bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When math legitimizes knowledge: a step by step approach to Bayes’ rule in diagnostic reasoning
Authors: Gonzaga Yung Bruno de Mello , Bacchi André Demambre , De Souza Vitor Borin Pardo
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION: Many mistakes in clinical practice arise from confusing the probability of a positive test in those with the disease and the probability of having the disease in those who test positive. This misunderstanding leads to overestimating disease probability, diagnosing diseases in healthy individuals, ordering invasive diagnostic tests, and prescribing unnecessary treatments, resulting in unjustified adverse effect, psychological stress, and increased cost. Probabilistic reasoning is an essential skill to mitigate this confusion, and Bayes theorem is an important tool to accomplish this goal. OBJECTIVE: To present a step-by-step demonstration of Bayes' formula for positive and negative predictive values, fostering understanding and enabling its adoption in evidence-based medicine education and clinical practice as a supporting tool in the decision-making process. METHODS: In this article, we explain the difference between deductive and inductive thinking and how diagnostic reasoning is predominantly inductive, where evidence (the test result) is used to predict the cause (the presence of disease), a path that involves reverse probability, for which our reasoning is hazier. Through a clinical example involving the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, we use the Bayesian framework as a tool to help understand the difference between sensitivity/specificity (forward probability; deductive) and positive/negative predictive values (reverse probability: inductive). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent doctors are masters at applying Bayesian reasoning without using any formulas: they understand that the most important component of the diagnostic process is the reasoning that originates it and the resulting clinical decision depends on interpreting results considering their interaction with the context, not in isolation. Bad clinical reasoning results in bad clinical decisions, despite how accurate the diagnostic test: garbage in, garbage out. We hope our step-by-step approach to Bayes' rule can help demystify this powerful statistical tool and strengthen the idea that the value of a diagnostic test is directly proportional to the quality of clinical reasoning that led to its request.
Jüt takviyeli kompozit prepreg malzemelerin yorulma davranışlarının analizi
Authors: Şen Hayri , Özben Tamer
Published: November 2024

Günümüzde hızlı bir şekilde gelişen ve gelişmeye devam eden kompozit malzemelerin kullanım alanları ve kullanılan malzeme çeşitliliği ilişkilendirildiğinde mekanik özelliklerinin farklılıkları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu sebeple kompozit malzemelerin mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi önemli bir parametredir. Bu çalışmada tabakalı hibrit kompozit malzemelerin mekanik özelliklerini belirlemek için çekme testi, akabinde elde edilen veriler ile yorulma dayanımı testi, ve SEM görüntüleme ile görüntü analizleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 250 mm x 250 mm boyutlarında simetrik, asimetrik ve rastgele dizilim ile 6 katmandan meydana gelen; 30, 45, 60 derece açı ile kesilerek tabakaya yerleştirilen jüt, karbon ve cam prepreg malzeme kullanılmıştır. Bu kompozit prepreg malzemeler ısıtma presi vasıtasıyla 40Bar basınç altında kademeli bir şekilde ısıtılıp, 120°C sıcaklıkta 45 dakika sabit sıcaklığa maruz bırakılıp akabinde pres altında oda sıcaklığına gelene kadar soğuması sağlanarak kompozit plakaların üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen tüm deneyler ASTM standartlarına uygun şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerden elde edilen veriler grafikler ile desteklenip çalışma içinde sunulmuştur.
Dimetakrilat grubundan olan bir polimer kompozitin karakterizasyonu ve termal parçalanma kinetiği
Authors: Naktiyok Jale , Uylaş Kübra Betül , Dönmez Bünyamin
Published: November 2024

Bu çalışmada, ticari öneme sahip olan, farklı alanlarda kullanılan ve SiO2 matriksi içerisinde yer alan Bis-fenol A glisidil Dimetakrilat (BisGMA) ve Trietilen glikol Dimetakrilat (TEGDMA) karışımının tepkimesi (laboratuvar ortamında kısa süre içerisinde fotokimyasal bir tepkime) ile üretilen bir çapraz bağlı polimer kompozit malzemenin kimyasal ve morfolojik yapısı incelenmiş ve XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR analizleri yapılmıştır. Karakterizasyon çalışmasına yönelik yapılan XRD, SEM-EDS ve FTIR analizleri sonucunda, SiO2’in kompozit yapı içerisine homojen bir şekilde dağıldığı ve yapıda herhangi bir pürüz ve çatlak olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı ısıtma hızlarında (2.5, 5, 10 ve 20°C/dak) 25-800°C aralığında TG-DTG analizleri yapılarak yapının termal davranışı ve bozunma kinetiği araştırılmıştır. Tüm ısıtma hızlarında, 280°C’ye kadar kompozitte herhangi bir bozunma olmadığı ve polimerin kararlı bir yapı sergilediği görülmüştür. 280°C’den sonra yapının bozunmaya başladığı proses iki adımda gerçekleşmiştir. Prosese ait aktivasyon enerji değerleri; KAS ve FWO ve Friedman yöntemleri ile hesaplanmıştır. KAS ve FWO metoduna göre, 1. bölge için aktivasyon enerjisi değerleri aynı olup 211 kJ/mol (ortalama değer), Friedman yöntemine göre 218 kJ/mol; 2. bölge için ise KAS yöntemi ile 176 kJ/mol, FWO ile 180 kJ/mol Friedman yöntemine göre 135 kJ/mol (ortalama değer) olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Yanıt yüzeyi yöntemi ile üniversite binasında enerji tüketimini optimize etmek için kullanıcı yoğunluğunun yön etkisiyle birlikte analiz edilmesi
Authors: Özlük Resul , Yıldız Yusuf
Published: November 2024

Üniversite binaları, genellikle enerji tüketimi yüksek olan binalardır. Bu nedenle üniversite binaları enerji tasarrufunu sağlamak ve karbon salımını azaltmada önemli bir rol oynar. Son yıllarda öğrenci ve üniversite binası sayısında önemli artışlar görülür. Bu artış, mekânların etkin kullanımının önemini arttırmaktadır. Çoğunlukla üniversite binaları mekân yerleşimleri ve doluluk oranlarına dikkat edilmeden ısıtma ve soğutması yapılmaktadır. Farklı yönlere bakan sınıflardaki optimum doluluk oranları ile bina enerji verimliliğini iyileştirmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, hesaplamalı simülasyon ve çok amaçlı optimizasyonu bütünleştiren RSM yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bina simülasyonu için öncelikle bina doluluk oranları hesaplanmış ve hesaplamalar doğrultusunda çok amaçlı optimizasyon için tasarım çözümleri üretilmiştir. Farklı dönemlerde enerji tüketimlerine ait arzu edilebilirliğin yüksek olduğu optimum çözümlere ait doluluk oranları aynı döneme ait sabah ve öğleden sonraki periyotlarda farklılık göstermesi en dikkat çekici bulgulardandır. Optimum çözümler ile ısıtma tüketiminde yaklaşık %2, soğutma tüketiminde ise %9,3 oranında enerji tasarrufu sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca ısıtma amaçlı enerji tüketimi için en etkili parametre kuzey yönlü doluluk oranı iken soğutma amaçlı enerji tüketimi için en etkili parametrenin batı yönlü doluluk oranı olmuştur. Doğu yönlü doluluk oranının ise en az etkili parametre olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, eğitim binalarında enerji tasarrufu için mekân kullanımı ve yerleşimi konusunda yapılacak gelecekteki araştırmalara yeni bir bakış sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
Additional Microfossils from the Umaria Marine Bed, Central India
Authors: Bhatia S. B.
Published: November 2024

The paper records some additional microfossils from the well-known Umaria marine bed. These include Nodosinella sp. and a new species-Healdia umariensis. Minute gastropods considered to be juvenile forms of Pleurotomaria umariensis Reed are also recorded.
Quartz-Dolerite Dykes from Shirahatti Area, Dharwar District, Mysore State
Authors: Narasimha Murthy C. , Naganna C. , Sadashivaiah M. S.
Published: November 2024

The quartz-dolerite dykes occurring in the Shirahatti area have been chemically analysed and a detailed petrological and mineralogical investigation has been made. The mineralogical investigation of the feldspars and pyroxenes has been done on the 4-axes Universal stage after the methods of Reinhard, Burri, Hess, Nemato, Turner, and others. The nature of the feldspars and the twin laws confirm the views of Gorai. The optical study of the pyroxene reveals the presence of enstatite, pigeonite and sub-calcic augite. The petrochemical. investigation indicates that the basic magma which has given rise to these dolerites had undergone fractional crystallization resulting in the enrichment of acidic residuum and volatiles. The deuteric and hydrothermal alterations seen in the dolerite dykes are due to the action of volatiles in the final stages of the consolidation of the basic magma.
Piania Niniyurensis, A New Dasycladaceous Alga from The Niniyur Group (Danian) of the Trichinopoly Cretaceous, South India
Authors: Sambe Gowda S.
Published: November 2024

The paper deals with a new Dasycladaceous alga noticed in the cherts belonging to the Niniyur group (Danian) of the South Indian Cretaceous. The fossil has been described from a study of thin sections; and from a comparison with other known genera like Physoporella, Gyroporella, Uragiella, Morclletpora and Indopolia, the present form is shown to be a new member of the tribe Diploporeae, of the family Dasycladaceae. This new form has been named Piania Niniyurensis.
Smaller Foraminifera from the Subathu Beds (Eocene) Near Dharampur, Simla Hills
Authors: Mandwal N. K.
Published: November 2024

Twenty-one species and varieties of smaller Foraminifera are recorded and illustrated for the first time from the Assilina granulosa band of the Subathu (Laki-Eocene) beds from Dharampur, Simla Hills.
The Significance of Clouded Plagioclase in the Basic Dykes of Mysore State, India
Authors: Pichamuthu C. S.
Published: November 2024

A preliminary account is given in this paper of the results of a statistical study made in Mysore State on the distribution of about 500 basic dykes, with special reference to the occurrence in them of clouded plagioclase feldspars.

The basic dykes are of different geological ages and of various petrographic types. They are distributed all over the State in a fairly uniform manner.

Attention is drawn to the important fact that the clouded dykes are concentrated in the southern half of Mysore State, and that they occur not only in the charnockite region but in a zone adjoining it. Two kinds of charnockites have been recognized in Mysore: an older gneissic type caused by an earlier regional metamorphism, and a younger granitic variety produced by subsequent palingenetic fusion. The two metamorphisms which were responsible for these differing types of charnockites are separated by the period during which the basic dykes were intruded.

Clouding of plagioclase feldspars can be caused by thermal metamorphism. In Mysore, the basic dykes have chilled against the first type of charnockites and transect the foliation of the country rocks. They are consequently younger in age. It is suggested that the later formed charnockites were responsible for the subsequent clouding of the plagioclase in those dykes.

Clouded feldspars in the basic dykes are, therefore, of great significance in recording the metamorphic history of some aspects of Precambrian geology in Mysore State.
Deccan Traps and Associated Rocks of the Bassein Area
Authors: Sukheswala R. N. , Sethna S. F.
Published: November 2024

The area of Bassein lies 30 miles north of Bombay. Within a compass of about 150 square miles the rocks encountered here are basalt flows and dykes, dolerite dykes, diorites, thin veins of aplite, a single dyke of camptonite and pyroclasts.

An explanation is offered for the origin of felsic rocks of differing composition. It is suggested that the initial rhyolitic magma is not a product of differentiation of Deccan basalt but originated as a result of partial fusion of the sialic crust during long continued ascent and outpouring of vast volume of basalt lavas.

Rocks of dioritic composition are described, and it has been shown that the diorite and its associates like meladiorite. leucodiorite, granophyre, andesite. etc., are the result of contamination of rhyolite magma with the country rock dolerite. In support of this, chemical, microscopic and field evidences are cited. Thin stringers of aplite are considered to be the residual liquid product of the contaminated rhyolite magma.

Detailed optical investigations on the pyroxenes and feldspars of basalts and dolerites are carried out. While pyroxene is mainly augite, pigeonite and/or orthopyroxene are conspicuous by their absence. Important minerals of various other rock types are also described.
On Some Early Dyke-Like Bodies in the Tonigala Granite, Ceylon
Authors: Cooray P. G.
Published: November 2024

Several dyke-like bodies of uniform width (called "purple dykes" in the field) are found within the Tonigala Granite in north-west Ceylon. These are shown to be true dykes and comparable in some respects to the "relict dykes" of the Cornucopia and the Vancouver regions (Goodspeed, 1955; Roddick and Armstrong, 1959) and to the "early dykes" in the Main Donegal Granite (Pitcher and Read, 1960). The complex relations of the purple dykes to such elements in the Tonigala Granite as pegmatites, granitic veinlets, and biotite-rich foliae indicate that the dykes were intruded early in the history of the granite, after tensional stresses had been set up and during a long period of pegmatisation. Little evidence is however available to show the original composition and the actual mode of emplacement of the dykes. Petrographical and petrochemical similarities between the dyke rock and the surrounding granite suggest that the dykes underwent the same metasomatic changes viz. granitisation, as affected the granite in the later stages of its history.
Coccolithophorids and Related Nannoplanktons from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Sequence of Khasi Hills, Assam
Authors: Narasimhan T.
Published: November 2024

This paper reports for the first time the occurrence in India of fossil Coccolithophores and related nannoplanktons from the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence of Assam. This study has been undertaken to see whether the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary can be established on the basis of this group of microfossils, and whether or not the same can be applied successfully for delimiting biostratigraphic zones. A short account of the method of preparation and study, taxonomy and systematic descriptions of the forms studied with their synonymies is given. One new species (?) Coccolithus reticulatus and following forms, Coccolithus grandis, Coccolithites sp. Braarudosphaera bigelowi, Marthasteritts tribrachiatus, M jurcatus, M. inconspicuus, and Lucianorhabdus cayeuxi are reported.
Dykes of 'Porphyry' Rocks within the Singhbhum Granite around Rairangpur, District Mayurbhanj, Orissa
Authors: Raha Pulak K. , Saha Ajit K.
Published: November 2024

Several dykes of 'porphyry' rock and of Newer dolerite occur as intrusives into the Singhbhum granite around Rairangpur in Mayurbhanj District. The 'porphyry' rock contains large xenoliths of vein quartz and granitic rocks in a fine to medium grained aggregate of granophyric intergrowth. plagioclase and quartz together with some amphibole, pyroxene, epidote, chlorite and iron-ore; in places, the xenoliths show preferred orientation indicating direction of movement of the magma. The 'porphyry' dykes and the Newer dolerite dykes have similar trends and they intersect mutually. A four-mile long dyke of porphyry rock shows transition to dolerite in places along its length; this is considered to be the result of injection of 'porphyry' magma along the continuation of a Newer dolerite dyke .

It is suggested that the Newer dolerite magma locally differentiated at depth forming two fractions-one doleritic and the other syeno-dioritic, which were emplaced simultaneously or alternately. The abundance of xenoliths of granite and vein quartz in the 'porphyry' dykes is considered to be due to shattering of the granitic walls during the uprise of the syenodioritic magma which produced these dykes.
The 'Dharwar System' and its Position in the Indian Precambrian
Authors: Pichamuthu C. S.
Published: November 2024

Bruce Foote gave the name 'Dharwar System' to the 'Lower Transition' rocks occurring near Dharwar in Mysore State, when he first separated these schistose rocks from the 'great granitoid gneiss system'.

It was Fermor, however, who generalized the term and commended its use for designating all the sedimentary schists lying below the Eparchaean unconformity. Lithological resemblances constituted an important factor in the correlation of these ancient schistose formations, and for the identification of 'Dharwar' rocks in many parts of India. The occurrences in widely separated areas, of crystalline limestones, manganese-bearing rocks, banded ferruginous quartzites and iron ores, and even calc-granulites and pyroxene gneisses, have been used as criteria not only for assigning certain formations to the Dharwars, but also as indicating the homotaxial relationship of these formations scattered in different parts of India. By doing so, the stratigraphical importance of certain types of rocks have been exaggerated, in the unfounded belief that some types of sediments were formed only at certain specific periods in the geological history of the earth.

Recent work has shown that Peninsular India like other shield areas of the world, exhibits an ingrained pattern of successive orogenic belts. Age determinations and the dispositions of the tectonic units of the Precambrian formations, indicate that the oldest rocks are found In Mysore State in southern India, which is the type area for the Dharwars (c. 2300 m.y.). This region possesses several important characteristics of a continental nucleus, and is bounded on the east by the Eastern Ghats province (c. 1600 m.y.), and on the north by the Satpura province (c. 1000 m.y.). These provinces must be considered as later Precambrian accretions composed of younger sediments with their own orogenic cycles, and so the real Dharwars are older than both the Eastern Ghats and Satpura belts.

It is necessary, therefore, to discontinue the use of the term 'Dharwar' to designate the schistose rocks outside the type area, because all these un fossiliferous deposits cannot be considered as synchronous or even homotaxial, since some of the lithologically similar rocks are known now to be associated with younger orogenic cycles.

The term 'Dharwar System' should be strictly confined to the schistose rocks of the type area in the continental nucleus situated in South India.
Preliminary Results of the Study of Porphyroblasts from Sakoli Metamorphites, Bhandara District
Authors: Sengupta Amaljyoti
Published: November 2024

Porphyroblasts from Sakoli Series, Bhandara Dist. have been studied with a view to get a better insight into Sakoli metamorphism. Importance of the study of porphyroblasts for proper understanding of the metamorphic and tectonic end results has been discussed. Some hypothetical end results with probable conclusions are described and discussed in outline. Porphyrohlasts developed at different stages in the Sakoli metamorphites. The first phase of folding was associated with crystallisation of micas and quartz controlled by Wegsamkeit. The development of kyanite probably predated the second period of folding after which garnet and staurolite appeared, and finally biotite at the closing stage of metamorphism. Coarsening of fabric started only after the second phase of folding. Crystallisation at this stage took place under stress-free, static conditions.
The Jodhpur-Malani Divide Separating the Barmer and Jaisalmer Basins
Authors: Siddiquie H. N.
Published: November 2024

A comparative study of ,the Ba,rmer and the adjacent Jaisalmer basins brings out striking differences in the stratigraphy, palaeontology and heavy mineral suites of the sediments.

Sedimentation in the Jaisalmer basin started with the deposition of the PermoCarboniferous tiliites and continued with breaks through (?) Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene. The total computed thickness of sediments appears to be more than 7000 feet in the centre of the basin; and there are evidences of a thickening northwestwards. 

Sedimentation in the Barmer basin started with the Lathi formation (? Triassic); and after a major break during the Jurassic, continued intermittently from Cretaceous through Eocene to the Late Tertiary. The total thickness of the sediments in the Barmer basin is only of the order of 1500 feet, very much less than in the Jaisalmer basin.

The Jaisalmer sediments were deposited on a platform dominantly under marine conditions. On the other hand, the Barmer sediments were deposited in a narrow embayment under changing conditions, viz., fresh, marine or brackish water. Throughout the entire sedimentary column the Jaisalmer sediments are characterised by the presence of staurolite, garnet, and kyanite. Staurolite is markedly absent in the Barmer basin sediments which have hornblende, garnet and kyanite.

Subsurface and surface geological data show that the two basins were separated by a ridge formed by the Malani Igneous suite and Vindhyan sediments. The ridge acted as a barrier preventing the intermigration of the fauna, and also as a watershed separating the two distinct provenances of the Barmer and Jaisalmer basins.
Some Geological Data on Atomic Energy Minerals in India
Authors: Dar K. K.
Published: November 2024

A brief account of the Indian Atomic Energy mineral occurrences with their genetic classification is presented in this paper.

Syngenetic radioactive minerals in small quantities occur in several pre-Cambrian granites and pegmatites, and in some syenites. Many pegmatites are an important source of beryl and to a lesser extent of lepidolite, only some carrying small pockets of radioactive minerals. High-intensity as well as low-temperature hydrothermal epigenetic mineralisation occurs in pre-Cambrian meta-sediments and associated intrusive granites generally of post-Algonkian age. Important uranium deposits are located in the Singhbhum Copper Belt, Bihar. Lately, two uranium occurrences have been discovered in the terra incognita of the Central Himalayas. The sedimentary formations of Peninsular India are essentially thoriferous; sporadic presence of uranium in very small amounts is reported only in a few rare instances, e.g., certain arkosic sandstones, laterites, coals, phosphatic nodules, etc. The problem of continuous replenishment of radium in the Tuwa hot spring, Gujarat, is discussed. The monazite-bearing placer deposits along the 2000 mile long Indian sea-board and some inland placers are described.
The Petrographic Correlation of Bachra Seams, Bachra Area, North Karanpura Coalfield, Bihar, India
Authors: Pareek H. S.
Published: November 2024

In the south-eastern portion of the North Karanpura coalfield, Bihar, two coal seams, known as Upper Bachra and Lower Bachra in the Bachra area, and Ray Top and Ray Bottom in the contiguous Ray area, occur in the Karharbari formations. The geology of these areas is indicative of the Bachra seams being the eastern extension of the Ray seams. Their correlation by coal petrography has been attempted in the present paper.

To evaluate the applicability of petrographic method in seam correlation, composition by group maceral and microlithotype was determined for fourteen coals from eight Gondwana coalfields; the microlithotype composition was more characteristic of the petrographic nature of coals. Petrographic profiles of Bachra seams were prepared; they depict the petrographic naturem which varies from seam to seam. The microlithotype composition of Churi, Ray Top, Argada, and Sirka seams was determined on seam total basis; it indicated that each of the seams has a distinctive composition being different for different seams.

The petrographic composition by group maceral, microlithotype, and "group microlithotype" of the Bachra and Ray area seams was determined on scam total basis and correlations made. The composition of Upper and Lower Bachra was found to be similar to that of Ray Top and Bottom seams respectively; the former are, therefore, the eastward extensions of the latter.

The present paper introduces the applicability of coal petrography in correlation of Indian coal seams. It also presents the first petrographic profile of any Indian coal seam.
The Sequence of Deformation, Metamorphism and Igneous Intrusion in the Area around Angul (Orissa)
Authors: Bhattacharyya Bijayprasanna , De Aniruddha
Published: November 2024

The area around Angul (20°50'N, and 85°05'E) at the north-eastern part of the Eastern Ghats belt, is characterised by highly metamorphosed Archaean catazonal meta-sediments which were syntectonically intruded by a group of hitherto unreported igneous rocks, viz. anorthosite, norite, gabbro and acid charnockite suite sensu stricta. The acid charnockites are generally conformable to the country rocks but clearly show intrusive features in several localities. Along with the surrounding country rocks the syntectonic igneous rocks are highly deformed and metamorphosed under hornblende-granulite subfacies condition. A homophanous biotite-granite, pegmatite-vein quartz and dolerites are post-tectonic discordant intrusions. The paper discusses the geological succession of the area with special reference to the relation between deformation, intrusion and metamorphism of the meta-sediments and the igneous rocks. Among the intrusives, anorthosites are early tectonic and charnockites are late tectonic in nature. Emplacement of norites took place during the main phase of deformation and even slightly outlasted the major folding movement. The maximum regional metamorphism took place in the late tectonic period after the emplacement of charnockites and was followed by granitisation of the rocks to some extent. The post-tectonic intrusions do not show any regional metamorphic effect; but the dolerite shows evidence of auto-metamorphism.
Foraminiferal Classification and Evolution
Authors: Loeblich Alfred R. , Tappan Helen
Published: November 2024

The relative values assigned to various morphologic and physiologic criteria, in foraminiferal systematics, have differed greatly over the past two centuries. The earliest classification was based on a single criterion, whereas data are now available for a wide variety of morphologic, mineralogic, physiologic and ontogenetic criteria.

The membranous or pseudochitinous Lagynacea are believed to have given rise separately to agglutinated, microgranular calcareous, and hyaline calcareous foraminifera. A hypothetical phylogeny is presented for the Parathuramminacea, Endothyracea and Fusulinacea. Developmental trends from simple to compound walls, from unilocular to septate forms and subdivided chambers, and from free-living to attached habit occurred independently in various lineages. The postulated origin of the Nodosariacea and Buliminacea is discussed.

The subfamily Tholosininae Bermudez and Rivero, 1963, is a synonym of the Hemi-sphaerammininae Loeblich and Tappan, 1961, the families Variostomidae (recte Vario-stomatidae) Kristan-Tollmann, 1963, and Duostominidae Brotzen, 1963, are synonymous; the Trocholinidae Kristan-Tollmann, 1963, is a synonym of the Involutinidae Butschli, 1880, and the Eponidopsidae Reiss, 1963, is a synonym of the Eponididae Hofker, 1951.

Neogeinitzina Brotzen, 1963, is a junior synonym of Frondiculinita Gerke, 1961, and both are regarded by us as synonyms of Lingulina. Neospandelina Brotzen, 1963, is based on the same type species as Ichthyolaria Wedekind, 1937, hence is a junior objective synonym.

Discorbis and Epistomaria are herein shown to be monolamellid, rather t)tan bilamellid, hence genera stated by Reiss not to be monolamellid are therefore transferred to the super-families Orbitoidacea (family Rosalinidae), or Rotaliacea (family Rotaliidae). The Rosalinidae Reiss, 1963, is restricted to include only Rosalina, Eoeponidella and Earlmyersia. The Glabratellidae Loeblich and Tappan, 1964, is transferred from the Discorbacea to the Orbitoidacea and the Pegidiinae and Rupertininae transferred from the Rotaliidae to the Orbitoidacea, the former as family Pegidiidae, and the latter placed in the Cibicididae.

Reissia, new genus (type species, Ehrenbergina hystrix Brady) differs from Ehrenbergina in having the radial wall microstructure and apertural toothplate characteristic of the Islandiellidae.

The microgranular hyaline superfamily Cassiclulinacea is restricted to include only the Pleurostomellidae, Annulopatellinidae, Caucasinidae, Delosinidae, Loxostomatidae (herein corrected), and Cassidulinidae. The superfamily Nonionacea is recognized as including the enrolled monolamellid, granular walled Involutinidae, Nonionidae and Alabaminidae, and the new superfamily Anomalinacea (elevated from family status) includes the bilamellid enrolled Anomalinidae and Osangulariidae. Trichohyalus is transferred from the Alabaminidae to the Anomalinidae. Other as yet incompletely known genera require additional study of their morphology and microstructure.
The Tectonic Framework of Assam
Authors: Evans P.
Published: November 2024

A spur of ancient rocks partly covered by gently-dipping Tertiary beds extends from the Shillong Plateau and Mikir Hills north-eastwards beneath the alluvium of Upper Assam. Over this spur the Eastern Himalaya have been thrust southwards and the Naga Hills have been thrust north-westwards. The amount of movement of the overthrust masses cannot be determined but it is suggested that in each case the total displacement may be 150-300 kilometres or even more. The Shillong Plateau is separated from the Surma Valley by a faulted monocline with southerly dips. This fault, the Dauki tear-fault, is now shown to have a probable horizontal displacement of about 250 kilometres, and thus to be a major feature of the tectonic pattern of the Indian sub-continent. The horizontal movement along the Dauki tear-fault detached the Shillong Plateau from the main mass of the Indian Shield. The principal movements occurred late in the Tertiary, mostly in the Pliocene.
Quantitative Petrology of a Part of Singhbhum Granite around Kuyali, Singhbhum District, Bihar
Authors: Saha A. K. , Bandyopadhyay T. K.
Published: November 2024

The composition of biotite granodiorite in an area of 11 square miles around Kuyali has been studied on the basis of modal analyses of 41 systematically collected samples. The average mineralogical composition of the sampled area of the granodiorite has been determined by superposing a square grid pattern (size of grid 1 sq. mile) over the area and considering the average composition of each grid. Isopleths for quartz percentage, K feldspar percentage and mafics percentage have been drawn on the basis of the deviation of the grid averages from the average for the entire sampled area. By using a procedure of analysis of variance, it is shown that the local variations in composition are considerable and that they tend to mask the regional variation. Poor and generally non-significant correlations amongst the major minerals of the granodiorite have been found.

The compositional data support the field evidences of considerable assimilation of basic metamorphic rocks and argillites having been an important factor in the evolution of these rocks. K feldspar-rich residual liquid is shown to have migrated towards the low-pressure southern border region of the granodiorite body.
Orbitolines from the Limestone Intercalations of Dras Volcanics, Jammu and Kashmir State
Authors: Mamgain V. D. , Jagannatha Rao B. R.
Published: November 2024

The paper gives an account of the Orbitolines found in the limestone intercalations associated with volcanic rocks of Dras, Jammu and Kashmir state. One new genus, with characters intermediate between Orbitolina d'Orbigny and Iragia Henson along with three species of Orbilolina and ?Birbalina are recorded. The Foraminifera indicate a Barremian to Aptian age for the limestone intercalations and associated volcanic rocks.
Microstructure of Some Woody Tissues and Pith Related to the Form Genus Dadoxylon in the Permian Coal, Raniganj Coalfield, India
Authors: Pant I. D.
Published: November 2024

The microscopic examination of some woody tissues has shown araucarian type of pits in the radial walls of the tracheids; somewhat contiguous or separate bordered pits oppositely arranged and with round, elliptical or slit-like aperture; occasional presence of trabeculae, torus and 'bars of Sanio' in the walls of the tracheids. These features, and the commonly low and uniseriate medullary rays in the tangentially cut woody tissues, indicate either a Cordaitalean or a Coniferous wood. The microstructure of pith described here, is the first record from an Indian coal. The pith is fairly wide, solid and mainly composed of sclerotic cells and occasional resin-filled parenchymatous cells. To this extent, the pith-structure resembles those of the fossil Dadoxyla discovered in the Gondwana rocks of India. Considering the geological age (Permian) of the Raniganj coal, and the nominal presence of the Coniferales during the Lower Gondwana period, the wood and the pith seem to have a Cordaitalean rather than a Coniferous affinity; but in the absence of other supporting characters, the wood and the pith have been referred to the form genus Dadoxylon.
The Occurrence of Bauxite Along the West Coast of Mysore State, South India
Authors: Radhakrishna B. P.
Published: November 2024

The occurrence of bauxite analysing between 45 to 55 per cent alumina is recorded at several places along the West Coast of Mysore State. Bauxitic concentrations are restricted to certain patches and zones in laterite which occurs as a cover over detrital clays of Tertiary age. The bauxites are siliceous with silica content ranging from 5 to 10 per cent. The deposits have the advantage of being located close to sources of hydroelectric power. Preliminary investigations have indicated a reserve of 2.5 million tons.
A Biometrical Study of Productidae from Umaria Marine Bed
Authors: Mitra Karun C. , Chakraborty K. R.
Published: November 2024

Seventy-eight well preserved specimens of Globiella umariensis, Reed have been collected 'from' the marine bed of Umaria in Madhya Pradesh, included in the Lower Gondwana formation (Permo-Carboniferous). They are analysed by means of various statistical methods. From the analysis of frequency distributions and bivariate scatter-grams with single cluster, collection has been found to be homogeneous. Relative growth rate between biocharacters have been studied by fitting Reduced Major Axis as well as Axis of Allometry in the bivariate distribution, respectively. Including the statistical results, the species is redescribed.
Problems of Palaeontology
Authors: Glaessner M. F.
Published: November 2024

Modern approaches to palaeontological problems are characteristically based on appreciation and analysis of geological as well as biological factors, tending to minimize the distinction between palaeobiological and biostratigraphic aspects of the subject. A rational approach to stratigraphic index fossils implies detailed evolutionary studies. Classification of fossils can no longer be expected to provide a definite name for every single object. The fossil record is incomplete not only in the sense of absence of formerly living organisms from the record hut also in the sense of incomplete representation of former biological systems by fossils. Physiological factors may be more important than shell or skeleton mechanics within these systems and also in the evolutionary origination of mineralized tissues. Faunal change, the basis of biostratigraphy, is being approached by microecological analysis rather than by empirical compilation of faunal lists. Methods are becoming more quantitative but guidance from biological models as to the significance of measurements and from some aspects of palaeontology as to the significance of samples is essential. Palaeontology is now a unified science, unique as the study of life processes in the past.
A Re-Evaluation of the Stratigraphy of the Lameta-Jabalpur Contact Around Jabalpur, M.P.
Authors: Chanda S. K. , Bhattacharyya Ajit
Published: November 2024

There has been some disagreement between Medlicott and Matley as regards the stratigraphy of the Lameta-Jabalpur contact in the type area. On the basis of fieid evidences integrated with petrologic data, it is shown in the present work that there is a well-marked unconformity at this contact, and the paraconformity observed in the eastern part actually passes into an erosional unconformity of a greater magnitude towards the south-west. The "apparent presumption of an unconformity" by Medlicott is thus confirmed. Post-Jabalpur tectonism, visualised on the basis of this presumption of the unconformity, although a cause for Lameta sedimentation, did not effectively change the tectonic framework in the type area.
Purana Sedimentation in Parts of the Godavari Valley
Authors: Basumallick Sudhir
Published: November 2024

Study of the type area (Warangal District) of the Purana Super-Group in the Godavari Valley has led to the following picture of the Purana sedimentation.

Archaean crystallines dominated by granite acted as the provenance which was situated on the western side of the basin of sedimentation. Rock fragments having identical petrographic characters as those of some of the neighbouring Archaean crystallines were met with in the basal conglomerates and arkoses.

The derivation of the material was chiefly by mechanical disintegration, as indicated by dominance of fresh feldspars almost throughout the whole succession.

The transportational phase appears to be of moderate duration as suggested by the size and shape characteristics of the arenites and rudites.

The deposition took place in a marine epineritic environment. Evidences suggestive of such an environment include (a) presence of glauconite, (b) presence of bedded chert, (c) high magnesia content of the carbonates, (d) moderate to well sorted nature of the arenites and (e) secondary overgrowth of potash feldspar.

The lithologic association is characterised by arkose, carbonate and silty shale with subordinate orthoquartzite, a high value of total thickness, somewhat cyclic repetition of beds, moderate to good size-sorting and rounding, presence of considerable amount of red beds and by absence of distinct nonmarine beds of evaporites. These characteristics have been interpreted in terms of an unstable shelf association.
Charnockites of Manbhum and the Charnockite Problem
Authors: Sen Saurindranath
Published: November 2024

The ultrabasic rocks and norites of Manbhurn are not to be included in the charnockite series. They belong to the earlier sedimentary-igneous sequence that underwent intense deformation and recrystallization before the charnockites (sensu stricto) came into being. The basic charnockites (pyroxene granulites) are derived as a result of metamorphic convergence at granulite facies from cafemic sediments and norites. These are isofacial with diopside-calc-granulite, khondalite and leptynite. Influx of granitic material converted the pyroxene granulites to a series of rocks of intermediate composition and ultimately to a granite. A part of all these varieties are hypersthene bearing with the features characteristic of the group.

The charnockite habit, including the index mineral, was impressed on the rocks by the pre-granite metamorphism, retained in the successive products of granitization, and obtained by the intrusive granite by crystallization under identical PT environment.

All hypersthene granites in this typical milieu, and the granulite facies rocks are charnockitic, and have a dry mineral assemblage association together with other members of the charnockite series. In the term 'charnockite' is to stay, it should be used as a synonym of hypersthene granite in the typical set-up and association. The term 'charnockite series' should be dropped.
Airborne Scintillometer Surveys in India
Authors: Saraswat A. C. , Krishnamoorthy B. , Phadke A. V.
Published: November 2024

The Atomic Minerals Division of the Department of Atomic Energy carried out Airborne Scintillometer surveys for uranium during the period 1957-62, in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Mysore, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal, totalling more than 74,000 sq. miles, along some 78,775 line-miles in 1401 flying hours. A brief account of the survey operations reviewing the object and organisation of the airborne radiometry, details of the aircraft and equipment used, operational techniques adopted, principles and physical considerations involved in such surveys, basis of interpretation and evaluation of radioactivity anomalies obtained under different environments, results of the survey in various parts of India, utility and future prospects etc., have been given in the paper.
Study of some Aspects of the Charnockite Problem
Authors: Lakshmi Narayana Rao S. V.
Published: November 2024

The points of controversy with regard to the genesis of charnockites have been critically reviewed. An attempt has been made to determine the temperature of formation of some charnockites from the coexisting mineral assemblages. The need to calibrate the 'pyroxene' thermometry with reference to the 'feldspar' thermometry is mentioned.
A Method for Grading Homogeneous Economic Mineral Deposits
Authors: Lakshmi Narayana Rao S. V.
Published: November 2024

A method has been proposed for grading a homogeneous economic mineral deposit. The procedure of grading is explained using a hypothetical sample data. The advantages of grading an economic mineral deposit is described.
A Note on Some Planktonic Foraminifera from the Cambay Basin
Authors: Wickenden R. T. D. , Sastri V. V.
Published: November 2024

The authors have demarcated the Eocene-Oligocene stratigraphic boundary of the sub-crop sediments of the Cambay Basin of Western India on the basis of planktonic Foraminifera belonging to the genera Chiloguembelina, Cassigerinella and Globigerina.
Petrology of the Hybrid Rocks Formed at the Contact of Gabbro and Granite Gneiss in the Dhenkanal District, Orissa
Authors: Mallik Apurba Kumar
Published: November 2024

The paper describes the reaction zones at the contact of the older granite gneiss and the gabbroic intrusives in the Moulabhanja Parbat area, Dhenkanal district, Orissa. The hybrid zone formed at the contact acquired dioritic to granodioritic composition with peculiar mineralogical assemblages, e.g., quartz-microcline-subcalcic augite-garnet, and quartz-andesine-subcalcic augite-hypersthene-garnet. The petrology and chemistry of these rocks with mineral paragenesis have been described in detail. It is concluded that the hybrid rocks were produced by assimilation and mutual exchange of materials between gabbro and the granite gneiss.
Carbonatite Complexes as Related to the Structure of Narmada Valley
Authors: Yellur D. D.
Published: November 2024

The paper briefly describes the carbonatite complexes and discusses their relationship with the structure of Narmada rift valley in the light of the crustal disturbances of Hercynian Era and the great Deccan volcanic episode of the early Tertiary epoch.

Narmada valley being a long east-west fault zone accompanied by central volcanoes with alkali basalt, trachytes and nepheline bearing rocks, a detailed study and exploration of this region may bring to light many more carbonatite complexes both in the form of plugs and dyke-like intrusions emplaced along fault planes, which may have great economic significance as fluorite, barytc, anhydrite, niobium, rare earths, lead and radioactive minerals are known to be associated with them.
Studies on Zircons from the Central Gneisses of the Dhauladhar Range, North of Dharmsala
Authors: Gupta L. N.
Published: November 2024

Zircons from the Central Gneisses of the Dhauladhar range, north of Dharmsala have been separated and studied to establish the stability of zircons during metamorphism and migmatization of the sediments; field and petrological studies indicate that the rocks have formed by migmatization of the metasediments. Crystal habit, colour, clouding, corrosion, overgrowth and outgrowth, length and breadth, elongation ratio and the (reduced major axis of zircons separated from several rock types have been studied in detail. The number of euhedral zircons increases during the migmatization apparently due to the recrystallization of the zircons. The zircon data corroborates with the structural and petrographic observations. The zircon study is useful as a criterion in deciphering the petrogenesis of the granitic rocks.
On the Morphology and Wall Structure of Tritaxia prramldata Reuss from the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Deposits of Pondicherry, South India
Authors: Venkatachalapathy V. , Satyanarayana Rao P.
Published: November 2024

Foraminiferal samples collected during a recent study of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary deposits of Pondicherry area, South India, have yielded a large number of individuals of Tritaxia pyramidata Reuss. A detailed morphological and microwall structural study of these shells has been made. Such a study indicates a high degree of variation in the shell and apertural shapes. Contrary to the data provided by earlier workers, the wall structure in the specimens under examination, has revealed a two layered nature, the inner layer being formed of crystals of calcite. This new investigation demands reassessment of the taxonomic status of the form. Stratigraphically, Tritaxia pyramidata appears to be a high range species, being found distributed almost throughout the above formations.
Occurrence of Andalusite in a Quartz Vein Near Mallegowdanahalli, Bangalore District, Mysore State
Authors: Suryanarayana Rao C.
Published: November 2024

Andalusite occurs in a quartz "Vein intrusive into ultrabasic rocks altered to tremolite-actinolite schists, on a low mound about half a mile to the SE of Mallegowdanahalli, Doddaballapur Taluk, Bangalore District, Mysore State and about 35 miles to the NNW of Bangalore. Andalusite is formed along the margins of the quartz vein as a result of reaction between the quartz and alumina-rich magmatic vapours, following the intrusion of the quartz vein, in the presence of magnesia and lime available in the surrounding ultra basic schists. Corundum has formed in the final stages of the pneumatolytic activity and is deposited in the fracture planes of andalusite. Continued activity by potash-rich hydrothermal solutions at the closing phases of the magmatic processes has partly transformed the andalusite and corundum into dumortierite, muscovite and pyrophyllite.
On the Carbonatite at Newania, Udaipur District, Rajasthan
Authors: Phadke A. V. , Jhingran A. G.
Published: November 2024

A brief account of the geological setting, mineral assemblages, the trace and major element study by chemical and spectrographic investigations etc., of the carbonatic rocks occurring at Newania, Udaipur, Rajasthan, has been given in the paper. Field observations indicate the occurrence of a narrow fenitised zone comprising syenitic rocks, intruded by narrow dykes and veins of carbonatites, signifying development of alkalic character in the rocks, surrounding the main carbonatite body. Locally developed breccia zones and intrusive apatite, vermiculite and calcite veins are also noticed in the rocks. Both the field and laboratory data support the view that these rocks are a special kind of carbonate-rich rocks genetically related to the alkalic rock forming processes and of apparent magmatic origin.