bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the thermo-hydraulic response of energy piles in unsaturated soils
Authors: Behbehani Fatemah , McCartney John S.
Published: November 2020

This paper focuses on the simulation of the coupled heat transfer and water flow in unsaturated soil layers surrounding a solitary energy pile undergoing heating and cooling cycles typical of a field-scale energy pile. The results indicate that heating leads to drying of the soil surrounding the energy pile, which has been shown in previous studies to result in an increase in axial capacity. During cooling, the degree of saturation was observed to recover to the value present before the start of heating initially, however, it will not recover in the following years. Which will lead to a cumulative effect after several cycles of heating and cooling. Heating and cooling cycles lead to an overall reduction in the thermal conductivity of the subsurface, reducing the heat transfer from the energy pile but also leading to greater storage of heat in the subsurface surrounding the pile.
Investigation of the effects of heat loss through below-grade envelope of buildings in urban areas on thermo-mechanical behaviour of geothermal piles
Authors: Saaly Maryam , Maghoul Pooneh , Holländer Hartmut
Published: November 2020

Harvesting geothermal energy through the use of thermo-active pile systems is an eco-friendly technique to provide HVAC energy demand of buildings. Mechanical behaviour of thermo-active piles is impacted by thermal cycles. Moreover, in urban areas, the temperature of the ground is higher than non-constructed areas due to the heat loss through the below-grade enclosure of buildings. This heat dissipation increases the thermal capacity of the soil and affects the mechanical response of the geothermal pile foundation subjected to thermo-mechanical loading. To investigate the effect of buildings heat loss on thermo-active piles, a numerical thermo-mechanical (TM) analysis was carried out on a proposed energy foundation system for an institutional building, the Stanley Pauley Engineering Building (SPEB) in the campus of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. The mechanical response of the geothermal piles to the thermal cycles with and without considering heat leakage through the basement of the SPEB is compared. Results showed that the cooling loads induced a maximum vertical pile head displacement of -1.18 mm. After 5 years operation of the system, the maximum vertical pile head displacement decreased to -1.05 mm for the case in which heat loss through the basement in considered in the models. In addition, the maximum axial load effective along the pile axis was 6% higher for the case that considers heat loss through the basement compared to the case without considering heat leakage through the building’s below-grade envelope.
Field test on thermal response characteristics of an energy pile in underground row piles
Authors: Kong Gangqiang , Zhou Yang , Wu Di , Yin Gaoxiang , Pu Hefu
Published: November 2020

Underground row piles are usually used in excavation of underground structures and abandoned after structural construction. The heat exchanger tubes embedded in the underground row piles can be severed as energy piles, which can exchange shallow geothermal energy. The construction process of the energy pile in the underground row piles was introduced. Compared with the traditional single energy pile, there is a special characteristic of the energy pile in underground row piles: piles are linked as a whole by the top beam at the top of the row pile. Field tests on the thermal response and thermo-mechanical characteristics of the energy pile in underground row piles were performed. The stable input power of 2.07 kW. The distribution of temperature, strain, and stress of pile body along depth were measured and discussed. It shows that the measured comprehensive thermal conductivity coefficient of soil is 3.72W/(m×K). In the thermo-mechanical analysis after heating, due to the end restrains by the top beam and toe in stiff rock, the rate of thermal stress to temperature change at the top and toe are -0.101 MPa/℃ (34% of fully restrain) and -0.061 MPa/℃ (20% of fully restrain).
Energy quay walls
Authors: Haasnoot Jacco , Vardon Philip J. , Pantev Ivaylo , Bersan Silvia , Bloemers Bob , Smeulders David
Published: November 2020

In the Netherlands and other countries around the world there are extensive canals and rivers with banks supported by walls. Especially in the historic inner cities of the Netherlands, quay walls currently need to be replaced. During construction, temporary valuable underground space is created that can be used to accommodate energy installations for the benefit of the surrounding buildings. The quay wall itself can also be a thermal active structure relying on a combination of aquatic and geothermal energy. Two different designs for quay walls incorporating thermal energy infrastructure have been designed: (i) based around a sheet pile; and (ii) based around a concrete pile with a ‘L’ wall on top. An evaluation of the energy, mechanics, finances and CO2 saving is presented for a case study in this paper. It is seen that for the case studies elaborated, both walls can supply sufficient thermal energy for the houses along the canals improved by good use of surface water, reduce CO2 emissions by more than 1 tonne per meter length and can be financially positive. The influence on the mechanical performance of the energy quay wall (settlements, bearing capacity and bending) has been evaluated and found to be reassuringly small.
Externally heated geothermal bridge deck: Performance analysis of the U-tube ground heat exchanger
Authors: Habibzadeh-Bigdarvish Omid , Yu Xinbao , Puppala Anand J.
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the geothermal heat pump de-icing system (GHDS) is introduced as a sustainable solution for bridge deck de-icing, which utilizes renewable geothermal energy. Existing GHDS designs mostly rely upon hydronic loops embedded in concrete decks. To extend the GHDS for existing bridges, a new external hydronic deck has been developed recently, which employs a hydronic pipe being attached to the bottom surface of the bridge deck. In this study, the performance of the externally heated geothermal bridge deck is investigated through winter deicing and summer recharging tests with the focus on the ground loop heat exchanger (GLHE), a key component of the GHDS. The test results show that the de-icing system was successful in maintaining the deck surface temperature above freezing in all winter tests. The soil temperature measurements indicate, the 132.5 m vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger is benefited from the undisturbed soil temperature of around 21 °C. The overall average hourly heat extraction of 0.67 kW during winter operation and average hourly heat injection of 0.69 kW during the summer operation were observed. Also, the ground thermal recharge test showed the increase of undisturbed soil temperature at 1.5 m from the geothermal borehole by 0.36 °C after 50 days of system operation.
An experimental study of the effect of motile bacteria on the fluid displacement in porous media
Authors: Jeong Boyoung , Zhao Yumeng , Kang Dong-Hun , Dai Sheng
Published: November 2020

Multiphase flow patterns in porous media largely depend on the properties of the fluids and interfaces such as viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle. Microorganisms in soils change the fluid and interfacial properties, and thus can alter multiphase fluid flow in porous media. This study investigates the impact of motile bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) on fluid displacement patterns in a microfluidic chip. The fluid displacement is observed during the saturation and the desaturation processes of the microfluidic chip with and without E.coli suspension. Time-lapse photography results show that the presence of E.coli alters the displacement patterns during the wetting and drying process and changes the residual saturation of the chip. Although studies of the impacts of motility on interfacial properties remain elusive, these results bring the expectation to the manipulation of multiphase transport in porous media and the adaptive control of industrial and environmental flow processes using active particles.
The concept of measurement of calorific value of gaseous fuels
Authors: Markowski Jaroslaw , Imilkowski Pawel , Nowacki Marcin , Olejniczak Damian , Madry Jacek , Netter Krzysztof , Jesionek Krzysztof , Wieczorkiewicz Grzegorz
Published: November 2020

The issue of measuring and determining the calorific value of fuels is related to thermodynamic analysis of the effects of the combustion process aimed at determining the amount of heat transferred to the environment. Currently, there are several methods for determining the calorific value of fuels and their methodology is related to the type of fuel being analyzed. These methods are quite complicated and require the use of specialized measuring equipment. The energy demand of modern civilization along with the need to protect the natural environment prompts the search for new ways to generate energy directed at sources other than conventional fossil fuels. Technologies related to the use of biogas, synthesis gas obtained in biomass or waste gasification processes are being introduced. The use of these fuels in industrial processes of generating heat and electricity requires caloric stability of the fuel. The caloric stability of the fuel is necessary to ensure the stability of thermal energy conversion processes that translate directly into the set values of generated electricity using electric machines. One way to assess the energy quality of a fuel is to measure its calorific value. There are several methods for determining the calorific value of a fuel, but they all require special measurement conditions. The article presents the author’s concept of a calorimeter dedicated to the analysis of the calorific value of gaseous fuels.
Assessment of the effect of climate change on the floods in Bulgaria
Authors: Velichkova Rositsa , Angelova Radostina A. , Simova Iskra
Published: November 2020

Global warming intensifies the water cycle. The intensified water cycle is considered to be among the reasons for the increment of floods in several regions on Earth. The floods and the ensuing disaster situations, which have increased over the past year, have caused massive material damage and economic losses to the Bulgarian population. The occurrence of floods was directly associated with the amount of rainfall in a given period. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the trends in rainfall changes in Bulgaria and their correlation with the floods over 8 years: from 2010 to 2017.
Developing a creative method for reuse of clothing
Authors: Pavlova Magdalena , Atanasova Radka
Published: November 2020

The article proposes a creative method for reducing textile waste from the sewing industry. A street fashion collection of denim clothing has been created. A combination of three approaches was used: the concept of a capsule wardrobe when selecting the types and styles of clothing in the collection; upcycling as an idea for reusing sewing products; a moulage draping method in developing patterns of the garment. To confirm the results, physical samples of the products were sewed. The proposed approach develops the creative thinking of the designer and individual skills of the clothing pattern maker. The anti-consumer attitude of clothing customers to the planet’s resources is being nurtured. The effect is also enhanced by the focus on denim products, whose production is one of the largest in the textile industry. The approach opens up a market niche with the ability to set up a small business online.
The circular economy: a new paradigm for the textile and clothing industries
Authors: Angelova Radostina A.
Published: November 2020

The Circular Economy (CE) is an approach that requires a paradigm shift from waste management and recycling to a completely new circular system in the textiles value chain. It is supposed to be linked with both the economic growth and harmonization with ecological systems. The paper investigates the limits of the existing linear model of textiles production and consumption. The supply chain in the CE model as an alternative to the linear model is presented. The formation of “loops” in the CE and their role for recovering the products’ value is analyzed. The environmental issues that arise with the new paradigm shift are also discussed. The difference between recycling and CE model is examined.
The Development of the Method and Determination of the Relative Abrasiveness of Bulk Substances
Authors: Akimbek Gulmira , Aliyarov Birlesbek , Akimbekova Shyryn
Published: November 2020

This article touches upon the preliminary results of determining the coefficient of relative abrasiveness of various bulk materials. An experimental setup for determining the abrasiveness of various bulk materials is described, which makes it possible to set the abrasiveness of a material with different physical properties and fractions of the frayed material.It is noted that during experiments it is necessary to ensure the stability of fractions. It is scheduled to determine the critical speed of movement of bulk solids, which eliminates the change in fraction size through grinding when the test material is abraded by samples. It is emphasized that the abrasiveness of the test material is determined on the material recognized as a reference.
Synthesis of Modelling and Simulation for Hydrogen Gas Release and Explosion
Authors: Skřínský Jan , Koloničný Jan , Ochodek Tadeáš
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of two methods for modelling and simulation of the leakage, dispersion and explosion of hydrogen in the event of major accidents in urban areas. Modelling of flammable substances by standard methods fully based on input data. Therefore, the predictions from common software packages should be extended to experimental results. The aim of this paper is to present the synthesis of modelling and simulation for one component gas-air dispersion and explosion to demonstrate the rational approach to loss prevention based on understanding of the nature of incidents and of the type of loss that actually occur.
The Analytical Model of Biomass Combustion
Authors: Backa Alexander , Nosek Radovan , Čaja Alexander
Published: November 2020

The standard detection of the emission and power parameters of the combustion process can be time and money consuming due to the performance of experimental measurements with the necessary measuring instruments. Alternatives to describe the combustion process are mathematical models. Their variability is high and therefore, depending on the need for use, an analytical mathematical model was chosen. Among the computationally faster and less time-consuming models is the analytical model, which can not only describe some parameters of the combustion process (power, emissions and others) but also predict the parameters of the combustion process according to the selected input values. This work is focused on the prediction of selected emission parameters through an analytical model for 100 % straw and 100 % wood pellets.
Evaluation of the Influence of Anomalies on the Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluid in Carotid Bifurcation by the PIV Method
Authors: Jasikova Darina , Pluchova Nikola , Kotek Michal , Kopecký Václav
Published: November 2020

The blood flow in anomalous carotid bifurcation is associated with stroke. Changed character of the flow, especially the occurrence of vortex structures, has showed a high correlation with thrombus formation and the development of atherosclerotic changes. The purpose of this work is to perform comparative model measurements of the flow inside the internal carotid bifurcation and to evaluate the influence of the geometry - stenosis, aneurysm on changes in the interaction of the fluid with the wall surface, i.e. on the local hemodynamic. The study uses the Global Imaging Methods for visualization and measurement of the phantom blood flow. The evaluation of the measured dataset and their subsequent analysis confirms the impact on the origin and development of pathological changes.
Association between Adherence with an Atypical Antipsychotic and with
Other Psychiatric Drugs in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Bauer Michael , Glenn Tasha , Alda Martin , Grof Paul , Monteith Scott , Rasgon Natalie , Severus Emanuel , Whybrow Peter C.
Published: November 2020

Background Using U.S. pharmacy and medical claims, medication
adherence patterns of patients with serious mental illness suggest that
adherence to atypical antipsychotics may be related to adherence to other
prescription drugs. This study investigated whether adherence to an atypical
antipsychotic was related to adherence to other prescribed psychiatric drugs
using self-reported data from patients with bipolar disorder.

Methods Daily self-reported medication data were available from 123
patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder receiving treatment as usual
who took at least 1 atypical antipsychotic over a 12-week period. Patients
took a mean of 4.0±1.7 psychiatric drugs including the
antipsychotic. The adherence rate for the atypical antipsychotic was
compared to that for other psychiatric drugs to determine if the adherence
rate for the atypical antipsychotic differed from that of the other
psychiatric drug by at least ±10%.

Results Of the 123 patients, 58 (47.2%) had an adherence rate
for the atypical antipsychotic that differed from the adherence rate for at
least 1 other psychiatric drug by at least±10%, and 65
(52.8%) patients had no difference in adherence rates. The patients
with a difference took a larger total number of psychiatric drugs
(p<0.001), had a larger daily pill burden (p=0.020) and a
lower adherence rate with the atypical antipsychotic (p=0.007), and
were more likely to take an antianxiety drug (p<0.001).

Conclusion Adherence with an atypical antipsychotic was not useful for
estimating adherence to other psychiatric drugs in about half of the
patients with bipolar disorder.
Copper/GanPhos-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azo­methine Ylides: An Efficient Access to Chiral Pyrrolidine Spirocycles
Authors: Gan Zhenjie , Li Er-Qing , Li Ke , Zhang Hui
Published: November 2020

A highly efficient copper/GanPhos-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cyclo­addition­ of azomethine ylides is reported. This viable transformation provides a series of optically active spiro[dihydronaphthalene-2,3′-pyrrolidine]s, bearing one spiro quaternary and three tertiary stereogenic centers, in good yields and with high ee values. This protocol features high diastereo- and enantioselectivity, broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.
Cluster Preface: Integrated Synthesis Using Continuous-Flow Technologies
Authors: Fuse Shinichiro
Published: November 2020

Shinichiro Fuse was born in 1977 in Japan. He earned his B.S. degree in 2000 and his Ph.D. in 2005 from Tokyo Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Takashi Takahashi. He was a researcher at ChemGenesis Incorporated between 2005 and 2006, and a postdoctoral fellow from 2006 to 2008 at Harvard University in the group of Prof. Daniel E. Kahne. In 2008, he joined the faculty at the Tokyo Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. He then moved to the Chemical Resources Laboratory at the same university as an associate professor in 2015. He was appointed as a professor at Nagoya University in 2019. His research is aimed toward the development of efficient synthetic processes based on a deep understanding of organic chemistry using flow synthesis, automated synthesis, theoretical calculations, and machine-learning technologies.
Simple Interrupted Microvascular Anastomosis: Review of Four Sutures Placement Sequences
Authors: Sullivan Brianne , Zoppo Michael , Yao Alice , Henderson Peter W.
Published: November 2020

Background Microsurgical anastomosis is a delicate, highly nuanced procedure that can be done in several different ways; the most basic approach to performing microsurgical anastomoses is by using simple interrupted sutures, but even within that approach, there are different sequences by which the sutures can be placed. To date, there is no review of these sequences and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Methods A PubMed search was performed in October 2019 that sought all published descriptions of simple interrupted microsurgery techniques. Keywords included were “microvascular anastomosis,” “microvascular anastomosis technique,” “simple interrupted,” and “microsurgery.”

Results Four simple interrupted microsurgery techniques were identified: triangulation, 12 o'clock to 6 o'clock, posterior-wall-first, and 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock-side-side. Additionally, there is no uniform nomenclature that describes the techniques for simple interrupted microvascular anastomoses.

Conclusion This study identified four distinct sequences for the placement of simple interrupted sutures for microsurgical anastomosis and the advantages and disadvantages of each, and for the first time described them utilizing standardized nomenclature.
Bleeding with Apixaban and Dalteparin in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Results from the Caravaggio Study
Authors: Ageno Walter , Vedovati Maria Cristina , Cohen Ander , Huisman Menno , Bauersachs Rupert , Gussoni Gualberto , Becattini Cecilia , Agnelli Giancarlo
Published: November 2020

Background Direct oral anticoagulants are recommended for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) as an alternative to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), but an increased bleeding risk in patients with gastrointestinal cancer was reported. The Caravaggio study compared apixaban and dalteparin for the treatment of patients with CAT. Here we describe sites of bleeding, associated cancer sites, clinical presentation, and course of major bleeding in patients included in the Caravaggio study.

Methods The Caravaggio study was a multinational, randomized, open-label, noninferiority study. Bleeding events and the severity of major bleedings were adjudicated by a committee unaware of treatment allocation using predefined criteria; for the purpose of this analysis, data were analyzed in the safety population.

Results Major bleeding occurred in 22 of 576 patients on apixaban (3.8%) and in 23 of 579 patients on dalteparin (4.0%). The sites of major bleeding and their distribution according to the type of cancer were similar between the two treatment groups. Major bleeding occurred in nine patients with gastrointestinal cancer in each treatment group. The clinical presentation of major bleeding was severe or fatal in 6 patients on apixaban and in 5 patients on dalteparin, while the clinical course was severe in 5 patients on apixaban and in 7 patients on dalteparin.

Conclusion Apixaban is a safe alternative to LMWH for the treatment in patients with CAT. No excess in gastrointestinal bleeding was observed in patients who received apixaban, including those with gastrointestinal cancer.
Non-diffraction surface wave with controllable deflection angle by using metasurfaces
Authors: Liu Qian , Lu Ping , Huang Kama , Qian Daichao
Published: November 2020

A planar metasurface Bessel lens has been proposed for non-diffraction surface wave deflection, which is composed of a planar flat lens and an asymmetric gradient refractive index lens. According to the desired refractive index distribution of the two lenses, a metasurface, consisting of sub-wavelength metallic square rings of different sizes, is constructed to realize the planar Bessel lens. Through the planar Bessel lens, the cylindrical-like surface wave radiated from a point source is converted to an inclined non-diffraction surface wave. The planar Bessel lens is fabricated, and the measurement results show good agreement with the full-wave simulation results, which would verify the correctness of the proposed theory.
Contrasting temperature dependences of isostructural one-dimensional ferroelectric crystals NH4HSO4 and RbHSO4 in terms of thermal conductivities
Authors: Hoshino Norihisa , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: November 2020

Temperature-dependent thermal conductivities are reported for one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen-bonding ferroelectric crystals of isostructural compounds NH4HSO4 and RbHSO4. As the temperature was decreased from 300 K, at which point they were paraelectric in the P21/n space group, their thermal conductivities decreased, similar to those of glassy materials. At the ferroelectric transition points (T1A = 270 K for NH4HSO4 and T1R = 264 K for RbHSO4), a change from P21/n to Pn space groups was observed, and the thermal conductivity of the NH4HSO4 crystal decreased without any anomalies, whereas that of RbHSO4 increased, similar to that of crystalline materials. At the second ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition point of NH4HSO4 (T2A = 154 K), the thermal conductivity increased from 1.00 W m−1 K to 1.32 W m−1 K and increased with a subsequent decrease in temperature, similar to that of crystalline materials. Single-crystal x-ray structure analyses revealed that the thermal conductivity transition of RbHSO4 at T1R = 264 K corresponds to the rotational motion excitation of the HSO4− chains. The abrupt thermal conductivity jump of NH4HSO4 was likely related to the order–disorder type transition in NH4+ ions, accompanied by lattice vibration excitation, coupled with internal rotation. At the T2A ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition of NH4HSO4, 21 crystal symmetry recovery was observed, similar to the Rochelle salt, and the space group at low temperatures was P21/n. For the RbHSO4 crystals, the thermal conductivity parallel to the 1D chains was 1.5-times higher than the corresponding perpendicular orientation.
Speed–direction description of turbulent flows
Authors: Olshanskii Maxim A.
Published: November 2020

In this note, we introduce speed and direction variables to describe the motion of incompressible viscous fluid. Fluid velocity u is decomposed into u = ur, with u = |u| and r = u/|u|. We consider a directional split of the Navier–Stokes equations into a coupled system of equations for u and for r. The equation for u is particularly simple but solely maintains the energy balance of the system. Under the assumption of a weak correlation between fluctuations in speed and direction in a developed turbulent flow, we further illustrate the application of u–r variables to describe mean statistics of a shear turbulence. The standard (full) Reynolds stress tensor does not appear in a resulting equation for the mean flow profile.
Evolution of the conductive filament with cycling in TaOx-based resistive switching devices
Authors: Ma Yuanzhi , Yeoh Phoebe P. , Shen Liting , Goodwill Jonathan M. , Bain James A. , Skowronski Marek
Published: November 2020

Physical changes occurring in TiN/TaO2.0±0.2/TiN resistive random-access memory devices after prolonged cycling have been analyzed by two scanning transmission electron microscopy modalities: high angle annular dark field and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. In just formed devices, filaments had a shape of a 10 nm diameter Ta-enriched column with the O-rich gap next to electrodes, which was positively biased during electroformation. Devices that failed by stuck-in-high resistance state mode exhibited Ta depletion and oxygen interdiffusion at interfaces with both electrodes akin to effects observed in complementary switching devices. Initially narrow Ta-rich filaments broadened into ∼50 nm diameter columns showing speckled contrast due to phase separation. In devices that failed by stuck-in-low resistance state mode, we have observed a strong Ta-enriched sub-filament bridging the gap. The amount of oxygen in the TiN anode in the vicinity of the filament has not changed significantly between as-formed and failed devices, thus indicating that oxygen is not lost during switching. All devices at the end of endurance exhibited interdiffusion of O into TiN and Ti and N into TaOx.
Optimisation of dry matter and nutrients in feed rations through use of a near-infrared spectroscopy system mounted on a self-propelled feed mixer
Authors: Mostafa Ehab , Twickler Philipp , Schmithausen Alexander , Maack Christian , Ghaly Abdelkader , Buescher Wolfgang
Published: November 2020

Context
Knowledge of the nutrient requirements of dairy cows, and the nutritional composition and physical form of the feed resources used to prepare the total mixed ration (TMR) of basic and concentrated feeds, is essential to achieving high milk yields, health and welfare in modern commercial herds. Grass and maize silage components can vary widely in composition depending on harvesting intervals and weather; thus, the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nutrients in silos may vary greatly, resulting in serious errors during sampling and analysis. In addition, the flow of information from the stored silage stops once the forages are stored in the silo.

Aims
The objective of this study was to develop a practical approach for measuring variations in DM and silage quality parameters (crude protein, fibre, ash and fat) during the feed-extraction process from a bunker silo by a self-propelled feed mixer, which would ultimately help farmers to optimise the TMR.

Methods
. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology was used to estimate fodder DM and nutrient contents in the material flow. Wet chemical analyses were used for preliminary evaluation of grass and maize silage samples. A portable NIRS was developed to record the spectra of various silage samples.

Key results
The spans of calibration of sample DM content were 21.3–59.2% for grass and 26–46.7% for maize. Crude protein content had span values of 11.4–18.3% for the grass silage and 5.4–10.8% for the maize silage models.

Conclusions
NIRS technology was used successfully to estimate the DM and nutrient contents of the fodder. The location for the functional unit on the self-propelled feed mixer may need to be modified for series production because it is not fully accessible.

Implications
NIRS is a suitable method for measuring DM and nutrient contents continuously during feed extraction from the bunker silo and can be used to help farmers to optimise the TMR.
A trickle, not a flood: environmental watering in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Chen Yiwen , Colloff Matthew J. , Lukasiewicz Anna , Pittock Jamie
Published: November 2020

Environmental flows are an integral component for the conservation and management of rivers, flood plains and other wetlands in the Murray–Darling Basin. Under the Basin Plan, environmental water is managed by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Office (CEWO) and the states. We assessed CEWO environmental flows (2014–15 to 2018–19), compared our findings with expected outcomes for vegetation in the Basin-wide Environmental Watering Strategy (EWS) and interviewed water managers about the efficacy of environmental watering. Some 21% of CEWO water was delivered as flood events, to 9 of 19 river valleys, inundating 7% of wetland area in those valleys annually and 0.8% of major Basin wetlands. A consistent pattern was the watering of many small wetlands on the South Australian Murray with small volumes (median area 43ha, volume 125ML). Just 12% of the area of river red gum subject to EWS expected outcomes was flooded, and half these events were likely suboptimal to achieve ecological benefits. Wetlands have not received the water they need and vegetation outcomes cannot be met by completion of the Plan in 2024. Rules that constrain flooding of private land must be relaxed if the Plan is to achieve its statutory requirement of wetland conservation.
Silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint: Let’s play Polo!
Authors: Benzi Giorgia , Piatti Simonetta
Published: November 2020

Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint involves two protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A-B56, that are thought to extinguish checkpoint signaling through dephosphorylation of a checkpoint scaffold at kinetochores. In this issue, Cordeiro et al. (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002020) now show that a critical function of these phosphatases in checkpoint silencing is removal of Polo kinase at kinetochores, which would otherwise autonomously sustain the checkpoint.
A numerical stability analysis for the Einstein–Vlasov system
Authors: Günther Sebastian , Körner Jacob , Lebeda Timo , Pötzl Bastian , Rein Gerhard , Straub Christopher , Weber Jörg
Published: November 2020

We investigate stability issues for steady states of the spherically symmetric Einstein–Vlasov system numerically in Schwarzschild, maximal areal, and Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates. Across all coordinate systems we confirm the conjecture that the first binding energy maximum along a one-parameter family of steady states signals the onset of instability. Beyond this maximum perturbed solutions either collapse to a black hole, form heteroclinic orbits, or eventually fully disperse. Contrary to earlier research, we find that a negative binding energy does not necessarily correspond to fully dispersing solutions. We also comment on the so-called turning point principle from the viewpoint of our numerical results. The physical reliability of the latter is strengthened by obtaining consistent results in the three different coordinate systems and by the systematic use of dynamically accessible perturbations.
Examining the production of some bands of the electromagnetic spectrum using KCl
Authors: Pilakouta M , Sianoudis J , Giannouri M
Published: November 2020

An experimental activity for teaching the origin of some bands of the electromagnetic spectrum using only one substance is presented. The activity is proposed for undergraduate students and focuses on developing their knowledge on the origin and the specific requirements for excitation and detection of three bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, in a comparative way. In this teaching approach, gamma rays from spontaneous emission of 40K, x-rays and visible radiation emission after appropriate excitation of KCl, is detected using instruments that can be found in an undergraduate physics and chemistry laboratory. The activity which combines demonstration and student engagement is described and the results related to the examination of each band are discussed.
Improved content mastery and written communication through a lab-report assignment with peer review: an example from a quantum engineering course
Authors: Bylander Jonas , Gustafsson Magnus
Published: November 2020

The promotion of high-quality written communication in the disciplines is an important learning outcome in higher education. Given the time invested by students and teachers alike, it is crucial that writing assignments also promote engagement and content learning. But is it worth the time for university teachers to invest in such ‘writing-to-learn’ activityes? We find that it can be, and present an improved design for an experimental lab-report writing assignment in an English medium instruction environment, where English is an additional language. Our context is assignment development for formative assessment in master’s-level physics, but the method is broadly applicable within the science-technology-engineering-math disciplines. Our first experience with the assignment resulted in substandard lab reports, suggesting insufficient subject understanding and prompting this assignment design. We therefore focused on communicating the alignment of aims, learning objectives, instruction, assessment criteria, and feedback design, and developed simplified rubrics facilitating assessment fairness and efficiency. The revised assignment enhanced the learning of the subject matter and the writing quality over the four years of the study, indicated by clearly improved reports and relevant peer feedback comments. The learning activity also had an observable but less distinct effect on the students’ exam performance.
Floating of a long square bar: experiment vs theory
Authors: Feigel Yonatan , Fuzailov Nikita
Published: November 2020

We carried out an experimental study of the floating of a square bar in water and found its equilibrium orientation (tilting angle) as a function of relative density ρ
bar/ρ
water. Though the theoretical solution of this problem was given in 1963 by Reid, we provided our solution that is more transparent and less cumbersome, enabling an introductory level physics student to follow it. Our experimental method is very simple and easily reproducible in a school-level physics laboratory, and obtained data fit the theoretical results quite reasonably.
Source method for the evaluation of multipole fields
Authors: Pitombo R S , Vasconcellos M , Farina C , de Melo e Souza Reinaldo
Published: November 2020

The multipole expansion is an approximation technique useful whenever one wishes to obtain the electromagnetic fields far away from the sources. Here we present an alternative way to perform the multipole expansion which is more economic than usual treatments, specially in time-dependent situations. This method is based on a Taylor expansion directly on the sources (charge and current distributions), instead of the usually performed expansion on the fields. We apply this source method to calculate explicitly the complete fields of an arbitrary time dependent point magnetic dipole and point electric quadrupole.
Thin film transistors integrating CsPbBr3 quantum dots for optoelectronic memory application
Authors: Wen Jiamin , Hu Hao , Wen Guohao , Wang Shuhan , Sun Zhenhua , Ye Shuai
Published: November 2020

All-inorganic perovskite cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) quantum dots (QDs) have been used as charge storage centers in floating-gate transistors. In this work, CsPbBr3 QDs are integrated into thin film transistors to create transistor-based memory. Unlike the floating-gate transistors previously reported, the CsPbBr3 QDs are placed between the dielectric and semiconductor layer, leading to direct contact with the semiconductor layer. Characterization of the device performance reveals that the CsPbBr3 QDs exhibit a strong tendency to store holes instead of electrons. Analysis unravels that this property possibly comes from the junction formed between the CsPbBr3 QDs and the transistor’s semiconductor layer, which can facilitate hole injection from the semiconductor layer to the QDs under a negative gate bias, as well as the storage of the injected holes in the QDs. Devices using an organic semiconductor (P3HT) or two-dimensional material (graphene) consistently verify this speculation. Benefiting from the hole storage ability of the CsPbBr3 QDs, these devices show a benign non-volatile memory feature. As transistor-based memories, these devices can be programmed by electricity and erased by electricity or light illumination, rendering them as capable of optoelectronic memory application. This work offers an alternative approach for novel transistor-based optoelectronic memory.
Pionless effective field theory evaluation of nuclear polarizability in muonic deuterium
Authors: Emmons Samuel B , Ji Chen , Platter Lucas
Published: November 2020

We calculate the longitudinal structure function of the deuteron up through next-to-next-to-leading order in the framework of pionless effective field theory. We use these results to compute the two-photon polarizability contribution to Lamb shift in muonic deuterium, which can be utilized to extract the nuclear charge radius of the deuteron. We present analytical expressions order-by-order for the relevant transition matrix elements and the longitudinal structure function, and we give numerical results for the corresponding contributions to the Lamb shift. We also discuss the impact of relativistic and other higher-order effects. We find agreement with previous calculations and explain the accuracy of our calculation.
Strange quark mass turns magnetic domain walls into multi-winding flux tubes
Authors: Evans Geraint W , Schmitt Andreas
Published: November 2020

Dense quark matter is expected to behave as a type-II superconductor at strong coupling. It was previously shown that if the strange quark mass m
s is neglected, magnetic domain walls in the so-called 2SC phase are the energetically preferred magnetic defects in a certain parameter region. Computing the flux tube profiles and associated free energies within a Ginzburg–Landau approach, we find a cascade of multi-winding flux tubes as ‘remnants’ of the domain wall when m
s is increased. These flux tubes exhibit an unconventional ring-like structure of the magnetic field. We show that flux tubes with winding numbers larger than one survive for values of m
s up to about 20% of the quark chemical potential. This makes them unlikely to play a significant role in compact stars, but they may appear in the QCD phase diagram in the presence of an external magnetic field.
Nuclear matter at finite temperature and static properties of proto-neutron star
Authors: Sen Debashree
Published: November 2020

With the effective chiral model, the finite temperature properties of nuclear matter have been studied at different temperatures. For symmetric nuclear matter, I particularly focused on the possibility of liquid–gas phase transition at low temperature and density. The critical temperature obtained in this context, is consistent with the experimental and empirical findings. The free energy and entropy variation are also studied for different values of temperature. A few asymmetric nuclear matter properties like the equation of state and the speed of sound with respect to temperature are also examined. The work is also extended to obtain the equation of state β stable nuclear matter at finite temperature. For the neutrino free case, the various static proto-neutron star properties are computed for a wide range of temperature, relevant to proto-neutron stars. For all the values of temperature, the obtained estimates of maximum gravitational mass are found to be in good agreement with the observational constraints specified from massive pulsars like PSR J0348 + 0432 and PSR J0740 + 6620. The results of surface redshift for all the temperature also satisfy the maximum surface redshift constraints from EXO 07482-676, 1E 1207.4-5209 and RX J0720.4-3125.
Strong decays of the hadronic molecule Ω* (2012)
Authors: Gutsche Thomas , Lyubovitskij Valery E
Published: November 2020

Strong two- and three-body decays of the new excited hyperon Ω*(2012) are discussed in the hadronic molecular approach. The Ω*(2012) state is considered to contain the mixedΞ*K̄and Ωηhadronic components. In our calculations we use a phenomenological hadronic Lagrangian for description of interaction of the Ω*(2012) state with constituents and of constituents to other hadrons occurring in the final state. Our results show that the decay widths of the two-body decay modesΩ*(2012)→ΞK̄lie in the few MeV region and are compatible with or dominate over the rates of the three-body modesΩ*(2012)→ΞπK̄. The sum of two- and three-body decay widths is consistent with a width of the Ω*(2012) originally measured by the Belle collaboration. A possible scenario for the suppression of the three-body decay rate recently noticed by the Belle collaboration is due to the dominant admixture of the Ωηhadronic component in the Ω*(2012) state.
Solvothermal synthesis of α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons and its application in an immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Wu Shujing , Du Juan , Xiang Qisen , Zhao Dianbo , Bai Yanhong
Published: November 2020

The immunochromatographic strip test (ICST) is a powerful on-site detection technology due to its unique advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and readability by the naked eye. Here we illustrate the potential of α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons as a novel visual label, which exhibit advantages of high stability and economy, for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) as a model foodborne pathogen. A low-cost and simple one-step solvothermal approach was developed for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons; the average diameter of the α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons is about 200 nm. The crystal structure and morphology of α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons were characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. α-Fe2O3 polyhedrons were immunized with anti-L. monocytogenes antibody to prepare an antibody–colloidal α-Fe2O3 polyhedron ICST. Visual detection can be obtained directly by the naked eye within 10 min. The detection limit of L. monocytogenes by α-Fe2O3 polyhedron ICST assay was 3.8 × 106 and 5.6 × 106 CFU/ml of pure culture and artificially spiked orange juice drink sample, respectively. Results indicated that the antibody–colloidal α-Fe2O3 polyhedron ICST is a rapid, simple, and low-cost assay. This approach showed great potential in the application of foodborne pathogen detection concerning food safety.
Carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite micropillar arrays using non-lithographic silicon nanowires as a template for performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: Pinming Chinathun , Wongwiriyapan Winadda , Rattanamai Songsak , Ketama Nathakreat , Treetong Alongkot , Ikuno Takashi , Tumcharern Gamolwan , Klamchuen Annop
Published: November 2020

Carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite micropillar (CNT/PDMS MP) arrays were successfully fabricated using non-lithographic silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays as a template for performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). The CNT/PDMS MP arrays were obtained by pouring CNT/PDMS composites on the SiNW arrays and peeled off. Surface topology of CNT/PDMS composites directly depends on morphology of SiNW arrays, which can be varied by the etching time of the typical metal-assisted chemical etching process. The micropatterned CNT/PDMS composites was mostly depicted to the SiNW array template pattern when the morphologies of the SiNW were optimized with a length of approximately 10 mm. Next, the CNT/PDMS MP arrays were utilized as a triboelectric layer of TENGs, generating the maximum output voltage of 22.84 ± 0.85 V, enabling an approximately 18-fold improvement in an electrical output compared to the flat PDMS-based TENG. The performance enhancement of TENGs based on CNT/PDMS MP arrays are attributed to synergic effects of (1) an enhancement of electrostatic induction by CNT composites, increasing dielectric constant, and (2) an enhancement of electrification by surface texturing using non-lithographic pattern and CNT composites.
Selective GaN sublimation and local area regrowth for co-integration of enhancement mode and depletion mode Al(Ga)N/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Thi Huong Ngo , Comyn Rémi , Chenot Sébastien , Brault Julien , Damilano Benjamin , Vézian Stéphane , Frayssinet Eric , Cozette Flavien , Rodriguez Christophe , Defrance Nicolas , Lecourt François , Labat Nathalie , Maher Hassan , Cordier Yvon
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we report on the fabrication of a normally-off Al(Ga)N/GaN high electron mobility transistor with selective area sublimation under vacuum of the p type doped GaN cap layer. This soft method makes it possible to avoid damages otherwise induced by post processing with reactive ion etching techniques. The GaN evaporation selectivity is demonstrated on AlN as well as on AlGaN barrier layers. Furthermore, by properly choosing the AlGaN barrier thickness and composition it is possible to co-integrate a normally-off with a normally-on device on the same substrate. Finally, a local area regrowth of AlGaN can complement this process to increase the maximum drain current in the transistors.