bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical and functional outcomes of pneumatic vitreolysis for treatment of vitreomacular traction with and without macular holes
Authors: Baumann Carmen , Sabatino Francesco , Zheng Yalin , Johannigmann-Malek Navid , Maier Mathias , Kaye Stephen B. , Patton Niall
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the outcome of pneumatic vitreolysis (PVL) for vitreomacular traction (VMT) with or without full thickness macular hole (MH) < 400 µm.

Methods

Forty-seven eyes of 47 patients were included who had undergone PVL for VMT with or without MH. Main outcome measures were release of VMT, MH closure, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and adverse events.

Results

Thirty-three patients had isolated VMT and 14 patients VMT with a MH. Four weeks after PVL, the overall VMT release rate was 35/47 (74.5%): 25/37 (67.6%) in phakic and 10/10 (100%) in pseudophakic eyes (p = 0.03). Four of 14 MH (28.6%) were closed. Twenty-two of 47 (46.8%) eyes required a subsequent PPV: 12/33 (36.4%) in the VMT only group and 10/14 (71.4%) in the VMT with MH group. Mean BCVA improved from 0.48 (± 0.24) to 0.34 (± 0.23) logMAR at 6 months in patients with VMT alone (p < 0.001), and from 0.57 (± 0.27) to 0.41 (± 0.28) logMAR in patients with VMT and MH (p = 0.008). Adverse events included new formation of a large MH in 4/33 (12.1%) eyes, failure of MH closure in 10/14 (71.4%) eyes, progression of mean minimum linear diameter (MLD) MH size from baseline 139 (± 67) to 396 (± 130) µm (p < 0.001) and development of a retinal detachment in 4/47 (8.5%) eyes.

Conclusion

While PVL leads to a high VMT release rate particularly in pseudophakic eyes, it is associated with a relatively high incidence of MH formation, MH size progression and retinal detachment.
The composite Triassic–Eocene Poshteh pluton, eastern Iran, an Eo-Cimmerian element south of the main Paleotethys suture
Authors: Mahmoudi Shahryar , Corfu Fernando
Published: February 2022

The composite Poshteh Pluton, at the northeastern margin of the Central Iranian Microplate near Taybad in eastern Iran, is positioned at a critical tectonic junction, south of the inferred main Paleotethys suture and along the major regional Doruneh Fault system. It consists of two distinct intrusions. Quartz monzonite is dated in this study by zircon U–Pb ID-TIMS to 215.8 ± 0.5 Ma, an age that coincides with the time of closure of the Paleotethys during the late collisional stages of the Eo-Cimmerian Orogeny. It is geochemically very similar to coeval plutons present along and north of the Paleotethys suture, where they intruded Carboniferous-Permian arc sequences, ophiolites and flysch. The Poshteh quartz monzonite is located south of the suture in a position similar to the Anarak and related complexes further west, which previously have been interpreted as reflecting Mesozoic and Cenozoic disruption of the Eo-Cimmerian Orogen by extensional and transtensional processes. The Triassic quartz monzonite was subsequently invaded by granite at 41.23 ± 0.31 Ma. The emplacement was in part structurally controlled by the Doruneh Fault system and associated to hydrothermal alteration and Fe mineralization. The granite is thus a coeval member of a widespread late Eocene to Oligocene plutonic suite in the region, and likely the result of delamination and melting of the subcontinental lithosphere.
A systematic literature review of empirical research on quality requirements
Authors: Olsson Thomas , Sentilles Séverine , Papatheocharous Efi
Published: February 2022

Quality requirements deal with how well a product should perform the intended functionality, such as start-up time and learnability. Researchers argue they are important and at the same time studies indicate there are deficiencies in practice. Our goal is to review the state of evidence for quality requirements. We want to understand the empirical research on quality requirements topics as well as evaluations of quality requirements solutions. We used a hybrid method for our systematic literature review. We defined a start set based on two literature reviews combined with a keyword-based search from selected publication venues. We snowballed based on the start set. We screened 530 papers and included 84 papers in our review. Case study method is the most common (43), followed by surveys (15) and tests (13). We found no replication studies. The two most commonly studied themes are (1) differentiating characteristics of quality requirements compared to other types of requirements, (2) the importance and prevalence of quality requirements. Quality models, QUPER, and the NFR method are evaluated in several studies, with positive indications. Goal modeling is the only modeling approach evaluated. However, all studies are small scale and long-term costs and impact are not studied. We conclude that more research is needed as empirical research on quality requirements is not increasing at the same rate as software engineering research in general. We see a gap between research and practice. The solutions proposed are usually evaluated in an academic context and surveys on quality requirements in industry indicate unsystematic handling of quality requirements.
Periodontal infectogenomics: a systematic review update of associations between host genetic variants and subgingival microbial detection
Authors: Zoheir Noha , Kurushima Yuko , Lin Guo-Hao , Nibali Luigi
Published: February 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to systematically update the evidence for associations between host genetic variants and subgingival microbial detection and counts.

Materials and methods

Following a previous systematic review (Nibali et al. J Clin Periodontol 43(11): 889-900, 15), an update of a systematic search of the literature was conducted in Ovid Medline, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane Library for studies reporting data on host genetic variants and detection of microbes subgingivally published in the last 6 years.

Results

A total of 19 studies were included in the review, from an initial search of 2797 titles. Studies consisted mainly of candidate gene studies and of one genome-wide analysis. A total of 62 studies were considered for summary findings, including 43 identified in the previous systematic review of studies published up to 2015. Meta-analyses were done when appropriate including both papers in the original review and in the update. Meta-analyses revealed lack of associations between IL1 composite genotype and subgingival detection of Aggregatibacter acinomycetemcomitans, Poprhyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia. Promising evidence is emerging from other genetic variants and from sub-analyses of data from genome-association studies. Among other studies with candidate-gene, target SNPs were mainly within the IL10, IL6, IL4, IL8, IL17A, and VDR gene.

Conclusions

IL1 composite genotype does not seem to be associated with subgingival microbial detection. Promising associations should be pursued by future studies, including studies employing -OMICS technologies.

Clinical relevance

A better knowledge of which host genetic variant predispose to subgingival microbial colonization and to the development of progression of periodontal disease could potentially help to better understand periodontal disease pathogenesis and help with its management.
tRNA modification profiles in obligate and moderate thermophilic bacilli
Authors: Panosyan Hovik , Traube Franziska R. , Brandmayr Caterina , Wagner Mirko , Carell Thomas
Published: February 2022

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the most ancient RNA molecules in the cell, modification pattern of which is linked to phylogeny. The aim of this study was to determine the tRNA modification profiles of obligate (Anoxybacillus, Geobacillus, Paragebacillus) and moderate (Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Ureibacillus, Paenibacillus) thermophilic aerobic bacilli strains to find out its linkage to phylogenetic variations between species. LC-MS was applied for the quantification of modified nucleosides using both natural and isotopically labeled standards. The presence of m2A and m7G modifications at high levels was determined in all species. Relatively high level of i6A and m5C modification was observed for Paenibacillus and Ureibacillus, respectively. The lowest level of Cm modification was found in Bacillus. The modification ms2i6A and m1G were absent in Brevibacillus and Ureibacillus, respectively, while modifications Am and m22G were observed only for Ureibacillus. While both obligate and moderate thermophilic species contain Gm, m1G and ms2i6A modifications, large quantities of them (especially Gm and ms2i6A modification) were detected in obligate thermophilic ones (Geobacillus, Paragebacillus and Anoxybacillus). The collective set of modified tRNA bases is genus-specific and linked to the phylogeny of bacilli. In addition, the dataset could be applied to distinguish obligate thermophilic bacilli from moderate ones.
Interhemispheric asymmetry of climate change projections of boreal winter surface winds in CanESM5 large ensemble simulations
Authors: Yu Bin , Zhang Xuebin , Li Guilong , Yu Wei
Published: February 2022

A recent study of global wind power using an ensemble of ten CMIP5 climate simulations indicated an interhemispheric asymmetry of wind power changes over the twenty-first century, featured by power decreases across the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and increases across the tropics and subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere. Here we analyze future projections of surface mean and extreme winds by means of a single-model initial-condition 50-member ensemble of climate simulations generated with CanESM5, the Canadian model participated in CMIP6. We analyze the ensemble mean and spread of boreal winter mean and extreme wind trends over the next half-century (2021–2070) and explore the contribution of internal climate variability to these trends. Surface wind speed is projected to mostly decrease in northern mid-low latitudes and southern mid-latitudes and increase in northern high latitudes and southern tropical and subtropical regions, with considerable regional variations. Large ensemble spreads are apparent, especially with remarkable differences over northern parts of South America and northern Russia. The interhemispheric asymmetry of wind projections is found in most ensemble members, and can be related to large-scale changes in surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The extreme wind has similar structure of future projections, whereas its reductions tend to be more consistent over northern mid-latitudes. The projected mean and extreme wind changes are attributed to changes in both externally anthropogenic forced and internal climate variability generated components. The spread in wind projections is partially due to large-scale atmospheric circulation variability.
Efficacy of novel agents in patients with nephropathy associated with POEMS syndrome
Authors: Cheng Shuiqin , Huang Li , Fan Wenjing , Liang Dandan , Zhu Xiaodong , Jiang Song , Ge Yongchun
Published: February 2022

Objective

To evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with nephropathy associated with POEMS syndrome who received novel agents in combination with dexamethasone therapy, and renal pathological changes based on repeat biopsy in some patients after these novel-agent-based therapies.

Methods

The records of patients with nephropathy associated with POEMS syndrome in a single hospital from May 2017 to February 2021 were retrieved and studied in detail. All the patients received four cycles of initial novel-agent-based regimens such as bortezomib and dexamethasone (BD) or thalidomide plus dexamethasone (TD) or lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (RD) treatment. We further evaluated the pathological efficacy of these novel agents by repeat renal biopsy.

Results

Twelve patients with an average age of 48.6 ± 8.3 years diagnosed with nephropathy associated with POEMS syndrome were enrolled in this study. The duration from disease onset to renal biopsy was 28(8.3 ~ 54.5) months. All patients achieved good clinical responses in different degree after four cycles of initial novel agents in combination with dexamethasone therapy. After the treatment with novel-agent-based regimens, the levels of proteinuria decreased in most patients and were negative in five patients. The levels of serum creatinine (SCr) decreased in ten patients. Serum M protein was negative in four patients and still positive in the other eight patients. The levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected in seven patients, which were all decreased. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected in eight patients, which were also decreased. Repeat biopsies were performed after four cycles of novel-agent-based therapies in four patients who were all treated with BD treatment. Mesangiolysis, mesangial cells proliferation, endothelial cells proliferation, subendothelial space widening and acute renal tubulointerstitial lesions improved, the chronic renal tubulointerstitial lesions were stable.

Conclusions

Novel agents improved clinical manifestations in patients with nephropathy associated with POEMS syndrome. In addition, novel-agent-based regimens such as BD treatment improved renal pathological manifestations, which suggested that novel agents could improve renal prognosis of the patients from the perspective of renal pathology.
Reciprocal relationship between multicultural adolescents’ depression and life satisfaction: a random intercept cross-lagged panel model for 3-wave panel data
Authors: Lee Hyeyeon , Lee Hyeonkyeong , Kim Youlim , Lee Mikyung , Park Chang Gi
Published: February 2022

Multicultural adolescents (MA) in Korea experience higher depression and lower life satisfaction compared to Korean native adolescents. To consider appropriate interventions, this study investigates the cross-lagged effect between life satisfaction and depression among these adolescents. Secondary data from the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Survey, which is a nationally representative sample, was analyzed. Data from the 3rd (T1, elementary school), 5th (T2, middle school), and 7th (T3, high school) waves (2013–2017) were used. Altogether, 1,239 MA were included in the sample for analysis; the mean age at T1 was 11.97 (± 0.36) years. The ten-item Depression Scale Questionnaire was used to measure depression, and the three-item Happiness Scale was used to measure life satisfaction. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model was conducted to estimate within-person autoregressive and cross-lagged effects. Life satisfaction and depression had a reciprocal relationship from T1 to T2, while only life satisfaction had a lagged effect from T2 to T3. Life satisfaction’s lagged effect dominated that of depression. The cross-lagged effect size of depression from T1 to T2 was larger than that from T2 to T3, and that of life satisfaction from T2 to T3 was larger than that from T1 to T2. Low life satisfaction in MA continues over time. Depression is not persistent, but if experienced in elementary school, it leads to low life satisfaction in middle school and depression in high school. The findings suggest that early intervention for depression in elementary school can reduce its negative effect MA’s life satisfaction.
Parental self-efficacy and satisfaction with parenting as mediators of the association between children’s noncompliance and marital satisfaction
Authors: Matalon Carmit , Turliuc Maria Nicoleta
Published: February 2022

Parents of young children who exhibit behavioral problems often experience lower marital satisfaction. In the present study we aimed to explore the association between preschool children's noncompliant behavior and marital satisfaction, and to explain it through the mediating role of parental self-efficacy and satisfaction with parenting. Participants were 188 married Israeli couples with a typically developing child aged 3 to 6, selected in a convenience sample. Mothers and fathers independently completed measures of child’s behavior, marital satisfaction, parental self-efficacy, and satisfaction with parenting. Data were collected between September 2019 and February 2020 and were analyzed using the common fate model (CFM). Results indicate a direct, negative association between child's noncompliant behavior and marital satisfaction, which was fully explained by parental self-efficacy and satisfaction with parenting. The study suggests that both parents are affected by their young child’s noncompliance, with a spillover effect from the parent–child relationship into the marital relationship. The findings highlight the importance of early treatment of children's noncompliance and indicate that interventions aimed at enhancing parents’ self-efficacy and satisfaction, as well as the inclusion of both parents in treatment, may be beneficial.
A Kirchhoff Type Equation in $$\pmb {\mathbb {R}}^{N}$$ Involving the fractional (p, q)-Laplacian
Authors: Ambrosio Vincenzo
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we deal with the following class of fractional (p, q)-Laplacian Kirchhoff type problem: $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \left( 1+[u]_{s,p}^{p}\right) (-\Delta )_{p}^{s}u+ \left( 1+[u]^{q}_{s, q}\right) (-\Delta )_{q}^{s}u + V(\varepsilon x) (|u|^{p-2}u + |u|^{q-2}u)= f(u) &{} \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^{N}, \\ u\in W^{s, p}(\mathbb {R}^{N})\cap W^{s,q}(\mathbb {R}^{N}), \quad u>0 \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^{N}, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$

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Geochemical modeling and isotopic approach for delineating water resources evolution in El Fayoum depression, Egypt
Authors: Srour E. , Hussien R. A. , Moustafa W. M.
Published: February 2022

In this study, an attempt was made to understand the hydrogeochemical processes controlling water resources (surface and groundwater) evolution in El Fayoum depression, Egypt. Hydrochemical, inverse geochemical modeling integrated with environmental isotopes was applied. Forty-three surface and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major chemistry (cations, anions) and environmental stable isotopes (δ18O, δD). The ionic sequence based on relative molar proportions for cations was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ for surface and groundwater, respectively and for anions was HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for all water samples. δ18O and δD relationship plot on a typical evaporation line, enhance potential evaporation of recharging water prior to infiltration. Saturation index estimation revealed that water resources were affected by carbonate and evaporites minerals dissolution and supersaturated with Goethite, Gibbsite and Barite minerals. Inverse geochemical modeling using PHREEQC was used to identify water resources evolution in the study area through two flow paths A, B. The inverse model was constrained so the primary mineral phase including calcite, Aragonite, Anhydrite and Gypsum with Carbon dioxide (gas) are constrained to dissolve until they reach saturation, Whereas H2(g), hydrogen sulphide (gas) and O2(g) are constrained to out gas in all models for flow path (A). For flow path (B), Dolomite, Anhydrite and Gypsum are tend to dissolve with carbon dioxide (gas), H2(g) and O2(g) gases tend to outgassed. Finally, two processes controlling water resource evolution; carbonate and evaporites dissolution and development of cation exchange process through the aquifer system.
Improved Stability and Practicality for Synthesis of 4-Borono-2-[18F]fluoro-l-phenylalanine by Combination of [18O]O2 Single-Use and [18F]CH3COOF Labeling Agents
Authors: Naka Sadahiro , Watanabe Toshimitsu , Kanai Yasukazu , Watabe Tadashi , Tatsumi Mitsuaki , Kato Hiroki , Shimosegawa Eku , Hatazawa Jun
Published: February 2022

Purpose

4-Borono-2-[18F]fluoro-l-phenylalanine ([18F]FBPA) synthesized with [18F]F2, produced using the 18O(p, n)18F reaction, has been reported for increasing radioactivity. However, a dedicated system and complex procedure is required to reuse the costly [18O]O2 gas; also, the use of [18F]F2 as a labeling agent reduces the labeling rate and radiochemical purity. We developed a stable and practical method for [18F]FBPA synthesis by combining [18F]F2, produced using a [18O]O2 single-use system, and a [18F]CH3COOF labeling agent.

Methods

The produced [18F]F2 was optimized, and then [18F]FBPA was synthesized. For passivation of the target box, 0.5% F2 was pre-irradiated in argon. Gaseous products were discarded; the target box was filled with [18O]O2 gas, and then irradiated (first irradiation). Then, the [18O]O2 gas was discarded, 0.05–0.08% F2 in argon was fed into the target box, and it was again irradiated (second irradiation). The [18F]F2 obtained after this was passed through a CH3COONa column, converting it into the [18F]CH3COOF labeling agent, which was then used for [18F]FBPA synthesis.

Results

The mean amount of as-obtained [18F]F2 was 55.0 ± 3.3 GBq and that of as-obtained [18F]CH3COOF was 21.6 ± 1.4 GBq after the bombardment. The radioactivity and the radiochemical yield based on [18F]F2 of [18F]FBPA were 4.72 ± 0.34 GBq and 12.2 ± 0.1%, respectively. The radiochemical purity and molar activity were 99.3 ± 0.1% and 231 ± 22 GBq/mmol, respectively.

Conclusion

We developed a method for [18F]FBPA production, which is more stable and practical compared with the method using [18O]O2 gas-recycling and [18F]F2 labeling agent.
In-office hysteroscopic removal of retained or fragmented intrauterine device without anesthesia: a cross-sectional analysis of an international survey
Authors: Vitale Salvatore Giovanni , Di Spiezio Sardo Attilio , Riemma Gaetano , De Franciscis Pasquale , Alonso Pacheco Luis , Carugno Jose
Published: February 2022

To investigate about the opinions of gynecologists regarding the in-office hysteroscopic removal of retained or fragmented intrauterine device (IUD) without anesthesia. An online survey was made available to gynecologists who routinely performed in-office hysteroscopy. Five areas of interest were analyzed: average number of hysteroscopic procedures performed without anesthesia, availability on their local market of the different types of hormonal and non-hormonal IUDs, reasons for the hysteroscopic removal of the IUD, types of IUDs that were more commonly found retained or fragmented and, overall difficulty of the hysteroscopic removal. A total of 419 surgeons voluntarily responded the survey, of which 19 were excluded for not performing in-office hysteroscopy. The most commonly available IUD was the Levonorgestrel-based Mirena (Bayer Healthcare, Germany) or similar, (399/400, 99.7%), followed by Copper T (Paragard, CooperSurgical INC, United States) (397/400, 99.2%), Multiload (234/400, 58.5%) and Jaydess (Bayer Healthcare, Germany) (227/400, 56.7%). The intracavitary retention of the IUD with (44.5%, 178/400) and without (42.2%, 169/400) visible strings accounted as the most common reason for undergoing hysteroscopic IUD removal. Copper T IUD was the most common intracavitary retained (297/400, 74.2%) as well as fragmented device (236/400, 59.9%). The in-office hysteroscopic removal of the IUD was considered an easy procedure by almost all the operators (386/400, 96.5%). In-office hysteroscopy without anesthesia is seen as a feasible and easy approach to remove retained or fragmented IUDs inside the uterine cavity or cervical canal. While the Levonorgestrel-based IUD is the most commercialized, Copper T IUDs are the most commonly found retained or fragmented.
Nanocoating of microbial fuel cell electrodes for enhancing bioelectricity generation from wastewater
Authors: Attia Yasser A. , Samer Mohamed , Mohamed Mahmoud S. M. , Moustafa Elshaimaa , Salah Mohamed , Abdelsalam Essam M.
Published: February 2022

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices where bacteria generate electrical energy by oxidizing organic matter in wastewater. The implementation of MFCs on a commercial scale is limited due to electrode resistances, which are one of the key factors limiting electricity generation. This study presents a method to maximize the electrical power production from MFCs by coating the electrodes using nanomaterials which leads to prototyping novel electrodes having higher electrical conductivity than common electrodes. The voltage reached 1.234 V directly after operating the MFCs, with nanocoated electrodes, and showed voltage stability till the end of the 140 h interval with a peak value of 1.367 V with a maximum areal power density of 116 mW m−2 and a maximum volumetric power density of 15.6 mW m−3. However, the voltage of the control (without coating) was steadily increased to 0.616 V after 22 h with a maximum areal power density of 23.6 mW m−2 and a maximum volumetric power density of 3.2 mW m−3 then showed voltage stability till the end of the 140 h interval. It was found that the coulombic efficiency of the MFCs where its electrodes are coated with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets was higher than graphene, carbon nanotubes, and the control in a descending order, respectively. By this method, it is possible to improve the electrical conductivity of the MFCs which results in increasing the generated electrical power by 4.9 times the conventional method.
Self-Assembly 3D Porous Crumpled MXene Spheres as Efficient Gas and Pressure Sensing Material for Transient All-MXene Sensors
Authors: Yang Zijie , Lv Siyuan , Zhang Yueying , Wang Jing , Jiang Li , Jia Xiaoteng , Wang Chenguang , Yan Xu , Sun Peng , Duan Yu , Liu Fangmeng , Lu Geyu
Published: February 2022

Environmentally friendly degradable sensors with both hazardous gases and pressure efficient sensing capabilities are highly desired for various promising applications, including environmental pollution monitoring/prevention, wisdom medical, wearable smart devices, and artificial intelligence. However, the transient gas and pressure sensors based on only identical sensing material that concurrently meets the above detection needs have not been reported. Here, we present transient all-MXene NO2 and pressure sensors employing three-dimensional porous crumpled MXene spheres prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technology as the sensing layer, accompanied with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol substrates embedded with patterned MXene electrodes. The gas sensor achieves a ppb-level of highly selective NO2 sensing, with a response of up to 12.11% at 5 ppm NO2 and a detection range of 50 ppb–5 ppm, while the pressure sensor has an extremely wide linear pressure detection range of 0.14–22.22 kPa and fast response time of 34 ms. In parallel, all-MXene NO2 and pressure sensors can be rapidly degraded in medical H2O2 within 6 h. This work provides a new avenue toward environmental monitoring, human physiological signal monitoring, and recyclable transient electronics.
Demographic change and private savings in India
Authors: Jain Neha , Goli Srinivas
Published: February 2022

India is on the edge of a demographic revolution with a rapidly rising working-age population. For the first time in this study, we investigate the role of the rising working-age population on per capita small savings in post offices and banks net of socio-economic characteristics using state-level panel data compiled from multiple sources for the period 2001–2018. Our comprehensive econometric assessment with multiple robustness checks provides three key findings: (1) per capita private savings is increasing because of India’s growing working-age population; thus, the ‘economic life cycle hypothesis’ is evidentially supported; (2) the demographic factors contribute around one-fourth of the per capita private savings inequality across Indian states; and (3) the demographic window of economic opportunity for India can yield maximum benefits in terms of private savings when accompanied by favourable socio-economic policies on education, health, gender equity, and economic growth.
NMR study of the inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with diphenhydramine, clonidine and tolperisone
Authors: Zhumakova Symbat , Ten Assel , Zharkynbek Tolganay , Yu Valentina , Seilkhanov Tulegen , Basharimova Anna , Bayazit Sarah , Aydemir Murat , Zazybin Alexey
Published: February 2022

Forming complexes with β-cyclodextrin can enhance stability, dissolution rate, solubility, and bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. In this study, the inclusion behavior between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone in DMSO-d6 was investigated using NMR spectroscopy. 1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC, and ROESY data were applied to determine the structure of inclusion complexes, and molecular docking analysis was engaged to identify the most favorable host–guest interactions in the inclusion complexes. Complexation of β-CD with diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone is accompanied by the insertion of a molecular fragment of the guest molecule, one molecule of diphenhydramine and tolperisone, and two molecules of clonidine, into the inner sphere of one host molecule. The reported study provides useful information for the potential application of the complexation of β-CD with diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone. This may be a good strategy for the development of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms based on β-CDs as a drug delivery system.

Article highlights

The inclusion complexes of β-CD and diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone were synthesized and analyzed using 1Н, 13С, COSY, HMQC, and ROESY spectroscopy.

Diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone interact with β-CD with the formation of stable 1:1 stoichiometric complexes for β-CD:diphenhydramine and β-CD:tolperisone, and 1:2 stoichiometric complex for β-CD:clonidine.

Possible structures of the inclusion complexes between β-CD and diphenhydramine, clonidine, and tolperisone were determined using molecular docking in the software AutoDock 4.0.
Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Youth in Soweto, South Africa During the COVID-19 National Lockdown
Authors: Mulaudzi Mamakiri , Kiguwa Peace , Zharima Campion , Otwombe Kennedy , Hlongwane Khuthadzo , Dietrich Janan J.
Published: February 2022

Background

Assessment of sexual risk behavior among youths is crucial for HIV prevention strategies. However, the literature on sexual behavior in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic is sparse.

Aim

This study surveyed sexual risk behavior among youth in Soweto, South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic national lockdown in 2020.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional telephonic survey on socio-demographics and HIV risk behaviors among youth aged 18–24 years during level 3 of the lockdown. Frequencies and their respective percentages were determined for categorical variables and stratified by biological sex. Chi-square analysis was used to compare categorical variables. All data were analyzed using SAS software.

Outcomes

A risk assessment for HIV questionnaire was used to assess sexual risk behaviors. Also, substance use was assessed through a developed yes/no questionnaire.

Results

Of the 129 participants, 83.0% (n = 107) had a sexual partner; 52% of those who had a sexual partner were females, 60.7% (65/107) had one current sexual partner and 39.2% (42/107) had more than 1 sexual partner. Most reported sex within 1 week (54.2%, n = 58/107) and 30.8% within a month (30.8%, n = 33/107). Sex was with a dating partner (86.0%, n = 92/107) and 63% used a condom during last sexual contact. Males were more likely than females to have one-night stand sexual partners (23.5% vs 7.1%; P = .0176), make weekly changes in partners (17.7% vs 5.4%; P = .0442) and used condoms with their partners (92.2% vs 53.6%; P < .0001) during last sexual contact. The majority reported alcohol use (69.0%, n = 89/129). Males were more likely than females to use alcohol on a weekly basis (21.4% vs 6.4%; P = .0380). About 55.9% had penetrative sex under the influence of substances.

Clinical Translation

This study gives an insight to the sexual risk behaviors among young people which is crucial for HIV prevention interventions.

Strength & Limitations

This was the first study investigating sexual behavior in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main limitations of this study relate to the sample size and sampling strategy. As the sample was not representative of the population of young people in Soweto and South Africa, the results cannot be generalized. However, the findings have relevance for future research in HIV prevention for young people in other settings in South Africa.

Conclusions

Interventions on promoting sexual health and reducing HIV risk behavior such as sex following alcohol consumption in young people are needed, especially during a pandemic such as COVID-19.
The Relationship Between PSA and Total Testosterone Levels in Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Flores Jose M , Bernie Helen L , Miranda Eduardo , Nascimento Bruno , Schofield Elizabeth , Benfante Nicole , Carlsson Sigrid , Mulhall John P.
Published: February 2022

Background

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) secretion is a testosterone (T) dependent process. Published data suggest that a low T level is an independent predictor of higher-grade prostate cancer (PC).

Aim

To evaluate the relationship between T and PSA in patients with PC.

Methods

All men diagnosed with PC with a recorded pre-treatment total T level measurement were included in this analysis. We analyzed demographic, clinical, and pathological data. Patients were stratified according to pretreatment PSA levels: <2 ng/mL, 2–4 ng/mL, >4 ng/mL. Low T was defined as total T < 10.4 nmol/L (300 ng/dL), very low T < 6.9 nmol/L (200 ng/dL).

Outcomes

T levels by PSA groups according to the PC pathology.

Results

In this retrospective study, mean patient age was 61 years among 646 men. The distribution by PSA group was: 8% (<2), 17% (2–4), and 76% (>4). The mean T level across the entire cohort was 13 nmol/L (374 ng/dL). Overall, 30% had a T level < 10.4 nmol/L (300 ng/dL). The mean total T level by PSA group was: <2 ng/mL, 7 nmol/L (206 ng/dL); 2–4 ng/mL, 13 nmol/L (362 ng/dL); >4 ng/mL, 14 nmol/L (393 ng/dL), P < .001. PSA <4 ng/mL was a significant predictor of low T in men with PC GS ≥8. PSA <2 ng/mL was a significant predictor of very low T independent of the PC pathology.

Clinical Implications

These findings suggest that clinicians should consider measuring T levels when a patient diagnosed with PC GS ≥8 and PSA level <4 ng/mL, and for each patient with PSA level <2 ng/mL independent of the PC pathology.

Strengths & Limitations

Our study has several strengths including (i) inclusion of a large population of men, (ii) use of a database which is audited and reviewed for accuracy annually, and (iii) use of an accurate T assay (LCMS). Nonetheless, there are limitations: (i) the subjects of the study are from a single institution, and (ii) we did not measure free T levels.

Conclusion

In men with PC with GS ≥8, PSA level <4 ng/mL predicts low T. PSA <2 ng/mL predicts very low T independent of the PC pathology.
Efficient conditional Monte Carlo simulations for the exponential integrals of Gaussian random fields
Authors: Nguyen Quang Huy , Robert Christian Y.
Published: February 2022

We consider a continuous Gaussian random field living on a compact set
$T\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}$
. We are interested in designing an asymptotically efficient estimator of the probability that the integral of the exponential of the Gaussian process over T exceeds a large threshold u. We propose an Asmussen–Kroese conditional Monte Carlo type estimator and discuss its asymptotic properties according to the assumptions on the first and second moments of the Gaussian random field. We also provide a simulation study to illustrate its effectiveness and compare its performance with the importance sampling type estimator of Liu and Xu (2014a).
Strong morita equivalence for conditional expectations
Authors: Kodaka Kazunori
Published: February 2022

We consider two inclusions of $C^{*}$-algebras whose small $C^{*}$-algebras have approximate units of the large $C^{*}$-algebras and their two spaces of all bounded bimodule linear maps. We suppose that the two inclusions of $C^{*}$-algebras are strongly Morita equivalent. In this paper, we shall show that there exists an isometric isomorphism from one of the spaces of all bounded bimodule linear maps to the other space and we shall study the basic properties about the isometric isomorphism. And, using this isometric isomorphism, we define the Picard group for a bimodule linear map and discuss the Picard group for a bimodule linear map.
Evidence of Mantle‐Based Deformation Across the Western United States
Authors: Castellanos Jorge C. , Humphreys Eugene , Clayton Robert W.
Published: February 2022

We investigate the role that upper mantle buoyancy anomalies play in determining the behavior of the crust. Recently, Castellanos et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0476) observed that the anisotropy of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) crust correlates with the upper‐mantle velocity structure and suggested that vertical loads in the upper mantle can displace the Moho and drive crustal flow on a regional scale. To provide further insight into this relation, we resolve the crustal anisotropy in regions where near‐surface mantle‐based deformation might have occurred or is presently occurring. Specifically, we focus on the crust around the Rocky Mountains and around California since high‐resolution tomographic images reveal the presence of mantle structures similar to the ones that are thought to be driving the crust in the PNW. Our results reveal crustal flow driven by mantle vertical loading in both regions and suggest that this mechanism may be key in maintaining crustal isostasy during an orogeny.
Detecting Submesoscale Cold Filaments in a Basin‐Scale Gyre in Large, Deep Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France)
Authors: Hamze‐Ziabari S. M. , Razmi A. M. , Lemmin U. , Barry D. A.
Published: February 2022

Submesoscale filaments are a well‐documented feature of oceanic flow fields. Based on the analysis of high‐resolution 3D numerical simulations, field observations, and remote sensing imagery, this study, carried out in Lake Geneva, Western Europe's largest lake, provides for the first time evidence that submesoscale filaments also exist in a lake. Field observations confirm that submesoscale, cold‐water filaments are formed at the edges and in the center of a counterclockwise rotating large‐scale gyre during summertime above the thermocline, as indicated by 3D numerical simulation results and remote sensing. Cold submesoscale filaments were well‐developed with sharp lateral temperature gradients (∼1–2°C) during summertime. Locally, these filaments can significantly increase the depth of the upper mixed layer when a relatively strong thermocline exists in the near‐surface layers and cause upward and downward vertical velocities comparable to those reported for oceanic filaments.
Growth of the Tian Shan Drives Migration of the Conglomerate‐Sandstone Transition in the Southern Junggar Foreland Basin
Authors: Li Chao , Wang Shengli , Li Yongxiang , Chen Yan , Sinclair Hugh , Wei Dongtao , Ma Delong , Lu Huayu , Wang Xianyan , Wang Liangshu
Published: February 2022

The conglomerate‐sandstone transition (CST) preserved in foreland basins records the stratigraphic equivalent of the gravel to sand transition (GST) which migrates in response to shortening in steady state orogen‐foreland basin systems. Two seismic profiles in the southern Junggar foreland basin provide the first seismic record of migrating CSTs and an opportunity to quantify its migration history in response to the growth of the northern Tian Shan. We identify the horizontal positions of the CSTs based on the distinct seismic signature of conglomerate versus sandstone and estimate their ages according to magnetostratigraphic sections. The linear‐regression analysis reveals that the CSTs migrated northward at 0.4 ± 0.1 mm/yr along 84°E from ∼23  to ∼6 Ma and at 4.0 ± 1.2 mm/yr along 87°E from ∼3.1 to ∼0.7 Ma. The discrepancy relates to variations in crustal shortening along strike of the range. Temporal deviations in the CST positions suggest the second‐order impacts of climatic change.
A New Index to Descript the Regional Ionospheric Disturbances During Storm Time
Authors: Ban Panpan , Guo Lixin , Zhao Zhenwei , Sun Shuji , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Feifei , Xu Zhengwen , Sun Fengjuan , Xu Tong
Published: February 2022

A new index, perturbation index (PI), was introduced to descript the regional ionospheric disturbances during storm time. Taking the statistic relative variations of foF2 for different seasons as normalized basis, we obtained the perturbation magnitude at each station. After an average process for different regional stations in latest several hours, the regional disturbance index was constructed to depict the ionospheric storm magnitude. Taking historical data from 13 stations in China between 2007 and 2017 for example, we checked out its practicability and effect to depict the ionospheric storm characteristics. It is found that the storm time ionospheric disturbance properties are preliminary represented using this index, and the local time, seasonal and some other regular variations caused by solar Extreme Ultraviolet/Ultraviolet (EUV/UV) radiation were removed remarkably. Based on this, we classified the state of ionosphere into seven grades, namely as quiet, minor positive and negative storm, median positive and negative storm, and strong positive and negative storm. It is shown a reasonable distribution of storm events with different grades, and the disturbance variation depicted by PI is well consistent with typical storm morphology. The total storm number is well related with that of geomagnetic storms, both varied versus with the solar cycles with visible lag. We argue that it is convenient to describe the ionospheric disturbances using PI index, and it is helpful for space environment scholars to study the ionospheric storms and for space weather users to monitor and assess potential impacts on their systems.
Cross‐Terminator Variations of the Photoelectron Energy Distribution in the Martian Ionosphere
Authors: Cheng Y.‐M. , Wu X.‐S. , Cui J. , Cao Y.‐T. , Ni B.‐B. , Wei Y.
Published: February 2022

Photoelectrons are produced on the dayside of Mars via solar Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X‐ray ionization and are also frequently observed on the nightside as a result of field‐aligned transport. Based on the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA) measurements made on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, we show that the shape of the photoelectron energy distribution exhibits interesting cross‐terminator variations, in that the He II peak becomes less pronounced and the 10 − 50 eV smooth background becomes hardened, both more evident at lower altitudes. These observations could be understood as the outcome of “atmospheric absorption” via photoelectron collisions with ambient neutrals during day‐to‐night transport. Such a scenario could successfully interpret the diversity of the MAVEN SWEA observations such as the dawn‐dusk and north‐south asymmetries, the impacts of crustal magnetization, upstream solar wind conditions, and solar EUV and X‐ray radiation, all using the 10–50 eV spectral hardness as a diagnostic. In particular, the magnetic control of the cross‐terminator spectral reshaping is proposed as the outcome of varying day‐to‐night magnetic connectivity which naturally implies varying field‐aligned atmospheric column for “absorption.” Crude estimates suggest that an “absorbing” atmospheric column of ≈1.5 × 1015 cm−2 is required for a significant photoelectron spectral reshaping beyond the EUV terminator. Therefore the observations reported here may shed light on the extension of the cross‐terminator magnetic field lines, as complementary to the day‐to‐night magnetic connectivity inferred from the occurrence of nightside photoelectrons.
Rethinking the Search for the Origins of Life
Authors: Trail Dustin , Elsila Jamie , M�ller Ulrich , Lyons Timothy , Rogers Karyn
Published: February 2022

Early Earth conditions and the chemistry that led to life were inextricably interwoven. Earth scientists and prebiotic chemists are working together in new ways to understand how life first emerged.
Honey authenticity: the opacity of analytical reports - part 1 defining the problem
Authors: Walker M. J. , Cowen S. , Gray K. , Hancock P. , Burns D. T.
Published: February 2022

The composition of honey, a complex natural product, challenges analytical methods attempting to determine its authenticity particularly in the face of sophisticated adulteration. Of the advanced analytical techniques available, only isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is generally accepted for its reproducibility and ability to detect certain added sugars, with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) being subject to stakeholder differences of opinion. Herein, recent reviews of honey adulteration and the techniques to detect it are summarised in the light of which analytical reports are examined that underpinned a media article in late 2020 alleging foreign sugars in UK retailers’ own brand honeys. The requirement for multiple analytical techniques leads to complex reports from which it is difficult to draw an overarching and unequivocal authenticity opinion. Thus arose two questions. (1) Is it acceptable to report an adverse interpretation without exhibiting all the supporting data? (2) How may a valid overarching authenticity opinion be derived from a large partially conflicting dataset?
Non-proteolytic ubiquitylation in cellular signaling and human disease
Authors: Liao Yongrong , Sumara Izabela , Pangou Evanthia
Published: February 2022

Ubiquitylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins that frequently targets substrates for proteasomal degradation. However it can also result in non-proteolytic events which play important functions in cellular processes such as intracellular signaling, membrane trafficking, DNA repair and cell cycle. Emerging evidence demonstrates that dysfunction of non-proteolytic ubiquitylation is associated with the development of multiple human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and the latest concepts on how non-proteolytic ubiquitylation pathways are involved in cellular signaling and in disease-mediating processes. Our review, may advance our understanding of the non-degradative ubiquitylation process.
In situ monitoring reveals cellular environmental instabilities in human pluripotent stem cell culture
Authors: Klein Shannon G. , Alsolami Samhan M. , Arossa Silvia , Ramos-Mandujano Gerardo , Parry Anieka J. , Steckbauer Alexandra , Duarte Carlos M. , Li Mo
Published: February 2022

Mammalian cell cultures are a keystone resource in biomedical research, but the results of published experiments often suffer from reproducibility challenges. This has led to a focus on the influence of cell culture conditions on cellular responses and reproducibility of experimental findings. Here, we perform frequent in situ monitoring of dissolved O2and CO2with optical sensor spots and contemporaneous evaluation of cell proliferation and medium pH in standard batch cultures of three widely used human somatic and pluripotent stem cell lines. We collate data from the literature to demonstrate that standard cell cultures consistently exhibit environmental instability, indicating that this may be a pervasive issue affecting experimental findings. Our results show that in vitro cell cultures consistently undergo large departures of environmental parameters during standard batch culture. These findings should catalyze further efforts to increase the relevance of experimental results to the in vivo physiology and enhance reproducibility.