bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Test of Fluorescent Pigment Marking and Finclipping of Coho Salmon
Authors: Phinney Duane E. , Mathews Stephen B.
Published: April 2011

Three lots of age 0 coho salmon were placed in a 6-acre dirt pond. Fish in one lot were marked with fluorescent pigment; those in a second lot were marked with a finclip; and those in a third lot were unmarked. Rainbow trout and age 1 coho were also placed in the pond as potential predators on the fry. After 6 months, sampling of the fry indicated that the fluorescent pigment lot survived and grew as well as the unmarked lot, but that the finclipped lot did not fare as well as the other two in terms of survival and growth.
Dichromate Reagent Decomposition and Carbon Estimation
Authors: Westenhouse Ray G.
Published: April 2011

Potassium dichromate in 33 N H2SO4 decomposes to form reduced chromium salts. When the dichromate reagent is stored in clear bottles at room temperature, it decomposes at 3.7% per week; when in amber bottles at room temperature, at 0.62% per week. Dichromate decomposition results in trivalent chromium with the possible liberation of oxygen, as reported by other workers.
First Records from the Northeastern Pacific of the Deep-Sea Ophidioid Fish Parabassogigas grandis
Authors: Eagle Rodney J.
Published: April 2011

Seven specimens of Parabassogigas grandis previously reported off Japan have been captured in deep water off Oregon. Morphological variation due to growth is discussed, and additional descriptive data are given.
Immunohistochemical Localization of ACTH and Prolactin in the Pituitary Gland of Adult Migratory Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: McKeown B. A. , Overbeeke A. P. van
Published: April 2011

Antibodies to porcine adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Synacthen (synthetic corticotrophin, Ciba), and ovine prolactin were prepared in rabbits and the antisera were tested for specificity against several pituitary hormones. The gamma-globulin fractions of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the labelled antibodies were "purified" by column chromatography.Fresh-frozen sections of pituitary glands of adult migratory sockeye salmon were incubated with the antibody solutions and examined with a fluorescence microscope. The resulting antigen–antibody complex could be localized by re-photographing the same or alternate sections after fixation and staining. Anti-ACTH and anti-Synacthen appeared to be bound specifically by the epsilon cells, whereas anti-prolactin reacted with the eta cells of the rostral pars distalis. Pituitary glands collected at various stations along the migratory route, including one seawater sample, showed the same reactivity. Other glands were prepared for histological examination. Microspectrophotometric analysis of cell types showed that the granule density of the ACTH cells increased gradually during the later part of migration. In the prolactin cells, no change in granulation could be detected during entrance into the river or subsequent spawning migration.
Hermaphrodite Specimen of the Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius parma
Authors: Herold Richard C.
Published: April 2011

This is the first report of an hermaphrodite in the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma (Echinodermata). It was collected off Swans Island, Maine, during July 1968. The animals' gonads consisted of one female gonad and four ovotestes. Self-fertilization did not occur between the artificially shed eggs and sperm, probably because the eggs were not fully ripe. The sperm fertilized eggs from other animals. The discovery of an hermaphrodite in this species has important implications for its use in embryological experimentation.
Seasonal Buoyancy Changes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr and Smolt
Authors: Pinder Lesley J. , Eales J. G.
Published: April 2011

A population of yearling Atlantic salmon parr was held in the laboratory from July to June in a negligible current at seasonal temperatures and photoperiods. Indirect measurements of swimbladder volume (pressure of neutral buoyancy) were made monthly on groups of 14–20 fish held for 24 hr either in still water or in a current (0.13 m/sec).Parr were consistently less buoyant in the current than in still water. However, seasonal changes occurred, particularly in the current. For parr in a current, buoyancy was lowest in early winter but increased throughout the spring until the parr–smolt transformation, when smolts in the current were just as buoyant as smolts in still water. The seasonal development of smolt buoyancy in a current was related to body size and water temperature but did not seem to be affected by photoperiod.The seasonal changes in swimbladder volume were not significantly correlated with tissue density (density of the gas-free fish), which in turn was not significantly correlated with the level of ether-extractable fat. However, the level of ether-extractable fat was significantly correlated with the coefficient of condition. At parr–smolt transformation, tissue density, level of ether-extractable fat, and coefficient of condition decreased sharply.
Tagging White Whales in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Sergeant D. E. , Brodie P. F.
Published: April 2011

White whales, Delphinapterus leucas Pallas, were tagged in the estuary of Seal River, Man., in western Hudson Bay in the summers of 1967 and 1968. Seven hundred harpoon tags were applied to the dorsal part of the body while chasing the animals, and 118 Petersen disc tags through the dorsal ridge after stranding the animals in shallow water on a falling tide. Three recovered harpoon tags include one observed on a living whale at the same site after a year, and two taken from netted whales at fisheries northward along the western coast of Hudson Bay, 300–800 km from the site of tagging and 5–7 weeks after tagging.
Age and Growth of Broad Whitefish, Coregonus nasus, in the Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers, N.W.T.
Authors: Muth K. M.
Published: April 2011

Broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus, from the Coppermine River differ in both rate of growth and longevity from those in the Mackenzie River. Whitefish from the Mackenzie River are faster growing during the first 6 years of life but have a shorter life span than whitefish from the Coppermine River. Mackenzie River data correspond favorably with age and growth of broad whitefish reported from several rivers in the USSR. Differences in environmental factors such as water temperature, ice conditions, and food species availability are suggested as causes for fish growth differences in the two rivers.
Effective Disinfection of Trout Eggs to Prevent Egg Transmission of Aeromonas liquefaciens
Authors: McFadden T. W.
Published: April 2011

Treatment of trout eggs with classical disinfectants such as sulfo-merthiolate, merthiolate, and acriflavine proved unreliable for destroying Aeromonas liquefaciens on the eggshell. These bacteristatic agents washed free leaving viable bacteria on the shell.An organic iodine compound, povidone–iodine, was found to be bactericidal at dosages readily tolerated by trout eggs. No reduction in the rate of development was observed after treatment.Transmission of A. liquefaciens from parents to offspring follows the route reported for Aeromonas salmonicida. Viable bacterial cells are carried on the outer surface of the shell only, enabling the use of surface disinfection.
Preliminary Survey of the Sublittoral Flora of Halifax County
Authors: Edelstein T. , Craigie J. S. , McLachlan J.
Published: April 2011

During the autumn of 1965 and the summer of 1966, observations and sublittoral collections to a depth of 40 m were made of the benthic vegetation of the Atlantic coast of Halifax County. A total of 166 species (exclusive of crustose corallines) were recorded and distributed as 72 Rhodophyceae, 66 Phaeophyceae, 26 Chlorophyceae, 1 Xanthophyceae, and 1 Chrysophyceae. Thirty-three of these species have been recorded as new to Nova Scotia. Very few of the macrophytic species collected are exclusively sublittoral. Three distinct vegetational associations, each characteristic of a particular depth range, were recognized. From the sublittoral fringe to a depth of about 15 m, a Laminaria–Desmarestia association occurs. Below 10 m the flora is dominated by an Agarum–Ptilota association, and at 30–40 m a Phyllophora–Polysiphonia association is present. In some species morphological variations were correlated with depth.
Some Effects of Simulated Long-Term Environmental Fluctuations on Maximum Sustained Yield
Authors: Tautz Arthur , Larkin P. A. , Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

For a variety of stock recruit systems, in which environmental variability is simulated by random normal deviates used as multipliers or divisors, Ricker (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 15: 991–1006, 1958) and Larkin and Ricker (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21: 1–7, 1964) demonstrated the benefits of complete stabilization of escapement as opposed to removal of a fixed proportion of the stock each year. The present paper is primarily concerned with the response of these same systems to a pattern of stochastic modification that is more regular in form, a pattern such as might be imagined to result from long-term trends in environmental conditions. The simulations indicate that the gains derived from complete stabilization of escapement are determined solely by the variance of the modifiers — thus the pattern of modification, i.e., long- or short-term, is relevant only in terms of its influence on the variance. In addition, a check for maximum equilibrium catch using catch statistics is described.
Fecundity of Two Cyprinid Fishes in the River Thames, Reading, England
Authors: Mackay I. , Mann K. H.
Published: April 2011

Egg production by two cyprinids in the River Thames at Reading, England, was studied quantitatively from January to June 1966. Roach (Rutilus rutilus) had a short spawning period, shedding all their eggs in one batch, whereas bleak (Alburnus alburnus) had a protracted spawning period and produced two or three batches of eggs. The relationship between egg numbers (Y) and age (X) for roach was given by log Y = 0.0840X + 3.2085; the estimated fecundity of a 6-year-old fish was 5157 with 95% confidence limits at 4725 and 5631. For bleak the relationship was log Y = 0.0564X + 3.5221, and the estimated fecundity of a 5-year-old fish was 6356 with 95% confidence limits at 5987 and 6776. Combining previously obtained data on population density with new data on sex ratio and percentage breeding in each age class, the population fecundity for roach was about 600 eggs/m2 and for bleak about 3000 eggs/m2.The roach population had lower fecundity than roach populations in other studies and there was some evidence that a proportion of females ceased egg production during the period of the study. The possibility that low fecundity was a response to food shortage is discussed.
Chemical Composition of Shrimp Flesh (Parapenaeusspp.) and its Nutritive Value
Authors: Dabrowski Teofil , Kolakowski Edward , Karnicka Barbara
Published: April 2011

The chemical composition and yield of edible shrimp (Parapenaeus spp.) were determined. Shrimp of 15.5–23.4 cm and mean weight of 37.3 g yielded from 47.2 to 55.1% of flesh (mean 51.3%). Average composition of flesh was: water 76.74%, fat 0.91%, ash 1.71%, total phosphorus 0.49%, and total protein 22.07%, the last being made up of 76.5% pure protein. Shrimp flesh protein contained a large amount of arginine, histidine, and proline, but not so much threonine, methionine, valine, lysine, and tryptophane. Amine nitrogen constituted 39.5% of the total nonprotein nitrogen. Its composition was mainly of the following free amino acids: glycine, arginine, proline, and alanine. In contrast to the flesh of fish, that of shrimps contained a considerable amount of free methionine.
Oceanic Occurrence of Black Rockfish (Sebastodes melanops) in the Central North Pacific
Authors: Dunn J. R. , Hitz C. R.
Published: April 2011

Adult rockfish of the genus Sebastodes are generally considered to be demersal fish of the continental shelf. A pelagic existence has been suggested for the adult forms of certain of the dark rockfishes. A single spent Sebastodes melanops was captured in a surface gillnet on February 14, 1969, at 50°00′N, 165°00′W, over 240 nautical miles (445 km) south of the Alaska Peninsula. Depth of water exceeded 2700 fath (4938 m). Other offshore captures of this species are reported and available evidence suggesting a pelagic existence for the black rockfish is examined.
Changes in Environment and Biota of a Natural Lake after Fertilization
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

When artificial fertilizers were added to unstratified, soft-water Crecy Lake (20 ha), New Brunswick, in three years (1946, 1951, and 1959), the lake was sufficiently self-regulatory that the artificial enrichments had only a temporary effect on organic production. The induced eutrophication proved largely reversible, with minor evidence of hastened senescence of the lake over an 18-year period. Each fertilization provided 210 ppb (parts per billion) of nitrogen (N), 390 ppb of phosphorus (P), and 270 ppb of potassium (K) to the water if the fertilizers were equally distributed throughout the lake.The highest concentrations of total P, determined daily after the fertilizations in 1951 and 1959, were 220 ppb after 2 days and 192 ppb after 1 day, respectively. The concentration of inorganic P declined rapidly from about 150 ppb the day after the fertilizations in 1951 and 1959 to < 10 ppb at a percentage loss per day of 5.5. Concentrations of organic P were highest 5 (80 ppb, 1951) and 8 (43 ppb, 1959) days after the fertilizations and declined to equilibration above prefertilization values for 3–4 months, and then to prefertilization values during the next years. Phosphorus lost in the drainage from the lake, assessed only in 1951 and 1959, was equivalent in these years to 8.5 and 12% of the amounts added in the fertilizers.Limited observations indicated an increase of nitrate N in the water immediately after fertilization, but then a rapid loss. Deficits in dissolved oxygen were greatest under ice in the winters immediately after algal blooms induced by the fertilizers, but were serious in only about 30% of the volume of the lake. Specific conductance of the water exhibited minor change with fertilization.Pronounced algal blooms, not previously recorded for the lake, followed each fertilization. Years of fertilization, and the next, were marked by blooms of Anabaena. Intensified growth of Spirogyra usually followed closely the blooms of Anabaena. In the 3rd year after fertilization algal growth was weak, at prefertilization densities. During blooms of Anabaena the numbers of zooplankters and bottom organisms, and growth of submerged, rooted aquatic vegetation, decreased. Zooplankton and bottom fauna were most abundant 2–4 years after fertilizations. Of the rotifers, three out of eight species became abundant. Of the planktonic microcrustaceans, Leptodiaptomus was always the most numerous; Diaphanosoma and Daphnia were more numerous after the last fertilization (1959) than they were earlier. Among the bottom organisms, Hyalella, chironomids, Amnicola, and sphaeriids increased most in abundance after the fertilizations.
Fishery and Biology of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) off the Southwest Coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Pinhorn Allenby T.
Published: April 2011

Data collected from the fishery off the southwest coast of Newfoundland indicated a decrease in the proportions of larger and older cod in ICNAF Division 3Pn in recent years. Changes in total mortality rates in 3Pn and on Burgeo Bank have been attributed to fluctuations in total landings and effort. Decreased growth rates for the younger cod and increased followed by decreased growth for the older cod were attributed to increased food supply superimposed on decreased bottom temperatures. Cod from Burgeo Bank grow faster than those from 3Pn. Sizes caught by various types of inshore boats were similar but larger fish were caught in deeper water, in eastern rather than western localities, and in the latter part of the season. Peak spawning occurs in May. Males were predominant in longline catches and matured at an earlier age and smaller size than females. Fish in the 3Pn area matured earlier and at a smaller size than Burgeo Bank fish. Vertebral averages at different localities in the area were similar but averages have decreased in recent years. Limited data on weights and fecundity are presented. Results are discussed in light of the separation of West Newfoundland and Burgeo Bank stocks.
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Young Salmonids of the Canadian Maritime Provinces
Authors: MacKelvie R. M. , Artsob H.
Published: April 2011

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus was isolated from young salmonids, including Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar), in 9 of the 13 fish culture stations of the Canadian Maritime Provinces. The virus was isolated in tissue culture and identified serologically. There was no evidence of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (Egtved disease).
Exact Statistical Inferences about the Parameter for an Exponential Growth Curve following a Poisson Distribution
Authors: Lindsey J. K.
Published: April 2011

A use of the relative likelihood function is described. An example is provided to show exact statistical inferences about the parameter for an exponential increase in cell concentration when the concentration is a Poisson random variable.
Effects of Some Environmental Factors on Survival, Condition, and Timing of Emergence of Chum Salmon Fry (Oncorhynchus keta)
Authors: Dill L. M. , Northcote T. G.
Published: April 2011

In an experiment in incubation channels at Robertson Creek, B.C., survival of chum salmon from planting of eggs to emergence of fry was higher in large gravel (2–4 inches, 5.1–10.2 cm) than in small gravel (0.4–1.5 inches, 1.0–3.8 cm). Neither condition coefficient nor timing of emergence was affected by gravel size. There were no significant effects of egg burial depth (8 and 12 inches, 20.3 and 30.5 cm) or density (50 and 100 per treatment) on condition coefficient, or timing of emergence.
Halosphaera viridis: Fatty Acid Composition and Taxonomical Relationships
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Addison R. F. , Hooper S. N. , Prakash A.
Published: April 2011

The total fatty acids of a natural bloom of Halosphaera viridis have been determined. A readily extractable lipid fraction, mostly triglyceride, showed additional monoethylenic fatty acid isomers not obvious in the total lipid. Comparisons are made on the usefulness of this data in distinguishing Chlorophyceae and Prasinophyceae within the Chlorophyta.
Marking Animals with Micro-Tags of Chemical Elements for Identification by X-Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Calaprice J. R. , Calaprice F. P.
Published: April 2011

This report describes a method of marking living organisms. As an illustration of the method, foreign chemical elements are incorporated into small salmon and the analytical technique of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is used to detect and measure minute quantities in the tissues. Mixtures of elements, either in equal or varying concentration, are used to generate a code. Decoding is readily accomplished by irradiating the tagged organisms and monitoring the X-ray fluorescence produced. A large number of unique combinations appear possible using the method as described. Mixtures of chemical elements (atomic numbers 37–69) were suspended in silicone rubber and injected directly into fish tissue. In this manner tags 1 mm2 in area were incorporated in the tissue and decoded by nondestructive analysis.
Relationship Between Growth Rate and Ribonucleic Acid Concentration in Some Invertebrates
Authors: Sutcliffe Jr. W. H.
Published: April 2011

A positive relationship between growth rate and ribonucleic acid concentration is shown for 24 species, mostly arthropods and microorganisms. It is suggested that such a relationship might exist also for mammals.
Effects of Coenzyme A and Carnitine on Fatty Acid Oxidation by Rainbow Trout Mitochondria
Authors: Bilinski E. , Jonas R. E. E.
Published: April 2011

The effects of coenzyme A (CoA) and carnitine on the oxidation of 0.1 mM K-palmitate-1-14C and K-oleate-1-14C by mitochondrial fractions from lateral line muscle, white muscle, heart, liver, and kidney was studied in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). CoA (0.01–0.10 mM) stimulated the oxidation of fatty acids by mitochondria from lateral line muscle and heart. With all the preparations of mitochondria, fatty acid oxidation was increased by addition of carnitine (1.0 mM) and in the presence of carnitine (1.0 mM), CoA (0.1–1.0 mM) gave a further increase in oxidative activity. Mitochondria from lateral line muscle and heart showed the same range of maximal activity (oxidized substrate at 15 C = 180–200 nmoles/mg N per hr), which was considerably above that found with mitochondria from other tissues. The results suggest similarities in the energy-supplying metabolism in lateral line muscle and heart of trout with respect to the utilization of fatty acids.
Regional Variation in Muscle Myogen Polymorphism in Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) as Related to Morphology
Authors: Uthe J. F. , Ryder R. A.
Published: April 2011

In a survey of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) from several lakes in central Canada, starch-gel electrophoresis of muscle myogens showed only the three phenotypes previously reported from Lake St. Clair. Measurements of body ratios and counts of interneural and interhaemal spines and of vertebrae gave no morphological basis for distinguishing between the three protein phenotypes. Although phenotype frequencies varied from lake to lake, within lakes the observed frequencies appeared to agree well with those calculated according to the Hardy–Weinberg rule assuming control by two nondominant alleles. The geographical variation was also consistent with the idea of reinvasion of the sample area from two separate refugia.
Occurrence of Whirling Disease of Trout in Western United States
Authors: Yasutake W. T. , Wolf Harold
Published: April 2011

Whirling disease of trout, caused by Myxosoma cerebralis, was diagnosed in 1966 for the first time in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from California and Nevada hatcheries. In 1969 the first incidence of this disease in cutthroat trout (S. clarki) was reported in Nevada. To date these have been the only confirmed cases of whirling disease in western United States.
Occella to Supersede Occa for a Genus of Agonid Fishes
Authors: Bailey Reeve M. , Gruchy C. G.
Published: April 2011

The generic name Occa Jordan and Evermann (1898), applied to several agonid fishes of the North Pacific Ocean, is preoccupied by Occa Chesnon, 1835 (Aves). Chesnonia Iredale and Whitley 1969 was proposed as a substitute for the junior homonym, but Chesnonia is a junior synonym of three generic names proposed by Jordan and Hubbs (Mem. Carnegie Mus. 10: 93–346, 1925). From these we select Occella (type species, Agonus dodecaëdron Tilesius) to replace Occa Jordan and Evermann. Iburina Jordan and Hubbs, a subjective generic synonym of Occella, is retained for a subgenus of Occella; Iburiella is treated as a subjective subgeneric synonym of Iburina.
Osmoregulation in the Lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Dall W.
Published: April 2011

Lobsters took 72 hr to adapt to a salinity of 20‰, with urine becoming markedly hypoosmotic to the blood during the first 25 hr, then increasing in concentration over the next 48 hr, though remaining significantly hypoosmotic to the blood. Adaptation to a salinity of 37‰ took 24 hr: the urine became almost isosmotic with the blood: the gastric and rectal fluids became hyperosmotic to the blood. Blood freezing-point determinations showed that over the salinity range 20–37‰ the lobster is able to osmoregulate to a limited extent only towards the lower end of the range, being otherwise an "osmocon-former." Salt-loading experiments indicated that the excess salts were rapidly excreted into the gut. It is concluded that the antennal glands are at least partly responsible for elimination of excess water, but that the gut is the site of salt excretion, and that there is rapid adjustment of salt imbalance.
Yellow Phosphorus Pollution: its Toxicity to Seawater-Maintained Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Smelt (Osmerus mordax)
Authors: Fletcher G. L. , Hoyle R. J. , Horne D. A.
Published: April 2011

Yellow phosphorus was lethal to seawater-maintained brook trout and smelt at concentrations as low as 0.5 μg/liter. Trout that were exposed to low concentrations of yellow phosphorus (0.5 and 7.0 μg/liter) for 50 or more hours turned red and showed signs of extensive hemolysis. At death, all trout that had been exposed to 104 μg/liter yellow phosphorus and lower had hematocrits that were significantly lower than those of the controls.
Chemical Composition and Phytoplankton of Lakes in Southern Ontario
Authors: Sparling J. H. , Nalewajko C.
Published: April 2011

Water chemistry in southern Ontario lakes is determined primarily by surface and bedrock geology and the impact of cultivation. In areas of uniform bedrock, elevation and lake size are shown to be important. Total dissolved solids give a poor indication of the electrolyte content of lakes, because of the varied geology. Four main lake types are recognised: (1) base-poor lakes, frequently dystrophic, found on the Precambrian shield; (2) moderately base-rich lakes, in the Bancroft–Rideau lakes region, related to the frequent occurrence of more easily weathered rocks; (3) base-rich lakes found in the limestone region south of the shield, and receiving abundant drainage from cultivated land; and (4) base-rich lakes with high levels of magnesium draining from Silurian dolomitic limestone bedrock and dolomite-rich glacial tills.Phytoplankton populations were found to be related in part to the chemical composition of lake waters. Certain species such as Tabellaria flocculosa and to a lesser extent Asterionella formosa and Dinobryon divergens were associated mainly with base-poor lakes; a far larger number of species, including Synedra acus, Pediastrum duplex, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Synedra ulna, and Cyclotella kutzingiana, were significantly associated with base-rich conditions.An association diagram for all the species found in the lakes showed several groupings, mostly of species that prefer base-rich conditions. Few species confined to base-poor lakes were found to form associations. Apparent associations between oligotrophic species and species known to prefer eutrophic lakes can be explained by the fact that nutrients were depleted at the time of the survey.
Elimination of Bacteria by the Soft Shell Clam, Mya arenaria
Authors: Cabelli Victor J. , Heffernan W. Paul
Published: April 2011

Factors significant to the uptake and elimination of coliform bacteria by the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, were investigated. Uptake kinetics resembling those in the northern quahaug suggest that a steady state exists in functioning animals wherein the number of organisms taken in and eliminated are in balance. In contrast to the quahaug, most of the animals accumulate the organisms very shortly after being placed in the environmental water. The lower limits on the temperature, salinity, and flow rate of the environmental water for acceptable elimination (depuration) were about 10 C, 20‰, and 7 ml/rain per animal respectively. In the feasibility study for a flow-through depuration system using naturally polluted animals, consistently good elimination to very low elevated temperature (ET) coliform levels was observed if the initial level of contamination did not exceed about 2000 ET coliforms per 100 g. Results comparable with those in the flow-through system were obtained in a recirculating depuration system, thereby indicating the feasibility of the recirculating depuration system for the elimination of coliforms in marginally polluted animals.
Tidal Resonance and Tidal Barriers in the Bay of Fundy System
Authors: Duff G. F. D.
Published: April 2011

A near-resonant mode of oscillation extending to the continental shelf in the Gulf of Maine is shown to be a contributing factor in the extreme high M2 tidal ranges in the Bay of Fundy.The effect on the M2 tidal regime of a double barrier at Cape Chignecto is studied by two methods. A one-dimensional simple harmonic model shows the effect of placing the matching boundary at any intermediate position and defines a probable zone of values for the barrier amplitude. A two-dimensional calculation covering the entire resonant region gives an estimated amplitude reduction of 34% at the Cape Chignecto barrier site.
Estimation of Circulation Time in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Davis John C.
Published: April 2011

Circulation time in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (mean weight 211.9 g) at 10 C was estimated by injecting Cardio-Green dye into the dorsal aorta and timing its reappearance at the site of injection. Circulation times ranged from 48 to 96 sec in the nine fish studied and had a mean value of 64.1 ± 16.4 sec. These circulation times are consistent with the known blood volume and cardiac output for rainbow trout.Such circulation times provide useful information on the theoretical positioning of receptors for the regulation of circulation and ventilation. Responses of trout to hypoxia or reduced gill water flow are too rapid to be initiated solely by a venous receptor considering these circulation times. Receptor sites must therefore be located in the arterial system or on the gills themselves.
Hyperplasia in an Estuarine Bryozoan Attributable to Coal Tar Derivatives
Authors: Powell N. A. , Sayce C. S. , Tufts D. F.
Published: April 2011

Hyperplasia of ovicells was induced experimentally in Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) by placing colonies with normal numbers of ovicells in close proximity to coal-tar derivatives in an estuary. The hyperplasia is attributable to one or more carcinogens in the petrochemicals.
Effect of Sexual Maturation and Gonadectomy at Sexual Maturity on Cortisol Secretion Rate in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Donaldson Edward M. , Fagerlund Ulf H. M.
Published: April 2011

Changes in cortisol dynamics in male and female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been investigated at various stages during sexual maturation, after spawning, and after gonadectomy just prior to their reaching sexual maturity. The metabolic clearance rate of cortisol was determined by the single injection technique and calculated using the formula for a two-pool system. The volume of distribution of cortisol in the inner pool and the outer pool, metabolic clearance rate, and cortisol secretion rate increased in both male and female salmon during sexual maturation. These changes were reversed in fish that were gonadectomized just before reaching functional maturity and allowed to recuperate for 2 or 8 weeks.There was a decrease in the amount of red carotenoid pigment in the flesh of salmon held in the laboratory during sexual maturation. This loss of pigment was reversed in salmon that were gonadectomized and fed marine zooplankton for 8 weeks.
Effects of Food Availability on Aggression and Nest Building in Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans)
Authors: Smith R. J. F.
Published: April 2011

Male brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) that were fed 50 brine shrimp per day built nests under conditions that prevented nest building in fish fed 10 or 30 brine shrimp per day. Groups of fish fed 50 brine shrimp per day or with live food present continuously were more aggressive and territorial than the same fish when unfed.
Production of Dimethylamine in Muscle of Several Species of Gadoid Fish during Frozen Storage, Especially in Relation to Presence of Dark Muscle
Authors: Castell C. H. , Smith Barbara , Neal Wanda
Published: April 2011

During frozen storage at −5 C, dimethylamine (DMA) was produced in the muscle of five gadoid species. The amount was lowest in haddock and increasingly higher in cod, pollock, cusk, and hake. When the dark lateral muscle was removed from the fillets before freezing, formation of DMA during frozen storage was either inhibited or greatly reduced. Under the same storage conditions no DMA was produced in the muscle of halibut, plaice, redfish, or wolffish.
DDT Residues in Canadian Atlantic Fishes and Shellfishes in 1967
Authors: Sprague J. B. , Duffy J. R.
Published: April 2011

DDT residues were average or less than average in lobsters, five species of molluscan shellfishes, and seven species of finny fishes from estuarial and coastal waters of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, compared with the same or similar species elsewhere in North America and northern Europe. Mackerel had the highest residues, averaging 0.38 ppm of DDT or 0.54 ppm of DDT plus metabolites. These levels do not seem to be an immediate danger to the fish. In terms of human diet, residues in mackerel are as high as those in some beef. The other species averaged 0.1 ppm or less of total DDT residue in the whole body or muscle, usually much less. This is relatively low by present day findings. Viscera of salmon, cod, and hake had 6–15 times higher concentrations of DDT residues than did muscle. Flounder viscera had no more residue than did muscle, whereas lobster eggs had nine times as much as muscle. None of the four sampling locations produced consistently higher residues than the others.
A Proteolytic Pseudomonad from Skin Lesions of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). III. Morphological Studies
Authors: Li M. F. , Traxler G. S.
Published: April 2011

The morphology of a pseudomonad isolated from diseased rainbow trout was examined in detail. The organism was lophotrichous, and the fine structure was morphologically typical of most marine species of Pseudomonas.
Residues of DDT, DDE, and DDD in Fish in the Saskatchewan River after using DDT as a Blackfly Larvicide for Twenty Years
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. , Saha J. G. , Royer L. M.
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues in the muscle tissues of fish collected from the Saskatchewan River after a 20-year blackfly larviciding program using DDT ranged from less than 0.01–0.05 ppm of DDT, less than 0.01–0.05 ppm DDD (TDE), 0.01–0.06 ppm DDE, and 0.002–0.006 ppm dieldrin. These concentrations are well below the actionable level of 5.0 ppm of DDT residues in edible flesh. Tests with DDT-C14 showed that a single extraction of fish tissues with acetonitrile removed about 93% of metabolically incorporated residues.
Primary Production and Phytoplankton in the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario, and other Low-Carbonate Waters, and a Liquid Scintillation Method for Determining 14C Activity in Photosynthesis
Authors: Schindler D. W. , Holmgren S. K.
Published: April 2011

A modified 14C method is described for measuring phytoplankton production in low-carbonate waters. The procedure includes the use of the Arthur and Rigler (Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 121–124, 1967) technique for determining filtration error, liquid scintillation counting for determining the radioactivity of membrane filters and stock 14C solutions, and gas chromatography for measuring total CO2.Primary production, chlorophyll a, and total CO2 were measured for two dates in midsummer from each of several lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), ranging from 1 to 1000 ha in area and from 2 to 117 m in maximum depth. Phytoplankton species abundance and biomass were determined for the same dates. Production ranged from 0.02 to 2.12 gC/m3∙day and from 0.179 to 1.103 g C/m2∙day. Chlorophyll ranged from 0.4 to 44 mg/m3 and from 5 to 98 mg/m2 in the euphotic zone. The corresponding ranges for live phytoplankton biomass were 120–5400 mg/m3 and 2100–13,400 mg/m2. Chrysophyceae dominated the phytoplankton of most of the lakes.A system for classifying the lakes in terms of phytoplankton species composition and production–depth curves is developed.
Chemistry of Surface Sediments of Sixteen Lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Brunskill G. J. , Povoledo D. , Graham B. W. , Stainton M. P.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains some descriptive chemical data on bedrock, soils, and profundal lake sediments of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA). The acid granodiorite bedrock and the plagioclase–K-feldspar–quartz glacial drift of the region exhibit low rates of chemical weathering. Terrestrial vegetation, soil organic matter, and the fine fraction of the glacial drift are concentrated in the lake sediments. The major minerals of the lake sediments are quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, illite, chlorite, kaolinite. Loss on ignition for the lake sediment samples varies from 18 to 62% dry weight, organic carbon from 8 to 34% dry weight, total nitrogen from 0.9 to 3.5% dry weight, and total phosphorus from 0.1 to 0.3% dry weight. These surficial lake sediment samples are 88–96% water, and concentrations of major ions in sediment interstitial water are 1.5–5 times the concentration of major ions in lake water.
Relative Rates of Utilization by Commercial and Sport Fisheries of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, New Brunswick
Authors: Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

Studies of naturally produced Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts, marked from 1950 to 1961 on tributaries of the Miramichi River by differential finclipping, indicated that commercial fisheries accounted for over 60% of their total utilization as adults. The bulk of commercial recoveries was about equally divided among Newfoundland traps, Miramichi drift nets, and Miramichi trapnets; the remainder came from various commercial catches in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec. The percentages of grilse (1 sea-year fish) in commercial catches were low, 20% for Northwest Miramichi and 17% for Southwest Miramichi fish.Anglers reported 10 and 7%, respectively, of all the recaptures of Northwest and Southwest fish. All these angling recoveries were made in freshwater sections of the Miramichi River. Grilse comprised over 70% of angling recaptures.Spawning escapement accounted for 25% of the Northwest returns, of which 60% were grilse; and 19% of the Southwest returns, of which 85% were grilse.For the total of 174,509 smolts marked on the Northwest Miramichi the minimum survival rate to fisheries and spawning escapement was 2.7%. For 78,117 Southwest smolts, the corresponding value was 2.0%. These survival rates, except for the Newfoundland commercial catches, were not adjusted for completeness of search and other factors.The average ratio of grilse to larger salmon in the adult recoveries, about 0.6:1, was much lower than in more recent smolt-tagging experiments by another worker (about 2:1) and indicated a considerable increase in the ratio for Miramichi stock between 1950 and 1968.
A Versatile Fortran Computer Program for the Capture–Recapture Stochastic Model of G. M. Jolly
Authors: White E. G.
Published: April 2011

A Fortran program written for an IBM 1130 computer is described for analyses of capture–recapture data using Jolly's 1965 stochastic model. The program versatility permits ready analysis of most forms of data and also provides for selections in the organisation of analyses.
Fecundity of the Yellowtail Flounder (Limanda ferruginea) from the Grand Bank, Newfoundland
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

Fecundity estimates made on 51 mature yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) from the Grand Bank ranged from 350,000 to 4,570,000 eggs per female. Fecundity depended mainly on body length and to a lesser extent on age.
A Record of the Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from Northumberland Strait
Authors: Lear W. H. , Pippy J. H. C.
Published: April 2011

A single specimen of the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe 1802)) was taken off South Kouchibouguac Bay in Northumberland Strait. Previous most northerly published records for the North Atlantic were from western Bay of Fundy and the most easterly record was from St. Mary's Bay, Nova Scotia.
Chondrococcus columnaris Disease of Fishes: Influence of Columbia River Fish Ladders
Authors: Fujihara M. P. , Hungate F. P.
Published: April 2011

Columbia River fish ladders were surveyed as a possible ecological niche for Chondrococcus columnaris, the causative agent for columnaris disease of fishes. Water samples from Bonneville, McNary, Priest Rapids, and Rocky Reach fish ladders during periods of warm-water temperature and high population density of fishes showed C. columnaris levels of from 0.06 to 4.1 organisms/ml. Samples taken upstream or downstream from the ladders were consistently negative. Average agglutinating titers and incidence of C. columnaris infection in largescale suckers were higher at the Bonneville ladder than at a site several miles downstream Coho salmon from an upper-river fish ladder (Rocky Reach) showed a higher incidence of infection and greater antibody production than at the downriver Bonneville ladder. It is concluded that fish-ladder facilities on the Columbia River are important sites for repetitive exposure of anadromous salmonids to C. columnaris.
Biological Magnification and Degradation of DDT and Aldrin by Freshwater Invertebrates
Authors: Johnson B. Thomas , Saunders C. Richard , Sanders Herman O. , Campbell Robert S.
Published: April 2011

Magnification of persistent pesticides by invertebrates occurred rapidly in fresh water. Invertebrates accumulated residues many thousands of times that of surrounding water after exposure to 14C-labeled aldrin or DDT at levels < 100 pptr (ng/liter). In addition, evidence of marked degradation of these pesticides within specific trophic levels was found. Our studies suggest that aquatic invertebrates influence both the quantity and quality of insecticide residue passed via the fish food chain.
Zinc Retention in Young Rats Fed Increasing Levels of High-Zinc Oysters
Authors: Shah B. G. , Meranger J. C. , Belonje B. , Deshmukh D. S.
Published: April 2011

To determine the biological availability of zinc in oysters, 10 groups of 12 weanling rats each were fed diets containing 12, 60, 120, 240, and 2000 ppm added zinc either as zinc carbonate or as freeze-dried oysters. Four rats from each group were killed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks from the beginning of feeding, and their tissues analyzed. Neither the level of intake of zinc nor its source had a significant effect on body weight, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and liver cytochrome oxidase activity. At the 60-ppm level, the apparent absorption of zinc from oysters was 16.3 ± 3.7% (SE) and it was not significantly different from the corresponding value for ZnCO3 (18.5 ± 2.2%). Zinc levels in soft tissues were not increased appreciably up to 260 ppm dietary zinc. At the 2000-ppm level, there was an initial increase that was not maintained for the duration of the experiment. Hair-zinc content did not vary with changing dietary intake but bone-zinc content increased with dietary level above 260 ppm and with duration of feeding at all levels tested.
Particulate Carbon:Nitrogen Relations in Northern Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Flemer David A. , Biggs Robert B.
Published: April 2011

The Susquehanna River annually supplies about 8.4 × 104 and 4.7 × 103 metric tons of particulate carbon (PC) and nitrogen (PN), respectively, to upper Chesapeake Bay. In the upper bay, the concentration of PN usually ranges between 0.10 and 0.30 mg liter−1 and is occasionally greater than 0.50 mg liter−1. In the lower study area, the concentration of PN stabilizes near 0.10 mg liter−1. Maximum values of the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio (atomic basis) occurred in the upper bay, and highest values were associated with the late-winter thaw period of the Susquehanna River. C:N ratios of 20–30 were usual most of the year in the low salinity region, and often greater than 30 during times of maximum river discharge. In the lower study area, the ratio approached 15 throughout most of the year. In general, the reduction in the C:N ratios of the suspended material was reflected in the C:N ratios of the sediments.The high C:N ratios in the upper bay and the tidal freshwater portion of the Susquehanna River indicate a high detrital content. An estimate of net primary production would extrapolate to the fixation of PN of approximately 1600 metric tons per year in the upper bay or about 34% of that supplied by upland drainage. The major source of PN in the lower study area is probably provided by photosynthetic fixation, since the physical circulation of the estuary retards a large movement of particulate material seaward.
Extension of the Known Range of the Masked Greenling, Hexagrammos octogrammus, to British Columbia
Authors: Peden Alex E.
Published: April 2011

Previously, the known geographic range of the masked greenling, Hexagrammos octogrammus (Pallas), extended north and west of Sitka, Alaska. The capture of four juvenile specimens from Stephens Island near Prince Rupert extends the known range by more than 200 miles and provides the first records of this species from British Columbia.
Spacing and Density in Schooling Threespine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Symons Philip E. K.
Published: April 2011

Photographs of groups of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from above and from the side, and comparison of regularity of spacing at various densities with that in "schools" of dead fish arranged randomly or regularly, showed that live fish were usually spaced regularly when the average distance to nearest neighbour was less than 1 fish length. At greater distances (lower densities) spacing between fish became irregular. The lowest density at which regularity occurs could be considered the critical density separating potentially regularly spaced schools of fish from loose aggregations.
Lysosomal Triglyceride Lipase from the Lateral Line Tissue of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Bilinski E. , Jonas R. E. E. , Lau Y. C.
Published: April 2011

An acid lipase active toward tripalmitin and having the characteristics of lysosomal enzymes was shown to occur in the red lateral line tissue of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4–4.5. Triton X-100 (0.2–2.0%) strongly stimulated the activity of the acid lipase, but it inhibited markedly the lipolytic activity above pH 7. NaF (20 mM) and Na-p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate (1 mM) partially inhibited the acid lipase. Fractionation of the total homogenate by differential centrifugation in 0.25 M sucrose showed that the acid lipase was present at highest concentration in the light mitochondrial fraction. Palmitic acid and dipalmitin were the two main products of hydrolysis of tripalmitin.
Role of Social Behavior in Dispersal of Introduced Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Jenkins Jr. Thomas M.
Published: April 2011

Hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) planted under partially controlled conditions in an observation stream failed to show social density regulation or socially induced dispersal. Aggression frequency was only an imprecise function of density, and density may not have been influenced by aggression at all. Dispersal following planting was extensive, but it apparently resulted from individual differences in response to the habitat. Group behavior (schooling) affected dispersal radically in some instances, when fish in large groups undertook movements they would not have undertaken alone or in small groups.
A Sensor for Detecting the Presence of a Lobster (Homarus americanus) in a Burrow
Authors: Scrivener J. C. , Terhune L. D. B.
Published: April 2011

The design and operation of a lobster sensor switch are described. It is a weight-sensitive device that forms the floor of a lobster's burrow. When connected to an event recorder, a continuous record of the presence of the lobster is obtained.