bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Development of a Cutting Force Model for Gear Hobbing
Authors: Kühn Felix , Löpenhaus Christoph , Klocke Fritz
Published: August 2016

For the process design of a cutting process, the knowledge of the cutting force is of fundamental importance. The cutting force influences the dimensioning of machine components and process parameters [1]. A precise interpretation of those process elements enables for high manufacturing and component accuracy. Due to the complexity of the chip geometries, the cutting force in gear hobbing is calculated by using a penetration calculation. The applied cutting force models have been developed by BOUZAKIS [2] and GUTMANN [3] in the 1980s. These models are based on data from longitudinal turning processes. Advancements in machine tool technology of the past decades have led to more efficient processes. The use of new cutting materials allows for higher speeds and feeds. This led to larger chip thicknesses. The bases of the models by GUTMANN and BOUZAKIS covers today's usual hobbing parameters not extensive enough. The influence of tempered levels on the cutting force is not included in the models. Therefore, the aim is to create a cutting force model and adjust the calculation base after GUTMANN. A radial turning process with interrupted cutting is used as analogy process. The influence of the heat treatment at 42CrMo4 is to be examined for the cutting force. This will be compensated in three different tensile strengths. The investigated process parameters are extended beyond the current state of the art.
Simulation Based Reduction of the Impact Load Occurring in the Moment of Cutting Edge Entrance in Order to Prolong Tool-Life
Authors: Matuschka Boris , Boev Nikolay , Zanger Frederik , Schulze Volker
Published: August 2016

High mechanical impact loads in interrupted or inhomogeneous machining processes frequently lead to spontaneous fracture of the cutting edge. Even modern cutting materials cannot provide a combination of high enough hardness and toughness that is capable of preventing this sort of tool failure. Such machining conditions therefore remain difficult and further investigations, aiming to reduce the impact load of the cutting tool in order to enhance tool-life, are necessary. A simulation model of the impact situation, that serves to optimize a force conducting structure with regard to elasticity, damping properties and resulting force peaks, was developed and is presented in this paper. Furthermore measurement devices were composed that are needed for high-resolution recording of impact forces without repercussions and for verification of the elaborated simulation model. It could be shown that mechanical damping of the cutting tool can lead to reduced impact forces on the cutting edge, which in turn should lead to longer tool life.
Granulation of Extruded Plastic Wires: Influence of Tool Coating Properties and Tool Geometry on Cutting Forces and Tool Wear
Authors: Cardone Macario , Putz Matthias , Schmidt Gerhard , Dix Martin , Friedrich Jürgen , Stockmann Erich
Published: August 2016

Granulators are widely used to reduce reinforced and unreinforced plastic strands in small pieces. The tools implemented in this machining process are mainly made of high-speed steel. This work investigates diverse PVD hard thin coatings with the aim of improving tool life and efficiency in granulation technology. A test facility reproducing the main features of a real granulator has been designed and assembled. The machined strand materials are ABS plastic and fibreglass-reinforced polyamide 6, while the tested PVD films are CrN, TiCN, TiAlN and two different diamond-like carbon coatings. The wear evaluation of all coated tools has been done via structured light projection, together with a scanning electron microscopy-based analysis, before and after their implementation on the test facility. Furthermore, a suitable 2D finite element modelling of the machining process has been realized.
Influence of Saw Blade Tension on the Stability of Sawing Processes
Authors: Albrecht Daniel , Stehle Thomas
Published: August 2016

Sawing with bandsaws is a fast and efficient process for cutting semi-finished parts out of bar stock in the metalworking industry. However, the produced surface quality on the workpiece is low due to the unguided length of the saw blade during the engagement in the workpiece. The kinematic correlation between the thin, unstable structure of the saw blade, only pre-stressed in the cutting direction, and the distance of the two saw blade guides according to the workpiece dimensions leads to an indefinite behaviour of the saw blade in the kerf. Apart from the surface quality, this cutting behaviour also causes a great wear of the tool. With increasing wear of the tool, the process becomes more and more unstable and the cutting loss increases. For an optimization of the sawing process, the influences on the stability of the process are investigated by experiment on a test bandsaw equipped with extensive measurement equipment. This paper examines how the saw blade tension influences the stability of sawing processes subject to tool wear. For this purpose, the saw blade tension is varied in a wide range and the stability of the process is assessed. The results obtained show a great influence of the saw blade tension on the sawing process and form the basis for developing a stand-alone stability control system to automatically adjust the sawing parameters.
Production of Deep Bore Holes with Non-Circular Profiles
Authors: Fuß Moritz , Abrahams Hendrik , Buse Bernhard , Biermann Dirk
Published: August 2016

Deep hole drilling is a process for the production of cylindrical bore holes with a large length to diameter ratio. The variation of parameters is limited to those ones of the conventional drilling process such as rotation and feed motion. A special deep hole drilling process, named “chamber-boring”, was developed for the production of contoured bore holes in axial direction [1]. For specific applications not only a contouring in axial direction is required but also a radial contouring is necessary. In the course of a ZIM – project (Central Innovation Programme for SMEs), supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and in close collaboration with the BGTB GmbH and the Institute of Machining Technology (ISF), a new “chamber boring system” which allows contouring of boreholes in axial and radial directions was developed. Based on this machining system, the manufacturing of pipes with a wavelike cross section in radial direction is possible.
Thermal Modelling of Drilling Steel
Authors: Gulpak Maxim , Sölter Jens
Published: August 2016

The modelling of machining operations aiming at the compensation of thermal effects regarding workpiece distortion requires detailed knowledge of the thermal impact of the examined process. The objective of this paper is therefore to form an empirical basis for the modelling of the heat flux into the workpiece in drilling of steel. In order to achieve this goal the temperature matching technique in combination with two dimensional thermographic measurements was utilised. The moving heat source was characterised as a primary heat source with a constant heat flux density near the cutting zone and a secondary declining heat source on the bore hole wall. With an iterative approach it was possible to match the simulated temperature fields very closely to the measured temperature fields. The evaluation of the thermal impact of the drilling process with varying machine parameters yielded additional insight into the generation and distribution of thermal energy in drilling. The lowest overall heat partition to the workpiece was observed at the higher feed rate in combination with the lower cutting speed where the heat partition in the cutting zone as well as heat transfer to the bore hole wall are minimal.
Simulation of Workpiece Vibrations in Spindle Direction during Milling
Authors: Hense Rouven , Siebrecht Tobias , Wiederkehr Petra
Published: August 2016

The occurrence of chatter vibrations in milling processes often results in bad surface qualities and in an increased tool wear. When using special fixture systems for structural parts in the aerospace industry, the vibrations of the workpiece and the fixture can become critical due to their limited stiffness. For the process design, a prediction of the appearance of these kind of vibrations using specialised simulation approaches is very helpful. In this article, a simulation system is presented, which is able to simulate chatter vibrations of the workpiece in spindle direction, taking the dynamic behaviour of the thin-walled bottom of the workpiece and the fixture into account. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the basic effect and to validate the simulation system. Furthermore, the machining and the simulation of a pocket of a structural component for aerospace applications is analysed.
Influence of Dressing Tool Specification on Dressing Tool Wear for Generating Gear Grinding
Authors: Ophey Matthias , Löpenhaus Christoph , Klocke Fritz
Published: August 2016

One research objective for generating gear grinding is to increase economic efficiency and productivity of the process. Furthermore, the gear quality must be equal or higher compared to the non optimised process. In addition to the grinding process and the grinding tools, the dressing process can be suitable to lead to an increase of efficiency of generating gear grinding. Due to the variety of dressing tool specifications process users have the problem of selecting the best fitting dressing tool for their demands. Therefore, it is necessary to know the interactions of dressing tool specification and dressing tool wear. But the influence of the dressing tool specification onto dressing tool wear has yet not been sufficiently investigated for generating gear grinding.
Industrial Distortion Simulation of Fibre Reinforced Plastics – A Study on Finite Element Discretisation
Authors: Amann Christoph , Kreissl Sebastian , Grass Hannes , Meinhardt Josef , Merklein Marion
Published: August 2016

Due to the occurrence of residual stresses during manufacturing, parts made of carbon fibre reinforced plastics exhibit considerable shape distortions. A finite element simulation tool to predict these distortions is developed in this work. All simulations are conducted using the finite element software LS-DYNA. For an L-profile, different finite element formulations are compared with regard to run time and accuracy. Having identical mesh topology, solid and thick shell elements show comparable run times and results. The layered composition of thick shells leads to a reduction of computational cost, but also increases the error concerning the predicted distortion angle. Finally, employing the insights gained from the mesh study, an actual car body part is studied for the purpose of validation.
Characterization of the Sheared Edge Quality of Blanked Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Shirobokov Anton , Kerchnawe Sophie , Trauth Daniel , Mattfeld Patrick
Published: August 2016

Due to a high specific strength, carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) enable material driven light-weighting of structural components. A constant increase of CFRP usage is predicted to continue in the future. At high production numbers blanking can be cost efficiently used for piercing or trimming operations of cured CFRP components. Compared with metals, sheared edges of blanked CFRP demonstrate fundamentally different morphology. Therefore, conventional characterization parameters cannot be used for an unambiguous characterization of the sheared edge quality. In the scope of this work, surface profile parameters were adopted for this purpose. The applicability of the quality parameters was successfully shown on the example of experimentally produced sheared edges. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed sheared edge quality parameters enable the quality assessment under process inherent variability of the sheared edge morphology in CFRP.
Modelling the Stress Concentration in CFRP at Notches with a Thermally Influenced Cut Edge
Authors: Stock Johannes W. , Kerschreiter Johanna
Published: August 2016

The use of higher laser powers in laser cutting of CFRP results in both an increase of productivity and in a growth of the heat affected zone at the cut edge. This thermal damage was related to a loss of the static strength due to the reduce load bearing cross section in various studies. In contrast, the thermal damage caused an increase of the average number of load cycles and to a significant reduction of the deviation among the repetitions of each parameter during dynamic open hole tensile testing in recent studies. To explain this positive influence of laser cutting on the fatigue behaviour of CFRP, an analytical model of the load concentration in a plate with a circular notch could be adapted and modified. The orthotropic property of the material is considered in the model. The static strength of thermally treated CFRP was determined in experiments and applied to the model. By inserting the measured temperature-dependent values of the Young´s modulus, the critical tension at the notch could be determined related to the dimensions of the heat affected zone.
Minimum Quantity Dry Lubrication in Machining of CFRP
Authors: Schneider Marco , Beckenlechner Robert
Published: August 2016

In the context of high tool wear concerning machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), it is desirable to study new processes and techniques which are able to lower the wear and thus induced costs. Therefore, this article presents a novel minimum quantity dry lubrication (MQDL)-process. It delivers minimal amounts of graphite powder, using compressed air as a conveying medium to its operating area between the tool and workpiece. For this purpose a prototypical fluidisation device for conditioning, dosing and conveying the graphite powder was built. The investigations have shown that the constructed prototype is already able to deliver tiniest amounts of graphite mass flows (less than 3 g/h) reliably. Furthermore, first results of drilling tests with internal MQDL-supply are presented. The cutting edge radius of the solid carbide drilling tools has been chosen as the wear measuring quantity. With the use of MQDL at drilling CFRP, a clear reduction in wear is shown, in comparison to pure compressed air. Finally the article shows further research and application areas of this new MQDL-technology.
The Manufacturing of Electrodes: Key Process for the Future Success of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Günther Till , Billot Nicolas , Schuster Jörg , Schnell Joscha , Spingler Franz Benjamin , Gasteiger Hubert A.
Published: August 2016

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for energy storage not only in consumer electronics but also in e-mobility and stationary applications. However, in order to guarantee the success of lithium-ion batteries in the long term, improvements related to performance, lifetime and production costs need to be made. Mastery of the highly interlinked process chain in lithium-ion battery manufacturing is a challenge and often acquired on the basis of experience. This paper illustrates the complexity of this process chain with a special focus on the roll-to-roll manufacturing of electrodes and discusses the application of a quality management system in lithium-ion battery production.
Influence of Stamping Tool Fixation on Vibrations Using Specific Bolt Setups
Authors: Kraus Dominik , Hohmann Johannes , Wehnes Stephan , Groche Peter
Published: August 2016

In sheet metal forming, the fixation of tools in presses has not been considered to be variable for process optimization yet. Every clamping point fixes the tool. Tool areas without a fixation point have a vertical degree of freedom, respectively. Against this background, it seems to be evident that the kind of tool fixation can influence its static and dynamic beahviour. In shear cutting processes, tool vibration is an important phenomenon, as it affects tool wear on the one hand and influences part quality on the other hand. In this paper, a methodology for influencing the tool vibration by specific setups of the clamping situation is introduced.
A New Approach to Compensate Oscillations of Path-Linked Presses Caused by Inertial Forces
Authors: Hilscher Stefan , Krimm Richard , Behrens Bernd-Arno
Published: August 2016

Presses with mechanical linkages based on levers between motor and ram (path-linked presses) tend to oscillate due to inertial forces as a consequence of the drive parts motion.In this publication a new approach for a mass-balancing system is presented. This system allows to generate the optimal compensation forces needed to counteract the inertial forces by means of four linear motors. The control signals for the linear motors are specified by an evolutionary optimization algorithm, which operates on the base of measured accelerations of the press frame. The control signals of the linear motors are created in a way that the machines oscillations are reduced to a minimum. This way the presented mass-balancing system adapts itself automatically to varying conditions during the operation of the machine, such as a tool change or a varying stroke rate.In particular, the present publication provides the results of the conceptual design and the virtual testing of this approach, which has been mainly carried out with the help of multiple-body simulations.
Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Parasitic Magnetic Stray Field on Force Output of Electromagnetic Actuators
Authors: Heyder Andreas , Steinbeck Stefan , Brela Matthaeus , Meyer Alexander , Abersfelder Sandra , Franke Jörg
Published: August 2016

Electromagnetic actuators are used in a variety of technical applications especially in the automotive industry. In-line process control methods are an essential component of the Lean and Six Sigma methodology to ensure process quality. However, the current state of the art in process and quality control is largely limited to end-of-line measurements of the force output. Analysing the magnetic stray field is a promising method that can be used to draw conclusions on the properties and defects of the flux-conducting magnetic materials. This phenomenon can potentially be used to identify defects in magnetic actuators thus allowing inline quality-monitoring. In order to realize this feature, patterns in the magnetic stray field of an actuator have to be identified and linked to a specific defect. The resulting challenge is the analysis of large datasets in order to characterize the stray field anomalies. This paper summarizes the results of a study on linear magnetic actuators trying to prove a relationship between parasitic magnetic stray field and the overall force output of an actuator by analysing the data with statistical methods. The findings of this study suggest that certain statistical methods, like regression, are not well suited to build a prediction model for defects in actuators using a similar approach of measuring stray field outside the actuator. This is mainly due to the fact that prerequisites for model building are difficult to full fill within the context of stray field analysis. Nevertheless, the findings also suggest that methods of exploratory data analysis can be used to derive quality relevant information from data of stray field measurements. The paper elaborates on the problem of defining a population, choosing variables for model building, as well as model error.
Support for Ingate Design by Analysing the Geometry of High Pressure Die Cast Geometries Using Dijkstra’s Shortest Path Algorithm
Authors: Heilmeier Florian , Goller Daniel , Opritescu Daniel , Thoma Christopher , Rieg Frank , Volk Wolfram
Published: August 2016

A new approach for the analysis of high pressure die casting geometries concerning form filling is introduced. It enables the reduction of simulation cycles needed in the product development process, as they are highly time and cost intensive. Therefore, we developed an analysis tool, which uses shortest paths from each part of the geometry to the chosen ingate surfaces. This way, and by evaluating the information given by basic filling simulations, we can evaluate the usability of a given geometry for a high pressure die casting process and are able to suggest useful strategies to place ingates and to design a filling system.
Concept for an Adapted BDI Architecture for Agent-Based Simulation of the Socio-Technical System in Manufacturing
Authors: Schwake Kim , Wulfsberg Jens P.
Published: August 2016

The predicted results of production simulations often differ considerably from those of the practice. Among other things, reasons for that can be found in the inadequate consideration of the socio-technical system of the real manufacturing. The paper addresses this problem and shows how even complex manufacturing principles such as semi-autonomous groups can be simulated with the help of agent systems using an adapted Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture concept.
Workforce Flexibility in Production Networks: Mid-Term Capacity Planning Illustrated by an Example of the Automotive Industry
Authors: Treber Stefan , Moser Emanuel , Lanza Gisela
Published: August 2016

Modern globalization is characterized by a production in networks. With an increasingly dynamic business environment, the focus of production planning shifts to network management. This paper presents a method for managing production networks. The emphasis is on capacity planning and the use of instruments that render the staff more flexible. The methodology also integrates an approach to hedge against the risk of systematic errors in forecasting the market demand.
Integrating Workers’ Feedback into Continuous Information Flows: Enabling Lean Quality Assurance by Worker Information Systems
Authors: Fischer Christian , Lušić Mario , Faltus Florian , Hornfeck Rüdiger , Franke Jörg
Published: August 2016

Worker information systems provide the right information at the right time in a lean way. In this paper, the need for an integrated feedback system with formalised text parts is exposed. To meet the disadvantages of a lack of feedback, two important points are identified: involving of workers and guaranteeing a high information quality. Several approaches show that workers have to be included into an early stage of product development process to improve product details and especially assembly scenarios. Also, workers get an idea of their contribution to a zero-waste production. If more information is created, the quality gets more important. It is explained what quality criteria should be considered. Technical realisations for a feedback system close this paper.
A Data-Driven Simulation-Based Optimisation Approach for Adaptive Scheduling and Control of Dynamic Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Kück Mirko , Ehm Jens , Freitag Michael , Frazzon Enzo M. , Pimentel Ricardo
Published: August 2016

The increasing customisation of products, which leads to higher numbers of product variants with smaller lot sizes, requires a high flexibility of manufacturing systems. These systems are subject to dynamic influences and need increasing effort for the generation of the production schedules and for the control of the processes. This paper presents an approach that addresses these challenges. First, scheduling is done by coupling an optimisation heuristic with a simulation model to handle complex and stochastic manufacturing systems. Second, the simulation model is continuously adapted by real-time data from the shop floor. If, e.g., a machine breakdown or a rush order appears, the simulation model and consequently the scheduling model is updated and the optimisation heuristic adjusts an existing schedule or generates a new one. This approach uses real-time data provided by future cyber-physical systems to integrate scheduling and control and to manage the dynamics of highly flexible manufacturing systems.
Simulation-Based Evaluation of Quality Control Strategies in Global Manufacturing Networks
Authors: Arndt Tobias , Buderer Carolin , Hofmann Manuela , Lanza Gisela
Published: August 2016

In the context of an increased globalisation of sales and procurement markets companies are distributing their manufacturing activities in global networks. A key challenge is to ensure the overall production quality despite distributed value creation processes in complex manufacturing networks. Hence, a simulation model is presented, which allows for an evaluation of quality control strategies in global manufacturing networks. Based on the approach of Value Stream Mapping (VSM), which is enhanced by quality-relevant elements, a simulation approach is developed to dynamically evaluate different quality control strategies taking the individual target systems and site roles of the involved partners in the manufacturing network into account.
Concept for Planning and Controlling of Multiple, Parallel Engineering Changes in Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Cichos Daniel , Kölsch Patrick , Aurich Jan Christian
Published: August 2016

Manufacturing companies have to adapt existing factories due to changing customer demands and new technologies. The coordination of several engineering changes in manufacturing systems is a key factor for the efficiency of their implementation. In this paper, a concept for planning and controlling of multiple engineering changes is presented. The concept includes the preselection, planning and execution of engineering changes. The engineering changes can be classified with regard to their relevance and urgency. The needed work steps for the implementation are deduced from the software-based planning and the time schedule for the work steps is created. The work steps are monitored while executing and events are initiated, if necessary. The concept is implemented in a software demonstrator and validated through this software.
Methodology for the Suitability Validation of a Highly Iterative Product Development Approach for Individual Segments of an Overall Development Task
Authors: Diels Frederic , Riesener Michael , Schuh Günther
Published: August 2016

Today’s manufacturing companies are exposed to the challenge of fulfilling constantly growing and heterogeneous customer expectations. Simultaneously, the demand for delivering the highest quality in shortest time increases strongly. One way to handle these requirements is the highly iterative product development approach. By distributing development processes in short and iterative sub-processes, this method generates customer oriented and marketable products. However, most producing companies fail by trying to adopt the short-cycled concept without considering the suitability of these methods for the respective project. According to that fact, this paper aims at the presentation of a methodology which shows how to evaluate and select highly iterative product development methods for individual development scopes. A first application of this methodology indicated affirmative results regarding to the practicability within a startup enterprise. Still, there is need for further research, especially in the field of implementation.
Project VISAS: Virtual and Augmented Exploitation of Submerged Archaeological Sites‐Overview and First Results
Authors: Bruno Fabio , Lagudi Antonio , Muzzupappa Maurizio , Lupia Marco , Cario Gianni , Barbieri Loris , Passaro Salvatore , Saggiomo Roberto
Published: August 2016

AbstractVISAS (Virtual and Augmented Exploitation of Submerged Archaeological Sites) is a collaborative research project created to improve the responsible and sustainable exploitation of underwater archaeological sites. This strategic goal is reached through the development
of three services. The first concerns the 3-D reconstruction of the underwater environment by using a methodology for optical and acoustic bathymetric data fusion. The second is based on a virtual reality system for dive session planning and 3-D exploration of the underwater site. Finally,
the third service is intended to enrich the diving experience through a virtual guide running on an underwater tablet equipped with a hybrid tracking system. This paper provides a summary report of the project and an overview of the partial results achieved.
Lymphotoxin β Receptor Controls T Cell Progenitor Entry to the Thymus
Authors: Lucas Beth , James Kieran D. , Cosway Emilie J. , Parnell Sonia M. , Tumanov Alexi V. , Ware Carl F. , Jenkinson William E. , Anderson Graham
Published: August 2016

The recruitment of lymphoid progenitors to the thymus is essential to sustain T cell production throughout life. Importantly, it also limits T lineage regeneration following bone marrow transplantation, and so contributes to the secondary immunodeficiency that is caused by delayed immune reconstitution. Despite this significance, the mechanisms that control thymus colonization are poorly understood. In this study, we show that in both the steady-state and after bone marrow transplant, lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) controls entry of T cell progenitors to the thymus. We show that this requirement maps to thymic stroma, further underlining the key importance of this TNFR superfamily member in regulation of thymic microenvironments. Importantly, analysis of the requirement for LTβR in relationship to known regulators of thymus seeding suggests that it acts independently of its regulation of thymus-homing chemokines. Rather, we show that LTβR differentially regulates intrathymic expression of adhesion molecules known to play a role in T cell progenitor entry to the thymus. Finally, Ab-mediated in vivo LTβR stimulation following bone marrow transplant enhances initial thymus recovery and boosts donor-derived T cell numbers, which correlates with increased adhesion molecule expression by thymic stroma. Collectively, we reveal a novel link between LTβR and thymic stromal cells in thymus colonization, and highlight its potential as an immunotherapeutic target to boost T cell reconstitution after transplantation.
RAINFALL ANALYSIS IN KLANG RIVER BASIN USING CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM
Authors: Santos Celso A. G. , Silva Richarde Marques , Akrami Seyed Ahmad
Published: August 2016

The rainfall characteristics within Klang River basin is analyzed by the continuous wavelet transform using monthly rainfall data (1997–2009) from a raingauge and also using daily rainfall data (1998–2013) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The wavelet power spectrum showed that some frequency components were presented within the rainfall time series, but the observed time series is short to provide accurate information, thus the daily TRMM rainfall data were used. In such analysis, two main frequency components, i.e., 6 and 12 months, showed to be present during the entire period of 16 years. Such semiannual and annual frequencies were confirmed by the global wavelet power spectra. Finally, the modulation in the 8–16-month and 256–512-day bands were examined by an average of all scales between 8 and 16 months, and 256 and 512 days, respectively, giving a measure of the average monthly/daily variance versus time, where the periods with low or high variance could be identified.
Method of Determining the Orifice Area of Valve Head Locking Pairs of Water Fittings
Authors: Kharun Makhmud , Svintsov Alexandre Petrovich , Mukarzel Serge Asaad
Published: August 2016

One of the important tasks when designing the water fittings is to calculate the orifice area of locking pair for passing the calculated water flow at a calculated pressure. The method of determining the orifice area with smoothly changing shape based on the piecewise-element method is proposed. This method is characterized by a comparative simplicity and sufficient accuracy for engineering calculations to determine the orifice area of the disk type locking pairs for the valve head. The proposed method allows to determine the required size of the orifice area for passing the calculated water flow and also to determine the water flow rate depending on the opening level of orifice. The authors carried out the necessary calculations and manufactured ceramic disk type locking pairs by using the proposed method. Bench tests of water fittings with valve heads those are having orifices with smoothly changing shapes (in the form of bent blob) showed that water flow is changing almost in proportional to the tap opening. This method can be used not only for the designing of the water fittings and also for the shut-off valves of various purposes.
A NEW APPROACH FOR URBAN ROADS DETECTION USING LASER DATA AND AERIAL DIGITAL IMAGES
Authors: Da Silva Francisco Assis , Gohara Anderson Akio , Pazoti Mário Augusto , Pereira Danillo Roberto , Artero Almir Olivette , Piteri Marco Antonio
Published: August 2016

The automatic feature extraction from digital aerial images is not a trivial task mainly due to occlusion problems, shadows and different viewpoints. To obtain an improved feature extraction we used laser data, which have additional information such as height and material type of the surface. In this paper we performed the combination of digital image and laser data in order to improve the results of automatic extraction of urban roads. Initially, the urban roads were detected from the response of laser information; in the sequence we applied two different approaches to connect the disconnected road segments. The results were very promising, with sensitivity rate of 92%.
MOLYBDENUM-REDUCING AND AZO-DYE DECOLORIZING SERRATIA MARCESCENS STRAIN NENI-1 FROM INDONESIAN SOIL
Authors: Gusmanizar Neni , Halmi Mohd Izuan Effendi , Mansur Rusnam , Abd Rahman Mohd Fadhil , Shukor Mohd Shukri , Azmi Nina Suhaity , Shukor Mohd Yunus
Published: August 2016

Heavy metals and organic xenobiotics including dyes are important industrial components with their usage amounting to the millions of tonnes yearly. Their presence in the environment is a serious pollution issue globally. Bioremediation of these pollutants using microbes with multiple detoxification capacity is constantly being sought. In this work we screen the ability of a molybdenum-reducing bacterium isolated from contaminated soil to decolorize various azo and triphenyl methane dyes. The bacterium reduces molybdate to molybdenum blue (Mo-blue) optimally at pH 6.0, and temperatures of between 25 and 40oC. Glucose was the best electron donor for supporting molybdate reduction followed by sucrose, trehalose, maltose, d-sorbitol, d-mannitol, d-mannose, myo-inositol, glycerol and salicin in descending order. Other requirements include a phosphate concentration of between 5.0 and 7.5 mM and a molybdate concentration between 10 and 20 mM. The absorption spectrum of the Mo-blue produced was similar to previous Mo-reducing bacterium, and closely resembles a reduced phosphomolybdate. Molybdenum reduction was inhibited by copper, silver and mercury at 2 ppm by 43.8%, 42.3% and 41.7%, respectively. We screen for the ability of the bacterium to decolorize various dyes. The bacterium was able to decolorize the dye Congo Red. Biochemical analysis resulted in a tentative identification of the bacterium as Serratia marcescens strain Neni-1. The ability of this bacterium to detoxify molybdenum and decolorize azo dye makes this bacterium an important tool for bioremediation.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING
Authors: Lawrence Dustin , Lopes Vicente L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
Seismic attenuation in the Anahim Volcanic Belt and adjacent regions of British Columbia
Authors: Farahbod A M , Cassidy J F
Published: August 2016

In this study we investigated coda-wave attenuation (Qc) in the interior of British Columbia, with a focus on the Anahim Volcanic Belt (AVB) and specifically the Nazko Cone region using the single scattering approximation on records from short period and
broadband stations of the regional Canadian National Seismic Network (CNSN) and POLARIS Network. Our dataset is comprised of 380 earthquakes recorded between 1999 and 2012 with magnitudes ranging from 1.6 to 3.9, depths from 0 to 36 km and epicentral distances of 15 to 100 km. This gives a total of
423 high signal to noise (S/N) traces (S/N?5.0) useful for Qc calculation (with a range of ellipse parameter, a2, of 30 to 110) across the region. Coda windows were selected to start at tc = 2tS (two times the travel time of the direct S wave), and were filtered at center frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 12
and 16 Hz. Although the dataset is relatively small, with substantial uncertainties, a consistent pattern emerges. We find that in the interior of BC, the lowest Q0 values (e.g., Q0 of 39) are in the vicinity of Nazko Cone, near the 2007 earthquake swarm. This sequence of more than 1000 earthquakes
occurred at depths of 25-31 km and was interpreted as a magma injection at the base of the crust. Further, we find that all stations within the AVB show lower Q0 values compared to other stations in the BC interior. Averaging all data in the AVB with a2 of 30-50 km (UBRB, MCMB1, SULB, THMB) yields a
low average Q0 of 53, compared to an average Q0 of 67 at other stations in the BC interior, and an average Q0 of 70 for stations in the Cascadia subduction zone. Our results showing low Q0 throughout the AVB (and the lowest Q0 at Nazko Cone) provides additional support for the interpretation of
magma injection into the lower crust during the Nazko earthquake sequence, fracturing of the crust, and high seismic attenuation.
Prosperity and health ministry as a coping mechanism in the poverty and suffering context of Zimbabwe: A pastoral evaluation and response
Authors: Magezi Vhumani , Manzanga Peter
Published: August 2016

Preaching on prosperity and health has significantly increased in Zimbabwe. Yet, poverty and suffering are also increasing, which is a contradiction. The preaching gives ‘hope’ of prosperity, wealth, health and success to its followers. The emerging question, however, is the following: What kind of hope is given? This article considers the Zimbabwean context of suffering and poverty, and the coping that arises from the Prosperity Gospel Movement. It is argued that this movement tends to grow rapidly where there are challenges such as poverty, unemployment and health problems. The article discusses prosperity-gospel trends in Zimbabwe and the history and tenets of the prosperity gospel. It also suggests reasons for the rise of the movement. The article concludes by providing an evaluation of the movement and offering a pastoral response.
Clinical Features of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients Presenting with Cholera in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Authors: Sévère Karine , Anglade Stravinsky B. , Bertil Claudin , Duncan Aynsley , Joseph Patrice , Deroncenay Alexandra , Mabou Marie M. , Ocheretina Oksana , Reif Lindsey , Seo Grace , Pape Jean W. , Fitzgerald Daniel W.
Published: August 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been postulated to alter the natural history of cholera, including increased susceptibility to infection, severity of illness, and chronic carriage of Vibrio cholerae. Haiti has a generalized HIV epidemic with an adult HIV prevalence of 1.9% and recently suffered a cholera epidemic. We conducted a prospective study at the cholera treatment center (CTC) of GHESKIO in Haiti to characterize the coinfection. Adults admitted at the CTC for acute diarrhea were invited to participate in the study. Vital signs, frequency, and volume of stools and/or vomiting were monitored, and single-dose doxycycline was administered. After counseling, participants were screened for HIV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for cholera by culture. Of 729 adults admitted to the CTC, 99 (13.6%) had HIV infection, and 457 (63%) had culture-confirmed cholera. HIV prevalence was three times higher in patients without cholera (23%, 63/272) than in those with culture-confirmed cholera (7.9%, 36/457). HIV prevalence in patients with culture-confirmed cholera (7.9%) was four times higher than the adult prevalence in Port-au-Prince (1.9%). Of the 36 HIV-infected patients with cholera, 25 (69%) had moderate/severe dehydration versus 302/421 (72%) in the HIV negative. Of 30 HIV-infected patients with weekly stool cultures performed after discharge, 29 (97%) were negative at week 1. Of 50 HIV-negative patients with weekly stool cultures, 49 (98%) were negative at week 1. In countries with endemic HIV infection, clinicians should consider screening patients presenting with suspected cholera for HIV coinfection.
Improved Sanitation Facilities are Associated with Higher Body Mass Index and Higher Hemoglobin Concentration Among Rural Cambodian Women in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Janmohamed Amynah , Karakochuk Crystal D. , McLean Judy , Green Timothy J.
Published: August 2016

Multiple factors contribute to undernutrition in Cambodian women. Our aim was to determine if type of household sanitation facility was associated with body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration among pregnant women. Women (N = 544) from 75 villages in Kampong Chhnang Province had their height, weight, and Hb measured (HemoCue Hb 201+) in the first trimester. Sociodemographic and household characteristics were collected. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used for analyses. Approximately 40% (N = 221) of women reported primarily using an ‘improved’ sanitation facility (closed pit latrine) and ∼60% (N = 323) used ‘non-improved’ facilities (open defecation). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) BMI was higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (19.9 ± 3.0 kg/m2 versus 19.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2; P = 0.01). Mean ± SD Hb concentration was also higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (118 ± 12 g/L versus 114 ± 14 g/L; P = 0.001). Anemia prevalence (Hb < 110 g/L) was higher among women with non-improved facilities (34% versus 25%; P = 0.04). An improved sanitation facility was a positive predictor of BMI (β = 0.57 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10, 1.04) and Hb concentration (β = 2.94 g/L; 95% CI = 0.53, 5.35), adjusting for age, parity, household size, village, gestation week, source of drinking water, and iron folic acid supplementation. Poor sanitation was associated with lower BMI and Hb concentration among pregnant Cambodian women. This warrants multisectoral approaches involving the health, nutrition, water, and sanitation sectors to effectively improve maternal health in Cambodia.
Significance of Echogenic Snow Sign as an Ultrasonography Finding for Diagnosis of Urogenital Schistosomiasis
Authors: Kim Min Jae , Ryu Kyungshick , Jin Yan , Lee Young Ha , Jeoung Hoo Gn , Saeed Adl Al Wahab , Kim Seung Hyup , Hong Sung-Tae
Published: August 2016

Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is one of the important neglected tropical diseases, which requires global elimination programs. It is primarily diagnosed by urine microscopy (UM), but its sensitivity is not satisfactory. Ultrasonography (US) is an alternative screening method of UGS. The present study investigated the diagnostic feasibility of new criteria including echogenic snow sign, innumerable scattered small echogenic foci floating in bladder lumen, for UGS in White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, 2013–2014. A total of 1,462 participants were screened by US or UM, and 948 by both. The 948 subjects were 1–80 years of age, 485 (51.2%) of them were boys or men, and 648 (68.4%) were less than 15 years of age. Eggs were detected from 133 (14.0%) by UM. The US findings of bladder wall thickening, polypoid mass, and ureter dilatation were regarded as positive for UGS following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Of the 948 subjects, 155 (16.4%) were positive for US by the WHO criteria. The echogenic snow sign was detected in 75 participants, and was most frequently observed in age group of 10–14. It was more commonly observed in UM-positive participants (35/133; 26.3%) than in UM-negative participants (40/815; 4.9%), and the difference was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 6.92 (4.20–11.41). When the echogenic snow was added to the WHO criteria, 42 participants were additionally revealed to have UGS-related morbidity, reaching a total of 198 (20.9%) participants. The echogenic snow sign can be suggested as a new finding to the criteria of US for UGS.
Evaluation of cloud effects on air temperature estimation using MODIS LST based on ground measurements over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Fan , Zhang Guoqing , He Xiaobo , Tian Lide
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data have played a significant role in estimating the air temperature (Tair) due to the sparseness of ground measurements, especially for remote mountainous areas. Generally, two types of air temperatures are studied including daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperatures. MODIS daytime and nighttime LST are often used as proxies for estimating Tmax and Tmin, respectively. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has a high daily cloud cover fraction (> 45 %). The presence of clouds can affect the relationship between Tair and LST and can further affect the estimation accuracies. This study comprehensively analyzes the effects of clouds on Tair estimation based on MODIS LST using detailed half-hourly ground measurements and daily meteorological station observations collected from over the TP. Comparisons made between in-situ cloudiness observations and MODIS claimed clear-sky records show that erroneous rates of MODIS nighttime cloud detection are obviously higher than those achieved in daytime. Our validation of the MODIS LST values under different cloudiness constraining conditions shows that the accuracy of MODIS nighttime LST is severely affected by undetected clouds. Large errors introduced by undetected clouds are found to significantly affect the Tmin estimations based on nighttime LST through cloud effect tests. However, clouds are mainly found to affect Tmax estimation by affecting the essential relationship between Tmax and daytime LST. The obviously larger errors of Tmax estimation than those of Tmin could be attributed to larger MODIS daytime LST errors resulting from higher degrees of daytime LST heterogeneity within MODIS pixel than those of nighttime LST. Constraining all four MODIS observations per day to non-cloudy observations can efficiently screen samples to build a strong fit of Tmin estimation using MODIS nighttime LST. The present study reveals the effects of clouds on Tair estimation through MODIS LST and will thus help improve the estimation accuracy levels while alleviating the problems associated with severe data sparseness over the TP.