bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suggested Strategies for Ventilatory Management of Veterinary Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Mueller Erika R.
Published: July 2007

Objective:To review the current recommendations and guidelines for mechanical ventilation in humans and in animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Human data synthesis:Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in humans in defined as an acute onset of bilateral, diffuse infiltrates on thoracic radiographs that are not the result of heart disease and a significant oxygenation impairment. These patients require mechanical ventilation. Research has shown that further pulmonary damage can occur as a result of mechanical ventilation. Various alveolar recruitment maneuvers and a low tidal volume with increased positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) have been associated with an increased survival.

Veterinary dat synthesis:Two veterinary reports have characterized ARDS in dogs using human criteria. There are no prospective veterinary studies using recruitment that ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) occurs in dogs, sheep, and rats.

Conclusion:Recruitment maneuvers in conjunction with low tidal volumes and PEEP keep the alveoli open for gas exchange and decrease VILI. Prospective veterinary research in needed to determine if these maneuvers and recommendation can be applied to veterinary patients.
The Treatment of Acute Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
Authors: van der Woerdt Alexandra
Published: July 2007

Objective:Glaucoma is an optic nerve disease that may result in rapid loss of vision. Early detection of acute glaucoma and aggressive treatment is important to preserve vision. Continued treatment is indicated in chronic glaucoma to alleviate discomfort associated with chronic elevated intraocular pressure.

Etiology:In primary glaucoma, an abnormal iridocorneal angle results in obstruction to outflow of aqueous humor. In secondary glaucoma, an otherwise normal iridocorneal angle is obstructed by abnormalities such as a luxated lens, neovascular membranes or inflammatory material.

Diagnosis:The diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical signs such as corneal edema, mydriasis, decreased vision, episcleral hyperemia, and confirmed by measuring an elevation in intraocular pressure. Complete ophthalmic examination, knowledge of breed predisposition to various ocular diseases and gonioscopy will aid in distinguishing between primary and secondary glaucoma

Therapy:Aggressive medical management is important in acute glaucoma. Surgical procedures are often indicated after initial emergency medical treatment of acute glaucoma. Chronic, painful blind eyes are best treated with one of various surgical procedures.

Prognosis:The prognosis for maintaining vision or regaining temporarily lost vision in acute glaucoma is related to numerous factors including time between onset of clinical signs and appropriate treatment, etiology of the glaucoma, initial response to therapy and client compliance.
Acute Upper Airway Obstruction Due to Inflammatory Laryngeal Disease in 5 Cats
Authors: Costello Merilee F. , Keith Dennis , Hendrick Mattie , King Lesley
Published: July 2007

Objective:To describe a clinical syndrome of upper airway obstruction in 5 cats due to inflammatory laryngeal disease.

Series Summary:Medical records of 5 cats with upper airway obstruction and a histopathologic diagnosis of inflammatory laryngeal disease were reviewed. Historical findings included: dyspnea, anorexia, voice change, and gagging/non‐productive retching. Thoracic radiographs revealed a bronchial pattern in 2 cats, with consolidation of the right middle lung lobe in one cats. Laryngeal examinations typically revealed severe swelling and erythema which could not be grossly distinguished from neoplasia. Histopathologic examination of laryngeal biopsies revealed neutrophilic (n=5) and lymphoplasmacytic (n=4) inflammation. All of the cats were treated with corticosteroids and 4 cats received antibiotics. Two cats died while hospitalized, one was discharged and lost to follow‐up, and 2 are doing well 7 months and 4 years later, respectively.

New information provided:Inflammatory laryngeal disease in cats may present as an acute upper airway obstruction. These cases may respond to corticosteroids and antibiotics, and some cases may have an excellent long‐term prognosis.(J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(3): 205–211)
Reshaping Tooth Contours with Direct Resins
Authors: Feigenbaum Norman L.
Published: July 2007

A case is presented that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment plan, and preparation for reshaping tooth contours with direct resin materials.
The Single Visit Heat Processed Indirect Composite Resin Inlay
Authors: Kanca John
Published: July 2007

A technique for the fabrication of indirect heat‐cured composite resin inlays during a single visit is reported. This technique makes use of relatively inexpensive equipment and offers advantages to both the clinician and the patient.
Clinical Evaluation of a Posterior Composite Resin Containing a New Type of Filler Particle
Authors: Mazer Raquel B. , Leinfelder Karl F.
Published: July 2007

A new type of filler particle has been developed as the inorganic component in a posterior composite resin. Identified as zirconialsilica, this agent consists of small centers of amorphous silica surrounded by satellites of zirconium dioxide. Marketed as P‐50, this new posterior composite resin was clinically evaluated for wear resistance and other pertinent characteristics. At the end of one year the wear rate averaged less than one micrometer per month.
Lateral Curing Ability of Plastic Wedges
Authors: Barkmeier Wayne W. , Cooky Robert L.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of plastic wedges used in conjunction with visible light for polymerization of restorative resin. Two commercially available wedge systems were evaluated in this study: 1) a clear plastic wedge with a light reflecting core, and 2) a clear plastic wedge without a reflecting core. Polymerization was evaluated by testing the hardness of the composite resin specimen that was placed adjacent to the wedge surface. Significant differences in hardness were found between composite samples cured directly, those cured with a clear wedge (no reflecting core), and those cured with a wedge having a reflecting core.
The Resin Inlay Bridge
Authors: Kanca John
Published: July 2007

Here is a report on an inexpensive alternative for patients who cannot afford the more traditional prosthetic replacements. Utilizing composite resin and a titanium bar, this restoration can be accomplished in a single visit.
Light‐Cured Glass lonomers
Authors: Jordan Ronald E. , Suzuki Makoto , MacLean Donald F.
Published: July 2007

A rationale for the clinical use of visible light‐cured ionomer cements is described.
Considerations About Esthetics of Composite Resin Restorations
Authors: Toffenetti Fabio
Published: July 2007

There is a tendency to use composite resins as a universal restorative material because of the esthetics of the finished restoration. The author discusses the meaning of “esthetics” in restorative dentistry and details the clinical procedures to improve the esthetic performance of the materials. Indications for the materials are set for initial, isolated lesions in the dentition of patients who are well motivated to good standards of oral hygiene. Only then can composite resin materials be accepted as universal restorative esthetic materials, both in the front and lateral segments of the mouth.
Conservative Restoration of a Sensitive Cervical Root Lesion
Authors: Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

Certain glass ionomer materials are now available for conservative esthetic restoration of cervical root lesions. Using a premeasured encapsulated glass ionomer system greatly improves and simplifies the restorative procedure. With no mechanical tooth preparation, exposed sensitive root structure can be reliably restored with a remarkably easy technique. A detailed method is described and representative glass ionomer cervical root restorations are shown.
Castable Ceramic Veneers
Authors: Barnes Douglas M. , Strassler Howard E. , Holston Alvan M.
Published: July 2007

The use of laboratory fabricated veneers for restoration of discolored or malformed anterior teeth is becoming a widely used dental technique. Etched castable ceramic veneers are an alternative to etched procelain veneers for the esthetic treatment of anterior teeth. The use of an intraenamel tooth preparation along with composite resin dual‐cure cements has provided the success with this technique.
Clinical Evaluation of Porcelain Laminate Veneers: A Four‐Year Recall Report
Authors: Jordan Ronald E. , Suzuki Makoto , Senda A.
Published: July 2007

The following is a clinical evaluation of custom laboratory processed porcelain laminates for the conservative treatment of the discolored dentition–a four‐year recall report.
Evaluation of Surface Finish of Microfilled Resins
Authors: Barkmeier Wayne W. , Cooley Robert L.
Published: July 2007

Five microfilled resin restorative materials were evaluated for ease of polish and surface finish. Ease of finish was evaluated subjectively; surface smoothness with a profilometer. In addition, scanning electron microscope examinations were conducted to evaluate the structural composition of the microfills. No difference was found in ease of finish, but surface smoothness varied among the five products. The SEM evaluation revealed that four of the products had a heterogeneous composition while the fifth appeared to be a homogeneous microfill.
Anterior Esthetics Achieved With Orthodontic Therapy: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Miller Thomas E.
Published: July 2007

The adult dental patient today, as a discerning consumer, is seeking the highest quality care in the realm of esthetic dentistry, and frequently these expectations can be met through the modalities of bonded composites, porcelain laminates, porcelain bonded to etched metal support structures or modified conventional crown and bridge prosthodontics.

However, there are occasions where the individual tooth, teeth, or the arches are so aligned that the pulpal, gingival, or osseous tissues would be jeopardized by the conventional restorative intercession. The incorporation of accepted and routine procedures of acid etching and direct bonding of orthodontic appliances to the surfaces of the adult dentition to reposition malposed teeth offers the clinician a magnificent alternative or adjunct to the conventional dental material forms of treatment.

This article will present several patient treatments that incorporated the use of acid etching and direct bonding of orthodontic appliances to the surfaces of the patient's teeth for the purposes of repositioning the teeth with or without the need for restorative interventions.
Rapid Reattachment of Fractured Crown Segment: An Update
Authors: Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

The technique of reattaching traumatically fractured crown segments using bonded tooth‐colored materials has improved over the last decade. The latest advancement is the use of a new visible light‐hardened glass ionomer material for rapid initial replacement of detached coronal structure. This paper demonstrates a step‐by‐step procedure for coronal repair using light‐hardened glass ionomer material and application of broad plane bonded composite resin for strength and natural appearance.
A Custom Shade Guide System for Composite Resins
Authors: Wieder Steven
Published: July 2007

Shade guides that are included in most composite kits are not made of the actual resin material. Therefore the true shade, translucency, or opacity of the composite resin is not readily apparent with stock shade guides. Due to this fact, it has become evident that the best solution to the shade guide problem is to construct a custom shade guide from the actual resin. Until recently, fabrication of custom shade guides has been a time‐consuming, inefficient task. Now, a simple and efficient method of forming accurate shade guides for composites is available. With its unique handle/template design, T‐TABsTM enable a dentist to create a precise, labeled shade guide within minutes. There are many advantages to both dentist and patient when T‐TABs are employed in the construction of custom shade guides.
The Class III Acid‐Etch Light Polymerized Composite Resin Restoration
Authors: Strassler Howard E. , Buchness George F.
Published: July 2007

The use of an acid‐etch enamel resin bonded Class III restoration allows for a more conservative cavity design. The acid‐etch technique's benefits include retention without dentinal undercuts and creating reinforcement of undermined enamel. When a controlled method of acid‐etched enamel resin‐bonding with a syringe technique is used with a visible light curing composite resin, a durable, esthetic Class III restoration is achieved.
All Porcelain Anterior Veneer Bridges
Authors: Denissen Harry W. , Gardner Frank B. , Wijnhoff Gerda P. , Veldhuis Rein A. , Kalk Warner
Published: July 2007

The introduction of new porcelain materials used in combination with vastly improved bonding materials and techniques have virtually revolutionized the use of conservative esthetic bonded prosthetic restorations fabricated without the need for metal substructures. Missing anterior teeth in selected cases may be replaced by all porcelain veneer bridges that are accomplished with more conservation of natural tooth structure of the abutment teeth as compared to traditional procedures. A total of 12 all porcelain veneer bridges were monitored for varying periods up to 24 months postoperatively, during which time no fractures occurred. The authors have attributed this high early success rate primarily to several factors, namely (1) case selection, (2) bulk of porcelain at the sides of the major connectors, and (3) adjustment of occlusion and articulation with the opposing teeth.
Antimicrobial Properties of VLC Liners
Authors: Scberer Warren , Lippman Nita , Kaim James , LoPresti James
Published: July 2007

The antimicrobial activity of several visible light cured glass ionomer and liner materials against three bacteria commonly found in the oral cavity is discussed. Vitrabond light cure glass ionomer produced zones of inhibition against all the bacteria tested in this study. It appeared to resemble a true glass ionomer cement in regard to its antimicrobial properties whereas the other materials used in this study appeared to possess no antimicrobial activity.
Evaluation of Clinical Performance of Twelve Posterior Composite Resins With a Standardized Placement Technique
Authors: Barnes Douglas M. , Holston Alvan M. , Strassler Howard E. , Shires Paul Jay
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the study was to evaluate 12 posterior composite resins with a standard clinical placement technique that could be followed in a practice setting. Important points stressed are the use of rubber dam, care taken to detail on manufacturer's directions, incremental placement technique, and a standard finishing technique. Sixty‐one Class II restorations were placed by a single operator. All of the restorations were evaluated at baseline, one and three years using the modified Ryge criteria. Indirect evaluation of wear was completed for each restoration using Lein‐felder's technique. Two percent of the restorations at 1 year and 17 percent at 3 years were not clinically acceptable.
Optimization of Hybrid Composite Properties
Authors: Sub Byoung I. , Ferber Cindy , Baez Ramon
Published: July 2007

Hybrid composites have been a popular class of a wear‐resistant posterior composite restorative material. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hybridization on the physical properties of a composite with different amounts of submicron silica (0.04 μrn) with semiporous strontium glass (1.4 μm ave. by number/5 μm ave. by volume) in a Bis‐GMA based resin system.

As the submicron content increases, the total filler loading in the composite was increased. At the 25 percent submicron silica level, the filler loading was highest and the physical strength measurements were highest, except for DTS results, which were fairly steady throughout the 5‐40 percent level.
Emergency Dentures and Esthetics
Authors: Miller Thomas E.
Published: July 2007

Accidents occur in life and when they affect the dentition, whether natural, artificial, or a combination, they can result in a feeling of dread and despair in the patient.

The thought of appearing not only in public with business and social acquaintances, but also in private with family members can be reprehensible.

This article discusses the use of visible light‐cured denture base materials that can be used to alleviate the fear these patients display in being exposed to socio‐esthetic intercourse when becoming suddenly partially edentate.

The method of use and three patients' photographic essay presentations are discussed.
Efficacy of Beveling Posterior Composite Resin Preparations
Authors: Henberg Barry P. , Leinfelder Karl F.
Published: July 2007

A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the controversy over the need to bevel the occlusal cavosurface margins of posterior composite resin preparations. A total of 43 standard amalgam type cavity preparations were generated. On a randomized basis the preparations were either beveled or left unmodified. The width of the bevel in each case approximated 1 μm. Impressions were made of each preparation to verify occlusal dimension. Each preparation was restored with Estilux Posterior (Kulzer, Inc.) using conventional techniques. Polyvinyl siloxane impressions were generated and then cast with die stone. These casts were evaluated for wear at baseline, 6 months, 1, and 2 years. The loss of composite resin in the beveled preparation at 2 years averaged 81.2 μm while the nonbeveled averaged 69‐8 μn. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that beveling of the occlusal cavosurface did not enhance the wear resistance of the composite resin restoration nor any of the other clinical characteristics evaluated in the study.
Optimal Cavity Wall Treatment for Adhesive Restorations
Authors: Fusayama Takeo
Published: July 2007

To best preserve the dental tissue and the pulp, an optimal cavity wall treatment is essential for taking full advantage of adhesive restorations. After analyzing the reasons for discrepancies between the results from laboratory and clinical studies, competing techniques of cavity wall treatment are evaluated. It is concluded that etching both the enamel and the dentin simultaneously, immediately coating with the chemically adhesive bonding agent, and placing the composite (without cement lining) is the simplest, surest, and most biologically protective technique.
Gingivally Submerged Cervical Erosion Lesion–A Clinical Problem
Authors: Balanko Michael , Jordan Ronald E.
Published: July 2007

The technique used to treat cervical erosion lesions that are buried beneath the crest of the gingival tissue is described. With proper isolation of the field and careful gingival retraction as prerequisites, the surface topography of the completed restoration is almost indistinguishable from the adjacent enamel, and the gingival tissue response is good.
Silk Bonded Replacements With Porcelain Veneers: A Cosmetic Alternative in Dental Treatment
Authors: Walinchus Robert E.
Published: July 2007

A case in which the use of a silk bonded splint bridge was incorporated as a basis for porcelain veneer fabrication is discussed. The results of the treatment indicate that silk bonding may represent an acceptable conservative treatment alternative for patient care.
Enamel Microabrasion To Improve Enamel Surface Texture
Authors: Killian Constance M. , Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

Enamel microabrasion is effective in removing superficial enamel coloration defects. The technique has now also been shown to improve the appearance of enamel with surface texture irregularities. The method of microabrading teeth with surface texture defects is described, and several cases are documented.
Antimicrobial Properties of Dental Dentin‐Enamel Adhesives
Authors: Scherer Warren , Cooper Harmon , Antonelli John
Published: July 2007

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Universal Bond II adhesive and two experimental versions of Universal Bond II adhesives against the bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. The zones of bacterial inhibition produced by three samples of the adhesive (identified as Batches 1, 2, and 3) were measured and compared. Batch 1 contained 0.7% glutaraldehyde, Batch 2 contained 1.0% glutaraldehyde, and Batch 3 contained 0.45% glutaraldehyde (current Universal Bond II adhesive). The bacteria was swabbed over the surface of agar plates in two directions. The plates were divided into the following two groups: Group I‐Batches 1, 2, 3 were placed into wells for 1 minute before being cured. Group II‐Batches 1,2,3 were placed into wells for 20 seconds before being cured. Zones of microbial inhibition were measured in millimeters at the end of 24, 48, and 72 hours. All batches of the adhesive produced zones of inhibition against S. mutans. All batches of the adhesive maintained zones of inhibition throughout the 72 hours of the study.
The Influence of Finishing Technique on Microleakage
Authors: Yu Xin Yi , Wieczkowski Gerard , Davis Elaine L. , Joynt Robert B.
Published: July 2007

Four different finishing techniques were used in a dentin bonding agent/composite resin restoration to evaluate the possible influence of finishing technique on microleakage. Results indicated that finishing technique affects the ability of the restorative system to resist microleakage. Under the conditions of this study, best results were achieved with a 30‐fluted bur followed by a short wet polish. Samples finished dry with polishing disks demonstrated considerable microleakage. This study also suggests that homogeneous nonagglomerated microfilled composite resin does not require disk finishing.
Use of Optical Standards for Determining Wear of Posterior Composite Resins
Authors: Gerbo Laurence , Leinfelder KarlF. , Mueninghoff Leonard , Russell Carl
Published: July 2007

The results of a long‐term clinical study of a posterior composite resin are reevaluated using the Moffa‐Lugassy, the Vivadent, and the Leinfelder‐Goldberg standards. Occlusion (ICI/Coe, England) was selected for the study, and the results obtained from three universities are compared. From these results, it is concluded that all posterior composite resins should be evaluated using the same optical standards.
An All Porcelain Lingual Bonded Retainer: A Case Study
Authors: Graffeo R. , Chang J. , Scherer W.
Published: July 2007

In recent years, resin bonded metal retainers have been used to replace teeth in a conservative manner. In addition, porcelain laminates or veneers have been used in esthetic dentistry on single teeth in areas that previously dictated reductions of tooth structure. This paper describes a method of replacing a missing lower anterior tooth with an all porcelain bonded retainer.
Microleakage of Seven Dentin Bonding Agents
Authors: Chan Kai Chiu , Denehy Gerald E. , Swift Edward J.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of seven dentin bonding agents to reduce dye penetration at the margins of microfill composite restorations in dentinal cavities.

Forty extracted molars were selected and cleaned. Cavity preparations were made in dentin with #55 carbide burs. The preparations were restored with Silux after application of one of the following dentin bonding agents: Gluma, Scotchbond 2, Tenure, Prisma Universal Bond 2, Mirage‐Bond, XR Bond, and All‐Bond. Samples were thermocycled for 200 cycles between 3°C and 60CC, then immersed in a 0.05 percent crystal violet solution for 2 hours. The samples were embedded in clear casting resin, sectioned, and examined with a light microscope.

Our results indicated that the dentin bonding systems reduced, but failed to totally eliminate, microleakage around the composite resin restorations.
Effect of the Tenure Dentin Bonding System on Leakage of Light‐Activated Liners
Authors: Chan Kai Chiu , Swift Edward J.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the effect of the Tenure dentin bonding system on the sealing properties of four light‐activated liners. Dentinal slot preparations were made in extracted human molars and “restored” with Cavalite, TimeLine, VLC Dycal, and Zionomer liners. Samples were immersed in 0.05 percent crystal violet solution for 2 hours, then embedded in clear casting resin, sectioned, and examined with an optical microscope. Our results indicated that the Tenure dentin bonding system reduced dye penetration around each of the light‐activated liners tested. The Tenure/VLC Dycal system provided a more effective seal than the other liners.
Microleakage of Five Temporary Endodontic Restorative Materials
Authors: Hagemeier Mary K. , Cooky Robert L. , Hicks Jeffery L.
Published: July 2007

This study evaluated the ability of five interim endodontic restorative materials to resist microleakage. Sixty extracted human molars were prepared for initial endodontic therapy via occlusal access preparations. After removal of the pulpal tissue, a cotton pellet was placed in the pulp chamber. The access preparations were sealed with one of the following materials or combinations: TERM, Cavit, IRM, Ketac‐Silver, or a IRM‐Cavit “sandwich” restoration. The specimens were thermocycled for 24 hours (800 cycles), immersed in methylene blue dye for 4 hours, sectioned, and evaluated under a microscope for microleakage. TERM, Cavit, and the IRM‐Cavit “sandwich” had virtually no microleakage, while Ketac‐Silver and IRM exhibited gross microleakage.
A CAD‐CAM Ceramic Inlay Technique
Authors: Markowski Anthony
Published: July 2007

This article details the technique of a Cerec computer‐aided designed (CAD) and computer‐aided manufactured (CAM) inlay. Using a ceramic material the unit can mill an inlay from an optical “impression” that is then bonded to place using a dual‐cure composite resin cement.
Abfractions: A New Classification of Hard Tissue Lesions of Teeth
Authors: Grippo John O.
Published: July 2007

Due to the stresses resulting from biomechanical loading forces exerted on the teeth (static, as in swallowing and clenching or cyclic, as in chewing), both enamel and dentin can chip or break away. This loss of tooth substance, which shall be termed Abfraction, is dependent on the magnitude, duration, direction, frequency, and location of the forces. These abfractive lesions are caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading. Clinical observation of a variety of enamel and dentin lesions due to the shapes, sizes, loci, and frequency warrants a new and distinct classification.
Creating the Appearance of White Enamel Dysmineralization with Bonded Resins
Authors: Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

In special cases, white enamel discoloration can be simulated using bonded resin materials. This paper describes a method of using bright white visible light‐polymerized resin sealant material as an enamel bonding agent, which is overlayed with composite resin to enhance wear resistance of the restoration.
Smooth Surface Glass lonomer Restoration for Primary Teeth
Authors: Killian Constance M. , Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

Glass ionomer restorative cement offers the clinician an alternative to bonded composite resin for restoration of certain lesions in primary teeth. This article details a step‐by‐step procedure for restoration of a smooth surface carious lesion in a primary incisor using an encapsulated glass ionomer restorative material and reviews advantages and limitations of the cement. A light‐hardened glass ionomer liner/base that has proven useful as an enamel and dentin restorative is also described.
Full Coverage Cosmetic Dentistry and Gingival Health
Authors: Carlson Craig , Krueger Kenneth R.
Published: July 2007

Beautiful, healthy gingival tissue is achievable with full coverage restorations that are biologically compatible. The restorations must meet the following requirements: (1) respect for the marginal gingiva by proper preparation of the tooth and the use of a soft tissue model; (2) careful subgingival depth placement; (3) proper subgingival and supragingival contours of the temporary and final restorations; (4) healthy gingiva prior to placement of final restorations; (5) marginal integrity; and (6) polished bonding interface.
Dentin Bonding: Overview of the Substrate with Respect to Adhesive Material
Authors: Pashley David H.
Published: July 2007

The current challenge in adhesive dentistry is to develop dentin bonding systems that will reproducibly achieve high bond strengths similar to those obtained between resins and acid‐etched enamel. Some of the limitations of dentin as a bonding substrate are that it changes its structure as it is prepared deeper, it is difficult to dry, and its smear layer is weak. Further, it is difficult to avoid contaminating proximal boxes with blood. Such contamination lowers dentin bond strengths to very low values. Decontamination of such dentin must be done prior to resin placement. The forces of polymerization contraction depend, in part, on the shape of cavities and how they are filled. Bulk filling of class I cavities can lead to conditions in which the forces of polymerization contraction exceed dentin bond strength with some materials and locations. The future development of resin systems that do not shrink on polymerization would eliminate many current problems in adhesive dentistry.
Evaluation of Effects of Application of a Citroxain‐Containing Dentifrice
Authors: Lyon T.C. , Parker Warren A. , Barnes George P.
Published: July 2007

The benefits to the patient of the removal of tooth deposits is well documented. Should such removal provide the additional effect of “whitening” the tooth surface, an additional cosmetic benefit would be provided. This study documents that a Citroxain‐containing dentifrice provides all of these benefits.
Role of Biodental Engineering Factors (BEF) in the Etiology of Root Caries
Authors: Grippo John O. , Masi James V.
Published: July 2007

A preliminary study and hypothesis of the etiology of root caries is presented with appropriate data suggesting that biodental engineering factors (BEF) be introduced into the equation that is generally accepted in the formation of all caries. Principally, because of the rapid progression and location of root caries, BEF in addition to bacterial plaque and suitable substrate contribute to the development of these unique lesions. The dominant and most significant factors recognized by bioengineers are tooth flexure, stress concentration, stress corrosion, and piezoelectricity. All of these factors interplay during the dynamics of occlusal activity causing the loss of tooth substance. A new and revised model is being presented that provides a basis for the etiology of root caries.
Periodontal Margin in the Older Adult: Considerations for Position, Placement, and Support
Authors: McVaney Timothy P. , Ettinger Ronald L.
Published: July 2007

Some of the oral health problems of older adults arise from loss of function, which is catalyzed by changes in oral health induced by systemic disease and its treatment. The successful maintenance of a healthy gingival to root surface interface depends on the development of appropriate dental and gingival contours to facilitate self‐cleansing and proper hygiene procedures by the patient. This article, with the use of case histories, discusses only one of the complications to restorative care in older adults, that is, loss of function and its relationship to marginal placement. Prevention of oral disease in the older adult may require modification of the long‐held periodontal/restorative philosophy of placing margins above the tissue wherever possible. In addition, the professional prophylaxis of restorations adjacent to the gingival margin must address the problems of the creation of a roughened surface by abrasion to composites from pastes and polishing.
Clinical Application of Geristore Glass‐lonomer Restorative in Older Dentitions
Authors: Galan Douglas
Published: July 2007

Geristore is a new multi‐use dual‐cure glassionomer restorative that has been introduced recently. There are many clinical applications for this material, some of which are presented in this article.
Preventive Resins in the Management of Radiation‐Induced Xerostomia Complications
Authors: Odlum O.
Published: July 2007

The article focuses on caries problems that can arise in oncology patients following radiation of the salivary glands. Preventive restoration techniques are described that utilize fluoride‐releasing resins. The particular difficulties associated with the management of areas of exposed incisal and gingival dentine in older patients are given special attention. Positive results are described for a 14‐month period that appear to indicate that the technique leads to prevention of recurrent decay and retention of restorations in dehydrated areas of the mouth.
Simplified Occlusal Anatomy for Posterior Composites
Authors: Mazik Casimir A.
Published: July 2007

Direct posterior composites have had problems in the past and thus have not had wide acceptance. The newest generation materials overcome many of their previous shortcomings. Finishing with proper anatomy has been difficult and time‐consuming. An alternative to overfilling and then grinding in the anatomy is proposed. Using a prefilled tip allows small increments of composite to be placed without flowing and sagging. Each cusp is individually shaped and initially cured for 10 seconds. Every attempt is made not to overfill the preparation to avoid unnecessary grinding. The anatomy shapes up almost automatically, similar to P.K. Thomas waxing. With only minor adjustments and polishing with a polishing paste, time spent finishing is reduced. Natural looking, functional, and beautiful occlusal anatomy is now possible with this simple technique.
Changes in Lip Contour Following Treatment of Maxillary Protrusion with Esthetic Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Lew K.K.K.
Published: July 2007

With the advent of acid etching techniques and the elimination of unesthetic band materials, direct bonding of orthodontic attachments kindled a desire for cosmetic appliances such as labial ceramic brackets and lingual orthodontics. Owing to the esthetic nature of our combination upper‐lingual lower‐ceramic orthodontic approach, adults who would have normally avoided orthodontic treatment are now seeking treatment. This study evaluated the cephalometric changes in the soft tissue lip profile following treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion with upper first bicuspid extractions with our esthetic orthodontic appliance approach. Serial lateral cephalograms (pretreatment and posttreatment) of 16 adult patients with a mean age of 22.1 ± 3.2 years were studied. The mean upper incisor retraction, upper lip retraction, upper lip lengthening, and lower lip retraction were 5.75 ± 1.91 mm, 2.8 ± 1.4 mm, 1.5 ± 0.6 mm, and 1.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. All these changes were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The nasolabial angle increase of 10.8 ± 3.0 degrees was also statistically significant (p < 0.01). The upper lip retraction to upper incisor retraction was 1:2.1, while the upper lip lengthening to upper incisor retraction was 1:3.8. The correlation coefficients (r) were 0.91 (p < 0.01) and 0.57 (p < 0.01), respectively. This study shows that significant esthetic changes in lip profile are possible with this cosmetic orthodontic appliance approach. The treatment results in this study appear comparable to those published with labial metal brackets. With very few exceptions, patients were able to adapt within 2 weeks, with almost no trauma to the tongue.
RESIN BOND STRENGTH TO SILICOATED METAL
Authors: Evans James G. , Ley Robert L. Coo , Barkmeier Wayne W.
Published: July 2007

The effect of air abrasion particle size on the shear bond strengths of a silicoated metal surface was evaluated. Eighty square metal specimens were prepared by casting Rexillium III into 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 mm units. One side of the metal specimens was ground flat to a 600 grit. Forty of the specimens were air abraded with 50‐micron and 40 with 250‐micron aluminum oxide. All specimens were then silicoated. Microfil Pontic was applied to the silicoated surface in a cylindrically shaped matrix (3.66 mm in diameter). All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. One group was tested at 24 hours (20 of the 50‐micron and 20 of the 250‐micron), while the second group (20 of the 50‐micron and 20 of the 250‐micron) was thermocycled (2,500 cycles at 6°C‐60°C). The specimens were stressed to fracture in an Instron testing machine with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. At 24 hours, the 250‐micron air abraded surface had a higher mean bond strength (21.79 MPa ± 5.02) than the 50‐micron group (18.92 MPa ± 4.48). After thermocycling, the mean bond strengths were practically identical: the 250‐micron group was 17.04 ± 4.49 and the 50‐micron group was 17.05 MPa±4.43. When this data was subjected to a t‐test, no statistical difference (p ± 0.05) was found between the 50‐micron and 250‐micron air abraded groups either at 24 hours or after thermocycling. However, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in bond strength of the 250‐micron group after thermocycling when compared to the 24‐hour group.
Addition of Fresh Amalgam to Existing Amalgam Utilizing Various Adhesive Liners: A SEM Study
Authors: Leelawat C. , Scherer W. , Chang J. , David S. , Schulman A.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to observe the interfaces between (1) dentin and amalgam and (2) freshly placed amalgam and existing amalgam using various adhesive liners. Specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups for liner placement: Group I ‐ control, no liner used; Group II ‐ copal varnish; Group III ‐4‐META adhesive; Group IV ‐ dentin bonding agent. After liner placement and amalgam replacement, specimens set for 24 hours and were then thermocycled in 0.5% basic Fuchsin dye, sectioned, and SEM analyses performed. Microgaps appeared in a disjointed fashion at the interface between freshly placed and existing amalgam. The 4‐META adhesive appeared to establish a bond between amalgam and tooth structure and, thus, diminished the microgap between amalgam and dentin.
Hydrolysis of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB Resins: A Myth
Authors: Gendusa Nelson J.
Published: July 2007

Recently, it has been erroneously reported that adhesive bonds to various substrates produced with 4‐META/MMA‐TBB type resins degrade by hydrolysis. This paper dispels this myth. The author cites a number of independent research studies indicating that bonds mediated by 4‐META/MMA‐TBB systems are extremely stable when subjected to extensive thermocycling in a wet environment.
Amalgam as a Restorative Material: Is There Anything New?
Authors: Youdelis William V.
Published: July 2007

The properties of a new, dispersed‐phase amalgam containing admixed indium (Indisperse) are reviewed. Laboratory tests show that the addition of indium significantly improves the strength and the resistance to creep and corrosion of the amalgam, and that mercury release from the amalgam is markedly reduced. A 5‐year clinical study shows a lower frequency for marginal breakdown for Indisperse compared to other dispersed‐phase amalgam containing no admixed indium.
Double‐Blind Whitening Night‐Guard Study Using Ten Percent Carbamide Peroxide
Authors: Ouellet David , Los Steven , Case Harold , Healy R.
Published: July 2007

The conservative technique of professionally dispensed and supervised, home‐administered vital bleaching is now a routine treatment in the dental profession. This double‐blind study evaluated the Rembrandt Lightening Gel and Whitening Toothpaste for shade change, colorimeter shade change. As well, it evaluated soft tissue health by periodontal probing, plaque index, and bleeding index. A patient questionnaire evaluated perception of whitening, perception of oral hygiene, average hours per day, and average days per week. Bleaching trays were worn over a 4‐week period. The bleaching system showed definitive whitening effects as evaluated with the Vita shade guide and the colorimeter. The bleaching system had no deleterious effects on the soft tissue. The Rembrandt toothpaste alone demonstrated two‐shade lightening. This vital bleaching system shows definitive whitening of the teeth in short periods of time with no adverse effects.
Restoring the Worn Dentition
Authors: Ibsen Robert L. , Ouellet David F.
Published: July 2007

Strong dental materials and dental porcelains are providing dentists with restorative opportunities that are more conservative because they require less destruction of healthy tooth structure and yield a more esthetic result. In cases of severe wear due to attrition, abrasion, and erosion, this process can be stopped, restoring the esthetics and function by using proper techniques and materials. The case report described in this article demonstrates the conservative restoration of severe wear due to attrition and erosion. Teeth were lengthened, wear was restored, and further wear was ceased by using a combination of bonded porcelain, a heat, light, and self‐cure resin system, and a new glass‐ionomer restorative material. The result was a strong, durable restoration (that required no anesthesia) with high esthetics.
Total Etch Technique and Cavity Isolation
Authors: Fusayama Takao
Published: July 2007

In the total etch technique for chemically adhesive composite restorations, the phosphoric acid penetrates only 10 pm or less into the vital dentin with the dentinal tubules being filled with the odontoblast processes. The acid is completely removed by subsequent air‐water jet spray washing. The tubule apertures are perfectly sealed by the protective bonding agent layer with the resin tags adhering to the tubule walls and the resin‐impregnated dentin surface. Isolation of the cavity from moisture contamination is required for only less than a few seconds after drying the etched cavity until the bonding agent coating and after this coating until the composite resin placement. Such a short time for isolation is quite easy even without a rubber dam when a trained assistant is cooperating.
Microleakage between Glass‐lonomer Cement and Composite Resins
Authors: Chan Kai Chiu
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the microleakage between glass‐ionomer cement and Silux or Herculite with and without Scotchbond 2. Cavities were prepared in polymerized composite resin samples and “restored” with a glass ionomer cement with and without Scotchbond 2. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in 0.05% crystal violet solution for 2 hours, then embedded in clear casting resin, sectioned, and examined with an optical microscope. The results indicated that a high degree of dye penetration was found in samples of GC and Silux, and GC and Herculite without Scotchbond 2. The use of Scotchbond 2 significantly reduced the degree of dye penetration, but did not completely eliminate dye penetration.
Shear Bond Strengths of Resin Adhesive Cements to Dentin and Ni‐Cr‐Be Alloy
Authors: Cooley Robert L. , Barkmeier Wayne W. , Evans James G.
Published: July 2007

Two adhesives, Super Bond and Panavia, were evaluated for shear bond strength to dentin. Twenty human teeth were used for each adhesive. Bonding sites were prepared in dentin (600 grit) and the adhesives applied according to the manufacturers’instructions. Bond strengths were determined with an Instron testing machine at 24 hours. Super Bond developed the strongest bond of 21.59 ± 3.91 MPa. Panavia produced a lower bond strength of 2.68 ± 1.45 MPa. Statistically, Super Bond was found to have a stronger bond than Panavia. The same two adhesives were applied to Ni‐Cr‐Be specimens and compared to Comspan. Twenty Rexillium III specimens were used for each adhesive at 24 hours and 20 for thermocycling. The metal specimens were ground flat (600 grit) and then air abraded with 50‐micron aluminous oxide. The adhesives were applied to the metal surface in accordance with the manufacturers’instructions. One group was tested at 24 hours while the second group was tested after thermocycling (2,500 cycles at 6°C to 60°C). At 24 hours, Super Bond had a significantly stronger bond than the other materials. Comparison of the 24‐hour to thermocycled bond strengths found Comspan had a significant increase in bond strength, Panavia had no significant change and Super Bond had a significant decrease in bond strength. After 2,500 thermocycles, Comspan, Panavia, and Super Bond were not significantly different in bond strength.
Diastema Preservation in Resin‐Bonded Fixed Partial Dentures
Authors: Hagge Mark S. , Clarke Douglas A.
Published: July 2007

The etched‐metal, resin‐bonded fixed partial denture has evolved rapidly from its origination as an extracoronal splint. Technologic advancements in both resin chemistry and retentive surface etching techniques have markedly improved the quality of the prosthesis. Today, resin‐bonded fixed partial dentures are an effective, conservative means of replacing missing teeth when specific contraindications–long spans, insufficient sound enamel, malocclusion, pathologic occlusal habits–are identified and avoided. A universally‐accepted standard preparation does not exist for resin‐bonded fixed partial dentures; rather, common principles of tooth reduction are agreed upon by most authors. This case report details necessary modifications in typical preparation and framework design that must be included to maintain a midline diastema when such spacing is required or preferred by the patient.
Custom‐Fitted Protective Mouthguards
Authors: Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

Custom‐fitted protective mouthguards for children and adults during sports activities can prevent or minimize traumatic dental injuries. This article reviews a method for fabrication of custom mouthguards and discusses their use.
Class I Composite Resin Restoration
Authors: Croll Theodore P.
Published: July 2007

Composite resin materials and methods for their use have improved to the extent that long lasting Class I carious lesions on stress‐bearing surfaces can be restored with predictable results. This article demonstrates a step‐by‐step clinical technique for placement of a Class I composite resin restoration lined with a light‐hardened glass‐ionomer dentin replacement foundation. Emphasis is placed on tooth isolation, thoughtful handling of the respective materials, and the importance of final sealing of the resin/enamel margins.
All‐Porcelain Labial Margin for Ceramometal Crowns
Authors: Harrison Lewis , Huffman Terry , Goldfogel Marvin
Published: July 2007

The elimination of the labiogingival metal collar of a porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal (PFM) restoration is an attempt to achieve an improved esthetic result. In their expectation of a more cosmetic tooth restoration, patients may influence dentists to use the all‐porcelain labial margin to avoid metal showing in the final restoration. Success of this type of restoration depends upon proper tooth preparation. The all‐porcelain margin requires a 1.2‐mm wide labiogingival shoulder of approximately 70 or 90 degrees wrapping into the interproximal area. Much of the effectiveness of the restoration depends upon the design of the metal substructure. The following change is made in the design of this substructure for this modified PFM crown: the labiogingival portion of the metal is finished back to the gingival‐pulpal line angle with the metal against the axial wall being from 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm thick. This allows for 0.2 to 0.3 mm of opaque and 0.7 to 1.0 mm of shoulder porcelain. The direct liftoff technique is a useful method of achieving clinically acceptable all‐porcelain margins. Such restorations may give excellent results.