bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudo da evasão estudantil no curso de Licenciatura em Química do IFMA – campus São Luís Monte Castelo
Authors: Teles Rogério de Mesquita , Ribeiro Illana Karina Dias , Ribeiro Regina Lucia Muniz , Teles Lara Rubia Silva
Published: January 2022

A evasão estudantil tem sido motivo de preocupação das instituições de ensino superior no Brasil e no mundo. Objetivando compreender a evasão estudantil no curso de Química Licenciatura do IFMA-Monte Castelo, analisou-se as turmas de 2002 a 2018. Utilizou-se metodologia descritiva e analítica, abordando quanti e qualitativamente dados obtidos do sistema acadêmico e questionários aplicados. Para as turmas de 2002 a 1013, a de 2003 teve a maior quantidade de formados (74%) e menos evadidos (26%). A maior evasão ocorreu na turma de 2006 (84%) e a turma de 2010 foi a que menos formou (9%). Para as turmas de 2014 a 2018, a de 2014 apresentou maior evasão (77%) e a de 2018, a menor (7%). Dificuldades financeiras, mudança de município/distância, filhos e emprego levaram à evasão estudantil. Para prevenir e combater a evasão, a instituição deveria acompanhar e orientar os estudantes, assim como aumentar o número de bolsas.
Separation of Pd(II) and Zn(II) from Sulfuric Acid Solution by Commercial Extractants
Authors: Song Si Jeong , Nguyen Viet Nhan Hoa , Lee Man Seung
Published: January 2022

Spent electroplating solutions contain a small amount of Pd(II). This Pd(II) can be concentrated by cementation with zinc metal powder. In order to recover pure palladium, a hydrometallurgical process consisting of leaching followed by solvent extraction was developed in this work. First, suitable extractants for the selective extraction of Pd(II) over Zn(II) were selected from synthetic sulfuric acid solutions. Among cationic, solvating and basic extractants employed in this work, Cyanex 301, LIX 63 and Aliquat 336 showed selectivity for Pd(II) over Zn(II) from 5 M sulfuric acid solutions. Stripping results for the loaded phases of these three extractants showed that HCl was effective at stripping Pd(II) from the loaded LIX 63 and Aliquat 336, while a mixture of inorganic acid and NaClO as an oxidizing agent was necessary to strip Pd(II) from the loaded Cyanex 301. The cemented Pd was completely dissolved using 5 M sulfuric acid solution at 25 oC, and the concentration of Pd(II) and Zn(II) in the real leaching solution was 1.926 and 0.074 g/L, respectively. Application of the optimum conditions for the selective extraction of Pd(II) over Zn(II) to the real sulfuric acid leaching solution of cemented Pd indicated that only LIX 63 and Cyanex 301 could separate Pd(II) from Zn(II). The stripping efficiency of Pd(II) by a mixture of 5 M HCl and 3% NaClO was much higher from the loaded LIX 63 than from the loaded Cyanex 301. Considering the extraction and stripping characteristics of Pd(II), LIX 63 was selected as an optimum extractant for the separation of Pd(II) from the real sulfuric acid leaching solution of cemented Pd.
Introduction: ‘What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?’
Authors: Taxidou Olga
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the main arguments of the book and creates a broad framework, outlining its theoretical and methodological approaches. Taking its cue from Craig’s woodcut of Hecuba that features on the cover, it presents engagements with Greek tragedy that were not necessarily text-based or resulted in specific productions of plays. Rather, in ways that mirror both Hamlet’s and Craig’s quoting of Hecuba, it sets out to explore the kinds of experiments in performance that were facilitated, embodied, experienced and experimented with by such recourse and remobilisation of Greek tragedy. Sometimes these experiments reached performance and were successful, but usually they were failures – creative, constructive failures but failures nonetheless, all enacted through quotation and repetition of notions of Hellenism. It presents a summary of the chapters that follow and the ways that the term Hellenism itself is re-worked through these modernist experiments in performance, as embodied, hybrid, geopolitically international, and not necessarily ‘classical’ in the strict philological sense. It presents the modernist encounter with Greek tragedy as rehearsing the ancient quarrel between poetry and philosophy, especially when redefining the ethico-political aspects of theatricality and spectatorship, and stresses the Platonic aspects of much modernist theorization and experimentation in performance.
Poetic Drama: Theatricality, Performability and Translation
Authors: Taxidou Olga
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on translations of Greek tragedies by canonical Anglophone modernists (T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats) and reads these within the broader context of modernist poetic drama. The concept of translatability is borrowed from Walter Benjamin and read as parallel to the concept of performability, introduced and theorised in this chapter, underlining the demands these sometimes difficult translations place on performance, but also the potentiality they usher for future performance. Translatability, performability and theatricality are read as forming a constellation of ideas that expand the limits of what we understand as source/mother tongue and target language, creating a new performance text that is not simply an adaptation, but unearths a potentiality that asks us to also re-read the original play-texts. In this context these modernist translations are read as contributions towards a quintessentially modernist mode of reception.
Afterword: (No) More Masterpieces
Authors: Taxidou Olga
Published: January 2022

Taking its subtitle from Antonin Artaud’s essay on Oedipus Rex, this Afterword offers some reflections on the ways the modernist theatre makers both paid homage and emancipated classical Greek tragedy from its associations with the dominant German model that was text-based and relied on ideas of cultural capital that came with their own sometimes problematic politics. The experiments presented may also in formal terms be read as contributing to a concept of theatricality as a theoretical, methodological and embodied trope; and the ways that this theatricality – a central trope itself of modernism and modernity – wears a Greek tragic mask have been the subject of this book. These final thoughts also recall the long-standing relationships between theatre and the plague, ideas of contagion, personal and social malaise, and ask what we today can learn from these modernists who are re-working Greek tragedy, to order to help address our contemporary crises.
Production
Authors: Williams Helen S.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores changes in technology and work flows affecting periodical print production, beginning with the introduction of iron presses around 1800.While the fundamental processes of letterpress printing (a relief process) remained in place, many details were mechanised and new techniques came into use both for setting type and for producing illustrations.
The fundamental processes remained the same, but speed and efficiency increased. The use of steam and other forms of motive power enabled the development of presses built on the rotary principle, which were reel- rather than sheet-fed, thus exploiting the benefits of the mechanisation of paper production.
Attempts were also made to mechanise the process of typesetting, but none were consistently successful until the development of Linotype and Monotype in the last quarter of the century. The available methods of reproducing illustrations changed with the invention of lithographic and, in the second half of the century, photographic processes such as half-tone and photogravure.
The technological changes fed organisational changes within the print trade. Compositors and pressmen adapted their work practices and national print trade unions were established in the middle of the century.
The Evolution of Image-Making Industries and the Mid- to Late Victorian Press
Authors: Roberto Rose
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines design history and the evolution of nineteenth-century illustrations in the context of economic knowledge ecologies. It pays special attention to visual trends that emerged in the mid- to late nineteenth century, alongside trends in the growth and competitive nature of the press. The piece also covers professionalisation and then de-professionalisation of the British wood-engraving trade through three different eras divided by trends grouped generally into: the 1830s to the 1840s, the 1840s and the 1850s, and the decades from 1860 to 1900. Among the illustrated periodicals covered include the Penny Magazine (1832–45), general trends in the first two decades of the Illustrated London News (1842–69) and the first three decades of Punch magazine (1841–2002). The piece also contrasts styles, layouts and design in an effort to chart influence of British engravers on the printing industry over the nineteenth century.
Cultural Agents and Contexts: The Professionalisation of Journalism
Authors: Shattock Joanne
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the rise of journalism as a profession in the nineteenth century and the changing attitudes both to journalists and journalism as the newspaper and periodical press evolved over the period. Using contemporary articles, histories, memoirs and biographies, the chapter assesses the changing status of journalists, and the gradual blurring of the distinction between writing for newspapers and contributing to the periodical press. It explores the ways in which discussions about journalism as a profession mapped onto discussions about professional authorship. The chapter also explores the role of women journalists, testing the theory that although exceptional women broke through the barriers of a predominantly masculine world, opportunities in journalism for most women were limited by the subjects they were permitted to write about and the confined spaces of women’s magazines. Another section examines the roles of editors and proprietors and the move towards specialisation as sub-editors, reporters, special correspondents and leader writers took on specific tasks in the production of newspapers.  The final section explores the burgeoning discourse on journalism which was characteristic of the period, a palpable demonstration of the self-reflexivity of the new profession.
Transnational Exchange between British and Swedish Periodicals in the 1830s
Authors: Lecaros Cecilia Wadsö
Published: January 2022

With a focus on Quarterly Journal of Education, Penny Magazine, and Penny Cyclopaedia – all published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK) in the 1830s – this chapter highlights the importance of transnational press exchanges at the time. The chapter demonstrates how Swedish access to these periodicals played an important role in the development of Swedish popular adult education. Personal contacts as well as ideological and business-oriented aspects were instrumental, for instance in the procurement of the Penny Magazine woodcuts for the Swedish market and for what developed into a reciprocal transnational exchange in that the SDUK commissioned material on Scandinavian topics from their Swedish contacts for their publications.
The Political Press
Authors: Thompson James
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the press played a central role in constructing the category of ‘the political’, moving beyond accounts of the ‘rise’ and ‘fall’ of the political press. It re-examines the relationship between party and the press, showing how the press played a central role in the contested history of political culture and popular politics in the nineteenth century. It traces the co-existence in the press of partisanship and a rhetoric of ‘independence’.It shows how activists outside party politics drew upon the press, and in doing so expanded notions of ‘the political’.By embracing a four nations approach, it recasts understandings of the chronology and significance of the political press in the nineteenth century.
Sport Reporting in the Times from 1800 to 1900
Authors: Wilkie Jessie
Published: January 2022

Over the nineteenth century, sports journalism moved from niche reportage to mainstream press coverage. This case study examines this phenomenon as it was reflected in the pages of the Times of London between 1800 and 1900. It analyses data gathered from intensive surveys of digital copies of the Times to measure the increased frequency and expanding scope of sports reporting. It will look at individual stories to see how they became more analytical and sophisticated in content. At the beginning of the century, sporting news columns contained little more than the results of major horse races. Sports coverage slowly grew until, by the end of the century, sport reports filled entire pages with stories about sporting events, the participants, the spectators and the sporting venues
The Provincial Nature of the London Letter
Authors: Hobbs Andrew
Published: January 2022

These gossipy columns of news from the capital, published in provincial newspapers, acknowledged the cultural and political power of the metropolis in a distinctively provincial way. They continued an early nineteenth-century writing style after it disappeared from London papers, developed it (for example through the invention of Parliamentary lobby journalism) and saw it re-adopted by the metropolitan press as part of the New Journalism. The writers were sometimes obscure hacks working for press agencies and publishers such as Cassell, sometimes established journalists such as Shirley Brooks, Edward Lucy or William Jerdan. Some London letters were syndicated to smaller newspapers, but more prestigious papers boasted that theirs was written exclusively for them. The London letter was rightly mocked by metropolitan commentators, for its gossipy style and its writers’ exaggerated claims to have lounged in every club and dined with every earl and actress. Yet it prefigured many traits of the New Journalism, was an important source of income for many writers, and shows how the relationship between metropolitan and provincial press was more than a simple one of core and periphery.
Biopolitical Realism
Authors: Papanikolaou Dimitris
Published: January 2022

Mark Fisher’s term capitalist realism is tested against the films Pity (2019; dir. Makridis), Attenberg (2010; dir. Tsangari), L (2011; dir. Makridis). The main characters’ dislocation, ironic disposition and embodied reactions to events in these films point to the full implementation, but also to a certain exhaustion, of capitalist realism. What these films show well, it is argued, is the need for a representational strategy that this book proposes calling biopolitical realism. The chapter suggests that ‘[b]iopolitical realism thrives on collation, seriality, contiguity, metonymical thinking, posturing, framing, performatively gesturing, moving and self-referential filming’. The documentary series Mikrocities, produced and shown in Greece in 2010-11, is presented as a clear and very self-conscious example of the expansive poetics of such a biopolitical realism.
The Biopolitical Family: (Miss) Violence, Discipline, Allegory, Dogteeth
Authors: Papanikolaou Dimitris
Published: January 2022

Why do the films of the Greek Weird Wave return so obsessively to the theme of the family? The chapter answers this recurring question by analysing the family as a molecule of biopolitical ordering. What films like Miss Violence (2013; dir. Avranas) and Dogtooth (2009; dir. Lanthimos) show is that the biopolitical aspects of family life relate, often painfully, to aspects of our contemporary socio-political ordering. As they become proponents of biopolitical realism, the films of the Weird Wave focus on the family’s biopolitical role, and how allegory is used, even in the family, as a tool, for the training, shaping, and registering of people’s bodies, beliefs and reactions. Returning to Dogtooth’s final scenes, the chapter ends with an open question: ‘how does one dismantle the grammar and syntax of allegory as a biopolitical tool’?
Touch: Haptic Narrative in The Professor’s House, Shadows on the Rock and Sapphira and the Slave Girl
Authors: Reynolds Guy J.
Published: January 2022

Chapter Six tracks touch and tactility as motifs in three of Cather’s later novels. Tactility in The Professor’s House links to that novel’s focus on male crisis and an archetypal sense of modernist fracture. A second section features Shadows on the Rock, which is interpreted in terms of Cather’s accounts of what she called the ‘wretched machinery’ of the body; illness is a focus there. Finally, the ‘habitus of violence’ is the subject of a close reading of Sapphira and the
Slave Girl, and that novel’s representations of racism.
Bodies of Water: Fontane, Mann and the Private Performance of Wagnerian Eroticism
Authors: Englund Axel
Published: January 2022

This chapter shows how two proto-modernist prose texts, Theodor Fontane’s L’Adultera (1880/1882) and Thomas Mann’s Buddenbrooks (1901), transposed the decadent eroticism of Wagnerian opera into the bourgeois home and the private realm of intimate and embodied, domestic musical performance. Focusing on Wagnerian eros as a ‘musical torrent’, it claims that ‘the literary transposition of Wagner’s music from [large-scale public arenas] to the private sphere allowed these authors to negotiate intimacy and eroticism, and that it did so precisely through an imagery of fluidity’. In Englund’s reading, the intimacies made possible by private, physical performances of this oceanic music become a simultaneously erosive and erotically gratifying force propelling modernity itself, one that liquefies the bourgeois subject and its reproductive values.
‘You Have a Knack for Saving My Life!’: Wives, Girlfriends and Women in Refrigerators in Marvel Films
Authors: Kent Miriam
Published: January 2022

Women in Marvel Films begins by setting aside the theme of superheroic women. Instead, the discussion starts with an interrogation of a crucial but theoretically neglected component of Marvel films—the superhero girlfriend. Drawing from existing accounts of the role of women in mainstream Hollywood film (beginning with the foundational work of Laura Mulvey and moving on to more contemporary texts), the chapter discusses Marvel women who are positioned as love interests to the central male heroes of these films. Tracing the contextual comic book history of these characters, the chapter puts forward the argument that superhero girlfriends are highly complex figures who represent a response to ongoing developments to do women’s equality and postfeminist culture. Films analysed include The Punisher (1989 and its 2004 remake), Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009).
Black Skin, Blue Skin: Race and Femininity in Marvel Films
Authors: Kent Miriam
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the issue of race representation in Marvel films with specific reference to the portrayal of women of colour. Themes of whiteness and privilege run throughout each of the previous chapters; this chapter therefore interrogates many of the discourses of inclusion and equality central to some of these films, while querying the notion of a postracial culture. Continuing discussions from the previous chapters, Marvel films are positioned within a globalised, postfeminist and postracial media culture that encourages a notion of universal womanhood based on the oppression of all women. Women of colour remain marginalised in Marvel films through a range of cultural and industrial practices, regardless of the character types they play. The representations of characters such as Storm in the X-Men films and Dr Karen Jenson in Blade are discussed.
Observations Regarding the Historiographical Tradition on Khārijism
Authors: Hagemann Hannah-Lena
Published: January 2022

Chapter Seven does not address Khārijite history but rather returns to the early Islamic historical tradition itself. Gathering together insights gained from the preceding literary analyses, the chapter asks what the portrayal of Khārijism in Islamic historiography can tell us about its formation, and whether we can actually speak of an historiographical ‘tradition’ on Khārijism. The chapter discusses potential differences between so-called ‘proto-Sunnī’ and ‘proto-Shīʿī’ works, concluding that it makes little sense to distinguish between them, at least during the period investigated here (9th-10th century CE) and with regard to Khārijism. The conclusion to Chapter Seven then puts a particular spotlight on Ibn Aʿtham and his Kitāb
al-Futūḥ, a work that is quite distinct from the other sources studied in this book.
Introduction: The Soft Power of Film
Authors: Dennison Stephanie
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter, as well as providing a context for reading the various chapter contributions to the volume, examines of the theory and broad uses of soft power in relation to film culture in the 21st century. It also reflects on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BRICS nations and their film industries.
The Limits of Hollywood as an Instrument of Chinese Public Diplomacy and Soft Power
Authors: Homewood Chris
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers China’s use of film to build its soft power in the West. In recent years, the Chinese film market has grown (and seemingly continues to grow) at an exponential rate, and this remarkable turn of events has enabled China to co-opt Hollywood as an adjunct soft power asset. Keen to deepen its penetration of China’s now highly lucrative market, the Hollywood majors are adopting a more ecumenical understanding of geopolitical space and proffering affirmative images of China’s role in world affairs. This chapter considers the depth and scope of this understanding and its articulation on screen. It argues that the positively framed understanding of China and its place in the world faces mounting competition from other Western sources of China information, few of which seem to share Hollywood’s affirmative stance.
Epilogue: The Library of Comfort
Authors: Pieters Jürgen
Published: January 2022

In the book’s brief epilogue, a reading of Friedrich Frotzel’s painting ‘The Old Bookcase’ provides the occasion for a review of the book’s central argument.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Robbie
Published: January 2022

Looking for a place to stay in Hastings in the winter of 1879, Henry James was confronted with a basic choice: inn or hotel, the old or the new. The Swan Inn was an old posting house on a side-street, and was recommended by a friend who described it as ‘mellow’ (James interpreted that to mean ‘musty’). The Royal Marine Hotel was a much larger and more modern operation on the Parade by the sea. James, claiming ‘a certain acquaintance with “royal” hotels’, foresaw what he might be in for: ‘Large hotels here are almost always owned and carried on by companies, and the company is represented by a well-shaped female figure belonging to the class whose members are more particularly known as “persons”.’ James pictured this figure as a ‘superior young woman sitting at a ledger, in a kind of glass cage, at the bottom of the stairs, and expressing by refined intonations her contempt for a gentleman who should decline to “require” a sitting-room’. She was a hybrid, occupying, as James writes, a ‘shadowy position in the social scale’. Part housekeeper, part white-collar worker, she was at once the head servant of a great house and an early prototype of the late-century female typist or the caged telegraphist of James’s ‘In the Cage’ (1896). How to speak with her? Chivalric deference was defunct; a ‘person’ rather than a madam or a miss, she refused to be sentimentalised or patronised....
‘A Fairy Boy of Eleven, a Changeling, Kidnapped, Dressed in an Eton Suit’: Precarious, Lost and Recovered Children in Anglophone Irish Modernism
Authors: Backus Margot Gayle
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the evolution of the literary faery changeling, reading this figure as a response to British white supremacy. Backus argues that both Joyce and Yeats transformed folkloric accounts of changelings into heretical representations of figures caught between different Irish orthodoxies.
Legacies of Land and Soil: Irish Drama, European Integration and the Unfinished Business of Modernism
Authors: Townsend Sarah L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how Irish rural drama negotiates the tension between land as soil and land as property. Townsend argues that rural dramas such as Rutherford Mayne’s play Red Turf (1911), Padraic Colum’s The Land (1905), and T.C. Murray’s Birthright (1910) commit heresy against the pieties of cultural nationalism by positing material security rather than spiritual inheritance as the foundation for a prosperous Irish future. Largely neglected by literary criticism, these plays also challenge the orthodox story of modernism whereby old-fashioned realism is superseded by avant-garde experiment, much as the rural is superseded the urban. Often performed in the same venues as contemporary avant-garde plays, Irish rural dramas demonstrate that modernism did not progress in a straight line but along multiple intersecting paths.
Modernism Against / For the Nation: Joycean Echoes in Postwar Taiwan
Authors: Huang Shan-Yun
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how Irish Home Rule, the Irish Revival, and modernist aesthetic experiments – particularly those of Joyce – influenced similar nationalist, cultural, and aesthetic developments in Taiwan, the ‘Ireland of Asia’.  Focusing largely on Wang Wen-hsing, an experimental writer known as ‘Taiwan’s Joyce’, Huang shows how Wang’s novel Family Catastrophe (Jiabian, 1972) became a lightning rod for heated debates between modernists and nativists—debates that echoed similar conflicts between modernists and revivalists in Ireland. Citing Susan Stanford Friedman’s argument that non-Western modernisms are ‘different, not derivative’, Huang identifies a fundamental paradox in Wang’s Taiwanese modernism: rather than signalling a betrayal of native culture, Wang’s ‘Westernization’ made him native and his work, in turn, indigenized the West.
Modern Irish Poetry and the Heresy of Modernism
Authors: Falci Eric
Published: January 2022

This chapter advocates a renewed attention to the neglected middle of the twentieth century, a period that has often been disparaged as a falling-off from the ‘age of Yeats’ or as an anticipation of the ‘age of Heaney’. Thus ‘the Irish poetry of the middle decades of the twentieth century is subjected to a kind of diachronic imperative: it is made to matter primarily for what it can tell us about poetry in Ireland before and after it’. Against this imperative, Eric Falci argues that mid-century poetry is ‘differently heretical’ from modernism, with poets such as Brian Coffey and Sheila Wingfield developing long forms that conform to neither the lyric nor the epic mode and belie the routine dichotomy between the mainstream and the avant-garde.
Affective Alchemy: W. B. Yeats and the Transformative Heresy of Joy
Authors: Truran Wendy J.
Published: January 2022

Yeats’s project was to transform sorrow into joy, an affective alchemy that produces vitalizing effects on the body and the mind. This chapter uses his poem “Vacillation” to demonstrate the difference between two kinds of joy: sensual and divine, both of which fuel creativity. Yeats believed that poetry could unify the material and the immaterial, the human and the divine.
An Auteurist Journey through the Fantastic Mode: A Case Study of Ho Meng-hua
Authors: Chao Shi-Yan
Published: January 2022

This chapter uses Hong Kong commercial filmmaker Ho Meng-hua and his fantastic work to address three main lines of inquiry: the articulations of the fantastic mode across different genres, the kinds of mise-en-scène of desire facilitated by the public forms of generic conventions, and the sorts of preferred subject positions animated by different kinds of mise-en-scène of desire in question. Along with the particular manoeuvre of the fantastic mode across three key genres (fantasy adventure, martial arts and horror genres), coupled with a changing formulation of the fantastic’s double appeal to what the author terms ‘fantastic impossibility’ and ‘spectacular probability’, this chapter comes to the conclusion that Ho Meng-hua’s career at Shaws studio during the 1960s and 1970s reflected the way the Hong Kong people negotiated their distinct subjectivity in a transnational framework, which is the socio-political significance of the fantastic mode in its Hong Kong articulation.
The Sacred Spectacle: Subverting Scepticism in Tsui Hark’s Detective Dee Films
Authors: Pettigrew Ian
Published: January 2022

Among the group of Hong Kong filmmakers who have transitioned into the mainland Chinese film industry, Tsui Hark brings years of experience depicting traditional Chinese beliefs and religion in films such as Green Snake and Zu: Warriors from the Magic Mountain, thus contributing significantly to mainland China’s new fantasy-friendly market. This chapter looks closely at the director’s three Detective Dee films to demonstrate how, through collage, the films’ visual and special effects (for example, the use of qinggong in traditional wuxia literature and films) subvert their own negative narrative framing of the supernatural and religion. This is preceded by a brief discussion of the history of the representation of the supernatural and religion in Chinese cinema, followed by a review of Tsui’s related oeuvre.
From private gatherings to public spectacle
Authors: Lundén Elizabeth Castaldo
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the geopolitical reconfigurations triggered by the outbreak of World War II. It analyses the concept of The American Century, coined by Henry R. Luce, its connection to Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms speech, and the Academy’s actions in joining and supporting these efforts. In this context, the ceremony was transformed from a private banquet into a public spectacle, in remembrance of the grand openings at Sid Egyptian and Chinese Theatres during the silent era, including radio transmissions and fan gatherings, setting in place much of the ceremony structure that persists to date. This period also marks the production of the first short film to publicise the Academy Awards, the advent of the first radio fashion commentator for the ceremony, and the efforts to position New York City as the ‘style center of the world’ that put an end to the dreams of Hollywood as a fashion capital.
Caucasian Banditry in Late Imperial Russia: The Case of Abrek Zelimkhan
Authors: Perović Jeronim
Published: January 2022

The Muslim populated North Caucasus, especially the mountainous parts inhabited by Chechens and Dagestanis, represented the most difficult to control borderland area of the Russian Empire. This chapter is analysing the complex realities in this volatile region by looking into the phenomenon of “banditry” (abrechestvo) as well as a political manifestation of resistance to Russian rule. As a case study serves the life story of the most notorious “abrek” at the time: the Chechen Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev. Together with his small group of followers, Zelimkhan for more than a decade roamed the region, raiding Cossack farms, robbing banks, trains and post offices, and murdering local representatives of the tsarist government. He was tracked down and killed in September 1913. He gained legendary status already during his lifetime, and became a frequent topic of debate in the Russian press as well as the ruling political and military circles. Drawing on newspaper articles and book publications from the late tsarist and early Soviet period, as well as police and other reports from the imperial Russian archives, this chapter unravels the myth behind the legend and provides insight into the state of the Russian Empire on the eve of the Russian Revolution.
11 Indoors
Authors: Chattopadhyay Budhaditya
Published: January 2022

As I am back in an indoor urban location, I look for freedom inside the close confines of a room; the walls slowly move towards me, the geometry of my environment remains in flux. The intruding wind and its muffled diffusion of sound through the porous windowpane take over and enhance fragments of silence, even those left over from yesterday. I have nothing to say to the objects within my indoor environment while the car horn disperses outside across the neighbourhood; outdoor sounds provide an essential sense of place for an indoor setting. Reflections of the sound inside the room and its fading residues underscore the nature of interactions with lived and remembered experiences of the outdoors. As a car horn dissipates into the construction sounds of houses being built in the urban neighbourhood, I appreciate how my indoor ambience reflects a conflict between private and public spaces as their sounds intermingle and subtly coalesce within a fertile room tone. I can listen to my desire for freedom inside the close confines of this room and let my thoughts regain their innocence. The walls merge with my skin and the built environment closely surrounds my body. As I search for an exit, another car horn rings out. The moving and static, and the distance between them grow beyond a known arithmetic. They merge into one another and replace my search for freedom. My confinement is defined by the sense of domesticity within this enclosed space. I embrace the sonically approaching walls and enhanced silences to feel secure and tend to ignore the muffled sounds of wind. The window divides the safety and privacy of the room tone from the outdoor ambience of a thriving urban environment, as if the windowpane is the architecturally built border between ...
17 Mapping the Aesthetic Choices in Sound Production
Authors: Chattopadhyay Budhaditya
Published: January 2022

The fourth chapter is a reflection on the book’s findings regarding presence, rendering and sonic reality presented across three chapters. In critically listening to the trajectories of sound production within world cinema and audiovisual media arts, it is observed that sites have been irregularly rendered and produced through various phases of sound production. Three primary historical markers are underscored that seem useful when locating and mapping prominent technological shifts. These developmental stages have manifested as aesthetic choices embraced by sound practitioners. This chapter details how these principles are reflected in the production of a site’s sonic presence. In other words, the various forms and formats of technological innovations and transformation have informed the degree of site-specific presence produced through the use of ambient sound components. Critical listening, reflection and analysis of the passages of sound from representative films, specifically depicting select generic sites and sonic environments in film and media works, qualify the evidential account of this research. The book’s final chapter also hints at future directions for film and media sound production.
A familiar trap: the ‘Party of Privilege’ and the War on Poverty, 1964
Authors: Mclay Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act and the role that the War on Poverty played during the 1964 elections. It argues that the War on Poverty was passed in a distinctly partisan atmosphere by the Johnson administration, thus aggravating Republicans. Nonetheless, Republicans fell into the familiar trap of opposing an anti-poverty initiative during an era in which they perceived by Americans as out-of-touch and privileged. Finally, the chapter explores the efforts of Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan in campaigning against the War on Poverty during the 1964 election.
The end? Poverty politics and the ‘Reagan Revolution’, 1977–81
Authors: Mclay Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the impact of the ‘Reagan Revolution’ on the anti-poverty policies. It begins by charting Reagan’s path to the White House and how this was helped by a political environment that was turning away from government solutions to social problems. It shows how Reagan had been the War on Poverty’s chief opponent throughout his political career and that he was successful in continuing to prosecute his anti-welfare message during the 1980 election against Jimmy Carter. The heart of the chapter then shows how Reagan was able to put his anti-poverty message into policy, through the passage of the Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act (OBRA). In doing so, Reagan demonstrated his talent as a party leader and his skill as a communicator.
Introduction
Authors: Davy Daniel
Published: January 2022

In November 1863 four gold seekers, Robert Mattheson, William Gwillen, George Hyde and John Love, left their flooded claim along the Kawarau River on the Dunstan goldfield in Otago, New Zealand, for Campbell’s Gully, a small goldfield to the southwest, hidden at the foot of the Old Man Range. After a brief and unsuccessful bout of prospecting in Campbell’s and the surrounding area, the party retraced their steps back to the Dunstan. Within a few hours of leaving the gully, the group was caught in a blizzard of snow and sleet, which limited visibility to a few metres. After another two hours of walking, Hyde was overcome with cold and crumbled into a snowdrift. Love and Gwillen turned back to help their partner, but they lost sight of Mattheson, who continued to walk ahead of the party’s packhorse. When Hyde was unable to stand, Love and Gwillen picked him up and carried their mate through the blizzard with snow up to their armpits. Unable to carry Hyde any farther, Love and Gwillen laid him down beside a rock and constructed a snow embankment to shelter him from the wind. The two miners then wandered on to find more permanent shelter, promising Hyde they would return for him. After searching for twenty minutes, Love and Gwillen found a rock behind which to take cover, hoping the storm would subside. During the night, Love became paralysed from cold and Gwillen, too weak to hold him up, could only listen to his mate’s whispered pleadings with God, which lasted only a few minutes before he died. When morning came and the storm dissipated, Gwillen discovered a stone hut some thirty metres from where he and Love took shelter the night before. Hyde was also dead by the time he was discovered that morning....
Conclusion
Authors: Davy Daniel
Published: January 2022

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Rakhshan Banietemad’s Art of Social Realism: Bridging Realism and Fiction
Authors: Ghorbankarimi Maryam
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a survey of her documentary works in search of a unique social realist approach to filmmaking. The chapter argues that, although Banietemad’s auteurship might be evident in her films through their recurring links and themes, it is in her self-reflexive documentaries that we really see her artistic and critical approach to telling stories about ordinary people in society.
Contrast between the Urban and the Rural Regarding Mental and Social Space
Authors: Zou Hongyan
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines cinematic Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu province, which makes an “absent presence” in films, as it often appears as the reference to modernity and a future destination for film characters from the adjacent areas. The geographical conditions of the area nurture a nomadic way of production, making sheep, horse, camel or cattle herding become one of the overt images of the area, and film characters invariably accompanied or symbolised by these animals. Chen Jianbin’s directorial debut A Fool [Yige shaozi] (2015) is one example. This chapter analyses how the protagonist, travelling between a village and a nearby town, suffers from urban manipulative domination due to his low social status, inadequate knowledge about urban conduct and weak social connections. It demonstrates that the sprawling urban spaces and the power of capital restricts the rural living space, a theme that is further extended in River Road [Jia zai shuicao fengmao de difang] (Li Ruijun, 2015), a film featuring a disappearing ethnic minority in Hexi Corridor. This chapter shows that the transforming power of urbanisation appears even more dramatic in an ecologically fragile environment, with the inhabitants deprived of health, traditional ways of production and home.
Locating Islam
Authors: Ringer Monica M.
Published: January 2022

By the nineteenth-century, the idea of ‘religion’ as a universal phenomenon had become firmly entrenched. Religions in the particular were therefore expressions of this universal phenomena, mapped onto human civilizational evolution. The explanation of difference moved away from a theologically-based true/false binary, and was relocated onto a universal taxonomy of mankind’s religious evolution. In this conception, ‘primitive’ religions were symptomatic of ‘primitive’ civilizations, ‘advanced’ religions likewise belonging to and reflecting ‘advanced’ civilizations. Historicism, as contextualization, enabled religions to be located in this taxonomy according to new criteria of civilizational progress. This chapter explores Islamic Modernists’ ‘location’ of Islam in this universal, phenomenological and civilizational taxonomy. The focus is on elucidating their understanding of Islam as part of, and contributing to, universal human history, and ways in which this new set of intellectual paradigms shifted their categorization and understanding of Islam as a universal religious phenomenon, as opposed to a set of texts, traditions, practices, and so forth. This chapter also elaborates the complex debates that Islamic Modernists engaged in with their Christian, religious studies scholarly counterparts, particularly over the position of Islam relative to other monotheistic traditions.
The Islamic Origins of Modernity
Authors: Ringer Monica M.
Published: January 2022

Modernists saw in Islamic history the solution to the pressing question of why the Islamic world was ‘backward’ compared to the dynamic and powerful European great powers. The Abbasid “Golden Age” was touted by Muslim Modernists as empirical proof that Islamic essence, properly manifest in historical context, was a powerful motor of progress and civilization. Modernists claimed not only that Islam had produced superior civilizational levels compared to contemporary Europe, but that it could do so again. The prevalent European narrative of the ossification of Islamic institutions, and the concomitant rise of dogmatism that prevented intellectual inquiry, creativity, and ultimately, further progress, was by and large accepted by Muslim Modernists. However, they insisted that the ossification of tradition was not essential to Islam but rather, historically contingent. Modernists deployed the “Golden Age” argument to insist on the de-contextualization of Islamic essence and its re-contextualization in the present – the rescue of essence from history. Muslim Modernists, by comparing Islam in history to Christianity in European history, asserted the Islamic Origins of Modernity, thus enabling an indigenous future modern – the reclaiming of the ‘torch of civilization’.
Conclusion: God’s Intent – The Re-enchantment of the Sacred in the Age of History
Authors: Ringer Monica M.
Published: January 2022

The ‘modern’ understanding of the nature of religion transformed the relationship between God and mankind, from one characterized by external recognition of the immanence and ‘supernatural’ power of God, to one characterized by the internalization of the Divine in man, and the centrality of individual consciousness. Modern religion folded humanism into an enduring eschatological framework, whereby God’s intent was consistent with civilizational progress of humankind. Religious Modernism’s fundamental project was the unification of religion and modernity. Historicism problematized and revealed Tradition to be constructed, yet in its deconstruction lay the possibilities of reconstruction. Freedom from Tradition and dogma enabled freedom to rediscover essence, to re-contextualize essence in contemporary context – to reinterpret, and reconstruct religion. Modern Islam was cast as a return to truth, the rectification of the distortions of Tradition and the reignition of Islam’s essential capacity for progress and civilization. Modern Islam was the fulfilment of the eschatological promise of God’s intent, folded into new conceptions of progress and civilization. Like other religious modernisms, Islamic modernism drew on Historicism as disenchantment with Tradition, to affect a re-contextualization of religion – the re-enchantment of Islam in the modern.
Revolution in Colonial Translation: From Saint-Domingue to Haiti
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D.
Published: January 2022

Jeremy Popkin’s essay explores how French political concepts and discourse were appropriated in the Haitian Revolution and what was lost in translation. Its point of departure is the decision in 1793 by two representatives of the French Republic in Saint-Domingue to translate the 1685 Code Noir into Creole. Although this document, which reinforced the institution of slavery, was clearly at odds with the representatives’ revolutionary principles, it did guarantee certain rights and protections for the slaves. Popkin points to the many difficulties of translating ideas such as “liberty,” “rights” and “equality” into a colonial context, in which the slaves had very different political notions and the revolutionaries’ actions often contradicted their ideological principles.
‘Unlocatable Bodies’: Modernist Veiled Dancers from Loïe Fuller to Maud Allan
Authors: Girdwood Megan
Published: January 2022

This opening chapter considers Loïe Fuller’s veiled dance performances in the 1890s as formative touchstones for Salome’s later modernist appeal. Drawing on Stéphane Mallarmé’s influential notion of dance as a form of ‘bodily writing’, as well as Jacques Rancière’s more recent reading of Fuller’s ‘unlocatable body’, this chapter explores how Fuller purposely cultivated an aesthetics of radical disembodiment that paradoxically depended on her body’s material capacity to perform. Collapsing the distinction between her body and her veil, Fuller’s choreographic practice intervened in Symbolist and Decadent images of Salome as a degenerate femme fatale, modelling a new approach to this figure that was predicated on a type of feminist aesthetic potential located in the body. Tracing Fuller’s career from her landmark serpentine dances via two Salome-themed choreographies – Salome (1895) and La Tragédie de Salomé (1907) –, this chapter ultimately examines her influence on women’s modern dance through the controversial figure of Maud Allan, whose Vision of Salome (1906) refocused the queer implications of both Fuller’s dematerialised performance style and Salome’s more explicitly unorthodox sexuality.
‘That Invisible Dance’: Symbolism, Salomé and Oscar Wilde’s Choreographic Aesthetics
Authors: Girdwood Megan
Published: January 2022

Oscar Wilde’s one-act play Salomé, written in French and performed at the Théâtre de l’Oeuvre in February 1896, combined Fuller’s emphasis on the dematerialised body with the Symbolist themes and literary techniques he had gleaned from Mallarmé, Gustave Flaubert, and Joris-Karl Huysmans. Exploring Salomé’s controversial early performance history in Paris and London, this chapter resituates Wilde’s text within a late nineteenth-century ferment of avant-garde dramaturgy, Symbolist and Decadent aesthetics, and philosophies of embodiment and free will as applied to the figure of the dancing puppet, theorised most influentially by Heinrich von Kleist. This chapter places Wilde’s Salomé in dialogue with its key intertexts and related case studies, from Aubrey Beardsley’s decadent illustrations for the English translation, to various frustrated and successful attempts to play Salome by the French actor Sarah Bernhardt and the Russian dancer Ida Rubinstein.