bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citrate Anticoagulation During Plasma Exchange in a Patient With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Short Heparin‐free Hemodialysis Helps to Attenuate Citrate Load
Authors: Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka , Pernat Andreja Marn , Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  The treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura requires plasma exchange using fresh frozen plasma as a replacement solution once or even twice daily. If citrate anticoagulation is needed, the citrate load (both from fresh frozen plasma and citrate as an anticoagulant) can be significant, causing metabolic complications. The aim of our report is to present our experience with citrate anticoagulation in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with daily membrane plasma exchange. Twenty‐six plasma exchange procedures were performed during 20 days of treatment in a 46‐year‐old female. The blood flow was 98 ± 8 mL/min; 4% trisodium citrate was infused into the arterial line (134 ± 11 mL/h) and 1 M CaCl2 into the venous line (11.4 ± 1.8 mL/h). Fresh frozen plasma (first 7 procedures) or cryo‐poor plasma (19 procedures) were used as a replacement solution, 3176 ± 536 mL per procedure. A total of 88,930 mL of plasma was exchanged. No serious side‐effects occurred. iCa before plasma exchange was significantly higher than afterwards (1.23 ± 0.12 vs. 1.12 ± 0.12, P = 0.0047). Significant alkalosis occurred after three plasma exchanges (pH 7.64, bicarbonate 36.2 mmol/L), and was corrected by 3‐h heparin‐free hemodialysis with dialysate as follows: K 4.0 mmol/L, calcium 1.5 mmol/L, and bicarbonate set to 24 mmol/L. After dialysis, pH was 7.45 and bicarbonate 29.4 mmol/L. Another (2‐h) heparin‐free hemodialysis procedure was repeated after six plasma exchanges. Citrate anticoagulation can be safely performed in patients treated with plasma exchange once or twice daily. Periodically performed short heparin‐free hemodialysis can correct metabolic alkalosis and attenuate the citrate load.
A Pilot Course for Teachers
Authors: Govett Aimee L. , Farley John W.
Published: June 2005

A pilot course for teachers was taught at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) during an intensive two-week summer session in 2001. The participants consisted of 16 in-service teachers and one preservice teacher. Their years of teaching experience ranged from zero to 30 years. The course, Physics and Physical Science for Teachers, covered introductory mechanics and some chemistry. It included a combination of science content and reformed pedagogy, as co-taught by faculty from departments of physics and education.
Orbital Timing for a Mission to Mars
Authors: Turcotte Stephen B.
Published: June 2005

There is currently both interest and excitement in a future manned mission to Mars. To help students better understand the logistics of a manned mission, freshman-level physics can be used to explore the timing involved in traveling between the Earth and Mars. This problem requires students to utilize a number of basic principles, including Kepler's third law, rotational dynamics, vectors, conservation of energy, and conservation of angular momentum. Applying multiple principles to a single problem is often a formidable task for students. However, practice in this endeavor better prepares students for “real world” phenomena in which physics principles rarely occur in isolation.
Hanging-Picture Instability
Authors: Denardo Bruce , Raspet Richard
Published: June 2005

The stability of the static equilibrium state of a mechanical system is not always obvious. Such a case can present a problem that is not only interesting but can be readily demonstrated in the classroom as well. For example, Figs. 1 and 2(a) show a rectangular picture frame that is suspended by a cord that passes over a fixed pulley. The equilibrium is stable when the longer string is used and unstable with the shorter string.1
Improving Upon Mach's Wave Machines to Demonstrate Traveling Waves
Authors: Flaten James , Cooper Ronnie
Published: June 2005

This note describes how to demonstrate traveling wave patterns, as opposed to standing wave patterns, with sets of uncoupled pendula using an apparatus known as Mach's wave machine. Both transverse and longitudinal variants of the wave machine are discussed, as are ways to independently adjust wave speed, amplitude, and frequency (and hence wavelength) of the traveling wave patterns.
Educational Equity or Equality — Which Do We Really Want?
Authors: Blanton Patricia
Published: June 2005

I had not considered the words equality and equity to have significantly different meanings until a response from a reader about the connotations of a suggested assignment caused me to research some of the writing on the issue. This distinction seemed to get at the heart of the reader's concern…. Equality means everyone is treated the same; equity means everyone is treated fairly.
Electronegativity and Average Local Ionization Energy
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S. , Grice M. Edward
Published: June 2005

A variation of an earlier formulation of electronegativity by Allen, as the average valence electron ionization energy of a ground-state atom, is proposed. It is shown that the calculated average local ionization energies on the 0.001 a.u. electronic density contours of atoms correlate very well with Allen's values. Our procedure makes it unnecessary to enumerate valence electrons, which can be a problem due to interpenetration of shells.
Equations of Motion Theory for Electron Affinities
Authors: Simons Jack
Published: June 2005

The ab initio calculation of molecular electron affinities (EA) and ionization potentials (IP) is a difficult task because the energy of interest is a very small fraction of the total electronic energy of the parent species. For example, EAs typically lie in the 0.01-10 eV range, but the total electronic energy of even a small molecule, radical, or ion is usually several orders of magnitude larger. Moreover, the EA or IP is an intensive quantity but the total energy is an extensive quantity, so the difficulty in evaluating EAs and IPs to within a fixed specified (e.g., ±0.1 eV) accuracy becomes more and more difficult as the system's size and number of electrons grows. The situation becomes especially problematic when studying extended systems such as solids, polymers, or surfaces for which the EA or IP is an infinitesimal fraction of the total energy. EOM methods such as the author developed in the 1970s offer a route to calculating the intensive EAs and IPs directly as eigenvalues of a set of working equations. A history of the development of EOM theories as applied to EAs and IPs, their numerous practical implementations, and their relations to Greens function or propagator theories are given in this contribution. EOM methods based upon Møller-Plesset, multiconfiguration self-consistent field, and coupled-cluster reference wave functions are included in the discussion as is the application of EOM methods to metastable states of anions.
Quantum Mechanics Needs No Interpretation
Authors: Skála Lubomír , Kapsa Vojtěch
Published: June 2005

Probabilistic description of results of measurements and its consequences for understanding quantum mechanics are discussed. It is shown that the basic mathematical structure of quantum mechanics like the probability amplitudes, Born rule, probability density current, commutation and uncertainty relations, momentum operator, rules for including scalar and vector potentials and antiparticles can be derived from the definition of the mean values of powers of space coordinates and time. Equations of motion of quantum mechanics, the Klein-Gordon equation, Schrödinger equation and Dirac equation are obtained from the requirement of the relativistic invariance of the theory. The limit case of localized probability densities leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics. Many-particle systems are also discussed.
On the Size Consistency of Multireference CEPA Methods
Authors: Ruttink Paul J. A.
Published: June 2005

The size consistency of various multireference coupled electron pair approaches (MRCEPA) is analysed. These methods include the MRCEPA0, MR averaged coupled pair functional (MR-ACPF), MR averaged quadratic coupled cluster (MR-AQCC), MR (singles and doubles) CEPA (MRDCEPA) and the recently proposed MR averaged CEPA (MR-ACEPA) methods. Test calculations on the O2 dimer show that a correct treatment of the variationally included (VI) terms such as in the MRDCEPA and MR-ACEPA methods is necessary for obtaining nearly size-consistent results. On the other hand, the results strongly suggest that it is impossible to obtain exact size consistency with any method employing the diagonal shift formalism. The analysis also shows that the size consistency error is not significantly affected by the exclusion principle violating (EPV) terms.
Permutational Symmetry and Molecular Structure Calculations
Authors: Sutcliffe Brian
Published: June 2005

In a paper published in 1985 (Katriel J., Paldus J., Pauncz R.: Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1985, 28, 181) Paldus and his colleagues considered explicit relations between the permutational symmetry and the spin operators for systems of identical particles. The principal concern of this paper was with particles for which σ = 1/2 but there is some consideration of the case of particles for which σ = 1. This latter consideration was developed by Katriel (Katriel J.: J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) 2001, 547, 1) in a paper honouring Prof. Paldus on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The present paper attempts a consideration of aspects of permutational symmetry, not explicitly considered in those two papers, as they affect the interpretation of the results of molecular structure calculations.
Infinite-Order Regular Approximation by the Metric Perturbation
Authors: Sadlej Andrzej J.
Published: June 2005

The regular approximation methods for the reduction of the Dirac equation to a fully equivalent two-component form are considered in the framework of the perturbation theory. The usual Dirac hamiltonian is first transformed with the change of metric. Then, the change of metric is considered as a perturbation to the zeroth-order (ZORA) problem. General formulae for perturbation corrections to the ZORA wave function and energy are expressed solely in terms of the two-component solutions. The method presented in this paper gives the energy- independent scheme for the step-by-step generation of the infinite-order results which are equivalent to solutions of the Dirac equations. Several formal and computational aspects of the infinite-order regular approximation are discussed. It is concluded that, because of the use of well-behaved operators, the high-order regular approximation methods can be considered as competitive to high-order Douglas-Kroll approaches.
AUGMENTED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND RELATIVE CONSERVATION LAWS IN CLASSICAL FIELD THEORY
Authors: FATIBENE L. , FERRARIS M. , FRANCAVIGLIA M.
Published: June 2005

Augmented variational principles are introduced in order to provide a definition of relative conservation laws. As it is physically reasonable, relative conservation laws define in turn relative conserved quantities that measure, for example, how much energy is needed in a field theory to go from one configuration (called the reference or vacuum) to another configuration (the physical state of the system). The general prescription we describe solves in a covariant way the well-known observer dependence of conserved quantities. The solution found is deeply related to the divergence ambiguity of the Lagrangian and to various formalisms that have recently appeared in literature to deal with the variation of conserved quantities (of which this is a formal integration). A number of examples relevant to fundamental physics are considered in detail, starting from classical mechanics.
A LAPLACE INTEGRAL, THE T–Y–Z EXPANSION, AND BEREZIN'S TRANSFORM ON A KÄHLER MANIFOLD
Authors: LOI ANDREA
Published: June 2005

Let M be an n-dimensional complex manifold endowed with a C∞ Kähler metric g. We show that a certain Laplace-type integral ℒm(x), when x varies in a sufficiently small open set U ⊂ M, has an asymptotic expansion [Formula: see text], where Cr:C∞(U) → C∞(U) are smooth differential operators depending on the curvature of g and its covariant derivatives. As a consequence we furnish a different proof of Lu's theorem by computing the lower order terms of Tian–Yau–Zelditch expansion in terms of the operator Cj. Finally, we compute the differential operators Qj of the expansion Ber m(f) = Σr≥0m-rQr(f) of Berezin's transform in terms of the operators Cj.
QUANTIZATION OF SECOND-ORDER CONSTRAINED LAGRANGIAN SYSTEMS USING THE WKB APPROXIMATION
Authors: RABEI EQAB M. , HASSAN EYAD H. , GHASSIB HUMAM B. , MUSLIH S.
Published: June 2005

A general theory is given for quantizing both constrained and unconstrained systems with second-order Lagrangian, using the WKB approximation. In constrained systems, the constraints become conditions on the wave function to be satisfied in the semiclassical limit. This is illustrated with two examples.
Reconstruction of short-term palaeoceanographic changes during the formation of the Late Albian ‘Niveau Breistroffer’ black shales (Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d, SE France)
Authors: BORNEMANN ANDRÉ , PROSS JÖRG , REICHELT KERSTIN , HERRLE JENS O. , HEMLEBEN CHRISTOPH , MUTTERLOSE JÖRG
Published: June 2005

The Niveau Breistroffer black shale succession in the Vocontian Basin (SE France) is the regional equivalent of the widely distributed Late Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d. The studied black shale-rich interval at the Col de Palluel section is 6.28 m thick and comprises four black shale units with up to 2.5 wt% total organic carbon (TOC) intercalated with marlstones. Calcareous nannofossil, palynomorph, planktic Foraminifera and stable isotopic data from the Niveau Breistroffer succession suggest that short-term climate changes influenced its deposition, with relatively warm and humid climate during black shale formation in comparison with relatively cool and dry climatic conditions during marlstone deposition. An increase in the terrigenous/marine ratio of palynomorphs indicates enhanced humidity and higher runoff during black shale formation. A nutrient index based on calcareous nannofossils and the abundance pattern of small (63–125 μm) hedbergellid Foraminifera show short-term changes in the productivity of the surface water. Surface-water productivity was reduced during black shale formation and increased during marlstone deposition. A calcareous nannofossil temperature index and bulk-rock oxygen isotope data indicate relative temperature changes, with warmer surface waters for black shale samples. At these times, warm–humid climate and reduced surface-water productivity were accompanied by greater abundances of ‘subsurface’-dwelling calcareous nannofossils (nannoconids) and planktic Foraminifera (rotaliporids). These taxa presumably indicate more stratified surface-water conditions. We suggest that the formation of the Niveau Breistroffer black shales occurred during orbitally induced increase in monsoonal activity that led to increasing humidity during periods of black shale formation. This, in turn, caused a decrease in low-latitude deep-water formation and probably an increase in surface-water stratification. The combination of these two mechanisms caused depleted O
2
concentrations in the bottom water that increased the preservation potential of organic matter.
Abnormal pollen grains: an outcome of deteriorating atmospheric conditions around the Permian–Triassic boundary
Authors: Foster C.B. , Afonin S.A.
Published: June 2005

Records of abnormal gymnosperm pollen morphotypes from coeval localities in Russia and NW China provide independent and unique evidence of deteriorating atmospheric conditions at the close of the Permian. Although at similar palaeolatitude, the Vologda region of European Russia and the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang Province, China, were thousands of kilometres apart and on different tectonic plates. The co-occurrence of the megaspore
Otynisporites eotriassicus
Fuglewicz 1977
, and its restricted distribution elsewhere in marine sections with either Late Permian ammonoids or the basal Triassic conodont marker
Hindeodus parvus
, confirms the age range, and correlation of the Russian and NW Chinese sections. In three Chinese sections, rapid changes in carbon isotopic (δ
13
C
org
) composition of between 4 and 10‰ occur over the intervals showing abnormal pollen. These patterns reflect bioclastic facies contributions responding to local environmental changes. They are nevertheless coincident with global perturbations in the atmosphere, caused by extensive volcanic activity around the Permian–Triassic boundary.
Use of spectral gamma-ray data to refine subsurface fluvial stratigraphy: late Cretaceous strata in the Book Cliffs, Utah, USA
Authors: Hampson Gary J. , Davies William , Davies Sarah J. , Howell John A. , Adamson Keith R.
Published: June 2005

High-resolution (sub-seismic) stratigraphic correlation in fluvial strata is extremely difficult using conventional subsurface core and wireline-log data (e.g. gamma-ray, neutron, density, sonic logs). Spectral gamma-ray logs provide additional data on lithological composition that can aid identification of chronostratigraphic surfaces in a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation framework. The application of spectral gamma-ray data in constructing such a framework is demonstrated using data from exposures and the subsurface from the Cretaceous non-marine Blackhawk Formation and Castlegate Sandstone of the Book Cliffs area, Utah, USA. These strata provide an ideal test case for the use of spectral gamma-ray data in fluvial stratigraphy, because interpretations can be compared directly with a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework from coeval shallow-marine strata exposed nearby. The stratigraphic abundance of coals and relatively uniform Th/K ratio, which indicates uniform clay mineralogy, in mudstone sections of the non-marine Blackhawk Formation implies a humid, subtropical climate throughout its deposition. Variations in facies architecture and stratigraphy are therefore interpreted to have been driven principally by fluctuations in relative sea level and hinterland tectonics. Fluvial and fluvio-tidal sandstones within incised valleys, which lie above erosional sequence boundaries, have a highly variable spectral gamma-ray character, but locally are marked by distinctive heavy mineral lags and concentrations (Th consistently >3 ppm). On the interfluves of incised valleys, sequence boundaries are marked by palaeosols that locally have a distinctive leached, potassium-depleted character (Th/K ratio >17). Lateral variability in spectral gamma-ray character of sequence boundaries is consistent with facies and sequence stratigraphic models of the non-marine Blackhawk Formation and Castlegate Sandstone, but sequence boundaries do not exhibit a clear, diagnostic character in every location. In addition, high Th/K ratios of the type noted at interfluve palaeosols may be produced by potassium depletion beneath coal seams as a result of acid groundwater percolation during early diagenesis, and by thorium enrichment in heavy mineral lags within foreshore sandstones. These alternative interpretations can be eliminated if high Th/K ratios occur in intervals lacking coal seams and shallow-marine sandstones, respectively. Thus, within the context of a sound understanding of detrital mineralogy, diagenetic history, facies and appropriate sequence stratigraphic models, spectral gamma-ray data allow sequence boundaries to be identified and correlated in non-marine fluvial strata at least 80 km from the interpreted coeval shoreline.
Aeromagnetic imaging of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in northern New Zealand: insight into the fine structure of a major SW Pacific terrane suture
Authors: Eccles J.D. , Cassidy J. , Locke C.A. , Spörli K.B.
Published: June 2005

A new aeromagnetic survey of the Junction Magnetic Anomaly in northern New Zealand reveals that it is associated with up to 10 subparallel lineaments. The Junction Magnetic Anomaly delineates the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, a remarkably linear though sigmoidally bent major boundary zone traceable through most of New Zealand, which separates terranes sutured onto the New Zealand Gondwana margin in late Mesozoic time. Modelling of the lineaments, in conjunction with a new review of structures along the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt throughout New Zealand, indicates that the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in Auckland consists of a number of imbricate slices, most of which are likely to dip steeply to the east (i.e. overturned away from the former trench) and extend to considerable depth in the crust. The source bodies for the central high-amplitude magnetic lineaments are interpreted to be serpentinite shear or mélange zones, cutting a large lensoid body of ultramafic rocks, similar to those occurring elsewhere along the length of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt. Our data have revealed that a formerly postulated offset of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in the region instead resembles a duplex or thrust imbricate-like bundling of shear zones. These shear zones were probably initiated as accretion thrusts, but complexities in their pattern indicate subsequent shearing, including ‘backfolding’ to an overturned attitude and possibly strike slip to produce the linear nature of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt. The outer lineaments mostly mark accretion thrusts in the adjacent terranes. This study demonstrates that detailed aeromagnetic surveys can delineate the fine structure in ophiolite complexes and thereby give valuable insights into the effects of micro-continental collision on an accretionary margin.
The role of Mesozoic rifting in the opening of the NE Atlantic: evidence from deep seismic profiling across the Faroe–Shetland Trough
Authors: England R.W. , McBride J.H. , Hobbs R.W.
Published: June 2005

The FAST deep seismic reflection profile traverses the whole width of the Faroe–Shetland Trough. The principal target of the profile was the structure of the crust beneath the Faroe basalts. In this region, bright reflections are seen from between 7 and 9 km depth beneath the basalts, dipping westwards in the opposite direction to the dip of the basalts and reflections within the basalts. These sub-basalt reflections are regarded as originating from near top basement. The Moho has not been imaged beneath the basalts, possibly because of the absence of any impedance contrast at the base of the crust. The profile shows that the basement of the Faroe–Shetland Trough thins to
c
. 10 km beneath the centre of the trough. Thinning of the crystalline basement is probably the result of more than one phase of extension, the most recent of which occurred in the mid- to late Cretaceous. Extension appears to have been concentrated on a series of east-dipping normal faults cutting through the basement. These faults may have originated during a Precambrian rifting event. It is suggested that opening of the NE Atlantic occurred to the west of the Faroe Islands, as Mesozoic rifting in the Faroe–Shetland Trough had strengthened the lithosphere in this region.
Age determination of Ordovician magmatism in NE Sardinia and its bearing on Variscan basement evolution
Authors: Helbing Heiko , Tiepolo Massimo
Published: June 2005

A newly discovered pre-Variscan cover–basement relationship in NE Sardinia is defined by differences in structural and metamorphic histories. The oldest metamorphic fabrics in the basement are absent from a series of metaplutons that are inferred to be comagmatic with metavolcanic rocks in the cover. Cover and basement are further distinguished by contrasting metapelite compositions. Superimposed metamorphism is represented by pre-Variscan garnet and Variscan plagioclase porphyroblasts that appear in the field as a ‘mixed’ garnet + albite zone.
In situ
U–Pb zircon dating of meta-igneous rocks from cover and basement by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry gives ages of 458 ± 7 Ma for the Tanaunella orthogneiss, 456 ± 14 Ma for the Lodè orthogneiss, and 474 ± 13 Ma for the Lula porphyroid. The internal Sardinian Variscides thus incorporate a mid-Ordovician magmatic belt developed upon an older basement; correlation is proposed with a tectonostratigraphic domain that is at present exposed in the Alps. Within the mid-Ordovician peri-Gondwanan realm, the internal Sardinian Variscides appear to have developed along an active margin, whereas the foreland correlates with the Ibero-Aquitaine domain and is related to the evolution of a passive margin during rifting and detachment of Avalonia to form the Rheic Ocean.
The Hardangerfjord Shear Zone in SW Norway and the North Sea: a large-scale low-angle shear zone in the Caledonian crust
Authors: Fossen Haakon , Hurich Charles A.
Published: June 2005

The Hardangerfjord Shear Zone is a more than 600 km long low-angle extensional structure that affects the South Norway and North Sea Caledonides. The ductile shear zone, which shows total maximum onshore displacement of the order of 10–15 km, is primarily a basement structure with an associated passive, monoclinal fold structure of the overlying Caledonian nappes. Deep seismic data indicate that the shear zone continues down to the lower crust (20–25 km) at a dip of 22–23°, where it appears to flatten and merge with the general lower-crustal deformation fabric. Onshore, the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone consists of a system of hard-linked ductile shear-zone segments. Brittle faults (the Lœrdal–Gjende fault system) occur in the folded Caledonian allochthons in the NE part of the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone, and reappear in the North Sea. These may represent a high-level brittle response to the Devonian development of the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone, but were reactivated during Permo-Triassic and late Jurassic extensional events. A
c
. 5 km thick package of seismic reflectors along the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone is presumed to represent a mylonite zone, which is too thick to be formed entirely by 10–15 km of Devonian displacement. Hence the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone is likely to be a Proterozoic shear zone, reactivated during Devonian extension.
Complexity in Regulation of Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Gollnick Paul , Babitzke Paul , Antson Alfred , Yanofsky Charles
Published: June 2005

Bacillus subtilis uses novel regulatory mechanisms in controlling expression of its genes of tryptophan synthesis and transport. These mechanisms respond to changes in the intracellular concentrations of free tryptophan and uncharged tRNATrp. The major B. subtilis protein that regulates tryptophan biosynthesis is the tryptophan-activated RNA-binding attenuation protein, TRAP. TRAP is a ring-shaped molecule composed of 11 identical subunits. Active TRAP binds to unique RNA segments containing multiple trinucleotide (NAG) repeats. Binding regulates both transcription termination and translation in the trp operon, and translation of other coding regions relevant to tryptophan metabolism. When there is a deficiency of charged tRNATrp, B. subtilis forms an anti-TRAP protein, AT. AT antagonizes TRAP function, thereby increasing expression of all the genes regulated by TRAP. Thus B. subtilis and Escherichia coli respond to identical regulatory signals, tryptophan and uncharged tRNATrp, yet they employ different mechanisms in regulating trp gene expression.
Exploiting Chinks in the Plant's Armor: Evolution and Emergence of Geminiviruses
Authors: Rojas Maria R. , Hagen Charles , Lucas William J. , Gilbertson Robert L.
Published: June 2005

The majority of plant-infecting viruses utilize an RNA genome, suggesting that plants have imposed strict constraints on the evolution of DNA viruses. The geminiviruses represent a family of DNA viruses that has circumvented these impediments to emerge as one of the most successful viral pathogens, causing severe economic losses to agricultural production worldwide. The genetic diversity reflected in present-day geminiviruses provides important insights into the evolution and biology of these pathogens. To maximize replication of their DNA genome, these viruses acquired and evolved mechanisms to manipulate the plant cell cycle machinery for DNA replication, and to optimize the number of cells available for infection. In addition, several strategies for cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of the infectious viral DNA were evolved and refined to be compatible with the constraints imposed by the host endogenous macromolecular trafficking machinery. Mechanisms also evolved to circumvent the host antiviral defense systems. Effectively combatting diseases caused by geminiviruses represents a major challenge and opportunity for biotechnology.
Approximate linear confidence and curvature of a kinetic model of dodecanedioic acid in humans
Authors: Panunzi Simona , De Gaetano Andrea , Mingrone Geltrude
Published: June 2005

Dicarboxylic acids with an even number of carbon atoms have been proposed as an alternate energy substrate for enteral or parenteral nutrition in the acutely ill patient, due to their water solubility and their yielding TCA cycle intermediates upon β-oxidation. In the present work, a nonlinear compartmental model of the kinetics of dodecanedioic acid is developed, and its parameters are estimated from time concentration experimental observations obtained from six healthy volunteers undergoing a per os administration of 3 g of the substance. Although the model is linear in the transfer of the free substance from plasma to the tissues, the exchange between gut and plasma compartments is represented as a saturable function. Albumin binding is then incorporated to obtain the final model in terms of the measured total concentrations. Estimates of the model's structural parameters were computed for each experimental subject, and the usual single-subject approximate confidence regions for the parameters were derived by inversion of the Hessian at the optimum. To verify the applicability of this approximation, the nonlinearity of the expectation surface at the optimum was measured by computing the normal (intrinsic) component of curvature. Because the model curvature was excessive in all subjects, the usual approximation could not be trusted to provide acceptable approximations to the parameter confidence regions. A suitable Monte Carlo simulation yielded empirical joint parameter distributions from which the approximate parameter variances could finally be obtained.
Properties of typical bounded closed convex sets in Hilbert space
Authors: de Blasi F. S. , Zhivkov N. V.
Published: June 2005

For a nonempty separable convex subset X of a Hilbert space ℍ(Ω), it is typical (in the sense of Baire category) that a bounded closed convex set C ⊂ ℍ(Ω) defines an m‐valued metric antiprojection (farthest point mapping) at the points of a dense subset of X, whenever m is a positive integer such that m ≤ dimX + 1.
The sobolev embeddings are usually sharp
Authors: Fraysse A. , Jaffard S.
Published: June 2005

Let x0 ∈ ℝd; we study the Hölder regularity at
x0 of a generic function of the Sobolev space
Lp,s(ℝd) and of the Besov space for s − d/p > 0. The setting for genericity is
supplied here by HP‐residual sets.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Activation Reduces Salt-Dependent Hypertension During Chronic Endothelin B Receptor Blockade
Authors: Williams Jan Michael , Zhao Xueying , Wang Mong H. , Imig John D. , Pollock David M.
Published: June 2005

Endothelin B (ET
B
) receptor stimulation inhibits sodium transport in a similar fashion as 20-HETE. Clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist, increases protein expression of cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A), which is responsible for 20-HETE synthesis in the kidney. Experiments were designed to determine whether clofibrate reduces hypertension associated with chronic ET
B
receptor blockade. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either normal-salt (0.8% NaCl) or high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 10 days. Female rats were fed a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 10 days. During the last 7 days, rats of both sexes were divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) clofibrate in drinking water (80 mg per day), (2) ET
B
receptor antagonist A-192621 in food (10 mg/kg per day), or (3) clofibrate and A-192621. During ET
B
receptor blockade, clofibrate had no effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) under normal salt conditions. In contrast, clofibrate significantly inhibited the increase in MAP produced by A-192621 in rats fed a high-salt diet (34±3 versus 19±4 mm Hg;
P
<0.05). Similar results were observed in female rats administered A-192621 and fed a high-salt diet. ET
B
receptor blockade significantly decreased CYP4A protein expression in the renal cortex of rats on high salt. Clofibrate significantly increased renal cortical and medullary CYP4A protein expression in A-192621–treated male rats on high salt. Therefore, chronic PPAR-α agonist treatment reduces salt-dependent hypertension produced by ET
B
receptor blockade in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. This suggests a possible relationship between ET
B
receptor activation and the maintenance of CYP4A protein expression in the kidney of rats fed a high-salt diet.
Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Mortality in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery?
Authors: Jin Ruyun , Grunkemeier Gary L. , Furnary Anthony P. , Handy John R.
Published: June 2005

Background—

The published articles examining obesity and CABG surgery contain conflicting results about the role of body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor for in-hospital mortality.

Methods and Results—

We studied 16 218 patients who underwent isolated CABG in the Providence Health System Cardiovascular Study Group database from 1997 to 2003. The effect of BMI on in-hospital mortality was assessed by logistic regression, with BMI group (underweight, normal, overweight, and 3 subgroups of obesity) as a categorical variable or transformations, including fractional polynomials, of BMI as a continuous variable. BMI was not a statistically significant risk factor for mortality in any of these assessments. However, using cumulative sum techniques, we found that the lowest risk-adjusted CABG in-hospital mortality was in the high-normal and that overweight BMI subgroup patients with lower or higher BMI had slightly increased mortality.

Conclusions—

Body size is not a significant risk factor for CABG mortality, but the lowest mortality is found in the high-normal and overweight subgroups compared with obese and underweight.
Changes in Ventricular Size and Function in Patients Treated With Valsartan, Captopril, or Both After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Solomon Scott D. , Skali Hicham , Anavekar Nagesh S. , Bourgoun Mikhail , Barvik Stale , Ghali Jalal K. , Warnica J. Wayne , Khrakovskaya Margarita , Arnold J. Malcolm O. , Schwartz Yuri , Velazquez Eric J. , Califf Robert M. , McMurray John V. , Pfeffer Marc A.
Published: June 2005

Background—

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to attenuate left ventricular (LV) enlargement in association with reducing mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). Preclinical data suggest that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may have similar structural and functional effects after MI. The Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) Echo study was designed to test the hypothesis that the ARB valsartan, either alone or in combination with captopril, could attenuate progressive LV enlargement or improve LV ejection fraction to a greater extent than captopril alone.

Methods and Results—

Six hundred ten patients enrolled in the main VALIANT study who experienced MI and evidence of LV dysfunction, heart failure, or both were enrolled in the VALIANT Echo study. Patients were randomized to receive valsartan 160 mg PO BID, captopril 50 mg PO TID, or valsartan 80 mg PO BID plus captopril 50 mg PO TID between 1 and 10 days after MI. Six hundred three patients had echocardiograms of sufficient quality for quantitative analysis. Echocardiograms were digitized, and endocardial borders were traced manually from 2 short-axis and 2 apical views. Ventricular volumes, ejection fractions, combined areas, and infarct segment length were measured, and changes in echocardiographic measures from baseline to 20 months were compared between treatment groups. Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were similar in the 3 treatment arms. The changes from baseline to 20 months in all echocardiographic parameters were similar in all 3 treatment arms. Baseline echocardiographic measures of ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, and infarct segment length were highly predictive of outcomes including total mortality, death or hospitalization for heart failure, or death or any cardiovascular event (heart failure, MI, stroke, resuscitated sudden death), even after adjustment for known covariates.

Conclusions—

Treatment with the ACE inhibitor captopril, valsartan, or the combination of captopril plus valsartan resulted in similar changes in cardiac volume, ejection fraction, and infarct segment length between baseline and 20 months after MI. Baseline echocardiographic measures were powerfully and independently predictive of all major outcomes.
Estradiol-Mediated Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Association With Heat Shock Protein 90 Requires Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase
Authors: Schulz Eberhard , Anter Elad , Zou Ming-Hui , Keaney John F.
Published: June 2005

Background—

Estradiol activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by mechanisms that involve estrogen receptor-α (ERα), protein kinase B/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Recently, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular adaptation to metabolic stress, has been implicated in physiological eNOS activation by the hormones adiponectin and insulin. We therefore investigated whether AMPK is activated by estradiol in endothelial cells and plays a role in estradiol-induced eNOS activation.

Methods and Results—

Porcine aortic endothelial cells exhibited time- and concentration-dependent AMPK activation as determined by phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase in response to estradiol (1 nmol/L to 10 μmol/L, 1 to 30 minutes). AMPK activation by estradiol was independent of both AMP levels and ERα but required estradiol conversion to its catechol metabolites. Estradiol treatment increased eNOS catalytic activity, an effect that was largely reversed when endothelial cells were infected with an AMPK dominant-negative adenovirus. However, inhibition of AMPK did not alter estradiol-induced eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 or threonine 495 but decreased eNOS interaction with HSP90. Consistent with this observation, blood vessels from α
1
-AMPK-null mice exhibited defective eNOS-mediated NO production in response to estradiol.

Conclusions—

Taken together, these data indicate that AMPK activity is essential for estradiol-induced eNOS activation via the promotion of eNOS interaction with HSP90. These data point to a novel role for AMPK in modulating endothelial cell NO bioactivity and HSP90 function.
The Demographics of Genocide: Refugees and Territorial Loss in the Mass Murder of European Jewry
Authors: Midlarsky Manus I.
Published: June 2005

This study seeks to distinguish between instances where genocide occurred and others where it might have been expected to occur but did not. Territorial loss, a corollary refugee influx, and a resulting contraction of socio-economic space are suggested to provide that distinction. Four analytic perspectives based on emotional reactions, class envy, prospect theory, and territoriality indicate the critical importance of loss. The theory is examined in the context of the mass murder of European Jewry including, of course, Germany and Austria, and all European German allies that allowed an indigenous genocidal impulse, willingness to comply with German genocidal policies, or an ability to resist German pressures for Jewish deportation. Three instances of perpetrating states - Italy, Vichy France, and Romania - emerge from the analysis. The latter two governments willingly collaborated with the Germans in victimizing their own Jewish citizenry, while Italy was on a genocidal path just prior to the German occupation. All five states mentioned above were found to experience considerable territorial loss and a contraction of socio-economic space. Bulgaria and Finland, on the other hand, actually expanded their borders at the start of the war and saved virtually all of their Jewish citizens. The importance of loss is demonstrated not only cross-sectionally, in the comparison between the five victimizers, on the one hand, and Bulgaria and Finland, on the other, but also diachronically, in the changing behavior over time of the genocidal and perpetrating states.
Children need music
Authors: Gruhn Wilfried
Published: June 2005

Neurobiological and anthropological reasons call for high-priority attention to the human need for music as a rhythmically organized sound experience and an expressive tool for communication. Every human being is born with a certain level of musical potential. The most powerful neural networks and behavioural attitudes are developed during childhood. Therefore, music education plays an essential role in developing and consolidating this given potential.
Why study music?
Authors: Hodges Donald A.
Published: June 2005

Cognitive neuroscience is identifying neural networks in the brain that support multiple ways of knowing. This notion is also supported by evidence from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and other related disciplines. These human knowledge systems provide a means for sharing, expressing, understanding, knowing, and gaining insights into one’s inner and outer worlds. Considered alongside other knowledge systems such as language and mathematics, what unique contributions can music make? Music provides unique and invaluable insights into the human condition. Music allows us to know, discover, understand, experience, share, or express such aspects of the human condition as feelings, aesthetic experiences, the ineffable, thoughts, structure, time and space, self-knowledge, self-identity, group identity, and healing and wholeness. If the purpose of an education is to systematically develop the mind and capabilities of every child, it is clear that music has a unique and necessary role to play.
A worthy function for music in education
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: June 2005

The evidence from many sources is unambiguous in that music is one of the most important elements in the life of all humans. Most people listen to music as opposed to performing music. Although there are societies where everyone participates in singing and dancing, music is mostly performed by a small elite often for the pleasure and enjoyment of the majority. In our schools the same applies. Only around 10 percent of any school population is involved in performing. Most people in our contemporary society enjoy music through listening. Music education focuses on performance and composition, and less on listening. A worthy function of music in education would acknowledge that listening is the musical involvement of the majority, and focus music education on developing intelligent and informed listeners. This would involve everyone educationally and ensure that when young people leave school they have real choices in music, rather than becoming unwitting fodder for high-pressure advertising.
Remote music: how it happens in Western Australia’s Pilbara
Authors: Younghusband Peter
Published: June 2005

Karratha is a town in Australia’s remote north-west, 1600 km north of a capital city, Perth. It was a long way from ‘musical civilization’ and a totally different teaching situation for a music teacher used to English classrooms. The first challenge was the dominance of sport at the school, but Peter Younghusband tells how he worked to make music a central part of the school and of the community. Now, wild horses would not drag him away.
Studies on the Effect of Atmospheric Oxygen Content on the Thermal Resistance of Intumescent, Fire-Retardant Coatings
Authors: Griffin Gregory J. , Bicknell Ashley D. , Brown Trevor J.
Published: June 2005

Studies are conducted to measure the rate of thermal degradation and the thermal resistance of three intumescent fire-retardant coatings under atmospheres of varying oxygen content. The degradation trials are conducted using thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis in an atmosphere of nitrogen or air. It has been found that a low oxygen content in the atmosphere significantly affects the rate of degradation of the char material at temperatures greater than 540°C. The global kinetics of the thermal degradation is modeled using three or four first-order parallel reactions. The degradation of char is modeled using the method of invariant kinetic parameters. The derived kinetic parameters are reported. The thermal resistance of the materials coated on steel plates is determined using a cone calorimeter with controlled oxygen content in the atmosphere. It has been found that the thermal resistance of two of the coatings has been strongly influenced by the oxygen content of the atmosphere; hence, this factor may be of importance when predicting the performance of intumescent materials in real fire scenarios.
On Quantification of Error and Uncertainty in Two-zone Models used in Fire Safety Design
Authors: Lundin Johan
Published: June 2005

The error in smoke transport models have mainly been analyzed with qualitative approaches till date. The results make it difficult to perform a quantitative assessment of the model error in fire safety design applications. Even if a model has a substantial model error, it can be a very useful tool, as long as the designer is aware of the errors and the uncertainties in the predictions. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the error in model predictions and the associated uncertainties with a statistical analysis of multiple scenarios. The knowledge of the model error can then be used to adjust future model predictions in order to take the error into account explicitly. This is done with an adjustment model valid for predictions during the whole pre-flashover phase of the fire scenario and not just at a single point in time. The approach taken is based on a quantitative comparison of model predictions and experimental measurements from several fire scenarios which constitute a scenario configuration. The application of the method is presented in a subsequent paper, where the model error in temperature predictions by the two-zone model CFAST 2.0 is analyzed.
On the Behavior of a Flammable Vapor in a Microcalorimeter Ampoule
Authors: Jones J. C.
Published: June 2005

Using semi-quantitative arguments based on the principles of stoichiometry and ignition limits the behaviour of a flammable vapour in a microcalorimeter is analysed. As acknowledged at the end of the paper, the author has also used input by an investigator other than himself in preparing a synthesis suitable for publication.
On Style and Other Unremarkable Things
Authors: Farmer Frank
Published: June 2005

This article examines the dialectical nature of Mikhail Bakhtin’s developmental understanding of language learning. In particular, the author discusses the pedagogically illuminating relationship between literary style and everyday style, especially as the latter emerges from and returns to lived life. Drawing parallels with other related oppositions, such as Vygotsky’s spontaneous and scientific concepts, as well as Bakhtin’s early antithesis of life and art, the author emphasizes Bakhtin’s interest in relational (dialogical) rather than formal understandings of grammar, style, and literature. The author concludes with three possible implications of Bakhtin’s pedagogical essay for writing teachers: (a) that we acknowledge the creative expression already present in the everyday speech of our students, (b) that we reconsider the specifically dialogical use of linguistic and literary models, and (c) that we attend to the performative aspect of style and the teaching of style.