bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Density-Method-Based Model for Allocating the Refining Cost of Gasoline and Diesel in China
Authors: Li Wei Qi , Ma Lin Wei , Fu Feng , Dai Ya Ping
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we present a density-method-based model to allocate the refining cost to petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. By using this model, we also present an empirical study of China, which is based on a virtual crude oil refining process proposed referring to the technical configuration of oil refining industry in China. Three scenarios of the cost of gasoline and diesel are illustrated referring to different settings of the change of the international crude oil prices. The results indicate that the cost of gasoline and diesel change nearly the same amplitude as the change of crude oil price. However, the margin between the cost of gasoline and diesel will slightly increase with the rise of crude oil price. Besides, we also present a sensitivity analysis of the operation cost of each unit in the refining process. The results reveal that the operation cost of catalytic reforming is the most important influencing factor of the cost of gasoline, while the operation cost of hydrogen cracking influences the cost of diesel mostly.
Distribution and Conversion of Sulfur in Residue Thermal Reaction
Authors: Cui Wen Long , Deng Wen An , Zhuo Rong , Liu Dong , Li Chuan , Que Guo He
Published: June 2012

Lungu atmospheric residue (LGAR) was separated systematically to analyze the distribution of sulfur in subfractions. Based on this, the distribution and conversion of sulfur in products and residue subfractions were investigated at different thermal reaction temperatures. The result shows that the sulfur in each subfraction of LGAR had the same polarity and distribution tendency as corresponding fraction. At the same thermal reaction temperature, the distribution of sulfur in LGAR was in the descending order of aromatics, asphaltenes, resins I, resins II and saturates, which was similar with the distribution of sulfur before thermal reaction. In addition, a relatively uniform variation trend was found between each subfraction and its sulfur in LGAR thermal reaction, suggesting that the conversion of sulfur in LGAR was accompanied with the cracking and condensation of subfractions during thermal reaction. Moreover, the desulfurization rate of LGAR increased from 55.24% to 69.24%, while the desulfurization rates of LGAR subfractions were at the range of 45%-90% after thermal reaction. The desulfurization rates of both LGAR and subfractions increased with the reaction severity.
Prediction of Sand Thickness Using Seismic Attributes Based on BP-Neural Network
Authors: Gao Feng
Published: June 2012

Total energy, maximum peak amplitude and RMS amplitude are sensitive to sand body, and they are non-linear relations with sand thickness. In this study, a three-layer BP neural network is employed to build the prediction model. Nine samples were analyzed by three-layer BP network. The relationships were produced by BP network between sand thickness and the three seismic attributes. The precise prediction results indicate that the three-layer BP network based modeling is a practically very useful tool in prediction sand thickness. The BP model provided better accuracy in prediction than other methods.
Extractive Capacity of CO2 in Oil Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Chen Hao , Yang Sheng Lai , Li Fang Fang , Lv San Bo , Wang Zhi Lin
Published: June 2012

CO2 flooding process has been a proven valuable tertiary enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. In this paper, experiment on extractive capacity of CO2 in oil saturated porous media was conducted under reservoir conditions. The main objectives of the study are to evaluate extractive capacity of CO2 in oil saturated natural cores and improve understanding of the CO2 flooding mechanisms, especially in porous media conditions. Experimental results indicated that oil production decreases while GOR increases with extractive time increases. the changes of the color and state of the production oil shows that oil component changes from light to heavy as extractive time increases. In addition, no oil was produced by water flooding after extractive experiment. Based on the experimental results and phenomena, the main conclusion drawn from this study is that under supercritical condition, CO2 has very powerful extractive capacity. And the application of CO2 flooding is recommended for enhancing oil recovery.
Make Arrangements for Petroleum Pipe Line
Authors: Liu Wen Bin
Published: June 2012

In this paper,we set up three programming models,and obtain the best laying project according to actual data. We solve the issue how to dispose petroleum pipe line.At last,we give the best project of petroleum pipe line.
Numerical Simulation and Influencing Factors Analysis of the Leakage and infiltration diffusion for Fuel Underground Storage Tank
Authors: Zhang Rui Hua
Published: June 2012

Mass and heat transfer processes of three fuels commonly used (Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), gasoline, diesel oil) flow dispersing in underground environment for the leak at different zones of underground storage tank (UST) were studied. On the basis of the mass and heat transfer process analysis and employing the three-dimensional multiphase mixture flow model, the migration processes of LPG, gasoline, diesel oil in tank pond for UST leak were simulated. The velocity, density, concentration, pressure, temperature fields can be obtained. From the simulation results, the detailed analysis were performed to investigate the characteristics of the three fuels infiltration flow processes and the effects of various influencing factors on infiltration flow such as storage pressure, fuel composition, leak position of tank, position of outlet, gravity, viscous force, etc.
Parameters Influence of 150000m3 Base Isolation Storage Tank with Floating Roof
Authors: Sun Ying , Sun Jian Gang , Cui Li Fu
Published: June 2012

Selecting 150000m3 storage tank as research object, the base isolation system was introduced and allowing for the impact of floating roof to study the seismic response of vertical storage tanks. The finite element models were established by using ADINA. The damping rate of floating-roof storage tank in multi-direction seismic excitation, and the damping rate of base isolation vertical storage tank in different isolation layer damping ratio, isolation periods were calculated respectively and comparative analyzed. The results indicate that: the damping rate of hydrodynamic pressure in three-dimensional seismic excitation is less than that of unidirectional, little change in the damping rate of base shear and overturning moment, sloshing wave height control action is not obvious. With the isolation period and isolation layer damping ratio increases, the damping rate of base shear, overturning moment, and hydrodynamic pressure are all increase. Isolation measures can not effectively control the sloshing wave height, and the isolation period and the isolation layer damping ratio have a reasonable optimization range.
REE Characteristic of Hydrothermal Calcite in Langdu Skarn Copper Deposit
Authors: Ren Tao , Han Run Sheng , Hu Yu Zhao
Published: June 2012

Langdu is one of the highest grade, skarn copper deposits in Zhongdian area, Yunnan province. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for syn-sulfide calcite from Langdu deposit are unique, being HREE-enriched, LREE-depleted and have significant positive Eu anomalies. REEs could derive from magmatic fluid exsolved from near melt. This distribution behavior is predominately constricted by REE patterns of hydrothermal fluid and the stability of complex in solutions than crystallographic factors. The DREE are increase with the decrease of ion radius. The optimum ion radius of substitutional site for REEs in the hydrothermal calcites is 0.1032nm. Eu occurs as Eu 2+ and complex species can explain the positive Eu anomalies
Research on Acidic Oxygen Compounds Distribution in Slurry-Bed Hydrocracking Products of Karamay Atmospheric Residue
Authors: Wen Ping , Li Shu Feng , Li Chuan , Deng Wen An
Published: June 2012

The Karamay Atmospheric Residue (KLAR) was hydrocracked with catalysts in a batch autoclave. The reaction product was separated into IBP-180 oC (gasoline), 180-350 oC (AGO), 350-500oC (VGO) and 500oC+ (cracked residue). The SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) separation method was adopted to analysis cracked residue. Then acid number in each fraction was determined. The result shows that: There were about 75% (mass fraction) acid oxygen compounds in the slurry-bed hydrocracking AGO, and were 12%-22% in their cracked residue. In the slurry-bed hydrocracking cracked residue, most acidic oxygen compounds concentrates in resin.
Research Progress in the Mathematical Models on Mechanism of Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand
Authors: Wang Rong Rong , Hou Jian , Zhang Xian Song , Kang Xiao Dong
Published: June 2012

Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) is an emerging technology. Field practice and laboratory experiment research show the main mechanism of CHOPS are stable foam oil flow producing the internal driving force and the mass sand inflow forming wormhole network leading to the permeability enhancement. In this paper, we summarize the mathematical models describing the mechanism of CHOPS: foam oil model, wormhole model and comprehensive model. The foam oil models mainly describe the formation, properties and flow of foam oil while the wormhole models describe the wormhole growth, the flow in wormhole and sand production predicting. Finally, we discuss the emphasis and directions of research in the future.
Solubility and Rheological Properties of Live Crude Oils
Authors: Yang Fei , Li Chuan Xian , Xia Bing Huan , Lu Yan Bo
Published: June 2012

Multiphase transportation of the wellhead product in a single pipeline is widely used in oilfields. The oil samples transported in the multiphase pipeline are often live oils saturated by light alkanes. To support the multiphase pipelining more efficiently, in this paper, the solubility and rheology of Chang10 live crude oils are studied at the pressures range from 0 to 2.0 MPa. It was found that the dissolved gas in the live oils is mainly composed of methane (32.70 vol% at 1MPa), ethane (19.43 vol% at 1MPa), propane (21.42 vol% at 1MPa) and C4+ component (22.50 vol% at 1 MPa). The gas-oil ratio, Rs, of the live oils increases rapidly with the increase of saturation pressure. However, the effect of saturation temperature on Rs is very small. The pour point, abnormal point, WAT, viscosity/equilibrium viscosity and yield stress of the live oils decrease obviously with the increase of saturation pressure, meaning that the rheological properties of the live oils improve greatly by gas dissolving. The rheological properties of the live oils are improved mainly by the dilution effect of the dissolved gas.
Studies on the Catalytic Cracking of Different Gas Oils for Maximizing Propylene
Authors: Chen Xiao Bo , Shen Ben Xian , Li Chun Yi , Shan Hong Hong , Zhang Dong , Tang Lin
Published: June 2012

The effects of feedstock’s properties on the propylene yield of catalytic cracking were investigated in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) pilot scale riser test unit operating with a circulating catalyst. Under simulated conditions, the results of catalytic cracking with four different gas oils (including two kinds of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and two kinds of coker gas oil (CGO)) show that the yield of propylene is increasing with the ascending hydrogen content of feed. When the hydrogen content is almost the same, propylene yield fed with paraffinic-base VGO is higher than that fed with intermediate-base or naphthenic-base VGO. The lowest yield is fed with CGO because of the more nitrogen compounds, which can poison the acid sites of the zeolitic catalyst.
Study on the Economic Stripping Ratio in Oil Shale Open-Pit Mine Used in Refinery
Authors: Lu Ming Yin , Zhang Zhen Fang , Li Jie , Li Ke Min
Published: June 2012

The number of oil shale mines which adopted open pit mining increased with the increasing of oil price, in recent years. The economic stripping ratio is an important basis to determine open pit limit. Since there is no national or occupational standard about economic stripping ratio in open-pit oil shale mine, the economic stripping ratio has calculated by adopting refined oil price. This research has guiding significance for oil shale open-pit mine exploitation.
The Lab Experiment Comparison of Converting into Different Chemical Flooding after Water Flooding in the Stage of Different Water Cut in Untabulated Reservoirs
Authors: Pi Yan Fu , Liu Li , Bao Li Jun , Song Kao Ping , Zhang Tao
Published: June 2012

In order to optimize chemical displacing agents for untabulated reservoirs in Daqing oilfield, the natural cores were taken to conduct the physical simulation displacement experimental research with four displacing agents, which included active water with the weight content 0.1%, polymer solution with mass concentration 500mg/L and molecular weight 5 million, polymeric surfactant solution with mass concentration 500mg/L and molecular weight 5 million, binary compound system ( polymer with mass concentration 500mg/L and molecular weight 5 million , surfactant with weight content 0.1%). At different water cut stage of water flooding, the converting displacing agents were injected. The results showed that active water, polymer, polymeric surfactant, binary compound flooding all can enhance oil recovery to some extent; and for the same chemical agent, the earlier of the converting injection time, the higher of the degree of enhancing oil recovery. From displacement efficiencies of four kinds of displacing agents we can conclude that the effect of 0.8 PV polymeric surfactant is the best, following as that of 0.6875 PV binary compound system, that of 0.8 PV polymer and that of 0.5 PV active water. The experimental results of this paper can be used to direct oilfield exploitation practice.
Separability of PI33 in X Block of Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Kang Hong Qing , Wang Long , Shen Zhong Shan , Yan Bai Quan
Published: June 2012

This paper takes X block as the target area, on the basis of logging data, the core information, dynamic production information, with high-resolution sequence stratigraphy demonstrating two-separability of PI33systematically from the angle of sedimentology, namely, this layer is a sedimentary complex of the two river stage. We have analyzed the characteristics of remaining oil in the compound sandbody. Each channel sandbody has its own respective characteristics in the vertical water flood. As a whole at the bottom, the extent of water flood is high, and it weakens gradually until non-flooded with the level raising. It provided the basis for the study of the single sandbody architecture and the advance of the recovery ratio.
Research on the Extract Al2O3 from Coal Gangue
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Hao , Li Yu
Published: June 2012

The experiments selected Wang Taipu gangue as raw materials and adopted single factor experimental method to study the leaching of aluminum oxide from gangue by using hydrochloric acid as leaching medium. The experiments studied solvent/sample mass ratio, hydrochloric acid/sample, liquid-solid ratio, hydrochloric acid concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature on Al2O3 leaching rate of coal gangue. Through the parallel experiment of the above factors, we can found that optimization conditions of hydrochloric acid leaching of alumina were: solvent /sample mass ratio: 0.20, solvent: NaF, liquid-solid ratio: 1:10, hydrochloric acid concentration: 6mol/L, leaching time: 150min, leaching temperature:110°C. In this case, the aluminum oxide of optimal leaching rate was 79.33%.
An Neural Network Model for the Fe/SiO2 Ratio in Copper Flash Smelting Slag Using Improved Back Propagation Algorithm
Authors: Lu Hong
Published: June 2012

The Fe/SiO2 ratio in slag is one of the important control parameters for copper flash smelting process, but it is difficult to describe the complex relationship between the technological parameters and the Fe/SiO2 ratio in slag using accurate mathematic formulae, because the copper flash smelting process is a complicated nonlinear system. An neural network model for the Fe/SiO2 ratio in copper flash smelting slag was developed, whose net structure is 8-15-12-1, and input nodes include the oxygen volume per ton concentrate, the oxygen grade, the flux rate, the quantity of Cu, S, Fe, SiO2 and MgO in concentrate. In order to avoid local minimum terminations when the model is trained by back propagation (BP) algorithm, a new algorithm called GA-BP is presented by using genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the initial weights and threshold values. The results show that the model can avoid local minimum terminations and accelerate convergence, and has high prediction precision and good generalization performance. The model can be used to optimize the copper flash smelting process control.
Energy Flow’s Consumption Analysis in Iron & Steel Factory
Authors: Liu Jing Yu , Cai Jiu Ju
Published: June 2012

The energy flow process in iron & steel factory is composed of the production, conversion, using of all sorts of energy and waste gas removing. In accordance with the energy flow process, make use of the law of energy conservation and conversion, the energy flow diagram from the energy-consumption analysis, and it is constructed. The energy flow analysis model of iron & steel is designed based on the energy flow diagram. To adopt comparison method, the influence of each process energy-consumption on the energy consumption of iron and steel enterprise also discussed.
Microstructure and Properties of a Non-Quenched Prehardened Steel at Different Cooling Rate
Authors: Luo Yi , Peng Jin Ming
Published: June 2012

Mechanical properties of non-quenched prehardened (NQP) steel air cooled and sand cooled after forged were tested and their microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy(TEM). The results show that mechanical properties of the NQP steel are similar at both cooling conditions, and their microstructure is bainite, whose fine structure is main bainite ferrite laths, retained austenite films, retained austenite islands and their transformation products. Bainite ferrite laths of the NQP steel air cooled are narrower than that sand cooled, while more retained austenite islands exist in latter.
Spatial Distribution of Thin Interbeds in Point Bars of Meadering Channels: Case Study of Block X in Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Yan Bai Quan , Tian Xiao Lei , Kang Hong Qing , Wang Long
Published: June 2012

Reservoirs in point bars of meandering channels account for a high proportion in oil and gas reservoirs, with much impact of complicated architecture on remaining oil accumulation and distribution. Thus study on inner architecture of point bars and its impact on remaining oil distribution are important. This paper selects Unit III in Block A in Daqing Oilfield with data in filled well patterns and cores to study inner architecture of subsurface single sand bodies, and analyzes 3D structural features of meandering point bars in Xingbei deltaic plain in Daqing Placanticline. Architecture parameters of lateral accretion shale interbeds are: eastward dip averagely 7°, the upper, middle and lower dip in same accretion face are respectively 10°, 7° and 3°, the width is 15-42m. They are vertically imbricated series and areally corner points of abandoned channels on both sides of meandering rings as track collection intersections, and progressive and curvature reducing arc sets with abandoned channels of meandering rings as outer boundary. This pattern provides geologic basis for successive study on remaining oil.
Comparison of Bioleaching High Arsenic-Bearing Copper Sulphide Concentrate Using Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus Thermosulfidooxidans
Authors: Xie Hai Yun , Lan Zhuo Yue , He Shu Ming , Gao Li Kun , Tong Xiong
Published: June 2012

The usage of high-arsenic sulfide copper concentrate were limited because the arsenic in the concentrate harms the qualities of copper product and pollutes the environment. In this paper an innovative process for high-arsenic copper sulfide concentrate with with bio-oxidation respectively Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and moderate thermophile Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans has been studied out, and the influencing factors have been comparative studied during the leaching process, such as concentration particle size, leaching methods, pulp concentration, leaching time and the initial concentration of Fe3+, etc. Under the suitable leaching conditions, the experiments results show that the concentrate is leached 47.13% of Cu,50.09% of As and 52.46% of Fe by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and 82.39% of Cu,78.21% of As and 40.38% of Fe by moderate thermophile Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans. The high concentration initial Fe3+ has speeded leaching process up in the presence of moderate thermophile Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, and when the pulp initial concentration of Fe3+ is in the range of 0.08~0.32mol/L, the leaching rate of Cu is 86.34~97.06%, As 89.22~94.13%. It is concluded that Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans have a better effect on bioleaching high-arsenic sulfide copper concentrate than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
Numerical Simulation and Optimal Design of a Continous Casting Tundish
Authors: Hu Ai Feng , Li Chao Xiang
Published: June 2012

Firstly, problems of the original tundish were analyzed by simulating flow fields in the paper. Secondly, based of these problems, the new optimization model had been constructed. At last, flow field of new tundish were simulated. The conclusions were gained from simulation results. The new tundish could counteract the effect of sink flow completely and remove shear eddy. It also increased effective stroke of molten steel and enhanced asorptivity of liquid scum to inclusions. These were beneficial to the removal of inclusions.
Study on Separation of Niobium and Iron from Low Grade Niobium Ore
Authors: Zhang Bo , Jiang Mao Fa
Published: June 2012

The separation of niobium and iron from the low grade niobium ore was researched by the technology process of reductive roasting and magnetic separation. Experiments of reductive roasting and magnetic separation were carried out in order to investigate the separation effect at different conditions of roasting temperature and addition amount of coal powders. The results show that the separation of niobium and iron can be realized, meanwhile the niobium can be enriched in the magnetic tailings. The main mineral phase of niobium in magnetic tailings changes into NbC from (Ce,Nd)NbTiO5when the roasting temperature exceeds 1150°C. By magnetic separation after roasting with adding 37.5% coal powders at 1050°C, w(T.Fe) of the reduced iron is 86.11%, the percentage metallization is 87.6%, and the yield ratio of iron is 77.4%. Meanwhile, w(Nb2O5) of the magnetic tailings is 7.35% which is 2.4 times higher than low grade niobium ore, and the yield ratio of niobium is 98.1%.
Stable Isotope and REE Geological and Geochemiscal Characteristics of the Calcite in the Fankou Zinc-Lead Deposit, Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Han Ying , Wang Jing Bin , Zhu Xin You , Guo Ning Ning
Published: June 2012

The calcite of Fankou zinc-lead desposit was divided into four kinds, the frist three of them were studied with a depth. The frist calcite was unrelated to mineralization (∑REE=8.277×10-6, LREE/HREE=3.866, δEu=0.997, Pb+Zn=5.02× 10-6, δ13CPDB=-1.307‰, δ18OSMOW=15.7‰, 87Sr/86Sr=0.7161); the second calcite in mainly metallogenic stage which was fromed by mineralizing fluids (∑REE=43.624×10-6, LREE/HREE=16.047, δEu=2.284, Pb+Zn=9.065×10-6); the third calcite in late metallogenic stage which was fromed by remaining solution (∑REE=14.731×10-6, LREE/HREE=3.112 δEu=0.705, Pb+Zn=4.84×10-6). The second and third calcites were product fromed by the mineralizing hydrothermal (δ13CPDB=-6‰, δ18OSMOW=18.43‰, 87Sr/86Sr=0.7136). Two types of fluids exsist in Fankou Pb-Zn desposit, the frist fluid fromed the first calcite which comed form formation water, unrelated to mineralization; the second fluid fromed the second and third calcite which comed form deep seated hydrothermal of the mine areas, was mineralizing fluid, the properties of the second fluid changed relative reducing in mainly metallogenic stage into relative oxidizing condition in late metallogenic stage. From the surrounding rock to ore, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr were gradually deceased of the calcite, but Pb, Zn, Cu, ∑REE and δ18O were gradually increased, these laws is similar to that of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit, and provide guiding significance for prospecting new ore bodies.
Bioactivity of Cinnamomum cassia （Laurales：lauraceae） Bark Extract on Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: anobiidae)
Authors: Lü Jian Hua , Su Xin Hong , Du Yue Guang
Published: June 2012

The bioactivity of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract was investigated on eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of Lasioderma serricorne. C. cassia bark extract had potent fumigant toxicity against different developing stages of L. serricorne, and the toxicity increased significantly with the increasing exposure dosage. Larvae and adults of L. serricorne were much more susceptible to the C. cassia bark extract than eggs and pupae. The corrected mortality of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults reached 33.42%, 96.21%, 31.75% and 93.68% at a dosage of 40 µL/L air after 48 h exposure, respectively. The declining order of susceptibility of different development stages of L. serricorne to C. cassia bark extract was as follows: larvae（LD50= 10.12 µL/L air）, adults（LD50= 11.03 µL/L air）, pupae（LD50= 56.46 µL/L air）and eggs（LD50= 92.35 µL/L air）. These results indicate that C. cassia bark extract have huge potential as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for the integrated pest management of L. serricorne in future.
Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Indexes of Seed Oil of Sindora glabra
Authors: Chen Yi Peng , Liang Zhen Yi , Zhang Jun Feng , Zhang An Ju , Lin Zhao Hua
Published: June 2012

The composition of the fatty acids of the extracted seed oil from Sindora glabra was determined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. And the physicochemical properties of the oil were also analyzed according to the national standards．The results indicated that 14 fatty acid components were identified in seed oil of Sindora glabra，and the content of unsaturated acids was 61.72％，and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid（33.17%），oleic acid（19.80%），Palmitic acid （14.57%），lignoceric acid （5.06%），stearic acid （4.63%），hexacosanoic acid (2.95%), docosanoic acid（2.70%）, pentacosanoic acid (2.17%). The physicochemical indexes were as follows relative density 0.9143，acid value 3.905 mg/g, iodine value 109.01 g/100g, saponification value 154.6 mg/g, and index of refraction 1.4753.
Application of PLC-Based Automatic Control System in a Pilot-Scale Anoxic/Anaerobic/Aerobic/Pre-Anoxic -MBR Plant
Authors: Hu Xiang , Xie Li , Chen Bo , Shim Ho Jae , Zhou Qi
Published: June 2012

In this paper, in order to ensure stable and efficient operation of a pilot-scale modified A2/O (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic/pre-anoxic) -MBR plant, the automatic control system based on PLC is designed and introduced from the views of system configuration and unit control methods. The master computer undertakes the monitoring and managing task by Siemens WINCC 7.0 configuring software, while the slave computer implements the function of data collection and automatic control based on Siemens S7-300 PLC. Intelligent PID algorithm is utilized to precisely control the influent flow rate, recycled flow rate and DO concentration in aerobic tank in this system. The commissioning and operation practice has proved that the PLC-based automatic control system greatly improved the degree of automation and achieved high nutrient removal efficiency in this plant.
Exploring Methods to Strengthening Multi-Function of Medicinal Botanical Garden
Authors: Сhen Guo Sheng
Published: June 2012

Medicinal Botanical Garden possess the function in lunching research, scientific pervasion, preserving species of endangered medicinal plants and the quality of local medical plants resource, and can be provided with promoting the practice teaching of discipline related to pharmacy, carrying out plantation demonstration of medicinal plants, and display the tourism resource. The medicinal plant in the garden will be displayed and introduced by several ways which will popularize the scientific knowledge. Mimic the new environment, introducing suitable quantity new species, specification monitoring, which make endangered medicinal plants more successful. The theory of breeding mechanism and preservation of biodiversity will be developed through gathering the idea of different subject researcher and the interaction of multi-discipline. And developing new breeding methods and exploring distinctive new drug elements which will prompt botanical garden research. The potential function of botanical garden can be explored and expanded through multi-directional development which will dedicate to human society.
Stochastic Simulation Study on Development of Reservoir Fracture - Taking the Third Segment of Wumishan Formation in Renqiu Buried Hill as an Example
Authors: Li Jing , Li Juan , Zhou Han Guo , Wang Lin Fu , Liu Hu
Published: June 2012

The The mechanical properties of reservoir rock are more complicated and the various mechanical parameters of rock itself have a strong uncertainty. The mechanics characteristics of rock in the study area can not be well determined if only a limited number of experimental datas. Therefore, in this paper, the third segment of Wumishan formation in Renqiu oilfield is taken as an example, the probabilistic models are used to describe the uncertainty of the rock mechanical parameters based on ANSYS, in which predict and analyze the degree of fracture development at key wells in the target layer of the study area.
Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under Four Densities of Hybrid Larch Plantations
Authors: Wang Shu Li , Ma Chao , Yuan Wei Bin
Published: June 2012

The soil physical and chemical properties of four densities (A:2500/hm2，B:3300/hm2，C:4400/hm2，D:6600/hm2) of hybrid Larch plantations, Larix olgensis plantation(E) and Quercus mandsurica forest(F) were studied in Jiangshanjiao forest farm of Heilongjiang province of China. Soil bulk density, soil porosity, total N, total P, available N and available P were affected significantly by plantation density in hybrid Larch plantations. The lowest surface soil bulk density was in density 2500/hm2. Soil porosity of density 2500/hm2and 3300/hm2was bigger than that of density 4400/hm2and density 6600/hm2. Total N, total P and available N of density 4400/hm2and 3300/hm2were higher than that of density 6600/hm2and density 2500/hm2. Total N, total P, available N and available P of hybrid Larch plantations were not lower than that of Larix olgensis plantation. The results of the soil physical and chemical properties under different densities of hybrid Larch plantations and different types of forest seems to confirm that hybrid Larch plantation did not decreased the soil fertility, and the hybrid Larch plantation with densities of 3300/hm2and 4400/hm2could be conductive to improving the soil quality. The results would provide the theories basis for manage the hybrid Larch plantations.
Study on Flow Units and Residual Oil Distribution of Lower S2 Formation in Wen-X Fault Block, Wenliu Oilfield
Authors: Tang Min An , Sun Bao Ling , Xu Huan Yan
Published: June 2012

Flow units are divided into E,G and P types for the Lower S2reservoir of Wen-X fault block in the Wenliu Oilfield, which are identificated based on six parameters including porosity, permeability, sandstone thickness, effective thickness, formation conductivity and flow index. A 3-D model for the flow units is established by sequential gaussian stochastic simulation approach. It is believed that type- E flow units are well exploited, with the distribution of the remaining oils related to fault as a barrier；type-G flow units are less exploited, with enrichment of remaining oil, due to the influence of interlayer or lateral heterogeneity；and type-P flow units are difficult to be exploited because of the poor percolation and a lower reserves abundance
The Mechanism of Leaf Senescence in Tobacco
Authors: Jia Feng , Zhang Li , Li Gui Ling , Zeng Lei
Published: June 2012

Leaf senescence is the final stage of plant development. Senescence also is a complex and highly regulated process that involves a decline in photosynthesis, dismantling of chloroplasts, and degradation of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. This review mainly introduces the process of leaf senescence through leaf senescence pathway in three parts: initiation, degeneration, and terminal. To sort out the tobacco-related genes change that show increased or decreased expression during the leaf senescence. Moreover, endogenous hormones, such as cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, play the vital role during the leaf senescence. At the same time, many protein degradation, chlorophyll breakdown, and nigtrogen remobilization in the regulation of senescence are discussed.
The Study Analysis of the Flour Quality Influence on Baked Goods
Authors: Zhang Guang Le , Zhang Li , Jia Feng , Wang Jin Shui
Published: June 2012

Flour quality plays a basic role in the process of making baked goods. This article outlines the influence and relevant correlation of flour quality in the baked goods and has a great significance to raise the level of baked goods processing.
Fermentation Quality of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Bromegrass (Bromus inermis leyss) Mixed Silage
Authors: Wang Hui Li , Ning Ting Ting , Hao Wei , Wang Tan , Lei Heng , Xu Chun Cheng
Published: June 2012

To assess the fermentation quality of mixed silage with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis leyss), they were mixed and ensiled in different proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 respectively). 15 bag silos were prepared for each treatment and three bag silos per treatment were randomly opened after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling and the contents were processed for quality assessment and laboratory analysis. Results indicated as follows, (1) compared with alfalfa silage (0:100), all treatments improved fermentation quality and attained lower pH. The 100:0 treatment had the lowest (P10cfu/g fresh material) varied from 7.8 to 9.2., while that of the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments kept the highest (P<0.05) level during almost all ensiling periods. No yeast was detected in all silages after 14 days of post-ensiling and mold was below detected level at all ensiling periods. All the results indicated that the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments tended to have the best fermentation quality in this study. Overall, increasing proportions of bromegrass in the mixed silage could improve the fermentation quality.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha spicata Lamiaceae
Authors: Liu Ke Hai , Zhu Qing , Zhang Jing Jing , Xu Jian Feng , Wang Xi Chang
Published: June 2012

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Mentha spicata from China was investigated by the Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. 21 compounds were identified, representing 97.10% of the total oil. The major compounds in the essential oil were carvone (65.33%), limonene (18.19%), dihydrocarvone (2.97%) and camphene (2.34%). The oil showed antioxidant activity assessed using DPPH assay. The antimicrobial activity was investigated in order to evaluate its efficacy against 5 microorganisms using MIC and MBC methods. The results indicated that spearmint oil showed inhibitory and bactericidal effect on all test microorganisms. It was highly effective against E. coli, S. cerivisiae and P. citrinum. S. cerivisiae was more susceptible to spearmint oil (MIC 0.78125 uL/mL and MBC 6.25 uL/mL). The cytotoxicity of spearmint oil was evaluated on Hela cells using the MTT assay. The oil showed quite strong cytotoxicity on the cell lines with an IC50of about 2.08ug/mL.
Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Preparation of Sweet Potato Distarch Phosphates of Low Digestibility
Authors: Li Guang Lei , Du Su Juan , Zeng Jie
Published: June 2012

The preparation of sweet potato distarch phosphates which possess low digestibility was optimized in this study. A central composite design of response surface methodology involving STMP concentration, pH, phosphorylation temperature and time was used, and second-order model for starch digestibility was employed to generate the response surface. The optimum condition for preparation of sweet potato distarch phosphates was as follows: STMP concentration 3%, pH 10, phosphorylation temperature 40°C, and phosphorylation time 3h. The starch digestibility of sweet potato distarch phosphates was yield of 0.5508±0.0003 (n=3) under these conditions.
Study on Microbial Flora's Change and Fermentation Quality in Ensiling of Banana Stems and Leaves
Authors: Yang Jin Song , Zhou Han Lin , Wang Dong Jin , Tan Hai Sheng , Xu Shao Cheng , Cai Yi Min
Published: June 2012

Four samples of banana stems and leaves were prepared, which were processed through adding no additives, adding molasses, adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and adding both LAB and molasses respectively. In order to find out the regular pattern of microbial flora, microbial flora of each sample was analyzed during ensiling. It was found out that growth of LAB reached its peak of 6.4×107～7.8×109 CFU/g FM in the 6th day of ensiling, growth of aerobic bacteria reached its peak of 2.8×104～5.6×104 CFU/g FM in the 3rd day of ensiling, and growth of yeast reached its peak of 8.6×104～5.8×106 CFU/g FM in the 3rd day of ensiling. All of the samples with different way of processing showed the same trend that growth of microbial flora number were increased gradually and then decreased. It were also found out that decrease of pH value had relation with LAB number, and decrease of pH value were lagged behind the peak number of LAB, and number of aerobic bacteria and yeast were decreased with reproducing of LAB and decline of pH value. Nutrition constituent of forage made of banana stems and leaves was as follows: Dry matter 32.27%～33.59%，Crude protein 7.42%～8.16%, Acid detergent fiber 38.21%～41.43%. Quality of silage added with molasses, LAB and both molasses and LAB were better than that with no additives.
A System Dynamics Approach for Local Settlement Morphology Planning Based on Household Consumption Carbon Footprint
Authors: Wang Jin , Lin Tao , Feng Ling , Huang Jie
Published: June 2012

Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission (GHG emission) from household consumption became increasingly important under the background of global urbanization. Taking Xiamen Island, a rapidly urbanizing area, as the case study area, this article categorized the settlement morphology of Xiamen Island into three types according to the key factors influencing the GHG emission of urban household consumption. The feedback loops intra- and inter-subsystems (settlement morphology, population, and carbon footprint) were induced by clarifying the causal relationship and feedback loops among variables. Then, the three subsystems were coupled based on feedback loops into the system dynamic model of carbon footprint of residential area in Xiamen Island and the validity of the model was verified. At last, the dynamic mechanism between the transition of settlement morphology and household consumption was characterized through the system dynamic simulation. The result proved that the model can dynamically characterized the effect of social and economic factors upon the household consumption carbon footprint, and is beneficial to the urban land planning of Xiamen Island and design and construction of residential settlement morphology.
The Conflict and Development between Resource, Environment and Tourism: A Case of the Ruins of Koguryo as the World Cultural Heritage Site in Ji'an, China
Authors: Chen Ling Ling , Sun Jian Hua , Sun Ke Qin
Published: June 2012

The fairly-well preserved ruins of the royal cities of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo, together with imperial tombs and nobles’ tombs all bear witnesses testifying the existence of a lost civilization. Archaeological findings include the remains of three cities used as capitals where 14 mausoleums of kings of different dynasties and 26 tombs of the royal family members stand to this day. With the exception of the Wunu Mountain city lying outside Ji'an in nearby Huanren County, the other two cities, Wandu mountain city and Guonei city, together with all the mausoleums and tombs are all located within Ji'an City, Jilin Province. The present paper attempts to carry on a comprehensive yet profound analysis on the development strategies as an overall tourism program in order to display the great advantages and potentials to turn the site into a tourist attraction while attaching great importance to a detailed analysis of the disadvantages including a warning of treat facing the historical relics worthy of the name of a world cultural heritage site. Development strategies are put forth as to the steps in the orientation for the establishment of Koguryo as a great scenic spot with historic and cultural significance. Promotional programs are also offered which include improvement on the city image of the whole area of Ji'an, together with the uplifting of its urban infrastructure especially its traffic amenities, namely, a whole road network leading in all directions. Suggestions are also put forward to set up a whole chain of tourist products linking with the construction of the cultural relics as well as cooperation programs for regional development.
The Life Cycle Design of Green Farm Machinery and Green Supply Chain Management
Authors: Gao Rui Tao , Guo Xiao Yan , Cao Yu Hua
Published: June 2012

To realize green agriculture must realize green farm machinery design and the life cycle of green supply chain management, this paper focused on China's existing agricultural machinery design, production, use, management and teaching, discusses the design and use life cycle green supply chain management really realize green agriculture method.
The Study on the Motivation of the Public Participation in the Ban on Using Plastic Bags in the Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Liu Min Lan , Chen Jing
Published: June 2012

the development of the low-carbon economy is inseparable from the participation of the government and the public. This study analyzes of the motivations of the public participation in the environmental protection activities for public welfare---the ban on using plastic bags and outlook on the public participation in low-carbon environmental activities.And the conclusion from the study is that the perception of the government's responsibility, the public interests motivation based on nature conservation, the personal interests motivation based on nature conservation, the public interests motivation based on self-protection, and the personal interests motivation based on self-protection affect the public participation in the banning activities. This conclusion may help the government take corresponding strategies and improve the efficiency of the public participation in the environmental protection activities.
Application Mode of Low-Carbon Economy for “Green Residence”
Authors: Hu Jun , Jiang Du
Published: June 2012

Global energy shortages and climate change promote low-carbon economy become an important research focus. The application mode of low-carbon economy in the construction of new residential area has important theoretical and practical value for the promotion of sustainable development in resource-based society. In this paper, a “Green residence” mode is discussed by using the low-carbon technology of heat preservation and the renew resources application. The “Green residence” integrates the ecological energy resources such as solar energy system, biomass energy, gray-water system and building materials. The mode focuses on the environmental protection and low-carbon emission, and tries to provide some guide for the construction of new residential area.
Comparative Study of Environmental Education at Home and Abroad
Authors: Zhou Hong , Chen Hong Xia , Huang Zheng Wen
Published: June 2012

Since 1960s and 1970s, with the rapid economic and social development, the relationship between man and nature become unprecedented strained. In this case, environmental education in the world has been on the rise. The main purpose of environmental education is to cultivate environmental sense of the public. It is an important symbol of human society's advancement, foundation work of environmental protection and hinge of sustainable development from concept to act. Depth study and learn from the successful experience of foreign environmental education, environmental education in China to further promote the development of great significance. The paper briefly relates the historical development of the external and internal environmental education, analyses the problems of the environmental education, and put forward the corresponding development suggestion.
Ecological Wisdom of Traditional Residence in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
Authors: Wu Jing Jing , Bai Tao
Published: June 2012

China since ancient times is mostly agricultural, with a lot of the country's population，Now more than half the country residential building is still in the vast rural areas. Along with the global "a low carbon economy" coming of age, To search the low consumption and no pollution building in the use of rural area became the focus issue. In this paper the author studies traditional settlements and the residence in hehuang area of qinghai province, Explore XunHuaXian the ecological view and building energy efficiency renewable energy technologies of the residence, These are not only the traditional architectural wisdom and it is the regional characteristic performance, It can provide valuable experience in the construction of new countryside for the surrounding area.
Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Alternative Vehicle Fuels in Thailand Using Well to Wheel Assessment
Authors: Saibuatrong Worayut , Mungcharoen Thumrongrut
Published: June 2012

Energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) of major Alternative vehicle fuels (AVFs) in Thailand are estimated and compared with conventional fuels by means of full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The tool utilized here is the Well-to-Wheels (WtW) module of own model covering the entire lifecycle including: raw materials cultivation (or feedstock collection); fuel production; transportation and distribution; and application in automobile engines (ICE and hybrid engine), compared with conventional petroleum-based gasoline and diesel pathways. The model is based on Thailand’s national conditions with Tsinghua-CA3EM model. Part of this model structure has been adjusted to Thailand specific situations. Therefore, a majority of the parameters have been modified with local Thailand data. Results showed that the all alternative vehicle fuels can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions compared to conventional fuels. Hybrid ICE engine to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions when compared to the ICE engine. Biofuels-ICE engine, especially bioethanol from molasses, had the highest reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. LPG- Hybrid ICE engine had the highest reduce energy consumption.
Energy Saving Sports and Fitness
Authors: Li Xiao Jing
Published: June 2012

The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen brought us the attention to "low-carbon, energy saving". For economic sustainable economic development, energy conservation and environmental protection must be an important strategic move. Sports as a healthy way of life should respond positively to low-carbon energy fitness concept, promote energy-saving environmental protection under the fitness movement, advocate scientific fitness, and create a rich atmosphere in the sports and fitness aspects of environmental protection. Sports should make a meaningful contribution to energy conservation, carbon emission reduction and environment protection.