bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Happy to have been of service’: The Yale archive as a window into the engaged followership of participants in Milgram's ‘obedience’ experiments
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Reicher Stephen D. , Millard Kathryn , McDonald Rachel
Published: September 2014

This study examines the reactions of participants in Milgram's ‘Obedience to Authority’ studies to reorient both theoretical and ethical debate. Previous discussion of these reactions has focused on whether or not participants were distressed. We provide evidence that the most salient feature of participants’ responses – and the feature most needing explanation – is not their lack of distress but their happiness at having participated. Drawing on material in Box 44 of Yale's Milgram archive we argue that this was a product of the experimenter's ability to convince participants that they were contributing to a progressive enterprise. Such evidence accords with an engaged followership model in which (1) willingness to perform unpleasant tasks is contingent upon identification with collective goals and (2) leaders cultivate identification with those goals by making them seem virtuous rather than vicious and thereby ameliorating the stress that achieving them entails. This analysis is inconsistent with Milgram's own agentic state model. Moreover, it suggests that the major ethical problem with his studies lies less in the stress that they generated for participants than in the ideologies that were promoted to ameliorate stress and justify harming others.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and the risk for colorectal cancer
Authors: Sopik V. , Phelan C. , Cybulski C. , Narod S.A.
Published: September 2014

Women who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are at high risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and may be at moderately increased risk of other cancer types. This review examines studies to date that have evaluated the risk of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations for colorectal cancer. Accurate knowledge of colorectal cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers is important, because colonoscopy screening can prevent colorectal cancer through the removal of adenomatous polyps. Most studies that have identified an increased risk for colorectal cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers were in high‐risk cancer families, while studies that found no association were conducted in specific populations and involved the analysis of founder mutations. A recent prospective study of 7015 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation identified significant fivefold increased risk of colorectal cancer among BRCA1 mutation carriers younger than 50 years [standardized incidence ratio (SIR): 4.8; 95% CI: 2.2–9], but not in women with a BRCA2 mutation or in older women. Based on this evidence, women with BRCA1 mutations should be counseled about their increased risk for early‐onset colorectal cancer, and offered colonoscopy at 3‐ to 5‐year intervals between the ages of 40 and 50 years, and should follow population guidelines thereafter.
Cementing an Implant Crown: A Novel Measurement System Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach
Authors: Wadhwani Chandur , Goodwin Sabine , Chung Kwok‐Hung
Published: September 2014

Background

Cementing restorations to implants is a widely used clinical procedure. Little is known about the dynamics of this process. Using a systems approach and advanced computing software modeling this can be investigated virtually. These models require validation against real‐life models.

Purpose

The study aims to consider the system effect of a crown, abutment, and cement flow under different conditions and comparing real physical models to virtual computer simulations.

Materials and Methods

A physical model of implant abutments and crowns provided three groups according to abutment screw access modification (n = 9): open (OA), closed (CA), and internal vented (IVA) abutment groups. Crowns were cemented using standardized amounts and site application. Proportion of cement retained within the crown–abutment system was recorded and compared. Differences among groups were identified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test (α ≤ 0.05). Three‐dimensional multiphysics numerical stimulation software (STAR‐CCM+, CD‐adapco) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was applied to a virtual model system of a scanned abutment and crown system. Three‐dimensional real‐time model simulations of cement and air displacement were produced, evaluating cement application site, speed of crown seating, and abutment modifications.

Results

Statistically significant differences in cement retained within the system (p < 0.01) were found among the IVA > OA > OCA abutment groups. The CFD virtual simulations followed this trend. Site application and speed of seating also affected cement extrusion and cement marginal infill. Fast crown seating and occlusal cement site application produced air incorporation at the margins.

Conclusions

The CFD approach provides a convenient way to evaluate crown–cement–implant abutment systems with respect to cement flow. Preliminary evaluation indicates that the results achieved follow those of a physical actual cement‐retained crown–implant abutment study.
Correlation and persistence of hunting and logging impacts on tropical rainforest mammals
Authors: Brodie Jedediah F. , Giordano Anthony J. , Zipkin Elise F. , Bernard Henry , Mohd‐Azlan Jayasilan , Ambu Laurentius
Published: September 2014

Humans influence tropical rainforest animals directly via exploitation and indirectly via habitat disturbance. Bushmeat hunting and logging occur extensively in tropical forests and have large effects on particular species. But how they alter animal diversity across landscape scales and whether their impacts are correlated across species remain less known. We used spatially widespread measurements of mammal occurrence across Malaysian Borneo and recently developed multispecies hierarchical models to assess the species richness of medium‐ to large‐bodied terrestrial mammals while accounting for imperfect detection of all species. Hunting was associated with 31% lower species richness. Moreover, hunting remained high even where richness was very low, highlighting that hunting pressure persisted even in chronically overhunted areas. Newly logged sites had 11% lower species richness than unlogged sites, but sites logged >10 years previously had richness levels similar to those in old‐growth forest. Hunting was a more serious long‐term threat than logging for 91% of primate and ungulate species. Hunting and logging impacts across species were not correlated across taxa. Negative impacts of hunting were the greatest for common mammalian species, but commonness versus rarity was not related to species‐specific impacts of logging. Direct human impacts appeared highly persistent and lead to defaunation of certain areas. These impacts were particularly severe for species of ecological importance as seed dispersers and herbivores. Indirect impacts were also strong but appeared to attenuate more rapidly than previously thought. The lack of correlation between direct and indirect impacts across species highlights that multifaceted conservation strategies may be needed for mammal conservation in tropical rainforests, Earth's most biodiverse ecosystems.

Correlación y Persistencia de los Impactos de la Caza y la Tala sobre los Mamíferos de los Bosques Tropicales
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in Sweet's syndrome: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tzelepis Elias , Kampolis Christos F. , Vlachadami Ioanna , Moschovi Maria , Alamani Maria , Kaltsas Gregory
Published: September 2014

Background and Aims

Sweet's syndrome or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis is characterized by fever, leukocytosis and tender erythematous plaques, which show infiltration by mature neutrophils on histological examination. Pulmonary involvement is rare in Sweet's syndrome.

Method

We describe the case of a 17‐year‐old man with a myelodysplastic syndrome following therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma who developed Sweet's syndrome and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. In addition, we conducted a review of the related English literature.

Results

Literature review yielded six similar reports of biopsy‐proven cryptogenic organizing pneumonia associated with Sweet's syndrome. We present the clinical and laboratory characteristics, as well as the response to treatment, of all cases of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia reported in patients with Sweet's syndrome.

Conclusions

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is a rare manifestation of Sweet's syndrome, which may be complicated by respiratory failure. Prompt treatment with corticosteroids usually leads to clinical and radiographic improvement.
Establishing conversation spaces in hastily formed networks: the worst fire in modern Swedish history
Authors: Lundberg Jonas , Törnqvist Eva K. , Nadjm‐Tehrani Simin
Published: September 2014

In presenting examples from the most extensive and demanding fire in modern Swedish history, this paper describes challenges facing hastily formed networks in exceptional situations. Two concepts that have been used in the analysis of the socio‐technical systems that make up a response are conversation space and sensemaking. This paper argues that a framework designed to promote understanding of the sensemaking process must take into consideration the time and the location at which an individual is engaged in an event. In hastily formed networks, location is partly mediated through physical systems that form conversation spaces of players and their interaction practices. This paper identifies and discusses four challenges to the formation of shared conversation spaces. It is based on the case study of the 2006 Bodträskfors forest fire in Sweden and draws on the experiences of organised volunteers and firefighters who participated in a hastily formed network created to combat the fire.
Trust via disasters: the case of Chile's 2010 earthquake
Authors: Dussaillant Francisca , Guzmán Eugenio
Published: September 2014

Chile has a long‐standing history of natural disasters and, in particular, earthquakes. The latest big earthquake hit Chile on 27 February 2010 with a magnitude of 8.8 on the Richter scale. As an event that had a profound impact on significant portions of the population, the earthquake could theoretically have served to build trust by promoting new trust networks through the enhancement of distant family ties and the interaction between affected neighbours. This study offers an empirical analysis of this theory in the Chilean case. It finds that if initial social capital is very low (thus allowing for post‐disaster looting and violence), then the impact of the trust‐increasing effect is smaller. It also shows that the effect of the disaster was not transitory, but that it persisted and actually increased over time.
A critical analysis of the South African Disaster Management Act and Policy Framework
Authors: van Niekerk Dewald
Published: September 2014

The promulgation of the South African Disaster Management Act No. 57 of 2002 and the National Disaster Management Policy Framework of 2005 placed South Africa at the international forefront by integrating disaster risk reduction into all spheres of government through a decentralised approach. Yet, good policy and legislation do not necessarily translate into good practice. This paper provides a critical analysis of the Act and Policy Framework. Using qualitative research methods, it analyses the attitudes and perceptions of senior public officials on all levels of government, the private sector and academia. The study finds that one of the weakest aspects of the Act and Framework is the absence of clear guidance to local municipalities. The placement of the disaster risk management function on all tiers of government remains problematic, funding is inadequate and overall knowledge and capacities for disaster risk reduction are insufficient.
Caffeine increases light responsiveness of the mouse circadian pacemaker
Authors: van Diepen Hester C. , Lucassen Eliane A. , Yasenkov Roman , Groenen Inske , Ijzerman Adriaan P. , Meijer Johanna H. , Deboer Tom
Published: September 2014

Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive stimulant worldwide. It reduces sleep and sleepiness by blocking access to the adenosine receptor. The level of adenosine increases during sleep deprivation, and is thought to induce sleepiness and initiate sleep. Light‐induced phase shifts of the rest–activity circadian rhythms are mediated by light‐responsive neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, where the circadian clock of mammals resides. Previous studies have shown that sleep deprivation reduces circadian clock phase‐shifting capacity and decreases SCN neuronal activity. In addition, application of adenosine agonists and antagonists mimics and blocks, respectively, the effect of sleep deprivation on light‐induced phase shifts in behaviour, suggesting a role for adenosine. In the present study, we examined the role of sleep deprivation in and the effect of caffeine on light responsiveness of the SCN. We performed in vivo electrical activity recordings of the SCN in freely moving mice, and showed that the sustained response to light of SCN neuronal activity was attenuated after 6 h of sleep deprivation prior to light exposure. Subsequent intraperitoneal application of caffeine was able to restore the response to light. Finally, we performed behavioural recordings in constant conditions, and found enhanced period lengthening during chronic treatment with caffeine in drinking water in constant light conditions. The data suggest that increased homeostatic sleep pressure changes circadian pacemaker functioning by reducing SCN neuronal responsiveness to light. The electrophysiological and behavioural data together provide evidence that caffeine enhances clock sensitivity to light.
Attitudes towards implementation of surveillance‐based parasite control on Kentucky Thoroughbred farms – Current strategies, awareness and willingness‐to‐pay
Authors: Robert M. , Hu W. , Nielsen M. K. , Stowe C. J.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Traditionally, equine parasite control has relied heavily on frequent routine anthelmintic treatments applied at regular intervals all year round. However, current recommendations aim to employ a more surveillance‐based approach and it remains unknown to what extent these recommendations are being implemented on US horse farms.

Objectives

To describe equine parasite control on Kentucky Thoroughbred farms and evaluate respondents' willingness to pay for various attributes of surveillance‐based parasite control strategies.

Study design

Questionnaire survey performed among the membership of the Kentucky Thoroughbred Farm Managers' Club.

Methods

The survey collected demographic data and information about current parasite control strategies. Further, respondents were asked to choose between hypothetical parasite control strategies described with a combination of different attributes: costs, time and effort needed, hypothetical disease‐risk levels and hypothetical risks of anthelmintic resistance. Data were analysed with multivariable logistic analysis.

Results

About 26% responded to the survey (n = 112). Most respondents were concerned about anthelmintic resistance and incorporated veterinary advice in defining their deworming programme. However, almost 70% were following a traditional rotational deworming programme with little or no faecal surveillance. Respondents were willing to pay a premium for a product for which there is no known anthelmintic resistance and provided the highest possible decrease in health risks. The number of young horses on the farm, utilisation of veterinarian advice in developing a deworming programme, expressed concern about drug resistance in parasites and having documented drug resistance on the farm all associated significantly with the type of parasite control programme used.

Conclusions

Traditional approaches for equine parasite control are still widely used in the Kentucky Thoroughbred industry. The data suggest that respondents were only willing to make these changes if they could be given assurance that the surveillance‐based approach would prevent anthelmintic resistance and decrease health risks significantly for the horses.
Immune potential of allogeneic equine induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Aguiar C. , Theoret C. , Smith O. , Segura M. , Lemire P. , Smith L. C.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have brought immense hope to cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. However, the antigenicity of iPSC has not been well documented and remains a hurdle for clinical applications. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by human and murine iPSC is downregulated, making these cells potentially safe for transplantation. No such data are available for any large animal model.

Objectives

To measure expression of MHC molecules on equine iPSC (eiPSC) and describe their antigenicity using intradermal testing. The hypothesis was that allogeneic eiPSC weakly express MHC molecules and would not elicit a rejection response when injected intradermally.

Study design

Experimental study involving both in vitro and in vivo components.

Methods

Two green fluorescent protein‐expressing eiPSC lines were analysed by flow cytometry for MHC expression. One line was then transplanted intradermally, along with appropriate controls, into 2 unrelated experimental horses. Blood was collected pre‐ and 7 days post transplantation. The wheals formed at the sites of injection were measured at regular intervals beginning at 0.25 h until 4 weeks. Tissue samples of the injected sites were obtained at 2, 3, 7 and 30 days post transplantation and analysed by histopathology and immunofluorescence.

Results

Both eiPSC lines weakly expressed MHC molecules. eiPSC were detectable up to 7 days following allogeneic transplantation and elicited no apparent systemic response. Injection of eiPSC caused small wheal formation at the skin surface. Skin sections revealed CD4+ and CD8+ mononuclear cells up to 30 days post transplantation.

Conclusions

These data suggest that while transplantation of allogeneic eiPSC elicits a moderate cellular response, it does not cause acute rejection. The feasibility of banking allogeneic iPSC for regenerative medicine applications should be explored.
Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change
Authors: Anthony Kenneth R.N. , Marshall Paul A. , Abdulla Ameer , Beeden Roger , Bergh Chris , Black Ryan , Eakin C. Mark , Game Edward T. , Gooch Margaret , Graham Nicholas A.J. , Green Alison , Heron Scott F. , van Hooidonk Ruben , Knowland Cheryl , Mangubhai Sangeeta , Marshall Nadine , Maynard Jeffrey A. , McGinnity Peter , McLeod Elizabeth , Mumby Peter. J. , Nyström Magnus , Obura David , Oliver Jamie , Possingham Hugh P. , Pressey Robert L. , Rowlands Gwilym P. , Tamelander Jerker , Wachenfeld David , Wear Stephanie
Published: September 2014

Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional and local‐scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative stressors affect coral reef vulnerability is critical for successful reef conservation now and in the future. In this review, we present the case that strategically managing for increased ecological resilience (capacity for stress resistance and recovery) can reduce coral reef vulnerability (risk of net decline) up to a point. Specifically, we propose an operational framework for identifying effective management levers to enhance resilience and support management decisions that reduce reef vulnerability. Building on a system understanding of biological and ecological processes that drive resilience of coral reefs in different environmental and socio‐economic settings, we present an Adaptive Resilience‐Based management (ARBM) framework and suggest a set of guidelines for how and where resilience can be enhanced via management interventions. We argue that press‐type stressors (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, ocean warming and acidification) are key threats to coral reef resilience by affecting processes underpinning resistance and recovery, while pulse‐type (acute) stressors (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown‐of‐thorns starfish outbreaks) increase the demand for resilience. We apply the framework to a set of example problems for Caribbean and Indo‐Pacific reefs. A combined strategy of active risk reduction and resilience support is needed, informed by key management objectives, knowledge of reef ecosystem processes and consideration of environmental and social drivers. As climate change and ocean acidification erode the resilience and increase the vulnerability of coral reefs globally, successful adaptive management of coral reefs will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on‐the‐ground solutions are likely to focus increasingly on actions that support resilience at finer spatial scales, and that are tightly linked to ecosystem goods and services.
Multiple Allocation Hub Location Model with Fixed Arc Costs
Authors: O'Kelly Morton E. , Campbell James F. , de Camargo Ricardo S. , de Miranda Gilberto
Published: September 2014

This article formulates a model to analyze the role of fixed costs in the design of optimal transportation hub networks. The primary purpose of this article is to better model costs in hub networks, an issue that has attracted considerable attention. This article allows particular versions of hub networks to emerge from the cost structure, rather than by imposing a rigid predefined connectivity protocol. The article integrates modeling approaches from an environmental hub location model with the three‐index formulation of Ernst and Krishnamoorthy to produce a hub location model with fixed and variable costs for all arcs. Our goal is to demonstrate how the inclusion of a richer cost model in transportation hub location can generate a wide range of different network types, depending on the relative magnitudes of the cost elements. While the existence of special case network solutions is well known and has been exploited in optimization, the current research provides added insight to the cost of flow in a more, or less, connected hub network. Eight fundamental prototype networks are derived as special cases, and some additional unanticipated network types also emerge. The results are illustrated with a standard CAB25 data set.
Reporting trends and prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma: A population‐based study
Authors: Berman David M , Kawashima Atsunari , Peng Yingwei , Mackillop William J , Siemens D Robert , Booth Christopher M
Published: September 2014

Objectives

To investigate reporting patterns and outcomes associated with lymphovascular invasion in a general population setting.

Methods

We identified all cystectomy patients with muscle‐invasive urothelial cancer in Ontario, Canada, 1994–2008. Surgical pathology reports were analyzed for pathological variables including lymphovascular invasion. Lymphovascular invasion reporting patterns were described over time. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of lymphovascular invasion with survival.

Results

Of the 2802 cases identified, lymphovascular invasion status was reported in 75%. Lymphovascular invasion reporting significantly improved over the study period and was correlated with poor prognostic pathological features (T stage and N stage). Comprehensive cancer center status was not consistently associated with lymphovascular invasion reporting. Patients with lymphovascular invasion had substantially lower survival than patients who were lymphovascular invasion‐negative or whose lymphovascular invasion status was unstated (P < 0.001). Lymphovascular invasion was independently associated with survival in patients regardless of lymph node metastasis. After adjusting for age, stage, comorbidity, margin status and adjuvant chemotherapy, lymphovascular invasion remained strongly associated with reduced survival (hazard ratio 1.98, 95% confidence interval 1.71–2.29).

Conclusions

Although routine reporting of lymphovascular invasion has improved over the years, pathologists appear to be biased towards evaluating lymphovascular invasion in patients with high‐stage disease. Despite this bias, lymphovascular invasion remains an important prognostic factor among patients treated by cystectomy. Pathologists in general practice should report lymphovascular invasion status more consistently and urologists should hold their pathology colleagues to a higher standard.
Mapping present and future potential distribution patterns for a meso‐grazer guild in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Leidenberger Sonja , De Giovanni Renato , Kulawik Robert , Williams Alan R. , Bourlat Sarah J.
Published: September 2014

Aim

The Baltic Sea is one of the world's largest semi‐enclosed brackish water bodies characterized by many special features, including endemic species that may be particularly threatened by climate change. We mapped potential distribution patterns under present and future conditions for a community with three trophic levels. We analysed climate‐induced changes in the species' distribution patterns and examined possible consequences for the chosen food web.

Location

Baltic Sea and northern Europe.

Methods

We developed two open‐source workflow‐based analytical tools: one for ecological niche modelling and another for raster layer comparison to compute the extent and intensity of change in species' potential distributions. Individual ecological niche models were generated under present conditions and then projected into a future climate change scenario (2050) for a food web consisting of a guild of meso‐grazers (Idotea spp.), their host algae (Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus radicans) and their fish predator (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), literature and museum collections, together with five environmental layers at a resolution of 5 and 30 arc‐minutes.

Results

Habitat suitability for Idotea balthica and Idotea chelipes in the Baltic Sea seems to be mostly determined by temperature and ice cover rather than by salinity. 2050 predictions for all modelled species show a northern/north‐eastern shift in the Baltic Sea. The distribution ranges for Idotea granulosa and G. aculeatus are predicted to become patchier in the Baltic than in the rest of northern Europe, where the species will gain more suitable habitats.

Main conclusions

For the Baltic Sea, climate‐induced changes resulted in a gain of suitable habitats for F. vesiculosus, I. chelipes and I. balthica, whereas lower habitat suitability was predicted for I. granulosa, F. radicans and G. aculeatus. The predicted north‐eastern shift of I. balthica and I. chelipes into the distribution area of F. radicans in the Baltic Sea may result in increased grazing pressure. Such additional threats to isolated Baltic populations can lead to a higher extinction risk for the species, especially as climate changes are likely to be very rapid.
Convergent perceptions of organizational efficacy among team members and positive work outcomes in organizational teams
Authors: Du Jing , Shin Yuhyung , Choi Jin Nam
Published: September 2014

We explored the effects of employees’ organizational efficacy perceptions on their subsequent behaviour and performance. Study 1 demonstrated the discriminant validity of organizational efficacy and its significant incremental contribution to the prediction of job performance over the variance explained by other efficacy beliefs and organization‐directed constructs. Study 2 tested our hypotheses using multilevel analyses of 2‐wave longitudinal data collected over a 2‐year period from 846 employees of 105 work teams. Organizational efficacy perceptions significantly predicted employees’ subsequent helping behaviour and job performance. These relationships were more pronounced when an employee's efficacy perceptions were congruent with those of other team members. Growth curve analysis showed that such perceptual congruence increased over time when the focal employee experienced a high level of support from team leaders. The study contributes to extant efficacy literature by establishing organizational efficacy as a new and meaningful dimension that predicts important employee outcomes.

Practitioner points

The findings provide practitioners with a demonstration of how employees’ organizational efficacy perceptions affect work outcomes and predict their job performance and helping behaviour.

The study highlights the importance of perceptual fit in organizational efficacy by showing how organizational efficacy perceptions improve outcomes when team members agree on their perceptions.

The findings provide practitioners with insights into the role of team leaders’ supportive leadership in promoting perceptual fit among team members.
Social Support and the Religious Dimensions of Close Ties
Authors: Merino Stephen M.
Published: September 2014

Despite the influence of social support on physical and mental health, few studies have examined why some close ties are more supportive than others. Though religion provides a rich context for social interaction and a meaningful social identity, it has received little attention in the social support literature. A growing literature on religion and health offers insight into how religion affects social support processes. Using dyadic network data derived from the nationally representative 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, I examine how the religious dimensions of close, nonhousehold ties relate to provision of social support. Results from logistic regression analyses indicate that (controlling for a range of other social tie characteristics) same‐faith ties are significantly more likely to be sources of help “in times of need,” while religious discussion is a strong predictor of receiving both help and advice. The effect of religious homophily is strongest for evangelical Protestants and African‐American Protestants. My findings underscore the need for social support researchers to consider the role of religion in shaping support processes in close relationships.
Transforming Spirituality in Artistic Leisure: How the Spiritual Meaning of Belly Dance Changes Over Time
Authors: Kraus Rachel
Published: September 2014

Studies show that different dimensions of religiosity change throughout the life course. Yet, we have little information about how spirituality that some people experience outside of formal religious organizations may change. The purpose of this study is to examine how spirituality associated with artistic leisure may emerge or decline over time. Drawing from two waves of semistructured qualitative interviews conducted five years apart, I examine how the spirituality dancers associate with belly dance changes over time and factors associated with those transformations. Rather than emerging, findings show that whether dancers instill belly dance with spirituality remains stable or decreases. Furthermore, much of the decrease in the spiritual meaning that dancers link to belly dance can be understood in the context of their changing involvement in the dance, different meanings they attach to belly dance, revisiting their personal beliefs about spirituality, and expanding their spiritual outlets.
ChIP‐seq reveals a role for CrzA in the Aspergillus fumigatus high‐osmolarity glycerol response (HOG) signalling pathway
Authors: de Castro Patrícia A. , Chen Chenxi , de Almeida Ricardo Sérgio Couto , Freitas Fernanda Z. , Bertolini Maria C. , Morais Enyara Rezende , Brown Neil Andrew , Ramalho Leandra Naira Zambelli , Hagiwara Daisuke , Mitchell Thomas K. , Goldman Gustavo H.
Published: September 2014

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen and allergen of mammals. Calcium signalling is essential for A. fumigatus pathogenicity and is regulated by the CrzA transcription factor. We used ChIP‐seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing) to explore CrzA gene targets in A. fumigatus. In total, 165 potential binding peaks including 102 directly regulated genes were identified, resulting in the prediction of the A[GT][CG]CA[AC][AG] CrzA‐binding motif. The 102 CrzA putatively regulated genes exhibited a diverse array of functions. The phkB (Afu3g12530) histidine kinase and the sskB (Afu1g10940) MAP kinase kinase kinase of the HOG (high‐osmolarity glycerol response) pathway were regulated by CrzA. Several members of the two‐component system (TCS) and the HOG pathway were more sensitive to calcium. CrzA::GFP was translocated to the nucleus upon osmotic stress. CrzA is important for the phosphorylation of the SakA MAPK in response to osmotic shock. The ΔsskB was more sensitive to CaCl2, NaCl, and paraquat stress, while being avirulent in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The presence of CaCl2 and osmotic stresses resulted in synergistic inhibition of ΔcrzA and ΔsskB growth. These results suggest there is a genetic interaction between the A. fumigatus calcineurin‐CrzA and HOG pathway that is essential for full virulence.
A Century of Circulation: The Return of the Smithsonian Institution's Duplicate Anthropological Specimens
Authors: Nichols Catherine A.
Published: September 2014

For nearly a century, the Smithsonian Institution permanently distributed “duplicate specimens” from its museum collections to public educational institutions. In 1903 and 1905, shipments of anthropological material were sent to the Jackson Free Library in Jackson, Tennessee, to be used as educational tools. Using a biographical methodology, I trace the movement of objects from the Smithsonian Institution to this small library, their uses in Jackson, and their eventual return to the National Museum of Natural History in 2007. Through this case study, I argue that, while preservation is a key function of the museum, the determination of which objects museums keep is contingent on the discursive formations and value systems of museums, anthropologists, and curators. [deaccessioning, Smithsonian Institution, collections management, history of anthropology]
Tight blood glycaemic and blood pressure control in experimental diabetic nephropathy reduces extracellular matrix production without regression of fibrosis
Authors: Conway Bryan R. , Betz Boris , Sheldrake Tara A. , Manning Jonathan R. , Dunbar Donald R. , Dobyns Abigail , Hughes Jeremy , Mullins John J.
Published: September 2014

Aims

Regression of albuminuria and renal fibrosis occurs in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) following tight control of blood glucose and blood pressure, however the pathways that promote regression remain poorly understood and we wished to characterize these using a rodent model.

Methods

Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in Cyp1a1mRen2 rats and hypertension was generated by inducing renin transgene expression with dietary indole‐3‐carbinol (I‐3‐C) for 28 weeks. At this point an ‘injury cohort’ was culled, while in a ‘reversal cohort’ glycaemia was tightly controlled using insulin implants and blood pressure normalized by withdrawing dietary I‐3‐C for a further 8 weeks. Pathways activated during and following reversal of diabetes and hypertension were assessed by microarray profiling.

Results

Tight control of blood glucose and blood pressure reduced albuminuria and renal hypertrophy, but had no impact on renal fibrosis. 85 genes were up‐regulated specifically during the injury phase, including genes encoding multiple myofibroblast and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Conversely, 314 genes remained persistently elevated during reversal including genes linked to innate/adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, lysosomal processing and degradative metalloproteinases (MMPs). Despite increased MMP gene expression, MMP activity was suppressed during both injury and reversal, in association with up‐regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) protein. Physical separation of the TIMP‐1/MMP complexes during zymography of tissue homogenate restored MMP activity.

Conclusion

Normalization of blood glucose and pressure ameliorates albuminuria and inhibits excess ECM production, however persistent TIMP‐1 expression hinders attempts at ECM remodelling. Therapies which counteract the action of TIMPs may accelerate scar resolution.
Examining the evidence for policy and environmental strategies to prevent childhood obesity in black communities: new directions and next steps
Authors: Kumanyika S. K. , Swank M. , Stachecki J. , Whitt‐Glover M. C. , Brennan L. K.
Published: September 2014

Exposure to physical and policy environments that limit availability, affordability and appeal of healthy eating and active living options is higher for U.S. blacks than whites. This may contribute to high risk of obesity in black communities and limit effectiveness of preventive interventions. Here, we assess applicability to black Americans of findings from a prior evidence review system designed to accelerate the discovery and application of policy and environmental strategies for childhood obesity prevention and assess external validity. The database included 600 peer‐reviewed articles reporting data from 396 sets of studies (study groupings) published from January 2000 through May 2009 and pertained to 24 types of policy and environmental strategies. Only 33 study groupings (∼8%) included ≥50% black Americans or reported subgroup analyses. Of 10 evaluation studies for interventions rated as effective for all populations in the primary review, 8 suggested effectiveness of child‐focused interventions in school or child care settings for obesity‐ or physical activity‐related outcomes in black Americans. Overall findings highlight the need for rigorous evaluations of interventions that reach black children in community or institutional settings, and conceptual frameworks and research designs geared to identifying ethnic or ethnicity–income group differences in intervention effects.
A systematic review of weight loss, physical activity and dietary interventions involving African American men
Authors: Newton R. L. , Griffith D. M. , Kearney W. B. , Bennett G. G.
Published: September 2014

When compared with men of other racial or ethnic groups, African American men are more likely to experience adverse health conditions. The systematic review objectives were to (i) determine the current evidence base concerning African American men's response to lifestyle behavioural interventions designed to promote weight loss, increase physical activity, and/or improve healthy eating and (ii) determine the next steps for research in these areas. The PubMed, Web of Science, Psych Info and Cochrane databases were searched to identify papers published before January 1, 2013 that reported change in weight, physical activity and/or dietary patterns in African American men aged 18 and older, as a result of behavioural change strategies. The titles and abstracts of 1,403 papers were screened; after removing duplicates, 141 papers were read to determine their eligibility. Seventeen publications from 14 studies reported outcomes for African American men. Eight large multi‐centre trials and six community‐based studies were identified. African American men were an exclusive sample in only four studies. Five studies showed statistically significant improvements. Although the available evidence appears to show that these interventions produce positive results, the relative and the long‐term effectiveness of weight loss, dietary and/or physical activity interventions for this population are unknown.
Introduction to the special issue on achieving healthy weight in black American communities
Authors: Whitt‐Glover M. C. , Kumanyika S. K. , Haire‐Joshu D.
Published: September 2014

The prevalence of obesity is high in the United States, and highest among racial and ethnic minority groups. This special issue of Obesity Reviews is based upon evidence reviews prepared for and presented at a national invited workshop convened by the African American Collaborative Obesity Research Network (AACORN) in August of 2012. A set of potential topics was developed, a priori, and AACORN network members and colleagues with relevant expertise were invited to lead evidence reviews. The result is 10 articles focused on providing a comprehensive picture of what is known and unknown about interventions to prevent and treat obesity or improve weight‐related behaviours in African American adults and children. Evidence reviews included in this special issue focus on children and adolescents (n = 2); adults from various perspectives (n = 5); eHealth interventions (n = 1); interventions within faith organizations (n = 1); and environmental and policy change interventions (n = 1). Overall, the reviews show a small evidence base for research on African Americans and call for additional prioritization of funding to include studies that can inform action and bring progress in obesity prevention and treatment in African Americans on par with the scope and seriousness of the problem.
Electronic health (eHealth) interventions for weight management among racial/ethnic minority adults: a systematic review
Authors: Bennett G. G. , Steinberg D. M. , Stoute C. , Lanpher M. , Lane I. , Askew S. , Foley P. B. , Baskin M. L.
Published: September 2014

Electronic health (eHealth) interventions have demonstrated efficacy for weight management. However, little is known about their efficacy among racial/ethnic minority populations, in whom there is a disproportionate prevalence of obesity. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of eHealth weight management interventions among overweight and obese racial/ethnic minority adults. We required that trial samples be comprised of at least 50% racial/ethnic minorities or report outcomes by race/ethnicity. We searched five electronic databases for trials conducted through June 2012. Six papers met our eligibility criteria. These studies provide suggestive evidence that eHealth interventions can produce low magnitude, short‐term weight loss among racial/ethnic minorities. Trials were methodologically sound, with high retention and participant engagement. There was no evidence detailing the efficacy of mobile health approaches, although this area is promising given high utilization rates of mobile devices among racial/ethnic minorities. More evidence, particularly from longer‐term trials, is necessary to demonstrate that eHealth intervention approaches can produce clinically meaningful (≥5% of initial body weight) weight loss among racial/ethnic minority populations.
Pathogen impacts on plant diversity in variable environments
Authors: Mordecai Erin A.
Published: September 2014

Environmental variability can promote species diversity when species respond differently to environmental conditions, via the storage effect. Pathogens, predators and other shared consumers can also facilitate coexistence when they differentially limit common species. However, it remains unclear how environmental variation and consumers interact to determine species diversity. Here, I use a model based on California annual grassland plants to show that a generalist pathogen with no host specificity can enhance the positive effect of environmental variability on diversity. The model predicts that pathogens can promote diversity by increasing the covariance between the environment and competition, enhancing the storage effect. However, pathogen impacts depend on life history. Pathogens that infect germinating seeds or plants tend to increase the storage effect, whereas those that infect dormant seeds can undermine the storage effect by eliminating population buffering during unfavorable years. These results suggest that pathogens may mediate plant responses to environmental variability and change, and in doing so may maintain diversity.
Geographical variation in echolocation vocalizations of the Himalayan leaf‐nosed bat: contribution of morphological variation and cultural drift
Authors: Lin Aiqing , Jiang Tinglei , Kanwal Jagmeet S. , Lu Guanjun , Luo Jinhong , Wei Xuewen , Luo Bo , Feng Jiang
Published: September 2014

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have a long‐standing interest in the patterns and causes of geographical variation in animals’ acoustic signals. Nonetheless, the processes driving acoustic divergence are still poorly understood. Here, we studied the geographical variation in echolocation vocalizations (commonly referred to as echolocation ‘pulses’ given their short duration and relatively stereotypic nature, and to contrast them from the communicative vocalizations or ‘calls’) of a widespread bat species Hipposideros armiger in south China, and assessed whether the acoustic divergence was driven by either ecological selection, or cultural or genetic drift. Our results revealed that the peak frequency of echolocation pulses varied significantly across populations sampled, with the maximum variation of about 6 kHz. The peak frequency clustered into three groups: eastern and western China, Hainan and southern Yunnan. The population differences in echolocation pulses were not significantly related to the variation in climatic (mean annual temperature, mean annual relative humidity, and mean annual precipitable water) or genetic (genetic distance) factors, but significantly related to morphological (forearm length) variation which was correlated with mean annual temperature. Moreover, the acoustic differences were significantly correlated with geographical and latitudinal distance after controlling for ‘morphological distance’. Thus, neither direct ecological selection nor genetic drift contributed to the acoustic divergence observed in H. armiger. Instead, we propose that the action of both indirect ecological selection (i.e. selection on body size) as well as cultural drift promote, in part, divergence in echolocation vocalizations of individuals within geographically distributed populations.
Permanent Pacing in Nonagenarians Over 20‐Year Period
Authors: ANTONELLI DANTE , FREEDBERG NAHUM A. , BUSHARI LIMOR I. , FELDMAN ALEXANDER , TURGEMAN YOAV
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Life expectancy increases progressively and nonagenarians are a growing population. We report trends in pacing and long‐term outcome in nonagenarians over a 20‐year period in a single center compared with those of younger patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all the patients who underwent their first pacemaker implantation from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 2010 and were followed through December 31, 2013.

Results

During the study period, 1,009 patients underwent first pacemaker implantation: 45 patients were older than 90 years (mean age 92.5 ± 2.6) (4.5%); 21 were men. Battery replacement was performed in four patients in whom first implant was made at age ≥90 years (8.9%) and in 231 patients aged <90 (24%; P < 0.01). Syncope was the most common symptom leading to pacing, followed by dizziness and fatigue in all age groups; no significant difference of symptoms was found between patient age groups. In patients aged ≥90 atrioventricular block and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response were more frequent, while sick sinus syndrome and carotid sinus hypersensitivity were less frequent than in younger patients. Ventricular chamber pacemakers were implanted with significant growing frequency, according to the older patients' age. Neither the indication for pacemaker implantation nor pacing mode influenced survival.

Conclusions

Nonagenarians are a growing population. Symptoms leading to pacing in patients aged ≥90 were similar to those of younger patients, but different frequency was found in the electrocardiographic indications. Ventricular chamber pacemakers were significantly more implanted than dual‐chamber pacemakers but without negative survival influence.