bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventario florístico de un bosque secundario de los Andes septentrionales de Colombia
Authors: Giraldo Cañas Diego
Published: December 2021

Se realizó un inventario florístico detallado de un bosque andino secundario del noroeste de Colombia, con el fin de documentar la riqueza de especies vasculares. El inventario florístico muestra la existencia de 784 especies de plantas vasculares pertenecientes a 461 géneros y 133 familias. Las familias más diversas fueron las Poaceae (68 especies), Fabaceae (49), Melastomataceae (37), Rubiaceae (37), Orchidaceae (31), Asteraceae (27), Malvaceae( 26), Piperaceae (24), Araceae (21), Moraceae (17) y Polypodiaceae (16). Los géneros más ricos fueron Piper (17 especies), Inga (13), Ficus (11), Paspalum (11), Psychotria (11), Miconia (10), Anthurium (9), Clusia (7), Mikania (7), Peperomia (7), y Solanum (7). Algunas de las especies muestreadas constituyeron nuevos registros para la flora del noroeste de Suramérica. El bosque analizado es florísticamente similar a los bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas.
فقہ اسلامی کے رُو سے اقلیتوں کے حقوق اور انکے ساتھ رواداری : ایک تحقیقی جائزہ
Authors: Haq Abdul , Mansori Hisamud Din
Published: December 2021

Islam is a natural religion and always teaches justice and human rights. Islam has given different rights to non-Muslims under the protection of Muslims (dhimmis) demonstrating endurance, justice, leniency and tolerance with them in various walks of life. They will not be included in Jihad by force. In order to resolve the issues and problems of the dhimmis in the Islamic state, one of them can be made a judge. They have legal protection in the Islamic State. It is the responsibility of the Islamic government to protect their lives and property and if they suffer loss, it will be ordered to pay for them. As a resident of Dar-ul-Islam, they are required to pay a certain amount of Jizyah annually, which will not be demanded from them before the end of the year. The quantity of Jizyah will be set in small amounts depending on their financial situation. In the court of a Muslim judge, both Muslims and Dhimmis are equal in judicial rights. In case of their unjust killing, the Muslim killer will also be killed in retaliation. If they greet a Muslim with Salam, he should respond them with Salam. Gifts and presents can be given to them and also received from them. In the same way, it is permissible to accept their invitation to a meal, provided that the meal itself is not haraam.
VIGOR AND VIABILITY TEST OF CUCUMBER SEED USING NaOCl AND DIFFERENT DRYNG METHODS
Authors: Kartina Kartina , Mardhiana Mardhiana , Karlina Wiwik
Published: December 2021

Mentimun merupakan salah satu buah yang menghasilkan benih yang memiliki selaput daging/berlendir (pulp). Adanya pulp pada benih dapat menghambat perkecambahan. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kendala dalam produksi benih. Oleh karena itu untuk memisahkan pulp dari benih dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode seperti ekstraksi dengan bahan kimia maupun dengan teknik pengeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon perkecambahan benih mentimun terhadap ekstraksi dengan NaOCl dan metode pengeringan berbeda. Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial terdiri dari 8 kombinasi perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Tahapan penelitian meliputi persiapan benih, perlakuan, penyemaian benih dan pengamatan. Hasil analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa perendaman NaOCl atau Pengeringan dan kombinasi kedua perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata pada semua variabel pengamatan. Namun, Perendaman dengan NaOCl 5% dapat meningkatkan indeks vigor 96,67%, kecepatan tumbuh 7.69% dan potensi tumbuh maksimum benih mentimun hingga 100% lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya
Studi Kualitas Air Tanah Berdasarkan Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Menggunakan Analisis Hidrogeologi dan Hidrokimia di Jakarta Barat
Authors: Karismawan Albar , Sahdarani Dyah Nindita , Prahastomi Mochammad , Prayogi Tantowi Eko
Published: December 2021

Kajian Air Tanah di Jakarta Barat untuk mengetahui kualitas air tanah yang biasa digunakan warga Jakarta Barat untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti air minum, bersih-bersih dan lain-lain. Kajian ini penting dilakukan karena air yang dikonsumsi warga belum tentu memenuhi standar baku kualitas air minum yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah melalui Permenkes No. 492 Tahun 2010, melalui parameter Fisik dan kimia. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengukuran akuifer bebas di perumahan padat penduduk dengan menggunakan analisis hidrogeologi dan hidrokimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan kualitas airtanah dengan metode hidrogeologi dan hidrokimia. Analisis hidrogeologi digunakan untuk memetakan muka air tanah berdasarkan pengukuran kedalaman air tanah yang diukur pada sumur masyarakat dengan satuan meter di bawah permukaan tanah (mbmt) dan meter di bawah permukaan laut (mdpl). Data hidrokimia menggunakan dua data, yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer adalah data yang diambil penulis di lapangan pada tahun 2021 dengan fokus pada sumur air tanah akuifer bebas yang diambil di perumahan padat penduduk. Data sekunder adalah data yang diambil oleh BKAT pada tahun 2018-2020 dengan fokus pada sumur air tanah untuk ruang publik seperti SPBU, taman, dan rumah ibadah. Sedangkan analisis hidrokimia dilakukan untuk melihat kondisi salinitas, jenis air, serta tingkat intrusi air laut di daerah penelitian. Berdasarkan pengukuran yang dilakukan penulis pada bulan Maret 2021, kedalaman air tanah terdalam adalah di Kelurahan Semanam dengan kedalaman 9,3 mbmt, dan yang paling dangkal berada di Kelurahan Rawa Buaya dengan kedalaman 0,2 mbmt. Berdasarkan pengukuran penulis, kualitas airtanah di Jakarta Barat sangat memprihatinkan. Kelurahan Roa Melaka memiliki air yang bau, juga Klorida, Sodiun, dan Natrium, yang tinggi. Kelurahan Duri Kepa dan Jelambar memiliki pencemaran besi yang tinggi, melalui pengukuran memiliki kadar 0,4 mg/l dan 1,65 mg/l.
IMAGINACIÓN AUTOORGANIZATIVA CONSCIENTE COMPLEMENTO DE LA TRANSMISIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO
Authors: Peña Grau Omar
Published: December 2021

Resumen: El objetivo, de este trabajo, es describir los alcances que tiene la incorporación de un modelo de la percepción en el sistema de enseñanzaaprendizaje, y contempla una metodología de acceso consciente a una realidad compleja, de imaginación autoorganizativa. Para ello, concurren diversas disciplinas que enmarcan la investigación, así como el despliegue de la evolución del pensamiento, en la historia cultural, para una transformación en la forma de percibir, definida en una pedagogía del Metaaprendizaje, como complementación del sistema transmisivo de la educación. Contempla también una breve introducción a la integración de la conciencia cuántica, conciencia primaria y conciencia secundaria, que se lleva a cabo mediante procesos primarios, secundarios y finales, contemplados en la neurociencia. En resumen, es un cambio de paradigma en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Transfer of anti-alcoholic effect of Nux Vomica 200 cH through water from one group of toads to another under alcohol anesthesia
Authors: Sukul Nirmal Chandra , Chakraborty Indrani , Sukul Anirban , Chakravarty Rathin
Published: December 2021

Background: A common practice is to give homeopathic medication to nursing mothers to treat their children, assuming that the drug will be conveyed by the milk. In the case of conventional treatment, the drug molecules are indeed passed on from the mother to her breastfed infant. However, high dilutions (HD) above 12 cH, i.e., over Avogadroâ€™s number, are traditionally held to lack any molecule from the starting material. If that is the case, then, does medication taken by the mother actually reach the child? To answer to that question, we developed plant models and demonstrated the transfer of HD effects between 2 groups of plants. Aims: To demonstrate the transfer of HD effects in an animal model in a much shorter time. Methods: Two batches of toads were respectively placed in two beakers, one containing Nux vomica 200 cH diluted with water 1:500 (direct treatment), and the other the same amount of distilled water were connected by cotton thread soaked in water and encased in a polyethylene tube (connected group); a third batch of toads (control) were placed in a beaker with 90% ethanol diluted with distilled water 1:500; all the animals were left 30 minutes, and then transferred to 3 independent beakers containing 209 mM ethanol. Every 10 minutes, the motionless toads were removed from the beakers, and placed on supine position, failure to recover the upright position after 60 sec was considered as loss of the righting reflex (RR). The experiment was replicated using large adult toads. Results: The percentage of toads losing the RR increased with the time of exposure to 209 mM ethanol in the 3 groups of toads. Significant difference in the percentage distribution was found between the control and the direct treatment and connected groups on Ï‡2 test (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively), whereby the latter required much longer time to lose the RR, and did not differed between them. In the experiment with large adult toads, the control group lost RR in 78 min, whereas the 2 treated groups did not lose RR even after 240 min. Conclusion: Nux-v 200 cH countered the hypnotic effect of alcohol in young toads, and this effect was transferred through capillary water in the cotton thread, supporting the transfer of the effect of homeopathic medication from mother to child.
Transition time
Authors: Zacharias Carlos Renato
Published: December 2021

2013 is going to be an interesting year for the High Dilution research field. There is a tendency to revise basic concepts and common beliefs, while refining models and theories. The fundamental research team seems to be open to deeper discussions, aiming to reinforce some hypothesis and discharge others. In somehow, we are stuck in a vicious way of think, trying to manage and describe an informational phenomenon into a molecular framework. The challenge offered to those researchers involved with basic science is to figure out how to deal with such phenomenon, since previous theories and models have not shown to be matched!

In the other hand, there is a tendency to explore the HD phenomenon in its technological branch. While basic research is important to describe how things work, the applied research has a more intense social and economic appeal. To develop technology based on HD means to give a different kind of visibility to the field, attracting sponsors, companies, entrepreneurs, always committed to the market regulatory laws.

I am expecting for this year some important movements, both in the basic and applied research. Of course, it will be only a new beginning, as these changes require a lot of work, discussions and insights. But this transition time is very welcome!
Microphysical process of precipitating hydrometeors from warm-front mid-level stratiform clouds revealed by ground-based lidar observations
Authors: Yi Yang , Yi Fan , Liu Fuchao , Zhang Yunpeng , Yu Changming , He Yun
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Mid-level stratiform precipitations during the passage of warm fronts were
detailedly observed on two occasions (light and moderate rain) by a 355 nm
polarization lidar and water vapor Raman lidar, both equipped with
waterproof transparent roof windows. The hours-long precipitation streaks
shown in the lidar signal (X) and volume depolarization ratio (δv) reveal some ubiquitous features of the microphysical process of
precipitating hydrometeors. We find that for the light-rain case
precipitation that reaches the surface begins as ice-phase-dominant
hydrometeors that fall out of a shallow liquid cloud layer at altitudes above the
0 ∘C isotherm level, and the depolarization ratio magnitude of
falling hydrometeors increases from the liquid-water values (δv<0.09) to the ice/snow values (δv>0.20) during the first 100–200 m of their descent. Subsequently, the
falling hydrometeors yield a dense layer with an ice/snow bright band
occurring above and a liquid-water bright band occurring below (separated by
a lidar dark band) as a result of crossing the 0 ∘C level. The
ice/snow bright band might be a manifestation of local hydrometeor
accumulation. Most falling raindrops shrink or vanish in the liquid-water
bright band due to evaporation, whereas a few large raindrops fall out of
the layer. We also find that a prominent δv peak (0.10–0.40)
always occurs at an altitude of approximately 0.6 km when precipitation
reaches the surface, reflecting the collision–coalescence growth of falling
large raindrops and their subsequent spontaneous breakup. The microphysical
process (at ice-bright-band altitudes and below) of moderate rain resembles
that of the light-rain case, but more large-sized hydrometeors are involved.
Is the Atlantic Ocean driving the recent variability in South Asian dust?
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari , Krishna Moorthy Krishnaswamy
Published: December 2021

Abstract. This study investigates the large-scale factors controlling interannual
variability in dust aerosols over South Asia during 2001–2018. We use a
parameter DA%, which refers to the frequency of days in a year when
high dust activity is experienced over a region, as determined by a
combination of satellite aerosol optical depth and the Ångström exponent. While a
positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the central Pacific Ocean
was important in controlling DA% over South Asia during
2001–2010; in recent years, the North Atlantic Ocean has assumed a dominant
role. Specifically, high DA% is associated with warming in the
midlatitude and cooling in the subtropical North Atlantic SSTs: the
location of the two southern arms of the North Atlantic SST tripole pattern.
This shift towards a dominant role of the North Atlantic SST in controlling
DA% over South Asia coincides with a recent shift towards
a persistently positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and a
resultant positive phase of the springtime SST tripole pattern.
Interestingly, there has also been a shift in the relation between the two
southern arms of the SST tripole and NAO, which has resulted in weakening of
the southwest monsoon circulation over the northern Indian Ocean and
strengthening of the dust-carrying westerlies and northerlies in the lower troposphere
and mid-troposphere. Simulations with an Earth system model show that the
positive phase of the North Atlantic SST tripole pattern is responsible for a
10 % increase in the dust optical depth over South Asia during May–September;
with increases as high as 30 % during the month of June. This increase is
mainly due to transport by the westerlies at the 800 hPa pressure level, which increases the dust concentration at this pressure level by 20 % on average
during May–September and up to 50 % during June.
Molecular-scale description of interfacial mass transfer in phase-separated aqueous secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Lbadaoui-Darvas Mária , Takahama Satoshi , Nenes Athanasios
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Liquid–liquid phase-separated (LLPS) aerosol particles are known to exhibit increased cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity compared to well-mixed ones due to a complex effect of low surface tension and non-ideal mixing. The relation between the two contributions as well as the molecular-scale mechanism of water uptake in the presence of an internal interface within the particle is to date not fully understood. Here we attempt to gain understanding in these aspects through steered molecular dynamics simulation studies of water uptake by a vapor–hydroxy-cis-pinonic acid–water double interfacial system at 200 and 300 K. Simulated free-energy profiles are used to map the water uptake mechanism and are separated into energetic and entropic contributions to highlight its main thermodynamic driving forces. Atmospheric implications are discussed in terms of gas–particle partitioning, intraparticle water redistribution timescales and water vapor equilibrium saturation ratios. Our simulations reveal a strongly temperature-dependent water uptake mechanism, whose most prominent features are determined by local extrema in conformational and orientational entropies near the organic–water interface. This results in a low core uptake coefficient (ko/w=0.03) and a concentration gradient of water in the organic shell at the higher temperature, while entropic effects are negligible at 200 K due to the association-entropic-term reduction in the free-energy profiles. The concentration gradient, which results from non-ideal mixing – and is a major factor in increasing LLPS CCN activity – is responsible for maintaining liquid–liquid phase separation and low surface tension even at very high relative humidities, thus reducing critical supersaturations. Thermodynamic driving forces are rationalized to be generalizable across different compositions. The conditions under which single uptake coefficients can be used to describe growth kinetics as a function of temperature in LLPS particles are described.
Quantifying the structural uncertainty of the aerosol mixing state representation in a modal model
Authors: Zheng Zhonghua , West Matthew , Zhao Lei , Ma Po-Lun , Liu Xiaohong , Riemer Nicole
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Aerosol mixing state is an important emergent property that affects
aerosol radiative forcing and aerosol–cloud interactions, but it has
not been easy to constrain this property globally. This study aims to
verify the global distribution of aerosol mixing state represented by
modal models. To quantify the aerosol mixing state, we used the
aerosol mixing state indices for submicron aerosol based on the mixing
of optically absorbing and non-absorbing species (χo),
the mixing of primary carbonaceous and non-primary carbonaceous
species (χc), and the mixing of hygroscopic and
non-hygroscopic species (χh). To achieve a
spatiotemporal comparison, we calculated the mixing state indices
using output from the Community Earth System Model with the
four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4)
and compared the results with the mixing state indices
from a benchmark machine-learned model trained on high-detail
particle-resolved simulations from the particle-resolved stochastic
aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC.
The two methods yielded very different spatial patterns of the mixing
state indices. In some regions, the yearly averaged χ value
computed by the MAM4 model differed by up to 70 percentage points
from the benchmark values. These errors tended to be zonally
structured, with the MAM4 model predicting a more internally mixed
aerosol at low latitudes and a more externally mixed aerosol at high
latitudes compared to the benchmark.
Our study quantifies potential model bias in simulating mixing state
in different regions and provides insights into potential
improvements to model process representation for a more realistic
simulation of aerosols towards better quantification of radiative
forcing and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Responses of surface ozone to future agricultural ammonia emissions and subsequent nitrogen deposition through terrestrial ecosystem changes
Authors: Liu Xueying , Tai Amos P. K. , Fung Ka Ming
Published: December 2021

Abstract. With the rising food demands from the future world population, more intense agricultural activities are expected to cause substantial perturbations to the global nitrogen cycle, aggravating surface air pollution and imposing stress on terrestrial ecosystems. Much less studied, however, is how the terrestrial ecosystem changes induced by agricultural nitrogen deposition may modify biosphere–atmosphere exchange and further exert secondary feedback effects on global air quality. Here we examined the responses of surface ozone air quality to terrestrial ecosystem changes caused by year 2000 to year 2050 changes in agricultural ammonia emissions and the subsequent nitrogen deposition by asynchronously coupling between the land and atmosphere components within the Community Earth System Model framework. We found that global gross primary production is enhanced by 2.1 Pg C yr−1, following a 20 % (20 Tg N yr−1) increase in global nitrogen deposition by the end of the year 2050 in response to rising agricultural ammonia emissions. Leaf area index was simulated to be higher by up to 0.3–0.4 m2 m−2 over most tropical grasslands
and croplands and 0.1–0.2 m2 m−2 across boreal and temperate
forests at midlatitudes. Around 0.1–0.4 m increases in canopy height were
found in boreal and temperate forests, and there were ∼0.1 m increases in tropical grasslands and croplands. We found that these vegetation changes could lead to surface ozone changes by ∼0.5 ppbv (part per billion by volume) when prescribed meteorology was used (i.e., large-scale meteorological responses to terrestrial changes were not allowed), while surface ozone could typically be modified by 2–3 ppbv when meteorology was dynamically simulated in response to vegetation changes. Rising soil NOx emissions, from 7.9 to 8.7 Tg N yr−1, could enhance surface ozone by 2–3 ppbv with both prescribed and dynamic meteorology. We, thus, conclude that, following enhanced nitrogen deposition, the modification of the meteorological environment induced by vegetation changes and soil biogeochemical changes are the more important pathways that can modulate future ozone pollution, representing a novel linkage between agricultural activities and ozone air quality.
Mitigation of bias sources for atmospheric temperature and humidity in the mobile Raman Weather and Aerosol Lidar (WALI)
Authors: Totems Julien , Chazette Patrick , Baron Alexandre
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Lidars using vibrational and rotational Raman scattering to continuously
monitor both the water vapor and temperature profiles in the low and middle
troposphere offer enticing perspectives for applications in weather prediction
and studies of aerosol–cloud–water vapor interactions by simultaneously deriving
relative humidity and atmospheric optical properties. Several
heavy systems exist in European laboratories, but only recently have they been
downsized and ruggedized for deployment in the field. In this paper, we
describe in detail the technical choices made during the design and
calibration of the new Raman channels for the mobile Weather and Aerosol Lidar
(WALI), going over the important sources of bias and uncertainty on the water
vapor and temperature profiles stemming from the different optical elements
of the instrument. For the first time, the impacts of interference filters and
non-common-path differences between Raman channels, and their mitigation, in particular are
investigated, using horizontal shots in a homogeneous
atmosphere. For temperature, the magnitude of the highlighted biases can be
much larger than the targeted absolute accuracy of 1 ∘C
defined by the WMO (up to 6 ∘C bias below 300 m
range). Measurement errors are quantified using simulations and a number of
radiosoundings launched close to the laboratory. After de-biasing, the
remaining mean differences are below 0.1 g kg−1 on water vapor and
1 ∘C on temperature, and rms differences are consistent with
the expected error from lidar noise, calibration uncertainty, and horizontal
inhomogeneities of the atmosphere between the lidar and radiosondes.
CCAM: China Catchment Attributes and Meteorology dataset
Authors: Hao Zhen , Jin Jin , Xia Runliang , Tian Shimin , Yang Wushuang , Liu Qixing , Zhu Min , Ma Tao , Jing Chengran , Zhang Yanning
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The absence of a compiled large-scale catchment
characteristics dataset is a key obstacle limiting the development of large-sample hydrology research in China. We introduce the first large-scale
catchment attribute dataset in China. We compiled diverse data sources,
including soil, land cover, climate, topography, and geology, to develop the
dataset. The dataset also includes catchment-scale 31-year meteorological
time series from 1990 to 2020 for each basin. Potential evapotranspiration
time series based on Penman's equation are derived for each basin. The 4911
catchments included in the dataset cover all of China. We introduced several
new indicators that describe the catchment geography and the underlying
surface differently from previously proposed datasets. The resulting dataset
has a total of 125 catchment attributes and includes a separate HydroMLYR (hydrology dataset for machine learning in the Yellow River Basin)
dataset containing standardized weekly averaged streamflow for 102 basins in
the Yellow River Basin. The standardized streamflow data should be able to
support machine learning hydrology research in the Yellow River Basin. The
dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5729444 (Zhen et al., 2021). In
addition, the accompanying code used to generate the dataset is freely
available at
https://github.com/haozhen315/CCAM-China-Catchment-Attributes-and-Meteorology-dataset (last access: 26 November 2021)
and supports the generation of catchment characteristics for any custom
basin boundaries. Compiled data for the 4911 basins covering all of China
and the open-source code should be able to support the study of any selected
basins rather than being limited to only a few basins.
Evaluation of a New Observationally Based Channel Parameterization for the National Water Model
Authors: Heldmyer Aaron , Livneh Ben , McCreight James , Read Laura , Kasprzyk Joseph , Minear Toby
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Accurate representation of channel properties is important for forecasting in hydrologic models, as it affects height, celerity, and attenuation of flood waves. Yet, considerable uncertainty in the parameterization of channel geometry and hydraulic roughness (Manning’s n) exists within the NOAA National Water Model (NWM), due largely to data scarcity: only ~2,800 out of the 2.7 million river reach segments in the NWM have measured channel properties. In this study, we seek to improve channel representativeness by updating channel geometry and roughness parameters using a large, previously unpublished hydraulic geometry (HyG) dataset of approximately 48,000 gages. We begin with a Sobol’ sensitivity analysis of channel geometry parameters for 12 small semi-natural basins across the continental U.S., which reveals an outsized sensitivity of simulated flow to Manning’s n relative to channel geometry parameters. We then develop and evaluate a set of regression-based regionalizations of channel parameters estimated using the HyG dataset. Finally, we compare the model output generated from updated channel parameter sets to observations and the current NWM v2.1 parameterization. We find that, while the NWM land surface model holds the most influence over flow given its control over total volume, the updated channel parameterization leads to improvements in simulated streamflow performance relative to observed flows, with a statistically significant mean R2 increase from 0.479 to 0.494 across approximately 7,400 gage locations. HyG-based channel geometry and roughness provide a substantial overall improvement in channel representation over the default parameterization, updating the previous set value for most reaches of Manning’s n = 0.060 to a new range between 0.006 and 0.537 (median 0.077). This research provides a more representative, observationally based channel parameter dataset for the NWM routing module, as well as new insight into the influence of the routing module within the overall modeling framework.
New approaches to communicating and educating through the use of historical maps
Authors: Bertacchini Milena , Turchi Laura M.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The Coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the difficulties that sometimes accompany the consultation of historical cartographic repertoires. At the same time, it has brought to the forefront the relationship between digital content and cultural fruition. The project here presented has launched the digitalization of historical maps dated between the 16th and 17th centuries and selected by the collection of the Este Maps of the Military Series preserved at the State Archive of Modena and the Modena and Reggio Emilia University's Gemma Museum. Every digitized map is supported by a descriptive caption detailing its cartographic characteristics and historical context. The project intends to promote research, study and fruition, using new technologies for more effective and dynamic science communication and education, both triggering activities with high schools related to thematic studies or work experience, and creating a virtual exhibition to overcome any structural, cultural and health barriers in order to involve users in an experience of discovery, knowledge and individual learning.
Beyond East and West – Geocommunicating Historical Sacred Landscapes
Authors: Breier Markus , Kriz Karel , Pucher Alexander , Neugebauer Lukas
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The Project “Beyond East and West: Geocommunicating the Sacred Landscapes of “Duklja” and “Raška” through Space and Time (11th–14th Cent.)” attempts to recreate and communicate the sacred landscape during a time of transition and transformation. The project has an interdisciplinary approach and incorporates multiple media, like maps, images, and 3D models. The study area of the project is situated at the junction between the Dinaric mountain range and the coastal region of the Adriatic Sea. Historically, the region was shaped by the power struggle between Byzantium, the First Bulgarian Empire, and the Serbian Realm. Ecclesiastically, it was a zone of interaction as well as encounter between Rome and Constantinople. The aim of the project is to discover and visualise the spatial and temporal aspects of these encounters and transformation processes.To communicate the historical sacred landscape, a map-centred online application is used as a hub. To explore the relations between places, events, actors and artifacts, the users can follow the links between the entities. Content created during this project is more than points, lines or polygons which can be displayed on a map. Many objects are complemented with images, and for selected churches 3D models using aerial images captured by UAVs will be created. “Story Maps” are created for selected core research topics to provide an easily accessible starting point for users. The broader aim beyond the current research project is to provide a flexible framework, which can serve as a platform for similar research projects in historical geography and digital humanities.
Routing on Geospatial Reference Information for Transport Networks of Spain
Authors: Calvo Cristina , González Alicia , Expósito Ángel
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The Spanish National Geographic Institute (IGN) published the first release of the Geographic Reference Information on Transport Networks (GRI-TN) in March 2017. Its main goal was to fulfil INSPIRE Directive requirements, as well as to become the main data source for other products developed by the IGN regarding this theme. During the years following that first release, the focus has been on updating and improving the data. This fact has encouraged new data use cases, which differ from the initially planned ones, have arisen, allowing to detect problems in the data, and highlighting the need to evolve the data model, as well as the way in which they are provided to users (not only formats, but also update frequency). One of those use cases is finding the shortest paths between different points in the area covered by the Road Transport Network. In this article, the methodology used to do it is exposed; likewise, the setbacks that have come up during the process and the current limitations of the GRI-TN datasets in order to get most accurate results.
Representing the War. Early Twentieth Century Maps and Models in the Fonds of the Italian War History Museum in Rovereto
Authors: Dai Prà Elena , De Santi Valentina , Scaglione Giannantonio
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The representation of the areas in which some of the most significant events of the First World War took place has produced a wide range of materials, such as cartography, aerial and terrestrial photos, textual descriptions and field surveys. In addition, war events were also represented through three-dimensional models. Topographic maps and models constitute composite figurations, which are rich in informative data useful for the preservation of the memory of places and for increasing the knowledge of cultural heritage. Hence, these sources need to be studied, described, interpreted and used for future enhancement. The focus of this paper are archival materials from the collections kept at the Italian War History Museum of Rovereto (Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra), in the Trentino-Alto Adige region. Firstly, we will investigate the cartographic fond in order to assess the composition and origin of its materials. Secondly, we will present the Museum’s collection of Early-Twentieth Century models. Such precious heritage is not yet part of an exhibition, and is kept in the Museum’s warehouses. The paper constitutes the occasion to present the initial results of a still ongoing project by the Geo-Cartographic Centre for Study and Documentation (GeCo) of the University of Trento on the study and analysis of two archival complexes preserved in the abovementioned Museum. In particular, the paper focuses on the heuristic value of such representational devices, which enable an analysis of the different methods and languages through which space is planned and designed, emphasizing the complementarity between different types of visualization.
Exploring the Differences Between Tourists and Locals in Urban Settings Through Multi-labeled Geotagged Photos: The Case of Tokyo
Authors: Derdouri Ahmed , Osaragi Toshihiro
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Understanding the behaviors of both locals and tourists is essential for good city planning, especially in tourism-dependent cities. This study aimed to explore the disparities between the two groups on the basis of their geotagged photos taken in Tokyo during the last decade (2009–2019). The photos were collected from the photosharing platform Flickr. Locals and tourists were then identified. Next, a transfer-learning-based convolutional neural network model was developed to multi-label photos into eight general categories reflecting the major frequented activities/locations, including nature, amusement, and culture. Additional information was assigned to these records, including distances to various nearest points of interest. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate the differences between locals and tourists. Results showed that tourists have a strong preference for amusement while locals are attracted to nature. In contrast to tourists who are not followed by job obligations, locals’ photos are mostly taken during the weekends. Given their familiarity with the area, locals tend to cover a wider spatial extent compared to tourists who are concentrated near the Yamanote railway loop line connecting most of the tourist attractions.
Historical Cartography and Sustainable Tourism Development. Reconnecting Trento and the Fersina Stream through the Retrieval of Environmental and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Fornasari Carolien , Rapisarda Aurora
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Within the context of postmodern tourism, the importance of preserving and enhancing environmental and cultural assets of destinations is increasingly being recognised as one of the keys to sustainable long-term development of territories. The paper focuses on the complex diachronic relationship between the town of Trento, in the Trentino- Alto Adige region, and its watercourses, and, in particular, on its connection with the Fersina stream. The aim is to raise locals’ and visitors’ awareness of a largely forgotten urban water landscape, and to implement the town’s existing cultural and environmental tourist offer. This is achieved through the revival of collective memory of the fundamental role of water for the development of Trento and through the requalification of the stream and its network of canals, which once brought water to different parts of the city-centre. For such purpose, the validity of cartography and other geo-historical sources has been acknowledged; maps are particularly useful sources for retracing territorialisation processes, and rediscovering past territorialities and related landscapes. Accordingly, we have carried out a geo-historical analysis of cartographic representations of the town, shedding light on the past widespread presence of water within urban space and making some proposals for the enhancement and communication of such heritage.
Automatic Georeferencing of Topographic Map Sheets Using OpenCV and Tesseract
Authors: Gede Mátyás , Varga Lola
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The authors developed a pipeline for the automatic georeferencing of older 1 : 25 000 topographic map sheets of Hungary. The first step is the detection of the corners of the map content, then the recognition of the sheet identifier. These maps depict geographic quadrangles whose extent can be derived from the sheet ID. The sheet corners are used as GCPs for the georeference.The whole process is implemented in Python, using various open source libraries: OpenCV for image processing, Tesseract for OCR and GDAL for georeferencing.1147 map sheets were processed with an average speed of 4 seconds per sheet. False detection of the corners is automatically filtered by geometric analysis of the detected GCPs, while the sheet IDs are validated using regular expressions. The error of corner detection is under 1% of the sheet size for 89% of the sheets, under 2% for 99%. The sheet ID recognition success rate is 75.9%.Although the system is finetuned to a specific map series, it can be easily adapted to any other map series having approximately rectangular frame.
Geo-online explanatory data visualization tools as crisis management and communication instruments
Authors: Grandi Silvia , Bernasconi Anna
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Communication during emergency and crises times is a critical aspect. When available information contains a spatial dimension, maps and interactive localization features may help conveying strong messages to audiences that are otherwise difficult to reach. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the design and implementation of a great number of online tools to communicate data of the disease spread and its dynamics that are helpful to support informed decisions for both people in their everyday life and decision makers. Observing this phenomenon has inspired this conceptualization of the geo-Online Explanatory Data Visualization (geo-OEDV) tools, set in the context of available geospatial information, of statistical visualisation tools and of the solid tradition of Geographical Information Systems. Blending classical statistical tools, digital cartography, and the confluence of many elements into a single screen, has produced the currently most spread geo-OEDV instance, i.e., the geo-dashboard and geo-infographics. In particular this paper conceptualises geo-OEDV as a category of meta-cartography that blends online communication with cartographic representation and management principles.
Russian School of Toponymical Cartography
Authors: Herzen Andrey , Herzen Olga , Gordova Yuliana
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The development of toponymical cartography in Russia has a long history and rich practical experience. Cartographic methods have been used in toponymical research for many decades. Their great importance was noted by the founders of fundamental place-name study. This field is actively developing despite the considerable methodological complexity and labor intensity. Modern technologies in cartography make it possible to bring the scale and intensity of toponymic research to a new level and solve problems that have long been identified in science. This further increases the relevance of toponymic mapping and the active introduction of other techniques into the practice of local and regional toponymic research.
Redefining of “EPSG” and “PROJ” for current State Coordinate Reference System of the Republic of North Macedonia
Authors: Idrizi Bashkim
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The state Coordinate Reference System (CRS) of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) has been established a century ago, by the Military Geographic Institute of the Yugoslavia Kingdom. It is in official usage entire period up to day. In international public EPSG registry of geodetic datums, spatial reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related units of measurement, CRS for RNM is recognizable within 3 EPSG codes 6204, 6316 and 8679.First code EPSG 6204 represents current state CRS for the entire country area, based on current law, however unfortunately this CRS is official by the law but it is not used for developing the official spatial data published in geoportals of Agency for Real Estate Cadastre (AREC) and NSDI geoportal of RNM. The second code EPSG 6316 is defined to be used for 6 countries of former Yugoslavia that covers area between 19.5°E up to 22.5°E longitude, which does not correspond with the practical and official usage of CRS for working with spatial data in RNM and CRS law definition in RNM. Third code EPSG 8679 has never been used in RNM, which covers eastern part of RNM and Serbia beginning from 22.5°E.Beside of problems with EPSG codes, default transformation parameters of EPSG 6316 have low accuracy and can not be used for data overlapping with open layers. Therefore, redefined new EPSG codes for state CRS of RNM are proposed in this paper.
Place names in Spanish Republican Life Stories: spatial patterns in locations and perceptions
Authors: Jolivet Laurence , Brando Carmen , Dominguès Catherine
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Places can be defined by different features including geographical coordinates, landscape elements and also subjective information like perception. The corpus collected by the Réseau des acteurs de l’histoire et la mémoire de l’immigration (RAHMI) contains oral interviews about Spanish Republicans journeys during Spanish Civil War and World War II. These life stories quote place names corresponding to proper name (Npr) or common name (Nc) and which can be qualified or associated to non-geographical nouns, adjectives and expressions. Methods from natural language processing have been used to automatically extract and characterize these pieces of informations into annotations. The objective of the presented work is to analyse the geographical aspects of places and associated features, and to propose cartographical displays illustrating life stories and supporting analysis. Distribution of quoted Npr place names was first studied. It enabled targeting relevant spatial scales and so mapping extents for the corpus. Second, features of Npr places about their type (administrative, topographic) and their spatial target based on assocations with Nc have been synthetized. Then perception were allocated to Npr, falling into the three values of polarity positive, negative or neutral. Spatial patterns of each value have been displayed and interpreted. Summary of the annotations, analysis and created maps offer insights into the corpus driven by the mentioned places. Based on individual testimonies, it may help further interpretation and researches about this historical period.
Children’s graphic representation as a language and its role in preschool education under a whole-child approach
Authors: Juliasz Paula Cristiane Strina
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The objective of the present study is to analyze the drawings of the space by children as a representation system involving spatial thinking and higher mental functions such as memory and imagination. Our analysis is based on the historical-cultural theory on human development and on studies about the relation between spatial thinking and the graphic representation of space. Drawing is a language, the first written production by children and is characterized by elements associated with the cognition, culture, motor development and affectivity. Three elements were considered in our analysis: a) the creation of graphic equivalents; b) volume translation; c) perspective. We understand that the topological and projective notions must be based on the development of higher mental functions that mobilize the creation activity, such as memory and imagination, since such these functions constitute instruments to access systematized knowledge.
Map Evaluation under COVID-19 restrictions: A new visual approach based on think aloud interviews
Authors: Knura Martin , Schiewe Jochen
Published: December 2021

Abstract. With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the execution of eye-tracking user studies in indoor environments was no longer possible, and remote and contactless substitutes are needed. With this paper, we want to introduce an alternative method to eye tracking, completely feasible under COVID-19 restrictions. Our main technique are think aloud interviews, where participants constantly verbalize their thoughts as they move through a test. We record the screen and the mouse movements during the interviews, and analyse both the statements and the mouse positions afterwards. With this information, we can encode the approximate map position of the user’s attention for each second of the interview. This allows us to use the same visual methods as for eye-tracking studies, like attention maps or trajectory maps. We implement our method conducting a user study with 21 participants to identify user behaviour while solving high-level interpretation tasks, and with the results of this study, we can show that or new method provides a useful substitute for eye-tracking user studies.
Austrianvineyards.com – the world’s first nationwide information and presentation system of all wine estates
Authors: Kriz Karel , Pucher Alexander
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The origin of wine is of crucial importance in the wine industry. It is an essential part of quality and is generally closely associated with the terroir of a wine. The smaller/specific the origin, the higher the attributed quality. Austria is the first country to summarise all its wine origins from the national level down to the vineyard level in a uniform way and make them available.Austrianvineyards.com is a project that is conceptually designed and developed by the University of Vienna, Department of Geography and Regional Research in cooperation with the plan+land agency. As part of an applied research and development project commissioned by the Austrian Wine Marketing Board (ÖWM), the data on all Austrian wine estates were standardised and then cartographically visualised.The project has a high scientific development component. In the sense of a scientifically qualitative and sustainable implementation of the project goals, research focal points were defined within the framework of the project. These included topics of efficient data management of wine-relevant (geo) information, development of adapted cartographic visualisation methods as well as concepts for user-oriented communication and presentation of the contents.The implementation should do justice to the "image of excellence" of the Austrian wine industry and be considered "state of the art" worldwide. Austrianvineyards.com is the first platform to offer digital (geo) information on nationwide vineyards based on legal cadastral data.Austrianvineyards.com builds on the three pillars of geo-design, geo-standardisation and geo-communication, aiming at an intuitive and comparable presentation through user-optimised and aesthetically pleasing map representations in the field of UI and UX design. In addition to the digital format, new printed vineyard maps of all Austrian wine-growing regions were cartographically designed and implemented.