bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the differential scanning calorimetric method for fat solids
Authors: Bentz Alan P. , Breidenbach Barbara G.
Published: January 2007

Denison et al. (1) recently reported a method for measuring the per cent solids in fats using the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The present work evaluates that method using the Perkin Elmer DSC‐1, compares it with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dilatation methods, and extends it to hard butters. Although the method gave excellent interlaboratory agreement with soft fats, extension to hard fats led to greater experimental variance than SFI. The DSC method provides greater speed (one hour elapsed time) and additional information (thermal “fingerprint” of the fat). Thus, the DSC determination of fat solids overall compares favorably with the NMR method, as well as the SFI dilatation method. The DSC method is readily adaptable to quality control use.
Chlorinated alcohols: IV. The chlorination of oleic acid
Authors: Menting J. E. , Grimm R. A. , Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J.
Published: January 2007

Chlorination of oleic acid gave mainly 9,10‐dichlorosteraic acid but other products were also formed. By‐products included the dimer, 9(10)‐(9,10‐dichlorostearolyoxy)‐10(9)‐chlorostearic acid, and the related trimer, formed independent of temperature in the range examined (−20 to +29 C). Higher solvent‐oleic acid ratios decreased the amounts of dimer and trimer; chlorination in the presence of hydrogen chloride did not. The equivalent weight of 9,10‐dichlorostearic acid was found to increase markedly upon treatment with chlorine and light, but in the dark the acid was apparently unchanged. These effects were independent of temperature.
Reaction of cysteine and methionine with malonaldehyde
Authors: Buttkus H.
Published: January 2007

Malonaldehyde (M), a product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, reacted with the sulfhydryl as well as with the amino groups of cysteine (cys). The cys‐M product had an absorption maximum at 310 mµ, and the extinction coefficient at pH 7.0 was 2.3 × 104. Elementary analysis of the cys‐M product agreed with a structure in which 2 moles of cysteine had reacted with 3 moles of malonaldehyde. The molecular weight of cys‐M preparations increased on storage and the UV absorption changed from 310 to 315–320 mµ, with a consequent shift to longer wavelength in the visible.

Methionine (meth) reacted with malonaldehyde under the same reaction conditions only at the α‐amino group, similar to glycine (gly). The apparent pKa of the carboxyl group of gly‐M increased to 3.36 and that of meth‐M to 3.19, representing an increase of about one pKa unit over the natural amino acids. For gly‐M and meth‐M the respective absorption maxima were 272 and 282 mµ. The spectral shifts from 267 to 315 mµ of the amino acid‐M products with respect to β‐oxyacrolein were explained in terms of increasing substitution at the β‐carbon of the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl system. When the α‐amino‐malonaldehyde condensation products of methionine and glycine reacted with semicarbazide the original amino acids and disemicarbazone of malonaldehyde were formed.
Analysis of lipids containing epoxy groups: The epoxy glycerides ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Buide N. , Sims R. J.
Published: January 2007

Picration‐TLC analysis ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil shows that besides the known triglyceride of vernolic acid, it also contains two additional epoxy compounds. These were isolated by column chromatography and have been identified as the monoepoxy and the diepoxy triglycerides of vernolic acid by a rapid transmethylation‐GLC micromethod. Lipase hydrolysis of these glycerides has shown that in the monoepoxy triglycerides the vernolic acid has marked preference for the 1,3‐positions, while in the diepoxy triglycerides the 2‐position is preferred.
Composition of several types of Safflower seed
Authors: Guggolz J. , Rubis D. D. , Herring V. V. , Palter R. , Kohler G. O.
Published: January 2007

The residue remaining after commercial extraction of oil from safflower seed has a greater potential as a source of animal feed or human diet supplement than is presently being realized. Safflower seed hull, kernel, and meal were analyzed to provide more information regarding their nutritive possibilities. Commercial and experimental normal hull varieties and experimental thin hull and striped hull varieties were hand separated into hull and kernel fractions and both fractions analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, and amino acids. Samples of partially decorticated commercial meal and undecorticated meal, hulls, and defatted kernel from striped hull seeds were analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, lignin, pentosans, anhydrouronic acid, total and reducing sugars, and amino acids. Cellulose was calculated by difference. A new factor for converting nitrogen to protein for summative analyses of safflower seed was calculated. These analyses indicate that about 15% of the nonfiber, nonash, nonprotein part of the defatted safflower kernel is of unknown composition.
Color determination in olive oils
Authors: Escolar D. , Haro Ma R. , Saucedo A. , Ayuso J. , Jiménez A. , Alvarez J. A.
Published: January 2007

Color characterization of olive oil may be of great importance to the industry. To determine the color of a solution, it is necessary to accurately measure a series of tristimulus coordinates for which several methods exist. This study analyzes the errors in the calculation of tristimulus values of olive oil color based on methods, by using several selected ordinates and an increasing number of weighted ordinates, and how these errors affect the values of the chromatic parameters defined in the various chromatic systems. The above analysis shows that the use of a large number of ordinates will lead to better results in the color definition of oils. For its determination, we have used the CIE 1931, CIELUV 1976 and CIELAB 1976 spaces; the latter yields the best results.
Identification of nine acetylenic fatty acids, 9‐hydroxystearic acid and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid in the seed oil ofJodina rhombifolia hook et arn. (Santalaceae)
Authors: Spitzer V. , Bordignon S. A. de L. , Schenkel E. P. , Marx F.
Published: January 2007

In addition to some usual fatty acids, the seed oil ofJodina rhombifolia (Santalaceae) contains nine acetylenic fatty acids [9‐octadecynoic acid (stearolic acid) (1.1%),trans‐10‐heptadecen‐8‐ynoic acid (pyrulic acid) (20.1%), 7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10‐heptadecen‐8‐ynoic acid (2.3%),trans‐10,16‐heptadecadien‐8‐ynoic acid (0.7%), 7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10,16‐heptadecadien‐8‐ynoic acid (0.1%),trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (ximenynic acid) (20.3%), 8‐hydroxy‐trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (12.2%),trans‐11,17‐octadecadien‐9‐ynoic acid (1.5%), 8‐hydroxy‐trans‐11,17‐octadecadien‐9‐ynoic acid (1.3%), 9‐hydroxystearic acid (<0.1%) and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid (0.7%)]. The fatty acids have been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of their methyl ester and 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. The hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters have been examined also as trimethyl‐silyl ethers. Furthermore, the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have been fractionated according to their polarity (FAME‐A: nonhydroxy; FAME‐B: hydroxy fatty acids) and to their degree of unsaturation (FAME‐A1/A2; FAME‐B1/B2) by preparative thin‐layer chromatography and argentation chromatography, respectively. All of these fractions have been analyzed by ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and the fractions FAME‐A and FAME‐B have been analyzed further by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H,13C, 2D H/C, attached proton test) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Detection of soybean antigenicity and reduction by twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Ohishi Akio , Watanabe Kazunori , Urushibata Masumi , Utsuno Kimiko , Ikuta Kazuya , Sugimoto Kaoru , Harada Hiroshi
Published: January 2007

Antiserum toward soybean meal was prepared by feeding a soybean meal diet containing large amounts of antigens to calves. The antiserum was used to develop a sensitive detection method for soybean meal antigens by competitive inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. With this method, the effectiveness of twin‐screw extrusion cooking in reducing antigenicity in soybean meal was examined. Antigenicity was reduced to 0.1% of the original activity by extrusion cooking with screws containing kneading‐disc elements and die‐end temperatures exceeding 66°C. Electrophoretic analysis of the cooked meal indicated that the reduction in antigenicity was due to degradation of protein structures, particularly those with molecular weights exceeding 40 kDa.
Production of propylene glycol fatty acid monoesters by lipase‐catalyzed reactions in organic solvents
Authors: Shaw Jei‐Fu , Lo Shian
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid monoesters of propylene glycol (1,2‐propanediol) are good water‐in‐oil emulsifiers. These esters were synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. APseudomonas lipase was added to reaction mixtures containing propylene glycol and various acyl donors (fatty acids, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid anhydrides and triglycerides) in organic solvents, and the mixtures were shaken at 30°C. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The yield of monoesters was affected by the acyl donors, organic solvents, temperature, water content, pH memory and reaction time. The anhydrous (lyophilized) enzyme and fatty acid anhydrides were best for monoester production. The optimum pH ranges were 4–5 and 8–10. The yields of propylene glycol monolaurate, monomyristate, monopalmitate, monostearate and monooleate with 50 mM fatty acid anhydrides as acyl donors were 97.2, 79.6, 83.7, 89.7 and 93.4 mM, respectively; those with 50 mM fatty acids as acyl donors were 37.3, 28.7, 28.7, 35.3 and 36.2 mM, respectively. The yields of propylene glycol monopalmitate, monostearate and monooleate with 50 mM triglycerides as acyl donors were 87.4, 65.1 and 83.2 mM, respectively.
Preparation of sucrose esters by interesterification
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Zeringue H. J. , Weiss T. J. , Brown Mona
Published: January 2007

Reactions between sucrose and esters of long chain fatty acids customarily have been conducted in a mutual solvent, such as dimethylformamide. The solvent‐free interesterification of molten sucrose and fatty acid esters at temperatures between 170–187 C has now been performed with the aid of lithium, sodium and potassium soaps as catalysts and solubilizers. When the reactants were heated rapidly and then subjected to reduced pressure, the interesterifications could be brought to equilibrium in 12 min or less, including the time necessary to melt the sucrose. The several soaps and combinations of soaps employed differed markedly in their performance. No sucrose esters were obtained with lithium palmitate, while the yield with lithium oleate was among the best, but consisted of over 90% tetra‐ and higher esters of sucrose. Lower esters were best produced with combinations of lithium oleate with sodium or potassium oleate employed at a level of about 25% total soaps, based on the weight of sucrose. The type of fatty acid ester employed also markedly affected the yield of sucrose esters. Among the esters tested, methyl carbitol palmitate (which could be formed in situ), monopalmitin, distearin and technical grade diglycerides (48% diglycerides) prepared from completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil, interesterified readily.
Extraction partition and column chromatographic separation of aflatoxins B1 and M1
Authors: Masri Merle Sid
Published: January 2007

Extraction, partition and chromatographic elution characteristics of aflatoxin were studied. The novel use of aqueous dimethylsulfoxide or aqueous dimethylformamide for extraction from agricultural products was tested and found effective. Partition studies suggest advantages in analytical work of using solvent pairs in which benzene rather than (the usually employed) chloroform is used to transfer aflatoxin B1 from primary extracts (aqueous phases). Tests of elution characteristics of aflatoxins B1 and M1 on silica gel columns with different developing solvents provided a basis for a procedure in which aflatoxins B1 and M1 of a test sample are recovered in separate eluates in which substances which interfere with TLC separation are minimized.
Color and the lipid composition of pork muscles
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Spinelli Marie , Wasserman Aaron E.
Published: January 2007

The lipid characteristics of three porcine muscles were investigated. Included in the study were the light and dark portions of the semitendinosus muscle, the semimembranosus (light) and the quadriceps femoris (dark) muscles. The lipids from the semimembranosus and the quadriceps femoris muscles were observed to be statistically different. The light muscles were 20% higher in lipid level and these lipids contained 20% more glycerides and 40% less phospholipids than the dark muscles. The glycerides from both muscle lipids were identical in fatty acid composition but the phospholipid fatty acids differed significantly. The light muscle phospholipid fatty acids were higher in monoenes while the dark muscle phospholipids predominated in polyunsaturates. In the semitendinosus muscle, the light portion was 35% higher in lipid content than the dark portion but the compositions of the lipids from both areas were similar. When these data were compared to the values for the semimembranosus and the quadriceps femoris muscle lipids, the lipid characteristics were found to be intermediate of predominantly light or dark muscle lipids.
The molecular mechanism for destabilization of foams by organic ions
Authors: Blute I. , Jansson M. , Oh S. G. , Shah D. O.
Published: January 2007

The effect of tetraalkylammonium ions on the destabilization of foam has been studied by measuring the half‐life of foam (τ1/2), area/molecule at the air/water interface, surface viscosity and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The area/molecule of SDS in organic salt solutions, calculated from the Gibbs isotherm, increases as the size of organic ion increases, and surface viscosity of the film decreases with the size of organic ions. The interaction of tetraalkylammonium ions with SDS decreases the CMC of the solution, and hence the concentration of SDS monomers decreases. The CMC of SDS decreases with the increase in the size and concentration of organic ions. The decrease in the CMC, increase in the area/molecule of SDS at the air/water interface and the decrease in surface viscosity by tetraalkylammonium ions all work to decrease the foam stability. The results indicate that the change in intermolecular distance between surfactant molecules in the adsorbed film by organic ions can significantly influence the surface viscosity and foam stability. The foam destabilizing efficiency of tetra‐alkylammonium ions was superior or equivalent to that of tributyl phosphate and 2‐ethyl hexanol, which are used in many antifoaming formulations.
Quantitative determination of ethylene oxide oligomer distribution in ethoxylated alkylphenol carboxymethyl ether salts by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Yang Jiang , Zhang Lufang , Li Xiangrong
Published: January 2007

A two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) method was used to separate a mixture of ethoxylated alkylphenol carboxymethyl ether salts and unconverted ethoxylated alkylphenol ether with the first eluent, which was then developed at right angles with EtOAc/HOAc/H2O as the second eluent to resolve the individual ethylene oxide oligomer adducts. Scanning densitometry was used for quantitation. The surfactant's degree of conversion, average ethoxylate number and its distribution were simultaneously determined on a single TLC plate.
Variations in the composition of sterols, tocopherols and lignans in seed oils from fourSesamum species
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Appelqvist Lars Åke
Published: January 2007

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil contents and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The oils from wild seeds were characterized by higher percentages of unsaponifiables (4.9, 2.6 and 3.7%, respectively) compared toS. indicum (1.4–1.8%), mainly due to their high contents of lignans. Total sterols accounted forca. 40, 22, 20 and 16% of the unsaponifiables of the four species, respectively. The four species were different in the relative percentages of the three sterol fractions (the desmethyl, monomethyl and dimethyl sterols) and in the percentage composition of each fraction. Campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and Δ5‐avenasterol were the major desmethyl sterols, whereas obtusifoliol, gramisterol, cycloeucalenol and citrostandienol were the major monomethyl sterols, and α‐amyrin, β‐amyrin, cycloartenol and 24‐methylene cycloartanol were the main dimethyl sterols in all species. Differences were also observed among the four species in sterol patterns of the free sterols compared to the sterol esters.Sesamum alatum contained less tocopherols (210–320 mg/kg oil), andS. radiatum andS. angustifolium contained more tocopherols (ca. 750 and 800 mg/kg oil, respectively) than didS. indicum (490–680 mg/kg oil). The four species were comparable in tocopherol composition, with γ‐tocopherol representing 96–99% of the total tocopherols. The four species varied widely in the identity and levels of the different lignans. The percentages of these lignans in the oils ofS. indicum were sesamin (0.55%) and sesamolin (0.50%).Sesamum alatum showed 1.37% of 2‐episesalatin and minor amounts of sesamin and sesamolin (0.01% each).Sesamum radiatum was rich in sesamin (2.40%) and contained minor amounts of sesamolin (0.02%), whereS. angustifolium was rich in sesangolin (3.15%) and also contained considerable amounts of sesamin (0.32%) and sesamolin (0.16%).
Analysis of individual phospholipids by high‐performance capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ingvardsen Lisbeth , Michaelsen Søren , Sørensen Hilmer
Published: January 2007

A method of analysis for determination of phospholipids by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) has been developed. Sodium cholate (NaCh) was found suitable as the micellar phase, and 1‐propanol was important in obtaining an efficient separation of individual phospholipids and as organic solvent required for acceptable solubility of the phospholipids. With equal volatility of water and organic modifier, only minor changes in effects from the modifier occur during analysis. The influence of changes in high‐performance capillary electrophoresis‐MECC separation conditions were evaluated in terms of migration time, relative migration time (RMT), relative normalized area (RNA), resolution and theoretical plates per meter. The method has several advantages compared to high‐performance liquid chromatography: The total time of analysis is less than 25 min, and only small amounts of reagents and sample are required. Relative standard deviations were 0.26–0.48% for RMT, 1.7–2.9% for RNA, and in the linearity test correlation coefficients of 0.999 were obtained. Results from analyses of the phospholipid compositions of soybean and rapeseed lecithins are presented.
The determination of active filter aid adsorption sites by temperature‐programmed desorption
Authors: Zhu Z. Y. , Yates R. A. , Caldwell J. D.
Published: January 2007

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to evaluate the active sites of several filter aids that have been promoted for use by the deep‐frying industry: activated carbon, aluminas, bleaching earths, diatomaceous earth, silica and synthetic magnesium silicate. TPD analysis determines both the total surface concentration of the active sites and the details of their intensity distribution. A correlation analysis was made between the adsorbents' oil treatment performance and the observed acidic/basic sites. For some of the adsorbents, the adsorption of free fatty acids and the percent change in the color of the oil was shown to relate to the total basic sites and acid sites, respectively. The study also showed that other factors might affect these adsorptivities.
Heavy‐duty laundry detergents
Authors: Galante D. C. , Dillan K. W.
Published: January 2007

Current powder and liquid household laundry detergent formulations are reviewed. Methods for quantifying the important performance and physical properties of these formulations are described. Optimization of ingredients and manufacturing methods are included.
Cr(CO)3‐complexed, silica‐bonded polyphenylsiloxane as a stereoselective catalyst for hydrogenation of sorbate and soybean methyl esters
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N.
Published: January 2007

A silica‐bonded complex was prepared by reacting polyphenylsiloxane with silylated Chromosorb and then with Cr(CO)6. This complex catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation of sorbate tocis‐3‐hexenoate. Soybean methyl esters were hydrogenated at 210 C in cyclohexane to form products high incis unsaturation. The recovered catalyst could be recycled once with methyl sorbate. IR showed decreased Cr(CO)3 in the recovered catalysts, and the hydrogenation products contained inactive Cr.
Thermal alteration of oleic acid in the presence of clay catalysts with co‐catalysts
Authors: Nakano Y. , Foglia T. A. , Kohashi H. , Perlstein T. , Serota S.
Published: January 2007

The effects of added co‐catalysts on the clay catalyzed polymerization of oleic acid have been investigated. Heating oleic acid at 230 C for 3 hr with a clay catalyst gave a polymer fraction (dimer and trimer acids, 35% yield) and a monomer fraction (branched chain isomers of oleic acid, 27% yield) as the major products. The variation in yield between the polymer and monomer products was found to be dependent upon the co‐catalyst used with the clay catalyst. For example, with both acidic and basic clays, polymer formation is favored (55% yield) in the presence of water and/or metal ions. In contrast, when Bronsted acids such as methanesulfonic or phosphoric acid are used as co‐catalysts, the yield of branched monomer increased significantly (50%). Studies on the adsorption of oleic and Bronsted acids onto the clay surface showed that isomer formation is favored when both the oleic acid and the Bronsted acids are adsorbed onto the clay surface at selected molar ratios.
Kernel oils of seven plant species of zaire
Authors: Foma Mazibo , Abdala Tata
Published: January 2007

Kernels ofPentaclethra macrophylla, Allanblackia floribunda, Panda oleosa, Treculoa africana, Desplatzia dewevrei, Garcinia kola andMilletia laurentii were found to contain respectively 45.9, 67.6, 50.5, 11.8, 20.4, 2.1 and 22.9% oil (% dry matter). Gas liquid chromatography showed the major fatty acids of the kernel oils were as follows:P. macrophylla, 18:1 (31.3%) and 18:2 (40.4%);A. floribunda, 18:0 (55.9%) and 18:1 (43.3%);P. oleosa, 16:0 (32.0%), 18:1 (30.2%) and 18:2 (29.2%);T. africana, 16:0 (25.7%), 18:1 (32.7%) and 18:2 (25.8%);D. dewevrei, 16:0 (37.8%), 18:1 (18.1%) and 18:2 (35.0%);G. kola, 16:0 (19.0%), 18:1 (38.4%) and 18:2 (23.7%), andM. laurentii, 18:1 (44.9%) and 18:2 (17.6%).
Oxyethylated secondary amides as soil wetting agents
Authors: Micich Thomas J. , Linfield Warner M.
Published: January 2007

Polydisperse adducts, RCONR’ (CH2CH2O)xH, with attractive wetting properties were prepared by oxyethylating aliphatic and aromatic secondary amides to calculated x values of 5 to 20. Moderate wetting profiles were observed with adducts where R and R’ contained 15 to 18 carbon atoms and had short ethylene oxide chains. These products, however, contained unreacted amide and/or ester contaminants. Consequently, the products showed high water solubility, fairly flat surface tension curves and average wetting ability. In the transition of adducts derived from aliphatic amides to those from aromatic amides, unreacted amide concentration decreased and ester contaminant increased.
Sulfurized vegetable oil products as lubricant additives
Authors: Kammann Karl P. , Phillips Astrid I.
Published: January 2007

Sulfurized products based on hog fat and its derivatives have extensive commercial use as additives for metalworking and industrial oils, but only relatively small quantities of vegetable oils find such application in North America. Products were made by sulfurization of soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, high erucic rapeseed, canola,Limnanthes (meadowfoam) and prime lard oils. Unlike products from the wax ester jojoba oil, the sulfurized vegetable triglycerides alone had physical properties generally undesirable for lubricant additives. When the oils were sulfurized in the presence of methyl lardate, however, the products had potential practical application. High‐sulfur (active) products were made using a 50:50 ratio of triglyceride to methyl lardate, and low‐sulfur (inactive) products were made using a 70:30 ratio. Compared to the other sulfurized vegetable triglyceride products,Limnanthes products showed the best solubility in high viscosity‐index paraffinic oil. For solutions, measurements of extreme pressure, friction and wear were compared. Whereas products from jojoba were best, of the triglyceride group theLimnanthes‐containing products generally gave the best performance. Although this oil had much promise, it is only in its early stage of commercial development. The other vegetable oils also have potential depending on cost and applications. However, overall competition with the well‐established, usually lower‐cost products from hog fat or greases would appear to be difficult.
Trends in industrial use of vegetable oils in coatings
Authors: Fulmer Richard W.
Published: January 2007

Alkyd resins continue to be a major factor in coatings. Increased oil consumption in alkyd manufacture is not expected to be significant. Projections indicate a modest growth in total coatings usage at 2–3% per year. The industry is facing diverse coating performance demands that will bring unusual, more costly ingredients into use, probably at the expense of traditional oil‐based alkyd resins. Offsetting this oil usage decline, perhaps, will be the continuing cost advantage of the relatively low‐priced vegetable oils and the general versatility of alkyd resins. Increased use of oil‐based resins is expected in emulsion (latex) paint modifiers to improve adhesion and early water resistance. The coatings industry, at least in maintenance and industrial coatings, is adopting a cost/sq ft/year economic evaluation, facotoring in the useful life of the coating.
Cholesterol oxidation in heated lard enriched with two levels of cholesterol
Authors: Yan Pearlly S. , White Pamela J.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol oxidation in lard containing two levels of added cholesterol was monitored using capillary gaschromatography. Loss of cholesterol and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were measured. Lard samples with 10 times (Test I) and 2 times (Test II) the amount of cholesterol originally found in each batch of lard were heated at 180°C for 10 hr a day for 240 and 160 hr, respectively. Cholesterol steadily decreased throughout the heating period in both tests. Cholesterol loss followed a first‐order reaction rate, with a rate constant (k) of −1.18×10−3 h−1 for Test I and −9.45×10−3 h−1 for Test II. The COPs accumulated during both heating tests. But the amount of COPs formed did not total the amount of cholesterol lost. During heating, thermal degradation of cholesterol likely occurred, and those products were not detected. During cooling, hydroperoxides formed, which further oxidized into the COPs that were detected. The 7‐ketocholesterol and 5α,6α‐epoxycholesterol were the predominant COPs formed. The isomeric 7α‐and 7β‐hydroxycholesterols also accumulated in the heating tests. The 3β,5α,6β‐cholestantriol was found in very small amounts and the 25‐hydroxycholesterol was not detected.
Formation of sultones in olefin sulphonation
Authors: Roberts D. W. , Williams D. L.
Published: January 2007

Sultones are formed in the sulphonation of unbranched α and internal olefins in the sequence β→γ→δ. In the case of α‐olefin sulphonation by sulphur trioxide in a short residence time (ca.60 s) reactor, the β→γ sultone reaction has already gone to completion when the reaction mixture emerges from the reactor. Kinetic data are presented for the γ→δ terminal sultone isomerization. In the case of internal olefin sulphonation, formation of γ and δ sultones has not proceeded to a significant extent when the reaction product emerges from the reactor. Kinetic data are presented for the β→γ internal sultone isomerization. Two internal γ‐sultones—cis andtrans—are formed, but only one internal δ‐sultone, thetrans isomer. The internal γ→ internal δ sultone isomerizations required forcing conditions (150°C, 3 hr incomplete reactions) or prolonged aging (20–25°C, 21 day; δ sultone still the minor sultone). Thecis internal γ sultone is more resistant to isomerization than is itstrans isomer. These reactivity differences are rationalized using arguments developed from that proposed by Bordwell, Osborne and Chapman in 1959 to interpret the effects of methyl substitution on rates of γ‐sultone solvolysis.
Studies on applications of lipolytic enzyme in detergency I. Effect of lipase fromCandida cylindracea on removal of olive oil from cotton fabric
Authors: Fujii T. , Tatara T. , Minagawa M.
Published: January 2007

To investigate the effect of lipolytic enzyme on removal of triglyceride soils in laundry, the removal of olive oil from cotton fabric was examined by washing with an aqueous solution of lipase fromCandida cylindracea with and without surfactants at various washing temperatures and times.

It was proved that, at optimum conditions, the removal of olive oil with the addition of lipase was 15 to 20% higher than without lipase. Therefore, it might be expected that lipase will be applied in the laundry detergents in practice.
Defatted soy flour and grits
Authors: Kellor Richard L.
Published: January 2007

Defatted soy flour and grits are the most rudimentary forms of high protein products processed from the soybean, yet they are the soy products used in the largest volume by the food industry. To appreciate fully the contribution of defatted soy flour and grits to any food system, it is essential that a knowledge of the composition, nutritional value, and functionality of these products be well understood. Major emphasis is given to applications for defatted soy flour and grits with cereals.
Identification and quantification of cholesterol oxides in grated cheese and bleached butteroil
Authors: Finocchiaro E. Terry , Lee K. , Richardson T.
Published: January 2007

Butteroil samples bleached with benzoyl peroxide (BP) and 17 commercial cheeses were screened for oxidized sterols by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Ungrated cheeses made from bleached milk and freshly bleached butteroil contained no detectable oxidized sterols. Oxidized sterols were detected in stored, bleached butteroils and in grated cheeses. Four major oxidation products were the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholesterols and the epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols identified by TLC, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Additional sterol oxides (tentatively identified and not quantified) present in these samples included low levels of 7‐ketocholesterol and cholesta‐3,5‐dien‐7‐one. The epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols were detected in bleached butteroils stored in air (BP‐A) and nitrogen (BP‐N) for 22 days at 15 C. Butteroil, after 90 days of storage at 15 C, had 30 (BP‐N) and 60 (BP‐A) µg total oxides/g of bleached oil and, after 1‐year at −20 C, had 70 (BP‐N) and 180 (BP‐A) µg/g butteroil. A grated, unbleached cheese packaged in clear glass contained the most oxidized sterols (44 µg/g). Sterol oxides were not detected in bleached cream using a simulated industrial process.
A comparative study of batch and continuous refining of cottonseed oil in the Sudan
Authors: Wagialla K. M. , Abdul Rahman M. E. , Elawad E. A.
Published: January 2007

This study is concerned with a comparison of some technical aspects regarding batch vs continuous refining (centrifugal alkali refining) of crude cottonseed oil. Implication of processing modes of operation were examined in light of their effect on the following performance criteria: (a) percentage of refining loss as a function of the initial crude‐oil free fatty acid (FFA) content: (b) refined oil color as a function of initial crude‐oil FFA: (c) caustic soda consumption as a function of initial crude‐oil FFA: (d) bleachability characteristics of refined oil. The study shows, in quantitative terms, that continuous refining of cottonseed oil is more efficient in each of these performance criteria, particularly the percentage of refining loss.
Factors affecting peanut butter preference
Authors: How James S. L. , Young Clyde T.
Published: January 2007

A sensory evaluation test with 320 subjects provided information pertinent to the preference of peanut butters. Results of paired preference test indicated that more than half the subjects (59%) preferred the “old fashioned” sample; flavor (aroma and taste) would have to be the primary reason since particle size was nearly the same in the prepared test samples. Chi‐square tests of independence showed that the preference for the “old fashioned” sample was dependent on age (P<.05) and sensory attributes of flavor and textural perception (P<.05). Results of the survey showed that 47% of the total responding subjects listed “crunchy” peanut butter as their favorite type. Selection of one's favorite brand of commercial peanut butter was found to be based primarily on its particle size.
Effect of water hardness ions on the solution properties of an anionic surfactant
Authors: Hu P. C. , Tuvell M. E.
Published: January 2007

The solution characteristics of the system linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)/Ca++/builder were studied using a dynamic surface tension technique. The results showed that the rate of CA++/LAS interaction is slower than the CA++ binding rate of zeolite A. Consequently, zeolite A is effective in preventing precipitation of LAS by calcium ions. The data obtained from the study of Ca++ binding detergent builders on solubilization of Ca(LAS)2 showed that zeolite A was effective but the rate of solubilization was much slower than that for STPP. Incorporation of a small amount of phosphate with zeolite A in a detergent significantly increases the rate of solubilizing of Ca(LAS)2.
Thermal and compositional properties of cocoa butter during static crystallization
Authors: Dimick Paul S. , Manning Douglas M.
Published: January 2007

Studies were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the thermal properties and glyceride composition of cocoa butter crystals formed under static conditions. In addition to these studies, visual characterization of the crystallites was obtained with polarized light microscopy (PLM). Crystals were formed under controlled static or motionless conditions at formation temperatures of 26.0, 28.0, 30.0, 32.0 and 33.0 C. Preparatory techniques were developed using laminated polyethylene with plastic hoops in order to grow the crystals for isolation and visual identification by PLM prior to DSC assay. Cocoa butter was also crystallized from liquid oil directly in the DSC pans prior to thermal assay. At each crystal formation temperature (26–33 C), various crystallite types grew, each with varying triglyceride composition (PLiP, POO, PLiS, POP, SOO, SLiS, POS, SOS, SOA). As an example, the ‘feather’ and ‘individual’ crystals formed at 26.0 C exhibited significant increases in SOS and significant decreases in POP compared to the original butter. It was determined that the original amount of SOS significantly increased in the cocoa butter crystallite as the incubation temperature increased from 26–32 C.
Chemical inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Sessa D. J. , Ghantous P. E.
Published: January 2007

Sodium metabisulfite and glutaraldehyde were used alone and in combination to inactive Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (TI) in model systems and TI in lyophilized alkaline soy meal extract. Reaction of glutaraldehyde (0.1 to 3.0%, based on total volume of the reaction mixture) with Kunitz TI (3 mg/ml buffer) at 25 C resulted in 60–75% reduction in activity. Treatment of soy meal extract containing 0.08 mg TI/mg at a concentration of 10 mg sample/ml buffer under similar reaction conditions reduced TI activity only 40%, however. A reaction temperature of 75 C had little additional effect on TI inactivation. On the other hand, sodium metabisulfite (0.05 to 1.0 mM) inactivated >96% Kunitz TI within 1 hr at 75 C and 75–94% of the TI in soy meal extract. The combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and 0.5% glutaraldehyde at 75 C inactivated >99% Kunitz TI, and combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and up to 3% glutaraldehyde inactivated 88% of TI in soy meal extract vs 91% inactivation with metabisulfite alone. Thus, metabisulfite plus glutaraldehyde inactivated Kunitz TI better than either one alone, while bisulfite alone best inactivated TI in soy meal extract. When the reactions were performed at neutral pH, protein solubility of 80% or better was retained.
Transesterification of cholesteryl esters
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

The transesterification of cholesteryl stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate to the fatty acid methyl ester and free cholesterol under mild conditions is described. In adaptation of a published procedure the transesterification was carried out for two hr at room temperature in 1N NaOH in methanol:benzene (60:40, v/v). After addition of saturated sodium chloride solution the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The product mixture was checked for cholesterol oxides by HPLC fractionation followed by measurement of the oxides by direct on‐column capillary GC. Although transesterification of cholesteryl stearate and oleate was complete (>99%) in 30 min, a uniform reaction period of two hr, required by the polyunsaturated esters, was used for all cholesteryl esters. 7‐Ketocholesterol, a principal oxidation product, was unaffected by the reaction conditions.
Studies on the concentration of oxidized components of abused fats and the application of HPLC to their separation
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Pinter Suzanne
Published: January 2007

The efficiency of five separation techniques at removing unaltered compounds from the methyl esters of oxidized fats was compared, as were concentrations of oxidized products. A batch type distribution method using acetonitrile/hexane was the most effective in concentrating the polar products and removal of palmitate and stearate from abused fats which had been hydrogenated.

The level of high molecular weight material present in samples was measured indirectly by determination of the percent elutable material via gas chromatography.

A high performance liquid chromatography system developed to partially separate or “profile” the oxidized products used an octadecyl bonded phase column and a linear gradient from 50% aqueous acetonitrile to 85% aqueous acetonitrile, at a rate of 5%/min. The resultant chromatograms can be useful in assessing the quality of used fats.
Update on control of olive oil adulteration and misbranding in the United States
Authors: Firestone D. , Carson Karen L. , Reina Robert J.
Published: January 2007

The Food and Drug Administration has carried out a regulatory program since 1982 to control olive oil adulteration and mislabeling in the U.S. Analysis of imported and domestically packaged olive oil products and inspection of domestic packers have significantly reduced the presence of undeclared esterified olive oil in olive oil products. Undeclared esterified olive oil was present in 13% of olive oils examined in a 1985–86 survey, compared to 65% in a 1983–84 survey. Undeclared olive pomace oil and seed oils continue to require surveillance in a continuing effort to eliminate olive oil adulteration.
Inhibition of bacterial urease by autoxidation of furan C‐18 fatty acid methyl ester products
Authors: Rosenblat Gennady , Tabak Mina , Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Neeman Ishak
Published: January 2007

Autoxidation products of synthetic methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐octadeca‐9,11‐dienoate (MEFA) were investigated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis and tested for bacterial urease inhibition. A suspension of oxidized MEFA in 10% Tween 80 was an effective inhibitor for bacterial urease extract fromHelicobacter pylori (I50=1.3 mM) and for commercial urease fromBacillus pasteurii (I50=0.06 mM). The urease inhibitory effect was cancelled by adding cysteine to the reaction mixture. The total content of biologically active oxidized products in the mixture was found to be 6.2%. Dioxo‐ene derivatives of MEFA on the thin‐layer chromatography plate surface were converted into more stable compounds, whose formation in the mixture reduced inhibition ofB. pasteurii to about 2% of the former level. The mechanism of urease inhibition is supposed to involve the interaction of the thiol groups of the enzyme’s active center with the inhibitor molecules.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from guayule plants with different chromosome numbers
Authors: Estilai A.
Published: January 2007

Guayule, a perennial desert plant, is being developed for domestic production of natural rubber, a strategic commodity for which the United States presently depends totally on foreign sources. At present, rubber alone is not sufficient to make guayule a commercial crop, and additional revenues are being sought from by‐products. Because guayule flowers profusely during several years of growth before it is harvested for rubber, seed may also contribute to the economics of guayule production. Seed from 120 plants, including 20 genotypes with 36, 37, 54 and 72 chromosomes, were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content ranged from 17.1 to 30.5%. On average, seed from diploid and aneuploid plants (with 36 and 37 chromosomes) contained 40.4% more oil than the seed from polyploid plants. The oil consisted of four fatty acids—palmitic (8.7–11.5%), stearic (3.7–6.2%), oleic (6.5–13.9%) and linoleic (69.1–80.2%)—at all ploidy levels. Guayule seed oil was similar to the seed oil from high‐linoleic safflower varieties. The use of genetic variation to increase seed yield and seed oil will depend on the absence of negative correlation between oil and rubber production.
A multistage hydrocyclone/stirred‐tank system for countercurrent extraction of canola oil
Authors: Adu‐Peasah S. P. , Diosady L. L. , Rubin L. J.
Published: January 2007

Ground canola seed containing 46.9% oil (A) and partially extracted meal, similar to pre‐pressed meal containing 13.7% oil (B), were ground in a methanol/ammonia/water solution, filtered to remove antinutrients and extracted countercurrently with hexane in a multistage hydrocyclone/stirred‐tank extraction unit. An empirical model was developed for predicting the yield (i.e., oil recovery) from the process. Based on the model calculations, a six‐stage unit operating at a hexane‐to‐meal ratio (R) of 6.2 L/kg was required for processing meal A. The calculated oil recovery was 98.3%, resulting in a meal containing 0.7% residual oil. Meal B required a five‐stage unit operating at R=5.7 L/kg. The calculated oil recovery was 99.2% with 0.6% residual oil in the meal. The calculations were confirmed experimentally with two‐ and four‐stage crosscurrent extraction processes.
Application of high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography to study the autoxidation of unsaturated triacylglycerols
Authors: Hopia Anu I. , Lampi Anna‐Maija , Piironen Vieno I. , Hyvönen Lea E. T. , Koivistoinen Pekka E.
Published: January 2007

A combination of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to study the autoxidation of triacylglycerol (TAG) mixtures separated from low‐erucic acid rapeseed oil and butter oil. The samples were autoxidized in the dark at 40°C for four weeks. The polar compounds of the autoxidated samples were separated by SPE (NH2 stationary phase), and the polar fraction was further characterized by HPSEC with a series of three size‐exclusion columns and an evaporative light‐scattering detector. The polar fraction contained TAG polymers, polar TAG monomers (PTAG) and diacylglycerols. Peroxide values and anisidine values of the samples were also measured. By using three different types of TAG mixtures, it could be demonstrated that the PTAG content of the TAGs increases during autoxidation. A slight increase was also detected in polymer content. The correlation between PTAG content and the comparative measurements was considered significant. The results indicate that the measurement of PTAG and polymeric material content by HPSEC analysis can be used when studying the autoxidation level of edible oils and in characterizing the autoxidation products of different molecular sizes.
The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by an immobilized lipase: Optimization of hydrolysis in organic solvents
Authors: Haas M. J. , Cichowicz D. J. , Phillips J. , Moreau R.
Published: January 2007

The ability of a commercial immobilized lipase preparation (Lipozyme) to hydrolyze the fatty acyl ester bonds of soybean phosphatidylcholine in organic media was investigated. Response surface methodology, based on a Modified Central Composite design, was employed to examine the effects on hydrolysis of solvent polarity, water, pH, duration and temperature of incubation, and the amounts of substrate and catalyst. A second‐order regression model was developed, which allows evaluation of the effects of these parameters, alone or in combination. Hydrolysis increased in a relatively straightforward manner in response to increases in incubation time and the amount of catalyst and was approximately constant over the range of substrate amounts studied. Solvent polarity had a profound effect on the degree of hydrolysis, and the qualitative and quantitative degrees of this effect were dependent upon the values of the other parameters studied. Conditions were identified where enzyme activity was strong in either nonpolar or polar solvents, with activity increasing as the polarity of the medium increased. Enzyme activity was minimum at about 37°C, increasing below and above this temperature. Activity was not affected by the presence of acid or base in the reactions. Increasing amounts of water stimulated enzyme activity in solvents more polar than hexane, while in less polar solvents water inhibited activity.
Photooxidation of soybean oils as affected by triacylglycerol composition and structure
Authors: Neff W. E. , Mounts T. L. , Rinsch W. M. , Konishi H.
Published: January 2007

The photooxidation of soybean oil was determined and correlated with triacylglycerol composition and structure. Purified triacylglycerols were photooxidized at room temperature under fluorescent light. Rates of peroxide formation and total headspace volatiles were related positively (P<0.5 significance) to oxidizability (r=0.75, r=0.76); content of linolenic acid (r=0.80, r=0.85) and linoleic acid (r=0.61, r=0.57); linoleic acid on carbon 2 (r=0.64, r=0.64); and average number of double bonds (r=0.76, r=0.76). Negative correlations were observed with respect to oleic acid (r=−0.70, r=−0.70). Soybean oil stability was decreased by linolenic acid‐containing triacylglycerols and increased by oleic acid‐containing triacylglycerols. Trilinoleoylglycerol and dilinoleoyl‐oleoylglycerol were the most important oxidation product precursors. However, for high‐linolenic acid soybean oil, dilinoleoyl‐linolenoylglycerol and trilinoleoylglycerol were the most important oxidation product precursors. The most abundant volatile produced from thermal decomposition at 140°C of photooxidized triacylglycerols was 2‐heptenal, except for high‐linolenic acid oils, where the most abundant volatile was propanal. The photooxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols with respect to composition and structure is of interest for the development of soybean varieties with oils of improved odor and flavor stability.