bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate variability and Ross River virus infections in Riverland, South Australia, 1992–2004
Authors: BI P. , HILLER J. E. , CAMERON A. S. , ZHANG Y. , GIVNEY R.
Published: March 2009

Ross River virus (RRV) infection is the most common notifiable vector-borne disease in Australia, with around 6000 cases annually. This study aimed to examine the relationship between climate variability and notified RRV infections in the Riverland region of South Australia in order to set up an early warning system for the disease in temperate-climate regions. Notified data of RRV infections were collected by the South Australian Department of Health. Climatic variables and monthly river flow were provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and South Australian Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation over the period 1992–2004. Spearman correlation and time-series-adjusted Poisson regression analysis were performed. The results indicate that increases in monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures, monthly total rainfall, monthly mean Southern Oscillation Index and monthly flow in the Murray River increase the likelihood, but an increase in monthly mean relative humidity decreases the likelihood, of disease transmission in the region, with different time-lag effects. This study demonstrates that a useful early warning system can be developed for local regions based on the statistical analysis of readily available climate data. These early warning systems can be utilized by local public health authorities to develop disease prevention and control activities.
AKARI IRC survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud: A new feature in the infrared color—magnitude diagram
Authors: Ita Yoshifusa , Onaka Takashi , Kato Daisuke ,   the AKARI LMC survey team
Published: March 2009

We observed an area of 10 deg2 of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera on board AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and 24 μm) and a dispersion prism (2 − 5 μm, λ/Δλ ~ 20) equipped in the IRC. The 11 and 15 μm data, which are unique to AKARI IRC, allow us to construct color-magnitude diagrams that are useful to identify stars with circumstellar dust. We found a new sequence in the color-magnitude diagram, which is attributed to red giants with luminosity fainter than that of the tip of the first red giant branch. We suggest that this sequence is likely to be related to the broad emission feature of aluminium oxide at 11.5 μm.
The properties of molecular clouds across the Magellanic System
Authors: Mizuno Norikazu
Published: March 2009

Most stars form in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) and regulate the evolution of galaxies in various respects. The formed stars affect the surrounding materials strongly via their UV photons, stellar winds, and supernova explosions, which lead to trigger the formation of next-generations of stars in the GMCs. It is therefore crucial to reveal the distribution and properties of GMCs in a galaxy. The Magellanic System is a unique target to make such detailed comprehensive study of GMCs. This is because it is nearby and the LMC is nearly face-on, making it feasible to unambiguously identify associated young objects within GMCs. Recent millimeter and sub-millimeter observations in the Magellanic System have started to reveal the distribution and properties of the individual GMCs in detail and their relation to star formation activities. From the NANTEN CO surveys, three types of GMCs can be classified in terms of star formation activities; Type I is starless, Type II is with H ii regions only, and Type III is associated with active star formation indicated by huge H ii regions and young star clusters. The further observations to obtain detailed structure of the GMCs by Mopra and SEST and to search for the dense cores by ASTE and NANTEN2 in higher tansition lines of CO have been carried out with an angular resolution of about 5 to 10 pc. These observations revealed that the differences of the physical properties represent an evolutionary sequence of GMCs in terms of density increase leading to star formation. Type I and II GMCs are at the early phase of star formation where density does not yet become high enough to show active star formation, and Type III GMCs represent the later phase where the average density is increased and the GMCs are forming massive stars.
Insights from Spitzer on massive star formation in the LMC
Authors: Indebetouw Rémy , Whitney Barbara A. , Sewilo Marta , Robitaille Thomas , Meixner Margaret ,   the (rest of the) SAGE team
Published: March 2009

Spitzer's sensitive mid-IR photometric surveys of the Magellanic Clouds provide a relatively extinction-free census of star formation activity, and sub-parsec resolution permits the study of individual massive protostars and small clusters. Using the SAGE survey of the LMC, we identify over 1000 massive YSO candidates by their MIR colors. Analysis of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) constrains the stellar content and evolutionary state, beginning to realize for the first time the unique potential of the Clouds to study an entire galaxy's population of individual protostars. We probe the physics underlying the Schmidt-Kennicutt scaling law by analyzing how it begins to break down at 10–100 pc spatial scales. MIR spectroscopic surveys currently underway like SAGE-SPEC will enable us to couple the circumprotostellar dust distribution (the evolutionary state reflected in the SED) with the physical state of the gas, dust and ice.
Spatial variations in the star formation history of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Gallart Carme , Meschin Ingrid , Aparicio Antonio , Stetson Peter B. , Hidalgo Sebastián L.
Published: March 2009

Based on the quantitative analysis of a set of wide-field color—magnitude diagrams reaching the old main sequence-turnoffs, we present new LMC star-formation histories, and their variation with galactocentric distance. Some coherent features are found, together with systematic variations of the star-formation history among the three fields analyzed. We find two main episodes of star formation in all three fields, from 1 to 4 and 7 to 13 Gyr ago, with relatively low star formation around ≃ 4–7 Gyr ago. The youngest age in each field gradually increases with galactocentric radius; in the innermost field, LMC 0514–6503, an additional star formation event younger than 1 Gyr is detected, with star formation declining, however, in the last ≃ 200 Myr. The population is found to be older on average toward the outer part of the galaxy, although star formation in all fields seems to have started around 13 Gyr ago.
Pulsating variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Clementini Gisella
Published: March 2009

Pulsating variable stars can be powerful tools to study the structure, formation and evolution of galaxies. I discuss the role that the Magellanic Clouds' pulsating variables play in our understanding of the whole Magellanic System, in light of results on pulsating variables produced by extensive observing campaigns like the MACHO and OGLE microlensing surveys. In this context, I also briefly outline the promise of new surveys and astrometric missions which will target the Clouds in the near future.
On the huge mass loss of B[e] supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Kraus M. , Fernandes M. Borges , de Araújo F. X.
Published: March 2009

B[e] supergiants are known to possess circumstellar disks in which molecules and dust can form. The formation mechanism and the resulting structure of these disks is, however, still controversial. Nevertheless, to protect the disk material from the dissociating stellar radiation and to allow for dust formation in the vicinity of a luminous supergiant star, the amount of mass comprised within these disks must be huge. We study the amount of hydrogen neutral material by means of an analysis of the strong [O i] emission lines in our optical high-resolution FEROS spectra of two B[e] supergiants, the edge-on system S 65 in the SMC, and the pole-on system R 126 in the LMC. In addition, we study the possible disk dynamics of S 65, based on a simultaneous line-profile modeling. We find that the [O i] emission lines in S 65 must originate either from an outflowing disk, in which the outflow velocity is slowly decreasing outwards, or from a Keplerian rotating ring, resulting from an ejection event.
Magellanic type galaxies throughout the Universe
Authors: Wilcots Eric M.
Published: March 2009

The Magellanic Clouds are often characterized as “irregular” galaxies, a term that implies an overall lack of organized structure. While this may be a fitting description of the Small Cloud, the Large Magellanic Cloud, contrary to popular opinion, should not be considered an irregular galaxy. It is characterized by a distinctive morphology of having an offset stellar bar and single spiral arm. Such morphology is relatively common in galaxies of similar mass throughout the local Universe, although explaining the origin of these features has proven challenging. Through a number of recent studies we are beginning to get a better grasp on what it means to be a Magellanic spiral. One key result of these works is that we now recognize that the most unique aspect of the Magellanic Clouds is not their structure, but, rather, their proximity to a larger spiral such as the Milky Way.
Nonideality sources and implementation considerations in polar transmitters
Authors: García José A. , Pedro José C. , Cabral Pedro Miguel , Fager Christian , Nemati Hossein Mashad , Zhu Anding , Colantonio Paolo
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the main nonidealities appearing in polar transmitters will be addressed, together with several implementation considerations. Special attention will be paid to the role of AM modulation nonlinearity and parasitic AM-to-PM conversion, once architecture mechanisms such as time-delay mismatch between branches or limited bandwidth in the amplitude path are controlled. The device limiting factors for a highly efficient switched mode operation and a linear amplitude modulation will be identified. Some circuit design and implementation guidelines for the RF modulating stage and the envelope amplifier will be discussed, to finish with system-level analysis considerations under two-tone and real communication signal excitations.
Improved IP2 calibration method using a perturbance-based algorithm
Authors: Ali Karim Aoulad , Barré Philippe , Andrieux Guillaume , Diouris Jean-François
Published: March 2009

To achieve a high IIP2 level on a mixer, static calibration techniques have been developed. Most of them are based on an intentional introduction of a calibrated mismatch in the structure of the mixer. They are performed at production stage. It is also possible to automate them but their activation is strongly limited in portable devices because of system restrictions. Furthermore, IIP2 is sensitive to system variations, thereby degrading the calibration operation. The challenge is so to make the calibration system dynamic, i.e. performing an online calibration. This paper presents a perturbance-based algorithm as part of an automatic calibration system to track the optimum IIP2 level. Measurements validate the algorithm behavior and indicate the feasibility of using it in a complete calibration system for a future on-chip implementation.
Impact of atmospheric CO2 doubling on the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Chul
Published: March 2009

In order to investigate responses of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) to climate change, the impact of atmospheric CO2 doubling with 1% annual increase is examined using a coupled climate model (GFDL CM2.1). Under the CO2 forcing, the surface waters in the formation region of NPSTMW and the core layer of NPSTMW become warmer and freshener. The total volume of NPSTMW increases by about 40% due to warming. The inter‐annual and decadal variability of NPSTMW is significantly correlated with the variability of the Kuroshio heat transport, and less correlated with variability of sea surface temperature and winter monsoon index in comparison with the control run.
Upper mantle anisotropy beneath Australia and Tahiti from P wave polarization: Implications for real‐time earthquake location
Authors: Fontaine Fabrice R. , Barruol Guilhem , Kennett Brian L. N. , Bokelmann Goetz H. R. , Reymond Dominique
Published: March 2009

We report measurements of long‐period P wave polarization (Ppol) in Australia and Tahiti made by combining modeling of the polarization deviation and harmonic analysis. The analysis of the deviation of the horizontal polarization of the P wave as a function of event back azimuth may be used to obtain information about (1) sensor misorientation, (2) dipping discontinuities, (3) seismic anisotropy, and (4) velocity heterogeneities beneath a seismic station. The results from harmonic analysis and a grid search using Snell's law suggest the presence of a dipping seismic discontinuity beneath stations CTAO and CAN in Australia. These results are consistent with published receiver function studies for these stations. The Ppol fast axis orientation is close to the N–S absolute plate motion direction at station TAU (Tasmania), which may be due to plate‐motion‐driven alignment of olivine crystals in the asthenosphere. Interestingly, measurements of SKS splitting at Tahiti (French Polynesia) show an apparent isotropy, whereas an inversion of Ppol observations at PPTL seismic station located in Tahiti suggests the presence of two anisotropic layers. The fast axis azimuth is oriented E–W in the upper layer, and it is close to the NW–SE orientation in the lower layer. Since Ppol orientations are used for real‐time earthquake locations, especially in poorly instrumented areas such as the South Pacific, we show that the bias from anisotropy and sensor misorientation determined here can be corrected to improve the location accuracy, which yields fundamental data for rapid location necessary for effective tsunami warning.
Rupture parameters of the 2003 Zemmouri (Mw 6.8), Algeria, earthquake from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, coastal uplift, and GPS
Authors: Belabbès Samir , Wicks Charles , Çakir Ziyadin , Meghraoui Mustapha
Published: March 2009

We study the surface deformation associated with the 21 May 2003 (Mw = 6.8) Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake, the strongest seismic event felt in the Algiers region since 1716. The thrust earthquake mechanism and related surface deformation revealed an average 0.50 m coastal uplift along ∼55‐km‐long coastline. We obtain coseismic interferograms using Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) (IS2) and RADARSAT standard beam (ST4) data from both the ascending and descending orbits of Envisat satellite, whereas the RADARSAT data proved useful only in the descending mode. While the two RADARSAT interferograms cover the earthquake area, Envisat data cover only the western half of the rupture zone. Although the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence in the epicenter area is poor, deformation fringes are observed along the coast in different patches. In the Boumerdes area, the maximum coseismic deformation is indicated by the high gradient of fringes visible in all interferograms in agreement with field measurements (tape, differential GPS, leveling, and GPS). To constrain the earthquake rupture parameters, we model the interferograms and uplift measurements using elastic dislocations on triangular fault patches in an elastic and homogeneous half‐space. We invert the coseismic slip using first, a planar surface and second, a curved fault, both constructed from triangular elements using Poly3Dinv program that uses a damped least square minimization. The best fit of InSAR, coastal uplift, and GPS data corresponds to a 65‐km‐long fault rupture dipping 40° to 50° SE, located at 8 to 13 km offshore with a change in strike west of Boumerdes from N60°–65° to N95°–105°. The inferred rupture geometry at depth correlates well with the seismological results and may have critical implications for the seismic hazard assessment of the Algiers region.
Warming in the Tibetan Plateau: Possible influences of the changes in surface water vapor
Authors: Rangwala Imtiaz , Miller James R. , Xu Ming
Published: March 2009

The Tibetan Plateau has warmed most rapidly during the winter months in the latter half of the 20th century. Changes in surface specific humidity and their effect on changes in downward longwave radiation (DLR) at the surface are examined to evaluate the pattern of seasonal warming at different elevations over the plateau between 1961 and 2000. We use observed seasonal changes in specific humidity to calculate the changes in DLR over the Tibetan Plateau. We find that increases in surface humidity during winter and spring months produce relatively large increases in DLR when the specific humidity is 2.5 g/kg or less, which usually occurs during the colder months and at higher altitudes. These increases in surface water vapor and the related changes in DLR appear to be part of the reason for the prominent winter warming trend observed over the plateau between 1961 and 2000.
First observation of micrometeoroid differential ablation in the atmosphere
Authors: Janches D. , Dyrud L. P. , Broadley S. L. , Plane J. M. C.
Published: March 2009

Every day, billions of microgram‐sized‐extraterrestrial particles enter and ablate in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, depositing their mass in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). This evaporated meteoric mass is the source of global layers of neutral metal atoms, sporadic E layers of metal ions, and meteoric smoke particles. Because their kinetic energy is insufficient to produce detectable optical emissions, these particles can only be observed using sensitive radars, which detect the plasma (i.e., electrons) either immediately surrounding the meteoroid (head‐echo), or left behind along its path (trail‐echo). Here we show that observed short‐scale temporal features in the radar returned signal from the meteor head‐echo are explained by differential ablation of the chemical constituents. These results represent the first observation of this mass‐loss process, indicating that this is the main mechanism through which the meteoric mass of micron‐sized particles is deposited in the MLT.
Association of Central Obesity With the Severity and Audiometric Configurations of Age‐related Hearing Impairment
Authors: Hwang Juen‐Haur , Wu Chen‐Chi , Hsu Chuan‐Jen , Liu Tien‐Chen , Yang Wei‐Shiung
Published: March 2009

To investigate the effect of central obesity on the severity and characteristics of age‐related hearing impairment (ARHI), we recruited 690 adult subjects with normal or symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The effects of age, gender, morphometry, habits, systemic diseases, and environmental noise exposure on average pure tone hearing level at low frequencies (pure tone audiometry (PTA)‐low) and high frequencies (PTA‐high) were analyzed. After adjusting for age, gender, systemic disease, and other variables, waist circumference (WC) showed a significant positive association with PTA‐low and PTA‐high. In females, PTA‐low and PTA‐high only showed significant positive association with age, but not with WC or other variables. However, PTA‐high showed a positive association with borderline significance with WC in female subjects older than 55. In males, WC as well as age and noise exposure showed significant positive associations with both PTA‐low and PTA‐high, primarily in subjects younger than 55. When both WC and BMI were taken into account in a backward stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis, WC, but not BMI, showed a significant positive association with PTA‐low and PTA‐high in males younger than 55, and with PTA‐high with borderline significance in females older than 55. However, the audiogram patterns were not significantly affected by central obesity in either age or gender. Our results suggest that WC was, even after adjustment for BMI, an independent risk factor of ARHI, particularly for low and high frequencies in males younger than 55 and for high frequencies in female subjects older than 55.
The Impact of Obesity on Health Service Utilization and Costs in Childhood
Authors: Trasande Leonardo , Chatterjee Samprit
Published: March 2009

Most studies of the economic costs of childhood obesity have focused upon hospitalization for comorbidities of obesity, whereas increased expenditures may also be the result of additional outpatient/emergency room visits or prescription drug expenditures. To quantify the magnitude of increased health‐care utilization and expenditures among overweight and obese children, we performed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses on data from 6‐ to 19‐year olds in the 2002–2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a national probability survey of the noninstitutionalized civilian population in the United States. Compared with normal/underweight children, we found that children who were obese during both years of the MEPS had $194 higher outpatient visit expenditures, $114 higher prescription drug expenditures, and $12 higher emergency room expenditures. Children who were overweight during both years, or overweight in one year and obese in the other had $79 higher outpatient visit expenditures, $64 higher prescription drug expenditures, and $25 higher emergency room expenditures than normal/underweight children. Significantly, increased utilization was noted for outpatient visits, prescription drug use, and emergency room visits. Increased costs and utilization were concentrated among adolescents, though 6–11‐year‐old children who were obese in both years did have more outpatient visits and expenditures than other children. Extrapolated to the nation, elevated BMI in childhood was associated with $14.1 billion in additional prescription drug, emergency room, and outpatient visit costs annually. Although further research is needed to identify effective interventions, the immediate economic consequences of childhood obesity are much greater than previously realized, and further reinforce efforts to prevent this major comorbidity are needed.
How Physician Obesity Specialists Use Drugs to Treat Obesity
Authors: Hendricks Ed J. , Rothman Richard B. , Greenway Frank L.
Published: March 2009

Specialist physicians may have prescribing habits that are different from nonspecialist physicians. Little is known about the prescribing habits of physicians specializing in the treatment of obesity. An anonymous survey was given to the physician members of the American Society of Bariatric Physicians (ASBP). There was a 35% response rate (266 physicians) to the questionnaire that was represented nationally. Almost all prescribed medications and all of them recommended phentermine. The average maximal dose of phentermine was above that approved in the package insert, and these physicians disagreed with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Obesity Treatment Guidelines. Phendimetrazine, metformin, and phentermine plus l‐5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) with carbidopa were all used more frequently than either orlistat or sibutramine. The combination of sibutramine and orlistat as well as 5‐HTP/carbidopa were prescribed by 14 and 20%, respectively. As 5‐HTP‐carbidopa was a combination not previously reported for the treatment of obesity, a retrospective chart review was performed in a single obesity practice, which may not be representative. Twenty‐two subjects had a 16% weight loss with phentermine over 6 months and an additional 1% weight loss with the addition of 5‐HTP/carbidopa for an additional 6 months. One subject who started on 5‐HTP/carbidopa alone lost 24.4% of initial body weight over 6 months. This questionnaire revealed that 20% of the obesity specialists responding to the survey used phentermine plus of 5‐HTP/carbidopa, an unreported combination. A controlled, randomized, clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this combination in treating obesity should be considered.
Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of (Mn1-xNix)3Sn2(x=0–0.5) compounds
Authors: Zeng R. , Lu L. , Li W. X. , Kim J. H. , Shi D. Q. , Liu H. K. , Dou S. X. , Wang J. L. , Campbell S. J. , Wang Z. , Li Y. , Zhu M. Y. , Feng C. Q.
Published: March 2009

The effects of Ni substitution on the magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of (Mn1−xNix)3Sn2 compounds (x=0–0.5) have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. It was found that Ni substitution decreases the crystal cell volume and the magnetic transition temperatures compared with pure Mn3Sn2. The MCE for all samples has been calculated from the magnetization data in terms of the isothermal magnetic entropy change ΔSM. The maximum values of ΔSMmax at the magnetic phase transition temperatures resulting from a change in magnetic field of ΔH=5 T were found to be 28.2 mJ/cm3 K for Mn3Sn2 (TC1∼257 K), increasing to 31.2 mJ/cm3 K for (Mn0.9Ni0.1)3Sn2 (TC∼167 K).
Improvement of size and magnetic properties of Nd9.5Fe72.5Ti3B15 bulk magnets by Zr or Nb substitution for Ti
Authors: Chang H. W. , Cheng Y. T. , Chang C. W. , Hsieh C. C. , Guo Z. H. , Chang W. C. , Sun A. C.
Published: March 2009

Magnetic properties and microstructure of directly quenched Nd9.5Fe72.5Ti3−xMxB15 (M=Nb and Zr; x=0–3) bulk magnets in rod form with a diameter of 0.9 mm have been studied. Proper Nb or Zr substitution for Ti has been found to well modify phase constitution and to refine the grain size from 200 to 50–100 nm effectively. Accordingly, the magnetic properties of the rods are enhanced remarkably from Hic=6.2 kOe and (BH)max=5.6 MG Oe for Nd9.5Fe72.5Ti3B15 to Hic=6.7–15.4 kOe and (BH)max=6.0–8.2 MG Oe for Nd9.5Fe72.5Ti3−xMxB15. The optimum magnetic properties of Br=6.6 kG, Hic=9.6 kOe, and (BH)max=8.2 MG Oe can be achieved for Nd9.5Fe72.5Ti2.5Zr0.5B15 alloy, while the highest coercivity of Hic=15.4 kOe [Br=5.9 kG and (BH)max=7.0 MG Oe] is obtained for Nd9.5Fe72.5Nb3B15. Their high permanent magnetic property arises mainly from the existence of a large volume fraction of 2:14:1 phase, finer grain size, and the existence of grain boundary phase.
Magnetism of TiO and TiO2 nanoclusters
Authors: Wei Xiaohui , Skomski Ralph , Balamurugan B. , Sun Z. G. , Ducharme Stephen , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: March 2009

Nanoclusters of rocksalt TiO, anatase TiO2, and rutile TiO2 were produced by cluster deposition and examined with transmission-electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and magnetization measurements. The clusters are all magnetic at room temperature, but the magnetization is structure- dependent. The hysteresis loops show coercivities that are of the order of 100 Oe and all films show a preferential in-plane magnetization direction. The size dependence of the magnetization was investigated for rutile clusters with average sizes from about 15 to 40 nm. The analysis of the measurements indicates that the magnetism is predominantly located near the surface of the clusters and characterized by a nominal value of 7.6 μB/nm2.
Magnetic and electronic properties of α-NaMnO2
Authors: Zhang G. R. , Zou L. J. , Zeng Z. , Lin H. Q.
Published: March 2009

The magnetic and electronic properties of α-NaMnO2 are investigated by performing the first-principles density functional calculations. A semiconducting ground state with high spin Mn is found. The magnetic coupling within a Mn layer is antiferromagnetic and frustrated, while the coupling between layers is very weak. Spatially anisotropic exchange is found within a Mn layer. The large Jahn–Teller distortion lowers the energy of d3r2−z2 orbital, leading to the stabilization of high spin Mn and ferromagnetic orbital ordering. Moreover, GGA+U studies show that α-NaMnO2 has the mixed characteristics of Mott–Hubbard insulators and charge transfer insulators.
Changes in the crystalline structure of electroplated Co nanowires induced by small template pore size
Authors: Ye Zuxin , Liu Haidong , Luo Zhiping , Lee Han-Gil , Wu Wenhao , Naugle D. G. , Lyuksyutov I.
Published: March 2009

Co nanowires have been electroplated into porous Al2O3 templates. The crystalline structure and magnetic properties of Co nanowires of diameters 65 and 200 nm have been studied. Long single crystal Co segments with a hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure have been found in the 65 nm-thick nanowires. A mixture of face-centered cubic and hcp single crystal Co segments was observed in the 200 nm-thick nanowires. This finding suggests that the small template pore size favors the growth of hcp Co phase. Magnetic force microscopy measurements showed longitudinal spontaneous magnetic moments in the 65 nm-thick nanowires and transverse moments in the 200 nm-thick nanowires.
Hall effect analysis of bulk ZnO comparing different crystal growth techniques
Authors: Yang Xiaocheng , Giles N. C.
Published: March 2009

The relaxation time approximation was used to interpret Hall effect data from n-type ZnO bulk samples grown using the high-pressure melt, seeded-chemical-vapor transport, and hydrothermal techniques. These samples represent a range of free-carrier concentrations due to different amounts of donors and compensating acceptors. Treatment of intrinsic mechanisms includes polar-optical phonon scattering using an effective Tpo=750 K, piezoelectric potential scattering using P⊥=0.25, and deformation potential scattering using E1=3.8 eV. Intrinsic mobilities from 60 to 400 K for electrons and for holes in ZnO are predicted. For extrinsic behaviors, ionized and neutral impurities are included. Donor ionization energies for dilute concentrations were determined. Shallow group III donors (Al, Ga) are responsible for the free carriers in the high-pressure melt and seeded-chemical-vapor transport crystals. The hydrothermally grown sample is closely compensated and exhibits hopping conduction below 200 K. Free carriers in the hydrothermal ZnO crystal are generated by thermal activation of deep nickel donors with the Ni2+/3+ level at about 270 meV below the conduction band.
Wave function penetration effects in double gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors: impact on ballistic drain current with device scaling
Authors: Khan Asif Islam , Ashraf Md. Khalid , Haque Anisul
Published: March 2009

A study of the evolution of wave function penetration effects on ballistic drain current (ID) in nanoscale double gate (DG) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFET) with the downscaling of device dimensions is presented. The electrostatics of the devices is calculated through the self-consistent solution of two dimensional Schrödinger and Poisson equations. HfO2/SiO2 stack is considered as the gate-dielectric material. It is observed that wave function penetration increases drain current in DG MOSFETs fabricated on (110) silicon, and the off-state current is more sensitive to the penetration effects than the on-state current. Numerical results show that the magnitude of the relative increase in ID due to wave function penetration increases sharply with the downscaling of silicon body thickness. On the other hand, the impact of the downscaling of gate length on the penetration effects depends on the gate bias. The relative increase in the off-state current due to wave function penetration decreases with the scaling of the gate length, while the variation in the relative increase in the on-state current with the gate length is insignificant. Drain-induced barrier lowering plays an important role in determining the effects of wave function penetration on the ballistic drain current with device scaling. Wave function penetration effect decreases the threshold voltage and increases the on-state transconductance. This phenomena becomes stronger with the scaling of the silicon body thickness. However, gate length scaling has little influence on these parameters. With the simultaneous scaling of the body thickness and the gate length, wave function penetration effects on all the parameters become more dominant. Physical explanation for these observations are provided.
A diamond anvil cell for x-ray fluorescence measurements of trace elements in fluids at high pressure and high temperature
Authors: Petitgirard Sylvain , Daniel Isabelle , Dabin Yves , Cardon Hervé , Tucoulou Rémi , Susini Jean
Published: March 2009

We present a new diamond anvil cell (DAC), hereafter called the fluoX DAC, dedicated for x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of trace elements in fluids under high pressure and high temperature to 10 GPa and 1273 K at least. This new setup has allowed measurement of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, with concentrations of 50 ppm to 5.6 GPa and 1273 K. The characteristics of the fluoX DAC consist in an optimized shielding and collection geometry in order to reduce the background level in XRF spectrum. Consequently, minimum detection limits of 0.3 ppm were calculated for the abovementioned elements in this new setup. This new DAC setup coupled to the hard x-rays focusing beamline ID22 (ESRF, France) offers the possibility to analyze in situ at high pressure and high temperature, ppm level concentrations of heavy elements, rare earth elements, and first transition metals, which are of prime importance in geochemical processes. The fluoX DAC is also suitable to x-ray diffraction over the same high pressure-temperature range.
Assembling stable hair cell tip link complex via multidentate interactions between harmonin and cadherin 23
Authors: Pan Lifeng , Yan Jing , Wu Lin , Zhang Mingjie
Published: March 2009

The hereditary hearing–vision loss disease Usher syndrome (USH) is caused by defects in several proteins, most of which form an integrated protein network called Usher interactome. Harmonin/Ush1C is a master scaffold in the assembly of the Usher protein complexes, because harmonin is known to bind to every protein in the Usher interactome. However, the biochemical and structural mechanism governing the Usher protein complex formation is largely unclear. Here, we report that the highly-conserved N-terminal fragment of harmonin (N-domain) immediately preceding its PDZ1 adopts an autonomously-folded domain. We discovered that the N-domain specifically binds to a short internal peptide fragment of the cadherin 23 cytoplasmic domain. The structures of the harmonin N-domain alone and in complex with the cadherin 23 internal peptide fragment uncovered the detailed binding mechanism of this interaction between harmonin and cadherin 23. We further elucidated the harmonin PDZ domain-mediated cadherin 23 binding by solving the structure of the second harmonin PDZ domain in complex with the cadherin 23 carboxyl tail. The multidentate binding mode between harmonin and cadherin 23 provides a structural and biochemical basis for the harmonin-mediated assembly of stable tip link complex in the auditory hair cells.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological evaluation of some Lanthanide(III) complexes of Schiff bases of carbostyril derivatives
Authors: Phaniband Mohammedshafi A. , Avaji Prakash Gouda , Dhumwad Shreedhar D.
Published: March 2009

A series of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Gd(III) and Dy(III) complexes have been synthesized with Schiff bases derived from 4-aminomethylcarbostyril and substituted salicylaldehyde. The characterized involved elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, electronic, IR, NMR, mass and thermal studies. Spectral studies show all the Schiff bases behave as bidentate ligands and coordinate through the azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The ligands and their metal complexes have been screened for their biological studies. The results indicate that the biological activity increases on complexation. The Lanthanium(III) complexes of the above ligands show greater inhibitory action towards the P388/s tumor cells at lower concentrations.
Crystal supramolecularity of polymeric and monomeric organic–inorganic hybrid complexes containing 2,5-dibromopyridinium Cd(II)-chloride
Authors: Al-Far R. , Ali B.F. , Haddad S.F.
Published: March 2009

Crystal structure determinations of the complexes (C5H4Br2N)2[CdCl4].H2O and {[C5H4Br2N][Cd(OH2)Cl-μ-Cl2]}n, (henceforth 1 and 2, respectively), have been determined. In the monomeric anion of 1, the geometry around Cd is distorted tetrahedral whereas in the polymeric anion 2, the coordination around Cd is distorted octahedral with a zig-zag chain of edge-sharing octahedra along b, that are connected via short intra H–O–H· · ·Cl–Cd hydrogen bonds. There are many intermolecular interactions between the cations and anions (some are extremely short) of the types O–H···Cl, C–Br···Cl–Cd, N–H···Cl and aryl···aryl (π···π), leading to a three-dimensional network.
ON CULTURAL CAPITAL AND TASTE
Authors: Karadag Meltem
Published: March 2009

Through the application of Bourdieu's ideas of culture and cultural capital to a specific city located in Southeastern Turkey, this article identifies the forms of cultural capital, including education and consumption, that became important in class formation since the end of the nineteenth century. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which symbolic and cultural capital have taken. In this city, as non-Western pre-capitalist culture was abandoned, partly due to forced modernization, previous patterns of hierarchies that generated the social groups/relations began to transform. While a nuanced set of practices were distinguishing features of social life, the whole set of practices of generosity, kindness or politeness was filtered through the prism of paternalist domination. From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, however, a symbolic struggle involved questions of taste and culture. Drawing on the struggle between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ wealth, this article scrutinises the role of cultural capital in class formation from a historical perspective in relation to family, embodiment and education.
The Role of Verbal Repetition in the Development of Infant Speech Preferences From 4 to 14 Months of Age
Authors: McRoberts Gerald W. , McDonough Colleen , Lakusta Laura
Published: March 2009

Four experiments investigated infants' preferences for age‐appropriate and age‐inappropriate infant‐directed speech (IDS) over adult‐directed speech (ADS). Two initial experiments showed that 6‐, 10‐, and 14‐month‐olds preferred IDS directed toward younger infants, and 4‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 14‐month‐olds, but not 6‐month‐olds, preferred IDS directed toward older infants. In Experiment 3. 6‐month‐olds preferred IDS directed toward older infants when the frequency of repeated utterances matched IDS to younger infants. In Experiment 4, 6‐month‐olds preferred repeated IDS utterances over the same IDS utterances organized without repetition. Attention to repeated utterances precedes word segmentation and sensitivity to statistical cues in continuous speech, and might play a role in the discovery of these and other aspects of linguistic structure.
Limits on Infants' Ability to Dynamically Update Object Representations
Authors: Feigenson Lisa , Yamaguchi Mariko
Published: March 2009

Like adults, infants use working memory to represent occluded objects and can update these memory representations to reflect changes to a scene that unfold over time. Here we tested the limits of infants' ability to update object representations in working memory. Eleven‐month‐old infants participated in a modified foraging task in which they saw 2 quantities of crackers sequentially hidden in buckets and then were allowed to choose between them. We manipulated the working memory demands of the task by either hiding crackers in direct succession (i.e., infants saw all of the crackers hidden in the first location, then saw all of the crackers hidden in the second location), or hiding them in alternation (i.e., infants saw some crackers hidden in the first location, then saw some crackers hidden in the second location, then saw more crackers hidden in the first location). Across 6 experiments we found that infants successfully updated their representations of the hidden arrays when crackers were presented in succession. However, when crackers were hidden in alternation and infants had to reupdate an array that was no longer in the current focus of attention, infants showed a striking pattern of failure. These results suggest that, for infants as well as for adults, the flexibility of working memory is subject to processing constraints.
Liver Progenitor Cells Fold Up a Cell Monolayer into a Double-layered Structure during Tubular Morphogenesis
Authors: Tanimizu Naoki , Miyajima Atsushi , Mostov Keith E.
Published: March 2009

Bile ducts are hepatic tubular structures that are lined by cholangiocytes, a type of liver epithelial cell. Cholangiocytes first form a single layer of cells, termed the ductal plate, surrounding the portal vein, which eventually remodels into the branching tubular network of bile ducts. The process of bile duct morphogenesis is not yet clear: a conventional model where cholangiocytes proliferate to duplicate a single layer of the ductal plate before lumen formation seems inconsistent with the observation that proliferation is dramatically reduced when hepatoblasts, liver progenitor cells, differentiate into cholangiocytes. Here, we developed a new culture system in which a liver progenitor cell line, HPPL, reorganizes from a monolayer to tubular structures in response to being overlaid with a gel containing type I collagen and Matrigel. We found that some of the HPPL in the monolayer depolarized and migrated to fold up the monolayer into a double-cell layer. These morphogenetic processes occurred without cell proliferation and required phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt activity. Later in morphogenesis, luminal space was generated between the two cell layers. This process, in particular enlargement of the apical lumen, involved transcriptional activity of HNF1β. Thus, using this sandwich culture system, we could segregate tubulogenesis of bile ducts into distinct steps and found that the PI3K/Akt pathway and HNF1β regulated different steps of the morphogenesis. Although the process of tubulogenesis in culture specifically resembled early bile duct formation, involvement of these two key players suggests that the sandwich culture might help us to find common principles of tubulogenesis in general.
Down-Regulation of the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase by Presenilin-dependent Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis
Authors: Foveau Bénédicte , Ancot Frédéric , Leroy Catherine , Petrelli Annalisa , Reiss Karina , Vingtdeux Valérie , Giordano Silvia , Fafeur Véronique , Tulasne David
Published: March 2009

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) acts through the membrane-anchored Met receptor tyrosine kinase to induce invasive growth. Deregulation of this signaling is associated with tumorigenesis and involves, in most cases, overexpression of the receptor. We demonstrate that Met is processed in epithelial cells by presenilin-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis (PS-RIP) independently of ligand stimulation. The proteolytic process involves sequential cleavage by metalloproteases and the γ-secretase complex, leading to generation of labile fragments. In normal epithelial cells, although expression of cleavable Met by PS-RIP is down-regulated, uncleavable Met displayed membrane accumulation and induced ligand-independent motility and morphogenesis. Inversely, in transformed cells, the Met inhibitory antibody DN30 is able to promote Met PS-RIP, resulting in down-regulation of the receptor and inhibition of the Met-dependent invasive growth. This demonstrates the original involvement of a proteolytic process in degradation of the Met receptor implicated in negative regulation of invasive growth.
Role of p54 RNA Helicase Activity and Its C-terminal Domain in Translational Repression, P-body Localization and Assembly
Authors: Minshall Nicola , Kress Michel , Weil Dominique , Standart Nancy
Published: March 2009

The RNA helicase p54 (DDX6, Dhh1, Me31B, Cgh-1, RCK) is a prototypic component of P-(rocessing) bodies in cells ranging from yeast to human. Previously, we have shown that it is also a component of the large cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein translation repressor complex in Xenopus oocytes and that when tethered to the 3′ untranslated region, Xp54 represses reporter mRNA translation. Here, we examine the role of the p54 helicase activity in translational repression and in P-body formation. Mutagenesis of conserved p54 helicase motifs activates translation in the tethered function assay, reduces accumulation of p54 in P-bodies in HeLa cells, and inhibits its capacity to assemble P-bodies in p54-depleted cells. Similar results were obtained in four helicase motifs implicated in ATP binding and in coupling ATPase and RNA binding activities. This is accompanied by changes in the interaction of the mutant p54 with the oocyte repressor complex components. Surprisingly, the C-terminal D2 domain alone is sufficient for translational repression and complete accumulation in P-bodies, although it is deficient for P-body assembly. We propose a novel RNA helicase model, in which the D2 domain acts as a protein binding platform and the ATPase/helicase activity allows protein complex remodeling that dictates the balance between repressors and an activator of translation.
Introduction
Authors: Rotman Andy
Published: March 2009

This chapter introduces the Divyāvadāna, an early and important collection of Indian Buddhist narratives, and the ways that Buddhism is configured within the text as a visual practice. The chapter then attempts to locate the value of this practice within a market-based morality in which merit is the principle commodity. This form of Buddhism has close ties with mercantilism, and acts of faith within this moral economy are investments that follow a contractual logic. The chapter then introduces the specifics of the chapters to follow.
1 Seeing and Knowing
Authors: Rotman Andy
Published: March 2009

Part I focuses on the practice of śraddhā, the causes and conditions that lead to its arising and the subsequent behavior that its arising entails. This analysis begins, in chapter 1, with an analysis of the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna, focusing on the close connection between śraddhā and seeing. Seeing and śraddhā are intertwined, and the discourse of the latter necessitates an understanding of the role of the former for moral action. Within this matrix, seeing is believing, seers are authorities, seeing is authoritative, and believing is seeing.
Epilogue
Authors: Rotman Andy
Published: March 2009

The epilogue offers a few concluding remarks about the significance of the connections in Buddhism between seeing, believing, and giving, and then it addresses some lingering questions about the relationship in Buddhism between image and word.
Identifying functional modules using expression profiles and confidence-scored protein interactions
Authors: Ulitsky Igor , Shamir Ron
Published: March 2009

Motivation: Microarray-based gene expression studies have great potential but are frequently difficult to interpret due to their overwhelming dimensions. Recent studies have shown that the analysis of expression data can be improved by its integration with protein interaction networks, but the performance of these analyses has been hampered by the uneven quality of the interaction data.

Results: We present Co-Expression Zone ANalysis using NEtworks (CEZANNE), a novel confidence-based method for extraction of functionally coherent co-expressed gene sets. CEZANNE uses probabilities for individual interactions, which can be computed by any available method. We propose a probabilistic model and a weighting scheme in which the likelihood of the connectivity of a subnetwork is related to the weight of its minimum cut. Applying CEZANNE to an expression dataset of DNA damage response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we recover both known and novel modules and predict novel protein functions. We show that CEZANNE outperforms previous methods for analysis of expression and interaction data.

Availability: CEZANNE is available as part of the MATISSE software at http://acgt.cs.tau.ac.il/matisse.

Contact:  rshamir@tau.ac.il

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.