bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Political Participation Online vs Offline: New Opportunities — Previous Activity?
Authors: Kaminchenko D. I.
Published: October 2020

The paper is devoted to the study of the features of political participation in the modern information society. In the context of the rapid digitalization of the political space, the analysis of existing and emerging forms of political participation is of particular relevance.

The aim of the paper is to study the impact of an individual’s internal attitudes on his/her willingness to participate in socially significant events, both online and offline. The influence of internal attitudes of individuals is considered in the paper through the prism of two factors: the perception of social media as the main channel for the expression of civic interests (perception factor) and people’s attitude to the idea of the possibility of a single political leader appearing in social media space (leadership factor).

Poll among students was chosen as the main applied research method, since students are an active users of modern social media.

The poll results show that almost half of active users of social media are ready to participate in social processes both online and offline. In addition, the vast majority of respondents perceive the Internet platforms of modern social media as the main channel and mechanism for expressing civic activity. The poll results also showed that half of active users deny the possibility of a single political leader appearing in the social media space (although there is a large proportion of those who, on the contrary, agree with this idea — more than a third of all respondents). Cross-analysis of the poll data confirmed the assumption indicated in the work, according to which the individuals perception of social media as a communicative channel effective for the purpose of civic participation, contributes to their readiness to participate in socially significant events online. At the same time, the study of the impact of the leadership factor on individuals’ readiness for various forms of political participation did not form an unambiguous opinion on the nature of this impact and requires further study. This study demonstrates that activity in social media does not contribute to the socio-political passivity of their users.
Public Administration in the Post-Soviet Space: Dichotomy of External and Internal Challenges
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: October 2020

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Modern Approaches to Formation of Digital Infrastructure
Authors: Gribanov Yu. I. , Rudenko M. N. , Alenina K. A.
Published: October 2020

The concept of digital infrastructure is rather new and was widely adopted together with distribution of digital technologies and expansions of their functions in social and economic system. The concept of digital infrastructure is closely connected with concepts of information infrastructure and infrastructure of information technologies or information and communication technologies. The last, in turn, relate to a concept of information society. Info-communication technologies and networks modify social interrelations, new technologies create new communities which mainly arise and function on the network principle. Info-communication networks form new tools for interaction.
José Saderra Blancafort, platero barcelonés del último tercio del siglo XIX
Authors: MONTALVO MARTÍN Francisco Javier
Published: October 2020

Hace casi cuarenta años que se publicaron las primeras noticias del platero barcelonés José Saderra Blancafort, que consistían en citar tres obras en paradero desconocido. Hubo que esperar veinte años para ver cómo se mencionaban otras tres piezas más. En el 2018 se mentaron seis objetos nuevos, pero estaba pendiente hacer una semblanza biográfica y profesional, labor que realizamos en este trabajo, en donde damos a conocer por primera vez su segundo apellido, las dos variantes de su marca personal, numerosos datos biográficos y la confección de su catálogo de obras, al que incorporamos ocho piezas nuevas.
Debt Buildup and Currency Vulnerability: Evidence from Global Markets
Authors: Park Donghyun , Ramayandi Arief , Tian Shu
Published: October 2020

In this study, we examine how public and private debt buildup is related to currency depreciation pressure. Our empirical analysis of a panel dataset of 59 advanced and emerging markets reveals that both private and public debt exacerbate currency vulnerability. However, the evidence of a significant effect on currency depreciation pressure is more robust and consistent for private debt than public debt. Furthermore, we find that excessive private debt buildup can be particularly harmful in emerging markets. In addition, our evidence suggests that greater dependence on external financing exacerbates the impact of debt buildup on currency stress. Overall, the evidence highlights the importance of a comprehensive debt surveillance framework which monitors both public and private debt buildup, especially in emerging markets.
A computational methodology for estimation of aerosol retention in a sand-bed based filtering system for severe accident venting strategies
Authors: Cuevas-Vasquez Delfina , Sainz-Mejia Eduardo , Ortiz-Villafuerte Javier , Lopez-Solis Roberto
Published: October 2020

A computational methodology to estimate the capacity of aerosol particle
retention in a filter- ing system based on sand bed is described in this
work. This methodology uses a combination of computational fluid dynamics
and mechanistic models in the calculation procedure. The methodology is
applied to venting actions during a severe accident in a BWR Mark II primary
containment. The SALOME and OpenFoam platforms were used to generate the
geometric and numerical models of a full scale model of a sand bed filtering
system. The Eulerian/Lagrangian approach was used to determine the
steady-state of a compressible turbulent flow through a porous media and to
compute the aerosol particle transport, respectively. Collection
efficiency was calculated by means of a mechanistic model based on the
capture efficiency of a single grain. The obtained Eulerian results include
velocity, pressure, and temperature fields inside the filtering systems. The
Lagrangian tracking of aerosol particles showed that particles crossing the
coarser sand tend to accumulate initially on the periphery of the filter.
The parametric studies showed that mass-flows of up to 4.7 kgs?1 satisfy the
constraint of 1.1 bar pressure drop across the sand depth. Additionally, the
efficiency of 99.5 % of retention was determined for 1.0 ?m aerosol
particles in the 0.6 mm sand grain zone, for a gas velocity m of ms?1.
Proper collimation effect on radiation dose and image quality in thoracic spine radiography
Authors: Pazanin Anamaria , Skrk Damijan , Zalokar Nika , Mekis Nejc
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of collimation in
thoracic spine radiography on patient exposure and image quality. The study
was performed on 84 patients referred to thoracic spine radiography. Patients
were randomly divided into two equal groups of 42. The first group was imaged
according to the standard collimation protocol used in one of the hospitals
in Croatia while the second group was imaged by applying ?optimal?
collimation, image field size was individually collimated for each patient or
according to the greatest image field collimation depicted in professional
literature. For each patient body mass index, image field size, exposure
conditions and dose area product were noted and absorbed doses by organs were
calculated, image quality was assessed. There were no statistically
significant differences in BMI between the two groups of patients. With the
optimal collimation the size of the imaging field in the anteroposterior
projection was reduced by 45 % ( p < 0.001) and in the lateral projection by
41 % (p < 0.001). The study also showed reduced values of DAP for
anteroposterior projection by 34 % ( p = 0.007) and for lateral projection by
23 % ( p = 0.040). The mean absorbed dose to the selected organs decreased by
26 % in the anteroposterior projection and by 28 % in the lateral projection.
In addition, the optimal collimation protocol improved image quality by 13 %
in anteroposterior projection. No differences in image quality were found in
lateral projection. By carrying out this research we have demonstrated that
optimal collimation in thoracic spine imaging has a strong influence on
patient exposure to radiation and has a positive impact on image quality.
The Figure of Distrust: Prince A.S. Menshikov in the Maritime Department during the Period of Reforms, 1826–1828
Authors: Donik Kseniya V.
Published: October 2020

The article considers the role of Prince A. Menshikov as a specific type of agent of supreme authority in the process of reforming the maritime administration. The problem context of reforms resulted from the involvement of the naval generals and officials in abuses, which was a consequence of nepotism and unrest in the navy. The involvement of sailors in the Decembrist revolt significantly affected the attitude of the tsar to the general situation in the naval environment. Distrustful of the existing naval administration, Nicholas I needed an intermediary who would implement his idea of the arrangement of the navy on the one hand, and provide him with an objective “impartial” account of maritime problems, on the other hand. As a result of that, Adjutant General Prince A. Menshikov, who had had nothing to do with the naval service earlier, joined the navy to become the monarch’s agent in charge of the naval issues in the bodies of autocratic authority. The objective of the article is to identify the functions of such an agent based on the example of the Maritime Department. The sources of the article include official records and personal documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The principal methodological approach to the problem under study is an attempt to bring the appointment of Menshikov beyond the scope of narrow departmental history which was based on the unmotivated decision of the emperor and to propose an interpretation of the events in the context of tsarist government via agents, which has already been described in historiography. The author makes a conclusion about the interconnection between the crisis in the naval department, the attitude of the supreme authority towards it, and the appearance of the monarch’s agent with a number of his own functional characteristics.
The Role of P.A. Stolypin in the Creation of the People’s House in Kovno in 1898–1899 Authors:
Authors: Jurkowski Roman Ya.
Published: October 2020

The article presents a little-known episode in the biography of P. Stolypin, associated with his stay in Kovno Governorate in 1889–1902 and concerning the construction of the People’s House in Kovno in 1898–99. The article is based on the materials from Russian and Polish periodicals of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The author analyses the motives that prompted Stolypin to start building and equipping with the necessary facilities the People’s House in Kovno, which became the center of Russian culture and at the same time a place for putting into practice the slogans of the Guardianship of Public Sobriety. P. Stolypin is shown as an effective organizer of construction and a government official who defended the interests of Russia in the western governorates of the Empire.
“The Dying Criminal”: The Image of the Anarchist Shlioma Asnin and the Political Struggle in Petrograd, June 1917
Authors: Ivanov Dmitrii I.
Published: October 2020

The paper considers the process of forming political authority during the 1917 Russian Revolution on the example of anarchist Shlioma Asnin. The importance of belonging to a subculture for building a political figure’s image and an enemy image is demonstrated. Various options of participation in a revolutionary subculture are considered, and mutual influence between common-criminal and revolutionary subcultures is described. Hard labor created “counter-mores” shared by both groups of criminals but social capital accumulated within political-prison subculture could not necessarily be translated into political authority at liberty. In Asnin’s case, perception of him as a revolutionary was undermined by a tattoo discovered on his body, the tattoo being linked to his common-criminal past before his “conversion” into a convinced anarchist. A revolutionary’s image was “assembled” from the elements some of which made the person unacceptable for society in general. Pathologization of opponents, in part due to subcultural identity, made political dialogue more difficult and increased the probability of violence. Methods of sociology of deviance were employed as the paper’s analytical apparatus.
‘A Democrat by Mistake’: Political Activity of Anton Kartashev during the Russian Civil War
Authors: Egorov Andrey N.
Published: October 2020

The article focuses on the analysis of political activity of the outstanding theologian Anton Kartashev during the Russian Civil War. Being a member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party and an active member of the All-Russian National Center, he played a significant role in the organization of the White movement in Northwestern Russia. The article covers in detail his activities in the Political Conference under General Nikolai Yudenich and reveals his role in the recognition of independence of Finland and Estonia. The author considers A. Kartashev’s personal qualities which prevented him from becoming a true leader of the antiBolshevik movement. Defending the principle of military dictatorship, during the Civil War Anton Kartashev evolved from Christian liberalism into Orthodox conservative beliefs.
New Materials on the History of Russian Parliamentarism. Review of: Nikolaev, A.B. ed. Tavricheskie chteniya 2018. Aktual'nye problemy parlamentarizma: istoriya i sovremennost'. Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya: Sbornik nauchnykh statei: v 2 ch. [Tauride Readings 2018. Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity. International Scientific Conference: Collected Scientific Papers. 2 vols.]. St Petersburg: Asterion, 2019
Authors: Chernyshev Ivan A.
Published: October 2020

The review analyzes the collected materials from the 12th International Scientific Conference “Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity (Tauride Readings 2018).” Most of the collected scientific papers cover various aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the Russian Empire. The review considers the key articles of the collection and notes the significance of the published materials of the conference discussion platforms. It is concluded that the collection of articles under review is of great relevance for studying history, theory and practice of the Russian parliamentary system.
Principals’ Priorities and Values – Twenty-five Years of Compulsory School Principalship in Iceland
Authors: Hansen Friðgeir Börkur , Lárusdóttir Steinunn Helga
Published: October 2020

This paper reports on a study of compulsory school principals conducted in 2017. It focuses on principals’ values, both ethical and management related, and their actual and desirable prioritization of important tasks. Data was gathered with a questionnaire which was sent to all Icelandic school principals, 162 individuals in total. The response rate was 69%. The findings show that 94% of the principals say they highly emphasize the ethical values care, equality, democracy, autonomy, tolerance and justice. These ethical values, however, do not seem to impact task prioritization. This indicates that the principals may not have a clear picture of their own value base in the way that scholars have advocated for. The emphasis the principals place on management related values is more variable. It is therefore uncertain to what extent values guide them in their everyday practice.
Is There a Hole in the Whole-School Approach? A Critical Review of Curriculum Understanding in Bullying Research
Authors: Restad Frode
Published: October 2020

This article investigates curriculum understanding in bullying research and discusses how such an understanding can contribute to bullying prevention in schools. So far, no studies have systematically investigated an understanding of curriculum in research on bullying prevention.
Building on a critical review of 29 studies, the article identifies curriculum as a broadly understood concept constricted in different categories of bullying research. Such compartmentalization, the article argues, may contribute to the underutilization of curriculum knowledge in bullying research and obstruct the development of new and innovative approaches to prevent bullying in schools.
The study concludes that curriculum knowledge should be more explicitly addressed in bullying research, and that more collaboration is needed. Emphasizing a whole-school approach, without a broader understanding of curriculum, risks constraining the application of pedagogical knowledge in bullying prevention.
Percepções de cuidadoras de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral sobre profissionais de saúde
Authors: Bezerra Patrícia Da Silva , Silva Simone Souza da Costa , Pontes Fernando Augusto Ramos
Published: October 2020

Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a percepção de cuidadoras de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral sobre os profissionais que informaram o diagnóstico da deficiência e os profissionais que acompanharam a criança nos primeiros estágios do desenvolvimento, bem como descrever dúvidas dessas cuidadoras. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo. A coleta dos dados ocorreu durante uma intervenção realizada com 12 mães de crianças com PC atendidas pelo serviço de um hospital da cidade de Belém/PA. As sessões de intervenção foram gravadas e transcritas no Software Word para serem analisadas. Foi aplicado um Inventário Sócio Demográfico com vistas a conhecer o perfil das participantes, que foi tabulado no Software SPSS para análise. Os resultados mostraram que 100% das cuidadoras são naturais do estado do Pará, 75º vivem em Belém e 15% em cidades próximas, além disso, 75% não possuem plano de saúde e 25% possuem. As cuidadoras demonstraram percepções negativas em relação aos profissionais que deram o diagnóstico da PC. Apesar disso, foi identificada uma percepção mais positiva das cuidadoras quanto aos profissionais que atenderam as crianças nos primeiros estágios do desenvolvimento. Por fim, foi identificado que as cuidadoras têm muitas dúvidas relacionadas à deficiência, que não têm sido sanadas de forma satisfatória pelos profissionais de saúde.
Psicoterapia: quanto custa a sessão?
Authors: Silva Dhones Stalbert Nunes
Published: October 2020

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer as principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos psicólogos no processo de estabelecimento dos seus honorários referente aos serviços de psicologia clínica na cidade de Caruaru/PE. Foi executada através de métodos qualitativos, sendo utilizada a entrevista semidirigida para coleta dos dados e na sistematização dos dados utilizamos a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Participaram da pesquisa três psicólogas que residem e trabalham na cidade referida. Ficou evidente que as orientações sobre o estabelecimento dos honorários na prática clínica ou inexistiram ou foram inconsistentes; quando o assunto são as dificuldades enfrentadas ao estabelecer o valor da sessão percebemos certa ansiedade quando necessitam negociar o valor com o paciente devido à falta de instrução. Ao final, percebemos que as vivências práticas que facilitaram o manejo do dinheiro na relação, foram as trocas de experiência entre os colegas, a flexibilização do valor a partir da necessidade real do cliente e principalmente da forma de pagamento. Concluímos que se faz necessário sensibilizar as instituições de ensino de psicologia e seus professores para sistematizar discussões sobre o tema, apesar de compreendermos que não existe consenso sobre o assunto e que precisamos fomentar mais pesquisas nesta área para proporcionar um maior suporte teórico.
An Effective Way to Prevent Depressurization of Carboxyperitoneum and Extraperitoneal Insufflation During Simultaneous Laparoscopic Interventions
Authors: Abdulzhalilov M. K. , Abdulzhalilov A. M. , Imanaliyev M. R.
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT. Laparoscopic simultaneous surgery (LSS) in patients with multisystem abdominal organs lesion is accompanied by ports’ re-installation for subsequent surgical intervention. Preserved trocar wounds (PTWs) pass carbon dioxide from the abdominal cavity, increasing its consumption and causing depressurization of the carboxyperitoneum. The incidence of extraperitoneal insufflation during laparoscopy varies from 0.43 to 2% (I.V. Vartanova et al., 2016). The presence of many methods of sealing PTWs indicates their inefficiency.

AIM OF STUDY. To develop an easy-to-use, more reliable and effective way of sealing PTWs.

RESULTS. As a result, a comparative evaluation of known methods of sealing PTWs, we have developed an easy-to-use, more reliable and effective way of sealing PTWs «Method for sealing punctures of the abdominal wall after removing the trocar during a laparoscopic surgery» (patent RF for the invention № 2621121).

DISCUSSION. This method was performed in 55 patients, in all cases it provided reliable PTWs tightness, allowed maintaining stable carboxyperitoneum during laparoscopic interventions, without increasing carbon dioxide consumption, which reduced the cost of LSS and prevented the development of both intraand postoperative complications. The uniqueness of this method is that PTW is sealed from the side of the abdominal cavity, preventing carbon dioxide from penetrating into either the preperitoneal or subcutaneous tissue.

CONCLUSION. An increase in the number of patients with combined surgical pathology necessitates the use of the developed method for sealing punctures when moving trocars and neutralizing sub- and postoperative complications. In addition, this method allows to reduce carbon dioxide consumption.
Treatment of Pathologic Fracture of the Humeral Diaphysis Using Metal andPolymer Express Endoprosthetic Replacement as an Example of the Accelerated Rehabilitation of Cancer Patients
Authors: Antonov A. K. , Kochemasov V. M. , Filimonyuk-Smelkov A. V. , Mekhtikhanov D. S. , Antonov A. A. , Antonov K. A. , Yagubov V. G.
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT. We report a case of treatment of a 60-year-old female patient D. with a metastatic fracture of the upper and middle third of the left humerus. We made a radical removal of the metastasis, which was complicated by pathological fracture of the left humerus. To replace the removed tumor defect we performed metal and polymer endoprosthetic replacement of the left humeral diaphysis using a locking screw system and bone cement (methyl methacrylate). For accelerated recovery and rehabilitation we applied adaptogenic immunomodulator «Vitavis» (Altai elixir) and neutral anolyte (NA). After the removal of the tumor, postoperative wound was treated with neutral anolyte (NA). Dressings also contained neutral anolyte (NA). These drugs were successfully combined with postoperative basic therapy. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 4th day after surgery. The functional results of the left upper limb are satisfactory.
Takotsubo Syndrome in a Patient With a Malignant Tumor of the Kidney
Authors: Rutkovskaya N. V. , Lazarenko Y. N. , Shtin S. R. , Samoylov A. S. , Sotnikov A. V. , Praskurnichy E. A. , Parinov O. V. , Udalov Y. D.
Published: October 2020

RELEVANCE. The increasing availability of invasive methods for assessing the coronary vessels contributes to the growth in the diagnosis of myocardial damage in intact coronary arteries. One of the least studied diseases that mimic the course of myocardial infarction is Takotsubo syndrome, which quite often remains undiagnosed in real clinical practice. The medical and economic significance of this disease is determined by the high risk of developing life-threatening complications and the need to provide emergency specialized medical care.

AIM OF STUDY. The paper presents an analytical review of scientific medical literature from the perspective of illustrating modern concepts of the most common risk factors, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Takotsubo syndrome. A clinical observation of a patient with verified secondary Takotsubo syndrome against a malignant neoplasm of the kidney is also presented.

CONCLUSIONS. For a detailed understanding of the potential mechanisms for the development of Takotsubo syndrome, determining the most informative methods for its diagnosis, developing effective strategies for providing medical care and criteria for long-term prognosis, further large-scale studies are needed. Raising the level of awareness of doctors about Takotsubo syndrome, in turn, will allow timely detection of this disease, which will improve the prognosis for patients and minimize the economic costs of treatment. The exclusion of the possibility of overdiagnosis will also help determine the true prevalence of this disease.
Neuroprotective Properties of Xenon According to Experimental Studies
Authors: Grebenchikov O. A. , Molchanov I. V. , Shpichko A. I. , Yevseyev A. K. , Shabanov A. K. , Khusainov S. Z. , Petrikov S. S.
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT.An increase in the number of patients with severe brain damage of various etiologies determines the need to improve neuroprotection technologies. The review is devoted to modern views on the mechanisms of brain protection, as well as the basic processes underlying damage to neurons. The article discusses the results of the most important experimental studies in this area using inert xenon gas. The authors analyzed a number of works highlighting neurotective properties of the xenon inhalation anesthetic in studies performed in vitro and in vivo. The main mechanisms of neuronal death depending on the type of damage are shown, the points of application of the protective effect of xenon on the brain and the prospects for further research in this area are demonstrated in the article.
Siphon pipe parameter optimization of the toilet using CFD-DEM coupling method
Authors: Li Z. , Ge X. , Li K. , Tong X.
Published: October 2020

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) coupling method is used to simulate the flushing process of the toilet and this paper analyzes the influence of different structural parameters of siphon pipe on the flushing performance of the toilet. And through the adjusted-parameters toilet, tlushing experments were carried out to verify the simulations. Meanwhile the orthogonal test of different structural parameters of siphon pipes were conducted to study the flushing Performance. The research results show that the CFD-DEM coupling method can be used to study the regularity of the toilet flushing performance. The toilet can get the better flushing performance when the tilt angle of the angle of inclination is 50°, the curvature width and length are 50 mm and 220 mm, the width and height of the secondary water seal are 100 mm and 25 mm and pipe diameter is 53 mm. The method in this paper can provide a new idea for the study and design of the flushing performance of the toilet
REAL SECURITY ESTABLISHED BY WILL
Authors: BEVZENKO R.S.
Published: October 2020

In his article the author analyzes the pledge established by the testator to secure the rights from testamentary bequest. Despite the absence of any mention of this type of security in the Russian Civil Code, the author comes to the conclusion that such will is permissible and legal under Russian law. The author also examines the legal effect of including the conditions for establishing a real security in the wills, the procedure for executing this will of the testator and other issues arising in connection with a testamentary pledge.
THE CLASSICAL INTEREST THEORY OF RIGHTS IN PRIVATE LAW
Authors: TRETYAKOV S.V.
Published: October 2020

This is an attempt of rational reconstruction and critique of the Rudolph von Jherings theory of subjective right, commonly known as “the interest theory”. First, the basic shortcomings of the classical will theory (a major alternative to the interest theory) have been articulated, which I see as a reason of the elaboration of the alternative model by Jhering. Second, the structural analysis of the Jherings interest theory has been accomplished. From the structural standpoint, Jherings theory has two components: one, substantial (interest) and another, formal (legal remedy, granted by the law when the interest has been unlawfully attacked). This two-component model seems to be unstable and prone to self-contradictions. The major reasons for such a case are the indeterminacy of the concept of interest, an inherent trend within the interest theory to replace legal analysis with sociological enquiry, as well as coherence problem with some controversial instances of subjective rights. In a broader context, Jherings interest theory can be seen as an attempt to reconcile Kantian-based German private law theory with the elements of British utilitarianism.
Frauen in der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Konsequenzen für die Geschlechterfrage in der Berufsbildung
Authors: Grossenbacher Silvia
Published: October 2020

Der Artikel beleuchtet Probleme und Diskriminierungen, von denen viele Frauen über die gesamte Bildungs- und Berufslaufbahn hinweg betroffen sind. Er nimmt dabei Bezug auf die verschiedenen Phasen: Berufswahl, Grundausbildung, Weiterbildung und Wiedereinstieg. Die Autorin verweist kritisch darauf, dass Massnahmen zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bisher einseitig auf Information und Motivation der Frauen ausgerichtet waren. Sie zeigt ergänzend dazu Ansätze auf, die strukturelle Veränderungen anstreben.
Lernen im Dialog – Beschreibung und Analyse von Schülerdialogen beim Lösen eines Problems in einer Lerndyade
Authors: Beck Erwin , Baer Matthias , Bachmann Thomas , Guldimann Titus , Niedermann Ruth , Zutavern Michael
Published: October 2020

In der folgenden Studie wurden Dialoge untersucht, in denen zwei Schüler oder Schülerinnen ohne Hilfe einer steuernden und korrigierenden Lehrkraft gemeinsam versuchten, ein Problem zu lösen. Das Ziel, eine Alltagsfrage wie “Warum schwimmt ein Eisenschiff?” zu beantworten, weist den Weg zur Lösung des physikalischen Problems . Was im Dialog über das aufgerufene Sachproblem an Erfahrungen, Lösungsideen und Fragen zwischen den beiden Lernpartnern ausgelöst wird, macht die Fruchtbarkeit solcher Situationen aus. In einer repräsentativen Studie mit über 400 Schülerinnen und Schülern aus 20 Klassen des 8. Schuljahres wurden solche Dialoge zu einer physikalischen und zu einer eher sprachlichen Problemstellung untersucht. Hier war das Ziel, Rahmenbedingungen zu analysierern, die beitragen, dass Dialoge mehr oder weniger lernförderlich verlaufen. Es konnten z.B. geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede und die Bedeutung des Vorwissens nachgewiesen werden.

Bei einer kleineren Stichprobe von 31 Dialogpaaren wurden die Äusserungen der Gespräche unter die Lupe genommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten unter anderem, dass beim Lösen eines sprachlichen Problems eher die Fähigkeit zum Steuern eine Rolle spielt, bei der naturwissenschaftlichen Aufgabe die Vielfalt des sachlichen Vorwissens und “kreatives Abschweifen” helfen. Daraus lassen sich Folgerungen für das kooperative Lernen und die didaktische Bedeutung von Lernpartnerschaften ableiten. Ebenfalls thematisieren lässt sich die Bedeutung des Dialogs im gegenwärtigen Schulunterricht.
Are there just two people in a dyad? Dyadic configurations in multiparty family conversations
Authors: Pirchio Sabine , Pontecorvo Claudia , Sterponi Laura
Published: October 2020

Dyadic interaction does not necessarily imply that just two people are present. It is often possible to single out episodes of dyadic interaction in multiparty contexts that we analyse, such as family dinner table conversation. Within such a speech event, multiparty participation framework (variously organized) is the default conversational structure. Consequently, a groundwork(Goffman, 1964) is required for participants to gain space and exclusivity for a dyadic exchange.

This paper shows how dyadic framework is made out of the multiparty default interactional structure of a family dinner. Furthermore, we analyze the resources participants deploy to protect the dyadic exchange from anothers intrusion and/or by the risk of desertion of one member of the dyad. Young and older children actively participate in that activity and learn to manage it through diverse dyadic settings. It is not the number of participants that unequivocally determines whether an interaction is dyadic or multiparty. Varying and complex participation frameworks, alliances, and challenges are built and transformed within family dinner conversation; it is in their locus of the interactive organization of ongoing activity in which children are socialized to a complex socio-cognitive activity.
Identité culturelle et scolarité d’élèves portugais en Suisse
Authors: Pons Francisco , Doudin Pierre-André , Pini Gianreto
Published: October 2020

Dans cet article, nous étudions la relation entre l’identité culturelle et certaines caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et scolaires d’élèves migrants d’origine portugaise achevant leur scolarité obligatoire en Suisse (canton de Vaud). L’identité culturelle est mesurée au moyen d’une adaptation de l’échelle d’acculturation de Berry. Les résultats montrent que ces élèves ont tendance, d’une part, à vouloir très clairement préserver leur culture d’origine tout en intégrant en même temps la culture suisse (attitude clairement pro-intégration) et, d’autre part, sont contre un rejet de la culture suisse (attitude clairement anti-séparation) et portugaise (attitude légèrement anti-assimilation). Cependant, en fonction de certaines caractéristiques personnelles (sexe, date d’arrivée en Suisse), familiales (type de permis de travail de la mère) et scolaires (redoublement, niveau de réussite scolaire, fréquentation des cours de langue et de civilisation portugaises), nous constatons des fléchissements significatifs de certaines de ces attitudes et notamment de l’attitude pro-intégration. Ces résultats sont discutés du point de vue de leurs implications sur le plan scolaire (danger de marginalisation scolaire) et sur le plan politique (danger de marginalisation sociale).
Le Grand Conseil genevois et l’accès aux études des enfants des classes populaires 1885-1961
Authors: Magnin Charles
Published: October 2020

Cet article trace l’histoire de l’exigence d’égalité des chances de réussite scolaire au sein du parlement genevois de 1885 à 1977. Quant à la facilitation de l’accès à l’instruction des enfants pauvres, c’est d’abord une parfaite bonne conscience démocratique qui a prévalu, combinée bientôt avec un malthusianisme de combat concernant l’accès aux professions libérales.

C’est principalement le parti socialiste qui a mené la bataille pour une politique ayant pour enjeu l’instauration de «l’école unique», dont il attendait qu’elle modifie en profondeur la composition sociale de l’élite. Le cours de cette bataille a changé quand des experts ont montré à la majorité parlementaire que l’école genevoise n’était pas aussi démocratique qu’elle le pensait, et surtout quand le malthusianisme qu’on a dit engendra une «pénurie de cadres» vivement déplorée. La droite et le centre firent alors ce que la gauche espérait, mais avec de tout autres mobiles. La lutte pour l’égalisation des chances de réussite scolaire entrait ainsi dans l’âge de l’ambiguïté.
Buddeberg-Fischer, Barbara und Ritzmann, Peter (Eds.) (2000). Auf dem Weg zu einer gesundheitsfördernden Schule.
Authors: Neuenschwander Markus P.
Published: October 2020

Rezension
Hanhart, Siegfried et Perez, Soledad (1999). Les multiples facettes de l’efficacité en éducation.
Authors: Meier Caroline
Published: October 2020

Recension
Schulversagen als ungenügende Kompetenzen im Lesen und Rechnen
Authors: Notter Philipp
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag betrachtet Schulversagen als ungenügende Kompetenzen im Lesen und Rechnen nach langjährigem Schulbesuch. Er analysiert dazu die Ergebnisse des «International Adult Literacy Survey», der die Lese- und Rechenkompetenzen in der erwachsenen Bevölkerung untersuchte. Zwei Fragen stellen sich: 1. Wie verbreitet sind ungenügende Lese- und Rechenkompetenzen in der Schweiz, und 2. Muss man die Personengruppe, die höchstens eine Ausbildung auf Sekundarstufe I abgeschlossen hat, als Risiko-Gruppe betrachten? Von der einheimischen Bevölkerung weisen ca. 14 Prozent mindestens in einem der drei untersuchten Bereiche für die heutige Gesellschaft ungenügende Kompetenzen auf. Zwar nimmt dieser Prozentsatz bei den jüngeren Personen ab, doch weisen immer noch ca. 6 Prozent der jüngeren Personen mindestens in einem Bereich ungenügende Kompetenzen auf. Bei den Personen, die höchstens eine Ausbildung auf der Sekundarstufe I abgeschlossen haben, weisen ca. 39 Prozent in mindestens einem Bereich ungenügende Kompetenzen auf. Diese Gruppe muss damit als Risiko-Gruppe betrachtet werden.
Die Situation der ausländischen Jugendlichen auf der Sekundarstufe II in der Schweizer Schule – Integration oder Benachteiligung?
Authors: Müller Romano
Published: October 2020

Gemäss der Theorie des Humankapitals müssen die Schulen alles daran setzen, die Bildungsressourcen ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler optimal zu nutzen. Der Vergleich ausgewählter Nationengruppen auf der Sekundarstufe II mit autochthonen Schweizergruppen weist aber für die Schweiz nach, dass für ausländische Jugendliche die gesamte Bildungsbeteiligung niedrig ist. Besonders erschwert ist für die ausländischen Jugendlichen der Zugang zu den höheren Ausbildungsgängen der Mittelschulen, aber auch den anspruchsvolleren Berufslehren. Hier allerdings lässt sich ein Kompensationseffekt feststellen, der darin besteht, dass ein relativ hoher Anteil von Ausländern in den Berufslehren ebenso anspruchsvolle Berufe wählen wie die Schweizerinnen und Schweizer. Der Autor kritisiert den Mechanismus im schweizerischen Bildungssystem, durch den monolinguale Schüler selbst bei schlechteren schulischen Voraussetzungen dem bilingualen Ausländer vorgezogen wird als Präferentialismus, der die Interessen der autochthonen Gruppe schützt, längerfristig aber die sozialen und ökonomischen Interessen des Staates unterläuft.
Bétrix Köhler Dominique et Blanchet Alex (1999). Enseigner sur mesure: Eclairages sur les pratiques d’évaluation formative et de différenciation.
Authors: Perréard Vité Anne
Published: October 2020

Recension
La Cognition située sous le regard du paradigme historico-culturel vygotskien
Authors: Moro Christiane
Published: October 2020

Le propos de cet article est de mettre en évidence quelques-uns des espaces de discus- sion théorique qui émergent des travaux de la Cognition située. Pour ce faire, l’au- teure effectue dans un premier temps un sondage au sein de certains des travaux dé- veloppés par les pionniers de cette tradition en tentant de dégager les options théoriques qui s’y déploient. Dans un second temps, l’auteure examine, au travers de trois thématiques-clés abordées dans ces travaux (la problématique des unités d’ana- lyse; la définition de la médiation; la spécificité de l’activité scolaire versus extra-sco- laire) le degré de recoupement entre les visées des deux champs théoriques que consti- tuent la Cognition située et le paradigme historico-culturel vygotskien.
In Beziehung zu sich selbst. Relationales Denken in der Pädagogik
Authors: Herzog Walter
Published: October 2020

In der Pädagogik dominiert ein Substanzdenken, das nach dem Eigentlichen und Wesentlichen einer Sache fragt. Dem wird ein relationales Denken entgegengesetzt, das in seiner anthropologischen Bedeutung erläutert wird. Der Mensch erscheint als ein Verhältniswesen, das in drei qualitativ verschiedenen Beziehungen steht: in Beziehung zu den Dingen, zu anderen und zu sich selbst. Ausgehend von zwei Beispielen wird die Bedeutung der Selbstbeziehung für die Analyse von Erziehung und Unterricht herausgearbeitet. In der Diskussion wird auf den Nutzen des relationalen Denkens für die Entwicklung einer post-technologischen Theorie pädagogischen Handelns hingewiesen.
Übergang von Fachhochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt – am Beispiel der HSW Bern
Authors: Wolter Stefan C. , Bonassi Tamara , Pätzmann Monika
Published: October 2020

Mit der Schaffung der Fachhochschulen in der Schweiz ist das Bedürfnis nach Informationen über die Positionierung und Funktionstüchtigkeit dieses Zweiges des tertiären Bildungswesens stark gestiegen. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt Resultate einer ers-ten Analyse von drei Jahrgängen von Diplomierten der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Verwaltung in Bern (HSW). Zwei Fragestellungen stehen dabei im Vordergrund: Erstens werden aus der Sicht der Absolventinnen und Absolventen Einschätzungen der Relevanz der einzelnen an der Hochschule unterrichteten Fächer für den Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Diese Rückmeldungen sollen Hinweise auf die Adäquanz der Zusammenstellung des Curriculums geben. Zweitens wird anhand ökonomischer Indikatoren der Übertritt in den Arbeitsmarkt analysiert. Damit sollen die Determinanten eines erfolgreichen Übergangs bestimmt werden können. Beide Analysen sollen helfen, die Transition vom Bildungssystem in den Arbeitsmarkt in einem ganz spezifischen Fall besser zu verstehen und somit auch über die Funktionsweise und -fähigkeit des Bildungssystems Aussagen machen zu können.
L’apprentissage des adultes en Suisse et dans d’autres pays de l’OCDE. Une perspective comparative
Authors: Pont Beatriz , Werquin Patrick
Published: October 2020

Die Erwachsenenbildung ist ein hoch aktuelles Thema. Sie wird nicht nur im Rahmen der lebenslangen Fort- und Weiterbildung (lifelong learning) diskutiert, sondern beinhaltet ebenso eine Reihe von weiteren Themen, die von der Vermittlung grundlegender Fähigkeiten wie Lesen und Schreiben bis zur beruflichen Weiterqualifikation bei der Einführung neuer Technologien, sowie vom wirtschaftlichen Wachstum bis zum Verständnis der Bürgerrechte reichen.In der Schweiz hat die Weiterbildung Erwachsener eine stark berufliche Ausrichtung. Dies wird belegt durch die aktuelle Revision des Berufsbildungsgesetzes, die sich, zumindest derzeit, lediglich auf die weiterführende berufliche Bildung bezieht. Die Beteiligung der Erwachsensen an derartigen Weiterbildungsmassnahmen erreicht im Vergleich zu anderen OECD Länder ein hohes Niveau. Es bestehen jedoch deutliche Unterschiede in der Teilnahmehäufigkeit verschiedener Gruppen, wie etwa durch das bereits erreichte Bildungsniveau, Geschlecht, Wohnort, Beruf, Alter u.s.w.Die Schweiz ist zwischen zwei Ausrichtungen hin- und hergerissen. Auf der einen Seite besteht der offensichtliche Wunsch nach öffentlichem Eingreifen, um das Angebot zu homogenisieren, Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten bereit zu stellen und einen gewissen Grad an Gleichheit zu sichern. Auf der anderen Seite wird das Feld dem privaten Markt und privaten Aanbietern überlassen. Gleichzeitig ist das schweizerische System aufgrund der politischen Struktur, d.h. durch das föderale System und die Verteilung von Verantwortlichkeiten auf verschiedene Instanzen, stark fragmentiert. Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip und die Vielfalt der beteiligten Akteure und Vereinigungen trägt teilweise zu dieser Komplexität bei. Dies führt zu fehlender Transparenz und Koordination, was die Weiterentwicklung der Erwachsenenbildung behindern kann. Eine Reihe von Massnahmen, die in letzter Zeit eingeleitet wurden, können jedoch dazu beitragen, die Situation zu verbessern. Davon sind die Folgenden besonders erwahnenswert: die Einfuhrung von Diskussions- und Koordinationsforen, z.B. im Rahmen der Schweizerischen Konferenz der kantonalen Erziehungsdirektoren (EDK) oder der schweizeris chen Vereinigung der Erwachsenenbildung (SVEB), und die Initiativen zur Forderung der Transparenz des Systems (eduQua, Modularisierung). Gleichzeitig findet eine breite Diskussion des Themas statt, etwa an Universitaten oder aufgrund des OECD-Berichtes uber die Erwachsenenbildung.
Phénomènes didactiques en classe d’immersion
Authors: Leutenegger Fran , Plazaola Giger Itziar
Published: October 2020

Cette contribution s’inscrit dans une réflexion à propos des objets d’étude de différentes didactiques disciplinaires. Plus particulièrement, nous nous intéressons aux interactions didactiques dans le contexte spécifique de classes bilingues (l’enseignement est donné en partie en anglais et en partie en français), selon l’approche dite «par immersion» lors de leçons portant sur la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques. Ces leçons sont données en français à des élèves d’origines linguistiques diverses, de 12 ans environ. Comment l’enseignant gère-t-il de telles leçons, du point de vue des contenus enseignés/appris? A partir de l’observation fine d’une leçon, la contribution présente une analyse croisée se référant à deux entrées disciplinaires différentes: un cadrage théorique issu de la didactique du français langue seconde et un cadrage théorique qui articule didactique des mathématiques et didactique comparée.
Soëtard, Michel (2001). Qu’est-ce que la pédagogie ? Le pédagogue au risque de la philosophie.
Authors: Friedrich Janette
Published: October 2020

Recension
Die Bildung des demokratischen Kopfes – Zwischen Demosorientierung und Ethnosorientierung
Authors: Reichenbach Roland
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten wird die intrinsische Verbindung erläutert, die zwischen Konzeptionen zur politischen Bildung und der Frage, welche Verpflichtungen mit der Teilnahme als Bürgerin oder Bürger an einem demokratischen Gemeinwesens verbunden sind, zu bestehen scheinen. Im zweiten Teil wird versucht, politische Bildung als Vermittlerin zwischen liberaler Demosorientierung und kommunitärer Ethnosorientierung zu verstehen, Dimensionen also, die beide sowohl entwicklungstheoretisch als auch bildungstheoretisch interessieren.
Herkunft, Leistung und Bildungschancen im gegliederten Bildungssystem: Vertiefte PISA-Analyse unter Einbezug der kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten
Authors: Ramseier Erich , Brühwiler Christian
Published: October 2020

Seit dem Vorliegen der für die Schweiz ernüchternden PISA-Ergebnisse wird die Frage nach der Gerechtigkeit unserer Bildungssysteme wieder verstärkt diskutiert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Aspekte der Chancengleichheit unter Berücksichtigung allgemeiner kognitiver Grundfähigkeiten detailliert untersucht. Neben dem Einfluss individueller Herkunftsmerkmale wird auch der Beitrag der Schule zur Erklärung fachlicher Leistungsunterschiede herangezogen. In die Analysen wurden die Daten von 2‘054 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Kantone Bern und St. Gallen einbezogen, bei denen zusätzlich zu den PISA-Tests die kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten erfasst wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass fachliche Leistungen auch unter Kontrolle der kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten stark von der sozialen Herkunft mitbestimmt werden. Eine entscheidende Rolle kommt dabei der Zugehörigkeit zu einem bestimmten Schultyp zu. Diese wird offensichtlich nicht nur durch fachliche Leistungen, sondern in hohem Ausmass über die soziale Herkunft der Schülerinnen und Schüler bestimmt. Überdies werden die schulischen Lernmöglichkeiten durch die soziokulturelle Zusammensetzung der einzelnen Schule beeinflusst. Diese Schuleffekte fallen unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Voraussetzungen und des Schultyps jedoch deutlich geringer aus als die im internationalen PISA-Bericht (OECD, 2001) dargestellten Brutto-Effekte.