bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As professoras da sala comum e seus dizeres: Atendimento educacional especializado nas salas de recursos multifuncionais
Authors: Fuck Andréia Heiderscheidt , Cordeiro Aliciene Fusca Machado
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho apresenta os dizeres das professoras da Sala Comum sobre o Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) nas Salas de Recursos Multifuncionais (SRM). Tem como objetivo principal investigar o que as professoras sabem e esperam deste atendimento no contexto escolar. Para a construção dos dados utilizou-se a aplicação de questionários a 144 docentes do 1º ao 5º ano da rede municipal de Joinville, os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo de Franco (2012). Os resultados indicam que as professores da Sala Comum sabem que o AEE nas SRM destina-se aos alunos público-alvo da Educação Especial e tem como um dos objetivos disponibilizar recursos e adaptações, porém, esperam que este possa eliminar as necessidades/dificuldades dos estudantes para desenvolver a aprendizagem. Concluiu-se, que as questões apontadas pelas professoras pesquisadas, mostram-se coerentes com as funções do professor especializado, desde que se entenda que esta é uma responsabilidade que perpassa toda a organização escolar, envolvendo os profissionais inseridos neste processo. Evidenciou-se, ainda a insuficiência de troca/parceria entre as professoras da SRM e da Sala Comum, assim como a necessidade de maiores informações e formações no contexto escolar que tenham como foco o trabalho docente numa perspectiva colaborativa.
Perfil dos professores do ensino fundamental de uma rede pública sobre transtornos de aprendizagem
Authors: Machado Andréa Carla , Borges Karina Kelly , Costa Maria Da Piedade Resende da , Almeida Maria Amelia
Published: May 2015

O presente estudo se propôs identificar o saber daquele que atua diretamente com o aluno, o professor, por considerá-lo um personagem importante no processo de identificação de alunos com transtornos de aprendizagem. Assim o objetivo foi verificar e analisar o conhecimento do professor quanto ao transtorno de aprendizagem. Para atender o objetivo, foi aplicado um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas em 78 professores de ambos os gêneros com predomínio do feminino, com média de idade de 35 anos e 7 meses pertencentes à uma rede pública de ensino fundamental de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise foi observado três grupos de professores, aqueles que apresentam conhecimento, aqueles que apresentam conhecimento parcial, e os que desconhecem o assunto. Torna-se de extrema importância que se realizem projetos de formação para a prática de leitura do professor, onde se discutam as suas atitudes afetivas, experiências pessoais e pedagógicas, as concepções que ele tem sobre o s transtornos de aprendizagem, suas características, para que possam motivar o aluno para a aprendizagem.
CO2 in the spotlight
Authors: Hernandez-Miranda Luis R , Birchmeier Carmen
Published: May 2015

Optogenetic techniques have revealed that retrotrapezoid neurons are essential for sensitivity to carbon dioxide.
Application of artificial neural networks as a tool for moisture prediction in microbially colonized halite in the Atacama Desert
Authors: Wierzchos K. , Cancilla J. C. , Torrecilla J. S. , Díaz‐Rodríguez P. , Davila A. F. , Ascaso C. , Nienow J. , McKay C. P. , Wierzchos J.
Published: May 2015

The Atacama Desert is the driest and one of the most life‐limiting places on Earth. Despite the extreme conditions, microbial endolithic communities have been found inside halite rocks. The presence of these microbial communities is possible due to the hygroscopic properties of evaporitic rocks composed of sodium chloride. It is important to elucidate every possible water source in such a hyperarid environment. Therefore, in the present study, an artificial neural network (ANN) based model has been designed to predict the presence of liquid water on the surface of halite pinnacles. The model predicts the moisture formation using two basic meteorological variables, air temperature, and air relative humidity. ANNs have been successfully employed for the first time as a tool for predicting the appearance of liquid water, a key factor for the endolithic microbial communities living in the driest part of the Atacama Desert. The model developed is able to correctly predict the formation of water on the surface of the halite pinnacles 83% of the cases. We anticipate the future application of this model as an important tool for the prediction of the water availability and therefore potential habitability of lithic substrates in extreme environments on Earth and perhaps elsewhere.
Isotopic identification of soil and permafrost nitrate sources in an Arctic tundra ecosystem
Authors: Heikoop Jeffrey M. , Throckmorton Heather M. , Newman Brent D. , Perkins George B. , Iversen Colleen M. , Roy Chowdhury Taniya , Romanovsky Vladimir , Graham David E. , Norby Richard J. , Wilson Cathy J. , Wullschleger Stan D.
Published: May 2015

The nitrate (NO3−) dual isotope approach was applied to snowmelt, tundra active layer pore waters, and underlying permafrost in Barrow, Alaska, USA, to distinguish between NO3− derived from atmospheric deposition versus that derived from microbial nitrification. Snowmelt had an atmospheric NO3− signal with δ15N averaging −4.8 ± 1.0‰ (standard error of the mean) and δ18O averaging 70.2 ± 1.7‰. In active layer pore waters, NO3− primarily occurred at concentrations suitable for isotopic analysis in the relatively dry and oxic centers of high‐centered polygons. The average δ15N and δ18O of NO3− from high‐centered polygons were 0.5 ± 1.1‰ and −4.1 ± 0.6‰, respectively. When compared to the δ15N of reduced nitrogen (N) sources, and the δ18O of soil pore waters, it was evident that NO3− in high‐centered polygons was primarily from microbial nitrification. Permafrost NO3− had δ15N ranging from approximately −6‰ to 10‰, similar to atmospheric and microbial NO3−, and highly variable δ18O ranging from approximately −2‰ to 38‰. Permafrost ice wedges contained a significant atmospheric component of NO3−, while permafrost textural ice contained a greater proportion of microbially derived NO3−. Large‐scale permafrost thaw in this environment would release NO3− with a δ18O signature intermediate to that of atmospheric and microbial NO3. Consequently, while atmospheric and microbial sources can be readily distinguished by the NO3− dual isotope technique in tundra environments, attribution of NO3− from thawing permafrost will not be straightforward. The NO3− isotopic signature, however, appears useful in identifying NO3− sources in extant permafrost ice.
Model‐based analysis of the influence of catchment properties on hydrologic partitioning across five mountain headwater subcatchments
Authors: Kelleher Christa , Wagener Thorsten , McGlynn Brian
Published: May 2015

Ungauged headwater basins are an abundant part of the river network, but dominant influences on headwater hydrologic response remain difficult to predict. To address this gap, we investigated the ability of a physically based watershed model (the Distributed Hydrology‐Soil‐Vegetation Model) to represent controls on metrics of hydrologic partitioning across five adjacent headwater subcatchments. The five study subcatchments, located in Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest in central Montana, have similar climate but variable topography and vegetation distribution. This facilitated a comparative hydrology approach to interpret how parameters that influence partitioning, detected via global sensitivity analysis, differ across catchments. Model parameters were constrained a priori using existing regional information and expert knowledge. Influential parameters were compared to perceptions of catchment functioning and its variability across subcatchments. Despite between‐catchment differences in topography and vegetation, hydrologic partitioning across all metrics and all subcatchments was sensitive to a similar subset of snow, vegetation, and soil parameters. Results also highlighted one subcatchment with low certainty in parameter sensitivity, indicating that the model poorly represented some complexities in this subcatchment likely because an important process is missing or poorly characterized in the mechanistic model. For use in other basins, this method can assess parameter sensitivities as a function of the specific ungauged system to which it is applied. Overall, this approach can be employed to identify dominant modeled controls on catchment response and their agreement with system understanding.
Temporal dynamics of catchment transit times from stable isotope data
Authors: Klaus Julian , Chun Kwok P. , McGuire Kevin J. , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2015

Time variant catchment transit time distributions are fundamental descriptors of catchment function but yet not fully understood, characterized, and modeled. Here we present a new approach for use with standard runoff and tracer data sets that is based on tracking of tracer and age information and time variant catchment mixing. Our new approach is able to deal with nonstationarity of flow paths and catchment mixing, and an irregular shape of the transit time distribution. The approach extracts information on catchment mixing from the stable isotope time series instead of prior assumptions of mixing or the shape of transit time distribution. We first demonstrate proof of concept of the approach with artificial data; the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies in tracer and instantaneous transit times were >0.9. The model provides very accurate estimates of time variant transit times when the boundary conditions and fluxes are fully known. We then tested the model with real rainfall‐runoff flow and isotope tracer time series from the H.J. Andrews Watershed 10 (WS10) in Oregon. Model efficiencies were 0.37 for the 18O modeling for a 2 year time series; the efficiencies increased to 0.86 for the second year underlying the need of long time tracer time series with a long overlap of tracer input and output. The approach was able to determine time variant transit time of WS10 with field data and showed how it follows the storage dynamics and related changes in flow paths where wet periods with high flows resulted in clearly shorter transit times compared to dry low flow periods.
Simultaneous Pi2 observations by the Van Allen Probes inside and outside the plasmasphere
Authors: Ghamry E. , Kim K.‐H. , Kwon H.‐J. , Lee D.‐H. , Park J.‐S. , Choi J. , Hyun K. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. , Wygant J. R. , Huang J.
Published: May 2015

Plasmaspheric virtual resonance (PVR) model has been proposed as one of source mechanisms for low‐latitude Pi2 pulsations. Since PVR‐associated Pi2 pulsations are not localized inside the plasmasphere, simultaneous multipoint observations inside and outside the plasmasphere require to test the PVR model. Until now, however, there are few studies using simultaneous multisatellite observations inside and outside the plasmasphere for understanding the radial structure of Pi2 pulsation. In this study, we focus on the Pi2 event observed at low‐latitude Bohyun (BOH, L = 1.35) ground station in South Korea in the postmidnight sector (magnetic local time (MLT) = 3.0) for the interval from 1730 to 1900 UT on 12 March 2013. By using electron density derived from the frequency of the upper hybrid waves detected at Van Allen Probe‐A (VAP‐A) and Van Allen Probe‐B (VAP‐B), the plasmapause is identified. At the time of the Pi2 event, VAP‐A was outside the plasmasphere near midnight (00:55 MLT and L =∼ 6), while VAP‐B was inside the plasmasphere in the postmidnight sector (02:15 MLT and L =∼ 5). VAP‐B observed oscillations in the compressional magnetic field component (Bz) and the dawn‐to‐dusk electric field component (Ey), having high coherence with the BOH Pi2 pulsation in the H component. The H‐Bz and H‐Ey cross phases at VAP‐B inside the plasmasphere were near −180° and −90°, respectively. These phase relationships among Bz, Ey, and H are consistent with a radially standing oscillation of the fundamental mode reported in previous studies. At VAP‐A outside the plasmasphere, Bz oscillations were highly correlated with BOH Pi2 pulsations with ∼−180° phase delay, and the H‐Ey cross phase is near −90°. From these two‐satellite observations, we suggest that the fundamental PVR mode is directly detected by VAP‐A and VAP‐B.
Local water mass modifications by a solitary meander in the Agulhas Current
Authors: Leber Greta M. , Beal Lisa M.
Published: May 2015

We present full‐depth hydrographic and velocity observations across a solitary meander within the Agulhas Current, and assess the degree to which the meander causes upwelling, cross‐frontal mixing, and diapycnal transport. These events can input nutrients onto the continental shelf as well as advect larvae offshore. We find that the meander drives inshore upwelling with vertical velocities of at least 13 m d−1. The meander also causes diapycnal transport resulting in 1°C cooler and 0.25 fresher central waters and 1°C warmer, 0.25 saltier intermediate waters below the thermocline. We introduce a new coordinate system that separates these changes into kinematic changes due to meandering and property changes along transport streamlines. This reveals that most of the observed diapycnal transport below the thermocline is due to property changes. We find a small amount of enhanced cross‐frontal mixing associated with solitary meanders of the Agulhas Current, but it is statistically insignificant. We believe this is due to the strongly barotropic nature of the meandering Agulhas Current, which maintains a deep steering level that inhibits mixing.
Exploring scale‐dependent ecohydrological responses in a large endorheic river basin through integrated surface water‐groundwater modeling
Authors: Tian Yong , Zheng Yi , Zheng Chunmiao , Xiao Honglang , Fan Wenjie , Zou Songbing , Wu Bin , Yao Yingying , Zhang Aijing , Liu Jie
Published: May 2015

Ecohydrological processes in a water‐limited environment are sensitive to both climate conditions and human activities, but the response mechanisms have rarely been explored for large endorheic river basins via an integrated modeling approach. This study established an integrated surface water‐groundwater model for the Heihe River Basin (HRB), China's second largest endorheic river basin, using GSFLOW as the modeling platform. Evapotranspiration (ET) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) data independently derived from remote sensing products were compared and correlated, respectively, with the modeling results. Scale‐dependent interrelationships among ecological, hydrological, and human‐impact (i.e., diversion and pumping) variables were revealed through multiple regression analyses. Major study findings include: (1) the independent ET and LAI data enabled the modeler to crosscheck the modeling results from a unique angle not possible with conventional groundwater and streamflow observations; (2) controlling factors for the temporal variability of ET and LAI exhibit notable scale‐dependence, reflecting distinctive climate, and human impacts on different land covers; and (3) there exists an intricate linkage between the hydrological regimes in the lower HRB and the middle HRB, essentially equivalent to a tradeoff between the ecosystem health of the lower HRB and the sustainable development of the middle HRB. Overall, the integrated modeling assisted by the independent ET and LAI data has provided a coherent understanding on the regional water cycle, and led to new insights on tackling the existing water conflicts in HRB.
Foucault and the Museum
Authors: Hetherington Kevin
Published: May 2015

This chapter looks at Michel Foucault's influence on the study of museums over the past three decades. While his own observations on museums are limited to a few talks and essays, others have taken a lead from his work in trying to understand the role and nature of museums as a source of power‐knowledge established through a relationship between saying (discourse) and seeing (visual technologies). Despite saying very little himself, in the development of the new museology Foucault, along with Bourdieu, has been one of the leading theoretical voices. This chapter identifies three periods in his work associated with differing interpretations of the museum which can be understood either directly from his own work or from subsequent readings of it. The first period, up to and including the publication ofThe Order of Thingsin 1966, relates to a time when Foucault was interested in establishing an understanding of the power of discourse. Within this work the dominant theme is establishing the primacy of issues of saying and the separation of discourse from speech in the shaping of knowledge. In approaching the museum in these terms, a lead has been provided by the work of Eilean Hooper‐Greenhill which looks at the emergence of the modern museum in relation to different discourses andépistèmeand which challenges an earlier developmental approach. A third period emerges after the publication ofDiscipline and Punishin 1975 and in related work around the issue of governmentality. While discourse does not disappear, this work is more interested in the visual technologies of power and their operation on disciplined subjects. Within museum studies Tony Bennett's work has led this approach. This chapter sees strengths and weakness in both these approaches but seeks a better, if less certain, understanding of the museum, found in a “missing” second period (associated withThe Archaeology of Knowledgeand several papers from the late 1960s) in which an understanding of museums is established around the shaping of museum power‐knowledge through a productive tension between forms of saying and forms of seeing in which neither is dominant. In focusing on this middle period when Foucault addresses the museum directly through his work on heterotopia, Manet, and libraries, the aim is to open up debate around how Foucault's work might be used to further understand museum institutions, their practices, and their visitors. It suggests a more fluid reading of museums in relation to questions of power and knowledge than we have seen up to now.
Anarchical Artifacts: Museums as Sites for Radical Otherness
Authors: Baker Janice
Published: May 2015

The meaning a museum ascribes to a cultural object does not necessarily accord with the response a visitor may have to that same artifact. Or, more precisely, the artifact itself shifts with each new encounter with a visitor. The notion of shifting assemblages of visitors/artifacts may initially appear unhelpfully relativist but, on analysis, it provides an opportunity to engage with the museum as a space that transforms viewpoints through original rather than familiar encounters. Such an approach facilitates critical engagement with the affective quality of cultural material and with visitors’ capacity to be affected. The museum of the popular imagination reflects this perspective, particularly museums represented in cinema where artifacts often display anarchical attributes that defy rationality. Theorizing the affective, cinematic quality of encounters complicates the more usual opposition in museum studies between a knowing subject (visitor) and static object (artifact). This enables the incorporation of perspectives that pursue more expansive or radical evaluation of relations with the nonhuman and inorganic beyond framing such objects as the other.
(Post‐)Cartographic Urges: The Intersection of Museums and Tourism
Authors: Staiff Russell
Published: May 2015

This quite particular mediation explores some of the ways museums and tourism have become entwined theoretically and the circumstances whereby the ontological distinctions between them collapse. The chapter explores a tourist‐centric notion of the museum as a “destination” for sightseeing and pleasure by examining the museum through the lenses of recent tourism theory, particularly theory that can be broadly understood as having a twinned locus, mobilities and performance. Recent tourism theorization reminds us that the museum doesn't precede the tourist – awaiting their arrival – but is brought into beinginthe experience. This goes beyond cartography, and yet the map and the exhibition plan continue to choreograph movement and performance though now one conceptualized as highly improvised, with a locus in embodiment. To paraphrase Elizabeth Grosz, outside objects, monuments, buildings, and so on are inside bodies.
Reflexive Museology: Lost and Found
Authors: Butler Shelley Ruth
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores the contemporary status of critical reflexive museology in theory and practice. I begin by discussing the canonization ofInto the Heart of Africa, a landmark case of flawed reflexive museology, and then trace what has happened to reflexive museology since the mid‐1990s. I argue that a specific notion of postmodern reflexive museology has receded from contemporary museological debates. However, two decades of practical experimentation with reflexivity, alongside a global proliferation of museums and an increasingly heterogeneous public sphere, has meant that many tactics associated with reflexivity – such as self‐critique and multivocality – are now quite mainstream, and are incorporated into the broader paradigm shift of new museology. I argue that, while reflexivity's association with postmodernism is complicated, the end result is exhibitions that are less monolithic and more visitor‐centered. At this juncture, it is necessary to evaluate on a case‐by‐case basis, not only curators’ and educators’ effectiveness at translating reflexivity into practice, but also the impact and afterlife of their interventions.
Toward a Pedagogy of Feeling: Understanding How Museums Create a Space for Cross‐Cultural Encounters
Authors: Witcomb Andrea
Published: May 2015

In this chapter I engage with two developments – a growing understanding that citizenship involves political activity on the part of citizens in the public sphere and that affective relationships are an important aspect of this activity – to engage with the increasing use of affective interpretation strategies within exhibitions. I argue that the use of these strategies can be understood as the beginning of a new moment in museological practice that is concerned not so much with finding ways to become more pluralistic in who is represented within museums but with building opportunities for cross‐cultural encounters in ways that question established relationships between self and other. I call this new moment “a pedagogy of feeling,” marking it as distinctive from both “a pedagogy of walking,” a term used by Tony Bennett to encapsulate the specific exhibition strategies that supported evolutionary narratives, and “a pedagogy of listening,” which I suggest marks the moment when exhibition practices were concerned with finding ways to increase the number of voices found in museum exhibitions as part of a civic program to encourage greater degrees of tolerance. Central to a pedagogy of feeling is, I argue, the idea of a “terrible gift” (as Roger Simon calls it), which is enacted through an exhibition syntax that uses a wide variety of affective or sensorial interpretation strategies.
Ambient Aesthetics: Altered Subjectivities in the New Museum
Authors: Radywyl Natalia , McQuire Scott
Published: May 2015

This chapter focuses on the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) as a case study for the emergence of hybrid subjectivities within the new museum. Fueled by an optimistic idealism about how technology might transform everyday life, ACMI was conceived as a catalyst for new forms of cultural consciousness. The chapter casts ACMI's initial willingness to experiment with innovative representational technology as a strategic attempt to position itself as a pioneering new media institution, and to engage in alternative forms of cultural citizenship. Its early public exhibitions, for example, often eschewed chronological histories of the moving image in favor of phenomenological displays of visual knowledge and embodied new media “experiences.” In tracking ACMI's changing curatorial, architectural, and experiential directives, this chapter foregrounds the significance of the museum as a producer rather than distributor of stories, experiences, and objects. The argument proceeds with close reference to empirical audience experience research data collected from ACMI visitors, and is situated in relation to historical transformations of pedagogy as a driver for museological display. The concept of “ambient aesthetics” is, finally, proposed as a key conceptual framework for evaluating how contemporary museums might articulate a new kind of “flexible” citizenship in a transnational public sphere.
Sites of Trauma: Contemporary Collecting and Natural Disaster
Authors: Dale‐Hallett Liza , Fraser Peg
Published: May 2015

The Victorian Bushfires Collection at Museum Victoria started in February 2009, in recognition of the Black Saturday Fires as one of Australia's worst natural disasters. The major part of the collection is composed of material that relates to human experience, objects that symbolize the fragility of life, the depth of loss, the miracle of survival, and the ferocity of fire. This chapter provides a reflexive account of the experiences of the three curators involved in putting this collection together. It explores their theoretical and intellectual frameworks, their methodologies, and the challenges of documenting contemporary natural disasters, and at the same time provides an insight into their own personal journeys while doing this project.

Two overall lessons emerge from this reflection. The first is that natural disasters do not conveniently fit into defined boundaries, known pasts, or institutional systems; this necessitates a rethinking of established practices. While social theory, museum collection policies, and past contemporary collecting projects have informed the methodology, the project and its outcomes have emerged through a reflexive process of exploration and creative responses to a dynamic, changing, and sometimes chaotic unfolding of events and circumstances. Key to this was the ability to break down established discipline boundaries within Museum Victoria.

The second concerns collecting material from sites of trauma. While museums have traditionally aspired to collect “the real thing” and to create repositories of tangible evidence of our collective past, the essence of this project and its emerging collection was in making real the intangible through personal stories, symbols, and metaphors – giving form to matters of the heart. A new kind of museum practice was therefore needed. The sensitive nature of the project and the inevitable exposure to high levels of emotional and intimate personal experiences were key to understanding and identifying the theoretical frameworks that are relevant to this new museum practice.
Managing Collections or Managing Content?: The Evolution of Museum Collections Management Systems
Authors: Chapman Malcolm
Published: May 2015

This chapter introduces a number of case studies demonstrating new and emerging practice around collections management. Starting with a brief overview of the emergence of digital collections management systems principally for internal inventory and audit purposes in the early 1970s, the chapter examines how museums have embraced new technologies to both improve internal management functions and to open up collections for greater engagement and interaction by users. Case studies of recent developments demonstrate the convergence of museum operations through a collections management system, for example the convergence of pest management and collections data. Another explores how collections data is repurposed through in‐gallery interactives, mobile applications, and online access; and also the potential of online‐only collections management systems and how the inclusion of user‐generated content helps to reach new, and sometimes unexpected audiences. Finally, asking the fundamental question of what is being managed – collections or content – the chapter suggests how these developments can be brought together to contribute to new ways of looking at collections, engaging with a range of users, and realizing the full potential of museums and their content.
Museum Exhibition Tradecraft: Not an Art, but an Art to It
Authors: Spock Dan
Published: May 2015

Museum exhibitions are a form of communication, but their design is a very challenging craft to master. Although exhibitions encompass many different forms of communication, even the best‐intentioned exhibitions succeed and fail depending on how they are designed. Faced with a wide variety of potential approaches, good design employs a critical framework for judgments about museum displays rather than relying on mere style preferences. This chapter argues that the “tradecraft” of designing museum exhibitions should not entail a narrowing of perspective, or a rigid set of rules, but a full understanding of the theoretical and practical implications for the museum visitor experience resulting from each design choice in the complete range of available choices. The chapter concludes by describing the key experiential tools that can help optimize an exhibition for the museum‐going public: captivation, coherence, the concrete, condensing, and context.
Museum Exhibition Practice: Recent Developments in Europe, Canada, and Australia
Authors: Young Linda , Whitelaw Anne , Beier‐de Haan Rosmarie
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides a comparative international survey of museum exhibition practice, which, despite the specifics of each locality, reveal common developments in the display of permanent galleries and temporary exhibitions. Linda Young's Introduction historicizes long‐term change in exhibition installations, noting the role of fashion, but also the impact of contemporary politics on inherently conservative institutions. Major shifts in museum exhibitions around 2000 reveal such changes in knowledge paradigms, sociopolitical movements, national identity and the tension with indigeneity. In her section, Young then traces the revision of permanent displays of Aboriginal culture and history in Australia's major museums. Next Anne Whitelaw discusses the transformation of Canadian art history, which has been “rewritten” through new permanent hangs in three art museums in Ottawa, Montreal, and Toronto. In reviewing the three exhibitions she identifies the ways in which exhibitionary strategies separate or integrate indigenous art and in so doing reshape public and professional understanding of art in Canada. Lastly, Rosmarie Beier‐de Haan discusses transnationality and “difficult” heritage as addressed in new exhibition practice in German and European museums. Innovative exhibitions and museums do not deliver “definitive” interpretations of history; rather, she argues, they represent it as complex and multi‐perspectival.
Museums and Media Archaeology: An Interview with Wolfgang Ernst
Authors: Henning Michelle , Ernst Wolfgang
Published: May 2015

This interview with Professor Wolfgang Ernst, which took place at the Institute of Musicology and Media Studies at Humboldt University in Berlin in 2011, explores the significance of “media archaeology” as a method for analyzing museums as well as media, and the relationship between the theoretical approaches relevant to media and those appropriate to museums. The question of whether the museum can be considered as a kind of media form is addressed, as well as the larger questions of what media‐oriented thinking can bring to the analysis of museums, and what a museological orientation can do to the study of media. In the interview, Ernst emphasizes questions of materiality and the importance to museums, of their special orientation to the material object in an era of digitalization. This, he argues, sets museums apart from electronic media. He also emphasizes the importance of retaining museums as a space outside media, a space in which media themselves can be reflected on.
Museums and the Challenge of Transmediation: The Case of Bristol's Wildwalk
Authors: Elliot Nils Lindahl
Published: May 2015

This essay offers a case study about the Wildwalk museum in Bristol, UK. Wildwalk, originally called Wildscreen, was the brainchild of the internationally renowned wildlife documentary producer Christopher Parsons. Parsons conceived of the attraction as a peripatetic version of wildlife TV; Wildwalk was, in effect, to bring together the best of wildlife films and natural history museums – but also zoos and even botanic gardens – in order to promote a better understanding of biodiversity. Despite some initial success, the museum, which opened in time for Britain's Millennium celebrations, was forced to close less than seven years after it opened. The chapter develops a genealogical inquiry, and employs social semiotic analyses to describe the museum's remarkable innovations, but also to explain its failure to bring to fruition a truly new genre of exhibition.
Mediatized Memory: Video Testimonies in Museums
Authors: de Jong Steffi
Published: May 2015

This chapter addresses the collection and exhibition of video testimonies, as well as their didactic uses, in Holocaust and World War II museums in Europe and Israel. It considers how, through the use of video testimony, personal memory has become part of the official transmission of history. The chapter uses the concept of the “witness to history” (based on the German termZeitzeuge) to explore the ways in which mediatized witness testimonies have become central to the representation of history in museums. The chapter considers the methods, techniques, and standardized format in which such videos are produced, and the implications of the different methods and styles in which such recordings are displayed in exhibition contexts, and their relation to other museum objects occupying the same spaces. It argues that video testimonies are a powerful didactic means: working to transmit historical knowledge to the visitors, to give them moral lessons, and to affect them, while decontextualizing the witness both from their own historical context and from the context of the narrative interview by which the video is produced. The aim is not only to teach visitors about the past but to turn them into active citizens. De Jong argues that the musealization of video testimonies is a means to turn communicative memory – everyday, conversational recollection of the recent past – into cultural memory – fixed moments of the more distant past whose remembrance is maintained through texts, monuments, rituals, and institutions.
Cultural Differences in Emotions
Authors: De Leersnyder Jozefien , Boiger Michael , Mesquita Batja
Published: May 2015

Do emotions differ across cultures? This essay reviews the markedly different ways in which psychologists have approached this question in the past and discusses directions for the future. We first show how past research has often failed to find cultural differences in emotion by focusing on what emotions people from different cultures can have hypothetically, rather than investigating the emotions they actually have in daily life. Taking a sociocultural perspective, we demonstrate that cultural differences in people's actual emotional practices not only exist but are also meaningful and predictable: Accumulating evidence suggests that people experience more of those emotions that fit their culture's relationship goals and values. We review evidence for two mechanisms that may be behind these cultural differences in emotion—different situational ecologies and different tendencies to interpret (or appraise) emotional events. Finally, we discuss a road map for what lies ahead in the psychological study of cultural differences in emotion. We propose that future research will benefit from a dynamic approach to culture and emotion—an approach that explicitly captures how cultural differences in emotion emerge as a function of people's ongoing social interactions and relationships.
Low neural exosomal levels of cellular survival factors in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Goetzl Edward J. , Boxer Adam , Schwartz Janice B. , Abner Erin L. , Petersen Ronald C. , Miller Bruce L. , Carlson Olga D. , Mustapic Maja , Kapogiannis Dimitrios
Published: May 2015

Transcription factors that mediate neuronal defenses against diverse stresses were quantified in plasma neural‐derived exosomes of Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia patients and matched controls. Exosomal levels of low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 6, heat‐shock factor‐1, and repressor element 1‐silencing transcription factor all were significantly lower in Alzheimer's disease patients than controls (P < 0.0001). In frontotemporal dementia, the only significant difference was higher levels of repressor element 1‐silencing transcription factor than in controls. Exosomal transcription factors were diminished 2–10 years before clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Low exosomal levels of survival proteins may explain decreased neuronal resistance to Alzheimer's disease neurotoxic proteins.
An adaptive VSS control for remotely operated vehicles
Authors: Dyda Alexander A. , Oskin Dmitry A. , Longhi Sauro , Monteriù Andrea
Published: May 2015

The paper is devoted to a new adaptive variable‐structure system (VSS) control algorithm and its applications in underwater robotics. The proposed approach is based on the usage of sliding mode parameter (SMP) in order to have adaptation in VSS. It is demonstrated that the extreme values of SMPs are directly associated with high efficiency of transient processes in VSS. The essence of the presented adaptation algorithm consists on the adjustment of switching surface parameters such that the SMPs move from the assigned desirable value to the extreme values, with the overall effect to accelerate transients. The effectiveness of the derived approach is proven by applying it for controlling a real remotely operated vehicle. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Bi2WO6 Bipyramids with Vacancy Pairs for Enhanced Solar‐Driven Photoactivity
Authors: Zhang Gong , Hu Ziyu , Sun Meng , Liu Yang , Liu Limin , Liu Huijuan , Huang Chin‐Pao , Qu Jiuhui , Li Jinghong
Published: May 2015

In order to improve the photoactivity, many attempts have focused on increasing the exposure of highly reactive surfaces on crystals. However, the connection between the reactive surfaces and enhancement is still elusive. Herein, Bi2WO6 nanostructured bipyramids with a large fraction of {100} facets are fabricated by the solvothermal method. The formation of “Bi–O” dimer vacancy pairs on the {100} high‐energy facets is responsible for the reduction in band gap and the decrease in the recombination of photo‐excited charge carriers, which is unambiguously confirmed by the positron annihilation spectra (PAS), X‐ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), and theoretical calculations. The effective separation of electron–hole pairs and the narrowing bandgap significantly improve the photoactivity of Bi2WO6 nanobipyramids, especially under solar light irradiation. These findings can be applied broadly to the design and fabrication of energy efficient and robust catalysts.
Configurable Resistive Switching between Memory and Threshold Characteristics for Protein‐Based Devices
Authors: Wang Hong , Du Yuanmin , Li Yingtao , Zhu Bowen , Leow Wan Ru , Li Yuangang , Pan Jisheng , Wu Tao , Chen Xiaodong
Published: May 2015

The employ of natural biomaterials as the basic building blocks of electronic devices is of growing interest for biocompatible and green electronics. Here, resistive switching (RS) devices based on naturally silk protein with configurable functionality are demonstrated. The RS type of the devices can be effectively and exactly controlled by controlling the compliance current in the set process. Memory RS can be triggered by a higher compliance current, while threshold RS can be triggered by a lower compliance current. Furthermore, two types of memory devices, working in random access and WORM modes, can be achieved with the RS effect. The results suggest that silk protein possesses the potential for sustainable electronics and data storage. In addition, this finding would provide important guidelines for the performance optimization of biomaterials based memory devices and the study of the underlying mechanism behind the RS effect arising from biomaterials.
Measurement of the Length and Strength of Adhesive Interactions in a Nanoscale Silicon–Diamond Interface
Authors: Jacobs Tevis D. B. , Lefever Joel A. , Carpick Robert W.
Published: May 2015

The adhesive interactions between nanoscale silicon atomic force microscope (AFM) probes and a diamond substrate are characterized using in situ adhesion tests inside of a transmission electron microscope (TEM). In particular, measurements are presented both for the strength of the adhesion acting between the two materials (characterized by the intrinsic work of adhesion Wadh,int) and for the length scale of the interaction (described by the range of adhesion z0). These values are calculated using a novel analysis technique that requires measurement of the AFM probe geometry, the adhesive force, and the position where the snap‐in instability occurs. Values of Wadh = 0.66 J m−2 and z0 = 0.25 nm are extracted using this technique. This value of work of adhesion is 70% higher than the work of adhesion calculated if one uses a conventional paraboloidal asperity model. Comparing to literature, the work of adhesion obtained using the new method is significantly higher than most experimental and simulation values for similar material pairs. The discrepancy is attributed to nanoscale roughness, which was not accounted for previously. Furthermore, the value of the range of adhesion is comparable to previously reported values, but is significantly larger than the commonly assumed value of the interatomic spacing.
Selective Oxidation of Amines to Aldehydes or Imines using Laccase‐Mediated Bio‐Oxidation
Authors: Galletti Paola , Funiciello Federica , Soldati Roberto , Giacomini Daria
Published: May 2015

An efficient and practical chemo‐enzymatic aerobic oxidation in water of benzylamines to obtain aldehydes or imines is described. Laccase from Trametes versicolor was chosen as biocatalyst, and TEMPO (radical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl) as mediator. A study on the pH dependence of the aqueous medium allowed us to realise a fine tuning on product selectivity. Under our optimized reaction conditions, the bio‐oxidation of a series of primary, secondary and cyclic amines has been achieved.

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Opposite Enantioselectivity in the Bioreduction of (Z)‐β‐Aryl‐β‐cyanoacrylates Mediated by the Tryptophan 116 Mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1: Synthetic Approach to (R)‐ and (S)‐β‐Aryl‐γ‐lactams
Authors: Brenna Elisabetta , Crotti Michele , Gatti Francesco G. , Monti Daniela , Parmeggiani Fabio , Powell Robert W. , Santangelo Sara , Stewart Jon D.
Published: May 2015

The Trp 116 mutants of Old Yellow Enzyme 1 that catalyse the reduction of (Z)‐β‐aryl‐β‐cyanoacrylates give the opposite enantioselectivity according to the nature of the amino acid in position 116. Small amino acids (e.g., alanine) make the substrate bind to the enzyme′s active site in a “classical” orientation, affording the (S)‐enantiomer of the reduced product. When the size of the amino acid increases (e.g., leucine), a “flipped” binding mode is adopted by the substrate, which is converted into the corresponding (R)‐derivative. With bulky amino acids (e.g., tryptophan in the wild‐type) the reduction does not occur. The enantiomerically enriched cyanopropanoates thus prepared can be converted into the corresponding (S)‐ and (R)‐β‐aryl‐γ‐lactams, precursors of inhibitory neurotransmitters belonging to the class of γ‐aminobutyric acids, by a simple functional group interconversion in a sequential one‐pot procedure.

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Mechanism‐Guided Engineering of ω‐Transaminase to Accelerate Reductive Amination of Ketones
Authors: Han Sang‐Woo , Park Eul‐Soo , Dong Joo‐Young , Shin Jong‐Shik
Published: May 2015

Asymmetric reductive amination of ketones using ω‐transaminases (ω‐TAs) offers a promising alternative to the chemocatalytic synthesis of chiral amines. One fundamental challenge to the biocatalytic strategy is the very low enzyme activities for most ketones compared with native substrates (i.e., <1% relative to pyruvate). Here we have demonstrated that a single point mutation in the active site of the (S)‐selective ω‐TA from Ochrobactrum anthropi could induce a remarkable acceleration of the amination reaction without any loss in stereoselectivity and enzyme stability. Molecular modeling of quinonoid intermediates, alanine scanning mutagenesis and kinetic analysis revealed that the W58 residue acted as a steric barrier to binding and catalytic turnover of ketone substrates. Removal of the steric strain by W58L substitution, which was selected by partial saturation mutagenesis, led to dramatic activity improvements for structurally diverse ketones (e.g., 340‐fold increase in kcat/KM for acetophenone). The W58L mutant afforded an efficient synthesis of enantiopure amines (i.e., >99% ee) using isopropylamine as an amino donor.

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To intervene or not to intervene; is that the question? On the role of scientometrics in research evaluation
Authors: de Rijcke Sarah , Rushforth Alexander
Published: May 2015

Recent high‐profile statements, criticisms, and boycotts organized against certain quantitative indicators (e.g., theDORAdeclaration) have brought misuses of performance metrics to the center of attention. A key concern captured in these movements is that the metrics appear to carry authority even where established agents of quality control have explicitly outlined limits to their validity and reliability as measurement tools. This raises a number of challenging questions for those readers of this journal who are implicated in questions of indicator “production” and, by extension, “effects.” In this opinion piece we wish to critically engage the question of how producers of indicators can come to terms with their role as (partly) responsible parties in the current age of evaluative bibliometrics. We do so through the illuminating case of the professional scientometrics community.
A learning to rank approach for quality‐aware pseudo‐relevance feedback
Authors: Ye Zheng , Huang Jimmy Xiangji
Published: May 2015

Pseudo relevance feedback (PRF) has shown to be effective in ad hoc information retrieval. In traditional PRF methods, top‐ranked documents are all assumed to be relevant and therefore treated equally in the feedback process. However, the performance gain brought by each document is different as showed in our preliminary experiments. Thus, it is more reasonable to predict the performance gain brought by each candidate feedback document in the process of PRF. We define the quality level (QL) and then use this information to adjust the weights of feedback terms in these documents. Unlike previous work, we do not make any explicit relevance assumption and we go beyond just selecting “good” documents for PRF. We propose a quality‐based PRF framework, in which two quality‐based assumptions are introduced. Particularly, two different strategies, relevance‐based QL (RelPRF) and improvement‐based QL (ImpPRF) are presented to estimate the QL of each feedback document. Based on this, we select a set of heterogeneous document‐level features and apply a learning approach to evaluate the QL of each feedback document. Extensive experiments on standard TREC (Text REtrieval Conference) test collections show that our proposed model performs robustly and outperforms strong baselines significantly.