bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of small‐scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in forest‐floor invertebrates across the succession gradient
Authors: Niemelä Jari , Haila Yrjö , Punttila Pekka
Published: October 2008

Heterogeneity in species assemblages of forest‐floor arthropods — carabid beetles, ants and spiders — within and between different forest age classes was studied in the southern Finnish taiga. The importance of processes operating on the local scale (within the movement radius of the species) vs on the regional scale (among forest stands) in determining the observed variation was assessed. Four data sets with different spatial resolutions in mesic forests in the same general study area were used. The material consists of 18 283 carabids of 51 species, 48 769 spiders of 212 species, and 126 718 worker ants of 23 species. Analyses of abundance variation and species complementarity among successional stages revealed that in all the three taxa species occurring in the mature forest were prevalent in the younger successional stages as well, constituting more than half of the catch in any age class. A great majority of carabid and spider species were widely distributed across the forest age classes, whereas ants include a higher proportion of species with a narrower amplitude across the succession gradient. Comparisons of similarity between samples at increasing distance from one another on the local scale within forest stands (a few tens of meters to a few hundreds of meters) showed a quite consistent pattern in carabids and spiders: there was more variation between sampling sites in young successional forests than in the mature forest. Furthermore, only in the mature forest a slight, albeit statistically not significant, negative relationship between similarity of samples and distance between sampling sites was detected. In carabids and spiders, comparisons between samples located at a distance of 10–15 m from each other showed considerable heterogeneity, the mean percentage similarity being c. 0.6 (in ants c. 0.8). On the regional scale, systematic variation between young and mature forest stands is a major element increasing the total diversity (species turnover c. 50% in carabids and spiders; compositional similarity c. 0.3–0.4 in carabids, 0.2–0.3 in spiders), but variation within forest stands on a spatial scale of 10–15 meters is another important component in the total heterogeneity. The results suggest that regional abundance variation is a primary factor influencing the composition of local assemblages; a set of hypotheses elaborating this conclusion is formulated. The result implies that maintenance of habitat heterogeneity on a small scale (10–15 m) is needed to preserve biodiversity in managed forests.
The Law of the Name. The Imaginary Recipient in Corneille's Le Cid
Authors: Bornedal Peter
Published: October 2008

The article introduces the notion of an ‘imaginary recipient’ as constitutive in creative writing when the poet calculates the reception of his/her work. However, it is not the intention by this notion to repeat the Hermeneutical idea of aesthetic response, but to introduce a notion that can account for the fact that authors attempt to anticipate various (authoritative) recipients' interest in their work of art. As these interests may be conflicting, it becomes possible to explain inconsistencies in the work, and in the case of Corneille's Le Cid, it becomes possible to account for the collision between two different sets of values in the play: a traditionel code of honour and a contemporary political situation in which the code of honour is disadvantageous to certain of the play's inscribed recipients. This clash of interests also explains why the play was poorly received by the establishment.
Camus' Portrayal of Women in State of Siege: Exegesis and Explication
Authors: Curtis Jerry L.
Published: October 2008

This study compares the positive portrayal of women in State of Siege with that of women in Camus' other writings in an attempt to address the ambiguity of male‐female relationships in his work. Such relationships, generally apprehended as negative, are informed by an ambivalency inherent in the loyalty and detachment Camus experienced in relation to his mother ‐ relationship that survived unavoidable differences that separated them. Thus State of Siege does not represent a significant evolution in Camus' treatment of women, since the women of Cadiz, like the silent and sometimes aggressive heroines appearing before and after them, aspire above all to become or to remain wives and mothers. The fusion of loyalty and detachment between Camus and his mother may be regarded as paradigmatic of the rapport between male and female characters throughout his work ‐ the male characters consistently attempting to substitute ideals for filial or romantic love, the female characters seeking a more demonstrative, reciprocal commitment in their relationships. Hence Camus' entire opus demonstrates that loving “at a distance” offers some advantages to men pursuing idealistic goals, though they, as well as the women who love them, pay dearly for their self‐imposed detachment.
Different proteomic protein patterns in saliva of Sjögren's syndrome patients
Authors: Fleissig Y , Deutsch O , Reichenberg E , Redlich M , Zaks B , Palmon A , Aframian DJ
Published: October 2008

Objective:  To investigate the salivary protein profile in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and healthy control subjects.

Materials and methods:  Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 16 age‐matched females; eight healthy subjects and eight patients diagnosed with SS (six primary SS, one incomplete SS and one primary SS associated with B cell lymphoma). Proteins were extracted and separated individually by 2D sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Selected protein spots of interest were analysed by electrospray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry. Obtained data were searched against the Swiss‐Prot and NCBI non‐redundant protein databases using Mascot software.

Results:  Two groups of patterns of protein expression were observed in the eight SS patients: a major group (six patients) with significant expression differences from the healthy subjects and the second group (two patients) with a pattern similar to the eight healthy subjects.

Conclusion:  In this preliminary study, protein expression differences were found between SS patients and healthy subjects. Individual analysis of SS patients exhibited two patterns of protein expression with no direct relation to the clinical, serological or histological severity of disease. This study emphasizes the difficulty of the present proteomic knowledge to diagnose and monitor the sequel of SS development.
Hydrogen bond residue positioning in the 599–611 loop of thimet oligopeptidase is required for substrate selection
Authors: Bruce Lisa A. , Sigman Jeffrey A. , Randall Danica , Rodriguez Scott , Song Michelle M. , Dai Yi , Elmore Donald E. , Pabon Amanda , Glucksman Marc J. , Wolfson Adele J.
Published: October 2008

Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) is a zinc(II) endopeptidase implicated in the processing of numerous physiological peptides. Although its role in selecting and processing peptides is not fully understood, it is believed that flexible loop regions lining the substrate‐binding site allow the enzyme to conform to substrates of varying structure. This study describes mutant forms of thimet oligopeptidase in which Gly or Tyr residues in the 599–611 loop region were replaced, individually and in combination, to elucidate the mechanism of substrate selection by this enzyme. Decreases in kcat observed on mutation of Tyr605 and Tyr612 demonstrate that these residues contribute to the efficient cleavage of most substrates. Modeling studies showing that a hinge‐bend movement brings both Tyr612 and Tyr605 within hydrogen bond distance of the cleaved peptide bond supports this role. Thus, molecular modeling studies support a key role in transition state stabilization of this enzyme by Tyr605. Interestingly, kinetic parameters show that a bradykinin derivative is processed distinctly from the other substrates tested, suggesting that an alternative catalytic mechanism may be employed for this particular substrate. The data demonstrate that neither Tyr605 nor Tyr612 is necessary for the hydrolysis of this substrate. Relative to other substrates, the bradykinin derivative is also unaffected by Gly mutations in the loop. This distinction suggests that the role of Gly residues in the loop is to properly orientate these Tyr residues in order to accommodate varying substrate structures. This also opens up the possibility that certain substrates may be cleaved by an open form of the enzyme.
Human haptoglobin structure and function – a molecular modelling study
Authors: Polticelli F. , Bocedi A. , Minervini G. , Ascenzi P.
Published: October 2008

Hemoglobin is the most prominent protein in blood, transporting O2 and facilitating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species detoxification. Hemoglobin metabolism leads to the release of extra‐erythrocytic hemoglobin, with potentially severe consequences for health. Extra‐erythrocytic hemoglobin is complexed to haptoglobin for clearance by tissue macrophages. The human gene for haptoglobin consists of three structural alleles: Hp1F, Hp1S and Hp2. The products of the Hp1F and Hp1S alleles differ by only one amino acid, whereas the Hp2 allele is the result of a fusion of the Hp1F and Hp1S alleles, is present only in humans and gives rise to a longer α‐chain. Haptoglobin consists of a dimer of αβ‐chains covalently linked by a disulphide bond between the Cys15 residue of each α‐chain. However, the presence of the Hp1 and Hp2 alleles in humans gives rise to HPT1‐1 dimers (covalently linked by Cys15 residues), HPT1‐2 hetero‐oligomers and HPT2‐2 oligomers. In fact, the HPT2 variant displays two free Cys residues (Cys15 and Cys74) whose participation in intermolecular disulphide bonds gives rise to higher‐order covalent multimers. Here, the complete modelling of both haptoglobin variants, together with their basic quaternary structure arrangements (i.e. HPT1 dimer and HPT2 trimer), is reported. The structural details of the models, which represent the first complete view of the molecular details of human haptoglobin variants, are discussed in relation to the known haptoglobin function(s).
Acoustic microfluidic chip technology to facilitate automation of phage display selection
Authors: Persson Jonas , Augustsson Per , Laurell Tomas , Ohlin Mats
Published: October 2008

Modern tools in proteomics require access to large arrays of specific binders for use in multiplex array formats, such as microarrays, to decipher complex biological processes. Combinatorial protein libraries offer a solution to the generation of collections of specific binders, but unit operations in the process to isolate binders from such libraries must be automatable to ensure an efficient procedure. In the present study, we show how a microfluidic concept that utilizes particle separation in an acoustic force field can be used to efficiently separate antigen‐bound from unbound members of such libraries in a continuous flow format. Such a technology has the hallmarks for incorporation in a fully automated selection system for the isolation of specific binders.
Atypical presentations of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: Case reports
Authors: Yien Renny L.C. , Yip Jeremy , Yuen Wai‐Cheung
Published: October 2008

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of unheralded deaths in people older than 65 years. The survival of these patients depends on prompt diagnosis with immediate resuscitation and emergency surgery. Hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass, and flank or back pain, constitute the classic triad for ruptured AAA. However, this triad may be incomplete in as many as 50% of patients. A high index of suspicion is required for prompt treatment of this intra‐abdominal catastrophe. We report three cases of ruptured AAA who presented atypically to our hospital.
Management of solitary non‐calcified pulmonary nodules in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Lo Cheuk‐Kin , Ng Vincent W.S. , Tai Dora K.C. , Ma Chan‐Chung , Ko Kai‐Ming , Ho Kwok‐Keung
Published: October 2008

Introduction:  In patients with a history of colorectal cancer the management of solitary non‐calcified pulmonary nodules (SNCPN) is difficult because preoperative differentiation between primary lung cancer and that secondary from the colon is not easy. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of primary lung cancer and that secondary from the colon in a group of patients and to develop a statistical model for prediction.

Methods:  This is a retrospective study of 123 patients with past history of colorectal cancer who underwent pulmonary resection for SNCPN and who have a history of colorectal cancer.

Results:  Forty‐four patients (35.8%) were found to have primary lung cancer, and sixty‐nine patients (56.1%) were found to have metastatic adenocarcinoma from a colorectal origin. Ten had benign lesions (8.1%). The presence of pulmonary symptoms and a disease‐free interval > 72 months were the independent predictive factors of primary lung malignancy. When patients had both predictive factors, there was a nearly 90% chance of having primary lung cancer.

Conclusion:  Surgical resection is always recommended for patients with SNCPN and a history of colorectal cancer because the chance of malignancy is high. Lobectomy is also suggested if pulmonary symptoms are present and the disease‐free interval is more than 72 months.
Necrotizing soft tissue infection after laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Mohammadhosseini Bijan , Vaji Mehrdad Baghaei
Published: October 2008

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare infection of the fascia and subcutaneous tissue; it has a high associated mortality rate. This paper reports the first case of fatal NF after an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patient had no predisposing factors or gastrointestinal complications. A PubMed/Medline database search (1966–2006) identified 13 reports of NF after laparoscopic surgery. Factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcohol, substance abuse, chronic pancreatitis, bowel perforation, leaking cystic duct, and trocar site herniation were found to be predisposing factors or complications of laparoscopic surgery. The mortality rate of NF was reported to be 23%. Infectious causes of disease such as streptococcal and staphylococcal species, enterococci and enterobacteriaceae are common culture isolates. Early diagnosis and an aggressive approach to treatment with initial debridement followed by planned repeat debridements in conjunction with antibiotics and nutritional support remains the mainstay of treatment. The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score may be a good tool for distinguishing NF from other soft tissue infections.
Postoperative chylous ascites: An institutional experience over two years
Authors: Yeo Matthew S.W. , Tan Lincoln G.L. , Chang Stephen K.Y.
Published: October 2008

Chylous ascites is defined as the abnormal accumulation of chylous fluid in the abdominal cavity. This is an uncommon occurrence and is usually a result of disruption of the normal lymphatic channels during surgery at the base of mesentery, retroperitoneum or around the cisterna chyli. Chylous ascites is associated with significant morbidity such as malnutrition and ascitic distension, and may delay the commencement of chemotherapy in some patients. The authors performed a retrospective review of an institutional experience over 2 years (2005–2006), involving three cases of postoperative chylous ascites. Treatment modality and outcomes, as well as volume of chylous drainage were followed clinically. All three patients were treated successfully with non‐surgical means. All three had cessation of oral feeding, while the use of intravenous somatostatin led to early cessation of ascites in one case. The patients have been followed up and have not had recurrence or long‐term sequelae of chylous ascites. Chylous ascites is an uncommon condition for which early recognition and commencement of treatment is essential in preventing morbidity. In our experience, non‐surgical treatment of chylous ascites leads to favourable clinical outcomes.
Evolution of a cost‐effective self‐tailored mesh for extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Ng Wai‐Tat
Published: October 2008

Aim:  A study was conducted to develop a cost‐effective self‐tailored mesh for extraperitoneal hernia repair.

Method:  Our prototype was rooted in the original idea that folding up the lower flap of a slit‐mesh (along the horizontal slit) behind its upper patch and simultaneously shifting the whole mesh down the embraced spermatic vessels would provide complete coverage of the deep inguinal ring, whilst still taking advantage of anchorage on cord structures. A succession of improvements soon followed, which were all variants on this theme.

Results:  Our work has come to fruition: the current mesh proves simple to construct, easy and quick to deploy and position accurately, cost‐effective and, most importantly, very safe in terms of minimal recurrence and low chronic pain. Briefly, the tailor‐made mesh consists of an intact patch of 15 × 10 cm2 and a heart‐shaped flap; the flap is affixed to the lower back of the patch with two stitches just lateral to its deep notch made for accommodating the vas and spermatic vessels, which finally lie between the flap and the patch. The strategic disposition of the cord structures prevents lateral displacement and rotation of the mesh, as well as superior migration of the lower edge and exposure of the internal ring, the usual cause of indirect recurrences. Whilst the distinctive ‘open heart’ pattern commands easy memory, self‐tailoring lends itself to greater adaptability in individual cases. The prosthetic is concertinaed to ease deployment. Without using consumables for fixation, our design potentially saves our hospital $HK1500–2000 for every repair.

Conclusion:  A continuum of design improvement has transformed a square sheet of polypropylene into a highly cost‐effective mesh.
Extranodal marginal zone b‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue of the gallbladder
Authors: Ng Sally K. , Epari Krishna , Parsons Sarah , Wei Andrew , Banting Simon W.
Published: October 2008

Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the gallbladder is rare with six cases reported in the English published reports. Most patients present with symptoms consistent with cholecystitis. We describe a case of extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of MALT of the gallbladder in a 60‐year‐old woman who presented with abnormal liver function tests and subsequent finding of gallbladder thickening on ultrasonography. Cholecystectomy revealed a chronically inflamed gallbladder with multiple gallstones. Histology revealed abnormal sheets of small B lymphoid cells which were CD 20 positive, consistent with a diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. The pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma in the gallbladder remains controversial. As the gallbladder does not normally contain lymphocytes, persistent lymphoid proliferation due to chronic Gram‐negative infection may represent a critical step in the development and progression of MALT lymphoma. Cholecystectomy without adjuvant chemotherapy is the appropriate first line treatment if there is no other symptomatic disease.
COATING WITH SODIUM ALGINATE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF FROZEN PORK
Authors: YU X.L. , LI X.B. , XU X.L. , ZHOU G.H.
Published: October 2008

The main objective of this study was to explore an edible coating for improving the quality of frozen pork. The results show that coating pork with sodium alginate can decrease thawing loss of meat, and is very useful to maintain the functional properties of frozen pork and can affect total protein solubility. Both sodium alginate and CaCl2 concentration had significant influences on reactive sulphydryl; CaCl2 could reduce shear force and pH significantly. The optimum coating conditions in the experiments were sodium alginate concentration: 3%, concentration of CaCl2: 7% and the time of sodium alginate solution reacts with CaCl2 solution on the meat surface: 5–7 min. During frozen storage, the treatment using the optimum coating condition can decrease thawing loss, shear force and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and can increase total protein solubility and sarcoplasmic protein solubility of the frozen pork. This indicates that coating pork with sodium alginate can maintain its quality during frozen storage. There were no significant differences of structures between the control and the treatment using the optimum coating condition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Frozen storage is an economically favorable method of meat storage. However, the freezing procedure and frozen storage can deteriorate meat quality attributes. In our experiment, we found that coating pork meat with sodium alginate can decrease thawing loss and maintain the functional properties of frozen pork meat. Our research is very useful to develop an economical method to lower the amount of drip loss on thawing, and enhance the eating quality and monetary value. Coating the foods with edible materials can also serve as a means to improve the freezing procedure. The optimal coating conditions found in our experiment could maintain the quality of pork meat during frozen storage. These provide an economically favorable method of meat storage.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PROXIMATE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF TWO COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH, HAKE (MERLUCCIUS MERLUCCIUS) AND LIZARDFISH (SAURIDA UNDOSQUAMIS), FROM THE NORTHEASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Authors: KÜÇÜKGÜLMEZ AYGÜL , ÇELIK MEHMET , ERSOY BEYZA , YANAR YASEMEN , SANGÜN LEVENT
Published: October 2008

Hake (Merluccius merluccius) and lizardfish (Saurida undosquamis) were caught seasonally at the northeastern Mediterranean Sea to determine their proximate compositions and fatty acid contents. Statistical (P < 0.05) differences among seasons were observed in the values of moisture, protein, lipid and ash. Saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant fatty acids in both species, with palmitic acid (C16:0), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3). This research demonstrated that these species were characterized by low lipid content and were also a good source of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, hake and lizardfish, in terms of nutritional quality, could be recommended for human consumption.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The present study provides information on the seasonal changes in proximate and fatty acid compositions of two commercially important fish, hake and lizardfish. The results of this study will be important for the fishing industry, nutritionists, investigators for improving processing and marketing. It is also useful for similar academic studies and to prepare tables of compositions of food.
ENRICHMENT OF MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS FROM BEEF MUSCLE BY A SIMPLE SEQUENTIAL METHOD
Authors: PIGHIN DARIO G. , GONZALEZ CLAUDIA B.
Published: October 2008

A great deal of attention has been paid to the most important proteins of the myofibrillar system – myosin, actin, titin and nebulin – because of their potential role in meat processing. Several methods from different sources were reported for their isolation. However, most of them are complex, tedious and focused on the isolation of one protein at a time. In the present research, these four proteins had been co‐enriched simultaneously applying a simple methodology.

Myofibrillar proteins extracted from semitendinosus beef muscles were submitted to ammonium sulfate precipitation. Titin and nebulin were precipitated predominantly in the saturation range of 40–60 g/L, and so were myosin heavy chain and actin in the range of 60–100 g/L. Denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis and electroelution were employed for the separation and isolation of the proteins of interest from the corresponding salt fractions. Western blot procedure was applied to detect and identify precisely nebulin band.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The described isolation method will provide enriched myofibrillar proteins, which can be used for more specific analysis or for analysis that requires a further isolated sample. For instance, these proteins could be submitted to microscopy studies, immunological and differential scanning calorimetric analysis.
EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING FOOD AND/OR WATER SUPPLY ON THE QUALITY OF MEAT FROM REX RABBITS
Authors: XIONG GUO‐YUAN , XU XING‐LIAN , ZHU XIU‐BAI , ZHOU GUANG‐HONG , SHI SHUAI
Published: October 2008

The effects of withholding food and/or water supply on the quality of meat from rex rabbits were investigated. Thirty‐two rabbits were maintained under four different conditions: food and water respectively withheld 16–18 h and 6–8 h before slaughter (group 1); food withheld for 16–18 h, but water available ad libitum (group 2); food available ad libitum, but water withheld for 6–8 h (group 3); food and water available ad libitum (group 4). The pH24 h (pH of meat at 24 h postmortem) increased following fasting. Withholding food or water decreased the lightness (L*‐value) of meat after storage for 24 h. Group 2 had the highest redness value (a*‐value). Drip loss, ripe meat ratio and tenderness were more affected by withholding water than by withholding food. Water content and intramuscular fat content were not affected by the treatment conditions (P < 0.05). Group 2 had the lowest drip loss and Warner–Bratzler shear force value, and the highest ripe meat ratio. Therefore, the best‐quality rabbit meat can be obtained by withholding food for 16–18 h before slaughter, but allowing access to water ad libitum.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rabbit meat has become increasingly popular because of its high nutritional value. However, relatively little is known about the factors that affect the quality of rabbit meat, as especially few investigations have considered the effects of pre‐slaughter conditions on rabbit meat quality. We were interested in knowing the effects of withholding food and/or water on rabbit meat quality, and have done some research in this field. We found that the best‐quality rabbit meat can be obtained by withholding food for 16–18 h before slaughter, but allowing access to water ad libitum. This finding could be a reference value for rabbit meat production.
CHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL, SENSORY AND COLOR CHANGES IN WARTY VENUS (VENUS VERRUCOSA) FLESH DURING MARINATION
Authors: KILINC BERNA , CAKLİ SUKRAN , CADUN ASLİ , DİNCER TOLGA , TOLASA SEBNEM
Published: October 2008

In this study, chemical, microbiological and sensory changes in warty venus (Venus verrucosa) flesh during marination was investigated. Warty venus were packed in glass jars with 2% citric acid and 4% sodium chloride. The warty venus flesh : solution ratio was 2:1. Then, warty venus flesh was marinated at 4C. The total viable bacteria count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, lactic acid bacteria count, yeast and mold counts of warty venus flesh during the marination process were found to be 1.3 × 102, <10, <10 and <10 cfu/g at the beginning and 7.6 × 102, 2.0 × 102, <10 and <10 cfu/g at the end of the marination period (at day 76), respectively. Total volatile base nitrogen values were 7.53 ± 0.62 and 14.09 ± 0.26; thiobarbituric acid values were 1.88 ± 0.07 and 3.13 ± 0.38 mg malonaldehyde/kg, at days 1 and 76, respectively. After a 76‐day marination period of warty venus at 4C, warty venus marinade was determined as edible and of good quality according to the results of chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In Turkey, warty venus are harvested in large amounts, but there is no alternative way for human consumption. For this purpose, warty venus were packed in glass jars with 2% citric acid and 4% sodium chloride to evaluate a new alternative way for consumption. During this marination process, chemical, microbiological, sensory and color changes were determined. The appearance, flavor, taste and odor changes were positively affected during the marination process. Warty venus flesh can be evaluated with marination.
EFFECT OF URTICA DIOICA L. ON THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN TRADITIONAL DRY FERMENTED SAUSAGE (“SUCUK”)
Authors: KABAN G. , AKSU M.İ. , KAYA M.
Published: October 2008

The effect of Urtica dioica L. on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in “sucuk,” a Turkish dry fermented sausage. The different levels of dried ground U. dioica L. (0, 1, 3 and 5%) were added to sucuk batters, and these batters were contaminated with S. aureus (104 cfu/g). Numbers of S. aureus, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined during the ripening period. In addition, values of pH and aw were analyzed.

The different usages of U. dioica L. and the ripening period had very significant effects on pH value and on S. aureus numbers (P < 0.01). Because U. dioica L. increased the value of pH, initial pH value was determined above 6.0 in groups including U. dioica L. During fermentation, the pH did not decrease rapidly in all groups (including the control). Because of this situation, the S. aureus number was increased. The usage of U. dioica L. has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on the number of Micrococcus/Staphylococcus but does not have any effect on the numbers of LAB (P > 0.05). The aw value was affected very significantly (P < 0.01) by U. dioica L. addition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Staphylococcus aureus is an important foodborne pathogen in fermented dry sausage like “sucuk.” The behavior of this pathogen has not been investigated in fermented meat products with Urtica dioica L. In this research, the effects of different levels of U. dioica L. on the behavior of S. aureus were determined during sucuk production. The use of U. dioica L. increased the pH value in sucuk batter. Because of this, S. aureus growth was better in sucuks containing U. dioica L. than in the control group. In order to control the growth of S. aureus, lactic acid bacteria is required to be used as starter culture in sucuk with U. dioica L. as well.
A RESEARCH NOTE: EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON COLOR OF AN IRRADIATED BEEF MYOGLOBIN MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: STETZER ANDREA J. , NOVAKOFSKI JAN E. , BREWER M. SUSAN
Published: October 2008

To determine the effect of antioxidants and irradiation on meat color, myoglobin (Mb) was extracted from beef hearts. Mb was treated with one of three antioxidants (control, grape seed extract, rosemary extract [RE] or oregano extract) and irradiated at 0.00, 1.25 or 2.50 kGy. The samples were then evaluated for pH, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
L*, a* and b* values, hue angle, chroma and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Antioxidants influenced pH. RE‐containing beef Mb samples had lower pH values before and after irradiation. Antioxidants also had significant effects on the color of the beef Mb model system. RE‐containing samples had the best pre‐ and postirradiated color in terms of a* value (redness) and chroma (color intensity). TBARS values were very low and did not differ regardless of antioxidant or irradiation dose.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Irradiation can reduce the microbial load on meat products and improve product safety for consumers. However, irradiation, because of its potential to cause oxidative damage, can compromise the red color of fresh meat. Off‐color will result in consumer rejection of products which may be safe. Antioxidants have the potential to preserve meat color by affecting the state of myoglobin and maintaining the iron in the reduced state such that it can oxygenate to the bright cherry red color, which consumers expect. However, studying these effects in vivo is challenging because of the complexity of the system. In this model system, devoid of enzymatic reducing systems and equivalents, natural antioxidants, including grape seed extract, rosemary extract (RE) and oregano extract, were evaluated for their potential to preserve color during irradiation. RE appeared to be the most effective in preserving red color intensity. Extracts of this herb appear to have potential for ameliorating some of the color damage that often accompanies the irradiation of fresh red meat.
CHANGES IN QUALITY OF MINCED MEAT FROM GOAT DUE TO GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: MODI V.K. , SAKHARE P.Z. , SACHINDRA N.M. , MAHENDRAKAR N.S.
Published: October 2008

Thigh muscles from aged (3–4 years) goat were minced, packed in polyethylene bags (250 g each), gamma irradiated with a dosage of 4 kGy and the packets held at 3 ± 1C for 8 days. Nonirradiated muscle mince packed and stored similarly were treated as control. Both irradiated and nonirradiated muscle mince were sampled on 0, 5 and 8 days of storage and analyzed for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes. Irradiation resulted in lower (P ≤ 0.05) muscle pH (3.5–5.1%), water holding capacity (4.5–6.7%), thiobarbituric acid values (19.4–34.9%) and higher (P ≤ 0.05) free fatty acid (26.9–61.0%) and Hunter a* (3.3–17.3%) values compared with nonirradiated control muscle samples. A reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of 2 log cfu/g in total aerobic bacteria and psychrotrophs, and 1 log cfu/g in total staphylococci, yeast and molds were also observed in irradiated samples while enterococci, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected in irradiated and stored muscles. Sensory quality scores on a 9‐point hedonic scale decreased from 7.5–8.3 to 7.1–7.9 during storage at 3 ± 1C for 8 days and were marginally influenced by irradiation. The results establish that a 4‐kGy dosage is appropriate for irradiation to maintain fresh meat quality under chilled condition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Muscles are highly perishable primarily because high microbial load and irradiation effectively reduces the microbial counts and helps extension of shelf life of muscle foods. Production and retention of free radicals produced by irradiation cause changes in, apart from bacterial counts, proteins and lipids which in turn may affect functional properties such as water holding capacity and emulsion and sensory characteristics. Many muscle foods, such as sausages, burgers, loaves, kebabs, etc., are emulsion‐type products, a quality that is dependent on functional properties of muscles' proteins/lipids. These products are industrially produced and are marketed in India and abroad. The industry is aware of the beneficial effect of irradiation in reducing the microbial load but has an apprehension that irradiation may adversely affect the functional properties and sensory characteristics of muscle foods. The study reported in this paper overcomes that apprehension when meat was irradiated with a permitted dosage of 4 kGy.
Modeling the Usefulness of Spatial Correlation Analysis on Karst Systems
Authors: Budge Trevor J. , Sharp John M.
Published: October 2008

Cross‐correlation analyses on field data collected in karst aquifer systems can be used to develop a conceptual understanding of the aquifer. This includes the use of many data sets from the same aquifer to develop an understanding of how properties vary spatially. We focus on a method for characterizing the distribution of recharge, which is becoming increasingly important in regions where urban development encroaches on these important sources of water. Spatially varying precipitation data and cross‐correlation analysis provide a means of spatially characterizing recharge locations on a karst aquifer. Our work expands on the numerical experiments conducted by Padilla and Pulido‐Bosch (1995) using the numerical ground water model MODFLOW to introduce spatially varying parameters. The numerical experiments include conduit‐controlled, matrix‐controlled, and mixed karst systems with more than one precipitation time series input. The results show that spatially varying parameters can be inferred based on the cross‐correlation of precipitation data and spring discharge. Simulations were completed using aquifer parameters derived from studies of the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer. The simulations indicate that spatial variability within an aquifer can be inferred using cross‐correlation analysis. A field study using these methods is summarized for Barton Springs near Austin, Texas.
Percolation and Particle Transport in the Unsaturated Zone of a Karst Aquifer
Authors: Pronk Michiel , Goldscheider Nico , Zopfi Jakob , Zwahlen François
Published: October 2008

Recharge and contamination of karst aquifers often occur via the unsaturated zone, but the functioning of this zone has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, irrigation and tracer experiments, along with monitoring of rainfall events, were used to examine water percolation and the transport of solutes, particles, and fecal bacteria between the land surface and a water outlet into a shallow cave. Monitored parameters included discharge, electrical conductivity, temperature, organic carbon, turbidity, particle‐size distribution (PSD), fecal indicator bacteria, chloride, bromide, and uranine. Percolation following rainfall or irrigation can be subdivided into a lag phase (no response at the outlet), a piston‐flow phase (release of epikarst storage water by pressure transfer), and a mixed‐flow phase (increasing contribution of freshly infiltrated water), starting between 20 min and a few hours after the start of recharge event. Concerning particle and bacteria transport, results demonstrate that (1) a first turbidity signal occurs during increasing discharge due to remobilization of particles from fractures (pulse‐through turbidity); (2) a second turbidity signal is caused by direct particle transfer from the soil (flow‐through turbidity), often accompanied by high levels of fecal indicator bacteria, up to 17,000 Escherichia coli/100 mL; and (3) PSD allows differentiation between the two types of turbidity. A relative increase of fine particles (0.9 to 1.5 μm) coincides with microbial contamination. These findings help quantify water storage and percolation in the epikarst and better understand contaminant transport and attenuation. The use of PSD as “early‐warning parameter” for microbial contamination in karst water is confirmed.
Astrocytes are More Resistant to Focal Cerebral Ischemia Than Neurons and Die by a Delayed Necrosis
Authors: Gürer Günfer , Gursoy‐Ozdemir Yasemin , Erdemli Esra , Can Alp , Dalkara Turgay
Published: October 2008

Several recent reports proposed that astrocyte death might precede neuronal demise after focal ischemia, contrary to the conventional view that astrocytes are more resistant to injury than neurons. Interestingly, there are findings supporting each of these opposing views. To clarify these controversies, we assessed astrocyte viability after 2‐h middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. In contrast to neighboring neurons, astrocytes were alive and contained glycogen across the ischemic area 6 h after reperfusion, and at the expanding outer border of the infarct at later time points. These glycogen‐positive astrocytes had intact plasma membranes. Astrocytes lost plasmalemma integrity much later than neurons: 19 ± 22 (mean ± standard deviation), 58 ± 14 and 69 ± 3% of astrocytes in the perifocal region became permeable to propidium iodide (PI) at 6, 24, 72 h after ischemia, respectively, in contrast to 81 ± 2, 96 ± 3, 97 ± 2% of neurons. Although more astrocytes in the cortical and subcortical core regions were PI‐positive, their numbers were considerably less than those of neurons. Lysosomal rupture (monitored by deoxyribonuclease II immunoreactivity) followed a similar time course. Cytochrome‐c immunohistochemistry showed that astrocytes maintained mitochondrial integrity longer than neurons. EM confirmed that astrocyte ultrastructure including mitochondria and lysosomes disintegrated much later than that of neurons. We also found that astrocytes died by a delayed necrosis without significantly activating apoptotic mechanisms although they rapidly swelled at the onset of ischemia.
Galectin‐1 Is Implicated in the Protein Kinase C ε/Vimentin‐Controlled Trafficking of Integrin‐β1 in Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Fortin Shannon , Le Mercier Marie , Camby Isabelle , Spiegl‐Kreinecker Sabine , Berger Walter , Lefranc Florence , Kiss Robert
Published: October 2008

Cell motility and resistance to apoptosis characterize glioblastoma (GBM) growth and malignancy. In our current work we report that galectin‐1, a homodimeric adhesion molecule and carbohydrate‐binding protein with affinity for β‐galactosides, is linked with cell surface expression of integrin β1 and the process of integrin trafficking. Using immunofluorescence, depletion of galectin‐1 through both stable knockdown and transient‐targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment induces an intracellular accumulation of integrin‐β1 coincident with a diminution of integrin‐β1 at points of cellular adhesion at the cell membrane. Galectin‐1 depletion does not alter the gene expression level of integrin‐β1. Transient galectin‐1 depletion effectuates as well the perinuclear accumulation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and the intermediate filament vimentin, both of which have been shown to mediate integrin recycling in motile cells. Our results argue for the involvement of galectin‐1 in the PKCε/vimentin‐controlled trafficking of integrin‐β1. The understanding of molecular mediators such as galectin‐1 and the pathways through which they drive the cell invasion so descriptive of GBM is anticipated to reveal potential therapeutic targets that promote glioma malignancy.
Client Comparison of Three Design Presentation Methods
Authors: McLain–Kark Joan , Dhuru Shilpa , Parrott Kathleen , Lovingood Rebecca
Published: October 2008

Objective

The objectives of this study are to examine client attiudes toward the use of computer modeling and animation as a presentation device and to compare their reactions to computer models with their reactions to line drawings and showroom display presentations.

Research Design

The sample was composed of 32 participants who had recently remodeled or built a home. The participants indivdually were shwon 3 visual presentations fo kitchen: line drawings, showroom display, and computer modeling and animation. After each presentation, participants filled out questionnaires that asked them to rate and compare the presentations on how well each helped them to visualize the kitchen.

Analysis

Frequencies and percentages were used to described participants’ reactions to the design presentations. A randomized block Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Duncan's New Multiple Range Test, and chisquare tests were used to determine if there were any significant differences in their attiudes toward the 3 persentations.

Key Findings

Participants rated the showroom display as the most effective to communicate and spatial concepts. The computer modeling was rated effective to show alternative finishes and was the preferred presentation. Line drawing were liked for their technical detail and portability.

Conclusion

This study indicated that computer modeling and animation presentations have high degree of acceptability among clients. Yet, the findings also suggest that these presentations are best used along with other types of design presentations including line drawings, samples, and showroom displays to communicate design concepts.
Design Concept and Function as a Criticism Framework for Retail Space
Authors: Fayek Mamdouh , Heuberger Barbara Flannery
Published: October 2008

Objective

It is important for interior design practitioners and students to have systematic methods developed to critique interiors. Further, it is important to critique significant spaces, defined here as those that are designed by interior designers and are used by large numbers of people.

Research Design

A framework for the systematic criticism of retail spaces was developed and used in analysis of the Robinsons–May department store in Glendale, California. Concept and function are the two components of retail store design that were used to form the basis of the criticism framework. This framework guides the critique of the space, sets parameters for analysis, and allows for replication.

Analysis

Six categories were identified as essential to design concept and function: (a) access from the exterior, (b) the space plan, (c) department identity, jd) visual merchandising, je) fixturing, and (fj codes. These categories are discussed as they relate to concept and function.

Key Findings

At the Robinsons–May store design concept is supported by the use of form and color as dominant elements within a stylized classical design concept in the space overall, although they are not entirely consistent throughout departments and across all floors. Some unique applications of marketing strategies in department identity, visual merchandising, and fixturing also support the concept. Functionally, the circulation patterns and adjacencies are well conceived; however, there is an absence of adequate accent lighting throughout the space.

Conclusion

The framework supported the critique of the retail space. Other components could be added to a general framework such as this one that focused on design concept and function. The critique of spaces used by large numbers of people (such as retail department stores) and designed by interior design firms is an important contribution to interior design education and practice.
Can Ethics be Taught or is it Too Late?
Authors: Kapplinger Eunice , Ray–Degges Susan
Published: October 2008

Issue

Interior designers require an understanding of societal, professional, and personal ethical codes to successfully respond to complex moral decisions in the workplace. Course activities that involve ethical decision making help prompt students to identify and clarify their personal values by responding to moral issues they will encounter in design practice.

Goal

Practice with ethical decision making allows students to learn more about their own values and how these values, in turn, impact their daily decisions. The goal was to prepare senior–level interior design students for decision making that maintains the high ethical standards of the interior design profession and their own personal ethics code.

Application

Debates and case studies, as instructional techniques, allow students to see ethical situations from various perspectives and encourage students to voice individual ideas.

Description

Students participated in a structured debate focused on design practice issues. They also reviewed and developed case studies representative of ethical issues that could arise in a business setting.

Conclusion

Providing interior design students the opportunity to explore ethical dilemmas in an academic setting is an effective preparatory method toward positive decision making as a design professional. Debates and case studies,. focused on ethics, provide students with an interactive learning experience that encourages the development of a personal framework for addressing moral issues. Students become confident about identifying and evaluating potential ethical dilemmas and drawing conclusions about situations they will confront in their professional careers.