bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medication for children and adolescents: current issues
Authors: Santosh Paramala J.
Published: January 2013

Problems of mental health and behaviour in children are multidisciplinary in nature and optimal treatment is often multimodal. This article focuses on aspects of psychopharmacology that has special relevance in children and adolescents, especially the recent controversies. In general, this article provides information about classes of medication and not detailed information about specific medicines. Treatment recommendations of the specific disorders have been dealt within the appropriate chapters. The use of psychotropic medication in children is higher in the United States than in many other countries, and polypharmacy is common. About 1 per cent of overall medical consultations visits by children and adolescents in 2003–2004 in the US resulted in a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) prescription. The majority of the visits involving antipsychotics were by Caucasian boys aged over nine years, visiting specialists, without private insurance, with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, disruptive disorder, or anxiety. >Pre-school (2 to 4 year olds) psychotropic medication use, between 1995 and 2001 increased across the US for stimulants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, while the use of anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics and anticonvulsants remained stable across these years, suggesting non-psychiatric medical usage. Ethnicity may influence differential prescription rates; for example, as compared to Caucasian youths, African-American youths are less likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications especially methylphenidate.
The management of child and adolescent psychiatric emergencies
Authors: Forrest Gillian C.
Published: January 2013

This chapter provides a practical approach to the management of psychiatric emergencies in children and adolescents. Such emergencies are challenging for a number of reasons. The professional resources available are usually very limited, and there is often confusion or even disagreement between professionals over what constitutes a psychiatric, as opposed to a social emergency. The parents or carers play a key role in the situation and need to be engaged and involved appropriately in the assessment and management; and issues of confidentiality and consent need to be taken into account. In addition, the psychiatrist may find himself or herself working in a variety of settings—the child's home, a hospital emergency department (A and E), a police station, a children's home, or residential school—where the facilities for assessing an angry, disturbed, or upset child may be far from ideal. Most emergencies occurring in community settings involve externalizing behaviours: aggression, violence; deliberate self-harm, or threats of harm to self or others; or extreme emotional outbursts. Some will involve bizarre behaviour which could be an indication of serious mental illness or intoxication by drugs or alcohol, or a combination of both. The emergency situation often arises in the context of acute family conflict or distress. Frequently other agencies are involved before the psychiatrist is called in (for example, emergency room staff, social workers, or the police). The on-call psychiatrist needs to be familiar with or able to obtain immediate advice about his or her local child and adolescent psychiatric services, the local child protection and child care procedures, and with the relevant mental health and child care legislation. Vignette 1:
The child psychiatrist as consultant to schools and colleges
Authors: Gowers Simon G. , Thomas Sian
Published: January 2013

As participation in education is almost universally compulsory for children, schools are in a unique position to offer prevention and identification of child mental health problems. Effective practice requires good liaison with CAMHS. There are a number of obstacles to effective working but recent times have seen a number of examples of good practice and policies to support these.
Psychiatric and behaviour disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disability
Authors: Tonge Bruce J.
Published: January 2013

Children with ID often suffer the added handicap of emotional and behavioural disorder which seriously compromises their adjustment and causes significant extra burden and cost for their parents and the community. A comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment of the child and family provides the context for understanding psychopathological symptoms and the basis for a best practice management plan incorporating psychological, educational, family, and perhaps pharmacological interventions.
Cognitive disorders, epilepsy, ADHD, and offending
Authors: Nedopil Norbert
Published: January 2013

‘Cognitive disorders’ is a broad and heterogeneous diagnostic category, which includes different disorders, each with a distinct aetiology. They affect individuals in different ways depending on the age in which they occur. The term may be applied to a child, who has experienced perinatal trauma as well as to an older person with a beginning dementia of the Alzheimer type. The scientific literature on offenders with cognitive disorders is sparse. Most authors in forensic psychiatry do not systematically differentiate between the diagnostic subcategories and tend to use broad terms, such as organic disorder, organic psychosis, organic brain syndrome, neuropsychological deficit, dementia, mental handicap, mental retardation to include a number of different disorders in their studies. The number of patients with any kind of brain disorder in forensic hospitals and institutions is comparatively small and ranges from 1 to 10 per cent of all forensic inpatients. The same numbers apply for individuals assessed for criminal responsibility or risk of reoffending. Compared to major mental disorders like schizophrenia or affective disorders or to personality disorders, patients with cognitive disorders account for only a small proportion of individuals seen by forensic psychiatrists. Subdividing this group any further would be statistically irrelevant. The way forensic psychiatry and the law deals with offenders suffering from organic brain disorders is rather derived from case reports and convention than from empirical knowledge.
Mental disorders among offenders in correctional settings
Authors: Ogloff James R. P.
Published: January 2013

Incontrovertible evidence now exists to show that the prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners far exceeds that found in the general community. A surprising concordance is emerging from several large international studies to show that, in western developed societies at least, the rates of major mental disorders in prisons are quite consistent. This chapter will provide an overview of relevant research examining rates of mental illness in prisons with those found in the community. Some observations regarding trends and implications for prisons also will be provided. At the outset it is useful to reflect on the scope of illnesses which have been subsumed under the ‘mental disorder’ umbrella as it has been applied to the prison research. Most of the research that exists has focussed serious mental illnesses within the Axis I disorders—namely psychotic illnesses, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Considerable attention has been paid regarding the prevalence of personality disorders within prisons. Over the past 20 years much of that work has investigated antisocial or dissocial personality disorder and psychopathy. By comparison, relatively little attention has been paid to other personality disorders. A growing area of importance concerns substance abuse and dependence disorders and, of course, co-occurring substance use and mental illness disorders. Considerable research also exists exploring the prevalence of mental retardation or intellectual disabilities in prison. Thereafter, fragments of research exist exploring any number of mental syndromes and conditions. The focus of this chapter will be on the major mental disorders which fall into Axis I. Some mention will be made of substance use disorders and personality disorders. In addition, with the growing number of women in prisons, information will be provided regarding this important group.
Homicide offenders including mass murder and infanticide
Authors: Swinson Nicola , Shaw Jennifer
Published: January 2013

There is a widespread public perception of the mentally ill as violent. Until the early 1980s there was a consensus view that patients with severe mental illness were no more likely to be violent than the general population. Emerging evidence from various countries over the past two decades, however, has established a small, yet significant, association between mental illness and violence. There are 500–600 homicides annually in England and Wales. Perpetrators and victims are predominantly young males, especially when the victim is unknown to the perpetrator. In such ‘stranger homicides’ perpetrators are less likely to have a lifetime history of mental illness, symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offence, or contact with mental health services. Despite an increasing rate of homicides in the general population, convictions for infanticide and the rate of infant homicide has remained relatively constant, at around 4.5 per 100 000 live births. Infanticide has become a generic term for killing of infants, even though the criminal charge in England applies to a crime for which only a woman can be indicted. Multiple homicides, in particular serial homicides, have generated a great deal of public and media interest over recent decades yet this phenomenon is rare in the UK. The rarity of these events means that there is a lack of empirical evidence about the characteristics of perpetrators and victims in the UK, with most evidence emanating from the United States. Even then, however, there is an absence of systematic, robust evidence, with many studies being limited by small sample size. Around 1 in 10 perpetrators of homicide in England and Wales are female, which is consistent with data from other countries. Stranger homicide by females is rare. In one-quarter of cases the victims are the perpetrators’ own children and a current or former partner in over a third. Homicides perpetrated by the elderly are exceptionally rare. There is a well documented increased risk of violence in those with schizophrenia. The aim of the National Confidential Inquiry is to collect detailed clinical information on people convicted of homicide, focusing on those with a history of contact with mental health services. Nearly one in three Inquiry cases were seen during the week before the homicide, a similar proportion within 1–4 weeks and the remainder between 1–12 months. A substantial proportion had mental state abnormalities at final contact, often distress, depressive symptoms, hostility, or increased use of alcohol or drugs. Despite this immediate risk was judged to be low or absent in 88 per cent cases at the last contact.
Fraud, deception, and thieves
Authors: James David V.
Published: January 2013

Dishonesty and deception are mundane and ubiquitous elements of human behaviour. Various forms are also categorized as criminal offences in the codes or statutes of all organized societies. In criminological terms, fraud, deception, and theft are forms of stealing, in other words dishonestly depriving others of goods or services. However, deception and fraudulent misrepresentation play a much wider role in human behaviour and interactions. This chapter will first consider briefly the broader picture, before considering in detail psychiatric aspects of stealing.
Arson (fire-raising)
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: January 2013

Not only is arson (fire-raising) a very worrying offence for the reasons given, but it has shown an increase in recent years. Moreover, the ‘profile’ of those convicted of arson has shifted over the years with an increased proportion of female offenders. And, in a very important recent study, Soothill et al. showed at 20 year follow-up that the proportion of those reconvicted for arson had more than doubled. The authors conclude with the sobering observation that ‘the situation in relation to arson has deteriorated significantly over the past 40 years’. The causes of fire-raising are complex and attempts at classification have not been entirely successful. Viewing fire-raising as a ‘symptom’ appears to offer the best hope for more successful diagnosis and management. The brief survey in this chapter has merely touched upon the topic. The suggestions for further reading and the references should assist those who wish to pursue the topic in further depth.
Domestic violence
Authors: Mezey Gillian C.
Published: January 2013

Over the last decade, the issue of domestic violence has been transformed from a position of ‘selective inattention’ to becoming a high-priority social and public health issue. Although it is now recognized that experiences of domestic violence are associated with adverse mental as well as physical health outcomes for the victim, this has not always been the case. After a brief historical overview, this chapter looks at the definition, epidemiology, and aetiological factors surrounding domestic violence, before discussing the mental health effects of domestic violence, risk assessment, confidentiality and domestic violence, and the perpetrators of domestic violence.
The impact of criminal victimization
Authors: Mezey Gillian C. , Robbins Ian
Published: January 2013

The impact of crime on the individual victim is profound but is frequently underestimated by mental health professionals. Wide-ranging personal, social, and economic consequences could be prevented if a range of appropriate interventions were available. Most post traumatic stress treatment programmes in the United Kingdom have developed in response to specific disasters, which may not be relevant to or as effective with crime victims. In order to provide appropriate treatment to crime victims, mental health professionals need to recognize the importance of active interagency liaison with the police, the courts and with voluntary organizations such as victim support schemes. Crime victims tend to be relatively invisible and disempowered; they are less likely to be supported by active campaigning groups than survivors of major disasters and, because of associated feelings of shame and stigmatization, they may be reluctant to claim their entitlement to proper care and treatment. The fact that their plight is often used as a political football is likely to reinforce feelings of helplessness and insecurity. Given its prevalence, crime represents both an ordinary and an extraordinary event; it is likely to affect everyone at some point in their lives and the fact that most crime victims recover from the experience should not deprive those who need it, to proper care.
The expert witness in the Criminal Court: assessment, reports, and testimony
Authors: O’Grady John
Published: January 2013

As an expert witness in the Criminal Court, the psychiatrist ceases to be simply a doctor as a psychiatrist's report and testimony addresses issues on the boundary between law and psychiatry. The law is not primarily concerned with the welfare of the defendant. Criminal law is concerned with justice, fact finding, and the attribution of guilt whilst psychiatry concerns itself with the welfare of the individual, their mental disorder, and its treatment. This chapter will explore the legal framework for expert reports and testimony, standards for such work, the particular ethical dilemmas of this work and provide practical guidance on preparation of reports and testimony. This chapter draws upon previously published work by the author. Expert evidence cannot be understood except in reference to a particular legal jurisdiction. For this chapter the legal system in the United Kingdom is chosen but the general principles will apply to all jurisdictions. Issues specific to Civil and Family courts will not be discussed.
Managing offenders with psychiatric disorders in general psychiatric services
Authors: Ogloff James R. P.
Published: January 2013

It has been shown that the prevalence of mental illness among those in the criminal justice system is significantly greater than that found in the general community. As presented in Chapter 11.4, for example, the per capita rate of psychotic illness in prisons is approximately 10 times greater than that found in the general community. Tragically, relatively few services exist that provide continuity of mental health care between gaols and the community. This produces a situation where individuals whose mental illness may have been identified and treated in gaol find themselves without services in the community. Typically, only when in crisis do they find their way into general psychiatric services either in community settings or in hospital. This situation has produced considerable stress on already taxed mental health services. Given the prevalence of offence histories among psychiatric patients, it is important for mental health professionals to be aware of the unique issues—and myths—that accompany patients with offence histories. At the outset it is important to emphasize that the duty of mental health services is to address mental health issues. That ought to be the focus of mental health services. As this chapter makes clear, though, for some patients, there is a relationship between the mental illness and offending and by addressing the mental illness, the risk of re-offending might well be reduced. Moreover, many of the ancillary issues that lead to relapse and destability in psychiatric patients also may lead to offending. Addressing these issues will both help provide long-term stability for patients and will help reduce their risk of offending. As a result, there is a need for general mental health services to acquire expertize to identify and manage patients with offending histories. This chapter will provide information about the relative risk of offending among psychiatric patients and the relationship (or lack thereof) of inpatient aggression and community-based violence and offending. A framework will be provided for assessing and treating patients with offending histories and issues using a typology of mentally ill offenders. The role of forensic mental health services in bolstering general psychiatric services, and in sometimes providing primary care for mentally ill offenders, will also be discussed.
Social Work and Palliative Care—The Early History
Authors: Saunders Dame Cicely
Published: January 2013

This chapter, covering the early history of social work and palliative care, originally appeared as Saunders, D.C. (2001). Social work and palliative care: the early history. The British Journal of Social Work. pp. 791-799. Reprinted by permission. It is written by Dame Cicely Saunders (1918-2005), who founded the modern hospice movement.
Palliative Social Work in the Emergency Department
Authors: Lawson Robin Rudy
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Care: The Invaluable Role of Social Work
Authors: Orloff Stacy F.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Special Considerations in Rural and Inner-City Areas
Authors: Richard B. Francoeur , Susan A. Murty , Bernice Sandowski
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Clinical Trials and the Role of Social Work
Authors: Karlynn BrintzenhofeSzoc
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Caregivers in Palliative Care: Roles and Responsibilities
Authors: Glajchen Myra
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
The Doctor within: Integrative Medicine, Social Work, and Palliative Care
Authors: McBee Lucia
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Technology: The Software and Hard Drive of Patient and Family Care
Authors: Campbell Katharine M.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Teamwork in Palliative Care: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Stark Doretta
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Pharmacy
Authors: Conry Maura , Herndon Christopher M. , Jackson Diane R.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Child Life: A Family's Journey with Childhood Cancer
Authors: Goldring Ellen , Solomon Judith
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Genetics
Authors: Quillin John M. , Miller Jaclyn , Bodurtha Joann N.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Bioethics: Enhanced Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas and the Challenges along the Way
Authors: Stein Gary L. , Kerwin Jeanne
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Volunteers
Authors: Walters Wendy , Watts Dennis E.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
The Need for Global Capacity Building in Palliative Social Work
Authors: Myers Rebecca S. , Clark Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Care, Culture, and the Pacific Basin
Authors: Linda Anngela-Cole , Ka'opua Lana Sue , Yim Yvonne
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in Canada
Authors: Susan Cadell , Bosma Harvey
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in Central-Eastern Europe: The Emerging Experience of Romania
Authors: Dégi Csaba L.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Care: An Indian Perspective
Authors: Jagannathan Aarti , Juvva Srilatha
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Selected Issues in Palliative Care among East Jerusalem Arab Residents
Authors: Qasim Hanan
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Ethical Considerations in Palliative Care: An Overview
Authors: O'Donnell Patricia
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Sedation: A View through the Kaleidoscope
Authors: Terry Altilio
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Navigating in Swampy Lowlands: A Relational Approach to Practice-Based Learning in Palliative Care
Authors: Browning David M. , Gerbino Susan
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Enhancing Professionalism, Leadership,and Advocacy: A Call to Arms
Authors: Raymer Mary , Gardia Gary
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Professional Connections for Palliative Social Workers
Authors: Csikai Ellen L.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Alveolopalatalization in Central German as Markedness Reduction
Authors: Hall T. A.
Published: January 2013

The present study investigates the historical unconditioned merger of palatal /ç/ (< Middle High German /x/) and postalveolar /ʃ/ into alveolopalatal /ɕ/ in certain varieties of Central German. It will be shown that the phonemicization of the alveolopalatal was the final stage in a gradual reduction of segmental markedness. Thus, /ç/ and /ʃ/ are argued to be featurally complex segments, while /ɕ/ is featurally simplex. Independent support for the proposed analysis can be found in the concomitant reduction of markedness in the vowel system of the dialects in question. The present study sheds light on the factors involved in explaining context‐free phonological change and the historical source of the alveolopalatal /ɕ/.
Molecular phylogeny evidence of altitudinal distribution and habitat adaptation in Korean Ephemera species (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)
Authors: Hwang Jeong Mi , Yoon Tae Joong , Suh Kyong In , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: January 2013

Molecular phylogeny of the four Korean Ephemera species, Ephemera orientalis, E. sachalinensis, E. strigata, and E. separigata, was inferred from 630 bp sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Results indicated that mean intraspecific sequence divergences were 0.70%, whereas mean interspecific divergences were 15.75%, and 17 samples were distinguished to four species correctly by COI sequences. The results also demonstrated that four species of Korean Ephemera assembled a monophyletic group with high support in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses. This Ephemera group was divided into two major clades of E. orientalis–E. sachalinensis and E. strigata–E. separigata. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this phylogeny explained altitudinal and habitat adaptations of Korean Ephemera species. The E. orientalis–E. sachalinensis clade, a widespread and lowland‐adapted mayfly group, retained plesiomorphic traits such as paired stripes on abdominal segments and was regarded as plesiotypic in terms of habitat adaptation, compared to the geographically more limited and upland‐adapted E. strigata–E. separigata clade.
Cardio‐respiratory response to moderate chloral hydrate sedation in young lambs
Authors: Sandberg Kenneth L. , Poole Stanley D. , Sundell Håkan W.
Published: January 2013

Aim

Chloral hydrate (CH) is the most commonly used sedative for medical procedures and lung function tests in infancy. The aim was to determine whether moderate CH sedation affects airway function, lung volume and ventilation.

Methods

Thirteen chronically instrumented 7‐ to 8‐week‐old lambs were studied both before and after CH sedation (50 mg/kg as intravenous bolus followed by 25 mg/kg/hour as continuous infusion). Nitrogen washout technique and lung mechanics analysis were used to assess functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway function. Moment analysis and lung clearance index were calculated as measures of gas mixing efficiency in distal airways. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation and indices of inspiratory drive were determined together with heart rate, blood pressure and oxygenation.

Results

No significant CH‐induced changes were found for gas mixing efficiency, FRC or lung mechanics. Minute ventilation decreased slightly, but significantly, while indices of inspiratory drive remained unchanged. Heart rate increased significantly, but mean arterial blood pressure was unaffected.

Conclusion

Moderate CH sedation did not significantly affect airway function or FRC. Although indices of inspiratory drive were not affected, minute ventilation decreased slightly. These findings indicate that reliable results can be obtained from lung function testing when CH is used for sedation.
A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Heraty John M. , Burks Roger A. , Cruaud Astrid , Gibson Gary A. P. , Liljeblad Johan , Munro James , Rasplus Jean‐Yves , Delvare Gerard , Janšta Peter , Gumovsky Alex , Huber John , Woolley James B. , Krogmann Lars , Heydon Steve , Polaszek Andrew , Schmidt Stefan , Darling D. Chris , Gates Michael W. , Mottern Jason , Murray Elizabeth , Dal Molin Ana , Triapitsyn Serguei , Baur Hannes , Pinto John D. , van Noort Simon , George Jeremiah , Yoder Matthew
Published: January 2013

Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) is extremely diverse with an estimated 500 000 species. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily based on both morphological and molecular data. A web‐based, systematics workbench mx was used to score 945 character states illustrated by 648 figures for 233 morphological characters for a total of 66 645 observations for 300 taxa. The matrix covers 22 chalcidoid families recognized herein and includes 268 genera within 78 of 83 subfamilies. Morphological data were analysed alone and in combination with molecular data from ribosomal 18S (2105 bp) and 28S D2–D5 expansion regions (1812 bp). Analyses were analysed alone and in combined datasets using implied‐weights parsimony and likelihood. Proposed changes in higher classification resulting from the analyses include: (i) recognition of Eriaporidae, revised status; (ii) recognition of Cynipencyrtidae, revised status; (iii) recognition of Azotidae, revised status; (iv) inclusion of Sycophaginae in Agaonidae, revised status; (v) reclassification of Aphelinidae to include Aphelininae, Calesinae, Coccophaginae, Eretmocerinae and Eriaphytinae; (vi) inclusion of Cratominae and Panstenoninae within Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae), new synonymy; (vii) inclusion of Epichrysomallinae in Pteromalidae, revised status. At a higher level, Chalcidoidea was monophyletic, with Mymaridae the sister group of Rotoitidae plus the remaining Chalcidoidea. A eulophid lineage was recovered that included Aphelinidae, Azotidae, Eulophidae, Signiphoridae, Tetracampidae and Trichogrammatidae. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae were monophyletic if Eutrichosomatinae (Pteromalidae) was included, and Eupelmidae was monophyletic if Oodera (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) was included. Likelihood recovered a clade of Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae). Support for other lineages and their impact on the classification of Chalcidoidea is discussed. Several life‐history traits are mapped onto the new phylogeny.
Effect of Southern Oscillation Index and spatially distributed climate data on improving the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network, Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System and K‐Nearest Neighbour streamflow forecasting models
Authors: Saghafian Bahram , Anvari Sedigheh , Morid Saeed
Published: January 2013

Streamflow forecast models are essential ingredients for water resources management. Due to nonlinear nature of streamflow generation, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and K‐Nearest Neighbour (K‐NN) have turned into popular forecast models. The main objective of this paper was to study the effect of various non‐commonly used data, including spatially distributed climatic data, as well as Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), on the improvement of one‐ to three‐month ahead flow forecasts in the Karun basin, Iran. Temperature maps were produced via elevation–temperature relationships, while inverse distance‐weighted interpolation was applied to generate precipitation maps. In addition, three different input architectures were constructed for ANNs and ANFIS models using cross‐correlation and principal component analysis techniques. Next, the most accurate models with input point data were identified based on the root mean squared error and mean absolute error. Finally, the effect of using spatial climatic data and SOI on the performance of the most accurate models was investigated. Results showed that distributed precipitation data improved the performance of ANN and ANFIS models, while K‐NN model accuracy was only marginally affected. Adding SOI as an additional input improved the forecast performance slightly in all lead times.
Geochemical Implications of Brine Leakage into Freshwater Aquifers
Authors: Wunsch Assaf , Navarre‐Sitchler Alexis K. , McCray John E.
Published: January 2013

CO2 injection into deep saline formations as a way to mitigate climate change raises concerns that leakage of saline waters from the injection formations will impact water quality of overlying aquifers, especially underground sources of drinking water (USDWs). This paper aims to characterize the geochemical composition of deep brines, with a focus on constituents that pose a human health risk and are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). A statistical analysis of the NATCARB brine database, combined with simple mixing model calculations, show total dissolved solids and concentrations of chloride, boron, arsenic, sulfate, nitrate, iron and manganese may exceed plant tolerance or regulatory levels. Twelve agricultural crops evaluated for decreased productivity in the event of brine leakage would experience some yield reduction due to increased TDS at brine‐USDW ratios of < 0.1, and a 50% yield reduction at < 0.2 brine‐USDW ratio. A brine‐USDW ratio as low as 0.004 may result in yield reduction in the most sensitive crops. The USEPA TDS secondary standard is exceeded at a brine fraction of approximately 0.002. To our knowledge, this is the first study to consider agricultural impacts of brine leakage, even though agricultural withdrawals of groundwater in the United States are almost three times higher than public and domestic withdrawals.
Metamorphic P–T evolution of high‐pressure eclogites from garnet growth and reaction textures: Insights from the Kaghan Valley transect, northern Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Hafiz Ur , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shin Keijiro
Published: January 2013

The Himalayan Metamorphic Belt of the Kaghan Valley transect in northern Pakistan is a key area where rocks of the Indian Plate have been subducted to greater depths >100 km beneath the Asian Plate and experienced high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism. At least three distinct metamorphic events can be recognized in the metamorphosed mafic rock units (eclogites and amphibolitized eclogites) of the Kaghan Valley: (i) prograde; (ii) peak; and (iii) retrograde stages. Chemical composition, zoning pattern and inclusions in garnet, and metamorphic reactions among major mineral assemblage (garnet + clinopyroxene + quartz + amphibole + epidote) show that core portions of garnet grew under the prograde stage, whereas most of the middle portions were developed or recrystallized under the high‐pressure stage with P–T conditions at 2.3 ± 0.4 GPa and 766 ± 107°C. The rim portions of garnet in association with amphibole and presence of symplectites indicate amphibole‐eclogite to amphibolite‐facies (retrograde) stage with average P–T conditions at 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa and 710 ± 75°C. Zoning in garnet shows Ca‐poor wider cores, Ca‐rich thin middle portions, and chlorite and amphibole development along the outermost rims, suggesting prograde growth at cores and homogenous middle portions and retrogressive formation at rims during the amphibolite‐facies stage. These features suggest that most of the garnet grew during subduction of the Indian Plate lithosphere before the India–Asia collision, whereas rim portions developed during rapid exhumation in the post‐collision stage.
Response of ground‐dwelling spider assemblages (Arachnida, Araneae) to Montane Grassland management practices in South Africa
Authors: Jansen Raymond , Makaka Lukhanyo , Little Ian T. , Dippenaar‐Schoeman Ansie
Published: January 2013

Frequent and extensive burning practices coupled with intensive grazing management are known to impact negatively on the vegetation diversity of grassland ecosystems. Few studies have investigated the impacts on spider diversity and community structure as a result of these management practices, and no studies have been conducted in high mountain grasslands on how these spider assemblages are influenced by this form of management.

Here, we present the results of a study conducted in the Mpumalanga grasslands on the eastern escarpment of South Africa. Ground‐dwelling spiders were sampled in the summer season from 180 pit‐fall traps in five study sites that varied from either being burnt annually and grazed heavily, burnt biennially and conservatively grazed, to communal land with no set management practice. Variations between sites were assessed and based on spider species composition and assemblage structure.

A total of 1145 individuals were collected representing 86 species from 60 genera and 43 families. Our results show that a majority of genera in these grasslands were represented by very few individuals, where a total of 37 species were represented by singletons and 17 species that were doubletons. The most abundant families were the Lycosidae (64.3%), Gnaphosidae (9.0%), Zodariidae (5.3%), Linyphiidae (4.7%) and Salticidae (3.1%).

Grazing intensity and fire frequency had no measurable effect on ground‐dwelling spider abundance diversity or assemblage structure. Only when rare or single species occurrence was included, was there some form of association with sites. This study has provided for the first preliminary inventory of ground‐dwelling spiders for this habitat.
Discovery of the rare HLA‐B*39:77 allele in an unrelated Taiwanese bone marrow stem cell donor using the sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y.
Published: January 2013

We detected a rare HLA‐B locus allele, B*39:77, in a Taiwanese unrelated marrow stem cell donor in our routine HLA sequence‐based typing (SBT) exercise for a possible haematopoietic stem cell donation. In exons 2, 3 and 4, the DNA sequence of B*39:77 is identical to the sequence of B*39:01:01:01 except one nucleotide at nucleotide position 733 (G‐>A) in exon 4. The nucleotide variation caused one amino acid alteration at residue 221 (Gly‐>Ser). B*39:77 was probably derived from a nucleotide substitution event involving B*39:01:01:01. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 haplotype in association with B*39:77 may be deduced as A*02:01‐B*39:77‐C*07:02‐DRB1*08:03‐DQB1*06:01. Our discovery of B*39:77 in Taiwanese adds further polymorphism of B*39 variants in Taiwanese population.
Durability of Adhesion between Feldspathic Ceramic and Resin Cements: Effect of Adhesive Resin, Polymerization Mode of Resin Cement, and Aging
Authors: Vanderlei Aleska , Passos Sheila Pestana , Özcan Mutlu , Bottino Marco Antonio , Valandro Luiz Felipe
Published: January 2013

Purpose: Adhesive cementation is an important step for restorations made of feldspathic ceramic as it increases the strength of such materials. Incorrect selection of the adhesive resin and the resin cement to adhere to the ceramic surface and their durability against aging can affect the adhesion between these materials and the clinical performance. This study evaluated the effect of adhesive resins with different pHs, resin cements with different polymerization modes, and aging on the bond strength to feldspathic ceramic.

Materials and Methods: One surface of feldspathic ceramic blocks (VM7) (N = 90) (6.4 × 6.4 × 4.8 mm3) was conditioned with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds, washed/dried, and silanized. Three adhesive resins (Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose Plus [SBMP], pH: 5.6; Single Bond [SB], pH: 3.4; and Prime&Bond NT [NT], pH: 1.7) were applied on the ceramic surfaces (n = 30 per adhesive). For each adhesive group, three resin cements with different polymerization modes were applied (n = 10 per cement): photo‐polymerized (Variolink II base), dual polymerized (Variolink II base + catalyst), and chemically polymerized (C&B). The bonded ceramic blocks were stored in water (37°C) for 24 hours and sectioned to produce beam specimens (cross‐sectional bonded area: 1 ± 0.1 mm2). The beams of each block were randomly divided into two conditions: Dry, microtensile test immediately after cutting; TC, test was performed after thermocycling (12,000×, 5°C to 55°C) and water storage at 37°C for 150 days. Considering the three factors of the study (adhesive [3 levels], resin cement [3 levels], aging [2 levels]), 18 groups were studied. The microtensile bond strength data were analyzed using 3‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α= 0.05).

Results: Adhesive resin type (p < 0.001) and the resin cement affected the mean bond strength (p= 0.0003) (3‐way ANOVA). The NT adhesive associated with the chemically polymerized resin cement in both dry (8.8 ± 6.8 MPa) and aged conditions (6.9 ± 5.9 MPa) presented statistically lower bond strength results, while the SBMP adhesive resin, regardless of the resin cement type, presented the highest results (15.4 to 18.5 and 14.3 to 18.9 MPa) in both dry and aged conditions, respectively (Tukey's test).

Conclusion: Application of a low‐pH adhesive resin onto a hydrofluoric acid etched and silanized feldspathic ceramic surface in combination with chemically polymerized resin cement did not deliver favorable results. The use of adhesive resin with high pH could be clinically advised for the photo‐, dual‐, and chemically polymerized resin cements tested.
Principles of Microwave Combination Heating
Authors: Datta A.K. , Rakesh V.
Published: January 2013

Faster, automated cooking of foods with improved quality can be realistically achieved only by a combination of heating modes such as microwave, infrared, and hot air, which, by themselves, have limitations. Combining heating modes poses many technical challenges. To meet these challenges, comprehensive understanding of microwave combination heating is needed. This article is the synthesis of the most fundamental‐based approaches (theoretical and experimental) in an attempt to provide the most succinctly said principles that can be useful to a product or process designer in a very practical sense. To obtain these principles, characteristics of various individual modes of heating are discussed and principles of combining them are deduced based on the behavior of the individual modes.
Authoritative feeding behaviors to reduce child BMI through online interventions
Authors: Frenn Marilyn , Pruszynski Jessica E. , Felzer Holly , Zhang Jiannan
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility and initial efficacies of parent‐ and/or child‐focused online interventions and variables correlated with child body mass index percentile change.

Design and Methods.

A feasibility and cluster randomized controlled pilot study was used.

Results.

Recruitment was more effective at parent–teacher conferences compared with when materials were sent home with fifth‐ to eighth‐grade culturally diverse students. Retention was 90% for students and 62–74% for parents. Authoritative parent feeding behaviors were associated with lower child body mass index. A larger study is warranted.

Practice Implications.

Online approaches may provide a feasible option for childhood obesity prevention and amelioration.
Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes in older adolescents: Parental support and self‐management
Authors: Dashiff Carol , Suzuki‐Crumly Julie , Kracke Beverly , Britton Lacrecia , Moreland Elaine
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD), parental support of adolescent self‐management, and the relationship of parental autonomy support with disease self‐management.

Design and Methods

Semi‐structured interviews and questionnaires were employed in a study conducted with 10 adolescents and their parents.

Results

Parents and adolescents lacked confidence to manage CFRD. Mothers' autonomy support was associated with adolescents' CFRD competence and cystic fibrosis self‐care. Fathers' autonomy support was associated with mothers' reports of adolescent cystic fibrosis self‐care.

Practice Implications

Education about CFRD management and support of adolescent autonomy in disease management is needed.