bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow use constructed floodplain habitat
Authors: Gonzales Eric J. , Tave Douglas , Haggerty Grace M.
Published: September 2013

Geomorphic changes resulting from the construction of dams, irrigation diversion structures, and flood control levees has separated the Rio Grande from its floodplain contributing to the decline of native fish species including the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). The species is currently restricted to 280‐km of the river in New Mexico. Since 2006, the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission has constructed 121 ha of floodplain habitat between the river levees to improve habitat. To determine if constructed habitats were being utilized by the Rio Grande silvery minnow and the fish community, a presence/absence study was conducted on eight constructed floodplains during 2008 and 2009, and one natural floodplain in 2008. A total of 14 481 fish were captured in fyke nets during both years: 3528 fish were captured from constructed floodplains and 8410 were captured from the natural floodplain in 2008: 2543 fish were captured from the constructed floodplains in 2009. Of this total, 11 602 of the fish were Rio Grande silvery minnow: 2180 Rio Grande silvery minnow were collected from constructed floodplains and 7356 from the natural floodplain in 2008; 2057 Rio Grande silvery minnow were collected from constructed floodplains in 2009. Gravid female and male expressing milt were collected both years. A total of 1173 unidentified larval fish and 363 Rio Grande silvery minnow eggs were also collected during the surveys. The results show that the Rio Grande silvery minnow and the fish community utilized the constructed and natural floodplains during the spring spawning season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Selective Aromatic Alkylation of Phenol and Anisole by Using Recyclable Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid Systems
Authors: Titze‐Frech Karin , Ignatiev Nikolai , Uerdingen Marc , Schulz Peter Steffen , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: September 2013

A highly efficient ionic liquid catalyst system for selective alkylation of phenol and anisole with alkenes is described. By using Brønsted acidic triflate ionic liquids containing the SO3H group attached to the cation, it was possible to recycle the catalyst and reuse it after a simple workup procedure. Moreover, selectivity towards the monoalkylated products was improved to 93 % by using a biphasic system.
Increased oral availability and brain accumulation of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib by coadministration of the P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) inhibitor elacridar
Authors: Chuan Tang Seng , Nguyen Luan N. , Sparidans Rolf W. , Wagenaar Els , Beijnen Jos H. , Schinkel Alfred H.
Published: September 2013

Crizotinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for treating patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) containing an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement. We used knockout mice to study the roles of P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in plasma pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation of oral crizotinib, and the feasibility of improving crizotinib kinetics using coadministration of the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar. In vitro, crizotinib was a good transport substrate of human ABCB1, but not of human ABCG2 or murine Abcg2. With low‐dose oral crizotinib (5 mg/kg), Abcb1a/1b−/− and Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice had an approximately twofold higher plasma AUC than wild‐type mice, and a markedly (∼40‐fold) higher brain accumulation at 24 hr. Also at 4 hr, crizotinib brain concentrations were ∼25‐fold, and brain‐to‐plasma ratios ∼14‐fold higher in Abcb1a/1b−/− and Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice than in wild‐type mice. High‐dose oral crizotinib (50 mg/kg) resulted in comparable plasma pharmacokinetics between wild‐type and Abcb1a/1b−/− mice, suggesting saturation of intestinal Abcb1. Nonetheless, brain accumulation at 24 hr was still ∼70‐fold higher in Abcb1a/1b−/− than in wild‐type mice. Importantly, oral elacridar coadministration increased the plasma and brain concentrations and brain‐to‐plasma ratios of crizotinib in wild‐type mice, equaling the levels in Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice. Our results indicate that crizotinib oral availability and brain accumulation were primarily restricted by Abcb1 at a non‐saturating dose, and that coadministration of elacridar with crizotinib could substantially increase crizotinib oral availability and delivery to the brain. This principle might be used to enhance therapeutic efficacy of crizotinib against brain metastases in NSCLC patients.
Injured and Silenced: Working with Workers' Compensation Claimants and Their Families
Authors: Frankcom Kaye
Published: September 2013

It is not uncommon for rehabilitation and workers' compensation systems to treat the injured worker as either a passive victim or a mischievous malingerer. Much ofthe literatureregardingrehabilitation ofpeople with chronic pain and soft tissue injury speaks of paralysis and powerlessness as if the injured person is a piece offlotsam buffeted about by the socialforces of WorkCare (and other compensation systems), the employer and the medical legal systems.

This paper will review the pertinent literature and demonstrate the lack ofobjective supportfor a ‘blame‐thevictim’ attitude. The importance of the injured person playing an active role in his/her rehabilitation will be emphasised through a systematic analysis ofthe impact ofthe WorkCare scheme on the injured worker and their treatment. In this light, a systems based approach to therapy with injured workers and their families will be outlined.
Assimilation of T‐TREC‐retrieved wind data with WRF 3DVAR for the short‐term forecasting of typhoon Meranti (2010) near landfall
Authors: Li Xin , Ming Jie , Wang Yuan , Zhao Kun , Xue Ming
Published: September 2013

An extended Tracking Radar Echo by Correlation (TREC) technique, called T‐TREC technique, has been developed recently to retrieve horizontal circulations within tropical cyclones (TCs) from single Doppler radar reflectivity (Z) and radial velocity (Vr, when available) data. This study explores, for the first time, the assimilation of T‐TREC‐retrieved winds for a landfalling typhoon, Meranti (2010), into a convection‐resolving model, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). The T‐TREC winds or the original Vr data from a single coastal Doppler radar are assimilated at the single time using the WRF three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR), at 8, 6, 4, and 2 h before the landfall of typhoon Meranti. In general, assimilating T‐TREC winds results in better structure and intensity analysis of Meranti than directly assimilating Vr data. The subsequent forecasts for the track, intensity, structure and precipitation are also better, although the differences becomes smaller as the Vr data coverage improves when the typhoon gets closer to the radar. The ability of the T‐TREC retrieval in capturing more accurate and complete vortex circulations in the inner‐core region of TC is believed to be the primary reason for its superior performance over direct assimilation of Vr data; for the latter, the data coverage is much smaller when the TC is far away and the cross‐beam wind component is difficult to analyze accurately with 3DVAR method.
The self‐sputtered contribution to the lunar exosphere
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S. , Sarantos M. , Delory G. T.
Published: September 2013

The lunar exosphere is produced by a combination of processes including thermal desorption, micrometeoroid bombardment, internal gas release, photon‐stimulated desorption, and charged‐particle sputtering. Here we investigate an additional mechanism not previously considered for the Moon, namely the role that newly born ions from the exosphere itself play in sputtering additional neutrals from the lunar surface, known as self‐sputtering. Our calculations suggest that this process may sputter neutrals into the lunar exosphere at a rate equal to or greater than charged‐particle sputtering due to passage through the Earth's plasma sheet when spatially averaged over the lunar dayside, while locally, self‐sputtering may equal or exceed solar wind charged‐particle sputtering and micrometeoroid bombardment. We use known or modeled densities and distributions of exospheric neutrals, laboratory‐derived values for the photoionization rates and neutral sputtering yields, and knowledge of the ambient electromagnetic environment at the Moon to derive estimates of the self‐sputtered neutral flux. We present the spatial variation of the self‐sputtered neutral flux and discuss the implications thereof.
Influence of Bacillus spp. strains on seedling growth and physiological parameters of sorghum under moisture stress conditions
Authors: Grover Minakshi , Madhubala R. , Ali Sk. Z. , Yadav S. K. , Venkateswarlu B.
Published: September 2013

Microorganisms isolated from stressed ecosystem may prove as ideal candidates for development of bio‐inoculants for stressed agricultural production systems. In the present study, moisture stress tolerant rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of sorghum, pigeonpea, and cowpea grown under semiarid conditions in India. Four isolates KB122, KB129, KB133, and KB142 from sorghum rhizosphere exhibited plant growth promoting traits and tolerance to salinity, high temperature, and moisture stress. These isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strains were evaluated for growth promotion of sorghum seedlings under two different moisture stress conditions (set‐I, continuous 50% soil water holding capacity (WHC) throughout the experiment and set‐II, 75% soil WHC for 27 days followed by no irrigation for 5 days) under greenhouse conditions. Plate count and scanning electron microscope studies indicated successful root surface colonization by inoculated bacteria. Plants inoculated with Bacillus spp. strains showed better growth in terms of shoot length and root biomass with dark greenish leaves due to high chlorophyll content while un‐inoculated plants showed rolling of the leaves, stunted appearance, and wilting under both stress conditions. Inoculation also improved leaf relative water content and soil moisture content. However, variation in proline and sugar content in the different treatments under two stress conditions indicated differential effect of microbial treatments on plant physiological parameters under stress conditions.
Restoring Limestone Quarries: Hayseed, Commercial Seed Mixture or Spontaneous Succession?
Authors: Gilardelli Federica , Sgorbati Sergio , Citterio Sandra , Gentili Rodolfo
Published: September 2013

The main goal of quarry restoration is to convert degraded, unproductive areas into new, self‐sustaining ecosystems that develop into highly natural environments. With the aim to individuate the best practices for restoring limestone quarries, we investigated the short‐term effects on vegetation features and economic advantages of three restoration approaches. These approaches included tree and shrub planting, no herb layer, or a commercial seed mixture or hayseed. The different approaches were tested in a limestone quarry within the Botticino extractive basin (N‐Italy). A donor grassland area of hayseed and a quarry area that had undergone spontaneous revegetation over a decade were used as control areas. We surveyed the vegetation plots to investigate the structure and the productivity of the herbaceous layers; collecting data on plant species cover, the mean plant height, the tree and shrubs mortality and biomass enabled us to perform gradient analysis. The main differences between the sites were due to biotic factors; specifically, vegetation cover was affected quite differently by the different restoration approaches. Restoration with commercial seed mixture resulted primarily in dense stands of Lolium perenne that caused an increase in shrub and tree mortality. Cost–benefit analysis showed that despite hayseed being the most expensive approach in terms of cost and time, it ensured higher species diversity, vegetation structure and greening. Our results highlighted that autochthonous plant materials can improve excavation‐areas restoration by both contrasting the colonisation of non‐native species and increasing natural regeneration and biodiversity levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes for recipients of liver transplantation for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency–related cirrhosis
Authors: Carey Elizabeth J. , Iyer Vivek N. , Nelson Darlene R. , Nguyen Justin H. , Krowka Michael J.
Published: September 2013

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare genetic disease caused by an abnormal production of the serine protease inhibitor AAT. Liver transplantation (LT) cures cirrhosis caused by AAT deficiency and restores the normal production of AAT. There are few reports on the post-LT outcomes of patients with AAT deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing LT for AAT deficiency at 3 large transplant centers. All patients undergoing LT at these 3 transplant centers from 1987 to 2012 for AAT deficiency (ZZ or SZ phenotype) were included. The most recent 50 patients with the MZ phenotype were also included for comparison. Data were collected retrospectively from internal databases and medical records. Seventy-three patients (50 with the ZZ phenotype and 23 with the SZ phenotype) underwent LT. The mean age was 52.8 years, and the majority of the patients (75.6%) were men. Before LT, serum AAT levels were lower for the ZZ patients versus the SZ patients (28.3 versus 58.0 mg/dL, P < 0.001). More than 40% of the SZ patients had an additional liver disease, whereas 8% in the ZZ group and 90% in the MZ group did. Before LT, there was no significant difference in pulmonary function between the ZZ and SZ groups. Seventeen patients (all with ZZ phenotype) had pulmonary function tests performed before and after LT. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) continued to decline for the majority. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year post-LT survival rates were 86%, 83%, 80%, and 72%, respectively, for the ZZ patients and 91%, 86%, 79%, and 79%, respectively, for the SZ patients. In conclusion, survival after LT for patients with ZZ or SZ AAT deficiency is excellent. Despite the normalization of AAT levels after LT, FEV1 continues to decline unexpectedly after LT in some ZZ and SZ patients. Liver Transpl 19:1370–1376, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
The current state of Bayesian methods in medical product development: survey results and recommendations from the DIA Bayesian Scientific Working Group
Authors: Natanegara Fanni , Neuenschwander Beat , Seaman John W. , Kinnersley Nelson , Heilmann Cory R. , Ohlssen David , Rochester George
Published: September 2013

Bayesian applications in medical product development have recently gained popularity. Despite many advances in Bayesian methodology and computations, increase in application across the various areas of medical product development has been modest. The DIA Bayesian Scientific Working Group (BSWG), which includes representatives from industry, regulatory agencies, and academia, has adopted the vision to ensure Bayesian methods are well understood, accepted more broadly, and appropriately utilized to improve decision making and enhance patient outcomes. As Bayesian applications in medical product development are wide ranging, several sub‐teams were formed to focus on various topics such as patient safety, non‐inferiority, prior specification, comparative effectiveness, joint modeling, program‐wide decision making, analytical tools, and education. The focus of this paper is on the recent effort of the BSWG Education sub‐team to administer a Bayesian survey to statisticians across 17 organizations involved in medical product development. We summarize results of this survey, from which we provide recommendations on how to accelerate progress in Bayesian applications throughout medical product development. The survey results support findings from the literature and provide additional insight on regulatory acceptance of Bayesian methods and information on the need for a Bayesian infrastructure within an organization. The survey findings support the claim that only modest progress in areas of education and implementation has been made recently, despite substantial progress in Bayesian statistical research and software availability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of Carthamus tinctorius lignan arctigenin with the binding site of tryptophan‐degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Temml Veronika , Kuehnl Susanne , Schuster Daniela , Schwaiger Stefan , Stuppner Hermann , Fuchs Dietmar
Published: September 2013

Mediterranean Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) is used for treatment of inflammatory conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently C. tinctorius lignans arctigenin and trachelogenin but not matairesinol were described to interfere with the activity of tryptophan‐degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We examined a potential direct influence of compounds on IDO enzyme activity applying computational calculations based on 3D geometry of the compounds. The interaction pattern analysis and force field‐based minimization was performed within LigandScout 3.03, the docking simulation with MOE 2011.10 using the X‐ray crystal structure of IDO. Results confirm the possibility of an intense interaction of arctigenin and trachelogenin with the binding site of the enzyme, while matairesinol had no such effect.
Diet‐induced obesity induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in the amygdala of rats
Authors: Castro Gisele , C. Areias Maria Fernanda , Weissmann Lais , Quaresma Paula G.F. , Katashima Carlos K. , Saad Mario J.A. , Prada Patricia O.
Published: September 2013

Insulin acts in the hypothalamus, decreasing food intake (FI) by the IR/PI3K/Akt pathway. This pathway is impaired in obese animals and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and low‐grade inflammation are possible mechanisms involved in this impairment. Here, we highlighted the amygdala as an important brain region for FI regulation in response to insulin. This regulation was dependent on PI3K/AKT pathway similar to the hypothalamus. Insulin was able to decrease neuropeptide Y (NPY) and increase oxytocin mRNA levels in the amygdala via PI3K, which may contribute to hypophagia. Additionally, obese rats did not reduce FI in response to insulin and AKT phosphorylation was decreased in the amygdala, suggesting insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was associated with ER stress and low‐grade inflammation in this brain region. The inhibition of ER stress with PBA reverses insulin action/signaling, decreases NPY and increases oxytocin mRNA levels in the amygdala from obese rats, suggesting that ER stress is probably one of the mechanisms that induce insulin resistance in the amygdala.
Occupy Wall Street as a Curriculum of Space
Authors: Schmidt Sandra J. , Babits Chris
Published: September 2013

Although Occupy Wall Street may no longer appear in news headlines, the international movement provides a rich curriculum on space and protest that are worthy of contemplation in social studies classrooms and research. This paper looks historically at how location and free speech became linked and informed one another during the 20th century in the US. It then looks critically at three sites of Occupy in the US that reflect the contested public representations of occupation. The investigation of these critical incidents enables a discussion of how Occupy expands prior discussion of the linkage between space and protest while indicating how political, economic, and technological shifts change this relationship in the 21st century.
Domestic-level Parliamentary Scrutiny and Voting Behaviour in the European Parliament
Authors: Finke Daniel
Published: September 2013

Inside the European Parliament political groups reveal levels of voting cohesion similar to that we observe in national parliaments. Faced with a conflict of interests between their national party and their European group, members of the European Parliament (MEPs) surprisingly often prioritize the latter principal over the former. In this article, I argue that domestic-level parliamentary scrutiny can have a tremendous impact on MEPs’ loyalties. Using data on the voting behaviour of German and Czech MEPs, I find that, under scrutiny, MEPs from governing parties are significantly more likely to vote against the instructions of their group leadership. The effect of domestic-level scrutiny on MEPs from opposition parties is weaker and depends on the dossier's political salience. These results provide further support for the strategic use of parliamentary scrutiny in European Union politics.
Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes towards children visiting their parents in psychiatric inpatient units
Authors: Houlihan D. , Sharek D. , Higgins A.
Published: September 2013

Background

The provision of care for children of parents with a mental health problem is an area that is frequently neglected by health-care practitioners.

Objectives

The aim of the overall study was to explore psychiatric nurses’ knowledge of, attitudes and practice towards the support needs of children whose parent has a mental health problem. This paper specifically addresses the views of psychiatric nurses towards children visiting their parent in a mental health inpatient facility.

Method

This study employed a self-completion survey design with a sample of 114 registered psychiatric nurses from one integrated mental health service in Ireland.

Results

The majority of participants were in favour of children visiting their parent when in hospital, but were of the view that the visiting areas should be away from the main ward location and designed to be child-friendly. Many expressed concerns about the standard of visiting facilities and worried about the potentially negative impact of a visit on the child's well-being. In relation to education on child-care issues, a significant majority of the participants reported not having received any education in the child-care issues identified and, as a likely consequence, rated their knowledge as insufficient.

Conclusions

This study highlights the need for further work in the areas of practitioner education, child-friendly visiting facilities, and the development of policy and practice guidelines around children whose parents experience a mental health problem.
Poststimulus response characteristics of the human cone flicker electroretinogram
Authors: GOWRISANKARAN SOWJANYA , McANANY J. JASON , ALEXANDER KENNETH R.
Published: September 2013

At certain temporal frequencies, the human cone flicker electroretinogram (ERG) contains multiple additional responses following the termination of a flicker train. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these poststimulus responses are a continuing response to the terminated flicker train or represent the oscillation of a resonant system. ERGs were recorded from 10 visually normal adults in response to full-field sinusoidally modulated flicker trains presented against a short-wavelength rod-saturating adapting field. The amplitude and timing properties of the poststimulus responses were evaluated within the context of a model of a second-order resonant system. At stimulus frequencies between 41.7 and 71.4 Hz, the majority of subjects showed at least three additional ERG responses following the termination of the flicker train. The interval between the poststimulus responses was approximately constant across stimulus frequency, with a mean of 14.4 ms, corresponding to a frequency of 69.4 Hz. The amplitude and timing characteristics of the poststimulus ERG responses were well described by an underdamped second-order system with a resonance frequency of 70.3 Hz. The observed poststimulus ERG responses may represent resonant oscillations of retinal ON bipolar cells, as has been proposed for electrophysiological recordings of poststimulus responses from retinal ganglion cells. However, further investigation is required to determine the types of retinal neurons involved in the generation of the poststimulus responses of the human flicker ERG.
Kognitive Therapie bei körperdysmorpher Störung
Authors: Ritter Viktoria , Stangier Ulrich
Published: September 2013

In den letzten Jahren ist die Erkenntnis gewachsen, dass die Körperdysmorphe Störung (KDS) viele Gemeinsamkeiten hinsichtlich klinischer Charakteristika und aufrechterhaltender Prozesse mit Zwangsstörungen (z. B. ritualisierte Kontrollhandlungen, wiederkehrende persistierende Gedanken) und sozialer Angststörung (z. B. exzessive Selbstaufmerksamkeit, mentale Vorstellungsbilder) aufweist. Neuere Behandlungsansätze bei KDS fokussieren insbesondere auf die Veränderung der gemeinsamen aufrechterhaltenden Prozesse. Diese Ansätze verbinden klassische kognitiv-behaviorale Techniken (Exposition mit Reaktionsverhinderung und kognitive Umstrukturierung) mit Interventionen aus der Kognitiven Therapie (Aufmerksamkeitstraining, Imagery Rescripting, Videofeedback, Verhaltensexperimente). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die unterschiedlichen Behandlungsbausteine vorgestellt und die Vorgehensweise detailliert beschrieben. Die Interventionen aus der Kognitiven Therapie haben sich aus klinischer Erfahrung bei der Behandlung als hilfreich erwiesen, wurden bislang jedoch noch nicht für die KDS evaluiert.
Efficient asymmetric synthesis of lamivudine via enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution
Authors: Hu Lei , Schaufelberger Fredrik , Zhang Yan , Ramström Olof
Published: September 2013

The anti-HIV nucleoside lamivudine was asymmetrically synthesized in only three steps via a novel surfactant-treated subtilisin Carlsberg-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution protocol.
Energy‐ and latency‐efficient broadcasting mechanism supporting long‐term evolution e‐multimedia broadcast/multicast service transmission
Authors: Shin Haw‐Yun
Published: September 2013

To provide increasing multimedia broadcast/multicast services (MBMSs), the third generation partnership project modified long‐term evolution release nine documents to further support evolved MBMSs (e‐MBMS). This study designed a data‐broadcasting method called evolved broadcast scheduling algorithm (eBSA). This eBSA provides new scheduling technology for e‐MBMS and a new information searching method for user equipments (UEs) that simultaneously conserves UE energy and maintains favourable access latency of broadcast messages. The eBSA constructs index and message channels based on the message popularities, using the index channel to guide UEs to rapidly locate the position of the desired message in the message channel. If searching for unpopular messages, the index channel guides UEs directly to conduct a linear search. Consequently, a short mean access time and mean turning time can be attained. The results of numerical analysis verify that when access messages possess skewed‐access characteristics, the proposed eBSA method performs exceptionally. Additionally, by adequately adjusting the parameter provided by the eBSA method, the optimal tradeoff between energy conservation and access latency performance can be attained.
Threading dislocations in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrTiO3 superlattice
Authors: He Ming , Lin Long , Tao Hualong , Qiu Minghui , Zou Binyan , Zhang Zhihua
Published: September 2013

Transmission electron microscopy‐related experiments were performed on a La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrTiO3 superlattice. The predominant defects in the superlattice are a high density of threading dislocations (TDs) perpendicular or quasi‐perpendicular to the substrate surface. The TDs are mostly pure‐edge‐type with Burgers vectors b = 〈100〉 or 〈110〉. A few TDs of screw character with Burgers vectors ± [001] were also found. Electron energy loss spectra show that non‐stoichiometry is accommodated in the near‐interface region of the superlattice. The stronger crystal field induced by defect and non‐stoichiometry are accounted for by the observed macroscopic properties.
Scaling and crossovers in molecular transport in nano-fluidic systems
Authors: Pimpinelli Alberto , Ferrari Mauro , Grattoni Alessandro
Published: September 2013

A simple, analytically soluble model for transport in nanoconfined systems is presented here. The effect of confinement is introduced as a dependence of the solute diffusivity on the concentration, channel size, and intermolecular interactions. We apply the model to the description of molecule and nanoparticle release from devices consisting of slit-nanochannel membranes. We show that, in general, the cumulative amount of analyte released obeys a scaling form as a function of time. Additionally, the model is extended to more complicate situations in which the physico-chemical characteristics of membrane and solvent vary with time, and crossovers between different regimes appear.
Spectroscopy of gold atoms isolated in liquid and solid 4He matrices
Authors: Moroshkin P. , Lebedev V. , Weis A.
Published: September 2013

We present a systematic experimental study of absorption and fluorescence spectra of Au atoms in bulk liquid and solid helium matrices. The results are compared to the spectra of Cu atoms studied earlier. We investigate the dependence of the observed spectral lineshapes on the helium pressure. The observed splitting of the 5d106p − 5d96s2 transitions of Au in hcp solid He gives evidence for an anisotropic trapping site structure formed either by a non-spherical atomic bubble or a four-vacancy center.
Ab initio ground-state potential energy functions of beryllium monohydride ions: BeH+ and BeH−
Authors: Koput Jacek
Published: September 2013

The accurate ground-state potential energy functions of beryllium monohydride (BeH) cation and anion have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi-reference averaged coupled-pair functional (MR-ACPF) method in conjunction with the correlation-consistent core-valence basis sets up to septuple-zeta quality. The effects of electron correlation beyond the MR-ACPF level of approximation, as well as the scalar relativistic and adiabatic corrections were taken into account. The vibration-rotation energy levels of the BeH, BeD, and BeT isotopologues of both ions were predicted to near “spectroscopic” accuracy. The results can be useful in a future experimental detection of the BeH anion by high-resolution vibration-rotation spectroscopy.
Temperature dependence of the dielectric functions and the critical points of InSb by spectroscopic ellipsometry from 31 to 675 K
Authors: Jung Kim Tae , Yong Hwang Soon , Seok Byun Jun , Diware Mangesh S. , Choi Junho , Gyeol Park Han , Dong Kim Young
Published: September 2013

We report the complex dielectric function of InSb for temperatures from 31 to 675 K and energies from 0.74 to 6.42 eV. The spectra were obtained by rotating-compensator spectroscopic ellipsometry on bulk InSb. The critical point (CP) energies were determined using numerically calculated second energy derivatives of the data. At low temperature, the CP structures are blue-shifted and significantly sharpened relative to those seen at high temperature. The temperature dependence of the E1, E1+Δ1, E0′, Δ5cu-Δ5vu (0.35, 0, 0), E0′+Δ0′, Δ5cl-Δ5vu (0.35, 0, 0), E2, E2′, E2+Δ2, E2′+Δ2, E1′, E1′+Δ1′, and E1′+Δ1′+Δ1 CPs was determined by fitting to a phenomenological expression that contains the Bose-Einstein statistical factor or to a linear equation. In particular, temperature dependences of CPs below 100 K and those of the E0′, E0′+Δ0′, E2′, E2+Δ2, E2′+Δ2, E1′+Δ1′, and E1′+Δ1′+Δ1 transitions have not previously been reported.
Probing terahertz surface plasmon waves in graphene structures
Authors: Mitrofanov Oleg , Yu Wenlong , Thompson Robert J. , Jiang Yuxuan , Brener Igal , Pan Wei , Berger Claire , de Heer Walter A. , Jiang Zhigang
Published: September 2013

Epitaxialgraphene mesas and ribbons are investigated using terahertz (THz) near-field microscopy to probe surface plasmon excitation and THz transmission properties on the sub-wavelength scale. The THz near-field images show variation of graphene properties on a scale smaller than the wavelength, and excitation of THz surface waves occurring at graphene edges, similar to that observed at metallic edges. The Fresnel reflection at the substrate SiC/air interface is also found to be altered by the presence of graphene ribbon arrays, leading to either reduced or enhanced transmission of the THz wave depending on the wavepolarization and the ribbon width.
Surface roughness and interface width scaling of magnetron sputter deposited Ni/Ti multilayers
Authors: Maidul Haque S. , Biswas A. , Bhattacharya Debarati , Tokas R. B. , Bhattacharyya D. , Sahoo N. K.
Published: September 2013

Using an indigenously built r.f. magnetron sputtering system, several single layer Ti and Ni films have been deposited at varying deposition conditions. All the samples have been characterized by Grazing Incidence X-ray Reflectivity (GIXR) and Atomic Force Microscopy to estimate their thickness, density, and roughness and a power law dependence of the surface roughness on the film thickness has been established. Subsequently, at optimized deposition condition of Ti and Ni, four Ni/Ti multilayers of 11-layer, 21-layer, 31-layer, and 51-layer having different bilayer thickness have been deposited. The multilayer samples have been characterized by GIXR and neutron reflectivity measurements and the experimental data have been fitted assuming an appropriate sample structure. A power law correlation between the interface width and bilayer thickness has been observed for the multilayer samples, which was explained in the light of alternate roughening/smoothening of multilayers and assuming that at the interface the growth “restarts” every time.
Nonlinear dust acoustic waves in inhomogeneous four-component dusty plasma with opposite charge polarity dust grains
Authors: El-Taibany W. F.
Published: September 2013

The reductive perturbation technique is employed to investigate the propagation properties of nonlinear dust acoustic (DA) waves in a four-component inhomogeneous dusty plasma (4CIDP). The 4CIDP consists of both positive- and negative-charge dust grains, characterized by different mass, temperature, and density, in addition to a background of Maxwellian electrons and ions. The inhomogeneity caused by nonuniform equilibrium values of particle densities, fluid velocities, and electrostatic potential leads to a significant modification to the nature of nonlinear DA solitary waves. It is found that this model reveals two DA wave velocities, one slow, λs, and the other is fast, λf. The nonlinear wave evolution is governed by a modified Kortweg-de Vries equation, whose coefficients are space dependent. Both the two soliton types; compressive and rarefactive are allowed corresponding to λs. However, only compressive soliton is created corresponding to λf. The numerical investigations illustrate the dependence of the soliton amplitude, width, and velocity on the plasma inhomogeneities in each case. The relevance of these theoretical results with 4CIDPs observed in a multi-component plasma configurations in the polar mesosphere is discussed.
Shock compression of hydrocarbon foam to 200 GPa: Experiments, atomistic simulations, and mesoscale hydrodynamic modeling
Authors: Root Seth , Haill Thomas A. , Lane J. Matthew D. , Thompson Aidan P. , Grest Gary S. , Schroen Diana G. , Mattsson Thomas R.
Published: September 2013

Hydrocarbon foams are versatile materials extensively used in high energy-density physics (HEDP) experiments. However, little data exist above 100 GPa, where knowledge of the behavior is particularly important for designing, analyzing, and optimizing HEDP experiments. The complex internal structure and properties of foam call for a multi-scale modeling effort validated by experimental data. We present results from experiments, classical molecular dynamics simulations, and mesoscale hydrodynamic modeling of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) foams under strong shock compression. Experiments conducted using the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories shock compress ∼0.300 g/cm3 density PMP foams to 185 GPa. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations model shock compressed PMP foam and elucidate behavior of the heterogeneous foams at high pressures. The MD results show quantitative agreement with the experimental data, while providing additional information about local temperature and dissociation. Three-dimensional nm-scale hydrocode simulations of the foam show internal structure of pore collapse as well as provide detailed information on the foam state behind the shock front. Finally, the experimental and MD results are compared to continuum hydrodynamics simulations to assess a potential equation of state model for PMP foams to use in large scale hydrodynamics simulations.
Hydrodynamic particle focusing design using fluid-particle interaction
Authors: Zhou Teng , Liu Zhenyu , Wu Yihui , Deng Yongbo , Liu Yongshun , Liu Geng
Published: September 2013

For passive sheathless particles focusing in microfluidics, the equilibrium positions of particles are typically controlled by micro channels with a V-shaped obstacle array (VOA). The design of the obstacles is mainly based on the distribution of flow streamlines without considering the existence of particles. We report an experimentally verified particle trajectory simulation using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) fluid-particle interaction method. The particle trajectory which is strongly influenced by the interaction between the particle and channel wall is systematically analyzed. The numerical experiments show that the streamline is a good approximation of particle trajectory only when the particle locates on the center of the channel in depth. As the advantage of fluid-particle interaction method is achieved at a high computational cost and the streamline analysis is complex, a heuristic dimensionless design objective based on the Faxen's law is proposed to optimize the VOA devices. The optimized performance of particle focusing is verified via the experiments and ALE method.
Primate genome architecture influences structural variation mechanisms and functional consequences
Authors: Gokcumen Omer , Tischler Verena , Tica Jelena , Zhu Qihui , Iskow Rebecca C. , Lee Eunjung , Fritz Markus Hsi-Yang , Langdon Amy , Stütz Adrian M. , Pavlidis Pavlos , Benes Vladimir , Mills Ryan E. , Park Peter J. , Lee Charles , Korbel Jan O.
Published: September 2013

Significance

Genomic structural variants (SVs) significantly contribute to human genetic variation and have been linked with numerous diseases. Compared with humans, the characterization of SVs occurring within and across nonhuman primates has lagged. We generated comprehensive massively parallel DNA sequencing-based SV maps in three nonhuman primate species and show that the rates of different SV formation mechanisms, such as nonallelic homologous recombination and
Alu
retrotransposition, vary significantly between the great apes and the rhesus macaque—leading to markedly different SV landscapes in these species. Linking gene expression data with species-specific gene duplications, we describe several instances where gene duplicates seem to lead to evolutionary innovation through the gain of gene expression in new tissues.
When global and local culture meet
Authors: Rapley Ian
Published: September 2013

In the 1920s Aomori prefecture, a rural part of northern Japan, a group of Esperanto clubs emerged as a sub-part of a “local arts movement”. This movement was an attempt to counter a perception of underdevelopment through the cultivation of local arts and culture together with a simultaneous engagement with global and transnational ideas such as Esperanto. By studying this unexpected manifestation of internationalism (as well as debates regarding the local/global relationship) it is argued that Esperanto represented a cosmopolitan world view that retained explicit respect for local and cultural differences, a “rooted cosmopolitanism”. This enabled the residents of Aomori to imagine an alternative to the process of modern nation building in which their local identity was seen as a remnant of an undesirable past.
Cooperation, competition and coopetition in innovation communities
Authors: Liu Rebecca
Published: September 2013

This study explores competitors’ engagement in innovation communities. Some view working with competitors as a risky endeavour, some see it as potentially beneficial and others take it as something in-between. We address this issue by posing two questions: (1) why do rival firms cooperate, compete or ‘coopete’ (a syncretic approach); and (2) how do rival firms engage in these activities? To achieve this, we first review the relevant literature to construct conceptual arguments, and then investigate three innovation communities in the UK. The findings concern the importance of common and conflicting interests as fundamental drivers of a firm’s cooperative and competitive stance in an innovation community. While a ‘win–win’ strategy has been over-emphasised, data reveal that the fear of ‘lose–lose’ is vital to drive firm cooperation. Finally, our study suggests that rival relationships link to a strategic incentive alignment between common and conflicting interests; that is, rivals cooperate when common interests are higher, and compete on other occasions. Data seem to suggest that in a conflicting situation firms often maximise their private benefits at the expense of common interests. Data also suggest that this alignment varies in different innovation stages and in both an inter-organisational and an intra-organisational setting. This paper contributes to the existing work on the competitive/relational strategy of firms in the innovation space.
Growth and maturation
Authors: Baxter-Jones Adam
                D.G.
Published: September 2013

The terms ‘growth’ and ‘maturation’ are used broadly to include all developmental processes, for example, cognitive growth and social maturation;8 however, this chapter uses a stricter definition and limits its focus to physical aspects, primarily the growth at the organism level, that is, the level of the whole child. In the growth and maturity literature, life leading up to maturity is split into three stages: the prenatal period, childhood, and adolescence. The period of prenatal life is vitally important to the child’s well-being;9 however, it will not be covered in this chapter, as discussion will focus on the first two decades of post-natal life. The terms adolescence and puberty are used frequently in the paediatric literature to explain the later period of growth and maturity, often with no clear distinction in their definitions. Some authors refer to adolescence when talking about psychosocial changes and puberty when talking about the physical changes. However, as most of the literature use these terms interchangeably, this chapter will use adolescence synonymously with puberty.
Aerobic training
Authors: Mahon Anthony
                D.
Published: September 2013

Aerobic training is defined as exercise training that involves whole body endurance activity that is sustained for a sufficient length of time and at a sufficient intensity in order to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.1 The effect of aerobic training on physiological function in children has been investigated for nearly four decades. Some of this research has focused on the health-related benefits of this type of training on children and adolescents and for good reason. With increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and many other physical inactivity-related disorders, there is ample reason to discern the health-related effects of aerobic training during the paediatric years.2,3 However, there also has been a concerted effort to study the effect of aerobic training on the physiological adaptations, particularly maximal oxygen uptake (V·O2 max), that are associated with endurance performance.4 This chapter will focus on the latter consideration and will examine the effect of aerobic training in apparently healthy children and adolescents.
Whither the Relationship Between Etiology and Phenotype in Tourette Syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M. , Eapen Valsamma
Published: September 2013

The Tourette syndrome (TS) phenotype is not unitary but heterogeneous. This chapter offers a critical commentary on available research on the definition of the phenotype of TS, analyzed from different perspectives, and provides an update on the nosography of tic disorders. Endophenotype studies indicate that there are indeed a few correlations between etiology and phenotype, and this is an exciting area. Gender and other behavioral differences may indicate different etiological factors, and there is some evidence to suggest the existence of obsessive-compulsive behavior/disorder endophenotpyes. Early neuroimaging studies suggest that this may be due to prenatal and perinatal difficulties, which influence the phenotypic expression of the TS gene(s). Thus, replication studies are required with similar methods and with the TS patients subdivided into phenotypes. The clinical phenotype and the severity of symptoms, as well as the associated psychopathology observed in TS, may be influenced by the nature and extent of involvement of the above circuitry based on both genetic and nongenetic factors as well as the developmental period in question. There may be shared molecular genetic pathways affecting development across diagnostic boundaries mediated through neurodevelopmental genes.
Host Plant Resistance Against Tomato spotted wilt virus in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and Its Impact on Susceptibility to the Virus, Virus Population Genetics, and Vector Feeding Behavior and Survival
Authors: Sundaraj Sivamani , Srinivasan Rajagopalbabu , Culbreath Albert K. , Riley David G. , Pappu Hanu R.
Published: September 2013

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) severely affects peanut production in the southeastern United States. Breeding efforts over the last three decades resulted in the release of numerous peanut genotypes with field resistance to TSWV. The degree of field resistance in these genotypes has steadily increased over time, with recently released genotypes exhibiting a higher degree of field resistance than older genotypes. However, most new genotypes have never been evaluated in the greenhouse or laboratory against TSWV or thrips, and the mechanism of resistance is unknown. In this study, TSWV-resistant and -susceptible genotypes were subjected to TSWV mechanical inoculation. The incidence of TSWV infection was 71.7 to 87.2%. Estimation of TSWV nucleocapsid (N) gene copies did not reveal significant differences between resistant and susceptible genotypes. Parsimony and principal component analyses of N gene nucleotide sequences revealed inconsistent differences between virus isolates collected from resistant and susceptible genotypes and between old (collected in 1998) and new (2010) isolates. Amino acid sequence analyses indicated consistent differences between old and new isolates. In addition, we found evidence for overabundance of nonsynonymous substitutions. However, there was no evidence for positive selection. Purifying selection, population expansion, and differentiation seem to have influenced the TSWV populations temporally rather than positive selection induced by host resistance. Choice and no-choice tests indicated that resistant and susceptible genotypes differentially affected thrips feeding and survival. Thrips feeding and survival were suppressed on some resistant genotypes compared with susceptible genotypes. These findings reveal how TSWV resistance in peanut could influence evolution, epidemiology, and management of TSWV.