bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations of global gravity waves derived from 14 years of SABER temperature observations
Authors: Liu Xiao , Yue Jia , Xu Jiyao , Garcia Rolando R. , Russell James M. , Mlynczak Martin , Wu Dong L. , Nakamura Takuji
Published: June 2017

The global gravity wave (GW) potential energy (PE) per unit mass is derived from SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) temperature profiles over the past 14 years (2002–2015). Since the SABER data cover longer than one solar cycle, multivariate linear regression is applied to calculate the trend (means linear trend from 2002 to 2015) of global GW PE and the responses of global GW PE to solar activity, to QBO (quasi‐biennial oscillation) and to ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). We find a significant positive trend of GW PE at around 50°N during July from 2002 to 2015, in agreement with ground‐based radar observations at a similar latitude but from 1990 to 2010. Both the monthly and the deseasonalized trends of GW PE are significant near 50°S. Specifically, the deseasonalized trend of GW PE has a positive peak of 12–15% per decade at 40°S–50°S and below 60 km, which suggests that eddy diffusion is increasing in some places. A significant positive trend of GW PE near 50°S could be due to the strengthening of the polar stratospheric jets, as documented from Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications wind data. The response of GW PE to solar activity is negative in the lower and middle latitudes. The response of GW PE to QBO (as indicated by 30 hPa zonal winds over the equator) is negative in the tropical upper stratosphere and extends to higher latitudes at higher altitudes. The response of GW PE to ENSO (as indicated by the Multivariate ENSO Index) is positive in the tropical upper stratosphere.
Field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity
Authors: Somogyvári Márk , Bayer Peter
Published: June 2017

In the summer of 2015, a series of thermal tracer tests were conducted at the Widen field site in northeast Switzerland to validate travel time‐based thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity. Repeated thermal tracer tests and distributed temperature observations were used to obtain a multisource/multireceiver tomographic experimental setup. After creating forced hydraulic gradient conditions, heated water was injected as a pulse temperature signal via a double‐packer system. With this solution, long temperature recovery periods were not required between the repeated injections at the expense of smaller observed temperatures. The recorded temperature breakthrough curves delivered a tomographic travel time data set that was inverted assuming advection‐dominated condition. The obtained hydraulic conductivity tomogram for a small aquifer profile is validated with the results of the findings from previous field investigations at the same site. The reconstructed profile confirms the presence of a thin sand layer with low permeability and reveals a previously unknown low‐permeable zone close to the bottom of the aquifer. The inverted hydraulic conductivity values also correspond with those from previous tracer tests. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the potential of thermal tracer tomography for resolving structures and transport characteristics of heterogeneous aquifers.
Chemical Aspects of Itinerant Magnetism
Authors: Shatruk Michael
Published: June 2017

This article provides a brief account of itinerant magnetism, including the theoretical background, chemical bonding aspects, examples of specific itinerant magnets, and applications of such systems.
Differences in the early stages of social information processing for adolescents involved in bullying
Authors: Guy Alexa , Lee Kirsty , Wolke Dieter
Published: June 2017

Bullying victimization has commonly been associated with deficiencies in social information processing (SIP). In contrast, findings regarding bullying perpetration are mixed, with some researchers claiming that bullies may have superior SIP abilities than victimized or uninvolved youth. This study investigated the effects of bullying and victimization on early SIP; specifically the recognition and interpretation of social information. In stage 1, 2,782 adolescents (11–16 years) were screened for bullying involvement, and in stage 2, 723 of these participants (mean age = 13.95) were assessed on measures of emotion recognition, hostile attribution bias, and characterological self‐blame (CSB). No associations between bullying and early SIP were found. In contrast, victimization was associated with more hostile attribution bias and CSB attributions. Girls performed better than boys on the emotion recognition task while boys showed greater hostile attribution biases. No interaction effects of bullying or victimization with gender were found. Follow‐up categorical analyses that considered pure victims versus victims who also bullied (bully‐victims) on SIP, found a similar pattern of findings. These findings suggest that those who purely bully others are neither superior nor deficient in the early stages of SIP. Victimized adolescents, however, show biases in their interpretations of social situations and the intentions of others. These biases may lead to maladaptive responses and may increase risk for further victimization by peers.
The Impact of Breaks on Sustained Attention in a Simulated, Semi‐Automated Train Control Task
Authors: Rees Amelia , Wiggins Mark W. , Helton William S. , Loveday Thomas , O'Hare David
Published: June 2017

Summary: Sustained attention is a factor in many work environments where operators intervene on a regular basis to ensure the safety and security of a system. Different types of activity during break periods may facilitate different levels of performance following extended periods of attention in these environments. The impact of five different breaks from task activity was assessed against the performance of a no‐break control group during a simulated, high signal probability rail control task. A total of 87 university students were assigned to a no‐break control condition, or one of five break activity conditions that occurred between two, 20‐minute periods of simulated rail control. Post‐break, the analysis revealed that, in comparison to the control condition, performance was greater in all of the five break conditions. Any activity that drew operators' attention from the primary rail control task enabled improvements in performance beyond a no‐break control task.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological Evolution and Magnetic Property of Rare‐Earth‐Doped Hematite Nanoparticles: Promising Contrast Agents for T1‐Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wan Hao , Rong Pengfei , Liu Xiaohe , Yang Litong , Jiang Yong , Zhang Ning , Ma Renzhi , Liang Shuquan , Wang Haidong , Qiu Guanzhou
Published: June 2017

A series of uniform rare‐earth‐doped hematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal strategy. In a typical case of gadolinium (Gd)‐doped α‐Fe2O3, the morphology and chemical composition can be readily tailored by tuning the initial proportion of Gd3+/Fe3+ sources. As a result, the products are observed to be stretched into more elongated shapes with an increasing dopant ratio. As a benefit of such an elongated morphological feature and Gd3+ ions of larger effective magnetic moment than Fe3+, the doped product with the highest ratio of Gd3+ at 5.7% shows abnormal ferromagnetic features with a remnant magnetization of 0.605 emu g−1 and a coercivity value of 430 Oe at 4 K. Density of states calculations also reveal the increase of total magnetic moment induced by Gd3+ dopant in α‐Fe2O3 hosts, as well as possible change of magnetic arrangement. As‐synthesized Gd‐doped α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles are probed as contrast agents for T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, achieving a remarkable enhancement effect for both in vitro and in vivo tests.
Observation of Various and Spontaneous Magnetic Skyrmionic Bubbles at Room Temperature in a Frustrated Kagome Magnet with Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Hou Zhipeng , Ren Weijun , Ding Bei , Xu Guizhou , Wang Yue , Yang Bing , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Ying , Liu Enke , Xu Feng , Wang Wenhong , Wu Guangheng , Zhang Xixiang , Shen Baogen , Zhang Zhidong
Published: June 2017

The quest for materials hosting topologically protected skyrmionic spin textures continues to be fueled by the promise of novel devices. Although many materials have demonstrated the existence of such spin textures, major challenges remain to be addressed before devices based on magnetic skyrmions can be realized. For example, being able to create and manipulate skyrmionic spin textures at room temperature is of great importance for further technological applications because they can adapt to various external stimuli acting as information carriers in spintronic devices. Here, the first observation of skyrmionic magnetic bubbles with variable topological spin textures formed at room temperature in a frustrated kagome Fe3Sn2 magnet with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is reported. The magnetization dynamics are investigated using in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, revealing that the transformation between different magnetic bubbles and domains is via the motion of Bloch lines driven by an applied external magnetic field. These results demonstrate that Fe3Sn2 facilitates a unique magnetic control of topological spin textures at room temperature, making it a promising candidate for further skyrmion‐based spintronic devices.
Water‐Plasma‐Enabled Exfoliation of Ultrathin Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets with Multivacancies for Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Rong , Wang Yanyong , Liu Dongdong , Zou Yuqin , Wang Shuangyin
Published: June 2017

An earth‐abundant and highly efficient electrocatalyst is essential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to its poor kinetics. Layered double hydroxide (LDH)‐based nanomaterials are considered as promising electrocatalysts for OER. However, the stacking structure of LDHs limits the exposure of the active sites. Therefore, the exfoliation is necessary to expose more active sites. In addition, the defect engineering is proved to be an efficient strategy to enhance the performance of OER electrocatalysts. For the first time, this study prepares ultrathin CoFe LDHs nanosheets with multivacancies as OER electrocatalysts by water‐plasma‐enabled exfoliation. The water plasma can destroy the electrostatic interactions between the host metal layers and the interlayer cations, resulting in the fast exfoliation. On the other hand, the etching effect of plasma can simultaneously and effectively produce multivacancies in the as‐exfoliated ultrathin LDHs nanosheets. The increased active sites and the multivacancies significantly contribute to the enhanced electrocatalytic activity for OER. Compared to pristine CoFe LDHs, the as‐exfoliated ultrathin CoFe LDHs nanosheets exhibit excellent catalytic activity for OER with a ultralow overpotential of only 232 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and possesses outstanding kinetics (the Tafel slope of 36 mV dec−1). This work provides a novel strategy to exfoliate LDHs and to produce multivacancies simultaneously as highly efficient electrocatalysts for OER.
3D Printing by Multiphase Silicone/Water Capillary Inks
Authors: Roh Sangchul , Parekh Dishit P. , Bharti Bhuvnesh , Stoyanov Simeon D. , Velev Orlin D.
Published: June 2017

3D printing of polymers is accomplished easily with thermoplastics as the extruded hot melt solidifies rapidly during the printing process. Printing with liquid polymer precursors is more challenging due to their longer curing times. One curable liquid polymer of specific interest is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This study demonstrates a new efficient technique for 3D printing with PDMS by using a capillary suspension ink containing PDMS in the form of both precured microbeads and uncured liquid precursor, dispersed in water as continuous medium. The PDMS microbeads are held together in thixotropic granular paste by capillary attraction induced by the liquid precursor. These capillary suspensions possess high storage moduli and yield stresses that are needed for direct ink writing. They could be 3D printed and cured both in air and under water. The resulting PDMS structures are remarkably elastic, flexible, and extensible. As the ink is made of porous, biocompatible silicone that can be printed directly inside aqueous medium, it can be used in 3D printed biomedical products, or in applications such as direct printing of bioscaffolds on live tissue. This study demonstrates a number of examples using the high softness, elasticity, and resilience of these 3D printed structures.
Benzothiazolium Single Crystals: A New Class of Nonlinear Optical Crystals with Efficient THz Wave Generation
Authors: Lee Seung‐Heon , Lu Jian , Lee Seung‐Jun , Han Jae‐Hyun , Jeong Chan‐Uk , Lee Seung‐Chul , Li Xian , Jazbinšek Mojca , Yoon Woojin , Yun Hoseop , Kang Bong Joo , Rotermund Fabian , Nelson Keith A. , Kwon O‐Pil
Published: June 2017

Highly efficient nonlinear optical organic crystals are very attractive for various photonic applications including terahertz (THz) wave generation. Up to now, only two classes of ionic crystals based on either pyridinium or quinolinium with extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity have been developed. This study reports on a new class of organic nonlinear optical crystals introducing electron‐accepting benzothiazolium, which exhibit higher electron‐withdrawing strength than pyridinium and quinolinium in benchmark crystals. The benzothiazolium crystals consisting of new acentric core HMB (2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)‐3‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐3‐ium) exhibit extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity with optimal molecular ordering for maximizing the diagonal second‐order nonlinearity. HMB‐based single crystals prepared by simple cleaving method satisfy all required crystal characteristics for intense THz wave generation such as large crystal size with parallel surfaces, moderate thickness and high optical quality with large optical transparency range (580–1620 nm). Optical rectification of 35 fs pulses at the technologically very important wavelength of 800 nm in 0.26 mm thick HMB crystal leads to one order of magnitude higher THz wave generation efficiency with remarkably broader bandwidth compared to standard inorganic 0.5 mm thick ZnTe crystal. Therefore, newly developed HMB crystals introducing benzothiazolium with extremely large macroscopic optical nonlinearity are very promising materials for intense broadband THz wave generation and other nonlinear optical applications.
Self‐Regulating Iris Based on Light‐Actuated Liquid Crystal Elastomer
Authors: Zeng Hao , Wani Owies M. , Wasylczyk Piotr , Kaczmarek Radosław , Priimagi Arri
Published: June 2017

The iris, found in many animal species, is a biological tissue that can change the aperture (pupil) size to regulate light transmission into the eye in response to varying illumination conditions. The self‐regulation of the eye lies behind its autofocusing ability and large dynamic range, rendering it the ultimate “imaging device” and a continuous source of inspiration in science. In optical imaging devices, adjustable apertures play a vital role as they control the light exposure, the depth of field, and optical aberrations of the systems. Tunable irises demonstrated to date require external control through mechanical actuation, and are not capable of autonomous action in response to changing light intensity without control circuitry. A self‐regulating artificial iris would offer new opportunities for device automation and stabilization. Here, this paper reports the first iris‐like, liquid crystal elastomer device that can perform automatic shape‐adjustment by reacting to the incident light power density. Similar to natural iris, the device closes under increasing light intensity, and upon reaching the minimum pupil size, reduces the light transmission by a factor of seven. The light‐responsive materials design, together with photoalignment‐based control over the molecular orientation, provides a new approach to automatic, self‐regulating optical systems based on soft smart materials.
Controllable Dynamic Zigzag Pattern Formation in a Soft Helical Superstructure
Authors: Zheng Zhi‐gang , Zola Rafael S. , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Wang Ling , Li Yannian , Bunning Timothy J. , Li Quan
Published: June 2017

Zigzag pattern formation is a common and important phenomenon in nature serving a multitude of purposes. For example, the zigzag‐shaped edge of green leaves boosts the transportation and absorption of nutrients. However, the elucidation of this complicated shape formation is challenging in fluid mechanics and soft condensed matter systems. Herein, a dynamically reconfigurable zigzag pattern deformation of a soft helical superstructure is demonstrated in a photoresponsive self‐organized cholesteric liquid crystal superstructure under the simultaneous influence of an applied electric field and light irradiation. The zigzag‐shaped pattern can not only be generated and terminated repeatedly on demand, but can also be easily manipulated by alternating irradiation of ultraviolet and visible light while under the influence of a sustained electric field. This unique behavior results from a delicate balance among the variable experimental parameters. The evolution of the zigzag‐shaped pattern is successfully modeled by numerical simulations and has been monitored through diffraction of a probe laser. Interestingly, this fascinating zigzag‐shaped pattern yields crescent‐shaped diffraction pattern. The reversibly controllable dynamic zigzag pattern could enable the fabrication of novel photonic devices and architectures, besides greatly advancing the fundamental understanding of temporal behavior of ordered soft materials under combined stimuli.
Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma: Clinicopathological features of the rarest type of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Shima Yasuo , Okabayashi Takehiro , Ishikawa Ayako , Matsumoto Manabu , Iwata Jun , Morita Sojiro , Sueda Taijiro
Published: June 2017

Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma is extremely rare and its clinicopathological features remain unclear. The present study aimed to analyze published data on mucinous cholangiocarcinoma. Medical databases were searched from 1980 to 2016, and clinicopathological data for 16 mucinous cholangiocarcinoma patients were obtained. Characteristic imaging findings, including hypovascular tumor with peripheral enhancement on computed tomography and angiography, extremely high intensity on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images, intratumoral calcification and luminal communication between the tumor and bile duct on cholangiography, were noted. Mucinous cholangiocarcinoma was correctly diagnosed in one patient only, with some patients diagnosed as low‐malignant biliary cystic tumors preoperatively. Five cases were followed up after the first medical examination, and three of these were initially diagnosed as biliary cystadenoma or intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. All five tumors showed marked enlargement within 4 months of follow up. Macroscopically, the resected tumors were non‐cystic/solid in seven cases, and cystic in seven. Tumor diameter ranged from 5 cm to 22 cm, and mucoid cut surface, lobulation, lack of capsule and papillary growth were observed. Microscopically, co‐existing intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct was noted in three of five patients with available data. Nine of 10 cases in whom the pathological stage was reported had advanced disease with lymph node and/or distant metastasis, and 5‐year survival was achieved in one microinvasive case only. Overall 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates were 60.1% and 40.1%, respectively. The possibility of mucinous cholangiocarcinoma should be considered when biliary cystic tumors are detected on imaging modalities, despite the rarity of this tumor.
Quantitative dependence of CH4‐CO2 dispersion on immobile water fraction
Authors: Zecca Marco , Vogt Sarah J. , Honari Abdolvahab , Xiao Gongkui , Fridjonsson Einar O. , May Eric F. , Johns Michael L.
Published: June 2017

Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) involves CO2 injection into natural gas reservoirs to both increase gas recovery and trap CO2. EGR viability can be determined by reservoir simulations; however, these require a description of fluid dispersion (mixing) between the supercritical CO2 and natural gas. Here, this dispersivity (α) in sandstone rock plugs as a function of residual water fraction is quantified. To ensure the accuracy of such data, a novel core flooding experimental protocol that ensured an even spatial distribution of water was designed, minimized erroneous entry/exit contributions to mixing, and minimized dissolution of the CO2 into the water phase. Dispersivity was found to increase significantly with water content, although the differences in α between sandstones were eliminated upon the inclusion of residual water. This enabled development of a correlation between α and water content and, hence, between the dispersion coefficient and Peclet number that is readily incorporable into reservoir simulations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Process design and control optimization: A simultaneous approach by multi‐parametric programming
Authors: Diangelakis Nikolaos A. , Burnak Baris , Katz Justin , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N.
Published: June 2017

We present a framework for the application of design and control optimization via multi‐parametric programming through four case studies. We develop design dependent multi‐parametric model predictive controllers that are able to provide the optimal control actions as functions of the system state and the design of the process at hand, via our recently introduced PAROC framework (Pistikopoulos et al, Chem Eng Sci. 2015;136:115–138). The process and the design dependent explicit controllers undergo a mixed integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) step for the determination of the optimal design. The result of the MIDO is the optimal design of the process under optimal operation. We demonstrate the framework through case studies of a tank, a continuously stirred tank reactor, a binary distillation column and a residential cogeneration unit. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Inhomogeneous distribution of platinum and ionomer in the porous cathode to maximize the performance of a PEM fuel cell
Authors: Xing Lei , Shi Weidong , Das Prodip K. , Scott Keith
Published: June 2017

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell model, accounting for the combined water transport mechanism, ionomer swelling, water phase‐transfer, two‐phase flow and transport processes, is developed. The inhomogeneous distributions of Pt and ionomer inside the catalyst layer (CL) are numerically studied to achieve an optimal cell performance for two types of oxygen reduction reaction catalysts at different loadings. Results indicate that the optimal variation in loading through the thickness of the electrode (slopes) of Pt catalyst and ionomer vary with conditions of operation. An optimal platinum slope increases the agglomerate effectiveness factor and decreases the second Damköhler number near the CL‐membrane interface. An optimal ionomer slope increases the CL porosity near the GDL‐CL interface and decreases the mass transport resistance of reactant through the ionomer film. Their interaction shows that the optimal platinum slope is a tradeoff between the electrochemical active surface area and porosity at high current densities. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
IGHV mutational status testing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Crombie Jennifer , Davids Matthew S.
Published: June 2017

As the therapeutic landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) continues to expand, biological predictors of response to therapy are becoming increasingly important. One such predictive biomarker is the mutational status of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) gene, which is a powerful predictor of duration of response and overall survival with chemoimmunotherapy (CIT). As this test may influence choice of therapy between CIT and novel agents, it is critical that providers understand how mutational status is determined and the limitations of testing. Here, we describe the details of IGHV mutational status testing, highlighting the appropriate way to interpret this information and best apply it to the care of patients with CLL.
Losartan for the nephropathy of sickle cell anemia: A phase‐2, multicenter trial
Authors: Quinn Charles T. , Saraf Santosh L. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Fitzhugh Courtney D. , Creary Susan E. , Bodas Prasad , George Alex , Raj Ashok B. , Nero Alecia C. , Terrell Catherine E. , McCord Lisa , Lane Adam , Ackerman Hans C. , Yang Yu , Niss Omar , Taylor Michael D. , Devarajan Prasad , Malik Punam
Published: June 2017

Nephropathy is a common and progressive complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA). In SCA mice, we found that hyperangiotensinemia in the absence of hypertension underlies nephropathy, and its downregulation by losartan, an angiotensin‐II‐receptor‐1 blocker, reduced albuminuria and progression of nephropathy. Therefore, we performed a phase‐2 trial of oral losartan, given for 6 months, to explore whether it reduced albuminuria in children and adults with SCA. Participants were allocated to groups defined by class of baseline urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR): no albuminuria (NoA), microalbuminuria (MicroA), and macroalbuminuria (MacroA). The primary endpoint was a ≥25% reduction UACR from baseline. There were 32 evaluable participants (mean age 24 years; NoA = 14, MicroA = 12, MacroA = 6). The primary endpoint was met in 83% of the MacroA group (P < 0.0001) and 58% of the MicroA group (P < 0.0001). Median fold‐change in UACR was −0.74 for MacroA and −0.46 for MicroA. In MacroA and MicroA, UACR classification improved in 50% but worsened in 11%. Urine osmolality and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) did not change significantly. Losartan was discontinued in three participants [leg cramps, N = 1; decline in eGFR >25% (142➝104 mL/minute/1.73 m2), N = 1; rise in serum creatinine >50% (0.2➝0.3 mg/dL), N = 1]. Albuminuria was associated with diastolic dysfunction and impaired functional capacity, although cardiopulmonary status was unchanged after 6 months of losartan therapy. In summary, losartan decreased urinary albumin excretion in most participants with albuminuria. Those with macroalbuminuria had the greatest benefit. This study forms the basis for a phase‐3, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of losartan for the nephropathy of SCA.
Clinical report: A patient with a late diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and a response to treatment
Authors: Alhariri Ahmad , Hamilton Katherine , Oza Vikash , Cordoro Kelly , Sobreira Nara L. , Malloy Mary , Slavotinek Anne
Published: June 2017

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare, autosomal recessive, inborn error of bile acid metabolism characterized by diarrhea in infancy, juvenile cataracts in childhood, tendon xanthomas developing in the second to third decades of life, and progressive neurologic dysfunction in adulthood. The condition is caused by mutations in the CYP27A1 gene that result in decreased production of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and elevated levels of cholestanol and bile alcohols. We present a 36‐year‐old male of Han ethnicity who developed xanthomas of his Achilles tendons and suffered neurocognitive declines and gait deterioration in his second decade. The diagnosis of CTX was confirmed by marked elevation of the serum cholestanol level. Sequencing of CYP27A1 showed a paternally inherited splice mutation, c.446 + 1G>T, and a maternally inherited nonsense mutation, c.808C>T, predicting p.(Arg270*). Despite the advanced disease in this patient, treatment with CDCA reduced the xanthoma size and improved his cognition and strength, and the patient made significant gains in his ambulation and coordination. We report this case to illustrate the potential benefits of therapy in patients with CTX who have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis.
Weakly Basic Anion Recognition by Naphthalenediimide‐Based Polymer
Authors: Yan Jijun , Kang Chuanqing , Ma Xiaoye , Du Zhijun , Bian Zheng , Jin Rizhe , Gao Lianxun
Published: June 2017

The development of naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐based sensors for weakly basic anion recognition is an attractive challenge. This paper presents an NDI‐based polymer for the recognition of weakly basic oxyanions (AcO−, PhCO2−, ClO4−, and IO4−) and halides (Cl−, Br−, and I−) through the formation of NDI.− bands and changes in the π–π* transition bands of the polymer in UV/Vis and circular dichroism spectra. The recognition results from anion‐to‐NDI thermal electron transfer and disturbance of the self‐assembly of the polymer by anions. In particular, the formation of NDI.− induced by Cl− was observed, which is a distinctive advantage of the polymer in comparison with small molecular NDIs. The results demonstrate a practical approach to versatile functional materials through a combination of anion–NDI interactions and polymeric self‐assembly.
Water Transport with Ultralow Friction through Partially Exfoliated g‐C3N4 Nanosheet Membranes with Self‐Supporting Spacers
Authors: Wang Yanjie , Li Libo , Wei Yanying , Xue Jian , Chen Huang , Ding Li , Caro Jürgen , Wang Haihui
Published: June 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets show brilliant application potential in numerous fields. Herein, a membrane with artificial nanopores and self‐supporting spacers was fabricated by assembly of 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets in a stack with elaborate structures. In water purification the g‐C3N4 membrane shows a better separation performance than commercial membranes. The g‐C3N4 membrane has a water permeance of 29 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and a rejection rate of 87 % for 3 nm molecules with a membrane thickness of 160 nm. The artificial nanopores in the g‐C3N4 nanosheets and the spacers between the partially exfoliated g‐C3N4 nanosheets provide nanochannels for water transport while bigger molecules are retained. The self‐supported nanochannels in the g‐C3N4 membrane are very stable and rigid enough to resist environmental challenges, such as changes to pH and pressure conditions. Permeation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that a novel nanofluidics phenomenon takes place, whereby water transport through the g‐C3N4 nanosheet membrane occurs with ultralow friction. The findings provide new understanding of fluidics in nanochannels and illuminate a fabrication method by which rigid nanochannels may be obtained for applications in complex or harsh environments.
Orbital Analysis of Carbon‐13 Chemical Shift Tensors Reveals Patterns to Distinguish Fischer and Schrock Carbenes
Authors: Yamamoto Keishi , Gordon Christopher P. , Liao Wei‐Chih , Copéret Christophe , Raynaud Christophe , Eisenstein Odile
Published: June 2017

Fischer and Schrock carbenes display highly deshielded carbon chemical shifts (>250 ppm), in particular Fischer carbenes (>300 ppm). Orbital analysis of the principal components of the chemical shift tensors determined by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and calculated by a 2‐component DFT method shows specific patterns that act as fingerprints for each type of complex. The calculations highlight the role of the paramagnetic term in the shielding tensor especially in the two most deshielded components (σ11 and σ22). The paramagnetic term of σ11 is dominated by coupling σ(M=C) with π*(M=C) through the angular momentum operator perpendicular to the σ and π M=C bonds. The highly deshielded carbon of Fischer carbenes results from the particularly low‐lying π*(M=C) associated with the CO ligand. A contribution of the coupling of π(M=C) with σ*(M=C) is found for Schrock and Ru‐based carbenes, indicating similarities between them, despite their different electronic configurations (d0 vs. d6).
Tailor‐made Molecular Cobalt Catalyst System for the Selective Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Dialkoxymethane Ethers
Authors: Schieweck Benjamin G. , Klankermayer Jürgen
Published: June 2017

Herein a non‐precious transition‐metal catalyst system for the selective synthesis of dialkoxymethane ethers from carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen is presented. The development of a tailored catalyst system based on cobalt salts in combination with selected Triphos ligands and acidic co‐catalysts enabled a synthetic pathway, avoiding the oxidation of methanol to attain the formaldehyde level of the central CH2 unit. This unprecedented productivity based on the molecular cobalt catalyst is the first example of a non‐precious transition‐metal system for this transformation utilizing renewable carbon dioxide sources.
Optically Triggered Melting of DNA on Individual Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Meany Brendan , Wang YuHuang
Published: June 2017

Optical excitation of nanostructures is known to induce local heating, a phenomenon that has been intensely exploited for drug release, gene delivery, cancer thermotherapy, and energy harvesting. However, the effect is typically small requiring collective heating of a large concentration or aggregates of particles. Herein, we show that optical excitation of individual semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes triggers strongly localized heating adequate to melt non‐covalently attached double‐stranded oligonucleotides in solution. In contrast to conventional thermal dehybridization, this optically triggered DNA melting occurs at a solution temperature that is 22 °C lower than the DNA melting temperature. This unexpectedly large localized optical heating effect provides important new insights to design selective optical nanoheaters at the single particle level.
Expanding the Boundaries of Water‐Tolerant Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenation: Enhanced Back Strain in the Lewis Acid Enables the Reductive Amination of Carbonyls
Authors: Dorkó Éva , Szabó Márk , Kótai Bianka , Pápai Imre , Domján Attila , Soós Tibor
Published: June 2017

The development of a boron/nitrogen‐centered frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with remarkably high water tolerance is presented. As systematic steric tuning of the boron‐based Lewis acid (LA) component revealed, the enhanced back‐strain makes water binding increasingly reversible in the presence of relatively strong base. This advance allows the limits of FLP's hydrogenation to be expanded, as demonstrated by the FLP reductive amination of carbonyls. This metal‐free catalytic variant displays a notably broad chemoselectivity and generality.
Living and Conducting: Coating Individual Bacterial Cells with In Situ Formed Polypyrrole
Authors: Song Rong‐Bin , Wu YiChao , Lin Zong‐Qiong , Xie Jian , Tan Chuan Hao , Loo Joachim Say Chye , Cao Bin , Zhang Jian‐Rong , Zhu Jun‐Jie , Zhang Qichun
Published: June 2017

Coating individual bacterial cells with conjugated polymers to endow them with more functionalities is highly desirable. Here, we developed an in situ polymerization method to coat polypyrrole on the surface of individual Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, Escherichia coli, Ochrobacterium anthropic or Streptococcus thermophilus. All of these as‐coated cells from different bacterial species displayed enhanced conductivities without affecting viability, suggesting the generality of our coating method. Because of their excellent conductivity, we employed polypyrrole‐coated Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 as an anode in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and found that not only direct contact‐based extracellular electron transfer is dramatically enhanced, but also the viability of bacterial cells in MFCs is improved. Our results indicate that coating individual bacteria with conjugated polymers could be a promising strategy to enhance their performance or enrich them with more functionalities.
A Molecular Boroauride: A Donor–Acceptor Complex of Anionic Gold
Authors: Taylor Jordan W. , McSkimming Alex , Moret Marc‐Etienne , Harman W. Hill
Published: June 2017

Gold is unique among the transition metals in that it is stable as an isolated anion (auride). Despite this fact, the coordination chemistry of anionic gold is virtually nonexistent, and this unique oxidation state is not readily exploited in conventional solution chemistry owing to its high reactivity. Through the use of a new molecular scaffold based on diboraanthracene (B2P2, 1), we have overcome these issues by avoiding the intermediacy of zerovalent gold and stabilizing the highly reduced gold anion through acceptor interactions. We have thus synthesized a molecular boroauride [(B2P2)Au]− ([2]−) and showed its reversible conversion between Au−I and AuI states. Through a combination of spectroscopic and computational studies, we show the neutral state to be a AuI complex with a ligand radical anion. Bonding analyses (NBO and QTAIM) and the isolobal relationship between gold and hydrogen provide support for the description of [2]− as a boroauride complex.
Pyxipyrrolones: Structure Elucidation and Biosynthesis of Cytotoxic Myxobacterial Metabolites
Authors: Kjaerulff Louise , Raju Ritesh , Panter Fabian , Scheid Ullrich , Garcia Ronald , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf
Published: June 2017

In the search for new secondary metabolites from myxobacteria, a strain from the genus Pyxidicoccus was investigated. This led to the identification of a new class of natural products showing structural novelty and interesting biological activity. Isolation and structure elucidation of two analogues led to the identification of pyxipyrrolone A and B, harboring the novel 3‐methylene‐2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‐octahydro‐1H‐benzo[e]isoindol‐1‐one scaffold. Mosher's ester analysis combined with NMR studies allowed the determination of all stereocenters but one. Genome sequencing of the producer strain led to the identification of a putative biosynthetic gene cluster for the pyxipyrrolones. The compounds showed activity against several cancer cell lines (μm range) with pyxipyrrolone B having 2‐ to 11‐fold higher activity than A, although they differ only by one methylene group.
Pd nanoparticles supported on CeO2 as efficient catalyst for hydrogen generation from formaldehyde solution at room temperature
Authors: Feng Tao , Tang Ranxiao , Shang Ningzhao , Feng Cheng , Gao Shutao , Wang Chun
Published: June 2017

A facile and efficient method for facilitating hydrogen generation from formaldehyde aqueous solution was developed using Pd nanoparticles supported on CeO2 (Pd/CeO2) as the catalyst. The prepared Pd/CeO2 catalyst exhibited 100% H2 selectivity and excellent catalytic activity for formaldehyde dehydrogenation with the initial rate of 2089 ml min−1 gPd−1 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure without any extra additive. The prepared catalyst was stable and reusable, and its catalytic activity kept almost unchanged after it was reused for the fifth run. Therefore, it is considered that this Pd/CeO2 based hydrogen generation system may serve as an alternative hydrogen supply candidate for practical application.
Efficient and green catalytic system incorporating new benzimidazolium salts for the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Yavuz Kemal , Küçükbay Hasan
Published: June 2017

A number of novel benzimidazole salts were synthesized and their structures were determined using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and infrared spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. A catalyst system consisting of Pd(OAc)2 and copper nanoparticles in the presence of Cs2CO3 and incorporating the novel benzimidazole salts in poly(ethylene glycol) solvent significantly improved the yields of Sonogashira reactions between aryl halides and phenylacetylene under microwave irradiation in 10 min.
The effects of graphene oxide on the properties and drug delivery of konjac glucomannan hydrogel
Authors: Yuan Yi , Yan Zhiming , Mu Ruo‐Jun , Wang Lin , Gong Jingni , Hong Xin , Haruna Maryam Hajia , Pang Jie
Published: June 2017

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) hydrogel has good potential application in food and medical science, although to achieve this, the physical and mechanical properties need further improvement. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was used to improve the functionality of KGM hydrogel. KGM/GO hydrogels were prepared by freezing the alkaline KGM/GO sols. Rotational rheometer was used to study the rheological properties of different alkaline KGM/GO sols. Fourier transform infrared, Raman, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the structure and properties of the hydrogels. In addition, different pH solutions and an in vitro assay were used to study the swelling property and the release behavior of KGM/GO hydrogels, respectively. The result revealed strong hydrogen‐bond interaction between KGM and GO. The incorporation of GO highly improved the gel properties of KGM/GO sol, higher thermal stability, and more compact structure of KGM/GO hydrogels. KGM/GO hydrogels showed better swelling properties in deionized‐distilled water and pH 7.2 PBS. The release of 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) from KGM/GO (KG4) hydrogel was different in various pH media, but the initial burst release effect was very severe. Therefore, incorporation of GO have a good potential in enhancing the properties of KGM hydrogel, but KGM/GO hydrogel is not an ideal carrier for 5‐ASA release. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45327.
Global PID Control of Robot Manipulators Equipped with PMSMs
Authors: Hernández‐Guzmán V. M. , Orrante‐Sakanassi J.
Published: June 2017

This paper is concerned with PID position regulation of robot manipulators actuated by permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). We present a global asymptotic stability proof when the electric dynamics of these actuators is taken into account. Our controller is so simple that it differs from standard field oriented control (SFOC) of PMSMs in only three simple nonlinear terms that have to be added and a nonlinear PID controller which is used instead of a classical PID controller. Thus, our proposal represents the closest result to SFOC of PMSMs provided with a formal global asymptotic stability proof. We present an advancement, if modest, towards presenting a global stability proof for SFOC when used in robotics.
Online Algebraic Identification Approach of Continuous Linear Time Delay Systems
Authors: Mhamdi Abdelbacet , Ibn Taarit Kaouther , Ksouri Moufida
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we propose an online algebraic method to identify linear continuous time delay process from step response, in presence of unknown initial state and constant load disturbance. The identification mechanism is split into two sequential steps. The time delay and dynamic of the plant is estimated firstly through a spectral formulation. In the next stage, the transient regime is deduced from a linear regression. To improve the robustness of the proposed method, a local convolution by sigmoid function is proposed. Simulation results are provided, at last, to show the effectiveness of our conceived approach.
Evaluating the importance of social motor synchronization and motor skill for understanding autism
Authors: Fitzpatrick Paula , Romero Veronica , Amaral Joseph L. , Duncan Amie , Barnard Holly , Richardson Michael J. , Schmidt R. C.
Published: June 2017

Impairments in social interaction and communicating with others are core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the specific processes underlying such social competence impairments are not well understood. An important key for increasing our understanding of ASD‐specific social deficits may lie with the social motor synchronization that takes place when we implicitly coordinate our bodies with others. Here, we tested whether dynamical measures of synchronization differentiate children with ASD from controls and further explored the relationships between synchronization ability and motor control problems. We found (a) that children with ASD exhibited different and less stable patterns of social synchronization ability than controls; (b) children with ASD performed motor movements that were slower and more variable in both spacing and timing; and (c) some social synchronization that involved motor timing was related to motor ability but less rhythmic synchronization was not. These findings raise the possibility that objective dynamical measures of synchronization ability and motor skill could provide new insights into understanding the social deficits in ASD that could ultimately aid clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1687–1699. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral abnormalities in the Fmr1‐KO2 mouse model of fragile X syndrome: The relevance of early life phases
Authors: Gaudissard Julie , Ginger Melanie , Premoli Marika , Memo Maurizio , Frick Andreas , Pietropaolo Susanna
Published: June 2017

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a developmental disorder caused by a mutation in the X‐linked FMR1 gene, coding for the FMRP protein which is largely involved in synaptic function. FXS patients present several behavioral abnormalities, including hyperactivity, anxiety, sensory hyper‐responsiveness, and cognitive deficits. Autistic symptoms, e.g., altered social interaction and communication, are also often observed: FXS is indeed the most common monogenic cause of autism. Mouse models of FXS are therefore of great interest for research on both FXS and autistic pathologies. The Fmr1‐KO2 mouse line is the most recent FXS model, widely used for brain studies; surprisingly, little is known about the face validity of this model, i.e., its FXS‐like behavioral phenotype. Furthermore, no data are available for the age‐related expression of the pathological phenotypes in this mouse line, a critical issue for modelling neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we performed an extensive behavioral characterization of the KO2 model at infancy, adolescent and adult ages. Hyperactivity, altered emotionality, sensory hyper‐responsiveness and memory deficits were already present in KO mice at adolescence and remained evident at adulthood. Alterations in social behaviors were instead observed only in young KO animals: during the first 2 weeks of life, KOs emitted longer ultrasonic vocalizations compared to their WT littermates and as adolescents they displayed more aggressive behaviors towards a conspecific. These results strongly support the face validity of the KO2 mouse as a model for FXS, at the same time demonstrating that its ability to recapitulate social autistic‐relevant phenotypes depends on early testing ages. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1584–1596. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical tools to modulate 2‐arachidonoylglycerol biosynthesis
Authors: Deng Hui , van der Stelt Mario
Published: June 2017

2‐Arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is an important endogenous signaling lipid that activates the cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), thereby regulating a diverse range of physiological processes including anxiety, appetite, inflammation, memory, pain sensation, and nociception. Diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs) are the principle enzymes responsible for 2‐AG biosynthesis. Recently, the (patho)physiological functions of DAGLs have been explored by both genetic methods and chemical tools. This review will focus on the recent efforts to develop highly selective and in vivo active DAGLs inhibitors using activity‐based protein profiling.