bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fermented extract of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larvae) as a dietary protein source modulates hepatic proteomic profiles in C57BLKS/J-db/db mice
Authors: Turkyilmaz A. , Lee Y. , Lee M.K.
Published: April 2023

This study hypothesised that fermented mealworm extract (TMP) with higher amino acid contents than nonfermented extract can be used as a dietary protein source for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and compared its effects with casein (CA) using C57BLKS/J-db/db mice. TMP marginally lowered serum insulin and leptin levels and hepatic triglyceride, and lipid droplets compared with CA group. Proteomic analysis showed that 14 proteins (H4C1, CYB5A, ANXA5, RGN, 40S ribosomal protein, Atp2, PDI, GRP78, RDX, GCH1, LDHA, GNMT, ACAA2, and UROC1) were up-regulated and 8 proteins (UQCRC1, Txndc5, SBP2, HSPA8, PHB, TF, PC, and PK) were down-regulated in the CA group compared to the normal mice. However, TMP significantly down-regulated ANXA5, RGN, Atp2, PDI, RDX, LDHA, ACAA2, and UROC1, and up-regulated UQCRC1, PHB, TF, and PK. These proteins are related to glycolysis, lactate production, fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results suggest that TMP is a potential protein source that can replace CA in type 2 diabetes.
Effect of substrate type and incubation time on the microbial viability of instant starter for premium tempeh
Authors: Rizal Samsul , Kustyawati Maria Erna , Suharyono  , Putri Theresia Santika Kusuma , Endaryanto Teguh
Published: April 2023

Premium tempeh starter is a tempeh starter containing a mixed inoculum of Rhizopus oligosporus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously, premium tempeh starter was made in the form of liquid culture. This study aims to produce premium tempeh starter in powder form with the best type of substrate and incubation time so that it can be used practically. In this study, the effect of substrate type and incubation time on microbial viability of instant premium tempeh starter was studied. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the type of substrate: tapioca flour and rice flour, while the second factor was the incubation time at room temperature: 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. The instant premium tempeh starter was analyzed for pH value, water content, number of fungi, yeast and bacteria. The microbial viability of tempeh starter was indicated by the growth of fungi, yeast and bacteria during incubation. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and further tested with the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that rice flour and incubation time of 96 hours produced the best premium tempeh instant starter with the number of fungi of 9.02 Log CFU/g, 9.17 Log CFU/g yeast, 7.81 Log CFU/g bacteria, pH 4.2 and 7.75% water content. Tempeh made using the best premium tempeh instant starter has a chemical composition in accordance with the tempeh product standard (SNI 3144:2015).
Some integral inequalities for harmonical $ cr $-$ h $-Godunova-Levin stochastic processes
Authors: Afzal Waqar , Eldin Sayed M. , Nazeer Waqas , Galal Ahmed M.
Published: April 2023

An important part of optimization is the consideration of convex and non-convex functions. Furthermore, there is no denying the connection between the ideas of convexity and stochastic processes. Stochastic processes, often known as random processes, are groups of variables created at random and supported by mathematical indicators. Our study introduces a novel stochastic process for center-radius (cr) order based on harmonic h-Godunova-Levin ($ \mathcal{GL} $) in the setting of interval-valued functions ($ \mathcal{IVFS} $). With some interesting examples, we establish some variants of Hermite-Hadamard ($ \mathcal{H.H} $) types inequalities for generalized interval-valued harmonic cr-h-Godunova-Levin stochastic processes.
Modeling COVID-19 transmission dynamics incorporating media coverage and vaccination
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Liang Yu , Li Jiahui , Liu Maoxing
Published: April 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread concern around the world. In order to study the impact of media coverage and vaccination on the spread of COVID-19, we establish an SVEAIQR infectious disease model, and fit the important parameters such as transmission rate, isolation rate and vaccine efficiency based on the data from Shanghai Municipal Health Commission and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Meanwhile, the control reproduction number and the final size are derived. Moreover, through sensitivity analysis by PRCC (partial rank correlation coefficient), we discuss the effects of both the behavior change constant $ k $ according to media coverage and the vaccine efficiency $ \varepsilon $ on the transmission of COVID-19. Numerical explorations of the model suggest that during the outbreak of the epidemic, media coverage can reduce the final size by about 0.26 times. Besides that, comparing with $ 50\% $ vaccine efficiency, when the vaccine efficiency reaches $ 90\% $, the peak value of infected people decreases by about 0.07 times. In addition, we simulate the impact of media coverage on the number of infected people in the case of vaccination or non-vaccination. Accordingly, the management departments should pay attention to the impact of vaccination and media coverage.
Honeybee wings hold antibiofouling and antimicrobial clues for improved applications in health care and industries
Authors: Ewunkem Akamu J. , Beard A'lyiha F. , Justice Brittany L. , Peoples Sabrina L. , Meixner Jeffery A. , Kemper Watson , Iloghalu Uchenna B.
Published: April 2023

Natural surfaces with remarkable properties and functionality have become the focus of intense research. Heretofore, the natural antimicrobial properties of insect wings have inspired research into their applications. The wings of cicadas, butterflies, dragonflies, and damselflies have evolved phenomenal anti-biofouling and antimicrobial properties. These wings are covered by periodic topography ranging from highly ordered hexagonal arrays of nanopillars to intricate “Christmas-tree” like structures with the ability to kill microbes by physically rupturing the cell membrane. In contrast, the topography of honeybee wings has received less attention. The role topography plays in antibiofouling, and antimicrobial activity of honeybee wings has never been investigated. Here, through antimicrobial and electron microscopy studies, we showed that pristine honeybee wings displayed no microbes on the wing surface. Also, the wings displayed antimicrobial properties that disrupt microbial cells and inhibit their growth. The antimicrobial activities of the wings were extremely effective at inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacterial cells when compared to Gram-positive bacterial cells. The fore wing was effective at inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive samples. Electron microscopy revealed that the wings were studded with an array of rough, sharp, and pointed pillars that were distributed on both the dorsal and ventral sides, which enhanced anti-biofouling and antimicrobial effects. Our findings demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating honeybee wings nanopatterns into the design of antibacterial nanomaterials which can be translated into countless applications in healthcare and industry.
A PDE-ODE model for traffic control with autonomous vehicles
Authors: Liard Thibault , Stern Raphael , Monache Maria Laura Delle
Published: April 2023

We consider a partial differential equation - ordinary differential equation system to describe the dynamics of traffic flow with autonomous vehicles. In the model, the bulk flow of human drivers is represented by a scalar conservation law, while each autonomous vehicle is described by an ordinary differential equation. The coupled PDE-ODE model is introduced, and existence of solutions for this model is shown, along with a proposed algorithm to construct approximate solutions. Next, we propose a control strategy for the speeds of the autonomous vehicles to minimize the average fuel consumption of the entire traffic flow. Existence of solutions for the optimal control problem is proved, and we numerically show that a reduction in average fuel consumption is possible with an AV acting as a moving bottleneck.
Les débuts de l’enseignement de la logique dans les studia dominicains et franciscains en Italie
Authors: Brumberg‑Chaumont Julie
Published: April 2023

Cette étude souligne le caractère innovant de l’organisation mendiante de l’enseignement logique en Italie au XIIIe siècle. Elle montre, dans les écoles spécialisées, une institutionnalisation inédite de l’enseignement de la logique élémentaire, associée aux Tractatus dans un format « tronqué », et l’existence de cours de « perfectionnement » et de « rattrapage » au sein des studia généraux de théologie. L’exemple de la Province dominicaine de Rome à partir des années 1270 illustre l’implantation précoce et durable des écoles mendiantes dans un territoire où la présence de la logique était encore très ténue dans les écoles et à l’université. L’étude permet d’observer le statut particulier de la logique, par contraste avec celui de la philosophie, son enseignement au bénéfice d’un cercle de frères plus large que la seule élite des futurs lecteurs et maîtres en théologie, et de souligner son rôle social dans le système de formation, d’évaluation, de promotion et même de sélection interne aux ordres. Elle montre que les ordres mendiants, loin de « rattraper » un standard universitaire ou d’avoir été « contraints » de développer en interne une formation en arts en vue de l’obtention d’un grade universitaire de théologie, ont embrassé l’idéal d’une éducation logique préparatoire généralisée. Ils ont été en pointe de l’éducation logique au XIIIe siècle en Italie, et ont probablement influencé en partie les débuts de l’organisation universitaire de l’enseignement de la logique à Bologne.
Parler des astres entre Paris et Naples : le pouvoir des corps célestes selon Jean de Naples
Authors: Sorokina Maria
Published: April 2023

Presque un quart des questions que le dominicain Jean de Naples a abordées au début du XIVe siècle dans ses treize quodlibeta porte sur la philosophie naturelle. Parmi elles, deux questions concernant les corps célestes attirent notre attention. Si un médecin prescrit une saignée et un astrologue conseille de s’en abstenir, qui faut‑il croire ? Si les corps célestes s’immobilisent à la fin des temps, les corps terrestres pourront‑ils continuer à interagir ? Pour comprendre les réponses données par ce théologien, il faut se plonger dans l’étude des discussions ayant lieu à l’époque à Naples et à Paris. Dans le premier cas, la solution du problème des rapports entre l’astrologie et la médecine est en grande partie dictée par les particularités du contexte intellectuel et social napolitain. Dans le second cas, les réflexions de Jean de Naples sur l’arrêt des corps célestes et ses conséquences font écho aux débats qui se sont déroulés à l’université de Paris, ainsi qu’aux condamnations des positions du dominicain Durand de Saint‑Pourçain par ses confrères.
Italian mendicants at Paris in the fourteenth century
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: April 2023

This essay examines the two educational programs of the mendicant orders at their Parisian convents, the lectorate and the doctoral program, and the Italians who were sent there to study. Contacts, ideas, and texts acquired while at Paris, were brought back to mendicant libraries in Italy. The largest number of Italian mendicants sent to Paris were Augustinian Hermits. Other places of contact between Italians and scholars from other regions, such as Bologna, Avignon, and meetings of General Chapters, are also discussed.
Experiencia et lingua : aux sources de la construction d’un savoir dominicain sur les Orients chrétiens et islamiques
Authors: Rouxpetel Camille
Published: April 2023

Si rupture mendiante il y a dans le savoir construit sur les Orients chrétiens et islamiques, elle réside d’abord dans la transformation du rapport au monde de ces frères d’un genre nouveau, et donc d’abord dans celle du « mépris du monde » qui, de retrait du monde, devient synonyme d’un mépris des richesses temporelles. Cette nouvelle connaissance, médiatisée par l’expérience et non plus par les seules autorités bibliques et patristiques, est fondée sur des savoir‑faire parmi lesquels l’argumentation contradictoire et les compétences linguistiques semblent tenir une place centrale. Le statut alors attribué à l’expérience comme autorité et source de connaissance et la fréquence du recours à l’esprit critique rendent tout à fait particulière la confrontation entre représentations, connaissance savante et connaissance de terrain dans les œuvres des trois dominicains de la fin du XIIIe siècle et du début du XIVe siècle, Burchard du Mont Sion, Riccoldo da Monte Croce et Guillaume de Boldensele, puis de Jean de Sultanieh au tournant des XIVe et XVe siècles, dont les récits sont au fondement de cet article.
Walking in the Brontë Dining-room as Literary Influence
Authors: Lawson Kate
Published: April 2023

This essay analyses the Brontë sisters’ shared writing and walking practices in the Haworth parsonage dining-room in order to explore how communal indoor walking may have influenced the composition and content of the novels that were written there: Wuthering Heights, Agnes Grey, The Professor, Jane Eyre, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Shirley, and Villette. Employing the materialist theories of Thomas Rickert, Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, and Karen Barad, the essay explores how the complex web of the sisters’ everyday lived experiences could constitute literary influence. While indoor walking provides only one of many possible routes for such a materialist analysis of influence, the Brontës’ daily evening walks of approximately two hours in length are well documented and can act as a focal point for an investigation of how such experiences intersect with the novels’ composition. Scenes of indoor walking in the Brontë novels foreground affective connections between a subject moved to walk by an intense emotional state and an observer who witnesses and interprets the walk and who may act in response. Communal indoor walking in the novels thus provides a model through which to read materialist influence as, in Barad’s terms, ‘intra-active’ and ‘entangled’.
Conserver-restaurer les sculptures polychromées. L’approche déontologique et méthodologique au C2RMF
Authors: Deschamps-Tan Stéphanie
Published: April 2023

La filière Sculpture du département Restauration du C2RMF accompagne responsables de collections et restaurateurs libéraux pour la réalisation de restaurations fondamentales de sculptures polychromées. À la fois garante d’une déontologie et d’une méthodologie exposées ici, elle participe ainsi d’une recherche appliquée en conservation-restauration dans un domaine où la notion de réversibilité ne peut être strictement mise en œuvre, en particulier lors d’opérations de dégagement de polychromie.
Les sculptures du jubé de la cathédrale de Strasbourg : une étude technique comparative entre New York et Strasbourg
Authors: Delivré Jean , Dupeux Cécile , Kargère Lucretia
Published: April 2023

Cet article fait l’état de la question concernant l’appartenance de la Vierge en grès polychromé du Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Cloisters) de New York au jubé de la cathédrale de Strasbourg. Une analyse scientifique des matériaux de surface sur les neuf statues monumentales conservées au musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame a permis d’identifier des restes de polychromie et de les comparer aux couches observées sur la Vierge de New York. L’étude a mis en valeur la présence d’un bouche-pores contenant des cendres osseuses sur les apôtres et sur la Vierge, une méthode de préparation de la pierre assez spécifique. Grâce à la polychromie bien conservée, six campagnes de remise en couleur de la Vierge de New York, en plus de la campagne originale, ont pu être reconstituées. Cependant, aucune conclusion définitive ne peut être avancée en raison du caractère trop ténu des restes de la polychromie des sculptures préservées à Strasbourg.
Contact Tracing With District-Based Trajectories
Authors: Adhinugraha Kiki , Rahayu Wenny , Allheeib Nasser
Published: April 2023

Identifying the places an infected person has visited during a virus incubation time in order to conduct contact tracing is currently done using manual interviews since proximity-based contact tracing methods do not store geolocation information due to privacy concerns. During the incubation time, an infected person might visit several locations and either forget where they went or are reluctant to disclose their trip details. To minimize manual location tracing while preserving the user's privacy, the authors propose a mesh block sequence method where the trajectories are transformed into a mesh block sequence before being shared with health authorities. These simulations show that this a useful method by which to protect user privacy by concealing specific details related to a trajectory. While this simulation uses an Australian administrative region structure, this method is applicable in countries which implement similar administrative hierarchical building blocks.
Role of the Psychological Test and Evaluation System Based on the Internet of Things in the Early Warning of Psychological Dangers of College Students
Authors: Du Hui
Published: April 2023

The mental health and psychological crisis of college students has aroused the attention of all walks of life. College students are unable to cope with various pressures, and crisis situations such as suicide are not uncommon. Solving the psychological crisis of college students is urgent. The psychological crisis of college students is a major psychological imbalance that occurs when individual college students or groups believe that they cannot solve, handle, and control themselves or face unimaginable learning, work, and life events. This paper aims to study the role of psychological evaluation system based on the internet of things in the early warning of college students' psychological crises. This paper uses the SCL-90 scale method to quickly classify the mental health problems of college students.
Effect of Ball Milling Treatment on Compositional Gradients in Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Centrifugal Slurry Methods
Authors: Imai Yuto , Takemoto Yusei , Tsukamoto Hideaki
Published: April 2023

Ceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advantageous to two dissimilar materials joined directly together, which includes smoothing of thermal stress distributions, minimization or elimination of stress concentrations and singularities at the interface corners and increase in bonding strength. In this study, ZrO2/ 304 stainless steel (SUS304) FGMs with continuous gradient manners, not stepwise manners, were fabricated by a combination of centrifugal slurry methods and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The size and surface smoothness of the powders of SUS304 highly affected formation of compositional gradient patterns in the FGMs. Effects of ball milling time and ball sizes on such conditions of the powders as well as compositional gradients in the FGMs were investigated by microstructure observations with element analysis and hardness probing on the cross sections of the FGMs.
Silver Prism Interface Plasmon Resonance for Biosensor in Ir-Visible Spectrum Region
Authors: Kadhum Farah Jawad , Mohammed Sahar A. , Alikan Jasim. S. , Kafi Shaymaa H. , Al-Zuky Ali A. , Al-Saleh Anwar H.
Published: April 2023

The performance of a surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with silver film was demonstrated. The Kretschmann setup's evanescent field, which can activate the sensor. The sensitivity and FWHM of the SPR sensor drop as the thickness of the silver layer in the metallic film increases. Using water as a sensing medium, it can create a simulation model at various thicknesses of the silver layers placed on the semicircular glass prism D-ZLAF50 with a thickness of dAg = 10–80 nm. The proposed sensor can function at wavelengths of up to 600,700nm in the visible area and the infrared region at wavelengths of 900 & 1000 nm. Optimum sensitivity (S = 100–140) may be observed in the visible and infrared spectrum with thicknesses ranging from dAg = (10–80) nm , ∆n = 0.1. At silver layer thicknesses, the values of SPR dip length and FWHM are excellent (40–60 nm).
An Analysis of the Solute Interactions in Multicomponent Metallic Solution to Study the Liquid Metal Corrosion Mechanisms in Sodium
Authors: Krasin V. , Soyustova S.
Published: April 2023

It is demonstrated that using the mathematical formalism of the interaction parameters for multicomponent metallic solution, it is possible to predict mass transfer in a system consisting of two dissimilar metals separated by low-melting one containing non-metallic impurities. The calculation of the interaction parameters in three-and four-component systems was carried out using the equations of the coordination-cluster model. Comparison between theory and data reported in the literature for corrosion in sodium loop led to the conclusion about the most probable mechanism of the influence of the oxygen impurity content on the corrosion rate of iron under non-isothermal conditions.
The Assessment of the Collision Probability of Particles in the Process of Detonation Spraying
Authors: Grechukhina M.S. , Nechaev A.S. , Vorontsova V.A.
Published: April 2023

The article discusses a technique for assessing the collision probability of particles of dissimilar materials in the process of detonation spraying of composite coatings. In consequence of different properties of initial powder materials (mass, aerodynamic resistance), quality indicators of composite coatings are determined not only with motion parameters of particles but with their mutual position in the flow of detonation products. In the case of using reactive components, interaction of molten particles in the flow can lead to chemical reactions, formation new materials on the substrate, heterogeneous structure of the coating, and deterioration its strength and adhesive properties. Preliminary quantitative assessment of the probability of collision of particles before their contact with the surface of the product affords to make a conclusion about deviation of quantitative indicators of the surface from supposed ones before full-scale tests.
Age and sex variations in serum brain natriuretic peptide level following doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats
Authors: Waziri Basheer Isah , Wali Nafisa Yusuf , Salisu Ahmed Ibrahim
Published: April 2023

Background:

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone produced by ventricular myocytes, plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid volume. Although serum BNP level increases with age in normals, this response and possible sex variations in the presence of drug-induced myocardial injury need to be explored further.

Methods:

Twenty-four Wistar rats were separated into two groups, the controls and doxorubicin-myocardial injury (DOX-MI) model group. Each group was further subdivided into aged (100–104 weeks) and young (13–14 weeks), having an equal number of males and females (n = 3). The DOX-MI Model group was given 2.5 mg/kg DOX through intra-peritoneal injection on alternate days to a cumulative dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Blood samples were then collected and centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 min and serum BNP analysis was conducted using BNP ELISA Kit (BIOTUVA LIFE SCIENCES, UK).

Results:

BNP was significantly lower (P = 0.003) in the aged (100–104 weeks) DOX-MI-model group compared to aged controls. Similarly, it was lower in the young (13–14 weeks) DOX-MI-Model group than the young controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.16). The analysis between aged and young rats within each group indicated significantly higher BNP levels in the aged rats compared to the young in both groups (P = 0.01 for aged vs. young DOX-MI-Model and P = 0.02 for aged vs. young controls).

Conclusion:

DOX-induced-MI has caused a significant reduction in BNP production in the aged rats (100–104 weeks) compared to the young (13–14 weeks).
Percutaneous Balloon Compression of the Trigeminal Ganglion for Refractory Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache with Conjunctival Redness and Tearing Syndrome
Authors: Chakravarty A
Published: April 2023

Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia (TAC) refers to a group of disorders involving afferent activation of trigeminal system from the pain-perceiving intracranial structures. Short unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival redness and tearing (SUNCT) is a sub-group of TAC which at times can be refractory to treatment. Percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) of the trigeminal ganglion is an established treatment modality for trigeminal neuralgia. However, PBC has been sparingly utilized for treatment of SUNCT. In this case report we intend to highlight good long-term results of PBC for treatment of refractory SUNCT.
A Review of Chronic Pain with Depression and/or Anxiety Comorbidities in the Indian Population
Authors: Lokapur M , Kumar N , Shah H , Shah D
Published: April 2023

Chronic pain and psychiatric conditions often coexist with shared risk factors and a reverse causal link. Depression and anxiety comorbidities are associated with increased pain intensity, less favorable response to treatments, and higher medical costs. The management of psychiatric comorbidities in chronic pain conditions is less explored in India. This paper aims to review the current literature landscape of comorbid depressive and/or anxiety disorders with chronic pain conditions in the Indian populations and identify need gaps for future research. A literature search on MEDLINE database and other sources conducted from January 2010 through March 2020 retrieved 84 shortlisted eligible articles and their findings were synthesized into a narrative review. There was a high prevalence of comorbid depression and anxiety with chronic pain observed across multiple pain etiologies and population groups in the Indian setting. Women had a higher burden of psychiatric comorbidities in chronic pain conditions compared with men. Poor socioeconomic conditions and pain severity were important risk factors that predisposed individuals to psychological distress. There was limited data on evidence-based management of chronic pain and comorbid depression or anxiety for Indian populations. Barriers toward effective pain management in India occur at the level of patients, physicians, or healthcare systems; some of these challenges relate to patient’s health-seeking behavior, stigma associated with psychiatric treatment, physician awareness, and education, and access to pain medications. Future initiatives are needed toward building an evidence base for effective management of pain and comorbid psychiatric conditions in India.
Dry Beriberi at the Pain Clinic – B1 Deficiency Neuropathic Pain Post Gastric Bypass
Authors: Priyanka MP , Khan KJ , Satish Kumar MN
Published: April 2023

Neuropathic pain is associated with hyperalgesia, allodynia, and other paresthesia affecting the sleep, social, personal, and emotional life of a person. Numerous causes have been described for neuropathic pain. Nutritional deficiency is one uncommon cause. In this case report, we present a 27-year-old female patient who came to the pain clinic with severe burning pain, pricking sensation, and increased sensitivity to touch and pain for the past 2 months. The patient was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and started on nutritional replacement therapy. A multidisciplinary approach involving drugs, physiotherapy along with replacement therapy was started, following which the patient started showing improvement in the symptoms.
Teaching Physical Exercise with Music – Pedometric Evaluation
Authors: W W.Vinu , G. Vinod Kumar  , S. Sivachandiran
Published: April 2023

In everyday life and culture, music can be encountered and experienced in a variety of forms, and it plays a role in mood swings. Numerous studies have shown that listening to music while exercising increases both the amount of time spent exercising as well as the interest level in the activity. It is hypothesised that instructing pupils in physical activities through the medium of music would have a beneficial effect on them. Fifty-five students from the Faculty of Physical Education were chosen to serve as study subjects in order to investigate the impact that music has on the process of learning and doing the activity. This study was carried out over the course of two days, and the data was gathered by counting the number of footsteps that participants made throughout a period of 20 minutes of instruction with or without music. The exercises were demonstrated to the participants over the course of two days; on the first day, they were demonstrated with music, and on the second day, they were demonstrated without music. According to the findings of this study, there is a discernible contrast between instructing activities with and without the use of music. The topic revealed a tremendous amount of interest and vitality when it was practised with music. The pedometric measure improved with musical training, and males did much better than girls in this regard.
Differential Case Imbalance Calculation Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Chowdhury Sanjib , Ravuri Susheel , Roy Nantu , Mehta Yogesh
Published: April 2023

A driveline differential gear housing or diff-case is the heaviest component of a driveline that rotates at high velocities. core shift during diff-case casting is a major source of imbalance as casting cores can never be placed at the exact intended location. Core shift in the present case is defined as combination of pure translation along the parting plane and tilting about two orthogonal axes. Given the ranges of variation of these shift parameters, large numbers of random sampling of these variations are generated through Monte Carlo method where normal distribution of each of the core shift parameters is assumed. Static unbalance values of the diff-case from each of the instances of core shift is calculated using Boolean operation in MSC Adams View and a nonlinear data set is created. Next, a statistical model is created based on a neutral network-based fitting method to appropriately represent the set. The validity of the model is checked based on specific core shift cases to gain confidence on the model. Main effects plot is generated to show the key core shift parameters influencing the static unbalance. The benefit of the above automated process is the ability to predict the maximum imbalance values, its main influencers, and accordingly control the manufacturing operation, effectively. Also, dynamic unbalance is calculated at the diff-case bearing planes based on the inertia tensor of the diff-cases. This is useful in determining the mass and orientation of the balancing masses. It was found that imbalance due to translational core shift is highest. In addition, imbalance in the direction perpendicular to the diff-case window was highest followed by that in the orthogonal lateral direction along the window. The maximum dynamic unbalance value was high and above the requirement.
A First Look at Android Automotive Privacy
Authors: Pese Mert D.
Published: April 2023

Android Automotive OS (AAOS) has been gaining popularity in recent years, with several OEMs across the world already deploying it or planning to in the near future. Besides the benefit of a well-known, customizable and secure operating system for OEMs, AAOS allows third-party app developers to offer their apps on vehicles of several manufacturers at the same time. Currently, there are 55 apps for AAOS that can be categorized as media, navigation or point-of-interest apps. Specifically the latter two categories allow the third-parties to collect certain sensor data directly from the vehicle. Furthermore, the latest version of AAOS also allows the OEM to configure and collect In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) and vehicle data (called OEM telemetry).

However, increasing connectivity and integration with the in-vehicle network comes at the expense of user privacy. Previous works have shown that vehicular sensor data often contains personally identifiable information (PII). New privacy regulations around the world mandate that the collection and processing of this data has to be clearly communicated with the user of the vehicle who reserves the right to approve or deny. In this paper, the existing AAOS apps are manually analyzed for the user data they collect and share. Of particular interest is the consistency of the declared app permissions with developers’ privacy policies since discrepancies can suggest compliance issues. Our study results show that over 78% of analyzed apps do not mention all dangerous permissions in their privacy policies.
Processing Fuzz Testing Results into an Evidence Report
Authors: Vinzenz Nico , Oka Dennis Kengo
Published: April 2023

In recent years, fuzz testing has established itself as a reliable and indispensable testing method for finding previously unknown and product specific vulnerabilities within the code base of automotive systems. As such, we see increased requirements for automotive products that call for fuzz testing per default. Based on the semidecidable characteristic for finding fuzz testing results, i.e., virtually an infinite test space, it is a non-trivial task to generate plausible evidence that sufficient fuzz testing has been applied to the target system. In this paper, starting from fuzz test result generation, we specify the individual steps necessary for preparing a sound evidence report. We describe how evidence is created in this context and which information is relevant. The traceability of fuzz testing product requirements is a driving factor thereby. We also analyze how useful Cybersecurity Assurance Levels (CAL) are in this process and how quantitative as well as qualitative metrics can be utilized as evidence. Finally, we discuss the conclusiveness of various fuzz testing evidence types and show the limits of evidence generation of this testing method. Our approach allows owners of security-relevant systems to provide evidence to customers or authorities showing that there was, based on a systematic risk-based methodology, sufficient fuzz testing conducted on the target system. Moreover, this approach brings the additional benefits of allowing more proven test diversification of the product, thereby reducing the effort on expensive manual testing methods like penetration testing and allowing more sophisticated overall test reporting of the product.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Future Fuels and Vehicle Technologies: Fuel Cell, Batteries, and Natural Gas Prospects in India
Authors: Sarkar Sankhadeep , He Xin , khan Faisal
Published: April 2023

This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of India’s evolving transportation technology. The country’s progressive renewable energy targets (energy independent by 2047) and incentivized policies on lower carbon footprint fuels are accelerating the focus on green transport solutions. A bottom-up approach is utilized to demystify the techno-commercial viability of new technologies.

The total cost of ownership (TCO) is an important metric for economic analysis. However, generalized data applications and simplified cost assumptions render inapplicability to local markets. In this study, the TCO model compares the vehicle technology’s energy, emissions, and cost, based on scientific co-relations. A 12-meter-bus market is used to compare Battery-powered Electric buses (BEB), Fuel Cell Electric Buses (FCEB), and prevalent Compressed Natural Gas Engine buses (CNGB) for a service life of 12 years. The analysis has two segments: Static analysis depicts the influencing factors (fuel production cost, maintenance, module life) while dynamic simulation shows the effect of technological innovation, carbon incentives, and value of money (employs declining balance method).

In the model, TCO for FCEBs ($142/100km) is higher compared to BEBs ($87/100km) and CNG’s ($93/100km) primarily due to energy-infrastructure cost ($5.7/kg) and module maintenance ($0.5/km). However, the life cycle emissions of FCEB (including both fuel and vehicle cycle) are 2.3 times lesser than the second lowest BEB. In the dynamic analysis, the study quantified crucial conditions and innovations (e.g., H2 production cost drop from $2.7/kg to $1.8/kg, module mileage improvements from 12MJ/km to 10 MJ/km by 2030) for FCEBs commercial acceptability, synchronous with the country’s energy and emission targets.
Hydrogen Jet Characterization of an Internal Combustion Engine Injector Using Schlieren Imaging
Authors: Tinchon Alexis , Foucher Fabrice , Doradoux Laurent
Published: April 2023

As the world moves towards a decarbonized motorization, Hydrogen became a strong candidate to replace Diesel and Gasoline. Possibly used in a DI configuration, a huge challenge is the injection and mixing process of the hydrogen in the combustion chamber. In this paper we will focus on the characterization of a compressed hydrogen jet using Schlieren imaging technique and image processing. The injector used in those tests is designed and manufactured by BorgWarner to be used specifically with Compressed Hydrogen Gas (CHG). It operates at medium pressure. Two injection pressures had been used to study the jet development in different conditions. The cylinder pressure (back pressure) will vary between 1.2 bar and 15 bar while the temperature will go from 20°C to 150°C. The discussed tests were made in full nitrogen conditions to avoid any ignition of the hydrogen jet. The results show that both injection pressure and back pressure in the chamber have a huge effect on the jet development. Indeed, the velocity of the jet decreases when the back pressure gets higher or when the injection pressure decreases. Those parameters also have impact on the width of the jet and the timing at which it collapses. However, if we focus on the temperatures impact, the effect on the jet penetration or area is more moderate.
Investigations on Hydrogen Injections Using a Real-Fluid Approach
Authors: Rahantamialisoa Faniry , Battistoni Michele , Miliozzi Alessio , Sahranavardfard Nasrin , Zembi Jacopo
Published: April 2023

Computational fluid dynamics is used with the aim to gain further insights of the hydrogen injection process in internal combustion engines. To this end, three-dimensional RANS simulations of hydrogen under-expanded jets under a variety of injection pressures and temperatures and chamber backpressure are performed. A numerical framework that accounts for real-fluid effects is used which includes accurate non-linear mixing rules for thermodynamic and transport properties with multiple species. Jet formation process, transition to turbulent regime, and mixing process are investigated which are key aspects for the design of efficient injection and combustion. Different simulations are discussed to investigate the structures in the near field, such as Mach disk, barrel, and reflected shocks. It is found that for direct injection applications, especially in high back-pressure cases, accounting for real fluid behavior of hydrogen-air mixtures is important for accurate predictions.
Building the Bulldog Bolt: Sensor Selection for an Autonomous Vehicle Balancing Power Requirements and Functionality
Authors: Panchal Tanmay , Peters Diane , Sigelko Jack
Published: April 2023

Electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles are two major innovations that are currently available to the general public or under development. While they can be separate products, it is also likely that many autonomous vehicles, if not all, will be electric vehicles as well. This is seen in the SAE/GM AutoDrive Challenge and its successor, the SAE/GM AutoDrive Challenge II; in both competitions, an electric vehicle, the Chevy Bolt, is provided to the collegiate teams, which they then work to turn into an autonomous vehicle. The combination of electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles creates certain challenges, among them the issue of powering sensors and the consequent impact on the vehicle’s electric powertrain, and in particular on the vehicle’s range. The various sensors required to provide data to the autonomous vehicle will deliver different types of information and draw varying amounts of power, and this needs to be carefully considered in the vehicle’s overall design, with sensors chosen to provide all needed information to design a vehicle that can operate safely, but also minimize the range reduction that would result from the sensors’ power requirements. This is addressed in the competition; in Year 1 of the AutoDrive Challenge II, one of the Mobility Innovation challenge tasks, the 0-0-0 Challenge, asked teams to analyze the sensor suite and its power draw. The work presented in this paper draws on that analysis conducted by Kettering University’s Bulldog Bolt team, leading to a sensor suite that is optimized for the scenario presented in the competition. The sensor suite is presented along with the specific reasoning leading to its selection, and a discussion of some of the tradeoffs that take place in that selection. The specific sensor suite presented in this paper would be of value for similar scenarios in which autonomous vehicles may be expected to operate, and the methodology presented could be useful in other scenarios to formulate appropriate sensor suites.
Assessing and Characterizing the Effect of Altitude on Fuel Economy, Particle Number and Gaseous Emissions Performance of Gasoline Vehicles under Real Driving
Authors: Huang Rong , Ni Jimin , Shi Xiuyong , Wang Qiwei , Cheng Zhenxu
Published: April 2023

High altitudes have a significant effect on the real driving emissions (RDE) of vehicles due to lower pressure and insufficient oxygen concentration. In addition, type approval tests for light-duty vehicles are usually conducted at altitudes below 1000 m. In order to investigate the influence of high altitude on vehicles fuel economy and emissions, RDE tests procedure had been introduced in the China VI emission regulations. In this study, the effect of altitude on fuel economy and real road emissions of three light-duty gasoline vehicles was investigated. The results indicated that for vehicles fuel economy, fuel consumption (L/100 km) for the tested vehicles decreased while the mean exhaust temperature increased with an increase in altitudes. Compared to near sea level, the fuel consumption (L/100 km) of the tested vehicle was reduced by up to 23.28%. For emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) and particle number (PN) emissions consistently increased and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions first increased and then decreased with an increase in altitude. At specific test modes, the CO emissions of tested vehicles were urban > rural > motorway in descending order. Compared to near sea level, NOX emissions increased slightly at an altitude of 2300 m, while PN emissions increased by up to 20 times or more. Therefore, the reasonableness of altitude expansion factor development needed to be considered when refining RDE regulations. For vehicle manufacturers, the focus should be on PN emissions at high altitude regions.
Driver-in-the-Loop Drivability and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Barroso Daniel Goretti L , Emadi Ali , Bruck Lucas
Published: April 2023

This paper investigates different regenerative braking strategies applied to Battery Electric Vehicles, such as series and parallel brake blends. The comparison includes energy efficiency assessment using homologation and real-world drive cycle and objective and subjective drivability evaluation. Multiple simulations are performed using a one-dimensional (1D) vehicle model developed in Simulink and a static driving simulator. The driving simulator provides a fair comparison of real-world driving since it creates repeatable highway and urban traffic conditions. These simulations compare the system energy efficiency by looking at the battery's state of charge (SOC). The drivability is assessed on top of consumption by using the static driving simulator. It is objectively measured by calculating the longitudinal acceleration change ratio over time, which occurs during the regeneration ramp-in and ramp-out, for different pedal positions and pedal gradients. The drivability is also subjectively evaluated by assessing the system's smoothness and absence of shakes during braking maneuvers and the deceleration feels while “freely” coasting at high speeds. This study clarifies the utilization of a driving simulator integrated with a model-based design apporoach to develop regenertive braking controls and braking system architectures for electrified vehicles. In the study case presented in this paper, the Series regenerative braking shows better efficiency and better drivability, especially for conditions of low accelerations lower than 0.3g.
Scale-Resolving Simulations Combined with the Immersed Boundary Method for Predicting Car Aerodynamics
Authors: Basara Branislav , Pavlovic Zoran , Zunic Zoran , Jemcov Aleksandar , Saric Sanjin
Published: April 2023

This paper presents calculations of external car aerodynamics by using the Partial-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) variable resolution model in conjunction with the finite volume (FV) immersed-boundary method. The work presented here is the continuation of the study reported in Basara et al. [1]. In that work, it was shown that the same accuracy of predicted aerodynamic forces can be achieved by using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) k-ζ-f model on both types of meshes, the standard body-fitted (BF), and on the immersed boundary (IB) mesh. Due to all well-known shortcomings of the steady state approach, in this work we deal with the Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS), which belongs to the hybrid RANS-LES (scale resolving / high fidelity) methods. This approach was developed to resolve a part of the turbulence spectrum adjusting seamlessly from RANS to DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation). The PANS model variant used for the present calculations is based on the near-wall RANS k-ζ-f model. The numerical implementation of the wall treatment on the IB meshes is the same as in the previously reported RANS calculations. The significant speed-up of the PANS calculations was achieved by using the fractional step method. Comparisons of the PANS results on both types of meshes with the experimental data for the well-known DrivAer notchback model (Hupertz et al. [2]) demonstrate the predictive capability of PANS in the IB framework.
Motor Level Torque Ripple Requirement Development for Vehicle Seat Track Acceleration
Authors: Xing Xing , Hebert Colin , Morris Robert
Published: April 2023

Torque ripple from electric motor can excite a system resonance perceived as vibration at the vehicle seat track. The CAE simulation procedure was applied to analyze the seat track acceleration excited by electric motor torque ripple. In this study, the transfer function between the electric motor torque and vehicle level seat track acceleration was developed, and it incorporates the control capability and vehicle sensitivity subfunctions. The motor level torque ripple requirement was developed, which can support motor design in early vehicle development stage based on vehicle level criteria. The analysis results obtained for motor level torque ripple requirement shows good agreement with the experimental validation using vehicle test data. The variation study on control capability and vehicle sensitivity was investigated, and the results can help to identify the solution to improve vehicle torque ripple response. The results could be used to define electric motor design as requirements and improve the vehicle level vibration response.