bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Social Imaginaries
Authors: Beiner Ronald
Published: August 2005

Modern Social Imaginaries, Charles Taylor, Durham: Duke University
Press, 2004, pp. 215

The originality of Charles Taylor's thought can be seen in the
fact that it is not easy to “place” his work over the last
fifteen years in the categories of standard academic disciplines. It is
not really political philosophy. It is not really sociology (though it
perhaps leans more towards sociology than towards political philosophy).
It is something else. But what? Cultural history and the history of
philosophy clearly provide the materials for Taylor's enterprise, but
whatever it is, it aims for something intellectually more ambitious than
mere intellectual or cultural history. The term “social
imaginary” in fact captures quite well this
“unplaceability” of his work between philosophy and
sociology.
Toleration as Recognition
Authors: Newman Stephen L.
Published: August 2005

Toleration as Recognition, Anna Elisabetta Galeotti, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. viii, 242

In Toleration as Recognition Anna Elisabetta Galeotti offers
up a sympathetic critique of liberal toleration and suggests a
modification to the theory that she believes necessary in order to bring
cultural minorities into the public sphere as equal citizens. This
carefully argued book marks a timely contribution to the debate over group
rights and multiculturalism.
Rousseau as Author: Consecrating One's Life to the Truth
Authors: MacLean Lee
Published: August 2005

Rousseau as Author: Consecrating One's Life to the Truth,
Christopher Kelly, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 182

Christopher Kelly's latest book makes an important contribution
to the study of Rousseau. Kelly investigates Rousseau's attitude
towards authorship in the light of his motto, “consecrating
one's life to the truth.” He maintains that for Rousseau this
motto implies the need for two kinds of authorial responsibility:
“it meant both publicly taking responsibility for what one publishes
and only publishing those things that would be of public benefit”
(1). Kelly then uses this two-pronged conception of responsible authorship
to investigate Rousseau's understanding of the practices of
citizenship and of philosophy.
Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine
Authors: Bar Doron
Published: August 2005

In Palestine, Christian monasticism began early in the fourth century C.E. The first monks known to us by name are Hilarion of Thavata, who lived in the region of Gaza; Epiphanius, who settled near Eleutheropolis, in the Shephelah; and Chariton, a native of Iconium in Asia Minor who became the founder of monasticism in the Judean Desert. The monastic movement spread throughout Palestine during the Byzantine period (324–642 C.E.), and the remains ofmonasteries have been found in diverse areas. Many monasteries were establishedin or around large cities, or at holy places and sites of pilgrimage, while others were set in desert areas.
Unified representations for stress and the syllable
Authors: Scheer Tobias , Szigetvári Péter
Published: August 2005

We argue that there is no need to split phonological representations into two worlds: one syllabic and another in which word stress is calculated. We show that both syllable- and stress-related phenomena can be accounted for with a single set of representations, if traditional syllabic analysis is modified in one central respect: what is traditionally taken to be a coda–onset cluster is interpreted as two independent onsets enclosing an empty nucleus. Accordingly, our proposal may be understood as a development of the idea that underlies classical metrical grids, i.e. that stress-relevant units project to higher levels and are therefore visible for stress. The units in the proposal made here, however, are uniformly nuclei. Contentful nuclei are always projected, while their empty counterparts (i.e. codas in traditional approaches) may or may not be. The weightlessness of onsets directly follows from this approach.
Staged computation with names and necessity
Authors: NANEVSKI ALEKSANDAR , PFENNING FRANK
Published: August 2005

Staging is a programming technique for dividing the computation in order to exploit the early availability of some arguments. In the early stages the program uses the available arguments to generate, at run time, the code for the late stages. A type system for staging should ensure that only well-typed expressions are generated, and that only expressions with no free variables are permitted for evaluation. In this paper, we present a calculus for staged computation in which code from the late stages is composed by splicing smaller code fragments into a larger context, possibly incurring capture of free variables. The type system ensures safety by tracking the names of free variables for each code fragment. The type system is based on the necessity operator □ from constructive modal logic, which we index with a set of names C. Our type □CA classifies expressions of type A that belong to the late stage, and whose free names are in the set C.
IBN KAMMŪNA AND THE ‘‘NEW WISDOM” OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: LANGERMANN Y. TZVI
Published: August 2005

Sa‘d ibn Mansūr Ibn Kammūna was a Jewish physician-philosopher of Iraqi origin who flourished in the thirteenth century (d. 1284). Best known for his original and comparative inquiry into the three monotheistic faiths, whose publication nearly cost him his life, he was, in fact, a very productive thinker, and a scholar well in tune with developments in the philosophy and science of his day. He had personal contact with some leading intellectuals, and he played an important role in the diffusion of some new trends of thought. His legacy, in the form of commentaries, correspondence, and original works, is now being studied in earnest.
World line dependence of current sheet normals inferred by minimum variance techniques
Authors: Scudder J. D. , Ma Z.‐W. , Omidi N. , Puhl‐Quinn P.
Published: August 2005

The reconstruction of current sheet geometry is investigated as a function of paths through an oblique two‐dimensional (2‐D) hybrid supercritical shock and two fluid simulations of the magnetopause with no, small, and large guide fields, respectively. For world lines near the separator or 2‐D structures in shocks, systematic errors swamp statistical ones tenfold. The systematic angular errors of the magnetopause surface normal determined by minimum variance analysis (MVA) using >100,000 world lines are contrasted with recommended statistical error cones. The systematic errors range as high as 90° but typically more than 20°. Errors do not have a most probable value at the magnetopause when using MVA on the magnetic data, MnVA(B), and remain substantial when the Faraday residue, MnVA(FR), is minimized. The 68% confidence error on MnVA(FR) normals is 0–15°. “Skimming” world lines oblique to the current sheet normal are the most susceptible to the MnVA(B) and MnVA(FR) systematic errors discussed here, whether or not the world line pierces the separator. MnVA(B) almost always erroneously insists that a guide field is present when none is present in the simulation. MnVA(FR) does a better job at guide field recovery, although it too can be error prone. Similar issues are demonstrated for oblique world lines through a 2‐D hybrid simulation of an oblique supercritical shock. Shock normal systematic errors are 35° and 20° at the 68% confidence for MnVA(B) and MnVA(FR), respectively. The eigenvalue ratios that accompany the least error prone MnVA(FR) reconstructions usually satisfy λ2/λ1 > 10. Eigenvalue ratios for MVA(B) are rarely this large, and the errors reported here reflect this circumstance.
Strong disturbance of the upper thermospheric density due to magnetic storms: CHAMP observations
Authors: Liu H. , Lühr H.
Published: August 2005

Strong enhancements of the upper thermospheric total mass density were observed by the CHAMP satellite at approximately 400 km altitude during three geomagnetic superstorms occurring on 29–30 October 2003, 30–31 October 2003, and 20–22 November 2003. The corresponding density enhancements peaked around 400%, 500%, and 800% of the quiet‐time values in both noon and midnight sectors. The disturbances showed strong noon–midnight and hemispheric/seasonal asymmetry. In the noon sector, the average density enhancement was stronger in summer (southern) than in the winter (northern) hemisphere. In the midnight sector, however, no general conclusion can be drawn about the seasonal effect. Stronger density enhancements occurred in the summer hemisphere during the second and third storm events, while in the winter hemisphere during the first storm event. The relative intensity of the disturbance between day and night is strongly dependent on our definition of the intensity. When expressed in absolute terms (storm‐quiet), the density enhancement at night was generally less than half of that at day during all three storms. When expressed in percentage terms (), however, the enhancement at night was comparable to or even larger than that at day. The propagation of the disturbance from high to low latitudes during the November storm was faster in summer (southern) than in the winter (northern) hemisphere on both dayside and nightside. In the winter hemisphere, the propagation on the dayside was found to be faster than on the nightside. These variations of the seasonal/hemispheric asymmetry with local time and individual event imply that the many different competing processes involved in a magnetic storm may also vary dramatically with local time and from event to event. The MSIS90 model was unable to reproduce most of the observed features of these three storms.
Flow and sediment transport induced by tide propagation: 2. The wavy bottom case
Authors: Blondeaux P. , Vittori G.
Published: August 2005

The time development of an arbitrary sea bottom configuration driven by tidal currents is computed assuming that the bottom topography is characterized by a small amplitude. In particular, a sand pit of small depth is considered. The bottom configuration is decomposed into its spatial Fourier components, which develop each independently from the other. The flow and sediment transport in the tidal environment are evaluated using the model formulated by Blondeaux and Vittori (2005), which considers both the bed and the suspended loads and the presence of wind waves. The model for the pit development is supported by a comparison of the predicted time development of a trench dredged in front of the Scheveningen (Netherlands) beach with field measurements. The effects of the residual current, the tidal asymmetry, the wind waves, and the grain size distribution of the sediment on the time development of large‐scale sand pits are discussed. The model shows that for particular values of the parameters the pit can trigger the formation of large‐scale bed forms.
Global autocorrelation scales of the partial pressure of oceanic CO2
Authors: Li Zhen , Adamec David , Takahashi Taro , Sutherland Stewart C.
Published: August 2005

A global database of approximately 1.7 million observations of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface ocean waters (pCO2) collected between 1970 and 2003 is used to estimate its spatial autocorrelation structure. The patterns of the lag distance where the autocorrelation exceeds 0.8 is similar to patterns in the spatial distribution of the first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation indicating that ocean circulation processes play a significant role in determining the spatial variability of pCO2. Separate calculations for times when the Sun is north and south of the equator revealed no obvious seasonal dependence of the spatial autocorrelation scales. The pCO2 measurements at Ocean Weather Station (OWS) “P” in the eastern subarctic Pacific (50°N, 145°W) is the only fixed location where an uninterrupted time series of sufficient length exists to calculate a meaningful temporal autocorrelation function for lags greater than a few days. The estimated temporal autocorrelation function at OWS “P” is highly variable. A spectral analysis of the longest four pCO2 time series indicates a high level of variability occurring over periods from the atmospheric synoptic to the maximum length of the time series, in this case 42 days. It is likely that a relative peak in variability with a period of 3–6 days is related to atmospheric synoptic period variability and ocean mixing events due to wind stirring. However, the short length of available time series makes identifying temporal relationships between pCO2 and atmospheric or ocean processes problematic.
Climatic influences on profile concavity and river incision
Authors: Zaprowski Brent J. , Pazzaglia Frank J. , Evenson Edward B.
Published: August 2005

Longitudinal profiles of alluvial and bedrock rivers are typically concave up, and the precise shape of their concavity is known to integrate tectonic, climatic, and channel grain size distribution factors. We isolate climatic/hydrologic effects on profile concavity through a spatial analysis of large watersheds with mixed bedrock‐alluvial trunk channels spanning a steep climatic/hydrologic gradient in a tectonically stable landscape. Forty watersheds on the eastern American high plains were selected to minimize variability in base level, relief, vegetation, rock type, and drainage area. We calculate stream concavity by two complementary methods: an area‐normalized stream concavity index (SCI) and θ, the slope of a line regressed through log‐log plot of channel slope and basin area. The SCI and θ covary. More importantly, a positive correlation exists between profile concavity and climatic/hydrologic factors such as precipitation intensity and peak annual discharge; however, modeled profile steepness has no correlation to climate or watershed hydrology. We conclude that in tectonically stable settings, higher‐intensity rainfall and greater mean annual precipitation lead to more concave profiles. We do not have data to know if the concavity changes reflect primarily bedrock or alluvial (grain size) processes, but generally, a doubling of rainfall intensity on the high plains leads to a tripling in concavity manifest as tens of meters of incision. Such climatically influenced profile concavity could explain some of the often‐cited late Cenozoic incision and increase in local relief for the high plains and Rocky Mountains traditionally ascribed to tectonics.
Poor scaling between elastic energy release and eruption intensity at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Ruiz Mario C. , Lees Jonathan M. , Ramon Patricio
Published: August 2005

An important objective in volcanology is the quantification of eruption intensity through the study of elastic energy propagated into the atmosphere and ground. To better understand the relation between elastic wave radiation and eruptive activity we deployed seismic, acoustic, and video instrumentation at the active Tungurahua Volcano (Ecuador) in Nov.–Dec. of 2004. Our data show that plume expansion scales very poorly with both seismic and acoustic trace energy and only the initial amplitude of the acoustic signal is perhaps correlated with initial plume rise speeds. In general, the eventual size of Tungurahua eruption plumes does not appear to be controlled by elevated material accelerations within the conduit, which are primary influences on elastic energy radiation. This result has vital implications for volcano observatories, which are interested in using seismic and acoustic trace amplitudes as proxies for eruption magnitudes.
Searching for decadal variations in ENSO precipitation teleconnections
Authors: van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , Burgers Gerrit
Published: August 2005

In many regions the strength of El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections has varied over the last century. It is an active area of research to investigate how such changes can be related to long‐term climate variability or climate change. However, fluctuations due to the limited observational record and low signal‐to‐noise ratio also contribute to variations in the apparent strength of the teleconnections. These contributions are considered at 658 precipitation stations around the globe. For each station the probability is estimated that the observed decadal variations in the effect of ENSO on precipitation are explainable by random statistical fluctuations of a constant teleconnection. The number of stations with statistically significant decadal variations is much lower than the number with statistically significant ENSO teleconnections. It is close to the number expected from chance alone. The observed period is too short to reliably detect multiplicative decadal variability in ENSO precipitation teleconnections.
Why is the satellite observed aerosol's indirect effect so variable?
Authors: Shao Hongfei , Liu Guosheng
Published: August 2005

Although evidence has shown that enhanced aerosol concentration reduces cloud drop size and increases cloud albedo, this phenomenon is not always observed by satellite. Satellite derived correlation between cloud drop size and aerosol concentration can be either negative, insignificant or even positive, depending on the location of the clouds. In this study, we propose an analytical model describing the coupled effects of aerosol concentration and cloud depth on cloud drop size and explain one major cause of the puzzling correlation. Marine stratocumulus observed over northeastern Pacific during summer is analyzed to support the proposed explanation. The result also reassures the aerosol indirect radiative effect being still at work even for the regions where it appears no negative correlation between aerosol concentration and cloud drop size observed by satellite.
Nonhydrostatic and nonlinear contributions to the energy flux budget in nonlinear internal waves
Authors: Venayagamoorthy S. K. , Fringer O. B.
Published: August 2005

We use high‐resolution two‐dimensional simulations to model the generation and evolution of nonlinear internal waves formed as a result of the interaction of a first‐mode internal wave field with idealized slopes. The derivation of the energy equation and the energy flux terms are presented. By employing an analysis of the distribution of the energy flux across the shelf break, we quantify the contributions to the energy flux budget from nonhydrostatic as well as nonlinear effects in comparison to the contribution from the baroclinic pressure anomaly term used widely for linear internal waves. Our results show that the contributions to the total energy flux from these additional terms are significant in these large nonlinear internal waves, consistent with recent field observations.
Anti-VCAM-1 Antibodies did not Protect against Ischemic Damage Either in Rats Or in Mice
Authors: Justicia Carles , Martín Abraham , Rojas Santiago , Gironella Meritxell , Cervera Álvaro , Panés Julían , Chamorro Ángel , Planas Anna M
Published: August 2005

Cerebral ischemia triggers an inflammatory process involving the infiltration of leukocytes to the parenchyma. Circulating leukocytes adhere to the vascular wall through adhesion molecules. Here we quantified the in vivo expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the brain, heart and lungs from 6 to 48 h after transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats, by intravenous injection of a tracer radiolabeled anti-VCAM-1 antibody. The vascular localization of VCAM-1 was verified by immunohistochemistry after in vivo injection of the antibody. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was strongly induced (4-fold at 24 h) in the microvasculature of the ischemic area, and, to a lesser extent, in the contralateral hemisphere and in a remote organ, the heart, but not in the lungs, indicating that the inflammatory process propagates beyond the injured brain. We injected intravenously either blocking doses of anti-VCAM-1 antibodies or control antibodies after MCA occlusion in rats and mice. We evaluated the neurological score in rats, and infarct volume at 2 days in rats and at 4 days in mice. Anti-VCAM-1 did not protect against ischemic damage either in rats or in mice. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 blockade significantly decreased the number of ED1 (labeling monocytes/macrophages/reactive microglia)-positive cells in the ischemic rat brain. However, it did not reduce the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and lymphocytes, and total leukocytes (CD45 positive), which showed a trend to increase. The results show vascular upregulation of VCAM-1 after transient focal ischemia, but no benefits of blocking VCAM-1, suggesting that this is not a therapeutical strategy for stroke treatment.
Dissociative ionization of neon clusters Nen, n=3 to 14: A realistic multisurface dynamical study
Authors: Bonhommeau David , Viel Alexandra , Halberstadt Nadine
Published: August 2005

The molecular dynamics with quantum transitions (MDQT) method is applied to study the fragmentation dynamics of neon clusters following vertical ionization of neutral clusters with 3 to 14 atoms. The motion of the neon atoms is treated classically, while transitions between the adiabatic electronic states of the ionic clusters are treated quantum mechanically. The potential energy surfaces are described by the diatomics-in-molecules model in a minimal basis set consisting of the effective 2p orbitals on each neon atom for the missing electron. The fragmentation mechanism is found to be rather explosive, with a large number of events where several atoms simultaneously dissociate. This is in contrast with evaporative atom by atom fragmentation. The dynamics are highly nonadiabatic, especially at shorter times and for the larger clusters. Initial excitation of the neutral clusters does not affect the fragmentation pattern. The influence of spin-orbit coupling is also examined and found to be small, except for the smaller size systems for which the proportion of the Ne+ fragment is increased up to 43%. From the methodological point of view, most of the usual momentum adjustment methods at hopping events are shown to induce nonconservation of the total nuclear angular momentum because of the nonzero electronic to rotation coupling in these systems. A new method for separating out this coupling and enforcing the conservation of the total nuclear momentum is proposed. It is applied here to the MDQT method of Tully but it is very general and can be applied to other surface hopping methods.
Collision-energy dependence of HD(ν′=1,j′) product rotational distributions for the H+D2 reaction
Authors: Koszinowski Konrad , Goldberg Noah T. , Pomerantz Andrew E. , Zare Richard N. , Juanes-Marcos Juan Carlos , Althorpe Stuart C.
Published: August 2005

Product rotational distributions for the reaction H+D2→HD(ν′=1,j′)+D have been measured for 16 collision energies in the range of 1.43⩽Ecoll⩽2.55eV. Time-dependent quantum-mechanical calculations agree well in general with the experimental results, but they consistently yield slightly colder distributions. In terms of the average energy channeled into rotation, the differences between experiment and theory amount to approximately 10% for all collision energies sampled. No peculiarity is found for Ecoll=2.55eV at which the system has sufficient energy to access the first HD2 electronically excited state.
Superselection in the presence of constraints
Authors: Baumgaertel Hellmut , Grundling Hendrik
Published: August 2005

Superselection and constraints occur together in many gauge theories, and here we begin a study of such systems. Our main focus will be to analyze compatibility questions between constraining and superselection, and we will develop an example modelled on QED in which our framework is realized. We proceed from a generalization of Doplicher-Roberts superselection theory to the case of the nontrivial center, and a set of Dirac quantum constraints and find conditions under which the superselection structures will survive constraining in some form. This involves an analysis of the restriction and factorization of superselection structures.
Photodissociation of HI and DI: Testing models for electronic structure via polarization of atomic photofragments
Authors: Jodoin David N. , Brown Alex
Published: August 2005

The photodissociation dynamics of HI and DI are examined using time-dependent wave-packet techniques. The orientation and alignment parameters aQ(K)(p) are determined as a function of photolysis energy for the resulting ground-state I(P3∕22) and excited-state I(P1∕22) atoms. The aQ(K)(p) parameters describe the coherent and incoherent contributions to the angular momentum distributions from the AΠ11, aΠ13, and tΣ13 electronic states accessed by perpendicular excitation and the aΠ0+3 state accessed by a parallel transition. The outcomes of the dynamics based on both shifted ab initio results and three empirical models for the potential-energy curves and transition dipole moments are compared and contrasted. It is demonstrated that experimental measurement of the aQ(K)(p) parameters for the excitation from the vibrational ground state (ʋ=0) would be able to distinguish between the available models for the HI potential-energy curves and transition dipole moments. The differences between the aQ(K)(p) parameters for the excitation from ʋ=0 stand in sharp contrast to the scalar properties, i.e., total cross section and I* branching fraction, which require experimental measurement of photodissociation from excited vibrational states (ʋ>0) to distinguish between the models.
Combinatorial approach to generalized Bell and Stirling numbers and boson normal ordering problem
Authors: Méndez M. A. , Blasiak P. , Penson K. A.
Published: August 2005

We consider the numbers arising in the problem of normal ordering of expressions in boson creation a† and annihilation a operators ([a,a†]=1). We treat a general form of a boson string (a†)rnasn…(a†)r2as2(a†)r1as1 which is shown to be associated with generalizations of Stirling and Bell numbers. The recurrence relations and closed-form expressions (Dobiński-type formulas) are obtained for these quantities by both algebraic and combinatorial methods. By extensive use of methods of combinatorial analysis we prove the equivalence of the aforementioned problem to the enumeration of special families of graphs. This link provides a combinatorial interpretation of the numbers arising in this normal ordering problem.
Characterization of ultraviolet femtosecond pulse propagation in aluminum-coated capillary fibers
Authors: Thøgersen Jan , Madsen Esben Svitzer Yates , Holmegaard Lotte , Jensen Svend Knak , Keiding Søren Rud , Matsuura Yuji , Miyagi Mitsunobu
Published: August 2005

We demonstrate that hollow core fibers with aluminum-coated bores of ϕ=0.7mm and ϕ=1.0mm are well suited for guiding high-power ultraviolet femtosecond pulses. We consider 1-m-long fibers in two geometries: straight and bent with a 30-cm radius of curvature. The straight fibers transmit approximately 60% of the power at 200nm and 85% at 266nm, while the corresponding numbers for the bent fibers are 25% and 35%. The duration of the femtosecond pulses increases by 10% and 50% per meter at 200 and 266nm, respectively. The broadening increases to a factor of two when the fiber is bent. The maximum transmitted pulse energy at 266nm is 100μJ corresponding to 0.5GW or an intensity of 1011W∕cm2. However, this value is limited only by the 266nm pulse generation and is expected to go even higher. The applicability of the powerful femtosecond pulses from the fiber is demonstrated by an experiment in which water is ionized by two-photon absorption. This experiment indicates the potential of using aluminized hollow core fibers in medical therapy with ultraviolet femtosecond pulses.
On the caging number of two- and three-dimensional hard spheres
Authors: Wouterse A. , Plapp M. , Philipse A. P.
Published: August 2005

Local structural arrest in random packings of colloidal or granular spheres is quantified by a caging number, defined as the average minimum number of randomly placed spheres on a single sphere that immobilize all its translations. We present an analytic solution for the caging number for two-dimensional hard disks immobilized by neighbor disks which are placed at random positions under the constraint of a nonoverlap condition. Immobilization of a disk with radius r=1 by arbitrary larger neighbor disks with radius r⩾1 is solved analytically, whereas for contacting neighbors with radius 0<r<1, the caging number can be evaluated accurately with an approximate excluded volume model that also applies to spheres in higher Euclidean dimension. Comparison of our exact two-dimensional caging number with studies on random disk packing indicates that it relates to the average coordination number of random loose packing, whereas the parking number is more indicative for coordination in random dense packing of disks.
Behavior of mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes near discretely charged planar surfaces: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Taboada-Serrano Patricia , Yiacoumi Sotira , Tsouris Costas
Published: August 2005

Canonical Monte Carlo (CMC) simulations are employed in this work in order to study the structure of the electrical double layer (EDL) near discretely charged planar surfaces in the presence of symmetric and asymmetric indifferent electrolytes within the framework of a primitive model. The effects of discreteness and strength of surface charge, charge asymmetry, and size asymmetry are specific focuses of this work. The CMC simulation protocol is initially tested against the classical theory, the modified Gouy–Chapman (GC) theory, in order to assess the reliability of the simulation results. The CMC simulation results and the predictions of the classical theory show good agreement for 1:1 electrolytes and low surface charge, at which conditions the GC theory is valid. Simulations with symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes and mixtures of the two demonstrate that size plays an important role in determining the species present in the EDL and how the surface charge is screened. A size-exclusion effect could be consistently detected. Although it is energetically favorable that higher-valence ions screen the surface charge, their larger size prevents them from getting close to the surface. Smaller ions with lower valences perform the screening of the charge, resulting in higher local concentrations of small ions close to the surface. The simulations also showed that the strength of the surface charge enhances the size-exclusion effect. This effect will definitely affect the magnitude of the forces between interacting charged surfaces.
Time-resolved optical Kerr-effect investigation on CS2/polystyrene mixtures
Authors: Heisler Ismael A. , Correia Ricardo R. B. , Buckup Tiago , Cunha Silvio L. S. , da Silveira Nádya P.
Published: August 2005

The relaxation dynamics of carbon disulfide are investigated in mixtures with polystyrene (PS) using the time-resolved optical heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE). The data are analyzed using both the model-dependent approach, which assumes four distinct temporal responses, and the model-independent Fourier transform approach, which generates a spectral response that can be compared with results obtained by depolarized Rayleigh scattering. A slow dynamics is observed for the OHD-OKE transient decaying exponentially with a time constant that varies from 1.68ps for neat CS2 to 3.76ps for the most concentrated CS2∕PS mixture. The increase of this time constant accompanies an increase in the viscosity of the mixture, so we can associate this component with the diffusive reorientation process of the induced polarizability anisotropy of the carbon disulfide in the mixture. The short-time nuclear response is characterized in the frequency domain by a broad band that peaks around 30cm−1 for neat carbon disulfide, and is associated with a complex relaxation pattern. The vibrational distribution shifts to higher frequencies when the PS concentration is increased in the mixture. This result is discussed in terms of an increase in the interaction strength between the PS phenyl rings and the carbon disulfide molecules.
Effects of polarization and permittivity gradients and other parameters on the anomalous vertical shift behavior of graded ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Zhou Y. , Chan H. K. , Lam C. H. , Shin F. G.
Published: August 2005

We studied theoretically the dependence of the “polarization offset” on various parameters in compositionally graded ferroelectric thin films. Our model adopts the Landau-Khalatnikov equation to describe hysteresis behavior and takes the time-dependent space-charge-limited conductivity into account to investigate the effects of polarization and permittivity gradients, charge mobilities, and thickness in graded ferroelectric thin films. We found that both polarization and permittivity gradients are requisite for the occurrence of offset phenomena. It is also found that larger gradients of remanent polarization and permittivity, a smaller thickness, and a larger charge mobility can generally enhance the effect of vertical offsets. The qualitative agreement between simulation and experiment further supports our previous notion that the asymmetric conduction current arising as a result of the composition gradient is an important factor leading to the polarization offset phenomenon.
Dielectric properties of Si–Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 composite thin films elaborated by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Cao L. Z. , Cheng B. L. , Wang S. Y. , Zhou Y. L. , Jin K. J. , Lu H. B. , Chen Z. H. , Yang G. Z.
Published: August 2005

Si – Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Ti O 3 composite thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition technique on (100) Nb:SrTiO3 substrates. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the thin films have been characterized by x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Experimental results suggested that the Si composition has played a positive role in improving the dielectric properties of the thin films. With the increased Si concentration, the dielectric loss was significantly reduced, accompanied with a tolerable reduction of tunability. In particular, the 14% Si composite film exhibited a dielectric loss of 0.005, which is much lower than that of the undoped Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) film. Moreover, a proper concentration of Si in the film improved the figure of merit from 9 of the undoped BST to 23 of 1.4% Si composite films.
Design of a scanning tunneling microscope for in situ observation of the interactions of molecular beams with surfaces
Authors: Fogarty D. P. , Kandel S. A.
Published: August 2005

We describe an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM) that is interfaced to a pulsed molecular-beam source. Optimization of the vibration isolation of the STM and molecular beam source allows a sample to be imaged before, during, and after molecular-beam dosing, without ever having to remove the sample from the microscope. A helium-seeded argon beam was used to effect collision-induced mobility of C60 molecules adsorbed on the Au(111) surface. Changes in the sample were monitored using STM. The ability to image a sample during exposure to a molecular beam opens up new avenues for looking at physical and chemical processes on highly heterogeneous surfaces.
Instrumentation of a high-sensitivity microwave vector detection system for low-temperature applications
Authors: Suen Y. W. , Hsieh W. H. , Chen C. L. , Li L. C. , Kuan C. H.
Published: August 2005

We present the design and the circuit details of a high-sensitivity microwave vector detection system, which is aiming to study the low-dimensional electron system embedded in the slots of a coplanar waveguide at low temperatures. The coplanar waveguide sample is placed inside a phase-locked loop; the phase change of the sample may cause a corresponding change in the operation frequency, which can be measured precisely. We also employ a double-pulse modulation on the microwave signals, which comprises a fast pulse modulation for gated averaging and a slow pulse modulation for lock-in detection. In measurements on real samples at low temperatures, this system provides much better resolutions in both amplitude and phase than most of the conventional vector analyzers at power levels below −65dBm in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 18 GHz.
A novel technique for the in situ calibration and measurement of friction with the atomic force microscope
Authors: Stiernstedt Johanna , Rutland Mark W. , Attard Phil
Published: August 2005

Presented here is a novel technique for the in situ calibration and measurement of friction with the atomic force microscope that can be applied simultaneously with the normal force measurement. The method exploits the fact that the cantilever sits at an angle of about 10° to the horizontal, which causes the tip (or probe) to slide horizontally over the substrate as a normal force run is performed. This sliding gives rise to an axial friction force (in the axial direction of the cantilever), which is measured through the difference in the constant compliance slopes of the inward and outward traces. Traditionally, friction is measured through lateral scanning of the substrate, which is time consuming, and requires an ex situ calibration of both the torsional spring constant and the lateral sensitivity of the photodiode detector. The present method requires no calibration other than the normal spring constant and the vertical sensitivity of the detector, which is routinely done in the force analysis. The present protocol can also be applied to preexisting force curves, and, in addition, it provides the means to correct force data for cantilevers with large probes.
Optical nonlinearity of colloidal crystals
Authors: Huang J. P. , Yu K. W.
Published: August 2005

We theoretically exploit a class of colloidal-crystal-based nonlinear optical materials, which are made of graded metallodielectric nanoparticles suspended in a host fluid. Such materials can have both an enhancement and a redshift of optical nonlinearity, due to the gradation inside the nanoparticles as well as the lattice effects arising from the periodic structure.
Study of a high-resolution infrared spectrometer by using an integrated multigrating structure
Authors: Han Tao , Wu Yun-Hua , Chen Jian-Ke , Kong Yu-Fei , Chen Yue-Rui , Sun Bin , Xu Cong-Hui , Zhou Peng , Qiu Jian-Hong , Zheng Yu-Xiang , Miao Jian , Chen Liang-Yao
Published: August 2005

A new type of infrared spectrometer system working in the optical communication field has been studied and constructed. In order to achieve both high spectral resolution and fast data acquisition speed, an integrated grating with five subgratings and a set of five line-array InGaAs detectors are used to work in the 1450–1650nm wavelength range without any scanning and mechanical moving parts. The system has been calibrated with a spectral resolution of about 0.08nm and a fast data acquisition time of less than 40ms (>5nm∕ms) in the entire spectral range.
HyReSpect: A broadband fast-averaging spectrometer for nuclear magnetic resonance of magnetic materials
Authors: Allodi G. , Banderini A. , De Renzi R. , Vignali C.
Published: August 2005

We announce the successful development of a homemade frequency-swept nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer entirely designed and built at the University of Parma, optimized for the study of magnetic materials but also offering good performance as a general-purpose instrument for solid-state NMR. The spectrometer features heterodyne-based pulser and receiver with four-quadrant phase shifting and quadrature detection; a 150 MHz digital signal processor as a digital pulser for timing and control functions, capable of triggering events with a resolution of 6.6 ns; a two-channel 12 bit 25MS∕s digitizer hosted by a personal computer; and a graphical user interface control program running under Linux, which also integrates external field and temperature controls. The receiver exhibits a flat response from 8 up to 670 MHz, a frequency span suitable for the investigation of magnetic transition metal compounds (V, Co, Mn, Cu), and intrinsic dead time of less than 2μs, as required with the fast-relaxing NMR signals often encountered in magnetic materials. The rf design employing only one external signal generator, and the fast-averaging performance of the system (more than 10 000 repetitions per second), are probably the most remarkable features of our apparatus.
Gas heating in plasma-assisted sputter deposition
Authors: Palmero A. , Rudolph H. , Habraken F. H. P. M.
Published: August 2005

We present a theoretical framework to deal with an important source of nonhomogeneity in plasma-assisted sputter deposition. The gas heating due to the interaction between the background gas and the flow of energetic sputtered particles seems to be of significance under realistic deposition conditions. The results illustrate that the decrease of the gas density due to this heating has to be taken into account for a proper description of the deposition process, even when the total pressure in the system remains constant. The Keller–Simmons equation, that describes the deposition rate in a parallel plate reactor, has been studied in the case of such a nonhomogeneous plasma. We determine the conditions for its applicability and find a direct relation between the throw distance, the temperature of the growing film and the cross section of elastic scattering of a sputtered atom on a gas particle.
Effect of a dielectric coating on terahertz surface plasmon polaritons on metal wires
Authors: van der Valk Nick C. J. , Planken Paul C. M.
Published: August 2005

The authors present measurements and calculations on the effect of thin dielectric coatings on the propagation of terahertz pulses along the surface of metal wires. Our measurements show that propagation over only a few centimeters of wire having a thin dielectric coating, strongly distorts the terahertz pulse, which results in a several tens of picoseconds long chirped signal. We demonstrate that the terahertz pulses propagate along the wire as surface waves, and show how a thin coating of a nondispersive material makes this propagation strongly dispersive, giving rise to the chirped signal observed in the measurements. Our results show the potential of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons on metal wires for the sensitive detection of thin dielectric layers.
Evolutionarily Conserved and Nonconserved Cellular Localizations and Functions of Human SIRT Proteins
Authors: Michishita Eriko , Park Jean Y. , Burneskis Jenna M. , Barrett J. Carl , Horikawa Izumi
Published: August 2005

Sir2 is a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that extends lifespan in yeast and worms. This study examines seven human proteins homologous to Sir2 (SIRT1 through SIRT7) for cellular localization, expression profiles, protein deacetylation activity, and effects on human cell lifespan. We found that: 1) three nuclear SIRT proteins (SIRT1, SIRT6, and SIRT7) show different subnuclear localizations: SIRT6 and SIRT7 are associated with heterochromatic regions and nucleoli, respectively, where yeast Sir2 functions; 2) SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are localized in mitochondria, an organelle that links aging and energy metabolism; 3) cellular p53 is a major in vivo substrate of SIRT1 deacetylase, but not the other six SIRT proteins; 4) SIRT1, but not the other two nuclear SIRT proteins, shows an in vitro deacetylase activity on histone H4 and p53 peptides; and 5) overexpression of any one of the seven SIRT proteins does not extend cellular replicative lifespan in normal human fibroblasts or prostate epithelial cells. This study supports the notion that multiple human SIRT proteins have evolutionarily conserved and nonconserved functions at different cellular locations and reveals that the lifespan of normal human cells, in contrast to that of lower eukaryotes, cannot be manipulated by increased expression of a single SIRT protein.
Characterization ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeER α-Mannosidase: A Reevaluation of the Role of the Enzyme on ER-associated Degradation
Authors: Movsichoff Federico , Castro Olga A. , Parodi Armando J.
Published: August 2005

It has been postulated that creation of Man8GlcNAc2isomer B (M8B) by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α-mannosidase I constitutes a signal for driving irreparably misfolded glycoproteins to proteasomal degradation. Contrary to a previous report, we were able to detect in vivo (but not in vitro) an extremely feeble ER α-mannosidase activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The enzyme yielded M8B on degradation of Man9GlcNAc2and was inhibited by kifunensin. Live S. pombe cells showed an extremely limited capacity to demannosylate Man9GlcNAc2present in misfolded glycoproteins even after a long residence in the ER. In addition, no preferential degradation of M8B-bearing species was detected. Nevertheless, disruption of the α-mannosidase encoding gene almost totally prevented degradation of a misfolded glycoprotein. This and other conflicting reports may be best explained by assuming that the role of ER mannosidase on glycoprotein degradation is independent of its enzymatic activity. The enzyme, behaving as a lectin binding polymannose glycans of varied structures, would belong together with its enzymatically inactive homologue Htm1p/Mnl1p/EDEM, to a transport chain responsible for delivering irreparably misfolded glycoproteins to proteasomes. Kifunensin and 1-deoxymannojirimycin, being mannose homologues, would behave as inhibitors of the ER mannosidase or/and Htm1p/Mnl1p/EDEM putative lectin properties.
Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research
Authors: Conesa Ana , Götz Stefan , García-Gómez Juan Miguel , Terol Javier , Talón Manuel , Robles Montserrat
Published: August 2005

Summary: We present here Blast2GO (B2G), a research tool designed with the main purpose of enabling Gene Ontology (GO) based data mining on sequence data for which no GO annotation is yet available. B2G joints in one application GO annotation based on similarity searches with statistical analysis and highlighted visualization on directed acyclic graphs. This tool offers a suitable platform for functional genomics research in non-model species. B2G is an intuitive and interactive desktop application that allows monitoring and comprehension of the whole annotation and analysis process.

Availability: Blast2GO is freely available via Java Web Start at http://www.blast2go.de

Supplementary material:  http://www.blast2go.de -> Evaluation

Contact:  aconesa@ivia.es; stefang@fis.upv.es
The Practice of Korean Medicine: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Acupuncture
Authors: Kim Yong-Suk , Jun Hyungjoon , Chae Younbyoung , Park Hi-Joon , Kim Bong Hyun , Chang Il-Moo , Kang Sung-keel , Lee Hye-Jung
Published: August 2005

Acupuncture, one of the Oriental medical therapeutic techniques that can be traced back at least 2500 years, is growing in popularity all over the world. Korea has continued to develop its own unique tradition of medicine throughout its long history, and has formed different types of acupuncture methods. The purpose of this review is to summarize clinical case studies in acupuncture and related therapies, such as acupressure, electric acupuncture, auricular acupuncture and moxibustion in Korea. A survey of Korean journals revealed that a total of 124 studies were published from 1983 to 2001. Results obtained from the survey showed that most clinical studies using acupuncture, electric acupuncture, moxibustion and other traditional therapies could alleviate a relatively broad range of medical problems. However, it should be emphasized that almost all clinical case studies published in various local journals did not follow the ‘good clinical practice’ with respect to regulatory aspects. Since they were not conducted using the randomized double‐blinded controls with a large sample size, all the results should be considered as therapeutic indications. This review is an attempt to show the scope of acupuncture in our country and the kind of diseases, after many years of clinical experience, that were deemed valid targets for clinical trials.