bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strongmen Don’t Pivot
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on the 2016 general election. Having conquered the GOP’s best and brightest in the primary, Donald Trump had no interest in compromises; his version of unity was allowing Republican politicians and party officials a chance to accept his terms. Why compromise with the elites he had vilified before his roaring crowds? No matter what mainstream media thought of his racism, sexism, and bluster, there was a whole online system of nativists and nationalists occupying the ideological space to the right of Fox News who were more than happy to promote Trump, unfiltered. He won support from major evangelical leaders when, without hedging or caution, he became the first presidential candidate to flat-out promise “pro-life” judges. The GOP establishment—horrified by Trump’s campaign but scared of his rabid following—stayed largely silent. When Hillary Clinton let loose about the “deplorables” who liked Trump’s intolerance, it became a defiant note of pride among the whites she attacked, and proof she did not care about their economic woes. Trump doubled down on his nativist populism, aided by timely releases of hacked DNC e-mails by WikiLeaks and the reopening of an FBI investigation into Clinton’s use of a private e-mail server. On Election Day, the unimaginable occurred.
Introduction
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

The Introduction identifies eight complexities associated with asking and telling. Four domains that intersect with asking and telling activities are further elaborated: knowledge claims and assumptions (epistemics); asking and telling’s place in sequences of action and within interactional projects; attributions of responsibility for praiseworthy or blameworthy attributes, actions, or outcomes; and moral judgments regarding actions. In addition, the Introduction characterizes the early years of Conversation Analysis, highlights aspects of Pomerantz’s approach to conversation analysis, explains the order of the papers within the book, and provides brief descriptions of the papers.
Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

In providing assessments, speakers generally have expectations regarding the recipients’ access to the matters assessed. This paper describes how recipients who claim access to the assessed referent form their responding assessments. Features of responses in two sequential environments are examined: when neither party is responsible for the evaluated referent and when a prior speaker has offered a self-deprecation. The turn and sequence shapes used for agreeing and disagreeing in each of the sequential environments are different. A description of a preference organization that is oriented to in performing the actions is offered to account for the different turn and sequence shapes
Commentary
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

Let me highlight three sets of complexities associated with asking and telling activities that have emerged during this research project. One set of complexities involves the relationship between the rights and obligations associated with the participants’ roles and relationships and the ways the participants seek and provide information. The second set involves how a shared moral sense of the matter under discussion bears on whether and how they ask and report information about those matters. The third set concerns the relationships between the participants’ claims and assumptions about their own and each other’s knowledge and the ways they ask for and convey information....
Introduction
Authors: Ancona Ronnie
Published: April 2021

The book’s introduction discusses both the content of the entire book—the individual chapters—and the early professional career of Sarah B. Pomeroy, who serves as the book’s inspiration. Pomeroy helped to establish the field of the study of women in Greece and Rome with her groundbreaking book, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves. Discrimination against women (challenged in the Melani legal case against CUNY), including professional consequences for being pregnant, made Pomeroy’s early career at Hunter College a challenge. The introduction reflects on Pomeroy’s use of the term “conceive” in Goddesses for her intellectual work and connects that with the conception of pregnancy that impacted her early career. The interdisciplinarity Pomeroy championed in the field of women in antiquity is showcased in the individual chapters of the book, which are briefly summarized.
Process—Coaching Sessions
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

Part III focuses on the application of the theory, history, aesthetics, character and musical analysis, and technique discussed in chapters 1–6. In the form of chronicles of coaching and music direction situations for eleven rock theatre songs, the reader sees the principles of earlier chapters in action. Attention is again paid to stylistic variety in the material and to the many influences rock music has exerted on the theatre, in both musical and dramatic terms. The importance of upholding both believability and genuine rock aesthetics, and striking the appropriate balance between them, is a theme common to all the sessions. Each coaching is broken down into the background, dramatic context, and performance practices of the material at hand, an analysis of the song in the rock historical continuum, and suggestions for performance germane to the premise of the book: creating effective characterization and telling the story of a song or musical while maintaining an authentic rock performance.
Violence, the Exception, and Bare Life
Authors: Heath Deana
Published: April 2021

Rather than being an aberrant act of violence, police torture in colonial India was instead simply a visible manifestation of a much broader history of quotidian, structural, and ‘civilizing’ violence. Such forms of violence, this chapter suggests, ruptured and unmade the world of the colonized, who in turn resorted to violence as a means of world-making or re-worlding. The chapter examines, in addition, how violence operated in relation to the exception through engaging with both Giorgio Agamben’s work on states of exception and Foucault’s insights on governmentality, and argues that two levels of exceptionality were in operation in contexts such as colonial India that essentially rendered them regimes of exception in which much of the colonized population was rendered what Agamben refers to as homo sacer, and thus capable of being killed with impunity.
1975 Ceasefire
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall
Published: April 2021

Back-channel contacts led in early 1975 to an IRA ceasefire that lasted for much of that year. IRA representatives and British government officials now embarked for the first time since the outbreak of the Troubles on a series of regular face-to-face meetings aimed at negotiating an end to the conflict. The venue was the house of intermediary Brendan Duddy in Derry. Chapter Five offers a new explanation for the failure of a serious and sustained effort to bring a negotiated end to the conflict during the IRA ceasefire of 1975. It outlines the mutual understanding and goodwill that developed in the course of these secret talks. It shows the extent of the intra-party divisions that hindered compromise and explains how they contributed to the collapse of the ceasefire and the breakdown of talks. It argues that, in many important respects, this process was a precursor to the peace settlement of the 1990s and shared many of its key features, including a willingness by the IRA to compromise on its core ideological positions and to contemplate alternatives to Irish reunification.
Crucified by the War Machine
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: April 2021

Nussbaum studies Britten's War Requiem for its insight into the possibility of reconciliation after armed conflict, focusing on images of the body, both beautiful and vulnerable.
Reflections on the Introduction of Official Measures of Subjective Well-Being in the United Kingdom
Authors: Allin Paul V.
Published: April 2021

From 2011 onward, surveys by the UK’s national statistics office have included four subjective well-being questions. This is specifically so that summary statistics about subjective well-being inform a broader assessment of national well-being along with other, largely objective measures, as well as anticipating policy needs. This chapter reviews how and why the four questions were chosen. The author focuses on their “practical utility,” a concept fundamental to all official statistics. He reports some progress in policy take-up of well-being statistics, though little media coverage, and a lack of evidence about whether people are thinking differently about their goals and their well-being based on well-being measures. Official statisticians must engage more with politics, policy, businesses, academia, and public opinion, thereby helping to stimulate demand for their outputs, including well-being measures. The author also questions how national well-being measures can be determined nationally while benefitting from international cooperation and standards.
The Challenge of Measuring Well-Being as Philosophers Conceive of It
Authors: Baril Anne
Published: April 2021

Many philosophers find the prospect of working with researchers in the social and behavioral sciences exciting, in part because they hope that these researchers might be able to measure well-being as the philosopher conceives of it. In this chapter, the author considers how the measurement of well-being, as it is conceived of by philosophers, might be facilitated. She proposes that existing scales can be employed for this purpose, and she supports this conclusion through an in-depth discussion of an example. The author explains how a scale of psychological well-being validated in more than 750 empirical studies may be employed to measure the extent to which a person has realized an ostensible basic good. This discussion is illustrative of the general method that may be employed to bring empirical researchers and philosophers into contact in a way that will facilitate the measurement of well-being as philosophers conceive of it.
Comparing Empirical and Theological Perspectives on the Relationship Between Hope and Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: April 2021

While hope and the experience of beauty both have a claim to be key constituents of the spiritual life, it is not obvious that there is any deep-seated connection between them. In this chapter, the author examines three ways of developing the idea that there is some such association. He draws on empirically informed as well as theological perspectives, and, on this basis, he addresses a further question concerning the respective contributions of different kinds of enquiry to our understanding of spiritual well-being. The discussion is concerned with the relationship between two dimensions of spiritual well-being: openness to aesthetic experience, and hope understood as a trait of character. For the most part, the experience of beauty in particular will provide the focus, although on occasion the interest will be in aesthetic experience more generally.
On Being Mortal
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces readers to the basics of what they need to know about social psychology—that is, the study of how people’s feelings, ideas, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. It also looks at the increasingly important bio/neural factors such as genes, brain structure, and hormonal processes that are now being examined and understood as relevant to any study of human behavior, including group conflicts. In addition, it provides a brief introduction to the various methodologies that are increasingly able to measure social behavior, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, DNA analysis, and hormonal testing.
Follow the Leader
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the importance of leaders in setting the tone and direction of contexts that are riven by confusion and conflict. The supremacy of emotions in choosing our leaders is particularly relevant in situations torn apart by conflict. In such situations our choices are often instinctual, dictated not only by our environment, our emotions, genetics, and brain structures but also by hormones such as adrenaline, norepinephrine, and cortisol, which inform our response to fear messages. This supremacy of emotions in choosing our leaders is particularly relevant in situations termed “weak psychological situations” such as crises or situations characterized by uncertainty and by the presence and/or threat of out-groups. It appears that our desire for a strong leader who will provide us with security can often significantly outrank our desire for democracy and has important consequences for our capacity to manage conflict
New Horizons, New Tribes
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the future of war in a world where social media are ubiquitous and at how our social and biological natures are affected, both for good and for evil, by their presence, particularly in times of conflict and war. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have already significantly changed how people, communities, and nations relate to each other, form new connections, or deepen older ones. They have also radically changed how people make judgments about leaders, and other groups, and how they act on those judgments. Such power is unprecedented and has potentially disastrous consequences if used in situations of tension and violence. It appears that our human social and biological tendencies make us easy prey for varied purveyors of conflict who wish to emotionally persuade us to support particular goals or objectives. We therefore need to find better ways to ensure that we can effectively prevent the hijacking of our human and emotional predispositions and that social media processes deliver on what is the best in our human biosocial nature and not the worst.
Peacebuilding More Successfully?
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses some of the suggestions that are emerging from the growing field of social and behavioral psychology about how the work of peacebuilders, diplomats, the military, and others can use some of the insights noted in this book. The suggestions are not a substitute for the theories and practices that are currently in use by researchers and activists in their various fields. Rather they suggest an extra way of undertaking our analysis by taking into account the multiple lawyers of instincts and emotions that often imbue the actions of communities and peoples involved in often violent conflict. Every such analysis will of course be informed by the particular complexities of the contexts within which particular conflicts are occurring, and the security needs within that context. But by also addressing the instinctual and emotional needs of the various parties involved in conflicts, the work of peacebuilders of all hues can make their work more effective and more sustainable.
The Bell of Görgülü Cannot Be Unrung—Can It?
Authors: Keller Helen , Walther Reto
Published: April 2021

This chapter traces the diffusion of constitutional resistance against the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) that the German Federal Constitutional Court initiated with its Görgülü judgment. Based on a comparative overview of the most significant instances of Görgülü-inspired resistance, the chapter makes three important points. First, pertaining to the study of legal borrowing, it demonstrates that not only good but also bad ideas travel, with the risk of becoming worse along the way. Second, relating to the empirically observable spread of Görgülü-like resistance, the chapter shows that a spirit of sovereigntist constitutional supremacy lurks unpredictably over the ECHR system today. Third, it suggests that this legal thinking may set a spiral in motion capable of seriously undermining the sentiment of “shared responsibility” so much needed for a thriving Europe of rights. The chapter concludes that all actors in this transnational process of contestation over the relationship between constitutional values and European human rights should tread with great care.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Gomula Joanna
Published: April 2021

In 2018 panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in nine disputes. The majority of the disputes concerned violations under the Anti-Dumping Agreement, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994. Most disputes concerned unfair trade measures. They included another compliance dispute in the long-running Airbus/Boeing dispute series (the European Union was found not to have fully implemented the original rulings); a dispute concerning the Agreement on Safeguards (where the challenged duty turned out not be a safeguard measure); and a complaint against anti-dumping duties imposed by the European Union on biodiesel. In 2018, panel reports were also adopted in two of four complaints against Australia’s tobacco plain packaging regulations. In these reports, the panel had rejected all claims of violations under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. However, the other two complainants have appealed the panel report, so the case will continue past 2018. In the course of 2018, the composition of the Appellate Body was reduced to three members.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Mejía-Lemos Diego
Published: April 2021

The Permanent Court of Arbitration administered 190 cases in 2018. These cases comprise 3 inter-state arbitrations, 112 investor-state arbitrations, and other 73 mixed arbitrations, involving various combinations of states, intergovernmental organizations, and other public or private entities. Of these cases, 56 were initiated in 2018. The investor-state arbitrations arose under various international investment agreements and national investment laws; the other mixed arbitrations, under contracts. Decisions of particular significance among those issued in 2018 include the Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility of 30 January 2018 in Resolute Forest Products Inc. v. Canada and the Second Partial Award on Track II of 30 August 2018 in Chevron & TexPet v. Ecuador. These decisions are notable for their contributions to the interpretation and application of general international law, particularly the law of state responsibility, in investor-state disputes.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Seatzu Francesco
Published: April 2021

The year 2018 was characterized for the international administrative tribunals by (at least) the following three elements, the first two of which were strictly related and linked to each other: the UN Appeals Tribunal’s delivery of the long-awaited judgment on 29 June 2018 in the case Quijano Evans et al. v. Secretary General, challenging the initial decision by the UN Dispute Tribunal to recognize an intangible right to an expectation of continued salary increases over time to the staff and personnel; the decision on September 2018 in the Jannick DEVAUX (II) and (III) case, where the Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe acknowledged the application of the general principle of equal pay for equal work in the international civil service sector. Noteworthy to stress is the fact that 2018 was also the year in which the ILO Administrative Tribunal, one of the oldest and most established international administrative tribunals, has the opportunity through the case A v. International Criminal Court (ICC) to clarify the meaning, content and scope of the protection of the international organizations’ staff for the moral damages suffered by their officers and staff personnel as a result of illegal arrests and detentions occurred during working missions abroad.
God's Marshall Plan
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

God’s Marshall Plan explores the origins of Christian nationalism and Christian globalism—two competing theologies of global engagement—in the American Protestant encounter with twentieth-century Europe. It recovers the story of the American Protestants who crossed the Atlantic in an era of world war, tracked the rise of totalitarian dictators, mobilized against the Axis powers, and began to identify Europe as a continent in need of saving. In response, they launched far-reaching missions to spread their faith and democracy across the Atlantic. As they joined army platoons in occupying Germany, they singled out the defeated nation as the prime European territory for a new American-led, Christian and democratic world order that could thwart any totalitarian threat. Throughout these efforts, however, American Protestants realized they had come to dramatically different conclusions about how to rebuild Europe out of the ruins of war. Their diverging visions ultimately sparked a spiritual struggle for the continent and leadership of the postwar world. All the while, European Protestants began to sharply protest America’s spiritual advance. Faced by this challenge, a growing number of ecumenical Protestants rethought their efforts to build God’s kingdom through America’s global strength. Forsaking their wartime nationalism, they championed a new theology of global peace, reconciliation, and justice. A fresh wave of Protestant cold warriors surged forward, however, to retake their nation and promote a theology of liberty and anti-communism across the Atlantic. The spiritual struggle for Europe thus left American Protestants deeply divided and at odds over their global mission. It ultimately forged competing visions of global engagement that transformed the United States, diplomacy, and politics in the Cold War and beyond.
Collaborative Ethnography
Authors: Lassiter Luke Eric
Published: April 2021

In the past few decades, new forms of collaborative ethnography have continued to expand and grow. Though collaborative ethnography arguably has a long tradition in ethnographic fieldwork, developments surrounding, among other things, the explicit co-conceptualization and co-theorization of collaborative inquiry; the diverse and dynamic co-commitments of practice (be they moral, ethical, political, or otherwise); and the joint productions of ethnographic forms (be they texts, exhibits, actions, etc.) have yielded new opportunities for collaborative research and action. With this in mind, this chapter explores how recent forms of collaborative ethnography are helping to chart more critical and complex understandings of both collaboration and collaborative research in field-based disciplines such as anthropology, folklore, and ethnomusicology.
The Orator Demades
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This book is the first monograph in English about Demades, an influential Athenian politician from the fourth century B.C. An orator whose fame outlived him for hundreds of years, he was an acquaintance of and a collaborator with many political and military leaders of classical Greece, including the Macedonian king Philip II, his son and successor Alexander III (the Great), and the orator Demosthenes. However, an overwhelming portion of the available evidence on Demades dates to at least three centuries after his death and, often, much later. Contextualizing the sources within their historical and cultural framework, The Orator Demades delineates how later rhetorical practices and social norms transformed his image to better reflect the educational needs and political realities of the Roman imperial and Byzantine periods. Using the specific example of Demades as a rhetorical construct that eventually replaced its historical prototype for later generations, the book raises a general question about the problematic foundations of our knowledge of classical Greece. The evolving image of Demades illustrates the role played by rhetoric, as the basis of education and edification during the Roman and Byzantine Empires, in creating an alternate, inauthentic vision of the classical past—a vision that continues to dominate modern scholarship and popular culture.
The rhetorical persona of Demades
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter reveals how Roman and Byzantine intellectuals reworked the figure of Demades for instructional and moralistic purposes. Demades’s presumed lack of education required pepaideumenoi to explain his rhetorical success by seeing his oratory as flattery, kolakeia, while contrasting it with truthful speech, or parrhesia, which, they said, was characteristic of Demosthenes. Since the style of oratory was an extension of the speaker’s personality, Demades provided material for speech-in-character exercises and illustrated the topos of juxtaposing fortune with virtue, or a natural gift of speaking with the moral integrity that came with education and toil. Demades’s fourteen speeches in the Codex Florentinus Laurentianus 56.1, a manuscript of the thirteenth century, were later rhetorical products that used Demosthenes’s real or alleged orations as hypotheseis—“subjects” or “plots of declamation.” Compilations of hypotheseis were circulated for use by aspiring orators, including, most famously, Lybanius’s collection of hypotheseis of Demosthenic speeches.
Preacher Woman
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie
Published: April 2021

Chapter 7 presents instances in which fellow church staff members fail to see or understand fully the effects of gender structure and, therefore, often simultaneously function as allies as well as additional barriers in the pursuit of gender equality within congregations. This chapter also examines the particular standpoint of women pastors and how their experiences of exclusion and marginalization inform their social justice–oriented and riskier approaches to their jobs as compared to men pastors. While these approaches are often evaluated positively by social justice–minded congregants, some congregants described women pastors’ leadership approaches as “agenda driven” or “biased.” While this was not a key barrier in the context of this study, it may serve as a barrier in less social justice–oriented congregations. Finally, the chapter examines barriers to feminist initiatives that occur on the congregational level and emphasizes the importance of listening to the voices of women.
The benefits of free speech and expression
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 argues that John Stuart Mill supported free speech on the grounds of the beneficial effects it can have, in Chapter 2 of his On Liberty of 1859. But the history in chapter 1 suggests that this has been a recurrent view through the ages. If free speech is valued for its benefits, speech that frustrates those benefits suggests a clear boundary on free speech which should appeal voluntarily to its supporters. Their voluntary self-restraint in speech should normally be better than legal constraint for keeping speech beneficial. But self-restraint is not the only preserver of benefits. Speech that opens ears, to take an expression of Gandhi’s—in his case, the ears of powerful opponents—is also a preserver of benefits.
Hutterites in Moravia
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

The Hutterites endured generations of persecution, forced migration, as well as loss of property and legal recourse often resulting in desperate poverty. Although plagued by internal conflicts from the beginning, they represented the most radical and most creative form of communal support in the sixteenth century. While religion was the reason for their suffering, it was also the reason for their resilience. As recorded in The Chronicle, Hutterites highlighted their trials and tribulations, as well as their successful reconciliation with other factions. Their leaders, such as Jacob Hutter, Peter Riedemann, and Peter Walpot provided the theological rationale for the practice of the community of goods, which required the total sharing of goods to care for the entire community. The surrender of all temporal goods was a requirement to join the Hutterite colonies (Bruderhof). This practice of communal property became the central marker of Hutterite piety as designated leaders managed the collective resources to alleviate the needs of their community.
Hume’s Dynamic Coordination and International Law
Authors: Pavel Carmen E.
Published: April 2021

At the heart of the tension between state autonomy and international law is the question of whether states should willingly restrict their freedom of action for the sake of international security, human rights, trade, communication, and the environment. David Hume offers surprising insights to answer this question. He argued that the same interests in cooperation arise among individuals and states, and that their interactions should be regulated by the same principles. Drawing on his model of dynamic coordination, the chapter reconstructs the Humean case for developing international law into a more robust legal system, and also highlights the limitation of Hume’s account of justice for such a reconstructive project. Hume’s lessons are enduring: the community of states must strengthen the essential features of international law, such as nonoptional rules that articulate a moral minimum, courts with compulsory jurisdiction, and stronger mechanisms of enforcement.
Civil Liberties in Muslim-Majority Countries: Statistical Evidence
Authors: Yadav Vineeta
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents statistical results from models testing support for Hypothesis 2 and its corollaries. The results show strong and robust support for the second part of the theoretical argument that the presence of religious parties in government leads to a decline in civil liberties only when religious organizations in that country are highly socioeconomically institutionalized. In the absence of highly institutionalized religious organizations, ceteris paribus, religious parties in government are able to moderate their positions on civil liberties with the result that civil liberties do not experience a significant decline in line with a religious agenda. The analysis accounts for various confounding factors, and the potential endogeneity of more moderate regime type to various factors.
The Automation of Authority: Discrepancies with Jus Ad Bellum Principles
Authors: Phillips Donovan
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers how the adoption of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) may affect jus ad bellum principles of warfare. In particular, it focuses on the use of AWS in non-international armed conflicts (NIAC). Given the proliferation of NIAC, the development and use of AWS will most likely be attuned to this specific theater of war. As warfare waged by modernized liberal democracies (those most likely to develop and employ AWS at present) increasingly moves toward a model of individualized warfare, how, if at all, will the principles by which we measure the justness of the commencement of such hostilities be affected by the introduction of AWS, and how will such hostilities stack up to current legal agreements surrounding their more traditional engagement? This chapter claims that such considerations give us reason to question the moral and legal necessity of ad bellum proper authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Kathleen E.
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter argues that the stories in this book are about people working to strengthen family relationships, but that in many cases they also represent shared discovery of commitment to an ethic of care for those outside of their intimate circles. It stresses how most respondents recognized their privilege and expressed a desire for their Camino to translate to daily interactions with distant others and contemplation of larger social problems. At the same time, distancing memories may undermine such effects. This chapter suggests that respondents’ stories, taken as a whole, push us to think more deeply about the social forces that stand in the way of positive relational outcomes from shared transformational travel. The conclusion moves beyond the Camino, identifying efforts to promote inclusivity in opportunities for travel for transformation in North America and highlighting differences in access to spiritual practices in the United States that could foster relational intimacy. It stresses efforts to build opportunities for travel for transformation with the potential to promote understanding of social inequities and injustices.
The Law of Nature
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores how natural law worked in the legal system of the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses how lawyers believed natural law could be discerned, how natural law related to positive law, why natural law seemed so plausible, how natural law figured in legal education, and how natural law was used in practice. Natural law was understood to consist of general principles found in nature, like the principles we call “scientific” laws today. They formed a backdrop against which positive law was enacted and interpreted. These general principles guided courts’ decisions where positive law did not yield a clear answer.
The French grand piano
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

The first pianos, built by Cristofori in Florence near the turn of the eighteenth century, were already ‘grand’ pianos, their shape derived from that of the harpsichord. The invention gradually began to spread across the continent, and by the mid-1780s grand pianos were common instruments in London. This pan-European development stands in stark contrast to the grand piano’s reception in France, where the harpsichord reigned supreme. Indeed, until the 1760s, the piano—regardless of its size or shape—was almost completely absent from the French musical scene, and it was not until around 1810 that the grand piano became a frequently used instrument in France. Without a sonorous instrument capable of projecting an interesting palette of nuanced effects in a moderate to large space, it was difficult to develop an independent repertoire for the piano. The eventual adoption of the grand piano in France was largely due to the efforts of the Erard brothers, who were familiar with this type of instrument from their contacts with the Silbermanns in Strasbourg and English builders in London. The Erard grand piano responded to an increasing desire on the part of French musicians for pianos with a stronger tone, undoubtedly to better balance other string and wind instruments which were also evolving towards more sonorous models.
Introduction
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

The Introduction orients readers to the book in three ways. It begins by introducing Augustine’s training in rhetoric and the manner in which scholarship has treated Augustine’s use of concepts from that field. It then presents a summary of the chapters, detailing how Part I (Chapters 1–2) and Part II (Chapters 3–5) fit together to form the book’s argument. Finally, it concludes by noting two limitations of this study.
Jean Morély’s Assault on Calvinist Ecclesiology
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

In 1562, Jean Morély published a book that advocated local control over the Reformed churches and challenged the Calvinists’ ideas about religious authority. The Calvinists had established a presbyterian-synodal model, which placed religious authority in the hands of the pastors, consistories, and national synods. Morély argued that such authority should lie instead with the membership of each local church. Morély attracted followers in the Paris and Orléans regions, and other churches around France adopted practices he recommended. Morély was supported initially by Odet and Gaspard de Coligny, and Jeanne d’Albret hired him as tutor to the future King Henri IV. Beza and Antoine de Chandieu worked hard to stop Morély, but he continued to attract followers, including Petrus Ramus. After St. Bartholomew’s Day, Pierre Charpentier published a book that identified several “God-fearing ministers,” many of whom were associated with Morély, who detested the Beza and the Calvinists.
How is political corruption wrong?
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: April 2021

This chapter offers a normative account of the threat political corruption poses to institutional well-functioning. When political corruption occurs against the background of legitimate or nearly just institutions, it is inherently wrong because it constitutes a wrongful form of interaction between officeholders. The idea of interactive injustice is used to qualify this kind of relational wrong. The way officeholders treat each other in their institutional interactions should be governed by a regulative principle of office accountability. When officeholders fail office accountability by acting in a corrupt way or by participating in corrupt institutional practices, they alter ipso facto the normative order of just interactions constitutive of their institution. This alteration indicates how political corruption is inherently unjust as a violation of the duty of office accountability, even in the absence of identifiable consequences. This normative view of political corruption is distinguished from other views based on impartiality or political equality.
Classification of complex verbs and the evolution of the compound verb in Marathi
Authors: Pardeshi Prashant
Published: April 2021

Starting with examination of the contentious issue in Marathi grammar concerning the classification of morphologically complex verbs including Noun + Verb, Adverb + Verb, and Verb1?(nonfinite) + Verb2?(desinence), this chapter first proposes a set of criteria for distinguishing vector verbs from auxiliary verbs and thereby identifies a functionally coherent subgroup of compound verbs consisting of a main verb (V1) and a vector verb (V2). Discussion then moves on to the ontogeny of vector verbs in this type of compound verb (CV). Statistical evidence shows a steady increase in the CV to non-CV ratio along with an increase in the number of vector verbs. The qualitative and quantitative changes the CV has undergone in a diachronic process spanning over 700 years demonstrate that vector verbs are not eternal but are subject to change,?pace?Miriam Butt and her colleagues, who contend that light verbs are stable through time.
The Wages of Fear?
Authors: McQueen Alison
Published: April 2021

What role, if any, should appeals to fear play in climate change communication? Moral and practical worries about fear appeals in the climate change debate have caused some to turn toward hope appeals. This chapter argues that fear can be a rational and motivationally powerful response to climate change. While there are good reasons to worry about the use of fear in politics, climate change fear appeals can be protected against the standard criticisms of political fear. Hope appeals, by contrast, seem vulnerable to serious motivational drawbacks in the case of climate change. We should not therefore abandon fear appeals in favor of hope appeals. Instead, we should take our bearings from Aristotle in an effort to cultivate fear more responsibly. Aristotle offers an appealing model of “civic fear” that preserves the best aspects of hope, elicits rather than extinguishes our sense of agency, and invites rather than forecloses deliberation.
On Individual and Shared Obligations
Authors: Björnsson Gunnar
Published: April 2021

People who make substantial efforts to help resolve collective practical problems such as that of catastrophic climate change often think that: (1) Together, we can resolve the problem. (2) In virtue of this, we have an obligation to resolve it. (3) In virtue of the importance of the problem and our capacity to resolve it together, we have individual obligations to help resolve it. This “activist perspective” faces philosophical problems: How can the groups that are to solve the problems have obligations given that these groups are not themselves agents? How can members of such groups have obligations to help, given that they have no individual control over whether the problem is resolved? And how can the collective ability to solve a problem be relevant for individual obligations and individual moral deliberation? This chapter develops solutions to each of these problems based on an analysis of individual and shared obligations.
Climate Change, Liberalism, and the Public/Private Distinction
Authors: Jamieson Dale , Paola Marcello Di
Published: April 2021

Climate change puts pressure on a distinction that is at the heart of liberal theory: that between the public and the private. Many of the GHG-emitting behaviors that contribute to the disruption of the climate system—such as using computers, taking hot showers, eating this or that, driving cars, investing here or there, and having children—are traditionally regarded as private. Yet today, through climate change, these apparently private behaviors can have very public consequences, however indirect, across spatial, temporal, and genetic boundaries. The chapter introduces the public/private distinction and discusses the various ways in which it has figured in liberal theory. It goes on to show how climate change threatens the viability of the distinction, both by intensifying old tensions and by bringing new pressures to bear. It then considers some options for relieving the pressure, none of which seems particularly promising by liberal lights.
Ordinary objects
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Wilson considers whether ordinary (inanimate) objects are either Weakly or Strongly emergent. First, she argues that ordinary objects are at least Weakly emergent: first, by lights of a degrees of freedom (DOF)-based account, reflecting that quantum DOF are eliminated from those of ordinary objects in the classical limit; second, by lights of a functional realization account, reflecting a conception of artifacts as associated with sortal properties and distinctive functional roles; third, by lights of a determinable-based account, reflecting that ordinary objects have metaphysically indeterminate boundaries, which are best treated by appeal to a determinable-based account of metaphysical indeterminacy. While the Strong emergence of ordinary objects remains an open empirical possibility, the best such case involves artifacts: artifacts might be Strongly emergent, if the states of consciousness that determine what powers are possessed by artifacts are Strongly emergent, as is explored in Chapter 7.
Introduction
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

Shame is a complex and multifaceted emotion and its contribution to our ethical lives is difficult to pin down. For some, shame is a valuable emotion that helps us to improve our character, motivating individuals and even communities to achieve higher moral standards. But shame is also often seen as a feeling we are better off without, insofar as it is a painful experience that can be used as a tool for social manipulation or oppression, and it can be paralyzing or even lead to self-destructive behavior....
Two-dimensional oxides
Authors: Netzer Falko P. , Noguera Claudine
Published: April 2021

The novel physical and chemical properties and functionalities of two-dimensional (2-D) oxide materials are assessed. The synthesis of one unit-cell thick 2-D oxides poses particular challenges, since in contrast to other 2-D materials, which can be fabricated by exfoliation of layered bulk compounds, the majority of oxides do not occur in layered bulk structures. Most 2-D oxides are therefore prepared by thin-film deposition methods on substrates. However the fabrication of free-standing quasi-2-D oxide nanosheets, with less restrictive several monolayer thickness, has been successfully achieved by wet chemical procedures. New geometry concepts and electronic properties are observed in 2-D oxides, due to quantum confinement and interface proximity effects. Atomic geometries, electronic structure, ferroic properties and catalytic behaviour of 2-D oxides are discussed, together with promising prototypical proof-of-concept experiments for prospective applications. The edge states in oxide nanoribbons, 2-D objects of limited width, and their polarity aspects are discussed.
Surface chemistry, energy conversion, and related applications.
Authors: Netzer Falko P. , Noguera Claudine
Published: April 2021

Oxide nanomaterials have an impact in many interdisciplinary fields of the emerging nanotechnologies as reported here. They are components of heterogeneous catalyst systems with specific features that are outlined. In photocatalysis, chemical reactions are catalytically enabled by photon-energy conversion: oxide photocatalysts are prominent and discussed in relation to the photochemical water splitting reaction. Solid oxide fuel cells are promising energy sources, in which oxide nanomaterials are expected to boost further progress. Solar energy materials are elements of the “green chemistry” revolution for energy saving: the chromogenic functionality of oxide nanolayers with use in advanced fenestration is introduced. The formation and structure of corrosion protective nanolayer oxides, which is vital for the everyday use of metallic components, are examined. Biotechnology applications of oxide nanostructures comprise their biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, theranostic systems as well as biosensor platforms. An interesting bioapplication of ferroelectric oxide thin films is reported.
The scattering matrix and the Green functions
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, the book begins to develop a perturbative formalism to describe the interactions of quantized fields and, in particular, the interactions of particles in terms of their quantum fields. Quantum scattering requires the description of particle interactions and asymptotic states, which are introduced in detail. The n-point Green functions are defined. An essential part of the chapter is devoted to deriving the reduction of the S-matrix in terms of the Green functions. The compact description of these notions is achieved by introducing the generating functionals of Green functions and the S-matrix. The same constructions are also introduced for the spinor fields.
A brief review of general relativity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

The first chapter in Part II contains basic information on general relativity and all necessary notations and formulas. The consideration is concise but rather brief; it is not meant to replace a textbook on general relativity. Covariant derivatives, curvature tensors, Bianchi identities, covariant equations, the classical limit and Einstein equations are covered. The fact that the Schwarzschild solution and the cosmological solution contain singularities, which can be interpreted as indicating a need for quantum gravitational theory, is addressed. In addition, the applicability of general relativity and Planck units are discussed.
The Culpability Question
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines categories of culpability recognised by international criminal courts for attributing criminal responsibility for system crimes to individuals in different institutional contexts: first, modes of participation doctrines, by which international criminal courts connect individuals to the commission of crimes; and second, grounds for excluding responsibility and desert-based mitigating factors, by which international criminal courts exclude the responsibility or mitigate the punishment of individuals in light of the situational pressures of their social contexts. Critically examining these categories, the chapter reveals a tendency on the part of international criminal courts to selectively contextualise the behaviour of the defendants on trial for the purpose of determining their culpability—demonstrating greater concern for identifying links between individuals and system crimes than attempting to understand how individuals may be acculturated into violence by situational pressures stemming from the collective and systemic dimensions of the mass atrocity contexts in which they operated.