bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politics as Propaganda
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates how Staël's analysis of the Jacobins' performance raises the question of the role she attributed, in the revolutionary process, to what she referred to as “the people” or “the nation.” On her account, if the mass of the people harbored the expectations that agitated French society, these shapeless aspirations acquired political significance only through the initiative of some active minority groups. The Revolution itself appeared to be the work of rival elites who pursued different political designs, each of them claiming to act according to the wishes of the whole nation. For Staël this interaction between the French people and its ruling elites was at best problematic. Because the country lacked a tradition of free government, in France the normal relations between a free nation and its elected representatives had not yet taken shape.
Complexity and the Art of Public Policy
Authors: Colander David , Kupers Roland
Published: January 2018

Complexity science—made possible by modern analytical and computational advances—is changing the way we think about social systems and social theory. Unfortunately, economists’ policy models have not kept up and are stuck in either a market fundamentalist or government control narrative. While these standard narratives are useful in some cases, they are damaging in others, directing thinking away from creative, innovative policy solutions. This book outlines a new, more flexible policy narrative, which envisions society as a complex evolving system that is uncontrollable but can be influenced. The book describes how economists and society became locked into the current policy framework, and lay out fresh alternatives for framing policy questions. Offering original solutions to stubborn problems, the complexity narrative builds on broader philosophical traditions, such as those in the work of John Stuart Mill, to suggest initiatives that the authors call “activist laissez-faire” policies. The book develops innovative bottom-up solutions that, through new institutional structures such as for-benefit corporations, channel individuals’ social instincts into solving societal problems, making profits a tool for change rather than a goal. It argues that a central role for government in this complexity framework is to foster an ecostructure within which diverse forms of social entrepreneurship can emerge and blossom.
Divination and Human Nature
Authors: Struck Peter T.
Published: January 2018

This book casts a new perspective on the rich tradition of ancient divination—the reading of divine signs in oracles, omens, and dreams. Popular attitudes during classical antiquity saw these readings as signs from the gods while modern scholars have treated such beliefs as primitive superstitions. The book reveals instead that such phenomena provoked an entirely different accounting from the ancient philosophers. These philosophers produced subtle studies into what was an odd but observable fact—that humans could sometimes have uncanny insights—and their work signifies an early chapter in the cognitive history of intuition. Examining the writings of Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and the Neoplatonists, the book demonstrates that they all observed how, setting aside the charlatans and swindlers, some people had premonitions defying the typical bounds of rationality. Given the wide differences among these ancient thinkers, the book notes that they converged on seeing this surplus insight as an artifact of human nature, projections produced under specific conditions by our physiology. For the philosophers, such unexplained insights invited a speculative search for an alternative and more naturalistic system of cognition. Recovering a lost piece of an ancient tradition, this book illustrates how philosophers of the classical era interpreted the phenomena of divination as a practice closer to intuition and instinct than magic.
Introduction
Authors: DiLuzio Meghan J.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role that women of ancient Rome played in public cult. Historians of Roman religion have generally supposed that women were excluded from official priestly service at Rome. In recent years, however, a number of important studies have challenged specific aspects of this general picture, including the theory of female sacrificial incapacity. There is ample evidence that women could communicate with the gods through sacrifice. Laywomen are recorded as officiants as well. Meanwhile, the question of women's subordination to male authority in the ritual sphere is less easily settled. It indeed seems that married priestesses were subject to the authority of their priestly spouses. However, other priestesses were more independent. The administration of cults under female control seems to have been left to the women themselves, particularly where men were actively excluded. Such self-government was naturally an “internal autonomy” that relied upon the continued consent of the people and the senate.
Conclusion: The Legacy of Commonwealth
Authors: Dauber Noah
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the persistence of the ideal of commonwealth in the postwar welfare state. It first considers the notion that lies at the heart of the commonwealth theory of state and society: that distributive justice was the basis of peace and mutuality. It then examines the argument that the commonwealth could be saved by understanding that the incentives for conformity with the law needed to be grounded on mutual fear rather than on the pursuit of honor. It notes that, by the eve of the Restoration, posing the question of government as one of sovereignty or control had run its course. It also analyzes the turn to class politics in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, as well as opinions that were more redolent of commonwealth themes on both the Right and the Left in the twentieth century.
Suspending Spheres, Suspending Disbelief: Hegel’s Antigone, Craik’s Crimea, Woolf’s Three Guineas
Authors: Lootens Tricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the capacity of suspended spheres to help figure otherwise mysterious acts of political, intellectual, historical denial. Building on Bonnie Honig's critique of current democratic theory's willingness to accept what she terms the “Antigone effect,” it considers what histories of evasion might help explain current democratic theorists' apparent willingness to keep positioning Antigone as heroic figure for femininity's relations to the State, without ever asking about Antigone's slaves. The chapter analyzes two texts,G.W.F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Virginia Woolf's Three Guineas, as well as Dinah Mulock Craik's Crimean War poems, to identify forms of analysis that might help expose and denaturalize the allure of suspending spheres, the satisfactions of continuing to pretend that race plays no role within the maintenance of even the most abstract “State-free zones.” Finally, it shows how sentimental poetry can be employed to articulate the workings of a spatialized trope of separate spheres.
The “Discipline of Freedom”
Authors: von Schnitzler Antina
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the beginnings of a specifically neoliberal techno-politics in South Africa within the context of conceptual and practical responses to the 1976 Soweto Uprising. Drawing on archival research and interviews with apartheid-era economists and functionaries, the chapter examines the political styles of reasoning that emerged as neoliberal thought was appropriated by the state and private organizations in response to the systemic crises of the 1970s. It also considers the move away from the macro-techniques of grand apartheid and toward more micro-political techniques at the level of the administrative and the technical. It shows that this late-apartheid techno-politics, and the neoliberal archive that often inspired it, gave rise to a form of counterinsurgency mediated by infrastructure and administrative techniques. Finally, it explains how, in post-1976 South Africa, neoliberalism emerged as a series of adaptable concepts and techniques that built upon and often worked through preexisting contexts.
Performing Dignity
Authors: von Schnitzler Antina
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the fight against Operation Gcin'amanzi and the prepaid meter led five Phiri residents from Phiri to sue Johannesburg Water and the City of Johannesburg by invoking their constitutionally enshrined right to water. It uses the case Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg (2009) as a lens to explore “what human rights do” in relation to citizenship and the political terrain. The chapter highlights the significance of the case in terms of demonstrating the translation of the politics of infrastructure into a juridico-political language, as well as enabling an analysis of the larger questions of citizenship and state obligation that were elicited by the struggles around Operation Gcin'amanzi. Finally, it explains how the legal techno-politics involving experts, residents and legal officials became central to the adjudication of key ethical and political questions in the postapartheid period.
A Perennial Problem
Authors: Mayville Luke
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers John Adams' Defence of the Constitutions within a transatlantic debate about the desirability of English-style balanced government—a constitutional model that attempted to counterpose the monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic social elements together within the same government. The debate was most pronounced in Paris in the years preceding the French Revolution, when Anglomanes who sympathized with balanced government defended the model from the attacks of French reformers. It argues that Adams, though a defender of a certain idea of balanced government, departed from the prevalent theory. Whereas conventional Anglomanes had emphasized the danger to such balance posed by the popular, democratic element, Adams was preoccupied instead with the threat to that balance posed by an overweening aristocratic class.
Sympathy for the Rich
Authors: Mayville Luke
Published: January 2018

This chapter turns to the question of how, precisely, John Adams understood wealth to translate into political influence. It shows that Adams was a careful student of the Scottish Enlightenment. More than any other Founding Era American, he engaged with the long tradition of thought that emphasized the psychological bases of social and political power. The fruit of his efforts was the series of essays entitled Discourses on Davila, a work that Adams would describe as the fourth and final volume of his Defence. The chapter draws from Discourses on Davila and other writings an understanding of oligarchic power that traces the political power of wealth not to the capacity of the rich to buy influence but instead to public admiration and sympathy for the rich.
Making and Breaking Mathematical Sense
Authors: Wagner Roi
Published: January 2018

In line with the emerging field of philosophy of mathematical practice, this book pushes the philosophy of mathematics away from questions about the reality and truth of mathematical entities and statements and toward a focus on what mathematicians actually do—and how that evolves and changes over time. How do new mathematical entities come to be? What internal, natural, cognitive, and social constraints shape mathematical cultures? How do mathematical signs form and reform their meanings? How can we model the cognitive processes at play in mathematical evolution? And how does mathematics tie together ideas, reality, and applications? This book combines philosophical, historical, and cognitive studies to paint a fully rounded image of mathematics not as an absolute ideal but as a human endeavor that takes shape in specific social and institutional contexts. The book builds on case studies to confront philosophical reconstructions and cutting-edge cognitive theories. It focuses on the contingent semiotic and interpretive dimensions of mathematical practice, rather than on mathematics' claim to universal or fundamental truths, in order to explore not only what mathematics is, but also what it could be. Along the way, the book challenges conventional views that mathematical signs represent fixed, ideal entities; that mathematical cognition is a rigid transfer of inferences between formal domains; and that mathematics' exceptional consensus is due to the subject's underlying reality. The result is a revisionist account of mathematical philosophy that will interest mathematicians, philosophers, and historians of science alike.
Two Case Studies of Semiosis in Mathematics
Authors: Wagner Roi
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents two case studies that highlight the problems of mathematical semiosis: how mathematical signs obtain and change their senses. The first case study follows the paradigmatic mathematical sign, x, as it is used in applications of powers series to combinatorics via generating functions. The second case study concerns gender role stereotypes involving the so-called “stable marriage problem.” Both case studies open up questions of how meaning is transferred within and across mathematical contexts and try to substantiate the book's claims about interpretation, formalization, and constraints over mathematical objects and statements. The chapter also considers gender-neutral mathematical language in the context of sexuality.
Mathematics and Cognition
Authors: Wagner Roi
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the notion of embodied mathematical cognition by reviewing some neuro-cognitive theories of mathematical concept formation. It first considers the neuro-cognitive debate on the mental representation of numbers, focusing on Stanislas Dehaene's notion of “number sense” and Vincent Walsh's ATOM (acronym for a theory of magnitude), before presenting the cognitive theory of mathematical metaphor and relating it to Water J. Freeman III's theory of meaning. It also examines Gilles Deleuze's Logic of Sensation in the context of mathematical practice, the link between the history of mathematics and neuro-cognition through an analysis of theories that explicitly engage the formation of higher mathematical concepts, and some challenges to the theory of mathematical metaphors.
Making a World, Mathematically
Authors: Wagner Roi
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at mathematics not only as subject to constraints but also as feeding back into the reality that shapes it. To show how mathematics changes the reality in which it evolves and reforms the world where it lives, the chapter follows three nineteenth-century post-Kantian German thinkers: Johann G. Fichte, Friedrich W.J. Schelling, and Hermann Cohen. It also offers a solution to Mark Steiner's formulation of Eugene Wigner's problem of the “unreasonable” applicability of mathematics to the natural sciences (or at least a reduction of the problem to a more containable intra-mathematical setting). It lends credence to the book's description of mathematical practice as a negotiation of various constraints by means of rearticulated, superposed, and deferred interpretations in a contemplated and experienced reality.
Christianopolis
Authors: Lewis Michael J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the decision of Friedrich I, the Duke of Württemberg, to establish a town for religious refugees at the extreme northern edge of the Black Forest, in 1598. He hoped to attract the beleaguered Protestants of Austria, where the Counter-Reformation was in full vigor. Other European princes had done the same from time to time since the beginning of the Reformation, but Friedrich was the first to make the city itself a physical emblem of a Protestant sanctuary. The result was the first formally planned city of refuge, which he named Freudenstadt, which literally means “city of joy.” As designer of Freudenstadt, Duke Friedrich appointed Heinrich Schickhardt (1558–1635), one of the most prolific and amiable architects of the German Renaissance.
When Congress Investigates
Authors: Kriner Douglas L. , Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the forces driving variation in congressional willingness to use its investigative powers over time. Marshaling an original dataset identifying more than 11,900 days of investigative hearings held in the House and Senate from 1898 to 2014, it examines the institutional, partisan, and ideological forces that drive the considerable temporal variation in the frequency with which Congress exercises its investigative powers over more than a century of American political history. It shows that both partisan forces and policy disagreements drive variation in investigative activity. These effects are most robust in the House of Representatives, where there is a strong, consistent relationship between divided government and investigative activity, and where heightened polarization boosts the impact of divided party control.
The Direct Influence of Congressional Investigations on Policy Outcomes
Authors: Kriner Douglas L. , Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on two direct pathways through which congressional investigations can produce concrete changes in the specific policy area targeted by the investigation. First, investigations may provide the impetus for new legislation that otherwise would not have passed in its absence. Investigative hearings can spur congressional action and generate political pressure on the president and members of his party to vote for and sign legislation that they may have otherwise resisted through the filibuster or veto. Second, even when investigations are not followed by legislative action compelling the administration to change its behavior, high-profile committee inquiries into executive-branch actions may bring enough political pressure to bear on the White House that it opts to make concessions rather than continue a bruising public fight with the legislature.
Conclusion
Authors: Kriner Douglas L. , Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that to accurately capture the balance of power between the branches, separation of powers scholarship must do more than simply consider Congress’s ability to write its preferences into law over those of the president. It must also consider Congress’s capacity to influence policy through more informal means, such as by using its power of investigation to raise the political costs that presidents risk incurring by pursuing their preferred policies. By giving short shrift to congressional investigations, existing scholarship has underestimated Congress’s political and policy influence. Nevertheless, there are four important, inter-related caveats that may limit the influence that the contemporary Congress wields through the investigative arm of its committees. These are the polarization and unified government, the changing nature of investigations in a polarized era, the potential for overreach, and an increasingly partisan media environment.
Transition Paths and the Quality of Democracy
Authors: Teo Terence
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines whether the nature of the transition—distributive conflict or elite-led—has any effect on the quality of democracy. More specifically, it asks whether transition paths reflect equifinality, the existence of multiple routes to the same outcome, or whether democratization through one path rather than another has a more enduring effect. Focusing on cases of reversion to authoritarian regimes, the chapter argues that mass mobilization may also constitute a check on government by raising the costs to both autocratic incumbents and their democratic successors of abusing executive power, violating human rights and civil liberties, and committing electoral fraud. Paired comparisons between similarly situated distributive conflict and elite-led transitions provide additional evidence on how mass mobilization can increase the quality of transitional elections, reduce the capacity of hard-liners to resort to repression, and impede the scope of institutional “lock-ins” that give exiting elites veto power.
Conclusion
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Kaufman Robert R.
Published: January 2018

This book has examined prevalent structural approaches to democratization, including modernization and distributive conflict theories, by testing them against the experience of the Third Wave. It has shown that the democratic transitions during the period marked a fundamental expansion of opportunities for people around the world to exercise political rights and hold their leaders accountable. However, the regime changes of those decades also included instances of reversion to autocracy and increasing evidence of the resilience of authoritarian rule. This conclusion summarizes the book's findings and considers their relevance for the period since 2008, focusing in particular on the impact of factors such as inequality, economic development, institutions, collective action, and distributive conflicts on transitions to and from democratic rule. It also revisits the definitions of democracy and democratization as spelled out in the book.
Introduction
Authors: Berger Susanna
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to introduce visual counterparts to the textual strategies of selection, encapsulation, and recombination employed by Aristotelian and anti-Aristotelian scholars and students in the early modern period. Many early modern philosophical images were the products of a particular moment in European history, when a method of transmitting knowledge aimed at optimizing efficiency through the clear presentation of information began to flourish. This study demonstrates that these images, rather than merely simplifying preexisting philosophical concepts, enrich theoretical knowledge by bringing it into visual form both in combination with words and independently of texts. The remainder of the chapter describes documents that are the subject of this study followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
From Crests to Collapses
Authors: Gunitsky Seva
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the causes of failed consolidation embedded in democratic waves. The first half outlines the four recurring mechanisms that create counterwaves—shifting hegemonic pressures, collapsing ad hoc coalitions, autocratic adaptation, and bounded rationality. The second half examines the book's arguments in light of some alternatives, particularly domestic explanations and theories of diffusion. It argues that these failures happen because the same systemic pressures that create powerful bursts of regime change also spread to countries that are unlikely to sustain any reforms once the shock passes. The chapter therefore combines two large but rarely intersecting literatures—on democratic waves and on democratic reversals—into a single explanatory framework.
The Winds from the East
Authors: Gunitsky Seva
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the democratic wave that accompanied the dissolution of the Soviet system, its consequences for democratic legitimacy, and its ambiguous long-term effect on modern hybrid regime. The Soviet collapse ended the replacement of territorial empires with nation-states, and the decisive victory of democracy over a series of rival regimes. In three hegemonic shocks, democracy emerged victorious over monarchy, fascism, and communism, experiencing only one major setback during the interwar years. The Soviet case demonstrates that even the salience of nonhegemonic external factors in shaping domestic regimes is itself shaped by hegemonic transformations. However, the post-Soviet victory of democracy was far from complete. It missed certain regions entirely, and where it left a mark the result was often partial and tentative.
Conclusion
Authors: Gunitsky Seva
Published: January 2018

This book argued that the evolution of domestic regimes in the twentieth century was shaped by cross-border institutional waves—sudden bursts of domestic reforms, most prominently of democracy but also of fascism and communism. The major source of institutional waves was a specific type of systemic volatility in the form of hegemonic shocks. This chapter examines the argument's consequences for today's global order. Since the mid-1990s, democratization seems to have reached a Great Plateau. For some observers, democratic capitalism is in the process of being supplanted by state capitalism—a rival regime embodied by China and characterized by a capitalist system of production combined with state ownership and guidance. The chapter examines China's potential rise from the historical perspective of shocks and waves, and ends by discussing the argument's broader implications for democracy and the global order.
The War of Independence (1919–22)
Authors: Turnaoğlu Banu
Published: January 2018

This chapter talks about how Turkish historiography has long overlooked the Republic's origins in earlier successive revolutions, above all the Constitutional Revolution of 1876, and later the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. Each reinforced the others and pressed toward the ultimate republican Revolution of 1923. There were two decisive moments in its concluding phase during the War of Independence, the establishment of the parliament in 1920, and the monarch's flight from the country in 1922, which smoothly ushered in the young Republic after years of preparation and collective effort by patriots and revolutionaries. This period of political crisis saw the rejuvenation of a radical republican language, incorporated with militarism and nationalism.
Conclusion: The Ideology of the Early Republic
Authors: Turnaoğlu Banu
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter discusses how the victorious radical vision of republicanism became a coherent theory in the single-party period and continues to claim the exclusive right to define and implement Turkish republicanism. Turkish historiography has conflated republicanism widely with Kemalism and seen it as the product of the Turkish Revolution, which started with the Turkish Independence War and resulted in the formation of a national secular Turkish state. The chapter also explains how, because of their fear of opposition, republicans resisted the full implications of representative democracy. They persisted in seeing politics as a site of antagonism and the exercise of a craft, requiring the deployment of skills and forms of judgment; not political principles readily imported from Western democratic societies.
One-Dimensional Case
Authors: Galichon Alfred
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the Monge–Kantorovich problem in the one-dimensional case, when both the worker and the job are characterized by a scalar attribute. The important assumption of positive assortative matching, or supermodularity of the matching surplus, is introduced and discussed. As a consequence, the primal problem has an explicit solution (an optimal assignment) which is related to the probabilistic notion of a quantile transform, and the dual problem also has an explicit solution (a set of equilibrium prices), which are obtained from the solution to the primal problem. As a consequence, the Monge–Kantorovich problem is explicitly solved in dimension one under the assumption of positive assortative matching.
Conclusion
Authors: Galichon Alfred
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents some remarks about the nature of the mathematical methods of computation, duality, and equilibrium that have been used, and which have been recurrent themes throughout this book. It begins with a discussion of the mathematical methods used in this book. It then covers computational issues, prominent role of duality in this text, the underemphasis of the importance of equilibrium, and reference and notes.
A Fraught Embrace
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

In the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. This book shows how the dreams of these altruists became entangled with complex institutional and human relationships. The book describes the often mismatched expectations and fantasies of those who seek to help, of the villagers who desperately seek help, and of the brokers on whom both Western altruists and impoverished villagers must rely. Based on years of fieldwork in the heavily AIDS-affected country of Malawi, this book digs into the sprawling AIDS enterprise and unravels the paradoxes of AIDS policy and practice. All who want to do good—from idealistic volunteers to world-weary development professionals—depend on brokers as guides, fixers, and cultural translators. These irreplaceable but frequently unseen local middlemen are the human connection between altruists' dreams and the realities of global philanthropy. Personal stories, public scandals, and intersecting, sometimes clashing fantasies bring the lofty intentions of AIDS altruism firmly down to earth. The book ultimately argues that altruists could accomplish more good, not by seeking to transform African lives but by helping Africans achieve their own goals. It unveils the tangled relations of those involved in the collective struggle to contain an epidemic.
Lumbering Behemoths and Fluttering Butterflies
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the messy and convoluted routes by which money and programs move through the global AIDS system. It takes the huge and frenetic organization of the global AIDS enterprise, and a commitment of significant time and money, to create the encounters between altruists and brokers. The United States is clearly the predominant funder, providing considerably more than the Global Fund, to which many countries contribute. Taken together, bilateral donors—governments that give aid directly to a recipient country—provide about three-quarters of total funding. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), launched by President George W. Bush in 2003, provided for prevention, treatment with antiretroviral drugs, and mitigation of the effects of AIDS.
Getting to know Brokers
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how, in the romance of AIDS altruism, brokers must bridge the distance between the imaginations and aspirations of the altruists and those of the people they aim to help. For some brokers, this is simply a job that puts food on the table and pays children's school fees; for others, it is also a mission to bring development to their countrymen; and for still others, it is an occasional gig. The chapter shows how the AIDS money that flooded into Malawi stimulated aspirations for social and economic mobility. It then introduces brokers along the aid chain—first formally, in their offices, and then informally, in their homes, as they try to juggle their professional and personal obligations and as they attempt to buffer the insecurity produced by the AIDS enterprise.
Themes That Make Everyone Anxious
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how images of vulnerable women and harmful cultural practices fascinate and disturb both brokers and donors, but leave them working at cross-purposes. Donors and brokers agree that “vulnerable women” and “harmful cultural practices” contribute to the spread of AIDS, but underneath this surface agreement, the anxieties these issues arouse are very different for the two groups. The two themes are similar in that both brokers and donors manage to find common language, echoing the importance of each other's concerns. Yet in both, the issue that seems to one group a major driver of the AIDS epidemic arouses anxious reservations in the other.
A Practice That Makes Everyone Happy
Authors: Swidler Ann , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how practices—routinized activities that allow people to cooperate—bind donors, brokers, and villagers together in a collaborative effort. These practices also bind them by sharply constricting the range of activities that AIDS projects actually implement on the ground. The necessity of uniting actors with divergent agendas gives development projects their static quality. International and domestic NGOs seeking funding claim that they have innovative themes, but there is monotonous uniformity in what they actually do. NGOs employ a very narrow set of practices that work—work not in the sense that they effectively prevent AIDS, but in the sense that they satisfy the varied agendas of the actors. These ubiquitous practices are conducting a “training” and “monitoring and evaluation,” known as M&E.
Conclusion
Authors: Goossen Benjamin W.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter details how nationalist activists have traditionally presented nations as primordial and immutable. Formed in the mists of prehistory, they allegedly existed in the personalities—perhaps even the blood—of their members. Historians, sociologists, and race scientists attempted during much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to pinpoint Mennonites within this framework. However, the chapter argues that members' nationality was not an a priori trait, passively received and uncritically lived. It was rather the subject of constant, acrimonious debate. As Mennonites struggled to define, refine, and change their nationality, the effects of civil war, migration prospects, regional tradition, and innumerable other factors structured the palette of options available.
Conclusion
Authors: Renshon Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This book has examined the importance of status in world politics. It has introduced the status dissatisfaction theory and applied it directly to the realm of international relations. It has tested the theory using a variety of approaches, including network analysis, by investigating the relationship between status dissatisfaction and war, if and how status concerns motivated German decision making during the Weltpolitik era, and the link between heightened status concerns and the escalation of commitment. The book concludes by discussing four broad lessons that can be drawn from the findings as well as the open questions that remain: status is local; there are many paths to status; status concerns are what count and not status itself; and status dissatisfaction leads to escalation and conflict. It also considers the policy implications of the theories of international politics.
Communism's Shadow
Authors: Pop-Eleches Grigore , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: January 2018

It has long been assumed that the historical legacy of Soviet Communism would have an important effect on post-communist states. However, prior research has focused primarily on the institutional legacy of communism. This book instead turns the focus to the individuals who inhabit post-communist countries, presenting a rigorous assessment of the legacy of communism on political attitudes. Post-communist citizens hold political, economic, and social opinions that consistently differ from individuals in other countries. This book introduces two distinct frameworks to explain these differences, the first of which focuses on the effects of living in a post-communist country, and the second on living through communism. Drawing on large-scale research encompassing post-communist states and other countries around the globe, the book demonstrates that living through communism has a clear, consistent influence on why citizens in post-communist countries are, on average, less supportive of democracy and markets and more supportive of state-provided social welfare. The longer citizens have lived through communism, especially as adults, the greater their support for beliefs associated with communist ideology—the one exception being opinions regarding gender equality. The book highlights the ways in which political beliefs can outlast institutional regimes.
MANAJEMEN MUTU KURIKULUM DAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Hidayat Moh Yusuf
Published: January 2018

Dalam rangka pelaksanaan konsep manajemen ini, strategi yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh pemangku kebijakan

antara lain meliputi evaluasi diri untuk menganalisa kekuatan dan kelemahan kurikulum. Berdasarkan hasil

evaluasi tersebut sekolah bersama-sama orang tua dan masyarakat menentukan visi dan misi kurikulum dalam

peningkatan mutu pendidikan Manajemen alternatif ini memberikan kemandirian kepada peletak dasar,

pengembang dan pelaksana kurikulum sekolah untuk mengatur dirinya sendiri dalam rangka peningkatan mutu

pendidikan, tetapi masih tetap mengacu kepada kebijakan nasional. Setidaknya ada tiga hal yang harus

diperhatikan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu; pertama, pengembangan kurikulum tersebut harus memenuhi kebutuhan

siswa. Kedua, bagaimana mengembangkan keterampi-lan pengelolaan untuk menyajikan kurikulum tersebut

kepada siswa sedapat mungkin secara efektif dan efisien dengan memperhatikan sumber daya yang ada. Ketiga,

pengembangan berbagai pendekatan yang mampu mengatur perubahan sebagai fenomena alamiah di sekolah.

Kata kunci : kurikulum, manajemen, mutu, pendidikan, dan sekolah
Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Bungur (Langerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers)
Authors: Febriana Nurhidayati , Prasetya Fajar , Ibrahim Arsyik
Published: January 2018

Penelitian ini menggunakan mikroba Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur. Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi agar, dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% dan 30% untuk ekstrak metanol. Pada fraksi etil asetat dan n-butanol konsentrasi yang digunakan 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% untuk kedua bakteri sedangkan konsentrasi 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20% untuk kedua jamur. Hasil penelitian aktivitas antimikroba yang memiliki daya bunuh terbesar pada ekstrak metanol pada konsentrasi 20% untuk Staphylococcus aureus, untuk Escherichia coli, Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur pada konsentrasi 25%. Pada fraksi etil asetat untuk Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli pada konsentrasi 30%, untuk Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur pada konsentrasi 15%. Pada fraksi n-butanol untuk Staphylococcus aureus pada konsentrasi 20%, untuk Escherichia coli pada konsentrasi 30%, untuk Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur pada konsentrasi 20% dan 15%.
Analisis Karakteristik dan Kejadian Drug Related Problems pada Pasien Hipertensi di Puskesmas Temindung Samarinda
Authors: Handayani Dwi Sri , Rusli Rolan , Ibrahim Arsyik
Published: January 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik pasien hipertensi, dan jenis-jenis serta persentase Drug Related Problems (DRPs) yang terjadi pada pasien hipertensi di Puskesmas Temindung Samarinda. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif, pengambilan data dilakukan secara prospektif pada pasien hipertensi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data diambil pada periode bulan Februari 2014 melalui rekam medik, wawancara dan pemberian kuisioner.Dari data tersebut selanjutnya dianalisis karakteristik pasien dan adanya kejadian drug related problems (DRPs). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penderitahipertensi terbanyak adalah pasien wanita dengan usia 41 hingga 60 tahun, pasien yang memiliki gaya hidup kurang sehat 23,80 %, pasien yang memiliki riwayat hipertensi keluarga 63,49 %. Kejadian Interaksi obat7,5 %, Adverse Drug Reaction 37,5 %, dan ketidakpatuhan pasien 37,5 %.
Mídia e imaginário: a comunicação ideológica em Hieronymus Bosch
Authors: Formentão Francismar
Published: January 2018

Neste estudo discute-se como mídia e imaginárioconstituem sentido ideológico na história. A obra, OJuízo Final, de Hyeronymus Bosch apresenta o imagináriodo seu período histórico, uma narrativa que permiteobservar os fios ideológicos da produção de sentidoem dois aspectos imaginários: o evidente (dominante/convencional) e o oculto (encoberto/dissimulado).O realismo fantástico de Bosch considera os signosoníricos, o grotesco, visões imaginárias, mitológicas emísticas que funde cenários do cotidiano medieval, omundo sagrado e o profano. Bosch pintou a sua época,com um horizonte axiológico específico, mas solicita que o Outro, “leia” a sua proposta, uma refração complexa que ultrapassa um primeiro olhar ou um olhar imediato. Com o tema religioso, o artista compõe uma mídia artística que discute sua realidade, a identidade cultural humana em diálogo com as instituições imaginárias da vida cotidiana, posicionando-se criticamente diante da cultura do seu tempo.
02. O telejornal entre o bem e o mal
Authors: Mata Jhonatan
Published: January 2018

Resenha
A literatura jornalística de Missie Vassiltchikov
Authors: Fernandes Marcio
Published: January 2018

Resenha da obra "Diários de Berlim, 1940-1945", de Marie Vassiltchikov.
Interdiscursos da arte, da publicidade e do consumo. Tramas sobre a nossa condição no mundo
Authors: Souza Flávia Mayer dos Santos , Pirola Maria Nazareth Bis , Rebouças Moema Lúcia Martins
Published: January 2018

Analisa os interdiscursos da arte, da publicidade, do consumo e os valores postos em circulação na sociedade. Toma como corpus obras da artista plástica Ligia Pape. Dialoga com autores clássicos da criação publicitária e do discurso, entre eles, Carrascoza e Fiorin. Adota a semiótica discursiva como método de análise do corpus selecionado. Desvela como as estéticas de uma época discursivizam nossa condição no mundo.
A ADMISSIBILIDADE DA RECONVENÇÃO NAS AÇÕES CIVIS PÚBLICAS
Authors: Remedio José Antonio , Hayacida Roberto Yuzo
Published: January 2018

A pesquisa objetiva analisar a admissibilidade da reconvenção nas ações civis públicas. O objeto da ação civil pública é a proteção dos direitos difusos, coletivos e individuais homogêneos. Em face das peculiaridades quanto ao objeto e aos legitimados ativos da ação civil pública, doutrina e jurisprudência controvertem-se sobre o cabimento da reconvenção na ação. O método adotado é o dedutivo, com base em pesquisa legal, doutrinária e jurisprudencial. Em conclusão, tem-se que não é admissível a reconvenção na ação civil pública para a proteção dos direitos difusos e coletivos, sendo cabível o instituto, porém, quanto aos direitos individuais homogêneos.
A Ética e o Ensino Jurídico: A Importância dos Conteúdos Éticos para o Direito e seu Papel na Recuperação da Crise do Ensino Jurídico
Authors: Altoé Rafael , Domingues Ricardo Alves
Published: January 2018

Em linhas gerais a Ética pode ser definida como a ciência do bom comportamento, tendo na moral o objeto de estudo a partir do qual identificará princípios gerais que embasarão o agir de cada pessoa. Embora existam padrões éticos comuns a serem observados por todos, é inegável que cada ramo do conhecimento deve ter o compromisso de identificar as manifestações que lhe são próprias quanto à Ética. Nota-se, quanto ao Direito, a importância de uma melhor compreensão da Ética, seja para maior controle da atividade jurídica, seja para que sirva de elemento de melhor definição dos comportamentos que se originarão a partir do Direito. Para tanto, é preciso repensar a importância da ética como disciplina autônoma do ensino jurídico, e qual a postura que se espera do docente e do discente quanto a tal tema.
A Educação Jurídica: Críticas da Contemporaneidade legal
Authors: Sobral Patrícia Verônica Nunes Carvalho
Published: January 2018

Este estudo reflete sobre a Educação Jurídica, considerando as críticas da contemporaneidade. Para alcançar o objetivo, o texto se divide em: Crítica, idealização e realidade da educação jurídica; O professor dos cursos de Direito; A legislação educacional; Questões da metodologia do ensino jurídico; A Pedagogia e o Direito. A leitura das fontes encaminhou o pensamento a inferências sobre o ensino do Direito, a abordagem metodológica e o preparo didático-pedagógico, segundo a Associação Latino Americana de Metodologia do Ensino do Direito. Contribui-se para a continuidade do debate acadêmico em curso, trata-se de um problema que preocupa os profissionais do ensino superior.
A Incerteza do Processo Científico
Authors: Bordoni Jovina DÁvila , Tonet Luciano
Published: January 2018

O estudo avalia a existência de certeza no processo científico, pois busca a verdade, contudo, confrontado com o desconhecido, provoca incertezas e dúvidas. Utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, em que se sistematizou a literatura científica sobre a epistemologia e o conhecimento relacionado ao processo científico e as incertezas que o cercam. O processo científico, embora busque continuamente a verdade, não alcançará a perfeição, porque o pesquisador lida com o desconhecido. A ciência busca permanentemente novos conhecimentos e progride com a crítica aos erros, busca a verdade, contudo estas são provisórias. Concluiu-se que todo o conhecimento científico é incerto.
Crescimento do Ensino Superior e Popularização do Acesso: Necessidade de uma Nova Metodologia de Ensino?
Authors: Sousa Jailsom Leandro de
Published: January 2018

O presente artigo trata do crescimento dos cursos e das matrículas no ensino superior no Brasil – e do curso de Direito em particular – e a mudança no perfil dos alunos ingressantes, notadamente pela adoção das políticas de cotas e pelo financiamento público de vagas em instituições privadas. Considerando as dificuldades desses alunos, procura responder se a metodologia de ensino superior existente é adequada ou se seria necessário criar uma nova para atendê-los. Com o intuito de assegurar a qualidade no ensino e de propiciar aos ingressos condições de realizar seu potencial, relaciona medidas a serem tomadas.
Movimentos de Política Criminal e Ensino Jurídico Criminal
Authors: Pires Thula Rafaela de Oliveira , Silva Gisele Alves De Lima
Published: January 2018

O artigo pretende analisar os movimentos de política criminal emergentes no Brasil, especialmente a partir da década de 1980, e sua influência no ensino jurídico. A partir de pesquisa empírica no curso de Direito do UNIFESO, procura-se identificar os discursos político-criminais predominantes nos espaços de poder hegemônicos e entre os acadêmicos do curso de Direito. Para além da necessidade de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, defende-se uma crítica radical ao processo de produção do conhecimento, com a adoção de uma perspectiva decolonial, fundamental para a desconstrução dos padrões de normalização punitiva adotados pelos Estados modernos, de matriz colonial escravista.
Limites Do Controle Administrativo Do Conselho Nacional De Justiça
Authors: Borba Alderico Kleber de , Bianchini Marcos Paulo Andrade
Published: January 2018

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar o histórico e os limites de atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça-CNJ no âmbito administrativo do Poder Judiciário. Serão demonstradas as decisões do CNJ próprias do Poder Legislativo e Judiciário, acarretando notória usurpação de função. Os primeiros Conselhos de Justiça surgiram na Europa (França), na década de 50, tendo, em meados de 1980 difundido pela América Latina. No Brasil foi concretizado com Emenda Constitucional n.º 45/2004. Desde então, o Supremo Tribunal Federal é constantemente acionado para deliberar sobre questões e decisões do CNJ. Na pesquisa utilizou-se os métodos dedutivo, dogmático e bibliográfico.
A FALTA DE QUESTÃO OU A FALTA DE REPERCUSSÃO: EXAME DO ART. 324, § 2º, DO RISTF, ANTE OS ARTIGOS 1.032 E 1.033 DO CPC/2015
Authors: Filho Carlos Victor Muzzi , Carvalho Luisa Mendonça Albergaria de
Published: January 2018

O STF apresenta notória incapacidade de julgar, com celeridade, as causas que lhe são submetidas. Mecanismos diversos, como a repercussão geral, vêm sendo criados para amenizar este quadro. Este artigo examina regra do Regimento Interno do STF que ampliou os efeitos da repercussão geral. Em seguida, faz o confronto desta regra regimental com o art. 1.032 do CPC/2015, norma legal que permite a fungibilidade entre o recurso extraordinário e o recurso especial. São examinados, então, os efeitos produzidos pelo novo CPC/2015 em relação à regra regimental, cujo alcance foi atenuado ou até afastado pelo CPC/2015.