bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes of Meningeal Excitability Mediated by Corticotrigeminal Networks: A Link for the Endogenous Modulation of Migraine Pain
Authors: Noseda Rodrigo , Constandil Luis , Bourgeais Laurence , Chalus Maryse , Villanueva Luis
Published: October 2010

Alterations in cortical excitability are implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. However, the relationship between cortical spreading depression (CSD) and headache has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to identify the corticofugal networks that directly influence meningeal nociception in the brainstem trigeminocervical complex (Sp5C) of the rat. Cortical areas projecting to the brainstem were first identified by retrograde tracing from Sp5C areas that receive direct meningeal inputs. Anterograde tracers were then injected into these cortical areas to determine the precise pattern of descending axonal terminal fields in the Sp5C. Descending cortical projections to brainstem areas innervated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve originate contralaterally from insular (Ins) and primary somatosensory (S1) cortices and terminate in laminae I–II and III–V of the Sp5C, respectively. In another set of experiments, electrophysiological recordings were simultaneously performed in Ins, S1 or primary visual cortex (V1), and Sp5C neurons. KCl was microinjected into such cortical areas to test the effects of CSD on meningeal nociception. CSD initiated in Ins and S1 induced facilitation and inhibition of meningeal-evoked responses, respectively. CSD triggered in V1 affects differently Ins and S1 cortices, enhancing or inhibiting meningeal-evoked responses of Sp5C, without affecting cutaneous-evoked nociceptive responses. Our data suggest that “top-down” influences from lateralized areas within Ins and S1 selectively affect interoceptive (meningeal) over exteroceptive (cutaneous) nociceptive inputs onto Sp5C. Such corticofugal influences could contribute to the development of migraine pain in terms of both topographic localization and pain tuning during an attack.
Distinct Modulatory Effects of Satiety and Sibutramine on Brain Responses to Food Images in Humans: A Double Dissociation across Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and Ventral Striatum
Authors: Fletcher Paul C. , Napolitano Antonella , Skeggs Andrew , Miller Sam R. , Delafont Bruno , Cambridge Victoria C. , de Wit Sanne , Nathan Pradeep J. , Brooke Allison , O'Rahilly Stephen , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Bullmore Edward T.
Published: October 2010

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore brain responses to food images in overweight humans, examining independently the impact of a prescan meal (“satiety”) and the anti-obesity drug sibutramine, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. We identified significantly different responses to these manipulations in amygdala, hypothalamus, and ventral striatum. Each region was specifically responsive to high-calorie compared to low-calorie food images. However, the ventral striatal response was attenuated by satiety (but unaffected by sibutramine), while the hypothalamic and amygdala responses were attenuated by drug but unaffected by satiety. Direct assessment of regional interactions confirmed the significance of this double dissociation. We explored the regional responses in greater detail by determining whether they were predictive of eating behavior and weight change. We observed that across the different regions, the individual-specific magnitude of drug- and satiety-induced modulation was associated with both variables: the sibutramine-induced modulation of the hypothalamic response was correlated with the drug's impact on both weight and subsequently measuredad libitumeating. The satiety-induced modulation of striatal response also correlated with subsequentad libitumeating. These results suggest that hypothalamus and amygdala have roles in the control of food intake that are distinct from those of ventral striatum. Furthermore, they support a regionally specific effect on brain function through which sibutramine exerts its clinical effect.
Medida da diferença artério-venosa de oxigênio na monitorização de pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea por aneurisma cerebral
Authors: Pereira Ronaldo Sérgio Santana , Ramalho Márcio Robertti , Viscardi Renato Camargo , Motta Luiz Augusto Casulari Roxo da , Carvalho Márcio Vinhal de , Suzuki Kunio , Mello Paulo Andrade de
Published: October 2010

A diferença artério-venosa de oxigênio (DAVO2), pelo fato de estar relacionada com o metabolismo cerebral, reflete alterações que ocorrem em determinadas situações patológicas, entre elas as causadas pela hemorragia subaracnóidea espontânea (HSAE). Com a finalidade de avaliar a relação entre alterações na DAVO2 com o quadro clínico e a evolução de pacientes com HSAE, devido à ruptura de aneurisma cerebral, este método foi utilizado em 30 pacientes portadores desta patologia, admitidos na Unidade de Neurocirurgia do HBDF. A HSAE foi confirmada por CT de crânio em 17 pacientes e por punção lombar em 13. Dezoito pacientes foram admitidos com Hunt & Hess (H&H) I ou II, sete com H&H III e cinco com H&H IV ou V. A medida da DAVO2 baseou-se na equação de Fick e os resultados clínicos foram avaliados pela escala de seqüelas de Glasgow. Dezenove pacientes apresentaram DAVO2 normais (inicialmente e durante a evolução), sendo que três faleceram; cinco tiveram valores de DAVO2 sempre baixos e três faleceram; os restantes seis pacientes tiveram valores da DAVO2 sempre elevados e dois faleceram. Os pacientes com DAVO2 normais tiveram melhor evolução clínica e índice de mortalidade menor, quando comparados com os pacientes com valores anormais da DAVO2 (p<0,05). O diagnóstico de vasoespasmo foi feito, em sua maioria, pela avaliação clínica, sendo confirmado radiologicamente em oito pacientes, mas estes últimos tiveram DAVO2 normais. A medida isolada da DAVO2 não foi suficiente para o diagnóstico do vasoespasmo, porém refletiu alterações metabólicas precoces. Baseada nestes resultados, a DAVO2 pode ser usada como parâmetro importante na monitorização da evolução dos pacientes com HSAE.
Exames subsidiários preditivos de crises epilépticas após acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico
Authors: Fukujima Márcia Maiumi , Cardeal José Osmar
Published: October 2010

Na tentativa de detectar fatores preditivos para ocorrência de crises epilépticas após acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI), estudamos exames laboratoriais de glicemia, hematócrito, colesterol total e frações e triglicérides, além de eletrocardiograma, eletrencefalograma (EEG), líquido cefalorraquiano e tomografia computadorizada do crânio (TC) em 35 pacientes com AVCI que evoluíram com crises epilépticas após pelo menos 24 horas a partir da instalação do AVCI (grupo 1 ou G1), que foram comparados a 35 pacientes com AVCI que evoluíram sem crises epilépticas (grupo 2 ou G2). Encontramos significância na análise EEG na comparação dos grupos, sendo a alteração mais freqüente o alentecimento focai da atividade elétrica cerebral no G1. A presença de lesão extensa na TC também associou-se ao G1. A associação de EEG anormal e lesão extensa na TC pode ser considerado elemento preditivo para ocorrência de crises epilépticas após AVCI com coeficiente de concordância de 34%. Os demais exames estudados não mostraram significância na comparação entre os grupos G1 e G2.
Coleção subdural na criança: fisiopatologia e tratamento
Authors: Gusmão Sebastião , Silveira Roberto Leal , Cabral Filho Guilherme , Arantes Aluízio , Jermani Charles
Published: October 2010

Nove crianças portadoras de coleção subdural (CSD) foram tratadas por meio de derivação subduro-peritoneal. Todas foram submetidas a controle com tomografia computadorizada do encéfalo. O tamanho da coleção subdural foi avaliado por medida de sua área no corte tomográfico por meio de morfologia quantitativa com planímetro. Ocorreu regressão completa ou quase completa da CSD em oito pacientes. Os resultados funcionais foram excelentes em quatro pacientes, bons em três e maus em dois. Foi feita uma revisão da fisiopatologia e do tratamento da CSD na criança.
Bridge-therapy with enoxaparin in the preoperative period of endarterectomy
Authors: Raso Jair Leopoldo , Darwich Rogério Zenóbio , Lucca Jr Francisco de , Santana Romeu Valle , Tanure Marco Túlio , Cariri Gustavo Agra , Furtado Leopoldo Mandic Ferreira
Published: October 2010

Cervical clot is one of the complications of endarterectomy. This risk may be higher in patients using aspirin or clopidogrel. On the other hand, stroke may occur if the medication is interrupted before surgery. We carried out a prospective study of 124 endarterectomies in 119 patients in which aspirin or clopidogrel was stopped and a bridge-therapy with enoxaparin was administered preoperatively. There was no case of stroke during the period of the bridge-therapy. One patient developed cervical clot (0.8%) in the fifth postoperative day. Mortality rate in this series was 0.8%. There was no complication directly related to the use of enoxaparin. Bridge-therapy with low molecular weight heparin is a safe strategy for patients elected for endarterectomy
Schwann cell expression of an oligodendrocyte-like remyelinating pattern after ethidium bromide injection in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Bondan Eduardo Fernandes , Lallo Maria Anete , Martins Maria de Fátima Monteiro , Graça Dominguita Luhers
Published: October 2010

Schwann cells are recognized by their capacity of producing single internodes of myelin around axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the ethidium bromide (EB) model of primary demyelination in the brainstem, it is observed the entry of Schwann cells into the central nervous system in order to contribute to the myelin repair performed by the oligodendrocytes that survived to the EB gliotoxic action, being able to even remyelinate more than one axon at the same time, in a pattern of repair similar to the oligodendroglial one. The present study was developed in the spinal cord to observe if Schwann cells maintained this competence of attending simultaneously different internodes. It was noted that, on the contrary of the brainstem, Schwann cells were the most important myelinogenic cells in the demyelinated site and, although rare, also presented the capacity of producing more than one internode of myelin in distinct axons.
Construção constitucional e teorias da democracia
Authors: Arato Andrew
Published: October 2010

Com base numa tipologia de formas de construção constitucional e com ênfase nos processos de constitucionalização chega-se a um conjunto de princípios básicos para vincular a construção constitucional às exigências da democracia. A análise concentra-se simultaneamente na reconstrução de casos históricos e no exame crítico das teorias relevantes. Especial atenção é dada às reivindicações do modelo norte-americano como exemplar. Os processos em andamento de mudança constitucional na Europa do Leste também são discutidos.
O fundamento ético da política em Gramsci
Authors: Tortorella Aldo
Published: October 2010

A história registra uma divisão constante entre governantes e governados. Como colocar a questão da superação disso sem abandonar o terreno sólido da história, e como manter a referência à história sem perder de vista imperativos éticos universais, incluindo a idéia-limite de uma direção política orientada para superar essa divisão? O autor examina o modo como Gramsci formula e enfrenta essas questões.
Perfil epidemiológico e morbimortalidade dos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de trânsito intestinal: experiência de um centro secundário do Nordeste Brasileiro
Authors: Silva Jeany Borges e , Costa Djalma Ribeiro , Menezes Francisco Julimar Correia de , Tavares José Marconi , Marques Adryano Gonçalves , Escalante Rodrigo Dornfeld
Published: October 2010

RACIONAL: A reconstrução do trânsito intestinal não está isenta de riscos cirúrgicos e apresenta taxas consideráveis de complicações pós-operatórias, sendo que a infecção continua a ser um dos maiores desafios existentes neste procedimento. OBJETIVO: Perfil epidemiológico e morbimortalidade dos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de trânsito intestinal. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 86 prontuários de pacientes com colostomia ou ileostomia, através de fatores que tivessem impacto sobre a morbimortalidade após a reconstrução de trânsito intestinal, de janeiro de 2003 a abril de 2009. RESULTADOS: Houve 20 mulheres e 60 homens, com idade média de 43 anos. A colostomia em alça (n=34) e o trauma abdominal indicando colostomia ou ileostomia foram as condições mais frequentes. O intervalo médio entre a confecção do estoma e a reconstrução de trânsito intestinal foi 15,7 meses. O índice de morbidade foi 56,8%, sendo a infecção incisional a complicação mais comum (27.47%). A permanência hospitalar média foi 7,6 dias. Houve regressão linear positiva entre permanência hospitalar pós-operatória e a idade do paciente. Demonstrou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre o prolongamento da permanência hospitalar e a ocorrência de complicações (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Pode-se inferir que ocorrência de complicações pós-operatórias e idade associaram-se a prolongamento da permanência hospitalar.
Brazilian university technology transfer to rural areas
Authors: Marchesan Enio , Senseman Scott Allen
Published: October 2010

In agriculture, there is a difference between average yield obtained by farmers and crop potential. There is technology available to increase yields, but not all farmers have access to it and/or use this information. This clearly characterizes an extension and technology transference problem. There are several technology transfer systems, but there is no system to fit all conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to create extension solutions according to local conditions. Another rural extension challenge is efficiency, despite continuous funding reductions. One proposal that has resulted from extension reform worldwide has suggested integration between the public and private sectors. The public universities could play the role of training and updating technical assistance of human resources, which is the one of the main aspects that has limited technology transfer. The objective of this study was to identify approaches to promote technology transfer generated in Brazilian public universities to rural areas through literature review. An experimental approach of technology transfer is presented here where a Brazilian university extension Vice-chancellor incorporates professionals from consolidated research groups according to demand. In this way, public universities take part of their social functions, by integrating teaching, research, and extension.
Uma proposta alternativa para a análise de experimentos de campo utilizando a geoestatística
Authors: Pontes José Marcelo , Oliveira Marcelo Silva de
Published: October 2010

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se apresentar uma metodologia para a análise de experimentos de campo, utilizando a geoestatística (erros correlacionados) articulada com a análise convencional (erros independentes). A avaliação dessa abordagem teve como base os erros-padrão do estimador da média da variável de interesse (produtividade de grãos), provenientes de um ensaio de competição de linhagens de soja delineado em blocos aumentados. Após a aplicação do método proposto, constatou-se que ele foi capaz de diminuir em 24,04% as estimativas obtidas para a média dos erros-padrão, o que comprova sua eficiência.
Silagem ácida de resíduos de truta (Oncorhynchus mykiss), com a utilização de ácido muriático
Authors: Beerli Eduardo Lopes , Beerli Karla Michalsky Carvalho , Logato Priscila Vieira Rosa
Published: October 2010

O destino dos resíduos da piscicultura sempre foi um problema para os produtores. Além de serem poluentes, são desperdiçados produtos de alto valor nutritivo. Realizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de viabilizar ao pequeno e médio produtor um processo de reaproveitamento dos resíduos da piscicultura, a partir de uma silagem ácida. A silagem com ácido muriático foi elaborada em 16 silos, sendo 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições com 2.000 g de resíduo moído/silo e, respectivamente, 150, 200, 300 e 350 ml ácido/tratamento, durante 3 semanas; o pH foi monitorado diariamente. Foram realizadas análises de Contagem Total de Microrganismos e Coliformes Totais após 1 e 3 semanas e análise de coliformes a 45ºC após 3 semanas. Com essas análises determinaram-se baixa contagem bacteriana e ausência de Coliformes a 45ºC, tornando o produto adequado ao consumo animal.
Reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio e no ruído em fones auriculares: valores de referência de normalidade
Authors: Costa Maristela Julio , Daniel Raquel Cristina , Santos Sinéia Neujahr dos
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVO: determinar os limiares de reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio (LRSS) e no ruído (LRSR), a fim de estimar os valores de referência para jovens adultos normo-ouvintes. METODOLOGIA: foram avaliados 240 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, com no mínimo o ensino médio completo. As medidas foram obtidas utilizando o teste Listas de Sentenças em Português (LSP, Costa, 1998), em fones auriculares. Para a obtenção dos LRSR foi usado um ruído fixo a 65 dB NA, ipsilateralmente, cujos resultados foram expressos por meio das relações S/R. RESULTADOS: com base nos valores encontrados a partir da avaliação de 480 orelhas, o LRSS médio encontrado foi de 6,20 dB NA, com valores mínimos e máximos de 2,44 dB NA e 9,66 dB NA, respectivamente, e um desvio-padrão médio de 1,33; enquanto que a relação S/R média foi de -5,29 dB, com valores mínimos e máximos de -2,55 dB e -9,22 dB, e um desvio-padrão médio de 1,13. CONCLUSÃO: o LRSS médio, 6,20 dB NA, foi compatível com a média dos limiares tonais, 7,22 dB NA, nas freqüências de 0,5, 1 e 2 kHz. O LRSR médio -5,29 dB pode ser usado como referência para avaliar o desempenho de indivíduos com e sem perda auditiva. Os LRSR obtidos em relações S/R de -3,03 a -7,55 dB podem indicar um bom desempenho no reconhecimento de fala no ruído.
Fatores de risco na gagueira desenvolvimental familial e isolada
Authors: Oliveira Cristiane Moço Canhetti de , Souza Heloisa Aparecida de , Santos Ana Claudia dos , Cunha Denise , Giacheti Célia Maria
Published: October 2010

OBJETIVO: investigar e comparar os achados dos fatores de risco para a cronicidade da gagueira em crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental familial e isolada. MÉTODOS: participaram 60 crianças de ambos os gêneros, divididas em dois grupos: GI - 30 crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental familial; GII - 30 crianças com gagueira desenvolvimental isolada. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio do Protocolo de Risco para a Gagueira do Desenvolvimento - PRGD (Andrade, 2006), que considera os seguintes fatores de risco: idade, gênero, tipo de surgimento e tempo de duração das disfluências, tipologia das disfluências, fatores comunicativos e qualitativos associados, histórico mórbido pré, peri e pós natal, fatores estressantes que ocorreram próximo ao surgimento do distúrbio, histórico familial, reação pessoal, familiar e social e atitudes familiares. RESULTADOS: quando o grupo I (GI) foi comparado com o grupo II (GII), a única diferença estatisticamente significante foi com relação aos fatores estressantes que ocorreram próximo ao surgimento do distúrbio. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados confirmam a natureza complexa da gagueira, bem como a necessidade de se investigar os vários fatores considerados como de risco para o distúrbio, com intuito de melhorar a compreensão de suas possíveis etiologias.
Reduction of the nutritional values of diets for hens through supplementation with phytase
Authors: Lima Matheus Ramalho de , Costa Fernando Guilherme Perazzo , Givisiez Patrícia Emília Naves , Silva José Humberto Vilar da , Sakomura Nilva Kazue , Lima Denise Fontana Figueiredo
Published: October 2010

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the reduction on nutritional levels of diets for semi-heavy hens during the laying peak on performance, egg quality and bone parameters. A total of eight diets were evaluated, each one with five repetitions of eight birds: 1) control: formulated to supply requirements by the birds; 2) control + 0.03% or 600 FTU; 3) 15% crude protein; 2,800 kcal ME; 3.8% Ca and 0.28% aP; 4) diet 3 + 0.03% or 600 FTU; 5) 14% crude protein; 2,750 kcal ME; 3.4% Ca and 0.23% aP; 6) diet 5 + 0.03% or 600 FTU; 7) 13% crude protein; 2,700 kcal ME; 3.0% Ca and 0.18% aP; and 8) diet 7 + 600 FTU. The reduction of the nutritional levels harmed the performance of the birds, particularly egg production and egg mass, which improved by the inclusion of phytase in the diets. However, the parameters for egg quality did not change as the level was reduced down to 15% crude protein; 2,800 kcal ME/kg; 3.80% Ca and 0.280% aP, which was not repeated in the levels with lower nutritional density. Reduction of nutritional levels did not affect the evaluated bone parameters, except for resistance, which improved as phytase was added at the level 600 FTU. Reduction on the diet nutritional levels to 15% crude protein; 2,800 kcal ME/kg; 3.80% Ca and 0.280% aP with the addition of 600 FTU of phytase does not impair egg production neither egg mass and improve the bone health of birds.
Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens
Authors: Silva Edney Pereira da , Rabello Carlos Bôa-Viagem , Albino Luiz Fernando Teixeira , Ludke Jorge Victor , Lima Michele Bernardino de , Dutra Junior Wilson Moreira
Published: October 2010

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.
Efeito do genótipo e da idade de ovinos na reatividade medida em pista de venda
Authors: Silveira Isabella Dias Barbosa , Fischer Vivian , Mendonça Gilson de
Published: October 2010

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de ovinos e relacionar aspectos comportamentais com a raça e idade dos animais. Foram observados 5.971 animais divididos em 181 lotes quanto às raças - Corriedale (n = 2.731), Ideal (n = 1.574), Merino (n = 168), Texel (n = 717), Suffolk (n = 247) e 6 mestiços (n = 534) - e quanto à idade - cordeiras (1,5 ano, n = 3.021), ovelhas (acima de 1,5 ano, n = 2457) e cordeiras dente-de-leite (média de 6 meses de idade, n = 493). O comportamento médio dos lotes foi avaliado pela atribuição de escores de movimentação e resistência à condução na entrada, permanência e saída da pista de comercialização. Os animais das raças mais especializadas para produção de carne (Suffolk e Texel) e os animais jovens foram os mais agitados e apresentaram maior resistência à condução pelo homem em comparação àqueles das raças produtoras de lã e aos mais velhos. Os escores comportamentais foram positivamente relacionados entre si, o que permite a escolha de qualquer um deles para medir o comportamento dos ovinos. O comportamento de ovinos em pista de venda é influenciado pela idade e raça.
Influência da maturação sexual no limiar de lactato em jogadoras de futebol
Authors: Nicolao Ana Lucia Anauate , Pedrinelli André , Zogaib Paulo Sérgio Martino , Orbetelli Rogério , Barros Neto Turíbio Leite de
Published: October 2010

Os limiares de lactato são utilizados para a avaliação da capacidade aeróbia em diferentes idades. Estudos demonstram que crianças e adolescentes apresentam menores concentrações sanguíneas de lactato [La], para mesma carga de esforço, do que adultos. Existem evidências de que isto está relacionado ao desenvolvimento maturacional das mesmas. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre a maturação sexual e o limiar de lactato de atletas de futebol de 12 a 15 anos de idade. MÉTODO: A amostra foi do tipo intencional, não probabilística, com um total de 36 meninas, entre 12 a 15 anos, participantes de escolinhas de futebol da prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo. Foram obtidas da amostra a massa corporal, a estatura e a tomada de dobras cutâneas triciptal e panturrilha. A maturação sexual foi feita através da observação direta, por uma médica, do desenvolvimento de órgãos genitais e de pilosidade púbica, por meio de planilhas propostas por Tanner. Para determinação do limiar de lactato foi realizado teste progressivo em pista, onde as jovens realizaram três corridas de 800 metros, com a intensidade do esforço sendo controlada por zonas de frequência cardíaca pré-estabelecidas, com mensurações das [La] no final de cada corrida. Através da interpolação linear foi encontrada a velocidade correspondente a [La] de 2,5mmol (V2,5). Para compreender melhor a natureza das associações entre as variáveis foi utilizada a regressão linear múltipla, tendo como variável dependente o limiar de lactato (V2,5), e como variáveis independentes idade (anos), IMC (kg/m²), estatura (cm) e somatório de dobras cutâneas (mm). RESULTADO: Em mais jovens, pré-púbere, as variáveis de crescimento e a maturação sexual tem pouca associação com o limiar de lactato. Sendo importante uma ponderação sobre a influência da maturação sexual no limiar de lactato. CONCLUSÃO: Levando em consideração a homogeneidade do grupo e o fato de a idade entre 12 e 15 anos ser um período de diversas modificações, o desenvolvimento maturacional, e não a idade cronológica, mostrou uma diferença significante nas variáveis analisadas.
Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Uganda
Authors: Dreise Marieke , Galiwango George , Hodges Andrew
Published: October 2010

Objective

The purpose of the study was to estimate the need for resources for cleft repairs in Uganda by determining the overall incidence of -facial clefts and the ratio of isolated cleft lip to isolated cleft palate to cleft lip and palate.

Design

A 1-year prospective study was implemented in seven hospitals and health centers with maternity units in and around Kampala. All live babies were examined for cleft lip and/or palate at birth. The birth of a baby with a cleft was communicated to the research coordinator by maternity staff, and the babies were assessed within 24 hours of delivery. Maternity data (live births) for each center were collected monthly to determine the denominator.

Results

Over the course of 1 year (February 1, 2008 to January 31, 2009), 26,186 babies were delivered. Nineteen babies had a cleft lip and/or palate, giving an incidence of 0.73 in 1000; 12 of the 19 babies (63.2%) had a cleft lip and palate, six (31.2%) had an isolated cleft lip, and only one (5.3%) had an isolated cleft palate. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.1:1.

Conclusions

The incidence of clefts in this study was 0.73 in 1000. With an estimated 1100 babies born with a cleft per year, this would result in the need for 1800 cleft repairs for babies in Uganda (695 babies needing two repairs each). These data will be helpful to advocate for and plan the necessary resources to effectively treat this condition.
About creation and reached goals of development policy in the area of energy efficiency, environmental protection and sustainable development in the city of Kragujevac
Authors: Babic Milun , Milovanovic Dobrica , Jovicic Nebojsa , Gordic Dusan , Despotovic Milan , Sustersic Vanja , Jelic Dubravka , Koncalovic Davor , Boskovic Goran
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a methodology development and the results achieved in the
process of establishing energy management system in the City of Kragujevac
(Serbia) and in its public services. The paper is an overview of influential
factors in the field of energy management, analyzing their impact on raising
the energy efficiency of individual utility service and the city of
Kragujevac, as a whole. The paper also presents the most interesting
scientific and research projects realized in the cooperation of several
actors which were coordinated by Regional Euro Energy Efficiency Center
Kragujevac. The municipal companies together with the city administration are
the direct beneficiaries of the results realized in the following areas: -
Development of energy management in municipalities and the establishment of
energy planning at the local level; - Improvement of municipal services by
applying energy efficiency measures in public enterprises: ?Energetika?
(heating), ?Cistoca? (communal waste management), and ?Vodovod i
kanalizacija? (water and waste water management).
Experimental determination of double vibe function parameters in diesel engines with biodiesel
Authors: Pesic Radivoje , Davinic Aleksandar , Taranovic Dragan , Miloradovic Danijela , Petkovic Snezana
Published: October 2010

A zero-dimensional, one zone model of engine cycle for steady-state regimes
of engines and a simplified procedure for indicator diagrams analysis have
been developed at the Laboratory for internal combustion engines, fuels and
lubricants of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Kragujevac. In
addition to experimental research, thermodynamic modeling of working process
of diesel engine with direct injection has been presented in this paper. The
simplified procedure for indicator diagrams analysis has been applied, also.
The basic problem, a selection of shape parameters of double Vibe function
used for modeling the engine operation process, has been solved. The
influence of biodiesel fuel and engine working regimes on the start of
combustion, combustion duration and shape parameter of double Vibe was
determined by a least square fit of experimental heat release curve.
Route optimization to increase energy efficiency and reduce fuel consumption of communal vehicles
Authors: Jovicic Nebojsa , Boskovic Goran , Vujic Goran , Jovicic Gordana , Despotovic Milan , Milovanovic Dobrica , Gordic Dusan
Published: October 2010

Collection and transportation within the system of solid waste management may
account more than 60% of the overall budget, most of which is for fuel
costs. Furthermore, municipal vehicles have great environmental impact
through exhaust gases emissions. The aim of this research was to estimate
the potential for reduction of fuel consumption and thus the emission of CO2
through the communal vehicles route optimization. General methodology for
route optimization is also presented. For the area under study, detailed
field experimental research in the City of Kragujevac was conducted. Using
GIS and GPS technology, whole municipally infrastructure for waste
collection was scanned and all paths of communal tracks was recorded and
allocated in developed database. Based on experimental and numerical
results, one typical municipal vehicle route was analyzed by using ArcGis
software. The obtained result indicates 2700 km of possible savings per year
concerning one communal vehicle. In addition, the most fuel-economical route
was extracted and compared with the original route, and with the routes
extracted from criterions concerning the traffic time and shortest distance.
According to available information for the City of Kragujevac and the
results from this study, it was estimated that the total savings could be
20% in costs and the associated emissions.
Cyclic GMP Kinase I Modulates Glucagon Release From Pancreatic α-Cells
Authors: Leiss Veronika , Friebe Andreas , Welling Andrea , Hofmann Franz , Lukowski Robert
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

The physiologic significance of the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling pathway in islets is unclear. We hypothesized that cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) is directly involved in the secretion of islet hormones and glucose homeostasis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Gene-targeted mice that lack cGKI in islets (conventional cGKI mutants and cGKIα and Iβ rescue mice [α/βRM] that express cGKI only in smooth muscle) were studied in comparison to control (CTR) mice. cGKI expression was mapped in the endocrine pancreas by Western blot, immuno-histochemistry, and islet-specific recombination analysis. Insulin, glucagon secretion, and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were assayed by radioimmunoassay and FURA-2 measurements, respectively. Serum levels of islet hormones were analyzed at fasting and upon glucose challenge (2 g/kg) in vivo.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry showed that cGKI is present in α- but not in β-cells in islets of Langerhans. Mice that lack α-cell cGKI had significantly elevated fasting glucose and glucagon levels, whereas serum insulin levels were unchanged. High glucose concentrations strongly suppressed the glucagon release in CTR mice, but had only a moderate effect on islets that lacked cGKI. 8-Br-cGMP reduced stimulated [Ca2+]i levels and glucagon release rates of CTR islets at 0.5 mmol/l glucose, but was without effect on [Ca2+]i or hormone release in cGKI-deficient islets.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that cGKI modulates glucagon release by suppression of [Ca2+]i in α-cells.
Comparison of Diabetes Control Among Haitians, African Americans, and Non-Hispanic Whites in an Urban Safety-Net Hospital
Authors: Vimalananda Varsha G. , Rosenzweig James L. , Cabral Howard J. , David Michele M. , Lasser Karen E.
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare diabetes care and outcomes among Haitians, African Americans, and non-Hispanic whites.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed data from 715 Haitian, 1,472 African American, and 466 non-Hispanic white adults with diabetes using χ2 testing and multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS

Haitians had a higher mean A1C than African Americans (8.2 ± 1.9 vs. 7.7 ± 2.0%) and non-Hispanic whites (7.5 ± 1.7%) (both P < 0.0001). There was no difference in completion of process measures. Haitians were more likely than non-Hispanic whites to have elevated LDL cholesterol or blood pressure. Macrovascular complications were fewer among Haitians than African Americans (adjusted odds ratio 0.35 [95% CI 0.23–0.55]), as were microvascular complications (0.56 [0.41–0.76]). Haitians also had fewer macrovascular (0.32 [0.20–0.50]) and microvascular (0.55 [0.39–0.79]) complications than non-Hispanic whites.

CONCLUSIONS

Haitians have worse glycemic control than African Americans or non-Hispanic whites. Future research and interventions to improve diabetes care should target Haitians as a distinct racial/ethnic group.
Synthesis, optical, and spectroscopic characterisation of substituted 3-phenyl-2-arylacrylonitriles
Authors: Percino M. , Chapela Víctor , Pérez-Gutiérrez Enrique , Cerón Margarita , Soriano Guillermo
Published: October 2010

The Knoevenagel condensation between aldehydes and substrates with active methylene groups was applied to synthesise a series of 3-(4-substituted phenyl)-2-arylacrylonitriles (aryl = phenyl or pyridyl). Chloro-, fluoro-, or dimethylamino-substituted aryls and a cyano group attached to the double bond of acrylonitrile were studied. Previous studies showed that the condensation products were E isomers. The compounds synthesised were: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenylacrylonitrile, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-phenylacrylonitrile, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-phenylacrylonitrile, 3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylonitrile, 3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylonitrile, and 3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylonitrile. Structures were confirmed by IR, MS, and NMR spectral data. Molar absorption coefficient, absorbance, and fluorescence emission spectra were compared in order to evaluate the effects of substituents on phenyl and the position of nitrogen in pyridine moiety on the electronic properties of acrylonitrile derivatives prepared.
A new group of potential antituberculotics: N-(2-pyridylmethyl)salicylamides and N-(3-pyridylmethyl)salicylamides
Authors: Petrlíková Eva , Waisser Karel , Palát Karel , Kuneš Jiří , Kaustová Jarmila
Published: October 2010

As a part of our systematic study of antimycobacterially active derivatives of salicylamides, a series of nineteen derivatives of N-(2-pyridylmethyl)salicylamides and N-(3-pyridylmethyl)salicylamides was synthesised. The compounds exhibited in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium. Their lipophilicity, R M, was measured by thin layer chromatography on silica gel impregnated with trioctadecylsilane and the logarithm of the partition coefficient (octanol-water), logP, was calculated. Both the parameters of lipophilicity correlated. The quantitative relationship between the structure and antimycobacterial activity was calculated. Antimycobacterial activity increased with an increase in lipophilicity. The N-(2-pyridylmethyl)salicylamide derivatives were more active than the derivatives of isomeric N-(3-pyridylmethyl)salicylamides. The geometry of compounds was calculated and the calculation was verified by measuring the length of the hydrogen bond between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the salicylic moiety.
Economic Vulnerability to Climate Change for Tourism-Dependent Nations
Authors: Richardson Robert B. , Witkowski Kelly
Published: October 2010

Changes in climate are expected to significantly affect participation in recreation and tourism and the provision of tourism products and services. Because tourism is an important economic sector for many developing nations, the potential vulnerability of tourism to climate change is
of interest. Various biophysical factors affect the vulnerability of tourism, including temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events. Vulnerability may be characterized in terms of impacts to tourism arrivals, revenues, tax receipts, and adaptation costs, all of which ultimately
affect national income, gross domestic product, and socioeconomic welfare. This article proposes a conceptual framework, based on an economic model of supply and demand, for the assessment of the economic vulnerability to climate change for tourism-dependent nations. We draw upon elements
of this framework in a vulnerability assessment for Belize as a case study for demonstration. The framework has implications for tourism planning, training and outreach for the tourism industry, and the identification of future research and development priorities at the national and regional
scales.
Brand China: Tour Guide Perceptions and Implications for Destination Branding and Marketing
Authors: Dioko Leonardo (Don) , Harrill Rich , Cardon Peter W.
Published: October 2010

This research investigates the attitudes and experiences of China tour guides that mediate contact between Western visitors and Chinese residents. This mediator role can have considerable influence over destination branding and marketing, as tour guides have much information about how
China's tourism brand is perceived by tourists. Tour guides were interviewed in three locations intended to capture a cross section of experiences with travelers, including: Beijing, the cultural and historical center of China; Shanghai, the country's commercial center; and Guilin, a major
nature-based tourism destination. Through collecting and analyzing tour guides' narrative lens, the article explores: (1) initial brand knowledge by potential visitors, (2) China's brand image, and (3) the country's implicit or explicit brand promise. With this information, implications are
then drawn for the country's branding and marketing. The article then discusses how these perceptions and interpretations can be used to improve China's destination brand marketing, development, and management.
Examining the Dimensions of Travel Behavior: A Case of Chinese Tourists Visiting the United States
Authors: Xu Yueying , Li Xiangping , Weaver Pamela A.
Published: October 2010

The objective of this study was to develop and empirically test a theoretical model incorporating the underlying dimensions of travel motivation, travel satisfaction, revisit intentions, and recommendation intentions. The population of interest was Chinese tourists and the model was
tested on a sample of Chinese tourists visiting the US. Exploratory factor analysis found six dimensions of motivation: Relaxation/Escape, Prestige, Knowledge, Job Fulfillment, Entertainment, and Novelty. The first four motivation dimensions were examined further for their effects on travel
satisfaction, revisit intentions, and recommendation intentions. The empirical results indicated that Chinese tourists motivated by relaxation/escape or knowledge tend to have a satisfactory trip experience and those motivated by knowledge would recommend the destination whether they had a
satisfied trip experience or not.
The Future of Tourism in Zimbabwe: Towards Sustainability?
Authors: Mkono Muchazondida
Published: October 2010

Before the political events after 2000, notably the Land Reform Program, Zimbabwe was a leading tourism destination in the Southern African region. However, political upheavals and consequent economic crises in the last decade damaged the attractiveness of the country as a tourist destination.
Arrivals dropped drastically as the country was seen as unsafe for tourists. With the recent formation of the inclusive government in September 2008, and the gradual stabilization of the political and economic environments, it is hoped that the country's tourism industry can be restored to
its former competitiveness. This article discusses the struggles and dilemmas that the tourism industry continues to face as it aspires towards sustainability.
Advances in nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs as anti-HCV agents
Authors: Bobeck Drew R , Schinazi Raymond F , Coats Steven J
Published: October 2010

Nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs that are eventually bioconverted to the active nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) offer the potential to deliver increased intracellular NTP levels and/or organ-specific NTP enhancement. There are several classes of monophosphate prodrugs that have been applied to HCV drug discovery, and some of these approaches are currently being evaluated in humans. This review discusses recent advances in monophosphate prodrug approaches to improve oral absorption, stability and pharmacokinetic profile, including their advantages and potential pitfalls.
Construction de la scène primitive ?
Authors: Arnoux Dominique J.
Published: October 2010

Résumé À partir de l’évocation d’un passé traumatique, il n’y aurait pas de travail sans que ne soit régulièrement visitée et construite la scène originaire au cours de la cure. C’est-à-dire qu’elle interviendrait comme un organisateur vers l’attracteur œdipien mais aussi et surtout comme un étayage à l’introjection des sensations, des perceptions, des affects et des représentations au cours de la cure elle-même au cœur du transfert. Le psychisme se constitue grâce au couple pulsion-objet. Ainsi, l’attention du psychanalyste est-elle portée sur les limites dedans-dehors et sur la qualité de la réponse de l’objet primaire dans la constitution du psychisme. L’effroi et la sidération qui sont la conséquence d’une désolation primordiale cherchent une matrice d’organisation. L’auteur défend l’hypothèse que c’est la scène originaire qui la constitue. Quatre évocations cliniques illustrent comment le parcours de régression, de réimplantation et de séparation s’ouvre du fait de la cure et du transfert et traite une répétition démoniaque pas encore apprivoisée. Tout se passe comme si le sujet cherche une naissance à soi-même en extrayant de son moi environnement assigné son moi noyau quiescent, à partir d’une représentation en construction. La vie psychique mieux organisée permet les rêves de souhait. L’attention psychique sous forme de l’écoute très précise est un tact et par là fabrique une peau, un pare-excitation. Cela nous fait envisager les mesures prises pour fuir la perception de la réalisation aux moyens d’attaques destructrices tout en tentant, par le moyen de l’identification projective massive, de brouiller la distinction entre soi et l’objet externe.
Une construction difficile : la scène primitive dans les structures limites
Authors: Dispaux Marie-France
Published: October 2010

Résumé L’auteur se pose la question des difficultés rencontrées face à la scène primitive dans la cure de patients non-névrotiques. Il apparaît au fil de ses réflexions que la scène primitive n’est pas une réalité psychique inscrite comme une donnée pré-organisée mais plutôt une préconception qui doit rencontrer certaines conditions préalables, liées au psychisme de l’objet pour qu’elle puisse avoir une valeur structurante.
La scène primitive et le groupe d'enfants
Authors: Clit Radu
Published: October 2010

Résumé Deux aspects concernant la scène primitive chez l’Homme aux loups montrent la difficulté de sa représentation : la tendance à la fragmentation, manifeste dans son rêve, et le besoin de support réel qui a conduit au point de vue que la scène a été observée. Ces aspects se retrouvent dans le fonctionnement psychique des groupes d’enfants. À la différence des groupes d’adultes où le complexe fraternel est plus important, ces groupes ont comme organisateur psychique le complexe d’Œdipe et la scène primitive. L’évolution d’un tel groupe en psychothérapie offre du matériel dans ce sens et soutient l’idée que la représentation de la scène primitive est facilitée par sa dramatisation. En effet, le scénique étaie la symbolisation plus que les médiations proposées au groupe ou la parole.
La passion : entre aliénation et création
Authors: Grihom Marie-José , Keller Pascal-Henri
Published: October 2010

Résumé La passion – dont l’affect est dérangeant – ne serait-elle qu’aliénation à l’autre ? À partir des spécificités de l’affect passionnel et des représentations de l’objet étudiées dans la passion mystique et amoureuse, les auteurs relèvent plusieurs paradoxes dans le rapport à soi-même et à l’autre. Ils forment l’hypothèse du réveil d’une passion originaire inscrite dans le lien primaire qui constitue la dimension affective, proprement vitale de la passion ainsi que la « logique inconsciente du déjà-perdu ». Tout en permettant de méconnaître ce qui est de l’autre en soi par le retour, dans l’illusion, du sentiment d’existence premier, le processus passionnel, analogue en cela au jeu de la bobine, assurerait à la fois le « détachement » du sujet de ses ancrages narcissiques et ses re-trouvailles subjectives dans l’amour et la reconnaissance de l’autre. En cela la passion serait création et concourrait à la subjectivation.
L'exercice de la pensée critique en recherche-formation : vers la construction d'une éthique des relations entre chercheurs et enseignants débutants
Authors: Veyrunes Philippe , Bertone Stefano , Durand Marc
Published: October 2010

Résumé À partir de données extraites d’un programme de recherche portant sur la formation des enseignants, cet article présente une analyse des relations entre chercheurs et participants à la recherche, et des conditions éthiques et épistémologiques de ces relations. L’analyse se développe en cinq points : 1) la demande de recherche et la contractualisation des conditions d’une collaboration, 2) la construction d’un thème de recherche, 3) la restitution des données, 4) l’implication des chercheurs en tant que formateurs et 5) l’aide aux participants. Elle met en évidence la co-construction de ces relations, dans le cours de la recherche, sur un mode situé, articulant une double visée de transformation et de compréhension.