irrigation and bandaging and the camel walked normally. Nine months after diagnosis, the camel suddenly died without any clinical signs. Metastases of the haemangiosarcoma were found in the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, meninges, and mediastinum. Exsanguination due to rupture of a liver metastasis was determined as the cause of the death. Haemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm that arises from endothelial cells of blood vessels and tends to be very aggressive. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report of a metastasizing haemangiosarcoma arising from the lateral extensor tendon in a Bactrian camel.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in captive and pet reptiles
Authors: Reil Irena , Špičić Silvio , Kompes Gordan , Duvnjak Sanja , Zdelar-Tuk Maja , Stojević Dora , Cvetnić Željko
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of nontuberculous mycobacteria species in the pathology of various reptilian pet species as well as their epidemiological significance of infection transmission to humans. Faeces samples from six living reptiles and organs from ten carcasses were submitted to bacteriological testing during the years 2003–2015. Positive colonies from one faeces sample and two organs showed the presence of a gene coding 65kDa antigen common for all mycobacteria. Further identification to the species level revealed that the isolates belong toMycobacterium fortuitumandMycobacterium aviumsubsp.hominissuis, later subjected to drug susceptibility testing which confirmed high resistance levels in both isolates. In conclusion, there is a great significance of the occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in captive and pet reptiles, presenting reptiles as possible hosts representing a serious threat of transmission of high resistance mycobacterial isolates to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first report ofM. aviumsubsp.hominissuisoccurrence in reptiles.
Antibiotic Utilization in Pediatric Hospitalized Patients â€“ A Single Center Study
Authors: Bytyqi Hasime Qorraj , Hoxha Rexhep , Bahtiri Elton , Krasniqi Valon , Krasniqi Shaip
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in paediatrics. In most cases, antibiotics are started on an empirical basis, without proof of a bacterial infection, either before the start of therapy or afterwards.AIM: The main objective of this study was to analyse the consumption of antibiotics in hospitalised paediatric patients.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study investigated the consumption of antimicrobials in defined daily doses (DDDs according to the Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical/DDD index) in Pulmonology, Gastroenterology and Nephrology Departments at Pediatric Clinic of the tertiary hospital. The data on the consumption of antimicrobials were collected for five years by using properly designed form. The consumption was related to days of hospital care.RESULTS: The most utilised antibiotics group in all three departments Pulmonology, Gastroenterology and Nephrology Departments were penicillins. Cephalosporins were mostly used in Pulmonology department. Metronidazole and Chloramphenicol were used in minimal quantities in all three departments.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that surveillance programs on antibiotic resistance should be established and accompanied by analyses of drug utilisation data which can aid in the creation of valid cross-national studies on antibiotic usage and resistance, to motivate improvements in prescribing and guideline-directed antibiotic prescribing.
Expression of FGFR3 Protein and Gene Amplification in Urinary Bladder Lesions in Relation to Schistosomiasis
Authors: Hammam Olfat , Aboushousha Tarek , El-Hindawi Ali , Khairy Hosni , Khalil Heba , Kamel Amira , Akl Maha , Abdel-Hady Ahmed , Magdy Mona , Badawy Mohamed , El Kholy Amr , Al Osili Khalid , Kamel Nora , Anis Shady , El Leithy Tarek
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer represents the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and death. Incidence and mortality rates have remained relatively constant over the past four decades. Urothelial bladder cancers have identified multiple risk factors.AIM: We aimed at evaluating the expression of the FGFR3 protein and gene amplification in the urothelial cells of neoplastic and non-neoplastic urothelial lesions of the urinary bladder, and correlation with tumour grade, stage and associated bilharziasis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and five different urinary bladder lesions were studied, including 15 cystitis cases (9 bilharzial and 6 non-bilharzial cystitides), 75 urothelial carcinoma cases (18 bilharzial associated and 57 non-bilharzial associated) and 15 squamous cell carcinoma associated with bilharziasis, beside 5 control cases. Data concerning age, sex, tumour grade, stage, and associated bilharziasis were obtained. Each case was studied for FGFR3 expression, and FISH technique was applied on forty malignant cases that show high protein expression.RESULTS: The highest incidence of cystitis was in the fourth decade while of bladder cancer was in the seventh decade. Tumour grade was correlated significantly with tumour stage. FGFR3 correlates significantly with tumour grade, stage and with a bilharzial infestation. FGFR3 gene amplification was reported mainly in low grade and NNMBIC tumours.CONCLUSIONS: FGFR3 overexpression in malignant cases was significantly higher than in chronic cystitis. FGFR3 gene amplification was reported mainly in low grade and NNMBIC tumours. FGFR3 may be further studied as a subject for target therapy of bladder cancer.
Relationship between Gait Parameters and Postural Stability in Early and Late Parkinson's Disease and Visual Feedback-Based Balance Training Effects
Authors: Ahmed Mohieldin M. , Mosalem Douaa M. , Alfeeli Aziz K. , Baqer Ayyoub B. , Soliman Doaa Youssry
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Gait disorders or postural instability has been done before. However, lack of reviews has addressed the relation between gait and postural stability in Parkinson's disease (PD).AIM: The aim was to evaluate the relation between gait parameters and postural stability in early and late stages of PD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The forty-one idiopathic PD patients were divided into two groups into a group (A) considered as early PD and group (B) considered as late ambulant PD. They were evaluated for postural stability by computerised dynamic posturography (CDP) device and gait analysis using an 8 m-camera Vicon 612 data capturing system set.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement of composite equilibrium score, the composite latency of motor response, walking speed and cadence after treatment as compared to before training (p < 0.05) in early PD. However, in the late PD, there was a non-significant change of previous parameters after treatment as compared to before training (p > 0.05).There was a significant correlation between UPDRS motor part score, walking speed and composite equilibrium score after training in early PD (p > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Both gait analysis and CDP are important quantitative assessment tools of gait and posture instability.
Changes in Kinetic Parameters of Gait in Patients with Supratentorial Unilateral Stroke in Chronic Period
Authors: Vasileva Danche , Izov Nikolai , Maznev Ivan , Lubenova Daniela , Mihova Marija , Markovski Velo , Nistor Cseppento Carmen
Published: April 2017

AIM: The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes of the kinetic parameters of gait in patients with supratentorial unilateral stroke in the chronic period (SUSChP).MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted with 67 patients with SUSChP (56 patients included in the experimental group - 32 men and 24 women, with duration of disease 7.8 Â± 2.0 months, and 11 patients in the control group - 9 men and 2 women, with duration of disease 7.3 Â± 1.5 months). To evaluate the changes in the gait were followed cadence of 6m and 10m and the speed of movement which are the most informative kinetic parameters. Patients in the experimental group were treated with a specialised 10-day KT, which later continued to be performed as an adapted exercise program at home for one month.RESULTS: After applying specialised kinesitherapeutic methodology (SKTM), the highest trend towards improvement in the kinetic parameters of gait was established after the 1st month with a level of significance during treatment p < 0.001.CONCLUSION: The enclosed SKTM in the experimental group continued later as an adapted exercise program at home, significantly improving the kinetic parameters of gait in patients with SUSChP, compared with the usual kinesi-therapeutic methodology applied in the control group.
The Impact of Extended Typing On Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Transfused Patients
Authors: Makarovska-Bojadzjieva Tatjana , Velkova Emilija , Blagoevska Milenka
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization is still an actual problem in our transfusion practice. In 2011, in addition to the regular ABO/D blood group typing, phenotyping for Rh (C, c, E, e) and Kell antigens was introduced for blood donors and patients undergoing blood transfusion. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the extended RBC typing and donor/recipient matching on the incidence of RBC alloimmunization.METHODS: A retrospective comparative study was conducted by reviewing RBC request records for about 36,000 patients transfused with RBC in the period from 2013 to 2015 in comparison to the similar study conducted on 47,000 transfused patients in the period from 2005 to 2008. Pre-transfusion serologic testing data were retrieved for analysis. Blood samples with positive antibody screening and positive cross-match were further subjected to antibody identification. All the tests were performed using column agglutination technique (CAT) with ID-cards and reagents from DiaMed in both studies.RESULTS: Irregular RBC alloantibodies were detected in 116 (0.32%) out of 36,000 transfused patients. Multiple transfusions (15.8 units/patient) were given to 450 patients from which 79 (17.5%) had RBC allontibodies. The incidence of RBC alloimmunisation in the rest of the 35,550 transfused patients from which 37 had RBC alloantibodies was 0.10%. A total of 117 alloantibodies were identified in 96 out of the 116 patients with irregular RBC antibodies. Their specificity was as fallows: anti-E (25.6%), -C (6.0%), -c (8.5%), -e (0.85%), -Cw (5.1%), -K (12.8%), -Fya (10.2%), -Fyb ( 2.5%), -Jka (7.7%), -Jkb (2.5%), -M (9.4%), -S (1.7%), -s (0.85%), -Lua (1.7%), -Leb (3.4%) and anti-Leb (0.85%). Multiple antibodies were identified in 22 of the transfused patients out of which 15 (68.2%) received multiple transfusions. Anti-E was the most common antibody found in more of the 50% of the multiple antibody cases.CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of RBC alloimmunization in transfused patients decreased from 0.51% which was the estimated incidence for the period before the introduction of the extended RBC typing (2005-2008) to 0.32% (2013-2015). This is due to the decreased incidence of RBC alloimmunization in the multiply transfused patients from 33.9% to 17.5% respectively. The current frequency of anti-E (25.6%) and -K (12.8%) antibodies in transfused patients are significantly lower than their previous estimated frequencies of 30.4% and 24.0% respectively, as well as the overall frequency of RBC antibodies to Rh+Kell antigens which decreased from 72.4% to 53.8%. Extended donor-recipient matching for C, c, E, e and Kell antigens has proved a beneficial effect on the incidence of RBC alloimmunization in multiply transfused patients.
Editorial Vol.43
Authors: Alvarenga Luis
Published: April 2017

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Estudiantes y maestros que utilizan los smartphones y otras tecnologías educativas en las aulas universitarias para mejorar el proceso de la enseñanza-aprendizaje
Authors: López Eguizábal Fidel Arturo
Published: April 2017

La falta de motivación de parte de los catedráticos y la proliferación de los teléfonos inteligentes o smartphones son factores que provocan la falta de atención de los alumnos en clases. La distracción aumenta por el uso de estos teléfonos.

Esta investigación aborda la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías educativas que pueden ser utilizadas por los maestros, muchos de los cuales no las manejan por falta de interés o porque las universidades no se han detenido a observar su valor en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los alumnos son los que están conectados a Internet en el salón de clases, es por ello que se debe analizar el debido uso de esta red y sus consecuencias. El documento presenta los argumentos a través de una investigación cualitativa-cuantitativa sobre la utilización de artefactos tecnológicos en el salón de clases.

En bachillerato se han realizado investigaciones sobre la mala utilización de los teléfonos inteligentes u otros aparatos. En la universidad sucede lo mismo, solamente que en bachillerato u otros grados, hay más restricciones de parte de los maestros y las autoridades de las instituciones. En las aulas universitarias, en cambio hay más libertad, los estudiantes se conectan libremente a wifi, todo ello hace que sea facilita el acceso a internet.

La investigación se realizó en cuatro universidades, a saber: Universidad Francisco Gavidia, Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador, Universidad Modular Abierta y Universidad de El Salvador.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, No 43 Enero-Junio 2016: 21-40
Firma Electrónica en El Salvador
Authors: Humberstone Morales James Edward
Published: April 2017

El comercio electrónico está impulsando el desarrollo y revolucionando la economía mundial. Sin embargo, los medios tradicionales de identi.cación, .rma autógrafa, pierden validez en el mundo electrónico y poco favorecen la privacidad y la seguridad que busca el comercio electrónico. Por tal motivo, desde hace varios años las legislaciones de varios países han implementado medios electrónicos de identi.cación, .rma electrónica, que permite potenciar el desarrollo tecnológico del comercio y la administración.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, No 43 Enero-Junio 2016: 64-72
La evolución histórica de la influencia del narcotráfico en las instituciones de El Salvador
Authors: Meléndez Reyes Nohel Mario
Published: April 2017

En El Salvador, el narcotrá.co en una escala relevante tuvo su génesis histórica a través de instituciones públicas. Luego de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz, los operadores lograron in.ltrarse en las nuevas instituciones que tienen como objetivo brindar seguridad pública. Actualmente, las fronteras entre ambas esferas se desdibujan en temas como el financiamiento a los partidos políticos.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, No 43 Enero-Junio 2016: 73-86
Fair Value Information, Audit fees and Audit Committee in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Shu-Hsing , Wu Tsung-Che , Yang Kun-Lin
Published: April 2017

Regulatory requirements to adopt IFRS and to disclose audit fees make it possible to examine association between audit fees and proportion of fair-valued assets among firms in Taiwan. A voluntary choice of adding audit committee in the firm for monitoring purpose also helps to examine the association further. Empirical results indicate that lower audit fees is related to higher proportion of (Level 2) fair-valued assets, a finding consistent to Goncharov et al.’s (2014) suggestion that firms pay lower audit fees with fair-value model than with cost model. Insignificant association is found for proportion of Level 3 fair-valued assets, which is similar to Glover et al.’s (2014) suggestion that firm’s reluctant attitude in adopting Level 3 assets. Last of all, when audit committee is added, firm’s audit fees is negatively associated with Level 1 and 2 fair-valued assets, implying audit committee’s role of monitoring and further reducing audit risk and audit fees among Taiwanese firms.
Empirical Test on Impact of Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy on Vietnam Stock Market
Authors: Thanh Tu Tran Thi , Thuy Linh Pham , Anh Tiep Nguyen , Thi Thuy Do , Truong Tho Thi Hoai
Published: April 2017

This research evaluates impact of monetary policy tools and fiscal policies on Vietnam’s stock market, as well as examines interaction between these two policies with the Vietnam stock price index. Utilizing Vector error correction model (VECM), with 9 variables and data monthly statistics from January 2002 to October 2015, this study confirms that there are links between monetary policy, fiscal policy with Vietnam's stock market. In addition, Vietnam’s stock market is also affected by exogenous factors, namely the world oil prices and the S&P500 index, especially when Vietnam's economy is opening up and integrated with the global economy.
Financial Development and Life Insurance Demand in Sub-Sahara Africa
Authors: Iyawe Osama Ose , Osamwonyi Ifuero Osad
Published: April 2017

This study examines the relationship between financial development and life insurance demand in Sub-Saharan Africa with a sample of fifteen countries. These countries are Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Togo, Benin, Senegal, Cape Verde and Zambia. The specific objectives are to determine the relative effect of financial depth, as well as major macroeconomic factors, preferences and life insurance demand in the sampled countries. It is argued in this study that the traditional textbook and theoretical factors driving demand for life insurance may not be extensively dominant in the case of Sub-Sahara Africa where low formal financial patronage are rife. Using annual data covering the period 1990 – 2011 (22 years), the study applies the panel data estimation, which allows for endogenization of individual country characteristics in the analysis. The model adopted in this study categorises all the necessary macroeconomic factors in the study that seek to explain both insurance penetration and insurance density for the sampled countries. The results of the study show that financial development in African countries drives life insurance demand than major macroeconomic factors.
Use of “Weekly goal oriented teaching method” for dental nursing students during the outpatient clinical internship
Authors: Liu Wen
Published: April 2017

Background and objective: Given the current rapid development of the profession, great emphasis in dental nursing education is focused on clinical internship training. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the “Weekly Goal Oriented Teaching Method” for dental nursing students during their outpatient clinical internship.Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out among students enrolled in the dental nursing major during the 2012 school year. They were randomly divided into two separate study groups according to their scheduled outpatient clinic internship schedule. The students scheduled for their outpatient clinic internship during the first four months (Months 1-4) were placed in the control group. The instructors in the control group utilized conventional teaching methods. Students scheduled during the following four months (Months 5-8) were placed in the experimental group using the “Weekly Goal Oriented Teaching Method”. Comparison of both groups included the student’s examination scores, student evaluation about the clinical internship training, and the nursing instructor’s evaluation of the student’s learning experience.Results: Compared to the control group, the students in the experimental group had examination scores that were statistically significant higher in the Department of Oral and Reconstructive Surgery, Orthodontics, and the Four-Hand Operation Department (p < .05). The student evaluation of the clinical internship in the experimental group significantly surpassed the student evaluation in the control group in the areas of internship planning, teaching methods, and student-teacher communication (p < .05). The clinical nursing instructor’s teacher evaluation scores given to the students in the experimental group surpassed the evaluation scores for students in the control group in the fields of technical learning skills, and communication skills (p < .05).Conclusions: The use of the “Weekly Goal Oriented Teaching Method” can improve and promote acquiring the essential professional skills and knowledge, enhance internship planning, improve teaching methods, and strengthen teacher–student communication.  In addition, the “Weekly Goal Oriented Teaching Method” can emphasize principles of nursing theory and compassionate care.
Micro-Modeling Brick Walls with Reinforced Openings by a Layer of Shotcrete
Authors: Hashemizadeh Seyed Abdolreza , Shahryari Leila
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the numerical and experimental results related to masonry walls with and without reinforcing cover layer of reinforced concrete (shotcrete) have been validated. Then, by numerical modeling and reviewing and conducting parametric studies on brick walls, the effect of the parameters affecting the behavior of these walls has been investigated. We found that the studied unreinforced masonry walls with 4 times increased in vertical stress improved the maximum strength of the sample by 2.15 times. Pod and layer of shotcrete significantly increased the lateral capacity and formability of brick walls. In samples with opening because of opening in reinforced or non-reinforced samples with shotcrete, the final capacity of samples was reduced and failure mode is changed.
Analysis of English Language Textbooks of the Iran Language Institute In Order to Specify the Student’s Involvement Index of the Teaching Learning Process
Authors: Eslaminejad Tahereh , Saeid Nasim
Published: April 2017

Increasing students’ involvement in learning activities is one of the most important methods in effective teaching and learning process. When students are actively involved in the learning task, they learn more than when they are passive recipients of instruction. Text booksare the most important elements and have a very crucial effect in the process of language teaching and learning while prepared and developed by considering the potential educational usage and designed based research studies and modern educational technologies to meet the needs of diverse learners and enable pupils to engage actively with lessons to develop their thinking and interpreting power. The purpose of this study was analyzing the text content of the Iran English language textbook at the language institute to identify whether the contents in the textbook appropriate for involving learners in the learning task and may contribute to improve learning? The content of English language textbook for the adult learners was analyzed by criteria derived from adapting the involvement developed based on William Rummy technique. The content analysis covered the components of the textbook such as texts, activities, questions, and figures and diagrams. The results revealed that only the texts, questions, and activities given in the textbook encourage student’s involvement in the teaching and learning process.
Developing a User Friendly Decision Tool for Agricultural Land Use Allocation at a Regional Scale
Authors: Baja Sumbangan , Arif Samsu , Neswati Risma
Published: April 2017

Agricultural land use planning should always be guided by a reliable tool to ensure effective decision making in the allocation of land use and activities. The primary aim of this study is to develop a user friendly system on a spatial basis for agricultural land suitability evaluation of four groups of agriculture commodities, including food crops, horticultural crops, perennial (plantation) crops, grazing, and tambak (fish ponds) to guide land use planning. The procedure used is as follows: (i) conducting soil survey based on generated land mapping units; (ii) developing soil database in GIS; and (iii) designing a user friendly system. The data bases of the study were derived from satellite imagery, digital topographic map, soil characteristics at reconnaissance scale, as well as climate data. Land suitability evaluation in this study uses the FAO method. The study produces a spatial based decision support tool called SUFIG-Wilkom that can give decision makers sets of information interactively for land use allocation purposes.This user friendly system is also amenable to various operations in a vector GIS, so that the system may accommodate possible additional assessment of other land use types.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Security Issues: Survey
Authors: Abdulkader Zaid A. , Abdullah Azizol , Taufik Abdullah Mohd , Ahmad Zukarnain Zuriati
Published: April 2017

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) technologies are evolving networked communications advances that incorporate mobile-based routing protocol sets for inter-vehicular exchanges of information in support of smart transportation networks. Privacy and security difficulties are primary concerns in VANET research as a result of the repeated vehicular movements, time-critical responses, and hybrid VANET architectures that differentiate these from other ad hoc networking types. Therefore, the design of secure mechanisms for authenticating and validating message transmissions between vehicles and eliminating adversarial elements from networks are of considerable importance in VANET research. This report offers a review of VANET features and security difficulties. The paper also summarizes certain chief threats to the authentication, confidentiality, and availability of secure services.
Improving Project Management Teaching Using Scaffolding Based on Cladistics Parsimony Analysis
Authors: MAJ Stanislaw Paul
Published: April 2017

There are numerous educational paradigms each with their advocates and critics. The cognitive science approach is based on modelling memory as short term and long term each with their different characteristics. All learning consists of an iterative cycle of assimilate and retrieve between these two types of memory. The objective is the construction of an ordered mental structure called a schema in long term memory. With this approach it is possible to define schemas according to an optimal learning sequence. An optimum sequence has minimal cognitive load and hence the ideal teaching sequence. Previous work has clearly demonstrated that this method may be applied to network technology education. This paper applies the same method of teaching financial instruments in project management. Results to date demonstrate that scaffolding, based on cladistics parsimony analysis is a generic method and can be applied to different disciplines. Using this method an optimal learning sequence for project management financial instruments may be produced.