bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen peroxide variables in increasing epoxidation efficiency
Authors: Sack Milton , Wohlers H. C.
Published: May 2007

Variations in quantity and concentration of hydrogen peroxide were studied in epoxidation of soybean oil by using the partially preformed peracetic acid epoxidation method.

Use of a hydrogen peroxide/olefin mole ratio as low as 1.05/1 yields epoxidized soybean oil that meets the low iodine number and high epoxide content characteristics required for stabilizer‐plasticizer use.

Use of a hydrogen peroxide/olefin mole ratio as low as 0.50/1 results in more than 95% hydrogen peroxide utilization and yields epoxidized soybean oil containing more than two epoxide groups per molecule. Products of this type may be of interest for recently proposed applications in alkyd, polyester, and epoxy resins.

Increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration to 70% in epoxidation permits reduction of acetic acid usage to half that required when 50% hydrogen peroxide is used. Agitation control is also necessary for optimum results. A two‐step epoxidation method can be used to avoid formation of potentially detonable mixtures in epoxidation with 70% hydrogen peroxide by the partially preformed peracetic acid method.
Castor oil‐derived plasticizers. Some nitrogen‐containing derivatives as plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer and cellulose acetate resins
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Dupuy Harold P. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: May 2007

Eight nitrogen‐containing derivatives of ricinoleic acid, namely, 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxyoleoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxystearoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxyoleoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxystearoyl) morpholine, 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene, and 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)octadecane were screened for their plasticizer characteristics. 1,12‐Diacetoxy‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐diacetoxyoctadecane were also screened to compare cyanoethylated with acetylated derivatives.

All of these materials, except 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl)morpholine, were found to be satisfactory primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. In general, these derivatives are quite similar to di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate in plasticizing performance. However 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)octadecane have exceptionally good low‐temperature properties. It was also found that 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxyoleoyl)morphine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxyoleoyl)morpholine, and 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxystearoyl)morpholine were satisfactory plasticizers for cellulose acetate.
Neuropathology of mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Filosto Massimiliano , Tomelleri Giuliano , Tonin Paola , Scarpelli Mauro , Vattemi Gaetano , Rizzuto Nicolò , Padovani Alessandro , Simonati Alessandro
Published: May 2007

The term “mitochondrial diseases” (MD) refers to a group of disorders related to respiratory chain dysfunction. Clinical features are usually extremely heterogeneous because MD may involve several tissues with different degrees of severity. Muscle and brain are mostly affected, probably because of their high dependence on oxidative metabolism.

Muscle can be the only affected tissue or involved as a part of a multi-system disease; ragged red fibers, accumulation of structurally altered mitochondria and cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX) negative fibers are the main pathological features.

In mitochondrial encephalopathies, central nervous system (CNS) structures are affected according to different patterns of distribution and severity. Characteristic lesions are neuronal loss, vasculo-necrotic changes, gliosis, demyelination and spongy degeneration.

In accordance with either grey matter or white matter involvement two main groups of diseases may be distinguished. Neuronal loss and vasculo-necrotic multifocal lesions are the common features of grey matter involvement; demyelination and spongy degeneration occur when white matter is affected, often associated with less severe lesions of the grey structures.

Grey matter lesions are prevalent in MERRF, MELAS, Alpers and Leigh syndromes. White matter involvement is always seen in Kearns-Sayre syndrome and was recently described in mtDNA depletion syndrome linked to dGK mutations and in the rare conditions associated with complex I and II deficiency.

In this review we describe the main histopathological features of muscle and CNS lesions in mitochondrial diseases.
Generation of Non-Classical States through QND-like Processes
Authors: Militello B. , Messina A.
Published: May 2007

In the spirit of quantum nondemolition measurement we show that repeatedly measuring the atomic state of a trapped ion subjected to suitable vibronic couplings it is possible to extract interesting nonclassical states. The possibility of generating angular momentum Schrödinger cat is demonstrated.
Heart transplantation in heart failure: The prognostic importance of body mass index at time of surgery and subsequent weight changes
Authors: Clark Andrew L. , Knosalla Christoph , Birks Emma , Loebe Matthias , Davos Constantinos H. , Tsang Sui , Negassa Abdissa , Yacoub Magdi , Hetzer Roland , Coats Andrew J.S. , Anker Stefan D.
Published: May 2007

Background

Heart transplantation is an important treatment for end‐stage chronic heart failure. We studied the effect of body mass index (BMI), and the effect of subsequent weight change, on survival following transplantation in 1902 consecutive patients.

Methods and results

Patients were recruited from: London (n=553), Berlin (N=971) and Boston (N=378). Patients suitable for transplantation due to symptoms, low left ventricular ejection fraction (≤30%) and peak oxygen consumption (≤16 ml kg−1 min−1) (N=237) were used as a comparator. In surviving transplanted patients, average duration of follow‐up was 80 (SD 34) months. There were 805 deaths. One year survival was 72.7% (95% CI 72.68–72.72) and 5 year survival was 60.96% (61.94–61.99). Baseline BMI did not effect survival either as a continuous variable (hazard ratio (95% CI): 1.02; 0.99–1.04). Weight loss between transplant and 3 months was associated with worse survival (HR (95% CI) 2.6 (1.42–4.74)) compared with those who gained weight. In the reference group, increasing body mass index was related to survival.

Conclusions

Chronic heart failure patients with very low body weight can be transplanted successfully. The presence of underweight need not be an exclusion criterion for heart transplantation. Underweight patients appear to have a greater benefit from transplantation. Body weight increases after transplantation are not associated with adverse prognosis.
Identification and characterization of Harobin, a novel fibrino(geno)lytic serine protease from a sea snake (Lapemis hardwickii)
Authors: He Junyun , Chen Shiyong , Gu Jun
Published: May 2007

Recombinant Harobin exhibits an amidolytic activity, and specifically degrades Aα, Bβ‐chain of fibrinogen. It functions as a defibrase both in vitro and in vivo, and reduces thrombosis. Harobin prolongs the coagulation time and the bleeding time of mice and reduces the fibrinogen levels of rats as well. Meanwhile, intravenous injection of Harobin leads to the reduction of blood pressure in SHR rats. It results from the ability of Harobin that cleaves angiotensin I and release bradykinin from plasma kininogen in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that Harobin is a novel defibrase and has a potential to be an agent for the therapy of thrombosis and hypertension.
Wnt signaling enhances the activation and survival of human hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Myung Sun Jung , Yoon Jung-Hwan , Gwak Geum-Youn , Kim Won , Lee Jeong-Hoon , Kim Kang Mo , Shin Chan Soo , Jang Ja June , Lee Sung-Hee , Lee Soo-Mi , Lee Hyo-Suk
Published: May 2007

Wnt signaling was implicated in pulmonary and renal fibrosis. Since Wnt activity is enhanced in liver cirrhosis, Wnt signaling may also participate in hepatic fibrogenesis. Thus, we determined if Wnt signaling modulates hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and survival. Wnt3A treatment significantly activated human HSCs, while this was inhibited in secreted frizzled‐related protein 1 (sFRP1) overexpressing cells. Wnt3A treatment significantly suppressed TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in control HSCs versus sFRP1 over‐expressing cells. Particularly, caspase 3 was more activated in sFRP1 over‐expressing cells following TRAIL and Wnt3A treatment. These observations imply that Wnt signaling promotes hepatic fibrosis by enhancing HSC activation and survival.
A gram‐negative characteristic segment in Escherichia coli DnaK is essential for the ATP‐dependent cooperative function with the co‐chaperones DnaJ and GrpE
Authors: Sugimoto Shinya , Higashi Chihana , Saruwatari Kozue , Nakayama Jiro , Sonomoto Kenji
Published: May 2007

We describe importance of the characteristic segment in ATPase domain of DnaK chaperone which is present in all gram‐negative bacteria but is absent in all gram‐positive bacteria. In vitro studies, ATPase activity, luciferase‐refolding activity, and surface plasmon resonance analyses, demonstrated that a segment‐deletion mutant DnaKΔ74‐96 became defective in the cooperation with the co‐chaperones DnaJ and GrpE. In addition, in vivo complementation assay showed that expression of DnaKΔ74‐96 could not rescue the viability of Escherichia coli ΔdnaK mutant at 43 °C. Consequently, we suggest evolutionary significance for this DnaK ATPase domain segment in gram‐negative bacteria towards the DnaK chaperone system.
The trichomonad cysteine proteinase TVCP4 transcript contains an iron‐responsive element
Authors: Solano-González Eduardo , Burrola-Barraza Eduviges , León-Sicairos Claudia , Avila-González Leticia , Gutiérrez-Escolano Lorena , Ortega-López Jaime , Arroyo Rossana
Published: May 2007

The differential expression of the Trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase TVCP4 by iron at the protein synthesis level and the prediction of an iron‐responsive element (IRE)‐like stem‐loop structure at the 5′‐region of the T. vaginalis cysteine proteinase 4 gene (tvcp4) mRNA suggest a post‐transcriptional mechanism of iron regulation in trichomonads mediated by an IRE/IRP‐like system. Gel‐shifting, UV cross‐linking and competition experiments demonstrated that this IRE‐like structure specifically bound to human iron regulatory protein‐1. IRP‐like cytoplasmic proteins that bound human ferritin IRE sequence transcripts at low‐iron conditions were also found in trichomonads. Thus, a post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanism by iron for tvcp4 mediated by IRE/IRP‐like interactions was found.
Le Thalle, Les Apothecies Et Les Asques Du Peltigera Rufescens (Weis)Humb. (Discolichen, Peltigeracee)
Authors: Letroutt-Galinou Marie-Agnes , Lallemant R.
Published: May 2007

The thallus of Peltigera rufescens has a cladomian structure. It is developed from axial filaments which are lodged in the veins and from which are developed several, short, ventral pleuridia and numerous well-developed, which are developed, dorsal ramifications.

The latter form the remainder of the thallus.

The ascocarps develop directly from a small number of marginal, dorsal pleuridia which form a well-delimited primordium from which is built up a primary corpus, similar to the type formed in graphidian and lecanorian species. To this is added a parathecial apparatus. Although this development is to be qualified lecanorian, certain peculiarities may be noted; these are a very long angiocarpic stadium in the course of which are built up a parathecioid envelope and a marginal crown, the characters of which are intermediate between those of primary and secondary elements.

The asci are bitunicate and ‘archaeascé’.
A Lichen Flora of Northumberland
Authors: Gilbert O. L.
Published: May 2007

A lichen flora of Northumberland is presented; it accepts 589 species. During the preparation of this work 7 lichens new to Britain and 271 new to the county were discovered. Complementing the species inventory is an analysis of factors affecting lichen distribution, a description of the major lichen habitats and a section on the history of lichen recording. Extensive tracts of semi-natural vegetation, steep climatic gradients and some of the least polluted air in England provide conditions suitable for a rich lichen flora; 40% of the British species have been recorded. Particularly notable habitats are sandstone crags in the uplands, Whin Sill (basalt) outcrops and sites contaminated with heavy metals. The County contains a major parkland, and several sites with a lichen flora characteristic of ancient woodland. A short list of lichenicolous fungi is included.
The Species of Chrysothrix
Authors: Laundon J. R.
Published: May 2007

The lichen genus Chrysothrix Mont, is shown to comprise four species: C. candelaris (L.) Laundon comb, nov., C. chlorina (Ach.) Laundon comb, nov., C. chrysophthalma (P. James) P. James & Laundon comb, nov., and C. pavonii (Fr.) Laundon comb. nov. (C. noli-tangere (Mont.) Mont.). The genera Pulveraria Ach. and Temnospora Massal. are placed in the synonymy of Chrysothrix nom. cons., and all bright yellow, leprose, sterile lichens with pulvinic acid derivatives, formerly included in Lepraria and Crocynia, are referred to the genus. Chrysothrix oceanica Rasanen is excluded; it probably belongs to Caloplaca. A key to and detailed accounts of the recognized species are included. There are three chemotypes of Chrysothrix candelaris, one of which is probably of hybrid origin.
II. Industrial Metal Fallout Pattern From Lichen And Soil Assays
Authors: Goyal R. , Seaward M. R. D.
Published: May 2007

The value of terricolous lichens as bioindicators of industrial metal fallout patterns is investigated; the widely-known inverse relationship between the metal content of lichens, as well as their associated soils, and the distance from the pollution source was found to be affected by microclimatic factors dependent upon soil surface topography and the local vegetation. Samples of lichen vegetation and their associated soils from Risby Warren, North Lincolnshire, were analysed for Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Enhanced concentrations of Fe and Mn in the lichen, soil and air samples were indicative of their emission from the nearby Scunthorpe steelworks. The highest concentrations of all metals analysed were found to be in the top layer (0-5 cm) of the soils.
Umbilicaria Propagulifera New to The Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Topham P. B. , Seaward M. R. D. , Bylińska E. A.
Published: May 2007

Umbilicaria propagulifera (Vainio) Llano is reported as new to Poland. A morphological description is given and its distribution in both southern and northern hemispheres is established. U. vellea var. dendrophora is considered to be a synonym. The chemistry of U. propagulifera is variable. Its affinities within the genus and its possible relationship, as a species pair, with U. cylindrica are discussed.
A key to the Lichen-Forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi Occurring on Lichens in the British Isles
Authors: Hawksworth D. L.
Published: May 2007

An artificial key for the identification of 218 lichen-forming, parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic fungi reported as occurring on lichens in the British Isles is provided. Agyrium flavescens Rehm, Cyphelium marcianum B. de Lesd., Scutula krempelhuberi Körber and Stigmidium solorinaria (Vainio) comb. nov. are reported from the British Isles for the first time, and three further new combinations are made: Bacidia killiasii (Hepp) comb, nov., Pleospilis ascaridiella (Nyl.) comb. nov. and Polycoccum gelidaria (Mudd) comb. nov. References to publications in which further information on the species can be found are included. Illustrations of the spores of 141 species and an index to the names of fungi and hosts are also presented.
Further Nomenclature and Chemical Notes on Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand
Authors: Galloway D. J. , James P. W. , Wilkins A. L.
Published: May 2007

Nomenclatural notes on the following taxa are provided: Pseudocyphellaria billardierii, P. carpoloma, P. faveolata, P. rufovirescens and P. subvariabilis. Detailed chemical profiles are given for all described species of Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand. Pseudocyphellaria ardesiaca, P. degelii, P. durietzii, P. fimbriata, P. fimbriatoides, P. gretae, P. knightii, P. maculata and P. sericeofulva spp. nov. are described for the first time.
The Genus Squamarina in Scandinavia
Authors: Timdal E.
Published: May 2007

The Scandinavian distribution of the species of Squamarina is mapped and discussed. Squamarina magnussonii is reported as new to Scandinavia and S. gypsacea and S. pachylepidea as new to Norway. A key to the species is provided and some notes on their morphology, chemistry and ecology are given.
Ultrastructure of Stigonema in the Cephalodia of Stereocaulon Paschale
Authors: Bergman Birgitta , Huss-Danell Kerstin
Published: May 2007

Since seasonal variation in the nitrogenase activity of Stereocaulon paschale is known, the infrastructure of Stigonema in the cephalodia was examined in thalli of S. paschale collected from under snow in late winter, and from bare ground in late autumn. In contrast to the Stigonema cells of the autumn material, those of the winter material were relatively devoid of osmiophilic (lipid) droplets and polyglucoside and cyanophycin granules, reflecting that carbon and nitrogen storage products had been metabolized. In young cephalodia dividing cells were common, while in old cephalodia degenerating cells predominated. Haustoria appeared in material collected in both seasons, but may be limited to degenerating Stigonema cells or to Stigonema cells with a low metabolic activity.
The Saxicolous Species of Rinodina in New Zealand
Authors: Mayrhofer H.
Published: May 2007

Seventeen saxicolous species of Rinodina are recognized in New Zealand, including five species new to science (R. gallowayii, R. jamesii, R. murrayii, R. nigricans and R. tibellii spp. nov.), one new combination (R. otagensis (Zahlbr.) comb, nov.), and six new records (R. bischoffii, R. gennarii, R. immersa, R. lecanorina, R. lecideina and R. teichophila). Names of five taxa in Buellia have been placed in synonomy. Distributional data are provided for all species. A key is given, and the various definitive spore types are illustrated.
The Occurrence of Copper Oxalate in Lichens Growing on Copper Sulphide-Bearing Rocks In Scandinavia
Authors: Purvis O. W.
Published: May 2007

Investigation of two sites in the Caledonian allochthon of the central part of the Scandinavian peninsula has shown that several copper tolerant lichens occur on cupriferous substrates. Analysis of the thalli of two of these species, Acarospora rugulosa and Lecidea theiodes, using atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis has revealed that copper occurs at high concentrations (5% Cu dry weight) principally as crystals of copper oxalate (1–5 μm diam) encrusting the fungal hyphae within the medulla.
A Geometric Technique for Evaluating Lichen Growth Models Using the Boundaries of Competing Thalli
Authors: Dale M. R. T.
Published: May 2007

Where two crustose lichen thalli meet at a ‘ truce ’ boundary theshape of the boundary can be used to evaluate models of how lichen growth rates change with thallus size. The application of this method to studies of intra- and interspecific competition are discussed.
Comments on Caliciales Exsiccatae III
Authors: Tibell L.
Published: May 2007

A third fascicle of a lichen exsiccata containing species of Caliciales has been issued; 24 species from New Zealand arc included. Remarks on taxonomy, chemistry, ecology and distribution are given here. Detailed descriptions of Calicium cryptocroceum Tibell, Coniocybe amabilis Tibell and Sphaerophorus notatus Tibellare provided. In addition to the three species described as new in the schedae, Calicium glaucellum Ach., Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg., C. carthusiae (Harm.) Lettau, C. ferruginea (Turnerex Sm.) Migula, C. hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr., C. stemonea (Ach.) Mull. Arg., Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer) Tibell, C. lignicola (Nádv.) A. Schmidt, C. pusilla (Flörke) A. Schmidt, C. savonica (Räs.) Tibell, C. viridireagens (Nádv.) A. Schmidt, Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex Massal.) Tibell, and M. disseminatum (Ach.) Vain, are reported new to the Southern Hemisphere; Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr., Coniocybe gracillima Vainioand C. sanguinea Tibell new to Australasia and Microcalicium conversum Tibell and Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. new to New Zealand.
A New Species of Lichenostigma, A Lichenicolous Ascomycete
Authors: Thor G.
Published: May 2007

Lichenostigma rugosa sp. nov. is reported from Europe, North Africa, Asia and the USA. Only one species of Lichenostigma, L. maureri, from Europe and Asia, was previously known. L. rugosa differs chiefly in having spores with deep irregular fissures. L. maureri is reported for the first time from South America (Argentina, Peru), the British Isles and Sweden.
The Hyphomycetous Anamorph of Coniocybe Furfuracea
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

Under favourable climatic conditions the mycobiont of Coniocybe furfuracea bears masses of conidia in chains on macronematous conidiophores. The same type of conidia were also formed by axenically grown mycobionts which had been isolated from single ascospores. Germinating conidia were found on the thalli. Coniocybe furfuracea is one of the very few lichen mycobionts so far known with a teleomorph and hyphomycetous anamorph.
A Comparative Study of the Lichens Occurring on the Geologically Distinctive Mountains Ben Loyal, Ben Hope and Foinaven
Authors: Gilbert O. L. , Fox B. W.
Published: May 2007

The lichen floras occurring on high-level quartzite, Moine granulite, syenite and calcareous schist in the northern Highlands of Scotland are compared. Rock mineralogy is of overriding importance in determining the assemblages present, though this factor can be modified by extraneous nutrients. Local climatic conditions favour a cloud zone community dominated by ‘alectorioid’ species, produce stony ablation surfaces at a low level and allow maritime species to grow far inland. Ben Hope, with 34 ‘ rare ’ species recorded, is confirmed as a major site for alpine calcicolous lichens. Lecanora chlorophaeodes Nyl., a species new to Britain, is reported from the summit of Ben Loyal. In contrast, the extremely hard, acid, nutrient-deficient quartzite of Foinaven displayed a flora characterized by a very low species diversity.
The Accumulation of Metals in Caloplaca Aurantia Growing on Concrete Roof Tiles
Authors: Garty J. , Galun Margalith , Hochberg Y.
Published: May 2007

The lichen Caloplaca aurantia, when growing on concrete roof tiles, accumulates high concentrations of heavy metals. The uptake correlates with the ambient metal concentration. The results of lichen and substratum analyses of samples from a heavily polluted area indicate that the concentrations of metals in the lichen are many times higher than in the substratum. The relative content of the eight metals, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd was determined. The content of Fe, Cr, Ni and Cd was not significantly different in the various tile zones sampled. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd were mainly taken up by the lichen directly from the atmosphere. The uptake of these metals from the tile is almost negligible. The maximum uptake of Pb by C. aurantia from the tile glaze was 10.95°° of the total amount in the lichen. The presence of the lichen on the tiles prevents the penetration of Pb, Zn and Mn into the substratum.
Rolfidium, A New Lichen Genus from Sri Lanka
Authors: Moberg R.
Published: May 2007

A new lichen genus, Rolfidium, in the family Bacidiaceae is described, with R. peltatum as type species. It is known only from one locality in Sri Lanka.
Rhizocarpon Santessonii, A New Parasitic Lichen from Norway
Authors: Timdal E.
Published: May 2007

Rhizocarpon (subgenus Phaeothallus) santessonii sp. nov. is described from Norway. The species grows immersed in the areolae of Tremolecia atrata when young and later develops autonomous areolae. The species is further characterized by a yellowish grey thallus containing an unidentified pigment, a non-amyloidmedulla, and 1-septate spores which are persistently colourless or become unevenly brownwith age.
The Lichen Flora of Gwynedd
Authors: Pentecost A.
Published: May 2007

The lichen flora of the county of Gwynedd, north-west Wales, is described. The flora includes 851 species and 19 subspecies and varieties. The work comprises sections on: climate; geology; land use and vegetation; history of lichenology, 1680–1985; corticolous flora, with classification and description of the important woodland sites; inland saxicolous flora, dealing with acid, intermediate and basic rock, the effects of altitude and aspect, the flora of seepages, streams and lakes; heath and moorland flora; coastal flora classified into the recognized zones of the marine littoral, mesic, submesic and xeric supralittoral; aspects of conservation, pollution; and the lichen flora itself. The latter includes a brief description of the ecology and distribution of each species and all of the currently known 10-km2 records for the species in the county.
Studies on the Genus Nephroma I. The European and Macaronesian Species
Authors: James P. W. , White F. Joy
Published: May 2007

This paper reassesses the European and Macaronesian species of Nephroma, analyses their chemistry, and provides a key to the 14 species accepted. The investigation employs chemical techniques which enable even fragmentary material to be identified. Seven chemical groupings are recognized in the genus of which four occur in the species discussed here. Particular emphasis is placed on the distribution of major hopane triterpenoids within the genus. N. areolatum, N. foliolatum, N. hensseniae and N. sulcatum spp. nov. are described from Macaronesia, and N. tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr., is accepted as distinct.
Sagenidiopsis, A New Genus Of Byssoid Lichenized Fungi
Authors: Rogers R. W. , Hafellner J.
Published: May 2007

The genus Sagenidiopsis gen. nov. of uncertain family in the order Opegraphales is erected for a byssoid lichen which occurs in the cool temperate rainforests of the Macpherson Range of eastern Australia, S. merrotsii sp. nov. The genus is characterized by its byssoid thallus and bitunicate asci which have no amyloid structures apparent in the tholus. A byssoid thallus is without taxonomic significance at the family level, but is an ecological key character.
The Indicator Value of a Set of Lichen Species Assessed with the Help of Log-Linear Models
Authors: Zobel K.
Published: May 2007

The value of 19 epiphytic lichen species as air pollution indicators was tested in the Khamar-Daban mountain range in east Siberia. Frequency of occurrence of a species was used as the indicator characteristic. Altitude and distance from the pollution source were considered as environmental factors. The methodology of fitting log-linear models to contingency tables with presence/absence (frequency) scale as an additional dimension is presented. The significance of changes in species frequency is studied by examining the significance of the model parameters, which account for interactions of the environmental factors with the ‘frequency factor’. Only two species, Parmelia caperata and P. olivacea, were found to be good pollution indicators in that they showed a uniform monotonic (unidirectional) response to the factor of distance at all altitudes. The frequency of 12 species changed significantly and monotonically with distance in one or two altitudinal zones.
Studies on the Destruction of Lecanora Conizaeoides By the Lichenicolous Fungus Athelia Arachnoidea
Authors: Gilbert O. L.
Published: May 2007

Two-years' observation of Athelia arachnoidea lesions in the field showed that they are long-lived perennial structures. In the Sheffield area, central parts of lesions become recolonized by Lecanora conizaeoides only after secondary infection by the lichen parasite Lichenoconium erodens followed by an invasion of the green alga Desmococcus naegelii. A. arachnoidea is active only during the winter months probably as a result of the higher humidity. The role of the sclerotia remains obscure.
The Lichen Flora of Ben Lawers
Authors: Gilbert O. L. , Coppins B. J. , Fox B. W.
Published: May 2007

An account of the lichens of the Ben Lawers–Meall nan Tarmachan area is provided. After re-evaluating the older records, 431 species are accepted as having been reliably recorded from high ground of which 118 are reported for the first time. These include Bacidia carneopallida, Caloplaca ammiospila, C. approximata, Catapyrenium daedaleum, Ionaspis cyanocarpa, Micarea crassipes, Ochrolechia inaequatula, Omphalina pararustica, Phaeophyscia endococcina, Porocyphus rehmtcus, Protolhelenella leucothelia, Stereocaulon tornensis, and Toninia fusispora new to the British Isles. Rarities are particularly numerous on the summit cliffs and in the Lochan nan Cat corrie. An ecological description of the lichen flora of the main localities is provided. Evidence is advanced that this concentration of arctic-alpine lichens is a result of the coincidence of strongly calcareous bands within the mica-schist, an unusually severe climate, and the rugged topography which provides extensive outcrops right to the summit. The lichen flora is probably the most outstanding feature of the botany of Ben Lawers; this survey confirms the international importance of the area. One new species, Pyrenopsis multispora Coppins, is described and three new combinations are made: Bacidia carneopallida (Müll. Arg.) Coppins, B. tetramera (de Not.) Coppins, Kiliasia scotinodes (Nyl.) Coppins.
Phycobionts of Some Japanese Species of the Graphidaceae
Authors: Nakano T.
Published: May 2007

Ninety-two specimens (of 26 species belonging to four genera) of the Graphidaceae were collected from various areas in Japan. Their phycobionts were isolated and studied taxonomically. The phycobionts were all identical and identified as Trentepohlia lagenifera, an alga that is widely distributed in Japan. It occurs freeliving on bark and stones under humid conditions. This alga forms zoosporangia abundantly in the field and in culture but not in the lichenized state.
The Species of Leproloma—the name for The Lepraria Membranacea Group
Authors: Laundon J. R.
Published: May 2007

The Lepraria membranacea group is shown to constitute the genus Leproloma Nyl. ex Crombie, characterized by the presence of dibenzofurans. A full account of the genus and four species is given: L. angardianum (Øvstedal) Laundon comb, nov., L. diffusum Laundon sp. nov., L. membranaceum (Dickson) Vainio, and L. vouauxii (Hue) Laundon comb. nov. The species L. diffusum comprises var. diffusum and var. chrysodetoides Laundon var. nov. Fertile material of L. membranaceum was found in the 18th century; the morphology and chemistry of this suggests that the genus may tentatively be included in the ascomycete family Pannariaceae. Leproloma angardianum has a powdery thallus in shade but a granular thallus in sun. Lepraria arctica is a synonym of Leproloma vouauxii. The latter species contains a newly identified compound, methyl pannaric acid, and L. diffusum also contains a new compound, oxypannaric acid.
Notes on Aquatic Species of Verrucaria in the British Isles
Authors: Hawksworth D. L.
Published: May 2007

Verrucaria elaeomeleana (Massal.) Arnold s.str. is confirmed for the British Isles and its separation from V. funckii (Sprengel) Zahlbr. is discussed. Additional records are provided for V. latebrosa Körber. Verrucaria aquilella Nyl. and V. fuscocinerascens Nyl. are confirmed as synonyms of V. aethiobola Wahlenb., while V. conturmatula Nyl. is shown to be based on immature material of Polycoccum microsticticum (Leighton ex Mudd) Arnold growing on Hymenelia lacustris. The British record of V. amylacea Hepp is referred to V. praetermissa (Trevisan) Anzi, and that of V. collematodes Garov. is referred to V. fusconigrescens Nyl.
Niche Relationships Amongst Rhizocarpon Species at Jonas Rockslide, Alberta, Canada
Authors: John Elizabeth , Dale M. R. T.
Published: May 2007

Twelve species of Rhizocarpon coexist with 94 other species of saxicolous lichens at Jonas Rockslide, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. The position of each Rhizocarpon species in the community is assessed with respect to environmental factors and biotic relationships. Each species shows distinct correlations with measured environmental factors and a different set of interactions with other species. Rhizocarpon bolanderi and R. superficiale stand out as opposites with regard to their biotic associations and environmental correlations. Competition between pairs of Rhizocarpon species is predicted to vary in intensity, as some species pairs never occupy the same microenvironment, whereas others frequently occur in similar locations. Using thallus diameter as a measure, there is evidence of high recruitment rates into populations of the sub-genus Phaeothallus and lower recruitment rates in the sub-genus Rhizocarpon.
Biological Ice Nucleation Activity in Lichen Mycobionts and Photobionts
Authors: Kieft Thomas L. , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: May 2007

Axenic cultures of lichen mycobionts and photobionts were assayed for biological ice nucleation activity (INA), a characteristic which has recently been discovered in some species of lichens collected from nature. Of 14 species of mycobionts, five showed nuclei active at −5°C or warmer, while none of the 13 photobionts tested had INA at that temperature. It appears that biological ice nuclei in lichens are produced primarily by the mycobiont. Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca had the greatest INA. Other lichen fungi showing warm temperature INA were Cladonia boryi, Cladonia rangiferina, Lecanora dispersa, and Pertusaria flavicans. Lichen INA may be involved in moisture uptake and/or frost protection.
Carotenoids in Some Lichen Species from Ireland
Authors: Czeczuga B. , Richardson D. H. S.
Published: May 2007

Column and thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of seven lichen species from Ireland: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3'-epilutein, adonixanthin, α-doradexanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein epoxide, neoxanthin and violaxanthin. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 11.9 μg g−1 dry wt in Menegazzia terebrata to 21·3 μg g−1 dry wt in Usnea rubicunda.
The Lichen Flora of Urban Wasteland
Authors: Gilbert O. L.
Published: May 2007

The lichen colonization of recently created urban wasteland is described by referenceto 40 sites in England, Scotland and Wales. The 100 species encountered form a series of overlapping communities in which successional relationships over the first 16 years have been investigated. Floristic variation within towns tends to be greater than variation between them. Ona national scale climatological, geological and historical factors appear to play only a small part in determining the composition of this pioneering flora. Many species can be accommodated within the strategy group stress-tolerant ruderals; a few possess the character of ruderals. The heyday of this component of the urban flora may be drawing to a close. Acarospora heppii f. luteopruinosa, Lecidea polycarpella and Micarea excipulata are reported as new to Britain.
New combinations and synonyms in the Lichinaceae
Authors: Henssen Aino , Jørgensen Per Magnus
Published: May 2007

The following new combinations are made: Anema cernohorskyi (Servít) Henssen, A. prodigulum(Nyl.) Henssen, Cryptothelelaatokkaënsis (Vainio) Henssen, C. rhodosticta (Taylor) Henssen, Gonohymenia heppii (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, G. iodopulchra (Crozals) Henssen, G. minnesotensis (Fink) Henssen, G. polyspora (Magnusson) Henssen, G. schleicheri (Hepp) Henssen, Metamelanea caesiella (Th. Fr.) Henssen, Paulia myriocarpa (Zahlbr.) Henssen, P. pyrenoides (Nyl.) Henssen, P. schroederi (Zahlbr.) Henssen, Peccania arabica (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, P. teretiuscula (Flagey) Henssen, P. tiruncula (Nyl.) Henssen, Pterygiopsis coracodiza (Nyl.) Henssen, P. umbilicaia (Vezda) Henssen, Thelignya groenlandica(Dahl) Henssen, T. Hgnyota (Wahlenb.) P. M. Jørg. & Henssen, Thyrea pachyphylla (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, T.pachyphylla var. laxa (Müll. Arg.) Henssen. The following new names (one as a new species) were found necessary: Pyrenopsis haematina P. M. Jørg. & Henssen and Thyrea confusa Henssen. New synonyms are given for several names. The world-wide distribution of the genera Phloeopeccania and Pterygiopsis is mentioned.
New Ramalina Species From Porto Santo, Madeira
Authors: Krog Hildur
Published: May 2007

Ramalina erosa Krog, R. jamesii Krog, R. portosantana Krog, and R. timdaliana Krog are described as new from Porto Santo, Madeira. All four species are saxicolous and occur at or below c. 500 m alt. They are believed to belong in the Macaronesian endemic element.
Omphalora, A New Genus in the Parmeliaceae
Authors: Nash III Thomas H. , Hafellner Josef , Common Ralph S.
Published: May 2007

The status of four umbilicate lichens with lecanorine apothecia and hyaline, 1-celled ascospores is reviewed. It is concluded that Omphalodium should be emended to exclude O. arizonicum and consequently a new genus Omphalora T. Nash & Hafellner is proposed. Differences in anatomy, morphology, pseudocyphellae type, pigmentation and cell wall chemistry, and ascal dehiscence provide the primary justification for the new genus.
Lichen Recolonization of Trees in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris
Authors: Seaward M. R. D. , Letrouit-Galinou M. A.
Published: May 2007

A recent survey of epiphytic lichens in the Jardin du Luxembourg has shown there to be a marked improvement in the air quality of Paris over the past decade. Recolonization by at least 11 lichen species has occurred during that period. It has taken almost 100 years for epiphytic lichens to re-establish in the Jardin du Luxembourg, where William Nylander in the 1890s was able to amply confirm his far reaching hypothesis, made 30 years earlier, on the direct relationship between lichen survival and air pollution.
Stromatopogon Baldwinii Zahlbr., A Lichenicolous Elomycete With Dimorphic Conidia
Authors: Diederich Paul
Published: May 2007

The lichenicolous coelomycete Stromatopogon baldwinii., forming galls on Usnea inTasmania and the Sandwich Islands, has a type of conidiogenesis not previously recognized amongst lichenized and lichenicolous fungi. Two different types of conidia, small simple microconidia and large submuriform macroconidia, are produced in the same conidioma, but in different regionsof the inner conidiomatal wall. The same kind of cells of the conidiomatal wall act as conidiogenous cells when macroconidia are produced, or give rise to elongated ramified conidiophoreswhen microconidia are produced.
European Taxa of Saxicolous Lecidella Containing Chloroxanthones:Identification of Patterns Using Thin Layer Chromatography
Authors: Leuckert Ch. , Knoph J.-G.
Published: May 2007

A method using TLC to recognize compound patterns consisting almost entirely of chloroxanthones in European saxicolous species of Lecidella is described. These are necessary for diagnosis of the taxa studied and of their chemotypes. Two solvents with complementary separatingqualities were required: C, toluene-glacial acetic acid (100:15); J, dichloromethane-acetone (4:1). Although the Rf values in solvent J strongly depend on the concentration of the substances, it is very suitable for identification because the xanthones in this system reveal distinct and characteristic fluorescence colours in UV light, simplifying interpretation enormously. No spray reagents are used. Identifications are made by co-chromatography with authentic lichencompounds
PLATO'S CRITICISMS OF DEMOCRACY IN THE REPUBLIC
Authors: Santas Gerasimos
Published: May 2007

Plato's antidemocratic theory of social justice is instructive once we
distinguish between the abstract parts of his theory and the empirical or
other assumptions he uses in applying that theory. His application may
have contained empirical mistakes, and it may have been burdened too much
with a prolific metaphysics and a demanding epistemology. An attempt is
made to look at his theory of social justice in imaginary isolation from
empirical mistakes and from his metaphysics and epistemology. It is then
argued that some of Plato's proposals and criticisms of democracy are well
worth our attention, especially in the case of governing. His attempt to
separate ruling and wealth and to establish economic floors and ceilings
for his ideal city seems especially instructive in view of problems in
these areas that modern democracies have experienced. Isolating his theory
of social justice from his epistemology and metaphysics may be more
problematic. Still, Plato's insistence that superior wisdom is the central
virtue of rulers is instructive, and in this respect some modern defenders
of democratic justice, such as J. S. Mill and John Rawls, have leaned some
in Plato's direction. Finally, Plato's criticism of democratic free choice
of occupation is less persuasive.
Using PKiKP coda to determine inner core structure: 1. Synthesis of coda envelopes using single‐scattering theories
Authors: Leyton Felipe , Koper Keith D.
Published: May 2007

Previous seismic studies have reported evidence of scattered seismic energy coming from the inner core (IC). This implies that the IC has lateral variations in structure or composition with a scale length of tens of kilometers. In the present study, we focus on synthesizing the coda following precritical PKiKP and try to determine the location of the heterogeneities that produce this coda, using previously reported observations as a guide. Using a single‐scattering approximation and ray theory, we generate synthetic PKiKP coda envelopes from six distinctive places inside the Earth: within the lower mantle on the source and receiver side, along the core‐mantle boundary on the source and receiver side, along the inner core boundary, and within the inner core. We use two approaches to generate synthetic coda from topography on a boundary surface and one that is appropriate for volumetric scattering. In our computations we calculate the arrival time, ray parameter, and amplitude of the seismic waves and take into account errors in the back azimuth, as well as source and receiver effects. We find that previously reported “spindle”‐shaped or growing coda can only be produced from volumetric heterogeneities located in the shallowest 350 km of the IC; however, strong trade‐offs between the different parameters describing the volumetric heterogeneities (i.e., characteristic wavelengths, RMS velocity or impedance contrast, and total volume) preclude the determination of a unique model. Additionally, we find that reasonable models of topography at the core‐mantle boundary can produce large variations of the PKiKP amplitude due to focusing and defocusing effects. Therefore complexity at the inner core boundary is not necessarily required to account for dramatic amplitude variations in the direct PKiKP amplitudes.
Using PKiKP coda to determine inner core structure: 2. Determination of QC
Authors: Leyton Felipe , Koper Keith D.
Published: May 2007

Despite the similar and rather uniform composition of two components of the core, the solid inner part presents a much larger attenuation compared to the liquid outer part. More over, several authors have reported evidence of scattered seismic energy coming from the inner core (IC). This implies that the IC has lateral variations in structure or composition with a scale length from one to tens of kilometers. These seismic scatterers could be caused by changes in crystal grain size, variations in the orientation of anisotropy, or the presence of partial melt and/or impurities. This work pursues the characterization of inner core scattering (ICS) using a global data set of high‐frequency PKiKP waveforms recorded at short‐period, small‐aperture seismic arrays. We apply a methodology used in the study of heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle that consists of curve fitting of the observed scattered energy with a standard model, along with a stripping technique to isolate the PKiKP coda from the rest (e.g., P, PcP, and PP codas). From the observed PKiKP codas we found an average QC ∼ 500 for the inner core, reflecting a scattering attenuation at least comparable to the intrinsic attenuation. We found a geographical dependence in the observations of PKiKP coda, with most of them coming from the Pacific Ocean and Asia, and relatively few observations coming from the Atlantic Ocean. The simplest explanation is that the ICS has a quasi‐hemispherical variation, similar to other properties such as P wave velocity jump at the inner core boundary, attenuation in the upper IC, strength of anisotropy and/or thickness of an overlaying isotropic layer. This phenomenon is probably related to the solidification texturing of iron crystals, showing hemispherical differences in the growth of the inner core.
When and where did India and Asia collide?
Authors: Aitchison Jonathan C. , Ali Jason R. , Davis Aileen M.
Published: May 2007

Timing of the collision between India and Asia is the key boundary condition in all models for the evolution of the Himalaya‐Tibetan orogenic system. Thus it profoundly affects the interpretation of the rates of a multitude of associated geological processes ranging from Tibetan Plateau uplift through continental extrusion across eastern Asia, as well as our understanding of global climate change during the Cenozoic. Although an abrupt slowdown in the rate of convergence between India and Asia around 55 Ma is widely regarded as indicating the beginning of the collision, most of the effects attributed to this major tectonic episode do not occur until more than 20 Ma later. Refined estimates of the relative positions of India and Asia indicate that they were not close enough to one another to have collided at 55 Ma. On the basis of new field evidence from Tibet and a reassessment of published data we suggest that continent‐continent collision began around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (∼34 Ma) and propose an alternative explanation for events at 55 Ma.
Numerical simulation of the landslide‐generated tsunami in Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, Canada, 27 April 1975
Authors: Skvortsov A. , Bornhold B.
Published: May 2007

It remains challenging to predict and estimate potential damage from tsunamis using computer models. One of the approaches to validate models is to compare their results with site observations. We carried out numerical modeling for both the underwater landslide and the associated tsunami that occurred near Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada on 27 April 1975. A few observations of high water marks along the coastline indicated 8.2 m tsunami waves. Previous survey results of the seafloor showed that a landslide traveled about 5 km down the axis of the fjord from its source areas on the sidewall of the fjord, near the head of the inlet, and on the lower Kitimat River delta. We modeled the subaqueous slope failure as a Bingham visco‐plastic fluid (debris flow) based on previous geotechnical investigations at the site, and numerically solved the landslide‐generated tsunami wave and debris flow equations using a finite‐volume Godunov‐type scheme. This method resolves abrupt wave and landslide front interactions and remains oscillation‐free. The computed motion of the debris flow is generally consistent with observations; simulations indicate that the failure propagated approximately 4.5 km down the fjord axis from its inception point. We have found that computed amplitudes for the tsunami wave crest at the coast of Kitimat Arm were between 6 and 11 m; these values are somewhat higher than previous simplistic solitary wave theory estimates of 6.3 m and observations of 8.2 m.