bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting a Virtual Articulator: An Analysis of the Factors Available with Mechanical Articulators and their Potential Need for Inclusion with Virtual Articulators
Authors: Goldstein Gary , Goodacre Charles
Published: March 2022

The ever‐expanding world of digital technology has produced many changes, including the availability of virtual articulators. The use of such digital technology requires an understanding of the features that have been available with different mechanical articulators. These features include such items as facebow, intercondylar distance, incisal guide table, condylar inclination, reference plane, lateral condylar inclination, immediate mandibular translation, and ability to verify a centric relation record. This paper reviews the adjustable features that have been available with different types of mechanical articulators so that clinicians can determine if these features should be included in the virtual articulators they choose to use. Regardless of whether one is utilizing a mechanical or virtual articulator, the rationale for which type of articulator to select is the same and is predicated on the needs of the patient, the occlusal philosophy of the clinician, and the required accuracy.
In defense of ordinary language philosophy
Authors: Cappelen Herman , McKeever Matthew
Published: March 2022

What role does ordinary language play in philosophical theorizing today? One might think: little. After all, analytic philosophy has moved past its “ordinary language” phase; in metaphysics, for example, few would think that attending to “time” and related words has anything to teach us about the nature of, and how we persist through, time. The aim of this paper, however, is to argue that contemporary analytic philosophy pays more attention to ordinary language use than the implicit historiography mentioned above suggests. Moreover, and moving from description to evaluation, the paper argues that this is philosophically defensible. In many areas of philosophy, to learn about a phenomenon weought to pay at least some attention to how ordinary language users speak about it.
Bridging the Gap Between Willingness to Communicate and Learner Talk
Authors: DUCKER NATHAN THOMAS
Published: March 2022

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is an important individual learner difference that can help account for varying rates of language‐learning success across individuals. As learner talk is considered to be a key pedagogical activity, instructors and researchers often strive to identify and manipulate key variables that will increase and arouse a learner's WTC and consequently lead to increased levels of learner talk. Conflicting studies have shown varying levels of correlation between ratings of WTC and learner talk. To investigate this phenomenon, this study used idiodynamic methodology to elicit moment‐to‐moment ratings of individuals’ classroom WTC, which were then compared to recorded instances of classroom learner talk. This data was used to answer 2 questions: (a) What is the relationship between situated moment‐to‐moment ratings of WTC and observable classroom communication? and (b) What factors impinge or enable the realization of learner talk from aroused situated WTC? The results showed little correlation between learner talk and WTC ratings with 4 groups of interrelated factors—(a) motivational forces, (b) listening‐related issues, (c) topic‐related issues, and (d) language production issues—impacting the WTC–talk relationship. These factors were organized into a hierarchical heuristic model of WTC–talk realization that has both research and pedagogical implications.
A novel TRMT5 mutation causes a complex inherited neuropathy syndrome: The role of nerve pathology in defining a demyelinating neuropathy
Authors: Argente‐Escrig Herminia , Vílchez Juan J. , Frasquet Marina , Muelas Nuria , Azorín Inmaculada , Vílchez Roger , Millet‐Sancho Elvira , Pitarch Inmaculada , Tomás‐Vila Miguel , Vázquez‐Costa Juan F. , Mas‐Estellés Fernando , Marco‐Marín Clara , Espinós Carmen , Serrano‐Lorenzo Pablo , Martin Miguel A. , Lupo Vincenzo , Sevilla Teresa
Published: March 2022

Aims

We aim to present data obtained from three patients belonging to three unrelated families with an infantile onset demyelinating neuropathy associated to somatic and neurodevelopmental delay and to describe the underlying genetic changes.

Methods

We performed whole‐exome sequencing on genomic DNA from the patients and their parents and reviewed the clinical, muscle and nerve data, the serial neurophysiological studies, brain and muscle MRIs, as well as the respiratory chain complex activity in the muscle of the three index patients. Computer modelling was used to characterise the new missense variant detected.

Results

All three patients had a short stature, delayed motor milestone acquisition, intellectual disability and cerebellar abnormalities associated with a severe demyelinating neuropathy, with distinct morphological features. Despite the proliferation of giant mitochondria, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity in skeletal muscle was normal, except in one patient in whom there was a mild decrease in complex I enzyme activity. All three patients carried the same two compound heterozygous variants of the TRMT5 (tRNA Methyltransferase 5) gene, one known pathogenic frameshift mutation [c.312_315del (p.Ile105Serfs*4)] and a second rare missense change [c.665 T > C (p.Ile222Thr)]. TRMT5 is a nuclear‐encoded protein involved in the post‐transcriptional maturation of mitochondrial tRNA. Computer modelling of the human TRMT5 protein structure suggests that the rare p.Ile222Thr mutation could affect the stability of tRNA binding.

Conclusions

Our study expands the phenotype of mitochondrial disorders caused by TRTM5 mutations and defines a new form of recessive demyelinating peripheral neuropathy.
Solar radiation drives methane emissions from the shoots of Scots pine
Authors: Tenhovirta Salla A. M. , Kohl Lukas , Koskinen Markku , Patama Marjo , Lintunen Anna , Zanetti Alessandro , Lilja Rauna , Pihlatie Mari
Published: March 2022

Plants are recognized as sources of aerobically produced methane (CH4), but the seasonality, environmental drivers and significance of CH4 emissions from the canopies of evergreen boreal trees remain poorly understood.

We measured the CH4 fluxes from the shoots of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) saplings in a static, non‐steady‐state chamber setup to investigate if the shoots of boreal conifers are a source of CH4 during spring.

We found that the shoots of Scots pine emitted CH4 and these emissions correlated with the photosynthetically active radiation. For Norway spruce, the evidence for CH4 emissions from the shoots was inconclusive.

Our study shows that the canopies of evergreen boreal trees are a potential source of CH4 in the spring and that these emissions are driven by a temperature‐by‐light interaction effect of solar radiation either directly or indirectly through its effects on tree physiological processes.
Local diversity in phenological responses of migratory lake sturgeon to warm winters
Authors: Buchinger Tyler J. , Hondorp Darryl W. , Krueger Charles C.
Published: March 2022

Rich intraspecific diversity in traits that shape responses to environmental conditions implies that effects of climate change will differ within species or even populations. Nevertheless, few studies investigate how different groups within species respond to climatic fluctuations, and most risk assessments rely upon species‐wide generalizations. We studied effects of among‐year variation in air temperature on the spring migratory phenology of a metapopulation of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens within waters connecting Lake Huron and Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Sturgeon here express multiple migratory phenotypes that all spawn in either the St. Clair River or Detroit River but differ in their use after spawning of more than 86 000 km2 of accessible lake and river habitat. Acoustic tracking over nine years (2012–2020) revealed mixed phenological responses to late‐winter air temperatures, with three migratory groups arriving at rivers earlier during warm years and one whose arrival was consistent across years regardless of temperature. Notably, two groups that spawn in the same river but overwinter in different lakes entered the river with greater synchrony during warm years because one advanced its phenology while the other did not. The results indicated warm weather could alter the dynamics of the metapopulation and broader community, and exemplify the complexity hidden beneath broadscale generalizations of species' response to climate change.
Genotypic variation of transgenerational plasticity can be explained by environmental predictability at origins
Authors: Yin Junjie , Lin Xiaohe , Yao Jing , Li Qingshun Q. , Zhang Yuan‐Ye
Published: March 2022

Transgenerational plasticity is the plastic response of offspring to ancestral environments. Theoretical studies and experimental evolution have demonstrated the importance of environmental predictability in driving the evolution of transgenerational plasticity. Nevertheless, the contribution of environmental predictability to the variation of transgenerational plasticity in nature remains unexplored. Here, we took advantage of the natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana, and employed genotypes collected from different geographic locations to explore their transgenerational effects in response to drought and nutrient addition. We found that transgenerational plasticity depended on the offspring environment and the genotype. In particular, we found that genotypes with greater transgenerational plasticity in reproductive traits came from locations with greater temporal autocorrelation of annual temperature and precipitation. These results suggest that the evolutionary process shaping natural variation of transgenerational effect is not random, and the predictability of natural environments may contribute to the evolution of transgenerational effects. While the robustness of our study is limited by the number of genotypes analyzed, we hope this study provides an incentive to conduct a more comprehensive analysis towards understanding natural divergence of transgenerational plasticity.
Puma responses to unreliable human cues suggest an ecological trap in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Nisi Anna C. , Benson John F. , Wilmers Christopher C.
Published: March 2022

Animals' fear of people is widespread across taxa and can mitigate the risk of human‐induced mortality, facilitating coexistence in human‐dominated landscapes. However, humans can be unpredictable predators and anthropogenic cues that animals perceive may not be reliable indicators of the risk of being killed. In these cases, animal fear responses may be ineffective and may even exacerbate the risk of anthropogenic mortality. Here, we explore these questions using a 10‐year dataset of movement and mortality events for the puma Puma concolor population in the fragmented Santa Cruz Mountains of California, for whom the leading cause of death was retaliatory killings by people following livestock loss. We modeled retaliatory killing risk and puma habitat selection relative to residential housing density to evaluate whether puma avoidance of human cues reflected their risk of being killed. We documented a mismatch between human cues, fear responses and actual risk. Rather than scaling directly with housing density, retaliatory killings occurred at intermediate levels of human development and at night. Pumas avoided these areas during the day but selected for these high‐risk areas at night, resulting in a mismatch between cue and risk impacting 17% of the study area. These results are unlikely to be driven by puma hunting behavior: livestock constitute a very small proportion of puma diets, and we found no evidence for the alternative hypothesis that state‐dependent foraging drove depredation of livestock and subsequent retaliatory killings. Our findings indicate that puma responses to human cues are not sufficient to enable human–carnivore coexistence in this area and suggest that reducing risk from humans in places with few perceptible human cues would facilitate carnivore conservation in human‐dominated landscapes. Furthermore, a mismatch between human cues and responses by carnivores can lead to selection rather than avoidance of risky areas, which could result in an ecological trap.
Mixed‐species bird flocks enhance the benefits of group aggregation by minimizing variation in body mass while maximizing variation in diet
Authors: Dri Gabriela Franzoi , Cáceres Nilton Carlos , Della‐Flora Franchesco , Dambros Cristian Sales
Published: March 2022

Many animal species participate in interspecific groups which can provide benefits such as better detection of predator presence, but may also lead to costs such as interspecific competition. In interspecific groups, species with particular functional traits should be aggregated in a way that maximizes the benefits and minimizes the costs of these interactions. Further, the balance between costs and benefits depends on the resource availability and the spatial scale in which species interact. We aim to determine how species traits are distributed within and among interspecific groups and how intrinsic (group size) and extrinsic (environmental conditions) factors relate to aggregation patterns. We surveyed 192 bird species distributed in 355 mixed‐species bird flocks along an environmental gradient in southwest Brazil and analyzed data at both scales of individual flocks (n = 355) and sites (n = 29). We used mixed‐effect and multiple regression models to test if the functional richness of coexisting species changes with increasing group size and in response to environmental covariates that may influence the selection of specific traits. Using a null model approach, we inferred the differences between observed and simulated associations (random expectations). We found that groups with more than 20 species have greater diet variation (i.e. more omnivores) and are more similar in body mass than expected randomly. Indeed, larger groups consume more resources, increasing competitive dynamics and decreasing facilitation among species. Thus such groups should take advantage of a more profitable trait variation among co‐occurring species. Our results suggest that the distribution of species in close associations is determined mostly by ecological processes occurring at local scales (i.e. not dependent on regional spatial context). Additionally, larger groups maximize foraging trait variation (diet diversity) and minimize predator scape variation (similar body mass) potentially increasing the benefits of the aggregation.
Ontogenetic changes in root traits and root‐associated fungal community composition in a heteroblastic epiphytic bromeliad
Authors: Leroy Céline , Maes Arthur QuyManh , Louisanna Eliane , Séjalon‐Delmas Nathalie , Erktan Amandine , Schimann Heidy
Published: March 2022

Heteroblastic variations among leaf traits is a well‐known process, especially in bromeliad species that show abrupt changes, but little effort was directed to test whether comparable ontogenetic variation occurs among root traits and their fungal partners. Usually considered for their mechanical role, roots of bromeliads may also play a role in resource use that we expect to differ between ontogenetic stages, namely nutrient pulse‐supplied atmospherics (young stage) and continuously‐supplied tanks (later stage). On a selection of adventitious roots of the heteroblastic epiphyte Lutheria splendens, we explored 1) ontogenetic variations in morphological and anatomical root traits, namely the number of adventitious roots and tips, total root length, average root diameter, root tissue density, specific root length and root tissue areas, and 2) ontogenetic changes in the composition of the root‐associated fungal communities using ITS1 region‐based high‐throughput sequencing. Plant size, taken as an indicator of gradual ontogenetic variations, and plant stage had significant effects on root traits, unless for root tissue density. The number of adventitious roots and tips, the total root length, average root diameter and all root tissue areas (i.e. velamen, outer cortex, inner cortex, vascular cylinder) increased gradually with ontogeny while the specific root length decreased abruptly. The root‐associated fungal communities varied with plant stage. The tank stage showed higher proportion of mycorrhizal fungi and a lower abundance of dark septate endophyte as compared to atmospheric stage. Overall, we demonstrated significant ontogenetic variations of root traits and fungal partners in bromeliad species that suggest important changes in the strategy for resource use as plants mature. We invite future root trait studies to better account for ontogenetic variations.
Learning and memory in the cricketGryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Matsumoto Yukihisa
Published: March 2022

For insects living in an environment where food supplies constantly change, the ability to learn and to memorize the association of a specific cue with food is indispensable. The advantages of using insects for studies on learning and memory have been of great help to uncover a reliable capability of associative learning in various insect species. However, regarding neuronal and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory, reports are largely confined to a few insect species: the fruit fly, honey bee, and field cricket. In this review, I will introduce summarized results obtained from our studies on learning and memory in crickets. First, associative conditioning paradigms, which have been our main experimental procedures, will be described. Second, I will introduce the roles of octopamine and dopamine in conveying signals about appetitive stimuli and aversive stimuli, respectively, in learning and in memory retrieval. Third, short‐term memory and long‐term memory, two distinct memory phases of associative memory in crickets, will be introduced with details of signalling pathways involved in long‐term memory formation. Fourth, the high capability of learning and memory and characteristics of complex memory will be described. Lastly, I will summarize the results of studies on age‐related memory impairment in crickets. Crickets have the potential to be suitable model insects for studying neuromolecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory, following fruit flies and honey bees. Extensive studies on learning and memory in crickets will contribute to the elucidation of diversities in the neuromolecular mechanisms of learning and memory acquired through evolution in insects.
Verticillium diseases of vegetable crops in Brazil: Host range, microsclerotia production, molecular haplotype network, and pathogen species determination
Authors: Suaste‐Dzul Alba P. , Veloso Josiene S. , Costa Hélcio , Boiteux Leonardo S. , Lourenço Valdir , Lopes Carlos A. , Reis Ailton
Published: March 2022

Recent outbreaks of Verticillium wilt diseases in various vegetable crops have been reported in Brazil. This fact was our initial stimulus to carry out a nationwide survey aiming to determine their causal agent(s). Thus far, Verticillium dahliae has been reported as the predominant species based solely on morphological traits. As other Verticillium species can be associated with wilt diseases, we characterized a collection of 80 isolates, collected across 10 agricultural Brazilian regions, by combining morphological, biological, and molecular traits. A multilocus approach was employed for identification of Verticillium species with information from three genomic regions (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and actin genes). Only 21 out of the 80 isolates were unable to produce microsclerotia in culture. The analyses of all genomic regions indicated V. dahliae as the sole species associated with vascular wilt of distinct hosts, including major solanaceous vegetables and other hosts such as strawberry, okra, and cacao. Pathogenicity tests confirmed the infection by the V. dahliae isolates and the development of typical disease symptoms on their original hosts. This is the first nationwide characterization of Verticillium isolates associated with major vegetable crops in Neotropical areas. This provides valuable information to design sound management strategies for these diseases, mainly for establishing efficient rotation systems and for the development of resistant cultivars.
When humans work like beavers: riparian restoration enhances invertebrate gamma diversity and habitat heterogeneity
Authors: Corline Nicholas J. , Vasquez‐Housley Priscilla , Yokel Erich , Gilmore Charnna , Stapleton Betsy , Lusardi Robert A.
Published: March 2022

Restoration has the potential to increase habitat heterogeneity through the creation of unique habitat patches that, in turn, increase regional species richness or gamma diversity. While biological diversity and habitat heterogeneity are important factors to consider under a shifting climate, restoration actions and outcomes rarely examine these components. In this study, we examined the effects of riparian beaver dam analog (BDA) restoration on aquatic invertebrate diversity and habitat heterogeneity. Although the effects of BDAs on hydrology, geomorphology, and salmonid habitat have been explored, we are unaware of any studies assessing their effects on aquatic invertebrate diversity and the food web that supports them. We sampled aquatic invertebrates, basal carbon resources, dissolved nutrients, turbidity, and water temperature in pre‐ and post‐BDA pond, side channel, and mainstem habitat over a three‐year period. The BDAs functioned similarly to natural beaver dams and created slow‐water environments that accumulated fine particulate organic material and increased pelagic phytoplankton production. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, permutation multivariate analysis of variance, and Mantel's tests demonstrated that these changes led to the formation of a unique invertebrate community populated by lentic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, which increased beta‐diversity and gamma diversity. Further, BDAs in our study maintained high densities of invertebrates and buffered water temperatures in comparison to adjacent lotic habitats. These results support our hypothesis that BDAs can enhance invertebrate beta and gamma diversity through the creation and colonization of unique pond habitat and improve habitat and resource heterogeneity for native fishes under variable climate conditions.
Seagrass restoration using seed ball burial in northern China
Authors: Xu Shaochun , Zhou Yi , Qiao Yongliang , Yue Shidong , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Yu , Liu Mingjie , Zhang Yunling , Zhang Zhenhai
Published: March 2022

As seagrass bed restoration by seeding becomes more common, it is necessary to develop a simple and reliable method to improve the efficiency of seed‐based restoration. In this study, we describe a novel method using seed ball burial for eelgrass restoration. Using this method, seeds were wrapped in a wet mud ball, which represented a transplant unit, and the balls were then buried in the sediment. Three experiments (proof of concept study, main study, and large‐scale restoration) were conducted to test this method at three degraded sites (Rizhao, Qingdao, and Tangshan) with different environmental conditions. The density of seedlings and seedling shoots was 54 and 110 per m2, respectively, in Rizhao, a site with coarser sediment and higher temperatures. Seedling survival in Qingdao reached 46.67 ± 9.46%. Relatively low seedling survival (26.67 ± 7.03%) in Tangshan was induced by local waves and currents. Seedling survival was also low (ca. 15% in April and 2% in July) at the large‐scale restoration site , reflecting a mismatch between the environment at this site and the seed ball restoration method. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of the effectiveness of a novel seagrass seed planting method referred to as seed balls.
Fragility exposure index: Concepts, measurement, and application
Authors: Baliki Ghassan , Brück Tilman , Ferguson Neil T. N. , Kebede Sindu Workneh
Published: March 2022

Definitions of fragility are focused at the level of the state, but this should not be considered to suggest that individuals with heterogeneous endowments experience a state of fragility in the same way. Nor does it suggest that all subregions of a fragile country exist in this state. In turn, experience of fragility varies not just at national level but also between districts and between individuals. To test this idea, we develop a fragility exposure module, which was inserted into the standard household survey. We consider three components of fragility: human security, economic inclusion, and social cohesion. We index data collected from a survey in Kenya. We show that experience of fragility in Kenya is in the midrange for most individuals, with notable heterogeneities. Those living in Nairobi experience higher levels of fragility than those in other areas. Young people experience higher levels of fragility than older individuals. We find no evidence of overall differences between men and women. These findings demonstrate the importance of capturing the experience of fragility at the individual level. More specifically, they also provide an important base to understanding which groups would benefit most from pro‐stability interventions and for testing the performance of such interventions.
Quantifying Interdisciplinarity in Cognitive Science and Beyond
Authors: Contreras Kallens Pablo , Dale Rick , Christiansen Morten H.
Published: March 2022

Recent publications have lamented the dominance of psychology in cognitive science. However, this relies on a limited definition of collaboration between fields. We call for a renewed conception of interdisciplinarity as a “mixture of expertise.” We describe an information‐theoretic measure of interdisciplinarity and apply it to multiauthored published articles. Results suggest that cognitive science journals mix expertise more than topically related journals. We suggest that perceptions of diminishing interdisciplinarity may in part be due to the emergence of different theoretical perspectives and use a semantic model to illustrate this argument. We conclude by describing some benefits of this broader conception.
Equine ulcerative keratitis in Belgium: Associated bacterial isolates and in vitro antimicrobial resistance in 200 eyes
Authors: Vercruysse Eline M. , Narinx Florine P. , Rives Albane C. M. , Sauvage Aurélie C. , Grauwels Magda F. , Monclin Sébastien J.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To describe bacterial isolates and associated antibiotic resistance from horses with ulcerative keratitis in Belgium.

Methods

Medical records from horses with ulcerative keratitis presented to the ophthalmology service of the Veterinary teaching hospital of Liege, Belgium, between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated. Bacterial isolates were identified and VITEK®2 (Biomérieux) provided antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance detection.

Results

Two hundred eyes of 196 horses were sampled. Ninety‐seven eyes had a positive bacterial culture (48.5%) and 139 bacterial isolates were identified.Staphylococcus(63/139: 45.3%) andStreptococcus(33/139: 23.7%) were the most frequent genus isolated.Staphylococcus aureus(21/139: 15.1%) was the most frequent species isolated of which half were methicillin‐resistant (MRS).Streptococcus equisubsp.zooepidemicus(19/139: 13.7%) was the second most identified bacterial isolate. Only twoPseudomonasspecies were isolated (2/139: 1.4%). The overall resistance of all bacterial isolates against chloramphenicol (12.4%) and fluoroquinolones (14.3%) was low. Resistance against tobramycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, and neomycin ranged from 40.8% to 58.6%. When separating the MRS from the other staphylococci, a significant difference was noted in percentage of resistance to gentamicin (p = .00026) and tetracycline (p = .00015). MRS were highly resistant to gentamicin (75%) and tetracycline (100%), whereas the remaining staphylococci were significantly less resistant to gentamicin (17%) and tetracycline (40.4%).

Conclusion

AlthoughPseudomonasspecies has been rarely cultured, our results are roughly consistent with previous studies. Multiple drug resistance was high and resistance to first‐choice antibiotics in ulcerative keratitis was noted. These results warrant continued monitoring of susceptibility profile.
Spray Entrainment Coefficient Modeling for High Injection Pressure Based on Entrainment Velocity and Force Analysis
Authors: Wu Han , Zhang Zeyu , Zhu Decan , Ai Yaquan , Li Xiangrong
Published: March 2022

The entrainment coefficient reflects the air–fuel mixing quality, which is one of the foremost concerns for the development of cleaner and higher power-density internal combustion engines. Previous prediction models constructed by the change of axial mass flow rate have lower accuracy under high injection pressure conditions. During modeling in the work, a new construction method based on local entrainment velocity and local entrainment area is developed, and the influences of dilution effect and forces such as flow resistance, lateral pressure, etc. on the local entrainment velocity are considered. With the modified model, its prediction accuracy can be effectively extended to high injection pressure and detailed information about entrainment can be provided for analysis. It is found that, with the increase of injection pressure, the entrainment coefficient rises in the whole flow field. When increasing to high injection pressure, the entrainment coefficient constantly decreases with distance in the far-field, which is consistent with the experiments, but not a constant value predicted by previous models. Besides, the decreased rate of entrainment coefficient rises with the increase of injection pressure. Meanwhile, the increase of ambient pressure also makes the entrainment coefficient rise, but barely influences the decreased rate in the far-field. The large decrease of local entrainment velocity in the far-field caused by strong shear stress and flow resistance can explain the decrease of entrainment coefficient with distance. Overall, the modified model is able to rapidly predict the spray mixing quality over a wider range of operational conditions and provide more detailed entrainment information for analysis.
Una guerra es una guerra
Authors:   IDES, Guber Rosana
Published: March 2022

Uno de los principales desafíos que aceptamos quienes decidimos hacer antropología es aprender a caracterizar los fenómenos sociales desde las perspectivas de quienes los viven y experimentan. “Qué es para ellos” es casi todo en nuestro oficio: da forma al objeto de conocimiento, da contenido al método y forma al trabajo de campo, y modela el desarrollo argumental de nuestros textos etnográficos. A ese “casi todo” se suman dos cosas: una son las teorías que nos permiten analizar nuestros campos y otra son las vidas de sus protagonistas, para poner en discusión nuestros conceptos. La segunda cuestión quizás quede más clara con el tema de investigación que vengo transitando desde 1989, cuando empecé mi investigación doctoral.
Applications of multivariate analysis and unsupervised machine learning to ToF-SIMS images of organic, bioorganic, and biological systems
Authors: Gardner Wil , Winkler David A. , Muir Benjamin W. , Pigram Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging offers a powerful, label-free method for exploring organic, bioorganic, and biological systems. The technique is capable of very high spatial resolution, while also producing an enormous amount of information about the chemical and molecular composition of a surface. However, this information is inherently complex, making interpretation and analysis of the vast amount of data produced by a single ToF-SIMS experiment a considerable challenge. Much research over the past few decades has focused on the application and development of multivariate analysis (MVA) and machine learning (ML) techniques that find meaningful patterns and relationships in these datasets. Here, we review the unsupervised algorithms—that is, algorithms that do not require ground truth labels—that have been applied to ToF-SIMS images, as well as other algorithms and approaches that have been used in the broader family of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques. We first give a nontechnical overview of several commonly used classes of unsupervised algorithms, such as matrix factorization, clustering, and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. We then review the application of unsupervised algorithms to various organic, bioorganic, and biological systems including cells and tissues, organic films, residues and coatings, and spatially structured systems such as polymer microarrays. We then cover several novel algorithms employed for other MSI techniques that have received little attention from ToF-SIMS imaging researchers. We conclude with a brief outline of potential future directions for the application of MVA and ML algorithms to ToF-SIMS images.
Implementation and Evaluation of Mock Trial Within Undergraduate Sport Law Curriculum
Authors: Lynch Makena R. , Lower-Hoppe Leeann M. , Brgoch Shea M. , Evans James O. , Bailey Richard L. , Beattie Mark , Samad Moetiz , Ryder Ashley
Published: March 2022

Mock trials serve as useful experiential learning tools for undergraduate kinesiology students. In the current study, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle was employed over the course of a semester through a comprehensive mock trial project that aimed to provide undergraduate students with an interactive learning experience as a means to achieve desired learning outcomes. The primary purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate the mock trial as a learning tool. The researchers conducted a total of 32 semistructured focus groups with 175 students. Overall, students expressed positive experiences and outcomes as a result of engaging in the mock trial project. Four distinct themes emerged from the data: learning mechanisms, learning outcomes, the student learning experience, and suggested improvements for future courses. Each of these themes is substantiated by excerpts from the comments of the students who participated in the focus groups and discussed in detail, as well as implications for instructors who wish to similarly implement mock trials into their classrooms.
Deciphering the Mrr1/Mdr1 Pathway in Azole Resistance of Candida auris
Authors: Li Jizhou , Coste Alix T. , Bachmann Daniel , Sanglard Dominique , Lamoth Frederic
Published: March 2022

Candida auris
is an emerging yeast pathogen with a remarkable ability to develop antifungal resistance, in particular to fluconazole and other azoles. Azole resistance in
C. auris
was shown to result from different mechanisms, such as mutations in the target gene
ERG11
or gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the transcription factor
TAC1b
and overexpression of the drug transporter Cdr1.
Structural Characterization of the D179N and D179Y Variants of KPC-2 β-Lactamase: Ω-Loop Destabilization as a Mechanism of Resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam
Authors: Alsenani T. A. , Viviani S. L. , Kumar V. , Taracila M. A. , Bethel C. R. , Barnes M. D. , Papp-Wallace K. M. , Shields R. K. , Nguyen M. H. , Clancy C. J. , Bonomo R. A. , van den Akker F.
Published: March 2022

Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemases (KPC-2 and KPC-3) present a global clinical threat, as these β-lactamases confer resistance to carbapenems and oxyimino-cephalosporins. Recent clinically identified KPC variants with substitutions at Ambler position D179, located in the Ω loop, are resistant to the β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination ceftazidime-avibactam, but susceptible to meropenem-vaborbactam.
TikTok: An Emergent Opportunity for Teaching and Learning Science Communication Online
Authors: Radin Abigail G. B. , Light Caitlin J.
Published: March 2022

Increasing use of social media during the COVID-19 pandemic practice of social distancing has emphasized the value and power of effective science communication through social media. As such, it has become equally important to teach and learn how to use social media accurately and effectively for science communication.
Distinctive Roles of Furin and TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity
Authors: Essalmani Rachid , Jain Jaspreet , Susan-Resiga Delia , Andréo Ursula , Evagelidis Alexandra , Derbali Rabeb Mouna , Huynh David N. , Dallaire Frédéric , Laporte Mélanie , Delpal Adrien , Sutto-Ortiz Priscila , Coutard Bruno , Mapa Claudine , Wilcoxen Keith , Decroly Etienne , NQ Pham Tram , Cohen Éric A. , Seidah Nabil G.
Published: March 2022

SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, has so far resulted in >6.1 million deaths worldwide. The spike protein (S) of the virus directs infection of the lungs and other tissues by binding the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
Prokaryotic Argonaute Protein from Natronobacterium gregoryi Requires RNAs To Activate for DNA Interference
In Vivo
Authors: Xing Jiani , Ma Lixia , Cheng Xinzhen , Ma Jinrong , Wang Ruyu , Xu Kun , Mymryk Joe S. , Zhang Zhiying
Published: March 2022

We revealed the mechanism that explains how the NgAgo eliminates the invading foreign DNA and bacteriophage in bacterial cells at 37°C, and by leveraging this discovery, NgAgo can be programmed to target a plasmid or a chromosome locus.
Genomic Surveillance of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Reveals Spread of a Linear Plasmid Conferring a Nutrient Utilization Advantage
Authors: Boumasmoud Mathilde , Dengler Haunreiter Vanina , Schweizer Tiziano A. , Meyer Lilly , Chakrakodi Bhavya , Schreiber Peter W. , Seidl Kati , Kühnert Denise , Kouyos Roger D. , Zinkernagel Annelies S.
Published: March 2022

Sequencing microbial pathogens causing outbreaks has become a common practice to characterize transmission networks. In addition to the signal provided by vertical evolution, bacterial genomes harbor mobile genetic elements shared horizontally between clones.
Assessment of UL56 Mutations before Letermovir Therapy in Refractory Cytomegalovirus Transplant Recipients
Authors: Santos Bravo Marta , Tilloy Valentin , Plault Nicolas , Palomino Sonsoles Sánchez , Mosquera María Mar , Navarro Gabriel Mireia , Fernández Avilés Francesc , Suárez Lledó María , Rovira Montserrat , Moreno Asunción , Linares Laura , Bodro Marta , Hantz Sébastien , Alain Sophie , Marcos María Ángeles
Published: March 2022

We provide comprehensive data on the clinical correlates of both CMV genotypic follow-up by standard and deep sequencing and the clinical outcomes, as well as recombinant phenotypic results of this novel mutation. Our study emphasizes that the clinical follow-up in combination with genotypic and phenotypic studies is essential for the assessment and optimization of patients experiencing HCMV relapses or not responding to antiviral therapy.
MaSln1, a Conserved Histidine Protein Kinase, Contributes to Conidiation Pattern Shift Independent of the MAPK Pathway in
Metarhizium acridum
Authors: Wen Zhiqiong , Xia Yuxian , Jin Kai
Published: March 2022

The productivity and quality of conidia are both crucial for mycopesticides. In this study, we systematically analyzed the roles of
MaSln1
in fungal pathogens.
Auroral Kilometric Radiation as a Diagnostic Tool for the Properties of the Magnetosphere
Authors: Chernyshov A. A. , Chugunin D. V. , Mogilevsky M. M.
Published: March 2022

Auroral kilometric radiation is used as a tool for the remote diagnostics of processes in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Using satellite data and the spectrum of fluctuations of auroral kilometric radiation at various frequencies, the fractal properties of the auroral region of the magnetosphere depending on the altitude of a source and the frequency of generated radiation are studied. The fractal characteristics (Hurst exponent and fractal dimension) of the medium in the region of generation of auroral kilometric radiation and their dynamics depending on the altitude and frequency are determined from the scaling law. It is shown that the scaling and Hurst exponent increase with the altitude (or with a decrease in the signal frequency), whereas the fractal dimension decreases with an increase in the altitude. The scaling and fractal parameters obtained in this work indicate that the processes under consideration exhibit long-range dependence.
Induced Bose–Einstein Condensation of Electron–Hole Pairs in a Highly Degenerate Semiconductor at Room Temperature
Authors: Vasil’ev P. P.
Published: March 2022

The mechanism of condensation of electron–hole pairs in the phase space in a highly degenerate semiconductor involving resonant photons of the electromagnetic field is described and a simplified model of this phenomenon is developed. It is demonstrated that a quasi-stationary Bose–Einstein state of collectively paired electrons and holes can be formed in such a semiconductor in the presence of photons in the exciton part of the spectrum. In addition, the required carrier density must be several times higher than the threshold density for the appearance of laser radiation. The described effect allows explaining the appearance mechanism of a superradiant quantum transition and a nonequilibrium BCS-like electron–hole state in semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature, experimentally observed earlier.
Impact of a school-based and primary care-based multicomponent intervention on HPV vaccination coverage among French adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled trial protocol (the PrevHPV study)
Authors: Bocquier Aurélie , Michel Morgane , Giraudeau Bruno , Bonnay Stéphanie , Gagneux-Brunon Amandine , Gauchet Aurélie , Gilberg Serge , Le Duc-Banaszuk Anne-Sophie , Mueller Judith E , Chevreul Karine , Thilly Nathalie
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Vaccination is an effective and safe strategy to prevent Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related harms. Despite various efforts by French authorities to improve HPV vaccine coverage (VC) these past few years, VC has remained far lower than in most other high-income countries. To improve it, we have coconstructed with stakeholders a school-based and primary care-based multicomponent intervention, and plan to evaluate its effectiveness, efficiency and implementation through a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT).

Methods and analysis

This pragmatic cRCT uses an incomplete factorial design to evaluate three components applied alone or in combination: (1) adolescents and parents’ education and motivation at school, using eHealth tools and participatory learning; (2) general practitioners’ training on HPV using motivational interviewing techniques and provision of a decision aid tool; (3) free-of-charge access to vaccination at school. Eligible municipalities (clusters) are located in one of 14 preselected French school districts and must have only one secondary school which enrols at least 2/3 of inhabitants aged 11–14 years. A randomisation stratified by school district and deprivation index allocated 90 municipalities into 6 groups of 15. The expected overall sample size estimate is 41 940 adolescents aged 11–14 years. The primary endpoint is the HPV VC (≥1 dose) among adolescents aged 11–14 years, at 2 months, at the municipality level (data from routine databases). Secondary endpoints include: HPV VC (≥1 dose at 6 and 12 months; and 2 doses at 2, 6 and 12 months); differences in knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and intention among adolescents, parents and general practitioners between baseline and 2 months after intervention (self-administered questionnaires); incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Implementation measures include dose, fidelity, adaptations, reached population and satisfaction (activity reports and self-administered questionnaires).

Ethics and dissemination

This protocol was approved by the French Ethics Committee ‘CPP Sud-Est VI’ on 22 December 2020 (ID-RCB: 2020-A02031-38). No individual consent was required for this type of research; all participants were informed of their rights, in particular not to participate or to oppose the collection of data concerning them. Findings will be widely disseminated (conference presentations, reports, factsheets and academic publications).

Trial registration number

NCT04945655.
On the indistinguishability of chiral QED with parameter-free Faddeevian anomaly and QED under a chiral constraint
Authors: Rahaman Anisur
Published: March 2022

We carry out an investigation imposing a chiral constraint in the phase space of vector and axial-vector Schwinger model. We find that resulting models become identical to a gauge non-invariant model which was obtained by the imposition of chiral constraint in the phase space of in Chiral Schwinger model with the parameter-free Faddeevian anomaly. Three different models having different types of interaction between the matter and gauge field become indistinguishable under a chiral constraint at the quantum mechanical level. The resulting gauge non-invariant model has an equivalent gauge-invariant version in the same phase space that can be identified with the vector Schwinger model.
Dysfunctional Agile–Stage-Gate Hybrid Development: Keeping Up Appearances
Authors: Walrave Bob , Dolmans Sharon , van Oorschot Kim E. , Nuijten Arno L. P. , Keil Mark , van Hellemond Stefan
Published: March 2022

Increasingly, the development of today’s “smart” products requires the integration of both software and hardware in embedded systems. To develop these, hardware firms typically enlist the expertise of software development firms to offer integrated solutions. While hardware firms often work according to a plan-driven approach, software development firms draw on Agile development methods. Interestingly, empirically little is known about the implications and consequences of working according to contrasting development methods in a collaborative project. In response to this research gap, we conducted a process study of a collaborative development project involving a software firm and a hardware firm, within which the two firms worked according to contrasting development methods. We found that the software firm was gradually compelled to forgo its Agile method, creating a role conflict in terms of its way of working. As such, our results contribute to the literature on Agile–Stage-Gate hybrids by demonstrating how, in collaborative embedded systems development, hybridization of development methods may cause projects to fail. Our main practical implication entails the introduction of the “sequential Agile approach.”
Noninvasive in vivo study of NADH fluorescence and its real-time intrinsic dynamical changes: Experiments and seven-layered skin model Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Hou Huayi , Du Gongzhi , Wang Yuancheng , Su Chunping , Guo Lianbo , Chen Xiangbai
Published: March 2022

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions in human metabolism. In this work, a flow-mediated skin fluorescence (FMSF)–post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia (PORH) system was developed for noninvasive and in vivo measurement of NADH fluorescence and its real-time dynamical changes in human skin tissue. The real-time dynamical changes of NADH fluorescence were analyzed with the changes of skin blood flow measured by laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) experiments simultaneously with FMSF-PORH measurements, which suggests that the dynamical changes of NADH fluorescence would be mainly correlated with the intrinsic changes of NADH level in the skin tissue. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were applied to understand the impact of optical property changes on the dynamical changes of NADH fluorescence during the PORH process, which further supports that the dynamical changes of NADH fluorescence measured in our system would be intrinsic changes of NADH level in the skin tissue.