bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euclid preparation. LXVIII. Extracting physical parameters from galaxies with machine learning
Authors:   Euclid Collaboration, Kovačić I. , Baes M. , Nersesian A. , Andreadis N. , Nemani L. ,   et al.
Published: February 2025

The mission is generating a vast amount of imaging data in four broadband filters at a high angular resolution. This data will allow for the detailed study of mass, metallicity, and stellar populations across galaxies that will constrain their formation and evolutionary pathways. Transforming the imaging for large samples of galaxies into maps of physical parameters in an efficient and reliable manner is an outstanding challenge. Here, we investigate the power and reliability of machine learning techniques to extract the distribution of physical parameters within well-resolved galaxies. We focus on estimating stellar mass surface density, mass-averaged stellar metallicity, and age. We generated noise-free synthetic high-resolution pc pc $) imaging data in the photometric bands for a set of 1154 galaxies from the TNG50 cosmological simulation. The images were generated with the SKIRT radiative transfer code, taking into account the complex 3D distribution of stellar populations and interstellar dust attenuation. We used a machine learning framework to map the idealised mock observational data to the physical parameters on a pixel-by-pixel basis. We find that stellar mass surface density can be accurately recovered with a ≤ 0.130 dex scatter. Conversely, stellar metallicity and age estimates are, as expected, less robust, but they still contain significant information that originates from underlying correlations at a sub-kiloparsec scales between stellar mass surface density and stellar population properties. As a corollary, we show that TNG50 follows a spatially resolved mass-metallicity relation that is consistent with observations. Due to its relatively low computational and time requirements, which has a time-frame of minutes without dedicated high performance computing infrastructure once it has been trained, our method allows for fast and robust estimates of the stellar mass surface density distributions of nearby galaxies from four-filter imaging data. Equivalent estimates of stellar population properties (stellar metallicity and age) are less robust but still hold value as first-order approximations across large samples.
Aktuelle Analyse der Zusatzweiterbildung Tropenmedizin
Authors: Eggers Yannik , Möller Tina , Wendt Sebastian , Kreuels Benno , Fröschl Günter , Köhler Carsten , Bélard Sabine , Schneitler Sophie
Published: February 2025

Aufgrund des Bedarfs an Tropenmedizinern in Deutschland wurde 2018 die Musterweiterbildungsordnung der Bundesärztekammer geändert. Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Auswirkungen dieser Änderungen sowie die aktuellen Herausforderungen der Zusatzweiterbildung Tropenmedizin zu untersuchen. Drei Onlineumfragen wurden unter Mitgliedern der DTG sowie Absolventen der Diplomkurse Tropenmedizin durchgeführt, ergänzt durch eine Analyse von Daten der Bundesärztekammer und verfügbaren Weiterbildungsstellen. Trotz großen Interesses bleibt die Anzahl an Ärzten mit Zusatzweiterbildung Tropenmedizin gering. Hürden sind der Mangel an Weiterbildungsstellen und fehlende Kenntnis der neuen Regelungen. Zusätzlich zu Änderungen der Weiterbildungsordnung sind deren aktive Bewerbung und eine Erhöhung der Weiterbildungsplätze entscheidend, um die Anzahl der Tropenmediziner zu erhöhen.
Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization in Pediatric Uveitis: A Case Series
Authors: Gauderon Amandine , Eandi Chiara , Koryllou Aikaterini , Hoogewoud Florence , Theodoropoulou Katerina , Guex-Crosier Yan
Published: February 2025

Background The aim of our study is to describe clinical features, therapy, and outcome of children with inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

Methods Retrospective case series of children seen at the Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital between 2000 and 2024 with macular choroidal neovascularisation secondary to ocular inflammation.

Results Four children (one male, three females) developed a retro-foveolar neovascular membrane after a median time of 2.5 months (range 1 – 16 months) following uveitis onset. The median age at presentation was 12 years (range 5 – 12 years). The CNV presentation was unilateral in all four cases, with three patients having posterior uveitis and one panuveitis. Two patients had idiopathic bilateral granulomatous uveitis while the other two had suspected toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis. Idiopathic cases were treated with oral steroids, with one patient being additionally treated with adalimumab. Toxoplasmosis cases were managed with antibiotics and oral steroids. CNV treatment involved a single anti-VEGF injection in two cases, six injections in one case, and no injection in one case due to CNV inactivity. Median follow-up period was 4.25 years (range 0.75 to 11 years) and the median final best-corrected visual acuity was 0.9 (range 0.6 – 1.25). No recurrence of CNV was
observed, despite uveitis reactivation in two cases.

Conclusion Anti-VEGF therapy is safe even in young children with minimal injections required to control the disease. Treating the underlying cause of uveitis with appropriate therapy is also crucial.
Morphology of Retinal Hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau Disease Revealed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Laich Yannik , Lang Stefan J. , Glatz Andreas , Farassat Navid , Bucher Felicitas , Nuessle Simone , Böhringer Daniel , Lagrèze Wolf Alexander , Sideris Spyridon , Maloca Peter , Lange Clemens , Reinhard Thomas , Agostini Hansjürgen , Reich Michael
Published: February 2025

Background To characterize different growth patterns of retinal hemangioblastomas (RHs) in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).

Methods Single-center observational cross-sectional study. SS-OCTA B-scans were centered over primary treatment-naïve RHs to display the perfusion in the inner, middle, and outer areas (IA, MA, OA). Distinctive growth patterns were characterized using K-means cluster analysis of the flow signal.

Results Annual screening of 201 patients with VHLD revealed 49 patients with 85 RHs (41 recurrent, 44 primary treatment-naïve RHs). High-quality SS-OCTA images were available for 24 primary RHs and were pooled with scans of the treatment-naïve form of 6 recurrent RHs, which were taken at a prior visit, for further analysis. Out of 30 primary RHs, 18 were located juxtapapillary (jRH) and 12 peripherally (pRH). K-means cluster analysis distinguished seven exophytic (23.3%, 2 jRH, 5 pRH), nine endophytic (30%, 6 jRH, 3 pRH), and fourteen sessile (46.7%, 10 jRH, 4 pRH) growth patterns. Fractions of the flow signal in the IA, MA, and OA were 7.3 ± 3.3%, 89.3 ± 5.0%, and 3.4 ± 3.5% for exophytic RHs, 22.2 ± 7.4%, 65.6 ± 7.3%, and 12.1 ± 8.2% for sessile RHs, and 65.4 ± 5.7%, 26.6 ± 4.9%, and 8.0 ± 6.1% for endophytic RH.

Conclusion OCTA contributes to further elucidating the morphology of RHs as a useful complementary diagnostic tool that can help to provide customized therapeutic approaches in the future and thus improve the effectiveness of RH treatment.
Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit Corresponding to the O-Antigen of Providencia alcalifaciens O7:H7 Strain
Authors: Misra Anup Kumar , Rana Abhijit
Published: February 2025

Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide corresponding to the O-antigen of Providencia alcalifaciens O7:H7 strain was achieved in satisfactory yield by applying a stereoselective glycosylation strategy. Stereoselective incorporation of β-l-rhamnose, α-d-glucosamine and α-d-glucose moieties in the tetrasaccharide was achieved in very good yield. The d-glucuronic acid moiety in the tetrasaccharide was achieved by late-stage TEMPO–bis(acetoxy)iodobenzene (BAIB)-mediated regioselective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl group of the d-glucose moiety. Thioglycosides were used as glycosyl donors in the presence of a combination of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and triflic acid (TfOH) as thiophilic promoter.
Wir haben die Wahl
Authors: Pintarelli-Rauschenbach Manuela
Published: February 2025

Das Jahr ist erst wenige Wochen alt und schon stehen wichtige Entscheidungen an. Etwas früher als geplant
wählen wir am 23. Februar einen neuen Bundestag. Das heißt auch: In der Gesundheitspolitik kann sich
alles und nichts ändern. Wer wird der zukünftige oder die zukünftige Gesundheitsminister*in? Wer gibt die
Richtung in der Gesundheitspolitik in den nächsten Jahren vor? Wie positionieren sich die Parteien zur
Physiotherapie und wird die dringend benötigte Berufsreform endlich umgesetzt? Wir haben uns mit diesen
Fragen intensiv beschäftigt und Forderungen für eine Weiterentwicklung der Physiotherapie
formuliert (► Seite 10). Wir setzen uns für bessere Rahmenbedingungen ein und werden nicht müde,
die weitere Entwicklung unseres schönen Berufs voranzutreiben. Am Tag der Bundestagswahl zählt unsere
Stimme. Wir haben die Wahl!
Cost-effective technique could shed light on the effects of ultraintense laser pulses in extreme environments
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: February 2025

Method uses readily available materials to capture ultraintense laser intensities with submicrometer resolution.
Sharing our excitement for structural science through mentorship
Authors: Audette Gerald F.
Published: February 2025

One of the most important means by which we can share our enthusiasm for structural science is our mentorship of trainees. Our trainees at all levels gain more than just technical skills from the time we spend with them; they develop their own appreciation and excitement for structural science that they then can spread through their connections and contacts. We play an important role, through our mentorship, in encouraging that excitement, fostering inquiry, and passing on that excitement to others. We often recount where our enthusiasm began, with one or more professors, mentors and/or colleagues whose excitement was infectious and helped us along our own professional journey and development of our own mentorship philosophies. In the current article, I outline how several mentors, including Professors Michael James, Louis Delbaere, Wilson Quail, and others, instilled that excitement for structural science in me and provided examples from which I have developed my perspective on mentorship and how we can pay it forward, supporting and instilling excitement in our trainees.
Min-max method involving double phase Kirchhoff problems with variable exponents
Authors: Chniba Riheb , Benali Khaled , Ouerghi Haikel
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we prove the existence of solutions for double phase Kirchhoff problems with variable exponents. More precisely, we use the min-max method and the variational approach in order to prove the existence of weak nontrivial solutions for such problem.
Enhanced exploration of LiF–NaF thermal conductivity through transferable equivariant graph neural networks
Authors: Murg Luca , Lee Shao-Chun , Grizzi Vitor F. , Z Y
Published: February 2025

Although molten salt reactors and thermal storage systems are attracting increasing interest, our understanding of the physicochemical properties of molten salts is still incomplete. This is largely due to the difficulty of conducting experiments under extreme temperatures with strict control of impurities and corrosion. Ab initio calculations, machine-learned force fields, and classical molecular dynamics have helped to alleviate some of these issues. However, discrepancies between experimental and theoretical computations of the thermal conductivity of fluoride molten salts have become of increasing concern. In this paper, we present a modernized method for training a transferable equivariant graph neural network force fields to model a simple fluoride molten salt system, LiF–NaF, using minimal ab initio calculations. Using this transferable machine-learned force field, the thermal conductivity as well as various other functions of LiF–NaF were computed at various chemical temperatures and ratios in order to gain new insights into the limitations and behaviors of molten salts in relation to their thermal conductivity. Results show discrepancies between experimental and theoretical computations of the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature but good agreement between experimental and theoretical computations of the thermal conductivity as a function of ratio. Secondary results show compelling agreement of a machine-learned force field with first-principles computations and the ability to interpolate and extrapolate various chemical ratios.
Evolution of point defects in Bi2Te3-based materials and performance of thermoelectric modules subjected to
γ
-irradiation
Authors: Deng Yixiao , Qiu Wenbin , Luo Kaiyi , Li An , Luo Kai , Wu Geyang , Qian Pingping , Chen Haowen , Yang Lei , Tang Jun
Published: February 2025

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), renowned for its exceptional thermoelectric (TE) properties near room temperature, is used in extreme environments such as deep space exploration, leading to extensive attention on the radiation-induced defects to Bi2Te3. However, the evolution of point defects during gamma (γ)-irradiation is still poorly understood. In this paper, we report the evolution of point defects in Bi2Te3 materials subjected to varying doses of γ-irradiation and their impact on TE performance. Precisely, Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 materials, along with TE modules, were fabricated and subsequently subjected to γ-irradiation. The segregation of Te elements in Bi2Te3 was observed under low irradiation dose, attributing to the formation of interstitial atom–vacancy pair of Te induced by γ-irradiation. In addition, the formation of point defects has a positive relation with the irradiation dose. The positron annihilation (PA) measurements revealed that the number of vacancies in Bi2Te3 diminished with increasing irradiation dose. The accompanying changes in carrier concentration (nH) and mobility (μH) suggest that γ-ray drives Bi atoms to occupy Te vacancies, forming antisite defects. The TE performance of Bi2Te3 was subsequently evaluated, and the findings revealed a strong correlation with the evolution of point defects. This study provides insights into the damage mechanisms and property alterations of Bi2Te3 materials under γ-irradiation.
Enhanced delayed detached-eddy simulation with anisotropic minimum dissipation subgrid length scale
Authors: Zhou Ziyu , Xiao Maochao , Li Dian , Zhang Yufei
Published: February 2025

Detached-eddy simulation methods are effective for simulating massively separated flows; however, they often predict delayed Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, commonly known as the “gray area” issue. Furthermore, their turbulence-resolving capabilities diminish on highly anisotropic grids. This study introduces a novel length scale derived from the anisotropic minimum-dissipation (AMD) subgrid-scale model, which is integrated into the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation (IDDES) framework, resulting in the AMD-IDDES approach. The model is calibrated using decaying isotropic turbulence and a turbulent boundary layer, with validation performed through simulations of decaying isotropic turbulence on anisotropic grids, an axisymmetric near-sonic jet, and a supersonic base flow. The results demonstrate that AMD-IDDES accurately captures eddy dissipation on anisotropic grids and effectively mitigates the “gray area” issue. These improvements stem from the advantages of the AMD subgrid-scale model, derived from a modified Poincaré inequality for anisotropic grids, which enables accurate predictions of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in free shear layers.
Decoherence dynamics in molecular qubits: Exponential, Gaussian and beyond
Authors: Gustin Ignacio , Chen Xinxian , Franco Ignacio
Published: February 2025

In this work, we examine how the structure of system–bath interactions can determine commonly encountered temporal decoherence patterns, such as Gaussian and exponential decay, in molecular and other qubits coupled to a thermal bosonic bath. The analysis, based on a pure dephasing picture that admits analytical treatment, shows that decoherence, in general, is neither purely Gaussian nor exponential but rather the exponential of oscillatory functions, with periods determined by the bath’s frequencies. For initially unentangled qubit-bath states, Gaussian decay is always present at early times. It becomes increasingly dominant with increasing temperature, qubit–bath interaction strength, and bath correlation time. Initial system–bath entanglement that arises due to displacement in the position of the bath states preserves the Gaussian decay. By contrast, strict exponential decay arises only in very specific models that we isolate. However, it becomes dominant for times longer than the bath correlation time or for early times when there is initial entanglement due to momentum displacement of the bath states. For molecular electronic decoherence, the long-time exponential regime plays a limited role as it emerges after most coherence is lost. Thus, the Gaussian decay provides a more suitable (albeit imperfect) model of such decoherence. Furthermore, we discuss the connection between electronic decoherence dynamics and electronic spectroscopic line shape theory, where Gaussian spectral peaks correspond to Gaussian coherence decay and Lorentzian peaks correspond to exponential coherence decay. We find that Gaussian spectral peaks, usually associated with inhomogeneous broadening, can emerge from the entangling unitary system–bath dynamics even when there is no inhomogeneity in the initial conditions.
A variational approach for the linear stability of the Antarctic circumpolar current
Authors: Ding Qixing , Wang Zihao
Published: February 2025

Under appropriate assumptions on the vorticity, we show that the critical points of the natural energy functional are traveling wave solutions to the governing equations for the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current established from fundamental principles. A variational formulation that contributes to the stability of large-scale circulation motion is also given. Additionally, we analyze the second-order variation of the functional and derive some linear stability results.
Forced oscillations of gas bubble with hysteresis of contact angle
Authors: Alabuzhev Aleksey A.
Published: February 2025

Forced axisymmetric oscillations of a gas bubble under the action of an oscillating pressure field are studied. The bubble is clamped between two parallel solid surfaces and surrounded by an incompressible liquid of finite volume with a free outer surface. The specific boundary conditions are applied as follows: sliding of the contact line can be realized only when the deviation of the contact angle exceeds a certain critical value. As a result, the stick-slip dynamics can be observed. The existence of three types of motion is demonstrated: stick-slip motion similar to the motion of an incompressible drop, as well as double resonance and modified oscillations characteristic only of a compressible bubble, taking into account the hysteresis of the contact angle.
Interaction behaviors between finite-scale natural and hydraulic fractures in hot dry rock geothermal systems
Authors: Huang Liuke , Liao Xingchuan , Fu Haifeng , Wang Xiaohua , Weng Dingwei , Feng Gan , Hu Dawei
Published: February 2025

A deeper understanding of interaction dynamics between hydraulic and natural fractures remains essential, especially for finite-scale natural fractures. In this paper, a three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing model is developed by using the discrete lattice method, which can simulate meticulously the dynamic evolution of both hydraulic and natural fractures to offer a precise portrayal of their interaction and progression. The results show that hydraulic fractures often interact with finite-scale natural fractures in three distinct ways: bypassing, detour crossing, and crossing. Additionally, shorter interaction distances significantly bolster the likelihood of a hydraulic fracture successfully crossing a natural fracture. Furthermore, this research examines the impact of the magnitude of natural fractures on fracture interactions. A discernible positive correlation has emerged between the capability of hydraulic fractures to cross natural fractures and the length of their interaction with natural fractures. This work proposes the existence of two distinct interaction angles, α and β, between hydraulic and natural fractures. Notably, it underscores that only angles β significantly affect the fracture expansion capacity. This research presents valuable insights that facilitate the optimization of hydraulic fracturing in reservoirs with developed natural fractures.
Wall-resolved large eddy simulations of a pitching airfoil in deep dynamic stall
Authors: Baldan G. , Guardone A.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the flow evolution around a sinusoidal pitching NACA 0012 airfoil, defined by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, undergoing deep dynamic stall using a wall-resolved large eddy simulation (LES) approach. Numerical results are assessed against experimental data from Lee and Gerontakos (2004) at a Reynolds number Re = 135 000 and reduced frequency k = 0.1. A comprehensive analysis of the computational model span size is presented, highlighting the requirement for a span-to-chord ratio of at least one to correctly capture the dynamic stall vortex physics in the downstroke phase. Furthermore, a comparative assessment with state-of-the-art Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), hybrid RANS/LES, and the experimental data is carried out. All the numerical models concur to the same flow behavior and exhibit similar differences with the experiments.
Evolution of cooperation under threshold public goods game
Authors: Gao Liyan , Pan Qiuhui , He Mingfeng
Published: February 2025

When the number of cooperators does not reach the collective target, resulting in the collective risk social dilemma, the self-organizing behavior of the group leads to the loss of collective interest and the government intervention leads to the increase of collective interest. For these two situations, we study the evolution of cooperation under threshold public goods game in well-mixed population. The results show that the introduction of the threshold makes it possible to generate complex dynamics with two interior equilibria in the replication equation. For self-organizing behavior, increasing the threshold is a double-edged sword. Although raising the threshold may increase the level of cooperation, the risk of dominance of defection also increases. For government intervention behavior, increasing the threshold significantly promotes cooperation. The common result is that individuals tend to free-ride when the group size increases. In addition, the greater the impact of the two behaviors on collective interest, the more conducive to promoting cooperation. When there are fewer initial cooperators, the government should intervene in time to generate cooperation. When there are more initial cooperators, self-organizing behavior is more conducive to attracting cooperators than government intervention. We hope that the model and results proposed in this paper can contribute to addressing the challenges posed by global issues such as climate change and the degradation of the ecological environment.
Can epigeic invertebrates escape fire?
Authors: Swinstead Christopher , Nevill Paul , Bateman Philip W.
Published: February 2025

Context Fire is both a driver of habitat heterogeneity and succession, as well as a destructive and detrimental force, according to the habitat affected and the fire conditions. The responses of many vertebrate taxa to fire have been broadly well-studied, with many taxa seeking shelter, burrowing or fleeing fire fronts to survive. Aims For invertebrates however, the potential for fleeing fire fronts has only been occasionally observed and has not been adequately quantified, despite invertebrate importance to ecosystem services. Methods We conducted a series of leaf litter microcosm burn offs during autumn and spring to quantify escape behaviour of epigeic invertebrate fauna compared to their natural abundances. Key results Controlled burns indicated that very few invertebrates of very few taxonomic groups escape fire. Those that did escape were predominantly made up of Araneae, Collembola, and Isopoda. Conclusions Our results indicate that epigeic invertebrates do not survive fire by active escape, implying that recolonisation must take place from outside the burn zone. We cannot, however, be sure that some taxa do not survive in situ through methods such as burrowing, seeking shelter within fire resistant refugia or by being within small unburnt remnant patches in the case of more mosaic pattern burns. Importantly this calls into question the survivability of short-range endemics; as if they cannot escape, then they are at risk of more localised extinctions with more intense burns.
Ethylene response factor SlERF.D6 promotes ripening in part through transcription factors SlDEAR2 and SlTCP12
Authors: Chen Yao , Wang Xin , Colantonio Vincent , Gao Zhuo , Pei Yangang , Fish Tara , Ye Jie , Courtney Lance , Thannhauser Theodore W. , Ye Zhibiao , Liu Yongsheng , Fei Zhangjun , Liu Mingchun , Giovannoni James J.
Published: February 2025

Ripening is crucial for the development of fleshy fruits that release their seeds following consumption by frugivores and are important contributors to human health and nutritional security. Many genetic ripening regulators have been identified, especially in the model system tomato, yet more remain to be discovered and integrated into comprehensive regulatory models. Most tomato ripening genes have been studied in pericarp tissue, though recent evidence indicates that locule tissue is a site of early ripening-gene activities. Here, we identified and functionally characterized an Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) gene,
SlERF.D6
, by investigating tomato transcriptome data throughout plant development, emphasizing genes elevated in the locule during fruit development and ripening.
SlERF.D6
loss-of-function mutants resulting from CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing delayed ripening initiation and carotenoid accumulation in both pericarp and locule tissues. Transcriptome analysis of lines altered in
SlERF.D6
expression revealed multiple classes of altered genes including ripening regulators, in addition to carotenoid, cell wall, and ethylene pathway genes, suggesting comprehensive ripening control. Distinct regulatory patterns in pericarp versus locule tissues were observed, indicating tissue-specific activity of this transcription factor (TF). Analysis of SlERF.D6 interaction with target promoters revealed an APETALA 2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) TF (
SlDEAR2
) as a target of SlERF.D6. Furthermore, we show that a third TF gene,
SlTCP12
, is a target of SlDEAR2, presenting a tricomponent module of ripening control residing in the larger SlERF.D6 regulatory network.
Seesaw protein: Design of a protein that adopts interconvertible alternative functional conformations and its dynamics
Authors: Ikeda Toma , Nojima Tatsuya , Yamamoto Souma , Yamada Ryusei , Niwa Tatsuya , Konno Hiroki , Taguchi Hideki
Published: February 2025

According to classical Anfinsen’s dogma, a protein folds into a single unique conformation with minimal Gibbs energy under physiological conditions. However, certain proteins may fold into two or more conformations from single amino acid sequences. Here, we designed a protein that adopts interconvertible alternative functional conformations, termed “seesaw” protein (SSP). An SSP was engineered by fusing GFP lacking the C-terminal β-strand and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) lacking the N-terminal β-strand with an overlapping linker, which can be competitively incorporated into either the GFP or the DHFR moiety. In vivo and biochemical analyses, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, demonstrated that the SSP adopts two alternative conformations, which can be biased by point mutations and ligand binding. The drastic conformational change upon the ligand binding was directly visualized by high-speed AFM. Furthermore, the balance of the seesaw can be reversibly changed depending on buffer conditions. In summary, our design strategy for SSP provides a unique direction for creating artificial proteins with on–off behaviors.
Dynamic changes in histone lysine lactylation during meiosis prophase I in mouse spermatogenesis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Liu Yan , Wang Ning
Published: February 2025

Male germ cells, which are responsible for producing millions of genetically diverse sperm through meiosis in the testis, rely on lactate as their central energy metabolite. Recent study has revealed that lactate induces epigenetic modification in cells through histone lysine lactylation. Here, we report dynamic histone lactylation at histone H4-lysine 5 (K5), -K8, and -K12 during meiosis prophase I in mouse spermatogenesis. By profiling the genome-wide occupancy of histone H4-K8 lactylation (H4K8la), which peaks at zygotene, our data show that H4K8la mark is observed at the promoters of genes exhibiting active expression with Gene Ontology functions enriched for meiosis. Notably, our data also demonstrate that H4K8la is closely associated with recombination hotspots, where machinery involved in the processing DNA double-stranded breaks, such as SPO11, DMC1, RAD51, and RPA2, is engaged. In addition, H4K8la was also detected at the meiosis-specific cohesion sites (marked by RAD21L and REC8) flanking the recombination hotspots. Functionally, our data show that lactate induces upregulation of key meiotic genes through H4K8la modifications. Additionally, H4K8la shows colocalization and interaction with PRDM9 at recombination hotspots. Finally, our data show that HBO1, a lactyltransferase, is highly expressed in meiotic germ cells. In vitro lactylation assays reveal that HBO1 induces H4K8la, and pharmacological inhibition of HBO1 in mice reduces H4K8la levels and disrupts meiosis. Collectively, our findings suggest that histone lactylation serves as an epigenetic mechanism that is involved in meiotic gene expression and recombination in male germ cells during spermatogenesis.
Resolving the dynamic correlated disorder in KTa

1−
x

Nb

x

O
3
Authors: He Xing , Gupta Mayanak K. , Abernathy Douglas L. , Granroth Garrett E. , Ye Feng , Winn Barry L. , Boatner Lynn , Delaire Olivier
Published: February 2025

Understanding the complex temporal and spatial correlations of ions in disordered perovskite oxides is critical to rationalize their functional properties. Here, we provide insights into the longstanding controversy regarding the off-centering of transition metal (TM) ions in the archetypal ferroelectric alloy KTa

1
−
x

Nb

x

O

3

(KTN). By mapping the full energy (

E

) and wavevector (

Q

) dependence of the dynamical structure factor

S
(
Q
,
E
)

using neutron scattering, and rationalizing our observations with atomistic simulations leveraging machine learning, we fully resolve the static
v
s dynamic nature of diffuse scattering sheets, as well as their composition (

x

) and temperature dependence. Our first-principles simulations, extended with machine-learning molecular dynamics, reproduce both inelastic neutron spectra and diffuse features, and establish how dynamically correlated TM off-centerings couple to phonons, unifying local and collective viewpoints. This study sheds light into an exemplary ferroelectric system and shows the importance of mapping the full

S
(
Q
,
E
)

to reveal critical spatiotemporal correlations of atomic disorder from which functional properties emerge.
Machine learning–enhanced surface-enhanced spectroscopic detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the human placenta
Authors: Neumann Oara , Ju Yilong , Sanchez-Alvarado Andres B. , Zhou Guodong , Jiang Weiwu , Moorthy Bhagavatula , Suter Melissa A. , Patel Ankit , Nordlander Peter , Halas Naomi J.
Published: February 2025

The detection and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), are essential for environmental and health monitoring, for assessing toxicological exposure and their associated health risks. PAHs/PACs are the most dangerous chemicals found in tobacco smoke, and cigarette use during pregnancy can convey these molecules to the developing fetus through the placenta. This exposure is associated with many negative health outcomes, from premature birth to sudden infant death syndrome and adverse neurodevelopmental disorders. This study demonstrates the use of surface-enhanced Raman and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopies for direct detection of PAHs/PACs in human placental tissue. We applied two spectroscopy-informed machine learning algorithms, Characteristic Peak Extraction (CaPE) and Characteristic Peak Similarity (CaPSim), to identify the specific PAHs and PACs present in the placenta of women who smoked tobacco cigarettes in pregnancy compared to spectra of the placenta from self-reported nonsmokers. CaPE and CaPSim analysis enabled a clear distinction between these two groups. Independent verification was accomplished by detecting PAH-DNA and PAC-DNA adducts in the smoking group by means of a
32
P-postlabeling assay. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining surface-enhanced spectroscopies with informed ML analysis for the streamlined detection of hazardous environmental compounds in human tissues, suggesting broader applications in clinical diagnostics and public health surveillance.
Cognitive analysis of gas pipeline discourse
Authors: Frayne Craig
Published: February 2025

This paper uses cognitive discourse analysis to investigate whether differing cognitive structures and mental
representations are reflected in sides of pipeline debates. Quotations were extracted from a web corpus to assign statements to
identifiable actors in two pipeline protests: the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAP) and Coastal GasLink Pipeline (CGP). Statements were
then grouped according to the stance of the speakers. Aspects of cognitive orientation, depth, and constructiveness were compared
between the groups. Results demonstrate methods and approaches that could be adapted to place-based conflicts between communities
and industries. The analysis obtains insights which could advance linguistic scholarship related to natural resources and the
environment as well as enhance conceptual clarity and mutual understanding in the context of specific projects or debates.
Secondary electron emission model for X-Ray induced photoelectric emission from semiconductors and insulators and the calculation of X-Ray attenuation cross sections
Authors: Zhuang Zhong , Xie Aigen , Xu Yi-Kang
Published: February 2025

Secondary electron emission SEE model for 0.1-10 keV X-Ray induced photoelectric emission PE from semiconductors and insulators SI was developed here. From the SEE model for X-Ray induced PE from SI developed here, theories of thermal emission and the characteristics of electron induced SEE and X-Ray induced PE, the methods of obtaining BPE, the mean escape depth of 0.1-10 keV X-Ray induced true secondary electrons λPE from SI and ɛPE were presented, respectively; BPE denotes the mean probability that an internal true secondary electron, which is excited by X-Ray, escapes into vacuum upon reaching emission surface of SI; ɛPE denotes the average energy required to produce a true secondary electron in SI by X-Ray. Based on parameters of vacuum evaporated alkali halides, existing theories of propagate of secondary electrons from SI and theories developed here, the universal formula for λPE of vacuum evaporated alkali halides in photon energy range of 0.1-10 keV was obtained, and the methods of calculating the spectra of X-Ray induced true secondary electrons, X-Ray attenuation cross sections and X-Ray penetration depth were presented, respectively. Index terms: X-Ray, photoelectric emission from semiconductors and insulators, X-Ray attenuation cross sections, X-Ray penetration depth, secondary electron emission.
Osmotically-induced rupture of viral capsids
Authors: Aguiar Felipe , Colla Thiago
Published: February 2025

A simple model is proposed aimed to investigate how the amount of dissociated ions influences the mechanical stability of viral capsids. After an osmotic and mechanical equilibrium is established with the outer solution, a non-adiabatic change in salt concentration at the external environment is considered, which results in a significant solvent inflow across the capsid surface, eventually leading to its rupture. The key assumption behind such an osmotic shock mechanism is that solvent flow takes place at timescales much shorter than the ones typical of ionic diffusion. In order to theoretically describe this effect, we herein propose a thermodynamic model based on the traditional Flory theory. The proposed approach is further combined with a continuum Hookian elastic model of surface stretching and pore-opening along the lines of a classical nucleation theory, allowing us to establish the conditions under which capsid mechanical instability takes place. Despite its non-local character, the proposed model is able to capture most of the relevant physical mechanisms controlling capsid stability, namely the volume exclusion and entropy of mixing effects among the densely-packed components, the elastic cost for capsid stretching and further pore opening, the Donnan equilibrium across the interface, as well as the large entropy loss resulting from folding the viral genome into close-packed configurations inside the capsid. It is shown that, depending on the particular combination of initial condition and capsid surface strength, the capsid can either become unstable after removal of a prescribed amount of external salt, or be fully stable against osmotic shock, regardless of the amount of ionic dilution.
Effect of tensile stress on the magnetic Barkhausen noise near grain boundary in grain-oriented silicon steel: experimental observation
Authors: Zhu Kongyang , Zhang Shurui , Li Peng , He Cunfu , Liu Xiucheng
Published: February 2025

Due to the spatial resolution limitation of the magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) sensor, the mechanism by which MBN signals are affected by the elastoplastic evolution process at the grain scale remains unclear. In this study, a high-resolution MBN sensor was used to investigate the distribution of MBN signals near grain boundary in grain-oriented silicon steel under controlled residual plastic strain and applied stress, simulating a cold work hardening process. It was observed that MBN signals near the grain boundary varied with the introduction of applied stress and residual plastic strain. A multi-factor mechanism was analyzed and proposed, incorporating the effects of microstructure, applied stress/strain, and residual stress at the grain scale. These findings provide valuable insights for the subsequent improvement of the micromagnetic theory at the grain scale.
Analyzing Point Liquid Loading Effects on Transversely Isotropic Poroelastic Media using Green's Function
Authors: Tariq Muzammal Hameed , Zhou Yue-Ting
Published: February 2025

Understanding the effects of point liquid loading on transversely isotropic poroelastic media is crucial for advancing geomechanics and biomechanics, where precise modeling of fluid-structure interactions is essential. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of infinite transversely isotropic poroelasticity under a fluid source, based on Biot's theory, aiming to uncover new and previously unexplored insights in the literature. We begin our study by deriving a general solution for fluid-saturated, transversely isotropic poroelastic materials in terms of harmonic functions that satisfy sixth-order homogeneous partial differential equations, using potential theory and Almansi's theorem. Based on these general solutions and potential functions, we construct a Green's function for a point fluid source, introducing three new harmonic functions with undetermined constants. These constants are determined by enforcing continuity and equilibrium conditions. Substituting these into the general solution yields fundamental solutions for poroelasticity that provide crucial support for a wide range of project problems. Numerical results and comparisons with existing literature are provided to illustrate physical mechanisms through contour plots. Our observations reveal that all components tend to zero in the far field and become singular at the concentrated source. Additionally, the contours exhibit rapid changes near the point fluid source but display gradual variations at a distance from it. These findings highlight the intricate behavior of the system under point liquid loading, offering valuable insights for further research and practical applications.
A Study of Subsurface Convection Zones of Fast Rotating Massive Stars
Authors: He Xiaolong , Lü Guoliang , Zhu Chunhua , Li Lin , Liu Helei , Guo Sufen , Lu Xizhen , Li Lei , Wang Hao
Published: February 2025

The subsurface convective zones (CZs) of massive stars significantly influence many of their key characteristics. Previous studies have paid little attention to the impact of rotation on the subsurface CZ, so we aim to investigate the evolution of this zone in rapidly rotating massive stars. We use the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics to simulate the subsurface CZs of massive stars during the main sequence phase. We establish stellar models with initial masses ranging from 5 M
⊙ to 120 M
⊙, incorporating four metallicities (Z = 0.02, 0.006, 0.002, and 0.0001) and three rotational velocities (ω/ω
crit = 0, ω/ω
crit = 0.50, and ω/ω
crit = 0.75). We find that rapid rotation leads to an expansion of the subsurface CZ, increases convective velocities, and promotes the development of this zone. Additionally, subsurface CZs can also emerge in stars with lower metallicities. Comparing our models with observations of massive stars in the Galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, and the Small Magellanic Cloud, we find that rotating models better encompass the observed samples. Rotation significantly influences the evolution of the subsurface CZ in massive stars. By comparing with the observed microturbulence on the surfaces of OB stars, we propose that the subsurface CZs may be one of the sources of microturbulence.
Predicting EEG seizures using graded spiking neural networks
Authors: Al Musafir Yazin , Mesbah Mostefa
Published: February 2025

Owing to its associated recurrent seizures, epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, significantly impairs the patient’s quality of life. Effective automated seizure prediction can revolutionize epilepsy management and improve patient wellbeing. This study introduces a novel, non-patient-specific seizure prediction system powered by Graded Spiking Neural Networks (GSNNs) and optimized for Intel’s Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor. Training this innovative predictor with the widely used CHB-MIT electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset yielded promising results, outperforming traditional EEG seizure-prediction methodologies. Further enhancements in the prediction performance were achieved through 1) hyperparameter optimization, 2) EEG channel selection to reduce the data volume, and 3) the introduction of a time-windowed voting (TWV) mechanism for increased robustness against noise and artifacts. The system was then implemented on Intel’s Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor, and its performance was analyzed. When contrasted with traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) based systems, the GSNN-based predictor demonstrated superior efficiency and reduced computational complexity, underscoring the substantial potential of GSNNs in this domain.
Research on Anomaly Monitoring Method of Power Telecontrol Transmission Based on Feature Selection and M-LSTM
Authors: Kai Guo , Mo Zhang , Lu Zheng , Qinning Sun , Yuqing Chang , Xiaochen Zhu
Published: February 2025

Power telecontrol transmission system is one of the key parts of power system, and its stable operation plays a key role in the safe operation of power system. Aiming at the redundancy of characteristic variables of power telecontrol transmission data, this paper proposes a set of typical characteristic variables by analyzing transmission network architecture and transmission protocol. A multi-time-short memory model (M-LSTM) is proposed to monitor the anomalies of power telecontrol data according to the sequence of each feature. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper has higher monitoring accuracy for the abnormal data in the power telecontrol transmission system.
Reliability Analysis of O&M Strategies for Power Generation Post 4MWp Solar-Utility Integration: LNG Plant Case Study
Authors: Bahtiar Muhamad Rais
Published: February 2025

In response to declining feed gas, Badak LNG currently operates two process trains. The power demand has decreased to only one-third of the total 112.5 MW internal power generation capacity, indicating a significant opportunity to optimize generator usage for improved efficiency and cost reduction. However, reducing the number of active generators may decrease system inertia, making the system more vulnerable to disturbances, especially with the integration of a 4 MWp solar PV panel. Additionally, partial power migration to the public utility company (PLN) further reduces power consumption.

This paper presents a comprehensive power system study and reliability analysis, including load flow, transient analysis, and a detailed reliability study. By employing the Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) method and evaluating several jeopardy scenarios, the study recommends operating five power generators (PGs) for two-train mode. Although the calculated LOLE of 0.56 days/year is higher than the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) standard of 0.1 days/year for two-train mode, operating with fewer PGs can significantly benefit fuel efficiency. Additionally, considering that only non-critical loads would be affected in the event of load shedding, the proposed strategy is deemed viable. The paper also outlines a maintenance strategy for the power generators in the coming years to ensure sustained performance and reliability.