bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfaction des visiteurs et comportement du personnel de contact
Authors: Valentini Tony , Castéran Herbert
Published: April 2016

Le comportement perçu du personnel joue un rôle majeur dans le secteur des services. Il recouvre traditionnellement quatre composantes (Chandon et al., 1997). Cet article vise à étudier les composantes du comportement perçu dans le secteur touristique et leur impact sur la satisfaction du touriste. Pour ce faire, un modèle tétraclasse permet d’étudier l’impact de la perception des différents aspects de la prestation (dont le comportement du personnel) sur la satisfaction.
Benchmarking , attraction et valeur touristique du territoire : une analyse par le secteur hôtelier français
Authors: Corne Aurélie , Botti Laurent
Published: April 2016

Le but de cet article est de proposer une analyse de la performance touristique des territoires via l’efficience du secteur hôtelier. 16 agglomérations françaises sont analysées à travers trois différentes catégories de l’hôtellerie, à savoir le super-économique, l’économique et le milieu de gamme. Un modèle DEA de type hiérarchique (Tone, 1997) est utilisé afin de tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité entre les segments et une technologie de production multi- inputs /multi- outputs est construite afin d’évaluer la performance relative du territoire touristique français. L’impact des attractions touristiques sur le niveau d’efficience du territoire est testé de façon empirique. Pour ce faire nous privilégions une approche fondée sur la régression (McDonald, 2009). Les résultats révèlent que la performance du secteur hôtelier français est expliquée par des attractions qui reposent sur des ressources naturelles (Beckendorff, 2006). Des implications et recommandations managériales sont alors proposées aux décideurs autour de l’attraction comme source de « valeur » d’un territoire touristique.
Laudato Si’ : La proposition d’une éthique écologique intégrale
Authors: Pian Christian
Published: April 2016

Laudato si , première encyclique sociale du pape François, se révèle originale de plusieurs points de vue qui sont examinés, à commencer par la façon dont elle se présente. Cette originalité est sans doute à la hauteur du défi qui suppose un tournant, des changements de paradigme et de comportement et, au final, une véritable conversion écologique qui est autant éthique que spirituelle et qu’il faut repérer. Mais, pour bien saisir la dynamique et la force de Laudato si , il est nécessaire d’honorer les six chapitres d’un long texte, ce à quoi l’on s’essaye. Les sources et références de ce texte sont aussi mises en évidence. On conclut, de façon nécessairement provisoire, sur la perspective de la réception de l’encyclique qui constituera elle-même sans doute un tournant dans le magistère social de l’Église catholique.
Le procéduralisme et la loi naturelle. Pour un approfondissement du débat Habermas-Ratzinger
Authors: Ndayambaje Juvénal
Published: April 2016

En 2004 eut lieu un débat entre Jürgen Habermas et le cardinal Joseph Ratzinger – devenu une année après le Pape Benoît XVI – portant sur les fondements normatifs de l’État libéral. Tandis que ces penseurs s’accordent sur bien des points, surtout sur l’apprentissage mutuel entre la raison et la religion, cet article voudrait souligner leurs divergences sur le thème principal du débat. Habermas défend une justification postmétaphysique de la légitimité du droit, alors que Ratzinger, même s’il affirme lui-même que l’idée de nature n’a plus de force argumentative, soutient que pour éloigner les pathologies de la raison et de la religion dans une société qui se mondialise, la légitimité du droit positif doit être fondée sur l’essence de l’homme. Après l’explicitation des présupposés philosophiques qui sont derrière la position de l’un et de l’autre interlocuteur, c’est-à-dire la pensée postmétaphysique pour Habermas et la doctrine de la loi naturelle pour Ratzinger, l’article interroge l’approche essentialiste de celui-ci sur les fondements prépolitiques d’une société libérale et entend montrer que le concept procédural de la légitimation du droit n’implique pas, en tant que tel, l’arbitraire du législateur comme le prétend Ratzinger.
The C-Terminal Acidic Region of Calreticulin Mediates Phosphatidylserine Binding and Apoptotic Cell Phagocytosis
Authors: Wijeyesakere Sanjeeva Joseph , Bedi Sukhmani Kaur , Huynh David , Raghavan Malini
Published: April 2016

Calreticulin is a calcium-binding chaperone that is normally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin is detectable on the surface of apoptotic cells under some apoptosis-inducing conditions, where it promotes the phagocytosis and immunogenicity of dying cells. However, the precise mechanism by which calreticulin, a soluble protein, localizes to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of dying cells is unknown, as are the molecular mechanisms that are relevant to calreticulin-induced cellular phagocytosis. Calreticulin comprises three distinct structural domains: a globular domain, an extended arm-like P-domain, and a C-terminal acidic region containing multiple low-affinity calcium binding sites. We show that calreticulin, via its C-terminal acidic region, preferentially interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS) compared with other phospholipids and that this interaction is calcium dependent. Additionally, exogenous calreticulin binds apoptotic cells via a higher-affinity calcium-dependent mode that is acidic region dependent. Exogenous calreticulin also binds live cells, including macrophages, via a second, lower-affinity P-domain and globular domain–dependent, but calcium-independent binding mode that likely involves its generic polypeptide binding site. Truncation constructs lacking the acidic region or arm-like P-domain of calreticulin are impaired in their abilities to induce apoptotic cell phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, the results of this investigation provide the first molecular insights into the phospholipid binding site of calreticulin as a key anchor point for the cell surface expression of calreticulin on apoptotic cells. These findings also support a role for calreticulin as a PS-bridging molecule that cooperates with other PS-binding factors to promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Target Density, Not Affinity or Avidity of Antigen Recognition, Determines Adoptive T Cell Therapy Outcomes in a Mouse Lymphoma Model
Authors: Segal Gabriela , Prato Sandro , Zehn Dietmar , Mintern Justine D. , Villadangos Jose A.
Published: April 2016

Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) with antitumor CTL is a promising and tailored treatment against cancer. We investigated the role played by the affinity and avidity of the interaction between the tumor and the CTL on the outcome of ACT against a mouse non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma that expresses OVA as a model neoantigen. ACT was assessed under conditions where antitumor CTL expressed TCR of varying affinity for OVA. We also assessed conditions where the avidity of Ag recognition varied because the lymphoma cells expressed high or low levels of OVA. Efficient eradication of small tumor burdens was achieved by high- or low-affinity CTL. Tumors expressing low levels of OVA could also be eliminated. However, ACT against large tumor burdens was unsuccessful, accompanied by CTL deletion and functional impairment. This negative outcome was not prevented by lowering the affinity of the CTL or the expression of OVA in the lymphoma. Thus, tumor burden, rather than CTL affinity or avidity, appears to be the main determinant of ACT outcomes in our lymphoma model. Insofar as our results can be extrapolated to the clinical setting, they imply that the range of CTL and tumor-associated Ag combinations that may be effectively harnessed in ACT against lymphoma may be wider than generally assumed. CTL expressing low-affinity TCR may be effective against lymphoma, and lowly expressed tumor-associated Ag should be considered as potential targets, but tumor reduction should always be implemented before infusion of the CTL.
Identification of Immune Effectors Essential to the Control of Primary and Secondary Intranasal Infection with Brucella melitensis in Mice
Authors: Hanot Mambres Delphine , Machelart Arnaud , Potemberg Georges , De Trez Carl , Ryffel Bernhard , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Muraille Eric
Published: April 2016

The mucosal immune system represents the first line of defense against Brucella infection in nature. We used genetically deficient mice to identify the lymphocytes and signaling pathways implicated in the control of primary and secondary intranasal infection with B. melitensis. Our analysis of primary infection demonstrated that the effectors implicated differ at the early and late stages and are dependent on the organ. TCR-δ, TAP1, and IL-17RA deficiency specifically affects early control of Brucella in the lungs, whereas MHC class II (MHCII) and IFN-γR deficiency impairs late control in the lungs, spleen, and liver. Interestingly, IL-12p35−/− mice display enhanced Brucella growth in the spleen but not in the lungs or liver. Secondary intranasal infections are efficiently contained in the lung. In contrast to an i.p. infectious model, in which IL-12p35, MHCII, and B cells are strictly required for the control of secondary infection, we observed that only TCR-β deficiency or simultaneous neutralization of IL-12p35– and IL-17A–dependent pathways impairs the memory protective response against a secondary intranasal infection. Protection is not affected by TCR-δ, MHCII, TAP1, B cell, IL-17RA, or IL-12p35 deficiency, suggesting that CD4+ and CD8+ α/β+ T cells are sufficient to mount a protective immune response and that an IL-17A–mediated response can compensate for the partial deficiency of an IFN-γ–mediated response to control a Brucella challenge. These findings demonstrate that the nature of the protective memory response depends closely on the route of infection and highlights the role of IFN-γ–and IL-17RA–mediated responses in the control of mucosal infection by Brucella.
Maternal Antibiotic Treatment Impacts Development of the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome and Antiviral Immunity
Authors: Gonzalez-Perez Gabriela , Hicks Allison L. , Tekieli Tessa M. , Radens Caleb M. , Williams Brent L. , Lamousé-Smith Esi S. N.
Published: April 2016

Microbial colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) begins at birth, is shaped by the maternal microbiota, and is profoundly altered by antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic treatment of mothers during pregnancy influences colonization of the GIT microbiota of their infants. The role of the GIT microbiota in regulating adaptive immune function against systemic viral infections during infancy remains undefined. We used a mouse model of perinatal antibiotic exposure to examine the effect of GIT microbial dysbiosis on infant CD8+ T cell–mediated antiviral immunity. Maternal antibiotic treatment/treated (MAT) during pregnancy and lactation resulted in profound alterations in the composition of the GIT microbiota in mothers and infants. Streptococcus spp. dominated the GIT microbiota of MAT mothers, whereas Enterococcus faecalis predominated within the MAT infant GIT. MAT infant mice subsequently exhibited increased and accelerated mortality following vaccinia virus infection. Ag-specific IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells were reduced in sublethally infected MAT infant mice. MAT CD8+ T cells from uninfected infant mice also demonstrated a reduced capacity to sustain IFN-γ production following in vitro activation. We additionally determined that control infant mice became more susceptible to infection if they were born in an animal facility using stricter standards of hygiene. These data indicate that undisturbed colonization and progression of the GIT microbiota during infancy are necessary to promote robust adaptive antiviral immune responses.
TNF-α and Macrophages Are Critical for Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Exacerbations in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Disease
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hiep , Maltby Steven , Simpson Jodie L. , Eyers Fiona , Baines Katherine J. , Gibson Peter G. , Foster Paul S. , Yang Ming
Published: April 2016

Viral respiratory infections trigger severe exacerbations of asthma, worsen disease symptoms, and impair lung function. To investigate the mechanisms underlying viral exacerbation, we established a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–induced exacerbation after allergen sensitization and challenge. RSV infection of OVA-sensitized/challenged BALB/c mice resulted in significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and macrophage and neutrophil lung infiltration. Exacerbation was accompanied by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, MCP-1, and keratinocyte-derived protein chemokine [KC]) compared with uninfected OVA-treated mice or OVA-treated mice exposed to UV-inactivated RSV. Dexamethasone treatment completely inhibited all features of allergic disease, including AHR and eosinophil infiltration, in uninfected OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. Conversely, dexamethasone treatment following RSV-induced exacerbation only partially suppressed AHR and failed to dampen macrophage and neutrophil infiltration or inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, MCP-1, and KC). This mimics clinical observations in patients with exacerbations, which is associated with increased neutrophils and often poorly responds to corticosteroid therapy. Interestingly, we also observed increased TNF-α levels in sputum samples from patients with neutrophilic asthma. Although RSV-induced exacerbation was resistant to steroid treatment, inhibition of TNF-α and MCP-1 function or depletion of macrophages suppressed features of disease, including AHR and macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. Our findings highlight critical roles for macrophages and inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α and MCP-1) in viral-induced exacerbation of asthma and suggest examination of these pathways as novel therapeutic approaches for disease management.
A Functionalized Sphingolipid Analogue for Studying Redistribution during Activation in Living T Cells
Authors: Collenburg Lena , Walter Tim , Burgert Anne , Müller Nora , Seibel Jürgen , Japtok Lukasz , Kleuser Burkhard , Sauer Markus , Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle
Published: April 2016

Sphingolipids are major components of the plasma membrane. In particular, ceramide serves as an essential building hub for complex sphingolipids, but also as an organizer of membrane domains segregating receptors and signalosomes. Sphingomyelin breakdown as a result of sphingomyelinase activation after ligation of a variety of receptors is the predominant source of ceramides released at the plasma membrane. This especially applies to T lymphocytes where formation of ceramide-enriched membrane microdomains modulates TCR signaling. Because ceramide release and redistribution occur very rapidly in response to receptor ligation, novel tools to further study these processes in living T cells are urgently needed. To meet this demand, we synthesized nontoxic, azido-functionalized ceramides allowing for bio-orthogonal click-reactions to fluorescently label incorporated ceramides, and thus investigate formation of ceramide-enriched domains. Azido-functionalized C6-ceramides were incorporated into and localized within plasma membrane microdomains and proximal vesicles in T cells. They segregated into clusters after TCR, and especially CD28 ligation, indicating efficient sorting into plasma membrane domains associated with T cell activation; this was abolished upon sphingomyelinase inhibition. Importantly, T cell activation was not abrogated upon incorporation of the compound, which was efficiently excluded from the immune synapse center as has previously been seen in Ab-based studies using fixed cells. Therefore, the functionalized ceramides are novel, highly potent tools to study the subcellular redistribution of ceramides in the course of T cell activation. Moreover, they will certainly also be generally applicable to studies addressing rapid stimulation-mediated ceramide release in living cells.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Chorioamnionitis Promotes IL-1–Dependent Inflammatory FOXP3+ CD4+ T Cells in the Fetal Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Rueda Cesar M. , Presicce Pietro , Jackson Courtney M. , Miller Lisa A. , Kallapur Suhas G. , Jobe Alan H. , Chougnet Claire A.
Published: April 2016

Chorioamnionitis is associated with preterm labor and fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), causing fetal organ injury and morbidity, particularly in extremely premature infants. However, the effects of inflammation on the fetal immune system remain poorly understood, due to the difficulty of studying immune development in infants. Therefore, we used the model of intra-amniotic LPS administered at ∼80% gestation in rhesus monkeys to cause chorioamnionitis and FIRS that is similar in human pathology. Importantly, the frequency of IL-17+ and IL-22+ CD4+ T cells increased in the spleen of LPS-exposed fetuses, whereas regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency decreased. These changes persisted for at least 48 h. Notably, Th17 cytokines were predominantly expressed by FOXP3+CD4+ T cells and not by their FOXP3− counterparts. Bifunctional IL-17+FOXP3+ exhibited a phenotype of inflammatory Tregs (RORcHigh/+, HeliosLow/−, IL-2+, IFN-γ+, and IL-8+) compared with typical FOXP3+ cells. Diminished splenic Treg frequency in LPS-exposed fetuses was associated with inadequate Treg generation in the thymus. Mechanistically, the emergence of inflammatory Tregs was largely dependent on IL-1 signaling. However, blockage of IL-1R signaling did not abolish the deleterious effects of LPS on Treg frequency in the thymus or spleen. Collectively, we demonstrate that a prenatal inflammatory environment leads to inadequate Treg generation in the thymus with a switch of splenic Tregs toward an inflammatory phenotype. Both processes likely contribute to the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis. Approaches to manipulate Treg numbers and function could thus be useful therapeutically to alleviate FIRS in preterm infants.
Repeatability in Color Measurements of a Spectrophotometer using Different Positioning Devices
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Qian Fang , Hemming Michael
Published: April 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability of color measurements of an intraoral spectrophotometer with the use of three different methods by two operators.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 teeth were obtained, comprising 30 human maxillary teeth [central incisors (n = 10); canines (n = 10); molars (n = 10)] and 30 artificial teeth [lateral incisors (n = 10); premolar (n = 20)]. Multiple repeated color measurements were obtained from each tooth using three measuring methods by each of the two operators. Five typodonts with alternating artificial and human teeth were made. Measurements were taken by two operators with the Vita EasyShade spectrophotometer using the custom tray (CT), custom jig (CJ) and free hand (FH) method, twice, at an interval of 2 to 7 days. Friedman test was used to detect difference among the three color measuring methods. Post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction applied was used for pair-wise comparison of color measurements among the three methods. Additionally, a paired-sample t-test was used to assess a significant difference between the two duplicated measurements made on the same tooth by the same operator for each color parameter and measuring method.

Results

For operator A, mean (SD) overall color change-ΔE* (SD) perceived for FH, CT and CJ were 2.21(2.00), 2.39 (1.58) and 2.86 (1.92), respectively. There was statistically significant difference in perceived ΔE* in FH vs CJ (p = 0.0107). However, there were no significant differences between FH and CT (p = 0.2829) or between CT and CJ (p = 0.1159). For operator mean ΔE* (SD) for FH, CT and CJ were 3.24 (3.46), 1.95 (1.19) and 2.45 (1.56), respectively. There was a significant difference between FH and CT (p = 0.0031). However, there were no statistically significant differences in ΔE* in FH vs CJ (p = 0.3696) or CT vs CJ (p = 0.0809).

Conclusion

The repeatability of color measurements was different among the three measuring methods by operators. Overall, the CT method worked well for both operators.

Clinical significance

The use of a custom tray with apertures can improve the repeatability of color measurements of an intraoral spectrophotometer.

How to cite this article

Hemming M, Kwon SR, Qian F. Repeatability in Color Measurements of a Spectrophotometer using Different Positioning Devices. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):933-938.
Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Kuga Milton Carlos , Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Ricci Weber Adad , Segalla José Cláudio Martins , Lima Suellen Nogueira Linares , Venção Ana Carolina , Magro Miriam Graziele , Guiotti Aimeé Maria , Jordão-Basso Keren Crisitina Fagundes
Published: April 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effect of 37% carbamide peroxide on the bond strength of conventional or resin-modified glass-ionomer cements when used as a cervical barrier in endodonticallytreated teeth.

Materials and methods

After root canal instrumentation and obturation, 40 specimens of the cement-enamel junction were obtained after transversal root canal sectioning from human extracted canines. The root canal specimens were standardized and filled with the following materials (n = 10, each group): G1: zinc phosphate (control), G2: Ketac glass-ionomer, G3: vitrebond glass-ionomer or G4: GC GL glass-ionomer. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to an application of 37% carbamide peroxide for 21 days, changed each 7 days and stored in an artificial pulp chamber. The specimens were then submitted to push-out bond strength testing with an electromechanical test machine (EMIC) and the failure mode in each specimen was analyzed with confocal microscopy (LEXT).

Results

G3 and G4 showed higher bond strengths values than the other groups (p < 0.05), and were similar to each other (p > 0.05). G1 showed the lowest bond strength value (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Glass-ionomer cements showed higher bond strength values than the zinc phosphate cement, and resinmodified glass-ionomer cements presented the highest push-out values to root canal dentin (GC, GL and Vitrebond).

Clinical significance

Glass ionomer cements are recommended to use as cervical barrier materials before the internal dental bleaching, but its efficiency is questionable.

How to cite this article

Lima SNL, Venção AC, Kuga MC, Magro MG, Guiotti AM, Segalla JCM, Jordão-Basso KCF, Ricci WA, Tonetto MR, Bandéca MC. Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):944-949.
The Periodontal Status and Associated Systemic Health Problems among an Elderly Population Attending the Outpatient Clinics of a Dental School
Authors: Jafer Mohammed
Published: April 2016

Aim

Periodontal diseases are associated with systemic health and health behaviors; the purpose of this study was to investigate periodontal health status and its association with systemic health and health behaviors in the elderly.

Materials and methods

Data was collected from 300 random Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dental school patient charts, aged 65 or higher. A modified WHO form was used to collect the date on: periodontal conditions using the community periodontal index (CPI), demographics, systemic health and certain health behaviors. Community periodontal index collected data for six sextants. Descriptive tests and bivariate analytic tests, Chi-square test and computation of odds ratio, investigated any association between certain periodontal conditions and demographic as well as systemic health attributes.

Results

In the study cohort, the average age was 73.7 ± 6.8 years. Moderate periodontitis (38.9%) was the most prevalent periodontal health condition, while severe periodontitis was the least prevalent periodontal health (6.1%). Nearly 30% of the cohort had healthy periodontium. Only insurance status was associated with healthy periodontium (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Moderate periodontitis was the most prevalent among the studied subjects. A positive association was found with the insurance status of the subjects and the healthy periodontium. No association was found between periodontal disease and smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

How to cite this article

Jafer M. The Periodontal Status and Associated Systemic Health Problems among an Elderly Population Attending the Outpatient Clinics of a Dental School. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):950-956.
Comparison of Bond Strength of Brackets with Foil Mesh and Laser Structure Base using Light Cure Composite Resin: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sanjay N , Girish KS , Rajesh RNG , Scindhia Rajath D , Kumar Sujay G , Rajesh Suchitra
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of the laser-etched base bracket, site of bond failure, and evaluate for enamel remnants on the bracket base after debonding, when compared to foil mesh base bracket.

Materials and methods

Sixty noncarious, human premolar extracted for the orthodontic treatment were used for this study. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups containing 30 teeth each, which were bonded with laser-etched base bracket and mesh base bracket using light cure resin. The tensile and mechanical bond strength was tested after 24 hours using TIRA. The forces recorded during debonding were measured in Newton and final readings were tabulated in megapascals (MPa).

After debonding, the amount of residual adhesive and enamel detachment on the bracket base were assessed according to adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel detachment index (EDI) using stereomicroscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.

Results

The laser-etched base bracket showed statistically significant higher results than mesh base bracket. Mann-Whitney test indicated that laser-etched base bracket had significantly higher tensile bond strength of 8.47 MPa (SD ± 0.84), fatigue strength of 7.75 MPa (SD ± 0.79) compared to mesh base bracket with tensile bond strength of 5.53 Mpa (SD ± 0.89) and fatigue strength of 5.17 MPa (SD ± 1.15).

Adhesive remnant index score indicated that laser-etched base bracket had ARI score of 3 for most of the bracket, when compared to mesh base bracket. This was statistically significant.

Enamel detachment index scores indicated that less than 10% of enamel detachment occurred in both the types of brackets, which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Laser-etched base bracket showed superior bond strength, when compared to the foil mesh base bracket. The site of bond failure of these laser-etched base bracket was at the interface of enamel-adhesive and did not induce any significant enamel detachment. Thus, we can conclude that laser-etched base bracket is a promising step toward achieving an ideal bracket base design for successful bonding.

How to cite this article

Rajesh RNG, Girish KS, Sanjay N, Scindhia RD, Kumar SG, Rajesh S. Comparison of Bond Strength of Brackets with Foil Mesh and Laser Structure Base using Light Cure Composite Resin: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):963-970.
The Role of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
Authors: Awan Kamran Habib
Published: April 2016

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) constitutes of a group of diseases that functionally affect the masticatory system, including the muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A number of etiologies with specific treatment have been identified, including the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). The current paper presents a literature review on the use of TENS in the management of TMD patients.

Temporomandibular joint disorder is very common disorder with approximately 75% of people showing some signs, while more than quarter (33%) having at least one symptom. An attempt to treat the pain should be made whenever possible. However, in cases with no defined etiology, starting with less intrusive and reversible techniques is prescribed. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is one such treatment modality, i.e. useful in the management of TMD. It comprises of controlled exposure of electrical current to the surface of skin, causing hyperactive muscles relaxation and decrease pain.

Although the value of TENS to manage chronic pain in TMD patients is still controversial, its role in utilization for masticatory muscle pain is significant. However, an accurate diagnosis is essential to minimize its insufficient use. Well-controlled randomized trials are needed to determine the utilization of TENS in the management of TMD patients.

How to cite this article

Awan KH, Patil S. The Role of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):984-986.
Educational Leadership and Motivation in the School Unit
Authors: Lekka E. , Brinia V. , Chatzipanagiotou P.
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the significance of the teachers’ motivation by the principal of their school and its correlation with the effectiveness of the school unit. The research was conducted in a sample of school principals with the method of the anonymous questionnaire. The sample was school principals whose schools are located in the Greek capital, Athens. The school principals have full awareness of the difficulties and the responsibilities that result from their multidimensional role in the Greek educational system. They believe, however, that they can achieve the goals of their school with a spirit of collaboration. 
Structural development and dorsoventral maturation of the medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Ray Saikat , Brecht Michael
Published: April 2016

We investigated the structural development of superficial-layers of medial entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum in rats. The grid-layout and cholinergic-innervation of calbindin-positive pyramidal-cells in layer-2 emerged around birth while reelin-positive stellate-cells were scattered throughout development. Layer-3 and parasubiculum neurons had a transient calbindin-expression, which declined with age. Early postnatally, layer-2 pyramidal but not stellate-cells co-localized with doublecortin – a marker of immature neurons – suggesting delayed functional-maturation of pyramidal-cells. Three observations indicated a dorsal-to-ventral maturation of entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum: (i) calbindin-expression in layer-3 neurons decreased progressively from dorsal-to-ventral, (ii) doublecortin in layer-2 calbindin-positive-patches disappeared dorsally before ventrally, and (iii) wolframin-expression emerged earlier in dorsal than ventral parasubiculum. The early appearance of calbindin-pyramidal-grid-organization in layer-2 suggests that this pattern is instructed by genetic information rather than experience. Superficial-layer-microcircuits mature earlier in dorsal entorhinal cortex, where small spatial-scales are represented. Maturation of ventral-entorhinal-microcircuits – representing larger spatial-scales – follows later around the onset of exploratory behavior.
Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results
Authors: Giersch Anne B.S. , Bieber Frederick R. , Dubuc Adrian M. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Ligon Azra H. , Mason‐Suares Heather , Morton Cynthia C. , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Xiao Sheng , Cin Paola Dal
Published: April 2016

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Center for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current “macros” or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a useful reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG‐banding, FISH, or chromosomal microarray). Multi‐specimen usage macros are included that can be applied to two or more specimen types. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic fracturing by successive coseismic loadings leads to pulverization in active fault zones
Authors: Aben F. M. , Doan M.‐L. , Mitchell T. M. , Toussaint R. , Reuschlé T. , Fondriest M. , Gratier J.‐P. , Renard F.
Published: April 2016

Previous studies show that pulverized rocks observed along large faults can be created by single high‐strain rate loadings in the laboratory, provided that the strain rate is higher than a certain pulverization threshold. Such loadings are analogous to large seismic events. In reality, pulverized rocks have been subject to numerous seismic events rather than one single event. Therefore, the effect of successive “milder” high‐strain rate loadings on the pulverization threshold is investigated by applying loading conditions below the initial pulverization threshold. Single and successive loading experiments were performed on quartz‐monzonite using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Damage‐dependent petrophysical properties and elastic moduli were monitored by applying incremental strains. Furthermore, it is shown that the pulverization threshold can be reduced by successive “milder” dynamic loadings from strain rates of ~180 s−1 to ~90 s−1. To do so, it is imperative that the rock experiences dynamic fracturing during the successive loadings prior to pulverization. Combined with loading conditions during an earthquake rupture event, the following generalized fault damage zone structure perpendicular to the fault will develop: furthest from the fault plane, there is a stationary outer boundary that bounds a zone of dynamically fractured rocks. Closer to the fault, a pulverization boundary delimits a band of pulverized rock. Consecutive seismic events will cause progressive broadening of the band of pulverized rocks, eventually creating a wider damage zone observed in mature faults.
Calibrating ground‐based microwave radiometers: Uncertainty and drifts
Authors: Küchler N. , Turner D. D. , Löhnert U. , Crewell S.
Published: April 2016

The quality of microwave radiometer (MWR) calibrations, including both the absolute radiometric accuracy and the spectral consistency, determines the accuracy of geophysical retrievals. The Microwave Radiometer Calibration Experiment (MiRaCalE) was conducted to evaluate the performance of MWR calibration techniques, especially of the so‐called Tipping Curve Calibrations (TCC) and Liquid Nitrogen Calibrations (LN2cal), by repeatedly calibrating a fourth‐generation Humidity and Temperature Profiler (HATPRO‐G4) that measures downwelling radiance between 20 GHz and 60 GHz. MiRaCalE revealed two major points to improve MWR calibrations: (i) the necessary repetition frequency for MWR calibration techniques to correct drifts, which ensures stable long‐term measurements; and (ii) the spectral consistency of control measurements of a well known reference is useful to estimate calibration accuracy. Besides, we determined the accuracy of the HATPRO's liquid nitrogen‐cooled blackbody's temperature. TCCs and LN2cals were found to agree within 0.5 K when observing the liquid nitrogen‐cooled blackbody with a physical temperature of 77 K. This agreement of two different calibration techniques suggests that the brightness temperature of the LN2 cooled blackbody is accurate within at least 0.5 K, which is a significant reduction of the uncertainties that have been assumed to vary between 0.6 K and 1.5 K when calibrating the HATPRO‐G4. The error propagation of both techniques was found to behave almost linearly, leading to maximum uncertainties of 0.7 K when observing a scene that is associated with a brightness temperature of 15 K.
Paleodust variability since the Last Glacial Maximum and implications for iron inputs to the ocean
Authors: Albani S. , Mahowald N. M. , Murphy L. N. , Raiswell R. , Moore J. K. , Anderson R. F. , McGee D. , Bradtmiller L. I. , Delmonte B. , Hesse P. P. , Mayewski P. A.
Published: April 2016

Changing climate conditions affect dust emissions and the global dust cycle, which in turn affects climate and biogeochemistry. In this study we use observationally constrained model reconstructions of the global dust cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum, combined with different simplified assumptions of atmospheric and sea ice processing of dust‐borne iron, to provide estimates of soluble iron deposition to the oceans. For different climate conditions, we discuss uncertainties in model‐based estimates of atmospheric processing and dust deposition to key oceanic regions, highlighting the large degree of uncertainty of this important variable for ocean biogeochemistry and the global carbon cycle. We also show the role of sea ice acting as a time buffer and processing agent, which results in a delayed and pulse‐like soluble iron release into the ocean during the melting season, with monthly peaks up to ~17 Gg/month released into the Southern Oceans during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
QBO modulation of the mesopause gravity wave momentum flux over Tierra del Fuego
Authors: de Wit R. J. , Janches D. , Fritts D. C. , Hibbins R. E.
Published: April 2016

The interannual variability of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) gravity wave momentum flux over southern midlatitudes (53.7°S) has been studied using more than 7 years of meteor radar observations at Río Grande, Argentina. A modulation, with periods similar to that of the equatorial stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), is observed in the vertical flux of zonal as well as meridional momentum. The QBO signal is largest in the zonal component during summer and is in phase with the stratospheric QBO at 50 hPa (∼21 km). The relation between the stratospheric QBO and the QBO modulation in the MLT gravity wave forcing (derived from the divergence of the momentum flux) was found to be consistent with that expected from the Holton‐Tan effect coupled to the interhemispheric coupling mechanism. These results provide the first observational support for the existence of the midlatitude gravity wave forcing anomalies as hypothesized in the interhemispheric coupling mechanism.
Construction of a Fish‐like Robot Based on High Performance Graphene/PVDF Bimorph Actuation Materials
Authors: Xiao Peishuang , Yi Ningbo , Zhang Tengfei , Huang Yi , Chang Huicong , Yang Yang , Zhou Ying , Chen Yongsheng
Published: April 2016

Smart actuators have many potential applications in various areas, so the development of novel actuation materials, with facile fabricating methods and excellent performances, are still urgent needs. In this work, a novel electromechanical bimorph actuator constituted by a graphene layer and a PVDF layer, is fabricated through a simple yet versatile solution approach. The bimorph actuator can deflect toward the graphene side under electrical stimulus, due to the differences in coefficient of thermal expansion between the two layers and the converse piezoelectric effect and electrostrictive property of the PVDF layer. Under low voltage stimulus, the actuator (length: 20 mm, width: 3 mm) can generate large actuation motion with a maximum deflection of about 14.0 mm within 0.262 s and produce high actuation stress (more than 312.7 MPa/g). The bimorph actuator also can display reversible swing behavior with long cycle life under high frequencies. on this basis, a fish‐like robot that can swim at the speed of 5.02 mm/s is designed and demonstrated. The designed graphene‐PVDF bimorph actuator exhibits the overall novel performance compared with many other electromechanical avtuators, and may contribute to the practical actuation applications of graphene‐based materials at a macro scale.
Functionalized metal‐organic polyhedra hybrid membranes for aromatic hydrocarbons recovery
Authors: Zhao Cui , Wang Naixin , Wang Lin , Sheng Shunan , Fan Hongwei , Yang Fan , Ji Shulan , Li Jian‐Rong , Yu Jiamei
Published: April 2016

Pervaporation membranes are potentially useful in the separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures. Wherein, the membrane material plays a key role. Herein, a series of functionalized metal‐organic polyhedra (MOPs)/hyperbranched polymer hybrid membranes are molecularly designed and fabricated for the recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons. The isostructural MOP molecules with different functional groups are uniform in shape/size and soluble in solvents, which enable them to disperse well and be compatible in/with the polymer. Pervaporation results demonstrated significant improvements of these membranes in separation performances. Particularly, the membrane with MOP‐SO3NanHm showed the separation factor of 8.03 and the permeation flux of 528 g/m2h for the recovery of toluene from its 50 wt % n‐heptane mixture, and those values are 8.4 and 540 g/m2h for benzene/cyclohexane mixture. We propose that the selectivity of these membranes is affected primarily by the polarity of functional groups in MOPs, which were further explained by the adsorption experiments and molecular simulations. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3706–3716, 2016
Magnetic quantum criticality in quasi‐one‐dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet
Authors: Shaginyan V. R. , Stephanovich V. A. , Popov K. G. , Kirichenko E. V. , Artamonov S. A.
Published: April 2016

We analyze exciting recent measurements [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (2015) 037202] of the magnetization, differential susceptibility and specific heat on one dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet Cu(C4H4N2)(NO3)2 (CuPzN) subjected to strong magnetic fields. Using the mapping between magnons (bosons) in CuPzN and fermions, we demonstrate that magnetic field tunes the insulator towards quantum critical point related to so‐called fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT) at which the resulting fermion effective mass diverges kinematically. We show that the FCQPT concept permits to reveal the scaling behavior of thermodynamic characteristics, describe the experimental results quantitatively, and derive for the first time the (temperature—magnetic field) phase diagram, that contains Landau‐Fermi‐liquid, crossover and non‐Fermi liquid parts, thus resembling that of heavy‐fermion compounds.
Exploring Integrated Geophysics and Geotechnics as a Paleolandscape Reconstruction Tool: Archaeological Prospection of (Prehistoric) Sites Buried Deeply below the Scheldt Polders (NW Belgium)
Authors: Verhegge Jeroen , Missiaen Tine , Crombé Philippe
Published: April 2016

During extensive construction works in Antwerp harbour, well preserved Late Glacial dune formations were discovered buried deeply below the Scheldt polders and covered by peat, organic matter (OM) rich clays and marine clayey to sandy sediments. First, coring based archaeological prospection strategies for evaluating prehistoric occupation levels in wetland landscapes are reviewed. Next, a more effective approach including near surface geophysical and geotechnical techniques is proposed and tested in Doelpolder Noord. The results indicate that high resolution electromagnetic induction survey at multiple coil spacing provides a suitable approximation of the prehistoric landscape variability but is challenged by variations in groundwater brackishness. Gridded cone penetration tests provide a solution in such cases and serve as an excellent interpretation tool for the conductivity data in general. Due to the required effort, electrical resistance imaging and shear wave land seismics were judged inefficient. Finally, a small dune with indications of paleosol conservation and estimated suitability for Final Palaeolithic to Early Neolithic occupation is sampled by Dutch hand augering and Sonic Drill Aqualock coring. Archaeological indicators for prehistoric occupation such as burnt bone and flint fragments were retrieved from these samples after sieving. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slingram EMI Devices for Characterizing Resistive Features Using Apparent Conductivity Measurements: check of the DualEM‐421S Instrument and Field Tests
Authors: Dabas Michel , Anest Antoine , Thiesson Julien , Tabbagh Alain
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the characterization of resistive archaeological targets and near surface structures by electromagnetic induction (EMI). It presents tests achieved with the DualEM‐421S instrument (Dualem Inc., Milton, Canada) in order to be able to quantitatively compare these measurements to the standard technique of direct‐current (d.c.) resistivity. The test was done over the Gallo‐roman site of Vieil‐Evreux in Normandy, France and one‐dimensional (1D) and three‐dimensional (3D) inversions were applied to the data set obtained.

We have first investigated the signal‐to‐noise ratio of each of the six DualEM receiver coils both in a static mode and for a quad‐pulled system. The dependence on the roll angle was also measured and it is shown that rotation of DualEM must be taken into account if the roll angle is more than ±10°. Absolute calibration and in‐phase/quadrature (out of phase) component discrimination was checked by measuring the response of a small conductive and non‐magnetic sphere. Several electromagnetic soundings by measuring the instrument response at different heights were done in order to check the quadrature (out‐of‐phase) response of the instrument. Inversions of these electromagnetic soundings were compared to d.c. vertical electric soundings (VESs) over four locations and found in accordance. Several maps using different coil configurations (HCP, VCP, PERP) and different heights were performed and inverted, both for a wide mesh (5 m) and for a finer one (0.5 m). The wide mesh allows a global and rapid description of the surface geology context (continuous d.c. measurements cannot deliver equivalent depth of investigation). The fine mesh conductivity maps clearly show the walls of afanum(temple) as well as other structures and prove that the DualEM‐421S is able to map correctly archaeological resistive targets. These maps and their interpretations were compared to previous results obtained by d.c. technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclodextrins as Protective Agents of Protein Aggregation: An Overview
Authors: Oliveri Valentina , Vecchio Graziella
Published: April 2016

Cyclodextrins are extensively used in different fields (e.g., catalysis, chromatography, pharma, supramolecular chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry), and their applications have been widely reviewed. Their main application in the field of pharmaceutical is as a drug carrier. This review overviews, for the first time, the use of cyclodextrins and their derivatives as antiaggregant agents in a number of proteins (e.g., amyloid‐β, insulin, recombinant human growth hormone, prion protein, transthyretin, and α‐synuclein) and some multimeric enzymes. There are many diseases that are correlated to protein misfolding and amyloid formation processes affecting numerous organs and tissues. There are over 30 different amyloid proteins and a number of corresponding diseases. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Treatment of these diseases is still a goal to reach, and many molecules are studied in this perspective. Cyclodextrins have also been studied, and they show great potential; as such, further studies could be very promising. This review aims to be a stimulus for the design of new cyclodextrin derivatives to obtain multifunctional systems with antiaggregant activity.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrazoles Bearing a Quaternary Stereocenter
Authors: Vila Carlos , Amr Fares Ibrahim , Blay Gonzalo , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R.
Published: April 2016

An efficient one‐pot asymmetric synthesis of pyrazoles bearing a chiral quaternary stereocenter has been developed. Quinine‐derived thiourea catalyzed the enantioselective addition of pyrazolones to isatin‐derived ketimines, providing the corresponding acetylated pyrazoles after in situ treatment with Ac2O/Et3N. The corresponding pyrazoles were afforded in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.