bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Solving Games Constructed Using Both Short and Long Conjunctive Sums
Authors: Kane Daniel M.
Published: December 2010

In a 1966 paper by C.A.B. Smith, the short and long conjunctive sums of games are defined and methods are described for determining the theoretical winner of a game constructed using one type of these sums. In this paper, we develop a method for determining the winner of a game constructed using arbitrary combinations of these sums.
Calibrating local volatility in inverse option pricing using the Levenberg–Marquardt method
Authors: Lakhal Aref , Lakhal Mohamed Majdi , Louis Alfred Karl
Published: December 2010

We derive an iterative algorithm for an Inverse Problem of Option Pricing. The aim is to determine the local volatility such that the corresponding solutions of the Black–Scholes equation match the quoted market prices. Market data are given as option prices with different strikes and maturities. This leads to a parameter estimation problem for parabolic differential equations. This inverse problem is nonlinear and ill-posed. To overcome these difficulties, we apply an inexact Newton method. Thus, we derive a regularizing iterative algorithm of Levenberg–Marquardt type. As an underlying operator, we introduce the propagation operator. It maps, for given initial data, the unknown volatility to the final data. Then, we determine its Gâteaux-differential operator via a parabolic equation of second order. Moreover, its corresponding adjoint, called backpropagation operator, is obtained via a backward parabolic equation. Finally, to illustrate the efficiency of the method, we present some numerical results for simulated data and for observations extracted from the market. Besides, we discuss different strategies for choosing the regularizing parameters.
Trefftz method in solving the inverse problems
Authors: Ciałkowski Michał J. , Grysa Krzysztof
Published: December 2010

In this article we present different types of Trefftz functions for stationary and non-stationary linear differential equations. The Trefftz methods are then defined and briefly described. One of them, namely the LSM applied to the region divided on finite elements, is discussed. Examples of the T-functions usage in solving inverse problems and smoothing inaccurate input data are presented. Moreover, some remarks concerning nonlinear non-stationary problem of heat conduction is briefly discussed and some open problems are formulated.
A quasi-boundary-value method for the Cauchy problem for elliptic equations with nonhomogeneous Neumann data
Authors: Feng Xiao-Li , Eldén Lars , Fu Chu-Li
Published: December 2010

A Cauchy problem for elliptic equations with nonhomogeneous Neumann data in a cylindrical domain is investigated in this paper. For the theoretical aspect the a-priori and a-posteriori parameter choice rules are suggested and the corresponding error estimates are obtained. About the numerical aspect, for a simple case results given by two methods based on the discrete Sine transform and the finite difference method are presented; an idea of left-preconditioned GMRES (Generalized Minimum Residual) method is proposed to deal with the high dimensional case to save the time; a view of dealing with a general domain is suggested. Some ill-posed problems regularized by the quasi-boundary-value method are listed and some rules of this method are suggested.
Discrepancy curves for multi-parameter regularization
Authors: Lu Shuai , Pereverzev Sergei V. , Shao Yuanyuan , Tautenhahn Ulrich
Published: December 2010

For solving linear ill-posed problems regularization methods are required when the right-hand side is with some noise. In the present paper regularized solutions are obtained by multi-parameter regularization and the regularization parameters are chosen by a multi-parameter discrepancy principle. Under certain smoothness assumptions we provide order optimal error bounds that characterize the accuracy of the regularized solutions. For the computation of the regularization parameters fast algorithms of Newton type are applied which are based on special transformations. These algorithms are globally and monotonically convergent. Some of our theoretical results are illustrated by numerical experiments. We also show how the proposed approach may be employed for multi-task approximation.
Theory and examples of variational regularization with non-metric fitting functionals
Authors: Flemming Jens
Published: December 2010

We describe and analyze a general framework for solving ill-posed operator equations by minimizing Tikhonov-like functionals. The fitting functional may be non-metric and the operator is allowed to be non-linear and non-smooth. In comparison to former results on variational regularization with non-metric fitting functionals we significantly weaken the assumptions for proving convergence rates and, in addition, we extend the results to a wider range of rates. Two examples, coming from imaging applications, show that the developed theory is applicable to practically relevant problems.
Conjugate gradient regularization under general smoothness and noise assumptions
Authors: Blanchard Gilles , Mathé Peter
Published: December 2010

We study noisy linear operator equations in Hilbert space under a self-adjoint operator. Approximate solutions are sought by conjugate gradient type iteration, given as Krylov-subspace minimizers under a general weight function. Solution smoothness is given in terms of general source conditions. The noise may be controlled in stronger norm. We establish conditions under which stopping according to a modified discrepancy principle yields optimal regularization of the iteration. The present analysis extends much of the known theory and reveals some intrinsic features which are hidden when studying standard conjugate gradient type regularization under standard smoothness assumptions. In particular, under a non-self adjoint operator, regularization of the associated normal equation is a direct consequence from the main result and does not require a separate treatment.
Modellintegration von Verhaltens- und energetischen Aspekten für mechatronische Module
Authors: Schütz Daniel , Vogel-Heuser Birgit
Published: December 2010

Im Beitrag wird ein Modellierungsansatz vorgestellt, der das Verhalten (zustandsabhängig) und die energetischen Aspekte automatisierungstechnischer Module integriert. Anhand eines Anwendungsbeispiels wird gezeigt, wie die Modellinformationen zur energieoptimierten Steuerung durch Softwareagenten verwendet werden können.
Effektives Terminologiemanagement als Grundlage methodischer Entwicklung automatisierungstechnischer Systeme
Authors: Schnieder Lars , Stein Christian , Schielke Arno G. , Pfundmayr Mike
Published: December 2010

Für eine reibungslose Kooperation in interdisziplinären Projekten stellt eine systematische, konsistente, einheitliche und widerspruchsfreie Terminologie ein konstitutives Moment dar. Dies gilt besonders für die Normungsarbeit, das interdisziplinäre Tätigkeitsfeld des Deutschen Instituts für Normung e. V. (DIN). Das Terminologiemanagementsystem iglos (Akronym für “intelligentes Glossar”) stellt hierfür eine Arbeitsumgebung zur Verfügung, die in ihren Möglichkeiten deutlich über bestehende Terminologiemanagementsysteme hinausgeht. Auf der Grundlage eines neuen Modells des sprachlichen Zeichens wird es möglich, domänenspezifisch unterschiedliche Terminologieverständnisse genau zu differenzieren. Zum Zweck einer optimalen Verschränkung von Terminologiearbeit mit regulären Arbeitsprozessen, wird die iglos-Webapplikation mit dem iglos Terminologie-Engineering-Prozess (iglos tep) aktiv in die relevanten Prozesse integriert.
Werkzeugunterstützung für den Entwurf von Ablaufsteuerungen auf Basis informeller Spezifikationen
Authors: Fischer Stephan , Engell Sebastian
Published: December 2010

Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Werkzeugunterstützung für den systematischen Steuerungsentwurf in Teams von Automatisierungs- und Prozesstechnikern vor. Ausgangspunkt des Entwurfs ist eine informelle Spezifikation, die das gewünschte Anlagenverhalten beschreibt. Der Beitrag resümiert zunächst den Ansatz des systematischen Steuerungsentwurfs und stellt Anforderungen an entsprechende Werkzeugunterstützung heraus. Anschließend wird die Methode auf einen Beispielprozess angewandt und ein Werkzeug vorgestellt, das den Entwurf von Steuerungsprogrammen unter Verwendung der vorgestellten Systematik unterstützt.
Modellansätze für die digitale Fabrik
Authors: Diedrich Christian , Mühlhause Mathias
Published: December 2010

Die digitale Fabrik ist ein Konzept, das schon viele Jahre Ansporn für die verschiedensten Initiativen z. B. des digitalen Engineerings, der Normenreihe IEC 62264 zur Integration von Unternehmensführungs- und Leitsystemen oder für eBusiness-Anwendungen ist. Dies führt zur Existenz vieler verschiedenen Herangehensweisen und Modellansätze. Die Diskussion zu Ausprägung und Anzahl von relevanten Modellen und vor allem deren Modellgrundlagen für die einheitliche Betrachtung einer gesamten digitalen Fabrik ist noch offen.
Wirbelstrombasierte Formmessung an metallischen Halbzeugen
Authors: Himmel Jörg , Knopf Christoph , Schmüser Ilka , Weidenmüller Jens
Published: December 2010

Wirbelströme werden in der Mess- und Sensortechnik sehr erfolgreich benutzt, um berührungslos Risse und Abstände metallischer Halbzeuge zu bestimmen. Die Messung von Konturen ist mit diesem industrietauglichen Wirkprinzip bisher nicht realisiert worden. Hier werden häufig optische Messsysteme eingesetzt. Speziell bei glühenden Werkstücken oder bei Benetzung der Halbzeuge mit Bohremulsionen und Schneidölen steigt der Aufwand für den Einsatz optischer Systeme stark an. Messverfahren, die auf hochfrequenten Wirbelströmen basieren, sind aufgrund ihrer einfachen Aufbauten deutlich robuster und somit besser für diese Anwendung geeignet. Voruntersuchungen zeigten, dass mit dieser Methode schon kleine Geometrieabweichungen des Walzgutes von wenigen Mikrometern detektiert werden können. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei Möglichkeiten zur Messung der spektralen Impedanzbeeinflussung eines Messschwingkreises durch die Wirbelströme im Werkstück gegenübergestellt.
Radiospektroskopie zur Inline-Analyse fluider Stoffsysteme
Authors: Doerner Steffen
Published: December 2010

Die dielektrische Spektroskopie im Bereich der Radiowellen, kurz Radiospektroskopie, ist ein Analyseverfahren, mit welchem sich stoffliche Zusammensetzungen, Teilchengrößenverteilungen und sogar molekulare Zusammenhänge in fester, flüssiger und gasförmiger Materie bestimmen lassen. Wird diese Messmethode auch seit Jahrzehnten im Laborbereich untersucht und angewandt, so gibt es nur ein geringes Angebot an Inline-Messgeräten, welche zumeist auf wenige Einsatzfälle spezialisiert sind. In diesem Beitrag soll ein auf der Radiospektroskopie basierendes universelles und inline-taugliches Messsystem vorgestellt werden, das dielektrische Spektren zur Charakterisierung fluider Medien liefert.
Messsystem für die impedanzspektroskopische Breitband-Prozessmesstechnik
Authors: Nacke Thomas , Barthel Andreas , Beckmann Dieter , Friedrich Jürgen , Helbig Marko , Peyerl Peter , Pliquett Uwe , Sachs Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Robuste Sensoren für die zerstörungsfreie Materialcharakterisierung im Labor und unter rauen industriellen Bedingungen sind von zunehmendem technischen und ökonomischen Interesse. Dieser Artikel behandelt die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines prozesstauglichen, modularen und breitbandigen impedanzspektroskopischen Hard- und Softwarekonzepts für den Feld- und Laboreinsatz. Besondere Beachtung finden weiterhin auch technische und biophysikalische Aspekte der Bio-Impedanzspektroskopie.
Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth: estudo clínico em 45 pacientes
Authors: freitas Marcos R. G. de , Nascimento Osvaldo J. M. , freitas Gabriel R. de
Published: December 2010

A doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) é uma das moléstias mais frequentes do sistema nervoso periférico e ocupa o primeiro lugar dentre as afecções neuromusculares hereditárias. Estudamos 45 pacientes com doença de CMT atendidos no Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Foram classificados de acordo com a neurocondução em: tipo I (desmielinizante), 11 casos; e tipo II (anoxal), 34 casos. Vinte e três tinham herança autossômica dominante, 7 casos eram do tipo autossômico recessivo e 15 eram esporádicos. A maioria teve o início dos sintomas na 1ª ou 2ª décadas. Todos tiveram paresia distal dos membros inferiores. Nos membros superiores a paresia foi vista em 38,2%. A amiotrofia distal ocorreu em 80% nos membros inferiores e em 50% nos superiores. A arreflexia patelar e aquiliana foi elevada. Abolição dos reflexos profundos nos membros superiores ocorreu em 28%. As alterações sensitivas limitaram-se a discreta hipoestesia nos membros inferiores. Em 7 enfermos encontramos hipertrofia dos troncos nervosos. Os pés cavos e a escoliose foram vistos em 21 casos e 7 casos respectivamente. Tremor nas mãos foi encontrado em 6 pacientes. Outros sinais mais raros, como oligofrenia e atrofia óptica, foram vistos excepcionalmente. A evolução da doença foi quase sempre benigna. Somente 7 casos evoluíram rapidamente.
Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth: estudos eletromiográficos em 45 pacientes
Authors: Freitas Marcos R.G. , Nascimento Osvaldo J.M. , Nevares Maria T. , Escada Tânia M.
Published: December 2010

Foi realizada eletroneuromiografia em 45 pacientes com doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). A classificação em tipo I e tipo II da doença de CMT foi feita com base na neurocondução motora do mediano e do ulnar. Assim 11 pacientes eram do tipo I e 34 eram do tipo II. No tipo I não houve relação entre a queda da VCN motora do ulnar e mediano com o quadro clínico da doença. Devido a ausência do potencial de ação sensitivo (PAS) do nervo sural em muitos casos, achamos impossível a classificação da doença pela neurocondução deste nervo. Muitos pacientes com doença de CMT II, tinham neurocondução normal, porém a amplitude do PAS do sural estava ausente ou reduzida, mostrando tratar-se realmente de doença do nervo periférico e não da ponta anterior da medula. Achamos que o estudo da neurocondução é o mais importante na classificação da doença de CMT.
Esthesioneuroblastomas with intracranial extension: proliferative potential and management
Authors: Tatagiba Marcos , Samii Madjid , Dankoweit-Timpe Eva , Aguiar Paulo Henrique P. , Osterwald Lutz , Babu Ramesh , Ostertag Helmut
Published: December 2010

A total of 15 patients with esthesioneuroblastomas were treated between 1978 and 1992 at the Neurosurgery Department, Nordstadt Hospital, Hannover. In 9 cases, the tumors invaded the anterior cranial fossa. One patient died before any surgical intervention. Eight tumors were operated by a combined paranasal and subfrontal approach. Gross total tumor removal was achieved in all cases. Apart from anosmia, the only postoperative complication was transient mental changes in one case. Immunohistochemical analyses with MIB 1 monoclonal antibodies, directed against recombinant parts of Ki-67 antigen, were performed to estimate the proliferative potential of the esthesioneuroblastomas. Most of the tumors showed high proliferating cell indexes, which ranged from 3 to 42% (mean, 16%). The proliferating cell index with MIB 1 showed a correlation with postoperative outcome, although this was not statistically significant. Esthesioneuroblastomas can be totally removed surgically. The proliferating cell index may reflect histologically the biological behavior of tumor. Long-term follow-up is mandatory, and imunohistochemical studies may be of help in predicting outcome.
Ictal ECG changes in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Li L.M. , Roche J. , Sander J.W.A.S.
Published: December 2010

Changes in cardiac rhythm may occur during epileptic seizures and this has been suggested as a possible mechanism for sudden unexpected death amongst patients with chronic epilepsy (SUDEP). We have studied ECG changes during 61 complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin in 20 patients. Tachycardia was observed in 24/61 (39%) and bradycardia in 3/61 (5%). The mean and median tachycardia rate was 139 and 140 beats/min (range 120-180). The longest R-R interval observed was 9 seconds. No difference was found in regard to the lateralisation of seizures and cardiac arrhytmia. One of the patients with bradycardia was fitted with a demand cardiac pacemaker, which appeared to decrease the number of his falls. In conclusion, ictal cardiac changes which may be seen in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are sinus tachycardia and occasionally sinus bradycardia. Patients presenting vague complains suggestive of either TLE or cardiac dysrhythmia, simultaneous monitoring with EEG/ECG is required, and if the episodes are frequent, video-EEG should be considered. Further studies on this subject are warranted as this may shed some light on possible mechanisms for SUDEP.
A dominância lateral em 182 crianças: 1. os antímeros, as praxias, a relação estrutura-desempenho
Authors: Jordy Ceme Ferreira
Published: December 2010

182 crianças normais de 6 a 14 anos de idade foram neurologicamente examinadas. Os resultados relacionados à dominância lateral revelaram 156 (85,71%) destros, 8 (4,39%) canhotos e 18 (9,89%) com dominância indeterminada. O conceito de ambidestrismo fundamentado na equivalência de competência motora entre os antímeros foi rejeitado. A análise dos resultados leva a fundamentar na interação 'indivíduo-universo', a formação da dominância lateral. Considera-se nesta interação a aquisição de praxias e a criação de estruturas neuronais dinâmicas, em relação e concomitância com o surgimento e o desenvolvimento da ação motora.
Shaken baby syndrome (síndrome do bebê chacoalhado): relato de caso
Authors: Fernandes Yvens B. , Maciel Jr Jayme A. , Guedes Cláudio M. H. , Davoli Adriana , Facure Nubor O.
Published: December 2010

Os autores relatam o caso de uma lactente de 50 dias de vida que foi trazida ao Pronto Socorro Pediátrico do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP com crises convulsivas. Ao exame apresentava-se sem sinais externos de trauma, hipoativa e com crises convulsivas generalizadas. A fundoscopia evidenciou hemorragia retiniana difusa bilateral. Foi submetida a tomografia de crânio que mostrou hemorragia inter-hemisférica e "swelling" cerebral. A criança foi internada na UTI pediátrica, mantida sob ventilação assistida e recebendo hidantal porém, apesar do tratamento, evoluiu para óbito três dias depois. Desde o início havia suspeita de maus-tratos, o que foi confirmado um dia após a internação quando o pai relatou que "chacoalhou" a criança porque ela chorava bastante. O presente estudo tem como objetivo ressaltar aspectos sociais, epidemiológicos e a dificuldade diagnostica desta síndrome que algumas vezes pode ser fatal, como neste caso.
Agenesis and lipoma of corpus callosum: Case report
Authors: Silva Délrio Façanha , Lima Márcia Marques , Oliveira César O. , Oliveira William N. , Anghinah Renato , Lima José Geraldo Camargo
Published: December 2010

The agenesis and lipoma of the corpus callosum is a very rare association. We report the case of a 18-years old woman with rare epileptic seizures since the age of 6 years, normal neurological examination, as well as normal electroencephalogram. The brain computed tomography scanning and the magnetic resonance showed the lipoma and the agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Lipoma do corpo caloso com extensão extracraniana através de falha óssea frontal
Authors: Martins Roberto S. , Ciquini Jr. Orildo , Matushita Hamilton , Plese José Píndaro P.
Published: December 2010

Os lipomas intracranianos geralmente se localizam no corpo caloso e raramente apresentam expansão para a região subgaleal. Revisão da literatura mostrou que apenas oito casos foram descritos em que o lipoma do corpo caloso se estendia para localização extracraniana através de falha óssea frontal. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns nesses pacientes eram crises convulsivas e retardo mental. A literatura mostra que a ressecção do lipoma de corpo caloso geralmente leva a resultados catastróficos, devendo ser restrita a porção extracraniana do tumor. O caso relatado é de uma criança portadora desta entidade, sem manifestação clínico-neurológica e que foi submetida a ressecção cirúrgica da porção subcutânea do lipoma com finalidade cosmética.
Incontinência do choro e infarto protuberancial unilateral
Authors: Oliveira-Souza Ricardo de , Figueiredo Wagner Martignoni de , Andreiuolo Pedro ângelo
Published: December 2010

O presente estudo trata do caso de um paciente que apresentou incontinência do choro e hemiplegia direita por infarto ventroprotuberancial paramediano detectado pela RNM. O caráter circunscrito da lesão foi endossado pela normalidade dos potenciais evocados sômato-sensitivos e auditivos de curta-latência. Os episódios de choro desapareceram poucos dias depois do início do tratamento com doses baixas de imipramina. Discutimos o choro e riso patológicos como forma de incontinência da mímica resultante de desconexão límbico-motora, enfatizando a impropriedade de incluí-los na síndrome pseudobulbar, uma vez que dependem de correlatos anatômicos e funcionais distintos.
Controle do fornecimento e da utilização de substratos energéticos no encéfalo
Authors: Schelp A.O. , Burini R.C.
Published: December 2010

Correspondendo a apenas 2% do peso corpóreo, o cérebro apresenta taxa metabólica superior à maioria dos demais órgãos e sistemas. A maior parte do consumo energético encefálico ocorre no transporte iônico para manutenção do potencial de membrana celular. Praticamente desprovido de estoques, os substratos energéticos para o encéfalo são fornecidos necessariamente pela circulação sanguínea.O suprimento desses substratos sofre também a ação seletiva da barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE). O principal substrato, que é a glicose, tem uma demanda de 150 g/dia (0,7 mM/g/min). A metabolização intracelular parece ser controlada pela fosfofrutoquinase. A manose e os produtos intermediários do metabolismo (frutose 1,6 bifosfato, piruvato, lactato e acetato) podem substituir, em parte, a glicose, quando os níveis sangüíneos desta encontram-se elevados. Quando oxidado, o lactato chega a responder por 21% do consumo cerebral de Ov Em situações de isquemia e inflamação infecciosa, o tecido cerebral passa de consumidor a produtor de lactato. Os corpos cetônicos também podem reduzir as necessidades cerebrais de glicose desde que oferecidos em quantidades suficientes ao encéfalo. Entretanto, devem ser considerados como um substrato complementar e nunca alternativo da glicose, pois comprometem a produção cerebral de succinil CoA e GTP. Quanto aos demais substratos, embora apresentem condições metabólicas, não existem demonstrações consistentes de que o cérebro produza energia a partir dos ácidos graxos sistêmicos, mesmo em situações de hipoglicemia. De maneira análoga, etanol e glicerol são considerados apenas a nível de experimentação. A utilização dos aminoácidos é dependente da sua captação, limitada tanto pela baixa concentração sangüínea, como pela seletividade da BHE. A maior captação ocorre para os de cadeia ramificada e destes, a valina. A menor captação é a de aminoácidos sintetizados no cérebro (aspartato,gluconato e alanina). Todos podem ser oxidados a CO, e H(2)0. Entretanto, mesmo com o consumo de glicose reduzido a 50%, a contribuição energética dos aminoácidos não ultrapassa 10%. Para manter o suprimento adequado de glicose e oxigênio, o fluxo sangüíneo cerebral é da ordem de 800 ml/min (15% do débito cardíaco). O consumo de O, pelo cérebro é equivalente a 20% do total consumido pelo corpo. Esses mecanismos, descritos como controladores da utilização de substratos energéticos pelo cérebro, sofrem a influência da idade apenas no período perinatal, com a oxidação do lactato na fase pré-latente e dos corpos cetônicos, no início da amamentação.
Metabolismo da glicose cerebral no trauma crânio-encefálico: uma avaliação
Authors: Schelp AO. , Burini R.C.
Published: December 2010

Os autores apresentam revisão geral da distribuição e metabolização da glicose, com ênfase para os distúrbios que ocorrem no trauma crânio-encefálico, como a hiperglicemia que ocorre na fase aguda. Finalizando, são feitos comentários sobre as possíveis conseqüências desses conhecimentos sobre os procedimentos atuais, que aconselham a restrição na oferta de glicose a pacientes com catabolismo acentuado e que necessitam poupar o contingente de proteína corporal.
Neurobiologia do parkinsonismo: I. substratos neurais e neuroquímica dos gânglios basais
Authors: Ponzoni Sílvia , Garcia-Cairasco Noberto
Published: December 2010

As desordens do movimento caracterizam-se pelo rompimento da harmonia existente entre os múltiplos sistemas cerebrais e musculares responsáveis pela integração do indivíduo com o seu meio e espécie. Dentre os sistemas cerebrais, os gânglios basais são a sede das manifestações motoras presentes tanto nas hipercinesias quanto nas hipocinesias. A busca de agentes etiológicos para o parkinsonismo em muito tem contribuído para o conhecimento da organização neuroanatômica e neuroquímica dos gânglios basais, sugerindo a existência de múltiplos sub-sistemas dentro do circuito córtex-gânglios da base-tálamo-córtex. Nesta revisão apresentamos os principais sistemas e sub-sistemas envolvidos no parkinsonismo.
Neurobiologia do parkinsonismo: II. modelos experimentais
Authors: Ponzoni Silvia , Garcia-Cairasco Noberto
Published: December 2010

O emprego de modelos experimentais de parkinsonismo tem contribuído não só para explicar o conhecimento das funções dos gânglios basais como também tem permitido o surgimento de várias hipóteses para explicar os processos neurodegeneratives do sistema nervoso central. Nesta revisão são apresentados e discutidos os modelos de parkinsonismo que utilizam neurotoxins como a 6-hidroxidopamina, MPTP e o manganês.
Brazilian external sector so far in the 21st century
Authors: Baumann Renato
Published: December 2010

Although Brazil has traditionally been characterized by a culture of inward-looking policy making, the presence of foreign firms in the Brazilian productive sector has always been significant. The share of foreign-owned firms is one of the highest that can be found among developing countries. This article discusses the main features of the external sector of the Brazilian economy, regarding trade flows, foreign investment, the internationalization of Brazilian entrepreneurial groups and the short-term financial requirements in foreign currencies
When emergent countries reform global governance of climate change: Brazil under Lula
Authors: Barros-Platiau Ana Flávia
Published: December 2010

Due to its recent economic success, Brazil is considered an emerging country, but is it an emerging power concerning global environmental governance? This article argues that although Brazil has a sui generis profile, it can only be considered an emerging power in some environmental regimes, such as global climate change. Thus, international relations theory needs more analytical instruments to assess the impact of emerging powers in global environmental governance
Security issues during Lula's administration: from the reactive to the assertive approach
Authors: Villa Rafael Antonio Duarte , Viana Manuela Trindade
Published: December 2010

Brazil's security agenda during Lula's administration was not homogeneous through the two mandates: the first tenure (2002-2006) revealed a reactive approach towards security topics, while the second one (2006-2010) was more assertive. More specifically, the shift occurred in terms of both its geographical scope - once it incorporated global issues in a more systematic way -, and instruments through which the security agenda was exercised, given the multilateral initiative of Unasur's CDS
Brazil's strategic partnerships: an assessment of the Lula era (2003-2010)
Authors: Lessa Antônio Carlos
Published: December 2010

This article examines the priority bilateral relations of Brazil, named "strategic partnerships", both because of their tradition and historical relevance and due to the existence of political and economic cooperation projects. An assessment of these relationships, especially under Lula's administration, is made in this work, bearing in mind the concept of "strategic partnerships" and its development in Brazilian foreign policy. There will be considered partnerships with the US; Argentina; Japan; China; India; South Africa and the European Union. In the article, the meaning of the increase in these relationships is interpreted on the grounds of its significance to the international insertion strategy of Brazil
Brazilian foreign policy towards South America during the Lula administration: caught between South America and Mercosur
Authors: Saraiva Miriam Gomes
Published: December 2010

The aim of this article is to analyze Brazil's foreign policy towards the South American region during President Lula's administration. As such, the article intends to highlight two specific dimensions: the extent to which foreign policy during this period has differed from previous periods and the relative importance granted by Brazilian diplomacy to recent cooperation and integration efforts, more specifically the Unasur and Mercosur. The article argues that the Lula administration has behaved differently from its predecessors by prioritizing the building up of Brazilian leadership in South America on several different fronts, especially by strengthening multilateral institutions in the region
The new Africa and Brazil in the Lula era: the rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy
Authors: Saraiva José Flávio Sombra
Published: December 2010

In the post-Cold War world, Africa has been an important focus of Brazilian foreign policy. Having a significant historical weight in building our nation, African countries are also part of the moves adopted by Brazil's foreign policy. The main purpose of the present text is to show this relevant regional dimension regarding Brazil's international insertion during the Lula era. The work is divided in two parts: the first part approaches Africa's international insertion throughout recent years and the second analyses the dimension occupied by African affairs in Brazil during the Lula era. The main argument is that the new role played by Africa in the international scene coincides with a global Brazil
Emerging global partnership: Brazil and China
Authors: Haibin Niu
Published: December 2010

The Lula era has witnessed a changing bilateral strategic partnership between China and Brazil, having the interlocutions between both countries became more substantial, comprehensive and influential. To enlarge the global impacts of the partnership, both countries should inject more regional and global components into their bilateral agenda. In doing so, both sides need to enhance the ties not only in terms of economic cooperation but also of social interaction
International thought in the Lula era
Authors: Bernal-Meza Raúl
Published: December 2010

In the last fifty years, Brazil began a rapid process of structural transformation, following the first stage of industrial development in the 1930s. Currently the country integrates the small group of countries which evolved from an initial peripheral and subordinate insertion dating back to the nineteenth century, part of the most dynamic segment of the semiperiphery. But this category, intermediate between the "maturity" and "backwardness", according Modernization theorists, or between the "center" and "periphery", as theorists of the Dependence defend, has undergone a process of overcoming considerable positive progress in the direction of the group of states that dominate the current world system. In this way, during the years 2003-2010, foreign policy, along with the formulation of a new regionalism as a strategy of global integration and a new ideal model of State, has been a key factor
Brazilian foreign policy under President Lula (2003-2010): an overview
Authors: Amorim Celso
Published: December 2010

Foreign Minister of Brazil since 2003, Ambassador Celso Amorim outlines the main guidelines and accomplishments of Brazil's foreign policy under President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The article provides a full-fledged, although not exhaustive, narrative of a number of diplomatic initiatives championed by Brazil over the last eight years: from the gathering of the group of developing countries in a World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting in Cancun to the negotiations that led to the Declaration of Tehran, as well as the challenges the country has been facing as its international weight grows.
Decline in prevalence and asymmetric distribution of human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 in blood donors, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1993 to 2007
Authors: Dias-Bastos Maria Regina , Oliveira Cláudia Di Lorenzo , Carneiro-Proietti Anna Bárbara de Freitas
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: Human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) are endemic in Brazil and are screened for in transfusion services since 1993. This study evaluated the evolution of the prevalence of HTLV-1 and 2 in blood donors of the Hemominas Foundation from 1993 to 2007, and its geographical distribution in State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The Hemominas Foundation is a centralized blood center in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sources of data were the Hemominas Foundation Technical Bulletin and files from the centralized serological laboratory. Donors were tested in the period using enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays (ELISA), followed by Western blot, when repeatedly reactive. The data were analyzed by EPIINFO 6.2 and TABWIN 3.5 softwares. RESULTS: The average seroprevalence in the period 1993-2007 was 0.1%. A steady decline occurred from 0.4% in 1993 to below 0.1% in 2002 and later, with a transient peak of 0.5% in 1994. HTLV reactivity distribution was asymmetrical in the state, with regions of higher prevalence, interspersed with low prevalence areas. Comparison of positive and negative donors verified that increasing age was proportional to virus positivity. Odds ratio for age ranged from 1.43 (30 to 39 years-old) to 3.09 (50 to 65 years-old). Women had a greater chance of being positive (OR-1.64), as previously described. CONCLUSIONS: Possible explanations for HTLV-1/2 prevalence decline are the exclusion of positive donors from the donor pool, an increase in repeat donors and ELISA test improvement, with reduction in the number of false positive results.
Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a comparison between patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity
Authors: Coca Natalia Saldanha Magalhães , Oliveira Marcelo Silva , Voieta Izabela , Antunes Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo , Lambertucci José Roberto
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and risk factors for rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide hepatotoxicity were evaluated in HIV-infected subjects and controls. METHODS: Patients with tuberculosis (30 HIV positive and 132 HIV negative), aged between 18 and 80 years-old, admitted to hospital in Brazil, from 2005 to 2007, were selected for this investigation. Three definitions of hepatotoxicity were used: I) a 3-fold increase in the lower limit of normal for alanine-aminotransferase (ALT); II) a 3-fold increase in the upper limit of normal (ULN) for ALT, and III) a 3-fold increase in the ULN for ALT plus a 2-fold increase in the ULN of total bilirubin. RESULTS: In groups with and without HIV infection the frequency of hepatotoxicity I was 77% and 46%, respectively (p < 0.01). Using hepatotoxicity II and III definitions no difference was observed in the occurrence of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. Of the 17 patients with hepatotoxicity by definition III, 3 presented no side effects and treatment was well tolerated. In 8 (36.4%) out of 22, symptoms emerged and treatment was suspended. Alcohol abuse was related to hepatotoxicity only for definition I. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the definition of drug-induced hepatitis, HIV infection may or may not be associated with hepatotoxicity. The impact that minor alterations in the definition had on the results was impressive. No death was related to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The emergence of new symptoms after initiating antituberculosis therapy could not be attributed to hepatotoxicity in over one third of the cases.
Nosocomial infections in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit: a 4-year surveillance study
Authors: Brito Denise Von Dollinger , Brito Cristiane Silveira de , Resende Daiane Silva , Moreira do Ó Jacqueline , Abdallah Vânia Olivetti Steffen , Gontijo Filho Paulo Pinto
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: Report the incidence of nosocomial infections, causative microorganisms, risk factors associated with and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the NICU of the Uberlândia University Hospital. METHODS: Data were collected through the National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance from January 2006 to December 2009. The patients were followed five times/week from their birth to their discharge or death. RESULTS: The study included 1,443 patients, 209 of these developed NIs, totaling 293 NI episodes, principally bloodstream infections (203; 69.3%) and conjunctivitis (52; 17.7%). Device-associated infection rates were as follows: 17.3 primary bloodstream infections per 1,000 central line-days and 3.2 pneumonias per 1000 ventilator-days. The mortality rate in neonates with NI was 11.9%. Mechanical ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, orogastric tube, previous antibiotic therapy, use of CVC and birth weight of 751-1,000g appeared to be associated with a significantly higher risk of NI (p < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis for NI, mechanical ventilation and the use of CVC were independent risk factors (p < 0.05). Coagulase- negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (36.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%) were the most common etiologic agents isolated from cultures. The incidences of oxacillin-resistant CoNS and S. aureus were 81.8% and 25.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent surveillance was very important to evaluate the association of these well-known risk factors with NIs and causative organisms, assisting in drawing the attention of health care professionals to this potent cause of morbidity.
Glomerulonephritis in schistosomiasis mansoni: a time to reappraise
Authors: Rodrigues Valério Ladeira , Otoni Alba , Voieta Izabela , Antunes Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo , Lambertucci José Roberto
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: The current prevalence of glomerulonephritis in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil was evaluated. METHODS: Sixty three patients (mean age 45.5±11 years) attending the outpatient infectious disease clinic of a University Hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from 2007 to 2009, were consecutively examined and enrolled in the present investigation. Diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was based on epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data and imaging techniques. Eight patients, who presented >30mg/day albuminuria, were submitted to percutaneous ultrasound guided renal biopsy. Kidney tissue fragments were examined under light, direct immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS: All patients showed mesangial enlargement. In five, mesangial hypercellularity was observed and four presented duplication of the glomerular basement membrane. Areas of glomerular sclerosis were diagnosed in four. Deposits of immunoglobulin M and C3 were present in six samples; deposits of IgG in four, IgA in three and C1q in two samples. In all patients, immunoglobulin A was reported in the lumen of renal tubules. Deposits of kappa and lambda were observed in six samples. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the glomerular tissue of three patients. Arterial hypertension, small esophageal varices, slight increases in serum creatinine and decreases in serum albumin were associated with glomerular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Renal disease associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was verified in 12.7% of patients and type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in 50% of them. Schistosomal glomerulopathy still is an important problem in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in Brazil.
Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for clinical diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in symptomatic patients
Authors: Carvalho Junior Reynaldo Mendes de , Costa Dorcas Lamounier , Soares Savyo Carvalho , Costa Carlos Henrique Nery
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the human central nervous system caused by the metacestode larvae of Taenia solium. Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease in developing countries. Epilepsy is the most common clinical manifestation. Difficulties in confirming the diagnosis motivated the evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with NCC and 44 control patients were studied. CSF was analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit developed for NCC. Sensitivity and specificity were measured and a multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 31.8% and 100%, respectively, with accuracy of 77.3%. Only the size of the lesions proved to be important for performance of the test. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that ELISA contributes to the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis if the result is negative or if the patient has a lesion of 2 cm or more.
Pulmonary paracoccidoidomycosis: radiology and clinical-epidemiological evaluation
Authors: Freitas Ricardo Miguel Costa de , Prado Renata , Prado Fábio Luis Silva do , Paula Ivie Braga de , Figueiredo Marco Túlio Alves , Ferreira Cid Sérgio , Goulart Eugenio Marcos Andrade , Pedroso Enio Roberto Pietra
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare respiratory signs and symptoms between patients with and without chest X-ray abnormalities in order to establish the meaning of radiographic findings in pulmonary PCM diagnosis. METHODS: The epidemiological, clinical and radiological lung findings of 44 patients with paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM) were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups of 23 and 21 individuals according to the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of chest X-ray abnormalities, respectively, and their clinical data was analyzed with the aid of statistical tools. RESULTS: As a general rule, patients were rural workers, young adult males and smokers - group 1 and 2, respectively: males (91.3% and 66.7%); mean age (44.4 and 27.9 year-old); smoking (34.7% and 71.4 %); acute/subacute presentation (38.1% and 21.7%); chronic presentation (61.9% and 78.3%). The most frequent respiratory manifestations were - group 1 and 2, respectively: cough (25% and 11.4%) and dyspnea (22.7% and 6.8%). No statistical difference was observed in pulmonary signs and symptoms between patients with or without radiographic abnormalities. The most frequent radiological finding was nodular (23.8%) or nodular-fibrous (19%), bilateral (90.5%) and diffuse infiltrates (85.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Absence of statistical difference in pulmonary signs and symptoms between these two groups of patients with PCM indicates clinical-radiological dissociation. A simplified classification of radiological lung PCM findings is suggested, based on correlation of these data and current literature review.
Comparison of Bothropoides jararaca bites with and without envenoming treated at the Vital Brazil Hospital of the Butantan Institute, State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Nicoleti Alessandra Furtado , Medeiros Carlos Roberto de , Duarte Marcelo Ribeiro , França Francisco Oscar de Siqueira
Published: December 2010

INTRODUCTION: This study analyses the cases of all bites (including dry bites) caused by Bothropoides jararaca attended at the Vital Brazil Hospital of the Butantan Institute, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients bitten by Bothropoides jararaca (n=792) from January 1990 to December 2004. The characteristics of the snake specimen, data related to the accident and clinical manifestations on admission were obtained from patient medical records. RESULTS: The majority of the cases in this study were caused by female and juvenile snakes. No stomach contents were found in 93.4% of the snake specimens after dissection. No statistical difference was observed between the occurrence of dry bites and the maturity or sex of the snake. The median SVL of snakes in mild and moderate cases was 40.5cm and in severe cases, SVL increased to 99cm. Necrosis was more common in the digits of the feet and hands (4.8%) compared to the other body regions (1.8%). A significant difference was verified between severity and a time interval greater than six hours from the bite to hospital admission. A significant association was verified between gingival bleeding and abnormal blood coagulability. In accidents caused by adult snakes, necrosis was more frequent (7.2%) compared to accidents caused by juvenile snakes (1%). CONCLUSIONS: In this work, the association between certain epidemiological data and the evolution of biological parameters in the clinical course of Bothrops sensu latu accidents were highlighted, contributing to the improvement of snake bite assistance.
Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1: análise clínico-epidemiológica em uma série de casos de 10 anos
Authors: Champs Ana Paula Silva , Passos Valéria Maria de Azeredo , Barreto Sandhi Maria , Vaz Luiz Sergio , Ribas João Gabriel Ramos
Published: December 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao retrovírus HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) é uma doença progressiva e incapacitante. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes com HAM/TSP. MÉTODOS: Série de casos admitidos de 01/1998 a 12/ 2007, em hospital de reabilitação utilizando os critérios diagnósticos de HAM/TSP. RESULTADOS: Participaram 206 pacientes, dos quais, 67% eram mulheres, com 53 anos de média de idade, nove anos de média de duração de doença. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram a diminuição da força em membros inferiores, espasticidade, dor, presença de bexiga neurogênica e a constipação intestinal. Os sinais neurológicos foram hiperreflexia, Babinsky, Hoffmann e neuropatia periférica. A presença de dor, de espasticidade muscular e de atrofia medular à ressonância nuclear magnética de medula espinhal foram associadas à duração da doença (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A HAM/TSP é uma doença de curso incapacitante e progressiva, em que a dor é relatada precocemente, enquanto a atrofia medular torácica e a espasticidade surgem em fase mais tardia. Existem casos de HAM/TSP com provável transmissão do vírus por via vertical.