bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Written on the body
Authors: Peterson Rick
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the diversity of Neolithic cave burial practices after around 3800 BC. In this period there is evidence of a secondary burial rite which is focussed on the cranium. There is also one possible example of mummification or the curation of body parts as part of extended funerary practices. Other secondary burial rites can be recognised in a small number of sites. There are also a very small number of primary burials. The most common burial rite in this period is successive inhumation, which is well documented at a number of sites. There are also sites where multi-stage rites of some kind clearly took place, but without sufficiently well preserved evidence to describe them in more detail and other sites where there are Early Neolithic dates from poorly understood single bones. This diversity of burial practice seems to be linked to the fact that all of these different kinds of rite are also attested at other kinds of Early Neolithic site as well as caves.
Temporality, structure and environment
Authors: Peterson Rick
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter starts by restating the importance of the intermediary period as a key to understanding funerary practice. The agency of bodies, objects and caves are central to how we understand this intermediary period. The temporality of the intermediary period is shown to be constituted by physical indices of change. This is explored by contrasting the temporality of secondary burial rites with the temporality of successive inhumation in both caves and cairns. The agency of caves is examined through studies of cave orientation and of the way that tufa and pre-existing middens act as both indices and agents of change in burials. The chapter concludes by integrating many of these approaches in two case studies of relational landscapes of Neolithic cave burial in South Wales and North Yorkshire. It is concluded that the material narratives of change around cave burial in the Neolithic led to the development of a specific rite of cave burial after around 3300 BC.
Holding bankers to account
Authors: McDonald CBE Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This book provides a compelling account of the rigging of benchmarks during and after the financial crisis of 2007–08. Written in clear language accessible to the non-specialist, it provides the historical context necessary for understanding the benchmarks – Libor, Forex and the Gold and Silver Fixes – and shows how and why they have to be reformed in the face of rapid technological changes in markets. Though banks have been fined and a few traders have been jailed, justice will not be done until senior bankers are made responsible for their actions. Provocative and rigorously argued, this book makes concrete recommendations for improving the security of the financial services industry and holding bankers to account.
A decade of deregulation?
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the history of financial regulation in the UK. It challenges the widely held belief that the period from the 1980s witnessed a systematic process of deregulation. In fact, from the 1970s there was a period of increasing regulation up until the mid-2000s, when the government began to encourage a ‘light touch’ approach. The combination of all these factors meant that banks were ill-prepared to meet the financial crisis. In its aftermath, as the banks embarked on the slow path to recovery, making profits was essential. The traders seized any opportunity they could, and it may well be the case that banks were simply relieved that some areas of their business were profitable.
Manipulation abounds
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter charts the loss of faith in LIBOR that began to set in during the Financial Crisis, particularly following two articles in the Wall Street Journal. Investigation by the regulators subsequently revealed that a number of early warnings had been overlooked, and that certain banks had been distorting rates since at least 2005. Drawing on FSA reports, the chapter demonstrates the day-to-day manipulation practiced by traders at Barclays, the Royal Bank of Scotland and UBS.
Who knew what when?
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

In this chapter the focus is on the comments and claims made about LIBOR prior to the beginning of the formal investigations by the FSA and the CFTC. As usual, after any scandal is revealed, the question immediately arose as to why the regulators had not discovered the wrongdoing earlier and taken action against those involved. This chapter sets out who knew what, considering the reasons both for the failure to detect what was going on with LIBOR and the alleged failure to take prompt action.
The media framing of the referendum
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 looks at which frames were most prominent in the media coverage of the referendum. The frames identified earlier are traced in the coverage of the end of the campaign on BBC Scotland and STV, the two broadcasters that produce dedicated content for audiences in Scotland. This is complemented by an analysis of newspaper articles in ten Scottish daily and Sunday newspapers. The strategic game and policy frames were the two most dominant frames in both television and newspaper coverage, with the game frame becoming more prominent as the referendum date approached. The chapter concludes by discussing the democratic implications of representing the referendum as a strategic competition between political sides and as a decision about policy.
Introduction: discovering and rediscovering Shils
Authors: Turner Stephen P.
Published: September 2019

Edward Shils was a complex thinker and complex individual, who was both a central figure of his time and a theorist with an unusual perspective. This chapter describes his career and discusses the various paradoxical aspects of his personality and his thought, and explains its lack of closure. The chapter then discusses the common dismissal of Shils as a Cold War scholar, and explains the nature of his response to Communism and his activities against it. The rest of the chapter introduces the chapters in this volume, and through this provides an overview of his thought.
The sociologist as human scientist: the meaning of Shils
Authors: Schneider Thomas
Published: September 2019

The writings of Edward Shils have been widely neglected in contemporary sociology. One major reason for this neglect is due to the contradictory receptions of his ideas. There have been two dominant lines of interpretation—the functionalist as well as the practice-theoretical paradigm of understanding of Shils’ writings—and they are not consistent with each other. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of Shils’ thinking needs to take into account his close attachment to the University of Chicago and to some of its pragmatist traditions. The suggestion in this paper is that we should read Shils from a standpoint which is called a human scientific approach. Thus, placing Shils in the context of contemporary social theory and moral philosophy reveals similarities to what has been called ‘sacralisation’ and ‘affirmative genealogy’.
Shils, Mannheim, and ideology1
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: September 2019

The concept of ideology played an important role in the thinking of Edward Shils. He established his reputation on the basis of his translation of Karl Mannheim’s Ideologie und Utopie and he later refined Mannheim’s concept. While Shils always acknowledged his debt to Mannheim, he ensured that his concept was divorced from the Marxist leanings that he believed marred Mannheim’s work. Throughout the nineteen fifties and sixties, Shils returned to the concept of ideology and contributed not only to the discussion about its impact but he entered into the debate regarding the “end of ideology.” Shils continued to discuss the conception of ideology as late as the nineteen seventies. Shils clearly recognized the political importance and impact of ideology but he always examined it from a scholarly point of view.
Concluding comments: Edward Shils – the ‘outsider’
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter builds upon the notion of “outsider” that Stephen Turner employed in his Introduction and it assesses Edward Shils’ life and his accomplishments. It is difficult to accurately access Shils’ personal life given that he was a very private individual but he appeared to have been relatively satisfied in his personal relations. And, while it may seem that his professional life was not as successful as he would have liked because he was never to write that “great book” that he had dreamed of writing. Nonetheless, the books and articles that he did write have had a lasting impacting—not just in sociology but in other disciplines. Shils transcended boundaries because he believed in transcendence. For those who believe in such notions as civility, liberty, and tradition, Edward Shils is an impressive transcendent thinker and scholar.
Letters from an imaginary enemy, Angela Davis
Authors: Lamm Kimberly
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 analyses Angela Davis’s written reflections on her transformation into the ‘imaginary enemy’ of the US nation-state. A spectacle in the most consequential sense, the iconic images of Davis telegraphed across American visual culture in the early 1970s, many of which highlight her Afro, demonstrate that the black female body is perceived to be a malleable ground upon which fears and fantasies of racial and sexual difference can take visual form. Beginning with the FBI’s ‘Wanted’ poster of her, this chapter tracks the images of Davis that circulated through the American media and came close to inscribing the accusation of her criminality into legal truth and commonly held belief. I argue that Davis’s ordeal demonstrates that visual culture serves as a site where the pathologies of racism and sexism compound each other and force black women into positions of subordination, and that it therefore offers a powerful context for understanding the stakes of Piper’s textual interventions into the iconicity of the black female body. Reading a range of Davis’s writings (her autobiography, her letters to George Jackson, her own defence statement) in relation to Piper’s artwork, this chapter shows that Davis also deployed language to contest the legacies of ‘ungendering’ and undo the visual logics that have determined black women’s visibility..
Valerie Solanas’s SCUM Manifesto and the texts of aggression
Authors: Lamm Kimberly
Published: September 2019

Focused on the infamous SCUM Manifesto (1967), chapter 4 examines how Valerie Solanas deployed language as a weapon capable of ‘cutting up’ patriarchal authority and demonstrates how her history as a feminist lesbian of the 1960s helps evoke a historical milieu that brings the stakes of Codex Artaud into relief. Solanas wrote at western feminism’s most violent edge – and was perceived to be a monster for doing so. Reading Solanas as both an icon of the feminist lesbian but also the ambitious writer of a tightly crafted manifesto, this chapter traces how Solanas wrote to reject the expectation that women renounce their aggression. An Artaud-like figure who also embodies madness, Solanas’s attempted murder of Andy Warhol demonstrates that this rejection can take a dangerously literal turn. More subtly, her murderous rage reveals the insanity that came from sustaining a protest alone, bereft of feminist collectivities or images that mirror the value of women’s transgressions. Drawing upon Mary Harron’s well-researched film I Shot Andy Warhol (1996), this chapter highlights Solanas’s history as an unruly feminist lesbian who, with connections to Warhol, Pop Art, Marilyn Monroe, and the typewriter, exemplifies the risks and possibilities of refusing to become an image of feminine submission and sexual availability..
Rewriting maternal femininity in Mary Kelly’s Post-Partum Document
Authors: Lamm Kimberly
Published: September 2019

The subject of chapter 5 is the installation Post-Partum Document (1973–79). The chapter traces how Mary Kelly’s engagement with the visual appearance of language became a tool to deconstruct idealised myths of maternal femininity. By taking material desires – so often pathologised – as her aesthetic subject, Kelly challenged white ideals of maternal femininity as an identity women naturally assume. Crucial to this challenge was the psychoanalytic argument that through pregnancy and the first months of infant care, women re-experience their psychic lives before their negative entry into the Oedipus Complex. Kelly shows that mining the feminine pre-Oedipal for its affective and aesthetic plenitude opens up the feminist possibility that women can do more than serve as the ground for patriarchal losses; they can actually compose their own forms of fetishisation, a ‘language’ capable of writing women’s desires into cultural visibility. Kelly draws upon the visual language of the hieroglyph to represent this fetishisation. And with elegant hieroglyphic forms, Post-Partum Document touches upon the legacies of British colonial history and its manifestations as metropolitan racism in the London of the 1970s. As Kelly demonstrates, this structural racism was consolidated through the naturalisation of maternal femininity that Post-Partum Document puts into question.
Leeds and its Jewish community
Authors: Fraser Derek
Published: September 2019

The book is a comprehensive and definitive history of the Leeds Jewish community, which was – and remains – the third largest in Britain. It is organised in three parts: Context (history, urban, demography); Chronology (covering the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1940s); and Contours (analysing themes and aspects of the history up to the present time). The book shows how a small community was affected by mass immigration, and through economic progress and social mobility achieved integration into the host society. It is a story of entrepreneurial success which transformed a proletarian community into a middle-class society. Its members contributed extensively to the economic, social, political and cultural life of Leeds, which provided a supportive environment for Jews to pursue their religion, generally free from persecution. The Leeds Jewish community lived predominantly in three locations which changed over time as they moved in a northerly direction to suburbia.
Britishness and Jewishness: integration and separation
Authors: Kent Aaron
Published: September 2019

This chapter explains how the concept of identity is a complex one and not a unitary condition. Where Jews were forcibly contained within designated areas of the Pale, they conceived themselves as a unitary entity. Though they were also concentrated in the Leylands, they now lived among their new host society and so the single identity fragmented as people had to decide how Jewish to be if they wished to pursue integration. The example of the Jewish Lads Brigade is cited as a means of preserving Jewish identity while inculcating British values. The Scouts had a similar role for those who wanted a more rapid integration.
Pragmatism or politics: Leeds Jewish tailors and Leeds Jewish tailoring trade unions, 1876–1915
Authors: Kershen Anne J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the workers and masters in the Leeds tailoring industry. Many of the new immigrants worked in sweatshops and in the outsourced workshops, which were in many ways an updated form of the domestic system in which all members of the family worked in the home. The workers soon found common cause and combined together to form the first and largest tailoring trade union. Their leader was the socialist Moses Sclare, who was a nationally important figure in the labour movement. Many of the Jewish masters exploited their fellow Jews but an exception was David Lubelski, who supported higher wages and shorter hours.
Spaces of Jewish belonging
Authors: Kudenko Irina
Published: September 2019

In contrast to much of the previous analysis, this chapter argues that modern Leeds has a united and more coherent character than in past times. It is argued again that the question of identity is a complex one, with Jews able to feel multiple identities. The analysis relies on a number of attitudinal surveys which explore particularly young peoples’ attitudes to current issues. For example, it asked whether people would support Israel or England when they were drawn together in a European football competition. It is argued that young Jews in Leeds are confident and comfortable to display their allegiance publicly, such as lighting Chanukah candles at the Lubavitch centre.
Introduction:‘Remember the Good Old Cause’
Authors: Legon Edward
Published: September 2019

This chapter situates the book within existing historical interest in how the wars and revolutions in Britain between 1637 and 1660 were remembered during the remainder of the seventeenth century. It is argued that existing work has largely overlooked the diversity of opinions about the civil wars and, thus, the existence of a wellspring of alternative, pro-parliamentarian and pro-republican ‘seditious’ memories. In order to uncover these seditious memories, the chapter suggests moving away from Restoration print culture to evidence of oral culture, such as is evident in legal records and government papers.
The politics of memory after the Restoration
Authors: Legon Edward
Published: September 2019

This chapter outlines how we can understand why men and women risked themselves by expressing seditious memories. It does so by establishing the Restoration’s ‘politics of memory’; that is, the efforts by certain parties, including former parliamentarians and royalists, to gain control of how the events of the 1640s and 1650s were remembered publicly (‘mnemonic hegemony’). It is put forward that, following an attempt to cast the divisions of the wars into oblivion, royalists seized the authority to speak for the past, legitimising thereby the censure and censorship of parliamentarians and republicans. The chapter finishes by measuring the impact of censorship and censure on their targets.
Sharing seditious memories
Authors: Legon Edward
Published: September 2019

This chapter shifts the focus onto seditious memories that were expressed to people who were expected to share sympathies for parliament and the Republic. These men and women are described as having formed communities of memory, that were themselves venues of solidarity in which support for parliament and the Republic was legitimised socially. Sharing seditious memories is also shown to have had the potential to foment rebellion, but also as a way of conjuring psychologically comforting senses of collective hope.
Seditious memories in Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Legon Edward
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the methodology of previous chapters to illustrate and explain comparable sentiment in Scotland and Ireland. In Scotland, men and women are shown to have remained sympathetic to the Covenants and Work of Reformation. In Ireland, sympathies for the Cromwellian Conquest of the 1650s remained. These sympathies are explained once more with reference to the extent to which the Restoration was ushered in by attempts by royalists in both kingdoms to control how the civil wars and revolution were remembered.
“To allay people’s fears on numbers”:1 the introduction of dispersal in Southall
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses the local historical background to the introduction of dispersal in Southall, after education secretary Edward Boyle visited Beaconsfield Primary School on 15 October 1963. In 1960–62, the soaring number of Punjabi Asians in the area caused a great deal of discontent among autochthonous whites, who were afraid that the influx of non-Anglophone pupils would hold back their own children’s education. Some of these campaigned against the looming threat of ‘ghetto schools’ through the Southall Residents Association, which was instrumental in bringing about the ministerial visit at the genesis of schooling dispersal. This chapter also gives a detailed account and analysis of the introduction of dispersal locally, which proved difficult since some white parents were averse to the arrival of Asian children in their own children’s schools.
Taking the bullying by the horns: the emergence of resistance to bussing
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

The 1970s saw a growing challenge of assimilationist policies at the root of dispersal. Despite that, the hurdles to an efficient movement against it were many: the necessity to make a living among Asian immigrants, difficult access to information about dispersal schools, the fact that immigrants faced a bureaucracy which was opaque to them, etc. The Race Relations Board as well as the Ealing Community Relations Council proved instrumental in generating a growing awareness of the problems around and of the discriminatory nature of dispersal. For many Asians, the struggle against dispersal was primarily about equality and the recognition of a common human dignity, as is attested in some testimonies of former militants. In this chapter, the Kogan Report (commissioned by the RRB) is also analysed in depth, as well as the way dispersal illustrated in its last years a form of Welfare roll-back, rather than a policy of immigrant assimilation.
Lacking conviction: Inquiries and trials after Bristol
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This chapter charts the divided response to the St Pauls disturbance, through rejected appeals for a public inquiry and the authorities’ alternative reaction, which attempted to divert attention onto law and order and away from governmental policies. There was a clear division of local attitudes between moderates, who desired the societal legitimisation of a public inquiry, and radical or younger groups, more likely to have been involved in disturbances, who believed it would be a diversion or ‘whitewash’. Other government measures that were implemented – such as select committees turning their focus to the city – were thus boycotted by various groups, who thought their attendance would imply satisfaction with this limited response; similarly, attempted left-wing inquiries were snubbed by local people who rejected attempts to introduce party politics. This chapter lastly examines failed court trials to convict twelve locals under the serious charge of riotous assembly; influenced by criticism directed towards Bristol police for their temporary withdrawal during the disorder, authorities continued their focus upon law and order to the detriment of wider social or political issues, attempting to obtain criminal sentences to reassure the public and deter future violence.
Islands of exit
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

Most of the islands of Britain were largely unaffected by direct industrialisation before 1850: they were on the periphery of the great changes. The Isle of Man provides relatively straightforward conditions in which to examine the operations of migratory flows in a context which remained primarily rural, with some mining and fishing as secondary factors. The emigration records of the Isle of Man and Guernsey display great contrasts in their trajectories, though the final shape was rather similar. The Isle of Man was only marginally affected by the emigrations, though population pressure slowly diminished during the rest of the nineteenth century. Dramatic and sudden exoduses of several hundred people from the Isle of Man began in the mid-1820s. It was essentially a concentrated outflow of Manx people to Ohio, where the emigrants developed strong connections which were sustained for more than a century.
The Irish case
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The first crescendo of mass international migration came in the mid-1840s and was disproportionately Irish. Population growth, famine and emigration in the Irish case are commonly regarded as tied together inextricably. The spread of the potato facilitated economic expansion which included ‘a huge movement of population from east to west with new communities growing up in previously little populated areas’. The potato failure in 1846 produced catastrophic levels of mortality and then massive migration. The evacuation of rural Ireland eventually issued forth into a flood of emigrants across the Irish Sea and across the Atlantic. Whatever the ideological assumptions, the readjustment of agriculture in Ireland, especially in the decades of the Great Famine, was radical and ruthless.
British emigration and the Malthus model
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

The life of Robert Malthus (1766-1834) spanned the decades in Britain of the rapid transition towards mass international migration. In 1826/7, in his famous explication before the Emigration Committee of Parliament, Malthus argued that the ineffectiveness of emigration as a permanent remedy was a consequence of the ‘vacuum effect’. He proposed a series of apparently inescapable tendencies regarding the causes and consequences of population growth, which were generally ‘dismal’. Malthus’ best-known propositions about emigration related to the utility or otherwise of emigration as a means of relieving the pressure of population on subsistence. There exists a debateable let-out clause for Malthus, located in his doctrine concerning the longer-run. There was less rigidity and less pessimism in Malthusian doctrine than is conventionally understood. The most favoured explanation of the demographic order relates to the escape from ‘the Malthusian trap’.
Introduction
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

The introduction describes the book as a set of essays based on the author’s practice in ethnographic and documentary filmmaking. The essays attempt to close the gap between the experiences of the filmmaker and the film viewer, moving from personal observations to more theoretical essays on film construction and reception, and finally to the role of documentary film in anthropology and public discourse. Two key themes of the book are the relations between filmmaker and film subject and between filmmaker and viewer, in particular with regard to how much access the viewer is given to the realities of the filmmaking process– a major concern of the new documentary cinema of the 1960s. Another concern of the book is the power of film to evoke physical sensations, an important element in recent ethnographic filmmaking. However, the author cautions that this power should not simply become one more method of manipulating the viewer.
The third tendency in cinema
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the way in which films have evolved from portraying scenes to be ‘looked at’ to strategies of making the viewer feel present within the film, to films in which the sensory world is more fully evoked and embodied. The last tendency is apparent in the composition of images and the editing dynamics of silent Soviet cinema, but it later emerged in attempts to evoke a broader range of sensations involving touch, taste, and smell. In some films the presence of the human subject is often felt in ways that seem to transcend conventional ideas of representation, as in some of the films of Bresson, Tarkovsky, and Bergman. The reasons may be found in terms of ‘tactile space’ and ‘close-range’ vision as well as in a kind of shared proprioception, recently corroborated by findings in cognitive science. Such impressions may also be experienced by filmmakers in the act of filming and then be communicated in tacit ways to the viewer. Visual anthropology has been influenced by these moves through recent films attempting to create a sensory ethnography. This ‘sensory turn’ suggests the possibility of a cinema of consciousness that more fully reflects our experiences of everyday life.
Observation in the cinema
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

In this chapter the author notes that for some people ‘observation’ connotes an attitude of surveillance towards the subject. Despite this, the term is a useful summation of the original documentary idea, which was to show viewers as accurately as possible what the filmmaker had seen. ‘Observational cinema’ emerged as one of several closely related documentary approaches of the 1960s, with close ties to anthropology. Unlike other forms, it placed the filmmaker at the centre of the film as an investigator of on-going events, a position shared with the viewer. This approach was encouraged by the introduction of new, light-weight cameras and sound recorders and was inspired partly by Italian Neorealism and partly by live television. While often perceived as aspiring to detachment and scientific objectivity, it was in fact a highly authored form involving a close relationship between filmmaker and subject and representing the limited point of view of the individual observer. The author argues that while the long camera take is often regarded as the primary characteristic of observational cinema, its true marker is a commitment to the sustained witnessing of specific events. A further consequence of observational filmmaking is that it has stimulated reflection on what it means to observe.
Introduction: Grenfell and the return of ‘social murder’
Authors: Hodkinson Stuart
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the context, main arguments and chapter structure of the book. A first section recounts the main events of the Grenfell Tower fire on 14 June 2017 and the ensuing political fallout, explaining that the disaster had been foretold in previous deadly fires and warnings about the impact of building and fire safety deregulation. A second section argues that this refusal to listen made Grenfell an act of what Friedrich Engels called ‘social murder’ at the hands of unregulated private greed. This is followed by a third section outlining the book’s overall argument that Grenfell has exposed a deeper neoliberal fault line in the governance of housing safety from decades of privatisation, outsourcing and deregulation. A fourth section sets out the three main case studies of regeneration under PFI underpinning the book’s argument, and a chapter-by-chapter breakdown of the book. The chapter ends by detailing the empirical evidence and research process underpinning the book.
Not fit for purpose: the Myatts Field North PFI horror show
Authors: Hodkinson Stuart
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents evidence gathered from the comprehensive regeneration of Myatts Field North (MFN) estate in Lambeth, originally built in the mid-1970s as part of a slum clearance and area improvement plan. A first section contrasts the original promises made to residents by the council with the eventual 25-year, £272.4 million contract signed in 2012 with Regenter Myatts Field North Ltd (owned by Pinnacle and John Laing). Under the scheme, 305 homes have been demolished and rebuilt, 172 homes have been refurbished by Rydon, and 503 new private flats have been built outside of the PFI contract. A second section documents the extraordinary number of defective works and services that plagued the refurbishment and new housing. A third section focuses on residents’ appalling experiences under a district heating system run by energy giant, E.ON, that broke down 48 times in four years yet some residents could not afford to use it. A fourth section then discusses the betrayal of some of the homeowners who had been originally guaranteed a new home on the estate but were forced out. A fifth section ends by explaining the safety defects discovered after the Grenfell fire.
Introduction: writing the history of the ‘International’ Health Service
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

The histories of the National Health Service (NHS) and of British general practice are profoundly intertwined with the history of the imperial legacy and of medical migration. This book shows that the NHS, which was established in 1948, would not have been what it had become by the 1980s without being able to draw on the labour of migrant South Asian...
‘The more you did, the more they depended on you’: memories of practice on the periphery
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter draws on doctors’ accounts to explore the nature of general practice in the first forty years of the NHS in the peripheral areas where many medical migrants built careers. It begins by discussing the relationships between doctors and patients in general and by reflecting on the meaning that can be drawn from the ways in which doctors describe being able to successfully build careers and establish positive relationships with local populations. The second part of the chapter offers an examination of the nature of the relationship between South Asian doctors and ethnic minority patients. It concludes with an outline of the problematic nature of the disengagement of the mainstream of British medicine from large parts of Britain and the resulting dependency of particular populations on migrant doctors who were themselves frequently professionally marginalised.
Conclusion: historicising a ‘revolution’
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores how this history of South Asian migrants in British medicine might inform contemporary thinking about the role of migrants in medicine and in wider British society.
Odissea/The Odyssey (1968)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This section contains a case study of TV production Odissea (1968), which draws on a classical text, Homer’s Odyssey, and adapts it quite closely.
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1995–99)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This section contains a case study of the 1990s television series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys.
what is the future of TV antiquity?
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

To conclude the exploration of sixty years of TV antiquity, this final section draws out some of the key aspects that run through the shows discussed in the book, such as the importance of serialisation and later syndication and collaboration in the development of TV antiquity; the new heroic ideal developed in these shows, combining domesticity and politics; and the marginalisation of religious practice in many of the programmes discussed. In addition, the conclusion also briefly examines the most recent shows such as Olympus (2015), Britannia (2017) and Troy: Fall of a City (2018) and suggests some of the possible directions for TV antiquity. Here, the most notable developments are a greater blend of history, myth and fantasy as well as the blurring of boundaries between documentary and fictional drama.
The Port as a Unit of Legal Analysis
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter outlines the regulatory framework within which the ports operate, highlighting the relation between the ports as local government entities and federal labor and environmental regulatory schemes.
Resisting the Port: Activism in Separate Spheres
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter charts the origins of the campaign for clean trucks, showing how activism around port expansion at the community level became intertwined with environmental challenges to pollution and labor movement strategies to reform the port trucking industry.
Perils of Politics-Driven Regulation
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of five digital bullying cases that resulted in suicides (the so-called “high profile cases”). The chapter documents the pressures that companies face when such circumstances arise; the nature of the public discussion and media coverage, reactions from relevant stakeholders and how such circumstances may result in government regulation that does not necessarily address the problem in a manner that benefits children. The consequences of similar legislation that developed in the aftermath of tragic incidents in other parts of the world are also examined, ushering the discussion on liability protections for intermediaries and self-regulatory systems that are taken up in the next chapter.
American Illuminations
Authors: Nye David E.
Published: September 2019

How Americans adapted European royal illuminations for patriotic celebrations, spectacular expositions, and intensely bright commercial lighting to create the world's most dazzling and glamorous cities.

Illuminated fêtes and civic celebrations began in Renaissance Italy and spread through the courts of Europe. Their fireworks, torches, lamps, and special effects glorified the monarch, marked the birth of a prince, or celebrated military victory. Nineteenth-century Americans rejected such monarchial pomp and adapted spectacular lighting to their democratic, commercial culture. In American Illuminations, David Nye explains how they experimented with gas and electric light to create illuminated cityscapes far brighter and more dynamic than those of Europe, and how these illuminations became symbols of modernity and the conquest of nature.

Americans used gaslight and electricity in parades, expositions, advertising, elections, and political spectacles. In the 1880s, cities erected powerful arc lights on towers to create artificial moonlight. By the 1890s they adopted more intensive, commercial lighting that defined distinct zones of light and glamorized the city's White Ways, skyscrapers, bridges, department stores, theaters, and dance halls. Poor and blighted areas disappeared into the shadows. American illuminations also became integral parts of national political campaigns, presidential inaugurations, and victory celebrations after the Spanish-American War and World War I.
Introduction
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This introduction offers a brief account of Ovshinsky’s career. It outlines his development from machinist and toolmaker to independent inventor and notes how his work on automation, including his study of cybernetics and neurophysiology, led to his most important discovery of the “Ovshinsky effect,” using amorphous thin films. This switching effect was used to create semiconductor devices like his threshold switch and phase-change memory. After sketching Ovshinsky’s later career as the director of his own research and development laboratory, ECD, the introduction considers the source of Ovshinsky’s scientific and technological creativity in the thought processes of his self-educated, intuitive mind, which relied heavily on the use of analogies and visualization. It concludes by briefly considering how Ovshinsky’s work is related to his social-historical context, in particular, how his inventive career spans the transition from the industrial to the information age, making distinctive contributions to both.
Love Story (1950s)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

In late 1951, Ovshinsky moved to Detroit, where as research director at Hupp Corporation he invented improved automotive components, including electric power steering and an electrical automatic transmission. In 1954 he and his brother Herb Ovshinsky started their company General Automation, where their most important inventions were new kinds of switches. Meanwhile, Ovshinsky’s personal life was transformed when he and Iris Dibner fell in love and planned to eventually marry and work together. With Iris’s encouragement, Ovshinsky extended his cybernetic interest to studying neurophysiology, performing research on nerve cells at Wayne State University. These studies resulted in his invention of an electrochemical switch he named the Ovitron, based on an analogy with the mechanism of a nerve cell. This nerve-cell analogy was pivotal for Ovshinsky: it oriented him to the rich possibilities of working with amorphous and disordered materials, which at that time most physicists dismissed as “dirt materials.”
New Beginnings in the Storefront (1960–1964)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

In late 1959, Iris was at last able to join Ovshinsky in Detroit, and they began creating a new family with her two young children and his three sons. This was also a new beginning in Ovshinsky’s inventive career, as he and Iris started their novel company, Energy Conversion Laboratory. Here, in a modest storefront, Ovshinsky made his most important discovery: a threshold switch composed of amorphous chalcogenide materials. The threshold switch’s almost instantaneous and reversible action, something previously considered impossible, as well as its capacity to handle large AC currents, distinguished it from crystalline semiconductor devices like the transistor. Such switching, now known as “the Ovshinsky effect,” was a radically new phenomenon that would force a paradigm shift in condensed matter physics. A slightly different material composition yielded the memory switch, the basis of phase-change memory.
Hydrogen and Batteries: The Genie and the Bottle (1980–2007)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

With part of the ARCO funding, Ovshinsky established a sizeable research program to investigate hydrogen as an alternative energy source. The researchers collaboratively discovered that by forming hydrides the multi-element disordered materials used in researching hydrogen storage could be successfully used in a rechargeable battery, called the nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery. Produced by the Ovonic Battery Company, ECD’s new battery became one of its most successful commercial products. An automotive version powered General Motors’ electric car, the EV1, and it is still used in hybrids like the Toyota Prius. Ovshinsky also worked on the automotive use of hydrogen both in fuel cells and in an internal combustion engine, which was successfully tested in prototype hydrogen cars. Ultimately, however, ECD failed to attract the support needed to develop its hydrogen-fueled car commercially.
New Love, New Company
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

Though overwhelmed by Iris’s death, at 84 Ovshinsky was not yet done with life and invention, nor was he ready to stop working towards solving urgent social problems like climate change. He found a new love in the physicist Rosa Young, who had been a colleague for over twenty years. In 2007 they married and began a new life together. Ovshinsky also wanted to resume the research efforts that had been terminated with his ouster from ECD. With Rosa’s encouragement, he devoted his own savings to starting a new company, Ovshinsky Innovation, where he pursued his characteristically ambitious ideas for building a gigawatt machine, a solar panel production plant whose vastly increased capacity would, he believed, at last make solar power “cheaper than coal.”
Last Days
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

Ovshinsky’s life and work was celebrated at an early ninetieth birthday party on September 2, 2012, a joyous event attended by some 300 guests and family members, where many speakers paid tribute to his achievements. He had, up to that point continued to work on his ambitious gigawatt solar energy project, and also took a number of adventurous trips with Rosa and other family members. But his health had been declining for some months earlier, and after the party it deteriorated rapidly. He suffered excruciating pain and was finally diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. It was too late for anything but palliative care in hospice, and on October 17 he died, surrounded by family members. Mourned by many, Ovshinsky was buried beside Iris in the Akron Workmen’s Circle cemetery.
Science, Art, and Creativity
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This brief interlude develops certain key themes of the book, centered on Ovshinsky’s ideas about creativity and his own creative efforts. It reviews Ovshinsky’s intuitive approach to science, his use of visualization and analogical thinking, his rejection of conventional disciplinary divisions, his self-expression through art, fiction and poetry, and his sense of the continuities between art and science. A selection of Ovshinsky’s artwork is included, including several of the spontaneous and talented caricatures he made throughout his life while on the phone or in conferences. Ovshinsky considered scientific research and speculation as an equally creative form of “civilization”; as an example a final section describes his theoretical study of cosmology with Hellmut Fritzsche, which was among Ovshinsky’s “relaxations” in his later years.
Deaths, Survivals, and Revivals
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

Reckless financing for expansion by its new management led ECD to file for bankruptcy in February 2012. That failure also ended Ovshinsky’s solar power effort. Work on his nickel metal hydride batteries, however, was continued by BASF, which purchased the Ovonic Battery Company. The batteries continue to be used widely, including in hybrid cars like the Toyota Prius. Ovonyx was sold to Micron, and phase-change memory has now been developed by an Intel-Micron collaboration resulting in the recent memory device called 3D Xpoint, poised to become an important addition to information technology. Ovshinsky Innovation ended its work soon after Ovshinsky’s death, but a small new company has revived the name of Ovshinsky Innovation and is continuing some of Ovshinsky’s work.
The Difficulties of Applied Ethics
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

A second kind of formal rationality, complementary to the maximizing expected utility in Chapter 1, is logical inference. In much of moral philosophy and in standard bioethics decision making is applied ethics. Moral theories are taken to be comprised of principles that are applied to the facts of cases to deduce conclusions about what ought to be done. The canonical depiction of bioethics, for instance, consists of the four principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. The real examples in this chapter expose the many failings of that applied ethics. Most of the cases are about when to die and how to die, but the term ‘euthanasia’ is indeterminate. The crucial notion of ‘autonomy’ also is indeterminate. Both need to be clarified and specified. But how is this to be done? Similarly, when principles and rules conflict, as they often do, how is the one that prevails to be determined? There are no higher principles or rules that can be applied to get the right answer in any of these cases. More broadly, what makes a problem a moral problem, and what does being a moral problem mean? These issues require non-formal rational deliberation, not the formal rationality of deduction.
The Problems Generalized, Diagnosed, and Reframed in a New Account of Reason
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

The problematic features of moral issues revealed in Chapters 1 and 2 have exact counterparts in scientific research, where their appearance makes it clear that the problem is located in the common conception of formal reason, especially because logic currently underlies both ethics and science. To prepare for re-examining appropriate rational procedure, the received Western tradition of characterizing rationality formally is surveyed, and its limits are revealed. The natural framework for addressing these matters is a philosophical naturalism that recognizes that humans are fundamentally finite and fallible but have a powerful ability to learn and self-improve. This start re-focuses rationality on intelligent problem solving.