bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of headache disorders, according to ICHD-III in an outpatient headache clinic in Sohag Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Mohamed Al-Amir Bassiouny
Published: February 2021

Background

Headache disorders are rated among the ten most disabling conditions around the world. The primary headache disorders are more common that of secondary headache. The third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III) is considered as a helpful tool for classification and diagnosis of different headache disorders.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study that included 500 patients who attended to the headache clinic, between May 2018 and April 2019. Arabic version of headache questionnaire was used to characterize headache, according to ICHD-III.

Results

Primary headache disorders were found in 89% (most of them is episodic in nature 76.2%), secondary headache disorders in about 10%, and painful cranial neuropathy was present in 0.8%. Primary headache associated with sexual activity was present in 1% of the total number of headache patients, and episodic cluster headache was found in 0.8%. Medication overuse headache (MOH) was the most frequent secondary headache with 2.8% of the total number of headache patients, and when overlaps with chronic migraine or chronic tension type of headache (TTH), the percent was 12.8% and 8.8% respectively. Male to female ratio was 1:3, 3:5, and 1:1 in primary headache, secondary headache, and painful cranial neuropathy respectively. Simple analgesia was the most common abortive therapy (44.8%) while the antidepressants were the most common preventive treatment (17%).

Conclusion

This study estimates the frequency and characterizes different headache disorders, according to ICHD-III in an outpatient headache clinic at Sohag Governorate, Egypt.
Phylogeny and estimated genetic divergence times of banana cultivars (Musa spp.) from Java Island by maturase K (matK) genes
Authors: Probojati Rasyadan T. , Listyorini Dwi , Sulisetijono Sulisetijono , Wahyudi Didik
Published: February 2021

Background

The identification of banana cultivars genome is needed to provide a valid identity from the accession of bananas which are used as basic data in the management of in situ and ex situ banana conservation as well as for further breeding of banana cultivars.

Results

The size of PCR-amplifiedmatK ranged from 844 to 860 bp and showed a high variability. The haplotype diversity was 0.9048 with nine haplotypes. Haplotype distribution map revealed the lineage patterns of banana cultivars from Java. Reconstruction of genetic relationships using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference algorithms produces tree topologies and classifications that are grouped according to their genomic groups, into three main clades, i.e., AA/AAA, AAB and ABB. Based on the previously derived age constraints and fossil data, we estimate (Musaceae) that genetic divergence times of all samples occurred during the Eocene (95% HPD: 51.9 Mya),Musa acuminatagroup (AA, AAA, AAB) withMusa balbisianagroup (BB and ABB) occurred during the Oligocene (95% HPD: 26 Mya), and the separation on each banana cultivars occurred during the Middle Miocene to Pliocene (95% HPD: 16.5–2.5 Mya).

Conclusions

From this study, we conclude that all studied cultivars are closely related according to its genomic groups with high variation. Genetic variation among those cultivars creates nine haplotypes. The development of variety which leads to the formation of different banana cultivars had suggested to be occurred long ago along with human migration and domestication.
A lightweight cryptographic algorithm for the transmission of images from road environments in self-driving
Authors: Gao Runchen , Li Shen , Gao Yuqi , Guo Rui
Published: February 2021

With the large-scale application of 5G in industrial production, the Internet of Things has become an important technology for various industries to achieve efficiency improvement and digital transformation with the help of the mobile edge computing. In the modern industry, the user often stores data collected by IoT devices in the cloud, but the data at the edge of the network involves a large of the sensitive information, which increases the risk of privacy leakage. In order to address these two challenges, we propose a security strategy in the edge computing. Our security strategy combines the Feistel architecture and short comparable encryption based on sliding window (SCESW). Compared to existing security strategies, our proposed security strategy guarantees its security while significantly reducing the computational overhead. And our GRC algorithm can be successfully deployed on a hardware platform.
Does total hip arthroplasty via the direct anterior approach using dual mobility increase leg length discrepancy compared with single mobility?
Authors: Ishii Seiya , Homma Yasuhiro , Baba Tomonori , Jinnai Yuta , Zhuang Xu , Tanabe Hiroki , Banno Sammy , Matsumoto Mikio , Watari Taiji , Ozaki Yu , Ochi Hironori , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: February 2021

Background

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) via the direct anterior approach (DAA) using dual mobility cup (DMC) is considered to effectively prevent postoperative dislocation. However, the dislocation and reduction procedure using a trial implant during the surgery is difficult because of high soft tissue tension. Thereby, leg length discrepancy (LLD) is difficult to assess when using DM via the DAA.

Purpose

To compare the LLD between cases using conventional SM and those using DMC in THA via the DAA with fluoroscopy.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively investigated 34 hips treated with DMC (DMC-DAA group) and 31 hips treated with SM (SM-DAA group). The LLD was defined as the difference in the distance from the teardrop to the medial-most point of the lesser trochanter between the operative and nonoperative sides at immediate postoperative X-ray.

Results

The mean LLD in the DMC-DAA group and SM-DAA group was 0.68 ± 7.7 mm and 0.80 ± 5.5, respectively, with no significant difference. The absolute value of the LLD in the DMC-DAA group and SM-DAA group was 6.3 ± 4.4 mm and 5.9 ± 5.5, respectively, with no significant difference.

Conclusion

Despite the difficulty in assessment of the LLD during THA via the DAA using DMC, this technique does not increase the LLD compared with the use of SM.

Level of evidence

III, matched case-control study.
Association study of the BDNF gene polymorphism (G196A) with overweight/obesity among women from Northwest of Iran
Authors: Honarmand Haneieh , Bonyadi Mortaza , Rafat Abbas , Mahdavi Reza , Aliasghari Fereshteh
Published: February 2021

Background

Obesity is a health problem defined by surplus body fat accumulation and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Earlier studies indicated the influence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) molecular alterations in the development of obesity. One of these variations is the G196A single nucleotide polymorphism (Val66Met; SNP rs6265), which impairs intracellular trafficking and reduces the secretion of BDNF. In this study, we evaluated the possible association of G196A polymorphism of the BDNF gene with body mass index (BMI) among women from the Iranian Azeri Turkish ethnic group. Four hundred eighty-four women including 343 women with obesity or overweight and 141 age-sex and ethnically matched healthy controls were genotyped for G196A SNP of BDNF gene by applying polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method. The association of this polymorphism with BMI was evaluated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and the comparison of alleles and genotypes frequencies between patients (obese and/or overweight participants) and healthy controls was carried out using logistic regression models.

Results

Individuals carrying Met-Met genotype have a significantly lower mean of BMI in comparison to those carrying non-Met/Met polymorphisms (P = 0.0138).

Conclusions

In this study, the association of the Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene with BMI as an obesity trait has been confirmed among the women from the Northwest of Iran.
Psychiatric morbidity and dietary habits during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Egyptian Youth (14–24 years)
Authors: Alamrawy Roa Gamal , Fadl Noha , Khaled Asmaa
Published: February 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is influencing all segments of society, including youth. Although the physical complaints in the time of COVID-19 are broadly-studied, a paucity of research targeted psychological ones on the precious youth population. This study aimed to describe the real-time state of Egyptian youth’s psychiatric morbidity, dietary changes, and coping methods during this pandemic and explore probable factors influencing them. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey among 447 Egyptian participants aged 14–24 years. Sociodemographic data, dietary habits, and coping methods during COVID-19 were collected. The Arabic versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to assess depression, anxiety and insomnia, respectively.

Results

Overall, 80.5%, 74.0%, and 73.8% of the participants had different grades of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms. 37.4% gained weight. Emotional and night eating emerged as new habits during the pandemic among 17.9% and 29.3% of the participants, respectively. Each of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was significantly associated with each other, female gender and having a COVID-19 infected relative. Adolescents had significantly higher scores of depression and anxiety. Those with a history of physical illness had significantly higher scores of anxiety and insomnia. Bodyweight and dietary changes were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Participants reported various positive and negative coping methods.

Conclusion

Psychiatric morbidity and dietary changes are evident in young people during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological well-being and dietary habits are important but often overlooked components of youth well-being especially in challenging times. Depression, anxiety, and insomnia were almost always present and dietary changes were significantly associated with the presence of them.
Serological detection of hepatitis B and D virus co-infection among patients attending a tertiary health facility at Maiduguri, Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi Babajide B. , Latbone Semsari , Igwegbe Iman U. , Kida Ibrahim M. , Goni Babagana W. , Samuel Oyebode O. , Dawurung Joshua S. , Ibrahim Hamidu M. , Danue Ballah A. , Abdullahi Idris Nasir , Oderinde Bamidele S.
Published: February 2021

Background

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is highly pathogenic, and clinical studies revealed that HDV infection aggravates the natural history of the underlying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by progression to cirrhosis that leads to early decompensation of liver function compared with HBV mono-infection. To determine the seroprevalence of HDV among HBsAg-seropositive patients and associated biochemical profiles at Maiduguri, Nigeria, a hospital-based cross-sectional study on 180 sera of patients positive for HBsAg by ELISA were evaluated for anti-HDV, hepatitis B envelop antigen, anti-HBs antibodies and liver enzyme profiles.

Results

HDV seroprevalence of 3.3% among 180 HBsAg-positive patients. Relatively higher seroprevalence of HDV was observed in males (4.3%) than in females (2.3%). The highest infection rate (20%) was obtained in patients ≥ 56 years. However, no significant association between positive anti-HDV seroprevalence and gender (p > 0.05). Of the 6 (3.3%) anti-HDV-positive patients, only 1 (16.7%) was positive for HBeAg while all were negative for anti-HBs antibodies. The mean level of liver enzyme level of AST and ALT of the anti-HDV-positive patients significantly differ from that of HBsAg mono-infected patients (p ˂ 0.05). However, no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean levels of liver enzymes of ALP in anti-HDV-positive and HBsAg mono-infected patients (p ˃ 0.05) was found.

Conclusion

This study revealed a relatively low presence of HDV in HBsAg-positive patients. Furthermore, HDV-HBV co-infected patients had somewhat worse liver enzyme upregulation. This underscores the need for rapid HDV testing and treatment in HBV-infected patients.
Newly enacted mental health law in Bangladesh
Authors: Karim Mohammad Ershadul , Shaikh Sabuj
Published: February 2021

Mental health problems are almost ignored in Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The lack of overall health literacy and human resources due to an ineffectively updated legal and regulatory framework, coupled with very limited but misused budget allocation, are some of the factors responsible for this. The country's Constitution recognises the importance of public health and stipulates the improvement of public health as an important primary duty of the state. Nevertheless, it is often compromised or neglected in favour of other socioeconomic development priorities. The Lunacy Act 1912 was recently repealed and substituted by the Mental Health Act 2018 to fill in various gaps in mental health law. This is a welcome development, but there remain limitations and scope for further improvement. We highlight some important provisions of this newly enacted law, identify some limitations and propose some issues for consideration in future policy reform.
Role of psychiatric hospitals during a pandemic: introducing the Munich Psychiatric COVID-19 Pandemic Contingency Plan
Authors: Adorjan Kristina , Pogarell Oliver , Streb Dorothee , Padberg Frank , Erdmann Christian , Koller Gabriele , Raabe Florian , Reich-Erkelenz Daniela , de Jonge Sylvia , Neumeier Karin , Zill Peter , Jauch Karl-Walter , Schulze Thomas G. , Falkai Peter
Published: February 2021

Background

Psychiatry is facing major challenges during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic. These challenges involve its actual and perceived role within the medical system, in particular how psychiatric hospitals can maintain their core mission of attending to people with mental illness while at the same time providing relief to overstretched general medicine services. Although psychiatric disorders comprise the leading cause of the global burden of disease, mental healthcare has been deemphasised in the wake of the onslaught of the pandemic: to make room for emergency care, psychiatric wards have been downsized, clinics closed, psychiatric support systems discontinued and so on. To deal with this pressing issue, we developed a pandemic contingency plan with the aim to contain, decelerate and, preferably, avoid transmission of COVID-19 and to enable and maintain medical healthcare for patients with mental disorders.

Aims

To describe our plan as an example of how a psychiatric hospital can share in providing acute care in a healthcare system facing an acute and highly infectious pandemic like COVID-19 and at the same time provide support for people with mental illness, with or without a COVID-19 infection.

Method

This was a descriptive study.

Results

The plan was based on the German national pandemic strategy and several legal recommendations and was implemented step by step on the basis of the local COVID-19 situation. In addition, mid- and long-term plans were developed for coping with the aftermath of the pandemic.

Conclusions

The plan enabled the University Hospital to maintain medical healthcare for patients with mental disorders. It has offered the necessary flexibility to adapt its implementation to the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The plan is designed to serve as an easily adaptable blueprint for psychiatric hospitals around the world.
Designing Dose-Finding Phase I Clinical Trials: Top 10 Questions That Should Be Discussed With Your Statistician
Authors: Lee Shing M. , Wages Nolan A. , Goodman Karyn A. , Lockhart A. Craig
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the landscape in clinical trial development has changed to involve many molecularly targeted agents, immunotherapies, or radiotherapy, as a single agent or in combination. Given their different mechanisms of action and lengths of administration, these agents have different toxicity profiles, which has resulted in numerous challenges when applying traditional designs such as the 3 + 3 design in dose-finding clinical trials. Novel methods have been proposed to address these design challenges such as combinations of therapies or late-onset toxicities. However, their design and implementation require close collaboration between clinicians and statisticians to ensure that the appropriate design is selected to address the aims of the study and that the design assumptions are pertinent to the study drug. The goal of this paper is to provide guidelines for appropriate questions that should be considered early in the design stage to facilitate the interactions between clinical and statistical teams and to improve the design of dose-finding clinical trials for novel anticancer agents.
Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey
Authors: Lagos Danya , Compton D'Lane
Published: February 2021

In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who were surveyed identified as transgender, identified with a gender that does not conventionally correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or identified the sex they were assigned at birth inconsistently with the interviewer's assessment of respondent sex. These results corroborate previous estimates of the transgender population size in the United States. Furthermore, the implementation of these new questions mirrors the successful inclusion of other small populations represented in the GSS, such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Data on transgender and gender-nonconforming populations can be pooled together over time to assess these populations' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social inequality patterns. We identified inconsistencies between interviewer-coded sex, self-reported sex, and gender identity. As with the coding of race in the GSS, interviewer-coded assessments can mismatch respondents' self-reported identification. Our findings underscore the importance of continuing to ask respondents to self-report gender identity separately from sex assigned at birth in the GSS and other surveys.
Whole issue
Authors: Εταιρεία Ελληνική Κτηνιατρική
Published: February 2021

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Investigation of the relationship of apelin hormone response with some physiological parameters in Maedi-Visna infected sheep
Authors: BAYRAKTAR B. , SAIT A. , TAKMA Ç , TEKCE E.
Published: February 2021

In this study, the objective was to assess the serological characteristics of sheep, during lactation and pregnancy periods, and rams belonging to the Red Karaman and White Karaman–Kangal race infected with maedi-visna infection and body condition score (BCS) of ≤2, 3- 3.5 and ≥4 (high) and to analyse the relationship between the level of apelin and its secretion. Apelin level in the blood serum samples obtained from the jugular veinof the sheeps was determined using ELISA method. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the level of apelin was statistically different between the races; between lactating sheep and pregnant sheep; and sheep and rams. There was no difference between the BCS groups (p > 0.05). Race and sex interaction as well as race, sex and BCS triple interaction effects were found significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that the sheep belonging to the White Karaman–Kangal race were 18 times more likely to be infected with the virus. A decrease in apelin level was observed in the sheep with infection, and it was found that the risk of infection was 0.37 times higher in rams than in lactating sheep (p < 0.05).
Determinant and conditioning factors of feline asthma: a questionnaire-base study
Authors: RODRIGUES J. , CAROLINO N. , NUNESD F. , DUARTE S. C.
Published: February 2021

Feline asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory airways that has shown an increased incidence in the past decades, aside with human asthma. It is also important to acknowledge that human and feline asthma are very similar in their pathophysiology,being the housing conditions (pollutants, stress and obesity) major risk factors to its development. The present study aimed to investigate if these housing conditions could be determining and conditioning factors associated with the occurrence of feline asthma previously reported in literature. A cross-sectional (self-completed) questionnaire-based study targeting Portuguese-speaking owners of cats was carried out, validated and applied (in both paper and digital form) between September 2018 and March 2019. A total of 189 questionnaires were analysed, of which 18 corresponded to cats with respiratory disease. Most of studied cats were of mixed breed and neutered, living indoor exclusively, mainly in urbanareas and from the north mainland region. According to the owner’s perception, the cats were mostly active and with the ideal weight. The clinical signs more often associated with asthma crisis were respiratory wheezes and cough, whereas the worsening of such clinical signs occurred mostly in spring. Stress symptoms were not common, but the correlation between stress-related diseases and asthma was close to significance (P=0.065). A mixed lifestyle was associated with less symptoms of stress (P=0.032). Although close to significance (P=0.07), the presence of pollutant industries was not associated to asthma in the enrolled cats. Finally, in most of the houses in which an asthmatic cat lived in, no owner or other co-inhabitant had asthma. The paucity of similar epidemiological studies in cats demonstrates the importance of the current work and the need to conduct further studies on housing conditions associated with the disease. Eventually, further studies will clarify if cats could be used as sentinels for human asthma.
Treatment of Ventral Hip Luxation in a Puppy
Authors: BOZKAN Z. , BULUT B. , BELLEK C. G.
Published: February 2021

A Three months of age, 4.5 kg, female mixed (cross) breed presented to our clinic with complaint of the left hind leg lameness. In the clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic examination, ventral hip luxation was diagnosed. Based on the examination findings which indicated the case was chronic, surgical treatment was decided. Hip joint was exposed firstly by craniodorsal approach. Flattened and full acetabulum, fractured greater trochanter, ruptured gluteal muscle attachment and irreparably broken joint capsule were determined. Excision arthroplasty was performed by ventral approach. Greater Trochanter was attached to its position by an L shape Steinman pin using craniodorsal approach. Then, a drill hole was created on the greater trochanter, and a screw was inserted to dorsal acetabular rim. A synthetic suture passed through the hole was tied to the screw in a figure of eight mode. Postoperative antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were used. Physiotherapy such as swimming and massage treatments was proposed following skin sutures removal. In the 4th week control postoperatively, the dog began to use the operated leg effectively despite the moderate quadriceps’ contracture. The contracture was mostly resolved 12th week by continuing physiotherapy.
The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Animal Ethi
Authors: LINZEY A. , LINZEY C.
Published: February 2021

NO ABSTRACT
VIRdb 2.0: Interactive analysis of comorbidity conditions associated with vitiligo pathogenesis using co-expression network-based approach
Authors: Srivastava Priyansh , Talwar Mehak , Yadav Aishwarya , Choudhary Alakto , Mohanty Sabyasachi , Bharti Samuel , Narad Priyanka , Sengupta Abhishek
Published: February 2021

Vitiligo is a disease of mysterious origins in the context of its occurrence and pathogenesis. The autoinflammatory theory is perhaps the most widely accepted theory that discusses the occurrence of Vitiligo. The theory elaborates the clinical association of vitiligo with autoimmune disorders such as Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis and Diabetes. In the present work, we discuss the comprehensive set of differentially co-expressed genes involved in the crosstalk events between Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disorders (Psoriasis, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis). We progress our previous tool, Vitiligo Information Resource (VIRdb), and incorporate into it a compendium of Vitiligo-related multi-omics datasets and present it as VIRdb 2.0. It is available as a web-resource consisting of statistically sound and manually curated information. VIRdb 2.0 is an integrative database as its datasets are connected to KEGG, STRING, GeneCards, SwissProt, NPASS. Through the present study, we communicate the major updates and expansions in the VIRdb and deliver the new version as VIRdb 2.0. VIRdb 2.0 offers the maximum user interactivity along with ease of navigation. We envision that VIRdb 2.0 will be pertinent for the researchers and clinicians engaged in drug development for vitiligo.
Road traffic injuries in Nepal during COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Sedain Bhagabati , Pant Puspa Raj
Published: February 2021

Background: As the world is busy addressing COVID-19, road traffic injuries, another major cause of death is continuously killing people on the roads. In Nepal, there were frequent media reports of occurrences of road crashes, injuries, and deaths despite nationwide lockdown. This paper aims to describe the situation of road traffic crashes and casualties during the period of complete lockdown.

Methods: This study used secondary data from two sources: Nepal Police and media reports between 24 March and 14 June 2020 (because the government lifted the nationwide lockdown from 15 June 2020). Available details of crashes, deaths, and injuries for this period were extracted from media reports and the summary data that was obtained from the Police.  We have included data from both sources in the results.

Results: Nepal Police recorded 1,801 incidents of road crashes during the 82 days of the COVID-19 lockdown with 256 deaths (on average 3.1 deaths daily) and 1,824 injuries (on average 22.2 injuries daily). Motorcycles comprised over 21% of all vehicles involved in crashes. Ambulances and other vehicles for essential services were also found to be involved in crashes. Speeding itself was the cause for almost a quarter of the incidents during the lockdown.

Conclusions: Although a reduction in the number of road crashes and related injuries and fatalities was observed, this reduction was not as substantial as anticipated during the heavy restrictions on vehicular movement imposed during the lockdown. Media reports were mainly found to be reporting the crashes where deaths occurred, but police records also included nonfatal injuries. The incidence of crashes in this period shows that it is important to work for road safety to save lives from road traffic crashes in Nepal.
Local adaptation in populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis endemic to the Indian Ocean Rim
Authors: Menardo Fabrizio , Rutaihwa Liliana K. , Zwyer Michaela , Borrell Sonia , Comas Iñaki , Conceição Emilyn Costa , Coscolla Mireia , Cox Helen , Joloba Moses , Dou Horng-Yunn , Feldmann Julia , Fenner Lukas , Fyfe Janet , Gao Qian , García de Viedma Darío , Garcia-Basteiro Alberto L. , Gygli Sebastian M. , Hella Jerry , Hiza Hellen , Jugheli Levan , Kamwela Lujeko , Kato-Maeda Midori , Liu Qingyun , Ley Serej D. , Loiseau Chloe , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Malla Bijaya , Palittapongarnpim Prasit , Rakotosamimanana Niaina , Rasolofo Voahangy , Reinhard Miriam , Reither Klaus , Sasamalo Mohamed , Silva Duarte Rafael , Sola Christophe , Suffys Philip , Batista Lima Karla Valeria , Yeboah-Manu Dorothy , Beisel Christian , Brites Daniela , Gagneux Sebastien
Published: February 2021

Background: Lineage 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) are two lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) causing tuberculosis (TB) in humans. L1 and L3 are prevalent around the rim of the Indian Ocean, the region that accounts for most of the world’s new TB cases. Despite their relevance for this region, L1 and L3 remain understudied.

Methods: We analyzed 2,938 L1 and 2,030 L3 whole genome sequences originating from 69 countries. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of these two lineages and identified genes under positive selection.

Results: We found a strongly asymmetric pattern of migration from South Asia toward neighboring regions, highlighting the historical role of South Asia in the dispersion of L1 and L3. Moreover, we found that several genes were under positive selection, including genes involved in virulence and resistance to antibiotics . For L1 we identified signatures of local adaptation at the esxH locus, a gene coding for a secreted effector that targets the human endosomal sorting complex, and is included in several vaccine candidates.

Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of genetic diversity in the MTBC, and sheds new light on two of the most important MTBC lineages affecting humans.
Genomic diversity of Salmonella enterica -The UoWUCC 10K genomes project
Authors: Achtman Mark , Zhou Zhemin , Alikhan Nabil-Fareed , Tyne William , Parkhill Julian , Cormican Martin , Chiou Chien-Shun , Torpdahl Mia , Litrup Eva , Prendergast Deirdre M. , Moore John E. , Strain Sam , Kornschober Christian , Meinersmann Richard , Uesbeck Alexandra , Weill François-Xavier , Coffey Aidan , Andrews-Polymenis Helene , Curtiss rd Roy , Fanning Séamus
Published: February 2021

Background: Most publicly available genomes of Salmonella enterica are from human disease in the US and the UK, or from domesticated animals in the US.

Methods: Here we describe a historical collection of 10,000 strains isolated between 1891-2010 in 73 different countries. They encompass a broad range of sources, ranging from rivers through reptiles to the diversity of all S. enterica isolated on the island of Ireland between 2000 and 2005. Genomic DNA was isolated, and sequenced by Illumina short read sequencing.

Results: The short reads are publicly available in the Short Reads Archive. They were also uploaded to EnteroBase, which assembled and annotated draft genomes. 9769 draft genomes which passed quality control were genotyped with multiple levels of multilocus sequence typing, and used to predict serovars. Genomes were assigned to hierarchical clusters on the basis of numbers of pair-wise allelic differences in core genes, which were mapped to genetic Lineages within phylogenetic trees.

Conclusions: The University of Warwick/University College Cork (UoWUCC) project greatly extends the geographic sources, dates and core genomic diversity of publicly available S. enterica genomes. We illustrate these features by an overview of core genomic Lineages within 33,000 publicly available Salmonella genomes whose strains were isolated before 2011. We also present detailed examinations of HC400, HC900 and HC2000 hierarchical clusters within exemplar Lineages, including serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Mbandaka. These analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of multiple serovars while showing that discrete clusters with geographical specificity can be reliably recognized by hierarchical clustering approaches. The results also demonstrate that the genomes sequenced here provide an important counterbalance to the sampling bias which is so dominant in current genomic sequencing.
THE GOLDFINCH BY D. TARTT: CERTAIN LINGUISTIC AND POETIC ASPECTS
Authors: Shalimova Nadezhda Sergeevna
Published: February 2021

Статья посвящена теоретическому и практическому рассмотрению жанра и стиля романа, исследуются сюжетно-композиционная организация, пространственно-временная структура, специфика повествования, воплощение авторского замысла, нарративный код текста. Также изучаются стилистические особенности произведения, выделяется прием «разрыва повествования», анализируются «голоса» нарратора и третьих лиц, обозначается прием «ложно-прерывистого» членения текста. На материале романа Д. Тартт «Щегол» роман инициации рассматривается как жанровая модификация романа воспитания, сравниваются специфические языковедческие жанрообразующие характеристики, тип героя, события, особенности композиционной структуры.Метод (методология) исследования. Исследование опирается на сравнительно-типологический и нарративный методы.Результаты. Делается вывод о том, что роман инициации имеет ряд поэтологических особенностей: четкая трехчастная структура, совпадающая с обрядом посвящения, особый тип героя, хронотопа, способов повествования. Роман инициации обогащает жанровую форму и выполняет важные художественные и социальные функции.Практическое применение результатов исследования. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в преподавании курсов по английской и американской литературе, теории литературы.
СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ФИГУРЫ В ТЕКСТАХ МАССОВОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ И ИХ ПЕРЕДАЧА С АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА РУССКИЙ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ИЗДАНИЙ)
Authors: Fedorova Natalia Vladimirovna , Kapitonova Nina Sergeevna , Karpova Anastasia Vasilevna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной теме функционирования языка в средствах массовой информации. Предметом анализа выступают стилистические фигуры в англоязычных текстах массовой коммуникации в контексте перевода на русский язык. Авторы ставят целью проанализировать функционирования фигур в текстах интернет-изданий «The New Yorker» и «The American Thinker», обладающих значительным оценочным и манипулятивным потенциалом.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляют методы лингвистического описания, сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, метод сплошной выборки.Результаты. В исследованных современных текстах массовой коммуникации на английском языке использование стилистические фигуры являются одним из инструментов реализации манипулятивной стратегии скрытого формирование оценки и утверждения идей. Наиболее продуктивны фигуры повтора, параллелизм, полисиндетон и асиндетон, градация, парантеза, риторические вопросы. При переводе фигур речи с английского на русский язык применялись комплексные, смешанные трансформации, однако сами фигуры речи в анализируемых текстах в большинстве случаев сохранялись. Таким образом, практика показала, что риторические фигуры в текстах массовой коммуникации в большинстве случаев можно без потерь перевести на русский язык, передав персуазивность текста.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в педагогических и образовательных целях, а также в профессиональной деятельности переводчиков при работе с текстами массовой коммуникации.
Elaborate hallucinations, but is it a psychotic disorder?
Authors: Wang John , Patel Dina , Francois Dimitry
Published: February 2021

Mr. B, age 93, has recurrent visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations involving a man named ‘Harry,’ but no other psychotic symptoms. What diagnoses should you consider?
Exact Algorithms for the Minimum Load Spanning Tree Problem
Authors: Zhu Xiaojun , Tang Shaojie
Published: February 2021

In a minimum load spanning tree (MLST) problem, we are given an undirected graph and nondecreasing load functions for nodes defined on nodes’ degrees in a spanning tree, and the objective is to find a spanning tree that minimizes the maximum load among all nodes. We propose the first [Formula: see text] time exact algorithm for the MLST problem, where [Formula: see text] is the number of nodes and [Formula: see text] ignores polynomial factor. The algorithm is obtained by repeatedly querying whether a candidate objective value is feasible, where each query can be formulated as a bounded degree spanning tree problem (BDST). We propose a novel solution to BDST by extending an inclusion-exclusion based algorithm. To further enhance the time efficiency of the previous algorithm, we then propose a faster algorithm by generalizing the concept of branching walks. In addition, for the purpose of comparison, we give the first mixed integer linear programming formulation for MLST. In numerical analysis, we consider various load functions on a randomly generated network. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Summary of Contribution: Minimum load spanning tree (MLST) plays an important role in various applications such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In many applications of WSNs, we often need to collect data from all sensors to some specified sink. In this paper, we propose the first exact algorithms for the MLST problem. Besides having theoretical guarantees, our algorithms have extraordinarily good performance in practice. We believe that our results make significant contributions to the field of graph theory, internet of things, and WSNs.
The only constant is change
Authors: Bevin Amanda
Published: February 2021

Last year was a time of constant change and adaptation, especially for health professionals. Amanda Bevin details how this can be seen as a positive opportunity
Intramedullary nailing of extra-articular distal tibial fractures
Authors: Hadeed Michael M. , Prakash Hans , Yarboro Seth R. , Weiss David B.
Published: February 2021

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the immediate post-fixation stability of a distal tibial fracture fixed with an intramedullary nail using a biomechanical model. This was used as a surrogate for immediate weight-bearing postoperatively. The goal was to help inform postoperative protocols.

Methods

A biomechanical model of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures was created using a fourth-generation composite bone model. Three fracture patterns were tested: spiral, oblique, and multifragmented. Each fracture extended to within 4 cm to 5 cm of the plafond. The models were nearly-anatomically reduced and stabilized with an intramedullary nail and three distal locking screws. Cyclic loading was performed to simulate normal gait. Loading was completed in compression at 3,000 N at 1 Hz for a total of 70,000 cycles. Displacement (shortening, coronal and sagittal angulation) was measured at regular intervals.

Results

The spiral and oblique fracture patterns withstood simulated weight-bearing with minimal displacement. The multifragmented model had early implant failure with breaking of the distal locking screws. The spiral fracture model shortened by a mean of 0.3 mm (SD 0.2), and developed a mean coronal angulation of 2.0° (SD 1.9°) and a mean sagittal angulation of 1.2° (SD 1.1°). On average, 88% of the shortening, 74% of the change in coronal alignment, and 75% of the change in sagittal alignment occurred in the first 2,500 cycles. No late acceleration of displacement was noted. The oblique fracture model shortened by a mean of 0.2 mm (SD 0.1) and developed a mean coronal angulation of 2.4° (SD 1.6°) and a mean sagittal angulation of 2.6° (SD 1.4°). On average, 44% of the shortening, 39% of the change in coronal alignment, and 79% of the change in sagittal alignment occurred in the first 2,500 cycles. No late acceleration of displacement was noted.

Conclusion

For spiral and oblique fracture patterns, simulated weight-bearing resulted in a clinically acceptable degree of displacement. Most displacement occurred early in the test period, and the rate of displacement decreased over time. Based on this model, we offer evidence that early weight-bearing appears safe for well reduced oblique and spiral fractures, but not in multifragmented patterns that have poor bone contact. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):294–298.
Effect of oral anticoagulant use on surgical delay and mortality in hip fracture
Authors: You Daniel , Xu Yan , Ponich Brett , Ronksley Paul , Skeith Leslie , Korley Robert , Carrier Marc , Schneider Prism S.
Published: February 2021

Aims

Current guidelines recommend surgery within 48 hours among patients presenting with hip fractures; however, optimal surgical timing for patients on oral anticoagulants (OACs) remains unclear. Individual studies are limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous outcomes. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of pre-injury OACs on time-to-surgery (TTS) and all-cause mortality among older adults with hip fracture treated surgically.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception to 14 October 2019 to identify studies directly comparing outcomes among hip fracture patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) prior to hospital admission to hip fracture patients not on OACs. Random effects meta-analyses were used to pool all outcomes (TTS, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day mortality).

Results

A total of 34 studies (involving 39,446 patients) were included in our systematic review. TTS was 13.7 hours longer (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.8 to 17.5; p < 0.001) among hip fracture patients on OACs compared to those not on OACs. This translated to a three-fold higher odds of having surgery beyond the recommended 48 hours from admission (odds ratio (OR) 3.0 (95% CI 2.1 to 4.3); p = 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher (OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.8); p < 0.03) among anticoagulated patients. Among studies comparing anticoagulants, there was no statistically significant difference in time-to-surgery between patients taking a DOAC compared to a VKA.

Conclusion

Patients presenting with a hip fracture who were taking OACs prior to injury experience a delay in time-to-surgery and higher mortality than non-anticoagulated patients. Patients on DOACs may be at risk of further delays. Evaluating expedited surgical protocols in hip fracture patients on OACs is an urgent priority, with the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality in this group of high-risk patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):222–233.
Interlocking reconstruction-mode stem-sideplates preserve at-risk hips with short residual proximal femora
Authors: Christ Alexander B. , Fujiwara Tomohiro , Yakoub Mohamed A. , Healey John H.
Published: February 2021

Aims

We have evaluated the survivorship, outcomes, and failures of an interlocking, reconstruction-mode stem-sideplate implant used to preserve the native hip joint and achieve proximal fixation when there is little residual femur during large endoprosthetic reconstruction of the distal femur.

Methods

A total of 14 patients underwent primary or revision reconstruction of a large femoral defect with a short remaining proximal femur using an interlocking, reconstruction-mode stem-sideplate for fixation after oncological distal femoral and diaphyseal resections. The implant was attached to a standard endoprosthetic reconstruction system. The implant was attached to a standard endoprosthetic reconstruction system. None of the femoral revisions were amenable to standard cemented or uncemented stem fixation. Patient and disease characteristics, surgical history, final ambulatory status, and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score were recorded. The percentage of proximal femur remaining was calculated from follow-up radiographs.

Results

All 14 at-risk native hip joints were preserved at a mean final follow-up of 6.0 years (SD 3.7), despite a short residual femur, often after proximal osteotomies through the lesser trochanter. Overall, 13 of 14 stems had long-term successful fixation. Eight patients required no reoperation. Three patients required reoperation due to implant-related issues, and three patients required reoperation for wound healing problems or infection. There were no dislocations or fractures. At final follow-up the mean MSTS score was 24.9 (SD 4.1). Nine patients required no ambulation aids, and only one had a Trendelenburg gait.

Conclusion

This interlocking, reconstruction-mode stem-sideplate reliably preserves native hip joint anatomy and function after large femoral resection with a short remaining proximal femur, both in the primary and revision setting. This is particularly important for preventing or delaying total femoral arthroplasty in young patients after oncological reconstruction. Hip abductor strength and function could be maintained by this method, and the risk of dislocation eliminated. The success of this technique in this modest series should be verified in a larger collaborative study and will be of interest to revision surgeons and oncologists. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):398–404.
A prospective double-blind randomized trial on ultrasound-guided versus blind intra-articular corticosteroid injections for primary frozen shoulder
Authors: Cho Chul-Hyun , Min Byung-Woo , Bae Ki-Cheor , Lee Kyung-Jae , Kim Du Hwan
Published: February 2021

Aims

Ultrasound (US)-guided injections are widely used in patients with conditions of the shoulder in order to improve their accuracy. However, the clinical efficacy of US-guided injections compared with blind injections remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and efficacy of US-guided compared with blind corticosteroid injections into the glenohumeral joint in patients with primary frozen shoulder (FS).

Methods

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections were administered to 90 patients primary FS, who were randomly assigned to either an US-guided (n = 45) or a blind technique (n = 45), by a shoulder specialist. Immediately after injection, fluoroscopic images were obtained to assess the accuracy of the injection. The outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the subjective shoulder value (SSV) and range of movement (ROM) for all patients at the time of presentation and at three, six, and 12 weeks after injection.

Results

The accuracy of injection in the US and blind groups was 100% (45/45) and 71.1% (32/45), respectively; this difference was significant (p < 0.001). Both groups had significant improvements in VAS pain score, ASES score, SSV, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation throughout follow-up until 12 weeks after injection (all p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the VAS pain scores, the ASES score, the SSV and all ROMs between the two groups at the time points assessed (all p > 0.05). No injection-related adverse effects were noted in either group.

Conclusion

We found no significant differences in pain and functional outcomes between the two groups, although an US-guided injection was associated with greater accuracy. Considering that it is both costly and time-consuming, an US-guided intra-articular injection of corticosteroid seems not always to be necessary in the treatment of FS as it gives similar outcomes as a blind injection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):353–359.