bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTORY AND MEMORY OF THE ITALIAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Authors: WALSTON JAMES
Published: July 2002

The history of fascism in Italy has been extensively covered

while fascist Italy's role in

colonies before the war, and occupied areas during it, have only been

touched upon. There has been little

or no coming to terms with fascist crimes comparable to the French

concern with Vichy or even the

Japanese recognition of its wartime and pre-war responsibilities. This

article uses Italy's internment

policy in Africa before the war and in the Balkans and Italy during

the war to illustrate the repression

of historical memory. On the one hand, foreign Jews were interned to

protect them from deportation

by German, Croatian or Vichy French forces. The reasons were political

and humanitarian. On the

other, Balkan civilians were interned in conditions that led to the

death of thousands. Similar and

worse policies had been carried out in Africa before the war. There

is some excellent specialist work

on Africa which is not part of general knowledge; the Balkans have not

even been covered by

specialists. This article puts forward some explanations for the

repression of the recent past.
THE POLITICS OF SENTIMENTALITY AND THE GERMAN FÜRSTENBUND,

1779–1785
Authors: UMBACH MAIKEN
Published: July 2002

This article examines the history of the German Fürstenbund prior to the Prussian
take-over of the scheme in 1785. In charting the union's initial
conception as a small-state alliance
designed to resist both Prussian and Austrian expansionism, the article

reveals the cultural dimension
of imperial diplomacy. Exclusive concentration on the straightforward
diplomatic sources produced by
Prussian-style bureaucracies has led historians to underrate the contribution
of smaller German
principalities, which typically employed more indirect, metaphorical
means of political communication.
A prominent example of such ‘cultural politics’ is the
process by which Prince Franz of Anhalt-Dessau drew on English precedents

in shaping the Fürstenbund.
Its participants were to be united
not just by formal agreements, but by a shared spirit. Under the
leadership of a ‘Patriot king’, they
were to act as champions of ancient regional liberties, thus
resembling the English aristocrats of the
anti-Walpole opposition whom Franz admired. At the same time, an English-inspired
rhetoric of
sentimentalism was employed to suggest that this political
union would function in analogy with
sentimental friendships, creating a firmer bond whilst preserving
that small-state ‘individualism’
which was the source of so many reform initiatives in the late
eighteenth-century German Empire.
DOLI: TRANSLATING AN AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF LOSS IN THE SANGHA RIVER BASIN OF EQUATORIAL AFRICA
Authors: GILES-VERNICK TAMARA
Published: July 2002

This essay is about a conceptual category of historical and environmental
knowledge and about how a particular group of Africans use that category to
understand and debate change. It is, in effect, an exercise in translation. In
the middle and upper Sangha basin forests of the Central African Republic
(C.A.R.) and Cameroon, Mpiemu speakers have articulated a broad
category, doli, through which they express, debate and make claims of truth
about the past and present. Glossing doli as ‘history’ does little justice to the
richly complex dimensions of this category, for doli encompasses a multitude
of relationships to the past. It can refer to a distant unchanging past, as well
as to the knowledge, beliefs and practices associated with that past. Mpiemu
people hold up the knowledge, beliefs and practices as an idealized framework
to guide their behavior toward one another and their uses of fields, forests,
rivers and streams. But doli can also describe and frame the accumulated
experiences – identifiable events, people and places – of elderly people. In all
of these expressions about the past, Mpiemu use idioms linking persons and
their environments, those of cords and vines and of mobility (wandering) and
stasis (sitting), to articulate doli's central aim of ‘leaving a person behind’.
Tracing doli's different meanings, genres and aims can illuminate how the
category has changed over the twentieth century, how Mpiemu have
interpreted environmental interventions in the Sangha basin, and why they
have engaged in conflicts over their entitlement to valued forest resources.
Hence, it offers insights into why people use natural resources as they do and
provides an alternative to exclusively materialist explanations for conflicts
over resource use.
FORTUNES COMMERCIALES A SHINGÎTI (ADRAR
MAURITANIEN) AU DIX-NEUVIÈME SIÈCLE
Authors: BONTE PIERRE
Published: July 2002

Le nom de la ville (qsâr) de Shingîti apparaît
tardivement dans les documents médiévaux, au détour
d'un texte portugais du début du seizième siècle,
dans une liste de toponymes concernant l'Adrar de
Mauritanie. Ce n'est qu'à partir du dix-septième
et
surtout du dix-huitième siècle que Shingîti acquiert
une réputation dépassant les limites du Sahara
occidental, plus alors par le renom de certains de ses savants et hommes
de
religion que par ses activités commerciales. A cette époque,
comme durant
la période médiévale, le principal centre commercial
de
l'Adrar est Wadàn,
dont le destin est étroitement associé au commerce du sel
de la Sebkha
d'Idjîl, sans doute exploitée depuis les dixième
ou onzième siècles.

Au début du dix-neuvième siècle, Wadân connaît
un déclin définitif, sans
doute en partie lié aux conflits factionnels opposant Idaw al-Hajj
et Kunta,
ces derniers devenant maîtres du qsâr et de la saline
d'Idjîl dans le courant du dix-huitième siècle.
Parallèlement, l'on assiste à un essor commercial de
Shingîti:
à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, l'importance
économique et
religieuse de la ville est attestée à travers le fait que
l'ensemble du Sahara occidental est connu dans le monde musulman environnant
sous le terme de trab ash-Shingîti, le ‘pays de
Shingîti’, nom répandu à l'extérieur
par les
pèlerins qui se rendent à La Mecque et par les caravaniers
qui fréquentent
la ville. C'est sur cette brusque mutation des activités de
la ville que nous
nous interrogerons dans cet article en tentant de la replacer dans le contexte
plus général de l'évolution des échanges
sahariens au dix-neuvième siècle.
The effects of site and season on the fate of nitrogen
residues from root crops grown on sandy soils
Authors: WEBB J. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. , SEENEY F. M.
Published: July 2002

In 74 experiments carried out in England from 1990 to 1994, cereal
test crops were grown on sandy
soils prone to nitrate leaching, following cereals, sugarbeet and potatoes.
Measurements were made
of the effects of the previous crops on soil mineral N, and on N recovery
by the cereal test crop.

Soil N supply in autumn (SNSa) was greater following potatoes
(c. 100 kg/ha N) than following
sugarbeet or cereals (c. 60 kg/ha N). However when potato crops
to which organic manures had been
applied were excluded, mean SNSa after potatoes was only
c. 60 kg/ha. Soil N supply in spring (SNSs)
following sugarbeet and potatoes was similar and at c. 56 kg/ha,
c. 10 kg/ha greater than following
cereals. Seasonal differences in SNSs were related to excess winter
rainfall and soil water-holding
capacity. Modelled leaching losses gave good agreement with overwinter changes
in SNS (r=0·87),
although SNSs was usually greater than predicted by the model.
This discrepancy was considered to
be due to overwinter mineralization, which was estimated from the intercept
of the regression lines
to be c. 40 kg/ha following cereals and potatoes, and
c. 50 kg/ha following sugarbeet.

Apparent net mineralization (AM) of N during the test crop growing season was
c. 37, 53 and
63 kg/ha following cereals, sugarbeet and potatoes respectively. However,
AM was c. 24 kg/ha N
greater if the preceding potato crop had been given organic manures, but
there was no difference in
AM following manured and unmanured sugarbeet crops.

Nitrogen offtake by the cereal test crop without fertilizer N
(NoffN0) was c. 15·20 kg/ha greater
following potatoes and sugarbeet than following cereals. The greater N
offtake following potatoes is
considered to be due to mineralization of organic manures applied to the
potato crop, while the effect
following sugarbeet appears to be due to mineralization of sugarbeet residues.
At harvest, SMN was
c. 38 kg/ha and similar for all three previous crops. It is
concluded that mineralization of sugarbeet
residues has taken place more quickly on these sandy soils than previously
reported on soils of greater
clay content. Only potatoes grown with organic manures leave greater
N residues than cereals.
Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
and hedgerow trees to the yield and nutrient uptake
of cassava in an alley-cropping system
Authors: FAGBOLA O. , OSONUBI O. , MULONGOY K.
Published: July 2002

A field trial on alley-cropping was conducted at the University

of Ibadan research farm in the 1990/91
cropping season to assess the contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)
fungi and hedgerow
woody legumes to the yield and nutrient uptake of cassava (Manihot

esculenta Crantz) as an intercrop
in an infertile soil. The trial also investigated the influence of
AM fungi on the interplanting of a non-nodulating woody legume
Senna siamea (syn. Cassia siamea) with a nodulating woody
legume
(Leucaena leucocephala).

AM contributions to cassava were greater than the hedgerow contributions,
which demonstrated
that AM associations are an essential component in the nutrition of
cassava. In contrast to cassava,
AM inoculation only influenced the leaf dry weight and uptake of nutrients
of non-interplanted
woody legumes but not the above-ground biomass and P uptake of interplanted
woody legumes.
However, non-inoculated interplanted Leucaena benefited more
from indigenous AM fungi than the
competing Senna. The negative contributions to the nutrient
uptake (K, Ca and Mg) of cassava by
hedgerows and the lack of response to AM inoculation in interplanted hedgerow
woody legumes
could be attributed to root competition among the different plant species

growing in close proximity
to each other. The present results show that cassava benefits more from
AM association than
Leucaena which in turn benefits more than Senna in an
alley-cropping system.
Evaluation of Lotus corniculatus for increasing
pre-weaning growth of red and hybrid deer
Authors: ADU E. K. , BARRY T. N. , WILSON P. R. , KEMP P. D.
Published: July 2002

Lactating red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds and
their calves were rotationally grazed on Lotus
corniculatus or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture at an

allowance of 12 kg DM/hind/day
during summer 1996 in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Half the hinds
suckled pure red deer calves
and half suckled hybrid (0·25 elk[ratio ]0·75 red deer) calves.

Measurements were made of the diet selected,
voluntary feed intake of the hinds and liveweight changes of the hinds
and calves.

Lotus corniculatus and perennial ryegrass constituted
c. 90% of green material in the diet selected
on the respective forages. Total nitrogen (N) content and organic matter

digestibility (OMD) were
higher for Lotus corniculatus than for perennial ryegrass/white

clover pasture. Lotus corniculatus
contained 21 g condensed tannin (CT)/kg dry matter (DM),
whilst pasture contained only traces of CT (1·6 g/kg DM).

Hinds grazing Lotus corniculatus tended to have higher
voluntary feed intake, and calf liveweight
gain (485 v. 399 g/day) and weaning weight
(52·6 v. 48·1 kg) were greater than for deer grazing

perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Hybrid calves grew
faster than pure red deer calves
(P<0·01), with hybrid calves grazing lotus having
very high liveweight gain (c. 520 g/day).
Liveweight gain of hinds grazing Lotus corniculatus also
tended to be higher (91 v. 20 g/day) than for
hinds grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. CT was
bound more strongly during chewing
by red deer than had been found in comparable studies with
sheep and the nutritional significance
of this is discussed. Nutritional reasons for the superior performance
of
deer grazing Lotus corniculatus are discussed.
Causes for low tuber yields of transplants from in vitro
potato plantlets of early cultivars after field planting
Authors: LOMMEN W. J. M.
Published: July 2002

Transplant crops derived from in vitro produced plantlets of cultivars differing in earliness were
grown in three experiments in three years in the Netherlands, during field periods of maximally 12
weeks. Seed tuber crops were included in the first year. Fresh tuber yield was analysed as the result
of the radiation intercepted by the crop's canopy (AIR; accumulated intercepted radiation), the
efficiency of conversion of intercepted radiation into dry matter (RCC; radiation conversion
coefficient), the proportion of dry matter allocated to tubers (HI; harvest index), and the tuber dry-matter concentration (TDMC). Transplant crops had a lower AIR and lower yields than crops from
seed tubers. Variables RCC, HI and TDMC were not affected by the type of propagule used. In
transplant crops, yields from early cultivars could be extremely low when compared to later cultivars,
due to a low AIR. This cultivar effect did not occur in crops from seed tubers. Among transplant
crops, the lower AIR was the most consistent reason for lower tuber yields of earlier cultivars. It
resulted from a slower increase in soil cover after transplanting and a lower maximum soil cover, both
caused by a relatively high allocation of dry matter to tubers immediately after transplanting and
resulting first in reduced haulm growth rates and subsequently also in reduced total growth rates.
Senescence was not different. A higher HI partly compensated the lower AIR of the earliest cultivars.
RCC and TDMC were not consistently affected by cultivar's earliness in the transplant crops.
Spring applied organic manures as a source of nitrogen
for cereal crops: experiments using field scale equipment
Authors: NICHOLSON F. A. , CHAMBERS B. J. , SMITH K. A. , HARRISON R.
Published: July 2002

The effects of spring top-dressed applications of broiler litter, pig slurry and cattle slurry on winter
wheat and winter barley yield and quality were investigated on a field scale at three UK sites between
1992 and 1994, using commercially available application equipment. Broiler litter was applied at rates
ranging from 5·3 to 8·8 t/ha, and slurries from 54 to 89 m3/ha. Few practical problems were
encountered when spreading broiler litter, but when spreading cattle slurry there was some crop
damage and soil compaction from the tanker wheelings adjacent to tramlines. Coefficients of
variation for manure spreading using commercial spreaders ranged from 20 to 32%. Spring applied
manures increased yields of winter wheat and winter barley, and lowered optimum inorganic fertilizer
nitrogen (N) rates. When the N efficiency of the manures was compared to that of inorganic fertilizer
N, broiler litter N efficiencies ranged from 10 to 49%, cattle slurry was c. 30% and pig slurry c. 50%.
The experiments demonstrated that poultry litters and slurries can be applied successfully to growing
cereal crops in spring as part of an integrated policy for N supply.
Prediction of silage feeding value from the analysis of
the herbage at ensiling and effects of nitrogen
fertilizer, date of harvest and additive treatment on
grass silage composition
Authors: KEADY T. W. J. , MAYNE C. S. , FITZPATRICK D. A.
Published: July 2002

The prediction of silage feeding value from the analysis of herbage at ensiling and the effects of rate
of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, date of harvest and treatment additive at ensiling on fermentation, dry
matter (DM) recovery and effluent production were evaluated in a factorial experiment. Herbage was
harvested from 75 plots, laid out in three replicate blocks of 25, from the primary growth of a
predominantly perennial ryegrass sward. The plots received 72, 96, 120, 144 or 168 kg N/ha and were
harvested on 10, 17, 24 or 31 May or 7 June. Herbage was ensiled for 176 days in laboratory silos
(6 kg capacity), either untreated or treated with formic acid or a bacterial inoculant, each applied at
3 ml/kg herbage. Increasing the rate of N fertilizer and delaying harvest date increased herbage DM
yield but decreased silage digestible organic matter digestibility (D-value) and intake potential
(P < 0·001).

Increasing the rate of N fertilizer increased crude protein (CP), acid insoluble N (AIN) (P < 0·001),
acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P < 0·01) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations but had no
statistically significant effect (P > 0·05) on pH or the concentrations of ammonia N, lactic or volatile
fatty acids. Delaying harvesting date decreased CP, AIN and ADF concentrations (P < 0·001) and
effluent DM losses (P < 0·001). Treatment with either formic acid or inoculant decreased silage pH
and the concentrations of ammonia N, acetic acid and propanol and increased AIN, ethanol, neutral
detergent fibre (NDF), ADF and cellulose concentrations, effluent volume, DM losses and intake
potential. Formic acid treatment decreased D-value (P < 0·001), whereas inoculant treatment was not
statistically significant (P > 0·05). For potential silage and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and D-
value, strong positive correlations (P < 0·001) were identified with herbage pH, buffering capacity
and concentrations of CP, AIN, true protein nitrogen (TP), while negative correlations (P < 0·001)
were identified with herbage yield and concentrations of NDF and hemicellulose. With untreated
silages, strong positive correlations (P < 0·001) were identified between silage pH and herbage pH
and concentrations of AIN, buffering capacity, ash, TP and negative correlations (P < 0·001) were
identified with herbage DM yield and concentrations of DM and WSC. Herbage yield and
concentrations of NDF, TP, DM and nitrate N provided the best linear relationship for predicting
potential ME intake of the resultant untreated silages (R2 = 0·94). It is concluded that delaying
harvest date had the most detrimental effect on silage feeding value, although this effect was partially
overcome by reducing the rate of fertilizer N and use of either an inoculant or formic acid additive.
Silage feed value was also highly correlated with the protein and fibre fractions, ash, buffering
capacity and pH of the herbage at ensiling.
INFERTILITY TREATMENT AND MULTIPLE BIRTH RATES IN BRITAIN, 1938–94
Authors: MURPHY M. , HEY K. , BROWN J. , WILLIS B. , ELLIS J. D. , BARLOW D.
Published: July 2002

Trends in multiple birth rates are thought to have been substantially
affected by subfertility treatments in the last 25 years, but there are few
quantitative assessments of this. This paper examines trends in twin and
higher multiple birth rates separately in Scotland, England and Wales and
compares their course with corresponding multiple birth rates in the Oxford
Record Linkage Study area, where the proportions following subfertility
treatment are documented. National data on prescriptions for subfertility
treatments reinforce the view that they have had a major effect on the trends,
and currently perhaps 60% of triplet and higher order births
and 15% of twins
follow their use
in Britain.
SOCIAL CONTRASTS IN THE INCIDENCE OF OBESITY AMONG ADULT LARGE-CITY DWELLERS IN POLAND IN 1986 AND 1996
Authors: ROGUCKA ELZBIETA , BIELICKI TADEUSZ
Published: July 2002

The incidence of obesity, defined as the fraction of persons with BMIs exceeding 30·0, was examined in two birth cohorts of 40–50-year-old occupationally active inhabitants of the city of Wrocław, Poland. In both cohorts and both genders obesity increased monotonically with decreasing position on a three-level educational scale. During the 1986–1996 decade obesity increased dramatically among males with trade school education only; concomitant shifts were much smaller or absent in the college-educated groups. The contrast in obesity between the opposite ends of the educational scale has widened markedly in both genders; and the between-gender gap has declined somewhat.
Mechanism of glycine transport in mouse mammary tissue
Authors: REHAN GAYATRI , KANSAL VINOD K. , SHARMA REKHA
Published: July 2002

The mechanism of glycine transport in lactating mouse mammary gland
was investigated. Three Na+-dependent systems of glycine transport, distinguished
on the basis of their ionic requirement and sensitivity to 2-(methylamino)isobutyric
acid (MeAIB), were A (Na+-dependent, MeAIB-sensitive); (Na++Cl−)-dependent,
MeAIB-insensitive; and Na+-dependent, Cl−-independent, MeAIB-insensitive. These
systems were further distinguished on the basis of inhibition analysis and sensitivity
to pH of the extracellular medium and preloading mammary tissue with amino acids.
The uptake of glycine via the A system (Km 0·53 mM) was inhibited by preloading
mammary tissue with alanine, while glycine uptake mediated by the (Na++Cl−)-dependent,
MeAIB-insensitive system (Km 0·47 mM) was downregulated by preloading
mammary tissue with all amino acids (alanine, sarcosine and histidine)
tested. Treatment of mammary tissue with N-ethylmaleimide inhibited the uptake of
glycine via both these systems. Decreasing the pH of the extracellular medium
inhibited the uptake of glycine via the A system but not the (Na++Cl−)-dependent,
MeAIB-insensitive system. On the basis of ionic requirement, system A appears to
comprise two components, one dependent on Na+ plus Cl−
and the other on Na+ alone. Insulin upregulated the A system-mediated uptake of glycine in pregnant
mouse mammary tissue cultured in vitro, while the (Na++Cl−)-dependent,
MeAIB-insensitive system remained unaffected.
Detection of cows' milk in goats' cheeses inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism
Authors: MAUDET CÉLIA , TABERLET PIERRE
Published: July 2002

A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect cows' milk in goat cheese. This method is based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence variations. DNA extractions from 150 mg of cheese were carried out using a spin column-based method. Subsequent PCR amplifications of DNA were performed with cow specific primers, demonstrating the ability to detect cows' milk in a variety of cheeses. This simple approach provides high quality DNA, and is shown to be very sensitive, with a detection limit of less than 0·1% of cows' milk. Analysis of an agarose gel digital image allows a rough estimation of the percentage of cows' milk used in adulteration.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for milk production traits on ovine chromosome 6
Authors: DIEZ-TASCÓN CRISTINA , BAYÓN YOLANDA , ARRANZ JUAN-JOSÉ , DE LA FUENTE FERNANDO , SAN PRIMITIVO FERMÍN
Published: July 2002

Spanish Churra sheep were studied in a daughter design for the presence on chromosome 6 of quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing milk production traits. Eight half-sib families were genotyped for 11 microsatellites and marker-QTL effects analysed using yield deviations (YD) as quantitative measurements for the following traits: milk yield, protein yield, and protein percentage. QTL analysis was performed by interval mapping based on multimarker regression principles. Significance thresholds were estimated through a permutation test followed by a correction for multiple testing. The results suggest a region on ovine chromosome 6, close to the casein cluster, with an influence on milk traits and particularly on protein percentage. These results, the first ones reported for QTL affecting milk traits in sheep, are discussed in relation to data available for cattle, a closely related species.
Solution conformation of a peptide corresponding to bovine
κ-casein B residues 130–153 by circular dichroism spectroscopy and
1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: PLOWMAN JEFFREY E. , CREAMER LAWRENCE K. , LIDDELL MICHAEL J. , CROSS JENNIFER J.
Published: July 2002

The peptide Pro130–Thr–Ser–Thr–Pro–Thr–Ile–Glu–Ala–Val–Glu140–Ser–Thr–Val–Ala–Thr–Leu–Glu–Ala–Ser–Pro150–Glu–Val–Ile, which corresponds to residues 130–153 of κ-casein B, was synthesized and the conformation
of the peptide in solution investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy,
structure prediction algorithms and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. In a solution containing
the structure-enhancing solvent trifluoroethanol the CD spectrum was typical of a
peptide in the α-helical conformation and nuclear magnetic resonance
showed that the amino acids between Ile136
and Ser149 (κ-casein numbering) were predominantly
in the α-helical conformation, but that Pro130 to Thr135
and Pro150 to Ile153 were not.
In addition, Thr133–Pro134 and
Ser149–Pro150
were primarily in the trans conformation,
the residues from Thr131 to Thr135
were in unordered structures and the residues from
Glu151 to Ile153
were in an extended conformation. Residues Glu137
to Glu140 and Thr145 to Ala148
also displayed some 310-helix character. When the peptide was
dissolved in 10 mM-cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution at pH 6,
the CD spectra indicated that the proportion of helical structure was comparable to
that of the peptide in trifluoroethanol solution (400 ml/l), whereas when
the peptide was dissolved in buffer alone or in 10 mM-SDS solution, the
CD spectra were consistent
with a low helical content. Acidification of these solutions to
pH 2·85 resulted in a
slight increase in the helical content of the peptide in buffer and more markedly in
buffer containing SDS. When the peptide was in 5 mM-CaCl2
solution at neutral pH,
the CD spectrum indicated that some ordered structure was present. Taken together
these results indicate that the ionizable residues Glu137,
Glu140, Glu147 and Glu151
could be important in determining the stability of the putative helix. The structure
predictions found that the sequence from Glu137 to Pro150
would be more likely to be
in a helical than any other conformation in the intact bovine protein, but that pig,
sheep and goat κ-caseins did not give a prediction of a strongly
helical region in this part of the molecule.
Use of a single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to
perform a simple genotyping of bovine κ-casein A and B variants
Authors: BARROSO ANGEL , DUNNER SUSANA , CAÑON JAVIER
Published: July 2002

We propose an alternative method for casein genotyping, generally

carried out using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment
length
polymorphism analysis. Application of the single-strand conformation polymorphism

technique detects nucleotide changes in the fragment amplified by means
of
polymerase chain reaction and thus avoids the use of restriction enzymes.
A 453 bp
fragment from exon IV of κ-casein has been amplified. The two
variants (A and B),
found with the highest frequencies in most bovine breeds and included in
some dairy
cattle selection schemes, can be discriminated using single-strand conformation

polymorphism analysis of heat denatured fragments in
acrylamide–bis-acrylamide
(100[ratio ]1) gels followed by silver staining. κ-Casein
genotyping is therefore simplified,
although variants A and E on the one hand, and B and C on the other, are
not
distinguishable with this technique.
Influence of the composition of Alpine highland pasture on the
chemical, rheological and sensory properties of cheese
Authors: BUCHIN SOLANGE , MARTIN BRUNO , DUPONT DIDIER , BORNARD ANDRE , ACHILLEOS CHRISTINE
Published: July 2002

A study was undertaken to compare the chemical and sensory
characteristics of Abondance cheeses made with milk from animals grazing areas
within the same highland pasture, but with different predominant plants. Nine
cheeses made during the last 3 d of three successive 7 d periods were evaluated. The
animals grazed on the southern side of the highland pasture during the first period
(15–21 June), on the northern side during the second period (22–29 June) and
returned to the southern side for the third period (30 June–6 July). The gross
composition of the cheeses did not vary between periods. ‘North’ cheeses contained
more plasmin, γ-casein, αs1-I-casein and
water-soluble N than ‘south’ cheeses. Both
sensory and instrumental measurements indicated that north cheeses were less firm,
stickier and more easily fractured than south cheeses. North cheeses were also more
salty, bitter and persistent. Their overall aroma was more intense and they had more
intense sour, burnt, toasted, fermented vegetable and sweat aromas, but less intense
toffee, exotic fruit and acid milk aromas. The texture differences noted between the
cheeses from milk produced on the two areas may come from differences in primary
proteolysis, partly due to different amounts of plasmin and plasminogen in milk and
in cheeses. The aroma differences were related to differences in volatile compounds.
Some compounds had a microbial origin, while some others may have come from
the pasture.
International Politics and the
Establishment of Presbyterianism in
the Channel Islands: The Coutances
Connection
Authors: DAVIES C. S. L.
Published: July 2002

In 1564 Artus de Cossé-Brissac, bishop of Coutances in Normandy, was
a member of a French diplomatic mission to Queen Elizabeth. He
took the opportunity to assert a claim to exercise episcopal jurisdiction
in the Channel Islands. The claim was less preposterous than it might
appear, since Coutances's jurisdiction in the islands had been
acknowledged throughout Henry viii's reign, and again in that of Mary.
Queen and Privy Council took the 1564 claim seriously enough to
demand a response from the islanders. After a good deal of prevarication
on their part, the crown eventually ruled against the bishop's claim, on the
grounds, as argued by the islanders, that they were subject to the bishop
of Winchester. In the event, Winchester was not to enjoy its newly
rediscovered rights for long. The islands were already in the process of
establishing their own churches, using French Calvinist forms of worship
and a fully synodical system of church government. From 1576 the
islanders governed themselves without reference to episcopal authority,
which was not to be re-established, in Jersey, until the reign of James i,
and in Guernsey that of Charles ii. When challenged the islanders
defended their position by claiming that they were indeed part of the
diocese of Coutances, and that they were following the best practice of the
reformed churches in that diocese.

This story is well established in outline, largely through the labours of
island historians, but above all through the work of two impressive
nineteenth-century French historians. A. J. Eagleston made accessible a
good deal of this work, including his own researches, but unfortunately his
book had to be posthumously published and is therefore rather piecemeal.
D. M. Ogier has now published a valuable study of the Reformation in
Guernsey. It traces the internal history in depth, stressing the conservatism
of the bulk of the population and skilfully elucidating the crucial question
of ecclesiastical property, before going on to its main concern, the impact
of the Presbyterian discipline on island society. Although Ogier
acknowledges the significance of relations between the English crown and
various French parties in explaining events, he does little to elucidate
these interactions; nor does he display much interest in the personalities
involved in his story. This article will attempt to explain both the
reluctance of successive English governments to challenge the rights of the
bishop of Coutances, and the apparent inability of the Elizabethan
government to prevent French Protestant refugees moulding the island
churches in their own image. It will also look at some of the leading figures
involved, most notably one John Aster, dean of Guernsey, a prime mover
in the events of the 1560s, whose career in military administration before
his ordination at the age of fifty has not been noticed; and more generally
it will emphasise the link between militant Protestantism and the worlds
of diplomacy and espionage.
Tangential flow and advective mixing of viscoplastic fluids between eccentric cylinders
Authors: FAN YURUN , PHAN-THIEN NHAN , TANNER ROGER I.
Published: July 2002

This is a study on the tangential flow and advective mixing of viscoplastic fluids
(Bingham plastics) between two eccentric, alternately rotating cylinders. Two geometrical
configurations and various rotation modes are considered for a relatively large range
of the yield stress. The hp-type finite element method with the mixed formulation
is used to solve for the steady velocity and pressure fields. The bi-viscosity and the
Papanastasiou models agree quantitatively with each other in predicting the velocity
fields and the practically unyielded zones. However, the Papanastasiou model is more
robust and economic than the bi-viscosity model in the computation using Newton
iteration. In the steady flows, in addition to the motionless zones, we have discovered
some plugs with rigid rotation, including rotating plugs stuck onto the outer
cylinder and rotating, even counter-rotating, plugs disconnected from both cylinders.
The unsteady, periodic flow is composed of a sequence of the steady flows, which
is valid in the creeping flow regime. The characteristics of advective mixing in these
flows have been studied by analysing the asymptotic coverages of a passive tracer,
the distributions of the lineal stretching in the flow and the variations of the mean
stretching of the flow with time. The tracer coverage is intuitive but qualitative and,
occasionally, it depends on the initial location of the tracer. On the other hand, the
distribution of stretching is quantitative and more reliable in reflecting the mixing
characteristics. Interestingly, the zones of the lowest stretching in the distribution
graphs are remarkably well matched with the regular zones in the tracer-coverage
graphs. Furthermore, the mixing efficiency proposed by Ottino (1989) is used to
characterize the advective mixing in the two geometrical configurations with various
rotation modes. It is important to realize that, for plastic fluids, a major barrier to
effective mixing is the unyielded fluid plugs which are controlled by the yield stress
and geometrical configurations. Therefore, when designing an eccentric helical annular
mixer it is important to pay attention first to the geometric issues then to the
operating issues.
Experimental assessment of fractal scale similarity
in turbulent flows. Part 2. Higher-dimensional
intersections and non-fractal inclusions
Authors: FREDERIKSEN RICHARD D. , DAHM WERNER J. A. , DOWLING DAVID R.
Published: July 2002

Results from an earlier experimental assessment of fractal scale
similarity in one-dimensional spatial and temporal intersections in turbulent flows
are here extended to
two- and three-dimensional spatial intersections. Over 25000 two-dimensional
(2562)
intersections and nearly 40 three-dimensional (2563) intersections,
collectively
representing more than 2.3 billion data points, were analysed using objective
statistical
methods to determine which intersections were as fractal as stochastically
scale-similar
fractal gauge sets having the same record length. Results for the geometry of
Sc [Gt ]1
scalar isosurfaces and the scalar dissipation support span the range of lengthscales
between the scalar and viscous diffusion scales λD
and λν. The present study finds clear
evidence for stochastic fractal scale similarity in the dissipation support. With
increasing intersection dimension n, the data show a decrease in
the fraction of
intersections satisfying the criteria for fractal scale similarity, consistent
with the
presence of localized non-fractal inclusions. Local scale similarity analyses
on three-dimensional (643) intersections directly show such
intermittent non-fractal inclusions
with characteristic lengthscale comparable to λν. These
inclusions lead to failure of the relation among codimensions
Dn≡D−(3−n) when
applied to simple average
dimensions, which has formed the basis for most previous assessments of
fractal scale-similarity. Unlike the dissipation support geometry, scalar
isosurface geometries from
the same data were found not to be as fractal as fractional Brownian
motion gauge sets over the range of scales examined.
A laboratory study of baroclinic waves and turbulence in an

internally heated rotating fluid annulus with sloping endwalls
Authors: BASTIN MARK E. , READ PETER L.
Published: July 2002

New laboratory experiments have been performed in a rotating fluid

annulus, subject

to internal heating and sidewall cooling, in which a radial depth gradient
has been

created by the inclusion of oppositely sloping boundaries. Endwall

configurations that

cause the fluid depth (D) to increase with radius

(∂D/∂r>0) and to decrease with radius

(∂D/∂r<0) have been studied, as the
former

is applicable to the terrestrial

atmosphere and oceans, while the latter may be relevant to deep atmospheres
such

as those of the giant planets.

Even with the steepest boundary slopes, isolated or periodic chains
of stable

coherent eddies are observed with both endwall configurations, and

these regular eddy

modes are seen to drift relative to the walls of the convection chamber
concordant

with simple Rossby wave ideas. When the boundary slope (δ) is small,

no difference

is observed in the range of azimuthal wavenumbers seen in the regular wave
regimes

of the two endwall configurations. At larger values of δ, however,
this

symmetry is lost, since regular modes m=2 to 8 are observed with

∂D/∂r>0 endwalls,

while only a large vertically trapped anticyclonic gyre is seen with

∂D/∂r<0

endwalls. The other effects of the radial depth gradient are the observed
reduction

in both the lateral and vertical scale of the eddy features, and the formation
of

two independent trains of eddies within the gap width at sufficiently high
rotation

rates in the ∂D/∂r>0 endwall

experiments. The zonal mean flow is also found

to develop a significant barotropic component, superimposed on the vertically
and

horizontally sheared zonal jets generated by the non-monotonic thermal
gradient of

the experiment. This barotropic component is predominantly prograde (retrograde)

in the ∂D/∂r>0

(∂D/∂r<0) endwall experiments, and

confined close to the outer (inner) wall where the fluid depth is greatest.

There is evidence of the formation of increased numbers of zonal jets
in the

∂D/∂r>0 endwall experiments above that

expected from the form of the thermal

forcing. These multiple zonal jets are highly localized in the vertical,
and

are trapped

close to the top boundary. Their radial scale is, nevertheless, close to
that

given by

the Rhines argument. No comparable increase in the radial wavenumber of
the mean

flow is observed in the ∂D/∂r<0 endwall

experiments in the present system.
On the generation of shelves by long nonlinear waves in stratified
flows
Authors: PRASAD DILIP , AKYLAS T. R.
Published: July 2002

The phenomenon of shelf generation by long nonlinear internal waves

in stratified flows is investigated. The problem of primary interest

is the case of a uniformly

stratified Boussinesq fluid of finite depth. In analysing the

transient evolution of a

finite-amplitude long-wave disturbance, the expansion procedure of Grimshaw
& Yi

(1991) breaks down far downstream, and it proves expedient to follow a

matched-asymptotics procedure: the main disturbance is governed by the

nonlinear theory of

Grimshaw & Yi (1991) in the ‘inner’ region, while the

‘outer’ region comprises multiple

small-amplitude fronts, or shelves, that propagate downstream and

carry O(1) mass.

This picture is consistent with numerical simulations of uniformly

stratified flow past

an obstacle (Lamb 1994). The case of weakly nonlinear long waves in a fluid
layer

with general stratification is also examined, where it is found that

shelves of fourth

order in wave amplitude are generated. Moreover, these shelves may extend
both

upstream and downstream in general, and could thus lead to an upstream
influence

of a type that has not been previously considered. In all cases, transience

of the main

nonlinear wave disturbance is a necessary condition for the formation of
shelves.
Delaying transition in Taylor–Couette flow with
axial motion of the inner cylinder
Authors: WEISBERG AREL Y. , KEVREKIDIS IOANNIS G. , SMITS ALEXANDER J.
Published: July 2002

Periodic axial motion of the inner cylinder in Taylor–Couette
flow is used to delay
transition to Taylor vortices. The outer cylinder is fixed. The marginal
stability
diagram of Taylor–Couette flow with simultaneous periodic axial motion
of the
inner cylinder is determined using flow visualization. For the range of
parameters
studied, the degree of enhanced stability is found to be greater than that
predicted
by Hu & Kelly (1995), and differences in the scaling with
axial Reynolds number are
found. The discrepancies are attributed to essential differences
between the base flow
in the open system considered by Hu & Kelly, where mass is conserved
over one
period of oscillation, and the base flow in the
enclosed experimental apparatus, where
mass is conserved at all sections at all times.
Vortex structures generated by a coastal current

in harbour-like basins at large Reynolds numbers
Authors: GONCHAROV V. P. , PAVLOV V. I.
Published: July 2002

It has been observed for a long time that under certain conditions

a vortex or even

a group of vortices forms in bays which have a narrow opening to the sea.
What

leads to the formation of such vortices confined in a quiet, almost closed
bay? Why

does their number vary? Can such vortices form in any specific bay with
known

hydrological conditions, coastal configuration and bottom topography? The
answers

to these questions are essential in practice because, if several vortices

form in a bay,

a sort of a ‘vortex cork’ is created which prevents the

outflow of pollution from the

bay. This pollution will be locked in the bay practically permanently.
The formation

of vortices can also very strongly modify the topology of the background
flow and

lead to the formation of structures which intensify such processes as beach
drifting,

silting, and coastal erosion.

This article considers the topology of the vortex regimes generated

in harbour-like

basins by the external potential longshore current at large Reynolds numbers.
The

theory discusses the issues of what solution compatible with the

Prandtl–Batchelor

theorem for inviscid fluids, and under what conditions, may be realized
as an

asymptotic state of the open hydrodynamical system. The analysis is

developed based on the

variational principle, the most appropriate fundamental method of modern
physics

in this case, modified for the open degenerated hydrodynamical system.
It is shown

that the steady state corresponds to the circulational regime in

which the system has

minimal energy and enstrophy. This state is fixed by the Reynolds number.
The

relation between the Reynolds number, the geometry factor and

the topological number, characterizing the number of vortex cells, is found.
Subharmonic resonance of Venice gates in waves.

Part 1. Evolution equation and uniform incident waves
Authors: SAMMARCO PAOLO , TRAN HOANG H. , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: July 2002

For flood protection against storm tides, barriers of box-like
gates

hinged along a

bottom axis have been designed to span the three inlets of the Venice Lagoon.
While

on calm days the gates are ballasted to rest horizontally on the seabed,
in stormy

weather they are raised by buoyancy to act as a dam which is expected to
swing to

and fro in unison in response to the normally incident sea waves. Previous
laboratory

experiments with sinusoidal waves have revealed however that neighbouring
gates

oscillate out of phase, at one half the wave frequency, in a variety of

ways, and hence

would reduce the effectiveness of the barrier. Extending the linear theory
of trapped

waves by Mei et al. (1994), we present here a nonlinear

theory for subharmonic

resonance of mobile gates allowed to oscillate about a vertical plane of
symmetry.

In this part (1) the evolution equation of the Landau–Stuart type

is first derived for

the gate amplitude. The effects of gate geometries on the coefficients

in the equation

are examined. After accounting for dissipation effects semi-empirically

the theoretical

results on the equilibrium amplitude excited by uniform incident waves
are compared

with laboratory experiments.
Direct simulation of transition in an oscillatory boundary layer
Authors: VITTORI G. , VERZICCO R.
Published: July 2002

Numerical simulations of Navier–Stokes equations are performed
to study the flow
originated by an oscillating pressure gradient close to a wall characterized
by small
imperfections. The scenario of transition from the laminar to the turbulent
regime
is investigated and the results are interpreted in the light of existing
analytical
theories. The ‘disturbed-laminar’ and the
‘intermittently turbulent’ regimes detected
experimentally are reproduced by the present simulations. Moreover it is
found that
imperfections of the wall are of fundamental importance in causing the
growth of
two-dimensional disturbances which in turn trigger turbulence in the Stokes
boundary
layer. Finally, in the intermittently turbulent regime, a description is
given of the
temporal development of turbulence characteristics.
Streamline topology of steady axisymmetric
vortex breakdown in a cylinder with co- and
counter-rotating end-covers
Authors: BRØNS MORTEN , VOIGT LARS KØLLGAARD , SØRENSEN JENS NØRKÆR
Published: July 2002

Using a combination of bifurcation theory for two-dimensional dynamical systems
and numerical simulations, we systematically determine the possible flow topologies
of the steady vortex breakdown in axisymmetric flow in a cylindrical container with
rotating end-covers. For fixed values of the ratio of the angular velocities of the
covers in the range from −0.02 to 0.05, bifurcations of recirculating bubbles under
variation of the aspect ratio of the cylinder and the Reynolds number are found.
Bifurcation curves are determined by a simple fitting procedure of the data from
the simulations. For the much studied case of zero rotation ratio (one fixed cover) a
complete bifurcation diagram is constructed. Very good agreement with experimental
results is obtained, and hitherto unresolved details are determined in the parameter
region where up to three bubbles exist. For non-zero rotation ratios the bifurcation
diagrams are found to change dramatically and give rise to other types of bifurcations.
Transitions of flow past a row of square bars
Authors: MIZUSHIMA J. , KAWAGUCHI Y.
Published: July 2002

Transitions of flow past a row of square bars placed across a uniform flow are
investigated by numerical simulations and the bifurcation analysis of the numerical
results. The flow is assumed two-dimensional and incompressible. It is already known
that jets coming through gaps between square bars are independent of each other
when the pitch-to-side-length ratio of the row is large, whereas the confluence of two
or three jets occurs due to a first pitchfork bifurcation from the flow with independent
jets when the pitch-to-side-length ratio is small. It is found that confluence of four jets
occurs in consequence of the second pitchfork bifurcation from the flow with pairs
of jets joined to each other. Bifurcation diagrams of the flow are obtained, which
include confluences of double, triple and quadruple jets. Lengths of the twin vortices
are evaluated for each flow pattern. The confluences of two, three and four jets are
qualitatively confirmed experimentally by flow visualizations.
Surface waves in a plasma flow
Authors: BENOVA E. , IVANOV S. T. , RUKHADZE A. A.
Published: July 2002

Dispersion characteristics of surface waves in a semibounded plasma
flow with relativistic velocity u0 parallel to the plasma–vacuum interface are
presented. The plasma is considered to be cold and collisionless, which allows us
to take into account only the electron motion. It is shown that – in contrast to
the bulk waves, which are invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations
and whose spectrum is independent of the flow velocity – the surface waves are
not invariant, which leads to a dependence of their spectrum on the flow
velocity and, correspondingly, to non-reciprocity. The latter peculiarity is due
to the fact that the boundary conditions are not invariant.