bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting the Scene
Authors: Bradley Richard , Haselgrove Colin , Vander Linden Marc , Webley Leo
Published: November 2020

In 2008, the Danish prehistorian Kristian Kristiansen considered the need for an ‘archaeology of Europe’. The article was one of a series in which he discussed intellectual developments in the discipline. His argument is directly relevant to our project. Kristiansen (2008) identified a series of changes in the practice of archaeology and, in particular, in the scale at which research has been conducted. Such changes reflected broader theoretical trends in the discipline. There was the alternation between ‘rational’ and ‘romantic’ approaches that had been identified by Andrew Sherratt (1997). It operated on a twenty-five to thirty-year cycle and extended from the nineteenth century to the present day. There was a political cycle in which prehistoric archaeology was influenced to varying extents by broader developments in contemporary society. In particular, it was coloured by different conceptions of cultural heritage, beginning with the rise of the nation-state. Finally, there was a funding cycle to which these features were closely related. At different times research was confined within modern borders, or scholars were encouraged to work in larger teams and over a more extensive area. All these trends could be illustrated by the scope of regional, national, and international journals and by the languages in which the results of the research were published. Such issues were particularly relevant to intellectual history. Kristiansen suggested that the adoption of particular theoretical perspectives was closely related to that question of scale. Approaches which looked for general patterns among prehistoric societies tended to discuss large regions, as might be expected of projects which adopted a comparative approach. They were characterized by rationalism, and in Britain, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia were influenced by American processual archaeology. At the same time the emphasis on large-scale regularities existed in a certain tension with approaches coloured by romanticism. They showed a greater concern with the practices and beliefs of individual communities and are sometimes described as post-processual. Because these different approaches were favoured at different times, it was hard to bring them into alignment, so that the work of one generation might be geographically extensive, while its successors would focus on a single region.
Barrow Landscapes Across the Channel (2500–1600 BC)
Authors: Bradley Richard , Haselgrove Colin , Vander Linden Marc , Webley Leo
Published: November 2020

It was easy to choose the title of this chapter. Over a span of almost a thousand years, which embraces the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and early Bronze Age periods in local chronologies, the archaeological record of northwest Europe takes a distinctive form. Round barrows are widely distributed and are found on both sides of the English Channel and the North Sea. At the same time there are few regions in which the dwellings of the living population can be identified and studied in any detail. There is good evidence for long-distance contacts illustrated by the movement of artefacts and raw materials, and analysis of human bones suggests that certain individuals travelled in the course of their lives. Even so, the best indications of these networks are provided by the contents of the graves. There is a danger of taking this state of affairs literally. Any account that summarizes the distribution of funerary monuments is subject to certain biases. Although barrows play a prominent part in the archaeology of the later third and earlier second millennia BC, there were many burials without mounds. There are also regions in which earthworks are preserved and others where they have been destroyed. For example, in lowland England major concentrations of round barrows have been documented on the chalk of Wessex and Sussex, but it has taken aerial photography, supplemented by development-led excavations, to show that they occurred in equally high densities on the Isle of Thanet which commands the entrance to the Thames estuary. On the opposite shore of the Channel there is a great concentration of round barrows in Flanders and another on the gravels of the Somme (Fig. 4.2; De Reu et al. 2011). Again they have been discovered from the air, but in this case comparatively few have been excavated and dated. There is a striking contrast with the situation across the border in the southern Netherlands where round barrows still survive. Even there research has shown that many examples were levelled in the nineteenth century (Bourgeois 2013).
Higher education—an image-boosting business?
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, I continue to address higher education. A key question is the role and function of higher education, especially the universities, in contemporary society. Is it primarily a vehicle for the improvement of knowledge and intellectual qualifications? Or is it about other issues? As hinted at in Chapter 4, there seems to be a lot of variation and a lot of shakiness concerning learning and improvement of cognitive capacities for all or the vast majority of students. A second key question is what the signifier ‘university’ means (in the context of education). Does it mean anything particular or is it just a label intended to trigger positive responses and then work as an umbrella for all kinds of activities? This raises the question as to what extent the entire sector in itself, rather than merely certain arrangements within higher education institutions, can be viewed as an illusion (i.e., not accomplishing what it increasingly claims that it represents and achieves). Higher education is perhaps better at producing degrees, documentation for CVs, and keeping young people out of unemployment for a few years than producing knowledge and people who are good at critical and abstract thinking, seeing patterns, and analysing problems. A third key question concerns the benefits of higher education for individuals. Do people, on the whole, gain from higher education and, if so, in what ways? This chapter is rather broad in scope. It starts with critically examining to what extent higher education—here,meaning primarily university education— leads to qualifications and whether an academic degree offers a clear message about the graduate’s ability. These questions are related to, and trigger further consideration of, inflation tendencies in the entire educational sector, but in particular in universities. One potentially significant and problematic outcome of the inflation is over-education; i.e., the number of graduates strongly exceeds the number of jobs for which their formal education and degrees indicate they are qualified. A heavily expanded, and often dominating, area of education is business and management studies. I give this sector some extra attention in the chapter, as it is my own sector.
Blue Blooded Stones and the Prisoner in the Crystal Cage
Authors: Öhrström Lars
Published: November 2020

You have no doubt heard about blood diamonds, and know that they are not rare red versions of the gemstone, but illicitly mined diamonds used to finance and prolong armed conflicts in some African countries. But have you heard of blue blooded stones? An elaborate marking system known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme is currently used, although some claim inefficiently, to sort good diamonds (for example, from Botswana) from blood diamonds that should not be allowed into the market. No such scheme is needed for the blue stones named lapis lazuli, as there is only one mine in the world that produces highquality stones—the Sar-e Sang mine in the Kokcha valley in the Badakhshan province in north-eastern Afghanistan—so there is never any doubt about where they come from. The mine is in such a remote area that even prolific travellers like Marco Polo and Sir Richard Burton never made it there, although Polo refers to them in his travels when crossing the river Oxus (also known as the Amu Darya) of which the Kokcha is a tributary: ‘a mountain in that region where the fi nest azure in the world is found.’ A Scottish explorer, John Wood, visited in 1837, but if his book Journey to the Source of the River Oxus is to be believed, it wasn’t exactly a Sunday School excursion either: ‘If you wish not to go to destruction, avoid the narrow valley of Koran [Kokcha],’ he summarized. One who finally made it there was the British journalist Victoria Finlay, author of the wonderful Colour: Travels Through the Paintbox , and, although reaching the mine in the beginning of the 2000s, this was still quite an achievement. Why would anyone endure various kinds of hardships just to see a mine where you can whack out blue stones from the interior of a mountain? Perhaps because these rare stones have achieved tremendous value over the ages, being the hallmark of kings and aristocracy, or because the trade in them covered such distances even in ancient times, or maybe because this mine is possibly the oldest in the world that is still being worked, having been in business for 5,000–6,000 years.
Emergency Department Psychiatry
Authors: Fossey Amber
Published: November 2020

All doctors working in the ED will regularly meet patients with acute mental health problems. Five percent of total ED attendees are attrib­utable to mental disorder. With nationwide ED attendances averaging 400 000 per week during November to April 2013, the trend shows a growing pressure on emergency services. However, these figures repre­sent just the tip of the true burden of acute mental illness in our com­munities. Stigma, the healthcare funnel, and marginalization often mean that it is the sickest who finally present to the ED. It is also important to recognize the co-morbidity of mental illness and addictions in those seeking help for what initially appear to be physical complaints, as so often the mind and body are closely intertwined. Most common psychiatric presentations to the ED include DSH, alco­hol and substance misuse, delirium, acute psychosis, factitious disorders, medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), and acute stress reactions (such as to trauma). DSH is common but under-recognized. A quarter of people who die by suicide attended the ED in the preceding year. All patients in the ED presenting with self-harm should have a detailed psychosocial assessment. Alcohol is responsible for 0% of all ED attendances. It is also an independent variable, raising the risk of DSH. Substance users are also frequent attendees, with high levels of medical morbidity and mortality. Patients with a dual diagnosis of substance use plus mental illness fre­quently present with multiple psychosocial problems. Acute psychosis may be caused by a functional disorder, such as schizophrenia, but organic conditions must also be considered. Where a patient is extremely disturbed in the ED, restraint and sedation may be necessary to enable safe and adequate assessment. Security presence may also be required to minimize the risk of violence, where this has been identified. Implications for working in the ED are that all doctors should famil­iarize themselves with the management of common acute psychiatric presentations. Know how to access local Trust rapid tranquillization guidelines. Read NICE guidelines for management of self-harm. Seize opportunities to screen for mental illness and social problems.
Learning Disability
Authors: McGurgan Maggie , Greer Holly
Published: November 2020

Intellectual disability is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as: ‘a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex infor­mation and to learn and apply new skills (impaired intelligence) resulting in a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning)’, and begins before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development. People with an intellectual disability can develop any of the mental ill­nesses common to the general population; however, they are up to three times more likely to develop a mental illness. This predisposition to psy­chiatric illness can occur due to a variety of reasons, including associated genetic syndromes, brain injury, and sensory impairments. People with an intellectual disability are also more likely to have negative psychoso­cial experiences, such as deprivation, abuse, separation/loss events, low self-esteem, and financial disadvantage, and consequently the ensuing effects of these can affect their mental health. The psychiatric assessment of a person with an intellectual disability broadly covers the same as that of the general population; however, a different approach at times is needed to adapt to the individual’s com­munication skills. It may be necessary to complete history taking from a family member or carer, and an MSE may even have to be completed solely on observable behaviours. It is also more pertinent to focus on any co-existing medical conditions, such as epilepsy which is present in 25–30% of people with an intellectual disability. The WHO states that the true prevalence of intellectual disability is close to 3%. The vast majority of these people (85%) have mild intel­lectual disability defined as an IQ of 50–69 points. Many of these peo­ple can and do access mainstream services (with or without additional support). In whichever service you work, doctors and medical students will encounter people with intellectual disabilities, and an awareness of their needs is essential.
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression: An updated systematic review
Authors: Dennis Cindy-Lee , Dowswell Therese
Published: November 2020

The author gratefully acknowledges Dr Debra Creedy who assisted Dr Dennis with the first version of this review in 2004. The author also wishes to thank: Julie Weston for her data extraction, independent evaluation of trial quality, contacting trial authors as necessary, and data entry; Danni Li for translating Sun 2004; Tang 2009; and Xu 2003. Edward Plaisance Jr for translating Ajh 2006. Alison Balmfirth, Laura Wills, Ed Doragh, and Nivene Raafat for translating Bittner 2009. Aoife Fogarty for translating Kleeb 2005. Francesca Gatenby, Nick Jones, and Juliet Sheath for translating Urech 2009; and the many study authors who were very helpful in responding to queries and providing additional data. Depression is a major cause of disability for all ages and both sexes worldwide. Postpartum depression is often defined as depression occurring within the first year following childbirth. In most studies this includes those women for whom the depression may be a continuation of that experienced during pregnancy, as well as those for whom it is a new onset. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) does not recognize postpartum depression as diagnostically distinct from depression at other times, although does allow for the addition of a ‘postpartum-onset specifier’ in women with an onset within 4 weeks of birth. A recent systematic review of postpartum depression found the period prevalence of all depression to be 19.2% in the first 12 weeks postnatally, with a period prevalence for major depression of 7.1% (Gaynes et al. 2005). This review also identified depression to be common during pregnancy with a period prevalence of 18.4% across the 9 months of pregnancy, with 12.7% having an episode of major depression during this time. Not surprisingly, antenatal depression is a strong risk factor of postpartum depression. The cause of postpartum depression suggests a multifactorial aetiology (Beck 2001; O’Hara and Swain 1996). Despite considerable research, no single causative factor has been isolated. However, meta-analytic findings consistently highlight the importance of psychosocial variables such as stressful life events, marital conflict, and the lack of social support.
Perceptions of postnatal depression across countries and cultures: From a TransCultural Study of PostNatal Depression (TCS-PND), initiated by Channi Kumar
Authors: Glangeaud-Freudenthal Nine M.-C.
Published: November 2020

Professor Channi Kumar was the initiator and leader of a ‘Transcultural Study of Postnatal Depression within European Health Systems: Harmonisation of research methods and promotion of mother-child health’. A project management team (PMT) was coordinated by Channi Kumar from 1998 until his death in September 2000, and then by Maureen Mark until 2004, and run in collaboration with 19 centres located in 14 countries. Results from the TCS-PND study on ‘Development and testing of harmonised research methods’ were published in 2004 (Marks et al. 2004; Asten et al 2004; Oates et al. 2004; Gorman et al. 2004; Bernazzani et al. 2004; Bifulco et al. 2004; Gunning et al. 2004; Chisholm et al. 2004). The aim of the qualitative part of the TCS-PND project, developed in this chapter, was to explore perceptions of postnatal depression (PND) by: (a) lay and professional key informants, specifically regarding description of symptoms, awareness of this pathology, and of possible care; (b) women, their partners, and their own mothers about their perception of happiness and mental health difficulties and care during pregnancy and postpartum. Most of this methodological section was written in 2001, by Asten and colleagues. Extracts from their text, never published before, are quoted in the following sections. After discussing and after consultation with qualitative research experts, it became clear that the question we wanted to answer was: How do concepts of happiness and unhappiness during pregnancy and after birth differ between countries and cultures. An understanding of what normally makes people happy or unhappy during this period would help us to understand the context of people’s understanding and beliefs about postnatal illness. Furthermore, we wanted to know about related health services and pathways to obtaining care in different countries and cultures. We were interested in the meaning that people give to the concept of postnatal depression phenomena and how these different factors (normal feelings of happiness and unhappiness, cultural influences, knowledge and availability of services) interact to produce that specific meaning. With such an objective in mind, the most appropriate study methodology was therefore a ‘grounded theory’ approach (Corbin and Strauss1990), a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analysed (Glaser and Strauss 1967).
Oral cancer prevention
Authors: Daly Blánaid , Batchelor Paul , Treasure Elizabeth , Watt Richard
Published: November 2020

Oral cancer is one of the few conditions that dental professionals may encounter within their surgeries that can be fatal. It is therefore essential that members of the dental team understand the epidemiology and natural history of the condition and possible options for prevention, screening, and treatment. From a public health perspective, oral cancer presents many interesting challenges. First, is the condition a public health problem? In this chapter the epidemiology of oral cancer will be reviewed to highlight the extent, trends, and impact of the condition. Second, what options exist to prevent the disease and how best can these be implemented? As we will discuss, although progress has been made in the treatment of the disease, survival rates have not improved substantially in recent decades (Cancer Research UK 2012; ONS 2005; Stell and McCormick 1985). The potential for screening of the condition has been extensively reviewed, and currently a national screening programme is not recommended due to a lack of evidence on effectiveness (Chamberlain 1993). Although various initiatives have recently attempted to coordinate and expand the prevention of oral cancer (Cancer Research UK 2005; British Dental Association 2000; NHS Scotland 2005), the preventive activities presently undertaken by the dental profession alone are unlikely to be successful. A clear need exists for a more comprehensive public health strategy to tackle the underlying causes of the disease in a coordinated and strategic fashion. This chapter will therefore outline the scope and detail of such a strategy. Oral and oropharngeal cancers commonly include cancer of the lip, tongue, mouth, oropharynx, piriform sinus, hypopharynx, and other ill-defined sites of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (ICD-10, C00–C06, C09– C10, and C12–C14). In the UK, oral cancer is the fifteenth most common cancer, accounting for around 2% of all new cases. In 2009 there were 6,236 new cases of oral cancer in the UK: 4,097 (66%) in men and 2,139 (34%) in women (Cancer Research UK 2012 ). The most commonly diagnosed type of oral cancers are cancer of the mouth and tongue, collectively accounting for 60% of cases in the UK.
Anomalous dispersion techniques
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo
Published: November 2020

The term anomalous scattering originates from the first research on light dispersion in transparent materials. It was found that, in general, the index of refraction increases when the wavelength decreases (this was considered to be normal). It was also found that, close to the absorption edges, the refractive index shows a negative slope, and this effect was called anomalous. Today, it is clear that anomalous dispersion is a resonance effect. Indeed, atomic electrons may be considered to be oscillators with natural frequencies; they are bound to the nucleus by forces which depend on the atomic field strength and on the quantum state of the electron. If the frequency of the primary beam is near to some of these natural frequencies, resonance will take place (the concept of dispersion involves a change of property with frequency).
Conclusions
Authors: Harding Dennis
Published: November 2020

Most studies of Iron Age burial practices in Britain begin by recognizing that, with a few notable but limited exceptions, there is no recurrent and regular form of disposal of the dead for most of the first millennium BC. We have questioned whether this is a reasonable expectation, that there should be a regular funerary rite, or whether this is simply conditioned by contemporary religious or secular standards. More specifically, our expectation of a regular funerary rite involving the intact inhumation of the dead or the deposit or disposal of the cremated remains as an entity may not conform to regular Iron Age practice, in which it seems that fragmentation and dispersal may have been common. Is there any reason why a diversity of practices, more difficult to recognize archaeologically, should not have been deployed in prehistory, already perhaps long before the Iron Age when the absence of recurrent and regular cemeteries happens to register archaeologically as a conspicuous omission? The fact that in certain regions at certain times one particular mode of disposal predominates, or happens to leave conspicuous archaeological traces, may lead archaeologists to expect a measure of standardization of practice that does not represent the actual diversity of prevailing rites. The real issue, therefore, is not to explain the absence of a conspicuous or recurrent rite, but the basis of choice that made communities adopt various practices, burying some individuals or groups in graves or cemeteries, others in re-used grain storage pits, and disposing of the disarticulated remains of others in various locations around a settlement. A second question, however, is when did the disposal of the dead in Britain first take the form of cemeteries, the recurrent and regular form of which might encourage us to believe that the majority of the population was disposed of in this way? It would be easy to respond by saying that there are formal cemeteries in Neolithic long barrows and chambered tombs, but sacred landscapes like the Boyne valley in County Meath or the Kilmartin valley in Argyll suggest that these special tombs may have been for much more than disposal of the dead.
An Introduction to OSCE Assessments
Authors: Creed Fiona
Published: November 2020

It is likely that at some stage throughout your nursing programme you may be asked to attend a simulated examination. This often causes many students to panic a little as they are often unfamiliar with this type of examination and often unsure what this form of assessment involves and what they should expect. Simulated assessments are occurring with increasing frequency in many health care courses. They usually involve undertaking formal clinical examinations related to clinical skills outside of the clinical practice area. These examinations are referred to in a number of ways including OSCEs, university clinical assessments and clinical assessments. The key element common to all these assessments is that they use simulation in a non-clinical environment. That is to say the assessment occurs outside of a clinical environment—usually in a clinical skills room at your university. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to help you to understand: ● What is a simulated examination, ● The background to simulated examinations, ● Why simulated examinations have been developed, ● The difference between formative and summative simulated examinations, ● Standardization of simulated examination, ● Aspects of skills assessed using simulation, ● The validity and reliability of simulated examinations. Within health care, several terms are used when discussing examinations using simulation and this may appear confusing. Therefore, to ensure consistency and to simplify discussion the term OSCE will be used throughout the book. A simulated examination or simulated assessment is one that is examined using a simulated patient and/or a simulated situation. Assessors are provided with objective marking criteria and these criteria are used to judge the student’s performance (Jones et al. 2010). Students are normally allocated a set amount of time to complete the assessment and they are provided with feedback in relation to their assessment. This is referred to as an OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) in several universities, although other terms may be used. Whilst there are considerable variations, in the use of simulated examinations in health care it is important to acknowledge that common features exist.
Non- malignant haematology and allergy
Authors: Emmett Stevan R. , Hill Nicola , Dajas-Bailador Federico
Published: November 2020

Anaemia is very common, affecting over one- third of the world’s population and can be defined as a reduction in the haemoglobin content of red blood cells (RBC). The normal range varies slightly according to the population being tested, but typically in the UK anaemia in males can be diagnosed if the haemoglobin falls to below 135 g/ L and in females below 115 g/ L. In addition to a reduction in the haemoglobin concentration there is usually an as­sociated reduction in the number of circulating red cells and a low haematocrit. Anaemia is not a diagnosis, it is an abnormality that has an underlying cause and, therefore, a determination of that cause must be made before effective treatment can begin. The production of red cells is termed ‘haematopoiesis’ and occurs in the bone marrow (liver and spleen in foetal life). The bones involved in production change as we age from almost all bones in neonates to long bones, pelvis, and thoracic cage when we reach our 4th decade. As with all blood cells, production of RBCs begins with a pluripotent stem cell that is capable of forming many progenitor cells, including those of the erythroid (red cell) lineage (Figure 12.1). It is estimated that a single pluripotent stem cell, fol­lowing 18– 20 successful divisions, is able to produce 10 million mature erythrocytes. For this process to occur a number of growth factors (GF) are required, which act in synergy and enable the process of haematopoiesis to follow a stepwise maturation process, ending in the release of mature erythrocytes into the blood stream. Examples of such factors include the interleukins (IL), i.e. IL- 1, IL- 3, IL- 4, IL- 5, and IL- 6. Growth factors also act on the bone marrow stromal cells, enabling the correct environment for cell maturation and development. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL- 1 are particularly important stromal acting growth factors and can stimulate the stromal cells to produce many of the IL factors described above. The GF erythropoietin (EPO) is required for successful red cell maturation. Many of the growth factors work by binding to cell sur­face receptors.
Anatomy of Hillfort Enclosure
Authors: Harding Dennis
Published: November 2020

The most conspicuous element of a hillfort is generally its perimeter works, whether rubble wall or degraded bank and ditch. Their excavation in cross-section is a means of disclosing the structural sequence, which need not correspond to the occupational sequence of the site. The next most notable feature of the enclosure is its entrance, marked by a gap or inturn in the wall or bank, and a natural causeway across the ditch. Many hillforts are the product of a complex structural sequence, reflecting successive periods of occupation and building activity. Their perimeter works may range from relatively simple palisaded enclosures to more elaborate double or multiple earthworks that may occupy as great an area as that enclosed. Though a succession of occupational phases may result in progressive enhancement of the enclosing earthworks in both scale and complexity, it would be facile to assume a progression through time from the simplest form of construction to the most elaborate. There is no a priori reason why any given configuration, univallate rampart, bivallate, or multivallate, or method of construction, palisade, wall rampart, dump rampart, could not have been chosen at any given stage of a site's use. Though there are instances where a palisaded enclosure has been superseded by a timber-framed box rampart fronted by a ditch and subsequently by a dump rampart created by enlarging and deepening the ditch, in principle there is no reason why simple dump or glacis ramparts should not have been as early as or earlier than more elaborately constructed timber-framed ramparts, being less demanding of resources and requiring no greater manpower or effort to build. In practice, however, it would be difficult to replace a dump rampart, or a timber-framed rampart that had fallen into disrepair, with a timber-framed structure without labour-intensive clearance, because of the problems presented by the horizontal ties. This doubtless accounts for the apparent absence of horizontals from rampart B at Cadbury Castle (Alcock 1972), as a result of which the structure was fatally weakened. The only practical option would be to clear out and enlarge the ditch to create a heightened dump over the debris of the earlier wall.
Practical procedures
Authors: Al-Alaak Asmaa
Published: November 2020

Surgery is, by its very nature, a highly practical discipline and the range of surgical procedures is wider and more complex than ever with the relentless expansion in surgical technologies. There are, however, numerous more minor procedures which are carried out on both sur­gical and non-surgical patients with which all junior doctors should be familiar. Any of us may be called upon to drain a serious pleural effusion or insert an intravenous or intra-arterial access. The safe performance of such practical procedures is a vital skill for all doctors. This chapter will review and test all aspects of the more commonplace ‘surgical’ proce­dures. It is important that all aspects of the procedures are understood from indications, to safe preparation, and the recognition and manage­ment of potential complications. Although learning these procedures may seem rather like learning a list of facts such as complications, remember to go back to the likely effects of each procedure on the physiology of the organ under consid­eration. This, coupled with knowledge of the key anatomical structures involved, will usually give enough information to pass even close ques­tioning about them!
Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology
Authors: Robinson Max , Hunter Keith , Pemberton Michael , Sloan Philip
Published: November 2020

A sound understanding of clinical oral pathology is essential if a dental clinician is to navigate successfully through clinical guidelines, make timely referrals to specialists, and provide good care for patients. This new edition of Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology provides a clear and friendly guide for students, practitioners, and the whole dental team. Thoroughly updated for today's clinical practice, this textbook covers 'must-know' oral pathology and integrates key aspects of oral medicine. It begins by explaining the principles of clinical assessment, the synthesis of a differential diagnosis, and the selection of further investigations including laboratory tests. Ten chapters bring this theory to life by looking at the clinical and pathological features of a wide range of common oral diseases including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, and diseases of the jaws. Two new chapters address skin diseases affecting the oro-facial region and neck lumps. A final chapter highlights the importance of clinical oral pathology in the context of systemic human disease. New radiology content includes examples of cross-sectional imaging. Photomicrographs have been replaced with carefully selected images to illustrate key pathological features. Each chapter includes key points boxes and tables to aid learning. Written by experts in both oral pathology and oral medicine, this new edition is a must-have for dentistry students, and those working in the field, providing current and trustworthy information.
From Academia to Board Room and Science Policy
Authors: Brown Jeannette
Published: November 2020

Reatha Clark King is a woman who began life in rural Georgia and rose to become a chemist, a college president, and vice president of a major corporate foundation. Reatha Belle Clark was born in Pavo, Georgia, on April 11, 1938, the second of three daughters born to Willie and Ola Watts Clark Campbell. Her mother Ola had a third grade education and her father Willie was illiterate. Her families were sharecroppers in Pavo. Her mother and grandmother raised her in Moultrie, Georgia, after her parents separated when she was young. She and her sisters worked long hours in the cotton and tobacco field during the summer to raise money. She could pick 200 pounds of cotton a day and earn $6.00, which was more than her mother’s salary as a maid. 1 In the 1940s in the rural segregated South, the only career aspirations for young black girls were to become a hairdresser, a teacher, or a nurse. Reatha started school at the age of four in the one-room schoolhouse at Mt. Zion Baptist Church. Still more than a decade before Brown v. Board of Education , Reatha’s schools were segregated. The teacher, Miss Florence Frazier, became Reatha’s first role model. Reatha said, “I never wondered if I could succeed in a subject. It was only a question of whether I wanted to study the subject.” She later attended the segregated Moutrie High School for Negro Youth. Despite missing much school to attend to fieldwork, Reatha maintained her studies. She graduated in 1954 as the valedictorian of her class. Reatha received a scholarship to enter Clark College in September 1954, originally planning to major in home economics and teach in her local high school. These plans changed after her first chemistry course with Alfred Spriggs, the chemistry professor. He encouraged her to major in chemistry and go to graduate school. She found that chemistry was the perfect major for her. She says, “Both the subject matter and methodology were interesting and challenging; the laboratory and lecture sessions were exciting; and my fellow students in chemistry were both serious students and fun to work with.”
The Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus
Authors: Ojeda Sergio R.
Published: November 2020

The hypothalamic-pituitary complex represents the core of the neuroendocrine system. The hypothalamus is composed of a diversity of neurosecretory cells arranged in groups, which secrete their products either into the portal blood system that connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis (see later) or directly into the general circulation after storage in the neurohypophysis (see Chapter 6). Because of the nature of their actions, the hypothalamic hormones are classified as releasing or inhibiting hormones. The hypothalamic hormones delivered to the portal blood system are transported to the adenohypophysis, where they stimulate or inhibit the synthesis and secretion of different trophic hormones. In turn, these hormones regulate gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal function, in addition to lactation, bodily growth, and somatic development. No attempt will be made in this chapter to cover the actions of the different pituitary trophic hormones on their target glands, because they are discussed in detail in other chapters. An exception to this is growth hormone (GH). Although Chapter 11 considers several aspects of the control and actions of GH, a broader discussion of its physiological actions will be presented here because GH is the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a clear-cut target gland. The pituitary gland has two parts: the neurohypophysis, of neural origin (see Chapter 6), and the adenohypophysis, of ectodermal origin. In embryonic development, an evagination from the roof of the pharynx pushes dorsally to reach a ventrally directed evagination from the base of the diencephalon. The dorsally projecting evagination, known as Rathke’s pouch , forms the adenohypophysis, whereas the ventrally directed evagination of neural tissue forms the neurohypophysis. The neurohypophysis has three parts: the median eminence, the infundibular stem, and the neural lobe itself. The median eminence represents the intrahypothalamic portion and lies just ventral to the floor of the third ventricle protruding slightly in the midline. The main part of the neurohypophysis, the neural lobe, is connected to the median eminence by the infundibular stem.
Growth Regulation
Authors: Keni Jyotsna , Haddal Anna Pawlikowska –
Published: November 2020

While multiple hormones influence somatic growth, the main regulator of postnatal growth is growth hormone. Growth hormone (GH) is secreted in a pulsatile manner from the anterior pituitary primarily as a 22-kilodalton molecule (although other forms may be found). The development of the pituitary gland as well as GH gene expression is regulated by the multiple pituitary transcription factors listed in Table11-1. The Pit-1 and Prop-1 genes encode proteins that are often mutated or deleted in cases of congenital hypopituitarism. Under normal waking conditions, GH levels are often low or undetectable, but several times during the day, and particularly at night during stage 3 of sleep, surges of GH secretion occur. The pulsatile pattern characteristic of GH secretion largely reflects the interaction of multiple regulators, including two hypothalamic regulatory peptides: GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates GH secretion, and somatostatin (somatotropin release–inhibiting factor [SRIF]), which inhibits GH secretion. Multiple neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are involved in regulation of release of these hypothalamic factors, including, but not limited to, serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), thyroid-releasing hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, neurotensin, substance P, calcitonin, neuropeptide Y, vasopressin, corticotropinreleasing hormone, and galanin. Many factors influence GH secretion; notably, glucose that inhibits, and certain amino acids and Ghrelin that stimulate GH secretion. GH secretion is also impacted by a variety of nonpeptide hormones, including androgens, estrogens, thyroxine, and glucocorticoids. The precise mechanisms by which these hormones regulate GH secretion are complex, potentially involving actions at both the hypothalamic and pituitary levels. Exogenous physiological and pharmacological factors are known to stimulate GH secretion. Some of these agents, including clonidine, L-dopa, and exercise, are used in GH stimulation tests. In plasma, the majority of GH is bound with high specificity and affinity, but with relatively low capacity to a carrier protein termed GH binding protein (GHBP). The GHBP is a cleavage product of the extracellular domain of the GH receptor.
Integrating Causal Analysis into Psychopathology Research
Authors: Shrout Patrick E.
Published: November 2020

Both in psychopathology research and in clinical practice, causal thinking is natural and productive. In the past decades, important progress has been made in the treatment of disorders ranging from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (e.g., Connor, Glatt, Lopez, Jackson, & Melloni, 2002) to depression (e.g., Dobson, 1989; Hansen, Gartlehner, Lohr, Gaynes, & Carey, 2005) to schizophrenia (Hegarty, Baldessarini, Tohen, & Waternaux, 1994). The treatments for these disorders include pharmacological agents as well as behavioral interventions, which have been subjected to clinical trials and other empirical evaluations. Often, the treatments focus on the reduction or elimination of symptoms, but in other cases the interventions are designed to prevent the disorder itself (Brotman et al., 2008). In both instances, the interventions illustrate the best use of causal thinking to advance both scientific theory and clinical practice. When clinicians understand the causal nature of treatments, they can have confidence that their actions will lead to positive outcomes. Moreover, being able to communicate this confidence tends to increase a patient’s comfort and compliance (Becker & Maiman, 1975). Indeed, there seems to be a basic inclination for humans to engage in causal explanation, and such explanations affect both basic thinking, such as identification of categories (Rehder & Kim, 2006), and emotional functioning (Hareli & Hess, 2008). This inclination may lead some to ascribe causal explanations to mere correlations or coincidences, and many scientific texts warn researchers to be cautious about making causal claims (e.g., Maxwell & Delaney, 2004). These warnings have been taken to heart by editors, reviewers, and scientists themselves; and there is often reluctance regarding the use of causal language in the psychopathology literature. As a result, many articles simply report patterns of association and refer to mechanisms with euphemisms that imply causal thinking without addressing causal issues head-on. Over 35 years ago Rubin (1974) began to talk about strong causal inferences that could be made from experimental and nonexperimental studies using the so-called potential outcomes approach. This approach clarified the nature of the effects of causes A vs. B by asking us to consider what would happen to a given subject under these two conditions.
Trying to Understand, Making Bonds
Authors: Hoffmann Roald
Published: November 2020

In 2007, on the occasion of my 70th birthday, Bassam Shakhashiri organized a symposium for me at the Boston meeting of the American Chemical Society. The session was entitled “Roald Hoffmann at 70: A Craftsman of Understanding.” I began my talk with thanks to many. That section has been shifted to the end of this chapter. I was born in a happy young Jewish family in unlucky times, 1937. In that war, most of us perished, 3800 of the 4000 Jews of Złoczów, now Zolochiv in Ukraine. Among those who were killed were my father, three of four grandparents, three aunts, and so on. I just want to show you three photos which relate to that time, one old and two recent. The last 15 months of the war we were hidden by a good Ukrainian man–Mikola Dyuk, the schoolteacher in the small village of Univ. The first year we were in an attic of the schoolhouse, the second year in a storeroom with no windows, maybe 6 x 10 feet, on the ground floor. Here are two photos from 2006, when my sister, my son, and I visited Univ. Here is the attic in which we were hidden, with its one window. The storeroom, a passageway, another ground floor room are gone, rebuilt into a new classroom of Univ’s school. It’s a chemistry classroom. Such is fate. Under the plank floor we dug a bunker to sit in if the police came to the house. I was five and a half when we went in. And nearly seven when we went out. Here’s a photo of me, a few months after we came out. We survived. Some of us. Good people helped us, I tell their story. I am also the speaker for the dead—the three million Polish Jews who were killed do not have good stories to tell, or photos to show. We built a new life, in refugee camps where I read of Marie Curie and George Washington Carver, and then came to America in 1949.
Molecular Beauty
Authors: Hoffmann Roald
Published: November 2020

My wife and I were on our way to Columbus, Ohio. After I settled on the airplane, I took out a manuscript I was working on—typical for the peripatetic obsessive chemist. Eva glanced over and asked, “What are you working on?” I said: “Oh, on this beautiful molecule.” “What is it that makes some molecules look beautiful to you?” she asked. I told her, at some length, with pictures. And her question prompted this essay. What follows is an empirical inquiry into what one subculture of scientists, chemists, call beauty. Without thinking much about it, there are molecules that an individual chemist, or the community as a whole, consider to be the objects of aesthetic admiration. Let’s explore what such molecules are, and why they are said to be beautiful. In the written discourse of scientists, in their prime and ritual form of communication, the periodical article, they’ve by and large eschewed emotional descriptors. Even ones as innocent as those indicating pleasure. So it is not easy to find overt written assertions such as “Look at this beautiful molecule X made.” One has to scan the journals for the work of the occasional courageous stylist, listen to the oral discourse of lectures, seminars, the give-and-take of a research group meeting, or look at the peripheral written record of letters of tenure evaluation, eulogies or award nominations. There, where the rhetorical setting seems to demand it, the scientist relaxes. And praises the beautiful molecule. By virtue of not being comfortable in the official literature—in the journal article, the textbook or monograph—aesthetic judgments in chemistry, largely oral, acquire the character of folk literature. To the extent that the modern-day subculture of chemists has not rationally explored the definition of beauty, these informal, subjective evaluations of aesthetic value may be inconsistent, even contradictory. They are subfield (organic chemistry, physical chemistry) dependent, much like the dialects, rituals or costumes of tribal groups. In fact the enterprise of excavating what beauty means in chemistry seems to me to have much of the nature of an anthropological investigation.