bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
James Weldon Johnson on Anglo-Saxon Superiority
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Is the Negro dangerous to white culture and to the white race? Is it true that “Anglo-Saxon culture” is threatened by aliens? Is it true that “Anglo-Saxons” are the only group fit for leadership, cultural and political, in America? Yes, seems to be the answer to these questions by the “Anglo-Saxon Clubs” of which Mr. John Powell of Virginia wrote in the World of December 2. To the specific questions raised by Mr. Powell and the “Anglo-Saxon Clubs,” I am glad, in response to the request of the Editor of the World, to make reply, as Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, as a Negro and, primarily, as an American. The attitude exemplified by Mr. Powell is a common one. At its extreme it results in the Ku Klux Klan and its alleged protection of Anglo-Saxondom. At its mildest it issues in such a program as the one Mr. Powell outlines, maintaining virtually the same creed as the Klan, minus the violence. This attitude is grounded on assumptions about what makes an American, what is dangerous to an American, what American culture is and who created it.
Lynching-America’s National Disgrace
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The standard book on lynching, J. E. Cutler’s “Lynch-Law,” speaks of it as “a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.” This definition was true when Cutler’s book was published, not quite twenty years ago, and it still is true. The origin of the term is doubtful. To various Colonels and civilians named Lynch is ascribed the doubtful honor of establishing this form of crime in our country, in Revolutionary times, when the absence of courts of justice in country districts and the turmoil of American political upheaval caused men to band together for the maintenance of order, or for purposes of vengeance. Something not far from lynching occurred during the early wars with the Indians on the American Continent, and it may be said that this form of mob action is truly characteristic of uncivilized communities. Where society is still in the frontier stage, the settlement of disputes is left to individuals or groups of individuals. Thus in early days the bands of “regulators” notified undesirable characters to leave the community, prosecuted horse thieves and, in Revolutionary days especially, flogged Tories and tarred and feathered “informers,” viz., persons accused of reporting American smuggling to the British authorities.
A Negro Looks at Politics
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

I was once asked if the Negro in the South had accomplished anything in politics. I answered that he had at least furnished the South with its chief political issue. The fact is that he himself is that chief political issue. Southern statesmen may make a pretense of talking national and world politics, but it is only a pretense, for the thoughts and actions of every politician in the Southern States are inexorably limited, circumscribed, interdicted, shackled, handcuffed and muzzled by the omnipresent Negro question.
More than Murder
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

One of the chief difficulties in the way of passing a federal anti-lynching law is the attitude of many members of Congress on the constitutionality of such a measure. These Congressmen either hold or hide behind the opinion that lynching is murder and, therefore, the Federal Government has no more constitutional right to step into a state and punish lynching than it has to do likewise and punish murder.
Communism and the Negro
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The launching of the New Deal was followed by high hopes for a new day and these high hopes were based on a new faith of the American people, faith in the ability of the brain trust by means of mathematical formulae and with mathematical formulae and with mathematical certainty, quickly to exit the depression and bring in an era of prosperity of a new kind. It appears that the country is gradually rising out of the depression. But it also appears that there is an increasing realization that economic formulas do not work out infallibly when applied to human affairs. And this means that the United States is discovering what certain European countries learned some time ago that economics is an important branch of learning but is not an exact science. Contrary to the rather widespread notion, there are no laws in the realm of economics that are fixed and inevitable as are, say, the laws of physics or chemistry. The chemist knows that a combination of certain chemical elements in certain proportions will produce a certain reaction, and he will wager his life on the result, wager that he will get the same reaction not only once but every time the experiment is made. When an economist is confronted with a combination of human elements he is subjected to definite limitations in predicting what the reaction will be; even when he has as a precedent what looks like an identical combination. The plain reason is that in these combinations of human elements the variable and unknown quantities are next to infinite and defy the fomulation of laws that will positively govern or foretell the course of affairs.
Why Latin-America Dislikes the United States
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Several years ago the writer was in one of the Latin-American capitals while the first blow struck against Spain for national independence was being celebrated. After a torchlight procession speeches were made in the plaza to an immense crowd. There were the usual rhetorical allusions to the dead heroes and their struggle for freedom, but the crowd was not stirred to its greatest outburst of approval until one of the speakers made some remarks antagonistic to the United States. This incident occurred in a country which did not then have and never had had any serious national grievance against this country. I was not very much surprised, for it is common knowledge among Americans who have lived for any length of time in the countries of Central or South America that there exists among the natives there a smouldering dislike for the United States, which upon the slightest sort of provocation is likely to flare up and show itself. These Americans also know that, despite official protestations of friendship, the United States stands lower in the affections of the Latin-American people than Spain, France, Italy, Germany or England. This feeling of special dislike is curious when it is considered that the attitude of the United States has always been that of friend and protector, and that the independence, the very entity of these southern republics, has depended upon that attitude. On the other hand, various ones of these same republics have been threatened and coerced and even have had ports bombarded by European powers.
Negro Authors and White Publishers
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Negro writers, like all writing folks, have many things to complain about. Writers have always felt and many of them have plainly said that the world did not fully appreciate their work. This attitude has seldom been justified. The great or good writers who have not been acknowledged as such by the generation in which they lived are rare. And where such acknowledgement has not been accorded by the generations which touched an author’s life, posterity has hardly ever revoked the unfavorable judgment. Nevertheless, writers have many good reasons for complaining; for their lot is a hard one. And it may be that Negro writers have some special good reasons for complaining; I am not sure that at the present time this is so. However that may be, there is one complaint that some younger Negro writers are uttering with greater and greater insistence which I do not think is based on the facts and which reacts to the injury of the writers uttering it. This complaint is: that the leading white publishers have set a standard which Negro writers must conform to or go unpublished; that the standard calls only for books depicting the Negro in a manner which tends to degrade him in the eyes of the world; that only books about the so-called lower types of Negroes and lower phases of Negro life find consideration and acceptance.
Mary Shelley’s Sympathy and Irony: The Editor and Her Corpus
Authors: Favret Mary
Published: November 2023

In 1838, Mary Shelley wrote to publisher Edward Moxon to arrange payment and negotiate copy rights for the forthcoming edition of Percy Shelley’s Poetical Works. Her letter emphasizes the difficult task of editing and her crucial involvement in the production. Indeed, Mary Shelley had taken on a formidable project. Not only does she piece together and transcribe Percy’s poetry, which she calls, elsewhere, “so confused a mass, interlined and broken into fragments,” that “the wonder would be how any eyes or patience were capable of extracting [a volume]” from these scattered remains. This chore she had begun earlier, with the rather flawed collection of Percy’s Posthumous Poems (1824). But the 1839 edition is considerably more ambitious. In addition to the poems themselves, Mary Shelley presents nearly fifty pages of commentary upon the poems, in many cases providing the first published critical assessment of Percy’s works. Most significantly, she “animates” this body of work. The woman who wrote Frankenstein now constructs a life that holds together these scattered pieces; these “component parts [are] … endued with vital warmth.” She circumvents Sir Timothy Shelley’s prohibiton against a biography of his son by inserting instead “the history of those productions, as they sprang, living and warm, from [the poet’s] heart and brain” (Notes, iii). She gives the poems a story.
Beatrice in Valperga: A New Cassandra
Authors: O’Sullivan Barbara Jane
Published: November 2023

With these words, Beatrice of Ferrara, a heroine in Mary Shelley’s second novel, utters a blasphemous condemnation of the Romantic celebration of the imagination.1 Written in Italy between the years 1818 and 1821, Valperga is as much a synthesis of literary derivation and creative vitaiity as Frankenstein. In it Mary Shelley turns again to the dark side of the imaginations—showing that a vivid imagination can be more a curse than a gift. The vehicle for this statement, Beatrice, is a religious prophetess who is hunted, haunted, raped, imprisoned, and deceived until she is utterly destroyed. Beatrice is an extraordinary character, whose very talents alienate her from the society in which she lives. Her isolation from normal discourse puts into question the very social strictures which discredit her. That Mary Shelley created such a complex heroine is remarkable. That she knew no way to set her heroine free is tragic.
Mary Shelley in Transit
Authors: Schor Esther H
Published: November 2023

In a recent symposium, two contemporary writers give us opposing views that, taken together, suggest an ambiguity at the heart of travel writing. According to Banks, travel writing is a search for the self; “observation of the Other,” merely an occasion for exploring and mapping out the inner life. In this autobiographical mode, the voyage out, in the end, is a voyage in. For Morris, however, travel writing is a type of accurate, disinterested reportage; beneath the artfulness of accomplished journalism lurks the guidebook’s commercial usefulness. Not surprisingly, travel writing commands a dual readership, link ing ever-increasing numbers of travelers with chairbound readers seeking reassurance that in our shrinking world there are yet places difficult of access. Perhaps travel writing endures because its generic ambiguitys—one part self portrait, one part portrait of the others—allows us to be two readers-at once: active tourist and contemplative philosopher.
Inequality in Complex Situations
Authors: Temkin Larry S
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2 I considered how the simple, split-level worlds of the Sequence compare regarding inequality. In this chapter, I shall examine situations involving four groups rather than two. In doing this, I shall consider how our egalitarian judgments would be affected by simple increases or decreases in different group levels, and by various transfers between groups. Examining these more complex situations both corroborates some of our earlier results and helps safeguard us from drawing mistaken or misleading conclusions based on those results. In addition, it provides fresh insights into the nature of inequality and new slants on some of the insights already gained.
Mind—World Identity Theory and the Anti-Realist Challenge
Authors: Haldane John
Published: November 2023

Most, and perhaps even all, philosophical problems have a history, and upon examination it usually turns out that the history involved is a long one. It is a familiar feature of philosophy, as contrasted with empirical studies, that often a contemporary problem can be better understood by looking at what earlier writers have had to say about it or about a related issue. In this discussion, then, I wish to offer an example of ‘philosophizing historically’ which I hope may be of interest for the light it sheds upon a little known and rarely discussed aspect of the work of Thomas Aquinas and upon a now familiar and much discussed family of theses in contemporary philosophy of language and epistemology.
Cognitivism, Naturalism, and Normativity: A Reply to Peter Railton
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

Peter Railton is concerned with the normative character of moral judgements and the challenge that they present to naturalistic and/or cognitivist accounts or reconstructions of ethics. I shall begin my reply by saying a word or two about what naturalism is, then try to say something about what normativeness/ normativity amounts to in moral judgements, then touch on the difficulty that normativity may be thought to make for naturalism as such and for cognitivism as such.

What is naturalism, and what is its relation to cognitivism (which I take to be the idea that judgements of morality are susceptible of truth and knowledge)? Often Railton writes as if he thinks that naturalism in ethics coincides with cognitivism in ethics. He disjoins and conjoins the labels freely. I think myself that this is a mistake. But even if it were not a mistake it would still be a pity to proceed in this way. For our best chance of making anything stick in this area of controversy is surely to have a careful inventory of the theoretical possibilities and then refrain from foreclosing upon questions of their mutual coincidence.
Can There Be a Logic of Attitudes?
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: November 2023

Can we be non-revisionist about morals without embracing moral realism? Can we see our moral talk and thought as philosophically quite in order, but devoid of commitment to any realm of distinctively moral facts or states of affairs. One way to pursue that goal is to argue that moral utterances are not, as their surface form invites us to suppose, genuine assertions, in the market for truth, but have some other role or function, such as to express attitudes of approval and disapproval and to encourage their formation in others. The epistemological and ontological attractions1 of an expressive theory-no distinctively moral facts, and so no problem of explaining our epistemic access to such facts—are too obvious to require elaboration. Its advantage over naturalism-the reductionist option here—and crude subjectivism (construing moral utterances as self-ascriptions of pro- or con-attitudes) may seem scarcely less so; where each of these positions has trouble making room for moral disagreement, the expressive theorist locates it in clashes of attitude. The general approach is familiar enough, but has never won widespread acceptance. Lately, however, it has received a fresh lease oflife as one component in the programme Simon Blackburn has labelled quasi-realism.2 Briefly and somewhat pro visionally, the q-realist sees us, when we moralize, as engaged in a projection of natural features of ourselves on to the world. We talk as if there were moral facts and falsehoods—we make free use of evaluative predicates, we embed sentences formed with them in contexts which seem to call for completion by items capable of truth-value, etc. Q-realism seeks to rehabilitate an expressive theory of such talk, whilst at the same time, and in contrast with error theories, aiming to make out that our continued employment of truth-idioms is perfectly respectable, and need not be seen as in any sort of tension with its projective origin.
The Law of Excluded Middle and the Axiom of Choice
Authors: Tait W W
Published: November 2023

With the gradual introduction into mathematics of the notions of an arbitrary function and an arbitrary set in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, two principles of logic became subject to controversy; and the controversies concerning them are curiously related.
Introduction
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

“Knowledge is power,” Hermann Helmholtz told an audience of students, faculty, and university administrators in May 1862. The occasion was his election to the office of rector at the University of Heidelberg, a major university in the southern German state of Baden. For his inaugural ad dress, Helmholtz had chosen to speak on the relationship of the natural sciences to other branches of knowledge. Although intending to treat all branches equally, he ended up singing loudest the praises of the experimental sciences. Only they, he explained, permitted the control and manipulation of natural phenomena, allowing us to “exploit the powers of nature for our benefit and make them subservient to our will.”
Scientific Medicine: The Development of the Program
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

On 21 November 1843 Franz Freiherr von Stengel, a member of Baden’s ministry of interior responsible for educational affairs, announced that new talent was needed if the reputation of the medical faculty at the University of Heidelberg was to be saved. The professor of special pathology and therapy, Friedrich Christian Sebastian, had passed away in 1840, and several of the remaining five senior professors were close to the age of retirement. In addition, Tiedemann, who had once contributed so prominently to Heidelberg’s reputation, had been slowly withdrawing from university and scientific affairs. In 1835 he had handed over his courses in physiology and pathological anatomy to the Privatdozent Theodor Bischoff, and in 1837 had requested a leave of absence for a year and a half. The death of three children, serious eye problems, and repeated attacks on the university by the lower chamber of parliament had been largely responsible for this withdrawal, but, according to Bischoff, “the enormous stimulus that physiology received through the use of the microscope and through the ever expanding application of physics and chemistry” contributed as well. Tiedemann, already taxed by other problems, did not have the energy to keep abreast of the latest scientific developments.
Scientific Medicine at the University of Heidelberg-the 1840s
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

Baden’s decision to hire Jacob Henle and Karl Pfeufer signified more than a commitment to improving the medical faculty; it also reflected a change in the kind of education the state wanted to support. As we saw in Chapter 2, the Baden government had begun to place greater emphasis, backed by increased funding, on practical training in the sciences, seeing this as important both for modernizing the economy and refining the critical faculties of the mind. The reforms of the 1830s were originally confined to the secondary and technical schools, exerting only a minor influence on the universities. But by the 1840s the institutions of higher learning could no longer remain isolated from the broader social and economic developments transforming society; in this decade the government began to direct its attention to changing the content and structure of university education as well.
The Triumph of the Ideology of the Practical-the 1850s
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

Since the Vormarz period, the Baden government had been increasing its support of the natural sciences, convinced that the success of the modem state depended on an education in these subjects. A greater emphasis on the Realwissenschaften, the establishment of trade schools and non-classical secondary schools, and the expansion of the polytechnic institute had all marked an attempt by the government to increase society’s familiarity with the natural sciences and provide individuals with the knowledge and skills deemed necessary for rationalizing and improving the means of production. In this context the experimental sciences and laboratory training had grown steadily in importance. In the laboratory students were introduced to methods of analysis that permitted exact and critical investigation of the phenomena at hand. Mastery of this method promised, in addition, the ability to control and ultimately to manipulate natural forces. Faith in the power of this knowledge, already present in the Vormarz period, increased in the years following the revolution of 1848 as Germany entered a period of industrial and commercial prosperity. It was at this time as well, as the link between the production of scientific knowledge and economic growth was becoming more obvious, that the experimental sciences became firmly established in the German university system. In Baden, the government actively sought professors capable of directing research laboratories where students would be introduced to the methods of exact scientific investigation. Bunsen, Kirchhoff, and Helmholtz were all hired for this reason.
Saxophonists
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

Nearly two decades ago I spent an evening in Washington, D.C.’s, One Step Down, a jazz club ten blocks up Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House, where, a few years later, an amateur saxophonist would take up residence for the remainder of the century. On this particular evening, however, I sat enthralled by a professional saxophonist who, for these ears, has not many present-day peers on his instrument, the tenor.
An Introduction to the Languages of the World
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V
Published: November 2023

An Introduction to the Languages of the World is a text designed to introduce beginning linguistics students, who now typically come to their study with little background in languages, to the variety of the languages of the world. Lyovin begins by explaining the classification of languages, discussing not only genetic classification but typological and sociolinguistic classification as well. He follows this with an explication of the classification of writing systems. A chapter is then devoted to each of the world’s continents, with in-depth analyses of representative languages of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and America. A separate chapter is devoted to pidgins and creoles. Each chapter includes student exercises and suggestions for further readings. “The author succeeds in covering a broad range of important and interesting information, and I am not aware of any other work that could serve as an all-round textbook for a course on The Languages of the World”. --Bernard Comrie, Linguistics, USC; author of The World’s Major Languages (OUP) “clearly exhibits the author’s very considerable erudition in several languages areas”. Joseph Grimes, Linguistics, Cornell
Socratic Method
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

One often hears of teachers employing the “Socratic Method.” This term refers to someone who teaches by asking his or her students leading questions—compelling them to think their way through to the correct understanding of the subject matter. The Socratic method of teaching is contrasted with lecturing, and is often regarded as superior to lecturing precisely because the students of Socratic teachers are required to think for themselves, rather than allowed to listen passively while their non-Socratic teacher simply tells them all they need to know. The Socratic method of teaching no doubt got its name because Socrates is always asking questions. The questions he asks are, moreover, always “leading” questions; we never see Socrates asking questions when he does not at least appear to have some answer already in mind.
Benevolence and Justice in Mill
Authors: Lyons David
Published: November 2023

Mill regards justice as an important part of morality-perhaps its most important part-but he also acknowledges other moral requirements. Thus, he warns against “merging all morality in justice” by ignoring other moral obligations, such as those of “charity,” “generosity,” and “beneficence” (UT V, 15). Mill provides no general name for the moral obligations that fall outside the realm of justice. His few comments as well as his utilitarianism suggest the term “benevolence”; but we shall find this term misleading, and I shall use instead the neutral expression “nonjustice obligations.”
Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

“The most important and difficult function of philosophy,” wrote Sir William Hamilton, is “to determine the shares to which the knowing subject and the object known may pretend in the total act of cognition.” This question looms as the great snowy mountain referred to above: how much of the world owes its existence or its character to the activity of human (or other) minds, and how much would be just as it is even in the absence of minds? On this question, philosophies run the gamut from pure idealisms that ascribe everything to the knowing subject to pure realisms that ascribe everything to the object known.
Necessity, Analyticity, and the A Priori
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

In the introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason Kant draws three important distinctions: a priori versus empirical, necessary versus contingent, and analytic versus synthetic. Although some philosophers lump them together, we should not assume at the outset that the three distinctions divide things up in the same way. Even if it should turn out that they do, each of the distinctions must be given its own explanation.
The ldeality of Space
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

Incongruent counterparts are objects that are perfectly similar except for being mirror images of each other, such as left and right human hands. Kant was evidently the first major thinker to notice the philosophical significance of such objects. He called them “counterparts “ because they are alike in every intrinsic spatial respect,1 “incongruent “ because, despite their similarity, one could never be put in the place of the other. The left glove, as Kant points out, will not fit the right hand.
Eyes and Vision
Authors: Locket Adam
Published: November 2023

Scorpions, compared to some other arthropods such as spiders and insects, cannot be regarded as highly visual animals in the sense of using image-forming eyes to their full potential. This is not to say that their eyes are useless: Fleissner and Fleissner (this volume) and their colleagues have shown that scorpion’s eyes are extremely sensitive to light, corresponding well to their nocturnal habits. Even where they are abundant, scorpions, with the exception of a few species (e.g., Pandinus) are seldom seen by day.
Ethical Obstacles to the Participation of Women in Biomedical Research
Authors: Merton Vanessa
Published: November 2023

Biomedical research has failed to address the health needs of women. The eligibility criteria in many scientific protocols explicitly bar some or all women. Other, apparently gender-neutral criteria in clinical trials in fact operate to exclude women. Biomedical research has concentrated on the investigation of health problems as they affect men—not surprisingly, largely explored in male research subjects. Until quite recently, bioethical analysis has failed to recognize and analyze the ethical issues inherent in this situation.

This chapter scrutinizes the arguments that have been used to justify the exclusion of women from biomedical research. Bringing to bear a feminist critique, I suggest that those arguments fail to justify that exclusion.
The Myth of Property
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

The Myth of Property is the first book-length study to focus directly on the variable and complex structure of ownership. It critically analyses what it means to own something, and it takes familiar debates about distributive justice and recasts them into discussions of the structure of ownership. The traditional notion of private property assumed by both defenders and opponents of that system is criticized and exposed as a “myth.” The book then puts forward a new theory of what it means to own something, one that will be important for any theory of distributive justice. This new approach more adequately reveals the disparate social and individual values that property ownership serves to promote. The study has importance for understanding the reform of capitalist and welfare state systems, as well as the institution of market economies in former socialist states, for the view developed here makes the traditional dichotomy between private ownership capitalism and public ownership socialism obsolete. This new approach to ownership also places egalitarian principles of distributive justice in a new light and challenges critics to clarify aspects of property ownership worth protecting against calls for greater equality. The book closes by showing how defenders of egalitarianism can make use of some of the ideas and values that traditionally made private property appear to be such a pervasive human institution.
Modularity and Permeability as Principles of Design
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Bowman Edward H
Published: November 2023

Amid the burst of new thinking on how to design the firm, there is, surprisingly, a consistency in themes. In this final chapter, we develop twin ideas, those of modularity and permeability, that represent two of the most important new principles of design. Modularity is a structural design concept to increase flexibility and experimentation; permeability is a procedural principle to amplify the flow of information and the coordination of action across functional and ownership boundaries. In our discussion, we seek to develop the human side of the efforts to increase flexibility through a discussion of the challenges posed to notions of fairness, equity, and loyalty. We lay out, in conclusion, the implications for the design of corporate governance, lateral coordination, and the (declining) hierarchy of authority.

The question of organizing has been a cornerstone of the inherited wisdom regarding the explosive growth in the quality of life over the past few hundred years. In his treatise on the wealth of nations, Adam Smith begins with the division of labor. “It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts,” he writes, “in consequence of the division of labor, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people.” The sources of this wealth lie in the productivity gains due to specialization and automation of work.
Multiple Case in Kayardild: Anti-iconic Suffix Ordering and the Diachronic Filter
Authors: Evans Nick
Published: November 2023

Kayardild is an Australian language belonging to the Tangkic group of non Pama-Nyungan languages, spoken on Bentinck Island in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria; only about twenty speakers remain. Other members of the group are Lardil, Yukulta, and Yangkaal, the latter two now extinct and the former with just a few very old speakers. As Figure 15.1 shows, the typological division into ergative and non-ergative languages cross-cuts the genetic classification. Yukulta is the most conservative Tangkic language, preserving ergative morphology found in proto-Tangkic; Lardil is typologically similar to Kayardild.
The Performative Voice
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

In Lessness1 Beckett’s words would will themselves into being, if they only could find the right sound. Here a replication hysteria, if not a replication catastrophe, is aggressive and systemic, like some deft computer virus suddenly gone mad. Phrases like “I wrote that story” and “I read that book” don’t quite sum up the writer-reader relationship so persuasively set in motion. Based on a fidelity to the processive nature of sound and mood and language, “something” is indeed “taking its course. “2 Things are simultaneously “over” and “unover” (as in Ping), yet they repeat themselves over and over like letters in a genetic alphabet. Spare but eloquent, neither vague nor overdetermined, sentences are focused and rich in implications. Words hurtle past one another, collide, or try to avoid collision, gently, firmly, warily, or confidently. And consistent with this work’s deliberate ambiguity, each confrontation between language and sound resembles a struggle with some unknown force.
Language Change in Child and Adult Hebrew
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

In this book Dorit Ravid studies contemporary speakers of Hebrew, focusing in particular on inflectional morphology (the grammatical form of words). She traces language development from childhood to adulthood in Hebrew speakers, and explores strategies of language acquisition and variation in the spoken Hebrew of speakers of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds.
The Novel and the Globalization of Culture
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

This book analyses the emergence of the modern global novel, and the way it mirrors the underlying process of the globalization of culture. It focuses on Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge, Conrad's Lord Jim, Achebe's Things Fall Apart and No Longer At Ease, and Vargas Llosa's The War at the End of the World. In these works, a global narrative unfolds, as the forces of modernization tragically clash with the embattled defenders of traditional society.
Achebe: Beasts of No Nation
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

As Nigeria’s most prominent novelist, Chinua Achebe would seem an unlikely advocate of the Hegelian view of history, especially given that Hegel’s attitude toward Africa seems to represent European racism at its worst.
Diglossia
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

In many speech communities two or more varieties of the same language are used by some speakers under different conditions. Perhaps the most familiar example is the standard language and regional dialect as used, say, in Italian or Persian, where many speakers speak their local dialect at home or among family or friends of the same dialect area but use the standard language in communicating with speakers of other dialects or on public occasions. There are, however, quite different examples of the use of two varieties of a language in the same speech community. In Baghdad the Christian Arabs speak a ‘Christian Arabic’ dialect when talking among themselves but speak the general Baghdad dialect, ‘Muslim Arabic’, when talking in a mixed group. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in studying the development and characteristics of standardized languages (see especially Kloss, 1952, with its valuable introduction on standardization in general), and it is in following this line of interest that the present study seeks to examine carefully one particular kind of standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. The term ‘diglossia’ is introduced here, modeled on the French diglossie, which has been applied to this situation, since there seems to be no word in regular use for this in English; other languages of Europe generally use the word for ‘bilingualism’ in this special sense as well. (The terms ‘language’, ‘dialect’, and ‘variety’ are used here without precise definition. It is hoped that they occur sufficiently in accordance with established usage to be unambiguous for the present purpose.
Ricordanza (Memory)
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

HISTORICAL tradition has credited both Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann with being the first to play concerts from memory. Presumably it was part of the virtuoso’s stock-intrade to amaze the audience not only with physical gymnastics but also with intellectual prowess. It may have emerged, too, as virtuoso demands evolved more and more in the direction of using extreme ranges of the keyboard and larger, rapid skips, activities in which visual and spatial awareness could be helpful, thus tending to shift focus away from the score toward the keyboard. Whoever started the trend, since about the middle of the nineteenth century, much solo public performance has been by memory, and the practice is a well-rooted part of our musical culture.
Contemporary Challenge
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

AS teachers and performers, we are constantly being scolded for our unwillingness to get involved more deeplyin contemporary music. We are called anachronisms even when we weakly offer our teaching and playing of Bart6k or Prokofieff as evidence of activity in twentieth-century areas. The case for the plaintiff is unquestionably strong, and since it is presented forcefully and frequently, we seem not to recognize that there are some fallacies in it.
American Bandstand
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

I don't make culture, I sell it Dick Clark once remarked. Indeed, the man who reigned as host of American Bandstand for nearly four decades may not have invented rock 'n' roll, but he sold it to the American public better than anyone before or since. Before Clark, rock 'n' roll was the step child of radio--which took to playing records as a cost-saving measure after television siphoned off radios most lucrative sponsors. But it was network television--and specifically Clarks Bandstand--that ultimately legitimized what was then viewed by most adults as vulgar, low-class music, broadcasting a sanitized vision of rock 'n' roll straight into Americas living rooms five afternoons a week. Here is the first book to tell the full story of what happened in front of--and behind--the cameras on Dick Clark's American Bandstand, providing both a history of this landmark show and of the changing styles of rock 'n' roll over four decades. Based on extensive interviews with music business figures, recording stars, and Clark himself, and featuring dozens of rare or never before published photographs, this is a riveting and uncensored account of a show that managed to survive countless revolutions in popular music. Jackson describes Bandstands humble beginnings in Philadelphias blue collar south side, the sex scandal that scuttled the first host of Bandstand and enabled Clark to launch his career, the glory days when an appearance on Bandstand was one of the most prized gigs in the music business and when teenagers lined up for blocks hoping to enter the studio, and memorable Bandstand appearances by rock 'n' roll royalty from Chubby Checker and Frankie Avalon, to Jerry Lee Lewis and Jefferson Airplane, to Pink Floyd and Madonna. Here as well is a candid look at the backstage financial maneuvering that allowed Clark to launch a video and entertainment empire worth nearly $200 million dollars today. Voted Most Likely To Sell The Brooklyn Bridge by his high school classmates, Clark emerges as a cunning business impresario determined to make millions. Readers learn how Clark decided which eager young singers would appear on the show, how he managed to survive a 1959 Congressional payola investigation that destroyed the careers of many other popular disc jockeys, how much money he earned from his personal financial investments in many of the songs played on Bandstand, and his importance to ABC in its fledgling days as a national television network. As entertaining as it is eye-opening, Dick Clark's American Bandstand will bring back a flood of memories to everyone who lived through that era. It will fascinate everyone interested in popular American culture or in rock 'n' roll history.
“True Knowledge and Wisdom”: On Orthodox Historiography
Authors: Bartal Israel
Published: November 2023

It is customary to think that, for the past 170 years, those Jews who have written about history in general and about Jewish history in particular have done so in a clearly modern manner. “History” is taken to mean research in the spirit and style of historical writing as developed in Central and Western Europe. Indeed, it is considered axiomatic that Jewish historiography is a product of the Wissenschaft des Judentums of Central Europe, steeped in the influence of German philosophy and grounded in the legacy of the Haskalah, on the one hand, and of romanticism, on the other.
The Aquatic Ape Theory — the Counterarguments
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Plank’s Principle means that a whole generation frequently elapses before the scientific community is prepared to consider a new hypothesis dispassionately, on its merits. In that intervening period the reception accorded to the unfamiliar idea has little to do with merit. Stephen Jay Gould has described the early reactions to Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift (see p.50)

During the period of nearly universal rejection, direct evidence for continental drift — that is, the data gathered from rocks exposed on our continents — was every bit as good as it is today. It was dismissed because no one had devised a physical mechanism that would permit continents to plow through an apparently solid oceanic floor … Since drift seemed absurd in the absence of a mechanism, orthodox geologists set out to render the impressive evidence for it as a series of unconnected coincidences.
Brains and Baboons
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

At one time it was assumed that the crucial change in man’s cerebral evolution began with Homo hdbilis — that is, much later than the fossil gap. However, Robert Martin in 1982 re-examined the evidence from fossils and comparative anatomy. With the use of scaling analysis he demonstrated that hominid brain growth relative to that of other anthropoids began at least five million years ago. It was not a sudden event but a progressive phenomenon, though it apparently accelerated about the time of H. habilis.

Robert Martin’s approach was an original one. Instead of asking why brain growth might have been adaptive or desirable, he asked what made it more attainable in one particular primate than in others. In energy terms brain tissue, as compared with other body tissues, is uniquely expensive to produce and maintain, making heavy demands on the mother during pregnancy and lactation. That may be one reason why there is in many species a correlation between relative brain size and different diets.
Rules For Botanical Nomenclature
Authors: McNeill John , Barkworth Mary E
Published: November 2023

The following discussion provides some recommendations for documenting the plant material used in experimental and other studies and summarizes the rules of nomenclature that have been established at botanical congresses held every five or six years for over a century (for the most recent edition of the rules, see Greuter et al., 1994). It is imperative that the plant or fungal material used in any experiment be documented. The source of the seeds, plants, or cultures used should be cited in the publication, either by indicating the supplier (e.g., commercial source, culture collection) and including any cultivar or strain identification, or else, in the case of material obtained from the wild, by a statement of the precise geographical location. In addition, in comparative studies, or in those in which the material would be difficult or impossible to replicate (e.g., plants obtained from most wild sources), representative material should be deposited in a recognized herbarium or culture collection, as appropriate. The herbarium specimens should include plants at reproductive maturity plus representative material of any other stages used in the study.
Breaking the Mold
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Little about his nineteenth-century forebears and nothing about the household and the America he was born into in 1907 could have foretold freeranging spirit Alec Wilder. As far as history, heredity, and environment were concerned, he might as well have been a changeling. On the Wilder side of the family, Grandfather Samuel Wilder had traveled in 1840 from Massachusetts to Rochester with his brother Charles to make his fortune. He had been pulled into one of the waves of settlement created by the westward movement. The line of population had by then advanced to the prairies of Indiana and Illinois, but there was still a good deal of growth to be consolidated in such western New York State areas as Rochester.
A Crisis of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

For gay men, the demands of the AIDS epidemic are enormous and unrelenting. Regardless of HIV status, all are called on to maintain vigilant safety with sex, to face down a cultural stigma greater even than homophobia, and somehow to find a way to go forward in a world heavy with loss. As exhaustion and grief threaten to overwhelm the activism and optimism of earlier years, and with new infections on the rise among young gay men, the challenge of finding meaning in a world turned upside down is more than an idle philosophical exercise. It is a matter of psychological and perhaps even physical survival. In this poignant and uncompromising new book, Dr. Steven Schwartzberg offers a ground-breaking perspective on how gay men (and particularly HIV-positive gay men) find ways to rebuild a world of meaning amid the trauma and uncertainty of the AIDS crisis. Eschewing both glib prescriptions for turning tragedy into triumph, and theoretical abstractions, Schwartzberg grounds his insights in his own experiences as a gay man and as a practicing psychotherapist, and in in-depth interviews with nineteen men living with HIV. Ranging in age from twenty-seven to fifty, the men include a construction foreman, a physician, an art historian, a waiter, a librarian, and a licensed massage therapist. With candor, insight, eagerness, and a remarkable ability to share of themselves, they speak eloquently about how HIV has affected their views of the world, their senses of themselves, and how they live their lives. Interweaving the men’s stories with observations from his research and clinical practice, Schwartzberg bears witness to the remarkable transformations some men have accomplished, and the anguish of meaninglessness that weighs others down. He strives to uncover why some view HIV as a catalyst for change or growth, while others see it only as punishment. And though he passes no judgment on the coping strategies he describes, Schwartzberg does insist on the vital necessity of balancing somber reality with healing, life-sustaining hope. He argues that men who opt for too much illusion and too little reality risk shoddy self-care and inadequate preparation for the future, while those who find no escape from reality may teeter into rage or suicidal despair. Beautifully written, with piercing awareness of the enormity of the challenges confronting individuals with HIV, this book celebrates the resilience of the human spirit. It is both a keen psychological guide and an elegiac chronicle of what life for many has become. Gently pointing the way to an oasis of growth, strength, and love that exists amid the epidemic’s bleak terrain of loss, it is essential reading for people living with HIV, for their friends, families, and the mental health professionals who care for them, and for all gay men grappling with the enormous changes AIDS has brought to a community under siege.