bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terror and Erebus by Gwendolyn MacEwen: White Technologies and the End of Science
Authors: Hulan Renée
Published: October 2015

This paper examines Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen’s verse play Terror and Erebus by considering the play’s representation of technology in light of its own poetic technologies. Terror and Erebus is a play for voices that features four characters: Franklin, Crozier, Rasmussen, and Qaqortingneq. As the character Rasmussen searches for the traces of the lost expedition, imagining the voices of the explorers in their final hours, his investigation reveals how the “white technologies” used to explore the Arctic succumb to the environment without the indigenous knowledge possessed by the Inuit who inhabit the Arctic. The paper shows how MacEwen’s literary vision contrasts recent coverage of efforts to locate the Franklin ships which have ignored or down-played Inuit testimony. Working from Rasmussen’s transcriptions of Qaqortingneq’s voice, MacEwen represents Inuit knowledge and technology as both an alternative to the model of scientific discovery underwriting the Franklin expedition and as source of the authoritative account of what happened to Franklin and his crew.
Knut Hamsun’s “Meditations on Nansen” Revisited: The Dilemma of Modernity
Authors: Eglinger Hanna
Published: October 2015

Knut Hamsun’s polemic about the Norwegian Nansen cult round 1889 (on the occasion of Fridtjof Nansen’s ski crossing of Greenland), which he published in a newspaper article titled “Meditations on Nansen” (“Nansen-Betragtninger”), was mainly directed against the public enthusiasm for sportive records as a typical modern trend, whose pointless absurdity Hamsun shows in an incisive and specifically provocative way. His critique is primarily aimed at a kind of hero worship that in his opinion is out of all proportion to the uselessness of the expedition’s results. Thus, “a daredevil, well finished adventure, a breakneck act, a sports affair, a lucky strike,” as he outlines Nansen’s venture, becomes the basis for a mass hysteria whose driving forces are invested in the signatures of modernity. The fascination of crossing the line and of extreme forms of progress in “both sports and science”, their entanglement as an example for the “proliferation of hybrids” (Latour 1993), and the contingent dimension of success stories are symptoms of modernity that Hamsun is polemically engaged with. In conclusion, I investigate to what extent Hamsun ironically refers to these symptoms in his novel Editor Lynge (Redakteur Lynge, 1893). My argument is supported by the assumption that Hamsun’s vehement denunciation of such tendencies is owed to the fact that he himself is embroiled in them.
Irritation, impudence, insight: A critical reading of Knut Hamsun's På turné
Authors: Kruszelnicki Michał
Published: October 2015

The article brings the critical reading of Knut Hamsun’s På turné – the collection of Hamsun’s three polemic lectures entitled: “Norsk litteratur”, “Psykologisk litteratur” and “Modelitteratur”. These texts make up Hamsun’s theoretical and literary manifesto (1891), which up to the present has remained an important introduction to his early and most acclaimed work. In two first sections of the text I follow Hamsun’s scornful arguments against Norwegian realistic literature (as represented mainly by “the great four” writers: Bjørnson, Ibsen, Lie and Kielland) in an attempt to concisely present Hamsun’s reformatory plan according to which Norwegian literature should be freed from its entanglement in didacticism and social bias and redirected onto a path of a deeper psychology. The final part of the article presents a critical assessment of Hamsun’s endeavor. I believe some of Hamsun’s opinions in the matter of literature are still up-to-date and thoughtprovoking. These insights, however, have to be separated from Hamsun’s hasty generalizations concerning the work of Bjørnson, Lie, Kielland, and Ibsen which I defend against Hamsun’s malicious argumentation. In the final part of the paper På turné is assessed with regard to the ways of how Hamsun’s oeuvre has evolved in time. This approach enables one to grasp some of På turné paradoxes, e.g.: the discrepancy between Hamsun’s early literary stance (neo-romanticism and militant, anti-bourgeois views) and the shape his work assumed later on (didacticism, the tendency to morally judge his heroes, support for the vulgar ideology of fascism, etc.).
Sundhedsadfærd influeres af psykosocial sårbarhed - en kvalitativ undersøgelse blandt migrantmænd i Danmark
Authors: Kristiansen Maria , Mygind Anna
Published: October 2015

Introduktion; Grundet øget risiko for visse livsstilsrelaterede sygdomme udgør migranter en vigtig målgruppe for sundhedsfremme- og forebyggelsesinterventioner. Det kan imidlertid være vanskeligt at tiltrække migrantmænd til sådanne interventioner, blandt andet grundet psykosocial sårbarhed. Formålet med undersøgelsen var at opnå indsigt i oplevelsen af psykosocial sårbarhed og betydningen for sundhedsadfærd blandt migrantmænd. Dette gøres via en sekundær analyse af interviewdata vedrørende generelle barrierer for kost- og motionsadfærd blandt denne gruppe.
Materiale og metoder; Semi-strukturerede gruppe- og enkeltinterviews blev gennemført med 17 migrantmænd med livsstilsrelaterede sygdomme eller overvægt. Interviewpersonerne boede i København og havde pakistansk, tyrkisk og somalisk oprindelse. Rekruttering foregik via informationsmøder samt ressourcepersoner i to boligområder. Interviewene blev transskriberet og analyseret tematisk.
Resultater; En vigtig barriere for sundhedsadfærd var psykosocial sårbarhed relateret til mændenes rolle i familien (oplevelse af fremmedgjorthed og utilstrækkelighed) og deres socioøkonomiske position. Mændene oplever disse psykosociale problemstillinger som mere akutte og væsentlige at håndtere end sundhedsadfærd.
Konklusion; Psykosocial sårbarhed udgør en væsentlig barriere for migrantmænds sundhedsadfærd. Psykosociale behov bør derfor indtænkes i interventioner rettet mod migrantmænd.
15-åringers opplevelser av overvekt hos jevnaldrende, en fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk studie
Authors: Rognsaa Reidun , Fredriksen Svein-Tore Dreyer
Published: October 2015

Hensikten med denne studien er å studere hvordan 15-åringer opplever overvekt hos jevnaldrende. Datamaterialet består av dybdeintervju med syv ungdommer. Det er benyttet fenomenologisk-hermeneutisk analyse. Ungdommene opplever å stå i en posisjon mellom makt og avmakt. I denne mellomposisjonen framkommer det at ungdommene distanserer seg ved hjelp av relasjonell makt, men samtidig setter de seg selv i en avmaktssituasjon i forhold til ungdomskulturens spilleregler. Ungdommene moraliserer ved å skape en situasjon hvor de underkjenner overvektige, samtidig mangler de ytterligere sanksjoneringsmuligheter. Rangordninger skapes gjennom at ungdommene degraderer overvektige, men de må selv også innordne seg i egen kultur. Ungdommene fratar overvektige sitt menneskeverd gjennom å redusere menneskelige egenskaper og gjør dem til objekt. Gjennom denne objektiviseringen setter de seg selv utenfor det å få tak i overvektiges refleksjons- og erfaringsgrunnlag.  
”Vi går inn i det private rommet til pasienten”. Sykepleieres erfaring med helsefremmende arbeid i somatiske polikliniske
Authors: Evju Anne Svelstad , Klette Gøril Salomonsen , Kasen Anne , Bondas Terese
Published: October 2015

Nurses experiences of health promotion with patients in somatic outpatient clinics

The aim is to describe and understand nurses’ experiences of health promotion with patients, who have been recommended to change their lifestyles when cared for in outpatient clinics. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with a sample of 7 nurses, who cared for patients, suffering  from diabetes, obesity and COPD. A qualitative content analysis was used. The findings highlight the importance of creating trust to gain insight into the patient’s way of living, which is referred to as ‘the patient’s private health space’. The change interventional dialogue between the patient and the nurse was created by mapping out the patient’s potential for change, and by trying to make the patient responsible for their lifestyle by continuous follow up, long-term support and guidance. The nurses viewed individual adaptation of health promotion in relation to each patient as essential. The patients are challenged to use their own resources and are guided in regard to their own goals. The nurses role as the activator of change is important.
Praksisnær undervisning i legemiddelregning i arbeidet med å redusere testangst og styrke selvoppfattelse hos sykepleierstudenter
Authors: Røykenes Kari , Smith Kari , Larsen Torill M. B.
Published: October 2015

Alternative teaching method in dosage calculation to reduce nursing students’ test anxiety and enhance self-concept

Norwegian nursing students must pass a drug calculation test with a flawless performance if they are to qualify as nurses. This requirement is found to increase students’ test anxiety and mathematical low self-conceptual students are highly effected. The aim of the current study is to examine if participating in a special education program benefits students with high test anxiety and low self-concept in the domain of mathematics. The participants were highly involved in both planning and conducting the alternative program which had a practical approach towards both mathematics and drug calculation. We use a mixed methods approach to examine nursing students’ experiences participating in the program, and data are collected by using survey questionnaires, participants’ evaluation and a focus group interview. Ten freshman nursing students participating in the program responded to a questionnaire pre and post intervention, including a written evaluation during the program. Finally a focus group interview was conducted two years after the intervention. The survey data show a significant change in mathematics-self-concept, however, no significant reduction in test anxiety was found, but the qualitative data from the interview suggest a reduction in anxiety and higher mathematical self-concept after participating in the program.
Digitalisering av arbeidsflyt på sykehus – konsekvenser for legers arbeidshverdag
Authors: Lotherington Ann Therese , Obstfelder Aud
Published: October 2015

Digitization of workflow in hospitals – consequences for physicians’ everyday work practices
The article analyses digitization of hospital work with Electronic Patient Record (EPR) as example. The analytical perspective is Science and Technology Studies (STS), and scientific methods are survey and in-depth interviews. Survey data indicate that physicians consider themselves as competent users of EPR. Yet they experience stress by digitization. Interview data show that physicians use the EPR both for administrative and clinical purposes, that standards and procedures for use of EPR are becoming increasingly important for everyday practice, and that actors other than physicians determine how the system can be adapted and changed. The consequences are that physicians’ autonomy is reduced and that they loose control over own work situation. These changes are results of complex interaction at the hospital. If physicians want to regain influence, they must engage in the interaction but also accept that the final result might go beyond their own imagination and control.
Nettverkserfaringer hos personer med behov for arbeidsrettet rehabilitering
Authors: Evensen Aud , Brataas Hildfrid V.
Published: October 2015

This article analyzes network experiences of persons who have participated in a program for rehabilitation back to work. The study was qualitative, with a descriptive and interpretive research design, using qualitative in-depth interviews. Results show how the informants related to their network before rehabilitation and how they during the rehabilitation opened up to learn about their own network understanding. There were noticeable changes in their way of how to deal with their networks. There is a need of more knowledge about how persons in need of rehabilitation back to work experience and relate to different networks.
Hvordan etablere en sunn livsstil hos en overvektig inaktiv kvinne med psykisk utviklingshemning
Authors: Tørris Christine , Rach Mette Kristin , Solhaug Line Margrethe
Published: October 2015

How to establish a healthy lifestyle in an overweight, inactive woman with an intellectual disability
Overweight and obesity are associated with increased health risks and shortened life span. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, and a higher prevalence of obesity has been observed in persons with intellectual disability than in the general population. In this study, we want to establish a healthy lifestyle with a healthy diet and increased physical activity in an obese, inactive women with intellectual disability. Using interventions based on applied behavioural analysis, the women have established new habits in terms of diet and increased physical activity. The number of hours with physical activity per week has doubled, and both weight and waist circumference decreased during the eight weeks of the study. She maintained her new healthy lifestyle, after the study. More research is needed in interventions that can help reduce obesity in persons with intellectual disability.
Er tverrprofesjonell samhandling noe annet enn utøvelse av fag?
Authors: Nilsen Ragnhild
Published: October 2015

Forfatteren viser til at WHO i en fersk rapport (2010) fremholder tverrprofesjonell utdanning og opplæring som et viktig grep for å endre et helsesystem i krise, samtidig som det skjer en utfasing av samarbeidslæring på tvers av profesjoner ved norske universitet og høgskoler. Med utgangspunkt i rammeplanenes Felles innholdsdel for helse- og sosialfagutdanningene diskuterer forfatteren om tverrprofesjonell samhandling blir sett på som et eget fag, en del av en faglig aktivitet, eller en separat funksjon. Og videre, om ikke helsefaglig ledelse og helsefaglig samhandling kan sees på som to sider av samme sak, og ikke to funksjoner som står i motsetning til hverandre.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of degradation products after treatment of methylene blue aqueous solution with three-dimensionally integrated microsolution plasma
Authors: Shirafuji Tatsuru , Nomura Ayano , Hayashi Yui , Tanaka Kenji , Goto Motonobu
Published: October 2015

Methylene blue can be degraded in three-dimensionally integrated microsolution plasma. The degradation products have been analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry to understand the degradation mechanisms. The results of MALDI TOF mass spectrometry have shown that sulfoxide is formed at the first stage of the oxidation. Then, partial oxidation proceeds on the methyl groups left on the sulfoxide. The sulfoxide is subsequently separated to two benzene derivatives. Finally, weak functional groups are removed from the benzene derivatives.
The rise of Chrome
Authors: Tamary Jonathan , Feitelson Dror G.
Published: October 2015

Since Chrome’s initial release in 2008 it has grown in market share, and now controls roughly half of the desktop browsers market. In contrast with Internet Explorer, the previous dominant browser, this was not achieved by marketing practices such as bundling the browser with a pre-loaded operating system. This raises the question of how Chrome achieved this remarkable feat, while other browsers such as Firefox and Opera were left behind. We show that both the performance of Chrome and its conformance with relevant standards are typically better than those of the two main contending browsers, Internet Explorer and Firefox. In addition, based on a survey of the importance of 25 major features, Chrome product managers seem to have made somewhat better decisions in selecting where to put effort. Thus the rise of Chrome is consistent with technical superiority over the competition.
Controls on nitrate‐N concentrations in groundwater in a Missourian claypan watershed
Authors: Al‐Qudah Omar M. , Liu Fengjing , Lerch Robert N. , Kitchen Newell , Yang John
Published: October 2015

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications have resulted in widespread groundwater nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) contamination in the U.S. Corn Belt. Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) is an agricultural watershed in the claypan soil region of northeastern Missouri with a network of 96 wells at depths of 2.7–15.7 m. The objectives of this study were to (1) inspect the spatial and temporal variations of NO3‐N concentrations in GCEW's groundwater, particularly with well depth at scales ranging from individual well, well nest, and field to the entire watershed during the period 1991 to 2004; (2) understand the processes controlling the variability of NO3‐N concentrations in groundwater at various scales within GCEW; and (3) compare groundwater NO3‐N concentrations in GCEW to other agricultural watersheds in the U.S. Nitrate‐N concentrations were determined in more than 2000 samples collected from 1991 to 2004. Despite the low hydraulic conductivity of the claypan soils, considerable NO3‐N contamination of the glacial till aquifer occurred, with 38% of the wells exceeding 10 mg L−1. Groundwater recharge by preferential pathways through the claypan appeared to be the primary mechanism for NO3‐N movement to the aquifer. Changes in concentration with depth steadily increased to 8.5–10 m and then decreased with further depth. This pattern was consistent with decreased hydraulic conductivity in the Paleosol layer at 8.5–10 m, denitrification below this layer, and mixing of recent contaminated water with older uncontaminated water in the lowest strata. Only 19–23% of sampled wells exceeded 10 mg L−1 in nonclaypan agricultural watersheds over the continental U.S., suggesting that groundwater in GCEW was more susceptible to NO3‐N contamination than nonclaypan watersheds. These results demonstrated that preferential flow through the soil and hydraulic conductivity of the subsurface strata controlled NO3‐N transport in this claypan watershed.
A global view of gravity waves in the Martian atmosphere inferred from a high‐resolution general circulation model
Authors: Kuroda Takeshi , Medvedev Alexander S. , Yiğit Erdal , Hartogh Paul
Published: October 2015

Global characteristics of the small‐scale gravity wave (GW) field in the Martian atmosphere obtained from a high‐resolution general circulation model (GCM) are presented for the first time. The simulated GW‐induced temperature variances are in a good agreement with available radio occultation data in the lower atmosphere between 10 and 30 km. The model reveals a latitudinal asymmetry with stronger wave generation in the winter hemisphere and two distinctive sources of GWs: mountainous regions and the meandering winter polar jet. Orographic GWs are filtered, while propagating upward, and the mesosphere is primarily dominated by harmonics with faster horizontal phase velocities. Wave fluxes are directed mainly against the local wind. GW dissipation in the upper mesosphere generates body forces of tens of m s−1 per Martian solar day (sol−1), which tend to close the simulated jets. The results represent a realistic surrogate for missing observations, which can be used for constraining GW parameterizations and validating GCM simulations.
Seismic and aseismic deformations and impact on reservoir permeability: The case of EGS stimulation at The Geysers, California, USA
Authors: Jeanne Pierre , Rutqvist Jonny , Rinaldi Antonio Pio , Dobson Patrick F. , Walters Mark , Hartline Craig , Garcia Julio
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we use the Seismicity‐Based Reservoir Characterization approach to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of an injection‐induced microseismic cloud, monitored during the stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system, and associated with the Northwest Geysers Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) Demonstration project (California). We identified the development of a seismically quiet domain around the injection well surrounded by a seismically active domain. Then we compare these observations with the results of 3‐D Thermo‐Hydro‐Mechanical simulations of the EGS, which accounts for changes in permeability as a function of the effective normal stress and the plastic strain. The results of our modeling show that (1) the aseismic domain is caused by both the presence of the injected cold water and by thermal processes. These thermal processes cause a cooling‐stress reduction, which prevent shear reactivation and favors fracture opening by reducing effective normal stress and locally increasing the permeability. This process is accompanied by aseismic plastic shear strain. (2) In the seismic domain, microseismicity is caused by the reactivation of the preexisting fractures, resulting from an increase in injection‐induced pore pressure. Our modeling indicates that in this domain, permeability evolves according to the effective normal stress acting on the shear zones, whereas shearing of preexisting fractures may have a low impact on permeability. We attribute this lack of permeability gain to the fact that the initial permeabilities of these preexisting fractures are already high (up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the host rock) and may already be fully dilated by past tectonic straining.
Automatic analysis of double coronal mass ejections from coronagraph images
Authors: Jacobs Matthew , Chang Lin‐Ching , Pulkkinen Antti , Romano Michelangelo
Published: October 2015

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can have major impacts on man‐made technology and humans, both in space and on Earth. These impacts have created a high interest in the study of CMEs in an effort to detect and track events and forecast the CME arrival time to provide time for proper mitigation. A robust automatic real‐time CME processing pipeline is greatly desired to avoid laborious and subjective manual processing. Automatic methods have been proposed to segment CMEs from coronagraph images and estimate CME parameters such as their heliocentric location and velocity. However, existing methods suffered from several shortcomings such as the use of hard thresholding and an inability to handle two or more CMEs occurring within the same coronagraph image. Double‐CME analysis is a necessity for forecasting the many CME events that occur within short time frames. Robust forecasts for all CME events are required to fully understand space weather impacts. This paper presents a new method to segment CME masses and pattern recognition approaches to differentiate two CMEs in a single coronagraph image. The proposed method is validated on a data set of 30 halo CMEs, with results showing comparable ability in transient arrival time prediction accuracy and the new ability to automatically predict the arrival time of a double‐CME event. The proposed method is the first automatic method to successfully calculate CME parameters from double‐CME events, making this automatic method applicable to a wider range of CME events.
Transnational Labor Movements
Authors: Franzway Suzanne
Published: October 2015

Transnational labor movements unite workers across national borders. They include trade unions, political parties, and NGOs. Transnational labor movements can be sites for women to struggle for economic justice for themselves and their communities. However, much depends on the persistent efforts of feminist and union activists who work in and through unions to bring women together to build new forms of transnational labor solidarity. International labor bodies such as the ILO, GUFs, and the ITUC have slowly committed to focus on gendered issues in their campaigns and political agendas. Without the material resources, networks, and discourses of transnational labor movements and their unions, women workers everywhere have little opportunity to fight for their interests and conditions.
A Straightforward Approach for the Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐2‐Aryl/vinylmethylidene‐1,4‐benzodiazepines and ‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5‐ones through Palladium/Charcoal‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Kundu Priyanka , Mondal Amrita , Das Bimolendu , Chowdhury Chinmay
Published: October 2015

A facile and general method for the stereoselective synthesis of (E)‐2‐aryl‐ (or vinyl)methylidene‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5‐ones has been developed by means of palladium/charcoal‐catalyzed reactions between aryl (or vinyl) halides/triflates and 2‐aminotosyl (or nosyl/brosyl/mesyl)‐N‐alkyl‐N‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)benzamides. Replacing the benzamide unit in the latter substrate by its benzylamine analogue and subsequent reaction with aryl iodides under the same reaction conditions resulted in the formation of (E)‐2‐aryl‐ (or vinyl)methylidene‐1,4‐benzodiazepines. The reaction mechanism involves trans‐aminopalladation as a key step during cyclization (7‐exo‐dig) ensuring exclusive (E)‐stereochemistry of the products. The method is fast, operationally simple, totally regio‐ and stereoselective, and uses readily available substrates with varied structures and low cost Pd/C instead of costly palladium as catalyst. Furthermore, simple base‐induced isomerization of the exocyclic double bond of the 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5‐one products yielded their endocyclic isomers.

magnified image
Impact of obesity in favorable‐risk AML patients receiving intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Tavitian Suzanne , Denis Amélia , Vergez François , Berard Emilie , Sarry Audrey , Huynh Anne , Delabesse Eric , Luquet Isabelle , Huguet Françoise , Récher Christian , Bertoli Sarah
Published: October 2015

We assessed the influence of obesity on the characteristics and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Indeed, safety of intensive chemotherapy and outcome of obese AML patients in a real‐life setting are poorly described, and chemotherapy dosing remains challenging. We included 619 consecutive genetically‐defined cases of AML treated with intensive chemotherapy between 2004 and 2012. In this cohort, 93 patients (15%) were classified in the obese category according to WHO classification; 59% of them received capped doses of chemotherapy because of a body surface area above 2 m2. Obese patients were older and presented more often with cardiovascular comorbidities. Although obese patients had more frequently de novo AML, main characteristics of AML including white blood cell count, karyotype and mutations were well‐balanced between obese and non‐obese patients. After induction chemotherapy, early death and complete remission rates were similar. Overall (OS), event‐free (EFS) and disease‐free (DFS) survival were not significantly different compared to non‐obese patients. However, in the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) favorable subgroup, obese patients had lower median OS, EFS and DFS than non‐obese patients (18.4, 16.8 and 17.2 vs. 43.6, 31.8 and 29.7 months, respectively) and obesity showed a significant impact on OS (OR 2.54; P = 0.02) in multivariate models. Although we did not find any significant impact of obesity on outcome in the whole series, this study suggests that special efforts for chemotherapy dose optimization are needed in the ELN favorable subgroup since dose capping may be deleterious. Am. J. Hematol. 91:193–198, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conspicuous disease: The surveillance of silicosis in South Africa, 1910–1970
Authors: Breckenridge Keith Derek
Published: October 2015

Scholarly understanding of the nature of the science around silicosis has been strongly influenced, in recent years, by the idea that the mine doctors were responsible for hiding an epidemic, on the mines and in the countryside. In this paper, I try to show that the opposite was in fact the case, and that the science and government institutions for the regulation of silicosis and tuberculosis in white and black male workers were distinctively elaborated, and very largely successful in tracking and controlling the disease. This singular visibility, funded by the mines, stands in marked contrast with disease in general in South Africa, and forms a major part of the explanation for the very strong association of silicosis with mine work. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S15–S22, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pathologist's view of silicosis in 1930 and in 2015. The Johannesburg Conference legacy
Authors: Kambouchner Marianne , Bernaudin Jean‐François
Published: October 2015

The 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg was a turning point in the history of silicosis and in the recognition of the associated pathologic patterns. Since 1930, pneumoconioses such as silicosis have become much rarer in developed countries and can now be diagnosed at an early stage based on clinical and radiologic criteria. However, in spite of these advances, pathologists must remember to look for silica in tissues, particularly when clinical and radiologic findings are more uncertain. Furthermore, nowadays pathologists essentially observe silicotic lesions as incidental findings adjacent to lung cancers. In addition to identifying the characteristic lesions, pathologists must also try to identify their causative agent, in the case of crystalline silica firstly by using polarized light examination, followed as appropriate by more sophisticated devices. Finally, pathologists and clinicians must always keep in mind the various implications of exposure to silica compounds in a wide range of diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S48–S58, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Historical and emerging workplaces affected by silica exposure since the 1930 Johannesburg conference on Silicosis, with special reference to construction
Authors: Sauvé Jean‐François
Published: October 2015

Introduction

At the time of the 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg, mining was the main sector affected by silicosis; however, other industries would later emerge as areas of concern.

Methods

A search of the occupational hygiene and epidemiological literature was conducted to retrieve historical and current documents pertaining to silica exposure and associated hazards.

Results

The potential risk of silicosis in construction became evident starting in the 1960s, and the body of literature including case reports, sampling surveys, and medical surveillance continues to grow to this day. Among non‐construction activities, hydraulic fracturing and engineered countertop manufacturing have recently appeared as industries with a potential for overexposure, while mining remains the industrial sector with the highest prevalence of exposure.

Conclusions

The risk of developing this “ancient disease” remains a current issue in many workplaces, and requires ongoing surveillance and prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S67–S71, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miners, silica and disability: The bi‐national interplay between South Africa and the United Kingdom, c1900–1930s
Authors: McIvor Arthur
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates silicosis as a disabling disease in underground mining in the United Kingdom (UK) before Second World War, exploring the important connections between South Africa and the UK and examining some of the issues raised at the 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg in a British context. The evidence suggests there were significant paradoxes and much contestation in medical knowledge creation, advocacy, and policy‐making relating to this occupational disease. It is argued here that whilst there was an international exchange of scientific knowledge on silicosis in the early decades of the twentieth century, it was insufficient to challenge the traditional defense adopted by the British government of proven beyond all scientific doubt before effective intervention in coal mining. This circumspect approach reflected dominant business interests and despite relatively robust trade union campaigning and eventual reform, the outcome was an accumulative legacy of respiratory disease and disability that blighted coalfield communities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S23–S30, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Durch sichtbares Licht induzierte decarboxylierende Funktionalisierung von Carbonsäuren und ihren Derivaten
Authors: Xuan Jun , Zhang Zhao‐Guo , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: October 2015

Der radikalischen decarboxylierenden Funktionalisierung von Carbonsäuren und ihren Derivaten mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht wird seit einiger Zeit erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit zuteil, da sie ein neuartiges und effizientes Verfahren zur Knüpfung von C‐C‐ und C‐X‐Bindungen ist. Dieses Verfahren lässt sich unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen auf eine breite Palette von Substraten anwenden und toleriert eine Vielzahl funktioneller Gruppen. Die bei der Decarboxylierung gebildeten Radikale können nicht nur für photokatalytische Einzelumsetzungen, sondern auch für duale katalytische Kreuzkupplungen genutzt werden. Für Letzteres wird die Photoredoxkatalyse mit anderen katalytischen Verfahren verknüpft. Die jüngsten Fortschritte in diesem Forschungsbereich werden im Folgenden vorgestellt.
Model selection in the weighted generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data with dropout
Authors: Gosho Masahiko
Published: October 2015

We propose criteria for variable selection in the mean model and for the selection of a working correlation structure in longitudinal data with dropout missingness using weighted generalized estimating equations. The proposed criteria are based on a weighted quasi‐likelihood function and a penalty term. Our simulation results show that the proposed criteria frequently select the correct model in candidate mean models. The proposed criteria also have good performance in selecting the working correlation structure for binary and normal outcomes. We illustrate our approaches using two empirical examples. In the first example, we use data from a randomized double‐blind study to test the cancer‐preventing effects of beta carotene. In the second example, we use longitudinal CD4 count data from a randomized double‐blind study.
Constructive approach in teaching of VoIP in line with good laboratory and manufacturing practice
Authors: Mekic Edis , Djokic Ivan , Zejnelagic Sabina , Matovic Ana
Published: October 2015

In the present article, Constructive Approach is introduced for students, to model a simulation and develop a real system for VoIP. The main aim is to provide experiences on modeling and development of the real system with the equipment in the controlled laboratory environment by using established good laboratory and manufacturing practice. Developing systems, assigned to students, helped them to integrate their theoretical knowledge with their practical skills. Since classical courses are limited to the related theoretical knowledge given by an instructor, students can gain valuable experiences with fully developed functional simulation and the real system, important correlations and procedures, which are implemented in the engineering practice, and thus are introduced in this paper. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:277–287, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21705
Biosynthetic Origin of the Antibiotic Pseudopyronines A and B in Pseudomonas putida BW11M1
Authors: Bauer Judith S. , Ghequire Maarten G. K. , Nett Markus , Josten Michaele , Sahl Hans‐Georg , De Mot René , Gross Harald
Published: October 2015

Within the framework of our effort to discover new antibiotics from pseudomonads, pseudopyronines A and B were isolated from the plant‐derived Pseudomonas putida BW11M1. Pseudopyronines are 3,6‐dialkyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrones and displayed high in vitro activities against several human pathogens, and in our hands also towards the plant pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi. Here, the biosynthesis of pseudopyronine B was studied by a combination of feeding experiments with isotopically labeled precursors, genomic sequence analysis, and gene deletion experiments. The studies resulted in the deduction of all acetate units and revealed that the biosynthesis of these α‐pyrones occurs with a single PpyS‐homologous ketosynthase. It fuses, with some substrate flexibility, a 3‐oxo‐fatty acid and a further unbranched saturated fatty acid, both of medium chain‐length and provided by primary metabolism.
Transcatheter occlusion of gigantic persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using a custom‐made persistent ductus arteriosus occluder
Authors: Tomita Hideshi , Bolormaa Tovuudorj , Haneda Noriyuki
Published: October 2015

We reported transcatheter closure of gigantic persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complicated by severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) using a custom‐made PDA occluder. A 19‐year‐old lady weighing 45 kg visited to our Heart Saving Project in Mongolia with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. Contrast CT scan showed ellipsoidal section of PDA whose long axis being 28 mm, and the short axis of 21 mm. A custom‐made PDA occluder, whose retention skirt, the aortic side, and the pulmonic side diameter of the body were 54, 36, 34 mm, respectively, was successfully deployed using 14‐Fr sheath. Pulmonary pressure decreased around a half compared to before closure. A custom‐made duct occluder could be a reasonable and cost‐effective choice for transcatheter closure of gigantic PDA complicated by severe PH. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme‐Modified Particles for Selective Biocatalytic Hydrogenation by Hydrogen‐Driven NADH Recycling
Authors: Reeve Holly A. , Lauterbach Lars , Lenz Oliver , Vincent Kylie A.
Published: October 2015

We describe a new approach to selective H2‐driven hydrogenation that exploits a sequence of enzymes immobilised on carbon particles. We used a catalyst system that comprised alcohol dehydrogenase, hydrogenase and an NAD+ reductase on carbon black to demonstrate a greater than 98 % conversion of acetophenone to phenylethanol. Oxidation of H2 by the hydrogenase provides electrons through the carbon for NAD+ reduction to recycle the NADH cofactor required by the alcohol dehydrogenase. This biocatalytic system operates over the pH range 6–8 or in un‐buffered water, and can function at low concentrations of the cofactor (10 μm NAD+) and at H2 partial pressures below 1 bar. Total turnover numbers >130 000 during acetophenone reduction indicate high enzyme stability, and the immobilised enzymes can be recovered by a simple centrifugation step and re‐used several times. This offers a route to convenient, atom‐efficient operation of NADH‐dependent oxidoreductases for selective hydrogenation catalysis.
Metalated Hexaphyrins: From Understanding to Rational Design
Authors: Alonso Mercedes , Pinter Balazs , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank
Published: October 2015

Invited for this month′s cover is the Quantum Chemistry group (ALGC) of the Free University of Brussels (VUB). The image depicts an artist’s impression of how the metal influences the molecular topology and aromaticity of hexaphyrins. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502894.
Numerical simulation of hydrogen bubble growth at an electrode surface
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Pan Liang‐ming , Wen Jian
Published: October 2015

A single hydrogen bubble generated at an electrode surface during water electrolysis is simulated via the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model to capture the details of the interface evolution and the mass transfer that occurs at the interface. The hydrogen bubble that grows at the electrode is driven by supersaturation of the dissolved hydrogen in the liquid. Two models are used to calculate the gas‐liquid interface mass transfer coefficient. The bubble growth from experimental results agrees closely with theoretical predictions. In addition, the mass transfer of dissolved hydrogen from the electrode surface to the bulk liquid is evaluated during the bubble nucleation and growth stages. During the nucleation stage, the mass transfer coefficient is < 5.1 × 10−5 m/s. Once the bubble embryo is formed, the mass transfer greatly increases. Before the bubble releases, the mass transfer coefficient reaches 2.8 × 10−4 m/s. More detailed information about the bubble growth is presented, including bubble‐induced convection and the concentration distribution of dissolved hydrogen around the growing bubble. The results indicate that the VOF method is suitable and reliable for simulating bubble behaviour during electrolysis or other electrochemical reactions that involve gas bubble desorption.
Cyanate Ester/Functionalized Silica Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties
Authors: Li Jiapeng , He Qihui , Xu Renfu , Hu Baixing
Published: October 2015

In this paper silica nanoparticles with covalently grafted polymer chains were incorporated into bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) to prepare composites which resulted in improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties. Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to examine the surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles. The effects of functionalized SiO2 (F‐SiO2) on the curing reactivity mechanical and thermal properties of BADCy resin were investigated systematically. The curing reaction of the system was facilitated with the addition of F‐SiO2. Meanwhile compared with the neat resin the incorporation of appropriate content of modified F‐SiO2 can enhance the mechanical properties including impact flexural strengths and fracture toughness KIC of BADCy resin. In addition the thermal stability of BADCy/F‐SiO2 nanocomposites is also superior to that of pure BADCy resin.
Preparation, Crystal Structure and Properties of a New Crystal Form of Diammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Jin Shaohua , Zhang Chunyuan , Li Lijie , Chen Shusen , Shu Qinghai
Published: October 2015

A new crystal form of diammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (1) was prepared by two novel methods and fully characterized by using IR, NMR spectroscopy, elementary analysis, single crystal X‐ray crystallography and thermal gravity/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). Crystalline 1 was found as monoclinic and space group of P21/c (14). The TG/DTA analysis showed that the decomposition temperature of 1 was 287.8°C with a mass loss of 91.2% in the range of 220–300°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min. The sensitivities test towards impact, friction of 1 indicated that 1 has much lower sensitivities than those of RDX/HMX and is comparable to those of TNT, which suggested that 1 could be used as a good candidate of new insensitive energetic compound.
How Small DNA Minicircles Can Be Applied to Construct DNA Nanotubes?
Authors: Afshan Noshin , Zheng Hongning , Xiao Shou‐Jun
Published: October 2015

DNA as a life's information carrier can be modified into geometrically fine nanostructures via self‐assembly of designed nucleotides with specified length. In this work, three DNA minicircles with designed lengths of 48‐nt, 50‐nt, and 52‐nt, are directed to self‐assemble into nanotubes after hybridization with staple strands, following the folding strategy with each double crossover (DX) at 2.5 turns. Much smaller DNA minicircles such as the 32‐nt ring are highly rigid once they form double helices, therefore they lack the flexibility to form finely ordered nanotubes. In the case of nanotubes comprising of 52‐nt minicircles, most nanotubes were 800 nm long and 20% were up to 2 μm, whereas the nanotubes composed of 50 base pair subunits and 48 base pair subunits with the DX at frustrated 2.5 turns showed relatively shorter nanotubes at 700 and 600 (or 500) nm, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Isostructural Lanthanide‐Containing Metal‐Organic Frameworks Constructed from an Unprecedented [Ln7(μ3‐OH)8]13+ Cluster
Authors: Liu Lianchao , Shen Chaojun , Dong Fangfang , Wang Wenjing , Yuan Daqiang
Published: October 2015

Two isostructural metal‐organic frameworks formulated as [Gd7(L)4(μ3‐OH)8(HCOO)(DMF)6(H2O)]·DMF·H2O (1) and [Tb7(L)4(μ3‐OH)8(HCOO)(DMF)5(H2O)]·DMF·H2O (2) (H3L=3,5‐di(4′‐carboxylphenyl)benzoic acid) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The building blocks of the structures are the heptanuclear lanthanide clusters of the dicubane‐like type [Ln7(μ3‐OH)8]13+ (Ln=Gd, Tb) which are formally assembled into porous three‐dimensional networks through the linkage of L. Variable temperature magnetic studies down to 2 K reveal antiferromagnetic interactions in complex 1. Furthermore, the fluorescence property of 2 was also studied.
A Short Synthesis of Clionamine D
Authors: Hao Xiang , Wu Jingjing , Tian Hailong , Shi Yong , Lin Jingrong , Tian Weisheng
Published: October 2015

Herein we describe a scalable four‐step preparation of α‐methylene‐γ‐lactone 3 from steroidal sapogenin. This method allowed a facile synthesis of clionamine D, a natural aminosteroid with potent autophagy bioactivity and unprecedented chemical structure.
Ein Science Camp zu Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskommunikation: Schüler präsentieren (ihre) Nanoforschung
Authors: Tirre Frederike , Kampschulte Lorenz , Parchmann Ilka
Published: October 2015

Die Wissenschaftskommunikation hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten rasant entwickelt und ist heute zu einem unverzichtbaren Teil unserer Wissensgesellschaft geworden. Forschungseinrichtungen, aber auch einzelne Forscherinnen und Forscher widmen sich der gesellschaftlich wirksamen Darstellung von Forschungsergebnissen und bedienen sich dabei einer breiten Palette an Kommunikationsformaten: Von Printprodukten über Filme und Webseiten, Blogs und Social Media bis hin zu öffentlichen Vorträgen und Ausstellungen. Um dieses spannende Themenfeld auch Schülerinnen und Schülern zugänglich zu machen, wurde ein Science Camp zu Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskommunikation konzipiert und erprobt. Im ersten Teil des Camps lernen die Teilnehmenden in einem eigenen Forschungsprojekt Wissenschaft näher kennen. Nach einem Workshop zu Wissenschaftskommunikation erarbeiten sie im zweiten Teil des Camps ein eigenes Konzept, um ihre „Forschungsergebnisse“ zu präsentieren.
What Is the ethical (Not Legal) responsibility of a physician to treat minimal hepatic encephalopathy and advise patients not to drive?
Authors: Lauridsen Mette M. , Wade James B. , Bajaj Jasmohan S.
Published: October 2015

Watch a video presentation of this article

Watch the interview with the author
What Is the moral responsibility of health care providers to report HBV or HCV status if they perform invasive procedures?
Authors: Mellinger Jessica L.
Published: October 2015

Watch a video presentation of this article

Watch the interview with the author

Answer questions and earn CME
Management of patients with hepatitis C virus resistance–associated variants to NS5A inhibitors: Where are we now?
Authors: Wells Jennifer T. , Landaverde Carmen , Gutierrez Julio , Lawitz Eric
Published: October 2015

Watch a video presentation of this article

Answer questions and earn CME