bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ameloblastic carcinoma: case report and review
Authors: Nagai Noriyuki , Takeshita Nobuyoshi , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Inoue Masahisa , Nishijima Katsumi , Nojima Tetsudo , Yamasaki Masako , Hoh Chofuku
Published: April 2006

The histologic classification for odontogenic carcinomas is still under revision; thus, the differentiation between the terms “malignant ameloblastoma” and “ameloblastic carcinoma” has not been definitely stated. Nevertheless, it is recommended to reserve the former for those lesions that, in spite of an apparently innocuous histology, have given origin to metastatic growths, and to apply the latter for those ameloblastomas in which there is histologic evidence of malignancy in the primary, recurrent or metastatic lesions. A case of an ameloblastic carcinoma in the mandible is presented. Histologically, it was characterized by areas with features of a typical ameloblastoma and areas with anaplastic appearances.
Reactions of the oral mucosa related to silver amalgam: a review*
Authors: Holmstrup Palle
Published: April 2006

Lesions of the oral mucosa caused by amalgam restorations are rare. They may be due to Type IV contact hypersensitivity or toxic reactions to products generated by the restorations. Hypersensitivity reactions to amalgam seem to be related to mercury in almost all cases. The basis for requiring allergologic examination of patients suspected of contact hypersensitivity to amalgam is the presence of whitish or reddish, sometimes ulcerative oral mucosal lesions with a clear anatomic relation to amalgam fillings. The clinical features of lesions due to toxic reactions from amalgam restorations do not differ from those of lesions due to contact hypersensitivity, and the diagnosis is obtained by exclusion based on a negative patch test. Amalgam accidentally implanted in the oral mucosa results in amalgam tattoos which are flat lesions of bluish, blackish or slate grey color. Implanted amalgam does not produce an acute tissue response and need not be removed except for diagnostic reasons.
Oral candidosis in the elderly in long term hospital care
Authors: Wilkieson C. , Samaranayake L. P. , MacFarlane T. W. , Lamey P‐J. , MacKenzie D.
Published: April 2006

A total of 137 patients in long term hospital care were interviewed and examined to determine the prevalence, nature and most important causes of oral candidosis in the hospitalized elderly. Oral Candidal infection as determined by the imprint culture technique was present in 47% of patients with a further 31% being carriers of Candida. The prevalence of chronic atrophic candidosis in denture wearers was 38%, while 26% of all patients had angular cheilitis, 67% of which had an infective etiology. Microbiologic examination strongly indicated the upper denture as the major source of infection in those with dentures despite the existence of a ward policy which should have encouraged good oral and denture hygiene.
Systemic fluconazole therapy and in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells
Authors: Darwazeh A. M. G. , Lamey P.‐J. , Lewis M. A. O. , Samaranayake L. P.
Published: April 2006

The adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells (EEC) from four healthy dentate men was studied in vitro I wk before, during and after a course of systemic fluconazole (50 mg once daily for 1 wk). After 1 wk of fluconazole intake candidal adhesion to BEC was significantly reduced and this reduction persisted for a week following completion of therapy. Fluconazole, therefore, in addition to being an effective antifungal agent may also have a sustained action on reducing adherence of candidal species to the oral mucosa.
Epstein‐Barr virus receptors but not viral DMA are present in normal and malignant oral epithelium
Authors: Talacko A. A. , Teo C. G. , Griffin B. E. , Johnson N. W.
Published: April 2006

The presence and distribution of Epstein‐Barr Virus receptors (EBVR's) on a range of normal (n= 18), dysplastic (n= 10) and malignant (n= 20) oral mucosa were studied by immunocytochemical methods using the monoclonal antibodies (MAb's) HB5 and B2. EBVR's were demonstrated as membrane staining of the spinous layers of normal non‐ and parakeratinized epithelium, indicating that EBVR's are differentiation‐linked. This distribution was retained in dysplastic epithelium. Tissue from oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC's) showed variable reactivity of only a few cells scattered randomly within the samples. Furthermore, a sensitive in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was used to determine if Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was present in normal (n= 15) and oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues (n= 20). No EBV DNA was demonstrated within either normal or malignant epithelium, suggesting that the virus does not persist in normal oral stratified squamous epithelium nor is there any evidence for a role in oral carcinogenesis.
Cell kinetics and response to primary intra–arterial chemotherapy in patients with advanced oral cavity tumors
Authors: Molinari R. , Costa A. , Veneroni S. , Mattavelli F. , Salvatori P. , Silvestrini R.
Published: April 2006

The relationship was analyzed between cell kinetics, defined as 3H‐thymidine labeling index (3H‐TdR LI), and clinical responses for 35 previously untreated patients with locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. Patients were treated with three cycles of vincristine and bleomycin (VB) or of VB plus methotrexate (VBM), given by intra‐arterial infusion followed by surgery. The objective clinical response rate was higher after VBM treatment than after VB, whereas overall clinical response rates were similar for patients with slowly or rapidly proliferating tumors. The probability of relapse‐free survival at 4 yr and overall survival was significantly higher for patients with high 3H‐TdR LI tumors given VBM than for those given VB. For patients with slowly proliferating tumors, there were no differences in relapse‐free survival and overall survival between the two treatments. These data suggest that patients with rapidly proliferating tumors benefit from primary intensive chemotherapy treatment including methotrexate and that cell kinetics can be used to formulate rational clinical protocols for oral cavity cancers.
Immunohistochemical study of four histologic types of parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma
Authors: Aroni K. , Fotiou G. , Liossi A. , Bazopoulou E. , Kyrkou K.
Published: April 2006

The immunohistochemical detection of lysozyme, lactoferrin, a1‐antiohytnotrypsin and a1‐antitrypsin was used to investigate the marker expression and histogenesis of each one of four histologic types of 20 parotid gland pleomorphic adenomas. Moreover, 10 adult and 20 neonate parotid glands were studied. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that tumor types 1 and 2 are nearly identical immunohistochemically while types 3 and 4 differ from one another, as well as from types 1 and 2. The markers used failed to suggest that the tumor arises from epithelial cells of any specific anatomic part of the parotid gland.
Light microscopic, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of a rat odontogenic epithelial cell line.
Authors: Odukoya Onatolu , MacDonald D. Gordon , Moore Ian A. R. , Brown Ian L.
Published: April 2006

An odontogenic epithelial cell line, ROE‐2B, was established by propagating disaggregated immature, unmineralized maxillary third molar tooth germs from 11‐day old Sprague‐Dawley rats on a feeder layer of Mitomycin‐C treated NIH 3T3 embryonic mouse fibroblasts. The cell line has been maintained for more than 6 months and through 7 passages. Light microscopic examination of cells revealed colonies with epithelial morphology. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the epithelial nature by the demonstration of tonofilaments, desmosomes and basal lamina. Cells were also shown to have secretory vacuoles, an abundance of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, Golgi complex and mitochondria. Surface activity in the form of pseudopodia‐like projections and micropinocytosis were noted. Epithelial cells forming keratin were demonstrated by a positive histochemical reaction with Rhodanile Blue. Immunohistochemical studies showed a positive reaction for CAM 5.2 indicating that the ROE‐2B cells express the cytokeratins of simple or glandular epithelia. The ROE‐2B cell line will be useful for studies on in vitro biological behaviour of odontogenic epithelial cells, and may allow the establishment of in vitro models of odontogenic tumours.
Papilliferous keratoameloblastoma
Authors: Altini M. , deV Slabbert H , Johnston T.
Published: April 2006

A case of papilliferous keratoameloblastoma is reported which is only the second ever documented. The patient was a 76‐yr‐old black woman with a large expansile multilocular radiolucency of the body, angle and ramus of the mandible. Histologically the lesion consisted of sheets of cystic follicles filled with necrotic debris and sometimes parakeratin. The vast majority of the follicles were lined by a papilliferous epithelium consisting of large rounded cells with centrally placed nuclei. True papillary projections with cores of connective tissue were also present. The remainder of the follicles were lined by a thin parakeratinising stratified squamous epithelium. Histological features characteristic of ameloblastoma were absent. Final classification of these lesions will have to await the reporting of further cases.
Chronic hyperplastic candidosis and secretor status
Authors: Lamey P.‐J. , Darwazeh A. M. G. , Muirhead J. , Rennie J. S. , Samaranayake L. P. , MacFarlane T. W.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study was undertaken of 22 patients with chronic hyperplastic candidosis and 50 age and sex matched individuals with no evidence of oral mucosal disease. Specifically the relationship between the inherited ability to secrete blood group antigens in saliva and chronic hyperplastic candidosis was investigated. The proportion of non‐secretors of blood group antigens was significantly higher in patients with chronic hyperplastic candidosis (68%) compared to the control subjects (38%). The inability to secrete blood group antigens in saliva may therefore be a risk factor in the development of, or persistence of chronic hyperplastic candidosis.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infection in human oral mucosa in culture
Authors: Yura Y. , Iga H. , Kondo Y. , Harada K. , Yanagawa T. , Yoshida H. , Sato M.
Published: April 2006

To examine the sensitivity of human oral mucosa to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and type 2 (HSV‐2) infection, human gingival mucosa explants were infected with either HSV‐1 or HSV‐2 in vitro and the expression of virus specific antigen was examined by the immunofluorescent antibody technique. HSV‐2 antigen was found in the basement membrane, basal cell layer and lower prickle cell layer. This finding was consistent with the HSV‐1 infection. Electron microscopic study revealed the presence of nucleocapsids and enveloped virus particles in the basal cells of HSV‐2‐infected organ cultures. These findings indicate that human gingival mucosa is sensitive to infection with HSV‐2, as well as HSV‐1, and that the virus may replicate in the undifferentiated epithelial cells of mucosal epithelium.
Plasma protein changes in chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws
Authors: Wannfors Karin , Hansson Lars Olov
Published: April 2006

In the present study, quantification of different serum proteins known as inflammatory reactans was performed during different stages of chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws, to find a suitable tool for evaluation of treatment. In all 46 sera from 17 osteomyelitis patients and 6 healthy subjects were analyzed. Repeated measurements of alfa‐1‐antitrypsin, orosomucoid and haptoglobin could be recommended for following‐tip the effect of treatment, although too extensive conclusions should not be drawn from single measurements. The serum levels of these proteins seemed to co‐vary with the clinical activity of the disease. Since the synthesis of the immunoglobulins only indirectly reflects the inflammatory activity, they are not considered to be suitable markers of inflammation, although their concentration in serum varied with the clinical activity. A certain “mass of inflammation” seemed to be necessary before raised values of Creactive protein were detected. No information was gained from albumin concentration.
Immunohistochemical investigation in odontogenic myxoma
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Fujita Shuichi , Okabe Haruo
Published: April 2006

Three odontogenic myxomas are described immunohistochemically by a panel of poly‐ and monoclonal antibodies to characterize this tumor type. Three types of odontogenic myxoma cells were discriminated: spindle cells, stellate cells and hyaline cells. Neoplastic cells of myxomas were positively stained for transferrin, ferritin. alpha‐ 1‐antichymotrypsin (α1‐ACT), alpha‐ 1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT), S‐100 protein and vimentin; however, neuron specific enolase (NSE), S‐100 α subunit, S‐100 β subunit, Factor VIII‐related antigen (FVIII‐AG) and cytokeratin (CK1) were negative. Spindle cells were positive for transferrin, ferritin, α1‐ACT, α1‐AT, S‐100 protein and vimentin. Stellate cells were strongly positive for transferrin, α1‐AT, S‐100 protein and vimentin. Hyaline cells reacted with α1‐ACT and α1‐AT. Myxomatous matrix showed negative reaction for all the antibodies used. These results have confirmed that odontogenic myxoma is a tumor of a dual fibroblastic‐histiocytic origin.
Effects of tobacco and diuretics on human palatal salivary glands
Authors: Eliasson Lars , Heyden Guy , Landahl Sten , Steen Bertil
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of macrophotographically documented sialadenitis in the palatal mucosa of 184 probands, aged 23 yr or older, was studied in the Koster Health project. A total of 75 (mean age 58.9) revealed inflammatory changes around the duct orifices of the palatal glands. In 10, biopsies were performed for histomorphologic analyses to confirm the diagnosis of sialadenitis. Statistics with matched pairs showed a significantly higher ratio of tobacco use among individuals with sialadenitis than among those with clinically unchanged palatal gland orifices. A relationship between the use of diuretics and sialadenitis was also statistically significant. It can be concluded that tobacco use and diuretics may induce inflammatory changes in the palatal glands and that macrophotography of the palatal mucosa may serve as a valuable, non‐invasive method for scoring sialadenitis.
Fibronectins in healing incision, excision and laser wounds
Authors: Luomanen Marita , Virtanen Ismo
Published: April 2006

The distribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins, fibronectins (FNs), was studied in healing scalpel incision, excision and laser wounds of rat tongue dorsal mucosa over a healing period of 42 days by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using mono‐ and polyclonal antibodies. A monoclonal antibody (Mab) DH1 was used to detect extradomain‐A containing cellular fibronectin (ED‐AcFN), and a polyclonal antiserum was utilized to recognize all forms of FNs. In normal tissue ED‐AcFN was confined only to the endothelia of larger blood vessels whereas in healing wounds abundant immunoreactive deposits were found in regenerating connective tissue and endothelia of capillaries. The increased content of FNs revealed with both antibodies subsided later on during healing. The results suggest that the locally produced ED‐AcFN is essential for tissue regeneration and plays a distinct functional role during wound healing. Laser treatment did not affect the ability of wound fibroblasts to synthesize and deposit cFN. The results provide further evidence that certain embryonic characteristics are seen in regenerating tissue.
Human papillomavirus type 16 DMA in an odontogenic keratocyst
Authors: Cox Martyn , Eveson John , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

DNA was extracted from an odontogenic keratocyst and assayed for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 DNA sequences using high stringency Southern blot hybridization. HPV type 16 homologous DNA sequences were detected at a copy number of 50–100 genome copies per diploid cell. The oral HPV DNA was not identical to the prototype HPV 16 when cleaved with the restriction enzyme Pst‐I, since it appeared to lack the Pst‐I C fragment (L2/LI ORFs) and contained “off‐sized” high molecular weight fragments suggestive of integration events into the host cell chromosome.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: biologic profile based on 499 cases
Authors: Philipsen H. P. , Reichart P. A. , Zhang K. H. , Nikai H. , Yu Q. X.
Published: April 2006

Topographically, the AOT occurs in peripheral and central variants, the latter further in follicular (with embedded tooth) and extrafollicular (no embedded tooth) types. The AOT is slow growing with few or no symptoms. Tumor growth may cause displacement of teeth rather than root resorption. The follicular AOT mimics a follicular cyst, the extrafollicular a residual or “globulo‐maxillary” cyst and the peripheral a gingival fibroma. All variants of AOT show identical histologic features. The central variants account for 97.2%, 73.0% of which are follicular. The follicular variant (M:F ratio 1 to 1.9) is three times as frequent as the extrafollicular. The follicular variant is diagnosed earlier in life (mean age 17 yr) than the extrafollicular (mean age 24 yr). 53.1% of all variants occur within the teens (13–19 yr). Follicular AOT is associated with one embedded tooth in 93.2%. Maxillary permanent canines account for 41.7% and all four canines for 60.1% of AOT‐associated embedded teeth. Ranking four among the odontogenic tumors the AOT is not a particularly rare tumor. Conservative surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Documented recurrences have not been reported.
Eruption disturbances of permanent molars: a review
Authors: Raghoebar G. M. , Boering G. , Vissink A. , Stegenga B.
Published: April 2006

Eruption disturbances of permanent molars may become clinically and radio‐graphically manifest as impaction, primary retention or secondary retention. This may result in clinical problems such as malocclusion and loss of neighboring teeth due to caries and periodontal disease. Which of these disorders will develop, depends primarily on the eruptive stage. Factors that may interfere with the eruptive stages (i.e. follicular growth, pre‐emergent eruptive spurt, postemergent eruptive spurt, juvenile occlusal equilibrium, circumpubertal occlusal eruptive spurt, adult occlusal equilibrium) and the clinical consequences of that interference are reviewed. Treatment recommendations are given.
Altered patterns of keratin expression in oral hairy leukoplakia: prognostic implications
Authors: Williams D. M. , Leigh I. M. , Greenspan D. , Greenspan J. S.
Published: April 2006

To establish why the lateral border of tongue is the site of predilection for the development of hairy leukoplakia (HL) and to understand its likely behavior, the pattern of keratin expression was compared in 8HL lesions with matched controls in an immunocytochemical study. Keratins 7, 8, 18 were absent in HL and normals; uniform basal keratin 19 was present in normals but much reduced in HL. Loss of conformationally sensitive epitopes of keratin 14 in lower epithelial layers was seen in HL. Overall expression of non‐cornifying keratins 4/13 was reduced in HL and completely lost in the parakeratin zone. Expression of the high‐turnover keratins 6/16 was reduced in HL. The HL keratin phenotype suggests that no dysplastic change is likely, but in contrast there is enhanced differentiation, which suggests a benign course for the condition.
Aureobasidium infection of the jaw
Authors: Koppang H. S. , Olsen I. , Stuge U. , Sandven P.
Published: April 2006

A 32‐yr‐old white North American male resident of Norway presented with an asymptomatic radiolucency first identified 3 yr after the removal of an impacted mandibular right third molar in Southern California 16 yr previously. Surgical exploration revealed an intraosseous cavity filled with a black, homogeneous, gelatinous substance thought to be foreign material, but which was diagnosed histologically as containing black yeasts. Cultivation of a microbiologic sample for 6 wk grew black yeast‐like colonies. The yeast isolate was identified as an Aureobasidium species different from the typical A. pullulans. A blood sample was negative with regard to antibodies both with double diffusion technique and ELISA. Also, examination with respect to dermatologic manifestations gave negative results. Flucytocin 10 g/d was administered systemically for 30 d. Six months postoperatively bone regeneration was satisfactory radiologically.
Lingual hyperkeratosis in dyskeratosis congenita: ultrastructural findings
Authors: McKay G. S. , Ogden G. R. , Chisholm D. M.
Published: April 2006

The first ultrastructural description of the mucosal lesions of lingual hyperkeratosis in dyskeratosis congenita is reported. The histology described may help explain the high incidence, later in life, of cancerous change in these leukoplakic patches.
Serum cytokine levels in patients with oral mucous membrane disorders
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Yoneda Kazunori , Ueta Eisaku , Hirota Jusui , Osaki Tokio
Published: April 2006

Serum cytokine levels were examined in 18 oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 26 lichen planus (OLP), 20 recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 8 herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS), 16 pseudomembrane candidiasis (PMC) and 19 acute bacterial infection (AB1) eases. All SCC and most PMC patients possessed clear serum IL‐3. No clear increase of IL‐4 was observed in most cases though over 20 pg/ml were found in a few OLP, RAS and AB1. ABI exhibited the highest IL‐6. and the cytokine level was lower in RAS, PMC. HGS and OLP in this order. Suppressed IL‐6 activity was elevated with improvement of HGS lesion. TNp‐α increased in 9 OLP, but the levels were below 100 pg/ml in all cases. Most SCC possessed higher GM‐CSF activity than the controls. Increase of the cytokine corresponding with improvement of the oral lesion was seen in HGS, but not in OLP. From these results, each serum cytokine seems to reflect a characteristic pathophysiology of individual oral disorder.
Mixed salivary glucose levels and candidal carriage in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Darwazeh A. M. G. , MacFarlane T. W. , McCuish A. , Lamey P.‐J.
Published: April 2006

The glucose concentration in unstimulated mixed saliva and serum was assayed and correlated with oral candidal colonization in 41 diabetics and 34 healthy control subjects. In diabetic patients, salivary glucose concentration was significantly higher than in the controls and was directly related to blood glucose concentration. Although the difference in the frequency and quantity of oral candidal isolation failed to reach significance between the two groups, diabetic patients who carried Candida intraorally had significantly higher salivary glucose concentrations than those in whom Candida could not be isolated.
The oral mucosa of the MRL/I mouse: a synoptic picture of systemic autoimmune disorders
Authors: Barbeau Jean , Deslauriers Nöella
Published: April 2006

The oral manifestations of systemic autoimmunity were investigated in a kinetic study of the MRL/1 mouse. Lesions in the epithelium, connective tissue and minor salivary glands were characterized in serial sections of the soft palate and the cheeks with respect to 1) the type of inflammatory cells present, 2) the presence and type of vasculitis, 3) the presence of necrosis, 4)the occurrence of deposits. By the age of 16 wk, 100% of our animals had developed mild to severe lesions in at least one compartment of the mucosa. Between 16 and 32 wk of age, pathologic manifestations affected the epithelial and subepithelial tissues, the striated muscle tissue, the vascular system and, much less frequently, the minor salivary gland network.
Evaluation of the nucleolar organizer region associated proteins in minor salivary gland tumors
Authors: van Heerden Willie F. P. , Raubenheimer Erich J
Published: April 2006

Forty‐three intraoral salivary gland tumors were studied to determine the value of the AgNOR technique in the assessment of these neoplasms. Well defined black dots were visible in the nucleii of all the specimens studied. The mean AgNOR count per nucleus for each tumor was calculated as follows: pleomorphic adenoma (n= 15) 1.52; Polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (n= 12) 1.90; adenoid cystic carcinoma (n= 6) 2.92; mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n= 4) 1.93; carcinoma ex mixed tumor (n= 4) 2.05; undifferentiated carcinoma (n= 1) 3.13 and epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (n= 1) 2.23. The difference between the means of benign and malignant tumors (P < 0.01) and polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (P < 0.01) were highly significant. The overlapping of the AgNOR count between various tumors prohibited the use of this technique as an absolute criterion in establishing a final diagnosis. It could however be used as a diagnostic aid in differentiating between salivary gland neoplasms.
Experimental odontogenic tumors produced by ethylnitrosourea injections and mechanical injuries
Authors: Maeda Hatsuhiko , Kameyama Yoichiro , Fujita Katsutoshi , Sato Emiko , Mizutani Makoto
Published: April 2006

The present study was carried out to investigate odontogenic tumor induction in the rats by injections of carcinogen N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) coupled with incisional wounds. The animals which received local injections of ENU in the region of incisor tooth germ of the right mandible every other day for 19 days after birth coupled with incisional wounding in the same region at 2 and 8 days, developed odontogenic carcinomas. However, the animals which were given local injections of ENU in the region of incisor tooth germ but did not receive incisional wounds, showed no pathologic changes. The animals which received both local injections of physiologic salt solution and incisional wounds in the same manner as mentioned above, did not exhibit any pathologic changes. The present results indicate that local administration of carcinogen ENU coupled with mechanical injuries, namely incisional wounding, caused the production of odontogenic carcinomas in the incisor region of the mandible in rats.
Residual cementoblastoma of the mandible
Authors: Baart J. A. , Lekkas C. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

An unusual case of a residual cementoblastoma in a 24‐yr‐old man is described. The final diagnosis has been based on the history and the clinical, radiographic and histologic features. The lesion has been removed in toto. During the ten‐year follow‐up no signs of recurrence have been noticed.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and their associations with oral disease
Authors: Chang Fuju , Syrjänen Stina , Kellokoski Jari , Syrjänen Kari
Published: April 2006

More than 65 distinct types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified to date. Several of the HPV types have been proposed as etiologic agents of squamous cell carcinoma. In the oral cavity, HPVs have been found associated with several benign squamous cell proliferations. Evidence from histology and DNA hybridization studies suggests that HPV is also involved in oral carcinogenesis. It is apparent, however, that substantial amount of confusion exists in the diagnosis of oral HPV infections. The keratotic, papillary lesions in the oral cavity are usually small and easily overlooked. The gross appearance of these viral lesions is not distinct enough to be readily diagnosed by the clinicians. Degenerative changes found on oral mucosa frequently simulate koilocytosis. Thus, caution should be exercised to avoid overdiagnosis of HPV infection in the oral cavity. The present review summarizes the current evidence available on HPV infections in general and on oral HPV infections in particular. The diagnostic techniques available as well as the problems encountered in the distinction of these lesions are also discussed in short.
A papillomavirus related to HPV type 13 in oral focal epithelial hyperplasia in the pygmy chimpanzee
Authors: Van Ranst M. , Fuse A. , Sobis H. , De Meurichy W. , Syrjanen S. M. , Billiau A. , Opdenakker G.
Published: April 2006

An epizootic or focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) or Morbus Heck in a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) colony is described. Papovavirus‐like particles were observed in the nuclei of epithelial cells. Analysis of the DNA of the lesions revealed an episomal papillomavirus‐specific band with a molecular size of approximately 8,000 bp. In situ hybridization under high stringency conditions showed cross‐hybridization between the chimpanzee papillomavirus DNA and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 13. The latter virus is uniquely associated with oral disease in man. This is the first demonstration of the association of a HPV 13‐related pygmy chimpanzee papillomavirus (PCPV) and oral epithelial hyperplasia in a nonhuman primate.
Phenotyping of immunocompetent cells in normal labial and palatal salivary glands and in non‐autoimmune sialadenitis
Authors: Vigneswaran N. , Peters K‐P. , Diepgen T. L. , Wahlich C. , Hornstein O. P. , Haneke E.
Published: April 2006

Different types of inflammatory cells in healthy major and minor salivary glands (SG), including those in labial and palatal non‐autoimmune sialadenitis, were quantified immunohistochemically. Plasma cells, mainly IgA type predominated in all SG types, with the smallest number seen in the palatal glands. The numbers of common leukocyte antigen (CLA) reactive lymphocytes were greater in major SGs than in minor ones and were predominantly UCHLl positive T cell type. Macrophages and neutrophils were absent in palatal glands, rarely present in labial ones and usually present in major SGs. Increases in the number of IgG and IgM plasma cells and lymphocytes (CLA+) which include both UCHL1+ T and L26+ B cell types, were found in non‐autoimmune labial and palatal sialadenitis. There was no significant correlation between the number of the inflammatory cells and the degree of glandular atrophy in both labial and palatal non‐autoimmune sialadenitis. Increase in their number represents a protective response of these glands in contrast to the inflammatory cells in major autoimmune sialadenitis playing there a pathogenetic role.
Permanent teeth in hypophosphatasia: light and electron microscopic study
Authors: El‐Labban N. G. , Lee K. W. , Rule D.
Published: April 2006

The changes in a permanent central incisor of a patient suffering from hypophosphatasia, were investigated light microscopically and compared with those of two of his primary teeth. In addition his other central incisor was studied with transmission and scanning EM. The changes in permanent teeth were similar to those of the primary dentition, including loss of cementum and the presence of deep resorption areas in dentin. Afibrillar cementum was detected with EM, and was attached to dentin surface. The presence of a thick layer of bacterial plaque was a prominent feature in all the teeth examined. A large number of bacteria was also found in resorption bays. It is suggested that bacteria may play an important role in the destruction of soft and hard tissues leading to loss of teeth in hypophosphatasia.
Aberrant glycosylation in oral malignant and premalignant lesions
Authors: Dabelsteen E. , Clausen H. , Mandel U.
Published: April 2006

Cell surface carbohydrates serve as differentiation and developmental markers characteristic of different cell and tissue types. The expression of these carbohydrate antigens is often significantly altered in tumors, particularly in those arising from epithelial tissues. Analysis of cell surface carbohydrates in oral epithelium have shown that in normal epithelium they are expressed in a way that shorter carbohydrates are found on basal cells and that these carbohydrate structures are elongated parallel to terminal differention. The carbohydrate expression is altered in oral carcinomas and in some oral premalignant lesions. The change in carbohydrate expression can at present be explained by the lack of synthesis of specific glycosyltransferases. We have found mosaism in the expression of carbohydrate antigens in all tumors and have found that the expression of a specific carbohydrate in the deep invasive parts of the tumor correlates with tumor prognosis.
Reproducibility of two malignancy grading systems with reportedly prognostic value for oral cancer patients
Authors: Bryne Magne , Nielsen Karsten , Koppang Hanna S. , Dabelsteen Erik
Published: April 2006

Supplementary prognostic factors should be added to the TNM classification for oral squamous cell carcinomas in order to optimize its clinical value. We have recently published two prognostically valuable malignancy grading systems based on histopathology and immunohistology of the most invasive cells in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). However, a major problem with classifications based on histologic features is frequent lack of interobserver agreement which limits the clinical value of subjective histologic classifications. Thirty‐eight file cases of OSCCs were therefore graded by three pathologists according to criteria of the histologic malignancy grading system which includes 5 morphologic features, each graded from I to 4. Agreement was calculated by kappa statistics, which showed that interobserver agreement was not optimal, but significantly better than by chance alone. We also studied the reproducibility of grading of immunohistologic membrane expression of a tumor‐associated marker (blood group antigen H), and found a similar level of agreement. We conclude that the clinical value of our grading systems will increase by improving reproducibility.
Adult and infantile myofibromatosis: a report of three cases affecting the oral cavity
Authors: Speight P. M. , Dayan D. , Fletcher C. D. M.
Published: April 2006

Myofibromatosis is a rare but well recognized entity which was originally thought to affect only neonates and infants. It is now apparent however that adults may also be affected. Solitary cases affecting the oral cavity appear to be rare and only two cases of solitary lesions in adults appear in the literature. This report documents three solitary cases; two typical lesions in infants and a lesion from the tongue of an adult. The lesions were composed of small polygonal cells and large elongated cells in a scant fibrous stroma. The elongated spindle cells were identified as myofibroblasts by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. The lesions showed characteristic features which enabled them to be distinguished from other fibrous lesions and from benign or malignant smooth muscle tumors with which they have frequently been confused.
Effects of gamma radiation on incisor development of the prenatal albino mouse
Authors: Saad A. Yousef , Abdelazim Ali A. , El‐Khashab Mostafa M. , Mansour Mohamed A.
Published: April 2006

Fetuses of pregnant albino mouse exposed to 400 rad of γ‐irradiation, on the 12th gestational day, were compared with unirradiated fetuses to asses the radiation effect on developing incisors. Pregnant animals were sacrificed on day 18 post coitum, and their fetuses were decapitated. Heads were routinely prepared, frontally sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histologic examination demonstrated that the development of the maxillary and mandibular incisors was retarded in all the experimental fetuses and were in early bell stage, whereas those of the control animals were elaborated their matrices. It was concluded that γ‐irradiation interferes with cytodifferentiation of the enamel organ and dental papilla and subsequently inhibits normal odontogenesis.
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Wray D. , Charon J.
Published: April 2006

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the predominant cell type in the established lesion of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The function of these cells was studied in 15 patients with RAS and 15 age and sex matched controls. Production of oxygen radicals was assessed using cytochrome‐c and nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) reduction assays. Oxidative metabolism was found to be similar for experimental and control groups in both stimulated and non‐stimulated assays. Adherence to glass surfaces by PMN was also measured. Adherence of PMN, both from patients and controls, was significantly reduced by serum, but to a lesser extent by serum from patients compared to controls. This effect of serum on adherence was reversed by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. These studies suggest that increased adherence of stimulated PMN, due to humoral factors, may be involved in perpetuating ulcerative lesions in RAS.
In situ detection of HPV DNA in oral mucosal lesions. A comparison of two hybridization kits
Authors: Miller Craig S. , Zeuss Maria S. , White Dean K.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of ViraType in situ hybridization kit (Life Technologies, Inc. [LT] and PathoGene (Enzo Diagnostics, Inc. [ED]) in situ hybridization kit for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection in oral tissue. Forty benign oral lesions histologically suspicious for HPV infection were analyzed. Specimens were hybridized with DNA probes specific for HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 [LT] and HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/51 [ED]. Positive hybridization reactions were seen for HPV DNA type 6/11 only. Hybridization occurred significantly more often (p < 0.01, McNemar Exact Test) in LT probed specimens (20/40) than ED assayed sections (12/40). HPV DNA sequences were found in 100% condyloma acuminata (13/13), 100% verruca vulgaris (4/4), and 13% squamous papilloma (3/23) using the LT system. The ED probes yielded positive signals in 77% condyloma acuminata (10/13), 25% verruca vulgaris (1/4), and 4.4% squamous papilloma (1/23). A more intense hybridization signal was exhibited using the LT system. The results indicate that the LT probes and detection reagents are more sensitive for detecting HPV DNA in oral mucosal specimens.
Ectomesenchyme of ameloblastic fibroma reveals a characteristic distribution of extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Becker J. , Reichart P. A. , Schuppan D. , Philipsen H. P.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of collagens type I, IV and VI, procollagen type III and of undulin was studied in four cases of ameloblastic fibroma (AF). The ectomesenchyme of AF revealed an as yet unobserved organization of these extracellular matrix proteins with collagen type VI clearly predominating over collagen type I, procollagen type III and undulin, that showed a weak and amorphous distribution throughout the tumor stroma. Undulin, a glycoprotein that is associated with mature collagen fibrils and with differentiated tissues, was not detectable in the tumor stroma of AF except for a slow expression around capillaries and in areas with a high cellularity. We could demonstrate that the characteristics of extracellular matrix composition allowed a clear distinction between the ectomesenchyme of AF and the adjacent normal mesenchymal stroma. Due to the specific staining patterns it was possible to detect epithelial tumor islands outside the typical ectomesenchymal stroma. Our findings furthermore indicate that epithelial cells of AF invade the adjacent normal mesenchyme possibly inducing de novo formation of ectomesenchymal tumor stroma.
Cyclosporin‐A increases type I procollagen production and mRNA level in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Schincaglia G. P. , Forniti F. , Cavallini R. , Piva R. , Calura G. , del Senno L.
Published: April 2006

In order to study the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth induced by the immuno‐suppressive drug cyclosporine‐A (CyA), we investigated its effect on 3H thymidine incorporation and on collagen production and mRNA levels in fibroblast cultures obtained from normal human gingiva. At concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 ng/ml, CyA did not modify thymidine incorporation after 24 and 72 h of incubation. However, after 24 h it significantly increased the level of 3H proline‐containing proteins in the medium. In addition, CyA increased α‐procollagen chains by up to three times. This CyA‐induced change was related to a rise in the level of type I procollagen. The CyA effect on fibroblasts was markedly reduced by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and it correlated well with an increase of type I procollagen mRNA. Overall, our data indicate a direct stimulatory action of CyA on collagen synthesis, but not on DNA synthesis, in human gingival fibroblasts.
Scanning electron microscopic study of primary teeth in X‐linked amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Aldred Michael J. , Crawford Peter J. M. , Rowe Wendy , Shellis R. Peter
Published: April 2006

Exfoliated primary teeth from a boy and a girl from a family with X‐linked amelogenesis imperfecta (XAI) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Teeth from the boy featured multiple shallow depressions on the enamel surface interspersed with deeper tubular voids. Shallow depressions and similar tubular defects were also apparent in control teeth from an unaffected individual but these were less frequent, irregularly distributed and less marked. Teeth from the heterozygous girl had broad furrows running longitudinally from the cusp(s) of the tooth cervically. These furrows were formed by a series of saucerized depressions which merged together in some areas. The bases of these depressions featured tubular voids extending into the enamel. These similar voids in teeth from both boy and girl probably represent enamel prism spaces vacant because of defective enamel protein synthesis and/or mineralization. Although the scanning electron microscopic features of teeth from females observed in this and previous studies of XAI differ, the enamel appears to be more similar in males with differing clinical XAI phenotypes.
Oral infections in the immunocompromised host
Authors: Peterson Douglas E. , Greenspan Deborah , Squier Christopher A. , Peterson Douglas E. , Greenspan Deborah , Murray Patricia
Published: April 2006

This paper provides a summary of a recent International Association for Dental Research symposium, “Oral infections in the immunocompromised host.” Speakers addressed current science relative to the host defense system (oral mucosal barrier, salivary gland function, use of biologic response modifiers), as well as characteristics of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Avenues for future directions in laboratory and clinical research are proposed.
Changes in saliva of epileptic patients
Authors: Amerongen A. V. Nieuw , Strooker H. , Oderkerk C. H. , Bank R. A. , Henskens Y. M. C. , Schenkels L. C. P. M. , Ligtenberg A. J. M. , Veerman E. C. I.
Published: April 2006

Unstimulated whole saliva samples of 27 indoor epileptic patients were studied on their protein composition using biochemical and immunochemical methods. A number of salivary proteins appeared at least partially to be hydrolyzed. In a number of saliva samples the concentration of carbohydrate‐containing isoenzymes of amylase was reduced. In addition, the concentration of the 20 kD glycoprotein EP‐GP was reduced by 60%. Sialic acid, the terminal sugar of the glycoproteins and mucins, was released for about 50% and in three salivas even nearly completely. Moreover, sialic acid‐ and fucose‐containing epitopes could hardly be detected by monoclonal antibodies to human salivary mucins. As a consequence of this hydrolytic breakdown the saliva mediated aggregation of two S. sanguis strains had been reduced. In contrast, the aggregation of S. oralis had been maintained.
Immunoreaction of keratin, actin, S‐100 protein and rat‐EGF in ductligated rat salivary glands
Authors: Hashimoto J. , Yamada K. , Ogata K. , Takai Y. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Duct‐ligated submandibular and sublingual glands of rats were evaluated immunohistochemically for changes in keratin (MoAb 1164), actin, S‐100 protein and rat‐EGF (rEGF). Normal salivary glands were reactive for keratin, S‐100 protein and rEGF in the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) and duct cells, and for actin in the myoepithelium. Submandibular glands showed a marked reduction of S‐100 protein and rEGF staining following duct ligation, and no increased staining of proliferating epithelial cells of the late stage in duct ligated glands. Sublingual glands revealed no marked changes for actin staining in myoepithelial cells, irrespective of atrophic changes occurring in acinar and duct cells after duct ligation. Immunohistochemical patterns differed for each type of gland; changes associated with the obstructive lesion were more prominent in the submandibular gland.
Oral changes in interleukin‐2 treated patients: a preliminary report
Authors: Marmary Y. , Shiloni E. , Katz J.
Published: April 2006

Immunotherapy with high doses of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) in patients with metastatic cancer is accompanied by multiorgan side effects. To determine the effect of this treatment on oral tissues, 5 cancer patients receiving a course of recombinant IL‐2 (rIL‐2) were followed. Oral pathology and subjective oral complaints were noted. Whole saliva parameters and routine blood and urine values were recorded daily before, during and after treatment. Mucositis and diminution of salivary flow occurred in all patients. Concomitantly, salivary sodium and protein were elevated.
Flow cytometer analysis of oral premalignant lesions: a pilot study and review
Authors: Kahn Michael A. , Dockter Michael E. , Hermann‐Petrin Jeanne M.
Published: April 2006

In a retrospective study, we examined 34 premalignant lesions of the oral cavity by flow cytometer analysis on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue submitted to the University of Tennessee. Memphis, Oral Pathology Laboratory. Three categories of oral epithelial dysplasia were represented (eight mild, seven moderate, nine severe), as well as live epithelial hyperplasias without dysplasia and five fibrous nodules as controls. The DNA index and total proliferative index of each ease were calculated. The objective of the study was to determine the amount of epithelial dysplasia necessary in oral lesions before DNA aneuploidy or high proliferative index is detectable and thus determine if How cytometric analysis can be a diagnostic adjunct for oral premalignant lesions. The results showed that some cases in both the control and dysplastic categories exhibited a high total proliferative index (control = 1, no dysplasia = 1, mild dysplasia = 3, moderate dysplasia = 2, severe dysplasia = 2), whereas only the dysplastic lesions had an abnormal DNA index [8 of 24 (33%)]. The results indicate that flow cytometric analysis may have some limited potential as a diagnostic adjunct in oral premalignant lesions.
Preservation of keratin expression in oral mucosa using a novel transport medium.
Authors: Ogden G. R. , Nairn A. , Carmichael A. , Coghill G. , Cree I. A. , Green M. W. , Hopwood D. V. , Chisholm D. M.
Published: April 2006

Cellular expression of keratins (intermediate filaments) can be demonstrated by immunocytochemistry using unfixed tissue. However, for practical reasons, provision of fresh tissue to the laboratory is often difficult. Recently a fresh tissue transport medium (Patent applied for) has been developed which allows keratin immunocytochemistry to be performed up to 4 days after biopsy. In this study oral mucosal biopsies from 10 patients were hemisected, half placed in the new transport medium at 4 C and the other half immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. After 4 days frozen sections of both halves of the biopsies were stained by immunocytochemistry using various antikeratin antibodies. The morphology and staining characteristics of the two halves of the biopsies were then assessed. No significant difference could be found in either morphology or preservation of keratin expression in specimens stored in transport medium, as compared to those in liquid nitrogen. This new transport medium may offer considerable advantage for the provision of a histologic and immunocytochemical diagnostic service.