bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The medial and lateral entorhinal cortex both contribute to contextual and item recognition memory: A test of the binding ofitems and context model
Authors: Hunsaker Michael R. , Chen Victoria , Tran Giang T. , Kesner Raymond P.
Published: February 2013

It has been suggested that the role of the hippocampus for episodic memory is to selectively bind together item and contextual information. One such model, the Binding of Items and Context (BIC) model, proposed that the perirhinal cortex provides item and the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex provides context to the hippocampus via the medial (MEC) and lateral entorhinal cortices (LEC) to be bound into an episodic representation. This model proposes that item and context information are stored and processed independently and in parallel before hippocampal processing. To evaluate this model, the present experiment evaluated the role of the MEC and LEC for item and contextual novelty detection. The present results suggest that excitotoxic lesions to the LEC primarily disrupt item novelty detection, whereas lesions to the MEC primarily disrupt contextual novelty detection. These data provide a functional double dissociation between the MEC and LEC across item and contextual processing. Despite this dissociation, the present results suggest that item and contextual information are not represented independently before hippocampal processing. These data support the basic assumptions of the BIC model, but suggest that item and context information may interact in the entorhinal cortex. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of the spatial code for BDNF mRNA isoforms in the rat hippocampus following pilocarpine‐treatment: A systematic analysis using laser microdissection and quantitative real‐time PCR
Authors: Baj Gabriele , Del Turco Domenico , Schlaudraff Jessica , Torelli Lucio , Deller Thomas , Tongiorgi Enrico
Published: February 2013

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential for neuronal survival, differentiation, and plasticity and is one of those genes that generate multiple mRNAs with different alternatively spliced 5′UTRs. The functional significance of many BDNF transcripts, each producing the same protein, is emerging. On the basis of the analysis of the four most abundant brain BDNF transcripts, we recently proposed the “spatial code hypothesis of BDNF splice variants” according to which the BDNF transcripts, through their differential subcellular localization in soma or dendrites, represent a mechanism to synthesize the protein at distinct locations and produce local effects. In this study, using laser microdissection of hippocampal laminae and reverse transcription‐quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR), we analyzed all known BDNF mRNA variants at resting conditions or following 3 h pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. In untreated rats, we found dendritic enrichment of BDNF transcripts encoding exons 6 and 7 in CA1; exons 1, 6, and 9a in CA3; and exons 5, 6, 7, and 8 in DG. Considering the low abundance of the other transcripts, exon 6 was the main transcript in dendrites under resting conditions. Pilocarpine treatment induced an increase of BDNF transcripts encoding exons 4 and 6 in all dendritic laminae and, additionally, of exon 2 in CA1 stratum radiatum and exons 2, 3, 9a in DG molecular layer while the other transcripts were decreased in dendrites, suggesting restriction to the soma. These results support the hypothesis of a spatial code to differentially regulate BDNF in the somatic or dendritic compartment under conditions of pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus and, furthermore, highlight the existence of subfield‐specific differences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondria as a pharmacological target: Magnum overview
Authors: Olszewska Anna , Szewczyk Adam
Published: February 2013

Mitochondria, responsible for energy metabolism within the cell, act as signaling organelles. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cell death and oxidative stress and may disturb calcium metabolism. Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in cardioprotective phenomena and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations may lead to impaired respiration. Hence, targeting the mitochondria with drugs offers great potential for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this overview is to present the recent state of knowledge concerning the interactions of various substances with mitochondria. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):273–281, 2013
Use of Ethnographic Fiction in Social Justice Graduate Counselor Training
Authors: Chung Rita Chi‐Ying , Bemak Fred
Published: February 2013

Ethnographic fiction is a technique for educating counseling students about the relationship of social justice to counseling practice. Preliminary data indicate it is an effective tool, with counseling students (N= 48) reporting an increased understanding and appreciation of clients’ life experiences from a holistic perspective. Furthermore, students reported that they were more motivated to address social justice issues in counseling.
EVALUATION OF THE UTILITY OF A DISCRETE‐TRIAL FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IN EARLY INTERVENTION CLASSROOMS
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Fisher Wayne W. , Paden Amber , Dickes Nitasha
Published: February 2013

We evaluated a discrete‐trial functional analysis implemented by regular classroom staff in a classroom setting. The results suggest that the discrete‐trial functional analysis identified a social function for each participant and may require fewer staff than standard functional analysis procedures.
PARENT INVOLVEMENT IN EDUCATION AS A MODERATOR OF FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT ON SCHOOL READINESS AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Kingston Sharon , Huang Keng Yen , Calzada Esther , Dawson‐McClure Spring , Brotman Laurie
Published: February 2013

Limited socioeconomic family and neighborhood resources are known to influence multiple aspects of school readiness skills. Early parent involvement in education is hypothesized to attenuate risk for academic underachievement related to socioeconomic disadvantage. The current study used multilevel modeling to test whether parent involvement moderates the effects of family and neighborhood level socioeconomic resources on school readiness among a sample of 171 urban 4‐year‐olds. Parent involvement moderated the effect of family and neighborhood socioeconomic resources on the social‐emotional‐behavioral components of school readiness. Increased parent involvement in education was related to lower rates of behavior problems among children of single parents and among children from neighborhoods with higher levels of childcare burden. In contrast, parent involvement did not moderate the relation between socioeconomic risk and cognitive‐academic components of school readiness skills.
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF SENSE OF COMMUNITY IN THE UNDERGRADUATE TRANSFER STUDENT EXPERIENCE
Authors: Townley Greg , Katz Jason , Wandersman Abraham , Skiles Brittany , Schillaci Michael J. , Timmerman Briana E. , Mousseau Timothy A.
Published: February 2013

Sense of community may play an important role in the undergraduate transfer student experience by encouraging academic and social success. This cross‐sectional study assessed sense of community in the transfer experiences of 53 students majoring in science, technology, engineering, math (STEM) subjects. Sense of community, participation, and GPA were analyzed using moderated regression analysis, t tests, and cross‐tabulations. Results suggest that students who reported high participation in STEM activities and strong sense of community performed better academically than students who reported high participation and low sense of community. Further, results highlight discrepancies between students’ actual and ideal sense of community (particularly for female and non‐White students), as well as greater importance placed upon sense of community at the post‐transfer institution compared to the pre‐transfer institution. This study suggests the need to examine sense of community in the transfer process. Results have implications for higher education literatures and for research and practice aimed at helping individuals engage with environments.
HEALTHY LEADERS: MULTILEVEL HEALTH PROMOTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIVERSE UNITED METHODIST CHURCH PASTORS
Authors: LeGrand Sara , Proeschold‐Bell Rae Jean , James John , Wallace Amanda
Published: February 2013

Community psychologists often work with institutions and leaders, such as clergy, to bring about social change. Studies finding high rates of chronic disease among clergy have called for the design of clergy health interventions. However, among clergy there is substantial diversity. We conducted four focus groups with a cross‐section of United Methodist clergy and one focus group each with female, local, young, and large‐sized church pastors. We compared themes from the specific versus broader focus groups. Findings are as follows: female pastors felt guilty for taking personal time and experienced pressure to prove themselves; local pastors reported financial strain and utilized a variety of interpersonal relationships; young pastors indicated child‐related stress but also greater interest in nutrition, exercise, and church‐based health promotion; and large‐sized church pastors expressed increased confidence in negotiating personal time and reported more sharing of pastoral duties. We organized themes by levels of the socioecological framework to guide intervention design.
CULTURALLY COMPETENT SERVICES WITHIN A STATEWIDE BEHAVIORAL HEALTHCARE TRANSFORMATION: A MIXED‐METHOD ASSESSMENT
Authors: Semansky Rafael M. , Goodkind Jessica , Sommerfeld David H. , Willging Cathleen E.
Published: February 2013

In 2005, New Mexico created a single health plan to administer all publicly funded behavioral health services. Our mixed‐method study combined surveys, document review, and ethnography to examine this reform's influence on culturally competent services (CCS). Participants were executives, providers, and support staff of behavioral healthcare agencies. Key variables included language access services and organizational supports, i.e., training, self‐assessments of CCS, and maintenance of client‐level data. Survey and document review suggested minimal effects on statewide capacity for CCS during the first three years of the reform. Ethnographic research helped explain these findings: (a) state government, the managed behavioral health plan and agencies failed to champion CCS and (b) increased administrative requirements minimized time and financial resources for CCS. There was also insufficient appreciation among providers for CCS. Although agencies made progress in addressing language assistance services, availability and quality remained limited.
Temporal Plasticity in Annelid Development—Ontogeny of Phyllodoce groenlandica (Phyllodocidae, Annelida) Reveals Heterochronous Patterns
Authors: HELM CONRAD , SCHEMEL SINA , BLEIDORN CHRISTOPH
Published: February 2013

The variety of annelid larval types and developmental modes reflects the high diversity and variability within these lophotrochozoans. However, our knowledge of pattern formation and tissue development in annelids and allies is scarce. In order to gain more data concerning neurogenesis and myogenesis in annelid trochophores, we analyzed different larval stages of Phyllodoce groenlandica using immunohistochemical staining techniques and subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm). Focusing on pre‐metamorphic stages, we reconstruct the process of tissue and body formation within planktonic polychaetous trochophore larvae. Our investigations revealed detailed knowledge of general developmental modes in Annelida and exhibit ontogenetic heterochrony of tissue development between two closely related annelid species. As such, P. groenlandica shows a delayed onset of nervous system development when compared with P. maculata. In contrast to the latter species, we were not able to detect the posterior sensory organ in larval P. groenlandica. We draw conclusions concerning general development of annelid trochophores and provide data showing new insights into the plasticity of body plans in Annelida. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:166–178, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic (in)stability of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Parizek B. R. , Christianson K. , Anandakrishnan S. , Alley R. B. , Walker R. T. , Edwards R. A. , Wolfe D. S. , Bertini G. T. , Rinehart S. K. , Bindschadler R. A. , Nowicki S. M. J.
Published: February 2013

Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, has the potential to directly contribute ∼1 m to sea level and currently is losing mass and thinning rapidly. Here, we report on regional results for the Sea‐level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution (SeaRISE) experiments and investigate the impact of i) spatial resolution within existing data sets, ii) grounding‐zone processes, and iii) till rheology on the dynamics of this outlet glacier. In addition to the SeaRISE data sets, we use detailed aerogeophysical and satellite data from Thwaites Glacier as input to a coupled ice stream/ice‐shelf/ocean‐plume model that includes oceanic influences across a several kilometers wide grounding zone suggested by new, high‐resolution data. Our results indicate that the ice tongue provides limited stability, and that while future atmospheric warming will likely add mass to the surface of the glacier, strong ice stream stabilization on bedrock highs narrower than the length of the grounding zone may be ephemeral if circulating waters substantially reduce basal resistance and enhance melting beneath grounded ice within this zone. However, we find that stability is significantly enhanced by effectively plastic till beds. Accurate projections of future sea level change relies on correct understanding of the till rheology as well as local basal processes near the grounding line.
Where do you want to spend your last days of life? Low concordance between preferred and actual site of death among hospitalized adults
Authors: Fischer Stacy , Min Sung‐Joon , Cervantes Lilia , Kutner Jean
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

Death in the U.S. frequently occurs in institutions despite the overwhelming majority of persons who state that they prefer to die at home. Little research to date has examined how well individual preferences compare to actual site of death.

OBJECTIVES

Determine the concordance between preferred and actual place of death and examine independent predictors for concordance.

DESIGN

Observational cohort study.

SETTING

Three area hospitals including a safety net hospital, veterans' hospital, and academic tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

458 adult patients admitted to the general medical service from 2003–2005.

MEASUREMENTS

Patients were asked where they preferred to spend their last days of life. Data on date and actual site of death from 2005–2009 was collected from hospital records and death certificates.

RESULTS

The majority of patients preferred to die at home (75% n = 343). Low income and being married were significantly associated with a preference to die at home compared to nursing home or inpatient hospice (OR 2.71 95% CI 1.30–5.67 and OR 2.44 95% CI 1.14–5.21 respectively). Of the 123 patients who died during the follow up period, most (66% n = 80) died in an institutional setting. Overall concordance between preferred and actual site of death was only 37% (n = 41). Female gender was significantly associated with concordance between preferred and actual site of death (OR 3.30 95% CI 1.25–8.72).

CONCLUSIONS

Concordance between preferred and actual site of death is low and female gender was the sole patient level variable associated with concordance. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:178–183. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Comparison of brown and white adipose tissues in infants and children with chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat MRI
Authors: Hu Houchun H. , Yin Larry , Aggabao Patricia C. , Perkins Thomas G. , Chia Jonathan M. , Gilsanz Vicente
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To compare fat‐signal fractions (FFs) and T2* values between brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissue located within the supraclavicular fossa and subcutaneous depots, respectively.

Materials and Methods

Twelve infants and 39 children were studied. Children were divided into lean and overweight/obese subgroups. Chemical‐shift‐encoded water‐fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify FFs and T2* metrics in the supraclavicular and adjacent subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Linear regression and t‐tests were performed.

Results

Infants had lower supraclavicular FFs than children (P < 0.01) but T2* values were similar (P = 0.5). Lean children exhibited lower supraclavicular FFs and T2* values than overweight children (P < 0.01). In each individual infant and child, supraclavicular FFs were consistently lower than adjacent subcutaneous FFs. Supraclavicular T2* values were consistently lower than subcutaneous T2* values in children, but not in infants. FFs in both depots were positively correlated with age and weight in infants (P < 0.01). In children, they were correlated with weight and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.01), but not age. Correlations between T2* and anthropometric variables existed in children (P < 0.01), but were absent in infants.

Conclusion

Cross‐sectional comparisons suggest variations in FF and T2* values in the supraclavicular and subcutaneous depots of infants and children, which are potentially indicative of physiological differences in adipose tissue fat content, amount, and metabolic activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:885–896. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MR thermometry in the human prostate gland at 3.0T for transurethral ultrasound therapy
Authors: Ramsay Elizabeth , Mougenot Charles , Köhler Max , Bronskill Michael , Klotz Laurence , Haider Masoom A. , Chopra Rajiv
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To investigate the spatial, temporal, and temperature resolution of a segmented gradient echo echo‐planar imaging (EPI) technique as applied to proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift thermometry at 3 T in the human prostate gland, and to determine appropriate sequence parameters for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐controlled transurethral ultrasound thermal therapy.

Materials and Methods

Eleven healthy volunteers (age range 23–58) were scanned at 3 T with a 16‐channel torso coil to study the behavior of a gradient echo EPI thermometry sequence. The temperature stability and geometric distortion were assessed for 11 different parameter sets. In a further five volunteers, the prostate T2* was measured.

Results

For all scan parameters investigated, the temperature standard deviation within the prostate was less than 1°C, while the distortion was less than 1 mm. Temperature stability was best with higher TE values (up to 25 msec), larger voxel sizes and lower EPI factors, but this had to be balanced against requirements for good spatial and temporal resolution. Prostate T2* values ranged from 30–50 msec.

Conclusion

A good balance between temperature stability and temporal/spatial resolution is obtained with TE = 15 msec, voxel size = 1.14 mm, and EPI factor = 9, resulting in a dynamic scan time of 7.2 seconds for the nine slices. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1564–1571. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chasing shadows: What determines DTI metrics in gray matter regions? An in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Rulseh Aaron M. , Keller Jiří , Tintěra Jaroslav , Kožíšek Milan , Vymazal Josef
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To characterize the relationship between superparamagnetic ferritin‐bound iron and diffusion tensor scalars in vitro, and validate the results in vivo.

Materials and Methods

The in vitro model consisted of a series of 40‐mL 1.1% agarose gels doped with ferritin covering and exceeding those concentrations normally found within healthy human gray matter. Additionally, regions of interest were placed in the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus of 29 healthy volunteer subjects 19–80 years of age. Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill sequence (CPMG) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were collected at 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T in vitro, and at 1.5T in vivo.

Results

In vitro, linear relationships were observed between ferritin‐bound iron concentration, R2 (1/T2) and 1/SNR. Eigenvalue repulsion with increasing R2 (decreasing SNR) was reflected in an artifactual increase of fractional anisotropy. In vivo, similar relationships were observed, with mean diffusivity also decreasing linearly with increasing R2. Lambda 3 showed the strongest correlation with R2 both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

The observation that DTI metrics correlate with ferritin‐bound iron is an important consideration in the design and interpretation of studies exploring the diffusion characteristics of gray matter regions, especially in studies focused on adolescence as well as diseases associated with altered brain‐iron load such as pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration, Huntington disease and multiple system atrophy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1103–1110. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationships between hypercarbic reactivity, cerebral blood flow, and arterial circulation times in patients with moyamoya disease
Authors: Donahue Manus J. , Ayad Michael , Moore Ryan , van Osch Matthias , Singer Robert , Clemmons Paul , Strother Megan
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the correlation between angiographic measures of Moyamoya disease and tissue‐level impairment from measurements of tissue perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR).

Materials and Methods

The relationship between perfusion‐weighted arterial spin labeling (ASL) and hypercarbic blood oxygenation‐level dependent (BOLD) CVR and time‐to‐peak (TTP) were compared with angiographically measured risk factors, including arterial circulation time (ACT) and modified Suzuki Score (mSS) in patients (n = 15) with Moyamoya disease.

Results

Hemodynamic contrasts provided information not apparent from structural or angiographic imaging. Mean z‐statistics demonstrate that BOLD is significantly (P = 0.017) higher in low mSS hemispheres (z‐statistic = 5.0 ± 2.5) compared with high mSS hemispheres (z‐statistic = 3.7 ± 1.7), suggesting that regions with less advanced stages of Moyamoya disease have higher reactivity. After correcting for multiple comparisons, a strong trend for a direct relationship (R = 0.38; P = 0.03) between BOLD TTP and ACT was observed, and a significant inverse relationship between CBF and ACT (R = −0.47; P = 0.01) was found, demonstrating that BOLD and ASL contrasts reflect DSA measures of vascular compromise in Moyamoya disease, albeit with different sensitivity.

Conclusion

Correlative measures between angiography and hemodynamic methods suggest that BOLD and ASL could be used for expanding the diagnostic imaging infrastructure in Moyamoya patients and potentially tracking tissue response to revascularization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1129–1139. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of chondrocyte‐binding peptides by phage display
Authors: Cheung Crystal S.F. , Lui Julian C. , Baron Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

As an initial step toward targeting cartilage tissue for potential therapeutic applications, we sought cartilage‐binding peptides using phage display, a powerful technology for selection of peptides that bind to molecules of interest. A library of phage displaying random 12‐amino acid peptides was iteratively incubated with cultured chondrocytes to select phage that bind cartilage. The resulting phage clones demonstrated increased affinity to chondrocytes by ELISA, when compared to a wild‐type, insertless phage. Furthermore, the selected phage showed little preferential binding to other cell types, including primary skin fibroblast, myocyte and hepatocyte cultures, suggesting a tissue‐specific interaction. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the selected phage bound chondrocytes themselves and the surrounding extracellular matrix. FITC‐tagged peptides were synthesized based on the sequence of cartilage‐binding phage clones. These peptides, but not a random peptide, bound cultured chondrocytes, and extracelluar matrix. In conclusion, using phage display, we identified peptide sequences that specifically target chondrocytes. We anticipate that such peptides may be coupled to therapeutic molecules to provide targeted treatment for cartilage disorders. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1053–1058, 2013
Sheep model for osteoporosis: Sustainability and biomechanical relevance of low turnover osteoporosis induced by hypothalamic–pituitary disconnection
Authors: Oheim Ralf , Beil Frank Timo , Köhne Till , Wehner Tim , Barvencik Florian , Ignatius Anita , Amling Michael , Clarke Iain J. , Pogoda Pia
Published: February 2013

Hypothalamo‐pituitary disconnection (HPD) leads to low bone turnover and osteoporosis in sheep. To determine the sustainability of bone loss and its biomechanical relevance, we studied HPD‐sheep 24 months after surgery (HPD + OVX‐24) in comparison to untreated control (Control), ovariectomized sheep (OVX), and sheep 12 months after HPD (HPD + OVX‐12). We performed histomorphometric, HR‐pQCT, and qBEI analyses, as well as biomechanical testing of all ewes studied. Twenty‐four months after HPD, histomorphometric analyses of the iliac crest showed a significant reduction of BV/TV by 60% in comparison to Control. Cortical thickness of the femora measured by HR‐pQCT did not change between 12 and 24 months after HPD but remained decreased by 30%. These structural changes were caused by a persisting depression of osteoblast and osteoclast cellular activity. Biomechanical testing of the femora showed a significant reduction of bending strength, whereas calcium content and distribution was found to be unchanged. In conclusion, HPD surgery leads to a persisting low turnover status with negative turnover balance in sheep followed by dramatic cortical and trabecular bone loss with consequent biomechanical impairment. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1067–1074, 2013
Characterization of microcrystals in some ancient glass beads from china by means of confocal Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Zhao H.X. , Li Q.H. , Liu S. , Gan F.X.
Published: February 2013

A total of ten ancient colored glass beads were analyzed by confocal Raman microspectroscopy for the non‐destructive identification of microcrystals within them. These beads were excavated from different regions of China, including Xinjiang, Henan, Hubei and Guangxi Provinces, and were dated mainly from the 10th century BC to the 9th century AD. For the first time, either tin or antimony‐based opacifiers/colorants including calcium antimonate (CaSb2O6, Ca2Sb2O7), bindheimite (Pb2Sb2O7), lead tin yellow type II (PbSn1‐xSixO3) and cassiterite (SnO2) were identified in nine samples. In addition, other crystalline phases such as cuprite (Cu2O), α‐wollastonite (CaSiO3), diopside (CaMgSi2O6), feldspar (KAlSi3O8), calcite (CaCO3) and quartz (SiO2) were also detected. Another interesting phenomenon first observed in this study was the coexistence of Sn‐ and Sb‐based opacifiers/colorants in one mosaic bead from Guangxi. The possibility to use Sb‐ and Sn‐based opacifiers/colorants for dating and provenance study of ancient glass found in China is discussed briefly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid technique for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Mbah Jonathan , Moorer Kiara , Pacheco‐Londoño Leonardo , Hernandez‐Rivera Samuel , Cruz Gabriel
Published: February 2013

Incubator‐shaker method was used as a rapid technique to fabricate an efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate by combination of zero valent nanostructures and carbon fiber, which shows dramatic Raman enhancement of nitroaromatic molecule. The fabricated Ag nanoparticle on carbon‐fiber substrate (Ag–C) was used as an efficient SERS substrate to detect the adsorbed 2, 4‐dinitrotoluene molecules with a detection limit of 50 ppm. In advent, our developed SERS substrates could have great potential in detecting other nitro‐aromatic based‐explosive materials, such as 2, 4, 6‐trinitrotoluene molecules. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pure rotational Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy of water vapor and its relevance for combustion diagnostics
Authors: Nordström Emil , Bohlin Alexis , Bengtsson Per‐Erik
Published: February 2013

In this work, we report for the first time the rotational coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) spectrum of water vapor, recorded through experiments at 400 K and 670 K for Raman shifts up to 600 cm−1. Using the standard dual‐broadband pure rotational CARS approach, the resonant structure was overwhelmed by a strong non‐resonant background. By employing a polarization technique, this background could be suppressed and the resonant structure discerned. The spectral line structure matched spectra from spontaneous rotational Raman scattering found in the literature. The CARS signal intensity at the highest peak from water vapor at 400 K was more than five orders of magnitude weaker than for N2 because of a low Raman cross section and a larger number of transitions. Due to the weak resonant signal, water vapor is an unsuitable candidate for CARS thermometry and relative concentration measurements in combustion. Still, rotational CARS spectra from product gases in combustion will be affected by the presence of water, which is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habitat selection in translocated gregarious ungulate species: An interplay between sociality and ecological requirements
Authors: Scillitani Laura , Darmon Gaëlle , Monaco Andrea , Cocca Giampaolo , Sturaro Enrico , Rossi Luca , Ramanzin Maurizio
Published: February 2013

The adaptation of translocated organisms to a new environment in the first years after their release is crucial in translocation programs because it may affect survival and reproductive success. Therefore, identifying the factors determining resource selection by the relocated animals is essential to improve the planning and the outcome of such programs. Using data collected in 2006–2009 in the framework of a restocking program, we studied the temporal variation of habitat selection in 14 translocated Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) during the year of their release and the following 3 years. We hypothesized a progressive adaptation of the translocated individuals, highlighted by a gradual decrease in the dissimilarities between translocated and resident individuals in ecological characteristics and social behavior. We tested the differences in habitat selection and home range size between the translocated and resident individuals and compared the spatial overlap between the groups. As expected, the dissimilarities decreased annually. The translocated and resident ibex almost immediately selected the same habitat resources, but the translocated individuals required 3 years to become fully socially assimilated. Our results indicated that habitat selection by gregarious species in a new environment is primarily driven by specific ecological requirements and that sociality plays a significant role. The translocated individuals tended to colonize areas already occupied by residents, either to fulfill social requirements and/or because the location of resident individuals may indicate high‐quality habitat. This pattern of behavior must be considered in the planning of translocation programs because habitat selection can affect the outcomes of the programs. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Endoluminal laser delivery mode and wavelength effects on varicose veins in an Ex vivo model
Authors: Massaki Ane B.M.N. , Kiripolsky Monika G. , Detwiler Susan P. , Goldman Mitchel P.
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has been shown to be effective for the elimination of saphenous veins and associated reflux. Mechanism is known to be heat related, but precise way in which heat causes vein ablation is not completely known. This study aimed to determine the effects of various endovenous laser wavelengths and delivery modes on ex vivo human vein both macroscopically and microscopically. We also evaluated whether protected‐tip fibers, consisting of prototype silica fibers with a metal tube over the distal end, reduced vein wall perforations compared with non‐protected‐tip fibers.

Materials and Methods

An ex vivo EVLA model with human veins harvested during ambulatory phlebectomy procedures was used. Six laser fiber combinations were tested: 810 nm continuous wave (CW) diode laser with a flat tip fiber, 810 CW diode laser with a protected tip fiber, 1,320 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser, 1,310 nm CW diode laser, 1,470 nm CW diode laser, and 2,100 nm pulsed Ho:YAG laser.

Results

Perforation or full thickness necrosis of a portion of the vein wall was observed in 5/11 (45%), 0/11 (0%), 3/22 (14%), 7/11 (64%), 4/6 (67%), and 5/10 (50%) of cross‐sections of veins treated with the 810 nm CW diode laser with a flat tip fiber, the 810 CW diode laser with a protected tip fiber, the 1,320 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser, the 1,310 nm CW diode laser, the 1,470 nm CW diode laser, and the 2,100 nm pulsed Ho:YAG laser, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results have shown that the delivery mode, pulsed Nd:YAG versus CW, may be just as important as the wavelength. Therefore, the 1,310 nm CW laser may not be equivalent to the 1,320 nm pulsed laser. In addition, protected 810 nm fibers may be less likely to yield wall perforations than their non‐protected counterparts. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 123–129, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linking Sources of Consumer Confusion to Decision Satisfaction: The Role of Choice Goals
Authors: Wang Qing , Shukla Paurav
Published: February 2013

Previous empirical research on the relationship between consumer confusion and customer satisfaction has largely neglected the role of choice goals. In a context of technologically complex products, the authors analyze the effect of selected choice goals on the consumer confusion‐decision satisfaction link. The empirical findings, which are based on a field study of smart phone users, show that different sources of confusion have distinctive effects on choice goals, which in turn influence decision satisfaction. For example, while confusion caused by ambiguous information and choice overload is found to reduce choice confidence, perceived attribute similarity between products or brands increases choice confidence. Among the choice goals, evaluation costs and negative affect are found to increase decision satisfaction. The findings have important implications for marketers and consumer policymakers in terms of marketing communication and customer satisfaction.
From “Lemons” to Lemonade: Lessening the Impact of Adverse Selection through Buyer Trust
Authors: Gray Gordon T. , Wert‐Gray Stacia , Carlon Donna
Published: February 2013

This research extends overlapping streams of research examining asymmetric information, adverse selection, and buyer trust by presenting an empirical investigation of the process by which a market for “lemons” emerges in the claiming market for thoroughbred racehorses. The study focuses attention on the potential of quality signals and buyer trust to lessen the impact of adverse selection. Incorporating concepts from economics, marketing, and psychology, a conceptual model suggests that adversely selected racehorses, distinguished by an unintentional signal from sellers to potential buyers, will be priced lower than otherwise similar racehorses perceived to be less subject to adverse selection. Data from one day of claiming races at 16 American racetracks (744 racehorses) are used to test this study hypothesis. Results provide evidence for adverse selection and a mitigating quality signal in the thoroughbred claiming market. Implications for buyers and sellers in this market, as well as more general implications, are discussed and an avenue for future research is proposed.
The Effects of Following Islam in Decisions about Taboo Products
Authors: Muhamad Nazlida , Mizerski Dick
Published: February 2013

This study tests the role of consumers’ religious motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) in their decision making regarding the consumption of a prohibited brand or product category because of a religious declaration called Fatwa. Despite numerous studies on the effects of religion in consumers’ marketplace behaviors, little is known of about consumers’ decision making under a religious ruling like Fatwa. A Fatwa is a decree issued by religious scholars for Muslim communities. A survey based on the Theory of Planned Behavior asked young adult Muslims about their responses to a brand, and two product categories that were subject to Fatwa. The data concerning the respondents’ decision making were analyzed using structural equation modeling to test hypotheses based on the available literature. The analyses found that the respondents’ motivation in following Islamic teachings had the greatest effects in their deciding to smoke, listen to contentious popular music, but was not relevant for buying the Coca Cola brand. The results are discussed in terms of the study's theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and future research.
Objective qualitative and quantitative assessment of blood flow with near‐infrared angiography in microvascular anastomoses in the rat model
Authors: Mücke Thomas , Reeps Christian , Wolff Klaus‐Dietrich , Mitchell David A. , Fichter Andreas M. , Scholz Martin
Published: February 2013

Intraoperative near‐infrared indocyanine‐green (ICG) angiography enables the visualization of microvascular perfusion and may help in the early detection of complications. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the effect of microvascular stenoses can be quantitatively assessed by analysis of ICG‐angiography in a microvascular model. Graded stenoses and total vessel occlusion of the carotid, aorta, and femoral arteries were created in 25 Wistar rats. Stenoses were graded to reduce arterial flow by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of baseline flow as measured by transit‐time flowmeter analyzing the emission signal of the ICG detected and investigated by the mathematical software tool (FLOW 800). ICG angiography was performed to assess vessel perfusion and flow curves were analyzed and correlated with the stenosis rate. A total of 576 investigations were performed. The area under the curve (P < 0.001), first and second maximum (P < 0.001), and the maximum slope to the first maximum (P < 0.001) were found to be of high prognostic value in evaluating the different flow patterns. Differences were displayed in comparisons by the maximum intensity of the ICG‐concentrations. The maximum slope to the second maximum was found to be predictive in selected vessel types, and specific changes of the flow curve were found to indicate compromised vascular flow. The FLOW 800 tool applied for ICG angiography has shown to be a quick and reliable method for assessing blood flow in vessels in this study. The dynamic assessment of the ICG signal allows reliable identification of microanastomotic complications with the described parameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Utilizing NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the role of copper in prion diseases
Authors: Emwas Abdul‐Hamid M. , Al‐Talla Zeyad A. , Guo Xianrong , Al‐Ghamdi Suliman , Al‐Masri Harbi T.
Published: February 2013

Copper is an essential nutrient for the normal development of the brain and nervous system, although the hallmark of several neurological diseases is a change in copper concentrations in the brain and central nervous system. Prion protein (PrP) is a copper‐binding, cell‐surface glycoprotein that exists in two alternatively folded conformations: a normal isoform (PrPC) and a disease‐associated isoform (PrPSc). Prion diseases are a group of lethal neurodegenerative disorders that develop as a result of conformational conversion of PrPC into PrPSc. The pathogenic mechanism that triggers this conformational transformation with the subsequent development of prion diseases remains unclear. It has, however, been shown repeatedly that copper plays a significant functional role in the conformational conversion of prion proteins. In this review, we focus on current research that seeks to clarify the conformational changes associated with prion diseases and the role of copper in this mechanism, with emphasis on the latest applications of NMR and EPR spectroscopy to probe the interactions of copper with prion proteins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and association of mTOR with its cofactors, raptor and rictor, in cumulus cells and oocytes during meiotic maturation in mice
Authors: Kogasaka Yuhei , Hoshino Yumi , Hiradate Yuuki , Tanemura Kentaro , Sato Eimei
Published: February 2013

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a Ser/Thr protein kinase, is the catalytic component of two distinct signaling complexes, mTOR‐raptor complex (mTORC1) and mTOR‐rictor complex (mTORC2). Recently, studies have demonstrated mitosis‐specific roles for mTORC1, but the functions and expression dynamics of mTOR complexes during meiotic maturation remain unclear. In the present study, to evaluate the roles of respective mTOR complexes in maternal meiosis and compare them with those in mitosis, we sought to elucidate the spatiotemporal immunolocalization of mTOR, the kinase‐active Ser2448‐ and Ser2481‐phosphorylated mTOR, and raptor and rictor during cumulus‐cell mitosis and oocyte meiotic maturation in mice. mTOR principally accumulated around the chromosomes and on the spindle. Phosphorylated mTOR (Ser2448 and Ser2481) exhibited elevated fluorescence intensities in the cytoplasm and punctate localization adjacent to the chromosomes, on the spindle poles, and on the midbody during mitotic and meiotic maturation, suggesting functional homology of mTOR between the two cell division systems, despite their mechanistically distinctive spindles. Raptor colocalized with mTOR during both types of cell division, indicating that mTORC1 is predominantly associated with these events. Mitotic rictor uniformly distributed through the cytoplasm, and meiotic rictor localized around the spindle poles of metaphase‐I oocytes, suggesting functional divergence of mTORC2 between mitosis and female meiosis. Based on the general function of mTORC2 in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, we propose that mTORC1 controls spindle function during mitosis and meiosis, while mTORC2 contributes to actin‐dependent asymmetric division during meiotic maturation in mice. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 334–348, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid derived signaling in reproduction and development: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vrablik Tracy L. , Watts Jennifer L.
Published: February 2013

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of critical functions in biological systems. PUFAs modulate the biophysical properties of membranes and, along with their derivatives, the eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, form a wide array potent lipid signaling molecules. Much of our early understanding of PUFAs and PUFA‐derived signaling stems from work in mammals; however, technological advances have made comprehensive lipid analysis possible in small genetic models such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. These models have a number of advantages, such as simple anatomy and genome‐wide genetic screening techniques, which can broaden our understanding of fatty‐acid‐derived signaling in biological systems. Here we review what is known about PUFAs, eicosanoids, and endocannabinoids in the development and reproduction of C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Fatty acid signaling appears to be fundamental for multicellular organisms, and simple invertebrates often employ functionally similar pathways. In particular, studies in C. elegans and Drosophila are providing insight into the roles of PUFAs and PUFA‐derived signaling in early developmental processes, such as meiosis, fertilization, and early embryonic cleavage. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 244–259, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Very small embryonic‐like cells: Biology and function of these potential endogenous pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues
Authors: Kassmer Susannah H. , Krause Diane S.
Published: February 2013

Very small embryonic‐like cells (VSELs), found in murine bone marrow and other adult tissues, are small, non‐hematopoietic cells expressing markers of pluripotent embryonic and primordial germ cells. A similar cell type in humans has begun to be characterized, though with a slightly different phenotype and surface markers. Consistent with expression of pluripotency genes, murine VSELs differentiate into cell types from three germ‐layer lineages in vitro, though pluripotency has yet to be shown at the single‐cell level or in vivo. VSELs appear to be quiescent under steady state conditions, apparently due to partially erased imprinting and overexpression of cell cycle inhibitory genes. In vivo, VSELs can enter the cell cycle under stress conditions, but which factors regulate quiescence versus proliferation and self‐renewal versus differentiation are as yet unknown, and in vitro conditions that induce proliferation and self‐renewal have yet to be defined. Future experiments are needed to address whether a VSEL niche actively regulates quiescence in vivo or quiescence is cell autonomous under steady state conditions. Insights into these mechanisms may help to address whether or not VSELs could play a role in regenerative medicine in the future. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80:677–690, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correction of gradient‐induced phase errors in radial MRI
Authors: Moussavi Amir , Untenberger Markus , Uecker Martin , Frahm Jens
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To correct gradient‐induced phase errors in radial MRI.

Methods

Gradient‐induced eddy currents affect the MRI data acquisition by gradient delays and phase errors that may lead to severe image artifacts for non‐Cartesian imaging scenarios such as radial trajectories. While gradient delays are dealt with by respective shifts of the acquisition window during radial image acquisition, this work introduces a simple method for quantifying and correcting phase errors from the actual data prior to image reconstruction. For a given gradient system, the approach yields a specific phase error per gradient that can be used for correcting the raw data.

Results

Phantom studies at 9.4 T demonstrated marked improvements in radial image quality. It could be shown that the phase correction is not compromised by data undersampling. Moreover, the selective correction of gradient‐induced phase errors retained the phase information caused by different concentrations of a paramagnetic contrast agent.

Conclusion

The proposed method does not require additional reference measurements and separately corrects for phase errors induced by eddy currents, while retaining the residual phase of the object which may carry physiologic information. Magn Reson Med 71:308–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.