bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐165: Wet‐Processable Triphenylamine Dendrimers as Hole‐Transporting and Hole‐Injection Materials for Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Ichikawa Musubu , Hibino Kumiko , Yokoyama Norimasa , Miki Tetsuzo , Koyama Toshiki , Taniguchi Yoshio
Published: August 2007

We demonstrated two wet‐processable triphenylamine dendric nonamers: the nitrogen‐atom‐centered nonamer (TPA9‐1) and the phenyl‐centered nonamer (TPA9‐2). The materials were found to have high glass transition temperature (Tg) up to almost 200°C. The fractional difference of the central units of the molecular structures caused different adaptability due to the different ionization potentials (Ip). TPA9‐1 (N‐atom‐centered), whose Ip was smaller than that of TPA9‐2 (phenyl‐centered), was suitable as hole injection layer material, and TPA9‐2 was suitable as hole‐transporting layer material. Computational chemistry provides a ready explanation for the Ip difference between the two materials.
P‐167: High‐Color‐Temperature p‐i‐n White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Based on the Fluorescent RGB System
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jung , Hwang Shiao‐Wen , Chen Chin H.
Published: August 2007

P‐i‐n devices with 5% Cs doped BPhen as the n‐type transporting layer and WO3 doped NPB as the p‐type transporting layer are investigated for controlling the recombination zone (RZ) of carriers in WOLED based on three adjacent fluorescent red, green and blue emitters. Variation in white CIEx,y color coordinates are closely related to the proportion of deep blue emission which serves as an indicator for the position of the RZ. By optimizing the concentration of the deep blue dopant, it is possible to enhance the color temperature of WOLED and boost the efficiency to 8 cd/A at 5.5 V (20 mA/cm2) with CIEx,y of (0.33, 0.34) which is among the best reported for the fluorescent RGB 3‐emission WOLEDs.
P‐168: Investigation of High‐Efficiency Electrophosphorescent Organic Light‐emitting Diodes with Double‐Emission Layers
Authors: Sun Jiaxin , Zhu Xiuling , Yu Xiaoming , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: August 2007

Highly efficient electrophosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) with double‐emission layers by doping both hole‐ and electron‐transport hosts with green dye bis(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium(III)acetylacetonate [(ppy)2Ir(acac)] have been fabricated and investigated. In particular, the dependence of performance characteristics on the thickness and doping concentration of the double‐emission layers is studied. By fine tuning these two parameters a peak luminous efficiency of 77cd/A, corresponding to 20.5% external quantum efficiency (EQE), is achieved at a current density of 0.053mA/cm2 from the optimized device. Even at 1000cd/m2, it still shows very high luminous efficiency of 71cd/A, with a power efficiency of 40lm/W. A shifting exciton formation zone with the driving current as well as triplet‐triplet annihilation can explain the efficiency profile observed experimentally.
P‐169: Efficient, Long‐Lifetime OLED Host and Dopant Formulations for Full‐Color Displays
Authors: Ricks Michele L. , Vargas J. Ramon , Klubek Kevin P. , Jarikov Viktor V. , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Helber Margaret J. , Begley William J. , Hatwar Tukaram K. , Conley Scott R. , Cosimbescu Lelia , Brown Christopher T.
Published: August 2007

We report developments in materials and formulations for blue, green, and red fluorescent OLEDs that provide lifetimes exceeding 15,000 h for a model display operating at 200 cd/m2with a polarizer. In addition, we describe improvements in electron transport and injection that result in a reduction in display power consumption of up to 55%.
P‐170: Decomposable Alkali Compounds as Alkali Metal Precursors for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Duan Lian , Li Yang , Qiu Yong
Published: August 2007

Electron injection in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) can be improved by incorporation of alkali metals into the cathode structures. Some of the alkali compounds, such as alkali carbonates and nitrides, would decompose to form alkali metal during vacuum thermal evaporation. These materials can be incorporated into cathode structures to improve OLED performances. We developed an improved quartz crystal microbalance method to quantitatively investigate the decomposition of these alkali compounds in situ. We found that Cs2CO3 and Li3N are ideal alkali metal precursors for OLEDs.
P‐172: Determination of Hole Mobilities in New Blue Emitting Organic Diodes by Means of Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Arredondo Belén , Romero Beatriz , Álvarez Ángel Luis , Gutiérrez‐Llorente Araceli , Quintana Xabier , Mallavia Ricardo , Vergaz Ricardo , Montilla Francisco , Sánchez‐Pena José Manuel , Otón José Manuel
Published: August 2007

In this work we have fabricated passive diode matrices based on a new blue emitting organic electroluminescent polymer. In order to determine the capacitive response at typical display operating frequencies, impedance vs frequency measurements have been carried out at different bias. In addition, hole mobilities have been extracted by fitting a new theoretical model to the measured admittance, that takes into account the effect of an injection barrier, obtaining values from 10−12 m2/Vs to 10−10 m2/Vs with increasing bias.
P‐173: Reduction of Shorting Defects in OLED Devices
Authors: Tyan Yuan‐Sheng , Farruggia Giuseppe , Cushman Thomas R.
Published: August 2007

A method to reduce the detrimental effect of shorting defects in OLED devices is presented. The method involves the application of a transparent thin film of appropriate electrical resistance between two electrodes in order to divert the current away from the shorting defects.
P‐179: Low Blur Effect and High Light Extraction Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Light Emitting Displays with Novel Microstructure Attachment
Authors: Lin Chung‐Yu , Hsu Sheng‐Chih , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Lin Hoang‐Yan , Lee Jiun‐Haw , Wei Mao‐Kuo
Published: August 2007

Microstructure film attachment and surface roughing techniques had long been utilized to improve the light extraction efficiency from a light source with a high refractive index. Instead of merely concerning the efficiency for lighting purposes, we must take both the light extraction efficiency and image quality into account for display applications. The image blur was observed to decrease the contrast ratio and thus lower image quality. In our previous work, we have studied the image blur effect quantitatively and correlated it to the coverage ratio and light extraction efficiency. In this paper, we apply an innovative microstructure array arrangement to planar light emitting device, i.e., for organic light emitting display (OLED) to reduce the blur effect and keep almost the same efficiency as that obtained by applying a traditional microstructure array.
P‐183: Efficient Deep Blue, Blue, Green, Yellow, Reddish‐Orange and Red Organic Light‐Emitting Device using 2,7‐Dipyrenespirofluorene (DPSF) as a Fluorescent Emitting Host
Authors: Yen Feng‐Wen , Chiu Chao‐Yu , Lin I‐Feng , Teng Chin‐Ming , Lin Xin‐Hong
Published: August 2007

Deep blue, blue, green, yellow, reddish‐orange organic light‐emitting device have been fabricated using the same emitting host 2,7‐dipyrenespirofluorene(DPSF). The different guests doped in DPSF are 2,2′‐Bis[(9,9′‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐(diphenyl) amino]spirofluorene(BFDSF) (deep blue), 2,6‐Bis[4‐(4‐methyldiphenylamino) styryl]naphthyl (BDSN) (blue), C545T (green), Rubrene (yellow), DCJTB (reddish‐orange). And deposit the same hole transporting material, 9,9‐Bis[4‐di(naphth‐2‐yl)aminophenyl] fluorene (BNAPF) and the same electron transporting material, 1,3‐Bis[2‐(2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl]benzene(Bpy‐OXD). All OLED devices exhibit excellent current efficiency and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates at a current density of 20mA/cm2, are shown as 4.5cd/A, [0.15, 0.14] for deep blue device; 15.7cd/A, [0.15, 0.30] for blue device; 12.6cd/A, [0.26, 0.62] for green device; 7.8cd/A, [0.49, 0.50] for yellow device and 7.7cd/A, [0.61, 0.39] for reddish‐orange device. Using Alq3 and DPSF as co‐host to optimize the reddish orange device, the CIE coordinate [0.65, 0.35] of saturated red and 4.9cd/A of current efficiency are relatively obtained at 20mA/cm2. The studies of HOMO/LUMO energy levels, fluorescent exciting energy transfer from DPSF to all guests (PL & UV) and mobility of materials interpret DPSF extensively used as emitting host in full‐wavelength for organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs).
P‐191: Novel Bipolar Materials Tailored for Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Yamagata Sachiko , Murata Hiroko , Egawa Masakazu , Nakashima Harue , Inoue Hideko , Shitagaki Satoko , Ohsawa Nobuharu , Kojima Kumi , Seo Satoshi , Nomura Ryoji , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: August 2007

We synthesized novel bipolar materials suitable for acting as host materials of phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Our molecular design strategy involves combining electron‐ and hole‐transporting components to produce a well‐balanced carrier transportability, which contributes to an increase in efficiency and a decrease in operation voltage of green and red phosphorescent OLEDs.
P‐208L: Late‐News Poster: Liquid Crystal Lasers for Projection Displays
Authors: Woltman Scott J. , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: August 2007

The liquid crystal laser presents itself as an interesting tool for projection displays, acting as the illumination source. Liquid crystal lasers are fast becoming an interesting area of research within the liquid crystal community. In utilizing integrating these systems with current liquid crystal display (LCD) projection systems, novel designs can be envisioned.
14.2: A General Theory of Light Recycling with Light Pipes/Tunnels and Their Applications in LED Illuminators
Authors: Ouyang George , Li Kenneth
Published: August 2007

A general theory on light‐pipe/tunnel‐based recycling schemes, along with some experimental data obtained from LED illuminators, is presented in this paper. Light recycling is classified as angular, spatial, or mixed based on the angular filtering characteristics of the recycling process. The principles behind the three schemes are analyzed and some experimental results are presented at the end.
14.3: Ujoy Technology for Personal Projection
Authors: Moench Holger , Mackens Uwe , Pekarski Pavel , Ritz Arnd , Hermans Tony , S'Heeren Griet , Verbeek Wil
Published: August 2007

Personal projectors are compact and affordable devices used for gaming, entertainment or photo projection. A very bright light source is at least as important as for standard front projectors. The new 50W Ujoy lamp system with 1mm arc enables efficient projection systems with a screen brightness of 200–300lm. Lower cooling requirements, the potential for battery operation and the low voltage input makes it the ideal source for this new category of projectors.
14.5L: Late‐News Paper: High Collection Efficiency Fanless LED Source Module for Projectors
Authors: Chuang Shang‐Chih , Chen Chien‐Chuan , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Chen Shao‐Wen , Shen Sheng‐Che , Hsieh Ming‐Hsun , Wu Fu‐Hai , Tsai Tsung‐Han , Huang Heng‐Chun , Chen Yu‐Chu
Published: August 2007

A LED source module, including large LED chip, LED ballast, flat‐plate heat pipe and associated illumination optics has been proposed as a total solution for light source of projector engine based on light pipe integrator with high lumen throughput requirement. The LED source module features simple illumination optics with high collection efficiency and fanless heat management scheme with low noise level.
15.4: People with Visual Impairment Prefer TV Viewing Using a Contrast Enhancement Consumer Product
Authors: Fullerton Matthew , Peli Eli
Published: August 2007

A device that uses technology previously tested for those with visual impairment to improve video clarity has recently been implemented in a product marketed for home theater viewers with normal sight. We found it to benefit viewers with visual impairment, even with the settings aimed at normally‐Sighted users, suggesting that the higher enhancement capabilities not accessible from the user interface may benefit this population even more.
16.1: Uniform Discharge Hybrid Flat Fluorescent Lamp (HFFL)
Authors: Winsor Mark , Flynn James
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we offer a novel backlighting solution for LCD TVs. Xe, Ne or Hg vapor are discharged through parallel channels. Permeable passageway between insulated glass channels equalizes gas pressure and maintains discharge uniformity. This monolithic lamp, designed for 12000 cdm2, is capable of high brightness, long life, and mass production.
17.1: Invited Paper: High Performance OCB‐mode for Field Sequential Color LCDs
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Miyashita Tetsuya , Uchida Tatsuo , Wako Kazuhiro , Sekiya Kazuo , Kishimoto Tadashi
Published: August 2007

Optically compensated bend (OCB) mode is a promising technology for future high quality display devices due to its wide viewing angle without gray scale inversion and color shift, fast response speed, high contrast ratio and wide temperature range. This paper summarizes the developments of the OCB mode and the optical performance of OCB mode field sequential color LCD.
17.2: A Fast‐Switching LCD for Color‐Field‐Sequential Projection Displays
Authors: Koma Norio , Tanaka Yoshiki , Mitsuai Masashi , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: August 2007

We propose a novel fast‐switching LCD panel for color field sequential projection. This panel employs a layer of OCB (optical compensated bend) mode liquid crystal that is maintained at an elevated temperature by a built‐in ITO (indium tin oxide) heater and a thermal sensor. We call this method heated‐OCB. The heated‐OCB realizes a response time of less than 0.4 msec, and provides color field sequential projection with 2 or 3 times driving and small color break‐up.
17.3: Electro‐Optical Properties of Polymer‐Stabilized OCB and Its Application to TFT‐LCD
Authors: Hasegawa Ray , Kidzu Yuko , Amemiya Isao , Uchikoga Shuichi , Wakemoto Hirofumi
Published: August 2007

To eliminate an initial transition from splay to bend alignment, polymer‐stabilized OCB was developed. The influences of the monomer concentration and the applied voltage during UV irradiation were studied, and stable bend alignment in the absence of electric field was obtained. The large retardation change and the fast response were achieved by using a mixture of multifunctional LC acrylate monomers, and a 9‐inch full‐color polymer‐stabilized OCB TFT‐LCD with initial bend alignment and the contrast ratio of 250:1 was successfully developed.
17.4: Halogenated Non‐Planar Dopants for Fast Response Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kilickiran Pinar , Masutani Akira , Hollfelder Nadine , Nelles Gabriele , Yasuda Akio , Tadeusiak Andrzej , Sandford Graham
Published: August 2007

We introduce a major step forward in achieving liquid crystal mixtures with desired performances such as fast response speeds, high VHR, low driving voltages and no detrimental perturbations in the liquid crystal alignments, thus undisturbed black level and contrast ratios, by the use of halogenated non‐planar dopants.
18.2: MVA‐LCD with Low Color Shift and High Image Quality
Authors: Tai Meng‐Chieh , Chang Ming‐Hsuan , Liu Chih‐Chung , Chang Yueh‐Ping , Wang Ming‐Tsung
Published: August 2007

For a suitable design of capacitance‐coupling MVA‐LCD, the ratio of ITO area was determined, and the u'v' change was improved from 0.03 to 0.01. Reforming the lattice defect, the zigzag interlaced ITO makes the artifact image diminished. Furthermore, the image sticking that usually worsened in the capacitance‐coupling type is progressed.
18.4: Novel Gamma Correction Method Using an Advanced Capacitive Coupling Driving
Authors: Tsunashima Takanori , Kimura Hiroyuki , Kawamura Tetsuya , Aoki Yoshiro , Motai Tomonobu , Takahashi Koji , Kanuma Toshinori , Ishida Arichika , Nakamura Hiroki
Published: August 2007

We have developed a LCD panel for mobile‐use applications that adjusting each RGB gamma characteristics independently without increasing the scale of peripheral circuit. It has been realized by using the Capacitive Coupling driving method and optimizing the storage capacitances of R, G, and B subpixels independently.
19.1: Invited Paper: Development of Phosphorescent White OLED with Extremely High Power Efficiency and Long Lifetime
Authors: Nakayama Tomoyuki , Hiyama Kunimasa , Furukawa Keiichi , Ohtani Hirofumi
Published: August 2007

We developed white OLED device with extremely high power efficiency and long lifetime, in which blue, yellow‐green and red phosphorescent emitters were used. The performance achieved was 64lm/W, and 10000 hours of lifetime at initial luminance of 1000cd/m2 with light out‐coupling technique. New technologies, such as blue phosphorescent materials and sophisticated organic layer structure, were applied to the device. The device also exhibited good durability such as storage stability, which is important performance in practical use. We hope that the development discussed in this paper opens up a course to practical use of OLED in lighting sources for illumination use, backlights and others.
19.4: Large Area p‐i‐n Type OLEDs for Lighting
Authors: Tomita Yuto , May Christian , Toörker Michael , Amelung Joörg , Eritt Michael , Loöffler Frank , Luber Claus , Leo Karl , Walzer Karsten , Fehse Karsten , Huang Qiang
Published: August 2007

An OLED for lighting applications was successfully demonstrated on a 150mm ×150mm substrate with ITO anode. Additionally, ZnO: Al (ZAO) as an alternative transparent electrode for OLEDs was fabricated and applied to highly efficient p‐i‐n type green OLEDs and a white OLED for lighting applications. These devices showed similar performance as ITO anode based OLEDs.
20.2: An Improved Method for Measuring Display Motion Artifacts
Authors: Wilson Michael D. , Aoun Michael C.
Published: August 2007

Current methods for measuring motion artifacts under a condition known as smooth‐pursuit require a moving camera or high‐speed camera. This paper describes a simplified system using a stationary camera in which the image is moved electronically across the CCD surface during acquisition.
20.3: Quantitative Analysis of Image Sticking in LCDs
Authors: Park Seung‐Chul , Lim Kyong‐Ho , Choi Sin‐Hu , Soh Hoe‐Sup
Published: August 2007

We have analyzed the phenomenon of image sticking and studied for the method of quantifying image sticking by the three different analysis methods. The three analysis methods are R_SEMU [1], Color Difference [2] and Luminance Ratio. We usually use a chessboard pattern to test the image sticking of LCD panels. A new method is NVP (Non‐uniformity value of panel). NVP removes a non‐uniformity luminance of a panel except the image sticking on the reference image and the image tested. The NVP increases the accuracy of the image sticking analysis. We have measured the image sticking after an image sticking test using a 2D CCD camera and then analyzed the data comparing with a reference image using R_SEMU, Color Difference and Luminance Ratio. We investigate which method is the best analysis one for the evaluation of the image sticking. We have developed an analysis software using VBA. This software can select the quantitative level of image sticking.
21.2: Invited Paper: An Overview of Dynamic Range Reduction
Authors: Reinhard Erik
Published: August 2007

With a surge of interest in high dynamic range imaging, techniques for displaying such images on conventional display devices are gaining in importance. Although the last review of dynamic range reduction algorithms appeared about a year ago, the advances in this field are rapid. In this paper, the current state‐of‐the‐art in dynamic range reduction is reviewed, with an emphasis on sigmoidal compression.
22.1: Invited Paper: An Integrated HMI Concept for Driver Information and Driver Assistance Systems
Authors: Knoll Peter M.
Published: August 2007

In modern vehicles, we are faced with a rapidly increasing flood of information to the driver. In addition to established information systems such as: radio, vehicle monitoring, mobile phones, high class vehicles feature navigation systems almost as a standard today. Currently, driver assistance and collision mitigation and collision avoidance systems are being integrated in vehicles.

Future vehicle information systems will provide this huge amount of information mainly in two information centers: amore or less reconfigurable instrument cluster with driver relevant information and a center console display with driver and passenger relevant information. for these systems an appropriate bundling of the information, in conjunction with menu‐prompted operating techniques, is essential both, technically and ergonomically.

First generation Night vision enhancement systems with image presentation in the dashboard have been introduced into the market. This puts new demands on the Human Machine Interface and Human Machine Interaction as well.

In 2006, an updated version of the European Statement of Principles (ESoP) on human machine interface (HMI) for in‐vehicle information and communication systems has been published. It replaces the previous version from 1999 and takes new development in consideration. Also in 2006, a first proposal for a Code of Practice for the Design and Evaluation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) was published.
23.4: Electro‐Optic Properties of Ferroelectric Nanoparticle / Liquid Crystal Dispersions
Authors: West John L. , Li Fenghua , Zhang Ke , Atkuri Hari M. , Glushchenko Anatoliy V.
Published: August 2007

We enhance the electro‐optic performance of liquid crystals by dispersing ferroelectric nanoparticles. Devices using these dispersions have lower driving voltages, faster switching speeds and higher contrast ratios. These changes are caused by increases in the dielectric anisotropy, birefringence and elastic constants and can be used to produce improved displays.
24.4: Optical Sensor Embedded Input Display Usable under High‐Ambient‐Light Conditions
Authors: Hayashi Hirotaka , Nakamura Takashi , Tada Norio , Imai Takayuki , Yoshida Masahiro , Nakamura Hiroki
Published: August 2007

We have developed a new LCD having optical input function usable under high ambient‐light conditions. Sensors having different sensitivities are dispersed in the panel, and a sensor driver circuit to control the sensor exposure time are formed monolithically in peripheral using LTPS technology. These two approaches contribute synergistically to widen the range of ambient light condition available for the input function.
25.1: Invited Paper: Achieving Efficient Solid State Lighting Using Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Forrest Stephen R.
Published: August 2007

A significant challenge facing human kind in the 21st Century is how to address the ever decreasing supply of depletable and renewable energy. One approach to this problem is to decrease our usage. for this reason, considerable attention has been focused on more efficient means for room lighting which currently consumes approximately 20% of the total energy used. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) provide a unique opportunity to provide this high efficiency solid state lighting at very low cost. In this talk, I will discuss several strategies for achieving very high efficiency white light emission at high brightnesses for the next generation of efficient solid state lighting sources based on small molecular weight, vapor deposited OLED structures. Key to our approach is the use of electrophosphorescence as a means for converting all electrical into optical energy. We show that the highest luminance efficiencies can be obtained by a combination of fluorescence and phosphorescence in a unique OLED structure. Furthermore, the highest brightnesses are achieved (without a significant loss in power efficiency) by stacking several fluorescent/phosphorescent elements in a single OLED structure (called a SOLED), with each emitting element in the stack separated by a transparent charge generation layer. Prospects for OLEDs as the next practical generation of interior illumination sources will be reviewed.
25.4: Advances and Issues in White OLED and Color Filter Architecture
Authors: Chu Changwoong , Ha Jaekook , Choi Junho , Lee Sungsoo , Rhee Jungsoo , Lee Dongwon , Chung Jinkoo , Kim Hyoseok , Chung Kyuha
Published: August 2007

Since the scalability of OLED process is crucial factor for TV application, white OLED with color filter has been developed for large‐Size AMOLED panel. Despite of recent technology advancement enabling high color purity, large‐Sized AMOLED, a lot of problems to solve still exist to enter the large‐Sized display market. Here, Samsung will discuss what has been concerned for large panel and how far the OLED technologies need to go for the marketplace of large‐Sized display.
26.3: Characterizing LCD Motion Color Artifacts Using Simulation Methods
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Chai Lin , Teunissen Kees , Heynderickx Ingrid
Published: August 2007

A method to characterize motion color artifacts from temporal step response measurements of the primary colors is proposed. The apparent image is calculated from the Motion Picture Response Curves, which are the result of the convolution of the step responses with a one‐frame wide shift function. The model predictions are validated with a perception experiment.
26.4: Relationship between LCD Response Time and MPRT
Authors: Boher Pierre , Glinel David , Leroux Thierry , Bignon Thibault , Curt Jean Noël
Published: August 2007

In the present a study we relate the conventional temporal behavior of LCD displays generally expressed in terms of response time versus gray levels to the motion artifact called moving picture response time (MPRT). The idea is to use the luminance temporal behavior of the display measured between gray levels using OptiscopeSA instrument to predict the blurred edge profile of moving bars at given scrolling velocity and frame frequency. We show first that this approach is valid since the temporal behavior of one pixel is independent of the others. Then we apply this approach on two different LCDs: one with a conventional temporal behavior and another with overdrive and underdrive.
27.1: Determining the Appropriate Color Bit Depth for a Small Portable Display
Authors: Gille Jennifer , Lewis Alan , Hastings Scot , Chui Clarence
Published: August 2007

Appropriate color bit depth for user acceptability of small portable displays depends on contrast ratio, gamut, gamma, pixel pitch, dither, size and uses. We determined target bit depth values for an interference‐color reflective display, testing acceptability and artifact visibility using diverse observers and images in a display‐Simulation optical system.
27.3: When is Sub‐Sampling in RGB Displays Practical?
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Arnold Andrew D. , Tutt Lee
Published: August 2007

The availability of more precise patterning continues to enable flat panel displays with higher resolution and addressability. As resolution increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for users to perceive individual light‐emitting elements within a pixel. This paper explores the impact of several arrangements of light‐emitting elements having fewer red and blue than green light‐emitting elements on image quality, including displays providing two‐color emission from spatially coincident areas.
28.1: Invited Paper: Multi‐view 3D Displays
Authors: Willemsen Oscar H. , de Zwart Siebe T. , Hiddink Martin G. H. , de Boer Dick K. G. , Krijn Marcel P. C. M.
Published: August 2007

In this paper we analyze the performance of multi‐view barrier and lenticular based 3D displays in their most important display properties, being resolution, brightness, uniformity and cross‐talk. We will show that the barrier display is superior in uniformity and that the lenticular is superior in brightness. We will show that the cross‐talk and uniformity of an ideal slanted barrier equal that of an ideal defocused lens. for a realistic barrier we will show that diffraction increases the cross‐talk but does not change the uniformity. We will also show that the spherical aberrations of the cylindrical lens limit the uniformity of the display but do not affect the cross‐talk.
28.2: Stereoscopic Near to Eye Display using a Single Microdisplay
Authors: Levola Tapani
Published: August 2007

A binocular Near to Eye Displays (NED) offering stereoscopic images is technically very challenging to realize. Already in a biocular system, there are many issues related to health and wellbeing although both eyes get an identical image. The virtual reality display (VRD), based on planar waveguide, offers an opportunity to realize a stereoscopic, ergonomically superior NED, if it is based on a single optical system offering images for both eyes. In this paper it is discussed how frame sequential stereoscopic images can be shown using a planar waveguide based NED. This system has only a single microdisplay and single image formation optics. The illumination of the LCD in this stereoscopic application differs from the biocular one. It is essential that the diffractive planar waveguide has very asymmetric grating profiles. An example of a design of a planar waveguide based optical engine is shown.
28.3: Dense Disparity Map Calculation from Color Stereo Images using Edge Information
Authors: Ku Ja Seung , Nam Hui , Park Chan Young , Kim Beom Shik , Mo Yeon‐Gon , Jang Hyoung Wook , Kim Hye‐Dong , Chung Ho Kyoon
Published: August 2007

We have developed the stereo‐corresponding algorithm using edge information. The conventional stereo‐corresponding algorithm, SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference), has a good quality in case of texture region, but it has a false matching in the non‐texture region. In order to reduce the false matching in the non‐texture region, the new cost function, which is defined as SED (Sum of Edge Difference) based on the global optimization, is added to the cost function of SAD. We evaluate our algorithm and benchmark Middlebury database. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm successfully produces piecewise smooth disparity maps while reducing the false matching in the non‐texture region. Moreover, our algorithm is faster in getting the best quality than SAD.
28.4: High‐Resolution Stereoscopic TFT‐LCD with Wire Grid Polarizer
Authors: Oh Jae Hwan , Kang Dong Han , Park Won Hoon , Kim Hyo Joon , Hong Sung Man , Hur Ji Ho , Jang Jin , Lee Sung Jung , Kim Min Jung , Kim Sang Kyu , Park Kwang Hoon , Gardner Eric , Hansen Jeff , Yost Michael , Hansen Douglas
Published: August 2007

We developed a 5.5 inch, VGA (640×480×RGB), stereoscopic 3D display using a precisely patterned wire grid polarizer (WGP) with rows of alternating polarization angle. Such a wire grid polarizer is invisible without the polarizer and thus a 2D/3D convertible display can be formed. The proposed structure is free of any limitations on both viewing angle and viewing distance inherent in the conventional stereoscopic displays, whereby enabling several persons to view stereoscopic image simultaneously. Because the proposed structure does not use conventional polarization film of TFT‐LCD panel, it can be manufactured with low‐cost.
29.1: Invited Paper: Extraordinarily Wide‐View and High‐Transmittance MVA‐LCD
Authors: Lin Chi‐Huang , Chen Ren‐Lu , Huang Kuang‐Yong
Published: August 2007

A new multi‐domain vertical‐alignment liquid crystal display (MVA‐LCD) is developed to achieve high transmittance, high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle. According to this design, the MVA‐LCD has a high transmittance by using conventional polarizer rather than circular polarizer. Accordingly, high contrast ratio, wide viewing angle and high transmittance can be achieved for MVA‐LCD simultaneously. Potential application for mobile display is emphasized.
29.2: A Novel Pixel Structure to Eliminate Thick Organic Overcoat on the Array Substrate of AS‐IPS Mode for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lin Jiunn‐Shyong , Shih Po‐Sheng , Liao Tai‐Shun , Chang Ming‐Chieh , Lin Rong‐Hui , Yang Kei‐Hsiung , Lin Ping‐Ho , Wu Chun‐Te , Huang Ming‐Pin
Published: August 2007

A novel low‐cost and high contrast‐ratio IPS (in‐plane switching) LC mode, named Advanced Super Non‐Organic Overcoat (AS‐NOOC), has been successfully developed. Compared to the published AS‐IPS mode, the AS‐NOOC mode has the advantages of simpler process for lower manufacture cost by the elimination of a lithographic process step to form thick organic overcoat on the array substrate, and a higher contrast ratio by using narrow strips of black matrix serving as common electrodes on the color‐filter substrate to reduce the light leakage caused by fringe fields of data‐bus lines in the dark state of the display.
29.4: Analyses of the White State Viewing Angle Properties in Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Jang Yong‐Kyu , Bos Philip
Published: August 2007

We investigated the white state viewing angle properties of the most common liquid crystal displays and found there is a curious universality regardless of the liquid crystal display modes. for understanding the interesting fact, we made a simple white state model and analyzed it using the effective birefringence and transmittance.
30.2: Improving Operating Lifetime of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Perylene and Derivatives as Aggregating Light‐Emitting‐Layer Additives
Authors: Jarikov Viktor V. , Vargas J. Ramon , Kondakov Denis Y. , Young Ralph H. , Klubek Kevin P. , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Brown Christopher T.
Published: August 2007

Aggregating PAHs of the perylene class are useful as LEL additives. They greatly improve the device operating half‐life up to 1,000,000 h at the initial luminance of 1540 cd/m2 (20 mA/cm2). There appear to be at least three factors in the lifetime increase: takeover of the LEL functions by the PAHs, aggregation, and an expansion of the recombination and/or emission zone.
30.3: PIN OLEDs — Improved Structures and Materials to Enhance Device Lifetime and Ease Mass Production
Authors: Birnstock Jan , Canzler Tobias , Hofmann Michael , Lux Andrea , Murano Sven , Wellmann Philipp , Werner Ansgar
Published: August 2007

Currently, three issues are identified that decide upon the commercial success of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), both in display and lighting applications: power efficiency, lifetime, and price competitiveness. PIN OLEDs are widely seen as the preferred way to maximum power efficiency. Here, we report that this concept also delivers the world longest lifetimes. for a highly efficient deep red PIN OLED, a half lifetime of 25,000 hours for a starting brightness of 10,000 cd/m2and a minimal voltage increase over lifetime is reported. This value corresponds to more than 1 Million hours at 500 cd/m2assuming a rather low exponent of n = 1.3 only. Since there is no initial luminance drop, these PIN OLEDs also exhibit a very high 80% lifetime (250,000 hours at 500 cd/m2). In the following, new record lifetime values for blue and green will be reported. Additionally, further topics that have impact on the production yield and cost such as newly developed materials and top emitting structures will be discussed.
30.4: Deep‐Blue OLEDs with Exceptional Device Lifetime
Authors: Royster Tommie L. , Ricks Michele , Helber Margaret
Published: August 2007

A novel class of group 13 electron‐transporting materials and a strategic device architectural approach were used to advance the power efficiency and lifetime of deep‐blue OLED devices. The advanced efficiency and exceptional device lifetime of these devices were enabled by material advancements. These advancements shed light on a possible mechanism linked to improved device lifetime.
31.3: Rapid Laser Patterning of ITO on Glass for Next Generation Plasma Display Panel Manufacture
Authors: Henry Matt , Harrison Paul M. , Wendland Jozef
Published: August 2007

Rapid Laser Patterning (RLP) of ITO on glass offers a cost effective alternative to wet‐etch lithography in the manufacture of PDPs. It is demonstrated that RLP can effectively pattern ITO to industrial standards. It is also shown that the process is rapid and has major cost benefits vs. lithography.
31.4: Transparent Conductive Mesh Film Using Silver Halide Photographic Technologies
Authors: Fujita Yoshihiro , Okazaki Kentaro , Sasaki Hirotomo
Published: August 2007

We have developed a new type of transparent conductive mesh film based on silver halide photographic technologies. It has been applied to an electromagnetic interference shielding film for Plasma Display Panels, characterized by seamless mesh on a long roll film. The transparent conductive mesh film has some possibility for other applications.
32.1: Invited Paper: — Human Stereoscopic Vision: Research Applications for 3D‐TV
Authors: Tam Wa James
Published: August 2007

The Communications Research Centre (CRC) Canada has been conducting research on 3D‐TV and related stereoscopic technologies since 1995. Three areas of CRC's research on human stereoscopic vision and its application to 3D‐TV are highlighted. Firstly, we will present our work on the use of inter‐ocular masking to reduce bandwidth requirements, without sacrificing high image quality. Secondly, we will present experimental results that show the effect of stereoscopic objects in motion on visual comfort. Thirdly, we will present studies to illustrate how the tendency of the human visuo‐cognitive system to correct or fill in missing visual information can be used to generate effective stereoscopic images from sparse depth maps.
32.3: A New Approach to Electro‐Holography for TV and Projection Displays
Authors: Schwerdtner A. , Leister N. , Häussler R.
Published: August 2007

Among 3D displays solely electro‐holographic displays are in principle capable of completely matching natural viewing. Our new approach to electro‐holography facilitates large object reconstructions with moderate resolution of the spatial light modulator. We verified our approach with a standard 20 inch LCD as spatial light modulator.
32.4: Distinguished Student Paper: Development of a Scalable Volumetric Three‐Dimensional Up‐Conversion Display Medium
Authors: Cho Jung‐Hyun , Bass Michael , Jenssen Hans P.
Published: August 2007

Several rare‐earth doped fluorides that are excited to emit visible light by sequential two photon absorption have been investigated for use in volumetric three dimensional displays. Dispersion of powders of these materials in a refractive index matched polymer is reported since such a medium may result in a scalable display.
33.2: New Back Reflector and Front Film for Improved Efficiency of Direct‐lit LED Backlights for LCD TV
Authors: Anderson James , Schardt Craig , Yang Joseph , Koehler Bruce , Ostlie Brian , Watson Philip , Ingham Kelly , Kienitz Scott , Ouderkirk Andrew
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we demonstrate how two new films based on 3M™ multilayer film technology can result in improved efficiency in LED backlights for LCD TV. When used together, the films decrease off axis color shift and increase axial luminance by up to 15%, allowing for reduction in number of LEDs and therefore system cost.
33.3L: Late‐News Paper: Off‐Centric Round LCD Backlight for Automotive/Avionics Instruments
Authors: Kälil Käläntär Kälil
Published: August 2007

A round backlight comprising an off‐centric light‐guide plate and off‐centric prism with total internal reflection characteristic has been developed for illumination of the automotive instrument. The light‐guide plate has a circular‐shape with off‐centrically designed light extraction microstructures and a prismatic light introduction surface at the circumference arc of the light‐guide plate. The backlight has a thickness of 1 mm and uses a single 0.6 mm‐thin LED.
34‐1: Electrode Structure for Fringe‐Field Switching Mode with Reduced Color Shift
Authors: Lee Gak Seok , Kim Jae Chang , Yoon Tae‐Hoon
Published: August 2007

We propose a new electrode structure for the fringe‐field switching mode, which not only has a smaller color shift but also transmits more light than the chevron‐type structure. While the chevron‐type electrode structure mainly uses the different directions of the electric field, the proposed structure makes use of position‐dependent strengths as well as different directions of the electric field. Position‐dependent electric field strengths bring about rotation of LCs different from position to position in a pixel, which further reduce the color shift by using the multi‐domain effect.
34.3: A Novel Charge‐Shared S‐PVA Technology
Authors: Park Seung Beom , Lyu Jaejin , Um Yoonsung , Do Heewook , Ahn Soonil , Choi Kwangsoo , Kim Kyeong‐Hyeon , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2007

A charge‐shared super patterned‐ITO vertical alignment (CS S‐PVA) LCD mode is proposed. CS S‐PVA controls the voltage ratio between two sub‐pixels by a unique charge‐sharing topology, resulting in improved off‐axis image quality and transmittance increase without any side effects. Moreover, the new S‐PVA LCD mode is free of image‐sticking. Operating schemes and display performance of CS S‐PVA are presented.
34.5L: Late‐News Paper: Low Cost Retarder‐less Transflective IPS‐LCD
Authors: Ochiai Takahiro , Sasaki Tohru , Miyazawa Toshio , Maki Masahiro , Morimoto Masateru , Ohkura Makoto
Published: August 2007

A transflective IPS‐LCD without retardation films, which degrade transmissive contrast, is developed. This is realized by altering the voltage applied to the transmissive and the reflective region independently. A 2.36‐in. LCD fabricated using this technology attained the reflectance and the reflective contrast of 7.5% and 3.1, respectively, as well as the transmissive characteristics comparable to those of a conventional transmissive IPS‐LCD.
35‐1: Invited Paper: Advanced Technologies Based on a‐Si or LTPS (Low Temperature Poly Si) TFT (Thin Film Transistor) for High Performance Mobile Display
Authors: Kang Myung‐Koo , Uh Keehan , Kim HyungGuel
Published: August 2007

The new technologies in mobile display developed in SEC are briefly reviewed. for a differentiation, SEC's LTPS line is based on SLS (Sequential Lateral Solidification) technology. In this paper, the characteristics of SEC's SLS in recent and future mobile displays were discussed. SLS has a strong point in productivity and higher performance but has a weak point in uniformity and property anisotropy. Uniformity could be improved by tilt engineering and property anisotropy by multichannel structure. By overcoming weaknesses, SLS could be basic crystallization technology for SEC's LTPS mass production line.

A‐Si TFT technology is also important in low resolution display or mid to large size mobile applications due to its lower fabrication cost. SEC has developed successfully both a‐Si and LTPS technologies as a portfolio. Cost‐competitive a‐Si base TFT‐LCD could be developed using advanced technologies such as ASG (Amorphous Silicon Gate).

For value‐added functions, SEC has developed ADC(Automatic Dimming Control), h‐TSP (Hybrid Touch Screen Panel) ADC can make low power consumption devices. H‐TSP has two kinds of types and SEC has developed both successfully to the mass production level.
35.3: A Transflective In‐Plane‐Switching LCD with a Higher‐Optical‐Performance Reflective Area
Authors: Koma Norio , Mitsui Masashi , Tanaka Yoshiki , Endo Kogo
Published: August 2007

The paper describes a novel transflective LCD with in‐plane switching and an ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) reflective area (TIE). The TIE has excellent transmissive and reflective characteristics and is suitable for mobile devices.
36.2: High‐Performing Organic Electron‐Injecting and Transporting Layers for Red, Green, Blue, and White OLED Devices
Authors: Begley William J. , Hatwar Tukaram K.
Published: August 2007

A new electron‐injecting layer (EIL) for increasing the efficiency and lowering the power consumption of OLED devices has been developed. The performance of this new EIL, in combination new electron‐transporting layers (ETLs), will be discussed. These devices show superior behavior when compared to controls containing the commonly used LiF injecting material or a lithium‐doped Alq3: Bphen ETL. At 20 mA/cm2 current density, red device performance is 10.8 cd/A operating at 3.9 V and color CIEx,y = 0.66, 0.34; green performance is 18.4 cd/A at 4.2 V and color CIEx,y = 0.29, 0.62; deep blue performance is 7.7 cd/A at 3.7 V and color CIEx,y = 0.14, 0.13; blue‐green performance is 21.1 cd/A at 4.2 V and color CIEx,y = 0.16, 0.37 and a white device is 13.2 cd/A at 3.8 V and color CIEx,y = 0.34, 0.34. At the same operating conditions, the external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) obtained for red, deep blue and blue‐green devices were 8.2%, 6.6%, and 9.7% respectively. These are among the highest efficiencies reported so far for singlet emitting devices.
36.3: Improving Operating Lifetime of Blue OLEDs with Phenanthroline‐Based Electron‐Transport Materials
Authors: Klubek Kevin P. , Kondakov Denis Y.
Published: August 2007

We report new phenanthroline‐based electron‐transport materials that greatly improve the operating lifetime of blue OLEDs relative to 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (Bphen). Use of these new materials results in efficient electron injection and transport, allowing for low voltage devices. Excellent performance is also observed for red and green OLEDs.
37.1: Invited Paper: Development of Field‐Emission Display
Authors: Itoh Shigeo , Tanaka Mitsuru , Tonegwa Takeshi , Taniguchi Masateru , Niiyama Takahiro , Tamura Kiyoshi , Namikawa Mamoru , Naito Yasuyuki , Obara Yuji , Toriumi Masaki , Kobayashi Haruo , Takeya Yasuyuki , Deguchi Kiyoyuki , Kawata Satoru , Marushima Yoshihisa , Fujimura Youhei , Nawamaki Kenji , Kubo Yasumoto , Sato Yoshitaka , Kataoka Fumiaki , Sakurada Kyoko , Ishibashi Masa , Otsu Kazuyoshi , Yamaura Tatsuo
Published: August 2007

Mono‐color Spindt‐type Field Emission Displays(FEDs) have been supplied to the market and color FEDs have been started for the preparation of mass production. FEDs have the potential not only to realize superior expression for video picture image, but also to get low power consumption. The present status of FEDs is described in this paper.
37.3: A Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display with Simple Electron Beam Trajectory Control
Authors: Dean Kenneth A. , Howard Emmett , Johnson Michael R. , Coll Bernard F. , Marshbanks Larry , Dworsky Larry
Published: August 2007

A unique gated cathode structure for a Carbon Nanotube‐based field emission display has been designed and built. This structure optimizes the electron beam profiles so as to assure high anode electron efficiency and a good color gamut without requiring specific focusing electrodes or structure. A computer simulation written to analyze and aid with the design shows good correlation with the experimental data and also helps to predict design margins. A full color frit‐sealed display built with the approach demonstrates an excellent color gamut of the phosphor, and the model predicts avenues for increasing the color gamut further.
37.4: A Study on PWM Driving Schemes for a 20 inch VGA Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display
Authors: Huang Chiao‐Nan , Liang Chao‐Chiun
Published: August 2007

PWM driving schemes for a 20″ carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT‐FED) are studied in this paper. One of their advantages is the inherent ability to linearize the gamma curves of CNT‐FEDs to increase their gray levels and color accuracy. There are, however, some critical problems associated with PWM driving schemes for CNT‐FED. After theoretical analysis of them, several solutions are proposed and experimentally evaluated.
37.5L: Late‐News Paper: 6″ Colour CNT FED Demonstrator with High Peak Brightness
Authors: Dijon Jean , Fournier Adeline , Levis Michel , Meyer Robert , Bridoux Claudine , Montmayeul Brigitte , Muller Francis , Nicolas Pierre , Sarrasin Denis , Adamski Jean Remy , Bellanger Jean Luc , Bellissens Didier , Lefort Michel , Ricaud Jean Luc
Published: August 2007

In this paper, a 6′colour CNT‐FED prototype with the pixel structure of an HDTV display is described. The pixel size is 3×200μm × 600μm, the white peak brightness is 800Cd/m2 with 50% aperture ratio on the anode. The white brightness nonuniformity from pixel to pixel is 3%, the anode voltage of 5kV is achieved on 1mm cell gap thanks to anode structure improvement and suppression of charging on the cathode.