bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Pyroglutamic Acid: A Unique Chiral Synthon
Authors: Panday Sharad Kumar , Prasad Jagdish , Dikshit Dinesh Kumar
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Immunotherapy for Cancer: Synthetic Carbohydrate‐Based Vaccines
Authors: Buskas Therese , Thompson Pamela , Boons Geert‐Jan
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Rauk Arvi
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures and Mechanisms of Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Khosla Chaitan
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications in Bioimaging and Magnetic Energy Storage
Authors: Frey Natalie A. , Peng Sheng , Cheng Kai , Sun Shouheng
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendrimers and Nanomedicine: Multivalency in Action
Authors: Rolland Olivier , Turrin Cedric‐Olivier , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendritic Molecular Electrochromic Batteries Based on Redox‐Robust Metallocenes.
Authors: Astruc Didier , Ornelas Catia , Ruiz Jaime
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspectives and New Directions for the Production of Bioethanol Using Consolidated Bioprocessing of Lignocellulose
Authors: Xu Qi , Singh Arjun , Himmel Michael E.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Discovery of Potent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor‐2 Inhibitors
Authors: Papakyriakou Athanasios , Katsarou Maria E. , Belimezi Maria , Karpusas Michael , Vourloumis Dionisios
Published: November 2009

Substantial evidence over the last decades has implicated uncontrolled angiogenesis with various pathological states, including cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in its regulation. Because the tyrosine kinase VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) is the major mediator of the mitogenic, angiogenic, and permeability‐enhancing effects of VEGF, it has become one of the most profound anti‐angiogenesis targets. Inspired by the anthranilamide class of VEGFR‐2 inhibitors, we performed a computational analysis of some potent representative members, using docking and molecular dynamics calculations. Based on the observations drawn from introducing the effect of the receptor's flexibility in implicit aqueous environment, we designed, synthesized, and characterized several new analogues of related scaffolds with modifications in their steric and electronic characteristics. In vitro evaluation of these compounds revealed several novel VEGFR‐2 inhibitors that are less cytotoxic and more potent than the parent compounds.
An improved method for correcting radiance data for bandpass error
Authors: Fairman Hugh S.
Published: November 2009

Methods have previously been proposed for correction of measured radiance data for bandpass error. These proposals are reviewed and a recommendation is made of a method for making this deconvolution of the measured data to corrected spectral data. The method consists of three separate treatments of passbands. First, the first and last measured passbands are treated by one process. Then the second and next‐to‐last interior passbands are treated by another process. All remaining interior passbands are then treated by a third process. The results of doing so are reported and compared with two other methods of making the correction that have appeared in the literature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.
Color distribution of maxillary primary incisors in Korean children
Authors: Hyun Hong‐Keun , Lee Yong‐Keun , Kim Young‐Jae , Kim Jung‐Wook , Jang Ki‐Taeg , Kim Chong‐Chul , Hahn Se‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Hoon
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the color distribution of maxillary primary incisors measured with a colorimeter. The subjects were 100 Korean children aged 2–5 with total number of 400 teeth. A spot measurement intraoral colorimeter was used to determine the color of maxillary primary central and lateral incisors at labial central area. The CIE L*, a*, b* value of each tooth and color difference (ΔE) among each other were calculated and analyzed. The range of L*, a*, and b* values, regardless of the type of teeth, was 72.7–84.9, −0.6 to 4.9, and 4.7–15.0, respectively. Mean value (SD) of L*, a*, and b* for maxillary primary incisors was 78.6 (2.3), 1.2 (0.9), and 9.6 (1.8), respectively. Boys showed more red (higher a* value) and less yellow (lower b* value) hue than girls in the central incisors (P < 0.05). Mean color difference (ΔE) (SD) between two values which selected from overall 400 L*, a*, b* values measured (n = 400C2) was 3.9 (1.8) with 95% confidence interval range of 3.86–3.89, and most of them were found to be present around the previously reported clinical acceptability thresholds (ΔE = 2.7–6.8). Because mean intraperson ΔE (SD) was 3.0 (1.6) with 95% confidence interval range of 2.86–3.12, most colors among primary incisors in the same person were presumably difficult to discern by naked eye (ΔE < 3.7). Age influenced L* and b* values significantly, but the correlation coefficients were not high (r = −0.182 for L* of central incisors, P < 0.01; r = 0.188 for b* of central incisors, P < 0.01; and r = 0.143 for b* of lateral incisors, P < 0.05). The present study showed somewhat higher color coordinates than the previous reports which based on primary anterior teeth in other ethnic groups. The results of this study could be used for the color modification of esthetic materials for primary teeth. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Col Res Appl, 2010.
CPPC: a compiler‐assisted tool for portable checkpointing of message‐passing applications
Authors: Rodríguez Gabriel , Martín María J. , González Patricia , Touriño Juan , Doallo Ramón
Published: November 2009

With the evolution of high‐performance computing toward heterogeneous, massively parallel systems, parallel applications have developed new checkpoint and restart necessities. Whether due to a failure in the execution or to a migration of the application processes to different machines, checkpointing tools must be able to operate in heterogeneous environments. However, some of the data manipulated by a parallel application are not truly portable. Examples of these include opaque state (e.g. data structures for communications support) or diversity of interfaces for a single feature (e.g. communications, I/O). Directly manipulating the underlyingad hocrepresentations renders checkpointing tools unable to work on different environments. Portable checkpointers usually work around portability issues at the cost of transparency: the user must provide information such as what data need to be stored, where to store them, or where to checkpoint. CPPC (ComPiler for Portable Checkpointing) is a checkpointing tool designed to feature both portability and transparency. It is made up of a library and a compiler. The CPPC library contains routines for variable level checkpointing, using portable code and protocols. The CPPC compiler helps to achieve transparency by relieving the user from time‐consuming tasks, such as data flow and communications analyses and adding instrumentation code. This paper covers both the operation of the CPPC library and its compiler support. Experimental results using benchmarks and large‐scale real applications are included, demonstrating usability, efficiency, and portability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrates of Natural Gases and Small Molecules: Structures, Properties, and Exploitation Perspectives
Authors: Barone Guido , Chianese Elena
Published: November 2009

Starting from the discovery, in the mid‐1930s, that petroleum pipelines in the colder regions of the Northern hemisphere contained crusts of some crystals, and were often blocked by them, a short history of the development of research on the structures, properties, and possible exploitation of the class of inclusion compounds known as gas hydrates is given. The state of the assessment of the natural reservoirs and their perspectives for exploitation are presented, together with an analysis of the hypotheses on the origins of the hydrates. Finally, the phase diagrams are shown in relation to environmental problems arising from the instability of the hydrate fields due to global warming or geological activity.
Change in Supramolecular Networks through In Situ Esterification of Porphyrins
Authors: Chen Wentong , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: November 2009

A series of porphyrins, M[TCPP‐Et4] [M = Zn (1), Cu (2), and Ni (3); Et = CH2CH3; TCPP = meso‐tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin], M[TCPP‐Me4] [M = Zn (4), Cu (5), and Co (6); Me = CH3], and two nonmetalated compounds, TCPP‐Et4 (7) and TCPP‐Me4·H2O (8), were synthesized by solvothermal reactions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 1–3 feature an isolated structure with a planar macrocycle and an embedded metal‐ion coordinating to four pyrrole nitrogen atoms. Compound 4 is characterized as a two‐dimensional coordination polymer, and the zinc ion coordinates to four nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Compound 4 possesses a large void space (361 Å3), which corresponds to 14 % of the unit‐cell volume. Compounds 5 and 6 are characteristic of an isolated motif with a four‐coordinate metal ion and a saddle‐distorted nonplanar porphyrin macrocycle. Nonmetalated compounds 7 and 8 also show an isolated structure with a planar macrocycle. For compounds 1–3 and 7, the TCPP is esterified with ethanol, while for compounds 4–6 and 8, the TCPP is esterified with methanol. The molecules in 1 and 6–8 are interconnected by hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions to yield 3D supramolecular networks, while in 2–5, 2D supramolecular motifs are formed. The reaction mechanism was explored. Esterification plays an important role in changing the properties of the compounds as well as in the formation of different structural motifs and supramolecular networks. The UV/Vis, FTIR, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and MALDI‐TOF MS spectra, quantum yields, luminescence lifetimes, and cyclic voltammograms were also studied in detail.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Syntheses and Characterization of Novel trans‐Bis(phosphoranido)platinum(II) Complexes: Reactions of Lithium Bis(naphth‐1,8‐diyl‐8‐oxy)phosphoranide with cis‐PtCl2(PR3)2 (R = OPh, OMe, Me)
Authors: Kajiyama Kazumasa , Sato Issei , Yamashita Satoru , Miyamoto Takeshi K.
Published: November 2009

The reactions of cis‐PtCl2(PR3)2 (R = OPh, OMe) with 1 equiv. of lithium phosphoranide generated from a bis(naphth‐1,8‐diyl‐8‐oxy)phosphorane lead to the formation of cis‐monophosphoranido complexes with high stereospecificity. The reaction of cis‐PtCl2(PMe3)2 with 1 equiv. of the lithium phosphoranide afforded a trans‐monophosphoranido complex, exclusively. Hitherto unknown trans‐bis(phosphoranido)platinum(II) complexes were obtained as major products in the reactions of cis‐PtCl2(PR3)2 (R = OPh, OMe, Me) with an excess of the lithium phosphoranide. The stereochemistry was confirmed by X‐ray structural analysis of the bis(phosphoranido) complex bearing triphenyl phosphites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Sensitivity of Positive Ion Mode Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Thiol Metabolites
Authors: Mautjana Nare Alpheus , Looi Donq Wen , Eyler John R. , Brajter‐Toth Anna
Published: November 2009

High signal intensities of glutathione (GSH), [GSH+H]+ (m/z 308), cysteine (CySH), [CySH+H]+ (m/z 122), and homocysteine (hCySH), [hCySH+H]+ (m/z 136), are observed in ESI MS with on‐line electrochemistry (EC). Dimers formed by H‐bonding, which are not electrochemical products, are detected as [2GSH+H]+ (m/z 615), [2CySH+H]+ (m/z 243) and [2hCySH+H]+ (m/z 271) together with disulfide dimers GSSG, CySSCy and hCySSCyh, [GSSG+H]+ (m/z 613), [CySSCy+H]+ (m/z 241) and [hCySSCyh+H]+ (m/z 269). When dopamine is present a thiol/dopamine quinone (DAQ) adduct is observed. Formation of this adduct is proposed to occur by an electrochemical mechanism during ESI. Catalysis of thiol oxidation and analysis of thiol mixtures is addressed.
Flow‐Injection Amperometric Method for Indirect Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of a Large Excess of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Gimenes Denise Tofanello , dos Santos Wallans Torres Pio , Tormin Thiago Faria , Munoz Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza , Richter Eduardo Mathias
Published: November 2009

A simple flow injection amperometric system for fast and indirect quantification of dopamine (DA) in the presence of a large excess of ascorbic acid (AA) is reported. The method consists of the application of three sequential potential pulses to an unmodified glassy carbon‐working electrode positioned in a wall‐jet cell. DA is indirectly detected at +0.35 V through the reduction of the oxidation product (o‐dopaminoquinone) electrochemically generated at +0.80 V. The third potential pulse (0.00 V) is applied for the regeneration (cleaning) of the unmodified working electrode. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 50 and 170 nmol L−1, respectively. Considering the LOQ value, the present methodology allows DA quantification in the presence up to 5000‐fold more of AA (1.0 mmol L−1).
MicroRNA‐34a is an important component of PRIMA‐1‐induced apoptotic network in human lung cancer cells
Authors: Duan Wenrui , Gao Li , Wu Xin , Wang Li , Nana‐Sinkam Serge P. , Otterson Gregory A. , Villalona‐Calero Miguel A.
Published: November 2009

Restoration of p53 function in tumor cells would be an attractive strategy for lung cancer therapy because p53 mutations are found in more than 50% of lung cancers. The small molecule PRIMA‐1 has been shown to restore the tumor suppression function of p53 and to induce apoptosis in human tumor cells. The mechanism of apoptosis induced by PRIMA‐1 remains unclear. We investigated the effects of PRIMA‐1 in apoptosis with Western immunoblot analysis, TaqMan microRNA real‐time PCR, cell viability analysis and flow cytometry using human lung cancer cell lines containing mutant (H211 and H1155), wild‐type (A549) or null (H1299) p53. PRIMA‐1 induced massive apoptosis in the H211 and H1155 cells, but was less toxic to the A549 and H1299 cells. Western immunoblot analysis showed cleavage of PARP in H211 and H1155 cells but not in A549 and H1299 cells following treatment with PRIMA‐1. In addition, p53 protein was also phosphorylated in H211 and H1155 cells. TaqMan microRNA assay showed that the expression of microRNA‐34a was increased in the H211 and H1155 cells posttreatment. Knockdown microRNA‐34a decreased the rate of apoptosis caused by PRIMA‐1. The above results suggest that microRNA‐34a is one of the important components of PRIMA‐1‐induced apoptotic network in the cancer cells harboring mutant p53.
In vitro colonization of an experimental silicone by Candida albicans
Authors: Rodger Gillian , Taylor Rebecca L. , Pearson Gavin J. , Verran Joanna
Published: November 2009

Denture soft‐lining materials are exposed to the oral cavity for long periods and are in continuous contact with saliva, subject to inhibition of liquid molecules, and susceptible to colonization by microorganisms. The opportunist yeast Candida albicans is of particular concern in this context, being associated with denture plaque and denture‐related stomatitis. In this study, penetration of C. albicans into an experimental silicone elastomer soft‐lining material was investigated under batch and continuous culture conditions. A model “denture plaque“ microcosm was also used. Increasing the filler concentration within the elastomer decreased penetration under both batch and continuous culture conditions. In continuous culture, C. albicans penetration was significantly greater in pure culture than in the presence of bacteria after 72‐h incubation (p < 0.05). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Impact of lymph‐node metastasis site in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer
Authors: Kunisaki Chikara , Makino Hirochika , Kimura Jun , Oshima Takashi , Fujii Shoichi , Takagawa Ryo , Kosaka Takashi , Ono Hidetaka A. , Akiyama Hirotoshi
Published: November 2009

Background and Objectives

We retrospectively compared surgical outcomes between patients with intra‐thoracic and extra‐thoracic (cervical and abdominal) lymph‐node metastasis.

Methods

The study population comprised 96 patients with lymph‐node metastasis who had undergone curative esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. The patients were grouped according to whether the site of lymph‐node metastasis was intra‐thoracic, extra‐thoracic, or both intra‐thoracic and extra‐thoracic. The patient characteristics, survival time, and prognostic factors were compared.

Results

The most significant difference in disease‐specific survival was detected at a threshold value of four metastatic lymph nodes. Lymph‐node metastasis was observed at intra‐thoracic sites in 41 patients, at extra‐thoracic sites in 20 patients, and at both intra‐thoracic and extra‐thoracic sites in 35 patients. Intra‐thoracic lymph‐node metastasis was frequently observed in patients with middle and upper thoracic esophageal cancer. There was no difference in the number of metastatic lymph nodes between patients with intra‐thoracic and extra‐thoracic lymph‐node metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed that the number of metastatic lymph nodes was an independent prognostic factor, whereas the site of metastatic lymph nodes was not.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the surgical outcomes in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer depend on the number, but not the site, of metastatic lymph nodes after curative esophagectomy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:36–42. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation and identification of white wine varieties by using electropherogram fingerprints obtained with CE
Authors: Garrido‐Delgado Rocio , López‐Vidal Silvia , Arce Lourdes , Valcárcel Miguel
Published: November 2009

This article reports a method for determining organic acids by CE in order to obtain a characteristic fingerprint with a view to classifying white wine samples with the aid of multivariate statistics. The proposed method was optimized for the determination of the most abundant organic acids in wine (viz. succinic, malic, tartaric, citric, acetic and lactic). The acids were separated in a running buffer consisting of 180 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.5 mM CTAB and 10% methanol, adjusted to pH 7.5. The applied voltage was 10 kV and the working temperature 25°C. The precision of the method was assessed by replicate analysis of a wine sample; the resulting RSD was less than 5.2% in peak area and less than 1% in migration time for all organic acids. Calibration curves exhibited good linearity throughout the studied concentration range for all acids. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis allowed accurate classification of wine samples with variable alcohol contents from their electrophoretic fingerprints. The discriminant potential of various electropherogram regions was examined. Based on the results, the proposed method is an effective choice for classifying wine samples.
Modelling the relation between the species retention factor and the C‐term band broadening in pressure‐driven and electrically driven flows through perfectly ordered 2‐D chromatographic media
Authors: De Wilde Daan , Detobel Frederik , Billen Jeroen , Deconinck Johan , Desmet Gert
Published: November 2009

The band broadening that can be expected in perfectly ordered cylindrical pillar arrays has been calculated for a wide range of intra‐particle diffusion coefficients (Dsz) and zone retention factors (0<k″<10) using an in‐house‐developed computational fluid dynamics‐algorithm. Both pressure‐driven and electrically driven (PD and ED) flows are considered. In the case of a large intra‐pillar diffusion coefficient (Dsz/Dmol=0.5), the minimal reduced plate height varies between h=0.8 (low k″) and h=1.2 (high k″), while the C‐term range of the Van Deemter curve depends only slightly on k″. In the case of a small intra‐pillar diffusion coefficient (Dsz/Dmol=0.1), h is nearly independent of k″ and approximately equals hmin=1.1, while the C‐term band broadening decreases strongly with increasing k″. The difference between ED and PD flows in perfectly ordered porous pillar arrays is much smaller than in packed beds, generally only 3% difference around the minimum of the plate–height curve and maximally 10% at high‐reduced velocities. The generated data sets were also ideal to verify the accuracy of k″ and Dsz dependency of the general plate height model of chromatography. Determining the values of the geometrical parameters appearing in the model through curve fitting, the average fitting error can be reduced to a value of about 1%.
Aggregation Behavior of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Semitelechelics with a Perfluoroalkyl Segment in Watera
Authors: Li Zheng , Kyeremateng Samuel Oppong , Fuchise Keita , Kakuchi Ryohei , Sakai Ryosuke , Kakuchi Toyoji , Kressler Jörg
Published: November 2009

Two hydrophobically modified PNIPAM semitelechelics PxF9 were prepared by “clicking” PNIPAM containing an azide endgroup (PxN3) with nonadecafluoro‐1‐decyl hex‐5‐ynoate (F9). Micelles of PxF9 in water with a core of F9‐segments and a PNIPAM corona were detected by dynamic light scattering and by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy below the LCST. Just below the LCST, the PNIPAM chains start to collapse onto the F9 core followed by aggregation of several collapsed micelles to large particles in the range of ≈110 nm. The F9 segments shifted the LCST to lower temperatures when comparing PxN3 with PxF9. The existence of micelles in PxF9 solutions also improved the reversibility of the LCST behavior as measured by DSC.

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Negatively Birefringent Polymer Films
Authors: Rizzo Paola , Albunia Alexandra R. , Guerra Gaetano
Published: November 2009

Polymer films exhibiting large negative birefringence, suitable for compensating residual positive birefringence of liquid crystal displays, have been achieved for syndiotactic polystyrene. Procedures involving axial stretching at different draw ratios of unoriented films, followed by different crystallization routes, have been compared. The control of the polymer polymorphic behavior, i.e., of the formation of crystalline and co‐crystalline (with low‐molecular‐mass guest molecules) phases, allows to control the negative birefringence up to Δn = n⟂ − n|| = 0.17.

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Preparation of Micron‐Sized Spherulitic Bisphenol A Polycarbonate Particles in Thin Films
Authors: Ye Yuesheng , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: November 2009

A facile technique is presented to prepare discrete µm‐sized spherulitic particles of BAPC in thin polymer films. Unlike in bulk precipitation or spray crystallization, the present technique offers a method to prepare three‐dimensional semicrystalline particles of narrow particle size distribution that can be readily isolated and collected from the glass substrate as discrete particles. We report the effects of polymer molecular weight, polymer type, and the precursor polymer film thickness on the formation of spherulitic particles and their morphologies. The three‐dimensional spherulitic particles prepared in this study have large specific surface areas, higher crystallinity and melting temperature than the bulk precipitated and crystallized polycarbonate particles.

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DNA methylation in early development
Authors: Geiman Theresa M. , Muegge Kathrin
Published: November 2009

Development from separate parental germ cells through fertilization and proceeding to a fully functioning adult animal occurs through an intricate program of transcriptional and chromatin changes. Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation are an important part of this process. This review looks at the role of DNA methylation in early embryonic development, as well as how this epigenetic mark affects stem cell differentiation and tissue‐specific gene expression in somatic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 105–113, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible rheumatoid arthritis found in the human skeleton collected from the tomb of Joseon Dynasty, Korea, dating back to the 1700s AD
Authors: Kim D. K. , Lee I. S. , Kim W‐L. , Lee J. S. , Koh B. J. , Kim M. J. , Youn M. Y. , Shin M. H. , Kim Y‐S. , Lee S‐S. , Oh C. S. , Shin D. H.
Published: November 2009

We report a possible rheumatoid arthritis (RA) case found in a Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) tomb encapsulated by a lime‐soil mixture barrier (LSMB). The tomb is thought to have been constructed during the 1700s AD (1760 AD by carbon dating). In our anthropological examination, joint destruction, erosion or fusion (signs of polyarthritis) were identified mainly in the peripheral skeleton. Especially in both sides of the wrist bones, severe destruction/joint fusion possibly caused by polyarthritis was observed. A similar polyarthritis pattern also was seen in the right foot bones, even though we failed to confirm this symmetry due to the missing left foot bones. Despite these findings, signs suggestive of polyarthritis are very rarely seen in axial bones, even though bony fusions are found in the atlanto‐occipital joint or thoracic vertebrae (TV) 9–10.

By the osteological signs observed in this case, the individual, a female, might have been suffering from a very late stage of RA and died in her 40s, even though other forms of chronic arthritis could not be ruled out completely. Though the current case could not provide evidence to decisively settle the debates on the antiquity of RA, our report could be a stepping stone for forthcoming studies on RA cases found in East Asian countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevention science of reading research within a Response‐to‐Intervention model
Authors: Lembke Erica S. , McMaster Kristen L. , Stecker Pamela M.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe research‐based reading intervention within a Response‐to‐Intervention (RTI) model, using prevention science as a context. First, RTI is defined and a rationale is provided for its use in improving the reading performance of all students, particularly those students identified as at risk for reading‐related learning disabilities. Next, reading risk is defined and discussed, including prevalence, antecedents, and how risk is assessed through universal screening and progress monitoring. Existing literature on the use of RTI models in reading is summarized, including small‐ and large‐scale implementation studies. Finally, future research directions in the area of reading within an RTI model are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comprehensive proteome map of bovine cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Brenn Anja , Karger Axel , Skiba Martin , Ziegler Ute , Groschup Martin H.
Published: November 2009

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered as the most promising body fluid target for the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. For the recognition of disease‐associated changes in bovine CSF protein patterns, a detailed knowledge of this proteome is a prerequisite. The absence of a high‐resolution CSF proteome map prompted us to determine all bovine CSF protein spots that can be visualised on 2‐D protein gels. Using state‐of‐the‐art 2‐DE technology for proteome mapping of bovine ante mortem CSF combined with sensitive fluorescent protein staining and MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS for protein identification, a highly detailed 2‐DE map of the bovine CSF proteome was established. Besides the proteins mapped by earlier studies, this map contains 66 different proteins, including 58 which were not annotated in bovine 2‐DE CSF maps before.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Metal Nanopowders on the Decomposition of HMX, AP and AN
Authors: Gromov Alexander , Strokova Yulia , Kabardin Alexey , Vorozhtsov Alexander , Teipel Ulrich
Published: November 2009

The effect of metal nanopowders (Al, Fe, W, Ni, Cu, and Cu‐Ni alloys) on the decomposition of energetic materials (HMX, AP, and AN) with DTA–TGA method was studied and it was found that the catalytic action appears in the case of Cu‐Ni nanopowders with the three studied energetic materials. The temperature of decomposition of energetic materials with the addition of metal nanopowders could be lowered by 82 °C for AN, 161 °C for AP, and 96 °C for HMX. The reaction mechanism of metal nanopowders enhancing the decomposition of energetic materials is discussed.
Characterisation of ALS genes in the polyploid species Schoenoplectus mucronatus and implications for resistance management
Authors: Scarabel Laura , Locascio Antonella , Furini Antonella , Sattin Maurizio , Varotto Serena
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: The polyploid weed Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla has evolved target‐site resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in Italian rice crops. Molecular and genetic characterisation of the resistance mechanism is relevant to the evolution and management of herbicide resistance. The authors aimed (a) to study the organisation of the target‐site loci in two field‐selected S. mucronatus populations with different cross‐resistance patterns, (b) to identify the mutations endowing resistance to ALS inhibitors and determine the role of these mutations by using transgenesis and (c) to analyse the implications for the management of the S. mucronatus populations.

RESULTS: Two complete ALS genes (ALS1 and ALS2) having an intron and a third partial intronless ALS gene (ALS3) were identified. The presence of multiple ALS genes was confirmed by Southern blot analyses, and ALS loci were characterised by examining cytosine methylation. In S. mucronatus leaves, the transcripts of ALS1, ALS2 and ALS3 were detected. Two mutations endowing resistance (Pro197 to His and Trp574 to Leu) were found in both resistant populations, but at different frequencies. Tobacco plants transformed with the two resistant alleles indicated that the Pro197‐to‐His substitution conferred resistance to SU and TP herbicides, while the allele with the Trp574‐to‐Leu substitution conferred cross‐resistance to SU, TP, IMI and PTB herbicides.

CONCLUSION: Schoenoplectus mucronatus has multiple ALS genes characterised by methylated sites that can influence the expression profile. The two mutated alleles proved to be responsible for ALS resistance. At population level, the resistance pattern depends on the frequency of various resistant genotypes, and this influences the efficacy of various ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of polymer solar cell geometry on series resistance and device efficiency
Authors: Muhsin Burhan , Renz Joachim , Drüe Karl‐Heinz , Gobsch Gerhard , Hoppe Harald
Published: November 2009

In order to study the influence of the organic solar cell device layout on the photovoltaic parameters, we systematically varied its geometry. By knowledge of all sheet resistances in the device, we were able to correlate the series resistance with the geometry of the device using a simple model for its calculation. Deviations between experiment and calculation could be related with the solar cell geometry and understood by postulating curved transport ways of the current within the largely resistive ITO‐layer. Thus, a further refinement of the calculation is required in order to minimize the deviation between calculation and experiment. Short solar cell lengths and ITO‐bridges yield minimal series resistance and best conversion efficiency.

A schematic cross‐section of a polymer solar cell displays the current flow through the device. The corresponding contributions to the series resistance are depicted as well.

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Improvement of polypyrrole and carbon nanotube co‐deposition techniques for high charge‐transfer electrodes
Authors: Castagnola Elisa , Biso Maurizio , Ricci Davide
Published: November 2009

Both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polypyrrole (PPy) have been investigated as materials for manufacturing high charge‐transfer electrodes due to their outstanding performances. The combination of their complementary properties via an electrochemical co‐deposition route has been already shown to achieve interesting results. In this work, PPy and chemically‐functionalized multi walled CNTs (COOH‐MWCNT) were potentiostatically, galvanostatically and potentiodynamically electrodeposited from an aqueous solution to form a nanocomposite on the surface of a variety of metal electrodes. A study of the influence of experimental parameters such as temperature, current, and growth rate in the different electrodeposition methods was performed. The electronic and electrochemical properties of the nanocomposite films have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while a morphological study has been performed via scanning electron microscopy. A comparison between the different techniques and guidelines for best results will be reported.
Raman spectroscopy of single wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with terpyridine–ruthenium complexes
Authors: Müller M. , Papagelis K. , Maultzsch J. , Stefopoulos A. A. , Pefkianakis E. K. , Andreopoulou A. K. , Kallitsis J. K. , Thomsen C.
Published: November 2009

A resonant Raman scattering study on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) decorated with terpyridine–Ru(II)–terpyridine (tpy–Ru(II)–tpy) moieties is presented. We compare samples synthesized bearing either monomeric or polymeric side chain tpy–Ru(II)–tpy dicomplexes. From the resonance profiles of the radial breathing modes (RBMs) the chiral indices of the corresponding tubes are assigned. We observe significant changes in the transition energies and the widths of the resonance windows due to chemical modification of SWCNTs.

SWCNT, decorated with tpy–Ru–tpy–G1 monomer, following the “grafting to” approach.

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Spin‐dependent processes in ZnPc single layer devices
Authors: Schaefer Sebastian , Saremi Somaieh , Behrends Jan , Fostiropoulos Konstantinos , Lips Klaus , Harneit Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

Applying continuous wave electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) we investigate spin dependent currents in phthalocyanine thin films. Changing the electrode materials and geometries by switching from ITO/ZnPc/Al to coplanar Au/ZnPc/Au devices, we observe a change in sign and intensity of the signal. The shape and the resonance position of the signal do not change and are a fingerprint of the phthalocyanine material. We discuss two different models explaining our results and specifically the possibility of exchange coupling between the spins.
Current–phase relation in graphene and application to a superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Girit Çağlar , Bouchiat Vincent , Naaman Ofer , Zhang Yuanbo , Crommie M. F. , Zettl A. , Siddiqi Irfan
Published: November 2009

Graphene exhibits unique electrical properties on account of its reduced dimensionality and neutrino‐like “massless Dirac fermion” quasiparticle spectrum. When contacted with two superconducting electrodes, graphene can support Cooper pair transport, resulting in the well‐known Josephson effect. The current–phase relation in a ballistic graphene Josephson junction is unique, and could provide a signature for the detection of ballistic Dirac fermions. This relation can be measured experimentally either directly via incorporation of graphene in an RF superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) or indirectly via a dc‐SQUID. We calculate the expected flux modulation of the switching current in the case of the dc‐SQUID and compare the results to a previous experiment. Further experiments investigating the current–phase relation in graphene are promising for the observation of ballistic Dirac fermions.

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Manipulation of graphene within a scanning force microscope
Authors: Eilers Stefan , Rabe Jürgen P.
Published: November 2009

We manipulated mono‐ and bi‐layers of graphene on oxidized silicon wafers with a scanning force microscope (SFM). Two principle effects were observed and analyzed: (1) Cutting graphene and thereby producing ribbons, and (2) turning graphene upside down. Both are attributed to the intrinsic properties of graphenes and their interaction with the underlying substrate.
Sorting and transmission electron microscopy analysis of single or double wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fleurier Romain , Lauret Jean‐Sébastien , Flahaut Emmanuel , Loiseau Annick
Published: November 2009

On the basis of the recent progress on the sorting of carbon nanotubes' structure with respect to their diameter or number of walls, we investigate by transmission electron microscopy the sorting efficiency, with a comparison with optical absorption spectroscopy measurements. We study density gradient ultracentrifugation sorted single walled or double walled carbon nanotubes, showing obviously the ability to separate carbon nanotubes of different diameters or/and number of walls. This microscopic approach affords accurate information about the sorted samples such as the real mean diameter, the relative concentration of double walled carbon nanotubes over single walled carbon nanotubes, standard deviation, and the real diameter distribution of carbon nanotubes, even beyond any possible accurate analysis from optical absorption spectroscopy. Therefore, we demonstrate that the diameter analysis of the sorted samples by TEM can indeed afford some information about the relevant optical properties of carbon nanotubes.
Assessing learning progression of energy concepts across middle school grades: The knowledge integration perspective
Authors: Lee Hee‐Sun , Liu Ou Lydia
Published: November 2009

We use a construct‐based assessment approach to measure learning progression of energy concepts across physical, life, and earth science contexts in middle school grades. We model the knowledge integration construct in six levels in terms of the numbers of ideas and links used in student‐generated explanations. For this study, we selected 10 items addressing energy source, transformation, and conservation from published standardized tests and administered them to a status quo sample of 2688 middle school students taught by 29 teachers in 12 schools across 5 states. Results based on a Rasch partial credit model analysis indicate that conservation items are associated with the highest knowledge integration levels, followed by transformation and source items. Comparisons across three middle school grades and across physical, life, and earth science contexts reveal that the mean knowledge integration level of eighth‐grade students is significantly higher than that of sixth‐ or seventh‐grade students, and that the mean knowledge integration level of students who took a physical science course is significantly higher than that of students who took a life or earth science course. We discuss implications for research on learning progressions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:665–688, 2010
Ein aktueller Schadensfall durch Terrassenbruch und seine Lehren
Authors: Graße Wolfgang , Lieberwirth Peter , Geißler Karsten
Published: November 2009

Bei der Montage eines schweren stählernen Fachwerkträgers von 78 m Länge auf einer festen Rüstung wurden im Bereich zahlreicher Knotenpunkte Terrassenbrüche von bis zu 600 mm Länge bemerkt. Diese bereits beim Schweißen in der Werkstatt aufgetretenen Brüche führten zum Verlust der Tragfähigkeit des Trägers. Im Beitrag wird auf die Ursachen der Terrassenbrüche und auf die Sanierung eingegangen. Insbesondere erscheinen Schlussfolgerungen für die Normung unumgänglich, um eine Wiederholung derartiger Schäden zu vermeiden.

A current case of damage by lamellar tearing and its teachings.

During the assembling process of a heavy steel truss girder of 78 m length on a scaffold, at numerous nodal points lamellar fractures up to 600 mm extension were detected. These fractures, appeared due to welding in the workshop, lead to the loss of load bearing capacity. The paper deals with the reasons of lamellar fractures and with the rehabilitation of the girder. In particular, conclusions regarding the standardization appear unavoidable to prevent the recurrence of such damages.
Characterization of Gastrulation-Stage Progenitor Cells and Their Inhibitory Crosstalk in Human Embryoid Bodies
Authors: Kopper Oded , Giladi Odil , Golan-Lev Tamar , Benvenisty Nissim
Published: November 2009

Human embryoid bodies (HEBs) are cell aggregates that are produced during the course of embryonic stem cell differentiation in suspension. Mature HEBs have been shown to contain derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers. In this study, using a combination of laser capture microscopy followed by DNA microarray analysis and cell sorting, we demonstrate that early HEBs are composed of three major cell populations. These cell populations can be defined by the expression of specific cell markers, namely: (i) OCT4+, REX1−; (ii) NCAD+, OCT4−; and (iii) EPOR+, OCT4−. By analyzing gene expression in embryonic tissues, these cell populations could respectively be assigned to the embryonic ectoderm, mesendoderm, and extraembryonic endoderm lineages. We show that the extraembryonic endoderm, which selectively expresses platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B), negatively affects the mesendoderm lineage, which selectively expresses the receptor PDGFRA. Our analysis suggests that early HEBs are spatially patterned and that cell differentiation is governed by interactions between the different cell types.
Non‐relativistic limit of two‐fluid Euler‐Maxwell equations arising from plasma physics
Authors: Yang J. , Wang S.
Published: November 2009

In this paper, the convergence of two‐fluid time‐dependent Euler‐Maxwell equations to two‐fluid compressible Euler‐Poisson equations in a torus via the non‐relativistic limit is studied. The local existence of smooth solutions to both systems is proved by using energy estimates for first order symmetrizable hyperbolic systems. For well prepared initial data, the method of asymptotic expansion and energy methods are used to rigorously justify the convergence of the limit.
Hierarchy of mathematical models for production processes of technical textiles
Authors: Klar A. , Marheineke N. , Wegener R.
Published: November 2009

In this work we present a hierarchy of mathematical models for the numerical simulation of the production process of technical textiles. The models range from highly complex three‐dimensional fluid‐solid interactions to one‐dimensional fiber dynamics with stochastic aerodynamic drag and further to efficiently manageable stochastic surrogate models for fiber lay‐down. They are theoretically and numerically analyzed and coupled via asymptotic analysis, similarity estimates, and parameter identification. The model hierarchy is applicable to a wide range of industrially relevant production processes and enables the optimization, control, and design of technical textiles.
Odontoid metastasis: a potential lethal complication
Authors: Rayan Faizal , Mukundan Cibu , Shukla D. D. , Barrington R. L.
Published: November 2009

Nearly one third of cervical spine metastasis has a primary breast malignancy. Patients with cervical metastasis have higher mortality due to advanced stage of the malignancy. Treatment is palliative to relieve pain, prevent pathological fracture, improve mobility and function, and prolong survival. We describe a 40-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer who presented with neck and shoulder pain of 1 week duration with no neurological deficit. Following clinical examination, radiographs taken of the cervical spine was normal. Radiographs repeated 3 weeks later revealed a large lytic lesion of the odontoid occupying 70–80% of the peg. Further investigation including magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan showed no further spinal lesions. She underwent cyclical radiotherapy with complete resolution of the odontoid peg lesion and clinically was asymptomatic at 2 years. Metastatic lesions of the odontoid are atypical, and this case reinforces the necessity of early detection to evade disastrous consequences.
Stem modularity alone is not effective in reducing dislocation rate in hip revision surgery
Authors: Regis Dario , Sandri Andrea , Bartolozzi Pietro
Published: November 2009

Background

Dislocation is a serious complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Femoral revision using monoblock components has been associated with high incidence of subsidence and dislocation. Advantages of modular stems in THA have long been debated. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the capability of an uncemented modular stem in decreasing the incidence of early dislocation subsequent to revision THA.

Materials and methods

We evaluated the dislocation rate during the first 2 years following revision surgery in two groups of patients who were treated by implantation of a cementless tapered femoral prosthesis; a standard-modularity stem (Wagner SL) and an increased-modularity stem (Profemur R) were used, respectively, in 66 hips (group I, 64 patients) and 102 hips (group II, 97 patients). Group I consisted of 47 females and 17 males with average age of 66 years (range 29–84 years). Group II included 60 females and 37 males with average age of 70 years (range 48–89 years).

Results

Dislocation occurred in six hips (9.1%) of group I and in seven hips (6.8%) of group II (P = 0.401). Dislocations were observed early in both groups, except one hip in group II that dislocated 434 days postoperatively and required surgical reduction. All other dislocations were treated by closed reduction. No recurrence was observed.

Conclusions

The use of an increased-modularity revision stem alone did not prove to be effective in reducing the risk of postoperative dislocation.