bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta-Caretta, in Queensland - Population Breeding Structure
Authors: Gyuris E , Limpus CJ
Published: June 2005

Population models proposed as a result of independent tagging programs of nesting Caretta caretta in
Queensland are in disagreement about the size of discrete breeding units. An electrophoretic survey was
conducted to assess the relevance of genetic variation as revealed by electrophoresis to the investigation
of Caretta caretta population breeding structure. Low level electrophoretic variability (H*L(obs) = 0.016)
was found. The geographical distribution of alleles, when compared with tag-recapture data and other
aspects of life history, indicated that discrete breeding populations of C. caretta in Queensland are
larger than previously thought. C. caretta nesting on the mainland beaches and on the cays of the
Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park form a panmictic population. The data
indicate that those nesting on the Swain Reefs cays do not interbreed with the mainland-Capricornia
breeding population.
The Age Structure of a Sample of Red Foxes (Vulpes-Vulpes L) Taken by Hunters in Victoria
Authors: Coman BJ
Published: June 2005

Between 1982 and 1984, the ages of 317 foxes killed by hunters in Victoria were estimated by examining
cranial sutures, counting annular cementum layers in teeth and measuring the relative size of the pulp
cavity in canines. No single technique could accurately determine the age class. The results indicated
that at least 54% of all animals were less than 1 year old and 71% were less than 2 years old.
Some 3% of all skulls were either 1 or 2 years old and could not be further classified. Few animals
had survived beyond 4 years (4%) and no animal was older than 7 years. There was no significant
difference in the age structure between years or between sexes, but the different methods of capture
generated significant differences. Night shooting resulted in a very high proportion of first and second
year animals (77%) whereas battues produced significantly fewer animals in this age group (64%).
The age structure figures are broadly similar to figures obtained for fox populations in continental
Europe and the United Kingdom where the intensity of control is low or only moderate. Some
implications of the age structure are discussed.
Abdominal Fat and Percentage Water as Predictors of Body-Fat in Adult Maned Duck, Chenonetta-Jubata
Authors: Briggs SV , Thornton SA
Published: June 2005

We derived 10 best fit regression equations for estimating body fat mass in maned duck carcasses.
Body fat can be estimated from abdominal fat mass (females, R*2=0.86; males, R*2=0.81), percentage
water (combined sexes, R2=0.83), and the Child-Marshall index (combined sexes, R*2=0.91). We
recommend that body fat be estimated by the Child-Marshall equation where carcasses can be dried,
and by abdominal fat equations otherwise.
Tolerance to, and Metabolism of, Fluoroacetate in the Emu
Authors: Twigg LE , King DR , Davis HM , Saunders DA , Mead RJ
Published: June 2005

Compared with most other birds, the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Vieillot, has unusually high
tolerance to fluoroacetate (1080). The LD*5O for emus with evolutionary exposure to fluoroacetatebearing
vegetation in the south-west of Western Australia was 102 mg of 1080 per kilogram. This
tolerance appears to result from: the substantial capacity of emus to detoxify fluoroacetate by
defluorination; the limited conversion of fluoroacetate into fluorocitrate by emus; and/or their
possession of an aconitate hydratase which is relatively insensitive to fluorocitrate.
A Comparison of Stomach and Fecal Samples for Diet Analysis of Grey Kangaroos
Authors: Norbury GL
Published: June 2005

In an experiment with four captive eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, microscopic analysis
of both stomach contents and faeces did not reflect the ingested dry weight proportion of most plant
species in a fed diet. However, close agreement was obtained by correcting for unidentifiable microscopic
fragments of plants. This suggests that differential digestion may not be as important an artefact of
microscopic diet analysis as previously reported. Provided corrections are made, faecal analysis may be
as reliable as stomach content analysis for describing relative proportions of plant species in the diet
of macropodids. In contrast, differences in proportions of plant species between stomach and faecal
samples from free-ranging western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus, suggest that faecal analysis
may not be suitable for quantitative studies of diet selection (comparisons of plant species proportions
in the diet with species proportions in the field) in areas with heterogeneous vegetation. In these
situations, samples of stomach contents are considered more appropriate.
Seasonal and Diel Activity of Fresh-Water Turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New South-Wales
Authors: Chessman BC
Published: June 2005

Activity cycles of Chelodina expansa, C. longicollis and Emydura macquarii were inferred from captures
in baited traps set in the Murray River and Lake Boga. C. expansa and E, macquarii were caught
only from October to April, while C. longicollis was taken in all months but June and July. Minimum
water temperatures at capture were highest for C. expansa and lowest for C. longicollis. Diel cycles of
catch rate were often weak, but tended to be bimodal for all species, with peaks near dawn and in
the afternoon or evening. Unlike the Chelodina species, E. macquarii was ofen caught near midnight.
In the laboratory (at c.24�C with light:dark 12:12 h), the average diel pattern of locomotor activity
was weakly bimodal in C. expansa, strongly bimodal in C. longicollis and unimodal in E. macquarii.
Calibrating Aerial Surveys of Kangaroos by Comparison With Drive Counts
Authors: Short J , Hone J
Published: June 2005

Densities of red and western grey kangaroos and euros were assessed by aerial survey and compared
with densities obtained in the same area by drive counts. The survey area (12.1 km2) was long, narrow
and sparsely vegetated. Lakes and a kangaroo-proof fence bounded the area on three sides facilitating
the drive count. Densities from aerial surveys ranged between 38 and 54% of the corresponding drive
counts for red kangaroos, between 15 and 23% for western grey kangaroos, and between 9 and 10%
for euros. The time of morning at which the surveys were conducted altered these percentages. About
twice as many red and western grey kangaroos were counted on aerial surveys at sunrise compared to
surveys 3.5 h later.
Within-Habitat Relationships Between Invading Bufo-Marinus and Australian Species of Frog During the Tropical Dry Season
Authors: Freeland WJ , Kerin SH
Published: June 2005

Four tropical Australian frog species do not alter their dry season patterns of habitat and/or food
utilisation following invasion by introduced Bufo marinus. Breadths of utilisation of habitat and food
resources by B. rnarinus are less than those of one or more native species. Levels of overlap of resource
use between B. marinus and native frog species are not different from those occurring among the native
species. Differences in body sizes of native species and B. marinus are not related to levels of resource
overlap. The population sizes of individual species, species richness and equitabilities of native frog
communities in the dry season are not influenced by the presence of B. marinus. B. rnarinus has
no observable impact on recovery of native frog communities or populations following experimental
perturbation. At the time of year when resources are likely to be most limiting (the dry season),
B. marinus is a relatively 'narrow-niched' invader with no measurable competitive impact on a native
frog community that may be in a state of disequilibrium.
Movements of Sympatric Red Kangaroos, Macropus-Rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus, in Western New-South-Wales
Authors: Priddel D , Wellard G , Shepherd N
Published: June 2005

Between July 1979 and November 1980 a total of 261 red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, (216F;
45 M) and 170 western grey kangaroos, M. fuliginosus, (136F;34M) were caught and tagged with
individually recognisable collars. Between July 1979 and January 1986, 1751 sightings of tagged
individuals were recorded. Information gained from these sightings was used to assess how far each
kangaroo ranged. More than 90% of individuals of either species did not range far (<9 km for reds;
<6 km for western greys) even when local pastures were severely depleted during drought. A few
individuals dispersed much further-up to 323 km. On average, red kangaroos ranged further than
western greys. Kangaroos on Kinchega National Park ranged no less or no further than those on
an adjacent pastoral leasehold. At least 17 tagged individuals crossed the macropod-deterrent fence
surrounding Kinchega; several crossed repeatedly. Dispersal of kangaroos from Kinchega was slight,
supporting the hypothesis of Bayliss (1985) that dispersal has no significant impact on population
dynamics.
The Distribution of Arboreal Marsupials in Relation to Eucalypt Forest Types in the Eden (Nsw) Woodchip Concession Area.
Authors: Braithwaite LW , Binns DL , Nowlan RD
Published: June 2005

Data collected during clear felling are collated and presented on the distribution of arboreal marsupials in 16 forest vegetation types (FVT) in 7 FVT groups. Eight species were included in the study: Petaurus breviceps, P. australis, P. norfolcensis, Petauroides volans, Acrobates pygmaeus, Trichosurus vulpecula, Pseudocheirus peregrinus and Cercartetus nanus. Most of the individuals reported were in the following 6 FVTs: swamp gum (characterized by Eucalyptus ovata); mountain gum (E. dalrympleana)/manna gum (E. viminalis); peppermint (E. radiata or E. dives); southern blue gum (E. maidenii, E. cypellocarpa or E. nitens); brown barrel (E. fastigata); and brown barrel/gum (E. cypellocarpa, E. nitens, E. maidenii, E. viminalis or E. dalrympleana). The results are discussed in relation to present forest management and forest clearing procedures in the Eden region. Forests about to be cleared for Pinus radiata plantations or for farmland on private property adjacent to State Forests are predominantly of types identified as of high value as wildlife habitat.
Roost Selection by Goulds Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus-Gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in Logged Forest on the South Coast of New South-Wales
Authors: Lunney D , Barker J , Priddel D , Oconnell M
Published: June 2005

Radiotelemetry was used to track 18 Nyctophilus gouldi to roosts in 38 trees within a logged forest.
The species and sizes of trees selected by the bats were compared to trees measured in six randomly
located plots in each of four major habitats. Only the unlogged gullies provided the species of trees
required by the bats for roosting. Of these, the bats showed strongest preference for those trees with
a diameter greater than 80 cm. As the first logging cycle removed many suitable roosts, we conclude
that the second logging cycle, due before the turn of tbe century, will have a major deleterious impact
on the local survival of N. gouldi unless gullies remain unlogged. This would require the redefinition
of gullies in the forest management plan to include all drainage lines.
Reproduction in Wild Canids, Canis-Familiaris, From the Eastern Highlands of Victoria
Authors: Jones E , Stevens PL
Published: June 2005

Reproduction was studied in a group of wild canids collected over four years from the eastern highlands
of Victoria. While births were recorded from March to September inclusive, 78% of them took place
in the winter months of June-August, with the peak occurring in July. A single breeding season each
year was indicated for most, with a mean prenatal litter size of 5.5 (range 2-9). Sexually mature
males were fertile throughout the year, although they exhibited a significant increase in testes weight,
epididymides weight, and number of active seminiferous tubules for the months of April-June, which
corresponded to the peak period of oestrus in females. The onset of first oestrus in females was
variable, occurring when they were 1-4 years old, with only 36% of those less than 2 years old sexually
mature. Sexual maturity in males was also variable. For animals of 10 kg (weight at initial onset of
spermatogenesis) or heavier, spermatogenesis had commenced in only 63% of those less than two years
old, but increased to 97% of those more than three years old. Overall this sample of canids displayed
reproductive characteristics, such as a seasonal breeding season, considered typical of dingoes. However
the possibility of slight changes to the original dingo breeding patterns through hybridization with
domestic dogs is discussed.
Home Ranges of Sympatric Red Kangaroos Macropus-Rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos Macropus-Fuliginosus, in Western New-South-Wales
Authors: Priddel D , Shepherd N , Wellard G
Published: June 2005

Home ranges of sympatric red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, and western grey kangaroos, M. fuliginosus,
were determined by radiotracking 48 individuals over 20 months. More than 90% of individuals of each
species remained within home ranges of less than 10 km2 (mean � SE, 7.74 � 0.90, reds; 6.92 � 0.77,
western greys). At no time did any individual disperse far, the longest movement being 13 km.
Based on diurnal locations (resting sites) only, home ranges of red kangaroos were larger than those
of western greys (P<O.001), and those of kangaroos on Kinchega National Park smaller than those
on the adjacent pastoral leasehold (P<O.05). Home ranges calculated from nocturnal and diurnal
locations (feeding sites and resting sites) were no different in size for either species, sex or location,
but reds, males, and kangaroos on Tandou sometimes moved further between nights and between
seasons than did western greys, females, and kangaroos on Kinchega, respectively.
Size of quarterly home ranges of red kangaroos changed over time, being positively correlated
with minimum temperature (r=0.96; P<O.O5), solar radiation (r=0.99; P<0.05) and evaporation
(r=0.99; P<O.O5). Home-range size for western greys did not change significantly over the duration
of the study.
Habitat Utilization by Sympatric Red Kangaroos Macropus-Rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos Macropus-Fuliginosus, in Western New-South-Wales
Authors: Priddel D
Published: June 2005

Habitat utilisation by sympatric red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, and western grey kangaroos, M.
fuliginosus, was monitored by aerial survey. Red kangaroos used floodplain and sandplain with equal
intensity. Western grey kangaroos favoured floodplain and utilised woodland on both landforms
relatively more than did red kangaroos. Movements of kangaroos between sandplain and floodplain
paralleled changes in pasture condition. Red kangaroos responded to pasture growth, moving to
sandplain immediately after rain. Western greys followed up to 3 months later, the increase in use of
sandplain being weakly correlated (r = 0.70) to an increase in pasture biomass. There was no evidence
of any temporal change in use of either woodland or open plain by either species.
Use of Emetics and Anesthesia for Dietary Assessment of Weddell Seals
Authors: Gales NJ , Gales NJ , Burton HR , Burton HR
Published: June 2005

One female and 19 male Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddellii, were injected with the emetic
apomorphine hydrochloride. Fourteen of these were immobilised with combinations of ketamine
hydrochloride and diazepam before the emetic was injected. One seal was administered the emetic
tincture of ipecac while immobilised. The mean induction dose of ketamine hydrochloride was 7.99 �
1.99 mg kg-1 (mean�SD) and that of diazepam was 0.05 � 0.01 mg kg-1. The mean induction time
was 23.07 � 17.63 min and the mean duration of immobilisation was 127.00 � 20.72 min. Six of the
22 seals apomorphine hydrochloride vomited and the seal given tincture of ipecac did not vomit.
The mean dose of apomorphine hydrochloride that produced vomiting in immobilised animals was
0.18 � 0.10 mg kg-1 and the mean dose of apomorphine hydrochloride that produced vomiting in
non-immobilised animals was 0.22 � 0.15 mg kg-1. Three seals died after drug administration during
the study. Post-mortem examinations were conducted on these animals and nothing abnormal was
found. Seals were weighed on 15 occasions (weight range, 137-402 kg) and the relationship between
standard length (L, in centimetres) and body weight (W, in kilograms) was found to be: W=3.66L-
489.30. Food comprising five species of fish, two cephalopods and one gastropod were identified.
Nematodes and gastroliths were present in most vomit samples. Centrally acting emetics and dissociative
anaesthesia were both found to have limitations for use in Weddell seals.
Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics
Authors: Kinnear J. E. , Onus M. L. , Bromilow R. N.
Published: June 2005

The population dynamics of five remnant rock-wallaby populations (Petrogale lateralis) persisting on granite outcrops in the central wheatbelt region of Western Australia were monitored over a six year period. From 1979 to 1982 all populations remained relatively static or declined for unknown reasons, but circumstantial evidence implicated fox predation. A fox control program was implemented in 1982
on two outcrops and was maintained for four years with the result that the two resident rock-wallaby populations increased by 138 and 223%. Two rock-wallaby populations occupying sites not subjected to fox control declined by 14 and 85%, and the third population increased by 29%. It was concluded that the fox has probably been a significant factor in the demise and decline of native mammals in the past, and that surviving populations are still at risk. Control of predation pressure on nature reserves was shown to be feasible from a management perspective.
Improved Hair-Sampling Tube for the Detection of Rare Mammals
Authors: Scotts DJ , Craig SA
Published: June 2005

A modified hair-sampling tube constructed from readily available PVC fittings is described. The use
of aluminium screens to protect the bait source means that the hair-sampling tube remains attractive
for extended periods. The hair-sampling tube has proven useful as a survey tool in the detection of
iess common mammal species.
The Effect of Rainfall and Blowfly Larvae on the Toxicity of '1080'-Treated Meat Baits Used in Poisoning Campaigns Against Wild Dogs.
Authors: Mcilroy JC , Gifford EJ , Carpenter SM
Published: June 2005

Meat baits injected with '1080' poison (sodium monofluoroacetate) according to the method recommended by the Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, Australia, for preparing baits for poisoning compaigns against wild dogs (Canis f. familiaris) and dingoes (C. f. dingo), began to lose their toxicity from the moment of preparation onwards, particularly after different rainfall treatments and when inhabited by calliphorid larvae. The main or most likely reasons for the loss of fluoroacetate were consumption by maggots (mainly larvae of Calliphora augur and C. stygia plus some C. hilli and C. tibialis) and their subsequent disappearance from the baits, leaching by rainfall, defluorination of the fluoroacetate by micro-organisms, and leakage from the baits after injection and during their decomposition. During this study the baits remained toxic to dogs, despite different rainfall treatments, for over 32 days during winter when maggots were absent, and for 6-31 days during summer, when they were present. Under the same conditions the baits contained an LD50 for an average-sized tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) for 4-15 days and 2-4 days, respectively.
A Test of the Accuracy of Line and Strip Transect Estimators in Aerial Survey
Authors: Hone J
Published: June 2005

The accuracy and precision of eight line transect estimators and one strip transect estimator were
examined by helicopter aerial survey. Carcasses of feral pigs were counted in an area of treeless
floodplain and Eucalyptus woodland. The ratio and Cox's methods, Fourier series, exponential power
series, half-normal, exponential polynomial, negative exponential, hermite polynomial and hazard rate
estimators gave accurate estimates. Using the survey method described, most estimators were of similar
accuracy and precision, but the Fourier series estimator was the most accurate.
The Effects of Habitat Structure and Floristics on the Densities of Bird Species in Wandoo Woodland.
Authors: Arnold GW
Published: June 2005

Censuses were taken in the springs of 3 consecutive years of the birds in twelve 2-ha sites in remnants of wandoo woodland in SW Western Australia. The sites were distributed between 3 vegetation types: (a) Eucalyptus wandoo open forest; (b) E. accedens open forest with Dryandra sessilis; and (c) Casuarina/Acacia low open forest. The 3 vegetation types had similar numbers of birds but different species diversities. Although the relative numbers in each group of species changed from year to year, the relative numbers were the same each year in the different vegetation types. The avian communities of (a) and (c) had a higher diversity than in (b). In (c) there were significantly fewer nectar and bark feeders than in (a) or (b), but more ground insectivores. In (a) there were significantly more parrots and leaf gleaners than in the other vegetation types, whereas (b) had very high numbers of nectar feeders but low numbers of ground/low shrub insectivores. Statistically significant relationships were established between the abundance of 13 of the most common bird species and habitat variables. These regressions showed that both floristics and structure strongly affected the abundance of a species. Between 42 and 95% of the variance in numbers was accounted for.
Summer Activity Patterns of Insectivorous Bats and Their Prey in Tasmania
Authors: Taylor RJ , Oneill MG
Published: June 2005

Nightly activity patterns of seven species of bats (Eptesicus vulturnus, E. regulus, E. sagittula,
Nyctophilus geoffroyi, N. timoriensis, Chalinolobus morio and FalsistreNus tasmaniensis) and their
volant insect prey were studied during late spring and summer at four sites in Tasmania. Activity of
bats was assessed from trapping results. Bats exhibited a biomodal pattern of foraging activity being
most active in the first hours after dark, declining to low levels in the middle part of the night and
rising again to a secondary peak in the three hours before dawn. These patterns of activity in bats
closely reflected the patterns of insect activity. The insectivorous bats thus appear to have adjusted their
nightly activities to match those of their prey, thereby maximising foraging success and energy gains.
Recovery of the King Penguin, Aptenodytes-Patagonicus, Population on Heard Island
Authors: Gales R , Pemberton D
Published: June 2005

Since their recolonisation of Heard I. the number of breeding pairs of king penguins, Aptenodytes
patagonicus, has increased dramatically, particularly during the last decade. The Spit Bay south colony
is doubling in size every 2.7 years and the Spit Bay north colony every 6.9 years. The observed rate
of increase of the colonies, F=0.256 in the former and F=0.101 in the latter, are greater than that
estimated for king penguins on Macquarie I. It is not known whether this difference is due to the
reproductive capacity of the Heard I. population or because of immigration.
The Diet of the Brown Goshawk, Accipiter-Fasciatus, in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Aumann T
Published: June 2005

The diet of the brown goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus, was studied during 1980-83 near Macclesfield, VIc. Birds
made up 63% and mammals 26% of 1769 prey items. Rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, accounted for 95% of
mammalian items. Mammals were estimated to contribute more to dietary biomass than birds (54 v.46%).
Other animals recorded in the diet were reptiles (Elapidae and Scincidae), insects (mostly Coleoptera and
Orthoptera) and crustaceans (Engaeus spp.).
Diet composition varied significantly from year to year, from season to season and, during breeding,
between territories in close proximity to one another. There were significant differences in the diets of males
and females. Males took relatively more birds (52 v.24%), more insects (41 v.21%) and fewer mammals (2 v.
48%). Differences in food between age classes were also significant. Compared to second-year and older birds,
first-year birds took relatively fewer mammals (28 v.43%), fewer birds (23 v.49%) and more insects
(43 v.0%).
The Diet of Leiolopisma-Entrecasteauxii (Lacertilia, Scincidae) From Southwestern Victoria, With Notes on Its Relationship With the Reproductive-Cycle
Authors: Brown G
Published: June 2005

Analysis of the number and volume of food items in the guts of the scincid Leiolopisma entrecasteauxii
collected monthly from a rocky grazed site at Dreeite (38�11'S., 143�31'E.) on the volcanic plains of
south-western Victoria revealed the species to be an opportunistic insectivore. Rank correlation analysis of
the number of invertebrate taxa trapped monthly at the site revealed a significant (<0.05) overall
association between potential and actual prey and little prey selectivity. Seasonal analysis of diet indicated
the dominant prey taxa to be commutable throughout the year, confirming the opportunistic nature of
feeding in L. entrecasteauxii. Marked fluctuations in the lizards' monthly food volume were intimately
related to the energy demands associated with the various stages of their reproductive cycle. Both males and
females maximised food intake just before the mating period, February-May. Food consumption was lowest
during the coldest months when the female was overwintering the sperm. The females' food consumption
increased during August, just before rapid follicular development and fertilisation by sperm in
September-October.
The Relationship Between Prey Size and Handling Time and Prey Size and Capture Success in 3 Sympatric Species of Dasyurid Marsupials
Authors: Calver MC , Bradley JS , King DR
Published: June 2005

Regressions of handling time on prey weight were determined for the dasyurids Srninthopsis hirtipes, S.
ooldea and Ningaui spp. preying on grasshoppers and cockroaches in the laboratory. In all cases, a simple
linear regression fitted the relationships better than logarithmic models. The slopes of the regression lines
were steeper for grasshopper prey than for cockroach prey in all species, and for each prey type the slopes for
the predators were ranked in order of predator weight. Capture efficiency, defined as the proportion of
successful attacks, did not vary significantly between predator species and prey types, and all predators
showed declining capture efficiencies with increasing prey size. Niche separation in these dasyurids does not
appear to be based on different optimal prey sizes for each species.
Recreational Waterfowl Hunting Activity and Harvests in Northern-Territory, Australia
Authors: Whitehead PJ , Bayliss P , Fox RE
Published: June 2005

Results of mail-card surveys of registered shotgun owners in the Northern Territory during 1984 and 1985 are
reported. Responses were used to generate estimates of seasonal and daily bags of waterfowl, the level of
hunter activity, and a crude estimate of hunter numbers. In 1984 the mean seasonal bag was 73.2 birds taken
over 10.3 hunter-days, which fell to 21.4 birds taken in 6.3 hunter-days during the 1985 season. The magpie
goose was taken most frequently, constituting 84% of 1984 and 79% of 1985 bags. Hunting activity was
concentrated in the Darwin area at small, readily accessible sites. Estimates of total seasonal harvests are
derived to provide an indication of the scale of hunting mortality. All estimates are based on relatively low
returns and improved targeting of surveys is desirable to increase sample size and reliability.
Distribution, Prevalence, and Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus-Vulpecula, in the Hohonu Range, New-Zealand
Authors: Coleman JD
Published: June 2005

Over a 12-month period, 1467 brushtail possums were trapped and then killed or were poisoned along
sampling lines on pasture-forest margins and in nearby forest. An additional 334 possums were shot on
adjacent farm land. All possums were necropsied, and 141 had macroscopic lesions typical of bovine
tuberculosis. Infected possums occurred most commonly in small foci of 2-5 individuals along pasture-forest
margins; the furthest from pasture that an infected animal was taken was 4050 m. Lesions occurred in
possums of all ages in both sexes, but disease prevalence was highest in immature males and during autumn
and winter. Infected possums bred as successfully as non-infected individuals, but were of lighter body
weight. Macroscopic lesions occurred in a wide range of visceral and lymph node sites. Lesions were most
common in the lungs and axillary nodes, and occasionally formed open sinuses from which infected possums
could shed M. bovis readily, and thus were likely to be highly infective. Evidence suggested that disease
transmission occurs most frequently on pasture-forest margins, where possum numbers are greatest and
possum and cattle mix most freely.
Estimating Rabbit Density by Counting Dung Pellets
Authors: Wood DH
Published: June 2005

The relationship between cumulative rabbit density (number of rabbit-days) and density of dung-pellets was
examined in six enclosures, each 0.5 ha, in subalpine vegetation in Kosciusko National Park, New South
Wales. The vegetation in three of the enclosures had been burnt to produce a structurally homogenous
vegetation. Data from these three plots produced the regression equation y=70.63 + 1.67x, R*2=0.55
(P<0.001, N=91) for rabbit density on dung-pellet density.
Influence of Pitfall and Drift Fence Design on Capture Rates of Small Vertebrates in Semi-Arid Habitats of Western-Australia
Authors: Friend GR , Smith GT , Mitchell DS , Dickman CR
Published: June 2005

The influence of several attributes of pitfall and drift fence design on capture rates of small vertebrates
was examined over 12 months in semi-arid habitats of Western Australia. Large 28 cm diameter pits
(20 L buckets), captured significantly more animals than smaller pits made of 16 cm diameter PVC
piping. Amongst taxonomic groups, large lizards and geckos showed highly significant biases for large
pits, frogs, small lizards, and snakes and legless lizards less so, while small mammals were caught
equally often in both sizes. All faunal groups except geckos showed an overall significant increase
in capture rates with increasing fence length, but the optimal length per pit cannot be accurately
determined from our data. Faunal groups showed a dichotomy in responses to temporary verus
permanent drift fences. Independent fenced pits produced significantly higher capture rates than those
in a conventional driftline. Variations in species responses to different design attributes probably reflect
differing modes of behaviour and activity. We conclude that for our study areas, many large pits
installed as a grid at 10-20 m spacing, each with a permanently erected short drift fence (e.g. 7-10 m),
should produce excellent results for both autecological and synecological studies.
The Activity Pattern, Temperature Regulation and Diet of Varanus-Giganteus on Barrow-Island, Western-Australia
Authors: King D , Green B , Butler H
Published: June 2005

The daily activity pattern of the perentie Varanus giganteus on Barrow Island, was bimodal in summer
with activity concentrated during the morning and late afternoon. Animais were active on most days
in summer. Mean activity temperatures were approximately 36�C, which is similar to those of other
varanid species. The heating rate for one animal was 0.09�C min-1. The activity areas of animals
ranged in size from 2.9-21.5 ha. The diet consisted mainly of turtle eggs or hatchlings and other
vertebrates. Mating and egg-laying appear to take place in the spring.
The Use of Surrounding Farmland by Western Gray Kangaroos Living in a Remnant of Wandoo Woodland and Their Impact on Crop Production.
Authors: Arnold GW , Steven DE , Weeldenburg JR
Published: June 2005

A population of 95-200 western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was studied for 11 years in Western Australia. The population occupied 300 ha of wandoo woodland and had easy access to surrounding farmland. Kangaroo use of farmland varied over the period of study: 27-37% of the population was seen on farmland during the first 6 years, and the variation was not related to population size. In the last 5 years 15-23% of the population was seen on farmland. One area of farmland was initially used in the first 4 years by an av. of 34 animals/night. The number declined to 22-23 in the next 2 years when cattle numbers were increased, and to 3 animals in the 5 years after culling. It is suggested that numbers in the area remained low because of the high fidelity individuals had to home ranges and because of slow dispersion within the population. It was concluded that localized culling could have a prolonged effect. Individuals varied in their use of farmland: some animals went onto farmland to feed during most nights; some went rarely, if at all. The impact of the kangaroos on crop production was assessed by planting various crops in locations adjacent to the woodland. This population showed a marked preference for lupin crops, followed by barley, wheat and oats. The biomass of lupin crops within 100 m of the boundary between woodland and farmland were reduced by up to 95%; the max. reduction with oats was 24%. Because the kangaroos rarely moved more than 400 m from the woodland, crops sown at this distance were unaffected. Ringlock fencing topped by 2 strands of barbed wire with a plain wire in between virtually eliminated damage to lupin crops.
Road-Kills of the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor, on North-Stradbroke-Island, Southeast Queensland
Authors: Osawa R
Published: June 2005

A total of 127 road-kills of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, on North Stradbroke Island in
south-east Queensland was recorded between May 1981 and April 1982. The majority of kills were
of adults. Road-kills occurred mainly at night, suggesting that W. bicolor is nocturnal, and were
significantly correlated with the number of vehicles brought onto the island by ferries. Faecal pellet
counts were made in classified habitats along the road in order to determine the relationship between
the population density and road-kills of W. bicolor. Road-kills were significantly correlated with the
faecal pellet counts in the Disturbed Ares (narrow, artificially cleared areas adjacent to the road)
but not with the counts in the Native Area (i.e. native forest). This indicates that the wallabies were
attracted to the disturbed area and became more susceptible to being killed by vehicles. There was no
significant variation in the number of road-kills between lunar phases.
Time Budget and Related Aspects of the Foraging Behavior of the Yellow-Bellied Glider, Petaurus-Australis
Authors: Goldingay RL
Published: June 2005

The time budget of the Yellow-bellied Glider was determined at a site in southern New South Wales.
Gliders spent most of the night outside their dens (96% in summer, 73% in winter) and devoted an
average of 81% of this time to feeding but only 2% to inactivity. When feeding time is coupled with
that for other behaviours essential for foraging (i.e. gliding and climbing), 90% of the time outside the
den is accounted for. This is among the highest values yet found for a mammal. The amount of time
gliders spent in trees was significantly greater when feeding on exudates (on average >48 min per tree)
than when harvesting arthropods and other food types from under loose bark (<13 min per tree).
Distances traversed by gliders observed for entire nights (range 590-2350 m) appear to reflect this
pattern but further data are required. Food types also influenced the occurrence of gliders feeding
together in the same tree. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the energetics
of foraging gliders.
Tolerance to Sodium Monofluoroacetate in Dasyurids in Western Australia.
Authors: King DR , King DR , Twigg LE , Twigg LE , Gardner JL , Gardner JL
Published: June 2005

The tolerances to sodium fluoroacetate (1080) were estimated for Dasyurus geoffroii (LD*50, ca. 7.5 mg
1080 kg-1), D. hallucatus (ca. 7.5 mg kg-1), Antechinus flavipes (ca. 11.0 mg kg-1) and Phascogale
calura (ca. 17.5 mg kg-1) from Western Australia and comparisons were made with D. viverrinus
(ca. 1.5 mg kg-1) and A. flavipes (ca. 3.5 mg kg-1) from south-eastern Australia. The species from
Western Australia have had evolutionary exposure to naturally occurring fluoroacetate and were more
tolerant to the toxin than dasyurids from south-eastern Australia, Presumably, they have acquired this
tolerance through feeding on prey which had fed on plants containing fluoroacetate.
Nocturnal Activity of Insectivorous Bats Relative to Temperature and Prey Availability in Tropical Queensland
Authors: Richards GC
Published: June 2005

The flight activity of insectivorous bats from two high-altitude regions in coastal north Queensland
was measured over three years at irregular intervals and at night temperatures ranging from 7.3 to
26.8�C. During the latter part of the study, potential insect prey were light-trapped from one of the
study areas. For all but one of the 353 records of bats obtained in 166 surveys, ambient temperatures
exceeded 15�C. The dry weights of light-trapped insects were significantly reduced when night minimum
temperatures were below 16�C. This study shows that high-altitude areas in Australia's tropics have a
bat activity pattern similar to that recorded in temperate areas, and that the drop in winter bat activity
is presumably a response to the lack of insects caused by cool temperatures. The period between birth
and weaning exhibited by many bat species coincides with that part of the year when minimum night
temperatures exceed 15�C. Cognizance of this behavioural pattern is necessary in the study of bat
communities in montane regions of Australia's tropics.
Macropod Studies at Wallaby Creek .8. Individual Recognition of Kangaroos and Wallabies
Authors: Jarman PJ , Jones ME , Johnson CN , Southwell CJ , Stuartdick RI , Higginbottom KB , Clarke JL
Published: June 2005

Recognition of individual large mammals by natural features is an ancient practice, the usefulness
of which has recently become appreciated in field studies. We show that such recognition is possible
and repeatable, under particular circumstances, with macropodid marsupials in the field in Australia.
In trials, there was a 98% agreement between observers in identification of individuals of both eastern
grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus and red-necked wallabies M. rufogriseus. Characters used to
identify individuals were first definitive ('oddity') characters, and then specific sets of character-states.
However, in time observers came to recognise individuals 'on sight', by unconscious summation of
character-states. Recognition skills could be readily learned by observers, allowing almost complete
populations of these species to be known and the component members studied individually. The
technique should be applicable in studies of other macropodid populations.
Water Turnover and Estimated Food-Consumption in 3 Species of Fairy-Wren (Malurus Spp)
Authors: Tidemann SC , Green B , Newgrain K
Published: June 2005

Water influx rates and estimated food consumption rates were determined for adults, juveniles and
nestlings of three co-existing species of fairy-wrens: superb (Malurus cyaneus), variegated (M. lamberti)
and white-winged (M. leucopterus). There were no significant interspecific differences with respect to
water influxes of either juveniles or adults, but variation within species was large. Adults and juveniles
had higher water influx values and daily food requirements than nestlings. M. cyaneus nestlings had
higher mass-specific water influxes and food intakes than both M. leucopterus and M, lamberti,
but the latter two did not differ in these parameters. The higher mortality of M. cyaneus and the
requirement for drinking water during hot, dry conditions indicate that the inland distribution and
abundance of this species are more constrained by climatic conditions than are populations of M.
lamberti and M. leucopterus.
Effectiveness of a Warfarin-Poisoning Campaign Against Feral Pigs, Sus Scrofa, in Namadgi National Park, A.c.t.
Authors: Mcilroy JC , Braysher M , Saunders GA
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to develop better techniques for controlling feral pigs, Sus scrofa, in the
event of an outbreak of an exotic disease than the use of 1080. Trail-baiting with warfarin-treated
wheat killed 30 of 32 feral pigs carrying radio transmitters in Namadgi National Park, A.C.T., in
May 1986. The casualties took 9.7 � 0.4 (mean � s.e.) days to die (range 6-14) and all died within
2.06 km of the bait trail. The two survivors (both males) were radio-located within 339 m of the poison
trails several times, but then moved 5.1 and 1.5 km, respectively, out of the trial area. Home ranges
averaged 4.7 � 0.6 km2 (range 0.7-22.6) and the population density was approximately 2 km-2.
The pigs' mobility did not alter as death approached. They moved equal distances during the day and
the night. Differences in mobility between the sexes were generally minor.
Green-Leaf Fractionation by Fruit Bats: Is This Feeding Behaviour a Unique Nutritional Strategy for Herbivores?
Authors: Lowry JB
Published: June 2005

The black fruit bat, Pteropus alecto, feeds on Albizia lebbek by chewing leaves to a bolus, swallowing the liquid fraction, and expelling the pellet of fibrous residue from its mouth. The extract contains about 51% of the crude protein of the leaf which has about 36% protein. This feeding behaviour occurs widely among Old World megachiropterans but is rarely seen, probably because very few tropical trees can be used in this way. As a herbivore nutritional strategy this process of green-leaf fractionation appears to be unique, but it is suggested that it may be used by some arboreal primates. The strategy represents an extreme way in which leaf material can be handled in the herbivore digestive tract; rather than dealing with leaf fibre, it is avoided altogether.
Age Estimation of the Tasmanian Bettong (Bettongia-Gaimardi) (Marsupialia, Potoroidae)
Authors: Rose RW
Published: June 2005

This paper presents data on the increase in size from birth until maturity of the body parameters of
head, foot and tail length as well as weight of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi, a small
macropodoid marsupial. Additional data are presented on changing body characteristics, particularly
molar eruption and wear. The data presented allow estimation of the age of bettongs from birth to over
three years. During pouch life, a quadratic equation based on head length was the most useful estimator
of age; after pouch vacation, molar eruption sequences should be used.
Diet of the Long-Nosed Potoroo, Potorous-Tridactylus (Marsupialia, Potoroidae), in Southwestern Victoria
Authors: Bennett AF , Baxter BJ
Published: June 2005

The diet of the long-nosed potoroo, Potorous tridactylus, in south-western Victoria, was investigated
by the microscopical identification of faecal remains. P. tridactylus is omnivorous: the main component
of the diet was fungi, and other important items included hard-bodied arthropods, vascular plant tissues,
seeds and fleshy fruits. There was a seasonal switch in the relative proportions of the main dietary
components between the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods of the year. During autumn and
winter, the main components were fungi and seeds. In spring and summer, fewer fungi were eaten and
the proportions of arthropods, plant tissues, fleshy fruit and flowers in the diet increased. Identification
of fungal spores revealed the presence of at least 50 species in the diet, most of which have a hypogeal
fruiting habit. Hypogeal fungi form ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations with forest trees and are
important in the health and productivity of forests. They lack active mechanisms for spore dispersal
and are dependent upon mycophagous animals. The role of mycophagous small mammals, such as
P. tridactylus, in the health of forest ecosystems may be more important than previously recognised.
Occurrence of Birds in Relation to Plants in a Sub-Tropical City
Authors: Catterall CP , Green RJ , Jones DN
Published: June 2005

Habitat use by birds in suburbs of Brisbane, Queensland was studied during winter, at sites with
relatively similar habitat features near to (0.25-0.5km) and far from (2-3km) a eucalypt forest.
Variation in other factors was restricted. Distance from native forest was found to have little influence
on abundance of birds in suburban habitats. House sparrows and willie wagtails were relatively more
abundant at the far sites. Most of the more common forest-dwelling species were not common in
either near or far suburbs. There was little similarity in relative abundance of bird species between the
forest and either the near or far suburbs. A similarity in species diversity and positive correlations
in species abundance between near and far sites indicate that most species are either forest or suburb
'specialists'.
Native birds were more selective in their choice of plant category than introduced birds, and had
a high probability of using certain native and exotic plant species, and a lower probability of using
others. Although generally more abundant, introduced birds did not have a high probability of using
any plant genus or type. Birds in the area studied are probably altering their patterns of habitat use
in response to changes in food availability.
Diets of Scincid Lizards Lampropholis-Guichenoti (Dumeril and Bibron) and Lampropholis-Delicata (De Vis) in Mumbulla State Forest on the South Coast of New-South-Wales
Authors: Lunney D , Ashby E , Grigg J , Oconnell M
Published: June 2005

The diets of the two small scincid lizards Lampropholis guichenoti and L. delicata were examined by
analysis of gut contents. The study was conducted in Mumbulla State Forest on the south coast of
New South Wales. Gut samples were collected before an intense fire in November 1980, then again in
December of 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1984. The study included a period of intense drought from 1980
to 1983. Both species were found to be generalist feeders taking a wide range of invertebrate taxa,
mostly insects and spiders. The range of taxa taken as prey indicated that both species foraged over
a variety of substrates and were flexible in their foraging behaviour. Both species had a similar diet,
except during the drought years when there were significant differences in the proportions of some taxa
eaten. That both species are common in the coastal forests near Bega and survived the combined impact
of fire and drought can be attributed, at least in part, to the flexibility of their foraging ecology.
Capturing Wild Goats and Urial With a Remotely Fired Net-Gun
Authors: Edge WD , Olsonedge SL , Ogara BW
Published: June 2005

A remotely fired net-gun was used at a waterhole for capturing wild goats and urial in an area where
helicopters could not be used. Twenty-six goats and eight urial were caught, with a capture effort of
12.5 person-hours per goat, and 59.5 person-hours per urial. Up to four animals were caught at once,
multiple captures accounting for 74% of all captures for both species. A remotely fired net-gun should
be effective for capturing other species at waterholes or other sites where the animals' presence can
be predicted.