bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of Numeraire
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we discuss how a suitable change of numeraire and the corresponding change of martingale measure, can simplify the computation of pricing formula for financial derivatives. We derive a general formula for the likelihood process related to an arbitrary numeraire, and we identify the corresponding Girsanov transformation. As an example, we compute the price of an exchange option. In particular we study the class of forward measures related to zero coupon bonds and we derive a general option pricing formula. As an application of the general theory we also study the so-called numeraire portfolio.
Martingale Models for the Short Rate
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

This chapter is devoted to an overview and analysis of the most common short rate models, such as the Vasiček, Dothan, Hull–White, and CIR models. These models are analyzed and classified from the point of view of positive short rates, normal distribution, mean reversion, and computability. In particular we present the theory of affine term structures, and discuss the inversion of the yield curve. Analytical results for bond prices and bond options are presented for all the affine models.
Minimizing f-Divergence
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

The f-divergence between two measures can be viewed as a generalized “distance” between the measures. In order to find a unique martingale measure we can then choose the measure which minimizes the f-divergence to the objective measure. We derive the necessary theory of f-divergences and we present the corresponding dual utility maximization theory. We also study some examples, for example, minimal entropy measures.
Utility Indifference Pricing and Other Topics
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we discuss two methods of pricing in incomplete markets, based on utility functions. This theory comes in the shape of a global and a local version. Both versions are discussed, and for the local version we connect to the theory of stochastic discount factors and equilibrium theory.
Good Deal Bounds
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we study an incomplete market, but we do not look for a unique martingale measure. Instead we try to find “reasonable” bounds on arbitrage free prices. The terms “reasonable” is formalized in terms of a price rule with bounded Sharpe ratio–so-called good deal bounds. We study a factor model and show that the good deal bounds can be obtained by solving a control problem where the likelihood process acts as a state variable, and the Girsanov kernel is the control variable. The theory is then applied to concrete examples.
The Cox–Ingersoll–Ross Factor Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we present a slightly simplified version of the general Cox–Ingersoll–Ross factor model. We derive the equilibrium short rate, the equilibrium stochastic discount factor, the relevant market prices of risk, and the equilibrium Girsanov kernel. A central planner is also introduced, and we prove equivalence.
Form, Figure, and Two Types of Extended Being
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines the system that can be gleaned from the young Leibniz’s philosophical papers from the late 1660s, and in particular its relation to Averroism, a doctrine that the mature Leibniz strongly opposed. It aims to gain a better understanding of some unexplored features of the young Leibniz’s so-called philosophia reformata, a combination of modern mechanist philosophy and restored Aristotelianism. It is argued that the reformed account of matter, form, and figure that Leibniz develops in his 1668–9 correspondence with his mentor Jacob Thomasius must be understood in the context of the theory of bodies, substantial forms, and divine ideas that he elaborates in the contemporary De transsubstantiatione from 1668. The chapter concludes that Averroism and the Paduan Aristotelian tradition, and Giacomo Zabarella in particular, stand centrally in the natural philosophy elaborated by Leibniz in those texts.
Torts and Other Wrongs
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

Torts and Other Wrongs is a collection of eleven of the author’s essays on the theory of the law of torts and its place in the law more generally. Two new essays accompany nine previously published pieces, a number of which are already established classics of theoretical writing on private law. Together they range across the distinction between torts and other wrongs, the moral significance of outcomes, the nature and role of corrective and distributive justice, the justification of strict liability, the nature of the reasonable person standard, and the role of public policy in private law adjudication. Though focused on the law of torts, the wide-ranging analysis in each chapter will speak to theorists of private law more generally.
What is Tort Law For? The Place of Corrective Justice
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers the question of what tort law is for, building on the work of Jules Coleman and Ernest Weinrib. Weinrib claims that tort law itself is a justificatory enterprise, but he equivocates about whether he, in invoking corrective justice, is in turn attempting to justify the justificatory enterprise of tort law. Coleman denies that his enterprise of explaining tort law in terms of corrective justice is a justificatory one to explore, and ultimately to affirm, the view. The chapter argues that any complete explanation of tort law—whatever other considerations it may invoke—cannot but invoke considerations of corrective justice. Considerations of corrective justice cannot be reduced out. They are necessary even if not sufficient.
The Negligence Standard: Political Not Metaphysical
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers the question of why the law might sometimes assign strict responsibilities and sometimes negligence-limited responsibilities. It argues that the explanation is political, not metaphysical. They relate to the desirability or appeal or merit or attractiveness of the arrangements whereby some people have responsibility for some things, and others have responsibility for others. They point to the fairness, the efficiency, or more generally the reasonableness, of responsibilities being carved up in that way, or in some other way. They do not relate to the tragedy of the human condition or the impossibility of our escape from our rational nature. They do not belong to the metaphysics of basic responsibility. They belong instead to the politics of assignable responsibility.
The Mysterious Case of the Reasonable Person
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on the ‘reasonable person’, that ‘excellent but odious character’ who seems to inhabit every nook and cranny of the common law. According to Ripstein, the reasonable person embodies not just a justificatory standard but a particular justificatory standard. But what exactly is particular about the justificatory standard that he/she embodies? The chapter sketches six possible solutions to the mystery, which enjoy varying degrees of support in Ripstein’s text. They are by no means mutually exclusive. But how combining them would mitigate, as opposed to compounding, their several difficulties remains unclear.
Public Interest and Public Policy in Private Law
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2020

This chapter first considers the thoughts of Ronald Dworkin, who sparked the contemporary fashion, among lawyers and legal theorists, for contrasting ‘arguments of principle’ with ‘arguments of policy’. Dworkin did not regard the two categories of argument as jointly exhaustive, even in the special setting of the courtroom. But he did regard them as mutually exclusive. The chapter also discusses the way in which the courts cannot responsibly avoid counting the consequences of their decisions, or at least some of the consequences of their decisions, for the decisions of future courts. This is followed by a discussion of legal instrumentalism.
Incompatibility between the ‘French Republican Model’ and Anti-Discrimination Law?
Authors: Hennette-Vauchez Stéphanie , Fondimare Elsa
Published: February 2020

A form of incompatibility between the ‘Republican’ legal and political tradition and some concepts or modus operandi of anti-discrimination law is a familiar trope of French constitutional and political narratives. This chapter seeks to revisit this common affirmation by making two main claims. It first acknowledges that specific twists and forms of tailoring imposed on anti-discrimination law rules were necessary in order to integrate them into the French legal order. It then mitigates the absoluteness of the ‘Republican’ tradition of universalism by unearthing past and present legal rules that have always allowed the constitutional principle of equality to apply only to some (groups) and/or to allow forms of differentiation. It thus concludes that much of the resistance of French legal actors to the paradigm of anti-discrimination law is political, rather than legal. Routinely alleged legal incompatibilities are largely mythical.
The Impact of Anti-Discrimination Law in the Netherlands
Authors: Loenen Titia
Published: February 2020

Dutch anti-discrimination law has been quite a positive force in combating discrimination on grounds of religion in employment by contributing to an approach to manifestations of religion in the workplace that takes accommodation of religious expressions rather than prohibition as its starting point. In this way, anti-discrimination law has promoted equal access to employment for religious minorities, in particular for Muslim women. A major role in this development has been played by the primary supervisory body of anti-discrimination law, the former Equal Treatment Commission and its successor, the National Institute of Human Rights, whose decisions are analysed in the chapter.
Tackling Indirect Discrimination in Employment in France
Authors: Mercat-Bruns Marie
Published: February 2020

This chapter argues that in France, the application of employment discrimination law is a mixed bag. On the one hand, labour law judges have had some difficulties with interpreting anti-discrimination law, especially when it is based on prohibited grounds linked to the person at work, such as race, and detached from the statutory view of the worker within the scope of applicable law. The need to deepen a factual analysis of context in cases of direct discrimination constitutes a challenge for civil judges more familiar with an approach based on syllogism rather than analogy and comparison. On the other hand, more recently, labour law judges have started resorting to the logic of indirect discrimination in employment which offers original ways to scrutinize collective action, including the right to strike, revealing systemic discrimination.
Challenges to the Effectiveness of the Protection against Indirect Discrimination on the Ground of Sex in Spain
Authors: Ballester Pastor María Amparo
Published: February 2020

Although Spain has formally transposed the EU’s gender anti-discrimination directives and case law, there are still problems of effectiveness, particularly in the area of indirect discrimination. This chapter presents a critical analysis of these problems, taking into account the historical and legislative situation of Spain. This chapter argues that the continuing problems concerning the limited application of indirect sex discrimination in Spain are due predominantly to its late and formalistic legislative implementation, the court’s reliance on a merely statistical and quantitative approach, as well as practical difficulties of various actors entitled to intervene or to bring legal actions against such discrimination (eg trade unions, trade inspectorates).
Italy’s (Surprising) Use of Racial Harassment Provisions as a Means of Fighting Discrimination
Authors: Möschel Mathias
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyses Italian case law on racial harassment in the employment context but also beyond. NGOs, in particular, are using this new tool to fight against race discrimination. In a legal system which is not necessarily known for being at the forefront of anti-discrimination law, such a success may seem surprising. I argue that, at least in Italy, the prohibition on racial harassment has the advantage of overcoming pre-existing limitations of fighting racism via criminal law for certain cases. Moreover, the definition of harassment as derived from the EU anti-discrimination law directives avoids some of the interpretational difficulties related to direct and indirect discrimination. Thus, the case law analysed here could set an example beyond the national borders and also shed more light on a concept which has so far been flying under the radar in European anti-discrimination law.
An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

This is a textbook on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. It begins with the molecular nature of matter and the fact that we want to describe systems containing many (1020) particles. The first part of the book derives the entropy of the classical ideal gas using only classical statistical mechanics and Boltzmann’s analysis of multiple systems. The properties of this entropy are then expressed as postulates of thermodynamics in the second part of the book. From these postulates, the structure of thermodynamics is developed. Special features are systematic methods for deriving thermodynamic identities using Jacobians, the use of Legendre transforms as a basis for thermodynamic potentials, the introduction of Massieu functions to investigate negative temperatures, and an analysis of the consequences of the Nernst postulate. The third part of the book introduces the canonical and grand canonical ensembles, which are shown to facilitate calculations for many models. An explanation of irreversible phenomena that is consistent with time-reversal invariance in a closed system is presented. The fourth part of the book is devoted to quantum statistical mechanics, including black-body radiation, the harmonic solid, Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics, and an introduction to band theory, including metals, insulators, and semiconductors. The final chapter gives a brief introduction to the theory of phase transitions. Throughout the book, there is a strong emphasis on computational methods to make abstract concepts more concrete.
The Classical Ideal Gas
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to an important model system in classical statistical mechanics. The classical ideal gas is defined, and it is explained why it is useful as an example in an introduction to the concept of entropy. What distinguishes an ‘ideal’ gas from a ‘real’ gas is the absence of interactions between the particles. Although an ideal gas might seem to be an unrealistic model, its properties are experimentally accessible by studying real gases at low densities. Since even the molecules in the air you are breathing are separated by an average distance of about ten times their diameter, nearly ideal gases are easy to find.
Ensembles in Classical Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores more powerful methods of calculation than were seen previously. Among them are Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulations. Another is the canonical partition function, which is related to the Helmholtz free energy. The derivation of thermodynamic identities within statistical mechanics is illustrated by the relationship between the specific heat and the fluctuations of the energy. It is shown how the canonical ensemble allows us to integrate out the momentum variables for many classical models. The factorization of the partition function is presented as the best trick in statistical mechanics, because of its central role in solving problems. Finally, the problem of many simple harmonic oscillators is solved, both for its importance and as an illustration of the best trick.
Classical Ensembles: Grand and Otherwise
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

The chapter introduces the grand canonical ensemble as a means of describing systems that exchange particles with a reservoir. The grand canonical partition function is defined in general and calculated for the ideal gas in particular. Other ensembles are described and their relationship to the grand canonical ensemble is shown. The physical situation described by the grand canonical ensemble is that of a system that can exchange both energy and particles with a reservoir. As usual, we assume that the reservoir is much larger than the system of interest, so that its properties are not signifficantly affected by relatively small changes in its energy or particle number.
The Harmonic Solid
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

In Chapter 26 we return to calculating the contributions to the specific heat of a crystal from the vibrations of the atoms. The vibrations of a model of a solid, for which the interactions are quadratic in form, is investigated. Calculations are restricted to one dimension for simplicity in the derivations of the Fourier modes and the equations of motion. Both pinned and periodic boundary conditions are discussed. The representation of the Hamiltonian in terms of normal modes and the solution in terms of the equations of motion are derived. The Debye approximation is then introduced for three-dimensional systems.
Bose–Einstein Statistics
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

The properties of the ideal Bose gas are calculated from the integral equations for the energy and the number of particles as a function of the temperature and chemical potential. It is shown that the integral equations break down below the Einstein temperature that corresponds to the transition to the low-temperature state. The lowest single-particle energy level must be treated explicitly to get the proper equations. With the inclusion of the lowest single-particle energy level, the low-temperature behavior is calculated. The occupation of the lowest level becomes comparable to the total number of particles in the system below the Einstein temperature, and equal to the total number of particles at zero temperature. A numerical solution to the properties of the Bose gas is discussed, and the detailed calculations are assigned to the problems at the end of the chapter.
The Emergence of Subjectivity in the Ancient and Medieval World
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

This work represents a combination of different genres: cultural history, philosophical anthropology, and textbook. It follows a handful of different but interrelated themes through more than a dozen texts that were written over a period of several millennia. By means of an analysis of these texts, this work presents a theory about the development of Western Civilization from antiquity to the Middle Ages. The main line of argument traces the various self-conceptions of the different cultures as they developed historically. These self-conceptions reflect different views of what it is to be human. The thesis is that in these we can discern the gradual emergence of what we today call inwardness, subjectivity and individual freedom. As human civilization took its first tenuous steps, it had a very limited conception of the individual. Instead, the dominant principle was that of the wider group: the family, clan or people. Only in the course of history did the idea of what we know as individuality begin to emerge. It took millennia for this idea to be fully recognized and developed. The conception of human beings as having a sphere of inwardness and subjectivity subsequently had a sweeping impact on all aspects of culture, such as philosophy, religion, law, and art. Indeed, this conception largely constitutes what is today referred to as modernity. It is easy to lose sight of the fact that this modern conception of human subjectivity was not simply something given but rather the result of a long process of historical and cultural development.
Plato’s Gorgias and Apology
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 explores some key themes in a couple of Plato’s dialogues. It begins with an account of the argument of Callicles, who, in the Gorgias, claims that it is a law of nature that the stronger rule the weaker, and so there can be no talk about what is right or wrong since this is just a matter of human convention. He thus argues that one must strictly distinguish between human law or convention (νόμος‎) and nature (φύσις‎). This argument is an echo of the one made by the Athenian delegation in the Melian Dialogue as described by Thucydides. Socrates’ account of the myth of judgment and the afterlife at the end of the Gorgias is compared with the account given in Book XI of the Odyssey. The chapter also examines Socrates’ speech in the Apology. Here he explains how he regards his philosophical work of questioning people as a divine mission. He further explains that he has an inner daimon which warns him not to do ill-advised things; this is interpreted as a sign of inwardness. He portrays himself as the gadfly of Athens, constantly urging his fellow citizens to reflection and critical thinking. It is argued that Socrates represents a new principle of subjectivity and individuality, and for this reason he was perceived to be so dangerous to his contemporaries who relied on traditional values instead of scientific knowledge.
Seneca’s Moral Letters
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 10 begins by introducing the life and work of Seneca. It explains his activity in the context of the historical situation in the Early Roman Empire and specifically in connection with his relations to various emperors including Nero. The reader is also introduced to the philosophical school of Stoicism, some of the key dogmas of which are highlighted in an analysis of Seneca’s letters. What is important here is that Seneca inverts many of the traditional Roman values by turning the focus away from the outward sphere of power, wealth, and fame. He argues that we should be indifferent to such external things and not allow ourselves to be fixated on them. By contrast, he encourages his correspondent to withdraw within himself. Seneca thus develops a new sphere of inwardness and subjectivity that is important for the later course of Western civilization, where many of these same ideas appear in Christian thinking. Seneca is also the pioneer of modern ideas such as equality among human beings.
Augustine’s City of God
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 12 begins with an introduction to St. Augustine in the context of his historical times. The City of God was written immediately after the sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and in response to those who held Christianity responsible for it. Augustine rigorously defends Christianity against its critics. By means of an analysis of the City of God, this chapter explores Augustine’s vision of pagan Rome as sinful and decadent in contrast to the glorious image presented by Virgil in the Aeneid. Augustine develops Christ’s statements about the inward nature of sin and expands its scope considerably. Building on Jesus’ claims about the Kingdom of God, Augustine develops the idea of the City of God in contrast to the City of Man. Augustine’s account of the origin of evil and his prohibition of suicide are also discussed. Augustine develops a sphere of inwardness that is invulnerable to the changes in the external world.
France and the Slave Trade
Authors: Forrest Alan
Published: February 2020

The chapter begins with a short overview of France’s involvement in the Atlantic slave trade and shows how, by the second half of the eighteenth century, more and more merchants and investors became dazzled by the profits offered by a successful slave voyage. All the Atlantic ports engaged in the slave trade, though Nantes had the highest level of slaving and the greatest dependence on the triangular trade with west Africa and the Caribbean. The economics of a slave voyage are analysed, as well as the cargoes purchased for trading in Africa; the captains’ involvement in slave markets in both West Africa and the Caribbean; the risks run by the slave ships and their crews during the voyage; and the conditions that were endured below deck during the Middle Passage.
Populating the French Atlantic
Authors: Forrest Alan
Published: February 2020

The chapter examines the waves of emigration from France to the Americas to work on sugar plantations or in commerce in Le Cap, including those who signed on for a three-year engagement, before they gave way on the plantations to African slaves, and a variety of French emigrants, ranging merchants to seamen and tradespeople, including some women, who sought their fortunes in the Caribbean. It identifies their provinces of origin and discusses the life they went to: the realities of the plantation on the one hand, on the other the civilized urban life of Le Cap with its philosophical society, its masonic lodges, and its theatres. But many became disillusioned or returned to France in poor health or in old age; the chapter ends with a discussion of migration back from the Caribbean.
The Saint-Domingue Diaspora
Authors: Forrest Alan
Published: February 2020

This chapter follows the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue as they were forced by murder and arson to flee their homes and seek refuge elsewhere. Some—those with family back in France or despairing of any kind of future in the Antilles—xfled home to France, where many, having lost their possessions in the chaos, were reduced to penury and public support. Others went to nearby colonies, notably Jamaica and Santo-Domingo, often in the forlorn hope they might return. But the majority hoped to rebuild their lives as planters and slave-owners. Many settled in Cuba, especially in a French enclave around Santiago-de-Cuba, until they were expelled in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. For many their journey ended in Louisiana or in the cities of the eastern seaboard of the United States.
Economic Stagnation and Decay
Authors: Forrest Alan
Published: February 2020

If the first years of the Revolution were years of continued prosperity for Atlantic commerce, after 1792 the war and the insurrection in Saint-Domingue spread gloom and despair among merchants and shipping companies. As in previous wars, merchants turned to a series of expedients: opening up trade to independent merchants, allowing neutral shipping to bring goods from the Americas, or resorting to privateering. But they were only palliatives, expedients to survive, and the effect on the ports and on the industrial towns of their hinterland were calamitous. Under Napoleon, the blockade and the Continental System only made matters worse, though there were temporary respites, as in 1810–12. Merchants suffered in silence until the Restoration allowed them to express their despair.
The Congress of Vienna and the Politics of Slavery
Authors: Forrest Alan
Published: February 2020

The chapter begins with an account of public opinion in the Atlantic cities following Napoleon’s defeat in 1814, the growth of royalist support in Bordeaux and the general desire of the Atlantic ports for the return of peace and the renewal of former commercial ties. But with Britain and the United States having already abolished the slave trade, there was huge international pressure on France to follow suit. Britain claimed the right to board slave ships and police the trade routes to Africa and the Caribbean, and the future legality of slaving was thrown into doubt. After Napoleon’s defeat during the Hundred Days France’s negotiating position was weakened. Vienna would prove a turning-point for the slave trade in the North Atlantic.
Introduction
Authors: Marks Susan
Published: February 2020

This chapter introduces the book’s enquiry into the idea of the rights of man in eighteenth-century England and into the earlier glimmerings of that idea in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English thought. If protection of the right to property is an implicit and sometimes explicit principle of international human rights law, the chapter raises the question of whether there may exist an alternative tradition of thought about human rights, in which what is important is not the right to property, but instead the dispossession of the unpropertied.
Does Nature Confer Rights?
Authors: Marks Susan
Published: February 2020

This chapter takes Hannah Arendt’s engagement with Edmund Burke in Origins of Totalitarianism as a starting-point for considering the interrelation in the Revolution controversy of nature, history, and rights. Evidence is presented of a mode of argumentation that is (by today’s standards) eclectic and historicising. Thus, the rights of man were at once natural and historical, and while Thomas Paine asserted the novelty of their study, Thomas Spence framed his exposition of the ‘real rights of man’ with reference to an older tradition that links him to the people and events touched on in earlier chapters of this book.
Capital Bluegrass
Authors: Lornell Kip
Published: February 2020

This book documents the history and development of bluegrass music in and around Washington, DC. It begins with the pre-bluegrass period of country music and ends with a description of the local scene near the end of the 2010s. Capital Bluegrass details the period when this genre became recognized locally as a separate genre within country music, which occurred shortly after the Country Gentlemen formed in 1957. This music gained a wider audience during the 1960s, when WAMU-FM began broadcasting this music and the nationally recognized magazine Bluegrass Unlimited was launched in suburban Maryland. Bluegrass flourished during the 1980s with dozens of local venues offering live bluegrass weekly and the public radio station featuring forty hours a week of bluegrass programming. Although it remains a notable genre in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, by the 1990s bluegrass began its slow decline in popularity. By 2019, the local bluegrass community remains stable, though graying. Despite the creation of both bluegrasscountry.org and the DC Bluegrass Union, it is abundantly clear that general recognition and appreciation for bluegrass locally is well below the heights it reached some thirty-five years earlier.
“A Cold Wind A’ Blowin’ ” (1991–2019)
Authors: Lornell Kip
Published: February 2020

During the period covered at the beginning of this chapter (the early 1990s), WAMU-FM and the Birchmere both still featured bluegrass; by the chapter’s close, in the contemporary period, this powerful radio station had completely transitioned to a news and talk format and the Birchmere only occasionally booked this genre. The sheer number of bands and venues diminished noticeably as did the general interest in bluegrass. The shrinkage of bluegrass programming on WAMU-FM was gradual and deliberate, occurring over some dozen years. The local bluegrass community vehemently protest, but to no avail. However, the existence of the WAMU-FM spin-off bluegrasscountry.org and the formation of DC Bluegrass Union reflect the existence of the ongoing, though diminished, local bluegrass community.
Sounding Roman
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: February 2020

Sounding Roman traces the role of music performance in maintaining, shaping, and challenging ascribed social identities of Roman (“Gypsy”) groups, who constitute one of the most socially reviled and yet culturally romanticized minorities in Turkey. Roman communities have been a ubiquitous presence, contributing to social, cultural, and economic life since the Byzantine period in Anatolia up to the present. Alternately exoticized and reviled, Roman communities were valued for their occupational skills and entertainment services. Based on detailed historiographic study and twenty years of ethnographic work, this book examines the issue of cultural and musical representations for creating, maintaining, and contesting social identity practices through philosophical reflections on meaningful symbolic configurations in metaphoricity, iconicity, and mimesis paired with a sociological interrogation of unequal power relationships. Through these lenses, the book investigates the potential of musical performance to configure new social identities and open pathways for political action, while exploring the limits of cultural representation to effect meaningful social change. The book begins with historical representations of çingene as a marked ethnic and social group during the Byzantine to late Ottoman Empire. It then traces how such constructions were revised during the period of the modern Turkish Republic through the creation of a commercial musical genre, the Roman dance tune (Roman oyun havası). The book includes a companion website with illustrative texts, images, and audio examples.
Romani Professional Entertainers in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: February 2020

Ottoman rulers and members of the aristocracy utilized spectacular displays as “theatre state” to effectively institute and maintain power over their subjects and relied on the captivating skills of Romani professional entertainers. Romani entertainers survived through developing polyglot repertoires and styles from their stigmatized social position, existing in the Ottoman world as aesthetic cosmopolitans. Ottoman rulers implemented controls over such displays of music and dance due to their desire to curb inherently coercive affective power. The histories of entertainer types are traced, ranging from male and female as professional dancers (köçek; çengi), specialists on zurna, violin, G clarinet, percussion, and mehter military instruments. A description of çiftetelli and karşılama dance forms and their characteristic movements is followed by an analysis of two recordings performed by Romani musicians from the early twentieth century in order to explore the parameters of keriz musical improvisation and kıvrak melodies that inspire bodily movement.
Presenting Turkish Roman
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: February 2020

The advent of “world music” as a commercial genre in 1990s impacted Turkish music markets. Turkish producers tapped Istanbul Roman musicians to blend local sounds with musical elements marked as “Western.” Drawing on techniques of keriz and doğaçlama, musicians explored changes in instrumentation, incorporated Western European harmonies and jazz riffs to sound an enlarged cosmopolitan social identity. Through exploiting “Roman-as-World-Music,” producers and managers drew on locally-instantiated ideologies about jazz to forge a transnationally-marketable project. A historical review of jazz in Turkey uncovers the historical precedent for forging musical interlinkages beyond Turkish borders, which musicians dew upon as an expression of actually-existing cosmopolitanism. Musical analysis of several works illustrate the process of metaphoric accretion of older iconic musical sounds with new and “Western” elements to signify new cosmopolitan social references. This chapter also investigates modalities within discrepant cosmopolitanism to reveal the contingent nature of cosmopolitan social formations and power differentials.
Exposure to Odors Increases Pain Threshold in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Authors: Gossrau Gudrun , Baum Daniel , Koch Thea , Sabatowski Rainer , Hummel Thomas , Haehner Antje
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Structured exposure to odors is an acknowledged therapy in patients with smell loss but has also been shown to be effective in depression. The latter might rely on connections between olfactory and emotional structures, suggesting possible effects of a similar approach in pain patients. Based on neuroanatomy, there are several interfaces between the “pain matrix” and olfactory system, such as the limbic system, hypothalamus, and mediodorsal thalamus. We aimed to investigate whether structured exposure to odors may impact perceived pain in patients with chronic low back pain.

Design

Randomized controlled parallel-group design. Subjects were tested on two occasions, at baseline and after four weeks.

Setting

Ambulatory.

Subjects

Forty-two patients with chronic low back pain

Methods

For all patients, olfactory function (using the “Sniffin’Sticks” test kit), detection, and pain thresholds for cutaneous electrical stimuli (applied to the forearm) were tested at baseline and after four weeks. Twenty-eight patients exposed themselves to four odors (rose, vanilla, chocolate, peach) every two hours over a period of four weeks (training group). Control patients (N = 14) underwent no such “olfactory training” (nontraining group).

Results

Pain thresholds were significantly increased in patients who performed olfactory training compared with patients who did not train with odors. Detection thresholds and olfactory function remained unchanged.

Conclusions

The present results indicate that regular exposure to odors increases pain thresholds in patients with chronic back pain and could be useful for general pain control in these patients. Furthermore, olfactory training in chronic pain patients might help to reduce chronification of pain by desensitization.
Identification of Resistance Genes to Phytophthora sojae in Domestic Soybean Cultivars from China Using Particle Bombardment
Authors: Yang Jin , Zheng Sujiao , Wang Xiaomen , Ye Wenwu , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Yuanchao
Published: February 2020

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease that afflicts soybean plants throughout the world. The use of resistant soybean cultivars is the primary means of managing this disease, as well as the most effective and economical approach. There are abundant soybean germplasm resources in China that could be deployed for breeding programs; however, the resistance genes (Rps genes) in most cultivars are unknown, leading to uncertainty concerning which are resistant cultivars for use. The resistance genes Rps1a, Rps1c, and Rps1k prevent root and stem rot caused by most P. sojae isolates within a Chinese field population. This study identified three Rps genes in Chinese domestic soybean cultivars using three related avirulence genes by particle bombardment. The complex genetic diversity of soybean cultivars and P. sojae strains has made it difficult to define single Rps genes without molecular involvement. Gene cobombardment is a method for identifying Rps genes quickly and specifically. We showed that cultivars Dongnong 60 and Henong 72 contained Rps1a, while Hedou 19, Henong 76, 75-3, Wandou 21020, Zheng 196, Wandou 28, Heinong 71, and Wandou 29 all contained Rps1c. The cultivars Jidou 12, Henong 72, Heinong 71, and Wandou 29 contained Rps1k. The cultivar Henong 72 contained both Rps1a and Rps1k, while Wandou 29 and Heinong 71 contained both Rps1c and Rps1k. We then evaluated the phenotype of 11 domestic soybean cultivars reacting to P. sojae using the isolates P6497 and Ps1. The 11 domestic cultivars were all resistant to P6497 and Ps1. This research provides source materials and parent plant strains containing Rps1a, Rps1c, and Rps1k for soybean breeding programs.
Development of an Evaluation System for Fusarium Resistance in Wheat Grains and Its Application in Assessment of the Corresponding Effects of Fhb1
Authors: Gong Xuan , He Xinyao , Zhang Yuhui , Li Lei , Sun Zhengxi , Bai Guihua , Singh Pawan Kumar , Li Tao
Published: February 2020

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a globally important wheat disease. Host resistance to FHB is composed of multiple mechanisms, including resistance to initial infection (type I), disease spread (type II), toxin accumulation (type III), kernel infection (type IV), and yield loss (type V), of which the last three have been less studied. Traditionally, the Fusarium-damaged kernel rate (FDK; percentage of Fusarium-infected grains) from point- or spray-inoculated experiments was used as the parameter for type IV resistance, which may be problematic because of the influence of type II resistance. Here we propose a new definition for type IV resistance: that is, the resistance against Fusarium infection expressed in wheat grains that have the same chance in contact with the pathogen, under favorable temperature and humidity for infection. Fhb1 confers strong type II resistance, leading to significantly reduced FHB severity and FDK. To investigate the role of Fhb1 in type IV resistance, a pair of near-isogenic lines, R22W (Fhb1 carrier, resistant in terms of type II resistance) and S22V (non-Fhb1, susceptible), along with eight wheat genotypes differing at Fhb1 were inoculated at different grain development stages with Fusarium macrospores both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo experiments with all florets inoculated demonstrated a significant reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW) in inoculated grains, regardless of their Fhb1 status and developmental stages. Surprisingly, R22W showed more TKW reduction than S22V, which was supported by the scanning electron microscopy observation that confirmed the more severe degradation of starch granules in R22W grains. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that grains from both R22W and S22V promoted fungal colonization, but no significant difference was found between the two lines. In summary, our results indicated that the proposed type IV evaluation system is effective in determining different grain resistance levels, providing novel tools for FHB resistance breeding. The finding that Fhb1 is not associated with type IV resistance enriches our understanding of this gene.
Strawberries at the Crossroads: Management of Soilborne Diseases in California Without Methyl Bromide
Authors: Holmes Gerald J. , Mansouripour Seyed Mojtaba , Hewavitharana Shashika S.
Published: February 2020

Strawberry production has historically been affected by soilborne diseases such as Verticillium wilt. This disease was a major limiting factor in strawberry production in California in the 1950s and was the main reason that preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) was developed in the late 1950s. MB fumigation was so successful that over 90% of the commercial strawberry fruit production in California utilized this technique. However, MB was subsequently linked to ozone depletion, and its use was phased out in 2005. The California strawberry industry was awarded exemption to the full phase-out until 2016, when all MB use in strawberry fruit production was prohibited. MB use continues in strawberry nurseries under an exemption to prevent spread of nematodes and diseases on planting stock. This review examines the impact of the MB phase-out on the California strawberry industry and evaluates the outlook for the industry in the absence of one of the most effective tools for managing soilborne diseases. New soilborne diseases have emerged, and historically important soilborne diseases have reemerged. Registration of new fumigants has been difficult and replacement of MB with a new and effective alternative is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Thus, crop losses due to soilborne diseases are likely to increase. Host plant resistance to soilborne diseases has become a top priority for strawberry breeding programs, and cultivars are increasingly selected for their resistance to soilborne diseases. The intelligent integration of a variety of management tactics is necessary to sustain strawberry production in California.
Seongchinamella unica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat of beach, and transfer of Halioglobus sediminis to Seongchinamella sediminis comb. nov. and Halioglobus lutimaris to Pseudohalioglobus gen. nov. as Pseudohalioglobus lutimaris comb. nov.
Authors: Kang Joo Won , Yang Hee Gun , Choi Seon , Kim Young-Ju , Lee Soon Dong
Published: February 2020

A Gram-reaction-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain GH4-78T, was isolated from the tidal mudflat of a beach in the Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and produced cream-coloured colonies. Q-8 was the only isoprenoid quinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
 ω7c and/or C18 : 1
 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
 ω6c and/or C16 : 1
 ω7c) and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain GH4-78T formed a distinct lineage with

Halioglobus sediminis

(98.2 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content was 59.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value with the closest relative was 82.90 %. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, strain GH4-78T (=KCTC 62383T=DSM 106349T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family

Halieaceae

, for which the name Seongchinamella unica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Moreover, the transfers of

Halioglobus sediminis

Han et al. 2019 to Seongchinamella sediminis comb. nov. and

Halioglobus lutimaris

Shi et al. 2018 to Pseudohalioglobus gen. nov. as Pseudohalioglobus lutimaris comb. nov. are also proposed, with the emended description of the genus

Halioglobus

.
Teredinibacter waterburyi sp. nov., a marine, cellulolytic endosymbiotic bacterium isolated from the gills of the wood-boring mollusc Bankia setacea (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) and emended description of the genus Teredinibacter
Authors: Altamia Marvin A. , Shipway J. Reuben , Stein David , Betcher Meghan A. , Fung Jennifer M. , Jospin Guillaume , Eisen Jonathan , Haygood Margo G. , Distel Daniel L.
Published: February 2020

A cellulolytic, aerobic, gammaproteobacterium, designated strain Bs02T, was isolated from the gills of a marine wood-boring mollusc, Bankia setacea (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). The cells are Gram-stain-negative, slightly curved motile rods (2–5×0.4–0.6 µm) that bear a single polar flagellum and are capable of heterotrophic growth in a simple mineral medium supplemented with cellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy. Cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, cellobiose and a variety of sugars also support growth. Strain Bs02T requires combined nitrogen for growth. Temperature, pH and salinity optima (range) for growth were 20 °C (range, 10–30 °C), 8.0 (pH 6.5–8.5) and 0.5 M NaCl (range, 0.0–0.8 M), respectively when grown on 0.5 % (w/v) galactose. Strain Bs02T does not require magnesium and calcium ion concentrations reflecting the proportions found in seawater. The genome size is approximately 4.03 Mbp and the DNA G+C content of the genome is 47.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and on conserved protein-coding sequences, show that strain Bs02T forms a well-supported clade with

Teredinibacter turnerae

. Average nucleotide identity and percentage of conserved proteins differentiate strain Bs02T from

Teredinibacter turnerae

at threshold values exceeding those proposed to distinguish bacterial species but not genera. These results indicate that strain Bs02T represents a novel species in the previously monotypic genus

Teredinibacter

for which the name Teredinibacter waterburyi sp. nov. is proposed. The strain has been deposited under accession numbers ATCC TSD-120T and KCTC 62963T.