bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migración internacional, remesas y desarrollo del mito a la realidad
Authors: Zamora Rodolfo García
Published: March 2021

Actualmente en América Latina las remesas sobrepasan los 60 mil millones de dólares anuales. Este flujo representa uno de los principales rubros de transferencias corrientes en la Balanza de Pagos, superando en muchos casos el ingreso derivado de los principales rubros de exportación y la inversión extranjera directa, a la vez que son muy superiores a los recursos derivados de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo. Estos volúmenes que han alcanzado las remesas, hacen que ellas se vuelvan no sólo visibles a los ojos de la sociedad, sino que las convierten en un importante tema de debate social, político y académico, en función de sus aparentes potencialidades como posible fuente de financiamiento del desarrollo local y regional (CANALES, A., 2008). [...]
Apresentação
Authors: Póvoa Neto Helion
Published: March 2021

Sendo este o terceiro número da Travessia – Revista do Migrante em seu novo formato, reiteramos que nossa publicação deixou de ter caráter monográfico. Ela passou a acolher contribuições sobre migrantes e migrações em geral, independentemente de especificação temática. Os textos submetidos continuam sujeitos a aprovação, pelo Conselho Editorial, e a periodicidade tornou-se semestral. [...]
Estratégias de inserção produtiva dos migrantes do sul do Brasil no Mato Grosso no período pós-1990
Authors: Desconsi Cristiano
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho trata do processo migratório do sul do Brasil para o Mato Grosso no período pós1990. Partimos do pressuposto de que este fluxo migratório apresenta uma heterogeneidade de grupos sociais com suas experiências que produzem relações que se modificam em cada período histórico. O objetivo central é analisar os caminhos e as estratégias de “entrada” no Mato Grosso desencadeadas pelos atuais pequenos proprietários rurais. A partir da análise das trajetórias, na primeira parte é construída uma contextualização que dialoga com o processo de desenvolvimento desencadeado na região; num segundo momento aprofunda a análise sobre a “chegada” desses atores sociais no Mato Grosso. Os atores sociais designados de “pequenos” se movimentam no ponto de destino buscando espaços de inserção produtiva e locais de residência. As lutas pelo acesso à terra e ao trabalho são centrais neste aspecto, exigindo dos atores uma avaliação constante de qual o “melhor lugar” para permanecer ou estabelecer nova etapa migratória.
Zingari
Authors: Póvoa Neto Helion
Published: March 2021

Em Roma, é praticamente impossível andar de metrô, de trem, de bonde, e não topar com eles. A atenção ao jornal ou à paisagem na janela é interrompida pela breve saudação em forte sotaque estrangeiro, ao mesmo tempo em que instrumentos musicais são retirados de mochilas e bolsas. Começam então a tocar e cantar em meio ao vagão, num espetáculo que precisa ser rápido, olhos e ouvidos atentos à possível intervenção da segurança do sistema de transportes, que quando os surpreende obriga a parar e a descer. [...]
A música sertaneja entre o pão e o circo
Authors: Martins José de Souza
Published: March 2021

Alguns equivocos cercam a existencia da chamada musica sertaneja como manifestacao cultural popular, que encerra, alem disso, algumas ciladas politicas. E comum o entendimento de que se trata da mais popular dentre as formas de expressao musical popular. Os divulgadores da musica sertaneja, que sao, geralmente, tambem, os seus manipuladores, costumam insistir na ideia de que se trata da musica brasileira mais genuina. Supoem e, sobretudo, querem fazer supor que se trata de musica autentica, originada do que existe de mais puro na sociedade brasileira, que seria o mundo rural. O engano e completo. Essas ideias encerram uma boa dose de mistificacao ideologica, na tentativa de fazer passar como popular e autentico o que e puramente industrial e inautentico. [...]
Relações familiares Parentesco, compadrio e migrações na modernidade capitalista no Brasil dos anos 1970
Authors: Resende Victor H. de
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo trata, por meio da análise de músicas do trio Sá, Rodrix & Guarabyra, e da dupla Sá & Guarabyra, das relações familiares, de parentesco e compadrio no contexto dos anos 1970 no Brasil. As músicas tornam-se fontes importantes para a análise do contexto das famílias, sobretudo das populações ribeirinhas que, durante aquela década, em meio ao processo de intensa urbanização, viram-se expulsas do meio rural pelas construções de barragens como parte do programa nacional de racionalização das terras e dos projetos de aumento do potencial hidrelétrico no país, dentro do regime autoritário do período em questão.
Sociedade Beneficente Brasil Unido
Authors: Carvalho Cristina Toledo de
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo apresenta os principais aspectos da política de amparo empreendida pela Sociedade Beneficente Brasil Unido, surgida, em 1950, em São Caetano do Sul, com o propósito precípuo de prestar assistência a migrantes nordestinos. Tal política concretizavase a partir de duas vias: a mutualista e a filantrópica. Enquanto a primeira era caracterizada por práticas representadas, basicamente, pela concessão de auxílios monetários a sócios da instituição, em casos de doença, dificuldades financeiras e desemprego, a segunda estava voltada para os não associados e consistia, principalmente, na disponibilização de abrigo, alimentação e providências para a obtenção de emprego, documentos e tratamentos médicos para os migrantes.
Cativos do Protocolo de Palermo
Authors: Meihy José Carlos Sebe Bom
Published: March 2021

O Protocolo de Palermo é um dos documentos mais importantes sobre o tráfico de pessoas, tema de grande importância no mundo globalizado. Com adesão de quase todos os países do mundo, o Protocolo, ainda que expresse avanços, guarda problemas que se refletem exatamente nos grupos que pretende proteger. A crítica maior a este documento decorre da distância entre os agentes emissores e as pessoas tratadas como “vítimas”. O tom oficial do enunciado do texto, além de submeter os implicados como “vítimas”, promove o aparato dos Estados como entidade salvadora única. A consequência mais evidente deste documento é a redução das “vítimas” como incapazes de gerenciar a própria vida. Desdobramento natural disto é a falta de sintonia entre as Polícias Federais e os envolvidos que padecem nas malhas do tráfico.
Apresentação
Authors: Cutti Dirceu
Published: March 2021

Nas visitas realizadas por estudantes e pesquisadores à biblioteca do CEM observa-se nitidamente como o foco de atenção volta-se, como se diz na gíria, “à bola da vez” no que concerne aos movimentos migratórios em nosso país. Na década de 1980 e começo dos anos 1990, a moda era estudar a migração dos nordestinos, seguida pelos deslocamentos em direção à fronteira agrícola, entre os quais mereceu destaque o dos brasiguaios. Repentinamente, como num cerrar e abrir de cortinas, no palco da academia despontaram estudos voltados para a emigração dos brasileiros e, paralelamente, com todo fôlego, ao concomitante processo inverso – o da imigração – particularmente dos bolivianos inseridos no ramo das confecções e, em menor grau, aos refugiados e/ou solicitantes de refúgio. Atualmente, quase desnecessário dizê-lo, pesquisar a imigração haitiana tornouse a coqueluche da vez.
Apresentação
Authors: Pereira José Carlos
Published: March 2021

Religião e migração, identidade, sociabilidade e preconceitos, crises e políticas migratórias são temas abordados nesta edição de Travessia. Dentre os textos consta um dossiê “Religião e Migração”, que nos leva a mergulhar fundo nas memórias de imigrantes, trazendo à superfície questões sobre conflitos étnicos, relações de gênero, religiosidade, que ocupam um lugar chave na compreensão de dinâmicas de reorganização e reelaboração de identidades nos processos migratórios.
Colombianos na Casa do Migrante, São Paulo (1997-2007)
Authors: Mejía Rafael Estrada
Published: March 2021

Este artigo analisa, do ponto de vista antropológico, a passagem pela Casa do Migrante de colombianos desterritorializados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, com base em dados estatísticos e demográficos extraídos de suas fichas cadastrais no CEM e complementados com observações etnográficas. Sustenta-se que esta desterritorialização é um processo geográfico e existencial. Aponta que este mesmo fenômeno, no caso colombiano, está estreitamente ligado a estados de guerra prolongados que geram os mais diversos tipos de resistência, desde reivindicações individuais e coletivas até a prática do rebusque.
As manifestações da cultura popular nordestina em Sorocaba - SP
Authors: Gomes Amanda Alves , Mariano Neusa de Fátima
Published: March 2021

Objetivou-se, nesse estudo, analisar espacialmente as manifestações da cultura nordestina presentes no município de Sorocaba, decorrentes de movimentos migratórios atraídos pela oportunidade de emprego local. Coube ao trabalho identificar parte desse cenário cultural nordestino na tentativa de se compreender os locais que abrange, bem como se estes permanecem uniformes ou fragmentados, homogêneos ou heterogêneos no cotidiano do migrante e do descendente nordestino. Buscou-se, ainda, entender a presença do CCTN (Centro Cultural de Tradições Nordestinas) de Sorocaba na vida dos migrantes e dos descendentes, bem como na política, na cultura e na sociedade local como um todo.
Padrões da família escrava
Authors: Marcílio Maria Luiza
Published: March 2021

Amontanhados em habitações coletivas, onde dormiam casados e solteiros, homens, mulheres e crianças em condições para os escravos estabelecerem famílias monogâmicas?[...]
Barriers to Blood Donation Among Mbarara University of Science and Technology Students.
Authors:   , Karugaba Henry , Nantongo Hanifah
Published: March 2021

Background:  Blood donation is the voluntary withdrawal of blood from an individual, after undergoing some medical screening in order to ensure the safety of both the donor and the recipient. Blood donation is crucial and indispensable in the medical process of saving lives. Globally, 112.5 million blood donations were made in 180 countries in 2013. Uganda needs at least 340,000 units of safe blood annually, but usually, only 200,000 units are collected yearly. Although massive blood donation campaigns are carried out to obtain blood, there is still more demand for blood within hospitals. Student populations are considered healthy, active, and receptive, thus, regarded as potential blood donors. This study sought to explore the barriers to blood donation among MUST students. Methodology:  A qualitative descriptive design was used in this study. A purposive sampling method was used to select respondents from different faculties at MUST. Four FGDs were employed in the study and data were collected using a focus group discussion guide. Inductive content analysis was used to analyze data. Results:  The study revealed different barriers to blood donation among students. Three broad themes were generated from the analysis; personal barriers related to blood donation, socio-cultural variations affecting blood donation, and the barriers concerning the blood donation process.  Conclusion and recommendations:  Although participants reported willingness to donate blood, it was found to be affected by barriers ranging from individuals related to the system/process in which blood is collected. Addressing these barriers may improve blood donation by MUST students.
MitmachX – Das Heft. Partizipation im Stadtlabor Chemnitz
Authors: Jäger Svenja , Freiermuth Mira , Gruhl Fanny , Storz Michael
Published: March 2021

MitmachX – das Heft ist der alternative Projektbericht für das Stadtlabor im Rahmen des BMBF–Projekts Mitmach_X (2019-2021). Ziel des Projekts war es zu untersuchen, wie es besser gelingt, Menschen an Prozessen zu beteiligen. In diesem Mitmach_Heft teilen wir unsere Erfahrungen. Dabei berichten wir nicht nur, wie unser Forschungsprojekt und die Ausgestaltung unser Projektphasen aussahen und sich weiterentwickelten, sondern laden auch dazu ein, unsere Methoden als Rezeptvorschläge zu verstehen und sich von ihnen zum Mitmachen und Nachmachen anregen zu lassen. In diesem Heft reflektieren wir — was das Zeug hält — über unsere Rolle, über den Ort des Stadtlabors, über den Kontext der Stadt, in der wir uns befinden, über die Methoden, die wir entwickelt und angewendet haben und natürlich darüber, welche Früchte diese getragen haben.
АНАЛИЗ И СИНТЕЗ СПОСОБОВ И СРЕДСТВ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СЕБЕСТОИМОСТИ ДАЛЬНОСТИ РЕЙСОВ И ЛЕТНОГО ЧАСА В СИСТЕМЕ АВИАПЕРЕВОЗОК
Authors: Майорова Екатерина , Серебрянникова Виктория
Published: March 2021

Проведен анализ способов и средств определения себестоимости дальности рейсов и летного часа в системе авиаперевозок. Показано, что этот показатель является основным для экономической оценки целесообразности приобретения воздушного судна (ВС) и эффективности от его эксплуатации не основных маршрутах. Установлены основные исходные показатели, необходимые для расчета себестоимости рейса и летного часа, включающие в себя две группы статей прямых затрат. К первой отнесены: аэропортовые расходы; затраты на оперативное техническое обслуживание ВС; расходы на авиационные горюче-смазочные материалы; аэронавигационные сборы; сборы за метеообеспечение; расходы на питание пассажиров и экипажей в рейсе; на содержание и питание экипажей в аэропортах, расходы на страхование пассажиров (грузов), а также отчисления агентствам. Ко второй группе прямых затрат отнесены статьи, зависящие от налета часов по типам ВС такие, как: амортизация планеров и авиадвигателей; затраты, связанные с лизингом воздушных судов; расходы на оплату труда летного состава и бортпроводников; начисления на заработную плату; расходы на периодическое техническое обслуживание воздушных судов; на капитальный ремонт ВС и авиадвигателей; расходы на страхование ВС, профессиональную ответственности и ответственность перед третьими лицами.
Development of an Internet of Things(IoT) Monitoring Framework for Assisted Agriculture
Authors: Shibu Sini , Naik Archana , Jain Ashish
Published: March 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) is the cutting edge technology which is going to create a lot of
opportunities in the near future. Development of Smart Devices that interact with the
environment and make intelligent decisions will make life easier for all. Improving agricultural productivity is essential for increasing profitability and meeting the rapidly growing demand for agricultural produce due to rapid population growth across the world. Agricultural productivity can be increased by understanding and forecasting crop performance which is presently done manually in our country. Crop recommendation is currently based on data collected in field-based agricultural studies that capture crop performance under a variety of conditions (e.g., soil quality and environmental conditions). Additionally, the quality of manually collected crop performance data is very low, because it does not take into account earlier conditions that have not been observed by the human operators. All this also consumes a lot of time and energy when done manually. Emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as IoT devices (e.g., wireless sensor networks, network-connected weather stations, cameras, and smart phones) can be used to collate vast amount of environmental and crop performance data, ranging from time series data from sensors, to spatial data from cameras,
to human observations collected and recorded via mobile smart phone applications. This data can then be analyzed to filter out invalid data and compute personalized crop recommendations for any specific agricultural land. In this paper, we propose to design and develop an IoT based Monitoring, Controlling and Decision Support framework that can automate the collection of environmental, soil, fertilization, and irrigation data; automatically correlate such data and filter-out invalid data from the perspective of assessing crop performance; and compute crop forecasts and personalized crop recommendations for any agricultural farm.
Halogen activation in the plume of Masaya volcano: field observations and box model investigations
Authors: Rüdiger Julian , Gutmann Alexandra , Bobrowski Nicole , Liotta Marcello , de Moor J. Maarten , Sander Rolf , Dinger Florian , Tirpitz Jan-Lukas , Ibarra Martha , Saballos Armando , Martínez María , Mendoza Elvis , Ferrufino Arnoldo , Stix John , Valdés Juan , Castro Jonathan M. , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Volcanic emissions are a source of halogens in the
atmosphere. Rapid reactions convert the initially emitted hydrogen halides
(HCl, HBr, and HI) into reactive species such as BrO, Br2, BrCl, ClO, OClO, and
IO. The activation reaction mechanisms in the plume consume ozone (O3),
which is entrained by ambient air that is mixed into the plume. In this study, we present
observations of the oxidation of bromine, chlorine, and iodine during the
first 11 min following emission, examining the plume from Santiago crater of the
Masaya volcano in Nicaragua. Two field campaigns were conducted: one in July
2016 and one in September 2016. The sum of the reactive species of each halogen was
determined by gas diffusion denuder sampling followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis,
whereas the total halogens and sulfur concentrations were obtained by
alkaline trap sampling with subsequent ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements. Both
ground and airborne sampling with an unoccupied aerial vehicle (carrying a
denuder sampler in combination with an electrochemical SO2 sensor) were
conducted at varying distances from the crater rim. The in situ measurements
were accompanied by remote sensing observations (differential optical absorption spectroscopy; DOAS). The reactive
fraction of bromine increased from 0.20 ± 0.13 at the crater rim to
0.76 ± 0.26 at 2.8 km downwind, whereas chlorine showed an increase in
the reactive fraction from (2.7 ± 0.7) × 10−4 to
(11 ± 3) × 10−4 in the first 750 m. Additionally, a
reactive iodine fraction of 0.3 at the crater rim and 0.9 at 2.8 km downwind was
measured. No significant change in BrO / SO2 molar ratios was observed
with the estimated age of the observed plume ranging from 1.4 to 11.1 min. This study presents a large complementary data set of different halogen
compounds at Masaya volcano that allowed for the quantification of reactive
bromine in the plume of Masaya volcano at different plume ages. With the
observed field data, a chemistry box model (Chemistry As A Boxmodel Application
Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere; CAABA/MECCA) allowed us to
reproduce the observed trend in the ratio of the reactive bromine to total
bromine ratio. An observed contribution of BrO to the reactive bromine
fraction of about 10 % was reproduced in the first few minutes of the
model run.
Stable isotopic composition of top consumers in Arctic cryoconite holes: revealing divergent roles in a supraglacial trophic network
Authors: Novotná Jaroměřská Tereza , Trubač Jakub , Zawierucha Krzysztof , Vondrovicová Lenka , Devetter Miloslav , Žárský Jakub D.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Arctic cryoconite holes represent highly biologically
active aquatic habitats on the glacier surface characterized by the dynamic
nature of their formation and functioning. The most common cryoconite apex
consumers are the cosmopolitan invertebrates – tardigrades and rotifers.
Several studies have highlighted the potential relevance of tardigrades and
rotifers to cryoconite holes' ecosystem functioning. However, due to the
dominant occurrence of prokaryotes, these consumers are usually out of the
major scope of most studies aimed at understanding biological processes on glaciers. The
aim of this descriptive study is to present pioneering data on isotopic
composition of tardigrades, rotifers and cryoconite from three High Arctic
glaciers in Svalbard and discuss their role in a cryoconite hole trophic
network. We found that tardigrades have lower δ15N values than
rotifers, which indicates different food requirements or different isotopic
fractionation of both consumers. The δ13C values revealed
differences between consumers and organic matter in cryoconite among
glaciers. However, the mechanistic explanation of these variations requires
further investigation focused on the particular diet of cryoconite consumers
and their isotopic ratio. Our study introduces the first observation of
carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic composition of top consumers in
cryoconite holes analysed by an improved method for cryoconite sample
processing, paving the way for further studies of the supraglacial trophic
network.
Geoelectrical imaging of subsurface discontinuities and heterogeneities using low-dimensional parameterizations
Authors: Förderer Aaron , Wellmann Florian , Wagner Florian
Published: March 2021

Geophysical imaging is subject to inherent non-uniqueness due to the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. To mitigate this, the solution is commonly subjected to regularization. Smoothing regularization is widely used in practice, but produces high-dimensional images without sharp contrasts between geological units. These tomograms stand in contrast to current implicit geological models, which are able to produce sharp subsurface interfaces with complex geometries using low-dimensional parametrizations. This work aims to bring together modelling concepts from geophysics and geology using the example of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).

An implicit geological model is used as the centerpiece of a 2D ERT inversion within a deterministic Gauss-Newton framework. The points that define the surfaces of the geological model are included into the model vector of the inverse problem along with a low-dimensional pilot point parametrization of the subsurface electrical resistivity. The point-based parameterization is translated to a triangular finite-element mesh to solve the geoelectrical forward problem. Sensitivities for the geological interfaces and resistivity parameters are efficiently calculated based on finite-differences and the reciprocity theorem, respectively. Each iteration step produces an update of both the geological interface as well as the parameter fields.

The approach converges to an updated geological model and a distribution of subsurface resistivity, which are in accordance with the measured data. The tomograms show sharply localized and realistic subsurface interfaces that are described by only a few parameters. While the imaging of small-scale heterogeneities is challenging and would require a locally increased number of pilot points, the current approach allows for the estimation of smoothly distributed heterogeneities. Further advantages of the approach lie in the improved integration of a-priori geological knowledge, the straightforward extension to 3D, and the applicability to other geophysical methods as well as joint inversion.
Statistical downscaling of GRACE products to improve spatial resolution
Authors: Sneeuw Nico , Vishwakarma Bramha Dutt , Zhang Jinwei
Published: March 2021

The satellite missions Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On record the change in the gravity field, which is then related to water mass redistribution near the Earth's surface and disseminated as monthly fields of Total Water Storage Change (TWSC). GRACE products effectively carry signal information only above spatial scales of about 300 km, which limits their application in regional hydrological applications. At present, several GRACE products are available at 0.5° or 1° grid cells, but they are only an interpolated version of the coarse resolution GRACE products and do not offer additional physical information. 

In this study we implement a statistical downscaling approach that assimilates high resolution TWSC fields from the WaterGAP hydrology model (WGHM), precipitation fields from 3 models, evapotranspiration and runoff from 2 models, with GRACE data to improve its resolution. The downscaled product exploits dominant common statistical modes between all the datasets to inform the estimates of TWSC. An improvement in the spatial resolution is obtained from using WGHM that incorporates the geometry of various water compartments and simulates spatio-temporal changes in TWSC due to climate forcing, land use land cover change, and human intervention. Therefore, the downscaled product at a 0.5° grid is able to capture physical attributes of water compartments at a spatial resolution better than the available GRACE products. 
Large amplitude ion-acoustic waves observed in the solar wind by the Solar Orbiter
Authors: Pisa David , Soucek Jan , Santolik Ondrej , Maksimovic Milan , Horbury Timothy , Owen Christopher ,   SolO  RPW, MAG, and SWA instrument teams
Published: March 2021

Electric field observations of the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) receiver, a part of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument onboard Solar Orbiter, often exhibit very intense broadband emissions at frequencies below 10 kHz in the spacecraft frame. The RPW instrument has been operating almost continuously during the commissioning phase of the mission from March to May, the first perihelion in June, and through the first flyby of Venus in late December 2020. Nearly a year of observations allow us to perform a statistical study of ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind covering an interval of heliocentric distances between 0.5 AU to 1 AU. The occurrence of low-frequency waves peaks around perihelion in June at distances of 0.5 AU and decreases with increasing distances, with only a few waves detected per day in late September at ~1 AU. A more detailed analysis of triggered waveform snapshots shows the typical wave frequency at about 3 kHz and wave power about 5e-2 mV2/m2. The distribution of the relative phase between two components of the projected E-field in the Spacecraft Reference Frame (SRF) shows a mostly linear wave polarization. These waves are interpreted as strongly Doppler-shifted ion-acoustic waves, generated by solar wind ion beams and often accompany large-scale solar wind structures. A detailed analysis of the Doppler-shift using solar wind data from a Proton and Alpha particle Sensor (PAS), a part of Solar Wind Analyzer (SWA), is done for several examples.
Building the tools to speed up the policy design cycle: letting policy makers work with hydrologic models themselves through eWaterCycle
Authors: van de Giesen Nick , Hut Rolf , Drost Niels ,   Netherlands eScience Centre
Published: March 2021

Building the tools to speed up the policy design cycle: letting policy makers work with hydrologic models themselves through eWaterCycle

 

Hydrologists are important experts that policy makers rely on when making water related decisions. Through policy briefs, often including scenario simulations, policy makers are informed about the consequences their (intended) policies (or lack thereof) will have.

 

In drafting policy briefs, or choosing which scenario to run, scientists inevitably make political decisions, from obvious ones (how to weigh the importance of one land use type over another) to more hidden ones (using Kling-Gupta efficiency, which focuses more on low flow, to calibrate a model instead of Nash-sutcliffe efficiency, which focuses more on high flows). Ideally one wants to design the policymaker - scientist interaction such that most political decisions are made by the policymaker, without requiring her/him to become an expert hydrologist in the process. Any remaining (inevitable) decisions made by the hydrologist should be as transparent as possible.

 

The eWaterCyle hydrologic research platform facilitates this type of policy maker - hydrologists interaction. Within the platform experiments such as scenario runs are Jupyter notebooks that a governmental data-scientist can construct without having to be an expert in the hydrological models used: these are stored in (OPEN and FAIR) containers. Interactive web applications  can be easily built on top of these notebooks using widgets, to allow the ultimate political decision maker to explore a broader range of policy options, instead of having to choose from a view of pre-run scenarios. 

 

We will present a few examples of how the eWaterCycle hydrological research platform can be used to support water-relevant policy decision making.
Unexpected abundance: Millepora corals in Late Pleistocene reefs of Egypt
Authors: Ivkić Angelina , Kroh Andreas , Mansour Abbas , Zuschin Martin
Published: March 2021

Coral reefs throughout the world are well known for the dominance of scleractinian corals. However, one group of hydrozoan corals can be very common in modern tropical coral reefs as well: Millepora, the fire coral. The modern Red Sea is particularly well known for its high abundances of Millepora, where the fire coral is dominant on current-exposed reefs. Yet, this hydrozoan has been described as rare in the fossil record throughout the world and the documented abundances in fossil reefs do not match the numbers from modern reefs. The main interpretation to explain this phenomenon so far has been a lower preservation potential of milleporids compared to scleractinians due to differences in skeletal structure.

During an investigation of six Eemian Egyptian reef sites (29 line intercept transects, typically of 20 m length) we found Millepora in 69% of the fossil reef transects. The abundances were comparable to the adjacent modern reefs (65.13% to 0.26%). Preservation of fossil Millepora was good to excellent and in some cases well-preserved pore characters allowed for identification to species level. Our findings seem to be in stark contrast to results and interpretations of earlier studies, which suggest that Millepora is very rare in the fossil record globally. To understand the reason for this mismatch, we compared the associated scleractinian fauna between fossil reefs with and without Millepora presence. Furthermore, as a differentiation between shallower habitats close to the reef edge and deeper habitats along the reef slope was possible, we were able to investigate habitat preferences. Porites abundances were higher in fossil reefs without Millepora. Based on a comparison with modern communities, this suggests that the exposure to water energy might be a decisive factor for Millepora presence in the fossil reef. Therefore, preservation and consecutive investigation of appropriate fire coral-habitats is a pre-requisite for valid comparisons.

Another factor for the mismatch between our results and earlier studies might be a difference in diagenetic conditions that allow preservation of hydrozoan skeletons in the fossil record. Preservation of the investigated Egyptian sites is favored by their young geological age and their geographic location in a desert climate, reducing dissolution by aggressive meteoric waters. Furthermore, the extremely high abundance of Millepora in modern Red Sea coral reefs may in part mitigate the lower preservation potential of the hydrozoan skeleton in comparison with that of scleractinian corals.
LIME: the Lunar Irradiance Model of the European Space Agency
Authors: Taylor Sarah , Adriaensen Stefan , Toledano Carlos , Barreto África , Woolliams Emma , Bouvet Marc
Published: March 2021

Absolute calibration of Earth observation sensors is key to ensuring long term stability and interoperability, essential for long term global climate records and forecasts. The Moon provides a photometrically stable calibration source, within the range of the Earth radiometric levels, and is free from atmospheric interference. However, to use this ideal calibration source, one must model the variation of its disk integrated irradiance resulting from changes in Sun-Earth-Moon geometries.

LIME, the Lunar Irradiance Model of the European Space Agency, is a new lunar irradiance model developed from ground-based observations acquired using a lunar photometer operating from the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory and Teide Peak, Tenerife. Approximately 300 lunar observations acquired between March 2018 and October 2020 currently contribute to the model, which builds on the widely-used ROLO (Robotic Lunar Observatory) model.

This presentation will outline the strategy used to derive LIME. First, the instrument was calibrated traceably to SI and characterised to determine its thermal sensitivity and its linearity over the wide dynamic range required. Second, the instrument was installed at the observatory, and nightly observations over a two-hour time window were extrapolated to provide top-of-atmosphere lunar irradiance using the Langley plot method. Third, these observations were combined to derive the model. Each of these steps includes a metrologically rigorous uncertainty analysis.

Comparisons to several EO sensors will be presented including Proba-V, Pleiades and Sentinel 3A and 3B, as well as a comparison to GIRO, the GSICS implementation   of the ROLO model. Initial results indicate LIME predicts 3% - 5% higher disk integrated lunar irradiance than the GIRO/ROLO model for the visible and near-infrared channels. The model has an expanded (k = 2) absolute radiometric uncertainty of ~2%, and it is expected that planned observations until at least 2024 will further constrain the model in subsequent updates.
Volcanic forcing of climate since 1850 in an interactive aerosol-chemistry-climate model
Authors: Aubry Thomas , Schmidt Anja , Harrow Alix , Walton Jeremy , Mulcahy Jane , O'Connor Fiona , Jones Colin , Rumbold Steven , Marshall Lauren , Abraham Luke
Published: March 2021

Reconstructions of volcanic aerosol forcing and its climatic impacts are undermined by uncertainties in both the models used to build these reconstructions as well as the proxy and observational records used to constrain those models. Reducing these uncertainties has been a priority and in particular, several modelling groups have developed interactive stratospheric aerosol models. Provided with an initial volcanic injection of sulfur dioxide, these models can interactively simulate the life cycle and optical properties of sulfate aerosols, and their effects on climate. In contrast, most climate models that took part in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP6) directly prescribe perturbations in atmospheric optical properties associated with an eruption. However, before the satellite era, the volcanic forcing dataset used for CMIP6 mostly relies on a relatively simple aerosol model and a volcanic sulfur inventory derived from ice-cores, both of which have substantial associated uncertainties.

In this study, we produced a new set of historical simulations using the UK Earth System Model UKESM1, with interactive stratospheric aerosol capability (referred to as interactive runs hereafter) instead of directly prescribing the CMIP6 volcanic forcing dataset as was done for CMIP6 (standard runs, hereafter). We used one of the most recent volcanic sulfur inventories as input for the interactive runs, in which aerosol properties are consistent with the model chemistry, microphysics and atmospheric components. We analyzed how the stratospheric aerosol optical depth, the radiative forcing and the climate response to volcanic eruptions differed between interactive and standard runs, and how these compare to observations and proxy records. In particular, we investigate in detail the differences in the response to the large-magnitude Krakatoa 1883 eruption between the two sets of runs. We also discuss differences for the 1979-2015 period where the forcing data in standard runs is directly constrained from satellite observations. Our results shed new light on uncertainties affecting the reconstruction of past volcanic forcing and highlight some of the benefits and disadvantages of using interactive stratospheric aerosol capabilities instead of a unique prescribed volcanic forcing dataset in CMIP’s historical runs.
Environmental exposure to Natural Asbestos Occurrences, a concern to human health: promotion of scientific knowledge for students and of people awareness.
Authors: Ricchiuti Claudia , Punturo Rosalda , Bloise Andrea , Fazio Eugenio , Lanzafame Gabriele
Published: March 2021

In the last decades, it has been widely demonstrated the risk to human health related to asbestos fibres exposure. Asbestos is a generic term used to indicate six fibrous silicate minerals belonging to serpentine (i.e. chrysotile) and amphibole (i.e. tremolite, actinolite, anthopyllite, amosite, crocidolite) groups (WHO, 1986; NIOSH 2008). Due to their physical properties, these minerals have been exploited to create Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACMs) and therefore, today are widely present in various parts of the globe. In the same way, asbestos fibres present in rocks and soils, or those that have not been extracted for commercial purposes (Natural Occurrence of Asbestos, NOA; Harper, 2008), are widespread in the environment (Virta, 2006; Ricchiuti et al., 2020). It is worth noting that human activities as well as weathering processes may promote the dispersion of fibres derived from NOA into the environment; moreover, despite nowadays asbestos has been banned by most countries over the world, it may be still found within artifacts and asbestos-bearing rocks  used as dimension stone.

In the present contribution, we present some educational activities aimed to schools and population with the purposes of: i) promoting the knowledge of natural asbestos fibres as natural hazards to students, as well as ii) sensitize the population to the natural asbestos issue and iii) increasing people’s awareness in environmental conservation, suggesting good practices for sustainable coexistence with natural resources.

To this aim, we also provide a summary of NOA distribution in the world and of the analytical techniques and methodological approach (i.e. OM, SEM-EDS, TEM-EDS, EPMA, XRPD, XRF, SR-µCT) mainly used for a full characterization of asbestos-containing rocks and soils.

Referencees

Harper, M., 2008, 10th Anniversary critical review: naturally occurring asbestos. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, v. 10, pp. 1394-1408

NIOSH, 2008, Current Intelligence Bulletin (June 2008-Revised Draft) Asbestos and Other Elongated Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research.

Ricchiuti, C., Bloise, A., Punturo, R.,  Occurrence of asbestos in soils: state of the art.  Episodes 2020;43:881-891.

Virta, R., 2006., Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption trends from 1900 through 2003. U.S. Geological Survery Circular 1298, 80 p.

WHO, 1986, Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres. Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 53, Geneva.
Modelling event scale rainfall erosivity across European climate regions 
Authors: Matthews Francis , Panagos Panos , Verstraeten Gert
Published: March 2021

The characteristics (magnitude and timing) of individual rainfall erosivity (RE) events in Europe strongly control soil loss at timescales from the individual event to long term annual average. While annual averages of soil erosion encompass the long-term variability of the event-based drivers of soil erosion (soil condition, water kinetic energy, vegetation properties), they provide both little direct information on the timing of soil loss or capacity to fully understand future erosion. Across the spectrum of empirical to physically based process models, event-scale estimates of rainfall energy are vital. The (R)USLE EI30 index is a popular description of the combined effect of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum 30-minute intensity of a rainfall event on soil loss. Modelling RE from daily or event rainfall accumulation seeks to capture the intra-annual meteorological controls on the EI30 index, with the goal of utilising rainfall data with higher abundance (eg daily) than conventional but less common hyetograph data. To date, no systematic study has provided model parameter surfaces for Europe’s climatic regions and investigated their spatial configuration. For each of 74 relevant environmental strata (EnS) within 13 broader environmental zones, we calibrate and validate 5 power-law based models with monthly and annual parameter sets using the REDES dataset, composed of over 300,000 RE events from national gauge networks.

We demonstrate the applicability of delineated environmental strata for subsampling and modelling event rainfall erosivity with heterogeneous national gauge data coverage and extent. Power-law model fits with 12 individual monthly parameter sets outperformed annual models with periodic cosine functions. The power-law α and β parameters are generally correlated through space (r = 0.66) and follow the general European trend of long-term annual average RE, increasing from North-West to South-East. The average annual Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency for all strata increased from 0.427 (max: 0.76, min: 0.21) to 0.437 when the top 1 percentile of events were removed, which contribute between 8 and 27% of the total RE per stratum. The prediction capacity was higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer when rainfall holds generally higher unit kinetic energy. Average model efficiency per environmental zone depended on both the rainfall stochasticity and size of the national data sample within each stratum, highlighting the importance of ample data extents for predicting event rainfall erosivity in Europe.
Combination of indicators for increasing irrigation sustainability. Definition of a Hydrosustainable Index.
Authors: Galindo Alejandro , Corell Mireia , Martín-Palomo María Jose , Carrillo Teresa , Girón Ignacio , Andreu Luís , Centeno Ana , Pérez-López David , Moriana Alfonso
Published: March 2021

The scarcity of natural resources around the world has obligated to consider the concept of sustainability in all human activities. Agriculture is not an exception, it is the activity where sustainability is more important, mainly in irrigated orchards. Sustainable water uses are commonly associated with a low water footprint. Water footprint works conclude that the main differences are in the water management at the orchard level. The olive orchard is located at an arid, water scarce location where irrigation water needs are very high and therefore the water footprint. However, an efficient, sustainable water use could be performed in these situations. The aim of this work is the design of an index (Hydrosustainable index, HydroSOS) to estimate the olive grower’s effort at orchard level for improving the sustainability of irrigated olive groves. HydroSOS marks a wide range of field activities link to irrigation management. All these are grouped into hydraulic and agronomic components. Each component has different levels and marks according to its relation to the increase in water sustainability. Irrigation scheduling components are the most valued in the index, though others such as water use efficiency, irrigation system, or soil management are also included.  Four different levels are considered in relation to the final mark. HydroSOS is designed as a dynamic index to improve the objectivity in the evaluation of grower’s effort in irrigation optimization. Two cases of study are presented in two superhigh density olive orchards. Although both orchards are very similar in applied water and climatic conditions, HydroSOS index separated in two very different classifications.
Analytical expressions for macrodispersion in three-dimensional Sub-Gaussian hydraulic conductivity fields
Authors: Ceresa Laura , Guadagnini Alberto , Riva Monica , Porta Giovanni
Published: March 2021

Subsurface flow and transport settings are typically characterized by spatial variability of the underlying hydro-geological attributes (e.g., permeability and porosity) and a high degree of uncertainty associated with data and model parameter estimates. In this context, we rely on a stochastic approach and analyse conservative solute transport taking place within three-dimensional, sub-Gaussian domains with isotropic, exponential correlation structure of the associated log-conductivity fields. The flow is uniform in the mean and driven by an imposed average head gradient. We present an analytical solution based on a small perturbation approach that allows assessing the temporal evolution of longitudinal and transverse macrodispersion. Similar to what is observed for Gaussian log-conductivity domains, these are seen to attain a (Fickian) asymptotic regime after the solute plume has travelled a sufficient number of conductivity correlation scales. We also derive closed-form analytical expressions for other statistical moments of interest (e.g., seepage velocity and particle displacement covariance) and benchmark these solutions against numerical Monte Carlo simulations for various degrees of domain heterogeneity. This enables us to assess the extent at which a small perturbation approximation can embed the key features of macrodispersion within three-dimensional sub-Gaussian conductivity fields of increasing heterogeneity levels. Our results suggest that, similar to what already observed for Gaussian fields, the analytical formulation fully captures the trend of longitudinal macrodispersion for values of log-conductivity variance smaller than the unity, the goodness of the results becoming worse as the variance increases. Our formulation also captures directional displacement and seepage velocity covariances, even though the degree of agreement with their numerical Monte Carlo counterparts rapidly deteriorates with increasing conductivity variance. Particularly refined numerical grids are required to capture the nugget effect exhibited by the analytical longitudinal velocity covariance, thus posing a challenge to assess the system behaviour at short distances.
Mesospheric Gravity Wave Momentum Flux Generated by a Thunderstorm System
Authors: Smith Steven , Setvák Martin , Yuri Beletsky Yuri , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Mendillo Michael
Published: March 2021

An extensive and bright mesospheric gravity wave event occurred over the El Leoncito Observatory, Argentina (31.8ºS, 69.3ºW) during the night of 17–18 March 2016. The wave structures were exhibited in the nightglow and were easily visible to naked eye observers, a phenomenon known as a Bright Night. Analysis of a combination of ground-based and space-based data sources indicated that the event was generated by a large thunderstorm complex located to the south-east of the observation site. The event was associated with very large values of wave momentum flux: 150–300 m2s-2, which is over an order of magnitude larger than typical. The routine seasonality of such thunderstorm systems suggests that they may contribute significantly to the role of upward coupling to the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. 
Timing of the VLF October effect in relation to mesospheric wind dynamics
Authors: Macotela E. Liliana , Pedatella Nicholas , Marsh Daniel , Clilverd Mark , Chau Jorge , Manninen Jyrki , Banys Daniela , Hansen Marc
Published: March 2021

The seasonal variation of the daytime lower ionosphere, monitored using the propagation of Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio waves, shows an asymmetry when comparing the spring and autumn transitions. Considering the solar zenith angle variation, it can explain the spring transition but not the autumn one. The climatological variation exposes that the maximum of the VLF deviation is around the beginning of October. Thus, the deviation is called “the October effect”. This study aims to understand the possible atmospheric phenomena behind this effect. We use VLF signals transmitted from USA (NAA, f = 24 kHz), UK (GQD, f=19.6 kHz) and Iceland (NRK, f = 37.5 kHz) recorded in Northern Finland from 2011 to 2019. We compare our results with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with the thermosphere-ionosphere eXtension (WACCM-X) data. The October effect is separated into climatological earliest and latest effect according to WACCM-X climatological earliest and latest transitions from eastward to westward mean zonal winds