bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turning in Place1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter distinguishes four methods of turning in place. The first method is only suitable for long skis without heel straps. This method works regardless of ski length and location, whether flat terrain or slope; also, it is faster than the others. The next method is applicable to long skis that are firmly attached to the foot. But it is slow and better suited to flat terrain. The third method is much faster, requires very little space, and is easily executed even on an incline. However, it is only suitable for short skis that are securely attached to the foot. The fourth method of turning is the fastest. This method is suitable for all kinds of skis but requires a lot of practice and agility.
Mountain Descent1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with skiing down. It requires practice, agility, determination, and quick problem-solving skills, because a fortuitous outcome on the descent often relies on proficient control over one's skis. In the past, there were two methods for skiing down, although one is already outmoded; nonetheless, it is worthwhile to become acquainted with both. The first one is risky, because if one breaks a pole during the process, they are bound to fall. Thus, this first method is only used on very hard snow. Another style, formulated in the Telemark region of Norway, is embraced universally these days wherever skiing is practiced as a form of sport.
“Stunts” and Ski Games1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses ski games. It explains that games on skis have great impact. In addition to benefiting mental health, they are an important factor in physical training and the development of dexterity, strength, and the well-being of participants. The educational significance is well-known to all, whether a person plays against others or plays within a team. Furthermore, many good qualities are fostered through participation in games: attention, presence of mind, self-confidence, fairmindedness, willingness to help one another, self-denial, and composure. On the physical side, games can show how proficiently one manage one's skis; physiologically, blood circulation accelerates, breathing intensifies, the nervous system gains strength, and a person grows strong and hardy. There is also the value of a game as entertainment, recreation, and as a means of mood enhancement. With these benefits in mind, the chapter suggests a few ski stunts and games.
General Setup of ski Competitions
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter delves into the question of ski competitions within the context of their proper execution and subsequent evaluation. It also lists their various types. Competitions represent one of the primary means of advancing the study of ski-running. They are the benchmark by which success is determined and therefore certainly should be included in the program of instruction. To that end, the chapter turns to the game, “For the Prize,” introduced in the preceding chapter. The chapter uses the game to set up for each player to challenge another; and if every single participant competes, then only one victor will receive the bulk of the prizes. This variation of “For the Prize” would be an example of a competition.
Conclusion
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter takes a look at how other countries are developing and organizing skiing from a military perspective. The Scandinavian countries, certainly, have no shortage of knowledgeable and experienced skier-reserves who can bring a powerful ski division up to strength at will. The chapter then turns to the Western European countries and how they have adopted skiing into their military operations, with varying degrees of success. In Russia, far better conditions exist for the potential use of skis than in most other nations because of its geographic location and the character of the terrain. Thus, the chapter argues that the nature of Russia demands the wide use of skis. Indeed, there is a need to boost and regenerate the forgotten and neglected art of skiing.
Free Air in the Hanse City
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter narrates Riga's history as a prosperous member of the Hanseatic League of northern trading cities. A distant outpost of the decentralized Holy Roman Empire, the “free city” of Riga became an important collecting point for primary goods from the east (Russia) destined for western European markets. This chapter maps the medieval city's castles, churches, markets, and streets while exploring the roles played by Germans and “non-Germans” in the city's social and economic arrangements. Forming the bulk of the city's lower classes, these “non-Germans” (Undeutsche) shared Riga's narrow streets and its “free air” with their social superiors, but found themselves increasingly excluded from its civic and social life. Multinational though it was, Riga was in most respects a typical German Hanse city in which business was the order of the day, but order was necessary for the conduct of business.
Old Knights and New Teachings: The Reformation in Riga
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates the impact of new ideas on old arrangements in late medieval Riga. During this time, the restlessness of the 1520s brought an end to the Catholic Church's spiritual dominion over the city of Riga. Indeed, the Reformation was no impediment to Riga's growing material prosperity and in no way diminished the authority of its German elites. During an era when established authority was under challenge and neighboring dynastic states sought to expand their power and influence, it fell to the Livonian Order's long-reigning master, Walter of Plettenberg (Wolter von Plettenberg), to defend the feudal state and keep the peace in Riga. He later became the German emperor's appointed prince of Livonia between the years 1526–1535.
Star City: The Swedish Century
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates that the peace, progress, educational advances, and cultural achievements of the seventeenth century made the Swedish era into something of a “golden age” for early modern Riga. For ninety years, Riga was under the dominion of the Swedish Empire, an absolutist state that relied on the Livonian port for supplies of food and for the defense of its Baltic possessions. As Riga was the empire's largest city, its most important fortress, and a significant source of income, the city underwent extensive physical renovations that strengthened its defenses and transformed its appearance. Yet the dawn of the “good old Swedish times”—or rather the end of Polish dominion—was far from promising, as the transition began during a drawn-out war accompanied by all the usual disruptions. For an entire decade, Riga was blockaded by sea and activity at its once-bustling harbor practically ceased.
Epilogue
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter details the aftermath of the city of Riga, as well as the changes it experienced, after falling to Russian rule. The migration of Jews to Riga, and of Russian officials and laborers, are among the many developments that would take place during the two centuries that followed Riga's capitulation to the tsar. The city's renovation and the appearance of dozens of yellow-brick factory buildings in the suburbs were still to come. The ruined city that fell to Tsar Peter I in 1710 had none of the parks, canals, gardens, and urban villas that would transform Riga into one of northeastern Europe's most attractive and welcoming cities during the twilight years of the Russian Empire. Yet, as this chapter shows, even as Riga tore down its medieval walls in the 1850s and incorporated the suburban areas, where promenades and beautiful homes were built for the city's prosperous bourgeoisie, the oldest parts of Riga would retain many of their traditional features into present times.
Human Nature
Authors: Johnson Laurie M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Thucydides' and Hobbes's ideas of human nature, which are often said to be very similar. International relations theorists are just as much prone to this mistake as others, referring to Thucydides, as they do to Hobbes, as a “realist.” Hobbes's view is close to the view of the famous “Athenian thesis” repeated throughout Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. That thesis is similar in many ways to the realist thesis, claiming that human beings are universally selfish and always motivated by fear, honor, and interest. Since they are compelled by their passions, they are not to be blamed for their actions, and, as Thucydides' character Diodotus points out, they can be controlled only through superior power and brute force. However, the chapter argues that, in contradiction to the Athenian thesis, Thucydides' overall treatment of human nature proves that it is not so uniform and that passions do not force people to act. Individuals are responsible for their actions, capable of reason, and therefore guilty when they allow their passions to overcome their good sense. In Thucydides' view, political problems cannot be permanently solved, because there are elements in human nature that cannot be manipulated. While Thucydides depicts the bloodthirsty violence of civil war as well as genocidal international warfare as products of the extreme pressures of war, Hobbes sees them as events that take place whenever there is no power strong enough to prevent them.
Justice
Authors: Johnson Laurie M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the difference between Thucydides and Hobbes on the issue of justice. The difference between what should be and what is reverberates in Thucydides' moral dramas. All the characters recognize the tension between justice and the demands of power politics. Thucydides equates justice with the avoidance of needless and excessive bloodshed and with adherence to basic war conventions, such as not killing women and children. In his treatment of Plataea, Thucydides recognizes the value of traditional notions of virtue and justice. However, he laments that men are always willing to violate these principles because of envy and need for revenge. Indeed, Thucydides holds out little hope that mankind will at any time recognize the Melian claim that its interests lie in adherence to a common code of justice. Hobbes thinks that a common code of justice is in the common interest of mankind but that the only way it can be consistently upheld is if there is an absolute sovereign to maintain it. This means that at the international level, one cannot expect all laws of nature to be observed consistently. States need only obey these laws if their unilateral obedience will cause them no harm. In this way, Hobbes makes justice and expediency coincide.
The Foundation for Tyranny in Rome
Authors: Sullivan Vickie B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes a look at Niccolò Machiavelli's treatment of Christianity as it entered Rome. By anticipating the coming of Christianity, he suggests that its attraction was merely a deepening of the appeals made with increasing and regrettable success during the period of Rome's decline. He states that Caesar was Rome's first tyrant and goes on to suggest that Caesar was actually outdone by Christ, in the same way that Caesar outdid the Gracchi. And although the Roman people so readily accepted Christ's alluring appeal, Machiavelli will not censure them. He places the blame for the success of Christianity in Rome instead on the constitution of that city which was unnecessarily vulnerable to the machinations of these aspiring tyrants; ancient Rome, in his view, was itself responsible for the favorable reception Christianity received there.
Guardians of Our Heritage
Authors: Donovan Victoria
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the role of heritage objects as props in the performance of national identity. It draws on participant observation work at local festivals and commemorative ceremonies to expose the way heritage objects have been incorporated into new rituals and traditions in the Putin era. These cultural practices reflect an increasingly chauvinistic understanding of the local and national self. The chapter details in particular the initiative led by the ultranationalist critic and writer Aleksandr Prokhanov to establish a new historic monument in Pskov as a focus of nationalistic reflection and performance after the annexation of Crimea. The project is understood as an elite-driven attempt to perform national identity on the local stage, reinforcing traditional associations of the region with ideas of sacredness and self-sacrifice.
Back Home: The Provincial Lives of Turgenev’s Cosmopolitans
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains how Ivan Turgenev's oeuvre forms a crucial part of the provincial trope, with its focus on the relationship between provintsiia and the problem, or the hope, of a specifically Russian temporality. When Turgenev is writing about Russian space, he often seems to be thinking just as much about Russian time, often posing or implying the question, “Is Russia 'behind'?” Analyzing spatial relationships in his texts reveals how these relationships condition ways of thinking about historical time (what counts as ahead and what counts as behind, for example). In Turgenev's view, it seems, Russia is not “modern,” but it is not simply “backward,” either. Hence his focus on the gentry estate: estates were places where Russian elites could work to rethink their relationship to historical time, moving beyond the assumption that centers (capitals) are ahead and peripheries (provinces) are behind.
Centering and Decentering in Dostoevsky and Tolstoy
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with a brief look at Leo Tolstoy's symbolic geography. His is an imaginary landscape that is by no means structured around a provintsiia/stolitsa binary and is thus an exception to the rule that is the subject of this book. The overview of Tolstoy serves as background to a closer analysis of Fyodor Dostoevsky's geography, an analysis focused on Demons—a novel in which both the provintsiia/stolitsa binary and the trope of Russia's empty provinces take on great determinative power. If Dostoevsky at times recapitulates familiar images of the provinces, in Demons he also makes ideological use of them in ways that are strikingly original. He dwells on the essentialized difference between center and periphery in order to underscore how provincial isolation fosters a dangerous kind of intellectual vulnerability.
“Everything Here is Accidental”: Chekhov’s Geography of Meaninglessness
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that, for Anton Chekhov, certain particularities of place matter in a way they often do not for other writers. It considers where, how, and how much. In other words, the chapter asks if Chekhov's provinces stand for the provinces, or if they stand for something else. A previous chapter has argued that for Gogol the provinces never really stand for the provinces, since his symbolic geography never allows us to imagine that a better life might be found in some other real place. But Chekhov's provinces, notwithstanding their clearly and even insistently symbolic import, are often locations that we could imagine pinpointing on a map of Russia: the specificities of place do matter in Chekhov's world, if in subtle ways. And perhaps most importantly, a place's meanings can change over time.
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia
Authors: Park Do Youn
Published: May 2020

Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are well-known to be reliable indicators of gastric cancer risk. They are clinically important in deciding whether to recommend endoscopic surveillance. Herein I review the histopathologic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis and IM. Gastric atrophy is divided into metaplastic atrophy and non-metaplastic atrophy. IM is categorized as complete (type I) and incomplete (type II, III). Systematic interpretation of gastric atrophy and IM using the updated Sydney system or operative link on gastritis assessment is recommended. Furthermore, I suggest using the consensus definition of gastric atrophy and incomplete IM in the gastric biopsy pathology report to support the surveillance of high-risk gastric cancer group.
Maternal trauma and fear history predictBDNFmethylation and gene expression in newborns
Authors: Pilkay Stefanie R. , Combs-Orme Terri , Tylavsky Frances , Bush Nicole , Smith Alicia K.
Published: May 2020

Trauma and related fear exert significant influence on mental and physical health throughout the lifespan and are associated with intergenerational patterns of development, health, and behavior. DNA methylation and gene expression are involved in our developmental adaptations to our experiences and can be influenced by social interventions. Patterns of DNA methylation and expression of a gene involved in neurodevelopment and psychiatric risk (BDNF) have been linked with childhood trauma. Given the intergenerational patterns of health and behavior, and previous links between childhood trauma andBDNFmethylation and expression, this study investigated the potential for maternal history of traumatic experiences to influence development in her newborn, via changes in her newborn’sBDNFmethylation and expression. We found that mothers’ trauma history was associated with epigenetic regulation ofBDNFin their newborns. Moreover, the association between maternal trauma andBDNFmethylation and expression patterns were moderated by newborn sex. Male newborns showed increasedBDNFexpression with maternal exposure to child abuse (p = .001), and increasedBDNFmethylation with greater maternal fear (p = .001). Female newborns showed reducedBDNFexpression with greater maternal fear (p = .004). Practitioners strive to identify prevention and intervention avenues that will reduce the harmful effects of trauma. Future research should consider the potential for maternal historical trauma experiences to influence offspring DNA methylation and gene expression in a manner that could alter development and inform novel prevention strategies.
Endosymbiotic adaptations in three new bacterial species associated withDictyostelium discoideum:Paraburkholderia agricolarissp. nov.,Paraburkholderia hayleyellasp. nov., andParaburkholderia bonnieasp. nov
Authors: Brock Debra A. , Noh Suegene , Hubert Alicia N.M. , Haselkorn Tamara S. , DiSalvo Susanne , Suess Melanie K. , Bradley Alexander S. , Tavakoli-Nezhad Mahboubeh , Geist Katherine S. , Queller David C. , Strassmann Joan E.
Published: May 2020

Here we give names to three new species ofParaburkholderiathat can remain in symbiosis indefinitely in the spores of a soil dwelling eukaryote,Dictyostelium discoideum. The new speciesP. agricolarissp. nov., P. hayleyellasp. nov.,andP. bonnieasp. nov.are widespread across the eastern USA and were isolated as internal symbionts of wild-collectedD. discoideum. We describe these sp. nov. using several approaches. Evidence that they are each a distinct new species comes from their phylogenetic position, average nucleotide identity, genome-genome distance, carbon usage, reduced length, cooler optimal growth temperature, metabolic tests, and their previously described ability to invadeD. discoideumamoebae and form a symbiotic relationship.All three of these new species facilitate the prolonged carriage of food bacteria byD. discoideum,though they themselves are not food. Further studies of the interactions of these three new species withD. discoideumshould be fruitful for understanding the ecology and evolution of symbioses.
A within-subject comparison of different relaxation therapies in eliciting physiological and psychological changes in young women
Authors: Dib Sarah , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Fewtrell Mary
Published: May 2020

Background

Stress reactivity can be different in women compared to men, which might consequently influence disease risk.Stress in women may also generate adverse physiological effects on their offspring during pregnancy or lactation. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different relaxation interventions on physiological outcomes and perceived relaxation in healthy young women, to assist in identifying the most appropriate intervention(s) for use in a subsequent trial for mothers who deliver prematurely.

Methods

A within-subject study was conducted in 17 women of reproductive age comparing five different relaxation interventions (guided-imagery meditation audio (GIM), music listening (ML), relaxation lighting (RL), GIM+RL, ML+RL), with control (silence/sitting), assigned in random order over a 3–6 week period. Subjective feelings of relaxation (10-point scale), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and fingertip temperature (FT) were measured before and after each technique

Results

All interventions significantly increased perceived relaxation and FT, while music also significantly reduced SBP (p < 0.05). Compared to control, HR significantly decreased following GIM (mean difference = 3.2 bpm,p < 0.05), and FT increased (mean difference = 2.2 °C,p < 0.05) and SBP decreased (mean difference = 3.3 mmHg,p < 0.01) following ML. GIM + RL followed by GIM were the most preferred interventions.

Conclusions

Based on preference, simplicity, and the physiological and psychological effects, GIM and ML were identified as the most effective tools for reducing stress and improving relaxation. These techniques warrant further research in larger samples and other populations.
Competências digitais no campo de públicas: a formação de gestores públicos do século XXI
Authors: Bianchini Letícia Dufloth , Silva Marco Antônio Almeida , Silva Max Melquíades , Dufloth Simone Cristina
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo analisa as competências digitais no contexto da formação e da atuação de gestores públicos, que, em virtude das inovações características do século XXI, se configuram, cada vez mais, como elementos essenciais para a excelência do setor público. De maneira específica, são estudados: o percentual de carga horária dedicado a conteúdos direta e indiretamente relacionados à temática da tecnologia de informação e a visão de estudantes e especialistas sobre o conteúdo ministrado; as percepções de estudantes do campo de públicas sobre seu domínio e experiência no que concerne ao uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC); e a importância das tecnologias no setor público a partir das perspectivas de alunos e especialistas no campo de públicas. A metodologia se caracteriza como exploratória de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, realizada a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Foram aplicados questionários e realizadas entrevistas com estudantes e especialistas da área, e desenvolvida análise das matrizes curriculares dos cursos do campo de públicas das dez instituições mais bem avaliadas segundo o Conceito Enade 2015. Os resultados encontrados trazem indícios de desafios na atuação de gestores públicos, em virtude de dificuldades relacionadas ao uso de ferramentas tecnológicas no exercício de suas atividades. Além disso, constata-se um ainda incipiente desenvolvimento de competências digitais na formação de gestores públicos.
Gestão social, democracia e os desafios da crise sociopolítica no contexto da pandemia: uma análise a partir da RGS e do ENAPEGS 2020.
Authors: Leal Leonardo Prates , Corá Maria Amélia Jundurian
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho tem o intuito de explorar como os efeitos da atual conjuntura sociopolítica e da pandemia do Covid-19 no Brasil estão impactando a Rede de Pesquisadores em Gestão Social (RGS) e a organização do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisadores em Gestão Social (ENAPEGS). Para tanto, utiliza-se como recurso analítico, os relatos sociopolíticos, as ações governamentais e a uma visão geral sobre a situação da pandemia do Covid-19. Os resultados são apresentados como um conjunto de considerações sobre como essas incertezas estão impactando a gestão social como um campo de pesquisa, como uma prática no contexto da RGS e como está impactando a organização do ENAPEGS. Acima de tudo, o trabalho apresenta algumas oportunidades que estão surgindo e reflete sobre como usá-las para consolidar o campo epistemológico e tecnológico da gestão social.

Palavras-chave: 
A Questão Social Acrescida
Authors: Tenório Fernando Guilherme
Published: May 2020

O objetivo do presente texto, ainda que de forma telegráfica, é perguntar se o problema contemporâneo está resumido ao combate do coronavírus, cientificamente denominado de COVID-19, ou se outras carências não estariam desde sempre fazendo parte das patogenias inaladas e/ou enfrentadas pelos brasileiros. Aqui defendemos a posição de que tais patogenias orgânicas ou inorgânicas fazem parte de uma só, a questão social que no coetâneo foi acrescida do COVID-19
 
Molecular testing on bronchial washings for the diagnosis and predictive assessment of lung cancer
Authors: Roncarati Roberta , Lupini Laura , Miotto Elena , Saccenti Elena , Mascetti Susanna , Morandi Luca , Bassi Cristian , Rasio Debora , Callegari Elisa , Conti Valentina , Rinaldi Rosa , Lanza Giovanni , Gafà Roberta , Papi Alberto , Frassoldati Antonio , Sabbioni Silvia , Ravenna Franco , Casoni Gian L. , Negrini Massimo
Published: May 2020

Cytopathological analyses of bronchial washings (BWs) collected during fibre‐optic bronchoscopy are often inconclusive for lung cancer diagnosis. To address this issue, we assessed the suitability of conducting molecular analyses on BWs, with the aim to improve the diagnosis and outcome prediction of lung cancer. The methylation status of RASSF1A, CDH1, DLC1 and PRPH was analysed in BW samples from 91 lung cancer patients and 31 controls, using a novel two‐colour droplet digital methylation‐specific PCR (ddMSP) technique. Mutations in ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, MAP2K1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, ROS1 and TP53 and gene fusions of ALK, RET and ROS1 were also investigated, using next‐generation sequencing on 73 lung cancer patients and 14 tumour‐free individuals. Our four‐gene methylation panel had significant diagnostic power, with 97% sensitivity and 74% specificity (relative risk, 7.3; odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 12.7–127). In contrast, gene mutation analysis had a remarkable value for predictive, but not for diagnostic, purposes. Actionable mutations in EGFR, HER2 and ROS1 as well as in other cancer genes (KRAS, PIK3CA and TP53) were detected. Concordance with gene mutations uncovered in tumour biopsies was higher than 90%. In addition, bronchial‐washing analyses permitted complete patient coverage and the detection of additional actionable mutations. In conclusion, BWs are a useful material on which to perform molecular tests based on gene panels: aberrant gene methylation and mutation analyses could be performed as approaches accompanying current diagnostic and predictive assays during the initial workup phase. This study establishes the grounds for further prospective investigation.
Evaluation of the PTW microDiamond in edge‐on orientation for dosimetry in small fields
Authors: Brace Owen J. , Alhujaili Sultan F. , Paino Jason R. , Butler Duncan J. , Wilkinson Dean , Oborn Brad M. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. , Lerch Michael L. F. , Petasecca Marco , Davis Jeremy A.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The PTW microDiamond has an enhanced spatial resolution when operated in an edge‐on orientation but is not typically utilized in this orientation due to the specifications of the IAEA TRS‐483 code of practice for small field dosimetry. In this work the suitability of an edge‐on orientation and advantages over the recommended face‐on orientation will be presented.

Methods

The PTW microDiamond in both orientations was compared on a Varian TrueBeam linac for: machine output factor (OF), percentage depth dose (PDD), and beam profile measurements from 10 × 10 cm2 to a 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field size for 6X and 6FFF beam energies in a water tank. A quantification of the stem effect was performed in edge‐on orientation along with tissue to phantom ratio (TPR) measurements. An extensive angular dependence study for the two orientations was also undertaken within two custom PMMA plastic cylindrical phantoms.

Results

The OF of the PTW microDiamond in both orientations agrees within 1% down to the 2 × 2 cm2 field size. The edge‐on orientation overresponds in the build‐up region but provides improved penumbra and has a maximum observed stem effect of 1%. In the edge‐on orientation there is an angular independent response with a maximum of 2% variation down to a 2 × 2 cm2 field. The PTW microDiamond in edge‐on orientation for TPR measurements agreed to the CC01 ionization chamber within 1% for all field sizes.

Conclusions

The microDiamond was shown to be suitable for small field dosimetry when operated in edge‐on orientation. When edge‐on, a significantly reduced angular dependence is observed with no significant stem effect, making it a more versatile QA instrument for rotational delivery techniques.
Abiotic pulses and microbial activity lags in greenhouse gas emissions due to tillage
Authors: Duval Benjamin D.
Published: May 2020

Tillage affects atmosphere–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) flux by opening soil pore spaces releasing pockets of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Tillage may also stimulate microbes responsible for GHG biogenesis and consumption at longer time scales following a discrete tillage event. I measured soil gas flux immediately after three mechanically different tillage events (moldboard plow, rip‐plow, and disc‐till) over 2 mo within the same field. Delayed effects of tillage on soil respiration were measured; CH4 and N2O fluxes via laboratory incubations on soils were collected following tillage events compared to undisturbed soils. Moldboard plowing did not result in immediate pulses of GHG. Carbon dioxide emissions and CH4 influx to soil peaked 1 h post‐plow. Later rip‐plowing caused a more sustained pulse of CO2 and CH4 uptake over 2 h in the field. Disc‐tillage produced a CO2 production pulse‐then‐decline profile, but CH4 and N2O fluxes were highly variable after this event. Greenhouse gas flux from laboratory‐incubated alfalfa soil and fallow soil were similar to soil collected after rip‐plowing. Soils incubated after the last field tillage event produced significantly lower CO2 emissions during lab incubations compared with other undisturbed and plowed soil. These results show that instantaneous tillage effects are not uniform among GHGs, tillage alteration of soil respiration persists for months following a disturbance, and repeated tillage in the field changes microbial regulation of specific GHGs. Tillage has immediate impacts on GHG flux and has the potential for persistent effects on microbial activity that need further investigation as a GHG abatement tool.
Retracted: Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease
Authors: Heinzel Sebastian , Aho Velma T. E. , Suenkel Ulrike , von Thaler Anna‐Katharina , Schulte Claudia , Deuschle Christian , Paulin Lars , Hantunen Sari , Brockmann Kathrin , Eschweiler Gerhard W. , Maetzler Walter , Berg Daniela , Auvinen Petri , Scheperjans Filip
Published: May 2020

Retraction: Heinzel, S. et al., Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease, Annals of Neurology 2020, 88(2), 320‐331 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.25788). The above article, published online on May 22, 2020 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief Clifford B. Saper, MD, PhD, and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed due to an unintentional extensive misuse of the term “physical activity” instead of “physical inactivity” throughout the paper. The errors have been corrected for clarity and republished here: https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26128.
Cs2PtI6 Halide Perovskite is Stable to Air, Moisture, and Extreme pH: Application to Photoelectrochemical Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Hamdan Muhammed , Chandiran Aravind Kumar
Published: May 2020

Halide perovskites show incredible photovoltaic power conversion efficiency coupled with several hundreds of hours of device stability. However, their stability is poor in aqueous electrolyte media. Reported here is a vacancy ordered halide perovskite, Cs2PtI6, which shows extraordinary stability under ambient conditions (1 year), in aqueous media of extreme acidic (pH 1), basic (pH 13), and under electrochemical reduction conditions. It was employed as an electrocatalyst and photoanode for hydrogen production and water oxidation, respectively. The catalyst remains intact for at least 100 cycles of electrochemical cycling and six hours of hydrogen production at pH 1. Cs2PtI6 was employed as a photoanode for PEC water oxidation, and the material displayed a photocurrent of 0.8 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE) under simulated AM1.5G sunlight. Using constant voltage measurement, Cs2PtI6 exhibited over 12 hours of PEC stability without loss of performance.
Fast and Stable N‐Terminal Cysteine Modification through Thiazolidino Boronate Mediated Acyl Transfer
Authors: Li Kaicheng , Wang Wenjian , Gao Jianmin
Published: May 2020

We report a novel conjugation of N‐terminal cysteines (NCys) that proceeds with fast kinetics and exquisite selectivity, thereby enabling facile modification of NCys‐bearing proteins in complex biological milieu. This new NCys conjugation proceeds via a thiazolidine boronate (TzB) intermediate that results from fast (k2: ≈5000 m−1 s−1) and reversible conjugation of NCys with 2‐formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA). We designed a FPBA derivative that upon TzB formation elicits intramolecular acyl transfer to give N‐acyl thiazolidines. In contrast to the quick hydrolysis of TzB, the N‐acylated thiazolidines exhibit robust stability under physiologic conditions. The utility of the TzB‐mediated NCys conjugation is demonstrated by rapid and non‐disruptive labeling of two enzymes. Furthermore, applying this chemistry to bacteriophage allows facile chemical modification of phage libraries, which greatly expands the chemical space amenable to phage display.
Precision Conjugation: An Emerging Tool for Generating Protein–Polymer Conjugates
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Gao Weiping
Published: May 2020

Protein–polymer conjugates are increasingly being applied in biomedicine because of the unique combination of the biological activity of the proteins and the multifunctionality and flexibility of the polymers. However, traditional protein–polymer conjugation techniques suffer from some unavoidable drawbacks, including nonspecificity and low efficiency. In this Minireview, we discuss a new approach based on “precision conjugation” for the construction of the next‐generation protein–polymer conjugates in a more controlled, more efficient, and tailorable fashion for a broad range of advanced applications. In illustrating the concept, we highlight two general methods: site‐specific in situ growth and intrinsically disordered polypeptide fusion, with a focus on the in situ, efficient, and controllable formation of protein–polymer conjugates. At the end, the challenges associated with this emerging concept are further discussed.
Bridge Bonded Oxygen Ligands between Approximated FeN4 Sites Confer Catalysts with High ORR Performance
Authors: Gong Liyuan , Zhang Hao , Wang Ying , Luo Ergui , Li Kui , Gao Liqin , Wang Yuemin , Wu Zhijian , Jin Zhao , Ge Junjie , Jiang Zheng , Liu Changpeng , Xing Wei
Published: May 2020

The applications of the most promising Fe—N–C catalysts are prohibited by their limited intrinsic activities. Manipulating the Fe energy level through anchoring electron‐withdrawing ligands is found effective in boosting the catalytic performance. However, such regulation remains elusive as the ligands are only uncontrollably introduced oweing to their energetically unstable nature. Herein, we report a rational manipulation strategy for introducing axial bonded O to the Fe sites, attained through hexa‐coordinating Fe with oxygen functional groups in the precursor. Moreover, the O modifier is stabilized by forming the Fe−O−Fe bridge bond, with the approximation of two FeN4 sites. The energy level modulation thus created confers the sites with an intrinsic activity that is over 10 times higher than that of the normal FeN4 site. Our finding opens a novel strategy to manage coordination environments at an atomic level for high activity ORR catalysts.
Selection of DNA‐Encoded Dynamic Chemical Libraries for Direct Inhibitor Discovery
Authors: Deng Yuqing , Peng Jianzhao , Xiong Feng , Song Yinan , Zhou Yu , Zhang Jianfu , Lam Fong Sang , Xie Chao , Shen Wenyin , Huang Yiran , Meng Ling , Li Xiaoyu
Published: May 2020

Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) is a powerful tool for ligand discovery in biomedical research; however, the application of DCLs has been hampered by their low diversity. Recently, the concept of DNA encoding has been employed in DCLs to create DNA‐encoded dynamic libraries (DEDLs); however, all current DEDLs are limited to fragment identification, and a challenging process of fragment linking is required after selection. We report an anchor‐directed DEDL approach that can identify full ligand structures from large‐scale DEDLs. This method is also able to convert unbiased libraries into focused ones targeting specific protein classes. We demonstrated this method by selecting DEDLs against five proteins, and novel inhibitors were identified for all targets. Notably, several selective BD1/BD2 inhibitors were identified from the selections against bromodomain 4 (BRD4), an important anti‐cancer drug target. This work may provide a broadly applicable method for inhibitor discovery.
Synthesis of LnII‐in‐Cryptand Complexes by Chemical Reduction of LnIII‐in‐Cryptand Precursors: Isolation of a NdII‐in‐Cryptand Complex
Authors: Huh Daniel N. , Ciccone Sierra R. , Bekoe Samuel , Roy Saswata , Ziller Joseph W. , Furche Filipp , Evans William J.
Published: May 2020

Lanthanide triflates have been used to incorporate NdIII and SmIII ions into the 2.2.2‐cryptand ligand (crypt) to explore their reductive chemistry. The Ln(OTf)3 complexes (Ln=Nd, Sm; OTf=SO3CF3) react with crypt in THF to form the THF‐soluble complexes [LnIII(crypt)(OTf)2][OTf] with two triflates bound to the metal encapsulated in the crypt. Reduction of these LnIII‐in‐crypt complexes using KC8 in THF forms the neutral LnII‐in‐crypt triflate complexes [LnII(crypt)(OTf)2]. DFT calculations on [NdII(crypt)]2+], the first NdII cryptand complex, assign a 4f4 electron configuration to this ion.
Al2Pt for Oxygen Evolution in Water Splitting: A Strategy for Creating Multifunctionality in Electrocatalysis
Authors: Antonyshyn Iryna , Barrios Jiménez Ana M. , Sichevych Olga , Burkhardt Ulrich , Veremchuk Igor , Schmidt Marcus , Ormeci Alim , Spanos Ioannis , Tarasov Andrey , Teschner Detre , Algara‐Siller Gerardo , Schlögl Robert , Grin Yuri
Published: May 2020

The production of hydrogen via water electrolysis is feasible only if effective and stable catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are available. Intermetallic compounds with well‐defined crystal and electronic structures as well as particular chemical bonding features are suggested here to act as precursors for new composite materials with attractive catalytic properties. Al2Pt combines a characteristic inorganic crystal structure (anti‐fluorite type) and a strongly polar chemical bonding with the advantage of elemental platinum in terms of stability against dissolution under OER conditions. We describe here the unforeseen performance of a surface nanocomposite architecture resulting from the self‐organized transformation of the bulk intermetallic precursor Al2Pt in OER.
Gold(I)/Gold(III) Catalysis that Merges Oxidative Addition and π‐Alkene Activation
Authors: Rigoulet Mathilde , Thillaye du Boullay Olivier , Amgoune Abderrahmane , Bourissou Didier
Published: May 2020

Heteroarylation of alkenes with aryl iodides was efficiently achieved with a (MeDalphos)AuCl complex through AuI/AuIIIcatalysis. The possibility to combine oxidative addition of aryl iodides and π‐activation of alkenes at gold is demonstrated for the first time. The reaction is robust and general (>30 examples including internal alkenes, 5‐, 6‐, and 7‐membered rings). It is regioselective and leads exclusively totransaddition products. The (P,N) gold complex is most efficient with electron‐rich aryl substrates, which are troublesome with alternative photoredox/oxidative approaches. In addition, it provides a very unusual switch in regioselectivity from 5‐exoto 6‐endocyclization between the Z and E isomers of internal alkenols.
A tandem ionic liquid‐based dispersive microextraction method using in‐syringe air‐assisted vesicle system for rapid determination of lead and cadmium in artificial sweat extract of facial cosmetic products
Authors: Akhtar Asma , Kazi Tasneem Gul , Afridi Hassan Imran , Baig Jameel Ahmed , Arain Mohammad Bilal
Published: May 2020

In the present study an innovative tandem ionic liquid‐based dispersive microextraction method using an in‐syringe air‐assisted vesicle system was developed to determine the ultra‐trace levels of lead (PbII) and cadmium (CdII) ions in synthetic sweat extract of branded and nonbranded facial cosmetic products. This method is based on injecting 2‐amino‐3‐sulfhydrylpropanoic acid (l‐cysteine) (as an eco‐friendly chelating agent), hexafluorophosphate ion [PF6−] (as an ion pair agent) and 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIM] [PF6] (as an acceptor phase) into the synthetic sweat extract of facial cosmetic products (branded and nonbranded). The acceleration of the dispersion process was carried out by rapid pressure in the syringe through the back‐and‐forth movement of plunger. The sediment phase was removed following centrifugation, and then hydrophobic complexes of analyte were back‐extracted into HNO3 and finally injected into a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Several factors were systematically optimized. The validity of the methodology was tested by analyzing spiked known standards of both metals in a real sample. The proposed method was applied to the artificial sweat extracts of face makeup products, indicating how much toxic metals from different cosmetics are directly absorbed into skin.
CoFly: A gene coexpression database for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Yanan , He Huaqin
Published: May 2020

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can be used as a model organism for studying various problems in biomedicine and pest management. A large number of fruit fly transcriptomes have been profiled in various cell types, tissues, development stages, toxicological exposures, and other conditions by microarray. Until now, there are still no database developed for exploring those precious data. Microarray data for 4,367 samples from National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus was collected, and analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis algorithm. Fifty one gene coexpression modules that are related to cell types, tissues, development stages, and other experimental conditions were identified. The high dimensional gene expression was reduced to tens of modules that were associated with experiments/traits, representing signatures for phenotypes. Six modules were enriched with genomic regions of clustered genes. Hub genes could also be screened by intramodule connectivity. By analyzing higher order module networks, we found that cell signaling modules are more connected than other modules. Module‐based gene function identification may help to discover novel gene function. An easy‐to‐use database was developed, which provides a new source for gene function study in the fruit fly (http://bioinformatics.fafu.edu.cn/fly/).
Quotas, and Anti‐discrimination Policies Relating to Autism in the EU: Scoping Review and Policy Mapping in Germany, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania
Authors: Bunt Danielle , van Kessel Robin , Hoekstra Rosa A. , Czabanowska Katarzyna , Brayne Carol , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Roman‐Urrestarazu Andres
Published: May 2020

The low employment rates of persons with Autism Spectrum Conditions in the European Union (EU) are partly due to discrimination. Member States have taken different approaches to increase the employment rate in the recent decades, including quota and anti‐discrimination legislation, however, the implications for people with autism are unknown. The purpose of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the history of these employment policies, from seven EU Member States (Germany, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom [prior to exit], Slovakia, Poland, and Romania), exploring the interdependence on international and EU policies, using a path dependency analysis. The results indicate that internationally a shift in focus has taken place in the direction of anti‐discrimination law, though employment quotas remained in place in six out of the seven Member States as a means to address employment of people with disability in combination with the new anti‐discrimination laws.

Lay summary

Discrimination is partially responsible for the low employment of people with autism. Several approaches have been taken in recent years, such as anti‐discrimination laws and setting a mandatory number of people with disabilities that need to be employed. This study finds that, internationally and in the European Union, the focus was initially on the use of quotas and gradually moved to anti‐discrimination, with both being used simultaneously. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1397–1417. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of human UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase enzymes by midostaurin and ruxolitinib: implications for drug–drug interactions
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wang Xiaoyu , Jia Yaqin , Yin Hang , Feng Yuyi , Jiang Lili , Cao Jun , Liu Yong
Published: May 2020

Cancer therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a rapidly developing field, and several TKIs have been reported to have an impact on the activities of UDP‐glucosyltransferases (UGTs), implying a potential risk for drug–drug interaction (DDI). Herein, we investigated the inhibitory effects of two commonly used TKIs, midostaurin and ruxolitinib, on human UGTs and quantitatively evaluated their DDI potential via UGT inhibition. It was found that midostaurin was a potent inhibitor of the majority of human UGTs, including UGT1A3, 1A4, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17, with IC50 values lower than 4 μM (IC50 0.0128–3.85 μM), while ruxolitinib exhibited weak inhibition towards the activity of almost all the tested UGT isoforms. Furthermore, based on reversible inhibition, the co‐administration of midostaurin at the clinical available dose was predicted to increase the plasma exposure to sensitive UGT1A3, 1A7, and 1A8 substrates by at least 61.4%, 25.6%, and 651%, respectively. In summary, our data identify that midostaurin is a potent inhibitor of the majority of human UGTs and may bring a potential risk of DDI via inhibition against UGT1A3, 1A7, and 1A8, while ruxolitinib cannot trigger UGT‐mediated DDI due to its weak inhibition towards UGTs.