bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BERTRAND RUSSELL E O DEBATE ATUAL SOBRE FÉ E RAZÃO
Authors: Portugal Agnaldo Cuoco
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo parte do famoso texto “Por que não sou cristão” de Bertrand Russell para apresentar algumas linhas fundamentais do debate atual sobre a relação entre fé e razão, e avaliar o quanto esse debate responde as indagações de Russell. Após expor as críticas do filósofo britânico aos principais argumentos em favor do teísmo, o artigo vai mostrar quatro abordagens da questão no debate atual. A primeira tenta dissolver o problema razão versus fé, ao defender que há concepções de fé que dispensam uma fundamentação da crença na existência de Deus. A segunda exemplifica as recentes abordagens da defesa argumentativa da crença na existência de Deus em termos indutivos e probabilísticos, apresentando algumas respostas às objeções de Russell. A terceira rejeita a tese fundamental de que a crença na existência de Deus só é racional se for baseada em argumentos. A quarta ataca o naturalismo cientificista pressuposto nas críticas de Russell à fé religiosa. Longe do que parecia no início do século XX, o debate sobre razão e fé está longe de resolvido.Abstract: This article stems from Bertrand Russell’s famous text “Why I am not a Christian” in order to present some fundamental lines of the current debate on the relationship between faith and reason and to assess to which extent this debate responds to Russell’s questions. After expounding the British philosopher’s criticisms to the main arguments offered to support theism, the article will show four approaches to the question in the current debate. The first one intends to dissolve the problem of faith versus reason by defending that there are alternative conceptions of faith which do not require a rational justification of the belief in the existence of God. The second exemplifies recent approaches concerning the arguments for the existence of God. This second approach uses inductive and probabilistic terms and presents some answers to Russell’s objections. The third one rejects the basic assumption that belief in the existence of God can only be rational if it is based on arguments. The fourth attacks the scientific naturalism which is presupposed by Russell’s criticisms towards religious faith. Different from what appeared to be at the beginning of the 20th century, the debate about faith and reason has yet to be resolved.
A INTERPRETAÇÃO ANALÓGICA DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE NIILISMO GNÓSTICO E NIILISMO EXISTENCIALISTA SEGUNDO HANS JONAS
Authors: De Oliveira Jelson R.
Published: July 2016

Pretende-se examinar as principais teses da análise hermenêutica realizada por Hans Jonas sobre o movimento gnóstico antigo, bem como estudar as principais formulações analógicas que lhe permitem afirmar que o dualismo está na base da formulação das ideais gnósticas, e que ele serviria de fio condutor para a apreciação das ideias existencialistas, de forma a fazer transparecer a similitude de ambas as correntes filosóficas. Para isso, serão analisados os pressupostos teóricos, filosóficos e históricos levantados por Jonas a respeito do gnosticismo e, posteriormente, alinhadas as principais convergências dos dois “sistemas” de descrição da situação do homem no mundo.Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyze the main thesis of the hermeneutic analysis performed by Hans Jonas about the ancient Gnostic movement. It also examines the major analog formulations that allow him to say that dualismo underlies the formulation of Gnostic ideas, and that it could serve as a guide for the assessment of existentialist ideas, in order to highlight the similarity of both philosophies. For this, we will analyze the theoretical, philosophical and historical assumptions raised by Jonas about Gnosticism and finally, we will discuss the main convergences of the two “systems” to describe the situation of man in the world.
DEMIURGIA E NECESSIDADE NO TIMEU DE PLATÃO
Authors: Xavier Dennys Garcia , Walter Karla Cristina
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma proposta alternativa de leitura do papel do Demiurgo e do princípio material do cosmos – tal como tratados no diálogo Timeu de Platão –, formulada a partir da adoção de parte significativa do instrumental hermenêutico oferecido pelo assim chamado “novo paradigma” interpretativo das obras do filósofo. Em especial, tentamos demonstrar em que medida as operações protológicas pensadas por Platão – ancoradas numa estrutura bipolar anunciada na tradição indireta de Platão (Uno e Díade Indeterminada) – podem se tornar valiosas chaves de compreensão tanto da natureza constitutiva e do modus operandi do Demiurgo quanto do princípio material sobre o qual ele imprime sua marca: a necessidade, receptáculo de tudo o que devém.Abstract: This article introduces an alternative reading of the role of the Demiurge and of the material principle of the cosmos – as they appear in the Timaeus of Plato – using a significant part of the so-called “new interpretative paradigm” of the philosopher’s dialogues. In particular, it seeks to demonstrate how the protological operations – supported by a bipolar structure, the existence of which is registered in the indirect tradition dedicated to the unwritten doctrines of Plato (the One and the Dyad) – shall become a valuable instrument to understand the constituent nature and modus operandi of the Demiurge, as well as the material principle on which he left his mark: the necessity, receptacle of everything that becomes.
EL ACONTECER DE LA COMUNIDAD EN SER Y TIEMPO: LA REVOLUCIÓN Y LA LUCHA
Authors: Rossi Luis Alejandro
Published: July 2016

Resumen: En el § 74 de Ser y tiempo, Martin Heidegger hace una referencia al acontecer del pueblo entendido como comunidad. Esa identificación del Pueblo con una comunidad popular tiene una significación política inmediata en el contexto cultural de la República de Weimar. El reclamo por una comunidade popular provenía de los sectores radicales y antirrepublicanos, de los cuales Heidegger se hace eco en su obra. En nuestro artículo hemos intentado mostrar de qué forma en Ser y tiempo aparecen elementos del debate social y político que oponía la comunidad a la sociedad.Abstract: In § 74 of Being and Time, Martin Heidegger makes a reference to the event of becoming people, understood as a community. The identification of the people with a popular community has an immediate political significance in the cultural context of the Weimar Republic. The claim for a popular community typical of the radical and anti-republican sectors echoes in Heidegger’s work. This article attempts to show how traces of the social and political debate opposing community to society appear in being and Time.
REVISITANDO A CRÍTICA COMUNITARISTA AO LIBERALISMO: SANDEL, RAWLS E TEORIA CRÍTICA
Authors: Oliveira Nythamar De
Published: July 2016

O artigo propõe uma reconstrução normativa da crítica comunitarista ao liberalismo, revisitando a crítica iniciada por Michael Sandel com relação à teoria da justiça em John Rawls e reformulada por “simpatizantes” comunitaristas (Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, Alaisdair MacIntyre) e pensadores políticos da Teoria Crítica (Jürgen Habermas, Seyla Benhabib, Axel Honneth), sobretudo quanto aos problemas correlatos do individualismo metodológico, da concepção de bem e da socialidade.Abstract: The article proposes a normative reconstruction of the communitarian critique of liberalism, recasting the critique initiated by Michael Sandel vis à vis John Rawls’s theory of justice and reformulated by communitarian “sympathizers” (Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, Alaisdair MacIntyre) and political thinkers of Critical Theory (Jürgen Habermas, Seyla Benhabib, Axel Honneth), especially as for the related problems of methodological individualism, the conception of the good, and sociality.
J.-J. ROUSSEAU E O DRAMA DA HISTÓRIA HUMANA
Authors: Oliveira Richard Romeiro Oliveira
Published: July 2016

Resumo: A reflexão política e moral levada a cabo por Rousseau constitui, de certo modo, uma das principais matrizes teóricas da perspectiva historicista que, a partir de um determinado momento, se tornou hegemônica no contexto do pensamento moderno. Com efeito, por meio de sua reflexão, Rousseau instaura e desenvolve uma nova concepção antropológica que nos apresenta o homem não mais como um ser dotado de uma natureza imutável e desde sempre determinada, mas como o produto de um devir ou de um processo responsável pela irrupção de transformações radicais em sua constituição profunda. No entanto, apesar de conceber o processo histórico como um elemento fundamental na configuração da realidade propriamente humana, Rousseau não compartilhou da crença iluminista no progresso, visualizando a história do homem não como uma marcha irresistível em direção ao melhor, mas, antes, como um fenômeno fundamentalmente ambíguo, envolvendo um descompasso entre desenvolvimento intelectual e desenvolvimento moral. O objetivo do presente artigo é explorar e analisar essa concepção do caráter fundamentalmente ambivalente do processo histórico em Rousseau, buscando compreender suas principais articulações teóricas e conceituais.  Abstract: The political and moral reflection accomplished by Rousseau constitutes somehow one of the principal theoretical sources of historicist perspective that became hegemonic in a given moment in the context of modern thought. In fact, through his reflection Rousseau establishes and develops a new anthropological conception that does not portray man as a being having an immutable and ever- -determined nature, but as the product of a becoming or process responsible for the emergence of radical changes in his inner constitution. However, in spite of conceiving the historical process as a fundamental element in the shaping of the proper human reality, Rousseau did not share the Enlightenment Faith in progress. For him, man’s history is not an irresistible move towards what is best, but it is rather an essentially ambiguous phenomenon, that involves an imbalance between intellectual development and moral development. The purpose of this paper is to explore and analyse Roussea`s conception of the ambivalent character of the historical process, trying to understand its main theoretical and conceptual articulations.
Can Care and Compassion—Be the Ultimate Solution of Terrorism?
Authors: Ray Urmi
Published: July 2016

Like a number of serious problems in our world terrorism is also one of them. Now what do we mean by; ‘terrorism’? It is a political phenomenon, where violence and bloodshed are brought upon the innocent citizens in order to shaken up the Government as it exploits the so-called terrorists. This is a set up which runs parallel with the main stream to devastate the main stream, in a secretive or clandestine method. Thus any violent bloodshed such as killing in robbery or insurgency cannot be called terrorism as there either the cause is not political as in case of killing in robbery; or common men are not targeted as in case of insurgency (although its cause is political). Again Guerilla tactic although is a clandestine or secretive method still it is not terrorism as here the units of the Government, that is innocent citizens are not killed. Revolution also involves violence but unlike terrorism it gains public support.  The terrorists claim that they are actually waging a war against the Government, but in a war certain just rules are followed which states that proportionality between the means and end should be maintained, there should be a legitimate authority waging a war, it goes on within a particular territory, it should have a consistent success rate and most importantly it protects the immunity of the innocent mass. But in terrorism such rules of just war are lacking. Thus terrorism is a political violence between the mighty and the weak, for which it can also be called a class struggle or power struggle, where the weak sect shake the mighty by attacking upon those who are part and parcel of the mighty. This ‘ism’ is thus different from war, insurgency, revolution, crime and guerilla tactic because of its distinct feature that it does not attack its direct victim but attacks its indirect victim. In other words instead of destroying the Government which is guilty to them it attacks the innocent citizens of the Government because they are the units of the Government. Thus if the part is destroyed then the whole would automatically be shaken up. This unique mentality is found only in this ‘ism’ thus it differs from all other instances of violence. Terrorism is of two types—Terrorism from Above and Terrorism from Below. The former is also known as ‘State Sponsored Terrorism’ where the state is found to torture its citizens. The latter is termed ‘Non-State Terrorism’ where the exploited lot terrorizes the state for having been oppressed by it for years. The Non-State Terrorism is formed by the private parties such as Al Qaeda, Aum Shinrikyo, Maoists of India and so on.
Proficiency Test of High School English Learners: A Case Study in Nayagarh Town
Authors: Penthoi Govinda
Published: July 2016

An attempt has been made to evaluate the learn ability of English as a second language in two different kinds of instructions such as Oriya and English medium in high school stage. Information has been collected from the both Oriya and English medium schools. Some observations and generalizations made in order to arrive at conclusions. The result of the present paper says that, the students with better socio-economic back-grounds reveal better proficiency than that of the learners with low socio-economic background. To add to it, learners with good socio-economic back-ground get better exposure to the target language (i.e., English). However of learners of English medium schools have better proficiency than that of learners of Oriya medium schools.
Digital Inclusion: A Tool for Empowerment
Authors: Kalla Neelam
Published: July 2016

In the contemporary picture there is conjoint consensus amongst all the policy makers from across the sphere that devoid of ICT and digital inclusion; the growth of an individual is stalled. Specially in developing economy like India, where poverty eradication and employment generation are foremost objectives; digital inclusion is a must. Considering factors like lack of infrastructure, primary education and availability affordable technologies and others, the strategic intervention and collaborative efforts by government and non-government organizations is indispensable.

Present study provides an analysis of secondary data in order to investigate the current status of digital inclusion and digital divide of Indian population. Further it also illustrates the strategies to eradicate the digital divide and cites example from successful digital inclusion campaigns from other parts of world. 
Trends in Regional disparity of Southern states in India during the Post-reform period
Authors: P Muthumurugan. , R Ganesasubramanian.
Published: July 2016

Regional disparity is a crucial problem. It has attained so much of concern from classical economists to recent development researchers and that has been creating more dilemmas among the planners to make plan for reducing the imbalances. Hitherto in India most of the studies have been identified the backwardness across the nations as well as states by different development index analysis and these studies were more ideal in the sense of disparity and they are found to be giving no clear picture about regional disparities and were not comprehensive in nature but only isolated manner. Within this premises, this paper tries to make an attempt to analyze the trend in regional economic disparities in economic growth of Southern states in India during the post reform period from 1991-92 to 2011-12 by measure of Hauser’s Index of relative economic growth.
In Situ Stress Magnitude and Orientation in an Onshore Field, Eastern Niger Delta: Implications for Directional Drilling
Authors: Abija Abija , Ankwo Fidelis , Tse Tse
Published: July 2016

In situ stress magnitude and orientation are necessary for oil and gas field development planning to achieve optimal well placement whether vertical, deviated or horizontal, wellbore stability analysis for safe and stable drilling to reduce non-productive time, fault stability and cap rock integrity modeling for CO2 geosequestration and stage placement of hydraulic fracture for optimum production in unconventional plays. These were evaluated using wireline logs, leak off test and vertical seismic profile data in an onshore field, Eastern Niger Delta whose stratigraphic sequence is the typical interlayered, normal to abnormal pressured shales and sandstones of the Agbada Formation. The vertical stress magnitude ranges from 23.08 - 25.57 MPa/km, minimum effective horizontal stress from 13.80 - 14.03 MPa/km and maximum effective horizontal stress from 16.06 - 17.65 MPa/km inferring a normal fault stress regime. The minimum horizontal stress orientation varies from 16° - 33° forming the most stable orientation for geosteering a directional well while the maximum horizontal stress orientation is N60°E - N123°E in agreement with the regional fault orientations in the Niger Delta. ENE – WSW, WNW – ESE and other maximum horizontal stress orientations suggest multiple sources of stress, and in situ stress rotation across fault surfaces depicts wellbore instability issues. Structural evolution depicts NE – SW and NW-SE trending faults in the direction of the maximum horizontal stress. Directional well inclination angles of 16° and 33° were predicted in wells 10 and 11 respectively and mud weight window predicted using 2D Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion yielded an optimum mud weight window of 10 - 14.0ppg with overpressure accounting for mud weights as high as 25ppg and minimum mud weight exceeding the maximum mud weight in some sections.
Improving Cementing Efficiency by Optimizing the Spacer Train: Case Histories
Authors: Adesanya Olukayode , Mofunlewi Samuel S. , Ighodaro Osaze , Idongesit Victor
Published: July 2016

After a time-consuming cement squeeze to improve zonal isolation in a southern Nigeria well, engineers returned to the laboratory for a means to ensure primary cementing performance without costly remedial operations. Spacers have proven to be indispensable in achieving effective zonal isolation and annular slurry placement in primary and remedial cementing operations. Therefore, the engineering target was an optimized spacer train that could more effectively clean the wellbore and prevent contamination of cement slurries during displacement of wellbore fluids. Laboratory testing led to a new spacer design that has effectively eliminated the need for remedial cementing in the area.

The cement bond log for the well that required a cement squeeze showed good zonal isolation in some areas but poor bond in others, which indicated the conventional spacer train, was inadequately cleaning the wellbore. Laboratory testing confirmed that the conventional spacer system would remove some of the client's preferred drilling mud; however, a new water-based microemulsion spacer system removed substantially more mud based on tests conducted in the lab. As a result, the new high-performance, water-based microemulsion spacer was used in subsequent wells and has consistently resulted in good cement bond logs without remedial operations.

This paper describes the engineering design, application, and operational success of this high-performance, water-based micro-emulsion spacer system that has replaced a conventional spacer in an operator field in the southern region of Nigeria, West Africa. With detailed case histories of wells treated using conventional and new spacer systems, the paper highlights engineering challenges, laboratory testing, operational procedures for field deployment, and cement bond analyses carried out after slurry placement, demonstrating the spacer system to be consistently reliable in ensuring efficient wellbore cleaning and zonal isolation.

The case history wells were the first in Africa to benefit from the new spacer, which has effectively eliminated expensive and time-consuming remedial cementing operations in the area.
Cost Effective Management of the Impact of Low Quality Barite on Functionality of MWD Tools in Deep Wells
Authors: Awe S. O. , Usim M. , Akinfolarin A. , Erinle A. , Ibrahim T. , Roes V.
Published: July 2016

Data from Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools are critical to successful drilling operations, because they aid real time assessment of down-hole conditions and support critical decision-making. De-risking lithology and pore pressure uncertainties while drilling exploration wells are reliant on these measurements. The reliability of MWD tools is known to be affected by mud properties, such as concentration of low- and high-gravity solids, mud viscosity and gel strength. The high mud density required for deep well drilling operations requires an unavoidable increase in solids content, which can lead to tool failure if the fluid design or quality of constituents is suboptimal.

The upper part of the 8 ½" section of the BGG-S1 HPHT well was drilled with mud weight of 16 lb/gal. The mud weight was increased to 16.3 lb/gal because of the higher pore pressure prognosis across the deeper reservoirs. The increase in mud weight resulted into higher solids content as a result of addition of more weighting agent to the fluid. After the mud weight was increased, multiple BHA runs were made because the power module of the MWD tool was not responsive. Further investigation of the repeated failures identified the root cause as solids drop-out when flowing mud through the MWD tool. The poor quality of locally sourced barite used in the operation contributed to the poor performance of drilling fluid, because it resulted in higher solids content in the mud.

The solids deposition challenge was resolved by conditioning the mud to an emulsification specification that is higher than conventional industry practice. The well was eventually drilled successfully to TD after the treatment, using a single BHA run with continuous MWD data acquisition and transmission. This paper reports the impact on the mud system associated with the quality of barite, the failure mode of the MWD power module, and the treatment of the mud to ensure technical success of the drilling operations on BGG-S1.
HSE Challenges and Management Strategies in Offshore Brown Field Development: The Experience of Ofon Field Operated by Total E&P Nigeria
Authors: Ijenyo Jude , Alum Moses
Published: July 2016

The Ofon field operated by Total E&P Nigeria was developed over 16 years ago and has since been producing Oil & Gas. With the identification of additional field potential, an upgrade of the facilities was conceptualized to increase hydrocarbon production and most importantly to produce the enormous gas reserve for LNG export with the stoppage of associated gas flaring, this became the Ofon2 Project. The upgrade had to be done while minimizing losses to production, which meant that the major activities (Construction and Production) on site were going to be done in parallel in what is known as Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS).

The objective of this paper is to share the experience of the field in the management of various aspects and implementation of systems to effectively embark on the brown field development project with the attendant risk associated with simultaneous operations.

The field upgrade project brought along several constraints such as optimizing production, limitation on activities offshore as a result of space constraints, multiple contractors carrying out co-activities etc. The paper also elaborates the various challenges arising from an Offshore Brownfield field development such as astronomical increase in the number of Personnel on site, especially those employed by the different contractors, cross cultural aspects such as working with people from different parts of the world with different attitude, behaviours, performance, languages, different HSE management systems and objectives and finally, the integration of the new and existing facilities.

Several initiatives were taken to overcome the impact of the various aspects encountered during the project. These include but not limited to Personnel & contractor management, effective work organization, HSE management systems coordination, etc.

We shall conclude by highlighting the main HSE performance, the lessons learnt and keys to success for the integration, hook-up, and commissioning and start-up activities of the Project. The HSE strategies and its successful implementation demonstrate that Brownfield developments can be achieved with minimal impact on HSE performance.
Resource Volume Estimation; Dynamically Guided Volumetric Evaluation Using Streamlines
Authors: Olumide Ayeni , Adeyemi Olagunju , Ijeoma Odizuru-Abangwu , Iyegoe Igali
Published: July 2016

Resource estimation is a basic statutory requirement and expectation in reservoir management. Proper resource estimation allows for robust field development planning in addition to the fact that the field resources should be correctly captured at all times in the books for audit purposes. The methods for resource estimation include the following: Volumetrics, Simulation, Material Balance modelling and Decline Curve Analysis. The method applied usually depends on several factors including the reservoir complexity and production history (brown or green reservoir).

The DAZ field under review has structurally complex reservoirs with closely spaced producing wells and advanced production history. Several projects with different levels of maturation are planned for this field. These projects include work overs, implementation of field-wide gaslift and recompletions. For the completions with matured performance data, the use of Decline Curve Analysis and Material Balance fractional flow techniques for resource estimation were adequate. However, volumetrics and simulation model are the preferred techniques for the new completions and conduits with immature production performance history.

The low case simulation model methodology proved inadequate as it was difficult to obtain a good well-level history match of the production data due to the structural complexity of the reservoirs, whilst still fulfilling the requirements of hydrocarbon limits both vertically and laterally.

The conventional volumetrics method also was inadequate due to the proximal well spacing, dense faulting and the resultant complex flow patterns. The implication of this is that the drainage pattern becomes difficult to delineate and a conserved drainage area is purely theoretical.

A hybrid method which integrates the results from a well history-matched base case simulation model with the ideals of a volumetrics evaluation (drainage area and RF from analogue reservoirs) for low case resource determination is hereby presented. Essentially, the streamlines which is indicative of flow path at the end of history match from the simulation model provides guidance on the drainage pattern and area. This guide is thereafter applied in a volumetric sense to estimate the resource that can be produced by the conduit.

This alternate method incorporates all the static properties and elements of the dynamic simulation model in a qualitative sense, via the use of streamlines to guide the drainage pattern and area. It also provides for consistency in the estimation of low case and base case volumes. The result of this hybrid evaluation method realistically estimate both the in-place and recoverable volume. This volume estimation met statutory requirement of realistically reporting recoverable volume. The estimated volume was also used for reservoir management purposes.
Optimizing CO2 and H2S Removal from Natural Gas Using DEA and Alkanolamine Mixtures
Authors: Umeh Ubaka
Published: July 2016

Natural gas consists primarily of methane as the major constituent but also contains considerable amount of light and heavy hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, butane and non-hydrocarbon components such acid gases (CO2 and H2S), nitrogen, water and other impurities. These acid gases must be removed to meet standard pipeline quality specifications and avoid equipment corrosion. The use of amine solvents is one of the processes used to remove acid gases from natural gas.

The aim of this report is to optimize the removal of acid gases from natural gas using DEA and alkanolamine mixtures to meet standard pipeline and LNG product specifications of 2% by vol and less than 50 ppm respectively for CO2 and less than 4ppm for H2S. The study was carried out utilizing HYSYS 8.4 process simulator to predict the operational condition of a sensitized acid gas removal unit. It entailed changing the lean amine flow rate entering the contactor while keeping other parameters constant. The lean amine temperature at various flow rates were also varied while keeping other parameters constant. Also, the effect of declining pressure on the sweetening process was also performed using HYSYS.

The graphical representations for these parameters were plotted to determine the effects of the flow rate and temperature. It was observed that at high temperatures, the surface tension increased, thereby increasing the tendency of the column to foam. Also, an increase in flow rate increased the surface tension, increased the methane content and decreased the CO2 content in the sweet gas to meet pipeline and LNG specifications.
Comparative Analyses of an Optimized Dual Expansion, Natural Gas Liquefaction Process
Authors: Okafor Emeka , Ojo Stephen
Published: July 2016

Natural gas (NG) from stranded regions, where they are produced is normally transported to far away regions where they are marketed and consumed. One key natural gas transportation route is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, where the natural gas is first turned into a liquid (through a liquefaction process) and then transported using large ocean-going vessels. In this paper, we present comparative results obtained from optimizing a natural gas liquefaction process. The analyses are in three steps: In the first step, we modelled a CO2-N2 single expander liquefaction process based on data published in the prestigious Journal of Natural Gas Sciences and Engineering. In the second step, the CO2-N2 single expander process is optimized by upgrading to a CO2-N2 dual expander process and results demonstrate that the CO2-N2 dual expander process consumed less power relative to a CO2-N2 single expander process, albeit with relatively high specific power values. A further optimization effort involving the substitution of the CO2 precooling fluid with a nitrogen precooling fluid revealed that the N2-N2 dual expander process provides a relatively more optimal solution when compared to the CO2-N2 dual expander process, in terms of heat duty, log-mean temperature difference, natural gas mass flow rate, production capacity and specific power. However, the N2-N2 process has a relatively higher power consumption values which can be attributed to the relatively higher compressor power requirements during the precooling process. Most of the modelling and simulation work are based on the proprietary software – Aspen Hysys 8.6.
Subsea well intervention challenges, OML 126 Wells – A Case Study
Authors: Numbere Otokini , Nwagu Chike , Ugochukwu Okoli
Published: July 2016

With the recent decline in price of crude, more cost effective ways are explored to ensure that the production rates are sustained and increased. The need for cost effective subsea well intervention has been discussed and documented over the last few years. The increasing number of installed subsea wells combined with the increasing age of subsea fields continues to drive demand for more efficient subsea well intervention.

Traditionally the accessibility to subsea wells is considered more difficult and represents a large cost compared to wells with direct platform access. Even minor jobs represent large expenses, leaving a gap between intervention frequency on subsea wells and wells with direct platform access. The average recovery rate for a subsea well is considerably lower than that of a comparable surface well due to the relatively more complicated well intervention and maintenance issues. Using heavy and traditional rigs for subsea intervention is costly and time consuming due to the high day-rates and mobilization aspects. The base costs are therefore considerable higher as compared to surface well intervention where tools can be deployed directly through the risers from the production unit.

At Addax Petroleum, Nigeria, the re-entry and intervention of existing poor producing subsea wells was identified as a cost effective method to maintaining production in the reasonably high cost oil subsea environment. However the major challenge with subsea intervention is the uncertainty that surrounds the planning and operations which grows exponentially with the age of the well. As factors like corrosion, and well integrity (cement and casing) all become critical in the successful delivery of the well. The availability of required service equipment and modes of operation also become very critical especially for old and obsolete Subsea equipment. There is always a significant extra cost spent if any of the identified or unidentified risks manifest.

In 2014 Addax Petroleum embarked on a successful re-entry campaign as part of the second phase of its Okwori Field Development Plan. This paper highlights on the lessons learned from the campaign, discussing the challenges, planning, and execution phases of the successful well re-entry campaign in deep water operations.
The Use of Risk Analysis and Probabilistic Methods for More Accurate Time and Cost Estimates in Subsea Intervention Operations
Authors: Ugochukwu Okoli
Published: July 2016

The time spent on drilling operations in the development of a field is a major percentage of the costs involved in the production of hydrocarbons. However, one of the major challenges facing drilling and re-entry operations today is the prevention of costs and schedule overruns. This is because of the nature of drilling and re-entry operations, the risks involved with the different tasks from well conception up to the completion is not properly accounted for. Other factors like the failure of a new technology planned to be deployed, the pressure of time and the increasing regulatory of safety and environment requirements have made it difficult achieving the financial and timing targets set. The shortfalls in well cost estimation and control are due to reliance on outdated or poor methodologies.

Generally, drilling AFE's (Authorization for Expenditure) are generated by applying deterministic methods to offset data and, which primarily consists of the recorded and documented experience of the drilling operations. From the analysis of these data, estimates for drilling performance and the likelihood of facing drilling complications are estimated. Added to all these are also an element of expert judgment, though subjective, that is drawn upon in the estimation of time and costs for the new well/s to be drilled or re-entered.

These estimates suffer from the lack of a true scientific approach to predict time and costs which becomes apparent immediately there is a deviation from the planned operations.

There has been limited published work involving the applications of probabilistic methods in drilling engineering, particularly when estimating times and costs for re-entry and drilling operations. This fact is even more acute when considering the evaluation of re-entry opportunities and new drilling technologies. There is little or no scope to incorporate an estimation of risks and non-productive time (NPT) in a meaningful manner.

This paper presents an accurate probabilistic and risk analysis approach using a subsea re-entry well as a case study. An intervention operation was planned and this method was used to accurately predict the amount of days (and cost) required for the operation, factoring in all the possible risks and time impact on the operation. A deviation of less than 5% was observed when the actual expended time and cost was compared to the planned.
Evaluation of the Methodologies of Analyzing Production and Pressure Data of Tight Gas Reservoir
Authors: Fekete Paul , Ekpedekumo Richard , Dosunmu Adewale , Odagme Samuel , Bovwe Ediri
Published: July 2016

Since production curtailment for other than engineering reasons is progressively vanishing, and more and more wells are currently producing at capacity and showing declining production rates, it was viewed as auspicious to display a brief audit of the advancement of decrease bend investigation amid the previous three or four decades. A few of the plebeian sorts of decline curves were talked about in detail and the mathematical relationships between cumulative production, time, and production rate and decline percentage for each case were contemplated.

This work summarizes the different production analysis methods published in the literature and evaluate the most applicable methods for use in determining well and reservoir parameters, and estimating the gas in place for tight gas reservoirs. Field and simulated examples are presented to illustrate the evaluation of these methods. Results from this study show that modern methods such as Blasingame, Agarwal and Gardner, Normalized Pressure Integral and the Flowing Material Balance are valuable tools for production history and pressure data to determine reservoir parameters and reserve for tight gas reservoirs.
An Improved Model for Estimating Productivity of Horizontal Drain Hole
Authors: Adesina Fadairo , Paul Anawe , Oyinkepreye Orodu , Adebowale Oladepo
Published: July 2016

Horizontal wells have become a popular alternative for the development of hydrocarbon fields around the world because of their high flow efficiency caused by a larger contact area made with the reservoir. Most of the analytical model existing in the literature on horizontal productivity either assumed that the well is infinitely conductive or the flow is uniform along the entire well length. Guo et al (2007) formulation is one the most recent and accurate models reported in the literatures for predicting production rate in horizontal well considering the frictional pressure drop along long horizontal drain hole. In this paper, an improved predictive model that takes into account the effect of other possible wellbore pressure losses on production rate variation of long horizontal well was developed. Results show that the discrepancies in the predictions of the previous models and field results were not only due to effect of friction pressure losses as opined by previous authors but may also be due to loss due to fluid accumulation experienced by the flowing fluid in a conduit. The effect is most pronounced at the early production time where initial transience at the onset of flow is experienced. The improved model was applied to the same field case study used by Guo et al and results is much more accurate and show that the error of the new model is less than 4% compared to 20% reported by Guo et al. This work provides reservoir engineers an accurate and handy tool for prediction and evaluation of horizontal wells.
An Evaluation of Underground Storage as a Potential Solution for Stranded Associated Gas in Oil Fields
Authors: Lawal Kazeem A. , Ovuru Mathilda I. , Eyitayo Stella I. , Matemilola Saka , Adeniyi Ayodeji T.
Published: July 2016

In the absence of a gas market, the management of the gas associated with oil production often poses serious challenges to the development of oil fields, resulting in potentially stranded gas resources. While gas flaring was the default solution, more stringent carbon constraints have rendered this solution unattractive, owing to its negative health, safety, environmental and socio-economic impacts. One potential solution entails injecting the otherwise stranded associated gas (AG) into underground geologic systems for temporary storage, but re-producing same when a viable gas market becomes available.

Faced with the challenge of providing temporary AG solution for a new oil development in the shallow offshore area of the Niger Delta, this paper presents an overview of candidate solutions, which include (i) venting, (ii) flaring, (iii) injection for improved oil recovery, (iv) underground sequestration (AG injected but not re-produced), and (v) on-site conversion to natural-gas hydrates to facilitate evacuation to other outlets. Their relative strengths and weaknesses are examined relative to this case study.

The paper details the key aspects of a reservoir-engineering assessment of temporary AG storage in a non-associated gas (NAG) reservoir for later monetisation of both the native NAG and alien (injected) AG resources. Rigorous numerical-simulation studies highlight the key factors that control both the injection and production phases of the subject reservoir. For a given set of abandonment conditions, effects of the gas volume injected prior to the production phase on the ultimate recovery factors of the native and alien gas resources are presented. Additionally, the relative advantages of matrix, pseudo-fractured, and fractured injection modes are explored.

Compared against the above-mentioned alternative solutions in terms of (i) effective sales volume of hydrocarbon, (ii) infrastructural requirements, and (iii) net carbon savings, underground storage is the most attractive solution to address stranded AG in this example field, and possibly others.
Development of Depleted Oil Reservoirs for Simultaneous Gas Injection for Underground Natural Gas Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in Nigeria
Authors: Anyadiegwu C. I.
Published: July 2016

The development of depleted oil reservoirs for simultaneous gas injection for underground natural gas storage and enhanced oil recovery in Nigeria was evaluated using IZ-2, a depleted oil reservoir located South Eastern Nigeria. The geological information and the production history of the reservoir were applied in estimating the storage capacity at any given pressure. The plot of well flowing pressure (Pwf) against flow rate (Q), shows the deliverability of the reservoir at various pressures. The verification of inventory and assurance of deliverability were evaluated for the reservoir. The results of the estimated properties indicated that IZ-2 is a good candidate for conversion into storage reservoir and enhanced oil recovery. A reservoir engineering simulator (ECLIPSE) was used to forecast oil production from the reservoir without gas storage and with gas storage in the reservoir respectively. The results of the estimated parameters shows that the storage capacity is; 437Tscf and deliverability: 46.4MMscf/d. The production forecast indicated that the cumulative oil production was higher when the reservoir contain gas than when there is no gas. The novelty of this research work is the performance analysis for the determination of the suitability of the reservoir for gas storage and also the recommendation of gas storage in the reservoir based on the analyses conducted for simultaneous gas storage and enhanced oil recovery in Nigeria.
An Integrated Approach to Water Diagnostic Analysis in A Mature Field: SPDC Case Study
Authors: Sukubo Ibianga , Iyowu Olakunle , Balogun Olalekan , Jude-Ofia Ifeyinwa , Esho Muyiwa
Published: July 2016

One of the most popular drive mechanisms in hydrocarbon production is water drive. Depending on the subsurface structural orientation, rock and fluid properties anisotropic distribution and the placement of the well amongst others, it could be edge or bottom water drive. These various patterns of water drive mechanisms have varying degrees of impact on the fluid-water contact, hydrocarbon production and ultimately life cycle recoverable volumes. Whether edge or bottom water, the excessive water production mechanism in a typical well are interrelated; insight to which had been provided by Chan, K.S (1995) in his water diagnostic plot. Though the water-oil ratio (WOR) diagnostic plot has been applied widely in zonal isolation, water shut-off, gas shut-off, gel treatment and its modifications into reserves quantification2, 3, 6, there has not been an integrated approach to the excessive water production analysis; guiding our interpretation of the WOR and its time derivative (WOR’) curves with an integrated understanding of the geological, petrophysical and reservoir properties variation.

The WOR and WOR’ plots for this study were generated using over 20 years of production data from one of our SPDC fields in the Niger Delta with 11 oil wells and spanning 4 oil reservoirs. The reservoirs were modelled stratigraphically to show different flow zones delineated by different facies. The initial water saturation and permeability contrast were mapped against each flow zone including their relative permeability functions. The interpretation was also spot-checked using reservoir production monitoring (RPM) log result.

This paper presents the outcome of an integrated approach to water diagnostic analysis based on the obtained data set with the view to further crystalize the understanding of water production mechanism in the field, proposing fit-for-purpose wells, reservoir & facilities management (WRFM) actions and adding value to global wells and reservoir performance reviews.
The Use of Well Trajectory Design Illustration Tool Version 1.0 in the Design of Directional Well
Authors: Paul Okpozo O. , Samuel Ofesi
Published: July 2016

Directional well trajectory design is an essential part of a drilling plan process, considering various challenging factors from surface and subsurface restrictions/challenges to available technology and equipment and most importantly, economics. Directional well trajectory design requires rigorous mathematics to ensure proper execution of the drill path that would accommodate safety of the tools being used to drill the planned well. Various well trajectory design applications have been developed such as the Halliburton COMPASS which aid in constructing well trajectory designs. Due to the difficulty in affordability and perhaps availability of such an industrial and robust tool, hence as a result of this research a computer application was developed, named WellTIT (Well Trajectory Illustration Tool) version 1.0, which could be used to enlighten students further on the topic, ranging from basic directional well trajectories to complex and multiple well trajectories designs. A survey data ran by COMPASS was used to validate the ability of the WellTIT v. 1.0 application, of which results from both applications fairly matched.
Approximate Method for Estimating Abandonment Reservoir Pressure for A High Pressure Gas Prospectivity Evaluation
Authors: Sukubo Ibianga , Dike Francis
Published: July 2016

Resource volume assessment is an integral part of prospect evaluation. A prospect, in its simplest form, is an unpenetrated reservoir block with seismic data sometimes as the only available data. Hence, a prediction of the most likely hydrocarbon accumulation is required. Recovery factor evaluation for a prospect that has been prognosed via basin modelling to most likely contain non-associated gas (NAG) under high pressure will require an assessment of the abandonment reservoir pressure primarily from analogues or comparable reservoir.

The current practice assumes pressure gradient ranges which are then used to estimate the abandonment pressure for the high pressure gas prospectivity evaluation hence it does not take into account the impact of the dynamics of flow (and flow regime). Besides, the assumed pressure gradient ranges may not be robust enough for the evaluation.

This paper discusses an approximate methodology to evaluate abandonment reservoir pressure for a high pressure NAG prospect where suitable analogues are not readily available. Two methods were proposedand modelled accordingly using the available seismic data: pressure gradient and pressure sensitivity. The result showed that the pressure gradient modelling approach gave a wider range of recovery factor, wide enough for the resource class maturity.