bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PM2.5 hourly concentration prediction based on graph capsule networks
Authors: Wang Suhua , Huang Zhen , Ji Hongjie , Zhao Huinan , Zhou Guoyan , Sun Xiaoxin
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we use a graph capsule network to capture the spatial dependence of air quality data and meteorological data among cities, then use an LSTM network to model the temporal dependence of air pollution levels in specific cities and finally implement PM2.5 concentration prediction. We propose a graph-capsule-LSTM model based on a graph-capsule network and an LSTM network. The model uses a graph capsule network to model the neighboring feature information of the target city and then combines the local data of the target city to form the final feature vector. The feature mapping on the time axis is then used to obtain the temporal feature sequences of the target nodes, which are fed into the LSTM network for learning and prediction. Experiments show that the method achieves better results than the latest baseline model in the PM2.5 prediction task. While demonstrating that the capsule network outperforms the convolutional network, it also shows that this capsule network is very competent for the task of PM2.5 prediction.
Total controllability of non-autonomous second-order measure evolution systems with state-dependent delay and non-instantaneous impulses
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Yongyang , Liu Yansheng
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates a new class of non-autonomous second-order measure evolution systems involving state-dependent delay and non-instantaneous impulses. We introduce a stronger concept of exact controllability called total controllability. The existence of mild solutions and controllability for the considered system are obtained by applying strongly continuous cosine family and the Mönch fixed point theorem. Finally, an example is used to verify the practical application of the conclusion.
The Converse Envelope Theorem
Authors: Sinander Ludvig
Published: November 2022

I prove an envelope theorem with a converse: the envelope formula isequivalentto a first‐order condition. Like Milgrom and Segal's (2002) envelope theorem, my result requires no structure on the choice set. I use the converse envelope theorem to extend to general outcomes and preferences the canonical result in mechanism design that any increasing allocation is implementable, and apply this to selling information.
Robust Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals
Authors: Armstrong Timothy B. , Kolesár Michal , Plagborg-Møller Mikkel
Published: November 2022

We construct robust empirical Bayes confidence intervals (EBCIs) in a normal means problem. The intervals are centered at the usual linear empirical Bayes estimator, but use a critical value accounting for shrinkage. Parametric EBCIs that assume a normal distribution for the means (Morris (1983b)) may substantially undercover when this assumption is violated. In contrast, our EBCIs control coverage regardless of the means distribution, while remaining close in length to the parametric EBCIs when the means are indeed Gaussian. If the means are treated as fixed, our EBCIs have an average coverage guarantee: the coverage probability is at least 1 − αon average across thenEBCIs for each of the means. Our empirical application considers the effects of U.S. neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility.
A Comprehensive Overview of Exercises for Reducing Stress Among Students in Engineering Institutions
Authors: V. Nithyananthan , Sukumaran Rajeev , Raj Christhu
Published: November 2022

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of yoga and meditation intervention on engineering students' stress perception, anxiety levels, and mindfulness skills. Adolescents are experiencing greater stress associated with academic performance, extracurricular activities, and worry about the future. Meditation is the practice by which there is constant observation of the mind. It requires you to focus your mind at one point and make your mind still in order to perceive the ‘self'. In this chapter, the authors interrogate the impact of different yogasanas and meditation in enabling learners to get rid of mindful stress. The remainder of the chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the causes of stress and its effects. Section 3 presents the different categories of emotion in stress for explaining the several of levels present in it. Section 4 explains yoga and emotional stress reduction, and Section 5 discusses the conclusions.
Behavioral Diagnosis of Children Utilizing Support Vector Machine for Early Disorder Detection
Authors: A. Arivarasi , Govindasamy Alagiri , S. Sathiya Narayanan
Published: November 2022

Behavioral issues are categorized by means of persistent difficulties faced from the beginning of childhood. The children with this behavioral disorder restrict social communication and show repetitive interest. Some children have challenging behaviors that are beyond their age and identification becomes difficult. These problems can cause temporary stress on a child's health. A lot of children are impacted by behavioral-related issues from birth, and unfortunately, no scientifically backed early detection mechanism is available to identify the stated issues within the first three years. Using AI and data analytics algorithm, the behavioral profile of a child can be analyzed using a key marker to identify behavioral issues later. Cloud-based AI solutions could be used to implement early detection. Machine learning algorithms using SVM have the potential to create the decision boundary for the segregation using possible classes.
Transport Data Analytics With Selection of Tools and Techniques
Authors: Ganapathy Jayanthi , Purushothaman R.  , Ramya M.  , Joselyn Diana C.
Published: November 2022

Emergency medical services (EMS) are inevitable in urban transport. The sustainable transport services during emergency situations are inevitable. These emergency services and vehicle operations are influenced by traffic flow rate on highways. The objective of this chapter is to present the use of transport data analytics in sustainable mobility and transport. Travel time is a key factor in emergency vehicle operations as the urban transport system is a time varying network. Temporal traffic information is a source for estimation of travel time on highways in emergency vehicle operations. The adverse traffic behavior during peak and non-peak hours of daily traffic profile hinders the operation of emergency vehicles during pandemic COVID-19 situations and so forth in evacuation planning when situation arises. Hence, this chapter presents the modern techniques and tools used in estimation of traffic flow rate on highways to access the connectivity of road network for emergency vehicle operations.
IoT-Based Health Risk Prediction by Collecting and Analyzing HIIT Data in Real Time Using Edge Computing
Authors: Bansal Shrikrishn , Kaur Rajbir
Published: November 2022

Increased awareness of the benefits of physical exercise has motivated people to improve physical fitness by doing high-intensity interval training (HIIT). HIIT (where one needs to work at 70-85% of one's maximum heart rate) and forceful exercise sessions can lead to health risks such as cardiac arrest, heat strokes, or lung diseases because people are unaware of their body health and endurance status. It is essential that the health parameters of people who exercise outside controlled environments like the gym be acquired and analyzed during workout sessions. This chapter aims to design an IoT-based timely warning system based on edge computing responsible for identifying unusual patterns in the monitored health parameters and alerting the person involved in an exercise about any deviation from expected behavior. The authors collect real-time data from individuals during the exercise sessions. The data analysis provides an assessment of the health parameters and predicts any health risks during the HIIT session.
Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels
Authors: Nyasani Majorie Moraa , Shikuku Victor Odhiambo
Published: November 2022

To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-based transportation fuels. In addition to electricity and natural gas, biofuels are emerging as an important class of substitutes. The promotion of biofuels as energy is mainly driven by the perspective of oil depletion, concerns about energy security, and global warming. However, results published in the past few decades present conflicting pictures regarding the energy efficiency and sustainability of biofuels. To adequately address these real or apparent contradictions, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuels is indispensable. “Life cycle” refers to all stages of a process: from the cradle, that is, raw material extraction through manufacturing, distribution, and use to ultimate disposal. This chapter discusses the benefits and limitations of biofuels from an LCA standpoint. The discrepancies and strengths in LCA of biofuels are critically analyzed and opportunities are highlighted. LCA of biofuels is shown to be critical to informing policy and for practical application.
A Source of Future Energy
Authors: Kumari Anupama , Madhaw Mukund , Majumder C. B.
Published: November 2022

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) has emerged as a future source of energy for the world that can fulfill the future energy demand. The natural gas hydrates hold twice the amount of energy than all available fossil fuels. At present, the energy demand is growing, but these are not available commercially. Various field applications on the dissociation of the natural gas hydrates have been performed till now, and the output of these field applications confirms the possibility of dissociation of the natural gas hydrates. At distinct locations in the world, the huge deposits of hydrates have been identified, but the safe and economic dissociation of gas hydrates is not known yet. Hence, the evolution of new and inexpensive, suitable methods and technologies are required for the dissociation of gas hydrates. In this chapter, the authors reviewed several articles to compare the different dissociation techniques of gas hydrates and their field applications. The advantages and disadvantages of these production methods have also been discussed.
Instructional Coaching as a Professional Learning Tool
Authors: Eubank Chrissy L.
Published: November 2022

This chapter will examine the influence of instructional coaching on teacher quality and professional learning. In an age of accountability, instructional coaching has provided school districts the opportunity to develop contextualized and individualized professional learning for teachers. The author will explore the role of the instructional coach and the relational qualities that influence teacher and student outcomes in light of COVID-19 and pandemic-related effects on teacher professional learning. The final section will offer considerations for districts looking to engage with digital modalities of instructional coaching to provide more equitable support for all teachers.
Virtual Practice for Authentic Classrooms
Authors: Putman Rebecca S. , Rose Crystal Dail
Published: November 2022

Teacher shortages, feelings of unpreparedness, and ever-changing teaching and learning modalities contribute to the many challenges in the preparation of preservice teachers. Two teacher educators examine issues surrounding practice-based teacher education, with a focus specifically on essential pedagogical skills in traditional and virtual environments. After a brief background of the literature, the authors describe some of the challenges, including the space between theory and practice, the necessity of ensuring high quality field experiences, teacher educator knowledge, and the challenge of ever-changing modalities. With these challenges in mind, the authors offer solutions and recommendations, including the application of practice-based teacher education in university classrooms, virtual simulations, and in-person field experiences. The chapter concludes with future research directions examining which combination(s) of rehearsal techniques, scaffolded supports, and in-person field experience opportunities leads to the greatest transfer of knowledge for pre-service teachers.
Reviving a Graduate Certificate in Online Learning and Assessment
Authors: Tolbert Joshua B. , Frazier Denise K.
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the development and implementation of a sequence of courses to promote both the individual capacity of in-service educators to harness technology and their development as leaders in technology integration in their classrooms and districts. The experience described here offers strategies with broader implications for teacher education programs, suggesting that the structure of the Certificate in Online Learning and Assessment (COLA) program could be replicated and improved. Based on the findings presented, recommendations from the vantage point of participant researchers will also provide ideas that can be used to explicitly implement elements of distributed leadership into P-12 and postsecondary education and gain new perspectives. Although teacher education programs and online instruction may generally be prone to emphasizing technological proficiency, cultivating leadership skills through the use of distributed approaches to leadership may be an important future direction for research and practice.
Public Diplomacy as a Tool of Propaganda
Authors: Değirmenci Fatih
Published: November 2022

Propaganda, which aims to influence the society to believe and act in a certain way in line with predetermined objectives, has been a form of practice that has been used extensively in the social and political field throughout history. Many ideologies have gained prevalence as a result of effective propaganda activities and have been able to walk to power. From Caesar to Napoleon, from Lenin to Hitler, many leaders went down in history as master propagandists, and they dragged the masses after them with their powerful and effective propaganda. Certain aspects of propaganda practices, which have been the most effective way to influence societies in long historical processes, have been a source of inspiration in many areas such as public diplomacy, political campaigns, advertising, public relations, and marketing in modern times.
Diplomatic Transformation of Series Narrative
Authors: Keskin Savaş
Published: November 2022

In addition to what the studies on the discourse and character modeling of the Valley of the Wolves series say, this chapter argues that there has been a Neo-Ottomanization and religiosity evolution in terms of the discourse and the hero's semiosis. The thesis of this section is that Valley of the Wolves series has evolved in terms of narrative and character since it began to appeal to international target audiences. It is the main assumption of the section that there is a parallel transformation with the public diplomacy practices of the Republic of Türkiye in the process following the fact that the audience groups, especially in Arab geography, Afghanistan and Pakistan, where Islamic influence is dominant, become fans of the Valley of the Wolves. In this section, it is aimed to explain the velvet evolution, which exemplifies the transition from the Republican ideology to the Neo-Ottoman ideology in diplomatic media narratives, through the historical rupture of the Valley of the Wolves.
Reflecting Turkey's Attitude and Benevolence Towards Syrian Refugees to the World Through Digitalized Public Diplomacy
Authors: Mertoğlu Selver , Alanka Ömer
Published: November 2022

In 2011, Syrians fleeing the civil war in Syria tried to migrate to neighboring countries. While some countries did not accept Syrian refugees, others opened their doors to immigrants. Currently, Turkey is known as the country with the highest number of Syrians. These citizens, who left their countries and homes and migrated to other countries to protect their lives and children, faced different problems in the countries where they settled. Turkish authorities are taking steps to solve these problems. The aid and problem-solving steps taken for Syrian refugees are exhibited to the citizens of other countries through digitalized public diplomacy. In this study, firstly, information about the concept of migration is given and the migration from Syria to Turkey is discussed. Then, two different news published on the website of TRT World news channel were examined through critical discourse analysis to demonstrate how Turkey's attitude and benevolence towards Syrians is reflected to the world through digitalized public diplomacy.
Synthesis of Pseudoboehmite Nanoparticles and Use in Simvastatin Drug Delivery
Authors: Vicente Marcos Antonio Aguena Herrera , Silva Leonardo G.A. , Lima Nelson B. , de Oliveira Rene R. , Bernussi Ayrton , Sarmento Bruno , Barbosa Isabella , Munhoz Jr. Antônio Hortêncio
Published: November 2022

Pseudoboehmite is an aluminium compound with a structure similar to that of boehmite. The unit cell of the pseudoboehmite is slightly larger than that of the boehmite because of the greater incorporation of water in the same structure [1]. It has particles of nanometric dimensions and can be synthesized with extremely high purity. Several papers published in the literature show the potential of using this material in the controlled release of drugs, including cancer treatment [2,3]. Using drugs in complexes incorporated into polymer matrices and ceramic gels can lead to adequate control of gastrointestinal absorption when administered orally. Consequently, there is the possibility of promoting a gradual action through the progressive release of the drug, thus increasing its efficiency and reducing dose and toxicity. Previous studies have shown that pseudoboehmite is non-toxic and can be used for drug delivery. During the tests to determine the toxicity of this material, it was observed that the blood glucose content was reduced in mice that took pseudoboehmite by gavage. Since pseudoboehmite is obtained via low-cost inorganic synthesis, different physicochemical characteristics can be incorporated into this high purity medium. The formed structure was evaluated as a drug delivery system to establish a profile of the influence of the physicochemical properties of a molecule in the process of interaction with pseudoboehmite, a drug with recognized pharmacological activity, simvastatin (IUPAC name (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxooxan-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate) was choose. It also emphasizes the importance of pseudoboehmite as a drug carrier, serving as a precursor to new therapeutic systems. The synthesis of pseudoboehmite from ammonium hydroxide and aluminium nitrate was optimized to release simvastatin in vitro. After absorption and hydrolysis in the liver to form the active β-hydroxy acid metabolite, simvastatin acts as a potent reversible, competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an early and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Influence of Cold Working on Hydrogen Diffusion Behaviour in an Austenitic Steel with Transformation-Induced Plasticity
Authors: Hempel Christian , Mandel Marcel , Quitzke Caroline , Schröder Christina , Wendler Marco , Volkova Olena , Krüger Lutz
Published: November 2022

The main objective of this work was to obtain information about the hydrogen diffusion behaviour in a cold-worked austenitic stainless steel (X3CrMnNiMoN17-8-4) in which deformation-induced martensite formation occurs during mechanical deformation. Three different states of pre-deformation (31 %, 39 % and 49 %) that showed induced phase transformation from austenite to α’martensite as well as the solution-annealed material were part of this study.
All samples were charged with hydrogen in a 0.1 M NaOH solution. This charging took place electrolytic with 10 mA cm-2 at three different temperatures (50 °C; 65 °C and 80 °C) in the double cell according to Devanathan and Stachurski. Due to the very slow diffusion of hydrogen through austenite, the samples were not charged until the equilibrium state was reached. To find out the necessary diffusion parameters, the data were fitted with numerical optimisation. Using this method, the effective diffusion coefficients of charging could be determined for all material states.
The study also contains microscopic analyses to visualize the effect of cold working on the microstructure of the material. The appearance of α’-martensite significantly contributes to the susceptibility to hydrogen uptake leading to increasing diffusion coefficients in relation to higher pre-deformation.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Fuel Cell Catalyst Degradation during the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Pawlyta Mirosława , Smykała Szymon , Liszka Barbara , Blacha-Grzechnik Agata
Published: November 2022

Increasing durability of catalysts used in fuel cells is a necessary condition for their widespread commercialization. Fulfilling this condition requires understanding the catalyst degradation mechanism to propose how to reduce it. Transmission electron microscopy can help solve this problem thanks to the fact that it enables direct observation and thus unambiguous interpretation of the processes taking place. For this purpose, Identical Location Transmission Electron Microscopy (IL-TEM) was applied for observations of a commercial catalyst (platinum nanoparticles with a diameter of about 2 nm deposited on Vulcan carbon black) before and after durability tests. Obtained results may contribute to the development of better models of phenomena occurring during cell operation.
Hawking Radiation: Image of the Invisible
Authors: Corral-Bustamante R. Leticia , Rivera Beatriz Eugenia Ochoa
Published: November 2022

Is it possible to quantify in General Relativity, GR, the entropy generated by Super-Massive Black Holes, SMBH, during its evaporation time, since the intrinsic Hawking radiation in the infinity that, although insignificant, is important in the effects on the thermal quantum atmosphere? The purpose was to develop a formula that allows us to measure the entropy generated during the evaporation time of different types of SMBH of: i. remnant BH of the binary black holes’ merger, BBH: GW150914, GW151226 and LTV151012 detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, LIGO, and ii. Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström, Kerr and Kerr-Newman, and thus quantify in GR the “insignificant” quantum effects involved, in order to contribute to the validity of the generalized second law, GSL, that directly links the laws of black hole mechanics to the ordinary laws of thermodynamics, as a starting point for unifying quantum effects with GR. This formula could have some relationship with the detection of the shadow’s image of the event horizon of a BH. This formula was developed in dimensional analysis, using the constants of nature and the possible evaporation time of a black hole, to quantify the entropy generated during that time. The energy-stress tensor was calculated with the 4 metrics to obtain the material content and apply the proposed formula. The entropy of the evaporation time of SMBH proved to be insignificant, its temperature is barely above absolute zero, however, the calculation of this type of entropy allows us to argue about the importance of the quantum effects of Hawking radiation mentioned by authors who have studied the quantum effects with arguments that are fundamentally based on the presence of the surrounding thermal atmosphere of the BH.
Increasing the Certainty to Estimate 1-Gravity (1-g) Separation Time Based on any-g Force (N) and g- Equivalent Concepts
Authors: Carvajal-Larenas F. Ernesto
Published: November 2022

As it is well established, Stokes law has been used to calculate the time required to precipitate a particle in a fluid under specific conditions such as sphericity, laminar flow, differences on densities (particle and fluid) and fluid viscosity for a specific gravity force (g). However, when the separation under 1-g takes days or months and it is crucial to estimate that time in just minutes, the separation time at 1-g can be estimated making a relationship with any other g (n). However, in any centrifuge the n value is not reached instantaneously but in a specific time and during this time the g-value is never constant, but it is always growing (at the first stage). Then, after reaching the n-value, the centrifuge could stay at that value for a certain time and then, (the third stage) the n value will change again, this time decreasing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a mathematical model that considers the acceleration and deceleration periods and expresses them as equivalents of the n period by using a numerical approach [1-3]. It is expected the g-equivalent concept increases the certainty of the separation time estimation.
Diffusional Relaxation of Quadrupole Interactions of 111In/ Cd Probes in IrIn3 and Related Phases Having FeGa3 Structure
Authors: Newhouse Randal L. , Singh Prastuti , Zacate Matthew O. , Collins Gary Scott
Published: November 2022

Nuclear relaxation caused by diffusion of 111In/Cd probe atoms was measured in four phases having the tetragonal FeGa3 structure (tP16) using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy (PAC) and used to gain insight into diffusion processes in phases having more than one diffusion sublattice. The three indide phases studied in this work have two inequivalent and interpenetrating In-sublattices, labeled In1 and In2, and nuclear quadrupole interactions were resolved for probes on each sublattice. The phases are line-compounds with narrow field-widths. Diffusional relaxations, fitted using an exponential damping ansatz, were measured at the two opposing boundary compositions as a function of temperature. “High” and “low” relaxation regimes were observed that are attributed to In-poorer and In-richer compositions, under the reasonable assumption that the atomic motion occurs via an indium-vacancy diffusion mechanism. Relaxation was observed to be greater for tracer atoms starting on In2 sites in the indides immediately following decay of 111In into 111Cd, which is attributed to a preference of daughter Cd-tracer atoms and/or indium vacancies to occupy In1 sites. Activation enthalpies for relaxation are compared with enthalpies for self-diffusion in indium metal.
Left pleural effusion in a young woman with genital tuberculosis
Authors: Albrici Cristina , Cefalo Jacopo , Mondoni Michele , Moro Alessia , Bimbatti Manuela , Gianelli Umberto , Centanni Stefano
Published: November 2022

Disseminated tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that can cause severe illness if diagnosed and treated late. We present the case of a young Senegalese woman who had a miscarriage due to a pelvic inflammatory disease, followed by the development of a left pleural effusion. Despite laparoscopic findings and a salpinx biopsy that revealed necrotizing granulomas, only microbiological examinations of pleural biopsies revealed the final diagnosis of disseminated, drug-sensitive tuberculosis.
Chapter 29: Male sexual dysfunction in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Committee SEMSDA
Published: November 2022

No abstract available.
A Simplified Intraoral Appliance for Protecting the Flap in a Patient with Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Abraham Sonia , Manoharan P. S. , Arivarasan N. Karthi , Prabhu K. , Karthik V. C. , Kirubakaran A.
Published: November 2022

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, debilitating premalignant condition of the oral cavity predominantly caused by betel chewing. In this condition, the sub mucosal tissues (lamina propria and deeper connective tissue) show inflammation and progressive fibrosis that results in inability to open the mouth. Surgical excision of fibrous bands is usually the treatment of choice. Postsurgical trauma to the flap during occlusion is one of the common complications that may occur in those patients. Hence, an intraoral appliance which could protect the flap is necessary. This article explains about the fabrication of an intraoral appliance in a simplified manner to protect the flap from trauma during the occlusion of a patient diagnosed with OSMF who underwent surgical excision of fibrous tissue. The appliance helped in better healing of the surgical site, avoided the trauma to the flap, comfortable and cost effective.
Comparison of Dental Occlusion in Children with Mouth Breathing and Different Types of Pharyngeal Lymphoid Tissue Obstruction
Authors: Ahmed Tanzeem , Ahmed Samsuddin , Kaushal Nikhil
Published: November 2022

Background:

The relationship between malocclusion and respiration has been debated for decades.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to assess dental occlusion in relation to mouth breathing and different types of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue obstruction in children.

Settings and Design:

This was a cross-sectional study of 200 children aged between 6 and 12 years who were clinically examined and divided into two groups: mouth breathers and nasal breathers.

Materials and Methods:

The children were subjected to otorhinolaryngologic examination to identify the type of pharyngeal obstruction. Dental interarch relationship and pharyngeal tissue obstruction were diagnosed and appropriate cross tabulations were done.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The data collected were statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 15.0 software.

Results:

Statistically significant association was found between type of breathing and pharyngeal lymphoid tissue obstruction (P = 0.001), dental occlusion and type of breathing (P = 0.001), and pharyngeal lymphoid tissue obstruction and dental occlusion (P = 0.001). Higher prevalence of crossbite, deep bite, and Class II malocclusion was seen in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy as well as mouth breathing habit.

Conclusion:

Obstructive tonsils and adenoids are risk factors for the development of malocclusion. Early detection and correction of airway obstruction can help in proper growth of the dentofacial region.
The Why and How of Pulpal Pain
Authors: Nair Preeti , Deshmukh Priyanka Deepak , Bhavsar Somya , Shivkumar Ganiga Channaiah
Published: November 2022

A proper understanding of pulpal pain has been an enigma to the scientific community. While neurons and transmitters are active participants, focus on neuropeptides has not been emphatic. A complex array of interaction of inflammatory substances, with assortment of nerve fibers in the presence of these molecules, has shed some light to this mysterious phenomenon of pulp pain. A literature search was made of the standard textbooks, Google Scholars, Pubmed and Scopus database for review, original research, case control studies using key words like “pulpal pain” and 'chemicals responsible for pain mechanism' . This paper is an attempt at highlighting not only the roles of these proteinaceous materials, so that they could be targeted to eliminate pain, but also the neuro anatomy and neurophysiology of the pulp.
How Much Disinfected Ground Tooth Do We Need to Fill an Empty Alveolus after Extraction? Experimental in vitro Study
Authors: Calvo-Guirado José Luis , De Carlos-Villafranca Felix , Garcés-Villalá Miguel Angel , García-Carrillo Nuria , Jindal Vidushi , Martinez-Martínez Francisco
Published: November 2022

Aim and Objectives:

The main objective of this study was to evaluate how much crushed, extracted human teeth material can use to fill an empty alveolus of the mandibular anterior teeth.

Material and Methods:

Fifty-four human teeth were collected from 10 donors due to advanced periodontal disease. The patients were clinically selected, signed informed consent, and receive no financial compensation for participating in this study. Fifty-four teeth were mechanically cleaned, dried, sectioned, and grounded. All teeth are grounded using the Smart Dentin Grinder machine. Cone-beam computed tomography scanners of each patient were done and processed the standard tessellation language images by a three-dimensional (3D) printer, and 3D models were obtained.

Results:

The mean of each alveolus was 12.1 ± 0.34 mm for lower incisors and 17 ± 0.29 mm for lower canines. The mean values of root material we need for central and lateral incisors alveolus filling were 0.298 ± 0.14 cc, and for lower canines was 1.02 cc. Therefore, we need one root or one and half-crowns must be needed to fill a lower incisor alveolus. A lower canine needs at least one canine root or one canine crown and two lower incisors crown to fill the canine alveoli.

Conclusions:

Dentin is a helpful graft to fulfill an empty alveolus due to osteoinductive properties, and a ground crown is useful for buccal bone protection due to osteoconductive properties before and after implant placement.
A Review of Photobiomodulation and its Application in Dentistry
Authors: Soni Shruti , Thakar Sahil
Published: November 2022

Photobiomodulation (PBM), which is further termed as low-level laser therapy is a noninvasive type of therapy. It uses a certain wavelength of red and infrared light and brings about many physiological effects in cells and tissues which establish the basis of PBM. This light therapy photochemically triggers the cells and results in the production of molecules for example, adenosine triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, calcium ions, etc., This further contributes to cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. PBM contributes in alleviating pain, promotes tissue healing and also has an anti-inflammatory effect on targeted tissues. Research on PBM began back in the 1960s and various studies conducted in the past documented that this therapy has many applications in various specialties of dentistry. Till date, further studies are being conducted to discover more beneficial properties of this therapy. This therapy can be used for the treatment of multitudinous conditions of the oral cavity such as aphthous ulcers, herpes, pemphigus, burning mouth syndrome, and many more conditions, it can mitigate the pain following the orthodontic treatment, can be used to deal with the temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), alleviate dental pains, enhances the depth of anesthesia and many more uses in dentistry.
Preliminary Report on Histopathology of Odontogenic Keratocyst in Third Dimension: Three-Dimensional Video and Images
Authors: Tamgadge Sandhya , Tamgadge Avinash
Published: November 2022

Introduction:

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst of the jaws that causes extensive destruction even before the clinical manifestations are evident. It is a well-known entity among private practitioners as it has a high recurrence rate and requires meticulous treatment planning. Unfortunately, clinicians have less understood its basic histopathology.

Objective:

This article highlights the preliminary attempt of an author in designing third dimension of histopathological aspect of OKC so that it is easily understood by oral pathologists, general pathologists, nonpathologists, students, and even patients too.

Methodology:

Preliminary three-dimensional (3D) images and videos on histopathological aspect of OKC were designed by the author using 3DMax (Autodesk Media and Entertainment) and Adobe Premiere Pro 5.5 software which is a video editing software (Adobe Systems) based on two-dimensional descriptions mentioned in the literature.

Results:

Internal cellular architecture of OKC was created in a lifelike manner through 3D animation video and images.

Conclusion:

Histopathological aspect of all oral lesions should be explained in third dimension too.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of p16 and p53 in Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Special Regard to Human Papillomavirus Status
Authors: Ghosh Urvashi , Tripathy Rajashree , Lenka Anasuya , Turuk Jyotirmayee , Mohapatra Debahuti
Published: November 2022

Background:

Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC and OPSCC) is on a rising trend globally and has specific therapeutic implications. HPV-related tumors have a distinct pathogenetic mechanism targeting p16 and p53 both. However, there are limited studies evaluating p16 and p53 expression in combination.

Aim:

The aim of the study is to evaluate p16 and p53 immunohistochemical expression pattern in OSCC and OPSCC, with special reference to HPV association.

Study Design:

This was a hospital-based prospective study done over 22 months (September 2018 to June 2020), including a total of 54 cases of OSCC and OPSCC. They were subjected to clinicopathological evaluation, p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry, and DNA polymerase chain reaction testing for testing of HPV association, followed by analysis of data by statistical methods.

Results:

Out of 54, 43 cases were OSCC and 11 cases were OPSCC. A total of nine cases were HPV positive. HPV association was found to be significant with tonsil as primary site, age range between 40 and 60 years, and absence of tobacco or alcohol habit. Presence of HPV infection was also significantly associated with p16 overexpression, in combination with p53 negativity. The findings indicate that p16 overexpression combined with a negative p53 expression can be used for HPV detection and the former alone may be used as diagnostic marker in OPSCC only.

Conclusion:

HPV-associated OSCC and OPSCC are a unique subset of cancers, and using combination of molecular biomarkers could help in diagnosis and prognosis.
Application and development of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases
Authors: Mahmoudi Hassan , Hossainpour Hadi
Published: November 2022

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores a balanced intestinal flora, which helps to cure recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (RCDI). FMT has also been used to treat other gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and chronic constipation, as well as a variety of non-GI disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss gut microbiota and FMT treatment of GI and non-GI diseases. An imbalanced gut microbiota is known to predispose one to Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), IBD, and IBS. However, the complex role of the gut microbiota in maintaining health is a newer concept that is being increasingly studied. The microbiome plays a major role in cellular immunity and metabolism and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-GI autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome, obesity, and even some neuropsychiatric disorders. Many recent studies have reported that viral gastroenteritis can affect intestinal epithelial cells, and SARS-CoV-2 virus has been identified in the stool of infected patients. FMT is a highly effective cure for RCDI, but a better understanding of the gut microbiota in maintaining health and controlled studies of FMT in a variety of conditions are needed before FMT can be accepted and used clinically.
Seizures in children
Authors: Dzefi-Tettey Klenam , Edzie Emmanuel Kobina Mesi , Brakohiapa Edmund Kwakye , Kekessie Kafui Kossi , Piersson Albert Dayor , Acheampong Franklin , Gorleku Philip Narteh , Nixon Harold Ricketts , Asemah Abdul Raman , Kusodzi Henry
Published: November 2022

Background:

The current imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with seizures is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI with a specific seizure protocol considerably has a positive impact on patients' management. This study determined the spectrum of brain findings in children with seizures.

Materials and Methods:

The study subjects were 191 children aged 1–16 years who presented with seizures within January 2017–August 2021. Socio-demographics and MRI examinations were retrospectively studied. Brain MRI images of patients with their respective reports were analyzed by experienced radiologists. Data from these reports were collected and coded into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20.0 for analysis.

Results:

One hundred and ninety-one children were included in the study comprising 99 (51.8%) males and 92 (48.2%) females. Abnormal brain images were noted in 89 (46.6%) of the study population. The most common abnormalities were cerebral atrophy 41 (21.5%), white matter T2 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities 22 (11.5%), and temporal lobe atrophy 9 (4.7%). Twenty-six (29.2%) of the children presented with multiple lesions and these were more common in children <5 years of age.

Conclusion:

MRI is extremely useful in the early detection and diagnosis of the causes of seizures in children in low socio-economic setting like ours. The majority of the children with brain lesions were under five years, and in a setting like ours, all efforts should be made to image them since they are sometimes denied MRI due to the relatively high cost of the procedure.
Multiparametric differentiation of intracranial central nervous system lymphoma and high-grade glioma using diffusion-, perfusion-, susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and spectroscopy
Authors: Rai Santosh , Raeesa Fathima , Kamath Mayur , Rai Sharada , Pai Muralidhar K. , Prabhu Sonali D.
Published: November 2022

Aims and Objectives:

To observe the characteristics of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and high-grade glioma (HGG) in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and spectroscopy, and differentiate them based on these parameters.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 45 patients diagnosed with the central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using 1.5 Tesla MRI Siemens Magnetom Avanto (Siemens, Germany) and with subsequent histopathological evidence as glioblastoma or CNS lymphoma were included. The study was completed over a period of 2 years.

Results:

It was found that DWI is effective in the differentiation of HGGs and PCNSLs. A total of 20 (57.1%) HGGs showed diffusion restriction, whereas 9 (90%) of the PCNSLs showed diffusion restriction. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) (×10–6 mm2/s) in PCNSLs was 646 whereas, in HGGs, it was found to be 824.3. Thirty-one (88.6%) of the HGGs showed increased perfusion. The mean value of rCBVmean in HGG was found to be 4.06 and the mean value of rCBVmax was 3.63. None of the PCNSLs showed increased perfusion. The mean value of rCBVmean in PCNSLs was 0.097 and rCBVmax was 0.133. 30 (85.7%) of HGGs showed significant areas of blooming on SWI (in the form of intratumoral susceptibility signals [ITSS]). None of the PCNSLs showed blooming. All HGGs and PCNSLs showed increased choline and decreased N acetyl aspartate (NAA) on spectroscopy. Mean Choline/Creatine (Cho/Cr) in HGGs was found to be 3.06, whereas in PCNSLs, it was 1.84.

Conclusion:

It is important to make a distinction between HGG and PCNSL as the treatment modalities are different for both. Multiparametric evaluation of ADC, ITSS, and rCBVmean allows the differentiation of PCNSLs and solid glioblastoma which supports the integration of advanced MR imaging techniques including DSC-PWI, DWI, and SWI for the routine diagnostic workup of these tumors.
Inner ear computed tomography findings among children with audiometry proven sensorineural hearing loss in a special needs school in South-West, Nigeria
Authors: Akindokun Segun Samson , Bello Temitope Olugbenga , Olaosun Adedayo Olugbenga , Ogundiran Olawale , Ayoola Oluwagbemiga Oluyoola , Oyedepo Victor Olufemi , Alagbe Olayemi Atinuke
Published: November 2022

Background:

Hearing loss is a major problem in children because of its devastating effect on education and cognitive development. Clinicians rely on pure-tone audiometry (PTA) to determine the types and degrees of hearing loss; however, the test is subjective and cannot determine the cause of the hearing loss.

Computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone is important for evaluating hearing loss, due to its ability to identify bony ear malformations and to examine pathologies of the middle and the inner ear. The objective of this study was to determine bony labyrinthine anomalies in a group of children with profound and severe hearing loss.

Materials and Methods:

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among students from a school with special needs in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty students with hearing loss selected by stratified systematic random sampling participated in this study. There were 66 (55%) males and 54 (45%) females. Demographic data were collected from the participants and from the school records. All the participants went through audiometry so as to determine and confirm their thresholds and a high-resolution CT scan of the temporal bone to determine bony labyrinthine abnormalities.

Results:

One hundred and twenty participants making 240 ears were studied, with a mean age of 12.1 ± 2.3 years. Ninety-five participants (79.2%) had prelingual hearing loss while 25 (20.8%) had acquired postlingual hearing loss. Nine participants (7.5%) had abnormalities of the bony labyrinth; seven of which had bilateral and two unilateral bony abnormalities, and thus 16 (6.7%) out of 240 ears had such abnormalities. The most common cochlear abnormality was hypoplasia 6 ears (37.5%), followed by type I incomplete cochlear partitions 3 ears (18.7%).

Conclusion:

This study found that the bony labyrinth was normal in 93.3% of ears, and the most common bony anomaly was cochlear hypoplasia.
Epidemiological profile of congenital anomalies detected during antenatal ultrasound in three imaging centers in the city of Ouagadougou
Authors: Tiemtore-Kambou Benilde Marie-Ange , Nde-Ouedraogo N. A. , Lamien P. D. , Sieba I. F. N. , Kere-Nidjergou L. , Bayala D. , Koama A. , Napon A. M. , Diallo O. , Cisse R.
Published: November 2022

Objectives:

To study congenital anomalies discovered during antenatal care in three medical imaging centers in the city of Ouagadougou. Specifically, the aim was to determine the prevalence of antenatal malformations on ultrasound, to identify the different types of malformations detected and to determine the average gestational age (GA) of discovery of CAMs in our context.

Materials and Methods:

This was a retrospective and prospective multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in the imaging departments of the following three health facilities: the University Hospital of Bogodogo (CHUB), the Nina Polyclinic, and the Yati Medical Clinic. The study was carried out from January 1, 2016, to October 31, 2019. It included all women who had a fetal malformation during obstetrical ultrasound performed during the study period.

Results:

Fetal malformations represented 1.10% of all obstetric ultrasounds performed in the three medical imaging centers in the city of Ouagadougou. The mean GA of discovery of CAMs was 27 weeks 2 days. The most common malformations were (in decreasing order) the central nervous system (67.10%), the urogenital system (18.62%), the abdomen (14.72%), the digestive system (13.85%), the skeleton (13.42%), the cardiovascular system (8.23%), and the respiratory system (5.19%). An abnormality of the amniotic fluid was associated with 35.50% of the malformations detected.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of congenital anomaly in our study is similar to that of other studies and obstetric ultrasound plays a key role in its early antenatal diagnosis”.
Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Osawe Austine Abebe , Showunmi Funmilola Olusola , Mohammed Ahmadu Shehu , Tume Alfred Aondoyima
Published: November 2022

Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are the most common pediatric primary brain tumor. They are World Health Organization Grade 1 tumors with an excellent prognosis. In children, the cerebellum, optic nerve chiasm, and hypothalamic region are the most common locations in that order. Clinically, cranial nerve palsies, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, and ataxia are commonly seen. We present an unusual case of PA in a 3-year-old toddler with inability to walk. High index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors in this age group as they can deteriorate rapidly.