bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buscando la clave de las elecciones del 94
Authors: Artiga-González Álvaro
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 34, 1993: 467-479
Piezas para un modelo económico
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 35, 1993: 495-523
Plan de reconstrucción nacional, su impacto en la economía nacional 1992-1993
Authors: Argüello Romero Aida Celia , Granillo Funes Ricardo Miguel
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 605-635
El movimiento campesino en El Salvador: evolución y lucha
Authors: Goitia Alfonso , Galdámez Ernesto
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 637-667
La constitución teórica del Estado-nación en el pensamiento político inglés del siglo XVII
Authors: Sermeño Angel
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 669-687
La modernidad salvadoreña desde una perspectiva de género
Authors: Lnnocenti Zoila de , Artiga-González Alvaro
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 689-702
Algunos problemas de origen externo que enfrentan las comunidades en zonas ex-conflictivas
Authors: Montoya Aquiles
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 703-709
Tesis de economía, septiembre 1992 - septiembre 1993
Authors: Economía Departamento de
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 36, 1993: 725-726
AVANÇOS DO USO DE ENZIMAS NA NUTRIÇÃO DE TILÁPIAS
Authors: GOMES Veruska Dilyanne Silva , SILVA José Humberto Vilar da , CAVALCANTI Cacio Ribeiro , FILHO José Jordão , ALMEIDA Jorge Luiz dos Santos , AMÂNCIO Alda Lúcia de Lima , LUCENA Carmelita Érica Azevedo de
Published: May 2018

O gênero tilápia engloba mais de 70 espécies originárias do continente africano, são apreciadas pelo mercado consumidor devido ao sabor suave e aroma agradáveis, e mercado produtor por apresentar rápido crescimento e desenvolvimento em curto período de produção, boa aceitabilidade de ração e boa conversão alimentar, quando alimentadas com dietas que atendam as exigências nutricionais da espécie. Mediante importância da espécie para a aquicultura, a nutrição de tilápias vem avançando. As enzimas digestivas podem ser adicionadas nas formulações de rações para peixes com a finalizada de auxiliar aquelas de produção endógena ou para favorecer a absorção de nutrientes que estavam indisponíveis pela ausência de produção endógena. Com a presente revisão, objetivou-se apresentar os avanços obtidos com a suplementação enzimática na tilapicultura. As enzimas são indis­pensáveis para a realização dos processos metabólicos nos seres vivos, pois catalisam as reações bioquímicas que acontecem no organismo.  A suplementação com enzimas digestivas exógenas em dietas para tilápias melhora os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, reduz fatores antinutricionis dos alimentos, promove ganhos em crescimento e desempenho corporais e pode promover o aumento da superfície de absorção dos enterócitos, no entanto, para composição centesimal da carcaça os resultados encontrados são escassos e inconclusivos, variando de acordo com a enzima suplementada.
INTOXICAÇÃO MEDICAMENTOSA INFANTIL NO PARANÁ
Authors: SILVA Thiago José , OLIVEIRA Vinícius Bednarczuk
Published: May 2018

Medicamento é o principal agente causador de intoxicação em seres humanos no Brasil, ocupando o primeiro lugar nas estatísticas do Sistema Nacional de Informações Tóxico-Farmacológicas (SINITOX) desde 1994; o que assinala a necessidade de se verificar a ocorrência de intoxicações medicamentosas infantis no estado do Paraná, uma vez que o medicamento é o principal agente causador de intoxicação em seres humanos no Brasil, também se pretende analisar os dados notificados por intoxicação por medicamentos entre crianças, identificar os medicamentos que mais causam intoxicação, identificar os motivos pelos quais ocorreram às intoxicações (negligência dos pais, acidentes), avaliar o número de óbitos infantis, determinar quais as conseqüências das intoxicações infantis bem como identificar medidas preventivas para intoxicação por medicamentos entre crianças. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico a partir livros e de artigos obtidos nas bases de dados eletrônicas disponíveis, com foco no descritor nuclear em intoxicação infantil e descritor complementar intoxicação medicamentosa. Os dados foram coletados no Sistema Nacional de Informações Tóxico-Farmacológicas - SINITOX e Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação – SINAN. Verificou-se que o grupo de crianças atingidas de 1 a 4 anos foi a que apresentou maior índice de intoxicação, onde medidas devem ser tomadas, como orientação, armazenamento correto.
LEGISLAÇÃO BRASILEIRA APLICADA À PRODUÇÃO DO INSUMO FARMACÊUTICO ATIVO HEPARINA
Authors: SILVA Eva Elisângela Borges da , SILVA Valtemir Borges da , AZOLIN Gabriela Bonfanti , DEUSCHLE Regis Augusto Norbert , DEUSCHLE VivianeCecilia Kessler Nunes
Published: May 2018

O controle sanitário dos medicamentos é realizado através das legislações vigentes no Brasil e visa monitorar a qualidade dos mesmos e se dá, em todas as relações da cadeia de medicamentos, desde a descoberta de uma nova molécula até a sua comercialização. A heparina é utilizada há mais de 50 anos na terapêutica como agente anticoagulante e antitrombótico e está presente em uma grande variedade de tecidos animais, sendo obtida principalmente destas fontes. Neste contexto, é objetivo desse trabalho, realizar uma revisão da literatura abordando a legislação necessária para a produção do insumo farmacêutico heparina pela indústria nacional. Esse trabalho trata-se de uma revisão descritiva qualitativa da literatura a respeito das principais legislações brasileiras aplicadas a fabricação do insumo farmacêutico heparina. Observa-se que para a produção do insumo farmacêutico heparina, a indústria deve seguir os requisitos mínimos de qualidade e obedecer as Boas Práticas de Fabricação, de acordo com a RDC 69/2014. Com a realização desta pesquisa foi verificar a importância da aplicação da legislação, bem como de seu cumprimento para que os insumos farmacêuticos produzidos no Brasil apresentem qualidade, segurança e eficácia de forma a preservar a saúde do usuário.
ANÁLISE QUÍMICA E NUTRICIONAL DA FARINHA DE AMARANTO EM MUFFINS DE BANANA PARA CELÍACOS
Authors: SILVA A. C. , NONINO G. C. W. , CALGARO R. M. , BALBI M. E.
Published: May 2018

Amaranthus spp. é uma planta da família Amaranthaceae, conhecida popularmente como Amaranto, muito consumida em flocos ou como farinha, possui alto valor nutritivo e pode ser cultivada em condições adversas. A mesma pode substituir farinhas contendo glúten, mantendo a elasticidade e viscosidade do alimento. Uma vez que 1 a cada 600 brasileiros possuem a doença celíaca, a qual é uma reação imunológica que ocasiona ulceração e destruição da mucosa intestinal, na presença de um composto do glúten, a substituição pela farinha de amaranto é de interesse para esse público alvo. Logo, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as propriedades químicas e nutricionais da farinha de Amaranthus spp orgânica e o muffin desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores, com a mesma farinha. Para isso, os elementos foram triturados e secos, depois submetidos a várias análises como: umidade, proteínas, lipídios, fibras e minerais, obtendo os seguintes resultados: 10,50%; 5,67%; 2,60%; 3,05 e 2,79%; respectivamente, para a farinha. E 33,35%; 5,18%; 2,72%; 1,68% e 0,96%, para o muffin. Os dados de carboidratos foram obtidos por diferença, 75,36% para a farinha de amaranto e 56,08% para o muffin. Para a resolução, quando comparados os dados com um muffin comercial de composição parecida, apenas sem a farinha de amaranto, foi identificada uma diminuição do valor energético, carboidratos, gorduras e fibras. Além disso, houve também uma leve diminuição no teor de proteínas do muffin de estudo em relação ao muffin comercial. Logo, foi possível analisar as propriedades do muffin de estudo, bem como a farinha utilizada, sendo nutritivo e interessante ao público celíaco.
Analyzing Problems Posed by Prospective Teachers Related to Addition and Subtraction Operations with Integers
Authors: Isik Cemalettin
Published: May 2018

In this study, it was aimed to analyze the structure of prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ problems posed with regard to given symbolic representation including addition and subtraction operations with integers. The study conducted with 96 last gradeelementary school mathematics teacher candidates studying in Faculty of Education of Erciyes University in Turkey at the beginning of 2018 years. A Problem Posing Task including five items regarding addition and subtraction operations with integers and semi-structured interview forms were used as data gathering tools. Results indicated that prospective teachers had difficulties in choosing problem types with regard to the given operation structure. Prospective teachers presented less success in problem posing with integers having different signs. Besides, some of the prospective teachers used signs of integers and operations interchangeably and some others multiplied signs of integers and operations, and they gave meaning to the result of this multiplication while they were posing problems.
Interpreting Topographic Map Evidence Related to Northeast Nebraska Barbed Tributaries and Drainage Routes, USA
Authors: Clausen Eric
Published: May 2018

Northeast Nebraska barbed tributaries include north-oriented streams flowing to the south-oriented Missouri River and south-oriented streams flowing to the north-oriented Missouri River tributaries. Detailed topographic maps were used to determine how these northeast Nebraska drainage routes originated. A giant south-oriented supra-glacial melt water river is interpreted to have sliced an ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon into a decaying ice sheet’s surface where eastern South Dakota’s east-facing Missouri Escarpment and west-facing Prairie Coteau escarpment are now located and to have flowed from that canyon’s mouth across northeast Nebraska while South Dakota’s north-facing Pine Ridge Escarpment is interpreted to be the south wall of a large east-oriented valley that was eroded headward across immense southeast-oriented ice-marginal melt water floods which had originally flowed across northeast Nebraska. Prior to Missouri River valley headward erosion these two different immense melt water floods created and then flowed across a low relief and low gradient northeast Nebraska topographic surface. Present day northeast Nebraska topography developed when the deep south-oriented Missouri River valley and its south-oriented tributary valleys eroded headward into this low relief and low gradient topographic surface. As the deep Missouri River valley eroded headward it beheaded shallow south-oriented flood flow channels supplying water to new and actively eroding south-oriented Missouri River tributary valleys and water on north ends of the beheaded channels reversed flow direction to move toward the much deeper Missouri River valley. Water still moving in south directions adjacent to these reversed flow channels was then captured leading to development of south-oriented tributaries to the north-oriented streams.
De verbodenverklaring en ontbinding van outlaw motorcycle gangs
Authors: Broeksteeg J.L.W.
Published: May 2018

De verbodenverklaring en ontbinding van outlaw motorcycle gangs

De rechter heeft recent twee criminele motorclubs, waaronder de Bandidos, verboden en ontbonden. Volgens hem bestaat er een direct verband tussen gedragingen van leden en de werkzaamheid van de vereniging. De cultuur van de motorclub en de daaruit voortvloeiende gedragingen zijn dermate kenmerkend en structureel, dat zij de samenleving kunnen ontwrichten.
Vrije advocaatkeuze en rechtsbijstandverzekeringen
Authors: Krans H.B. , van de Pol F.Q.
Published: May 2018

Vrije advocaatkeuze en rechtsbijstandverzekeringen

In recente jaren is er in Europese en Nederlandse rechtspraak regelmatig aandacht voor de vrije advocaatkeuze bij rechtbijstandverzekeringen. Deze bijdrage gaat in op de ontwikkelingen in de rechtspraak over dit recht op vrije advocaatkeuze en beoogt inzicht te geven in de betekenis van die ontwikkelingen voor het Nederlandse recht.
Powrót poezji mistycznej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
Authors: van Nieukerken Arent
Published: May 2018

The article discusses the issue of the return of the forgotten poets as a function of the
literary paradigm subjected to changes at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the light
of such a view, the crisis in the development of poetry would be one of the factors letting
the forgotten poets’ voice be heard. Another one seems to be the alienation of late
19th-century authors seeking or involuntarily finding partners for a dialogue in tradition, not
in contemporary times. The text raises the subject of the sacredness of the poetic word,
referring it both to the socio-literary realities of the turn of the centuries and to the broadly
defined tradition. In the paper, the author focuses on Cyprian Norwid (and his reader, Zenon
Przesmycki) and Stefan George (for whom Stephane Mallarmé turns out to be an important
poetic reference).
Do dziś odszukane. O ostatnio odkrytych norwidianach
Authors: Cedro Adam
Published: May 2018

The article collects information on Norwid’s works found in recent years. The most important discoveries include song lyrics [“Blade kwiaty na odłogu...”], two Norwid’s letters to Julia Pusłowska and an original death certificate of the poet. As to the art works, unknown graphics (6 pieces) and one watercolor of rare beauty (Pythia) were revealed at the auctions. Most of these works enriched the collection of the Museion Norwid Foundation. In the university library in Illinois, a copy of Divine Comedy, given by the poet to Numa Łepkowski, was found. Another important item for Norwidology is a family photo album belonging to Maria de Bonneval née Gerlicz acquired for the collection of the Bloch Family Foundation, which included photos of over 70 people whom Norwid knew. The article also informs about fakes and works whose authorship cannot be credibly attributed to Norwid.
Jej Miriam. Wilhelminy Zyndram-Kościałkowskiej refleksja nad koncepcją sztuki i kultury Zenona Przesmyckiego
Authors: Osiński Dawid Maria
Published: May 2018

The article attempts to present the stages of Wilhelmina Zyndram-Kościałkowska’s approach to reflection on Miriam’s understanding of aesthetic and artistic principles. A critical diagnosis related to the understanding of art and culture by Zenon Przesmycki is possible due to observation of Kościałkowska’s holistic reflection on the concept of culture and modernist literature (including the essence of translation, the meaning of modernist art, drama specificity and the concept of “art for art”) contained in manuscript intimist collections. The analysis includes diaries, notes, “extracts” from life and people, calendars kept throughout the life of the Grodno writer deposited in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius. The method of examination and the nature of the approach are defined by the author of the article as a coffin portrait.
Nieustające powroty. O literackim i artystycznym odkrywaniu Mallarmégo
Authors: Opiela-Mrozik Anna
Published: May 2018

The article discusses selected literary and artistic discoveries of Mallarmé’s aesthetics from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century. Mallarmé, whom Verlaine included in the circle of “poètes maudit” and who was considered a master of decadence thanks to Huysmans’s novel Against Nature, was announced a surrealist in Surrealism Manifesto by André Breton and his name appeared in the writing of Valéry and other 20th-century poets and writers. The Cubists were delighted with “spatialization” of poetry in A Roll of the Dice. In addition, constant discovering of the poet by the composers – from Debussy and Ravel, through Boulez, to the contemporary artists such as Marc-André Dalbavie or Jean-Luc Hervé cannot be overlooked.
Lektury Andrzeja Pleśniewicza (Paul Valéry, Rainer Maria Rilke, Valery Larbaud). Wobec nowoczesności
Authors: Wójcik Tomasz
Published: May 2018

The article is a proposal to read three essays – “Paul Valéry”, “Rainer Maria Rilke” and
“Valery Larbaud” by Andrzej Pleśniewicz, a largely forgotten literary critic of the inter-war
period. Reading selected works of the mentioned poets of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
by Andrzej Pleśniewicz appears to be a recognition of established in them diagnosis
of the state of modern spirituality – the spiritual condition of modernity.
Is Observing Behaviour the Best Way to Understand Behaviour?
Authors: Garcia-Marques Leonel , Ferreira Mário B.
Published: May 2018

Dolinski (2018, this issue) argues that Social Psychology may hardly be considered a science of behaviour anymore, given the rarity of published studies in which the dependent measures involve behaviours other than the completion of surveys, pressing of keys on a computer keyboard, or clicking a mouse. In the present, we comment on this void of empirical studies in which “real” human behaviours are examined to put forward the following points: i) Key-pressing can be a human behaviour as meaningful as any other more complex behaviour (i.e., behavioural complexity is not a good criterion for meaningfulness), ii) Lessons learned from past research in social psychology have shown us that studying “real” behaviour introduces a number of well-known complications, iii) Improvement in the comprehension of human behaviour depends more on a strong theoretical lens constrained by results obtained via rigorous experimentation than on the complexity of people’s observed actions.
Is “Behavior” the Problem?
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Factor Adam , Jaśko Katarzyna
Published: May 2018

Doliński (2018, this issue) deplores the near absence of “real behavior” in social and personality studies and attributes to that omission several problems in our research. We concur in the depiction of problems but take issue with the diagnosis. In a sense, most we ever study is behavior (the definition of the concept is quite broad). The problems are better understood as those of validity, generalizability and consequentiality in contemporary social/personality research and they stem from the “double whammy” of (occasionally unwarranted) IRB restrictions on social/personality research and unrealistic perfectionism that constrain our efforts.
Narcissist Unmasked. Looking for the Narcissistic Decision-Making Mechanism: A Contribution From the Big Five
Authors: Rogoza Radosław
Published: May 2018

The Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept is a model of narcissism that disentangles its bright and dark sides by introducing two strategies: admiration and rivalry. Although it is promising and explains the functioning of the narcissist, little is known about the trigger mechanisms that would explain how the strategy of admiration or rivalry is chosen. Based on the circumplex of personality metatraits model, we locate narcissism on the Delta-Minus metatrait. In the metaphor of the narcissistic pendulum, the narcissist at the starting point represents behaviour typical of the Delta-Minus metatrait. The initial decision is influenced by the activity of the amygdala and after conscious assessment, the pendulum could move in the opposite direction if the situational assessment was inadequate.
Être Oulipienne : contraintes de style, contraintes de genre ?
Authors: Reggiani Christelle
Published: May 2018

Sans poser l’hypothèse d’un caractère genré de l’écriture – si l’écriture oulipienne apparaît factuellement comme un métier d’homme, il n’en découle pas nécessairement qu’elle ressortisse pour autant à un genre déterminé, et stylistiquement identifiable comme tel – on se propose ici d’interroger les raisons de l’apparente difficulté à être une auteure « à contraintes », en considérant en particulier les stratégies à l’oeuvre dans quelques textes de Michelle Grangaud, Anne Garréta et Michèle Audin.
Pour une sémiotique de la concentration dans Cette aveuglante absence de lumière de Tahar Ben Jelloun
Authors: Georges Hani
Published: May 2018

Cette aveuglante absence de lumièrede Tahar Ben Jelloun est l’un des romans de témoignage qui racontent les années de plomb que le narrateur a passées avec d’autres condamnés dans l’enfer de Tazmamart au Maroc. Le narrateur ne se contente pas de décrire cette expérience ineffable, mais il semble trouver une issue dans la méditation et les élans spirituels. Via la concentration, le narrateur arrive à se détacher graduellement de son corps et à atteindre la lumière suprême : l’expérience spirituelle s’avère alors une expérience corporelle puisqu’elle se déroule essentiellement dans/par le corps percevant et polysensoriel du narrateur. Tout en faisant appel aux concepts de la sémiotique du corps, nous allons explorer la concentration dans le roman en tant qu’expérience perceptive d’attention intensive, mais surtout en tant que processus signifiant.
P210 and P190 BCR-ABL fusion transcripts variants frequencies among Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Elnour Abdalla Abdelrahman , Abdalla Mahdi H.A.
Published: May 2018

Breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL) leukemic fusion gene types in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) correlate with the disease clinical course and outcome. There are variations in the reports of previous studies about the frequencies and distribution of BCR-ABL transcripts in chronic myelogenous leukaemia among Sudanese patients. This research aims to determine the frequencies of BCR-ABL fusion transcript variants in Sudan. One hundred (informed consent) Philadelphia positive chronic myeloid leukaemia patients, in chronic phase, were enrolled in this study. EDTA anticoagulated peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant, RNA was extracted from mononuclear cells by (TRIzol) reagent. BCR-ABL transcripts were detected by qRT-PCR technique with specific primers forP190 and P210 BCR-ABL transcript variants. The typical p210 BCR-ABL transcripts (b3a2 or b2a2) were detected in all patients (100%) the b3a2 transcript was detected in 96/100 (96%) and the b2a2 transcript was detected in 4/100 (4%).co-expression of p210/p190 (b2a3/e1a2) was detected in 6/100 (6%). p190 variant was not detected independently.
Gender based normative values of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in school age children
Authors: Maharjan Sanjay , Khadka Rita , Poudel Bishnu Hari , Ghimire Nisha , Agrawal Kopila , Gautam Vikash , Limbu Nirmala
Published: May 2018

Background: Male and female brain develops differently. Gender is one of biological variables that influence visual evoked potentials (VEP). Some previous studies support the existence of sex related VEP difference while others not. This study is an attempt to explore if any difference exists in VEP responses between genders of children age seven to 10 years with an additional aim of documenting preliminary normative VEP data.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on consenting children taken from parents (n=76; girls, n=41, age = 8.39±1.11years; boys, n=35, age =8.40±1.09 years). Pattern reversal VEP of these children was recorded as per standard method. Latencies of N75, P100, and N145 (ms); amplitude of P100 (μV) and ratio; interocular asymmetry (ms) of both eyes were calculated. Unpaired t-test was applied for statistical analysis. Ethical clearance was obtained prior to the study.  Result: Girls had decreased VEP latency of P100 than boys in left eye (108.15±8.42 vs. 112.71±11.17ms, p = 0.046), in right eye (107.71±8.52 vs. 114.46±10.98 ms, p = 0.004), and in combination of both eyes (107.92±8.07 vs. 113.58±10.36 ms, p = 0.009). Likewise, girls had decreased VEP latency of N75 than boys in right eye (67.44±6.77 vs. 71.29±8.07 ms, p = 0.027) and in combined eyes (67.23±5.19 vs. 70.14±7.31 ms, p = 0.047). A gender difference in P100 amplitude was not detected.Conclusion: Visual evoked potential differs with gender in prepubertal children aged seven to 10 years.
Coloring hidden viruses
Authors: Lusic Marina
Published: May 2018

An improved dual-color reporter reveals how the fate of latent HIV-1 depends on where it integrates in the human genome.
DACCOR–Detection, characterization, and reconstruction of repetitive regions in bacterial genomes
Authors: Seitz Alexander , Hanssen Friederike , Nieselt Kay
Published: May 2018

The reconstruction of genomes using mapping-based approaches with short reads experiences difficulties when resolving repetitive regions. These repetitive regions in genomes result in low mapping qualities of the respective reads, which in turn lead to many unresolved bases. Currently, the reconstruction of these regions is often based on modified references in which the repetitive regions are masked. However, for many references, such masked genomes are not available or are based on repetitive regions of other genomes. Our idea is to identify repetitive regions in the reference genome de novo. These regions can then be used to reconstruct them separately using short read sequencing data. Afterward, the reconstructed repetitive sequence can be inserted into the reconstructed genome. We present the program detection, characterization, and reconstruction of repetitive regions, which performs these steps automatically. Our results show an increased base pair resolution of the repetitive regions in the reconstruction of Treponema pallidum samples, resulting in fewer unresolved bases.
Modeling transcriptional activation changes to Gal4 variants via structure-based computational mutagenesis
Authors: Masso Majid , Rao Nitin , Pyarasani Purnima
Published: May 2018

As a DNA binding transcriptional activator, Gal4 promotes the expression of genes responsible for galactose metabolism. The Gal4 protein fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae(baker’s yeast) has become a model for studying eukaryotic transcriptional activation in general because its regulatory properties mirror those of several eukaryotic organisms, including mammals. Given the availability of a crystallographic structure for Gal4, here we implement anin silicomutagenesis technique that makes use of a four-body knowledge-based energy function, in order to empirically quantify the structural impacts associated with single residue substitutions on the Gal4 protein. These results were used to examine the structure-function relationship in Gal4 based on a recently published experimental mutagenesis study, whereby functional changes to a uniformly distributed set of 1,068 single residue Gal4 variants were obtained by measuring their transcriptional activation levels relative to wild-type. A significant correlation was observed between computed (scalar) structural effect data and measured activity values for this collection of single residue Gal4 variants. Additionally, attribute vectors quantifying position-specific environmental impacts were generated for each of the Gal4 variants via computational mutagenesis, and we implemented supervised classification and regression statistical machine learning algorithms to train predictive models of variant Gal4 activity based on these structural changes. All models performed well under cross-validation testing, with balanced accuracy reaching 91% among the classification models, and with the actual and predicted activity values displaying a correlation as high asr = 0.80 for the regression models. Reliable predictions of transcriptional activation levels for Gal4 variants that have yet to be studied can be instantly generated by submitting their respective structure-based feature vectors to the trained models for testing. Such a computational pre-screening of Gal4 variants may potentially reduce costs associated with running large-scale mutagenesis experiments.
Genomic analysis of red-tide water bloomed with Heterosigma akashiwo in Geoje
Authors: Kang Hye-Eun , Yoon Tae-Ho , Yoon Sunyoung , Kim Hak Jun , Park Hyun , Kang Chang-Keun , Kim Hyun-Woo
Published: May 2018

Microbial community structures of harmful algal bloom (HAB) caused by Heterosigma akashiwo in Geoje were analyzed using the MiSeq platform. To analyze phytoplankton communities without cross-reactivity with predominant bacteria, a new phytoplankton-specific 23S universal primer set was designed by modifying two previously used ones. The new universal primer set turned out to be a useful tool for the analysis of the phytoplankton community; it showed a high specificity for phytoplankton without cross-reactivity to bacterial sequences as well as the wide taxon coverage presenting from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data generated by two universal primer sets (16S and 23S) provided useful information about the H. akashiwo bloom. According to the 23S universal primer set, proportions of H. akashiwo increased by more than 200-fold as the bloom occurred and its numbers were high enough to detect in control sites. Its operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected in the bloom sites at low proportions suggesting that the 16S universal primer set may not be as effective for monitoring harmful algal blooming (HAB) as the 23S universal primer set. In addition, several abundant OTUs in Chlorophyta were not presented by the 16S universal primer set in this study. However, the 16S primer set was useful for detecting decreases in Foraminifera as HAB occurred suggesting that genomic analyses using two universal primer sets would provide more reliable data for understanding microbial community changes by various environmental or ecological events, including HAB. Genomic analyses using two universal primer sets was also useful for determining a correlation between microbial components as HAB occurred. Heterosigma akashiwo was positively correlated with other bloom species, including Karenia mikimotoi, Teleaulax amphioxeia, and bacteria in Verrucomicrobia.
РОССИЙСКИЕ РАБОЧИЕ СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ТЕОРИИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА*, "Общественные науки и современность"
Authors: Латова Наталия Валерьевна
Published: May 2018

В современном обществоведческом дискурсе существуют две трактовки понятия “человеческий капитал”. Использование его в классическом (узком) значении дает исследователю благо­приятные возможности получения количественных данных об уровне обученности работников, помогает зафиксировать и описать тот объем квалификационного ресурса, которым люди оперируют на рынке труда. Так, компаративистское исследование ряда стран (на данных Международной программы социальных исследований ISSP “Трудовая деятельность” 2015 г.) выявило хороший уровень базового образования российских рабочих, а также накопления ими опыта в процессе трудовой деятельности (то есть общего и специфического человеческого капитала). В то же время среди российских рабочих мало практикуется повышение квалификации и дополнительное образование. Стремление получить продвинутое базовое образование (вплоть до высшего) выглядит иррациональным на фоне дальнейшего полного пренебрежения к обучению как таковому. ­Понять такую модель поведения российских рабочих в рамках классической трактовки человеческого капитала представляется затруднительным. Разрешить парадоксы поведения в сфере трудовой занятости помогает более широкая трактовка человеческого капитала, включающая помимо образовательных характеристик более разнообразный спектр показателей. При таком подходе человеческий капитал - это не только сами по себе профессиональные умения и знания, но и некоторые ментальные характеристики, тесно связанные с нормами национальной культуры. Изучение этой проблемы основывалось на данных всероссийского исследования, проведенного в 2010 г. Институтом социологии РАН по методике Г. Хофстеда VSM94. Концепция человеческого капитала в такой интерпретации приобретает большую объяснительную силу (позволяя рассматривать поведение людей не только как сугубо рациональное), давая выходы на теорию и практику менеджмента. В рамках этого подхода изучение культурных норм дает понимание того, что в российской трудовой культуре регулярное повышение квалификации (то есть обновление человеческого капитала) не является общепризнанной ценностью, ибо такого рода поведение во многом зависит от наличия у трудящегося стремления к личному успеху, желания и способности к самопрезентации и т.д. В то же время производственная культура российских рабочих, отражающаяся в культурных показателях Г. Хофстеда, хорошо сочетается с исконно российской высокоэффективной организацией труда в форме артелей.
In Situ, Real‐Time Infrared (IR) Imaging for Metrology in Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Tofail Syed A. M. , Mani Aladin , Bauer Joanna , Silien Christophe
Published: May 2018

This position paper provides a topical overview on the translation of infrared (IR)‐based imaging techniques in metrological applications related to advance manufacturing with a particular focus on in situ imaging to obtain real‐time process information. Fast imaging techniques using optical, X‐ray, e‐beam, ultrasound, or scanning probes are widely used in non‐destructive testing (NDT), the translation of which to metrology requires detailed consideration of the technique in question as well as the instrumentation and adaption choices available. We review the use of IR imaging for metrology in advanced manufacturing based on the current use of IR thermography (IRT) and spectro‐microscopy. We then discuss the opportunity of, and barriers against, the use IR techniques as potential metrological tools in advanced manufacturing and discuss technological directions that can be taken to enable rapid, real‐time ambient measurements.
Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis via Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on a MoS2 Catalyst: Theoretical and Experimental Studies
Authors: Zhang Ling , Ji Xuqiang , Ren Xiang , Ma Yongjun , Shi Xifeng , Tian Ziqi , Asiri Abdullah M. , Chen Liang , Tang Bo , Sun Xuping
Published: May 2018

The discovery of stable and noble‐metal‐free catalysts toward efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) is highly desired and significantly critical for the earth nitrogen cycle. Here, based on the theoretical predictions, MoS2 is first utilized to catalyze the N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Electrochemical tests reveal that such catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency (1.17%) and NH3 yield (8.08 × 10−11 mol s−1 cm−1) at −0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 m Na2SO4. Even in acidic conditions, where strong hydrogen evolution reaction occurs, MoS2 is still active for the NRR. This work represents an important addition to the growing family of transition‐metal‐based catalysts with advanced performance in NRR.
Machine Detection of Enhanced Electromechanical Energy Conversion in PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 Thin Films
Authors: Agar Joshua C. , Cao Ye , Naul Brett , Pandya Shishir , van der Walt Stéfan , Luo Aileen I. , Maher Joshua T. , Balke Nina , Jesse Stephen , Kalinin Sergei V. , Vasudevan Rama K. , Martin Lane W.
Published: May 2018

Many energy conversion, sensing, and microelectronic applications based on ferroic materials are determined by the domain structure evolution under applied stimuli. New hyperspectral, multidimensional spectroscopic techniques now probe dynamic responses at relevant length and time scales to provide an understanding of how these nanoscale domain structures impact macroscopic properties. Such approaches, however, remain limited in use because of the difficulties that exist in extracting and visualizing scientific insights from these complex datasets. Using multidimensional band‐excitation scanning probe spectroscopy and adapting tools from both computer vision and machine learning, an automated workflow is developed to featurize, detect, and classify signatures of ferroelectric/ferroelastic switching processes in complex ferroelectric domain structures. This approach enables the identification and nanoscale visualization of varied modes of response and a pathway to statistically meaningful quantification of the differences between those modes. Among other things, the importance of domain geometry is spatially visualized for enhancing nanoscale electromechanical energy conversion.
Bioinspired Diselenide‐Bridged Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Dual‐Responsive Protein Delivery
Authors: Shao Dan , Li Mingqiang , Wang Zheng , Zheng Xiao , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Chang Zhimin , Zhang Fan , Lu Mengmeng , Yue Juan , Hu Hanze , Yan Huize , Chen Li , Dong Wen‐fei , Leong Kam W.
Published: May 2018

Controlled delivery of protein therapeutics remains a challenge. Here, the inclusion of diselenide‐bond‐containing organosilica moieties into the framework of silica to fabricate biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with oxidative and redox dual‐responsiveness is reported. These diselenide‐bridged MSNs can encapsulate cytotoxic RNase A into the 8–10 nm internal pores via electrostatic interaction and release the payload via a matrix‐degradation controlled mechanism upon exposure to oxidative or redox conditions. After surface cloaking with cancer‐cell‐derived membrane fragments, these bioinspired RNase A‐loaded MSNs exhibit homologous targeting and immune‐invasion characteristics inherited from the source cancer cells. The efficient in vitro and in vivo anti‐cancer performance, which includes increased blood circulation time and enhanced tumor accumulation along with low toxicity, suggests that these cell‐membrane‐coated, dual‐responsive degradable MSNs represent a promising platform for the delivery of bio‐macromolecules such as protein and nucleic acid therapeutics.
Suppressing Surface Lattice Oxygen Release of Li‐Rich Cathode Materials via Heterostructured Spinel Li4Mn5O12 Coating
Authors: Zhang Xu‐Dong , Shi Ji‐Lei , Liang Jia‐Yan , Yin Ya‐Xia , Zhang Jie‐Nan , Yu Xi‐Qian , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: May 2018

Lithium‐rich layered oxides with the capability to realize extraordinary capacity through anodic redox as well as classical cationic redox have spurred extensive attention. However, the oxygen‐involving process inevitably leads to instability of the oxygen framework and ultimately lattice oxygen release from the surface, which incurs capacity decline, voltage fading, and poor kinetics. Herein, it is identified that this predicament can be diminished by constructing a spinel Li4Mn5O12 coating, which is inherently stable in the lattice framework to prevent oxygen release of the lithium‐rich layered oxides at the deep delithiated state. The controlled KMnO4 oxidation strategy ensures uniform and integrated encapsulation of Li4Mn5O12 with structural compatibility to the layered core. With this layer suppressing oxygen release, the related phase transformation and catalytic side reaction that preferentially start from the surface are consequently hindered, as evidenced by detailed structural evolution during Li+ extraction/insertion. The heterostructure cathode exhibits highly competitive energy‐storage properties including capacity retention of 83.1% after 300 cycles at 0.2 C, good voltage stability, and favorable kinetics. These results highlight the essentiality of oxygen framework stability and effectiveness of this spinel Li4Mn5O12 coating strategy in stabilizing the surface of lithium‐rich layered oxides against lattice oxygen escaping for designing high‐performance cathode materials for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries.
Toward Long‐Term Stable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells via Effective Charge Transporting Materials
Authors: Wang Yanbo , Yue Youfeng , Yang Xudong , Han Liyuan
Published: May 2018

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced quickly with their power conversion efficiency approaching the record of silicon solar cells. However, there is still a big challenge to obtain both high efficiency and long‐term stability for future commercialization of PSCs. The major instability issue is associated with the decomposition or phase transition of perovskite materials that are believed to be intrinsically unstable under outdoor working conditions. Herein, the authors review the approaches that marked important progress in developing new functional electron/hole transporting materials that enabled highly efficient and stable PSCs. The findings that accelerate charge diffusion and that suppress the irrevocable loss of ions diffusing out of perovskite materials and other diffusion processes are highlighted. In addition, derivative interface engineering methods to control the diffusion process of charges/ions/molecules are also reviewed. Finally, the authors propose key research issues in charge transporting materials and interface engineering with regard to the important diffusion processes that will be one of the keys to realize highly efficient and long‐term stable PSCs.
Surface Engineering of TiO2 ETL for Highly Efficient and Hysteresis‐Less Planar Perovskite Solar Cell (21.4%) with Enhanced Open‐Circuit Voltage and Stability
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Yadav Pankaj , Tavakoli Rouhollah , Kong Jing
Published: May 2018

Interfacial studies and band alignment engineering on the electron transport layer (ETL) play a key role for fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, an amorphous layer of SnO2 (a‐SnO2) between the TiO2 ETL and the perovskite absorber is inserted and the charge transport properties of the device are studied. The double‐layer structure of TiO2 compact layer (c‐TiO2) and a‐SnO2 ETL leads to modification of interface energetics, resulting in improved charge collection and decreased carrier recombination in PSCs. The optimized device based on a‐SnO2/c‐TiO2 ETL shows a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.4% as compared to 19.33% for c‐TiO2 based device. Moreover, the modified device demonstrates a maximum open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.223 V with 387 mV loss in potential, which is among the highest reported value for PSCs with negligible hysteresis. The stability results show that the device on c‐TiO2/a‐SnO2 retains about 91% of its initial PCE value after 500 h light illumination, which is higher than pure c‐TiO2 (67%) based devices. Interestingly, using a‐SnO2/c‐TiO2 ETL the PCE loss was only 10% of initial value under continuous UV light illumination after 30 h, which is higher than that of c‐TiO2 based device (28% PCE loss).
N‐Doped Graphene Modified 3D Porous Cu Current Collector toward Microscale Homogeneous Li Deposition for Li Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wen Shuaiwei , Wang Ning , Qin Kaiqiang , Liu Enzuo , Shi Chunsheng , Zhao Naiqin
Published: May 2018

Lithium metal is the most promising anode material for high‐energy‐density batteries due to its high specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and low reduction potential of −3.04 V versus standard hydrogen electrode. However, huge volume change, safety concerns, and low efficiency impede the practical applications of Li metal anodes. Herein, it is shown that the nitrogen‐doped graphene modified 3D porous Cu (3DCu@NG) current collector can mitigate the above problems. The N‐doped graphene, coating on the surface of 3D current collector, not only contributes to a uniform Li+ flux, but also leads to a scattered distribution of electrons throughout the surface, finally contributing to a uniform Li deposition and the improved electrochemical performance. In addition, the continuously porous structure of 3DCu@NG provides a space for the metallic Li deposition and could effectually accommodate the volume expansion during cycling. As a result, the Li‐3DCu@NG anode exhibits a high areal capacity of 4 mAh cm−2, a high Li utilization of ≈98%, and an ultralow voltage hysteresis of ≈19 mV. The multifunctional N‐doped graphene modified 3D porous current collector promisingly provides a strategy for safe and high‐energy lithium metal anodes.
CuS Microspheres with Tunable Interlayer Space and Micropore as a High‐Rate and Long‐Life Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiao Yuanhua , Su Dangcheng , Wang Xuezhao , Wu Shide , Zhou Liming , Shi Ying , Fang Shaoming , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Li Feng
Published: May 2018

Layered transition metal sulfides (LTMSs) have tremendous commercial potential in anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) in large‐scale energy storage application. However, it is a great challenge for most LTMS electrodes to have long cycling life and high‐rate capability due to their larger volume expansion and the formation of soluble polysulfide intermediates caused by the conversion reaction. Herein, layered CuS microspheres with tunable interlayer space and pore volumes are reported through a cost‐effective interaction method using a cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The CuS–CTAB microsphere as an anode for SIBs reveals a high reversible capacity of 684.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and 312.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 after 1000 cycles with high capacity retention of 90.6%. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique structure of this material, and a high pseudocapacitive contribution ensures its high‐rate performance. Moreover, in situ X‐ray diffraction is applied to investigate their sodium storage mechanism. It is found that the long chain CTAB in the CuS provides buffer space, traps polysulfides, and restrains the further growth of Cu particles during the conversion reaction process that ensure the long cycling stability and high reversibility of the electrode material.
Carbenes and Nitrenes: Recent Developments in Fundamental Chemistry
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: May 2018

Carbenes and nitrenes can exist in both singlet and triplet states, sometimes equally stable and interconverting either thermally or photochemically. Many carbene and nitrene reactions proceed via tunneling at low temperatures. Numerous singlet and triplet states have been characterized spectroscopically, and a detailed understanding of the chemical and physical properties of carbenes and nitrenes is emerging. There has been significant progress in the direct observation of carbenes, nitrenes, and many other reactive intermediates in recent years through the application of matrix photolysis and flash vacuum pyrolysis linked with matrix isolation at cryogenic temperatures. Our understanding of singlet and triplet states has improved through the interplay of spectroscopy and computations. Bistable carbenes and nitrenes as well as many examples of tunneling have been discovered and numerous rearrangements and fragmentations have been documented. The correlation of the zero‐field splitting parameter D with calculated spin densities on nitrenes and carbenes is discussed. This Minireview gives an overview of some of these developments.
Low‐Bandgap Cs4CuSb2Cl12 Layered Double Perovskite: Synthesis, Reversible Thermal Changes, and Magnetic Interaction
Authors: Singhal Nancy , Chakraborty Rayan , Ghosh Prasenjit , Nag Angshuman
Published: May 2018

Double perovskites (DPs) with a generic formula A2M′(I)MIIIX6 (A and M are metal ions, and X=Cl, Br, I) are now being explored as potential alternatives to Pb‐halide perovskites for solar cells and other optoelectronic applications. However, these DPs typically suffer from wide (≈3 eV) and/or indirect band gaps. In 2017, a new structural variety, namely layered halide DP Cs4CuSb2Cl12 (CCSC) with bivalent CuII ion in the place of M′(I) was reported, which exhibit a band gap of approximately 1 eV. Here, we report a mechanochemical synthesis of CCSC, its thermal and chemical stability, and magnetic response of CuII d9 electrons controlling the optoelectronic properties. A simple grinding of precursor salts at ambient conditions provides a stable and scalable product. CCSC is stable in water/acetone solvent mixtures (≈30 % water) and many other polar solvents unlike Pb‐halide perovskites. It decomposes to Cs3Sb2Cl9, Cs2CuCl4, and SbCl3 at 210 °C, but the reaction can be reversed back to produce CCSC at lower temperatures and high humidity. A long‐range magnetic ordering is observed in CCSC even at room temperature. The role of such magnetic ordering in controlling the dispersion of the conduction band, and therefore, controlling the electronic and optoelectronic properties of CCSC has been discussed.