bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International law and the military use of unmanned maritime systems
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. , Goddard David S.
Published: July 2017

Unmanned maritime systems (UMSs) comprise an important subcategory of unmanned military devices. While much of the normative debate concerning the use of unmanned aerial and land-based devices applies equally to those employed on or under water, UMS present unique challenges in understanding the application of existing law. This article summarizes the technological state of the art before considering, in turn, the legal status of UMSs, particularly under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the regulation of their use under the law of naval warfare. It is not yet clear if UMSs enjoy status as ships under UNCLOS; even if they do, it is unlikely that they can be classified as warships. Nevertheless, their lawful use is not necessarily precluded in either peacetime or armed conflict.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles harness autophagy to induce cell death in lung epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang Jun , Qin Xia , Wang Bin , Xu Ge , Qin Zhexue , Wang Jian , Wu Lanxiang , Ju Xiangwu , Bose Diptiman D , Qiu Feng , Zhou Honghao , Zou Zhen
Published: July 2017

Although zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are widely used, they have raised concerns of toxicity in humans. Previous studies have indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy are involved in the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs, but the regulatory mechanisms between autophagy and ROS remain to be elucidated. Herein, we comprehensively investigated the regulatory mechanism of autophagy and the link between autophagy and ROS in ZnONPs-treated lung epithelial cells. We demonstrated that ZnONPs could induce autophagy, and this process could enhance the dissolution of ZnONPs in lysosomes to release zinc ions. Sequentially, zinc ions released from ZnONPs were able to damage not only lysosomes, leading to impaired autophagic flux, but also mitochondria. Impaired autophagic flux resulted in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which could generate excessive ROS to cause cell death. We further demonstrated that the inhibition of autophagy by either pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Beclin-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase could ameliorate ZnONPs-induced cell death. Moreover, we found that lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1/2 (LAMP-1/2), which were the most abundant highly glycosylated protein in late endosomes/lysosomes, exhibited aberrant expression pattern upon treatment with ZnONPs. Intriguingly, LAMP-2 knockdown, but not LAMP-1 knockdown, could exacerbate the ROS generation and cell death induced by ZnONPs treatment. Meanwhile, LAMP-2 overexpression alleviated ZnONPs-induced cell death, suggesting that LAMP-2 was linked to this toxic phenotype induced by ZnONPs. Our results indicate that autophagic dysfunction could contribute to excessive ROS generation upon treatment with ZnONPs in lung epithelial cells, suggesting that modulating the autophagy process would minimize ZnONPs-associated toxicity.
Keratin 23 promotes telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and human colorectal cancer growth
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Zhang Rui , Zou Kun , Yu Wendan , Guo Wei , Gao Yingying , Li Jia , Li Mei , Tai Yidi , Huang Wenlin , Song Chun , Deng Wuguo , Cui Xiaonan
Published: July 2017

The overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) has been associated with the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We investigated the roles of KRT23 and hTERT in promoting CRC cell proliferation and migration. We verified the relationship between KRT23 and hTERT in CRC using streptavidin-agarose pulldown and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. One hundred and fifty-four human CRC specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The roles of KRT23 and hTERT in cell growth and migration were studied using siRNA and lentiviruses in vivo and in vitro. Western blot and wound scratch analyses were used to determine the signaling pathway for KRT23-mediated activation of CRC growth and migration. Telomerase activity was measured by using the TeloTAGGG Telomerase PCR ELISA PLUS Kit. We identified KRT23 as a new hTERT promoter-binding protein. Patients with high KRT23 and hTERT expression had markedly shorter overall survival. Overexpression of KRT23 upregulated the expression of hTERT protein, hTERT promoter-driven luciferase and telomerase activity in CRC. Conversely, inhibition of KRT23 by a KRT23-specific siRNA repressed the endogenous hTERT protein, the expression of hTERT promoter-driven luciferase and telomerase activity. Overexpression of KRT23 also promoted CRC proliferation and migration. By contrast, KRT23 inhibition significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. KRT23 promoted cancer stem cell properties and increased the expression of CD133 and CD44. These results demonstrate that KRT23 is an important cellular factor that promotes CRC growth by activating hTERT expression and that KRT23 is a potential novel therapeutic target for CRC.
Systematic Assessment of the Climate Sensitivity of Important Human and Domestic Animals Pathogens in Europe
Authors: McIntyre K. Marie , Setzkorn Christian , Hepworth Philip J. , Morand Serge , Morse Andrew P. , Baylis Matthew
Published: July 2017

Climate change is expected to threaten human health and well-being via its effects on climate-sensitive infectious diseases, potentially changing their spatial distributions, affecting annual/seasonal cycles, or altering disease incidence and severity. Climate sensitivity of pathogens is a key indicator that diseases might respond to climate change, but the proportion of pathogens that is climate-sensitive, and their characteristics, are not known. The climate sensitivity of European human and domestic animal infectious pathogens, and the characteristics associated with sensitivity, were assessed systematically in terms of selection of pathogens and choice of literature reviewed. Sixty-three percent (N = 157) of pathogens were climate sensitive; 82% to primary drivers such as rainfall and temperature. Protozoa and helminths, vector-borne, foodborne, soilborne and waterborne transmission routes were associated with larger numbers of climate drivers. Zoonotic pathogens were more climate sensitive than human- or animal-only pathogens. Thirty-seven percent of disability-adjusted-life-years arise from human infectious diseases that are sensitive to primary climate drivers. These results help prioritize surveillance for pathogens that may respond to climate change. Although this study identifies a high degree of climate sensitivity among important pathogens, their response to climate change will be dependent on the nature of their association with climate drivers and impacts of other drivers.
Joint effect of ageing and multilayer structure prevents ordering in the voter model
Authors: Artime Oriol , Fernández-Gracia Juan , Ramasco José J. , San Miguel Maxi
Published: July 2017

The voter model rules are simple, with agents copying the state of a random neighbor, but they lead to non-trivial dynamics. Besides opinion processes, the model has also applications for catalysis and species competition. Inspired by the temporal inhomogeneities found in human interactions, one can introduce ageing in the agents: the probability to update their state decreases with the time elapsed since the last change. This modified dynamics induces an approach to consensus via coarsening in single-layer complex networks. In this work, we investigate how a multilayer structure affects the dynamics of the ageing voter model. The system is studied as a function of the fraction of nodes sharing states across layers (multiplexity parameter q). We find that the dynamics of the system suffers a notable change at an intermediate value q*. Above it, the voter model always orders to an absorbing configuration. While below it a fraction of the realizations falls into dynamical traps associated to a spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this latter case, the majority opinion in the different layers takes opposite signs and the arrival at the absorbing state is indefinitely delayed due to ageing.
Vestigial-like 2 contributes to normal muscle fiber type distribution in mice
Authors: Honda Masahiko , Hidaka Kyoko , Fukada So-ichiro , Sugawa Ryo , Shirai Manabu , Ikawa Masahito , Morisaki Takayuki
Published: July 2017

Skeletal muscle is composed of heterogeneous populations of myofibers that are classified as slow- and fast-twitch fibers. The muscle fiber-type is regulated in a coordinated fashion by multiple genes, including transcriptional factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, players involved in this regulation are not fully elucidated. One of the members of the Vestigial-like factors, Vgll2, is thought to play a pivotal role in TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor-mediated muscle-specific gene expression because of its restricted expression in skeletal muscles of adult mice. Here, we generated Vgll2 null mice and investigated Vgll2 function in adult skeletal muscles. These mice presented an increased number of fast-twitch type IIb fibers and exhibited a down-regulation of slow type I myosin heavy chain (MyHC) gene, Myh7, which resulted in exercise intolerance. In accordance with the decrease in Myh7, down-regulation of miR-208b, encoded within Myh7 gene and up-regulation of targets of miR-208b, Sox6, Sp3, and Purβ, were observed in Vgll2 deficient mice. Moreover, we detected the physical interaction between Vgll2 and TEAD1/4 in neonatal skeletal muscles. These results suggest that Vgll2 may be both directly and indirectly involved in the programing of slow muscle fibers through the formation of the Vgll2-TEAD complex.
Hydrogen physisorption based on the dissociative hydrogen chemisorption at the sulphur vacancy of MoS2 surface
Authors: Han Sang Wook , Cha Gi-Beom , Park Youngsin , Hong S. C.
Published: July 2017

We provide a new insight that the sulphur-depleted MoS2 surface can store hydrogen gas at room temperature. Our findings reveal that the sulphur-vacancy defects preferentially serve as active sites for both hydrogen chemisorption and physisorption. Unexpectedly the sulphur vacancy instantly dissociates the H2 molecules and strongly binds the split hydrogen at the exposed Mo atoms. Thereon the additional H2 molecule is adsorbed with enabling more hydrogen physisorption on the top sites around the sulphur vacancy. Furthermore, the increase of the sulphur vacancy on the MoS2 surface further activates the dissociative hydrogen chemisorption than the H2 physisorption.
Bifunctional hydrous RuO2 nanocluster electrocatalyst embedded in carbon matrix for efficient and durable operation of rechargeable zinc–air batteries
Authors: Park Han-Saem , Seo Eunyong , Yang Juchan , Lee Yeongdae , Kim Byeong-Su , Song Hyun-Kon
Published: July 2017

Ruthenium oxide (RuO2) is the best oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. Herein, we demonstrated that RuO2 can be also efficiently used as an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst, thereby serving as a bifunctional material for rechargeable Zn–air batteries. We found two forms of RuO2 (i.e. hydrous and anhydrous, respectively h-RuO2 and ah-RuO2) to show different ORR and OER electrocatalytic characteristics. Thus, h-RuO2 required large ORR overpotentials, although it completed the ORR via a 4e process. In contrast, h-RuO2 triggered the OER at lower overpotentials at the expense of showing very unstable electrocatalytic activity. To capitalize on the advantages of h-RuO2 while improving its drawbacks, we designed a unique structure (RuO2@C) where h-RuO2 nanoparticles were embedded in a carbon matrix. A double hydrophilic block copolymer-templated ruthenium precursor was transformed into RuO2 nanoparticles upon formation of the carbon matrix via annealing. The carbon matrix allowed overcoming the limitations of h-RuO2 by improving its poor conductivity and protecting the catalyst from dissolution during OER. The bifunctional RuO2@C catalyst demonstrated a very low potential gap (ΔEOER-ORR = ca. 1.0 V) at 20 mA cm−2. The Zn||RuO2@C cell showed an excellent stability (i.e. no overpotential was observed after more than 40 h).
Improved electrochemical properties of LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 cathode material via Li-reactive coating with metal phosphates
Authors: Min Kyoungmin , Park Kwangjin , Park Seong Yong , Seo Seung-Woo , Choi Byungjin , Cho Eunseog
Published: July 2017

Ni-rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials due to their high capacities. However, their synthesis process retains a large amount of Li residue on the surface, which is a main source of gas generation during operation of the battery. In this study, combined with simulation and experiment, we propose the optimal metal phosphate coating materials for removing residual Li from the surface of the Ni-rich layered oxide cathode material LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2. First-principles-based screening process for 16 metal phosphates is performed to identify an ideal coating material that is highly reactive to Li2O. By constructing the phase diagram, we obtain the equilibrium phases from the reaction of coating materials and Li2O, based on a database using a DFT hybrid functional. Experimental verification for this approach is accomplished with Mn3(PO4)2, Co3(PO4)2, Fe3(PO4)2, and TiPO4. The Li-removing capabilities of these materials are comparable to the calculated results. In addition, electrochemical performances up to 50 charge/discharge cycles show that Mn-, Co-, Fe-phosphate materials are superior to an uncoated sample in terms of preventing capacity fading behavior, while TiPO4 shows poor initial capacity and rapid reduction of capacity during cycling. Finally, Li-containing equilibrium phases examined from XRD analysis are in agreement with the simulation results.
In vivo monitoring of the recruitment and activation of AP-1 by Arf1
Authors: Sauvageau Etienne , McCormick Peter J. , Lefrancois Stephane
Published: July 2017

AP-1 is a clathrin adaptor recruited to the trans-Golgi Network where it can interact with specific signals found in the cytosolic tail of cargo proteins to incorporate them into clathrin-coated vesicles for trafficking. The small G protein Arf1 regulates the spatiotemporal recruitment of AP-1 and also drives a conformational change favoring an interaction with cargo proteins. A recent crystal structure and in vitro experiments highlighted potential residues mediating the AP-1/Arf1 interaction and the unlocking of the complex. We have used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to study the Arf1/AP-1 interaction and AP-1 conformational changes in vivo. We identified novel residues required for this interaction in addition to those predicted in the crystal structure. We also studied the conformational changes in AP-1 driven by Arf1 in live cells and found that opening of the complex is prerequisite for oligomerization. Using Arf1 knockout cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9, we demonstrated that residue 172 in Arf1 is necessary for AP-1 activation and is required for the efficient sorting of the lysosomal protein prosaposin. We have used BRET to study the in vivo activation of AP-1. The advantages of BRET include expressing full-length proteins in their native environment that have been fully post-translationally modified.
Kaiso protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against apoptosis by differentially regulating the expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 family members
Authors: Xue Xiaodong , Zhang Jian , Lan Huai , Xu Yinli , Wang Huishan
Published: July 2017

Endothelial cell injury can promote the development of various cardiovascular diseases, thus, fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of vascular endothelial cell homoeostasis may help prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. Kaiso, a zinc finger and BTB domain containing transcription factor, is key to embryonic development and cancer, but how Kaiso interacts with vascular endothelium is not fully understood. We report that Kaiso has an anti-apoptotic function in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1s). Overexpression of Kaiso significantly increased cell viability and inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Kaiso increased expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and reduced expression of BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL2-interacting killer (BIK) by differentially regulating gene promoter activity. Methylated DNA and specific Kaiso binding site (KBS) contributed to gene regulatory activity of Kaiso. In addition, p120ctn functioned cooperatively in Kaiso-mediated transcriptional regulation.
Highly reusable and superhydrophobic spongy graphene aerogels for efficient oil/water separation
Authors: Luo Yuanzheng , Jiang Shenlin , Xiao Qi , Chen Chuanliang , Li Buyin
Published: July 2017

Graphene aerogels (GAs) are three-dimensional (3D) graphene sponges with unique wettability and have demonstrated the potential for reducing contamination from oil spills and chemical accidents. Herein, we report new polyurethane (PU) sponge-reinforced GAs with low surface energy, high sorption capacity and excellent recyclability for use as efficient oil sorbents. Spongy graphene aerogels (SGAs) with a hierarchical porous morphology were produced by simply freeze-casting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form compacted macroscale sponges. This novel micro-structure benefits from the advantages of embedded graphene and presents reversible large-strain deformation (90%), high compressive strength (63 kpa) and viscoelastic stability. These superior properties, in addition to super-hydrophobicity, endow the aerogels with excellent recyclability without deteriorating the oil absorption performance. Furthermore, SGA has selective and high-volume absorbability (>100%) and can efficiently separate oil from water under continuous pumping action. The excellent absorption performance and robust mechanical properties make this graphene material promising for the large-scale recovery of spilled oil.
Radiocarbon dating minute amounts of bone (3–60 mg) with ECHoMICADAS
Authors: Cersoy S. , Zazzo A. , Rofes J. , Tresset A. , Zirah S. , Gauthier C. , Kaltnecker E. , Thil F. , Tisnerat-Laborde N.
Published: July 2017

Because hard tissues can be radiocarbon dated, they are key to establishing the archaeological chronologies, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and historical-biogeographical processes of the last 50,000 years. The advent of accelerator mass spectrometers (AMS) has revolutionized the field of archaeology but routine AMS dating still requires 60–200 mg of bone, which far exceeds that of small vertebrates or remains which hold a patrimonial value (e.g. hominid remains or worked bone artefacts). Here, we present the first radiocarbon dates obtained from minute amounts of bone (3–60 mg) using a MIni CArbon DAting System (MICADAS). An optimized protocol allowed us to extract enough material to produce between 0.2 and 1.0 mg of carbon for graphite targets. Our approach was tested on known-age samples dating back to 40,000 BP, and served as proof of concept. The method was then applied to two archaeological sites where reliable dates were obtained from the single bones of small mammals. These results open the way for the routine dating of small or key bone samples.
Lifetime self-reported arthritis is associated with elevated levels of mental health burden: A multi-national cross sectional study across 46 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Stubbs Brendon , Veronese Nicola , Vancampfort Davy , Thompson Trevor , Kohler Cristiano , Schofield Patricia , Solmi Marco , Mugisha James , Kahl Kai G. , Pillinger Toby , Carvalho Andre F. , Koyanagi Ai
Published: July 2017

Population-based studies investigating the relationship of arthritis with mental health outcomes are lacking, particularly among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We investigated the relationship between arthritis and mental health (depression spectrum, psychosis spectrum, anxiety, sleep disturbances and stress) across community-dwelling adults aged ≥18 years across 46 countries from the World Health Survey. Symptoms of psychosis and depression were established using questions from the Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Severity of anxiety, sleep problems, and stress sensitivity over the preceding 30 days were self-reported. Self-report lifetime history of arthritis was collected, including presence or absence of symptoms suggestive of arthritis: pain, stiffness or swelling of joints over the preceding 12-months. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken. Overall, 245,706 individuals were included. Having arthritis increased the odds of subclinical psychosis (OR = 1.85; 95%CI = 1.72–1.99) and psychosis (OR = 2.48; 95%CI = 2.05–3.01). People with arthritis were at increased odds of subsyndromal depression (OR = 1.92; 95%CI = 1.64–2.26), a brief depressive episode (OR = 2.14; 95%CI = 1.88–2.43) or depressive episode (OR = 2.43; 95%CI = 2.21–2.67). Arthritis was also associated with increased odds for anxiety (OR = 1.75; 95%CI = 1.63–1.88), sleep problems (OR = 2.23; 95%CI = 2.05–2.43) and perceived stress (OR = 1.43; 95%CI = 1.33–1.53). Results were similar for middle-income and low-income countries. Integrated interventions addressing arthritis and mental health comorbidities are warranted to tackle this considerable burden.
The association between structure-function relationships and cognitive impairment in elderly glaucoma patients
Authors: Honjo Megumi , Numaga Jiro , Hara Tadashi , Asaoka Ryo
Published: July 2017

Accurate measurement of visual field (VF) is important in accessing glaucoma, however this may not be achieved in patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (CI). We investigated the association between CI and structure-function relationships in elderly glaucoma patients. The study included 94 eyes of 51 glaucoma patients aged ≥75 years with no diagnoses of dementia. CI was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Using the leave-one-out cross-validation, the mean deviation (MD) of the Humphrey 30-2 VF was predicted from measurements of optical coherence tomography, and the relationship between the squared prediction error and the MMSE score, together with age, fixation loss (FL), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) percentages that were analyzed using the linear mixed model. A high prevalence of MCI or dementia was observed in the elderly population. The squared prediction error value of the MD was 17.0 ± 21.1 (mean ± standard deviation). The squared prediction error increased with decreasing MMSE total score, but age, FL, FP, and FN were not related. Careful consideration is needed when interpreting the VF results of these patients, because VF can be over- or underestimated, as suggested by the decreased structure-function relationships.
Extrapolar climate reversal during the last deglaciation
Authors: Asmerom Yemane , Polyak Victor J. , Lachniet Matthew S.
Published: July 2017

Large ocean-atmosphere and hydroclimate changes occurred during the last deglaciation, although the interplay between these changes remains ambiguous. Here, we present a speleothem-based high resolution record of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric temperature driven polar jet variability, which matches the Greenland ice core records for the most of the last glacial period, except during the last deglaciation. Our data, combined with data from across the globe, show a dramatic climate reversal during the last deglaciation, which we refer to as the Extrapolar Climate Reversal (ECR). This is the most prominent feature in most tropical and subtropical hydroclimate proxies. The initiation of the ECR coincides with the rapid rise in CO2, in part attributed to upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the near collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. We attribute the ECR to upwelling of cold deep waters from the Southern Ocean. This is supported by a variety of proxies showing the incursion of deep Southern Ocean waters into the tropics and subtropics. Regional climate variability across the extropolar regions during the interval previously referred to as the “Mystery Interval” can now be explained in the context of the ECR event.
Aligned cobalt-based Co@CoOx nanostructures for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation
Authors: Qi Jing , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui
Published: July 2017

Aligned cobalt metal nanoparticles were prepared from the pyrolysis of cobalt oxalate nanoplate precursors for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation.
Na–CO batteries: devices to trap CO
Authors: Sun Jianchao , Zhao Yaran , Yang Hao , Chen Chengcheng , Chen Jun
Published: July 2017

Metal–gas batteries that remove CO gases would provide enormous environmental benefits.
Locked nucleic acid (LNA) enhances binding affinity of triazole-linked DNA towards RNA
Authors: Kumar Pawan , El-Sagheer Afaf H. , Truong Lynda , Brown Tom
Published: July 2017

LNA improves the RNA-binding affinity and enzymatic stability of triazole-linked DNA.
Synergistically enhanced photocatalytic reduction of CO2 on N–Fe codoped BiVO4 under visible light irradiation
Authors: Li F. , Zhang L. , Chen X. , Liu Y. L. , Xu S. G. , Cao S. K.
Published: July 2017

Synergistically enhanced visible-light-driven catalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O to CH3OH over N–Fe codoped BiVO4.
Optimal hydrogen storage in sodium substituted lithium fullerides
Authors: Gaboardi Mattia , Milanese Chiara , Magnani Giacomo , Girella Alessandro , Pontiroli Daniele , Cofrancesco Pacifico , Marini Amedeo , Riccò Mauro
Published: July 2017

A relevant improvement in the hydrogen storage capability of lithium fullerides is obtained by the co-intercalation of a small amount of sodium.
Penrose triangles of the fossil-to-bio-based transition
Authors: Stankiewicz Andrzej
Published: July 2017

Transition within the chemical industry from fossil to green feedstocks is a complex process characterized by the generation of commercially viable feedstock–process–product triangles. The research in this area encompasses a great diversity of relevant topics. A number of those topics have been addressed within this volume of Faraday Discussions and are summarized in this paper. They are categorized and discussed along with seven general questions arising from the feedstock–process–product triangles. Opportunities are identified that should make more of these triangles technically and economically feasible. The future role of renewable electricity as the primary energy source for the bio-based industry is emphasized.
Preparing Mn(iii) salen-type Schiff base complexes using 1,3-oxazines obtained by Mannich condensation: towards removing ortho-hydroxyaldehydes
Authors: Bikas Rahman , Emami Marzieh , Ślepokura Katarzyna , Noshiranzadeh Nader
Published: July 2017

Synthesis of Mn(iii)-salen type Schiff base complexes from 1,3-oxazines obtained from Mannich condensation. This method eliminates the restrictions on the use ofortho-hydroxyaldehydes.
The effect of lithium content on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of Li-rich cathode materials Li1+x(Ni1/6Co1/6Mn4/6)1−xO2
Authors: Gao Shilun , Zhang Yantao , Zhang Hongzhou , Song Dawei , Shi Xixi , Zhang Lianqi
Published: July 2017

Among the Li-rich cathode materials investigated, the x = 0.167 sample exhibits the highest electrochemical performances.
Ligand-free Pd(0)/SiO2-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides to amides under atmospheric CO pressure
Authors: Hu Qinhua , Wang Lele , Wang Chen , Wu Yubin , Ding Zhengxin , Yuan Rusheng
Published: July 2017

An efficient and ligand-free Pd(0)/SiO2-base catalyzed synthesis of amides was established by using aryl iodides and amines under atmospheric CO pressure.
Highly fouling-resistant brominated poly(phenylene oxide) membranes using surface grafted diethylenetriamine
Authors: Al-Shaeli Muayad , Smith Stefan J. D. , Shamsaei Ezzatollah , Wang Huanting , Zhang Kaisong , Ladewig Bradley P.
Published: July 2017

Composite BPPO/DETA ultrafiltration membranes show decreased membrane fouling and enhanced protein rejection with very high flux recovery ratios.
Pitting resistivity of Ni-based bulk metallic glasses in chloride solution
Authors: Emran Khadijah M. , AL-Refai Hanaa
Published: July 2017

Resistance of new Ni70Cr21Si0.5B0.5P8C≤0.1Co≤1Fe≤1 and Ni72.65Cr7.3Si6.7B2.15C≤0.06Fe8.2Mo3 glassy alloys to pitting corrosion was studied in 0.25 M sodium nitrate solution, with or without addition of chloride ions, using EIS, CP and EFM techniques.
FDPP–HA as a theranostic agent for cancer-targeted fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Liang Pingping , Shao Jinjun , Tang Qianyun , Si Weili , Wang Qiang , Zhang Qi , Dong Xiaochen
Published: July 2017

FDPP–HA was synthesized for tumor targeting photodynamic therapy. All experiments reveal that FDPP–HA presents excellent biocompatibility, high phototoxicity and specific targeted fluorescence imaging properties.
Small-scale demonstration of the conversion of renewable energy to synthetic hydrocarbons
Authors: Gallandat Noris , Bérard Jérémie , Abbet François , Züttel Andreas
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an installation with an average power of 2 kW converting solar energy into synthetic hydrocarbons.
Wideband low‐profile dielectric resonator antenna with a lattice structure
Authors: Dong Xing‐Yu , Yang Wen‐Wen , Tang Hui , Chen Jian‐Xin
Published: July 2017

A new kind of broadband dielectric resonator antenna with a lattice structure is presented. The top dielectric resonator broken up into a lattice structure is adopted to achieve a wide operating bandwidth in a compact size, which makes it suitable to be arrayed. A backed cavity based on substrate integrated waveguide technology is introduced to reduce the unwanted radiation from the surface wave. The antenna is excited through a slot feeding structure. Measured results show that the prototype can achieve an impedance bandwidth of 39% and a peak gain of 9.6 dBi.
Development of load constant current model using feedback‐controlling resonant switching algorithm for overload protection
Authors: Lin Hsiung‐Cheng , Hsiao Kai‐Chun
Published: July 2017

Traditional overload protection methods usually use either breakers or converters, focused on the side of power supply. However, these schemes may suffer from a slow response time or load dependence. Particularly, the facility may not be able to remain as a regular working condition when an overload occurs. To resolve this problem, the proposed feedback‐controlling resonant switching algorithm aims to provide an expected load constant current to protect the load from overload without sacrifice for a normal load operation. On the basis of a negative feedback‐control mechanism, the proposed model can detect the load current and thus generate an appropriate switch signal fast and accurately. The switch open period is decided by the model parameters and load current, and it can be set in advance by the timer. On the other hand, the switch closed period is determined by the expected load current that is independent on the load size. The switching acts at the resonant zero‐voltage point, so that no power is consumed during the switching action. The performance simulation with DC 28 V supply confirms that the proposed model can maintain a predefined load constant current for an overload protection effectively.
Short and Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of the Polyhydroxylated Pyrrolidine LAB-1: A Potent α-Glycosidase Inhibitor
Authors: Coelho Fernando , da Silva Erica , Yamakawa Nathália , Dos Santos Alcindo
Published: July 2017

We described herein a total synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-l-arabinitol [(2S,3S,4S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-diol, LAB-1], a polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine, which has been demonstrated to be a selective and potent α-glycosidase inhibitor. The main features of our approach are its shortness, efficiency, and simplicity. The total synthesis was accomplished in 6 steps with an overall yield of 12%, starting from a chiral optically active Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) adduct prepared (without epimerization), from Garner’s aldehyde. As far as we know, this is the first report describing the total synthesis of this biologically active pyrrolidine by exploring the synthetic versatility of a MBH adduct.
Synthesis of Cyclic and Heterocyclic Compounds via Gold-Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Shi Min , Wang Qiang
Published: July 2017

This account outlines the latest advances from our group in the field of gold catalysis. A variety of cyclic and heterocyclic compounds, containing different sized skeletons, are synthesized selectively by fine-tuning the substrates, catalysts, and ligands. Au(I)/Au(III) redox catalysis is applied in our latest work through adding external oxidation. The reaction mechanisms are discussed in detail. Moreover, the photoredox catalytic process is also introduced briefly, which opens avenues for the development of new strategies in gold chemistry.

1 Introduction

2 Gold-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Enynes

3 Gold-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Propargylic Ester Substrates

4 Gold-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Functionalizations

5 The Au(I)/Au(III) Redox Catalytic Cycle

6 Conclusion
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Multisubstituted 1,3-Dienes via an Allene–Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Shindo Mitsuru , Mizushina Naoyuki , Yoshida Masahiro
Published: July 2017

We herein developed a stereoselective synthetic method for the preparation of multisubstituted 1,3-dienes via an allene–Claisen rearrangement. The Claisen rearrangement of anti-allenyl alcohols provided (1E,3Z)-1,3-dienes, which are essential components of bongkrekic acid, in high stereoselectivities. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of the resulting 1,3-dienes, further functional transformations and Diels–Alder reactions are described.
Löfgren's Syndrome: Diagnosis, Management, and Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Kaiser Ylva , van Moorsel Coline , Grunewald Johan , Karakaya Bekir
Published: July 2017

Löfgren's syndrome (LS), first described in 1946 by Swedish Professor of Medicine Sven Löfgren, is a clinically distinct phenotype of sarcoidosis. Patients typically experience an acute disease onset, usually with fever, and characteristic symptoms of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, erythema nodosum, and/or bilateral ankle arthritis or periarticular inflammation. LS patients are well documented to have a good prognosis, which is especially true for HLA-DRB1*03+ individuals. The presence of this allele correlates closely with an accumulation of clonal CD4+ T-cell populations in the lung, suggestive of local antigen recognition. Moreover, LS differs markedly from “non-LS” sarcoidosis regarding immune cell activation, differentiation, and regulation, which may influence clinical outcome and spontaneous disease resolution.

This review offers an overview of the clinical characteristics, genetic background, and immunological characteristics of LS, as well as patient management, and reflections on future scientific challenges, emphasizing the concept of LS as a disease in its own right.
Staged Rehabilitation of Posttraumatic Dentoalveolar Defect with Distraction Osteogenesis and Dental Implants
Authors: Singh Virendra , Jajodia Neha , Gupta Pranav , Bhagol Amrish
Published: July 2017

Rehabilitation of posttraumatic composite defects of anterior mandible following comminution type high-energy injury often presents a reconstructive challenge. Obtaining ideal osseous and soft tissue contours in these cases is a demanding task. We discuss a case of a young man, involved in a road-side accident leading to multiple fractures in his mandible with comminution of anterior alveolar ridge. We were able to achieve excellent results by planning and treating him in five sequential stages. First, the need for rigid internal fixation was addressed followed by bone augmentation with the dynamic osteodistraction method, dental implants, and prosthesis delivery. Satisfactory aesthetics and functions were noted at a 7-year follow-up evaluation of the patient justifying the multistaged rehabilitation treatment rendered.
Thoracic Origin of Single Right Renal Artery: Some Interesting Facets
Authors: Gadabanahalli Karthik , Bhat Venkatraman
Published: July 2017

Two cases of thoracic origin of the right renal artery, arising from the level of D11 vertebrae detected on an incidental computed tomography examination are reported. A brief review of embryology is presented. Simultaneous variation of the origin of the right inferior phrenic artery is highlighted as a unique feature of our cases. The importance of this relatively uncommon anomaly in the clinical context is discussed.
Maternal Gut Microbiome Biodiversity in Pregnancy
Authors: Ricks Nitasha , Panzer Alexis , Mccoy Amber , Azcarate-Peril M. , Keku Temitope , Boggess Kim , Smid Marcela
Published: July 2017

Objective To measure maternal gut microbiome biodiversity in pregnancy.

Materials and Methods In phase 1, maternal fecal samples were collected by rectal swab in 20 healthy pregnant women (14–28 weeks gestation) to measure bacterial abundance. In phase 2, fecal samples were collected from 31 women at enrollment (<20 weeks gestation, baseline) and at 36 to 39 weeks of gestation (follow-up). We assessed cluster analysis to assess bacterial community profiles at the phylum level longitudinally through pregnancy. DNA was extracted from swabs, followed by PCR of the bacterial 16s rRNA gene and multiplex high-throughput sequencing (Ion Torrent).

Results In phase 1, 16 of 20 samples yielded usable data. White women (n = 10) had greater abundance of Firmicutes (23 ± 0.15 vs. 16% ± 0.75, p = 0.007) and Bacteroidetes (24 ± 0.14 vs. 19% ± 0.68, p = 0.015) compared with non-White women (n = 6). In the 11 paired specimens, Bacteroidetes increased in abundance from baseline to follow-up. Compared with women who gained weight below the median gestational weight gain (GWG, <15.4 kg), those who gained above the median GWG had increased abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.02) and other phyla (p = 0.04).

Conclusion Maternal microbiome biodiversity changes as pregnancy progresses and correlates with GWG.
Findings and Utility of Chest Computed Tomography in Pediatric Tuberculosis
Authors: Aparici-Robles Fernando , Marti-Bonmati Luis , Escribano-Montaner Amparo , Sanchez-Aparisi Eugenio , Otero-Reigada Carmen , Gomez-Pajares Fernando , Moreno-Ballester Victor
Published: July 2017

The objectives of this study are to describe the radiologic abnormalities detected on chest computed tomography (CT) of children suffering from tuberculosis and identify in which asymptomatic children, with positive tuberculin skin test and normal chest radiography, CT has the highest diagnostic yield using a low radiation dose protocol. The most common finding on CT in cases of tuberculosis is lymphadenopathy with necrotic appearance. In asymptomatic children with positive tuberculin skin test and normal chest radiography, CT had higher diagnostic yield in children younger than 5 years, modifying the therapeutic approach in a high percentage of cases. Reduction kilovoltage (kV) and milliamperage (mA) protocols significantly decrease the radiation dose, keeping sufficient diagnostic quality.
Overexpression of MicroRNA-106b-5p Attenuates Kidney Injuries after Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats
Authors: Yu Lei , Liu Yu , Jiang Xuan , Shi Enyi , Gu Tianxiang
Published: July 2017

Background MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been identified to exert a wide range of biological functions in acute kidney injury (AKI) after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). We sought to investigate the renoprotection of miRNA-106b-5p in a rat model of DHCA by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN).

Methods Overexpression of miRNA-106b-5p in vivo was conducted by directly injection of lentivirus vectors containing pre-miRNA-106b-5p into the renal parenchyma of the animals under the ultrasound guidance 7 days before DHCA. The vehicle or control lentivirus vectors were given to the control group or the control vector group, respectively. Renal function and apoptosis activity were evaluated by serum cystatin C, serum/tissue neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay (TUNEL) at 24 hours after surgery. Expressions of miRNA-106b-5p, PTEN, and caspase-3 in the kidney were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.

Results Transfection of pre-miRNA-106b-5p significantly enhanced the expression of miRNA-106b-5p and dramatically downregulated the expressions of PTEN in the kidney compared with the control group. Renal functions were markedly protected by pretreatment with pre-miRNA-106b-5p as evidenced by decreases in serum cystatin C and serum/tissue neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at 24 hours after surgery. The pre-miRNA-106b-5p group showed significantly fewer apoptotic cells and lower levels of caspase-3 activation than the control group.

Conclusions Overexpression of miRNA-106b-5p attenuates kidney injuries after DHCA, possibly by inhibition of PTEN.
Moderne endoskopische Bildgebungsverfahren für das Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase
Authors: Kriegmair M. , Ritter M. , Michel M. , Bolenz C.
Published: July 2017

Die primäre Diagnostik und Therapie des Urothelkarzinoms (UCC) der Harnblase erfolgt endoskopisch. Eine möglichst sichere Differenzierung zwischen benignen Läsionen und maligne entartetem Urothel ist erforderlich. Die Weißlichtzystoskopie gilt als Goldstandard, jedoch bestehen Limitationen bei der Detektion kleiner Tumore und des Carcinoma in situ. Mit der Photodyamischen Diagnostik (PDD) und dem Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) stehen zwei klinisch etablierte Techniken zur Verfügung, die die Detektionsrate verbessern und die Rezidivrate eines Urothelkarzinoms senken können. Das Storz Professional Imaging Enhancement System (SPIES) beruht auf einer digitalen Kontrastverstärkung und wird aktuell in klinischen Studien evaluiert. Mit der konfokalen Laser-Endomikroskopie (CLE) wird das Prinzip der optischen Biopsie verfolgt. Sie erlaubt bereits intraoperativ die Darstellung des Gewebes mit einer der Lichtmikroskopie vergleichbaren Auflösung. Die optische Kohärenztomografie (OCT) stellt intraoperativ Querschnittsbilder der Harnblasenwand dar und liefert Informationen zur Eindringtiefe des Tumors. Eine weitere Ergänzung ist die Raman-Spektroskopie, die über Spektralanalysen die Beurteilung der Zusammensetzung von Material und Gewebe erlaubt. Die zunehmende molekulare Entschlüsselung des Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase bietet neue Chancen für die Endoskopie. In Zukunft werden moderne Fotosensibilisatoren über molekulare Zielstrukturen spezifisch an Urothelkarzinomzellen binden, um malignes Gewebe sensitiver zu detektieren. Softwarebasierte Bildgebungsmodalitäten bieten neben der Unterstützung bei der Interpretation von endoskopischen Bildern diverse Möglichkeiten für eine verbesserte digitale Befunddokumentation und -kommunikation. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die modernen endoskopischen Bildgebungsverfahren vor und diskutiert deren potenziellen klinischen Nutzen.
Experiences in Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy in Families with two Children with Type 1 diabetes: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bomba Franziska , Müller-Godeffroy Esther , von Sengbusch Simone
Published: July 2017

Background Caring for a child with type 1 diabetes is a tremendous challenge for a family. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of transition to sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAP) in families with 2 affected children and the internal and external conditions which potentially impede or facilitate the adjustment process.

Methods 5 families (9 parents, 8 children and adolescents) who used the SAP technology for 6 months were interviewed to describe their experiences. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis.

Results Qualitative analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed that the adaptation process to SAP consisted of several phases and differed among families. There were benefits as well as hassles of using SAP with regard to managing the diabetes, and psychosocial issues: school and peer relations, as well as family relations. While parents clearly regarded the improved metabolic control and hypoglycaemic safety as the most important benefits of SAP, the hassles reported as most important covered a wide range, from technical problems of the system to family conflicts. On the whole, families rated the experience of using SAP as a positive one, with most recommending SAP to other families as long as they were willing to come to terms with the technology and commit to the work and time involved.

Conclusion Sensor-augmented pump therapy can be extremely beneficial and a resource for families who care for more than one child with diabetes. During the adaptation process there is a great need of education and frequent follow-up e. g., by telemedical support.
Zelltransplantation zur Behandlung der altersabhängigen Makuladegeneration
Authors: Kirchhof Bernd
Published: July 2017

Den Startschuss zur Chirurgie der Makuladegeneration gibt Robert Machemer mit seiner Netzhautdrehung. Über die Transplantation von retinalem Pigmentepithel liegt in Europa schon umfassende experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung vor. Im Mittel kann man den Ausgangsvisus erhalten. Solange die photodynamische Therapie die Standardtherapie der exsudativen AMD ist, können Transplantationsverfahren bestehen. Die photodynamische Therapie kann die Verschlechterung des Visus lediglich verlangsamen. VEGF-Blocker haben heute Priorität, weil sie die funktionelle Prognose im Mittel sogar verbessern können. Allerdings wird aktuell deutlich, dass die Sehverbesserung durch VEGF-Blocker lediglich über etwas mehr als 2 Jahre aufrechterhalten werden kann. Deshalb mögen in Zukunft Zelltransplantationen mit neuen Zellen und geringerem Operationsrisiko wieder erwogen werden. Dabei mögen die homologen RPE-Stammzellen als „Sheet“ oder als Einzelzellsuspension infrage kommen. Für die trockene AMD ist nur die Frühoperation vorstellbar, solange wir die Degeneration auf der Netzhautseite nicht zurückdrehen können.
Effect of a 12-Week Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Fetuin-A and Adipocytokine Levels in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Ling-Yun , Liu Tao , Teng Ya-Qin , Yao Xiao-Yan , Zhao Tian-Tian , Lin Liang-Yan , Jin Qing-Song , Jin Yong-Jun
Published: July 2017

Objective We aimed to evaluate the effect of 12-week aerobic exercise training on fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and examine the relationships between fetuin-A and adipocytokine levels and cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods The study included 32 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were assigned to an exercise or a control group. The exercise group underwent 12 weeks of exercise (consisting of a 5-min warm-up, 60-min aerobic bicycle training performed at 70% of the maximal heart rate, a cool-down period, 5 times/week). Adiponectin, resistin, and fetuin-A serum levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Leptin serum levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay.

Results Exercise for 12 weeks significantly reduced serum fetuin-A (643.1±109.4 to 448.7±92.5 μg/mL, P<0.05), leptin (11.9±7.2 to 8.6±5.7 ng/dL, P<0.05), and resistin (3.2±1.5 to 2.2±1.4 ng/mL, P<0.05) levels, but increased adiponectin (6.9±1.9 to 8.1±1.7 µg/mL, P<0.05) levels. In the exercise group, Δfetuin-A positively correlated with differences in weight (r=0.654, P=0.046), body mass index (r=0.725, P=0.002), waist circumference (r=0.898, P=0.013), and adiponectin levels (r=0.662, P=0.035).

Conclusions Aerobic exercise significantly decreased serum fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can be attributed to weight loss and related to increased adiponectin levels.