bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Making of the German ‘Refugee Crisis’: Securitizing Muslim Immigrants in 2015 and Beyond
Authors: Beck Martin
Published: January 2021

This paper contributes to solving the following research puzzle: When the influx of refugees from Syria and elsewhere to Germany significantly increased, German society and politics seemed to be rather robust in the face of xenophobic and right-wing populist movements; however, only 2years later, the Alternative fűr Deutschland made it into the Bundestag, and in late 2018 Chancellor Angela Merkel could solve a governmental crisis triggered by the 'refugee crisis' only by announcing her stepwise withdrawal from political offices. The making of the 'refugee crisis' was facilitated by a securitization policy. On three crucial cases of domestic politics — security, socio-economics, and socio-cultural politics — it is shown that right-wing populism proved to be capable of dominating the political agenda as it came up with argumentation figures that were — though not hegemonic — also prominent among leading politicians on the whole political spectrum in Germany from the right to the left.
Transarticular Fixation Following Mobilization of “High-Riding” Vertebral Artery
Authors: Goel Atul , Prasad Apurva , Shah Abhidha , Sasane Sumeet , Hawaldar Akshay , Biswas Chandrima , Thomas Antony
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE:

The article identifies the feasibility of transarticular screw fixation after mobilizing the vertebral artery in cases where it is in a “high-riding” location.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 42-yr-old male patient had a 4-yr history of progressive quadriparesis. Investigations revealed severe basilar invagination. There was assimilation of atlas and C2-3 fusion. The vertebral artery was “high-riding” into the pedicle-facet of C2 vertebra on both sides. Vertebral artery loop was exposed and mobilized inferiorly on both sides after careful drilling of pedicular bone on the posterior aspect of the dome of the artery. C2 facetal bone on the anterior face of the vertebral artery dome was now available for screw insertion. The C1-2 facets and the articulation were directly in line, making transarticular screw fixation relatively straightforward. The wide bone space available permitted insertion of 2 screws in a transarticular fashion on both sides. The patient had satisfactory clinical improvement. Imaging after 22 mo showed bone fusion across the facets.

CONCLUSION:

Mobilization of the high-riding vertebral artery loop can help salvage the surgical procedure of lateral mass stabilization.
Local Government in Japan
Authors: Hijino Ken Victor Leonard
Published: January 2021

To understand the complex dynamics and role of local government in Japan’s democracy, three related questions need to be addressed. First, how much capacity and autonomy do local governments have to act? Second, what impact does local government have on national-level elections and policies? And finally, how responsive and accountable are local governments to residents? This chapter will seek to address these questions by first laying out the institutional framework of Japan’s local government system, including its recent decentralization reforms. In the second section, it illustrates how these institutional features combine with underlying socioeconomic conditions to shape local representation and intergovernmental relations. In the third section, it briefly considers two interlinked and key challenges facing local government: combatting depopulation and improving representation. The chapter finds that Japanese local government is significant in scale and indispensable to the administration of the Japanese state; decentralization reforms have further expanded local responsibilities while minimizing interventions from the central government; local governments continue to have a significant impact on the national arena, both electorally and policy-wise; local policy innovations in a wide range of areas have been co-opted nationally, while local lobbying and opposition pressures have induced central governments to respond to local interests; aside from some exceptional periods and limited regions, local government representation has not been driven by partisan or programmatic competition; and, more recently, local voters are demanding more of their representatives who have lost their clientelist role as communities face increasingly competitive environments, fiscal constraints, and pressures to innovate.
Civil Society in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Akihiro
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses civil society in contemporary Japan, shedding light on two major actors—NPOs and social movements. Since the launch of the first NPO (nonprofit organization) in 1998, the number has increased dramatically. The analysis focuses on co-production, a policy collaboration technique between NPOs and the Japanese government under the framework of New Public Governance. Social movements are also examined, focusing on anti-nuclear activism—one of the most consistent activisms in Japan, which has been reignited since the nuclear disaster of March 11, 2011. In particular, this chapter presents a brief reflective account of the No Nukes Asia Forum, a pan-Asian transnational activism that originated in Japan.
The Troubled Course of Secularism in the Modern Middle East
Authors: Salem Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the troubled evolution of secularism in the modern Middle East, focusing mainly on the Arab world but subsuming elements of the Turkish, Iranian, and Israeli experiences. It looks at secularism as a purposeful ideology and movement but also at secularization as a sociohistorical process that accompanied modernization, urbanization, and the consolidation of Middle Eastern states. The chapter describes a period of secularizing activism that can be seen among many Middle Eastern states from the end of the First World War through the 1960s, then describes a period of secularist retreat and the resurgence of Islamism from the late 1970s to the 2010s. The present moment is one of uncertainty, in which Islamism has lost its luster in many contexts, but secularism also is not part of a well-articulated or compelling vision of the future.
Traumatic Stress in Special Populations
Authors: Mueser Kim T. , Lu Weili
Published: January 2021

Special populations are individuals who by virtue of psychiatric, behavioral, cognitive, or physical disabilities are more likely to be exposed to psychological trauma. Individuals with severe psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, or developmental disabilities and persons who are incarcerated are more likely to experience trauma throughout their lives, especially interpersonal victimization, and are more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma and PTSD have a negative impact on special populations, often exacerbating symptoms and substance use problems and interfering with community functioning. Despite the high rates of trauma and PTSD in special populations, these problems are often not identified, and when they are, they are rarely treated. Recent progress has been made in adapting treatments developed for PTSD in the general population to special populations, including persons with severe mental illness and individuals with substance use disorders.
International Law and Peaceful Change
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues for and adopts a constructivist perspective on international law as closely interrelated with international politics and as having regulative, constitutive, and permissive effects. It begins by illustrating how rules that have the status of law are not simply functional solutions to dilemmas of cooperation among states, but also expressions of prevailing conceptions of legitimate action and key resources for practices of justification and legitimation. The chapter then examines law’s role in effecting change—both in the practices and patterns of relations among the key units of the international system (sovereign states) through the law prohibiting the use of force, and in the number of those units over time through the law relating to state recognition. The chapter shows that while international law has made significant contributions to peaceful change—particularly through the gradual delegitimization of wars of conquest and territorial aggrandizement—its understanding of self-determination and its stance toward civil conflict have also helped to preserve a system of states that assumes both the political and territorial legitimacy of sovereign units. In short, international law can also be a force for peaceful, and not so peaceful, continuity.
Deuteronomy in African American Christianity
Authors: Reid Stephen Breck
Published: January 2021

Africans in America have been interpreting Deuteronomy since kidnapped Africans first reached Jamestown in 1619. This chapter recovers precritical or pastoral interpretations of Deuteronomy by people from Africa and the African diaspora. This interpretation of their freedom narratives explores the language of Deuteronomy. Already in the 1990s, black theology understood the importance of these once-named “slave narratives” and precritical biblical interpretation and theology, but now even mainstream biblical criticism recognizes their importance. The use of Deuteronomy in the Harlem Renaissance by Zora Neale Hurston and in the civil rights movement by Martin Luther King Jr. picks up more on its narrative plot rather than its poetics. Recent readings by Harold V. Bennett and my own work focus on the historical and close reading of the Hebrew text.
Pan-Grave and Medjay
Authors: Liszka Kate , De Souza Aaron
Published: January 2021

For almost a century, many scholars have assumed that the Medjay of the Egyptian textual record can be directly associated with the Pan-Grave archaeological culture. In this article, the authors deconstruct this connection and consider the extent to which the archaeological and textual evidence can be reconciled based on geography and cultural circumstances. Both groups shared pastoral nomadic roots linked to the Eastern Desert, both went through similar processes of acculturation, and both groups had some of their members fight as mercenaries during the wars of the Second Intermediate Period. However, the evidence from the Nile Valley and Eastern Desert of Egypt and Nubia demonstrates that a direct connection between the Pan-Grave culture and the Medjay cannot be supported.
The Royal and Elite Cemeteries at Meroe
Authors: Yellin Janice W.
Published: January 2021

The earliest of the three royal cemeteries at Meroe, the Western Royal Cemetery (early 9th century bce) had elite Napatan and Meroitic burials including those of Meroitic queens and princes, while the slightly later Southern Royal Cemetery had elite Napatan and Meroitic burials as well as the first two generations of royal burials at Meroe. Both have areas in which smaller pyramids belonging to family members and dependents surrounded larger (patron) ones. The Northern Royal Cemetery (ca. 270 bce–350 ce), inaugurated when the southern one filled, has the pyramid burials of Meroitic kings, ruling queens, and important (crown?) princes. The small chapels abutting royal and important elite pyramids had reliefs showing funeral rites and the establishment of their owners’ mortuary/ancestor cults. These burials and their decorations are important for understanding Meroitic history, social organization, art, and religion.
Islamic Nubian Kingdoms
Authors: Spaulding Jay
Published: January 2021

The 15th century in Nubia witnessed the passage between medieval Christian culture and the Islamic kingdoms of the early modern era. While the transitional age itself generated few historical sources, the course of events may be inferred through examination of the 16th-century consequences. An Islamic political and cultural movement grounded in the Nubian tradition and centered in Kordofan swept eastward to the Red Sea and westward into central Chad. It ended a period of alien intrusions from Egypt and the Red Sea and gave rise to two new political traditions—the Funj kingdom of Sinnar in the Nile valley and the realm of the Tunjur centered in the western highlands. Both kingdoms practiced a distinctly Nubian idiom of Islamic culture that left them vulnerable to critique from more conventional interpretations. The Funj kingdom prospered for most of three centuries, while the realm of the Tunjur gave way to the non-Nubian successor states of Darfur and Wadai in the mid-17th century.
Geology of Nubia and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Harrell James A.
Published: January 2021

Nubia occupies a low, interior plain extending from southern Egypt to central Sudan. It is surrounded by high plateaus and mountains on all sides except the north. Across this plain flows the Nile River. The bedrock geology is dominated by metamorphic and igneous rocks of the mainly Precambrian to Paleozoic Basement Complex, and sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone Formation. Cataracts and rapids exist wherever the Nile River flows over Basement Complex rocks. The bedrock is blanketed in many areas by unconsolidated alluvial, lacustrine, and especially eolian sediments of mostly Quaternary age. The tectonically active Red Sea and East African rift zones are responsible for Cenozoic and still ongoing volcanism and seismicity in the Nubian region with additional tectonism resulting from uplift along the Nubian Swell in southern Egypt and northern Sudan.
Wisdom in Rabbinic Interpretation
Authors: Tropper Amram
Published: January 2021

An expansive approach to the rabbinic interpretation of wisdom would entail comparing the rabbis’ diverse notions of wisdom with pre-rabbinic conceptions, while a more focused approach, and the one pursued here, approaches wisdom from a literary perspective. If we consider Wisdom as a literary genre or mode, Mishnah Avot emerges as a late member of the Wisdom literary trajectory, sharing salient features with earlier Wisdom Literature. In light of Avot’s presence on a literary continuum with ancient Hebrew Wisdom, I hope to show how Ben Sira’s Praise of the Fathers paved the way for various features and innovations of Avot which, in turn, enriched the rabbinic interpretation of wisdom.
The Chronological Development of Wisdom Literature
Authors: Saur Markus
Published: January 2021

In this article, the historical localization of Hebrew Bible Wisdom Literature is discussed firstly with regard to the literary development of the books of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. By examining these books one can make several observations that help to reconstruct the history not only of the individual books, but also the history of Wisdom Literature as a whole. Wisdom Literature is understood in this context as the result of a process of discussion, interaction, and interdependence, and thus the documentation of a broader discourse surrounding Wisdom topics. This discourse is reflected in the whole of Wisdom Literature of the Hebrew Bible. From this point of view, the differentiation between the Wisdom books and some other Wisdom texts, such as the Wisdom Psalms or the book of Ben Sira, is finally placed within an era overview, and thus a short history of Wisdom Literature is presented.
Job
Authors: Jones Scott C.
Published: January 2021

This essay treats the character of Job as a religious ideal, the topic of theodicy, the poetic achievement of the book, the literary genre of Job and its relation to other biblical Wisdom Literature, and Job in relation to “exemplary sufferer” texts from Mesopotamia and Ugarit. The remainder of the essay moves through the book, section-by-section. First is the prose tale in chs. 1–2 and the act-consequence nexus, the character שטן, Job’s wife, and the meaning of ברך and נחם. Next are the monologues and dialogues in chs. 3–31 and the arguments of Job and his friends. The third section treats the “answers” given by Elihu (chs. 32–37) and YHWH (chs. 38–42), including Elihu’s claim to revelation and YHWH’s use of strange animals. Last is the closing prose tale, including Job’s repentance (42:6) and restoration, along with various expansions of the tale in early Christian traditions.
Virtue and its Limits in the Wisdom Corpus
Authors: Brown William P.
Published: January 2021

Given its fluid nature, wisdom in the sapiential corpus of the Hebrew Bible is notoriously difficult to conceptualize, much less define. There is no one-size-fits-all definition. Nevertheless, the field of “virtue ethics” offers a useful approach for highlighting the defining contours of wisdom in Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. This essay explores these books according to three main features of virtue ethics: (1) the efficacy of virtue, (2) the shape of eudaimonia, and (3) the narrativity of the moral self. Whereas a virtue-based ethical approach is a natural fit for Proverbs, it encounters limitations in Job and Ecclesiastes, highlighting thereby their radical distinctiveness vis-à-vis Proverbs. While Job ultimately champions an ethics of encounter over an ethics of virtue, Ecclesiastes adopts a peculiarly hedonic orientation. Nevertheless, virtue ethics remains a useful hermeneutical tool for identifying the sapiential distinctions and commonalities across all three books within the broad scope of wisdom, which has all to do with living “well,” however that is to be defined.
Analytical and Semi-empirical Models of Tornadoes and Downbursts
Authors: Romanic Djordje , Hangan Horia
Published: January 2021

Analytical and semi-empirical models are inexpensive to run and can complement experimental and numerical simulations for risk analysis-related applications. Some models are developed by employing simplifying assumptions in the Navier-Stokes equations and searching for exact, but many times inviscid solutions occasionally complemented by boundary layer equations to take surface effects into account. Other use simple superposition of generic, canonical flows for which the individual solutions are known. These solutions are then ensembled together by empirical or semi-empirical fitting procedures. Few models address turbulent or fluctuating flow fields, and all models have a series of constants that are fitted against experiments or numerical simulations. This chapter presents the main models used to provide primarily mean flow solutions for tornadoes and downbursts. The models are organized based on the adopted solution techniques, with an emphasis on their assumptions and validity.
The Lack of Coherence in the European Union’s Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Prevention
Authors: Garde Amandine
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the extent to which the European Union's (EU) and its Member States have addressed the growing rates of non–communicable diseases (NCDs) through the development and implementation of effective prevention policies. After discussing the powers that the EU derives from the EU Treaties to address the main commercial determinants of health through the adoption of EU–wide harmonizing rules, it compares the EU regulatory response to tobacco on the one hand, and unhealthy diets and alcohol on the other. It then reflects on the role that the EU Court of Justice has played in the prevention of NCDs in Europe, before concluding with a few remarks on what the future may hold in this policy area now that the new EU Commission in post has announced its ‘Beating Cancer Plan’ and its ‘Farm to Fork Strategy’.
Youth Digital Anti-Racism Activism in Brazil and Colombia
Authors: Roshani Niousha
Published: January 2021

Increased Internet access in Latin America has intensified hate speech targeting people of African descent and normalized existing racial stigmas and negative constructs. Discriminatory speech can bolster the legitimization and implementation of racist ideologies, exclusion, and violence. The digital era has introduced a rethinking about issues of racism as it feeds the rise of inequality and transforms understanding of race and identity. Echoing the resistance by an emerging cohort of Black youth activists, innovators, and entrepreneurs, this essay argues that they have created a new form of digital anti-racism activism (DARA) that serves as a mechanism to disrupt structural inequalities and combat the harmfulness of racist speech online. A more inclusive engagement with modern-day scholarship encompassing the struggles, approaches, and knowledge produced in two countries of the Global South may be helpful when debating interventions for and prevention of hate crimes, racism, and exclusion of youths of African descent.
Biography and Praise in Trajanic Rome
Authors: Whitton Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses Tacitus’ Agricola and Pliny the Younger’s Panegyricus. At first glance, they have little in common. Both written early in Trajan’s principate, one is a short biography of Tacitus’ father-in-law, the other a long speech of thanks addressed to the emperor. However, they are also a complementary, contemporary, and directly connected pair of literary artworks. Tacitus marshals the resources of a long biographical tradition in his brilliant apology for the career of a quietist. Pliny for his part produces a striking account, at once humanizing and mythologizing, of an emperor whose scripted life finds significant origins in the pages of Tacitus. Between privatus and princeps, across biography and encomium, Agricola and Panegyricus together offer striking illumination of the possibilities for textualizing lives in Trajanic Rome.
Augustine’s Confessions as Autobiography
Authors: Williams Michael Stuart
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the Confessions of Augustine of Hippo. Almost every author who writes on Augustine’s Confessions feels an obligation to insist that this difficult and complex work is not an autobiography. If the purpose of the Confessions as a whole is to turn the reader towards God, as it would appear from Augustine’s account, it seems no less clear that the means is through narrating Augustine’s own life in all its aspects, both good and bad. With this in mind, it has always been difficult to deny that the Confessions possesses, at the very least, a profoundly autobiographical character. Augustine offers an extended meditation of his life in more-or-less chronological order. If this is not the whole story of the Confessions, it is enough all the same to suggest that there may be value in approaching it as autobiography. Such an approach must begin by acknowledging that ‘autobiography’ is an elusive category, no less than is its parent ‘biography’.
Solitude and Biography in Jerome’s Life of Hilarion
Authors: König Jason
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies Jerome’s Life of Hilarion. Solitude poses particular problems to the biographer. How can one depict someone else’s solitary experience? The first half of the chapter offers a survey of representations of solitude in ancient biography and autobiography, and examines some of the reasons for their relative scarcity. The second half of the chapter addresses Jerome’s use of those traditions, arguing that the Life of Hilarion draws attention to the fact that solitude is hard to achieve; also, at the same time, to the fact that it is hard to represent. In some passages there is no particular reason to think that Jerome is being self-conscious about the second of those problems: he is restricted perhaps without even quite realizing it to long-standing assumptions about the importance above all of words and deeds for the biographer. However, when he shows Hilarion fleeing from his supplicants, desperately seeking a place to be alone, it is hard to avoid the impression that Jerome is drawing attention to the difficulty the biographer faces in trying to fit his subjects into a new model of ascetic, solitary heroism, which was in its pure form an idealized and unrealistic image, almost inevitably disrupted in practice by many different kinds of communal engagement.
Armenian Biography in Late Antiquity
Authors: Cowe S. Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the diverse Armenian biographical material, which was transmitted directly or indirectly in written form and hence dependent on the existence of a writing system. Particular historical forces converged to realize this project as part of a process to diffuse literacy in Southern Caucasia in the early fifth century. Initiated primarily as a means of advancing the cause of Christian proclamation and solidarity in the region, the movement to inaugurate a literate tradition inspired the participation of pluralist trends in Armenian society to employ the medium to engage in dialogue on issues of collective identity and values. By the end of the Umayyad era, that process of exchange resulted in the construction of a relatively connected master narrative of Armenian origins and the course of secular and sacred history that included a gallery of variegated portraits of the pre-eminent figures who shaped these developments, a selection of which will form the focus of the chapter’s discussion. The criteria for selection include literary significance, the prominence of the individuals portrayed, and the texts’ rhetorical impact on Armenian society, in both the religious and cultural spheres.
Depicted Lives
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the types of biographies which could be written through material objects, and the dynamic uses to which prominent figures could put the visual arts in their efforts at self-representation, using the Imperial Greek sophists as a case study. To what extent can one conceptualize these sorts of representation and self-representation as biography? From the perspective of the historian, physical monuments along with the texts inscribed upon them often allow one to write the life-histories of individuals who would otherwise remain unknown, omitted from the literary tradition. Yet the analogy also goes deeper. Monuments often work within the same sorts of categories and agenda which can also be seen in literary biographies. As with Favorinus’ statue, statues and their inscriptions could present individuals as exempla of particular sorts of values, designed to have a didactic function for their wider audience. The imagery chosen for portrait statues also situates these individuals within particular categories—as scholar, philosopher, or powerful civic notable.
Byzantine Biography
Authors: Hinterberger Martin
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies direct and indirect influences of classical and late antique biographical forms and contents on Byzantine biographical writing. Both the main characteristics of Byzantine biographical writing and the richness of forms and contents become clear. The influence of the vita/bios on other (even non-biographical) genres and the concomitant biographization are noted. Biography has to be interesting, edifying, and entertaining. ‘Adventures’ are an important element as is the constant movement of the heroes. Indeed, a recurrent topic is the hero’s flight and other people’s pursuit of him. It is remarkable that there are so many biographies of people from the provinces who came to Constantinople for various reasons. Constantinople itself is an important point of reference in many biographies, as is the emperor or the patriarch. Education and learning, too, play a significant role. The specific characteristics of Byzantine biography, however, still remain vague. A lot of further scholarly work needs to be done before the art of biography can be properly understood.
Christian Biography
Authors: Johnson Scott Fitzgerald
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses Christian biography. The Christian biographical tradition is simultaneously fundamental to the early Church and also fundamentally different from Graeco-Roman biographical traditions. This difference emerges from the distinctive discourse of the canonical gospels. These foundational texts were not sui generis across the board in terms of form and genre, but their distinctive discourse and their devotion to narrative as a standard of orthodoxy, combined with their role as historical and theological authorities in the Church, gave them a paradigmatic status never held by Graeco-Roman—or even most Jewish—biographies in their own reception histories. The chapter traces this influence by means of comparison with various genres that arose subsequent to the canonical gospels and with direct reference to them: apocryphal literature, saints’ Lives, and miracle collections, among others.
Sixteenth-Century Reception of Aquinas by the Council of Trent and Its Main Authors
Authors: Cessario Romanus
Published: January 2021

The sixteenth-century Council of Trent occupies a central place in Catholic life. The disciplinary reforms and theological clarifications made by the college of bishops under the authority of the pope still shape Catholic teaching. Because of the development of the Thomist Commentatorial Tradition by the middle of the sixteenth century, Aquinas greatly influenced the thinking of the council’s leading participants. The Summa theologiae and, especially, its commentary by Thomas de Vio, Cardinal Cajetan (d. 1534), who had held exchanges with Luther, helped to resolve many of the council’s most pressing agenda items. The Council of Trent aimed to initiate reforms that served the wellbeing of the Catholic Church. Toward this end, the articulation that Aquinas introduces into Catholic theology enabled the Council to distinguish authentic Catholic teaching from some of the distortions that appeared around the time of the Protestant Reform.
Aquinas and the Emergence of Moral Theology during the Spanish Renaissance
Authors: Lantigua David M.
Published: January 2021

The reception of Aquinas’ thought in early modern Renaissance Spain directly contributed to the emergence of moral theology as a pastorally grounded practical science distinct from dogmatic theology and canon law. At the centre of the moral renewal of Spanish theology was the ‘School of Salamanca’ and its unique blend of Thomism, humanism, and law. This chapter isolates Aquinas’ influence on Spanish late scholastic moral thought in the three interrelated areas of theological method, the sacrament of penance, and economic and political ethics. Strong appropriations of Aquinas’ moral teachings on human acts, law, and justice sparked innovative Spanish scholastic ideas about conscience, commerce and money, and natural rights and political order to address current social issues.
Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Reception of Aquinas in the East
Authors: Todt Klaus-Peter
Published: January 2021

The influence of scholastic theology in general and of Thomas Aquinas in particular on Orthodox theology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries should not be overestimated. In particular, the Orthodox theologians who had studied in Italy were familiar with the work of Thomas Aquinas. This may have contributed to their inclination to consider transubstantiation an authentic element of Orthodox theology. But is certainly not correct to speak of a ‘Babylonian captivity’ of Orthodox theology in this period. Orthodox theologians were not alienated from the doctrine of the early church synods and the church fathers through occidental influence. Almost all authors treated here quote far more frequently from the works of Greek church fathers than from works by scholastic or counter-reformation theologians of the Roman Catholic Church. Even when they admired Thomas Aquinas they did not allow themselves to be won over to approving specifically Roman Catholic doctrines.
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Greek Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Kontouma Vassa
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores several original documents in order to identify the references to Thomas Aquinas that occur in the Greek theology of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to evaluate the context in which these appear. A portion of the Thomistic oeuvre, already translated into Greek by late Byzantine authors, continues to be copied in the eighteenth century, and seven manuscripts record this. Furthermore, Thomas’s name is cited in a number of debates of this time, such as that on the Eucharist (the moment of consecration, the matter and form of the sacrament), on divine properties and activities, and on the necessity and limitations of the scholastic method. The authors considered in this regard are: Sebastos Kyminetes (1632–1702), Eustratios Argenti († c.1757), Vikentios Damodos (1700–1752), Eugenios Boulgaris (1716–1806), Athanasios Parios (1722–1813), Emmanuel Romanites († c.1758), and Nikodemos the Hagiorite (1749–1809).
Twentieth-Century Orthodox Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: January 2021

The reception of Aquinas in the twentieth century must be understood in the context of the experience of political instability, exile, and Communist oppression that affected, in one way or another, virtually all the theology of the period. In this century, the anti-Westernism of the Russian Slavophiles reaches something of a peak, with Aquinas routinely held up as an archetypal representative of a theological tradition quite foreign to that of the Orthodox Church. That said, there are a number of examples of a more nuanced and less polemical approach to Aquinas that serve to provide hope for a less confrontational (if still duly critical) engagement with Aquinas within Orthodox theology in the twenty-first century. Such an engagement would, in fact, be not unlike that widely found in the Byzantine and early modern periods.
The Reception of Aquinas in Postliberal, Grammatical, and Historical Theology
Authors: Moreland Anna Bonta
Published: January 2021

The late twentieth-century reception of Aquinas in the areas of historical, postliberal, and grammatical theology is marked by three advances in research: a recovery of the theological, a rediscovery of scriptural commentaries, and a renewed attention to the historical landscape out of which Thomas’s writings emerged. Each has led to fresh readings of Thomas’s texts, unmooring these writings from a search for universal timeless truths. This chapter outlines advances in historical theology (Torrell, Weinandy), postliberal theology (Lindbeck, Preller, Rogers, Marshall, Buckley), and grammatical theology (McCabe, Lash, Burrell). These thinkers bring Thomas’s medieval theology to bear upon pressing questions of contemporary concern.
Reception of Thomas Aquinas in the Area of Eschatology
Authors: O’Callaghan Paul
Published: January 2021

The study examines the principal elements of the eschatological doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. First his teaching is situated in the medieval context that preceded him, especially in Peter Lombard’s Sentences; the principal authors who developed their eschatology in continuity are also presented. Second, Aquinas’ principal texts on eschatology are listed; for the most part they are to be found in the so-called Supplementum to the Summa theologiae, drawn from his Commentary on the Sentences by his disciples. Structural priority seems to be given in his writings to the topic of resurrection. Third, the study presents the different aspects of Aquinas’ eschatology and their reception, in respect of the following topics: end-time signs and millenarianism; death and the ‘separated soul’; resurrection of the dead; purgatory, praying for the dead and intercession of the saints; beatific vision; condemnation; general judgment and the glorified universe.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy
Authors: Manríquez Roa Tania , Biller-Andorno Nikola , Trachsel Manuel
Published: January 2021

Current developments in artificial intelligence (AI) for mental health have raised important ethical debates around its uses in psychotherapy, including how and under what circumstances AI may be valuable to improve and expand access to psychotherapy. This chapter discusses the use of chatbots and AI tools as supplements to psychotherapy delivered by persons, and as supervised primary treatments. It presents ethical guidelines and standards for AI and mobile apps in mental health, and discusses how these developments are relevant in the ethics of AI in psychotherapy. Current discussions on the role of chatbots and other AI tools for mental health rely mostly on a perspective of justice. The chapter aims to enrich the debate by complementing a perspective of justice with one of care and using both approaches to reflect on the topics of respect of autonomy, access to treatment, non-discrimination, and fulfillment of people’s needs and care. It argues that trustworthy AI tools may help to establish caring relationships between therapist and patient, and contribute to the therapeutic process.
On the Empirical Aesthetics of Plating
Authors: Spence Charles
Published: January 2021

Plating food beautifully has traditionally been seen as more of an art than a science. However, in recent years, a growing body of research in the field of empirical aesthetics has started to demonstrate that the art of beautiful plating can, in fact, be studied scientifically. What is more, the results of such research are now providing actionable insights concerning how to deliver the most aesthetically pleasing dishes. In fact, there is an intriguing parallel here between the visual aesthetics of painting and plating. It turns out that a number (but by no means all) of the aesthetic rules worked out previously for painting, such as balance, harmony, and the aesthetic oblique effect, also influence people’s judgments of aesthetic plating in much the same way. And while people undoubtedly do generally find larger portions of food more attractive, a number of the preferences that people have been demonstrated to exhibit appear to be “disinterested” (in the Kantian sense), thus qualifying them as genuinely aesthetic judgments. Recent chef/scientist collaborations that have started to deliberately elicit different kinds of affective responses from diners (such as, for example, surprise, “the aesthetic aha,” and perhaps even a sense of awe) are also discussed briefly. While questions concerning the cross-cultural generalizability of many of the findings summarized here remain (awaiting further research), progress is undoubtedly being made in this new and intriguing field of empirical aesthetics.
Implicit and Explicit Motor Learning Interventions Have Similar Effects on Walking Speed in People After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jie Li-Juan , Kleynen Melanie , Meijer Kenneth , Beurskens Anna , Braun Susy
Published: January 2021

Objective

Clinicians may use implicit or explicit motor learning approaches to facilitate motor learning of patients with stroke. Implicit motor learning approaches have shown promising results in healthy populations. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an implicit motor learning walking intervention is more effective compared with an explicit motor learning walking intervention delivered at home regarding walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.

Methods

This randomized, controlled, single-blind trial was conducted in the home environment. The 79 participants, who were in the chronic phase after stroke (age = 66.4 [SD = 11.0] years; time poststroke = 70.1 [SD = 64.3] months; walking speed = 0.7 [SD = 0.3] m/s; Berg Balance Scale score = 44.5 [SD = 9.5]), were randomly assigned to an implicit (n = 38) or explicit (n = 41) group. Analogy learning was used as the implicit motor learning walking intervention, whereas the explicit motor learning walking intervention consisted of detailed verbal instructions. Both groups received 9 training sessions (30 minutes each), for a period of 3 weeks, targeted at improving quality of walking. The primary outcome was walking speed measured by the 10-Meter Walk Test at a comfortable walking pace. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately after intervention, and 1 month postintervention.

Results

No statistically or clinically relevant differences between groups were obtained postintervention (between-group difference was estimated at 0.02 m/s [95% CI = −0.04 to 0.08] and at follow-up (between-group difference estimated at −0.02 m/s [95% CI = −0.09 to 0.05]).

Conclusion

Implicit motor learning was not superior to explicit motor learning to improve walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.

Impact

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of implicit compared with explicit motor learning on a functional task in people after stroke. Results indicate that physical therapists can use (tailored) implicit and explicit motor learning strategies to improve walking speed in people after stroke who are in the chronic phase of recovery.
Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Detection of Common Bean Viruses in Wild Plants from Tanzania and Their Mechanical Transmission to Common Bean Plants
Authors: Mwaipopo Beatrice , Rajamäki Minna-Liisa , Ngowi Neema , Nchimbi-Msolla Susan , Njau Paul J. R. , Valkonen Jari P. T. , Mbanzibwa Deusdedith R.
Published: January 2021

Viral diseases are a major threat for common bean production. According to recent surveys, >15 different viruses belonging to 11 genera were shown to infect common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Tanzania. Virus management requires an understanding of how viruses survive from one season to the next. During this study, we explored the possibility that alternative host plants have a central role in the survival of common bean viruses. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques to sequence virus-derived small interfering RNAs together with conventional reverse-transcription PCRs (RT-PCRs) to detect viruses in wild plants. Leaf samples for RNA extraction and NGS were collected from 1,430 wild plants around and within common bean fields in four agricultural zones in Tanzania. At least partial genome sequences of viruses potentially belonging to 25 genera were detected. The greatest virus diversity was detected in the eastern and northern zones, whereas wild plants in the Lake zone and especially in the southern highlands zone showed only a few viruses. The RT-PCR analysis of all collected plant samples confirmed the presence of yam bean mosaic virus and peanut mottle virus in wild legume plants. Of all viruses detected, only two viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and a novel bromovirus related to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and brome mosaic virus, were mechanically transmitted from wild plants to common bean plants. The data generated during this study are crucial for the development of viral disease management strategies and predicting crop viral disease outbreaks in different agricultural regions in Tanzania and beyond.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Generalizability of the Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE) Scale to Assess Medical Student Performance on Core EPAs in the Workplace: Findings From One Institution
Authors: Ryan Michael S. , Richards Alicia , Perera Robert , Park Yoon Soo , Stringer J.K. , Waterhouse Elizabeth , Dubinsky Brieanne , Khamishon Rebecca , Santen Sally A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Assessment of the Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency (Core EPAs) requires direct observation of learners in the workplace to support entrustment decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the internal structure validity evidence of the Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE) scale when used to assess medical student performance in the Core EPAs across clinical clerkships.

Method

During the 2018–2019 academic year, the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine implemented a mobile-friendly, student-initiated workplace-based assessment (WBA) system to provide formative feedback for the Core EPAs across all clinical clerkships. Students were required to request a specified number of Core EPA assessments in each clerkship. A modified O-SCORE scale (1 = “I had to do” to 4 = “I needed to be in room just in case”) was used to rate learner performance. Generalizability theory was applied to assess the generalizability (or reliability) of the assessments. Decision studies were then conducted to determine the number of assessments needed to achieve a reasonable reliability.

Results

A total of 10,680 WBAs were completed on 220 medical students. The majority of ratings were completed on EPA 1 (history and physical) (n = 3,129; 29%) and EPA 6 (oral presentation) (n = 2,830; 26%). Mean scores were similar (3.5–3.6 out of 4) across EPAs. Variance due to the student ranged from 3.5% to 8%, with the majority of the variation due to the rater (29.6%–50.3%) and other unexplained factors. A range of 25 to 63 assessments were required to achieve reasonable reliability (Phi > 0.70).

Conclusions

The O-SCORE demonstrated modest reliability when used across clerkships. These findings highlight specific challenges for implementing WBAs for the Core EPAs including the process for requesting WBAs, rater training, and application of the O-SCORE scale in medical student assessment.
Leadership trends among orthopaedic trauma surgery fellowship directors: a cross-sectional demographic review
Authors: Sama Andrew J. , Schiller Nicholas C. , Ramirez Cody M. , Yong Taylor M. , Donnally Chester J. , Spielman Amanda F. , Gitajn Ida L. , Dodds Seth D. , Quinnan Stephen M.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Fellowship directors in orthopaedic trauma surgery have an immense impact on the current and future trainees within orthopaedics. The purpose of our study was to evaluate and better understand the characteristics that are shared among current orthopaedic trauma surgery fellowship directors to provide a framework for aspiring leaders and to present a demographic snapshot.

Methods:

Orthopaedic trauma fellowship programs were identified using the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Directory for 2019 to 2020. Data for each fellowship director was gathered via online review, email, telephone, and curriculum vitae collection.

Results:

Demographic information was gathered for 72 fellowship directors. Of these, 93% of the leadership was male. Additionally, 40 (55%) fellowship directors responded to the racial classification question. Of those responding, 37 identified as Caucasian, one as Asian-American, one as Hispanic/Latino, and one as African American. The mean age of the current fellowship directors (51.4 yr), h-index (15.1), year of residency (2001) and fellowship (2003) graduation, time of employment at current institution (13.8 yr), time since training until fellowship director appointment (9.8 yr) were analyzed. The top residency and fellowship programs that produced future fellowship directors were University of Pittsburgh (n=4) and Harborview Medical Center (n=17).

Conclusions:

Our investigation highlighted the qualifications of orthopaedic trauma fellowship directors and can guide future leaders. A select few institutions train a disproportionate share of the current fellowship directors. Gender and racial diversity are limited in this population of leaders.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.