bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The positive effect of explicit positive evidence
Authors: Brandel Noa
Published: January 2022

The study investigates questions central to the field of second language (L2) acquisition and instruction: Does the first language (L1) influence the L2 grammar? Can wrong patterns be restructured? Is Universal Grammar accessible during L2 acquisition? And can L2 acquisition, rather than learning (in Krashen's sense), be triggered by explicit positive evidence (EPE), combining input flood with explicit emphasis upon target forms? Three properties associated with the Null Subject Parameter were inspected in two sixth-grade groups (L1-Hebrew, L2-English): thematic subject omission, expletive subject omission, and post-verbal subjects. During teaching, both groups were exposed to input flood of expletive subjects, but only in one group were expletives explicitly emphasized (EPE). A Hebrew-toEnglish translation-choice task tested the abovementioned properties pre-teaching, immediately post-teaching, and four months post-teaching. Shortly after teaching, the group which was explicitly taught improved significantly in rejecting ungrammatical null expletives and post-verbal subjects, but not null thematic subjects, thus indicating (partial) clustering. However, the improvement attained was not fully preserved four months later. The results show that shortterm exposure to EPE concerning a single property can apparently trigger change in another property, suggesting that learned knowledge can affect L2 competence, and that Universal Grammar plays a role in L2 acquisition.
Editorial
Authors: Benati Alessandro , Nuzzo Elena
Published: January 2022

Introduction to the special issue.
U.S. State Life Tables, 2019
Authors: Arias Elizabeth , Xu Jiaquan , Tejada-Vera Betzaida , Bastian Brigham
Published: January 2022

This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and District of Columbia by sex, based on 2019 age-specific death rates.
Recommender systems: Past, present, future
Authors: Jannach Dietmar , Pu Pearl , Ricci Francesco , Zanker Markus
Published: January 2022

The origins of modern recommender systems date back to the early 1990s when they were mainly applied experimentally to personal email and information filtering. Today, 30 years later, personalized recommendations are ubiquitous and research in this highly successful application area of AI is flourishing more than ever. Much of the research in the last decades was fueled by advances in machine learning technology. However, building a successful recommender system requires more than a clever general‐purpose algorithm. It requires an in‐depth understanding of the specifics of the application environment and the expected effects of the system on its users. Ultimately, making recommendations is a human‐computer interaction problem, where a computerized system supports users in information search or decision‐making contexts. This special issue contains a selection of papers reflecting this multi‐faceted nature of the problem and puts open research challenges in recommender systems to the forefront. It features articles on the latest learning technology, reflects on the human‐computer interaction aspects, reports on the use of recommender systems in practice, and it finally critically discusses our research methodology.
Progress in recommender systems research: Crisis? What crisis?
Authors: Cremonesi Paolo , Jannach Dietmar
Published: January 2022

Scholars in algorithmic recommender systems research have developed a largely standardized scientific method, where progress is claimed by showing that a new algorithm outperforms existing ones on or more accuracy measures. In theory, reproducing and thereby verifying such improvements is easy, as it merely involves the execution of the experiment code on the same data. However, as recent work shows, the reported progress is often only virtual, because of a number of issues related to (i) a lack of reproducibility, (ii) technical and theoretical flaws, and (iii) scholarship practices that are strongly prone to researcher biases. As a result, several recent works could show that the latest published algorithms actually do not outperform existing methods when evaluated independently. Despite these issues, we currently see no signs of a crisis, where researchers re‐think their scientific method, but rather a situation of stagnation, where researchers continue to focus on the same topics. In this paper, we discuss these issues, analyze their potential underlying reasons, and outline a set of guidelines to ensure progress in recommender systems research.
Preferences Single-Peaked on a Tree: Multiwinner Elections and Structural Results
Authors: Peters Dominik , Yu Lan , Chan Hau , Elkind Edith
Published: January 2022

A preference profile is single-peaked on a tree if the candidate set can be equipped with a tree structure so that the preferences of each voter are decreasing from their top candidate along all paths in the tree. This notion was introduced by Demange (1982), and subsequently Trick (1989b) described an efficient algorithm for deciding if a given profile is single-peaked on a tree. We study the complexity of multiwinner elections under several variants of the Chamberlin–Courant rule for preferences single-peaked on trees. We show that in this setting the egalitarian version of this rule admits a polynomial-time winner determination algorithm. For the utilitarian version, we prove that winner determination remains NP-hard for the Borda scoring function; indeed, this hardness results extends to a large family of scoring functions. However, a winning committee can be found in polynomial time if either the number of leaves or the number of internal vertices of the underlying tree is bounded by a constant. To benefit from these positive results, we need a procedure that can determine whether a given profile is single-peaked on a tree that has additional desirable properties (such as, e.g., a small number of leaves). To address this challenge, we develop a structural approach that enables us to compactly represent all trees with respect to which a given profile is single-peaked. We show how to use this representation to efficiently find the best tree for a given profile for use with our winner determination algorithms: Given a profile, we can efficiently find a tree with the minimum number of leaves, or a tree with the minimum number of internal vertices among trees on which the profile is single-peaked. We then explore the power and limitations of this framework: we develop polynomial-time algorithms to find trees with the smallest maximum degree, diameter, or pathwidth, but show that it is NP-hard to check whether a given profile is single-peaked on a tree that is isomorphic to a given tree, or on a regular tree.
Designing maxillofacial prostheses for bone reconstruction: an overview
Authors: Laghzali Oumaima , Nayak Gargi Shankar , Mouillard Flavien , Masson Patrick , Pourroy Geneviève , Palkowski Heinz , Carradò Adele
Published: January 2022

The craniomaxillofacial region contains several bones and serves to protect and support the area from the brain to the masticatory system. In this paper, the clinical and research aspects of craniomaxillofacial biomaterials are highlighted to serve as a guide into the wide world of their reconstructions. After a quick look into the anatomy, this review focuses on the causes of large bone defects in this region and how they influence the designing process of the implant. Since it is a large area to unfold, only the maxillary, the mandible and the temporomandibular joints are highlighted. Understanding the biomechanics of mandible and temporomandibular joints is quite important, as it strongly influences the choice of the biomaterial. Thus, the latest techniques implemented to understand the biomechanics of the mandible are also highlighted. By way of the finite-element analysis, a simulation can help identify the forces and the movements of the mandible and predict the possible outcome of the implantation influencing the choice of the biomaterial.
Evolution of earth pressure coefficient of sand undergoing varying rate of dissolution
Authors: Viswanath P. , Das A. , Buscarnera G.
Published: January 2022

In fluid-saturated granular materials, the physicochemical interaction between pore-fluids and grain minerals alters packing conditions, which in turn leads to stress change, deformation and, in extreme cases, even collapse. Chemical weathering, either naturally occurring or induced by human activities, is among such processes. This paper presents an experimental study illustrating the major effects of chemical weathering on the deformation and stress state of granular materials, emphasising particulate systems entirely made by highly soluble carbonate grains. Laboratory experiments are conducted by subjecting granular assemblies to acidic environments under oedometric conditions. The reaction rate is controlled by regulating various testing parameters, such as acid concentration and pore fluid flow rate. Experiments revealed that the lateral earth pressure steadily reduces in some cases, while others exhibit non-monotonic evolution. From a macroscopic standpoint, the rate of the chemical reaction was critical to determine the emergence of either of these trends. Such findings are relevant for any particulate system in which the stress conditions are controlled by multi-physical processes proceeding at different rates, such as waste products within bioreactors, gouge materials within faults and natural deposits subjected to the injection/extraction of reactive fluids.
Az innováció fókuszú digitális fejlesztésen alapuló stratégia
Authors: Porkoláb Imre , Hennel Sándor , Hegedűs Ernő
Published: January 2022

Napjaink VUCA környezetében a védelmi innováció stratégiai eszközzé vált. A jelentős informatikai bázisra épített, új típusú, a korábbinál jelentősen gyorsabb kutatás-fejlesztési folyamat – az innováció fókuszú digitális haditechnikai fejlesztés – a jövő amerikai katonai stratégiájának meghatározó elemévé válik. Az új fejlesztési módszertan hatása, hogy jelentős mértékben felgyorsul a haditechnika kutatás-fejlesztési projekt-ciklus, és ez nem csak a technológiai előny megragadására ad lehetőséget a közeljövőben, hanem arra is, hogy teljesen új fegyverrendszerek létrehozásával stratégiai meglepetéseket lehet okozni, illetve tartós stratégiai versenyelőnyt lehet fenntartani.
Az „ellenálló képesség”, mint a békeépítés eszköze
Authors: Novák-Varró Virág
Published: January 2022

Az „ellenálló képesség” békeműveletekben való kifejezett megjelenése az elmúlt néhány évre tehető csupán, ugyanakkor ez egy jelentős elmozdulást jelez a területen belül. A nemzetközi szervezetek, reagálva a 21. század megváltozott környezetére és az elmúlt évtizedek tapasztalataira egy új koncepcióval álltak elő. Az elképzelés szerint a helyi szereplők, erőforrások, intézmények megerősítése, támogatása révén lehet elérni az önfenntartó békét. Ehhez azonban a nemzetközi szervezeteknek is módosítaniuk kell a békeműveletekben betöltött szerepüket, hogy hatékonyan tudják támogatni a helyi kezdeményezéseket. Ebben az új koncepcióban kap kiemelt szerepet az egyes közösségek, országok ellenálló képessége, mely mintegy sarokkövét képezi az új típusú adaptív békeépítésnek.
Moduláris betonfal alkalmazási lehetőségei a robbanás elleni védelemben
Authors: Bakos Tamás , Ember István , Kugyela Lóránd
Published: January 2022

Napjainkban a robbanások elleni védelmi technológiák egyre nagyobb hangsúlyt kapnak, nem csak a katonai vagy ipari robbantástechnikában, hanem az épületek, építmények robbanások elleni védelmében is. A terrorista robbantások világméretű elterjedése, illetve a katonai és polgári robbantási feladatok biztonsági előírásainak szigorítása mind a különböző védelmi technológiák fejlesztésének, új védelmi technológiák meg- jelenésének irányába vezetett. Célunk megvizsgálni az építőiparban számos előnye miatt rohamosan terjedő, vasalat nélküli, moduláris betonelem-család védelmi célokra való felhasználhatóságát.
Nemzetközi versenyképesség a hadtudománnyal foglalkozó intézmények tudományos teljesítménye tükrében
Authors: Urbanovics Anna , Sasvári Péter
Published: January 2022

A hadtudomány fejlődése során – specifikus jellegéből adódóan – mindig is kiemelt szerepet töltött be a tudományok között. Egyszerre szolgálja adott állam innovációs potenciálját, valamint az állam katonai feladatainak tervezését. A nemzetközi tudományos versenyképesség növeléséhez érdemes megvizsgálni a külföldi hadtudománnyal foglakozó katonai (védelmi) egyetemeket és akadémiákat tudományos teljesítményük és kutatási portfóliójuk alapján. Az empirikus elemzést 12 egyetem bevonásával végeztük, a nemzetközileg magasan jegyzett (Scimago Journal Ranking-indexált) közleményeik alapján vetettük össze publikációs teljesítményüket. A vizsgált intézmények között találtunk olyanokat, amelyek nagy eséllyel pályázhatnának a QS World University Rankings és a Times Higher Education nemzetközi egyetemi rangsorokon való szereplésre is, míg a hazai hadtudományi kutatások – elsősorban a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem dominanciájával – ezen versenyképes intézmények-kel való együttműködések által növelhetné saját teljesítményét.
Ways to Improve the Performance of Investments in Real Estate for Individual Investors
Authors: Bedin Boris
Published: January 2022

The article discusses approaches to the problem of improving the performance of investments in real estate for individual investors, who are relevant for many countries, including Russia. The advantages and disadvantages of real estate as an investment object are analyzed; simple criteria characterizing the performance of real estate investments are defined. The possibilities of using various strategies for real estate investments in the market economy have been analyzed. The features of the Russian taxation system, which improve the performance of residential real estate investments for individual investors, are observed. The main ways to improve performance of residential real estate investments are considered. Statistical data and calculations confirming the relevance of the above methods of improving efficiency are presented. It is pointed out that there is a relationship between some measures of the state regulation of the economy and the performance of investments in real estate.
Improving the Quality Management System in the Locomotive Repair Shops of the Trans-Baikal Railway
Authors: Larchenko Elena , Eremenko Alexander , Bystrova Olga
Published: January 2022

In the context of high competition in railway transportation market, quality management is becoming an important prerequisite for attracting customers and meeting their needs, gaining and retaining market share and increasing work efficiency. The current quality management system at the locomotive repair shops has a number of drawbacks that result in long-term idle time of the rolling stock for maintenance or repair and significant expenses. The article deals with the problems of defining the concepts “quality management” and “quality improvement” for locomotive repair shops. The authors analyze the current QMS in the locomotive repair shops of the Trans-Baikal Railway, make a SWOT-analysis, and develop a number of measures and management decisions for improving the quality. An objectives tree for QMS and Ishikawa's Cause-and-Effect-Diagram of inconsistencies are used to determine problems in the locomotive repair shops and propose ways of eliminating inconsistencies in each element of QMS.
The Relationship Between the Need for Power and the System of Life Meanings in Modern Youth
Authors: Fontalova Natalya , Ryumkina Yulia
Published: January 2022

The article examines the relationship between the need for power and the system of life meanings among modern youth. The needs for power and the systems of life meanings of young men and women are compared. The theoretical basis of the research consists of scientific and theoretical approaches of psychologists to understanding the need for power, as well as approaches to the study of life meanings.
Theoretical research methods and techniques are analysis and systematization of psychological literature on the research problem. Empirical methods are survey and testing: methodology "Research of the system of life meanings" by V.Yu. Kotlyakov. The technique allows to determine the content of value system and the sequence of its representation in the system of life meanings. Methodology test questionnaire "Motive of power" by E.P. Ilyina is aimed to determine a person's ability to exercise their will despite the resistance of other people. Statistical methods are methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of empirical data.
As a result of the empirical study the authors formulated and proposed recommendations for psychological support of young people.
The results of the study made it possible to clarify the relationship between the need for power and the system of life meanings in modern youth.
Modern Solutions of HR-Logistics
Authors: Ertman Julia , Ertman Sergey , Styazhkina Irina
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the issues of personnel logistics. Such main provisions of HR-logistics as definition, goals, functional areas of management, the place and role of HR-logistics in enterprise management structures are considered. The analysis of modern solutions in the sphere of HR-logistics is carried out. The potentially productive principles of strategic partnership of enterprises-employers and universities acting as suppliers of the labor force are considered. Also, among the modern methods of HR-logistics, outsourcing technologies in personnel management, the approach and tools of sustainable logistics, tools for designing the labor process, a humanistic approach in the personnel motivation system, knowledge management methods are highlighted. HR logistics is of interest as an area for conducting scientific researches, and also, has a high potential for practical implementation at enterprises of various fields of activity.
Increasing Remuneration for Agricultural Workers in the Irkutsk Region as a Result of Increasing of Agricultural Production Efficiency
Authors: Savchenko Inna , Anikienko Nikolay , Savchenko Sergey
Published: January 2022

The provision of regions with local products will be achieved on the basis of increasing labor productivity in agriculture. Financial incentives of workers are of great importance. The article substantiates the need to increase labor productivity in agricultural production. The achieved productivity level of agricultural crops and livestock, as well as labor intensity of production according to product types are considered by the example of agricultural organizations of the Irkutsk region. The level of workers’ wages in agricultural production in the region within 2015–2019 is analyzed. The data on the wage share in the production cost and in the selling price are given. The ways of agricultural production development, such as increasing soil fertility, improving growing crops technology, providing high-performance equipment, improving labor management and remuneration, are considered. On the basis of the proposed measures, it is possible to increase the wage level of agricultural workers.
PR Technologies as a Tool to Manage Organizational Competitiveness
Authors: Arbatskaya Elena
Published: January 2022

The competitiveness of an organization, being one of the main conditions for its success in a competitive environment, is a current issue of modern research. In particular, the factors of an organizational competitiveness include its image and reputation. This study examined the essence of the concept of "image" and its relationship with the concept of "reputation". The study analyzed the content and the main properties of the image on the basis of which the value-cognitive, emotional-expressive and visual-activity components of the image were identified. The author proposed her classification of PR-technologies by areas of activity, suggesting their division into informative, event-based, and project-based PR-technologies. When comparing the proposed classification of PR technologies with the image components proposed in this study, the correlation was noted.
Taking into account the identified components of the image and the proposed classification of PR-technologies by areas of activity, a conceptual model of managing the image of an organization as a factor of its competitiveness was presented based on the use of PR-technologies as a set of techniques, methods, and tools used in building public relations.
Promising Aspects of Economic Development of Industry in the Siberian Regions of Russia
Authors: Samarukha Alexey , Savchenko Evgeny
Published: January 2022

According to many analysts, the modern digital technological transformation of the economy, both at the macro level and at the level of industrial enterprises, has a deep character and is aimed at establishing a new global economic structure. Programming at the level of international, climate, anti-pandemic, sanctional, technological, military-political and other agreements to reduce the level of production and consumption in accordance with the principles of sustainable development determines the prospect of transformations in industry, including in the raw materials sector. A significant part of the industrial companies of the Siberian regions belongs to the field of raw materials extraction, which forms new guidelines in the new technological conditions, both in personnel and technical areas. Large-scale introduction and application of a new generation of equipment that meets modern environmental standards requires accelerated training of a significant number of professional personnel. In fact, the education system, which should ensure the educational process of a high strategic status, both in scale and in terms of engineering and technical level, requires a systemic transformation based on the principles of digital technological innovations. The release of a significant number of workers, both representatives of the working professions and the intellectuals, which is happening and threatening to intensify, in the light of the ongoing contraction of the economy, will require the formation of millions of new jobs. This fillip, aimed at the development of small industrial forms of production of end-use goods, is able to provide employment for the population, as well as an increase in the level and quality of life in export-raw materials regions with the support from the state. The creation and development of engineering, technical and technological business franchises with the formation of a large retail network representing the goods of "industrial farms" are promising in this aspect. The upcoming steps of digital technological transformation require a comprehensive balanced scientific understanding, the development of appropriate justifications and recommendations.
Апробация русскоязычной версии опросника когнитивной и аффективной эмпатии
Authors: Окатова М.А.
Published: January 2022

В статье представлены результаты апробации Опросника когнитивной и аффективной эмпатии Р. Реньерс на русскоязычной выборке. В отличие от других направленных на диагностику эмпатии методик, доступных русскоязычному исследователю, данный оп­ро­сник демонстрирует хорошие психометрические показатели, а также пригоден для измерения как когнитивной, так и аффективной эмпатии. В исследовании приняли участие 788 человек в возрасте от 18 до 66 лет (M = 26, SD = 10.1; 707 женщин и 81 мужчина). Методом конфирматорного факторного анализа была подтверждена заявленная в оригинальной версии опросника факторная структура, обе проверенные модели демонстрируют удовлетворительный уровень соответствия данным. Шкалы методики показывают высокие значения надежности-согласованности, составляющие их субшкалы — удовлетворительные значения на­деж­ности-согласованности. Конвергентная валидность подтверждается наличием корреляций со шкалами эмоционального интеллекта, психопатии, макиавеллизма. Когнитивная эмпатия положительно связана со всеми субшкалами эмоционального интеллекта, аффективная эмпатия положительно связана с межличностным эмоциональным интеллектом, но отрицательно — с внутриличностным эмоциональным интеллектом. Психопатия и макиавеллизм отрицательно связаны с аффективной эмпатией и одной из субшкал когнитивной эмпатии. Женщины демонстрируют более высокий уровень аффективной эмпатии, чем мужчины, гендерных различий в уровне когнитивной эмпатии выявлено не было. Полученные результаты позволяют рассматривать предложенную версию методики в качестве инструмента оценки когнитивной и аффективной эмпатии. Наличие надежного и валидного русскоязычного инструмента диагностики эмпатии может расширить возможности практической и исследовательской деятельности, в том числе кросс-культурных исследований.
Использование метода модерируемого конфирматорного факторного анализа в исследовании нелинейных эффектов результатов интеллектуального тестирования
Authors: Корнеев А.А. , Кричевец А.Н. , Сугоняев К.В. , Ушаков Д.В.
Published: January 2022

Статья посвящена возможностям и огра­ни­чениям метода модерированного конфирматорного факторного анализа (MCFA) при исследованиях структуры интеллекта в контексте анализа закона убывающей отдачи Ч. Спир­мена (Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns, SLODR). В рамках работы с помощью MCFA проверяется простая однофакторная модель на больших выборках симулированных данных и реальных результатах тестирования интеллекта. Симулированные данные представляют большие наборы (око­ло 10 000 «респондентов» каждый) и моделируют несколько специфических ситуаций: эффект SLODR, гетероскедастичность остатков модели (увеличение ошибки с ростом общего фактора интеллекта), асимметрию распределения общего фактора интеллекта и большую плотность легких заданий в психометрической методике. Реальные данные, используемые в работе, — результаты тестирования 11 388 респондентов. Модель была оценена на каждом из наборов данных, в ка­честве модератора использовались факторные значения, полученные с помощью метода главных компонент, модерировались факторные нагрузки и ошибки модели как по отдельности, так и совместно. Результаты показали, что (1) одновременное модерирование факторных нагрузок и ошибок в модели может давать в некоторых случаях неадекватные результаты; (2) эффект SLODR может выражаться разными комбинациями асимметрии распределения факторных значений и возрастания дисперсий ошибок вдоль главного фактора; (3) в рамках классической психометрики различение реального эффекта SLODR и ложного, порожденного отбором респондентов, вероятно, невозможно; (4) два известных источника асимметрии распределений в тестировании интеллекта — неравная плотность заданий разной трудности и отбор респондентов — «в чистом виде» легко различаются, однако в реальных данных это сделать нелегко; (5) метод MCFA недостаточно прозрачен для прямых интерпретаций, показано, что модерация дисперсии ошибки может быть заменена анализом регрессионных остатков, а интерпретация модераций факторных нагрузок выигрывает, если сопровождается анализом асимметрий распределений переменных и факторных значений.
Отождествление-разотождествление с собой посредством Другого: парадокс самотождества Я
Authors: Старовойтенко Е.Б.
Published: January 2022

Проблемой данного исследования является обоснование достижения личностью самотождества Я на основе процессов отождествления и разотождествления с собой посредством значимого Другого, в рефлексивном диалоге с ним. При решении проблемы был применен персонологический подход, состоящий в последовательном построении и взаимном преломлении концептуальной, культурно-феноменологической и рефлексивно-диалогической моделей отождествления и разотождествления Я с собой в отношении к Другому. Исследование имеет междисциплинарный характер, основывается на отечественных и зарубежных источниках, релевантных изучению самотождества Я. Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования, проведенного методом рефлексивного интервью, посвященное изучению внутреннего диалога Я — Другой, предметом которого выступило качество респондентов «открытость опыту». Новизна исследования состоит, во-первых, в постановке вопроса о «самотождестве Я» в условиях парадоксально неразрывного единства отождествления-разотождествления с собой как противоположных «актов Я». Во-вторых, психологически осмысливается значение Другого в опосредовании актов отождествления и разотождествления Я с собой в рефлексивном диалоге Я — Другой. В-третьих, в существующее понимание генеза «диалогического Я» привносится идея «структуры измерений» внутреннего диалога Я — Другой, рассматриваемого как динамика отождествления-разотождествления Я с собой. В-четвертых, процессы отождествления и разотождествления с собой и достижение самотождества Я анализируются с точки зрения поиска и раскрытия Я-неизвестного. В-пятых, результатом проведенного эмпирического исследования является определение форм самотождества Я в аспекте качества «открытости опыту», зависящих от выраженности и динамики отождествления-разотождествления Я с собой посредством Другого. К этим формам относятся развивающееся, становящееся, противоречивое, ригидное и регрессирующее самотождество.
Экспликация критериев инсайта и обзор методов их измерения
Authors: Чистопольская А.В. , Савинова А.Д. , Лазарева Н.Ю.
Published: January 2022

В данной статье представлены обзор существующих подходов к исследованию феномена инсайта и экспликация его критериев. Авторами выделено два исследовательских подхода к инсайту: детекция инсайтности до решения и после решения мыслительных задач. Первый подход основан преимущественно на использовании формально инсайтных задач, включающих необходимость изменения репрезентации; всякое решение этих задач квалифицируется как инсайтное. Второй подход основан на использовании самоотчетов решателей при оценке решения различного типа задач, которые могут решаться инсайтно и неинсайтно (анаграмм, ребусов, пазлов, тестов отдаленных ассоциаций). Рассмотрены примеры исследований в рамках каждого подхода, проанализированы их преимущества и ограничения. Описаны объективные и субъективные параметры инсайта. Под субъективными параметрами понимаются различные формы самоотчетов решателей об их опыте инсайтного решения. Под объективными параметрами понимаются различные виды поведенческих и физиологических паттернов, сопровождающих инсайтное решение, но не зависящих от самоотчетов решателей. Было показано, что использование только одной группы параметров не позволяет однозначно квалифицировать инсайтность решения. На сегодняшний день в исследованиях чаще используются смешанные форматы, включающие объективные и субъективные параметры инсайта. В качестве перспектив исследования инсайта авторы предлагают подход самостоятельного формулирования критериев инсайта решателем; учет индивидуальных особенностей решателя как фактора детекции инсайтности решения; обучение испытуемых детекции инсайта и выработка у них генерализованных представлений об инсайтности решения вне зависимости от конкретной процедуры измерения.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Entrepreneurship in Germany
Authors:   Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fritsch Michael , Greve Maria ,   Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Wyrwich Michael ,   Friedrich Schiller University Jena,   Groningen University
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected not only incumbent firms, but also the emergence of start-ups. This paper investigates and analyzes the pandemic’s effect on new business formation, as well as business exits and insolvencies, in Germany. We find that the overall level of business registrations slightly decreased during the first year of the pandemic, but that the effect is specific to certain industries. Innovative manufacturing industries and technology-oriented services experienced an increase in the numbers of start-ups. High subsidies and a temporary suspension of important criteria obliging firms to declare insolvency weakened market selection resulting in fewer exits in 2020. The relaxation of insolvency regulations may lead to considerable numbers of ‘zombie’ firms. Generally, the pandemic re-enforced ongoing structural change, but also exerted specific effects that may be temporary in nature.
A First Year’s Impact of the Pandemic on the Czech Entrepreneurial Activity
Authors:   Prague University of Economics and Business, Dvouletý Ondřej
Published: January 2022

Every crisis affects entrepreneurial activity; for some entrepreneurs, it is an opportunity for a new start; others are forced to shut down their businesses. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the global coronavirus (so-called COVID-19) pandemic on Czech entrepreneurial activity. The article exploits the administrative data covering business demographics of seventy-seven Local Administrative Units (LAU1) regions over the years 2008-2020. Data were obtained from the Czech Statistical Office. The study provides insights into the short term effects of the pandemic, i.e. one year after. The results from the panel regression models and placebo tests comparing forecasted values of new businesses registrations and closures with actual values obtained after the end of 2020 do not show that there would be a significant drop in the Czech entrepreneurial activity. On the opposite, the data indicate that the Czech entrepreneurial activity grew and even increased compared with 2019. However, the obtained results need to be interpreted with caution, as many factors influenced Czech businesses’ development. Specifically, we mention the past economic growth, the introduction of public entrepreneurship and SME policy instruments and financial back-ups of the business owners. There are several implications of the conducted research. For instance, there is a need to observe the long-term effects of the pandemic on business demography and its structure. We propose to study changes in bankruptcy rates in the most harmed sectors such as tourism, hospitality, culture or sport and compare them with sectors that could easier transfer their business activities online.
Pandemic Challenges for the Technological Startups in the Russian Regions
Authors:   he Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Zemtsov Stepan , Chepurenko Alexander Chepurenko ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Mikhailov Alexander ,   he Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: January 2022

Technological startups help to adapt to the global risks and allow one to track future trends. This paper identifies the main trends and birth factors of new high-tech companies in the Russian regions during 2013-2020. In 2020, fewer than 10,000 startups were created, this number has been steadily declining (by 40% since 2015), especially during the pandemic (-21%). Most of the startups are concentrated in Moscow, the Moscow region, St Petersburg, and the largest metropolitan areas. The share of the Leningrad, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Lipetsk, Ulyanovsk, and Kaluga regions is growing due to the proactive policies of local authorities. Most startups are associated with knowledge-intensive services for business (B2B) and digital technologies. In 2020, their number increased in pharmaceuticals (about 100%) and in the production of medical devices (by about 30%).Based on the results of econometric analysis, start-up activity in Russia, analogous to countries with an established market economy, depends upon human capital concentration, market access, and a favorable business climate. Universities, through attracting students, especially those in STEM specialties, stimulate startup creation; although the share of university startups does not exceed one third of a percent. Budgetary and university expenditures on R&D are ineffective in terms of creating new companies. The influence of development institutions on start-up activity was not found, while clusters and technology parks have a weak effect. The growth of startups is lower in regions with a predominance of large organizations, as well as in resource centers. The latter may be one of the manifestations of the “resource curse”. Startup activity is stable over time and depends on the situation in neighboring regions, which limits the chances to change the situation by means of entrepreneurship support policy. During the pandemic, start-up activity decreased minimally in regions with large metropolitan areas and a high level of education. Recommendations include tools for establishing a more balanced cross-regional situation by implementing the model of an entrepreneurial university, an expansion of start-ups’ access to capital and markets, and the regionalization of entrepreneurship policies.
The Roots and Evolution of Nationalism in Indonesia
Authors:   Centre for the Promotion of Language and Learning Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sabah, Meng Lai Yew , Silva Maureen De ,   History Programme Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sabah
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia began at the dawn of the twentieth century, which ultimately led to the birth a new nation-state in 1949. The seeds of national consciousness were sown, and roots of Indonesian nationalism reached its apex during the Revolution (1945-49), manifesting most profoundly in the fight against the oppression of Dutch colonialism. The Revolution was central to the Indonesian republic’s perception of itself and has been influential in fostering nationalism during the post-independence period. This article examines the roots and evolution as well as dynamics and manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, throughout the different phases of Indonesia’s modern history. In doing so, it addresses three salient questions, namely i) how the seeds of national consciousness were sown; ii) what were the underlying factors/dynamics shaping the nature and development of nationalism; and iii) how nationalism and nationhood manifested in a geographically divided, ethno-culturally diverse state like Indonesia, whose citizenry has remained strongly attached to their traditional ethnological and adat communities. Emphasis is given to both stateoriented and popular manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, to highlight the state/elite-centric nature, and populist drive behind its discourses, agenda, and manifestations. Keywords: Indonesia; nationalism; national identity; state nationalism; popular nationalism
THE RELATION BETWEEN MRI CHANGES, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE AND BLOOD LIPID IN MIGRAINE PATIENTS
Authors: Ali Anmar , Omer Nazaneen , Mohammed Zana , Al-Bajalan Sarwer
Published: January 2022

Background 

Vascular-neuronal systems are highly affected by lipid levels, and migraine, associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) changes. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently been employed to evaluate headaches in patients with migraines.

Objectives 

This study investigates the relationship between MRI changes and blood lipid and CGRP levels in migraineurs

Materials and Methods

This case-control study was carried out on 93 patients with migraines and 30 healthy individuals in Shar Teaching Hospital from Oct. 2018 to Oct. 2019. Detailed history and clinical examination were conducted for all of the participants. Data including weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, and CGRP levels were collected. In addition, MRI was performed for all of the participants.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 33 years; 86% of them were females. Brain MRI lesions were detected in 22 (23.7%) of the patients vs 2 (6.7%) of the controls with significant differences (p=0.04). The lesions were observed on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) in 21 (22.6%) or T2 in 6(6.5%). No lesions were detected on T1 or diffusion-weighted images (DWI). There were no significant relationships between the MRI findings and the CGRP, lipid profile, FBG, or vitamin-D3 levels of the patients (p>0.05). Moreover, the patients and controls were comparable in their lipid profile, FBG, vitamin-D3, or CGRP levels (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Although MRI lesions were detected in a significant proportion of migraine patients, these findings were not significantly related to changes in CGRP and lipid profile levels.
FACTORS AFFECTING EARLY WEIGHT GAIN OF PRETERM BABIES ADMITTED IN SULAIMANI NEONATAL CARE UNIT
Authors: Ali Hevin , Hasan Adnan , Hussein Jamal
Published: January 2022

Background 
Prematurity is a term used for neonates born before 37 weeks of gestation; it is a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Preterm birth deprives the fetus of nutrient transfer in the third trimester, particularly amino acids, fats, and minerals. Preterm birth is therefore associated with significant nutritional deficits.
Objective 
To assess the weight change of neonates delivered prematurely and admitted to the neonatal care unit (NCU).
Patients and Methods
In a prospective study, 99 neonates who were delivered prematurely and admitted to NCU were included; antenatal and intrapartum history was taken, APGAR score, weight at the time of admission was taken. Then, at the 3rd, 7th, 10th, and 14th days of admission, weight was measured again. Finally, the amount of feeding was calculated based on the type of feeding, including breast milk, formula, and mixed.
Results
Weight loss can be seen with all types of feeding, but is more with breastfeeding (p< 0.05), the survival rate was highest among breastfed and mixed, however, more than 90% of formula milk neonates survived (p < 0.05). The correlation between gestational week and survival and discharge was significant. (P < 0.05). 
Conclusion 
Weight loss is more in babies receiving breast milk but least in neonates on formula feeding. Another factor, such as gestational age, might affect these findings. We need further research with a larger sample size and longer duration to estimate weight change in preterm neonates, including multiple centers.
ADEQUACY OF HEMODIALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL FAILURE IN SULAIMANI GOVERNORATE
Authors: Sharif Dana , Marif Nahida
Published: January 2022

Background 

Hemodialysis is one form of renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal failure. The adequacy of dialysis is an essential factor in reducing the various complications experienced by these patients.

Objectives 

To evaluate hemodialysis adequacy in seven dialysis centres of Sulaimani governorate investigate whether changing the dialysis shift to the morning session with nutritional support can improve the dialysis adequacy or not.

Patients and Methods

A prospective case-control interventional study on 135 patients on Hemodialysis during their regular schedules in seven centres in Sulaimani governorate from November 2018 to May 2019. 

We divided into groups A and B. Group A consisted of 109 patients named the control group. Group B consisted of 26 patients called the intervention group, where we changed their time of the dialysis session from the evening to the morning shift along with particular diet advice.

Results

The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 71 years. Sixty-one participants were males, and 74 were females. The mean clearance of urea per time over the volume of distribution KT/V in group A was 1.20 compared to 1.54 in group B. Similarly, in group A, the mean urea reduction ratio URR was 59.96, compared to 71.21 in group B. These were all statistically significant. 

Conclusion

Dialysis adequacy is sufficient in all dialysis centres in Sulaimani centres. The study showed that shifting the dialysis session to the morning with diet advice may further improve dialysis adequacy.
A Retrospective CBCT Survey on Severity and Pattern of Alveolar Bone Loss Among a Selected Sample in the City of Sulaimani,Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Ayob , Zardawi Faraedon , Gul Sarhang
Published: January 2022

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, distribution, and pattern of bone loss by using Cone beam Computed Tomography in relation to age and sex.  

Methods: The severity and pattern of bone loss were evaluated on four sites of teeth. The severity and pattern were measured on proximal aspects, estimated by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the remaining alveolar bone crest subtract 2mm. Furcation defect was determined and recorded as presence and absence, and the sample was divided into seven age groups from (18 –70 years).      

Results:  212 well-defined CBCT for 76 males, 136 females with a mean population age of 40.4 ±13.3. Height of bone inspected on 20620 sites; the study sample included 781 missing teeth with a mean of 3.68 ±4.53. The total population bone loss prevalence was 7.6 %,with a mean amount of 1.54 ± 1.48 mm. The highest frequency of bone loss was at distal surfaces and mesial surfaces for lower-mid sextant with higher frequency for horizontal rather than vertical patterns. A highly significant difference in the severity of bone loss was recorded between younger and older age groups. The highest amount of bone loss was for the buccal aspects of mandibular left sextant followed by mid and right sextant, 4.27± mm, 3.92± mm and 3.75± mm respectively, with no significant differences between male and female (P>0.05) (1.65±1.57 mm and1.48±1.44 mm).  

Conclusions: CBCT can be utilized as a helpful radiographic tool to interpret the amount, pattern, and distribution of periodontal bone loss and detection of furcation defects.
Bracket Removal and Enamel Polishing Procedures After Completion of Orthodontic Treatment; A Survey Among Iraqi Orthodontists
Authors: Mahmood Rawand , Mohsin Mahmoud
Published: January 2022

Objective: To survey the orthodontic debonding techniques in Iraq and describe the most commonly used methods to remove the brackets and adhesive remnants from the enamel surfaces.  

Methods: A questionnaire survey consisting of 9 questions about general information of the participants (gender, work location, duration of practicing orthodontics), bracket debonding methods, and instruments used was electronically sent to Iraqi orthodontists.      

Results: Overall, 91 orthodontists responded. 67% of participants found enamel damage after bracket removal. The most commonly used pliers for bracket debonding were bracket removal pliers (73.6%) and ligature cutters (23.1%). For adhesive removal, high-speed tungsten carbide burs were the most widely used technique for adhesive removal, followed by low-speed carbide burs and low-speed abrasive discs, respectively. The most frequently used instruments for polishing after debonding were rubber cups with pumice (40.65%).  

Conclusions: In the present survey, it is shown that bracket debonding pliers are the most commonly used pliers for bracket removal. High-speed tungsten carbide bur is the most utilized method for adhesive removal, rubber cup together with pumice is the most commonly used technique for tooth polishing.