bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation of Melia azedarach in community forests of West Java assessed by RAPD
Authors: YULIANTI YULIANTI , SIREGAR ISKANDAR ZULKARNAEN , WIJAYANTO NURHENI , DARMA IGK TAPA , SYAMSUWIDA DIDA
Published: July 2014

Yulianti, Siregar IZ, Wijayanto N, Tapa Darma IGK, Syamsuwida D (2011) Genetic variation of Melia azedarach in community forests of West Java assessed by RAPD. Biodiversitas 12: 64-69. Melia azedarach L. or mindi (local name) is one of the widely planted exotic species in Indonesia, mostly found in community forests in West Java. However, improving and increasing the productivity of mindi commmunity plantation in West Java requires information on patterns of existing genetic diversity. The present work was aimed at estimating the genetic variation of mindi by using RAPD markers. Outcome of the activities was to propose appropriate conservationand management strategies of genetic resources in order to support the establishment of seed sources. Six populations of mindi plantation in the community forests were chosen for this research, i.e Sukaraja (Bogor-1), Megamendung (Bogor-2), Bandung, Purwakarta, Sumedang and Kuningan. Five primers (OPA-07, OPY-13, OPY-16, OPA-09 and OPO-05) producing reproducible bands were analysed for 120 selected mother trees in total, in which 20 trees per locality were sampled. Data were analysed using Popgene ver 1.31, NTSYS 2.02 and GenAlEx 6.3. Based on the analysis, the observed number of alleles per locus ranging from 1.43 to 1.60, and percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) ranging from 43.33 to 60.00.%. The levels of genetic variation were considered as moderate for all populations (He range from 0.1603 to 0.1956) and the the mean level of genetic diversity between population (Gst) was 0.3005. Cluster analysis and Principal Coordinates showed three main groups, the first group consists of 4 populations i.e Bandung, Kuningan,Purwakarta and Megamendung, the second was Sukaraja and the third was Sumedang. Based on Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), the Percentages of Molecular Variance within population (69%) is higher than that of between populations (31%). The moderate level of genetic variation in the community plantation forests, might be due to small population size, leading to reduce genetic variability. Further analysis is required to confirm this findings using other genetic marker.
Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia
Authors: ERNIWATI ERNIWATI , UBAIDILLAH ROSICHON
Published: July 2014

Erniwati, Ubaidillah R (2011) Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 76-85. Hymenopteran parasitoids of banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Java, Indonesia are reviewed and an illustrated key to 12 species is presented to include Theronia zebra zebra, Xanthopimpla gamsura, Casinaria sp., Charops sp., Cotesia (Apanteles) erionotae, Brachymeria lasus, B. thracis, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Anastatus sp., Pediobius erionotae, Agiommatus sumatraensis and Sympiesis sp. The surveys of the natural enemies of the banana-skipper were conducted in 1990-2006 in several localities in Java. The aim of this study was to assess the native natural enemies of E. thrax, especially the parasitic Hymenoptera. Infested eggs, larvae and pupae of E. thrax were collected and reared in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids were preserved in both dry mounting and in 80% alcohol for the species identification. Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoidsof the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia. Species distribution and alternative hosts of the parasitoids are presented.
Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuÃ©es ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: Diversity and floristic variation
Authors: SUTOMO SUTOMO , HOBBS RICHARD , CRAMER VIKI
Published: July 2014

Sutomo, Hobbs R, Cramer V (2011) Plant community establishment on the volcanic deposits following the 2006 nuÃ©es ardentes (pyroclastic flows) of Mount Merapi: diversity and floristic variation. Biodiversitas 12: 86-91. Species establishment and composition changes in a substrate with little or no biological legacy is known as primary succession, and volcanoes, erosion, landslides, floodplains and glaciers are some type of disturbances that can create this kind of environment. Mount Merapi with its Merapi-type nuÃ©es ardentesor pyroclastic flows provides excellent opportunities to study primary succession. Using chronosequence approach, plant establishment and succession was studied, and thus five areas that were affected by nuÃ©es ardentes deposits between 1994 and 2006 were chosen as study sites. Results showed that there was a rapid colonization by vascular plants in primary succession as the sites aged. Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium riparium, Anaphalis javanica, Athyrium macrocarpum, Brachiaria paspaloides, Dichantium caricosum, Selaginella doederleinii, Eleusine indica, Cyperus flavidus, Calliandra callothyrsus and Acacia decurrens were the species mainly responsible in explaining the differences between sites. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity reach their peak 14 years afterdisturbance.
Population analysis of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java
Authors: HERNOWO JARWADI BUDI , ALIKODRA HADI SUKADI , MARDIASTUTI ANI , KUSMANA CECEP
Published: July 2014

Hernowo JB, Alikodra HS, Mardiastuti A, Kusmana C (2011) Population analysis of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus Linnaeus 1758) in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java. Biodiversitas 12: 99-106. The javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus) have high pressure to the population and the habitat. The distribution of the bird at Java Island is clumped randomly at several types in condition of fragmented and isolated habitat and it has small individual number every unit population. Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks are one of distribution javan green peafowl; it was chosen for study on the population analysis. The research was aimed to gain data and information on demographic population of javan green peafowl. The individual number of the bird was countedby call count transect method and councentration count. The population demographic parameter (individual number, age structure and sex ratio) of javan green peafowl was analyzed. The result shown that individual number of the javan green peafowl at Baluran National Park (BNP) was 69.1 birds (in 2006) and 70.5 birds (in 2007) not much differ, but it compared with the observation in1995 approximately was 117.7 birds had significant different. The green peafowl population at BNP declined around 47.50% during 12 years. Meanwhile the population at Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) was 80.7 birds (in 2006) and 73.5 birds (in 2007), if compared to observation in 1998 only 43 birds and in 2006 was 80.0 birds, the population grow up 86.05% during 8 years. The age structure of population indicated that both population (BNP and APNP) tend to unbalance pyramidal, where adult birds more abundance than sub adult or juvenile. The birds sex ratio at both (APNP and BNP) indicated that the peafowl life in polygyny system 1 male: 4 female > 1 male: 2.5 female.
A non-invasive identification of hormone metabolites, gonadal event and reproductive status of captive female tigers
Authors: PUTRANTO HERI DWI
Published: July 2014

Putranto HD (2011) A non-invasive identification of hormone metabolites, gonadal event and reproductive status of captive female tigers. Biodiversitas 12: 131-135. As a non-invasive method, fecal sample provides some advantage for animal and collector. The purpose of the present study were to monitor the reproductive status of female Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) by assessing changes in fecal during natural ovarian activity and pregnancy and to identify whether progesterone (P4) exists and what kinds of P4 metabolites excreted into the feces. Two female tigers were fed a diet consisting of meat. Drinking water was available ad libitum. Feces were collected ones to twice a week. The fecal contents of P4 and estradiol-17Î² (E2) were determined by EIA and P4 metabolites were separated by a modified HPLC. The EIA results shown that during its natural ovarian activity the E2 contents showed cyclic changes at the average of 27.0 d interval, however, no distinct cycles were shown in fecal P4 contents of non-pregnant tiger. In contrary, the fecal P4 contents in pregnant tiger increased remarkably after copulation approximately 2- to 6-fold higher than the mean value. The HPLC results indicated that two peaks were primarily detected fraction 63- 64 min (identified metabolites) and fraction 85 min (not identified metabolite) in feces of pregnant tiger. However, P4 detected only small amount in feces. It is possible to assess non-invasively gonadalevents such as luteal or follicular activity or ovulation of Siberian tigers by endocrine monitoring based on fecal P4 and E2 to understand reproductive status.
Nest density as determinants for habitat utilizations of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in degraded forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan
Authors: PRASETYO DIDIK , SUGARDJITO JITO
Published: July 2014

Prasetyo D, Sugardjito J (2011) Nest density as determinants for habitat utilizations of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in degraded forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 12: 164-170. Conversion of forests into nonforests areas particularly for the development of timber industry and oil palm plantation in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan province was drastically increased recently. We have conducted an assessment for the density of Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii L. in degraded forests of the boundary of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan in 2004 and 2005. We used line-transects nest-count to survey 39,6 km length at 13 sites including 7 in side the park and the other 6 situated out side the park which holds a difference status of forest management. The differences of nest density between degraded forests habitat was calculated. The olddegraded forest which has been logged for 5 years or more, were containing more new nests in a cluster compared to the recently as well as currently logged. The highest number of orangutanâ€™s nests could be found in the old degraded forest in side the park, whereas the lowest one was obtained in the currently logged protection forest with the density of 3.70 ind/km2 and 0.06 ind/km2 respectively. We compare these results with the survey undertaken previously in the area when the logging and forest conversion activities have just begun in the region in 2001.
Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management
Authors: RUSIYANTONO YOHAN , TANARI MOBIUS , MUMU MUHAMAD ILYAS
Published: July 2014

Rusiyantono Y, Tanari M, Mumu MI (2011) Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management. Biodiversitas 12: 171-176. Over exploitation of maleo bird eggs has become the main problem. In addition, habitat demolition and fragmentation have also caused decrease in maleo bird population. This research aimed to know the effectiveness ofhatching pattern to produce maleo breeding, studying breeding pattern of maleo bird through hatching approaches of feed quality and temperature adjustment, and studying maleo bird respond towards caring pattern adjustment by measuring plasticity value. There were two phases in this research. The first phase was hatching by using modified incubator. The other one was the caring of the breeding from the result of hatching through feed pattern management using protein and energy balancing. The results of the research indicated that thehatching success was 65%; however, life endurance of the birds from birth to one month of age was only 40%. Their growth showed sufficiently high increase after passing critical period in their body-weight based on feeding pattern containing 21% of protein that was 64.93 g and 62.59 g for maleo in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) and Bangkiriang Wildlife Reserve (BWR), respectively. Their monthly body-weight increase was 33.06 g in average of feeding pattern containing 13% of protein for LLNP maleo birds and 36.99 g for the maleo in BWR. It was found that feeding pattern containing higher content of protein (21%) promoted significant increase in the body-weight of maleo birds. Feeding such birds with high protein content feed along with sufficient energy triggered their growth speed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that maleo birds could be preserved by way of hatching, while the birds could be fed with feedcontaining high protein and energy in order to accelerate their growth after hatching.
Carbon baseline as limiting factor in managing environmental sound activities in peatland for reducing greenhouse gas emission
Authors: SAHARJO BAMBANG HERO
Published: July 2014

Saharjo BH (2011) Carbon baseline as limiting factor in managing environmental sound activities in peatland for reducing greenhouse gas emission. Biodiversitas 12: 182-186. The total carbon stock in Indonesia was estimated to be around 44.5 Gt or about 53.1% of the total carbon stock in tropical areas. Over 1990-2002, it was estimated that around 3.5 Gt of carbon was released in Sumatra and about 0.81-2.56 Gt was released in Central Kalimantan due to the 1997 fire alone. It was recognized that deforestation, high exploitation of peat and peat fire were behind the huge emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Indonesia. Results of a research conducted in Central Kalimantan peatland, showed that the total carbon stock at logged over area was estimated around 413.972 t ha-1 (0-30 cm depth of peat) and at burnt area was 411.349 t ha-1 (0-30 cm depth of peat). Meanwhile it had been well recognized that most of opened peatlands had been occupied by Acacia crassicarpa and oil palms. Research carried out in East Kalimantan showed that the carbon stock of 25 yearsold oil palm planted on mineral soil was about 180 t ha-1, which is less than that of carbon stock produced by peatland clearance. This indicated that although plants occupied peatland, high Greenhouse Gas emissions were still produced, meaning that global climate change would continue and created high risk impacts.
Isolation and identification of an agar-liquefying marine bacterium and some properties of its extracellular agarases
Authors: FATURRAHMAN FATURRAHMAN , MERYANDINI ANJA , JUNIOR MUHAMMAD ZAIRIN , RUSMANA IMAN
Published: July 2014

Faturrahman, Meryandini A, Junior MZ, Rusmana I (2011) Isolation and identification of an agar-liquefying marine bacterium and some properties of its extracellular agarases. Biodiversitas 12: 192-197. A new agar-liquefying bacterium, designated Alg3.1, was isolated from Gracilaria samples collected from the Kuta Coast at Central Lombok in West Nusa Tenggara and was identified as Aeromonas sp. on the basis of morphology, biochemical-physiological character and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The bacterium appeared capable of liquefying agar in nutrient agar-plate within 48 hours of incubation and the agar was completely liquefied after l5 days at 29oC. When the isolate was grown in basal salts solution medium B supplemented with peptone and yeast extract, producedextracellular agarases within a short period of time (4-16 h) and the maximum agarase activity was 0.489 nkat/mL at 36h after incubation.
Soil microorganisms numbers in the tailing deposition ModADA areas of Freeport Indonesia, Timika, Papua
Authors: DJUUNA IRNANDA AIKO FIFI , MASORA MARIA , PURADYATMIKA PRATITA
Published: July 2014

Djuuna IAF, Masora M, Puradyatmika P (2011) Soil microorganisms numbers in the tailing deposition ModADA areas of Freeport Indonesia, Timika, Papua. Biodiversitas 12: 198-203. The objective of this study was to examine the number and distribution of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the inactive tailing deposition areas of Freeport Indonesia Mining and Gold Company, Timika. One hundred ninety eight composite samples (0-20 cm) were taken from four location of inactive tailing ModADA (Modification Aijkwa Deposition Areas) namely double levee-bottom (fine texture); double levee-middle (medium texture); double levee-top (coarse texture);Mile 21 and transmigration areas of I to V. The conventional method of dilution and Plate Count Agar were used to examine the population of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. pH and moisture content were also analyzed. The numbers of bacteria in the tailing deposition areas are in the range from 3.48x105 CFU/g soil to 102.83x105 CFU/g soil, soil fungi from 1.51x105 CFU/g soil to 106.61x105 CFU/g soil and actinomycetes range from 0.32x104 CFU/g soil to 113.74x104 CFU/g soil. While in some transmigration areas, the number of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were lower than in the tailing areas. The number of soil bacteria and fungi were higher than actinomycetes. However, the coefficient of variation of actinomycetes (107%) was higher than soil fungi (89%) andbacteria (68%). Tailing deposition areas are considered as a good habitat for soil microorganisms. Overall, the number of soil organism in the tailings areas are considered medium to high, however to understand their functioning in each location under different land use system, more research are needed to evaluate their roles especially in the decomposition of soil organic matter.
Termites community as environmental bioindicators in highlands: a case study in eastern slopes of Mount Slamet, Central Java
Authors: PRIBADI TEGUH , RAFFIUDIN RIKA , HARAHAP IDHAM SAKTI
Published: July 2014

Pribadi T, Raffiudin R, Harahap IS (2011) Termites community as environmental bioindicators in highlands: a case study in eastern slopes of Mount Slamet, Central Java. Biodiversitas 12: 235-240. Termites ecological behavior is much affected by land use change and disturbance level. Their variation in diversity can be used as bioindicator of environmental quality. However, termite community response to land use changes and habitat disturbance in highland ecosystems remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the response of termite community to land use intensification and to explore their role as environmental bioindicator in Mount Slamet. A standard survey protocol was used to collect termites in five land use types of various disturbance levels, i.e. protected forest, recreation forest, production forest, agroforestry, and urban area. It was found two termite families i.e. Rhinotermitidae andTermitidae with seven species, i.e. Schedorhinotermes javanicus, Procapritermes sp, Pericapritermes semarangi, Macrotermes gilvus, Microtermes insperatus, Nasutitermes javanicus, and N. matangensis. Termite speciesâ€™ richness and evenness, Shannon-Wiener index, relative abundance, and biomass of termite were declined along with the land use types and disturbance level from protected forest to urban area. Habitat disturbance was the main declining factor of termite diversity. Termite composition changed along with the land usedisturbance level. Soil feeding termites were sensitive to the disturbance â€“ they were not found in urban area. Hence, their presence or absence can be used as environmental bioindicator to detect habitat disturbance.
Plant species diversity in the ecological species groups in the Kandelat Forest Park, Guilan, North of Iran
Authors: POURBABAEI HASSAN , HAGHGOOY TAHEREH
Published: July 2014

Pourbabaei H, Haghgooy T. 2012. Plant species diversity in the ecological species groups in the Kandelat Forest Park, Guilan, North of Iran. Biodiversitas 13: 7-12. Forest vegetation indicates conditions and productivity potential of forest habitat, because it reflects the interaction of climate, soil and topography. The aim of this research was to study relationship between vegetation and topography factors. In order to do this research, type, number and percentage cover of trees, shrubs (sample plot with 1000 m2 area) and type and percentage cover of herbaceous species (sample plot with 64 m2 area) investigated and recorded. The coverage percent of species were estimated on the basis of Domin scale. Vegetation classified using Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The results revealed that there were 6 ecosystem units (ecological groups) in the region. The comparison of diversity indices and topographicfactors between groups were performed with ANOVA test. Results also indicated that there were significant differences between groups in terms of biodiversity indices and topographic factors. The formation of a particular group is affected by a combination of environment variables. The aspect was the most important variable of topographic factors in this study.
Predictive model of Amorphophallus muelleri growth in some agroforestry in East Java by multiple regression analysis
Authors: BUDIMAN BUDIMAN , ARISOESILANINGSIH ENDANG
Published: July 2014

Budiman, Arisoesilaningsih E. 2012. Predictive model of Amorphophallus muelleri growth in some agroforestry in East Java by multiple regression analysis. Biodiversitas 13: 00-00. This research aimed to determine the multiple regression models of vegetative and corm growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume in some age variations and habitat conditions of agroforestry in East Java. Descriptive exploratory research method was conducted by systematic random sampling at five agroforestries on four plantations in East Java: Saradan, Bojonegoro, Nganjuk and Blitar. In each agroforestry, we observed A. muelleri vegetative and corm growth on four growing age (1, 2, 3 and 4 years old) as well as environmental variables such as altitude, vegetation, climate and soil conditions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to compare A. muelleri habitat in five agroforestries. Meanwhile, the influence and contribution of each environmental variable to the growth of A. muelleri vegetative and corm were determined using multiple regression analysis of SPSS 17.0. The multiple regression models of A. muelleri vegetative and corm growth were generated based on some characteristics of agroforestries and age showed high validity with R2 = 88-99%. Regression model showed that age, monthly temperatures, percentage of radiation and soil calcium (Ca) content either simultaneously or partially determined the growth of A. muelleri vegetative and corm. Based on these models, the A. muelleri corm reached the optimal growth after four years of cultivation and they will be ready to be harvested. Additionally, the soil Ca content should reach 25.3 me.hg-1 as Sugihwaras agroforestry, with the maximal radiation of 60%.
Relationships of Forest Biodiversity and Rattan Jernang (Daemonorops draco) sustainable harvesting by Anak Dalam tribe in Jambi, Sumatra
Authors: ADIWIBOWO ANDRIO , SULASMI IIK SRI , NISYAWATI NISYAWATI
Published: July 2014

Adiwibowo A, Sulasmi IS, Nisyawati. 2012. Relationships of forest biodiversity and Rattan Jernang (Daemonorops draco) sustainable harvesting by Anak Dalam tribe in Jambi, Sumatra. Biodiversitas 13: 46-51. Conservation of tropical trees can be achieved if supported by the sustainable use of forest by community live nearby through harvesting of non timber woods, for instance rattan. Furthermore, rattan jernang individuals and trees have significant associations. Therefore, objective of this paper is to investigate the utilization of rattan jernang (Daemonorops draco Wild) related to the forest tree biodiversity by Anak Dalam tribe in several villages in Jambi, Sumatra. The study has identified that populations of Daemonorops draco were varied among villages, ranged from 40 to 71 clumps inthe forests and up to 500 clumps in plantations. Moreover, 73 individual trees consisted of 32 species were identified as rattan host and conserved by the community. Dialium platyespalyum. Quercus elmeri, and Adinandra dumosa were rattan host trees with the highest populations. Meanwhile, a biodiversity of non-host trees consisted of 30 individual trees from 16 species. Interviews revealed that traditional harvesters have acknowledged that trees have significant important ecological roles for the rattan livelihood and therefore it is very important to conserve the forests for the sustainability of harvest in the future. Furthermore, to secure the availability of rattan, thetraditional harvesters had started rattan plantation.
Diversity of macrofungal genus Russula and Amanita in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Kashmir Himalayas
Authors: PALA SHAUKET AHMED , WANI ABDUL HAMID , MIR RIYAZ AHMAD
Published: July 2014

Pala SA, Wani AH, Mir RA. 2012. Diversity of macrofungal genus Russula and Amanita in Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Kashmir Himalayas. Biodiversitas 13: 65-71. The Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary that extends over an area of 114 km2 lies in the Pir Panjal range at a distance of 70 km in south-west of summer capital Srinagar. It is rich in biodiversity including macrofungal diversity. The Sanctuary has been subjected to high ecological and anthropogenic disturbance due to the construction of Mughal road which is major threat for its biodiversity. Since there is hardly any report of documentation of macrofungi from this sanctuary. In this back drop a survey was carried out during the year 2010 and 2011 to explore and invetorise macrofungal diversity of the sanctuary. During thesurvey a no of macrofungi were documented, among which Amanita and Russula were dominant genus represented by 7 species each. All the 14 species viz. Amanita ceciliae (Berk. & Broome) Bas. Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk., Amanita muscaria var. formosa Pers., Amanita pantherina (Fr.) Krombh., Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link., Amanita vaginata (Bull. ex Fr.) Vitt., Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertillon, Russula aeruginea Fr., Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britz., Russula aurea Pers., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula delica Fr. Russula emetica (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Gray. and Russula nobilis Velen. are ectomycorrhizal in nature and among them Russula aeruginea Fr. is reported first time from the Kashmir.
Determination of long-tailed macaqueâ€™s (Macaca fascicularis) harvesting quotas based on demographic parameters
Authors: SANTOSA YANTO , KUSMARDIASTUTI KUSMARDIASTUTI , KARTONO AGUS PRIYONO , RAHMAN1 DEDE AULIA
Published: July 2014

Santosa Y, Kusmardiastuti, Kartono AP, Rahman DA. 2012. Determination of long-tailed macaqueâ€™s (Macaca fascicularis) harvesting quotas based on demographic parameters. Biodiversitas 13: 79-85. Harvesting quota of long-tailed macaques for breeding purpose should be set up based on demographic parameters. The objectives of this research were to determine demographic parameters affecting the set up of harvesting quota and the sustainable harvesting quotas of long-tailed macaque in Indonesia. This study was expected to provide useful information for consideration of setting up harvesting quotas for long-tailed macaque in Indonesia. This study was conducted in November 2009-Januari 2010 using the equation of Q = Nt-MVP. The results showed varied harvesting quotas for different age classes of long-tailed macaque with an average number of 5 for infant males, 3 for infant females, 5 for juvenile males, 4 for juvenile females, 6 for sub-adult males, 8 for sub-adult females and 2 for adult males. The dominant variable determining quota wassurvival rate.
In Silico chloroplast SSRs mining of Olea species
Authors: FILIZ ERTUGRUL , KOC IBRAHIM
Published: July 2014

Filiz E, Koc E. 2012. In Silico chloroplast SSRs mining of Olea species. Biodiversitas 13: 114-117. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are highly informative and have been widely applied as molecular markers in genetic studies. The purpose of present study is to analyze the occurrence and distribution of chloroplast SSRs in genic and intergenic regions from Olea species viz., Olea europaea, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidate, Olea europaea subsp. europaea, Olea europaea subsp. maroccana, Olea woodiana subsp. woodiana by using bioinformatics tools. We identified 1149 chloroplast SSRs (cpSSRs) in all genome and a total of 340 (29.6%) was located in genic regions. It was observed that the most abundant repeat types were found mononucleotide SSR (66.7 %) followed by trinucleotide SSR (28.3 %), dinucleotide (2.7%), tetranucleotide (1.5%) and pentanucleotide (0.8%). cpSSRs located in genic regions were identified only mono- and trinucleotide motifs, the most abundant of which was trinucleotide (16.2%) followed by mononucleotide (14.3%). All types of repeat motif (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide) were detected except hexanucleotide motifs. According to SSRs analysis, the most abundant observed motifs were identified for mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide cpSSRs A/T, AT/TA, AAG/CTT, AAAG/AGTTT, and AATCC/ATTGG respectively. This study results provided scientific base for phylogenetics, evolutionary genetics and diversity studies on different Olea species in future.
Diversity of soil macrofauna on different pattern of sloping land agroforestry in Wonogiri, Central Java
Authors: PERITIKA MARKANTIA ZARRA , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO , SUNARTO SUNARTO
Published: July 2014

Peritika MZ, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2012. Diversity of soil macrofauna on different pattern of sloping land agroforestry in Wonogiri, Central Java. Biodiversitas 13: 140-144. The purposes of this study were to determine the diversity level of soil macrofauna on different patterns of sloping land agroforestry, in Wonogiri District, Central Java, and to find out the relationship between environmental factorsand the level of soil macrofauna diversity. The study was conducted by sampling at three different patterns of agroforestry, namely: pattern of mixed agroforestry (PAC), pattern of teak agroforestry (PAJ), and the pattern of sengon agroforestry (PAS). The field sampling used two methods, namely pit fall traps to obtain above ground macrofauna, and hand sorting methods to obtain underground macrofauna, on land slope of 39%, 35%, and 27%. The data were collected to determine the diversity index of soil macrofauna; and theenvironmental factors were also measured. The relationship between environmental factors and the diversity index of soil macrofauna was presented in Pearson's correlation analysis. The results showed that the pattern of sloping land agroforestry in Wonogiri District, Central Java had different diversity index of soil macrofauna. The average diversity index of surface macrofauna was the PAC (0.710), PAS (0661), and PAJ (0.417). The average diversity index of underground macrofauna was the PAC (0.887), PAS (0.860), and PAJ (0.843). The diversity index of soil macrofauna in various patterns of sloping land agroforestry showed that there was a correlation with environmental factors.
Jernang rattan (Daemonorops draco) management by Anak Dalam Tribe in Jebak Village, Batanghari, Jambi Province
Authors: SULASMI IIK SRI , NISYAWATI NISYAWATI , PURWANTO YOHANES , FATIMAH SITI
Published: July 2014

Sulasmi IS, Fatimah S, Nisyawati. 2012. Jernang rattan (Daemonorops draco) management by Anak Dalam Tribe in Jebak Batanghari, Jambi Province. Biodiversitas 13: 151-160. Management of Jernang Rattan (Daemonorops draco Willd.) in Jebak Forest, Batanghari, Jambi is not well documented. It is noted that fruit of D. draco is the best income source for Anak Dalam Jambi people since 1624. They harvest fruit of D. draco as much as they need. The Jebak forest is an open access, so all the people of Anak Dalam Jambi Tribe have the same right and responsibility on the forest. However, almost 60% of Jebak Forest area has been degraded because of illegal conversion into oil palm plantation. This is the reason why people of Suku Anak Dalam, try to cultivate D. draco by growing 40 clumpsof this species in their rubber plantation. The aim of their activity is to conserve D. draco at their forest. Based on the recent situation, research study of jernang rattan management in Jebak Forest was conducted. The research method was semi structural interview. All data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the management and cultivation of D. draco in Jebak Forest was very difficult because the availability of seeds was not sufficient for root stocks.
Species diversity of Selaginella in Mount Lawu, Java, Indonesia
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI , SUTARNO SUTARNO , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Published: July 2014

Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto. 2013. Species diversity of Selaginella in Mount Lawu, Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 14: 1-9.Â Selaginella is a genus of ferns allies that lives in moist areas and requires water for fertilization; therefore it is often found in highlands.Â The aim of this research was to know species diversity of Selaginella in Mount Lawu and the vicinity areas. The research was conductedÂ between July 2007 and November 2012 on the western and southern slopes of Mount Lawu, Central- and East-Java, Indonesia, withÂ altitudes between 1100 and 2100 m a.s.l. The research included three sites and the vicinity areas, i.e. (i) Protected forest of Cemorosewu, (ii) Grojogansewu Natural Recreation Park, and (iii)Â KGPAA Mangkunagoro I (Ngargoyoso) Grand Forest Park. The research found nine selaginellas species, namely: S. aristata, S. ciliaris, S. involvens, S. opaca, S. ornata, S. plana, S. remotifolia, S. singalanensis and S. zollingeriana.
Endophytic fungi associated with Ziziphus species and new records from mountainous area of Oman
Authors: EL-NAGERABI SAEFELDIN A.F. , ELSHAFIE ABDULQADIR E. , ALKHANJARI SULEIMAN S.
Published: July 2014

El-Nagerabi SAF, Elshafie AE, AlKhanjari SS. 2013. Endophytic fungi associated with Ziziphus species from mountainous area ofÂ Oman and new records. Biodiversitas 14: 10-16. Ziziphus species of the family Rhamnaceae grow extensively in arid and semi-aridÂ regions. It is possible that the endophytic fungi associated with this plant might enhance the host resistance to the environmentalÂ impacts. The endophytic fungal population inhabiting the healthy leaves of Z. spina-christi and Z. hajanensis plants were determinedÂ from April 2008 to October 2011. The endophytic fungal communities varied between the two species, and 45 fungal species, 18 sterileÂ mycelia and 12 yeasts were isolated from Z. spina-christi, whereas 35 fungi, 11 sterile mycelia and 5 yeasts were recovered from Z.Â hajanensis indicating tissue and species-specificity and without any seasonal variation among the endophytes. These endophytes areÂ new to Ziziphus plants and 45 species are new to the mycoflora of Oman, whereas 27 species are new to Arabian Peninsula. The genusÂ Alternaria was the most prevalent (19-81%)Â followed by Aspergillus (19-78%),Â Rhizopus stolonifer (78%),Â Mycelia sterilia (69%),Â yeasts (47%),Â Cladosporium (11-56%),Â Drechslera (14-53%),Â Curvularia (8-50%),Â Fusarium (6-33%),Â Ulocladium (41-31%),Â Penicillium (3-22%),Â Alysidium resinae (11%),Â Trichocladium (6-11%),Â Anguillospora longissima, Bactrodesmium rahmii, Catenularia (8%),Â Helminthosporium sorghi (7%),Â Dendryphiella infuscans (6%),Â Hansfordia biophila (3-6%), Arthrinium, Dissophora, and Phoma sorghina (3%). The recovery of many fungal isolates, morphologically various sterile mycelia and yeasts suggests the high biodiversity of the endophytes invading these plants with strong evidence for future isolation of numerous fungal species through adopting more advanced molecular and DNA identification methods.
Variability of soil physical indicators imposed by beech and hornbeam individual trees in a local scale
Authors: KOOCH YAHYA , HOSSEINI SEYED MOHSEN , HOJJATI SEYED MOHAMMAD , FALLAH ASGHAR
Published: July 2014

Kooch Y, SM Hosseini, Hojjati SM, Fallah A. 2013. Variability of soil physical indicators imposed by beech and hornbeam individualÂ trees in a local scale. Biodiversitas 14: 25-30. The objective of our study was to determine if soil physical indicators could be related toÂ the influence of the individual trees in stands of mixed species growing on steep slopes in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Research wasÂ conducted in a forest dominated by beech 2Â cross section. The result of this research showed that bulk density was significantly greater under beech than under hornbeam.Â This character tends to be less in 0-15cm depth than in 15-30cm and 30-45cm depths. Variable amounts of this character were foundÂ among diameter classes of beech and hornbeam also. Silt and clay were significantly greater under hornbeam than under beech.Â Moisture was significantly higher under beech than under hornbeam, whereas soil depths and diameter classes did not show anyÂ significant difference. Current research has shown that the influence of individual trees with different diameter classes can be detected inÂ forest floors and upper minerals soil layers even under mixed stands in steepy sloping landscapes. This subject should be considered inÂ natural forests management.
Species composition of understory vegetation in coal mined land in Central Bengkulu, Indonesia
Authors: WIRYONO WIRYONO , SIAHAAN ARIF BUHA
Published: July 2014

Wiryono, Siahaan AB. 2013. Species composition of understory vegetation in coal mined land in Central Bengkulu, Indonesia.Â Biodiversitas 14: 31-36. Coal strip mining in forest area has destroyed forest ecosystem and created barren land. Reclamation of minedÂ land is done by revegetating the land. In addition to planted species, pioneer species usually grow naturally in mined land. TheÂ objectives of this study were to know the species composition of understory vegetation growing naturally in coal mined land plantedÂ with Gmelina arborea in Central Bengkulu, Indonesia, and to compare that composition with that of unreclaimed coal mined land and ofÂ natural forests. Data were collected by sampling understory vegetation in study site. Each plant was identified, harvested and oven-driedÂ to find the biomass. Results showed that the reclaimed mined land had 16 understory species from 6 families, and the abandoned minedÂ land had 10 species from 3 families, lower than that of natural forests, which were 92 and 112. The three most important species wereÂ Scleria sumatrensis Retz, Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitchc and Paspalum conjugatum Berg. The species composition of understoryÂ vegetation in reclaimed mined land had high similarity with that of abandoned mined land but was totally different from that of naturalÂ forests.
Review: Current trends in coral transplantation â€“ an approach to preserve biodiversity
Authors: AMMAR MOHAMMED SHOKRY AHMED , EL-GAMMAL FAHMY , NASSAR MOHAMMED , BELAL AISHA , FARAG WAHID , EL-MESIRY GAMAL , EL-HADDAD KHALED , ORABI ABDELNABY , ABDELREHEEM ALI , SHAABAN AMGAD
Published: July 2014

Ammar MSA,El-Gammal F, Nassar M, Belal A, Farag W, El-Mesiry G, El-Haddad K, Orabi A, Abdelreheem A, Shaaban A. 2013.Â Review: Current trends in coral transplantation â€“ an approach to preserve biodiversity. Biodiversitas 14: 43-53. The increasing rates ofÂ coral mortality associated with the rise in stress factors and the lack of adequate recovery worldwide have urged recent calls for actionsÂ by the scientific, conservation, and reef management communities. This work reviews the current trends in coral transplantation.Â Transplantation of coral colonies or fragments, whether from aqua-, mariculture or harvesting from a healthy colony, has been the mostÂ frequently recommended action for increasing coral abundance on damaged or degraded reefs and for conserving listed or â€œat-riskâ€Â species. Phytoplanktons are important for providing transplanted corals with complex organic compounds through photosynthesis.Â Artificial surfaces like concrete blocks, wrecks or other purpose-designed structures can be introduced for larval settlement. NewÂ surfaces can also be created through electrolysis. Molecular biological tools can be used to select sites for rehabilitation by asexualÂ recruits. Surface chemistry and possible inputs of toxic leachate from artificial substrates are considered as important factors affectingÂ natural recruitment. Transplants should be carefully maintained, revisited and reattached at least weekly in the first month and at leastÂ fortnightly in the next three months. Studies on survivorship and the reproductive ability of transplanted coral fragments are importantÂ for coral reef restoration. A coral nursery may be considered as a pool for local species that supplies reef-managers with unlimited coralÂ colonies for sustainable management. Transplanting corals for making artificial reefs can be useful for increasing biodiversity, providingÂ tourist diving, fishing and surfing; creating new artisanal and commercial fishing opportunities, colonizing structures by fishes andÂ invertebrates,Â aving large corals during the construction of a Liquified Natural Gas Plant.
Fungal diversity associated with bamboo litter from Bambusetum of Rain Forest Research Institute, Northeast India
Authors: KUMAR RAJESH , TAPWAL ASHWANI , PANDEY SHAILESH , RISHI RAJA
Published: July 2014

Kumar R, Tapwal A, Pandey S, Rishi R. 2013. Fungal diversity associated with bamboo litter from Bambusetum of Rain ForestÂ Research Institute, Northeast India. Biodiversitas 14: 79-88. Fungi play an important role in leaf litter decomposition due to their abilityÂ to break down the lignocelluloses matrix, which other organisms are unable to digest. Diversity of bamboo leaf litter fungi from fallenÂ leaves and undergoing active decomposition leaves in different season and different depth was carried out in 2009-10. Twenty fourÂ samples were collected from Bambusetum of Rain Forest Research Institute (RFRI), Â Northeast India. The moist chamber, directÂ isolation and dilution plate methods were used to assess the diversity of fungal species. Fungi were cultivated on 3% malt extract agarÂ and half strength potato dextrose agar. The litter was divided into freshly fallen senescentÂ leaves (grade 1) and leaves alreadyÂ undergoing active decomposition (grade 2). Moist chamber incubation of the litter revealed 45 fungal taxa belonging to 22 genera.Â fungal taxa were found on grade I and 39 fungal taxa found on grade II litter. Although 24 fungal taxa were common to both grades,Â Differences were observed in percentage occurrence of fugal species between the two grades of litter. Periodic surveys were carried outÂ to collect macrofungi. Young and matured carpophores of 16 macro fungi species were collected in different seasons. Out of theseÂ macrofungi, 3 species belongs to family Entolomataceae and Agaricacea, two species belongs to Tricholomataceae and Geoglossaceae oneÂ species belongs to each family Dacrymycetaceae, Pluteaceae, Coprinaceae, Marasmiaceae Lycoperdaceae and Phallaceae. The bambooÂ leaf-litter was selected for the present syudy because of the dominance and great economic value of bamboo vegetation in North-east India.
The influence of gap size on plant species diversity and composition in beech (Fagus orientalis) forests, Ramsar, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran
Authors: POURBABAEI HASSAN , HADDADI-MOGHADDAM HAMIDREZA , BEGYOM-FAGHIR MARZIEH , ABEDI TOOBA
Published: July 2014

Pourbabaei H, Haddadi-Moghaddam H, Begyom-Faghir M, Abedi T. 2013. The influence of gap size on plant species diversity andÂ composition in beechÂ (Fagus orientalis) forests, Ramsar, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Biodiversitas 14: 89-94.This study wasÂ conducted to investigate the influence of gap size on plant species diversity and composition in beech 2Â micro-plots within the gaps. Diversity indices including Shannon-Wiener,Â Simpson, Mc Arthur's N1Â , Hill's N, species richness and Smith-Wilsonâ€™s evenness index were computed. The results revealed that thereÂ was significant difference among three gap categories in terms of diversity. The highest diversity values of tree and herbaceous speciesÂ were obtained in the large gaps, while the highest diversity value of shrub species was in the medium gaps. Species composition ofÂ small gaps (28 species: 7 trees and 21 herbaceous),Â medium gaps (37 species: 7 trees, 5 shrubs and 25 herbaceous)Â and large gaps (40Â species: 7 trees, 4 shrubs and 29 herbaceous) were recognized. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended that in order to maintain plant diversity and composition up to 400 m gap size cloud be used in this forests.
Growth hormone genotyping by MspI restriction enzyme and PCRRFLP method in Aceh cattle breed at Indrapuri District, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: PUTRA WIDYA PINTAKA BAYU , HARTATIK TETY , SUMADI SUMADI
Published: July 2014

Putra WPB, Hartatik T, Sumadi. 2014. Growth hormone genotyping by MspI restriction enzyme and PCR-RFLP method in Aceh cattle breed at Indrapuri District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 15: 1-5. The objective of this research was to identify growth hormone (GH) gene in Aceh cattle at Indrapuriâ€™s Breeding and Forage Centre (IBFC) of Aceh Cattle. Forty one cattle consisting of 21 male and 20 female cattle were used in this study. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing method was used to detect MspI site on GH gene. Based on the sequencing, it can be concluded that all cattle were monomorphic. The frequency of TT genotype and T allele were 1.00 relatively. The transition of C (cytosine) into T (thymine) on 1549 position caused the lost of restriction site. The insertion of T and G (guanine) on 1542 and 1552 position caused the length of GH gene were 329 bp in Aceh cattle.
Four newly recorded species of Dryopteridaceae from Kashmir valley, India
Authors: MIR SHAKOOR AHMAD , MISHRA ANAND KUMAR , RESHI ZAFAR AHMAD , SHARMA MAHESHWAR PRASAD
Published: July 2014

Mir SA, Mishra AK, Reshi ZA, Sharma MP. 2014. Four newly recorded species of Dryopteridaceae from Kashmir valley, India.Biodiversitas 15: 6-11. Habitat diversity, elevation, cloud cover, rainfall, seasonal and temperature variations have created many ideal sites for the luxuriant growth of pteridophytes in the Kashmir valley, yet all the regions of the valley have not been surveyed. In Kashmir valley the family Dryopteridaceae is represented by 31 species. During the recent extensive field surveys of Shopian district four more species viz., Dryopteris caroli-hopei Fraser-Jenkins, Dryopteris blanfordii subsp. nigrosquamosa (Ching) Fraser-Jenkins, Dryopteris pulvinulifera (Bedd.) Kuntze and Polystichum nepalense (Spreng) C. Chr. have been recorded for the first time from the valley. The taxonomic description, synonyms, distribution and photographs of each species are given in this article.Key words: Dryopteris, Kashmir valley, Shopian, pteridophytes, new records