bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacto de programas educativos sobre condições bucais de escolares de 6 e 7 anos em duas escolas municipais do interior do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil
Authors: Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Esmeriz Cláudia Elisa de Campos , Boas Patrícia Vilas- , Meneghim Zuleica Maria Pedroso , Pereira Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar as condições de saúde bucal em escolares de dois municípios de diferentes portes populacionais, sob mesmas condições de acesso a flúor e diferentes programas educativos em saúde bucal. Materiais e Métodos: O cálculo amostral baseou-se na experiência de cárie, com margem de erro de 10%, perda amostral de 20% e nível de confiabilidade de 95%, totalizando 95 voluntários. Os critérios utilizados para a avaliação clínica da cárie foram os preconizados pela OMS (1999), bem como o registro clínico de lesões ativas em esmalte (lesões de mancha branca) baseado nos critérios propostos por Nyvad e Fyfee. A avaliação das condições para a presença de placa bacteriana foi verificada pelo Índice de Placa, proposto por Loe. O estudo foi do tipo randomizado, pareado e cego. A análise dos dados foi por meio de estatística descritiva do índice CPO, lesão de cárie inicial em esmalte e níveis de placa, utilizando-se Kruskal-Wallis, análise univariada (Qui-Quadrado) e Odds Ratio, todos ao nível de significância α=0,05. Resultados: O índice ceo-d (desvio-padrão) para os escolares foi de 1,6 (2,27) no município de Iracemápolis e 1,9 (2,4) emPiracicaba, com um Odds Ratio de 0,84 (0,37-1,92), apresentando 47,4% livres de cáries e 71,5% com placa presente na cavidade bucal. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na gravidade de cárie entreos municípios no presente estudo. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram necessidade de avaliar melhor os programas educativos e num maior espaço de tempo da sua aplicabilidade.Descritores: Epidemiologia. Cárie dentária. Educação em saúde bucal.
Chocolate and Cocoa
Authors: Zoumas B. L. , Azzara C. D. , Bouzas J.
Published: April 2012

All chocolate and cocoa products are derived from the cocoa bean, the seed of the fruit of the cacao tree. The terms cocoa and cacao are often used interchangeably in the literature. In the United States, chocolate and cocoa are standardized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. White chocolate has recently been added to the regulations. The cocoa bean is the basic raw ingredient in the manufacture of all cocoa products. Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana are the two largest grower of the cocoa beans. Organic and Fair Trade cocoa are now making an appearance in the marketplace. This article gives information on the production of the cocoa beans, cocoa powder, chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sweet and milk chocolate. Theobromine, an alkaloid, and caffeine are present in chocolate. Nutritional properties of chocolate have been reported and include cardiovascular benefits via the antioxidants (polyphenols) in chocolate. The U.S. is one of the world's largest consumers of chocolate products.
Packaging, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Rosette Jack L. , Yablonski John , Mancuso Sharon , Kale Gaurav
Published: April 2012

The packaging industry is continuously evolving as medical and cosmetic companies institute change in the design, development, and manufacture of packaging systems. Cosmetic packaging is used to enhance the image of the product. The evolution of cosmetic and personal care packaging to entice the consumer to buy has now given way to a more dynamic concept: “eco‐friendly” or “green packaging”. Biodegradable packaging materials, ie, ones that can be composted are finding their way into the cosmetic field. Package design should be an integral part of product development. Important design considerations are given. Product tampering is a serious issue and tamper evident features have been incorporated into newer designs. One of the risks of green packaging is the possibility of microbial contamination. Attention is given to bulk products and refill dispensers, cosmetic applicators, and closures and delivery systems. Smart packaging is also included in the design of cosmetic and pharmaceutical packaging, such designs include shelf‐life monitoring, packages with built‐in illumination, and tamper proof tops that discolor upon being opened. The FDA becomes involved for misbranded or adulterated products.
Dentifrices
Authors: Pader Morton
Published: April 2012

Dentifrices are compositions used in conjunction with a toothpaste to remove stains from teeth and to leave the mouth feeling clean and refreshed. A dentifrice has little to do with the control of dental plaque by toothbrushing. The toothbrush plays the primary role. Dentifrices have become vehicles for delivery of agents to fulfill specific needs. These agents include fluoride, to inhibit the incidence of dental caries;pyrophosphates and zinc salts to inhibit tartar formation; antimicrobial agents to reduce plaque; potassium nitrate to reduce sensitivity; and whitening agents. Toothpaste contains an abrasive, humectant, surfactant, one or more gums or resins for cohesivenss and structure, color, flavor, and agents for specific results. Dental rinses are adjunctive to toothbrushing with dentifrice and are discussed briefly
Catalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide Into Fuel and Chemicals
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Zhen , He Liang‐Nian , Liu An‐Hua , Li Yu‐Nong
Published: April 2012

As an abundant, nontoxic, nonflammable, easily available, and renewable carbon resource, development of catalytic processes for chemical transformation of CO2into useful chemicals/materials/fuel is of paramount importance from the standpoint of green and sustainable chemistry. Great progress has been made in catalytic utilization of CO2as an alternative to phosgene and/or carbon monoxide in organic synthesis, mainly adopting high‐energy starting materials to produce low‐energy synthetic targets including cyclic carbonates, dialkyl carbonates, and polycarbonates (C‐O bond formation); oxazolidinones, quinazolines, urea derivatives, carbamates, isocyanates, and polyurethanes (C‐N bond formation); carboxylic acids and its derivatives (constructing C‐C bond); and formic acid derivatives, methanol and methane (C‐H bond formation via hydrogenation). However, the CO2molecule poses inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness because it is the most oxidized state of carbon. In this context, specific methodologies associated with the design of robust catalysts and choice of proper reaction media, such as specially designed transition‐metal containing complexes/ligands, using functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) and organocatalysts like frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and using supercritical CO2(scCO2), have been developed on the basis of underlying principles of activation of CO2while gaining insight into its mechanism at the molecular level. The challenge is to develop easily prepared, efficient, and recyclable catalysts that are capable of activating CO2under low pressure (preferably at 1 atm) and, thus, incorporating CO2into organic molecules catalytically.
Chemistry in Space
Authors: Rehder Dieter
Published: April 2012

The abundance of the elements, their present chemical forms and distribution within the universe is the result of lengthy and complex evolutionary processes. The formation of the elements began with the origin of the universe and has continued in the interiors of stars up to the present. As a result of extensive processing and recycling of material, the relative abundances of the elements do not, in general, vary greatly from one region of the universe to another. Significant exceptions do occur and a prime example is Earth. Most atoms in the universe are currently in environments much too high to permit the existence of stable chemical bonds, but in selected environments, stable bonds do exist and chemistry plays an important role. Examples of such regions are planetary bodies, interstellar clouds, and atmospheres of cool stars. In some of these environments, chemical properties, and the relative abundances of the elements can differ greatly from their original cosmic abundances.

This article gives details on the origin and development of the universe, evolution of stars, the interstellar medium, the Solar System, asteroids and meteorites, and the exoplanets. Life and its beginnings in the universe are discussed.

Space chemistry has a practical aspect in that astrophysical processes determined the composition and environment of Earth and to some extent its evolution. Processes observed on the other planets provide insight into aspects of terrestrial evolution that cannot be deduced from study on Earth alone. Such knowledge of the chemistry of space also is needed for the never‐ending search for extraterrestrial life as well as the commercial projects for space manufacturing and building of the infrastructure needed to make these ventures safe and profitable.
Natural Cosmetics
Authors: Duber‐Smith Darrin C. , Chang Yi Hsin , Olson Amy B. , Rosholt Azalea P. , Api Anne Marie , Vey Matthias , Ugurlayan Annie M. , Srinivasan Viny , Antignac Eric , Troyano Esperanza , Mcmillan Donna , Sarlo Katherine , Li Lijuan , Wimalasena Rohan , Flanagan James , Garrison Mark , Dayan Nava , Kilfoyle Brian E. , Terebetski Jenna L. , Michniak‐Kohn Bozena B. , Bose Sonali , Sivalenka Rajarajeswari , Putrevu Mangathayaru , Schlenoff Ina , Choi Robin , Gafner Stefan , Villinski Jacquelyn R. , He Kan , Roller Marc , Saxe Jennifer K.
Published: April 2012

The origin of the natural/organic products industry, with its roots in healthy foods and beverages, can be traced back to the beginning of the last century. The difference between natural and organic is that there are no definitions or regulations of natural products; organic products are largely defined and regulated within the United States. There are nongovernmental agencies working on standards and are able to supply eco‐seals to products (ECOCERT and BDIH, for example). Advertising self‐regulation has grown due to the public distrust of advertising claims in general. This article contains information on natural cosmetic formulations using natural fragrances, natural lipids, quercetin, curcumin, ayurvedic ingredients, and traditional Chinese herbs. Natural and organic cosmetic sales are part of the fastest growing sector in the cosmetic industry. Safety of the use of natural products is discussed. Natural does not always mean safe so extensive research is being performed
in re
toxicology, allergy problems, and whether the use of natural preservatives or preservative free can be considered safe. Biodegradability is a central aspect of the sustainability profile and environmental preferability of formulated products.
Triangular Elastomeric Stamps for Optical Applications: Near‐Field Phase Shift Photolithography, 3D Proximity Field Patterning, Embossed Antireflective Coatings, and SERS Sensing
Authors: Bowen Audrey M. , Motala Michael J. , Lucas J. Matthew , Gupta Sidhartha , Baca Alfred J. , Mihi Agustin , Alivisatos A. Paul , Braun Paul V. , Nuzzo Ralph G.
Published: April 2012

The use of a decal transfer lithography technique to fabricate elastomeric stamps with triangular cross‐sections, specifically triangular prisms and cones, is described. These stamps are used in demonstrations for several prototypical optical applications, including the fabrication of multiheight 3D photoresist patterns with near zero‐width features using near‐field phase shift lithography, fabrication of periodic porous polymer structures by maskless proximity field nanopatterning, embossing thin‐film antireflection coatings for improved device performance, and efficient fabrication of substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic sensing. The applications illustrate the utility of the triangular poly(dimethylsiloxane) decals for a wide variety of optics‐centric applications, particularly those that exploit the ability of the designed geometries and materials combinations to manipulate light–matter interactions in a predictable and controllable manner.
Colossal Thermoelectric Power Factor in K7/8RhO2
Authors: Saeed Yasir , Singh Nirpendra , Schwingenschlögl Udo
Published: April 2012

The thermoelectric properties of the layered oxides KxRhO2 (x = 1/2 and 7/8) are investigated by means of the electronic structure, as determined by ab inito calculations and Boltzmann transport theory. In general, the electronic structure of KxRhO2 is similar to NaxCoO2, but with strongly enhanced transport. K7/8RhO2 exceeds the ultrahigh power factor of Na0.88CoO2 reported previously by more than 50%. The roles of the cation concentration and the lattice parameters in the transport properties in this class of compounds are explained.
A Simple and Efficient Access to New Functionalized 4‐Phenacylideneflavenes#
Authors: Sashidhara Koneni V. , Kumar Abdhesh , Agarwal Shikha , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Bikash , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: April 2012

An innovative and efficient approach towards diversity‐oriented synthesis of 4‐phenacylideneflavenes has been developed from substituted salicylaldehydes and acetophenones using iodine under solvent‐free conditions. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical functionalized 4‐phenacylideneflavenes were synthesized in good to excellent yields and their mechanism of formation is discussed.
Neonatal lethal Costello syndrome and unusual dinucleotide deletion/insertion mutations in HRAS predicting p.Gly12Val
Authors: Burkitt‐Wright Emma M.M. , Bradley Lisa , Shorto Jennifer , McConnell Vivienne P.M. , Gannon Caroline , Firth Helen V. , Park Soo‐Mi , D'Amore Angela , Munyard Paul F. , Turnpenny Peter D. , Charlton Amanda , Wilson Meredith , Kerr Bronwyn
Published: April 2012

De novo heterozygous mutations in HRAS cause Costello syndrome (CS), a condition with high mortality and morbidity in infancy and early childhood due to cardiac, respiratory, and muscular complications. HRAS mutations predicting p.Gly12Val, p.Gly12Asp, and p.Gly12Cys substitutions have been associated with severe, lethal, CS. We report on molecular, clinical, and pathological findings in patients with mutations predicting HRAS p.Gly12Val that were identified in our clinical molecular genetic testing service. Such mutations were identified in four patients. Remarkably, three were deletion/insertion mutations affecting coding nucleotides 35 and 36. All patients died within 6 postnatal weeks, providing further evidence that p.Gly12Val mutations predict a very poor prognosis. High birth weight, polyhydramnios (and premature birth), cardiac hypertrophy, respiratory distress, muscle weakness, and postnatal growth failure were present. Dysmorphism was subtle or non‐specific, with edema, coarsened facial features, prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, anteverted nares, and low‐set ears. Proximal upper limb shortening, a small bell‐shaped chest, talipes, and fixed flexion deformities of the wrists were seen. Neonatal atrial arrhythmia, highly suggestive of CS, was also present in two patients. One patient had congenital alveolar dysplasia, and another, born after 36 weeks' gestation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A rapidly fatal disease course, and the difficulty of identifying subtle dysmorphism in neonates requiring intensive care, suggest that this condition remains under‐recognized, and should enter the differential diagnosis for very sick infants with a range of clinical problems including cardiac hypertrophy and disordered pulmonary development. Clinical management should be informed by knowledge of the poor prognosis of this condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spondyloperipheral dysplasia as the mosaic form of platyspondylic lethal skeletal dyplasia torrance type in mother and fetus with the same COL2A1 mutation
Authors: Désir Julie , Cassart Marie , Donner Catherine , Coucke Paul , Abramowicz Marc , Mortier Geert
Published: April 2012

We describe a fetus with platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type (PLSD‐T), a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, extremely short limbs, and mild brachydactyly. Mutation analysis of COL2A1 identified a novel in‐frame deletion c.4458_4460delCTT (p.Phe1486del) in the C‐propeptide region of the molecule, confirming the clinical diagnosis. The phenotype in the mother was compatible with mild spondyloperipheral dysplasia (SPPD). Molecular studies documented somatic mosaicism for the same mutation in the mother. This observation further highlights the causal relationship between PLSD‐T and SPPD and emphasizes the importance of evaluating parents when confronted with a skeletal dysplasia in a prenatal setting. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene variants in the folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism (FOCM) pathway as risk factors for conotruncal heart defects
Authors: Zhu Huiping , Yang Wei , Lu Wei , Etheredge Analee J. , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M.
Published: April 2012

We evaluated 35 variants among four folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism pathway genes, MTHFD1, SHMT1, MTHFR, and DHFR as risk factors for conotruncal heart defects. Cases with a diagnosis of single gene disorders or chromosomal aneusomies were excluded. Controls were randomly selected from area hospitals in proportion to their contribution to the total population of live‐born infants. Odds ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for each genotype (homozygous variant or heterozygote, vs. homozygous wildtype) and for increase of each less common allele (log‐additive model). Interactions between each variant and three folate intake variables (maternal multivitamin use, maternal dietary folate intake, and combined maternal folate intake) were also evaluated under the log‐additive model. In general, we did not identify notable associations. The A allele of MTHFD1 rs11627387 was associated with a 1.7‐fold increase in conotruncal defects risk in both Hispanic mothers (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5) and Hispanic infants (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2–2.3). The T allele of MTHFR rs1801133 was associated with a 2.8‐fold increase of risk among Hispanic women whose dietary folate intake was ≤25th centile. The C allele of MTHFR rs1801131 was associated with a two‐fold increase of risk (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0–3.9) only among those whose dietary folate intake was >25th centile. Our study suggested that MTHFD1 rs11627387 may be associated with risk of conotruncal defects through both maternal and offspring genotype effect among the Hispanics. Maternal functional variants in MTHFR gene may interact with dietary folate intake and modify the conotruncal defects risk in the offspring. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genetic variability and commonality of neurodevelopmental disease
Authors: Coe Bradley P. , Girirajan Santhosh , Eichler Evan E.
Published: April 2012

Despite detailed clinical definition and refinement of neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychiatric conditions, the underlying genetic etiology has proved elusive. Recent genetic studies have revealed some common themes: considerable locus heterogeneity, variable expressivity for the same mutation, and a role for multiple disruptive events in the same individual affecting genes in common pathways. Recurrent copy number variation (CNV), in particular, has emphasized the importance of either de novo or essentially private mutations creating imbalances for multiple genes. CNVs have foreshadowed a model where the distinction between milder neuropsychiatric conditions from those of severe developmental impairment may be a consequence of increased mutational burden affecting more genes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporation of guanidine and ethylguanidine into thermosetting resins
Authors: Muirhead Kirsty , Earnshaw Scott , Easton Christopher J. , Philbrook Amy
Published: April 2012

Guanidine‐ and arginine‐containing proteins are commonly used in the manufacture of formaldehyde‐based thermosetting resins; however, the polymer structures of these resins were not known. 13C‐NMR spectroscopy has now been applied to demonstrate that guanidine does react and form crosslinks in formaldehyde reactions. Ethylguanidine was used to model arginine in soy proteins, and the NMR analysis indicates that guanidine side chains in proteins also react and form crosslinks in biobased adhesives. Furthermore, these reaction products change with pH demonstrating that the formation of desired polymer species can be controlled and optimized. Finally, the products of the two most widely manufactured amino resins, melamine–formaldehyde and urea–formaldehyde, were then compared with those of guanidine–formaldehyde and ethylguanidine–formaldehyde. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of chitosan C6‐substituted cyclodextrin derivatives with tosyl‐chitin as the intermediate precursor
Authors: Chen Yu , Ye Yanchun , Wang Liye , Guo Yanwen , Tan Huimin
Published: April 2012

A novel method was developed for the preparation of chitosan derivative with a high substitution of cyclodextrins at 6‐OH positions. Tosylated chitin at 6‐OH positions (6‐OTs‐Chitin) was prepared and then displaced by a monoamino β‐cyclodextrin derivative (Mono‐[6‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐amino‐6‐deoxy]‐β‐cyclodextrin, CDen) via nucleophilic substitution of the tosyl group to afford the 6‐OH substituted cyclodextrin derivatives (Chitin‐en‐CD). Further removal of acetyl groups on the chitin main chain yielded the C6 substituted cyclodextrin derivatives (CTS‐en‐CD). The structures of the products were characterized by FTIR and their crystallinity properties were studied by XRD. The thermal stability of the product was studied by TGA. The optimal conditions for nucleophilic substitution of CDen to 6‐OTs‐Chitin were evaluated and the highest substitution capacity of Chitin‐en‐CD was found to be 93.97 μmol/g. Substitution capacity of the corresponding CTS‐en‐CD was 128.68 mol/g, which is much higher than the literature value. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Miscibility in cyclic poly(butylene terephthalate) and styrene maleimide blends prepared by solid‐dispersion and in situ polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers within styrene maleimide
Authors: Samsudin Sani A. , Kukureka Stephen N. , Jenkins Mike J.
Published: April 2012

Blends of cyclic butylene terephthalate oligomers (CBT) and styrene maleimide (SMI) were prepared by a solid dispersion technique in various compositions ranging from 90 to 10 wt % of CBT. In situ polymerization of the oligomers in the blend at 190°C produced a blend of cyclic poly(butylene terephthalate) (c‐PBT) and SMI. The blends were characterized by a variety of techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the presence of 30 wt % and above of SMI impeded the crystallization of c‐PBT to such an extent that crystallization could not be detected under the conditions of the DSC experiment. The blend system exhibited a single composition‐dependent glass transition temperature (Tg), which indicated the presence of miscibility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Filling effect on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of PVAc/Co composites
Authors: Abdelaziz M.
Published: April 2012

Polyvinyl‐acetate/‐cobalt (PVAc/Co) composite films were prepared using a casting technique. The structural and physical properties were studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dielectric measurements, direct current magnetic susceptibility (χdc), and electron spin resonance (ESR). The XRD patterns revealed that the incorporation of Co particles increases the amorphization of PVAc and Co oxide formations. The DSC results suggest that the thermal properties obviously improved. Frequency and filler concentration dependence of the dielectric constant (ε′) and AC conductivity (σAC) were measured at room temperature in the frequency range 20 Hz to 3 MHz of pure PVAc and PVAc/Co composite films. The dielectric constant shows usual dielectric dispersion behavior. The dielectric constant and AC conductivity increased with the increase in Co content. The variation of σAC is attributed to hopping of polarons and bipolarons in the composites. The filling level dependence of the effective magnetic moment (μeff) has been evaluated. The ESR spectra exhibit a peak of an increasing depth as Co content increases. The control of thermal stability, dielectric and magnetic moment of the composites films is interesting for applications such as electric and magnetic sensors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Electron‐transporting semi‐rigid polyester‐imides made up of a tetracarboxdiimide of p‐terphenyl analogue of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole: Preparation, and thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties
Authors: Sato Moriyuki , Inata Mutsumi , Yamaguchi Isao
Published: April 2012

Electron‐transporting semi‐rigid polyester‐imides composed of a tetracarboxdiimide (2,5‐di(3,4‐dicarboxphthalimido)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole; DDPOD) of p‐terphenyl analogue of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole were successfully prepared by the melt polycondensation of a monomer, a dialcohol derivative of DDPOD, with four diesters in the presence of zinc acetate as a catalyst, and their thermal, UV–vis absorption, photoluminescent (PL) and electrochemical properties were examined. The structures of the resulting polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies and elemental analyses. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements, X‐ray diffraction analyses and polarizing microscope observations suggested that the polymers prepared from aliphatic diesters formed highly ordered thermotropic liquid crystalline smectic phases. The UV–vis and PL spectra in the solutions and in the films displayed that the obtained polymers showed absorption and bluish violet‐light emissions based on the DDPOD moiety. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that these polymers had more stable HOMO levels and were more sensitive to oxidation than polymers comprising electron‐accepting 2,5‐diphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole in the backbones. The DDPOD unit brought the extension of differences between electron‐injection and hole‐injection barriers in the polymers. It was found that the polymers containing the DDPOD unit in the main chains in this study not only showed bluish violet light‐emitting properties but also behaved as electron‐transporting materials for organic electroluminescent devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Pervaporation dehydration of water/ethanol/ethyl acetate mixtures using poly(vinyl alcohol)–silica hybrid membranes
Authors: Hu Wen Wei , Zhang Xiu Hua , Zhang Qiu Gen , Liu Qing Lin , Zhu Ai Mei
Published: April 2012

The novel organic–inorganic hybrid membranes were prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES). They were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle metering. The as‐prepared membranes are formed at a molecular scale at a low VTES content. Aggregations in the surface of the as‐prepared membranes were clearly evident above 18.43 wt % VTES loading. The introduction of VTES into the PVA matrix resulted in a decrease in the crystalline and an increase in compactness and thermal stability of the as‐prepared membranes. Silica hybridization reduced the swelling of the as‐prepared membranes in water/ethanol/ethyl acetate mixtures, decreased the permeation flux, and remarkably enhanced water permselectivity in pervaporation dehydration of ethanol/ethyl acetate aqueous solution. The hybrid membrane with 24.04 wt % VTES has the highest separation factor of 1079 and permeation flux of 540 g m−2h−1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Advice in spite of great uncertainty: assessing and addressing bycatch of small fishes with limited data using Stellifer illecebrosus as a case study
Authors: Foster S. J. , Vincent A.C.J.
Published: April 2012

Tropical shrimp trawlers mostly catch small fish species as bycatch, and commitments to ecosystem‐based management and food supply demand adjustment of such bycatch to sustainable levels. Pragmatic ways to assess and address the impact of nonselective fishing practices on small fishes need to be found, especially given the limited knowledge of their life histories, population dynamics, and ecology.

The use of matrix models for understanding and mitigating such impacts is explored using a small fish,Stellifer illecebrosus(silver stardrum) in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico, as a case study.

A deterministic matrix model, populated with vital rates generated through six months of fisheries‐dependent sampling, was used to estimate the rate of population growth for the species, conduct elasticity analyses to see which vital rates have greatest relative effects on population growth, test the sensitivity of model outcomes to uncertainties in life history parameters, mortality rates and the number of age classes modelled, and explore potential mitigation tools.

Despite great uncertainty regarding the impact of industrial shrimp trawling onS. illecebrosus, principally due to uncertainty in mortality rates but also in other life history parameters, the matrix model was still useful in indicating that any precautionary management should focus on increasing the survival of younger age classes. This could be achieved with trawl closures where smaller fish live.

The study demonstrates the importance of understanding age‐based changes in vital rates to the predictions of matrix models; estimated population growth rates were most uncertain when all mature individuals were assumed to contribute equally to recruitment. But nevertheless, the study supports claims that deterministic matrix models may be useful for conservation and management where life history parameters can only be estimated crudely.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive Toxicity Assessment of Sunitinib, A Multitargeted Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Coburn Aleasha M. , Cappon Gregg D. , Bowman Christopher J. , Stedman Donald B. , Patyna Shem
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND

Sunitinib (SUTENT, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY) is a multitargeted inhibitor of selected receptor tyrosine kinases, which produces an antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effect by blocking pathways fundamental to tumor growth and survival. We investigated the effects of sunitinib on male and female fertility and early embryonic development in the rat.

METHODS

In the female fertility and early embryonic development phase, untreated males were paired with treated females dosed at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg/day from 14 days premating, through mating, to gestation day 7. In the male fertility phase, the same males were then treated 58 days at doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day, mated with untreated females, with continued daily dosing for a total of 74 days.

RESULTS

There was no systemic toxicity‐ or treatment‐related effects on fertility in female rats. Females exposed at 5 mg/kg/day had an increase in the number of early resorptions with associated decrease in viable embryos. In the males, body weight and food consumption were decreased at 10 mg/kg/day compared to the controls. Male reproductive capacity, as assessed by copulation, fertility, and conception indices, was not impacted at any dose level. Sperm morphology, concentration, and motility were also unaffected by treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no effects on male reproduction. An increase in corpora lutea and an increase in early resorptions with associated reduction in viable embryos was noted in the females dosed 5 mg/kg/day. Sunitinib at doses up to 1.5 and 10 mg/kg/day had no effects on female and male reproduction, respectively.
Process analytical technology: a critical view of the chemometricians
Authors: Pomerantsev Alexey L. , Rodionova Oxana Ye.
Published: April 2012

The role of chemometrics in process analytical technology (PAT) solutions development is presented in the review on the basis of publications from 1993 to 2011. Main areas of application, stages of implementation, instruments, and chemometric methods used for the PAT implementations are reviewed. Generally speaking, PAT is considered to be an approach applicable not only in pharmaceutical industry but also in any production area such as food industry and biotechnology. PAT is claimed to be a new flexible manufacturing concept that accounts for variability and adapts the process to fit it. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Observation of the Highest Coordination Number in Planar Species: Decacoordinated Ta©B10‐ and Nb©B10‐ Anions.
Authors: Galeev Timur R. , Romanescu Constantin , Li Wei‐Li , Wang Lai‐Sheng , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: April 2012

TaB10‐ and NbB10‐ clusters are produced in a laser‐vaporization supersonic molecular beam cluster source and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterizations of Quaternary Cu2FeSnS4 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Yan Chang , Huang Chun , Yang Jia , Liu Fangyang , Liu Jin , Lai Yanqing , Li Jie , Liu Yexiang
Published: April 2012

Quaternary tetragonal Cu2FeSnS4 nanocrystals are prepared by injecting a solution of elemental sulfur in oleylamine into an oleylamine solution containing Cu(acac)2, Fe(acac)2, and SnCl2 at 280 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis of Na1‐xLixMgH3 Perovskite Hydrides.
Authors: Martinez‐Coronado R. , Sanchez‐Benitez J. , Retuerto M. , Fernandez‐Diaz M. T. , Alonso J. A.
Published: April 2012

Title hydrides with x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5 are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of MgH2, NaH, and LiH (gold capsule, 2 GPa, 750 °C, <1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycles by Condensation, Cyclization, Dipolar Cycloaddition Cascade of α‐Benzenesulfonyl and α‐Phenylthio Substituted Aldehydes.
Authors: Coldham Iain , Burrell Adam J. M. , Watson Luke , Oram Niall , Martin Nathaniel
Published: April 2012

The reaction sequence leading from aldehydes (I), (VII), and (X) to tricyclic products (III), (VIII), and (XI) involves condensation to an intermediate oxime, followed by cyclization to an intermediate nitrone, and subsequent intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Cyanamides.
Authors: Stolley Ryan M. , Guo Wenxing , Louis Janis
Published: April 2012

The process can be successfully applied to various aryl halides, especially bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Catalyzed Reductive Esterification of a Carboxylic Acid: Sequential Preparation of an Ester and Symmetrical Ether.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Usui Yuta , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo
Published: April 2012

Reductive dimerization of aliphatic carboxylic acids with triethylsilane in the presence of InBr3—H2SO4 catalyst provides access towards carboxylic esters (II) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric C—S Bond Formation: Synthesis of α‐Methylene‐β‐mercapto Esters with Simple Alkyl Thiols.
Authors: Lin Aijun , Mao Haibin , Zhu Xi , Ge Huiming , Tan Renxiang , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: April 2012

A highly efficient asymmetric reaction of Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates (I) and (IV) with alkyl mercaptans (II) is achieved in the presence of MgSO4 and (DHQD)2‐PHAL as organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Tin‐Free, Radical Photocatalyzed Addition to Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Ravelli Davide , Montanaro Sara , Zema Michele , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: April 2012

Radical addition of aldehydes, amides, ethers or cycloalkanes towards vinyl sulfones is readily achieved via photoinduced C—H bond activation of aldehydes, amides, ethers and cycloalkanes in the presence of tetrabutylammonium decatungstate.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Anilines by Employing Aqueous Ammonia.
Authors: Zeng Xin , Huang Wenming , Qiu Yatao , Jiang Sheng
Published: April 2012

The catalyst system shows great functional group tolerance and excellent reaction selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroamination of 1,1‐Dimethylallene with Primary Aryl Amines under Mild Conditions: An Atom‐Economical Route to N‐(1,1‐Dimethyl‐2‐propenyl)‐anilines.
Authors: Beck John F. , Schmidt Joseph A. R.
Published: April 2012

A novel Pd‐catalyst is applied to the title reaction to give allylamine products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Switch in the Regiochemistry of the Iodination of Anilines by N‐Iodosuccinimide: Synthesis of 1,2‐Dichloro‐3,4‐diiodobenzene.
Authors: Shen Hao , Vollhardt K. Peter C.
Published: April 2012

Reactions of aniline derivatives can be controlled by the conditions to yield either p‐ or o‐iodinated products preferentially.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical N,N′‐Disubstituted Thioureas and Ureas over MgO in dry Media.
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Dinparast Leila
Published: April 2012

The presented approach can be regarded as green chemistry due to the absence of solvent, simple work‐up, short reaction times and good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐ and Cu‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions Using 2‐(4,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐imidazo‐2‐yl)phenol as a Versatile Phosphine‐Free Ligand.
Authors: Haneda Satoshi , Sudo Kazuhiko , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: April 2012

Phthalimide is also applicable to the Cu‐catalyzed N‐cyclopropylation with cyclopropylboronic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Diversity of the Three‐Component Reactions of N‐Benzylbenzimidazolium Salts, Aromatic Aldehydes, and Active Methylene Compounds.
Authors: Hui Li , Jin Yu‐Xiu , Wang Jin‐Xiu , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: April 2012

Reaction of N‐benzyl‐benzimidazolium bromides, prepared in situ, with cyclic diones of type (I) or (VI) and aldehydes allows access to various novel zwitterionic salts in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Sulfur‐Assisted Carbonylation of Diaminoresorcinol with Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Mizuno Takumi , Nakai Takeo , Mihara Masatoshi , Ito Takatoshi
Published: April 2012

The compound (III) is the stable equivalent to the instable compound (I), which is a raw material of ZYLON.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Effects in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of N‐Alkyl and N‐Benzyl Nitrones with Dipolarophiles.
Authors: Badoiu Andrei , Kuendig E. Peter
Published: April 2012

The title reaction gives access to N‐alkyl‐ and N‐benzyl‐substituted isoxazolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct N‐Alkylation of Amino‐Azoles with Alcohols Catalyzed by an Iridium Complex/Base System
Authors: Li Feng , Shan Haixia , Chen Lin , Kang Qikai , Zou Po
Published: April 2012

A complete regioselective, efficient, simple, and general method for the synthesis of the compounds (III), (VI), and (VIII) is developed only yielding water as side product.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Chalcogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 35. Rapid One‐Pot Versatile Preparation of 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles by Highly Efficient Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Inorganic Base‐Free Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Sashida Haruki , Kaname Mamoru
Published: April 2012

2‐Chlorophenyl isocyanate can be treated with piperidine to form (IIIa), but does not react with Et2NH to form (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Reaction of Enals with Unactivated Enones: Substituent Effect on the Formation of 1:1 and 1:2 Adducts.
Authors: Takaki Ken , Shiraishi Kazuhiro , Okinaga Kosuke , Takahashi Shintaro , Komeyama Kimihiro
Published: April 2012

Imidazole carbene catalyzed reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with unactivated enones gives two kinds of pyranones, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Intramolecular Biaryl Coupling Reaction of a Phenyl Benzoate Derivative for the Synthesis of Graphislactone G.
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Matsukihira Takuya , Fukumoto Tomoko , Horino Yoshikazu , Takeuchi Yasuo , Harayama Takashi
Published: April 2012

Compound (I) affords (II) in high regioselectivity in a Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: New Condensed Indoline Bis‐Spiropyrans.
Authors: Samsoniya Sh. A. , Trapaidze M. V. , Nikoleishvili N. N. , Japaridze K. G. , Maisuradze J. P. , Kazmaier U.
Published: April 2012

Bis‐spiro compounds (I)—(III) are obtained via a general three‐stage synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Stereodefined 3,4‐Disubstituted Piperidines Through Rearrangement of 2‐(2‐Bromo‐1,2‐dimethylethyl)azetidines.
Authors: Mollet Karen , Broeckx Leen , D'hooghe Matthias , de Kimpe Norbert
Published: April 2012

Azetidines (IV), synthesized by monochloroalane reduction of β‐lactams (III), constitute suitable building blocks for the synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Assisted L‐Proline Catalyzed Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Azo‐Linked Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Nikpassand Mohammad , Zare Leila , Saberi Maryam
Published: April 2012

Compared to established thermal approaches, the yields are improved and the reaction times are significantly shortened.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoquinuclidine by Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,2‐Dihydropyridine and Chiral Dienophile Utilizing a Chiral Lewis Acid.
Authors: Seki Chigusa , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

The asymmetric Diels—Alder reaction of (I) with chiral dienophiles (II) in the presence of a chiral Lewis acid affords the chiral adducts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Pinacol Boronates for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Pyrimidines.
Authors: Asano Shigehiro , Kamioka Seiji , Isobe Yoshiaki
Published: April 2012

The Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of heteroaryl chlorides with aryl or heteroaryl pinacol boronates, including the challenging five‐membered 2‐heteroaryl ones is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene‐fused and 2,4‐Dimethyl‐7,12‐methano‐3H‐cyclohepta[10]annulen‐3‐one‐fused 10H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]perimidin‐10‐ones.
Authors: Kuroda Shigeyasu , Matsumoto Naoko , Zhang Yanmei , Abe Takako , Horino Yoshikazu , Fujiwara Yurie , Oda Mitsunori
Published: April 2012

Title compounds (VII) and (VIII) are prepared via condensation of anhydrides with diaminonaphthalene (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity Control in the Addition of N,N′‐Dialkylated 1,n‐Diamines to Activated Skipped Diynes: Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic 1,4‐Diazepanes and 1,5‐Diazocanes.
Authors: Lopez‐Tosco Sara , Tejedor David , Gonzalez‐Platas Javier , Garcia‐Tellado Fernando
Published: April 2012

A novel protocol for the synthesis of a new family of furodiazepine and ‐diazocine derivatives (IV) is developed using a metal‐free domino reaction of tertiary skipped diynes (I) with N,N‐dialkylated diamines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidant‐Controlled Stereoselectivity in the Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Oxidation of cis‐Vinylsilanes.
Authors: Check Christopher T. , Henderson William H. , Wray Brenda C. , Vanden Eynden Matthew J. , Stambuli James P.
Published: April 2012

In the presence of benzoquinone, the title reaction provides branched, trans‐vinylsilanes of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐ and β‐Enamido Phosphonates: Rhodium(I)/Monodentate Phosphoramidite Catalyst.
Authors: Zhang Jinzhu , Li Yang , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: April 2012

A Rh—monodentate phosphoramidite complex efficiently catalyzes the asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐enamido phosphonates (I), (III), (V) and (VII) to give the corresponding α‐aminophosphonates in excellent enantioselectivities (88 up to <99% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Synthesis of 1‐Hydroxy‐1,1‐bis(phosphonic acid)s Starting from the Corresponding Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Egorov Maxim , Aoun Sameh , Padrines Marc , Redini Francoise , Heymann Dominique , Lebreton Jacques , Mathe‐Allainmat Monique
Published: April 2012

The amount of catecholborane as intermediate complexing agent and of the phosphorylation reagent has to be increased with the presence of additional hydroxyl or amino groups which need no special protection/deprotection procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Unsaturated Alcohols. Mild and Efficient Selenocyclization of Pent‐4‐en‐1‐ol.
Authors: Rvocic Marina , Divac Vera M. , Radenkovic Ninko , Bugarcic Zorica M.
Published: April 2012

Alternatively to PhSeCl, PhSeBr can be used as cyclization agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Synthesis of Sceletium Alkaloids (.+‐.)‐Mesembrine and (.+‐.)‐Mesembranol.
Authors: Honda Toshio , Arai Hironobu , Yamamoto Naoshi , Takahashi Kazunori
Published: April 2012

The Mozoroki—Heck reaction is used to synthesize spirolactone (II) which can be transformed to mesembrine or mesembranol via a known sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of the New Furo[3,2‐h]isoquinoline Alkaloids TMC‐120B and TMC‐120A, and Their Inhibitory Activities Against IFN‐γ and IL‐4 Production.
Authors: Choshi Tominari , Kumemura Teppei , Fujioka Haruto , Hieda Yuhzo , Hibino Satoshi
Published: April 2012

Compounds (VII) and (VIII) exhibit selective inhibition of IFN‐γ production compared with IL‐4 production.
ChemInform Abstract: ESM of Ionic and Electrochemical Phenomena on the Nanoscale
Authors: Kalinin Sergei , Kumar Amit , Balke Nina , McCorkle Morgan , Guo Senli , Arruda Thomas , Jesse Stephen
Published: April 2012

Review: ESM: electrochemical strain microscopy, a scanning probe microscopy technique; 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Properties of Metal Oxide Clusters in Non‐Traditional Oxidation States
Authors: Mann Jennifer E. , Mayhall Nicholas J. , Jarrold Caroline Chick
Published: April 2012

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis of the Englerins
Authors: Pouwer Rebecca H. , Richard Jean‐Alexandre , Tseng Chih‐Chung , Chen David Y.‐K.
Published: April 2012

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Membered Ring Systems
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro
Published: April 2012

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Finnegan Tetrazole Synthesis
Authors: Curran Timothy T.
Published: April 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fischer Oxazole Synthesis
Authors: Maklad Noha
Published: April 2012

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gabriel—Heine Aziridine Isomerization
Authors: Richter Jeremy M.
Published: April 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Membered Ring Systems
Authors: Bergmeier Stephen C. , Lapinsky David J.
Published: April 2012

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Squaraine Dyes in PDT: From Basic Design to in vivo Demonstration
Authors: Avirah Rekha R. , Jayaram Dhanya T. , Adarsh Nagappanpillai , Ramaiah Danaboyina
Published: April 2012

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Based Composites
Authors: Huang Xiao , Qi Xiaoying , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua
Published: April 2012

Review: 279 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Far‐Ultraviolet Spectroscopy in the Solid and Liquid States
Authors: Ozaki Yukihiro , Morisawa Yusuke , Ikehata Akifumi , Higashi Noboru
Published: April 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Excited‐State Deactivation in Organic Chromophores and Biologically Relevant Molecules: Role of Electron and Proton Transfer Processes
Authors: Sobolewski Andrzej L. , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

Review: 108 refs.
Cardiac Sarcoid: A Clinician's Review on How to Approach the Patient With Cardiac Sarcoid
Authors: Mantini Nicholas , Williams Jr. Byron , Stewart Jim , Rubinsztain Leon , Kacharava Andro
Published: April 2012

Cardiac sarcoid is an infiltrative, granulomatous disease of the myocardium. It is more prevalent entity than once believed, especially subclinical disease. It affects heart mechanics causing ventricular failure, and disrupts the cardiac electrical system leading to third degree heart block, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. This makes early diagnosis and treatment of this devastating disease essential. Based on reviewed literature this paper proposes step‐wise diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidoisis who do or do not have prior history of systemic sarcoidosis. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21982

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.

Special thanks to Dr. Maziar Zafari for his help with the editing process.