bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The discursive construction of archival science: Conceptual foundations
Authors: Barros Thiago Henrique Bragato
Published: February 2014

This work outlines a theoretical background established in Archival Science based mainly on discourse analysis as a key discipline to understand which the differences are and points of conceptual commonality in the area. Uses the French Discourse Analysis as a principle with a theoretical and methodological framework to typify the archive as a discursive practice defined by their historical aspects of its institutional junctures. The study of discourse helps to understand how certain linguistic formations construct the discourse, concerned mainly with the context in which the text was produced. This analysis take place from manuals and treatises of Archival Science produced during the development of discipline and regarded as grounds for discipline. We analyzed the Manual of an Archival
Arrangement and Description (vor Handleiding van het ordenen in bescheijven archieven) of Muller, Feith, and Fruin (Ed.1 1898). Another work considered is the Manual of Archive Administration Including the Problems of War Archives and Archive a Making (1 Ed. 1922) and some of late works of Sir Hillary Jenkinson and finally analyzed the work of Theodore R. Schellenberg some aspects
of his vast bibliography. With this analyzes we established a radiography of the Archival Science basis.
Contentious categories
Authors: Thornton Katherine
Published: February 2014

Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia created entirely of user‐generated content. Roughly two years after Wikipedia began, the community decided to create a category system to organize the content of the site. The category system has changed over time, as have conceptualizations of what role it should serve in Wikipedia. In this paper, I consider six months of discussion about the design and implementation of the category system in Wikipedia. I analyze the comments editors shared and attempt to understand how these early decisions shaped the category system as it currently exists.
Développement d’une plateforme Web pour réduire l’usage de cannabis chez les jeunes qui fréquentent les centres d’éducation des adultes
Authors: Gagnon Hélène , Côté José , Tessier Sébastien , April Nicole
Published: February 2014

Le cannabis est la drogue illicite la plus souvent consommée chez les jeunes adultes. Son usage est associé à l’échec et à l’abandon scolaire.

L’utilisation de plateformes Web est de plus en plus populaire pour intervenir auprès de ces jeunes. Cet article a pour objectifs de présenter la méthodologie utilisée et les résultats de chaque étape de développement d’une plateforme Web qui vise à réduire l’usage de cannabis chez les jeunes adultes qui retournent à l’école.

L’intervention mapping a servi de guide pour le développement de cette plateforme. Les déterminants du problème sont d’abord documentés. Ces informations sont ensuite utilisées pour le développement d’une matrice d’objectifs et pour le choix des méthodes d’intervention. L’implication des populations cibles et des partenaires ainsi que le devis d’évaluation sont finalement décrits.

Sept séquences de cinq expositions brèves à des messages éducatifs sur l’ordinateur ont été développées pour permettre aux jeunes de reconnaître leur vulnérabilité par rapport à certaines situations à risque de consommer et pour les aider à prendre la décision de réduire ou d’arrêter leur consommation. Différentes méthodes d’apprentissage sont utilisées pour présenter les messages éducatifs aux jeunes, notamment le tailoring et l’apprentissage par modèle.

L’intervention mapping a été utile pour lier le savoir des populations visées aux connaissances théoriques et empiriques. Un projet pilote est actuellement évalué pour vérifier l’impact de cette intervention sur l’usage de cannabis chez les jeunes adultes.
Le Programme de compétences familiales en Espagne : l’efficacité de l’approche familiale dans les programmes de prévention des dépendances à la drogue et l’alcool chez l’enfant
Authors: Gomila Maria  Antonia , Orte Carmen , Ballester Lluís
Published: February 2014

L’approche familiale s’avère la plus efficace dans la prévention de la consommation abusive d’alcool et de drogues, de troubles mentaux et de comportements problématiques chez les enfants et les adolescents, et ses effets sur les familles et leurs enfants sont importants. Cette perspective permet un type d’intervention orienté vers la promotion des facteurs de protection et la réduction des facteurs de risque et des modèles de comportement problématiques. Ce travail rapporte l’adaptation du Strengthening Families Program en Espagne (Orte et al., 2006), les résultats de l’application du Programme de compétences familiales jusqu’à 2011 ainsi que les résultats de l’analyse longitudinale réalisée en 2012, qui permet d’attester du maintien des effets à moyen terme de la participation au programme.
Intervenir auprès d’adultes dépendants en rechute : point de vue de l’usager et de l’intervenant
Authors: Gormley Amélie , Laventure Myriam
Published: February 2014

Les recherches stipulent qu’entre 40 % et 90 % des personnes présentant une dépendance à l’alcool ou aux drogues expérimenteraient au moins une rechute après avoir reçu des services d’aide (Douaihy, Stowell, Park et Daley, 2007 ; Marlatt et Gordon, 1985 ; McLellan, 2002 ; Weisner, Matzger et Kaskutas, 2003). Plus de la moitié de ces usagers feraient de nouveau appel aux services et 13 % utiliseraient ces mêmes services à cinq reprises et plus (Office of Applied Studies, 2002). La présente étude a pour objectif d’identifier les raisons qui incitent les personnes expérimentant une ou plusieurs rechutes à retourner vers les mêmes services, les besoins de ces personnes, les services qui pourraient répondre à leurs besoins ainsi que les attitudes professionnelles favorisant le maintien et le retour dans les services. Les données résultent d’entrevues semi-structurées, réalisées à partir d’un échantillon composé de 11 usagers et de 10 intervenants psychosociaux provenant d’un centre de réadaptation public du Québec qui est spécialisé en dépendance. Les résultats suggèrent que les usagers ayant expérimenté une ou plusieurs rechutes dans le passé demanderaient des services plus intensifs et à plus long terme. Par ailleurs, les résultats font ressortir l’importance d’une aide extérieure, d’un réseau social de soutien et de la qualité de la relation avec le professionnel dans le rétablissement des personnes ayant expérimenté une ou plusieurs rechutes. Les résultats de cette étude nous amènent à proposer plusieurs avenues intéressantes pour le développement et l’adaptation des services actuels à la clientèle qui est confrontée à une ou plusieurs rechutes.
Effect of nitrogen doping on the performance of Ge2Sb2Te5 films in chemical mechanical polishing
Authors: Shin Dong-Hee , Song Min-Jung , Kim Jin-Wook , Kim Gyu-Hyun , Hong Kwon , Lim Dae-Soon
Published: February 2014

The effects of nitrogen doping on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) films for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and their performance were investigated. Nitrogen doping was controlled using a rapid thermal annealing system with nitrogen gas flow rates that varied from 0 to 20 sccm at 300 °C. The material removal rate, surface characteristics and crystal structure of the nitrogen doped GST films after CMP were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. XRD patterns revealed that the intensities of crystalline diffraction peaks decreased with increasing nitrogen flow rate. With increasing flow rate, the material removal rate and surface roughness of GST films reduced owing to nitrogen doping effects. Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the nitrogen doped GST films after CMP showed changes in the threshold voltage owing to changes in crystallization and surface roughness. Further, Nitrogen doped GST films in CMP showed a strong correlation with material removal rate, surface roughness, and crystallization.
Characteristics of reactive ion etching lag in HBr/O2 plasma etching of silicon trench for nanoscale device
Authors: Park Wanjae , Lee WooHyun , Kim Wan-Soo , Kim Hyuk , Whang Ki-Woong
Published: February 2014

In this study, we investigated the etching parameter dependence of the reactive ion etch (RIE) lag of nanometer silicon trenches using HBr/O2 plasma in an inductively coupled plasma etcher. As the O2 flow rate, pressure, and source power decreased and the substrate temperature increased, the RIE lag improved. The RIE lag dependence on the O2 flow rate correlated with surface oxidation which gives rise to charging up of positive ions and reduction in silicon etching rate. Increased oxidation, rate resulted in severer RIE lag. These were verified by actinometrical optical emission spectroscopy measurements. On the other hand, the decrease in substrate temperature worsened the RIE lag owing to the remaining etching by-products deposited on the substrate. When the pressure and source power decreased, the RIE lag improved owing to the increase in average ion energy. As the bias power increased, the RIE lag improved, but for excessively high power, the RIE lag deteriorated, as the positive ions could not reach the bottom of the trench due to charging. However, the RIE lag improved at high bias powers when the RF power was pulse-modulated. There was almost no frequency dependence of the RIE lag, but the RIE lag improved when the duty ratio was reduced. The improvement of the RIE lag in the pulsed plasma is thought to be due to the relaxation of the charging up of positive ions by the negative ions generated during the power-off period.
Stochastic effects in 11 nm imaging of extreme ultraviolet lithography with chemically amplified resists
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Santillan Julius Joseph , Itani Toshiro
Published: February 2014

The resolution of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography with chemically amplified resist processes has reached 16 nm (half-pitch). The development of chemically amplified resists is ongoing toward the 11 nm node. However, the stochastic effects are increasingly becoming a significant concern with the continuing shrinkage of features. In this study, the fluctuation of protected unit distribution caused by the stochastic effects during image formation was investigated assuming line-and-space patterns with 11 nm half-pitch. Contrary to expectations, the standard deviation of the number of protected units connected to a polymer after postexposure baking (PEB) did not differ from that for 16 nm half-pitch. The standard deviation after PEB increased with the effective reaction radius for deprotection and the initial standard deviation before PEB. Because of the severe requirements for resist processes, the stochastic effects in chemical reactions should be taken into account in the design of next-generation resists.
Frequency tunable terahertz filter based on dual layered split-ring resonator array
Authors: Jung Hyunseung , Lee Hojin
Published: February 2014

Terahertz frequency tunable filter based on the dual layered split-ring resonator (SRR) array was fabricated on flexible polyimide film using conventional photolithography techniques. The fabricated SRR array was measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and compared with the simulation data. We found that the center frequency could be controlled from 1.04 to 1.65 THz by the dipole coupling effect between upper and lower SRR layers. The bandwidth of the fabricated filter is also confirmed to be tuned validly ranging from 1.04 to 1.72 THz. By using the extracted field distribution, we verified that the localized field enhancement could be manipulated by changing the coupling distance between adjacent layers.
Single-electron counting statistics with a finite frequency bandwidth
Authors: Watase Narii , Hashisaka Masayuki , Muraki Koji , Fujisawa Toshimasa
Published: February 2014

Single-electron counting is widely used to probe single electron dynamics and correlated electron transport through quantum dots. However, finite frequency bandwidth in amplifying and analyzing the detector current removes fast counting events and alters the statistics. We have developed a correction scheme to obtain the actual tunneling rates through a quantum dot, when the detector has a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency comparable to the rates. The accuracy of our scheme is confirmed by simulating the filtering effect on Poisson random switching events and by applying it to experimental data for self-checking.
Micro dynamic avalanche phenomenon during turn-off in Silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors
Authors: Machida Satoru , Ito Kenichi , Yamashita Yusuke
Published: February 2014

In this study, the dependence of the turn-off surge on gate resistance (R
G) and temperature in Silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors was investigated. From the measured and simulated results, it became clear that the surge decrease that occurs with small R
G derives from a dynamic avalanche phenomenon adjacent to the bottom of the trench. This phenomenon enables us to explain the dependence of the turn-off surge on not only the temperature but also on other conditions. It was confirmed that the amount of surge decrease with small R
G is mainly determined by the collector current when the gate to emitter voltage reaches the threshold voltage. In addition, it was found that this surge decrease is affected even by a smaller avalanche generation rate compared with that in a critical electric field. This is due to a so-called “micro” dynamic avalanche phenomenon. This micro dynamic avalanche phenomenon plays a crucial role in turn-off surge, especially with small R
G.
ProteinO‐Mannosylation in Metazoan Organisms
Authors: Panin Vladislav M. , Wells Lance
Published: February 2014

ProteinO‐mannosylation is a special type of glycosylation that plays prominent roles in metazoans, affecting development and physiology of the nervous system and muscles. A major biological effect ofO‐mannosylation involves the regulation of α‐dystroglycan, a membrane glycoprotein mediating cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Genetic defects ofO‐mannosylation result in the loss of ligand‐binding activity of α‐dystroglycan and cause congenital muscular dystrophies termed dystroglycanopathies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry and in vitro analyses has shed new light on the mechanism of α‐dystroglycan glycosylation; however, this mechanism is underlain by complex genetic and molecular elements that remain poorly understood. ProteinO‐mannosylation is evolutionarily conserved in metazoans, yet the pathway is simplified and more amenable to genetic analyses in invertebrate organisms, indicating that genetically tractable in vivo models could facilitate research in this area. This unit describes recent methodological strategies for studying proteinO‐mannosylation using in vitro and in vivo approaches.Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 75:12.12.1‐12.12.29. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluating soil biogeochemistry parameterizations in Earth system models with observations
Authors: Wieder William R. , Boehnert Jennifer , Bonan Gordon B.
Published: February 2014

Soils contain large reservoirs of terrestrial carbon (C), yet soil C dynamics simulated in Earth systems models show little agreement with each other or with observational data sets. This uncertainty underscores the need to develop a framework to more thoroughly evaluate model parameterizations, structures, and projections. Toward this end we used an analytical solution to calculate approximate equilibrium soil C pools for the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4cn) and Daily Century (DAYCENT) soil biogeochemistry models. Neither model generated sufficient soil C pools when forced with litterfall inputs from CLM4cn; however, global totals and spatial correlations of soil C pools for both models improved when calculated with litterfall inputs derived from observational data. DAYCENT required additional modifications to simulate soil C pools in deeper soils (0–100 cm). Our best simulations produced global soil C pools totaling 746 and 978 Pg C for CLM4cn and DAYCENT parameterizations, respectively, compared to observational estimates of 1259 Pg C. In spite of their differences in complexity and equilibrium soil C pools, predictions of soil C losses with warming temperatures through 2100 were strikingly similar for both models. Ultimately, CLM4cn and DAYCENT come from the same class of models that represent the turnover of soil C as a first‐order decay process. While this approach may have utility in calculating steady state soil C pools, the applicability of this model configuration in transient simulations remains poorly evaluated.
The relationship between sawtooth events and O+ in the plasma sheet
Authors: Liao J. , Cai X. , Kistler L. M. , Clauer C. R. , Mouikis C. G. , Klecker B. , Dandouras I.
Published: January 2014

In order to study the relationship between sawtooth events and the composition of the plasma sheet, we perform a superposed epoch analysis (SEA) of the O+ concentration inside the near‐Earth plasma sheet during sawtooth events and substorms sorted by different geomagnetic storm phases, using Cluster/Composition Distribution Function data. The SEA shows that the O+ content increases during sawtooth growth phase, regardless of storm phase, and reaches 20% around the onset of dipolarization. For storm main phase events, the plasma sheet O+ concentration during sawtooth events is only slightly higher than that observed during substorm events. However, for storm recovery phase and nonstorm time events, there is significantly more O+ within the plasma sheet during sawtooth events than during substorm events. No difference is found in the comparison between the O+/H+ density ratio changes during the first tooth and the subsequent teeth in a series of a sawtooth interval. Hence, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that due to the higher O+ inside the plasma sheet, subsequent teeth will lead to a closer near‐Earth X line and then a wider magnetic local time response. Finally, despite the association between sawtooth events and high O+/H+ ratio, there are times when the O+/H+ density ratio is high in the plasma sheet but no sawtooth event is observed, and there are sawtooth events when the O+/H+ ratio is low. This indicates that enhanced O+ is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition but is likely one of many factors that play a role in triggering sawtooth events.
A fixed sublithospheric source for the late Neogene track of the Yellowstone hotspot: Implications of the Heise and Picabo volcanic fields
Authors: Anders Mark H. , Rodgers David W. , Hemming Sidney R. , Saltzman Janet , DiVenere Victor J. , Hagstrum Jonathan T. , Embree Glenn F. , Walter Robert C.
Published: January 2014

The Heise and Picabo volcanic fields of eastern Idaho are part of the more extensive time‐transgressive Yellowstone‐Snake River Plain hotspot track. Calderas associated with these two silicic volcanic fields are buried under 1 to 3 km of younger basalt, so their locations and eruption record histories have been based on analysis of silicic units along the margins of the eastern Snake River Plain along with some limited geophysical data. A 1.5 km borehole penetrating through basalt into underlying silicic rocks provides new data we used to reassess caldera locations and the timing of eruptions of these volcanic fields. Using these new caldera locations, we calculate an extension‐adjusted rate of 2.35 cm/yr for the North American plate over the last 6.66 m.y. and a velocity of 2.30 cm/yr over the 10.27 m.y. Recalculation of a previously determined plate velocity‐based migration of the deformation field surrounding the eastern Snake River Plain yields an extension‐adjusted rate of 2.38 ± 0.21 cm/yr. These migration rates all fall within the previously published range of North American plate velocities of 2.2 ± 0.8 cm/yr, 2.4 cm/yr, and 2.68 ± 0.78 cm/yr based on a global hot spot reference frame. The consistency of these rates suggest that over the last 10 m.y., the Yellowstone hot spot is fixed with respect to the motion of the North American plate and therefore consistent with a classical deep‐sourced hotspot model.
A risk‐based approach to flood management decisions in a nonstationary world
Authors: Rosner Ana , Vogel Richard M. , Kirshen Paul H.
Published: February 2014

Traditional approaches to flood management in a nonstationary world begin with a null hypothesis test of “no trend” and its likelihood, with little or no attention given to the likelihood that we might ignore a trend if it really existed. Concluding a trend exists when it does not, or rejecting a trend when it exists are known as type I and type II errors, respectively. Decision‐makers are poorly served by statistical and/or decision methods that do not carefully consider both over‐ and under‐preparation errors, respectively. Similarly, little attention is given to how to integrate uncertainty in our ability to detect trends into a flood management decision context. We show how trend hypothesis test results can be combined with an adaptation's infrastructure costs and damages avoided to provide a rational decision approach in a nonstationary world. The criterion of expected regret is shown to be a useful metric that integrates the statistical, economic, and hydrological aspects of the flood management problem in a nonstationary world.
Quantitative estimate of the paleo‐Agulhas leakage
Authors: Caley Thibaut , Peeters Frank J. C. , Biastoch Arne , Rossignol Linda , van Sebille Erik , Durgadoo Jonathan , Malaizé Bruno , Giraudeau Jacques , Arthur Kristina , Zahn Rainer
Published: January 2014

The Indian‐Atlantic water exchange south of Africa (Agulhas leakage) is a key component of the global ocean circulation. No quantitative estimation of the paleo‐Agulhas leakage exists. We quantify the variability in interocean exchange over the past 640,000 years, using planktic foraminiferal assemblage data from two marine sediment records to define an Agulhas leakage efficiency index. We confirm the validity of our new approach with a numerical ocean model that realistically simulates the modern Agulhas leakage changes. Our results suggest that, during the past several glacial‐interglacial cycles, the Agulhas leakage varied by ~10 sverdrup and more during major climatic transitions. This lends strong credence to the hypothesis that modifications in the leakage played a key role in changing the overturning circulation to full strength mode. Our results are instrumental for validating and quantifying the contribution of the Indian‐Atlantic water leakage to the global climate changes.
Enhanced Electron Mobility Due to Dopant‐Defect Pairing in Conductive ZnMgO
Authors: Ke Yi , Lany Stephan , Berry Joseph J. , Perkins John D. , Parilla Philip A. , Zakutayev Andriy , Ohno Tim , O'Hayre Ryan , Ginley David S.
Published: January 2014

The increase of the band gap in Zn1‐xMgxO alloys with added Mg facilitates tunable control of the conduction band alignment and the Fermi‐level position in oxide‐heterostructures. However, the maximal conductivity achievable by doping decreases considerably at higher Mg compositions, which limits practical application as a wide‐gap transparent conductive oxide. In this work, first‐principles calculations and material synthesis and characterization are combined to show that the leading cause of the conductivity decrease is the increased formation of acceptor‐like compensating intrinsic defects, such as zinc vacancies (VZn), which reduce the free electron concentration and decrease the mobility through ionized impurity scattering. Following the expectation that non‐equilibrium deposition techniques should create a more random distribution of oppositely charged dopants and defects compared to the thermodynamic limit, the paring between dopant GaZn and intrinsic defects VZn is studied as a means to reduce the ionized impurity scattering. Indeed, the post‐deposition annealing of Ga‐doped Zn0.7Mg0.3O films grown by pulsed laser deposition increases the mobility by 50% resulting in a conductivity as high as σ = 475 S cm‐1.
Facile and Large‐Scale Fabrication of a Cactus‐Inspired Continuous Fog Collector
Authors: Cao Moyuan , Ju Jie , Li Kan , Dou Shixue , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei
Published: January 2014

Although clean drinking water is a basic human need, freshwater scarcity has been identified as a major global problem of the 21st century. Nature has long served as a source of inspiration for human beings to develop new technology. The cactus in the desert possesses a multifunctional integrated fog collection system originating from the cooperation of a Laplace pressure gradient and the wettability difference. In this contribution, inspired by the cactus, an artificial fog collector on a large scale is first fabricated through integrating cactus spine‐like hydrophobic conical micro‐tip arrays with the hydrophilic cotton matrix. The novel cactus‐inspired fog collector can spontaneously and continuously collect, transport, and preserve fog water, demonstrating high fog collection efficiency and promising applications in the regions with drinking water scarcity. Furthermore, the present approach is simple, time‐saving and cost‐effective, which provides a potential device and new idea to solve the global water crisis.
A Convenient Synthetic Protocol to 1,2‐Bis(dialkylphosphino)ethanes
Authors: Doyle Laurence R. , Heath Alex , Low Choon Heng , Ashley Andrew E.
Published: February 2014

1,2‐Bis(dialkylphosphino)ethanes are readily prepared from the parent phosphine oxides, via a novel sodium aluminium hydride/sodium hydride reduction protocol of intermediate chlorophosphonium chlorides. This approach is amenable to multi‐gram syntheses, utilises readily available and inexpensive reagents, and benefits from a facile non‐aqueous work‐up in the final reductive step.

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Organocatalytic Domino Reaction of Electron‐Deficient 2,4‐Dienes with 2‐Halo‐1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: A Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Approach to Functionalized Five‐Membered Carbocycles
Authors: Xie Jian‐Wu , Xu Mei‐Lan , Zhang Ren‐Zun , Pan Jin‐Yun , Zhu Wei‐Dong
Published: February 2014

An unexpected domino reaction of electron‐deficient 2,4‐dienes with 2‐halo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, employing the readily available N‐(4‐trifluoromethylbenzyl)cinchonium bromide as the phase‐transfer catalyst, provides an access to functionalized cyclopentenes and fulvene derivatives with excellent regio‐, chemo‐ and stereoselectivities. A plausible mechanism for this unprecedented domino reaction is given.

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Chemoselective Ruthenium‐Catalysed Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Fernández‐Salas José A. , Manzini Simone , Nolan Steven P.
Published: February 2014

A very general and efficient catalytic protocol for the selective reduction of carboxylic acids to their corresponding alcohols under mild conditions is described. Various carboxylic acids, including benzoic acids, were reduced in good yields using the presented methodology. The ruthenium‐catalysed method yields a highly chemoselective reduction permitting the reduction of a carboxylic acid functionality in the presence of numerous other potentially reducible moieties.

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Factors associated with survival in a contemporary adult sickle cell disease cohort
Authors: Elmariah Hany , Garrett Melanie E. , De Castro Laura M. , Jonassaint Jude C. , Ataga Kenneth I. , Eckman James R. , Ashley‐Koch Allison E. , Telen Marilyn J.
Published: January 2014

In this study, the relationship of clinical differences among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) was examined to understand the major contributors to early mortality in a contemporary cohort. Survival data were obtained for 542 adult subjects who were enrolled since 2002 at three university hospitals in the southeast United States. Subjects were followed up for a median of 9.3 years. At enrollment, clinical parameters were collected, including hemoglobin (Hb) genotype, baseline laboratory values, comorbidities, and medication usage. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured for a subset of 87 subjects. The relationship of clinical characteristics to survival was determined using regression analysis. Median age at enrollment was 32 years. Median survival was 61 years for all subjects. Median survival for Hb SS and Sβ0was 58 years and for Hb SC and Sβ+was 66 years. Elevated white blood count, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, frequency of pain crises, pulmonary hypertension, cerebrovascular events, seizures, stroke, sVCAM‐1, and short‐acting narcotics use were significantly associated with decreased survival. Forty‐two percent of subjects were on hydroxyurea therapy, which was not associated with survival. SCD continues to reduce life expectancy for affected individuals, particularly those with Hb Sβ0and SS. Not only were comorbidities individually associated with decreased survival but also an additive effect was observed, thus, those with a greater number of negative endpoints had worse survival (P < 0.0001). The association of higher sVCAM‐1 levels with decreased survival suggests that targeted therapies to reduce endothelial damage and inflammation may also be beneficial. Am. J. Hematol. 89:530–535, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimuli‐Responsive Microjets with Reconfigurable Shape
Authors: Magdanz Veronika , Stoychev Georgi , Ionov Leonid , Sanchez Samuel , Schmidt Oliver. G.
Published: January 2014

Flexible thermoresponsive polymeric microjets are formed by the self‐folding of polymeric layers containing a thin Pt film used as catalyst for self‐propulsion in solutions containing hydrogen peroxide. The flexible microjets can reversibly fold and unfold in an accurate manner by applying changes in temperature to the solution in which they are immersed. This effect allows microjets to rapidly start and stop multiple times by controlling the radius of curvature of the microjet. This work opens many possibilities in the field of artificial nanodevices, for fundamental studies on self‐propulsion at the microscale, and also for biorelated applications.
Real‐Time Monitoring of Auxin Vesicular Exocytotic Efflux from Single Plant Protoplasts by Amperometry at Microelectrodes Decorated with Nanowires
Authors: Liu Jun‐Tao , Hu Liang‐Sheng , Liu Yan‐Ling , Chen Rong‐Sheng , Cheng Zhi , Chen Shi‐Jing , Amatore Christian , Huang Wei‐Hua , Huo Kai‐Fu
Published: January 2014

Recent biochemical results suggest that auxin (IAA) efflux is mediated by a vesicular cycling mechanism, but no direct detection of vesicular IAA release from single plant cells in real‐time has been possible up to now. A TiC@C/Pt‐QANFA micro‐electrochemical sensor has been developed with high sensitivity in detection of IAA, and it allows real‐time monitoring and quantification of the quantal release of auxin from single plant protoplast by exocytosis.
The Activation of Sulfur Hexafluoride at Highly Reduced Low‐Coordinate Nickel Dinitrogen Complexes
Authors: Holze Patrick , Horn Bettina , Limberg Christian , Matlachowski Corinna , Mebs Stefan
Published: January 2014

The greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride is the common standard example in the literature of a very inert inorganic small molecule that is even stable against O2 in an electric discharge. However, a reduced β‐diketiminate nickel species proved to be capable of converting SF6 into sulfide and fluoride compounds at ambient standard conditions. The fluoride product complex features an unprecedented [NiF]+ unit, where the Ni atom is only three‐coordinate, while the sulfide product exhibits a rare almost linear [Ni(μ‐S)Ni]2+ moiety. The reaction was monitored applying 1H NMR, IR and EPR spectroscopic techniques resulting in the identification of an intermediate nickel complex that gave insight into the mechanism of the eight‐electron reduction of SF6.
The Electronic Ground State of [Fe(CO)3(NO)]−: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study
Authors: Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Miehlich Burkhard , Holzwarth Michael S. , Bauer Matthias , Milek Magdalena , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Knizia Gerald , Werner Hans‐Joachim , Plietker Bernd
Published: January 2014

During the past 10 years iron‐catalyzed reactions have become established in the field of organic synthesis. For example, the complex anion [Fe(CO)3(NO)]−, which was originally described by Hogsed and Hieber, shows catalytic activity in various organic reactions. This anion is commonly regarded as being isoelectronic with [Fe(CO)4]2−, which, however, shows poor catalytic activity. The spectroscopic and quantum chemical investigations presented herein reveal that the complex ferrate [Fe(CO)3(NO)]− cannot be regarded as a Fe−II species, but rather is predominantly a Fe0 species, in which the metal is covalently bonded to NO− by two π‐bonds. A metal–N σ‐bond is not observed.
Total Synthesis of the Antimitotic Marine Macrolide (−)‐Leiodermatolide
Authors: Paterson Ian , Ng Kenneth K.‐H. , Williams Simon , Millican David C. , Dalby Stephen M.
Published: January 2014

Leiodermatolide is an antimitotic macrolide isolated from the marine sponge Leiodermatium sp. whose potentially novel tubulin‐targeting mechanism of action makes it an exciting lead for anticancer drug discovery. In pursuit of a sustainable supply, we report a highly stereocontrolled total synthesis (3.2 % yield) based on a convergent sequence of palladium‐mediated fragment assembly and macrolactonization. Boron‐mediated aldol reactions were used to configure the three key fragments 2, 5, and 6 by employing the appropriate enantiomer of the lactate‐derived ketone 7.
α‐MsO/TsO/Cl Ketones as Oxidized Alkyne Equivalents: Redox‐Neutral Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed CH Activation for the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Yu Da‐Gang , de Azambuja Francisco , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2014

α‐Halo and pseudohalo ketones are used for the first time as C(sp3)‐based electrophiles in transition‐metal‐catalyzed CH activation and as oxidized alkyne equivalents in RhIII‐catalyzed redox‐neutral annulations to generate diverse N‐heterocycles. This transformation is efficient and scalable. Due to the mild reaction conditions, a variety of functional groups could be tolerated.
Carbenoid transfer in competing reactions catalyzed by ruthenium complexes
Authors: Dragutan Ileana , Dragutan Valerian , Verpoort Francis
Published: January 2014

Aiming at improving catalyst activity, ten ruthenium promoters have been investigated in carbenoid transfer from ethyl diazoacetate to styrene as a model substrate. Optimal selectivity in cyclopropanation has been attained with the new NHC–Ru complex10, as well as with the Fischer carbene7. The surprising non‐metathetical behavior of the Grubbs’ first‐generation catalyst in this multifaceted process is highlighted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LiBF4integrated into [BMIm]BF4: an ionic‐liquid metal composite and homogeneous catalyst for efficient synthesis of pyran‐annulated heterocycles
Authors: Rad‐Moghadam Kurosh , Taghizadeh Valadi Alireza , Alipour Arefeh
Published: January 2014

The ionic liquid [BMIm]BF4doped with LiBF4was found to efficiently catalyze the three‐component reaction between isocyanides, acetylenic esters and enols or phenols at room temperature, leading to rapid synthesis of 2‐aminopyran‐annulated systems in fairly high yields. Efficiency of this catalysis and its benefits in terms of improved yields and reaction times could be ascribed to involvement of relatively stable organolithium intermediates which make the reaction more feasible. The ionic solution tolerates a significant amount of dissolved LiBF4, while remaining fluid at room temperature to serve as solvent for the organic substrates. It retains its initial integrity after use and recovery, as it could be recycled several times without appreciable catalytic decrements. The catalytic activity of the ionic composite is completely lost in the absence of LiBF4. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acetanilide palladacycle: an efficient catalyst for room‐temperature Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Buragohain Zenith , Mondal Manoj , Sarmah Gayatri , Borah Geetika , Bora Utpal
Published: January 2014

The catalytic activity of three acetanilide palladacycles derived from easily accessible and commercially available acetanilide derivatives, viz. N‐phenylacetamide (L1), N‐(4‐chlorophenyl)acetamide (L2) and N‐(4‐methylphenyl)acetamide (L3) has been examined in Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of arylboronic acid with aryl bromides at room temperature. The complex 1L3 exhibited efficient activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction (up to 99% isolated yield) under mild reaction conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study and modelling drying of banana slices under superheated steam
Authors: Hamawand Ihsan , Yusaf Talal , Bennett John
Published: January 2014

In this research, a steam oven was used to study drying of banana fruit in a variety of steam–air percentages and temperatures. The drying process stopped when the samples reached a moisture content equal or less than 8%. The inversion temperature in this study that has a significant influence on energy consumption in the process has been detected not only as a function of temperature but also as a function of the sample's thickness as well. Inversion temperature was detected at a sample thickness higher than 6 mm and drying medium temperature higher than 160 °C. The modelling of the drying process was divided into three periods: initial condensation–evaporation period, constant rate period and falling rate period. The models for temperature at the centre of the sample during initial condensation period, sample's moisture content during initial condensation–evaporation period, sample's moisture content during constant and falling rate periods showed good agreements with the experimental data with relative absolute errors of 14%, 1.5% and 5%, respectively. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box in the 1950s
Authors: Stuart Hunter J.
Published: January 2014

This short essay covers the early professional life of George E. P. Box starting before WWII, followed by his 1953 visit to the Institute of Statistics in Raleigh, NC, and ending with his departure from Princeton University in 1959 to establish the Department of Statistics at Madison, WI. This brief period provides an early glimpse of the vigor and genius of one of the world's great statisticians. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
George Box: His interface with industry and its impact
Authors: Hill William J.
Published: January 2014

This article discusses George Box's impact on industry and his desire for his students to listen to industry needs for applied statistics problem‐solving opportunities. Three examples are given including lesser known but nonetheless important ones on how Box's research and outreach impacted industry and attracted industrial support. These include (i) the role of his time series research with Gwilym Jenkins and George Tiao on better understanding environmental problems of air pollution, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change; (ii) the enabling infrastructure that he set up at the University of Wisconsin including the Department of Statistics and, with Bill Hunter, the Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement; and (iii) his supervision of students, many of whom went into industry positions or interfaced closely with industry from their academic positions on deploying applied statistics in problem‐solving. In his own words in his recent autobiography ‘An Accidental Statistician’, he said ‘I wanted them (meaning his students) to take their ideas out of the classroom, to discuss and to argue them, and to meet industrial statisticians who could explain howtheysolved problems’. He had great respect for industry professionals and their role in helping him and others in the development of new applied statistical methods for problem‐solving. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the joint choice behavior of intercity transport mode and high‐speed rail cabin with a strategy map
Authors: Yang Chih‐Wen , Tsai Ming‐Chih , Chang Cheng‐Chih
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates the joint choice behavior of intercity transport modes and high‐speed rail cabin class within a two‐dimensional choice structure. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the mode choice behavior, little is known about the influence of cabin class on their intercity traveling choice. Hence, this study is conducted with a revealed preference survey to investigate the intercity traveling behavior for the western corridor of Taiwan. The results of nested logit model reveal that a cabin strategy has a more significant influence on cabin choice than on mode choice. Furthermore, this study proposes a new strategy map concept to assist transport operators in defining and implementing their pricing strategies. The results suggest that to capture a higher market share, high‐speed rail operators should choose an active price reduction strategy, while bus and rail operators are advised to implement a passive price increase strategy to raise unit revenue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entwerfen von Eisenbahnbrücken für dynamische Einwirkungen aus dem Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr
Authors: Marx Steffen , Schneider Sebastian
Published: February 2014

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem dynamischen Verhalten von Eisenbahnbrücken für Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr und stellt die Auswirkungen von Tragwerksanpassungen auf die Tragwerksreaktionen infolge Zugüberfahrt dar. Zunächst wird das dynamische Verhalten von Einfeldträgern betrachtet, welche als Einfeldträgerketten für Überfahrten von Hochgeschwindigkeitszügen sowohl in technischer als auch in ästhetischer Hinsicht das denkbar ungünstigste Tragwerk darstellen. Deshalb wurden systematisch alternative statische Systeme untersucht, um die dynamische Charakteristik von Eisenbahnbrücken im Entwurf gezielt zu beeinflussen. Wegen der starken Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem überfahrenden Zug und dem Brückenbauwerk kann die Auswirkung von Systemveränderungen im Vorfeld nur schwer abgeschätzt werden. Durchlaufträgersysteme mit Gesamtlängen von mehr als 30 m weisen, verglichen mit Einfeldträgern, generell geringere Tragwerksreaktionen auf und können bei gleichen Querschnitten mit deutlich höheren Geschwindigkeiten überfahren werden. Durch die Anordnung von Vouten lassen sich speziell die Eigenfrequenzen erhöhen, deren zugehörige Eigenform Krümmungen im Bereich der Stützung aufweist. Verkürzungen der Randfelder führen zur Erhöhung aller Eigenfrequenzen und somit der Resonanzgeschwindigkeiten. Mit den hier vorgestellten Erkenntnissen lässt sich die dynamische Stabilität von Hochgeschwindigkeitseisenbahnbrücken schon im Entwurf gezielt verbessern.

Design of high‐speed railway bridges to dynamic exposure

This article deals with the dynamic behaviour of high‐speed railway bridges due to crossing trains and shows the impact of specific adjustments to the dynamic response of the superstructure. Initially the dynamic behaviour of single span beams is being observed, which are, as sequential sinlge span beams, imaginably an unfavourable structure in terms of efficiency and aesthetics. Therefore, alternative structural systems are being investigated, to influence the dynamic characteristics of railway bridges during the early design stages. Because of the interaction between the crossing train and the superstructure, the impact of changes in the structural system can hardly be estimated. Continuous beams with an overall length of more than 30 m show lower dynamic responses than single span beams and can be used with much higher velocities, even with the same cross section. Especially those natural frequencies, whose natural modes show a curvature at the supports, can be increased by adding haunches. Shortening the side spans lead to an increase of all natural frequencies and resonant velocities. By using the knowledge presented in this article, the dynamic stability of high‐speed railway bridges can be improved even during the early design stages.
Planungswettbewerb Süderelbebrücke Moorburg
Authors: Reintjes Karl‐Heinz
Published: February 2014

Die Brücke über die Süderelbe ist ein wesentlicher Teil der geplanten Verlängerung der Bundesautobahn A 26, die künftig die Bundesautobahnen A 7 und A 1 im Süden des Hamburger Hafens miteinander verbinden soll.

Der mögliche Korridor der A 26 für die Querung der Süderelbe ist aufgrund der räumlichen Randbedingungen eng gefasst. Das Kraftwerk Moorburg, der Hafen Hohe Schaar, verschiedene großräumige Betriebsgelände, die vorhandene Trasse der Kattwykstraße und Hafenbahn sowie geplante Bauvorhaben ließen nur eine Querung der Süderelbe in der Nähe der vorhandenen Kattwykbrücke zu. Damit war eine schwierige Aufgabenstellung für die Brücke gegeben.

Zur Lösungsfindung wurde ein Realisierungswettbewerb durchgeführt und mit der Preisgerichtssitzung im Mai 2013 abgeschlossen. Der erste Platz wurde einstimmig ausgewählt. Es handelt sich um eine Schrägseilbrücke mit zwei Pylonen, einer Spannweite von 350 m und einer allseits anerkannten, gelungenen Gestaltung mit charakteristischen Entwurfselementen, einem zweigeteilten Überbau und zweigeteilten Pylonen.

Auch bei den übrigen Wettbewerbsbeiträgen, es waren insgesamt zwölf Arbeitsgemeinschaften von Ingenieuren und Architekten beteiligt, finden sich Entwürfe, die von besonderem gestalterischen oder technischen Interesse sind. Der Schwerpunkt liegt deutlich bei Schrägkabelbrücken, andere Brückenkonstruktionen wurden allerdings auch vorgeschlagen.

Design competition Süderelbe bridge Moorburg – Report on execution and result of the realization competition

The bridge across the Süderelbe will be the key structure of the projected extension of the federal motorway A 26, which in future will link the A 7 with the A 1 in the south of the Hamburg harbor.

The possible corridor for the alignment of the A 26 across the Süderelbe is confined tightly. The power plant Moorburg, the harbor Hohe Schaar, several industry areas, roads, a railway line lead stringently to a crossing in the neighborhood of the existing Kattwyk Bridge. So, a difficult setting of tasks is given for the design of the bridge.

A competition was initiated to find the best design and solution for realization. In May 2013, a jury of clients and experts assessed the works of the twelve participants. The winner is a cable‐stayed bridge with two pylons, a main span of 350 m and of a generally approved aesthetic design. Characteristic elements are a dual superstructure and split pylons.

Under the other works of the competition are inspirational designs of aesthetical or technical interest, too.