bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human midcingulate cortex encodes distributed representations of task progress
Authors: Holroyd Clay B. , Ribas-Fernandes José J. F. , Shahnazian Danesh , Silvetti Massimo , Verguts Tom
Published: June 2018

Significance

Midcingulate cortex (MCC) contributes to cognitive control and decision making but its specific role in this process is highly mysterious. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the predictions of a neural network model of MCC function. Confirming the model predictions, we find that human MCC encodes distributed, dynamically evolving representations of goal-directed action sequences. These results suggest that standard approaches for analyzing MCC function overlook the major portion of information encoded by this brain area. Rather, they indicate that MCC encodes the distances between representations of task events in task space, revealing how the MCC sustains the execution of extended behaviors.
PHIP as a therapeutic target for driver-negative subtypes of melanoma, breast, and lung cancer
Authors: de Semir David , Bezrookove Vladimir , Nosrati Mehdi , Dar Altaf A. , Wu Clayton , Shen Julia , Rieken Christopher , Venkatasubramanian Meenakshi , Miller James R. , Desprez Pierre-Yves , McAllister Sean , Soroceanu Liliana , Debs Robert J. , Salomonis Nathan , Schadendorf Dirk , Cleaver James E. , Kashani-Sabet Mohammed
Published: June 2018

Significance

The development of targeted therapies represents a major advance in cancer therapy, with its most prominent examples including agents targeting HER2 in breast cancer, EGFR and ALK in lung cancer, and BRAF in melanoma. However, a key challenge confronting such precision medicine approaches concerns the presence of subtypes of each of these three common, lethal solid tumors that lack identified molecular drivers, and are thus not amenable to targeted therapies. Our studies identify a role for pleckstrin homology domain-interacting protein (PHIP) in promoting the progression of “driver-negative” subtypes of these common solid tumors. In addition, they demonstrate a physical interaction between PHIP and an activating histone modification, thereby identifying PHIP as a rational target for the therapy of these solid tumor subtypes.
Restructuring of nutrient flows in island ecosystems following human colonization evidenced by isotopic analysis of commensal rats
Authors: Swift Jillian A. , Roberts Patrick , Boivin Nicole , Kirch Patrick V.
Published: June 2018

Significance

The arrival of humans and human-introduced species to Pacific islands resulted in significant, long-lasting transformations to local ecosystems. However, direct measurements of deep-time human effects can be difficult to quantify from archaeological datasets. Isotopically reconstructed diet of the Pacific rat (
Rattus exulans
), a commensal species introduced by humans during one of the most dramatic archaeological examples of past human migration and ecosystem alteration, can provide insight into resource availability and utilization within the human-commensal niche. Our results highlight significant long-term restructuring of nutrient flows through ecosystems resulting from human arrival and subsequent land use on three Polynesian islands. We also demonstrate that stable isotope analysis of often-ignored commensal taxa represents a tool for tracking human activities and ecosystem effects more broadly.
Media audiences and reception studies
Authors: Hill Annette
Published: June 2018

Media audiences and reception studies is a shifting area of research in terms of theories and concepts, methodologies and methods. Audiences are on the move, and ways of understanding these transitions involves multi-faceted, pragmatic approaches to varieties of audience experiences in context, including contexts of distribution and media flows, genres and communicative form, and identities and everyday life. The range of methodologies and methods available to audience researchers are multi-form, mixing media, social and cultural theories, with flexible methods for capturing transforming audiences. Transnational audiences for global formats and local content signal an increasing range of audio-visual content available to consumers, fans and publics, including translations, subtitling and fan subbing of fiction and non-fiction television and social media. In relation to audience engagement with screen culture there is an increasing significance of distribution contexts, and the centrality of place and time, to research in transnational audiences. The case study of production and audience research of the Nordic noir television drama The Bridge highlights how engaging with multi-layered storytelling and reading subtitles makes for intensities of cognitive and emotional engagement with the drama, and suggests a sense of place and time is critical to understanding cultural engagement with transnational drama.
Film, cinema and reception studies
Authors: Biltereyst Daniel , Meers Philippe
Published: June 2018

This chapter aims at introducing the reader into the field of film reception studies, more particular into the field which deals with audience’s contemporary and historical filmic and cinematic experiences. After providing an historical overview of this expanding field, the chapter goes into the various strands of cinema and film reception research. The contribution argues that in recent years, this field of research grew into an ever more mature, inter- and multidisciplinary domain, where perspectives are now utilized, which were often neglected within film studies so far, like ethnographic research, memory studies, social geography, urban studies, history, or the digital humanities. Much of this recent work is driven by the idea that a perspective on audience’s ‘bottom up’ experiences of films and cinema, leads to a more profound understanding and eventually to a revision of theories, concepts, and the history of film and cinema. This chapter is to be seen as part of the scholarly endeavour, often called ‘new cinema history’, which aims at rewriting film’s and cinema’s past precisely by integrating audiences’ experiences.
Triangulation of online and offline measures of processing and reception in AVT
Authors: Kruger Jan-Louis , Doherty Stephen
Published: June 2018

This chapter reviews methodologies for investigating the cognitive processing of audiovisual translation products using the triangulation of physiological, psychometric and performance measures. It also provides an analysis of the strengths and limitations of these measures to offer a synthesis of what has been achieved in this field and what remains to be developed. Such triangulation faces many challenges and rewards related to conducting interdisciplinary research that combines tightly-controlled experimental research with real-world, ecologically valid studies. Hence, the discussion emphasises the importance of both borrowing methods from other disciplines, and employing them effectively to add value to the study of film. We call for increased quality and integrity in AVT research to resolve questions on the cognitive processing and reception of AVT products.
Reception studies in live and pre-recorded subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo
Published: June 2018

This chapter aims to provide an overview of reception research in the field of subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH). Given that the development of reception research in this area is closely linked to the development of SDH as a professional practice and academic field of study, a historical approach has been adopted here. It starts from the origins of pre-recorded and live SDH in the US and Europe and continues with the first and often overlooked classroom-based experiments and large-scale user surveys that substantiated the introduction of TV subtitles in the 1970s and 1980s. The focus is then turned to the more specific parameters studied in the 1990s, followed by the first eye-tracking studies and the development of SDH as a field of study in Europe in the 2000s and, finally, the internationalisation and specialisation of the recent experimental (re)turn experienced by reception studies in SDH. The chapter concludes with a section on the scarce reception research conducted to date in the area of live SDH and with some final thoughts on the features, challenges and requirements of experimental research in this area.
Audio description and reception-centred research
Authors: Di Giovanni Elena
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on audio description research from a reception studies perspective. Since its inception into audiovisual translation studies slightly over ten years ago, research on audio description has grown exponentially and, unlike other audiovisual translation techniques and the related research, it has very often placed the needs, priorities and preferences of the end users at its core. After reviewing the tools and methodologies so far employed in reception-centred audio description research, by highlighting their shortcomings and merits, the chapter moves on to identify four major strands in this area. Several experiments and publications are then discussed with reference to each research strand, focusing on their replicability but also reflecting on the role (and dangers) of interdisciplinarity in such an ever-growing field of study.
Reception studies in game localisation
Authors: Mangiron Carme
Published: June 2018

This chapter aims at providing an overview of the existing reception studies in the area of game localisation. After briefly describing the main characteristics of game localisation and its focus on users and their player experience (PX), the paper discusses the small number of reception studies in game localisation that have been carried out to date within the framework of Translation Studies, discussing their research objectives, methods and tools. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for further reception studies in the area of game localisation and presenting future paths for research in this area.
也論漢語「主語指向型」動補結構的句法構造 (On subject-oriented resultatives in Mandarin)
Authors: Bi Luosha , Pan Haihua
Published: June 2018

抽象

漢語「主語指向型」動補結構一直被學界看作是動補結構的「例外」。本文著重研究了這類動補結構的句法語義特點，利用多種句法手段證明「主語指向型」動補結構內部存在差異，即有些並不屬於動補結構，有些表面上看似「主語指向」的動補結構其實是基礎動補結構的衍生結構，在底層結構中這類補語仍是指向賓語。這一分析不僅維持了關於動補結構的統一分析理論（如 DOR 理論），而且為現代漢語的動補結構提供了跨語言的分析視角。
宋室南渡與臨安官話對吳語的影響 – 若干詞彙、語法的例證 (Influence of the southern migration of the Song Dynasty on Wu dialects via Lin’an Guanhua: Lexical and syntactic evidence)
Authors: Sheng Yimin
Published: June 2018

抽象

本文主要討論宋室南渡之後，由官話區帶來的臨安官話對吳語詞彙、語法的影響。文章首先確定了某個成分是宋室南渡帶入吳語的工作假設：該成分來自官話而非吳語的固有形式，並且該成分是宋室南渡而非之前永嘉南渡帶入的。其次，文章舉了「東西」「項-」「立」「穿」「多少」及 V-neg-V 結構等六個詞彙、語法項作為例證，具體討論了臨安官話對吳語的影響。之後，文章從方言接觸的角度討論了所涉詞彙借用、語法複製、接觸模式等相關問題。
Developing a New Activity Pollution Index for Emissions Quantitative Assessment in Projects Construction Phase: Case Study of an Administrative Building, Egypt
Authors: Elmasoudi Islam , Ibrahim Mona G. , Mahmod Wael Elham , Elbeltagi Emad
Published: June 2018

Quantitative assessment of emissions related to construction projects should be performed during the planning phase of the projects. This is significant to spot the high values of pollution during the construction phase. In this study, a model is developed to estimate pollution resulting from Buildings construction activities. The model calculates the generated pollution for each activity involved in the project as a result of dust, gases and noise emissions. A new index is developed namely Activity Pollution Index (API) which expresses the amount of total pollution for each activity during the project construction phase. Also, the developed model is able to display the resulted total pollution distribution throughout the project life that corresponding to the planned scheduling. An actual case study in an administrative building construction in Egypt is selected to demonstrate the practical use of the proposed model. The results show that the peak and minimum values of total pollution were occurred during the excavation activity and the formwork erections and steel fixing of the second segment of the building with values of API equal to 69 and 2, respectively.
Clinimetric Properties and Minimal Clinically Important Differences for a Battery of Gait, Balance, and Cognitive Examinations for the Tap Test in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Gallagher Ryan , Marquez Jodie , Osmotherly Peter
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is treated by insertion of a ventricular peritoneal (VP) shunt. To help identify who would benefit from a VP shunt, patients undergo a tap test (TT). Several measures can identify change from a TT, but the magnitude of change and the combination of measures that indicate the improvement from a TT is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To develop minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for a battery of gait, balance, and cognitive measures in relation to improvement from the TT, and to identify which combination of measures best identifies when improvement has occurred.

METHODS

Observational study of iNPH patients undergoing a TT for consideration of a VP shunt. Patients completed the: The Timed Up and Go (TUG), Timed Up and Go cognition (TUG-C), Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (Tinetti), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) pre- and post-TT. A Global Rating of Change scale assessed patients’ perceived improvements in gait and balance post-TT.

RESULTS

MCIDs for the TT were (calculated as percentage changes): TUG: 13%, TUG-C: 11% Tinetti: 36%, and BBS: 20%. A combination of the TUG-C and Tinetti resulted in sensitivity of 90.28% to identify improvement, while the Tinetti and BBS resulted in specificity of 98.58% to exclude improvement from a TT.

CONCLUSION

These MCIDs provide the first evidence to quantify the significance of post-TT symptom changes and provides objective data to guide recommendations for clinical management. Utilizing a combination of measures, and these MCIDs as cut off values, results in high sensitivity and specificity for identifying improvement from a TT.
Similar Low Rates of HCV Recurrence in HCV/HIV- and HCV-Infected Participants who Achieved SVR After DAA Treatment: Interim Results From the ACTG A5320 Viral Hepatitis C Infection Long-term Cohort Study (V-HICS)
Authors: Wyles David L , Kang Minhee , Matining Roy M , Murphy Robert L , Peters Marion G ,   VHICS Study Team
Published: June 2018

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence rates were similar between those with HCV/HIV co-infection (0.35/100 person-years) and HCV infection (0.42/100 person-years). Low rates of recurrence likely represent enrollment of an HIV population at low risk for recurrence. Care should be taken not to label all HCV/HIV co-infected patients as being at high risk for HCV recurrence.
Readmission Following Surgical Resection for Intractable Epilepsy: Nationwide Rates, Causes, Predictors, and Outcomes
Authors: Rumalla Kavelin , Smith Kyle A , Arnold Paul M , Schwartz Theodore H
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Hospital readmissions can be detrimental to patients and may interfere with the potential benefits of the therapeutic procedure. Government agencies have begun to focus on reducing readmissions; however, the etiology of readmissions is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To report the national rates, risk factors, and outcomes associated with 30- and 90-d readmissions following surgery for intractable epilepsy.

METHODS

We queried the Nationwide Readmissions Database from January to September 2013 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification codes to identify all patients with intractable epilepsy, who underwent hemispherectomy (01.52), brain lobectomy (01.53), amydalohippocampectomy, or partial lobectomy (01.59). Predictor variables included epilepsy type, presurgical diagnostic testing, surgery type, medical complications, surgical complications, and discharge disposition.

RESULTS

In 1587 patients, the 30- and 90-d readmission rates were 11.5% and 16.8%, respectively. The most common reasons for readmission were persistent epilepsy, video electroencephalography monitoring, postoperative infection, and postoperative central nervous system complication. In multivariable analysis, risk factors associated with both 30- and 90-d readmission were Medicare payer status, lowest quartile of median income, depression, hemispherectomy, and postoperative complications (P < .05). The only unique predictor of 30-d readmission was small bedsize hospital (P = .001). Readmissions within 30 d were associated with longer length of stay (6.8 vs 5.8 d), greater costs ($18 660 vs $15 515), and increased adverse discharges (26.4% vs 21.8%).

CONCLUSION

Following epilepsy surgery, most readmissions that occurred within 30 d can be attributed to management of persistent epilepsy and predicted by Medicare payer status, depression, and complications. These data can assist the clinician in preventing readmissions and assist policy makers determine which admissions are potentially avoidable.
New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma: a balancing act between immunosuppression and immunosurveillance
Authors: Karin Michael
Published: June 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC initiates as a consequence of chronic liver damage and inflammation caused by hepatitis B and C virus infections, excessive alcohol consumption, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Until recently, no effective treatments for advanced HCC were available and the 5-year survival rate had remained below 8% for many years. New insights into the mechanisms that drive the development of NAFLD-related HCC indicate that loss of T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance plays a cardinal role in tumor growth and malignant progression, in addition to previously identified inflammation-driven compensatory proliferation. Recently completed groundbreaking clinical studies have shown that treatments that restore antitumor immunity represent a highly effective therapeutic option for approximately 20% of advanced HCC patients. Understanding the causes of inflammation-driven immunosuppression and immune system dysfunction in the 80% of patients who fail to reignite antitumor immunity despite treatment with checkpoint inhibitors should lead to further and even more dramatic improvements in HCC immunotherapy.
Effect of Wheat Cultivar on the Concentration of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat Stems
Authors: Bissonnette Kaitlyn M. , Kolb Frederic L. , Ames Keith A. , Bradley Carl A.
Published: June 2018

Effective control of Fusarium-mycotoxin accumulation in grain affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum) begins with selecting moderately resistant wheat cultivars; however, little is known about how this resistance affects mycotoxin levels in the stem. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2014 in a mist-irrigated FHB nursery in Urbana, IL to determine whether the FHB resistance class of a cultivar (very susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant) affects the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the stem. FHB incidence, FHB severity, and Fusarium-damaged kernel ratings were collected and used to calculate FHB index; incidence, severity, and kernel damage (ISK) index; and deoxynivalenol (DON), incidence, severity, and kernel damage (DISK) index. Grain was assayed for levels of DON, and the bottom 25 cm of plant stems was collected from each plot and assayed for DON, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON). Significant differences in DON concentration in the grain were detected among cultivars (P = 0.0001) and for the concentration of all DON (P = 0.003), 3ADON (P = 0.03), and 15ADON (P < 0.0001) in the stem. Significant differences among resistance classes were observed for FHB index value (P < 0.0001), ISK index (P = 0.006), and DISK index (P = 0.004). In all years of this study, the concentration of DON in the grain and the concentrations of all mycotoxins in the stem were consistently lower in the moderately resistant cultivars. All three indices were poor indicators of mycotoxin concentrations in the stem. Overall, the selection of a moderately resistant cultivar provides effective control of DON accumulation in the grain and mycotoxin accumulation in the stem.
Characteristics of Pregnant Women Reporting Cannabis Use Disorder at Substance Use Treatment Entry
Authors: Washio Yukiko , Mark Katrina , Terplan Mishka
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

The current study examined distinct characteristics of yearly trend, sociodemographic, and treatment-related variables of prenatal cannabis use as the primary drug of choice among pregnant women admitted to substance use treatment for the first time.

Methods:

The Treatment Episode Data Set-Admission between 1992 and 2015 was used for a cross-sectional study focused on prenatal cannabis use reported at treatment admission.

Results:

Among pregnant women admitted to substance use treatment for the first time (n = 489,796), 40.6% reported any level of cannabis use, and 40.8% reported cannabis use as the primary drug of choice at treatment admission. Adjusted for other characteristics, a statistically significant change in overall trends for any prenatal cannabis use, and also in cannabis use as the primary drug of choice over 20 years was detected. While pregnant women reporting cannabis use as the primary drug of choice were significantly less likely to co-use other substances, those involved in the criminal justice system were significantly more likely to co-use cocaine and opioids, but significantly less likely to co-use alcohol.

Discussion/conclusion:

Continued monitoring of prenatal cannabis use and patterns of other substance co-use is encouraged, given the perceived harm of cannabis use in young generations has lessened in recent years, coinciding with the legalization process. Targeted education materials and treatment options to treating prenatal cannabis use should be developed tailored to substance use characteristics and criminal justice involvement.
Intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy compared with in-situ pinning for the management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Zang Junting , Uchiyama Katsufumi , Moriya Mitsutoshi , Li Zhengwei , Fukushima Kensuke , Yamamoto Takeaki , Liu Jianguo , Feng Wei , Takahira Naonobu , Takaso Masashi
Published: June 2018

Intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy was initially introduced to restore the morphology of the proximal femur after slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). However, whether this procedure results in a higher risk of avascular necrosis (AVN) or lower incidence of cam deformity than in-situ pinning is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy and in-situ pinning to treat SCFE in children. Twenty-three children who suffered from SCFE underwent either intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy (eight patients, eight hips) or in-situ pinning (15 patients, 18 hips) between 2006 and 2014. No patient was lost to follow-up at a mean of 4.5 years. In the osteotomy group, the Japanese Orthopedic Association’s hip score system score increased from 50.5 (20–89) to 98.9 (95–100) and from 65.9 (48–90) to 99.0 (44–100) in the in-situ pinning group. On the basis of the slip angle, α angle, and epiphyseal–metaphyseal offset, intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy showed a significantly better result in restoring the morphology of the proximal femur than in-situ pinning (P<0.001). The incidences of AVN, chondrolysis, and lower limb discrepancy were similar between the two groups. On the basis of clinical outcomes, both intracapsular cuneiform osteotomy and in-situ pinning had acceptable abilities to treat SCFE. The incidence of AVN was not related to which technique was used. Osteotomy significantly restored the morphology of the proximal femur.
Stratified Probabilistic Bias Analysis for Body Mass Index–related Exposure Misclassification in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Banack Hailey R. , Stokes Andrew , Fox Matthew P. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Cespedes Feliciano Elizabeth M. , LeBlanc Erin S. , Bird Chloe , Caan Bette J. , Kroenke Candyce H. , Allison Matthew A. , Going Scott B. , Snetselaar Linda , Cheng Ting-Yuan David , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Stefanick Marcia L. , LaMonte Michael J. , Wactawski-Wende Jean
Published: June 2018

Background:

There is widespread concern about the use of body mass index (BMI) to define obesity status in postmenopausal women because it may not accurately represent an individual’s true obesity status. The objective of the present study is to examine and adjust for exposure misclassification bias from using an indirect measure of obesity (BMI) compared with a direct measure of obesity (percent body fat).

Methods:

We used data from postmenopausal non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women in the Women’s Health Initiative (n=126,459). Within the Women’s Health Initiative, a sample of 11,018 women were invited to participate in a sub-study involving dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. We examined indices of validity comparing BMI-defined obesity (≥30 kg/m2), with obesity defined by percent body fat. We then used probabilistic bias analysis models stratified by age and race to explore the effect of exposure misclassification on the obesity–mortality relationship.

Results:

Validation analyses highlight that using a BMI cutpoint of 30 kg/m2 to define obesity in postmenopausal women is associated with poor validity. There were notable differences in sensitivity by age and race. Results from the stratified bias analysis demonstrated that failing to adjust for exposure misclassification bias results in attenuated estimates of the obesity–mortality relationship. For example, in non-Hispanic white women 50–59 years of age, the conventional risk difference was 0.017 (95% confidence interval = 0.01, 0.023) and the bias-adjusted risk difference was 0.035 (95% simulation interval = 0.028, 0.043).

Conclusions:

These results demonstrate the importance of using quantitative bias analysis techniques to account for nondifferential exposure misclassification of BMI-defined obesity. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B385.
Understanding Interventional Effects: A More Natural Approach to Mediation Analysis?
Authors: Moreno-Betancur Margarita , Carlin John B.
Published: June 2018

The causal mediation literature has mainly focused on “natural effects” as measures of mediation, but these have been criticized for their reliance on empirically unverifiable assumptions. They are also impossible to estimate without additional untestable assumptions in the common situation of exposure-induced mediator–outcome confounding. “Interventional effects” have been proposed as alternative measures that overcome these limitations, and 2 versions have been described for the exposure-induced confounding problem. We aim to provide insight into the interpretation of these effects, particularly by describing randomized controlled trials that could hypothetically be conducted to estimate them. In contrast with natural effects, which are defined in terms of individual-level interventions, the definitions of interventional effects rely on population-level interventions. This distinction underpins the previously described advantages of interventional effects, and reflects a shift from individual effects to more tangible population-average effects. We discuss the conceptual and practical implications for the conduct of mediation analysis. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B383.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of d-amphetamine in an attention task in rodents
Authors: Slezak Jonathan M. , Mueller Melanie , Ricaurte George A. , Katz Jonathan L.
Published: June 2018

Amphetamine is a common therapeutic agent for alleviating the core symptoms associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. The current study used a translational model of attention, the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) procedure with rats, to examine the time-course effects of d-amphetamine. Effects of different dosages of d-amphetamine were related to drug–plasma concentrations, fashioned after comprehensive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessments that have been employed in clinical investigations. We sought to determine whether acute drug–plasma concentrations that enhance performance in the 5-CSRT procedure are similar to those found to be therapeutic in patients diagnosed with ADHD. Results from the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessment indicate that d-amphetamine plasma concentrations associated with improved performance on the 5-CSRT procedure overlap with those that have been reported to be therapeutic in clinical trials. The current findings suggest that the 5-CSRT procedure may be a useful preclinical model for predicting the utility of novel ADHD therapeutics and their effective concentrations.
Dasatinib‐Loaded Erythrocytes Trigger Apoptosis in Untreated Chronic Myelogenous Leukemic Cells: A Cellular Reservoir Participating in Dasatinib Efficiency
Authors: Airiau Kelly , Turcq Béatrice , Bouchet Stéphane , Laharanne Elodie , Vial Jean‐Philippe , Etienne Gabriel , Mahon François‐Xavier , Belloc Francis
Published: June 2018

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text
Emerging Adults and Recovery Capital
Authors: Elswick Alex , Fallin-Bennett Amanda , Ashford Kristin , Werner-Wilson Ronald
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are chronic, relapsing brain disorders associated with morbidity, mortality, and high healthcare costs. Emerging adults are particularly vulnerable, with twice the risk of developing an SUD relative to their adult or adolescent counterparts. Emerging adults in addiction and recovery are understudied. Accordingly, the concept of recovery capital has been developed to account for the internal and external resources that an individual can mobilize to recover from an SUD. To better understand the barriers that contribute to relapse, we explored recovery capital among emerging adults. The aims of this phenomenological study were to explore and describe the experience of emerging adults in recovery and to identify the barriers and facilitators to their recovery.

Methods

The informants (n = 8) were 18–25 years old in recovery from SUDs. Data were collected in 2016 using semistructured interviews and subsequently analyzed in 2017 for emerging themes.

Results

Informants in this study reported challenges that may be unique to their age and stage of development. Informants reported residential and financial instability as barriers to recovery. Alternatively, informants reported spirituality and visible role models in recovery as facilitators of recovery. Finally, informants reported that the role of their families changed temporally throughout the course of their addiction to facilitate their recovery.

Conclusion

The results from this study suggest that the developmental tasks facing emerging adults are exacerbated in addiction and recovery, which increases the likelihood of SUD relapse.
Reducing Readmissions Post-tonsillectomy: A Quality Improvement Study on Intravenous Hydration
Authors: Hession-Laband Eileen , Melvin Patrice , Shermont Herminia , Murphy Jane M. , Bukoye Bola , Amin Manali
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

Dehydration is a potentially preventable complication post-tonsillectomy and can result in an Emergency Department visit and/or readmission. Our objectives were to identify risk factors for dehydration readmissions and develop interventions to prevent them.

Methods:

We used retrospective chart reviews to determine if increased intravenous (IV) hydration post-tonsillectomy prevented hospital readmissions for dehydration. All children aged 1–18 years who underwent tonsillectomy between July 1, 2007 and September 30, 2015 were included in this quality improvement study. Using the Pediatric Health Information System database, patients who experienced a readmission for dehydration within 72 hours of surgery were identified and validated with internal data. We analyzed the pre-implementation and post-implementation readmission rates after standardization of increased IV fluids (1.5 times maintenance). An interrupted time series analysis was used to estimate the effects of our hydration initiative.

Results:

Of 11,157 patients who underwent tonsillectomy during the study period, 96 (0.9%) met the criteria for readmissions for dehydration. The pre-implementation readmission rate was 1% compared to 0.2% post-implementation, a reduction of 82%.

Conclusions:

The hydration initiative was associated with a significant decrease in hospital readmissions. This safe, low-cost, easy-to-implement approach to preventing dehydration post-tonsillectomy could be explored at other institutions.
Vitamin C: should we supplement?
Authors: Spoelstra-de Man Angélique M.E. , Elbers Paul W.G. , Oudemans-Van Straaten Heleen M.
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency are very common in critically ill patients due to increased needs and decreased intake. Because vitamin C has pleiotropic functions, deficiency can aggravate the severity of illness and hamper recovery.

Recent findings

Vitamin C is a key circulating antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immune-supporting effects, and a cofactor for important mono and dioxygenase enzymes. An increasing number of preclinical studies in trauma, ischemia/reperfusion, and sepsis models show that vitamin C administered at pharmacological doses attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation, and restores endothelial and organ function. Older studies showed less organ dysfunction when vitamin C was administered in repletion dose (2–3 g intravenous vitamin C/day). Recent small controlled studies using pharmacological doses (6–16 g/day) suggest that vitamin C reduces vasopressor support and organ dysfunction, and may even decrease mortality.

A short course of intravenous vitamin C in pharmacological dose seems a promising, well tolerated, and cheap adjuvant therapy to modulate the overwhelming oxidative stress in severe sepsis, trauma, and reperfusion after ischemia. Large randomized controlled trials are necessary to provide more evidence before wide-scale implementation can be recommended.
Pancreas Divisum in Pediatric Acute Recurrent and Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Lin Tom K. , Abu-El-Haija Maisam , Nathan Jaimie D. , Palermo Joseph P. , Barth Bradley , Bellin Melena , Fishman Douglas S. , Freedman Steven D. , Gariepy Cheryl E. , Giefer Matthew J. , Gonska Tanja , Heyman Melvin B. , Himes Ryan , Husain Sohail Z. , Liu Quin , Maqbool Asim , Mascarenhas Maria , McFerron Brian , Morinville Veronique D. , Ooi Chee Y. , Perito Emily , Pohl John F. , Rhee Sue , Schwarzenberg Sarah Jane , Shah Uzma , Troendle David , Werlin Steven L. , Wilschanski Michael , Zimmerman M. Bridget , Lowe Mark E. , Uc Aliye
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

The significance of pancreas divisum (PD) as a risk factor for pancreatitis is controversial. We analyzed the characteristics of children with PD associated with acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis to better understand its impact.

Patients and Methods:

We compared children with or without PD in the well-phenotyped INSPPIRE (INternational Study group of Pediatric Pancreatitis: In search for a cuRE) cohort. Differences were analyzed using 2-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables, Pearson χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.

Results:

PD was found in 52 of 359 (14.5%) subjects, a higher prevalence than the general population (∼7%). Females more commonly had PD (71% vs. 55%; P=0.02). Children with PD did not have a higher incidence of mutations in SPINK1, CFTR, CTRC compared with children with no PD. Children with PD were less likely to have PRSS1 mutations (10% vs. 34%; P<0.01) or a family history of pancreatitis (P<0.05), and more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia (11% vs. 3%; P=0.03). Children with PD underwent significantly more endoscopic procedures and pancreatic sphincterotomy. Patients with PD had fewer attacks of acute pancreatitis (P=0.03) and were less likely to develop exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (P=0.01). Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was considered most helpful if pancreatic duct was impacted with stones (83% helpful).

Conclusions:

PD is likely a risk factor for acute recurrent pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis in children that appears to act independently of genetic risk factors. Patients with PD and stones obstructing the pancreatic duct benefit most from therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
The presence of periampullary diverticulum increased the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Karaahmet Fatih , Kekilli Murat
Published: June 2018

Background

The use of needle-knife fistulotomy technique in patient with periampullary diverticula (PAD) for biliary duct cannulation may lead to risk of complications. The present study aimed to investigate the association between PAD and the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), unsuccessful cannulation rates and to determine the rates of cannulation complications using sphincterotomy and needle-knife fistulotomy.

Materials and methods

The ERCP procedures were held in Gastroenterology Endoscopy Unit between September 2015 and October 2016 and were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups, a PAD group and a non-PAD group. These groups were compared regarding demographic characteristics, ERCP complications and mortality.

Results

A total of 827 patients fulfilling the criteria for ERCP were enrolled in the study. Of 827 patients, 164 had PAD and 663 did not have PAD (non-PAD). The success rate of cannulation was 98.8% in patients with PAD and 98.6% in patients without PAD. There was no statistical difference of cannulation types with sphincterotomy and with needle-knife fistulotomy between the two groups. Mean baseline number of guide wire cannulation attempts was 1.96±0.20 in PAD group. No complications were observed in PAD patients treated with needle-knife fistulotomy. ERCP-related complications rates (bleeding, pancreatitis, and perforation) were higher in the PAD group (P=0.007).

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a strong association between PAD and higher rates of cannulation complications, independent of cannulation technique. In certain situations, and in the hands of experienced endoscopists, needle-knife fistulotomy might be a feasible option for successful biliary cannulation in certain patients with PAD.
The Role of Physical Activity in Recovery From Concussion in Youth: A Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Julia , Rubino Cristina , Boyd Lara A. , Virji-Babul Naznin
Published: June 2018

Background and Purpose:

Concussion is a major public health concern and one of the least understood neurological injuries. Children and youth are disproportionally affected by concussion, and once injured, take longer to recover. Current guidelines recommend a period of physical and cognitive rest with a gradual progressive return to activity. Although there is limited high-quality evidence (eg, randomized controlled trials) on the benefit of physical activity and exercise after concussion, most studies report a positive impact of exercise in facilitating recovery after concussion. In this article we characterize the complex and dynamic changes in the brain following concussion by reviewing recent results from neuroimaging studies and to inform physical activity participation guidelines for the management of a younger population (eg, 14-25 years of age) after concussion.

Summary of Key Points:

Novel imaging methods and tools are providing a picture of the changes in the structure and function of the brain following concussion. These emerging results will, in the future, assist in creating objective, evidence-based pathways for clinical decision-making. Until such time, physical therapists should be aware that current neuroimaging evidence supports participation in physical activity after an initial and brief period of rest, and consider how best to incorporate exercise into rehabilitation to enhance recovery following concussion.

Recommendations for Clinical Practice:

It is important that physical therapists understand the neurobiological impact of concussion injury and recovery, and be informed of the scientific rationale for the recommendations and guidelines for engagement in physical activity.

Video Abstract availablefor more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A205).
Management of Pediatric Delirium in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients: An International Survey of Current Practices
Authors: Staveski Sandra L. , Pickler Rita H. , Lin Li , Shaw Richard J. , Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Redington Andrew , Curley Martha A. Q.
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to describe how pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians assess and manage delirium in patients following cardiac surgery.

Design:

Descriptive self-report survey.

Setting:

A web-based survey of pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians who are members of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society.

Patient or Subjects:

Pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians (physicians and nurses).

Interventions:

None.

Measurement and Main Results:

One-hundred seventy-three clinicians practicing in 71 different institutions located in 13 countries completed the survey. Respondents described their clinical impression of the occurrence of delirium to be approximately 25%. Most respondents (75%) reported that their ICU does not routinely screen for delirium. Over half of the respondents (61%) have never attended a lecture on delirium. The majority of respondents (86%) were not satisfied with current delirium screening, diagnosis, and management practices. Promotion of day/night cycle, exposure to natural light, deintensification of care, sleep hygiene, and reorientation to prevent or manage delirium were among nonpharmacologic interventions reported along with the use of anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and medications for insomnia.

Conclusions:

Clinicians responding to the survey reported a range of delirium assessment and management practices in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Study results highlight the need for improvement in delirium education for pediatric cardiac intensive care clinicians as well as the need for systematic evaluation of current delirium assessment and management practices.
Subjective Age and Mortality in Three Longitudinal Samples
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Sutin Angelina R. , Terracciano Antonio
Published: June 2018

Objective

Subjective age has been implicated in a range of health outcomes. The present study extends existing research by providing new data on the relation between subjective age and mortality in three large national samples.

Methods

Participants (N > 17,000) were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2008–2014), the Midlife in the United State Survey (MIDUS, 1995–2014), and the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS, 2011–2014). Subjective age, demographic factors, disease burden, functional limitations, depressive symptoms, and physical inactivity were assessed at baseline, and mortality data were tracked for up to 20 years. Cognition was also included as a covariate in the HRS and the NHATS.

Results

Individuals felt on average 15% to 16% younger relative to their chronological age. Feeling approximately 8, 11, and 13 years older in the MIDUS, HRS, and NHATS was related to an 18%, 29%, and 25% higher risk of mortality, respectively. This pattern was confirmed by a meta-analysis of the three samples (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.31; p < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that disease burden, physical inactivity, functional limitations, and cognitive problems, but not depressive symptoms, accounted for the associations between subjective age and mortality.

Conclusions

The present study provides robust evidence for an association between an older subjective age and a higher risk of mortality across adulthood. These findings support the role of subjective age as a biopsychosocial marker of aging.
Both hygienic and non-hygienic honeybee,
Apis mellifera
, colonies remove dead and diseased larvae from open brood cells
Authors: Al Toufailia Hasan , Evison Sophie E. F. , Hughes William O. H. , Ratnieks Francis L. W.
Published: June 2018

Hygienic behaviour is a group defence in which dead or diseased individuals are excluded. In the honeybee,
Apis mellifera
, hygienic behaviour refers to uncapping and removing dead and diseased larvae and pupae from sealed brood cells. We quantified removal of freeze-killed and chalkbrood-infected larvae from open cells in 20 colonies. We also measured removal of freeze-killed brood from sealed cells. Study colonies ranged from non-hygienic to fully hygienic (52–100% removal within 2 days). All larvae killed in open cells were removed. This shows that all colonies, including those with low hygienic behaviour against dead brood in sealed cells, are highly hygienic against dead brood in open cells and suggests that low hygienic behaviour against dead brood in sealed cells is a trait in its own right. This may also contribute to understanding why hygienic behaviour is uncommon in
A. mellifera
, which is puzzling as it reduces several diseases without detrimental effects. In particular, the result provides indirect support for the hypothesis that there are two adaptive peaks conferring disease resistance: (i) high hygienic behaviour: diseased brood are removed quickly, in some cases before becoming infective; (ii) low hygienic behaviour: diseased brood remain isolated within sealed cells.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
Consumption, contact and copulation: how pathogens have shaped human psychological adaptations
Authors: Lieberman Debra , Billingsley Joseph , Patrick Carlton
Published: June 2018

Disgust is an emotion intimately linked to pathogen avoidance. Building on prior work, we suggest disgust is an output of programmes that evolved to address three separate adaptive problems: what to eat, what to touch and with whom to have sex. We briefly discuss the architecture of these programmes, specifying their perceptual inputs and the contextual factors that enable them to generate adaptive and flexible behaviour. We propose that our sense of disgust is the result of these programmes and occurs when information-processing circuitries assess low expected values of consumption, low expected values of contact or low expected sexual values. This conception of disgust differs from prior models in that it dissects pathogen-related selection pressures into adaptive problems related to consumption and contact rather than assuming just one pathogen disgust system, and it excludes moral disgust from the domain of disgust proper. Instead, we illustrate how low expected values of consumption and contact as well as low expected sexual values can be used by our moral psychology to provide multiple causal links between disgust and morality.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
How mammals stay healthy in nature: the evolution of behaviours to avoid parasites and pathogens
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Hart Lynette A.
Published: June 2018

Mammals live and thrive in environments presenting ongoing threats from parasites in the form of biting flies, ticks and intestinal worms and from pathogens as wound contaminants and agents of infectious disease. Several strategies have evolved that enable animals to deal with parasites and pathogens, including eliminating away from the sleeping–resting areas, use of an array of grooming techniques, use of saliva in licking, and consuming medicinal plant-based compounds. These strategies all are species-specific and reflect the particular environment that the animal inhabits.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.