bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROTEINURIA AND SLIGHT HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA IN THREE MENTALLY RETARDED BROTHERS
Authors: EKSMYR R. , FEX G. , JAGELL S. , JOHANSSON B. G. , RAVNSKOV U. , SAMUELSON G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Mental retardation in combination with proteinuria and a slight hyperlipoproteinemia was found in three brothers. The increased urinary protein excretion was dominated by albumin and the low molecular weight proteins retinol‐binding protein (RBP) and β2‐microglobulin, indicating the presence of proximal tubular dysfunction. However, there was no glucosuria, phosphaturia or amino aciduria and the renal concentrating and acidification capacities were normal. A kidney biopsy in one of the patients revealed morphologic evidence of glomerular damage but a normal tubular structure. A mild hyper‐β‐lipoproteinemia was found in the patients but not in their healthy siblings. The cause of this syndrome, hitherto not described, is unknown.
BLOOD FLOW AND VENOUS DISTENSIBILITY IN THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: WONG W. H. , WU P. Y. K. , KAFKA H. , FREEDMAN R. I. , LEVAN N. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The electrocapacitance plethysmograph was utilized to measure peripheral blood flow and venous distensibility in 17 newborn infants and 20 adults. Measurements were made in the upper and lower extremities in each subject under identical environmental conditions. Blood flow in the forearm and calf were found to be significantly higher in infants than adults. In infants there were no significant differences in the blood flow between the upper and lower extremities. In contrast, in the adults, the blood flow was significantly higher in the upper than in the lower extremities. Similarly, venous distensibility was observed to be higher in infants than in adults. While no significant differences were observed in the venous distensibility between the upper and lower extremities in infants, the venous distensibility was found to be higher in the forearm than in the leg in adults.
GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION IN THE NEWBORN Criteria for Early Detection and Treatment
Authors: LLOYD DAVID J. , REID THOMAS M. S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Recent reports indicate that the group B haemolytic streptococcus has now assumed a major role in neonatal septicaemia in the United Kingdom. Of particular concern are the absence of premonitory signs, the fulminating nature of the infection and the high mortality. 31 cases from which this organism was isolated during the first week of life included 5 cases of neonatal septicaemia, 4 of which proved fatal. An attempt was made (a) to identify the group of neonates at greatest risk and (b) to formulate guidelines for early detection and treatment. Study indicates the importance of apnoea as a sign of infection particularly in those infants who are preterm, of low birth weight and asphyxiated. There is need for aggressive bacteriological screening and early administration of antibiotics to prevent the high mortality from group B streptococcal infection.
IgE AND ATOPIC ALLERGY IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS WITH A FAMILY HISTORY OF ATOPIC DISEASE
Authors: KJELLMAN N.‐I. M. , JOHANSSON S. G. O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Serum IgE levels were studied in 2 groups of children with a family history of atopic disease, 30 in whom the mother only and 38 in whom both parents had atopic disease. IgE antibodies were determined with Phadebas RAST® Test and serum IgE with Phadebas® IgE Test and Phadebas PRIST® at 0, 3, 9, 12 and 18 months of age. There was no correlation between the serum IgE levels in mothers and their newborns. RAST tests were frequently positive in maternal sera but no positive RAST test was found in the newborns. Obvious and probable atopic disease developed during the observation period in 42.1% of the children with a double family history of atopic disease. In 75% of these the serum IgE level was above the upper limit of normal on an average 6 months before the onset of atopic symptoms. An elevated IgE level without atopic symptoms during the observation period occurred in only one child. It is concluded that the serum IgE in newborns seems to be of foetal origin and that the determination of serum IgE in infants is of value in predicting atopic allergy.
GROWTH RETARDATION, DYSMORPHIC FACIES AND MINOR MALFORMATIONS FOLLOWING MASSIVE EXPOSURE TO PHENOBARBITONE IN UTERO
Authors: SEIP M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A syndrome of facial dysmorphism, pre‐ and postnatal growth deficiency, developmental delay and minor malformations is described in two siblings. The facial anomalies consist of short nose with low nasal bridge, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, ptosis of eyelid (patient 2), low‐set ears, wide mouth with protruding lips and relative prognathism. Patient 2 in addition had a cleft soft palate and a hypoplastic phalanx of his fifth fingers. Both siblings were exposed to extraordinary high levels of phenobarbitone (5.0–8.6 mg/100 ml) in utero. The same clinical picture has been reported by others following use of phenytoin in pregnancy, and the term “fetal hydantoin syndrome” has been proposed. Since the syndrome seems to occur both following exposure to phenytoin and to phenobarbital this term should probably be avoided. This interesting coincidence indicates that the drugs may have a similar mechanism of action on the development of the fetus.
Case Report BILATERAL TESTICULAR TORSION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: REID MARK , GRAHAM J. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A neonate with bilateral torsion of the testes is described. Torsion occurred in utero and was discovered only on routine examination after birth. The relevance of the comparatively silent torsion is discussed in relation to the age of the child, and the timing of routine examination of the newborn.
DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION OF CHILDREN IN EUROPE, 1974
Authors: SCHÄRER K. , CHANTLER C. , BRUNNER F. P. , GURLAND H. J. , JACOBS C. , PARSONS F. M. , SEYFFART G. , WING A. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. About a third of all children with end‐stage renal failure in Europe were accepted for treatment by regular dialysis or transplantation during 1974. The number of specialised paediatric dialysis centres increased. The number of renal transplants also increased, but fewer living donor grafts and retransplants were performed in 1974. The best survival was again observed on home dialysis. Patient survival after a cadaver graft improved. Children more than ten years old appeared to have a better survival on dialysis and a somewhat better graft function than younger patients. Rehabilitation was similar on home dialysis and after transplantation, but full school activity in ordinary school was reported in only 40 % of all children on hospital dialysis. Children on haemodialysis tended to dialyse more frequently in 1974, than before, but for fewer hours per week. Hepatitis was still a problem and only a small reduction in the incidence was noted during 1974. Children on dialysis required more blood transfusions than adults. Body growth on haemodialysis was retarded to a similar degree on boys and in girls; 70% of the haemodialysed and 63% of the transplanted children had a growth velocity below the third percentile. Growth rate was noted to fall after the first year on dialysis.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: PASSWELL J. , GAZIT E. , EFTER T. , MODAN M. , LILOS P. , COHEN B. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Significantly reduced immunoglobulins were found in 22 patients with phenylketonuria. Tests of cellular immune function which included delayed skin hypersensitivity, T rosettes and PHA transformation were normal. Escherichia coli antibodies and the booster response to tetanus toxoid were also normal.
BASAL AND HORMONE‐INDUCED URINARY CYCLIC AMP IN CHILDREN WITH RENAL DISORDERS
Authors: MONN E. , OSNES J. B. , ØYE I.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The excretion of cyclic AMP in urine has been examined in normal children and in children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or moderate renal failure (predominantly defective concentrating ability) under basal conditions and in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In contrast to other reported data, we could not confirm an ADH‐ and PTH‐unresponsiveness in hereditary, congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, but our patients with structural renal disorders characterized by a defective urine concentrating ability did have reduced hormonal responses. It seems necessary to define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus very carefully, and until more data are collected, there appears to be no value in the measurement of urinary cyclic AMP level in the individual patient in the differential diagnosis of disorders due to renal concentrating defects.
HYPOHISTIDINEMIA IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: ENDRES W. , BIRKMEIER K. , STOEBER E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The mean level of plasma histidine in 86 children with rheumatoid arthritis was found to be significantly lower in comparison with that of controls. The possible influence of various drugs on the plasma histidine concentration is discussed.
A CASE OF IMPAIRED CHEMOTAXIS AND LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION
Authors: HASS R. J. , NIETHAMMER D. , FLAD H. D. , WILDFEUER A. , BÜLTMANN B. , HAFERKAMP O. , KLEIHAUER E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The report describes the clinical syndroms of a 14‐year‐old boy which suffered from recurrent infections since early infancy. The clinical and general laboratory findings were similar to “the granulomatous disease of childhood” as described by Bridges et al. (8). The following serum factors were determined: Immunoglobulins, complement factors, isoagglutinins. The following assays with normal or patient's granulocytes were done: Chemotactic activity, nitroblue‐tetrazolium test, bactericidal assay, fungicidal assay, myeloperoxidase, monocytes fungicidal assay, Immunological studies include kinetics of phytohaemagglutinin response, effect of serum of the patient on lymphocytic reactivity in vitro and skin tests. The following results were obtained: 1) Assays with normal or patient's granulocytes showed an impaired chemotactic activity, when serum of the patient was added. There was strong indication by treatment of the patient with plasma infusions, that the chemotactic defect is a serum dependent factor. 2) It could be demonstrated that the patient's serum also inhibited the response of lymphocytes to tuberculin and phytohaemagglutinin. Therefore the patient report focuses attention upon the possibility of serum related abnormalities that may influence granulocytic as well as lymphocytic functions leading to recurrent bacterial, fungal and viral infections.
HEREDITARY CHOLESTASIS COMBINED WITH PERIPHERAL PULMONARY STENOSIS AND OTHER ANOMALIES
Authors: HENRIKSEN N. T. , LANGMARK F. , SØRLAND S. I. , FAUSA O. , LANDAAS S. , AAGENAES Ø.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A syndrome consisting of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis with retention of bile acids but with normalization of bile pigment excretion and blood lipids, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies and a characteristic facies is described in six patients, including a father and his daughter. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is suggested.
EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE BREATHING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: YU V. Y. H. , ROLFE P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A method of investigating the cardiorespiratory responses to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in infants with respiratory distress syndrome is described. All measurements were made immediately before and within five minutes of application or any change in level of CPAP. Ventilation was derived from a pneumo‐tachograph and dynamic compliance calculated. We have also measured arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure. Arterial oxygen tension increased in association with a decrease in the alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient. No consistent changes occurred in pH or carbon dioxide tension. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure remained the same but the arterial pulse pressure narrowed and the increase in central venous pressure averaged 17% of the applied airway pressure. There were less variations in both tidal volumes and instantaneous respiratory rates with CPAP compared with spontaneous breathing without CPAP. The respiratory rate decreased, but there were no consistent changes in tidal volume, resulting in a lesser reduction of minute ventilation. Dynamic compliance decreased on CPAP. With correct use of CPAP, and improvement in oxygenation generally occurs without obvious adverse cardiorespiratory effects. CPAP must nevertheless be used cautiously and in conjunction with close monitoring; because when the appropriate pressures are exceeded, it is possible that both circulatory and ventilatory function might be severely compromised.
ALDOSTERONE AND SODIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN PRETERM INFANTS
Authors: HONOUR J. W. , VALMAN H. B. , SHACKLETON C. H. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A specific mass spectrometry method was used for tetrahydroaldosterone determination in urine of preterm infants (26–34 weeks gestational age) up to 9 weeks of age. Hyponatremia during the first 2 weeks of life was associated with an excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone (5–50 μg/24 h) comparable with full‐term infants. Excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone was significantly elevated in all infants studied during the third week of life (80–350 μg/24 h) and this was associated with establishment of positive sodium balance. The excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone remained high for 2 or 3 weeks. The results are discussed in relation to the development of renal tubules and control mechanisms for sodium homeostasis.
NEONATAL ACIDOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSIENT METHYLMALONICACIDURIA AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
Authors: WILLIAMS A. J. , IRELAND J. T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Investigation of a neonate presenting with a metabolic acidosis, vomiting and an apnoeic attack revealed abnormal urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) associated with a low serum vitamin B12. Restriction of dietary protein was followed by normalisation of acid‐base balance. Reintroduction of normal daily protein intake did not precipitate further acidosis or increased excretion of MMA. The transient methylmalonicaciduria was probably due to deficiency of vitamin B12.
BILIRUBIN DISPLACING EFFECT OF STABILIZERS ADDED TO INJECTABLE PREPARATIONS OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: BRODERSEN ROLF , HANSEN POUL
Published: January 2008

Abstract Stabilizers added to preparations of human serum albumin before heat treatment were tested for bilirubin displacing effect, using the peroxidase method. It was found that N‐acetyltryptophan and sodium caprylate displace bilirubin from its complex with human serum albumin in vitro. The quantitative findings were used for a rough estimate of the effect of these substances on the free bilirubin concentration in blood plasma, expected when stabilized albumin preparations are given intravenously for prevention of kernicterus. The calculated effect is a delay of the decrease of free bilirubin concentration, or even a temporary increase. Sodium mandelate displaces less strongly.
DIMINISHED LIMB BLOOD FLOW IN INFANTS WITH TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS: AN ADAPTATION TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA?
Authors: POWERS WILLIAM F. , SWYER PAUL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Powers, W. F. and Swyer, P. R. (Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada). Diminished limb blood flow in infants with transposition of the great vessels: An adaptation to chronic hypoxia? Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:205, 1977.—Calf blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using a mercury in rubber strain gauge in infants with transposition of the great vessels. (TGV), and in comparable infants free from cardiopulmonary disease. Resting calf blood flow in the infants with TGV was 3.610.8 ml/100 ml/min, while in the control group flow was 6.8±2.3 ml/100 ml/min, a highly significant difference. We postulate that newborns with TGV decrease their resting calf flow in response to chronic hypoxia.
THE RADIAL DYSPLASIA/IMPERFORATE ANUS/VERTEBRAL ANOMALIES SYNDROME (THE VATER ASSOCIATION): DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS AND EYE FINDINGS
Authors: SAY B. , GREENBERG D. , HARRIS R. , DeLONG S. L. , COLDWELL J. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Say, B., Greenberg, D., Harris, R., DeLong, S. L. and Coldwell, J. G. (Department of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). The radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome (the VATER association): developmental aspects and eye findings. Acta Paediatr Scand 66: 233, 1977.—The developmental evaluations of four children of different age groups with radial dysplasia/imperforate anus/vertebral anomalies syndrome are presented. These show that although the gross motor behavior is significantly delayed, intelligence, language, and social development are within normal range. Therefore, the patients with this syndrome merit every effort toward rehabilitation. Three of the patients discussed have ophthalmological abnormalities, in addition to their major malformations. It may be that congenital eye defects are another component of this syndrome of morphogenesis.
CONTROL OF STREPTOMYCIN AND ISONIAZID IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN TREATED FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: AKBANI Y. , BOLME P. , LINDBLAD B. S. , RAHIMTOOLA R. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Akbani, Y., Bolme, P., Lindblad, B. S. and Rahimtoola, R. J. (The Paediatric Clinics ofJinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan and St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Drug control of streptomycin and isoniazid in malnourished children treated for tuberculosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:237, 1977.—In 12 malnourished children, who were treated for tuberculosis, plasma levels of streptomycin and isoniazid were followed. Streptomycin was administered i.m. in a dose of 25–50 mg/kg/24 hours. High initial plasma levels were reached (mean: 44.3 μg/ml at 30 min). Streptomycin levels were followed for 5 hours and the mean plasma level at that time was 17.0 μg/ml. From the present data a plasma half life of streptomycin of 3.5 hours has been estimated. It is advised that streptomycin should not be given in doses above 25 mg/kg/24 hours to avoid potential toxic plasma levels especially if plasma levels cannot be measured. It is also concluded from our study that renal function is not affected in malnourished children to an extent where streptomycin clearance is greatly affected. Isoniazid was given orally, 10 mg/kg/24 hours. From 30 min to 6 hours after administration, mean plasma levels of isoniazid above 0.5 μg/ml were observed. In all children measurable plasma levels were obtained. It is concluded that also children with malnutrition can absorb isoniazid after oral administration. From our data it is suggested that the majority of the children in our study were rapid inactivators of isoniazid.
EXCESSIVE HEPATIC GLYCOGEN STORAGE IN GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE ISOMERASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: BIERVLIET J.‐P. G. M. VAN , STAAL G. E. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Excessive amounts of glycogen were found in liver and erythrocytes of a patient suffering from generalized glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency. A low carbohydrate diet, frequent meals and avoidance of peak carbohydrate challenges resulted in a significant decrease of liver volume without affecting the haematological condition. The possible mechanism of these findings are discussed.
GONADOTROPIN‐RELEASING HORMONE (LH‐RH) AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN IN THE TREATMENT OF TWO BOYS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM
Authors: KRABBE S. , SKAKKEBÆK N. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Two brothers, 16 and 14 years of age, with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia were treated with subcutaneous injections of 200μg gonadotropin‐releasing hormone at 8‐hour intervals for 4 weeks. Serum FSH increased to the range of normal adult men, but serum LH and serum testosterone showed little change and no clinical signs of pubertal development occurred. Thereafter the 2 patients were given HCG for 11 months and a combination of HCG and HMG for a further 3 months. In response to this treatment, the serum testosterone levels increased to the range of normal adult men and a marked development of the secondary sex characteristics was seen.
SEVERE MENTAL RETARDATION IN A SWEDISH COUNTY I. Epidemiology, Gestational Age, Birth Weight and Associated CNS Handicaps in Children Born 1959–70
Authors: GUSTAVSON K.‐H. , HAGBERG B. , HAGBERG G. , SARS K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In an unselected series of children born in 1959–70 with severe mental retardation (MR)‐defined as IQ<50–in a Swedish county, the incidence, prevalence, gestational length, birth weight and associated CNS handicaps were analysed. The cumulative incidence at 1–16 years of age was calculated at 3.3‰ and the prevalence at 11–16 years at 2.8‰. These figures were lower than in most other previous studies. In the great majority of cases the pathogenesis was of prenatal origin. The mean gestational lengths and birth weights were decreased compared with those of an average Swedish population. Severe MR affected large and small for date babies more often than could be expected. On the other hand, babies, with a low birth weight, appropriate for gestational age, and with an uncomplicated history, were found not to run a special risk of severe MR. Among the 122 children, 42% had one or more associated CNS handicaps—epilepsy (30%) and cerebral palsy (18%) being the most common.
INFANTILE POLYARTERITIS AND KAWASAKI DISEASE
Authors: SMITH A. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Polyarteritis in infancy is very rare, difficult to diagnose and invariably fatal. A 6‐month‐old girl who presented with a prolonged unexplained fever and was subsequently demonstrated at post‐mortem examination to have polyarteritis is described. The combination of polyarteritis with some unusual presenting features suggests that the case described is one of the Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (M.L.N.S.) or Kawasaki Disease. Polyarteritis and Kawasaki Disease are discussed with reference to the case described.
COMPLETE HEART BLOCK IN A YOUNG CHILD PRESUMABLY DUE TO MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE MYOCARDITIS
Authors: FRIEDLI B. , RENEVE F. , ROUGE J. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The case is described of an 18 months old boy with sudden onset complete heart block, heralded by Stokes‐Adams attacks. General signs of viral illness preceded and accompanied the syndrome; this, along with angiographic evidence of a poorly contracting left ventricle, led to the diagnosis of non bacterial myocarditis. Serologic tests disclosed a significant rise in antibodies against mycoplasma pneumoniae (1/16 to 1/128). The His‐bundle electrogram showed a block above the His‐bundle, but fairly widespread damage to the conduction system is suspected. The complete heart block proved to be permanent and a fixed rate pacemaker had to be implanted.
INFANTILE CONVULSIONS: TRANSIENT INFANTILE HYPOCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH SKELETAL DEFORMITIES
Authors: HORST J. L. VAN DER , HÖLSCHER J. F. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An infant with skeletal deformities and hypocalcemic convulsions is described. The convulsions, which were first noted in the 5th week of life, as well as the low serum calcium level were transient. The skeletal deformities consisted of deformation of the terminal phalanges of the right third finger and right second toe, syndactyly of the third and fourth finger of both hands and left pes equinovarus. X‐ray examination revealed abnormal shape and structure of some bones of the hands. The most likely diagnosis is transient congenital idiopathic hypopara‐thyroidism, which has not yet been described in association with congenital skeletal anomalies.
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION IN INFANTS Blood Levels of Glucose, Lactate, Pyruvate, Free Fatty Acids, Glycerol, D‐β‐Hydroxybutyrate, Triglycerides, Free Amino Acids and Insulin
Authors: LINDBLAD B. S. , SETTERGREN G. , FEYCHTING H. , PERSSON B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Two regimens (A and B) for TPN were designed to meet the requirements of newborn infants for calories, amino acids, fatty acids, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins. Both “A” and “B” included fat emulsion (Intralipid®). “A” contained fructose and glucose, “B” glucose only. “A” provided amino acids (Vamin®) in proportions similar to those of whole egg, “B” similar to those of human milk. All nutrients were given simultaneously into peripheral veins by constant infusion. Nineteen patients (11 newborns, 8 infants) were studied for 1–28 days. Twelve infants recovered, 7 died. In none could TPN be regarded as the cause of death. Treatment was complicated by sepsis in 5 infants. During the course of treatment, blood levels of substrates and insulin were measured before, during and 30 min after discontinuation of TPN. Highly raised concentrations of circulating substrates seen in 3 infants seemed to be related to a poor clinical condition rather than to the regimen used. Infants in good condition tolerated TPN well. Low levels of branch‐chained amino acids and tendency to ketonemia, when infusion was stopped, suggested that minimal rather than optimal supply of energy and of amino acids in relation to energy was provided with both regimens. Low insulin levels associated with elevated blood levels of substrates suggested that insulin administration to selected cases might be indicated. Fructose (0.30 g/kg × hour‐1) given with regimen A increased blood lactate concentrations. Homocystinaemia appeared in 2 cases; disappearance after excess vitamin B6 administration indicated increased B6 requirement.
BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: CASSIMOS CH. , VARLAMIS G. , KARAMPERIS S. , KATSOUYANNOPOULOS V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Blood pressure (BP) levels were recorded in 2 223 male and 2 205 female children and adolescents ranging in age from 7 to 18 years. In addition, 521 male adults (soldiers) ranging in age from 21 to 25 years were included in the study. Children and adolescents who participated in the survey were selected at random from the Elementary and High Schools. The results of the study showed that a gradual increase occurred in the systolic, as well as in the diastolic component of blood pressure from 7 to 18 years of age. By contrast, there was no increase with age in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the young male adult subjects, who had BP measurements comparable to those observed in children. A child was characterized as hypertensive according to the criteria outlined by Master et al. Children with BP between the 90th and the 95th percentile were considered as suspect hypertensive, whereas those with BP exceeding the 95th percentile were considered definitely hypertensive. The overall incidence of hypertension in children in this survey was 3.1%.
CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE CHEST‐WALL PRESSURE THERAPY FOR ASSISTING VENTILATION IN OLDER CHILDREN WITH PROGRESSIVE RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY1
Authors: SANYAL SHYAMAL K. , AVERY THOMAS L. , THAPAR MOHINDER K. , HUGHES WALTER T. , HARRIS KENNETH S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Continuous negative chest‐wall pressure (CNP) was used to assist ventilation in 14 children, 6 months to 14 years of age, who had progressive respiratory insufficiency caused by diffuse bilateral alveolar disease. Before the start of CNP therapy, each child had a respiratory rate>50/min, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)<70 mmHg (FIO2≥50%), and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2)<45 mmHg. The mean intrapulmonary right‐to‐left shunt was 28.7±3.8%. Within 6 hours after therapy was started, PaO2 increased from 55.4±15.9 to 81.6±17.7 mmHg (p<0.005). This improvement was sustained and within 24 hours permitted a decrease in fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (FIO2) from 51.8±6.2 to 41.0±8.4% (p<0.001) and in respiratory rate from 78.1±23.0 to 56.4±21.3 (p<0.01). There was a concomitant decrease in intrapulmonary right‐to‐left shunt. Four of the 14 patients developed pneumothorax that was successfully decompressed. Ten patients survived.

These observations establish CNP therapy as an effective means of improving arterial oxygenation in spontaneously breathing older children. Of added significance, this mode of therapy eliminates the need for endotracheal intubation and prolonged use of muscle relaxants and sedatives. It also minimizes exposure to high FIO2, thereby minimizing the hazards of pulmonary oxygen toxicity.
CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDIES OF PHYSICAL GROWTH IN TWINS, POSTMATURE AND SMALL‐FOR‐DATES CHILDREN
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN R. N. , SIMPSON R. N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. From 16955 live births which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970, three groups of children who might have suffered from fetal malnutrition, i.e. the multiple, postmature and small‐for‐dates births were selected with a 10% random sample. Their birthweights and weights, heights and head circumference measurements were compared at the ages of 22 months and 3½ years. Differences between the random and postmature groups still present at 22 months disappeared at 37half; years. Variations in the other groups persisted and the compensation occurring at 22 months had apparently ceased at 3½ years. The three examinations were linked and the children including those in the control group showed considerable mobility in their quartile ratings. Only a minority remained unchanged. At the same time the weights of the heavier and lighter children tended to go towards the mean. As the velocity of growth slowed the redistribution tended to lessen but was still taking place at the age of 3½ years.
ON THE SOURCE OF LIPASE ACTIVITY IN GASTRIC CONTENTS
Authors: BLÄCKBERG L. , HERNELL O. , FREDRIKZON B. , ÅKERBLOM H. K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A convenient assay procedure for determination of the activity of pharyngeal lipase (gastric content lipase), using a long chain triglyceride as substrate, is described. Lipase activity in extracts of rat tongue, salivas collected from the upper esophageal pouch from two human newborns with congenital esophageal atresia and in gastric content obtained from an infant with pyloric stenosis were studied. Optimal lipase activities of the three enzyme sources were found in the same pH‐range. During hydrolysis the composition of the products formed were also similar. The data presented indicate that at least some of the lipase activity which is responsible for lipolysis in the stomach of the newborn, originates in pregastric tissues.
SCREENING FOR AUTOSOMAL ABERRATIONS
Authors: HIGURASHI MAKOTO , SEGAWA MASAYA , MATSUI ICHIRO , IHNUMA KAZUZO , NAKAGOME YASUO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A method of screening for autosomal aberrations is important as an indication for chromosome analysis such as that used in sex‐chromatin examination for sex chromosome aberrations. In our clinic, malformed patients with mental retardation and abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are strong suspects for autosomal aberrations. Abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns are separated into two categories: (1) Absolutely abnormal—radial loop of 1st finger, radial loop of 4th finger, radial loop of 5th finger, arch over 6 fingers, arch tibial, loop tibial, and arch fibular; (2) Borderline abnormalities—high axial triradius (t‘ and t“), simian crease, interdigital loop, and single crease of 5th finger. Of 416 cases showing malformation, retardation, and abnormal dermatoglyphics, 308 had autosomal aberrations, while 108 had normal karyotypes. In the group with autosomal aberrations, 279 patients (90.6%) had absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics. In the group with normal karyotypes only 8 patients (7.4%) had absolutely normal dermatoglyphics, while most had abnormal dermatoglyphics in the borderline category. These clinical manifestations: absolutely abnormal dermatoglyphics, mental retardation, and malformations are therefore very useful in screening for autosomal aberrations.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HAEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN INFANCY IN JERUSALEM The Effect of Social Factors and the Relation to Physical Growth
Authors: PALTI H. , ADLER B. , WOLF N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The infant population of a mixed middle and low social class community in a western neighbourhood of Jerusalem has been examined for haemoglobin, haematocrit weight and length at 9 months of age. The mean haemoglobin has been 11.1 g/100 ml, the mean haematocrit 36.1 and the mean MCHC 31.1%. In most cases the anemia has been mild. Statistically significant differences in the mean haemoglobin have been found by social class of father and sex of the child. No statistically significant association has been found between birth weight, weight and length at 9 months and mean weight increment per week between birth and 9 months of age and haemoglobin. Lower levels of Hb have been demonstrated in the males by categories of birth weight and categories of weight increment.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF AN ANEURYSM OF THE MEMBRANOUS VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
Authors: FAST J. H. , MOENE R. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A patient with a small ventricular septal defect complicated by an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum is reported. The aneurysm was diagnosed by left ventricular angiocardiography and, non‐invasively, by echocardiography. The clinical significance of the anomaly is discussed in relation to the pertinent literature.
T3 TOXICOSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: HARLAND P. C. , McARTHUR R. G. , FAWCETT D. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Triiodothyronine (T3) toxicity has been well documented in adults, but only isolated cases have been reported in children. Two girls presented with firm goitres and overt hyperthyroidism. In each patient, total serum thyroxine (T4) values by competitive protein binding were normal, however total T3 values by radioimmunoassay were elevated. One patient had Graves' disease, the second patient had Hashimoto's disease which has been only infrequently associated with T3 toxicity in adults. Both patients responded to therapy with propylthiouracil. The mechanisms by which T3 is preferentially secreted in thyrotoxic states in man are poorly understood, but iodine deficiency and poor iodination of thyroglobulin may be important factors.
GENETIC‐ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN PHYSICAL GROWTH
Authors: MARTORELL REYNALDO , YARBROUGH CHARLES , LECHTIG AARON , DELGADO HERNAN , KLEIN ROBERT E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Variability in stature among young children is often ascribed to health and nutrition differences in malnourished populations and to genetic differences in well‐nourished populations. Hence, it was hypothesized that parent‐child correlations in malnourished Guatemalan populations would be markedly lower than those reported for European samples. Instead, it was found that parent‐child and sibling correlations were similar in both kinds of populations. The simplest interpretation of these results is that variability in stature among malnourished children is as much a reflection of genetic differences as in developed nations. However, explanations can also be advanced which would attribute the higher than expected correlations to the environment. For instance, it could be that socioeconomic and nutritional status is correlated across generations. In other words, parents who had relatively better conditions as children are more likely to provide a better environment for their children. Consequently, the relative contribution of genetics and environment to variability in height is still unsettled. Nonetheless, it appears that variability in body size in malnourished populations, regardless of the relative importance of its causes, is a useful indicator of health and nutrition.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION DURING THE INJECTION OF ADRIAMYCIN
Authors: BJÖRKHEM G. , GARWICZ S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Echocardiography was used to evaluate left ventricular function in 8 children treated with adriamycin for malignant disease. Preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole (ALVID) were measured before, during and immediately after 22 injections of adriamycin as well as 14 injections of other cytotoxic drugs and physiologic saline. No immediate effects on left ventricular function could be discerned. When functional parameters were evaluated longitudinally in patients with relatively higher cumulative doses of adriamycin, percent change in left ventricular internal dimension with systole showed some tendency to decrease, while the other parameters remained essentially unchanged.
TREATMENT OF SEPTICAEMIA IN THE NEWBORN INFANT: CHOICE OF INITIAL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS AND THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION1
Authors: TÖLLNER U. , POHLANDT F. , HEINZE F. , HENRICHS I.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The therapeutic success of antibiotics used at the beginning of treatment and the effect of exchange transfusion in cases of septicaemia were tested in 22 newborn infants. The clinical course of these patients was compared with the outcome of 11 newborn infants who received antibiotic treatment without exchange transfusion. The following results were obtained: 1) All 6 patients initially receiving antibiotics, which were ineffective in vitro, died. In this group of patients the incidence of septic organ involvements (meningitis, ventriculitis, peritonitis) was significantly increased, 2) Following exchange transfusion, an impressive clinical improvement was consistently observed. 3) In patients who had initially received effective antibiotics and exchange transfusion, the lethality was significantly lower than in patients without exchange transfusion. 4) Our bacteriological findings show that continuous monitoring of cultures from blood, CSF and stool is necessary to choose the most effective antibiotic in the prevailing nosocomical circumstances.
THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTYRAMINE ON SERUM LIPIDS AND PLATELET AGGREGATION OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC CHILDREN (TYPE 11A) WHILE ON HIGH LINOLEIC ACID DIET
Authors: FERNANDES J. , DIJKHUIS‐STOFFELSMA R. , GROSE W. F. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. 25 children with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II A) were treated with cholestyramine or placebo in a cross over study during 2 periods of each 10 weeks. The medication was added to a high linoleic acid diet, which had been started at least 1 year earlier. Serum lipids and platelet aggregation were investigated at the end of the 2 periods. On cholestyramine, serum cholesterol levels decreased significantly, whereas the linoleate and oleate content of cholesterylesters and serum triglycerides did not change systematically. Platelet aggregation time, measured with a filtragometer, did not systematically change either.
PREVENTION OF KERNICTERUS, BASED ON RECENT PROGRESS IN BILIRUBIN CHEMISTRY
Authors: BRODERSEN R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A review is presented of recent progress in bilirubin chemistry, its binding to albumin, displacement by drugs, and the mechanism of phototherapy. Quantitative formulations of the effect of albumin dosage, of varying pH, and of fatty acids result in a diagram which may be tried as an aid to indications for therapy.
DELETION OF THE SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME NO. 10
Authors: BERGER R. , LARROCHE J. C. , TOUBAS P. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new case of deletion of the short arm of chromosome no. 10 is reported. The individualization of a new autosomal syndrome associated with a 10p‐ aberration is discussed.
USE OF WEANING FOODS (BEIKOST) IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY Socio‐economic and Psychological Aspects
Authors: KÖHLER EVA‐MARI , KÖHLER LENNART , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An interview was performed among mothers of 466 children, aged 6–18 months, in order to elucidate which factors influence the parents' choice of industrially produced or home‐made foods, when feeding their infants with Beikost. The use of canned foods was more popular among mothers of very young children, the families' own »table‐food» being considered as nutritionally not adequate and also less convenient. The »home‐cookers», on the other hand, were convinced that industrially prepared Beikost was not necessary from nutritional, taste or economical aspects. Feeding problems occurred in about 15% of all families, irrespective of feeding practices. Social and economic factors, like education, working and money spent on food, seemed to influence the families' choice of food for the children to a very small extent, implying that the way of feeding children had no deeper impact on their standard of living. Instead, the mother's own activities, interest, knowledge and ideas of how to feed children were decisive for her choice: the “home–cookers” were more interested in household work like shopping, baking and cooking, and these activities did not exhaust them as much as they did the “jar–buyers”. Information from the food industries was the most important source for the parents' knowledge about nutrition and feeding of babies, irrespective of their feeding practices. After knowledge due to experience from older children the Child Health Centres were the third most appreciated source of information. It is therefore most important that the baby food industries give information of high quality and that they follow certain ethical principles, preferably formulated by paediatricians acting as medical consultants to the industry. However, the primary responsibility for information to parents about baby food falls on the country's health authorities. Considering the apprehension of feeding management often revealed by the mothers and also the relatively high frequency of feeding problems reported, it seems wise to educate and support the Child Health Centres towards a more active participation on nutritional matters.
HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME Results of Treatment with Hemodialysis
Authors: EKBERG M. , HOLMBERG L. , DENNEBERG T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The characteristics of the hemolyticuremic syndrome in 7 children living in a well defined area in the south of Sweden are described. All the patients had a severe form of the disease and were critically ill. The clinical activity could best be followed by measuring blood platelets and urinary FDP. Early institution of hemodialysis treatment, given almost daily until normalisation of platelet count and urinary output, is the most important live‐saving measure. Full dosage heparin seems not to be necessary. Six patients survived and were followed‐up for 1–7 years. When last seen they all had normal renal function and blood pressure.
LACTOSE AND PROTEIN ABSORPTION FROM BREAST MILK AND COW'S MILK PREPARATIONS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE INTESTINAL FLORA Investigations on two Infants with an Artificial Anus
Authors: HEINE W. , ZUNFT H.‐J. , MÜLLER‐BEUTHOW W. , GRÜTTE F.‐K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and a cow's milk preparation enriched up to 7% of lactose were studied in two infants with an artificial anus applied in the ascending colon region. The concentrations of protein, lactose, glucose and galactose were measured in the fistula stools. In addition, the stools were analysed microbiologically. There were relatively high concentrations of lactose and its decomposition products and low concentrations of protein and aminonitrogen in the fistula stools when breast milk was fed. When the cow's milk formula was applied, only traces of lactose but high amounts of protein were measured. The microbiological findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the bacterial flora of the large intestine is influenced by the lactose and protein concentrations in the intestinal content which reach the large intestine.
PATIENTS AT A PAEDIATRIC OUT‐PATIENT CLINIC A Study with Particular Reference to Psychological and Social Background Factors I. The Problem, Material, Methods and the Actual Visit
Authors: JONSELL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A large proportion of the children who attend paediatric clinics present with indefinite somatic symptoms or complaints which are clearly or possibly of a psychological nature. At the same time it is known that patients with serious psychological problems tend to seek help far too late. This study is an attempt to find out whether the patients who are liable to become problem cases in the long term can be identified by the paediatrician at an early stage and, if so, in what ways these patients differ from others in a paediatric clientele.

All the patients who attended the Paediatric Out‐Patient Clinic at Umeå Hospital during the course of one year were assessed by the physicians there. It was judged that psychological factors of importance were involved in 5.2 %, that the importance was doubtful in 8.3 % and that no psychological factors were involved in 86.5%. The proportion of cases involving psychological factors of importance increased with age and amounted to 17 % among the 10 to 15‐year‐olds.
PATIENTS AT A PAEDIATRIC OUT‐PATIENT CLINIC A Study with Particular Reference to Psychological and Social Background Factors II. Earlier Contacts with the Health Service, Social Background, Parents' Morbidity, General Discussion and Recommendations
Authors: JONSELL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Psychological factors were considered by the examining physicians to play an important part in 5.2% of approximately 4000 initial visits to a paediatric clinic. These cases are compared with a matched control group representing the cases where the physicians judged that psychological factors were not involved. As compared with the controls, then a considerably larger proportion of the patients with symptoms associated with psychological factors had a previous history of contacts with child psychiatrists or attendence at the paediatric clinic for problems of a psychological nature. Their parents, the mothers in particular, had a higher frequency of registered sickness for mental‐nervous disorders and their families had more frequently been the subject of special social inquiries or assistance. To a large extent the examining paediatrician was unaware of these background conditions. With a better case history and proper follow‐up one could probably reduce the number of X‐ray examinations, consultations and laboratory tests. Further training and better contacts would be facilitated if members of a children's psychiatric team were stationed within the paediatric clinic
ASSESSMENT OF COR PULMONALE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Authors: RYSSING E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Thirty‐one patients with cystic fibrosis of varying severity were examined by echocardiography. Right ventricular dimension (RVD) was above upper normal limit in 14 patients and right ventricular dimension index (RVD index) was higher than the upper normal limit in 11 patients. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between increasing RVD index and 1) decreasing forced vital capacity (FVC) both actual test results and average 6 months values; and 2) decreasing peak‐expiratory flow rate (PEFR) both actual test results and average 6 months values. This observation suggests a persistent heart involvement. Five patients had either heart failure and/or electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular abnormality. These patients had increased RVD index and one patient with the highest RVD index died 8 weeks after the examination. The present study has shown the usefulness of echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular dimension and of septal motion in assessing cor pulmonale, before development of electrocardiographic abnormalities and right heart failure.