bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflux Symptoms in 100 Normal Infants: Diagnostic Validity of the Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire
Authors: Orenstein Susan R. , Shalaby Theresa M. , Cohn Jeffrey F.
Published: June 2007

To identify the prevalence of reflux symptoms in normal infants, to characterize the diagnostic validity of a previously described 138-item Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ) for separating normal infants from those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and to identify potentially provocative caretaking practices, we administered the questionnaire to 100 infants attending a well-baby clinic (normals) and to 35 infants referred to the Gastroenterology Division for evaluation for GERD and testing positive on esophageal pH probe or biopsy (GERD infants). Differences were analyzed by Chi-square, and odds ratios were defined. The diagnostic validity of a 25-point I-GERQ GERD score based on 11 items on the questionnaire was evaluated by calculating its sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. We found that normal infants had a high prevalence of reflux symptoms, such as daily regurgitation (40%), respiratory symptoms, crying more than an hour a day (17%), arching (10%), or daily hiccups (36%) but that many symptoms were significantly more prevalent in the GERD than in the normal infants (Chi-square P<.05), and odds ratios were above 3 for nearly 20 items. The positive and negative predictive values for the 25-point I-GERQ score were 1.00 and .94-.98, respectively. Environmental smoke exposure did not quite reach significance as a provocative factor for GERD. Although normal infants have a high prevalence of symptoms suggesting GERD, a simple questionnaire-based score is a valid diagnostic test with high positive and negative predictive values.
Evolution of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Dimario Francis J. , Diana Daniel , Leopold Harris , Chameides Leon
Published: June 2007

The objective of the study was to define the longitudinal evolution of cardiac rhabdomyomas (CR) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). A cohort of patients with TSC who had undergone videotaped echocardiographic (ECHO) examination during the 10-year interval (1984-1994) were retrospectively studied by reviewing and quantifying the CR appearance and associated cardiac abnormalities in sequentially obtained ECHO examinations. Sixteen patients with TSC (8 males) underwent a total of 35 recorded studies. Ten of the 16 (62.5%) had CR identified at initial study; none were found in the atria. Localization was the ventricular walls as compared with the ventricular septum by a ratio of 2:1. The number of CRs sequentially studied declined as follows; initial study: 23 lesions in 10 patients; second study: 16 lesions in 8 patients; third study: 12 lesions in 5 patients; and fourth study: 4 lesions in 2 patients. Total CR size index declined at each study as follows: initial index of 2,684; second index of 1,746 (-35% from initial); third index 1,141 (-57% from initial); and fourth index 705 (-74% from initial). Complete spontaneous regression of CR was seen by age 6 years with prolonged gradual resolution thereafter. Two patients had bicuspid aortic valves and two had conduction defects. Patients with TSC who have CR can be expected to experience a decline in both the number and size of CR over time; early complete regression on ECHO occurs before age 6 years.
Immunizing Preschool Children: Beliefs and Practices of Pediatric Residents
Authors: England Lucy , Shelton Richard , Schubert Charles J.
Published: June 2007

Immunization practices and knowledge of vaccine contraindications among pediatric residents were assessed at five pediatric training facilities by surveying 227 pediatric residents. Residents administer vaccines even in the presence of an afebrile minor illness. They are less likely to vaccinate if a fever (<102F) is present. Only 57% of residents report administering vaccines at the 15-month well-child checks. Many residents had difficulty recognizing true and false contraindications, though third-year residents did better than first-year residents. Failure during residency to utilize 15-month well visits and ill visits in the presence of a fever and the lack of knowledge of true and false vaccine contraindications may be causes of missed opportunities to vaccinate among residents. Immunization practices resulting in missed opportunites to vaccinate seen during during residency may influence later immunization practices.
Use of Soy Fiber in Acute Diarrhea in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Vanderhoof Jon , Murray Nancy D. , Paule Charles L. , Ostrom Karin M.
Published: June 2007

Soy fiber has been shown to reduce the duration of watery stools during acute diarrhea caused by bacterial and viral pathogens in underdeveloped countries. A randomized blinded clinical trial was conducted with middle-class American children to assess the efficacy of soy fibersupplemented infant formula. Stool characteristics, intake, and weight were recorded. Infants >6 months of age (n = 44) fed soy fiber-supplemented formula (Isomil DF) had a significantly shorter estimated median duration of diarrhea (9.7 hours vs. 23.1 hours) than those fed soy formula (Isomil). The use of fiber-supplemented soy formula may reduce the duration of diarrheal symptoms in U. S. infants more than 6 months of age with acute diarrhea.
Differential Diagnosis Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder—Not Otherwise Specified
Authors: Jensen Vanessa K. , Larrieu Julie A. , Mack Kathryn K.
Published: June 2007

The lack of clarity in diagnostic classification and the lack of specificity of assessment devices deter accurate identification of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder—Not Otherwise Specified (PDD—NOS). The current study was designed to assess the utility of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) and the Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-48) in differentiating PDD—NOS from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), disorders with overlapping symptom constellations. Subjects were 44 children recruited from a tertiary-care center with the diagnosis of ADHD or PDD—NOS. Results showed significant differences between groups on PIC scales assessing internalizing behaviors, social skills, and unusual affect and behavior. There were no group differences on the externalizing or learning scales of the CPRS-48. Discriminant function analysis using preselected PIC variables yielded a correct group classification of 92.7%. The PIC appears to be a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between PDD—NOS and ADD, while the CPRS-48, a commonly used screening measure for attentional and behavioral disorders, does not.
An Analysis of Group Versus Indivdual Child Health Supervlsion
Authors: Rice Richard L. , Slater Cathy J.
Published: June 2007

This study compares the effectiveness of group health supervision (three or four families counseled simultaneously) with traditional visits in conveying knowledge of child health and development, increasing perceived maternal support, and mitigating maternal depression. Subjects were recruited from a predominantly white, middle-class, suburban/rural pediatric practice. Twenty-five families were allocated to group health supervision and 25 to individual visits. A questionnaire covering knowledge of child health and development (CHDQ), the Maternal Social Support Index (MSSI), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) were administered to both groups before their 2-month and after their 10-month visits. A subset of these charts was reviewed for problem visits between 2 and 6 months. As compared with families having traditional visits, families who received the group intervention did at least as well in acquiring knowledge of child care and development and, although not statistically significant, tended to recover from postpartum depression faster and deal better with minor illnesses. The investigators found group child health supervision to be a pleasant and effective method of health care delivery.
Clinical Perspectives in Primary Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Gimpel Gretchen A. , Warzak William J. , Kuhn Brett R. , Walburn John N.
Published: June 2007

Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is prevalent among the pediatric population, but not all professionals are aware of the current research regarding the etiology and treatment of this disorder. This paper presents a broad overview of PNE, including etiology and evaluation, with a specific emphasis on treatment issues. The most current treatments (imipramine, desmopressin acetate arginine vasopressin, enuresis alarms) are discussed, including recent research on their effectiveness. In considering the recent data on long-term efficacy, overall cost, and safety, the treatment of choice appears to be the enuresis alarm for those families who are capable of following protocols. Desmopressin acetate arginine vasopressin is a safe alternative that has the advantage of quick response and ease of administration.
Hypophosphatemia in Malnourished Children During Refeeding
Authors: Worley Gordon , Claerhout Susan J. , Combs Stephen P.
Published: June 2007

Hypophosphatemia in malnourished children during nutritional recovery (refeeding hypophosphatemia) is recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in adolescents with anorexia nervosa but has been only rarely reported to occur in younger children with other diagnoses. Over a 6-year period, we encountered three cases of refeeding hypophosphatemia in malnourished children admitted to a pediatric rehabilitation hospital. Two children had neurologic dysphagia and one had been starved by an abusive parent. The one patient who was symptomatic had obtundation, hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyolysis, and hepatocellular injury that began during refeeding and resolved with treatment. The signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment of refeeding hypophosphatemia are reviewed.
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Aerodigestive Tract Foreign Bodies
Authors: Messner Anna H.
Published: June 2007

In the young child, particularly those between the ages of 1 and 3 years, aerodigestive tract foreign bodies continue to be a significant problem. Early diagnosis and treatment can decrease morbidity and length of hospital stay in these children. Three cases of delayed diagnosis in children with bronchial (2) and esophageal (1) foreign bodies are presented. In dealing with young children it is important to maintain a high clinical suspicion of a foreign body and to perform a detailed history and physical examination. Options in radiographic analysis of the patient with a suspected foreign body, probable locations of the foreign body, and the likelihood of definitive radiographic findings are discussed. Importantly, a negative radiographic analysis does not rule out the presence of an aerodigestive tract foreign body. Two flow charts for the evaluation of patients who have possibly ingested or inhaled a foreign body are presented to aid the primary care physician in diagnosis.
Effectiveness of Short-Course, Intermittent Chemotherapy for Tuberculosis in Young Infants Aged Less Than 6 Months
Authors: Kiper Nural , Göçcmen Ayhan , Dilber Embiya , OzGelik Ugur
Published: June 2007

In order to determine the efficacy of short-course intermittent chemotherapy for tuberculosis in young infants less than 6 months of age, 15 newly diagnosed infants were treated with isoniazid (10-15 mg/kg) and rifampin (10-15 mg/kg), with/without streptomycin (30 mg/kg), daily for 15 days followed by similar doses of isoniazid and rifampin twice a week for another 8.5 months. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 10 years. No patient demonstrated relapse following the termination of the treatment. These results suggest that short-course, intermittent treatment may be safe and effective for treating tuberculosis in young infants.
Congenital Anomalies of the Hand
Authors: Smith Jonathan G. , Weiss Arnold-Peter C. , Weiss Yvonne S.
Published: June 2007

This manuscript reviews the basic and most common types of congenital hand anomalies seen by the pediatrician. Each disorder is categorized into the standard classification system used, and the main highlights of each condition are detailed with representative illustrations. Other system anomalies associated with congenital hand problems are also identified.
Use of Glycopyrrolate and Other Anticholinergic Medications for Sialorrhea in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Bachrach Steven J. , Walter Rhonda S. , Trzcinski Kathleen
Published: June 2007

Fifty-four parents/caretakers of children with cerebral palsy were surveyed regarding their use of antisialorrheic medication for excessive drooling. Glycopyrrolate was used by 37 of 41 respondents, with significant improvement in drooling noted in the vast majority (95%) of cases as indicated by a five-point rating scale. Side effects (dry mouth, thick secretions, urinary retention, or flushing) surfaced in almost half (44%) of the patients but necessitated discontinuation of pharmacologic treatment in less than a third. While larger clinical studies are needed, our preliminary data indicate a trial of glycopyrrolate should be considered in children with cerebral palsy where drooling is a significant problem.
Hospital Readmission and Morbidity Following Early Newborn Discharge
Authors: Heimler Ruth , Shekhawat Prem , Hoffman Raymond G. , Chetty V. K. , Sasidharan P.
Published: June 2007

To examine causes of newborn hospital readmission and morbidity related to early nursery discharge, we reviewed the charts of 664 newborns readmitted from home under the age of 15 days, between 1993 and 1995. Early discharge (ED) was defined as nursery length of stay of <2 days. Morbidity related to ED: onset of symptoms within 1 day of ED; and in diseases with insidious onset: serum bilirubin level >20 mg/dL (340 pmol/L), or dehydration following poor breastfeeding since birth. Seventeen percent of all readmitted infants had ED-related morbidity; 9% had major morbidity. Onset of symptoms prior to the age of 3 days occurred in 43% of ductal-dependent cardiac lesions, intestinal obstruction, seizures, and major infections. Morbidity was less pronounced in infants who were followed up within 2 days following ED. Specific findings related to subsequent morbidity were identified in the perinatal history of infants who were readmitted with major infections and with hyperbilirubinemia. Our findings suggest that: (1) close to half of the cases with acute-onset major morbidity can be identified within 3 days of birth, and (2) attention to the perinatal history and timely follow-up will contribute to a reduction in both morbidity and complications.
Prevalence and Correlates of Blood Pressure Elevation in Children with Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Cooper W. O. , Daniels S. R. , Loggie J. M. H.
Published: June 2007

While there have been case reports describing blood pressure elevation in adults and children with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), no previous systematic study has explored the prevalence of hypertension in children with this condition. In a retrospective review, blood pressure elevation was seen in 20 of 30 (66.7%) patients with GBS admitted to a children's hospital during a 10-year period. There was a significant correlation between highest GBS stage and deviation of systolic blood pressure from age- and gender-specific norms (r=0.93, p<0.05). Since blood pressure may be markedly elevated in GBS, the clinician caring for a child with this condition should be aware of this complication.
Blood Pressure in Children Exposed Prenatally to Cocaine
Authors: Needlman Robert , Frank Deborah A. , Cabral Howard , Mirochnick Mark , Kwon Christopher , Zuckerman Barry
Published: June 2007

Prenatal exposure to cocaine may alter autonomic nervous system function resulting in hypertension. Blood pressure was measured oscillometrically in a convenience sample of cocaine-exposed (n=32) and nonexposed (n=23) children, aged 8 to 26 months, by examiners unaware of exposure status. The exposed and nonexposed groups did not differ in systolic pressure (mean ± SD 102.3 ± 9.9 mm Hg vs 101.8 ± 8.1, respectively), diastolic pressure (45.7 ± 13.6 vs 51.7 ± 10.6), or pulse rate (113.0 ± 19.7 vs 119.1 ± 19.4). Prenatal exposure to cocaine does not appear to be associated with elevated blood pressure in young children.
Does the Onset of Neonatal Seizures Correlate with the Timing of Fetal Neurologic Injury?
Authors: Ahn Myoung Ock , Korst Lisa M. , Phelan Jeffrey P. , Martin Gilbert I.
Published: June 2007

The onset of seizures after birth has been considered evidence of an intrapartum asphyx-ial event. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the timing of neonatal seizures after birth correlated with the timing of a fetal asphyxial event. Thus, singleton term infants diagnosed with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and permanent brain injury had a mean birth to seizure onset interval of 9.8 ± 17.7 (range 1-90) hours. When these infants were categorized according to their fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, the acute group (normal FHR followed by a sudden prolonged FHR deceleration that continued until delivery) tended to have earlier seizures than infants did within the tachycardia group (normal FHR followed by tachycardia, repetitive decelerations, and diminished variability) and the preadmission group (persistent nonreactive FHR pattern intrapartum). These seizure intervals were as follows: acute, 6.6 ± 18.0 (range 1-90) hours; tachycardia, 11.1 +17.1 (range 1-61) hours; and preadmission, 11.8 +17.9 (range 1-79) hours (p<0.05). But the range varied widely and no group was categorically distinct. In conclusion, the onset of neonatal seizures after birth does not, in and of itself, appear to be a reliable indicator of the timing of fetal neurologic injury.
Premature Sexual Development in Children Following the Use of Estrogen-or Placenta-Containing Hair Products
Authors: Tiwary Chandra M.
Published: June 2007

Four African-American girls aged 14 months to 93 months developed breast or pubic hair 2 to 24 months after starting the use of estrogen or placenta-containing hair products. Discontinuing the use of the hair products resulted in regression of the breast or pubic hair. Serum gonadotropins and estradiol levels were variable. No other cause for early sexual development was noted in these girls.
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Bone Mineral Density in Children Between Ages 6 and 2 Years
Authors: Kafali Gülden , Erselcan Taner , Tanzer Fatoş
Published: June 2007

We assessed the effects of sodium valproate and carbamazepine monotherapy on bone mineral density (BMD) in children. BMD at the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) and radius-ulna was measured by the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method in 19 children (9 girls, 10 boys) with uncomplicated epilepsy and in 57 healthy children (28 girls, 29 boys), between the ages of 6 and 12 years. The study patients had been receiving either sodium valproate (n=13) or carbamazepine (n=6) monotherapy for more than 6 months. There were no significant differences between the control and study patients in age, height, weight, physical activity, or of serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase). However, the serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was greater in the patient group as compared with the control group. BMD values were lower in girl patients (L1-L4; 0.497 0.08 vs 0.566 0.07 g/cm2, p<0.05), but not in boys (0.534 0.06 vs 0.530 0.08 g/cm2). While BMD reduction was 8% in valproate therapy (midregion of radius-ulna; 0.287.03 vs 0.312 04 g/cm2, p<0.04), it was reduced only 4.5% in the carbamazepine-treated group (0.298 01 vs 0.312 04 g/cm2, statistically not significant), although the mean durations of monotherapy with valproate (1.8 7 years) and carbamazepine (1.7 8 years) were similar. Thus decreased bone mineralization was observed in children with epilepsy, treated with sodium valproate even though treatment was for a rather short time.
Children's and Parents' Visual Perception of Physicians
Authors: McCarthy James J. , McCarthy M. Christine , Eilert Robert E.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the child's and parents' visual perception of physicians. To do this, 50 children and their parents were asked which physician they preferred, when shown eight pairs of photographs. Four characteristics were tested twice, white coat versus no white coat, smile versus stern face, cartoon posters versus no posters, and standing versus stooping. We found that both children and parents preferred the smiling physician and the physician with cartoon posters on the wall. Surprisingly 54% of children preferred the physician in the white coat, whereas only 35% of parents preferred the white coat. Sixty-eight percent of children also preferred the standing physician compared with only 41% of parents. There was little correlation between the parent's and child's answers. The results did not differ significantly with age, gender, or number of hospitalizations. In conclusion our study did not confirm the popular belief that children are afraid of physicians in white coats, although children did strongly prefer physicians who smiled and those with cartoon posters on the wall.
National Trends in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Prescribing of Methylphenidate among School-Age Children: 1990-1995
Authors: Robison Linda M. , Sclar David A. , Skaer Tracy L. , Galin Richard S.
Published: June 2007

It has been reported that during the past decade the prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (ICD-9-CM code 314.00 or 314.01) and its pharmacologic treatment have increased dramatically in the United States. Herein, a single national data source is used to discern trends in the prevalence of U.S. office-based visits resulting in a diagnosis of ADHD, and trends in the prescribing of stimulant pharmacotherapy (including methylphenidate) for its treatment. Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 1990 through 1995, for children aged 5 through 18 years, were utilized for this analysis. Results indicate that the number of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of ADHD increased from 947,208 in 1990, to 2,357,833 in 1995. Between 1990 and 1995, the number of visits by girls diagnosed with ADHD rose 3.9-fold (p<0.05), and the mean patient age increased by more than 1 year, from 9.7 in 1990, to 10.8 in 1995 (p<0.05). The percentage of office-based visits resulting in a diagnosis of ADHD increased from 1.1% of all visits in this age group in 1990, to 2.8% by 1995. We discerned a 2.3-fold increase (p<0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of ADHD; a 2.9-fold increase (p<0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of ADHD patients prescribed stimulant pharmacotherapy; and a 2.6-fold increase (p<0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of ADHD patients prescribed methylphenidate.
Delayed Pubertal Growth Spurt and Normal Adult Height Attainment in Boys Receiving Long-term Alternate-day Prednisone Therapy
Authors: Polito Cesare , La Manna Angela , Papale Maria Rosaria , Villani Giuseppina
Published: June 2007

Statural growth to age ≥20 years was studied in 10 boys with glomerulonephritis who received alternate-day prednisone (mean 1.2 mg/kg) for at least 2 consecutive years during pubertal age. Peak growth velocity was delayed after age 15 years in six patients and it was less than 7 cm/year in five. However, after age 16, growth velocity was significantly (p 0.02) higher than expected and allowed patients to ultimately reach their genetic height potential.
Down Syndrome: Imaging of Multiorgan Involvement
Authors: Kriss Vesna Martich
Published: June 2007

Down syndrome (trisomy 21) has many manifestations that affect multiple organ systems, and we describe the wide array of imaging findings. Common cardiovascular and gastrointestinal entities are congenital heart disease (atrioventricular canal), bowel atresias (duodenal and anal), and Hirschsprungs disease. Children with Down syndrome have an 18-20 fold increased incidence of leukemia. Pulmonary hypoplasia, lung cysts, and pig bronchus (origin of the right upper lobe bronchus from the trachea) have been described. Neurologic findings include mineralizing vasculopathy of the basal ganglia, Moyamoya disease, and cerebellar/vermian hypoplasia. Musculoskeletal manifestations are numerous and include eleven ribs, hypersegmented sternum, abnormal pelvis, joint laxity/dislocations, and DDH (developmental dysplasia of the hip). Of special importance is the "triple jeopardy" of the upper cervical spine (atlanoaxial subluxation, hypoplastic posterior arch of Cl, and atlantooccipital instability) and the resulting controversial cervical spine radiographic screening of children with Down syndrome. Knowledge of the many anomalies associated with Down syndrome can aid the clinician, not only in diagnosing abnormalities in these patients, but also in counseling families for potential problems that can occur in these children.
Intention to Practice Primary Care by Pediatric Residents: Nature or Nurture?
Authors: Pan Richard J. , Clark-Chiarelli Nancy , Peters Antoinette S. , Block Susan D.
Published: June 2007

Factors associated with the intention to practice primary care were examined in a survey of a national sample of PL-2 residents (n=98). Socioemotional orientation (nature), faculty and peer encouragement (nurture), and clinical experiences during residency (nurture) were independently associated with a primary care career choice. For residents who changed career intentions to primary care from a nonprimary care preference, gender, encouragement by faculty and peers, and outpatient experiences during residency were associated with the change. Encouragement by both faculty and peers had the strongest influence on primary care career choice for all residents.
Privatization and Democracy
Authors: Biglaiser Glen , Danis Michelle A.
Published: June 2007

What is the effect of regime type on privatization of state-owned enterprises? The authors investigate the relationship between regime type and privatization through a panel data set for 76 developing countries from 1987 to 1994. The results show that, contrary to most studies that claim that authoritarian regimes are better able to ignore societal interests opposed to economic measures that impose austerity, democracies privatize more than authoritarian regimes. Moreover, challenging conventional interpretations that claim that economic difficulties contribute to state sell-offs, the authors find that privatization is most likely in wealthier developing democracies whose budgets operate with current account surpluses. Hence authoritarian regimes provide neither the right nor the correct model for countries wishing to pursue unpopular economic policies.
Market Trends in Food Service
Authors: Downs Anthony
Published: June 2007

This article is based on an address delivered by Dr. Downs at the National Restaurant Associa tion's "Outlooks and Decisions —1969" seminars, held in January at Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. Charts and illustrations were supplied by the editor.
Opportunities for Black Youth in the Food and Lodging Industry
Authors: Buncom Henry J.
Published: June 2007

This article is based on an address delivered by Mr. Buncom on December 28, 1968, before the Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education when it convened in New Orleans.
The Risk Structure of the Hotel Industry
Authors: Arbel Avner , Grier Paul
Published: June 2007

An interregional analysis suggests that the total risk of an investment combination is less than the sum of the risk of its individual components.
Resort Time-Sharing: Current Regulation ... and the Alternatives
Authors: Gunnar Peter M.
Published: June 2007

Although time-sharing is by no means a panacea for the hotel operator's all-too-frequent problem of underutilized capacity, it can contribute to a smoothing of seasonal peaks and valleys in occupancy. The author intro duces the time-sharing concept and presents a proposal for disentangling the imbroglio that currently characterizes time-sharing regulation.
Load-Factor Pricing and the Lodging Industry
Authors: Morphis Gene S.
Published: June 2007

Like a hotel room-night, an airplane seat is a perishable com modity - but by offering substantial discounts on seats that would otherwise remain empty, the airlines have been able to attract more passengers. By following the airlines' example, the hotelier can increase occupancy and boost his profits.
The Nature of Hospitality Managers
Authors: Shaner Michael C.
Published: June 2007

Hospitality managers must have a breadth of knowledge spanning manage ment, psychology, economics, engineering, architecture, accounting, food technology, marketing, and law; they must often be mobile, because ad vancement in most chains entails frequent relocation; long hours and work during evenings, weekends, and holidays are the rule, rather than the excep tion. In light of job requirements like these, are certain personal values charac teristic of hospitality managers?
Energy Consumption in Lodging Properties: Applying Multiple Regression Analysis for Effective Measurement
Authors: Redlin Michael H.
Published: June 2007

The American Hotel and Motel Association predicts that energy costs will jump by as much as 20 percent in some areas this year. It is clear that, to maintain profitability, the operator must monitor energy consumption accurately, taking into account such factors as occu pancy and the severity of the weather. The following article shows you how.
What the Restaurant Manager Needs to Know
Authors: Mariampolski Arnold , Spears Marian C. , Vaden Allene G.
Published: June 2007

What skills and knowledge are needed by the beginning food-service manager? Practitioners surveyed say that technical and human skills are more important than conceptual skills
Inflation
Authors: Lewis Robert C. , Beggs Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Although hotel executives expect little real sales growth in the industry between now and 1985, most are more optimistic about the outlook for their own operations
Marketing to Meeting Planners
Authors: Bloom Heidi
Published: June 2007

A recent study yields insight into the composition of the meetings market and suggests where hoteliers should spend their marketing dollars
Teleconferencing: How To and What For
Authors: Hansen Jorgen H. , Knuff Charles M.
Published: June 2007

Some see it as a challenging new technology, and hope teleconferencing will play the genie to the hotel industry's Aladdin, emerging from the lamp to conjure up innovative new services and increased profits. Others see it as a threat to the industry, and fear that, rather than spurring growth, teleconferencing will cut occupancy. This article describes how teleconferencing works and suggests ways in which your operation can profit from it
The Telecommunications Revolution, Part I
Authors: Teicher James S.
Published: June 2007

Satellites and computers are fast transforming the business world. This first article in a two-part series describes what these converging new technologies are doing and can do for the hospitality industry
The Casino Resort Hotel
Authors: Lord-Wood Everett H.
Published: June 2007

With the recent legalization of casino gaming in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and moves for legalization under way in several other states, casino resort development represents a new and exciting frontier for the hospitality industry. This article looks at some of the factors affecting casino resort development
Multilevel Meta-Analysis: A Comparison with Traditional Meta-Analytical Procedures
Authors: Van Den Noortgate Wim , Onghena Patrick
Published: June 2007

In this article, the authors compare the multilevel meta-analysis approach with the more traditional meta-analytical approaches. After a description and comparison of the under-lying models and some of the major techniques, the results of the multilevel approach are compared with those of the traditional approaches, using a simulation study. The results of the simulation study suggest that the maximum likelihood multilevel approach is in general superior to the fixed-effects approaches, unless only a small number of studies is available. For models without moderators, the results of the multilevel approach, however, are not substantially different from the results of the traditional random-effects approaches.
The Migration of Organizational Functions to the Work Unit Level: Buffering, Spanning, and Bringing Up Boundaries
Authors: Yan Aimin , Louis Meryl Reis
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we propose that the locus of organizational boundary activities has migrated from the organization to the work unit level as enterprises reengineer structures, increase the use of cross-functional teams, cut organizational slack and adopt advanced information technologies. From an open systems perspective, we examine how environmental and organizational forces affect this migration process. Three types of boundary activity relevant for work units are identified: buffering, spanning, and bringing up boundaries. A set of preliminary propositions regarding relationships between environmental and organizational changes and boundary activities is offered as a guide for future research.
Predicting Psychological Empowerment Among Service Workers: The Effect of Support-Based Relationships
Authors: Corsun David L , Enz Cathy A.
Published: June 2007

Data from 292 service workers in 21 private clubs show that supportive peer and customer relationships are predictive of higher levels of employee experienced empowerment. Both organizational and employee-customer relationships accounted for significant variation in the dimensions of empowerment: meaningfulness, influence, and self-efficacy. Peer helping and supportive customer relationships were the two most influential predictors of all three empowerment dimensions. Implications for future research and for management practice are discussed.
The Lie of Power: Empowerment as Impotence
Authors: Lee Monica
Published: June 2007

The arguments in this paper are based upon an ethnographic description of the circumstances surrounding the investigation of a complaint against the Governors of a small rural Primary School. This is an empirical study of a local struggle in which the role of the researcher as a prisoner in a web of power is highlighted. The case is first analyzed using structural and functional understandings of power as described by Hardy and Clegg. However, the voluntary nature of the individual engagement of the actors in the case highlights the role of the individual's interpretative frameworks-both in operation and as explanatory mechanisms. Structural and functional analyses of power do not appear to fully account for aspects of this situation, and therefore Hopfl's distinction between the poetic and the rhetoric is considered as part of the explanatory mechanism. This paper suggests that "power" can be seen as an individually interpreted quality, and that feelings of "empowerment" are evoked by consonance between the poetic and the rhetoric, but that such consonance also signals impotence.
Inland Fisheries, Poverty, and Rural Livelihoods in the Lake Chad Basin
Authors: Béné C. , Neiland A. , Jolley T. , Ovie S. , Sule O. , Ladu B. , Mindjimba K. , Belal E. , Tiotsop F. , Baba M. , Dara L. , Zakara A. , Quensiere J.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this paper is to describe the livelihoods of the rural populations of the Lake Chad Basin area (Sub-Saharan Africa), and in particular to assess the role of inland fishing activity in these livelihoods. For this purpose, a combination of activity and wealth ranking exercises was carried out in 64 villages of the Basin, completed by a series of comparative analyses of the ethnic composition, accessibility to fishing grounds and fishing gear ownership across the different socioeconomic strata of the populations. The analysis shows that for the entire area, households, irrespective of their wealth levels, still rely to a very large extent on subsistence-based economy where the three major activities (fishing, farming, and herding) are closely integrated. With respect to fishing activity the survey demonstrates the central role of this activity (in terms of income, labor, and food supply) for all wealth groups. But the analysis also reveals that there is no one-to-one relationship between the contribution of fishing activity and the wealth (or poverty) level of the households. In particular the analysis suggests that well-known adages such as “the fishermen are the poorest of the poor” or “the fishery is the activity of last resort” do not reflect the complexity of the real situation.
Refugees and the Spread of Conflict: Contrasting Cases in Central Africa
Authors: Whitaker Beth Elise
Published: June 2007

Do refugee movements cause the spread of conflict from one country to another and if so, under what conditions? This artice explores these questions by examining the contrasting cases of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. The 1994 influx of Rwandan refugees into eastern Congo was a contributing factor in the outbreak of war there in 1996 and again in 1998. The 1994 refugee migration into western Tanzania, however, was relatively peaceful and did not generate further conflict. By exploring similarities and differences between the two cases, this artice develops several hypotheses about the conditions under which a massive refugee influx may result in the spread of conflict. In the end, the paper argues that refugees enter into an existing political context, creating new alignments and transforming old ones. In some cases, conflicts may result, each with its own dynamics, but in others they do not.
China’s Military after the Sixteenth Party Congress: Long March to Eternity
Authors: Lee Wei-Chin
Published: June 2007

Among the numerous issues concerning the Chinese military in the aftermath of the Sixteenth Party Congress, this article will concentrate on three interrelated topics: the trend of China’s military capability, debates about military strategies, and civil-military relations. Following a layout of China’s security environment, the article will examine its changing military capability and force concentrations. Changes in its military development require an assessment of China’s strategies and defense policies. Moreover, the leadership transition in the Sixteenth Party Congress provides a compelling need to investigate China’s civil-military relations, which will affect regime stability and governance in Chinese politics. Several challenges lie ahead for China’s military. Chinese leaders will have to make difficult choices in prioritizing various weapons systems for a credible deterrence and compellence capability. China’s military strategy and force structure will also depend on the development of U.S.-China relations. Finally, a smooth resolution of the current Jiang-Hu dual leadership as a result of the Sixteenth Party Congress will ensure the efficacy of military policy decision-making process and policy implementation.
An assessment of NIESR forecast accuracy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Metz Robert
Published: June 2007

The Institute periodically reviews the accuracy of its macroeconomic forecasts. Pain et al. (2001) compare the performance of NIESR output forecasts to a naïve forecast that uses a simple rule to predict growth next year. They find that between 1980 and 2000 the National Institute forecast performed better than a naïve, or random walk, forecast in two years out of three. Poulizac et al. (1996) consider a sequence of quarterly economic forecasts published by NIESR between 1982 and 1995 (beginning with that produced in February for the growth of GDP and inflation in the following year and finishing with the forecast produced in November for growth in the current year). They show how the reliability of the Institute's forecast improves as the forecast horizon approaches and conclude that errors to GDP and inflation forecasts are normally distributed. In a similar vein, Mitchell (2005) shows that the Institute's point forecast of inflation is reliable whilst its measure of uncertainty has been exaggerated.
To Be or Not To Be—The Variable Use of the Verb BE in the Interlanguage of Hong Kong Chinese Children
Authors: Lee Nancy , Huang Yue Yuan
Published: June 2007

The English verb be has always been a perceived problem for Chinese ESL learners, however, few studies have been conducted with a specific focus on the interlanguage be of Chinese ESL learners. This paper examines the variable use of the English verb be of 270 Hong Kong primary school children for developmental patterns of English language acquisition versus L1 transfer phenomena. Although there are traces of transfer, the results do not suggest a strong role for L1 transfer in the use of English be but tend towards developmental aspects of omission and overgeneralisation, nonetheless a basic indication of L2 systematicity with accountable variations. A subsequent examination into the children’s school textbooks reveal other significant affective variables such as input and classroom conditions for learning, which appear to interact with other learning factors to increase the variability of Chinese learners’ interlanguage be.
Charisma and the Iron Cage: Rationalization, Science and Scientology
Authors: Locke Simon
Published: June 2007

Scientology has consistently been interpreted by sociologists in terms of rationalization. However, a review of existing studies shows that the meaning attached to this term varies around a central ambiguity summed up as the "iron cage" versus "charisma". The author argues that this ambiguity arises from ambivalence over the public meaning of science in modernity. Through a re-examination of existing accounts of Scientology provided by Wilson, Whitehead, and Wallis, the author offers a revised interpretation that attempts to resolve the ambiguity through emphasizing the socially constructed and rhetorical nature of the public meaning of science. With this, rationalization appears no longer as an external logic dictated by science, but as resource of persuasion that social groups may construct differently on different occasions to suit different specific purposes such as legitimation of their actions and beliefs. Accordingly, NRMs may fruitfully be studied as active attempts to develop an ethics of conduct based in part on interpretations of the public meaning of science.
Narratives of Identity in Modern Management
Authors: Wajcman Judy , Martin Bill
Published: June 2007

This article examines two dominant theories about the contemporary relationship between identity and work — corrosion of character and reflexive modernization. Both of these models treat the experiences of men and women in the new capitalism as essentially the same. We examine this assumption in the light of our recent study of managers in large companies. Our survey data shows little difference between the career orientations and experiences of men and women. We then test this against the career narratives of 136 managers. Again, we find that men and women use the same ‘new capitalism’ narratives to describe their careers and work lives. However, whereas for men these narratives fit with their stories of domestic life, this is not the case for the women. Faced with a substantial disjunction between them, women generally reject one or other narrative identity. We argue that our findings highlight substantial theoretical flaws in both the corrosion of character and reflexive modernization models.
Lesbian M/Otherhood
Authors: Gabb Jacqui
Published: June 2007

In this article I examine how parental identities are negotiated in lesbian parent families. I argue that lesbian mothers’ extraordinary maternity is not dependent on a feminist egalitarian ethic but instead comes from families’ strategic articulation of same-sex parenthood, whereby gender is done and undone in multiple and contradictory ways. Focusing attention onto the ‘other (non-biological) mother’, I suggest that her lack of social status and (progenitor) maternal role disrupts simple readings of gendered parenthood. I demonstrate that children’s creative familial-linguistic management of ‘family’ facilitates an inclusive conceptual framework, representing families as process. The data cited in this article comes from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 18 lesbian mothers and 13 of their children, who live across the Yorkshire region in the UK.
Cellular Mechanisms of Digitalis Action
Authors: Miura Dennis S. , Biedert Stefan
Published: June 2007

Although the therapeutic actions of digitalis glycosides have been known for over 200 years, their direct inotropic actions on the heart were not established until the last 50 years. Digitalis has undergone intense research, particularly with respect to its mechanisms of action. Many authors have claimed to have found the true mechanism of action, compounding the complexity of literature. Recent subcellular studies have pointed to specific areas of action of the digitalis glycosides. Each discovery has been dependent on the greater understanding of the electrophysiologic characteristics of cardiac muscle and excitation‐contraction coupling. The current hypothesis suggests that digitalis specifically inhibits Na‐K ATPase. This produces an elevation in intracellular sodium level that in turn produces an increase in the intracellular calcium level. The increased quantities of calcium available to the contractile elements of cardiac muscle provide the observed increased inotropy.
New Advances in the Assessment and Treatment of Digitalis Toxicity
Authors: Smith Thomas W.
Published: June 2007

The narrow margin between the therapeutic and toxic doses and serum levels of cardiac glycosides results in a high incidence of digitalis toxicity. This common problem has led to the development of methods for determining serum glycosides concentrations. It is clear that overlap of serum digoxin levels occurs between groups of patients with and without evidence of toxicity. In spite of these difficulties, use of serum digoxin measurement has been reported to be associated with a lower incidence of digitalis intoxication in clinical practice. When digitalis toxicity does develop, it is generally of two types: disturbances of impulse formation and disturbances of conduction. Therapeutic interventions may include antiarrhythmic drugs, pacemaker placement, and, in the most severe cases, administration of cardiac glycosides‐specific antibodies. Recent studies have shown that monoclonal digoxin‐specific antibodies and Fab fragments obtained by somatic cell fusion are effective in reversing advanced and otherwise lethal digoxin intoxication. The homogeneity of this antibody offers attractive possibilities for improving our ability to treat advanced digitalis intoxication safely and effectively.