bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants: Evaluation of a New Intraluminal Impedance Technique
Authors: Skopnik Heino , Silny Jiri , Heiber Oliver , Schulz Jürgen , Rau Günter , Heimann Gerhard
Published: February 2024

In this study, pH metry was simultaneously applied with a new technique, the intraluminal multiple electrical impedance (IMP) procedure, for measuring gastrointestinal motility for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) detection. Seventeen infants with clinical symptoms of GER disease such as recurrent apnea, aspiration pneumonia, wheezing, and failure to thrive were investigated during two feeding periods. A single catheter combining a pH electrode with seven electrodes for impedance measurements over a distance of 8.5 cm was used for the investigation. In all patients, 185 acid episodes were detected by pH metry. In 106 of these 185 acid episodes, a unique pattern in the IMP readings was noted, indicated by a retrograde esophageal volume flow. These episodes were regarded as acid GER episodes. Seventy‐one of the 185 acid episodes occurred during the clearance process of a preceding acid GER characterized by typical IMP readings of an anterograde bolus transport. Eight of 185 acid episodes were missed in the IMP readings for technical reasons. The IMP pattern described as characteristic for a GER was observed in 490 other episodes not detected by pH metry. More than 75% of all GER detected by IMP reached the pharyngeal space; 73% of all GER occurred during feeding and the first 2 postprandial hours and 27% occurred during the remaining time until the next feeding. Even during the latter period, 34% of GER were detected by IMP only; they were missed by pH metry. Volume clearance indicated by IMP was always completed earlier than acidity clearance. The results show that IMP technique facilitates the detection of all GER, whereas pH metry is confined to the measurement of acid GER. Therefore, this technique might improve the evaluation of GER disease and detection of GER in conditions with gastric hypoacidity.
Intussusception: A 9‐Year Survey (1986‐1995)
Authors: Eshel G. , Barr J. , Heyman E. , Tauber T. , Klin B. , Vinograd I. , Starinsky R. , Lahat E.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Acute intussusception has different clinical features in various parts of the world. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical presentation in different ethnic groups in Israel.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of a 9‐year period (1985‐1995) was carried out at a university medical center. Data extracted included age, sex, ethnic origin, presenting symptoms and signs, the type of enema (barium or air), and the success rate of non‐surgical reduction of the intussusception.

Results:

Ninety patients suffering from intestinal obstruction due to acute intussusception were admitted. The triad of intermittent screaming attacks, lethargy, and vomiting was observed in 37.5% of study subjects. The majority of patients were admitted during the warmer months of the year. The average age of the patients was 7.8 ± 3.7 months; 70% of them were between the ages of 4 and 9 months and 92.5% under 1 year of age. The female‐to‐male ratio was 1:2.1. Air enema was superior to the barium enema in achieving reduction (p < 0.01). The incidence in the Jewish population was similar to that observed in other surveys, and twice that found in the Arab population in our region (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The overall clinical presentation of acute intussusception found in our study does not differ from other studies. The lower incidence of acute intussusception found in the Arab population can be explained by ethnic, genetic, or nutritional factors.
The Platelet‐Activating Factor Receptor Antagonist WEB 2170 Prevents Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Rats
Authors: Caplan Michael S. , Hedlund Erik , Adler Luba , Lickerman Matthew , Hsueh Wei
Published: February 2024

Background:

To evaluate the role of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods:

NEC was reproduced in newborn rats following exposure to formula feeding, asphyxia, and bacterial colonization. The role of endogenous PAF in neonatal NEC was studied by pretreating animals with PAF receptor antagonists (WEB 2170 and WEB 2086) and by measuring intestinal PAF content in animals with NEC, WEB‐treated animals, and controls.

Results:

We found that WEB 2170 (dosed using 10 mg/kg in a.m. and 30 mg/kg in p.m.) markedly reduced the incidence of NEC (3/17 vs. 14/18 control; p < 0.001) and death (6/17 vs. 17/18 control; p < 0.001) compared with saline‐treated animals. Although lower WEB 2170 doses prevented NEC, neither fourfold higher dosing with WEB 2170 nor similar dosing with WEB 2086 affected the incidence of disease in this study. PAF content in intestine was elevated in NEC animals (270 ± 80 pg/g) compared with WEB 2170‐treated animals (0 pg/g) and maternally fed controls (70 ± 50 pg/g).

Conclusions:

The data support the role of PAF in the final common pathway of neonatal NEC.
Antibody Pattern in Childhood Celiac Disease
Authors: Bottaro Gaetano , Volta Umberto , Spina Massimo , Rotolo Novella , Sciacca Agata , Musumeci Salvatore
Published: February 2024

Background:

We carried out a study of the antibody pattern in 50 celiac children [34 females (F) and 16 males (M); F/M, 2.1], ages 7 months‐15 years, compared with that in 25 control subjects (13 females and 12 males) of the same age.

Methods:

IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies (AGA) were determined with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique. IgA anti‐R1‐reticulin antibodies (ARA) and IgA antiendomysium antibodies (EmA) were determined with the fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugate‐labeled anti‐human immunoglobulin technique. To compare sensitivity and specificity, EmA were identified using monkey esophagus and human umbilical cord as substrates.

Results:

While AGA (IgA and IgG) showed a high sensitivity but a low specificity, ARA showed a high specificity but a low sensitivity. Data on EmA showed a high sensitivity and specificity with both tissue sections, with monkey esophagus being more sensitive (96%) and umbilical cord more specific (100%).

Conclusions:

Our results confirm the importance of celiac disease‐related antibodies in identifying celiac children. Moreover, the easy availability of human umbilical cord indicates that it would be proper to use this tissue as substrate, instead of monkey esophagus, for EmA search in the future.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Interferon Therapy in Children with Chronic Active Hepatitis B
Authors: Louis‐Jacques Otto , Olson Allan D.
Published: February 2024

Background:

α‐Interferon is widely accepted for treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis B, but its use remains limited in children, partly because of questions regarding its cost effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of α‐interferon for children with chronic active hepatitis B.

Methods:

We estimated the cost per year of life saved by α‐interferon therapy for three cohorts of patients with chronic active hepatitis B treated at 2, 12, or 25 years of age. We assumed that only patients with active viral replication would be treated and that α‐interferon would prevent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a portion of the population treated. We calculated costs per year of life saved. Medical costs and years of life saved were discounted at 5% per year.

Results:

With a 30% response rate to α‐interferon, there was a net savings in both money and lives in the children's group with a minimal cost per year of life saved for adolescents ($510) and adults ($934). Years of life saved per person were greater for children (1.0) than adults (0.5). With a 6% response rate, estimated costs per year of life saved for children ($5,700) were one‐fourth of those of adults ($22,100).

Conclusions:

α‐interferon therapy for patients with chronic active hepatitis B is cost effective. α‐Interferon is more cost effective in toddlers than adults because of the smaller dose required and the greater increase in life expectancy of children.
Effect of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Therapy on Hepatic Function in Children with Intrahepatic Cholestatic Liver Disease
Authors: Narkewicz Michael R. , Smith Debra , Gregory Christopher , Lear James L. , Osberg Iris , Sokol Ronald J.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to improve pruritus, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol levels in children with intrahepatic cholestatic liver disease. However, the effect of UDCA on quantitative tests of hepatic function in children is uncertain.

Methods:

A 2.5‐year, open label, crossover study, was designed to determine the effect of UDCA (15‐20 mg/kg per day for 12 months, off for 6 months, and on again for 12 months) on clinical symptoms, biochemical test results, galactose and caffeine elimination half‐lives (t½), and quantitative hepatic scintigraphy in 13 subjects aged 13.1 ± 2.1 years (10 of whom completed the entire study), with intrahepatic cholestasis.

Results:

Pruritus improved with UDCA in the 6 patients with pruritus on entry into the study. At 12 months, there was a significant decline in ALT,γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, and plasma levels of copper and manganese, with no further decline in these levels at 24 months. There were no changes in bilirubin or cholylglycine levels. After therapy was discontinued at 12 months, UDCA was restarted within 1 month in 9 of 12 patients in response to a doubling of ALT (n = 6) or worsening pruritus (n = 3). Galactose t½ increased after 12 months, with no further increases after 24 months of UDCA therapy, whereas caffeine t½ did not change. There were no significant changes in hepatic scintigraphy throughout the study.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that although UDCA therapy improves pruritus and results in a reduction in ALT and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, UDCA therapy did not improve quantitative measures of hepatic function in children with intrahepatic cholestasis.
Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux on Growth and Hospital Stay in Premature Infants
Authors: Frakaloss Geri , Burke Georgine , Sanders Marilyn R.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is associated with failure to thrive in term infants with severe GER; however, this association has not been shown in premature infants. A retrospective case‐control study of growth velocities, caloric intake, and length of hospital stay in premature infants with GER was conducted to determine the impact of GER on their growth.

Methods:

Twenty‐three patients with clinically significant GER were identified from a database containing records for all infants admitted to the University of Connecticut Health Center Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Patients and control subjects (n = 23) were matched for gestational age, birth weight, gender, and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Each infant's average weekly weight gain and average weekly caloric intake were calculated, using daily bedside nursing flow sheets. Comparisons were also made of the number of days it took each infant to achieve full oral feedings, number of days from full oral feedings to discharge, and length of hospital stay.

Results:

There were no significant differences between patients and control subjects for each week in average weekly weight gain, caloric intake, grams gained per calorie given, or weekly increments gained in length and head circumference. There were, however, significant differences in time required to achieve full oral feedings (32 ± 13 days versus 19 ± 12 days; p< 0.0008) and length of hospital stay (99 ± 27 days versus 70± 31 days; p < 0.002) as well as postmenstrual age (PMA) at discharge (43 ± 3 weeks versus 39 ± 3 weeks, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

GER did not have a significant impact on caloric intake, effective use of calories, or growth velocities in the study population. It is more likely that the constant monitoring of weight gain and caloric intake while in the intensive care environment protects against the failure to thrive often seen in older infants with GER. Premature infants with GER had a significantly increased length of hospital stay. More aggressive medical management and consideration of alternative feeding strategies may help facilitate discharge for premature infants diagnosed with GER.
T‐Cells and HLA‐Class II Expression in the Large Intestine of Infants in the Early Postnatal Period
Authors: Örmälä Timo , Rintala Risto , Savilahti Erkki
Published: February 2024

Background:

There is only limited knowledge of the development of the immune responses of the gut in very young infants after exposure to bacterial and food antigens at birth.

Methods:

In this study, 49 large intestinal biopsy specimens, which were judged to have normal morphology, were taken from 49 young infants. Eleven patients had Hirschsprung's disease (group 1) and 38 had miscellaneous conditions (group 2). The densities of T cells, their subsets expressing surface antigens CD8 and CD4, and T‐cell receptors α/β or γ/δ were measured, as well as densities of mononuclear and epithelial cells expressing HLA‐class II antigens.

Results:

T‐cell densities in groups 1 and 2 were similar. Patients with Hirschsprung's disease had significantly more HLA‐DR (p = 0.006) and HLA‐DP‐expressing cells (p = 0.003) in the lamina propria than did the patients in group 2. In group 1, HLA‐DR‐ (r = 0.58; p= 0.46) and HLA‐DP‐expressing cells (r = 0.66; p = 0.03) showed a significant positive regression with age in the lamina propria, whereas in group 2, HLA‐DR+ cells in the lamina propria showed marked(r = ‐0.9; p = 0.006) negative regression during the first 1.5 months of life. In contrast to results in previous reports, in the current results, HLA‐D region antigens were present in the epithelium in a considerable proportion (up to one fourth) of specimens from the large intestine in both groups. CD3+ (r = ‐0.59; p = 0.006) and CD4+ (r = ‐0.64; p = 0.002) cells showed a strong negative regression with age in the lamina propria during the first 2.5 months; and thereafter, there was a weak, insignificant rise in the numbers of these cells. The distribution of CD4+, CD8+, and TCR α/β orγ/δ T cells of the epithelium of the young infants did not differ significantly from that in the epithelium of adults.

Conclusions:

These results show that several significant changes occur in the mucosal immune system during the first few weeks of life.
Histologic Evaluation of Endoscopic Versus Suction Biopsies of Small Intestinal Mucosae in Children with and Without Celiac Disease
Authors: Branski David , Faber Joseph , Freier Serem , Gottschalk‐Sabag Shoshana , Shiner Margot
Published: February 2024

Background:

Concern over the adequacy of histologic diagnosis of endoscopic duodenal biopsies in children prompted this comparative study on the histologic quality of endoscopic versus capsule biopsies. We found this problem addressed in only six previous reports.

Methods:

Blind examinations of the histologic sections of 48 duodenal biopsies obtained by gastrointestinal endoscopy in children aged 2‐18 years were compared to 52 biopsies obtained by the small bowel suction method (from children aged 1‐16 years).

Results:

Although 87.5% of endoscopic biopsies and 94.2% of capsule biopsies were adequate for histologic diagnosis, fragmentation or squashing was seen in 83.3% of endoscopic biopsies and only in 25% of capsule biopsies.

Conclusions:

Biopsies obtained by suction are of better quality than those obtained by endoscopy. If endoscopy is preferred for technical reasons, the following conditions should be observed: the patients should be aged over 2 years, and a minimum of four biopsies should be obtained with forceps of a diameter greater than 2 mm. Adequate histologic criteria for diagnosis should include at least one full‐thickness mucosal specimen more than 3 mm in length, vertically oriented, and not fragmented. In children under age 2, duodenal or jejunal capsule biopsies are preferred, since the specimens are usually larger and less fragmented. Endoscopy is technically more difficult in the very young patient.
Intestinal, Pancreatic and Hepatic Involvement in Carbohydrate‐Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome Type I
Authors: Kristianson Bengt , Borulf Stefan , Conradi Nils , Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte , Ryd Walter , Stibler Helena
Published: February 2024

Background:

Children with carbohydrate‐deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I during infancy have gastrointestinal symptoms and growth impairment, the cause of which is largely unknown.

Methods:

Seven children were investigated with small intestinal biopsy, liver biopsy, duodenal intubation with determination of lipolytic and proteolytic activity, and test meal. Weight, length‐height, and head circumference were recorded regularly.

Results:

Growth was affected from early infancy, with an initial low rate of weight gain followed by impaired linear growth. Vomiting and diarrhea were dominant symptoms. Four of seven children had abnormal findings in light microscopic examination of small intestinal biopsy specimens, with short villi and increased inflammatory cells in the stroma, that did not respond to elimination of such food proteins as cow's milk or gluten. Electron microscopic study showed dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal inclusions containing lipids. The liver was abnormal in all. Besides steatosis and fibrosis or cirrhosis, there was a remarkable increase of inflammatory cells in portal zones. Activity of lipolytic enzymes in duodenal juice was low, except in one child, who no longer had growth problems or symptoms. Two of six had abnormal proteinolytic activity in duodenal juice. Digestion of triglycerides and absorption were within normal limits, as was the absorption of glucose and xylose.

Conclusions:

Inflammation of small intestine and liver may be the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. In all likelihood, the growth failure was because of low caloric intake and increased losses related to vomiting. Growth and gastrointestinal symptoms improved spontaneously as time elapsed
Natural killer cell‐based signature: Prognostic analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Guo Zizhao , Zhao Yuxia , Xu Meng , Zhao Long , Wang Xiaolei
Published: February 2024

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is a challenging cancer with significant clinical implications. Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as important players in tumor immunosurveillance, yet their role and potential as prognostic biomarkers in HNSC remain unclear.

Methods

Quantitative analysis using multiple algorithms identified FCRL1, KIR3DL2 and ZNF541 as molecules significantly associated with local NK cell infiltration and patient survival. A prognostic model based on these molecules demonstrated robust predictive performance.

Results

Analysis of high‐ and low‐risk patient groups revealed distinct differences in the tumor microenvironment, indicating an inhibitory immune microenvironment in high‐risk patients. Notably, low‐risk patients exhibited potential sensitivity to immunotherapy and showed favorable responses to specific drugs such as axitinib, methotrexate, rapamycin and vorinostat. NK cells, important effectors of the innate immune response, were found to play a crucial role in HNSC immunity. The present study provides valuable insights into the correlation between FCRL1, KIR3DL2, ZNF541 and NK cell infiltration, paving the way for future investigations into their roles in HNSC. Activation of NOTCH signaling, MYC targets, DNA repair, E2F targets, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, G2M checkpoint and mitotic spindle pathways in high‐risk patients suggests their involvement in disease progression and poor prognosis.

Conclusions

The present study reveals the significance of NK cells in HNSC and their potential as prognostic biomarkers. The CFKZ score offers a promising approach for predicting patient outcomes and guiding personalized treatment decisions in HNSC. These findings contribute to our understanding of HNSC immunobiology and hold implications for precision medicine in HNSC management.
The principle of reciprocity in Scharff interviews
Authors: Palena Nicola , Granhag Pär‐Anders , Vrij Aldert , Orthey Robin , Monticciolo Roberto , Caso Letizia
Published: February 2024

Studies on the collection of information (intelligence) show the effectiveness of the Scharff technique and the principle of reciprocity. These two aspects have never been considered at the same time. In the present experiment, we compared the effect of two different forms of reciprocity (intrinsic vs. instrumental) and their combination on the elicitation of information in Scharff interviews. Participants were asked to imagine that an interview took place and were exposed to four reciprocity conditions (no reciprocity, intrinsic reciprocity, instrumental reciprocity, intrinsic and instrumental reciprocity). The results showed that instrumental reciprocity resulted in more information than intrinsic reciprocity.
Role of isomers and steric hindrance in the micellization of carboxylated carbosilane surfactants
Authors: Wu Tianquan , Liu Hailong , Tan Jinglin
Published: February 2024

A series of carboxylated carbosilane surfactants with methyl, ethyl, branching CH3, phenyl, and cyclohexyl (Me‐Si2C‐COONa, Et‐Si2C‐COONa, Si2C‐La‐COONa, Ph‐Si2C‐COONa, and Cy‐Si2C‐COONa) were prepared. The effect of isomer and steric hindrance on their micellization in aqueous solution was investigated by surface tension, conductivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Si2C‐La‐COONa with branching CH3 shows a lower γCMC value and higher the CMC value compared with Et‐Si2C‐COONa. Cy‐Si2C‐COONa with cyclohexyl (41.6 mN m−1) and Ph‐Si2C‐COONa with phenyl (43.9 mN m−1) have larger γCMC values due to the distinct steric hindrance and hydrophobicity. In aqueous solution, the aggregation behavior of Si2C‐La‐COONa, Cy‐Si2C‐COONa, and Ph‐Si2C‐COONa is enthalpy‐driven. However, the micellization process of Me‐Si2C‐COONa and Et‐Si2C‐COONa is governed by the enthalpy‐driven at high temperature and entropy‐driven at low temperature. DLS and TEM results indicate that the carboxylated carbosilane surfactants can self‐assemble into aggregate with hydrodynamic diameters of 50–400 nm.
GLI family zinc finger protein 2 promotes skin fibroblast proliferation and DNA damage repair by targeting the miR‐200/ataxia telangiectasia mutated axis in diabetic wound healing
Authors: Liang Zun‐Hong , Lin Shi‐Shuai , Qiu Zhi‐Yang , Pan Yun‐Chuan , Pan Nan‐Fang , Liu Yun
Published: February 2024

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetic patients which negatively affects their foot health. This study aimed to estimate the role and mechanism of the miR‐200 family in DNA damage of diabetic wound healing. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF‐1 cells) were stimulated with high glucose (HG). Db/db mice were utilized to conduct the DFU in vivo model. Cell viability was evaluated using 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide assays. Superoxide dismutase activity was determined using detection kits. Reactive oxygen species determination was conducted via dichlorodihydrofluorescein‐diacetate assays. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′deoxyguanosine levels. Genes and protein expression were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, or immunohistochemical analyses. Luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays determined the interaction with miR‐200a/b/c‐3p and GLI family zinc finger protein 2 (GLI2) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. HG repressed cell proliferation and DNA damage repair, promoted miR‐200a/b/c‐3p expression, and suppressed ATM and GLI2. MiR‐200a/b/c‐3p inhibition ameliorated HG‐induced cell proliferation and DNA damage repair repression. MiR‐200a/b/c‐3p targeted ATM. Then, the silenced ATM reversed the miR‐200a/b/c‐3p inhibition‐mediated alleviative effects under HG. Next, GLI2 overexpression alleviated the HG‐induced cell proliferation and DNA damage repair inhibition via miR‐200a/b/c‐3p. MiR‐200a/b/c‐3p inhibition significantly promoted DNA damage repair and wound healing in DFU mice. GLI2 promoted cell proliferation and DNA damage repair by regulating the miR‐200/ATM axis to enhance diabetic wound healing in DFU.
Scaling up open access publishing through transformative agreements: Results from 2019 to 2022
Authors: Hoogendoorn Ciaran , Redvers‐Mutton Gaynor
Published: February 2024

Key Points

The Biochemical Society's transformative Read & Publish (R&P) agreements follow an all‐inclusive and unlimited model (developed in collaboration with other society publishers) that cover all titles, both hybrid and fully open access (OA), and does not place caps on article numbers.

This case study shows that these R&P agreements have significantly boosted OA uptake in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

It also shows that the agreements are most effective in regions where there is adequate funding, high research output and a willingness from institutions to engage collectively (through consortium agreements).

Where these conditions do not exist alternative models will be needed to complement R&P—in our case we plan to implement Subscribe to Open from 2025 onwards.
Generalized noncooperative Schrödinger–Kirchhoff–type systems in RN$\mathbb {R}^N$
Authors: Chems Eddine Nabil , Repovš Dušan D.
Published: February 2024

We consider a class of noncooperative Schrödinger–Kirchhof–type system, which involves a general variable exponent elliptic operator with critical growth. Under certain suitable conditions on the nonlinearities, we establish the existence of infinitely many solutions for the problem by using the limit index theory, a version of concentration–compactness principle for weighted‐variable exponent Sobolev spaces and the principle of symmetric criticality of Krawcewicz and Marzantowicz.
Preparation of Chladophora‐Based Biochar and Its Adsorption Properties for Antibiotics
Authors: Liu Luxing , Shang Dawei , Zhao Yang , Zhao Qun , Guo Yue , Zhang Fengrong , Kong Qiang , Zhang Huanxin , Wang Qian , Zhao Congcong
Published: February 2024

The biochar prepared by Chladophora (CB) was used to adsorb the ibuprofen and ofloxacin in sewage. SEM showed that CB preserved the natural tubular structure and increased its specific surface area. According to the BET results, the specific surface area of CB was 296.831 m2 g‐1. The adsorption of ibuprofen and ofloxacin on biochar conformed to the pseudo second‐order kinetic model, indicating that their adsorption rate was controlled by the chemical adsorption mechanism. According to the adsorption isotherms study, the adsorption of ibuprofen on CB met the Dubin‐Radushkevich model, while it fitted well with the Freundlich model for ofloxacin adsorption, making their adsorption onto biochar relating to non‐uniform surface and adsorption layer, respectively. The pore filling and electrostatic interaction were considered the main mechanism for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on CB, whereas the π‐π electron donor acceptor (EDA) interaction and hydrogen bond would also partially contribute to the adsorption process.
Amidation‐Reaction Strategy Constructs Versatile Mixed Matrix Composite Membranes towards Efficient Volatile Organic Compounds Adsorption and CO2 Separation
Authors: Li Boyu , Liu Xiaohui , He Xuanting , Liu Jiaxiang , Mao Shun , Tao Wenquan , Li Zhuo
Published: February 2024

Mixed matrix composite membranes (MMCMs) have shown advantages in reducing VOCs and CO2 emissions. Suitable composite layer, substrate, and good compatibility between the filler and the matrix in the composite layer are critical issues in designing MMCMs. This work develops a high‐performance UiO‐66‐NA@PDMS/MCE for VOCs adsorption and CO2 permea‐selectivity, based on a simple and facile fabrication of composite layer using amidation‐reaction approach on the substrate. The composite layer shows a continuous morphological appearance without interface voids. This outstanding compatibility interaction between UiO‐66‐NH2 and PDMS is confirmed by molecular simulations. The Si─O functional group and UiO‐66‐NH2 in the layer leads to improved VOCs adsorption via active sites, skeleton interaction, electrostatic interaction, and van der Waals force. The layer and ─CONH─ also facilitate CO2 transport. The MMCMs show strong four VOCs adsorption and high CO2 permeance of 276.5 GPU with a selectivity of 36.2. The existence of VOCs in UiO‐66‐NA@PDMS/MCE increases the polarity and fine‐tunes the pore size of UiO‐66‐NH2, improving the affinity towards CO2 and thus promoting the permea‐selectivity for CO2, which is further verified by GCMC and EMD methods. This work is expected to offer a facile composite layer manufacturing method for MMCMs with high VOC adsorption and CO2 permea‐selectivity.
Constructing Built‐In Electric Field in NiCo2O4‐CeO2 Heterostructures to Regulate Li2O2 Formation Routes at High Current Densities
Authors: Huang Renshu , Zhai Zhixiang , Chen Xingfa , Liang Xincheng , Yu Tianqi , Yang Yueyao , Li Bin , Yin Shibin
Published: February 2024

Developing catalysts with suitable adsorption energy for oxygen‐containing intermediates and elucidating their internal structure‐performance relationships are essential for the commercialization of Li–O2 batteries (LOBs), especially under high current densities. Herein, NiCo2O4‐CeO2 heterostructure with a spontaneous built‐in electric field (BIEF) is designed and utilized as a cathode catalyst for LOBs at high current density. The driving mechanism of electron pumping/accumulation at heterointerface is studied via experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, elucidating the growth mechanism of discharge products. The results show that BIEF induced by work function difference optimizes the affinity for LiO2 and promotes the formation of nano‐flocculent Li2O2, thus improving LOBs performance at high current density. Specifically, NiCo2O4‐CeO2 cathode exhibits a large discharge capacity (9546 mAh g−1 at 4000 mA g−1) and high stability (>430 cycles at 4000 mA g−1), which are better than the majority of previously reported metal‐based catalysts. This work provides a new method for tuning the nucleation and decomposition of Li2O2 and inspires the design of ideal catalysts for LOBs to operate at high current density.
Catalyzing Desolvation at Cathode‐Electrolyte Interface Enabling High‐Performance Magnesium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Deng Rongrui , Lu Guanjie , Wang Zhongting , Tan Shuangshuang , Huang Xueting , Li Rong , Li Menghong , Wang Ronghua , Xu Chaohe , Huang Guangsheng , Wang Jingfeng , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Pan Fusheng
Published: February 2024

Magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) are expected to be the promising candidates in the post‐lithium‐ion era with high safety, low cost and almost dendrite‐free nature. However, the sluggish diffusion kinetics and strong solvation capability of the strongly polarized Mg2+ are seriously limiting the specific capacity and lifespan of MIBs. In this work, catalytic desolvation is introduced into MIBs for the first time by modifying vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) with molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MQDs), and it is demonstrated via density function theory (DFT) calculations that MQDs can effectively lower the desolvation energy barrier of Mg2+, and therefore catalyze the dissociation of Mg2+‐1,2‐Dimethoxyethane (Mg2+‐DME) bonds and release free electrolyte cations, finally contributing to a fast diffusion kinetics within the cathode. Meanwhile, the local interlayer expansion can also increase the layer spacing of V2O5 and speed up the magnesiation/demagnesiation kinetics. Benefiting from the structural configuration, MIBs exhibit superb reversible capacity (≈300 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1) and unparalleled cycling stability (15 000 cycles at 2 A g−1 with a capacity of ≈70 mAh g−1). This approach based on catalytic reactions to regulate the desolvation behavior of the whole interface provides a new idea and reference for the development of high‐performance MIBs.
We Belong and Connect When We Have a Voice: Towards a Learning Design for Inclusive Learning
Authors: Pinto Marta , Svoen Brit
Published: February 2024

When people have their voice heard and are willing to share their stories, they become empowered with a sense of belonging and social inclusion. This chapter proposes a learning design approach for online and face-to-face learning, which aims to deliver social inclusion for adult migrants and refugees, through digital literacy. The design is based on the participation of a community encompassing students, teachers and technologists. Developing online learning resources entails being culturally and gender sensitive, through stories in every step of the learning journey, focusing on the learners needs and sense of connectedness.
Notes on gauging noninvertible symmetries. Part I. Multiplicity-free cases
Authors: Perez-Lona A. , Robbins D. , Sharpe E. , Vandermeulen T. , Yu X.
Published: February 2024

Abstract

In this paper we discuss gauging noninvertible zero-form symmetries in two dimensions. We specialize to certain gaugeable cases, specifically, fusion categories of the form $$ \textrm{Rep}\left(\mathcal{H}\right) $$
Rep

H

for $$ \mathcal{H} $$
H
a suitable Hopf algebra (which includes the special case Rep(G) for G a finite group). We also specialize to the case that the fusion category is multiplicity-free. We discuss how to construct a modular-invariant partition function from a choice of Frobenius algebra structure on $$ {\mathcal{H}}^{\ast } $$

H
∗

. We discuss how ordinary G orbifolds for finite groups G are a special case of the construction, corresponding to the fusion category Vec(G) = Rep(ℂ[G]*). For the cases Rep(S3), Rep(D4), and Rep(Q8), we construct the crossing kernels for general intertwiner maps. We explicitly compute partition functions in the examples of Rep(S3), Rep(D4), Rep(Q8), and $$ \textrm{Rep}\left({\mathcal{H}}_8\right) $$
Rep

H
8

, and discuss applications in c = 1 CFTs. We also discuss decomposition in the special case that the entire noninvertible symmetry group acts trivially.
The θ-dependence of the SU(N) critical temperature at large N
Authors: Bonanno Claudio , D’Elia Massimo , Verzichelli Lorenzo
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We investigate, by means of numerical lattice simulations, the θ-dependence of the critical deconfinement temperature of SU(N) gauge theories at large N : Tc(θ) = Tc(0)[1 – Rθ2 + O(θ4)], with R ~ O(1/N2). We follow two different strategies to determine R, one based on the calculation of the latent heat of the transition and on the jump of the topological susceptibility at the θ = 0 critical point, the other relying on a direct probe of Tc(θ) by means of imaginary-θ Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that R follows the expected large-N scaling.
Development and characterization of a new sunflower source of resistance to race G of Orobanche cumana Wallr. derived from Helianthus anomalus
Authors: Fernández-Melero Belén , del Moral Lidia , Todesco Marco , Rieseberg Loren H. , Owens Gregory L. , Carrère Sébastien , Chabaud Mireille , Muños Stéphane , Velasco Leonardo , Pérez-Vich Begoña
Published: February 2024

Key message

A new OrAnom1 gene introgressed in cultivated sunflower from wild Helianthus anomalusconfers late post-attachment resistance toOrobanche cumana race G and maps to a target interval in Chromosome 4 where two receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been identified in theH. anomalusgenome as putative candidates.

Sunflower broomrape is a parasitic weed that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) roots causing severe yield losses. Breeding for resistance is the most effective and sustainable control method. In this study, we report the identification, introgression, and genetic and physiological characterization of a new sunflower source of resistance to race G of broomrape developed from the wild annual sunflower H. anomalus (accession PI 468642). Crosses between PI 468642 and the susceptible line P21 were carried out, and the genetic study was conducted in BC1F1, BC1F2, and its derived BC1F3 populations. A BC1F5 germplasm named ANOM1 was developed through selection for race G resistance and resemblance to cultivated sunflower. The resistant trait showed monogenic and dominant inheritance. The gene, named OrAnom1, was mapped to Chromosome 4 within a 1.2 cM interval and co-segregated with 7 SNP markers. This interval corresponds to a 1.32 Mb region in the sunflower reference genome, housing a cluster of receptor-like kinase and receptor-like protein (RLK-RLP) genes. Notably, the analysis of the H. anomalus genome revealed the absence of RLPs in the OrAnom1 target region but featured two RLKs as possible OrAnom1 candidates. Rhizotron and histological studies showed that OrAnom1 determines a late post-attachment resistance mechanism. Broomrape can establish a vascular connection with the host, but parasite growth is stopped before tubercle development, showing phenolic compounds accumulation and tubercle necrosis. ANOM1 will contribute to broadening the genetic basis of broomrape resistance in the cultivated sunflower pool and to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the sunflower-broomrape interaction.
Artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging reliably detects the presence, but not the location, of meniscus tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Yi , Coppola Andrew , Karamchandani Urvi , Amiras Dimitri , Gupte Chinmay M.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To review and compare the accuracy of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the diagnosis of meniscal tears in the current literature and analyze the decision-making processes utilized by these CNN algorithms.

Materials and methods

PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases up to December 2022 were searched in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Risk of analysis was used for all identified articles. Predictive performance values, including sensitivity and specificity, were extracted for quantitative analysis. The meta-analysis was divided between AI prediction models identifying the presence of meniscus tears and the location of meniscus tears.

Results

Eleven articles were included in the final review, with a total of 13,467 patients and 57,551 images. Heterogeneity was statistically significantly large for the sensitivity of the tear identification analysis (I2 = 79%). A higher level of accuracy was observed in identifying the presence of a meniscal tear over locating tears in specific regions of the meniscus (AUC, 0.939 vs 0.905). Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.91) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.93) for meniscus tear identification and 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.91) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.81–0.85) for locating the tears.

Conclusions

AI prediction models achieved favorable performance in the diagnosis, but not location, of meniscus tears. Further studies on the clinical utilities of deep learning should include standardized reporting, external validation, and full reports of the predictive performances of these models, with a view to localizing tears more accurately.

Clinical relevance statement

Meniscus tears are hard to diagnose in the knee magnetic resonance images. AI prediction models may play an important role in improving the diagnostic accuracy of clinicians and radiologists.

Key Points

•Artificial intelligence (AI) provides great potential in improving the diagnosis of meniscus tears.

•The pooled diagnostic performance for artificial intelligence (AI) in identifying meniscus tears was better (sensitivity 87%, specificity 89%) than locating the tears (sensitivity 88%, specificity 84%).

•AI is good at confirming the diagnosis of meniscus tears, but future work is required to guide the management of the disease.
On Compact Packings of Euclidean Space with Spheres of Finitely Many Sizes
Authors: Messerschmidt Miek , Kikianty Eder
Published: February 2024

For $$d\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

d
∈
N

, a compact sphere packing of Euclidean space $${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$$

R

d

is a set of spheres in $${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$$

R

d

with disjoint interiors so that the contact hypergraph of the packing is the vertex scheme of a homogeneous simplicial d-complex that covers all of $${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$$

R

d

. We are motivated by the question: For $$d,n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

d
,
n
∈
N

with $$d,n\ge 2$$

d
,
n
≥
2

, how many configurations of numbers $$0<r_{0}<r_{1}<\cdots <r_{n-1}=1$$

0
<

r
0

<

r
1

<
⋯
<

r

n
-
1

=
1

can occur as the radii of spheres in a compact sphere packing of $${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$$

R

d

wherein there occur exactly n sizes of sphere? We introduce what we call ‘heteroperturbative sets’ of labeled triangulations of unit spheres and we discuss the existence of non-trivial examples of heteroperturbative sets. For a fixed heteroperturbative set, we discuss how a compact sphere packing may be associated to the heteroperturbative set or not. We proceed to show, for $$d,n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

d
,
n
∈
N

with $$d,n\ge 2$$

d
,
n
≥
2

and for a fixed heteroperturbative set, that the collection of all configurations of n distinct positive numbers that can occur as the radii of spheres in a compact packing is finite, when taken over all compact sphere packings of $${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$$

R

d

which have exactly n sizes of sphere and which are associated to the fixed heteroperturbative set.
Rethinking parameters of “success” in breaking bad news conversations from patient’s perspective: the successful delivery process model
Authors: Koch Martin , Seifart Carola
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Studies that focus on improving the difficult process of breaking bad news in oncology should include the patient perspective and be guided by appropriate outcome measures. Endpoints such as “patient satisfaction” fall short to capture the complex nature of breaking bad news (BBN) conversations. However, this is true of many studies. The present study attempts to develop a framework model from a new, patient-centered perspective, which can be applied equally in clinical practice and in education.

Methods

Semi-structured in-depth interviews with twelve cancer patients were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed by “qualitative content analysis” following Mayring. Outcomes were further extrapolated in interpretational steps, and a model of “success” from patients view in BBN was developed.

Results

Two central needs of the patients could be identified: understanding and feelings. Their fulfillment depends on two groups of variables: first, structural characteristics, such as the inevitable shock, individuality, and processability; second, strongly influenceable variables, such as relationship, transfer of knowledge, and atmosphere. From these results, a framework model for successful breaking of bad news from the patient’s perspective was developed: The successful delivery process model (SDP model).

Conclusion

As a basic model for the framework for breaking bad news from the patient’s perspective, the SDP model can be applied to many different situations in oncology and help to frame the difficult conversations by tailoring the BBN conversations on determinants that favorably influence the process in a patient centered manner. In this sense, the model can be useful in clinical practice as well as in education.
Quantum mayfly optimization based feature subset selection with hybrid CNN for biomedical Parkinson’s disease diagnosis
Authors: Mansour Romany F.
Published: February 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) arises from brain cell damage and necessitates early detection for effective treatment and symptom management. While various methods such as voice, speech, and written exams have been explored, utilizing automated tools is crucial to enhance accuracy. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) provide an opportunity for precise early-stage PD identification. This study introduces a novel approach known as Quantum Mayfly Optimization-based feature subset selection with hybrid convolutional neural network (QMFOFS-HCNN) to improve PD detection and classification. QMFOFS-HCNN is designed to identify optimal feature subsets and overcome the dimensionality challenge. It combines a quantum mayfly optimization approach for feature selection with a convolutional neural network with attention-based long short-term memory for PD detection and classification. Additionally, hyperparameter selection is optimized using the Nadam optimizer. Experimental validation using benchmark datasets yielded compelling results. The QMFOFS-HCNN technique achieved accuracy rates: 96.35% for HandPD Spiral, 96.7% for HandPD Meander, 98.5% for Speech PD, and a perfect 100% for Voice PD datasets. These quantitative findings underscore the potential of AI and DL to enhance early PD detection accuracy significantly. These results offer promising prospects for improving healthcare outcomes in managing PD and related neurological disorders.
COVID-19 drug repurposing model based on pigeon-inspired optimizer and rough sets theory
Authors: Gad Ibrahim , Torky Mohamed , Elshaier Yaseen A. M. M. , Darwish Ashraf , Hassanien Aboul Ella
Published: February 2024

Discovering the most effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs is the optimal solution to get back to a normal life without COVID-19. Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, has become one of the most important solutions for developing new COVID-19 drugs. However, this alternative requires long-term laboratory experiments to reach the optimal drug that involves the best combination of drug features to resist the COVID-19 virus. In response to this challenge, the COVID-19 drug repurposing (C19-DR) model based on pigeon-inspired optimizer (PIO) and rough sets theory (RST) is proposed. The proposed model presents a new rough set-based feature selection technique that uses a pigeon-inspired optimizer algorithm to find and validate the optimal reduct of drug features to design an effective COVID-19 drug. Moreover, the proposed model can investigate the efficiency of multiple medications against the COVID-19 virus based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) threshold. The effectiveness of the proposed COVID-19 drug repurposing model has been validated using a laboratory drug dataset consisting of 60 medications. The practical results show that the optimized rough set reduct of {hydrogen bonding acceptor (HBA) and number of chiral centers} is the most significant reduct that can be used to design an effective COVID-19 drug. Moreover, the proposed drug design model could verify the efficiency of a selected dataset of drug models based on evaluating the IC50 metric. The verification results proved the high effectiveness of the proposed model in evaluating the predicted IC50 with an accuracy of 91.4% and MSE of 0.034. These findings might be a promising solution that can assist researchers in developing and repurposing novel medications to treat COVID-19 and its new viral mutants.