bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le degré zéro de la politique. Réseaux de pouvoir et espace intercommunal dans le canton de Quarré-les-Tombes (Morvan)
Authors: Abélès Marc
Published: January 2014

Politics at Naught

What one first observes about political activities in a canton in the Morvan mountains (Burgundy, France) is the prevailing "apoliticization", but a closer examination shows the complexity of a longstanding pattern of antagonistic ideological positions, which can still be seen. The history, nature and scope of political networks are discussed. Although the commune is positively valued in autochtonous views, the ramifications of these networks reach out over the whole canton. The analysis of the political setting takes into account the relations between local authorities and the State's territorial representatives. The study of changes in this relationship reveals the origins of this apoliticization, and it can be used to specify the conditions for the development of cooperation among communes within the canton. Will such cooperation eventually reshape political networks ?
La société paysanne et le droit dans l'Angleterre médiévale
Authors: Hilton Rodney H.
Published: January 2014

Quels sont les aspects singuliers de la situation de la paysannerie en regard du droit ? Telle est la question dont traitent les quatre contributions consacrées à la société paysanne dans l'Angleterre médiévale en étudiant les principales fonctions des différentes cours de justice : les plus hautes cours (le King's Bench, les Common Pleas, les tribunaux itinérants et ceux de la forêt royale), les cours inférieures (les County courts) et les cours seigneuriales (les cours de justice manoriales étant les plus importantes). L'attention est attirée sur le fait qu'on ne peut supposer une justice royale impartiale. En cas de conflit avec les paysans, les seigneurs normalement obtenaient gain de cause. Mais on ne doit pas pour autant conclure que les paysans étaient sans aucun pouvoir au sein des tribunaux manoriaux, la participation des plus aisés d'entre eux était nécessaire au bon fonctionnement de la justice seigneuriale. Les cours de justice manoriales, comme les plus hautes cours, avaient des fonctions d'administration tout autant que de juridiction.
Notre histoire et la leur... Quelques réflexions critiques sur le colonialisme chez les Rukuba (Nigéria central).
Authors: Muller Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

Our History and their History... Some Critical Comments about Colonialism among the Rukuba (Central Nigeria)

The author tries to analyse colonialism among the Rukuba of Central Nigeria as viewed by themselves and not according to european categories or as it has been politically questionned in western countries. What do the victims of colonization think of it, how do they judge its effects.
Entre bêtes et saints. Esprits des vivants et esprits des morts chez les vaqueiros de alzada
Authors: Cátedra Maria
Published: January 2014

Aux entours de la mort, l'esprit du vaqueiro. éleveur de bovins de la montagne asturienne. vient hanter les siens. Esprit de vivant, il leur annonce le décès prochain, esprit de mort il revient les solliciter. Dans les deux cas il se manifeste par des bruits, des voix, des lamentations, d'étranges phénomènes naturels, provoquant une intense frayeur. Plus rarement, il s'offre à la vue sous une apparence humaine. A la différence des esprits des vivants, ceux des morts harcèlent leurs proches, exigeant l'accomplissement d'anciennes promesses ou le sacrifice d'un animal en leur faveur. Les qualités, les pouvoirs, les apparences de ces esprits et des êtres étranges qui dialoguent avec eux ne sont compris qu'en référence au monde animal tel qu'il est mis en ordre par les vaqueiros. Les animaux de la peur et de la nuit y sont opposés aux animaux domestiques et tout particulièrement à la vache qui éprouve les hantises mieux que les hommes eux-mêmes. Animal-clé dans la vie du vaqueiro, la vache, née sauvage, est l'objet d'une domestication qui sert à penser aussi bien l'éducation de l'homme vivant que le long voyage de l'esprit courroucé vers les lieux saints de son repos éternel.
Le parrain, son filleul et l'au-delà
Authors: Fine Agnès
Published: January 2014

Dans certaines régions de France, on avait coutume d'enterrer les mains croisées derrière le dos ceux qui n'avaient jamais été parrains. Pourquoi infliger à ces morts-là une telle sanction ? Ce qui est énoncé comme une qualité intrinsèque de l'individu, être parrain, traduit en fait une relation - pas de parrain sans filleul - qui impose des obligations réciproques. Celles-ci s'expriment pleinement au moment du passage de la vie à la mort. Rites funèbres, contes et récits légendaires révèlent l'intensité du lien entre parrain et filleul, médiateurs réciproques d'un au-delà de repos. Ceux qui échappent à cette relation nécessaire sont irrémédiablement voués à un sort funeste dans l'autre monde : les enfants morts sans parrain, comme l'a toujours enseigné l'Église, mais aussi les adultes qui meurent sans filleul.
Hommes/divinités de la forêt. A travers le miroir au Népal central
Authors: Lecomte-Tilouine Marie
Published: January 2014

A Gulmi, une classe du panthéon est formée par les "divinités de la forêt" ou "petites divinités". L'espace forestier qui leur est imparti englobe en fait toutes les catégories de l'espace considérées comme "basses". A chacune d'elles, des figures surnaturelles particulières sont associées. L'article décrit la façon dont elles sont propitiées et pensées par les villageois. Conçues comme alter ego sauvages des hommes, les divinités de la forêt partagent avec eux le monde terrestre. Les deux groupes sont en relation de concurrence et de conflit. Ils sont envisagés comme de part et d'autre d'un miroir, seuil précaire et dangereux que l'homme risque toujours de franchir, et qui mène à l'état de sauvagerie.
La production paysanne. Eléments pour une nouvelle économique
Authors: Verdon Michel
Published: January 2014

L'histoire rurale québécoise des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles présente avec celle du Nord-Est américain des convergences qui ne sont pas sans rappeler l'histoire rurale française, et qui soulèvent les mêmes problèmes théoriques. Comment en effet comprendre le comportement paysan, ses réticences vis-à-vis du marché, son conservatisme même ? Deux positions s'affrontent ; l'une, formaliste et s'inspirant de l'économique néo-classique, suppose partout une rationalité commerciale et explique le comportement paysan en termes d'échecs et d'imperfections du marché. L'autre, anti-formaliste, postule l'existence d'une rationalité paysanne non-commerciale. Mais alors que les formalistes savent dériver par une série de corollaires contenus dans la situation de marché un ensemble de comportements qui expriment cette rationalité commerciale, les autres ne réussissent pas à asseoir leurs observations sur une axiomatique qui puisse rivaliser avec l'économique néo-classique. Invoquant ici Chayanov, là Marx ou même Kroeber. ils se contentent de postuler une orientation autarcique, ou domestique, de la production paysanne. C'est le but explicite de cet article que d'esquisser les premiers traits d'une telle axiomatique, et de déduire, à partir d'une définition serrée de l'organisation sociale de la production et de la propriété paysanne, les caractères principaux de sa rationalité propre et d'en dériver presque tous les faits relevés par l'historiographie, tant formaliste qu 'anti-formaliste.
Le bien de famille insaisissable. Politique et législation de la petite propriété sous la IIIe République
Authors: Bastien Hervé
Published: January 2014

Tous les courants politiques s'accordaient vers 1890 sur la nécessité de soutenir une agriculture minée par l'endettement paysan et le morcellement des exploitations. La loi du 12 juillet 1909 institua alors, à l'exemple du homestead américain, le "bien de famille insaisissable", portant pour chaque foyer sur une maison et ses terres, d'une valeur inférieure à 8 000 francs : l'insaisissabilité en était absolue, mais il devenait impossible de l'hypothéquer. Malgré divers aménagements après 1920, la loi ne connut qu'un succès médiocre. L'essentiel résidait en fait dans les dispositions successorales introduites sous la pression des catholiques sociaux, inspirés par Le Play : la loi de 1909 dérogeait aux règles égalitaires du Code civil en maintenant l'indivision. Or ces dispositions furent étendues après 1938 à l'ensemble des biens ruraux. Le bien de famille constitue ainsi l'origine de l'attribution préférentielle à l'héritier exploitant reconnue par la législation actuelle.
Crédit et subsistance. L'emprise de la banque sur les paysans mayas du Yucatan (Mexique)
Authors: Lazos Chavero Elena , Villers Ruiz Lourdes
Published: January 2014

Credit subsistence : The Bank's Hold over Mayo Peasants in Yucatan (Mexico)

The analysis of various local situations shows that, although agricultural development programs based on the systematic distribution of credit usually fail as production policies, they have effects, unsought for and unforeseen by programmers, on consumption. In ecological and social conditions where a massive application of capital cannot significantly increase yields, credit seems more attractive because of accompanying services (social security, for example) or because of the disposable revenue it procures rather than because of its nature as a productive resource. Given bank's discriminatory powers, the granting of credit leads to competition and alliances between families, work groups and communities.
La colline et le marais. La gestion des bassins versants au Burundi et au Rwanda
Authors: Meschy Lidia
Published: January 2014

Hills and Lowlands. Managing Catchment Basins in Burundi and Rwanda

In Burundi and Rwanda, the layout of fields in the lowlands suggests a collective management of land and water resources in each valley. But this is not so. Land is used on an individual, sometimes precarious, basis with no regard for neighbors and as a function of biotopes, the lowlands being complementary to the hills. In the lowlands, the interventions of local and then colonial authorities disturbed the peasant system and eventually made it diversify and improve. Knowledge of the history of land use makes us cautious about adopting the theory linking population size to agricultural progress ; it also helps disprove the reputedly foreign origin of certain techniques. The first travelers mentioned farms in the lowlands and, more importantly, an astute (no longer existent) system of irrigation on the slopes. Has this heritage been taken into account during recent transfers of "efficient" techniques ?
Identité touarègue : de l'aristocratie à la révolution
Authors: Bourgeot André , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

L'identité touarègue est appréhendée dans cet article à travers les transformations sociales et économiques qui apparaissent dans une séquence historique de quarante ans (1950-1991). Celle-ci se caractérise par une série de quatre crises cumulatives : crise du pastoralisme nomade, crise écologique (sécheresses de 1969-1973 et de 1984-1986), et crises liées aux indépendances et à l'action des États autoritaires et répressifs. A partir d'une analyse de l'efficience des traits et symboles identitaires (langue, voile de tête, glaive, dromadaire et pastoralisme), l'auteur dégage trois types d'identité. Le premier reprend les normes sécrétées par l'aristocratie guerrière, qui occupe une place prépondérante dans cette société fortement hiérarchisée. Le deuxième est caractérisé par le développement de revendications identitaires révélatrices de nouvelles références. Le troisième concerne un cas particulier, celui des ishumar (les chômeurs), dont certains, se réclamant de la révolution, ont engagé une lutte armée, notamment au Mali septentrional. L'identité touarègue relève de la phraséologie politique et détient un caractère fétiche qui mystifie et exacerbe les rapports politiques et inter-ethniques.
L'utile et l'agréable. La question de l'esthétique dans l'enquête d'architecture rurale du musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires (1943-1947)
Authors: Bonnin Philippe
Published: January 2014

The useful and the pleasant : the question of aesthetics in the survey of rural architecture conducted by the Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaires (1943-1947)

A policy for protecting rural architecture and landscapes developed out of a survey conducted by Georges-Henri Rivière for the Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaires from 1943 to 1947. Besides soliciting monographs, this survey sought to discern the decorative elements and distinguish the functional from the aesthetic. Using cases observed in the Margeride and Aubrac areas of France, this article examines this survey's results, the shortcomings of the grid used for analysis, and the position as an expert that was filled by those who conducted the survey. This survey's problems are explained by going back to Riviere's comments both on the nostalgia for a golden age and on the functionalist theories dominant at that time. A more open approach to aesthetic analysis is proposed that calls for taking into account the observer's subjectivity and knowledge of local architectural systems. Thus can be understood the relative coherence of value systems and of the practices of an agricultural, or rural, way of life, even in contemporary forms.
La météorologie entre science et savoir. L'affaire Mathieu de la Drôme
Authors: Noël-Waldteufel Marie-France
Published: January 2014

En 1863, Mathieu de la Drôme, homme politique et inventeur, publia ses théories de la prévision du temps dans un almanach qui obtint un grand succès public. Pour ses calculs, il avait demandé à Urbain Le Verrier, astronome et directeur de l'Observatoire de Paris, la possibilité de consulter les registres du Bureau de la Météorologie donnant les relevés pluviométriques. Le Verrier refusa, en raison du manque de sérieux de la méthode de calcul de Mathieu, mais surtout parce qu'il ne voulait pas laisser apparaître que les registres officiels n'avaient pas été tenus avec toute la rigueur et l'exactitude nécessaires. Il s'ensuivit une polémique entre les deux hommes qui défraya la chronique entre 1863 et 1865, mêlant politiciens, journalistes et scientifiques. Mathieu de la Drôme était persuadé de la véracité de ses prévisions, à une époque où la météorologie scientifique encore balbutiante ne pouvait répondre avec certitude aux questions que se posaient agriculteurs et marins sur les aléas du climat.
Observation météorologique et sociétés savantes de province, ou la désignation du bon objet scientifique (1821-1878)
Authors: Pelosse Valentin
Published: January 2014

Weather Observations and Learned Societies in the Provinces : Designating the Proper Scientific Object (1821-1878).

Setting up a dense network of weather observation stations (which would be placed under departmental meteorological services) was a long-term project in 19th-century France. The head scientific institution centralized at the Paris Observatory preferred relying on learned societies in the provinces. Society members had to be convinced of the need of keeping, in a useable form, technical, scientific observations of the weather. Only then would they accept to become the docile agents of a national network providing standardized data interpreted by the center. The case of Charente-Maritime Department is used to analyze the cognitive and social referents in this complex cultural process.
Le climat : de l'analyse spatiale au stéréotype
Authors: Marchand Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2014

Climate : From Regional Analysis to Stereotypes

The climate's variability has been perceived as a risk only since about 15 years ago. Studying this variability is now a social demand. Such knowledge is part of a region's economic infrastructure. Climate is part of the "lived-in-space" . As illustrated by the example of Irish farming and the 1845 famine, a systemic approach can be used to place historical, social, economic and climatic constraints on the same conceptual level. But the climate is also a renewable natural resource. By interpreting it, writers and film directors have helped create an image, a regional climatic myth, which advertizing has sometimes made into a sterotype.
Le taillis contre la futaie. Différentes manières d'appréhender le paysage forestier ardennais
Authors: Fortier Agnès
Published: January 2014

La forêt fait-elle paysage ? Une enquête ethnographique conduite dans le massif forestier de l'Ardenne, auprès de différentes catégories d'usagers, forestiers, chasseurs, cueilleurs, affouagistes, tendeurs de grives, et auprès des femmes, a permis de déceler des sensibilités particulières à l'égard de certains types de peuplement, fondées sur des savoirs, des expériences passées, des dispositions affectives, des représentations imaginaires, qui participent aussi à la constitution des paysages.
Le personnel des forges à l'époque moderne. Les exemples de Bonpertuis et du Lombard, en Dauphiné
Authors: Belmont Alain
Published: January 2014

Forge Personnel in Modern Times : The Bonpertuis and Lombards in Dauphiné

The personnel at three forges in Dauphiné, France, are studied from the 16th to 18th centuries. Like so many other industrial establishments under the monarchy, these forges were small, never employing more than 5-10 persons. Nonetheless, they were involved in trade over an area with a radius of more than 50 kms. This trade involved iron ore, wood, and the iron they produced. Employees had good incomes ; and the owners could become part of the petty bourgeoisie. These ironworks also generated steady income for persons who, involved in transportation and charcoal-production, found a way to make a living in a poor area where they could not live on the earth.
La terre, ma chair (Australie)
Authors: Glowczewski-Barker Barbara
Published: January 2014

The Earth, My Flesh (Australia)

For Australian Aborigines, the claim to traditional attachments has become the symbol of a sense of individual, community and national identity. Ancestral territorial rights were governed by complex systems, wherein the social organization was linked to itineraries and sacred sites associated with the travels of mythical beings. Today, heated debate is taking place about the legitimacy of lines of descent (matri-, patri- or bilateral). It is hypothesized that this conflict is part of the construction of an identity wherein heterogeneous memberships in local groups, with their linguistic differences, constitute the very condition of Aboriginality. A single place still serves as the pretext for parallel discourses, which differ depending on the context and on the speaker' s place of reference and gender. Changes imposed by colonists or administrators, like variations in population and climate during the past, may be expressed through innovations in ceremonies or myths that have territorial applications. These innovations lie at the very center of the traditional process for updating local identities, wherein body and spirit are intricately related through a sort of image, trace or mark. These signs of the past are a virtual memory of the cosmos, wherein the earth is, like the flesh, a form of inscription.
Du spontané au contaminant. Bovins ensauvages des Pyrénées ariégeoises
Authors: Luxereau Anne
Published: January 2014

From Spontaneous to Contaminating. Cattle Left Wild in the French Pyrénées

The social dimension of the process whereby cattle have been left to go wild in the Ariège area of the French Pyrénées is studied. Locally, this recent phenomenon is thought to be of minor importance. But throughout France, there are many cases of feral cattle, cases linked to practices and changes in local societies. Unlike bullfighting, which justifies rearing "wild" bulls in an extensive system, the new technical rationality implemented by a group of stockbreeders turns out to be in contradiction with this wild herd's existence.
La culture du poisson
Authors: Bérard Laurence
Published: January 2014

Les pratiques d'élevage et de repeuplement concernant la carpe et la truite constituent un bon observatoire des comportements en matière de représentation de cet animal, balançant entre le végétal et l'animal, le domestique et le sauvage. Leur analyse en souligne les paradoxes. Ainsi, le milieu très anthropisé de l'étang produit l'animal - assimilé par le discours à un végétal - dont le comportement est le plus proche de l'état sauvage. À l'inverse, le milieu de la rivière, sauvage par essence, comporte de plus en plus d'animaux élevés intensivement et considérés pour la plupart comme "sauvages".
Le delta de la Medjerda (Tunisie) depuis l'Antiquité
Authors: Paskoff Roland
Published: January 2014

En Tunisie nord-orientale, l'ancien golfe d'Utique, qui s'est formé à la fin de la transgression postglaciaire il y a environ 6000 ans, a été graduellement colmaté en direction du nord par des défluviations successives de la Medjerda. La séquence des événements intervenus au cours des temps historiques est déduite de textes anciens et de vestiges archéologiques. À l'observation morphologique du terrain s'est ajoutée, pour l'analyse de l'évolution du paysage au cours des trois derniers millénaires, l'interprétation de photographies aériennes et d'images de satellite. Le remblaiement de la partie méridionale du golfe d'Utique a été achevé avant la fin de l'Antiquité. La mer s'est ensuite retirée progressivement de la partie nord pendant le Moyen Âge et l'époque moderne. La lagune de Ghar el Melh représente le dernier vestige de l'ancien golfe d'Utique. Lors de sa dernière grande crue de 1973, la Medjerda changea de nouveau de cours, et elle s'écoule aujourd'hui en empruntant un canal de dérivation qui avait été creusé à l'origine pour évacuer les excédents de débit des crues.
De la lagune à la mer. Quand passent les daurades...
Authors: Destand Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2014

From Lagoon to Sea : When the Bream Pass

In Sète, from late August till mid-November, people fish for bream. Since this fish is caught along quays or canals, this activity, which cyclically mobilizes knowledge and know-how, reveals the meeting of two types of geographical space : sea and pool. This invites us to explore the connections between three recurrent themes : sea, lagoon and city. This ethnographic investigation of bream-fishing sheds light on a seldom encountered sociability. Given this activity's invariability and constant repetition, a hypothesis is made about its ritualization. Sea, canal and pool are types of space found all around the edge of the

Mediterranean and along parts of the Atlantic shore. By constantly resuming the sea/lagoon dialogue, these coastal zones occupy a central position in shaping the cultural universe of lagoon societies along the seashore.
Logiques d'une mise en valeur. L'estran de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel
Authors: Salitot Michelle
Published: January 2014

The Mentality Underlying Development : The Foreshore of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay

From being a natural site for shellfishery since ancient times, the foreshore of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay became a productive and cultural center as of the 19th century. From being a natural resource, shellfish became a grown product. This change, which corresponded to the emergence of new activities on the national level, upset the symbolic bonds between men and places of production. Developing this bay, which belongs to the maritime public domain, fits into a productivistic mentality that makes objects and activities, past and present, patrimonial.
La protection à l'épreuve de la diversité des usages. Le massif des Calanques
Authors: Masséna-Gourc Geneviève
Published: January 2014

How to Conserve the Calanques Massif Given its Diverse Uses

To talk about conserving a natural area means writing the history of its uses, which fit into the general evolution of the functions successively assigned to different parts of the national territory in France. The means of conservation become visible and take on meaning only through the changing uses to which a place has been put. From its intrinsic relation with the uses to be created, limited or reinforced at a given time, conservation assumes characteristic forms. The redistribution of geographical space (a full part of the transformation of social processes) comes into play during each phase of the contending uses that social groups with different, even contradictory, relations to nature advocate. Herein, a special natural site is analyzed : the Calanques Massif along the Mediterranean is a contact zone between sea and land that concentrates the practices and issues of power with special intensity.
Influence of the adsorption geometry of PTCDA on Ag(111) on the tip–molecule forces in non-contact atomic force microscopy
Authors: Langewisch Gernot , Falter Jens , Schirmeisen André , Fuchs Harald
Published: January 2014

Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) adsorbed on a metal surface is a prototypical organic–anorganic interface. In the past, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies of PTCDA adsorbed on Ag(111) have revealed differences in the electronic structure of the molecules depending on their adsorption geometry. In the work presented here, high-resolution 3D force spectroscopy measurements at cryogenic temperatures were performed on a surface area that contained a complete PTCDA unit cell with the two possible geometries. At small tip-molecule separations, deviations in the tip-sample forces were found between the two molecule orientations. These deviations can be explained by a different electron density in both cases. This result demonstrates the capability of 3D force spectroscopy to detect even small effects in the electronic properties of organic adsorbates.
Más sobre el étnico “español”
Authors: Pariente Ángel
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Pervivencia actual de la ll en el suroeste de España
Authors: Hidalgo Caballero Manuel
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Ficción y realidad judeoespañola en el Aita Tettauen de Benito Pérez Galdós
Authors: Martínez Ruiz Juan
Published: January 2014

Los procedimientos de trabajo del gran novelista español son bien conocidos gracias a las investigaciones de J. Serrailh, M. Bataillon, G. Boussagol y C. Vázquez de Arjona. Las fuentes del Aita Tettauen (octubre 1904, enero 1905), quedaron bien perfiladas en el estudio de R. Ricard: el Diario de un testigo de la guerra de África de P. A. de Alarcón, el Kitâb el-istiqsâ, El Cairo, 1894, del cronista en-Nâsirî, según la traducción española que le envió el administrador adjunto de la Zona Internacional de Tánger, D. Ricardo Ruiz Orsatti, sin olvidar la Descripción histórica de Marruecos... de Fr. Manuel P. Castellanos, I.ª ed. Santiago, 1878, que tanto había influido en la obra de en-Nâsirî. Nuestro propósito en esta ocasión es descubrir todo lo que pueda haber de ficción y realidad en la lengua, usos y costumbres de los judíos sefardíes descritos por Galdós en el mencionado Episodio Nacional.
Pulp response to dentine adhesives: A study on mature human pulps
Authors: Kouros Pantelis , Koliniotou-Koumpia Eugenia , Koulaouzidou Elisabeth , Helvatjoglu-Antoniades Maria , Tziafas Dimitrios
Published: January 2014

Objective: To clinically investigate the antibacterial effects of a commercially available self-etch 12-methacryloyloxy- dodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB)-containing adhesive system in comparison with its respective non-MDPB-containing adhesive and to evaluate the pulp responses when in use on human teeth. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two viable human teeth scheduled for extraction were used. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of the teeth and filled with the tested materials (Protect Bond/Clearfil AP-X, SE Bond/Clearfil AP-X and Dycal/Ketac Fill Plus) as a control group, according to manufacturer′s recommendations. Randomly divided to two groups teeth remained intra-orally for 4 and 8 weeks. After extraction, teeth were decalcified, sectioned and stained using the Mayer′s hematoxylin and eosin, and modified Brown-Brenn′s technique. Pulp responses were evaluated microscopically under a microscope and remaining dentine thickness measured under a stereomicroscope. Results: No statistically significant differences regarding pulp inflammation or bacterial infiltration were found either for the materials tested or for periods of post-operative evaluation. Conclusions: The results suggested that for a short period of evaluation there are no quantitative differences, regardless to restoring material used.
Effects of a newly designed apparatus on orthodontic skeletal anchorage
Authors: Tozlu Murat , Nalbantgil Didem , Ozdemir Fulya
Published: January 2014

Objective: An appliance was designed to increase the cortical bone surface contact area of miniscrew implants (MSIs). The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of this appliance on the anchorage force resistance and the stability of orthodontic MSIs. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 MSIs were placed into bone specimens prepared from the ilium of bovines. Half were placed with the newly designed apparatus and half were placed conventionally. All the specimens were subjected to tangential force loading perpendicular to the MSI with lateral displacement of 0.6 mm, using an Instron Universal Testing machine. The maximum removal torque of each tested specimen was also recorded. Both study and control groups were divided into two subgroups based on whether they had thin and thick cortical bone. Results: The test group had statistically higher force anchorage resistance and maximum insertion torque values than the control group (p < 0.001). The results were found to be more significant in cases in which the cortical bone was thin (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the limits of this in vitro study, the present findings suggest that the newly designed apparatus might have a favorable effect on MSI stability in patients presenting with thin cortical bone. Clinical studies are necessary to confirm the results that were observed in vitro.
Investigation of third molar impaction in Turkish orthodontic patients: Prevalence, depth and angular positions
Authors: Topkara Ahu , Sari Zafer
Published: January 2014

Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence, distribution, angular position, and depth of third molar impaction in a Turkish orthodontic patient population. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the panoramic radiographs, intraoral photographs, and dental casts of 207 patients (62 men and 145 women; age 20-39 years) who had undergone orthodontic treatment at a university department of orthodontics for impacted third molars (ITMs). A comprehensive chart review of all subjects was conducted. Patient and treatment-related data were recorded in a digital database for comparative analysis. Results: The prevalence of ITMs was 54.1%, and no statistically significant gender differences were evident (61.3% in men and 51.0% in women; P = 0.23). The frequency of maxillary ITMs was 49.3% (148 of 300 teeth) while that of mandibular ITMs was 50.7% (152 of 300 teeth). The most frequently observed angulations of impaction were mesioangular for the mandible (65.1%), and distoangular for the maxilla (64.2%). Of all the ITMs analysed, 61% were partially buried in bone and 39% were completely buried. Conclusions: Third molar impaction was evident in 54.1% of a group of Turkish orthodontic patients aged 20-39 years, and there was no statistically significant gender bias. Mesioangular and distoangular inclinations were the most common in the mandible and the maxilla, respectively.
Factors influencing local government financial sustainability: an empirical study
Authors: Rodríguez Bolívar Manuel Pedro , Navarro Galera Andrés , Alcaide Muñoz Laura , López Subirés María Deseada
Published: January 2014

In the present context of international public finance crisis, the analysis of government sustainability is considered of vital importance, and a significant element in this is the accounting measurement of intergenerational equity. The aim of this paper is to identify factors that may influence the financial sustainability of local government, doing so through the analysis of 116 local administrations in Spain. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, our main findings show that the annual budget result is a key determinant of local government financial sustainability, and highlight the value of controlling the balance of budget expenditures in preventing future problems of viability for these local authority services.
Climatic controls on water vapor deuterium excess in the marine boundary layer of the North Atlantic based on 500 days of in situ, continuous measurements
Authors: Steen-Larsen H. C. , Sveinbjörnsdottir A. E. , Peters A. J. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Guishard M. P. , Hsiao G. , Jouzel J. , Noone D. , Warren J. K. , White J. W. C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Continuous, in situ measurements of water vapor isotopic composition have been conducted in the North Atlantic, Bermuda Islands (32.26° N, 64.88° W) between November 2011 and June~2013, using a~cavity-ring-down-spectrometer water vapor isotope analyzer and an autonomous self-designed calibration system. Meticulous calibration allows us to reach an accuracy and precision on 10 min average of δ18O, δD, and d-excess of respectively 0.14 ‰, 0.85 ‰, and 1.1 ‰, verified using two parallel instruments with independent calibration. As a result of more than 500 days with 6 hourly data the relationships between deuterium excess, relative humidity (rh), sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed and direction are assessed. From the whole dataset, 84% of d-excess variance is explained by a strong linear relationship with relative humidity. The slope of this relationship (−42.6 ± 0.4 ‰ % (rh)) is similar to the theoretical prediction of Merlivat and Jouzel (1979) for SST between 20 °C and 30 °C. However, in contrast with theory, no effect of wind speed could be detected on the relationship between d-excess and relative humidity. Separating the dataset into winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons reveals different linear relationships between d-excess and humidity. Changes in wind directions are observed to affect the relationships between d-excess and humidity. The observed seasonal variability in the relationship between d-excess and relative humidity underlines the importance of long-term monitoring to make accurate conclusions.
Characterisation of bioaerosol emissions from a Colorado pine forest: results from the BEACHON-RoMBAS experiment
Authors: Crawford I. , Robinson N. H. , Flynn M. J. , Foot V. E. , Gallagher M. W. , Huffman J. A. , Stanley W. R. , Kaye P. H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The behaviour of Primary Biological Aerosols (PBA) at an elevated, un-polluted North American forest site was studied using an Ultra Violet-Light Induced Fluorescence (UV-LIF) measurement technique in conjunction with Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HA-CA). Contemporaneous UV-LIF measurements were made with two wide-band integrated bioaerosol spectrometers, WIBS-3 and WIBS-4, which sampled close to the forest floor and via a continuous vertical profiling system, respectively. Additionally, meteorological parameters were recorded at various heights throughout the forest and used to estimate PBAP fluxes. HA-CA using data from the two, physically-separated WIBS instruments independently yielded very similar cluster solutions. All fluorescent clusters displayed a diurnal minimum at midday at the forest floor with maximum concentration occurring at night. Additionally, the number concentration of each fluorescent cluster was enhanced, to different degrees, during wet periods. A cluster that displayed the greatest enhancement and highest concentration during sustained wet periods appears consistent with behaviour reported for fungal spores. A cluster that appears to be behaviourally consistent with bacteria dominated during dry periods. Fluorescent particle concentrations were found to be greater within the forest canopy than at the forest floor, indicating that the canopy was the main source of these particles rather than the minimal surface vegetation, which appeared to contribute little to overall PBA concentrations at this site. Fluorescent particle concentration was positively correlated with relative humidity (RH), and parameterisations of the aerosol response during dry and wet periods are reported. The aforementioned fungal spore-like cluster displayed a strong positive response to increasing RH. The bacteria-like cluster responded more strongly to direct rain-fall events than other PBA types. Peak concentrations of this cluster are shown to be exponentially correlated to peak rainfall rates. Parallel studies by Huffman et al. (2013) and Prenni et al. (2013) showed that the fluorescent particle concentrations correlated linearly with ice nuclei (IN) concentrations at this site during rain events. We discuss this result in conjunction with our cluster analysis to appraise the candidate IN.
An instrument for measurements of BrO with LED-based Cavity-Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Hoch D. J. , Buxmann J. , Sihler H. , Pöhler D. , Zetzsch C. , Platt U.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The chemistry of the troposphere and specifically the global tropospheric ozone budget is affected by reactive halogen species such as bromine monoxide (BrO) or chlorine monoxide (ClO). Especially BrO plays an important role in the processes of ozone destruction, disturbance of NOx and HOx chemistry, oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and the deposition of elementary mercury. In the troposphere BrO has been detected in polar regions, at salt lakes, in volcanic plumes, and in the marine boundary layer. For a better understanding of these processes, field measurements as well as reaction chamber studies are performed. In both cases instruments with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity are necessary. A Cavity-Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) instrument with an open path measurement cell was designed and applied. For the first time, a CE-DOAS instrument is presented using an UV LED in the 325–365 nm wavelength range. In laboratory studies, BrO as well as HONO, HCHO, O3, and O4 could be reliably determined at detection limits of 20 ppt for BrO, 9.1 ppb for HCHO, 970 ppt for HONO, and 91 ppb for O3, for five minutes integration time. The best detection limits were achieved for BrO (11 ppt), HCHO (5.1 ppb), HONO (490 ppt), and O3 (59 ppb) for integration times of 81 minutes or less. Comparison with established White system (WS) DOAS and O3 monitor measurements demonstrate the reliability of the instrument.
Nitrate leaching from intensive organic farms to groundwater
Authors: Dahan O. , Babad A. , Lazarovitch N. , Russak E. E. , Kurtzman D.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. It is commonly presumed that organic agriculture causes only minimal environmental pollution. In this study, we measured the quality of percolating water in the vadose zone, underlying both organic and conventional intensive greenhouses. Our study was conducted in newly established farms where the subsurface underlying the greenhouses has been monitored continuously from their establishment. Surprisingly, intensive organic agriculture relying on solid organic matter, such as composted manure that is implemented in the soil prior to planting as the sole fertilizer, resulted in significant down-leaching of nitrate through the vadose zone to the groundwater. On the other hand, similar intensive agriculture that implemented liquid fertilizer through drip irrigation, as commonly practiced in conventional agriculture, resulted in much lower rates of pollution of the vadose zone and groundwater. It has been shown that accurate fertilization methods that distribute the fertilizers through the irrigation system, according to plant demand, during the growing season dramatically reduce the potential for groundwater contamination from both organic and conventional greenhouses.
Geoffrey's Credo:
Authors: Burrow John
Published: January 2014

When Geoffrey denies any desire for “fame,” he may mean either that he is content to live a private, unnoticed life or that he does not look for glory as a poet. The latter meaning is suggested by his enigmatic reference to “myn art,” and Alexander Pope took it so in The Temple of Fame, his version of Chaucer's Book III.
American I Do's – The More the Merrier?
Authors: Cibes Margaret , Greenwood James
Published: January 2014

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. The mathematics in these clips includes interpretation of graphs, computing percentages, making conjectures, and analyzing data. The first clip concerns college admission, a relevant topic for many students.
Teaching Straight-Line Graphs Using Autograph
Authors: Barton Craig
Published: January 2014

Students often have difficulty with the topic of straight-line graphs. Perhaps they cannot relate to the abstractness of the concepts involved. Perhaps the sheer number and complexity of the skills required—reading algebra, substituting values, rearranging formulas, dealing with negative numbers, understanding coordinates and fractions—magnifies any misconceptions or weaknesses that students may have in other areas of mathematics, rendering them unable to come to grips with the topic as a whole.
Web-diaspóricas como mídias de migração: outras formas de narrar as experiências migratórias na internet
Authors: Brignol Liliane Dutra , Brum Maurício Marques
Published: January 2014

Com base em um referencial teórico sobre os conceitos de migrações, identidade e diferença na mídia, este artigo propõe uma análise sobre páginas da web construídas a partir da experiência das migrações contemporâneas, de modo a analisar a diferença nas temáticas e no modo de construção dos conteúdos em relação ao que é percebido na mídia tradicional. Para isso, parte da recuperação de pesquisas sobre o tratamento midiático das migrações, seguida da análise de cinco sites produzidos por migrantes e direcionados à temática, definidos como web-diaspóricas. A partir da análise, percebe-se que, enquanto os meios de comunicação costumam tratar as comunidades migrantes com reservas, relacionando-as à criminalidade urbana e violência ou à pobreza e vitimização, as páginas alternativas buscam seu espaço ao servir de voz para apresentar outra versão – e reafirmar os laços de identidade entre seus leitores.
O escritor sobrevivente: uma questão de visibilidade
Authors: Jatobá Vivian Resende , Sá Sérgio Araújo de
Published: January 2014

O escritor, dedicado a obras nas quais pretende lançar seu olhar mais reflexivo e cuidadoso sobre as angústias humanas, depara-se com certas dificuldades que dizem respeito à falta de visibilidade de seus livros. Para alcançar tal visibilidade, entretanto, ele se submete às exigencies de um mercado editorial que privilegia uma literatura de mais fácil compreensão, e que deseja alcançar um public leitor mais amplo, o qual não se dê ao trabalho de fazer reflexões profundas. Nesse cenário, o escritor, motivado por necessidade financeira, se vê obrigado a ceder, renunciando às suas convicções e fazendo algo contra a própria vontade a fim de dar à sua obra alguma visibilidade e a si mesmo um retorno financeiro. Como ele, outros artistas se veem na mesma situação, e suas opções são fracassar por meio da renúncia ao dinheiro ou às suas próprias convicções. Clarice Lispector e Sidney Orr são exemplos dessa situação, embora a primeira se situe no plano da realidade e o segundo seja um personagem ficcional de Paul Auster. Este artigo se propõe, assim, a explorar o drama vivido por eles para ilustrar o fenômeno analisado.
Espaço urbano como comunicação: signos da paisagem
Authors: Maziero Lucia Teresinha Peixe , Bonametti João Henrique
Published: January 2014

Neste artigo são apresentados conceitos clássicos de semiótica aplicados às linguagens do espaço urbano, tendo como foco a compreensão da comunicação resultante da cognição humana na percepção da cidade. Construiu-se um roteiro conceitual, com base na semiótica e na psicologia cognitiva, para discutir a ação dos signos da paisagem, produzidos pelo homem e pela natureza. Propôs-se uma abordagem analítica, gerando uma rotina de pensamento a ser utilizada como meio de potencializar a condição comunicativa do espaço urbano na identificação e compreensão das linguagens que se manifestam. Como recorte da paisagem urbana, utilizou-se o exemplo de análise sobre um parque contemporâneo. Relacionando-se os significados corporificados no espaço com aqueles que existem apenas no imaginário das pessoas, observa-se a transformação do lugar, priorizando resultados à sociedade e à valorização individual e coletiva. A temática da comunicação do ambiente urbano pode trazer avanços nas abordagens conceituais e metodológicas, visando a um novo formato de produção de conteúdo sobre o modo de pensar as cidades.
Industry Competition and Earnings Persistence:Empirical Tests Based on Real Options Theory1
Authors: Chen Xinyuan , Jin Qinglu , Xiao Tusheng
Published: January 2014

Using A-share listed companies in China from 1999 to 2010, this paper investigates the influence of industry competition on earnings persistence from the perspective of the real options theory. Different from the traditional industrial economics theory, analyses based on the real options theory show that the influence of industry competition on earnings persistence may be nonlinear and that the relationship between the two may vary with the firm’s operating efficiency or profitability. Our empirical results show that for companies with low profitability, intense industry competition can encourage management to exercise abandonment options more effectively, thereby reducing the persistence of earnings; in contrast, for companies with high profitability, intense industry competition can encourage management to exercise growth options more effectively and offset the mean reverting effect, thus increasing the persistence of earnings. Additional tests illustrate that the influence of industry competition on earnings persistence is also reflected in the relationship between stock price changes and earnings changes, that is, the earnings response coefficient. Overall, this paper suggests that the influence of industry competition on the execution of real options is reflected in the earnings pattern
Venture Capital, Property Rights, and Managerial Compensation Contracts1
Authors: Xue Shuang , Tang Fengshou
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates the impact of venture capital on managers’ compensation contracts. The results show that pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) is higher in venture-capital-backed companies than in non-venture-capital-backed companies. A higher PPS may bring managers of venture-capital-backed companies a higher extra emolument compared with that offered by other companies in the same industry. A further test shows that the positive effect of venture capital on PPS and extra emolument exists in (1) private enterprises rather than state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and (2) in firms backed by highly reputable venture capitalists (VCs) rather than in firms backed by VCs with a low reputation. The findings indicate that even after initial public offerings (IPOs), venture capital still has a positive impact on corporate governance and affects managerial compensation contracts.