bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical stimulation improves tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle
Authors: Powell Courtney A. , Smiley Beth L. , Mills John , Vandenburgh Herman H.
Published: May 2013

Human bioartificial muscles (HBAMs) are tissue engineered by suspending muscle cells in collagen/MATRIGEL, casting in a silicone mold containing end attachment sites, and allowing the cells to differentiate for 8 to 16 days. The resulting HBAMs are representative of skeletal muscle in that they contain parallel arrays of postmitotic myofibers; however, they differ in many other morphological characteristics. To engineer improved HBAMs, i.e., more in vivo-like, we developed Mechanical Cell Stimulator (MCS) hardware to apply in vivo-like forces directly to the engineered tissue. A sensitive force transducer attached to the HBAM measured real-time, internally generated, as well as externally applied, forces. The muscle cells generated increasing internal forces during formation which were inhibitable with a cytoskeleton depolymerizer. Repetitive stretch/relaxation for 8 days increased the HBAM elasticity two- to threefold, mean myofiber diameter 12%, and myofiber area percent 40%. This system allows engineering of improved skeletal muscle analogs as well as a nondestructive method to determine passive force and viscoelastic properties of the resulting tissue.
Amiloride-sensitive sodium current in evertedAmbystoma initial collecting tubule: short-term insulin effects
Authors: Tallini N. Yvonne , Stoner Larry C.
Published: May 2013

Whole cell patch-clamp techniques were used to investigate amiloride-sensitive sodium conductance ( G Na) in the everted initial collecting tubule of Ambystoma. Accessibility to both the apical and basolateral membranes made this preparation ideal for studying the regulation of sodium transport by insulin. G Na accounted for 20% of total cell conductance ( G T) under control conditions. A resting membrane potential of −75 ± 2 mV ( n = 7) together with the fact that G T is stable with time suggested that the cells studied were viable. Measurements of capacitance and use of a known uncoupling agent, heptanol, suggested that cells were not electrically coupled. Thus the values of G T and G Na represented individual principal cells. Exposure of the basolateral membrane to insulin (1 mU/ml) for 10–60 min significantly ( P< 0.05) increased the normalized G Na [1.2 ± 0.3 nS ( n = 6) vs. 2.0 ± 0.4 nS ( n = 6)]. Cell-attached patch-clamp techniques were used to further elucidate the mechanism by which insulin increases amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. In the presence of insulin there was no apparent change in either the number of active levels/patch or the conductance of ENaC. The open probability increased significantly ( P < 0.01) from 0.21 ± 0.04 ( n = 6) to 0.46 ± 0.07 ( n = 6). Thus application of insulin enhanced sodium reabsorption by increasing the fraction of time the channel spent in the open state.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate stretch-induced c-fos mRNA expression in myometrial smooth muscle cells
Authors: Oldenhof Alexandra D. , Shynlova Oksana P. , Liu Mingyao , Langille B. Lowell , Lye Stephen J.
Published: May 2013

Evidence indicates that stretch of the uterus imposed by the growing fetus contributes to the onset of labor. Previously we have shown that mechanically stretching rat myometrial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) induces c- fos expression. To investigate this stretch-induced signaling, we examined the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. We show that stretching rat myometrial SMCs induces a rapid and transient phosphorylation (activation) of MAPKs: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. The use of selective inhibitors for the ERK pathway (PD-98059 and U-0126), p38 (SB-203580), and JNK pathway (curcumin) demonstrated that activation of all three MAPK signaling pathways was necessary for optimal stretch-induced c- fos expression. We also demonstrate that upstream tyrosine kinase activity is involved in the mechanotransduction pathway leading to stretch-induced MAPK activation and c- fos mRNA expression. To further examine the role of MAPKs in vivo, we used a unilaterally pregnant rat model. MAPKs (ERK and p38) are expressed in the pregnant rat myometrium with maximal ERK and p38 phosphorylation occurring in the 24 h immediately preceding labor. Importantly, the rise in MAPK phosphorylation was confined to the gravid horn and was absent in the empty uterine horn, suggesting that mechanical strain imposed by the growing fetus controls MAPK activation in the myometrium. Collectively, this data indicate that mechanical stretch modulates MAPK activity in the myometrium leading to c- fos expression.
In vivo microdialysis for determination of nasal liquid ion composition
Authors: Grubb Barbara R. , Chadburn James L. , Boucher Richard C.
Published: May 2013

Airway surface liquid (ASL) contains substances important in mucociliary clearance and airway defense. Little is known about substance concentrations in ASL because of its small volume and sampling difficulties. We used in vivo microdialysis (IVMD) to sample liquid lining the nasal cavity without net volume removal and incorporated into IVMD a potential difference (PD) electrode to assess airway integrity. The cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse nasal epithelia exhibit ion transport defects identical to those in CF human airways and, thus, are a good model for CF disease. We determined that nasal liquid [Na+] (107 ± 4 mM normal; 111 ± 9 mM CF) and [Cl−] (120 ± 6 mM normal; 122 ± 4 mM CF) did not differ between genotypes. The nasal liquid [K+] (8.7 ± 0.4 mM) was significantly less in normal than in CF mice (16.6 ± 4 mM). IVMD accurately samples nasal liquid for ionic composition. The ionic composition of nasal liquid in the normal and CF mice is similar.
Inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.3 is localized at the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses
Authors: Inanobe Atsushi , Fujita Akikazu , Ito Minoru , Tomoike Hitonobu , Inageda Kiyoshi , Kurachi Yoshihisa
Published: May 2013

Classical inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir2.0) are responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential near the K+ equilibrium potential in various cells, including neurons. Although Kir2.3 is known to be expressed abundantly in the forebrain, its precise localization has not been identified. Using an antibody specific to Kir2.3, we examined the subcellular localization of Kir2.3 in mouse brain. Kir2.3 immunoreactivity was detected in a granular pattern in restricted areas of the brain, including the olfactory bulb (OB). Immunoelectron microscopy of the OB revealed that Kir2.3 immunoreactivity was specifically clustered on the postsynaptic membrane of asymmetric synapses between granule cells and mitral/tufted cells. The immunoprecipitants for Kir2.3 obtained from brain contained PSD-95 and chapsyn-110, PDZ domain-containing anchoring proteins. In vitro binding assay further revealed that the COOH-terminal end of Kir2.3 is responsible for the association with these anchoring proteins. Therefore, the Kir channel may be involved in formation of the resting membrane potential of the spines and, thus, would affect the response of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor channels at the excitatory postsynaptic membrane.
Regulation of secretory granule pH in insulin-secreting cells
Authors: Tompkins Linda S. , Nullmeyer Kevin D. , Murphy Sean M. , Weber Craig S. , Lynch Ronald M.
Published: May 2013

Luminal acidification is important for the maturation of secretory granules, yet little is known regarding the regulation of pH within them. A pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was targeted to secretory granules in RIN1046-38 insulinoma cells by using a construct in which the EGFP gene was preceded by the nucleotide sequence for human growth hormone. Stimulatory levels of glucose doubled EGFP secretion from cell cultures, and potentiators of glucose-induced insulin secretion enhanced EGFP release. Thus this targeted EGFP is useful for population measurements of secretion. However, less than ∼4% of total cell EGFP was released after 1.5 h of stimulation. Consequently, when analyzed in single cells, fluorescence of the targeted EGFP acts as an indicator of pH within secretory granules. Glucose elicited a decrease in granule pH, whereas inhibitors of the V-type H+-ATPase increased pH and blocked the glucose effect. Granule pH also was modified by effectors of the protein kinase A pathway, with activation eliciting granule alkalinization, suggesting that potentiation of peptide release by cAMP may involve regulated changes in secretory granule pH.
Changes in contractile properties of skeletal muscle during developmentally programmed atrophy and death
Authors: Schwartz Lawrence M. , Ruff Robert L.
Published: May 2013

Skeletal muscle atrophy and death are protracted processes that accompany aging and pathological insults in mammals. The intersegmental muscles (ISMs) from the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta are composed of giant fibers that undergo distinct hormonally-regulated programs of atrophy and death at the end of metamorphosis. Atrophy occurs during the 3 days preceding adult emergence and results in a 40% reduction of mass, whereas death takes place during the subsequent 30 h and results in the complete loss of the fibers. There are no significant changes in tetanic force or calcium sensitivity in skinned fiber preparations during atrophy. However, the size of caffeine-induced contractions fell by about 50%. With the onset of the death phase, dramatic reductions occur in ISM: tetanic force, twitch amplitude, resting potential, caffeine-induced contractions, calcium sensitivity, and Hill coefficients. Several lines of evidence suggest that ISM atrophy is caused by an increase in protein turnover without significant modification of fiber organization. In contrast, ISM death is accompanied by disorganization of the contractile apparatus and concomitant loss of contractile function.
MHD Boundary Layer Flow due to Exponential Stretching Surface with Radiation and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Seini Y. I. , Makinde O. D.
Published: May 2013

The effects of radiation and first order homogeneous chemical reaction on hydromagnetic boundary layer flow of a viscous, steady, and incompressible fluid over an exponential stretching sheet have been investigated. The governing system of partial differential equations has been transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables. The dimensionless system of differential equations was then solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta method. The skin-friction coefficient and the rate of heat and mass transfers are presented in tables whilst velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are illustrated graphically for various varying parameter values. It was found that the rate of heat transfer at the surface decreases with increasing values of the transverse magnetic field parameter and the radiation parameter.
Experimental Rat and Mouse Carotid Artery Surgery: Injury and Remodeling Studies
Authors: Holt Andrew W. , Tulis David A.
Published: May 2013

In cardiovascular research, translation of benchtop findings to the whole body environment is often critical in order to gain a more thorough and comprehensive clinical evaluation of the data with direct extrapolation to the human condition. In particular, developmental and/or pathophysiologic vascular growth studies often employ in vitro approaches such as cultured cells or tissue explant models in order to analyze specific cellular, molecular, genetic, and/or biochemical signaling factors under pristine controlled conditions. However, validation of in vitro data in a whole body setting complete with neural, endocrine, and other systemic contributions provides an essential proof of concept from a clinical perspective. Several well-characterized experimental in vivo models exist that provide excellent proof-of-concept tools to examine vascular growth and remodeling in the whole body. This paper will examine the rat carotid artery balloon injury model, the mouse carotid artery wire denudation injury model, and rat and mouse carotid artery ligation models with particular emphasis on minimally invasive surgical access to the site of intervention. Discussion will include key scientific and technical details as well as caveats, limitations, and considerations for the practical use of each of these valuable experimental models.
Implicit Active Contour Model with Local and Global Intensity Fitting Energies
Authors: Xu Xiaozeng , He Chuanjiang
Published: May 2013

We propose a new active contour model which integrates a local intensity fitting (LIF) energy with an auxiliary global intensity fitting (GIF) energy. The LIF energy is responsible for attracting the contour toward object boundaries and is dominant near object boundaries, while the GIF energy incorporates global image information to improve the robustness to initialization of the contours. The proposed model not only can provide desirable segmentation results in the presence of intensity inhomogeneity but also allows for more flexible initialization of the contour compared to the RSF and LIF models, and we give a theoretical proof to compute a unique steady state regardless of the initialization; that is, the convergence of the zero-level line is irrespective of the initial function. This means that we can obtain the same zero-level line in the steady state, if we choose the initial function as a bounded function. In particular, our proposed model has the capability of detecting multiple objects or objects with interior holes or blurred edges.
Drop Impact Analysis of Cushioning System with an Elastic Critical Component of Cantilever Beam Type
Authors: Gao De , Lu Fu-de , Chen Si-jia
Published: May 2013

In some electronic products and sculpture crafts, there are possibly vulnerable elements that can be idealized as cantilever beam type, failure of which will certainly lead the whole product to lose function. Based on the critical component of cantilever beam type, a nonlinear coupling dynamics model between the critical component and the item was established. The computing procedure of the model was designed using finite difference scheme. A numerical example shows that the acceleration changes notably with the length of the critical component, and the cantilevered end of the critical component is liable to be damaged, because the dynamic stress there is the largest. In this case, the maximum acceleration just cannot serve as the damaged criterion of the packaged goods, only with the maximum stress value. In order to avoid making a mistake, it is necessary to consider the critical component as an elastic element. The maximum stress of the cantilever beam surpasses the proportional limit of elastic components or is not an effective structural strength to determine whether the product loses its functions.
ℒ2Gain Performance for a Class of Lipschitz Uncertain Nonlinear Systems via Variable Gain Robust Output Feedback Controllers
Authors: Oya Hidetoshi , Hagino Kojiro
Published: May 2013

We consider a design problem of a variable gain robust output feedback controller with guaranteedℒ2gain performance for a class of Lipschitz uncertain nonlinear systems. The proposed variable gain robust output feedback controller achieves not only robust stability but also a specifiedℒ2gain performance. In this paper, we show that sufficient conditions for the existence of the proposed variable gain robust output feedback controller with guaranteedℒ2gain performance are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, a simple numerical example is included.
Car Delay Model near Bus Stops with Mixed Traffic Flow
Authors: Xiaobao Yang , Mei Huan , Ziyou Gao
Published: May 2013

This paper proposes a model for estimating car delays at bus stops under mixed traffic using probability theory and queuing theory. The roadway is divided to serve motorized and nonmotorized traffic streams. Bus stops are located on the nonmotorized lanes. When buses dwell at the stop, they block the bicycles. Thus, two conflict points between car stream and other traffic stream are identified. The first conflict point occurs as bicycles merge to the motorized lane to avoid waiting behind the stopping buses. The second occurs as buses merge back to the motorized lane. The average car delay is estimated as the sum of the average delay at these two conflict points and the delay resulting from following the slower bicycles that merged into the motorized lane. Data are collected to calibrate and validate the developed model from one site in Beijing. The sensitivity of car delay to various operation conditions is examined. The results show that both bus stream and bicycle stream have significant effects on car delay. At bus volumes above 200 vehicles per hour, the curbside stop design is not appropriate because of the long car delays. It can be replaced by the bus bay design.
A Systems Biology Approach to Characterize Biomarkers for Blood Stasis Syndrome of Unstable Angina Patients by Integrating MicroRNA and Messenger RNA Expression Profiling
Authors: Wang Jie , Yu Gui
Published: May 2013

Blood stasis syndrome (BSS) has been considered to be the major type of syndromes in unstable angina (UA) patients. The aim of this study was to find the systems biology-based microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression biomarkers for BSS of UA. We identified 1081 mRNAs and 25 miRNAs differentially expressed between BSS of UA patients and healthy controls by microarrays. We used DAVID, miRTrail, and the protein-protein interactions method to explore the related pathways and networks of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs. By combining the results of pathways and networks, we found that the upregulation of miR-146b-5p may induce the downregulation of CALR to attenuate inflammation and the upregulation of miR-199a-5p may induce the downregulation of TP53 to inhibit apoptosis in BSS of UA patients. The expression patterns of miR-146b-5p, miR-199a-5p, CALR, and TP53 were confirmed by qRT-PCR in an independent validation cohort including BBS of UA patients, non-BBS of UA patients, and healthy controls. miR-146b-5p, miR-199a-5p, CALR, and TP53 could be significant biomarkers of BSS of UA patients. The systems biology-based miRNA and mRNA expression biomarkers for the BSS of UA may be helpful for the further stratification of UA patients when deciding on interventions or clinical trials.
Wood versus Plant Fibers: Similarities and Differences in Composite Applications
Authors: Madsen Bo , Gamstedt E. Kristofer
Published: May 2013

The work on cellulose fiber composites is typically strictly divided into two separated research fields depending on the fiber origin, that is, from wood and from annual plants, representing the two different industries of forest and agriculture, respectively. The present paper evaluates in parallel wood fibers and plant fibers to highlight their similarities and differences regarding their use as reinforcement in composites and to enable mutual transfer of knowledge and technology between the two research fields. The paper gives an introduction to the morphology, chemistry, and ultrastructure of the fibers, the modeling of the mechanical properties of the fibers, the fiber preforms available for manufacturing of composites, the typical mechanical properties of the composites, the modeling of the mechanical properties with focus on composites having a random fiber orientation and a non-negligible porosity content, and finally, the moisture sensitivity of the composites. The performance of wood and plant fiber composites is compared to the synthetic glass and carbon fibers conventionally used for composites, and advantages and disadvantages of the different fibers are discussed.
On the Stability of Lung Parenchymal Lesions with Applications to Early Pneumothorax Diagnosis
Authors: Bhandarkar Archis R. , Banerjee Rohan , Seshaiyer Padmanabhan
Published: May 2013

Spontaneous pneumothorax, a prevalent medical challenge in most trauma cases, is a form of sudden lung collapse closely associated with risk factors such as lung cancer and emphysema. Our work seeks to explore and quantify the currently unknown pathological factors underlying lesion rupture in pneumothorax through biomechanical modeling. We hypothesized that lesion instability is closely associated with elastodynamic strain of the pleural membrane from pulsatile air flow and collagen-elastin dynamics. Based on the principles of continuum mechanics and fluid-structure interaction, our proposed model coupled isotropic tissue deformation with pressure from pulsatile air motion and the pleural fluid. Next, we derived mathematical instability criteria for our ordinary differential equation system and then translated these mathematical instabilities to physically relevant structural instabilities via the incorporation of a finite energy limiter. The introduction of novel biomechanical descriptions for collagen-elastin dynamics allowed us to demonstrate that changes in the protein structure can lead to a transition from stable to unstable domains in the material parameter space for a general lesion. This result allowed us to create a novel streamlined algorithm for detecting material instabilities in transient lung CT scan data via analyzing deformations in a local tissue boundary.
The Biological Activity of Propolis-Containing Toothpaste on Oral Health Environment in Patients Who Underwent Implant-Supported Prosthodontic Rehabilitation
Authors: Morawiec Tadeusz , Dziedzic Arkadiusz , Niedzielska Iwona , Mertas Anna , Tanasiewicz Marta , Skaba Dariusz , Kasperski Jacek , Machorowska-Pieniążek Agnieszka , Kucharzewski Marek , Szaniawska Karolina , Więckiewicz Włodzimierz , Więckiewicz Mieszko
Published: May 2013

The soft and periodontal tissues surrounding dental implants are particularly susceptible to bacteria invasion and inflammatory reactions due to complex histological structures. This study was carried out to investigate the influence of a propolis-containing hygienic agent on selected oral health parameters, oral microflora, and the condition of periodontal health. Sixteen subjects who underwent an oral rehabilitation with dental implants were selected and randomly assigned into two groups, which received a newly formulated propolis-containing toothpaste (3% (CA)) or a negative control without an active ingredient (CC). Approximal plaque index (API), oral hygiene index (OHI, debris component), and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During the first and last examinations, the swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. Propolis-containing toothpaste was found to be distinctively effective in improving oral health and the occurrence of gingivitis triggered by dental plaque. The qualitative and quantitative changes in oral bacteria spectrum were observed. Antibacterial measures containing propolis might be used as a natural adjuvant to other active substances in individuals with a high risk of periodontal problems against pathogenic oral microflora.
Karydakis Flap Procedure in Patients with Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: Experience of a Single Centre in Istanbul
Authors: Yildiz M. Kamil , Ozkan Erkan , Odabaşı Hacı Mehmet , Kaya Bülent , Eriş Cengiz , Abuoğlu Hacı Hasan , Günay Emre , Fersahoglu Mehmet M. , Atalay Süleyman
Published: May 2013

Background. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results of patients with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus who underwent surgery using the Karydakis technique. Methods. Two hundred fifty‐seven patients with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease were treated by the Karydakis flap procedure between December 2003 and June 2011. Patients were evaluated with respect to age, gender, preoperative symptoms, duration of preoperative symptoms, history of pilonidal sinus surgery, early postoperative complications, recurrence rates, and cosmetic satisfaction. Results. There were 223 (86.8%) male and 34 (13.2%) female patients. The mean age of the patients was 27.15 ± 7.69 years. The most frequent symptom was seropurulent discharge (57.58%). Postoperative morbidity was noted in 24 patients (9.3%). The mean hospital length of stay was 3.34 ± 1.42 days. The cosmetic satisfaction rate was 91.06%. Recurrences were noted in 6 patients (2.3%). Conclusion. The Karydakis flap procedure is a safe treatment alternative for the surgical treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease owing to the associated low complication rate, short hospital length of stay, rapid healing, and a high patient satisfaction rate.
Neurobiological Foundations of Acupuncture: The Relevance and Future Prospect Based on Neuroimaging Evidence
Authors: Bai Lijun , Lao Lixing
Published: May 2013

Acupuncture is currently gaining popularity as an important modality of alternative and complementary medicine in the western world. Modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetoencephalography open a window into the neurobiological foundations of acupuncture. In this review, we have summarized evidence derived from neuroimaging studies and tried to elucidate both neurophysiological correlates and key experimental factors involving acupuncture. Converging evidence focusing on acute effects of acupuncture has revealed significant modulatory activities at widespread cerebrocerebellar brain regions. Given the delayed effect of acupuncture, block-designed analysis may produce bias, and acupuncture shared a common feature that identified voxels that coded the temporal dimension for which multiple levels of their dynamic activities in concert cause the processing of acupuncture. Expectation in acupuncture treatment has a physiological effect on the brain network, which may be heterogeneous from acupuncture mechanism. “Deqi” response, bearing clinical relevance and association with distinct nerve fibers, has the specific neurophysiology foundation reflected by neural responses to acupuncture stimuli. The type of sham treatment chosen is dependent on the research question asked and the type of acupuncture treatment to be tested. Due to the complexities of the therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture, using multiple controls is an optimal choice.
Positive Macroscopic Approximation for Fast Attribute Reduction
Authors: Lu Zheng-Cai , Qin Zheng , Jing Qiao , Shan Lai-Xiang
Published: May 2013

Attribute reduction is one of the challenging problems facing the effective application of computational intelligence technology for artificial intelligence. Its task is to eliminate dispensable attributes and search for a feature subset that possesses the same classification capacity as that of the original attribute set. To accomplish efficient attribute reduction, many heuristic search algorithms have been developed. Most of them are based on the model that the approximation of all the target concepts associated with a decision system is dividable into that of a single target concept represented by a pair of definable concepts known as lower and upper approximations. This paper proposes a novel model called macroscopic approximation, considering all the target concepts as an indivisible whole to be approximated by rough set boundary region derived from inconsistent tolerance blocks, as well as an efficient approximation framework called positive macroscopic approximation (PMA), addressing macroscopic approximations with respect to a series of attribute subsets. Based on PMA, a fast heuristic search algorithm for attribute reduction in incomplete decision systems is designed and achieves obviously better computational efficiency than other available algorithms, which is also demonstrated by the experimental results.
Trans-10,cis12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Induced Milk Fat Depression Is Associated with Inhibition of PPARγSignaling and Inflammation in Murine Mammary Tissue
Authors: Kadegowda Anil K. G. , Khan M. Jawad , Piperova Liliana S. , Teter Beverly B. , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L. , Erdman Richard A. , Loor Juan J.
Published: May 2013

Exogenoustrans-10,cis-12-CLA (CLA) reduces lipid synthesis in murine adipose and mammary (MG) tissues. However, genomewide alterations in MG and liver (LIV) associated with dietary CLA during lactation remain unknown. We fed mice (n=5/diet) control or control + trans-10,cis-12-CLA (37 mg/day) between d 6 and d 10 postpartum. The 35,302 annotated murine exonic evidence-based oligo (MEEBO) microarray and quantitative RT-PCR were used for transcript profiling. Milk fat concentration was 44% lower on d 10 versus d 6 due to CLA. The CLA diet resulted in differential expression of 1,496 genes. Bioinformatics analyses underscored that a major effect of CLA on MG encompassed alterations in cellular signaling pathways and phospholipid species biosynthesis. Dietary CLA induced genes related to ER stress (Xbp1), apoptosis (Bcl2), and inflammation (Orm1,Saa2, andCp). It also induced marked inhibition of PPARγsignaling, including downregulation ofPpargandSrebf1and several lipogenic target genes (Scd,Fasn, andGpam). In LIV, CLA induced hepatic steatosis probably through perturbations in the mitochondrial functions and induction of ER stress. Overall, results from this study underscored the role of PPARγsignaling on mammary lipogenic target regulation. The proinflammatory effect due to CLA could be related to inhibition of PPARγsignaling.
Emergy Analysis and Sustainability Efficiency Analysis of Different Crop‐Based Biodiesel in Life Cycle Perspective
Authors: Ren Jingzheng , Manzardo Alessandro , Mazzi Anna , Fedele Andrea , Scipioni Antonio
Published: May 2013

Biodiesel as a promising alternative energy resource has been a hot spot in chemical engineering nowadays, but there is also an argument about the sustainability of biodiesel. In order to analyze the sustainability of biodiesel production systems and select the most sustainable scenario, various kinds of crop‐based biodiesel including soybean‐, rapeseed‐, sunflower‐, jatropha‐ and palm‐based biodiesel production options are studied by emergy analysis; soybean‐based scenario is recognized as the most sustainable scenario that should be chosen for further study in China. DEA method is used to evaluate the sustainability efficiencies of these options, and the biodiesel production systems based on soybean, sunflower, and palm are considered as DEA efficient, whereas rapeseed‐based and jatropha‐based scenarios are needed to be improved, and the improved methods have also been specified.
Suppression of Ser/Thr Phosphatase 4 (PP4C/PPP4C) Mimics a Novel Post-Mitotic Action of Fostriecin, Producing Mitotic Slippage Followed by Tetraploid Cell Death
Authors: Theobald Benjamin , Bonness Kathy , Musiyenko Alla , Andrews Joel F. , Urban Gudrun , Huang Xizhong , Dean Nicholas M. , Honkanen Richard E.
Published: May 2013

Fostriecin is a natural product purified from Sterptomyces extracts with antitumor activity sufficient to warrant human clinical trials. Unfortunately, difficulties associated with supply and stable drug formulation stalled further development. At a molecular level, fostriecin is known to act as a catalytic inhibitor of four PPP-family phosphatases, and reports describing the design of molecules in this class suggest derivatives targeting enzymes within the fostriecin-sensitive subfamily can be successful. However, it is not clear if the tumor-selective cytotoxicity of fostriecin results from the inhibition of a specific phosphatase, multiple phosphatases, or a limited subset of fostriecin sensitive phosphatases. How the inhibition of sensitive phosphatases contributes to tumor-selective cytotoxicity is also not clear. Here, high-content time-lapse imaging of live cells revealed novel insight into the cellular actions of fostriecin, showing that fostriecin-induced apoptosis is not simply induced following a sustained mitotic arrest. Rather, apoptosis occurred in an apparent second interphase produced when tetraploid cells undergo mitotic slippage. Comparison of the actions of fostriecin and antisense-oligonucleotides specifically targeting human fostriecin-sensitive phosphatases revealed that the suppression PP4C alone is sufficient to mimic many actions of fostriecin. Importantly, targeted suppression of PP4C induced apoptosis, with death occurring in tetraploid cells following mitotic slippage. This effect was not observed following the suppression of PP1C, PP2AC, or PP5C. These data clarify PP4C as a fostriecin-sensitive phosphatase and demonstrate that the suppression of PP4C triggers mitotic slippage/apoptosis.

Implications: Future development of fostriecin class inhibitors should consider PP4C as a potentially important target. Mol Cancer Res; 11(8); 845–55. ©2013 AACR.
Swiss Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter, Non-Interventional, Retrospective Cohort Study of Disease-Modifying Therapies
Authors: Gobbi Claudio , Zecca Chiara , Linnebank Michael , Müller Stefanie , You Xiaojun , Meier Rosetta , Borter Emmanuela , Traber Martin
Published: May 2013

Background: There is a scarcity of reports comparing efficacy and tolerability of the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies [DMTs; intramuscular interferon-β1a (IM IFNβ-1a), subcutaneous (SC) IFNβ-1a, SC IFNβ-1b, SC glatiramer acetate (GA)] in a real-world setting. Methods: This multicenter, non-interventional, retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 546 patients with clinically isolated or relapsing-remitting MS constantly treated with one DMT for 2 years. Annualized relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, and DMT tolerability were assessed. Results: Demographic data were comparable across DMTs. There were no significant differences between DMT groups in ARR during study year 1 (p = 0.277) or study year 2 (p = 0.670), or in EDSS change between years 1 and 2 (p = 0.624). Adverse events were frequent (39-56%) in all groups. Flu-like symptoms were less frequent with GA treatment (2.3% vs. IM IFNβ-1a, 46.7%; SC IFNβ-1a, 39.8%; SC IFNβ-1b, 25.8%; p < 0.05). Injection site reactions were less often reported with IM IFNβ-1a (10.5% vs. SC IFNβ-1a, 33.9%; SC IFNβ-1b, 38.3%; GA, 26.1%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: All DMTs showed comparable effects on MS relapse rate and EDSS change, with IM IFNβ-1a and GA being more tolerable with respect to injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms, respectively.
Adverse Reactions after Tattooing: Review of the Literature and Comparison to Results of a Survey
Authors: Wenzel Sabrina M. , Rittmann Ines , Landthaler Michael , Bäumler Wolfgang
Published: May 2013

The number of tattooed people has substantially increased in the past years. Surveys in different countries reveal this to be up to 24% of the population. The number of reported adverse reactions after tattooing has also increased including infections, granulomatous and allergic reactions and tumors. However, the case reports do not reflect the frequency of adverse reactions. This review compares the medically documented adverse reactions published in 1991-2011 with the findings of a nation-wide survey that recently revealed the features and health problems associated with tattoos. To compare the data with the survey, the sex of patients was reported and the location and color of tattoos were evaluated. The results show clearly that colored tattoo inks are mainly responsible for adverse skin reactions and that tattoos on the extremities are involved most.
Differential Airway Inflammatory Responses in Asthma Exacerbations Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Virus A
Authors: Matsuse Hiroto , Tsuchida Tomoko , Fukahori Susumu , Kawano Tetsuya , Tomari Shinya , Matsuo Nobuko , Nishino Tomoya , Fukushima Chizu , Kohno Shigeru
Published: May 2013

Background: Although respiratory viral infections cause acute exacerbations of asthma, the inflammatory responses vary depending on the causative virus. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses in the airways of acute exacerbations of asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus. Methods: Sputum induction was performed in asthmatic patients with acute exacerbations induced by RSV (n = 6), influenza A (n = 7), and non-upper respiratory infection (URI)-related factors (n = 8). Sputum concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), TNF-α and IFN-γ were measured. Results: Sputum cysLTs were significantly higher in RSV-induced exacerbations than in influenza A- and non-URI-induced exacerbations. Sputum TNF-α was significantly higher in influenza A-induced exacerbations than in RSV- and non-URI-induced exacerbations. Sputum IFN-γ was significantly lower in RSV-induced exacerbations than in the others. Conclusions: RSV and influenza A cause acute exacerbations and have different effects on airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. RSV significantly increased cysLTs, while influenza A significantly increased TNF-α in the airway. The underlying mechanism in virus-induced asthma might depend on the viral species.
Clinical Routine Utility of Basophil Activation Testing for Diagnosis of Hymenoptera-Allergic Patients with Emphasis on Individuals with Negative Venom-Specific IgE Antibodies
Authors: Korošec Peter , Šilar Mira , Eržen Renato , Čelesnik Nina , Bajrović Nissera , Zidarn Mihaela , Košnik Mitja
Published: May 2013

Background: Previous reports suggest the usefulness of basophil activation testing (BAT) in Hymenoptera-allergic patients with negative venom-specific IgE antibodies. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic utility of this testing in a routine clinical laboratory setting. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera sting (median grade III) and negative venom-specific IgE were routinely and prospectively tested with BAT. Results: We were able to diagnose 81% (17 of 21) of patients with BAT and 57% (12 of 21) with intradermal skin testing. Three wasp venom-allergic patients showed IgE positivity to rVes v 5. Four patients (19%) were negative for all tests. In the case of double-positive BAT, the culprit insect correlated with the venom that induced a significantly higher basophil response. Conclusions: BAT allows the identification of severe Hymenoptera-allergic patients with negative specific IgE and skin tests. The routine use of this cellular test should facilitate prescription of venom immunotherapy in complex cases with inconclusive diagnostic results.
CD271 as a Marker for Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Marrow versus Umbilical Cord Blood
Authors: Watson J. Tracy , Foo Teresa , Wu Jin , Moed Berton R. , Thorpe Margaret , Schon Lew , Zhang Zijun
Published: May 2013

CD271 has been applied to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and other tissues. Umbilical cord blood is a unique resource of stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Isolation of MSCs from umbilical cord blood, however, has been inefficient and inconsistent. This study was designed to examine the potential application of CD271 as a marker for the isolation of MSCs from umbilical cord blood. CD271+ cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow using CD271 antibody-conjugated microbeads, and characterized in osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. CD271+ cells from umbilical cord blood were slow to proliferate compared with those isolated from bone marrow. While CD271+ cells from bone marrow differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages, there were no sound indications of differentiation by CD271+ cells from umbilical cord blood under the same differentiation conditions applied to the CD271+ cells from bone marrow. The study also found that bone marrow CD271+ cells remarkably upregulated the expression of chondrogenic genes under chondrogenic differentiation induction. When implanted into bone defects in mice, CD271+ cells from bone marrow regenerated significant bone, but the counterparts in umbilical cord blood formed little bone in the bone defects. In conclusion, CD271 is an efficient marker for MSC isolation from bone marrow but has failed to isolate MSCs from umbilical cord blood. CD271+ cells in bone marrow are particularly chondrogenic. The property of CD271+ cells is unique but varies from different tissues.
Smartphone-Based Hearing Test as an Aid in the Initial Evaluation of Unilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Handzel Ophir , Ben-Ari Oded , Damian Doris , Priel Maayan M. , Cohen Jacob , Himmelfarb Mordechai
Published: May 2013

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) can cause significant morbidity. Treatment with steroids can improve outcome. Delay in initiation of treatment reduces the chance to regain hearing. For this reason SSNHL is considered an emergency. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and a standard audiogram, the latter requiring specialized equipment and personnel. Standard audiogram may not be available at the time and place of patient presentation. A smartphone or tablet computer-based hearing test may aid in the decision to prescribe steroids in this setting. In this study the uHear™ hearing test application was utilized. The output of this ear-level air conduction hearing test is reported in hearing grades for 6 frequencies ranging from 250 to 6000 Hz. A total of 32 patients with unilateral SSNHL proven by a standard audiogram were tested. The results of standard and iPod hearing tests were compared. Based on the accepted criterion of SSNHL (at least 30 dB loss - or 2 hearing grades - in 3 consecutive frequencies) the test had a sensitivity of 0.76 and specificity of 0.91. Using a less stringent criterion of a loss of 2 hearing grades over at least 2 frequencies the sensitivity was 0.96 and specificity 0.86. The correlation coefficient for the comparison of the average hearing grade across the 6 measured frequencies of the study and standard audiogram was 0.83. uHear more accurately reflected hearing thresholds at mid and high tones. Similarly to previously published data, low frequency thresholds could be artificially elevated. In conclusion, uHear can be useful in the initial evaluation of patients with single-sided SSNHL by providing important information guiding the decision to initiate treatment before a standard audiogram is available.
Role of Staphylococcal Superantigens in Airway Disease
Authors: Huvenne Wouter , Hellings Peter W. , Bachert Claus
Published: May 2013

Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen, which is regularly part of the normal microflora found in the nose and skin. It represents a significant threat to human health, not in the least because of its capability to produce exotoxins, which have superantigenic properties. These exotoxins, in particular the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), are known to be involved in the modulation and aggravation of airway inflammation. Indeed, recent studies show an important impact of SEs on the natural course of allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, asthma and COPD. This review outlines the current knowledge on the influence of SEs on airway inflammation. We highlight, in particular, the recent evidence on their role in asthma.
Purging Behavior Modulates the Relationships of Hormonal and Behavioral Parameters in Women with Eating Disorders
Authors: Grasa Maria del Mar , Villarreal Laura , Granero Roser , Vilà Ruth , Penelo Eva , Agüera Zaida , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Romero María del Mar , Menchón José M. , Remesar Xavier , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , Alemany Marià
Published: May 2013

Background/Aims: There is ample consensus that there is a neurophysiological basis for eating disorders (ED). Traits of personality translate into behavioral traits, purging being a well-defined transversal example. The direct implication of steroid hormones on ED has seldom been studied, despite their effects on behavior. Methods: After psychological interview analysis, 57 ED female patients (31 purgative and 26 nonpurgative) and 17 female controls were studied. Metabolic parameters and analysis of androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoid hormones were determined in parallel to the psychopathological profile (EDI-2 and SCL-90-R) and anthropometric measurements. Results: Psychometric tests showed clear differences between ED and controls, but there were few hormonal-metabolic significant differences. In purgative ED there were repeated (significant) positive correlations with corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and negative correlations with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) versus eating and general psychopathology. In nonpurging ED there were positive correlations for deoxycortisol, free fatty acids and albumin and negative for aspartate aminotransferase and psychopathological traits. Conclusion: The data suggest that CBG/corticosteroids and sexual hormones/SHBG are involved in purging behavior and its psychopathology and severity scores. Correlations of selected psychometric data and the CBG/SHBG levels in purging may eventually result in clinical markers. This approach may provide additional clues for understanding the pathogenesis of ED.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Four Indices of Blood Pressure and Hypertension among Older Persons in Japan
Authors: Davarian Shieva , Crimmins Eileen , Takahashi Atsuhiko , Saito Yasuhiko
Published: May 2013

Background: High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Japan has traditionally had higher levels of measured blood pressure than many Western countries, and reducing levels of hypertension has been a major focus of Japanese health policy over recent decades. In the West, hypertension is strongly associated with sociodemographic and behavioral (smoking and body mass index, BMI) factors; studies of the association between sociodemographic factors and biological indicators have not been fully explored in the elderly population of Japan using nationally representative survey data. Objective: To describe hypertension prevalence rates with increasing age and to examine the link between sociodemographic and behavioral factors (including age, gender, education, residence, smoking, and BMI) and measures of blood pressure and overall hypertension in the Japanese population aged ≥68 years. Methods: Data were collected in 2006 during the fourth wave of the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative sample of those ≥68. The analytic sample includes 2,634 participants. Pulse pressure, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, as well as hypertension, were regressed on sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Results: There is no significant difference in the prevalence of overall hypertension by age for men and women from ages 68-69 to 90+. Higher BMI and older age were linked to higher blood pressure and higher chance of having hypertension. More years of education and being female were associated with a lower likelihood of measured hypertension. Smoking, rural residence, and living alone were not significantly associated with the outcome measures. Conclusion: The increase in hypertension with higher BMI raises concerns about future health in Japan as BMI increases. The lack of a relationship between smoking and any measure of blood pressure or hypertension is an indicator that smoking may have different effects in Japan than in other countries. Because there is no effect of living alone on blood pressure, compliance with drug regimes may not be enhanced by living with others in Japan.