bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivações para adoção de Business Analytics
Authors: Fernandes Joana , Andrade António
Published: November 2019

Ainda que as novas formas de gestão já valorizem a adoção de ferramentas e algoritmos de análise de base de dados, estando, por sua vez, cada vez mais predispostas a utilizar análises em tempo real e preditivas, existe ainda alguma relutância por parte das gerações mais conservadoras para a sua adoção (Arasteh, Aliahmadi, Mahmoodi, & Mohammadpour, 2011; Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012). Por conseguinte, o propósito da investigação será identificar as motivações para a adoção do Business Analytics em Portugal. Para este efeito foi realizado um estudo exploratório tendo como base o modelo desenvolvido por Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, (2012) a: Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). O processo de recolha de dados foi realizado através de um inquérito por questionário online, cujo público alvo foi a população portuguesa. O total de respostas obtido foi de 102, sendo que sendo que 47,8% dos inquiridos se identificam como indivíduos do sexo Masculino e 52,2% como sendo do sexo Feminino. A análise de dados foi dividida em duas partes, numa primeira fase procurou-se identificar os determinantes de aceitação já pré identificados pela UTAUT, através de uma análise por componentes principais. Neste sentido, foi possível identificar quatro determinantes de aceitação: a Expectativa de Desempenho, a Expectativa de Esforço, as Condições Facilitadoras e a Intenção Comportamental. Na segunda parte procurou-se, através da utilização de modelo de regressão clássica, analisar as motivações na base da adoção do Business Analytics para cada um dos determinantes. A análise permitiu ainda concluir, que a adoção é fortemente influenciada pela posição hierárquica. Ademais, concluiu-se, ainda, que o preço e a expectativa do retorno do investimento não foram considerados os maiores impeditivos na adoção do Business Analytics. No entanto, verificou-se que o não conhecimento do conceito de inteligência artificial é um dos principais condicionantes à adoção.
Imposto sobre o rendimento das pessoas singulares (IRPS) em cabo verde: evolução histórica e receitas cobradas em 2008-2015
Authors: Lizardo Celina , Ribeiro Paulo
Published: November 2019

O estudo em curso visa demarcar a evolução do Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRPS) em Cabo Verde, desde a época colonial até a atualidade, e verificar a oscilação deste imposto, no período de 2008 a 2015, com o objetivo de delinear propostas de medidas para melhorar a sua cobrança. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso com recurso a recolha documental, enquadrado pela legislação fiscal e Pareceres das Contas Gerais do Estado, proferidos pelo Tribunal de Contas de Cabo Verde. Os resultados indicam que este imposto passou por 4 fases, inicialmente conhecido como imposto de defesa (1939), posteriormente como imposto complementar sobre os rendimentos e imposto profissional (1963), depois assumiu o cariz de Imposto Único sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (1996) e na fase atual adotou a figura de Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRPS) (2015). A oscilação deste imposto, entre 2008 e 2015, induziu um acréscimo médio de receitas de 102.712 milhares de Escudos Cabo-Verdianos (2,2% das receitas do IRPS), porém, o stock médio de dívidas deste imposto, neste período, ascendeu a 4,3% das receitas de IRPS. Desta constatação surgirão um conjunto de propostas de medidas para aumentar a eficácia da sua cobrança que envolvem o controlo da dívida fiscal com cruzamento de informações. Pretende-se, por um lado, purificar e cobrar estas dívidas, e, por outro, promover um forte investimento na educação/consciencialização fiscal.
Como avaliar a prática do professor de educação especial: articular o DL 54/2018, de 6 de julho, com os art.º 16.º e 19.º do Decreto Regulamentar n.º 26/2012, de 21 de fevereiro
Authors: Almeida Maria de Fátima
Published: November 2019

O presente artigo é uma revisão da literatura acerca da avaliação do professor de Educação Especial que tem como objetivo analisar a especificidade deste professor e atualizar esta visão à luz do que dispõe um dos referentes estruturantes do regime legal da Educação Inclusiva, o Decreto-Lei n.º 54/2018, de 6 de julho. Numa análise conceptual e crítica, é abordado o processo de avaliação do professor de Educação Especial, que decorre em grande parte do que é registado pelo próprio professor, em relatório de autoavaliação, com enfoque no modo como todo o processo pode ser mais útil e preciso, concorrendo para o seu objetivo último: a melhoria do profissionalismo docente. Para tal, e indo ao encontro do previsto no 16.º do Decreto Regulamentar n.º 26/2012, defende-se que o instrumento de recolha da informação contida no relatório de autoavaliação previsto no art.º 19.º daquele Decreto Regulamentar deverá ser adaptado à especificidade do papel que o professor de Educação Especial tem na escola.
First-tier detection of intragenomic 16S rRNA gene variation in culturable endophytic bacteria from cacao seeds
Authors: da Silva Cleiziane Bispo , dos Santos Hellen Ribeiro Martins , Marbach Phellippe Arthur Santos , de Souza Jorge Teodoro , Cruz-Magalhães Valter , Argôlo-Filho Ronaldo Costa , Loguercio Leandro Lopes
Published: November 2019

Background

Intragenomic variability in 16S rDNA is a limiting factor for taxonomic and diversity characterization of Bacteria, and studies on its occurrence in natural/environmental populations are scarce. In this work, direct DNA amplicon sequencing coupled with frequent-cutter restriction analysis allowed detection of intragenomic 16S rDNA variation in culturable endophytic bacteria from cacao seeds in a fast and attractive manner.

Methods

Total genomic DNA from 65 bacterial strains was extracted and the 16S rDNA hyper variable V5–V9 regions were amplified for enzyme digestion and direct Sanger-type sequencing. The resulting electropherograms were visually inspected and compared to the correspondingAluI-restriction profiles, as well as to complete genome sequences in databases. Restriction analysis were employed to substitute the need of amplicon cloning and re-sequencing. A specifically improved polyacrylamide-gradient electrophoresis allowed to resolve 5-bp differences in restriction fragment sizes. Chi-square analysis on 2 × 2 contingency table tested for the independence between the ‘number ofAluI bands’ and ‘type of eletropherogram’.

Results

Two types of electropherograms were obtained: unique template, with single peaks per base (clean chromatograms), and heterogeneous template, with various levels of multiple peaks per base (mixed chromatograms). Statistics revealed significant interaction between number of restriction fragments and type of electropherogram for the same amplicons: clean or mixed ones associated to ≤5 or ≥6 bands, respectively. The mixed-template pattern combined with theAluI-restriction profiles indicated a high proportion of 49% of the culturable endophytes from a tropical environment showing evidence of intragenomic 16S rDNA heterogeneity.

Conclusion

The approach presented here was useful for a rapid, first-tier detection of intragenomic variation in culturable isolates, which can be applied in studies of other natural populations; a preliminary view of intragenomic heterogeneity levels can complement culture-dependent and -independent methods. Consequences of these findings in taxonomic and diversity studies in complex bacterial communities are discussed.
Genomic diversity of prevalentStaphylococcus epidermidismultidrug-resistant strains isolated from a Children’s Hospital in México City in an eight-years survey
Authors: Cabrera-Contreras Roberto , Santamaría Rosa I. , Bustos Patricia , Martínez-Flores Irma , Meléndez-Herrada Enrique , Morelos-Ramírez Rubén , Barbosa-Amezcua Martín , González-Covarrubias Vanessa , Silva-Herzog Eugenia , Soberón Xavier , González Víctor
Published: November 2019

Staphylococcus epidermidisis a human commensal and pathogen worldwide distributed. In this work, we surveyed for multi-resistantS. epidermidisstrains in eight years at a children’s health-care unit in México City. Multidrug-resistantS. epidermidiswere present in all years of the study, including resistance to methicillin, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. To understand the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and its association with virulence and gene exchange, we sequenced the genomes of 17S. epidermidisisolates. Whole-genome nucleotide identities between all the pairs of S. epidermidis strains were about 97% to 99%. We inferred a clonal structure and eight Multilocus Sequence Types (MLSTs) in theS. epidermidissequenced collection. The profile of virulence includes genes involved in biofilm formation and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). Half of theS. epidermidisanalyzed lacked the ica operon for biofilm formation. Likely, they are commensalS. epidermidisstrains but multi-antibiotic resistant. Uneven distribution of insertion sequences, phages, and CRISPR-Cas immunity phage systems suggest frequent horizontal gene transfer. Rates of recombination betweenS. epidermidisstrains were more prevalent than the mutation rate and affected the whole genome. Therefore, the multidrug resistance, independently of the pathogenic traits, might explain the persistence of specific highly adaptedS. epidermidisclonal lineages in nosocomial settings.
Iatrogenic Right Hepatic Duct, Right Posterior Hepatic Duct, Right Hepatic Artery and Duodenum Injury during Routine Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Due to Symptomatic Gallstones: Rare but Serious Complication - Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Janež Jurij
Published: November 2019

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a very frequent surgical procedure with a low complication rate. The reasons for such complications range from anatomical anomalies, obesity, poor exposure of anatomic structures, bleeding or lack of surgical experience. If complications arise, prompt recognition and correct management are essential. Early and correct treatment allows avoidance of serious complications, such as secondary biliary cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and ultimately death. In this paper is presented a case of a 40-years-old male patient, who sustained iatrogenic major bile duct, right hepatic artery and duodenum injury during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to symptomatic gallstones.
Blood Cell Profiling of Malaria Patients Attending Gaya General Hospital, Kano State, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Ali M. U. , Panda A. A. , Yahaya S. M. , Umar U. A. , Inuwa M. S. , Ajingi Y. S. , Idris S.
Published: November 2019

Background: Changes in blood cell profile were common findings in malaria. In the rural community of Kano State, Nigeria, information on haematological changes in human malaria was scanty in spite of their role in the pathophysiology of malaria. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine blood cell profiles in malaria patients attending a rural hospital in malaria-endemic region.

Methods: Blood samples (3 ml each) were collected in EDTA-containers from 150 randomly selected outpatients attending Gaya General Hospital, screened for malaria using RDT kit (CareStart Malaria HRP 2, Access Bio Inc., USA) based on Histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2), and blood cell profiles determined using automated Sysmex haematologic analyser. Data on socio-demographics and medical history related to the study objectives, such as taking antimalarial regimen and/or haematinic, and direct involvement in blood transfusion, were obtained by questionnaire administration supplemented with oral interview.

Findings: The study revealed a malaria prevalence of 67.33%, with highest in 11-20years (80.95%) and lowest (55.00%) in 1-10years age-groups; slightly higher in females (68.25%) than in males (66.67%) without significant difference (P<0.05). For blood parameters, malaria positive patients have a significantly lower mean PCV of 32.2% as compared to 38.18% obtained for malaria negative patients (P<0.05). The mean Hb was 10.76±2.27g/dL and 12.65±2.38g/dL (P<0.05), while WBC revealed 6.91×109/L and 6.56×109/L in malaria positive and negative patients, respectively. Platelet counts recorded 179.24×109/L and 230.47×109/L (P<0.05). Socio-demographic factors such as level of education, occupation and marital status did not significantly influence malaria prevalence.

Interpretation: Low PCV and Hb in malaria patients indicate mild anaemia due to malaria-related haemolysis. The occurrence of thrombocytopenia may be due to other underlying pathology as further studies with larger sample size are needed to ascertain the cause of low platelet counts in malaria patients in the study area.
Prevalence of Enteric Bacteria Pathogens among HIV Infected and Uninfected Children in Dandora, Kenya
Authors: Rashid Samya Said , Matey Elizabeth , Masaharu Tokoro , Hiroshi Ichimura , Nyerere Andrew , Sang Willie
Published: November 2019

Background: Diarrhoea is the second disease killer after respiratory diseases in children. Globally, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease every year. In developing countries, enteric bacterial pathogens are most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children especially under 5 years. Most of the studies done on enteric bacteria pathogens and HIV co-infection have focused on the children less than 5 years of age but not above.

Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the distribution of common circulating enteric bacterial pathogens; Escherichia (E).coli, Shigella, and Salmonella among HIV infected (n=79) and uninfected (n=78) children aged 5-12 years from Dandora slums of Nairobi.

Methods: This was analytic cross-sectional study of HIV positive children enrolled at Nyumbani Lea Toto HIV/AIDS outreach program in Dandora, while HIV negative are children from same area (preferably sibling). Stool samples were collected from consenting participants and sent to Microbiology laboratory in Kenya Medical Research institute for processing. The samples were cultured using differential media for enteric bacteria. Suspected isolates were further identified using conventional biochemical methods and serology. Multiplex PCR was done on E. coli isolates to detect virulence factors responsible for different E. coli pathotypes.

Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella was 44 (28%), 31 (19.7%) and 0 (0.0%) respectively. Enteroaggregative E.coli (43.2%) was the main E. coli pathotypes observed. Distribution of pathogenic E. coli in HIV infected and uninfected was 12.7% and 15.3%, respectively (p = 0.30), while that of Shigella was 6.4% and 13.4% (p = 0.03).

Conclusion: From this study HIV infected children had less infestation of Shigella species as compare to HIV uninfected children, which could be due to constant treatment for any infections thus interferes with bacteria grow.
Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa in the Gallbladder Simulating a Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Elabbassi Taoufik , Fakhri Yassine , Elazhary Abdessamad , Lefriyekh M. Rachid
Published: November 2019

Heterotopia is defined as an ectopic localization of normal tissue; the heterotopia of the gastric mucosa can be observed all along the digestive tract. The localization in the gallbladder is exceptional. The diagnosis is histological, it may present some complications including ulceration and the risk of malignancy.

We report the case of heterotopia of the gastric mucosa in the gallbladder while presenting the clinical, radiological and therapeutic features of this exceptional lesion.
Relation between DMFT and Socioeconomic Status in Females Attending Taibah University Clinics
Authors: Alhusaini Ebtehal , Alraddadi Sara , Almatrfi Abrar , Alrwitai Shrouq , Alrefai Roa'a , Elanbya May Gamar
Published: November 2019

Aim: To assess the decayed, missing and filled tooth (DMFT) index of adult female patients attending dental clinics in the College of Dentistry Taibah University. And to link the socioeconomic factors that may influence the DMFT.

Study Design: A Cross-sectional analytical study.

Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Taibah University Dental Clinics, Female campus between January 2016 and May 2016.

Methodology: The sample included 110 newly registered adult female patients (>18 years) attended dental clinics for screening. Dental examination for the patient using an explorer and dental mirror was done. Decayed, missing and filled tooth (DMFT) index used by the World Health Organization for the evaluation of dental caries was used. The SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Results: Low DMFT presented in 49.0% of educated and 50.0% of not educated subjects. The highest percent of subjects with moderate-income ranging from 4000 to 5999 S.R/month have moderate DMFT (58.8%). The highest percent (47.4%-61.5%) of the other groups have low DMFT. Statistically, the difference is not significant.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that DMFT is independent of socioeconomic status.
Comparative Effects of Single Agent Rectal Diclofenac versus a Combination of Rectal Diclofenac and Intramuscular Pentazocine, on Post Caesarean Section Pain Relief in a Tertiary Institution in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Kwosah N. J. , Awoyesuku P. A. , MacPepple D. A. , John D. H.
Published: November 2019

Background: Caesarean section commonly causes moderate to severe pain in the first 24 hours after surgery with associated discomfort, delayed ambulation, difficulty initiating breastfeeding and prolonged hospital stay. Receiving adequate analgesia after caesarean section is very important for the patient’s comfort, overall wellbeing and recovery.

Objective: To compare the efficacy, time to rescue-analgesia and side effects of single agent rectal diclofenac versus its combination with intramuscular pentazocine for pain management after caesarean section in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH).

Methodology: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was carried out at the RSUTH. A total of 120 patients scheduled for either elective or emergency caesarean section were recruited. Group ‘A’ received rectal diclofenac 100 mg and intramuscular placebo (unimodal group) while group ‘B’ received rectal diclofenac 100mg and intramuscular pentazocine 30 mg (multimodal group). Socio-demographic information was collected via structured proforma, while Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to assess the level of pain. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: The mean ages of respondents in unimodal and multimodal groups were 31.7 ± 4.3 years and 31.3 ± 5.2 years respectively. The difference in the median pain score and range was significant only at 8 hours between the groups, there was no significant difference before and after 8 hours. Although the mean time (in minutes) to first rescue-analgesia was shorter in the unimodal (147.5 ± 60.1) as compared to the multimodal group (170.0), this difference was not statistically significant. There was no side effect noticed in either of the two groups.

Conclusion: The combined agents (diclofenac and pentazocine) had a superior analgesic effect to the single agent (diclofenac alone) when given as used in the study.
The Immuno-modulatory and Thrombocytopaenic Effects of the Varying Concentrations of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera in Male Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Ogbu Ojeka Sunday , Zigabelbari Zabbey Victor
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Moringa oleifera and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases.

Aim: The study was undertaken to establish the thrombocytopenic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera and to find the utilization of platelet parameters in determining the cause of the thrombocytopenia.

Methodology: Fresh leaves of moringa were dried and extracted with water. Thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 150-250 g, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into five (5) groups (A-E), based on their weights. The control group (group A) was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water while the treatment groups (groups B to E) were orally given 250 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg,650 mg/kg and 850 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract, once a day, for 56days and then sacrificed. At the end of the administration, blood samples were collected from each rat and examined for platelet indices. The effects of treatment with aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera on the platelet parameters were compared with the control group.

Result: The rats treated with the extract, showed a decrease in platelet count and platelet crit while there was a significant increase in the platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume and immature platelet fraction, concerning the control.

Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera is therefore shown to modulate the immune system and cause thrombocytopaenia, through platelet destruction.
Analysis of Reactive Flow of Third-grade Exothermi Chemical Reaction with Variable Viscosity and Convective Cooling
Authors: Baiyeri J. F. , Mohammed M. A. , Esan O. A. , Ogunbayo T. O. , Enobabor O. E.
Published: November 2019

The study examines incomprssible laminar Poiseuille flow of a non-Newtonian fluid and heat transfer in a cooling convective fixed wall. The third-grade exothermic reactive fluid is stimulated by heat generation, gradient pressure and thermal buoyancy force. The convective exchange of temperature with the ambient takes after Newtons cooling law. Transilation of the formulated equations to the non-dimensional form is done using relevance quantities and solutions to the nonlinear equations are provided by employing Weighted residual techniques. The obtained solutions for the flow rate, energy, flow wall friction and temperature gradient are graphically plotted for the reactive flow system. Numerical validation of results in comparison with the presented method of solution is carried out. The results revealed that some parameters which are strong heat generation or source should be consciously guided to avoid reactive solution blow up in the exothermic system.
Biochemistry, Genetics, and Genomics of Opium Poppy (
Papaver somniferum
) for Crop Improvement
Authors: Tamiru‐Oli Muluneh , Premaratna Shirmila D. , Gendall Anthony R. , Lewsey Mathew G.
Published: November 2019

Opium poppy is the only commercially viable source of narcotic raw materials used by the alkaloid
pharmaceutical
industry. Considerable advances in our knowledge of basic poppy biology and the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway have been driven by recent progress in transcriptomics, genomics, and functional genetics. However, much work remains for this knowledge to be translated into improvements in crop performance. The genetic diversity of poppy is poorly characterised and the available information is highly fragmented. The recent release of a poppy genome sequence adds a new dimension to poppy genomic research, enabling characterisation of diversity and identification of genes and molecular markers associated with valuable traits. This will create opportunities for functional genomics studies and the incorporation of more diverse germplasm into poppy improvement programmes. This review discusses the current state of poppy genetic and genomic resources, highlights the advances made in elucidating the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway that led to the emergence of poppy as a model system to study secondary metabolism in plants, and presents perspectives for future research.
Intersectional Inequalities and Individual Heterogeneity in Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Kiadaliri Ali , Englund Martin
Published: November 2019

Objective

To examine how intersections of multiple sociodemographic variables explain the individual heterogeneity in risk of being diagnosed with any of following chronic rheumatic diseases (CRDs): osteoarthritis (OA), gout, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

We identified individuals ages 40–65 years residing in Skåne, Sweden by December 31, 2013 and having done so from January 1, 2000 (n = 342,542). We used a Skåne health care register to identify those with a diagnosis of the CRD of interest between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015, with no previous such diagnosis during 2000–2013. We created 144 intersectional social strata (ISS) using categories of age, sex, education, income, civil status, and immigration. For individuals nested within ISS, we applied multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the variance partition coefficient (VPC) as a measure of discriminatory accuracy of the ISS and the predicted absolute risks and 95% credible intervals for each stratum.

Results

Overall, 3.5%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.2% of the study population were diagnosed with OA, gout, RA, and SpA, respectively. The VPC ranged from 16.2% for gout to 0.5% for SpA. Sex explained the largest proportion of between‐strata variation in risk of RA, gout, and SpA, while age was the most important factor for OA. The most between‐strata differences in risk of these CRDs were due to the additive main effects.

Conclusion

Despite meaningful between‐strata inequalities in the risk of being diagnosed with CRDs (except SpA), there were substantial within‐strata heterogeneities that remain unexplained. There was limited evidence of intersectional interaction effects.
Reversible Bioadhesives Using Tannic Acid Primed Thermally‐Responsive Polymers
Authors: Li Bin , Whalen John J. , Humayun Mark S. , Thompson Mark E.
Published: November 2019

A two‐layer approach is reported for the formation of a thermally triggered reversible adhesive, involving a thermally‐responsive polymer matrix coated on tannic acid‐pretreated substrates/tissues. Interfacial adhesion originates from strong molecular interactions of tannic acid with both the polymer matrix and the substrate/tissue. The reversibility is due to a temperature‐triggered phase transition of the polymer matrix, leading to cohesive failure. Depending on different gelation mechanisms, the polymer forms a highly cohesive gel or soft solid upon either warming or cooling, leading to a strong adhesion to the tissues at physiological temperatures. Detachment of the adhesive is triggered by a temperature‐induced compromise of cohesive strength of the polymer matrix, by the opposite gel‐to‐sol transition. This facile, low‐cost, and modular design offers a reversible adhesive platform which is useful for biomedical and industrial applications.
Increasing Photothermal Efficacy by Simultaneous Intra‐ and Intermolecular Fluorescence Quenching
Authors: Du Wei , Chong Yuanyuan , Hu Xiaomu , Wang Yanfang , Zhu Yu , Chen Jihua , Li Xiaoxia , Zhang Qun , Wang Guangfeng , Jiang Jun , Liang Gaolin
Published: November 2019

Recently, using in situ self‐assembly‐induced fluorescence quenching (i.e., intermolecular quenching denoted herein) of a photothermal agent (PTA) to enhance its photothermal efficiency has proven to be a successful photothermal therapy (PTT) strategy. But to the best of current knowledge, using simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching of a PTA to additionally increase its photothermal efficacy has not been reported. Herein, employing a click condensation reaction and a rationally designed PTA Biotin‐Cystamine‐Cys‐Lys(Cypate)‐CBT (1), a “smart” strategy is developed of intracellular simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching and applied it to largely increase the photothermal efficacy of the agent both in vitro and in vivo. After being internalized by biotin receptor‐overexpressing cancer cells, 1 is reduced by intracellular glutathione to initiate a CBT‐Cys condensation reaction (intramolecular quenching) and self‐assembly (intermolecular quenching) to form the nanoparticles 1‐NPs (simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching). Experimental results indicate that 1‐NPs have higher fluorescence quenching efficiency than the control PTAs [Thiazole‐Lys(Cypate)‐Benzothiazole]2 (1‐Dimer, intramolecular quenching), and nanoparticles of Cystamine‐Cys(Fmoc)‐Lys(Cypate)‐CBT (1‐Fmoc‐NPs, intermolecular quenching). It is envisioned that, by replacing the biotin group on 1 with other targeting warheads, the “smart” strategy is ready to increase the photothermal therapeutic efficiency of their corresponding diseases.
A Self‐Assembled Binary Protein Model Explains High‐Performance Salivary Lubrication from Macro to Nanoscale
Authors: Xu Feng , Liamas Evangelos , Bryant Michael , Adedeji Abimbola Feyisara , Andablo‐Reyes Efren , Castronovo Matteo , Ettelaie Rammile , Charpentier Thibaut V. J. , Sarkar Anwesha
Published: November 2019

Salivary pellicle, a spontaneously formed, intricate architecture in the human oral cavity, is a high‐performance bio‐lubricant that coats and protects biological surfaces with varying elastic modulus against frictional damage. Although salivary lubrication underpins the fundamentals of human feeding and speech, the peculiar molecular mechanism behind such lubrication properties remains elusive. For the first time, this work demonstrates a binary model comprised of salivary proteins, mucin, and lactoferrin (LF), forming an electrostatically driven, multilayered self‐assembly that exhibits a lubrication behavior closely resembling that of human saliva, from macro to nanoscale. The multiscale tribological analysis with applied forces ranging from 1 N to 1 nN, supported by real‐time self‐assembly monitoring on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates differentially resolves the distinct roles played by the salivary proteins of this proposed lubricating model. Evidences reveal that hydrated mucin controls the macromolecular viscous lubrication entrapping water molecules in the mucinous network and LF acts as a “molecular glue” between mucin–mucin and mucin–surface, latter aiding boundary lubrication. This study puts forward an unprecedented molecular model that explains the synergistic lubrication by salivary components. These results can aid into the design routes for synthesizing highly efficacious nature‐inspired aqueous lubricants for future biomedical applications and nutritional technologies.
Biosensors for Personal Mobile Health: A System Architecture Perspective
Authors: Arumugam Siddarth , Colburn David A. M. , Sia Samuel K.
Published: November 2019

Advances in mobile biosensors, integrating developments in materials science and instrumentation, are fueling an expansion in health data being collected and analyzed in decentralized settings. For example, semiconductor‐based sensors are enabling measurement of vital signs, and microfluidic‐based sensors are enabling measurement of biochemical markers. As biosensors for mobile health are becoming increasingly paired with smart devices, it can become critical for researchers to design biosensors—with appropriate functionalities and specifications—to work seamlessly with accompanying connected hardware and software. Here, recent research in biosensors, as well as current mobile health devices in use is described and classified into four distinct system architectures that take into account the biosensing and data processing functions required in personal mobile health devices. The path forward for integrating biosensors into smartphone‐based mobile health devices is also discussed.
Monolithic Silica Support for Immobilized Catalysis in Continuous Flow
Authors: Russell M. Grace , Veryser Cedrick , Hunter James F. , Beingessner Rachel L. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: November 2019

Monolithic and packed‐bed reactors featuring immobilized catalysts are well‐precedented in continuous flow synthesis but can suffer from adverse pressure drops during use due to their small pore sizes and/or structural changes. Herein, we overcome this challenge with the synthesis of a structurally robust silica‐based monolith featuring pore sizes on the millimeter scale. The 3‐dimensional solid support structure is constructed from a polystyrene foam‐based template and features a functional group handle that can be modified to display a reactive catalyst. Here we functionalize the support with palladium(0) for hydrogenation reactions and a modified proline catalyst for the alpha functionalization of aldehydes. Both reactors showed good activity and excellent catalytic longevity when utilized under continuous flow conditions.

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Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Chalcogenophene‐Fused Indoles from 2‐Alkynylindoles
Authors: Leonel Guilherme , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: November 2019

The intramolecular electrophilic cyclization of 3‐organoselanyl‐2‐alkynylindoles providing the synthesis of 3‐iodo‐selenophene‐fused indoles is reported herein. The strategy was extended to the preparation of 3‐iodo‐thiophene‐fused indoles in a one‐pot iodine‐promoted thiolation of 2‐alkynylindoles, followed by an electrophilic cyclization sequence. Besides, the synthesis of 3‐butylselanyl‐selenophene‐fused indoles from 3‐butylselanyl‐2‐alkynylindoles was also developed using iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide to promote the cyclization and functionalization of the heterocycle. The identification of the alkyl halide intermediate afforded evidence to the proposed mechanism, which indicated that the reactions proceed through the formation of an iodonium ion, followed by a selenium 5‐endo‐dig cyclization, to afford the indole derivatives. The 3‐iodo‐selenonophene‐fused indoles prepared were applied as substrates in copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with thiols to give the Ullmann type products in good yields.

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Pyridine(diimine) Iron Diene Complexes Relevant to Catalytic [2+2]‐Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Kennedy C. Rose , Zhong Hongyu , Joannou Matthew V. , Chirik Paul J.
Published: November 2019

The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of pyridine(diimine) iron piperylene and isoprene complexes are described. These diene complexes are competent precatalysts for (i) the selective cross‐[2+2]‐cycloaddition of butadiene or (E)‐piperylene with ethylene and α‐olefins and (ii) the 1,4‐hydrovinylation of isoprene with ethylene. In the former case, kinetic analysis implicated the diamagnetic η4‐piperylene complex as the resting state prior to rate‐determining oxidative cyclization. Variable temperature 1H NMR and EXSY experiments established that diene exchange from the diamagnetic, 18e– complexes occurred rapidly in solution at ambient temperature through a dissociative mechanism. The solid‐state structure of
Fe(η4‐piperylene) (Me(Et)PDI=2,6‐(2,6‐Me2‐C6H3N=CEt)2C5H3N) was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and confirmed the s‐trans coordination of the monosubstituted 1,3‐diene. Possible relationships between ligand‐controlled diene coordination geometry, metallacycle denticity, and chemoselectivity of iron‐mediated cycloaddition reactions are discussed.

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The Case for Observation Medicine Education and Training in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Pena Margarita E. , Wheatley Matthew A. , Suri Pawan , Mace Sharon E. , Kwan Elizabeth , Baugh Christopher W.
Published: November 2019

Background

Many hospitals have or will be opening an observation unit (OU), the majority managed by the emergency department (ED). Graduating emergency medicine (EM) residents will be expected to have the knowledge and skills necessary to appropriately identify and manage patients in this setting. Our objective is to examine the current state of observation medicine (OM) education and prevalence in EM training.

Methods

In a follow‐up to the 2019 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) OM Interest Group meeting, we convened an expert panel of OM physicians who are members of both the SAEM OM Interest Group and the American College of Emergency Physicians Section of OM. The panel of six emergency physicians representing geographic diversity was formed. A structured literature review was performed yielding 16 educational publications and sources pertaining to OM education and training across all specialties.

Report on the Existing Literature

Only a small number of EM residencies have a required or elective OM rotation in an OU. An OM rotation in a protocol‐driven ED OU gives residents experience managing patients in this setting and improves skills integral to EM and part of the EM milestones and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies: reassessment, disposition decision making, risk stratification, team management, and practicing cost‐appropriate care. Even without a formal rotation, multiple OM educational resources can be incorporated into EM resident education and didactics. Education research opportunity exists.

Conclusions

This panel believes that OM is an important component of EM that should be incorporated into EM residency as the knowledge and skills learned such as risk stratification, disposition decision making, and team management augment those needed for the practice of EM. There is a distinct opportunity for EM educators to better equip their trainees for a career in EM by including OM education and experience in EM residency training.
A Novel Approach to Functionalization of Aryl Azides through the Generation and Reaction of Organolithium Species Bearing Masked Azides in Flow Microreactors
Authors: Ichinari Daisuke , Ashikari Yosuke , Mandai Kyoko , Aizawa Yoko , Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro
Published: November 2019

A novel straightforward method for aryl azides having functional groups based on generation and reactions of aryllithiums bearing a triazene group from polybromoarenes using flow microreactor systems was achieved. The present approach will serve as a powerful method in organolithium chemistry and open a new possibility in the synthesis of polyfunctional organic azides.
SERS Activity of Semiconductors: Crystalline and Amorphous Nanomaterials
Authors: Wang Xiaotian , Guo Lin
Published: November 2019

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy on semiconductors has attracted increasing attention due to its high spectral reproducibility and unique selectively to target molecules. Recently, endeavors have been made in fabricating novel SERS‐active semiconductor substrates and exploring new enhancement mechanisms to improve the sensitivity of semiconductor substrates. This Minireview explains the enhancement mechanism of the semiconductor SERS effect in a brief tutorial and summarize recent developments of novel semiconductor substrates, in particular with regard to the remarkable SERS activity of amorphous semiconductor nanomaterials. Potential applications of semiconductor SERS are also a key issue of concern. We discuss a variety of promising applications of semiconductor SERS in the fields of in situ analytical chemistry, spectroelectrochemical analysis, biological sensing, and trace detection.
Schrödinger'sWhat is Life?—The 75th Anniversary of a Book that Inspired Biology
Authors: Moberg Christina
Published: November 2019

In his bookWhat is Life?—The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Erwin Schrödinger gives a “naïve physicist's” answer to the question “how can the eventsin space and timewhich take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?” Although his book was met with criticism from some of his colleagues, it has had a large impact and has served as profound inspiration for pioneers of molecular biology as well as for later generations of both scientists and laymen.
Site‐Selective, Modular Diversification of Polyhalogenated Aryl Fluorosulfates (ArOSO2F) Enabled by an Air‐Stable PdI Dimer
Authors: Mendel Marvin , Kalvet Indrek , Hupperich Daniel , Magnin Guillaume , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: November 2019

Since 2014, the interest in aryl fluorosulfates (ArOSO2F) as well as their implementation in powerful applications has continuously grown. In this context, the enabling capability of ArOSO2F will strongly depend on the substitution pattern of the arene, which ultimately dictates its overall function as drug candidate, material, or bio‐linker. This report showcases the modular, substrate‐independent, and fully predictable, selective functionalization of polysubstituted arenes bearing C−OSO2F, C−Br, and C−Cl sites, which makes it possible to diversify the arene in the presence of OSO2F or utilize OSO2F as a triflate surrogate. Sequential and triply selective arylations and alkylations were realized within minutes at room temperature, using a single and air‐stable PdI dimer.
Nanoaggregate Probe for Breast Cancer Metastasis through Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography and Aggregation‐Induced NIR‐I/II Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Ouyang Juan , Sun Lihe , Zeng Zhuo , Zeng Cheng , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu
Published: November 2019

An activatable nanoprobe for imaging breast cancer metastases through near infrared‐I (NIR‐I)/NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging was designed. With a dihydroxanthene moiety serving as the electron donor, quinolinium as the electron acceptor and nitrobenzyloxydiphenylamino as the recognition element, the probe can specifically respond to nitroreductase and transform into an activated D‐π‐A structure with a NIR emission band extending beyond 900 nm. The activated nanoprobe exhibits NIR emission enhanced by aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and produces strong optoacoustic signal. The nanoprobe was used to detect and image metastases from the orthotopic breast tumors to lymph nodes and then to lung in two breast cancer mouse models. Moreover, the nanoprobe can monitor the treatment efficacy during chemotherapeutic course through fluorescence and MSOT imaging.
Management of hyperparathyroid‐induced hypercalcaemic crisis with intracardiac thrombi
Authors: Chan N. C. , Chu H. M.
Published: November 2019

A 29‐year‐old previously healthy patient presented with a hyperparathyroid‐induced hypercalcaemic crisis refractory to conventional therapy. The patient developed ventricular fibrillation and subsequently required emergency parathyroidectomy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Extensive intracardiac and pulmonary trunk thrombi were identified soon after the commencement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, despite full anticoagulation. In this report we highlight the non‐specific presentations of hypercalcaemia which may lead to delayed diagnosis, and discuss the incidence, risk factors and treatment of a hyperparathyroid‐induced hypercalcaemic crisis. We emphasise the role of emergency parathyroidectomy as a salvage therapy in medically refractory We consider the likely factors leading to intracardiac thrombi formation in this case, including how hypercalcaemia may have been a contributing factor.
Interaction of common cocatalysts in Ziegler–Natta‐catalyzed olefin polymerization
Authors: Fallah Mehrdad , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh , Didehban Khadijeh , Poater Albert
Published: November 2019

In this study, density functional theory (DFT) molecular modeling studies were performed to explore mechanisms underlying the interactions of cocatalysts in Ziegler–Natta olefin polymerization using a range of commercially available cocatalysts, namely, trimethylaluminum (in monomeric and dimeric form, Al2Me6), dimethylaluminum chloride (in monomeric and dimeric form, Al2Me4Cl2), and triisobutylaluminum. In this regard, after exploring structural and electronic features of cocatalysts, by steric maps and conceptual DFT, their interaction with possible impurities in hydrocarbon solvents and monomer feeds such as NH3, CH3OH, H2O, H2S, CO2, and O2 was considered. Then, activation of Ti species, adsorbed on the (110) and (104) surfaces, with the assistance of cocatalysts was studied as well. In this aspect, two possible reactions were investigated: (i) formation of first vacancy on Ti center and (ii) formation of first Ti–C bond by transalkylation reaction with cocatalysts. Finally, the effect of cocatalysts on the stereospecificity of Ti center adsorbed on the (110) surface was also taken into account by DFT calculations.
Enhancing and controlling the critical attributes of poly (N‐vinylcaprolactam) through electron beam irradiation for biomedical applications
Authors: Halligan Shane , Murray Kieran , Hopkins Michael , Rogers Ian , Lyons John , Vrain Olivier , Geever Luke
Published: November 2019

The primary aim of this body of work is to investigate the effect of an industrial scale electron beam sterilization process on novel PNVCL‐based smart polymers. There is limited literature available that examines the effects of modifying PNVCL by electron beam irradiation, and as a means of potentially enhancing properties such as the lower critical solution temperature and mechanical behavior. Physically crosslinked poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam)–vinyl acetate (PNVCL–VAc) copolymers were prepared by photopolymerization and were subsequently exposed to ionizing radiation via electron beam technology. The mechanical characteristics and phase transitions of the physically crosslinked PNVCL samples were tailored by controlling the electron beam irradiation dose. Importantly, PNVCL and PNVCL–VAc samples (5 wt % in solution) underwent a phase transition between 33.5 and 26.5 °C, following electron beam irradiation. Furthermore, all samples displayed a Young's modulus between 1024.3 and 1516.4 MPa depending on the addition of copolymer and electron beam irradiation dose. The industrial scale electron beam sterilization process proved successful in enhancing/modifying many key smart polymer properties, and this ability to formulate and sterilize in one step could prove a very attractive approach for many biomedical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48639.
Consumer psychology of implicit theories: A review and agenda
Authors: Jain Shailendra Pratap , Weiten Traylor Jordan
Published: November 2019

Implicit theories are the beliefs that individuals hold regarding the nature of human and nonhuman attributes, as well as more global phenomena. Over the past three decades, social and consumer psychologists have garnered a rich set of findings from investigating the processing and judgmental impact of implicit theories on various facets of people's day‐to‐day lives. This review begins with a brief summary of the history of implicit theory research before explicating its current state in consumer psychology. The review categorizes the current, and rather fragmented, landscape of the consumer psychology of implicit theories into three broad areas: brands, persuasion, and consumption behaviors. We conclude our review by contributing to an expanding dialogue regarding the future of consumer research pertaining to implicit theories.
A contemporary review of three types of social influence in consumer psychology
Authors: Argo Jennifer J.
Published: November 2019

This review synthesizes the social presence literature that has been conducted in consumer psychology over the past decade. It provides a framework for understanding the impact of other buyers and salespeople on a consumer's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The review is structured around three types of social influence: utilitarian, value‐expressive, and informational. Examples of how recent research has explored each type of influence are provided. In addition to integrating the work that has previously been conducted, this review also highlights future research directions for advancing the field's understanding of the role and impact of a social presence on consumers.