bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GSR2005—Continuity of the ENFSI Proficiency Test on Identification of GSR by SEM/EDX
Authors: Niewoehner Ludwig , Andrasko Jan , Biegstraaten Jan , Gunaratnam Lawrence , Steffen Sylvia , Uhlig Steffen , Antoni Sabine
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Within the framework of the ENFSI Expert Working Group “Firearms” a proficiency test on the detection and identification of GSR by energy‐dispersive scanning electron microanalysis (SEM/EDX) is carried out in a 2 years term. The latest test was performed in 2005/2006 and was denoted as GSR2005. Seventy‐five laboratories from 28 countries participated in this proficiency test and submitted in total 83 independent data‐sets. The participating laboratories were requested to determine the total number of PbSbBa containing particles on a synthetic test sample following their own laboratory specific methods of automated GSR particle search and detection by SEM/EDX. Furthermore size and position of the detected particles had to be reported by the laboratories and were evaluated statistically. The results were compiled by means of z‐scores according to the IUPAC and EURACHEM guidelines—assessing individual laboratory achievements (inter‐laboratory) as well as intra‐laboratory performance—and were compared to the results of the previous proficiency test run GSR2003 (1). The comparison shows that there is a noticeable improvement in the method’s detection capability.
Perimetric sensitivity and response variability in glaucoma with single‐stimulus automated perimetry and multiple‐stimulus perimetry with verbal feedback
Authors: Miranda Marco A. , Henson David B.
Published: November 2007

Purpose:  To measure perimetric sensitivity and response variability of glaucomatous patients with single‐stimulus automated perimetry (SSAP) and multiple‐stimulus perimetry (MSP) with verbal feedback.

Methods:  Frequency‐of‐seeing (FOS) data were collected from the same four visual field locations (normal and reduced sensitivity) in one eye of 10 glaucoma patients, using SSAP and MSP. The SSAP technique was similar to that used in routine clinical perimetry while the MSP technique required the patient to verbally report the positions of the seen stimuli (0–4, with no more than 1 in each quadrant) after each presentation. At each test location, stimuli (0.5°, 200 ms) were repeatedly presented at five or more intensities around the estimated threshold. FOS curves (logistic) were determined using a maximum likelihood method and the threshold sensitivity (50% seen) and response variability (20–80% seen range) were compared between the two perimetric techniques.

Results:  There was an increase in sensitivity (mean = 1.9 dB, P < 0.01, Wilcoxon) and reduction in variability (mean range reduced from 3.7 to 2.5 dB, P < 0.01, Wilcoxon) with MSP. The increase in sensitivity with MSP varied between patients (P < 0.001, one‐way anova) with the mean MSP–SSAP sensitivity per eye ranging from 0.1 to 4.8 dB.

Conclusion:  Patients have a higher sensitivity and less variability in their visual field when tested with MSP with verbal feedback than with SSAP. These differences vary between patients and a likely explanation is the better maintenance of attention with MSP and verbal feedback. This finding demonstrates how the variability found in routine clinical perimetry can be reduced through changes to the way in which the stimuli are presented and the way in which the patient responds.
Pseudoexfoliation in the Reykjavik Eye Study: prevalence and related ophthalmological variables
Authors: Arnarsson Arsaell , Damji Karim F. , Sverrisson Thordur , Sasaki Hiroshi , Jonasson Fridbert
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To examine the age and sex‐specific prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and its relationship with some ophthalmological variables.

Methods: We carried out a population‐based study using a random sample taken from the national population census for citizens of Reykjavik, aged ≥ 50 years. A total of 1045 individuals participated in all parts of the study. Pseudoexfoliation was established by slit‐lamp examination with a maximally dilated pupil carried out by two experienced ophthalmologists, who were masked to one another’s results except in cases of disagreement where they had to reach a consensus.

Results: In all, 108 (10.7%) persons were found to have PEX in at least one eye. Prevalence increased from 2.5% in those aged 50–59 years to 40.6% in those aged ≥ 80 years. Women were more frequently affected than men (12.3% versus 8.7%). This difference remained statistically significant after controlling for the effect of age (p < 0.001). Eyes with PEX were found to have higher intraocular pressure (IOP) than eyes without PEX (p < 0.05). However, PEX was not found to be related to central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, nuclear lens opacifications or optic disc morphology in a multivariate model.

Conclusions: Pseudoexfoliation is an age‐related phenomenon commonly found in Iceland. It is more commonly found in women than in men and is associated with elevated IOP.
Hospital‐treated psychosis and suicide in a rural community (1877–2005). Part 2: Genetic founder effects
Authors: Andersen J. E. , Hynnekleiv T.
Published: November 2007

Objective: To demonstrate the existence of genetic founder effects in hospital‐treated cases of psychosis and self‐harm in historical cohorts of a small rural population.

Method: These cohorts consist of named persons born after 1845. The cumulative case registers were linked to the purported pedigrees of three presumed mentally ill founders living in the community in the 17th and 18th centuries. We compared the incidence of psychosis and self‐harm in the genetically unexposed population and in three exposed founder populations.

Results: We found a preponderance of organic mental disorders and schizophrenia in the twice‐exposed founder population and of other non‐organic psychosis and self‐harm in the thrice‐exposed founder population.

Conclusion: The genetic impact of the founders seems to have affected the incidence rates of severe psychiatric disorders of their descendants in two ways. A founder effect is detected in organic mental disorders and schizophrenia, and it seems to run independently of that detected in affective psychotic disorders and intentional self‐harm.
Asepsis during periodontal surgery involving oral implants and the usefulness of peri‐operative antibiotics: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Abu‐Ta'a Mahmoud , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim , Van Steenberghe Daniel
Published: November 2007

Objectives: This randomized clinical trial compares the usefulness of pre‐ and post‐operative antibiotics while strict asepsis was followed during periodontal surgery.

Material and Methods: Two groups of 40 consecutive patients each with fully or partially edentulous jaws were enrolled. Antibiotics group (GrAB+): 23 men, mean age 60, 128 implants, received oral amoxicillin 1 g, 1 h pre‐operatively and 2 g for 2 days post‐operatively. Non‐antibiotics group (GrAB−): 20 men, mean age 57, 119 implants, received no antibiotics. Bacterial samples were taken from the peri‐oral skin before and at the end of surgery. In 12 patients in each group, samples were also taken from the nares. A VAS questionnaire evaluated symptoms of infection/inflammation by both the patient and the periodontologist at suture removal.

Results: There were no significant differences between both groups, neither for the clinical parameters nor for the microbiota. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the nares of one patient only. The patients' subjective perception of post‐operative discomfort was significantly smaller in the group receiving antibiotics. Three patients lost one or two implants.

Conclusions: Antibiotics do not provide significant advantages concerning post‐operative infections in case of proper asepsis. It also does not reduce peri‐oral microbial contamination. It does on the other hand reduce post‐operative discomfort.
Relationship between betel quid additives and established periodontitis among Bangladeshi subjects
Authors: Akhter Rahena , Hassan Nur Mohammad Monsur , Aida Jun , Takinami Shuichi , Morita Manabu
Published: November 2007

Aim: To determine the relationship between betel quid chewing additives and established periodontitis in Bangladeshi subjects.

Material and Methods: A total of 864 subjects participated in this study. Among them, 140 pairs of sex‐ and age‐matched case subjects and control subjects were selected. A case was defined as a person who had at least two sites with a clinical attachment level (CAL)6 mm and at least one site with probing depth (PD)5 mm. Subjects who did not fulfill these criteria were considered as controls. Information on sociodemographic variables, psychological stress, dental health behaviour, smoking and betel quid chewing habits was obtained.

Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that current betel quid chewers had greater probabilities of having established periodontal disease than did non‐chewers (odds ratio=3.97, p<0.05). Mean PD, mean CAL, mean percentage of bleeding on probing and number of missing teeth were significantly higher in chewers of betel quid with tobacco and masala than in chewers of betel quid without such additives adjusting for age, sex, smoking habit, body mass index, dental visit pattern, stress and plaque index. Higher frequency and longer duration of betel quid chewing showed a significant relation to an increase in periodontal parameters.

Conclusion: The results indicate that betel quid additives might significantly enhance periodontitis in the population studied.
Hemangiopoietin supports animal survival and accelerates hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapy‐suppressed mice
Authors: Xu Zi Liang , Zhou Bin , Cong Xiu Li , Liu Yong Jun , Xu Bin , Li Yan Han , Gu Jie , Han Zhong Chao
Published: November 2007

Objective:  To determine if recombinant human hemangiopoietin (HAPO), a novel growth factor for primitive cells of hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages, accelerates hematopoietic reconstitution after high‐dose chemotherapy in vivo in mice.

Methods:  Male Balb/c mice after treatment of 5‐flourouracil were subcutaneously injected with HAPO or its dilution for consecutive 10 d. Their survival and body weight together with peripheral blood were routinely tested. At day 7 and 14, the numbers of bone marrow (BM) cells as well as colony‐forming units (CFU) after in vitro colony culture were counted. The peripheral blood CFU and the percentage of CD34+CD117+ cells in BM were analyzed. Transwell chamber was used for cell migratory assay.

Results:  HAPO at different doses significantly increased the survival rate and body weight, with an optimal effect in the HAPO 10 μg/d group. The number of BM cells and the percentage of CD34+CD117+ cells were also increased after HAPO administration. The number of granulocyte/macrophage CFU and granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage and megakaryocyte CFU in BM after HAPO treatment was greater than that from the HAPO dilution group. More circulating CFU could be observed after injection of HAPO. In addition, this novel cytokine had a chemotactic effect on the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.

Conclusion:  HAPO improves animal survival and accelerates hematopoietic reconstitution of mice after high‐dose chemotherapy.
A strategy for correlative microscopy of large skin samples: towards a holistic view of axillary skin complexity
Authors: Wilke Katrin , Wick Katrin , Keil Frerich J. , Wittern Klaus‐Peter , Wepf Roger , Biel Stefan S.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Knowledge about the structural elements of skin and its appendices is an essential prerequisite for understanding their complex functions and interactions. The hence necessary morphological description across several orders of scale not only requires the investigation at the light microscopic level but also ultrastructural investigation, ideally on the identical sample. For a correlative and multimodal observation one unique preparation protocol is mandatory. As a compromise between sample sizes of >500 μm in diameter on the one hand and optimal preservation of antigenicity and morphology on the other, we developed a new preparation protocol that allows (i) 3D reconstruction of the resin‐embedded sample by confocal light microscopy prior to (ii) direct immunolocalization of target proteins within selected sample planes by light and fluorescence microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Alternatively, (iii) serial cryosections of the frozen sample can be taken for characterizing the sample in toto. With this unique approach we were able to fully demonstrate the structural complexity of axillary skin samples, increasing the structural resolution from 3D reconstruction of the whole gland up to ultrastructural investigations at the subcellular level. We could demonstrate that axillary sweat glands are not separately distributed, as has been assumed to date; instead, they seem to be intricately twisted into one another. This promotes the concept of a complex axillary sweat gland organ instead of single sweat gland entities.
Modelling stream fish species distribution in a river network: the relative effects of temperature versus physical factors
Authors: Buisson L. , Blanc L. , Grenouillet G.
Published: November 2007

Abstract – The relative influence of temperature versus local physical factors on the spatial distribution of riverine fish species was investigated in a large watershed of south‐western France. Using generalised additive models and hierarchical partitioning, we modelled the ecological responses of 28 fish species to a set of five environmental predictors, and we quantified the independent effect of each predictor. The spatial distribution of fish species was primarily determined by both mean temperature and position along the upstream–downstream gradient. However, responses to these environmental factors varied according to the species considered. Fish species with strong thermal requirements (e.g., common carp, black bullhead, Atlantic salmon) were mainly sensitive to temperature whereas longitudinal gradient was of primary importance for downstream species (e.g., common bream, largemouth bass, pike perch). Both the statistical methods used gave concordant results and appeared complementary. This dual‐approach, quantifying the relative contribution of each environmental factor, appears particularly useful to understand the spatial distribution of stream fish species. Separating the effects of temperature versus habitat factors is crucial to accurately predict species distribution modifications in the current context of global change.
Differential regulation of innate immune response genes in gingival epithelial cells stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Laube D. M. , Dongari‐Bagtzoglou A. , Kashleva H. , Eskdale J. , Gallagher G. , Diamond G.
Published: November 2007

Background and Objective:  The gingival epithelium provides the first line of defense against colonization by periodontal pathogens, both as a physical barrier and by the production of inducible innate immune mediators such as β‐defensins and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The gram‐negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in the pathogenesis of localized aggressive periodontitis, although the bacterium is found widely in the healthy population. We hypothesized that gingival epithelial cell‐derived innate immune mediators triggered in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection may play an important role in increased susceptibility to infection.

Material and Methods:  Primary cultures of human gingival epithelial cells were cultured in the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Total mRNA was examined for the presence of innate immune markers using RT‐PCR.

Results:  We show here that the mRNA levels of human β‐defensin 2 and interleukin‐8 are elevated by live cultures of a clinical isolate of A. actinomycetemcomitans in cultured gingival epithelial cells from healthy individuals, but not by A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. Cells from a patient with localized aggressive periodontitis, however, did not respond to this bacterial stimulation. In contrast, the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐19 was induced in cells from both localized aggressive periodontitis and healthy subjects. Examination of Toll‐like receptors and associated adapter molecules indicated lower levels of Toll‐like receptor 2 mRNA in the localized aggressive periodontitis patient‐derived cells compared with cells from healthy subjects.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that a differential expression of innate immune response genes to A. actinomycetemcomitans in the gingival epithelium could be an underlying factor of susceptibility to localized aggressive periodontitis.
Labial piercing and localized periodontal destruction – partial periodontal regeneration following periodontal debridement and free gingival graft
Authors: Kapferer Ines , Hienz Stefan , Ulm Christian
Published: November 2007

Abstract –  Localized periodontal destruction has been reported as a rare complication of intraoral piercings. The purpose of this case report was to illustrate the destructive nature of a lip stud and to describe the successful treatment of this case. The lip stud was removed and supra‐ and subgingival debridement was performed. Because of a shallow vestibule, the absence of keratinized gingiva, and the strong frenulum insertion at the gingival margins, a free gingival graft was placed. Subsequently the patient demonstrated a significant amount of osseous regeneration and partial coverage of the recession, which has been clinically and radiographically (computed tomography) documented.
Simulation study of stimulation parameters in desynchronisation based on the Hodgkin-Huxley small-world neural networks and its possible implications for vagus nerve stimulation
Authors: Li Yan-Long , Chen Zhao-Yang , Ma Jun , Chen Yu-Hong
Published: November 2007

Adopting small-world neural networks of the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model, the stimulation parameters in desynchronisation and its possible implications for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are numerically investigated. With the synchronisation status of networks to represent epilepsy, then, adding pulse to stimulations to 10% of neurons to simulate the VNS, we obtain the desynchronisation status of networks (representing antiepileptic effects). The simulations show that synchronisation evolves into desynchronisation in the HH neural networks when a part (10%) of neurons are stimulated with a pulse current signal. The network desynchronisation appears to be sensitive to the stimulation parameters. For the case of the same stimulation intensity, weakly coupled networks reach desynchronisation more easily than strongly coupled networks. The network desynchronisation reduced by short-stimulation interval is more distinct than that of induced by long stimulation interval. We find that there exist the optimal stimulation interval and optimal stimulation intensity when the other stimulation parameters remain certain.
Quality of life and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Goracci Arianna , Martinucci Mirko , Kaperoni Anastassia , Fagiolini Andrea , Sbaragli Chiara , Corsi Eleonora , Castrogiovanni Paolo
Published: November 2007

Objective:

This study investigates the relationship between subthreshold obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and quality of life (QoL) in a sample from the Italian general population.

Methods:

A sample of 202 psychiatrically healthy (defined as absence of current axis I and axis II disorders) subjects was recruited by word of mouth from the residential population in the Siena, Salerno and Milano municipalities (Italy). All study subjects completed the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) and the Questionnaire for Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum (OBS-SR), which explore a wide array of threshold and subthreshold OCD symptoms, behaviours and traits. A diagnostic assessment was conducted to exclude the presence of DSM-IV axis I and axis II disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders, respectively.

Results:

A statistically significant correlation was found between the OBS-SR total score and the Q-LES-Q domains of physical health, subjective feelings, work, school, social relationships and general activities. There was also a statistically significant correlation between several Q-LES-Q and OBS-SR domains.

Conclusions:

The presence of subthreshold OCD is correlated with poorer QoL. More research is needed to evaluate if specific therapeutic interventions targeting subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms can lead to a significant improvement in the QoL of the affected individuals.
Accurate Transfer of Peri‐implant Soft Tissue Emergence Profile from the Provisional Crown to the Final Prosthesis Using an Emergence Profile Cast
Authors: ELIAN NICOLAS , TABOURIAN GERARD , JALBOUT ZIAD N. , CLASSI ANTHONY , CHO SANG‐CHOON , FROUM STUART , TARNOW DENNIS P.
Published: November 2007

Background:  The use of impression copings to make the final impression results in a master cast in which the soft tissue configuration around the implant platform is circular. Therefore, any soft tissue sculpting developed clinically by the provisional restoration is squandered.

Purpose:  The purpose of this report was to present a method for the precise transfer of the peri‐implant soft‐tissue developed by a customized provisional restoration to an emergence profile cast.

Materials and Methods:  The emergence profile cast is obtained from an impression of the implant‐supported provisional restoration and poured with a soft tissue model material. It is used for the fabrication of the emergence profile of the implant abutment and the cervical section of the crown.

Conclusion:  The technique described is simple, accurate, predictable, and does not require additional chair time for the customization of the impression coping or the fabrication of a new provisional restoration.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This article describes a technique that results in an implant restoration that mimics accurately in its emergence profile that of the carefully crafted and customized provisional restoration. The reproduction of the soft tissue contour from the provisional to the final restoration results in an improved esthetic outcome of the final restoration.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 19:306–315, 2007)
Analysis of proteins and peptides on a chromatographic timescale by electron‐transfer dissociation MS
Authors: Udeshi Namrata D. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F. , Rose Kristie L.
Published: November 2007

Peptide and protein sequence analysis using a combination of gas‐phase ion–ion chemistry and tandem MS is described. Samples are converted to multiply charged ions by ESI and then allowed to react with fluoranthene radical anions in a quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Electron transfer from the radical anion to the multiply charged peptide or protein promotes random fragmentation along the amide backbone that is independent of peptide or protein size, sequence, or the presence of post‐translational modifications. Examples are provided that demonstrate the utility of electron‐transfer dissociation for characterizing post‐translational modifications and for identifying proteins in mixtures on a chromatographic timescale (500 ms/protein).
Applications of diagonal chromatography for proteome‐wide characterization of protein modifications and activity‐based analyses
Authors: Gevaert Kris , Impens Francis , Van Damme Petra , Ghesquière Bart , Hanoulle Xavier , Vandekerckhove Joël
Published: November 2007

Numerous gel‐free proteomics techniques have been reported over the past few years, introducing a move from proteins to peptides as bits of information in qualitative and quantitative proteome studies. Many shotgun proteomics techniques randomly sample thousands of peptides in a qualitative and quantitative manner but overlook the vast majority of protein modifications that are often crucial for proper protein structure and function. Peptide‐based proteomic approaches have thus been developed to profile a diverse set of modifications including, but not at all limited, to phosphorylation, glycosylation and ubiquitination. Typical here is that each modification needs a specific, tailor‐made analytical procedure. In this minireview, we discuss how one technique − diagonal reverse‐phase chromatography − is applied to study two different types of protein modification: protein processing and protein N‐glycosylation. Additionally, we discuss an activity‐based proteome study in which purine‐binding proteins were profiled by diagonal chromatography.
Thermodynamic characterization of substrate and inhibitor binding to Trypanosoma brucei 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Authors: Montin Katy , Cervellati Carlo , Dallocchio Franco , Hanau Stefania
Published: November 2007

6‐Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is a potential target for new drugs against African trypanosomiasis. Phosphorylated aldonic acids are strong inhibitors of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and 4‐phospho‐d‐erythronate (4PE) and 4‐phospho‐d‐erythronohydroxamate are two of the strongest inhibitors of the Trypanosoma brucei enzyme. Binding of the substrate 6‐phospho‐d‐gluconate (6PG), the inhibitors 5‐phospho‐d‐ribonate (5PR) and 4PE, and the coenzymes NADP, NADPH and NADP analogue 3‐amino‐pyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate to 6‐phospho‐d‐gluconate dehydrogenase from T. brucei was studied using isothermal titration calorimetry. Binding of the substrate (Kd = 5 µm) and its analogues (Kd =1.3 µm and Kd = 2.8 µm for 5PR and 4PE, respectively) is entropy driven, whereas binding of the coenzymes is enthalpy driven. Oxidized coenzyme and its analogue, but not reduced coenzyme, display a half‐site reactivity in the ternary complex with the substrate or inhibitors. Binding of 6PG and 5PR poorly affects the dissociation constant of the coenzymes, whereas binding of 4PE decreases the dissociation constant of the coenzymes by two orders of magnitude. In a similar manner, the Kd value of 4PE decreases by two orders of magnitude in the presence of the coenzymes. The results suggest that 5PR acts as a substrate analogue, whereas 4PE mimics the transition state of dehydrogenation. The stronger affinity of 4PE is interpreted on the basis of the mechanism of the enzyme, suggesting that the inhibitor forces the catalytic lysine 185 into the protonated state.
Make your Best Guess: An updated method for paediatric weight estimation in emergencies
Authors: Tinning Katie , Acworth Jason
Published: November 2007

Background:  For children requiring weight‐based resuscitative measures, it is often difficult to obtain an accurate weight. In these cases, it is common practice to estimate the weight based on age. As the average weight of Australian children has increased over the last two decades, the widely used advanced paediatric life support (APLS) method might systematically underestimate weight in paediatric patients.

Objective:  To devise a simple age‐based method for estimating weight that is more accurate than the APLS method.

Methods:  A retrospective observational study of all patients (aged 0–14 years) presenting to a tertiary paediatric ED over a 3 year period was performed. Presentations were divided into infants (<12 months), preschool‐aged (1–4 years) and school‐aged children (5–14 years). Weight measurements performed at triage were recorded and regression analysis performed to produce equations describing the relationship between weight and age for each group.

Results:  There were 70 181 presentations suitable for inclusion in the present study. Mean weight for age (±2 SD) is presented in tabular form. Three simplified linear equations were derived to calculate mean weight for age.

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Conclusion:  The present study devised an age‐based method for paediatric weight estimation which should more accurately predict weight than the widely used APLS formula.
Down‐Regulation of α1‐Adrenoceptor Expression by Lipid‐Soluble Smoke Particles through Transcriptional Factor Nuclear Factor‐κB Pathway
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cao Yong‐Xiao , He Jian‐Yu , Xu Cang‐Bao
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Smoking is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease that is a leading cause of death and disability in Western countries. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of lipid‐soluble smoke particles (DSP) on α‐adrenoceptor expression in organ culture of rat mesenteric arteries and human epiploon arteries. Myograph and real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction were employed to assess vascular smooth muscle contractibility and the receptor mRNA expression in the smooth muscle cells. Organ culture of the arterial segments in the presence of DSP (0.2 µl/ml) resulted in a significantly decreased contractile response to norepinephrine, compared to control (i.e. in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide) (P < 0.05). This was in parallel with a down‐regulation of α1A‐adrenoceptor mRNA expression in the smooth muscle, while α2‐adrenoceptor mRNA expression remained unchanged. General transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (10−5.4 M), but not the translational inhibitor cycloheximide (10−5 M), significantly abolished the DSP‐induced depressed contraction to norepinephrine. IMD‐0354 (10−7.5 M), a specific nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway inhibitor, markedly reversed the DSP‐induced down‐regulation of α1A‐adrenoceptor expression in the smooth muscle at both functional and mRNA levels. Thus, we have demonstrated that smoking‐induced down‐regulation of α1A‐adrenoceptor expression was via the transcriptional factor NF‐κB pathway.
Case Reports of Successful Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Severe Amitriptyline Poisoning
Authors: Bayrakci Benan , Unal Sule , Erkocoglu Mustafa , Güngör Handan Yüksel , Aksu Salih
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Severe amitriptyline toxicity may cause coma, hypotension, convulsions, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, metabolic/respiratory acidosis and cardiac arrest. Management with gastric lavage, activated charcoal, alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate and supportive care with mechanical ventilation, antiarrhythmics and anticonvulsants if required, is the common approach. Herein, we report successful treatment of severe amitriptyline poisoning in three cases by plasma exchange in addition to the above supportive measures. Plasma exchange may have a beneficial role in lethal doses of amitriptyline ingestion because of the high plasma protein binding property of amitriptyline.
Diffuse interstellar bands in z < 0.6 Ca ii absorbers
Authors: Ellison Sara L. , York Brian A. , Murphy Michael T. , Zych Berkeley J. , Smith Arfon M. , Sarre Peter J.
Published: November 2007

The diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) probably arise from complex organic molecules whose strength in local galaxies correlates with neutral hydrogen column density, N(H i), and dust reddening, E(B−V). Because Ca ii absorbers in quasar (QSO) spectra are posited to have high N(H i) and significant E(B−V), they represent promising sites for the detection of DIBs at cosmological distances. Here we present the results from the first search for DIBs in nine Ca ii-selected absorbers at 0.07 > zabs > 0.55. We detect the 5780-Å DIB in one line of sight at zabs= 0.1556; this is only the second QSO absorber in which a DIB has been detected. Unlike the majority of local DIB sight-lines, both QSO absorbers with detected DIBs show weak 6284-Å absorption compared with the 5780-Å band. This may be indicative of different physical conditions in intermediate redshift QSO absorbers compared with local galaxies. Assuming that local relations between the 5780-Å DIB strength and N(H i) and E(B−V) apply in QSO absorbers, DIB detections and limits can be used to derive N(H i) and E(B−V). For the one absorber in this study with a detected DIB, we derive E(B−V) = 0.23 mag and log N(H i) ≥ 20.9, consistent with previous conclusions that Ca ii systems have high H i column densities and significant reddening. For the remaining eight Ca ii-selected absorbers with 5780-Å DIB non-detections, we derive E(B−V) upper limits of 0.1–0.3 mag.
Estimating Item Response Theory Models Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Kim Jee‐Seon , Bolt Daniel M.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this ITEMS module is to provide an introduction to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation for item response models. A brief description of Bayesian inference is followed by an overview of the various facets of MCMC algorithms, including discussion of prior specification, sampling procedures, and methods for evaluating chain convergence. Model comparison and fit issues in the context of MCMC are also considered. Finally, an illustration is provided in which a two‐parameter logistic (2PL) model is fit to item response data from a university mathematics placement test through MCMC using the WINBUGS 1.4 software. While MCMC procedures are often complex and can be easily misused, it is suggested that they offer an attractive methodology for experimentation with new and potentially complex IRT models, as are frequently needed in real‐world applications in educational measurement.
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT CARROT VARIETIES (DAUCUS CAROTA L.)
Authors: DA SILVA EMERSON AUGUSTO , VIEIRA MANOELA ALANO , VIEIRA EDUARDO ALANO , DE MELLO CASTANHO AMBONI RENATA DIAS , AMANTE EDNA REGINA , TEIXEIRA EVANILDA
Published: November 2007

Four carrot cultivars (Aline, Nogman, RZ and Wokraw) were evaluated in terms of their chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Chemical and sensory characteristic correlations were close to 1.0 between the root cylindrical form and the attributes internal and external colors, minerals, total and insoluble alimentary fibers. There was a strong correlation between minerals, insoluble alimentary fiber and acidity. The Wokraw variety was superior in sweetness but similar in juice. While the carrot cultivars studied in this work differ statistically in most of their sensory features, they were similar to most of the physical and chemical characteristics. This shows that the competition between cultivars is necessary when deciding about the raw material selected to be used in carrot juice production.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Chemical and physical characteristics of raw material are generally analyzed to improve agro‐industrial product quality. Consumer preference for natural juices is increasing because of their nutritional properties. This work evaluated four carrot varieties and concluded that sensorial evaluation with a trained panel is a reliable practical procedure for the selection of varieties for carrot juice processing.
DEACIDIFICATION OF ADLAY SEED (COIX LACHRYMA‐JOBI VAR. MAYUEN) MISCELLA WITH ANION‐EXCHANGE RESIN
Authors: DU SHAO‐LONG , ZHOU CHUN‐SHAN , YANG LIU‐QING
Published: November 2007

This study examined the potential of ion‐exchange adsorption technique for the deacidification of adlay seed miscella. The adsorption properties, including the adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics, of free fatty acids (FFAs) onto anion‐exchange resin LSD‐263 were investigated. Regression results showed that the Freundlich model can describe the adsorption isotherm better than the Langmuir model can. The positive values of enthalpy indicated that an endothermic process in our study range – the negative value of free energy indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process – and the positive values of entropy showed the increased randomness at the solid/liquid interface during the adsorption process. The Lagergren first‐order model and the Ho pseudo second‐order model were used to investigate the adsorption data and Ho's model could present the experimental data better than Lagergren's model could. The adsorption constant increase with temperature indicated that higher temperature would benefit the adsorption process. Analysis of adlay seed oils revealed that the application of LSD‐263 could get a high % removal of FFAs (about 90%) and partly remove phospholipids (68.58%) and pigments (64.41%) without significant change of oil content and fatty acid composition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Conventional neutralization of vegetable oils by alkali or physical refining is considered very energy consuming. In addition, all the refining operations subject oils to high temperatures. High temperatures seem to be the most harmful parameter, which is responsible for hydrolytic, oxidative and polymerization alterations.

Improving the quality of processed oils by reducing side effects and energy consumption has been among the most attractive research areas throughout the past half‐century. Due to its characteristic as a highly effective and energy‐saving technology, ion‐exchange processing has the potential of being an alternative vegetable‐refining technique. However, there has not been much fundamental research concerning the adsorption of free fatty acids from vegetable oils by anion‐exchange resins.

Deacidification of vegetable oil with ion‐exchange resins can be operated at low temperature (<50C). These mild conditions, which contrast with the condition in industry practices, are expected to preserve the sensitive and bioactive components in vegetable oils. Moreover, due to high separation effectiveness, ion‐exchange processing can be done with vegetable miscella itself without any further solvent removal by evaporation.
DETERMINATION OF AN EFFECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR IMMERSION WATER COOLING OF CANNED FOODS
Authors: MOHAMED IBRAHIM O.
Published: November 2007

Transient temperature measurement inside cans packed with tomato purees were used to estimate can surface heat flux as a function of time during the immersion cooling cycle of the thermal processing of canned foods. The estimation was carried out using a developed computer program based on a sequential function specification algorithm. The estimated heat fluxes were used to solve the direct heat conduction problem for the cans' internal temperature distributions at any position and time including internal surface temperature. The accuracy of the calculated heat flux was verified using the root mean square error for the temperatures at the sensor position. An effective heat transfer coefficient as a function of time was calculated from the knowledge of surface temperatures and heat flux history. A time‐averaged effective heat transfer coefficient of 137 ± 7 (W/m2·C) was obtained in this study, which was comparable to a published value obtained using pilot scale data.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research work provides a systematic approach for estimating heat transfer coefficients during food processing operations. The method was based on both the inverse and the direct solution of heat conduction in cylindrical geometry. The experimental setup showed that with a single transient temperature measurement, an accurate estimate of an effective heat transfer coefficient can be achieved. This research also showed how heat transfer coefficient changes with time during immersion cooling. The effective heat transfer coefficient accounts for the internal lacquer coating and external polymeric printing coating thermal resistances. The heat transfer coefficient obtained in this research is an addition to scarce data on such an important parameter, which will help in the optimization of the thermal processing of canned foods by accounting for the cooling phase lethality.
Research Article: Selectivity‐determining Residues in Plk1
Authors: Kothe Michael , Kohls Darcy , Low Simon , Coli Rocco , Rennie Glen R. , Feru Frederic , Kuhn Cyrille , Ding Yuan‐Hua
Published: November 2007

Polo‐like kinase 1 is an important regulator of cell cycle progression whose over‐expression is often associated with oncogenesis. Polo‐like kinase 1 hence represents an attractive target for cancer intervention. BI 2536 (Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), a Polo‐like kinase 1 inhibitor currently in clinical trials, exhibits nanomolar potency against Polo‐like kinase isoforms and high selectivity against other kinases. We have previously published the crystal structures of the Polo‐like kinase 1 domain in complex with AMPPNP and an Aurora A inhibitor. In this work, we present the co‐crystal structure of Polo‐like kinase 1 with BI 2536. The structure, in combination with selectivity data for BI 2536 and related compounds, illustrates important features for potency and selectivity. In particular, we show that the methoxy group of BI 2536 is an important specificity determinant against non‐Polo‐like kinases by taking advantage of a small pocket generated by Leu 132 in the hinge region of Polo‐like kinase 1. The work presented here provides a framework for structure‐based drug design of Polo‐like kinase 1‐specific inhibitors.
Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?
Authors: Dawes Gregory W.
Published: November 2007

A number of recent historians claim to have defeated what they call the ‘conflict thesis’, the idea that there exists some inevitable conflict between Darwinism and Christianity. This is often thought to be part of a broader ‘warfare thesis’, which posits an inevitable conflict between science and religion. But, all they have defeated is one, relatively uninteresting form of this thesis. There remain other forms of the conflict theses that remain entirely plausible, even in light of the historical record.
Typology in Optimality Theory
Authors: Gordon Matthew
Published: November 2007

The mechanism of constraint re‐ranking basis makes Optimality Theory (OT) a typologically oriented theory of phonology. Permuting the prioritization of constraints on a language‐specific basis generates a factorial typology of phonological patterns. Patterns generated by an optimality‐theoretic account can be compared with the set of attested patterns found in languages of the world to determine how well the analysis fits the observed typology. The typological predictions of OT are constrained to a large extent by the grounding of markedness constraints in independent facts about speech articulation, perception, and processing. Nevertheless, comprehensive typological analyses within OT commonly overpredict the existence of apparently unattested patterns. These cases of overgeneration may stem from several sources: they may be pathologic, may reflect accidental gaps due to the paucity of a given phenomenon, or may be grounded in diachronic biases in speech perception or production. The phonetic underpinnings and factorial typology of three phenomena are discussed in this article: syllable structure, the distribution of contour tones, and the loci of laryngeal neutralization.
Event‐Related Potentials and Language Processing: A Brief Overview
Authors: Kaan Edith
Published: November 2007

Since the publication of the first papers on event‐related brain potentials (ERP) and language in the 1980s, the field of electrophysiology of language has evolved a great deal. This article is a brief overview of ERPs and language‐processing research. It discusses how ERPs are derived, provides the pros and cons of using ERPs for language‐processing research, and gives a summary of the major ERP components relevant to research on speech perception (mismatch negativity), word and sentence comprehension (N400, left anterior negativity, P600), and word production (lateralized readiness potential, N200). Additionally, it addresses current controversies concerning the interpretation of these components. Applications of the ERP technique are illustrated with research on first and second language acquisition, bilingualism, and aphasia.
Selective Photobleaching of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Photosystem I Particles under High‐Light Treatment
Authors: Andreeva Atanaska , Abarova Silvia , Stoitchkova Katerina , Picorel Rafael , Velitchkova Maya
Published: November 2007

Photosystem I particles (PSI‐200) isolated from spinach leaves were studied by means of absorbance, 77K fluorescence and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The aim was to obtain better insight into the changes of the pigment spectral properties in those particles during prolonged exposure to high‐light intensities and to reveal the involvement of these pigments in the photoprotection of the PSI. During prolonged exposure to high‐light intensities of spinach PSI particles, a loss of a significant amount of photosynthetic pigments was observed. It was shown that various pigments exhibited different susceptibility to photodamage. In addition to bleaching of chlorophyll a (Chl a), bleaching of carotenoids was also clearly observed. RR technique allowed us to recognize the type and conformation of photobleached carotenoid molecules. Raman data revealed a nearly full photobleaching of the long‐wavelength lutein molecules. The observed similar bleaching rate of the lutein molecules and the most‐red shifted long‐wavelength Chl a, located in the antenna membrane protein Lhca4, suggested that these molecules are located closely. Our results showed that the photobleached antenna pigments and especially luteins and the most long‐wavelength absorbing chlorophylls are involved in photoprotection of PSI core complex.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Photocarcinogenesis†
Authors: Beissert Stefan , Loser Karin
Published: November 2007

Skin cancer constitutes one of the most frequent types of malignancies in humans with rapidly increasing incidences almost worldwide. UVR is an essential risk factor for the development of premalignant as well as malignant skin lesions. In this context UVR can function as a complete carcinogen by inducing “UV signature” DNA mutations and by suppressing protective cellular antitumoral immune responses. UV‐induced DNA damage can result in impaired cutaneous cell cycle control if cell cycle regulators, such as the p53 gene, are affected. Besides interfering with cell cycle control genes, UV‐induced DNA damage can result in the release of interleukin‐10, a cytokine with known immunosuppressive effects on T‐helper(h)‐1 cells. For the development of antitumoral immune responses antigen‐specific activation of effector T cells by antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is required. It was demonstrated that UVR can inhibit antigen presentation both directly and indirectly via the induction of suppressive cytokines. In addition, subsets of T cells are induced upon UVR, which can actively suppress major histocompatibility complex class I/II‐restricted immune responses. These UV‐induced regulatory T cells appear to belong to the CD4+CD25+ T cell lineage and can express the characteristic transcription factor Foxp3, which programs for suppressor function. In mice UV‐induced regulatory T cells can control the development of UV‐induced skin cancer. Peripheral regulatory T cells are maintained by the expression of B7 molecules and can be expanded by APC of the skin. Recently, epidermal expression of CD254 (RANKL) has been shown to connect UVR with the expansion of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells. In the following, new molecular and cellular mechanisms of UV‐induced skin tumor development will be described and discussed.