bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Attributes of Effective NGOs and the Leadership Values Associated with a Reputation for Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Mitchell George E.
Published: July 2015

Building on prior research characterizing organizational effectiveness as a social construction, this article identifies the perceived attributes of effective transnational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the leadership values associated with higher reputations for organizational effectiveness. Results are based on an in‐depth, mixed‐method interview study of 152NGOleaders located in the United States and representing all major sectors of organizational activity. Among the twenty‐nine attributes that leaders identified in peer organizations that they regarded as particularly effective, leaders stressed instantiation of sound principles or strategy, a grassroots approach, large organizational size and resources, being collaborative, singleness of focus, campaigning abilities, funding and fundraising prowess, global scope, and quality people. Furthermore, statistical analysis reveals thatNGOswith leaders who value similarities with peer organizations, grassroots approaches, diversity of strategies, dedication, professionalism, and distributed organizational structures have significantly higher reputations for effectiveness.
Childhood maltreatment increases the risk for visceral obesity
Authors: Li Li , Chassan Rachel A. , Bruer Emily H. , Gower Barbara A. , Shelton Richard C.
Published: July 2015

Objective

The reports regarding the associations between childhood maltreatment (CM) and body fat composition remain heterogeneous in humans although they are indicated in preclinical studies. In addition, the effects of CM subtypes on different types of body fat are unclear. Thus, in this study, the associations between CM and its subtypes with body fat were determined and the potential pathways were explored.

Methods

The participants were assessed for a history of CM by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and were divided into the CM group (with CM exposures) and non‐CM group (without CM exposures). Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Salivary and blood samples were provided by the subjects.

Results

Compared with the non‐CM group, subjects with a history of CM had greater visceral fat mass (1,136 ± 160 vs. 836 ± 116 g, P < 0.05) but not total body fat, android fat, body mass index, or waist‐to‐hip ratio. In addition, subjects with CM had a blunted cortisol awakening response and elevated inflammatory factors. Correlation analysis indicated that CM subtypes had differential effects on visceral adiposity and cortisol awakening response.

Conclusions

It is suggested by our results that CM exposure is linked with increased visceral fat deposition, and the perturbation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and activation of the immune system may be two potential pathways through which this relationship is explained.
Increased urine podocyte‐associated messenger RNAs in severe obesity are evidence of podocyte injury
Authors: Pereira Sane Vianna , dos Santos Mariane , Rodrigues Patrícia Garcia , do Nascimento Jonathan Fraportti , Timm João Rodolfo Teló , Zancan Rafael , Friedman Rogério , Veronese Francisco Veríssimo
Published: July 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to correlate different degrees of excess weight with the expression of podocyte‐associated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in urine.

Methods

The sample comprised 83 patients with overweight or obesity class I, II, or III and 18 healthy controls. The expression of nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, α‐actinin‐4, α3β1integrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β1) mRNA in urine was quantified with the real‐time polymerase chain reaction. mRNA expression was correlated with body mass index, the metabolic syndrome, albuminuria, and inflammation.

Results

Adults with obesity class III had higher levels of serum lipids, glucose, HbA1C, insulin resistance, and C‐reactive protein (P < 0.05), with 85% of the subjects meeting criteria for the metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001 vs. other groups). Urinary podocyte‐associated mRNAs were higher in adults with obesity class III than in other groups (P < 0.05). Patients with overweight or obesity class I or II also had higher levels of podocyte mRNAs than controls: nephrin (P = 0.021), α‐actinin‐4 (P = 0.014), α3β1integrin (P = 0.036), and TGF‐β1 (P = 0.005). Metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and C‐reactive protein were correlated with podocyturia, but only higher insulin levels were related regardless of obesity.

Conclusions

Severe obesity and hyperinsulinemia were associated with higher urinary expression of podocyte‐associated mRNAs, even at normal urinary albumin excretion rates.
Successive approximation and optimal controls on fractional neutral stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps
Authors: Rajivganthi C. , Muthukumar P. , Ganesh Priya B.
Published: July 2015

The objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of mild solutions and optimal controls for a class of fractional neutral stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps in Hilbert spaces. First, we establish a new set of sufficient conditions for the existence of mild solutions of the aforementioned fractional systems by using the successive approximation approach. The results are formulated and proved by using the fractional calculus, solution operator, and stochastic analysis techniques. The existence of optimal control pairs of system governed by fractional neutral stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps is also presented. An example is given to illustrate the theory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relapse after localized rhabdomyosarcoma: Evaluation of the efficacy of second‐line chemotherapy
Authors: Winter Sarah , Fasola Sylvie , Brisse Hervé , Mosseri Véronique , Orbach Daniel
Published: July 2015

Purpose

About one‐third of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma relapse despite appropriate treatment and experience a poor outcome. Little meaningful improvement in the outcome of this disease has been observed over the last 30 years. There is no clear international recommendation concerning the use of salvage chemotherapy at relapse. A retrospective multicenter analysis was therefore conducted to analyze the efficacy of various second‐line chemotherapy regimens in this setting.

Methods

Forty‐nine patients under the age of 18, with initially localized rhabdomyosarcoma, who relapsed after first complete remission, treated in three SFCE centers (Société Française des Cancers de l'Enfant) between 1995 and 2013, were analyzed.

Results

First relapse occurred after a median interval of 22 months and remained localized in 71.4% of cases. All patients received second‐line chemotherapy with an overall response to this salvage therapy of 39.1%. Best specific response rates were 73.3 and 42.9% for carboplatin/epirubicin/vincristine‐ifosfamide/vincristine/etoposide (CEV/IVE) (15 patients) and vincristine/irinotecan ± temozolomide (VI[T]) (seven patients), respectively. Overall, 40 patients (81.6%) were then eligible for delayed local treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy) and 30 of them (61.2%) achieved second complete remission. After a median follow‐up of 5.4 years since the diagnosis of first relapse, 5‐year overall survival is 49.4% (95% CI: 34.2–64.6).

Conclusion

Salvage chemotherapy plays a central role in the management of patients with relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma. CEV/IVE and VI(T) regimens can be recommended as neoadjuvant chemotherapy before local treatment for patients with relapsed rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can 2‐acylpyrroles form an intramolecular hydrogen bond?
Authors: Dubis Alina T. , Stasiewicz Piotr , Pogorzelec‐Glaser Katarzyna , Łapiński Andrzej
Published: July 2015

The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding by certain N‐substituted 2‐acylpyrroles has been demonstrated by B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVDZ calculations, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and the natural bond orbital method.

Total electron energy densities HBCP at the bond critical point of the H⋯O bond were applied to analyze the strength of these interactions. The relations between quantum theory of atoms in molecules, carbonyl stretching vibrational modes νC = O, and natural bond orbital parameters associated with the formation of the C–H⋯O interaction have been established. The short contacts were found experimentally in the crystal structure of a new 2‐acylpyrrole derivative 5‐chloro‐2‐oxopentyl‐1‐(5‐chloro‐2‐oxopentyl)pyrrolo‐2‐carboxylate. The influence of 2‐ and N‐substitution of 2‐acylpyrroles on C‐H⋯O interaction energy is discussed. It was found that the methylene group may act as a proton donor leading to a red‐shift or blue‐shift phenomenon of the νC–H stretching mode. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Suggests a Mechanism of Synergy Between Hepatitis C Virus Entry Inhibitors and Drugs of Other Classes
Authors: Padmanabhan P , Dixit NM
Published: July 2015

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry inhibitors (EIs) act synergistically with drugs targeting other stages of the HCV lifecycle. The origin of this synergy remains unknown. Here, we argue that the synergy may arise from the complementary activities of the drugs across cell subpopulations expressing different levels of HCV entry receptors. We employ mathematical modeling of viral kinetics in vitro, where cells with a distribution of entry receptor expression levels are exposed to HCV with or without drugs. The drugs act independently in each cell, as expected in the absence of underlying interactions. Yet, at the cell population level our model predicts that the drugs exhibit synergy. EIs effectively block infection of cells with low receptor levels. With high receptor levels, where EIs are compromised, other drugs are potent. This novel mechanism of synergy, arising at the cell population level may facilitate interpretation of drug activity and treatment optimization.
A one‐year study of the diurnal cycle of meteorology, clouds and radiation in the West African Sahel region
Authors: Collow Allison B. , Ghate Virendra P. , Miller Mark A. , Trabachino Lynne C.
Published: July 2015

The diurnal cycles of meteorological and radiation variables are analysed during the wet and dry seasons over the Sahel region of West Africa during 2006 using surface data collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) programme's Mobile Facility, satellite radiation measurements from the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument aboard Meteosat 8, and reanalysis products from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The meteorological analysis builds upon past studies of the diurnal cycle in the region by incorporating diurnal cycles of lower tropospheric wind profiles, thermodynamic profiles, integrated water vapour and liquid water measurements, and cloud radar measurements of frequency and location. These meteorological measurements are complemented by 3 h measurements of the diurnal cycles of the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and surface short‐wave (SW) and long‐wave (LW) radiative fluxes and cloud radiative effects (CREs), and the atmospheric radiative flux divergence (RFD) and atmospheric CREs. Cirrus cloudiness during the dry season is shown to peak in coverage in the afternoon, while convective clouds during the wet season are shown to peak near dawn and have an afternoon minimum related to the rise of the lifting condensation level into the Saharan Air Layer. The LW and SW RFDs and CREs exhibit diurnal cycles during both seasons, but there is a relatively small difference in the LW cycles during the two seasons (10 − 30 W m−2 depending on the variable and time of day). Small differences in the TOA CREs during the two seasons are overwhelmed by large differences in the surface SW CREs, which exceed 100 W m−2. A significant surface SW CRE during the wet season combined with a negligible TOA SW CRE produces a diurnal cycle in the atmospheric CRE that is modulated primarily by the SW surface CRE, peaks at midday at ∼150 W m−2, and varies widely from day to day.
Modifications of the atmospheric moisture field as a result of cold‐pool dynamics
Authors: Schlemmer Linda , Hohenegger Cathy
Published: July 2015

This study investigates the interplay between atmospheric moisture and deep convective clouds via cold‐pool dynamics in the absence of large‐scale forcing in a series of cloud‐resolving modelling studies. More specifically, the contribution of moisture advection, evaporation of rain and surface fluxes to the moisture budget over particular regions of the domain is investigated. This is done both for a continental case and an oceanic case although both cases show very similar behaviour. The accumulation of moisture in confined regions of the sub‐cloud layer that constitute preferred locations for future cloud development mainly results from the advection of moisture. The latter contributes ~86%, minor evaporation of precipitation contributes ~4%, whereas surface moisture fluxes yield ~11% in the continental case. In the oceanic case advection contributes ~125%, surface moisture fluxes ~−32% and evaporation of precipitation ~7%.

To further identify the origin of the advected moisture, additional scalars marking moisture originating from the surface and from the evaporation of rain are introduced into the model. It is seen that the surface moisture and the evaporated rain water released within the last 2 h only make 55% of the moisture accumulated in the moist patches in the land case, the rest stemming from older moisture. In the ocean case, this share increases to 72%. The contribution of recently released moisture drops to 28% at cloud base in the continental case and to 56% in the ocean case. The contribution at cloud base is dominated by surface fluxes; the evaporation of rain is negligible.
Predictability of tropical cyclone intensity: scale‐dependent forecast error growth in high‐resolution stochastic kinetic‐energy backscatter ensembles
Authors: Judt Falko , Chen Shuyi S. , Berner Judith
Published: July 2015

A systematic study of the intrinsic predictability of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is conducted using a set of cloud‐resolving model ensembles of Hurricane Earl (2010). The ensembles are perturbed with a stochastic kinetic‐energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS) and started from identical initial conditions. Scale‐dependent error growth is investigated by imposing stochastic perturbations with various spatial scales on the TC and its environment. Predictability limits (upper bound) are determined by computing the error magnitude associated with each component of the Fourier‐decomposed TC wind fields at forecast times up to 7 days. Three SKEBS ensembles with different perturbation scales are used to investigate the effects of small‐scale, mesoscale and large‐scale uncertainties on the predictability of TC intensity. In addition, the influence of the environmental flow is investigated by perturbing the lateral boundary conditions. It is found that forecast errors grow rapidly on small scales (azimuthal wave numbers > 20), which saturate within 6–12 h in all four ensembles, regardless of perturbation scale. Errors grow relatively slower on scales corresponding to rain bands (wave numbers 2–5), limiting the predictability of these features to 1–5 days. Earl's mean vortex and the wave number‐1 asymmetry are comparatively resistant to error growth and remain predictable for at least 7 days. Forecast uncertainty of the mean vortex and wave number‐1 asymmetry is greater in the large‐scale perturbation and perturbed lateral boundary condition ensembles. The results from this case indicate that the predictability of the mean vortex and wave number‐1 asymmetry is predominately associated with the predictability of the large‐scale environment, which is generally much longer than that of convective‐scale processes within the TC.
A thoroughly validated spreadsheet for calculating isotopic abundances (2H, 17O, 18O) for mixtures of waters with different isotopic compositions
Authors: Faghihi V. , Meijer H. A. J. , Gröning M.
Published: July 2015

Rationale

Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes are widely used tracers for studies on naturally occurring and laboratory mixtures of isotopically different waters. Although the mixing calculations are straightforward to perform, there are ample possibilities to make mistakes, especially when dealing with a large number of mixed fluids. To facilitate isotope mixing calculations and to avoid computational mistakes, a flexible tool to carry out these calculations is in demand.

Methods

We developed, in three independent efforts, spreadsheets to carry out the mixing calculations for a combination of waters with different isotopic compositions using the isotope mass balance equation. We validated our calculations by comparison of the results of the three spreadsheets for a large number of test calculations. For all the cases, we obtained identical results down to the 12th to 14th significant digit.

Results

We present a user‐friendly, thoroughly validated spreadsheet for calculating 2H, 17O and 18O stable isotopic abundances and respective isotope delta values for mixtures of waters with arbitrary isotopic compositions. The spreadsheet allows the mixing of up to 10 different waters, of which up to five can be specified using their isotopic abundances and up to five others using their isotope delta values. The spreadsheet is implemented in Microsoft Excel and is freely available from our research groups' websites.

Conclusions

The present tool will be applicable in the production and characterization of singly and doubly labeled water (DLW) mother solutions, the analysis of isotope dilution measurements, the deduction of unknown isotope values of constituents for mixtures of natural waters, and many other applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metals and possible sources of lead in aerosols at the Dinghushan nature reserve, southern China
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐min , Kuang Yuan‐wen , Li Jiong , Schroll Reiner , Wen Da‐zhi
Published: July 2015

Rationale

Aerosols play an important role in depositing metals into forest ecosystems. Better understanding of forest aerosols with regard to their metal content and their possible sources is of great significance for air quality and forest health.

Methods

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in aerosols was collected every month for 20 months using moderate‐volume samplers in the Dinghushan (DHS) nature reserve in southern China. The concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) as well as the Pb isotopic ratios in the PM2.5 samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).

Results

Moderate pollution with aerosol PM2.5 was detected at the DHS nature reserve with the air mass from mainland China being the predominant PM2.5 source. The high enrichment factors (EFs) for the heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Zn, as well as the PM2.5 mass concentrations, coupled with backward trajectory analysis, indicated the anthropogenic origins of the PM2.5 and of the heavy metals in the PM2.5. The Pb isotopic ratios revealed the contributions from various Pb sources, which varied between seasons.

Conclusions

Industrial emissions and automobile exhaust from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) primarily contributed to the anthropogenic Pb in PM2.5, although there was occasionally a contribution from coal combustion during the wet season. Pb isotopic ratios analyses are helpful for air quality assessment and Pb source tracing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic distribution for the birthday problem with multiple coincidences, via an embedding of the collision process
Authors: Arratia Richard , Garibaldi Skip , Kilian Joe
Published: July 2015

We study the random variableB(c, n), which counts the number of balls that must be thrown intonequally‐sized bins in order to obtainccollisions. The asymptotic expected value ofB(1,n) is the well‐knownappearing in the solution to the birthday problem; the limit distribution and asymptotic moments ofB(1,n) are also well known. We calculate the distribution and moments ofB(c, n) asymptotically asngoes to∞andc = O(n). We have two main tools: an embedding of the collision process — realizing the process as a deterministic function of the standard Poisson process — and a central limit result by Rényi. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 480–502, 2016
Condiment‐Derived 3D Architecture Porous Carbon for Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Qian Wenjing , Zhu Jingyue , Zhang Ye , Wu Xiao , Yan Feng
Published: July 2015

The one‐step synthesis of porous carbon nanoflakes possessing a 3D texture is achieved by cooking (carbonization) a mixture containing two condiments, sodium glutamate (SG) and sodium chloride, which are commonly used in kitchens. The prepared 3D porous carbons are composed of interconnected carbon nanoflakes and possess instinct heteroatom doping such as nitrogen and oxygen, which furnishes the electrochemical activity. The combination of micropores and mesopores with 3D configurations facilitates persistent and fast ion transport and shorten diffusion pathways for high‐performance supercapacitor applications. Sodium glutamate carbonized at 800 °C exhibits high charge storage capacity with a specific capacitance of 320 F g−1 in 6 m KOH at a current density of 1 A g−1 and good stability over 10 000 cycles.
Controllable Coordination Self‐Assembly Based on Flexible Tripodal Ligands: From Finite Metallocages to Infinite Polycatenanes Step by Step
Authors: Chen Qihui , Chen Lian , Jiang Feilong , Hong Maochun
Published: July 2015

This article describes the developments in coordination self‐assembly based on flexible tripodal ligands with different metal species. Various finite metallocages such as M3L2, M6L8, M6L4, M4L4 and different catenanes based on discrete metallocages constructed from flexible tripodal ligands with suitable metal species are presented here. Many M3L2 metallocages based on ligands L1–L12 and different two‐coordinated metal species have been prepared, in which various Ag(I) salts and other metal species that have been protected by suitable groups, such as Zn(OAc)2, ZnBr2, and PdBr2, have been used as effective acceptors. All of the M6L8‐type metallocages are constructed from ligands L2 or L12–L20 and different four‐coordinated metal species, such as various palladium(II) salts or NiCl2, and have similar topological structures. Only a few discrete M6L4‐type metallocages, based on ligands L21–L24, have been reported, using different strategies such as protecting groups and steric hindrance. All of the M4L4‐type cages have similar topological structures and are constructed from ligands L25–L29 with multiple donor sites. More intriguing interlocking ensembles constructed from discrete metallocages are also described here in detail, namely, three [2]catenanes based on ligands L30–L32 and four polycatenanes based on ligands L33–L34.
Stereoselective Electrophilic Cyclization
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: July 2015

Electrophilic cyclizations of unactivated alkenes play highly important roles in the synthesis of useful building blocks. This account describes our contributions to the rational design of monofunctionalized chiral Lewis base catalysts for enantioselective iodo‐ and protocyclizations. For the stereoselective promotion of electrophilic bromocyclizations, nucleophilic phosphite–urea cooperative catalysts have been designed.
Exploring Digital Literacy Practices in an Inclusive Classroom
Authors: Price‐Dennis Detra , Holmes Kathlene A. , Smith Emily
Published: July 2015

In this article instructional practices from a diverse inclusive 5th grade classroom are examined to better understand how students engaged in 21st century literacies. The authors focus on one classroom to provide insight into how a 21st century literacies perspective can support inclusive literacy practices that 1) create a community of learners, 2) use digital tools to make the curriculum accessible, and 3) link academic goals with real‐world platforms.
Wound Healing Following Open Groin Hernia Surgery: The Impact of Comorbidity
Authors: Rühling Victoria , Gunnarsson Ulf , Dahlstrand Ursula , Sandblom Gabriel
Published: July 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of chronic concomitant disease on the risk for postoperative complications following open groin hernia surgery.

Methods

During the study period (2002–2011), 133,074 open repairs were registered in the Swedish Hernia Register. History of peripheral vascular disorders, connective tissue disease, chronic renal failure, obesity, and liver cirrhosis as well as data on hemorrhage or hematoma, wound dehiscence, postoperative infection, and reoperation for superficial infection or bleeding within 30 days after surgery were obtained by matching with the Swedish Patient Register.

Results

In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a significantly increased risk for hemorrhage or hematoma within 30 days after surgery was seen for older patients, males, liver cirrhosis, peripheral vascular disease, and connective tissue disease (p < 0.05). High age (>80 years), previous history of peripheral vascular disease, connective tissue disease, and male gender were risk factors for wound dehiscence (p < 0.05). Liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, BMI > 25, and male gender were associated with increased risk for postoperative wound infection (p < 0.05). A significantly increased risk for reoperation for superficial infection or bleeding was seen in patients with peripheral vascular disease and elderly patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Risk for postoperative complications in open groin hernia surgery is increased in elderly patients, patients with liver cirrhosis, and those with peripheral vascular disease. The indications for surgery should be weighed against the risk for wound‐healing complications in these patient groups. Watchful waiting may be an alternative, although this carries the risk of emergency surgery.
Diagnosis and Management of Bile Leaks After Hepatectomy: Results of a Prospective Analysis of 475 Hepatectomies
Authors: Donadon Matteo , Costa Guido , Cimino Matteo , Procopio Fabio , Del Fabbro Daniele , Palmisano Angela , Torzilli Guido
Published: July 2015

Background

The diagnosis and management of bile leaks after hepatectomy are heterogeneous because there is no agreement on the definition of post‐hepatectomy biliary fistula. The aim of this study was to validate our definition and management of biliary fistulas after hepatic resection and to compare our results with those proposed by other authors.

Methods

A prospective series of patients who underwent hepatic resection from 2004 to 2012 were established. Drains were maintained for 7 days, and bilirubin was measured on postoperative days (PODs) 3, 5, and 7. Drains were removed if the bilirubin on POD 7 was less than that on POD 5 and less than 171 µmol/l (10 mg/dl). A statistical analysis of prognostic factors for biliary fistula was performed.

Results

Among 475 consecutive patients, 39 (8 %) had biliary fistulas. Only 8 (1.7 %) patients required postoperative interventions. In comparison with other studies, we observed a higher rate of bile leaks, but at the same time, we observed a lower rate of interventional procedures. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve on POD 7 had the highest predictive value (0.81; P < 0.001). Pringle maneuvers lasting ≥90 min (OR = 3.4; P < 0.001), extended resections (OR = 6.4; P = 0.007), blood transfusions (OR = 2.4; P = 0.035), and resections including segment I (OR = 1.9; P = 0.033) or segment V (OR = 1.8; P = 0.024) were independently associated with an increased risk of bile leak.

Conclusions

The proposed definition of biliary fistula provides effective recognition of those that are clinically relevant with a reduction of the risk of unrecognized collections and minimal postoperative morbidity. Registration Number: NCT02056028 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Finger Injuries in a Developing Sport: Cachibol (Newcomb Ball)
Authors: Farkash Uri , Borisov Oleg , Bain Orit , Sagiv Paul , Nyska Meir
Published: July 2015

Background

Cachibol (also known as Newcomb ball) is a team ball game with characteristics similar to volleyball. Cachibol is becoming increasingly popular, particularly among middle-age women, and is now the fastest growing female sport in our country. Despite its growing popularity, there is a lack of information about the epidemiology of injuries incurred from this activity. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and pattern of finger injuries among female cachibol players competing in a 3-day tournament.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey and an observational cohort study of 612 amateur female cachibol players participating in a 3-day national tournament; 355 players completed questionnaires (58 % response rate). All injuries sustained during the tournament were reported.

Results

Fingers were the most commonly injured part of the body; 148 of 355 respondents reported sustaining a finger injury. During the tournament, 26 players reported a total of 27 injuries, 15 to the fingers. Most finger injuries resulted from a direct hit by the ball. Finger injuries, though considered “mild,” have long-term implications; over 50 % of injured players reported long-term discomfort.

Conclusions

Finger injuries are more prevalent in cachibol than volleyball due to the unique characteristics of the game. Cachibol-related injuries are a growing cause for concern due to the growing number of cachibol players. This study may be useful in developing effective treatment protocols and injury prevention programs for cachibol players.
miR‐1275: A single microRNA that targets the three IGF2‐mRNA‐binding proteins hindering tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fawzy Injie Omar , Hamza Mohammed Tarif , Hosny Karim Adel , Esmat Gamal , El Tayebi Hend Mohamed , Abdelaziz Ahmed Ihab
Published: July 2015

This study aimed to identify a single miRNA or miR (microRNA) which regulates the three insulin‐like growth factor‐2‐mRNA‐binding proteins (IGF2BP1, 2 and 3). Bioinformatics predicted miR‐1275 to simultaneously target the three IGF2BPs, and screening revealed miR‐1275 to be underexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. Transfection of HuH‐7 cells with miR‐1275 suppressed IGF2BPs expression and all three IGF2BPs were confirmed as targets of miR‐1275. Ectopic expression of miR‐1275 and knockdown of IGF2BPs inhibited malignant cell behaviors, and also reduced IGF1R protein and mRNA. Finally IGF1R was validated as a direct target of miR‐1275. These findings indicate that the tumor‐suppressor miR‐1275 can control HCC tumor growth partially through simultaneously regulating the oncogenic IGF2BPs and IGF1R.
Exact two-dimensionalization of low-magnetic-Reynolds-number flows subject to a strong magnetic field
Authors: Gallet Basile , Doering Charles R.
Published: July 2015

We investigate the behaviour of flows, including turbulent flows, driven by a horizontal body force and subject to a vertical magnetic field, with the following question in mind: for a very strong applied magnetic field, is the flow mostly two-dimensional, with remaining weak three-dimensional fluctuations, or does it become exactly 2-D, with no dependence along the vertical direction? We first focus on the quasi-static approximation, i.e. the asymptotic limit of vanishing magnetic Reynolds number, $\mathit{Rm}\ll 1$: we prove that the flow becomes exactly 2-D asymptotically in time, regardless of the initial condition and provided that the interaction parameter $N$ is larger than a threshold value. We call this property absolute two-dimensionalization: the attractor of the system is necessarily a (possibly turbulent) 2-D flow. We then consider the full magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations and prove that, for low enough $\mathit{Rm}$ and large enough $N$, the flow becomes exactly 2-D in the long-time limit provided the initial vertically dependent perturbations are infinitesimal. We call this phenomenon linear two-dimensionalization: the (possibly turbulent) 2-D flow is an attractor of the dynamics, but it is not necessarily the only attractor of the system. Some 3-D attractors may also exist and be attained for strong enough initial 3-D perturbations. These results shed some light on the existence of a dissipation anomaly for MHD flows subject to a strong external magnetic field.
On the transition between regular and irregular shock patterns of shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions
Authors: Matheis Jan , Hickel Stefan
Published: July 2015

The reflection of strong oblique shock waves at turbulent boundary layers is studied numerically and analytically. A particular emphasis is put on the transition between regular shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) and Mach reflection (irregular SWBLI). The classical two- and three-shock theory and a generalised form of the free interaction theory are used for the analysis of well-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) and for the derivation of stability criteria. We found that at a critical deflection angle across the incident shock wave, the perturbations related to the turbulent boundary layer cause bi-directional transition processes between regular and irregular shock patterns for a free-stream Mach number of$\mathit{Ma}_{0}=2$. Computational results show that the mean deflection angle across the separation shock is decoupled from the incident shock wave and can be accurately modelled by the generalised free interaction theory. On the basis of these observations, and the von Neumann and detachment criteria for the asymmetric intersection of shock waves, we derive the critical incident shock deflection angles at which the shock pattern may/must become irregular. Numerical data for a free-stream Mach number of$\mathit{Ma}_{0}=3$confirm the existence of the dual-solution domain predicted by theory.
Human Rights Organizations as Agents of Change: An Experimental Examination of Framing and Micromobilization
Authors: MCENTIRE KYLA JO , LEIBY MICHELE , KRAIN MATTHEW
Published: July 2015

Human Right Organizations (HROs) attempt to shape individuals’ values and mobilize them to act. Yet little systematic research has been done to evaluate the efficacy of these efforts. We identified the three most common messaging techniques: (1) informational frames; (2) personal frames; and (3) motivational frames. We tested their efficacy using an experimental research design in which participants were randomly assigned to the control group (shown no campaign materials) or one of the treatment groups shown a campaign against sleep deprivation featuring one of these framing strategies. We then surveyed participants regarding their attitudes and their willingness to act. Results demonstrate that all three framing strategies are more effective at mobilizing consensus than action. Personal narratives are the most consistently successful, increasing individuals’ sense of knowledge on the issue and their emotional reaction to the issue, leading them to reject the practice and participate in a campaign to demand its cessation.
BETTER BOUNDS IN CHEN’S INEQUALITIES FOR THE EULER CONSTANT
Authors: CRINGANU JENICA
Published: July 2015

In this paper we improve the inequalities obtained by Chen in 2009 for the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
ON HYPERSTABILITY OF GENERALISED LINEAR FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS IN SEVERAL VARIABLES
Authors: ZHANG DONG
Published: July 2015

We obtain some results on approximate solutions of the generalised linear functional equation $\sum _{i=1}^{m}L_{i}f(\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{j})=0$ for functions mapping a normed space into a normed space. We show that, under suitable assumptions, the approximate solutions are in fact exact solutions. The theorems correspond to and complement recent results on the hyperstability of generalised linear functional equations.
ON GRAPHS OF PRIME VALENCY ADMITTING A SOLVABLE ARC-TRANSITIVE GROUP
Authors: KUZMAN BOŠTJAN
Published: July 2015

Let $X$ be a simple, connected, $p$-valent, $G$-arc-transitive graph, where the subgroup $G\leq \text{Aut}(X)$ is solvable and $p\geq 3$ is a prime. We prove that $X$ is a regular cover over one of the three possible types of graphs with semi-edges. This enables short proofs of the facts that $G$ is at most 3-arc-transitive on $X$ and that its edge kernel is trivial. For pentavalent graphs, two further applications are given: all $G$-basic pentavalent graphs admitting a solvable arc-transitive group are constructed and an example of a non-Cayley graph of this kind is presented.
ON ITERATED POWERS OF POSITIVE DEFINITE FUNCTIONS
Authors: KALANTAR MEHRDAD
Published: July 2015

We prove that if ${\it\rho}$ is an irreducible positive definite function in the Fourier–Stieltjes algebra $B(G)$ of a locally compact group $G$ with $\Vert {\it\rho}\Vert _{B(G)}=1$, then the iterated powers $({\it\rho}^{n})$ as a sequence of unital completely positive maps on the group $C^{\ast }$-algebra converge to zero in the strong operator topology.
FIXED POINT CHARACTERISATION FOR EXACT AND AMENABLE ACTION
Authors: DONG Z. , WANG Y. Y.
Published: July 2015

Let $G$ be a finitely generated group acting on a compact Hausdorff space ${\mathcal{X}}$. We give a fixed point characterisation for the action being amenable. As a corollary, we obtain a fixed point characterisation for the exactness of $G$.
Microwave discharge initiated by double laser spark in a supersonic airflow – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Khoronzhuk R. S. , Karpenko A. G. , Lashkov V. A. , Potapeko D. P. , Mashek I. Ch.
Published: July 2015

There was an error made in the name of the author in the above published article. The fourth author's name should have appeared as ‘D. P. Potapenko’. This error has now been rectified in the original article.
Depression, depressive symptoms, and rate of hippocampal atrophy in a longitudinal cohort of older men and women
Authors: Elbejjani M. , Fuhrer R. , Abrahamowicz M. , Mazoyer B. , Crivello F. , Tzourio C. , Dufouil C.
Published: July 2015

Background

Several studies have reported smaller hippocampal volume (HcV) in depression patients; however, the temporality of the association remains unknown. One proposed hypothesis is that depression may cause HcV loss. This study evaluates whether previous depression and recent depressive symptoms are associated with HcV and HcV loss.

Method

We used a prospective cohort of older adults (n= 1328; age = 65–80 years) with two cerebral magnetic resonance imaging examinations at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Using multivariable linear regression models, we estimated, in stratified analyses by gender, the association between indicators of history of depression and its severity (age at onset, recurrence, hospitalization for depression), proximal depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale], baseline antidepressant use, and the outcomes: baseline HcV and annual percentage change in HcV.

Results

At baseline, women with more depressive symptoms had smaller HcV [−0.05 cm3, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.1 to −0.01 cm3per 10-unit increase in CES-D scores]. History of depression was associated with a 0.2% faster annual HcV loss in women (95% CI 0.01–0.36%). More baseline depressive symptoms and worsening of these symptoms were also associated with accelerated HcV loss in women. No associations were observed in men. Treatment for depression was associated with slower HcV loss in women and men.

Conclusions

While only concomitant depressive symptoms were associated with HcV, both previous depression and more proximal depressive symptoms were associated with faster HcV loss in women.
Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya
Published: July 2015

The relationship between the Luwian and Phoenician versions of the bilingual texts emanating from Cilicia has never been systematically studied from the philological viewpoint. In this paper I endeavour to demonstrate that a converging set of formal arguments supports the primary character of the Phoenician versions of the ÇINEKÖY and KARATEPE 1 bilinguals and the secondary character of their Luwian versions. I interpret this as a metaphor for the relationship between two ethnic constituents of the Neo-Hittite principality of Que, whose coexistence was earlier argued for on independent grounds. According to the proposed interpretation, the Phoenician language was emblematic of the rulers of Que, who claimed Greek descent and therefore attempted to distance themselves from the traditional elites of the neighbouring Neo-Hittite states. The use of the Luwian language was a concession to the indigenous population of Que. The adoption of Phoenician as a language of written expression by the Greek colonists in Cilicia happened at the point when the Linear B script had been forgotten and represented the first step toward the creation of the Greek alphabet.
“Teaching is so WEIRD”
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: July 2015

Direct active teaching by parents is largely absent in children's lives until the rise of WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized rich, democratic) society. However, as mothers become schooled and missionized – like Kline's Fijian subjects – they adopt “modern” parenting practices, including teaching. There is great variability, even within WEIRD society, of parental teaching, suggesting that teaching itself must be culturally transmitted.
Teaching interactions are based on motor behavior embodiment
Authors: Marin Ludovic
Published: July 2015

In Kline's target article, the role of motor behavior in teaching is missing. However, it is so important that we cannot avoid taking into account the movements of another person when performing our own movements. Moreover, the state of mind is embodied. Consequently, teaching should integrate the role of motor behavior to enhance teacher/learner social interactions.
Childhood and the evolution of higher-effort teaching
Authors: Nielsen Mark , Shipton Ceri
Published: July 2015

Kline presents an excellent synthesis of teaching theory and research, with cogent arguments regarding its prevalence. In this, she claims that “active teaching” is human specific, and presents tangible reasons why. But in doing so, she overlooks a critical aspect of the human condition that may have arisen only recently in our evolutionary history: Childhood as a life stage.
On the persistent gray area between teaching and punishment
Authors: Jacquet Jennifer
Published: July 2015

One of the challenges to a unifying framework for the study of teaching behavior will be to distinguish, if possible, between teaching by evaluative feedback and punishment.
Is tolerance really teaching?
Authors: Rapaport Lisa G.
Published: July 2015

Kline succeeds in demonstrating the value of an approach that integrates information from various scientific and social disciplines, but her framework does not uniformly provide clarity. Specifically, inclusion of situations in which knowledgeable individuals do not actively donate information is misguided. Passive tolerance by demonstrators should continue to be excluded from definitions of teaching, in order to focus on situations in which selection has favored behaviors that are specifically geared to promoting learning in others.
Cognitive universals and cultural variation in teaching
Authors: Strauss Sidney , Ziv Margalit , Frye Douglas
Published: July 2015

We address three issues: (1) There is a need for a comprehensive multidisciplinary understanding of teaching; (2) teaching is a natural cognitive ability for humans; and (3) there is a need to incorporate the mentalistic and cultural approaches to teaching. We suggest certain research studies that can help deepen our understanding of the cognition of teaching.
Surprise as an ideal case for the interplay of cognition and emotion
Authors: Foster Meadhbh I. , Keane Mark T.
Published: July 2015

The target article is a timely exposition on the impact of how emotion and cognition interact, a specifically important issue in surprise research. Psychologists debate whether disconfirmed expectations or sense-making processes determine surprise levels experienced for an event. We posit that, in surprise, cognition and emotion are intertwined, making it an interesting test case for the proposals in this article.
TIMED AND UNTIMED GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENTS MEASURE DISTINCT TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Godfroid Aline , Loewen Shawn , Jung Sehoon , Park Ji-Hyun , Gass Susan , Ellis Rod
Published: July 2015

Grammaticality judgment tests (GJTs) have been used to elicit data reflecting second language (L2) speakers’ knowledge of L2 grammar. However, the exact constructs measured by GJTs, whether primarily implicit or explicit knowledge, are disputed and have been argued to differ depending on test-related variables (i.e., time pressure and item grammaticality).

Using eye-tracking, this study replicates the GJT results in R. Ellis (2005). Twenty native and 40 nonnative English speakers judged sentences with and without time pressure. Analyses revealed that time pressure suppressed regressions (right-to-left eye movements) in nonnative speakers only. Conversely, both groups regressed more on untimed, grammatical items. These findings suggest that timed and untimed GJTs measure different constructs, which could correspond to implicit and explicit knowledge, respectively. In particular, they point to a difference in the levels of automatic and controlled processing involved in responding to the timed and untimed tests. Furthermore, untimed grammatical items may induce GJT-specific task effects.
EXPLORING THE INTERFACE
Authors: Cintrón-Valentín Myrna , Ellis Nick C.
Published: July 2015

Eye-tracking was used to investigate the attentional processes whereby different types of focus on form (FonF) instruction assist learners in overcoming learned attention and blocking effects in their online processing of second language input. English native speakers viewed Latin utterances combining lexical and morphological cues to temporality under control conditions and three types of explicit FonF: verb grammar instruction, verb salience with textual enhancement, and verb pretraining. Chinese native speakers were also tested on control and verb grammar conditions. All groups participated in three phases: exposure, comprehension test, and production test. Verb grammar participants viewed a short lesson on Latin tense morphology prior to exposure. Verb salience participants saw the verb inflections highlighted in bold and red during exposure. Verb pretraining participants took part in an additional introductory phase in which they were presented with solitary verb forms and were trained on their English translations. Instructed participants showed greater sensitivity to morphological cues in comprehension and production. Eye-tracking revealed how FonF affects learners’ attention during online processing and thus modulates long-term blocking of verb morphology.
A VIEW OF THE NEURAL REPRESENTATION OF SECOND LANGUAGE SYNTAX THROUGH ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE LEARNING UNDER IMPLICIT CONTEXTS OF EXPOSURE
Authors: Morgan-Short Kara , Deng ZhiZhou , Brill-Schuetz Katherine A. , Faretta-Stutenberg Mandy , Wong Patrick C. M. , Wong Francis C. K.
Published: July 2015

The current study aims to make an initial neuroimaging contribution to central implicit-explicit issues in second language (L2) acquisition by considering how implicit and explicit contexts mediate the neural representation of L2. Focusing on implicit contexts, the study employs a longitudinal design to examine the neural representation of L2 syntax and also considers how the neural circuits underlying L2 syntax vary among learners who exhibit different levels of performance on linguistic and cognitive tasks. Results suggest that when exposed to a L2 under an implicit context, some learners are able to quickly rely on neural circuits associated with first language grammar and procedural memory, whereas other learners increasingly use extralinguistic neural circuits related to control mechanisms to process syntax. Thus, there may be multiple ways in which L2 is represented neurally, at least when learned under implicit contexts.