bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of android application to extract text from images by using tesseract for English and Hindi
Authors: Panchal Brijeshkumar Y. , Chauhan Gaurang
Published: August 2021

The proposed Implementation is on the Android Application to extract using Tesseract OCR in which the following concepts will be used, which are Adaptive Thresholding, Connected Component, Fine Lines, and Recognize Word. Using this Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Technology, an Application generated text which is printed on a clean, B/W or colourful background can be converted into a computer readable form ASCII. With the help of this Android Application using Tesseract OCR, the system has two ways for Text Extraction. The first one is to capture a photo while the second one uploads an image from the gallery after that system can proceed for as per the user requirement which portion of the image they want to crop or edit. After editing the picture, it converts into the text. This Android Application is for two languages, English and Hindi.
Analysis and Implementation of Fuzzy Control for the MPPT Based PV Systems
Authors: Al-Chlaihawi Sarab , Hassan Ashwaq N.
Published: August 2021

In a photovoltaic system, electronic transducer control is highly essential for sufficient use of solar systems. The present article suggests to modify the Perturb and Observe MPPT (i.e., Maximum Power Point Tracking) with a fog controller to control a DC-DC impulse converter in a photoelectric system under shade and variable cases of the weather. The present study includes a proposal of a different method to the MPPT from a photovoltaic (PV) system for the purpose of obtaining the maximal power from a photovoltaic system. In the traditional approaches, the capability of the tracking includes the power output fluctuations. The modelling and simulation of the PV system with the suggested algorithm has been performed with the use of the MATLAB/SIMLINK software. The model results of the simulation show that the Per-turb and Observe (P&O) based fuzzy control algorithm has been considered as a fast transient state, with fewer and smooth fluctuations in the power signal generated.
Use of treated cement kiln dust as a nano material partially replaced in cement mortars
Authors: Muhammed Hakim Saeed , Ali Luay Muhammed , Saeed A H
Published: August 2021

Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a by-product material of cement manufacturing. The composition of this material is approximately like the cement composition but it carries high ratio of alkali which is harmful material if it is used in structural construction members. In this study it was used after removing most of alkali by washing, in cement mortars as partial replacement of cement. After washing it was left to be dried. The material was grinded by Los Angeles machine firstly and then milled by a planetary mill in periods of 1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5, and 4 hours respectively to reach nano sizes of particles. It was added to cement mortars using five ratios, 0% (without milling as control ratio) and an addition of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratios compared to cement weight respectively. The properties which were studied include compressive strength of mortar through curing periods 7, 28, 56 days, physical and chemical properties of the mortars. The results of this work ensure the work of one of the authors in the literature and an improvement in mortar compressive strength reaches 35%. Other physical and chemical properties were also improved. Depending upon the governed results washed CKD can be used safely in cement mortars.
Experimental investigation on the barrelling phenomenon in Turning Process
Authors: Salman Zaman Waheed , Ugla Adnan A.
Published: August 2021

In the turning process, the quality of the working surface depends on the operating parameters. In this work method was used Taguchi to study the effect of operating transactions on the surface quality of the operator (the barrel). In this study four parameters were used which are sample length (L), sample diameter (D), feed rate (F), and cut depth (T). The objective of this work is to improve the quality of the surface of the machine through the control of the main input parameters for the process of turning aluminum and steel materials. It was selected orthogonal group L9 to study the impact of key factors on the variable response, i.e. barreling. The contribution of key factors and their interaction with the optimal level were determined using ANOVA. The results showed that the cutting depth was 0.5 mm and the feeding rate was 0.5 mm/roll yield minimum barreling. In addition, ANOVA results indicated that among four major factors, the specimen diameter and cut depth significantly contributed to reducing barreling.
Residential load control system based analytical optimization method for real residential data consumption
Authors: Sultan Mousa J , Tawfeeq Mohammed A , Haider Haider T
Published: August 2021

Peak load periods have a great impact for energy demand in smart grid. These times is directly related to the consumption of residential sector, thus utility need to add additional generation capacity during peak time to support the demand required. This paper proposes a demand response system for residential household. Analytical Method (AM) is used to optimize the load consumption based real data of typical residential home. The consumption data are measured using smart plugs that have been designed and implemented to communicate with household’s smart devices. The simulation results show the peak load was reduced by 37.64% and the energy consumption cost bill was reduced by 29.52%. The proposed method is compared with other optimization methods such as Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to highlight the finding. The proposed approach indicated a greater saving period to produce the final results.
Improvement of the PV Module Performance by Cooling Method Through Immersing in a Forced Water Circulation
Authors: Hattam Sarah Yahya , Kadhum Aboaltabooq Mahdi Hatf , Al-Zurfi Hazim A.
Published: August 2021

Just 15 to 20 percent of the PV modules solar radiation’s turned to electrical energy while the rest’s transformed into thermal energy, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of the electrical energy. Thus, to useful from the each electrical and thermal energy generated by the PV module, a hybrid thermal photovoltaic system is the perfect choice. A hollow rectangular box was used as a water flow channel to absorb heat from the photovoltaic’s. Then, this heat extracted from photovoltaic’s will be used in secondary applications, which leads to improved performance of photovoltaic modules and increased electrical conversion. The hybrid PV/T system consists of two sides of a rectangular channel made of insulating material, which are built-up on the bottom and top side of the PV panel, where the upper material is glass to transmittance the solar radiation and lower material is insulation foam, with a depth 5 mm of each one and through which water flows along the channel. The front side of the thermal collector contains transparent glass that allows solar radiation to pass through it to reach the PV module.3D numerical simulation was performed by COMSOL Multiphysics® software, and is validated at different volume flow rates of 1LPM to 5LPM, by Boundary Conditions investigation to keeping the inlet water and ambient temperature at 27°C and solar irradiation at 1000 W/m2.Hence, the benefit of this work is to evolve the electricity yield of photovoltaic (PV) module, thus increasing the electrical adequacy, also can be obtained the hot water by the heat absorption from the PV module by use heat exchanger. The results of the simulation had shown that the (PV)/T system produced 14.2% Maximum Electrical Efficiency (η

el
), while the Maximum Thermal Efficiency(η

th
)was 82%, all the result set at the temperature of ambient and inlet water to the thermal collector channel at 27°C, Where the range of the volumetric rate of water flow ranges between (1-5) LPM and solar radiation between (600-1000) (W/m2)
Applicaion of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: A mini Review
Authors: Gzar Hatem A , Al-Rekabi Wisam S. , Shuhaieb Zahraa K.
Published: August 2021

This research aims at presenting Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology as one of the alternatives and efficient methods for treating industrial wastewaters at a variety of conditions. In the last decade, this technology became more popular and widely utilized worldwide, due to the fact that the need for clean water keeps to rapidly increase with the increase in the population of the world grows year by year, which is why a high number of the waste-water treatment facilities are necessary expand, for the purpose of providing additional capacity with the minimal costs. The present study aimed at covering the most significant MBBR processes, like the fundamental process of the treatment, biofilm kinetics, and MBBR operation principles. This review includes as well a large number of the relevant researches that have been performed at the lab and pilot scales, in addition to cover the important procedures on the basic process of the treatment, which affects the influent types as well as the carrier type. None-the-less, this review concluded yet has been compiled herein and reported to be acquiring more sufficient insights and outlook upon the theme with a view to meet the new method. For that purpose, the most feasible technology may be the advanced biological process (i.e., the bio-reactor systems), which include the MBBR system
Improvement the Shear strength of Asphalt Mixture by using crumb tire Rubber
Authors: Allateef Eman Abd , Abedali Abdulhaq Hadi
Published: August 2021

Rutting is one of the big problems in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The primary mechanism of HMA rutting is shear deformation, often caused by high stress in HMA layers during traffic loading, especially at high temperatures. Current HMA rutting tests are not necessarily designed to capture HMA shear properties such as shear strength, shear strain, and shear module. The present work explores the behavior of the shear strength properties of HMA modified with Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR) and two types of filler (brick and lime dust in comparison with passing sieving No.200 as control filler) by developing a Simple Punching Shear Test (SPST) under control of temperature and loading rate. A series of laboratory sample tests to formulate and set up the SPST protocol and the related test parameters, derive the SPST results analysis sample to capture the HMA shear parameters from the results and comparatively evaluate the shear properties of HMA mixes. Results have shown that the SPST is relatively receptive to the form of modifier and filler. Using limestone dust as with (5%) CTR content increased higher shear strength, the rate of increase was about (44.44%) and (51.38%). Also 5% to 7% CTR content with lime dust filler lowering shear strain more than for brick dust filler.
Variable Speed Drives in Electric Elevator Systems: A Review
Authors: Othman Saba A. , Mohammed Jamal A.-K , Mohammed Farag Mahel
Published: August 2021

Due to the industrial development and the growing modernity, the elevator systems have become indispensable in many multi-story buildings. When electrical elevators are employed to transport people, riding comfort becomes a very important issue, especially when high-speed elevators are used in high-rise buildings. The elevator systems should provide a good stop accuracy and excellent levels of ride comfort. Passengers experience some problems that affect their comfort such as vibration and jerk that occur when travelling between elevator floors especially when starting and stopping the cabin. To minimize the effects of these problems, the cabin must be driven in such a way as to ensure smooth operation and smooth starting and stopping. Therefore, there is a need to control the voltage and frequency of the electric motor that drives the elevator cabin.

This paper introduces a look at the different types of variable speed drives and how they’re used in electric elevator systems, discussing current systems as well as recent development in the field. Therefore, a variable-speed design that provides smooth movement is needed to include a smooth ride, accurate leveling, and a large number of start and stop operations First, some basic principles in driving systems, such as load curves and driving speed/torque, as well as their relationship to stability, are discussed; reference curve generation; speed curve profiling of the elevator system to achieve smooth transmission. The latest study in this topic reached the implementation of an elevator prototype driven by permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMSLM) loaded by 24kg. The motor was controlled by voltage frequency drive (VFD) programmed with offline S-curve to get a smooth start and smooth stop for the elevator cabin and constant travel speed with the least jerk possible, estimated by 88% compared the that without using the driver.
investigation the effect of ICCP and SACP on carbon steelcorrosion in salt solution at different parameters
Authors: Al Masoodi F. S. , Matloub Falah K.
Published: August 2021

Cathodic protection has wide applications in various structures and is an effective electrochemical technique for mitigating or preventing corrosion of metal structures. To apply this technique, open circuit voltage (ocp) was measured under all conditions. The experiments consisted of samples of carbon steel immersed in solutions of NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3) g/L at (20 and 30) ° C, different pH values (4-7-10) and different potentials (-). Application of 700, -900, -1000, -1200 mv in forced current cathodic protection (ICCP). The anodic cathodic protection (SACP) (AL alloy) was also implemented with the same parameters. The density of the protective current increases with increasing temperature and concentration due to the increase in the mobility of ions in the solution, as the conductivity of the solution increases and with the decrease in the pH. The experimental results showed that increasing the DC current leads to an increase in the cathodic protection current. Therefore, the ICCP method is more effective than the SACP method, the higher the DC power supply.
Study of Effective Parameters in Stability and Vibration of Marine Propulsion Shafting Systems
Authors: Hussain Aboud Aqeel Abdul , Ali Jaafar Khalaf
Published: August 2021

The marine propulsion system is a system that a ship depends on in travelling and maneuvering in the existence of different types of waves, which reduce the efficiency of the system. In this work, different types of vibration such as torsional, lateral and longitudinal and their effect on ship and propulsion system are studied. Vibration seriously threatens the reliability and safety of the ship. The finite element method is established to study vibration at different rotational speeds. In this work vibration, analysis and modeling with simulation for cases of lateral and torsional vibration are performed by using MatLab software. In addition, ANSYS 2019 R3 is used to study some cases of marine propulsion system. In this work, effective parameters that play important role in vibration reduction such as the diameter, stiffness, couple unbalance and mass unbalance are discussed. The results of that analysis provided can help to predict the problems. In general, to achieve better stability and safety, all the conditions of the propulsion system must be taken into account to diagnose the problem. Hence, the data which are provided in diagrams and tables can be used as a guide in the design stage or maintenance stage to treat system problem and then take the proper action.
An investigation of the effect of walnut shell as sand replacement on the performance of cement mortar subjected to elevated temperatures
Authors: Mohammed Abdulrahman S , Hilal Nahla N , Mohammed Ali Taghreed Khaleefa , Sor Nadhim Hamah
Published: August 2021

This study examined the effect of ground shells of walnut (GW) as fine aggregate on the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar before and after being subjected to elevated temperatures. The experimental work consists of two series with different water to cement ratio (w/c) and various percentages of GW. In each series, the ratios of GW were varied in range (0-30% at an increment of 10%). The fresh density and slump test were used as fresh properties and the dry density with compressive strength were measured at the curing ages of 7, 14 and 28 days as hardened characteristics. Also, the dry density and compressive strength at 28 days curing age were examined after exposure to an elevated temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C for two hours. The results indicated that the all tested properties were reduced by using GW. The optimum utilized ratio of GW is 20% for the first series with w/c of 0.5 which led to producing lightweight cement mortar and is suitable for structural purposes before and after exposure to 400 °C. However, the rest of the mixtures are suitable for non-structural purposes.
Evaluation of Quenching and Tempering on Cutting Force and Surface Finishing of Steel Machining
Authors: Alfatlawi Sattar Hantosh A. , Jodia Wafa Mahdi
Published: August 2021

In this paper, quenching and tempering effects on the machining conditions of medium carbon steel were investigated. The samples were quenched in a saltwater and polymer solution after heated to austenitizing temperature at 870°C, then, the tempering process of the samples were conducted to reduce internal stresses and hardness. In the tempering process the samples were heated again to 400°C with a soaking time was one hour, so cooled in still air. So the samples were machined by lathe machine with selected cutting conditions. The results appeared the effect of heat treatments on hardness, surface finishing, cutting force and microstructure that were evaluated before and after heat treatment with various cutting conditions.
Studying the nonlinear optical properties of organic dyes after Dissolved in Methanol and Epoxy Resin
Authors: Ibrahim Slafa I , Yaseen Hanaa Mohammed , Nader Rajaa
Published: August 2021

In this paper, some linear optical properties such as (absorbance and transmittance) of an organic dye (Calcein -W) in Methanol and Epoxy resin with different concentration were studied by using UV/VIS spectrum.

Nonlinear optical properties of Calcein –W anesthetized in epoxy resin matrix using different concentrations (5*10−5, 1*10−4, 5*10−4, 1*10−3 mol/l) at ambient temperature were studied by using open and closed aperture of Z-scan technique, with continuous wave from Neodymium-doped Yttrium Garnet (Nd: YAG (CW)) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength as an excitation source. The “nonlinear refractive index” (n2), “nonlinear absorption coefficient” (β) of Calcein –W doped film is experimentally determined.
Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Hybrid Nanoparticle iron oxide (Fe3O4) and nickel (Ni)
Authors: Kaadhm Ehab Q , Salman Khansaa D , Reja Ahmed H
Published: August 2021

In this research, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles Fe3O4+Ni on the magnetic and dielectric properties of epoxy resin are investigated. Microstructural characterization was performed by Field Emission scanning electron microscopy FESEM, X-ray diffraction spectra XRD, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The magnetic properties were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and the dielectric response was investigated by a precision impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A) LCR meter at room temperature with different frequencies. The study dealing with hybrid nanocomposite (epoxy/Fe3O4+Ni) consisting of epoxy resin as the matrix material reinforcing by magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with different weight percentages (3wt.%, 6wt.%, 9wt.%, 12wt.%, 15wt. %) and constant weight percentage 2wt% of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles. The samples were prepared using the casting method. The epoxy with the hardener is weighted and mixing in a 2:1 ratio and then add reinforcement materials Fe3O4+Ni into the epoxy. Microstructural analysis showed that a uniform distribution and homogeneously dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The results of this work exhibit that the Increasing additive weight percentages of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a constant weight of Ni nanoparticles into epoxy resin led to improvement in the magnetic and electric properties of hybrid nanocomposites compared with pure epoxy.
Numerical study on Built-up Steel Columns Behavior
Authors: Taheir AL-Tai Maan M. , Al-Sulayfani Bayar J. , Mohammad Khalaf I.
Published: August 2021

This study investigates the behavior of Built-up steel columns. The effect of shape, distribution, and angle of inclination of the lacing have been studied, Finite element simulations are performed with ANSYS. A brick element with eight nodes and a shell element with eight nodes were adopted, After completing the study of the convergence between the laboratory analysis and the numerical analysis, the parametric study can begin by changing the dimensions of the lacing and the method of distributing the lacing in the structure of the manufactured steel column to make a comparison between the numerical analysis and the Experimental analysis for modeled models and determine the positive and negative points for each type of lacing used.
Investigation Electrical and Thermoelectrical properties of Ferrocene in staggered and eclipsed conformations
Authors: Hussein Thoalfkar Ali , Noori Mohammed D.
Published: August 2021

We present a comparative theoretical study of the electronic and thermoelectric properties of staggered and eclipsed ferrocene sandwiched between gold electrodes. These molecular junctions have been explored in two different configuration trans and cis conformation. In this work, we investigate the spin properties, in addition to thermoelectrical properties for all cases. Our results show that there is a variation in spin properties in staggered ferrocene when move from trans to cis configuration. However, in eclipsed ferrocene case there is no spin effects. Moreover, the room temperature electrical conductance in cis staggered ferrocene case is higher than other cases near the DFT Fermi energy. Furthermore, the thermopower of these junctions are rather high ranging about 150 µV/K. However, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of staggered ferrocene in cis configuration has the highest value with 1.06.
Improved Adhesion Bond between Asphalt Binder-Aggregate as Indicator to Reduced Moisture Damage
Authors: Hasan Ehsan A. , Abed Yasameen Hadi , Abedali Al-Haddad Abdulhaq H.
Published: August 2021

Improving the adhesion bonding strength between asphalt-aggregate combinations has a significant influence on the field performance and durability of asphalt pavement and minimizing the moisture damage that can appear in form of losing adhesion in asphalt-aggregate system by using modifiers will increase the service life of pavements.

The work of adhesion, de-bonding work, wettability and energy ratios were estimated based on surface free energy theory to evaluate the potential moisture-induced damage of combinations of pure and modified asphalt binders by (Styrene–Butadiene Styrene (SBS), Butyl Rubber (BR), and anti-stripping agent BG plus) with different types of aggregate. The sessile drop method is used to determine the components of the surface energy of different aggregate and asphalt binder types by performing direct contact angle measurements.

The experimental results showed that in general, the addition of SBS and BR modifiers will increase adhesion work and decrease de-bonding work and decrease ER2 and wettability for both types of asphalt binders and aggregates while the addition of an anti-stripping agent (BG plus) caused a reduction in adhesion work and de-bonding work and increase ER2 and wettability between the asphalt binder and aggregate surface and that will provide a better possible aggregate-asphalt binder bond strength and asphalt mixture’s resistance to moisture-induced damage.
Hybrid pv/t system performance based on the electrical and thermal efficiency in iraq
Authors: Hamad Karema.A.
Published: August 2021

Nowadays, solar energy is one of the important clean energies through converting the light sun into electricity by photovoltaic solar cells which is a semi-conducting material. Solar radiation is one of the most important factors in determining the amount of produced energy through absorbing it by the solar cells. On the other hand, heat is one of the sources of energy loss if it rises more than the prescribed limit, thus reducing the amount of electrical energy generated and reducing production efficiency. Therefore, this paper focuses on designing, testing and comparison the photovoltaic panel system (PVS) with and without Active cooling process via water in Baghdad environments. The active cooling system (ACS) was placed behind the solar cell in order to absorb the generated heat that is isolated from the environment. The testing of both models was conducted in April 2021 in Baghdad. As a result, PVS with cooling performed well compared with uncooled, where uncooled model at highest panel temperature produced about 8 % from operation efficiency. While, the ACS worked on increasing the system performance up to 16.5% by decreasing the panel temperature. The efficiency conversion has recorded to be 50% and 52% at two mass flow rates. Water flow rate increased the heat transfer through cover glass which led increasing the efficiency. Finally, ACS for PVS can improve the efficiency by about 12% as an average value. At high temperature environment, cooling system should be employed to get better PVS performance and reducing the payback period.
Mixed convection heat transfer in multi-Lid- driven trapezoidal annulus filled with hybrid nanofluid
Authors: Alesbe Israa , Ibrahim Sahira Hasan , Aljabair Sattar
Published: August 2021

Numerical study of mixed convection heat transfer in multi-Lid driven concentric trapezoidal annulus filled with H2O-Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid has been investigated. Three cases for multi-Lid driven have been studied: single lid-driven, double lid-driven move in the same direction, double lid-driven move in the opposite direction. The lid-driven walls move with a constant speed with constant cold temperature TC and the other inclined walls are insulated while the inner trapezoidal cylinder heated at constant temperature Th. Finite volume method used to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy equations by SIMPLE algorithm. The results validated by comparing with previous study with a good agreement of accuracy. The working fluids was: water with hybrid nanoparticles (volume fraction ϕ = 0 to 10%). The Richardson numbers changed from 0.01 to 10, to cover all convection heat transfer modes, and aspect ratios were 0.5 and 1. The results show that, the opposing flow produced highest maximum stream function. Moreover, in aiding flow (case 2) produced a heat transfer coefficient on the top and bottom walls of outer cylinder higher than that produced by the opposing flow (case 3). Generally, the skin friction increases with increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles due to increasing the viscosity of fluid causes increase in shear stress and leads to increasing the pressure drop. Additionally, the aiding flow produced fiction factor higher than the opposing flow.
Improvement Corrosion Behaviour of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2101 alloy in Ringer solution by Plasma Nitriding for Biomedical applications
Authors: Al-Murshdy Jassim M.Salman , Hammood Ali Sabea , Fahad Nesreen Dakhel
Published: August 2021

“Plasma nitriding” is a surface hardening process that involves diffusion of the atoms of nitrogen onto the surface of metal under different plasma nitriding conditions. The new alloys used in the field of Biomedical applications are Lean Duplex Stainless Steel. The alloys of Lean DSS are corrosion resistant, lightweight, and have good mechanical properties such as fatigue strength, but in aggressive environments, they lack “wear resistance”. In a vacuum chamber of air (3 mbar), 400 V, and 30 mA, a lean duplex stainless steel (2101) alloy rod was plasma nitrided. The procedure of plasma nitriding was carried out at various times. The effect of plasma nitriding at different times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) hrs on the chemical structure of LDX 2101 DSS alloy and the form of phases was investigated using OM, FESEM with EDS, XRD, and antibacterial test, tafel potential polarizaton and cyclic polarization for Orthopedic application. The results show that layers and phases S, Fe3N, and Fe2-3N were formed on the alloy’s surface, which would improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in Ringer solution at 37 °C.
Microstructure and Properties of Shape Memory NiTi Alloy
Authors: Salman Al-Murshdy Jassim M. , Ali Nareeman Yaseen
Published: August 2021

Many years ago, the shape memory alloys properties of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) were first discovered in the early 1960s, as shape memory alloys had many applied applications, in which oxidization problems were not of concern for the most part. However, over the past decades, NiTi alloys have been increasingly considered in external and internal biomedical devices, for example cardiac stent wires, orthodontics, vascular and bone fractures, fixing plates and screws, self-expanding urinary tracts.. The aim of the research is to study the effect of the elements mobidium and zirconium on the shape memory alloys. When adding small amounts of zirconium leads to a smoothing of the granular size, when adding Mobidium improves the hardening process. The alloy was prepared from primary powders of nickel and titanium, using metallic powder technology, under pressure of 800 MPa. Then the sintering method was carried out in a 4-10 tor vacuum at 950 ° C. The results upon XRD analysis revealed that NiTi were completely changed into NiTi (both cubic and mono phases) and Ni3Ti phase. The samples are ground in a dry atmosphere and the samples are polished after sintering. Optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction techniques. hardness test was conducted using Vickers hardness machine. It was observed that as the Zr content is increased, the hardness values, in VPN, increased. For instance, equi at 30% of Ni Ti had a hardness of 127.05 which increased significantly as Zr content was increased to 20 at %. This is mainly observed due to precipitation hardening which occurs due to the presence of multiple phase in alloy D. Increase in hardness also suggests that the workability. It was observed that as the Mo content is increased, the hardness values, in VPN, increased. For instance, Ni Ti had a hardness of 127.05 which increased was increased to 40at%. This is mainly observed due to precipitation hardening which occurs due to the presence of multiple phase in alloy G. Due to molybdenum, Optical microscopy reveals surface characteristics such as open pores and grain borders, as well as the distinction between the phases NiTi and Ni3Ti.
A modern technique to manage energy profile in Iraq: virtual power plant (VPP)
Authors: Kalaf A A , Alyozbaky O Sh , Alghannam A I
Published: August 2021

A virtual power plant (VPP) comprises decentralized generation integrated with energy storage and intermittent loads. Such a plant is an independently-controlled single production unit for the electrical grid and market. Frequency changes and power supply interruption are among the several scenarios that lead to peak grid loading. Considering the material and financial challenges, it is necessary to determine an optimal resource scheduling solution; VPP can address these challenges. This study evaluated two different domestic-sector situations in Iraq. MATLAB Simulink was used to simulate a VPP test system comprising loads, energy storage technology, and distributed generation. An analysis of the economic aspects concerning the network and involved resources was performed. The outcomes indicated that home electricity bills reduced by up to 50%. Simulations suggest that using VPP is beneficial as against distribution generators (DG) systems relying solely on intermittent renewable power generation.
An experimental study optimization of a solar assisted D.C refiergerter under Iraqi climate.
Authors: Omer Dalya Amjed , Mahdi Mahmoud Mustafa , Shuraiji Ahlam Luaibi
Published: August 2021

Solar photovoltaic to derive a small dc domestic refrigerator is becoming beneficial for remote areas where electricity is not available. This article presents an experimental energetic and exergetic analysis for a small dc refrigerator driven by a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. The performance parameters, such as exergy losses compressor, exergy losses condenser, exergy losses expansion valve, exergy losses evaporator, efficiency exergy refrigerator, average optimum exergy efficiency (refrigerator), efficiency system (PV panel plus dc refrigerator) were investigated. The mentioned parameters were measured along the time of the day under the climate of Baghdad city. The experimental test has been carried out with load refrigerator (5 liters of water), to the evaluate the average optimum value of the refrigerator exergy efficiency under different thermostat. this work aims to identify an optimal average exergy loss for D.C refrigerator during the day, which can work at the optimum condition in evaporator temperature. The average exergy losses optimum value in evaporated temperature (-6) is 24.63
Short Review on Reinforced Concrete Beam - Column Joint : Earthquake Response and Rehabilitation Techniques
Authors: Abbas Zinah Waleed , Shakir Hussam Raad , Al Jaberi Laith A.
Published: August 2021

It is highly recognized throughout the entire literature that there are many serious attempts to investigate the structural behavior of Reinforced concrete (RC) beam column joint. These studies tried to cover many key elements that usually govern the intended behavior of such structural element. It can be also from any simple survey during that literature that the reported failures in the past confirm the fact that the used design methods did not play the required role in providing good safe design. The most classic trend in strengthening the reinforced concrete joints was the addition of transversal bars. However, there are agreements throughout the recent contributions that increasing the level of reinforcement illustrated and optimum value and the extra addition may give negative results. In contrast, many alternative rehabilitation techniques were examined in the past such as Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SIFCON) blocks and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets which gave good results regarding mechanical strength, stiffness and ductility behavior. The current study tries to present an overview with respect to past research programs that deals with such concern of science.
Air Purification and Water Generation Using A Compression Refrigeration System
Authors: Alsheekh Mohammed , Najim Saleh E. , Sultan Hussein S.
Published: August 2021

The prevention of coronavirus outbreaks requires cleaning and refreshing the closed environment where people live and operate. As a result, new environmental control methods must be developed. Also, water shortages represent an urgent problem, mainly countries that are island states and countries that have long coastlines which don’t have sufficient water resources such as lakes and rivers. This paper is an experimental, theoretical and numerical study of air purification and water generation by air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The unit is based on a standard compressive cooling cycle principle. The experimental device will be established and tested in Basra city, south of Iraq, during September and August from 2020. The experimental device was tested for different days with different climatic conditions. Theoretical data has been completed by the (EES) program and the Numerical study by (ANSYS 2020R2) to verify and study more cases in a short time with no cost. The maximum production rate is 45.7 L/Day with the system’s performance factor of COP Max=4.0, Min=2.3, and Aver. =3.4. Therefore, the device can be used in coastal areas to meet water needs and provide a healthy environment.
Validation of a Three-parameters Hydrodynamic Model to Describe the non-ideal Flow in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor of the Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater
Authors: Mahmood Raghad S. , Abbas Ammar S.
Published: August 2021

This research deals with the effect of the electrolyte flow behavior on electrochemical continuous stirred tank reactor performance. The reactor was simulated to remove organic pollutants from the wastewater and to determine the conditions for removal that will examine the effect of the electrolyte flow through the reactor. The flow behavior has been investigated using the pulse tracer technique at selected operating conditions. A model comprises three hydrodynamic parameters (bypass, active volume, and recirculation fractions) that have been used to analyze the residence time distribution. The modeling results indicate that with the increasing of the space-time, the bypass and the active volume fractions were decreasing, while the active volume of the reactor was decreasing. The obtained non-ideal space-time of the reactor using the hydrodynamic parameters and the relationship of the tracer concentration with time was much less than the ideal space-time, because of the great effect of bypassing fraction. Finally, the experimental results for the organic removal were closeted to the results that simulated at non-ideal space-time. This comparison proving a significant impact of non-ideal flow on the reactor performance, and showing that the proposed model was well-describing the behavior of the electrolyte through the reactor.
Investigation the compression strength and thermal Properties of Composites Using Natural Additives with Epoxy
Authors: Chlob Hisham A. , Fenjan Raad M.
Published: August 2021

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of natural additives with an animal and vegetable source in the form of (short fibers and particle) on the mechanical and thermal properties for epoxy. (wood dust, date palm fiber, cow bones and sheep wool) were selected as natural additives with different weight ratios such as (%5,%15,%25) reinforcements for the epoxy matrix based composites, which were produced by the hand lay-up technique. mechanical test such compression strength and thermal properties such thermal conductivity were carried out according to ASTM standards to characterized these composites. It was found that the mechanical and thermal properties can be increased or decreased depending on the type of material additives, its origin, as well as the weight percentage used.
Design Parameters for Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) Via Numerical Approach
Authors: Fadhil Ayat , Alkhfaji Saad Sami , Ismael Mustafa K.
Published: August 2021

A numerical approach utilizes to investigate the optimal die design parameters of the ECAP technique. The Deformation behavior and strain distribution are affected by die geometry and processing parameters. were analyzed and evaluated. In addition, the influence of the inner channel angle (ICA) and the outer channel angle (OCA) on the behavior of plastic deformation during ECAP process also studied using a finite element technique. The numerical investigation implemented over a range of die angles (90°, 110°, and 135°) with inner corner radius (0, 3, 4, 5, and 8 mm) with their corresponding values considered for the outer corner radius (0, 10, 12,14,15 and 20 mm). The results obtained regarding the force required, maximum stress, maximum strain, and equivalent stress evaluated over a range for die inner angle radius and die outer angle radius. These results show that the size of the inner and outer curvature radii has a big effect on deformation homogeneity of the billet. had an influence on both the quantity and distribution of effective strain. With the increment of inner and outer curvature radii, the effective strain value decreased in the deformation regions. Moreover, the optimum conditions in terms of strain distribution and homogeneity of billet are associated with a radius of the inner fillet of 4 mm and radius of outer corner of 12 mm. The impacts on the von Mises strain and the press force. The optimal compromise between applied force and von Mises strain balances small press forces and high von Mises strain and homogeneity indices.
Synthesis and characterization of MgO nanoparticle via microwave and sol-gel methods
Authors: Salman Khansaa D. , Abbas Haider H. , Aljawad Hussain A.
Published: August 2021

This investigation aims to study the characterization of MgO nanoparticles prepared using two different routes via microwave method and sol-gel route. The characteristics of the fabricated of MgO nanoparticles were examined by FESEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. The results of XRD for microwave method and sol-gel route revealed peaks indicating the uniform crystalline. The images of FESEM of MgO nanoparticles by microwave method evinced an irregular shape, but the MgO nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel route were found crystallites, nano spherical shape. The results of this work manifested that the MgO nanoparticles prepared via sol-gel route had smaller grain size as (≈ 50 nm) compared to the microwave method (≈ 72 nm). The specific surface area of the MgO nanoparticles using sol-gel route was more than with microwave route. FTIR examination reveals that the presence of Mg-O in the sample.
Manual mechanical prestressing system of thin shallow curved slab
Authors: Alfeehan Ashraf A. , Abdulhameed Suhaib S. , Alkerwei Rana H.
Published: August 2021

A manual mechanical prestressing system was manufactured which used to apply a post-tension force to the high-stress steel wires in the curved slab member. The study aims to experiment with the use of a mechanical prestressing technique of thin curved sections to assess the prestressed force influencing the behavior of a curved slab at the initial and final loading stages. Two advantages achieved in the system; pulling the steel wires at all positions simultaneously and application of the pulling force perpendicular to the cross-section of the curved slab. To check the efficiency of the prestressing system, two reactive powder concrete curved slab members were cast and tested under a uniformly distributed load. The first one is reinforced with micro steel fibers while the second one is reinforced with micro steel fibers in addition to four high-stress steel wires. The experimental results showed the applicability and facility of using this manual mechanical system to perform the post-tension forces of thin curved slabs. Applying the post-tension prestressing force in the curved slab member increased the cracking and ultimate loads to about 311% and 381% respectively compared to the non-prestress curved slab, whereas the failure mode was occurred by flexural-tensile stress near the edge beams for both curved slabs.
Parameters Estimation Tests of Induction Machine Using Matlab/Simulink
Authors: Khalaf Mohammed Mustaf , Ali Amer Mejbel
Published: August 2021

This paper describes special tests through the Matlab/Simulink program with induction machine to estimate the parameters of the equivalent circuit step by step because they have a direct impact on the performance of induction machine while running steady-state machines and dynamic status. There are three tests to determine the parameters of the induction machine (R
1, R
2, X
1, X
2, X
m) is a DC test and No-Load test (open-circuit test) and Blocked rotor test (short-circuit test). Despite the fact that temperature and the skin effect are not taken into account in DC resistance modelling, the results obtained are approximate and rational. For control and verification, the parameters of an induction machine can be accessed through the above three tests. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work can be easily applied by students to enable them to know the parameters in the absence of the information provided in the motor.
Structural Behavior of Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with Steel Ducts
Authors: Al-Hassany Eman A , Al-Yassri Labeeb S
Published: August 2021

The aim of the research is to investigate the structural behavior of deep beams with a longitudinal opening reinforced by steel pipes. The experimental program included a test of (10) specimens with dimensions of (1500mm) length, (500mm) overall height and (250mm) width. One of these specimens was casted with solid section (without longitudinal opening) to keep it as a reference specimen for comparison purposes. The variables considered in this research were, the shape of the openings (circular, square, and rectangular) was adopted, opening size (three variable sizes of circular openings 4in,3in, and 2in) were used, in addition to the void’s ratio. The Load-deflection curves and crack patterns for the tested beams were discussed. The experimental results showed that the structural behavior of specimens with circular openings was approximately equal to the reference beam, where it gave efficiency about (103%) with respect to the reference beam. The specimens with square and rectangular openings gave an average load carrying capacity about (81%-35%) respectively with respect to the reference beam. Also, its noticed that the specimens containing rectangular openings were inefficient and caused early collapse. Using of steel pipes to reinforce the longitudinal opening was observed to be efficient for improving the load carrying capacity and stiffness of deep beams, the results showed that the ultimate load was increased by 22.6% compared to the beam with unreinforced opening.
Review: The Surface Modification of Pure Titanium by Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO) Process
Authors: Naji Chabuk Qabas Khalid , Salman Al-Murshdy Jassim M. , Dawood Nawal Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Titanium and titanium alloys are broadly used in biomedical applications, particularty orthopaedic and dental implants, due to their suitable properties, such as low modulus, high specific strength to weight, high machining, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is one in every of many surface modification processes that can provide porous, adhesive, and bioactivity for implantation, resulting in better and more improved osseointegration. Furthermore, antimicrobial surface coatings hold a lot of promise for reducing infection-related errors. This study provides a summary of the biological evaluation of bioactive coatings. It primarily focuses on ways for enhancing the biological characteristics of MAO-coated titanium and related alloys. The overview is to discuss the MAO process of the titanium implant to enhance bone/implant interaction.
Metallurgical investigation and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction crush welded Cu-Al sheets with flanged edge
Authors: Jomah A S , Hashim F A , Subhi A D
Published: August 2021

Welding of dissimilar metals is one of the most substantial requirements of industries and extensively used in engineering applications. Dissimilar friction crush welding between oxygen-free copper (C1020) and aluminum (1145-H1) sheets with a thickness of 1 mm was investigated in this work using different flange edge heights (2, 2.5 and 3 mm) and gaps (0.5 and 1 mm) between Cu-Al sheets. Tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm and feed rate of 120 mm/min were used in all welding experiments. Evaluation of Cu-Al joints was performed successfully using optical microscope, SEM, XRD, EDS, hardness and tensile tests. Several FCW experiments were carried out to obtain the optimum properties by adjusting the flanged edge height and gap between dissimilar sheets. Cracks are the main defect encountered in Cu-Al joints. The XRD results showed that no new reaction phases were formed in the Cu-Al joints. EDS results showed no pronounce diffusion of elements in the crush zone and mechanical coalescence was responsible for welding. The results also indicated that the FCW parameters has a significant effect on the hardness and tensile strength of Cu-Al joints.