bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Computing with Mechanical Transistors
Authors: Chen Huyue , Song Chao , Wu Jiahao , Zou Bihui , Zhang Zhihan , Hu Zhiyuan , Zou An , Wang Zhaoguang , Cho Yuljae , Yang Zhuoqing , Zhang Wenming , Shao Lei , Ju Jaehyung
Published: March 2024

Mechanical computing has garnered significant interest as a supplement to traditional electronic computing, which often grapples with issues like high power consumption, security vulnerabilities, and susceptibility to extreme environmental conditions such as intense heat and radiation. Yet, most research in mechanical computing has been limited to the ad hoc design of simple logic gates and has not fully achieved the implementation of simple arithmetic computation within an electricity‐free framework. Additionally, progress in environmentally adaptive computing, crucial for decentralized intelligence, has also been slow. New ground is broken with the development of a mechanical transistor that synergizes a Kirigami thermomechanical sensor and a bistable actuator, enabling in‐memory computing for combinational and sequential logic. The design stands out by employing modular construction, symmetry breaking, and nonlinear materials, crafting logic gates, and memory units that respond to environmental stimuli through thermal delay. These transistors integrate design and material intelligence to establish nonvolatile memories, essential for logic‐in‐memory, and align thermal transport with mechanical deformation for environmental responsiveness. The mechanical transistor heralds a new age in mechanical computing, proving to be as versatile and vital as the electronic transistor has been in the era of modern computing.
Hyperbranched Chain Hybridization for Artificial Aggregates: Prolonging Intracellular Retention for Image‐Guided Cellular Fate Modulation
Authors: Li Xiao‐Qiong , Jia Yi‐Lei , Wang Zhong‐Xia , Zhang Yu‐Wen , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Xu Jing‐Juan
Published: March 2024

Designing dynamic assemblies in living cells is crucial for creating organelle‐like structures, yet precisely controlling their morphological transitions in response to specific signals is a significant challenge. In this study, a DNA framework is combined with hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to achieve specific assembly of hyperbranched aggregates in cancer cells. HCR, distinguished for its signal amplification and linear extension capabilities, enables the morphological transition of precursors to be specifically triggered by trace amounts of endogenous microRNA‐21 (miR‐21). The spatial constraints of the framework and the diversity of hairpin orientations significantly accelerate the assembly kinetics of hyperbranched networks, and the resulting micrometer‐scale aggregates possess enhanced intracellular retention capabilities. Introducing Ce6 molecules as a proof of concept, the regulatory function of aggregates can be activated under light irradiation and remains effective over a long period. The probe we constructed  demonstrates good stability and biocompatibility, offers easy functionalization, and works inside cells long‐term, making it an ideal candidate material for the construction of organelle‐like structures.
Sequential Dual Alignments Introduce Synergistic Effect on Hexagonal Boron Nitride Platelets for Superior Thermal Performance
Authors: Chen Yunxia , Gao Zhiming , Hoo Simon A. , Tipnis Varun , Wang Renjing , Mitevski Ivan , Hitchcock Dale , Simmons Kevin L. , Sun Ya‐Ping , Sarntinoranont Malisa , Huang Yong
Published: March 2024

Planarly aligning 2D platelets is challenging due to their additional orientational freedom compared to 1D materials. This study reports a sequential dual‐alignment approach, employing an extrusion‐printing‐induced shear force and rotating‐magnetic‐field‐induced force couple for platelet planarly alignment in a yield‐stress support bath. It is hypothesized that the partial alignment induced by a directional shear force facilitates subsequent axial rotation of the platelets for planar alignment under an external force couple, resulting in a synergistic alignment effect. This sequential dual‐alignment approach achieves better planar alignment of 2D modified hexagonal boron nitride (mhBN). Specifically, the thermal conductivity of the 40 wt% mhBN/epoxy composite is significantly higher (692%) than that of unaligned composites, surpassing the cumulative effect of individual methods (only 133%) with a 5 times more synergistic effect. For 30, 40, and 50 wt% mhBN composites, the thermal conductivity values (5.9, 9.5, and 13.8 W m−1 K−1) show considerable improvement compared to the previously reported highest values (5.3, 6.6, and 8.6 W m−1 K−1). Additionally, a 3D mhBN/epoxy heat sink is printed and evaluated to demonstrate the feasibility of device fabrication. The approach enables the planar alignment of electrically or thermally conducting 2D fillers during 3D fabrication.
All–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells: Defect Regulation and Emerging Applications in Extreme Environments
Authors: Shen Cong , Ye Tengling , Yang Peixia , Chen Guanying
Published: March 2024

All–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), such as CsPbX3, have garnered considerable attention recently, as they exhibit superior thermodynamic and optoelectronic stabilities compared to the organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbX3 PSCs is generally lower than that of organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs, as they contain higher defect densities at the interface and within the perovskite light‐absorbing layers, resulting in higher non‐radiative recombination and voltage loss. Consequently, defect regulation has been adopted as an important strategy to improve device performance and stability. This review aims to comprehensively summarize recent progresses on the defect regulation in CsPbX3 PSCs, as well as their cutting‐edge applications in extreme scenarios. The underlying fundamental mechanisms leading to the defect formation in the crystal structure of CsPbX3 PSCs are firstly discussed, and an overview of literature‐adopted defect regulation strategies in the context of interface, internal, and surface engineering is provided. Cutting‐edge applications of CsPbX3 PSCs in extreme environments such as outer space and underwater situations are highlighted. Finally, a summary and outlook are presented on future directions for achieving higher efficiencies and superior stability in CsPbX3 PSCs.
α‐TeO2 Oxide as Transparent p‐Type Semiconductor for Low Temperature Processed Thin Film Transistor Devices
Authors: Devabharathi Nehru , Yadav Sandeep , Dönges Inga , Trouillet Vanessa , Schneider Jörg J.
Published: March 2024

In comparison to reports on n‐type semiconducting oxides, p‐type oxide semiconducting materials are still rare. Scarcely reported p‐type oxide transistors demonstrated unsatisfactory environmental stability which still hinders their implementation for all oxide transistors and circuit applications. In this study, for the first time on α‐TeO2 as an active channel material with p‐type characteristics accessible by direct evaporation technique. Notably, the fabricated 5 nm α‐TeO2 thin film in connection with an equally thin passivation layer exhibits a remarkable low processing temperature of 50 °C generating a hole mobility of 3.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, an on‐state current of 966 µA, and an on/off ratio of 3.8 × 103. Additionally, the reproducibility of these devices confirmed a narrow variation in the TFT metrics, yielding an average hole mobility, on‐current, and on/off ratio of 3.59 cm2 V−1 s−1, 914 µA, and 3.3 × 103, respectively. Furthermore, the devices are subjected to extensive stability testing under ambient atmospheric conditions that exhibits a marginal mobility reduction while maintaining a stable on/off ratio over 125‐day period, highlighting their robust environmental stability. Notably, the low processing temperatures with both exceptional transistor performance and environmental endurance makes them suitable for the integration onto flexible substrates, particularly bendable/stretchable displays.
Enhanced Electromechanical Output in Liquid Crystal Elastomers Prepared by Thiol‐ene Photopolymerization
Authors: Fowler Hayden E. , Pearl Harrison M. , White Timothy J.
Published: March 2024

The electrically‐directed, isothermal response of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) to an applied electric field is a compelling approach to realize spatially tailorable, sequence‐controllable, and high‐frequency deformation. The electromechanical response is facilitated by coating aligned LCEs with compliant electrodes. Upon application of an electric field, the electrodes attract and generate Maxwell stress. The directional difference in moduli for aligned LCEs produces directional deformation of the material and does not require mechanical bias or framing. Here, LCEs prepared from a newly reported thiol‐ene reaction are explored as DEAs with improved mechanical and dielectric properties. This report details that incorporating a difunctional liquid crystalline monomer composed of allyl ether functional groups reduces Young's modulus, increases the dielectric constant, and improves cyclic recovery compared to an analogous LCE prepared by thiol‐ene polymerization. Electrically‐induced, isothermal deformation of as much as 30% strain is reported. The facile chemistry and enhanced electromechanical response reported here may enable the functional integration of LCEs in applications such as robotics.
High‐Adhesion, Weather Resistance, Reusable PAM/Gly/Gel/TA/Fe3+ Biopolymer Dual‐Network Conductive Hydrogel for Flexible Bioelectrode
Authors: Guo Xiujie , Qin Wenjing , Gu Changshun , Li Xinxin , Chen Mengyao , Zhai Hanlin , Zhao Xiangchuan , Liu Hengchao , Zhao Boxin , Zhang Yan , Wang Yanli , Yin Shougen
Published: March 2024

Conductive hydrogel is considered a promising wearable sensor material. Developing flexible conductive hydrogel sensors with stretchability, adhesion, and stability remains challenging. In this study, a transparent, self‐adhesive, antifreeze, anti‐UV, stretchable, conductive, and reusable hydrogel with polyacrylamide/glycerol/gelatin/tannic acid/Fe3+ (PGGT‐Fe3+) structure is successfully constructed through a simple one‐pot polymerization method. The PGGT‐Fe3+ hydrogel is composed of dual networks of polyacrylamide and gelatin for organic cross‐linking, using water/glycerol as the dispersion medium, and incorporates a viscous substance: tannic acid, and a conductive substance: metal ions (Fe3+). Due to the introduction of the abundant amino, carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl functional groups on gelatin and tannic acid, the PGGT‐Fe3+ hydrogel exhibits excellent and repeatable adhesion capabilities on various surfaces (including glass, metal, plastic, and pigskin) with maximum adhesion strength of 98 kPa when attached to pigskin. Furthermore, based on the stable conductive network and high conductivity, the hydrogel not only exhibits strain sensitivity, fast response, and stability but also can stably collect epidermal bio signals. In conclusion, this work provides a new approach to the design and development of next‐generation multifunctional conductive hydrogels and opens up vast possibilities for their applications in the flexible electronics field.
High‐Throughput Fabrication of Large‐Scale Metaholograms via One‐step Printing
Authors: Park Chanwoong , Kim Wonjoong , Kim Yeseul , Sung Hansang , Park Jaein , Song Hyoin , Kim Joohoon , Oh Dong Kyo , Kang Hyunjung , Jeon Nara , Rho Junsuk , Lee Heon
Published: March 2024

Metasurfaces, which are designed by arranging meta‐atoms, have attracted attention for their ability to create optical properties that do not exist in nature. However, previous methods for fabricating metasurfaces using electron‐beam lithography (EBL) are expensive and have limited production capacity, inhibiting mass production. In this study, a new manufacturing method is demonstrated using an argon fluoride (ArF) scanner and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to overcome these limitations. 266 millimeter‐scale metasurfaces are designed and fabricated on an 8‐inch wafer using an ArF scanner. Subsequently, this is used as a master stamp to replicate the metasurfaces in an 8‐inch wafer scale through the NIL process all at once. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, a metahologram is designed and manufactured using TiO2 nanoparticle‐embedded‐resin (nano‐PER). The metahologram achieves an 81.2% yield during replication, with a maximum efficiency of 60.7% at 450 nm, 45.1% at 532 nm, and 38.5% at 635 nm, respectively. The results demonstrate the production of practical metaholograms using low‐cost and high‐throughput processes.
A Novel Fluorogenic Probe Reveals Lipid Droplet Dynamics in ME/CFS Fibroblasts
Authors: Ding Siyang , Sanislav Oana , Missailidis Daniel , Allan Claire Yvonne , Owyong Tze Cin , Wu Ming‐Yu , Chen Sijie , Fisher Paul Robert , Annesley Sarah Jane , Hong Yuning
Published: March 2024

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic cellular organelles that play an essential role in lipid metabolism and storage. LD dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases. However, investigations into the cellular LD dynamics under disease conditions have been rarely reported, possibly due to the absence of high performing LD imaging agents. Here a novel fluorogenic probe, AM‐QTPA, is reported for specific LD imaging. AM‐QTPA demonstrates viscosity sensitivity and aggregation‐induced emission enhancement characteristics. It is live cell permeable and can specifically light up LDs in cells, with low background noise and superior signals that can be quantified. After validation in cell model with LD accumulation induced by oleic acid treatment, AM‐QTPA is applied in a small proof‐of‐concept number of human fibroblast samples derived from people diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), a complex and debilitating disease with unknown cause. The results indicate the presence of larger but fewer LDs in ME/CFS fibroblasts compared to the healthy counterparts, accompanying with frequent LD‐mitochondria contacts, suggesting potential upregulation of lipolysis in ME/CFS connective tissue like fibroblasts. Overall, AM‐QTPA provides new understanding of the anomalous LD dynamics in disease status, which, potentially, will facilitate in‐depth investigation of the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
Fast Charge‐Transfer Rates in Li‐CO2 Batteries with a Coupled Cation‐Electron Transfer Process
Authors: Jaradat Ahmad , Ncube Musawenkosi K. , Papailias Ilias , Rai Nikhil , Kumar Khagesh , Koverga Volodymyr , Nemade Roshan Y. , Zhang Chengji , Shan Nannan , Shahbazi Hessam , Namaeighasemi Arash , Seraji Pardis , Namvar Shahriar , Berry Vikas , Cabana Jordi , Subramanian Arunkumar , Ngo Anh T. , Curtiss Larry A. , Salehi‐Khojin Amin
Published: March 2024

Li‐CO2 batteries with a high theoretical energy density (1876 Wh kg−1) have unique benefits for reversible carbon fixation for energy storage systems. However, due to lack of stable and highly active catalysts, the long‐term operation of Li‐CO2 batteries is limited to low current densities (mainly <0.2 mA cm−2) that are far from practical conditions. In this work, it is discovered that, with an ionic liquid‐based electrolyte, highly active and stable transition metal trichalcogenide alloy catalysts of Sb0.67Bi1.33X3 (X = S, Te) enable operation of the Li‐CO2 battery at a very high current rate of 1 mA cm−2 for up to 220 cycles. It is revealed that: i) the type of chalcogenide (Te vs S) significantly affects the electronic and catalytic properties of the catalysts, ii) a coupled cation‐electron charge transfer process facilitates the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) occurring during discharge, and iii) the concentration of ionic liquid in the electrolyte controls the number of participating CO2 molecules in reactions. A combination of these key factors is found to be crucial for a successful operation of the Li‐CO2 chemistry at high current rates. This work introduces a new class of catalysts with potential to fundamentally solve challenges of this type of batteries.
High‐Voltage Recyclable Organic Cathode Enabled by Heteroatomic Substitution for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Du Dawei , Zhou Jiyao , Yin Zilong , Feng Guanzheng , Ji Weixiao , Huang He , Pang Siping
Published: March 2024

N‐type organic compounds present themselves as promising high‐capacity cathodes for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. However, a common challenge is their working voltages often falling below 1 V versus Zn2+/Zn. To bridge this gap, a high‐voltage organic material is first developed, 5,6,11,12‐tetraazanaphthacene (TANC), using a heteroatomic substitution strategy. TANC feature a large π‐conjugated plane enriched with π−π interactions, which not only enhancing structural stability but also boosting charge transfer kinetics. The TANC cathode is achieved from its dihydro precursor, denoted as 2H‐TANC, via a facile in situ activation process within the battery itself. This electrochemical synthesis method is cost‐effective and environmentally friendly compared to traditional chemical method. The cathode shows a record‐high discharge voltage of 1.15 V (vs Zn2+/Zn) among n‐type organic materials and maintains cycling stability over 47,500 cycles. Furthermore, spent TANC electrodes can be efficiently recycled via a simple extraction process. The work marks a significant step toward the development of high‐voltage, affordable, and recyclable organic electrode materials, steering them to the forefront of future sustainable battery technologies.
Coordination‐mediated atomic metal catalysts for cascaded transformation of β‐O‐4 dimeric model compound into quinoline
Authors: Zhao Xin , Fang Ruiqi , Wang Fengliang , Li Yingwei
Published: March 2024

Here, we report the fabrication of atomic‐metal catalysts for the facile cascaded transformation of lignin β‐O‐4 dimeric model compound into quinoline. A series of dual‐metal single‐atom (SA) moieties (MaC4 and Mb2N6, where Ma and Mb represent two different metal SAs, C and N represent carbon and nitrogen atoms, respectively) are integrated on N‐doped carbons with designed compositions and coordination configurations. Characterizations indicate the homogeneous distribution of uniform and modifiable SA sites, over which the electron distribution is significantly polarized due to synergistic interactions. The distinctive physicochemical properties of catalysts afford attractive performances in the cascaded synthesis of quinoline from lignin β‐O‐4 dimeric model compound through cascaded transformation. In a continuous flow instrument, CuC4/Co2N6@NC furnishes 93.7% yield of 2‐phenylquinoline with a space‐time yield of 75.7 g gcat h−1. Control experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal the synergistic interactions between CuC4 and Co2N6 endow the catalyst with high efficiency in cascaded transformation.
Measuring mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) testes via parallel laser photogrammetry: Expanding the use of noninvasive methods
Authors: Ehrie Austen J. , Iruri‐Tucker Alec A. , Lord Yasmin B. , Williamson Heidi G. , Hunt Kevin D. , Polly P. David , Fitzpatrick Courtney L. , Wasserman Michael D.
Published: March 2024

Parallel laser photogrammetry (PLP), which consists of attaching two or three parallel laser beams at a known inter‐beam distance to a camera, can be used to collect morphological measurements of organisms noninvasively. The lasers project onto the photo being taken, and because the inter‐beam distance is known, they act as a scale for image analysis programs like ImageJ. Traditionally, this method has been used to measure larger morphological traits (e.g., limb length, crown‐rump length) to serve as proxies for overall body size, whereas applications to smaller anatomical features remain limited. To that end, we used PLP to measure the testes of 18 free‐living mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We tested whether this method could reliably measure this relatively small and globular morphology, and whether it could detect differences among individuals. We tested reliability in three ways: within‐photo (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.7%), between‐photo (CV = 5.5%), and interobserver (intraclass correlation = 0.92). We found an average volume of 36.2 cm3 and a range of 16.4–54.4 cm3, indicating variation in testes size between individuals. Furthermore, these sizes are consistent with a previous study that collected measurements by hand, suggesting that PLP is a useful method for making noninvasive measurements of testes.
Tunneling Effect of Fermions in Silicene Through Potential Barrier
Authors: Zriouel Sanae , Jellal Ahmed
Published: March 2024

The influence of a a rectangular potential barrier on the quantum transport of fermions in silicene is explored. Specifically, analytical solutions are presented to derive transmission and reflection probabilities together with conductance. It is shown that the transmission is highly sensitive to both the barrier height and incident energy. As a result, the occurrence of Klein and resonant tunnelings is observed, with a significant dependence on the barrier width. Notably, it is found that perfect transmission extends beyond normal incidence, occurring at various oblique angles. Moreover, the transmission pattern exhibits a more fragmented structure with increasing barrier width, reminiscent of Fabry‐Pérot resonances. In contrast, the conductance displays a non‐monotonic dependence on incident energy and features rapid oscillations with a rising barrier height. However, at a constant barrier height, there is a minimal disparity among conductance profiles for high incident energy values. When incident energy equals the barrier height, the conductance experiences a local minimum. For a thin barrier, a substantial reduction in conductance is observed, unlike the oscillatory behavior seen with a thicker barrier. These findings underscore the progress in silicene research and offer a fresh perspective on the relativistic applications of tunneling in this material.
Fundamental Structural and Electronic Understanding of Palladium Catalysts on Nitride and Oxide Supports
Authors: Huang Junhao , Klahn Marcus , Tian Xinxin , Bartling Stephan , Zimina Anna , Radtke Martin , Rockstroh Nils , Naliwajko Pawel , Steinfeldt Norbert , Peppel Tim , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Logsdail Andrew J. , Jiao Haijun , Strunk Jennifer
Published: March 2024

The nature of the support can fundamentally affect the function of a heterogeneous catalyst. For the novel type of isolated metal atom catalysts, sometimes referred to as single‐atom catalysts, systematic correlations are still rare. Here, we report a general finding that Pd on nitride supports (non‐metal and metal nitride) features a higher oxidation state compared to that on oxide supports (non‐metal and metal oxide). Through thorough oxidation state investigations by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO‐DRIFTS, and density functional theory (DFT) coupled with Bader charge analysis, it is found that Pd atoms prefer to interact with surface hydroxyl group to form a Pd(OH)x species on oxide supports, while on nitride supports, Pd atoms incorporate into the surface structure in the form of Pd−N bonds. Moreover, a correlation was built between the formal oxidation state and computational Bader charge, based on the periodic trend in electronegativity.
Halogen‐free boron‐based hybrid system for enhancing flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy
Authors: Kocaman Suheyla , Temiz Melisa , Işık Murat , Ahmetli Gulnare , Ceyhan Ayhan Abdullah , Karakaya Şeyma
Published: March 2024

This study aims to increase the flame retardancy of epoxy‐based composites by using various flame retardants together with colemanite filler (CLM), which is a very mineral‐rich boron type. As a flame retardant, aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and boron‐containing compounds: borax (BRX) and natural minerals (tincal (TNC) and colemanite (CLM)), as well as barium metaborate (BaMB) synthesized by us were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), contact angle (CA), and particle size analysis were used to characterize the composites and additives. All boron compounds increased the thermal stability of the composites. Except for the ER/CLM‐BaMB composite, other composites' surface contact angles were over 90°. In terms of both combustion and thermal properties, the best CLM‐BaMB‐Al(OH)3‐TNC ratio was determined as 15:5:15:15. The tensile strength, self‐extinguishing time, estimated and experimental Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) values for this composite were determined as 96 MPa, 65 s, 29.6%, and 25%, respectively. In addition, ANOVA was applied to determine the effect of hybrid filler type and different weight ratios on the mechanical properties of composites.
Dental caries in living and extinct strepsirrhines with insights into diet
Authors: Selig Keegan R. , López‐Torres Sergi , Burrows Anne M. , Silcox Mary T. , Meng Jin
Published: March 2024

Dental caries is one of the most common diseases afflicting modern humans and occurs in both living and extinct non‐human primates, as well as other mammalian species. Compared to other primates, less is known about the etiology or frequency of caries among the Strepsirrhini. Given the link between caries and diet, caries frequency may be informative about the dietary ecology of a given animal. Understanding rates of caries in wild populations is also critical to assessing dental health in captive populations. Here, we examine caries frequency in a sample of 36 extant strepsirrhine species (n = 316 individuals) using odontological collections of wild‐, non‐captive animals housed at the American Museum of Natural History by counting the number of specimens characterized by the disease. Additionally, in the context of studying caries lesions in strepsirrhines, case studies were also conducted to test if similar lesions were found in their fossil relatives. In particular, two fossil strepsirrhine species were analyzed: the earliest Late Eocene Karanisia clarki, and the subfossil lemur Megaladapis madagascariensis. Our results suggest that caries affects 13.92% of the extant individuals we examined. The frugivorous and folivorous taxa were characterized by the highest overall frequency of caries, whereas the insectivores, gummivores, and omnivores had much lower caries frequencies. Our results suggest that caries may be common among wild populations of strepsirrhines, and in fact is more prevalent than in many catarrhines and platyrrhines. These findings have important implications for understanding caries, diet, and health in living and fossil taxa.
Vascular microforamina and endocranial surface: Normal variation and distribution in adult humans
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Eisová Stanislava
Published: March 2024

The term craniovascular traits refers to the imprints left by arteries and veins on the skull bones. These features can be used in biological anthropology and archaeology to investigate the morphology of the vascular network in extinct species and past populations. Generally, the term refers to macrovascular features of the endocranial cavity, like those associated with the middle meningeal artery, venous sinuses, emissary foramina, and diploic channels. However, small vascular passages (here called microforamina or microchannels) have been occasionally described on the endocranial surface. The larger ones (generally with a diameter between 0.5 and 2.0 mm) can be detected through medical scanners on osteological collections. In this study, we describe and quantify the number and distribution of these microforamina in adult humans (N = 45) and, preliminarily, in a small sample of children (N = 7). Adults display more microchannels than juvenile skulls. A higher frequency in females is also observed, although this result is not statistically significant and might be associated with allometric cranial variations. The distribution of the microforamina is particularly concentrated on the top of the vault, in particular along the sagittal, metopic, and coronal sutures, matching the course of major venous sinuses and parasagittal bridging veins. Nonetheless, the density is lower in the region posterior to bregma. Beyond oxygenation, these vessels are likely involved in endocranial thermal regulation, infection, inflammation, and immune responses, and their distribution and prevalence can hence be of interest in human biology, evolutionary anthropology, and medicine.
Can the role of a personal tutor contribute to reducing the undergraduate degree awarding gap for racially minoritised students?
Authors: Gabi Josephine , Braddock Alison , Brown Claire , Miller Denise , Mynott Gwenda , Jacobi Melissa , Banerjee Pallavi , Kenny Karen , Rawson Andrew
Published: March 2024

The imperative to address the complex problem of degree awarding gaps within UK higher education institutions is multifaceted and messy. Various studies have continually highlighted this persistent undergraduate awarding gap (racial equity gap or/ethnicity gap) between White and racially minoritised students. This disparity in educational outcomes, where racially minoritised students compared to their White counterparts are less likely to graduate with good honours degrees, has gained considerable attention from policymakers and scholars. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that transcend conventional approaches and boundaries to achieve systemic change. Efforts to close the awarding gap have predominantly focused on decolonising the curriculum, which is vital. Still, it is also crucial to recognise personal tutoring (PT) as a pivotal and often underestimated role in addressing the awarding gap. The PT role, with its potential to provide a joined‐up experience for students, promoting student engagement and enabling them to navigate the ever‐changing academic landscape, can be a catalyst for racial equity and an antidote to the degree awarding gap. By reviewing the literature, empirical studies, policy frameworks and practical implementations, this paper sheds light on the diverse ways PT can serve as a potent tool for promoting equity and inclusion and enhancing equitable outcomes for all. Through a synthesis of existing literature and critical analysis, this scoping review highlights ways PT in higher education is conceptualised nationally and internationally and how it can drive transformational change in higher education when aligned with principles of equity.
Students' preferences for setting and/or mixed‐ability grouping in secondary school physical education in England
Authors: Wilkinson Shaun D. , Penney Dawn
Published: March 2024

There is an extensive international literature on different forms of ability grouping in schools, much of which describes their impact on students' academic achievement, motivation, self‐concept and/or attitudes towards learning. Comparatively little research has focused on students' perspectives of these practices, while the research that has been conducted has primarily focused on mathematics, English and science. There is a conspicuous and arguably significant absence of research that explores students' perspectives on different forms of ability grouping in other areas of the school curriculum, including physical education (PE). In contrast to the relative privacy of classroom‐based subjects, students' bodies, physical competencies and performances are very openly on display in PE, which potentially accentuates the importance of grouping strategies from students' perspectives. This study sought to extend current grouping and ability research by generating large‐scale data relating to students' preferences for setting, mixed‐ability grouping or a combination of these approaches in secondary school PE. Data were collected through an online survey administered to 4908 students in 48 mainstream state‐funded secondary schools located in all nine regions of England. The responses showed that overall, most students preferred setting to mixed‐ability grouping or a combination of these approaches. Variations in preferences are discussed in relation to demographic and situational factors, including gender, self‐identified ability, school year group, previous experiences and the nature of the learning environment. Implications of the findings for policy, practice and future research are discussed, and the need for ability to be problematised and further explored in PE research and practice is highlighted.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and thermal treatment on polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of Phaseolus coccineus L.
Authors: García‐Alonso Alejandra , Alvarado López Alejandra N. , Redondo‐Cuenca Araceli
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a nonthermal technology that has been applied to several innovative food products, extending shelf life while preserving sensory characteristics and nutritional value. This technology is feasible to apply to legumes, like beans, to soften them and reduce preparation time. Traditionally, before bean consumption, soaking and cooking processes are carried out to develop palatability; however, this involves a loss of compounds with high biological activity such as dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and polyphenols, which are of interest due to their antioxidant capacity and related benefits linked to a reduction in the risk of several diseases. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of HHP against traditional cooking on polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of four Phaseolus coccineus L. cultivars: three Mexican (purple, brown, and white) and one Spanish (white).

Findings

There was a higher loss of polyphenols in beans where only heat treatment was applied compared to those treated by HHP. The highest antioxidant capacity (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power) was observed in colored samples with a higher content of total polyphenols.

Conclusions

The use of HHP decreases the cooking time of beans by 15 min while preserving the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties.

Significance and Novelty

HHP can be an alternative for the legume food industry, to reduce cooking time, while preserving or improving their composition and functionality.
Subclavian steal syndrome
Authors: Neupane Durga , Kafle Sujan , Chhetri Varsha , Koirala Aakash
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Early recognition and diagnosis of subclavian steal syndrome are vital to avoid unnecessary investigations and ensure appropriate management. This case highlights the significance of comprehensive evaluation, including bilateral blood pressure measurement, in patients with unilateral symptoms.
Severe dengue infection unmasking drug‐induced liver injury: Successful management with N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Gautam Naveen , Shrestha Nishan , Bhandari Sanjeev , Thapaliya Sabin
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Clinicians in tuberculosis and dengue endemic regions should have heightened vigilance for drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) overlapping with active infections, enabling prompt recognition and life‐saving conservative management.

Severe dengue and drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) are significant independent risk factors for acute liver failure. The co‐occurrence of these conditions significantly complicates clinical management. Here, we describe the case of a 21‐year‐old Nepali female who developed acute liver failure during antitubercular therapy (ATT). The patient, presenting with fever and nausea after 3 weeks of ATT, subsequently received a diagnosis of severe dengue. Laboratory evidence indicated markedly elevated transaminases (AST 4335 U/L, ALT 1958 U/L), total bilirubin (72 μmol/L), and INR (>5). Prompt discontinuation of first‐line ATT, initiation of a modified ATT regimen, and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion facilitated the patient's recovery after a week of intensive care. This case underscores the potential for synergistic hepatotoxicity in regions where multiple endemic illnesses coincide. Early recognition of DILI, cessation of offending agents, and comprehensive intensive care are crucial interventions. While the definitive efficacy of NAC remains under investigation, its timely administration in these complex cases warrants exploration for its potential lifesaving benefits.
Biocatalytic and Regioselective Exchange of 2‐O‐Benzoyl for 2‐O‐(m‐Substituted)Benzoyl Groups to Make Precursors of Next‐Generation Paclitaxel Drugs
Authors: Al‐Hilfi Aimen , Li Zhen , Merz Kenneth M. , Nawarathne Irosha N. , Walker Kevin D.
Published: March 2024

A taxane 2‐O‐benzoyltransferase (mTBT, derived from Accession: AF297618) biocatalyzed the dearoylation and rearoylation of next‐generation taxane precursors of drugs effective against multidrug‐resistant cancer cells. Various taxanes bearing an acyl, hydroxyl, or oxo group at C13 were screened to assess their turnover by mTBT catalysis. The 13‐oxotaxanes were the most productive, where 2‐O‐debenzoylation of 13‐oxobaccatin III was turned over faster compared to 13‐oxo‐10‐O‐(n‐propanoyl)‐10‐O‐deacetylbaccatin III and 13‐oxo‐10‐O‐(cyclopropane carbonyl)‐10‐O‐deacetylbaccatin III, yielding ~20 mg of each. mTBT catalysis was likely affected by an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the C13−hydroxyl. Oxidation to the 13‐oxo recovered catalysis. The experimental data for the debenzoylation reaction was supported by Gaussian‐accelerated molecular dynamics simulations that evaluated the conformational changes caused by different functional groups at C13 of the substrate. These findings also helped postulate where the 2‐O‐benzoylation reaction occurs on the paclitaxel pathway in nature. mTBT rearoylated the debenzoylated 13‐oxobaccatin III acceptors fastest with a non‐natural 3‐fluorobenzoyl CoA among the other aroyl CoA thioesters evaluated, yielding ~10 mg of each with excellent regioselectivity at laboratory scale. Reducing the 13‐oxo group to a hydroxyl yielded key modified baccatin III precursors (~10 mg at laboratory scale) of new‐generation taxoids.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Cascade Coupling of 2‐Isocyanonaphthalenes with Elemental Sulfur and Amines to Construct Naphtho[2,1‐d]thiazol‐2‐Amines
Authors: Ding Hongyu , Shi Siyu , Hou Yanan , Cui Wenxiu , Sun Rong , Lv Yufen , Yue Huilan , Wei Wei , Yi Dong
Published: March 2024

A visible‐light‐induced strategy has been explored for the synthesis of naphtho[2,1‐d]thiazol‐2‐amines through ortho‐C−H sulfuration of 2‐isocyanonaphthalenes with elemental sulfur and amines under external photocatalyst‐free conditions. This three‐component reaction, which utilizes elemental sulfur as the odorless sulfur source, molecular oxygen as the clean oxidant, and visible light as the clean energy source, provides a mild and efficient approach to construct a series of naphtho[2,1‐d]thiazol‐2‐amines. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that visible‐light‐promoted photoexcitation of reaction intermediates consisting of thioureas and DBU might be involved in this transformation.
The association of metabolic syndrome score trajectory patterns with risk of all cancer types
Authors: Deng Li , Liu Tong , Liu Chen‐An , Zhang Qi , Song Meng‐Meng , Lin Shi‐Qi , Wang Yi‐Ming , Zhang Qing‐Song , Shi Han‐Ping
Published: March 2024

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) elevates cancer risk. However, a single MetS assessment does not fully reveal the long‐term association with cancer. Inflammation, alongside MetS, could synergistically expedite both the onset and advancement of cancer. This study aims to investigate MetS score trajectories and cancer risk in a large, prospective cohort study.

Methods

The authors prospectively examined the relationship between MetS score trajectory patterns and new‐onset cancer in 44,115 participants. Latent mixture modeling was used to identify the MetS score trajectories. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association between MetS score trajectory patterns and the risk of overall and site‐specific cancers.

Results

Four MetS score trajectory patterns were identified: low‐stable (n = 4657), moderate‐low (n = 18,018), moderate‐high (n = 18,288), and elevated‐increasing (n = 3152). Compared to participants with a low‐stable trajectory pattern, the elevated‐increasing trajectory pattern was associated with an elevated risk of overall (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.55), breast (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.04–4.34), endometrial (HR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.16–6.77), kidney (HR, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.17–10.48), colorectal (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.27–5.09), and liver (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.09–4.57) cancers. Among participants with chronic inflammation (C‐reactive protein levels ≥3 mg/L), the elevated‐increasing trajectory pattern was significantly associated with subsequent breast, endometrial, colorectal, and liver cancers.

Conclusions

Trajectories of MetS scores are associated with the occurrence of cancers, especially breast, endometrial, kidney, colorectal, and liver cancers, emphasizing the importance of long‐term monitoring and evaluation of MetS.

Plain Language Summary

The association between long‐term elevated metabolic syndrome (MetS) scores and a heightened risk of various cancers is a pivotal finding of our study.

Our research further indicates that individuals with MetS, particularly when coupled with chronic inflammation, are at an increased risk of cancer.

We propose that sustained monitoring and management of MetS could be beneficial in reducing cancer risk.
Multinuclear Residual Quadrupolar Couplings for Structure and Assignment
Authors: John Michael , Rüttger Franziska
Published: March 2024

Most stable isotopes have a nuclear spin >1/2, but the quadrupole interaction poses challenge on their detection by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). On the other hand, the quadrupole interaction is a rich source of structural information that may be exploited for solution NMR in the form of residual quadrupolar couplings (RQCs) of weakly oriented samples. While 2H RQCs are now well established for structure verification and enantiomeric discrimination of organic molecules, we will in this article highlight some recent work on RQCs of other nuclei (especially 7Li and 11B).
Simultaneous Improvements of Physicochemical Properties and Anti‐Microbial Activity of Berberine via Forming Salt with Gallic Acid
Authors: Chen Yi , Yang Xirui , Ren Guolian , Zhang Shuqiu , Zhang Guoshun
Published: March 2024

Implementing combination medication through crystal engineering technology receives increasing attention from researchers due to improvements in the clinical treatment effects as well as the physicochemical properties of the drug. Berberine (BER) is commonly used to treat gastroenteritis and bacterial diarrhea, with the problems of poor solubility and low oral bioavailability. Recently, it is found that gallic acid (GA) also has anti‐inflammatory and anti‐bacterial activities. Therefore, if the above‐mentioned two ingredients can be combined, it is possible to enhance the therapeutic effects and physicochemical properties of BER. Inspired by this, 8‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dihydroberberine (8H‐HBER) in this study is employed to react with gallic acid to yield BER gallate dihydrate (2BER‐2GA‐2 W). Furthermore, dissolution experiments demonstrate that the maximum apparent solubility (MAS) of 2BER‐2GA‐2 W in dilute hydrochloric acid solution medium (pH 1.2) has increased by 7 times compared to the commercial form of BER, because of avoiding the common‐ion effect. Moreover, 2BER‐2GA‐2 W has also obviously enhanced stability relative to the commercial form of BER. In addition, 2BER‐2GA‐2 W has a better inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) relative to the commercial form of BER. Hence, 2BER‐2GA‐2 W will be a promising solid‐state form of BER for its further development.
Genomewide marker estimates of the level of dominance in maize heterosis
Authors: Sweet Patrick K. , Lorenzana Robenzon E. , Bernardo Rex
Published: March 2024

Heterosis is the superiority of an F1 hybrid over its parents, and overdominance and dominance are the two main hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis. Our objectives were to determine if genomewide marker effects accurately reflect the level of dominance at quantitative trait loci (QTL) and assess the distribution of per‐marker estimates of the level of dominance in maize (Zea mays L.). We simulated different levels of dominance at QTL that were in coupling, repulsion, and random linkage phases. Genomewide marker effects from ridge regression‐best linear unbiased prediction led to accurate estimates of the level of dominance when all linkages were in coupling phase, but repulsion and random linkage phases led to an upward bias. We then estimated levels of dominance from genomewide marker effects in a reciprocal testcross experiment with 1642 hybrids genotyped with 4805 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, and in a legacy Design III experiment with 351 backcross progenies (subjected to three generations of random mating to dissipate linkages) genotyped with 160 simple sequence repeats. In both experiments, the level of dominance was higher for yield than for moisture. For each trait, some loci showed little or no dominance, others showed partial to complete dominance, and others showed overdominance. A high level of dominance was typically due to a small difference between homozygote values. Overall, the results were consistent with previous QTL mapping results indicating that heterosis in maize is due to varying levels of dominance rather than a prevalent level of dominance.
Experimental study on the physical and mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment
Authors: Yang Wendong , Wang Bingqi , Yao Jun , Ranjith Pathegama G. , Zhang Xiang
Published: March 2024

Oil and gas exploration studies have been increasingly moving deeper into the earth. The rocks in deep and ultra‐deep reservoirs are exposed to a complex environment of high temperatures and large geo‐stresses. The Tarim oilfield in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang for short), China, has achieved a breakthrough in the exploration of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs at a depth of over 9000 m. The mechanical properties of deep rocks are significantly different from those of shallow rocks. In this study, triaxial compression tests were conducted on heat‐treated carbonatite rocks to explore the evolution of the mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment. The rocks for the tests were collected from reservoirs in the Tarim oilfield, Xinjiang, China. The experiments were performed at confining pressures ranging from atmospheric to 120 MPa and temperatures ranging from 25 to 500°C. The results show that the critical confining pressure of the brittle–ductile transition increases with increasing temperature. Young's modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and positively correlated with the confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the failure mode of the specimens gradually transforms from shear fracture failure into “V”‐type failure and finally into bulging failure (multiple shear fractures). With increasing temperature, the failure angle tends to decrease. In addition, an improved version of the Mohr‒Coulomb strength criterion with a temperature‐dependent power function was proposed to describe the failure strength of carbonatite rocks after exposure to high temperature and high confining pressure. The surface of the strength envelope of this criterion is temperature dependent, which could reflect the strength evolution of rock under high confining pressures after thermal treatment. Compared with other strength criteria, this criterion is more capable of replicating physical processes.