bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LED based solar simulator to study photochemistry over a wide temperature range in the large simulation chamber AIDA
Authors: Vallon Magdalena , Gao Linyu , Jiang Feng , Krumm Bianca , Nadolny Jens , Song Junwei , Leisner Thomas , Saathoff Harald
Published: November 2021

Abstract. A light source has been built at the simulation chamber AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, simulating solar radiation at ground level. Instead of full spectra light sources, it uses a combination of LEDs with a narrow emission spectrum, resulting in a combined spectrum similar to the solar spectrum between 300 and 530 nm. The use of LEDs leads to an energy-efficient, robust and versatile illumination concept. The light source can be used over a wide temperature range down to −90 °C, is adjustable in intensity and spectral width as well as easily adjustable to new technological developments or scientific needs. Characterization of the illumination conditions shows a vertical intensity gradient in the chamber. The integral intensity corresponds to a NO2 photolysis frequency j(NO2) of (1.58 ± 0.21 (1σ)) x 10−3 s−1 for temperatures between 213 and 295 K. At constant temperature, the light intensity is stable within ±1 %. While the emissions of the different LEDs change with temperature, they can be adjusted, thus it is possible to adapt the spectrum for different temperatures. Although, the illumination of the simulation chamber leads to an increase of 0.7 K h−1 of the mean gas temperature, it is possible to perform experiments with aqueous droplets at relative humidities up to ≤ 95 % and also above water or ice saturation with corresponding clouds. Additionally, temperature and wavelength dependent photolysis experiments with 2,3-pentanedione have been conducted. The photolysis of 2,3-pentanedione occurs mainly between 400 and 460 nm resulting in a mean photolysis frequency of (1.03 ± 0.15) x 10−4 s−1 independent of temperature in the range 213–298 K with a quantum yield of 0.36 ± 0.04. In contrast the yield of the two main photolysis products, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, decreases with temperature. Furthermore, the light source was applied to study the photochemistry of aerosol particles. For the atmospheric brown carbon proxy compound 3,5-diacetyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine photochemical reaction products were identified. In aerosol particles containing iron oxalate as photosensitizer the photosensitized degradation of organic acids (pinic and pinonic acid) was studied. Although, the light source only generates about 1/3 of the maximum solar irradiation at ground level with a substantial intensity gradient throughout the simulation chamber it could be shown that this type of light source allows reproducible experiments over a wide range of simulated atmospheric conditions and with a large flexibility and control of the irradiation spectrum.
A new multispectral photometer for monitoring aerosol microphysical, optical, and radiative properties
Authors: Zheng Yu , Che Huizheng , Wang Yupeng , Xia Xiangao , Hu Xiuqing , Zhang Xiaochun , Zhu Jun , Zhu Jibiao , Zhao Hujia , Li Lei , Gui Ke , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: November 2021

Abstract. A new multispectral photometer, named CW193, was proposed in this study for monitoring aerosol microphysical, optical, and radiative properties. The instrument has a highly integrated design, smart control performance, and is composed of three parts (an optical head, a robotic drive platform, and a stents system). Because of its low maintenance requirements, this instrument is appropriate for the deployment in remote and unpopulated regions. Based on the synchronous measurements, the CW193 products was validated using reference data from the AERONET CE318 photometer. The results show that the raw digital counts from CW193 agree well the counts from AERONET (R2 > 0.97), with daily average triplets of around 1.2 % to 3.0 % for the ultraviolet band and less than 2.0 % for the visible and infrared bands. A good aerosol optical depth agreement (R > 0.99, 100 % within expected error) and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.006 (for the 870 nm band) to 0.016 (for 440 nm the band) are obtained, with a relative mean bias (RMB) ranging from 0.922 to 1.112 and an aerosol optical depth bias within ±0.04. The maximum deviations for fine-mode particles varied from about 8.9 % to 77.6 %, whereas the variation for coarse-mode particles was about 13.1 % to 29.1 %. The deviation variations of the single scattering albedo were approximately 0.1–1.8 %, 0.6–1.9 %, 0.1–2.6 %, and 0.8–3.5 % for the 440 nm, 675 nm, 870 nm, and 1020 nm bands, respectively. For the aerosol direct radiative forcing, deviations of approximately 4.8–12.3 % was obtained at the Earth’s surface and 5.4–15.9 % for the top of the atmosphere. In addition, the water vapor retrievals showed a satisfactory accuracy, characterized by a high R value (~0.997), a small RMSE (~0.020), and good expected error distribution (100 % within expected error). The water vapor RMB was about 0.979 and the biases mostly varied within ±0.04, whereas the mean values were concentrated within ±0.02.
New application of low cost sensors for continuous CO2 flux measurements
Authors: Curcoll Roger , Morguí Josep-Anton , Kamnang Armand , Cañas Lídia , Vargas Arturo , Grossi Claudia
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Soil CO2 emissions are one of the largest contributions to the global carbon cycle, and a full understanding of processes generating them and how climate change may modify them is needed and still uncertain. Thus, a dense spatial and temporal network of CO2 flux measurements from soil could help reduce uncertainty in the global carbon budgets. In the present study, low cost Air Enquirer kits, including CO2 and environmental parameters sensors, have been designed, built and applied for the first time to design, develop and test a new Steady-State-Through-Flow (SS-TF) chamber for simultaneous measurements of CO2 fluxes in soil and CO2 concentrations in air. Sensor's responses were previously corrected for temperature, relative humidity, illumination and pressure conditions in order to reduce the uncertainty of measured CO2 values and of the following calculated CO2 fluxes. CO2 soil fluxes measured by the proposed SS-TF and by a standard closed Non-Steady-State-Non-Through-Flow (NSS-NTF) chamber were shortly compared. The use of a multi-parametric fitting reduced the total uncertainty of CO2 concentration measurements by 62 % compared with one where only a simple CO2 calibration was applied, and by a 90 % when compared to uncertainty declared by the manufacturer. The new SS-TF system allows continuous measurement of CO2 fluxes and CO2 ambient air with low cost (~1.2 k€), low energy demand (< 5 W) and low maintenance (twice per year due to sensor calibration requirements).
Response of vegetation and carbon fluxes to brown lemming herbivory in Northern Alaska
Authors: Plein Jessica , Clark Rulon W. , Arndt Kyle A. , Oechel Walter C. , Stow Douglas , Zona Donatella
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Arctic is warming at double the average global rate, affecting the carbon cycle of tundra ecosystems. Most research on carbon fluxes from Arctic tundra ecosystems has focused on abiotic environmental controls (e.g. temperature, rainfall, or radiation). However, Arctic tundra vegetation, and therefore the carbon balance of these ecosystems, can be substantially impacted by herbivory. In this study we tested how vegetation consumption by brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) can impact carbon exchange of a wet-sedge tundra ecosystem near Utqiaġvik, Alaska during the summer, and the recovery of vegetation during a following summer. We placed brown lemmings in individual enclosure plots and tested the impact of lemmings’ herbivory on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) immediately after lemming removal and during the following growing season. During the first summer of the experiment, lemmings’ herbivory reduced plant biomass (as shown by the decrease in the NDVI) and decreased CO2 uptake, while not significantly impacting CH4 emissions. Methane emissions were likely not significantly affected due to CH4 being produced deeper in the soil and escaping from the stem bases of the vascular plants. The summer following the lemming treatments, NDVI and CO2 fluxes returned to magnitudes similar to those observed before the start of the experiment, suggesting recovery of the vegetation, and a transitory nature of the impact of lemming herbivory. Overall, lemming herbivory has short-term but substantial effects on carbon sequestration by vegetation and might contribute to the considerable interannual variability in CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems.
Efficacy of oral myofunctional therapy
Authors: Hahn Vevi , Hahn Hermann
Published: November 2021

After ten years of practicing oral myofunctional therapy (MFT) in our office, we contacted 131 finished cases. Of the 131, ninety-eight responded to the invitation to come for a post-treatment check-up. Three basic questions were asked of these patients: 1. Can reflex patterns such as swallowing and breathing be corrected and stabilized permanently? Can this be achieved regardless of age of patient? 2. Does the success of the therapy endure over the years, or are there relapses following treatment deemed successful at its completion? 3. What are the patients' subjective perceptions of the program's effectiveness?
Tooth movement associated with orofacial myology from a dental hygiene clinician's perspective
Authors: Snow Marjorie
Published: November 2021

This article has been written as a rebuttal to the conclusions drawn by Dr. Marvin Hanson in his article, "Tooth Movement Associated with Oral Myofunctional Therapy: A Clinician's Report" which appeared in the November, 1992 issue of the International Journal of Orofacial Myology. This rebuttal relates to the broader implications of all tooth movement which Dr. Hanson's title implies, and includes the specific reference to overjet reduction which the abstract of Dr. Hanson's article informs us is the focus of his clinical observation and measurement.
Role of Islamic Education Teachers in enabling Students to Respond Global Challenges
Authors: NM Siti Rahayu
Published: November 2021

This paper entitled "The Role of Islamic Education Teachers in Helping Students Respond to Global Challenges", is described specifically in the learning process in schools, especially in a global era that is full of various kinds of challenges. This paper is based on literature studies, for example about globalization, the description of rural and urban communities, as written by Eko Budiharjo in Urban Reform, about education, about learning, and others. Globalization is one of the foundations, because we live in the era of globalization, so a study of this will provide an overview of the times, for ISLAMIC EDUCATION (Islamic Education) teachers. A little study of rural and urban communities is also the basis of the study, because now there has been a shift in the way of life of the community towards urban communities. And also provides an overview, the differences between villages and cities, differences in value order, cultural order, mindset order to behavior patterns, especially students. This knowledge is needed by teachers to use as a basis for acting or making decisions. The study of education or learning, is a sure thing for teachers. This paper is also based on the experience and observations of the author, when he was a teacher several years ago, for approximately 20 years. Between experience, observations, and literature in the form of theoretical studies are mixed into writing.
FUNGAL RHINO SINUSITIS DURING COVID-19 ERA
Authors: Iqbal Mahid
Published: November 2021

Fungal rhino sinusitis is a life threating, aggressive, angioinvasive infection caused by a group of fungai called mucormycetes and aspergillus as well1. Spores of these fungai are present in the soil, air decaying material and animal dungs. They are inhaled and swallowed to cause infection. It affects mainly immune compromised patients like uncontrolled diabetes (fungus grows and flourish at high sugar level), organ transplant individuals and patients on long term steroid therapy2. Apart from the Covid-19 the fungal infection is not contagious.
Effectiveness of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Obstructive Hydrocephalus of Different Etiology in Terms of Reduction of Ventricle Diameter
Authors: Hamayun Tahir  , Muhammad Ayaz  , Mumtaz Ali  , Naseer Hassan  , Syed Nasir Shah  , Samina Feroz
Published: November 2021

Background: Endoscopic techniques are now gaining insight into the management of various neurosurgical pathologies,including Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), which is a well-accepted technique for obstructive hydrocephalus of variousetiologies.Objective: To determine the effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructive hydrocephalus in terms of reductionof third ventricle diameter (width).Material and Method: This descriptive case series study was conducted at the Department of Neuro Surgery, Lady ReadingHospital, from January 2019 to December 2020. A total of 195 patients between age 1- 60 years meeting the inclusion criteriaunderwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy by a single expert neurosurgeon. Effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomywas measured to reduce at least 1 mm or more from the baseline third ventricle diameter (width) after two months of surgery.Results: In our study, 127 (65.12%) patients were male, while 68 (34.87%) were Females. Mean, and S.D. forAge was as 30.05Years + 17.46.The Mean Baseline 3rd Ventricle Diameter was 5.218mm +1.1, whereas on 60th postoperative Day Follow Up, themean 3rd Ventricle Diameter was recorded as 4 .35mm +1.25. The difference in means between the two groups was 0.864 (pvalue<0.0001), which is statistically significant. Effectiveness of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy was recorded on 105 (53.84%)patients, whereas in 90 (46.15%) patients, Obstructive Hydrocephalus remained unchanged.Conclusion: Calculated volumetric measurements (e.g., width) from C.T. scans after successful third ventriculostomy can displaya demonstrable reduction in ventricular volume and help evaluate patients postoperatively.Keywords: ETV, Hydrocephalus, stereotactic.
Fate of Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: A Single Center Study
Authors: Muhammad Naeem  , Riaz Ahmad Khan  , Ghaffar Shah  , Asad Shamsher  , Bakhtawar Gul
Published: November 2021

Background: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis (EPN) is a Urological emergency. It is a gas forming infection of the renalparenchyma and also involves the perirenal fat. It affects persons having Diabetes Mellitusspecifically females.Objectives: To present clinical features, and compare abnormal laboratory investigations among poor and good outcome inpatients affected by emphysematous pyelonephritis.Materials and methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad Peshawar on recordsof 50 patients affected by EPN. Patients having age from 35 to 85 years, clinical feature of upper urinary tract infections, and gasaccumulation in renal parenchyma seen on computed tomography (CT) scan were included in the study. Age, sex, control ofglucose status and abnormal laboratory investigations were recorded. Outcome was measured as poor or good. Data analysiswas done in SPSS version 22.Results: The mean age was 63.1±11.48 years and 62% were females. The clinical features in patients with EPN was fever (n=37,74%) Flank, abdomen, or back pain (n=34, 68%). Urine analysis showed that pyuria was common (n=35, 70%) followed by severeproteinuria (n=31, 62%). Macrohematuria was found in 19(38%), thrombocytopenia in 24(48%) and leukocytosis in 28(56%)patients. In 35(70%) patients HbA1C was > 8% of which 6(12%) died (P=.021). In 32(64%) the outcome was good.Conclusion: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis affects females more than males. Most common abnormal laboratory findings areleukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and HbAIC > 8%. EPN is a fatal disease so quick management is required.Keywords: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis, Diabetes Mellitus, Pyuria, Proteinuria, Macrohematuria.
Correlation between Hepatitis B e Antigen and Hepatitis B Virus DNA in HBV Infected Carriers.
Authors: Iftikhar Ahmed  , Siyab Ahmad  , Wasim Khan  , Amreek Lal  , Fazal Akbar  , Mohammad Ali
Published: November 2021

Background: Serum Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and estimation of the quantity of hepatitis B e Antigen (HBeAg) are thesimple and cost-effective diagnostic methods used for the assessment of state of HBV infection in hepatitis patients. However, inmost cases quantitative PCR is recommended for the confirmation of infection, prognosis and to precisely assess the real sate ofinfection.Objective: To study the frequencies fo HBV and to assess the correlation amongALT, HBe Ag and HBV DNA in the diagnosis ofhepatitis B carrier patients.Materials & Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Amreek Clinical laboratories, Saidu Sharif Swat. The duration ofstudy was three years from Jan 2016 to Jan 2019. A total of 198 cases were collected and evaluated for various parameters such astypes, age, gender and tissue involved. The study was done after the permission granted by the ethical committee. Informed writtenconsent was taken from each patient.Results: The results obtained were statistically analysed. We noticed HBeAg level increased with the raise in HBV DNA. Theoccurrence of HBV was higher in males (63.4%) in comparison to females (36.6%), young persons in the age group 20 - 50 yearswere the most affected (80.5%). Similarly, the occurrence of HBV was higher in married persons (63.41%) when compared tounmarried persons (36.65%), however majority of the patients were asymptomatic (92.7%).Conclusion: It has been concluded from the current study that HBV carrier patients with the raised HB e Ag, are more likely to bepositive for HBV DNA. This suggests that the combination of biochemical tests (ALT) and serological markers i.e. HB e Ag may beused as cost effective, easiest and an alternative option to HBV DNA quantification by PCR. However, more information's aboutthe status of infection could be achieved if serological/ biochemical assays are coupled with HBV DNA estimation by quantitativePCR.Key words: hepatitis B carrier. HB e Ag Serum Alanine amino transferase Polymerase Chain Reaction
The Transmission Potential of Sars-Cov-2 during the Early Outbreak
Authors: Hamzullah Khan
Published: November 2021

Background: The newly emerging respiratory disease called COVID-19 , originated from a metropolitan city of the HubeiProvince of China, called Wuhan, in Dec 2019, demonstrated its epidemic potential with a rapid spread of this virus across the globein just 2 months period. This highlights the higher rate of transmissibility of this virus and further its higher morbidity and mortalityspecially in aged population or people with co-morbidities and immune gap.Objectives: To determine the clinical significance of travel history to an epidemic area and social distancing with COIVD -19infections.Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in major/only tertiary care hospital of Nowshera in collaborationwith District Health Office, Nowshera from 15th Feb to 24th April 2020. Relevant information's were recorded in a predesignedproforma prepared in SPSS version 25th for descriptive and inferential analysis.Results: Out of total 378 suspects/patients, 272(72%) were males and 106(28%) females. The Mean with Standard deviation ofage of the suspects was 35+16.1 years. A significant relationship of an increase in age with positive cases (Chi-squarevalue=10.73, p=0.013) was observed. 13/41(31.70%) of the positive cases had a history of travel to an epidemic area. A statisticallysignificant relationship between COVID-19 infection and travel history (Chi-Square=5.86, p=0.015) was noted. The probability ofthe infection in patients/suspects with history of travel to an epidemic area was 2.38 times(OR=2.38, 95%CI, 2.5-14.9). The relativerisk of infection was (rr=1.75, 95%CI, 1.16-4.88) as compared to suspects with no contact(rr=0.81, 95%CI, 0.6-1.0) respectively.Conclusion: There is a significant impact of travel history to an area with COVID19 epidemics. This data also speaks itself on theimportance of social distancing in terms of history of travel to combat COVID-19.Key words: COVID-19, Travel history, Social distancing, risk assessment, probability of disease, correlation of disease.
Diagnostic Utility of Cell Block Technique as an Adjunct Technique to Cytological Smears in Evaluation of Thyroid Aspirates on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: Amreek Lal  , Siyab Ahmad  , Waseem Khan  , Liaqat Ali  , Mian Anwar Zeb  , Farhana Shaheen
Published: November 2021

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a standard screening technique for the diagnosis and assessment of thyroidnodules. However, this approach has some drawbacks, such as false negative or positive outcomes and high rates ofunsatisfactory results.Objective: To describe the utility of cell block technique as an adjunct to conventional smear in the cytodiagnosis of thyroidepithelial lesions.Material and Methods: This Descriptive Cross-sectional study was done at the Pathology department of Saidu Group of TeachingHospital Saidu Sharif Swat from 1st November 2017 to 31st April 2018. Fine needle aspirates for both the direct smear and cell blockwere collected simultaneously from 60 patients, through non- probability convenient sampling. All patients having clinicallyenlarged thyroid, solitary or dominant thyroid nodule were included in the study.All patients below 22 years old and patients who didnot give informed consent were excluded. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical research committee before carrying outthe study. Written informed consent was taken from all the participating patients.Cellularity, obscuring background material, morphological and architectural preservation as well as cytodiagnosis on direct smearand cell block technique were compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. McNemar's chi-square test wasapplied for significant difference. P-value of = 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Male to Female ratio was 1:7.5, (13%: 87%). The age ranged from 22 to 81 years with a mean age of 44.9 and standarddeviation of ±14.5 years. The study showed that the cell block technique has high cellularity, minimal obscuring background, betterarchitectural preservation and poor morphological preservation on cell block in comparison to direct smear. The majority of thecases were benign on both techniques. The unsatisfactory rate was reduced in cell block technique and showed additionalinformation in 13 % cases.Conclusion: The study demonstrated no significant difference in the diagnostic utility of both techniques.Keywords: Cell Block Cytopathology, FNAC, Mair et al criteria
To Compare the Effectiveness of Transurethral Pneumatic Lithotripsy and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: In treatment of Lower Ureteric Stones
Authors: Siddique Ahmad  , Jamshed  , Ameroon Shah  , Riaz Ahmad Khan  , Muhammad Kalim  , Sohaib Ali
Published: November 2021

Background: One of the most common complaint in the ER is colic due to Ureteric calculi. They usually pass out but stones > 5mmmay require intervention. ESWL and TPL are one of the treatment options.Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy (TPL) and extracorporeal shock wavelithotripsy(ESWL) in treatment of lower ureteric stones.Material and Methods: Over period of six months a group of 70 patients presenting with ureteric calculi were randomly allocated intwo groups. Group Aunderwent TPL while Group B ESWL. Follow up was done to determine the effectiveness with regards to stoneclearance.Results: The mean age of the whole study sample was 35.6 + 8.5 years. The difference between mean age of both groups wasstatistically not significant (p 0.665). there were 70% males compared to 30% females in the overall sample and the difference ofgender across both groups was comparable (p 0.192). The mean size of stone of the whole study sample at presentation was 6.4 +2.5mm and the duration of illness was 4.8 + 1.8months. On follow up, the effectiveness of the procedure in terms of stone clearancewas recorded in 88.6% of TPL group and 77.1% of ESWL group (p 0.205).Conclusion: TPL is comparable to the ESWL in terms of its effectiveness for ureteric calculi of size less than or equal to 10mm.More research trials need to be done for conclusive outcome.Key Words: Urolithiasis, ureteric calculi, transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, stoneclearance
Effect of ROX Index on the Ventilator Free Days in High Flow Nasal Oxygen and Early Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Adult COVID -19 Patients
Authors: Rebello Joslita , Neelankavil Monisha B. J. , Somayaji Ananth Srikrishna
Published: November 2021

Background: High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) is used as an alternative respiratory support in hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID -19. However the use of HFNO was associated with a lower risk of invasive mechanical ventilation and duration of stay in ICU. This study is aimed at comparing ventilator free days and duration of ICU stay between early mechanical ventilation and HFNO use in COVID -19 to predict the clinical outcome.
Methods: We performed a unicentre prospective observational analytical study on subjects with respiratory failure due to COVID -19 comparing effect of ROX index on ventilator free days with use of HFNO therapy and mechanical ventilation on first day of intensive care unit admission. Each group had 20 subjects. Clinical outcome was measured in terms of ventilator free days between two groups. Standard statistical comparisons were used to compare the length of icu stay as secondary outcome. APACHE II and SOFA sores were compared and analysed between two groups.
Results: 40 adult subjects critically ill due to COVID -19 were included in the study with 20 in each group. Subjects in HFNO group had higher ventilator free days than those were put on early mechanical ventilation with significant difference. Whereas the duration of icu stay was prolonged in HFNO group but there was no significant statistical difference.
Conclusions: In this prospective study HFNO had better clinical outcome in terms of ventilator free days compared to early mechanical ventilation. Duration of stay in ICU had no difference.

Key words: Ventilator free days, HFNO, number of days in ICU, ROX index, APACHE II, SOFA score.
Antifungal Topical Nanoemulgel Containing Miconazole Nitrate
Authors: K P Anju , D Shripathy , A R Shabaraya
Published: November 2021

Nanomulgel have emerged as one of the most interesting topical drug delivery system as it has dual release control system i.e. nanoemulsion and gel. Also the stability of nanoemulsion is increased when it is incorporated in gel. Miconazole nitrate is an antifungal medication topically administered to treat skin infections such as athlete’s foot, jock itch and ringworm. The aim of the present research work was to investigate the potential of nanoemulgel in enhancing the topical delivery of hydrophobic drug. MCZ nanoemulsions were prepared using span 80, tween 80, propylene glycol and different conc. of sunflower oil by High pressure homogenization technique. The prepared nanoemulsions were evaluated for pH, drug content, centrifugation, globule size and zeta potential.F2 showed highest drug content 91.26%.The globule size are found to be satisfactory range of nanoemulsion. The drug release kinetics is in the order of F2>F3>F4>F5>F1.And Nanoemulgel is prepared by using Carbopol 934 as gelling agent The release kinetics of nanoemulgel was found to obey zero order kinetics. The nanoemulgel was found to be stable with respect to physical appearance, pH, rheological properties spreadability and drug content at all temperature and conditions for two month. Hence, in the present study it can be concluded that Miconazole Nitrate nanoemulgel formulation is a promising system for the topical drug delivery and also an alternative method to deliver the hydrophobic drugs in water soluble gel bases.

Key words: Hydrophobic drugs, Nanoemulgel, Miconazole nitrate, Topical drug delivery.
Knowledge and Perception of the Risk of Contracting Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Adult Nigerians
Authors: E. E Afocha , D. A Oladele , O Ajibaye
Published: November 2021

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is considered a major public health challenge of this century. The disease caused by the virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a pandemic that has caused severe morbidity and mortality globally including Africa with the limited ability of requisite public health response. Therefore, this survey aims to assess the knowledge and risk perception of COVID-19 among the general public in Nigeria following an index case confirmation in the country. This is an online cross-sectional survey among the general adult population in Nigeria aged 18 years and above. Study variables were summarized using descriptive statistical methods while bivariate analysis was done to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and outcome variables. Out of 254 respondents who participated in this study, (50.6%) were males and (49.4%) were females. The most stated source of information on COVID-19 was social media (88.5%). More than half (69.3.%) had good knowledge of COVID-19, less than one-third (26.0 %) had average knowledge while just a few had poor knowledge (4.7%) of the disease. Risk perception among the respondents was low and evenly distributed. There was no statistically significant association between, education, gender, and employment status of the respondents and good knowledge of COVID-19. The study suggests that a considerable proportion of respondents have adequate knowledge and awareness related to COVID-19. However, respondent's risk perception of contracting the disease was low. There is a need therefore for robust enlightenment through effective behavioral change communication campaigns.

Key words: Knowledge, Perception, Risk, COVID-19, Nigeria.
Hypoalbuminemia Predicts Poor Pregnancy Outcome among Cases of HELLP Syndrome in Nigeria
Authors: Amadi Collins , Amadi Bright
Published: November 2021

Background: The current study determined the status of plasma albumin and the relationship between hypoalbuminemia and adverse/poor pregnancy outcomes among cases of HELLP syndrome (HELLPsyn) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among women diagnosed with HELLPsyn in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) between 2011 and 2020. Data of all eligible cases were extracted from hospital registers, case notes, nurses’ charts, laboratory, and medical files using pretested datasheet and analyzed.
Results: Two hundred and ten (210) HELLPsyn cases certified the eligible criteria and were included in the analysis. The overall hypoalbuminemia was recorded among 140(66.6%) of which 73(52.1%) and 67(47.9%) were in the clinically significant hypoalbuminemic and clinically insignificant hypoalbuminemic subgroups, respectively. The overall hypoalbuminemia and the clinically significant hypoalbuminemia subtype were more predominant among the severe HELLPsyn cases. The clinically significant hypoalbuminemic HELLP cases had increased risk of acute kidney injury (OR:8.456;95%CI:6.854-11.345), sepsis/infection (OR:4.346;95%CI:2.761-6.709), intensive care unit admission (OR:6.412;95%CI:4.356-8.104), and emergency cesarean section (OR:2.308;95%CI:1.206-3.896) compared to the normoalbuminemic/clinically insignificant hypoalbuminemic HELLP cases. Offspring of the clinically significant hypoalbuminemic HELLP cases also had increased risk of preterm delivery (OR:6.843;95%CI:4.346-8.766), intrauterine growth restriction (OR:3.408;95%CI: 2.166-4.988), birth asphyxia (OR:5.233;95%CI:3.764-7.412), and special care baby unit admission (OR:2.077;95%CI:1.106-3.674) compared to the normoalbuminemic/clinically insignificant hypoalbuminemic HELLP cases.
Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia, especially the clinically significant hypoalbuminemia subtype, is associated with adverse/poor maternal and perinatal outcomes among cases of HELLPsyn. However, we recommend further studies with a robust design to evaluate the clinical relevance of our findings.

Key words: KHELLP syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, clinically significant hypoalbuminemia.
A Case Report of an Abdominal Wall Endometrioma
Authors: Najam Saima , Bounnah Messaoud
Published: November 2021

Abdominal wall endometrioma (AWE) is one of the rarest forms of the endometriosis, and usually found in the young patients, average age is 35years. The most common triad of the symptoms is, abdominal mass at or near the scar, cyclical pain and history of previous caesarean or any other gynecological surgery. Exact pathogenesis is unknown as average time of its presentation in the patients is highly variable from 3 months till 2 decades. It can be suspected on ultrasonography and CT scan and MRI are the modalities used to assess and stage the lesion prior to the surgery. Histopathological diagnosis is confirmatory. We are reporting 30 years old, Para 2, with history of first caesarean section 6 years ago followed by the normal delivery. She presented with the history of cyclical abdominal pain with the feeling of abdominal lump from last 3 months. On examination a slightly tender 5*4 cm extra abdominal mass was palpable above the right half of the previous transverse scar of the caesarean. After evaluation endometriosis was suspected and the patient opted for the surgical resection of the mass. The mass was removed in collaboration with the surgeons and the histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of the AWE.
Conclusion: AWE is a dynamic yet incompletely known entity as a result of increasing number of the caesarean and gynecological procedures. It should be kept in the differential diagnosis of the patients coming with the cyclical abdominal pain and abdominal lump with the history of previous uterine surgery. Ultrasound and MRI are the main aiding modalities but the confirmation of the diagnosis is made only after histopathology. The surgical removal of the mass with negative margins represents the current best treatment.

Key words: Abdominal wall, endometriosis, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Osteoporosis among Premenopausal Women
Authors: Mangalaraj Solomon James , Yadav Sapna , Rathi Shaloo
Published: November 2021

Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone”, is a disease in which the bones gradually become weak and brittle. Osteoporosis is often known as the silent thief because bone losses occur without symptoms and progressive loss and thinning of bone tissue happens over many years. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding prevention of Osteoporosis among premenopausal women (35-50 years) attending OPDs in a selected hospital, Raipur.
Objectives

To assess the pretest level of knowledge regarding prevention of osteoporosis among premenopausal women in experimental group and control group.
To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on prevention of osteoporosis in experimental group.
To find out the association between knowledge regarding prevention of osteoporosis and selected demographics variables of the premenopausal women.
Review of literature was prepared relevant to the study. The conceptual framework of the study was based on “Kenny’s open system model. Pilot study was done among patients in general medicine OPD in a selected hospital, Raipur. The main study was conducted in Orthopedics and Obstetrics & Gynecology OPDs in a selected hospital, Raipur. A total of 90 patients included in the study and they were selected using convenient sampling. The instrument used for data collection was structured knowledge questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the tool was done. Data was collected for the period of 4 weeks. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.
It was observed in present study that majority (70%) of the total sample in experimental and control group had inadequate level of knowledge regarding prevention of Osteoporosis. And it was observed that the mean post test score of experimental group with standard deviation was 19.98±3.02 which was apparently higher than that of post test score of control group 14.11±4.74. Statistical differences were computed and the independent t value is 7.003 which was found significant at 0.05. Hence, Structured Teaching Programme was effective on knowledge regarding prevention of Osteoporosis. The study findings also shows that the association between knowledge score and educational status (ᵡ2=9.511, P=0.05), religion (ᵡ2=7.053, P=0.05) and previous knowledge (ᵡ2=46.44, P=0.05) were highly significant. Hence there was a significant association between pre-test knowledge and selected demographic variables of premenopausal women such as age, gender, education, income, religion, marital status, dietary pattern, age of menarche, age of marriage and previous knowledge.
Key words: Structured Teaching Programme, Knowledge, Prevention of Osteoporosis, Premenopausal Women, Effectiveness.
Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and the Therapeutic Relationship among Clinical Occupational Therapist
Authors: Victor Paulraj Smily Jesu Priya , Alaboudi Shahad Fahad , Mali Raniah Mansour
Published: November 2021

Social and emotional intelligence has understood their own and other's feelings and reactions according to their needs. The therapeutic relationship, which considered as a foundational concept among occupational therapy practitioners, which refers to establish rapport with the patient and the therapist to understand the patient's needs and set the goal respectively. To determine the relationship between social intelligence (SI), emotional intelligence (EI) and therapeutic relationship (TR) among clinical occupational therapists. The study used quantitative non-experimental correlational design. Eighty participants recruited from eight hospitals in Riyadh. Data conducted using a closed-ended questionnaire. It contains several questions in social intelligence (MESI), emotional intelligence (Assessing emotional scale), and therapeutic relationship between them (STAR). The questionnaire distributed to clinical occupational therapists in the form of an electronic questionnaire to facilitate the data collection process. The results releveled that there was a significant relationship in social intelligence, emotional intelligence and therapeutic relationship among clinical occupational therapists (p = < 0.05). Future study needs to provide the awareness of social intelligence, emotional intelligence and therapeutic relationship among clinical occupational therapist.

Key words: social intelligence, emotional intelligence, therapeutic relationship, clinical occupational therapist.
An Approach to Interdisciplinary Orthodontics
Authors: Borah Manash Jyoti
Published: November 2021

Patient seeking orthodontic treatment in the present era comprises of both children and adults, thereby increasing the importance of multidisciplinary approach in orthodontics immensely. The interdisciplinary approach requires active involvement of various specialists like Prosthodontist, Oral and maxillofacial Surgeon, ENT surgeon, Paediatrician, Pedodontist, Endodontist, Periodontist, Audiologist, Physiotherapist etc. A combined interdisciplinary treatment approach will yield a result best suited for the patient as well as clinicians. Orthodontist in such Interdisciplinary treatment approach can play a primary or secondary role. So, the purpose of this article is to briefly summarize interdisciplinary approach for the management of dentofacial problems.

Keywords: Interdisciplinary Orthodontics, Orthodontist, multidisciplinary approach in orthodontics
Use of 17% EDTA as an Adjunct in Management of Class I Recession with Semilunar Coronally Advanced Flap - A Case Report
Authors: Garg Neha , Bhatia Jyoti , Goel Viniti
Published: November 2021

Gingival recession is usually characterized by the apical displacement of the gingival margin, exposing the root surface when related to cemento-enamel junction. It has turned out to be one of the most common perturbations for the patients, apart from esthetic, root sensitivity, progression of periodontal diseases and root caries are the major fields of concern. The goal of periodontist is not only to treat gingival recession but also to rectify the functional and esthetic deficiencies to further combat the periodontal destruction. Semilunar flap is one of the procedures followed to cover recession, being a simple, minimally invasive and effective technique with higher patient acceptance and provides satisfactory results for Miller’s class I recession. Semilunar flap when combined with EDTA, as root conditioner provides a biocompatible cell surface for tissue attachment. Here we are presenting a case report where semilunar coronally advanced flap was used for treatment of Miller’s Class I recession in maxillary central incisor.

Keywords: EDTA, Esthetics, Gingival Recession, Semilunar Flap.
A Study to Compare Physiological Cost Index (PCI) of Walking on Treadmill with and without Holding the Hand Rails
Authors: Shah Sweety , Solanki Ravi
Published: November 2021

Treadmill walking is commonly used for fitness testing and training. Purpose of present study was to determine whether holding the front hand rails makes any significant change in energy expenditure during treadmill walking or not. Thirty volunteers (17 male and 13 female) participated in the study. Subjects were asked to walk on treadmill at speed of 1.0 to 6.0 mph with and without holding the front hand rails for 6 minutes. Physiological cost index was measured for two different positions and compared for statistically significant difference. Results showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in Physiological cost index measured for two different positions. Hence, present study concludes that, holding the front hand rails does not make any significant difference in energy expenditure while walking on treadmill.

Keywords: Treadmill walking, Physiological cost index, Hand rail.
Relationship between Trunk Impairment and Upper Extremity Function, and Its Impact on Activities of Daily Living in Chronic Stroke Survivors
Authors: Baby Ludhiya , Joy Anoop , KV Ranjith
Published: November 2021

Background: Stroke often leads to significant impairment of trunk and upper extremity functions, which is associated with decreased quality of life and functional performance in all domains. Trunk stability and control is considered to be a prerequisite for upper extremity function in stroke survivors. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the relationship between trunk impairment and upper extremity function in stroke survivors which may help in improving their ADL’s by giving proper treatment.
Methods: 20 chronic stroke survivors with age group between 40 – 80 years were included in this study. Trunk impairment, upper extremity function and activities of daily living of all the participants were determined using trunk impairment scale, Chedoke arm and hand activity inventory scale (version 8) and functional independence measure – motor scoring scale.
Results: Using Karl Pearson’s Correlation coefficient, moderate positive correlation was observed between TIS and CAHAI-8. Strong positive correlation was noted between TIS and FIM-M, whereas, moderate positive correlation was noted between CAHAI-8 and FIM-M which was found to be highly statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our study concludes that, a moderate positive correlation exists between trunk impairment and upper extremity function in chronic stroke survivors. The study also reveals that, both trunk impairment and upper extremity function has strong and moderate correlation on their activities of daily living.

Keywords: Stroke, trunk function, paretic arm, functional performance, stroke rehabilitation.
Циркулярная экономика как вектор инновационной трансформации бизнес-модели промышленных предприятий
Authors: Авилова Вилора Вадимовна
Published: November 2021

Сочетание экономического роста с нормальными условиями жизнедеятельности человека потребовало от российских предприятий оперативной перестройки бизнес-моделей на принципах циркулярной экономики, которая должна укладываться в жесткие временные рамки «Зеленой сделки», заключенной странами ЕС для компаний-экспортеров. Целью этого проекта является соблюдение принципа углеродной нейтральности. Масштабность и сложность задачи связана с необходимостью системного вхождения предприятий нашей страны в построение нового технологического уклада за счет отказа от традиционного использования линейной модели экономики и построения экономики замкнутого цикла, базирующейся на технологиях, обеспечивающих возобновляемость ресурсов, оптимизирующих их использование, применяющей альтернативные виды энергии, реализующие программу декарбонизации, заменяющей природное сырье переработкой отходов. Широкое применение в циркулярной экономике играет шеринг, предполагающий на базе интернета вещей коллективное отслеживание движения всех видов ресурсов с целью их оптимальной перегруппировки. Появление нового вектора экономического развития требует выработки рекомендаций для российских предприятий по переходу к новой бизнес-модели, анализа возможностей интернета вещей и сетевого взаимодействия для внедрения замкнутого цикла. Зарубежные реалии демонстрируют активную деятельность по переходу к циркулярной экономике как на правительственном уровне, так и в мезо- и микромасштабе. Целью работы является систематизация мер государственной поддержки в зарубежных странах и реализация этой стратегии крупными компаниями. Изучались возможности их адаптации к российским реалиям и выработка научных и практических рекомендаций по ускорению перехода к экономике замкнутого цикла. Исследование проводилось также на основе анализа лучших практик российских компаний, внедряющих бизнес-процессы циркулярной экономики. Исследование позволило выявить основные характеристики новых бизнес-моделей предприятий замкнутого цикла. Рассмотрен ряд негативных последствий от перехода к экономике замкнутого цикла. Исследование вносит вклад в разработку базового в настоящее время направления перехода к индустрии 4.0 через приоритет реализации такого вектора инновационного развития как углеродная нейтральность. Делается вывод о том, что переход к циркулярной экономике представляет собой важную компоненту смены технологического уклада.