bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEGylated Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Ivens Inge A. , Achanzar William , Baumann Andreas , Brändli-Baiocco Annamaria , Cavagnaro Joy , Dempster Maggie , Depelchin B. Olympe , Irizarry Rovira Armando R. , Dill-Morton Laura , Lane Joan H. , Reipert Birgit M. , Salcedo Theodora , Schweighardt Becky , Tsuruda Laurie S. , Turecek Peter L. , Sims Jennifer
Published: August 2015

PEGylation (the covalent binding of one or more polyethylene glycol molecules to another molecule) is a technology frequently used to improve the half-life and other pharmaceutical or pharmacological properties of proteins, peptides, and aptamers. To date, 11 PEGylated biopharmaceuticals have been approved and there is indication that many more are in nonclinical or clinical development. Adverse effects seen with those in toxicology studies are mostly related to the active part of the drug molecule and not to polyethylene glycol (PEG). In 5 of the 11 approved and 10 of the 17 PEGylated biopharmaceuticals in a 2013 industry survey presented here, cellular vacuolation is histologically observed in toxicology studies in certain organs and tissues. No other effects attributed to PEG alone have been reported. Importantly, vacuolation, which occurs mainly in phagocytes, has not been linked with changes in organ function in these toxicology studies. This article was authored through collaborative efforts of industry toxicologists/nonclinical scientists to address the nonclinical safety of large PEG molecules (>10 kilo Dalton) in PEGylated biopharmaceuticals. The impact of the PEG molecule on overall nonclinical safety assessments of PEGylated biopharmaceuticals is discussed, and toxicological information from a 2013 industry survey on PEGylated biopharmaceuticals under development is summarized. Results will contribute to the database of toxicological information publicly available for PEG and PEGylated biopharmaceuticals.
Use and performance of the Forest Fire Weather Index to model the risk of wildfire occurrence in the Alpine region
Authors: Beccari Andrea , Borgoni Riccardo , Cazzuli Orietta , Grimaldelli Roberto
Published: August 2015

Assessing a territory’s fire proneness is fundamental when planning and undertaking effective forest protection and land management. Accurate methods to estimate the risk of fire ignition in natural environments have been proposed over the last decades and digital mapping has been used to identify critical areas. The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index is a well-known fire danger rating index created and improved during the last 45 years by the Canadian Forest Service. The goal of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we evaluated whether the Forest Fire Weather Index is an adequate instrument to predict fire ignition in Alpine and sub-Alpine areas using quite a large dataset of meteorological and forest fire data collected in the Lombardy region (Northern Italy) between 2003 and 2011. By means of a spatial binary regression model, we demonstrated that Forest Fire Weather Index has a significant impact on the probability of fire ignition. Since this approach allows us to account for other characteristics of the territory in order to provide a more accurate estimate of the spatial wildfire dynamics at a moderately large scale, the second goal of the paper aims at creating a model to assess fire risk occurrence using the Forest Fire Weather Index and land use information. It has been found that ignition can easily occur in large forested areas whereas denser urban areas are less exposed to fire since they usually have no fuels to ignite. Nevertheless, since human activity has a direct impact on fire ignition human presence, it fosters ignition in forested areas. Finally, the model, including these spatial dimensions, has been employed to derive a probability map of fire occurrences at 1.5 km resolution, which is a fundamental instrument to develop optimal prevention and risk management policy plans for the decision maker.
Morpho: Combining morphological measures
Authors: Oliveira Vítor , Medeiros Valério
Published: August 2015

The physical form of cities has an influence on the main social, economic and environmental aspects of our lives. The understanding of this influence depends on the availability of effective and specific morphological approaches to deal with the main elements of urban form. Despite the emergence of different approaches, it can be argued that most of them are developed in isolation, meaning that ‘we are not learning from each other’, and that some approaches focus not on the physical and tangible elements of urban form, but on abstract characteristics of the city. Against this background, the Morpho methodology was recently proposed to assess the physical form of urban areas. Morpho is framed by a concept of ‘urbanity’, combining seven measures to capture how streets, plots and buildings are arranged in different ways in order to shape different types of the built environment. Reported previously at the street scale, this paper extends the application of Morpho to the city scale. In addition, based on a systematic application in different case studies, the paper offers a reflection on the contribution of this methodology to a better understanding of the physical form of cities.
Computer vision of mobility: towards a space-use analysis method
Authors: Tomé Ana , Heitor Teresa , Nunes Mário
Published: August 2015

This study examines the role of computer vision to collect space-use data, with the goal of building a computational tool that supports space-use analysis better than those in current use. In the past, research on space use was predicated on selective samples and labour-intense fieldwork, mainly through direct observations that were often inaccurate through necessity. Computer vision technology allows space use to be monitored, represented, and quantified in ways not considered before, minimising errors and bias that can affect reliability and validity. The careful use of the technological potential of computer vision opens up new ways of identifying phenomena, becoming aware of systematic patterns and regularities and inquiring further into the degree of congruence between the physical organisation of layouts and patterns of space use.
The Association Between Stalking and Violence in a Sample of Spanish Partner Violence Cases
Authors: Viñas-Racionero Rosa , Raghavan Chitra , Soria-Verde Miguel Ángel , Prat-Santaolaria Remei
Published: August 2015

The present descriptive study analyzes stalking in a sample of 278 Spanish court cases involving partner violence and contrasts the benefits of the new bill article 172ter, which criminalizes stalking, compared with the Organic Law 1/2004 on partner violence. Thirty-seven percent (37%) of the total sample included stalking behaviors, which manifested in intimidatory (60%) and controlling (45%) unwanted verbal communications (62%) and physical approaches (42%) that ended violently in a third of the cases (35%). Cases involving violent stalking, non-violent stalking, and physical violence without stalking were compared. A closer look at violent stalking cases uncovered that intimacy-seeking stalking behavior was concurrent with face-to-face aggression with a sharp object, whereas pursuit/control and invasive behavior were associated with property invasion and damage. Data not only support the contention that stalking should be criminalized regardless of the type of stalking behavior but also indicate that differences in the behavior might warrant different management interventions.
Indifferent by nature: A post-humanist reframing of the problem of indifference
Authors: Hynes Maria
Published: August 2015

Much recent scholarship in the social sciences has recognised the importance of grasping the significance of non-human forces in both social and natural life. Still, we remain faced with the task of reconceptualising some of our more classically humanist problems in other than human terms. This paper undertakes to refigure one such problem, an issue that in moral and political discourse in particular has presented itself as a pressing, and sometimes intractable, problem; namely, what does it mean to be indifferent? The idea of political indifference, for example, evokes an attitude of neutrality or apathy deemed inappropriate to the sphere of political action. The assumption here is that indifference is a subjective quality, a characteristic inhering in those individuals or groups who are insufficiently motivated to exercise their capacity for free and deliberative action. This paper re-examines the common sense understanding of indifference, which, I argue, is bound to a moral purview and rests on an essentially confused view of human freedom. I suggest that rethinking the problem of indifference requires an ‘ontological renaturalisation’, in order to better understand the forces that condition human action. In pursuing this argument, I contribute to a growing body of scholarship that recognises the role of the aesthetic in opening our frameworks of thinking beyond their more humanist limitations. I argue that an aesthetic, as opposed to moral, framework, can re-conceptualise indifference as an ambiguous and potentially productive process, rather than a deficient state or subjective failing.
Security is going to work: Everyday geographies, organizational traps, and the public administration of anti-terrorism policy
Authors: Keenan Kevin
Published: August 2015

Terrorism scholars have theorized excessive social control in response to post-9/11 expansive security structures. This literature is not, however, informed by the perspectives of public safety officials. Drawing on interviews with 27 public safety officials in Boston, MA conducted in 2008 and 2013 after the marathon bombing, I argue that one reason officials do not challenge social control issues is because of an organizational trap rooted in geographies of place. Organizational traps are theorized within public administration, and refer to institutional cultures that prevent needed change. I demonstrate that some of these traps are rooted in perceptions of geography beyond the institutional culture, and in the case of anti-terrorism policy, can result in much needed community engagement when disrupted. I provide three policy recommendations: (1) incorporate community sentiments about place into policy; (2) embrace expansive spatial identities; and (3) link security efforts with community geographies.
Law, expertise, and settler conflicts over land in early colonial Zimbabwe, 1890–1923
Authors: Mseba Admire
Published: August 2015

Using archival sources, this paper examines the uses of law and expert knowledge in conflicts over land among officials and settlers in early colonial Zimbabwe. Land settlement laws, together with European colonists’ relations with Africans resident on their farms, became a focal point of the British South Africa Company’s (BSAC) engagements with settlers leading to conflicts over what constituted proper land utilization and the boundaries of authority. These conflicts emerged out of the Company’s position as private entity and a colonial governing authority. Seeking to meet the profit expectations of its shareholders, the BSAC inserted, in its land settlement laws, a “beneficial occupation clause,” which stipulated that farmers could only retain their land if they continuously occupied it and invested in farming. This conflicted with settler efforts to engage in other economic activities such as mining in order to eke out a living in the new colony. Company imperatives to make profits for its shareholders also led it to formulate policies that favored mining over agriculture, leading to conflicts between colonial mining and agrarian capital. Settler farmers fighting to exclude miners, other settler farmers and Africans from their lands appropriated experts’ arguments over environmental change evidenced by soil erosion and the spread of cattle diseases such as East Coast Fever. Conflicts among settlers and colonial officials not only reveal the contradictions of colonial rule and capitalist development but also contributed to the making of the land question in Zimbabwe. Settlers’ disaffection with the BSAC’s land policies, among other factors, led many of them to question its claims to ownership of the land and to campaign for the end of Company rule. The settler state that emerged out of this campaign was dominated by farming interests and went on to enact policies that favored settler farmers at the expense of Africans, sowing the seeds of discontent, which exploded with the post-2000 farm invasions and the country’s Fast Track Land Reform program.
‘Pledging the future’: Investment, risks and rewards in the topographic mapping of Northern Rhodesia, 1928–1955
Authors: Haines Elizabeth
Published: August 2015

This article explores the uneven patterns of topographic mapping of colonial Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia). These patterns were generated in the years 1927–1931 and have an enduring effect today. Previous accounts describe colonial mapping in Africa as ‘incomplete’, but this is an inadequate conclusion. The article proposes that these unsatisfactory narratives of cartography can be corrected by applying the model of a cartographic economy to the close reading of archival sources. This model is used to interrogate topographic unevenness within the framework of the interests of diverse parties, with differing values and resources. It reveals that the patterns of topographic production were particularly strongly linked to aerial photographic projects. These projects documented areas that were preconceived as valuable. However, the article reveals that the cartographic economy was determined by more than just the value of the land, as the value of the cartographic representation itself could be manipulated independently. This perspective should be considered in the study of British mapping of other colonial territories.
Smart grids and the constitution of solar electricity conduct
Authors: Bulkeley Harriet , Powells Gareth , Bell Sandra
Published: August 2015

In the face of challenges of energy security, low carbon transitions and the replacement of aging infrastructure networks, new logics for the development of smart electricity systems are emerging amongst utility providers and public authorities. Whilst often portrayed as a technical matter, orchestrated through the top-down intervention of major corporate or government actors, such shifts in the system of electricity provision also entail efforts to fundamentally reconfigure relationships between providers and consumers, and rearticulate energy practices so that they are aligned to new governmental rationales. In this paper, we draw on theories of governmentality and social practice to consider the ways in which the smart grid is serving to constitute new forms of energy conduct, which in turn are vital to the ways in which smart grids are realised. Through the analysis of the first findings from an industry regulator–funded project in the north of England, we consider how and with what implications households that have installed solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies are fitting smart grid techniques and devices into their everyday practices. We argue that in contrast to households where solar PV has been regarded primarily as a device to deliver new flows of finance, the introduction of smart grid logics through the installation of in-home displays and hot water storage has served to rearticulate what ‘good’ electricity conduct entails and to reconfigure the ways in which energy-intensive practices are undertaken in households. We find these new forms of ‘governing the self’ to be critical in shaping how, and to what effect, the smart grid is taking root.
Inventing space in the cañada: Tracing children's agency in Los Platanitos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Authors: Sletto Bjørn , Diaz Oscar Omar
Published: August 2015

Informal settlements in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, tend to be located in risky and marginal lands along the banks of cañadas, waterways that have been channelized and otherwise transformed by residents as they develop informal settlements on the margins of the formal city. These severely polluted waterways are represented as “decaying,” “filthy” and “dangerous” in Dominican planning discourse and drive conceptualizations of informality as an incomplete, liminal state and of informal settlements as liminal landscapes. However, while this deployment of metaphors of liminality in planning discourse supports forms of planning premised on fantasies of citizenship-formation and technical interventionism, a post-colonial, explicitly spatial conceptualization of liminality permits an understanding of the liminal as a source of agency and alternative productions of space. This article examines children's placemaking in the informal settlement of Los Platanitos, taking a phenomenological stance in order to understand their practices, imaginaries, and representations associated with their engagement with the cañada landscape. In contradiction to monolithic productions of the cañada as a liminal landscape defined through tropes of “decay,” “filth” and “danger,” children appropriate and re-construct these meanings of liminality through their everyday practices. By documenting children's productions of place through play, imagination, and representation, this article seeks to illuminate the transformative potential of children's agency for radical forms of urban planning situated in everyday practices.
Experiments in co-existence: the science and practices of biocontrol in invasive species management
Authors: Atchison Jennifer
Published: August 2015

This paper concerns the science and practices of biocontrol in invasive species management. Although biosecurity scholars have argued for looser, more flexible approaches to securing life, this work is yet to examine how life might be lived where invasive species are entrenched. Here, I bring social and cultural scholarship to bear on ecological and conservation science perspectives quagmired in questions of human intervention and risk, with the purpose of shifting debate toward questions of better care in ‘living with’ invasive life. Building on Mol's idea of ‘tinkering’ as embodied and continuous adjustment, and Stenger's approach to experimentation within science, this paper illustrates the practices of biocontrol as experiments in co-existence with invasive life. My empirical focus is invasive plant management in Northern Australia where biocontrol is practiced to manage significant threats to biodiversity from invasive plants. I show that biocontrol practices are diverse and require multiple agencies as well as an acknowledgment of substantial risk. In the ongoing challenge of living with invasive species, the implication is that control is not imposed but can emerge through ongoing embodied and reflexive learning with nonhumans. As experiment, biocontrol is also implicated in the production of new biocommunities—an emerging area requiring further research attention.
A darker side of hypermobility
Authors: Cohen Scott A , Gössling Stefan
Published: August 2015

Since the formulation of the mobilities paradigm, research has shown that movement is increasingly at the heart of our social identities. This paper argues that mobility, and indeed, hypermobility, constitutes to a growing extent who we are, whilst societal perspectives on mobility increasingly dictate how we need to move in time and space in order to accrue network capital. In this critical review, deeply embedded mechanisms of the social glamorization of mobility are uncovered, and juxtaposed with what we call a ‘darker side’ of hypermobility, including the physiological, psychological, emotional and social costs of mobility for individuals and societies. The paper concludes that whilst aspects of glamorization in regard to mobility are omnipresent in our lives, there exists an ominous silence with regard to its darker side.
Crisis in ‘a normal bad year’: Spaces of humanitarian emergency, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification scale and the Somali famine of 2011
Authors: Fredriksen Aurora
Published: August 2015

This article takes the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification scale and its use in the declaration of famine in Somalia in July 2011 as a site for examining how the spatial imaginary and emplaced, affective registers of emergency are implicated in marking situations as spaces of humanitarian emergency, or not. The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification scale is described and its role in removing the affective registers of crisis discussed in relation to the normalisation of the conditions constituting a classification of Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Phase 4, ‘Humanitarian Emergency’, in Somalia. This is contrasted to the urgent mobilisation of humanitarian action following the reclassification of Somalia’s food insecurity situation to Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Phase 5, ‘Famine’. It is argued that the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification phase reclassification, by enacting a moment of rupture, led the normalised space of food insecurity to be seen as a space of humanitarian emergency, thereby triggering the rapid mobilisation of humanitarian action in response to crisis.
The blood of heroes: Nationalist bodies, National soils, and the scientific conservation of the Federation of Colombian Coffee-Growers (1927–1946)
Authors: Marchesi Greta
Published: August 2015

This paper explores the scientific research and management programs of Colombia’s Federation of Colombian Coffee-Growers (FEDECAFE) as part of a campaign to ensure the long-term viability of the nation’s largest and most prominent export crop in the 1930s and early 1940s. Their work served a constituency of largely peasant small-holders in a period of increased erosion and declining coffee yields. Drawing on the organization’s internal records and popular publications, this research shows how new ideas about human and ecological natures were an essential component of FedeCafé hegemony, conceptually embedding the vitality of Colombian nationhood and citizenship in coffee country’s ecological systems. Further, this conceptual re-embedding of society in ecological processes was itself the result of concerted challenges to new forms of land and labor exploitation that accompanied the global capitalist commodity booms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Necessary But Not Sufficient
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Thomas Katie B.
Published: August 2015

The objective of our study was to investigate the availability, location, and content of sexual assault information presented on college and university websites. A random sample of 102 accredited, non-profit, bachelors-granting U.S. colleges and universities was selected for webcoding. Websites were coded for the availability and location of sexual assault information, including what resources and information were provided and whether topics such as date rape, consent, and victim blaming were addressed. Ninety (88.2%) of the 102 colleges and universities in our sample had sexual assault information available in their domains. University policy (83.3%) and contact information for law enforcement (72.2%) and other resources (56.7–82.2%) were often included, but most websites failed to provide information on issues related to sexual assault, such as discouraging victim blaming (35.6%) and encouraging affirmative consent (30.0%). Colleges and universities should consider updating the sexual assault information on their websites with the assistance of local, expert practitioners in order to provide more comprehensive, organized, useful, and user-friendly information on sexual assault prevention and intervention. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ’s website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental
‘Good wills hunting’: Tracking down the men of the first East India Company voyage, 1601–1603
Authors: Fury Cheryl
Published: August 2015

Most of the men who sailed on the foundational voyage of the East India Company (1601–1603) have been anonymous in the historical record to this point. By using wills to supplement the official records of the Honourable Company, it is possible to construct a fairly comprehensive list of those who sailed on this grueling journey (over 4/5 of the participants).
Thomas Sturge and his fleet of South Sea whalers
Authors: Howard Mark
Published: August 2015

The literature on British South Sea whaling tends to focus on the vessels involved, with relatively little written about the ship-owners in the trade. Thomas Sturge the younger (1787–1866) was a Quaker ship-owner in London who had at least 22 vessels, most of which were involved in South Sea whaling. He took a close interest in how they operated and ensured that they were in good repair and well provisioned for their long and arduous voyages. He advised his captains on where to ‘fish’, and gave them instructions on how to treat their crewmen. Sturge was also part owner of two vessels that made significant voyages of discovery to the Antarctic. He was involved in a number of other commercial ventures and active in the wider community as a social reformer and philanthropist.
Suppression of breakers in stormy seas by an oil film
Authors: Cox Charles
Published: August 2015

The mechanism by which an oil film is able to still stormy seas has remained mysterious. Accounts by shipmasters of the effective use of oil collected by the US Hydrographic Office in the 1880s contain little quantitative information. In only one episode was the time of response to a sudden application of oil recorded. In this case, storm breakers were annulled by use of fish oil to enable a small open boat to rescue the crew of a sinking vessel. The cessation of breaking seas occurred only after the oil had spread over a large area to windward of the ships. It appears that wave growth stopped in this oiled region. The reaction of regulatory bodies and public responses to the rescue illustrate features of the political and social contexts in which shipping and trading activity was conducted in the late nineteenth century.
Bottom–up: A mathematical model of the UK shipbuilding industry, 1889–1914
Authors: Stanworth June , Humphreys David
Published: August 2015

The shipbuilding industry was an important sector of the UK economy in its golden age before the First World War but the only estimates of its value are based on an analysis made 60 years ago when information was limited or difficult to access. In contrast, data from Lloyd’s Register of Shipping and the archives of UK shipbuilders and shipowners now provides a rich source of statistics. Using cluster analysis, nine passenger and cargo ship types were identified, defined by gross registered tonnage, speed, passenger numbers and price per ton. Building on this, a bottom–up model of the UK shipbuilding industry was developed and the annual values of passenger, cargo and specialist ships were estimated for 1889 to 1914. These were lower than previous top–down estimates, but were a good match for data from the Census of Production for 1907.
Western steamship companies and Chinese seaborne trade during the late Qing dynasty, 1840–1911
Authors: Qing Han
Published: August 2015

This research note draws upon secondary sources to describe the role of western shipping companies in China during the late stages of the Qing dynasty, 1840–1911. Driven by industrialisation in Europe and North America and a rapid increase in global trade, the world shipping industry expanded greatly during this period. Keen to take advantage of this growth, the British, French, German, American and Japanese governments adopted policies designed to develop and support their national shipping industries, and to help them access the new markets in China. As a result, western shipping companies quickly came to dominate both coastal and international shipping in China. This pre-eminence is outlined in an overview, and then in more detail in three chronological sections, before possible lines of research-based enquiry are identified in the conclusion.
Outcomes of Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection Followed by Rehabilitation in Cases of Cerebral Palsy With Upper Extremity Involvement
Authors: Karaca Burcu , Ünlü Ece , Köse Gülşen , Gönen Emel , Çakcı Aytül
Published: August 2015

We evaluated the efficiency of botulinum toxin type A injection followed by a rehabilitation program including individual therapy, group therapy, and occupational therapy in cases of cerebral palsy with upper extremity involvement. A total of 29 injections were performed on 25 patients, and the patients were placed on rehabilitation program. At 3-month and 6-month assessments, there was a significant improvement in lateral grip strength, 9 Hole Peg test, Upper Limb Physician’s Rating Scale and pediatric functional independence measure total scores. There were significant decreases in active range of motion in elbow extension, supination, and wrist extension, and Modified Ashworth Scale in elbow flexion, elbow pronation, and wrist flexion at 6-week, 3-month, and 6-month assessments. Combination of group therapy with traditional therapy methods after injection is effective in cases of cerebral palsy with upper extremity involvement.
Age at Referral of Children for Initial Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation: Current Practices
Authors: Hubermann Lara , Boychuck Zachary , Shevell Michael , Majnemer Annette
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

This study describes current practices in the age at referral for diagnosis of cerebral palsy and factors that influence earlier referral.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review (2002-2012).

Results:

Of 103 children referred for diagnosis, 81 were referred to a neurologist by other medical specialists at a mean of 13.6 ± 15.7 months, whereas primary care providers referred much later (mean = 28.8 ± 27.1 months). Children admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were referred earlier (mean = 9.3 ± 10.2 months) than those not (28.1 ± 24.9 months). Referral to rehabilitation was similarly delayed.

Conclusions:

Primary care providers generated a minority of referrals, of concern given their role in developmental surveillance. Remarkably high variability suggests knowledge of cerebral palsy attributes varies widely among service providers. Half of children with cerebral palsy do not have a complicated birth history; subsequently, referrals for diagnosis and management are often delayed. New strategies are needed to optimize prompt referral by primary care providers.
Skin Ulcers and Mortality Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Spina Bifida in South Carolina During 2000-2010
Authors: Cai Bo , McDermott Suzanne , Wang Yinding , Royer Julie A. , Mann Joshua R. , Hardin James W. , Ozturk Orgul , Ouyang Lijing
Published: August 2015

The authors investigated 48 deaths (7% death rate) among 690 adolescents and young adults with spina bifida in South Carolina during 2000-2010. The authors used Medicaid and other administrative data and a retrospective cohort design that included people with spina bifida identified using ICD-9 codes. Cox regression models with time-dependent and time-invariant covariates, and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed. The authors found that 21.4% of the study group had a skin ulcer during the study period and individuals with skin ulcers had significantly higher mortality than those without ulcers ( P < .0001). People who had their first skin ulcer during adolescence had higher mortality than those who had the first skin ulcer during young adulthood ( P = .0002; hazard ratio = 10.70, 95% confidence interval for hazard ratio: 3.01, 38.00) and those without skin ulcers, controlling for other covariates. This study showed that age at which individuals first had a skin ulcer was associated with mortality.
Pediatric Gliomatosis Cerebri: A Review of 15 Years
Authors: George Emilie , Settler Allison , Connors Scott , Greenfield Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2015

Gliomatosis cerebri is a rare glial tumor that carries a poor prognosis. Seen in both adults and children, gliomatosis cerebri appears to differ in these populations as with adult versus pediatric glioblastoma. We present 10 children who either presented to the Weill Cornell Medical College or enrolled in the institution’s Gliomatosis Cerebri International Registry alongside a cohort of 89 pediatric patients reported in the literature between 2000 and 2014. Age ranged from 4 months to 21 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.71. Median overall survival for patients in the registry cohort was 17 months (n = 10) and for the historic cohort was 13 months (n = 52). Overall survival was analyzed for the combined cohort and was significantly longer when presenting at age ≥10 (20 vs 10 months), for boys (18 vs 11 months), and with low-grade pathology (26.5 vs 12 months) but did not vary significantly by treatment approach.
Sexual Violence in the Context of Drug Use Among Young Adult Opioid Users in New York City
Authors: Jessell Lauren , Mateu-Gelabert Pedro , Guarino Honoria , Vakharia Sheila P. , Syckes Cassandra , Goodbody Elizabeth , Ruggles Kelly V. , Friedman Sam
Published: August 2015

Drug and alcohol use have been associated with increased risk for sexual violence, but there is little research on sexual violence within the context of drug use among young adult opioid users. The current mixed-methods study explores young adult opioid users’ sexual experiences in the context of their drug use. Forty-six New York City young adults (ages 18-32) who reported lifetime nonmedical use of prescription opioids (POs) completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, and 164 (ages 18-29) who reported heroin and/or nonmedical PO use in the past 30 days completed structured assessments that inquired about their drug use and sexual behavior and included questions specific to sexual violence. Participants reported frequent incidents of sexual violence experienced both personally and by their opioid using peers. Participants described sexual violence, including sexual assault, as occurring within a context characterized by victimization of users who were unconscious as a result of substance use, implicit and explicit exchanges of sex for drugs and/or money that increased risk for sexual violence, negative sexual perceptions ascribed to drug users, and participants’ own internalized stigma. Recommendations to reduce sexual violence among young adult opioid users include education for users and service providers on the risk of involvement in sexual violence within drug using contexts and efforts to challenge perceptions of acceptability regarding sexual violence.
Re-visioning Ultrasound through Women’s Accounts of Pre-abortion Care in England
Authors: Beynon-Jones Siân M.
Published: August 2015

Feminist scholarship has demonstrated the importance of sustained critical engagement with ultrasound visualizations of pregnant women’s bodies. In response to portrayals of these images as “objective” forms of knowledge about the fetus, it has drawn attention to the social practices through which the meanings of ultrasound are produced. This article makes a novel contribution to this project by addressing an empirical context that has been neglected in the existing feminist literature concerning ultrasound, namely, its use during pregnancies that women decide to terminate. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with women concerning their experiences of abortion in England, I explore how the meanings of having an ultrasound prior to terminating a pregnancy are discursively constructed. I argue that women’s accounts complicate dominant representations of ultrasound and that in so doing, they multiply the subject positions available to pregnant women.
Free Time and Emotional Well-Being
Authors: Offer Shira
Published: August 2015

Previous research suggests that there are important gender disparities in the experience of leisure, but the issue of how mothers and fathers experience free time emotionally remains overlooked. The present study addressed this lacuna using the Experience Sampling Method and survey data from the 500 Family Study. Results showed that mothers and fathers spent the same amount of time on leisure activities. However, mothers had slightly less pure free time than fathers and were more likely to combine leisure with unpaid work or spend time in leisure with children. Multilevel analyses showed that pure free time was associated with increased positive affect and engagement and decreased negative affect and stress, as was the combination of free time with unpaid work and personal care. These trends did not differ by gender. Adult leisure and free time with children were also beneficial to parents’ well-being. However, the relationship between free time with children and positive affect was stronger among fathers, whereas the association between adult leisure and engagement was stronger among mothers. These results suggest that mothers may feel more anxious about being criticized by others when engaging in leisure with their children, whereas spending time with adults alone may free them from the pressures of “good mothering.”
Self-Care Practices of Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Nevins Colleen M. , Sherman Jacqueline
Published: August 2015

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate baccalaureate nursing student perspectives of self-care practices to gain understanding of their value in health promotion. Design: A descriptive, quantitative tool developed by Chow and Grant Kalischuk (2008), Self-Care & Complementary Therapies Survey, was adapted to measure the self-care practices of nursing students. Methods: A convenience sample of students (n = 119) enrolled in a 3-year baccalaureate nursing program at a public university were sent the Self-Care & Complementary Therapies Survey online. Fifty-three (44.5%) students participated in the survey. Collection of data occurred over a 30-day period in spring of 2014. Findings: Year in the program did not appear to impact self-care practices or knowledge of complementary alternative therapies (CAM). Diet, exercise, and sleep correlated with perceived health status. General health by students was rated as 7.18 using a scale from 0 to 10 (O being poor health and 10 excellent). Students reported feeling comfortable caring for clients who use CAM yet rated their knowledge as average. Conclusion: Although based on a relatively small sample size, the findings support education and interventions addressing areas of general health, diet and hydration, exercise, reduction of stress, and increased knowledge of CAM in baccalaureate nursing.
Adaptive fuzzy fault-tolerant control for rigid spacecraft attitude maneuver with finite-time convergence
Authors: Ran Dechao , Chen Xiaoqian , Sheng Tao
Published: August 2015

To solve the rigid spacecraft attitude maneuver problem, an adaptive fuzzy fault-tolerant sliding mode controller is designed. The controller is based on the terminal sliding mode scheme. The adaptive learning algorithm and the fuzzy logic system are designed to estimate the attitude tracking dynamics. The stability of the controller is proved by Lyapunov method. Finite-time convergence of spacecraft attitude orientation to the neighborhood of the equilibrium point is obtained. Finally, a numerical simulation is employed to illustrate the advantages of the proposed controller. Simulation results confirm that the designed controller yields high control precision and great fault-tolerant capability.
Wind energy: UK experiences and offshore operational challenges
Authors: Crabtree Christopher J , Zappalá Donatella , Hogg Simon I
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a discussion of the development of wind energy generation in the United Kingdom and the challenges faced by the wind industry including reliability, performance and condition monitoring, particularly in the offshore environment. The worldwide installed capacity of offshore wind has now risen to over 7 GW, with an ever increasing deployment rate of new assets. About 90% of the global currently installed capacity is in Northern Europe, with the United Kingdom having the world's largest share at 4 GW. Capacity factor data from UK offshore wind farms is presented, providing an insight into the current performance of large Round 2 offshore wind farms compared to the earlier Round 1 farms and to onshore farms. The data reveal that the United Kingdom's Round 2 offshore farms are achieving an average monthly capacity factor of 38.3% with a peak value of 75.8%. The older Round 1 farms have a lower average capacity factor of 33.6% while large onshore farms with capacities above 100 MW have achieved 25.6%. Offshore wind turbine performance has improved over time, and the industry is applying the learning from early experiences to achieve better performances at the more recently installed farms. Despite these improvements in turbine availability, the cost of energy from wind, particularly offshore, remains too high for it to be a commercially viable form of generation without subsidies. Reducing the cost of energy from wind to economically sustainable levels is the most important challenge facing the industry today. Operation and maintenance costs constitute up to 30 % of the total cost of energy from wind in large farms. The industry must overcome the challenges associated with improving component reliability and the development and adoption by operators of appropriate condition monitoring systems and maintenance strategies, in order to reduce costs to sustainable levels. Research and development work carried out with these goals in mind is also reviewed in the paper.
Ginsenoside Rg3 attenuated omethoate-induced lung injury in rats
Authors: Wang J , Yu XF , Zhao JJ , Shi SM , Fu L , Sui DY
Published: August 2015

Organophosphorus exposure affects different organs such as the lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and brain. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on lung injury induced by acute omethoate poisoning. Rats were administered with omethoate subcutaneously at a single dose of 60 mg/kg, followed by ginsenoside Rg3 (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) treatment. Histopathological examination of the lung was performed at 24 h after the omethoate exposure. The antioxidative parameters in the lung were also assayed. Moreover, the activities of acetylcholinesterase, myeloperoxidase, and the content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the lung were determined. The results showed that ginsenoside Rg3 attenuated omethoate-induced lung injury. Ginsenoside Rg3 increased the level of glutathione in the lung ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The altered activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the lung were also ameliorated by ginsenoside Rg3 treatment ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Ginsenoside Rg3 caused significant reductions in the contents of malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and the activity of myeloperoxidase ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The present study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 had a protective effect against omethoate-induced lung injury in rats, and the mechanisms were related to its antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory effect.
Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Shams Shahriar , Shafiuddin KBM Hj , Sultan Asmaal Muizz Sallehhin Bin Hj Mohammad , Juani Rozeana Binti Hj Md.
Published: August 2015

Globally, climate change is a reality and adaptation to it is now a necessity. It is evident from the Brunei meteorological data analysis that over the last 27 years, the mean annual rainfall has increased by 675 mm during 1985–2012. The mean annual temperature has also increased by 0.794°C during the last 30 years from 1978 to 2008. The standard of living is increasing with the advancement of new technologies and thus increasing the lifespan of individuals. The demand for food production will also increase and Brunei Darussalam relies heavily on import of various food grains, particularly rice having a self-sufficiency rate of only 5.06 per cent. The impact of increased demand for food production will be felt significantly in the agricultural sector. The study looks at the existing agricultural practice, the impact of climate change on agriculture and identifies the training needed for the farmers or agricultural workers to cope with theadverse impact of climate change. A case study was carried out to find the challenges the farmers are likely to face because of the climate change. It has been observed from the field survey that 76 per cent of the respondents involved in farming lack farming skills and experience especially those who are below the age of 30 while only a handful (3 per cent) of them have farming experience. The study reveals that agriculture activities require modification in order to cope with the climate change. A capacity-building process for agricultural adaption for Brunei Darussalam is proposed.
Water Transfer from Peri-urban to Urban Areas
Authors: Prakash Anjal , Singh Sreoshi , Brouwer Lieuwe
Published: August 2015

This article documents the conflict between peri-urban and urban water users in Mallampet, a peri-urban village adjacent to Hyderabad City. In Mallampet and adjoining villages, 15–20 tanker companies are operating, most of which are owned by the local residents of the area. The number of tanker companies fluctuates depending on the business conditions. Most of them operate without legal permission from authorities. Pumping groundwater and selling it to urban consumers requires minimal hard work and yields maximum returns. Some villagers have been able to seize this opportunity, more so because agriculture is no longer profitable. Based on the data collected from individual pumps and selected tanker companies operating in the village, estimates were made for the amount of water extracted and the revenue earned by a few wealthy and powerful people in the village who are ignorant of the dire consequences of rapid aquifer discharge. The conflict is latent at the moment because the water sellers and buyers are more powerful socially and economically, while the people who are at the receiving end do not have a voice. They are unable to prevent the extraction and sale of groundwater in order to help reduce their insecurity. Even though there are strong laws like the 2002 Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act (APWALTA) which prevents the mining of aquifers, the strong nexus between local authorities, politicians and water sellers helps bypass the law.
Application of 2D finite element model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of clamp band joint
Authors: Qin Zhaoye , Cui Delin , Yan Shaoze , Chu Fulei
Published: August 2015

Due to frictional slippage between the joint components, clamp band joints may generate nonlinear stiffness and friction damping, which will affect the dynamics of the joint structures. Accurate modeling of the frictional behavior in clamp band joints is crucial for reliable estimation of the joint structure dynamics. While the finite element (FE) method is a powerful tool to analyze structures assembled with joints, it is computationally expensive and inefficient to perform transient analyses with three-dimensional (3D) FE models involving contact nonlinearity. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) FE model of much more efficiency is applied to investigate the dynamics of a clamp band jointed structure subjected to longitudinal base excitations. Prior to dynamic analyses, the sources of the model inaccuracy are determined, upon which a two-step model updating technique is proposed to improve the accuracy of the 2D model in accordance with the quasi-static test data. Then, based on the updated 2D model, the nonlinear influence of the clamp band joint on the dynamic response of the joint structure is investigated. Sine-sweep tests are carried out to validate the updated 2D FE model. The FE modeling and updating techniques proposed here can be applied to other types of structures of cyclic symmetry to develop accurate model with high computational efficiency.