bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innervation of the intrapulmonary bronchi of the female Funambulus pennanti
Authors: Purwar R.S.
Published: February 2009

Ganglia of various shapes (rounded, oval and irregular) and of large, medium and small size were recorded on, or near, the bronchial wall either in free form or arranged in chain-like fashion. Most of the ganglia were AChE-positive and connected with the myelinated nerve fibres.
Considerations on the possible structural basis of neuronal integrated functions
Authors: Pessacq-Asenjo T.P. , Salas R.
Published: February 2009

Different types of dendro-dendritic and dendro-somatic contacts in several species are described. They are classified in five varieties: (a) parallel dendro-dendritic contacts; (b) crossed dendro-dendritic contacts; (c) perisomatic interdendritic contacts; (d) perivascular interdendritic contacts; (e) dendro-somatic contacts. It is hypothetically postulated, in agreement with other authors, that the structurally differentiated interdendritic and dendro-somatic contacts could act as functional junctions for the electrotonic spread of stimuli between neighbour neuronal elements.
Morphological changes in the small intestine of the cat following transection of the vagal nerve
Authors: Fehér Erzsébet , Csányi K. , Vajda J.
Published: February 2009

An attempt was made to identify the vagal fibres of the small intestine and to investigate their course by secondary degeneration after transection of both vagus nerves just below the ganglion nodosum. Under the electron microscope, degenerated fibres could be observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, in the longitudinal and circular muscular coats of the duodenum and jejunum. No signs of degeneration were encountered in the wall of the ileum. Direct synaptic relationship between these degenerated fibres and the nerve cells and intact nerve processes could scarcely be found. The degenerated axons do not differ basically from other, intrinsic nerve processes containing round clear vesicles (30–60 nm in diameter) and granular vesicles (80–120 nm in diameter). The sporadic occurrence of the degenerated axons on the surface of cell somata and processes might indicate that the vagal nerve innervates only a few neurons in the small intestine and that the intrinsic neurons contact a large number of other neurons via processes in the intestinal wall. The vagal nerve fibres thus seem to have a modulatory effect on the activity of the intestinal wall.
Influence of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat
Authors: Cambar J. , Saurel J.
Published: February 2009

After agar-agar and india ink mixture intrarenal injection, it is possible to measure precisely the glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and to evaluate its variations after theophylline perfusion. The increased diameter (+35.78%) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophylline effect, often assumed, but never to our knowledge proven in situ.
Morphological changes in the testis and epididymis of camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Singh U.B. , Bharadwaj M.B.
Published: February 2009

The normal anatomy and morphological changes in the testis and epididymis, due to age and seasonal variations, were studied in camels (Camelus dromedarius) between 4 and 20 years of age. The testes had a dark gray colour and were situated in the perineum. The weight ranged from 32 to 225 g. The length and maximum cross-diameter were 6–13 and 3–6.5 cm, respectively. The maximum weight of the left testis in 12-year-old camels during the winter months (December to March) was 225 g, and the minimum weight in the camels of the same age group during the summer months (April to July) was 181 g. The seasonal influence on the weight of the testes was very profound in the camels of 9–14 years. The weight of the epididymis ranged from 10 to 40 g; their weight increased in all age groups during the winter months.
Histological and histochemical studies on the testis of camel (Camelus dromedarius)during the various seasons and ages
Authors: Singh U.B. , Bharadwaj M.B.
Published: February 2009

Histological and a few histochemical studies were done on the testes of 34 camels between 4 and 20 years of age, during three seasons: the tunica albuginea of the testes was composed of collagenous and a few elastic fibers. Isolated bundles of the smooth muscle fibers were observed in the capsule. The mediastinum testis and its radiating septula into the parenchyma also consisted of mainly collagenous and a few elastic fibers. The interstitial tissue was composed of Leydig cells and a network of reticular fibers. These cells increased in volume in the rutting period from December to March, and were distorted and reduced in volume in the nonrutting period from April to November. The seminiferous tubules were 113–250 μm in diameter, and were lined by many layers of spermatogenic cells and a single layer of Sertoli cells. The spermatogenesis was observed as a continuous process throughout the year, particularly in the camels between 4 and 15 years of age. Almost in all the testes studied, three types of spermatogonia, two to three layers of primary spermatocytes, rarely secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in two stages were observed. The spermatozoa were present attached to the Sertoli cells as well as free in the lumen of the tubules. The oval head of the spermatozoa was characterized by the presence of an elongated pointed, strongly PAS-positive acrosome.
Occurrence of calcitonin cells and cysts in the parathyroid of the house shrew, Suncus murinus
Authors: Swarup Krishna , Srivastav Ajai Kumar , Tewari Nagendra Prasad
Published: February 2009

The present report deals with the occurrence of calcitonin cells (C cells) and cysts in the parathyroid IV of Suncus murinus. Histological preparations of the thyro-parathyroid complex reveal that (i) the parathyroid IV exhibits C cells either solitarily or in small groups (compact or follicular arrangement); (ii) the parathyroid IV also exhibits cysts (similar to those of the thyroid), the lining of these may contain either few C cells or it may be a continuous lining of C cells; (iii) the lumina of these cysts are filled with debris and desquamated cells with pycnotic nuclei, and (iv) sometimes few C cells are encountered hanging from the epithelial lining inside the lumen of the cyst.
Morphometric evaluation of the number of exocrine pancreatic cells during early postnatal growth in the rat
Authors: Kachar B. , Taga R. , Kniebel G.A. , Sesso A.
Published: February 2009

The number of the various cell categories of the exocrine pancreas of the rat was evaluated by morphometric methods in paraffin sections of glands from rats aged 2, 5,15, 20 and 33 days. The evolution of these cell types could be properly expressed by equations of the type y = a₀ e k·x, where ÿ = cell number, and x = age in days. The time necessary for each cell type to duplicate was thus obtained. The percentages (y’) of acinar, intercalated duct and connective tissue cells also proved to be age-dependent and could be expressed by second-degree equations.
Ultrastructural study of the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Calvo J. , Boya J.
Published: February 2009

The authors studied the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken with the electron microscope. The denomination of ‘pinealoblasts’ was given to the undifferentiated cells which form the primitive pineal outline. In the wall of the pineal cavities, the follicular and parafollicular zones were distinguished; these are formed by type A and type B pinealocytes, the B type being much more abundant. The degenerated cells are constant in the pineal throughout its embryonic development, but much more abundant in the early phases.
Demonstration of the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar in the epidermis of Macaca mulatta and rhesus monkey
Authors: Shukla R.C.
Published: February 2009

The digest of the pure epidermis preparation from Macaca mulatta demonstrated three types of dendritic cells i.e. (1) dopa-positive melanocytes, (2) dopa-negative Langerhans’ cells and (3) weakly dopa-positive intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar. The last type of cell was found to have characteristics being intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans’ cell. A similar digest prepared from the epidermis of the rhesus monkey demonstrated isomorphous dendritic cells which were all dopa-negative. Here also the intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar with characteristics intermediate between those of the melanocytes and of the Langerhans’ cells were identified.
Acetylcholinesterase in neurons of the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Tòth L. , Kreutzberg G.W.
Published: February 2009

AChE-containing neurons have been demonstrated by electron-microscopical histochemistry in the neocortex of the rat. These cells are mainly located in layer VI. AChE activity is seen in the cisternae of the RER, in subsurface cisternae and in the dendritic membranes.
The effect of digested sludge on the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Wong M.H. , Luk K.C. , Liu W.K. , Kwan S.H.
Published: February 2009

The effects of sewage sludge on the survival of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were investigated. It was noted that, when the concentrations of the sludge used for rearing carp exceeded 0.6%, the fish died within 42 days, whereas those reared in 0.2% sludge remained alive and healthy during the trial period. The body and the gills of the dead fish were covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and was formed by the heavy metal ions from the sludge reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological symptoms of the various organs further demonstrated that internal injury in liver and kidney was also an important feature of the intoxicants as well as external damage, especially the particles observed around the gills. It was concluded that the optimum concentration of sludge to any species of fish should be determined by testing a series of concentrations before using it as a supplementary fish feed or fish pond fertilizer.
Granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion
Authors: Kondo Hisatake , Fujiwara Satoru
Published: February 2009

The fine structure of granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion is described. These cells are larger than the typical SIF cells in mammals and exhibit green-yellow fluorescence. They are characterized by numerous granular vesicles (80–140 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm, but have many features in common with ordinary ganglion cells. They emit several long processes which form bundles together with ordinary nerve fibers. No synapses are found where the cells are presynaptic, although a few synapses are observed there where nerves are presynaptic on the perikarya and processes of the cells. No close topographical relations are seen between the cells and blood vessels. It is suggested that the granule-containing cells are a special type of postganglionic aminergic neurons.
The primitive course of the internal carotid artery in mammals
Authors: Presley Robert
Published: February 2009

In all recent mammals the internal carotid artery at the level of the auditory capsule is derived from the embryonic dorsal aorta. In adults of various groups, the artery lies in positions which are classified as medial or promontory. It is shown that these character states arise by a process of differential growth affecting the relative positions of the dorsal aorta and the cochlear promontory. There is no evidence for separate vessels in the embryo which could give rise to non-homologous internal carotid arteries in the two positions. It follows that the concept of a primitive mammalian morphotype with both a medial and a promontory internal carotid artery in the same individual presents a formidable embryological problem. It is recommended that, in the absence of supporting evidence, the widespread current taxonomic and palaeontological use of this hypothetical morphotype should be regarded with suspicion.
Fine structure and origin of interstitial tissue in the ovary of the pregnant rat
Authors: Al-Mehdi M.I.A.
Published: February 2009

Interstitial cells of the rat ovary during pregnancy have been studied by electron microscopy. They show the characteristic fine-structural features associated with steroid-secreting cells. The findings have shown the presence of transitional intermediate stages between theca externa cells and interstitial cells, indicating the possible participation of the theca externa in the formation of interstitial cells.
Verlauf und Nervenfaserarten des Truncus vagalis des Menschen
Authors: Al-Kureischi K.
Published: February 2009

The vagal trunci of a series of 31 males and females were investigated and quantitative measurements of vagal fibers were also made from human vagal nerves. Most of the nerves contained fibers of the visceromotor, secretory and sensible type. The posterior vagal nerve contained somatomotor fibers.
Electron-microscopic study of the secretion of the ependymal cells in the domestic cat (ependymin-β cells)
Authors: Gonzalez-Santander R.
Published: February 2009

We have studied, by electron microscopy, the ultrastructural aspects of secretion (neurosecretion) of the ependyma of the third ventricle of the domestic cat. We have found cytoplasmic protrusions and isolated masses of cytoplasm, some with homogeneous cytoplasm and others with very dense granulation (protein-β?). Axons, synaptic terminals and free secretory granules in the ventricular lumen were also seen. The existence of ependymin-β cells (ependymo-cyte-β) and axohormonal buttons is suggested. The ependymal cells are classified into seven types: (1) covering ependymocytes, (2) tanycyt ependymocytes, (3) secretory ependymocytes, (4) ependymocytes-β, (5) neurosecretory ependymocytes, (6) neurosensorial ependymocytes (crown-like) and (7) supraependymal microgial ependymocytes. A neurohormonal hypothesis and the possible existence of one or more cerebral hormones (neurohormones) are suggested. These hormones would flow into the CSF through some of the ependymal cells (by microapocrine secretion, liberation of neurosecretion granules, or by axohormonal buttons); this could be the most important link in the endocrine system, assuring the functional unity throughout the ventricular system of the cerebrospinal axis which it winds through, although its basic influence is exercised on the hypophysis level as a vertex of the classical endocrine system.
Brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Prado Reis Francisco , Abrantes Erhart Eros
Published: February 2009

The gross anatomy and the internal structure of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon are described based on the observations made on the material obtained from 10 adult animals (native name: sagui). 5 brains were used for gross anatomical observations; the other 5 brains, included in toto in celloidin, were cut into serial sections, properly stained and used for comparative studies of the internal structure. Only general descriptions are given considering this part of the encephalon because, in further papers, it is intended to go on describing in details the nervous system of this small primate, very common in Brazilian jungles and easily domesticated. It shows to be a very good and inexpensive animal for neurophysiological experiments.
The epididymal region of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Aire Tom A.
Published: February 2009

The epididymal region of the Japanese quail was studied histologically. The organ consists of the extratesticular portion of the rete testis, the ductuli efferentes proximales and distales, the ducti conjugentes and ductus epididymidis. Distinct tubuli recti link the seminiferous tubules with the rete testis. The non-ciliated cells of the ductuli efferentes proximales and distales show, between them, certain internal structural differences which were highlighted. In 40% of the birds, the ductus deferens showed dark-grey pigments, regarded as melanin. The epididymal region was generally similar in structure to that of the domestic fowl, turkey and duck.
Age-related changes in the seminal vesicles of a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu
Authors: Cardoso F.M. , Godinho H.P. , Nogueira J.C.
Published: February 2009

Age changes in the structure of the seminal vesicles and in the rate of production of fructose and citric acid have been studied in a Brazilian (Nelore) zebu, from the fetal period to 36 months of age. At 3 and 6 months, the microscopic anatomy of the gland resembled that of the fetus; the tubules of the seminal vesicles had a reduced diameter and a low epithelial layer; only a few presented traces of secretion, and tissue contents of fructose and citric acid were accordingly low. At 12 months, the tubules were more ramified and had a larger diameter. In the 18-month-old animals the seminal vesicles presented substantial modifications; the tubules were large, with irregular lumina and surrounded by narrow stroma, the epithelial layer was higher than that of previous stages and its columnar cells had nuclei located basally. Tissue levels of fructose increased rapidly between 12 and 18 months. At 24 months, the seminal vesicles had reached the adult condition characterized by intense proliferation of tubules with irregular lumina and abundant secretory material. Numerous dark columnar cells were found in the epithelium. Seminal vesicles of Nelore zebus contain less fructose and citric acid than those of taurine bulls of comparable age.
Effect of X-rays on Xenopus tadpoles
Authors: Billett F.S.
Published: February 2009

Irradiation of Xenopus tadpoles may cause precocious metamorphosis related to deprivation of food caused by gut damage. This makes the interpretation of the effects of X-rays on individual organ systems, such as the gonads, difficult.
Ganglia formation of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Lobko P.I. , Ladutjko S.I. , Bogdanova M.I. , Golubeva W.P.
Published: February 2009

Embryologic studies have shown that the ganglions of the peripheral nervous system are formed by the neuroblasts from the central nervous system. The histotopography of the neurons and their segmental communications with the central nervous system are established experimentally (segmental section of the ventral roots and resection of the spinal nodes: 100 experiments). It is proved that the neurons, which communicate with the definite segment of the spinal cord, are diffusely distributed in the ganglion mass.
Ultrastruktur der normalen menschlichen Nebennierenrinde
Authors: Zwierzina W.D.
Published: February 2009

Electron-microscopic investigations on the human adrenal cortex have been carried out in order to elucidate ultrastructural differences in the various zones. These studies indicate that certain differences in the ultrastructure of the mitochondria may be particularly useful as criteria to differentiate the three cortical zones. In this regard, the appearance of two types of mitochondria in the zona glomerulosa as well as in the zona fasciculata is of obvious interest. The probability of a relationship between the activity of the different cortical zones and the predominant presence of one form of mitochondria has been suggested. In addition, ultrastructural transformations following stress situations as well as problems dealing with the so-called ‘dark and light cells’ and the basal membrane are discussed.
Ultrastructure du parenchyme sécréteur de la glande postanale du cælacanthe, Latimeria chalumnae Smith
Authors: Lemire Michel , Lagios Michael
Published: February 2009

Latimeria chalumnae Smith, the only surviving crossopterygian, possesses a well-developed, unpaired, postanal gland whose function is as yet undocumented. The availability of tissues suitable for ultrastructural and histochemical studies from the recent International Comores Expedition has permitted a reappraisal of the comparative morphology and functional hypotheses relating to the postanal gland. The richly vascularized tubuloacinar postanal gland is composed of cells which show the characteristic specializations of active ion transport. These include complex and extensive development of basal and lateral cell membrane infolding (cisternae) which are closely associated with numerous large, dense mitochondria. Histochemical studies have shown a high level of ATPase activity within the gland cells. These features of the postanal gland correlate well with those of the rectal glands of elasmobranchs and suggest a similar role in ion excretion and osmoregulation.
Vascular supply of the testis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Osman D.I. , Tingari M.D. , Moniem K.A.
Published: February 2009

The origin, pattern of distribution and the length of the convoluted part of the testicular artery were examined by blunt dissection and by the preparation of arterial casts with vinylite. The testicular artery originates from the abdominal aorta just cranial to its bifurcation and forms compact coils and reveals a tortuous course in the region of the pampiniform plexus and along the attached border. The artery divides at the caudal extremity of the testis into 2–4 branches. The epididymal artery, which is a branch of the testicular artery, was seen to anastomose with the deferential artery, but no anastomosis occurs between these arteries and the testicular artery. The convoluted part of the testicular artery was 20 cm in length, but when unravelled totalled 240 cm. This is not affected by seasonal variations. The possible significance of these results was discussed and compared with similar findings of other mammals.
Die Wirkung einer subtotalen Vagotomie auf den Plexus myentericus (Auerbach) verschiedener Darmabschnitte
Authors: Schmid Walter , van der Zypen Eugen , Keller Hansjörg
Published: February 2009

The effect of a subtotal vagotomy on the function of the intramural nervous system of different parts of the intestinal tract is studied by means of quantitative measurements of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. By sham vagotomy it was possible to explore the effect of narcosis and laparotomy on the intramural nervous system of the intestine. Vagotomy is followed by a decrease in AChE activity of the ganglionic cells in all parts of the intestinal tract. A minimum of activity, about 50% of the normal concentration, is attained at the 16th postoperative day. After this time, a continual increase in AChE activity, along with a reactivation of the function of the ganglionic cells, can be observed. 90 days after vagotomy the ganglionic cells of the intramural nervous plexus show a normal enzyme activity. These results support the hypothesis that most of the cells of the myenteric plexus build up an autonomic nervous plexus, which is stimulated in an excitatory way by the vagus nerve and which will be inhibited by sympathetic stimulation.
Microdissection in the study of renal structure
Authors: Baert Luc
Published: February 2009

The technique of microdissection and the structure of nephrons and collecting ducts from normal kidneys were studied. The structure of the assumedly normal nephrons and collecting ducts is characterized by the uniformity of the outlines of the tubules. The various parts of the tubules are distinguished by the differences in diameter and epithelial structure.
Evolution and nature of the dense bodies in the chicken pinealocytes
Authors: Calvo J. , Boya J.
Published: February 2009

The acid phosphatase reaction, applied to light and electron microscopy, was studied in the chicken pineal gland from the moment of hatching until 2 months of age. From the moment of hatching there is a great amount of acid phosphatase, which is mainly found in the vicinity of the lumen of both the recess and large follicles. Acid phosphatase is poor in the parafollicular layer. From day 30 onwards, there is an obvious fragmentation of the recess and of large follicles. Also, the parafollicular layer differentiates to form new follicles. The dense polymorphous bodies of the B pinealocytes are ultrastructurally identified as lysosomes.
Artères viscérales pelviennes chez le lapin (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Orsi Antonio Marcos , Pinto e Silva Pinto , Fernandes de Abreu M.A. , Mello Dias S.
Published: February 2009

40 pelvic preparations of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were bilaterally studied by dissection under the stereomicroscope and angiography. The arterial pattern of the pelvis, i.e. origin and branching of the umbilical, urogenital and internal pudendal arteries (visceral branches), is described. The main characteristics observed are as follows: (1) The umbilical artery is permeable in adults and gives origin to the cranial vesical artery and a caudal branch that irrigates the pelvic urogenital organs and, eventually, the rectum, with six patterns of branching in both sexes. (2) Usually, the urogenital artery is the continuation of the visceral branch of the internal iliac artery. In 1 animal, unilaterally, it arises from the median sacral artery. In 12 animals (6 bilaterally and 6 unilaterally) the urogenital artery is absent. When present, it forms two branches, a cranial and a caudal one, that irrigate of the urogenital organs in both sexes. (3) The internal pudendal artery is the direct continuation of the internal iliac artery and gives rise to some visceral branches that irrigate the penis, bulbourethral gland and rectum (with six patterns of branching) in males, and the vagina, clitoris and rectum (with three patterns of branching) in females.
Gross anatomy of the arterial supply of the stomach of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis)
Authors: Bisaillon André , Bhérer Jacques
Published: February 2009

The arterial pattern of the stomach of the North American beaver is studied by dissection of height specimens. The arrangement of the arteries resembles the typical mammalian pattern, although some variations are described. For example, the celiac artery gives off two large vessels, the cardiac and fundic arteries, which supply the corresponding regions of the stomach. Also, the right gastric artery originates from the gastroduodenal vessel instead of the hepatic artery.
Lens antigen development in chick embryos studied in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence
Authors: Rahmani Tahereh M.-Z.
Published: February 2009

Lens antigens, detected by immunofluorescence using rabbit antiserum against adult chick lens, appear in the chick embryo at stage 16. When eye rudiments are cultured in vitro, antigens developed; but they did not when optic cups were cultured but for a few cases. Isolated presumptive lens ectoderm from stage 4 did not develop antigens when cultured, but such ectoderm from stages 7–9 developed lens antigens and also showed lens structures. Stage 4 ectoderm could be induced to lens antigen development by alcohol-killed optic cups from stages 9–13. The experimental system can be used for in vitro studies on lens induction.
A specific pattern of connections from the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus in the rat
Authors: Brown Patricia A. , Carman J.B.
Published: February 2009

In the course of an investigation of the thalamic connections of the frontoparietal cortex in the albino rat, lesions were placed in the parietal cortex of adult rats, and the resulting terminal degeneration was observed in the ventrobasal complex, using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique.Lesions made in the primary somatosensory forelimb region of the cortex result in a narrow band of terminal degeneration which extends dorsoventrally throughout the rostrocaudal two-thirds of the ventrobasal complex. This portion of the ventrobasal complex coincides with the electrophysiological representation of the thalamic primary somatosensory forelimb area, and corresponds closely to the medial portion of the lateral part of the ventrobasal complex as described by Smith, as well as to the medial portion of the posterolateral ventral nucleus according to Matano et al. These results serve to confirm the close correlation determined electrophysiologically between the topographical organization of the somatosensory forelimb areas of both the parietal cortex and the ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus.
Evolution of the pineal gland in the adult chicken
Authors: Boya J. , Calvo J.
Published: February 2009

The structural pattern of the pineal gland in the hen corresponds to a more advanced stage of the evolution which began in an early period of the animal’s life. This evolution corresponds mainly to the transformation of the large follicular cavities into cellular ‘rosettes’. The parafollicular layer disappears from the rosette wall which thus remains with only one row of cells (A and B pinealocytes). The cellular hypertrophy and the great development of the pinealocyte organelles in the adult pineal gland makes us think of this gland as a functionally active organ. This functional activity must have remained during the entire period of the time studied (1–5 years), due to the ultra-structural uniformity found and due to the fact that we could not observe any type of degenerative process in the gland.
Adaptive differences of the surface organization of horny cells
Authors: de Rey B.M. , Conti C.J.
Published: February 2009

The existence of a peculiar structural pattern of complementary villi and pores was observed on the squamous surfaces of palms and soles. These features, which might be considered as acquired and adaptive cell surface modifications, proved to be more conspicuous during a period of rat and human postnatal development.
Vascularity at sites of gastro-jejunal anastomoses
Authors: Piasecki C.K. , Feathers R.S. , Kirk R.M.
Published: February 2009

Recent interest in vascularity in relation to peptic ulceration poses the question of relationship between three entities: (1) site of gastro-jejunal (post-anastomotic) ulcer, (2) site of the anastomotic line and (3) site of junction and possible vascular anastomosis between gastric and jejunal circulations in the region of the anastomosis. Vascular injection studies in dogs show that the main gastric and jejunal circulations run up to, but do not communicate across, the surgical anastomosis, there being a line of least vascularity at the anastomosis. Since anastomotic ulcers occur distal to the anastomotic line, this supports the view that such ulcers are situated wholly in an area of jejunal circulation.
Ultrastructure of chick tendon fibroblast with special reference to secretory mechanism
Authors: Ghoneim Shahrenas E. , Cavazos F. , Lucas F.V.
Published: February 2009

Electron-microscope study of chick tendon fibroblast revealed a constant ultra-structural finding of a microtubular-microfibrillar system and an intimate relationship which existed between the microtubular-microfibrillar system and secretory vacuoles. Additionally, the data from this study suggest a mechanism by which newly synthesized collagen molecules are transported and secreted into the extracellular space to be organized into mature collagen.
Arteriae ethmoidales: Ursprung, Verlauf, Versorgungsgebiete und Anastomosen
Authors: Lang Johannes , Schäfer Klaus
Published: February 2009

The origin, course and regions supplied by the ethmoidal arteries were studied on 30 injected adult heads. After branching off, the anterior ethmoidal artery normally makes a single smooth loop by first coursing forwards and then, reversing itself towards the anterior ethmoidal foramen, it goes into the canal portion, likewise without bend or angularity. Occasionally, a common ethmoidal artery or a common source for the ethmoidal arteries is present. Very rarely does the artery fail entirely. As a rule, the posterior ethmoidal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery. Occasionally, however, it is missing or can even very rarely arise from the A.meningea media. The artery usually crosses over the superior oblique muscle while the anterior ethmoidal artery usually goes under the same muscle. In the fossa olfactoria, the ethmoidal arteries give off their most important dura and bone branches in the anterior cranial fossa and then continue into the walls of the cavum nasi. The courses and variations along with ipsi- and contralateral anastomoses are likewise demonstrated.
The cell masses in the diencephalon of Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata Burmeister (Amphisbaenia, Aquamata, Reptilia)
Authors: Quiroga Juan C.
Published: February 2009

The cell masses of the diencephalon ofAmphisbaena darwini heterozonata are studied and confronted with those of other reptiles, specially with the burrowing ophidian Typhlopidae. The main differences are in the thalamus dorsalis. The amphisbaenids share with the Typhlopidae the absence of the lateral and pretectal geniculate bodies, and share with the squamate reptiles, differing from the typhlopids, the remaining structures of the dorsal thalamus, characterized by the well-developed nucleus rotundus. These features support the idea that the amphisbaenids could be situated within the Squamata at the same level as in Ophidia and Lacertilia. The adaptive processes toward a burrowing behavior have not been the same in amphisbaenids and in the typhlopids. The causes of the dissimilarities of the dorsal thalamus could be related to other sense and non-sense systems apart from the optic. The morphology of the elements of the cell masses has been studied by the Golgi method.
Hämatolymphatische Wechselbeziehungen in der Haut, in der Subcutis und in der Lamina superficialis der Faszien der unteren Extremität bei Varikose ihrer Venen
Authors: Satjukowa G.S. , Kurgusow O.P. , Bulanowa G.W. , Rybakowa L.I.
Published: February 2009

The lymphatic bed of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the lower leg from 20 operated patients was studied by light and electron microscopy and by phlebographic methods. Three stages of development of the disease were examined: without complicated form of varicose veins, complicated form, and postthrombophlebitic syndrome. Morphological features of the state of the lymphatic bed of the skin, subcutaneous connective tissue and fascia of the lower leg in the initial stage of disease show fine structure changes of lymphatic vessels and capillary walls interpreted as a compensation phenomenon. It seems that the structure alterations of endotheliocytes of lymphatic capillaries and the connective tissue surrounding them found in this study in the complicated form of the disease and the postthrombophlebitic syndrome are the basis of the mechanism of transport-resorption insufficiency of the lymph vessels’ terminal flow paths.
Anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus in the dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Oliveira M.C. , Pinto e Silva P. , Orsi A.M. , Mello Dias S.
Published: February 2009

The ductus arteriosus was studied in 138 dogs (80 female and 58 male) aged from 6 h to 21 days. This experiment led us to conclude that the anatomical closure of the d. arteriosus starts within 96 h and is obliterated after 6 days in 100% of the animals studied. We have also evidenced that the closure starts in the medial part of the d. arteriosus and progresses to the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Problems of body structure and size of the hypophysis
Authors: Oboussier H.
Published: February 2009

The size of the hypophysis, especially of the anterior lobe, is related to body size while the nervous lobe is related to the brain weight. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis in domestic animals is smaller than that of their ancestors in the wild. The proportions of the body, the distribution of bulk, as they appear in different races – whippets and bulldogs – are related to the size of the anterior lobe. Same body weight implies that the anterior lobe is nearly twice as large in animals with a compact body structure. These intraspecific results can also be shown inter-specificly by comparing the species of African Bovidae. Independent of the influence of body size, the subfamilies Alcelaphinae and Hippotraginae possess a larger anterior lobe. A tendency can be shown for a relation to body structure as short-legged species living on marshy grounds (Kobus) or soft sands (Addax) have larger anterior lobes.
Nerve elements of the heart in aorta-coronary by-pass conditions
Authors: Kulchitsky K.I. , Talko V.I.
Published: February 2009

Experiments were conducted on 100 dogs with creation of auto venous aorto-coronary shunts in the coronary artery. The hearts were examined 1 year following surgery by routine histological, neurohistological, histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques. No severe destructive changes were revealed in the shunting system. The main processes develop in the heart very early following surgery and consist in reactive changes in the intramural nerve elements, elevation of the phosphatase activity in the walls of the microcirculatory bed, redistribution of acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and changes of permeability of the haemato-histiocytic barriers; they are an adaptation response of the myocardium to operative stress and new conditions of influx of blood to the cardiac muscle.
Development of puberty in Large White boars in a humid tropical environment
Authors: Egbunike G.N.
Published: February 2009

The development of puberty in Large White boars raised and maintained in a humid tropical environment was studied histologically and by a preputial smear technique. The growth curves for the testes, epididymides and body weight were similar and exhibited a spurt between the ages of 150 and 180 days. The accessory sex glands increased slowly but steadily until the animals were about 180 days old at which time a marked increase in their growth rate was noted. Thus from morphological and histological assessment, puberty in these animals was placed between 150 and 180 days. The preputial smear technique was successfully applied in the boar. By this method, the animals were found to be 165.74 days old at puberty and to weigh 51.65 kg. These results further indicate that the development of puberty is genetically controlled and also imply that this could be slightly modified by the environment.
Peritoneal macrophages introduced into mouse foot pads enter the germinal center of regional lymph nodes nonspecifically
Authors: Kotani M. , Ezaki T. , Fujii H. , Matsuno K. , Ekino S. , Harada S.
Published: February 2009

Male.mice were injected into their foot pads with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to form lymph follicles in the germinal centers in the popliteal lymph nodes. 4 weeks later, peritoneal macrophages labeled with carbon from syngeneic donors sensitized with SRBC or typhoid-paratyphoid bacilli (TAB) were separately injected into the foot pads as well. The popliteal lymph nodes were histologically examined at 6 h to 5 days after injection. Labeled macrophages appeared in the marginal sinus, migrated straight across the cortex from the marginal sinus to the lymph follicles and then entered the germinal centers. There was no difference in the mode of appearance, migration and localization of labeled macrophages in the regional lymph nodes between the mice given labeled macrophages from SRBC-sensitized donors and those given macrophages from TAB-sensitized donors. The entrance of lymph macrophages into the germinal centers of the regional lymph nodes would be immunologically nonspecific. After the injection of Pelikan ink into the foot pads, the macrophages which have taken up carbon in the peripheral tissue reached the regional lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics and then entered the germinal centers, mainly through the medullary pole of the lymph follicles, after migrating along their immediate exterior from their marginal sinus to their medullary pole.
Analysis of the antagonistic effect of γ-L-Glutamyl-taurine on glucocorticoid and triiodothyronine
Authors: Csaba G. , Feuer L. , Török L.J. , Dobozy O. , Kovács P.
Published: February 2009

γ-L-Glutamyl-taurine, a newly discovered parathyroid hormone, considerably inhibited the cytochemically detected transcription-inducing effect (appearance of free histone) of prednisolone and triiodothyronine. Such an inhibition took place also if the morphogenetic hormones were given not simultaneously with, but after the administration of litoralon. Litoralon injected alone also displayed inductor properties increasing the number of nuclei containing free histone.
Die Plica synovialis infrapatellaris beim Menschen
Authors: Wachtler F.
Published: February 2009

The existence of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris, which has long been known in anatomy, is explained from the point of view of evolution. The development of this formation in the early stages of human life is outlined too. The results of the analysis of 117 knee-joints lead to a classification respecting macroscopical points of view of the observed plicae synoviales infrapatellares. 47 plicae synoviales infrapatellares were examined by histological methods under the headings of material, blood vessels and nerves. Mechanical importance of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris must be denied in considering the results of X-ray examination. What is more, the plica synovialis infrapatellaris does not seem to have any importance for the nutrition of neighbouring areas, neither in pre- nor in postnatal life.
Argentophil neuronal perikarya and neurofibrils induced by postmortem trauma and hypertonic perfusates
Authors: Cammermeyer Jan
Published: February 2009

Argentophil neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils similar to those illustrated in Ramon y Cajal’s classical studies have in the present investigation been found to be manifestations of the chromophil neuron. Conclusive evidence of such association was obtained by silver impregnation with the Bodian technique of sections previously stained with cresyl violet. Regardless of the fixative used, silver-impregnated neurofibrils were evident when (1) normal tissues were fixed by immersion or unsuccessfully fixed by perfusion, (2) normal tissues were exposed and touched after death but before perfusion with the fixative, or (3) flow of perfusates was compromised by the effect of an experimental procedure, as well as when (4) a hypertonic saline solution was used in the first perfusate. These cytologic peculiarities were still discernible after 24 h of postmortem autolysis following a delay in removal of the brain or in immersion of the exposed brain in the fixative. After immersion fixation, argentophilia and chremophilia occurred ubiquitously in the brain of the newborn guinea pig; however, argentophil neurofibrils were noted in the absence of chromophil neurons in the brain stem of the newborn rat, rabbit and cat. After fixation by perfusion, perikaryal neurofibrils were not impregnated in either newborn or old animals or in animals with facial nerve transection. Affinity for Congo red or bire-fringency, exhibited by neurons with marked neurofibrillary changes in human senile brain atrophy, were absent in the present material. On the basis of the current light-microscopic observations, it is concluded that argentophilia of neuronal perikarya and perikaryal neurofibrils is another manifestation of the chromophil neuron induced by postmortem trauma and of the ocellate neuron elicited by perfusion with hypertonic saline.
Effects of cadmium on the ultrastructure of the mouse parathyroid gland
Authors: Isono Hideo , Shoumura Shízuko , Ishizaki Noriko , Hayashi Kazuko , Yamahira Tomo , Yamada Shinitiro
Published: February 2009

Electron-microscopic studies were made on the parathyroid gland of cadmiumtreated mice. Most chief cells in treated mice were rich in free ribosomes and secretory granules compared to the control mice. In the parathyroid gland after 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, interdigitations between adjacent chief cells became more complex than in the control mice. In most chief cells of the parathyroid gland after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of administration of cadmium, the Golgi complexes associated with numerous prosecretory granules were better developed than in the control mice. These ultrastructural appearances suggest that parathyroid gland cellular activity was stimulated in response to cadmium treatment.
Relationships of musculus rhomboideus, ligamentum nuchae and vertebrae thoracis and lumbales in Bos indicus
Authors: Heath Everett
Published: February 2009

The-funicular part of the ligamentum nuchae of Bos indicus attaches to the dorsolateral edges of the bifid spines of the seventh thoracic through third lumbar vertebrate. Cranially, the funiculus nuchae runs freely medial to the deep thoracic fascia which separates it from the overlying rhomboideus thoracis. The zebu hump is composed primarily of rhomboideus cervicis which in the thoracic position is clearly separable from underlying structures.
Hybridization and heat tolerance in rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2009

Buffalo and Fisher inbred rats and their F1–F4 hybrids were exposed to heat, 96 °F and 30% humidity, at 35 days of age. Fisher rats which are of lighter weight survive significantly longer than Buffalo rats which are heavier. Body weight was significantly depressed in all hybrids. Only in F2 hybrids was heat tolerance similar to that of the Fisher inbreds. In all other hybrids, it was lower. No heterosis was found under the conditions used.
Funktionelle Morphologie und Ultrazytochemie der spezifischen Granula der Vorhofmuskelzellen bei Säugetieren
Authors: Heine H.
Published: February 2009

The carbohydrate content of the specific granules of atrial muscle cells has been confirmed by ultracytochemical and ultrastructural findings. The carbohydrate proteins of the granules seem to consist mainly of proteoglycans, probably with a great content of dermatan sulfate. Therefore, in mammals only the atrial muscle cells seem to retain postnatally the capability of embryonic heart muscle cells to synthesize proteoglycans. Secreted into the blood of the atria and atrial coronary vessels, they may bind lipoproteins of the blood serum, especially the atherogenic low-density lipoproteins. On the other hand, the antithrombotic effect of proteoglycans could be able to prevent a raised coagulability of the blood in the heart cavities caused by the beat of the heart cusps.
Anatomy of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week human fetus
Authors: Klueber Kathleen , Langdon H.L.
Published: February 2009

The morphology of musculus levator veli palatini in the 15-week fetus was analyzed using 30-µm subserial sections. The sample included 26 specimens, of which 9 each were sectioned coronally and sagittally while 8 were sectioned in the transverse plane. At this stage of development m. levator veli palatini takes a general attachment to the precursor of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and, in some cases, auxilary attachments to the auditory tube complex were also observed. At its origin, the muscle is located anterior to the tube. It then runs medially, passing beneath the auditory tube prior to entering the velum. As it nears the region of the lateral pharyngeal wall, a small fascicle trails posteriorly and inferiorly to the main muscle mass and occasionally runs into the upper margin of m. constrictor pharyngis superior. The levator muscle is more localized within the velum at this stage of development than it has been reported to be in the adult, being confined here to the central third of the soft palate. Most of the fibers of the muscle appear to form a sling within the central 20% of the velum, although some were seen to take attachment to loose connective tissue and the palatine raphe. Upon its entry into the velum, m. levator veli palatini is intersected vertically by bundles of both mm.palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus.