bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Present and new techniques and devices in the treatment of DFU: a critical review of evidence
Authors: Gottrup Finn , Apelqvist Jan
Published: January 2012

Management of foot ulcer in individuals with diabetes remains a major therapeutic challenge throughout the world. We performed a critical review of evidence of present and new techniques and devices in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer. The golden standard for optimal evidence in the Cochrane system is level I – randomized controlled trials, and meta‐analyses of several randomized controlled trials. Available evidence on different types of wound debridement; use of antimicrobials; use of dressings in wounds; topical negative pressure, hyperbaric oxygen treatment; electrical, electromagnetic, laser, shockwave, and ultrasound therapies; growth and cell biology factors; cell products and tissue engineering; bioengineered skin and skin grafts; and adjuvant therapies were evaluated. The results of this review show that there is limited evidence on the highest level to justify a change in routine clinical practice. There is a paucity of high‐quality evidence, because the studies are often based on inadequate sample size, short follow‐up, nonrandom allocation to treatment arms, nonblinded assessment of outcomes, poor description of control, and concurrent intervention. The heterogeneity of the population (of both people and ulcers), with multiple factors contributing to both ulcer onset and failure to heal, makes the trial design difficult in this field. Another fundamental reason for the lack of evidence is the general use of the outcome measure ‘complete healing’. In conclusion, when the results of this updated review are taken together with those of the earlier reports, they provide limited evidence to justify a change in routine clinical practice. For this reason, there is an urgent need to increase the quality of clinical studies. A re‐evaluation of which type of research is acceptable for producing evidence in the wound area may be important in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of micro lens by laser polymerization
Authors: Mori Akira , Horiuchi Takashi , Mizumachi Manabu , Seino Satoshi , Nakagawa Takuya , Suzuki Kaoru
Published: January 2012

Recently, micro lenses have been in demand for uniting laser devices and optical fibers. We have fabricated a new type of plastic micro lens by laser polymerization. The amount of resin polymerized by exposure to laser light (light curing) depends on the laser power and the exposure time. The shape of the lens can be controlled by changing the conditions of laser irradiation. In this paper, the characteristics of the lens formed by this method are examined. The relation between the lens shape and the conditions of laser irradiation are investigated, and the conditions for reducing transverse spherical aberration are examined. A lens 390 μm in diameter was formed. The area that can be used for light coupling from a laser diode to a multimode fiber will be 81% of the total lens area. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(2): 59–67, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10339
Growth and characterization of potassium niobate fiber crystal from liquid with stoichiometric composition by μ‐PD method
Authors: Komatsu Ryuichi , Okuma Yohei , Itoh Hironori , Akishige Yukikuni
Published: January 2012

Potassium niobate (KNbO3: KN) is a well‐known ferroelectric material with perovskite structure. Recently, this crystal has been given much attention as an environmentally friendly material as well as a material for surface acoustic waves (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices. It is, however, very difficult to grow KN crystals because KN melts incongruently. This paper reports that KN crystal fibers have been successfully grown from stoichiometric melt by the micro pulling down (μ‐PD) method, and the parameters necessary for the reproducible growth of KN fiber have been determined. The dielectric properties of grown fiber crystal were also measured. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(2): 1–7, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10411
Identification of plant model of linear induction motors for a traction system intended for use in a high‐performance controller
Authors: Nozaki Yuichiro , Koseki Takafumi
Published: January 2012

A linear induction motor (LIM) is suitable for use in trains. The motor can be used in both wheel‐suspended and contact‐less types such as the Linear Metro and HSST trains in Japan. The LIM has end winding as well as asymmetrical winding. The end effect is a major problem in the LIM, and it makes the analysis, design, and control of motors difficult. This paper describes a method that combines numerical analysis and the equivalent circuit for the LIM in order to design a high‐performance controller for the LIM that includes the end effect. A sample basic field‐oriented control scheme that is based on the plant model is applied to the LIM in order to check the control performance. The theory of rotary induction motors is used for verification. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(2): 44–54, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21171
Development of a Solid‐Phase Approach to the Natural Product Class of Ahp‐Containing Cyclodepsipeptides
Authors: Stolze Sara C. , Meltzer Michael , Ehrmann Michael , Kaiser Markus
Published: January 2012

The 3‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐piperidone (Ahp) containing cyclodepsipeptides are an interesting class of natural products that inhibit S1 (trypsin and chymotrypsin‐like) serine protease in a reversible, noncovalent manner, turning them into potential chemical tools for protease research. Their systematic use in chemical biology is however hampered by their tedious solution‐phase chemical synthesis. To overcome this limitation, we report a solid‐phase approach to Ahp cyclodepsipeptides that is based on the use of a maskedglutamic aldehyde moiety as a general Ahp precursor molecule. As a proof‐of‐concept, we therefore recently reported the solid‐phase synthesis of Symplocamide A. Here, we want to give a full account on the development and application of the masked glutamic aldehyde moiety as well as the optimization of the solid‐phase synthesis, which allowed the successful synthesis of the natural product Symplocamide A.
Smart Decisions
Authors: Weber Bernd
Published: January 2012

Whether in the car showroom or in front of the supermarket shelf, we are faced with making selections every day. Using imaging techniques, the field of neuroeconomics hopes to better understand the biological fundamentals of this behaviour.
Diving Deep into the Atom
Authors: Krausz Ferenc , Naeser Thorsten
Published: January 2012

When all notions of time lose their validity: Using laser flashes lasting billionths of a second, physicists are trying to follow the ultrafast movements of quantum particles in real time. The experiments in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics are already making possible increasingly precise insight into matter. And the light pulses are getting even shorter.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of the (E)‐α‐methylalkenoate framework from multifunctionalized allylic phosphonium salts
Authors: Meier Lidiane , Ferreira Misael , Sá Marcus M.
Published: January 2012

A convenient and general microwave‐assisted method for the synthesis of stereochemically defined α‐methylalkenoic acids and esters from allylic phosphonium salts in a basic aqueous medium is described. A selective preparation of acids or esters was dependent on the base (NaOH or NaHCO3) employed in the reaction and could be achieved with good to excellent yields under mild conditions in the absence of hydrides and reducing agents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:179–186, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21001
Impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S genomic variability on HBV surface antigen and HBV DNA serum levels
Authors: Pollicino Teresa , Amaddeo Giuliana , Restuccia Agnese , Raffa Giuseppina , Alibrandi Angela , Cutroneo Giuseppina , Favaloro Angelo , Maimone Sergio , Squadrito Giovanni , Raimondo Giovanni
Published: January 2012

To evaluate whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S gene variability has any impact on serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels and to analyze the replication capacity of naturally occurring preS/S variants, sera from 40 untreated patients with HBV-related chronic liver disease (hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]-positive, n = 11; HBeAg-negative, n = 29) were virologically characterized. Additionally, phenotypic analysis of three different preS/S variant isolates (carrying a 183-nucleotide deletion within the preS1 region, the deletion of preS2 start codon, and a stop signal at codon 182 within the S gene, respectively) was performed. HBV infecting 14 (35%) patients had single or multiple preS/S genomic mutations (i.e., preS1 and/or preS2 deletions, preS2 start codon mutations, C-terminally truncated and/or “a” determinant mutated S protein). Presence of preS/S variants negatively correlated with HBsAg titers (

r

= −0.431;

P

= 0.005) and its prevalence did not significantly differ between HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients. No correlation was found between HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in patients infected with preS/S mutants, whereas a significant correlation was found between HBsAg and viremia levels (

r

= 0.607;

P

= 0.001) in patients infected with wild-type HBV strains. HepG2 cells replicating the above-mentioned three preS/S variants showed significant reduction of HBsAg secretion, retention of envelope proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, less efficient virion secretion and nuclear accumulation of significantly higher amounts of covalently closed circular DNA compared with wild-type HBV replicating cells.

Conclusion:

In patients infected with preS/S variants, HBV DNA replication and HBsAg synthesis/secretion appear to be dissociated. Therefore, the use of HBsAg titer as diagnostic/prognostic tool has to take into account the frequent emergence of preS/S variants in chronic HBV infection. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;)
V-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin activation induces a module of metabolic changes contributing to growth in insulin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Evert Matthias , Calvisi Diego F. , Evert Katja , De Murtas Valentina , Gasparetti Gioia , Mattu Sandra , Destefanis Giulia , Ladu Sara , Zimmermann Antje , Delogu Salvatore , Thiel Sara , Thiele Andrea , Ribback Silvia , Dombrowski Frank
Published: January 2012

Mounting epidemiological evidence supports a role for insulin-signaling deregulation and diabetes mellitus in human hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. To study the oncogenic effect of chronically elevated insulin on hepatocytes in the presence of mild hyperglycemia, we developed a model of pancreatic islet transplantation into the liver. In this model, islets of a donor rat are transplanted into the liver of a recipient diabetic rat, with resulting local hyperinsulinism that leads to the development of preneoplastic lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigated the metabolic and growth properties of the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) pathway, a major downstream effector of insulin signaling, in this model of insulin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. We found that activation of insulin signaling triggers a strong induction of the AKT/mTOR cascade that is paralleled by increased synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides, induction of glycolysis, and decrease of fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis in rat preneoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions, when compared with the healthy liver. AKT/mTOR metabolic effects on hepatocytes, after insulin stimulation, were found to be mTORC1 dependent and independent in human HCC cell lines. In these cells, suppression of lipogenesis, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway triggered a strong growth restraint, despite insulin administration. Noticeably, metabolic abnormalities and proliferation driven by insulin were effectively reverted using the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, both

in vitro

and

in vivo

.

Conclusions:

The present results indicate that activation of the AKT/mTOR cascade by unconstrained insulin signaling induces a defined module of metabolic alterations in hepatocytes contributing to aberrant cell growth. Thus, inhibition of AKT/mTOR and related metabolic changes might represent a novel preventive and therapeutic approach to effectively inhibit insulin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2012;)
Nicotinic receptors in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus differentially modulate contextual fear conditioning
Authors: Kenney Justin W. , Raybuck Jonathan D. , Gould Thomas J.
Published: January 2012

Nicotine administration alters various forms of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory. Increasing work has found that the dorsal and ventral hippocampus differentially contribute to multiple behaviors. Thus, the present study examined whether the effects of nicotine in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus have distinct influences on contextual fear learning in male C57BL/6J mice. Direct infusion of nicotine into the dorsal hippocampus resulted in an enhancement of contextual fear learning, whereas nicotine infused into the ventral hippocampus resulted in deficits. Nicotine infusions into the ventral hippocampus did not alter hippocampus‐independent cued fear conditioning or time spent in the open arm of the elevated plus maze, a measure of anxiety, suggesting that the effects are due to alterations in contextual learning and not other general processes. Finally, results from using direct infusions of MLA, a low‐affinity α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, in conjunction with systemic nicotine, provide evidence that α7‐nAChRs in the ventral hippocampus mediate the detrimental effect of ventral hippocampal nicotine on contextual fear learning. These results suggest that with systemic nicotine administration, competition exists between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus for behavioral control over contextual learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of the Noah land surface model for warm season processes: evaluation of water and energy flux simulation
Authors: Wei Helin , Xia Youlong , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Ek Michael B.
Published: January 2012

The Noah model is a land surface model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. It has been widely used in regional coupled weather and climate models (i.e. Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Eta Mesoscale Model) and global coupled weather and climate models (i.e. National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System, Climate Forecast System). Therefore, its continued improvement and development are keys to enhancing our weather and climate forecast ability and water and energy flux simulation accuracy. North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 1 (NLDAS‐1) experiments indicated that the Noah model exhibited substantial bias in latent heat flux, total runoff and land skin temperature during the warm season, and such bias can significantly affect coupled weather and climate models. This paper presents a study to improve the Noah model by adding model parameterization processes such as including seasonal factor on leaf area index and root distribution and selecting optimal model parameters. We compared simulated latent heat flux, mean annual runoff and land skin temperature from the Noah control and test versions with measured latent heat flux, land surface skin temperature, mean annual runoff and satellite‐retrieved land surface skin temperature. The results show that the test version significantly reduces biases in latent heat, total runoff and land skin temperature simulation. The test version has been used for the NLDAS phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) to produce 30‐year water flux, energy flux and state variable products to support the US drought monitor of National Integrated Drought Information System. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nine‐month‐olds' triangular interactive strategies with their parents' couple in low‐coordination families: A descriptive study
Authors: Fivaz‐Depeursinge E. , Cairo S. , Scaiola C. Lavanchy , Favez N.
Published: January 2012

Observing infants in triadic situations has revealed their triangular competence; namely, their ability to interact with both parents by simultaneously sharing their attention and affects with them. Infants' triangular interaction is linked with the coparenting unit's degree of coordination; in high‐coordination (HC) families, parents act as a team in relation to the child, thus drawing clear and flexible boundaries with them; in low‐coordination (LC) families, parents either avoid direct interaction with each other and include the child in their unit or join together against the child and exclude him or her, thus drawing inconsistent boundaries with the child. We explored the interactive strategies of LC 9‐month‐olds (n = 15) with those of their parents, comparing them with HC parents (n = 23) in two conditions: playing with both parents at the same time and witnessing their parents' dialogue. LC infants' affects were less positive; they addressed fewer positive triangular bids to their parents and tended to use a less triangular interactive mode. Thus, LC infants had fewer opportunities than did HC infants to acquire skills necessary for coping with triangular interaction.
Development of parenting self‐efficacy in mothers of infants with high negative emotionality
Authors: Troutman Beth , Moran Tracy E. , Arndt Stephan , Johnson Ralph F. , Chmielewski Michael
Published: January 2012

Maternal parenting self‐efficacy (PSE) is a potential target for infant mental health interventions because it is associated with a number of positive outcomes for children and mothers. Understanding the development of maternal PSE under conditions of increased parenting stress, such as parenting an infant who is easily distressed and difficult to soothe, will contribute to providing more effective interventions. This study examines the development of maternal PSE in mothers of infants with high negative emotionality (NE). The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS; T. Brazelton, 1973) was administered twice to 111 infants to select a sample of irritable (n = 24) and nonirritable (n = 29) infants for a prospective study comparing the development of PSE in mothers of infants differing in neonatal NE. Consistent with our hypotheses and previous research, at 8 weeks' postpartum, mothers of irritable infants have significantly lower domain‐specific PSE than do mothers of nonirritable infants. Contrary to our predictions, mothers of irritable infants exhibit a significant increase in domain‐specific and domain‐general PSE from 8 to 16 weeks' postpartum. The implications of these results for infant mental health screening, infant mental health interventions, and research on self‐efficacy theory are discussed.
Inter‐relationships between different classes of chemical allergens
Authors: Dearman R. J. , Basketter D. A. , Kimber I
Published: January 2012

Although allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract induced by chemicals is not as common as skin sensitization, it is nevertheless an important occupational health issue. Respiratory allergy to chemicals, characterized typically by rhinitis and asthma, is associated with considerable morbidity and with related socioeconomic costs. Several experimental approaches have been proposed for the prospective identification of chemical respiratory allergens, but none of these has yet been validated formally. In the absence of a widely accepted method for respiratory allergen identification, it is appropriate and relevant to explore their relationship with skin‐sensitizing chemicals. A series of chemicals known to cause immune‐mediated respiratory allergy in humans has been examined. The majority of the respiratory allergens tested were found to elicit positive responses in one or more standard tests used for the identification of skin‐sensitizing potential (guinea pig maximization test, the Buehler test and/or the local lymph node assay). We suggest that this observation might form the basis of a potentially useful paradigm for initial characterization of the respiratory‐sensitizing potential of chemicals. Specifically, chemicals that fail to elicit positive responses in accepted skin‐sensitization test methods might also be regarded as lacking the inherent potential to cause allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of emodin against cisplatin‐induced oxidative stress in cultured human kidney (HEK 293) cells
Authors: Waly Mostafa I. , Ali Badreldin H. , Al‐Lawati Intisar , Nemmar Abderrahim
Published: January 2012

Emodin (a rhubarb anthraquinone) has strong antioxidant and anticancer actions, and recent studies indicated that it reduces cellular oxidative stress induced by various insults and drugs. Cisplatin is an anticancer drug that is associated with nephrotoxicity and induces oxidative stress in cultured human kidney (HEK 293) cells. This study aimed to assess the in‐vitro antioxidant properties of the emodin against cisplatin‐induced oxidative stress in HEK 293 cells. Our study revealed that emodin acted as a potent free radical scavenger and provided nephroprotection against cisplatin‐induced oxidative stress. Emodin as low as 0.5 µm did not decrease cell viability and restored the cisplatin‐induced glutathione depletion and total antioxidant capacity in a dose‐dependent manner. Emodin augmented the cisplatin‐induced inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase). These results suggest that emodin has the potential to be used as an adjunct therapeutic agent in patients receiving cisplatin treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric detection of CYP450 adducts following oxidative desulfuration of methyl parathion
Authors: Kyle Patrick B. , Smith Stanley V. , Baker Rodney C. , Kramer Robert E.
Published: January 2012

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐mediated desulfuration of methyl parathion results in mechanism‐based inhibition of the enzyme. Although previous data suggest that reactive sulfur is released and binds to the apoprotein, the identities of neither the adduct(s) nor the affected amino acid(s) have been clearly determined. In this study, nanospray tandem mass spectroscopy was used to analyze peptide digests of CYP resolved by SDS–PAGE from liver microsomes of male rats following incubation in the absence or presence of methyl parathion. Oxidative desulfuration was confirmed by measurement of methyl paraoxon, and inhibition of specific CYP isozymes was determined by measurement of testosterone hydroxylation. Total CYP content was quantified spectrophotometrically. Incubation of microsomes with methyl parathion decreased CYP content by 58%. This effect was not associated with a comparable increase in absorbance at 420 nm, suggesting the displacement of heme from the apoprotein. Rates of testosterone 2β‐ and 6β‐hydroxylation, respectively, were reduced to 8 and 2%, implicating CYP3A and CYP2C11 in the oxidative desulfuration of methyl parathion. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 96 amu adducts to cysteines 64 and 378 of CYP3A1. In addition, a peptide containing cysteine 433 that coordinates with heme was possibly modified as it was detected in control, but not methyl parathion samples. A comparison of rat CYP3A1 with human CYP3A4 suggests that cysteines 64 and 378 reside along the substrate channel, remote from the active site. Alteration of these residues might modulate substrate entry to the binding pocket of the enzyme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Cavallo Delia , Fanizza Carla , Ursini Cinzia Lucia , Casciardi Stefano , Paba Emilia , Ciervo Aureliano , Fresegna Anna Maria , Maiello Raffaele , Marcelloni Anna Maria , Buresti Giuliana , Tombolini Francesca , Bellucci Stefano , Iavicoli Sergio
Published: January 2012

The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products highlights the importance of understanding their potential toxic effects. We evaluated cytotoxic and genotoxic/oxidative effects induced by commercial multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on human lung epithelial (A549) cells treated with 5, 10, 40 and 100 µg ml−1 for different exposure times. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. Fpg‐modified comet assay was used to evaluate direct‐oxidative DNA damage. LDH leakage was detected after 2, 4 and 24 h of exposure and viability reduction was revealed after 24 h. SEM analysis, performed after 4 and 24 h exposure, showed cell surface changes such as lower microvilli density, microvilli structure modifications and the presence of holes in plasma membrane. We found an induction of direct DNA damage after each exposure time and at all concentrations, statistically significant at 10 and 40 µg ml−1 after 2 h, at 5, 10, 100 µg ml−1 after 4 h and at 10 µg ml−1 after 24 h exposure. However, oxidative DNA damage was not found. The results showed an induction of early cytotoxic effects such as loss of membrane integrity, surface morphological changes and MWCNT agglomerate entrance at all concentrations. We also demonstrated the ability of MWCNTs to induce early genotoxicity. This study emphasizes the suitability of our approach to evaluating simultaneously the early response of the cell membrane and DNA to different MWCNT concentrations and exposure times in cells of target organ. The findings contribute to elucidation of the mechanism by which MWCNTs cause toxic effects in an in vitro experimental model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking of nanoscale structural variations on a single amyloid fibril with tip‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Deckert‐Gaudig Tanja , Kämmer Evelyn , Deckert Volker
Published: January 2012

Amyloid fibrils are known to be responsible for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. A detailed insight into the structure of amyloid fibrils is fundamental since it is not yet understood what triggers the misfolding of proteins to the fiber like structures. The molecular structure of fibril surfaces on a single amino acid level has not been revealed so far but would present a valuable contribution to this question. Here we demonstrate the direct molecular distinction of selected amino acids on insulin fibril surfaces with a lateral resolution better than 2 nm by applying tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). This approach provides simultaneously a way to directly reveal conformational changes in the secondary structure, namely α‐helix, β‐sheet, on the fibril surface with nanometer resolution. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Human umbilical cord wharton's jelly stem cell (hWJSC) extracts inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro
Authors: Gauthaman Kalamegam , Yee Fong Chui , Cheyyatraivendran Suganya , Biswas Arijit , Choolani Mahesh , Bongso Ariff
Published: January 2012

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell growth but it is not known whether this effect is specific to only breast cancer cells. We compared the effects of human Wharton's jelly stem cell (hWJSC) extracts [conditioned medium (hWJSC‐CM) and cell lysate (hWJSC‐CL)] on breast adenocarcinoma (MDA‐MB‐231), ovarian carcinoma (TOV‐112D), and osteosarcoma (MG‐63) cells. The cells were treated with either hWJSC‐CM (50%) or hWJSC‐CL (15 µg/ml) for 48–72 h and changes in cell morphology, proliferation, cycle, gene expression, migration, and cell death studied. All three cancer cell lines showed cell shrinkage, blebbing, and vacuolations with hWJSC‐CL and hWJSC‐CM compared to controls. MTT and BrdU assays showed inhibition of cell growth by 2–6% and 30–60%, while Transwell migration assay showed inhibition by 20–26% and 31–46% for hWJSC‐CM and hWJSC‐CL, respectively, for all three cancer cell lines. Cell cycle assays showed increases in sub‐G1 and G2/M phases for all three cancer cell lines suggestive of apoptosis and metaphase arrest. AnnexinV‐FITC and TUNEL positive cells seen in TOV‐112D and MDA‐MB‐231 suggested that inhibition was via apoptosis while the presence of anti‐BECLIN1 and anti‐LC3B antibodies seen with MG‐63 indicated autophagy. Upregulation of pro‐apoptotic BAX and downregulation of anti‐apoptotic BCL2 and SURVIVIN genes were observed in all three cancer cell lines and additionally the autophagy genes (ATG5, ATG7, and BECLIN1) were upregulated in MG‐63 cells. hWJSCs possess tumor inhibitory properties that are not specific to breast cancer cells alone and these effects are mediated via agents in its extracts. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2027–2039, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate is a mediator of TNF‐α action on the Na+/K+ ATPase in HepG2 cells
Authors: Dakroub Zeina , Kreydiyyeh Sawsan Ibrahim
Published: January 2012

We showed previously that TNF‐α down‐regulates the Na+/K+ ATPase in HepG2 cells. This work was undertaken to study the role of ceramide and its metabolites in TNF‐α action. Treating HepG2 cells with the cytokine in presence of an inhibitor of sphingomyelinase, abrogated the effect of TNF‐α on the ATPase. To confirm the involvement of ceramide or its metabolites, cells were incubated with exogenous ceramide. Ceramide reduced time‐dependently the activity of the ATPase and its effect disappeared in presence of CAY 10466 or SHKI, respective inhibitors of ceramidase and spingosine kinase, suggesting that ceramide acts via sphingosine or sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). However, HepG2 cells treated with exogenous sphingosine showed a higher Na+/K+ ATPase activity inferring that S1P is the one responsible for the down‐regulatory effect of TNF‐α and ceramide. This hypothesis was confirmed by the observed inhibitory effect of exogenous S1P on the pump, which was maintained when JNK and NF‐κB were inhibited separately or simultaneously. The concurrent, but not individual inhibition of the kinase and transcription factor in the absence of S1P imitated the effect of S1P. It was concluded that S1P down‐regulates the ATPase by inhibiting both JNK and NF‐κB. This conclusion was supported by the observed decrease in the phosphorylation of c‐jun and the enhanced protein expression of IκB and lower NK‐KB activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2077–2085, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transesterification of Soybean Oil Catalyzed by Calcium Hydroxide which Obtained from Hydrolysis Reaction of Calcium Carbide
Authors: Chen Ming‐Yi , Wang Jian‐Xun , Chen Kung‐Tung , Wen Bi‐Zhou , Lin Wei‐Chieh , Chen Chiing‐Chang
Published: January 2012

Calcium carbide residue (CCR) was investigated in transesterification reaction of triglycerides to determine its viability as a solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Literature survey showed that CCR has never been studied as a solid catalyst in the transesterification of triglyceride. The scope of the study includes the effects of CCR calcination temperature, calcination time, the alcohol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst amount (wt % of oil) and the reaction time. The relationship between chemical composition and catalytic activity of waste cement was also investigated. These CCR catalysts, thermally activated at 600 °C, can give rise to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) purity higher than 99.5%, after 3 h of reaction, when oil/methanol molar ratio of 1/12 and 1 wt % of the catalyst were employed. Application of CCR as catalyst for biodiesel production in this study may not only provide a cost‐effective and environment friendly way of recycling CCR waste but also reduce hopefully the cost of biodiesel production.
Direct Determination of Azathioprine in Human Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulation Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Analysis
Authors: Wang Jianbo , Zhao Pan , Han Suqin
Published: January 2012

A simple, sensitive and inexpensive flow injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of azathioprine had been discovered. It was based on the fact that the weak chemiluminescent reaction of cerium(IV) with azathioprine in acidic medium, which was enhanced by the addition of rhodamine 6G. A lot of optimized experimental conditions had been studied in detail. The CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of azathioprine in the range of 0.1–10.0 μM and the detection limit was 45.0 nM (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the technique was 2.1% (n = 11). The method had high selectivity, sensitivity and good repeatability. The proposed method had been triumphantly applied to the determination of azathioprine in human fluids and pharmaceutical formulation with satisfactory results.
Pyrazinium Di(hydrogen sulfate) as a Novel, Highly Efficient and Homogeneous Catalyst for the Condensation of Enolizable Ketones with Aldehydes, Acetonitrile and Acetyl Chloride
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Mokhlesi Mohammad , Zare Abdolkarim , Derakhshan‐Panah Fatemeh , Merajoddin Maria , Keypour Hassan , Dehghani‐Firouzabadi Ahmad Ali
Published: January 2012

A highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of β‐acetamido ketone or ester derivatives in the presence of pyrazinium di(hydrogen sulfate) {Py(OSO3H)2} as a novel, green and homogeneous solid acid catalyst at room temperature is described. One‐pot multi‐component condensation of enolizable ketones or alkyl acetoacetates with aldehydes, acetonitrile and acetyl chloride affords the title compounds in high to excellent yields and in relatively short reaction times. In this work, the efficiency of our recently reported solid acid catalyst, saccharin sulfonic acid (Sa‐SO3H), in the synthesis of β‐acetamido ketones/esters is also studied. Moreover, in this research, some new β‐acetamido ketones and esters (i.e. one complex structure) are prepared.
1,3‐Dibromo 5,5‐Dimethylhydantoin (DBH) Catalyzed, Microwave‐assisted Rapid Synthesis of 1‐Amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols
Authors: Habibzadeha Setareh , Ghasemnejad‐bosra Hassan
Published: January 2012

An expeditious synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols by the condensation of 2‐naphthole with various araldehydes and acetamide is described. This greener protocol is catalyzed by 1,3‐dibromo 5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DBH), and proceeds efficiently in the absence of any organic solvent under thermal condition and microwave irradiation in high.
A Powder Based Polyaniline Carbon Paste Electrode for Urea Analysis
Authors: Shu Hun‐Chi , Lu Shu‐Pe
Published: January 2012

A new polyaniline carbon paste electrode prepared by mixing polyaniline (emeraldine), nafion, graphite powder and urease for urea analysis was exploited. The ratio of polyaniline, nafion, urease and graphite for the construction of the electrodes and the optimal conditions for urea determination were studied. The detection limit of this sensor for urea is 5 μM and the linearity from 5 μM to 7.5 mM is obtained in FIA. This sensor has a response time of 90s and shows good reproducibility and stability (RSD, 6.3%, n = 43). The blood samples from a patient during blood dialysis were taken and analyzed. The urea concentrations in blood obtained from this sensor are comparable with urea test kit method.
Speciation Analysis of Thallium by Reversed‐phase Liquid Chromatography ‐ Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chu Yun‐Ling , Wang Ruoh‐Yun , Jiang Shiuh‐Jen
Published: January 2012

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) was used as a liquid chromatographic detector for the speciation analysis of thallium in environmental samples. In this study, ionic thallium species, namely Tl(I) and Tl(III) were well separated by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) with a C8‐HPLC column as the stationary phase and 1 mmol L−1 tetrabutylammonium phosphate (TBAP), 2 mmol L−1 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in 1% v/v methanol solution (pH 6) as the mobile phase. Effluent from the HPLC column was delivered to the nebulizer of the ICP‐MS for the determination of thallium. The separation was complete in less than 3 min. Detection limit was 0.002 μg L−1 for both Tl(I) and Tl(III) compounds based on peak height. The relative standard deviation of the peak areas for five injections of a mixture containing 1 μg Tl L−1 was better than 3.4%. The concentrations of Tl compounds were determined in standard reference materials, including NIST SRM 1643e Trace Elements in Water and NRCC NASS‐5 Open Ocean Seawater and water samples collected in Kaohsiung area, Taiwan. The HPLC‐ICP‐MS results of the reference samples agreed with the reference values. This method has also been applied to determine Tl(I) and Tl(III) compounds in custard apple (Annona squamosa) leaves collected from Chai‐shan Mountain, Kaohsiung and Taitung City, Taiwan. The thallium species were quantitatively leached from the leaves with a 5 mmol L−1 DTPA in 100 mmol L−1 ammonium acetate solution in an ultrasonic bath during a period of 30 min. The HPLC‐ICP‐MS result that was obtained after the analysis of leaves sample showed a satisfactory agreement with the total thallium concentration obtained by ICP‐MS analysis of completely dissolved sample.
A Modified Synthesis of Some Novel Polycyclic Aromatic Phenazines and Quinoxalines by Using the Tungstate Sulfuric Acid (TSA) as a Reusable Catalyst under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Karami Bahador , Khodabakhshi Saeed , Nikrooz Marzieh
Published: January 2012

Considering the synthesis of new compounds, we developed heterocyclic chemistry. We also helped to improve the classical synthetic route for the synthesis of quinoxalines and phenazines through implement in terms of solvent‐free reaction. For the condensation of 1,2‐dicarbonyls and o‐phenylenediamines under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature, tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) was found to be an efficient and reusable reagent. The high yield of the pure products and simple preparation of the catalyst have allowed the synthesis of several phenazines and quinoxalines using this methodology.
Tritium labeling of a γ‐secretase inhibitor and two modulators as in vitro imaging agents
Authors: Malmquist Jonas , Bernlind Alexandra , Sandell Johan , Ström Peter , Waldman Magnus
Published: January 2012

The γ‐secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) and the γ‐secretase modulators 1 and AZ8349 were prepared as tritium‐labeled compounds with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. [3H]DBZ was labeled via an iodinated precursor, [3H]1 was labeled by [3H]methylation of an O‐desmethyl precursor, and [2‐3H]AZ8349 was labeled via a tribromoacetyl precursor by catalytic hydrogenation. [3H]DBZ, [3H]1, and [2‐3H]AZ8349 are promising in vitro imaging radioligands and have the potential to provide key information with regard to γ‐secretase expression, function, stoichiometry, and pharmacology.
Movement disorders: role of imaging in diagnosis
Authors: Mascalchi Mario , Vella Alessandra , Ceravolo Roberto
Published: January 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have a considerable role in the diagnosis of the single patient with movement disorders. Conventional MRI demonstrates symptomatic causes of parkinsonism but does not show any specific finding in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, SPECT using tracers of the dopamine transporter (DAT) demonstrates an asymmetric decrease of the uptake in the putamen and caudate from the earliest clinical stages. In other degenerative forms of parkinsonism, including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multisystem atrophy (MSA), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), MRI reveals characteristic patterns of regional atrophy combined with signal changes or microstructural changes in the basal ganglia, pons, middle and superior cerebellar peduncles, and cerebral subcortical white matter. SPECT demonstrates a decreased uptake of tracers of the dopamine D2 receptors in the striata of patients with PSP and MSA, which is not observed in early PD. MRI also significantly contributes to the diagnosis of some inherited hyperkinetic conditions including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and fragile‐X tremor/ataxia syndrome by revealing characteristic symmetric signal changes in the basal ganglia and middle cerebellar peduncles, respectively. A combination of the clinical features with MRI and SPECT is recommended for optimization of the diagnostic algorithm in movement disorders. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted from 21 grape varieties (Vitis spp.)
Authors: Sabir Ali , Unver Ahmet , Kara Zeki
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids and tocopherols in appropriate quantities are invaluable attributes that are desirable in seeds of agricultural products. Studies have generally focused on the evaluation of the oil and tocopherol components of oil crops. Recently, investigations revealed that the grape seed has robust potential in the production of healthy fatty acids as well as tocopherols. This study was thus conducted to determine the oil and tocopherol components of grape seeds, obtained from various grape cultivars of different species, including two rootstock varieties.

RESULTS: The grape seed oil concentration of the studied varieties ranged from 7.3 to 22.4%. The determined fatty acid profiles of the genotypes conformed to the pattern described in the literature for grapes. Linoleic acid is the major component comprising 53.6–69.6% of the total, followed by oleic (16.2–31.2%), palmitic (6.9–12.9%) and stearic (1.44–4.69%). The oils of all the seeds analysed showed a preponderance of α‐tocopherol (ranging from 260.5 to 153.1 mg kg−1 oil extract). β‐Tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol and δ‐tocopherol were also detected with the general means of 0.98, 22.2 and 0.92 mg kg−1, respectively. Linoleic acid showed a significantly negative correlation with all the fatty acids analysed. The strongest negative correlation existed between linoleic and oleic acids (r = − 0.834, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: Present investigations indicated that oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol constituents of grape seed show great variation among the genotypes. Markedly higher proportions of linoleic acid with considerable amounts of tocopherols found in the oil samples suggest that grape seed is a good source for culinary, pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from jiang‐gua (fermented cucumbers), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yi‐sheng , Wu Hui‐chung , Lo Huei‐yin , Lin Wan‐chen , Hsu Wen‐hsuan , Lin Ching‐wen , Lin Po‐ya , Yanagida Fujitoshi
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Jiang‐gua (fermented cucumbers) is a popular traditional fermented food in Taiwan. The microflora of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in jiang‐gua have not been investigated in detail. In this study, LAB from jiang‐gua were isolated, characterised and identified.

RESULTS: A total of 103 LAB were isolated; 70 cultures were isolated from jiang‐gua samples and 33 cultures were isolated from its raw substrate, cucumber. These isolates were mainly characterised phenotypically and then divided into seven groups (A‐G) by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. The isolates were identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus, Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Weissella cibaria and Weissella hellenica. The antibacterial activities of the isolates were determined and 11 Lc. lactis subsp. lactis strains showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strain Lactobacillus sakei JCM 1157T.

CONCLUSION: Heterofermentative W. cibaria and Leu. lactis were the major LAB found in jiang‐gua samples without soy sauce. In soy sauce‐added samples, homofermentative L. pentosus and L. plantarum were the most abundant LAB. In addition, the results also suggested that HhaI and RsaI restriction enzymes could be applied to distinguish W. hellenica and Weissella paramesenteroides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Risk of advanced fibrosis with grafts from hepatitis C antibody–positive donors: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Lai Jennifer C. , O'Leary Jacqueline G. , Trotter James F. , Verna Elizabeth C. , Brown Robert S. , Stravitz Todd R. , Duman Jeffrey D. , Forman Lisa M. , Terrault Norah A.
Published: January 2012

Over the last decade, the use of liver grafts from hepatitis C virus antibody–positive donors [HCV(+)Ds] has tripled in the United States. Although previous studies have demonstrated no association between an HCV(+)D status and graft loss, the effects of an HCV(+)D on histological outcomes are not well known. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)–infected recipients at 5 US centers (2002-2007) who survived more than 30 days with 1 or more posttransplant biopsy samples were included. Cox regression was used to examine the association between an HCV(+)D status and advanced fibrosis (stage 3/4 or higher). Ninety-nine of the 1206 patients (8%) received an HCV(+)D graft. Recipients of HCV(+)D grafts were older than recipients of hepatitis C virus antibody–negative donor [HCV(−)D] grafts (P = 0.03), but they were otherwise similar. HCV(+)D grafts were significantly lower in quality according to the donor risk index (P < 0.001). Advanced fibrosis occurred in 32% of HCV(+)D graft recipients and in 28% of HCV(−)D graft recipients (P = 0.39). The unadjusted 1- and 3-year rates of advanced fibrosis were significantly higher for HCV(+)D graft recipients (14% and 48%) versus HCV(−)D graft recipients (7% and 33%, P = 0.01). Transplantation with HCV(+)D grafts was associated with a 58% increased risk of advanced fibrosis [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-2.36, P = 0.03]. However, in an analysis stratified by the mean donor age of 45 years, an HCV(+)D status was associated with advanced fibrosis only with donors >45 years old [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.06-2.93, P = 0.03] and not with donors ≤45 years old (HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.47-1.87, P = 0.85). In conclusion, a careful consideration of the risks and benefits is needed with HCV(+)D grafts. Recipients of HCV(+)D grafts (especially from older donors) should undergo close monitoring for more rapidly progressive fibrosis. Studies are needed to determine whether early HCV therapy modifies this risk. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.