bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can One Design a Series of Fast, Energy - Efficient “Brains” based on Neuromorphic Computing to Solve Complex Pattern Recognition Problem?
Authors: Zhou Mingyong
Published: October 2020

Background:

In this paper, we present a theoretical discussion on neuromorphic computing
circuit dynamic and its relations with AI deep learning neural networks. The hardware implememtations
of neuromorphic computing and AI deep learning neuronal networks are discussed.

Objective:

The investigation is motivated by the design of a feasible fast and energy-efficient circuit
device as well as an efficient training computation method to solve complex classification problems
using AI neuronal networks.

Methods:

We focus on the investigations of solving pattern classification and recognition problems in
real applications from the perspectives of both logic computation view and physical circuit device
views. FPGA approaches are considered and a mapping from logic level to physical level is proposed.

Results:

A pragmatic mapping method is derived. FPGA method is proposed.

Conclusion:

Thus we propose in this paper an approach to solve complex classification problems.
First, the neuromorphic computing as a new research area is introduced, including physical circuit
properties, memristive device physical properties and the circuit dynamics described by the temporal
and spatial (Maxwell) differential equations. Secondly, we show that by using AI deep learning
neural networks to train AI neural networks we are able to derive the optimal AI neuron network
weights. Last but not the least, we brief a mapping method and show in general how the neuromorphic
circuit will work in practice after mapping the weights from AI deep learning neural networks into the
neuromorphic circuit synapses/memristors. We also devote our discussions to the physical device feasibility
and related matters. The method proposed in this paper is pragmatic and constructive.
How the Use of a Patient-Accessible Health Record Contributes to Patient-Centered Care: Scoping Review
Authors: Benjamins Janine , Haveman-Nies Annemien , Gunnink Marian , Goudkuil Annemieke , de Vet Emely
Published: October 2020

Background

Worldwide, patient-centered care is becoming a widely used concept in medical practice, getting more and more attention because of its proven ability to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Although several studies show that patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) influence certain aspects of patient-centered care, the possible contribution of PAEHR implementation to patient-centered care as a comprehensive concept has not, to our knowledge, been structurally evaluated to date.

Objective

The objective of this study is to review whether and how the use of PAEHRs contributes to patient-centered care both in general and among specific population groups.

Methods

We followed PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews reporting guidelines. We identified literature in 5 databases, using the terms “patient-accessible medical records,” “patient experiences,” and “professional experiences” as key concepts. A total of 49 articles were included and analyzed with a charting code list containing 10 elements of patient-centered care.

Results

Studies were diverse in design, country of origin, functionalities of the investigated PAEHR, and target population. Participants in all studies were adults. Most studies reported positive influence of PAEHR use on patient-centered care; patient accessible health records were appreciated for their opportunity to empower patients, inform patients about their health, and involve patients in their own care. There were mixed results for the extent to which PAEHRs affected the relation between patients and clinicians. Professionals and patients in mental health care held opposing views concerning the impact of transparency, where professionals appeared more worried about potential negative impact of PAEHRs on the patient-clinician relationship. Their worries seemed to be influenced by a reluctant attitude toward patient-centered care.
Disadvantaged groups appeared to have less access to and make less use of patient-accessible records than the average population but experienced more benefits than the average population when they actually used PAEHRs.

Conclusions

The review indicates that PAEHRs bear the potential to positively contribute to patient-centered care. However, concerns from professionals about the impact of transparency on the patient-clinician relationship as well as the importance of a patient-centered attitude need to be addressed. Potentially significant benefits for disadvantaged groups will be achieved only through easily accessible and user-friendly PAEHRs.
ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study
Authors: Hua Xueliang , Li Chen , Pogue Jason M , Sharma Varun S , Karaiskos Ilias , Kaye Keith S , Tsuji Brian T , Bergen Phillip J , Zhu Yan , Song Jiangning , Li Jian
Published: October 2020

Background

Determining a suitable dose of intravenous colistimethate is challenging because of complicated pharmacokinetics, confusing terminology, and the potential for renal toxicity. Only recently have reliable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate become available.

Objective

The aim of this work was to develop a clinician-friendly, easy-to-use mobile app incorporating up-to-date dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate in critically ill adult patients.

Methods

Swift programming language and common libraries were used for the development of an app, ColistinDose, on the iPhone operating system (iOS; Apple Inc). The compatibility among different iOS versions and mobile devices was validated. Dosing calculations were based on equations developed in our recent population pharmacokinetic study. Recommended doses generated by the app were validated by comparison against doses calculated manually using the appropriate equations.

Results

ColistinDose provides 3 major functionalities, namely (1) calculation of a loading dose, (2) calculation of a daily dose based on the renal function of the patient (including differing types of renal replacement therapies), and (3) retrieval of historical calculation results. It is freely available at the Apple App Store for iOS (version 9 and above). Calculated doses accurately reflected doses recommended in patients with varying degrees of renal function based on the published equations. ColistinDose performs calculations on a local mobile device (iPhone or iPad) without the need for an internet connection.

Conclusions

With its user-friendly interface, ColistinDose provides an accurate and easy-to-use tool for clinicians to calculate dosage regimens of intravenous colistimethate in critically ill patients with varying degrees of renal function. It has significant potential to avoid the prescribing errors and patient safety issues that currently confound the clinical use of colistimethate, thereby optimizing patient treatment.
Leveraging the Power of Nondisruptive Technologies to Optimize Mental Health Treatment: Case Study
Authors: Sadeh-Sharvit Shiri , Hollon Steven D
Published: October 2020

Regular assessment of the effectiveness of behavioral interventions is a potent tool for improving their relevance to patients. However, poor provider and patient adherence characterize most measurement-based care tools. Therefore, a new approach for measuring intervention effects and communicating them to providers in a seamless manner is warranted.
This paper provides a brief overview of the available research evidence on novel ways to measure the effects of behavioral treatments, integrating both objective and subjective data. We highlight the importance of analyzing therapeutic conversations through natural language processing. We then suggest a conceptual framework for capitalizing on data captured through directly collected and nondisruptive methodologies to describe the client’s characteristics and needs and inform clinical decision-making. We then apply this context in exploring a new tool to integrate the content of therapeutic conversations and patients’ self-reports. We present a case study of how both subjective and objective measures of treatment effects were implemented in cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression and anxiety and then utilized in treatment planning, delivery, and termination. In this tool, called Eleos, the patient completes standardized measures of depression and anxiety. The content of the treatment sessions was evaluated using nondisruptive, independent measures of conversation content, fidelity to the treatment model, and the back-and-forth of client-therapist dialogue.
Innovative applications of advances in digital health are needed to disseminate empirically supported interventions and measure them in a noncumbersome way. Eleos appears to be a feasible, sustainable, and effective way to assess behavioral health care.
Relationship Between Internet Use and Change in Health Status: Panel Study of Young Adults
Authors: Hunsaker Amanda , Hargittai Eszter , Micheli Marina
Published: October 2020

Background

Using the internet for health information is a widespread phenomenon documented in considerable scholarship. Less common, however, is the analysis of panel data to examine how internet use may relate to change in health status over time.

Objective

This study examines whether internet use and internet use related to health are associated with a change in health status among young adults.

Methods

We used a unique panel survey data set collected about young adults’ internet use in 2012 and 2016 (n=384). We applied logistic regression to examine the relationships between sociodemographics, internet experiences, frequency of health-related internet use, and sharing health content online with change in health status over time. We additionally examined the variables characterizing sharing health content online (via Facebook, Twitter, and email) in separate models.

Results

In the second wave, over half (236/384, 61.5%) of the sample used the internet for health at least weekly. Approximately one-third (141/384, 36.7%) used Facebook for health-content sharing, while using Twitter and email for sharing health content were far less frequent (14/384, 3.6%, and 55/384, 14.3%, respectively). A change in health status occurred for 43.0% (165/384) of the sample; 18.5% (71/384) reported an improvement while 24.5% (94/384) reported a decline. Greater frequency of internet use was associated with health decline over time (B=–0.58, P=.02). We also found that frequent health-related internet use was related to enhanced health or maintained health (B=0.58, P=.03). Sharing health content on social media or email, however, was not related to young adults’ health changes.

Conclusions

Young adults exhibit a pattern of using the internet for health that influences their health status. Our finding that frequent health-related internet use may promote improved or maintained health suggests that this type of online activity might also support healthy living.
Carbohydrate Counting App Using Image Recognition for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Alfonsi Jeffrey E , Choi Elizabeth E Y , Arshad Taha , Sammott Stacie-Ann S , Pais Vanita , Nguyen Cynthia , Maguire Bryan R , Stinson Jennifer N , Palmert Mark R
Published: October 2020

Background

Carbohydrate counting is an important component of diabetes management, but it is challenging, often performed inaccurately, and can be a barrier to optimal diabetes management. iSpy is a novel mobile app that leverages machine learning to allow food identification through images and that was designed to assist youth with type 1 diabetes in counting carbohydrates.

Objective

Our objective was to test the app's usability and potential impact on carbohydrate counting accuracy.

Methods

Iterative usability testing (3 cycles) was conducted involving a total of 16 individuals aged 8.5-17.0 years with type 1 diabetes. Participants were provided a mobile device and asked to complete tasks using iSpy app features while thinking aloud. Errors were noted, acceptability was assessed, and refinement and retesting were performed across cycles. Subsequently, iSpy was evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial with 22 iSpy users and 22 usual care controls aged 10-17 years. Primary outcome was change in carbohydrate counting ability over 3 months. Secondary outcomes included levels of engagement and acceptability. Change in HbA1c level was also assessed.

Results

Use of iSpy was associated with improved carbohydrate counting accuracy (total grams per meal, P=.008), reduced frequency of individual counting errors greater than 10 g (P=.047), and lower HbA1c levels (P=.03). Qualitative interviews and acceptability scale scores were positive. No major technical challenges were identified. Moreover, 43% (9/21) of iSpy participants were still engaged, with usage at least once every 2 weeks, at the end of the study.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence of efficacy and high acceptability of a novel carbohydrate counting app, supporting the advancement of digital health apps for diabetes care among youth with type 1 diabetes. Further testing is needed, but iSpy may be a useful adjunct to traditional diabetes management.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04354142; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354142
Identification of Adverse Drug Event–Related Japanese Articles: Natural Language Processing Analysis
Authors: Ujiie Shogo , Yada Shuntaro , Wakamiya Shoko , Aramaki Eiji
Published: October 2020

Background

Medical articles covering adverse drug events (ADEs) are systematically reported by pharmaceutical companies for drug safety information purposes. Although policies governing reporting to regulatory bodies vary among countries and regions, all medical article reporting may be categorized as precision or recall based. Recall-based reporting, which is implemented in Japan, requires the reporting of any possible ADE. Therefore, recall-based reporting can introduce numerous false negatives or substantial amounts of noise, a problem that is difficult to address using limited manual labor.

Objective

Our aim was to develop an automated system that could identify ADE-related medical articles, support recall-based reporting, and alleviate manual labor in Japanese pharmaceutical companies.

Methods

Using medical articles as input, our system based on natural language processing applies document-level classification to extract articles containing ADEs (replacing manual labor in the first screening) and sentence-level classification to extract sentences within those articles that imply ADEs (thus supporting experts in the second screening). We used 509 Japanese medical articles annotated by a medical engineer to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.

Results

Document-level classification yielded an F1 of 0.903. Sentence-level classification yielded an F1 of 0.413. These were averages of fivefold cross-validations.

Conclusions

A simple automated system may alleviate the manual labor involved in screening drug safety–related medical articles in pharmaceutical companies. After improving the accuracy of the sentence-level classification by considering a wider context, we intend to apply this system toward real-world postmarketing surveillance.
The Reach, Use, and Impact of a Free mHealth Mindfulness App in the General Population: Mobile Data Analysis
Authors: Kozlov Elissa , Bantum Erin , Pagano Ian , Walser Robyn , Ramsey Kelly , Taylor Katherine , Jaworski Beth , Owen Jason
Published: October 2020

Background

As smartphones are now used by most Americans, it is increasingly possible for mental health mobile apps to be disseminated to the general public. However, little is known about how mobile mental health apps are used by the general population outside of a controlled research design.

Objective

Our objective is to describe how the general population engages with Mindfulness Coach, an iOS- and Android-based app designed to deliver a mindfulness training course.

Methods

Using anonymous download and analytics data, we characterized the reach, usage, retention, and impact of Mindfulness Coach. We included mobile analytics data from all unique downloads of Mindfulness Coach between August 1, 2018, and April 8, 2019 (N=104,067) as well as starred reviews from all Mindfulness Coach users who provided reviews of the app as of March 1, 2020. Mindfulness characteristics were measured by an in-app assessment using the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Short Form (FFMQ-SF).

Results

Users engaged, on average, in 4.3 visits to the app (SD 8.8; median 2; 90th percentile 8) and associated with an average total of 49.2 interactions with the app (ie, clicks within the app) (SD 113.8; median 19; 90th percentile 105). Users spent an average of 16.2 minutes (SD 63.1) engaged with the app over the full study time period. There were strong linear effects of app engagement on total FFMQ-SF scores. For example, FFMQ-SF scores were associated with more time spent engaged with the app (R2=.23; P<.001). Mindfulness Coach has been reviewed in the Google Play Store 3415 times, with an average rating of 4.7 out of 5 stars, and over 2000 times in the Apple App Store, with an average rating of 4.8 out of 5 stars.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that Mindfulness Coach has achieved substantial and sustained reach in the general population; however, it was used less frequently by many downloaders than researchers and designers intended. There was a subpopulation of users who engaged in the app regularly over an extended period of time, and there was a clear relationship between app use and improvements in mindfulness. To strengthen Mindfulness Coach’s public health impact, more research is needed to understand who is using the app and how, and to design strategies to increase user engagement in order for users to receive a larger dose of mindfulness treatment.
Mental Health Burden in Different Professions During the Final Stage of the COVID-19 Lockdown in China: Cross-sectional Survey Study
Authors: Du Junfeng , Mayer Gwendolyn , Hummel Svenja , Oetjen Neele , Gronewold Nadine , Zafar Ali , Schultz Jobst-Hendrik
Published: October 2020

Background

COVID-19 resulted in considerable mental health burden in the Chinese general population and among health care workers at the beginning and peak of the pandemic. However, little is known about potentially vulnerable groups during the final stage of the lockdown.

Objective

The aim of this survey study was to assess the mental health burden of different professions in China in order to find vulnerable groups, possible influencing factors, and successful ways of coping during the last 4 weeks of the lockdown in Hubei Province.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey asked participants about current residence, daily working hours, exposure to COVID-19 at work, and media preferences. We used a shortened version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess mental health. Further assessments included perceived stress (Simplified Chinese version of the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale), coping strategies for all participants, and specific stressors for health care workers. We followed the reporting guidelines of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement for observational studies.

Results

The sample (N=687) consisted of 158 doctors, 221 nurses, 24 other medical staff, 43 students, 60 teachers/government staff, 135 economy staff, 26 workers/farmers, and 20 professions designated under the “other” category. We found increased depression (n=123, 17.9%), anxiety (n=208, 30.3%), and stress (n=94, 13.7%) in our sample. Professions that were vulnerable to depression were other medical staff and students. Doctors, nurses, and students were vulnerable to anxiety; and other medical staff, students, and economy staff were vulnerable to stress. Coping strategies were reduced to three factors: active, mental, and emotional. Being female and emotional coping were independently associated with depression, anxiety, or stress. Applying active coping strategies showed lower odds for anxiety while mental coping strategies showed lower odds for depression, anxiety, and stress. Age, being inside a lockdown area, exposure to COVID-19 at work, and having a high workload (8-12 hours per day) were not associated with depression, anxiety, or stress. WeChat was the preferred way of staying informed across all groups.

Conclusions

By the end of the lockdown, a considerable part of the Chinese population showed increased levels of depression and anxiety. Students and other medical staff were the most affected, while economy staff were highly stressed. Doctors and nurses need support regarding potential anxiety disorders. Future work should focus on longitudinal results of the pandemic and develop targeted preventive measures.
Reducing Alert Fatigue by Sharing Low-Level Alerts With Patients and Enhancing Collaborative Decision Making Using Blockchain Technology: Scoping Review and Proposed Framework (MedAlert) (Preprint)
Authors: Wan Paul Kengfai , Satybaldy Abylay , Huang Lizhen , Holtskog Halvor , Nowostawski Mariusz
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Clinical decision support (CDS) is a tool that helps clinicians in decision making by generating clinical alerts to supplement their previous knowledge and experience. However, CDS generates a high volume of irrelevant alerts, resulting in alert fatigue among clinicians. Alert fatigue is the mental state of alerts consuming too much time and mental energy, which often results in relevant alerts being overridden unjustifiably, along with clinically irrelevant ones. Consequently, clinicians become less responsive to important alerts, which opens the door to medication errors.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore how a blockchain-based solution can reduce alert fatigue through collaborative alert sharing in the health sector, thus improving overall health care quality for both patients and clinicians.

METHODS

We have designed a 4-step approach to answer this research question. First, we identified five potential challenges based on the published literature through a scoping review. Second, a framework is designed to reduce alert fatigue by addressing the identified challenges with different digital components. Third, an evaluation is made by comparing MedAlert with other proposed solutions. Finally, the limitations and future work are also discussed.

RESULTS

Of the 341 academic papers collected, 8 were selected and analyzed. MedAlert securely distributes low-level (nonlife-threatening) clinical alerts to patients, enabling a collaborative clinical decision. Among the solutions in our framework, Hyperledger (private permissioned blockchain) and BankID (federated digital identity management) have been selected to overcome challenges such as data integrity, user identity, and privacy issues.

CONCLUSIONS

MedAlert can reduce alert fatigue by attracting the attention of patients and clinicians, instead of solely reducing the total number of alerts. MedAlert offers other advantages, such as ensuring a higher degree of patient privacy and faster transaction times compared with other frameworks. This framework may not be suitable for elderly patients who are not technology savvy or in-patients. Future work in validating this framework based on real health care scenarios is needed to provide the performance evaluations of MedAlert and thus gain support for the better development of this idea.

CLINICALTRIAL
Concussion among soccer players in the 2017 Brazilian championship – the gap between protocol and medical practice
Authors: Salvarani Cármine Porcelli , de Medeiros Lucas Ribeiro , Sapatero Fernando Henrique , de Castro Diego Ciotta , Tomazini Vinícius Simon , Micheletti Sotocorno Leonardo Henrique , Teixeira da Costa Paulo Sérgio , Pimenta Bruno Bueno , de Oliveira Diego Almeida , Dias Eduardo Almeida , Colman da Silva Eduardo Vinícius
Published: October 2020

Background: The present study aims to report traumatic brain injury (TBI) among soccer players in the 2017 Brazilian Soccer Championship and discuss the protocols for concussion evaluation. Materials & methods: This is an observational study utilizing video analysis of 380 matches. TBI was considered as any event in which one or more soccer player(s) had a head trauma. For potential concussion diagnosis, we analyzed players with one of the following signs: slowness to get up, disorientation, motor incoordination, loss of consciousness, head clutching and impact seizure. Results: There were 374 TBIs in total. The average time for medical assessment was 1′35”. 13 players had concussion with an average time of 3′19″ for medical evaluation. Four players were replaced after having a concussion. Conclusion: There is a gap between concussion protocols and medical practices in Brazilian elite soccer. Further discussion about soccer replacement rules are imperative.
Optimization of the surface code design for Majorana-based qubits
Authors: Chao Rui , Beverland Michael E. , Delfosse Nicolas , Haah Jeongwan
Published: October 2020

The surface code is a prominent topological error-correcting code exhibiting high fault-tolerance accuracy thresholds. Conventional schemes for error correction with the surface code place qubits on a planar grid and assume native CNOT gates between the data qubits with nearest-neighbor ancilla qubits.Here, we present surface code error-correction schemes using only Pauli measurements on single qubits and on pairs of nearest-neighbor qubits. In particular, we provide several qubit layouts that offer favorable trade-offs between qubit overhead, circuit depth and connectivity degree. We also develop minimized measurement sequences for syndrome extraction, enabling reduced logical error rates and improved fault-tolerance thresholds.Our work applies to topologically protected qubits realized with Majorana zero modes and to similar systems in which multi-qubit Pauli measurements rather than CNOT gates are the native operations.
Um olhar quanti-qualitativo sobre o efeito da variável tempo de exposição em fenômenos de acomodação dialetal
Authors: Marques de Lucena Rubens
Published: October 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo oferecer uma visão de conjunto a respeito de três trabalhos de contato dialetal realizados no nordeste do Brasil, discutindo a relevância da variável tempo de exposição/tempo de residência nos processos de acomodação dialetal. As pesquisas foram realizadas entre 2013 e 2015 na Universidade Federal da Paraíba e são resultados de dissertações de Mestrado concluídas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística. Apesar de enfatizarem a análise da acomodação dialetal do ponto de vista quantitativo, a partir de uma proposta teórico-metodológica laboviana, salientamos aqui a necessidade de um olhar mais qualitativo, com ênfase nas atitudes linguísticas dos falantes. Concluímos, portanto, que apesar de a variável tempo de exposição exercer uma influência no processo de acomodação dialetal, ela necessita de um gatilho para o seu funcionamento: a presença de atitudes linguísticas favoráveis com relação ao novo dialeto a ser adquirido. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a860
Da língua ao discurso: paradigmas teóricos
Authors: Fontanille Jacques , De Sousa Silvia Maria
Published: October 2020

Apresentação à Gragoatá 44.  ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n44a1101
Migration-induced Variation in the Communicative Space
Authors: Krefeld Thomas
Published: October 2020

Migration is one of the fundamental and widespread causes of linguistic contact and variation induced by contact. Although contact-induced linguistic variation is not uncommon, it requires explanation within a model that allows the linguistic data to be contextualized in the communicative space. It requires the localization of language variation from the speaker in his/her historical context (with his/her variety repertoire, his/her communicative routines and the effect of this communicative routines in his/her own repertoire). In this sense, the speaker represents a minimal unit of the communicative space ('glossotope') in which it is inserted.---Original in English.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a920
Ethnicity in motion: constructing brasilidade by giving former migrants autochthonous status
Authors: Jungbluth Konstanze
Published: October 2020

The paper presents the postmodern perspective on autochthony from a theoretical approach. The previously held contrast between allochthonous and autochthonous people has undergone a change; nowadays, researchers propose that the two qualities form the poles of a continuum, where different grades of being autochthones may be distinguished. As has Canada, the Brazilian government has recently paved the way, conceding the status of autochthony to language communities living for at least three generations in the country. By recognizing cultural, and at the same time linguistic diversity as an important essential part of the process of constructing the new image of being Brazilian, a brasilidade (LESSER, 2015), the unique language use developed by descendents of European migrants, is now regarded as part of the historical and artistic immaterial patrimony in South America.---Original in English---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a915
Polonês e alemão em contato. Uma abordagem da aplicação do conceito de limite na análise linguística
Authors: Zinkhahn Rhobodes Dagna
Published: October 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer uma visão sobre o contato linguístico alemão-polonês na região fronteiriça da Polônia e da Alemanha e propor uma abordagem para a ilustração e a explicação dos processos da abertura, da transgressão e dissolução dos limites linguísticos. Em seguida será elaborada e aplicada uma abordagem que integra a teoria da fronteira com a análise linguística e apresenta uma perspectiva interdisciplinar da análise dos aspectos gramaticais do contato entre os idiomas.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a876
Quando barreiras linguísticas geram violação de direitos humanos: que políticas linguísticas o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para garantir o acesso dos imigrantes a serviços públicos básicos?
Authors: De Oliveira Gilvan Müller , Da Silva Julia Izabelle
Published: October 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão, ainda muito incipiente no Brasil, sobre as políticas linguísticas que o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para responder às barreiras linguísticas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes no acesso aos serviços públicos. Inicialmente, busca-se demonstrar, por meio de elementos jurídicos, o modo como barreiras linguísticas podem contribuir com a violação de direitos humanos básicos e também o que diz a atual legislação brasileira sobre o trato migratório. A partir do modelo teórico proposto por Ozolins (2010) sobre as políticas de oferecimento de intérpretes e tradutores no setor público, é possível afirmar que o Estado brasileiro é completamente negligente no que concerne ao oferecimento de políticas linguísticas de interpretação no setor público aos imigrantes. Além disso, a institucionalização do ensino de português para refugiados é ainda um programa federal recente e esparso. Desse modo, são as entidades voluntárias que têm assumido o papel de produzir políticas tanto de oferecimento de intérpretes quanto de ensino da língua portuguesa. A falta de ação do Estado revela, nesse sentido, uma orientação ideológica que ou nega a presença das línguas dos imigrantes ou vê essa diversidade como um problema a ser superado por meio do ensino da língua portuguesa. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a909
Políticas Linguísticas na cidade de Itaiópolis-SC: relações entre língua e identidade
Authors: Correa Djane Antonucci , Güths Taís Regina
Published: October 2020

Este artigo propõe problematizar políticas linguísticas relacionadas à manutenção do uso da língua de imigração polonesa no município de Itaiópolis - Santa Catarina, o qual contou com significava imigração dessa etnia, de modo a discutir a relação entre políticas linguísticas in vivo e in vitro (CALVET, 2007), bem como a relação que pode ser estabelecida entre língua e identidade. Para isso, são apresentadas falas de membros da comunidade, tidos nessa pesquisa como agentes de políticas linguísticas. Ressaltamos que a maioria dos participantes da pesquisa é vinculada a algum projeto voltado à manutenção da língua e da cultura de imigração, entre os quais destacamos um projeto da Igreja Católica do município que visa a oferecer aula de língua polonesa à comunidade e outro projeto desenvolvido em uma escola estadual que objetiva fornecer possibilidades de os alunos entrarem em contato com a língua e com a cultura polonesa por meio do contato com falantes nativos da Polônia. Como resultados, destacamos que foi possível perceber que as esferas de gestão in vivo e in vitro se relacionam de forma bastante marcada. Além disso, em relação à questão identitária, percebemos que esta pode ser considerada a principal força que move esses agentes de políticas linguísticas.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a864
Cruzando fronteiras: a promoção de direitos com refugiados nas práticas de ensino de línguas
Authors: Deusdará Bruno , Arantes Poliana Coeli Costa , Rocha Décio
Published: October 2020

A partir de uma experiência concreta de acolhimento a refugiados, discutimos sentidos e modalidades de política linguística subjacentes a essa prática. Partimos da noção de prática discursiva (MAINGUENEAU, 1997, 2005), por permitir refletir acerca da produção simultânea entre linguagem e mundo. Na sequência, relacionamos essa experiência com os desafios propostos para o campo da Linguística Aplicada. Como análise, apresentamos um perfil dos encontros de supervisão do trabalho de acolhimento, cuja experiência nos conduz a uma reflexão que ultrapassa os limites do ensino e do linguístico.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a885
Da (im)probabilidade de ser imigrante: uma leitura discursiva de “negro” e “branco” em sintagmas nominais num corpus do português
Authors: Da Silva Esteves Phellipe Marcel
Published: October 2020

Neste artigo, inscrito no aparato teórico da Análise do Discurso materialista (Pêcheux), pretendemos investigar como o estatuto de “imigrante” no Brasil vai sendo construído pela língua que se fala no país, e permitindo que a alguns sujeitos essa designação seja aceitável e a outros seja vetada. Para cumprirmos este propósito, nos debruçamos sobre as oposições / complementaridades / combinações dos nomes “escravo”, “colono”, “colonizador”, “senhor de engenho”, “imigrante” com os adjetivos “branco”, “negro”, “africano”, “europeu” e respectivas flexões no feminino e no plural, fazendo uso da primeira versão do Corpus do Português organizado pelos pesquisadores Mark Davies e Michael J. Ferreira. Com isso, por um lado, foi necessário também refletir sobre como a Análise do Discurso pode se articular com a Linguística de córpus. Por outro, fomos chegando a proveitosos resultados que não remetem diretamente à imigração, mas que dizem muito sobre como colonos, colonizadores e senhores de engenho são significados em distintas materialidades.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a893
Zeeuws-Flemish in Brazil: multilingualism and language decay
Authors: Schaffel Bremenkamp Elizana , Rys Kathy , Nevins Andrew , Postma Gertjan
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we present the linguistic and cultural description of the Brazilian Zeeuws-Flemish population in Espírito Santo, which today has no more than 20 speakers. The Zeeuws-Flemish speakers, hundreds of whom left Zeeland in 1858-1862, have faced hardship and difficulty in adaptation and integration into Brazilian society ever since their arrival, with their language threatened not only by Brazilian Portuguese, but also by Brazilian Pomeranian, somewhat of a lingua franca among the Germanic Protestant community in the region. In this paper we present a sociolinguistic survey of the Brazilian Zeeuws-Flemish language community and an overview of its linguistic features such as intra- and interspeaker allophony, lexical borrowing and calquing, relative pronoun neutralization, do-support, topic drop, complementizer fusion, and loss of diminutives.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a852---Original in English.
As (im)pressões do aprendente no processo de apropriação do português língua estrangeira: proficiência e alternância de línguas em rota de colisão
Authors: Cunha Ary , Cunha José Carlos Chaves da
Published: October 2020

Estudos sobre heterogeneidade linguístico-cultural nas aulas de língua estrangeira têm ajudado docentes a adequarem suas práticas de ensino às especificidades de um público plurilíngue e pluricultural. Todavia, no contexto do Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE), este fenômeno tem sido estudado sobretudo do ponto de vista cultural, deixando à margem a outra face igualmente importante dessa heterogeneidade: a linguística. Nossa proposta aqui é apresentar os primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa, de cunho etnográfico, voltada para a realidade plurilíngue de uma turma de PLE da Universidade Federal do Pará. Os dados coletados na forma de entrevista (dos alunos) e de observação de aulas receberam um tratamento qualitativo que compreende dois momentos de reflexão: o primeiro, com foco nos aspectos contextuais da pesquisa e nos sujeitos envolvidos; o segundo, com foco na maneira como os discentes lidam com o seu repertório bi(pluri)língue, notadamente no que concerne às suas representações linguísticas e às suas ações linguageiras. As primeiras análises apontam que a alternância de línguas é, por um lado, um dado incontornável em turmas bi(pluri)língues (embora ainda seja frequentemente olhada pelo viés da prática escondida que, se descoberta, provoca reprimenda, por parte do professor, e desestímulo por parte do aluno) e, por outro lado, um recurso didático que, devidamente gerenciado, é suscetível de tornar mais eficaz a aprendizagem da língua-alvo (aqui, o PLE). Daí a necessidade de se levar em conta os repertórios linguísticos desses alunos, utilizando esse saber numa perspectiva aberta e dinâmica que leve à ampliação da competência comunicativa dos aprendentes na língua-alvo. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a863
O mito moderno de François Villon e a origem do argot antigo
Authors: Da Costa Daniel Padilha Pacheco
Published: October 2020

Neste artigo, procura-se reconstituir a origem do argot antigo, definido pela linguística diacrônica do início do século XX como uma variedade socioletal de caráter convencional e secreto. Essa definição se baseia, sobretudo, na descrição por um documento jurídico medieval do jargão falado por uma quadrilha criminosa chamada os Coquillards. Por outro lado, essa definição foi utilizada para interpretar a mais importante composição do período a explorar literariamente esse jargão – as Baladas em jargão, atribuídas ao célebre malfeitor da época François Villon (1431–?). Pretende-se mostrar que a origem do argot antigo é indissociável do mito moderno sobre François Villon, considerado por seus editores e tradutores como o suposto autor empírico dessas baladas.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a854
Os escritores românticos brasileiros e a tendência nacional-descritiva na literatura do século XIX
Authors: Batista Eduardo Luis Araújo de Oliveira
Published: October 2020

A literatura romântica brasileira surgiu num momento de afirmação nacional e sob o influxo das ideias do francês Ferdinand Denis, autor da primeira história literária brasileira, publicada em 1826, na qual propôs à recém-fundada nação uma poética voltada para a representação da natureza tropical como índice de originalidade e nacionalidade. Considerando o pioneirismo de Denis em nosso movimento romântico, propomos, neste artigo, estudar as referências diretas e indiretas à proposta do francês nas obras e textos de importantes nomes da literatura brasileira ao longo do século XIX. Buscamos, para além das reverberações da proposta de Denis, apontar como nossos escritores adaptaram os ideais do francês para o contexto histórico-social brasileiro, assim como mostrar a reação de alguns autores que se colocaram contra essa vertente nacional-descritiva que norteou boa parte da produção literária brasileira ro mântica, inclusive na crítica e historiografia literária. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a772.
Entre a aceitação e a negação: a construção literária do negro como modelo em O mulato
Authors: Muñoz Juliana Fillies Testa
Published: October 2020

Aluísio Azevedo publica em 1881 o romance O mulato e inaugura o Naturalismo no Brasil (ABREU, 2013, p. 213; RIBEIRO, 1995, p. 205). A obra do autor, no entanto, pode ser considerada duplamente fundacional, ou pelo menos em uma segunda esfera igualmente fundacional, porque ela aborda e problematiza o nascimento da nação e de uma identidade que pudesse ser chamada de brasileira. Ao tratar da questão étnica nos últimos anos do sistema escravista no Brasil, o autor critica e rechaça a conduta discriminatória dos maranhenses, ao mesmo tempo em que deixa transparecer os próprios preconceitos em relação à população afrodescendente. Trata-se, portanto, de uma obra ambígua, na qual faz-se evidente o desejo de Azevedo de integrar a população negra na nação que se formava no final do século XIX e sua dificuldade em reconhecer valor na cultura afro-brasileira. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a imagem do personagem afrodescendente partindo da premissa de que a alteridade e conceitos identitários sempre surgem em um contexto histórico e discursivo. Nas entrelinhas desse romance, buscaremos, assim, resposta para a caracterização ambivalente do personagem afro-americano como modelo para o futuro da nação. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a878.
Escritor sem livros: um topos pessoano para o presente
Authors: Ornellas Sandro
Published: October 2020

O artigo explora o (quase) ineditismo em livro ao longo da vida de Fernando Pessoa como um gesto extremo, mas exemplar, de recusa soberana pela escrita literária, diante da lógica de um mercado cada vez mais colonizador do nosso imaginário. A hipótese que se desenvolve ao longo do artigo é que essa recusa ou impossibilidade – pouco importa para o argumento – de Fernando Pessoa em publicar particularmente livros até o fim da sua vida, quando publica Mensagem, guarda um pensamento sobre o livro. Por outro lado, o próprio escritor também pagou em vida o preço pela radicalidade do seu gesto soberano. Essa ambivalência – tão caracteristicamente pessoana – é representada pela expressão “escritor sem livros”. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a739.
A recepção coeva de Ressurreição
Authors: Rangel Vagner Leite , Ribas Maria Cristina Cardoso
Published: October 2020

Examina-se, à luz de “O Ideal do Crítico”, a recepção do primeiro romance de Machado de Assis, Ressurreição. Objetiva-se apresentar como o primeiro livro em prosa de ficção do autor de Teatro – a primeira tentativa machadiana de tornar-se autor de literatura brasileira – foi recebido na cena literária nacional após as severas críticas ao seu teatro. Ao final da exposição, será possível perceber que a discussão fomentada pelas escolhas do autor de Ressurreição não só atiça a defesa da moral contra a sugestão de erotismo num dos capítulos do romance, mas também revela a defesa do modelo alencariano de romance como o modelo nacional por excelência.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a758.
O sentido heroico da vida em Vidas Novas, de Luandino Vieira
Authors: Laks Daniel
Published: October 2020

O herói e sua aventura talvez constitua um dos tópicos mais explorados ao longo da história da narrativa, remontando à antiguidade clássica. A partir das diferentes figurações do herói podemos perceber aspectos específicos das sociedades que os produziram. Como entendiam o tempo histórico, como definiam os conceitos de justiça, valor ou como representavam conflitos. O mito do herói se pretende como narrativa exemplar, revelando a moral de determinada comunidade e conferindo origem, valor e propósito para os mais diversos elementos culturais. Nesse sentido, a partir do mito do herói é possível perceber as influências do campo político nos domínios da cultura. Mais ainda, os heróis instituem novas comunidades, fundam cidades e novas formas de habitar o espaço. Suas estórias alteram a maneira de entender a experiência do presente e as expectativas para o futuro, revelando as influências do campo da experiência estética na produção de formas lógicas. O objetivo desse artigo é comparar alguns dos principais aspectos do mito do herói em sua tipologia clássica com as figurações do herói em Vidas Novas, de Luandino Vieira. A partir das possíveis aproximações e afastamentos, o artigo pretende discutir como diferentes maneiras de compreender a existência no mundo emergem para a superfície da linguagem e para as formas narrativas.  ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a916.
A condicionante exógena e a homogeneização cultural: reflexões sobre a formação do cânone em Moçambique
Authors: Riambau Pinheiro Vanessa
Published: October 2020

O propósito desta pesquisa é problematizar a formação do cânone literário em Moçambique, investigando que processos concorrem para sua constituição e de que lugar teórico opinam os críticos que o determinam. Após discorrer sobre estas questões – quem define o cânone e em que fatores se baseia –, procuraremos analisar instâncias específicas relativas à constituição da moçambicanidade como elemento de consolidação literária interna. Dentre elas, verificaremos a recorrência de temáticas de cunho essencialista e a consequente representação de uma pseudo homogeneização cultural praticada no país africano. A fim de respaldar nosso estudo, nos apoiaremos nos estudos teóricos de Appiah (1997), Bhabha (1998), Mbembe (2014), Anderson (2008), Leite (2012, 2014) e Martinho (2001), entre outros. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a932.
Literatura e civilização em Portugal de Álvares de Azevedo, editado por Roberto Acízelo de Souza
Authors: Correia Everton Barbosa
Published: October 2020

Livro resenhado:AZEVEDO, Álvares. Literatura e civilização em Portugal. Roberto Acízelo de Souza (Ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Caetés, 2016.   ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n43a926.
Uma teoria da enunciação: Benveniste e Greimas
Authors: Fiorin Jose Luiz
Published: October 2020

Benveniste formula uma teoria da enunciação, que a concebe como uma instância de mediação entre a língua e a fala. Greimas, na Semântica estrutural, diz que seria necessário, para efetuar uma boa descrição semântica, normalizar o texto, isto é, eliminar dele as categorias da enunciação. Nesse momento, Greimas não tem nenhuma teoria da enunciação. Ela vai aparecer, de forma mais acabada, no Dicionário I, em que ele explicitamente se mostra herdeiro de Benveniste. Greimas herdou de Benveniste uma teoria da enunciação. No entanto, ele reformulou-a para explicitar a construção do texto, precisou-a com a operação de debreagem enunciativa e enunciva e ampliou-a com as operações de embreagem e convocação. Embora tenha herdado de Benveniste sua teoria da enunciação, Greimas deu-lhe uma dimensão que não tinha naquele autor. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n44a983