bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negligible Unforced Historical Pattern Effect on Climate Feedback Strength Found in HadISST-Based AMIP Simulations
Authors: Lewis Nicholas , Mauritsen Thorsten
Published: August 2020

Recently it has been suggested that natural variability in sea surface temperature (SST) patterns over the historical period causes a low bias in estimates of climate sensitivity based on instrumental records, in addition to that suggested by time variation of the climate feedback parameter in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) coupled to dynamic oceans. This excess, unforced, historical “pattern effect” (the effect of evolving surface temperature patterns on climate feedback strength) has been found in simulations performed using GCMs driven by AMIPII SST and sea ice changes (amipPiForcing). Here we show, in both amipPiForcing experiments with one GCM and by using Green’s functions derived from another GCM, that whether such an unforced historical pattern effect is found depends on the underlying SST dataset used. When replacing the usual AMIPII SSTs with those from the HadISST1 dataset in amipPiForcing experiments, with sea ice changes unaltered, the first GCM indicates pattern effects that are indistinguishable from the forced pattern effect of the corresponding coupled GCM. Diagnosis of pattern effects using Green’s functions derived from the second GCM supports this result for five out of six non-AMIPII SST reconstruction datasets. Moreover, internal variability in coupled GCMs is rarely sufficient to account for an unforced historical pattern effect of even one-quarter the strength previously reported. The presented evidence indicates that, if unforced pattern effects have been as small over the historical record as our findings suggest, they are unlikely to significantly bias climate sensitivity estimates that are based on long-term instrumental observations and account for forced pattern effects obtained from GCMs.
Multi-Instrument Rainfall-Rate Estimation in the Peruvian Central Andes
Authors: Valdivia Jairo M. , Scipión Danny E. , Milla Marco , Silva Yamina
Published: August 2020

Agriculture is one of the main economic activities in the Peruvian Andes; rainwater alone irrigates more than 80% of the fields used for agriculture purposes. However, the cloud and rain generation mechanisms in the Andes still remain mostly unknown. In early 2014, the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) decided to intensify studies in the central Andes to better understand cloud microphysics; the Atmospheric Microphysics And Radiation Laboratory officially started operations in 2015 at IGP’s Huancayo Observatory. In this work, a Ka-band cloud profiler [cloud and precipitation profiler (MIRA-35c)], a UHF wind profiler [Clear-Air and Rainfall Estimation (CLAIRE)], and a VHF wind profiler [Boundary Layer and Tropospheric Radar (BLTR)] are used to estimate rainfall rate at different conditions. The height dependence of the drop size diameter versus the terminal velocity, obtained by the radars, in the central Andes (3350 m MSL) was evaluated. The estimates of rainfall rate are validated to ground measurements through a disdrometer [second-generation Particle, Size, and Velocity (PARSIVEL2)] and two rain gauges. The biases in the cumulative rainfall totals for the PARSIVEL2, MIRA-35c, and CLAIRE were 18%, 23%, and −32%, respectively, and their respective absolute biases were 19%, 36%, and 63%. These results suggest that a real-time calibration of the radars, MIRA-35c and CLAIRE, is necessary for better estimation of precipitation at the ground. They also show that the correction of the raindrop terminal fall velocity, obtained by separating the vertical wind velocity (BLTR), used in the estimation the raindrop diameter is not sufficient, especially in convective conditions.
Contestation in Participatory Budgeting: Spaces, Boundaries, and Agency
Authors: Holdo Markus
Published: August 2020

Local political leaders as well as international organizations have embraced participatory budgeting in response to problems of political exclusion and citizens’ dissatisfaction with representative democracy. This article provides a framework to highlight important aspects of the politics of participation. The framework allows scholars to explore how factors external to spaces of participation interact with aspects of participation within them. The framework conceptualizes participatory budgeting as political spaces, whose boundaries are shaped by ideologies, interests, and patterns of social exclusion. In dynamic spaces, such boundaries are constantly renegotiated and contestation helps maintain their openness. In static spaces, by contrast, predefined boundaries are imposed on participants who may accept or reject them. Empirical examples of participatory budgeting illustrate the usefulness of this framework. The article ends by discussing key avenues for further research.
Talking about Medication
Authors: Glick Robert Alan , Roose Steven P.
Published: August 2020

With the increasing use of psychotropic medication concomitant with psychoanalysis, attention must be given to the challenges created by complaints of medication side effects. When confronted with these side effects, analysts may experience specific, uniquely actualized countertransference anxieties that can prompt the abandonment of transference analysis. Particular countertransference fantasies that arise in combined treatments are examined, as are the reasons for the analyst's suspension of curiosity and openness and its clinical consequences. In these situations, effective analysis requires the analyst to be “bilingual,” to hold in mind both the analytic and the pharmacological model.
Reconstruction of Mastoid Cortex Defects with Hydroxyapatite Cement for Negative Sequelae of Mastoidectomy
Authors: Thomas Julia Marie Naman , Gluth Michael Brian
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

Mastoid cortex defects resulting from mastoidectomy surgery can rarely lead to negative sequelae, including unsightly post-auricular depression and discomfort. This study sought to evaluate the use of hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) to reconstruct mastoidectomy cortex defects.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review was undertaken for all patients that underwent reconstruction of the mastoid cortex using HAC at a single tertiary medical center between 2013 and 2019. Collected data included demographics, indications for mastoidectomy, complications, and associated symptom status.

Results:

Twenty-nine patients that underwent mastoid cortex repair using HAC were included, and ten of these underwent mastoid revision in a secondary procedure to reconstruct the mastoid cortex with a specific goal to eliminate negative signs and symptoms. There were no associated postoperative complications and no instances of post-auricular depression following repair. All cases of secondary reconstruction resolved the primary signs and symptoms that prompted mastoid revision.

Conclusions:

HAC mastoid cortex reconstruction may be a safe and effective method to resolve negative sequelae resulting from previous mastoidectomy defects. Also, upfront HAC mastoid cortex reconstruction appears viable in select instances as an option to prevent potential future complications.
General Complications after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Smokers: A 2005-2016 NSQIP Analysis
Authors: Teitelbaum Jordan I. , Grasse Catie , Quan Dennis , Abi Hachem Ralph , Goldstein Bradley J. , Hua Xiaoyang , Jang David W.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Exposure to cigarette smoke has been associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications across a variety of surgical specialties. However, it is unclear if smoking increases this risk after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Because complication rates after ESS are relatively low, a large national database allows for a statistically meaningful study of this topic.

Methods:

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) dataset from 2005 to 2016 was analyzed. Patients who underwent ESS were identified. Thirty-day postoperative complication rates between smokers and nonsmokers were compared. Complications included infection, thromboembolic events, reintubation, readmission, acute renal failure, and cardiovascular events.

Results:

921 patients who underwent ESS were identified. 182 (20%) were smokers and 739 (80%) were nonsmokers. 609 patients underwent outpatient ESS, while 312 patients underwent inpatient ESS. A total of 12 patients experienced postoperative surgical site infections involving the deeper tissues beyond the wound (organ/space SSI). On univariate analysis, smoking was associated with a higher incidence of organ/space SSI ( P = .0067) and pulmonary embolism ( P = .0321) after ESS. On multivariate logistic regression, smoking was associated with increased odds (4.495, 1.11- 8.17, P = .0347) of organ/space SSI after ESS.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates an association between exposure to cigarette smoke and potentially serious surgical site infections in the 30-day postoperative period after ESS. Our findings may help when counseling smokers who are considering ESS. Further study is required to understand the nature of these infections and ways to prevent them. Level of Evidence: 2c (“health outcomes”).
Displacement of a Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis Following Ossicular Chain Reconstruction
Authors: Govindan Aparna , Bahethi Rohini R. , Schwam Zachary G. , Wanna George B.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Herein we describe the diagnosis and management of total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) displacement following tympanoplasty with ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR).

Methods:

Case report with literature review.

Results/Case:

A 40-year-old male with otorrhea and tympanic membrane perforation underwent a right revision tympanoplasty with OCR using a TORP with a tragal chondroperichondrial graft. On postoperative day (POD) 4, he developed vertigo and profound right-sided hearing loss. Temporal bone computed tomography showed the prosthesis in the vestibule. After a steroid taper with mild improvement in symptoms, the TORP was removed two weeks later and the patient continued to improve.

Conclusion:

TORP displacement into the vestibule is a very rare complication following OCR. Conservative management with high dose steroids may improve symptoms, however further middle ear exploration and surgical management may be warranted depending on the depth of displacement into the inner ear as well as symptom severity.
Book review: Nachiket Chanchani, Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains: Architecture, Religion, and Nature in the Central Himalayas
Authors: Pande Vasudha
Published: August 2020

Nachiket Chanchani, Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains: Architecture, Religion, and Nature in the Central Himalayas, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019, 268 pp.
Promoting Participation in Local Natural Resource Management through Ecological Cultural Tourism: Case Study in Vam Nao Reservoir Area, An Giang Province, Vietnam
Authors: Huong Le Hue , Thuy Bui Loan , Phuong Linh Nguyen Thi
Published: August 2020

This paper focuses on local people’s participation in the development of ecological cultural tourism in the Vam Nao reservoir area of An Giang Province, located approximately 180 kilomteres southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Building on experiences of several countries on how to involve local people in natural resource management and ecotourism development, we interviewed 95 in-depth stakeholders related to natural resource management, tourism, environment, and people’s participation; distributed questionnaires to 340 tourists; and synthesised field survey data from 500 online visitor surveys. On the basis of analysis and evaluation of these materials, this paper suggests a new policy on tourism for An Giang provincial leaders involving preservation of local cultural values as support for ecological and cultural tourism in the studied area. In the last section, the paper makes recommendations for increasing community participation in areas similar to the one studied herein.
Delivery of urological services (telemedicine and urgent surgery) during COVID-19 lockdown: experience and lessons learnt from a university hospital in United Kingdom
Authors: Somani Bhaskar K , Pietropaolo Amelia , Coulter Primrose , Smith Julian
Published: August 2020

Background and aims

Our departmental planning for COVID-19 was actioned a week before the lockdown (13th March 2020). We look at a 7- week lockdown activity for all scheduled outpatient clinics and urgent procedures.

Methods and results

A total of 2361 outpatient clinic slots (52.6% oncology slots and 47.4% benign urology slots) were scheduled during this period. The oncology slots included 330 (26.5%) flexible cystoscopy, 555 (44.7%) prostate cancer and 357(28.8%) non-prostate cancer slots. The benign urology slots included 323 (28.8%) andrology, 193 (17.2%) stones and 603 (54%) lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) slots. Of the total oncology outpatient slots (n = 1242), 66.3% were virtual consultations, 20% were face-to-face and 13.6% were cancelled. Of the total benign outpatient slots (n = 1119), 81% were virtual consultations, 9.7% were face-to-face and 9.3% were cancelled. A total of 116 anaesthetic surgical procedures were carried out, of which 54 (46.5%) were oncological procedures, 18 (15.5%) were benign urological procedures, and 44 (38%) were diagnostic procedures.

Conclusions

Hospitals and urologists can benefit from the model used by our hospital to mitigate the impact and prioritise patients most in need of urgent care. Reorganisation and flexibility of healthcare delivery is paramount in these troubled times and will allow clinical activity without compromising patient safety.
Factors influencing alcohol use among female in-school adolescents in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Hlomani-Nyawasha Thokozani J , Meyer-Weitz Anna , Egbe Catherine O
Published: August 2020

The increasing levels and more frequent use of alcohol among females, especially those in younger age groups, is a worldwide concern. An in-depth understanding of this phenomenon is, however, limited. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing alcohol use among female adolescent students as guided by the ecological systems theory of Bronfenbrenner. Data were collected from 25 female high school students in Grade 9 in the Western Cape, South Africa, using five individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions with each group comprising 10 students. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicated that participants begin drinking at an early age and due to low self-esteem, which makes them prone to peer influence. Female adolescents are also influenced by various factors residing within the microsystem (family members and peers), mesosystem (lack of parental attention, weak mother-to-daughter relationship, influence of peers and dating partners), exosystem (media advertisement and lifestyle of celebrities), macrosystem (change in societal roles), and chronosystem (transition to higher education). Interventions are needed in schools to help female adolescents resist peer pressure and cope with the changing environment of high school. Also, parents should be educated on the influence of their drinking behaviour on their children in order for them to be more cautious when drinking at home. Adolescent students will benefit from educational materials on the harmfulness of alcohol use.
Blame Avoidance Strategies of Multiple Administrative Agencies During Policy Failure: A Case Study of Taiwan’s 2014 Waste Oil Scandal
Authors: Wang Hongwung , Tsai Yi-Ching
Published: August 2020

This study examines the blame avoidance (BA) strategies that may be adopted after policy failures of multiple agencies. A classification of agencies is proposed based on two factors: the amount of actual responsibility that an agency is obliged for, and the extent of an agency’s perceived responsibility. Agencies can thus be classified into four types, which may have different tactical goals and specific BA strategies that contradict other agencies’ goals, thereby leading to a complicated interaction between them. The results show that one of the three related agencies does not adopt suggested BA strategy and therefore fails to avoid blame.
Building integrated renewable energy
Authors: Lin Yaolin , Yang Wei , Hao Xiaoli , Yu Changxiong
Published: August 2020

About one-third of the primary energy in the world is consumed by buildings. A large amount of CO2 emission due to building energy consumption has threatened the sustainable development of the world. Improvement on the building energy performance, especially by integration with renewable energy resources has attracted interest worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emission to make our society more sustainable. This Special Issue on building integrated renewable energy was open to all contributors in the field of building energy efficiency. The original experimental studies, numerical simulations, and reviews in all aspects of renewable energy utilization, management, and optimization have been considered. In the event, all these topics were covered in the extensive submissions accepted, but interesting papers on other aspects of building energy efficiency were also received. The purpose of this editorial is to summarize the main research findings of accepted papers in this Special Issue, including the use of renewable energy and energy saving technologies in buildings and identify a number of research questions and research directions.
On the measurement of scientific leadership
Authors: Simoes Nadia , Crespo Nuno
Published: August 2020

The [Formula: see text] index was recently proposed to measure the degree of scientific leadership. While the concept is useful and interesting, namely, as a complement to the traditional performance analysis, the metric suffers from important shortcomings. We argue that scientific leadership should be evaluated: (1) taking into account information of the moment the paper is produced/published, and (2) in the specific context of the paper, meaning that only previous work relevant for the paper should be taken into account. Based on these two principles, we introduce an alternative approach, using self-citations as a source of information, which eliminates the shortcomings inherent to the [Formula: see text] index. The new measures proposed in this study can be used to complement the traditional performance assessment, namely, through the application of the h-index.
Right size matters! The ideal size of hybrid prosthesis in frozen elephant trunk
Authors: Idhrees Mohammed , Bashir Mohamad , Jakob Heinz
Published: August 2020

There is abundant of literature emerging to support the use of the frozen elephant trunk prosthesis, but there is still a lack of clear consensus on the sizing of the hybrid prosthesis. There is a general consensus that the stent should not be oversized in acute aortic dissection and chronic aortic dissection. Some surgeons consider that only the true lumen has to be measured while others argue that the entire diameter of the aorta has to be measured, and a few measure the aorta intraoperatively. In regards to thoracic aortic aneurysm, most surgeons oversize the stent-graft by 10% to 20%. A small device may not provide adequate sealing, whereas a larger device may cause new entry points distally. Hence, an appropriate device has to be selected for the optimal outcome.
Everolimus-induced pneumonitis in neuroendocrine neoplasms: correlation of CT findings and clinical signs
Authors: Fehrenbach Uli , Rodríguez-Laval Víctor , Jann Henning , Fernández Carmen M Pérez , Pavel Marianne , Denecke Timm
Published: August 2020

Background

Everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). A rare major adverse event is the occurrence of drug-induced pneumonitis.

Purpose

To evaluate the correlation between clinical signs and computed tomography (CT) findings in everolimus-induced pneumonitis in patients with NEN.

Material and Methods

Ninety patients with NEN treated with everolimus were retrospectively enrolled (approved by our Institutional Review Board). All patients received chest CTs before the initiation of everolimus and during the treatment along with physical examinations. Clinical signs of pneumonitis were scored (symptomatic score) according to CTCAE v5.0. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were evaluated if available. CT images were analyzed based on the severity of interstitial lung disease (ILD), the overall pneumonitis extent (PnE), and regarding presence of typical lung opacification patterns. Follow-up examinations of patients with pneumonitis were analyzed.

Results

Pneumonitis was diagnosed in 18 (20%) patients. There was no significant correlation between symptomatic score or PFT and ILD score or PnE. In case of a cryptogenic organizing pneumonia pattern (n = 14), symptomatic scores were significantly lower ( P = 0.035) than in case of other opacification patterns (n = 4). In the follow-up analysis, we could identify four different clinical courses.

Conclusion

CT detects everolimus-induced pneumonitis at a subclinical stage. In this setting, CT findings, clinical severity, and PFT do not clearly correlate. Opacification pattern analysis seems to be of importance when assessing the severity of CT findings. Asymptomatic patients with positive CT findings should be closely monitored to timely initiate specific treatment.
Risk factors associated with postoperative intensive care unit delirium in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation following acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Tian Huiyu , Chen Meiji , Yu Weiguang , Ma Qinying , Lu Peng , Zhang Jie , Jin Yujie , Wang Mingwei
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study was performed to determine the risk factors associated with intensive care unit delirium (ICUD) in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) secondary to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

Data involving 620 patients undergoing IMV secondary to acute exacerbation of COPD from 2009 to 2019 at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoint was the risk factors associated with developing ICUD. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify these risk factors.

Results

Of 620 patients, 93 (15.0%) developed ICUD. In the multivariable analysis, risk factors that were significantly associated with ICUD were increased age, male sex, alcoholism with active abstinence, current smoking, stage 3 acute kidney injury (AKI), and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of III.

Conclusion

This study showed that increasing age, male sex, alcoholism with active abstinence, current smoking, stage 3 AKI, and an ASA physical status of III might be associated with a risk of developing ICUD. Even if these risk factors are unaltered, they provide a target population for quality improvement initiatives.
Secondary headache attributed to exposure to or overuse of a substance
Authors: Toom Kati , Braschinsky Mark , Obermann Mark , Katsarava Zara
Published: August 2020

Background

Secondary headaches attributed to exposure to or the overuse of a substance are classified under chapter eight in the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition. Three distinct sub-chapters consider: 1. Headache attributed to exposure to a substance, 2. Medication overuse headache, and 3. Headache attributed to substance withdrawal. Headache attributed to exposure to a substance refers to a headache with onset immediately or within hours after the exposure, while medication overuse headache is a headache occurring on 15 or more days per month that has developed as a consequence of regular usage of acute headache medication(s) for more than three consecutive months in a patient with a pre-existing primary headache disorder. The withdrawal of caffeine, oestrogen, and opioids is most often associated with the development of headache.

Discussion

Despite the current headache classification, there is no certainty of a causal relationship between the use of any substance and the development of headache. Some substances are likely to provoke headache in patients that suffer from a primary headache disorder like migraine, tension-type headache or cluster headache, while others were described to cause headache even in people that generally do not get headaches. Toxic agents, such as carbon monoxide (CO) are difficult to investigate systematically, while other substances such as nitric oxide (NO) were specifically used to induce headache experimentally. If a patient with an underlying primary headache disorder develops a headache, in temporal relation to exposure to a substance, which is significantly worse than the usual headache it is considered secondary. This is even more the case if the headache phenotype is different from the usually experienced headache characteristics. Medication overuse headache is a well-described, distinct disease entity with only marginally understood pathophysiology and associated psychological factors. Managing medication overuse headache patients includes education, detoxification, prophylactic treatments and treating comorbidities, which is reflected in available guidelines. Viewing medication overuse headache as a separate entity helps clinicians and researchers better recognise, treat and study the disorder.

Conclusion

Identification of substances that may cause or trigger secondary headache is important in order to educate patients and health care professionals about potential effects of these substances and prevent unnecessary suffering, as well as deterioration in quality of life. Treatment in case of medication overuse and other chronic headache should be decisive and effective.
Brazilian Portuguese version of the Headache Disability Inventory: Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability
Authors: Pradela Juliana , Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora , Cristina Chaves Thais , Dach Fabiola , Ferreira Carvalho Gabriela
Published: August 2020

Background

The Headache Disability Inventory assesses the dimensions of headache disability, but it is not available in Brazilian Portuguese yet. We aimed to translate the Headache Disability Inventory into Brazilian Portuguese and analyze its measurement properties.

Methods

Consecutive patients with headaches diagnosed by expert neurologists as per the International Classification of Headache Disorders were included. For the cross-cultural adaptation, 30 individuals answered the translated Headache Disability Inventory version. The internal consistency was evaluated, and the structural validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis. For the construct validity assessment, 132 individuals answered the Headache Disability Inventory-Brazil, 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). After 1–3 weeks, 67 individuals again answered the Headache Disability Inventory-Brazil for the reliability assessment. The Pearson's correlation test, the intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement were analyzed.

Results

The pre-stage version of the questionnaire was considered as the final version. The Headache Disability Inventory-Brazil had an internal consistency of 0.84 and consisted of a functional, emotional and social participation domain (factor loads > 0.3). The internal consistency ranged from 0.81 to 0.93 for each of the three domains. For the construct validity, the Headache Disability Inventory-Brazil presented moderate correlation with the SF-12 (r = −0.70, p < 0.05) and with the HIT-6 (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.05). Its test-retest reliability was considered to be excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95) and the standard error of measurement was 2.26 points.

Conclusion

The Headache Disability Inventory-Brazil was successfully translated and culturally adapted to the Brazilian population. It can be used for the impact assessment of primary and secondary headaches with validity and reliability equivalent to its original version.
Laboratory Evaluation of Rubberized Binder and Mix Containing a Low Content of Devulcanized Rubber Modifier
Authors: Liang Yanlong , Jones David , Harvey John T. , Buscheck Jeffery
Published: August 2020

This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of rubberized asphalt binder and mix containing 5% and 10% rubber. This rubberized asphalt binder was manufactured in a field-blend process using devulcanized rubber particles, finer than 250 microns, derived from waste tires. Comparison between the rubberized binder and the base binder test results showed that the rubberized binders had higher complex moduli and lower phase angles at the grade temperature. They also had a higher percentage recovery in the multiple stress creep recovery test, and a significant creep stiffness reduction in the bending beam rheometer test. Given the low rubber content and small rubber particle size, this rubberized binder can be used in dense-graded mixes, whereas asphalt rubber binders, with larger rubber particles and higher rubber content (>15%), must be used in gap- or open-graded mixes. This rubberized dense-graded mix met the volumetric design criteria at the same binder content as the control mix prepared with the unmodified base binder. Laboratory tests on the mix included repeated load triaxial, Hamburg wheel track, flexural dynamic modulus, and beam fatigue. The rubberized mixes had slightly lower stiffnesses than the control mix, but better resistance to moisture damage, rutting, and fatigue cracking. A strong linear correlation was found between the carbonyl area index and the rheological properties of the long-term aged binder and fatigue life of the mixes. Based on these findings, these rubber-modified binders can be considered for use in dense-graded mixes to improve overall performance and make use of waste tires.
Using Performance Measures to Strengthen Public Involvement in Identifying Targeted Transportation Investments
Authors: O’Leary Amy A. , Miller John S. , Youngblood Rick D. , Cook David B. , Wynne Shelley L. , Cobb Tanya Denckla
Published: August 2020

An underreported element of performance-based planning is the use of performance measures to increase stakeholder involvement. This paper describes a corridor planning effort using FHWA’s PlanWorks decision-support tool in which selection of performance measures was used to engage community members and to create solutions for a highway corridor that had the backing of citizens and elected officials. At three discrete phases—setting the project scope, establishing measures, and identifying candidate solution sets—the number of performance measures decreased from 23 to 13 to four. Measures that initially seemed promising were discarded because of a lack of data, duplication of other metrics, and an inability to discriminate among alternatives, leaving measures without such drawbacks. Public support for solutions for the corridor in question was enhanced by relating performance measures directly to the goals of participants in the planning process (where goals followed from participants’ location-specific comments), asking participants midway through the process if their views were being heard, and selecting measures that directly related to project funding opportunities. After this process, a corridor that had been studied five times over two decades with no resolution of issues had a set of tangible, financially feasible candidate improvement projects supported by both the community and local government officials. Although refinements to this process are feasible—for example, tailor it to specific populations of interest and assess the public’s satisfaction—this paper demonstrates one approach to developing a set of small-scale improvements that partially satisfy diverse constituencies, resulting in a package of improvements that are ready for implementation.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hohmann Erik , Tetsworth Kevin , Glatt Vaida
Published: August 2020

Background:

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain. Corticosteroid injections are commonly used and proven to be effective, and lately platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used with mixed results.

Purpose:

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing intralesional injections of PRP and steroid infiltration.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:

A systematic review of Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar including all level 1 and 2 studies from 2010 to 2019 was perfomed. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society and visual analog scale for pain scores were used as outcome variables. Publication bias and risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration tools. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations system was used to assess the quality of the body of evidence. Heterogeneity was assessed with χ2 and I2 statistics.

Results:

Fifteen studies were included in the analysis. Nine studies had a high risk of bias. There was 1 study with high quality, 9 with moderate, 2 studies with low, and 3 with very low quality. The pooled estimate for the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score demonstrated nonsignificant differences at 1 month ( P = .4) and 3 months ( P = .076). At 6 months ( P = .009) and 12 months ( P = .009), it indicated significant differences in favor of PRP. The pooled estimate for visual analog scale demonstrated nonsignificant differences at 1 month ( P = .653). At 3 months ( P = .0001), 6 months ( P = .002), and 12 months ( P = .019), it yielded significant differences in favor of PRP.

Conclusion:

The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that PRP is superior to corticosteroid injections for pain control at 3 months and lasts up to 1 year. In the short term, there is no advantage of corticosteroid infiltration. However, the low study quality, high risk of bias, and different protocols for PRP preparation reduce the internal and external validity of these findings, and these results must be viewed with caution.
Risk Factors for Long-term Hip Osteoarthritis in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Without Surgical Intervention
Authors: Melugin Heath P. , Hale Rena F. , Zhou Jun , LaPrade Matthew , Bernard Christopher , Leland Devin , Levy Bruce A. , Krych Aaron J.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of hip pain and a known risk factor for hip osteoarthritis (OA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) at a young age. Unfortunately, little is known about the specific factors associated with an increased risk of OA.

Purpose:

To (1) report the overall rate of symptomatic hip OA and/or THA in patients with FAI without surgical intervention and (2) identify radiographic features and patient characteristics associated with hip OA.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A geographic database was used to identify all patients with hip pain and radiographs between 2000 and 2016. Chart review was performed to identify patients with FAI. Patient medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic information, clinical history, physical examination findings, imaging details, and treatment details. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the rate of hip OA. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine risk factors for OA.

Results:

The study included 952 patients (649 female; 303 male; 1104 total hips) with FAI. The majority of hips had mixed type (n = 785; 71.1%), 211 (19.1%) had pincer type, and 108 (9.8%) had cam type. Mean age at time of presentation was 27.6 ± 8.7 years. Mean follow-up time was 24.7 ± 12.5 years. The rate of OA was 13.5%. THA was performed in 4% of patients. Male sex, body mass index (BMI) greater than 29, and increased age were risk factors for OA (male sex: hazard ratio [HR], 2.28; P < .01; BMI >29: HR, 2.11; P < .01; per year of increased age: HR, 1.11; P < .01.). Smoking and diabetes mellitus were not significant risk factors. No radiographic morphological features were found to be significant risk factors for OA.

Conclusion:

At mean follow-up of 24.7 years, 14% of hips had symptomatic OA and 4% underwent THA. BMI greater than 29, male sex, and increased age at the time of presentation with hip pain were risk factors for hip OA. The cohort consisted of a large percentage of mixed-type FAI morphologies, and no specific radiographic risk factors for OA were identified.
“Latino” or “Hispanic”? The Sociodemographic Correlates of Panethnic Label Preferences among U.S. Latinos/Hispanics
Authors: Martínez Daniel E. , Gonzalez Kelsey E.
Published: August 2020

Despite different origins, “Hispanic” and “Latino” are often used interchangeably to describe people with Latin American ancestry in the United States. Nevertheless, research consistently finds around half of U.S. Latinos/Hispanics prefer one term over the other. What factors explain these differences and account for no preference at all? Drawing on the 2013 National Survey of Latinos, we find college graduates, non-Mexicans, and first- and second-generation immigrants, and respondents in the western United States have higher relative odds of preferring “Latino” over “Hispanic.” Those who identify racially as “Hispanic/Latino” also opt for “Latino,” suggesting it is associated with racialization in the U.S. context. Conversely, gender, citizenship status, language use, and political affiliation do not explain specific panethnic label preference. We employ several theoretical approaches to provide insight on these findings, including (neo)colonization and internal colonialism, assimilation and racialization, and consciousness-raising.
Proposal of a standard for 2D representation of bio-inspired lightweight lattice structures in drawings
Authors: Bacciaglia Antonio , Ceruti Alessandro , Liverani Alfredo
Published: August 2020

The interest of industrial companies for the Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology is growing year after year due to its capability of producing components with complex shapes that fit industrial engineering necessities better than traditionally manufactured parts. However, conventional Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software are often limited for the design and representation of complex geometries, especially when dealing with lattice structures: these are bio-inspired structures composed of repeated small elements, called struts, which are combined to shape a unit cell that is repeated across a domain. This design method generates a lightweight but stiff component. The scope of this work is to analyse the problem of the lattice structures representation in 2 D technical drawings and propose some contributions to support the development of Standards for their 2 D representation. This work is focused on the proposal of rules useful to represent such hierarchic structures. Python language and the open-source software FreeCad™ are used as a software platform to evaluate the suitability and usability of the proposed representation standard. This is based on simplified symbols to describe complex lattice structures instead of representing all the elements which constitute the lattice. The standard is thought to be used in technical 2 D drawings where assemblies are represented and lattice components are used (e.g. parts assembly, maintenance, parts catalogues). A case study is included to describe how the proposed standard could be integrated into a 2 D assembly drawing, following technical product documentation production typical workflow.
Multisensor information-based adaptive control method for cutting head speed of roadheader
Authors: Wang Pengjiang , Shen Yang , Li Rui , Zong Kai , Fu Shichen , Wu Miao
Published: August 2020

An adaptive control method to improve the cutting head speed of roadheaders using multisensor information is proposed, so as to solve the problems of low cutting efficiency and low intelligence of roadheaders during underground tunnelling. The operation of a roadheader is analysed, and a control strategy for its cutting head speed is proposed. In addition, the cutting head speed is categorised into five gears according to the multisensor information of different cutting states. The controller for speed estimation is designed using a back propagation neural network optimised using an improved particle swarm optimisation algorithm. A control system is established in MATLAB to analyse the effectiveness of the method. The simulation results show that an IPSO-BP controller has the best control effect and can attain the target speed. The response time was lower than those of fuzzy logic controllers and traditional PI controllers by 46% and 68%, respectively, and the overshoot decreased by 4.69% and 12.19%, respectively. Furthermore, experimental research verified the effectiveness of this method. This method can adaptively adjust the cutting head speed of a roadheader using multisensor information and is important (both theoretical and practically) for extending the service life of roadheaders and improving tunnelling efficiency.
Vehicle tip-over prevention using gain-scheduled State-dependent Riccati Equation–based anti-rollover controller
Authors: Nair Hari M , Sujatha C
Published: August 2020

The most hazardous kind of vehicle crash among all road accidents is vehicle rollover. Present-day rollover prevention systems in commercial vehicles mitigate rollover by preventing any wheel lift-off from the ground. These systems make use of actuators such as differential brakes and demand all the wheels on the ground for satisfactory operation. Such systems are not effective in recovering a vehicle from intense rollover scenarios where the wheels on one side are lifted off the ground, and the vehicle is about to rollover to the other side after reaching the tip-over point. A few studies have investigated the possibility of reinstating a vehicle at the tip-over point with the wheels on a side lifted off. The high complexity and computation time of the optimal control strategies such as nonlinear model predictive controller make it unsuitable for real-time implementations. This study proposes a novel gain-scheduled State-dependent Riccati Equation–based optimal anti-rollover controller for reinstating a vehicle from the tip-over point. An inverted double pendulum on a cart vehicle model is used as the plant model. The anti-rollover controller is found to be presentable as a two-dimensional gain-scheduled lookup table with specific state dependencies in existence. It eliminates the necessity of solving the nonlinear performance index minimization problem online. State-dependent Riccati Equation method adequately accounts for the nonlinearities involved, yet possesses a small computational time per sample. The anti-rollover controller is evaluated with a 10 degrees of freedom full vehicle model with a nonlinear pure slip tyre model that incorporates the dynamical effects neglected in the controller formulation. Finally, the anti-rollover controller is evaluated in real-life initial conditions using a sophisticated pick-up truck model obtained from TruckSim® software through a co-simulation with the anti-rollover controller setup in MATLAB®/Simulink® environment. The State-dependent Riccati Equation controller was found to be effective in reinstating the higher-order models from the tip-over point in all the case studies conducted.
Simplified stiffness analysis for degraded single lap joints in the space sector – Comparative analytical and finite element analysis
Authors: Zimmermann Jannik , Weiland Josef , Sadeghi Mohammad Zamaan , Schiebahn Alexander , Reisgen Uwe , Schröder Kai-Uwe
Published: August 2020

Considering the aerospace sector, the use of adhesively bonded joints is constantly increasing over the last decades. Due to its lightweight and capability of joining various materials with different coefficient of thermal expansion, this joining technique offers many benefits over conventional methods like rivets, screws and welding. On the other hand, structural adhesives consists of polymer chains that can be severely affected by the environment. An example of such an environmental effect is the interaction of the polymer chains of the adhesive with ionizing radiation in space. Nevertheless in the literature, the influence of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of epoxides is covered but not well understood. The present work describes a method of determining the stiffness of an adhesively bonded single lap joint (SLJ) using closed form solution equations. This analytical approach is compared with a numerical model. The mechanical properties of the adhesive in both models is degraded due to irradiation, based on experiments conducted by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The results show that the degradation of the mechanical properties of the adhesive layer has a significant influence on the joint stiffness. This effect increases with growing adhesive layer thickness. Comparing the results with a finite element model, it is shown that the developed calculation scheme overestimates the stiffness of the SLJ. This is caused by the neglection of bending stresses within the adherends.
Reconstructing the distribution of the paleobiome types in the Three-River Headwaters Region in China from the middle Holocene
Authors: Mao Xin , Li Tiejian , Chen Chen , Li Jiaye , Sivakumar Bellie , Wei Jiahua
Published: August 2020

This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of the paleobiome types in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR, Sanjiangyuan) in China from the middle Holocene (i.e. 6000 BP). Existing studies explored the patterns of paleobiome types by identifying the type of biomes in pollen sites, based on the taxonomical assemblage of pollen samples. This site-wise identification, however, is not suited for the analysis of the TRHR because pollen sites in the region-level are discrete and low-resolution. In this study – to solve the lack of the pollen sites – climate data, which are easy to interpolate, were extracted from the pollen data by pollen transfer functions. Next, the extracted climate data were calibrated and interpolated over the TRHR and study period. Then, a physiological biome model based on climate was used to produce the chronology of the distribution of the biome types. Consequently, the chronology was reconstructed with a time interval of 50 years and a spatial cell size of 0.5 ° × 0.5 °. From the results, the variations in the distribution of the paleobiome types were mainly dominated by 36 patterns over 10 biome types. In detail, tundra and semidesert were the main types, and the alternation of these two types was the main pattern. Further, the long-term evolution was from tundra to semi-desert, and the precipitation was the main driving force for changes in biomes, while temperature also had some influence.