bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF QUALITY OF INFORMATION OF DRUGS ON ANDROID-BASED INDIAN ONLINE PHARMACY APPLICATIONS: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
Authors: PERVEEN SHAIKH SANA , SURVE SHWETA , RP NERURKAR
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The objectives of the study were as follows: 1) To analyze the completeness of drug-related information of various Indian pharmacy online android applications and its readability. 2)To analyze the ease of availability of drugs and barriers to access them on these apps.

Methods: A total of five popular pharmacy android apps in India (1mg, Netmeds, MedPlus, Pharmeasy, and Medikova) were chosen to analyze the prescribing information (PI) regarding five drugs, metformin, atenolol, ranitidine, ibuprofen, and alprazolam. Display of PI in these apps was compared with standard sources, i.e., National Formulary of India, Current Index of Medical Specialties, and package inserts of respective drugs. Drug-related information under 11 categories (indication, dose, contraindications, adverse events, etc.) was analyzed in these apps as complete/ incomplete. Readability of information was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES). These five drugs were ordered from all the apps to know the exact process to access them.

Results: Categories such as indication and dose were mentioned in most apps. While, precautions and adverse events were given for few drugs in few apps. Least score was for categories like precautions in special population. FRES was minimum in Pharmeasy (30.82) and maximum in MedPlus (70.51). Valid prescriptions were demanded by all apps while one app had the facility of providing prescription from their own consultant. Only one app provided “Ask a Pharmacist” option.

Conclusion: We found lots of inconsistency in the information provided by these apps. Our results are based on only five apps and provide a framework for future studies to scrutinize online apps.
IN VITRO SCREENING OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIAGING POTENTIAL OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT
Authors: GARG CHANCHAL , SINGH RAVINDER , GARG MUNISH
Published: May 2020

Objective: The present study was designed to screen the anti-aging and anti-wrinkle potential of Cucumis sativus fruit through in vitro estimation of antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase/anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and anti-tyrosinase activity.

Methods: Raw juice of cucumber was taken, filtered and fractionated with ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The obtained extracts were then evaluated for their antioxidant potential through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay taking ascorbic acid as positive control and other enzymatic activities in reference to hyaluronidase inhibition, MMP-1/collagenase inhibition, and elastase inhibition taking catechin as reference standard whereas for tyrosinase inhibition the standard used was quercetin.

Results: All the evaluations were performed in triplicates and results were noted down. It was observed that aqueous extract of C. sativus fruits showed a maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.0001), half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at a concentration of 122.67 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. sativus fruits exhibited maximum hyaluronidase (p<0.0001), MMP-1/collagenase (p<0.04), and tyrosinase (p<0.04) inhibitory activity, IC50 at a concentration of 59.54, 45.79, and 24.46 μg/ml, respectively. The elastase (p<0.0001) inhibitory activity by n-butanol fraction of C. sativus fruits extract was maximum, IC50 at a concentration of 52.76 μg/ml.

Conclusion: A potent anti-aging and anti-wrinkle properties were well demonstrated by C. sativus, as depicted from the results obtained.
ACHATINA FULICA MUCUS ATTENUATES ULTRAVIOLET B-INDUCED FIBROBLAST PHOTOAGING THROUGH REDUCING INFLAMMATION, ANGIOGENESIS, AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE
Authors: NURYANA CH. TRI , MUBARIKA SOFIA , WIROHADIDJOJO YOHANES WIDODO , ARFIAN NUR , DEVI AYU MARA PUTU MEGA ADITYA , FAIZ HUWAIDI AHMAD
Published: May 2020

Objective: This study aimed to observe the effects of Achatina fulica mucus (AFM) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced fibroblast photoaging by assessing monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3, and MMP-12 mRNA expressions.

Methods: Cell cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) were divided into six groups: Group 1 was normal fibroblasts without UVB irradiation as normal control and Groups 2–5 consisted of 100 mJ/cm2 UVB-induced aged fibroblasts. Group 2 had no treatment as negative control, Group 3 was treated by platelet-rich plasma 10% as positive control group, and Groups 4–6 were treated by various concentrations of AFM (3.9 μl, 15.625 μl, and 62.5 μl). The MCP-1, VEGF, MMP-3, and MMP-12 mRNA expressions in the different NHDF groups were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The mRNA expressions of MCP-1, VEGF, MMP-3, and MMP-12 in the AFM group compared to the UVB group decreased 8, 5, 5, and 4 folds, respectively. AF62 exhibited the highest improvement among the other AFM-treated groups.

Conclusion: AFM treatment attenuates UVB-induced fibroblasts photoaging by reducing inflammation, angiogenesis, and matrix metalloproteinases.
Β-SITOSTEROL: ISOLATION FROM MUNTINGIA CALABURA LINN BARK EXTRACT, STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES AS POTENTIAL INHIBITOR OF SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (COVID-19)
Authors: CHAUDHARI RAKESH N , L.KHAN SHARUK , CHAUDHARY RAVINDRA S , JAIN SHIRISH P , SIDDUQUI FALAK A
Published: May 2020

Objecive: A novel human coronavirus (HCoV), labelled as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), causing pneumonia is spreading around the world. At present, there are no specific treatments for COVID-19. β-sitosterol is well known for its multiple biological actions. The aim of this research is to isolate and study binding affinity of β-sitosterol for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) main protease (Mpro).

Methods: Extraction and Column chromatography was performed to isolate the β-sitosterol from n-hexane extract of Muntingia calabura bark followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), HPTLC, FTIR and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies were performed on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro to determine the binding affinity of the β-sitosterol by using PyRx Virtual Screening Tool.

Results: In present study, preliminary phytochemical screening showed presence of carbohydrate, steroid, terpenoid and flavonoid compounds. Total 115 fractions were collected from column chromatography by using benzene as solvent by isocratic elution technique. HPTLC Fingerprinting analysis showed the presence of β-sitosterol under 366 nm. FTIR characterization was performed of the same fraction which clearly gives the absorption peaks which resembles to β-sitosterol structure.

Conclusion: The overall study concludes this method can be considered as a standard method for isolation of β-sitosterol from Muntingia calabura bark. Favipiravir have less binding affinity i.e. -5.7 kcal/mol than β-sitosterol which has -6.9 kcal/mol. The no. of hydrogen bonds formed by the Favipiravir is much more i.e. 04 than β-sitosterol which formed only 01 hydrogen bond with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
Medios de comunicación y medio ambiente en México
Authors: Martínez Garza Francisco Javier
Published: May 2020

Considerando que los medios de comunicación contribuyen para que los ciudadanos participen con actitud positiva, en la mejora de las condiciones medioambientales, el trabajo se planteó como objetivo principal, identificar las características que distinguen la información relacionada con el medio ambiente, tal y como se difundió en México, en cinco medios de comunicación durante los años 2015, 2016 y 2017.

El estudio, realizado con la técnica del análisis de contenido cuantitativo, incluyó las noticias y reportajes relacionados con el medio ambiente, presentados en los periódicos Excélsior y El Norte y en los telediarios nocturnos de TV Azteca, Televisa y Canal 11. La muestra, incluyó el análisis de una semana construida aleatoriamente, por cada uno de los años.  

Los resultados refieren que en México los medios de comunicación, sobre todo, las televisoras, se han olvidado de participar a la sociedad de los temas orientados a participar de la conservación del medio ambiente. Sin embargo, sí suelen prestar una atención especial al tema, cuando se trata de un evento al cual por sus características se le puede añadir cierta dosis de espectacularidad (incendios, inundaciones, muertes, etc.).

Los contenidos medioambientales en los medios mexicanos, además de limitados, carecen de diversidad, tanto en los temas como en los actores o las fuentes a las que recurren. A lo anterior, habría que añadir el poco compromiso que manifiestan para promover entre sus lectores o su público, una cultura social orientada a conservar y preservar el medio ambiente.
QUAL A COR DA SUA REVOLTA? NA FRANÇA, OS COLETES SÃO AMARELOS! EXERCÍCIO ANALÍTICO DA DIMENSÃO POLÍTICO-ESPACIAL DE UM MOVIMENTO SOCIAL
Authors: Da Costa Gomes Paulo Cesar
Published: May 2020

Trata-se de uma análise dos componentes político-espaciais do recente movimento social dos Coletes Amarelos (gilets jaunes), ocorrido na França. São objeto de exame a estrutura espacial do movimento, suas relações com a arquitetura das redes sociais e as questões da organização e da prática política, sobretudo pela forma sobre a qual se apresentam nos espaços públicos.Palavras-chave: espaços públicos; movimentos sociais; violência; política. What is the color of your revolt? In France, the vests are yellow! Analytical exercise of the political-spatial dimension of a social movementAbstract: The article deals with a analysis of the political-spatial components of the social movement of Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes), which recently occurred in France. The spatial structure of the movement, its relations with the social networks frame, and the questions of organization and political practice are examined, especially in the way they are presented in public spaces.Keywords: public spaces; social movements; violence; politics. ¿De qué color es tu revuelta? En Francia, los chalecos son amarillos! Ejercicio analítico de la dimensión político-espacial de un movimiento social.Resumen: El artículo trata sobre un análisis de los componentes político-espaciales del movimiento social de los Chalecos Amarillos (Gilets Jaunes), que se produjo recientemente en Francia. Se examinan la estructura espacial del movimiento, sus relaciones con el marco de las redes sociales y las cuestiones de organización y práctica política, especialmente en la forma en que se presentan en los espacios públicos.Palabras clave: espacios públicos; movimientos sociales; violencia; política.
SENDEROS DE LA GEOGRAFÍA CULTURAL
Authors: Hernández Cordero Adrián
Published: May 2020

CAMINHOS DA GEOGRAFIA CULTURALResumo: O presente artigo pretende reflexionar sobre as trajetórias da geografia cultural, um ramo da Geografia Humana que surgiu no início do século XX e tem sido muito importante, especialmente no mundo anglo-saxão. Dentro desse contexto, refletimos sobre a concepção de cultura desenvolvida em vários momentos, passando de uma abordagem materialista e estática a uma abordagem intangível e dinâmica. Desta forma, uma mudança de direção foi gerada na maneira de entender a relação entre espaço e sociedade.Palavras-chave: Geografia humana, espaço, cultura, teoria social. TRAILS OF CULTURAL GEOGRAPHYAbstract: The aim of the present article is to analyse the trajectories of the Cultural Geography. It is a recent branch of Human Geography which started to develop in the beginnings of XX century and had gained a lot of popularity since then, especially in the Anglo-Saxon context. The paper reviews the diachronic development of the concept of culture in the field of the Cultural Geography. The document highlights the transition from a materialist and static approach to a dynamic and intangible one which has caused a transformation in the way of understanding the relation between space and society.Keywords: standard-years classification; standard-months classification; rainy days; rainfall variability. Resumen: El artículo tiene como finalidad reflexionar sobre las trayectorias de la geografía cultural. Una rama joven de la Geografía Humana, que surgió a principios del siglo XX y que ha tenido un encumbramiento en la disciplina, sobre todo en el ámbito anglosajón.  En este sentido, se reflexiona sobre la concepción de la cultura que ha desarrollado la geografía cultural en diversos momentos, transitando de un enfoque materialista y estático hacia otro intangible y dinámico. De este modo, se generó un cambio de dirección en la forma de comprender la relación espacio y sociedad.Palabras-clave: Geografía humana, espacio, cultura, teoría social.
Seçimli Lazer Ergitme İle Ti6Al4V ELI Alaşımından Üretilen Trabeküler Metal Yapıların Basma Ve Basma-Kayma Dayanımlarının İncelenmesi
Authors: BALCI Arif , AYCAN Mehmet Fatih , USTA Yusuf , DEMİR Teyfik
Published: May 2020

Üretildiği malzemenin dayanım, biyolojik ve yorulma gibi özelliklerini kullanım alanına uygun olarak şartlandırabilen gözenekli yapılara ortopedi alanında özellikle onarıcı biyomedikal ürün üretimi için gereksinim duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Dolu malzemelerin kemik ile dayanım farkının fazla olması sonucu ortaya çıkan gerilme kalkanı etkisi biyomedikal ürün kaybına sebep olmaktadır. Eklemeli imalat yöntemlerinin sağladığı avantaj sayesinde gözenekli malzemeler koşullara uygun olarak tasarlanabilmekte veya doğal yapıya sahip geometrilerin kopyalanması ile üretim yapılabilmektedir. Literatürün genelinde yer alan tasarlanabilir birim hücre geometrilerinin üretilebilirliği ve dayanımı hakkındaki çalışmaların aksine yapılan çalışmada koyuna ait femur ve vertebra bölgelerinden alınan trabeküler kemiklerin Mikro-CT ile kopyalanması sonucu elde edilen geometriler Ti6Al4V ELI alaşımından seçimli lazer ergitme (SLE) metodu ile üretilmiştir. Yapılan üretimlerin basma ve basma-kayma dayanımları incelenmiştir. Destek yapılar kullanılmadan yapılan üretim sonrası karşılaşılabilecek üretim değişimleri göz önünde bulundurularak trabeküler yapının üretiminde 1:1, 1:1,10 ve 1:1,20 ölçekli geometriler kullanılmıştır. Yapılan basma testleri sonucunda elastisite modül femur numunelerinde ortalama 3±0,25 GPa ve vertebra numunelerinde 2±0,15 GPa olarak elde edilmiş olup analizlerin deney sonuçları ile uyumluluğunun yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında üretilen trabeküler metal yapının biyomedikal ürünlerde kullanılması durumunda sahip olduğu düşük elastisite modül değerleriyle gerilme kalkanı etkisini azaltacağı ve doğal kemik geometrisi avantajı ile kemiğin içe doğru büyüme davranışını destekleyeceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Sol-Jel Yöntemiyle IGZO Partiküllerin Üretimi, Peletlenmesi ve Karakterizasyonu
Authors: YILDIRIM Serdar
Published: May 2020

Yüksek elektron mobilitesi, düşük eşik gerilimi ve kaplama sonrası şeffaf özellik gösteren İndiyum Galyum Çinko Oksit (InGaZnO4, IGZO) malzemesi ekran teknolojilerinde artan bir ivmeyle kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada sol-jel yöntemi kullanılarak IGZO partikülleri başarılı bir şekilde üretildi. Sentezlenen tozlar 1100 ve 1250 °C ‘de kalsine edildi. Benzer şekilde tozlardan üretilen peletlere farklı sinterleme sıcaklıklarında ısıl işlem uygulandı. Sentezlenen partiküllerin ve peletlerin yüzey morfolojisi ve partikül boyutu, kristal ve faz yapısı, kimyasal kompozisyonu ve termal davranışları sırasıyla taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), X-ışınları kırınımı (XRD), X-ışını fotoelektron spektroskopisi (XPS) ve Diferansiyel Termal Analiz-Termogravimetrik Analiz (DTA-TGA) cihazları ile gerçekleştirildi. Faz analizi sonucu tamamen kristalin InGaZnO4 fazı elde edildi. 12 saat boyunca 1300 oC ‘de sinterlenen IGZO peletlerin bağıl yoğunluğu, %93 olarak belirlenmiş olup, yüksek IGZO kristal yapısı ve büyük tane boyutu göstermiştir. Çalışmamda geliştirilen IGZO partikülleri ve peletler elektronik cihazların uygulanmasında kullanılan yüksek kaliteli hedef malzemeler için potansiyele sahiptir.
Det sovande landet. Sibirien i rysk historia, kultur och geografi
Authors: Heuer Torben
Published: May 2020

Abstract: The Sleeping Country. Siberia in Russian History, Culture and GeographyTorben Heuer (lecturer in Russian language and culture, formerly affiliated with Aarhus University) reviews Det sovande landet. Sibirien i rysk historia, kultur och geografi (The Sleeping Country. Siberia in Russian History, Culture and Geography) written by Margareta Attius Sohlman.
'A 'good death': the life and times of an experimental Neolithic house and its reception in the village of Nebelivka, Co. Kirovograd, Ukraine
Authors: Gaydarska Bisserka , Chapman John , Nebbia Marco , Johnston Stuart
Published: May 2020

Thousands of archaeological fieldwork projects must have stories about the interactions between their host village and the Project, although such accounts rarely make it to publication. The Anglo-Ukrainian Trypillia Megasites Project differs from many others in that we developed a closer relationship than usual with the villagers of Nebelivka, Ukraine, largely because of an experimental house-building and -burning operation that involved a number of villagers, from young reed- and hazel withy-collectors to the village Mayor. In this article, we weave together the different threads of actions, decisions, agendas and attitudes of the different stakeholders (team, villagers, politicians, journalists, other villagers, conference delegates etc.) in respect of the Project's experimental programme, focussing on the day of the house-burning, with its spectacular multi-sensory results. In conclusion, we reflect upon the application of the question 'what is a good death?' to a prehistoric house, taking into consideration the varied views of the participants on this question.
Review: Public Archaeology and Climate Change
Authors: Huisman Floor
Published: May 2020

Edited by Tom Dawson, Courtney Nimura, Elís López-Romero and Marie-Yvane DaireOxbow Books, 2017978-1-78570-704-9185 pages
Utopophobia
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that even if it is true that a person who would not succeed at some aim even if they tried, lacks the ability to achieve that aim, this fails to show that people who cannot bring themselves to do it cannot do it. While that may be so in some special cases, it is not true in the central cases of motives of strong self-interest or partiality. To that end, the chapter begins with a focus on the question of likelihood or probability. It considers if it is a requirement of justice refuted if its achievement is sufficiently unlikely. From there, the chapter turns to a certain class of conditional analyses of when a person is able to do something.
Concessive Requirement
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that even though there is a part of the broad topic of justice that speaks to our morally flawed condition, that does not rule out the possibility of a higher aspect of justice, with genuine requirements, which count our actual and expectable realistic conditions as unjust even if there is little chance that this will be overcome. In short: there are moral standards even in the space of moral violation. If so, then, contrary to a certain kind of (overly) realistic view, our requirement not to build certain idealistic institutions because we would not sufficiently comply with them does not preclude there being a superordinate requirement that we build them and comply with them. Here, the chapter follows common patterns of language which can be considered actualist formulations. However, the chapter does not take a stance either for or against actualism.
The Puzzle of Plural Obligation
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with plural obligation. Here, the idea of Prime Requirement, upon which the idea of Prime Justice depends, is committed to there being such a thing as a moral requirement of some kind over multiple agents even where they are not a group agent, and even apart from whether any of those agents is thereby under any moral obligation. For that reason, the puzzle of plural obligation is an important challenge. The chapter emphasizes that the problem does not arise particularly from the idea of Prime Justice, or from its being a high, or nonconcessive, or unrealistic standard, but is entirely independent of those features. The problem arises for the very idea of social justice: if requirements of justice—be they idealistic or concessive—require members of society to do or refrain from certain things, the puzzle of plural obligation raises its head, since their all acting that way is not something that any agent can perform.
Progress, Perfection, and Practice
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers several ways in which idealistic theories of justice could have value for practice. There are two main points in the chapter. First, it is important not to foreclose the possibility of unbelievable moral progress. Second, even if the only value of a theory of justice were as a guide to social choice, in which case all we ultimately need from a theory of justice is comparative rankings of realistic possibilities, it does not follow that a practically adequate theory of justice could be developed without the idea of full social justice. Indeed, it could not even be developed without a theoretical incorporation of unrealistic, idealistic standards of justice.
Countervailing Deviation
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores a second way in which understanding an ideal or valuable arrangement might be thought to be practically valuable even if it is not to be attained, sought, or approximated. The first, that the ideal gives a structural ideal that is to be approximated, faces important limitations owing to the fallacy of approximation. But there is a second appeal to the ideal (and also to partial ideals) and the chapter emphasizes its promise. This happens also to be another way in which the fallacy of approximation can be illuminating in political philosophy. To begin with, we can bring the fallacy of approximation to bear on thinking about realistic practical political settings. Herbert Marcuse exemplifies the point in the context of what he calls “pure tolerance,” which the chapter stylizes slightly as the context of broad viewpoint—neutral freedom of expression.
Introduction
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Puritanism. To its parent, the Puritan movement owed the ambition to become the state-endorsed version of Christianity in England and Scotland. Theological principle lay at the heart of this ambition. On both sides of the Protestant–Catholic divide, theologians and civic leaders agreed that true religion could be readily defined. All others were false—entirely false or perhaps only in part. Either way, defending true religion against its enemies was crucial. Were error to overtake truth, vast numbers of people would never receive or understand the gospel promise of unmerited grace. Almost as crucial was a second principle, that God empowered godly kings or, as was also said, the “Christian prince,” to use the powers of the civil state in behalf of true religion. In early modern Britain and subsequently in early New England, Puritans took both of these assumptions for granted. A third principle concerned the nature of the church. Its role on earth was as a means of grace for all of humankind, a role complicated by the doctrine that only the faithful few would eventually be included within the gospel promise of salvation. Because the Puritan movement took a strong stand on the Bible as “law” and insisted that the state churches in England and Scotland eliminate all aspects of Catholicism, it became intensely controversial.
Royal Policies, Local Alternatives
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the early decades of the seventeenth century, when James VI of Scotland became James I of England and controversy about worship and the structure of the state church erupted anew in Scotland. When James I succeeded Elizabeth I in 1603 and added England, Wales, and Ireland to his native Scotland, the hopeful and the admiring outnumbered the detractors, for the godly knew that in 1592 he had endorsed presbyterianism in Scotland and, more recently, had disparaged Catholicism and Dutch Arminianism. Their hopes aroused, a small group of English activists initiated a petition the king received as he made his way to London. The “Millenary Petition,” so named because of the assertion it was endorsed by a thousand ministers, complained of pluralism and nonresidency, singled out bishops as pluralists although otherwise saying nothing about episcopacy, and called for higher standards in admitting men to the work of ministry. The Millenary Petition signaled the persistence of Puritan sympathies in England despite the damage done to the movement in the 1590s. The chapter also considers “Dutch Puritanism,” a convenient shorthand for the more radical or safety-seeking laypeople and ministers who went to the Netherlands as early as the 1580s.
Martyrs and Tricksters
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 began with immense hope, but was defeated in two and a half years, ushering in the most brutal and corrupt regime in modern Egyptian history. How was the passage from utmost euphoria into abject despair experienced, not only by those committed to revolutionary change, but also by people indifferent or even hostile to the revolution? This book explores the revolution through the lens of liminality—initially a communal fellowship, where everything seemed possible, transformed into a devastating limbo with no exit. To make sense of events, the book looks at the martyrs, trickster media personalities, public spaces, contested narratives, historical allusions, and factional struggles during this chaotic time. It shows that while martyrs became the primary symbols of mobilization, no one took seriously enough the emergence of political tricksters. Tricksters appeared in media—not the vaunted social media of a “Facebook revolution” but television—and they paved the way for the rise of Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi. In the end, Egypt became a global political vanguard, but not in the way the revolutionaries intended. What initially appeared as the gateway to an age of revolution has transformed the world over into the age of the trickster. The book is a powerful cultural biography of a tragic revolution.
The Disputed Grievability of Sally Zahran
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter details how the disputed grievability of Sally Zahran proved to be a microcosm of the major fault line within the revolutionary camp, particularly between the Muslim Brotherhood in uneasy alliance with Islamists more generally, and the non-Islamist protestors, but also a fault line between men and women. The Left were undoubtedly the most articulate among the non-Islamist revolutionaries, or if not Left in a hard ideological sense, then at least those who saw themselves as inspired by the generation of the 1970s. To be sure, Sally Zahran's death also touched on the rage of the old regime against the revolution, evident through the undercurrent of suspicion that someone, or some political force, was trying to cover it up or negate its meaning. Whether or not old regime elements were trying to manipulate Ms. Zahran's death, the mere suspicion of manipulation was a foretaste of vicious pro-regime polemics against the revolution that had, at that juncture, receded into the background, but would again come roaring back in challenges to every single event that had been taken as a “fact” by the revolutionaries. Sally Zahran's death also highlighted the confluence of gender politics with revolutionary politics. The participation of women in protest became a constant target of provocateurs and propaganda.
Copts and Salafis
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the most important period in the revolution, namely the last three months of 2011. By that time the revolutionary forces—those that stayed mobilized or that remobilized periodically throughout the year—had articulated a series of demands that went far beyond the ubiquitous but vague “bread, freedom, and social justice” slogan. They included the cleansing of institutions from Mubarakist elements, greater autonomy and political freedom within universities and al-Azhar, independent labor unions, the cessation of military trials for civilians, unambiguous civilian rule, and redress for those killed or injured by the security forces. None of this had anything to do with an institutionally nurtured “democratic transition” that occupied the attention of political scientists; none of it was acknowledged by institutions or powerful public figures, who never deviated from the line that the revolution was incoherent, and merely the product of a few feckless youths. Hence, chants at demonstrations of “down with military rule” were heard by March, but it was a series of massacres and street battles beginning in October and lasting until early February of 2012 that brought anti-SCAF (Supreme Council for the Armed Forces) sentiment much more openly into the mainstream than anyone could have dreamed, given the deeply institutionalized reverence for the military in Egyptian public culture. At that point, the military had little choice but to push ahead with elections that it knew would result in a transfer of power to the Muslim Brotherhood.
Civil Rights in Western Europe
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on how western European states introduced limited changes to the Jews' status in the eighteenth century. England introduced a policy of naturalization for Jews in its colonies in part to compete with Holland's successful free port (St. Eustatius). However, only the wealthy could aspire to naturalization. The merchant elite's effort to gain easier naturalization with the “Jew Bill” (1753) failed when it became embroiled in the general Whig-Tory conflict. In France, the Jews of Bordeaux reached the acme of corporate privileges by gaining residential and commercial freedom throughout the kingdom. In contrast, Alsatian Jewry continued to suffer from major restrictions. The privileges it brought from the Holy Roman Empire were at odds with a centralizing French administration. Moreover, occupational and residential restrictions that forced Alsace's Jews into moneylending and petty trade created enduring tensions with the surrounding populace. Louis XVI's patents (1784) removed one demeaning law but otherwise imposed harsher laws on most Jews while further privileging the wealthy. Since Louis XVI's Edict of Toleration for Protestants (non-Catholics) did not apply to Jews, his government attempted, but failed, to produce legislation for Jews modeled on Joseph II's.
Partition and Parity
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how, in the 1760s, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth failed to enact reform for its Jews aside from abolishing the Council of the Lands. Jews mobilized to an unprecedented extent to face the challenges of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–92). With the first partition of Poland, the three autocratic powers—Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire—began to divide the Commonwealth's Jews. For all three powers, the privately owned magnate town was an alien phenomenon: what had been the source of many Jews' extensive privileges now started to become a long-term liability. The first partition did yield legislation that, if implemented, would have conferred some of the best political statuses in Europe. Joseph II introduced equality with other subjects for Galicia's Jews, though he hedged it with formidable restrictions. Meanwhile, Catherine II tried to make Jews full-fledged members of towns. Joseph's and Catherine's legislation belonged to the 1780s' acme of Enlightened absolutist reform.
Revolution
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the revolution of 1848, which failed to emancipate central Europe's Jews. The revolution had mixed results. Revolution and counterrevolution temporarily dismantled key components of the confessional and corporate state, paving the way for enduring change. A notable achievement was that most liberals expanded their conception of individual rights and representative government to include equality for members of all confessions and equality of all the confessions. However, the revolutionary cauldron helped the various opponents of emancipation begin to shape the potent phenomenon of modern anti-Semitism. Moreover, the revolution unleashed conflicts between nationalities or would-be nationalities, especially in the Habsburg lands. The very term “national minority” emerged during the revolution when the issue of parliamentary democracy collided with that of nationality rights. Jews found themselves caught between competing national claims. Ultimately, opposition to emancipation, the conflicts of nationalities, and the violence against Jews in the early phase of the revolution combined to make some Jewish leaders look to the state as the one reliable source of emancipation.
Maghreb and Mashreq
Authors: Sorkin David
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the effective end of Jewish life in the Maghreb and Mashreq constituted not only the demise of a distinctive diaspora and a major demographic shift but also the collapse of a political status. For over a millennium, Jews had lived under Islam as an inferior yet protected minority. Equal citizenship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries did not prove as durable. Most Algerian Jews emigrated with the “repatriate exodus” following independence (1962). The majority of Tunisia's Jews left in the eleven years between independence (1956) and the aftermath of the 1967 Six Day War. Morocco had had the largest Jewish community in the Arab world; Jews fled in four waves: 1948–56, 1961–64 with free emigration, 1967, and 1973. Meanwhile, most of Egypt's Jews departed after either the 1948 war (1949–52) or Nasser's nationalist revolution (1956). The majority of Iraq's Jews emigrated in the period 1948–51; many Jews left Turkey in the period 1948–55 and after 1967, yet a substantial number remained. The twentieth century's challenges to the region, especially the rise of exclusionary nationalism during decolonization and afterward as well as its collision with Jewish nationalism, put on full display not just a minority's vulnerability but also the abiding fragility of equal rights.
Shelburne
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: May 2020

This chapter turns to the second Earl of Shelburne, William Petty. He was referred to as Lord Shelburne during his life, and by his many antagonists as ‘Malagrida’, after the notorious Portuguese Jesuit Gabriel Malagrida, who had described the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 as the judgement of God upon a sinful people, and who was later executed for purported involvement in a plot to assassinate King José I. Shelburne was likened to Malagrida for calling himself a patriot while encouraging faction and opposition to George III, for associating with so-called republicans and levellers, for supporting John Wilkes's campaign for reinstatement as a member of parliament, and for lacking any sense of humour. For Shelburne's opponents, he was a dangerous Whig, a constitutional meddler, a friend to radicals and dissenters, and likely to cause the collapse of the country if he ever gained power. For the Genevan rebels, Shelburne's involvement in Whig politics was to have profound consequences.
The Curious Journey of “Copyright” in East Asia
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces how the English word “copyright” became the Chinese term “banquan,” which literally means “the right to printing blocks.” It examines the negotiations and struggles of the early East Asian promoters and practitioners of copyright with the understandings of ownership of the book. The chapter looks at the use of words the early promoters associated with the notion of copyright. It discusses the practices they and their contemporaries undertook in the name of “the right to printing blocks” as a crucial subject of inquiry. The early promoters of copyright in East Asia portrayed copyright as a progressive universal doctrine completely alien to the local culture, one that, for the sake of national survival, needed to be transplanted artificially. The chapter also points out the “new” ways contemporaries used to declare banquan ownership that were derived from some early modern practices whereby profits were secured from printed books.
Between Privilege and Property
Authors: Wang Fei-Hsien
Published: May 2020

This chapter illustrates how the Qing officials mainly understood banquan/copyright as a privilege granted exclusively by the state to reward publishers or authors for their outstanding works rather than a form of property that the state was obligated to protect. It discusses the two forms of state-issued banquan/copyright protection that interlocked the state's authority and cultural value of a book with the protection of a book's exclusive profit, as well as the proprietorship recognition of a book. When the two mechanisms were put in practice, publishers and authors quickly learned that such privileges might not necessarily deliver the kind of state protection they had envisioned and expected. The quarrels between them and the very state authorities granting them banquan protection against unauthorized reprinting committed by the government provoked a series of discussions in late Qing China on the nature of banquan/copyright. This chapter also discusses whether banquan/copyright was a form of property that comes into existence by itself or a privilege that had to be granted by a state authority.
Human Forms
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: May 2020

The 120 years between Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749) and George Eliot's Middlemarch (1871) marked both the rise of the novel and the shift from the presumption of a stable, universal human nature to one that changes over time. This book reorients our understanding of the novel's formation during its cultural ascendancy, arguing that fiction produced new knowledge in a period characterized by the interplay between literary and scientific discourses—even as the two were separating into distinct domains. The book focuses on several crisis points: the contentious formation of a natural history of the human species in the late Enlightenment; the emergence of new genres such as the Romantic bildungsroman; historical novels by Walter Scott and Victor Hugo that confronted the dissolution of the idea of a fixed human nature; Charles Dickens's transformist aesthetic and its challenge to Victorian realism; and George Eliot's reckoning with the nineteenth-century revolutions in the human and natural sciences. Modeling the modern scientific conception of a developmental human nature, the novel became a major experimental instrument for managing the new set of divisions—between nature and history, individual and species, human and biological life—that replaced the ancient schism between animal body and immortal soul. The book explores the interaction of European fiction with “the natural history of man” from the late Enlightenment through the mid-Victorian era and sets a new standard for work on natural history and the novel.
Andalus and Sefarad
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2020

Al-Andalus, the Iberian territory ruled by Islam from the eighth to the fifteenth centuries, was home to a flourishing philosophical culture among Muslims and the Jews who lived in their midst. Andalusians spoke proudly of the region's excellence, and indeed it engendered celebrated thinkers such as Maimonides and Averroes. This book offers an integrative new approach to Jewish and Muslim philosophy in al-Andalus, where the cultural commonality of the Islamicate world allowed scholars from diverse religious backgrounds to engage in the same philosophical pursuits. The book traces the development of philosophy in Muslim Iberia from its introduction to the region to the diverse forms it took over time, from Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism to rational theology and mystical philosophy. It sheds light on the way the politics of the day, including the struggles with the Christians to the north of the peninsula and the Fāṭimids in North Africa, influenced philosophy in al-Andalus yet affected its development among the two religious communities in different ways. While acknowledging the dissimilar social status of Muslims and members of the religious minorities, the book highlights the common ground that united philosophers, providing new perspective on the development of philosophy in Islamic Spain.
Conclusion
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explains that the twelfth century represented the high watermark of philosophy in al-Andalus. Although the thirteenth century saw some remarkable manifestations of Neoplatonic mystical philosophy, the Aristotelian school had no significant succession after Averroes within the borders of al-Andalus. However, the legacy of Arabic Andalusian philosophy, both Muslim and Jewish, continued to thrive in the Iberian Peninsula. The chapter then looks at the transmission of Arabic philosophy from al-Andalus to Christian Spain. After the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, Christian Spain witnessed a growing interest in philosophy and science. This interest was expressed in a large-scale effort to translate philosophical texts from Arabic. A significant part of the task of transmitting Arabic philosophy to the Christians fell to the Jews, many of whom found refuge from Almoravid and Almohad persecution in Christian territory, and some of whom had converted to Christianity. Even more important is their role in preserving the Arabic texts themselves, as well as the scholarly tradition attached to them.
Modernity, Print Media, and the Middle Class in Colonial East Africa
Authors: Hunter Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes a look at colonial East Africa. On the one hand, the chapter shows that the colonial economy and racial hierarchies of East Africa offered little potential for the growth of an African bourgeoisie. On the other hand, it demonstrates that in the cultural rather than the economic sphere, a slightly different picture emerges. Looking at the Swahili-language government and the mission newspapers of colonial Zanzibar and Tanganyika between the 1880s and the 1930s, the chapter reveals the ways in which a small but growing literate elite in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century East Africa used the medium of print in order to allow them to create “a space in which new collectivities could be imagined and identities constructed.” The particular space offered by newspapers and periodicals thus provided a possibility for African middle classes to create a distinct public sphere and to assert their distinctiveness by rhetorically identifying with, and making a claim of belonging to, an imagined global bourgeoisie.
Bureaucratic Civilization
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows how Europe's colonial expansion and imperial economic exploitation contributed to the rise of European middle classes and at the same time shaped European bourgeois culture and values. It points out that Britain's nineteenth-century middle class was as much a product of imperial expansion and the integration of global markets as it was one of religious introspection or the politics of bourgeois respectability. The chapter reveals that the Victorian middle class made, and was made by, the domestic and imperial reform movements of the nineteenth century. Campaigns for reform in imperial governance, for the end of slavery in British colonies, and for the expansion of the British missionary movement shared practices, ideas, and key personnel with many vigorous domestic reform programs. The chapter locates the connections between the imperial and domestic faces of Victorian values in the history of Britain's place in an emerging global capitalism and points to the spread of “Victorianism” far beyond the British archipelago.
The Semiperipheral Hand
Authors: Manjapra Kris
Published: May 2020

This chapter points out that economic globalization, free trade, and liberal imperialism gave rise to an expanding elite of experts—managerial, scientific, and scribal professionals—during the nineteenth century. This new class of worldwide-circulating service professionals was involved in establishing new industries, setting international standards and measures, managing new markets, and surveilling and controlling land and labor across the Global South. With backgrounds ranging from the petty bourgeoisies to financially independent bourgeois elites, this caste was characterized by mobility and middle-class lifestyles. The global rise of capitalism thus produced new global professional groups. These, in turn, formed mobile bourgeois communities.
Chinese Middle Classes between Empire and Revolution
Authors: Dabringhaus Sabine , Osterhammel Jürgen
Published: May 2020

This chapter points out how the political turbulences of the twentieth century prevented the emergence of a viable middle class. Until the late nineteenth century, China seemed to remain static, while Western Europe developed a new kind of dynamic bourgeois society underpinned by industrialization and fueling imperial expansion. This situation changed after the opening of the treaty ports, which became important places for the entry of Western modernity into China. In the coastal cities, it is possible to speak of the emergence of a social group that resembled the Western middle class, at least from the second decade of the twentieth century. On the one hand, it involved an entrepreneurial elite; on the other, a new generation of Western-educated Chinese, who either joined the private economic sector, found employment as teachers in the rapidly expanding schools and universities, or tried to make a living as freelance intellectuals. This short period, however, came to an end after the Japanese invasion in 1937, and completely disappeared after 1949, when any remnants of middle-class society were ruthlessly eradicated by the Communist Party.
Getting (Foreign Affairs) into Court
Authors: Flaherty Martin S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with areas presenting threshold questions of effectively getting cases into court in the first instance. It notes the emergence of an array of doctrines to shut the courthouse doors that has formed a part of the custom that remains insufficient to undo entrenched constitutional understandings. Among these are standing requirements, the “state secrets privilege,” and the so-called political question doctrine, among others. Not surprisingly, they have been asserted by the executive; unfortunately, they have been accorded increasingly serious consideration by the courts. The chapter aims to counter this trend by showing how such backsliding is inconsistent with the Founders' vision, the bulk of American constitutional tradition, and the effects of modern international relations.
Recognizing the Ethical Costs of Upward Mobility
Authors: Morton Jennifer M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the ethical costs of upward mobility and presents an argument for why they are different from other costs that strivers face on their path. It argues that understanding the nature of the ethical goods move people well beyond the cost-benefit analysis that might be appropriate when thinking about money, time, or effort. The ethical costs of upward mobility are particular and not easily offset. Consequently, loss is felt keenly by those who succeed even if they ultimately have much to gain from the sacrifices they have made. The chapter emphasizes how people who are concerned with the challenges faced by first-generation and low-income college students often fail to appreciate the significance of the potential ethical costs that strivers encounter in pursuing a better life for themselves.