bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heart rate changes associated with the different types of leg movements during sleep in children, adolescents and adults with restless legs syndrome
Authors: Ferri Raffaele , Silvani Alessandro , Mogavero Maria P. , Rundo Francesco , Bruni Oliviero , Picchietti Daniel L. , DelRosso Lourdes M.
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to describe in detail the heart rate changes accompanying short‐interval leg movements during sleep, periodic leg movements during sleep, and isolated leg movements during sleep in children and adolescents with restless legs syndrome, and to compare them with the same findings in adults with restless legs syndrome. We analysed time series of R‐R intervals synchronized to the onset of short‐interval leg movements during sleep, periodic leg movements during sleep or isolated leg movements during sleep that entailed an arousal during non‐rapid‐eye‐movement sleep. We assessed cardiac activation based on the heart rate changes with respect to baseline during non‐rapid‐eye‐movement sleep without leg movements. All types of leg movements recorded during sleep were accompanied by important heart rate changes also in children, with an overall impact similar to that observed in adults. In all age groups, heart rate changes accompanying short‐interval leg movements during sleep were constituted by a tachycardia, without a subsequent relative bradycardia, that was instead evident for periodic leg movements during sleep and isolated leg movements during sleep. Moreover, an age‐related decline of the relative bradycardia following the heart rate increase, in association with periodic leg movements during sleep and isolated leg movements during sleep, was observed. Our findings show that important heart rate changes accompany all leg movements during sleep at all ages in restless legs syndrome, with significant age‐related differences. This information represents an important contribution to the ongoing scientific debate on the possibility and opportunity to treat periodic leg movements during sleep.
Randomized double‐blinded clinical trial on acute transfusion reactions in dogs receiving leukoreduced versus nonleukoreduced packed red blood cells
Authors: Radulescu Sinziana Maria , Skulberg Ragnhild , McDonald Charlotte , Chan Daniel L. , Humm Karen
Published: May 2021

Background

Leukoreduction of blood products is commonly performed in human medicine, but its effect on outcome or incidence of transfusion reactions (TRs) in dogs is unknown.

Objectives

To prospectively evaluate the incidence of acute TRs in, and the outcome of, dogs receiving either leukoreduced (LR) or nonleukoreduced (N‐LR) packed red blood cells (PRBC).

Animals

Dogs (n = 194) administered PRBC between August 2017 and June 2020.

Methods

Prospective randomized double‐blinded clinical trial. Dogs were randomized to receive either LR or N‐LR PRBC and clinicians, nurses and investigators were blinded to the group allocations. The incidence of TRs, change in PCV, hospitalization duration, and survival to discharge were recorded.

Results

Out of the 194 dogs, 96 received LR and 98 received N‐LR PRBCs. The mean 12‐hour change in PCV value was +9.22% (SD 5.27%) for dogs that received N‐LR and +10.69% (SD 6.44%) for dogs that received LR PRBC (effect size 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.02 to 0.55), which was not significantly different (P = .08). TRs were documented in 16/194 (8.24%) dogs, with 1/194 (0.51%) being a mild allergic reaction, while 15/194 (7.73%) had suspected febrile nonhemolytic TRs (FNHTRs). FNHTR incidence was not significantly different between the LR (6/96, 6.25%, 95% CI 2.8‐13.56) and N‐LR (9/98, 9.18%, 95% CI 4.92‐17.11) groups (P = .81). Of the 156 dogs that survived to discharge, 80/156 received N‐LR PRBC and 76/156 received LR PRBC which was not significantly different (P = .66).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

A clinical advantage of using LR over N‐LR PRBC in terms of TRs and increase in PCV after transfusion was not detected.
Research priorities for idiopathic epilepsy in dogs: Viewpoints of owners, general practice veterinarians, and neurology specialists
Authors: Jones Gareth Michael Couper , Volk Holger Andreas , Packer Rowena Mary Anne
Published: May 2021

Background

Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs that adversely affects the quality of life (QoL) of affected dogs and their owners. Research on epilepsy in dogs is expanding internationally, but where best to focus limited research time, funds, and expertise to achieve better outcomes for affected dogs and their owners has not been studied.

Objective

To explore idiopathic epilepsy (IE) research priorities of owners of dogs with IE, general practice veterinarians, and veterinary neurologists.

Methods

An international online survey was conducted in 2016 and repeated in 2020. Participants rated the absolute importance and relative rank of 18 areas of IE research, which were compared between groups and time points.

Results

Valid responses were received from 414 respondents in 2016 and 414 respondents in 2020. The development of new anti‐seizure drugs (ASD) and improving the existing ASD management were considered the most important research priorities. Areas of research with increasing priority between 2016 and 2020 included non‐ASD management, with the greatest potential seen in behavioral and dietary‐based interventions. Disagreements in priorities were identified between groups; owners prioritized issues that impacted their and their dog's QoL, for example, adverse effects and comorbidities, whereas general practitioner vets and neurologists prioritized clinical issues and longer‐term strategies to manage or prevent IE, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Ensuring that voices of owners are heard in the planning of future research should be a broader goal of veterinary medicine, to target research efforts toward areas most likely to improve the QoL of the dog‐owner dyad.
Patterns of MHC‐dependent sexual selection in a free‐living population of sheep
Authors: Huang Wei , Pilkington Jill G. , Pemberton Josephine M.
Published: May 2021

The MHC is one of the most polymorphic gene clusters in vertebrates and play an essential role in adaptive immunity. Apart from pathogen‐mediated selection, sexual selection can also contribute to the maintenance of MHC diversity. MHC‐dependent sexual selection could occur via several mechanisms but at present there is no consensus as to which of these mechanisms are involved and their importance. Previous studies have often suffered from limited genetic and behavioural data and small sample size, and were rarely able to examine all the mechanisms together, determine whether signatures of MHC‐based non‐random mating are independent of genomic effects or differentiate whether MHC‐dependent sexual selection takes place at the pre‐ or post‐copulatory stage. In this study, we use Monte Carlo simulation to investigate evidence for non‐random MHC‐dependent mating patterns by all three mechanisms in a free‐living population of Soay sheep. Using 1710 sheep diplotyped at the MHC class IIa region and genome‐wide SNPs, together with field observations of consorts, we found sexual selection against a particular haplotype in males at the pre‐copulatory stage and sexual selection against female MHC heterozygosity during the rut. We also found MHC‐dependent disassortative mating at the post‐copulatory stage, along with strong evidence of inbreeding avoidance at both stages. However, results from generalized linear mixed models suggest that the pattern of MHC‐dependent disassortative mating could be a by‐product of inbreeding avoidance. Our results therefore suggest that while multiple apparent mechanisms of non‐random mating with respect to the MHC may occur, some of them have alternative explanations.
Innovative mark–recapture experiment shows patterns of selection on transcript abundance in the wild
Authors: Josephson Matthew P. , Bull James K.
Published: May 2021

A fundamental aspect of evolutionary biology is natural selection on trait variation. Classically, selection has been estimated primarily on external morphological traits such as beak size and coloration, or on easily assayable physiological traits such as heat‐tolerance. As technologies and methods improved, evolutionary biologists began examining selection on molecular traits such as protein sequences and cellular processes. In a From the Cover paper in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Ahmad et al. continue this trend by estimating parasite‐driven selection on the molecular trait of transcript abundance in a wild population of brown trout (Salmo trutta) by uniquely combining a mark–recapture experimental design with noninvasive RNA sampling. Using transcript abundance to estimate selection allows for many different traits (each unique gene's transcript counts) to be tested in a single experiment, providing the opportunity to examine trends in selection. Ahmad et al. find directional selection strength on transcript counts is generally low and normally distributed. Surprisingly, transcripts under nonlinear selection showed a disruptive selection bias, contradicting previous comparative studies and theoretical work. This highlights the importance of within‐generation selection studies, where mechanisms may differ from longer time frames. Their paper also highlights the benefits of a cost‐effective 3′ RNA sequencing technique to measure gene expression.
Genomic and phenotypic divergence informs translocation strategies for an endangered freshwater fish
Authors: Taylor Liam U. , Benavides Edgar , Simmons Jeffrey W. , Near Thomas J.
Published: May 2021

Translocation, the movement of organisms for conservation purposes, can result in unintended introgression if genetic material flows between populations in new ways. The Bluemask Darter Etheostoma akatulo is a federally endangered species of freshwater fish inhabiting the Caney Fork River system and three of its tributaries (Collins River, Rocky River, and Cane Creek) in Tennessee. The current conservation strategy for Bluemask Darters involves translocating the progeny of broodstock from the Collins River (in the west) to the Calfkiller River (in the east) where the species had been extirpated. In this study, we use ddRAD sequence data from across the extant range to assess this translocation strategy in light of population structure, phylogeny, and demography. We also include museum specimen data to assess morphological variation among extant and extirpated populations. Our analyses reveal substantial genetic and phenotypic disparities between a western population in the Collins River and an eastern population encompassing the Rocky River, Cane Creek, and upper Caney Fork, the two of which shared common ancestry more than 100,000 years ago. Furthermore, morphological analyses classify 12 of 13 Calfkiller River specimens with phenotypes consistent with the eastern population. These results suggest that current translocations perturb the evolutionary boundaries between two delimited populations. Instead, we suggest that repopulating the Calfkiller River using juveniles from the Rocky River could balance conflicting signatures of demography, diversity, and divergence. Beyond conservation, the microgeographic structure of Bluemask Darter populations adds another puzzle to the phylogeography of the hyperdiverse freshwater fishes in eastern North America.
From tides to nucleotides: Genomic signatures of adaptation to environmental heterogeneity in barnacles
Authors: Nunez Joaquin C. B. , Rong Stephen , Ferranti David A. , Damian‐Serrano Alejandro , Neil Kimberly B. , Glenner Henrik , Elyanow Rebecca G. , Brown Bianca R. P. , Alm Rosenblad Magnus , Blomberg Anders , Johannesson Kerstin , Rand David M.
Published: May 2021

The northern acorn barnacle (Semibalanus balanoides) is a robust system to study the genetic basis of adaptations to highly heterogeneous environments. Adult barnacles may be exposed to highly dissimilar levels of thermal stress depending on where they settle in the intertidal (i.e., closer to the upper or lower tidal boundary). For instance, barnacles near the upper tidal limit experience episodic summer temperatures above recorded heat coma levels. This differential stress at the microhabitat level is also dependent on the aspect of sun exposure. In the present study, we used pool‐seq approaches to conduct a genome wide screen for loci responding to intertidal zonation across the North Atlantic basin (Maine, Rhode Island, and Norway). Our analysis discovered 382 genomic regions containing SNPs which are consistently zonated (i.e., SNPs whose frequencies vary depending on their position in the rocky intertidal) across all surveyed habitats. Notably, most zonated SNPs are young and private to the North Atlantic. These regions show high levels of genetic differentiation across ecologically extreme microhabitats concomitant with elevated levels of genetic variation and Tajima's D, suggesting the action of non‐neutral processes. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that spatially heterogeneous selection is a general and repeatable feature for this species, and that natural selection can maintain functional genetic variation in heterogeneous environments.
Characterization of the cardiac phospholipidome of small cetaceans provides adaptational insight and a foundation for indirect population health screening
Authors: Monteiro João P. , Maciel Elisabete , Maia Rita , Pereira Andreia T. , Calado Ricardo , Domingues Pedro , Melo Tânia , Eira Catarina , Domingues M. Rosário
Published: May 2021

The maintenance of a tightly regulated heart lipidome is a general hallmark of mammal health. However, in the case of cetaceans, heart tissue lipid composition remains obscure. This work represents a first in‐depth state‐of‐the‐art characterization of the lipid content of small cetacean hearts, namely those of Delphinus delphis, Phocoena phocoena, and Stenella coeruleoalba. Phospholipid classes identified were similar to those found in terrestrial mammals. Regarding fatty acid profiles, they revealed a much higher n‐3 fatty acid content than that reported for terrestrial counterparts. Phospholipidome characterization allowed identification of 198 lipid species, including phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and sphingomyelins, generally characterized by a high content of species with esterified n‐3 fatty acids. The cardiac lipid profile of the three cetacean species is similar in terms of lipid classes, fatty acids, and even molecular lipid species present. However, quantitative differences suggest a divergence of S. coeruleoalba from the other species in terms of fatty acid and phospholipid profile. The identified differences regarding terrestrial counterparts will contribute to better understanding the details of small cetacean cardiac physiology. Moreover, the characterization of cardiac phospholipidome may represent an opportunity to establish lipidomic‐based practical tools to reliably and reproducibly assess small cetacean health population status by remote sampling.
Implementing the Seal of Biliteracy: A Multiple Case Study of Six High‐Awarding Districts
Authors: HEINEKE AMY J. , DAVIN KRISTIN J.
Published: May 2021

The Seal of Biliteracy (SoBL) is a language policy that has gained traction across the United States as stakeholders seek to recognize students’ competencies in languages other than English. Despite its potential to enhance language proficiency and encourage participation in language education, the SoBL has been unevenly implemented, with resulting inequities in whose bilingualism is recognized. With this study, we seek to understand implementational efforts in districts with established award programs that recognize large quantities of students. To reflect the national scope of the initiative, this multiple case study explores SoBL implementation in 6 districts spanning 5 states. Findings indicate that these high‐awarding districts prioritize students’ home and heritage languages, as well as maintain flexibility and funding for language assessments; involve multiple stakeholders inside and outside of schools; and utilize related state policies to promote SoBL efforts. The study offers implications to enhance equity in SoBL policy, practice, and research.
Fast synaptic excitatory neurotransmission in the human submucosal plexus
Authors: Michel Klaus , Krüger Dagmar , Schäuffele Stefanie , Zeller Florian , Demir Ihsan Ekin , Theisen Jörg , Schemann Michael
Published: May 2021

Background

Acetylcholine is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in all animal models examined so far. However, data for the human ENS is scarce.

Methods

We used neuroimaging using voltage and calcium dyes, Ussing chamber, and immunohistochemistry to study fast synaptic neurotransmission in submucosal plexus neurons of the human gut.

Key Results

Electrical stimulation of intraganglionic fiber tracts led to fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in 29 submucosal neurons which were all blocked by the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium. The nicotinic agonist DMPP mimicked the effects of electrical stimulation and had excitatory effects on 56 of 73 neurons. The unselective NMDA antagonist MK‐801 blocked fEPSPs in 14 out of 22 neurons as well as nicotine evoked spike discharge. In contrast, the application of NMDA showed only weak effects on excitability or calcium transients. This agreed with the finding that the specific NMDA antagonist D‐APV reduced fEPSPs in only 1 out of 40 neurons. Application of AMPA or kainite had no effect in 41 neurons or evoked spike discharge in only one out of 41 neurons, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that 98.7 ± 2.4% of all submucosal neurons (n = 6 preparations, 1003 neurons) stained positive for the nicotinic receptor (α1, α2 or α3–subunit). Hexamethonium (200 µM) reduced nerve‐evoked chloride secretion by 34.3 ± 18.6% (n = 14 patients), whereas D‐APV had no effect.

Conclusion & Inference

Acetylcholine is the most important mediator of fast excitatory postsynaptic transmission in human submucous plexus neurons whereas glutamatergic fEPSPs were rarely encountered.
Guard against temptation: Intrapersonal team reasoning and the role of intentions in exercising willpower
Authors: Gold Natalie
Published: May 2021

Sometimes we make a decision about an action we will undertake later and form an intention, but our judgment of what it is best to do undergoes a temporary shift when the time for action comes round. What makes it rational not to give in to temptation? Many contemporary solutions privilege diachronic rationality; in some “rational non‐reconsideration” (RNR) accounts once the agent forms an intention, it is rational not to reconsider. This leads to other puzzles: how can someone be motivated to follow a plan that is contrary to their current judgment? How can it be rational to form a plan to resist if we can predict that our judgment will shift? I show how these puzzles can be solved in a framework where there are multiple units of agency, distinguishing between the judgments of the timeslice and those of the person over time, and allowing that the timeslice can “self identify”, taking the person over time as the relevant unit of agency and doing intrapersonal team reasoning (with a different causal role for intentions than RNR accounts). On my account, resisting temptation is compatible with synchronic rationality, so synchronic and diachronic rationality are aligned. However, either resisting or succumbing to temptation can be instrumentally rational, depending on the unit of agency that is identified with. In order to show why we ought to resist temptation, we need to draw on a non‐instrumental rationale. I sketch possible routes for doing this.
Antitumor and antimigration effects of Salvia clandestina L. extract on osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Muscella Antonella , Stefàno Erika , De Bellis Luigi , Nutricati Eliana , Negro Carmine , Marsigliante Santo
Published: May 2021

Salvia clandestina L. is a wild perennial species present in the Salento area of Italy. Here, we examined the in vitro effects of an aqueous extract of S. clandestina L. on the MG‐63 osteosarcoma cell line. The extract reduced osteosarcoma cell viability mainly by way of apoptosis, as we observed (1) upregulation of gene and protein expression of p53, cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27Kip1, and proapoptotic BAX; (2) activation of caspases; and (3) induction of a sub‐G1 peak in the cell cycle. The mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK1/2 and p38 are activated and involved in the intracellular effects of the S. clandestina extract, as preincubation with the JNK1/2 inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 inhibitor SB203580 significantly decreased S. clandestina extract–induced cytotoxicity and inhibited increase in p53, p21WAF1, p27Kip1, and BAX. SP600125 also inhibited mRNA levels for all the aforementioned proteins, while SB203580 only affected p53 mRNA. Furthermore, S. clandestina extract treatment counteracted epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, inhibited cell migration, and decreased the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase MMP2. In addition, S. clandestina extract enhanced the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin on MG‐63 cells through downregulation of the Akt/PKB protein kinase. We conclude that S. clandestina extract may be a novel agent for osteosarcoma treatment.
Effect of exercise on cardiometabolic health of adults with overweight or obesity: Focus on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and intrahepatic fat—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Battista Francesca , Ermolao Andrea , van Baak Marleen A. , Beaulieu Kristine , Blundell John E. , Busetto Luca , Carraça Eliana V. , Encantado Jorge , Dicker Dror , Farpour‐Lambert Nathalie , Pramono Adriyan , Bellicha Alice , Oppert Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2021

This systematic review examined the impact of exercise intervention programs on selected cardiometabolic health indicators in adults with overweight or obesity. Three electronic databases were explored for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included adults with overweight or obesity and provided exercise‐training interventions. Effects on blood pressure, insulin resistance (homeostasis model of insulin resistance, HOMA‐IR), and magnetic resonance measures of intrahepatic fat in exercise versus control groups were analyzed using random effects meta‐analyses. Fifty‐four articles matched inclusion criteria. Exercise training reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference, MD = −2.95 mmHg [95% CI −4.22, −1.68], p < 0.00001, I2 = 63% and MD = −1.93 mmHg [95% CI −2.73, −1.13], p < 0.00001, I2 = 54%, 60 and 58 study arms, respectively). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased also when considering only subjects with hypertension. Exercise training significantly decreased HOMA‐IR (standardized mean difference, SMD = −0.34 [−0.49, −0.18], p < 0.0001, I2 = 48%, 37 study arms), with higher effect size in subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes (SMD = −0.50 [95% CI: −0.83, −0.17], p = 0.003, I2 = 39%). Intrahepatic fat decreased significantly after exercise interventions (SMD = −0.59 [95% CI: −0.78, −0.41], p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), with a larger effect size after high‐intensity interval training. In conclusion, exercise training is effective in improving cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight or obesity also when living with comorbitidies.
Evolution of searching effort for resources: a missing piece of the puzzle in the ideal free distribution paradigm
Authors: Forsman Jukka T. , Kivelä Sami M.
Published: May 2021

Animals commonly search for information about available resources to select a breeding or foraging site or a mate. Searching can be costly, which is why even random selection of resources may pay off. However, the evolution of searching effort in relation to key ecological factors and its ecological consequences remain insufficiently understood. We build a model to analyze the evolution of searching effort for resources in relation to key ecological factors; the cost of information acquisition, the cost of competition and the distribution of resource qualities. Evolutionarily stable searching effort decreased with increasing cost of information acquisition, eventually resulting in a random choice of resources. With a very low cost of information acquisition, evolutionarily stable searching effort increased with increasing proportion of low‐quality resources in the available resource distribution, while the opposite was predicted with a higher cost of information acquisition. Cost of competition had only a negligible effect on the evolution of searching effort, except that increasing cost of competition increased investment in information acquisition when a resource distribution was biased towards high‐quality resources. Informed resource selection (above‐zero investment in information acquisition) resulted in skewed distribution of individuals across resources. Consequently, expected fitness became more similar across resources with decreasing cost of information acquisition and associated increase in searching effort, thus approaching the prediction of the classical ideal free distribution (IFD) model stating that individuals distribute themselves so that fitness is invariant across resources. However, we predict a positive correlation between fitness and resource quality with biologically more realistic parameter values, contradicting the IFD model. Costly information acquisition may, thus, explain why IFD is not always found in empirical studies. Generally, our results imply that avoidance of poor choices is more important for the evolution of information acquisition strategies than making the very best choices.
Pacemaker guided screening for severe sleep apnea, a possible option for patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wyckmans Martin , Tukanov Eldar , Winters Robbe , Stinissen Robin , Vermeulen Helene , Dendale Paul , Desteghe Lien
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea is often underdiagnosed in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients although it is an important risk factor. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to assess which techniques cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) and Holter monitors use to screen for sleep apnea (SA), and to evaluate if these are suitable for AF patients from a diagnostic accuracy perspective.

Methods

The search was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA‐guidelines. PICO was defined as (P) patients with AF, (I) Holter monitors or CIED suitable for screening for SA, (C) overnight polysomnography (PSG), (O) positive screening with subsequent positive polysomnographic diagnosis of SA. Optimal index test cut‐off points corresponding to reference test cut‐off for severe SA (PSG‐AHI ≥ 30) were compared. Meta‐analysis was conducted for the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), with forest plot and ROC‐curve for summary DOR.

Results

A total of five prospective cohort studies (n = 192) were included in the systematic review of which four studies (n = 132) were included in the meta‐analysis. All included studies use transthoracic impedance measurement as a screening parameter. No studies evaluating Holter monitors were included. The population consisted of patients indicated for pacemaker implantation. The summary DOR was 27.14 (8.83; 83.37), AUC was 0.8689 (0.6872; 0.9456) and Q* was 0.8390 (0.7482; 0.9013).

Conclusion

At optimal pacemaker‐cut‐off, pacemaker‐guided screening for severe SA in patients with AF can be an effective triage tool for clinical practice. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to strengthen the evidence for this conclusion.
History as diplomacy in early modern Europe. Emanuel van Meteren’s Historia Belgica and international relations, 1596–1640
Authors: Helmers Helmer
Published: May 2021

The history of historiography has tended to disregard translations of early modern European vernacular histories. Whereas sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century histories frequently circulated in various languages, scholarship has predominantly analysed them in national historiographical silos. This article argues that this practice has led us to underestimate the role vernacular histories could play in international relations. By analysing the case of Emanuel van Meteren’s history of the Dutch Revolt, which was translated, adapted, and reprinted in various European vernaculars, it aims to show how we might understand early modern history‐writing as an aspect of diplomacy: a mode of writing and reporting that was deeply embedded in diplomatic culture and that aimed to shape, and was shaped by, international relations. To achieve this, the article 1) shows how Van Meteren’s historical work was an outcome of his trade in diplomatic intelligence and his position in diplomatic networks; 2) outlines the complicated international afterlife of his Dutch text; 3) analyses the book’s impact on international relations. All three aspects, it is suggested, are typical for the kind of annalistic history‐writing Van Meteren practiced. His case might therefore serve as a model for further research into the role of history‐writing in early modern (public) diplomacy.
Emotion dysregulation acts in the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation
Authors: Ponzoni Sara , Beomonte Zobel Sara , Rogier Guyonne , Velotti Patrizia
Published: May 2021

Suicide behaviors are peculiar aspects of several cluster B disorders, including Narcissistic Personality Disorder. To date, it is still unclear which facet of narcissism is more related to the desire to die and which other factors are involved in this relationship. This study aims to offer preliminary empirical evidences concerning the relationship between narcissism, emotion dysregulation and suicide ideation. We administered the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), PID‐5‐BF (Personality Inventory for DSM‐5‐Short Form) and Beck Scale for Suicide ideation (BSI) to a sample of individuals with suicide ideation (n = 70) and a sample of community participants (n = 154). Controlling for age, gender and Negative Affectivity, we found that BSI scores correlated significantly with the vulnerable dimension of narcissism, but not with the grandiose one, and with all DERS dimension, apart from Awareness. Nevertheless, emotion dysregulation moderates the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicide ideation. Suicide ideation seems to be deeply connected with the vulnerable dimension of pathological narcissism and the relationship between the constructs is totally mediated by emotion dysregulation. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed.
Assessing predictors of futility in patients receiving massive transfusions
Authors: Lo Brian D. , Merkel Kevin R. , Dougherty James L. , Kajstura Tymoteusz J. , Cruz Nicolas C. , Sikorski Robert A. , Frank Steven M.
Published: May 2021

Background

Massive transfusions are associated with a high mortality rate, but there is little evidence indicating when such efforts are futile. The purpose of this study was to identify clinical variables that could be used as futility indicators in massively transfused patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 138 adult surgical patients at our institution receiving a massive transfusion (2016–2019). Peak lactate and nadir pH within 24 h of massive transfusion initiation, along with other clinical variables, were assessed as predictors of the primary outcome, in‐hospital mortality.

Results

The overall rate of in‐hospital mortality among our patient population was 52.9% (n = 73). Increasing lactate and decreasing pH were associated with greater mortality among massively transfused patients. Mortality rates were ~2‐fold higher for patients in the highest lactate category (≥10.0 mmol/L: 25 of 37; 67.6%) compared to the lowest category (0.0–4.9 mmol/L: 17 of 48; 35.4%) (p = .005), and ~2.5‐fold higher for patients in the lowest pH category (<7.00: 8 of 9; 88.9%) compared to the highest category (≥7.40: 8 of 23; 34.7%) (p = .016). Increasing age was also associated with higher mortality (≥65 years: 24 of 33; 72.7%) when compared to younger patients (18–64 years: 49 of 105; 46.7%) (p = .010).

Conclusions

Peak lactate ≥10.0 mmol/L, nadir pH <7.00, and age ≥65 years were significantly associated with higher rates of in‐hospital mortality among massively transfused patients. Incorporating these clinical parameters into a futility index for massive transfusions will be useful in situations where blood products are scarce and/or mortality may be unavoidable.
Survey ofTrichinellain American minks (Neovison visonSchreber, 1777) and wild rodents (Muridae and Cricetidae) in Chile
Authors: Espinoza‐Rojas Hellen , Lobos‐Chávez Felipe , Silva‐de la Fuente María Carolina , Echeverry Diana Maritza , Muñoz‐Galaz Javiera , Yáñez‐Crisóstomo Claudio , Oyarzún‐Ruiz Pablo , Ortega René , Sandoval Daniel , Henríquez AnaLía , Moreno Salas Lucila , Acosta‐Jamett Gerardo , Landaeta‐Aqueveque Carlos
Published: May 2021

Trichinellosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution. Several hosts have been recognized around the world; however, there is a lack of knowledge of the role of feral mammals in Chile in its transmission. Herein, we tested muscle samples from 555 individuals among American minks (Neovison visonSchreber, 1777.n = 100) and several myomorph rodent species (Muridae and Cricetidae.n = 455) from southern Chile by artificial digestion to detectTrichinellalarvae and identified the larvae at the species level through molecular analyses. Rodents were captured in agricultural and wild protected areas of several administrative regions (hereafter: region), while minks were captured in agricultural areas of the Los Ríos region.Trichinella spiralislarvae were detected in a synanthropic black rat (0.24%) of the Ñuble region and in seven minks (7%) trapped in agricultural areas of the Los Ríos region. The present results suggest thatT. spiraliscirculation is restricted to synanthropic rodents and minks living in agricultural areas where the parasite circulates among domesticated pigs. This study represents the first record ofT. spiralisin a mustelid mammal in South America, increasing the number of feral species that could participate in the reservoir.
Evolution of Strain Gradient Formulation in Capturing Localization Phenomena in Granular Materials
Authors: Al Hattamleh O. , Muhunthan B.
Published: May 2021

This paper highlights the use of incorporating strain gradient into flow stress to study localization behavior in materials. Pioneered by Zbib and Aifantis in the late 1980s, the formulation enabled incorporation of length scales into continuum formulations naturally. The formulation has also evolved into being able to study the effects of microstructure and heterogeneity on localization in granular materials. A multi-slip Mohr–Coulomb type plasticity model with the flow stress in the constitutive equation modified with a higher order gradient term of the effective plastic strain is used for this purpose. The possibility of abrupt changes of mobilized friction caused by intense shearing rate often leads to particle breakage. Its effects on localization are accounted for by modifying the material properties such as mobilized friction using a scaling parameter averaged over a representative elementary area. The change of shearing rate in the integration points was monitored through quasi-statistically measure parameter called inertia number. The inertia number was set to be less than l.0 × 10−3 all the time to consider quasi-static. The formulation was implemented into a finite element code and used to simulate plane strain compression tests on dry sand. The model highlights the effects of confining pressure, anisotropic microstructure, and the non-coaxial angle between the direction of principal stress and principal plastic strain rate directions on shear band characteristics.
Convolutional Neural Networks for the Localization of Plastic Velocity Gradient Tensor in Polycrystalline Microstructures
Authors: Montes de Oca Zapiain David , Shanker Apaar , Kalidindi Surya R.
Published: May 2021

Recent work has demonstrated the potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in producing low-computational cost surrogate models for the localization of mechanical fields in two-phase microstructures. The extension of the same CNNs to polycrystalline microstructures is hindered by the lack of an efficient formalism for the representation of the crystal lattice orientation in the input channels of the CNNs. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits of using generalized spherical harmonics (GSH) for addressing this challenge. A CNN model was successfully trained to predict the local plastic velocity gradient fields in polycrystalline microstructures subjected to a macroscopically imposed loading condition. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach improves significantly the accuracy of the CNN models when compared with the direct use of Bunge–Euler angles to represent the crystal orientations in the input channels. Since the proposed approach implicitly satisfies the expected crystal symmetries in the specification of the input microstructure to the CNN, it opens new research directions for the adoption of CNNs in addressing a broad range of polycrystalline microstructure design and optimization problems.
Damping and Bandgap Characteristics of a Viscoelastic Tensegrity Damper
Authors: Raafat M. , Baz A.
Published: May 2021

A theoretical and experimental investigation of a new class of a tensegrity-based structural damper is presented. The damper is not only capable of attenuating undesirable structural vibrations, as all conventional dampers, but also capable of completely blocking the transmission of vibration over specific frequency bands by virtue of its periodicity. Such dual functionality distinguishes the tensegrity damper over its counterparts of existing structural dampers. Particular emphasis is placed here in presenting the concept and developing the mathematical model of the dynamics of a unit cell the damper. The model is then coupled with a Floquet–Bloch analysis in order to identify the bandgap characteristics of the damper. The predictions of the mathematical model are validated experimentally using a prototype of the damper which is built using 3D printing. Comprehensive material characterization of the damper is performed followed by a detailed extraction of the static and dynamic behavior of the damper in order to validate the theoretical predictions. Close agreement is observed between theory and experiments. The developed theoretical and experimental techniques provide invaluable means for the design of this new class of dampers, particularly for critical structural applications.
A viral genome packaging motor transitions between cyclic and helical symmetry to translocate dsDNA
Authors: Woodson Michael , Pajak Joshua , Mahler Bryon P. , Zhao Wei , Zhang Wei , Arya Gaurav , White Mark A. , Jardine Paul J. , Morais Marc C.
Published: May 2021

A virally encoded ASCE ATPase motor ratchets between helical and planar configurations to translocate dsDNA into viral procapsids.
A diverse member of the fungal Avr4 effector family interacts with de-esterified pectin in plant cell walls to disrupt their integrity
Authors: Chen Li-Hung , Kračun Stjepan K. , Nissen Karen S. , Mravec Jozef , Jørgensen Bodil , Labavitch John , Stergiopoulos Ioannis
Published: May 2021

A fungal effector interferes with Ca
2+
cross-linking in plant cell walls to loosen their structure in aid of infections.
The impact of relaxing interventions on human contact patterns and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in China
Authors: Zhang Juanjuan , Litvinova Maria , Liang Yuxia , Zheng Wen , Shi Huilin , Vespignani Alessandro , Viboud Cecile , Ajelli Marco , Yu Hongjie
Published: May 2021

Social contacts estimated in the post-lockdown period in four large Chinese cities are not sufficient to sustain local SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
E3 ligase c-Cbl regulates intestinal inflammation through suppressing fungi-induced noncanonical NF-κB activation
Authors: Duan Jie-Lin , He Hui-Qian , Yu Yao , Liu Tao , Ma Shu-Jun , Li Fan , Jiang Yan-Shan , Lin Xin , Li De-Dong , Lv Quan-Zhen , Ma Hui-Hui , Jia Xin-Ming
Published: May 2021

c-Cbl suppresses RelB activation to facilitate protective benefits of commensal fungi and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
Alternative glycosylation controls endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and tubular extension in mammalian cells
Authors: Kerselidou Despoina , Dohai Bushra Saeed , Nelson David R. , Daakour Sarah , De Cock Nicolas , Hassoun Zahra Al Oula , Kim Dae-Kyum , Olivet Julien , El Assal Diana C. , Jaiswal Ashish , Alzahmi Amnah , Saha Deeya , Pain Charlotte , Matthijssens Filip , Lemaitre Pierre , Herfs Michael , Chapuis Julien , Ghesquiere Bart , Vertommen Didier , Kriechbaumer Verena , Knoops Kèvin , Lopez-Iglesias Carmen , van Zandvoort Marc , Lambert Jean-Charles , Hanson Julien , Desmet Christophe , Thiry Marc , Lauersen Kyle J. , Vidal Marc , Van Vlierberghe Pieter , Dequiedt Franck , Salehi-Ashtiani Kourosh , Twizere Jean-Claude
Published: May 2021

Integration of multiomics and imaging identifies a glycosyltransferase enzyme regulating endoplasmic reticulum sizes.
Macrophage miR-210 induction and metabolic reprogramming in response to pathogen interaction boost life-threatening inflammation
Authors: Virga Federico , Cappellesso Federica , Stijlemans Benoit , Henze Anne-Theres , Trotta Rosa , Van Audenaerde Jonas , Mirchandani Ananda S. , Sanchez-Garcia Manuel A. , Vandewalle Jolien , Orso Francesca , Riera-Domingo Carla , Griffa Alberto , Ivan Cristina , Smits Evelien , Laoui Damya , Martelli Fabio , Langouche Lies , Van den Berghe Greet , Feron Olivier , Ghesquière Bart , Prenen Hans , Libert Claude , Walmsley Sarah R. , Corbet Cyril , Van Ginderachter Jo A. , Ivan Mircea , Taverna Daniela , Mazzone Massimiliano
Published: May 2021

Scientists found a new miRNA involved in macrophage responses, paving the way for an improved management of inflammatory diseases.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Practical use of continuous glucose monitoring
Authors: Soni Astha , Wright Neil , Agwu Juliana Chizo , Drew Josephine , Kershaw Melanie , Moudiotis Christopher , Regan Fiona , Williams Eleri , Timmis Alison , Ng Sze May
Published: May 2021

Type 1 diabetes is a self-managed condition. Regular monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels has been the cornerstone of diabetes management. Finger prick BG testing traditionally has been the standard method employed. More recently, rapid advancements in the development of continuous glucose monitoring devices have led to increased use of technology to help children and young people with diabetes manage their condition. These devices have the potential to improve diabetes control and reduce hypoglycaemia especially if used in conjunction with a pump to automate insulin delivery. This paper aims to provide an update on main CGM devices available and practical considerations for doctors if they come across a child with diabetes who is using one of these devices.
Long-term mortality among kidney transplant recipients with and without diabetes: a nationwide cohort study in the USA
Authors: Harding Jessica L , Pavkov Meda , Wang Zhensheng , Benoit Stephen , Burrows Nilka Ríos , Imperatore Giuseppina , Albright Ann L , Patzer Rachel
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Little is known about the role diabetes (type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D)) plays in modifying prognosis among kidney transplant recipients. Here, we compare mortality among transplant recipients with T1D, T2D and non-diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).

Research design and methods

We included 254 188 first-time single kidney transplant recipients aged ≥18 years from the US Renal Data System (2000–2018). Diabetes status, as primary cause of ESKD, was defined using International Classification of Disease 9th and 10th Clinical Modification codes. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models (right-censored) computed risk of death associated with T1D and T2D relative to non-diabetes. Trends in standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) (2000–2017), relative to the general US population, were assessed using Joinpoint regression.

Results

A total of 72 175 (28.4%) deaths occurred over a median survival time of 14.6 years. 5-year survival probabilities were 88%, 85% and 77% for non-diabetes, T1D and T2D, respectively. In adjusted models, mortality was highest for T1D (HR=1.95, (95% CI: 1.88 to 2.03)) and then T2D (1.65 (1.62 to 1.69)), as compared with non-diabetes. SMRs declined for non-diabetes, T1D, and T2D. However, in 2017, SMRs were 2.38 (2.31 to 2.45), 6.55 (6.07 to 7.06), and 3.82 (3.68 to 3.98), for non-diabetes, T1D and T2D, respectively.

Conclusions

In the USA, diabetes type is an important modifier in mortality risk among kidney transplant recipients with highest rates among people with T1D-related ESKD. Development of effective interventions that reduce excess mortality in transplant recipients with diabetes is needed, especially for T1D.
Implementing the Cardiff Model for violence prevention: using the diffusion of innovation theory to understand facilitators and barriers to implementation
Authors: Kohlbeck Sara , Levas Michael , Hernandez-Meier Jennifer , Hargarten Stephen
Published: May 2021

Objective

Interpersonal violence is an ongoing, vexing public health issue. Communities require comprehensive timely data on violence to plan and implement effective violence prevention strategies. Emergency departments (EDs) can play an important role in violence prevention. EDs treat injuries associated with violent crime, and they are well-positioned to systematically collect information about these injuries, including the location where the injury occurred. The Cardiff Model for Violence Prevention (The Cardiff Model) provides a framework for interdisciplinary data collection and sharing.

Methods

This paper uses the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a framework to present our experiences of implementing the Cardiff Model in several EDs that serve the Milwaukee area, and to detail the processes of data collection, linking and presentation across four different hospital systems.

Results

Implementing a city-wide data collection effort that involves multiple hospital systems is challenging. Viewing our findings through the lens of the Diffusion of Innovations theory provides a way to anticipate facilitators and challenges to Cardiff Model implementation in a hospital setting.

Conclusions

Facilitators and barriers to Cardiff Model adoption in the ED setting can be understood using the Diffusion of Innovation theory, and barriers can be interrupted through careful planning and continuous communication between partners.