bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Budget ax may fall on a model water resources program
Authors: Ballestero Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

In an almost casual note in “U.S. Geological Survey Flies High For Now,”(Eos, Feb. 21, 1995, p. 78), the loss of a very significant program was brushed under the rug. The article reads, “However to save about $4.6 million, the survey would shut down 54 water resources research institutes across the United States.” The AGU membership should be aware of the magnitude of this loss.

The water resources research institute (WRRI) program was established in 1964. Each institute conducts basic water resources research, technology transfer, and educates new water professionals. In the past 5 years covered by the congressionally mandated program review (whose conclusions underscored the value of the program), the federally appropriated funds for this program provided support for 2089 faculty and 2593 students. And just this year, the number of publications listed in the program's database (1984–1995) climbed to over 10,000. For programs to be classified as cost effective, legislation only requires a dollar match of two to one. The institute program currently matches each federally appropriated dollar by more than ten dollars! This program is the model for how the new Congress wants government to work: the federal appropriation is sent directly to the states and each state decides the agenda for its share. All institutes are networked to provide national access for help in resolving local problems.
Project conducts seismic reflection profiling in the Ural Mountains
Authors: Juhlin C. , Kashubin S. , Makovsky V. , Knapp J. H. , Ryberg T.
Published: October 2006

Geophysicists from east and west are flocking to the Uralide orogen of Russia to acquire modern, multichannel deep seismic reflection profiles over targets in the Ural Mountains. Seismic reflection profiling promises to help answer geological and geophysical questions about the structure of the mountain belt at crustal and lithospheric scales, the development and evolution of a crustal root, the drift of the continents involved in the collision and tectonic evolution of the orogen, and the recent uplift history.

EUROPROBE, a European Science Foundation (ESF) scientific program that is seeking to unravel key aspects of the tectonic evolution of Europe, involving both eastern and western researchers, is leading the effort to acquire profiles. Going a step further, EUROPROBE is collaborating with Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) scientists in the United States to develop new, integrated geological and geophysical studies of the Urals. Priority is being given to investigating the relationships between the upper and lower crustal structure.
Conference explores new research in the deep Earth and planetary volatiles
Authors: Ahren Thomas J. , Farley Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Some 90 scientists gathered to hear experts such as J. Lunine, T. Owen, D. Hunten, and T. Donahue survey volatile budgets, condensation, delivery and loss via impact, and other planetary processes at the International Conference on Deep Earth and Planetary Volatiles, which was held at Caltech last September. The conference provided a forum for the discussion of new research and changing ideas on these hot science topics.

W. Kaula reported new results indicating that although comets did indeed impact and deliver volatiles to the terrestrial planets, their impact on Earth and Venus was at such high velocity that the volatiles they could deliver were all blown‐off and terrestrial planetary volatile budgets were not augmented by this process. In contrast, D. Paige suggested that water from comets could successfully be delivered to Mercury and can now be seen from Earth‐based radar studies of the shadowed crater walls at the Mercurian poles. He proposes that NASA fly a mission to Mercury to collect evidence to test this hypothesis.
[Comment on] “Yucca Eruptus” item missed the mark
Authors: Boak Jeremy M. , Janecky David R.
Published: October 2006

The In Brief news item “Yucca eruptus” (Eos, March 14,1995) does a disservice to the readers in summarizing without verification William Broad's reporting on Charles Bowman's theory of potential nuclear criticality at Yucca Mountain. Specifically, the assertion that the review team has been unable to refute the theory that “buried wastes could set off a nuclear explosion” is incorrect.
Workshop delves into research on Antarctic's Ross Orogen
Authors: Goodge J. W.
Published: October 2006

The Transantarctic Mountains, one of Earth's large mountain belts, span over 3500 km between the Weddell Sea and northern Victoria Land near the Ross Sea (Figure 1). The modem Transantarctic Mountains represent an asymmetric rift‐shoulder uplift of Cenozoic age, but they are underlain by an early Paleozoic mountain belt referred to as the Ross orogen. Compared with other well‐studied Phanerozoic orogenic belts, geological investigation of the Transantarctic Mountains began in earnest only in the late 1950s with the International Geophysical Year program.

Despite limited access, great international progress has improved our understanding of the Transantarctic Mountains tectonic evolution, particularly with regard to Ross orogenesis. There is clearly a need for further Earth science research in the Transantarctic Mountains. To develop better models of Ross orogenesis, we must expand our knowledge in the critical areas of stratigraphy, geochronology, structural geology and kinematics, isotope geochemistry, petrology, and air‐borne and over‐ice geophysics.
The global topography mission gains momentum
Authors: Farr Tom , Evans Diane , Zebker Howard , Harding Dave , Bufton Jack , Dixon Timothy , Vetrella Sergio , Gesch Dean
Published: October 2006

An accurate description of the surface elevation of the Earth is of fundamental importance to many branches of Earth science. Continental topographic data are required for studies of hydrology, ecology, glaciology, geomorphology, and atmospheric circulation. For example, in hydrologic and terrestrial ecosystem studies, topography exerts significant control on intercepted solar radiation, water runoff and subsurface water inventory, microclimate, vegetation type and distribution, and soil development. The topography of the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers directly reflects ice‐flow dynamics and is closely linked to global climate and sea level change.
Horwitz starts term as EosSPA Editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

James L. Horwitz began his term as Eos section editor for Space Phyics and Aeronomy in January. He is professor of physics and associate director of the Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR) at The University of Alabama in Huntsville. Horwitz obtained a B.A. in Physics with highest Honors from the University of California in San Diego in 1970. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the same institution, in 1972 and 1976, respectively. His Ph.D. dissertation title was “Radar Measurements of Electric Fields in the High Latitude Ionosphere and Other Topics in Auroral Physics.” In 1976, Horwitz entered the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center as an NAS/NRC Research Associate, analyzing low‐energy plasma data from instruments aboard the ATS‐6 and ISEE‐1 satellites.
Attention focuses on Taal: Decade volcano of the Philippines
Authors: Torres R. C. , Self S. , Punongbayan R. S.
Published: October 2006

Based on its complex and little‐understood eruptive history and its enormous potential for disaster, Taal was chosen as a Decade Volcano by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) from among 200 potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines. Taal is frequently active, several million people live within a 20‐km radius of its caldera rim, and it is surrounded by well‐utilized infrastructure. Although its hazards were momentarily eclipsed by events since 1991 at Mount Pinatubo, Taal is the larger threat to the Philippine population.
Space physicists hope to “see” magnetosphere soon
Authors: Wakefield Julie
Published: October 2006

Seeing is believing, or so Missourians say. While the world has witnessed the disruptive effects of Earth's magnetosphere on radio and satellite communications and on electrical power networks, space physicists' vision to understand the magnetosphere and to predict its effects on “space weather” has been somewhat blocked. Mainly, scientists have been limited by their inability “see” or image this comet‐shaped region—defined by the interaction between Earth's magnetic field and the charged particles of the solar wind—in its entirety.

But such observational limits may soon be overcome; results presented at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore may usher in a whole new era in space physics.
The Earth's inner core and the geodynamo: Determining their roles in the Earth's history
Authors: Jacobs J. A.
Published: October 2006

Inge Lehmann, the Danish seismologist who died recently at the age of 105, deduced nearly 60 years ago that the Earth has a solid inner core (IC). Interest in the IC has continued since then with particular focus on the role it may play in the generation and maintenance of the Earth's magnetic field. A fundamental question concerning the Earth's magnetic field is what drives the geodynamo. The two main contenders are thermal convection and compositional convection. Braginsky [1963] suggested that freezing of material at the inner core boundary (ICB) would separate a heavy fraction (mainly Fe) leaving behind a lighter liquid fraction in the outer core (OC) that would be buoyant leading to compositionally driven convection. Since then it has generally come to be accepted that gravitational convection dominates over thermal convection in the OC.
Robert Heinmiller to receive 1995 Ocean Sciences Award
Authors: Fine Rana A.
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Sciences Award is presented for outstanding and long‐standing service contributions to the ocean sciences. Robert Heinmiller will receive the award this year at the 1995 Fall Meeting for developing an electronic mail system for the oceanographic community that has dramatically changed our discipline. He and Susan Kubany founded OMNET Corporation 16 years ago, and they bravely led the way for oceanographers to enter the electronic mail era well before e‐mail was fashionable. The OMNET linked oceanographers, helping to advance ocean sciences research projects and information exchange. The two collaborators made e‐mail user‐friendly—you did not have to be a computer guru to use OMNET. Their pioneering effort created a true sense of community for ocean scientists.
Damage, conditions of East Java Tsunami of 1994 analyzed
Authors: Synolakis C. , Imamura F. , Tsuji Y. , Matsutomi H. , Tinti S. , Cook B. , Chandra Y. P. , Usman M.
Published: October 2006

On June 3, 1994, an Ms = 7.2 earthquake occured at a depth of 15 km near the east end of the Java trench in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake generated a large tsunami that violently struck southeast Java and extended to southwest Bali (Figures 1 and 2). Approximately 200 people were killed, 400 were injured, and 1000 houses were destroyed. Runup heights (Figure 2) ranged from 0–5 m in west Bali to 1–14 m in southeast Java.

This unusual tsunami was generated about 250 km from the hardest hit area. Surprisingly, strong earthquake‐induced ground shaking was not a precursor so local residents had no warning of the impending catastrophe. The long‐period characteristics of the earthquake were incommensurate with the relatively weak high‐frequency magnitude Mb=5.5, and the rate of seismic moment release grew monotonically up to at least 270s. The pattern resembled that of the Nicaragua earthquake of September 2, 1992, in which strong ground shaking did not occur. Most of the damage was concentrated in villages located in pocket beaches, unlike previous tsunami damage in west Nicaragua, Flores, Indonesia [Yeh et al., 1993], and Okushiri, Japan.
We need more winners!
Authors: Fritz Theodore A.
Published: October 2006

At the AGU Chapman Conference on “Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas” held last April in Santa Fe, N. Mex., an impressive array of novel techniques to improve our understanding of space plasmas was presented. These techniques can be used to measure the plasmas themselves, energetic particles, neutral particles, and electromagnetic waves and fields.

What impressed me most was that these techniques have been developed in the absence of significant flight opportunities sponsored by traditional sources such as NASA. Some of these instruments' techniques have been prototyped and even evolved to a third‐generation stage without having any exposure to the space environment in which they are designed to function. Most of these instruments fit into NASA's goal of providing “smaller, cheaper, faster, and better” access to space.
Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup
Authors: Hudak P. F.
Published: October 2006

Aquifer remediation is one of our most difficult environmental challenges; technological limitations and problems arising from the physical and chemical complexities of contaminated subsurface environments thwart our best efforts. A 19‐member committee of leaders in environmental engineering, hydrogeology, epidemiology, environmental economics, and environmental policy has written an ambitious book that broadly addresses the groundwater remediation problem. Topics include site characterization, capabilities and limitations of pump‐and‐treat and alternative technologies, alternative goals for ground water cleanup, and policy implications.

One of the book's strengths is its information base, which includes various public and private groups, data from 80 pump‐and‐treat sites, and an extensive literature review. The text is clearly written and well organized. Specific conclusions are stated at the end of each major chapter, and sound policy recommendations are offered at the end of the final chapter. An appendix summarizes pump‐andtreat systems reviewed during the study. Several case studies, diagrams, and photographs effectively illustrate concepts and ideas conveyed in the text.
Seismic images illustrate the deep roots of the Chyulu Hills Volcanic Area, Kenya
Authors: Ritter J. R. R. , Fuchs K. , Kaspar T. , Lange F. E. I. , Nyambok I. O. , Stangl R. L.
Published: October 2006

A recent delay time tomography experiment has revealed the still ongoing processes that formed the East African Rift, the world's largest continental rift system. These new data have been used to produce tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Chyulu Range (Figure 1), a Quaternary volcanic field on the rift's eastern shoulder.

The images show a prominent low‐velocity zone where the youngest volcanism occurred directly beneath the Chyulu Range. Velocity contrasts as large as 4% have been found in 40–90 km depth (Figure 1). The reduced seismic velocity beneath the volcanic range probably suggests the presence of small active magma chambers in the crust and upper mantle. A large‐scale asthenospheric upwelling underneath the rift shoulder is excluded as cause of the volcanism because the anomaly is too small in size as well as in percentage of velocity reduction.
Testbed mooring provides new research platform near Bermuda
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A deep water surface‐to‐bottom mooring is now available to the oceanographic community for testing, calibrating, and intercomparing a variety of sensors and systems. Academic, government, and commercial users are encouraged to use the mooring; community interest is vital to its success.

The mooring is located about 80 km southeast of Bermuda in waters 4500 m deep. Researchers can utilize facilities of the Bermuda Biological Station for Research for staging. The mooring is redeployed 3 times a year and the site is sampled for several physical, bio‐optical, biological, and chemical variables about 16 times annually by scientists using the R/V Weatherbird II as part of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study's Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Program. Atmospheric and satellite remote sensing observations are also being made.
Taranenko receives Scarf Award
Authors: Gosling Jack
Published: October 2006

AGU's fourth annual F. L. Scarf Award has been awarded to Yuri Taranenko for his Ph.D. thesis “Interaction With the Lower Ionosphere of Electromagnetic Pulses From Lightning: Heating, Attachment, Ionization, and Optical Emissions.” Taranenko completed his graduate work within the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford University. As a part of the award, Taranenko will give an invited talk on a topic related to his thesis at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

The award was established to honor Fred L. Scarf, a pioneer and leader in solar‐planetary research, who flew plasma wave experiments on a number of space missions. Fred remained active in research until his sudden death while visiting the Soviet Union during his participation in the Phobos mission. The award is given by the Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section for an outstanding dissertation that contributes directly to solar‐planetary science. Each year nominations of students who have completed their doctoral degrees during the past year are solicited from the scientific community. The major criterion for the award is the impact or potential impact of the research on the field of solar‐terrestrial and planetary studies. The awardee receives $1,000 and is invited to deliver a paper at one of the following year's AGU meetings.
Geodetic measurements used to estimate ice transfer during Bering Glacier surge
Authors: Sauber Jeanne , Plafker George , Gipson John
Published: October 2006

The application of geodetic measurements to glacial research has found a new testing ground: near a surging Alaskan glacier. A set of geodetic measurements collected adjacent to the Bagley Icefield (Figure 1) and along the Gulf of Alaska (Figure 2) are being used to estimate the effects of the Bering Glacier surge that began in the spring of 1993. When ice is removed from a glacier's reservoir during a surge, its surface lowers by tens or hundreds of meters and ice is added to the receiving area, where it thickens and advances.

The dramatic changes in a surging glacier's extent and thickness should result in elastic deformation of the solid Earth. At Bering Glacier, calculations show that ice transfer may have caused up to 17 cm of the solid Earth to subside. Although recent surges at the Bering and Variegated Glaciers have been well documented, little is known about most surges, particularly about what happens in the upper reaches of the glaciers.
Findings suggest possible link between geomagnetic reversals and field intensity
Authors: Hoffman Kenneth A.
Published: October 2006

For the past 2000 years the Earth's magnetic field has been weakening. At the going rate of decay, the field's dipole—generated within the convecting metallic fluid of the outer core—would totally vanish, perhaps passing through zero and reversing polarity, in the coming millennia. This scenario of a coming attempt by Earth's dynamo to reverse its polarity is suggested by direct observation of the field since the 19th century and laboratory investigation of historic lavas and other fired materials that record the ambient field while cooling.

The ongoing weakening of the field does not insure that a reversal will occur. After all, the north‐south axial dipole changes to the opposite direction only on occasion; it currently reverses a few times each million years. How the dynamo actually approaches an attempted change of polarity and, moreover, the degree to which such a process can be predicted, are unclear. Nonetheless, a major step toward such an understanding may have been made through recently reported paleomagnetic findings obtained from the long, quasi‐continuous records derived from Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) marine sediment cores.
AGU Council adopts plan for 1995”1998
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

During its June 1 meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, members of the AGU Council adopted the 1995–1998 plan, which had been prepared and forwarded by the AGU Planning Committee. The plan included input from most of AGU's committees and had been the subject of extensive discussion by Council members at a Forum on May 29. The plan sets out a number of specific objectives to be achieved by June 30,1998. Throughout the plan, significant attention is given to use of new technology in improving current operations, in enhancing the speed of communications with the membership, and in developing new services for the geophysical sciences.
Reflecting on the findings of the Ulysses spacecraft
Authors: Page D. Edgar , Smith Edward J.
Published: October 2006

More than 100 years ago it was realized that storms in the Earth's magnetic field often followed about 3 days after disturbances seen on the Sun. It was suggested [Chapman and Ferraro, 1931] that the Sun occasionally emitted bursts of charged particles that took a few days to reach Earth and trigger the geomagnetic storms. Bierman [1951] noted that the plasma tails of comets were at all times pushed in the direction of the Sun‐comet line, and he argued that this indicated a continuous, rather than occasional, outward radial flow from the Sun. Such a flow was not consistent with models of a solar atmosphere, the corona, in hydrostatic equilibrium. Parker [1958] predicted that indeed the corona could expand continuously, giving rise to a supersonic solar wind. Gringauz [1961] and coworkers in the Soviet Union and Neugebauer [1962] and coworkers on the U.S. Mariner 2 spacecraft established the existence of a continuously present solar wind in the ecliptic plane.
Electronic quad
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU has broken new electronic ground with the first on‐line version of the Quadrennial (Quad) Report—the U.S. National Report, 1991–1994. The report, presented at the 21st General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), presents state‐of‐the‐science reports on geophysics research in the United States. Over 1400 pages long in its printed version, the report is accessible electronically at http://www.agu.org/revgeophys.

The new Quad Report incorporates interdisciplinary and cross‐disciplinary articles on topics such as volcanoes and climates, the atmospheric and hydrologic aspects of precipitation; air‐sea interaction; and surficial properties. These topics cut across two or more of the six major sections identified for the report: Properties of the Solid Earth; Dynamics of the Solid Earth and Other Planets; Space Sciences; Atmospheric Sciences; Hydrology; and Ocean Sciences.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Two presentations in the Geodesy Section were named Outstanding Student Papers at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.

John Weber presented “Estimation of Site Velocity Gradients from GPS Measurements in the New Madrid Seismic Zone.” Weber received an A.S. (1980) from Moraine Valley Community College, then a B.S. (1982), and an M.S(1987), both in Geology, from Southern Illinois University‐Carbondale. He completed his Ph.D. (1995) research at Northwestern University as a NASA Fellow, and is currently working at RSMAS as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow. In his work, he estimates strains and motions in the Caribbean‐South America plate boundary zone by comparing historic (1901) triangulation data to 1994 GPS measurements. His research interests are broadly related to kinematics and deformation, mostly in plate boundary zones (ancient and modern), although his Ph.D. research focused on poorly understood intraplate deformation. He applies in his research techniques from both geodesy and structural geology. This fall, he will start a new position as a structural geologist at Grand Valley State University, Michigan.
Free exchange of weather data secure for now
Authors: White M. Catherine
Published: October 2006

A resolution adopted by the World Meteorological Organization reinforcing the free and open international exchange of weather data is being lauded by the U.S. research community. The resolution, which was adopted on June 25 at the WMO's Twelfth Congress in Geneva, settled a divisive debate—at least for now—that strikes at the heart of international cooperation in scientific research.

“The resolution protects the whole scientific community from having an international body adopt a restrictive practice that could eventually spread to other data sets,” according to Richard S. Greenfield, Director of the NSF's Division of Atmospheric Sciences. In particular, the resolution ensures free and unrestricted access to all data and products exchanged under WMO auspices for non‐commercial use by the research and education communities.
Atlas contributes to geomagnetic reversal record debate
Authors: Athanassopoulos Joanna D. E. , Fuller Mike , Dunn Robert , Williams Ian
Published: October 2006

The intensive reexamination of reversal records underway has led to the creation of the Atlas of Reversal Records, which presents at least 115 records in a standard form.

For each record an Excel file provides information on the publication reference, type of rock, site latitude and longitude, name and age of the transition, polarity, and the sedimentation rate, if available. The data for each record include the stratigraphic height, declination, inclination and intensity, and the sequence of the virtual geomagnetic poles. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the data for the Steens Mountain record as they are presented in the atlas.
Unclassified data
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Navy is declassifying and releasing into the public domain all data collected by the Navy's Geodetic Satellite (GEOSAT‐A). The altimetry information will be turned over to NOAA for public distribution. These data will allow scientists to study the geology of the seafloor and the “topography” of the ocean's surface from 72°S–72°N latitude.

From GEOSAT's launch in March 1985 until its failure in January 1990, the satellite carried a radar altimiter sensor to collect precise measurements of the the satellite's altitude.
[Comment on “Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change”] Weather and climate changes arising from solar wind effects on thunderstorm electrification
Authors: Vonnegut B. , Moore C. B.
Published: October 2006

In “Solar Wind Mechanism Suggested for Weather and Climate Change” [Eos, August 9,1994], Brian A. Tinsley suggests that solar activity is modulating weather and climate through the effects it produces on the Earth's fair‐weather electric field. This may well be true. It is questionable, however, whether the fair‐weather electric field is strong enough to cause ice crystal formation in clouds by electrofreezing, as he has assumed.

From Pruppacher [1973], it is evident that demonstrations of electrofreezing involve electric fields about a thousand times more intense and a million‐fold more energetic than the electric field Tinsley believes is causing the formation of ice crystals in clouds. Acceptance of the idea that the fair weather field plays a significant role in the glaciation of clouds must await demonstrations that electrofreezing can be produced by electric fields of less than 100 Vm−1.
New version of the generic mapping tools
Authors: Wessel Paul , Smith Walter H. F.
Published: October 2006

An updated, new version (3.0) of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) has just been released. GMT is a public domain collection of UNIX tools that contains programs to manipulate (x,y) and (x,y,z) data and to generate PostScript illustrations, including simple x‐y diagrams, contour maps, color images, and artificially illuminated, perspective, shaded‐relief plots using a variety of map projections [Wessel and Smith, 1991]. GMT has been installed on super computers, workstations and personal computers, all running some flavor of UNIX. We estimate that approximately 5000 scientists worldwide are currently using GMT in their work.
USGS staff reduction
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey reports that it is undergoing a reduction‐in‐force and reorganization that will release a large pool of well trained, experienced, productive staff. Staff to be released will include geologists, geophysicists, chemists, computer staff, cartographic and graphics experts, and a variety of administrative and support staff. Released employees will be available for employment in October 1995.

Potential employers are urged to contact regional offices of the Division for information and resumes of available staff, beginning September 1.
U.S. House finishes appropriations, NASA authorization
Authors: Putnam Scott
Published: October 2006

From July 24–August 4, the U.S. House of Representatives finalized its version of the Fiscal Year 1996 (FY96) federal appropriation, for the period October 1, 1995 through November 30, 1996. As reported in the August 1 issue of Eos, science programs were not exempted from the overall budget cutting.

In brief, the House proposed to reduce NOAA's appropriation by 10% from 1995; NASA's by 5%; the EPA's by 33%; and NSF's by 6%. The USGS emerged with only a 3% reduction. The USGS appropriation actually increased, but the National Biological Survey was folded into it. For the most part, basic research was preserved in each agency's appropriation, and spending cuts were taken in administration and downsizing of missions.
EOS, electronic supplement added to AGU's electronic products
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU adds another electronic publication to its roster on August 15, with publication of the first article in Eos, Transactions, AGU, Electronic Supplement, an online supplement to the Union's weekly newspaper. As part of AGU's burgeoning electronic publications program, the Eos supplement joins the AGU Home Page; the Quadrennial Report, which includes 163 reviewed papers covering the state‐of‐the‐science in the United States.; Earth and Space Index (EASI) on diskette, with over 32,400 references for AGU publications 1988–1994; EASI Monthly Updates, 1995, by e‐mail; the IUGG XXI Home Page; and the AMEN (Antarctic Managers Electronic Network) Home Page. Initially, the supplement will present articles covering electronic products that are not commercially marketed—computer software, databases, and data sets. After a startup period, the supplement may be expanded to include other types of articles and information.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Three presentations in the Tectonophysics Section were named Outstanding were Student Papers at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Paul D. Asimow, who presented “The Effect of Pressure‐Induced Solid‐Solid Phase Transitions on Decompression Melting in the Mantle,” is a graduate student in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at Caltech. He obtained an A.B. in geological sciences from Harvard University in 1991 and an M.S. in geology from Caltech in 1993. His research interests include igneous petrology and geodynamics: he is currently working on experimental measurements of basaltic melt migration in peridotite and self‐consistent thermodynamic models of melt production, chemistry, and transport in two‐phase convection.
The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd Edition
Authors: Bahr David
Published: October 2006

At one time or another, who among us has not marveled at the beauty of the snow and ice‐covered Alps, or admired the tenacity of polar explorers and the adventurous spirits of climbers on the glacier‐clad summits of the high Himalaya? The fascination of distant ice covered expanses has enlisted more than a few recruits into the ranks of glaciologists, but many, if not most, of today's students of glaciology are a slightly less romantic and more mathematical lot, attracted by the quantitative world of physics and the applied sciences of polar climatology, ice mechanics, and snow hydrology.

Once a relatively quiet branch of geophysics filled with venturesome climbers capable of reaching the objects of their study, glaciology is now a field that is fueled by a rapid influx of talent, technology, and new ideas due to the increasingly acknowledged relationships between global climate, sea level, and ice sheets. While the understanding of glacier processes has seen significant progress, as a result there is also a sense of being overwhelmed by the voluminous and sometimes speculative theories and field observations associated with an expanding discipline.
Updated ocean data made available to ocean scientific community
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The World Ocean Atlas 1994, which provides new climatologies of major ocean parameters and related data, is now available in print, on CD‐ROM in ASCII format, or on Exabyte tape from the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The atlas provides global analyses of ocean temperature, salinity, oxygen, oxygen saturation, apparent oxygen utilization, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate on a one‐degree, latitude longitude grid for standard depth levels from the sea surface to 5500 m depth. The ocean profile data sets from which the gridded fields were derived are also included in the package.

The five‐volume atlas supersedes the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, which was published by Levitus in 1982. Many of the new data that are included—particularly those from countries other than the United States—have been received in recent years through the efforts of the Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project. The goal of this project is to increase the volume of digital historical oceanographic data accessible to the worldwide research community.
Metamorphic Crystallization
Authors: Frost B. Ronald
Published: October 2006

Metamorphic petrology is the study of solid‐state, physical, and chemical changes that take place within the crust of the Earth and other planets. The major tool of modern petrologists is equilibrium thermodynamics, which allows prediction of the mineral assemblages that are likely to be stable at a given pressure and temperature, or conversely, to estimate pressure and temperature of equilibration for given mineral assemblages.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics can be used to study a different set of conditions: metamorphic textures or zoning patterns in minerals, features that form from the interplay of diffusion, nucleation, kinetics, surface, and strain energies. This method is used to determine whether an assemblage formed at peak temperature or during retrogression and to monitor the pressure‐temperature history of a rock.
Cold‐core eddy detected in South China Sea
Authors: Soong Yin S. , Hu Jian‐Hwa , Ho Chung‐Ru , Niiler Pearn P.
Published: October 2006

A large, cyclonic, cold‐core eddy was present in the South China Sea in January 1994. The eddy was first indicated in altimetric data from TOPEX/Poseidon; measurements of sea‐surface height revealed levels characteristic of eddy activity. The surface topography of the 500‐km‐wide eddy was then charted by surface‐drifting buoy data and sea surface temperature acquired by satellite. The use of TOPEX/Poseidon data to study surface current variability is common, but the confirmation of transient sea level anomalies and their associated geostrophic velocities by several types of measurements is rare.
1995 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU congratulates the thirty‐three distinguished scientists who were selected by a committee of their peers to be AGU Fellows in 1995. This selection was based on the individuals' attainment of acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics.

The number of Fellows selected annually is limited to no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership.
Decline in atmospheric carbon monoxide raises questions about its cause
Authors: Khalil M. A. K.
Published: October 2006

Carbon monoxide plays an important role in the global environment. In urban areas, high concentrations of CO pollute the air and threaten our health, while in unpopulated areas, CO is present at such low concentrations that it has no known health or direct environmental effect. Following a sharp increase in the early 1980s, probably due to a rise in man‐made sources (Table I), atmospheric concentrations of CO are now declining. This trend is an indicator of important global changes probably caused by human activities and may reflect a slowdown in tropical biomass burning.
Study to address the flow of scientific data across national borders
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Members of the scientific community encounter many difficulties when trying to access data across national borders, much of which is crucial to their research. New difficulties are arising with the increase in the consolidation of international, multidisciplinary data to address global problems such as environmental degradation. A new study has been organized to seek solutions to this worldwide problem. Input from the scientific community is solicited.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Five presentations in the Hydrology Section were named Outstanding Student Papers at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.

Gwynn R. Johnson was honored for her presentation of “Solvent Rushing of an LNAPL Contaminated Soil.” She received her bachelor's degree in May 1993 and is now completing her master's degree (under the guidance of M.D. Annable, P.S.C. Rao, and K. Hatfield) in the Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences at the University of Florida.
de Marsily receives 1994 Horton Award
Authors: Dagan Gedeon , de Marsily Ghislain
Published: October 2006

The Robert E. Horton Award for outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology was presented to Ghislain de Marsily at the 1995 AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony in Baltimore on May 30,1995. The award citation and de Marsily's response are given here.
John Swallow (1923”1994)
Authors: Molinari B.
Published: October 2006

John Swallow passed away on December 3, 1994, at his home in Gunnislake, Cornwall, England. His passing has caused a great loss to the field of physical oceanography, and to those doing research in the Indian Ocean in particular. John was one of the original “Friends of the Indian Ocean,” a group dedicated to the basin and its physical oceanography. His extensive work throughout the basin, beginning in the 1960s in the International Indian Ocean Expedition, continuing through the Indian Ocean Experiment program in 1979, and extending into the 1980s and 1990s with research in the western basin with Fritz Schott at the University of Kiel and in the eastern basin with Michele Fieux at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, gave John an unmatched understanding of the complexities of the circulation in this monsoonal region. This understanding made John the number one choice of organizers when a talk on the Indian Ocean was required. Additionally, when cruises and analyses were planned, the doors to John's “cottage” were under constant siege from visiting oceanographers seeking his input.
Free data offered to researchers studying the Mediterranean
Authors: Brasseur Pierre
Published: October 2006

Several data products, analysis software packages, and visualization tools have been released by the The Mediterranean Oceanic Data Base (MODB), a group that prepares hydrographic data sets and climatological fields for distribution to scientists working in the Mediterranean Sea.

The climatological distributions of temperature and salinity in the Mediterranean that are available account for the regional properties of the water masses(Figure 1). These measurements should help refine the Mediterranean sector of the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean published by S. Levitus in 1982. The Mediterranean gridded fields are represented in ASCII format on a 1/4‐degree grid and 19 levels on the vertical. The data sets also include the hydrographic profiles from which the analyzed fields were derived.
Outstanding student paper
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

One presentation in the Planetology Section was named Outstanding Student Paper at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Noam Izenberg presented “The Erosion and Deposition Associated With the Great Flood of 1993, Missouri River, Missouri.” He received his B.Sc. with honors from Brown University in 1989 and is planning on defending his Ph.D. dissertation research in late September 1995, at the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University. His main research interest is the evolution of planetary surfaces and the quantitative measurement of surficial change on the Earth and planetary bodies. Currently, he is focusing on the methods of determining catastrophic flood damage using interferometric and polarimetric airborne and satellite radar data, coupled with field analysis.
Pulling the rug out from under California: Seismic images of the Mendocino Triple Junction Region
Authors: Trehu Anne M. ,   Mendocino Working Group
Published: October 2006

The active tectonic regime of northwestern California changes abruptly from transform motion to subduction at the Mendocino Triple Junction. Northward migration of the triple junction has been a major factor in the tectonic history of the continental margin of California since the Oligocene and continues at present. Understanding the effects of triple junction migration on the structure of the crust and upper mantle in this region is therefore necessary for reconstructing the geologic evolution of the continental margin of California and accurately assessing seismic hazards associated with the San Andreas fault system and the Cascadia subduction zone.

In 1993 and 1994 a network of large‐aperture seismic profiles was collected to image the crustal and upper‐mantle structure beneath northern California and the adjacent continental margin. The data include approximately 650 km of onshore seismic refraction/reflection data, 2000 km of off‐shore multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data, and simultaneous onshore and offshore recording of the MCS airgun source to yield large‐aperture data. Scientists from more than 12 institutions were involved in data acquisition.
Gravimeters available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A limited number of available NAVOCEANO gravimeters are being made available for U.S. academic scientific research. The high cost of purchasing gyrostabilized gravimeters and the increasing need for scientists to have access to these instruments has led to a collaboration between the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, and the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research.

A joint committee established by the funding agencies coordinates all activities among users regarding requirements and schedules for gravimeter use. Use of the gravimeters entails a government‐approved overhead charge tied to the length of time that a gravimeter is used in the field, with the funds used to support gravimeter operations.
Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995)
Authors: Fälthammar C.‐G. , Dessler A. J.
Published: October 2006

Hannes Alfvén was born on May 30, 1908, in Norrköping, Sweden. After a fulfilling life and career replete with remarkable achievements, he died in his home in Djursholm, Sweden, on April 2, 1995, shortly before his 87th birthday. During his career, Alfvén made a number of fundamental theoretical discoveries. The one for which he is best known is the magnetohydrodynamic (hydro‐magnetic) wave, commonly called the Alfvén wave. But he also invented a number of other fundamental concepts that are not as closely associated with his name. These include simplifications in the concepts with which we treat the behavior of ionized gases (plasmas). Alfvén found the established way of calculating particle orbits, known as Stormer orbit theory, to be impractical, especially in the energy range relevant to auroras. This led him to develop a new tool, the guiding‐center approximation for the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Alfvén also discovered the first adiabatic invariant of charged particle motion, and he invented the concept of frozen‐in magnetic flux. Together, these tools established magnetohydrodynamics as a resource and as a field of research. It is difficult to imagine working today in plasma physics without using the tools he provided. In 1970, this work, cited as “contributions and fundamental discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics,” earned him a Nobel Prize for Physics.
Lake drilling sites for continental paleoclimate research sought
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A Lake Drilling Task Force has been formed to solicit initial planning documents from the international continental paleoclimate community for a global network of lake drilling sites. The Task Force will use these documents to develop a 5–10 year program for retrieving 50 to 500 m of continuous cores from a wide variety of sedimentary archives that includes drilling sites in remote areas.

The task force was formed in July following a recent workshop, “Continental Drilling for Paleoclimatic Records,” held in Potsdam, Germany. The workshop was sponsored by Past Global Changes (PAGES), a core project of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program based in Bern, Switzerland, and the GeoForschungsZentrum, a large‐scale research center for fundamental Earth science founded in Potsdam, Germany, in 1992.
Gran Canaria Volcanic Apron and Madeira Abyssal Plain drilled
Authors:   ODP Leg 157 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

The drilling program at Gran Canaria Volcanic Apron and Madeira Abyssal Plain had two distinct goals: to study the evolution of an oceanic island from sediments in the volcanic apron, and to study the history of sediment mass wasting in a deep‐sea basin by drilling abyssal‐plain turbidites. The abyssal plain receives sediment flows from the northwest African continental margin and the Canary Islands, thus providing a link between the studies, which were conducted by Leg 157 of the Ocean Drilling Program.
Progress made in groundwater flow and transport modeling
Authors: Hill Mary C. , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: October 2006

A special session, “Automated Parameter Identification and Sensitivity Analysis in Groundwater Flow and Transport,” was held at the Spring AGU meeting last May to explore recent scientific and technological developments in this expanding research area. The problems and approaches discussed are crucial to any field of Earth science in which models are used to represent physical processes and simulated values are compared with measured quantities. Although methods for automated parameter identification and sensitivity analysis were first developed at about the same time as numerical groundwater models, they are rarely used. Presentations at this special session clearly demonstrated the potential contributions of these methods for more insightful groundwater model development and calibration.
Internet explosion
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has announced that demand for Internet adresses, known as domain names, has exceeded NSF's ability to continue completely funding the service. NSF originally funded the service for the benefit of the research and academic community, but today less than 3% of domain names are higher education (.edu) or government (.gov). Most domain names are registered by commercial users (.com). In the spring of 1993, new domains were being registered at the rate of 400 per month. In October 1994, registrations reached 2,000 per month. By the end of 1995, registrations are expected to exceed 20,000 per month. This demand has created up to a 5‐week delay in registering new domain names.