bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stability of TaN‐Based Thin Layers for Cu Metallization
Authors: Nazon Julien , Berger Marie‐Hélène , Sarradin Joël , Tedenac Jean‐Claude , Fréty Nicole
Published: September 2009

The diffusion of Cu through TaN‐based thin layers into a Si substrate has been studied. The barrier efficiency of TaN/Ta/TaN multilayer barrier of 50 nm:50 nm:50 nm in thickness has been investigated and is compared with that of TaN single layers. Thermal stabilities of these TaN‐based thin layers were determined from glancing incidence angle X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, conducted in the temperature range of 773–973 K. The TaN/Ta/TaN barrier appeared to be more efficient than the TaN single layer in preventing Cu diffusion.
Ellipsometric study of electronic excitations in triglycine sulphate and triglycine selenate crystals
Authors: Andriyevsky Bohdan , Patryn Aleksy , Cobet Christoph , Mytsyk Bogdan , Esser Norbert
Published: September 2009

The real and imaginary parts of the pseudo‐dielectric susceptibility, 〈χ1〉(E) and 〈χ2〉(E), of triglycine sulphate (TGS) and triglycine selenate (TGSe) ferroelectric crystals have been obtained in the range 4–9.8 eV by spectroscopic ellipsometry using the Berlin Electron Storage Ring for synchrotron radiation source. A first maximum in 〈χ2〉(E) was found at E = 7.3 eV for both crystals and is attributed to the excitation of p‐electrons of oxygen. The spectra were measured at different temperatures in the range comprising the ferroelectric phase transition temperatures, 49 °C (TGS) and 22 °C (TGSe). Of note is the peak‐like behaviour in 〈χ1〉(T) and 〈χ2〉(T) near the phase transition temperature and a considerable decrease (about 50%) of the reflected light intensity IR in the range below the phase transition temperature (T < TC). The latter is probably caused by light scattering on the ferroelectric domain walls.
Positron preferential annihilation in Bi–Sb alloys
Authors: Dryzek Jerzy
Published: September 2009

We report the measurements of the positron annihilation characteristics, i.e., positron lifetime and coincidence Doppler broadening spectra performed on five Bi–Sb alloys having a Bi content between 12.5 and 81 at.%. The strong effect of the preferential annihilation of positrons with the electrons of the Bi atoms has been revealed in these alloys.
Enhancement of ferroelectricity in nanocones
Authors: Bykov Pavel I. , Suchaneck Gunnar , Jastrabik Lubomir , Gerlach Gerald
Published: September 2009

In this work, for the very first time a calculation of the ferroelectric size effect of cone‐shaped nanoparticles (nanocones) was performed. To solve the appropriate Euler–Lagrange equations, a direct variational method was used. An approximate analytical expression for the phase transition temperature dependence on the nanocone volume was derived. We have shown that the transition temperature might be higher by up to a factor of 2.5 compared to bulk materials.
2D and 3D‐QSPR Models for the Fluorophilicity of Organic Compounds in Consideration of Chirality
Authors: Hu Gui‐Xiang , Zou Jian‐Wei , Zeng Min , Pan Shan‐Fei , Yu Qing‐Sen
Published: September 2009

Fluorous biphase system (FBS) exhibits significant prospect in synthesis and catalysis fields. With the development of FBS, the design and prediction on the fluorophilicity of compounds show major importance. QSPR models are established by using three‐dimensional structural descriptors derived from VolSurf program and two‐dimensional topological descriptors derived from Tsar program. Good results are received and the training set model has satisfactory predictive capability for the test set. MLR method is applicative for Tsar descriptors and the equation shows that more number of F atoms in the compound will result in higher fluorophilicity. PLS analysis is suitable for VolSurf descriptors. Analysis on VolSurf descriptors demonstrates that large hydrophilic regions at medium energy level are beneficial to the fluorophilicity. The capacity factor is negative correlation with the fluorophilicity, so do the best local interaction energy minimum and its distance. High hydrophobic descriptor values and large hydrogen bond acceptor regions at medium energy levels are favorable elements. High anionic regions, low POL value and high MW are advantageous to the fluorophilicity. 3D‐VolSurf descriptors (R2=0.976, Q2=0.966) are more satisfying and suitable to build the QSPR model for the fluorophilicity than other descriptors. In addition, chirality has different extent influence on the calculated result for the different chiral molecules or with the different modeling methods. Using single configuration to compute for chiral molecules will be hopeful to bring about more accurate and credible result.
MP2 and DFT study of IR spectra of TCNE‐methylsubstituted benzene complexes: Is charge transfer important?
Authors: Kysel Ondrej , Budzák Šimon , Mach Pavel , Medved̆ Miroslav
Published: September 2009

The second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT; B3LYP, B3LYP‐D) approaches show that the CN (and also CC) stretching IR vibrations are relatively small but reproducibly shifted to lower frequencies in a series of methylbenzenes‐tetracyanoethylene (NMB‐TCNE, N = mono‐, di‐, … , hexa‐) complexes with increasing number of methyl groups (N). These CN stretching IR frequency shifts, ranging from 8 to 12 cm−1, are linearly dependent on number N but still 2‐4 times greater than recently published experimental data [Stires et al., Chem Commun, 2005, 28, 3532; Pawlukojc et al., Chem Phys, 2006, 327, 311]. An explanation of the shifts toward lower frequencies is in literature [Stires et al., Chem Commun, 2005, 28, 3532; Pawlukojc et al., Chem Phys, 2006, 327, 311] usually attributed to the magnitude of transferred electron charge ΔQ from a donor molecule to TCNE (mainly to its π LUMO [lowest unoccupied molecular orbital]). The LUMO has antibonding character on CN and CC bonds, and thus the respective CN and CC bond orders are, due to partial occupation in the complex, decreased. However, the difference by a factor of 2‐4 between our MP2 (and also B3LYP) calculations and experiment is probably also due to the effect of environment, i.e., intermolecular forces between complex and solvent molecules or crystal lattice. The calculated interplanar distance R, dipole moment μ, and transferred charge ΔQ are approximately linearly dependent on number of methyl groups N. However, between N = 2 and 3, the abrupt changes in the dependencies were observed. This is caused by the change of mutual (perpendicular) orientations between respective methyl benzenes and TCNE in the complexes as a consequence of preferred interaction between one of two degenerated or near degenerated π highest occupied molecular orbitals (being orthogonal) on NMB with π LUMO located mainly on TCNE. This fact is important for many properties (especially for electron excited states) of these complexes. A strong dependence of polarizability, namely of its αzz part, of the benzene‐TCNE (Be‐TCNE) complex on soft vibrations was found. The vibrational contribution to αzz value is almost as large as the electronic αzz contribution. Finally, MP2 and B3LYP studies indicate that inclusion of anharmonicity has small, if any, effect on calculated vibrational frequencies of Be‐TCNE. This theoretical finding is quite important especially because it holds also for soft vibrational modes, which are always present at weak intermolecular complexes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Linking geomorphic changes to salmonid habitat at a scale relevant to fish
Authors: Wheaton Joseph M. , Brasington James , Darby Stephen E. , Merz Joseph , Pasternack Gregory B. , Sear David , Vericat Damiá
Published: September 2009

The influence of geomorphic change on ecohydraulics has traditionally been difficult to quantify. With recent improvements in surveying technology, high‐resolution, repeat and topographic surveys have become a common tool for estimating fluvial sediment budgets and documenting spatial patterns of net erosion and net deposition. Using a case study from a spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) project on California's Mokelumne River, some new DEM‐differencing analytical tools and ecohydraulic models were used to test whether hypotheses about pool‐riffle maintenance mechanisms used in designing SHR projects were producing self‐sustaining spawning habitat when subjected to competent flows. Following peak flows associated with the spring snow‐melt, a total of 999.6 m3 of erosion and 810.1 m3 of deposition were recorded throughout the study area, with a net loss of 196.2 m3. Using an ecohydraulic spawning habitat suitability model to segregate the sediment budget, over 53% of the area in which gravel was placed in a 2005 SHR retained the same habitat quality characteristics, and 22% improved. The response to the flood was generically characterized by shallow deposition associated with areas of divergent flow over riffles and scour associated with areas of convergent flow in pools. Areas where habitat remained stable generally experienced only low‐magnitude elevation changes, and accounted for only 19.5% of the total volumetric change. Areas where habitat quality degraded (primarily pool exit slopes) were dominated by larger magnitude erosion and made up 46% of the total volumetric change. By contrast, areas where habitat quality improved (primarily constructed riffle) accounted for 34.5% the total volumetric change, and were dominated by shallow, low magnitude deposition. The results support hypotheses about pool‐riffle maintenance mechanisms used to design the rehabilitation projects, while also highlighting some simple but powerful techniques for linking ecohydraulic and geomorphic field monitoring data at a salmon‐relevant spatial scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the supports and constraints for scientific discussion in high school project‐based science
Authors: Alozie Nonye M. , Moje Elizabeth Birr , Krajcik Joseph S.
Published: September 2009

One goal of project‐based science is to promote the development of scientific discourse communities in classrooms. Holding rich high school scientific discussions is challenging, especially when the demands of content and norms of high school science pose challenges to their enactment. There is little research on how high school teachers enact scientific discussions using project‐based science curricula, making the kinds of necessary embedded supports unclear. To address that gap in the research literature, this study analyzed curriculum supports and embedded educative features for the enactment of science discussions in one high school project‐based science curriculum. Through a study of teacher enactment and a comparison of the curriculum discussion supports, we observed that while teachers increased their attempts to engage in inquiry‐based discussion practices where supports were offered, they relied on heavily on traditional “recitation” formats, demonstrating that existing curricular supports were not developed enough to support dialogic classroom interactions. We hypothesize about conditions that may contribute to the pervasiveness of typical discourse practices in high school science discussions. We argue for expanded curricular discussion supports for teachers and design research on developing discussions in high school project‐based science classrooms to examine how such supports are taken up, dismissed, or modified in practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:395–427, 2010
Recommending change clusters to support software investigation: an empirical study
Authors: Robillard Martin P. , Dagenais Barthélémy
Published: September 2009

During software maintenance tasks, developers often spend a valuable amount of effort investigating source code. This effort can be reduced if tools are available to help developers navigate the source code effectively. We studied to what extent developers can benefit from information contained in clusters of change sets to guide their investigation of a software system. We defined change clusters as groups of change sets that have a certain amount of elements in common. Our analysis of 4200 change sets for seven different systems and covering a cumulative time span of over 17 years of development showed that less than one in five tasks overlapped with change clusters. Furthermore, a detailed qualitative analysis of the results revealed that only 13% of the clusters associated with applicable change tasks were likely to be useful. We conclude that change clusters can only support a minority of change tasks, and should only be recommended if it is possible to do so at minimal cost to the developers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid–Base Equilibrium of Dodecyldimethyl‐Amine‐N‐Oxide Micelles in Water–Butanol Binary at 298 K
Authors: Bouguerra Sabah , Letellier Pierre , Turmine Mireille
Published: September 2009

Dodecyldimethyl‐amine‐N‐oxide (DDAO) is a zwitterionic surfactant that can be protonated in water to form DDAOH+ if the pH of the medium is appropriate. We proposed, in a previous study, an experimental approach to determine directly the ratio of ionization of the surfactant in the micelle and in the bulk, at a given acidity level, without the need of a presupposed model of protonic exchange. We also showed that the relations of Thermodynamics impose a relationship between the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the level of protonation of DDAO in the micelle and in the bulk. In order to appreciate the general nature of our approach, we have now modified the protonic exchange equilibrium between DDAO and DDAOH+ by introducing butanol into the solution. We studied three mixed media (2, 4 and 6% alcohol by volume). For all these mixtures, we validated our experimental and theoretical approaches. Moreover, for all the hydroalcoholic mixtures considered and all pH values, the presence of butanol stabilizes the micelle leading to a decrease of the cmc. Similar to pure water (Lair et al. in Langmuir, 20:8490–8495, 2004), we showed that, in these media, the protonic exchange equilibrium between DDAOH+ and DDAO in their micellized forms cannot be characterized by an unique equilibrium constant independent of the pH. However, as the butanol content of the medium increases, the variations in apparent pK with pH decrease, indicating that the behaviour of the acid–base pair in the micelle is classical and corresponds to a stoichiometric proton exchange.
Influence of Ultrasonic Waves on the Processing of Cotton with Cationic Softener
Authors: Parvinzadeh Mazeyar , Memari Naser , Shaver Mohammad , Katozian Bashir , Ahmadi Saeed , Ziadi Issa
Published: September 2009

In recent years, the textile industry has been forced to develop new technologies to reduce energy and water consumption. The use of ultrasound in textile wet processing is one solution to this problem. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of ultrasonic energy on the processing of cotton with a cationic softener. For this purpose, cotton fabric was treated with a fatty acid amide derivative cationic softener in water using ultrasonic energy during treatment. The physical properties of the fabrics treated under different conditions are discussed. The results show that the treatment of fabrics with softeners in an ultrasound bath is more effective compared to conventional methods and that it enhances the physical properties of the cotton.
High Oleic and Low Trans Fatty Acid Formation by an Electrochemical Process
Authors: Xiao Haiyi , Kim Hyun Jung , Min David B. , Lalvani Shashi B.
Published: September 2009

Electrochemical hydrogenation employing a mediator of formate/formic acid resulted in partial hydrogenation of vegetable and soybean oil at 20–40 °C and ambient pressure when palladium supported on alumina was employed as a catalyst. An oleic acid content of 48% with a corresponding iodine value of 81 for the vegetable oil hydrogenated at 20 °C was obtained. The total trans fatty acid content and especially the 18:1 trans fatty acid were found to increase with the reaction temperature and time. Nonetheless, relatively low total trans and 18:1 trans fatty acid (7 and 3.8%, respectively) contents were found when the vegetable oil was partially hydrogenated to achieve an iodine value of 112.
Changing Practice to Stented Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): A 2 Year Experience
Authors: El-Mokadem Ismail , Shaw Matthew , Page Toby , Marsh Ralph , Menezes Pravin , English Peter J. , Johnson Prakash
Published: September 2009

Introduction:

Stented PCNL is an increasingly practiced technique in which PCNL is performed without leaving a post-operative nephrostomy tube. We present our results from one of the biggest UK series to assess the impact of this technique on the safety, efficacy, length of hospital stay and analgesic requirement, to guide our future practice in terms of patient selection.

Patients and methods:

Case notes of 56 stented PCNLs between October 2005 and 2007 were reviewed retrospectively and compared to a similar group of 50 conventional PCNLs (only a nephrostomy post-operatively) in terms of co-morbidities (ASA grade), stone burden, intra-operative details, complications, length of stay (LOS) and analgesic requirement. The stented technique was employed in complex stones and in anatomical abnormalities (e.g. horseshoe, solitary, and duplex systems). The use of a stent rather than a nephrostomy was decided at the time of surgery when satisfactory haemostasis and stone clearance were achieved at the end of the procedure.

Results:

Co-morbidities, anatomical abnormalities, stone burden, operative time, number of punctures, access and infection rates were comparable. The stented technique was employed in complex stones (staghorn n = 13, multiple stones n = 11) and in patients with anatomical abnormalities ( n = 9). Overall stone free rate was 92.8% and 82% for the stented and the conventional groups, respectively. No haemorrhage or ureteric obstruction was reported in the stented group. All stent removals were uneventful. Mean LOS and analgesic requirement of diclofenac were markedly less in stented group. The number of stented procedures tripled from year 1 ( n = 14) to year 2 ( n = 42). Mean LOS dropped steadily from 68.6h in the first 6 months ( n = 5) to 47.4h in the last 6 months ( n = 22) with increased experience. Twenty-four patients (42%) were fit for discharge within 35h.

Conclusion:

In our experience, the stented technique was well tolerated and has reduced the length of hospital stay with no evidence of loss of efficacy or increased morbidity even in complex stones or patients with anatomical abnormalities.
Silicon enhances natural enemy attraction and biological control through induced plant defences
Authors: Kvedaras O.L. , An M. , Choi Y.S. , Gurr G.M.
Published: September 2009

Silicon (Si) is known to have a role in constitutive plant defence against arthropod pests, and recent work has illustrated involvement in induced plant defences. The present tri-trophic study tested the hypothesis that Si increases natural enemy attraction to pest-infested plants and improves biological control. Cucumber plants treated with potassium silicate (Si+) and untreated control plants (Si−) were maintained in separately vented glasshouse compartments. Y-tube olfactometer studies showed that adult Dicranolaius bellulus were significantly more attracted to Si+ plants upon which Helicoverpa armigera larvae had fed compared with Si−, pest-infested plants. Predators were not significantly more attracted to Si+ plants when comparing uninfested cucumbers. In a field experiment, we placed H. armigera-infested and uninfested Si+ and Si− cucumber plants in a lucerne stand. Removal rates of H. armigera egg baits showed predation was greater for Si+ infested plants than for other treatments. Results suggest that Si applied to plants with a subsequent pest infestation increases the plants' attractiveness to natural enemies; an effect that was reflected in elevated biological control in the field.
Graptolites in British stratigraphy
Authors: ZALASIEWICZ J. A. , TAYLOR L. , RUSHTON A. W. A. , LOYDELL D. K. , RICKARDS R. B. , WILLIAMS M.
Published: September 2009

697 taxa of planktonic graptolites are recorded, and their stratigraphical ranges are given, through 60 biozones and subzones in the Ordovician and Silurian strata of England, Wales and Scotland, in the first such stratigraphical compilation for Great Britain since the synthesis of Elles & Wood (1901–1918).
Soviet Antarctic plans after the International Geophysical Year: changes in policy
Authors: Gan Irina
Published: September 2009

The final months of the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958 were a period when the political and scientific future of the Antarctic was being shaped, with many of the participating countries reassessing their policies regarding the South Polar region. This paper explores the thinking of both political and scientific figures in the USSR that helped mould Soviet Antarctic policy during this time and demonstrates that the two perspectives did not necessarily coincide. The political perspective is exemplified by the deputy chairman of the USSR council of ministers and member of the central committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Aleksei Kosygin, and the scientific perspective by the deputy director of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Mikhail Somov. The fact that there was interplay between both viewpoints when planning the Soviet post IGY Antarctic programmes shows that political considerations did not always prevail over the scientific, with national prestige being an area in which their interests overlapped. Ultimately, Somov was instrumental in reducing to some extent the effects of the Soviet government's attempts to curtail Soviet Antarctic research operations when it was reassessing its policy in the light of new international initiatives regarding future collaboration in the Antarctic.
Resilience as process
Authors: Egeland Byron , Carlson Elizabeth , Sroufe L. Alan
Published: September 2009

Resilience, the development of competence despite severe or pervasive adversity, is examined using data from a longitudinal study of high-risk children and families. The study is guided by an organizationaldevelopmental perspective. Resilience is conceived not as a childhood given, but as a capacity that develops over time in the context of person-environment interactions. Factors related to resilience in our study are examined in terms of this transactional process. From our studies, we have found emotionally responsive caregiving to mediate the effects of high-risk environments and to promote positive change for children who have experienced poverty, family stress, and maltreatment. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Postpartum depression and child development: An investigation of mothers and fathers as sources of risk and resilience
Authors: Carro Michelle G. , Grant Kathryn E. , Gotlib Ian H. , Compas Bruce E.
Published: September 2009

We examined maternal and paternal characteristics at 1 month postpartum as risk and protective factors for children's internalizing and externalizing problems at 2–3 years of age. In a sample of 70 couples and their children, fathers' depressive symptoms at 1 month postpartum predicted children's internalizing and externalizing problems at 2–3 years of age, and the interaction of fathers' and mothers' depressive symptoms predicted subsequent internalizing problems. Mothers' postpartum symptoms did not predict either type of children's behavior problems at age 2–3. When entered in the regression equations, mothers' depressive symptoms when the children were age 2–3 years accounted for all of the effects of paternal and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms. No evidence was found for the protective effects of marital satisfaction or social support, or for low levels of depressive symptoms in a spouse. We highlight directions for future risk and resilience research related to parental postpartum depression.
Resilience and vulnerability in children of multiple-risk families
Authors: Radke-Yarrow Marian , Brown Earnestine
Published: September 2009

Under high-risk conditions of genetic and family environmental origins, some children maintain a high level of adaptive behavior, whereas others develop serious problems. What distinguishes these children? Using measures systematically obtained in a 10-year longitudinal study, standard case studies were developed on 18 resilient children with healthy adaptation throughout development (psychiatric assessment) and on 26 troubled children with serious persistent problems. All children had family risks of affective illness in both parents and a highly chaotic and disturbed family life. Well children of well parents and well-functioning families were a comparison group. The children were preadolescent or adolescent at the time of most recent assessment. The ill and well families had similar demographic characteristics. Resilient and control children were very similar on most measures. Troubled children as a group had lower scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised, were more often shy, had poor academic achievement, and had a history of poor peer relationships. Resilient children elicited more positive reactions from teachers, were more likely to be the favored child in the family, and had more positive self-perceptions. Profiles of each child showed competing processes of vulnerability and coping. Children used a wide range of methods for coping with parental and family pathology. Resilience appeared variably robust or fragile depending on the combinations of risks and supportive factors present and the styles of coping with stress.
Violent communities, family choices, and children's chances: An algorithm for improving the odds
Authors: Richters John E. , Martinez Pedro E.
Published: September 2009

Data are presented concerning the early predictors of adaptational success and failure among 72 children attending their 1st years of elementary school in a violent Washington, D.C., neighborhood. Adaptational failures were defined as those children who were doing poorly or failing in schoolandrated by their parents as suffering clinically significant levels of behavior problems. Adaptational successes were defined as children whose performance as students was rated in the average to excellent range and whose parent-rated levels of behavior problems were within the normal range. Despite the fact that these children were being raised in violent neighborhoods, had been exposed to relatively high levels of violence in the community, and were experiencing associated distress symptoms, community violence exposure levels were not predictive of adaptational failure or success. Instead, adaptational status was systematically related to characteristics of the children's homes. More specifically, the children's chances of adaptational failure rose dramatically as a function of living in unstable and/or unsafe homes. Moreover, it wasnotthe mere accumulation of environmental adversities that gave rise to adaptational failure in these children. Rather, it was only when such adversities contaminated or eroded the stability and/or safety levels of the children's homes that the odds of their adaptational failure increased. We argue that this erosion of the quality of the child's microsystem (i.e., family) by adversities and pressures in the exosystem (i.e., community) is not an inevitable process. Although not yet well understood, it is a process over which families have and must exercise control. The implications of these data for improving children's chances of physical, psychological, and academic survival in violent neighborhoods are considered.
Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. , Lynch Michael , Holt Kathleen D.
Published: September 2009

Evidence for resilience, competent functioning despite severe adversity, was investigated in school-age, disadvantaged maltreated (N= 127) and nonmaltreated (N= 79) children attending a summer camp program. Multiple areas of adaptation (social adjustment, risk for school difficulty, psychopathology) were assessed from self, peer, and camp counselor perspectives and school records. A composite index of adaptive functioning was developed, and levels of competence were delineated. Personality dimensions and personal resources, including cognitive maturity, self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and ego-control, were evaluated as mechanisms promoting individual differences in successful adaptation. Maltreated children as a group evidenced lower overall competence when compared to nonmaltreated children. An equal proportion of maltreated and nonmaltreated children, however, demonstrated high levels of competence, whereas more maltreated children than nonmaltreated children evidenced low levels of competence. Ego-resiliency, ego-control, and self-esteem were each found to predict individual differences in competent functioning. Evidence for the differential role of ego-control in promoting competence for maltreated versus nonmaltreated children was found. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms contributing to resilient outcomes in maltreated children and the implications of the study of resilience for the field of developmental psychopathology.
The role of children's future expectations in self-system functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children
Authors: Wyman Peter A. , Cowen Emory L. , Work William C. , Kerley Judy H.
Published: September 2009

Study I examined relationships between an interview measure of children's future expectations and variables reflecting self-system functioning with 136 9–11-year-old urban children exposed to high psychosocial stress. As expected, future expectations related to affect regulation, self-representations, and school adjustment. Study II, done with a subsample of the original group, showed that early positive future expectations predicted enhanced socioemotional adjustment in school and a more internal locus of control 2½–3½ years later and acted as a protective factor in reducing the negative effects of high stress on self-rated competence. These findings: (a) are consistent with prior data showing positive expectations to be characteristic of resilient children; (b) suggest that early positive future expectations influence later adjustment; and (c) underscore the role children have in actively structuring their environments and, thus, influencing their development. The heuristic value of the construct of self for future studies of resilience is suggested, and implications for preventive interventions are considered.
The double edge of protective and risk factors for delinquency: Interrelations and developmental patterns
Authors: Stouthamer-Loeber Magda , Loeber Rolf , Farrington David P. , Zhang Quanwu , van Kammen Welmoet , Maguin Eugene
Published: September 2009

Protective and risk factors were examined in three samples, each of about 500 boys. Cross-sectional analyses examined a large number of independent variables for their potential protective and risk effects on different levels of seriousness of boys' delinquency. The results showed that protective and risk effects often co-occurred in the same variables, that few variables had risk effects only, and none had protective effects oniy. Protective effects were as likely to promote nondelinquency as to suppress serious delinquency, whereas risk effects were as likely to suppress nondelinquency as to promote serious delinquency. Certain variables were mostly associated with distinctions between nondelinquency and minor delinquency, other variables were related to the distinction between minor delinquency and serious delinquency, and a third group of variables was associated with both distinctions. Developmental analyses indicated that the magnitude of protective and risk effects increased with age. Implications of the findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents
Authors: Luthar Suniya S. , Doernberger Carol H. , Zigler Edward
Published: September 2009

The maintenance of high social competence despite stress was examined in a 6-month prospective study of 138 inner-city ninth-grade students. The purpose was to provide a replication and extension of findings derived from previous cross-sectional research involving a comparable sample of children. Specifically, goals were to examine the extent to which high-stress children with superior functioning on one or more aspects of school-based social competence could evade significant difficulties in (a) other spheres of competence at school and (b) emotional adjustment. Measurements of stress were based on uncontrollable negative life events. Competence was assessed via behavioral indices including school grades, teacher ratings, and peer ratings, and emotional distress was measured via self-reports. Results indicated that high-stress children who showed impressive behavioral competence were highly vulnerable to emotional distress over time. Furthermore, almost 85% of the high-stress children who seemed resilient based on at least one domain of social competence at Time 1 had significant difficulties in one or more domains examined when assessed at both Time 1 and Time 2. Findings are discussed in terms of conceptual and empirical issues in resilience research.
Contextual risk and resiliency during late adolescence
Authors: Baldwin Alfred L. , Baldwin Clara P. , Kasser Timothy , Zax Melvin , Sameroff Arnold , Seifer Ronald
Published: September 2009

The factors contributing to the mental health of a sample of 18-year-olds were analyzed in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The contribution of proximal variables such as parenting behavior, intermediate variables such as other family factors, and the more distal variables such as social class and minority status were all highly significant. Child variables were also found to make significant contributions to understanding mental health. When the sample was divided into three subsamples, white advantaged, white disadvantaged, and African American (almost entirely disadvantaged), the mental health of the African American sample was higher than that of the white disadvantaged sample. The regression coefficients fit to the whole sample underestimated the mental health of the African Americans and overestimated the health of the white disadvantaged. The parenting of the African American sample was less approving and more critical and more controlling than that of the other two samples. To investigate the correlates of resilience, pairs of subjects were contrasted who had the same mental health but differed in whether they exceeded or were less than the mental health predicted for them. None of the variables in the study differentiated significantly between the two groups.
Partners, peers, and pathways: Assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder
Authors: Quinton David , Pickles Andrew , Maughan Barbara , Rutter Michael
Published: September 2009

The role of assortative pairing for conduct problems in the continuity of such problems with pervasive social maladaptation in early adulthood was examined in a general population inner-city sample and a high-risk group (young people raised in children's homes). Previous findings showing a switch out of conduct disorder for those in the high-risk group who had supportive cohabiting relationships in early adulthood were replicated in the general population sample, using a latent class analysis. Conduct-disordered individuals, however, were much less likely to attain supportive relationships. The reasons for this lay in a chain of environmental linkages through which conduct-disordered individuals paired assortatively with those who provided less support. This process involved unsatisfactory parenting environments, a lack of planful competence, and the membership of a deviant peer group. Protection afforded by a stable family life, a nondeviant peer group, and planful behavior reduced the risks of assortative pairing. The linking processes appeared to be the same for the general population and the high-risk samples, although having been in the children's homes related to an increased risk of a lack of support, even when the linking processes were taken into account.
Yemen, Aden and Ethiopia: Jewish Emigration and Italian Colonialism
Authors: KLORMAN BAT-ZION ERAQI
Published: September 2009

After Aden came under British rule (1839) its Jewish community was reinforced by Jewish immigrants from inland Yemen and also from other Middle Eastern countries. Some of the Adeni Jews, most of them British subjects, entered the Indian-British commercial network and expanded it to East Africa, mainly to Ethiopia, founding commercial strongholds there. From the late nineteenth century, Jews coming from Yemen joined the existing Adeni settlements.

This paper compares the reasons for the emigration to Ethiopia of Adeni Jews and Yemeni Jews, and their economic and social status under Italian colonial regime (established in Eritrea in the 1880s). It discusses relations between these Jews, which it argues, were determined by the position of each group in the colonial hierarchy, and by the necessity of sustaining religious-communal life. Thus, in spite of their shared Yemeni origin and attendance at the same communal institutions, ethnicity and religion proved weaker than social and economic considerations, and the two groups cultivated a separate identity.
The Tributary System in China's Historical Imagination: China and Hunza, ca. 1760–1960
Authors: LIN HSIAO-TING
Published: September 2009

This article examines over 200 years (1761–1963) of China's relations with the Central Asian tribal state of Hunza. Employing a territorial genealogical approach, this research explores how Hunza, not initially recognised during the high Qing as an inner dependency or vassal, was gradually re-conceptualised by the Qing court as a historical tributary protectorate, and then in the Republican and Nationalist eras became known as a ‘lost territory’ ripe for restoration. It will also argue that the tributary system is not a dynastic legacy that ceased to function after 1911; but rather, it was an instrument of political expediency that continued to be used in the post-imperial era. In a sense, this research offers a new thinking about the ‘tribute system’ which might really be a nineteenth and twentieth century reinterpretation of an older form of symbolically asymmetric interstate relations (common in one form or another throughout many parts of Asia); this reinterpretation was strongly informed by English-language terminology and formulations, including ‘suzerainty’ and the mistranslation of ‘gong’ as ‘tribute’ itself, and both Britain and China manipulated the terminology and claimed to further their respective territorial, diplomatic and strategic interests.
Soziale Partizipation und berufliche Integration als Ziel kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Rehabilitation
Authors: Voll Renate
Published: September 2009

Zur Vermeidung drohender sozialer Desintegration ist es für Kinder und Jugendliche mit chronischen psychischen Störungen wichtig, frühzeitig soziale Partizipation zu diagnostizieren und Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen einzuleiten. Rehabilitationsbedürftigkeit, Rehabilitationsfähigkeit und Rehabilitationsprognose sind wichtig für die Erarbeitung der individuellen Rehabilitationsziele. Eine multiaxiale Diagnostik nach der ICF mit Bestimmung von Anpassungsleistung, Verhaltensanalyse, Fähigkeiten, Aktivität und Partizipation ist notwendig. Zur Diagnostik sozialer Partizipation gibt es nur wenige geeignete ICF-Checklisten für behinderte Kinder. Es wurde daher die ICF-Checkliste CASP zur Erfassung der sozialen Partizipation nach Bedell übersetzt, sie ist im Anhang abgedruckt. Die graphische Dokumentation zur ICF-CY wird dargestellt.
Die Erfassung von Merkmalen von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) anhand von Lehrerurteilen
Authors: Breuer Dieter , Wolff Metternich Tanja , Döpfner Manfred
Published: September 2009

Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen-Hyperkinetische Störungen (FBB-HKS) aus dem Diagnostik-System für Psychische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (DISYPS-KJ) in Lehrerform validiert werden. Untersucht werden die faktorielle, konvergente, divergente und differenzielle Validität, sowie die Reliabilität des Verfahrens mittels Prüfung der internen Konsistenzen und der Wiederholungszuverlässigkeiten. Methodik: Der Fragebogen besteht aus 20 vierfach gestuften Symptom-Items, welche die 18 Symptom-Kriterien nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV abbilden. Zur Verfügung stehen die erhobenen Daten aus einer Schule für Kinder mit Verhaltensauffälligkeiten/Lernstörungen (Studie 1: n = 50), einer Inanspruchnahmestichprobe einer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Ambulanz (Studie 2: n = 78) und einer multizentrischen Studie zur Wirksamkeitsüberprüfung eines lang wirksamen Methylphenidatpräparates (Studie 3: n = 79). Ergebnisse: Die explorativen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen bestätigen sowohl eine dreifaktorielle Struktur mit Hyperaktivität, Impulsivität und Unaufmerksamkeit als voneinander abgrenzbare Faktoren, als auch eine zweifaktorielle Struktur (Hyperaktivität-Impulsivität und Unaufmerksamkeit). Interne Konsistenzen und Wiederholungszuverlässigkeiten sind ebenfalls zufrieden stellend bis sehr gut. Die konvergente-, divergente und differenzielle Validität lässt sich bestätigen. Somit eignet sich der Fragebogen für die Erfassung von ADHS-Symptomen im Unterricht.
Traumatische Dissektion extra- und intraduraler Arterien
Authors: Seule  , Gautschi  , Fournier  , Hildebrandt
Published: September 2009

Die Ursache ischämischer Hirninfarkte bei jungen Patienten (<45 Jahre) ist häufig eine Dissektion extra- und intraduraler Arterien. Bei entsprechender kraniozervikaler Verletzung und Klinik (Karotidynie, ipsilateraler Kopfschmerz, partielles Horner-Syndrom, Hirnnervenausfälle) ist die arterielle Dissektion differentialdiagnostisch zu beachten. Entscheidend für die Diagnosesicherung ist der Nachweis des intramuralen Hämatoms und der Gefässwandveränderung (Stenose, Pseudoaneurysma) in der CT/CTA- (Akutphase) oder MRT/MRA-Untersuchung (Subakutphase). Patienten mit einer arteriellen Dissektion müssen auf einer entsprechenden Intensivstation neurologisch und hämodynamisch überwacht werden. Die Therapie erfolgt mittels Antikoagulation oder Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung. Wir stellen zwei Fälle mit Dissektion extra- und intraduraler Arterien und verzögertem Hirninfarkt nach Verkehrsunfall vor. Wichtig ist die Einleitung einer raschen Primärdiagnostik, um persistierende neurologische Defizite zu vermeiden.
Multiresolution analysis of the temporal variance and correlation of transmittance and reflectance of an atmospheric column
Authors: Deneke H. M. , Knap W. H. , Simmer C.
Published: September 2009

Collocated time series of narrowband 0.6μm atmospheric flux transmittance at the surface and bidirectional reflectance at the top of atmosphere are decomposed into distinct frequency bands, so as to investigate the timescale dependences of their variance and correlation. Toward this goal, a multiresolution analysis based on the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform and the Haar wavelet is applied to 5‐minute resolution measurements from two multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers operated at Cabauw, NL, and Heselbach, DE, and to observations of the geostationary METEOSAT8 SEVIRI satellite imager. Both time series are best correlated when the satellite data are shifted by about 1 pixel (6 km) to the North, which is likely attributable to the parallax effect caused by the height of cloud tops and the oblique satellite viewing angle. While variations in transmittance and reflectance with periods longer than an hour are found to be highly anticorrelated, the correlation breaks down for shorter periods. Below 1 hour, the transmittance time series also exhibits significantly higher variance than the reflectance. The larger extent of the satellite pixel (6 × 3 km2) versus the point nature of the ground measurements is proposed as an explanation. Due to the small contributions of high‐frequency variability to the total variance of the reflectance, aliasing effects caused by the 5‐minute repeat cycle of SEVIRI are expected to be small. Implications of our findings are discussed for the validation of satellite estimates of solar surface irradiance. Averaging of surface measurements over at least 40 minutes is recommended for a comparison.
Improving the global precipitation record: GPCP Version 2.1
Authors: Huffman George J. , Adler Robert F. , Bolvin David T. , Gu Guojun
Published: September 2009

The GPCP has developed Version 2.1 of its long‐term (1979–present) global Satellite‐Gauge (SG) data sets to take advantage of the improved GPCC gauge analysis, which is one key input. As well, the OPI estimates used in the pre‐SSM/I era have been rescaled to 20 years of the SSM/I‐era SG. The monthly, pentad, and daily GPCP products have been entirely reprocessed, continuing to require that the submonthly estimates sum to the monthly. Version 2.1 is close to Version 2, with the global ocean, land, and total values about 0%, 6%, and 2% higher, respectively. The revised long‐term global precipitation rate is 2.68 mm/d. The corresponding tropical (25°N‐S) increases are 0%, 7%, and 3%. Long‐term linear changes in the data tend to be smaller in Version 2.1, but the statistics are sensitive to the threshold for land/ocean separation and use of the pre‐SSM/I part of the record.
The Trend of Wildlife Habitat Isolation due to the Development on Adjacent Areas of the Jirisan National Park in Korea
Authors: Lim Sunghyun , Park Chonghwa
Published: September 2009

Background/Objectives/Methods

Jirisan national park (IUCN status 2) is the first national park (1967) and the biggest national park (472km^2^) in Korea. In the first trial on the species restoration, since 2004, Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) reintroduced from North Korea and Russia have been conserved in the park. Development activities around the Jirisan national park (JNP) have been isolating the habitat for many wildlife species. The objectives of this study are to identify the trend of wildlife habitat isolation caused by the development activities in areas adjacent to the JNP, analyze the trend of habitat fragmentation by using selected fragmentation indices and discuss landscape ecological implications of habitat fragmentation around the JNP. We use satellite data to estimate the extent of forest habitat and loss for the period 1991-2007 within the park and in a 5km peripheral buffer. The temporal trends of habitat fragmentation of five counties in the study area were analyzed and compared using selected fragmentation indices of FRAGSTATS. The implications of the loss of forest within JNP and adjacent buffer were discussed through the calculation of the species richness capacity (SRC). Results/ConclusionThe percentages of forest lost during the 1991-2007 inside of and adjacent buffer of the JNP were 4.8% and 0.2%, respectively. The degree of fragmentation of remnant forest habitats has also drastically increased. The number of forest patches has increased and the patch size and core area have decreased . This is mainly due to the road construction and second-home construction from 1991 to 2007 for all counties. The potential capacity to conserve species richness of the JNP has been decreasing in recent years due to the development activities such as road and 2nd home construction in areas adjacent to the JNP. Core areas used by the reintroduced Asiatic Black Bears have also been negatively effected. Wise control of development activities in the peripheral buffer of the JNP is essential to the biodiversity conservation and the future expansion of bear habitat to the national backbone ecological corridor, or Baekdudaegan.