bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of surfactants on rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta
Authors: Indrani Dasappa , Rao Gandham Venkateswara
Published: March 2003

The effect of the surfactants glycerol monostearate (GMS), lecithin, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (PS‐60) and sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) on the rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta was studied. Use of the surfactants increased stability as measured by the farinograph, valorimeter value, extensograph ratio figure and extensograph area, indicating an increase in the strength of the dough. Surfactants reduced the mixograph peak height, mixograph area, apparent biaxial extensional viscosity, compressive stress, force decay parameter, hardness and adhesiveness, and increased the cohesiveness of dough. The values for peak viscosity increased with DATEM, PS‐60 and SSL and decreased with GMS and lecithin. Among the surfactants tested, SSL and PS‐60 brought about the greatest improvement in the quality of parotta, followed in decreasing order by DATEM, lecithin and GMS.
Influence of total solids concentration and temperature on the changes in redox potential of tomato pastes
Authors: Anese Monica , Calligaris Sonia , Nicoli M. Cristina , Massini Roberto
Published: March 2003

Summary The influence of total solid concentration, heating time and temperature on the changes in redox potential of tomato pastes was studied. Results showed that the reducing properties of the tomato samples were greatly affected by these parameters. In particular, low temperature long time treatments led to the greatest increase in redox potential, which can be attributable to a loss of naturally occurring anti‐oxidants. On the contrary, treatments at high temperatures caused little overall change in the redox potential. It was concluded that when severe heating is applied, the formation of heat‐induced Maillard reaction products, with anti‐oxidant properties, might balance the increase in the redox potential caused by the thermal degradation of tomato natural anti‐oxidants.
Simultaneous optimization of response variables in protein mixture formulation: constrained simplex method approach
Authors: Castro I. A. , Silva R. S. F. , Tirapegui J. , Borsato D. , Bona E.
Published: March 2003

Summary The objective of this study was to test a complex constrained simplex, direct search, sequential method for the optimization of a ternary mixture of protein ingredients used in a formulation for the preparation of a milk drink regularly consumed in institutional nutritional programmes. Three proteins [hydrolysed gelatine (HG), wheat gluten (WG) and soybean protein isolate (SPI)] were mixed according to a simplex‐centroid design, in order to explore the possible synergies between the sensory, nutritional and economic attributes. Mixtures containing different proportions of the three ingredients were submitted to sensory, nutritional and economic evaluations. All responses were modelled using Scheffé's canonical equations. A microinformatics application was developed in order to permit optimization to be computed. The optimum solution obtained by this non‐linear programming was HG = 20%, WG = 27% and SPI = 53%, suggesting that the program is efficient and flexible enough for multiresponse optimization. The optimal point behaviour of the entry variables (HG, WG and SPI) can be monitored with graphs of the trace plot type, in which the proportion of two variables is fixed and the third is allowed to vary in relation to the desired response.
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus during germination and drying of finger millet and kidney beans
Authors: Kimanya Martin E. , Mamiro Peter R. S. , Van Camp John , Devlieghere Frank , Opsomer Anne , Kolsteren Patrick , Debevere Johan
Published: March 2003

Summary The present study examined survival and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus during germination and solar drying of finger millet and kidney beans. Conditions during solar drying of the germinated seeds were found unsuitable for excessive growth of pathogenic bacteria. However, contamination of the grains with B. cereus and S. aureus prior to or during germination leads to multiplication of both species in kidney beans and of only B. cereus in finger millet. Excessive growth of these pathogens in germinating legumes and cereals can lead to the production of heat‐resistant toxins, resulting in unsafe germinated grains. Strict GMP (good manufacturing practice) procedures should be followed in all food processing units where germination of finger millet or kidney beans is performed. The contamination level for B. cereus and S. aureus in raw finger millet and kidney beans should not exceed 100 CFU g−1, and products should immediately be consumed after cooking.
The incorporation of sweet potato application in the preparation of a rice beverage
Authors: Joo Suh Hyung , Man Kim Jin , Moon Choi Yang
Published: March 2003

Summary To increase the industrial applications of sweet potato, a rice beverage was prepared by adding barley sprouts, sweet potato, or a mixture of barley sprouts and sweet potato (1:1). Amylases from barley sprouts and sweet potatoes had a similar hydrolysis pattern to β‐amylase. Heat stability of this enzyme in sweet potato was higher than that in barley. Reducing sugar content in the mixture of barley sprouts and sweet potato was higher than in either barley sprouts or sweet potato alone. After the preparation of the rice beverage, the maltose content of the mixture with barley sprouts, either barley sprouts and sweet potato, or sweet potato was 37.2, 44.1 and 40.3 mg mL−1 after 6 h, respectively. The amylase activity in the mixture with barley sprouts and sweet potato decreased more than that of the mixture with only sweet potato. The use of sweet potato resulted in an increase of sweetness, flavour and improved preference in rice beverage.
The effects of packaging film and storage temperature on the quality of a dry coleslaw mix packaged in a modified atmosphere
Authors: Cliffe‐Byrnes V. , Mc Laughlin C. P. , O'Beirne D.
Published: March 2003

Summary The effects of six packaging treatments on the quality of dry coleslaw packaged in modified atmospheres and stored at 4 and 8 °C for 9 days were determined. The coleslaw was packaged within either oriented polypropylene (OPP) or one of four microperforated OPP films, PA‐120, PA‐160, PA‐190, and PA‐210. It was also stored within punctured OPP (i.e. in air). Packaging within OPP resulted in an atmosphere with very low O2 (<1%) and extremely high CO2 (25–35%) levels. These storage conditions had detrimental effects on the quality of coleslaw: loss of firmness, falling pH, high cell permeability and exudate, high surface moisture and poor acceptability of aroma. By contrast, the microperforated films generated less atmosphere modification; in some cases this was insufficiently modified to be technically useful. The relatively high O2 levels in these microperforated packs resulted in lower appearance and colour scores, increased surface dryness and higher firmness values. Increasing storage temperature from 4 to 8 °C resulted in a reduction in shelf‐life for all film types. While still not optimal, packaging within microperforated films allowed better preservation of quality and reduced cell membrane damage.
Effect of α‐amylases on dough properties during Turkish hearth bread production
Authors: Doğan İsmail S.
Published: March 2003

Summary The effect of α‐amylases from cereal and fungal sources on dough rheological properties was studied. Increasing the enzyme addition level to 160 SKB units (c. 1.1%, fwb) decreased dough stability and increased mixing tolerance indexes. Gas production rates with cereal α‐amylase were higher than that with fungal α‐amylases, indicating more activity during fermentation. A higher adsorption rate occurred with cereal α‐amylase. Dough stability is very important for Turkish hearth bread production, as it is for other hearth breads. Spread ratio tests on fermented doughs showed significant changes in dough rheological properties as a function of α‐amylases. The spread test is a reliable tool for observing rheological changes during fermentation. As a guide, the dough spread ratio should not be more than 2 for desirable bread.
Development of a mushroom‐whey soup powder
Authors: Singh Sudhir , Ghosh Subhajit , Patil G. R.
Published: March 2003

Summary Mushroom‐whey soup powder was prepared by cooking mushroom with concentrated cheese whey and blending. The seasonings (onion, garlic and ginger) were fried separately in hydrogenated fat, and cornflour was added if thickening was desirable. After the addition of salt and a further quantity of concentrated whey, the soup mix was again blended. It was then spray‐dried to produce a mushroom‐whey soup powder. The physico‐chemical properties of the soup powder, such as moisture content, loose and packed bulk density, wettability, insolubility index, thiobarbituric acid and hydroxy methyl furfural content, increased during storage. However, dispersibility and reflectance value decreased during storage. The soup powder reconstituted well when boiled in water for 2 min. The reconstituted soup was considered acceptable, with an overall acceptability score of 7.1 on a nine‐point hedonic scale, after 8 months of storage of the soup powder at 30 °C when packed in metalized polyester.
Modified atmosphere packaging as a means to alleviate package expansion of Korean fermented red pepper paste
Authors: Lee Chan Ho , Hwang Yong Il , Choi Shin‐Yang , Lee Dong Sun
Published: March 2003

Summary Korean fermented red pepper paste was packaged under a modified atmosphere (MA) of 30% CO2/70% N2 and 100% CO2. A plain air package was also prepared as a control for comparison. The MA conditions were applied with a high gas barrier film and subsequently with a gas permeable film. Throughout the storage period at 13 °C, package volume, headspace gas composition, microbial flora, surface colour, pH and acidity were measured. An MA of 100% CO2 suppressed the growth of aerobic bacteria and yeasts, and reduced the CO2 production from the paste without any adverse effect on product quality, and thus alleviated the volume expansion of flexible packages stored at 13 °C. However, the reduced volume expansion for the package of high‐barrier film was not sufficient in prolonged storage. An MA package of 100% CO2 using plastic film of appropriate gas permeability could be stored at 13 °C for 150 days without volume expansion or any adverse quality changes, and was also tolerant to temperature abuse conditions at 25 °C.
The use of an ‘electronic nose’ device to monitor the ripening process of anchovies
Authors: Vázquez M. J. , Lorenzo R. A. , Cela R.
Published: March 2003

SummaryQualitative changes in flavour profiles that are associated with the ripening of anchovies were investigated. Samples, either commercially processed or ripened on a laboratory scale, were analysed by a device known as an electronic nose, which is based on conductive polymers. Operational parameters were optimized by means of screening factorial designs using the discriminating power between samples as the objective function. Electronic nose measurements need no sample preparation and the results indicated that the ripening process of anchovies could be followed by using this technique. Several chemometric techniques (principal component analysis,k‐nearest neighbour, soft independent modelling of class analogy and multilayer feed forward artificial neural networks) were applied to model the ripening process and to classify samples into separate classes as a function of the ripening stage, and all produced satisfactory results. The ability and limitations of these predictive models are discussed, especially the influence that other factors have in affecting the raw material quality and characteristics in the developed models. These defined the conditions to be met in order to produce reliable predictions, thus establishing the real value of the electronic nose models in the monitoring of quality control of the anchovy maturation process and production.
The functionality of milk powder and its relationship to chocolate mass processing, in particular the effect of milk powder manufacturing and composition on the physical properties of chocolate masses
Authors: Attaie H. , Breitschuh B. , Braun P. , Windhab E. J.
Published: March 2003

Summary The functionality of twelve different milk powders that are used for chocolate mass processing was investigated. In two types of spray‐dried and one type of roller‐dried powder, the milk fat and milk fat fractions were integrated. Depending on the production process, the amount of free fat available in the milk powders varied greatly. A good correlation was found between the free fat content of the milk powder and the viscosity of the chocolate mass when comparable particle sizes were used. This study reports on the development of spray‐dried milk powders, which when used in chocolate processing produced low viscosities, comparable with those obtained by using roller‐dried milk powder. Calorimetric analysis showed that the shape of the milk powder particles has no influence on the calorimetric qualities of chocolate masses. Only when milk fat was added in a free form, was a higher ‘mixing effect’ in the crystallization peak of cocoa butter and milk fat observed.
Optimization of the extraction and purification of oligosaccharides from defatted soybean meal
Authors: Kim Suna , Kim Wansoo , Hwang In K.
Published: March 2003

Summary Optimization of the extraction of oligosaccharides from defatted soybean meal (DSM) was investigated under various conditions. The optimal ratio of water to DSM and optimal temperature for oligosaccharide extraction was 5:1 and 50 °C, respectively. The use of a stirring process, without any further grinding, improved the extractability of oligosaccharides from DSM, a 10% ethanol‐water solution was more effective than distilled water alone. To purify the oligosaccharides, ultrafiltration was used. More than 90% of the protein was removed from the extracts at a volume concentration ratio (VCR) of 3–5. The percentages of fructose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in permeate for a VCR of 5 were 38.6, 51.4, 54.2 and 52.6%, respectively. A VCR of 5 was the most effective for protein removal and recovery of oligosaccharides.
Modelling flavour release from a chewed bolus in the mouth: Part I. Mastication
Authors: Wright Kevin M. , Sprunt John , Smith Andrew C. , Hills Brian P.
Published: March 2003

Modelling flavour release from foods in the mouth requires detailed knowledge of the mastication process. In this paper we show how the distribution of chewing and swallowing time intervals as well as the sphericity changes on chewing and swallowing all conform accurately to a Pearson Type IV probability distribution. We show how these distributions, measured by electromyography for each panellist, can be used to generate simulated individual mastication patterns for use in flavour release calculations.
Reasons for referral of children to a general anaesthetic service in Northern Ireland
Authors: MacCormac  , Kinirons
Published: March 2003

Objective. To investigate, in a case‐specific manner, dental practitioners’ clinical and social reasons for referral of children for dental extractions under general anaesthesia and to relate these to separately obtained information.Design. For each child referred to the community general anaesthetic dental extraction service, closed‐ended questionnaires were completed by the referring practitioner, by the parent accompanying the child and by the assessing community dental officer.Setting. The study was undertaken in the Craigavon and Banbridge area of Northern Ireland.Results. A total of 177 completed the study, representing an inclusion rate of 93%. The children ranged in age from 3 to 17 years (mean 6·8 years) and previous experience of general anaesthesia for dental extractions was seen in 55 (31%). The most common reasons for referral were the requirement for multiple extractions (63%), the patients’ anxiety or fear of dental treatment (60%) and the young age of the patient (60%), and the specification of these reasons was found to be significantly related to separately obtained indicators. A poor record of co‐operation for treatment in the past was indicated in almost a third of cases and this indication was significantly related to low levels of co‐operation for restorations.Conclusion. It appears practitioners have considered a range of factors in their deci‐ sions to refer children and there is information which supports these reasons in most instances.
Dentinal dysplasia type I: report of a case
Authors: Shankly P.E. , Mackie I.C. , Sloan P.
Published: March 2003

A case of dentinal dysplasia type I is presented. This rare hereditary disturbance of dentine is characterized by short‐rooted teeth with sharp conical apical constrictions, aberrant growth of dentine in the pulp chamber leading to reduced pulp space in permanent teeth and total pulpal obliteration in the primary dentition. Clinical, radiographic and histopathological material from a 7‐year‐old boy, showing the typical features of this disorder in which teeth are prematurely lost through periapical abscesses, cysts or spontaneous exfoliation, is described. A review of the theories of pathogenesis of this condition is included. Management of patients with dentinal dysplasia is difficult and a discussion of the shortcomings of various treatment strategies, including conventional endodontic therapy, periapical curettage and retrograde root filling, and a preventive regimen, are discussed.

 In this case, despite diagnosis being made at an early age and the provision of regular dental care, the patient is now losing teeth because of spontaneous abscess formation.
Oral health survey of 5–12‐year‐old children of National Guard employees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Banyan R.A. , Echeverri E.A. , Narendran S. , Keene H.J.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. To assess the oral health status, preventive practices and mutans streptococci (MS) levels among the children of National Guard personnel living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Design. Cross‐sectional study of schoolchildren.

Setting. Dental Clinic of the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sample and methods. A sample of 272 5–12‐year‐old children, 154 males and 118 females (95% Bedouin), were selected from approximately 35 National Guard schools in the Riyadh area. An examination was performed in the dental clinic in the National Guard hospital. Oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris Index (DI‐S); Gingival Index (GI) was used to measure gingival health; dental fluorosis was recorded according to the criteria of Dean. Dental caries (dmft, dmfs, DMFT and DMFS) was recorded according to the recommendations of Haugejorden. Concentration of MS in saline rinse samples was assessed by routine laboratory methods and expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per ml (log10).

Results. There was a high level of dental caries (mean dmft = 3·8 ± 3·2; mean dmfs = 21·5 ± 15·7; mean DMFT = 2·0 ± 1·9; mean DMFS = 3·1 ± 3·7). Only 0·7% of the children had no caries experience (dmft + DMFT). MS levels ranged from 0 to 7·5×105 CFU per ml (mean MS = 4·10 ± 0·90 log10 CFU per ml). A significant relationship between MS and caries experience was observed (P = 0·003). Mild fluorosis was observed in 14% of the children. Oral hygiene scores indicated that most of the examined tooth surfaces had detectable plaque (mean DI‐S = 1·78). Gingivitis was present in 100% of the children and was considered moderate to severe in 14% (mean GI = 1·18).

Conclusions. The study revealed a high level of oral diseases and poor oral hygiene in the study population and a need for therapeutic and preventive measures.
Detection of dentine caries using the oblique lateral radiograph
Authors: Townsend
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of agreement between bitewing radiographs and oblique lateral radiographs for the diagnosis of dental caries extending into dentine, and to draw conclusions from the results as to which view is more useful.

Sample. Radiographs were selected from patients attending an orthodontic assessment clinic: 53 patients, 52% male, 48% female, aged 6–18 years old. Total 105 bitewings and 105 oblique lateral radiographs.

Methods. Contemporaneous bitewing and oblique radiographs taken over the period 1987–97 were independently assessed by two dentists for the presence of caries extending into dentine.

Results. The agreement between the oblique lateral and the bitewing radiographs for the presence of approximal caries expressed in the form of Cohen’s Kappa gave values of 0·64 for observer 1 and 0·53 for observer 2. For occlusal caries, values were 0·72 for observer 1 and 0·56 for observer 2. Kappa values for the level of agreement between observers and for the same observer on different occasions were within the range 0·5–0·95 for both types of film.

Conclusion. The Kappa values for the agreement between the two views as well as the intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement and reproducibility of the oblique lateral view all fall in the range K = 0·5–0·75. Results suggested a fair to good agreement in diagnoses made using the two types of film. However, levels were lower than estimates of reproducibility reported for bitewing films alone.
Intra‐nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients
Authors: Al‐Rakaf H. , Bello L.L. , Turkustani A. , Adenubi J.O.
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Objectives. To compare the effects of 3 different doses of intra‐nasal midazolam in the conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients and to compare the effectiveness of the sedation in the fasting and non‐fasting child.

Design. Double blind random controlled trial.

Sample and Methods. Thirty‐eight uncooperative young children aged 2–5 years (mean age 4·02 years) were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. The groups and the doses of midazolam administered intra‐nasally were A: 0·3 mg/kg, B: 0·4 mg/kg, and C: 0·5 mg/kg body weight. Each child in each group had two visits for restorative treatment: one without food (fasting) and the other with soft drink and light food (non‐fasting) before treatment. Child behaviour and sedative effects were evaluated using the scoring system of Houpt. The vital signs were monitored continuously using a pulse oximeter and Dinamap machine.

Results. There was rapid onset of sedation with the maximal effect between 8 and 15 minutes. This sedation lasted for 25–40 minutes in Groups A and B and for 60 minutes in Group C. Conscious sedation and dental treatment were achieved in 79%, 96% and 100% of the children in Groups A, B and C, respectively. Consistently higher Houpt scores were seen in Groups B and C, with statistically significant differences between Groups A and C, and B and C (Tukey’s range test, P < 0·05). There were no significant differences in the general behaviour of the child, the onset and the duration of sedation between the fasting and the non‐fasting child (nonparametric anovaP > 0·05). All the vital signs were within normal physiological limits and there were no significant adverse effects either with or without fasting.

Conclusions. All 3 doses of intranasal midazolam were effective in modifying the behaviour of the uncooperative child patient to accept dental treatment. This was irrespective of fasting.
Orofacial findings in the Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
Authors: Mueller‐Lessmann V. , Behrendt A. , Wetzel W.‐E. , Petersen K. , Anders D.
Published: March 2003

The Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome is a triad of congenital anomalies characterised by haemangiomas, varicosities, and unilateral bony and soft tissue hypertrophy. Hypertrophy usually affects one distal limb, but trunk or face may be affected. Cutaneous haemangiomas (nevus flammeus) of varying extent and irregular contour are often present in the hypertrophic regions. Varicosities may also be part of the vascular lesions of the syndrome. Orofacial manifestations include facial asymmetry, jaw enlargement, and malocclusions as well as premature tooth eruption. Two cases of the Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome are presented here. Both of these show the typical hemifacial hypertrophy and premature eruption of teeth on the affected side. In the first case only the left mandibular region was affected. In contrast, in the second there was hypertrophy of the whole left side of the body including upper and lower jaws. This boy also suffers from congenital ideokinetic retardation, while the first was otherwise normal. Both cases differ from previously reported cases of the Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome in lacking any prominent facial nevus flammeus. In the first case there was also malformation of the crown of the first permanent molar on the affected side that has not been described previously.
Root resorption in retained deciduous canine and molar teeth without permanent successors in patients with severe hypodontia
Authors: Haselden K. , Hobkirk J.A. , Goodman J.K. , Jones S.P. , Hemmings K.W.
Published: March 2003

Aims. The ability to predict the morbidity of retained deciduous teeth with no permanent successors, a characteristic of hypodontia, would be of considerable value in treatment planning, but is hampered by lack of data.

Methods. This problem was studied using 356 orthopantomogram radiographs (OPGs) from the records of 249 patients who had attended a specialist hypodontia clinic, and had retained deciduous teeth with no permanent successors. Due to their clinical importance, canine and molar teeth were chosen for examination. Resorption was assessed subjectively by three experienced clinicians.

Results. Un‐weighted Kappa values for reproducibility were > 0·8, and for inter‐observer error 0·60–0·83. Gender related differences were minimal. Regardless of gender or radiographic age, the lower canines appear to show the least amount of resorption and the upper first molars the most. The upper and lower second molars have particularly unpredictable life spans. Whilst the lower first molars have a predictable life span that is poor, the life span for the upper first molars is slightly worse.

Conclusions. Lower canines have a predictable life span that appears to be good, as do upper canines, but of lesser duration than lower canines. Molars have poorer and less predictable life spans.
A study on the measurement of occlusal force and masticatory efficiency in school age Japanese children
Authors: Maki K. , Nishioka T. , Morimoto A. , Naito M. , Kimura M.
Published: March 2003

Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between occlusal force and masticatory efficiency in school age Japanese children.

Sample. The subjects were 208 volunteer Japanese children from 7 to 9 years old. Occlusal force was measured using an MPM‐3000 occlusal instrument and masticatory efficiency by adenosine bisodium triphosphate (ATP) particles.

Results. It is obvious from the results that the occlusal force of Japanese school age children is decreasing. A t‐test of both masticatory efficiency and occlusal force showed no significant sex differences for children at 7 and 8 years old. However, 9 year‐old boys showed significantly higher values compared with 9 year‐old girls in both measurements. No significant difference was seen between 7 and 8 year‐old children in both measurements. However, 9 year‐old children showed significantly higher values when compared with 7 and 8 year‐old children. Occlusal force and masticatory efficiency were shown to be correlated with chronological age, with a coefficient of more than 0·6.
The use of restraint in the treatment of paediatric dental patients: old and new insights
Authors: Peretz B. , Gluck G. M.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objective. This article reviews aspects of the restraint strategies in paediatric dentistry that have been reviewed in recent years and point out those strategies that remain controversial as well as questionable.

Methods. Studies that evaluated demographic and cultural factors that influence dentists’ use of restraint, discussion of the rationale behind the use of restraint, the role of parents, informed consent, use of restraints at the undergraduate and at the postgraduate level, and some ethical questions were selected.

Conclusions. Practice location, caries prevalence, and the educational backgrounds of the dentist played a role in the selection of behavioural strategies. Use of these techniques varied depending on the age of the dentist and the dental school from which the dentist had graduated. Parents are one leg of the child/dentist/parent triangle and therefore have a role to play in the determination of treatment strategies. Dentists must select techniques that help to instil a positive dental attitude in the child by performing treatment effectively and efficiently. Dentists must inform parents of all aspects of the applied strategy and must have their approval.
Radiographic assessment of congenitally missing teeth in orthodontic patients
Authors: Silva Meza R.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of congenitally missing teeth (CMT) in patients evaluated for orthodontic care. A sample of 668 panoramic radiographs from Mexican population was reviewed from orthodontic healthy patients, 9–20 years old.

Method. Statistical tests were used to compare maxillary and mandibular hypodontia in right and left quadrants between males and females.

Results. Prevalence was 27% when all teeth were included, and was 2·7% when third molars were excluded. A significant difference was found between maxillary and mandibular symmetrical CMT in third maxillary molars, lateral incisors and second premolars (P < 0·001), and in mandibular third molars and central incisors (P < 0·001).

Conclusions. We confirmed that occurrence of CMT in the permanent dentition of a Mexican population most often affects third molars, followed by maxillary lateral incisors and then mandibular second premolars.
Predicting which patient will fall again… and again
Authors: Gaebler Shauna
Published: March 2003

In order to compare the characteristics, preventive interventions and outcomes of single and multiple fallers, a retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted in a 680‐bed acute‐care hospital in Western Australia Fifty patients falling more than once (multiple fallers) were randomly selected from all patients reported to have fallen between 1 July 1989 and 31 December 1989, and age–sex matched with 50 patients falling once in the trial period (single fallers) In total, 382 in‐patients were reported to have sustained 578 falls in the 6‐month trial period Fifty‐two per cent of these falls involved multiple fallers An analysis of the 100 single and multiple fallers showed that single fallers were more likely to have fallen from their bed, be discharged home from hospital, and be clinically deteriorating at the time of the fall Multiple fallers were more likely to be transferred to a long‐term nursing facility after discharge from hospital, suffer blindness/poor vision, be sedated post fall, be ordered to be restrained following a fall, and be hospitalized for longer periods There was also a tendency for multiple fallers to repeat the type and location of the fall on successive falls Stepwise logistic regression showed that falling from the bed on the first fall predicted remaining a single faller Being ordered to be restrained following the first fall and hospitalized for longer periods predicted the patient would fall repeatedly Further analytical research incorporating an expanded number of independent variables is needed to allow confident assertions of causality To test the effectiveness of preventive measures, a prospective longitudinal study is required.
Family nursing assessment: meeting the challenge of health promotion
Authors: Hartrick Gwen , Lindsey A Elizabeth , Hills Marcia
Published: March 2003

Family nursing assessment has traditionally followed an illness–care model This paper proposes a re‐evaluation of traditional family assessment and suggests an approach which is fundamentally based in health promotion The paper includes a discussion of varying perspectives of health and health care, the health promotion perspective adopted by the World Health Organization, and the relevance of these perspectives for family nursing practice Central elements of health promotion are outlined and serve as the guiding principles for family nursing assessment Two inherent aspects of health‐promoting family nursing practice are proposed and described These include an emphasis on a human caring nursing ontology, and a framework for guiding family nursing assessment This health‐promoting assessment framework contains four essential components (a) listening to the family, (b) participatory dialogue, (c) recognizing patterns, and (d) envisaging action and positive change These components are described, together with the strategic elements inherent in each Based on this health‐promoting family nursing assessment, implications for nursing practice are discussed, and recommendations are made for research into this assessment framework
New nursing: the road to freedom?
Authors: Porter Sam
Published: March 2003

The consequences that recent developments in nursing have had for the nurse‐patient relationship are the concern of this paper It is argued that, by attempting to reduce the power differentials that exist between nurse and patient,‘new nursing’reforms encourage rational, rather than distorted, communication between lay and professional participants in health care encounters The significance of these developments is underlined by framing them within the theoretical framework developed by Jurgen Habermas, who argues that, because symbolic communication is a defining feature of our essential humanity, distortion of communication by means of coercive power is a denial of that humanity Conversely, rational communication is the stuff of truth, freedom and justice Empirical evidence from in‐depth interviews with nurses is used to demonstrate that there have been significant changes in the nurse‐patient relationship, which have led to improvements in communication and to the empowerment of patients Despite the fact that the reforms face significant obstacles, nurses can be proud of the fact that their efforts have contributed to the re‐affirmation of the full humanity of people requiring health care
The rationale for the use of risk calculators in pressure sore prevention, and the evidence of the reliability and validity of published scales
Authors: Edwards Margaret
Published: March 2003

Recent studies have shown an increase in pressure sore prevalence rates However, methodological inconsistencies and demographic considerations, which include an ageing population, make it difficult to interpret and compare results A multiplicity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors are thought to be associated with increased risk The development of risk calculators which incorporate these factors has been an attempt to identify which subjects are most at risk so that equipment and nursing interventions can be allocated appropriately Since the 1960s there has been a proliferation of risk assessment scales which have not been subjected to rigorous scrutiny of then‐ reliability and validity, and this is held to represent a failure of nursing research Recent evidence suggests that if critical cut‐off points for‘at‐nsk’vs‘no risk’are adjusted for particular patient populations the validity of existing scales can be improved Missing from the literature are research reports of studies earned out in the community As a result of demographic changes and community care policies, more‘at‐nsk’patients are likely to be nursed at home Future research needs to include community studies, and a more systematic approach in general, to the study of the predictive value of existing scales
Nursing in today's multicultural society: a transcultural perspective
Authors: Lea Amandah
Published: March 2003

The argument that nurses need to consider the different ethnic and cultural backgrounds of their patients, in order to provide effective and safe nursing care, is presented The concept of culture is then discussed in order to provide the conceptual context for examining transcultural nursing which is described as nursing practice that accounts for patients' cultural difference This paper also explores how transcultural nursing is the means for nurses to enable their patients to improve or sustain their health as both nurses and patients struggle with the contradictions of racism, oppression and‘caring’that co‐exist in a multicultural society
Nurses' attitudes towards older people: a comparison between nurses working in acute medical and acute care of elderly patient settings
Authors: Hope Kevin W
Published: March 2003

Drawing on a sample of 76 nurses from two health authorities working in acute medical or acute care of elderly patient wards, a quantitative approach was taken to compare their attitudes A questionnaire which identified possible predictors of attitude, knowledge about older people (via a modified Palmore's Facts on Ageing Quiz) and attitudinal disposition (via Kogan's Old People Scale) was distributed Results indicated a statistically significant difference (P=003) in attitudes, with elderly care nurses scoring more favourably Factors which might explain such a finding are identified, namely post‐basic gerontological education, age of respondent and knowledge of older people, and their relative influences discussed Conclusions are based on the premise that any variation based on specialist area is unacceptable since care of older people is now within every nurse's remit, and suggested interventions are outlined
Making anthropology clinically relevant to nursing care
Authors: DeSantis Lydia
Published: March 2003

Transcultural nursing is generally seen as the interface between anthropology and nursing A prime objective of transcultural nursing has been the translation of concepts from anthropology and nursing into the nursing process to guide a culturally informed clinical practice To date, there has been a general inability of transcultural nursing to operationalize the concept of culture to develop culturally competent clinicians, that is, nurses who are capable of knowing, utilizing, and appreciating the effects of culture in the resolution of an individual, group, community, and/or family problem A model of transcultural nursing is described, for incorporating the concept of culture into patient care It includes the concepts of cultural brokerage, simultaneous dual ethnocentrism, multiple clinical realities, the patient as cultural informant, and cultural assessment of patient views of clinical reality The problems of making anthropology and transcultural nursing clinically relevant through the transcultural nursing model are presented and methods are recommended for addressing such problems
The strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research: what method for nursing?
Authors: Carr Linda T
Published: March 2003

The overall purpose of research for any profession is to discover the truth of the discipline This paper examines the controversy over the methods by which truth is obtained, by examining the differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative research The historically negative bias against qualitative research is discussed, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, with issues highlighted by reference to nursing research Consideration is given to issues of sampling, the relationship between the researcher and subject, methodologies and collated data, validity, reliability, and ethical dilemmas The author identifies that neither approach is superior to the other, qualitative research appears invaluable for the exploration of subjective experiences of patients and nurses, and quantitative methods facilitate the discovery of quantifiable information Combining the strengths of both approaches in triangulation, if time and money permit, is also proposed as a valuable means of discovering the truth about nursing It is argued that if nursing scholars limit themselves to one method of enquiry, restrictions will be placed on the development of nursing knowledge
Achieving statistical power through research design sensitivity
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano
Published: March 2003

The challenge for nurse researchers is to design their intervention studies with sufficient sensitivity to detect the treatment effects they are investigating In order to meet this challenge, researchers must understand the factors that influence statistical power Underpowered studies can result in a majority of null results in a research area when, in fact, the interventions are effective The sensitivity of a research design is not a function of just one element of the design but of the entire research design its plan, implementation and statistical analysis When discussing factors that can increase a research design's statistical power, attention is most often focused on increasing sample size This paper addresses a variety of factors and techniques, other than increasing sample size, that nurse researchers can use to enhance the sensitivity of a research design so that it can attain adequate power
Issues concerning the familiarity of researchers with the research setting
Authors: Hanson Elizabeth J
Published: March 2003

A key rule in qualitative research suggests that researchers should not carry out their research in a setting with which they are familiar, in that they work in or have previously worked in the setting Experts in qualitative research warn of the pitfalls related to the researcher's lack of objectivity and to role confusion The issue is not as clear cut as it may first appear There are merits to a researcher having subjective knowledge of the setting and, at a macro level, the cultural norms and values of the health care professionals involved
Intraprofessional teamwork in district nursing: in whose interest?
Authors: Griffiths Jane M , Luker Karen A
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine mtraprofessional team working between district nurses Data from an exploratory study, conducted in the United Kingdom, of 130 home visits of 16 district nurses describes mtraprofessional relationships in community nursing teams Participant observation and m‐depth interviews were the methods of data collection The findings suggest that the professional culture of community nursing has led to the development of organizational rules which, in a quest to avoid conflict between team members, potentially militate against patient choice The data presented here explore three areas of the nurses’ practice committing services, changing care and working unsocial hours
Diploma‐prepared nurses' use of technological equipment in clinical practice
Authors: Pelletier Dianne
Published: March 2003

Increasingly, nurses throughout the western world are receiving their educational preparation for initial registration in a tertiary environment at either the diploma or bachelor degree level The length of time spent in the clinical setting has been reduced considerably, with the elimination of the apprenticeship system and the role of the student nurse as paid staff member Concurrently, the amount of technological equipment used in the health care sector is both increasing rapidly and now found in general wards, not just the traditional ‘high tech’ environments It is important to evaluate how well the tertiary experience prepares students in terms of their ability to handle common technological equipment such as infusion control devices or suction pumps In the study reported here 245 diploma‐prepared registered nurses completed a questionnaire designed to assess how nurses from tertiary institutions perceived their ability to handle technical equipment in the workplace The majority of the respondents had been working for 7 to 12 months No significant relationship was found between the frequency of use of specific items of clinical equipment and whether that item caused the nurse concern in practice There was also no significant relationship between the frequency of use of an item and whether participants believed that competence should be acquired in relation to that item prior to tertiary graduation Although moderate levels of comfort in the use of technical equipment were reported upon entry to the workplace, subjects rapidly acquired high levels of comfort in relation to equipment handling The implications for hospital administrators and tertiary teaching programmes are discussed
Occupational low‐back pain in nursing staff in a Greek hospital
Authors: Vasihadou Aspasia , Karvountzis Gerasimos G , Soumilas Agisilaos , Roumehotis Dimitrios , Theodosopoulou Eleni
Published: March 2003

The prevalence of occupational low‐back pain was investigated in 407 female nurses in a large tertiary health care unit in Athens, Greece Work‐related back pain within the previous 2 weeks was reported by 63% of respondents and within the previous 6 months by 67% Prevalence was higher (66% in the previous 2 weeks) in the wards with physically heavy duties than in the rest (52%, P=0 003), but all grades of nursing staff were affected equally The specific factors which claimed to be responsible for causing back pain included moving heavy items (36%), lifting patients onto trolleys (32%) or in bed (29%) helping patients out of bed (24%) and bending to lift objects from the floor (24%) Absence from work because of back pain in the previous 2 weeks was reported by 28% of the sample
Unequal access to midwifery care: a continuing problem?
Authors: Hayes Linda
Published: March 2003

For women of an ethnic minority the maternity services have been described as inappropriate, inaccessible and inadequate It is hoped that the contents of this paper will raise awareness amongst health professionals of the continuing problems faced by women trying to overcome a language barrier
Lifelong treatment with gammaglobulin for primary antibody deficiencies: the patients' experiences of subcutaneous self‐infusions and home therapy
Authors: Gardulf Ann , Bjorvell Hjordis , Andersen Vagn , Bjorkander Janne , Ericson Diddi , Frøland Stig S , Gustafson Rolf , Hammarstrom Lennart , Nystrom Tuna , Søeberg Bjørn , Smith CI Edvard
Published: March 2003

Primary antibody deficiencies are chronic conditions and the patients usually need lifelong replacement therapy with gammaglobulin to prevent or reduce infections It has been shown that the gammaglobulm can be given safely as subcutaneous infusions, instead of intramuscular injections or intravenous infusions The major aim of this multi‐centre study was to investigate the perceptions of the subcutaneous method among patients using it, both in hospital settings and as self‐infusions at home The study included 152 patients 89 women, 63 men, mean age 44 years (range 18‐76) Data were collected by using questionnaires The patients were found to have a strongly positive attitude towards receiving the replacement therapy as subcutaneous infusions, perceived the method as effective in preventing infections and wished to retain the treatment However, the younger patients found the subcutaneous infusions more uncomfortable and were less determined to continue with the therapy as compared with the older individuals The responsibility for self‐infusions at home was accepted by the patients, leading to an increased independence from the health care personnel and to a feeling of flexibility and freedom As these patients have a chronic disease and are in need of lifelong treatment, it is important to discuss the development of structured education and training programmes in which special emphasis is placed on the support of the younger patients It is suggested that Orem's nursing model of self‐care may serve as a conceptual framework for nurses working in this specific area of nursing care